,,! ,,logic ,,( ,,hegel ,,translat$ ,,f ,,! ,,encyclopa$ia ,,( ,,! ,,philosophical ,,sci5ces ,,william ,,wallace1 ,m4,a1 ,,ll4,d4 ,,fell[ ,,( ,,m]ton ,,college ,,& ,,:yte',s ,,pr(essor ,,( ,,moral ,,philosophy ,,9 ,,! ,,univ]sity ,,( ,,ox=d ,,second ,,edition1 ,,revis$ ,,& ,,augm5t$ ,,ox=d ,,univ]sity ,,press #ahib ,,note ,! pres5t volume conta9s a translation1 :i* has be5 revis$ ?r\gh\t & comp>$ ) ! orig9al1 ( ! ,logic z giv5 9 ! fir/ "p ( ,hegel's ,encyclopa$ia1 prec$$ by a bibliographical acc\nt ( ! ?ree editions & extracts f ! prefaces ( t "w1 & foll[$ by notes & illu/rations ( a philological r ?an a philosophical "* on ! text4 ,?is introductory *apt] & ^! notes 7 n includ$ 9 ! previ\s edition4 ,! volume conta9+ my ,prolegom5a is "u revision & w be issu$ %ortly4 ,w4 ,w4 ,,cont5ts ,,bibliographical ,,notice ,,on ,,! ,,?ree ,,editions ,,& ,,?ree ,,prefaces ,,( ,,! ,,encyclopa$ia ,,( ,,! ,,philosophical ,,sci5ces ,,! ,,sci5ce ,,( ,,logic4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,introduction ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,prelim9>y ,,notion ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,fir/ ,,attitude ,,( ,,?\ght ,,to ,,objectivity ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,second ,,attitude ,,( ,,?\ght ,,to ,,objectivity3 ,i4 ,empiricism ,,ii4 ,! ,critical ,philosophy ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,?ird ,,attitude ,,( ,,?\ght ,,to ,,objectivity3-- ,imm$iate or ,intuitive ,k ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,logic ,,fur!r ,,def9$ ,,& ,,divid$ ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,fir/ ,,subdivision ,,( ,,logic3--,! ,doctr9e ( ,be+ ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,second ,,subdivision ,,( ,,logic3--,! ,doctr9e ( ,ess5ce ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,,?ird ,,subdivision ,,( ,,logic3--,! ,doctr9e ( ! ,notion ,,notes ,,& ,,illu/rations4 ,,on ,,*apt] ,i ,,ii ,,iii ,,iv ,v ,,vi ,,vii ,,viii ,,ix ,,bibliographical ,,notice ,,on ,,! ,,?ree ,,editions ,,& ,,?ree ,,prefaces ,,( ,,! ,,encyclopa$ia ,,! ,,encyclopa$ia ,,( ,,! ,,philosophical ,,sci5ces ,,9 ,,outl9e is ! ?ird 9 "t ( ! f\r works :i* ,hegel publi%$4 ,x 0 prec$$ by ! ,ph5om5ology ( ,_s1 9 #ahjg1 & ! ,sci5ce ( ,logic 79 two volumes71 9 #ahab-af1 & 0 foll[$ by ! ,outl9es ( ! ,philosophy ( ,law 9 #ahbj4 ,! only o!r works :i* came directly f 8 h& are a few essays1 addresses1 & reviews4 ,! e>lie/ ( ^! appe>$ 9 ! ,critical ,j\rnal ( ,philosophy1 issu$ by 8 fri5d ,s*ell+ & himself1 9 #ahjb--:5 ,hegel 0 "o & ?irty1 :i*1 z ,bacon ?\ght1 'is a great deal ( s& 9 ! h\r-glass'2 & ! late/ 7 8 contributions to ! ,jahrb*] fr wiss5s*aftli*e ,kritik1 9 ! ye> ( 8 dea? 7#ahca74 ,?is ,encyclopa$ia is ! only complete1 matur$1 & au!ntic /atem5t ( ,hegel's philosophical sy/em4 ,b1 z ! title-page be>s1 x is only an outl9e2 & its prim>y aim is to supply a manual = ! guidance ( 8 /ud5ts4 ,9 its mode ( exposition ! free flight ( speculation is subord9at$ to ! ne$s ( ! pr(essorial class-room4 ,pegasus is put 9 h>ness4 ,p>agraphs concise 9 =m & saturat$ ) mean+ po/ulate & presuppose ! presid+ _s ( ! lectur] to fuse !m into cont9uity & raise !m to high] lucidity4 ,yet 9 two directions ! works ( ,hegel furni% a supplem5t to ! defects ( ! ,encyclopa$ia4 ,"o ( ^! aids to compreh5sion is ! ,ph5om5ology ( ,_s1 publi%$ 9 8 ?irty-sev5? ye>4 ,x may be go+ too f> to say ) ,david ,/rauss t x is ! ,alpha & ,omega ( ,hegel1 & 8 lat] writ+s only extracts f x4#a ,yet "h ! ,pegasus ( m9d so>s free ?r\gh untrodd5 fields ( air1 & ta/es ! joys ( fir/ love & ! pride ( fre% discov]y 9 ! que/ = tru?4 ,! fire ( "y en?usiasm has n yet be5 =c$ to hide itself & sm\ld] away 9 app>5t calm4 ,! mood is ,olympian--f> above ! turmoil & bitt]ness ( l[] e>?1 free f ! bur/s ( temp] :i* em]ge lat]1 :5 ! ?9k] has to m+le 9 ! fray & endure ! %afts ( controv]sy4 ,b ! ,ph5om5ology1 if n less ?an ! ,encyclopa$ia x conta9s ! diamond purity ( ,hegelianism1 is a key :i* ne$s consummate pati5ce & skill to use ) advantage4 ,if x comm&s a l>g] view1 x dem&s a /rong] w+ ( him :o w\ld jo9 its voyage ?r\gh ! atmosph]e ( ?\ght up to its pure/ empyrean4 ,x may be ! royal road to ! ,idea1 b only a k+ly s\l c retrace its c\rse4 ,! o!r comm5t>y on ! ,encyclopa$ia is suppli$ p>tly by ,hegel's o!r publi%$ writ+s1 & p>tly by ! volumes 7,,ix-,,xv 9 ! ,collect$ works7 9 :i* 8 editors h giv5 8 ,lectures on ! ,philosophy ( ,hi/ory1 on ,ae/hetic1 on ! ,philosophy ( ,religion1 & on ! ,hi/ory ( ,philosophy4 ,all ( ^! lectures1 z well z ! ,philosophy ( ,law1 publi%$ by himself1 deal h[ev] only ) ! ?ird "p ( ! philosophic sy/em4 ,t sy/em 7p4 #bh7 includes 7i7 ,logic1 7ii7 ,philosophy ( ,nature1 & 7iii7 ,philosophy ( ,_s4 ,x is ?is ?ird "p--or r x is ! la/ two divisions !re9 7embrac+ ! great g5]al int]e/s ( humanity1 su* z law & morals1 religion & art1 z well z ! developm5t ( philosophy itself7 :i* =m ! topics ( ,hegel s mo/ exp&$ tea*+4 ,x is 9 ?is region t he has mo/ appeal$ to ! lib]al culture ( ! c5tury1 & influ5c$ 7directly or by reaction7 ! progress ( t philosophical hi/ory & hi/orical philosophy ( :i* our own g5]ation is reap+ ! fa/-accumulat+ fruit4 ,if "o may foi/ su* a category into sy/ematic philosophy1 we may say t ! /udy ( ! ',objective' & ',absolute ,_s' is ! mo/ int]e/+ "p ( ,hegel4 ,( ! second "p ( ! sy/em !re is less to be said4 ,= ne>ly half a c5tury ! /udy ( nature has pass$ almo/ completely out ( ! h&s ( ! philosoph]s into ! c>e ( ! speciali/s ( sci5ce4 ,!re are signs inde$ ev]y:]e--& among o!rs ,helmholtz has lately rem9d$ u--t ! high] ord] ( sci5tific /ud5ts are ev] & anon driv5 by ! v logic ( _! subject into ! prec9cts or ! bord]s ( philosophy4 ,b ! "n ( a ,philosophy ( ,nature /ill recalls a "t ( ha/y en?usiasms & ov]-grasp+ ambition ( ?\ght :i*1 9 its eag]ness to und]/& ! my/]y ( ! univ]se jump$ to conclusions on insuffici5t gr\nds1 tru/$ to bold b fanta/ic analogies1 & lavi%$ an unwise contempt on ! plodd+ indu/ry ( ! m]e hodman ( facts & exp]im5ts4 ,calm] retrospection w p]haps modify ?is v]dict1 & sift ! v>i\s contributions 7t[>ds a philosophical unity ( ! sci5ces7 :i* are n[ indiscrim9ately damn$ by ! title ( ,naturphilosophie4 ,= ! pres5t purpose x ne$ only be said t1 = ! second "p ( ! ,hegelian sy/em1 we are re/rict$ = explanations to ! notes collect$ by ! editors ( ,vol4 ,,vii4 "p i4 ( ! ,collect$ works--notes d]iv$ f ! annotations :i* ,hegel himself suppli$ 9 ! eight or m c\rses ( lectures :i* he gave on ! ,philosophy ( ,nature betwe5 #ahjd & #ahcj4 ,q o!r is ! case ) ! ,logic--! fir/ division ( ! ,encyclopa$ia4 ,!re we h ! collat]al au?ority ( ! ',sci5ce ( ,logic1' ! l>g] ,logic :i* appe>$ :il/ ,hegel 0 s*oolma/] at ,nrnb]g4 ,! idea ( a new ,logic =m$ ! natural sequel to ! publication ( ! ,ph5om5ology 9 #ahjg4 ,9 t ye> ,hegel 0 glad to accept1 z a /op-gap & pot-boil]1 ! po/ ( editor ( ! ,bamb]g ,j\rnal4 ,b 8 int]e/s lay 9 o!r directions1 & ! circum/ances ( ! "t & c\ntry help$ to det]m9e _! special =m4 ',9 ,bav>ia1' he says 9 a lett]#b1 'x looks z if organisation 7 ! curr5t bus9ess4' ,a v mania ( re=m1 says ano!r1 prevail$4 ,hegel's fri5d & fell[-,swabian1 ,nie?amm]1 held an important position 9 ! ,bav>ian education (fice1 & wi%$ to employ ! philosoph] 9 ! "w ( c>ry+ out 8 plans ( re-organis+ ! high] education ( ! ,prote/ant subjects ( ! cr[n4 ,he ask$ if ,hegel w\ld write a logic = s*ool use1 & if he c>$ to become rector ( a gramm> s*ool4 ,hegel1 :o 0 already at "w on 8 l>g] ,logic1 0 only half-attract$ by ! sugge/ion4 ',! traditional ,logic1' he repli$#c1 'is a subject on :i* !re are text-books en\gh1 b at ! same "t x is "o :i* c by no means rema9 z x is3 x is a ?+ nobody c make any?+ (3 'tis dragg$ along l an old heirloom1 only because a sub/itute--( :i* ! want is univ]sally felt--is n yet 9 exi/5ce4 ,! :ole ( its rules1 /ill curr5t1 might be writt5 on two pages3 e additional detail beyond ^! two is p]fectly fruitless s*ola/ic subtlety2--or if ?is logic is to get a ?ick] body1 its expansion mu/ come f psy*ological paltr9esses1' ,/ill less did he l ! prospect ( in/ruct+ 9 !ology1 z !n rationalis$4 ',to write a logic & to be !ological in/ructor is z bad z to be :ite-wa%] & *imney-sweep at once4' ',%all he1 :o = _m long ye>s built 8 eyry on ! wild rock beside ! eagle & le>n$ to brea! ! free air ( ! m\nta9s1 n[ le>n to fe$ on ! c>cases ( dead ?\ghts or ! /ill-born ?\ghts ( ! mod]ns1 & vegetate 9 ! lead5 air ( m]e babble#d8' ,at ,nrnb]g he f\nd ! po/ ( rector ( ! 'gymnasium' by no means a s9ecure4 ,! s*ool _h to be made amid mu* lack ( funds & g5]al bankruptcy ( app>atus3--all because ( an all-p[]ful & unalt]able de/9y :i* is call$ ! c\rse ( bus9ess4' ,"o ( 8 tasks 0 'by graduat$ ex]cises to introduce 8 pupils to speculative ?\ght1'--& t 9 ! space ( f\r h\rs weekly#e4 ,( its practicability--& especially ) himself z in/rum5t--he _h grave d\bts4 ,9 !ory1 he held t an intellig5t /udy ( ! anci5t classics 0 ! be/ introduction to philosophy2 & practically he pref]r$ />t+ 8 pupils ) ! pr9ciples ( law1 morality & religion1 & res]v+ ! logic & high] philosophy = ! highe/ class4 ,mean:ile he cont9u$ to "w on 8 great ,logic1 ! fir/ volume ( :i* appe>$ 9 two p>ts1 #ahab1 #ahac1 & ! second 9 #ahaf4 ,?is is ! "w :i* is ! real f\ndation ( ! ,hegelian philosophy4 ,its aim is ! sy/ematic reorganisation ( ! commonweal? ( ?\ght4 ,x gives n a criticism1 l ,kant2 n a pr9ciple1 l ,fi*te2 n a bird's eye view ( ! fields ( nature & hi/ory1 l ,s*ell+2 x attempts ! h>d "w ( re-con/ruct+1 /ep by /ep1 into totality ! fragm5ts ( ! organism ( intellig5ce4 ,x is s*ola/icism1 if s*ola/icism means an absolute & all-embrac+ sy/em2 b x is a prote/ aga9/ ! old s*ool-sy/em & ^? :o tri$ to rehabilitate x ?r\gh _! compreh5sions ( ! ,kantian !ory4 ,apropos ( ! logic ( 8 contempor>y ,fries 7:om he did n love71 publi%$ 9 #ahaa1 he rem>ks3 ',8 p>agraphs are m9dless1 q %all[1 bald1 trivial2 ! explanatory notes are ! dirty l95 ( ! pr(essorial *air1 utt]ly slack & unconnect$4'#f ,( himself he ?us speaks3 ',i am a s*oolma/] :o has to tea* philosophy1--:o1 possibly = t reason1 believes t philosophy l geometry is tea*able1 & mu/ no less ?an geometry h a regul> /ructure4 ,b aga91 a k ( ! facts 9 geometry & philosophy is "o ?+1 & ! ma!matical or philosophical tal5t :i* procreates & discov]s is ano!r3 my prov9ce is to discov] t sci5tific =m1 or to aid 9 ! =mation ( x#g4' ,s he writes to an old college fri5d2 & 9 a lett] to ! rationali/ !ologian ,paulus1 9 #ahadh1 he pr(esses3 ',y "k t ,i h _h too mu* to d n m]ely ) anci5t lit]ature1 b ev5 ) ma!matics1 latt]ly ) ! high] analysis1 diff]5tial calculus1 *emi/ry1 to let myself be tak5 9 by ! humbug ( ,naturphilosophie1 philosophis+ )\t k ( fact & by m]e =ce ( imag9ation1 & treat+ m]e fancies1 ev5 imbecile fancies1 z ,ideas4' ,9 ! autumn ( #ahaf ,hegel became pr(essor ( philosophy at ,heidelb]g4 ,9 ! foll[+ ye> appe>$ ! fir/ edition ( 8 ,encyclopa$ia3 two o!rs appe>$ 9 8 lifetime 79 #ahbg & #ahcj74 ,! fir/ edition is a ?9 octavo volume ( pp4 xvi4 #bhh1 publi%$ 7l ! o!rs7 at ,heidelb]g4 ,! ,logic 9 x occupies pp4 #a-abf 7( :i* #ab pp4 are ,e9leitung & #ah pp4 ,vorbegriff72 ! ,philosophy ( ,nature1 pp4 #abg-bjd2 & ! ,philosophy ( ,m9d 7,_s71 pp4 #bje-bhh4 ,9 ! ,preface ! book is describ$ 7p4 iv7 z sett+ =? 'a new treatm5t ( philosophy on a me?od :i* w1 z ,i hope1 yet be recognis$ z ! only g5u9e me?od id5tical ) ! cont5t4' ,contra/+ 8 own proc$ure ) a mann]ism ( ! day :i* us$ an assum$ set ( =mulas to produce 9 ! facts a %[ ( symmetry ev5 m arbitr>y & me*anical ?an ! arrangem5ts impos$ ab extra 9 ! sci5ces1 he goes on3 ',?is wilfulness we saw also take possession ( ! cont5ts ( philosophy & ride out on an intellectual knight-errantry--= a :ile impos+ on hone/ true-he>t$ work]s1 ?\gh else:]e x 0 only c\nt$ grotesque1 & grotesque ev5 to ! pit* ( madness4 ,b (t5] & m prop]ly its tea*+s--f> f seem+ impos+ or mad--7 f\nd out to be famili> trivialities1 & its =m se5 to be a m]e trick ( wit1 easily acquir$1 me?odical & prem$itat$1 ) its qua9t comb9ations & /ra9$ ecc5tricities1--! mi5 ( e>ne/ness only cov]+ self-deception & fraud ^u ! public4 ,on ! o!r side1 aga91 we saw %all[ness & un9tellig5ce assume ! "* ( a scepticism wise 9 its own eyes & ( a criticism mode/ 9 its claims = reason1 enhanc+ _! vanity & conceit 9 proportion z _! ideas grew m vacu\s4 ,= a space ( "t ^! two intellectual t5d5cies h befool$ ,g]man e>ne/ness1 h tir$ out its pr(\nd crav+ = philosophy1 & h be5 succe$$ by an indiff]5ce & ev5 a contempt = philosophic sci5ce1 till at l5g? a self-/yl$ mode/y has ! audacity to let its voice be he>d 9 controv]sies t\*+ ! deepe/ philosophical problems1 & to d5y philosophy its "r to t cognition by reason1 ! =m ( :i* 0 :at =m]ly 0 call$ demon/ration4' ',! fir/ ( ^! ph5om5a may be 9 "p expla9$ z ! y\?ful exub]ance ( ! new age :i* has ris5 9 ! realm ( sci5ce no less ?an 9 ! _w ( politics4 ,if ?is exub]ance greet$ ) rapture ! dawn ( ! intellectual r5asc5ce1 & )\t pr(\nd] lab\r at once set ab\t enjoy+ ! ,idea & revell+ = a :ile 9 ! hopes & prospects :i* x (f]$1 "o c m readily =give its excesses2 because x is s\nd at he>t1 & ! surface vap\rs :i* x _h suffus$ ar\nd its solid wor? mu/ spontane\sly cle> (f4 ,b ! o!r spectacle is m repulsive2 because x betrays exhau/ion & impot5ce1 & tries to conceal !m "u a hector+ conceit :i* acts ! c5sor ov] ! philosophical intellects ( all ! c5turies1 mi/ak+ !m1 b mo/ ( all mi/ak+ itself4 ',s mu* ! m gratify+ is ano!r spectacle yet-to be not$2 ! int]e/ 9 philosophy & ! e>ne/ love ( high] k :i* 9 ! pres5ce ( bo? t5d5cies has kept itself s+le-he>t$ & )\t affectation4 ,occasionally ?is int]e/ may h tak5 too mu* to ! language ( intuition & feel+2 yet its appe>ance proves ! exi/5ce ( t inw>d & deep]-rea*+ impulse ( reasonable intellig5ce :i* alone gives man 8 dignity1--proves x above all1 because t /&po9t c only be ga9$ z a result ( philosophical consci\sness2 s t :at x seems to disda9 is at lea/ admitt$ & recognis$ z a condition4 ,to ?is int]e/ 9 asc]ta9+ ! tru? ,i d$icate ?is attempt to supply an introduction & a contribution t[>ds its satisfaction4' ,! second edition appe>$ 9 #ahbg4 ,s9ce ! autumn ( #ahah ,hegel _h be5 pr(essor at ,b]l93 & ! manuscript 0 s5t !nce 7f ,augu/ #ahbf onw>ds7 to ,heidelb]g1 :]e ,daub1 8 fri5d--himself a ma/] 9 philosophical !ology--att5d$ to ! revision ( ! pro(s4 ',to ! ,introduction1' writes ,hegel#i1 ',i h giv5 p]haps too great an amplitude3 b x1 above all1 w\ld h co/ me "t & tr\ble to br+ )9 n>r[] compass4 ,ti$ d[n & di/ract$ by lectures1 & sometimes "h 9 ,b]l9 by o!r ?+s too1 ,i h--)\t a g5]al survey--all[$ myself s l>ge a sw+ t ! "w has gr[n ^u me1 & !re 0 a dang] ( its turn+ into a book4 ,i h gone ?r\gh x sev]al times4 ,! treatm5t ( ! attitudes 7( ?\ght7 :i* ,i h di/+ui%$ 9 x 0 to meet an int]e/ ( ! day4 ,! re/ ,i h s\ght to make m def9ite1 & s f> z may be cle>]2 b ! ma9 fault is n m5d$--to d :i* w\ld require me to limit ! detail m1 & on ! o!r h& make ! :ole m surveyable1 s t ! cont5ts %\ld bett] answ] ! title ( an ,encyclopa$ia4' ,aga91 9 ,dec4 #ahbf1 he writes#aj3 ',9 ! ,naturphilosophie ,i h made ess5tial *anges1 b c\ld n help "h & !re go+ too f> into a detail :i* is h>dly 9 keep+ ) ! tone ( ! :ole4 ,! second half ( ! ,gei/esphilosophie ,i %all h to modify entirely4' ,9 ,may #ahbg1 ,hegel (f]s 8 explanation ( delay 9 ! preface1 :i*1 l ! conclud+ p>agraphs1 t\*es l>gely on contempor>y !ology4 ,by ,augu/ ( t ye> ! book 0 f9i%$1 & ,hegel (f to ,p>is = a holiday4 ,9 ! second edition1 :i* sub/antially fix$ ! =m ( ! ,encyclopa$ia1 ! pages am\nt to xlii1 #ecd--ne>ly twice z _m z ! fir/1 :i*1 h[ev]1 z ,pr(essor ,caird rem>ks1 'has a compactness1 a brief en]gy & conclusiv5ess ( expression1 :i* he nev] surpass$4' ,! ,logic n[ occupies pp4 #abad1 ,philosophy ( ,nature #bae-ced1 & ,philosophy ( ,_s f #cee-ecd4 ,! second "p !re=e has ga9$ lea/2 & 9 ! ?ird "p ! *ief s+le expansions occur t[>ds ! close & deal ) ! relations ( philosophy1 art1 & religion 9 ! ,/ate2 viz4 #efc 7:i* 9 ! ?ird edition is transpos$ to #eeb71 & #egc 7:]e two pages are enl>g$ to #ah74 ,9 ! fir/ "p1 or ! ,logic1 ! ma9 increase & alt]ation falls )9 ! introductory *apt]s1 :]e #if pages take ! place ( #cj4 ,! ,vorbegriff 7prelim9>y notion7 ( ! fir/ edition _h conta9$ ! di/9ction ( ! ?ree logical 'mom5ts' 7see p4 #adb71 ) a few rem>ks on ! me?ods1 fir/1 ( metaphysic1 & !n 7aft] a brief section on empiricism71 ( ! ',critical ,philosophy ?r\gh :i* philosophy has rea*$ its close4' ,in/ead ( ?is ! second edition deals at l5g?1 "u ?is head1 ) ! ?ree 'attitudes 7or positions7 ( ?\ght to objectivity2' :]e1 besides a m l5g?y criticism ( ! ,critical philosophy1 !re is a discussion ( ! doctr9es ( ,jacobi & o!r ,intuitivi/s4 ,! ,preface1 l mu* else 9 ?is second edition1 is an ass]tion ( ! "r & ! duty ( philosophy to treat indep5d5tly ( ! ?+s ( ,god1 & an emphatic decl>ation t ! result ( sci5tific inve/igation ( ! tru? is1 n ! subv]sion ( ! fai?1 b '! re/oration ( t sum ( absolute doctr9e :i* ?\ght at fir/ w\ld h put beh9d & b5ea? itself--a re/oration ( x h[ev] 9 ! mo/ *>act]i/ic & ! free/ elem5t ( ! m9d4' ,any opposition t may be rais$ aga9/ philosophy on religi\s gr\nds proce$s1 accord+ to ,hegel1 f a religion :i* has ab&on$ its true basis & entr5*$ itself 9 =mulae & categories t p]v]t its real nature4 ',yet1' he adds 7p4 vii71 'especially :]e religi\s subjects are "u discussion1 philosophy is expressly set aside1 z if 9 t way all mis*ief 7 bani%$ & security aga9/ error & illusion atta9$2' 444 'z if philosophy--! mis*ief ?us kept at a di/ance--7 any?+ b ! inve/igation ( ,tru?1 b ) a full s5se ( ! nature & value ( ! intellectual l9ks :i* give unity & =m to all fact :atev]4' ',less+1' he cont9ues 7p4 xvi71 'said 9 8 "t t p treat ,sp9oza l a dead dog#aa4 ,x _c be said t 9 rec5t times ,sp9ozism & speculative philosophy 9 g5]al h be5 bett] treat$4' ,! "t 0 "o ( fev]i% unre/ & un:olesome irritability4 ,ev] s9ce ! s-call$ ,c>lsbad decrees ( #ahai all ! ag5cies ( ! high] lit]ature & education _h be5 subject$ to an inquisitorial sup]vision :i* ev]y:]e surmis$ political insubord9ation & religi\s h]esy4 ,a petty prov9cialism p]vad$ :at 0 !n /ill ! small ,resid5z-,/adt ,b]l92 & ! ,k+1 ,fr$]ick ,william ,,iii1 *]i%$ to ! full t pat]nal conception ( 8 position :i* has n be5 unusual 9 ! royal h\se ( ,prussia4 ,*ampions ( or?odoxy w>n$ him t ,hegelianism 0 un*ri/ian1 if n ev5 anti-*ri/ian4 ,franz von ,baad]1 ! ,bav>ian religi\s philosoph] 7:o _h sp5t "s mon?s at ,b]l9 dur+ ! w9t] ( #ahbc-d1 /udy+ ! religi\s & philosophical tea*+ ( ! univ]sities 9 connexion ) ! revolution>y doctr9es :i* he saw f]m5t+ ?r\gh\t ,europe71 address$ ! k+ 9 a communication :i* describ$ ! preval5t ,prote/ant !ology z infidel 9 its v s\rce1 & z t5d+ directly to annihilate ! f\ndations ( ! fai?4 ,hegel himself _h to rem9d ! c5sor ( h]esy t 'all speculative philosophy on religion maybe c>ri$ to a!ism3 all dep5ds on :o c>ries x2 ! peculi> piety ( our times & ! malevol5ce ( demagogues w n let u want c>ri]s#ab4' ,8 own !ology 0 suspect$ bo? by ! ,rationali/s & by ! ,evangelicals4 ,he writes to 8 wife 79 #ahbg7 t he _h look$ at ! univ]sity build+s 9 ,l\va9 & ,lige ) ! feel+ t !y might "o day af=d him a re/+-place ':5 ! p>sons 9 ,b]l9 make ! ,kupf]grab5 completely intol]able = him#ac4' ',! ,roman ,curia1' he adds1 'w\ld be a m hon\rable oppon5t ?an ! mis]able cabals ( a mis]able boil+ ( p>sons 9 ,b]l94' ,h5ce ! tone 9 :i* ! preface proce$s 7p4 xviii74 ',religion is ! k9d & mode ( consci\sness 9 :i* ! ,tru? appeals to all m51 to m5 ( e degree ( education2 b ! sci5tific asc]ta9m5t ( ! ,tru? is a special k9d ( ?is consci\sness1 involv+ a lab\r :i* n all b only a few und]take4 ,! sub/ance ( ! two is ! same2 b z ,hom] says ( "s />s t !y h two names1 ! "o 9 ! language ( ! gods1 ! o!r 9 ! language ( ephem]al m5--s = t sub/ance !re are two languages1--! "o ( feel+1 ( pictorial ?\ght1 & ( ! limit$ intellect t makes its home 9 f9ite categories & inadequate ab/ractions1 ! o!r ! language ( ! concrete notion4 ,if we propose !n to talk ( & to criticise philosophy f ! religi\s po9t ( view1 !re is m requisite ?an to possess a famili>ity ) ! language ( ! ephem]al consci\sness4 ,! f\ndation ( sci5tific cognition is ! sub/antiality at its core1 ! indwell+ idea ) its /irr+ intellectual life2 j z ! ess5tials ( religion are a he>t fully discipl9$1 a m9d awake to self-collect$ness1 a wr\ght & ref9$ sub/antiality4 ,9 mod]n times religion has m & m contract$ ! intellig5t expansion ( its cont5ts & )drawn into ! int5siv5ess ( piety1 or ev5 ( feel+1--a feel+ :i* betrays its own scant9ess & empt9ess4 ,s long h[ev] z x /ill has a cre$1 a doctr9e1 a sy/em ( dogma1 x has :at philosophy c occupy itself ) & :]e x c f9d = itself a po9t ( union ) religion4 ,?is h[ev] is n to be tak5 9 ! wrong sep>ati/ s5se 7s dom9ant 9 our mod]n religiosity7 repres5t+ ! two z mutually exclusive1 or z at bottom s capable ( sep>ation t _! union is only impos$ f )\t4 ,r1 ev5 9 :at has gone be=e1 x is impli$ t religion may well exi/ )\t philosophy1 b philosophy n )\t religion--:i* x r includes4 ,true religion--intellectual & spiritual religion--mu/ h body & sub/ance1 = _s & intellect are above all consci\sness1 & consci\sness implies an objective body & sub/ance4 ',! contract$ religiosity :i* n>r[s itself to a po9t 9 ! he>t mu/ make t he>t's s(t5+ & contrition ! ess5tial factor ( its new bir?2 b x mu/ at ! same "t recollect t x has to d ) ! he>t ( a _s1 t ! _s is ! appo9t$ au?ority ov] ! he>t1 & t x c only h su* au?ority s f> z x is itself born aga94 ,?is new bir? ( ! _s out ( natural ignorance & natural error takes place ?r\gh in/ruction & ?r\gh t fai? 9 objective tru? & sub/ance :i* is due to ! witness ( ! _s4 ,?is new bir? ( ! _s is besides ipso facto a new bir? ( ! he>t out ( t vanity ( ! "o-sid$ intellect 7on :i* x sets s mu*7 & its discov]ies t f9ite is diff]5t f inf9ite1 t philosophy mu/ ei!r be poly!ism1 or1 9 acut] m9ds1 pan!ism1 c4 ,x is1 9 %ort1 a new bir? out ( ! wret*$ discov]ies on ! /r5g? ( :i* pi\s humility holds its head s high aga9/ philosophy & !ological sci5ce4 ,if religiosity p]si/s 9 cl++ to its unexp&$ & !re=e un9tellig5t int5sity1 !n x c be s5sible only ( ! contra/ :i* divides ?is n>r[ & n>r[+ =m f ! intellig5t expansion ( doctr9e z su*1 religi\s n less ?an philosophical4' ,aft] an appreciative quotation f ,franz von ,baad]1 & not+ 8 ref]5ce to ! !osophy ( ,bhme1 z a "w ( ! pa/ f :i* ! pres5t g5]ation might le>n ! speculative int]pretation ( ,*ri/ian doctr9es1 he rev]ts to ! position t ! only mode 9 :i* ?\ght w admit a reconciliation ) religi\s doctr9es1 is :5 ^! doctr9es h le>n$ to 'assume _! wor?ie/ phase--! phase ( ! notion1 ( necessity1 :i* b9ds1 & ?us also makes free ev]y?+1 fact no less ?an ?\ght4' ,b x is n f ,bhme or 8 k9dr$ t we are likely to get ! example ( a philosophy equal to ! highe/ !me--to ! compreh5sion ( div9e ?+s4 ',if old ?+s are to be reviv$--an old phase1 t is2 = ! burd5 ( ! !me is ev] "y--! phase ( ! ,idea su* z ,plato &1 /ill bett]1 z ,ari/otle conceiv$ x1 is f> m des]v+ ( be+ recall$1--& = ! fur!r reason t ! disclosure ( x1 by assimilat+ x into our sy/em ( ideas1 is1 ipso facto1 n m]ely an int]pretation ( x1 b a progress ( ! sci5ce itself4 ,b to int]pret su* =ms ( ! ,idea by no means lies s mu* on ! surface z to get hold ( ,gno/ic & ,cabbali/ic phantasmagorias2 & to develope ,plato & ,ari/otle is by no means ! s9ecure t x is to note or to h9t at e*oes ( ! ,idea 9 ! m$ievali/s4' ,! ?ird edition ( ! ,encyclopa$ia1 :i* appe>$ 9 #ahcj1 consi/s ( pp4 lviii1 #fjj--;a slight additional increase4 ,! increase is 9 ! ,logic1 eight pages2 9 ! ,philosophy ( ,nature1 tw5ty-?ree pages2 & 9 ! ,philosophy ( ,_s1 ?irty-f\r pages4 ,! concrete topics1 9 %ort1 ga9 mo/4 ,! preface beg9s by allud+ to sev]al criticisms on 8 philosophy1--':i* = ! mo/ "p h %[n little vocation = ! bus9ess'--& to 8 discussion ( !m 9 ! ,jahrb*] ( #ahbi 7,v]mis*te ,s*rift51 ii4 #adi74 ,!re is also a p>agraph devot$ to ! qu>rel orig9at$ by ! attack 9 ,h5g/5b]g's ,evangelical ,j\rnal on ! rationalism ( c]ta9 pr(essors at ,halle 7notably ,ges5ius & ,wegs*eid]71--7an attack bas$ on ! evid5ce ( /ud5ts' note-books71 & by ! prote/ ( /ud5ts & pr(essors aga9/ ! ins9uations4 ',x seem$ a little :ile ago1' says ,hegel 7p4 xli71 'z if !re 0 an initiation1 9 a sci5tific _s & on a wid] range1 ( a m s]i\s inquiry1 f ! region ( !ology & ev5 ( religiosity1 t\*+ ,god1 div9e ?+s1 & reason4 ,b ! v beg9n+ ( ! movem5t *eck$ ^! hopes2 ! issue turn$ on p]sonalities1 & nei!r ! pret5sions ( ! accus+ pieti/s nor ! pret5sions ( ! free reason !y accus$1 rose to ! real subject1 /ill less to a s5se t ! subject c\ld only be discuss$ on philosophic soil4 ,?is p]sonal attack1 on ! basis ( v special ext]nalities ( religion1 display$ ! mon/r\s assumption ( seek+ to decide by arbitr>y decree z to ! ,*ri/ianity ( individuals1 & to /amp !m accord+ly ) ! seal ( temporal & et]nal reprobation4 ,dante1 9 virtue ( ! en?usiasm ( div9e poesy1 has d>$ to h&le ! keys ( ,pet]1 & to condemn by "n to ! p]dition ( hell _m--already deceas$ h[ev]--( 8 contempor>ies1 ev5 ,popes & ,emp]ors4 ,a mod]n philosophy has be5 made ! subject ( ! infam\s *>ge t 9 x human individuals usurp ! rank ( ,god2 b su* a fictiti\s *>ge--rea*$ by a false logic--pales be=e ! actual assumption ( behav+ l judges ( ! _w1 prejudg+ ! ,*ri/ianity ( individuals1 & ann\nc+ _! utt] reprobation4 ,! ,%ibbole? ( ?is absolute au?ority is ! "n ( ! ,"l ,*ri/1 & ! ass]tion t ! ,"l dwells 9 ! he>ts ( ^! judges4' ,b ! ass]tion is ill support$ by ! fruits !y exhibit1--! mon/r\s insol5ce ) :i* !y reprobate & condemn4 ,b ! evangelicals are n alone to blame = ! bald & undevelop$ nature ( _! religi\s life2 ! same want ( free & liv+ gr[? 9 religion *>act]ises _! oppon5ts4 ',by _! =mal1 ab/ract1 n]veless reason+1 ! rationali/s h empti$ religion ( all p[] & sub/ance1 no less ?an ! pieti/s by ! r$uction ( all fai? to ! ,%ibbole? ( ,"l6 ,"l6 ,"o is no :it bett] ?an ! o!r3 & :5 !y meet 9 conflict !re is no mat]ial on :i* !y c\ld come into contact1 no common gr\nd1 & no possibility ( c>ry+ on an inquiry :i* w\ld lead to k & tru?4 ,lib]al !ology on its side has n got beyond ! =malism ( appeals to lib]ty ( consci5ce1 lib]ty ( ?\ght1 lib]ty ( tea*+1 to reason itself & to sci5ce4 ,su* lib]ty no d\bt describes ! inf9ite "r ( ! _s1 & ! second special condition ( tru?1 supplem5t>y to ! fir/1 fai?4 ,b ! rationali/s /e] cle> ( ! mat]ial po9t3 !y d n tell u ! reasonable pr9ciples & laws involv$ 9 a free & g5u9e consci5ce1 nor ! import & tea*+ ( free fai? & free ?\ght2 !y d n get beyond a b>e negative =malism & ! lib]ty to embody _! lib]ty at _! fancy & pleasure--:]eby 9 ! end x matt]s n h[ x is embodi$4 ,!re is a fur!r reason = _! failure to rea* a solid doctr9e4 ,! ,*ri/ian community mu/ be1 & ought always to be1 unifi$ by ! tie ( a doctr9al idea1 a confession ( fai?2 b ! g5]alities & ab/ractions ( ! /ale1 n liv+1 wat]s ( rationalism =bid ! specificality ( an inh]5tly def9ite & fully develop$ body ( ,*ri/ian doctr9e4 ,_! oppon5ts1 aga91 pr\d ( ! "n ,"l6 ,"l6 frankly & op5ly disda9 c>ry+ out ! fai? into ! fulness ( _s1 reality1 & tru?4' ,9 ord9>y moods ( m9d !re is a long way f logic to religion4 ,b almo/ e page ( :at ,hegel has call$ ,logic is witness to ! belief 9 _! ultimate id5tity4 ,x 0 no new pr9ciple ( lat] ye>s = him4 ,he _h writt5 9 po/-/ud5t days to 8 fri5d ,s*ell+3 ',reason & fre$om rema9 our wat*-^w1 & our po9t ( union ! invisible *ur*#ad4' ,8 p>t+ tok5 ( fai? ) ano!r y\?ful comrade1 ! poet ,hld]l91 _h be5 ',god's k+dom#ae4' ,b aft] #ahbg ?is religi\s appropriation ( philosophy becomes m app>5t1 & 9 #ahbi ,hegel seem$ delib]ately to accept ! position ( a ,*ri/ian philosoph] :i* ,gs*el _h m>k$ out = him4 ',a philosophy )\t he>t & a fai? )\t intellect1' he rem>ks#af1 'are ab/ractions f ! true life ( k & fai?4 ,! man :om philosophy leaves cold1 & ! man :om real fai? does n illum9ate may be assur$ t ! fault lies 9 !m1 n 9 k & fai?4 ,! =m] is /ill an ali5 to philosophy1 ! latt] an ali5 to fai?4' ,?is is n ! place--9 a philological *apt]--to discuss ! issues involv$ 9 ! ann\ncem5t t ! tru? awaits u ready to h&#ag '9 all g5u9e consci\sness1 9 all religions & philosophies4' ,yet "o rem>k may be (f]$ aga9/ ha/y int]pretations ( a 'speculative' id5tity4 ,if !re is a d\ble edge to ! proposition t ! actual is ! reasonable1 !re is no less caution necess>y 9 approa*+ & /udy+ f bo? sides ! f>-rea*+ import ( t equation to :i* ,joannes ,scotus ,erig5a gave expression t5 c5turies ago3 ',non alia e/ philosophia1 i4e4 sapi5tiae /udium1 et alia religio4 ,quid e/ aliud de philosophia tract>e nisi v]ae religionis regulas expon]e8' #a ,*ri/ian ,mrkl91 cap4 #c4 #b ,hegel's ,briefe1 i4 #ada4 #c ,ibid4 i4 #agb4 #d ,hegel's ,briefe1 i4 #ach4 #e ,ibid4 i4 #cci4 #f ,hegel's ,briefe1 i4 #cbh4 #g ,ibid4 i4 #bgc4 #h ,ibid4 i4 #cgc4 #i ,hegel's ,briefe1 ii4 #bjd4 #aj ,ibid4 ii4 #bcj4 #aa ,jacobi's ,w]ke1 iv4 ,a1 p4 #fc4 #ab ,hegel's ,briefe1 ii4 #ed4 #ac ,ibid4 ii4 #bgf4 #ad ,hegel's ,briefe1 i4 #ac4 #ae ,hld]l9's ,leb5 7,litzmann71 p4 #ahc4 #af ,v]m4 ,sehr4 ii4 #add4 #ag ,hegel's ,briefe1 ii4 #hj4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! foll[+ ,errata 9 ! ,edition ( ! ,logic z giv5 9 ! ,collect$ ,works 7,vol4 ,,vi47 are correct$ 9 ! translation4 ,! ref]5ces 9 brackets are to ! ,g]man text4 ,page #ie1 l9e #a4 ,und ,objektivitt has dropp$ out aft] d] ,subjektivitt4 ,,vi4 #ih1 l4 #aj f bottom4 ,p4 #ig1 l4 #b4 ,! #bnd ed4 reads 7die ,g$ank57 ni*t 9 ,sol*em1 in/ead ( ni*t als 9 ,sol*em 7#crd ed474 ,,vi4 p4 #ajj1 l4 #c f bottom4 ,p4 #afi1 l4 #ac f bottom4 ,in/ead ( ! read+ ( ! ,w]ke & ( ! #crd ed4 read z 9 ed4 ,,ii4 ,also i/ dies] ,geg5/& ni*ts4 ,,vi4 p4 #agh1 l4 #aa4 ,p4 #agg1 l4 #c f bottom4 ,v]/&es2 ,geg5/&es is a mi/ake = ,v]/&es2 ,geg5satzes1 z 9 edd4 ,,ii & ,,iii4 ,,vi4 p4 #ahh1 l4 #b4 ,p4 #bca1 l4 #ai4 weit5 %\ld be weit]n4 ,,vi4 p4 #bea1 l4 #c f bottom4 ,p4 #caf1 l4 #ae4 ,d+li*keit is a mispr9t = ,d+heit1 z 9 ,hegel's own editions4 ,,vi4 p4 #cdg1 l4 #a4 ,p4 #ceb1 l4 #ad f bottom1 = se9e ,realitt read se9] ,realitt4 ,,vi4 p4 #che1 l4 #h4 ,,! ,,sci5ce ,,( ,,logic 7,,! ,,fir/ ,,"p ,,( ,,! ,,encyclopa$ia ,,( ,,! ,,philosophical ,,sci5ces ,,9 ,,outl9e7 ,,by ,g4 ,w4 ,f4 ,,hegel ,,! ,,sci5ce ,,( ,,logic ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,introduction4 #a4 ,,philosophy misses an advantage enjoy$ by ! o!r sci5ces4 ,x _c l !m re/ ! exi/5ce ( its objects on ! natural admissions ( consci\sness1 nor c x assume t its me?od ( cognition1 ei!r = />t+ or = cont9u+1 is "o already accept$4 ,! objects ( philosophy1 x is true1 are ^u ! :ole ! same z ^? ( religion4 ,9 bo? ! object is ,tru?1 9 t supreme s5se 9 :i* ,god & ,god only is ! ,tru?4 ,bo? 9 l mann] g on to treat ( ! f9ite worlds ( ,nature & ! human ,m9d1 ) _! relation to ea* o!r & to _! tru? 9 ,god4 ,"s acqua9tance ) its objects1 !re=e1 philosophy may & ev5 mu/ presume1 t & a c]ta9 int]e/ 9 !m to boot1 7 x = no o!r reason ?an ?is3 t 9 po9t ( "t ! m9d makes g5]al images ( objects1 long be=e x makes notions ( !m1 & t x is only ?r\gh ^! m5tal images1 & by rec\rse to !m1 t ! ?9k+ m9d rises to "k & compreh5d ?9k+ly4 ,b ) ! rise ( ?is ?9k+ /udy ( ?+s1 x soon becomes evid5t t ?\ght w be satisfi$ ) no?+ %ort ( %[+ ! necessity ( its facts1 ( demon/rat+ ! exi/5ce ( its objects1 z well z _! nature & qualities4 ,our orig9al acqua9tance ) !m is ?us discov]$ to be inadequate4 ,we c assume no?+1 & ass]t no?+ dogmatically2 nor c we accept ! ass]tions & assumptions ( o!rs4 ,& yet we mu/ make a beg9n+3 & a beg9n+1 z prim>y & und]iv$1 makes an assumption1 or r is an assumption4 ,x seems z if x 7 impossible to make a beg9n+ at all4 #b4 ,?is ?9k+ /udy ( ?+s may s]ve1 9 a g5]al way1 z a description ( philosophy4 ,b ! description is too wide4 ,if x be correct to say1 t ?\ght makes ! di/9ction betwe5 man & ! l[] animals1 !n ev]y?+ human is human1 = ! sole & simple reason t x is due to ! op]ation ( ?\ght4 ,philosophy1 on ! o!r h&1 is a peculi> mode ( ?9k+--a mode 9 :i* ?9k+ becomes k1 & k ?r\gh notions4 ,h[ev] great !re=e may be ! id5tity & ess5tial unity ( ! two modes ( ?\ght1 ! philosophic mode gets to be diff]5t f ! m g5]al ?\ght :i* acts 9 all t is human1 9 all t gives humanity its di/9ctive "*4 ,& ?is diff]5ce connects itself ) ! fact t ! /rictly human & ?\ght-induc$ ph5om5a ( consci\sness d n orig9ally appe> 9 ! =m ( a ?\ght1 b z a feel+1 a p]ception1 or m5tal image--all ( :i* aspects mu/ be di/+ui%$ f ! =m ( ?\ght prop]4 ,accord+ to an old preconceiv$ idea1 :i* has pass$ into a trivial proposition1 x is ?\ght :i* m>ks ! man (f f ! animals4 ,yet trivial z ?is old belief may seem1 x mu/1 /rangely en\gh1 be recall$ to m9d 9 pres5ce ( c]ta9 preconceiv$ ideas ( ! pres5t day4 ,^! ideas w\ld put feel+ & ?\ght s f> ap>t z to make !m opposites1 & w\ld repres5t !m z s antagoni/ic1 t feel+1 p>ticul>ly religi\s feel+1 is suppos$ to be contam9at$1 p]v]t$1 & ev5 annihilat$ by ?\ght4 ,!y also emphatically hold t religion & piety gr[ out (1 & re/ ^u some?+ else1 & n on ?\ght4 ,b ^? :o make ?is sep>ation =get mean:ile t only man has ! capacity = religion1 & t animals no m h religion ?an !y h law & morality4 ,^? :o insi/ on ?is sep>ation ( religion f ?9k+ usually h be=e _! m9ds ! sort ( ?\ght t may be /yl$ aft]-?\ght4 ,!y mean 'reflective' ?9k+1 :i* has to deal ) ?\ghts z ?\ghts1 & br+s !m into consci\sness4 ,slackness to p]ceive & keep 9 view ?is di/9ction :i* philosophy def9itely draws 9 respect ( ?9k+ is ! s\rce ( ! crude/ objections & reproa*es aga9/ philosophy4 ,man1--& t j because x is 8 nature to ?9k1--is ! only be+ t possesses law1 religion1 & morality4 ,9 ^! sph]es ( human life1 !re=e1 ?9k+1 "u ! guise ( feel+1 fai?1 or g5]alis$ image1 has n be5 inactive3 its action & its productions are !re pres5t & !re9 conta9$4 ,b x is "o ?+ to h su* feel+s & g5]alis$ images t h be5 m\ld$ & p]meat$ by ?\ght1 & ano!r ?+ to h ?\ghts ab\t !m4 ,! ?\ghts1 to :i* aft]-?\ght ^u ^? modes ( consci\sness gives rise1 are :at is compris$ "u reflection1 g5]al reason+1 & ! l1 z well z "u philosophy itself4 ,! neglect ( ?is di/9ction betwe5 ?\ght 9 g5]al & ! reflective ?\ght ( philosophy has also l$ to ano!r & m frequ5t misund]/&+4 ,reflection ( ?is k9d has be5 (t5 ma9ta9$ to be ! condition1 or ev5 ! only way1 ( atta9+ a consci\sness & c]titude ( ! ,et]nal & ,true4 ,! 7n[ some:at antiquat$7 metaphysical pro(s ( ,god's exi/5ce1 = example1 h be5 treat$1 z if a k ( !m & a conviction ( _! tru? 7 ! only & ess5tial means ( produc+ a belief & conviction t !re is a ,god4 ,su* a doctr9e w\ld f9d its p>allel1 if we said t eat+ 0 impossible be=e we _h acquir$ a k ( ! *emical1 botanical1 & zoological *>act]s ( our food2 & t we mu/ delay dige/ion till we _h f9i%$ ! /udy ( anatomy & physiology4 ,7 x s1 ^! sci5ces 9 _! field1 l philosophy 9 its1 w\ld ga9 greatly 9 po9t ( utility2 9 fact1 _! utility w\ld rise to ! height ( absolute & univ]sal indisp5sabl5ess4 ,or r1 in/ead ( be+ indisp5sable1 !y w\ld n exi/ at all4 #c4 ,! ,cont5t1 ( :atev] k9d x be1 ) :i* our consci\sness is tak5 up1 is :at con/itutes ! qualitative "* ( our feel+s1 p]ceptions1 fancies1 & ideas2 ( our aims & duties2 & ( our ?\ghts & notions4 ,f ?is po9t ( view1 feel+1 p]ception1 c4 are ! =ms assum$ by ^! cont5ts4 ,! cont5ts rema9 "o & ! same1 :e!r !y are felt1 se51 repres5t$1 or will$1 & :e!r !y are m]ely felt1 or felt ) an admixture ( ?\ghts1 or m]ely & simply ?\ght4 ,9 any "o ( ^! =ms1 or 9 ! admixture ( sev]al1 ! cont5ts confront consci\sness1 or are its object4 ,b :5 !y are ?us objects ( consci\sness1 ! modes ( ! sev]al =ms ally !mselves ) ! cont5ts2 & ea* =m ( !m appe>s 9 consequ5ce to give rise to a special object4 ,?us :at is ! same at bottom1 may look l a diff]5t sort ( fact4 ,! sev]al modes ( feel+1 p]ception1 desire1 & w1 s f> z we are aw>e ( !m1 are 9 g5]al call$ ideas 7m5tal repres5tations73 & x may be r\ghly said1 t philosophy puts ?\ghts1 categories1 or1 9 m precise language1 adequate notions1 9 ! place ( ! g5]alis$ images we ord9>ily call ideas4 ,m5tal impressions su* z ^! may be reg>d$ z ! metaphors ( ?\ghts & notions4 ,b to h ^! figurate conceptions does n imply t we appreciate _! intellectual significance1 ! ?\ghts & rational notions to :i* !y correspond4 ,conv]sely1 x is "o ?+ to h ?\ghts & intellig5t notions1 & ano!r to "k :at impressions1 p]ceptions1 & feel+s correspond to !m4 ,?is diff]5ce w to "s ext5t expla9 :at p call ! un9telligibility ( philosophy4 ,_! difficulty lies p>tly 9 an incapacity--:i* 9 itself is no?+ b want ( habit--= ab/ract ?9k+2 i4e4 9 an inability to get hold ( pure ?\ghts & move ab\t 9 !m4 ,9 our ord9>y /ate ( m9d1 ! ?\ghts are clo!d ^u & made "o ) ! s5su\s or spiritual mat]ial ( ! h\r2 & 9 reflection1 m$itation1 & g5]al reason+1 we introduce a bl5d ( ?\ghts into feel+s1 p]cepts1 & m5tal images4 7,?us1 9 propositions :]e ! subject-matt] is due to ! s5ses--e4g4 ',?is leaf is gre5'--we h su* categories introduc$1 z be+ & individuality47 ,b x is a v diff]5t ?+ to make ! ?\ghts pure & simple our object4 ,b _! compla9t t philosophy is un9telligible is z mu* due to ano!r reason2 & t is an impati5t wi% to h be=e !m z a m5tal picture t :i* is 9 ! m9d z a ?\ght or notion4 ,:5 p are ask$ to appreh5d "s notion1 !y (t5 compla9 t !y d n "k :at !y h to ?9k4 ,b ! fact is t 9 a notion !re is no?+ fur!r to be ?\ght ?an ! notion itself4 ,:at ! phrase reveals1 is a hank]+ aft] an image ) :i* we are already famili>4 ,! m9d1 d5i$ ! use ( its famili> ideas1 feels ! gr\nd :]e x once /ood firm & at home tak5 away f b5ea? x1 &1 :5 transport$ into ! region ( pure ?\ght1 _c tell :]e 9 ! _w x is4 ,"o consequ5ce ( ?is weakness is t au?ors1 prea*]s1 & orators are f\nd mo/ intelligible1 :5 !y speak ( ?+s :i* _! read]s or he>]s already "k by rote1--?+s :i* ! latt] are conv]sant )1 & :i* require no explanation4 #d4 ,! philosoph] !n has to reckon ) popul> modes ( ?\ght1 & ) ! objects ( religion4 ,9 deal+ ) ! ord9>y modes ( m9d1 he w fir/ ( all1 z we saw1 h to prove & almo/ to awak5 ! ne$ = 8 peculi> me?od ( k4 ,9 deal+ ) ! objects ( religion1 & ) tru? z a :ole1 he w h to %[ t philosophy is capable ( appreh5d+ !m f its own res\rces2 & %\ld a diff]5ce f religi\s conceptions come to light1 he w h to ju/ify ! po9ts 9 :i* x div]ges4 #e4 ,to give ! read] a prelim9>y explanation ( ! di/9ction ?us made1 & to let him see at ! same mom5t t ! real import ( our consci\sness is reta9$1 & ev5 = ! fir/ "t put 9 its prop] light1 :5 translat$ into ! =m ( ?\ght & ! notion ( reason1 x may be well to recall ano!r ( ^! old unreason$ beliefs4 ,& t is ! conviction t to get at ! tru? ( any object or ev5t1 ev5 ( feel+s1 p]ceptions1 op9ions1 & m5tal ideas1 we mu/ ?9k x ov]4 ,n[ 9 any case to ?9k ?+s ov] is at lea/ to trans=m feel+s1 ord9>y ideas1 c4 into ?\ghts4 ,nature has giv5 e "o a faculty ( ?\ght4 ,b ?\ght is all t philosophy claims z ! =m prop] to h] bus9ess3 & ?us ! inadequate view :i* ignores ! di/9ction /at$ 9 #c1 leads to a new delusion1 ! rev]se ( ! compla9t previ\sly m5tion$ ab\t ! un9telligibility ( philosophy4 ,9 o!r words1 ?is sci5ce mu/ (t5 submit to ! slight ( he>+ ev5 p :o h nev] tak5 any tr\ble ) x talk+ z if !y ?or\ghly und]/ood all ab\t x4 ,) no prep>ation beyond an ord9>y education !y d n hesitate1 especially "u ! influ5ce ( religi\s s5tim5t1 to philosophise & to criticise philosophy4 ,ev]ybody all[s t to "k any o!r sci5ce y mu/ h fir/ /udi$ x1 & t y c only claim to express a judgm5t ^u x 9 virtue ( su* k4 ,ev]ybody all[s t to make a %oe y mu/ h le>n$ & practis$ ! craft ( ! %oemak]1 ?\gh e man has a model 9 8 own foot1 & possesses 9 8 h&s ! natural end[m5ts = ! op]ations requir$4 ,= philosophy alone1 x seems to be imag9$1 su* /udy1 c>e1 & application are n 9 ! lea/ requisite4 ,?is com=table view ( :at is requir$ = a philosoph] has rec5tly receiv$ corroboration ?r\gh ! !ory ( imm$iate or intuitive k4 #f4 ,s mu* = ! =m ( philosophical k4 ,x is no less desirable1 on ! o!r h&1 t philosophy %\ld und]/& t its cont5t is no o!r ?an actuality1 t core ( tru? :i*1 orig9ally produc$ & produc+ itself )9 ! prec9cts ( ! m5tal life1 has become ! _w1 ! inw>d & outw>d _w1 ( consci\sness4 ,at fir/ we become aw>e ( ^! cont5ts 9 :at we call ,exp]i5ce4 ,b ev5 ,exp]i5ce1 z x surveys ! wide range ( inw>d & outw>d exi/5ce1 has s5se en\gh to di/+ui% ! m]e appe>ance1 :i* is transi5t & mean+less1 f :at 9 itself really des]ves ! "n ( actuality4 ,z x is only 9 =m t philosophy is di/+ui%$ f o!r modes ( atta9+ an acqua9tance ) ?is same sum ( be+1 x mu/ necess>ily be 9 h>mony ) actuality & exp]i5ce4 ,9 fact1 ?is h>mony may be view$ z at lea/ an extr9sic means ( te/+ ! tru? ( a philosophy4 ,simil>ly x may be held ! highe/ & f9al aim ( philosophic sci5ce to br+ ab\t1 ?r\gh ! asc]ta9m5t ( ?is h>mony1 a reconciliation ( ! self-consci\s reason ) ! reason :i* is 9 ! _w1--9 o!r words1 ) actuality4 ,9 ! preface to my ,philosophy ( ,law1 p4 xix1 are f\nd ! propositions3 ,:at is reasonable is actual2 &1 ,:at is actual is reasonable4 ,^! simple /atem5ts h giv5 rise to expressions ( surprise & ho/ility1 ev5 9 qu>t]s :]e x w\ld be reckon$ an insult to presume abs5ce ( philosophy1 & /ill m ( religion4 ,religion at lea/ ne$ n be br\ght 9 evid5ce2 its doctr9es ( ! div9e gov]nm5t ( ! _w affirm ^! propositions too decid$ly4 ,= _! philosophic s5se1 we mu/ pre-suppose intellig5ce en\gh to "k1 n only t ,god is actual1 t ,he is ! supreme actuality1 t ,he alone is truly actual2 b also1 z reg>ds ! logical be>+s ( ! "q1 t exi/5ce is 9 "p m]e appe>ance1 & only 9 "p actuality4 ,9 common life1 any freak ( fancy1 any error1 evil & ev]y?+ ( ! nature ( evil1 z well z e deg5]ate & transitory exi/5ce :atev]1 gets 9 a casual way ! "n ( actuality4 ,b ev5 our ord9>y feel+s are en\gh to =bid a casual 7=tuit\s7 exi/5ce gett+ ! emphatic "n ( an actual2 = by =tuit\s we mean an exi/5ce :i* has no great] value ?an t ( some?+ possible1 :i* may z well n be z be4 ,z = ! t]m ,actuality1 ^! critics w\ld h done well to consid] ! s5se 9 :i* ,i employ x4 ,9 a detail$ ,logic ,i _h treat$ among/ o!r ?+s ( actuality1 & accurately di/+ui%$ x n only f ! =tuit\s1 :i*1 aft] all1 has exi/5ce1 b ev5 f ! cognate categories ( exi/5ce & ! o!r modifications ( be+4 ,! actuality ( ! rational /&s oppos$ by ! popul> fancy t ,ideas & ideals are no?+ b *im]as1 & philosophy a m]e sy/em ( su* phantasms4 ,x is also oppos$ by ! v diff]5t fancy t ,ideas & ideals are some?+ f> too excell5t to h actuality1 or some?+ too impot5t to procure x = !mselves4 ,?is divorce betwe5 idea & reality is especially de> to ! analytic und]/&+ :i* looks ^u its own ab/ractions1 dreams ?\gh !y are1 z some?+ true & real1 & prides itself on ! imp]ative 'ought1' :i* x takes especial pleasure 9 prescrib+ ev5 on ! field ( politics4 ,z if ! _w _h wait$ on x to le>n h[ x ought to be1 & 0 n6 ,=1 if x 7 z x ought to be1 :at w\ld come ( ! precoci\s wisdom ( t 'ought'8 ,:5 und]/&+ turns ?is 'ought' aga9/ trivial ext]nal & transitory objects1 aga9/ social regulations or conditions1 :i* v likely possess a great relative importance = a c]ta9 "t & special circles1 x may (t5 be "r4 ,9 su* a case ! intellig5t obs]v] may meet mu* t fails to satisfy ! g5]al requirem5ts ( "r2 = :o is n acute en\gh to see a great deal 9 8 own surr\nd+s :i* is really f> f be+ z x ought to be8 ,b su* acut5ess is mi/ak5 9 ! conceit t1 :5 x exam9es ^! objects & pron\nces :at !y ought to be1 x is deal+ ) que/ions ( philosophic sci5ce4 ,! object ( philosophy is ! ,idea3 & ! ,idea is n s impot5t z m]ely to h a "r or an obligation to exi/ )\t actually exi/+4 ,! object ( philosophy is an actuality ( :i* ^? objects1 social regulations & conditions1 are only ! sup]ficial outside4 #g4 ,?us reflection--?9k+ ?+s ov]--9 a g5]al way involves ! pr9ciple 7:i* also means ! beg9n+7 ( philosophy4 ,& :5 ! reflective _s arose aga9 9 its indep5d5ce 9 mod]n times1 aft] ! epo* ( ! ,lu!ran ,re=mation1 x did n1 z 9 its beg9n+s among ! ,greeks1 /& m]ely alo(1 9 a _w ( its own1 b at once turn$ its en]gies also ^u ! app>5tly illimitable mat]ial ( ! ph5om5al _w4 ,9 ?is way ! "n philosophy came to be appli$ to all ^? bran*es ( k1 :i* are engag$ 9 asc]ta9+ ! /&>d & ,univ]sal 9 ! ocean ( empirical individualities1 z well z 9 asc]ta9+ ! ,necess>y elem5t1 or ,laws1 to be f\nd 9 ! app>5t disord] ( ! endless masses ( ! =tuit\s4 ,x ?us appe>s t mod]n philosophy d]ives its mat]ials f our own p]sonal obs]vations & p]ceptions ( ! ext]nal & int]nal _w1 f nature z well z f ! m9d & he>t ( man1 :5 bo? /& 9 ! imm$iate pres5ce ( ! obs]v]4 ,?is pr9ciple ( ,exp]i5ce c>ries ) x ! unspeakably important condition t1 9 ord] to accept & believe any fact1 we mu/ be 9 contact ) x2 or1 9 m exact t]ms1 t we mu/ f9d ! fact unit$ & comb9$ ) ! c]ta9ty ( our own selves4 ,we mu/ be 9 t\* ) our subject-matt]1 :e!r x be by means ( our ext]nal s5ses1 or1 else1 by our pr(\nd] m9d & our intimate self-consci\sness4--,?is pr9ciple is ! same z t :i* has 9 ! pres5t day be5 t]m$ fai?1 imm$iate k1 ! revelation 9 ! outw>d _w1 &1 above all1 9 our own he>t4 ,^? sci5ces1 :i* ?us got ! "n ( philosophy1 we call empirical sci5ces1 = ! reason t !y take _! dep>ture f exp]i5ce4 ,/ill ! ess5tial results :i* !y aim at & provide1 are laws1 g5]al propositions1 a !ory--! ?\ghts ( :at is f\nd exi/+4 ,on ?is gr\nd ! ,newtonian physics 0 call$ ,natural ,philosophy4 ,hugo ,grotius1 aga91 by putt+ toge!r & comp>+ ! behavi\r ( /ates t[>ds ea* o!r z record$ 9 hi/ory1 succe$$1 ) ! help ( ! ord9>y me?ods ( g5]al reason+1 9 lay+ d[n c]ta9 g5]al pr9ciples1 & e/abli%+ a !ory :i* may be t]m$ ! ,philosophy ( ,int]national ,law4 ,9 ,engl& ?is is /ill ! usual signification ( ! t]m philosophy4 ,newton cont9ues to be celebrat$ z ! greate/ ( philosoph]s3 & ! "n goes d[n z f> z ! price-li/s ( in/rum5t-mak]s4 ,all in/rum5ts1 su* z ! !rmomet] & b>omet]1 :i* d n come "u ! special head ( magnetic or electric app>atus1 are /yl$ philosophical in/rum5ts#a4 ,surely ?\ght1 & n a m]e comb9ation ( wood1 iron1 c4 ought to be call$ ! in/rum5t ( philosophy6 ,! rec5t sci5ce ( ,political ,economy 9 p>ticul>1 :i* 9 ,g]many is kn[n z ,rational ,economy ( ! ,/ate1 or intellig5t national economy1 has 9 ,engl& especially appropriat$ ! "n ( philosophy4#b #h4 ,9 its own field ?is empirical k may at fir/ give satisfaction2 b 9 two ways x is se5 to come %ort4 ,9 ! fir/ place !re is ano!r circle ( objects :i* x does n embrace4 ,^! are ,fre$om1 ,_s1 & ,god4 ,!y belong to a diff]5t sph]e1 n because x c be said t !y h no?+ to d ) exp]i5ce2 = ?\gh !y are c]ta9ly n exp]i5ces ( ! s5ses1 x is q an id5tical proposition to say t :atev] is 9 consci\sness is exp]i5c$4 ,! real gr\nd = assign+ !m to ano!r field ( cognition is t 9 _! scope & cont5t ^! objects evid5tly %[ !mselves z inf9ite4 ,!re is an old phrase (t5 wrongly attribut$ to ,ari/otle1 & suppos$ to express ! g5]al t5or ( 8 philosophy4 ',nihil e/ 9 intellectu quod non fu]it 9 s5su'3 !re is no?+ 9 ?\ght :i* has n be5 9 s5se & exp]i5ce4 ,if speculative philosophy refus$ to admit ?is maxim1 x c only h done s f a misund]/&+4 ,x w1 h[ev]1 on ! conv]se side no less ass]t3 ',nihil e/ 9 s5su quod non fu]it 9 intellectu4' ,& ?is may be tak5 9 two s5ses4 ,9 ! g5]al s5se x means t or _s 7! m pr(\nd idea ( 9 mod]n ?\ght7 is ! cause ( ! _w4 ,9 its special mean+ 7see #b7 x ass]ts t ! s5tim5t ( "r1 morals1 & religion is a s5tim5t 7& 9 t way an exp]i5ce7 ( su* scope & su* "* t x c spr+ f & re/ ^u ?\ght alone4 #i4 ,b 9 ! second place 9 po9t ( =m ! subjective reason desires a fur!r satisfaction ?an empirical k gives2 & ?is =m1 is1 9 ! wide/ s5se ( ! t]m1 ,necessity 7 #a74 ,! me?od ( empirical sci5ce exhibits two defects4 ,! fir/ is t ! ,univ]sal or g5]al pr9ciple conta9$ 9 x1 ! g5us1 or k9d1 c1 is1 on its own acc\nt1 indet]m9ate & vague1 & !re=e n on its own acc\nt connect$ ) ! ,p>ticul>s or ! details4 ,ei!r is ext]nal & accid5tal to ! o!r2 & x is ! same ) ! p>ticul> facts :i* are br\ght into union3 ea* is ext]nal & accid5tal to ! o!rs4 ,! second defect is t ! beg9n+s are 9 e case data & po/ulates1 nei!r acc\nt$ = nor d$uc$4 ,9 bo? ^! po9ts ! =m ( necessity fails to get its due4 ,h5ce reflection1 :5ev] x sets itself to rem$y ^! defects1 becomes speculative ?9k+1 ! ?9k+ prop] to philosophy4 ,z a species ( reflection1 !re=e1 :i*1 ?\gh x has a c]ta9 community ( nature ) ! reflection already m5tion$1 is nev]!less diff]5t f x1 philosophic ?\ght ?us possesses1 9 addition to ! common =ms1 "s =ms ( its own1 ( :i* ! ,notion may be tak5 z ! type4 ,! relation ( speculative sci5ce to ! o!r sci5ces may be /at$ 9 ! foll[+ t]ms4 ,x does n 9 ! lea/ neglect ! empirical facts conta9$ 9 ! sev]al sci5ces1 b recognises & adopts !m3 x appreciates & applies t[>ds its own /ructure ! univ]sal elem5t 9 ^! sci5ces1 _! laws & classifications3 b besides all ?is1 into ! categories ( sci5ce x introduces1 & gives curr5cy to1 o!r categories4 ,! diff]5ce1 look$ at 9 ?is way1 is only a *ange ( categories4 ,speculative ,logic conta9s all previ\s ,logic & ,metaphysics3 x pres]ves ! same =ms ( ?\ght1 ! same laws & objects1--:ile at ! same "t remodell+ & exp&+ !m ) wid] categories4 ,f notion 9 ! speculative s5se we %\ld di/+ui% :at is ord9>ily call$ a notion4 ,! phrase1 t no notion c ev] compreh5d ! ,inf9ite1 a phrase :i* has be5 repeat$ ov] & ov] aga9 till x has gr[n axiomatic1 is bas$ ^u ?is n>r[ e/imate ( :at is meant by notions4 #aj4 ,?is ?\ght1 :i* is propos$ z ! in/rum5t ( philosophic k1 itself calls = fur!r explanation4 ,we mu/ und]/& 9 :at way x possesses necessity or cog5cy3 & :5 x claims to be equal to ! task ( appreh5d+ ! absolute objects 7,god1 ,_s1 ,fre$om71 t claim mu/ be sub/antiat$4 ,su* an explanation1 h[ev]1 is itself a lesson 9 philosophy1 & prop]ly falls )9 ! scope ( ! sci5ce itself4 ,a prelim9>y attempt to make matt]s pla9 w\ld only be unphilosophical1 & consi/ ( a tissue ( assumptions1 ass]tions1 & inf]5tial pros & cons1 e4g4 ( dogmatism )\t cog5cy1 z aga9/ :i* !re w\ld be an equal "r ( c\nt]-dogmatism4 ,a ma9 l9e ( argum5t 9 ! ,critical ,philosophy bids u pause be=e proce$+ to inquire into ,god or into ! true be+ ( ?+s1 & tells u fir/ ( all to exam9e ! faculty ( cognition & see :e!r x is equal to su* an ef=t4 ,we ought1 says ,kant1 to become acqua9t$ ) ! in/rum5t1 be=e we und]take ! "w = :i* x is to be employ$2 = if ! in/rum5t be insuffici5t1 all our tr\ble w be sp5t 9 va94 ,! plausibility ( ?is sugge/ion has won = x g5]al ass5t & admiration2 ! result ( :i* has be5 to )draw cognition f an int]e/ 9 its objects & absorption 9 ! /udy ( !m1 & to direct x back ^u itself2 & s turn x to a "q ( =m4 ,unless we wi% to be deceiv$ bywords1 x is easy to see :at ?is am\nts to4 ,9 ! case ( o!r in/rum5ts1 we c try & criticise !m 9 o!r ways ?an by sett+ ab\t ! special "w = :i* !y are de/9$4 ,b ! exam9ation ( k c only be c>ri$ out by an act ( k4 ,to exam9e ?is s-call$ in/rum5t is ! same ?+ z to "k x4 ,b to seek to "k be=e we "k is z absurd z ! wise resolution ( ,s*ola/icus1 n to v5ture into ! wat] until he _h le>n$ to swim4 ,re9hold saw ! confusion ) :i* ?is /yle ( comm5cem5t is *>geable1 & tri$ to get out ( ! difficulty by />t+ ) a hypo!tical & problematical /age ( philosophis+4 ,9 ?is way he suppos$ t x w\ld be possible1 nobody c tell h[1 to get along1 until we f\nd ourselves1 fur!r on1 arriv$ at ! prim>y tru? ( tru?s4 ,8 me?od1 :5 closely look$ into1 w be se5 to be id5tical ) a v common practice4 ,x />ts f a sub/ratum ( exp]i5tial fact1 or f a provisional assumption :i* has be5 br\ght into a def9ition2 & !n proce$s to analyse ?is />t+-po9t4 ,we c detect 9 ,re9hold's argum5t a p]ception ( ! tru?1 t ! usual c\rse :i* proce$s by assumptions & anticipations is no bett] ?an a hypo!tical & problematical mode ( proc$ure4 ,b 8 p]ceiv+ ?is does n alt] ! "* ( ?is me?od2 x only makes cle> its imp]fections4 #aa4 ,! special conditions :i* call = ! exi/5ce ( philosophy maybe ?us describ$4 ,! m9d or _s1 :5 x is s5ti5t or p]ceptive1 f9ds its object 9 some?+ s5su\s2 :5 x imag9es1 9 a picture or image2 :5 x wills1 9 an aim or end4 ,b 9 contra/ to1 or x may be only 9 di/9ction f1 ^! =ms ( its exi/5ce & ( its objects1 ! m9d has also to gratify ! crav+s ( its highe/ & mo/ inw>d life4 ,t inn]mo/ self is ?\ght4 ,?us ! m9d r5d]s ?\ght its object4 ,9 ! be/ mean+ ( ! phrase1 x comes to itself2 = ?\ght is its pr9ciple1 & its v unadult]at$ self4 ,b :ile ?us occupi$1 ?\ght entangles itself 9 contradictions1 e4g4 loses itself 9 ! h>d-&-fa/ non-id5tity ( its ?\ghts1 & s1 in/ead ( rea*+ itself1 is caught & held 9 its c\nt]p>t4 ,?is result1 to :i* hone/ b n>r[ ?9k+ leads ! m]e und]/&+1 is resi/$ by ! l(ti] crav+ ( :i* we h spok54 ,t crav+ expresses ! p]sev]ance ( ?\ght1 :i* cont9ues true to itself1 ev5 9 ?is consci\s loss ( its native re/ & indep5d5ce1 't x may ov]come' & "w out 9 itself ! solution ( its own contradictions4 ,to see t ?\ght 9 its v nature is dialectical1 & t1 z und]/&+1 x mu/ fall into contradiction1--! negative ( itself1 w =m "o ( ! ma9 lessons ( logic4 ,:5 ?\ght gr[s hopeless ( ev] a*iev+1 by its own means1 ! solution ( ! contradiction :i* x has by its own action br\ght ^u itself1 x turns back to ^? solutions ( ! "q ) :i* ! m9d _h le>n$ to pacify itself 9 "s ( its o!r modes & =ms4 ,un=tunately1 h[ev]1 ! retreat ( ?\ght has l$ x1 z ,plato notic$ ev5 9 8 "t1 to a v uncall$-= hatr$ ( reason 7misology72 & x !n takes up aga9/ its own endeav\rs t ho/ile attitude ( :i* an example is se5 9 ! doctr9e t 'imm$iate' k1 z x is call$1 is ! exclusive =m 9 :i* we become cognisant ( tru?4 #ab4 ,! rise ( philosophy is due to ^! crav+s ( ?\ght4 ,its po9t ( dep>ture is ,exp]i5ce2 includ+ "u t "n bo? our imm$iate consci\sness & ! inductions f x4 ,awak5$1 z x 71 by ?is /imulus1 ?\ght is vitally *>act]is$ by rais+ itself above ! natural /ate ( m9d1 above ! s5ses & inf]5ces f ! s5ses into its own unadult]at$ elem5t1 & by assum+1 accord+ly1 at fir/ a /&-alo( & negative attitude t[>ds ! po9t f :i* x />t$4 ,?r\gh ?is /ate ( antagonism to ! ph5om5a ( s5se its fir/ satisfaction is f\nd 9 itself1 9 ! ,idea ( ! univ]sal ess5ce ( ^! ph5om5a3 an ,idea 7! ,absolute1 or ,god7 :i* may be m or less ab/ract4 ,mean:ile1 on ! o!r h&1 ! sci5ces1 bas$ on exp]i5ce1 ex]t ^u ! m9d a /imulus to ov]come ! =m 9 :i* _! v>i$ cont5ts are pres5t$1 & to elevate ^! cont5ts to ! rank ( necess>y tru?4 ,= ! facts ( sci5ce h ! aspect ( a va/ conglom]ate1 "o ?+ com+ side by side ) ano!r1 z if !y 7 m]ely giv5 & pres5t$1--z 9 %ort devoid ( all ess5tial or necess>y connexion4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ?is /imulus ?\ght is dragg$ out ( its unrealis$ univ]sality & its fanci$ or m]ely possible satisfaction1 & impell$ onw>ds to a developm5t f itself4 ,on "o h& ?is developm5t only means t ?\ght incorporates ! cont5ts ( sci5ce1 9 all _! speciality ( detail z submitt$4 ,on ! o!r x makes ^! cont5ts imitate ! action ( ! orig9al creative ?\ght1 & pres5t ! aspect ( a free evolution det]m9$ by ! logic ( ! fact alone4 ,on ! relation betwe5 'imm$iacy' & 'm$iation' 9 consci\sness we %all speak lat]1 expressly & ) m detail4 ,"h x may be suffici5t to premise t1 ?\gh ! two 'mom5ts' or factors pres5t !mselves z di/9ct1 /ill nei!r ( !m c be abs5t1 nor c "o exi/ ap>t f ! o!r4 ,?us ! k ( ,god1 z ( e sup]s5sible reality1 is 9 its true "* an exaltation above s5sations or p]ceptions3 x consequ5tly involves a negative attitude to ! initial data ( s5se1 & to t ext5t implies m$iation4 ,= to m$iate is to take some?+ z a beg9n+ & to g onw>d to a second ?+2 s t ! exi/5ce ( ?is second ?+ dep5ds on our hav+ rea*$ x f some?+ else contradi/+ui%$ f x4 ,9 spite ( ?is1 ! k ( ,god is no m]e sequel1 dep5d5t on ! empirical phase ( consci\sness3 9 fact1 its indep5d5ce is ess5tially secur$ ?r\gh ?is negation & exaltation4--,no d\bt1 if we atta* an unfair prom95ce to ! fact ( m$iation1 & repres5t x z imply+ a /ate ( condition$ness1 x may be said--n t ! rem>k w\ld mean mu*--t philosophy is ! *ild ( exp]i5ce1 & owes its rise to a po/]iori fact4 7,z a matt] ( fact1 ?9k+ is always ! negation ( :at we h imm$iately be=e u47 ,) z mu* tru? h[ev] we may be said to owe eat+ to ! means ( n\ri%m5t1 s long z we c h no eat+ )\t !m4 ,if we take ?is view1 eat+ is c]ta9ly repres5t$ z ungrateful3 x dev\rs t to :i* x owes itself4 ,?9k+1 ^u ?is view ( its action1 is equally ungrateful4 ,b !re is also an a priori aspect ( ?\ght1 :]e by a m$iation1 n made by any?+ ext]nal b by a reflection into self1 we h t imm$iacy :i* is univ]sality1 ! self-complac5cy ( ?\ght :i* is s mu* at home ) itself t x feels an innate indiff]5ce to desc5d to p>ticul>s1 & 9 t way to ! developm5t ( its own nature4 ,x is ?us also ) religion1 :i*1 :e!r x be rude or elaborate1 :e!r x be inve/$ ) sci5tific precision ( detail or conf9$ to ! simple fai? ( ! he>t1 possesses1 ?r\gh\t1 ! same int5sive nature ( cont5tm5t & felicity4 ,b if ?\ght nev] gets fur!r ?an ! univ]sality ( ! ,ideas1 z 0 p]=ce ! case 9 ! fir/ philosophies 7:5 ! ,eleatics nev] got beyond ,be+1 or ,h]aclitus beyond ,becom+71 x is ju/ly op5 to ! *>ge ( =malism4 ,ev5 9 a m advanc$ phase ( philosophy1 we may (t5 f9d a doctr9e :i* has ma/]$ m]ely c]ta9 ab/ract propositions or =mulae1 su* z1 ',9 ! absolute all is "o1' ',subject & object are id5tical1'--& only repeat+ ! same ?+ :5 x comes to p>ticul>s4 ,be>+ 9 m9d ?is fir/ p]iod ( ?\ght1 ! p]iod ( m]e g5]ality1 we may safely say t exp]i5ce is ! real au?or ( gr[? & advance 9 philosophy4 ,=1 fir/ly1 ! empirical sci5ces d n /op %ort at ! m]e obs]vation ( ! individual features ( a ph5om5on4 ,by ! aid ( ?\ght1 !y are able to meet philosophy ) mat]ials prep>$ = x1 9 ! %ape ( g5]al uni=mities1 i4e4 laws1 & classifications ( ! ph5om5a4 ,:5 ?is is done1 ! p>ticul> facts :i* !y conta9 are ready to be receiv$ into philosophy4 ,?is1 secondly1 implies a c]ta9 compulsion on ?\ght itself to proce$ to ^! concrete specific tru?s4 ,! reception into philosophy ( ^! sci5tific mat]ials1 n[ t ?\ght has remov$ _! imm$iacy & made !m cease to be m]e data1 =ms at ! same "t a developm5t ( ?\ght out ( itself4 ,philosophy1 !n1 owes its developm5t to ! empirical sci5ces4 ,9 return x gives _! cont5ts :at is s vital to !m1 ! fre$om ( ?\ght1--gives !m1 9 %ort1 an a priori "*4 ,^! cont5ts are n[ w>rant$ necess>y1 & no long] dep5d on ! evid5ce ( facts m]ely1 t !y 7 s f\nd & s exp]i5c$4 ,! fact z exp]i5c$ ?us becomes an illu/ration & a copy ( ! orig9al & completely self-support+ activity ( ?\ght4 #ac4 ,/at$ 9 exact t]ms1 su* is ! orig9 & developm5t ( philosophy4 ,b ! ,hi/ory ( ,philosophy gives u ! same process f an hi/orical & ext]nal po9t ( view4 ,! /ages 9 ! evolution ( ! ,idea !re seem to foll[ ea* o!r by accid5t1 & to pres5t m]ely a numb] ( diff]5t & unconnect$ pr9ciples1 :i* ! sev]al sy/ems ( philosophy c>ry out 9 _! own way4 ,b x is n s4 ,= ^! ?\s&s ( ye>s ! same ,ar*itect has direct$ ! "w3 & t ,ar*itect is ! "o liv+ ,m9d ^: nature is to ?9k1 to br+ to self-consci\sness :at x is1 &1 ) its be+ ?us set z object be=e x1 to be at ! same "t rais$ above x1 & s to rea* a high] /age ( its own be+4 ,! diff]5t sy/ems :i* ! hi/ory ( philosophy pres5ts are !re=e n irreconcilable ) unity4 ,we may ei!r say1 t x is "o philosophy at diff]5t degrees ( maturity3 or t ! p>ticul> pr9ciple1 :i* is ! gr\ndwork ( ea* sy/em1 is b a bran* ( "o & ! same univ]se ( ?\ght4 ,9 philosophy ! late/ bir? ( "t is ! result ( all ! sy/ems t h prec$$ x1 & mu/ include _! pr9ciples2 & s1 if1 on o!r gr\nds1 x des]ve ! title ( philosophy1 w be ! fulle/1 mo/ compreh5sive1 & mo/ adequate sy/em ( all4 ,! spectacle ( s _m & s v>i\s sy/ems ( philosophy sugge/s ! necessity ( def9+ m exactly ! relation ( ,univ]sal to ,p>ticul>4 ,:5 ! univ]sal is made a m]e =m & co-ord9at$ ) ! p>ticul>1 z if x 7 on ! same level1 x s9ks into a p>ticul> itself4 ,ev5 common s5se 9 e-day matt]s is above ! absurdity ( sett+ a univ]sal beside ! p>ticul>s4 ,w\ld any "o1 :o wi%$ = fruit1 reject *]ries1 pe>s1 & grapes1 on ! gr\nd t !y 7 *]ries1 pe>s1 or grapes1 & n fruit8 ,b :5 philosophy is 9 "q1 ! excuse ( _m is t philosophies are s diff]5t1 & none ( !m is ! philosophy1--t ea* is only a philosophy4 ,su* a plea is assum$ to ju/ify any am\nt ( contempt = philosophy4 ,& yet *]ries too are fruit4 ,(t51 too1 a sy/em1 ( :i* ! pr9ciple is ! univ]sal1 is put on a level ) ano!r ( :i* ! pr9ciple is a p>ticul>1 & ) !ories :i* d5y ! exi/5ce ( philosophy altoge!r4 ,su* sy/ems are said to be only diff]5t views ( philosophy4 ,) equal ju/ice1 light & d>kness might be /yl$ diff]5t k9ds ( light4 #ad4 ,! same evolution ( ?\ght :i* is exhibit$ 9 ! hi/ory ( philosophy is pres5t$ 9 ! ,sy/em ( ,philosophy itself4 ,"h1 in/ead ( survey+ ! process1 z we d 9 hi/ory1 f ! outside1 we see ! movem5t ( ?\ght cle>ly def9$ 9 its native m$ium4 ,! ?\ght1 :i* is g5u9e & self-support+1 mu/ be intr9sically concrete2 x mu/ be an ,idea2 & :5 x is view$ 9 ! :ole ( its univ]sality1 x is ! ,idea1 or ! ,absolute4 ,! sci5ce ( ?is ,idea mu/ =m a sy/em4 ,= ! tru? is concrete2 t is1 :il/ x gives a bond & pr9ciple ( unity1 x also possesses an int]nal s\rce ( developm5t4 ,tru?1 !n1 is only possible z a univ]se or totality ( ?\ght2 & ! fre$om ( ! :ole1 z well z ! necessity ( ! sev]al sub-divisions1 :i* x implies1 are only possible :5 ^! are discrim9at$ & def9$4 ,unless x is a sy/em1 a philosophy is n a sci5tific production4 ,unsy/ematic philosophis+ c only be expect$ to give expression to p]sonal peculi>ities ( m9d1 & has no pr9ciple = ! regulation ( its cont5ts4 ,ap>t f _! int]dep5d5ce & organic union1 ! tru?s ( philosophy are valueless1 & mu/ !n be treat$ z baseless hypo!ses1 or p]sonal convictions4 ,yet _m philosophical treatises conf9e !mselves to su* an exposition ( ! op9ions & s5tim5ts ( ! au?or4 ,! t]m sy/em is (t5 misund]/ood4 ,x does n d5ote a philosophy1 ! pr9ciple ( :i* is n>r[ & to be di/+ui%$ f o!rs4 ,on ! contr>y1 a g5u9e philosophy makes x a pr9ciple to include e p>ticul> pr9ciple4 #ae4 ,ea* ( ! p>ts ( philosophy is a philosophical :ole1 a circle r\nd$ & complete 9 itself4 ,9 ea* ( ^! p>ts1 h[ev]1 ! philosophical ,idea is f\nd 9 a p>ticul> specificality or m$ium4 ,! s+le circle1 because x is a real totality1 bur/s ?r\gh ! limits impos$ by its special m$ium1 & gives rise to a wid] circle4 ,! :ole ( philosophy 9 ?is way resembles a circle ( circles4 ,! ,idea appe>s 9 ea* s+le circle1 b1 at ! same "t1 ! :ole ,idea is con/itut$ by ! sy/em ( ^! peculi> phases1 & ea* is a necess>y memb] ( ! organisation4 #af4 ,9 ! =m ( an ,encyclopa$ia1 ! sci5ce has no room = a detail$ exposition ( p>ticul>s1 & mu/ be limit$ to sett+ =? ! comm5cem5t ( ! special sci5ces & ! notions ( c>d9al importance 9 !m4 ,h[ mu* ( ! p>ticul> p>ts is requisite to con/itute a p>ticul> bran* ( k is s f> indet]m9ate1 t ! "p1 if x is to be some?+ true1 mu/ be n an isolat$ memb] m]ely1 b itself an organic :ole4 ,! entire field ( philosophy !re=e really =ms a s+le sci5ce2 b x may also be view$ z a total1 compos$ ( sev]al p>ticul> sci5ces4 ,! encyclopa$ia ( philosophy mu/ n be conf\nd$ ) ord9>y encyclopa$ias4 ,an ord9>y encyclopa$ia does n pret5d to be m ?an an aggregation ( sci5ces1 regulat$ by no pr9ciple1 & m]ely z exp]i5ce (f]s !m4 ,sometimes x ev5 includes :at m]ely be> ! "n ( sci5ces1 :ile !y are no?+ m ?an a collection ( bits ( in=mation4 ,9 an aggregate l ?is1 ! sev]al bran*es ( k owe _! place 9 ! encyclopa$ia to extr9sic reasons1 & _! unity is !re=e artificial3 !y are arrang$1 b we _c say !y =m a sy/em4 ,= ! same reason1 especially z ! mat]ials to be comb9$ also dep5d ^u no "o rule or pr9ciple1 ! arrangem5t is at be/ an exp]im5t1 & w always exhibit inequalities4 ,an encyclopa$ia ( philosophy excludes ?ree k9ds ( p>tial sci5ce4 ,i4 ,x excludes m]e aggregates ( bits ( in=mation4 ,philology 9 its prima facie aspect belongs to ?is class4 ,,ii4 ,x rejects ! quasi-sci5ces1 :i* are f\nd$ on an act ( arbitr>y w alone1 su* z ,h]aldry4 ,sci5ces ( ?is class are positive f beg9n+ to end4 ,,iii4 ,9 ano!r class ( sci5ces1 also /yl$ positive1 b :i* h a rational basis & a rational beg9n+1 philosophy claims t con/itu5t z its own4 ,! positive features rema9 ! prop]ty ( ! sci5ces !mselves4 ,! positive elem5t 9 ! la/ class ( sci5ces is ( diff]5t sorts4 7,i7 ,_! comm5cem5t1 ?\gh rational at bottom1 yields to ! influ5ce ( =tuit\sness1 :5 !y h to br+ _! univ]sal tru? into contact ) actual facts & ! s+le ph5om5a ( exp]i5ce4 ,9 ?is region ( *ance & *ange1 ! adequate notion ( sci5ce mu/ yield its place to reasons or gr\nds ( explanation4 ,?us1 e4g4 9 ! sci5ce ( jurisprud5ce1 or 9 ! sy/em ( direct & indirect taxation1 x is necess>y to h c]ta9 po9ts precisely & def9itively settl$ :i* lie beyond ! compet5ce ( ! absolute l9es laid d[n by ! pure notion4 ,a c]ta9 latitude ( settlem5t accord+ly is left3 & ea* po9t may be det]m9$ 9 "o way on "o pr9ciple1 9 ano!r way on ano!r1 & admits ( no def9itive c]ta9ty4 ,simil>ly ! ,idea ( ,nature1 :5 p>cell$ out 9 detail1 is dissipat$ into cont+5cies4 ,natural hi/ory1 geography1 & m$ic9e /umble ^u descriptions ( exi/5ce1 ^u k9ds & di/9ctions1 :i* are n det]m9$ by reason1 b by sport & adv5titi\s incid5ts4 ,ev5 hi/ory comes "u ! same category4 ,! ,idea is its ess5ce & inn] nature2 b1 z x appe>s1 ev]y?+ is "u cont+5cy & 9 ! field ( volunt>y action4 7,,ii7 ,^! sci5ces are positive also 9 fail+ to recognise ! f9ite nature ( :at !y pr$icate1 & to po9t out h[ ^! categories & _! :ole sph]e pass into a high]4 ,!y assume _! /atem5ts to possess an au?ority beyond appeal4 ,"h ! fault lies 9 ! f9itude ( ! =m1 z 9 ! previ\s in/ance x lay 9 ! matt]4 7,,iii7 ,9 close sequel to ?is1 sci5ces are positive 9 consequ5ce ( ! inadequate gr\nds on :i* _! conclusions re/3 bas$ z ^! are on deta*$ & casual inf]5ce1 ^u feel+1 fai?1 & au?ority1 &1 g5]ally speak+1 ^u ! deliv]ances ( inw>d & outw>d p]ception4 ,"u ?is head we mu/ also class ! philosophy :i* proposes to build ^u an?ropology1' facts ( consci\sness1 inw>d s5se1 or outw>d exp]i5ce4 ,x may happ51 h[ev]1 t empirical is an epi!t applicable only to ! =m ( sci5tific exposition2 :il/ intuitive sagacity has arrang$ :at are m]e ph5om5a1 accord+ to ! ess5tial sequ5ce ( ! notion4 ,9 su* a case ! contra/s betwe5 ! v>i$ & num]\s ph5om5a br\ght toge!r s]ve to elim9ate ! ext]nal & accid5tal circum/ances ( _! conditions1 & ! univ]sal ?us comes cle>ly into view4 ,guid$ by su* an intuition1 exp]im5tal physics w pres5t ! rational sci5ce ( ,nature1--z hi/ory w pres5t ! sci5ce ( human affairs & actions--9 an ext]nal picture1 :i* mirrors ! philosophic notion4 #ag4 ,x may seem z if philosophy1 9 ord] to />t on its c\rse1 _h1 l ! re/ ( ! sci5ces1 to beg9 ) a subjective presupposition4 ,! sci5ces po/ulate _! respective objects1 su* z space1 numb]1 or :atev] x be2 & x might be suppos$ t philosophy _h also to po/ulate ! exi/5ce ( ?\ght4 ,b ! two cases are n exactly p>allel4 ,x is by ! free act ( ?\ght t x occupies a po9t ( view1 9 :i* x is = its own self1 & ?us gives itself an object ( its own production4 ,nor is ?is all4 ,! v po9t ( view1 :i* orig9ally is tak5 on its own evid5ce only1 mu/ 9 ! c\rse ( ! sci5ce be conv]t$ to a result1--! ultimate result 9 :i* philosophy returns into itself & rea*es ! po9t ) :i* x began4 ,9 ?is mann] philosophy exhibits ! appe>ance ( a circle :i* closes ) itself1 & has no beg9n+ 9 ! same way z ! o!r sci5ces h4 ,to speak ( a beg9n+ ( philosophy has a mean+ only 9 relation to a p]son :o proposes to comm5ce ! /udy1 & n 9 relation to ! sci5ce z sci5ce4 ,! same ?+ may be ?us express$4 ,! notion ( sci5ce--! notion !re=e ) :i* we />t--:i*1 = ! v reason t x is initial1 implies a sep>ation betwe5 ! ?\ght :i* is our object1 & ! subject philosophis+ :i* is1 z x 71 ext]nal to ! =m]1 mu/ be grasp$ & compreh5d$ by ! sci5ce itself4 ,?is is 9 %ort ! "o s+le aim1 action1 & goal ( philosophy--to arrive at ! notion ( its notion1 & ?us secure its return & its satisfaction4 #ah4 ,z ! :ole sci5ce1 & only ! :ole1 c exhibit :at ! ,idea or sy/em ( reason is1 x is impossible to give 9 a prelim9>y way a g5]al impression ( a philosophy4 ,nor c a division ( philosophy into its p>ts be intelligible1 except 9 connexion ) ! sy/em4 ,a prelim9>y division1 l ! limit$ conception f :i* x comes1 c only be an anticipation4 ,"h h[ev] x is premis$ t ! ,idea turns out to be ! ?\ght :i* is completely id5tical ) itself1 & n id5tical simply 9 ! ab/ract1 b also 9 its action ( sett+ itself ov] aga9/ itself1 s z to ga9 a be+ ( its own1 & yet ( be+ 9 full possession ( itself :ile x is 9 ?is o!r4 ,?us philosophy is subdivid$ into ?ree p>ts3 ,i4 ,logic1 ! sci5ce ( ! ,idea 9 & = itself4 ,,ii4 ,! ,philosophy ( ,nature3 ! sci5ce ( ! ,idea 9 its o!rness4 ,,iii4 ,! ,philosophy ( ,m9d3 ! sci5ce ( ! ,idea come back to itself out ( t o!rness4 ,z obs]v$ 9 #ae1 ! diff]5ces betwe5 ! sev]al philosophical sci5ces are only aspects or specialisations ( ! "o ,idea or sy/em ( reason1 :i* & :i* alone is alike exhibit$ 9 ^! diff]5t m$ia4 ,9 ,nature no?+ else w\ld h to be disc]n$1 except ! ,idea3 b ! ,idea has "h dive/$ itself ( its prop] be+4 ,9 ,m9d1 aga91 ! ,idea has ass]t$ a be+ ( its own1 & is on ! way to become absolute4 ,e su* =m 9 :i* ! ,idea is express$1 is at ! same "t a pass+ or fleet+ /age3 & h5ce ea* ( ^! subdivisions has n only to "k its cont5ts z an object :i* has be+ = ! "t1 b also 9 ! same act to exp\nd h[ ^! cont5ts pass into _! high] circle4 ,to repres5t ! relation betwe5 !m z a division1 !re=e1 leads to misconception2 = x co-ord9ates ! sev]al p>ts or sci5ces "o beside ano!r1 z if !y _h no innate developm5t1 b 71 l s _m species1 really & radically di/9ct4 #a ,! j\rnal1 too1 edit$ by ,?omson is call$ ',annals ( ,philosophy2 or1 ,magaz9e ( ,*emi/ry1 ,m9]alogy1 ,me*anics1 ,natural ,hi/ory1 ,agriculture1 & ,arts4' ,we c easily guess f ! title :at sort ( subjects are "h to be und]/ood "u ! t]m 'philosophy4' ,among ! adv]tisem5ts ( books j publi%$1 ,i lately f\nd ! foll[+ notice 9 an ,engli% newspap]3 ',! ,art ( ,pres]v+ ! ,hair1 on ,philosophical ,pr9ciples1 neatly pr9t$ 9 po/ #hvo1 price sev5 %ill+s4' ,by philosophical pr9ciples = ! pres]vation ( ! hair are probably meant *emical or physiological pr9ciples4 #b ,9 connexion ) ! g5]al pr9ciples ( ,political ,economy1 ! t]m 'philosophical' is frequ5tly he>d f ! lips ( ,engli% /atesm51 ev5 9 _! public spee*es4 ,9 ! ,h\se ( ,commons1 on ! #bnd ,feb4 #ahbe1 ,br\gham1 speak+ oh ! address 9 reply to ! spee* f ! ?rone1 talk$ ( '! /atesman-l & philosophical pr9ciples ( ,free-trade1--= philosophical !y und\bt$ly are--^u ! acceptance ( :i* 8 maje/y ?is day congratulat$ ! ,h\se4' ,nor is ?is language conf9$ to memb]s ( ! ,opposition4 ,at ! %ip[n]s' ye>ly d9n] 9 ! same mon?1 "u ! *airman%ip ( ! ,premi] ,"l ,liv]pool1 support$ by ,cann+ ! ,secret>y ( ,/ate1 & ,sir ,c4 ,long ! ,payma/]-,g5]al ( ! ,army1 ,cann+ 9 reply to ! toa/ :i* _h be5 propos$ said3 ',a p]iod has j begun1 9 :i* m9i/]s h x 9 _! p[] to apply to ! adm9i/ration ( ?is c\ntry ! s\nd maxims ( a pr(\nd philosophy4' ,diff]5ces !re may be betwe5 ,engli% & ,g]man philosophy3 /ill1 consid]+ t else:]e ! "n ( philosophy is us$ only z a nickname & insult1 or z some?+ odi\s1 x is a matt] ( rejoic+ to see x /ill hon\r$ 9 ! m\? ( ! ,engli% ,gov]nm5t4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,prelim9>y ,,notion4 #ai4 ,,logic ,,is ,,! ,,sci5ce ,,( ,,! ,,pure ,,idea2 pure1 t is1 because ! ,idea is 9 ! ab/ract m$ium ( ,?\ght4 ,?is def9ition1 & ! o!rs :i* occur 9 ^! introductory outl9es1 are d]iv$ f a survey ( ! :ole sy/em1 to :i* accord+ly !y are subsequ5t4 ,! same rem>k applies to all prefatory notions :atev] ab\t philosophy4 ,logic might h be5 def9$ z ! sci5ce ( ?\ght1 & ( its laws & *>act]i/ic =ms4 ,b ?\ght1 z ?\ght1 con/itutes only ! g5]al m$ium1 or qualify+ circum/ance1 :i* r5d]s ! ,idea di/9ctively logical4 ,if we id5tify ! ,idea ) ?\ght1 ?\ght mu/ n be tak5 9 ! s5se ( a me?od or =m1 b 9 ! s5se ( ! self-develop+ totality ( its laws & peculi> t]ms4 ,^! laws are ! "w ( ?\ght itself1 & n a fact :i* x f9ds & mu/ submit to4 ,f diff]5t po9ts ( view1 ,logic is ei!r ! h>de/ or ! easie/ ( ! sci5ces1 ,logic is h>d1 because x has to deal n ) p]ceptions1 nor1 l geometry1 ) ab/ract repres5tations ( ! s5ses1 b ) pure ab/ractions2 & because x dem&s a =ce & facility ( )draw+ into pure ?\ght1 ( keep+ firm hold on x1 & ( mov+ 9 su* an elem5t4 ,logic is easy1 because its facts are no?+ b our own ?\ght & its famili> =ms or t]ms3 & ^! are ! acme ( simplicity1 ! abc ( ev]y?+ else4 ,!y are also :at we are be/ acqua9t$ )3 su* z1 ',is' & ',is n'3 quality & magnitude3 be+ pot5tial & be+ actual3 "o1 _m1 & s on4 ,b su* an acqua9tance only adds to ! difficulties ( ! /udy2 = :ile1 on ! "o h&1 we naturally ?9k x is n wor? our tr\ble to occupy ourselves any long] ) ?+s s famili>1 on ! o!r h&1 ! problem is to become acqua9t$ ) !m 9 a new way1 q opposite to t 9 :i* we "k !m already4 ,! utility ( ,logic is a matt] :i* conc]ns its be>+s ^u ! /ud5t1 & ! tra9+ x may give = o!r purposes4 ,?is logical tra9+ consi/s 9 ! ex]cise 9 ?9k+ :i* ! /ud5t has to g ?r\gh 7?is sci5ce is ! ?9k+ ( ?9k+73 & 9 ! fact t he /ores 8 head ) ?\ghts1 9 _! native unalloy$ "*4 ,x is true t ,logic1 be+ ! absolute =m ( tru?1 & ano!r "n = ! v tru? itself1 is some?+ m ?an m]ely useful4 ,yet if :at is noble/1 mo/ lib]al & mo/ indep5d5t is also mo/ useful1 ,logic has "s claim to ! latt] "*4 ,its utility mu/ !n be e/imat$ at ano!r rate ?an ex]cise 9 ?\ght = ! sake ( ! ex]cise4 7#a7 ,! fir/ "q is3 ,:at is ! object ( our sci5ce8 ,! simple/ & mo/ intelligible answ] to ?is "q is t ,tru? is ! object ( ,logic4 ,tru? is a noble ^w1 & ! ?+ is nobl] /ill4 ,s long z man is s\nd at he>t & 9 _s1 ! se>* = tru? mu/ awake all ! en?usiasm ( 8 nature4 ,b imm$iately !re /eps 9 ! objection--,are we able to "k tru?8 ,!re seems to be a disproportion betwe5 f9ite be+s l ourselves & ! tru? :i* is absolute3 & d\bts sugge/ !mselves :e!r !re is any bridge betwe5 ! f9ite & ! inf9ite4 ,god is tru?3 h[ %all we "k ,him8 ,su* an und]tak+ appe>s to /& 9 contradiction ) ! graces ( l[l9ess & humility4--,o!rs :o ask :e!r we c "k ! tru? h a diff]5t purpose4 ,!y want to ju/ify !mselves 9 liv+ on cont5t$ ) _! petty1 f9ite aims4 ,& humility ( ?is /amp is a poor ?+4 ,b ! "t is pa/ :5 p ask$3 ,h[ %all ,i1 a poor worm ( ! du/1 be able to "k ! tru?8 ,& 9 its /ead we f9d vanity & conceit3 p claim1 )\t any tr\ble on _! "p1 to brea! ! v atmosph]e ( tru?4 ,! "y h be5 flatt]$ into ! belief t !y possess a natural bir?right ( moral & religi\s tru?4 ,& 9 ! same /ra91 ^? ( rip] ye>s are decl>$ to be sunk1 petrifi$1 ossifi$ 9 falsehood4 ,y\?1 say ^! tea*]s1 sees ! bright light ( dawn3 b ! old] g5]ation lies 9 ! sl\gh & mire ( ! common day4 ,!y admit t ! special sci5ces are some?+ t c]ta9ly ought to be cultivat$1 b m]ely z ! means to satisfy ! ne$s ( out] life4 ,9 all ?is x is n humility :i* holds back f ! k & /udy ( ! tru?1 b a conviction t we are already 9 full possession ( x4 ,& no d\bt ! "y c>ry ) !m ! hopes ( _! eld] compe]s2 on !m re/s ! advance ( ! _w & sci5ce4 ,b ^! hopes are set ^u ! "y1 only on ! condition t1 in/ead ( rema9+ z !y are1 !y und]take ! /]n lab\r ( m9d4 ,?is mode/y 9 tru?-seek+ has /ill ano!r phase3 & t is ! g5teel indiff]5ce to tru?1 z we see x 9 ,pilate's conv]sation ) ,*ri/4 ,pilate ask$ ',:at is tru?8' ) ! air ( a man :o _h settl$ acc\nts ) ev]y?+ long ago1 & conclud$ t no?+ p>ticul>ly matt]s3--he meant mu* ! same z ,solomon :5 he says3 ',all is vanity4' ,:5 x comes to ?is1 no?+ is left b self-conceit4 ,! k ( ! tru? meets an additional ob/acle 9 timidity4 ,a slo?ful m9d f9ds x natural to say3 ',don't let x be suppos$ t we mean to be 9 e>ne/ ) our philosophy4 ,we %all be glad int] alia to /udy ,logic3 b ,logic mu/ be sure to leave u z we 7 be=e4' ,p h a feel+ t1 if ?9k+ passes ! ord9>y range ( our ideas & impressions1 x _c b be on ! evil road4 ,!y seem to be tru/+ !mselves to a sea on :i* !y w be toss$ to & fro by ! waves ( ?\ght1 till at l5g? !y aga9 rea* ! s&bank ( ?is temporal sc5e1 z utt]ly poor z :5 !y left x4 ,:at co9es ( su* a view1 we see 9 ! _w4 ,x is possible )9 ^! limits to ga9 v>i$ in=mation & _m accompli%m5ts1 to become a ma/] ( (ficial r\t9e1 & to be tra9$ = special purposes4 ,b x is q ano!r ?+ to educate ! _s = ! high] life & to devote our en]gies to its s]vice4 ,9 our own day x may be hop$ a long+ = some?+ bett] has sprung up among ! "y1 s t !y w n be cont5t$ ) ! m]e /raw ( out] k4 7#b7 ,x is univ]sally agre$ t ?\ght is ! object ( ,logic4 ,b ( ?\ght our e/imate may be v mean1 or x may be v high4 ,on "o h&1 p say3 ',x is only a ?\ght4' ,9 _! view ?\ght is subjective1 arbitr>y & accid5tal--di/+ui%$ f ! ?+ itself1 f ! true & ! real4 ,on ! o!r h&1 a v high e/imate may be =m$ ( ?\ght2 :5 ?\ght alone is held adequate to atta9 ! highe/ ( all ?+s1 ! nature ( ,god1 ( :i* ! s5ses c tell u no?+4 ,god is a _s1 x is said1 & mu/ be wor%ipp$ 9 _s & 9 tru?4 ,b ! m]ely felt & s5sible1 we admit1 is n ! spiritual2 its he>t ( he>ts is 9 ?\ght2 & only _s c "k _s4 ,& ?\gh x is true t _s c demean itself z feel+ & s5se--z is ! case 9 religion1 ! m]e feel+1 z a mode ( consci\sness1 is "o ?+1 & its cont5ts ano!r4 ,feel+1 z feel+1 is ! g5]al =m ( ! s5su\s nature :i* we h 9 common ) ! brutes4 ,?is =m1 viz4 feel+1 may possibly seize & appropriate ! full organic tru?3 b ! =m has no real congruity ) its cont5ts4 ,! =m ( feel+ is ! l[e/ 9 :i* spiritual tru? c be express$4 ,! _w ( spiritual exi/5ces1 ,god himself1 exi/s 9 prop] tru?1 only 9 ?\ght & z ?\ght4 ,if ?is be s1 !re =e1 ?\ght1 f> f be+ a m]e ?\ght1 is ! highe/ &1 9 /rict accuracy1 ! sole mode ( appreh5d+ ! et]nal & absolute4 ,z ( ?\ght1 s also ( ! sci5ce ( ?\ght1 a v high or a v l[ op9ion may be =m$4 ,any man1 x is suppos$1 c ?9k )\t ,logic1 z he c dige/ )\t /udy+ physiology4 ,if he h /udi$ ,logic1 he ?9ks aft]w>ds z he did be=e1 p]haps m me?odically1 b ) little alt]ation4 ,if ?is 7 all1 & if ,logic did no m ?an make m5 acqua9t$ ) ! action ( ?\ght z ! faculty ( comp>ison & classification1 x w\ld produce no?+ :i* _h n be5 done q z well be=e4 ,& 9 po9t ( fact ,logic hi!rto _h no o!r idea ( its duty ?an ?is4 ,yet to be well-in=m$ ab\t ?\ght1 ev5 z a m]e activity ( ! subject-m9d1 is hon\rable & int]e/+ = man4 ,x is 9 kn[+ :at he is & :at he does1 t man is di/+ui%$ f ! brutes4 ,b we may take ! high] e/imate ( ?\ght--z :at alone c get really 9 t\* ) ! supreme & true4 ,9 t case1 ,logic z ! sci5ce ( ?\ght occupies a high gr\nd4 ,if ! sci5ce ( ,logic !n consid]s ?\ght 9 its action & its productions 7& ?\ght be+ no resultless en]gy produces ?\ghts & ! p>ticul> ?\ght requir$71 ! !me ( ,logic is 9 g5]al ! sup]s5sible _w1 & to deal ) t !me is to dwell = a :ile 9 t _w4 ,ma!matics is conc]n$ ) ! ab/ractions ( "t & space4 ,b ^! are /ill ! object ( s5se1 al?\gh ! s5sible is ab/ract & idealis$4 ,?\ght bids adieu ev5 to ?is la/ & ab/ract s5sible3 x ass]ts its own native indep5d5ce1 r5\nces ! field ( ! ext]nal & int]nal s5se1 & puts away ! int]e/s & incl9ations ( ! individual4 ,:5 ,logic takes ?is gr\nd1 x is a high] sci5ce ?an we are 9 ! habit ( suppos+4 7#c7 ,! necessity ( und]/&+ ,logic 9 a deep] s5se ?an z ! sci5ce ( ! m]e =m ( ?\ght is en=c$ by ! int]e/s ( religion & politics1 ( law & morality4 ,9 e>li] days m5 meant no h>m by ?9k+3 !y ?\ght away freely & fe>lessly4 ,!y ?\ght ab\t ,god1 ab\t ,nature1 & ! ,/ate2 & !y felt sure t a k ( ! tru? 0 obta9able ?r\gh ?\ght only1 & n ?r\gh ! s5ses or any r&om ideas or op9ions4 ,b :ile !y s ?\ght1 ! pr9cipal ord9ances ( life began to be s]i\sly affect$ by _! conclusions4 ,?\ght depriv$ exi/+ in/itutions ( _! =ce4 ,con/itutions fell a victim to ?\ght3 religion 0 assail$ by ?\ght3 firm religi\s beliefs :i* _h be5 always look$ ^u z revelations 7 und]m9$1 & 9 _m m9ds ! old fai? 0 upset4 ,! ,greek philosoph]s1 = example1 became antagoni/s ( ! old religion1 & de/roy$ its beliefs4 ,philosoph]s 7 accord+ly bani%$ or put to dea?1 z revolutioni/s :o _h subv]t$ religion & ! /ate1 two ?+s :i* 7 insep>able4 ,?\ght1 9 %ort1 made itself a p[] 9 ! real _w1 & ex]cis$ enorm\s influ5ce4 ,! matt] end$ by draw+ att5tion to ! influ5ce ( ?\ght1 & its claims 7 submitt$ to a m rigor\s scrut9y1 by :i* ! _w pr(ess$ to f9d t ?\ght arrogat$ too mu* & 0 unable to p]=m :at x _h und]tak54 ,x _h n--p said--le>n$ ! real be+ ( ,god1 ( ,nature & ,m9d4 ,x _h n le>n$ :at ! tru? 04 ,:at x _h done1 0 to ov]?r[ religion & ! /ate4 ,x became urg5t !re=e to ju/ify ?\ght1 ) ref]5ce to ! results x _h produc$3 & x is ?is exam9ation into ! nature ( ?\ght & ?is ju/ification :i* 9 rec5t times has con/itut$ "o ( ! ma9 problems ( philosophy4 #bj4 ,if we take our prima facie impression ( ?\ght1 we f9d on exam9ation fir/ 7a7 t1 9 its usual subjective acceptation1 ?\ght is "o out ( _m activities or faculties ( ! m9d1 co-ord9ate ) su* o!rs z s5sation1 p]ception1 imag9ation1 desire1 volition1 & ! l4 ,! product ( ?is activity1 ! =m or "* peculi> to ?\ght1 is ! ,,univ]sal1 or1 9 g5]al1 ! ab/ract4 ,?\ght1 reg>d$ z an activity1 may be accord+ly describ$ z ! active univ]sal1 &1 s9ce ! de$1 its product1 is ! univ]sal once m1 may be call$ a self-actualis+ univ]sal4 ,?\ght conceiv$ z a subject 7ag5t7 is a ?9k]1 & ! subject exi/+ z a ?9k] is simply d5ot$ by ! t]m ',i4' ,! propositions giv+ an acc\nt ( ?\ght 9 ?is & ! foll[+ sections are n (f]$ z ass]tions or op9ions ( m9e on ! matt]4 ,b 9 ^! prelim9>y *apt]s any d$uction or pro( w\ld be impossible1 & ! /atem5ts may be tak5 z matt]s 9 evid5ce4 ,9 o!r words1 e man1 :5 he ?9ks & consid]s 8 ?\ghts1 w discov] by ! exp]i5ce ( 8 consci\sness t !y possess ! "* ( univ]sality z well z ! o!r aspects ( ?\ght to be aft]w>ds enum]at$4 ,we assume ( c\rse t 8 p[]s ( att5tion & ab/raction h und]gone a previ\s tra9+1 enabl+ him to obs]ve correctly ! evid5ce ( 8 consci\sness & 8 conceptions4 ,?is introductory exposition has already allud$ to ! di/9ction betwe5 ,s5se1 ,conception1 & ,?\ght4 ,z ! di/9ction is ( capital importance = und]/&+ ! nature & k9ds ( k1 x w help to expla9 matt]s if we "h call att5tion to x4 ,= ! explanation ( ,s5se1 ! readie/ me?od c]ta9ly is1 to ref] to its ext]nal s\rce--! organs ( s5se4 ,b to "n ! organ does n help mu* to expla9 :at is appreh5d$ by x4 ,! real di/9ction betwe5 s5se & ?\ght lies 9 ?is--t ! ess5tial feature ( ! s5sible is individuality1 & z ! individual 7:i*1 r$uc$ to its simple/ t]ms1 is ! atom7 is also a memb] ( a gr\p1 s5sible exi/5ce pres5ts a numb] ( mutually exclusive units1--( units1 to speak 9 m def9ite & ab/ract =mulae1 :i* exi/ side by side )1 & aft]1 "o ano!r4 ,conception or picture-?9k+ works ) mat]ials f ! same s5su\s s\rce4 ,b ^! mat]ials :5 conceiv$ are expressly *>act]is$ z 9 me & !re=e m9e3 & secondly1 z univ]sal1 or simple1 because only ref]r$ to self4 ,nor is s5se ! only s\rce ( mat]ialis$ conception4 ,!re are conceptions con/itut$ by mat]ials emanat+ f self-consci\s ?\ght1 su* z ^? ( law1 morality1 religion1 & ev5 ( ?\ght itself1 & x requires "s ef=t to detect :]e9 lies ! diff]5ce betwe5 su* conceptions & ?\ghts hav+ ! same import4 ,= x is a ?\ght ( :i* su* conception is ! vehicle1 & !re is no want ( ! =m ( univ]sality1 )\t :i* no cont5t c\ld be 9 me1 or be a conception at all4 ,yet "h also ! peculi>ity ( conception is1 g5]ally speak+1 to be s\ght 9 ! individualism or isolation ( its cont5ts4 ,true x is t1 = example1 law & legal provisions d n exi/ 9 a s5sible space1 mutually exclud+ "o ano!r4 ,nor z reg>ds "t1 ?\gh !y appe> to "s ext5t 9 succession1 are _! cont5ts !mselves conceiv$ z affect$ by "t1 or z transi5t & *angeable 9 x4 ,! fault 9 conception lies deep]4 ,^! ideas1 ?\gh implicitly possess+ ! organic unity ( m9d1 /& isolat$ "h & !re on ! broad gr\nd ( conception1 ) its inw>d & ab/ract g5]ality4 ,?us cut adrift1 ea* is simple1 unrelat$3 ,"r1 ,duty1 ,god4 ,conception 9 ^! circum/ances ei!r re/s satisfi$ ) decl>+ t ,"r is ,"r1 ,god is ,god3 or 9 a high] grade ( culture1 x proce$s to enunciate ! attributes2 z1 = in/ance1 ,god is ! ,creator ( ! _w1 omnisci5t1 almighty1 c4 ,9 ?is way sev]al isolat$1 simple pr$icates are /rung toge!r3 b 9 spite ( ! l9k suppli$ by _! subject1 ! pr$icates nev] get beyond m]e contiguity4 ,9 ?is po9t ,conception co9cides ) ,und]/&+3 ! only di/9ction be+ t ! latt] introduces relations ( univ]sal & p>ticul>1 ( cause & effect1 c41 & 9 ?is way supplies a necess>y connexion to ! isolat$ ideas ( conception2 :i* la/ has left !m side by side 9 its vague m5tal spaces1 connect$ only by a b>e '&4' ,! diff]5ce betwe5 conception & ?\ght is ( special importance3 because philosophy may be said to d no?+ b trans=m conceptions into ?\ghts1--?\gh x works ! fur!r trans=mation ( a m]e ?\ght into a notion4 ,s5sible exi/5ce has be5 *>act]is$ by ! attributes ( individuality & mutual exclusion ( ! memb]s4 ,x is well to rememb] t ^! v attributes ( s5se are ?\ghts & g5]al t]ms4 ,x w be %[n 9 ! ,logic t ?\ght 7& ! univ]sal7 is n a m]e opposite ( s5se3 x lets no?+ escape x1 b1 outflank+ its o!r1 is at once t o!r & itself4 ,n[ language is ! "w ( ?\ght3 & h5ce all t is express$ 9 language mu/ be univ]sal4 ,:at ,i only mean or suppose is m9e3 x belongs to me1--?is p>ticul> individual4 ,b language expresses no?+ b univ]sality2 & s ,i _c say :at ,i m]ely mean4 ,& ! unutt]able1--feel+ or s5sation1--f> f be+ ! highe/ tru?1 is ! mo/ unimportant & untrue4 ,if ,i say ',! individual1' ',?is individual1' '"h1' 'n[1' all ^! are univ]sal t]ms4 ,ev]y?+ & any?+ is an individual1 a '?is1' & if x be s5sible1 is "h & n[4 ,simil>ly :5 ,i say1 ',i1' ,i mean my s+le self to ! exclusion ( all o!rs3 b :at ,i say1 viz4 ',i1' is j e ',i1' :i* 9 l mann] excludes all o!rs f itself4 ,9 an awkw>d expression :i* ,kant us$1 he said t ,i accompany all my conceptions1--s5sations1 too1 desires1 actions1 c4 ',i' is 9 ess5ce & act ! univ]sal3 & su* p>tn]%ip is a =m1 ?\gh an ext]nal =m1 ( univ]sality4 ,all o!r m5 h x 9 common ) me to be ',i'3 j z x is common to all my s5sations & conceptions to be m9e4 ,b ',i1' 9 ! ab/ract1 z su*1 is ! m]e act ( self-conc5tration or self-relation1 9 :i* we make ab/raction f all conception & feel+1 f e /ate ( m9d & e peculi>ity ( nature1 tal5t1 & exp]i5ce4 ,to ?is ext5t1 ',i' is ! exi/5ce ( a :olly ab/ract univ]sality1 a pr9ciple ( ab/ract fre$om4 ,h5ce ?\ght1 view$ z a subject1 is :at is express$ by ! ^w ',i'3 & s9ce ,i am at ! same "t 9 all my s5sations1 conceptions1 & /ates ( consci\sness1 ?\ght is ev]y:]e pres5t1 & is a category t runs ?r\gh all ^! modifications4 ,our fir/ impression :5 we use ! t]m ?\ght is ( a subjective activity--"o among/ _m simil> faculties1 su* z memory1 imag9ation & w4 ,7 ?\ght m]ely an activity ( ! subject-m9d & treat$ "u t aspect by logic1 logic w\ld resemble ! o!r sci5ces 9 possess+ a well-m>k$ object4 ,x might 9 t case seem arbitr>y to devote a special sci5ce to ?\ght1 :il/ w1 imag9ation & ! re/ 7 d5i$ ! same privilege4 ,! selection ( "o faculty h[ev] might ev5 9 ?is view be v well gr\nd$ on a c]ta9 au?ority ackn[l$g$ to belong to ?\ght1 & on its claim to be reg>d$ z ! true nature ( man1 9 :i* consi/s 8 di/9ction f ! brutes4 ,nor is x unimportant to /udy ?\ght ev5 z a subjective en]gy4 ,a detail$ analysis ( its nature w\ld exhibit rules & laws1 a k ( :i* is d]iv$ f exp]i5ce4 ,a treatm5t ( ! laws ( ?\ght1 f ?is po9t ( view1 us$ once to =m ! body ( logical sci5ce4 ,( t sci5ce ,ari/otle 0 ! f\nd]4 ,he succe$$ 9 assign+ to ?\ght :at prop]ly belongs to x4 ,our ?\ght is extremely concrete3 b 9 its composite cont5ts we mu/ di/+ui% ! "p t prop]ly belongs to ?\ght1 or to ! ab/ract mode ( its action4 ,a subtle spiritual bond1 consi/+ 9 ! ag5cy ( ?\ght1 is :at gives unity to all ^! cont5ts1 & x 0 ?is bond1 ! =m z =m1 t ,ari/otle not$ & describ$4 ,up to ! pres5t day1 ! logic ( ,ari/otle cont9ues to be ! receiv$ sy/em4 ,x has inde$ be5 spun out to great] l5g?1 especially by ! lab\rs ( ! m$ieval ,s*oolm5 :o1 )\t mak+ any mat]ial additions1 m]ely ref9$ 9 details4 ,! mod]ns also h left _! m>k ^u ?is logic1 p>tly by omitt+ _m po9ts ( logical doctr9e due to ,ari/otle & ! ,s*oolm51 & p>tly by foi/+ 9 a quantity ( psy*ological matt]4 ,! purport ( ! sci5ce is to become acqua9t$ ) ! proc$ure ( f9ite ?\ght3 &1 if x is adapt$ to its pre-suppos$ object1 ! sci5ce is entitl$ to be /yl$ correct4 ,! /udy ( ?is =mal logic und\bt$ly has its uses4 ,x %>p5s ! wits1 z ! phrase goes1 & tea*es u to collect our ?\ghts & to ab/ract --:]eas 9 common consci\sness we h to deal ) s5su\s conceptions :i* cross & p]plex "o ano!r4 ,ab/raction moreov] implies ! conc5tration ( ! m9d on a s+le po9t1 & ?us induces ! habit ( att5d+ to our inw>d selves4 ,an acqua9tance ) ! =ms ( f9ite ?\ght may be made a means ( tra9+ ! m9d = ! empirical sci5ces1 s9ce _! me?od is regulat$ by ^! =ms3 & 9 ?is s5se logic has be5 designat$ ,in/rum5tal4 ,x is true1 we may be /ill m lib]al1 & say3 ,logic is to be /udi$ n = its utility1 b = its own sake2 ! sup]-excell5t is n to be s\ght = ! sake ( m]e utility4 ,9 "o s5se ?is is q correct3 b x may be repli$ t ! sup]-excell5t is also ! mo/ useful3 because x is ! all-su/a9+ pr9ciple :i*1 hav+ a subsi/5ce ( its own1 may !re=e s]ve z ! vehicle ( special ends :i* x fur!rs & secures4 ,& ?us1 special ends1 ?\gh !y h no "r to be set fir/1 are /ill fo/]$ by ! pres5ce ( ! highe/ good4 ,religion1 = in/ance1 has an absolute value ( its own2 yet at ! same "t o!r ends fl\ri% & succe$ 9 its tra94 ,z ,*ri/ says3 ',seek ye fir/ ! k+dom ( ,god1 & all ^! ?+s %all be add$ unto y4' ,p>ticul> ends c be atta9$ only 9 ! atta9m5t ( :at absolutely is & exi/s 9 its own "r4 #ba4 7b7 ,?\ght 0 describ$ z active4 ,we n[1 9 ! second place1 consid] ?is action 9 its be>+s ^u objects1 or z reflection ^u some?+4 ,9 ?is case ! univ]sal or product ( its op]ation conta9s ! value ( ! ?+--is ! ess5tial1 inw>d1 & true4 ,9 #e ! old belief 0 quot$ t ! reality 9 object1 circum/ance1 or ev5t1 ! intr9sic wor? or ess5ce1 ! ?+ on :i* ev]y?+ dep5ds1 is n a self-evid5t datum ( consci\sness1 or co9cid5t ) ! fir/ appe>ance & impression ( ! object2 t1 on ! contr>y1 ,reflection is requir$ 9 ord] to discov] ! real con/itution ( ! object--& t by su* reflection x w be asc]ta9$4 ,to reflect is a lesson :i* ev5 ! *ild has to le>n4 ,"o ( 8 fir/ lessons is to jo9 adjectives ) sub/antives4 ,?is obliges him to att5d & di/+ui%3 he has to rememb] a rule & apply x to ! p>ticul> case4 ,?is rule is no?+ b a univ]sal3 & ! *ild mu/ see t ! p>ticul> adapts itself to ?is univ]sal4 ,9 life1 aga91 we h ends to atta94 ,& ) reg>d to ^! we pond] :i* is ! be/ way to secure !m4 ,! end "h repres5ts ! univ]sal or gov]n+ pr9ciple3 & we h means & in/rum5ts ^: action we regulate 9 con=mity to ! end4 ,9 ! same way reflection is active 9 que/ions ( conduct4 ,to reflect "h means to recollect ! "r1 ! duty1--! univ]sal :i* s]ves z a fix$ rule' to guide our behavi\r 9 ! giv5 case4 ,our p>ticul> act mu/ imply & recognise ! univ]sal law4--,we f9d ! same ?+ exhibit$ 9 our /udy ( natural ph5om5a4 ,= in/ance1 we obs]ve ?und] & lightn+4 ,! ph5om5on is a famili> "o1 & we (t5 p]ceive x4 ,b man is n cont5t ) a b>e acqua9tance1 or ) ! fact z x appe>s to ! s5ses2 he w\ld l to get beh9d ! surface1 to "k :at x is1 & to compreh5d x4 ,?is leads him to reflect3 he seeks to f9d out ! cause z some?+ di/9ct f ! m]e ph5om5on3 he tries to "k ! inside 9 its di/9ction f ! outside4 ,h5ce ! ph5om5on becomes d\ble1 x splits into inside & outside1 into =ce & its manife/ation1 into cause & effect4 ,once m we f9d ! inside or ! =ce id5tifi$ ) ! univ]sal & p]man5t3 n ?is or t fla% ( lightn+1 ?is or t plant--b t :i* cont9ues ! same 9 !m all4 ,! s5sible appe>ance is individual & evanesc5t3 ! p]man5t 9 x is discov]$ by4 reflection4 ,nature %[s u a c\ntless numb] ( individual =ms & ph5om5a4 ,into ?is v>iety we feel a ne$ ( introduc+ unity3 we comp>e1 consequ5tly1 & try to f9d ! univ]sal ( ea* s+le case4 ,individuals are born & p]i%3 ! species abides & recurs 9 !m all3 & its exi/5ce is only visible to reflection4 ,"u ! same head fall su* laws z ^? regulat+ ! motion ( ! heav5ly bodies4 ,to-day we see ! />s "h1 & to-morr[ !re3 & our m9d f9ds some?+ incongru\s1 9 ?is *aos--some?+ 9 :i* x c put no fai?1 because x believes 9 ord] & 9 a simple1 con/ant1 & univ]sal law4 ,inspir$ by ?is belief1 ! m9d has direct$ its reflection t[>ds ! ph5om5a1 & le>nt _! laws4 ,9 o!r words1 x has e/abli%$ ! movem5t ( ! heav5ly bodies to be 9 accordance ) a univ]sal law f :i* e *ange ( position may be kn[n & pr$ict$4 ,! case is ! same ) ! influ5ces :i* make !mselves felt 9 ! inf9ite complexity ( human conduct4 ,!re1 too1 man has ! belief 9 ! sway ( a g5]al pr9ciple4--,f all ^! examples x may be ga!r$ h[ reflection is always seek+ = some?+ fix$ & p]man5t1 def9ite 9 itself & gov]n+ ! p>ticul>s4 ,?is univ]sal :i* _c be appreh5d$ by ! s5ses c\nts z ! true & ess5tial4 ,?us1 duties & rights are all-important 9 ! matt] ( conduct3 & an action is true :5 x con=ms to ^? univ]sal =mulae4 ,9 ?us *>act]is+ ! univ]sal1 we become aw>e ( its anti!sis to some?+ else4 ,?is some?+ else is ! m]ely imm$iate1 outw>d & individual1 z oppos$ to ! m$iate1 inw>d & univ]sal4 ,! univ]sal does n exi/ ext]nally to ! outw>d eye z a univ]sal4 ,! k9d z k9d _c be p]ceiv$3 ! laws ( ! cele/ial motions are n writt5 on ! sky4 ,! univ]sal is nei!r se5 nor he>d1 its exi/5ce is only = ! m9d4 ,religion leads u to a univ]sal1 :i* embraces all else )9 itself1 to an ,absolute by :i* all else is br\ght into be+3 & ?is ,absolute is an object n ( ! s5ses b ( ! m9d & ( ?\ght4 #bb4 7c7 ,by ! act ( reflection some?+ is alt]$ 9 ! way 9 :i* ! fact 0 orig9ally pres5t$ 9 s5sation1 p]ception1 or conception4 ,?us1 z x appe>s1 an alt]ation ( ! object mu/ be int]pos$ be=e its true nature c be discov]$4 ,:at reflection elicits1 is a product ( our ?\ght4 ,solon1 = in/ance1 produc$ out ( 8 head ! laws he gave to ! ,a!nians4 ,?is is half ( ! tru?3 b we mu/ n on t acc\nt =get t ! univ]sal 79 ,solon's case1 ! laws7 is ! v rev]se ( m]ely subjective1 or fail to note t x is ! ess5tial1 true1 & objective be+ ( ?+s4 ,to discov] ! tru? 9 ?+s1 m]e att5tion is n en\gh2 we mu/ call 9 ! action ( our own faculties to trans=m :at is imm$iately be=e u4 ,n[1 at fir/ sight1 ?is seems an inv]sion ( ! natural ord]1 calculat$ to ?w>t ! v purpose on :i* k is b5t4 ,b ! me?od is n s irrational z x seems4 ,x has be5 ! conviction ( e age t ! only way ( rea*+ ! p]man5t sub/ratum 0 to transmute ! giv5 ph5om5on by means ( reflection4 ,9 mod]n times a d\bt has = ! fir/ "t be5 rais$ on ?is po9t 9 connexion ) ! diff]5ce alleg$ to exi/ betwe5 ! products ( our ?\ght & ! ?+s 9 _! own nature4 ,?is real nature ( ?+s1 x is said1 is v diff]5t f :at we make out ( !m4 ,! divorce betwe5 ?\ght & ?+ is ma9ly ! "w ( ! ,critical ,philosophy1 & runs c\nt] to ! conviction ( all previ\s ages1 t _! agreem5t 0 a matt] ( c\rse4 ,! anti!sis betwe5 !m is ! h+e on :i* mod]n philosophy turns4 ,mean:ile ! natural belief ( m5 gives ! lie to x4 ,9 common life we reflect1 )\t p>ticul>ly rem9d+ ourselves t ?is is ! process ( arriv+ at ! tru?1 & we ?9k )\t hesitation1 & 9 ! firm belief t ?\ght co9cides ) ?+4 ,& ?is belief is ( ! greate/ importance4 ,x m>ks ! diseas$ /ate ( ! age :5 we see x adopt ! despair+ cre$ t our k is only subjective1 & t beyond ?is subjective we _c g4 ,:]eas1 rightly und]/ood1 tru? is objective1 & ought s to regulate ! conviction ( e "o1 t ! conviction ( ! individual is /amp$ z wrong :5 x does n agree ) ?is rule4 ,mod]n views1 on ! contr>y1 put great value on ! m]e fact ( conviction1 & hold t to be conv9c$ is good = its own sake1 :atev] be ! burd5 ( our conviction1--!re be+ no /&>d by :i* we c measure its tru?4 ,we said above t1 accord+ to ! old belief1 x 0 ! *>act]i/ic "r ( ! m9d to "k ! tru?4 ,if ?is be s1 x also implies t ev]y?+ we "k bo? ( outw>d & inw>d nature1 9 "o ^w1 ! objective _w1 is 9 its own self ! same z x is 9 ?\ght1 & t to ?9k is to br+ out ! tru? ( our object1 be x :at x may4 ,! bus9ess ( philosophy is only to br+ into explicit consci\sness :at ! _w 9 all ages has believ$ ab\t ?\ght4 ,philosophy !re=e advances no?+ new2 & our pres5t discussion has l$ u to a conclusion :i* agrees ) ! natural belief ( mank9d4 #bc4 7d7 ,! real nature ( ! object is br\ght to light 9 reflection2 b x is no less true t ?is ex]tion ( ?\ght is my act4 ,if ?is be s1 ! real nature is a product ( my m9d1 9 its "* ( ?9k+ subject--g5]at$ by me 9 my simple univ]sality1 self-collect$ & remov$ f extrane\s influ5ces1 --9 "o ^w1 9 my ,fre$om4 ,?9k = y\rself1 is a phrase :i* p (t5 use z if x _h "s special significance4 ,! fact is1 no man c ?9k = ano!r1 any m ?an he c eat or dr9k = him3 & ! expression is a pleonasm4 ,to ?9k is 9 fact ipso facto to be free1 = ?\ght z ! action ( ! univ]sal is an ab/ract relat+ ( self to self1 :]e1 be+ at home ) ourselves1 & z reg>ds our subjectivity1 utt]ly blank1 our consci\sness is1 9 ! matt] ( its cont5ts1 only 9 ! fact & its *>act]i/ics4 ,if ?is be admitt$1 & if we apply ! t]m humility or mode/y to an attitude :]e our subjectivity is n all[$ to int]f]e by act or quality1 x is easy to appreciate ! "q t\*+ ! humility or mode/y & pride ( philosophy4 ,= 9 po9t ( cont5ts1 ?\ght is only true 9 proportion z x s9ks itself 9 ! facts2 & 9 po9t ( =m x is no private or p>ticul> /ate or act ( ! subject1 b r t attitude ( consci\sness :]e ! ab/ract self1 fre$ f all ! special limitations to :i* its ord9>y /ates or qualities are liable1 re/ricts itself to t univ]sal action 9 :i* x is id5tical ) all individuals4 ,9 ^! circum/ances philosophy may be acquitt$ ( ! *>ge ( pride4 ,& :5 ,ari/otle summons ! m9d to rise to ! dignity ( t attitude1 ! dignity he seeks is won by lett+ slip all our individual op9ions & prejudices1 & submitt+ to ! sway ( ! fact4 #bd4 ,) ^! explanations & qualifications1 ?\ghts may be t]m$ ,objective ,?\ghts1--among :i* are also to be includ$ ! =ms :i* are m especially discuss$ 9 ! common logic1 :]e !y are usually treat$ z =ms ( consci\s ?\ght only4 ,logic !re=e co9cides ) ,metaphysics1 ! sci5ce ( ?+s set & held 9 ?\ghts1--?\ghts accr$it$ able to express ! ess5tial reality ( ?+s4 ,an exposition ( ! relation 9 :i* su* =ms z notion1 judgm5t1 & syllogism /& to o!rs1 su* z causality1 is a matt] = ! sci5ce itself4 ,b ?is mu* is evid5t be=eh&4 ,if ?\ght tries to =m a notion ( ?+s1 ?is notion 7z well z its proximate phases1 ! judgm5t & syllogism7 _c be compos$ ( articles & relations :i* are ali5 & irrelevant to ! ?+s4 ,reflection1 x 0 said above1 conducts to ! univ]sal ( ?+s3 :i* univ]sal is itself "o ( ! con/itu5t factors ( a notion4 ,to say t ,reason or ,und]/&+ is 9 ! _w1 is equival5t 9 its import to ! phrase ',objective ,?\ght4' ,! latt] phrase h[ev] has ! inconv5i5ce t ?\ght is usually conf9$ to express :at belongs to ! m9d or consci\sness only1 :ile objective is a t]m appli$1 at lea/ prim>ily1 only to ! non-m5tal4 7#a7 ,to speak ( ?\ght or objective ?\ght z ! he>t & s\l ( ! _w1 may seem to be ascrib+ consci\sness to ! ?+s ( nature4 ,we feel a c]ta9 repugnance aga9/ mak+ ?\ght ! inw>d function ( ?+s1 especially z we speak ( ?\ght z m>k+ ! div]g5ce ( man f nature4 ,x w\ld be necess>y1 !re=e1 if we use ! t]m ?\ght at all1 to speak ( nature z ! sy/em ( unconsci\s ?\ght1 or1 to use ,s*ell+'s expression1 a petrifi$ intellig5ce4 ,& 9 ord] to prev5t misconception1 ?\ght-=m or ?\ght-type %\ld be sub/itut$ = ! ambigu\s t]m ?\ght4 ,f :at has be5 said ! pr9ciples ( logic are to be s\ght 9 a sy/em ( ?\ght-types or fundam5tal categories1 9 :i* ! opposition betwe5 subjective & objective1 9 its usual s5se1 vani%es4 ,! signification ?us atta*$ to ?\ght & its *>act]i/ic =ms may be illu/rat$ by ! anci5t say+ t ' gov]ns ! _w1' or by our own phrase t ',reason is 9 ! _w3 :i* means t ,reason is ! s\l ( ! _w x inhabits1 its imman5t pr9ciple1 its mo/ prop] & inw>d nature1 its univ]sal4 ,ano!r illu/ration is (f]$ by ! circum/ance t 9 speak+ ( "s def9ite animal we say x is 7an7 animal4 ,n[1 ! animal1 qu animal1 _c be %[n2 no?+ c be po9t$ out except+ "s special animal4 ,animal1 qu animal1 does n exi/3 x is m]ely ! univ]sal nature ( ! individual animals1 :il/ ea* exi/+ animal is a m concretely1 def9$ & p>ticul>is$ ?+4 ,b to be an animal1--! law ( k9d :i* is ! univ]sal 9 ?is case1--is ! prop]ty ( ! p>ticul> animal1 & con/itutes its def9ite ess5ce4 ,take away f ! dog its animality1 & x becomes impossible to say :at x is4 ,all ?+s h a p]man5t inw>d nature1 z well z an outw>d exi/5ce4 ,!y live & die1 arise & pass away2 b _! ess5tial & univ]sal "p is ! k9d2 & ?is means mu* m ?an some?+ common to !m all4 ,if ?\ght is ! con/itutive sub/ance ( ext]nal ?+s1 x is also ! univ]sal sub/ance ( :at is spiritual4 ,9 all human p]ception ?\ght is pres5t2 s too ?\ght is ! univ]sal 9 all ! acts ( conception & recollection2 9 %ort1 9 e m5tal activity1 9 will+1 wi%+ & ! l4 ,all ^! faculties are only fur!r1 specialisations ( ?\ght4 ,:5 x is pres5t$ 9 ?is light1 ?\ght has a diff]5t "p to play f :at x has if we speak ( a faculty ( ?\ght1 "o among a cr[d ( o!r faculties1 su* z p]ception1 conception & w1 ) :i* x /&s on ! same level4 ,:5 x is se51 to be ! true univ]sal ( all t nature & m9d conta91 x ext5ds its scope f> beyond all ^!1 & becomes ! basis ( ev]y?+4 ,f ?is view ( ?\ght1 9 its objective mean+ z greek3 n\s1 we may next pass to consid] ! subjective s5se ( ! t]m4 ,we say fir/1 ,man is a be+ t ?9ks2 b we also say at ! same "t1 ,man is a be+ t p]ceives & wills4 ,man is a ?9k]1 & is univ]sal3 b he is a ?9k] only because he feels 8 own univ]sality4 ,! animal too is by implication univ]sal1 b ! univ]sal is n consci\sly felt by x to be univ]sal3 x feels only ! individual4 ,! animal sees a s+ul> object1 = in/ance1 its food1 or a man4 ,= ! animal all ?is nev] goes beyond an individual ?+4 ,simil>ly1 s5sation has to d ) no?+ b s+ul>s1 su* z ?is pa9 or ?is sweet ta/e4 ,nature does n br+ its into consci\sness3 x is man :o fir/ makes himself d\ble s z to be a univ]sal = a univ]sal4 ,?is fir/ happ5s :5 man kn[s t he is ',i4' ,by ! t]m ',i' ,i mean myself1 a s+le & altoge!r det]m9ate p]son4 ,& yet ,i really utt] no?+ peculi> to myself1 = e "o else is an ',i' or ',ego1' & :5 ,i call myself ',i1' ?\gh ,i indubitably mean ! s+le p]son myself1 ,i express a ?or\gh univ]sal4 ',i1' !re=e1 is m]e be+-=-self1 9 :i* ev]y?+ peculi> or m>k$ is r5\nc$ & buri$ out ( sight2 x is z x 7 ! ultimate & unanalysable po9t ( consci\sness ,we may say ',i' ,i & ?\ght are ! same1 or1 m def9itely1 ',i' is ?\ght z a ?9k]4 ,:at ,i h 9 my consci\sness1 is = me4 ',i' is ! vacuum or receptacle = any?+ & ev]y?+3 = :i* ev]y?+ is & :i* /ores up ev]y?+ 9 itself4 ,e man is a :ole _w ( conceptions1 t lie buri$ 9 ! night ( ! ',ego4' ,x foll[s t ! ',ego' is ! univ]sal 9 :i* we leave aside all t is p>ticul>1 & 9 :i* at ! same "t all ! p>ticul>s h a lat5t exi/5ce4 ,9 o!r words1 x is n a m]e univ]sality & no?+ m1 b ! univ]sality :i* includes 9 x ev]y?+4 ,commonly we use ! ^w ',i' )\t atta*+ mu* importance to x1 nor is x an object ( /udy except to philosophical analysis4 ,9 ! ',ego1' we h ?\ght be=e u 9 its utt] purity4 ,:ile ! brute _c say ',i1' man c1 because x is 8 nature to ?9k4 ,n[ 9 ! ',ego' !re are a v>iety ( cont5ts1 d]iv$ bo? f )9 & f1 )\t1 & accord+ to ! nature ( ^! cont5ts our /ate may be describ$ z p]ception1 or conception1 or rem9isc5ce4 ,b 9 all ( !m ! ',i' is f\nd3 or 9 !m all ?\ght is pres5t4 ,man1 !re=e1 is always ?9k+1 ev5 9 8 p]ceptions3 if he obs]ves any?+1 he always obs]ves x z a univ]sal1 fixes on a s+le po9t :i* he places 9 relief1 ?us )draw+ 8 att5tion f o!r po9ts1 & takes x z ab/ract & univ]sal1 ev5 if ! univ]sality be only 9 =m4 ,9 ! case ( our ord9>y conceptions1 two ?+s may happ54 ,ei!r ! cont5ts are m\ld$ by ?\ght1 b n ! =m3 or1 ! =m belongs to ?\ght & n ! cont5ts4 ,9 us+ su* t]ms1 = in/ance1 z ang]1 rose1 hope1 ,i am speak+ ( ?+s :i* ,i h le>nt 9 ! way ( s5sation1 b ,i express ^! cont5ts 9 a univ]sal mode1 t is1 9 ! =m ( ?\ght4 ,i h left out mu* t is p>ticul> & giv5 ! cont5ts 9 _! g5]ality3 b /ill ! cont5ts rema9 s5se-d]iv$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 :5 ,i repres5t ,god1 ! cont5t is und5iably a product ( pure ?\ght1 b ! =m /ill reta9s ! s5su\s limitations :i* x has z ,i f9d x imm$iately pres5t 9 myself4 ,9 ^! g5]alis$ images ! cont5t is n m]ely & simply s5sible1 z x is 9 a visual inspection2 b ei!r ! cont5t is s5su\s & ! =m app]ta9s to ?\ght1 or vice v]s4 ,9 ! fir/ case ! mat]ial is giv5 to u1 & our ?\ght supplies ! =m3 9 ! second case ! cont5t :i* has its s\rce 9 ?\ght is by means ( ! =m turn$ into a some?+ giv51 :i* accord+ly rea*es ! m9d f )\t4 7#b7 ,logic is ! /udy ( ?\ght pure & simple1 or ( ! pure ?\ght-=ms4 ,9 ! ord9>y s5se ( ! t]m1 by ?\ght we g5]ally repres5t to ourselves some?+ m ?an simple & unmix$ ?\ght2 we mean "s ?\ght1 ! mat]ial ( :i* is f exp]i5ce4 ,:]eas 9 logic a ?\ght is und]/ood to include no?+ else b :at dep5ds on ?9k+ & :at ?9k+ has br\ght into exi/5ce4 ,x is 9 ^! circum/ances t ?\ghts are pure ?\ghts4 ,! m9d is !n 9 its own home-elem5t & !re=e free3 = fre$om means t ! o!r ?+ ) :i* y deal is a second self--s t y nev] leave y\r own gr\nd b give ! law to y\rself4 ,9 ! impulses or appetites ! beg9n+ is f some?+ else1 f some?+ :i* we feel to be ext]nal4 ,9 ?is case !n we speak ( dep5d5ce4 ,= fre$om x is necess>y t we %\ld feel no pres5ce ( some?+ else :i* is n ourselves4 ,! natural man1 ^: motions foll[ ! rule only ( 8 appetites1 is n 8 own ma/]4 ,be he z self-will$ z he may1 ! con/itu5ts ( 8 w & op9ion are n 8 own1 & 8 fre$om is m]ely =mal4 ,b :5 we ?9k1 we r5\nce our selfi% & p>ticul> be+1 s9k ourselves 9 ! ?+1 all[ ?\ght to foll[ its own c\rse1 &1--if we add any?+ ( our own1 we ?9k ill4 ,if 9 pursuance ( ! =ego+ rem>ks we consid]-1 ,logic to be ! sy/em ( ! pure types ( ?\ght1 we f9d t ! o!r philosophical sci5ces1 ! ,philosophy ( ,i ,nature & ! ,philosophy ( ,m9d1 take ! place1 z x 71 ( an ,appli$ ,logic1 & t ,logic is ! s\l :i* animates !m bo?4 ,_! problem 9 t case is only to recognise ! logical =ms "u ! %apes !y assume 9 ,nature & ,m9d1--%apes :i* are only a p>ticul> mode ( expression = ! =ms ( pure ?\ght4 ,if = in/ance we take ! syllogism 7n z x 0 und]/ood 9 ! old =mal logic1 b at its real value71 we %all f9d x gives expression to ! law t ! p>ticul> is ! middle t]m :i* fuses toge!r ! extremes ( ! univ]sal & ! s+ul>4 ,! syllogi/ic =m is a univ]sal =m ( all ?+s4 ,ev]y?+ t exi/s is a p>ticul>1 :i* c\ples toge!r ! univ]sal & ! s+ul>4 ,b ,nature is weak & fails to exhibit ! logical =ms 9 _! purity4 ,su* a feeble exemplification ( ! syllogism may be se5 9 ! magnet4 ,9 ! middle or po9t ( indiff]5ce ( a magnet1 its two poles1 h[ev] !y may be di/+ui%$1 are br\ght into "o4 ,physics also tea*es u to see ! univ]sal or ess5ce 9 ,nature3 & ! only diff]5ce betwe5 x & ! ,philosophy ( ,nature is t ! latt] br+s be=e our m9d ! adequate =ms ( ! notion 9 ! physical _w4 ,x w n[ be und]/ood t ,logic is ! all-animat+ _s ( all ! sci5ces1 & its categories ! spiritual hi]>*y4 ,!y are ! he>t & c5tre ( ?+s3 & yet at ! same "t !y are always on our lips1 &1 app>5tly at lea/1 p]fectly famili> objects4 ,b ?+s ?us famili> are usually ! greate/ /rang]s4 ,be+1 = example1 is a category ( pure ?\ght3 b to make ',is' an object ( inve/igation nev] occurs to u4 ,common fancy puts ! ,absolute f> away 9 a _w beyond4 ,! ,absolute is r directly be=e u1 s pres5t t s long z we ?9k1 we mu/1 ?\gh )\t express consci\sness ( x1 always c>ry x ) u & always use x4 ,language is ! ma9 depository ( ^! types ( ?\ght2 & "o use ( ! grammatical in/ruction :i* *ildr5 receive is unconsci\sly to turn _! att5tion to di/9ctions ( ?\ght4 ,logic is usually said to be conc]n$ ) =ms only & to d]ive ! mat]ial = !m f else:]e4 ,b ?is 'only1' :i* assumes t ! logical ?\ghts are no?+ 9 comp>ison ) ! re/ ( ! cont5ts1 is n ! ^w to use ab\t =ms :i* are ! absolutely-real gr\nd ( ev]y?+4 ,ev]y?+ else r is an 'only' comp>$ ) ^! ?\ghts4 ,to make su* ab/ract =ms a problem pre-supposes 9 ! inquir] a high] level ( culture ?an ord9>y2 & to /udy !m 9 !mselves & = _! own sake signifies 9 addition t ^! ?\ght-types mu/ be d$uc$ out ( ?\ght itself1 & _! tru? or reality exam9$ by ! light ( _! own laws4 ,we d n assume !m z data f )\t1 & !n def9e !m or exhibit _! value & au?ority by comp>+ !m ) ! %ape !y take 9 our m9ds4 ,if we ?us act$1 we %\ld proce$ f obs]vation & exp]i5ce1 & %\ld1 = in/ance1 say we habitually employ ! t]m '=ce' 9 su* a case1 & su* a mean+4 ,a def9ition l t w\ld be call$ correct1 if x agre$ ) ! conception ( its object pres5t 9 our ord9>y /ate ( m9d4 ,! defect ( ?is empirical me?od is t a notion is n def9$ z x is 9 & = itself1 b 9 t]ms ( some?+ assum$1 :i* is !n us$ z a crit]ion & /&>d ( correctness4 ,no su* te/ ne$ be appli$3 we h m]ely to let ! ?\ght-=ms foll[ ! impulse ( _! own organic life4 ,to ask if a category is true or n1 mu/ s\nd /range to ! ord9>y m9d3 = a category app>5tly becomes true only :5 x is appli$ to a giv5 object1 & ap>t f ?is application x w\ld seem mean+less to inquire into its tru?4 ,b ?is is ! v "q on :i* ev]y?+ turns4 ,we mu/ h[ev] 9 ! fir/ place und]/& cle>ly :at we mean by ,tru?4 ,9 common life tru? means ! agreem5t ( an object ) our conception ( x4 ,we ?us pre-suppose an object to :i* our conception mu/ con=m4 ,9 ! philosophical s5se ( ! ^w1 on ! o!r h&1 tru? may be describ$1 9 g5]al ab/ract t]ms1 z ! agreem5t ( a ?\ght-cont5t ) itself4 ,?is mean+ is q diff]5t f ! "o giv5 above4 ,at ! same "t ! deep] & philosophical mean+ ( tru? c be p>tially trac$ ev5 9 ! ord9>y usage ( language4 ,?us we speak ( a true fri5d2 by :i* we mean a fri5d ^: mann] ( conduct accords ) ! notion ( fri5d%ip4 ,9 ! same way we speak ( a true "w ( ,art4 ,untrue 9 ?is s5se means ! same z bad1 or self-discordant4 ,9 ?is s5se a bad /ate is an untrue /ate2 & evil & untru? may be said to consi/ 9 ! contradiction subsi/+ betwe5 ! function or notion & ! exi/5ce ( ! object4 ,( su* a bad object we may =m a correct repres5tation1 b ! import ( su* repres5tation is inh]5tly false4 ,( ^! correctnesses2 :i* are at ! same "t untru?s1 we may h _m 9 our heads4--,god alone is ! ?or\gh h>mony ( notion & reality4 ,all f9ite ?+s involve an untru?3 !y h a notion & an exi/5ce1 b _! exi/5ce does n meet ! requirem5ts ( ! notion4 ,= ?is reason !y mu/ p]i%1 & !n ! incompatibility betwe5 _! notion & _! exi/5ce becomes manife/4 ,x is 9 ! k9d t ! individual animal has its notion3 & ! k9d lib]ates itself f ?is individuality by dea?4 ,! /udy ( tru?1 or1 z x is "h expla9$ to mean1 consi/5cy1 con/itutes ! prop] problem ( logic4 ,9 our e-day m9d we are nev] tr\bl$ ) que/ions ab\t ! tru? ( ! =ms ( ?\ght4--,we may also express ! problem ( logic by say+ t x exam9es ! =ms ( ?\ght t\*+ _! capability to hold tru?4 ,& ! "q comes to ?is3 ,:at are ! =ms ( ! inf9ite1 & :at are ! =ms ( ! f9ite8 ,usually no suspicion atta*es to ! f9ite =ms ( ?\ght2 !y are all[$ to pass unque/ion$4 ,b x is f con=m+ to f9ite categories 9 ?\ght & action t all deception orig9ates4 7#c7 ,tru? may be asc]ta9$ by sev]al me?ods1 ea* ( :i* h[ev] is no m ?an a =m4 ,exp]i5ce is ! fir/ ( ^! me?ods4 ,b ! me?od is only a =m3 x has no intr9sic value ( its own4 ,= 9 exp]i5ce ev]y?+ dep5ds ^u ! m9d we br+ to be> ^u actuality4 ,a great m9d is great 9 its exp]i5ce2 & 9 ! motley play ( ph5om5a at once p]ceives ! po9t ( real significance4 ,! idea is pres5t1 9 actual %ape1 n some?+1 z x 71 ov] ! hill & f> away4 ,! g5ius ( a ,goe!1 = example1 look+ into nature or hi/ory1 has great exp]i5ces1 cat*es sight ( ! liv+ pr9ciple1 & gives expression to x4 ,a second me?od ( appreh5d+ ! tru? is ,reflection1 :i* def9es x by intellectual relations ( condition & condition$4 ,b 9 ^! two modes ! absolute tru? has n yet f\nd its appropriate =m4 ,! mo/ p]fect me?od ( k proce$s 9 ! pure =m ( ?\ght3 & "h ! attitude ( man is "o ( entire fre$om4 ,t ! =m ( ?\ght is ! p]fect =m1 & t x pres5ts ! tru? z x intr9sically & actually is1 is ! g5]al dogma ( all philosophy4 ,to give a pro( ( ! dogma !re is1 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 no?+ to d b %[ t ^! o!r =ms ( k are f9ite4 ,! gr& ,scepticism ( antiquity accompli%$ ?is task :5 x exhibit$ ! contradictions conta9$ 9 e "o ( ^! =ms4 ,t ,scepticism inde$ w5t fur!r3 b :5 x v5tur$ to assail ! =ms ( reason1 x began by ins9uat+ "u !m some?+ f9ite ^u :i* x might fa/54 ,all ! =ms ( f9ite ?\ght w make _! appe>ance 9 ! c\rse ( logical developm5t1 ! ord] 9 :i* !y pres5t !mselves be+ det]m9$ by necess>y laws4 ,"h 9 ! introduction !y c\ld only be unsci5tifically assum$ z some?+ giv54 ,9 ! !ory ( logic itself ^! =ms w be exhibit$1 n only on _! negative1 b also on _! positive side4 ,:5 we comp>e ! diff]5t =ms ( asc]ta9+ tru? ) "o ano!r1 ! fir/ ( !m1 imm$iate k1 may p]haps seem ! f9e/1 noble/ & mo/ appropriate4 ,x includes ev]y?+ :i* ! morali/s t]m innoc5ce z well z religi\s feel+1 simple tru/1 love1 fidelity1 & natural fai?4 ,! two o!r =ms1 fir/ reflective1 & secondly philosophical cognition1 mu/ leave t uns\ght natural h>mony beh9d4 ,& s f> z !y h ?is 9 common1 ! me?ods :i* claim to appreh5d ! tru? by ?\ght may naturally be reg>d$ z "p & p>cel ( ! pride :i* leads man to tru/ to 8 own p[]s = a k ( ! tru?4 ,su* a position involves a ?or\gh-go+ disruption1 &1 view$ 9 t light1 might be reg>d$ z ! s\rce ( all evil & wick$ness--! orig9al transgression4 ,app>5tly !re=e !y only way ( be+ reconcil$ & re/or$ to peace is to surr5d] all claims to ?9k or "k4 ,?is lapse f natural unity has n escap$ notice1 & nations f ! e>lie/ times h ask$ ! mean+ ( ! wond]ful division ( ! _s aga9/ itself4 ,no su* inw>d disunion is f\nd 9 nature3 natural ?+s d no?+ wick$4 ,! ,mosaic leg5d ( ! ,fall ( ,man has pres]v$ an anci5t picture repres5t+ ! orig9 & consequ5ces ( ?is disunion4 ,! incid5ts ( ! leg5d =m ! basis ( an ess5tial article ( ! cre$1 ! doctr9e ( orig9al s9 9 man & 8 consequ5t ne$ ( succ\r4 ,x may be well at ! comm5cem5t ( logic to exam9e ! /ory :i* treats ( ! orig9 & ! be>+s ( ! v k :i* logic has to discuss4 ,=1 ?\gh philosophy mu/ n all[ h]self to be ov]aw$ by religion1 or accept ! position ( exi/5ce on suff]ance1 %e _c af=d to neglect ^! popul> conceptions4 ,! tales & allegories ( religion1 :i* h enjoy$ = ?\s&s ( ye>s ! v5]ation ( nations1 are n to be set aside z antiquat$ ev5 n[4 ,^u a clos] inspection ( ! /ory ( ! ,fall we f9d1 z 0 already said1 t x exemplifies ! univ]sal be>+s ( k ^u ! spiritual life4 ,9 its in/9ctive & natural /age1 spiritual life we>s ! g>b ( innoc5ce & confid+ simplicity3 b ! v ess5ce ( _s implies ! absorption ( ?is imm$iate condition 9 some?+ high]4 ,! spiritual is di/+ui%$ f ! natural1 & m especially f ! animal1 life1 9 ! circum/ance t x does n cont9ue a m]e /ream ( t5d5cy1 b sund]s itself to self-realisation4 ,b ?is position ( sev]$ life has 9 its turn to be suppress$1 & ! _s has by its own act to w9 its way to concord aga94 ,! f9al concord !n is spiritual2 t is1 ! pr9ciple ( re/oration is f\nd 9 ?\ght1 & ?\ght only4 ,! h& t inflicts ! w\nd is also ! h& :i* heals x4 ,we are told 9 our /ory t ,adam & ,eve1 ! fir/ human be+s1 ! types ( humanity1 7 plac$ 9 a g>d51 :]e grew a tree ( life & a tree ( ! k ( good & evil4 ,god1 x is said1 _h =bidd5 !m to eat ( ! fruit ( ?is latt] tree3 ( ! tree ( life = ! pres5t no?+ fur!r is said4 ,^! words evid5tly assume t man is n int5d$ to seek k1 & ought to rema9 9 ! /ate ( innoc5ce4 ,o!r m$itative races1 x may be rem>k$1 h held ! same belief t ! primitive /ate ( mank9d 0 "o ( innoc5ce & h>mony4 ,n[ all ?is is to a c]ta9 ext5t correct4 ,! disunion t appe>s ?r\gh\t humanity is n a condition to re/ 94 ,b x is a mi/ake to reg>d ! natural & imm$iate h>mony z ! "r /ate4 ,! m9d is n m]e in/9ct3 on ! contr>y1 x ess5tially involves ! t5d5cy to reason+ & m$itation4 ,*ildlike innoc5ce no d\bt has 9 x some?+ fasc9at+ & attractive3 b only because x rem9ds u ( :at ! _s mu/ w9 = itself4 ,! h>moni\sness ( *ildhood is a gift f ! h& ( nature3 ! second h>mony mu/ spr+ f ! lab\r & culture ( ! _s4 ,& s ! words ( ,*ri/1 ',except ye become z little *ildr51' c41 are v f> f tell+ u t we mu/ always rema9 *ildr54 ,aga91 we f9d 9 ! n>rative ( ,moses t ! occasion :i* l$ man to leave 8 natural unity is attribut$ to solicitation f )\t4 ,! s]p5t 0 ! tempt]4 ,b ! tru? is1 t ! /ep into opposition1 ! awak5+ ( consci\sness1 foll[s f ! v nature ( man3 & ! same hi/ory repeats itself 9 e son ( ,adam4 ,! s]p5t repres5ts lik5ess to ,god z consi/+ 9 ! k ( good & evil3 & x is j ?is k 9 :i* man p>ticipates :5 he breaks ) ! unity ( 8 in/9ctive be+ & eats ( ! =bidd5 fruit4 ,! fir/ reflection ( awak5$ consci\sness 9 m5 told !m t !y 7 nak$4 ,?is is a nave & pr(\nd trait4 ,= ! s5se ( %ame be>s evid5ce to ! sep>ation ( man f 8 natural & s5su\s life4 ,! bea/s nev] get s f> z ?is sep>ation1 & !y feel no %ame4 ,& x is 9 ! human feel+ ( %ame t we are to seek ! spiritual & moral orig9 ( dress1 comp>$ ) :i* ! m]ely physical ne$ is a second>y matt]4 ,next comes ! ,curse1 z x is call$1 :i* ,god pron\nc$ ^u man4 ,! prom95t po9t 9 t curse turns *iefly on ! contra/ betwe5 man & nature4 ,man mu/ "w 9 ! sweat ( 8 br[3 & woman br+ =? 9 sorr[4 ,z to "w1 if x is ! result ( ! disunion1 x is also ! victory ov] x4 ,! bea/s h no?+ m to d b to pick up ! mat]ials requir$ to satisfy _! wants3 man on ! contr>y c only satisfy 8 wants by himself produc+ & trans=m+ ! necess>y means4 ,?us ev5 9 ^! outside ?+s man is deal+ ) himself4 ,! /ory does n close ) ! expulsion f ,p>adise4 ,we are fur!r told1 ,god said1 ',behold ,adam is become z "o ( u1 to "k good & evil4' ,k is n[ spok5 ( z div9e1 & n1 z be=e1 z some?+ wrong & =bidd54 ,su* words conta9 a confutation ( ! idle talk t philosophy p]ta9s only to ! f9itude ( ! m9d4 ,philosophy is k1 & x is ?r\gh k t man fir/ realises 8 orig9al vocation1 to be ! image ( ,god4 ,:5 ! record adds t ,god drove m5 out ( ! ,g>d5 ( ,ed5 to prev5t _! eat+ ( ! tree ( life1 x only means t on 8 natural side c]ta9ly man is f9ite & mortal1 b 9 k inf9ite4 ,we all "k ! !ological dogma t man's nature is evil1 ta9t$ ) :at is call$ ,orig9al ,s94 ,n[ :ile we accept ! dogma1 we mu/ give up ! sett+ ( incid5t :i* repres5ts orig9al s9 z consequ5t ^u an accid5tal act ( ! fir/ man4 ,= ! v notion ( _s is en\gh to %[ t man is evil by nature1 & x is an error to imag9e t he c\ld ev] be o!rwise4 ,to su* ext5t z man is & acts l a creature ( nature1 8 :ole behavi\r is :at x ought n to be4 ,= ! _s x is a duty to be free1 & to realise itself by its own act4 ,nature is = man only ! />t+-po9t :i* he has to trans=m4 ,! !ological doctr9e ( orig9al s9 is a pr(\nd tru?2 b mod]n enlight5m5t pref]s to believe t man is naturally good1 & t he acts "r s long z he cont9ues true to nature4 ,! h\r :5 man leaves ! pa? ( m]e natural be+ m>ks ! diff]5ce betwe5 him1 a self-consci\s ag5t1 & ! natural _w4 ,b ?is s*ism1 ?\gh x =ms a necess>y elem5t 9 ! v notion ( _s1 is n ! f9al goal ( man4 ,x is to ?is /ate ( inw>d brea* t ! :ole f9ite action ( ?\ght & w belongs4 ,9 t f9ite sph]e man pursues ends ( 8 own & draws f himself ! mat]ial ( 8 conduct4 ,:ile he pursues ^! aims to ! utt]mo/1 :ile 8 k & 8 w seek himself1 8 own n>r[ self ap>t f ! univ]sal1 he is evil2 & 8 evil is to be subjective4 ,we seem at fir/ to h a d\ble evil "h3 b bo? are really ! same4 ,man 9 s f> z he is _s is n ! creature ( nature3 & :5 he behaves z su*1 & foll[s ! crav+s ( appetite1 he wills to be s4 ,! natural wick$ness ( man is !re=e unlike ! natural life ( animals4 ,a m]e natural life may be m exactly def9$ by say+ t ! natural man z su* is an individual3 = nature 9 e "p is 9 ! bonds ( individualism4 ,?us :5 man wills to be a creature ( nature1 he wills 9 ! ,same degree to be an individual simply4 ,yet aga9/ su* impulsive & appetitive action1 due to ! individualism ( nature1 !re also /eps 9 ! law or g5]al pr9ciple4 ,?is law may ei!r be an ext]nal =ce1 or h ! =m ( div9e au?ority4 ,s long z he cont9ues 9 8 natural /ate1 man is 9 bondage to ! law4--,x is true t among ! in/9cts & affections ( man1 !re are social or b5evol5t incl9ations1 love1 sympa?y1 & o!rs1 rea*+ beyond 8 selfi% isolation4 ,b s long z ^! t5d5cies are in/9ctive1 _! virtual univ]sality ( scope & purport is vitiat$ by ! subjective =m :i* always all[s free play to self-seek+ & r&om action4 #be4 ,! t]m ',objective ,?\ghts' indicates ! tru?--! tru? :i* is to be ! absolute object ( philosophy1 & n m]ely ! goal at :i* x aims4 ,b ! v expression _c fail to sugge/ an opposition1 to *>act]ise & appreciate :i* is ! ma9 motive ( ! philosophical attitude ( ! pres5t "t1 & :i* =ms ! real problem ( ! "q ab\t tru? & our means ( asc]ta9+ x4 ,if ! ?\ght-=ms are vitiat$ by a fix$ anti!sis1 i4 e4 if !y are only ( a f9ite "*1 !y are unsuitable = ! self-c5tr$ univ]se ( tru?1 & tru? c f9d no adequate receptacle 9 ?\ght4 ,su* ?\ght1 :i*--- c produce only limit$ & p>tial categories & ,i proce$ by _! means2 is :at 9 ! /rict] s5se ( ! ^w is t]m$ ,und]/&+4 ,! f9itude1 fur!r1 ( ^! categories lies 9 two po9ts4 ,fir/ly1 !y are only subjective1 & ! anti!sis ( an objective p]man5tly cl+s to !m4 ,secondly1 !y are always ( re/rict$ cont5t1 & s p]si/ 9 anti!sis to "o ano!r & /ill m to ! ,absolute4 ,9 ord] m fully to expla9 ! position & import "h attribut$ to logic1 ! attitudes 9 :i* ?\ght is suppos$ to /& to objectivity w next be exam9$ by way ( fur!r introduction4 ,9 my ,ph5om5ology ( ! ,_s1 :i* on t acc\nt 0 at its publication describ$ z ! fir/ "p ( ! ,sy/em ( ,philosophy1 ! me?od adopt$ 0 to beg9 ) ! fir/ & simple/ phase ( m9d1 imm$iate consci\sness1 & to %[ h[ t /age gradually ( necessity work$ onw>d to ! philosophical po9t ( view1 ! necessity ( t view be+ prov$ by ! process4 ,b 9 ^! circum/ances x 0 impossible to re/rict ! que/ to ! m]e =m ( consci\sness4 ,= ! /age ( philosophical k is ! ri*e/ 9 mat]ial & organisation1 & !re=e1 z x came be=e u 9 ! %ape ( a result1 x pre-suppos$ ! exi/5ce ( ! concrete =mations ( consci\sness1 su* z individual & social morality1 art & religion4 ,9 ! developm5t ( consci\sness1 :i* at fir/ sight appe>s limit$ to ! po9t ( =m m]ely1 !re is ?us at ! same "t includ$ ! developm5t ( ! matt] or ( ! objects discuss$ 9 ! special bran*es ( philosophy4 ,b ! latt] process mu/1 s to speak1 g on beh9d consci\sness1 s9ce ^? facts are ! ess5tial nucleus :i* is rais$ into consci\sness4 ,! exposition accord+ly is r5d]$ m intricate1 because s mu* t prop]ly belongs to ! concrete bran*es is prematurely dragg$ into ! introduction4 ,! survey :i* foll[s 9 ! pres5t "w has ev5 m ! inconv5i5ce ( be+ only hi/orical & inf]5tial 9 its me?od4 ,b x tries especially to %[ h[ ! que/ions m5 h propos$1 outside ! s*ool1 on ! nature ( ,k1 ,fai? & ! l1--que/ions :i* !y imag9e to h no connexion ) ab/ract ?\ghts1--are really r$ucible to ! simple categories1 :i* fir/ get cle>$ up 9 ,logic4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,fir/ ,,attitude ,,( ,,?\ght ,,to ,,objectivity4 #bh4 ,! fir/ ( ^! attitudes ( ?\ght is se5 9 ! me?od :i* has no d\bts & no s5se ( ! contradiction 9 ?\ght1 or ( ! ho/ility ( ?\ght aga9/ itself4 ,x ent]ta9s an unque/ion+ belief t reflection is ! means ( asc]ta9+ ! tru?1 & ( br++ ! objects be=e ! m9d z !y really are4 ,& 9 ?is belief x advances /raight ^u its objects1 takes ! mat]ials furni%$ by s5se & p]ception1 & reproduces !m f itself z facts ( ?\ght2 & !n1 believ+ ?is result to be ! tru?1 ! me?od is cont5t4 ,philosophy 9 its e>lie/ /ages1 all ! sci5ces1 & ev5 ! daily action & movem5t ( consci\sness1 live 9 ?is fai?4 #bg4 ,?is me?od ( ?\ght has nev] become aw>e1 ( ! anti!sis ( subjective & objective3 & to t ext5t !re is no?+ to prev5t its /atem5ts f possess+ a g5u9ely philosophical & speculative "*1 ?\gh x is j z possible t !y may nev] get beyond f9ite categories1 or ! /age :]e ! anti!sis is /ill unresolv$4 ,9 ! pres5t introduction ! ma9 "q = u is to obs]ve ?is attitude ( ?\ght 9 its extreme =m2 & we %all accord+ly fir/ ( all exam9e its second & inf]ior aspect z a philosophic sy/em4 ,"o ( ! cle>e/ in/ances ( x1 & "o ly+ ne>e/ to ourselves1 may be f\nd 9 ! ,metaphysic ( ! ,pa/ z x subsi/$ among u previ\s to ! philosophy ( ,kant4 ,x is h[ev] only 9 ref]5ce to ! hi/ory ( philosophy t ?is ,metaphysic c be said to belong to ! pa/3 ! ?+ is always & at all places to be f\nd1 z ! view :i* ! ab/ract und]/&+ takes ( ! objects ( reason4 ,& x is 9 ?is po9t t ! real & imm$iate good lies ( a clos] exam9ation ( its ma9 scope & its modus op]&i4 #bh4 ,?is metaphysical sy/em took ! laws & =ms ( ?\ght to be ! fundam5tal laws & =ms ( ?+s4 ,x assum$ t to ?9k a ?+ 0 ! means ( f9d+ its v self & nature3 & to t ext5t x occupi$ high] gr\nd ?an ! ,critical4 ,philosophy :i* succe$$ x4 ,b 9 ! fir/ in/ance 7i7 ^! t]ms ( ?\ght 7 cut (f f _! connexion1 _! solid>ity2 ea* 0 believ$ valid by itself & capable ( s]v+ z a pr$icate ( ! tru?4 ,x 0 ! g5]al assumption ( ?is metaphysic t a k ( ! ,absolute 0 ga9$ by assign+ pr$icates to x4 ,x nei!r inquir$ :at ! t]ms ( ! und]/&+ specially meant or :at !y 7 wor?1 nor did x te/ ! me?od :i* *>act]ises ! ,absolute by ! assignm5t ( pr$icates4 ,z an example ( su* pr$icates may be tak52 ,exi/5ce1 9 ! proposition1 ',god has exi/5ce3' ,f9itude or ,inf9ity1 z 9 ! "q1 ',is ! _w-f9ite or inf9ite8'3 ,simple & ,complex1 9 ! proposition1 ',! s\l is simple1'--or aga91 ',! ?+ is a unity1 a :ole1' c4 ,nobody ask$ :e!r su* pr$icates _h any intr9sic & indep5d5t tru?1 or if ! propositional =m c\ld be a =m ( tru?4 ,! ,metaphysic ( ! pa/ assum$1 z unsophi/icat$ belief always does t ?\ght appreh5ds ! v self ( ?+s1 & t ?+s1 to become :at !y truly are1 require to be ?\ght4 ,= ,nature & ! human s\l are a v ,proteus 9 _! p]petual trans=mations2 & x soon occurs to ! obs]v] t ! fir/ crude impression ( ?+s is n _! ess5tial be+4--,?is is a po9t ( view ! v rev]se ( ! result arriv$ at by ! ,critical ,philosophy2 a result1 ( :i* x may be said1 t x bade man g & fe$ on m]e husks & *aff4 ,we mu/ look m closely into ! proc$ure ( t old metaphysic4 ,9 ! fir/ place x nev] w5t beyond ! prov9ce ( ! analytic und]/&+4 ,)\t prelim9>y inquiry x adopt$ ! ab/ract categories ( ?\ght & let !m rank z pr$icates ( tru?4 ,b 9 us+ ! t]m ?\ght we mu/ n =get ! diff]5ce betwe5 f9ite or discursive ?9k+ & ! ?9k+ :i* is inf9ite & rational4 ,! categories1 z !y meet u prima facie & 9 isolation1 are f9ite =ms4 ,b tru? is always inf9ite1 & _c be express$ or pres5t$ to consci\sness 9 f9ite t]ms4 ,! phrase inf9ite ?\ght may excite surprise1 if we adh]e to ! mod]n conception t ?\ght is always limit$4 ,b x is1 speak+ rightly1 ! v ess5ce ( ?\ght to be inf9ite4 ,! nom9al explanation ( call+ a ?+ f9ite is t x has an end1 t x exi/s up to a c]ta9 po9t only1 :]e x comes into contact )1 & is limit$ by1 its o!r4 ,! f9ite !re=e subsi/s 9 ref]5ce to its o!r1 :i* is its negation & pres5ts itself z its limit4 ,n[ ?\ght is always 9 its own sph]e2 its relations are ) itself1 & x is its own object4 ,9 hav+ a ?\ght = object1 ,i am at home ) myself4 ,! ?9k+ p[]1 ! ',i1' is !re=e inf9ite1 because1 :5 x ?9ks1 x is 9 relation to an object :i* is itself4 ,g5]ally speak+1 an object means a some?+ else1 a negative confront+ me4 ,b 9 ! case :]e ?\ght ?9ks itself1 x has an object :i* is at ! same "t no object3 9 o!r words1 its objectivity is suppress$ & trans=m$ into an idea4 ,?\ght1 z ?\ght1 !re=e 9 its unmix$ nature involves no limits2 x is f9ite only :5 x keeps to limit$ categories1 :i* x believes to be ultimate4 ,inf9ite or speculative ?\ght1 on ! contr>y1 :ile x no less def9es1 does 9 ! v act ( limit+ & def9+ make t defect vani%4 ,& s inf9ity is n1 z mo/ frequ5tly happ5s1 to be conceiv$ z an ab/ract away & away = ev] & ev]1 b 9 ! simple mann] previ\sly indicat$4 ,! ?9k+ ( ! old metaphysical sy/em 0 f9ite4 ,its :ole mode ( action 0 regulat$ by categories1 ! limits ( :i* x believ$ to be p]man5tly fix$ & n subject to any fur!r negation4 ,?us1 "o ( its que/ions 03 ,has ,god exi/5ce8 ,! "q supposes t exi/5ce is an altoge!r positive t]m1 a sort ( ne plus ultra4 ,we %all see h[ev] at a lat] po9t t exi/5ce is by no means a m]ely positive t]m1 b "o :i* is toe l[ = ! ,absolute ,idea1 & unwor?y ( ,god4 ,a second "q 9 ^! metaphysical sy/ems 03 ,is ! _w f9ite or inf9ite8 ,! v t]ms ( ! "q assume t ! f9ite is a p]man5t contradictory to ! inf9ite3 & "o c easily see t1 :5 !y are s oppos$1 ! inf9ite1 :i* ( c\rse ought to be ! :ole1 only appe>s z a s+le aspect & suff]s re/riction f ! f9ite4 ,b a re/rict$ inf9ity is itself only a f9ite4 ,9 ! same way x 0 ask$ :e!r ! s\l 0 simple or composite4 ,simpl5ess 01 9 o!r words1 tak5 to be an ultimate *>act]i/ic1 giv+ expression to a :ole tru?4 ,f> f be+ s1 simpl5ess is ! expression ( a half-tru?1 z "o-sid$ & ab/ract z exi/5ce3--a t]m ( ?\ght1 :i*1 z we %all h]eaft] see1 is itself untrue & h5ce unable to hold tru?4 ,if ! s\l be view$ z m]ely & ab/ractly simple1 x is *>act]is$ 9 an inadequate & f9ite way4 ,x 0 !re=e ! ma9 "q ( ! pre-,kantian metaphysic to discov] :e!r pr$icates ( ! k9d m5tion$ 7 to be ascrib$ to its objects4 ,n[ ^! pr$icates are aft] all only limit$ =mulae ( ! und]/&+ :i*1 in/ead ( express+ ! tru?1 m]ely impose a limit4 ,m ?an ?is1 x %\ld be not$ t ! *ief feature ( ! me?od lay 9 'assign+' or 'attribut+' pr$icates to ! object t 0 to be cognis$1 = example1 to ,god4 ,b attribution is no m ?an an ext]nal reflection ab\t ! object3 ! pr$icates by :i* ! object is to be det]m9$ are suppli$ f ! res\rces ( picture-?\ght1 & are appli$ 9 a me*anical way4 ,:]eas1 if we are to h g5u9e cognition1 ! object mu/ *>act]ise its own self & n d]ive its pr$icates f )\t4 ,ev5 suppos+ we foll[ ! me?od ( pr$icat+1 ! m9d _c help feel+ t pr$icates ( ?is sort fail to exhau/ ! object4 ,f ! same po9t ( view ! ,ori5tals are q correct 9 call+ ,god ! _m-nam$ or ! myriad-nam$ ,"o4 ,"o aft] ano!r ( ^! f9ite categories leaves ! s\l unsatisfi$1 & ! ,ori5tal sage is compell$ unceas+ly to seek = m & m ( su* pr$icates4 ,9 f9ite ?+s x is no d\bt ! case t !y h to be *>act]is$ ?r\gh f9ite pr$icates3 & ) ^! ?+s ! und]/&+ f9ds prop] scope = its special action4 ,itself f9ite1 x kn[s only ! nature ( ! f9ite4 ,?us1 :5 ,i call "s action a !ft1 ,i h *>act]is$ ! action 9 its ess5tial facts3 & su* a k is suffici5t = ! judge4 ,simil>ly1 f9ite ?+s /& to ea* o!r z cause & effect1 =ce & ex]cise1 & :5 !y are appreh5d$ 9 ^! categories1 !y are kn[n 9 _! f9itude4 ,b ! objects ( reason _c be def9$ by ^! f9ite pr$icates4 ,to try to d s 0 ! defect ( ! old metaphysic4 #bi4 ,pr$icates ( ?is k9d1 tak5 individually1 h b a limit$ range ( mean+1 & no "o c fail to p]ceive h[ inadequate !y are1 & h[ f> !y fall bel[ ! fulness ( detail :i* our imag9ative ?\ght gives1 9 ! case1 = example1 ( ,god1 ,m9d1 or ,nature4 ,besides1 ?\gh ! fact ( _! be+ all pr$icates ( "o subject supplies !m ) a c]ta9 connexion1 _! sev]al mean+s keep !m ap>t3 & consequ5tly ea* is br\ght 9 z a /rang] 9 relation to ! o!rs4 ,! fir/ ( ^! defects ! ,ori5tals s\ght to rem$y1 :51 = example1 !y def9$ ,god by attribut+ to ,him _m names2 b /ill !y felt t ! numb] ( names w\ld h _h to be inf9ite4 #cj4 7#b7 ,9 ! second place1 ! metaphysical sy/ems adopt$ a wrong crit]ion4 ,_! objects 7 no d\bt totalities :i* 9 _! own prop] selves belong to reason1--t is1 to ! organis$ & sy/ematically-develop$ univ]se1 ( ?\ght4 ,b ^! totalities--,god1 ! ,s\l1 ! ,_w1--7 tak5 by ! metaphysician z subjects made & ready1 to =m ! basis = an application ( ! categories ( ! und]/&+4 ,!y 7 assum$ f popul> conception4 ,accord+ly popul> conception 0 ! only canon = settl+ :e!r or n ! pr$icates 7 suitable & suffici5t4 #ca4 ,! common conceptions ( ,god1 ! ,s\l1 ! ,_w1 may be suppos$ to af=d ?\ght a firm & fa/ foot+4 ,!y d n really d s4 ,besides hav+1 a p>ticul> & subjective "* cl++ to !m1 & ?us leav+ room = great v>iety ( int]pretation1 !y !mselves fir/ ( all require a firm & fa/ def9ition by ?\ght4 ,?is may be se5 9 any ( ^! propositions :]e ! pr$icate1 or 9 philosophy ! category1 is ne$$ to indicate :at ! subject1 or ! conception we />t )1 is4 ,9 su* a s5t5ce z ',god is et]nal1' we beg9 ) ! conception ( ,god1 n kn[+ z yet :at he is3 to tell u t1 is ! bus9ess ( ! pr$icate4 ,9 ! pr9ciples ( logic1 accord+ly1 :]e ! t]ms =mulat+ ! subject-matt] are ^? ( ?\ght only1 x is n m]ely sup]flu\s to make ^! categories pr$icates to propositions 9 :i* ,god1 or1 /ill vagu]1 ! ,absolute1 is ! subject1 b x w\ld also h ! disadvantage ( sugge/+ ano!r canon ?an ! nature ( ?\ght4 ,besides1 ! propositional =m 7& = proposition1 x w\ld be m correct to sub/itute judgm5t7 is n suit$ to express ! concrete--& ! true is always concrete--or ! speculative4 ,e judgm5t is by its =m "o-sid$ &1 to t ext5t1 false4 ,?is metaphysic 0 n free or objective ?9k+4 ,in/ead ( lett+ ! object freely & spontane\sly exp\nd its own *>act]i/ics1 metaphysic pre-suppos$ x ready-made4 ,if any "o wi%es to "k :at free ?\ght means1 he mu/ g to ,greek philosophy3 = ,s*ola/icism1 l ^! metaphysical sy/ems1 accept$ its facts1 & accept$ !m z a dogma f ! au?ority ( ! ,*ur*4 ,we mod]ns1 too1 by our :ole up-br++1 h be5 initiat$ into ideas :i* x is extremely difficult to ov]/ep1 on acc\nt ( _! f>-rea*+ significance4 ,b ! anci5t philosoph]s 7 9 a diff]5t position4 ,!y 7 m5 :o liv$ :olly 9 ! p]ceptions ( ! s5ses1 & :o1 aft] _! rejection ( my?ology & its fancies1 pre-suppos$ no?+ b ! heav5 above & ! e>? ar\nd4 ,9 ^! mat]ial1 non-metaphysical surr\nd+s1 ?\ght is free & enjoys its own privacy1--cle>$ ( ev]y?+ mat]ial1 & ?or\ghly at home4 ,?is feel+ t we are all our own is *>act]i/ic ( free ?\ght--( t voyage into ! op51 :]e no?+ is bel[ u or above u1 & we /& 9 solitude ) ourselves alone4 #cb4 7#c7 ,9 ! ?ird place1 ?is sy/em ( metaphysic turn$ into ,dogmatism4 ,:5 our ?\ght nev] ranges beyond n>r[ & rigid t]ms1 we are =c$ to assume t ( two opposite ass]tions1 su* z 7 ! above propositions1 ! "o mu/ be true & ! o!r false4 ,dogmatism may be mo/ simply describ$ z ! contr>y ( ,scepticism4 ,! anci5t ,sceptics gave ! "n ( ,dogmatism to e philosophy :atev] hold+ a sy/em ( def9ite doctr9e4 ,9 ?is l>ge s5se ,scepticism may apply ! "n ev5 to philosophy :i* is prop]ly ,speculative4 ,b 9 ! n>r[] s5se1 ,dogmatism consi/s 9 ! t5acity :i* draws a h>d & fa/ l9e betwe5 c]ta9 t]ms & o!rs opposite to !m4 ,we may see ?is cle>ly 9 ! /rict ',ei!r--or'3 = in/ance1 ,! _w is ei!r f9ite or inf9ite2 b "o ( ^! two x mu/ be4 ,! contr>y ( ?is rigidity is ! *>act]i/ic ( all ,speculative tru?4 ,!re no su* inadequate =mulae are all[$1 nor c !y possibly exhau/ x4 ,^! =mulae ,speculative tru? holds 9 union z a totality1 :]eas1 ,dogmatism inve/s !m 9 _! isolation ) a title to fixity & tru?4 ,x (t5 happ5s 9 philosophy t ! half-tru? takes its place beside ! :ole tru? & assumes on its own acc\nt ! position ( some?+ p]man5t4 ,b ! fact is t ! half-tru?1 in/ead ( be+ a fix$ or self-subsi/5t pr9ciple1 is a m]e elem5t absolv$ & includ$ 9 ! :ole4 ,! metaphysic ( und]/&+ is dogmatic1 because x ma9ta9s half-tru?s 9 _! isolation3 :]eas ! idealism ( speculative philosophy c>ries out ! pr9ciple ( totality & %[s t x c rea* beyond ! inadequate =mul>ies ( ab/ract ?\ght4 ,?us idealism w\ld say3--,! s\l is nei!r f9ite only1 nor inf9ite only2 x is really ! "o j z mu* z ! o!r1 & 9 t way nei!r ! "o nor ! o!r4 ,9 o!r words2 su* =mul>ies 9 _! isolation are inadmissible1 & only come into acc\nt z =mative elem5ts 9 a l>g] notion4 ,su* idealism we see ev5 9 ! ord9>y phases ( consci\sness4 ,?us we say ( s5sible ?+s1 t !y are *angeable3 t is1 !y are1 b x is equally true t !y are n4 ,we %[ m ob/9acy 9 deal+ ) ! categories ( ! und]/&+4 ,^! are t]ms :i* we believe to be some:at firm]--or ev5 absolutely firm & fa/4 ,we look ^u !m z sep>at$ f ea* o!r by an inf9ite *asm1 s t opposite categories c nev] get at ea* o!r4 ,! battle ( reason is ! /ruggle to break up ! rigidity to :i* ! und]/&+ has r$uc$ ev]y?+4 #cc4 ,! fir/ "p ( ?is metaphysic 9 its sy/ematic =m is ,ontology1 or ! doctr9e ( ! ab/ract *>act]i/ics ( ,be+4 ,! multitude ( ^! *>act]i/ics1 & ! limits set to _! applicability1 are n f\nd$ ^u any pr9ciple4 ,!y h 9 consequ5ce to be enum]at$ z exp]i5ce & circum/ances direct1 & ! import ascrib$ to !m is f\nd$ only ^u common s5sualis$ conceptions1 ^u ass]tions t p>ticul> words are us$ 9 a p>ticul> s5se1 & ev5 p]haps ^u etymology4 ,if exp]i5ce pron\nces ! li/ to be complete1 & if ! usage ( language1 by its agreem5t1 %[s ! analysis to be correct1 ! metaphysician is satisfi$2 & ! intr9sic & indep5d5t tru? & necessity ( su* *>act]i/ics is nev] made a matt] ( inve/igation at all4 ,to ask if be+1 exi/5ce1 f9itude1 simplicity1 complexity1 c4 are notions intr9sically & indep5d5tly true1 mu/ surprise ^? :o believe t a "q ab\t tru? c only conc]n propositions 7z to :e!r a notion is or is n ) tru? to be attribut$1 z ! phrase is1 to a subject71 & t falsehood lies 9 ! contradiction exi/+ betwe5 ! subject 9 our ideas1 & ! notion to be pr$icat$ ( x4 ,n[ z ! notion is concrete1 x & e "* ( x 9 g5]al is ess5tially a self-conta9$ unity ( di/9ct *>act]i/ics4 ,if tru? !n 7 no?+ m ?an ! abs5ce ( contradiction1 x w\ld be fir/ ( all necess>y 9 ! case ( e-notion to exam9e :e!r x1 tak5 individually1 did n conta9 ?is sort ( intr9sic contradiction4 #cd4 ,! second bran* ( ! metaphysical sy/em 0 ,rational ,psy*ology or ,pneumatology4 ,x dealt ) ! metaphysical nature ( ! ,s\l1--t is1 ( ! ,m9d reg>d$ z a ?+4 ,x expect$ to f9d immortality 9 a sph]e dom9at$ by ! laws ( composition1 "t1 qualitative *ange1 & quantitative increase or decrease4 ,! "n 'rational1' giv5 to ?is species ( psy*ology1 s]v$ to contra/ x ) empirical modes ( obs]v+ ! ph5om5a ( ! s\l4 ,rational psy*ology view$ ! s\l 9 its metaphysical nature1 & ?r\gh ! categories suppli$ by ab/ract ?\ght4 ,! rationali/s endeav\r$ to asc]ta9 ! inn] nature ( ! s\l z x is 9 itself & z x is = ?\ght4--,9 philosophy at pres5t we he> little ( ! s\l3 ! fav\rite t]m n[ is m9d 7_s74 ,! two are di/9ct1 s\l be+ z x 7 ! middle t]m betwe5 body & _s1 or ! bond betwe5 ! two4 ,! m9d1 z s\l1 is imm]s$ 9 corporeity1 & ! s\l is ! animat+ pr9ciple ( ! body4 ,! pre-,kantian metaphysic1 we say1 view$ ! s\l z a ?+4 ',?+' is a v ambigu\s ^w4 ,by a ?+1 we mean1 fir/ly1 an imm$iate exi/5ce1 some?+ we repres5t 9 s5su\s =m3 & 9 ?is mean+ ! t]m has be5 appli$ to ! s\l4 ,h5ce ! "q reg>d+ ! seat ( ! s\l4 ,( c\rse1 if ! s\l h a seat1 x is 9 space & s5su\sly envisag$4 ,s1 too1 if ! s\l be view$ z a ?+1 we c ask :e!r ! s\l is simple or composite4 ,! "q is important z be>+ on ! immortality ( ! s\l1 :i* is suppos$ to dep5d on ! abs5ce ( composition4 ,b ! fact is1 t 9 ab/ract simplicity we h a category1 :i* z little corresponds to ! nature ( ! s\l1 z t ( composit5ess4 ,"o ^w on ! relation ( rational to empirical psy*ology4 ,! =m]1 because x sets itself to apply ?\ght to cognise m9d & ev5 to demon/rate ! result ( su* ?9k+1 is ! high]2 :]eas empirical psy*ology />ts f p]ception1 & only rec\nts & describes :at p]ception supplies4 ,b if we propose to ?9k ! m9d1 we mu/ n be q s %y ( its special ph5om5a4 ,m9d is ess5tially active 9 ! same s5se z ! ,s*oolm5 said t ,god is 'absolute actuosity4' ,b if ! m9d is active x mu/ z x 7 utt] itself4 ,x is wrong !re=e to take ! m9d = a processless ens1 z did ! old metaphysic :i* divid$ ! processless inw>d life ( ! m9d f its outw>d life4 ,! m9d1 ( all ?+s1 mu/ be look$ at 9 its concrete actuality1 9 its en]gy2 & 9 su* a way t its manife/ations are se5 to be det]m9$ by its inw>d =ce4 #ce4 ,! ?ird bran* ( metaphysics 0 ,cosmology4 ,! topics x embrac$ 7 ! _w1 its cont+5cy1 necessity1 et]nity1 limitation 9 "t & space3 ! laws 7only =mal7 ( its *anges3 ! fre$om ( man & ! orig9 ( evil4 ,to ^! topics x appli$ :at 7 believ$ to be ?or\gh-go+ contra/s3 su* z cont+5cy & necessity2 ext]nal & int]nal necessity2 effici5t & f9al cause1 or causality 9 g5]al & design2 ess5ce or sub/ance & ph5om5on2 =m & matt]2 fre$om & necessity2 happ9ess & pa92 good & evil4 ,! object ( ,cosmology compris$ n m]ely ,nature1 b ,m9d too1 9 its ext]nal complication 9 its ph5om5on--9 fact1 exi/5ce 9 g5]al1 or ! sum ( f9ite ?+s4 ,?is object h[ev] x view$ n z a concrete :ole1 b only "u c]ta9 ab/ract po9ts ( view4 ,?us ! que/ions ,cosmology attempt$ to solve 7 su* z ^!3 ,is accid5t or necessity dom9ant 9 ! _w8 ,is ! _w et]nal or creat$8 ,x 0 !re=e a *ief conc]n ( ?is /udy to lay d[n :at 7 call$ g5]al ,cosmological laws3 = in/ance1 t ,nature does n act by fits & />ts4 ,& by fits & />ts 7saltus7 !y meant a qualitative diff]5ce or qualitative alt]ation %[+ itself )\t any antec$5t det]m9+ mean3 :]eas1 on ! contr>y1 a gradual *ange 7( quantity7 is obvi\sly n )\t int]m$iation4 ,9 reg>d to ,m9d z x makes itself felt 9 ! _w1 ! que/ions :i* ,cosmology *iefly discuss$ turn$ ^u ! fre$om ( man & ! orig9 ( evil4 ,nobody c d5y t ^! are que/ions ( ! highe/ importance4 ,b to give !m a satisfactory answ]1 x is above all ?+s necess>y n to claim f9ality = ! ab/ract =mulae ( und]/&+1 or to suppose t ea* ( ! two t]ms 9 an anti!sis has an indep5d5t-subsi/5ce or c be treat$ 9 its isolation z a complete & self-c5tr$ tru?4 ,?is h[ev] is ! g5]al position tak5 by ! metaphysicians be=e ,kant1 & appe>s 9 _! cosmological discussions1 :i* = t reason 7 incapable ( compass+ _! purpose1 to und]/& ! ph5om5a ( ! _w4 ,obs]ve h[ !y proce$ ) ! di/9ction betwe5 fre$om & necessity1 9 _! application ( ^! categories to ,nature & ,m9d4 ,nature !y reg>d z subject 9 its work+s to necessity2 ,m9d !y hold to be free4 ,no d\bt !re is a real f\ndation = ?is di/9ction 9 ! v core ( ! ,m9d itself3 b fre$om & necessity1 :5 ?us ab/ractly oppos$1 are t]ms applicable only 9 ! f9ite _w to :i*1 z su*1 !y belong4 ,a fre$om involv+ no necessity1 & m]e necessity )\t fre$om1 are ab/ract & 9 ?is way untrue =mulae ( ?\ght4 ,fre$om is no blank indet]m9at5ess3 ess5tially concrete1 & unv>y+ly self-det]m9ate1 x is s f> at ! same "t necess>y4 ,necessity1 aga91 9 ! ord9>y acceptation ( ! t]m 9 popul> philosophy1 means det]m9ation f )\t only1--z 9 f9ite me*anics1 :]e a body moves only :5 x is /ruck by ano!r body1 & moves 9 ! direction communicat$ to x by ! impact4--,?is h[ev] is a m]ely ext]nal necessity1 n ! real inw>d necessity :i* is id5tical ) fre$om4 ,! case is simil> ) ! contra/ ( ,good & ,evil1--! fav\rite contra/ ( ! introspective mod]n _w4 ,if we reg>d ,evil z possess+ a fixity ( its own1 ap>t & di/9ct f ,good1 we are to a c]ta9 ext5t "r3 !re is an opposition betwe5 !m3 nor d ^? :o ma9ta9 ! app>5t & relative "* ( ! opposition mean t ,evil & ,good 9 ! ,absolute are "o1 or1 9 accordance ) ! mod]n phrase1 t a ?+ fir/ becomes evil f our way ( look+ at x4 ,! error arises :5 we take ,evil z a p]man5t positive1 in/ead (--:at x really is--a negative :i*1 ?\gh x w\ld fa9 ass]t itself1 has no real p]si/5ce1 & is1 9 fact1 only ! absolute %am-exi/5ce ( negativity 9 itself4 #cf4 ,! f\r? bran* ( metaphysics is ,natural or ,rational ,!ology4 ,! notion ( ,god1 or ,god z a possible be+1 ! pro(s ( 8 exi/5ce1 & 8 prop]ties1 =m$ ! /udy ( ?is bran*4 7a7 ,:5 und]/&+ ?us discusses ! ,deity1 its ma9 purpose is to f9d :at pr$icates correspond or n to ! fact we h 9 our imag9ation z ,god4 ,& 9 s do+ x assumes ! contra/ betwe5 positive & negative to be absolute2 & h5ce1 9 ! long run1 no?+ is left = ! notion z und]/&+ takes x1 b ! empty ab/raction ( indet]m9ate ,be+1 ( m]e reality or positivity1 ! lifeless product ( mod]n ',deism4' 7b7 ,! me?od ( demon/ration employ$ 9 f9ite k mu/ always lead to an inv]sion ( ! true ord]4 ,= x requires ! /atem5t ( "s objective gr\nd = ,god's be+1 :i* ?us acquires ! appe>ance ( be+ d]iv$ f some?+ else4 ,?is mode ( pro(1 guid$ z x is by ! canon ( m]e analytical id5tity1 is emb>rass$ by ! difficulty ( pass+ f ! f9ite to ! inf9ite4 ,ei!r ! f9itude ( ! exi/+ _w1 :i* is left z mu* a fact z x 0 be=e1 cl+s to ! notion ( ,deity1 & ,god has to be def9$ z ! imm$iate sub/ance ( t _w1--:i* is ,pan!ism3 or ,he rema9s an object set ov] aga9/ ! subject1 & 9 ?is way1 f9ite1--:i* is ,dualism4 7c7 ,! attributes ( ,god :i* ought to be v>i\s & precise1 _h1 prop]ly speak+1 sunk & disappe>$ 9 ! ab/ract notion ( pure reality1 ( indet]m9ate ,be+4 ,yet 9 our mat]ial ?\ght1 ! f9ite _w cont9ues1 mean:ile1 to h a real be+1 ) ,god z a sort ( anti!sis3 & ?us arises ! fur!r picture ( diff]5t relations ( ,god to ! _w4 ,^!1 =mulat$ z prop]ties1 mu/1 on ! "o h&1 z relations to f9ite circum/ances1 !mselves possess a f9ite "* 7giv+ u su* prop]ties z j1 graci\s1 mighty1 wise1 c472 on ! o!r h& !y mu/ be inf9ite4 ,n[ on ?is level ( ?\ght ! only means1 & a hazy "o1 ( reconcil+ ^! oppos+ requirem5ts 0 quantitative exaltation ( ! prop]ties1 =c+ !m into indet]m9at5ess1--into ! s5sus em95tior4 ,b x 0 an exp$i5t :i* really de/roy$ ! prop]ty & left a m]e "n4 ,! object ( ! old metaphysical !ology 0 to see h[ f> unassi/$ reason c\ld g 9 ! k ( ,god4 ,c]ta9ly a reason-d]iv$ k ( ,god is ! highe/ problem ( philosophy4 ,! e>lie/ tea*+s ( religion are figurate conceptions ( ,god4 ,^! conceptions1 z ! ,cre$ arranges !m1 are imp>t$ to u 9 y\?4 ,!y are ! doctr9es ( our religion1 & 9 s f> z ! individual re/s 8 fai? on ^! doctr9es & feels !m to be ! tru?1 he has all he ne$s z a ,*ri/ian4 ,su* is fai?3 & ! sci5ce ( ?is fai? is ,!ology4 ,b until ,!ology is some?+ m ?an a b>e enum]ation & compilation ( ^! doctr9es ab extra1 x has no "r to ! title ( sci5ce4 ,ev5 ! me?od s mu* 9 vogue at pres5t--! purely hi/orical mode ( treatm5t--:i* = example reports :at has be5 said by ?is or ! o!r ,fa!r ( ! ,*ur*--does n inve/ !ology ) a sci5tific "*4 ,to get t1 we mu/ g on to compreh5d ! facts by ?\ght1--:i* is ! bus9ess ( philosophy4 ,g5u9e !ology is ?us at ! same "t a real philosophy ( religion1 z x 01 we may add1 9 ! ,middle ,ages4 ,& n[ let u exam9e ?is rational !ology m n>r[ly4 ,x 0 a sci5ce :i* approa*$ ,god n by reason b by und]/&+1 &1 9 its mode ( ?\ght1 employ$ ! t]ms )\t any s5se ( _! mutual limitations & connexions4 ,! notion ( ,god =m$ ! subject ( discussion2 & yet ! crit]ion ( our k 0 d]iv$ f su* an extrane\s s\rce z ! mat]ialis$ conception ( ,god4 ,n[ ?\ght mu/ be free 9 its movem5ts4 ,x is no d\bt to be rememb]$1 t ! result ( indep5d5t ?\ght h>monises ) ! import ( ! ,*ri/ian religion3--= ! ,*ri/ian religion is a revelation ( reason4 ,b su* a h>mony surpass$ ! ef=ts ( rational !ology4 ,x propos$ to def9e ! figurate conception ( ,god 9 t]ms ( ?\ght2 b x result$ 9 a notion ( ,god :i* 0 :at we may call ! ab/ract ( positivity or reality1 to ! exclusion ( all negation4 ,god 0 accord+ly def9$ to be ! mo/ real ( all be+s4 ,any "o c see h[ev] t ?is mo/ real ( be+s1 9 :i* negation =ms no "p1 is ! v opposite ( :at x ought to be & ( :at und]/&+ supposes x to be4 ,in/ead ( be+ ri* & full above all measure1 x is s n>r[ly conceiv$ t x is1 on ! contr>y1 extremely poor & altoge!r empty4 ,x is ) reason t ! he>t craves a concrete body ( tru?2 b )\t def9ite feature1 t is1 )\t negation1 conta9$ 9 ! notion1 !re c only be an ab/raction4 ,:5 ! notion ( ,god is appreh5d$ only z t ( ! ab/ract or mo/ real be+1 ,god is1 z x 71 relegat$ to ano!r _w beyond3 & to speak ( a k ( him w\ld be mean+less4 ,:]e !re is no def9ite quality1 k is impossible4 ,m]e light is m]e d>kness4 ,! second problem ( rational !ology 0 to prove ! exi/5ce ( ,god4 ,n[1 9 ?is matt]1 ! ma9 po9t to be not$ is t demon/ration1 z ! und]/&+ employs x1 means ! dep5d5ce ( "o tru? on ano!r4 ,9 su* pro(s we h a pre-supposition--some?+ firm & fa/1 f :i* some?+ else foll[s2 we exhibit ! dep5d5ce ( "s tru? f an assum$ />t+-po9t4 ,h5ce1 if ?is mode ( demon/ration is appli$ to ! exi/5ce ( ,god1 x c only mean t ! be+ ( ,god is to dep5d on o!r t]ms1 :i* w !n con/itute ! gr\nd ( 8 be+4 ,x is at once evid5t t ?is w lead ,i to "s mi/ake3 = ,god mu/ be simply & solely ! ,i gr\nd ( ev]y?+1 & 9 s f> n dep5d5t ^u any?+ else4 ,& a p]ception ( ?is dang] has 9 mod]n times l$ "s to say t ,god's exi/5ce is n capable ( pro(1 b mu/ be imm$iately or intuitively appreh5d$4 ,reason1 h[ev]1 & ev5 s\nd common s5se give demon/ration a mean+ q diff]5t f t ( ! und]/&+4 ,! demon/ration ( reason no d\bt />ts f some?+ :i* is n ,god4 ,b1 z x advances1 x does n leave ! />t+-po9t a m]e unexpla9$ fact1 :i* is :at x 04 ,on ! contr>y x exhibits t po9t z d]ivative & call$ into be+1 & !n ,god is se5 to be prim>y1 truly imm$iate & self-subsi/+1 ) ! means ( d]ivation wrapt up & absorb$ 9 himself4 ,^? :o say3 ',consid] ,nature1 & ,nature w-lead y to ,god2 y w f9d an absolute f9al cause3 'd n mean t ,god is some?+ d]ivative3 !y mean t x is we :o proce$ to ,god himself f ano!r2 & 9 ?is way ,god1 ?\gh ! consequ5ce1 is also ! absolute' gr\nd ( ! initial /ep4 ,! relation ( ! two ?+s is rev]s$2 & :at came z a consequ5ce1 be+ %[n to be an antec$5t1 ! orig9al antec$5t is r$uc$ to a consequ5ce4 ,?is is always ! way1 moreov]1 :5ev] reason demon/rates4 ,if 9 ! light ( ! pres5t discussion we ca/ "o glance m on ! metaphysical me?od z a :ole1 we f9d its ma9 *>act]i/ic 0 to make ab/ract id5tity its pr9ciple & to try to appreh5d ! objects ( reason by ! ab/ract & f9ite categories ( ! und]/&+4 ,b ?is inf9ite ( ! und]/&+1 ?is pure ess5ce1 is /ill f9ite3 x has exclud$ all ! v>iety ( p>ticul> ?+s1 :i* ?us limit & d5y x4 ,in/ead ( w9n+ a concrete1 ?is metaphysic /uck fa/ on an ab/ract1 id5tity4 ,its good po9t 0 ! p]ception t ?\ght alone con/itutes ! ess5ce ( all t is4 ,x d]iv$ its mat]ials f e>li] philosoph]s1 p>ticul>ly ! ,s*oolm54 ,9 speculative philosophy ! und]/&+ und\bt$ly =ms a /age1 b n a /age at :i* we %\ld keep = ev] /&+4 ,plato is no metaphysician ( ?is imp]fect type1 /ill less ,ari/otle1 al?\gh ! contr>y is g5]ally believ$4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,second ,,attitude ,,( ,,?\ght ,,to ,,objectivity4 ,i4 ,empiricism4 #cg4 ,"u ^! circum/ances a d\ble want began to be felt4 ,p>tly x 0 ! ne$ ( a concrete subject-matt]1 z a c\nt]poise to ! ab/ract !ories ( ! und]/&+1 :i* is unable to advance unaid$ f its g5]alities to specialisation & det]m9ation4 ,p>tly1 too1 x 0 ! dem& = some?+ fix$ & secure1 s z to exclude ! possibility ( prov+ any?+ & ev]y?+ 9 ! sph]e1 & accord+ to ! me?od1 ( ! f9ite =mulae ( ?\ght4 ,su* 0 ! g5esis ( ,empirical philosophy1 :i* ab&ons ! se>* = tru? 9 ?\ght itself1 & goes to fet* x f ,exp]i5ce1 ! outw>d & ! inw>d pres5t4 ,! rise ( ,empiricism is due to ! ne$ ?us /at$ ( concrete cont5ts1 & a firm foot+--ne$s :i* ! ab/ract metaphysic ( ! und]/&+ fail$ to satisfy4 ,n[ by concret5ess ( cont5ts x is meant t we mu/ "k ! objects ( consci\sness z intr9sically det]m9ate & z ! unity ( di/9ct *>act]i/ics4 ,b1 z we h already se51 ?is is by no means ! case ) ! metaphysic ( und]/&+1 if x con=m to its pr9ciple4 ,) ! m]e und]/&+1 ?9k+ is limit$ to ! =m ( an ab/ract univ]sal1 & c nev] advance to ! p>ticul>isation ( ?is univ]sal4 ,?us we f9d ! metaphysicians engag$ 9 an attempt to elicit by ! in/rum5tality ( ?\ght1 :at 0 ! ess5ce or fundam5tal attribute ( ! ,s\l ,! ,s\l1 !y said1 is simple4 ,! simplicity ?us ascrib$ to ! ,s\l meant a m]e & utt] simplicity1 f :i* diff]5ce is exclud$3 diff]5ce1 or 9 o!r words composition1 be+ made ! fundam5tal attribute ( body1 or ( matt] 9 g5]al4 ,cle>ly1 9 simplicity ( ?is n>r[ type we h a v %all[ category1 q incapable ( embrac+ ! weal? ( ! s\l or ( ! m9d4 ,:5 x ?us appe>$ t ab/ract metaphysical ?9k+ 0 inadequate1 x 0 felt t res\rce mu/ be _h to empirical psy*ology4 ,! same happ5$ 9 ! case ( ,rational ,physics4 ,! curr5t phrases !re 71 = in/ance1 t space is inf9ite1 t ,nature makes no leap1 c4 ,evid5tly ?is phraseology 0 :olly unsatisfactory 9 pres5ce ( ! pl5itude & life ( nature4 #ch4 ,to "s ext5t ?is s\rce f :i* ,empiricism draws is common to x ) metaphysic4 ,x is 9 our mat]ialis$ conceptions1 i4e4 9 facts :i* emanate1 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 f exp]i5ce1 t metaphysic also f9ds ! gu>antee = ! correctness ( its def9itions 7includ+ bo? its initial assumptions & its m detail$ body ( doctr9e74 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 x mu/ be not$ t ! s+le s5sation is n ! same ?+ z exp]i5ce1 & t ! ,empirical ,s*ool elevates ! facts includ$ "u s5sation1 feel+1 & p]ception into ! =m ( g5]al ideas1 propositions or laws4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 x does ) ! res]vation t ^! g5]al pr9ciples 7su* z =ce71 are to h no fur!r import or validity ( _! own beyond t tak5 f ! s5se-impression1 & t no connexion %all be deem$ legitimate except :at c be %[n to exi/ 9 ph5om5a4 ,& on ! subjective side ,empirical cognition has its /able foot+ 9 ! fact t 9 a s5sation consci\sness is directly pres5t & c]ta9 ( itself4 ,9 ,empiricism lies ! great pr9ciple t :atev] is true mu/ be 9 ! actual _w & pres5t to s5sation4 ,?is pr9ciple contradicts t 'ought to be' on ! /r5g? ( :i* 'reflection' is va9 en\gh to treat ! actual pres5t ) scorn & to po9t to a sc5e beyond--a sc5e :i* is assum$ to h place & be+ only 9 ! und]/&+ ( ^? :o talk ( x4 ,no less ?an ,empiricism1 philosophy 7 #g7 recognises only :at is1 & has no?+ to d ) :at m]ely ought to be & :at is ?us confess$ n to exi/4 ,on ! subjective side1 too1 x is "r to notice ! valuable pr9ciple ( fre$om involv$ 9 ,empiricism4 ,= ! ma9 lesson ( ,empiricism is t man mu/ see = himself & feel t he is pres5t 9 e fact ( k :i* he has to accept4 ,:5 x is c>ri$ out to its legitimate consequ5ces1 ,empiricism--be+ 9 its facts limit$ to ! f9ite sph]e--d5ies ! sup]-s5sible 9 g5]al1 or at lea/ any k ( x :i* w\ld def9e its nature2 x leaves ?\ght no p[]s except ab/raction & =mal univ]sality & id5tity4 ,b !re is a fundam5tal delusion 9 all sci5tific empiricism4 ,x employs ! metaphysical categories ( matt]1 =ce1 ^? ( "o1 _m1 g5]ality1 inf9ity1 c42 foll[+ ! clue giv5 by ^! categories x proce$s to draw conclusions1 & 9 s do+ pre-supposes & applies ! syllogi/ic =m4 ,& all ! :ile x is unaw>e t x conta9s metaphysics--9 wield+ :i*1 x makes use ( ^? categories & _! comb9ations 9 a /yle utt]ly ?\ghtless & uncritical4 99 99 99 99 99 ,f ,empiricism came ! cry3 ',/op roam+ 9 empty ab/ractions1 keep y\r eyes op51 lay hold on man & nature z !y are "h be=e y1 enjoy ! pres5t mom5t4' ,nobody c d5y t !re is a good deal ( tru? 9 ^! words4 ,! e-day _w1 :at is "h & n[1 0 a good ex*ange = ! futile o!r-_w--= ! mirages & ! *im]as ( ! ab/ract und]/&+4 ,& ?us 0 acquir$ an inf9ite pr9ciple1--t solid foot+ s mu* miss$ 9 ! old metaphysic4 ,f9ite pr9ciples are ! mo/ t ! und]/&+ c pick out--& ^! be+ ess5tially un/able & tott]+1 ! /ructure !y support$ mu/ collapse ) a cra%4 ,always ! in/9ct ( reason 0 to f9d an inf9ite pr9ciple4 ,z yet1 ! "t _h n come = f9d+ x 9 ?\ght4 ,h5ce1 ?is in/9ct seiz$ ^u ! pres5t1 ! ,"h1 ! ,?is1--:]e d\btless !re is implicit inf9ite =m1 b n 9 ! g5u9e exi/5ce ( t =m4 ,! ext]nal _w is ! tru?1 if x c\ld b "k x3 = ! tru? is actual & mu/ exi/4 ,! inf9ite pr9ciple1 ! self-c5tr$ tru?1 !re=e1 is 9 ! _w = reason to discov]3 ?\gh x exi/s 9 an individual & s5sible %ape1 & n 9 its tru?4 ,besides1 ?is s*ool makes s5se-p]ception ! =m 9 :i* fact is to be appreh5d$3 & 9 ?is consi/s ! defect ( ,empiricism4 ,s5se-p]ception z su* is always individual1 always transi5t3 n inde$ t ! process ( k /ops %ort at s5sation3 on ! contr>y1 x proce$s to f9d out ! univ]sal & p]man5t elem5t 9 ! individual appreh5d$ by s5se4 ,?is is ! process lead+ f simple p]ception to exp]i5ce4 ,9 ord] to =m exp]i5ces1 ,empiricism makes especial use ( ! =m ( ,analysis4 ,9 ! impression ( s5se we h a concrete ( _m elem5ts1 ! sev]al attributes ( :i* we are expect$ to peel (f "o by "o1 l ! coats ( an onion4 ,9 ?us dismemb]+ ! ?+1 x is und]/ood t we dis9tegrate & take to pieces ^! attributes :i* h coalesc$1 & add no?+ b our own act ( dis9tegration4 ,yet analysis is ! process f ! imm$iacy ( s5sation to ?\ght3 ^? attributes1 :i* ! object analys$ conta9s 9 union1 acquire ! =m ( univ]sality by be+ sep>at$4 ,empiricism !re=e lab\rs "u a delusion1 if x supposes t1 :ile analys+ ! objects1 x leaves !m z !y 73 x really trans=ms ! concrete into an ab/ract4 ,& z a consequ5ce ( ?is *ange ! liv+ ?+ is kill$3 life c exi/ only 9 ! concrete & "o4 ,n t we c d )\t ?is division1 if x be our int5tion to compreh5d4 ,m9d itself is an inh]5t division4 ,! error lies 9 =gett+ t ?is is only "o-half ( ! process1 & t ! ma9 po9t is ! re-union ( :at has be5 p>t$4 ,& x is :]e analysis nev] gets beyond ! /age ( p>tition t ! words ( ! poet are true3 ',en*eires9 ,naturae n5nt's die ,*emie1 ,spottet ihr] ,selb/1 und weiss ni*t1 wie3 ,hat die ,teile 9 ,ihr] ,h& ,fehlt leid] nur das gei/ige ,b&4' ,analysis />ts f ! concrete2 & ! possession ( ?is mat]ial gives x a consid]able advantage ov] ! ab/ract ?9k+ ( ! old metaphysics4 ,x e/abli%es ! diff]5ces 9 ?+s3 & ?is is v important3 b ^! v diff]5ces are no?+ aft] all b ab/ract attributes1 e4g4 ?\ghts4 ,^! ?\ghts1 x is assum$1 conta9 ! real ess5ce ( ! objects2 & ?us once m we see ! axiom ( bygone metaphysics reappe>1 t ! tru? ( ?+s lies 9 ?\ght4 ,let u next comp>e ! empirical !ory ) t ( metaphysics 9 ! matt] ( _! respective cont5ts4 ,we f9d ! latt]1 z already /at$1 tak+ = its !me ! univ]sal objects ( ! reason1 viz4 ,god1 ! ,s\l1 & ! ,_w3 & ^! !mes1 accept$ f popul> conception1 x 0 ! problem ( philosophy to r$uce into ! =m ( ?\ghts4 ,ano!r specim5 ( ! same me?od 0 ! ,s*ola/ic philosophy1 ! !me pre-suppos$ by :i* 0 =m$ by ! dogmas ( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*3 & x aim$ at fix+ _! mean+ & giv+ !m a sy/ematic arrangem5t ?r\gh ?\ght4--,! facts on :i* ,empiricism is bas$ are ( entirely diff]5t k9d4 ,!y are ! s5sible facts ( nature & ! facts ( ! f9ite m9d4 ,9 o!r words1 ,empiricism deals ) a f9ite mat]ial--& ! old metaphysicians _h an inf9ite1--?\gh1 let u add1 !y made ?is inf9ite cont5t f9ite by ! f9ite =m ( ! und]/&+4 ,! same f9itude ( =m reappe>s 9 ,empiricism--b "h ! facts are f9ite also4 ,to ?is exig5t1 !n1 bo? modes ( philosophis+ h ! same me?od2 bo? proce$ f data or assumptions1 :i* !y accept z ultimate4 ,g5]ally speak+1 ,empiricism f9ds ! tru? 9 ! outw>d _w2 & ev5 if x all[ a sup]-s5sible _w1 x holds k ( t _w to be impossible1 & w\ld re/rict u to ! prov9ce ( s5se-p]ception4 ,?is doctr9e :5 sy/ematically c>ri$ out produces :at has be5 latt]ly t]m$ ,mat]ialism4 ,mat]ialism ( ?is /amp looks ^u matt]1 qu matt]1 z ! g5u9e objective _w4 ,b ) matt] we are at once introduc$ to an ab/raction1 :i* z su* _c be p]ceiv$3 & x may be ma9ta9$ t !re is no matt]1 because1 z x exi/s1 x is always some?+ def9ite & concrete4 ,yet ! ab/raction we t]m matt] is suppos$ to lie at ! basis ( ! :ole _w ( s5se1 & expresses ! s5se-_w 9 its simple/ t]ms z out-&-out individualisation1 & h5ce a cong]ies ( po9ts 9 mutual exclusion4 ,s long !n z ?is s5sible sph]e is & cont9ues to be = ,empiricism a m]e datum1 we h a doctr9e ( bondage3 = we become free1 :5 we are confront$ by no absolutely ali5 _w1 b dep5d ^u a fact :i* we ourselves are4 ,consi/5tly ) ! empirical po9t ( view1 besides1 reason & unreason c only be subjective3 9 o!r words1 we mu/ take :at is giv5 j z x is1 & we h no "r to ask :e!r & to :at ext5t x is rational 9 its own nature4 #ci4 ,t\*+ ?is pr9ciple x has be5 ju/ly obs]v$ t 9 :at we call ,exp]i5ce1 z di/9ct f m]e s+le p]ception ( s+le facts1 !re are two elem5ts4 ,! "o is ! matt]1 inf9ite 9 its multiplicity1 & z x /&s a m]e set ( s+ul>s3 ! o!r is ! =m1 ! *>act]i/ics ( univ]sality & necessity4 ,m]e exp]i5ce no d\bt (f]s _m1 p]haps innum]able cases ( simil> p]ceptions3 b1 aft] all1 no multitude1 h[ev] great1 c be ! same ?+ z univ]sality4 ,simil>ly1 m]e exp]i5ce af=ds p]ceptions ( *anges succe$+ ea* o!r & ( objects 9 juxtaposition2 b x pres5ts no necess>y connexion4 ,if p]ception1 !re=e1 is to ma9ta9 its claim to be ! sole basis ( :at m5 hold = tru?1 univ]sality & necessity appe> some?+ illegitimate3 !y become an accid5t ( our m9ds1 a m]e cu/om1 ! cont5t ( :i* might be o!rwise con/itut$ ?an x is4 ,x is an important coroll>y ( ?is !ory1 t on ?is empirical mode ( treatm5t legal & e?ical pr9ciples & laws1 z well z ! tru?s ( religion1 are exhibit$ z ! "w ( *ance1 & /ripp$ ( _! objective "* & inn] tru?4 ,! scepticism ( ,hume1 to :i* ?is conclusion 0 *iefly due1 %\ld be cle>ly m>k$ (f f ,greek scepticism4 ,hume assumes ! tru? ( ! empirical elem5t1 feel+ & s5sation1 & proce$s to *all5ge univ]sal pr9ciples & laws1 because !y h no w>ranty f s5se-p]ception4 ,s f> 0 anci5t scepticism f mak+ feel+ & s5sation ! canon ( tru?1 t x turn$ aga9/ ! deliv]ances ( s5se fir/ ( all4 7,on ,mod]n ,scepticism z comp>$ ) ,anci5t1 see ,s*ell+ & ,hegel's ,critical ,j\rnal ( ,philosophy3 #ahjb1 vol4 ,i4 i47 ,,ii4 ,! ,critical ,philosophy4 #dj4 ,9 common ) ,empiricism ! ,critical ,philosophy assumes t exp]i5ce af=ds ! "o sole f\ndation = cognitions2 :i* h[ev] x does n all[ to rank z tru?s1 b only z k ( ph5om5a4 ,! ,critical !ory />ts orig9ally f ! di/9ction ( elem5ts pres5t$ 9 ! analysis ( exp]i5ce1 viz4 ! matt] ( s5se1 & its univ]sal relations4 ,tak+ into acc\nt ,hume's criticism on ?is di/9ction z giv5 9 ! prec$+ section1 viz4 t s5sation does n explicitly appreh5d m ?an an individual or m ?an a m]e ev5t1 x insi/s at ! same "t on ! fact t univ]sality & necessity are se5 to p]=m a function equally ess5tial 9 con/itut+ :at is call$ exp]i5ce4 ,?is elem5t1 n be+ d]iv$ f ! empirical facts z su*1 mu/ belong to ! spontaneity ( ?\ght2 9 o!r words1 x is a priori4 ,! ,categories or ,notions ( ! ,und]/&+ con/itute ! objectivity ( exp]i5tial cognitions4 ,9 e case !y involve a connective ref]5ce1 & h5ce ?r\gh _! means are =m$ syn!tic judgm5ts a priori1 t is1 prim>y & und]ivative connexions ( opposites4 ,ev5 ,hume's scepticism does n d5y t ! *>act]i/ics ( univ]sality & necessity are f\nd 9 cognition4 ,& ev5 9 ,kant ?is fact rema9s a presupposition aft] all2 x may be said1 to use ! ord9>y phraseology ( ! sci5ces1 t ,kant did no m ?an (f] ano!r explanation ( ! fact4 #da4 ,! ,critical ,philosophy proce$s to te/ ! value ( ! categories employ$ 9 metaphysic1 z well z 9 o!r sci5ces & 9 ord9>y conception4 ,?is scrut9y h[ev] is n direct$ to ! cont5t ( ^! categories1 nor does x inquire into ! exact relation !y be> to "o ano!r3 b simply consid]s !m z affect$ by ! contra/ betwe5 subjective & objective4 ,! contra/1 z we are to und]/& x "h1 be>s ^u ! di/9ction 7see prec$+ 7 ( ! two elem5ts 9 exp]i5ce4 ,! "n ( objectivity is "h giv5 to ! elem5t ( univ]sality & necessity1 i4e4 to ! categories !mselves1 or :at is call$ ! a priori con/itu5t4 ,! ,critical ,philosophy h[ev] wid5$ ! contra/ 9 su* away1 t ! subjectivity comes to embrace ! ensemble ( exp]i5ce1 includ+ bo? ( ! a=esaid elem5ts2 & no?+ rema9s on ! o!r side b ! '?+-9-itself4' ,! special =ms ( ! a priori elem5t1 9 o!r words1 ( ?\ght1 :i* 9 spite ( its objectivity is look$ ^u z a purely subjective act1 pres5t !mselves z foll[s 9 a sy/ematic ord] :i*1 x may be rem>k$1 is solely bas$ ^u psy*ological & hi/orical gr\nds4 99 99 99 99 99 7#a7 ,a v important /ep 0 und\bt$ly made1 :5 ! t]ms ( ! old metaphysic 7 subject$ to scrut9y4 ,! pla9 ?9k] pursu$ 8 unsuspect+ way 9 ^? categories :i* _h (f]$ !mselves naturally4 ,x nev] occurr$ to him to ask to :at ext5t ^! categories _h a value & au?ority ( _! own4 ,if1 z has be5 said1 x is *>act]i/ic ( free ?\ght to all[ no assumptions to pass unque/ion$1 ! old metaphysicians 7 n free ?9k]s4 ,!y accept$ _! categories z !y 71 )\t fur!r tr\ble1 z an a priori datum1 n yet te/$ by reflection4 ,! ,critical philosophy rev]s$ ?is4 ,kant und]took to exam9e h[ f> ! =ms ( ?\ght 7 capable ( lead+ to ! k ( tru?4 ,9 p>ticul> he dem&$ a criticism ( ! faculty ( cognition z prelim9>y to its ex]cise4 ,t is a fair dem&1 if x mean t ev5 ! =ms ( ?\ght mu/ be made an object ( inve/igation4 ,un=tunately !re soon creeps 9 ! misconception ( already kn[+ be=e y "k1--! error ( refus+ to ent] ! wat] until y h le>nt to swim4 ,true1 inde$1 ! =ms ( ?\ght %\ld be subject$ to a scrut9y be=e !y are us$3 yet :at is ?is scrut9y b ipso facto a cognition8 ,s t :at we want is to comb9e 9 our process ( inquiry ! action ( ! =ms ( ?\ght ) a criticism ( !m4 ,! =ms ( ?\ght mu/ be /udi$ 9 _! ess5tial nature & complete developm5t3 !y are at once ! object ( rese>* & ! action ( t object4 ,h5ce !y exam9e !mselves3 9 _! own action !y mu/ det]m9e _! limits1 & po9t out _! defects4 ,?is is t action ( ?\ght1 :i* w h]eaft] be specially consid]$ "u ! "n ( ,dialectic1 & reg>d+ :i* we ne$ only at ! outset obs]ve t1 in/ead ( be+ br\ght to be> ^u ! categories f )\t1 x is imman5t 9 _! own action4 ,we may !re=e /ate ! fir/ po9t 9 ,kant's philosophy z foll[s3 ,?\ght mu/ itself inve/igate its own capacity ( k4 ,p 9 ! pres5t day h got ov] ,kant & 8 philosophy3 ev]ybody wants to get fur!r4 ,b !re are two ways ( go+ fur!r--a back-1 w>d & a =w>d4 ,! light ( criticism soon %[s t _m ( our mod]n essays 9 philosophy are m]e repetitions ( ! old metaphysical me?od1 an endless & uncritical ?9k+ 9 a groove det]m9$ by ! natural b5t ( ea* man's m9d4 7#b7 ,kant's exam9ation ( ! categories suff]s f ! grave defect ( view+ !m1 n absolutely & = _! own sake1 b 9 ord] to see :e!r !y are subjective or objective4 ,9 ! language ( common life we mean by objective :at exi/s outside ( u & rea*es u f )\t by means ( s5sation4 ,:at ,kant did1 0 to d5y t ! categories1 su* z cause & effect1 71 9 ?is s5se ( ! ^w1 objective1 or giv5 9 s5sation1 & to ma9ta9 on ! contr>y t !y belong$ to our own ?\ght itself1 to ! spontaneity ( ?\ght4 ,to t ext5t !re=e1 !y 7 subjective4 ,& yet 9 spite ( ?is1 ,kant gives ! "n objective to :at is ?\ght1 to ! univ]sal & necess>y1 :ile he describes z subjective :atev] is m]ely felt4 ,?is arrangem5t app>5tly rev]ses ! fir/-m5tion$ use ( ! ^w1 & has caus$ ,kant to be *>g$ ) confus+ language4 ,b ! *>ge is unfair if we m n>r[ly consid] ! facts ( ! case4 ,! vulg> believe t ! objects ( p]ception :i* confront !m1 su* z an individual animal1 or a s+le />1 are indep5d5t & p]man5t exi/5ces1 comp>$ ) :i*1 ?\ghts are unsub/antial & dep5d5t on some?+ else4 ,9 fact h[ev] ! p]ceptions ( s5se are ! prop]ly dep5d5t & second>y feature1 :ile ! ?\ghts are really indep5d5t & prim>y4 ,?is be+ s1 ,kant gave ! title objective to ! intellectual factor1 to ! univ]sal & necess>y3 & he 0 q ju/ifi$ 9 s do+4 ,our s5sations on ! o!r h& are subjective2 = s5sations lack /ability 9 _! own nature1 & are no less fleet+ & evanesc5t ?an ?\ght is p]man5t & self-subsi/+4 ,at ! pres5t day1 ! special l9e ( di/9ction e/abli%$ by ,kant betwe5 ! subjective & objective is adopt$ by ! phraseology ( ! educat$ _w4 ,?us ! criticism ( a "w ( art ought1 x is said1 to be n subjective1 b objective2 9 o!r words1 in/ead ( spr++ f ! p>ticul> & accid5tal feel+ or temp] ( ! mom5t1 x %\ld keep its eye on ^? g5]al po9ts ( view :i* ! laws ( art e/abli%4 ,9 ! same acceptation we c di/+ui% 9 any sci5tific pursuit ! objective & ! subjective int]e/ ( ! inve/igation4 ,b aft] all1 objectivity ( ?\ght1 9 ,kant's s5se1 is aga9 to a c]ta9 ext5t subjective4 ,?\ghts1 accord+ to ,kant1 al?\gh univ]sal & necess>y categories1 are only our ?\ghts--sep>at$ by an impassable gulf f ! ?+1 z x exi/s ap>t f our k4 ,b ! true1 objectivity ( ?9k+ means t ! ?\ghts1 f> f be+ m]ely ours1 mu/ at ! same "t be ! real ess5ce ( ! ?+s1 & ( :atev] is an object to u4 ,objective & subjective are conv5i5t expressions 9 curr5t use1 ! employm5t ( :i* may easily lead to confusion4 ,up to ?is po9t1 ! discussion has %[n ?ree mean+s ( objectivity4 ,fir/1 x means :at has ext]nal exi/5ce1 9 di/9ction f :i* ! subjective is :at is only suppos$1 dream$1 c4 ,secondly1 x has ! mean+1 atta*$ to x by ,kant1 ( ! univ]sal & necess>y1 z di/+ui%$ f ! p>ticul>1 subjective & occasional elem5t :i* belongs to our s5sations4 ,?irdly1 z has be5 j expla9$1 x means ! ?\ght-appreh5d$ ess5ce ( ! exi/+ ?+1 9 contradi/9ction f :at is m]ely our ?\ght1 & :at consequ5tly is /ill sep>at$ f ! ?+ itself1 z x exi/s 9 indep5d5t ess5ce4 #db4 7a7 ,! ,!oretical ,faculty4--,cognition qu cognition4 ,! specific gr\nd ( ! categories is decl>$ by ! ,critical sy/em to lie 9 ! prim>y id5tity ( ! ',i' 9 ?\ght1--:at ,kant calls ! 'transc5d5tal unity ( self-consci\sness4' ,! impressions f feel+ & p]ception are1 if we look to _! cont5ts1 a multiplicity or miscellany ( elem5ts3 & ! multiplicity is equally conspicu\s 9 _! =m4 ,= s5se is m>k$ by a mutual exclusion ( memb]s2 & t "u two aspects1 namely space & "t1 :i*1 be+ ! =ms1 t is to say1 ! univ]sal type ( p]ception1 are !mselves a priori4 ,?is cong]ies1 af=d$ by s5sation & p]ception1 mu/ h[ev] be r$uc$ to an id5tity or prim>y syn!sis4 ,to accompli% ?is ! ',i' br+s x 9 relation to itself & unites x !re 9 "o consci\sness :i* ,kant calls 'pure app]ception4' ,! specific modes 9 :i* ! ,ego ref]s to itself ! multiplicity ( s5se are ! pure concepts ( ! und]/&+1 ! ,categories4 ,kant1 x is well kn[n1 did n put himself to mu* tr\ble 9 discov]+ ! categories4 ',i1' ! unity ( self-consci\sness1 be+ q ab/ract & completely indet]m9ate1 ! "q arises1 h[ are we to get at ! specialis$ =ms ( ! ',i1' ! categories8 ,=tunately1 ! common logic (f]s to our h& an empirical classification ( ! k9ds ( judgm5t4 ,n[1 to judge is ! same z to ?9k ( a det]m9ate object4 ,h5ce ! v>i\s modes ( judgm5t1 z enum]at$ to our h&1 provide u ) ! sev]al categories ( ?\ght4 ,to ! philosophy ( ,fi*te belongs ! great m]it ( hav+ call$ att5tion to ! ne$ ( exhibit+ ! necessity ( ^! categories & giv+ a g5u9e d$uction ( !m4 ,fi*te ought to h produc$ at lea/ "o effect on ! me?od ( logic4 ,"o might h expect$ t ! g5]al laws ( ?\ght1 ! usual /ock-9-trade ( logicians1 or ! classification ( notions1 judgm5ts1 & syllogisms1 w\ld be no long] tak5 m]ely f obs]vation & s only empirically treat$1 b be d$uc$ f ?\ght itself4 ,if ?\ght is to be capable ( prov+ any?+ at all1 if logic mu/ insi/ ^u ! necessity ( pro(s1 & if x proposes to tea* ! !ory ( demon/ration1 its fir/ c>e %\ld be to give a reason = its own subject-matt]1 & to see t x is necess>y4 7i7 ,kant !re=e holds t ! categories h _! s\rce 9 ! ',ego1' & t ! ',ego' consequ5tly supplies ! *>act]i/ics ( univ]sality & necessity4 ,if we obs]ve :at we h be=e u prim>ily1 we may describe x z a cong]ies or div]sity3 & 9 ! categories we f9d ! simple po9ts or units1 to :i* ?is cong]ies is made to conv]ge4 ,! _w ( s5se is a sc5e ( mutual exclusion3 its be+ is outside itself4 ,t is ! fundam5tal feature ( ! s5sible4 ',n[' has no mean+ except 9 ref]5ce to a be=e & a h]eaft]4 ,r$1 9 ! same way1 only subsi/s by be+ oppos$ to yell[ & blue4 ,n[ ?is o!r ?+ is outside ! s5sible2 :i* latt] is1 only 9 s f> z x is n ! o!r1 & only 9 s f> z t o!r is4 ,b ?\ght1 or ! ',ego1' occupies a position ! v rev]se ( ! s5sible1 ) its mutual exclusions1 & its be+ outside itself4 ,! ',i' is ! prim>y id5tity--at "o ) itself & all at home 9 itself4 ,! ^w ',i' expresses ! m]e act ( br++-to-be>-^u-self3 & :atev] is plac$ 9 ?is unit or focus1 is affect$ by x & trans=m$ into x4 ,! ',i' is z x 7 ! crucible & ! fire :i* consumes ! loose plurality ( s5se & r$uces x to unity4 ,?is is ! process :i* ,kant calls pure app]ception 9 di/9ction f ! common app]ception1 to :i* ! plurality x receives is a plurality /ill2 :]eas pure app]ception is r an act by :i* ! ',i' makes ! mat]ials 'm9e4' ,?is view has at lea/ ! m]it ( giv+ a correct expression to ! nature ( all consci\sness4 ,! t5d5cy ( all man's endeav\rs is to und]/& ! _w1 to appropriate & subdue x to himself3 & to ?is end ! positive reality ( ! _w mu/ be z x 7 cru%$ & p\nd$1 9 o!r words1 idealis$4 ,at ! same "t we mu/ note t x is n ! m]e act ( our p]sonal self-consci\sness1 :i* introduces an absolute unity into ! v>iety ( s5se4 ,r1 ?is id5tity is itself ! absolute4 ,! absolute is1 z x 71 s k9d z to leave individual ?+s to _! own enjoym5t1 & x aga9 drives !m back to ! absolute unity4 7#b7 ,expressions l 'transc5d5tal unity ( self-consci\sness' h an ugly look ab\t !m1 & sugge/ a mon/] 9 ! backgr\nd3 b _! mean+ is n s ab/ruse z x looks4 ,kant's mean+ ( transc5d5tal may be ga!r$ by ! way he di/+ui%es x f transc5d5t4 ,! transc5d5t may be said to be :at /eps out beyond ! categories ( ! und]/&+3 a s5se 9 :i* ! t]m is fir/ employ$ 9 ma!matics4 ,?us 9 geometry y are told to conceive ! circumf]5ce ( a circle z =m$ ( an inf9ite numb] ( inf9itely small /raight l9es4 ,9 o!r words1 *>act]i/ics :i* ! und]/&+ holds to be totally diff]5t1 ! /raight l9e & ! curve1 are expressly inve/$ ) id5tity4 ,ano!r transc5d5t ( ! same k9d is ! self-consci\sness :i* is id5tical ) itself & inf9ite 9 itself1 z di/+ui%$ f ! ord9>y consci\sness :i* d]ives its =m & tone f f9ite mat]ials4 ,t unity ( self-consci\sness1 h[ev]1 ,kant call$ transc5d5tal only2 & he meant !reby t ! unity 0 only 9 our m9ds & did n atta* to ! objects ap>t f our k ( !m4 7#c7 ,to reg>d ! categories z subjective only1 i4e4 z a "p ( ourselves1 mu/ seem v odd to ! natural m9d2 & no d\bt !re is some?+ que] ab\t x4 ,x is q true h[ev] t ! categories are n conta9$ 9 ! s5sation z x is giv5 u4 ,:51 = in/ance1 we look at a piece ( sug>1 we f9d x is h>d1 :ite1 sweet1 c4 ,all ^! prop]ties we say are unit$ 9 "o object4 ,n[ x is ?is unity t is n f\nd 9 ! s5sation4 ,! same ?+ happ5s if we conceive two ev5ts to /& 9 ! relation ( cause & effect4 ,! s5ses only in=m u ( ! two sev]al occurr5ces :i* foll[ ea* o!r 9 "t4 ,b t ! "o is cause1 ! o!r effect1--9 o!r words1 ! causal nexus betwe5 ! two1--is n p]ceiv$ by s5se2 x is only evid5t to ?\ght4 ,/ill1 ?\gh ! categories1 su* z unity1 or cause & effect1 are /rictly ! prop]ty ( ?\ght1 x by no means foll[s t !y mu/ be ours m]ely & n also *>act]i/ics ( ! objects4 ,kant h[ev] conf9es !m to ! subject-m9d1 & 8 philosophy may be /yl$ subjective idealism3 = he holds t bo? ! =m & ! matt] ( k are suppli$ by ! ,ego--or kn[+ subject--! =m by our intellectual1 ! matt] by our s5ti5t ego4 ,s f> z reg>ds ! cont5t ( ?is subjective idealism1 n a ^w ne$ be wa/$4 ,x might p]haps at fir/ sight be imag9$1 t objects w\ld lose _! reality :5 _! unity 0 transf]r$ to ! subject4 ,b nei!r we nor ! objects w\ld h any?+ to ga9 by ! m]e fact t !y possess$ be+4 ,! ma9 po9t is n1 t !y are1 b :at !y are1 & :e!r or n _! cont5t is true4 ,x does no good to ! ?+s to say m]ely t !y h be+4 ,:at has be+1 w also cease to be :5 "t creeps ov] x4 ,x might also be alleg$ t subjective idealism t5d$ to promote self-conceit4 ,b surely if a man's _w be ! sum ( 8 s5sible p]ceptions1 he has no reason to be va9 ( su* a _w4 ,lay+ aside !re=e z unimportant ?is di/9ction betwe5 subjective & objective1 we are *iefly int]e/$ 9 kn[+ :at a ?+ is3 i4e4 its cont5t1 :i* is no m objective ?an x is subjective4 ,if m]e exi/5ce be en\gh to make objectivity1 ev5 a crime is objective3 b x is an exi/5ce :i* is nullity at ! core1 z is def9itely made app>5t :5 ! day ( puni%m5t comes4 #dc4 ,! ,categories may be view$ 9 two aspects4 ,on ! "o h& x is by _! in/rum5tality t ! m]e p]ception ( s5se rises to objectivity & exp]i5ce4 ,on ! o!r h& ^! notions are unities 9 our consci\sness m]ely3 !y are consequ5tly condition$ by ! mat]ial giv5 to !m1 & hav+ no?+ ( _! own !y c be appli$ to use only )9 ! range ( exp]i5ce4 ,b ! o!r con/itu5t ( exp]i5ce1 ! impressions ( feel+ & p]ception1 is n "o :it less subjective ?an ! categories4 ,to ass]t t ! categories tak5 by !mselves are empty c sc>cely be "r1 see+ t !y h a cont5t1 at all ev5ts1 9 ! special /amp & significance :i* !y possess4 ,( c\rse ! cont5t ( ! categories is n p]ceptible to ! s5ses1 nor is x 9 "t & space3 b t is r a m]it ?an a defect4 ,a glimpse ( ?is mean+ ( cont5t may be obs]v$ to affect our ord9>y ?9k+4 ,a book or a spee* = example is said to h a great deal 9 x1 to be full ( cont5t1 9 proportion to ! great] numb] ( ?\ghts & g5]al results to be f\nd 9 x3 :il/1 on ! contr>y1 we %\ld nev] say t any book1 e4g4 novel1 _h mu* 9 x1 because x includ$ a great numb] ( s+le incid5ts1 situations1 & ! l4 ,ev5 ! popul> voice ?us recognises t some?+ m ?an ! facts ( s5se is ne$$ to make a "w pregnant ) matt]4 ,& :at is ?is additional desid]atum b ?\ghts1 or 9 ! fir/ in/ance ! categories8 ,& yet x is n altoge!r wrong1 x %\ld be add$1 to call ! categories ( !mselves empty1 if x be meant t !y & ! logical ,idea1 ( :i* !y are ! memb]s1 d n con/itute ! :ole ( philosophy1 b necess>ily lead onw>ds 9 due progress to ! real dep>tm5ts ( ,nature & ,m9d4 ,only let ! progress n be misund]/ood4 ,! logical ,ideal does n !reby come into possession ( a cont5t orig9ally =eign to x3 b by its own native action is specialis$ & develop$ to ,nature & ,m9d4 #dd4 ,x foll[s t ! categories are no fit t]ms to express ! ,absolute--! ,absolute n be+ giv5 9 p]ception2--& ,und]/&+1 or k by means ( ! categories1 is consequ5tly incapable ( kn[+ ! ,?+s-9-!mselves4 ,! ,?+-9-itself 7& "u '?+' is embrac$ ev5 ,m9d & ,god7 expresses ! object :5 we leave out ( sight all t consci\sness makes ( x1 all its emotional aspects1 & all specific ?\ghts ( x4 ,x is easy to see :at is left1--utt] ab/raction1 total empt9ess1 only describ$ /ill z an 'o!r-_w'--! negative ( e image1 feel+1 & def9ite ?\ght4 ,nor does x require mu* p5etration to see t ?is caput mortuum is /ill only a product ( ?\ght1 su* z accrues :5 ?\ght is c>ri$ on to ab/raction unalloy$3 t x is ! "w ( ! empty ',ego1' :i* makes an object out ( ?is empty self-id5tity ( its own4 ,! negative *>act]i/ic :i* ?is ab/ract id5tity receives z an object1 is also enum]at$ among ! categories ( ,kant1 & is no less famili> ?an ! empty id5tity a=esaid4 ,h5ce "o c only read ) surprise ! p]petual rem>k t we d n "k ! ,?+-9-itself4 ,on ! contr>y !re is no?+ we c "k s easily4 #de4 ,x is ,reason1 ! faculty ( ! ,uncondition$1 :i* discov]s ! condition$ nature ( ! k compris$ 9 exp]i5ce4 ,:at is ?us call$ ! object ( ,reason1 ! ,inf9ite or ,uncondition$1 is no?+ b self-sam5ess1 or ! prim>y id5tity ( ! ',ego' 9 ?\ght 7m5tion$ 9 #db74 ,reason itself is ! "n giv5 to ! ab/ract ',ego' or ?\ght1 :i* makes ?is pure id5tity its aim or object 7cf4 note to ! prec$+ 74 ,n[ ?is id5tity1 hav+ no def9ite attribute at all1 c receive no illum9ation f ! tru?s ( exp]i5ce1 = ! reason t ^! ref] always to def9ite facts4 ,su* is ! sort ( ,uncondition$ t is suppos$ to be ! absolute tru? ( ,reason1--:at is t]m$ ! ,idea2 :il/ ! cognitions ( exp]i5ce are r$uc$ to ! level ( untru? & decl>$ to be appe>ances4 ,kant 0 ! fir/ def9itely to signalise ! di/9ction betwe5 ,reason & ,und]/&+4 ,! object ( ! =m]1 z he appli$ ! t]m1 0 ! inf9ite & uncondition$1 ( ! latt] ! f9ite & condition$4 ,kant did valuable s]vice :5 he en=c$ ! f9ite "* ( ! cognitions ( ! und]/&+ f\nd$ m]ely ^u exp]i5ce1 & /amp$ _! cont5ts ) ! "n ( appe>ance4 ,b 8 mi/ake 0 to /op at ! purely negative po9t ( view1 & to limit ! unconditionality ( ,reason to an ab/ract self-sam5ess )\t any %ade ( di/9ction4 ,x degrades ,reason to a f9ite & condition$ ?+1 to id5tify x ) a m]e /epp+ beyond ! f9ite & condition$ range ( und]/&+4 ,! real inf9ite1 f> f be+ a m]e transc5d5ce ( ! f9ite1 always involves ! absorption ( ! f9ite into its own full] nature4 ,9 ! same way ,kant re/or$ ! ,idea to its prop] dignity3 v9dicat+ x = ,reason1 z a ?+ di/9ct f ab/ract analytic det]m9ations or f ! m]ely s5sible conceptions :i* usually appropriate to !mselves ! "n ( ideas4 ,b z respects ! ,idea also1 he nev] got beyond its negative aspect1 z :at ought to be b is n4 ,! view t ! objects ( imm$iate consci\sness1 :i* con/itute ! body ( exp]i5ce1 are m]e appe>ances 7ph5om5a71 0 ano!r important result ( ! ,kantian philosophy4 ,common ,s5se1 t mixture ( s5se & und]/&+1 believes ! objects ( :i* x has k to be sev]ally indep5d5t & self-support+2 & :5 x becomes evid5t t !y t5d t[>ds & limit "o ano!r1 ! int]dep5d5ce ( "o ^u ano!r is reckon$ some?+ =eign to !m & to _! true nature4 ,! v opposite is ! tru?4 ,! ?+s imm$iately kn[n are m]e appe>ances--9 o!r words1 ! gr\nd ( _! be+ is n 9 !mselves b 9 some?+ else4 ,b !n comes ! important /ep ( def9+ :at ?is some?+ else is4 ,accord+ to ,kant1 ! ?+s t we "k ab\t are to u appe>ances only1 & we c nev] "k _! ess5tial nature1 :i* belongs to ano!r _w we _c approa*4 ,pla9 m9ds h n unreasonably tak5 exception to ?is subjective idealism1 ) its r$uction ( ! facts ( consci\sness to a purely p]sonal _w1 creat$ by ourselves alone4 ,= ! true /atem5t ( ! case is r z foll[s4 ,! ?+s ( :i* we h direct consci\sness are m]e ph5om5a1 n = u only1 b 9 _! own nature2 & ! true & prop] case ( ^! ?+s1 f9ite z !y are1 is to h _! exi/5ce f\nd$ n 9 !mselves b 9 ! univ]sal div9e ,idea4 ,?is view ( ?+s1 x is true1 is z ideali/ z ,kant's2 b 9 contradi/9ction to ! subjective idealism ( ! ,critical philosophy %\ld be t]m$ absolute idealism4 ,absolute idealism1 h[ev]1 ?\gh x is f> 9 advance ( vulg> realism1 is by no means m]ely re/rict$ to philosophy4 ,x lies at ! root ( all religion2 = religion too believes ! actual _w we see1 ! sum total ( exi/5ce1 to be creat$ & gov]n$ by ,god4 #df4 ,b x is n en\gh simply to indicate ! exi/5ce ( ! object ( ,reason4 ,curiosity impels u to seek = k ( ?is id5tity1 ?is empty ?+-9-itself4 ,n[ k means su* an acqua9tance ) ! object z appreh5ds its di/9ct & special subject-matt]4 ,b su* subject-matt] involves a complex int]-connexion 9 ! object itself1 & supplies a gr\nd ( connexion ) _m o!r objects4 ,9 ! pres5t case1 to express ! nature ( ! features ( ! ,inf9ite or ,?+-9-itself1 ,reason w\ld h no?+ except ! categories3 & 9 any endeav\r s to employ !m ,reason becomes ov]-so>+ or 'transc5d5t4' ,"h beg9s ! second /age ( ! ,criticism ( ,reason--:i*1 z an indep5d5t piece ( "w1 is m valuable ?an ! fir/4 ,! fir/ "p1 z has be5 expla9$ above1 tea*es t ! categories orig9ate 9 ! unity ( self-consci\sness2 t any k :i* is ga9$ by _! means has no?+ objective 9 x1 & t ! v objectivity claim$ = !m is only subjective4 ,s f> z ?is goes1 ! ,kantian ,criticism pres5ts t 'common' type ( idealism kn[n z ,subjective ,idealism4 ,x asks no que/ions ab\t ! mean+ or scope ( ! categories1 b simply consid]s ! ab/ract =m ( subjectivity & objectivity1 & t ev5 9 su* a p>tial way1 t ! =m] aspect1 t ( subjectivity1 is reta9$ z a f9al & purely affirmative t]m ( ?\ght4 ,9 ! second "p1 h[ev]1 :5 ,kant exam9es ! application1 z x is call$1 :i* ,reason makes ( ! categories 9 ord] to "k its objects1 ! cont5t ( ! categories1 at lea/ 9 "s po9ts ( view1 comes 9 = discussion3 or1 at any rate1 an opportunity pres5t$ itself = a discussion ( ! "q4 ,x is wor? :ile to see :at decision ,kant arrives at on ! subject ( metaphysic1 z ?is application ( ! categories to ! uncondition$ is call$4 ,8 me?od ( proc$ure we %all "h briefly /ate & criticise4 #dg4 7a7 ,! fir/ ( ! uncondition$ entities :i* ,kant exam9es is ! ,s\l 7see above1 #cd74 ',9 my consci\sness1' he says1 ',i always f9d t ,i 7#a7 am ! det]m9+ subject3 7#b7 am s+ul>1 or ab/ractly simple3 7#c7 am id5tical1 or "o & ! same1 9 all ! v>iety ( :at ,i am consci\s (3 7#d7 di/+ui% myself z ?9k+ f all ! ?+s outside me4' ,n[ ! me?od ( ! old metaphysic1 z ,kant correctly /ates x1 consi/$ 9 sub/itut+ = ^! /atem5ts ( exp]i5ce ! correspond+ categories or metaphysical t]ms4 ,?us arise ^! f\r new propositions3 7a7 ! ,s\l is a sub/ance3 7b7 x is a simple sub/ance3 7c7 x is num]ically id5tical at ! v>i\s p]iods ( exi/5ce3 7d7 x /&s 9 relation to space4 ,kant discusses ?is translation1 & draws att5tion to ! ,p>alogism or mi/ake ( conf\nd+ "o k9d ( tru? ) ano!r4 ,he po9ts out t empirical attributes h "h be5 replac$ by categories3 & %[s t we are n entitl$ to argue f ! =m] to ! latt]1 or to put ! latt] 9 place ( ! =m]4 ,?is criticism obvi\sly b repeats ! obs]vation ( ,hume 7 #ci7 t ! categories z a :ole1--ideas ( univ]sality & necessity1--are entirely abs5t f s5sation2 & t ! empirical fact bo? 9 =m & cont5ts diff]s f its intellectual =mulation4 ,if ! purely empirical fact 7 held to con/itute ! cr$5tials ( ! ?\ght1 !n no d\bt x w\ld be indisp5sable to be able precisely to id5tify ! 'idea' 9 ! 'impression4' ,& 9 ord] to make out1 9 8 criticism ( ! metaphysical psy*ology1 t ! s\l _c be describ$ z sub/antial1 simple1 self-same1 & z ma9ta9+ its indep5d5ce 9 int]c\rse ) ! mat]ial _w1 ,kant argues f ! s+le gr\nd1 t ! sev]al attributes ( ! s\l1 :i* consci\sness lets u feel 9 exp]i5ce1 are n exactly ! same attributes z result f ! action ( ?\ght !reon4 ,b we h se5 above1 t accord+ to ,kant all k1 ev5 exp]i5ce1 consi/s 9 ?9k+ our impressions--9 o!r words1 9 trans=m+ into intellectual categories ! attributes prim>ily belong+ to s5sation4 ,unque/ionably "o good result ( ! ,kantian criticism 0 t x emancipat$ m5tal philosophy f ! 's\l-?+1' f ! categories1 &1 consequ5tly1 f que/ions ab\t ! simplicity1 complexity1 mat]iality1 c4 ( ! s\l4 ,b ev5 = ! common s5se ( ord9>y m51 ! true po9t ( view1 f :i* ! inadmissibility ( ^! =ms be/ appe>s1 w be1 n t !y are ?\ghts1 b t ?\ghts ( su* a /amp nei!r c nor d conta9 tru?4 ,if ?\ght & ph5om5on d n p]fectly correspond to "o ano!r1 we are free at lea/ to *oose :i* ( ! two %all be held ! default]4 ,! ,kantian idealism1 :]e x t\*es on ! _w ( ,reason1 ?r[s ! blame on ! ?\ghts2 say+ t ! ?\ghts are defective1 z n be+ exactly fitt$ to ! s5sations & to a mode ( m9d :olly re/rict$ )9 ! range ( s5sation1 9 :i* z su* !re are no traces ( ! pres5ce ( ^! ?\ghts4 ,b z to ! actual cont5t ( ! ?\ght1 no "q is rais$4 ,p>alogisms are a species ( uns\nd syllogism1 ! especial vice ( :i* consi/s 9 employ+ "o & ! same ^w 9 ! two premisses ) a diff]5t mean+4 ,accord+ to ,kant ! me?od adopt$ by ! rational psy*ology ( ! old metaphysicians1 :5 !y assum$ t ! qualities ( ! ph5om5al s\l1 z giv5 9 exp]i5ce1 =m$ "p ( its own real ess5ce1 0 bas$ ^u su* a ,p>alogism4 ,nor c x be d5i$ t pr$icates l simplicity1 p]man5ce1 c1 are inapplicable to ! s\l4 ,b _! unfitness is n due to ! gr\nd assign$ by ,kant1 t ,reason1 by apply+ !m1 w\ld exce$ its appo9t$ b\nds4 ,! true gr\nd is t ?is /yle ( ab/ract t]ms is n good en\gh = ! s\l1 :i* is v2 mu* m ?an a m]e simple or un*angeable sort ( ?+4 ,& ?us1 = example1 :ile ! s\l may be admitt$ to be simple self-sam5ess1 x is at ! same "t active & in/itutes di/9ctions 9 its own nature4 ,b :atev] is m]ely or ab/ractly simple is z su* also a m]e dead ?+4 ,by 8 polemic aga9/ ! metaphysic ( ! pa/ ,kant disc>d$ ^? pr$icates f ! s\l or m9d4 ,he did well2 b :5 he came to /ate 8 reasons1 8 failure is app>5t4 #dh4 77 ,! second uncondition$ object is ! ,_w 7 #ce74 ,9 ! attempt :i* reason makes to compreh5d ! uncondition$ nature ( ! ,_w1 x falls into :at are call$ ,ant9omies4 ,9 o!r words x ma9ta9s two opposite propositions ab\t ! same object1 & 9 su* a way t ea* ( !m has to be ma9ta9$ ) equal necessity4 ,f ?is x foll[s t ! body ( cosmical fact1 ! specific /atem5ts descriptive ( :i* run into contradiction1 _c be a self-subsi/5t reality1 b only an appe>ance4 ,! explanation (f]$ by ,kant alleges t ! contradiction does n affect ! object 9 its own prop] ess5ce1 b atta*es only to ! ,reason :i* seeks to compreh5d x4 ,9 ?is way ! sugge/ion 0 broa*$ t ! contradiction is occasion$ by ! subject-matt] itself1 or by ! intr9sic quality ( ! categories4 ,& to (f] ! idea t ! contradiction introduc$ into ! _w ( ,reason by ! categories ( ,und]/&+ is inevitable & ess5tial1 0 to make "o ( ! mo/ important /eps 9 ! progress ( ,mod]n ,philosophy4 ,b ! m important ! issue ?us rais$ ! m trivial 0 ! solution4 ,its only motive 0 an excess ( t5d]ness = ! ?+s ( ! _w4 ,! blemi% ( contradiction1 x seems1 c\ld n be all[$ to m> ! ess5ce ( ! _w3 b !re c\ld be no objection to atta* x to ! ?9k+ ,reason1 to ! ess5ce ( m9d4 ,probably nobody w feel dispos$ to d5y t ! ph5om5al _w pres5ts contradictions to ! obs]v+ m9d2 mean+ by 'ph5om5al' ! _w z x pres5ts itself to ! s5ses & und]/&+1 to ! subjective m9d4 ,b if a comp>ison is in/itut$ betwe5 ! ess5ce ( ! _w & ! ess5ce ( ! m9d1 x does seem /range to he> h[ calmly & confid5tly ! mode/ dogma has be5 advanc$ by "o1 & repeat$ by o!rs1 t ?\ght or ,reason1 & n ! ,_w1 is ! seat ( contradiction4 ,x is no escape to turn r\nd & expla9 t ,reason falls into contradiction only by apply+ ! categories4 ,= ?is application ( ! categories is ma9ta9$ to be necess>y1 & ,reason is n suppos$ to be equipp$ ) any o!r =ms b ! categories = ! purpose ( cognition4 ,b cognition is det]m9+ & det]m9ate ?9k+3 s t1 if ,reason be m]e empty indet]m9ate ?9k+1 x ?9ks no?+4 ,& if 9 ! end ,reason be r$uc$ to m]e id5tity )\t div]sity 7see next 71 x w 9 ! end also w9 a happy release f contradiction at ! slight sacrifice ( all its facts & cont5ts4 ,x may also be not$ t 8 failure to make a m ?or\gh /udy ( ,ant9omy 0 "o ( ! reasons :y ,kant enum]at$ only f\r ,ant9omies4 ,^! f\r attract$ 8 notice1 because1 z may be se5 9 8 discussion ( ! s-call$ ,p>alogisms ( ,reason1 he assum$ ! li/ ( ! categories z a basis ( 8 argum5t4 ,employ+ :at has subsequ5tly become a fav\rite fa%ion1 he simply put ! object "u a rubric o!rwise ready to h&1 in/ead ( d$uc+ its *>act]i/ics f its notion4 ,fur!r defici5cies 9 ! treatm5t ( ! ,ant9omies ,i h po9t$ out1 z occasion (f]$1 9 my ',sci5ce ( ,logic' ,"h x w be suffici5t to say t ! ,ant9omies are n conf9$ to ! f\r special objects tak5 f ,cosmology3 !y appe> 9 all objects ( e k9d1 9 all conceptions1 notions & ,ideas4 ,to be aw>e ( ?is & to "k objects 9 ?is prop]ty ( !irs1 makes a vital "p 9 a philosophical !ory4 ,= ! prop]ty ?us indicat$ is :at we %all aft]w>ds describe z ! ,dialectical influ5ce 9 logic4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! pr9ciples ( ! metaphysical philosophy gave rise to ! belief t1 :5 cognition laps$ into contradictions1 x 0 a m]e accid5tal ab]ration1 due to "s subjective mi/ake 9 argum5t & inf]5ce4 ,accord+ to ,kant1 h[ev]1 ?\ght has a natural t5d5cy to issue 9 contradictions or ant9omies1 :5ev] x seeks to appreh5d ! inf9ite4 ,we h 9 ! latt] "p ( ! above p>agraph ref]r$ to ! philosophical importance ( ! ant9omies ( reason1 & %[n h[ ! recognition ( _! exi/5ce help$ l>gely to get rid ( ! rigid dogmatism ( ! metaphysic ( und]/&+1 & to direct att5tion to ! ,dialectical movem5t ( ?\ght4 ,b "h too ,kant1 z we mu/ add1 nev] got beyond ! negative result t ! ?+-9-itself is unkn[able1 & nev] p5etrat$ to ! discov]y ( :at ! ant9omies really & positively mean4 ,t true & positive mean+ ( ! ant9omies is ?is3 t e actual ?+ involves a coexi/5ce ( oppos$1 elem5ts4 ,consequ5tly to "k1 or1 9 o!r words1 to compreh5d an object is equival5t to be+ consci\s ( x z a concrete unity ( oppos$ det]m9ations4 ,! old4 metaphysic1 z we h already se51 :5 x /udi$ ! objects ( :i* x s\ght a metaphysical k1 w5t to "w by apply+ categories ab/ractly & to ! exclusion ( _! opposites4 ,kant1 on ! o!r h&1 tri$ to prove t ! /atem5ts1 issu+ ?r\gh ?is me?od1 c\ld be met by o!r /atem5ts ( contr>y import ) equal w>rant & equal necessity4 ,9 ! enum]ation ( ^! ant9omies he n>r[$ 8 gr\nd to ! cosmology ( ! old metaphysical sy/em1 & 9 8 discussion made out f\r ant9omies1 a numb] :i* re/s ^u ! li/ ( ! categories4 ,! fir/ ant9omy is on ! "q3 ,:e!r we are or are n to ?9k ! _w limit$ 9 space & "t4 ,9 ! second ant9omy we h a discussion ( ! dilemma3 ,matt] mu/ be conceiv$ ei!r z endlessly divisible1 or z consi/+ ( atoms4 ,! ?ird ant9omy be>s ^u ! anti!sis ( fre$om & necessity1 to su* ext5t z x is embrac$ 9 ! "q1 ,:e!r ev]y?+ 9 ! _w mu/ be suppos$ subject to ! condition ( causality1 or if we c also assume free be+s1 9 o!r words1 absolute initial po9ts ( action1 9 ! _w4 ,f9ally1 ! f\r? ant9omy is ! dilemma3 ,ei!r ! _w z a :ole has a cause or x is uncaus$4 ,! me?od :i* ,kant foll[s 9 discuss+ ^! ant9omies is z foll[s4 ,he puts ! two propositions impli$ 9 ! dilemma ov] aga9/ ea* o!r z !sis & anti!sis1 & seeks to prove bo?3 t is to say he tries to exhibit !m z inevitably issu+ f reflection on ! "q4 ,he p>ticul>ly prote/s aga9/ ! *>ge ( be+ a special plead] & ( gr\nd+ 8 reason+ on illusions4 ,speak+ hone/ly1 h[ev]1 ! argum5ts :i* ,kant (f]s = 8 !sis & anti!sis are m]e %ams ( demon/ration4 ,! ?+ to be prov$ is inv>iably impli$ 9 ! assumption he />ts f1 & ! speci\sness ( 8 pro(s is only due to 8 prolix & apagogic mode ( proc$ure4 ,yet x 01 & /ill is1 a great a*ievem5t = ! ,critical philosophy1 :5 x exhibit$ ^! ant9omies3 = 9 ?is way x gave "s expression 7at fir/ c]ta9ly subjective & unexpla9$7 to ! actual unity ( ^? categories :i* are kept p]si/5tly sep>ate by ! und]/&+4 ,! fir/ ( ! cosmological ant9omies1 = example1 implies a recognition ( ! doctr9e t space & "t pres5t a discrete z well z a cont9u\s aspect3 :]eas ! old metaphysic1 lay+ exclusive emphasis on ! cont9uity1 _h be5 l$ to treat ! _w z unlimit$ 9 space & "t4 ,x is q correct to say t we c g beyond e def9ite space & beyond e def9ite "t3 b x is no less correct t space & "t are real & actual only :5 !y are def9$ or specialis$ into '"h' & 'n[1'--a specialisation :i* is involv$ 9 ! v notion ( !m4 ,! same obs]vations apply to ! re/ ( ! ant9omies4 ,take1 = example1 ! ant9omy ( fre$om & necessity4 ,! ma9 gi/ ( itis t fre$om & necessity z und]/ood by ab/ract ?9k]s are n indep5d5tly real1 z ^! ?9k]s suppose1 b m]ely ideal factors 7mom5ts7 ( ! true fre$om & ! true necessity1 & t to ab/ract & isolate ei!r conception is to make x false4 #di4 7y7 ,! ?ird object ( ! ,reason is ,god 7#cf73 ,he also mu/ be kn[n & def9$ 9 t]ms ( ?\ght4 ,b 9 comp>ison ) an unalloy$ id5tity1 e def9+ t]m z su* seems to ! und]/&+ to be only a limit & a negation3 e reality accord+ly mu/ be tak5 z limitless1 i4e4 undef9$4 ,accord+ly ,god1 :5 ,he is def9$ to be ! sum ( all realities1 ! mo/ real ( be+s1 turns into a m]e ab/ract4 ,& ! only t]m "u :i* t mo/ real ( real1 ?+s c be def9$ is t ( ,be+--itself ! height ( ab/raction4 ,^! are ! two elem5ts1 ab/ract id5tity1 on "o h&1 :i* is spok5 ( 9 ?is place z ! notion2 & ,be+ on ! o!r1--:i* ,reason seeks to unify4 ,& _! union is ! ,ideal ( ,reason4 #ej4 ,to c>ry out ?is unification two ways or two =ms are admissible4 ,ei!r we may beg9 ) ,be+ & proce$ to ! ab/raction ( ,?\ght3 or ! movem5t may beg9 ) ! ab/raction & end 9 ,be+4 ,we %all1 9 ! fir/ place1 />t f ,be+4 ,b ,be+1 9 its natural aspect1 pres5ts itself to view z a ,be+ ( inf9ite v>iety1 a ,_w 9 all its pl5itude4 ,& ?is _w may be reg>d$ 9 two ways3 fir/1 z a collection ( innum]able unconnect$ facts2 & second1 z a collection ( innum]able facts 9 mutual relation1 giv+ evid5ce ( design4 ,! fir/ aspect is emphasis$ 9 ! ,cosmological pro(3 ! latt] 9 ! pro(s ( ,natural ,!ology4 ,suppose n[ t ?is fulness ( be+ passes "u ! ag5cy ( ?\ght4 ,!n x is /ripp$ ( its isolation & unconnect$ness1 & view$ z a univ]sal & absolutely necess>y be+ :i* det]m9es itself & acts by g5]al purposes or laws4 ,& ?is necess>y & self-det]m9$ be+1 diff]5t f ! be+ at ! comm5cem5t1 is ,god4 ,! ma9 =ce ( ,kant's criticism on ?is process attacks x = be+ a syllogis+1 i4e4 a transition4 ,p]ceptions1 & t aggregate ( p]ceptions we call ! _w1 exhibit z !y /& no traces ( t univ]sality :i* !y aft]w>ds receive f ! purify+ act ( ?\ght4 ,! empirical conception ( ! _w !re=e gives no w>rant = ! idea ( univ]sality4 ,& s any attempt on ! "p ( ?\ght to asc5d f ! empirical conception ( ! _w to ,god is *eck$ by ! argum5t ( ,hume 7z 9 ! p>alogisms1 #dg71 accord+ to :i* we h no "r to ?9k s5sations1 t is1 to elicit univ]sality & necessity f !m4 ,man is ess5tially a ?9k]3 & !re=e s\nd ,common ,s5se1 z well z ,philosophy1 w n yield up _! "r ( ris+ to ,god f & out ( ! empirical view ( ! _w4 ,! only basis on :i* ?is rise is possible is ! ?9k+ /udy ( ! _w1 n ! b>e s5su\s1 animal1 attuition ( x4 ,?\ght & ?\ght alone has eyes = ! ess5ce1 sub/ance1 univ]sal p[]1 & ultimate design ( ! _w4 ,& :at m5 call ! pro(s ( ,god's exi/5ce are1 rightly und]/ood1 ways ( describ+ & analys+ ! native c\rse ( ! m9d1 ! c\rse ( ?\ght ?9k+ ! data ( ! s5ses4 ,! rise ( ?\ght beyond ! _w ( s5se1 its passage f ! f9ite to ! inf9ite1 ! leap into ! sup]-s5sible :i* x takes :5 x snaps asund] ! *a9 ( s5se1 all ?is transition is ?\ght & no?+ b ?\ght4 ,say !re is no su* passage1 & y say !re is to be no ?9k+4 ,& 9 soo?1 animals make no su* transition4 ,!y nev] get fur!r ?an s5sation & ! p]ception ( ! s5ses1 & 9 consequ5ce !y h no religion4 ,bo? on g5]al gr\nds1 & 9 ! p>ticul> case1 !re are two rem>ks to be made ^u ! criticism ( ?is exaltation 9 ?\ght4 ,! fir/ rem>k deals ) ! "q ( =m4 ,:5 ! exaltation is exhibit$ 9 a syllogi/ic process1 9 ! %ape ( :at we call pro(s ( ! be+ ( ,god1 ^! reason+s _c b />t f "s sort ( !ory ( ! _w1 :i* makes x an aggregate ei!r ( cont+5t facts or ( f9al causes & relations involv+ design4 ,! m]ely syllogi/ic ?9k] may deem ?is />t+-po9t a solid basis & suppose t x rema9s ?r\gh\t 9 ! same empirical light1 left at la/ z x 0 at ! fir/4 ,9 ?is case1 ! be>+ ( ! beg9n+ ^u ! conclusion to :i* x leads has a purely affirmative aspect1 z if we 7 only reason+ f "o ?+ :i* is & cont9ues to be1 to ano!r ?+ :i* 9 l mann] is4 ,b ! great error is to re/rict our notions ( ! nature ( ?\ght to its =m 9 und]/&+ alone4 ,to ?9k ?9k ! ph5om5al _w r1 means to re-ca/ its =m1 & transmute x into a univ]sal4 ,& ?us ! action-(-?\ght1 has also1 negative effect ^u its basis3 & ! matt] ( s5sation1 :5 x receives ! /amp ( univ]sality1 at once loses its fir/ & ph5om5al %ape4 ,by ! removal & negation ( ! %ell1 ! k]nel )9 ! s5se2 v p]cept is br\ght to ! light 7 #ac & #bc74 ,& x is because !y d n1 ) suffici5t prom95ce1 express ! negative features impli$ 9 ! exaltation ( ! m9d f ! _w to ,god1 t ! metaphysical pro(s ( ! be+ ( a ,god are defective int]pretations & descriptions ( ! process4 ,if ! _w is only a sum ( incid5ts1 x foll[s t x is also decidu\s & ph5om5al1 9 esse & posse null4 ,t upw>d spr+ ( ! m9d signifies1 t ! be+ :i* ! _w has is only a semblance1 no real be+1 no absolute tru?2 x signifies t1 beyond & above t appe>ance1 tru? abides 9 ,god1 s t true be+ is ano!r "n = ,god4 ,! process ( exaltation might ?us appe> to be transition & to involve a means1 b x is n a :it less true1 t e trace ( transition & means is absorb$2 s9ce ! _w1 :i* might h seem$ to be ! means ( rea*+ ,god1 is expla9$ to be a nullity4 ,unless ! be+ ( ! _w is nullifi$1 ! po9t d'appui = ! exaltation is lo/4 ,9 ?is way ! app>5t means vani%es1 & ! process ( d]ivation is cancell$ 9 ! v act by :i* x proce$s4 ,x is ! affirmative aspect ( ?is relation1 z suppos$ to subsi/ betwe5 two ?+s1 ei!r ( :i* is z mu* z ! o!r1 :i* ,jacobi ma9ly has 9 8 eye :5 he attacks ! demon/rations ( ! und]/&+4 ,ju/ly c5sur+ !m = seek+ conditions 7i4e4 ! _w7 = ! uncondition$1 he rem>ks t ! ,inf9ite or ,god mu/ on su* a me?od be pres5t$ z dep5d5t & d]ivative4 ,b t elevation1 z x takes place 9 ! m9d1 s]ves to correct ?is semblance3 9 fact1 x has no o!r mean+ ?an to correct t semblance4 ,jacobi1 h[ev]1 fail$ to recognise ! g5u9e nature ( ess5tial ?\ght--by :i* x cancels ! m$iation 9 ! v act ( m$iat+2 & consequ5tly1 8 objection1 ?\gh x tells aga9/ ! m]ely 'reflective' und]/&+1 is false :5 appli$ to ?\ght z a :ole1 & 9 p>ticul> to reasonable ?\ght4 ,to expla9 :at we mean by ! neglect ( ! negative factor 9 ?\ght1 we may ref] by way ( illu/ration to ! *>ges ( ,pan!ism & ,a!ism br\ght aga9/ ! doctr9es ( ,sp9oza4 ,! absolute ,sub/ance ( ,sp9oza c]ta9ly falls %ort ( absolute _s1 & x is a "r & prop] requirem5t t ,god %\ld be def9$ z absolute _s4 ,b :5 ! def9ition 9 ,sp9oza is said to id5tify ! _w ) ,god1 & to conf\nd ,god ) nature & ! f9ite _w1 x is impli$ t ! f9ite _w possesses a g5u9e actuality & affirmative reality4 ,if ?is assumption be admitt$1 ( c\rse a union ( ,god ) ! _w r5d]s ,god completely f9ite1 & degrades ,him to ! b>e f9ite & adv5titi\s cong]ies ( exi/5ce4 ,b !re are two objections to be not$4 ,9 ! fir/ place ,sp9oza does n def9e ,god z ! unity ( ,god ) ! _w1 b z ! union ( ?\ght ) ext5sion1 t is1 ) ! mat]ial _w4 ,& secondly1 ev5 if we accept ?is awkw>d popul> /atem5t z to ?is unity1 x w\ld /ill be true t ! sy/em ( ,sp9oza 0 n ,a!ism b ,acosmism1 def9+ ! _w to be an appe>ance lack+ 9 true reality4 ,a philosophy1 :i* affirms t ,god & ,god-alone is1 %\ld n be /igmatis$ z a!i/ic1 :5 ev5 ^? nations :i* wor%ip ! ape1 ! c[1 or images ( /one & brass1 are cr$it$ ) "s religion4 ,b z ?+s /& ! imag9ation ( ord9>y m5 feels a vehem5t reluctance to surr5d] its de>e/ conviction1 t ?is aggregate ( f9itude1 :i* x calls a _w1 has actual reality2 & to hold t !re is no _w is a way ( ?9k+ !y are fa9 to believe impossible1 or at lea/ mu* less possible ?an to ent]ta9 ! idea t !re is no ,god4 ,human nature1 n mu* to its cr$it1 is m ready to believe t a sy/em d5ies ,god1 ?an t x d5ies ! _w4 ,a d5ial ( ,god seems s mu* m intelligible ?an a d5ial ( ! _w4 ,! second rem>k be>s on ! criticism ( ! mat]ial propositions to :i* t elevation 9 ?\ght 9 ! fir/ in/ance leads4 ,if ^! propositions h = _! pr$icate su* t]ms z sub/ance ( ! _w1 its necess>y ess5ce1 cause :i* regulates & directs x accord+ to design1 !y are c]ta9ly inadequate to express :at is or ought to be und]/ood by ,god4 ,yet ap>t f ! trick ( adopt+ a prelim9>y popul> conception ( ,god1 & criticis+ a result by ?is assum$ /&>d1 x is c]ta9 t ^! *>act]i/ics h great value1 & are necess>y factors 9 ! idea ( ,god4 ,b if we wi% 9 ?is way to br+ be=e ?\ght ! g5u9e idea ( ,god1 & give its true value & expression to ! c5tral tru?1 we mu/ be c>eful n to />t f a subord9ate level ( facts4 ,to speak ( ! 'm]ely cont+5t' ?+s ( ! _w is a v inadequate description ( ! premisses4 ,! organic /ructures1 & ! evid5ce !y af=d ( mutual adaptation1 belong to a high] prov9ce1 ! prov9ce ( animat$ nature4 ,b ev5 )\t tak+ into consid]ation ! possible blemi% :i* ! /udy ( animat$ nature & ( ! o!r teleological aspects ( exi/+ ?+s may contract f ! pett9ess ( ! f9al causes1 & f pu]ile in/ances ( !m & _! be>+s1 m]ely animat$ nature is1 at ! be/1 incapable ( supply+ ! mat]ial = a tru?ful expression to ! idea ( ,god4 ,god is m ?an life3 ,he is ,_s4 ,& !re=e if ! ?\ght ( ! ,absolute takes a />t+-po9t = its rise1 & desires to take ! ne>e/1 ! mo/ true & adequate />t+-po9t w be f\nd 9 ! nature ( _s alone4 #ea4 ,! o!r way ( unification by :i* to realise ! ,ideal ( ,reason is to set out f ! ab/ractum ( ,?\ght & seek to *>act]ise x3 = :i* purpose ,be+ is ! only available t]m4 ,?is is ! me?od ( ! ,ontological pro(4 ,! opposition1 "h pres5t$ f a m]ely subjective po9t ( view1 lies betwe5 ,?\ght & ,be+2 :]eas 9 ! fir/ way ( junction1 be+ is common to ! two sides ( ! anti!sis1 & ! contra/ lies only betwe5 its individualisation & univ]sality4 ,und]/&+ meets ?is second way ) :at is implicitly ! same objection1 z x made to ! fir/4 ,x d5i$ t ! empirical involves ! univ]sal3 s x d5ies t ! univ]sal involves ! specialisation1 :i* specialisation 9 ?is in/ance is be+4 ,9 o!r words x says3 ,be+ _c be d$uc$ f ! notion by any analysis4 ,! uni=mly fav\rable reception & acceptance :i* att5d$ ,kant's criticism ( ! ,ontological pro( 0 und\bt$ly due to ! illu/ration :i* he made use (4 ,to expla9 ! diff]5ce betwe5 ?\ght & be+1 he took ! in/ance ( a hundr$ sov]eigns1 :i*1 = any?+ x matt]s to ! notion1 are ! same hundr$ :e!r !y are real or only possible1 ?\gh ! diff]5ce ( ! two cases is v p]ceptible 9 _! effect on a man's purse4 ,no?+ c be m obvi\s ?an t any?+ we only ?9k or conceive is n on t acc\nt actual3 t m5tal repres5tation1 & ev5 notional compreh5sion1 always falls %ort ( be+4 ,/ill x may n unfairly be /yl$ a b>b>ism 9 language1 :5 ! "n ( notion is giv5 to ?+s l a hundr$ sov]eigns4 ,&1 putt+ t mi/ake aside1 ^? :o p]petually urge aga9/ ! philosophic ,idea ! diff]5ce betwe5 ,be+ & ,?\ght1 might h admitt$ t philosoph]s 7 n :olly ignorant ( ! fact4 ,c !re be any proposition m trite ?an ?is8 ,b aft] all1 x is well to rememb]1 :5 we speak ( ,god1 t we h an object ( ano!r k9d ?an any hundr$ sov]eigns1 & unlike any "o p>ticul> notion1 repres5tation1 or h[ev] else x may be /yl$4 ,x is 9 fact ?is & ?is alone :i* m>ks ev]y?+ f9ite3--its be+ 9 "t & space is discrepant f its notion4 ,god1 on ! contr>y1 expressly has to be :at c only be '?\ght z exi/+'2 ,8 notion involves be+4 ,x is ?is unity ( ! notion & be+ t con/itutes ! notion ( ,god4 ,if ?is 7 all1 we %\ld h only a =mal expression ( ! div9e nature :i* w\ld n really g beyond a /atem5t ( ! nature ( ! notion itself4 ,& t ! notion1 9 its mo/ ab/ract t]ms1 involves be+ is pla94 ,= ! notion1 :atev] o!r det]m9ation x may receive1 is at lea/ ref]5ce back on itself1 :i* results by aboli%+ ! int]m$iation1 & ?us is imm$iate4 ,& :at is t ref]5ce to self1 b be+8 ,c]ta9ly x w\ld be /range if ! notion1 ! v inmo/ ( m9d1 if ev5 ! ',ego1' or above all1 ! concrete totality we call ,god1 7 n ri* en\gh to include s poor a category z be+1 ! v poore/ & mo/ ab/ract ( all4 ,=1 if we look at ! ?\ght x holds1 no?+ c be m insignificant ?an be+4 ,& yet !re may be some?+ /ill m insignificant ?an be+1--t :i* at fir/ sight is p]haps suppos$ to be1 an ext]nal & s5sible exi/5ce1 l t ( ! pap] ly+ be=e me4 ,h[ev]1 9 ?is matt]1 nobody proposes to speak ( ! s5sible exi/5ce ( a limit$ & p]i%able ?+4 ,besides1 ! petty /ricture ( ! ,kritik t '?\ght & be+ are diff]5t' c at mo/ mole/ ! pa? ( ! human m9d f ! ?\ght ( ,god to ! c]ta9ty t ,he is3 x _c take x away4 ,x is ?is process ( transition1 dep5d+ on ! absolute insep>ability ( ! ?\ght ( ,god f ,8 be+1 = :i* its prop] au?ority has be5 re-v9dicat$ 9 ! !ory ( fai? or imm$iate k1--:]e( h]eaft]4 #eb4 ,9 ?is way ?\ght1 at its highe/ pit*1 has to g outside = any det]m9at5ess3 & al?\gh x is cont9ually t]m$ ,reason1 is out-&-out ab/ract ?9k+4 ,& ! result ( all is t ,reason supplies no?+ beyond ! =mal unity requir$ to simplify & sy/ematise exp]i5ces2 x is a canon1 n an organon ( tru?1 & c furni% only a criticism ( k1 n a doctr9e ( ! inf9ite4 ,9 its f9al analysis ?is criticism is summ$ up 9 ! ass]tion t 9 /rictness ?\ght is only ! indet]m9ate unity & ! action ( ?is indet]m9ate unity4 ,kant und\bt$ly held reason to be ! faculty ( ! uncondition$2 b if reason be r$uc$ to ab/ract id5tity only1 x by implication r5\nces its unconditionality & is 9 reality no bett] ?an empty und]/&+4 ,= reason is uncondition$1 only 9 s f> z its "* & quality are n due to an extrane\s & =eign cont5t1 only 9 s f> z x is self-*>act]is+1 & ?us1 9 po9t ( cont5t1 is its own ma/]4 ,kant1 h[ev]1 expressly expla9s t ! action ( reason consi/s solely 9 apply+ ! categories to sy/ematise ! matt] giv5 by p]ception1 e4 to place x 9 an outside ord]1 "u ! guidance ( ! pr9ciple ( non-contradiction4 #ec4 7b7 ,! ,practical ,reason is und]/ood by ,kant to mean a ?9k+ ,w1 i4e4 a ,w t det]m9es itself on univ]sal pr9ciples4 ,its (fice is to give objective1 imp]ative laws ( fre$om1--laws1 t is1 :i* /ate :at ought to happ54 ,! w>rant = ?us assum+ ?\ght to be an activity :i* makes itself felt objectively1 t is1 to be really a ,reason1 is ! alleg$ possibility ( prov+ practical fre$om by exp]i5ce1 t is1 ( %[+ x 9 ! ph5om5on ( self-consci\sness4 ,?is exp]i5ce 9 consci\sness is at once met by all t ! ,necessit>ian produces f contr>y exp]i5ce1 p>ticul>ly by ! sceptical induction 7employ$ among/ o!rs by ,hume7 f ! endless div]sity ( :at m5 reg>d z "r & duty1--i4e4 f ! div]sity app>5t 9 ^? pr(ess$ly objective laws ( fre$om4 #ed4 ,:at1 !n1 is to s]ve z ! law :i* ! ,practical ,reason embraces & obeys1 & z ! crit]ion 9 its act ( self-det]m9ation8 ,!re is no rule at h& b ! same ab/ract id5tity ( und]/&+ z be=e3 ,!re mu/ be no contradiction 9 ! act ( self-det]m9ation4 ,h5ce ! ,practical ,reason nev] %akes (f ! =malism :i* is repres5t$ z ! climax ( ! ,!oretical ,reason4 ,b ?is ,practical ,reason does n conf9e ! univ]sal pr9ciple ( ! ,good to its own inw>d regulation3 x fir/ becomes practical1 9 ! true s5se ( ! ^w1 :5 x insi/s on ! ,good be+ manife/$ 9 ! _w ) an outw>d objectivity1 & requires t ! ?\ght %all be objective ?r\gh\t1 & n m]ely subjective4 ,we %all speak ( ?is po/ulate ( ! ,practical ,reason aft]w>ds4 ,! free self-det]m9ation :i* ,kant d5i$ to ! speculative1 he has expressly v9dicat$ = ! practical reason4 ,to _m m9ds ?is p>ticul> aspect ( ! ,kantian philosophy made x welcome2 & t = good reasons4 ,to e/imate rightly :at we owe to ,kant 9 ! matt]1 we ought to set be=e our m9ds ! =m ( practical philosophy & 9 p>ticul> ( 'moral philosophy1' :i* prevail$ 9 8 "t4 ,x may be g5]ally describ$ z a sy/em ( ,eudaemonism1 :i*1 :5 ask$ :at man's *ief end ought to be1 repli$ ,happ9ess4 ,& by happ9ess ,eudaemonism und]/ood ! satisfaction ( ! private appetites1 wi%es & wants ( ! man3 ?us rais+ ! cont+5t & p>ticul> into a pr9ciple = ! w & its actualisation4 ,to ?is ,eudaemonism1 :i* 0 de/itute ( /ability & consi/5cy1 & :i* left ! 'door & gate' wide op5 = e :im & caprice1 ,kant oppos$ ! practical reason1 & ?us emphasis$ ! ne$ = a pr9ciple ( w :i* %\ld be univ]sal & lay ! same obligation on all4 ,! !oretical reason1 z has be5 made evid5t 9 ! prec$+ p>agraphs1 is id5tifi$ by ,kant ) ! negative faculty ( ! inf9ite2 & z x has no positive cont5t ( its own1 x is re/rict$ to ! function ( detect+ ! f9itude ( exp]i5tial k4 ,to ! practical reason1 on ! contr>y1 he has expressly all[$ a positive inf9ity1 by ascrib+ to ! w ! p[] ( modify+ itself 9 univ]sal modes1 i4e4 by ?\ght4 ,su* a p[] ! w und\bt$ly has3 & x is well to rememb] t man is free only 9 s f> z he possesses x & avails himself ( x 9 8 conduct4 ,b a recognition ( ! exi/5ce ( ?is p[] is n en\gh & does n avail to tell u :at are ! cont5ts ( ! w or practical reason4 ,h5ce to say1 t a man mu/ make ! ,good ! cont5t ( 8 w1 raises ! "q1 :at t cont5t is1 & :at are ! means ( asc]ta9+ :at good is4 ,nor does "o get ov] ! difficulty by ! pr9ciple t ! w mu/ be consi/5t ) itself1 or by ! precept to d duty = ! sake ( duty4 #ee4 7c7 ,! ,reflective ,p[] ( ,judgm5t is inve/$ by ,kant ) ! function ( an ,intuitive ,und]/&+4 ,t is to say1 :]eas ! p>ticul>s _h hi!rto appe>$1 s f> z ! univ]sal or ab/ract id5tity 0 conc]n$1 adv5titi\s & incapable ( be+ d$uc$ f x1 ! ,intuitive ,und]/&+ appreh5ds ! p>ticul>s z m\ld$ & =m$ by ! univ]sal itself4 ,exp]i5ce pres5ts su* univ]salis$ p>ticul>s 9 ! products ( ,art & ( organic nature4 ,! capital feature 9 ,kant's ,criticism ( ! ,judgm5t is1 t 9 x he gave a repres5tation & a "n1 if n ev5 an intellectual expression1 to ! ,idea4 ,su* a repres5tation1 z an ,intuitive ,und]/&+1 or an inn] adaptation1 sugge/s a univ]sal :i* is at ! same "t appreh5d$ z ess5tially a concrete unity1 ,x is 9 ^! ap]u alone t ! ,kantian philosophy rises to ! speculative height4 ,s*ill]1 & o!rs1 h f\nd 9 ! idea ( arti/ic beauty1 :]e ?\ght & s5su\s conception h gr[n toge!r into "o1 a way ( escape f ! ab/ract & sep>ati/ und]/&+4 ,o!rs h f\nd ! same relief 9 ! p]ception & consci\sness ( life & ( liv+ ?+s1 :e!r t life be natural or intellectual4--,! "w ( ,art1 z well z ! liv+ individual1 is1 x mu/ be own$1 ( limit$ cont5t4 ,b 9 ! po/ulat$ h>mony ( nature 7or necessity7 & free purpose1--9 ! f9al purpose ( ! _w conceiv$ z realis$1 ,kant has put be=e u ! ,idea1 compreh5sive ev5 9 its cont5t4 ,yet :at may be call$ ! laz9ess ( ?\ght1 :5 deal+ ) ?is supreme ,idea1 f9ds a too easy mode ( evasion 9 ! 'ought to be'3 in/ead ( ! actual realisation ( ! ultimate end1 x cl+s h>d to ! disjunction ( ! notion f reality4 ,yet if ?\ght w n ?9k ! ideal realis$1 ! s5ses & ! intuition c at any rate see x 9 ! pres5t reality ( liv+ organisms & ( ! beautiful 9 ,art4 ,& consequ5tly ,kant's rem>ks on ^! objects 7 well adapt$ to lead ! m9d on to grasp & ?9k ! concrete ,idea4 #ef4 ,we are ?us l$ to conceive a diff]5t relation betwe5 ! univ]sal ( und]/&+ & ! p>ticul> ( p]ception1 ?an t on :i* ! !ory ( ! ,!oretical & ,practical ,reason is f\nd$4 ,b :ile ?is is s1 x is n supplem5t$ by a recognition t ! =m] is ! g5u9e relation & ! v tru?4 ,in/ead ( t1 ! unity 7( univ]sal ) p>ticul>7 is accept$ only z x exi/s 9 f9ite ph5om5a1 & is adduc$ only z a fact ( exp]i5ce4 ,su* exp]i5ce1 at fir/ only p]sonal1 may come f two s\rces4 ,x may spr+ f ,g5ius1 ! faculty :i* produces 'ae/hetic ideas'2 mean+ by ae/hetic ideas1 ! picture-?\ghts ( ! free imag9ation :i* subs]ve an idea & sugge/ ?\ghts1 al?\gh _! cont5t is n express$ 9 a notional =m1 & ev5 admits ( no su* expression4 ,x may also be due to ,ta/e1 ! feel+ ( congruity betwe5 ! free play ( intuition or imag9ation & ! uni=mity ( und]/&+4 #eg4 ,! pr9ciple by :i* ! ,reflective faculty ( ,judgm5t regulates & arranges ! products ( animat$ nature is describ$ z ! ,end or f9al cause1--! notion 9 action1 ! univ]sal at once det]m9+ & det]m9ate 9 itself4 ,at ! same "t ,kant is c>eful to disc>d ! conception ( ext]nal or f9ite adaptation1 9 :i* ! ,end is only an adv5titi\s =m = ! means & mat]ial 9 :i* x is realis$4 ,9 ! liv+ organism1 on ! contr>y1 ! f9al cause is a m\ld+ pr9ciple & an en]gy imman5t 9 ! matt]1 & e memb] is 9 its turn a means z well z an end4 #eh4 ,su* an ,idea evid5tly radically trans=ms ! relation :i* ! und]/&+ in/itutes betwe5 means & ends1 betwe5 subjectivity & objectivity4 ,& yet 9 ! face ( ?is unification1 ! ,end or design is subsequ5tly expla9$ to be a cause :i* exi/s & acts subjectively1 i4e4 z our idea only3 & teleology is accord+ly expla9$ to be only a pr9ciple ( criticism1 purely p]sonal to our und]/&+4 ,aft] ! ,critical philosophy _h settl$ t ,reason c "k ph5om5a only1 !re w\ld /ill h be5 an option = animat$ nature betwe5 two equally subjective modes ( ?\ght4 ,ev5 accord+ to ,kant's own exposition1 !re w\ld h be5 an obligation to admit1 9 ! case ( natural productions1 a k n conf9$ to ! categories ( quality1 cause & effect1 composition1 con/itu5ts1 & s on4 ,! pr9ciple ( inw>d adaptation or design1 _h x be5 kept to & c>ri$ out 9 sci5tific application1 w\ld h l$ to a diff]5t & a high] me?od ( obs]v+ nature4 #ei4 ,if we adopt ?is pr9ciple1 ! ,idea1 :5 all limitations 7 remov$ f x1 w\ld appe> z foll[s4 ,! univ]sality m\ld$ by ,reason1 & describ$ z ! absolute & f9al end or ! ,good1 w\ld be realis$ 9 ! _w1 & realis$ moreov] by means ( a ?ird ?+1 ! p[] :i* proposes ?is ,end z well z realises x1--t is1 ,god4 ,?us 9 ,him1 :o is ! absolute tru?1 ^? oppositions ( univ]sal & individual1 subjective & objective1 are solv$ & expla9$ to be nei!r self-subsi/5t nor true4 #hj4 ,b ,good1--:i* is ?us put =w>d z ! f9al cause ( ! _w1--has be5 already describ$ z only our good1 ! moral law ( our ,practical ,reason4 ,?is be+ s1 ! unity 9 "q goes no fur!r ?an make ! /ate ( ! _w & ! c\rse ( its ev5ts h>monise ) our moral /&>ds4#a ,besides1 ev5 ) ?is limitation1 ! f9al cause1 or ,good1 is a vague ab/raction1 & ! same vagu5ess atta*es to :at is to be ,duty4 ,b1 fur!r1 ?is h>mony is met by ! revival & re-ass]tion ( ! anti!sis1 :i* x by its own pr9ciple _h nullifi$4 ,! h>mony is !n describ$ z m]ely subjective1 some?+ :i* m]ely ought to be1 & :i* at ! same "t is n real1--a m]e article ( fai?1 possess+ a subjective c]ta9ty1 b )\t tru?1 or t objectivity :i* is prop] to ! ,idea4 ,?is contradiction may seem to be disguis$ by adj\rn+ ! realisation ( ! ,idea to a future1 to a "t :5 ! ,idea w also be4 ,b a s5su\s condition l "t is ! rev]se ( a reconciliation ( ! discrepancy2 & an inf9ite progression--:i* is ! correspond+ image adopt$ by ! und]/&+--on ! v face ( x only repeats & re-enacts ! contradiction4 ,a g5]al rem>k may /ill be (f]$ on ! result to :i* ! ,critical philosophy l$ z to ! nature ( k2 a result :i* has gr[n "o ( ! curr5t 'idols' or axiomatic beliefs ( ! day4 ,9 e duali/ic sy/em1 & especially 9 t ( ,kant1 ! fundam5tal defect makes itself visible 9 ! inconsi/5cy ( unify+ at "o mom5t1 :at a mom5t be=e _h be5 expla9$ to be indep5d5t & !re=e incapable ( unification4 ,& !n1 at ! v mom5t aft] unification has be5 alleg$ to be ! tru?1 we sudd5ly come ^u ! doctr9e t ! two elem5ts1 :i*1 9 _! true /atus ( unification1 _h be5 refus$ all indep5d5t subsi/5ce1 are only true & actual 9 _! /ate ( sep>ation4 ,philosophis+ ( ?is k9d wants ! little p5etration ne$$ to discov]1 t ?is %uffl+ only evid5ces h[ unsatisfactory ea* "o ( ! two t]ms is4 ,& x fails simply because x is incapable ( br++ two ?\ghts toge!r4 7,& 9 po9t ( =m !re are nev] m ?an two47 ,x argues an utt] want ( consi/5cy to say1 on ! "o h&1 t ! und]/&+ only kn[s ph5om5a1 &1 on ! o!r1 ass]t ! absolute "* ( ?is k1 by su* /atem5ts z ',cognition c g no fur!r'2 ',"h is ! natural & absolute limit ( human k4' ,b 'natural' is ! wrong ^w "h4 ,! ?+s ( nature are limit$ & are natural ?+s only to su* ext5t z !y are n aw>e ( _! univ]sal limit1 or to su* ext5t z _! mode or quality is a limit f our po9t ( view1 & n f _! own4 ,no "o kn[s1 or ev5 feels1 t any?+ is a limit or defect1 until he is at ! same "t above & beyond x4 ,liv+ be+s1 = example1 possess ! privilege ( pa9 :i* is d5i$ to ! inanimate3 ev5 ) liv+ be+s1 a s+le mode or quality passes into ! feel+ ( a negative4 ,= liv+ be+s z su* possess )9 !m a univ]sal vitality1 :i* ov]passes & includes ! s+le mode2 & ?us1 z !y ma9ta9 !mselves 9 ! negative ( !mselves1 !y feel ! contradiction to exi/ )9 !m4 ,b ! contradiction is )9 !m1 only 9 s f> z "o & ! same subject includes bo? ! univ]sality ( _! s5se ( life1 & ! individual mode :i* is 9 negation ) x4 ,?is illu/ration w %[ h[ a limit or imp]fection 9 k comes to be t]m$ a limit or imp]fection1 only :5 x is comp>$ ) ! actually-pres5t ,idea ( ! univ]sal1 ( a total & p]fect4 ,a v little consid]ation might %[1 t to call a ?+ f9ite or limit$ proves by implication ! v pres5ce ( ! inf9ite & unlimit$1 & t our k ( a limit c only be :5 ! unlimit$ is on ?is side 9 consci\sness4 ,! result h[ev] ( ,kant's view ( cognition sugge/s a second rem>k4 ,! philosophy ( ,kant c\ld h no influ5ce on ! me?od ( ! sci5ces4 ,x leaves ! categories & me?od ( ord9>y k q unmole/$4 ,occasionally1 x may be1 9 ! fir/ sections ( a sci5tific "w ( t p]iod1 we f9d propositions borr[$ f ! ,kantian philosophy3 b ! c\rse ( ! treatise r5d]s x app>5t t ^! propositions 7 sup]flu\s decoration1 & t ! few fir/ pages might h be5 omitt$ )\t produc+ ! lea/ *ange 9 ! empirical cont5ts4#b ,we may next in/itute a comp>ison ( ,kant ) ! metaphysics ( ! empirical s*ool4 ,natural pla9 ,empiricism1 ?\gh x unque/ionably insi/s mo/ ^u s5su\s p]ception1 /ill all[s a sup]-s5sible _w or spiritual reality1 :atev] may be its /ructure & con/itution1 & :e!r d]iv$ f intellect1 or f imag9ation1 c4 ,s f> z =m goes1 ! facts ( ?is sup]-s5sible _w re/ on ! au?ority ( m9d1 9 ! same way z ! o!r facts1 embrac$ 9 empirical k1 re/ on ! au?ority ( ext]nal p]ception4 ,b :5 ,empiricism becomes reflective & logically consi/5t1 x turns its arms aga9/ ?is dualism 9 ! ultimate & highe/ species ( fact2 x d5ies ! indep5d5ce ( ! ?9k+ pr9ciple & ( a spiritual _w :i* developes itself 9 ?\ght4 ,mat]ialism or ,naturalism1 !re=e1 is ! consi/5t & ?or\gh-go+ sy/em ( ,empiricism4 ,9 direct opposition to su* an ,empiricism1 ,kant ass]ts ! pr9ciple ( ?\ght & fre$om1 & atta*es himself to ! fir/-m5tion$ =m ( empirical doctr9e1 ! g5]al pr9ciples ( :i* he nev] dep>t$ f4 ,!re is a dualism 9 8 philosophy also4 ,on "o side /&s ! _w ( s5sation1 & ( ! und]/&+ :i* reflects ^u x4 ,?is _w1 x is true1 he alleges to be a _w ( appe>ances4 ,b t is only a title or =mal description2 = ! s\rce1 ! facts1 & ! modes ( obs]vation cont9ue q ! same z 9 ,empiricism4 ,on ! o!r side & indep5d5t /&s a self-appreh5d+ ?\ght1 ! pr9ciple ( fre$om1 :i* ,kant has 9 common ) ord9>y & bygone metaphysic1 b empti$ ( all t x held1 & )\t 8 be+ able to infuse into x any?+ new4 ,=1 9 ! ,critical doctr9e1 ?\ght1 or1 z x is !re call$1 ,reason1 is dive/$ ( e specific =m1 & ?us b]eft ( all au?ority4 ,! ma9 effect ( ! ,kantian philosophy has be5 to revive ! consci\sness ( ,reason1 or ! absolute inw>dness ( ?\ght4 ,its ab/ractness inde$ prev5t$ t inw>dness f develop+ into any?+1 or f orig9at+ any special =ms1 :e!r cognitive pr9ciples or moral laws2 b nev]!less x absolutely refus$ to accept or indulge any?+ possess+ ! "* ( an ext]nality4 ,h5ce=? ! pr9ciple ( ! indep5d5ce ( ,reason1 or ( its absolute self-subsi/5ce1 is made a g5]al pr9ciple ( philosophy1 z well z a =egone conclusion ( ! "t4 7#a7 ,! ,critical philosophy has "o great negative m]it4 ,x has br\ght home ! conviction t ! categories ( und]/&+ are f9ite 9 _! range1 & t any cognitive process conf9$ )9 _! pale falls %ort ( ! tru?4 ,b ,kant _h only a sight ( half ! tru?4 ,he expla9$ ! f9ite nature ( ! categories to mean t !y 7 subjective only1 valid only = our ?\ght1 f :i* ! ?+-9-itself 0 divid$ by an impassable gulf4 ,9 fact1 h[ev]1 x is n because !y are subjective1 t ! categories are f9ite3 !y are f9ite by _! v nature1 & x is on _! own selves t x is requisite to exhibit _! f9itude4 ,kant h[ev] holds t :at we ?9k is false1 because x is we :o ?9k x4 ,a fur!r defici5cy 9 ! sy/em is t x gives only an hi/orical description ( ?\ght1 & a m]e enum]ation ( ! factors ( consci\sness4 ,! enum]ation is 9 ! ma9 correct3 b n a ^w t\*es ^u ! necessity ( :at is ?us empirically colligat$4 ,! obs]vations1 made on ! v>i\s /ages ( consci\sness1 culm9ate 9 ! summ>y /atem5t1 t ! cont5t ( all we are acqua9t$ ) is only an appe>ance4 ,& z x is true at lea/ t all f9ite ?9k+ is conc]n$ ) appe>ances1 s f> ! conclusion is ju/ifi$4 ,?is /age ( 'appe>ance' h[ev]--! ph5om5al _w--is n ! t]m9us ( ?\ght3 !re is ano!r & a high] region4 ,b t region 0 to ! ,kantian philosophy an inaccessible 'o!r _w4' 7#b7 ,aft] all x 0 only =mally1 t ! ,kantian sy/em e/abli%$ ! pr9ciple t ?\ght is spontane\s & self-det]m9+4 ,into details ( ! mann] & ! ext5t ( ?is self-det]m9ation ( ?\ght1 ,kant nev] w5t4 ,x 0 ,fi*te :o fir/ notic$ ! omission2 & :o1 aft] he _h call$ att5tion to ! want ( a d$uction = ! categories1 endeav\r$ really to supply some?+ ( ! k9d4 ,) ,fi*te1 ! ',ego' is ! />t+-po9t 9 ! philosophical developm5t3 & ! outcome ( its action is suppos$ to be visible 9 ! categories4 ,b 9 ,fi*te ! ',ego' is n really pres5t$ z a free1 spontane\s en]gy2 x is suppos$ to receive its fir/ excitation by a %ock or impulse f )\t4 ,aga9/ ?is %ock ! ',ego' w1 x is assum$1 react1 & only ?r\gh ?is reaction does x fir/ become consci\s ( itself4 ,mean:ile1 ! nature ( ! impulse rema9s a /rang] beyond our pale3 & ! ',ego1' ) some?+ else always confront+ x1 is weight$ ) a condition4 ,fi*te1 9 consequ5ce1 nev] advanc$ beyond ,kant's conclusion1 t ! f9ite only is kn[able1 :ile ! inf9ite transc5ds ! range ( ?\ght4 ,:at ,kant calls ! ?+-by-itself1 ,fi*te calls ! impulse f )\t--t ab/raction ( some?+ else ?an ',i1' n o!rwise describable or def9able ?an z ! negative or non-,ego 9 g5]al4 ,! ',i' is ?us look$ at z /&+ 9 ess5tial relation ) ! n-,i1 ?r\gh :i* its act ( self-det]m9ation is fir/ awak5$4 ,& 9 ?is mann] ! ',i' is b ! cont9u\s act ( self-lib]ation f ?is impulse1 nev] ga9+ a real fre$om1 because ) ! surcease ( ! impulse ! ',i1' ^: be+ is its action1 w\ld also cease to be4 ,nor is ! cont5t produc$ by ! action ( ! ',i' at all diff]5t f ! ord9>y cont5t ( exp]i5ce1 except by ! supplem5t>y rem>k1 t ?is cont5t is m]e appe>ance4 #a ,ev5 ,h]mann's ',h&book ( ,prosody' beg9s ) p>agraphs ( ,kantian philosophy4 ,9 #h x is argu$ t a law ( rhy?m mu/ be 7#a7 objective1 7a7 =mal1 & 7#c7 det]m9$ priori4 ,) ^! requirem5ts & ) ! pr9ciples ( ,causality & ,reciprocity :i* foll[ lat]1 x 7 well to comp>e ! treatm5t ( ! v>i\s measures1 ^u :i* ^? =mal pr9ciples d n ex]cise ! slighte/ influ5ce4 #b ,9 ,kant's own words 7,criticism ( ! ,p[] ( ,judgm5t1 p4 #dbg73 ',f9al ,cause is m]ely a notion ( our practical reason4 ,x _c be d$uc$ f any data ( exp]i5ce z a !oretical crit]ion ( nature1 nor c x be appli$ to "k nature4 ,no employm5t ( ?is notion is possible except solely = ! practical reason1 by moral laws4 ,! f9al purpose ( ! ,creation is t con/itution ( ! _w :i* h>monises ) t to :i* alone we c give def9ite expression on univ]sal pr9ciples1 viz4 ! f9al purpose ( our pure practical reason1 & ) t 9 s f> z x means to be practical4' ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,?ird ,,attitude ,,( ,,?\ght ,,to ,,objectivity4 ,imm$iate or ,intuitive ,k4 #fa4 ,if we are to believe ! ,critical philosophy1 ?\ght is subjective1 & its ultimate & inv9cible mode is ab/ract univ]sality or =mal id5tity4 ,?\ght is ?us set 9 opposition to ,tru?1 :i* is no ab/raction1 b concrete univ]sality4 ,9 ?is highe/ mode ( ?\ght1 :i* is entitl$ ,reason1 ! ,categories are left out ( acc\nt4--,! extreme !ory on ! opposite side holds ?\ght to be an act ( ! p>ticul> only1 & on t gr\nd decl>es x incapable ( appreh5d+ ! ,tru?4 ,?is is ! ,intuitional !ory4 #fb4 ,accord+ to ?is !ory1 ?9k+1 a private & p>ticul> op]ation1 has its :ole scope & product 9 ! ,categories4 ,b1 ^! ,categories1 z arre/$ by ! und]/&+1 are limit$ vehicles ( ?\ght1 =ms ( ! condition$1 ( ! dep5d5t & d]ivative4 ,a ?\ght limit$ to ^! modes has no s5se ( ! ,inf9ite & ! ,true1 & _c bridge ov] ! gulf t sep>ates x f !m4 7,?is /ricture ref]s to ! pro(s ( ,god's exi/5ce47 ,^! inadequate modes or categories are also spok5 ( z notions3 & to get a notion ( an object !re=e c only mean1 9 ?is language1 to grasp x "u ! =m ( be+ condition$ & d]ivative4 ,consequ5tly1 if ! object 9 "q be ! ,true1 ! ,inf9ite1 ! ,uncondition$1 we *ange x by our notions into a f9ite & condition$2 :]eby1 in/ead ( appreh5d+ ! tru? by ?\ght1 we h p]v]t$ x into untru?4 ,su* is ! "o simple l9e ( argum5t advanc$ = ! !sis t ! k ( ,god & ( tru? mu/ be imm$iate1 or intuitive4 ,at an e>li] p]iod all sort ( an?ropomorphic conceptions1 z !y are t]m$1 7 bani%$ f ,god1 z be+ f9ite & !re=e unwor?y ( ! inf9ite2 & 9 ?is way ,god _h be5 r$uc$ to a tol]ably blank be+4 ,b 9 ^? days ! ?\ght-=ms 7 9 g5]al n suppos$ to come "u ! head ( an?ropomorphism4 ,?\ght 0 believ$ r to /rip f9itude f ! conceptions ( ! ,absolute1--9 agreem5t ) ! above-m5tion$ conviction ( all ages1 t reflection is ! only road to tru?4 ,b n[1 at l5g?1 ev5 ! ?\ght-=ms are pron\nc$ an?ropomorphic1 & ?\ght itself is describ$ z a m]e faculty ( f9itisation4 ,jacobi has /at$ ?is *>ge mo/ di/9ctly 9 ! sev5? supplem5t to 8 ,lett]s on ,sp9oza1--borr[+ 8 l9e ( argum5t f ! works ( ,sp9oza himself1 & apply+ x z a weapon aga9/ k 9 g5]al4 ,9 8 attack k is tak5 to mean k ( ! f9ite only1 a process ( ?\ght f "o condition 9 a s]ies to ano!r1 ea* ( :i* is at once condition+ & condition$4 ,accord+ to su* a view1 to expla9 & to get ! notion ( any?+1 is ! same z to %[ x to be d]iv$ f some?+ else4 ,:atev] su* k embraces1 consequ5tly1 is p>tial1 dep5d5t & f9ite1 :ile ! inf9ite or true1 i4e4 ,god1 lies outside ( ! me*anical int]-connexion to :i* k is said to be conf9$4--,x is important to obs]ve t1 :ile ,kant makes ! f9ite nature ( ! ,categories consi/ ma9ly 9 ! =mal circum/ance t !y are subjective1 ,jacobi discusses ! ,categories 9 _! own prop] "*1 & pron\nces !m to be 9 _! v import f9ite4 ,:at ,jacobi *iefly _h be=e 8 eyes1 :5 he ?us describ$ sci5ce1 0 ! brilliant successes ( ! physical or 'exact' sci5ces 9 asc]ta9+ natural =ces & laws4 ,x is c]ta9ly n on ! f9ite gr\nd occupi$ by ^! sci5ces t we c expect to meet ! 9-dwell+ pres5ce ( ! inf9ite4 ,lal&e 0 "r :5 he said he _h swept ! :ole heav5 ) 8 glass1 & se5 no ,god4 7,see note to #fj47 ,9 ! field ( physical sci5ce1 ! univ]sal1 :i* is ! f9al result ( analysis1 is only ! indet]m9ate aggregate1--( ! ext]nal f9ite1--9 "o ^w1 ,matt]3 & ,jacobi well p]ceiv$ t !re 0 no o!r issue obta9able 9 ! way ( a m]e advance f "o explanatory clause or law to ano!r4 #fc4 ,all ! :ile ! doctr9e t tru? exi/s = ! m9d 0 s /rongly ma9ta9$ by ,jacobi1 t ,reason alone is decl>$ to be t by :i* man lives4 ,?is ,reason is ! k ( ,god4 ,b1 see+ t d]ivative k is re/rict$ to ! compass ( f9ite facts1 ,reason is k und]ivative1 or ,fai?4 ,k1 ,fai?1 ,?\ght1 ,intuition are ! categories t we meet ) on ?is l9e ( reflection4 ,^! t]ms1 z presumably famili> to e "o1 are only too frequ5tly subject$ to an arbitr>y use1 "u no bett] guidance ?an ! conceptions & di/9ctions ( psy*ology1 )\t any inve/igation into _! nature & notion1 :i* is ! ma9 "q aft] all4 ,?us1 we (t5 f9d k contra/$ ) fai?1 & fai? at ! same "t expla9$ to be an und]ivative or intuitive k3--s t x mu/ be at lea/ "s sort ( k4 ,&1 besides1 x is unque/ionably a fact ( exp]i5ce1 fir/ly1 t :at we believe is 9 our consci\sness1---:i* implies t we "k ab\t x2 & secondly1 t ?is belief is a c]ta9ty 9 our consci\sness1--:i* implies t we "k x4 ,aga91 & especially1 we f9d ?\ght oppos$ to imm$iate k & fai?1 &1 9 p>ticul>1 to intuition4 ,b if ?is intuition be qualifi$ z intellectual1 we mu/ really mean intuition :i* ?9ks1 unless1 9 a "q ab\t ! nature ( ,god1 we are will+ to int]pret intellect to mean images & repres5tations ( imag9ation4 ,! ^w fai? or belief1 9 ! dialect ( ?is sy/em1 comes to be employ$ ev5 ) ref]5ce to common objects t are pres5t to ! s5ses4 ,we believe1 says ,jacobi1 t we h a body1--we believe 9 ! exi/5ce ( ! ?+s ( s5se4 ,b if we are speak+ ( fai? 9 ! ,true & ,et]nal1 & say+ t ,god is giv5 & reveal$ to u 9 imm$iate k ,,( intuition1 we are conc]n$ n ) ! ?+s ( s5se1 b ) objects special to our ?9k+ m9d1 ) tru?s ( inh]5tly univ]sal significance4 ,& :5 ! individual ',i1' or 9 o!r words p]sonality1 is "u discussion--n ! ',i' ( exp]i5ce1 or a s+le private p]son--above all1 :5 ! p]sonality ( ,god is be=e u1 we are speak+ ( p]sonality unalloy$1--( a p]sonality 9 its own nature univ]sal4 ,su* p]sonality is a ?\ght1 & falls )9 ! prov9ce ( ?\ght only4 ,m ?an ?is4 ,pure & simple intuition is completely ! same z pure & simple ?\ght4 ,intuition & belief1 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 d5ote ! def9ite conceptions we atta* to ^! words 9 our ord9>y employm5t ( !m3 & to ?is ext5t !y diff] f ?\ght 9 c]ta9 po9ts :i* ne>ly e "o c und]/&4 ,b "h !y are tak5 9 a high] s5se1 & mu/ be int]pret$ to mean a belief 9 ,god1 or an intellectual intuition ( ,god2 9 %ort1 we mu/ put aside all t especially di/+ui%es ?\ght on ! "o side f belief & intuition on ! o!r4 ,h[ belief & intuition1 :5 transf]r$ to ^! high] regions1 diff] f ?\ght1 x is impossible = any "o to say4 ,& yet1 su* are ! b>r5 di/9ctions ( words1 ) :i* m5 fancy t !y ass]t an important tru?3 ev5 :ile ! =mulae !y ma9ta9 are id5tical ) ^? :i* !y impugn4 ,! t]m ,fai? br+s ) x ! special advantage ( sugge/+ ! fai? ( ! ,*ri/ian religion2 x seems to include ,*ri/ian fai?1 or p]haps ev5 to co9cide ) x2 & ?us ! ,philosophy ( ,fai? has a ?or\ghly or?odox & ,*ri/ian look1 on ! /r5g? ( :i* x takes ! lib]ty ( utt]+ its arbitr>y dicta ) great] pret5sion & au?ority4 ,b we mu/ n let ourselves be deceiv$ by ! semblance surreptiti\sly secur$ by a m]ely v]bal simil>ity4 ,! two ?+s are radically di/9ct4 ,fir/ly1 ! ,*ri/ian fai? comprises 9 x an au?ority ( ! ,*ur*3 b ! fai? ( ,jacobi's philosophy has no o!r au?ority ?an t ( a p]sonal revelation4 ,&1 secondly1 ! ,*ri/ian fai? is a copi\s body ( objective tru?1 a sy/em ( k & doctr9e3 :ile ! scope ( ! philosophic fai? is s utt]ly indef9ite1 t1 :ile x has room = ! fai? ( ! ,*ri/ian1 x equally admits a belief 9 ! div9ity ( ! ,dalai-lama1 ! ox1 or ! monkey1--?us1 s f> z x goes1 n>r[+ ,deity d[n to its simple/ t]ms1 a ',supreme ,be+4' ,fai? itself1 tak5 9 ?is pr(ess$ly philosophical s5se1 is no?+ b ! sapless ab/ract ( imm$iate k1--a purely =mal category applicable to v diff]5t facts2 & x ought nev] to be confus$ or id5tifi$ ) ! spiritual fulness ( ,*ri/ian fai?1 :e!r we look at t fai? 9 ! he>t ( ! believ] & ! 9-dwell+ ( ! ,holy ,_s1 or 9 ! sy/em ( !ological doctr9e4 ,) :at is "h call$ fai? or imm$iate k mu/ also be id5tifi$ inspiration1 ! he>t's revelations1 ! tru?s implant$ 9 man by nature1 & also 9 p>ticul>1 heal?y reason or ,common ,s5se1 z x is call$4 ,all ^! =ms agree 9 adopt+ z _! lead+ pr9ciple ! imm$iacy1 or self-evid5t way1 9 :i* a fact or body ( tru?s is pres5t$ 9 consci\sness4 #hd4 ,?is imm$iate k consi/s 9 kn[+ t ! ,inf9ite1 ! ,et]nal1 ! ,god :i* is 9 our idea1 really is3 or1 x ass]ts t 9 our consci\sness !re is imm$iately & insep>ably b\nd up ) ?is idea ! c]ta9ty ( its actual be+4 ,to seek to controv]t ^! maxims ( imm$iate k is ! la/ ?+ philosoph]s w\ld ?9k (4 ,!y may r f9d occasion = self-gratulation :5 ^! anci5t doctr9es1 express+ z !y d ! g5]al t5or ( philosophic tea*+1 h1 ev5 9 ?is unphilosophical fa%ion1 become to "s ext5t univ]sal convictions ( ! age4 ,! true m>vel r is t any "o c\ld suppose t ^! pr9ciples 7 oppos$ to philosophy1--! maxims1 viz41 t :atev] is held to be true is imman5t 9 ! m9d1 & t !re is tru? = ! m9d 7 #fc74 ,f a =mal po9t ( view1 !re is a peculi> int]e/ 9 ! maxim t ! be+ ( ,god is imm$iately & insep>ably b\nd up ) ! ?\ght ( ,god1 t objectivity is b\nd up ) ! subjectivity :i* ! ?\ght orig9ally pres5ts4 ,n cont5t ) t1 ! philosophy ( imm$iate k goes s f> 9 its "o-sid$ view1 z to affirm t ! attribute ( exi/5ce1 ev5 9 p]ception1 is q z insep>ably connect$ ) ! conception we h ( our own bodies & ( ext]nal ?+s1 z x is ) ! ?\ght ( ,god4 ,n[ x is ! endeav\r ( philosophy to prove su* a unity1 to %[ t x lies 9 ! v nature ( ?\ght & subjectivity1 to be insep>able f be+ & objectivity4 ,9 ^! circum/ances !re=e1 philosophy1 :atev] e/imate may be =m$ ( ! "* ( ^! pro(s1 mu/ 9 any case be glad to see x %[n & ma9ta9$ t its maxims are facts ( consci\sness1 & ?us 9 h>mony ) exp]i5ce4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 philosophy & ! assev]ations ( imm$iate k r c5tres 9 ! exclusive attitude :i* imm$iate k adopts1 :5 x sets itself up aga9/ philosophy4 ,& yet x 0 z a self-evid5t or imm$iate tru? t ! ',cogito1 ergo sum1' ( ,desc>tes1 ! maxim on :i* may be said to h+e ! :ole int]e/ ( ,mod]n ,philosophy1 0 fir/ /at$ by its au?or4 ,! man :o calls ?is a syllogism1 mu/ "k little m ab\t a syllogism ?an t ! ^w ',ergo' occurs 9 x4 ,:]e %all we look = ! middle t]m8 ,& a middle t]m is a mu* m ess5tial po9t ( a syllogism ?an ! ^w ',ergo4' ,if we try to ju/ify ! "n1 by call+ ! comb9ation ( ideas 9 ,desc>tes an 'imm$iate' syllogism1 ?is sup]flu\s v>iety ( syllogism is a m]e "n = an utt]ly unm$iat$ syn!sis ( di/9ct t]ms ( ?\ght4 ,t be+ s1 ! syn!sis ( be+ ) our ideas1 z /at$ 9 ! maxim ( imm$iate k1 has no m & no less claim to ! title ( syllogism ?an ! axiom ( ,desc>tes has4 ,f ,ho?o's ',diss]tation on ! ,c>tesian ,philosophy' 7publi%$ #ahbf71 ,i borr[ ! quotation 9 :i* ,desc>tes himself di/9ctly decl>es t ! maxim ',cogito1 ergo sum1' is no syllogism4 ,! passages are ,respons4 ad ,,ii ,object43 ,de ,me?odo ,,iv3 ,ep4 ,i4 #aah4 ,f ! fir/ passage ,i quote ! words m imm$iately to ! po9t4 ,desc>tes says3 ',t we are ?9k+ be+s is prima qua$am notio quae ex nullo syllogismo concluditur' 7a c]ta9 prim>y notion1 :i* is d$uc$ f no syllogism72 & goes on3 'neque cum quis dicit2 ,ego cogito1 ergo sum sive exi/o1 exi/5tiam ex cogitatione p] syllogismum d$ucit4' 7,nor1 :5 "o says1 ,i ?9k1 !re=e ,i am or exi/1 does he d$uce exi/5ce f ?\ght by means ( a syllogism47 ,desc>tes knew :at x impli$ 9 a syllogism1 & s he adds t1 9 ord] to make ! maxim admit ( a d$uction by syllogism1 we %\ld h to add ! major premiss3 ',illud omne quod cogitat1 e/ sive exi/it4' 7,ev]y?+ :i* ?9ks1 is or exi/s47 ,( c\rse1 he rem>ks1 ?is major premiss itself has to be d$uc$ f ! orig9al /atem5t4 ,! language ( ,desc>tes on ! maxim t ! ',i' :i* ?9ks mu/ also at ! same "t be1 8 say+ t ?is connexion is giv5 & impli$ 9 ! simple p]ception ( consci\sness1--t ?is connexion is ! absolute fir/1 ! pr9ciple1 ! mo/ c]ta9 & evid5t ( all ?+s1 s t no scepticism c be conceiv$ s mon/r\s z n to admit x3--all ?is language is s vivid & di/9ct1 t ! mod]n /atem5ts ( ,jacobi & o!rs on ?is imm$iate connexion c only pass = ne$less repetitions4 #fe4 ,! !ory ( :i* we are speak+ is n satisfi$ :5 x has %[n t m$iate k tak5 sep>ately is an adequate vehicle ( tru?4 ,its di/9ctive doctr9e is t imm$iate k alone1 to ! total exclusion ( m$iation1 c possess a cont5t :i* is true4 ,?is exclusiv5ess is en\gh to %[ t ! !ory is a relapse into ! metaphysical und]/&+1 ) its pass-words ',ei!r--or4' ,& ?us x is really a relapse into ! habit ( ext]nal m$iation1 ! gi/ ( :i* consi/s 9 cl++ to ^? n>r[ & "o-sid$ categories ( ! f9ite1 :i* x falsely imag9$ itself to h left = ev] beh9d4 ,?is po9t1 h[ev]1 we %all n at pres5t discuss 9 detail4 ,an exclusively imm$iate k is ass]t$ z a fact only1 & 9 ! pres5t ,introduction we c only /udy x f ?is ext]nal po9t ( view4 ,! real significance ( su* k w be expla9$1 :5 we come to ! logical "q ( ! opposition betwe5 m$iate & imm$iate4 ,b x is *>act]i/ic ( ! view be=e u to decl9e to exam9e ! nature ( ! fact1 t is1 ! notion ( x2 = su* an exam9ation w\ld itself be a /ep t[>ds m$iation & ev5 t[>ds k4 ,! g5u9e discussion on logical gr\nd1 !re=e1 mu/ be def]r$ till we come to ! prop] prov9ce ( ,logic itself4 ,! :ole ( ! second "p ( ,logic1 ! ,doctr9e ( ,ess5tial ,be+1 is a discussion ( ! intr9sic & self-affirm+ unity ( imm$iacy & m$iation4 #ff4 ,beyond ?is po9t !n we ne$ n g3 imm$iate k is to be accept$ z a fact4 ,"u ^! circum/ances exam9ation is direct$ to ! field ( exp]i5ce1 to a psy*ological ph5om5on4 ,if t be s1 we ne$ only note1 z ! commone/ ( exp]i5ces1 t tru?s1 :i* we well "k to be results ( complicat$ & highly m$iat$ tra9s ( ?\ght1 pres5t !mselves imm$iately & )\t ef=t to ! m9d ( any man :o is famili> ) ! subject4 ,! ma!matician1 l e "o :o has ma/]$ a p>ticul> sci5ce1 meets any problem ) ready-made solutions :i* pre-suppose mo/ complicat$ analyses3 & e educat$ man has a numb] ( g5]al views & maxims :i* he c mu/] )\t tr\ble1 b :i* c only h sprung f frequ5t reflection & long exp]i5ce4 ,! facility we atta9 9 any sort ( k1 art1 or te*nical exp]tness1 consi/s 9 hav+ ! p>ticul> k or k9d ( action pres5t to our m9d 9 any case t occurs1 ev5 we may say1 imm$iate 9 our v limbs1 9 an out-go+ activity4 ,9 all ^! in/ances1 imm$iacy ( k is s f> f exclud+ m$iation1 t ! two ?+s are l9k$ toge!r1--imm$iate k be+ actually ! product & result ( m$iat$ k4 ,x is no less obvi\s t imm$iate exi/5ce is b\nd up ) its m$iation4 ,! se$ & ! p>5ts are imm$iate & initial exi/5ces 9 respect ( ! (f-spr+ :i* !y g5]ate4 ,b ! se$ & ! p>5ts1 ?\gh !y exi/ & are !re=e imm$iate1 are yet 9 _! turn g5]at$3 & ! *ild1 )\t prejudice to ! m$iation ( its exi/5ce1 is imm$iate1 because x is4 ,! fact t ,i am 9 ,b]l91 my imm$iate pres5ce "h1 is m$iat$ by my hav+ made ! j\rney hi!r4 #fg4 ,"o ?+ may be obs]v$ ) ref]5ce to ! imm$iate k ( ,god1 ( legal & e?ical pr9ciples 7includ+ "u ! head ( imm$iate k1 :at is o!rwise t]m$ ,in/9ct1 ,implant$ or ,innate ,ideas1 ,common ,s5se1 ,natural ,reason1 or :atev] =m1 9 %ort1 we give to ! orig9al spontaneity74 ,x is a matt] ( g5]al exp]i5ce t education or developm5t is requir$ to br+ out into consci\sness :at is !re9 conta9$4 ,x 0 s ev5 ) ! ,platonic rem9isc5ce2 & ! ,*ri/ian rite ( baptism1 al?\gh a sacram5t1 involves ! additional obligation ( a ,*ri/ian up-br++4 ,9 %ort1 religion & morals1 h[ev] mu* !y may be fai? or imm$iate k1 are /ill on e side condition$ by ! m$iat+ process :i* is t]m$ developm5t1 education1 tra9+4 ,! adh]5ts1 no less ?an ! assailants1 ( ! doctr9e ( ,innate ,ideas h be5 guilty ?r\gh\t ( ! l exclusiv5ess & n>r[ness z is "h not$4 ,!y h drawn a h>d & fa/ l9e betwe5 ! ess5tial & imm$iate union 7z x may be describ$7 ( c]ta9 univ]sal pr9ciples ) ! s\l1 & ano!r union :i* has to be br\ght ab\t 9 an ext]nal fa%ion1 & ?r\gh ! *annel ( giv5 objects & conceptions1 ,!re is "o objection1 borr[$ f exp]i5ce1 :i* 0 rais$ aga9/ ! doctr9e ( ,innate ideas4 ,all m51 x 0 said1 mu/ h ^! ideas2 !y mu/ h1 = example1 ! maxim ( contradiction1 pres5t 9 ! m9d1--!y mu/ be aw>e ( x2 = ?is maxim & o!rs l x 7 includ$ 9 ! class ( ,innate ideas4 ,! objection may be set d[n to misconception2 = ! pr9ciples 9 "q1 ?\gh innate1 ne$ n on t acc\nt h ! =m ( ideas or conceptions ( some?+ we are aw>e (4 ,/ill1 ! objection completely meets & ov]?r[s ! crude !ory ( imm$iate k1 :i* expressly ma9ta9s its =mulae 9 s f> z !y are 9 consci\sness4--,ano!r po9t calls = notice4 ,we may suppose x admitt$ by ! intuitive s*ool1 t ! special case ( religi\s fai? involves supplem5t+ by a ,*ri/ian or religi\s education & developm5t4 ,9 t case x is act+ caprici\sly :5 x seeks to ignore ?is admission :5 speak+ ab\t fai?1 or x betrays a want ( reflection n to "k1 t1 if ! necessity ( education be once admitt$1 m$iation is pron\nc$ indisp5sable4 ,! rem9isc5ce ( ideas spok5 ( by ,plato is equival5t to say+ t ideas implicitly exi/ 9 man1 in/ead ( be+1 z ! ,sophi/s ass]t1 a =eign importation into 8 m9d4 ,b to conceive k z rem9isc5ce does n int]f]e )1 or set aside z useless1 ! developm5t ( :at is implicitly 9 man2--:i* developm5t is ano!r ^w = m$iation4 ,! same holds good ( ! innate ideas t we f9d 9 ,desc>tes & ! ,scot* philosoph]s4 ,^! ideas are only pot5tial 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 & %\ld be look$ at z be+ a sort ( m]e capacity 9 man4 #hh4 ,9 ! case ( ^! exp]i5ces ! appeal turns ^u some?+ t %[s itself b\nd up ) imm$iate consci\sness4 ,ev5 if ?is comb9ation be 9 ! fir/ in/ance tak5 z an ext]nal & empirical connexion1 /ill1 ev5 = empirical obs]vation1 ! fact ( its be+ con/ant %[s x to be ess5tial & insep>able4 ,b1 aga91 if ?is imm$iate consci\sness1 z exhibit$ 9 exp]i5ce1 be tak5 sep>ately1 s f> z x is a consci\sness ( ,god & ! div9e nature1 ! /ate ( m9d :i* x implies is g5]ally describ$ z an exaltation above ! f9ite1 above ! s5ses1 & above ! in/9ctive desires & affections ( ! natural he>t3 :i* exaltation passes ov] into1 & t]m9ates 91 fai? 9 ,god & a div9e ord]4 ,x is app>5t1 !re=e1 t1 ?\gh fai? may be an imm$iate k & c]ta9ty1 x equally implies ! int]position ( ?is process z its antec$5t & condition4 ,x has be5 already obs]v$1 t ! s-call$ pro(s ( ! be+ ( ,god1 :i* />t f f9ite be+1 give an expression to ?is exaltation4 ,9 t light !y are no inv5tions ( an ov]-subtle reflection1 b ! necess>y & native *annel 9 :i* ! movem5t ( m9d runs3 ?\gh x may be t1 9 _! ord9>y =m1 ^! pro(s h n _! correct & adequate expression4 #fi4 ,x is ! passage 7 #fd7 f ! subjective ,idea to be+ :i* =ms ! ma9 conc]n ( ! doctr9e ( imm$iate k4 ,a prim>y & self-evid5t int]-connexion is decl>$ to exi/ betwe5 our ,idea & be+4 ,yet precisely ?is c5tral po9t ( transition1 utt]ly irrespective ( any connexions :i* %[ 9 exp]i5ce1 cle>ly involves a m$iation4 ,& ! m$iation is ( no imp]fect or unreal k9d1 :]e ! m$iation takes place ) & ?r\gh some?+ ext]nal1 b "o compreh5d+ bo? antec$5t & conclusion4 #gj4 ,=1 :at ?is !ory ass]ts is t tru? lies nei!r 9 ! ,idea z a m]ely subjective ?\ght1 nor 9 m]e be+ on its own acc\nt2--t m]e be+ p] se1 a be+ t is n ( ! ,idea1 is ! s5sible f9ite be+ ( ! _w4 ,n[ all ?is only affirms1 )\t demon/ration1 t ! ,idea has tru? only by means ( be+1 & be+ has tru? only by means ( ! ,idea4 ,! maxim ( imm$iate k rejects an indef9ite empty imm$iacy 7& su* is ab/ract be+1 or pure unity tak5 by itself71 & affirms 9 its /ead ! unity ( ! ,idea ) be+4 ,& x acts rightly 9 s do+4 ,b x is /upid n to see t ! unity ( di/9ct t]ms or modes is n m]ely a purely imm$iate unity1 i4e4 unity empty & indet]m9ate1 b t--) equal emphasis--! "o t]m is %[n to h tru? only z m$iat$ ?r\gh ! o!r2--or1 if ! phrase be pref]r$1 t ei!r t]m is only m$iat$ ) tru? ?r\gh ! o!r4 ,t ! quality ( m$iation is involv$ 9 ! v imm$iacy ( intuition is ?us exhibit$ z a fact1 aga9/ :i* und]/&+1 con=mably to ! fundam5tal maxim ( imm$iate k t ! evid5ce ( consci\sness is infallible1 c h no?+ to object4 ,x is only ord9>y ab/ract und]/&+ :i* takes ! t]ms ( m$iation & imm$iacy1 ea* by itself absolutely1 to repres5t an inflexible l9e ( di/9ction1 & ?us draws ^u its own head ! hopeless task ( reconcil+ !m4 ,! difficulty1 z we h %[n1 has no exi/5ce 9 ! fact1 & x vani%es 9 ! speculative notion4 #ga4 ,! "o-sid$ness ( ! intuitional s*ool has c]ta9 *>act]i/ics att5d+ ^u x1 :i* we %all proce$ to po9t out 9 _! ma9 features1 n[ t we h discuss$ ! fundam5tal pr9ciple4 ,! fir/ ( ^! coroll>ies is z foll[s4 ,s9ce ! crit]ion ( tru? is f\nd1 n 9 ! nature ( ! cont5t1 b 9 ! m]e fact ( consci\sness1 e alleg$ tru? has no o!r basis ?an subjective c]titude & ! ass]tion t we discov] a c]ta9 fact 9 our consci\sness4 ,:at ,i discov] 9 my consci\sness is ?us exagg]at$ into a fact ( ! consci\sness ( all1 & ev5 pass$ (f = ! v nature ( consci\sness4 ,among ! s-call$ pro(s ( ! exi/5ce ( ,god1 !re us$ to /& ! cons5sus g5tium1 to :i* appeal is made z e>ly z ,cic]o4 ,! cons5sus g5tium is a weighty au?ority1 & ! transition is easy & natural1 f ! circum/ance t a c]ta9 fact is f\nd 9 ! consci\sness ( e "o1 to ! conclusion t x is a necess>y elem5t 9 ! v nature ( consci\sness4 ,9 ?is category ( g5]al agreem5t !re 0 lat5t ! deep-root$ p]ception1 :i* does n escape ev5 ! lea/ cultivat$ m9d1 t ! consci\sness ( ! individual is at ! same "t p>ticul> & accid5tal4 ,yet unless we exam9e ! nature ( ?is consci\sness itself1 /ripp+ x ( its p>ticul> & accid5tal elem5ts &1 by ! toilsome op]ation ( reflection1 disclos+ ! univ]sal 9 its entirety & purity1 x is only a unanim\s agreem5t ^u a giv5 po9t t c au?orize a dec5t presumption t t po9t is "p ( ! v nature ( consci\sness4 ,( c\rse1 if ?\ght insi/s on see+ ! necessity ( :at is pres5t$ z a fact ( g5]al occurr5ce1 ! cons5sus g5tium is c]ta9ly n suffici5t4 ,yet ev5 grant+ ! univ]sality ( ! fact to be a satisfactory pro(1 x has be5 f\nd impossible to e/abli% ! belief 9 ,god on su* an argum5t1 because exp]i5ce %[s t !re are individuals & nations )\t any su* fai?4#a ,b !re c be no?+ %ort] & m conv5i5t ?an to h ! b>e ass]tion to make1 t we discov] a fact 9 our consci\sness1 & are c]ta9 t x is true3 & to decl>e t ?is c]ta9ty1 in/ead ( proce$+ f our p>ticul> m5tal con/itution only1 belongs to ! v nature ( ! m9d4 #gb4 ,a second coroll>y :i* results f hold+ imm$iacy ( consci\sness to be ! crit]ion ( tru? is t all sup]/ition or idolatry is all[$ to be tru?1 & t an apology is prep>$ = any cont5ts ( ! w1 h[ev] wrong & immoral4 ,x is because he believes 9 !m1 & n f ! reason+ & syllogism ( :at is t]m$ m$iate k1 t ! ,h9doo f9ds ,god 9 ! c[1 ! monkey1 ! ,brahm91 or ! ,lama4 ,b ! natural desires & affections spontane\sly c>ry & deposit _! int]e/s 9 consci\sness1 :]e also immoral aims make !mselves naturally at home3 ! good or bad "* w\ld ?us express ! def9ite be+ ( ! w1 :i* w\ld be kn[n1 & t mo/ imm$iately1 9 ! int]e/s & aims4 #gc4 ,?irdly & la/ly1 ! imm$iate consci\sness ( ,god goes no fur!r ?an to tell u t ,he is3 to tell u :at ,he is1 w\ld be an act ( cognition1 involv+ m$iation4 ,s t ,god z an object ( religion is expressly n>r[$ d[n to ! indet]m9ate sup]s5sible1 ,god 9 g5]al3 & ! significance ( religion is r$uc$ to a m9imum4 ,if x 7 really ne$ful to w9 back & secure ! b>e belief t !re is a ,god1 or ev5 to create x1 we might well wond] at ! pov]ty ( ! age :i* c see a ga9 9 ! m]e/ pittance ( religi\s consci\sness1 & :i* 9 its *ur* has sunk s l[ z to wor%ip at ! alt> t /ood 9 ,a!ns long ago1 d$icat$ to ! ',unkn[n ,god4' #gd4 ,we h /ill briefly to indicate ! g5]al nature ( ! =m ( imm$iacy4 ,= x is ! ess5tial "o-sid$ness ( ! category1 :i* makes :atev] comes "u x "o sid$ &1 = t reason1 f9ite4 ,&1 fir/1 x makes ! univ]sal no bett] ?an an ab/raction ext]nal to ! p>ticul>s1 & ,god a be+ )\t det]m9ate quality4 ,b ,god c only be call$ a _s :5 ,he is kn[n to be at once ! beg9n+ & end1 z well z ! mean1 9 ! process ( m$iation4 ,)\t ?is unification ( elem5ts ,he is nei!r concrete1 nor liv+1 nor a _s4 ,?us ! k ( ,god z a _s necess>ily implies m$iation4 ,! =m ( imm$iacy1 secondly1 inve/s ! p>ticul> ) ! "* ( indep5d5t or self-c5tr$ be+4 ,b su* pr$icates contradict ! v ess5ce ( ! p>ticul>1--:i* is to be ref]r$ to some?+ else outside4 ,!y ?us inve/ ! f9ite ) ! "* ( an absolute4 ,b1 besides1 ! =m ( imm$iacy is altoge!r ab/ract3 x has no pref]5ce = "o set ( cont5ts m ?an ano!r1 b is equally susceptible ( all3 x may z well sanction :at is idolatr\s & immoral z ! rev]se4 ,only :5 we disc]n t ! cont5t1--! p>ticul>1 is n self-subsi/5t1 b d]ivative f some?+ else1 are its f9itude & untru? %[n 9 _! prop] light4 ,su* disc]nm5t1 :]e ! cont5t we disc]n c>ries ) x ! gr\nd ( its dep5d5t nature1 is a k :i* involves m$iation4 ,! only cont5t :i* c be held to be ! tru? is "o n m$iat$ ) some?+ else1 n limit$ by o!r ?+s3 or1 o!rwise express$1 x is "o m$iat$ by itself1 :]e m$iation & imm$iate ref]5ce-to-self co9cide4 ,! und]/&+ t fancies x has got cle> ( f9ite k1 ! id5tity ( ! analytical metaphysicians & ! old 'rationali/s1' abruptly takes aga9 z pr9ciple & crit]ion ( tru? t imm$iacy :i*1 z an ab/ract ref]5ce-to-self1 is ! same z ab/ract id5tity4 ,ab/ract ?\ght 7! sci5tific =m us$ by 'reflective' metaphysic7 & ab/ract intuition 7! =m us$ by imm$iate k7 are "o & ! same4 ,! /]eotyp$ opposition betwe5 ! =m ( imm$iacy & t ( m$iation gives to ! =m] a halfness & inadequacy1 t affects e cont5t :i* is br\ght "u x4 ,imm$iacy means1 ^u ! :ole1 an ab/ract ref]5ce-to-self1 t is1 an ab/ract id5tity or ab/ract univ]sality4 ,accord+ly ! ess5tial & real univ]sal1 :5 tak5 m]ely 9 its imm$iacy1 is a m]e ab/ract univ]sal2 & f ?is po9t ( view ,god is conceiv$ z a be+ altoge!r )\t det]m9ate quality4 ,to call ,god _s is 9 t case only a phrase3 = ! consci\sness & self-consci\sness1 :i* _s implies1 are impossible )\t a di/+ui%+ ( x f itself & f some?+ else1 i4e4 )\t m$iation4 #ge4 ,x 0 impossible = u to criticise ?is1 ! ?ird attitude1 :i* ?\ght has be5 made to take t[>ds objective tru?1 9 any o!r mode ?an :at is naturally indicat$ & admitt$ 9 ! doctr9e itself4 ,! !ory ass]ts t imm$iate k is a fact4 ,x has be5 %[n to be untrue 9 fact to say t !re is an imm$iate k1 a k )\t m$iation ei!r by means ( some?+ else or 9 itself4 ,x has also be5 expla9$ to be false 9 fact to say t ?\ght advances ?r\gh f9ite & condition$ categories only1 :i* are always m$iat$ by a some?+ else1 & to =get t 9 ! v act ( m$iation ! m$iation itself vani%es4 ,& to %[ t1 9 po9t ( fact1 !re is a k :i* advances nei!r by unmix$ imm$iacy nor by unmix$ m$iation1 we c po9t to ! example ( ,logic & ! :ole ( philosophy4 #gf4 ,if we view ! maxims ( imm$iate k 9 connexion ) ! uncritical metaphysic ( ! pa/ f :i* we />t$1 we %all le>n f ! comp>ison ! reaction>y nature ( ! s*ool ( ,jacobi4 ,8 doctr9e is a return to ! mod]n />t+-po9t ( ?is metaphysic 9 ! ,c>tesian philosophy4 ,bo? ,jacobi & ,desc>tes ma9ta9 ! foll[+ ?ree po9ts3 7#a7 ,! simple insep>ability ( ! ?\ght & be+ ( ! ?9k]4 ',cogito1 ergo sum' is ! same doctr9e z t ! be+1 reality1 & exi/5ce ( ! ',ego' is imm$iately reveal$ to me 9 consci\sness4 7,desc>tes1 9 fact1 is c>eful to /ate t by ?\ght he means consci\sness 9 g5]al4 ,pr9cip4 ,phil4 ,i4 #i47 ,?is insep>ability is ! absolutely fir/ & mo/ c]ta9 k1 n m$iat$ or demon/rat$4 7#b7 ,! insep>ability ( exi/5ce f ! conception ( ,god3 ! =m] is necess>ily impli$ 9 ! latt]1 or ! conception nev] c be )\t ! attribute ( exi/5ce1 :i* is ?us necess>y & et]nal4#b 7#c7 ,! imm$iate consci\sness ( ! exi/5ce ( ext]nal ?+s4 ,by ?is no?+ m is meant ?an s5se-consci\sness4 ,to h su* a ?+ is ! slighte/ ( all cognitions3 & ! only ?+ wor? kn[+ ab\t x is t su* imm$iate k ( ! be+ ( ?+s ext]nal is error & delusion1 t ! s5sible _w z su* is altoge!r void ( tru?2 t ! be+ ( ^! ext]nal ?+s is accid5tal & passes away z a %[2 & t _! v nature is to h only an exi/5ce :i* is sep>able f _! ess5ce & notion4 #gg4 ,!re is h[ev] a di/9ction betwe5 ! two po9ts ( view3 7#a7 ,! ,c>tesian philosophy1 f ^! unprov$ po/ulates1 :i* x assumes to be unprovable1 proce$s to wid] & wid] details ( k1 & ?us gave rise to ! sci5ces ( mod]n times4 ,! mod]n !ory 7( ,jacobi71 on ! contr>y1 7 #fb7 has come to :at is intr9sically a mo/ important conclusion t cognition1 proce$+ z x mu/ by f9ite m$iations1 c "k only ! f9ite1 & nev] embody ! tru?2 & w\ld fa9 h ! consci\sness ( ,god g no fur!r ?an ! a=esaid v ab/ract belief t ,god is4#c 7#b7 ,! mod]n doctr9e on ! "o h& makes no *ange 9 ! ,c>tesian me?od ( ! usual sci5tific k1 & conducts on ! same plan ! exp]im5tal & f9ite sci5ces t h sprung f x4 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 :5 x comes to ! sci5ce :i* has inf9ity = its scope1 x ?r[s aside t me?od1 & ?us1 z x kn[s no o!r1 x rejects all me?ods4 ,x ab&ons itself to wild vag>ies ( imag9ation & ass]tion1 to a moral priggi%ness & s5tim5tal arrogance1 or to a reckless dogmatis+ & lu/ ( argum5t1 :i* is l\de/ aga9/ philosophy & philosophic doctr9es4 ,philosophy ( c\rse tol]ates no m]e ass]tions or conceits1 & *ecks ! free play ( argum5tative see-saw4 #gh4 ,we mu/ !n reject ! opposition betwe5 an indep5d5t imm$iacy 9 ! cont5ts or facts ( consci\sness & an equally indep5d5t m$iation1 suppos$ incompatible ) ! =m]4 ,! incompatibility is a m]e assumption1 an arbitr>y ass]tion4 ,all o!r assumptions & po/ulates mu/ 9 l mann] be left beh9d at ! entrance to philosophy1 :e!r !y are d]iv$ f ! intellect or ! imag9ation4 ,= philosophy is ! sci5ce1 9 :i* e su* proposition mu/ fir/ be scrut9is$ & its mean+ & oppositions be asc]ta9$4 ,scepticism1 made a negative sci5ce & sy/ematically appli$ to all =ms ( k1 might seem a suitable introduction1 z po9t+ out ! nullity ( su* assumptions4 ,b a sceptical introduction w\ld be n only an ungrateful b also a useless c\rse2 & t because ,dialectic1 z we %all soon make appe>1 is itself an ess5tial elem5t ( affirmative sci5ce4 ,scepticism1 besides1 c\ld only get hold ( ! f9ite =ms z !y 7 sugge/$ by exp]i5ce1 tak+ !m z giv51 in/ead ( d$uc+ !m sci5tifically4 ,to require su* a scepticism accompli%$ is ! same z to insi/ on sci5ce be+ prec$$ by univ]sal d\bt1 or a total abs5ce ( presupposition4 ,/rictly speak+1 9 ! resolve t wills pure ?\ght1 ?is requirem5t is accompli%$ by fre$om :i*1 ab/ract+ f ev]y?+1 grasps its pure ab/raction1 ! simplicity ( ?\ght4 #a ,9 ord] to judge ( ! great] or less ext5t lo :i* ,exp]i5ce %[s cases ( ,a!ism or ( ! belief 9 ,god1 x is all-important to "k if ! m]e g5]al conception ( deity suffices1 or if a m def9ite k ( ,god is requir$4 ,! ,*ri/ian _w w\ld c]ta9ly refuse ! title ( ,god to ! idols ( ! ,h9doos & ! ,*9ese1 to ! feti*es ( ! ,africans1 & ev5 to ! gods ( ,greece !mselves4 ,if s1 a believ] 9 ^! idols w\ld n be a believ] 9 ,god4 ,if x 7 cont5d$1 on ! o!r h&1 t su* a belief 9 idols implies "s sort ( belief 9 ,god1 z ! species implies ! g5us1 !n idolatry w\ld argue n fai? 9 an idol m]ely1 b fai? 9 ,god4 ,! ,a!nians took an opposite view4 ,! poets & philosoph]s :o expla9$ ,zeus to be a cl\d1 & ma9ta9$ t !re 0 only "o ,god1 7 treat$ z a!i/s at ,a!ns4 ,! dang] 9 ^! que/ions lies 9 look+ at :at ! m9d may make out ( an object1 & n :at t object actually & explicitly is4 ,if we fail to note ?is di/9ction1 ! commone/ p]ceptions ( m5's s5ses w be religion3 = e su* p]ception1 & inde$ e act ( m9d1 implicitly conta9s ! pr9ciple :i*1 :5 x is purifi$ & develop$1 rises to religion4 ,b to be capable ( religion is "o ?+1 to h x ano!r4 ,& religion yet implicit is only a capacity or a possibility4 ,?us 9 mod]n times1 travell]s h f\nd tribes 7z ,capta9s ,ross & ,p>ry f\nd ! ,esquimaux7 :i*1 z !y tell u1 h n ev5 t small modicum ( religion possess$ by ,african sorc]]s1 ! gtes ( ,h]odotus4 ,on ! o!r h&1 an ,engli%man1 :o sp5t ! fir/ mon?s ( ! la/ ,jubilee at ,rome1 says1 9 8 acc\nt ( ! mod]n ,romans1 t ! common p are bigots1 :il/ ^? :o c read & write are a!i/s to a man4 ,! *>ge ( ,a!ism is seldom he>d 9 mod]n times3 pr9cipally because ! facts & ! requirem5ts ( religion are r$uc$ to a m9imum4 7,see #gc47 #b ,desc>tes1 ,pr9cip4 ,phil4 ,i4 #ae3 ,magis hoc 7ens summe p]fectum exi/]e7 cr$et1 si att5dat1 nullius alt]ius rei ideam apud se inv5iri1 9 qua eodem modo necess>iam exi/5tiam cont9]i animadv]iat2--intelliget illam ideam exhib]e v]am et immutabilem naturam1 quaeque non pote/ non exi/]e1 cum necess>ia exi/5tia 9 ea cont9eatur4 7,! read] w be m dispos$ to believe t !re exi/s a be+ supremely p]fect1 if he notes t 9 ! case ( no?+ else is !re f\nd 9 him an idea1 9 :i* he notices necess>y exi/5ce to be conta9$ 9 ! same way4 ,he w see t t idea exhibits a true & un*angeable nature1--a nature :i* _c b exi/1 s9ce necess>y exi/5ce is conta9$ 9 x47 ,a rem>k :i* imm$iately foll[s1 & :i* s\nds l m$iation or demon/ration1 does n really prejudice ! orig9al pr9ciple4 ,9 ,sp9oza we come ^u ! same /atem5t t ! ess5ce or ab/ract conception ( ,god implies exi/5ce4 ,! fir/ ( ,sp9oza's def9itions1 t ( ! ,causa ,sui 7or ,self-,cause71 expla9s x to be cujus ess5tia involvit exi/5tiam1 sive id cujus natura non pote/ concipi nisi exi/5s 7t ( :i* ! ess5ce involves exi/5ce1 or t ^: nature _c be conceiv$ except z exi/+74 ,! insep>ability ( ! notion f be+ is ! ma9 po9t & fundam5tal hypo!sis 9 8 sy/em4 ,b :at notion is ?us insep>able f be+8 ,n ! notion ( f9ite ?+s1 = !y are s con/itut$ z to h a cont+5t & a creat$ exi/5ce4 ,sp9oza's #aa? proposition1 :i* foll[s ) a pro( t ,god exi/s necess>ily1 & 8 #bj?1 %[+ t ,god's exi/5ce & 8 ess5ce are "o & ! same1 are really sup]flu\s1 & ! pro( is m 9 =m ?an 9 reality4 ,to say1 t ,god is ,sub/ance1 ! only ,sub/ance1 & t1 z ,sub/ance is ,causa ,sui1 ,god !re=e exi/s necess>ily1 is m]ely /at+ t ,god is t ( :i* ! notion & ! be+ are insep>able4 #c ,anselm on ! contr>y says3 ,neglig5tiae mihi videtur1 si po/-quam confirmati sumus 9 fide1 non /udemus1 quod cr$imus1 intellig]e4 7,me?9ks x is c>elessness1 if1 aft] we h be5 confirm$ 9 ! fai?1 we d n ex]t ourselves to see ! mean+ ( :at we believe47 ,tractat4 ,cur ,deus ,homo8 ,^! words ( ,anselm1 9 connexion ) ! concrete tru?s ( ,*ri/ian doctr9e1 (f] a f> h>d] problem = inve/igation1 ?an is contemplat$ by ?is mod]n fai?4 ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,logic ,,fur!r ,,def9$ ,,& ,,divid$4 #gi4 ,9 po9t ( =m ,logical doctr9e has ?ree sides3 77 ! ,ab/ract side1 or t ( und]/&+3 77 ! ,dialectical1 or t ( negative reason3 7y7 ! ,speculative1 or t ( positive reason4 ,^! ?ree sides d n make ?ree p>ts ( logic1 b are /ages or 'mom5ts' 9 e logical entity1 t is1 ( e notion & tru? :atev]4 ,!y may all be put "u ! fir/ /age1 t ( und]/&+1 & s kept isolat$ f ea* o!r2 b ?is w\ld give an inadequate conception ( !m4--,! /atem5t ( ! divid+ l9es & ! *>act]i/ic aspects ( logic is at ?is po9t no m ?an hi/orical & anticipatory4 #hj4 77 ,?\ght1 z ,und]/&+1 /icks to fixity ( *>act]s & _! di/9ctness f "o ano!r3 e su* limit$ ab/ract x treats z hav+ a subsi/5ce & be+ ( its own4 ,9 our ord9>y usage ( ! t]m ?\ght & ev5 notion1 we (t5 h be=e our eyes no?+ m ?an ! op]ation ( ,und]/&+4 ,& no d\bt ?\ght is prim>ily an ex]cise ( ,und]/&+3--only x goes fur!r1 & ! notion is n a function ( ,und]/&+ m]ely4 ,! action ( ,und]/&+ may be 9 g5]al describ$ z inve/+ its subject-matt] ) ! =m ( univ]sality4 ,b ?is univ]sal is an ab/ract univ]sal3 t is to say1 its opposition to ! p>ticul> is s rigor\sly ma9ta9$1 t x is at ! same "t also r$uc$ to ! "* ( a p>ticul> aga94 ,9 ?is sep>at+ & ab/ract+ attitude t[>ds its objects1 ,und]/&+ is ! rev]se ( imm$iate p]ception & s5sation1 :i*1 z su*1 keep completely to _! native sph]e ( action 9 ! concrete4 ,x is by ref]r+ to ?is opposition ( ,und]/&+ to s5sation or feel+ t we mu/ expla9 ! frequ5t attacks made ^u ?\ght = be+ h>d & n>r[1 & = lead+1 if consi/5tly develop$1 to ru9\s & p]nici\s results4 ,! answ] to ^! *>ges1 9 s f> z !y are w>rant$ by _! facts1 is1 t !y d n t\* ?9k+ 9 g5]al1 c]ta9ly n ! ?9k+ ( ,reason1 b only ! ex]cise ( ,und]/&+4 ,x mu/ be add$ h[ev]1 t ! m]it & rights ( ! m]e ,und]/&+ %\ld unhesitat+ly be admitt$4 ,& t m]it lies 9 ! fact1 t ap>t f ,und]/&+ !re is no fixity or accuracy 9 ! region ei!r ( !ory or ( practice4 ,?us1 9 !ory1 k beg9s by appreh5d+ exi/+ objects 9 _! specific diff]5ces4 ,9 ! /udy ( nature1 = example1 we di/+ui% matt]s1 =ces1 g5]a & ! l1 & /]eotype ea* 9 its isolation4 ,?\ght is "h act+ 9 its analytic capacity1 :]e its canon is id5tity1 a simple ref]5ce ( ea* attribute to itself4 ,x is "u ! guidance ( ! same id5tity t ! process 9 k is effect$ f "o sci5tific tru? to ano!r4 ,?us1 = example1 9 ma!matics magnitude is ! feature :i*1 to ! neglect ( any o!r1 det]m9es our advance4 ,h5ce 9 geometry we comp>e "o figure ) ano!r1 s z to br+ out _! id5tity4 ,simil>ly 9 o!r fields ( k1 su* z jurisprud5ce1 ! advance is prim>ily regulat$ by id5tity4 ,9 x we argue f "o specific law or prec$5t to ano!r3 & :at is ?is b to proce$ on ! pr9ciple ( id5tity8 ,b ,und]/&+ is z indisp5sable 9 practice z x is 9 !ory4 ,"* is an ess5tial 9 conduct1 & a man ( "* is an und]/&+ man1 :o 9 t capacity has def9ite ends 9 view & undeviat+ly pursues !m4 ,! man :o w d some?+ great mu/ le>n1 z ,goe! says1 to limit himself4 ,! man :o1 on ! contr>y1 w\ld d ev]y?+1 really w\ld d no?+1 & fails4 ,!re is a ho/ ( int]e/+ ?+s 9 ! _w3 ,spani% poetry1 *emi/ry1 politics1 & music are all v int]e/+1 & if any "o takes an int]e/ 9 !m we ne$ n f9d fault4 ,b = a p]son 9 a giv5 situation to accompli% any?+1 he mu/ /ick to "o def9ite po9t1 & n dissipate 8' =ces 9 _m directions4 ,9 e call+1 too1 ! great ?+ is to pursue x ) und]/&+4 ,?us ! judge mu/ /ick to ! law1 & give 8 v]dict 9 accordance )1 x1 undet]r$ by "o motive or ano!r1 all[+ no excuses2 & look+ nei!r left nor "r4 ,und]/&+1 too1 is always an elem5t 9 ?or\gh tra9+4 ,! tra9$-intellect is n satisfi$ ) cl\dy & indef9ite impressions1 b grasps ! objects 9 _! fix$ "*3 :]eas ! uncultivat$ man wav]s unsettl$1 & x (t5 co/s a deal ( tr\ble to come to an und]/&+ ) him on ! matt] "u discussion1 & to br+ him to fix 8 eye on ! def9ite po9t 9 "q4 ,x has be5 already expla9$ t ! ,logical pr9ciple 9 g5]al1 f> f be+ m]ely a subjective action 9 our m9ds1 is r ! v univ]sal1 :i* z su* is also objective4 ,?is doctr9e is illu/rat$ 9 ! case ( und]/&+1 ! fir/ =m ( logical tru?s4 ,und]/&+ 9 ?is l>g] s5se corresponds to :at we call ! goodness ( ,god1 s f> z t means t f9ite ?+s are & subsi/4 ,9 nature1 = example1 we recognise ! goodness ( ,god 9 ! fact t ! v>i\s classes or species ( animals & plants are provid$ ) :atev] !y ne$ = _! pres]vation & welf>e4 ,nor is man except$1 :o1 bo? z an individual & z a nation1 possesses p>tly 9 ! giv5 circum/ances ( climate1 ( quality & products ( soil1 & p>tly 9 8 natural p>ts or tal5ts1 all t is requir$ = 8 ma9t5ance & developm5t4 ,"u ?is %ape ,und]/&+ is visible 9 e dep>tm5t ( ! objective _w2 & no object 9 t _w c ev] be :olly p]fect :i* does n give full satisfaction to ! canons ( und]/&+4 ,a /ate1 = example1 is imp]fect1 s long z x has n rea*$ a cle> diff]5tiation ( ord]s & call+s1 & s long z ^? functions ( politics & gov]nm5t1 :i* are diff]5t 9 pr9ciple1 h n evolv$ = !mselves special organs1 9 ! same way z we see1 = example1 ! develop$ animal organism provid$ ) sep>ate organs = ! functions ( s5sation1 motion1 dige/ion1 c4 ,! previ\s c\rse ( ! discussion may s]ve to %[1 t und]/&+ is indisp5sable ev5 9 ^? sph]es & regions ( action :i* ! popul> fancy w\ld deem fur!/ f x1 & t 9 proportion z und]/&+1 is abs5t f !m1 imp]fection is ! result4 ,?is p>ticul>ly holds good ( ,art1 ,religion1 & ,philosophy4 ,9 ,art1 = example1 und]/&+ is visible :]e ! =ms ( beauty1 :i* diff] 9 pr9ciple1 are kept di/9ct & exhibit$ 9 _! purity4 ,! same ?+ holds good also ( s+le works ( art4 ,x is "p ( ! beauty & p]fection ( a dramatic poem t ! *>act]s ( ! sev]al p]sons %\ld be closely & fai?fully ma9ta9$1 & t ! diff]5t aims & int]e/s involv$ %\ld be pla9ly & decid$ly exhibit$4 ,or aga91 take ! prov9ce ( ,religion4 ,! sup]iority ( ,greek ov] ,nor!rn my?ology 7ap>t f o!r diff]5ces ( subject-matt] & conception7 ma9ly consi/s 9 ?is3 t 9 ! =m] ! individual gods are fa%ion$ into =ms ( sculpture-l di/9ctness ( outl9e1 :ile 9 ! latt] ! figures fade away vaguely & hazily into "o ano!r4 ,la/ly comes ,philosophy4 ,t ,philosophy nev] c get on )\t ! und]/&+ h>dly calls = special rem>k aft] :at has be5 said4 ,its =emo/ requirem5t is t e ?\ght %all be grasp$ 9 its full precision1 & no?+ all[$ to rema9 vague & indef9ite4 ,x is usually add$ t und]/&+ mu/ n g too f>4 ,:i* is s f> correct1 t und]/&+ is n an ultimate1 b on ! contr>y f9ite1 & s con/itut$ t :5 c>ri$ to extremes x ve]s r\nd to its opposite4 ,x is ! fa%ion ( y\? to da% ab\t 9 ab/ractions3 b ! man :o has le>nt to "k life /e]s cle> ( ! ab/ract 'ei!r--or1' & keeps to ! concrete4 #ha4 77 ,9 ! ,dialectical /age ^! f9ite *>act]isations or =mulae sup]s$e !mselves1 & pass into _! opposites4 7#a7 ,b :5 ! ,dialectical pr9ciple is employ$ by ! und]/&+ sep>ately & indep5d5tly1--especially z se5 9 its application to philosophical !ories1 ,dialectic becomes ,scepticism2 9 :i* ! result t ensues f its action is pres5t$ z a m]e negation4 7#b7 ,x is cu/om>y to treat ,dialectic z an adv5titi\s art1 :i* = v wantonness introduces confusion & a m]e semblance ( contradiction into def9ite notions4 ,& 9 t light1 ! semblance is ! non5tity1 :ile ! true reality is suppos$ to belong to ! orig9al dicta ( und]/&+4 ,(t51 inde$1 ,dialectic is no?+ m ?an a subjective see-saw ( argum5ts pro & con1 :]e ! abs5ce ( /]l+ ?\ght is disguis$ by ! subtlety :i* gives bir? to su* argum5ts4 ,b 9 its true & prop] "*4 ,dialectic is ! v nature & ess5ce ( ev]y?+ pr$icat$ by m]e und]/&+1--! law ( ?+s & ( ! f9ite z a :ole4 ,dialectic is diff]5t f ',reflection4' ,9 ! fir/ in/ance1 ,reflection is t movem5t out beyond ! isolat$ pr$icate ( a ?+ :i* gives x "s ref]5ce1 & br+s out its relativity1 :ile /ill 9 o!r respects leav+ x its isolat$ validity4 ,b by ,dialectic is meant ! 9-dwell+ t5d5cy outw>ds by :i* ! "o-sid$ness & limitation ( ! pr$icates ( und]/&+ is se5 9 its true light1 & %[n to be ! negation ( !m4 ,= any?+ to be f9ite is j to suppress itself & put itself aside4 ,?us und]/ood ! ,dialectical pr9ciple con/itutes ! life & s\l ( sci5tific progress1 ! dynamic :i* alone gives imman5t connexion & necessity to ! body ( sci5ce2 &1 9 a ^w1 is se5 to con/itute ! real & true1 z oppos$ to ! ext]nal1 exaltation above ! f9ite4 7#a7 ,x is ( ! highe/ importance to asc]ta9 & und]/& rightly ! nature ( ,dialectic4 ,:]ev] !re is movem5t1 :]ev] !re is life1 :]ev] any?+ is c>ri$ into effect 9 ! actual _w1 !re ,dialectic is at "w4 ,x is also ! s\l ( all k :i* is truly sci5tific4 ,9 ! popul> way ( look+ at ?+s1 ! refusal to be b\nd by ! ab/ract deliv]ances ( und]/&+ appe>s z fairness1 :i*1 accord+ to ! prov]b ,live & let live1 dem&s t ea* %\ld h its turn2 we admit ! "o1 b we admit ! o!r also4 ,b :5 we look m closely1 we f9d t ! limitations ( ! f9ite d n m]ely come f )\t2 t its own nature is ! cause ( its abrogation1 & t by its own act x passes into its c\nt]p>t4 ,we say1 = in/ance1 t man is mortal1 & seem to ?9k t ! gr\nd ( 8 dea? is 9 ext]nal circum/ances only2 s t if ?is way ( look+ 7 correct1 man w\ld h two special prop]ties1 vitality &--also--mortality4 ,b ! true view ( ! matt] is t life1 z life1 involves ! g]m ( dea?1 & t ! f9ite1 be+ radically self-contradictory1 involves its own self-suppression4 ,nor1 aga91 is ,dialectic to be conf\nd$ ) m]e ,sophi/ry4 ,! ess5ce ( ,sophi/ry lies 9 giv+ au?ority to a p>tial & ab/ract pr9ciple1 9 its isolation1 z may suit ! int]e/ & p>ticul> situation ( ! individual at ! "t4 ,= example1 a reg>d to my exi/5ce1 & my hav+ ! means ( exi/5ce1 is a vital motive ( conduct1 b if ,i exclusively emphasise ?is consid]ation or motive ( my welf>e1 & draw ! conclusion t ,i may /eal or betray my c\ntry1 we h a case ( ,sophi/ry4 ,simil>ly1 x is a vital pr9ciple 9 conduct t ,i %\ld be subjectively free1 t is to say1 t ,i %\ld h an insight into :at ,i am do+1 & a conviction t x is "r4 ,b if my plead+ insi/s on ?is pr9ciple alone ,i fall into ,sophi/ry1 su* z w\ld ov]?r[ all ! pr9ciples ( morality4 ,f ?is sort ( p>ty-plead+ ,dialectic is :olly diff]5t2 its purpose is to /udy ?+s 9 _! own be+ & movem5t & ?us to demon/rate ! f9itude ( ! p>tial categories ( und]/&+4 ,dialectic1 x may be add$1 is no novelty 9 philosophy4 ,among ! anci5ts ,plato is t]m$ ! inv5tor ( ,dialectic2 & 8 "r to ! "n re/s on ! fact1 t ! ,platonic philosophy fir/ gave ! free sci5tific1 & ?us at ! same "t ! objective1 =m to ,dialectic4 ,socrates1 z we %\ld expect f ! g5]al "* ( 8 philosophis+1 has ! dialectical elem5t 9 a pr$om9antly subjective %ape1 t ( ,irony4 ,he us$ to turn 8 ,dialectic1 fir/ aga9/ ord9>y consci\sness1 & !n especially aga9/ ! ,sophi/s4 ,9 8 conv]sations he us$ to simulate ! wi% = "s cle>] k ab\t ! subject "u discussion1 & aft] putt+ all sorts ( que/ions ) t int5t1 he drew on ^? ) :om he conv]s$ to ! opposite ( :at _! fir/ impressions _h pron\nc$ correct4 ,if1 = in/ance1 ! ,sophi/s claim$ to be tea*]s1 ,socrates by a s]ies ( que/ions =c$ ! ,sophi/ ,protagoras to confess t all le>n+ is only recollection4 ,9 8 m /rictly sci5tific dialogues ,plato employs ! dialectical me?od to %[ ! f9itude ( all h>d & fa/ t]ms ( und]/&+4 ,?us 9 ! ,p>m5ides he d$uces ! _m f ! "o1 & %[s nev]!less t ! _m _c b def9e itself z ! "o4 ,9 ?is gr& /yle did ,plato treat ,dialectic4 ,9 mod]n times x 01 m ?an any o!r1 ,kant :o resuscitat$ ! "n ( ,dialectic1 & re/or$ x to its po/ ( hon\r4 ,he did x1 z we h se5 7 #dh71 by work+ out ! ,ant9omies ( ! reason4 ,! problem ( ^! ,ant9omies is no m]e subjective piece ( "w oscillat+ betwe5 "o set ( gr\nds & ano!r2 x really s]ves to %[ t e ab/ract proposition ( und]/&+1 tak5 precisely z x is giv51 naturally ve]s r\nd into its opposite4 ,h[ev] reluctant ,und]/&+ may be to admit ! action ( ,dialectic1 we mu/ n suppose t ! recognition if its exi/5ce is peculi>ly conf9$ to ! philosoph]4 ,x w\ld be tru] to say t ,dialectic gives expression to a law :i* is felt 9 all o!r grades ( consci\sness1 & 9 g5]al exp]i5ce4 ,ev]y?+ t surr\nds u may be view$ z an in/ance ( ,dialectic4 ,we are aw>e t ev]y?+ f9ite1 in/ead ( be+ /able & ultimate1 is r *angeable & transi5t2 & ?is is exactly :at we mean by t ,dialectic ( ! f9ite1 by :i* ! f9ite1 z implicitly o!r ?an :at x is1 is =c$ beyond its own imm$iate or natural be+ to turn sudd5ly into its opposite4 ,we h be=e ?is 7 #hj7 id5tifi$ ,und]/&+ ) :at is impli$ 9 ! popul> idea ( ! goodness ( ,god2 we may n[ rem>k ( ,dialectic1 9 ! same objective signification1 t its pr9ciple answ]s to ! idea ( 8 p[]4 ,all ?+s1 we say1--t is1 ! f9ite _w z su*1--are doom$2 & 9 say+ s1 we h a vision ( ,dialectic z ! univ]sal & irresi/ible p[] be=e :i* no?+ c /ay1 h[ev] secure & /able x may deem itself4 ,! category ( p[] does n1 x is true1 exhau/ ! dep? ( ! div9e nature or ! notion ( ,god2 b x c]ta9ly =ms a vital elem5t 9 all religi\s consci\sness4 ,ap>t f ?is g5]al objectivity ( ,dialectic1 we f9d traces ( its pres5ce 9 ea* ( ! p>ticul> prov9ces & phases ( ! natural & ! spiritual _w4 ,take z an illu/ration ! motion ( ! heav5ly bodies4 ,at ?is mom5t ! planet /&s 9 ?is spot1 b implicitly x is ! possibility ( be+ 9 ano!r spot2 & t possibility ( be+ o!rwise ! planet br+s into exi/5ce by mov+4 ,simil>ly ! 'physical' elem5ts prove to be ,dialectical4 ,! process ( meteorological action is ! exhibition ( _! ,dialectic4 ,x is ! same dynamic t lies at ! root ( e o!r natural process1 &1 z x 71 =ces nature out ( itself4 ,to illu/rate ! pres5ce ( ,dialectic 9 ! spiritual _w1 especially 9 ! prov9ces ( law & morality1 we h only to recollect h[ g5]al exp]i5ce %[s u ! extreme ( "o /ate or action sudd5ly %ift+ into its opposite3 a ,dialectic :i* is recognis$ 9 _m ways 9 common prov]bs4 ,?us summum jus summa injuria3 :i* means1 t to drive an ab/ract "r to its extremity is to d a wrong4 ,9 political life1 z e "o kn[s1 extreme an>*y & extreme despotism naturally lead to "o ano!r4 ,! p]ception ( ,dialectic 9 ! prov9ce ( individual ,e?ics is se5 9 ! well-kn[n adages1 ,pride comes be=e a fall3 ,too mu* wit outwits itself4 ,ev5 feel+1 bodily z well z m5tal1 has its ,dialectic4 ,e "o kn[s h[ ! extremes ( pa9 & pleasure pass into ea* o!r3 ! he>t ov]fl[+ ) joy seeks relief 9 te>s1 & ! deepe/ melan*oly w at times betray its pres5ce by a smile4 7#b7 ,scepticism %\ld n be look$ ^u m]ely z a doctr9e ( d\bt4 ,x w\ld be m correct to say t ! ,sceptic has no d\bt ( 8 po9t1 :i* is ! no?+ness ( all f9ite exi/5ce4 ,he :o only d\bts /ill cl+s to ! hope t 8 d\bt may be resolv$1 & t "o or o!r ( ! def9ite views1 betwe5 :i* he wav]s1 w turn out solid & true4 ,scepticism prop]ly s call$ is a v diff]5t ?+3 x is complete hopelessness ab\t all :i* und]/&+ c\nts /able1 & ! feel+ to :i* x gives bir? is "o ( unbrok5 calmness & inw>d repose4 ,su* at lea/ is ! noble ,scepticism ( antiquity1 especially z exhibit$ 9 ! writ+s ( ,sextus ,empiricus1 :5 9 ! lat] times ( ,rome x _h be5 sy/ematis$ z a complem5t to ! dogmatic sy/ems ( ,/oic & ,epicurean4 ,( f> o!r /amp1 & to be /rictly di/+ui%$ f x1 is ! mod]n ,scepticism already m5tion$ 7#ci71 :i* p>tly prec$$ ! ,critical ,philosophy1 & p>tly sprung out ( x4 ,t lat] ,scepticism consi/$ solely 9 d5y+ ! tru? & c]titude ( ! sup]-s5sible1 & 9 po9t+ to ! facts ( s5se & ( imm$iate s5sations z :at we h to keep to4 ,ev5 to ?is day ,scepticism is (t5 spok5 ( z ! irresi/ible enemy ( all positive k1 & h5ce ( philosophy1 9 s f> z philosophy is conc]n$ ) positive k4 ,b 9 ^! /atem5ts !re is a misconception4 ,x is only ! f9ite ?\ght ( ab/ract und]/&+ :i* has to fe> ,scepticism1 because unable to )/& x3 philosophy includes ! sceptical pr9ciple z a subord9ate function ( its own1 9 ! %ape ( ,dialectic4 ,9 contradi/9ction to m]e ,scepticism1 h[ev]1 philosophy does n rema9 cont5t ) ! purely negative result ( ,dialectic4 ,! sceptic mi/akes ! true value ( 8 result1 :5 he supposes x to be no m ?an a negation pure & simple4 ,= ! negative1 :i* em]ges z ! result ( dialectic1 is1 because a result1 at ! same "t ! positive3 x conta9s :at x results f1 absorb$ into itself1 & made "p ( its own nature4 ,?us conceiv$1 h[ev]1 ! dialectical /age has ! features *>act]is+ ! ?ird grade ( logical tru?1 ! speculative =m1 or =m ( positive reason4 #hb4 7y7 ,! ,speculative /age1 or /age ( ,positive ,reason1 appreh5ds ! unity ( t]ms 7propositions7 9 _! opposition1--! affirmative1 :i* is involv$ 9 _! dis9tegration & 9 _! transition4 7#a7 ,! result ( ,dialectic is positive1 because x has a def9ite cont5t1 or because its result is n empty & ab/ract no?+1 b ! negation ( c]ta9 specific propositions :i* are conta9$ 9 ! result1--= ! v reason t x is a resultant & n an imm$iate no?+4 7#b7 ,x foll[s f ?is t ! 'reasonable' result1 ?\gh x be only a ?\ght & ab/ract1 is /ill a concrete1 be+ n a pla9 =mal unity1 b a unity ( di/9ct propositions4 ,b>e ab/ractions or =mal ?\ghts are !re=e no bus9ess ( philosophy1 :i* has to deal only ) concrete ?\ghts4 7#c7 ,! logic ( m]e ,und]/&+ is involv$ 9 ,speculative logic1 & c at w be elicit$ f x1 by ! simple process ( omitt+ ! dialectical & 'reasonable' elem5t4 ,:5 t is done1 x becomes :at ! common logic is1 a descriptive collection ( sundry ?\ght-=ms & rules :i*1 f9ite ?\gh !y are1 are tak5 to be some?+ inf9ite4 ,if we consid] only :at x conta9s1 & n h[ x conta9s x1 ! true reason-_w1 s f> f be+ ! exclusive prop]ty ( philosophy1 is ! "r ( e human be+ on :atev] grade ( culture or m5tal gr[? he may /&2 :i* w\ld ju/ify man's anci5t title ( rational be+4 ,! g5]al mode by :i* exp]i5ce fir/ makes u aw>e ( ! reasonable ord] ( ?+s is by accept$ & unreason$ belief2 & ! "* ( ! rational1 z already not$ 7 #de71 is to be uncondition$1 & ?us to be self-conta9$1 self-det]m9+4 ,9 ?is s5se man above all ?+s becomes aw>e ( ! reasonable ord]1 :5 he kn[s ( ,god1 & kn[s ,him to be ! completely self-det]m9$4 ,simil>ly1 ! consci\sness a citiz5 has ( 8 c\ntry & its laws is a p]ception ( ! reason-_w1 s long z he looks up to !m z uncondition$ & likewise univ]sal p[]s1 to :i* he mu/ subject 8 individual w4 ,& 9 ! same s5se1 ! k & w ( ! *ild is rational1 :5 he kn[s 8 p>5ts' w1 & wills x4 ,n[1 to turn ^! rational 7( c\rse positively-rational7 realities into speculative pr9ciples1 ! only ?+ ne$$ is t !y be ?\ght4 ,! expression ',speculation' 9 common life is (t5 us$ ) a v vague & at ! same "t second>y s5se1 z :5 we speak ( a matrimonial or a comm]cial speculation4 ,by ?is we only mean two ?+s3 fir/1 t :at is imm$iately at h& has to be pass$ & left beh9d2 & secondly1 t ! subject-matt] ( su* speculations1 ?\gh 9 ! fir/ place only subjective1 mu/ n rema9 s1 b be realis$ or translat$ into objectivity4 ,:at 0 "s "t ago rem>k$ respect+ ! ,idea1 may be appli$ to ?is common usage ( ! t]m 'speculation'3 & we may add t p :o rank !mselves among/ ! educat$ expressly speak ( speculation ev5 z if x 7 some?+ purely subjective4 ,a c]ta9 !ory ( "s conditions & circum/ances ( nature or m9d may be1 say ^! p1 v f9e & correct z a matt] ( speculation1 b x contradicts exp]i5ce & no?+ ( ! sort is admissible 9 reality4 ,to ?is ! answ] is1 t ! speculative is 9 its true signification1 nei!r prelim9>ily nor ev5 def9itively1 some?+ m]ely subjective3 t1 on ! contr>y1 x expressly rises above su* oppositions z t betwe5 subjective & objective1 :i* ! und]/&+ _c get ov]1 & absorb+ !m 9 itself1 ev9ces its own concrete & all-embrac+ nature4 ,a "o-sid$ proposition !re=e c nev] ev5 give expression to a speculative tru?4 ,if we say1 = example1 t ! absolute is ! unity ( subjective & objective1 we are und\bt$ly 9 ! "r1 b s f> "o-sid$1 z we enunciate ! unity only & lay ! acc5t ^u x1 =gett+ t 9 reality ! subjective & objective are n m]ely id5tical b also di/9ct4 ,speculative tru?1 x may also be not$1 means v mu* ! same z :at1 9 special connexion ) religi\s exp]i5ce & doctr9es1 us$ to be call$ ,my/icism4 ,! t]m ,my/icism is at pres5t us$1 z a rule1 to designate :at is my/]i\s & incompreh5sible3 & 9 proportion z _! g5]al culture & way ( ?9k+ v>y1 ! epi!t is appli$ by "o class to d5ote ! real & ! true1 by ano!r to "n ev]y?+ connect$ ) sup]/ition & deception4 ,on :i* we fir/ ( all rem>k t !re is my/]y 9 ! my/ical1 only h[ev] = ! und]/&+ :i* is rul$ by ! pr9ciple ( ab/ract id5tity2 :]eas ! my/ical1 z synonym\s ) ! speculative1 is ! concrete unity ( ^? propositions1 :i* und]/&+ only accepts 9 _! sep>ation & opposition4 ,& if ^? :o recognise ,my/icism z ! highe/ tru? are cont5t to leave x 9 its orig9al utt] my/]y1 _! conduct only proves t = !m too1 z well z = _! antagoni/s1 ?9k+ means ab/ract id5tification1 & t 9 _! op9ion1 !re=e1 tru? c only be won by r5\nc+ ?\ght1 or z x is frequ5tly express$1 by lead+ ! reason captive4 ,b1 z we h se51 ! ab/ract ?9k+ ( und]/&+ is s f> f be+ ei!r ultimate or /able1 t x %[s a p]petual t5d5cy to "w its own dissolution & sw+ r\nd into its opposite4 ,reasonabl5ess1 on ! contr>y1 j1 consi/s 9 embrac+ )9 itself ^! opposites z unsub/antial elem5ts4 ,?us ! reason-_w may be equally /yl$ my/ical1--n h[ev] because ?\ght _c bo? rea* & compreh5d x1 b m]ely because x lies beyond ! compass ( und]/&+4 #hc4 ,logic is subdivid$ into ?ree p>ts3-- ,i4 ,! ,doctr9e ( ,be+3 ,,ii4 ,! ,doctr9e ( ,ess5ce3 ,,iii4 ,! ,doctr9e ( ,notion & ,idea4 ,t is1 into ! ,!ory ( ,?\ght3 ,i4 ,9 its imm$iacy3 ! notion implicit & 9 g]m4 ,,ii4 ,9 its reflection & m$iation3 ! be+-=-self & %[ ( ! notion4 ,,iii4 ,9 its return into itself1 & its develop$ abid+ by itself3 ! notion 9 & = itself4 ,! division ( ,logic n[ giv51 z well z ! :ole ( ! previ\s discussion on ! nature ( ?\ght1 is anticipatory3 & ! ju/ification1 or pro( ( x1 c only result f ! detail$ treatm5t ( ?\ght itself4 ,= 9 philosophy1 to prove means to %[ h[ ! subject by & f itself makes itself :at x is4 ,! relation 9 :i* ^! ?ree lead+ grades ( ?\ght1 or ( ! logical ,idea1 /& to ea* o!r mu/ be conceiv$ z foll[s4 ,tru? comes only ) ! notion3 or1 m precisely1 ! notion is ! tru? ( be+ & ess5ce1 bo? ( :i*1 :5 sep>ately ma9ta9$ 9 _! isolation1 _c b be untrue1 ! =m] because x is exclusively imm$iate1 & ! latt] because x is exclusively m$iate4 ,:y !n1 x may be ask$1 beg9 ) ! false & n at once ) ! true8 ,to :i* we answ] t tru?1 to des]ve ! "n1 mu/ au!nticate its own tru?3 :i* au!ntication1 "h )9 ! sph]e ( logic1 is giv51 :5 ! notion demon/rates itself to be :at is m$iat$ by & ) itself1 & ?us at ! same "t to be truly imm$iate4 ,?is relation betwe5 ! ?ree /ages ( ! logical ,idea appe>s 9 a real & concrete %ape ?us3 ,god1 :o is ! tru?1 is kn[n by u 9 ,8 tru?1 t is1 z absolute _s1 only 9 s f> z we at ! same "t recognise t ! _w :i* ,he creat$1 nature & ! f9ite _s1 are1 9 _! diff]5ce f ,god1 untrue4 ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,fir/ ,,sub-,,division ,,( ,,logic4 ,,! ,,doctr9e ,,( ,,be+4 #hd4 ,be+ is ! notion implicit only3 its special =ms h ! pr$icate 'is'2 :5 !y are di/+ui%$ !y are ea* ( !m an 'o!r'3 & ! %ape :i* dialectic takes 9 !m1 i4e4 _! fur!r specialisation1 is a pass+ ov] into ano!r4 ,?is fur!r det]m9ation1 or specialisation1 is at once a =?-putt+ & 9 t way a dis5gag+ ( ! notion implicit 9 be+2 & at ! same "t ! )draw+ ( be+ inw>ds1 its s9k+ deep] into itself4 ,?us ! explication ( ! notion 9 ! sph]e ( be+ does two ?+s3 x br+s out ! totality ( be+1 & x aboli%es ! imm$iacy ( be+1 or ! =m ( be+ z su*4 #he4 ,be+ itself & ! special sub-categories ( x :i* foll[1 z well z ^? ( logic 9 g5]al1 may be look$ ^u z def9itions ( ! ,absolute1 or metaphysical def9itions ( ,god3 at lea/ ! fir/ & ?ird category 9 e triad may1--! fir/1 :]e ! ?\ght-=m ( ! triad is =mulat$ 9 its simplicity1 & ! ?ird1 be+ ! return f diff]5tiation to a simple self-ref]5ce4 ,= a metaphysical def9ition ( ,god is ! expression ( ,8 nature 9 ?\ghts z su*3 & logic embraces all ?\ghts s long z !y cont9ue 9 ! ?\ght-=m4 ,! second sub-category 9 ea* triad1 :]e ! grade ( ?\ght is 9 its diff]5tiation1 gives1 on ! o!r h&1 a def9ition ( ! f9ite4 ,! objection to ! =m ( def9ition is t x implies a some?+ 9 ! m9d's eye on :i* ^! pr$icates may fa/54 ,?us ev5 ! ,absolute 7?\gh x purports to express ,god 9 ! /yle & "* ( ?\ght7 9 comp>ison ) its pr$icate 7:i* really & di/9ctly expresses 9 ?\ght :at ! subject does n71 is z yet only an in*oate pret5d$ ?\ght--! indet]m9ate subject ( pr$icates yet to come4 ,! ?\ght1 :i* is "h ! matt] ( sole importance1 is conta9$ only 9 ! pr$icate3 & h5ce ! propositional =m1 l ! said subject1 viz4 ! ,absolute1 is a m]e sup]fluity 7cf4 #ca1 & bel[1 on ! ,judgm5t74 ,ea* ( ! ?ree sph]es ( ! logical idea proves to be a sy/ematic :ole ( ?\ght-t]ms1 & a phase ( ! ,absolute4 ,?is is ! case ) ,be+1 conta9+ ! ?ree grades ( quality1 quantity1 & measure4 ,quality is1 9 ! fir/ place1 ! "* id5tical ) be+3 s id5tical1 t a ?+ ceases to be :at x is1 if x loses its quality4 ,quantity1 on ! contr>y1 is ! "* ext]nal to be+1 & does n affect ! be+ at all4 ,?us e4g4 a h\se rema9s :at x is1 :e!r x be great] or small]2 & r$ rema9s r$1 :e!r x be bright] or d>k]4 ,measure1 ! ?ird grade ( be+1 :i* is ! unity ( ! fir/ two1 is a qualitative quantity4 ,all ?+s h _! measure3 i4e4 ! quantitative t]ms ( _! exi/5ce1 _! be+ s or s great1 does n matt] )9 c]ta9 limits2 b :5 ^! limits are exce$$ by an additional m or less1 ! ?+s cease to be :at !y 74 ,f measure foll[s ! advance to ! second sub-division ( ! idea1 ,ess5ce4 ,! ?ree =ms ( be+ "h m5tion$1 j because !y are ! fir/1 are also ! poore/1 i4e4 ! mo/ ab/ract4 ,imm$iate 7s5sible7 consci\sness1 9 s f> z x simultane\sly includes an intellectual elem5t1 is especially re/rict$ to ! ab/ract categories ( quality & quantity4 ,! s5su\s consci\sness is 9 ord9>y e/imation ! mo/ concrete & ?us also ! ri*e/2 b t is only true z reg>ds mat]ials1 :]eas1 9 ref]5ce to ! ?\ght x conta9s1 x is really ! poore/ & mo/ ab/ract4 ,a4--,,quality4 7a7 ,be+4 #hf4 ,pure ,be+ makes ! beg9n+3 because x is on "o h& pure ?\ght1 & on ! o!r imm$iacy itself1 simple & indet]m9ate2 & ! fir/ beg9n+ _c be m$iat$ by any?+1 or be fur!r det]m9$4 ,all d\bts & admonitions1 :i* might be br\ght aga9/ beg9n+ ! sci5ce ) ab/ract empty be+1 w disappe>1 if we only p]ceive :at a beg9n+ naturally implies4 ,x is possible to def9e be+ z ',i ,i1' z ',absolute ,indiff]5ce' or ,id5tity1 & s on4 ,:]e x is felt necess>y to beg9 ei!r ) :at is absolutely c]ta91 i4e4 ! c]ta9ty ( oneself1 or ) a def9ition or intuition ( ! absolute tru?1 ^! & o!r =ms ( ! k9d may be look$ on z if !y mu/ be ! fir/4 ,b ea* ( ^! =ms conta9s a m$iation1 & h5ce _c be ! real fir/3 = all m$iation implies advance made f a fir/ on to a second1 & proce$+ f some?+ diff]5t4 ,if ,i ,i1 or ev5 ! intellectual intuition1 are really tak5 to mean no m ?an ! fir/1 !y are 9 ?is m]e imm$iacy id5tical ) be+3 :ile conv]sely1 pure be+1 if ab/ract no long]1 b includ+ 9 x m$iation1 is pure ?\ght or intuition4 ,if we enunciate ,be+ z a pr$icate ( ! ,absolute1 we get ! fir/ def9ition ( ! latt]4 ,! ,absolute is ,be+4 ,?is is 79 ?\ght7 ! absolutely initial def9ition1 ! mo/ ab/ract & /9t$4 ,x is ! def9ition giv5 by ! ,eleatics1 b at ! same "t is also ! well-kn[n def9ition ( ,god z ! sum ( all realities4 ,x means1 9 %ort1 t we are to set aside t limitation :i* is 9 e reality1 s t ,god %all be only ! real 9 all reality1 ! sup]latively real4 ,or1 if we reject reality1 z imply+ a reflection1 we get a m imm$iate or unreflect$ /atem5t ( ! same ?+1 :5 ,jacobi says t ! ,god ( ,sp9oza is ! pr9cipium ( be+ 9 all exi/5ce4 7#a7 ,:5 ?9k+ is to beg91 we h no?+ b ?\ght 9 its m]e/ indet]m9at5ess3 = we _c det]m9e unless !re is bo? "o & ano!r2 & 9 ! beg9n+ !re is yet no o!r4 ,! indet]m9ate1 z we "h h x1 is ! blank we beg9 )1 n a featurelessness rea*$ by ab/raction1 n ! elim9ation ( all "*1 b ! orig9al featurelessness :i* prec$es all def9ite "* & is ! v fir/ ( all4 ,& ?is we call ,be+4 ,x is n to be felt1 or p]ceiv$ by s5se1 or pictur$ 9 imag9ation3 x is only & m]ely ?\ght1 & z su* x =ms ! beg9n+4 ,ess5ce also is indet]m9ate1 b 9 ano!r s5se3 x has trav]s$ ! process ( m$iation & conta9s implicit ! det]m9ation x has absorb$4 7#b7 ,9 ! hi/ory ( philosophy ! diff]5t /ages ( ! logical ,idea assume ! %ape ( successive sy/ems1 ea* bas$ on a p>ticul> def9ition ( ! ,absolute4 ,z ! logical ,idea is se5 to unfold itself 9 a process f ! ab/ract to ! concrete1 s 9 ! hi/ory ( philosophy ! e>lie/ sy/ems are ! mo/ ab/ract1 & ?us at ! same "t ! poore/4 ,! relation too ( ! e>li] to ! lat]2 sy/ems ( philosophy is mu* l ! relation ( ! correspond+ /ages ( ! logical ,idea3 9 o!r words1 ! e>li] are pres]v$ 9 ! lat]2 b subord9at$ & subm]g$4 ,?is is ! true mean+ ( a mu* misund]/ood ph5om5on 9 ! hi/ory ( philosophy--! refutation ( "o sy/em by ano!r1 ( an e>li] by a lat]4 ,mo/ commonly ! refutation is tak5 9 a purely negative s5se to mean t ! sy/em refut$ has ceas$ to c\nt = any?+1 has be5 set aside & done =4 ,7 x s1 ! hi/ory ( philosophy w\ld be ( all /udies mo/ sadd5+1 display+1 z x does1 ! refutation ( e sy/em :i* "t has br\ght =?4 ,n[1 al?\gh x may be admitt$ t e philosophy has be5 refut$1 x mu/ be 9 an equal degree ma9ta9$1 t no philosophy has be5 refut$1 nay1 or c be refut$4 ,& t 9 two ways4 ,= fir/1 e philosophy t des]ves ! "n always embodies ! ,idea3 & secondly1 e sy/em repres5ts "o p>ticul> factor or p>ticul> /age 9 ! evolution ( ! ,idea4 ,! refutation ( a philosophy1 !re=e1 only means t its b>ri]s are cross$1 & its special pr9ciple r$uc$ to a factor 9 ! complet] pr9ciple t foll[s4 ,?us ! hi/ory ( philosophy1 9 its true mean+1 deals n ) a pa/1 b ) an et]nal & v]itable pres5t3 &1 9 its results1 resembles n a museum ( ! ab]rations ( ! human intellect1 b a ,pan!on ( ,godlike figures4 ,^! figures ( ,gods are ! v>i\s /ages ( ! ,idea1 z !y come =w>d "o aft] ano!r 9 dialectical developm5t4 ,to ! hi/orian ( philosophy x belongs to po9t out m precisely1 h[ f> ! gradual evolution ( 8 !me co9cides )1 or sw]ves f1 ! dialectical unfold+ ( ! pure logical ,idea4 ,x is suffici5t to m5tion "h1 t logic beg9s :]e ! prop] hi/ory ( philosophy beg9s4 ,philosophy began 9 ! ,eleatic s*ool1 especially ) ,p>m5ides4 ,p>m5ides1 :o conceives ! absolute z ,be+1 says t ',be+ alone is & ,no?+ is n4' ,su* 0 ! true />t+-po9t ( philosophy1 :i* is always k by ?\ght3 & "h = ! fir/ "t we f9d pure ?\ght seiz$ & made an object to itself4 ,m5 inde$ ?\ght f ! beg9n+3 7= ?us only 7 !y di/+ui%$ f ! animals74 ,b ?\s&s ( ye>s _h to elapse be=e !y came to appreh5d ?\ght 9 its purity1 & to see 9 x ! truly objective4 ,! ,eleatics are celebrat$ z d>+ ?9k]s4 ,b ?is nom9al admiration is (t5 accompani$ by ! rem>k t !y w5t too f>1 :5 !y made ,be+ alone true1 & d5i$ ! tru? ( e o!r object ( consci\sness4 ,we mu/ g fur!r ?an m]e ,be+1 x is true3 & yet x is absurd to speak ( ! o!r cont5ts ( our consci\sness z some:at z x 7 outside & beside ,be+1 or to say t !re are o!r ?+s1 z well z ,be+4 ,! true /ate ( ! case is r z foll[s4 ,be+1 z ,be+1 is no?+ fix$ or ultimate3 x yields to dialectic & s9ks into its opposite1 :i*1 also tak5 imm$iately1 is ,no?+4 ,aft] all1 ! po9t is1 t ,be+ is ! fir/ pure ,?\ght2 :atev] else y may beg9 ) 7! ,i ,i1 ! absolute indiff]5ce1 or ,god ,himself71 y beg9 ) a figure ( mat]ialis$ conception1 n a product ( ?\ght2 & t1 s f> z its ?\ght cont5t is conc]n$1 su* beg9n+ is m]ely ,be+4 #hg4 ,b ?is m]e ,be+1 z x is m]e ab/raction1 is !re=e ! absolutely negative3 :i*1 9 a simil>ly imm$iate aspect1 is j ,no?+4 7#a7 ,h5ce 0 d]iv$ ! second def9ition ( ! ,absolute2 ! ,absolute is ! ,n\ght4 ,9 fact ?is def9ition is impli$ 9 say+ t ! ?+-9-itself is ! indet]m9ate1 utt]ly )\t =m & s )\t cont5t1--or 9 say+ t ,god is only ! supreme ,be+ & no?+ m2 = ?is is really decl>+ ,him to be ! same negativity z above4 ,! ,no?+ :i* ! ,buddhi/s make ! univ]sal pr9ciple1 z well z ! f9al aim & goal ( ev]y?+1 is ! same ab/raction4 7#b7 ,if ! opposition 9 ?\ght is /at$ 9 ?is imm$iacy z ,be+ & ,no?+1 ! %ock ( its nullity is too great n to /imulate ! attempt to fix ,be+ & secure x aga9/ ! transition into ,no?+4 ,) ?is int5t1 reflection has rec\rse to ! plan ( discov]+ "s fix$ pr$icate = ,be+1 to m>k x (f f ,no?+4 ,?us we f9d ,be+ id5tifi$ ) :at p]si/s amid all *ange1 ) matt]1 susceptible ( innum]able det]m9ations1--or ev51 unreflect+ly1 ) a s+le exi/5ce1 any *ance object ( ! s5ses or ( ! m9d4 ,b e additional & m concrete *>act]isation causes ,be+ to lose t integrity & simplicity x has 9 ! beg9n+4 ,only 91 & by virtue (1 ?is m]e g5]ality is x ,no?+1 some?+ inexpressible1 :]e( ! di/9ction f ,no?+ is a m]e int5tion or mean+4 ,all t is want$ is to realise t ^! beg9n+s are no?+ b ^! empty ab/ractions1 "o z empty z ! o!r4 ,! in/9ct t induces u to atta* a settl$ import to ,be+1 or to bo?1 is ! v necessity :i* leads to ! onw>d movem5t ( ,be+ & ,no?+1 & gives !m a true or concrete significance4 ,?is advance is ! logical d$uction & ! movem5t ( ?\ght exhibit$ 9 ! sequel4 ,! reflection :i* f9ds a pr(\nd] connotation = ,be+ & ,no?+ is no?+ b logical ?\ght1 ?r\gh :i* su* connotation is evolv$1 n1 h[ev]1 9 an accid5tal1 b a necess>y way4 ,e signification1 !re=e1 9 :i* !y aft]w>ds appe>1 is only a m precise specification & tru] def9ition ( ! ,absolute4 ,& :5 t is done1 ! m]e ab/ract ,be+ & ,no?+ are replac$ by a concrete 9 :i* bo? ^! elem5ts =m an organic "p4--,! supreme =m ( ,n\ght z a sep>ate pr9ciple w\ld be ,fre$om3 b ,fre$om is negativity 9 t /age1 :5 x s9ks self-absorb$ to supreme int5sity1 & is itself an affirmation1 & ev5 absolute affirmation4 ,! di/9ction betwe5 ,be+ & ,n\ght is1 9 ! fir/ place1 only implicit1 & n yet actually made3 !y only ought to be di/+ui%$4 ,a di/9ction ( c\rse implies two ?+s1 & t "o ( !m possesses an attribute :i* is n f\nd 9 ! o!r4 ,be+ h[ev] is an absolute abs5ce ( attributes1 & s is ,n\ght4 ,h5ce ! di/9ction betwe5 ! two is only meant to be2 x is a q nom9al di/9ction1 :i* is at ! same "t no di/9ction4 ,9 all o!r cases ( diff]5ce !re is "s common po9t :i* compreh5ds bo? ?+s4 ,suppose e4g4 we speak ( two diff]5t species3 ! g5us =ms a common gr\nd = bo?4 ,b 9 ! case ( m]e ,be+ & ,no?+1 di/9ction is )\t a bottom to /& ^u3 h5ce !re c be no di/9ction1 bo? det]m9ations be+ ! same bottomlessness4 ,if x be repli$ t ,be+ & ,no?+ are bo? ( !m ?\ghts1 s t ?\ght may be reckon$ common gr\nd1 ! objector =gets t ,be+ is n a p>ticul> or def9ite ?\ght1 & h5ce1 be+ q indet]m9ate1 is a ?\ght n to be di/+ui%$ f ,no?+4--,x is natural too = u to repres5t ,be+ z absolute ri*es1 & ,no?+ z absolute pov]ty4 ,b if :5 we view ! :ole _w we c only say t ev]y?+ is1 & no?+ m1 we are neglect+ all speciality &1 in/ead ( absolute pl5itude1 we h absolute empt9ess4 ,! same /ricture is applicable to ^? :o def9e ,god to be m]e ,be+2 a def9ition n a :it bett] ?an t ( ! ,buddhi/s1 :o make ,god to be ,n\ght1 & :o f t pr9ciple draw ! fur!r conclusion t self-annihilation is ! means by :i* man becomes ,god4 #hh4 ,no?+1 if x be ?us imm$iate & equal to itself1 is also conv]sely ! same z ,be+ is4 ,! tru? ( ,be+ & ( ,no?+ is accord+ly ! unity ( ! two3 & ?is unity is ,becom+4 7#a7 ,! proposition t ,be+ & ,no?+ is ! same seems s p>adoxical to ! imag9ation or und]/&+1 t x is p]haps tak5 = a joke4 ,& inde$ x is "o ( ! h>de/ ?+s ?\ght expects itself to d3 = ,be+ & ,no?+ exhibit ! fundam5tal contra/ 9 all its imm$iacy1--t is1 )\t ! "o t]m be+ inve/$ ) any attribute :i* w\ld involve its connexion ) ! o!r4 ,?is attribute h[ev]1 z ! above p>agraph po9ts out1 is implicit 9 !m--! attribute :i* is j ! same 9 bo?4 ,s f> ! d$uction ( _! unity is completely analytical3 inde$ ! :ole progress ( philosophis+ 9 e case1 if x be a me?odical1 t is to say a necess>y1 progress1 m]ely r5d]s explicit :at is implicit 9 a notion4--,x is z correct h[ev] to say t ,be+ & ,no?+ are altoge!r diff]5t1 z to ass]t _! unity4 ,! "o is n :at ! o!r is4 ,b s9ce ! di/9ction has n at ?is po9t assum$ def9ite %ape 7,be+ & ,no?+ are /ill ! imm$iate71 x is1 9 ! way t !y h x1 some?+ unutt]able1 :i* we m]ely mean4 7#b7 ,no great exp5diture ( wit is ne$$ to make fun ( ! maxim t ,be+ & ,no?+ are ! same1 or r to adduce absurdities :i*1 x is errone\sly ass]t$1 are ! consequ5ces & illu/rations ( t maxim4 ,if ,be+ & ,n\ght are id5tical1 say ^! objectors1 x foll[s t x makes no diff]5ce :e!r my home1 my prop]ty1 ! air ,i brea!1 ?is city1 ! sun1 ! law1 m9d1 ,god1 are or are n4 ,n[ 9 "s ( ^! cases1 ! objectors foi/ 9 private aims1 ! utility a ?+ has = me1 & !n ask1 :e!r x be all ! same to me if ! ?+ exi/ & if x d n4 ,= t matt] inde$1 ! tea*+ ( philosophy is precisely :at frees man f ! endless cr[d ( f9ite aims & int5tions1 by mak+ him s ins5sible to !m1 t _! exi/5ce or non-exi/5ce is to him a matt] ( indiff]5ce4 ,b x is nev] to be =gott5 t1 once m5tion some?+ sub/antial1 & y !reby create a connexion ) o!r exi/5ces & o!r purposes :i* are ex hypo!si wor? hav+3 & on su* hypo!sis x comes to dep5d :e!r ! ,be+ & n-,be+ ( a det]m9ate subject are ! same or n4 ,a sub/antial di/9ction is 9 ^! cases secretly sub/itut$ = ! empty di/9ction ( ,be+ & ,n\ght4 ,9 o!rs ( ! cases ref]r$ to1 x is virtually absolute exi/5ces & vital ideas & aims1 :i* are plac$ "u ! m]e category ( ,be+ or n-,be+4 ,b !re is m to be said ( ^! concrete objects1 ?an t !y m]ely are or are n4 ,b>r5 ab/ractions1 l ,be+ & ,no?+--! initial categories :i*1 = t reason1 are ! scantie/ any:]e to be f\nd--are utt]ly inadequate to ! nature ( ^! objects4 ,sub/antial tru? is some?+ f> above ^! ab/ractions & _! oppositions4--,& always :5 a concrete exi/5ce is disguis$ "u ! "n ( ,be+ & n-,be+1 empty-head$ness makes its usual mi/ake ( speak+ ab\t1 & hav+ 9 ! m9d an image (1 some?+ else ?an :at is 9 "q3 & 9 ?is place ! "q is ab\t ab/ract ,be+ & ,no?+4 7#c7 ,x may p]haps be said t nobody c =m a notion ( ! unity ( ,be+ & ,n\ght4 ,z = t1 ! notion ( ! unity is /at$ 9 ! sections prec$+1 & t is all3 appreh5d t1 & y h compreh5d$ ?is unity4 ,:at ! objector really means by compreh5sion--by a notion--is m ?an 8 language prop]ly implies3 he wants a ri*] & m complex /ate ( m9d1 a pictorial conception :i* w prop\nd ! notion z a concrete case & "o m famili> to ! ord9>y op]ations ( ?\ght4 ,& s long z incompreh5sibility means only ! want ( habituation = ! ef=t ne$$ to grasp an ab/ract ?\ght1 free f all s5su\s admixture1 & to seize a speculative tru?1 ! reply to ! criticism is1 t philosophical k is und\bt$ly di/9ct 9 k9d f ! mode ( k be/ kn[n 9 common life1 z well z f t :i* reigns 9 ! o!r sci5ces4 ,b if to h no notion m]ely means t we _c repres5t 9 imag9ation ! on5ess ( ,be+ & ,n\ght1 ! /atem5t is f> f be+ true2 = e "o has c\ntless ways ( envisag+ ?is unity4 ,to say t we h no su* conception c only mean1 t 9 none ( ^! images d we recognise ! notion 9 "q1 & t we are n aw>e t !y exemplify x4 ,! readie/ example ( x is ,becom+42 ,e "o has a m5tal idea ( ,becom+1 & w ev5 all[ t x is "o idea3 he w fur!r all[ t1 :5 x is analys$1 x involves ! attribute ( ,be+1 & also :at is ! v rev]se ( ,be+1 viz4 ,no?+3 & t ^! two attributes lie undivid$ 9 ! "o idea3 s t ,becom+ is ! unity ( ,be+ & ,no?+4--,ano!r tol]ably pla9 example is a ,beg9n+4 ,9 its beg9n+1 ! ?+ is n yet1 b x is m ?an m]ely no?+1 = its ,be+ is already 9 ! beg9n+4 ,beg9n+ is itself a case ( ,becom+2 only ! =m] t]m is employ$ ) an eye to ! fur!r advance4--,if we 7 to adapt logic to ! m usual me?od ( ! sci5ces1 we might />t ) ! repres5tation ( a ,beg9n+ z ab/ractly ?\ght1 or ) ,beg9n+ z su*1 & !n analyse ?is repres5tation1 & p]haps p w\ld m readily admit1 z a result ( ?is analysis1 t ,be+ & ,no?+ pres5t !mselves z undivid$ 9 unity4 7#d7 ,x rema9s to note t su* phrases z ',be+ & ,no?+ are ! same1' or ',! unity ( ,be+ & ,no?+'--l all o!r su* unities1 t ( subject & object1 & o!rs--give rise to reasonable objection4 ,!y misrepres5t ! facts1 by giv+ an exclusive prom95ce to ! unity1 & leav+ ! diff]5ce :i* und\bt$ly exi/s 9 x 7because x is ,be+ & ,no?+1 = example1 ! unity ( :i* is decl>$7 )\t any express m5tion or notice4 ,x accord+ly seems z if ! div]sity _h be5 unduly put out ( c\rt & neglect$4 ,! fact is1 no speculative pr9ciple c be correctly express$ by any su* propositional =m1 = ! unity has to be conceiv$ 9 ! div]sity1 :i* is all ! :ile pres5t & explicit4 ',to become' is ! true expression = ! resultant ( ',to be' & ',n to be'2 x is ! unity ( ! two2 b n only is x ! unity1 x is also inh]5t unre/1--! unity1 :i* is no m]e ref]5ce-to-self & !re=e )\t movem5t1 b :i*1 ?r\gh ! div]sity ( ,be+ & ,no?+ t is 9 x1 is at w> )9 itself4--,det]m9ate be+1 on ! o!r h&1 is ?is unity1 or ,becom+ 9 ?is =m ( unity3 h5ce all t 'is !re & s1' is "o-sid$ & f9ite4 ,! opposition betwe5 ! two factors seems to h vani%$2 x is only impli$ 9 ! unity1 x is n explicitly put 9 x4 7#e7 ,! maxim ( ,becom+1 t ,be+ is ! passage into ,n\ght1 & ,n\ght ! passage into ,be+1 is controv]t$ by ! maxim ( ,pan!ism1 ! doctr9e ( ! et]nity ( matt]1 t f no?+ comes no?+1 & t some?+ c only come out ( some?+4 ,! anci5ts saw pla9ly t ! maxim1 ',f no?+ comes no?+1 f some?+ some?+1' really aboli%es ,becom+3 = :at x comes f & :at x becomes are "o & ! same4 ,?us expla9$1 ! proposition is ! maxim ( ab/ract id5tity z upheld by ! und]/&+4 ,x _c b seem /range1 !re=e1 to he> su* maxims z1 ',out ( no?+ comes no?+3 ,out ( some?+ comes some?+1' calmly taught 9 ^! days1 )\t ! tea*] be+ 9 ! lea/ aw>e t !y are ! basis ( ,pan!ism1 & ev5 )\t 8 kn[+ t ! anci5ts h exhau/$ all t is to be said ab\t !m4 ,becom+ is ! fir/ concrete ?\ght1 & !re=e ! fir/ notion3 :]eas ,be+ & ,n\ght are empty ab/ractions4 ,! notion ( ,be+1 !re=e1 ( :i* we sometimes speak1 mu/ mean ,becom+2 n ! m]e po9t ( ,be+1 :i* is empty ,no?+1 any m ?an ,no?+1 :i* is empty ,be+4 ,9 ,be+ !n we h ,no?+1 & 9 ,no?+ ,be+3 b ?is ,be+ :i* does n lose itself 9 ,no?+ is ,becom+4 ,nor mu/ we omit ! di/9ction1 :ile we emphasise ! unity ( ,becom+3 )\t t di/9ction we %\ld once m return to ab/ract ,be+4 ,becom+ is only ! explicit /atem5t ( :at ,be+ is 9 its tru?4 ,we (t5 he> x ma9ta9$ t ?\ght is oppos$ to be+4 ,n[ 9 ! face ( su* a /atem5t1 our fir/ "q ought to be1 :at is meant by be+4 ,if we und]/& be+ z x is def9$ by reflection1 all t we c say ( x is t x is :at is :olly id5tical & affirmative4 ,& if we !n look at ?\ght1 x _c escape u t ?\ght also is at lea/ :at is absolutely id5tical ) itself4 ,bo? ,i !re=e1 be+ z well z ?\ght1 h ! same attribute4 ,?is id5tity ( be+ & ?\ght is n h[ev] to be ,i tak5 9 a concrete s5se1 z if we c\ld say t a /one1 s f> z x has be+1 is ! same z a ?9k+ man4 ,a concrete ?+ is always v diff]5t f ! ab/ract category z su*4 ,& 9 ! case ( be+1 we are speak+ ( no?+ concrete3 = be+ is ! utt]ly ab/ract4 ,s f> !n ! "q reg>d+ ! be+ ( ,god--a be+ :i* is 9 itself concrete above all measure--is ( slight importance4 ,z ! fir/ concrete ?\ght-t]m1 ,becom+ is ! fir/ adequate vehicle ( tru?4 ,9 ! hi/ory ( philosophy1 ?is /age ( ! logical ,idea f9ds its analogue 9 ! sy/em ( ,h]aclitus4 ,:5 ,h]aclitus says ',all is fl[+' 7 71 he enunciates ,becom+ z ! fundam5tal feature ( all exi/5ce1 :]eas ! ,eleatics1 z already rem>k$1 saw ! only tru? 9 ,be+1 rigid processless ,be+4 ,glanc+ at ! pr9ciple ( ! ,eleatics1 ,h]aclitus !n goes on to say3 ,be+ no m is ?an n-,be+ 7 on os 73 a /atem5t express+ ! negativity ( ab/ract ,be+1 & its id5tity ) n-,be+1 z made explicit 9 ,becom+3 bo? ab/ractions be+ alike unt5able4 ,?is maybe look$ at z an in/ance ( ! real refutation ( "o sy/em by ano!r4 ,to refute a ,philosophy is to exhibit ! dialectical movem5t 9 its pr9ciple1 & ?us r$uce x to a con/itu5t memb] ( a high] concrete =m ( !8 ,idea4 ,ev5 ,becom+ h[ev]1 tak5 at its be/ on its own gr\nd1 is an extremely poor t]m3 x ne$s to gr[ 9 dep? & weight ( mean+4 ,su* deep5$ =ce we f9d e4g4 9 ,life4 ,life is a ,becom+2 b t is n en\gh to exhau/ ! notion ( life4 ,a /ill high] =m is f\nd 9 ,m9d4 ,"h too is ,becom+1 b ri*] & m int5sive ?an m]e logical ,becom+4 ,! elem5ts1 ^: unity con/itutes m9d1 are n ! b>e ab/racts ( ,be+ & ( ,n\ght1 b ! sy/em ( ! logical ,idea & ( ,nature4 7b7 ,be+ ,det]m9ate4 #hi4 ,9 ,becom+ ! ,be+ :i* is "o ) ,no?+1 & ! ,no?+ :i* is "o ) ,be+1 are only vani%+ factors2 !y are & !y are n4 ,?us by its inh]5t contradiction ,becom+ collapses into ! unity 9 :i* ! two elem5ts are absorb$4 ,?is result is accord+ly ,be+ ,det]m9ate 7,be+ !re & s74 ,9 ?is fir/ example we mu/ call to m9d1 once = all1 :at 0 /at$ 9 #hb & 9 ! note !re3 ! only way to secure any gr[? & progress 9 k is to hold results fa/ 9 _! tru?4 ,!re is absolutely no?+ :atev] 9 :i* we _c & mu/ n po9t to contradictions or opposite attributes2 & ! ab/raction made by und]/&+ !re=e means a =cible insi/5ce on a s+le aspect1 & a real ef=t to obscure & remove all consci\sness ( ! o!r attribute :i* is involv$4 ,:5ev] su* contradiction1 !n1 is discov]$ 9 any object or notion1 ! usual inf]5ce is1 ,h5ce ?is object is no?+4 ,?us ,z5o1 :o fir/ %[$ ! contradiction native to motion1 conclud$ t !re is no motion3 & ! anci5ts1 :o recognis$ orig9 & decease1 ! two species ( ,becom+1 z untrue categories1 made use ( ! expression t ! ,"o or ,absolute nei!r arises nor p]i%es4 ,su* a /yle ( dialectic looks only at ! negative aspect ( its result1 & fails to notice1 :at is at ! same "t really pres5t1 ! def9ite result1 9 ! pres5t case a pure no?+1 b a ,no?+ :i* includes ,be+1 &1 9 l mann]1 a ,be+ :i* includes ,no?+4 ,h5ce ,be+ ,det]m9ate is 7#a7 ! unity ( ,be+ & ,no?+1 9 :i* we get rid ( ! imm$iacy 9 ^! det]m9ations1 & _! contradiction vani%es 9 _! mutual connexion1--! unity 9 :i* !y are only con/itu5t elem5ts4 ,& 7#b7 s9ce ! result is ! abolition ( ! contradiction1 x comes 9 ! %ape ( a simple unity ) itself3 t is to say1 x also is ,be+1 b ,be+ ) negation or det]m9at5ess3 x is ,becom+ expressly put 9 ! =m ( "o ( its elem5ts1 viz4 ,be+4 ,ev5 our ord9>y conception ( ,becom+ implies t some:at comes out ( x1 & t ,becom+ !re=e has a result4 ,b ?is conception gives rise to ! "q1 h[ ,becom+ does n rema9 m]e ,becom+1 b has a result ,! answ] to ?is "q foll[s f :at ,becom+ has already %[n itself to be4 ,becom+ always conta9s ,be+ & ,no?+ 9 su* a way1 t ^! two are always *ang+ into ea* o!r1 & reciprocally cancell+ ea* o!r4 ,?us ,becom+ /&s be=e u 9 utt] re/lessness--unable h[ev] to ma9ta9 itself 9 ?is ab/ract re/lessness3 = s9ce ,be+ & ,no?+ vani% 9 ,becom+ 7& t is ! v notion ( ,becom+71 ! latt] mu/ vani% also4 ,becom+ is z x 7 a fire1 :i* dies out 9 itself1 :5 x consumes its mat]ial4 ,! result ( ?is process h[ev] is n an empty ,no?+ b ,be+ id5tical ) ! negation1--:at we call ,be+ ,det]m9ate 7be+ !n & !re73 ! prim>y import ( :i* evid5tly is t x has become4 #ij4 77 ,det]m9ate ,be+ is ,be+ ) a "* or mode--:i* simply is2 & su* un-m$iat$ "* is ,quality4 ,& z reflect$ into itself 9 ?is its "* or mode1 ,det]m9ate ,be+ is a some:at1 an exi/5t4--,! categories1 :i* issue by a clos] analysis ( ,det]m9ate ,be+1 ne$ only be m5tion$ briefly4 ,quality may be describ$ z ! det]m9ate mode imm$iate & id5tical ) ,be+--z di/+ui%$ f ,quantity 7to come aft]w>ds71 :i*1 al?\gh a mode ( ,be+1 is no long] imm$iately id5tical ) ,be+1 b a mode indiff]5t & ext]nal to x4 ,a ,some?+ is :at x is 9 virtue ( its quality1 & los+ its quality x ceases to be :at x is4 ,quality1 moreov]1 is completely a category only ( ! f9ite1 & = t reason too x has its prop] place 9 ,nature1 n 9 ! _w ( ,m9d4 ,?us1 = example1 9 ,nature :at are /yl$ ! elem5t>y bodies1 oxyg51 nitrog51 c1 %\ld be reg>d$ z exi/+ qualities4 ,b 9 ! sph]e ( m9d1 ,quality appe>s 9 a subord9ate way only1 & n z if its qualitativ5ess c\ld exhau/ any specific aspect ( m9d4 ,if1 = example1 we consid] ! subjective m9d1 :i* =ms ! object ( psy*ology1 we may describe :at is call$ 7moral & m5tal7 "*1 z 9 logical language id5tical ) ,quality4 ,?is h[ev] does n mean t "* is a mode ( be+ :i* p]vades ! s\l & is imm$iately id5tical ) x1 z is ! case 9 ! natural _w ) ! elem5t>y bodies be=e m5tion$4 ,yet a m di/9ct manife/ation ( ,quality z su*1 9 m9d ev51 is f\nd 9 ! case ( besott$ or morbid conditions1 especially 9 /ates ( passion & :5 ! passion rises to d]angem5t4 ,! /ate ( m9d ( a d]ang$ p]son1 be+ "o mass ( jeal\sy1 fe>1 c1 may suitably be describ$ z ,quality4 #ia4 ,quality1 z det]m9at5ess :i* is1 z contra/$ ) ! ,negation :i* is involv$ 9 x b di/+ui%$ f x1 is ,reality4 ,negation is no long] an ab/ract no?+1 b1 z a det]m9ate be+ & some:at1 is only a =m on su* be+--x is z ,o!rness4 ,s9ce ?is o!rness1 ?\gh a det]m9ation ( ,quality itself1 is 9 ! fir/ in/ance di/9ct f x1 ,quality is ,be+-=-ano!r--an expansion ( ! m]e po9t ( ,det]m9ate ,be+1 or ( ,some:at4 ,! ,be+ z su* ( ,quality1 contra/$ ) ?is ref]5ce to some:at else1 is ,be+-by-self4 ,! f\ndation ( all det]m9at5ess is negation 7z ,sp9oza says1 ,omnis det]m9atio e/ negatio74 ,! unreflect+ obs]v] supposes t det]m9ate ?+s are m]ely positive1 & p9s !m d[n "u ! =m ( be+4 ,m]e be+ h[ev] is n ! end ( ! matt]3--x is1 z we h already se51 utt] empt9ess & in/ability besides4 ,/ill1 :5 ab/ract be+ is contus$ 9 ?is way ) be+ modifi$ & det]m9ate1 x implies "s p]ception ( ! fact t1 ?\gh 9 det]m9ate be+ !re is involv$ an elem5t ( negation1 ?is elem5t is at fir/ wrapp$ up1 z x 71 & only comes to ! front & receives its due 9 ,be+-=-self4--,if we g on to consid] det]m9ate ,be+ z a det]m9at5ess :i* is1 we get 9 ?is way :at is call$ ,reality4 ,we speak1 = example1 ( ! reality ( a plan or a purpose1 mean+ !reby t !y are no long] inn] & subjective1 b h pass$ into be+-!re-&-!n4 ,9 ! same s5se ! body may be call$ ! reality ( ! s\l1 & ! law ! reality ( fre$om1 & ! _w altoge!r ! reality ( ! div9e idea4 ,! ^w 'reality' is h[ev] us$ 9 ano!r acceptation to mean t some?+ behaves con=mably to its ess5tial *>act]i/ic or notion4 ,= example1 we use ! expression3 ,?is is a real occupation3 ,?is is a real man4 ,"h ! t]m does n m]ely mean outw>d & imm$iate exi/5ce3 b r t "s exi/5ce agrees ) its notion4 ,9 :i* s5se1 be x add$1 reality is n di/9ct f ! ideality :i* we %all 9 ! fir/ in/ance become acqua9t$ ) 9 ! %ape ( ,be+-=-self4 #ib4 77 ,be+1 if kept di/9ct & ap>t f its det]m9ate mode1 z x is 9 ,be+-by-self 7,be+ implicit71 w\ld be only ! vacant ab/raction ( ,be+4 ,9 ,be+ 7det]m9ate !re & !n71 ! det]m9at5ess is "o ) ,be+2 yet at ! same "t1 :5 explicitly made a negation1 x is a ,limit1 a ,b>ri]4 ,h5ce ! o!rness is n some?+ indiff]5t & outside x1 b a function prop] to x4 ,some:at is by its quality1--fir/ly f9ite1--secondly alt]able2 s t f9itude & v>iability app]ta9 to its be+4 ,9 ,be+-!re-&-!n1 ! negation is /ill directly "o ) ! ,be+1 & ?is negation is :at we call a ,limit 7,b\nd>y74 ,a ?+ is :at x is1 only 9 & by reason ( its limit4 ,we _c !re=e reg>d ! limit z only pat]nal to be+ :i* is !n & !re4 ,x r goes ?r\gh & ?r\gh ! :ole ( su* exi/5ce4 ,! view ( limit1 z m]ely an ext]nal *>act]i/ic ( be+-!re-&-!n1 arises f a confusion ( quantitative ) qualitative limit4 ,"h we are speak+ prim>ily ( ! qualitative limit4 ,if1 = example1 we obs]ve a piece ( gr\nd1 ?ree acres l>ge1 t circum/ance is its quantitative limit4 ,b1 9 addition1 ! gr\nd is1 x may be1 a mead[1 n a wood or a pond4 ,?is is its qualitative limit4--,man1 if he wi%es to be actual1 mu/ be-!re-&-!n1 & to ?is end he mu/ set a limit to himself4 ,p :o are too fa/idi\s t[>ds ! f9ite nev] rea* actuality1 b l+] lo/ 9 ab/raction1 & _! light dies away4 ,if we take a clos] look at :at a limit implies1 we see x involv+ a contradiction 9 itself1 & ?us ev9c+ its dialectical nature4 ,on ! "o side ! limit makes ! reality ( a ?+2 on ! o!r x is its negation4 ,b1 aga91 ! limit1 z ! negation ( some?+1 is n an ab/ract no?+ b a no?+ :i* is1--:at we call an 'o!r4' ,giv5 some?+1 & up />ts an o!r to u3 we "k t !re is n some?+ only1 b an o!r z well4 ,nor1 aga91 is ! o!r ( su* a nature t we c ?9k some?+ ap>t f x2 a some?+ is implicitly ! o!r ( itself1 & ! some:at sees its limit become objective to x 9 ! o!r4 ,if we n[ ask = ! diff]5ce betwe5 some?+ & ano!r1 x turns out t !y are ! same3 :i* sam5ess is express$ 9 ,lat9 by call+ ! pair aliud--aliud4 ,! o!r1 z oppos$ to ! some?+1 is itself a some?+1 & h5ce we say "s o!r1 or some?+ else2 & s on ! o!r h& ! fir/ some?+ :5 oppos$ to ! o!r1 also def9$ z some?+1 is itself an o!r4 ,:5 we say 'some?+ else' our fir/ impression is t some?+ tak5 sep>ately is only some?+1 & t ! quality ( be+ ano!r atta*es to x only f outside consid]ations4 ,?us we suppose t ! moon1 be+ some?+ else ?an ! sun1 might v well exi/ )\t ! sun4 ,b really ! moon1 z a some?+1 has its o!r implicit 9 x3 ,plato says3 ,god made ! _w out ( ! nature ( ! '"o' & ! 'o!r' 7 73 hav+ br\ght ^! toge!r1 he =m$ f !m a ?ird1 :i* is ( ! nature ( ! '"o' & ! 'o!r4' ,9 ^! words we h 9 g5]al t]ms a /atem5t ( ! nature ( ! f9ite1 :i*1 z some?+1 does n meet ! nature ( ! o!r z if x _h no aff9ity to x1 b1 be+ implicitly ! o!r ( itself1 ?us und]goes alt]ation4 ,alt]ation ?us exhibits ! inh]5t contradiction :i* orig9ally atta*es to det]m9ate be+1 & :i* =ces x out ( its own b\nds4 ,to mat]ialis$ conception exi/5ce /&s 9 ! "* ( some?+ solely positive1 & quietly abid+ )9 its own limits3 ?\gh we also "k1 x is true1 t ev]y?+ f9ite 7su* z exi/5ce7 is subject to *ange4 ,su* *angeabl5ess 9 exi/5ce is to ! sup]ficial eye a m]e possibility1 ! realisation ( :i* is n a consequ5ce ( its own nature4 ,b ! fact is1 mutability lies 9 ! notion ( exi/5ce1 & *ange is only ! manife/ation ( :at x implicitly is4 ,! liv+ die1 simply because z liv+ !y be> 9 !mselves ! g]m ( dea?4 #ic4 ,some?+ becomes an o!r3 ?is o!r is itself some:at3 !re=e x likewise becomes an o!r1 & s on ad inf9itum4 #id4 ,?is ,inf9ity is ! wrong or negative inf9ity3 x is only a negation ( a f9ite3 b ! f9ite rises aga9 ! same z ev]1 & is nev] got rid ( & absorb$4 ,9 o!r words1 ?is inf9ite only expresses ! ought-to-be elim9ation ( ! f9ite4 ,! progression to inf9ity nev] gets fur!r ?an a /atem5t ( ! contradiction involv$ 9 ! f9ite1 viz4 t x is some:at z well z some:at else4 ,x sets up ) endless it]ation ! alt]nation betwe5 ^! two t]ms1 ea* ( :i* calls up ! o!r4 ,if we let some:at & ano!r1 ! elem5ts ( det]m9ate ,be+1 fall asund]1 ! result is t "s becomes o!r1 & ?is o!r is itself a some:at1 :i* !n z su* *anges likewise1 & s on ad inf9itum4 ,?is result seems to sup]ficial reflection some?+ v gr&1 ! gr&e/ possible4 ,besu* a progression to inf9ity is n ! real inf9ite4 ,t consi/s 9 be+ at home ) itself 9 its o!r1 or1 if enunciat$ z a process1 9 com+ to itself 9 its o!r4 ,mu* dep5ds on rightly appreh5d+ ! notion ( inf9ity1 & n /opp+ %ort at ! wrong inf9ity ( endless progression4 ,:5 "t & space1 = example1 are spok5 ( z inf9ite1 x is 9 ! fir/ place ! inf9ite progression on :i* our ?\ghts fa/54 ,we say1 ,n[1 ,?is "t1 & !n we keep cont9ually go+ =w>ds & backw>ds beyond ?is limit4 ,! case is ! same ) space1 ! inf9ity ( :i* has =m$ ! !me ( b>r5 declamation to a/ronom]s ) a tal5t = edification4 ,9 ! attempt to contemplate su* an inf9ite1 our ?\ght1 we are commonly in=m$1 mu/ s9k exhau/$4 ,x is true inde$ t we mu/ ab&on ! un5d+ contemplation1 n h[ev] because ! occupation is too sublime1 b because x is too t$i\s4 ,x is t$i\s to expatiate 9 ! contemplation ( ?is inf9ite progression1 because ! same ?+ is con/antly recurr+4 ,we lay d[n a limit3 !n we pass x3 next we h a limit once m1 & s on = ev]4 ,all ?is is b sup]ficial alt]nation1 :i* nev] leaves ! region ( ! f9ite beh9d4 ,to suppose t by /epp+ out & away into t inf9ity we release ourselves f ! f9ite1 is 9 tru? b to seek ! release :i* comes by flight4 ,b ! man :o flees is n yet free3 9 flee+ he is /ill condition$ by t f :i* he flees4 ,if x be also said1 t ! inf9ite is unatta9able1 ! /atem5t is true1 b only because to ! idea ( inf9ity has be5 atta*$ ! circum/ance ( be+ simply & solely negative4 ,) su* empty & o!r _w /uff philosophy has no?+ to d4 ,:at philosophy has to d ) is always--some?+ concrete & 9 ! highe/ s5se pres5t4 ,no d\bt philosophy has also sometimes be5 set ! task ( f9d+ an answ] to ! "q1 h[ ! inf9ite comes to ! resolution ( issu+ out ( itself4 ,?is "q1 f\nd$1 z x is1 ^u ! assumption ( a rigid opposition betwe5 f9ite & inf9ite1 may be answ]$ by say+ t ! opposition is false1 & t 9 po9t ( fact ! inf9ite et]nally proce$s out ( itself1 & yet does n proce$ out ( itself4 ,if we fur!r say t ! inf9ite is ! n-f9ite1 we h 9 po9t ( fact virtually express$ ! tru?3 = z ! f9ite itself is ! fir/ negative1 ! n-f9ite is ! negative ( t negation1 ! negation :i* is id5tical ) itself & ?us at ! same "t a true affirmation4 ,! inf9ity ( reflection "h discuss$ is only an attempt to rea* ! true ,inf9ity1 a wret*$ nei!r-"o-?+-nor-ano!r4 ,g5]ally speak+1 x is ! po9t ( view :i* has 9 rec5t times be5 emphasis$ 9 ,g]many4 ,! f9ite1 ?is !ory tells u1 ought to be absorb$2 ! inf9ite ought n to be a negative m]ely1 b also a positive4 ,t 'ought to be' betrays ! incapacity ( actually mak+ good a claim :i* is at ! same "t recognis$ to be "r4 ,?is /age 0 nev] pass$ by ! sy/ems ( ,kant & ,fi*te1 s f> z e?ics are conc]n$4 ,! utmo/ to :i* ?is way br+s u is only ! po/ulate ( a nev]-end+ approximation to ! law ( ,reason3 :i* po/ulate has be5 made an argum5t = ! immortality ( ! s\l4 #ie4 77 ,:at we n[ 9 po9t ( fact h be=e u1 is t some:at comes to be an o!r1 & t ! o!r g5]ally comes to be an o!r4 ,?us ess5tially relative to ano!r1 some:at is virtually an o!r aga9/ x3 & s9ce :at is pass$ into is q ! same z :at passes ov]1 s9ce bo? h "o & ! same attribute1 viz4 to be an o!r1 x foll[s t some?+ 9 its passage into o!r only jo9s ) itself4 ,to be ?us self-relat$ 9 ! passage1 & 9 ! o!r1 is ! g5u9e ,inf9ity4 ,or1 "u a negative aspect3 :at is alt]$ is ! o!r1 x becomes ! o!r ( ! o!r4 ,?us ,be+1 b z negation ( ! negation1 is re/or$ aga93 x is n[ ,be+-=-self4 ,dualism1 9 putt+ an insup]able opposition betwe5 f9ite & inf9ite1 fails to note ! simple circum/ance t ! inf9ite is !reby only "o ( two1 & is r$uc$ to a p>ticul>1 to :i* ! f9ite =ms ! o!r p>ticul>4 ,su* an inf9ite1 :i* is only a p>ticul>1 is co-t]m9\s ) ! f9ite :i* makes = x a limit & a b>ri]3 x is n :at x ought to be1 t is1 ! inf9ite1 b is only f9ite4 ,9 su* circum/ances1 :]e ! f9ite is on ?is side1 & ! inf9ite on t1--?is _w z ! f9ite & ! o!r _w z ! inf9ite1--an equal dignity ( p]man5ce & indep5d5ce is ascrib$ to f9ite & to inf9ite4 ,! be+ ( ! f9ite is made an absolute be+1 & by ?is dualism gets indep5d5ce & /ability4 ,t\*$1 s to speak1 by ! inf9ite1 x w\ld be annihilat$4 ,b x mu/ n be t\*$ by ! inf9ite4 ,!re mu/ be an abyss1 an impassable gulf betwe5 ! two1 ) ! inf9ite abid+ on yond] side & ! f9ite /eadfa/ on ?is4 ,^? :o attribute to ! f9ite ?is inflexible p]si/5ce 9 comp>ison ) ! inf9ite are n1 z !y imag9e1 f> above metaphysic3 !y are /ill on ! level ( ! mo/ ord9>y metaphysic ( und]/&+4 ,= ! same ?+ occurs "h z 9 ! inf9ite progression4 ,at "o "t x is admitt$ t ! f9ite has no indep5d5t actuality1 no absolute be+1 no root & developm5t ( its own1 b is only a transi5t4 ,b next mom5t ?is is /raightway =gott52 ! f9ite1 made a m]e c\nt]p>t to ! inf9ite1 :olly sep>at$ f x1 & rescu$ f annihilation1 is conceiv$ to be p]si/5t 9 its indep5d5ce4 ,:ile ?\ght ?us imag9es itself elevat$ to ! inf9ite1 x meets ) ! opposite fate3 x comes to an inf9ite :i* is only a f9ite1 & ! f9ite1 :i* x _h left beh9d1 has always to be reta9$ & made into an absolute4 ,aft] ?is exam9ation 7) :i* x 7 well to comp>e ,plato's ,philebus71 t5d+ to %[ ! nullity ( ! di/9ction made by und]/&+ betwe5 ! f9ite & ! inf9ite1 we are liable to glide into ! /atem5t t ! inf9ite & ! f9ite are !re=e "o1 & t ! g5u9e inf9ity1 ! tru?1 mu/ be def9$ & enunciat$ z ! unity ( ! f9ite & inf9ite4 ,su* a /atem5t w\ld be to "s ext5t correct2 b is j z op5 to p]v]sion & falsehood z ! unity ( ,be+ & ,no?+ already notic$4 ,besides x may v fairly be *>g$ ) r$uc+ ! inf9ite to f9itude & mak+ a f9ite inf9ite4 ,=1 s f> z ! expression goes1 ! f9ite seems left 9 its place1--x is n expressly /at$ to be absorb$4 ,or1 if we reflect t ! f9ite1 :5 id5tifi$ ) ! inf9ite1 c]ta9ly _c rema9 :at x 0 out ( su* unity1 & w at lea/ suff] "s *ange 9 its *>act]i/ics--z an alkali1 :5 comb9$ ) an acid1 loses "s ( its prop]ties1 we mu/ see t1 ! same fate awaits ! inf9ite1 :i*1 z ! negative1 w on its "p likewise h its edge1 z x 71 tak5 (f on ! o!r4 ,& ?is does really happ5 ) ! ab/ract "o-sid$ inf9ite ( und]/&+4 ,! g5u9e inf9ite h[ev] is n m]ely 9 ! position ( ! "o-sid$ acid1 & s does n lose itself4 ,! negation ( negation is n a neutralisation3 ! inf9ite is ! affirmative1 & x is only ! f9ite :i* is absorb$4 ,9 ,be+-=-self ent]s ! category ( ,ideality4 ,be+-!re-&-!n1 z 9 ! fir/ in/ance appreh5d$ 9 its be+ or affirmation1 has reality 7 #ia73 & ?us ev5 f9itude 9 ! fir/ in/ance is 9 ! category ( reality4 ,b ! tru? ( ! f9ite is r its ideality4 ,simil>ly1 ! inf9ite ( und]/&+1 :i* is co-ord9at$ ) ! f9ite1 is itself only "o ( two f9ites1 no :ole tru?1 b a non-sub/antial elem5t4 ,?is ideality ( ! f9ite is ! *ief maxim ( philosophy2 & = t reason e g5u9e philosophy is idealism4 ,b ev]y?+ dep5ds ^u n tak+ = ! inf9ite :at1 9 ! v t]ms ( its *>act]isation1 is4 at ! same "t made a p>ticul> & f9ite4--,= ?is reason we h be/[$ a great] am\nt ( att5tion on ?is di/9ction4 ,! fundam5tal notion ( philosophy1 ! g5u9e inf9ite1 dep5ds ^u x4 ,! di/9ction is cle>$ up by ! simple1 & = t reason seem+ly insignificant1 b incontrov]tible reflections1 conta9$ 9 ! fir/ p>agraph ( ?is section4 7c7 ,be+-=-self4 #if4 77 ,be+-= self1 z ref]5ce to itself1 is imm$iacy1 & z ref]5ce ( ! negative to itself1 is a self-subsi/5t1 ! ,"o4 ,?is unit1 be+ )\t di/9ction 9 itself1 ?us excludes ! o!r f itself4 ,to be = self--to be "o--is complet$ ,quality1 & z su*1 conta9s ab/ract ,be+ & ,be+ modifi$ z non-sub/antial elem5ts4 ,z simple ,be+1 ! ,"o is simple self-ref]5ce2 z ,be+ modifi$ x is det]m9ate3 b ! det]m9at5ess is n 9 ?is case a f9ite det]m9at5ess--a some:at 9 di/9ction f an o!r--b inf9ite1 because x conta9s di/9ction absorb$ & annull$ 9 itself4 ,! readie/ in/ance ( ,be+-=-self is f\nd 9 ! ',i4' ,we "k ourselves z exi/5ts1 di/+ui%$ 9 ! fir/ place f o!r exi/5ts1 & ) c]ta9 relations !reto4 ,b we also come to "k ?is expansion ( exi/5ce 79 ^! relations7 r$uc$1 z x 71 to a po9t 9 ! simple =m ( be+-=-self4 ,:5 we say ',i1' we express ! ref]5ce-to-self :i* is inf9ite1 & at ! same "t negative4 ,man1 x may be said1 is di/+ui%$ f ! animal _w1 & 9 t way f nature altoge!r1 by kn[+ himself z ',i'3 :i* am\nts to say+ t natural ?+s nev] atta9 a free ,be+-=-self1 b z limit$ to ,be+-!re-&-!n1 are always & only ,be+ = an o!r4--,aga91 ,be+-=-self may be describ$ z ideality1 j z ,be+-!re-&-!n 0 describ$ z reality4 ,x is said1 t besides reality !re is also an ideality4 ,?us ! two categories are made equal & p>allel4 ,prop]ly speak+1 ideality is n some:at outside ( & beside reality3 ! notion ( ideality j lies 9 its be+ ! tru? ( reality4 ,t is to say1 :5 reality is explicitly put z :at x implicitly is1 x is at once se5 to be ideality4 ,h5ce ideality has n receiv$ its prop] e/imation1 :5 y all[ t reality is n all 9 all1 b t an ideality mu/ be recognis$ outside ( x4 ,su* an ideality1 ext]nal to or x may be ev5 beyond reality1 w\ld be no bett] ?an an empty "n4 ,ideality only has a mean+ :5 x is ! ideality ( some?+3 b ?is some?+ is n a m]e indef9ite ?is or t1 b exi/5ce *>act]is$ z reality1 :i*1 if reta9$ 9 isolation1 possesses no tru?4 ,! di/9ction betwe5 ,nature & ,m9d is n improp]ly conceiv$1 :5 ! =m] is trac$ back to reality1 & ! latt] to ideality z a fundam5tal category4 ,nature h[ev] is f> f be+ s fix$ & complete1 z to subsi/ ev5 )\t ,m9d3 9 ,m9d x fir/1 z x 71 atta9s its goal & its tru?4 ,& simil>ly1 ,m9d on its "p is n m]ely a _w beyond ,nature & no?+ m3 x is really1 & ) full pro(1 se5 to be m9d1 only :5 x involves ,nature z absorb$ 9 itself4--,apropos ( ?is1 we %\ld note ! d\ble mean+ ( ! ,g]man ^w aufheb5 7to put by1 or set aside74 ,we mean by x 7#a7 to cle> away1 or annul3 ?us1 we say1 a law or a regulation is set aside3 7#b7 to keep1 or pres]ve3 9 :i* s5se we use x :5 we say3 some?+ is well put by4 ,?is d\ble usage ( language1 :i* gives to ! same ^w a positive & negative mean+1 is n an accid5t1 & gives no gr\nd = reproa*+ language z a cause ( confusion4 ,we %\ld r recognise 9 x ! speculative _s ( our language ris+ above ! m]e ',ei!r--or' ( und]/&+4 #ig4 77 ,! relation ( ! negative to itself is a negative relation1 & s a di/+ui%+ ( ! ,"o f itself1 ! repulsion ( ! ,"o2 t is1 x makes ,_m ,ones4 ,s f> z reg>ds ! imm$iacy ( ! self-exi/5ts1 ^! ,_m are3 & ! repulsion ( e ,"o ( !m becomes to t ext5t _! repulsion aga9/ ea* o!r z exi/+ units1--9 o!r words1 _! reciprocal exclusion4 ,:5ev] we speak ( ! ,"o1 ! ,_m usually come into our m9d at ! same "t4 ,:5ce1 !n1 we are =c$ to ask1 d ! ,_m come8 ,?is "q is unansw]able by ! consci\sness :i* pictures ! ,_m z a prim>y datum1 &-treats ! ,"o z only "o among ! ,_m4 ,b ! philosophic notion tea*es1 contr>iwise1 t ! ,"o =ms ! pre-supposition ( ! ,_m3 & 9 ! ?\ght ( ! ,"o is impli$ t x explicitly make itself ,_m4 ,! self-exi/+ unit is n1 l ,be+1 void ( all connective ref]5ce3 x is a ref]5ce1 z well z ,be+-!re-&-!n 01 n h[ev] a ref]5ce connect+ some:at ) an o!r1 b1 z unity ( ! "s & ! o!r1 x is a connexion ) itself1 & ?is connexion be x not$ is a negative connexion4 ,h]eby ! ,"o manife/s an utt] incompatibility ) itself1 a self-repulsion3 & :at x makes itself explicitly be1 is ! ,_m4 ,we may d5ote ?is side 9 ! process ( ,be+-=-self by ! figurative t]m ,repulsion4 ,repulsion is a t]m orig9ally employ$ 9 ! /udy ( matt]1 to mean t matt]1 z a ,_m1 9 ea* ( ^! _m ,ones1 behaves z exclusive to all ! o!rs4 ,x w\ld be wrong h[ev] to view ! process ( repulsion1 z if ! ,"o 7 ! repell5t & ! ,_m ! repell$4 ,! ,"o1 z already rem>k$1 j is self-exclusion & explicit putt+ itself z ! ,_m4 ,ea* ( ! ,_m h[ev] is itself a ,"o1 & 9 virtue ( its s behav+1 ?is all-r\nd repulsion is by "o /roke conv]t$ into its opposite1--,attraction4 #ih4 77 ,b ! ,_m are "o ! same z ano!r3 ea* is ,"o1 or ev5 "o ( ! ,_m2 !y are consequ5tly "o & ! same4 ,or :5 we /udy all t ,repulsion involves1 we see t z a negative attitude ( _m ,ones to "o ano!r1 x is j z ess5tially a connective ref]5ce ( !m to ea* o!r2 & z ^? to :i* ! ,"o is relat$ 9 its act ( repulsion are ones1 x is 9 !m ?r[n into relation ) itself4 ,! repulsion !re=e has an equal "r to be call$ ,attraction2 & ! exclusive ,"o1 or ,be+-=-self1 suppresses itself4 ,! qualitative "*1 :i* 9 ! ,"o or unit has rea*$ ! extreme po9t ( its *>act]isation1 has ?us pass$ ov] into det]m9at5ess 7quality7 suppress$1 i4e4 into ,be+ z ,quantity4 ,! philosophy ( ! ,atomi/s is ! doctr9e 9 :i* ! ,absolute is =mulat$ z ,be+-=-self1 z ,"o1 & _m ones4 ,& x is ! repulsion1 :i* %[s itself 9 ! notion ( ! ,"o1 :i* is assum$ z ! fundam5tal =ce 9 ^! atoms4 ,b in/ead ( attraction1 x is ,accid5t1 t is1 m]e un9tellig5ce1 :i* is expect$ to br+ !m toge!r4 ,s long z ! ,"o is fix$ z "o1 x is c]ta9ly impossible to reg>d its congression ) o!rs z any?+ b ext]nal & me*anical4 ,! ,void1 :i* is assum$ z ! complem5t>y pr9ciple to ! atoms1 is repulsion & no?+ else1 pres5t$ "u ! image ( ! no?+ exi/+ betwe5 ! atoms4--,mod]n ,atomism--& physics is /ill 9 pr9ciple atomi/ic--has surr5d]$ ! atoms s f> z to p9 its fai? on molecules or p>ticles4 ,9 s do+1 sci5ce has come clos] to s5su\s conception1 at ! co/ ( los+ ! precision ( ?\ght4--,to put an attractive by ! side ( a repulsive =ce1 z ! mod]ns h done1 c]ta9ly gives complet5ess to ! contra/3 & ! discov]y ( ?is natural =ce1 z x is call$1 has be5 a s\rce ( mu* pride4 ,b ! mutual implication ( ! two1 :i* makes :at is true & concrete 9 !m1 w\ld h to be wre/$ f ! obscurity & confusion 9 :i* !y 7 left ev5 9 ,kant's ,metaphysical ,rudim5ts ( ,natural ,sci5ce4--,9 mod]n times ! importance ( ! atomic !ory is ev5 m evid5t 9 political ?an 9 physical sci5ce4 ,accord+ to x1 ! w ( individuals z su* is ! creative pr9ciple ( ! ,/ate3 ! attract+ =ce is ! special wants & incl9ations ( individuals2 & ! ,univ]sal1 or ! ,/ate itself1 is ! ext]nal nexus ( a compact4 7#a7 ,! ,atomic philosophy =ms a vital /age 9 ! hi/orical evolution ( ! ,idea4 ,! pr9ciple ( t sy/em may be describ$ z ,be+-=-self 9 ! %ape ( ! ,_m4 ,at pres5t1 /ud5ts ( nature :o are anxi\s to avoid metaphysics turn a fav\rable e> to ,atomism4 ,b x is n possible to escape metaphysics & cease to trace nature back to t]ms ( ?\ght1 by ?r[+ ourselves into ! arms ( ,atomism4 ,! atom1 9 fact1 is itself a ?\ght2 & h5ce ! !ory :i* holds matt] to consi/ ( atoms is a metaphysical !ory4 ,newton gave physics an express w>n+ to bew>e ( metaphysics1 x is true2 b1 to 8 hon\r be x said1 he did n by any means obey 8 own w>n+4 ,! only m]e physici/s are ! animals3 !y alone d n ?9k3 :ile man is a ?9k+ be+ & a born metaphysician4 ,! real "q is n :e!r we %all apply metaphysics1 b :e!r our metaphysics are ( ! "r k9d3 9 o!r words1 :e!r we are n1 in/ead ( ! concrete logical ,idea1 adopt+ "o-sid$ =ms ( ?\ght1 rigidly fix$ by und]/&+1 & mak+ ^! ! basis ( our !oretical z well z our practical "w4 ,x is on ?is gr\nd t "o objects to ! ,atomic philosophy4 ,! old ,atomi/s view$ ! _w z a _m1 z _! successors (t5 d to ?is day4 ,on *ance !y laid ! task ( collect+ ! atoms :i* float ab\t 9 ! void4 ,b1 aft] all1 ! nexus b9d+ ! _m ) "o ano!r is by no means a m]e accid5t3 z we h already rem>k$1 ! nexus is f\nd$ on _! v nature4 ,to ,kant we owe ! complet$ !ory ( matt] z ! unity ( repulsion & attraction4 ,! !ory is correct1 s f> z x recognises attraction to be ! o!r ( ! two elem5ts involv$ 9 ! notion ( ,be+-=-self3 & to be an elem5t no less ess5tial ?an repulsion to con/itute matt]4 ,/ill ?is dynamical con/ruction ( matt]1 z x is t]m$1 has ! fault ( tak+ = grant$1 in/ead ( d$uc+1 attraction & repulsion4 ,_h !y be5 d$uc$1 we %\ld !n h se5 ! ,h[ & ! ,:y ( a unity :i* is m]ely ass]t$4 ,kant inde$ 0 c>eful to inculcate t ,matt] mu/ n be tak5 to be 9 exi/5ce p] se1 & !n z x 7 incid5tally to be provid$ ) ! two =ces m5tion$1 b mu/ be reg>d$ z consi/+ solely 9 _! unity4 ,g]man physici/s = "s "t accept$ ?is pure dynamic4 ,b 9 spite ( ?is1 ! majority ( ^! physici/s i n mod]n times h f\nd x m conv5i5t to return to ! ,atomic po9t ( view1 & 9 spite ( ! w>n+s ( ,k/n]1 "o ( _! numb]1 h begun to reg>d ,matt] z consi/+ ( inf9itesimally small p>ticles1 t]m$ 'atoms'--:i* atoms h !n to be br\ght into relation ) "o ano!r by ! play ( =ces atta*+ to !m1--attractive1 repulsive1 or :atev] !y may be4 ,?is too is metaphysics2 & metaphysics :i*1 = its utt] un9tellig5ce1 !re w\ld be suffici5t reason to gu>d aga9/4 7#b7 ,! transition f ,quality to ,quantity1 indicat$ 9 ! p>agraph be=e u1 is n f\nd 9 our ord9>y way ( ?9k+1 :i* deems ea* ( ^! categories to exi/ indep5d5tly beside ! o!r4 ,we are 9 ! habit ( say+ t ?+s are n m]ely qualitatively1 b also quantitatively def9$2 b :5ce ^! categories orig9ate1 & h[ !y are relat$ to ea* o!r1 are que/ions n fur!r exam9$4 ,! fact is1 quantity j means quality sup]s$$ & absorb$3 & x is by ! dialectic ( quality "h exam9$ t ?is sup]session is effect$4 ,fir/ ( all1 we _h ,be+3 z ! tru? ( ,be+1 came ,becom+3 :i* =m$ ! passage to ,be+ ,det]m9ate3 & ! tru? ( t we f\nd to be ,alt]ation4 ,& 9 its result ,alt]ation %[$ itself to be ,be+-=-self1 exempt f implication ( ano!r & f passage into ano!r2--:i* ,be+-=-self1 f9ally1 9 ! two sides ( its process1 ,repulsion & ,attraction1 0 cle>ly se5 to annul itself1 & !reby to annul quality 9 ! totality ( its /ages4 ,/ill ?is sup]s$$ & absorb$ quality is nei!r an ab/ract no?+1 nor an equally ab/ract & featureless be+3 x is only be+ z indiff]5t to det]m9at5ess or "*4 ,?is aspect ( be+ is also :at appe>s z quantity 9 our ord9>y conceptions4 ,we obs]ve ?+s1 fir/ ( all1 ) an eye to _! quality--:i* we take to be ! "* id5tical ) ! be+ ( ! ?+4 ,if we proce$ to consid] _! quantity1 we get ! conception ( an indiff]5t & ext]nal "* or mode1 ( su* a k9d t a ?+ rema9s :at x is1 ?\gh its quantity is alt]$1 & ! ?+ becomes great] or less4 ,b4--,,quantity4 77 ,pure ,quantity4 #ii4 ,quantity is pure be+1 :]e ! mode or "* is no long] tak5 z "o ) ! be+ itself1 b explicitly put z sup]s$$ or indiff]5t4 7i7 ,! expression ,magnitude especially m>ks det]m9ate ,quantity1 & is = t reason n a suitable "n = ,quantity 9 g5]al4 7#b7 ,ma!matics usually def9e magnitude z :at c be increas$ or dim9i%$4 ,?is def9ition has ! defect ( conta9+ ! ?+ to be def9$ ov] aga93 b x may s]ve to %[ t ! category ( magnitude is explicitly und]/ood to be *angeable & indiff]5t1 s t1 9 spite ( its be+ alt]$ by an increas$ ext5sion or int5sion1 ! ?+1 a h\se1 = example1 does n cease to be a h\se1 & r$ to be r$4 7#c7 ,! ,absolute is pure ,quantity4 ,?is po9t ( view is ^u ! :ole ! same z :5 ! ,absolute is def9$ to be ,matt]1 9 :i*1 ?\gh =m und\bt$ly is pres5t1 ! =m is a *>act]i/ic ( no importance "o way or ano!r4 ,quantity too con/itutes ! ma9 *>act]i/ic ( ! ,absolute1 :5 ! ,absolute is reg>d$ z absolute indiff]5ce1 & only admitt+ ( quantitative di/9ction4--,o!rwise pure space1 "t1 c4 may be tak5 z examples ( ,quantity1 if we all[ ourselves to reg>d ! real z :atev] fills up space & "t1 x matt]s n ) :at4 ,! ma!matical def9ition ( magnitude z :at may be increas$ or dim9i%$1 appe>s at fir/ sight to be m plausible & p]spicu\s ?an ! exposition ( ! notion 9 ! pres5t section4 ,:5 closely exam9$1 h[ev]1 x involves1 "u cov] ( pre-suppositions & images1 ! same elem5ts z appe> 9 ! notion ( quantity rea*$ by ! me?od ( logical developm5t4 ,9 o!r words1 :5 we say t ! notion ( magnitude lies 9 ! possibility ( be+ increas$ or dim9i%$1 we /ate t magnitude 7or m correctly1 quantity71 z di/+ui%$ f quality1 is a *>act]i/ic ( su* k9d t ! *>act]is$ ?+ is n 9 ! lea/ affect$ by any *ange 9 x4 ,:at !n1 x may be ask$1 is ! fault :i* we h to f9d ) ?is def9ition8 ,x is t to increase & to dim9i% is ! same ?+ z to *>act]ise magnitude o!rwise4 ,if ?is aspect !n 7 an adequate acc\nt ( x1 quantity w\ld be describ$ m]ely z :atev] c be alt]$4 ,b quality is no less ?an quantity op5 to alt]ation2 & ! di/9ction "h giv5 betwe5 quantity & quality is express$ by say+ increase or dim9ution3 ! mean+ be+ t1 t[>ds :atev] side ! det]m9ation ( magnitude be alt]$1 ! ?+ /ill rema9s :at x is4 ,"o rem>k m4 ,?r\gh\t philosophy we d n seek m]ely = correct1 /ill less = plausible def9itions1 ^: correctness appeals directly to ! popul> imag9ation2 we seek approv$ or v]ifi$ def9itions1 ! cont5t ( :i* is n assum$ m]ely z giv51 b is se5 & kn[n to w>rant itself1 because w>rant$ by ! free self-evolution ( ?\ght4 ,to apply ?is to ! pres5t case4 ,h[ev] correct & self-evid5t ! def9ition ( quantity usual 9 ,ma!matics may be1 x w /ill fail to satisfy ! wi% to see h[ f> ?is p>ticul> ?\ght is f\nd$ 9 univ]sal ?\ght1 & 9 t way necess>y4 ,?is difficulty1 h[ev]1 is n ! only "o4 ,if quantity is n rea*$ ?r\gh ! action ( ?\ght1 b tak5 uncritically f our g5]alis$ image ( x1 we are liable to exagg]ate ! range ( its validity1 or ev5 to raise x to ! height ( an absolute category4 ,& t su* a dang] is real1 we see :5 ! title ( exact sci5ce is re/rict$ to ^? sci5ces ! objects ( :i* c be submitt$ to ma!matical calculation4 ,"h we h ano!r trace ( ! bad metaphysics 7m5tion$ 9 #ih1 note7 :i* replace ! concrete idea by p>tial & inadequate categories ( und]/&+4 ,our k w\ld be 9 a v awkw>d pr$icam5t if su* objects z fre$om1 law1 morality1 or ev5 ,god ,himself1 because !y _c be measur$ & calculat$1 or express$ 9 a ma!matical =mula1 7 to be reckon$ beyond ! rea* ( exact k1 & we _h to put up ) a vague g5]alis$ image ( !m1 leav+ _! details or p>ticul>s to ! pleasure ( ea* individual1 to make out ( !m :at he w4 ,! p]nici\s consequ5ces1 to :i* su* a !ory gives rise 9 practice1 are at once evid5t4 ,& ?is m]e ma!matical view1 :i* id5tifies ) ! ,idea "o ( its special /ages1 viz4 quantity1 is no o!r ?an ! pr9ciple ( ,mat]ialism4 ,witness ! hi/ory ( ! sci5tific modes ( ?\ght1 especially 9 ,france s9ce ! middle ( la/ c5tury4 ,matt]1 9 ! ab/ract1 is j :at1 ?\gh ( c\rse !re is =m 9 x1 has t =m only z an indiff]5t & ext]nal attribute4 ,! pres5t explanation w\ld be utt]ly misconceiv$ if x 7 suppos$ to disp>age ma!matics4 ,by call+ ! quantitative *>act]i/ic m]ely ext]nal & indiff]5t1 we provide no excuse = indol5ce & sup]ficiality1 nor d we ass]t t quantitative *>act]i/ics may be left to m9d !mselves1 or at lea/ require no v c>eful h&l+4 ,quantity1 ( c\rse1 is a /age ( ! ,idea3 & z su* x mu/ h its due1 fir/ z a logical category1 & !n 9 ! _w ( objects1 natural z well z spiritual4 ,/ill ev5 s1 !re soon em]ges ! diff]5t importance atta*+ to ! category ( quantity accord+ z its objects belong to ! natural or to ! spiritual _w4 ,= 9 ,nature1 :]e ! =m ( ! ,idea is to be o!r ?an1 & at ! same "t outside1 itself1 great] importance is = t v reason atta*$ to quantity ?an 9 ! spiritual _w1 ! _w ( free inw>dness4 ,no d\bt we reg>d ev5 spiritual facts "u a quantitative po9t ( view2 b x is at once app>5t t 9 speak+ ( ,god z a ,tr9ity1 ! numb] ?ree has by no means ! same prom95ce1 z :5 we consid] ! ?ree dim5sions ( space or ! ?ree sides ( a triangle2--! fundam5tal feature ( :i* la/ is j to be a surface b\nd$ by ?ree l9es4 ,ev5 inside ! realm ( ,nature we f9d ! same di/9ction ( great] or less importance ( quantitative features4 ,9 ! inorganic _w1 ,quantity plays1 s to say1 a m prom95t "p ?an 9 ! organic4 ,ev5 9 organic nature :5 we di/+ui% me*anical functions f :at are call$ *emical1 & 9 ! n>r[] s5se1 physical1 !re is ! same diff]5ce4 ,me*anics is ( all bran*es ( sci5ce1 confess$ly1 t 9 :i* ! aid ( ma!matics c be lea/ disp5s$ )1--:]e inde$ we _c take "o /ep )\t !m4 ,on t acc\nt me*anics is reg>d$ next to ma!matics z ! sci5ce p> excell5ce2 :i* leads u to repeat ! rem>k ab\t ! co9cid5ce ( ! mat]iali/ ) ! exclusively ma!matical po9t ( view4 ,aft] all t has be5 said1 we _c b hold x1 9 ! int]e/ ( exact & ?or\gh k1 "o ( ! mo/ hurtful prejudices1 to seek all di/9ction & det]m9at5ess ( objects m]ely 9 quantitative consid]ations4 ,m9d to be sure is m ?an ,nature & ! animal is m ?an ! plant3 b we "k v little ( ^! objects & ! di/9ction betwe5 !m1 if a m & less is en\gh = u1 & if we d n proce$ to compreh5d !m 9 _! peculi>1 t is _! qualitative "*4 #ajj4 ,quantity1 z we saw1 has two s\rces3 ! exclusive unit1 & ! id5tification or equalisation ( ^! units4 ,:5 we look !re=e at its imm$iate relation to self1 or at ! *>act]i/ic ( self-sam5ess made explicit by attraction1 quantity is ,cont9u\s magnitude2 b :5 we look at ! o!r *>act]i/ic1 ! ,"o impli$ 9 x1 x is ,discrete magnitude4 ,/ill cont9u\s quantity has also a c]ta9 discret5ess1 be+ b a cont9uity ( ! ,_m3 & discrete quantity is no less cont9u\s1 its cont9uity be+ ! ,"o or ,unit1 t is1 ! self-same po9t ( ! _m ,ones4 7#a7 ,cont9u\s & ,discrete magnitude1 !re=e1 mu/ n be suppos$ two species ( magnitude1 z if ! *>act]i/ic ( ! "o did n atta* to ! o!r4 ,! only di/9ction betwe5 !m is t ! same :ole 7( quantity7 is at "o "t explicitly put "u ! "o1 at ano!r "u ! o!r ( its *>act]i/ics4 7#b7 ,! ,ant9omy ( space1 ( "t1 or ( matt]1 :i* discusses ! "q ( _! be+ divisible = ev]1 or ( consi/+ ( indivisible units1 j means t we ma9ta9 quantity z at "o "t ,discrete1 at ano!r ,cont9u\s4 ,if we explicitly inve/ "t1 space1 or matt] ) ! attribute ( ,cont9u\s quantity alone1 !y are divisible ad inf9itum4 ,:51 on ! contr>y1 !y are inve/$ ) ! attribute ( ,discrete quantity1 !y are pot5tially divid$ already1 & consi/ ( indivisible units4 ,! "o view is z inadequate z ! o!r4 ,quantity1 z ! proximate result ( ,be+-=-self1 involves ! two sides 9 ! process ( ! latt]1 attraction & repulsion1 z con/itutive elem5ts ( its own idea4 ,x is consequ5tly ,cont9u\s z well z ,discrete4 ,ea* ( ^! two elem5ts involves ! o!r also1 & h5ce !re is no su* ?+ z a m]ely ,cont9u\s or a m]ely ,discrete quantity4 ,we may speak ( ! two z two p>ticul> & opposite species ( magnitude2 b t is m]ely ! result ( our ab/ract+ reflection1 :i* 9 view+ def9ite magnitudes waives n[ ! "o1 n[ ! o!r1 ( ! elem5ts conta9$ 9 insep>able unity 9 ! notion ( quantity4 ,?us1 x may be said1 ! space occupi$ by ?is room is a cont9u\s magnitude1 & ! hundr$ m51 assembl$ 9 x1 =m a discrete magnitude4 ,& yet ! space is cont9u\s & discrete at ! same "t2 h5ce we speak ( po9ts ( space1 or we divide space1 a c]ta9 l5g?1 into s _m feet1 in*es1 c1 :i* c be done only on ! hypo!sis t space is also pot5tially discrete4 ,simil>ly1 on ! o!r h&1 ! discrete magnitude1 made up ( a hundr$ m51 is also cont9u\s3 & ! circum/ance on :i* ?is cont9uity dep5ds1 is ! common elem5t1 ! species man1 :i* p]vades all ! individuals & unites !m ) ea* o!r4 7b7 ,quantum 7,h[ ,mu*74 #aja4 ,quantity1 ess5tially inve/$ ) ! exclusioni/ "* :i* x involves1 is ,quantum 7or ,h[ ,mu*73 i4e4 limit$ quantity4 ,quantum is1 z x 71 ! det]m9ate ,be+ ( quantity3 :]eas m]e quantity corresponds to ab/ract ,be+1 & ! ,degree1 :i* is next to be consid]$1 corresponds to ,be+-=-self4 ,z = ! details ( ! advance f m]e quantity to quantum1 x is f\nd$ on ?is3 t :il/ 9 m]e quantity ! di/9ction1 z a di/9ction ( cont9uity & discret5ess1 is at fir/ only implicit1 9 a quantum ! di/9ction is actually made1 s t quantity 9 g5]al n[ appe>s z di/+ui%$ or limit$4 ,b 9 ?is way ! quantum breaks up at ! same "t into an indef9ite multitude ( ,quanta or def9ite magnitudes4 ,ea* ( ^! def9ite magnitudes1 z di/+ui%$ f ! o!rs1 =ms a unity1 :ile on ! o!r h&1 view$ p] se1 x is a _m4 ,&1 :5 t is done1 ! quantum is describ$ z ,numb]4 #ajb4 ,9 ,numb] ! quantum rea*es its developm5t & p]fect mode4 ,l ! ,"o1 ! m$ium 9 :i* x exi/s1 ,numb] involves two qualitative factors or functions2 ,annum]ation or ,sum1 :i* dep5ds on ! factor discret5ess1 & ,unity1 :i* dep5ds on cont9uity4 ,9 ari?metic ! sev]al k9ds ( op]ation are usually pres5t$ z accid5tal modes ( deal+ ) numb]s4 ,if necessity & mean+ is to be f\nd 9 ^! op]ations1 x mu/ be by a pr9ciple3 & t mu/ come f ! *>act]i/ic elem5ts 9 ! notion ( numb] itself4 7,?is pr9ciple mu/ "h be briefly exhibit$47 ,^! *>act]i/ic elem5ts are ,annum]ation on ! "o h&1 & ,unity on ! o!r1 :i* toge!r con/itute numb]4 ,b ,unity1 :5 appli$ to empirical numb]s1 is only ! equality ( ^! numb]s3 h5ce ! pr9ciple ( ari?metical op]ations mu/ be to put numb]s 9 ! ratio ( ,unity & ,sum 7or am\nt71 & to elicit ! equality ( ^! two modes4 ,! ,ones or ! numb]s !mselves are indiff]5t t[>ds ea* o!r1 & h5ce ! unity into :i* !y are translat$ by ! ari?metical op]ation takes ! aspect ( an ext]nal colligation4 ,all reckon+ is !re=e mak+ up ! tale3 & ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! species ( x lies only 9 ! qualitative con/itution ( ! numb]s ( :i* we make up ! tale4 ,! pr9ciple = ?is con/itution is giv5 by ! way we fix ,unity & ,annum]ation4 ,num]ation comes fir/3 :at we may call1 mak+ numb]2 a colligation ( z _m units z we please4 ,b to get a species ( calculation1 x is necess>y t :at we c\nt up %\ld be numb]s already1 & no long] a m]e unit4 ,fir/1 & z !y naturally come to h&1 ,numb]s are q vaguely numb]s 9 g5]al1 & s1 on ! :ole1 unequal4 ,! colligation1 or tell+ ! tale ( ^!1 is ,addition4 ,! second po9t ( view "u :i* we reg>d numb]s is z equal1 s t !y make "o unity1 & ( su* !re is an annum]ation or sum be=e u4 ,to tell ! tale ( ^! is ,multiplication4 ,x makes no matt] 9 ! process1 h[ ! functions ( ,sum & ,unity are di/ribut$ betwe5 ! two numb]s1 or factors ( ! product2 ei!r may be ,sum & ei!r may be ,unity4 ,! ?ird & f9al po9t ( view is ! equality ( ,sum 7am\nt7 & ,unity4 ,to numb] toge!r numb]s :5 s *>act]is$ is ,involution2 & 9 ! fir/ in/ance rais+ !m to ! squ>e p[]4 ,to raise ! numb] to high] p[] means 9 po9t ( =m to g on multiply+ a numb] ) itself an indef9ite am\nt ( times4--,s9ce ?is ?ird type ( calculation exhibits ! complete equality ( ! sole exi/+ di/9ction 9 numb]1 viz4 ! di/9ction betwe5 ,sum or am\nt & ,unity1 !re c be no m ?an ^! ?ree modes ( calculation4 ,correspond+ to ! integration we h ! dissolution ( numb]s accord+ to ! same features4 ,h5ce besides ! ?ree species m5tion$1 :i* may to t ext5t be call$ positive1 !re are ?ree negative species ( ari?metical op]ation4 ,numb]1 9 g5]al1 is ! quantum 9 its complete specialisation4 ,h5ce we may employ x n only to det]m9e :at we call discrete1 b :at are call$ cont9u\s magnitudes z well4 ,= t reason ev5 geometry mu/ call 9 ! aid ( numb]1 :5 x is requir$ to specify def9ite figurations ( space & _! ratios4 7c7 ,degree4 #ajc4 ,! limit 79 a quantum7 is id5tical ) ! :ole ( ! quantum itself4 ,z 9 itself multiple1 ! limit is ,ext5sive magnitude2 z 9 itself simple det]m9at5ess 7qualitative simplicity71 x is ,int5sive magnitude or ,degree4 ,! di/9ction betwe5 ,cont9u\s & ,discrete magnitude diff]s f t betwe5 ,ext5sive & ,int5sive 9 ! circum/ance t ! =m] apply to quantity 9 g5]al1 :ile ! latt] apply to ! limit or det]m9at5ess ( x z su*4 ,int5sive & ,ext5sive magnitude are n1 any m ?an ! o!r1 two species1 ( :i* ! "o involves a "* n possess$ by ! o!r3 :at is ,ext5sive magnitude is j z mu* ,int5sive1 & vice v]s4 ,int5sive magnitude or ,degree is 9 its notion di/9ct f ,ext5sive magnitude or ! ,quantum4 ,x is !re=e inadmissible to refuse1 z _m d1 to recognise ?is di/9ction1 & )\t scruple to id5tify ! two =ms ( magnitude4 ,!y are s id5tifi$ 9 physics1 :5 diff]5ce ( specific gravity is expla9$ by say+1 t a body1 ) a specific gravity twice t ( ano!r1 conta9s )9 ! same space twice z _m mat]ial p>ts 7or atoms7 z ! o!r4 ,s ) heat & light1 if ! v>i\s degrees ( temp]ature & brilliancy 7 to be expla9$ by ! great] or less numb] ( p>ticles 7or molecules7 ( heat & light4 ,no d\bt ! physici/s1 :o employ su* a mode ( explanation1 usually excuse !mselves1 :5 !y are remon/rat$ ) on its unt5abl5ess1 by say+ t ! expression is )\t prejudice to ! confess$ly unkn[able ess5ce ( su* ph5om5a1 & employ$ m]ely = great] conv5i5ce4 ,?is great] conv5i5ce is meant to po9t to ! easi] application ( ! calculus3 b x is h>d to see :y ,int5sive magnitudes1 hav+1 z !y d1 a def9ite num]ical expression ( _! own1 %\ld n be z conv5i5t = calculation z ,ext5sive magnitudes4 ,if conv5i5ce be all t is desir$1 surely x w\ld be m conv5i5t to bani% calculation & ?\ght altoge!r4 ,a fur!r po9t aga9/ ! apology (f]$ by ! physici/s is1 t1 to engage 9 explanations ( ?is k9d1 is to ov]/ep ! sph]e ( p]ception & exp]i5ce1 & resort to ! realm ( metaphysics & ( :at at o!r times w\ld be call$ idle or ev5 p]nici\s speculation4 ,x is c]ta9ly a fact ( exp]i5ce t1 if "o ( two purses fill$ ) %ill+s is twice z heavy z ! o!r1 ! reason mu/ be1 t ! "o conta9s1 say two hundr$1 & ! o!r only "o hundr$ %ill+s4 ,^! pieces ( money we c see & feel ) our s5ses3 atoms1 molecules1 & ! l1 are on ! contr>y beyond ! range ( s5su\s p]ception2 & ?\ght alone c decide :e!r !y are admissible1 & h a mean+4 ,b 7z already notic$ 9 #ih1 note7 x is ab/ract und]/&+ :i* /]eotypes ! factor ( multeity 7involv$ 9 ! notion ( ,be+-=-self7 9 ! %ape ( atoms1 & adopts x z an ultimate pr9ciple4 ,x is ! same ab/ract und]/&+ :i*1 9 ! pres5t in/ance1 at equal v>iance ) unprejudic$ p]ception & ) real concrete ?\ght1 reg>ds ,ext5sive magnitude z ! sole =m ( quantity1 &1 :]e ,int5sive magnitudes occur1 does n recognise !m 9 _! own "*1 b makes a viol5t attempt by a :olly unt5able hypo!sis to r$uce !m to ,ext5sive magnitudes4 ,among ! *>ges made aga9/ mod]n philosophy1 "o is he>d m ?an ano!r4 ,mod]n philosophy1 x is said1 r$uces ev]y?+ to id5tity4 ,h5ce its nickname1 ! ,philosophy ( ,id5tity4 ,b ! pres5t discussion may tea* t x is philosophy1 & philosophy alone1 :i* insi/s on di/+ui%+ :at is logically z well z 9 exp]i5ce diff]5t2 :ile ! pr(ess$ devotees ( exp]i5ce are ! p :o erect ab/ract id5tity into ! *ief pr9ciple ( k4 ,x is _! philosophy :i* might m appropriately be t]m$ "o ( id5tity4 ,besides x is q correct t !re are no m]ely ,ext5sive & m]ely ,int5sive magnitudes1 j z little z !re are m]ely cont9u\s & m]ely discrete magnitudes4 ,! two *>act]i/ics ( quantity are n oppos$ z indep5d5t k9ds4 ,e ,int5sive magnitude is also ,ext5sive1 & vice v]s4 ,?us a c]ta9 degree ( temp]ature is an ,int5sive magnitude1 :i* has a p]fectly simple s5sation correspond+ to x z su*4 ,if we look at a !rmomet]1 we f9d ?is degree ( temp]ature has a c]ta9 expansion ( ! column ( m]cury correspond+ to x2 :i* ,ext5sive magnitude *anges simultane\sly ) ! temp]ature or ,int5sive magnitude4 ,! case is simil> 9 ! _w ( m9d3 a m int5sive "* has a wid] range ) its effects ?an a less int5sive4 #ajd4 ,9 ,degree ! notion ( quantum is explicitly put4 ,x is magnitude z indiff]5t on its own acc\nt & simple3 b 9 su* a way t ! "* 7or modal be+7 :i* makes x a quantum lies q outside x 9 o!r magnitudes4 ,9 ?is contradiction1 :]e ! indep5d5t indiff]5t limit is absolute ext]nality1 ! ,inf9ite ,quantitative ,progression is made explicit--an imm$iacy :i* imm$iately ve]s r\nd into its c\nt]p>t1 into m$iation 7! pass+ beyond & ov] ! quantum j laid d[n71 & vice v]s4 ,numb] is a ?\ght1 b ?\ght 9 its complete self-ext]nalisation4 ,because x is a ?\ght1 x does n belong to p]ception3 b x is a ?\ght :i* is *>act]is$ by ! ext]nality ( p]ception4--,n only !re=e may ! quantum be increas$ or dim9i%$ )\t end3 ! v notion ( quantum is ?us to pu% out & out beyond itself4 ,! inf9ite quantitative progression is only ! mean+less repetition ( "o & ! same contradiction1 :i* atta*es to ! quantum1 bo? g5]ally &1 :5 explicitly inve/$ ) its special "*1 z degree4 ,t\*+ ! futility ( enunciat+ ?is contradiction 9 ! =m ( inf9ite progression1 ,z5o1 z quot$ by ,ari/otle1 rightly says1 ',x is ! same to say a ?+ once1 & to say x = ev]4' 7#a7 ,if we foll[ ! usual def9ition ( ! ma!maticians1 giv5 9 #ii1 & say t magnitude is :at c be increas$ or dim9i%$1 !re may be no?+ to urge aga9/ ! correctness ( ! p]ception on :i* x is f\nd$2 b ! "q rema9s1 h[ we come to assume su* a capacity ( increase or dim9ution4 ,if we simply appeal = an answ] to exp]i5ce1 we try an unsatisfactory c\rse2 because ap>t f ! fact t we %\ld m]ely h a mat]ial image ( magnitude1 & n ! ?\ght ( x1 magnitude w\ld come out z a b>e possibility 7( increas+ or dim9i%+7 & we %\ld h no key to ! necessity = its exhibit+ ?is behavi\r4 ,9 ! way ( our logical evolution1 on ! contr>y1 quantity is obvi\sly a grade ! process ( self-det]m9+ ?\ght2 & x has be5 %[n t x lies 9 ! v notion ( quantity to %oot out beyond itself4 ,9 t way1 ! increase or dim9ution 7( :i* we h he>d7 is n m]ely possible1 b necess>y4 7#b7 ,! quantitative inf9ite progression is :at ! reflective und]/&+ usually relies ^u :5 x is engag$ ) ! g5]al "q ( ,inf9ity4 ,! same ?+ h[ev] holds good ( ?is progression1 z 0 already rem>k$ on ! occasion ( ! qualitatively1 inf9ite progression4 ,z 0 !n said1 x is n ! expression ( a true1 b ( a wrong inf9ity2 x nev] gets fur!r ?an a b>e 'ought1' & ?us really rema9s )9 ! limits ( f9itude4 ,! quantitative =m ( ?is inf9ite progression1 :i* ,sp9oza rightly calls a m]e imag9>y inf9ity 7inf9itum imag9ationis17 is an image (t5 employ$ by poets1 su* z ,hall] & ,klop/ock1 to depict ! inf9ity1 n ( ,nature m]ely1 b ev5 ( ,god ,himself4 ,?us we f9d ,hall]1 9 a fam\s description ( ,god's inf9ity1 say+3 ,i* hufe ungeheure ,zahl51 ,gebirge ,million5 auf1 ,i* sesse ,zeit auf ,zeit ,und ,welt auf ,welt zu ,hauf1 ,und w5n i* von d] graus5 ,hh' ,mit ,s*w9del wi$] na* ,dir seh3 ,i/ alle ,ma*t d] ,zahl1 ,v]mehrt zu ,taus5dmal1 ,no* ni*t e9 ,!il von ,dir4 ,i heap up mon/r\s numb]s1 m\nta9s ( millions2 ,i pile "t ^u "t1 & _w on ! top ( _w2 & :5 f ! awful height ,i ca/ a dizzy look t[>ds ,!e1 all ! p[] ( numb]1 multipli$ a ?\s& times1 is n yet "o "p ( ,!e4 ,"h !n we meet1 9 ! fir/ place1 t cont9ual extrusion ( quantity1 & especially ( numb]1 beyond itself1 :i* ,kant describes z 'e]y4' ,! only really 'e]y' ?+ ab\t x is ! we>isom5ess ( ev] fix+1 & anon unfix+ a limit1 )\t advanc+ a s+le /ep4 ,! same poet h[ev] well adds to t description ( false inf9ity ! clos+ l9e3 ,i* zieh sie ab1 und ,du lieg/ ganz vor mir4 ,^! ,i remove1 & ,?\ lie/ all be=e me4 ,:i* means1 t ! true inf9ite is m ?an a m]e _w beyond ! f9ite1 & t we1 9 ord] to become consci\s ( x1 mu/ r5\nce t progressus 9 inf9itum4 7#c7 ,py?agoras1 z is well kn[n1 philosophis$ 9 numb]s1 & conceiv$ numb] z ! fundam5tal pr9ciple ( ?+s4 ,to ! ord9>y m9d ?is view mu/ at fir/ glance seem an utt] p>adox1 p]haps a m]e craze4 ,:at1 !n1 are we to ?9k ( x8 ,to answ] ?is "q1 we mu/1 9 ! fir/ place1 rememb] t ! problem ( philosophy consi/s 9 trac+ back ?+s to ?\ghts1 &1 ( c\rse1 to def9ite ?\ghts4 ,n[1 numb] is und\bt$ly a ?\ght3 x is ! ?\ght ne>e/ ! s5sible1 or1 m precisely express$1 x is ! ?\ght ( ! s5sible itself1 if we take ! s5sible to mean :at is _m1 & 9 reciprocal exclusion4 ,! attempt to appreh5d ! univ]se z numb] is !re=e ! fir/ /ep to metaphysics4 ,9 ! hi/ory ( philosophy1 ,py?agoras1 z we "k1 /&s betwe5 ! ,ionian philosoph]s & ! ,eleatics4 ,:ile ! =m]1 z ,ari/otle says1 nev] get beyond view+ ! ess5ce ( ?+s z mat]ial 771 & ! latt]1 especially ,p>m5ides1 advanc$ z f> z pure ?\ght1 9 ! %ape ( ,be+1 ! pr9ciple ( ! ,py?agorean philosophy =ms1 z x 71 ! bridge f ! s5sible to ! sup]-s5sible4 ,we may ga!r f ?is1 :at is to be said ( ^? :o suppose t ,py?agoras und\bt$ly w5t too f>1 :5 he conceiv$ ! ess5ce ( ?+s z m]e numb]4 ,x is true1 !y admit1 t we c numb] ?+s2 b1 !y cont5d1 ?+s are f> m ?an m]e numb]s4 ,b 9 :at respect are !y m8 ,! ord9>y s5su\s consci\sness1 f its own po9t ( view1 w\ld n hesitate to answ] ! "q by h&+ u ov] to s5su\s p]ception1 & rem>k+1 t ?+s are n m]ely num]able1 b also visible1 odor\s1 palpable1 c4 ,9 ! phrase ( mod]n times1 ! fault ( ,py?agoras w\ld be describ$ z an excess ( idealism4 ,z may be ga!r$ f :at has be5 said on ! hi/orical position ( ! ,py?agorean s*ool1 ! real /ate ( ! case is q ! rev]se4 ,let x be conc$$ t ?+s are m ?an numb]s2 b ! mean+ ( t admission mu/ be t ! b>e ?\ght ( numb] is /ill insuffici5t to enunciate ! def9ite notion or ess5ce ( ?+s4 ,in/ead1 !n1 ( say+ t ,py?agoras w5t too f> ) 8 philosophy ( numb]1 x w\ld be ne>] ! tru? to say t he did n g f> en\gh2 & 9 fact ! ,eleatics 7 ! fir/ to take ! fur!r /ep to pure ?\ght4 ,besides1 ev5 if !re are n ?+s1 !re are /ates ( ?+s1 & ph5om5a ( nature altoge!r1 ! "* ( :i* ma9ly re/s on def9ite numb]s & proportions4 ,?is is especially ! case ) ! diff]5ce ( tones & _! h>monic concord1 :i*1 accord+ to a well-kn[n tradition1 fir/ sugge/$ to ,py?agoras to conceive ! ess5ce ( ?+s z numb]4 ,?\gh x is unque/ionably important to sci5ce to trace back ^! ph5om5a to ! def9ite numb]s on :i* !y are bas$1 x is :olly inadmissible to view ! *>act]isation by ?\ght z a :ole1 z m]ely num]ical4 ,we may c]ta9ly feel ourselves prompt$ to associate ! mo/ g5]al *>act]i/ics ( ?\ght ) ! fir/ numb]s3 say+1 #a is ! simple & imm$iate2 #b is diff]5ce & m$iation2 & #c ! unity ( bo? ( ^!4 ,su* associations h[ev] are purely ext]nal3 !re is no?+ 9 ! m]e numb]s to make !m express ^! def9ite ?\ghts4 ,) e /ep 9 ?is me?od1 ! m arbitr>y gr[s ! association ( def9ite numb]s ) def9ite ?\ghts4 ,?us1 we may view #d z ! unity ( #a & #c1 & ( ! ?\ghts associat$ ) !m1 b #d is j z mu* ! d\ble ( #b2 simil>ly #i is n m]ely ! squ>e ( #c1 b also ! sum ( #h & ,i1 ( #g & #b1 & s on4 ,to atta*1 z d "s secret societies ( mod]n times1 importance to all sorts ( numb]s & figures1 is to "s ext5t an innoc5t amusem5t1 b x is also a sign ( defici5cy ( intellectual res\rce4 ,^! numb]s1 x is said1 conceal a pr(\nd mean+1 & sugge/ a deal to ?9k ab\t4 ,b ! po9t 9 philosophy is1 n :at y may ?9k1 b :at y d ?9k3 & ! g5u9e air ( ?\ght is to be s\ght 9 ?\ght itself1 & n 9 arbitr>ily select$ symbols4 #aje4 ,t ! ,quantum 9 its indep5d5t "* is ext]nal to itself1 is :at con/itutes its quality4 ,9 t ext]nality x is itself & ref]r$ connectively to itself4 ,!re is a union 9 x ( ext]nality1 i4e4 ! quantitative1 & ( indep5d5cy 7,be+-=-self71--! qualitative4 ,! ,quantum :5 explicitly put ?us 9 its own self1 is ! ,quantitative ,ratio1 a mode ( be+ :i*1 :ile1 9 its ,expon5t1 x is an imm$iate quantum1 is also m$iation1 viz4 ! ref]5ce ( "s "o quantum to ano!r1 =m+ ! two sides ( ! ratio4 ,b ! two quanta are n reckon$ at _! imm$iate value3 _! value is only 9 ?is relation4 ,! quantitative inf9ite progression appe>s at fir/ z a cont9ual extrusion ( numb] beyond itself4 ,on look+ clos]1 x is1 h[ev]1 app>5t t 9 ?is progression quantity returns to itself3 = ! mean+ ( ?is progression1 s f> z ?\ght goes1 is ! fact t numb] is det]m9$ by numb]4 ,& ?is gives ! quantitative ratio4 ,take1 = example1 ! ratio #b3d4 ,"h we h two magnitudes 7n c\nt$ 9 _! sev]al imm$iate values7 9 :i* we are only conc]n$ ) _! mutual relations4 ,?is relation ( ! two t]ms 7! expon5t ( ! ratio7 is itself a magnitude1 di/+ui%$ f ! relat$ magnitudes by ?is1 t a *ange 9 x is foll[$ by a *ange ( ! ratio1 :]eas ! ratio is unaffect$ by ! *ange ( bo? its sides1 & rema9s ! same s long z ! expon5t is n *ang$4 ,consequ5tly1 9 place ( #b3d1 we c put #c3f )\t *ang+ ! ratio2 z ! expon5t #b rema9s ! same 9 bo? cases4 #ajf4 ,! two sides ( ! ratio are /ill imm$iate quanta3 & ! qualitative & quantitative *>act]i/ics /ill ext]nal to "o ano!r4 ,b 9 _! tru?1 see+ t ! quantitative itself 9 its ext]nality is relation to self1 or see+ t ! indep5d5ce & ! indiff]5ce ( ! "* are comb9$1 x is ,measure4 ,?us quantity by means ( ! dialectical movem5t s f> /udi$ ?r\gh its sev]al /ages1 turns out to be a return to quality4 ,! fir/ notion ( quantity pres5t$ to u 0 t ( quality abrogat$ & absorb$4 ,t is to say1 quantity seem$ an ext]nal "* n id5tical ) ,be+1 to :i* x is q immat]ial4 ,?is notion1 z we h se51 und]lies ! ma!matical def9ition ( magnitude z :at c be increas$ or dim9i%$4 ,at fir/ sight ?is def9ition may create ! impression t quantity is m]ely :atev] c be alt]$3--increase & dim9ution alike imply+ det]m9ation ( magnitude o!rwise--& may t5d to confuse x ) det]m9ate ,be+1 ! second /age ( quality1 :i* 9 its notion is simil>ly conceiv$ z alt]able4 ,we c1 h[ev]1 complete ! def9ition by add+1 t 9 quantity we h an alt]able1 :i* 9 spite ( alt]ations /ill rema9s ! same4 ,! notion ( quantity1 x ?us turns out1 implies an inh]5t contradiction4 ,?is1 contradiction is :at =ms ! dialectic ( quantity4 ,! result ( ! dialectic h[ev] is n a m]e return to quality1 z if t 7 ! true & quantity ! false notion1 b an advance to ! unity & tru? ( bo?1 to qualitative quantity1 or ,measure4 ,x may be well !re=e at ?is po9t to obs]ve t :5ev] 9 our /udy ( ! objective _w we are engag$ 9 quantitative det]m9ations1 x is 9 all cases ,measure :i* we h 9 view1 z ! goal ( our op]ations4 ,?is is h9t$ at ev5 9 language1 :5 ! asc]ta9m5t ( quantitative features & relations is call$ measur+4 ,we measure1 e4g4 ! l5g? ( diff]5t *ords t h be5 put into a /ate ( vibration1 ) an eye to ! qualitative diff]5ce ( ! tones caus$ by _! vibration1 correspond+ to ?is diff]5ce ( l5g?4 ,simil>ly1 9 *emi/ry1 we try to asc]ta9 ! quantity ( ! matt]s br\ght into comb9ation1 9 ord] to f9d out ! measures or proportions condition+ su* comb9ations1 t is to say1 ^? quantities :i* give rise to def9ite qualities4 ,9 /ati/ics1 too1 ! numb]s ) :i* ! /udy is engag$ are important only f ! qualitative results condition$ by !m4 ,m]e collection ( num]ical facts1 prosecut$ )\t reg>d to ! ends "h not$1 is ju/ly call$ an ex]cise ( idle curiosity1 ( nei!r !oretical nor practical int]e/4 #ajg4 ,measure is ! qualitative quantum1 9 ! fir/ place z imm$iate1--a quantum1 to :i* a det]m9ate be+ or a quality is atta*$4 ,measure1 :]e quality & quantity are 9 "o1 is ?us ! completion ( ,be+4 ,be+1 z we fir/ appreh5d x1 is some?+ utt]ly ab/ract & *>act]less3 b x is ! v ess5ce ( ,be+ to *>act]ise itself1 & its complete *>act]isation is rea*$ 9 ,measure4 ,measure1 l ! o!r /ages ( ,be+1 may s]ve z a def9ition ( ! ,absolute3 ,god1 x has be5 said1 is ! ,measure ( all ?+s4 ,x is ?is idea :i* =ms ! gr\nd-note ( _m ( ! anci5t ,hebrew hymns1 9 :i* ! glorification ( ,god t5ds 9 ! ma9 to %[ t ,he has appo9t$ to ev]y?+ its b\nd3 to ! sea & ! solid l&1 to ! riv]s & m\nta9s2 & also to ! v>i\s k9ds ( plants & animals4 ,to ! religi\s s5se ( ! ,greeks ! div9ity ( measure1 especially 9 respect ( social e?ics1 0 repres5t$ by ,nemesis4 ,t conception implies a g5]al !ory t all human ?+s1 ri*es1 hon\r1 & p[]1 z well z joy & pa91 h _! def9ite measure1 ! transgression ( :i* br+s ru9 & de/ruction4 ,9 ! _w ( objects1 too1 we h measure4 ,we see1 9 ! fir/ place1 exi/5ces 9 ,nature1 ( :i* measure =ms ! ess5tial /ructure4 ,?is is ! case1 = example1 ) ! sol> sy/em1 :i* may be describ$ z ! realm ( free measures4 ,z we next proce$ to ! /udy ( inorganic nature1 measure retires1 z x 71 into ! backgr\nd2 at lea/ we (t5 f9d ! quantitative & qualitative *>act]i/ics %[+ indiff]5ce to ea* o!r4 ,?us ! quality ( a rock or a riv] is n ti$ to a def9ite magnitude4 ,b ev5 ^! objects :5 closely inspect$ are f\nd n to be q measureless3 ! wat] ( a riv]1 & ! s+le con/itu5ts ( a rock1 :5 *emically analys$1 are se5 to be qualities condition$ by quantitative ratios betwe5 ! matt]s !y conta94 ,9 organic nature1 h[ev]1 measure aga9 rises full into imm$iate p]ception4 ,! v>i\s k9ds ( plants & animals1 9 ! :ole z well z 9 _! p>ts1 h a c]ta9 measure3 ?\gh x is wor? notic+ t ! m imp]fect =ms1 ^? :i* are lea/ remov$ f inorganic nature1 are p>tly di/+ui%$ f ! high] =ms by ! great] indef9it5ess ( _! measure4 ,?us among fossils1 we f9d "s ammonites disc]nible only by ! microscope1 & o!rs z l>ge z a c>t-:eel4 ,! same vagu5ess ( measure appe>s 9 sev]al plants1 :i* /& on a l[ level ( organic developm5t1--= in/ance1 f]ns4 #ajh4 ,9 s f> z 9 ,measure quality & quantity are only 9 imm$iate unity1 to t ext5t _! diff]5ce pres5ts itself 9 a mann] equally imm$iate4 ,two cases are !n possible4 ,ei!r ! specific quantum or measure is a b>e quantum1 & ! def9ite be+ 7!re-&-!n7 is capable ( an increase or a dim9ution1 )\t ,measure 7:i* to t ext5t is a ,rule7 be+ !reby set completely aside4 ,or ! alt]ation ( ! quantum is also an alt]ation ( ! quality4 ,! id5tity betwe5 quantity & quality1 :i* is f\nd 9 ,measure1 is at fir/ only implicit1 & n yet explicitly realis$4 ,9 o!r words1 ^! two categories1 :i* unite 9 ,measure1 ea* claim an indep5d5t au?ority4 ,on ! "o h&1 ! quantitative features ( exi/5ce may be alt]$1 )\t affect+ its quality4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ?is increase & dim9ution1 immat]ial ?\gh x be1 has its limit1 by exce$+ :i* ! quality suff]s *ange4 ,?us ! temp]ature ( wat] is1 9 ! fir/ place1 a po9t ( no consequ5ce 9 respect ( its liquidity3 /ill ) ! increase or dim9ution ( ! temp]ature ( ! liquid wat]1 !re comes a po9t :]e ?is /ate ( cohesion suff]s a qualitative *ange1 & ! wat] is conv]t$ into /eam or ice4 ,a quantitative *ange takes place1 app>5tly )\t any fur!r significance3 b !re is some?+ lurk+ beh9d1 & a seem+ly innoc5t *ange ( quantity acts z a k9d ( sn>e1 to cat* hold ( ! quality4 ,! ant9omy ( ,measure :i* ?is implies 0 exemplifi$ "u m ?an "o g>b among ! ,greeks4 ,x 0 ask$1 = example1 :e!r a s+le gra9 makes a heap ( :eat1 or :e!r x makes a bald-tail to te> out a s+le hair f ! horse's tail4 ,at fir/1 no d\bt1 look+ at ! nature ( quantity z an indiff]5t & ext]nal "* ( ,be+1 we are dispos$ to answ] ^! que/ions 9 ! negative4 ,& yet1 z we mu/ admit1 ?is indiff]5t increase & dim9ution has its limit3 a po9t is f9ally rea*$1 :]e a s+le additional gra9 makes a heap ( :eat2 & ! bald-tail is produc$1 if we cont9ue pluck+ out s+le hairs4 ,^! examples f9d a p>allel 9 ! /ory ( ! peasant :o1 z 8 ass trudg$ *e]fully along1 w5t on add+ ounce aft] ounce to its load1 till at l5g? x sunk "u ! un5durable burd54 ,x w\ld be a mi/ake to treat ^! examples z p$antic futility2 !y really turn on ?\ghts1 an acqua9tance ) :i* is ( great importance 9 practical life1 especially 9 e?ics4 ,?us 9 ! matt] ( exp5diture1 !re is a c]ta9 latitude )9 :i* a m or less does n matt]2 b :5 ! ,measure1 impos$ by ! individual circum/ances ( ! special case1 is exce$$ on ! "o side or ! o!r1 ! qualitative nature ( ,measure 7z 9 ! above examples ( ! diff]5t temp]ature ( wat]7 makes itself felt1 & a c\rse1 :i* a mom5t be=e 0 held good economy1 turns into av>ice or prodigality4 ,! same pr9ciple may be appli$ 9 politics1 :5 ! con/itution ( a /ate has to be look$ at z indep5d5t (1 no less ?an z dep5d5t on1 ! ext5t ( its t]ritory1 ! numb] ( its inhabitants1 & o!r quantitative po9ts ( ! same k9d4 ,if we look e4g4 at a /ate ) a t]ritory ( t5 ?\s& squ>e miles & a population ( f\r millions1 we %\ld1 )\t hesitation1 admit t a few squ>e miles ( l& or a few ?\s& inhabitants m or less c\ld ex]cise no ess5tial influ5ce on ! "* ( its con/itution4 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 we mu/ n =get1 t by ! cont9ual increase or dim9i%+ ( a /ate1 we f9ally get to a po9t :]e1 ap>t f all o!r circum/ances1 ?is quantitative alt]ation alone necess>ily draws ) x an alt]ation 9 ! quality ( ! con/itution4 ,! con/itution ( a little ,swiss canton does n suit a great k+dom2 &1 simil>ly1 ! con/itution ( ! ,roman republic 0 unsuitable :5 transf]r$ to ! small imp]ial t[ns ( ,g]many4 #aji4 ,9 ?is second case1 :5 a measure ?r\gh its quantitative nature has gone 9 excess ( its qualitative "*1 we meet1 :at is at fir/ an abs5ce ( measure1 ! ,measureless4 ,b see+ t ! second quantitative ratio1 :i* 9 comp>ison ) ! fir/ is measureless1 is none ! less qualitative1 ! measureless is also a measure4 ,^! two transitions1 f quality to quantum1 & f ! latt] back aga9 to quality1 may be repres5t$ "u ! image ( an inf9ite progression--z ! self-abrogation & re/oration ( measure 9 ! measureless4 ,quantity1 z we h se51 is n only capable ( alt]ation1 i4e4 ( increase or dim9ution3 x is naturally & necess>ily a t5d5cy to exce$ itself4 ,?is t5d5cy is ma9ta9$ ev5 9 measure4 ,b if ! quantity pres5t 9 measure exce$s a c]ta9 limit1 ! quality correspond+ to x is also put 9 abeyance4 ,?is h[ev] is n a negation ( quality altoge!r1 b only ( ?is def9ite quality1 ! place ( :i* is at once occupi$ by ano!r4 ,?is process ( measure1 :i* appe>s alt]nately z a m]e *ange 9 quantity1 & !n z a sudd5 revulsion ( quantity into quality1 may be envisag$ "u ! figure ( a nodal 7knott$7 l9e4 ,su* l9es we f9d 9 ,nature "u a v>iety ( =ms4 ,we h already ref]r$ to ! qualitatively diff]5t /ates ( aggregation wat] exhibits "u increase or dim9ution ( temp]ature4 ,! same ph5om5on is pres5t$ by ! diff]5t degrees 9 ! oxidation ( metals4 ,ev5 ! diff]5ce ( musical notes may be reg>d$ z an example ( :at takes place 9 ! process ( measure1--! revulsion f :at is at fir/ m]ely quantitative into qualitative alt]ation4 #aaj4 ,:at really takes place "h is t ! imm$iacy1 :i* /ill atta*es to measure z su*1 is set aside4 ,9 measure1 at fir/1 quality & quantity itself are imm$iate1 & measure is only _! 'relative' id5tity4 ,b measure %[s itself absorb$ & sup]s$$ 9 ! measureless3 yet ! measureless1 al?\gh x be ! negation ( measure1 is itself a unity ( quantity & quality4 ,?us 9 ! measureless ! measure is /ill se5 to meet only ) itself4 #aaa4 ,in/ead ( ! m ab/ract factors1 ,be+ & ,no?+1 "s & o!r1 c41 ! ,inf9ite1 :i* is affirmation z a negation ( negation1 n[ f9ds its factors 9 quality & quantity4 ,^! 77 h 9 ! fir/ place pass$ ov]1 quality into quantity1 7 #ih71 & quantity into quality 7 #aje71 & ?us are bo? %[n up z negations1 77 ,b 9 _! unity1 t is1 9 measure1 !y are orig9ally di/9ct1 & ! "o is only ?r\gh ! in/rum5tality ( ! o!r4 ,& 77 aft] ! imm$iacy ( ?is unity has turn$ out to be self-annull+1 ! unity is explicitly put z :at x implicitly is1 simple relation-to-self1 :i* conta9s 9 x be+ & all its =ms absorb$4--,be+ or imm$iacy1 :i* by ! negation ( itself is a m$iation ) self & a ref]5ce to self1--:i* consequ5tly is also a m$iation :i* cancels itself into ref]5ce-to-self1 or imm$iacy1--is ,ess5ce4 ,! process ( measure1 in/ead ( be+ only ! wrong inf9ite ( an endless progression1 9 ! %ape ( an ev]-recurr5t recoil f quality to quantity1 & f quantity to quality1 is also ! true inf9ity ( co9cid5ce ) self 9 ano!r4 ,9 measure1 quality & quantity orig9ally confront ea* o!r1 l "s & o!r4 ,b quality is implicitly quantity1 & conv]sely quantity is implicitly quality4 ,9 ! process ( measure1 !re=e1 ^! two pass into ea* o!r3 ea* ( !m becomes :at x already 0 implicitly3 & ?us we get ,be+ ?r[n into abeyance & absorb$1 ) its sev]al *>act]i/ics negativ$4 ,su* ,be+ is ,ess5ce4 ,measure is implicitly ,ess5ce2 & its process consi/s 9 realis+ :at x is implicitly4--,! ord9>y consci\sness conceives ?+s z be+1 & /udies !m 9 quality1 quantity1 & measure4 ,^! imm$iate *>act]i/ics h[ev] soon %[ !mselves to be n fix$ b transi5t2 & ,ess5ce is ! result ( _! dialectic4 ,9 ! sph]e ( ,ess5ce "o category does n pass into ano!r1 b ref]s to ano!r m]ely4 ,9 ,be+1 ! =m ( ref]5ce is purely due to our reflection on :at takes place3 b x is ! special & prop] *>act]i/ic ( ,ess5ce4 ,9 ! sph]e ( ,be+1 :5 some:at becomes ano!r1 ! some:at has vani%$4 ,n s 9 ,ess5ce3 "h !re is no real o!r1 b only div]sity1 ref]5ce ( ! "o to its o!r4 ,! transition ( ,ess5ce is !re=e at ! same "t no transition3 = 9 ! passage ( diff]5t into diff]5t1 ! diff]5t does n vani%3 ! diff]5t t]ms rema9 9 _! relation4 ,:5 we speak ( ,be+ & ,n\ght1 ,be+ is indep5d5t1 s is ,n\ght4 ,! case is o!rwise ) ! ,positive & ! ,negative4 ,no d\bt ^! possess ! *>act]i/ic ( ,be+ & ,n\ght4 ,b ! positive by itself has no s5se2 x is :olly 9 ref]5ce to ! negative4 ,& x is ! same ) ! negative4 ,9 ! sph]e ( ,be+ ! ref]5ce ( "o t]m to ano!r is only implicit2 9 ,ess5ce on ! contr>y x is explicit ,& ?is 9 g5]al is ! di/9ction betwe5 ! =ms ( ,be+ & ,ess5ce3 9 ,be+ ev]y?+ is imm$iate1 9 ,ess5ce ev]y?+ is relative4 ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,second ,,sub-,,division ,,( ,,logic4 ,,! ,,doctr9e ,,( ,,ess5ce4 #aab4 ,! t]ms 9 ,ess5ce are always m]e pairs ( correlatives1 & n yet absolutely reflect$ 9 !mselves3 h5ce 9 ess5ce ! actual unity ( ! notion is n realis$1 b only po/ulat$ by reflection4 ,ess5ce1--:i* is ,be+ com+ into m$iation ) itself ?r\gh ! negativity ( itself--is self-relat$ness1 only 9 s f> z x is relation to an ,o!r1--?is ,o!r h[ev] com+ to view at fir/ n z some?+ :i* is1 b z po/ulat$ & hypo!tis$4--,be+ has n vani%$3 b1 fir/ly1 ,ess5ce1 z simple self-relation1 is ,be+1 & secondly z reg>ds its "o-sid$ *>act]i/ic ( imm$iacy1 ,be+ is depos$ to a m]e negative1 to a seem+ or reflect$ light--,ess5ce accord+ly is ,be+ ?us reflect+ light into itself4 ,! ,absolute is ! ,ess5ce4 ,?is is ! same def9ition z ! previ\s "o t ! ,absolute is ,be+1 9 s f> z ,be+ likewise is simple self-relation4 ,b x is at ! same "t high]1 because ,ess5ce is ,be+ t has gone into itself3 t is to say1 ! simple self-relation 79 ,be+7 is expressly put z negation ( ! negative1 z imman5t self-m$iation4--,un=tunately :5 ! ,absolute is def9$ to be ! ,ess5ce1 ! negativity :i* ?is implies is (t5 tak5 only to mean ! )drawal ( all det]m9ate pr$icates4 ,?is negative action ( )drawal or ab/raction ?us falls outside ( ! ,ess5ce--:i* is ?us left z a m]e result ap>t f its premisses1--! caput mortuum ( ab/raction4 ,b z ?is negativity1 in/ead ( be+ ext]nal to ,be+1 is its own dialectic1 ! tru? ( ! latt]1 viz4 ,ess5ce1 w be ,be+ z retir$ )9 itself1--imman5t ,be+4 ,t reflection1 or light ?r[n into itself1 con/itutes ! di/9ction betwe5 ,ess5ce & imm$iate ,be+1 & is ! peculi> *>act]i/ic ( ,ess5ce itself4 99 99 99 99 99 ,any m5tion ( ,ess5ce implies t we di/+ui% x f ,be+3 ! latt] is imm$iate1 &1 comp>$ ) ! ,ess5ce1 we look ^u x z m]e seem+4 ,b ?is seem+ is n an utt] non5tity & no?+ at all1 b ,be+ sup]s$$ & put by4 ,! po9t ( view giv5 by ! ,ess5ce is 9 g5]al ! /&po9t ( ',reflection4' ,?is ^w 'reflection' is orig9ally appli$1 :5 a ray ( light 9 a /raight l9e imp++ ^u ! surface ( a mirror is ?r[n back f x4 ,9 ?is ph5om5on we h two ?+s1--fir/ an imm$iate fact :i* is1 & secondly ! deput$1 d]ivat$1 or transmitt$ phase ( ! same4--,some?+ ( ?is sort takes place :5 we reflect1 or ?9k ^u an object2 = "h we want to "k ! object1 n 9 its imm$iacy1 b z d]ivative or m$iat$4 ,! problem or aim ( philosophy is (t5 repres5t$ z ! asc]ta9m5t ( ! ess5ce ( ?+s3 a phrase :i* only means t ?+s in/ead ( be+ left 9 _! imm$iacy1 mu/ be %[n to be m$iat$ by1 or bas$ ^u1 some?+ else4 ,! imm$iate ,be+ ( ?+s is ?us conceiv$ "u ! image ( a r9d or curta9 beh9d :i* ! ,ess5ce lies hidd54 ,ev]y?+1 x is said1 has an ,ess5ce2 t is1 ?+s really are n :at !y imm$iately %[ !mselves4 ,!re is !re=e some?+ m to be done ?an m]ely rove f "o quality to ano!r1 & m]ely to advance f qualitative to quantitative1 & vice v]s3 !re is a p]man5t 9 ?+s1 & t p]man5t is 9 ! fir/ in/ance _! ,ess5ce4 ,) respect to o!r mean+s & uses ( ! category ( ,ess5ce1 we may note t 9 ! ,g]man auxili>y v]b 'se9' ! pa/ t5se is express$ by ! t]m = ,ess5ce 7,wes573 we designate pa/ be+ z gewes54 ,?is anomaly ( language implies to "s ext5t a correct p]ception ( ! relation betwe5 ,be+ & ,ess5ce4 ,ess5ce we may c]ta9ly reg>d z pa/ ,be+1 rememb]+ h[ev] mean:ile t ! pa/ is n utt]ly d5i$1 b only laid aside & ?us at ! same "t pres]v$4 ,?us1 to say1 ,caes> 0 9 ,gaul1 only d5ies ! imm$iacy ( ! ev5t1 b n 8 soj\rn 9 ,gaul altoge!r4 ,t soj\rn is j :at =ms ! import ( ! proposition1 9 :i* h[ev] x is repres5t$ z ov] & gone4--',wes5' 9 ord9>y life frequ5tly means only a collection or aggregate3 ,zeitungswes5 7! ,press71 ,po/wes5 7! ,po/-,(fice71 ,/eu]wes5 7! ,rev5ue74 ,all t ^! t]ms mean is t ! ?+s 9 "q are n to be tak5 s+le1 9 _! imm$iacy1 b z a complex1 & !n1 p]haps1 9 addition1 9 _! v>i\s be>+s4 ,?is usage ( ! t]m is n v diff]5t 9 its implication f our own4 ,p also speak ( f9ite ,ess5ces1 su* z man4 ,b ! v t]m ,ess5ce implies t we h made a /ep beyond f9itude3 & ! title z appli$ to man is s f> inexact4 ,x is (t5 add$ t !re is a supreme ,ess5ce 7,be+73 by :i* is meant ,god4 ,on ?is two rem>ks may be made4 ,9 ! fir/ place ! phrase '!re is' sugge/s a f9ite only3 z :5 we say1 !re are s _m planets1 or1 !re are plants ( su* a con/itution & plants ( su* an o!r4 ,9 ^! cases we are speak+ ( some?+ :i* has o!r ?+s beyond & beside x4 ,b ,god1 ! absolutely inf9ite1 is n some?+ outside & beside :om !re are o!r ess5ces4 ,all else outside f ,god1 if sep>at$ f ,him1 possesses no ess5tiality3 9 its ,i isolation x becomes a m]e %[ or seem+1 )\t /ay or ess5ce ( its own4 ,b1 secondly1 x is a poor way ( talk+ to call ,god ! highe/ or supreme ,ess5ce4 ,! category ( quantity :i* ! phrase employs has its prop] place )9 ! compass ( ! f9ite4 ,:5 we call "o m\nta9 ! highe/ on ! e>?1 we h a vision ( o!r high m\nta9s beside x4 ,s too :5 we call any "o ! ri*e/ or mo/ le>n$ 9 8 c\ntry4 ,b ,god1 f> f be+ a ,be+1 ev5 ! highe/1 is ! ,be+4 ,?is def9ition1 h[ev]1 ?\gh su* a repres5tation ( ,god is an important & necess>y /age 9 ! gr[? ( ! religi\s consci\sness1 does n by any means exhau/ ! dep? ( ! ord9>y ,*ri/ian idea ( ,god4 ,if we consid] ,god z ! ,ess5ce only1 & no?+ m1 we "k ,him only z ! univ]sal & irresi/ible ,p[]2 9 o!r words1 z ! ,"l4 ,n[ ! fe> ( ! ,"l is1 d\btless1 ! beg9n+1--b only ! beg9n+1 ( wisdom4 ,to look at ,god 9 ?is light1 z ! ,"l1 & ! ,"l alone1 is especially *>act]i/ic ( ,judaism & also ( ,mohamm$anism4 ,! defect ( ^! religions lies 9 _! scant recognition ( ! f9ite1 :i*1 be x z natural ?+s or z f9ite phases ( m9d1 x is *>act]i/ic ( ! hea!n & 7z !y also = t reason are7 poly!i/ic religions to ma9ta9 intact4 ,ano!r n uncommon ass]tion is t ,god1 z ! supreme ,be+1 _c be kn[n4 ,su* is ! view tak5 by mod]n 'enlight5m5t' & ab/ract und]/&+1 :i* is cont5t to say1 ,il y a un tre suprme3 & !re lets ! matt] re/4 ,to speak ?us1 & treat ,god m]ely z ! supreme o!r-_w ,be+1 implies t we look ^u ! _w be=e u 9 its imm$iacy z some?+ p]man5t & positive1 & =get t true ,be+ is j ! sup]s$+ ( all t is imm$iate4 ,if ,god be ! ab/ract sup]-s5sible ,be+1 outside :om !re=e lies all diff]5ce & all specific "*1 ,he is only a b>e "n1 a m]e caput mortuum ( ab/ract+ und]/&+4 ,! true k ( ,god beg9s :5 we "k t ?+s1 z !y imm$iately are1 h no tru?4 ,9 ref]5ce also to o!r subjects besides ,god ! category ( ,ess5ce is (t5 liable to an ab/ract use1 by :i*1 9 ! /udy ( any?+1 its ,ess5ce is held to be some?+ unaffect$ by1 & subsi/+ 9 indep5d5ce (1 its def9ite ph5om5al embodim5t4 ,?us we say1 = example1 ( p1 t ! great ?+ is n :at !y d or h[ !y behave1 b :at !y are4 ,?is is correct1 if x means t a man's conduct %\ld be look$ at1 n 9 its imm$iacy1 b only z x is expla9$ by 8 inn] self1 & z a revelation ( t inn] self4 ,/ill x %\ld be rememb]$ t ! only means by :i* ! ,ess5ce & ! inn] self c be v]ifi$1 is _! appe>ance 9 outw>d reality2 :]eas ! appeal :i* m5 make to ! ess5tial life1 z di/9ct f ! mat]ial facts ( conduct1 is g5]ally prompt$ by a desire to ass]t _! own subjectivity & to elude an absolute & objective judgm5t4 #aac4 ,self-relation 9 ,ess5ce is ! =m ( ,id5tity or ( reflection-into-self1 :i* has "h tak5 ! place ( ! imm$iacy ( ,be+4 ,!y are bo? ! same ab/raction1--self-relation4 ,! un9tellig5ce ( s5se1 to take ev]y?+ limit$ & f9ite = ,be+1 passes into ! ob/9acy ( und]/&+1 :i* views ! f9ite z self-id5tical1 n inh]5tly self-contradictory4 #aad4 ,?is id5tity1 z x has desc5d$ f ,be+1 appe>s 9 ! fir/ place only *>g$ ) ! *>act]i/ics ( ,be+1 & ref]r$ to ,be+ z to some?+ ext]nal4 ,?is ext]nal ,be+1 if tak5 9 sep>ation f ! true ,be+ 7( ,ess5ce71 is call$ ! ,uness5tial4 ,b t turns out a mi/ake4 ,because ,ess5ce is ,be+-9-self1 x is ess5tial only to ! ext5t t x has 9 itself its negative1 e4 ref]5ce to ano!r1 or m$iation4 ,consequ5tly1 x has ! uness5tial z its own prop] seem+ 7reflection7 9 itself4 ,b 9 seem+ or m$iation !re is di/9ction involv$3 & s9ce :at is di/+ui%$ 7z di/+ui%$ f ! id5tity out ( :i* x arises1 & 9 :i* x is n1 or lies z seem+17 receives itself ! =m ( id5tity1 ! semblance is /ill 9 ! mode ( ,be+1 or ( self-relat$ imm$iacy4 ,! sph]e ( ,ess5ce ?us turns out to be a /ill imp]fect comb9ation ( imm$iacy & m$iation4 ,9 x e t]m is expressly inve/$ ) ! "* ( self-relat$ness1 :ile yet at ! same "t "o is =c$ beyond x4 ,x has ,be+1--reflect$ be+1 a be+ 9 :i* ano!r %[s1 & :i* %[s 9 ano!r4 ,& s x is also ! sph]e 9 :i* ! contradiction1 /ill implicit 9 ! sph]e ( ,be+1 is made explicit4 ,z ! "o notion is ! common pr9ciple und]ly+ all logic1 !re appe> 9 ! developm5t ( ,ess5ce ! same attributes or t]ms z 9 ! developm5t ( ,be+1 b 9 a reflex =m4 ,in/ead ( ,be+ & ,n\ght we h n[ ! =ms ( ,positive & ,negative2 ! =m] at fir/ z ,id5tity correspond+ to pure & uncontra/$ ,be+1 ! latt] develop$ 7%[+ 9 itself7 z ,diff]5ce4 ,s also1 we h ,becom+ repres5t$ by ! ,gr\nd ( det]m9ate ,be+3 :i* itself1 :5 reflect$ ^u ! ,gr\nd1 is ,exi/5ce4 ,! !ory ( ,ess5ce is ! mo/ difficult bran* ( ,logic4 ,x includes ! categories ( metaphysic & ( ! sci5ces 9 g5]al4 ,^! are products ( reflective und]/&+1 :i*1 :ile x assumes ! diff]5ces to possess a foot+ ( _! own1 & at ! same "t also expressly affirms _! relativity1 /ill comb9es ! two /atem5ts1 side by side1 or "o aft] ! o!r1 by an ',also1' )\t br++ ^! ?\ghts into "o1 or unify+ !m into ! notion4 ,a4--,,ess5ce ,,z ,,gr\nd ,,( ,,exi/5ce4 7a7 ,! pure pr9ciples or categories ( ,reflection4 77 ,id5tity4 #aae4 ,! ,ess5ce lights up 9 itself or is m]e reflection3 & !re=e is only self-relation1 n z imm$iate b z reflect$4 ,& t reflex relation is self-,id5tity4 ,?is ,id5tity becomes an ,id5tity 9 =m only1 or ( ! und]/&+1 if x be held h>d & fa/1 q alo( f diff]5ce4 ,or1 r1 ab/raction is ! imposition ( ?is ,id5tity ( =m1 ! trans=mation ( some?+ inh]5tly concrete into ?is =m ( elem5t>y simplicity4 ,& ?is may be done 9 two ways4 ,ei!r we may neglect a "p ( ! multiple features :i* are f\nd 9 ! concrete ?+ 7by :at is call$ analysis7 & select only "o ( !m2 or1 neglect+ _! v>iety1 we may conc5trate ! multiple *>act]s into "o4 ,if we associate ,id5tity ) ! ,absolute1 mak+ ! ,absolute ! subject ( a proposition1 we get3 ,! ,absolute is :at is id5tical ) itself4 ,h[ev] true ?is proposition may be1 x is d\btful :e!r x be meant 9 its tru?3 & !re=e x is at lea/ imp]fect 9 ! expression4 ,= x is left undecid$1 :e!r x means ! ab/ract ,id5tity ( und]/&+1--ab/ract1 t is1 because contra/$ ) ! o!r *>act]i/ics ( ,ess5ce1 or ! ,id5tity :i* is inh]5tly concrete4 ,9 ! latt] case1 z w be se51 true ,id5tity is fir/ discov]able 9 ! ,gr\nd1 &1 ) a high] tru?1 9 ! ,notion4--,ev5 ! ^w ,absolute is (t5 us$ to mean no m ?an 'ab/ract4' ,absolute space & absolute "t1 = example1 is ano!r way ( say+ ab/ract space & ab/ract "t4 ,:5 ! pr9ciples ( ,ess5ce are tak5 z ess5tial pr9ciples ( ?\ght !y become pr$icates ( a pre-suppos$ subject1 :i*1 because !y are ess5tial1 is ',ev]y?+1' ,! propositions ?us aris+ h be5 /at$ z univ]sal ,laws ( ,?\ght4 ,?us ! fir/ ( !m1 ! maxim ( ,id5tity1 reads3 ,ev]y?+ is id5tical ) itself1 ,a,a3 &1 negatively1 ,a _c at ! same "t be ,a & n ,a4--,?is maxim1 in/ead ( be+ a true law ( ?\ght1 is no?+ b ! law ( ab/ract und]/&+4 ,! propositional =m itself contradicts x3 = a proposition always promises a di/9ction betwe5 subject & pr$icate2 :ile ! pres5t "o does n fulfil :at its =m requires4 ,b ! ,law is p>ticul>ly set aside by ! foll[+ s-call$ ,laws ( ,?\ght1 :i* make laws out ( its opposite4--,x is ass]t$ t ! maxim ( ,id5tity1 ?\gh x _c be prov$1 regulates ! proc$ure ( e consci\sness1 & t exp]i5ce %[s x to be accept$ z soon z its t]ms are appreh5d$4 ,to ?is alleg$ exp]i5ce ( ! logic-books may be oppos$ ! univ]sal exp]i5ce t no m9d ?9ks or =ms conceptions or speaks1 9 accordance ) ?is law1 & t no exi/5ce ( any k9d :atev] con=ms to x4 ,utt]ances aft] ! fa%ion ( ?is pret5d$ law 7,a planet is--a planet2 ,magnetism is--magnetism2 ,m9d is--m9d7 are1 z !y des]ve to be1 reput$ silly4 ,t is c]ta9ly matt] ( g5]al exp]i5ce4 ,! logic :i* s]i\sly prop\nds su* laws & ! s*ola/ic _w 9 :i* alone !y are valid h long be5 discr$it$ ) practical common s5se z well z ) ! philosophy ( reason4 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,id5tity is1 9 ! fir/ place1 ! repetition ( :at we _h e>li] z ,be+1 b z become1 ?r\gh sup]session ( its "* ( imm$iat5ess4 ,x is !re=e ,be+ z ,ideality4--,x is important to come to a prop] und]/&+ on ! true mean+ ( ,id5tity3 &1 = t purpose1 we mu/ especially gu>d aga9/ tak+ x z ab/ract ,id5tity1 to ! exclusion ( all ,diff]5ce4 ,t is ! t\*/one = di/+ui%+ all bad philosophy f :at alone des]ves ! "n ( philosophy4 ,id5tity 9 its tru?1 z an ,ideality ( :at imm$iately is1 is a high category = our religi\s modes ( m9d z well z all o!r =ms ( ?\ght & m5tal activity4 ,! true k ( ,god1 x may be said1 beg9s :5 we "k ,him z id5tity1--z absolute id5tity4 ,to "k s mu* is to see t all ! p[] & glory ( ! _w s9ks into no?+ 9 ,god's pres5ce1 & subsi/s only z ! reflection ( ,8 p[] & ,8 glory4 ,9 ! same way1 ,id5tity1 z self-consci\sness1 is :at di/+ui%es man f nature1 p>ticul>ly f ! brutes :i* nev] rea* ! po9t ( compreh5d+ !mselves z ',i1' t is1 pure self-conta9$ unity4 ,s aga91 9 connexion ) ?\ght1 ! ma9 ?+ is n to confuse ! true ,id5tity1 :i* conta9s ,be+ & its *>act]i/ics ideally transfigur$ 9 x1 ) an ab/ract ,id5tity1 id5tity ( b>e =m4 ,all ! *>ges ( n>r[ness1 h>dness1 mean+lessness1 :i* are s (t5 direct$ aga9/ ?\ght f ! qu>t] ( feel+ & imm$iate p]ception1 re/ on ! p]v]se assumption t ?\ght acts only z a faculty ( ab/ract ,id5tification4 ,! ,=mal ,logic itself confirms ?is assumption by lay+ d[n ! supreme law ( ?\ght 7s-call$7 :i* has be5 discuss$ above4 ,if ?9k+ 7 no m ?an an ab/ract ,id5tity1 we c\ld n b own x to be a mo/ futile & t$i\s bus9ess4 ,no d\bt ! notion1 & ! idea too1 are id5tical ) !mselves3 b id5tical only 9 s f> z !y at ! same "t involve di/9ction4 77 ,diff]5ce4 #aaf4 ,ess5ce is m]e ,id5tity & reflection 9 itself only z x is self-relat+ negativity1 & 9 t way self-repulsion4 ,x conta9s !re=e ess5tially ! *>act]i/ic ( ,diff]5ce4 ,o!r-be+ is "h no long] qualitative1 tak+ ! %ape ( ! "* or limit4 ,x is n[ 9 ,ess5ce1 9 self-relat+ ess5ce1 & !re=e ! negation is at ! same "t a relation1--is1 9 %ort1 ,di/9ction1 ,relativity1 ,m$iation4 ,to ask1 ',h[ ,id5tity comes to ,diff]5ce1' assumes t ,id5tity z m]e ab/ract ,id5tity is some?+ ( itself1 & ,diff]5ce also some?+ else equally indep5d5t4 ,?is supposition r5d]s an answ] to ! "q impossible4 ,if ,id5tity is view$ z div]se f ,diff]5ce1 all t we h 9 ?is way is b ,diff]5ce2 & h5ce we _c demon/rate ! advance to diff]5ce1 because ! p]son :o asks = ! ,h[ ( ! progress !reby implies t = him ! />t+-po9t is non-exi/5t4 ,! "q !n :5 put to ! te/ has obvi\sly no mean+1 & its propos] may be met ) ! "q :at he means by ,id5tity2 :]eupon we %\ld soon see t he atta*es no idea to x at all1 & t ,id5tity is = him an empty "n4 ,z we h se51 besides1 ,id5tity is und\bt$ly a negative1--n h[ev] an ab/ract empty ,n\ght1 b ! negation ( ,be+ & its *>act]i/ics4 ,be+ s1 ,id5tity is at ! same "t self-relation1 &1 :at is m1 negative self-relation2 9 o!r words1 x draws a di/9ction betwe5 x & itself4 #aag4 ,diff]5ce is1 fir/ ( all1 7#a7 imm$iate diff]5ce1 e4g4 ,div]sity or ,v>iety4 ,9 ,div]sity ! diff]5t ?+s are ea* individually :at !y are1 & unaffect$ by ! relation 9 :i* !y /& to ea* o!r4 ,?is relation is !re=e ext]nal to !m4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ! v>i\s ?+s be+ ?us indiff]5t to ! diff]5ce betwe5 !m1 x falls outside !m into a ?ird ?+1 ! ag5t ( ,comp>ison4 ,?is ext]nal diff]5ce1 z an id5tity ( ! objects relat$1 is ,lik5ess2 z a non-id5tity ( !m1 is ,unlik5ess4 ,! gap :i* und]/&+ all[s to divide ^! *>act]i/ics1 is s great1 t al?\gh comp>ison has "o & ! same sub/ratum = lik5ess & unlik5ess1 :i* are expla9$ to be diff]5t aspects & po9ts ( view 9 x1 /ill lik5ess by itself is ! fir/ ( ! elem5ts alone1 viz4 id5tity1 & unlik5ess by itself is diff]5ce4 ,div]sity has1 l ,id5tity1 be5 trans=m$ into a maxim3 ',ev]y?+ is v>i\s or diff]5t'3 or1',!re are no two ?+s completely l ea* o!r4' ,"h ,ev]y?+ is put "u a pr$icate1 :i* is ! rev]se ( ! id5tity attribut$ to x 9 ! fir/ maxim2 & !re=e "u a law contradict+ ! fir/4 ,h[ev] !re is an explanation4 ,z ! div]sity is suppos$ due only to ext]nal comp>ison1 any?+ tak5 p] se is expect$ & und]/ood always to be id5tical ) itself1 s t ! second law ne$ n int]f]e ) ! fir/4 ,b1 9 t case1 v>iety does n belong to ! some?+ or ev]y?+ 9 "q3 x con/itutes no intr9sic *>act]i/ic ( ! subject3 & ! second maxim on ?is %[+ does n admit ( be+ /at$ at all4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 ! some?+ itself is z ! maxim says div]se1 x mu/ be 9 virtue ( its own prop] "*3 b 9 ?is case ! specific diff]5ce1 & n v>iety z su*1 is :at is int5d$4 ,& ?is is ! mean+ ( ! maxim ( ,leibnitz4 ,:5 und]/&+ sets itself to /udy ,id5tity1 x has already pass$ beyond x1 & is look+ at ,diff]5ce 9 ! %ape ( b>e ,v>iety4 ,if we foll[ ! s-call$ law ( ,id5tity1 & say1--,! sea is ! sea1 ,! air is ! air1 ,! moon is ! moon1 ^! objects pass = hav+ no be>+ on "o ano!r4 ,:at we h be=e u !re=e is n ,id5tity1 b ,diff]5ce4 ,we d n /op at ?is po9t h[ev]1 or reg>d ?+s m]ely z diff]5t4 ,we comp>e !m "o ) ano!r1 & ?us discov] ! features ( lik5ess & unlik5ess4 ,! "w ( ! f9ite sci5ces lies to a great ext5t 9 ! application ( ^! categories1 & ! phrase 'sci5tific treatm5t' g5]ally means no m ?an ! me?od :i* has = its aim comp>ison ( ! objects "u exam9ation4 ,?is me?od has und\bt$ly l$ to "s important results2--we may p>ticul>ly m5tion ! great advance ( mod]n times 9 ! prov9ces ( comp>ative anatomy & comp>ative l+ui/ic4 ,b x is go+ too f> to suppose t ! comp>ative me?od c be employ$ ) equal success 9 all bran*es ( k4 ,nor--& ?is mu/ be emphasis$--c m]e comp>ison ev] ultimately satisfy ! requirem5ts ( sci5ce4 ,its results are inde$ indisp5sable1 b !y are /ill lab\rs only prelim9>y to truly intellig5t cognition4 ,if x be ! (fice ( comp>ison to r$uce exi/+ diff]5ces to ,id5tity1 ! sci5ce1 :i* mo/ p]fectly fulfils t end1 is ma!matics4 ,! reason ( t is1 t quantitative diff]5ce is only ! diff]5ce :i* is q ext]nal4 ,?us1 9 geometry1 a triangle & a quadrangle1 figures qualitatively diff]5t1 h ?is qualitative diff]5ce disc\nt$ by ab/raction1 & are equalis$ to "o ano!r 9 magnitude4 ,x foll[s f :at has be5 =m]ly said ab\t ! m]e ,id5tity ( und]/&+ t1 z has also be5 po9t$ out 7 #ii1 note71 nei!r philosophy nor ! empirical sci5ces ne$ envy ?is sup]iority ( ,ma!matics4 ,! /ory is told t1 :5 ,leibnitz prop\nd$ ! maxim ( ,v>iety1 ! cavali]s & ladies ( ! c\rt1 z !y walk$ r\nd ! g>d51 made ef=ts to discov] two leaves indi/+ui%able f ea* o!r1 9 ord] to confute ! law /at$ by ! philosoph]4 ,_! device 0 unque/ionably a conv5i5t me?od ( deal+ ) metaphysics1--"o :i* has n ceas$ to be fa%ionable4 ,all ! same1 z reg>ds ! pr9ciple ( ,leibnitz1 diff]5ce mu/ be und]/ood to mean n an ext]nal & indiff]5t div]sity m]ely1 b diff]5ce ess5tial4 ,h5ce ! v nature ( ?+s implies t !y mu/ be diff]5t4 #aah4 ,lik5ess is an ,id5tity only ( ^? ?+s :i* are n ! same1 n id5tical ) ea* o!r3 & ,unlik5ess is a relation ( ?+s unlike4 ,! two !re=e d n fall on diff]5t aspects or po9ts ( view 9 ! ?+1 )\t any mutual aff9ity3 b "o ?r[s light into ! o!r4 ,v>iety ?us comes to be reflexive diff]5ce1 or diff]5ce 7di/9ction7 implicit & ess5tial1 det]m9ate or specific diff]5ce4 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,:ile ?+s m]ely v>i\s %[ !mselves unaffect$ by ea* o!r1 lik5ess & unlik5ess on ! contr>y are a pair ( *>act]i/ics :i* are 9 completely reciprocal relation4 ,! "o ( !m _c be ?\ght )\t ! o!r4 ,?is advance f simple v>iety to opposition appe>s 9 our common acts ( ?\ght1 :5 we all[ t comp>ison has a mean+ only ^u ! hypo!sis ( an exi/+ diff]5ce1 & t on ! o!r h& we c di/+ui% only on ! hypo!sis ( exi/+ simil>ity4 ,h5ce1 if ! problem be ! discov]y ( a diff]5ce1 we attribute no great clev]ness to ! man :o only di/+ui%es ^? objects1 ( :i* ! diff]5ce is palpable1 e4g4 a p5 & a camel3 & simil>ly1 x implies no v advanc$ faculty ( comp>ison1 :5 ! objects comp>$1 e4g4 a bee* & an oak1 a temple & a *ur*1 are ne> ak94 ,9 ! case ( diff]5ce1 9 %ort1 we l to sec id5tity1 & 9 ! case ( id5tity we l to see diff]5ce4 ,)9 ! range ( ! empirical sci5ces h[ev]1 ! "o ( ^! two categories is (t5 all[$ to put ! o!r out ( sight & m9d4 ,?us ! sci5tific problem at "o "t is to r$uce exi/+ diff]5ces to id5tity2 on ano!r occasion1 ) equal "o-sid$ness1 to discov] new diff]5ces4 ,we see ?is especially 9 physical sci5ce4 ,!re ! problem consi/s1 9 ! fir/ place1 9 ! cont9ual se>* = new 'elem5ts1' new =ces1 new g5]a1 & species4 ,or1 9 ano!r direction1 x seeks to %[ t all bodies hi!rto believ$ to be simple are comp\nd3 & mod]n physici/s & *emi/s smile at ! anci5ts1 :o 7 satisfi$ ) f\r elem5ts1 & ^! n simple4 ,secondly1 & on ! o!r h&1 m]e id5tity is made ! *ief "q4 ,?us electricity & *emical aff9ity are reg>d$ z ! same1 & ev5 ! organic processes ( dige/ion & assimilation are look$ ^u z a m]e *emical op]ation4 ,mod]n philosophy has (t5 be5 nicknam$ ! ,philosophy ( ,id5tity4 ,b1 z 0 already rem>k$ 7 #ajc1 note71 x is precisely philosophy1 & 9 p>ticul> speculative logic1 :i* lays b>e ! no?+ness ( ! ab/ract1 undiff]5tiat$ id5tity1 kn[n to und]/&+2 ?\gh x also und\bt$ly urges its disciples n to re/ at m]e div]sity1 b to asc]ta9 ! inn] unity ( all exi/5ce4 #aai4 ,diff]5ce implicit is ess5tial diff]5ce1 ! ,positive & ! ,negative3 & t is ?is way4 ,! ,positive is ! id5tical self-relation 9 su* a way z n to be ! ,negative1 & ! ,negative is ! diff]5t by itself s z n to be ! ,positive4 ,?us ei!r has an exi/5ce ( its own 9 proportion z x is n ! o!r4 ,! "o is made visible 9 ! o!r1 & is only 9 s f> z t o!r is4 ,ess5tial diff]5ce is !re=e ,opposition2 accord+ to :i* ! diff]5t is n confront$ by any o!r b by its o!r4 ,t is1 ei!r ( ^! two 7,positive & ,negative7 is /amp$ ) a *>act]i/ic ( its own only 9 its relation to ! o!r3 ! "o is only reflect$ into itself z x is reflect$ into ! o!r4 ,& s ) ! o!r4 ,ei!r 9 ?is way is ! o!r's own o!r4 ,diff]5ce implicit or ess5tial gives ! maxim1 ,ev]y?+ is ess5tially di/9ct2 or1 z x has also be5 express$1 ,( two opposite pr$icates ! "o only c be assign$ to any?+1 & !re is no ?ird possible4 ,?is maxim ( ,contra/ or ,opposition mo/ expressly controv]ts ! maxim ( ,id5tity3 ! "o says a ?+ %\ld be only self-relation1 ! o!r says t x mu/ be an opposite1 a relation to its o!r4 ,! native un9tellig5ce ( ab/raction betrays itself by sett+ 9 juxtaposition two contr>y maxims1 l ^!1 z laws1 )\t ev5 s mu* z comp>+ !m4--,! ,maxim ( ,exclud$ ,middle is ! maxim ( ! def9ite und]/&+1 :i* w\ld fa9 avoid contradiction1 b 9 s do+ falls into x4 ,a mu/ be ei!r ,a or - ,a1 x says4 ,x virtually decl>es 9 ^! words a ?ird ,a :i* is nei!r nor--1 & :i* at ! same "t is yet inve/$ ) & - *>act]s4 ,if ,w mean #f miles to ! ,we/1 & - ,w mean #f miles to ! ,ea/1 & if ! & - cancel ea* o!r1 ! #f miles ( way or space rema9 :at !y 7 ) & )\t ! contra/4 ,ev5 ! m]e plus & m9us ( numb] or ab/ract direction h1 if we l1 z]o1 = _! ?ird3 b x ne$ n be d5i$ t ! empty contra/1 :i* und]/&+ in/itutes betwe5 plus & m9us1 is n )\t its value 9 su* ab/ractions z numb]1 direction1 c4 ,9 ! doctr9e ( contradictory concepts1 ! "o notion is1 say1 blue 7= 9 ?is doctr9e ev5 ! s5su\s g5]alis$ image ( a col\r is call$ a notion7 & ! o!r n-blue4 ,?is o!r !n w\ld n be an affirmative1 say1 yell[1 b w\ld m]ely be kept at ! ab/ract negative4--,t ! ,negative 9 its own nature is q z mu* ,positive 7see next 71 is impli$ 9 say+ t :at is opposite to ano!r is its o!r4 ,! inanity ( ! opposition betwe5 :at are call$ contradictory notions is fully exhibit$ 9 :at we may call ! gr&iose =mula ( a g5]al law1 t ,ev]y?+ has ! "o & n ! o!r ( all pr$icates :i* are 9 su* opposition4 ,9 ?is way1 m9d is ei!r :ite or n-:ite1 yell[ or n-yell[1 c1 ad inf9itum4 ,x 0 =gott5 t ,id5tity & ,opposition are !mselves oppos$1 & ! maxim ( ,opposition 0 tak5 ev5 = t ( ,id5tity1 9 ! %ape ( ! pr9ciple ( ,contradiction4 ,a notion1 :i* possesses nei!r or bo? ( two mutually contradictory m>ks1 e4g4 a quadrangul> circle1 is held to be logically false4 ,n[ ?\gh a multangul> circle & a rectil9eal arc no less contradict ?is maxim1 geomet]s nev] hesitate to treat ! circle z a polygon ) rectil9eal sides4 ,b any?+ l a circle 7t is to say its m]e "* or nom9al def9ition7 is /ill no notion4 ,9 ! notion ( a circle1 c5tre & circumf]5ce are equally ess5tial3 bo? m>ks belong to x3 & yet c5tre & circumf]5ce are opposite & contradictory to ea* o!r4 ,! conception ( ,pol>ity1 :i* is s dom9ant 9 physics1 conta9s by implication ! m correct def9ition ( ,opposition4 ,b physics = its !ory ( ! laws ( ?\ght adh]es to ! ord9>y logic2 x might !re=e well be horrifi$ 9 case x %\ld ev] "w out ! conception ( ,pol>ity1 & get at ! ?\ghts :i* are impli$ 9 x4 7#a7 ,) ! positive we return to id5tity1 b 9 its high] tru? z id5tical self-relation1 & at ! same "t ) ! note t x is n ! negative4 ,! negative p] se is ! same z diff]5ce itself4 ,! id5tical z su* is prim>ily ! yet un*>act]is$3 ! positive on ! o!r h& is :at is self-id5tical1 b ) ! m>k ( anti!sis to an o!r4 ,& ! negative is diff]5ce z su*1 *>act]is$ z n id5tity4 ,?is is ! diff]5ce ( diff]5ce )9 its own self4 ,positive & negative are suppos$ to express an absolute diff]5ce4 ,! two h[ev] are at bottom ! same3 ! "n ( ei!r might be transf]r$ to ! o!r4 ,?us1 = example1 debts & assets are n two p>ticul>1 self-subsi/+ species ( prop]ty4 ,:at is negative to ! debtor1 is positive to ! cr$itor4 ,a way to ! ea/ is also a way to ! we/4 ,positive & negative are !re=e intr9sically condition$ by "o ano!r1 & are only 9 relation to ea* o!r4 ,! nor? pole ( ! magnet _c be )\t ! s\? pole1 & vice v]s4 ,if we cut a magnet 9 two1 we h n a nor? pole 9 "o piece1 & a s\? pole 9 ! o!r4 ,simil>ly1 9 electricity1 ! positive & ! negative are n two div]se & indep5d5t fluids4 ,9 opposition1 ! diff]5t is n confront$ by any o!r1 b by its o!r4 ,usually we reg>d diff]5t ?+s z unaffect$ by ea* o!r4 ,?us we say3 ,i am a human be+1 & ar\nd me are air1 wat]1 animals1 & all sorts ( ?+s4 ,ev]y?+ is ?us put outside ( e o!r4 ,b ! aim ( philosophy is to bani% indiff]5ce1 & to asc]ta9 ! necessity ( ?+s4 ,by t means ! o!r is se5 to /& ov] aga9/ its o!r4 ,?us1 = example1 inorganic nature is n to be consid]$ m]ely some?+ else ?an organic nature1 b ! necess>y anti!sis ( x4 ,bo? are 9 ess5tial relation to "o ano!r2 & ! "o ( ! two is1 only 9 s f> z x excludes ! o!r f x1 & ?us relates itself !reto4 ,nature 9 l mann] is n )\t m9d1 nor m9d )\t nature4 ,an important /ep has be5 tak51 :5 we cease 9 ?9k+ to use phrases l3 ,( c\rse some?+ else is also possible4 ,:ile we s speak1 we are /ill ta9t$ ) cont+5cy3 & all true ?9k+1 we h already said1 is a ?9k+ ( necessity4 ,9 mod]n physical sci5ce ! opposition1 fir/ obs]v$ to exi/ 9 magnetism z pol>ity1 has come to be reg>d$ z a univ]sal law p]vad+ ! :ole ( nature4 ,?is w\ld be a real sci5tific advance1 if c>e 7 at ! same "t tak5 n to let m]e v>iety rev]t )\t explanation1 z a valid category1 side by side ) opposition4 ,?us at "o "t ! col\rs are reg>d$ z 9 pol> opposition to "o ano!r1 & call$ complem5t>y col\rs3 at ano!r "t !y are look$ at 9 _! indiff]5t & m]ely quantitative diff]5ce ( r$1 yell[1 gre51 c4 7#b7 ,in/ead ( speak+ by ! maxim ( ,exclud$ ,middle 7:i* is ! maxim ( ab/ract und]/&+7 we %\ld r say3 ,ev]y?+ is opposite4 ,nei!r 9 heav5 nor 9 e>?1 nei!r 9 ! _w ( m9d nor ( nature1 is !re any:]e su* an ab/ract ',ei!r--or' z ! und]/&+ ma9ta9s4 ,:atev] exi/s is concrete1 ) diff]5ce & opposition 9 itself4 ,! f9itude ( ?+s w !n lie 9 ! want ( correspond5ce betwe5 _! imm$iate be+1 & :at !y ess5tially are4 ,?us1 9 inorganic nature1 ! acid is implicitly at ! same "t ! base3 9 o!r words1 its only be+ consi/s 9 its relation to its o!r4 ,h5ce also ! acid is n some?+ t p]si/s quietly 9 ! contra/3 x is always 9 ef=t to realise :at x pot5tially is4 ,contradiction is ! v mov+ pr9ciple ( ! _w3 & x is ridicul\s to say t contradiction is un?9kable4 ,! only ?+ correct 9 t /atem5t is t contradiction is n ! end ( ! matt]1 b cancels itself4 ,b contradiction1 :5 cancell$1 does n leave ab/ract id5tity2 = t is itself only "o side ( ! contr>iety4 ,! proximate result ( opposition 7:5 realis$ z contradiction7 is ! ,gr\nd1 :i* conta9s id5tity z well z diff]5ce sup]s$$ & depos$ to elem5ts 9 ! complet] notion4 #abj4 ,contr>iety !n has two =ms4 ,! ,positive is ! a=esaid v>i\s 7diff]5t7 :i* is und]/ood to be indep5d5t1 & yet at ! same n to be unaffect$ by its relation to its o!r4 ,! ,negative is to be1 no less indep5d5tly1 negative self-relat+1 self-subsi/5t1 & yet at ! same "t z ,negative mu/ on e po9t h ?is its self-relation1 i4e4 its ,positive1 only 9 ! o!r4 ,bo? ,positive & ,negative are !re=e explicit contradiction2 bo? are pot5tially ! same4 ,bo? are s actually also2 s9ce ei!r is ! abrogation ( ! o!r & ( itself4 ,?us !y fall to ! ,gr\nd4--,or z is pla91 ! ess5tial diff]5ce1 z a diff]5ce1 is only ! diff]5ce ( x f itself1 & ?us conta9s ! id5tical3 s t to ess5tial & actual diff]5ce !re belongs itself z well z id5tity4 ,z self-relat+ diff]5ce x is likewise virtually enunciat$ z ! self-id5tical4 ,& ! opposite is 9 g5]al t :i* includes ! "o & its o!r1 itself & its opposite4 ,! imman5ce ( ess5ce ?us def9$ is ! ,gr\nd4 77 ,! ,gr\nd4 #aba4 ,! ,gr\nd is ! unity ( id5tity & diff]5ce1 ! tru? ( :at diff]5ce & id5tity h turn$ out to be1--! reflection-into-self1 :i* is equally a reflection-into-an-o!r1 & vice v]s4 ,x is ess5ce put explicitly z a totality4 ,! maxim ( ! ,gr\nd runs ?us3 ,ev]y?+ has its ,suffici5t ,gr\nd3 t is1 ! true ess5tiality ( any ?+ is n ! pr$ication ( x z id5tical ) itself1 or z diff]5t 7v>i\s71 or m]ely positive1 or m]ely negative1 b z hav+ its ,be+ 9 an o!r1 :i*1 be+ its self-same1 is its ess5ce4 ,& to ?is ext5t ! ess5ce is n ab/ract reflection into self1 b into an o!r4 ,! ,gr\nd is ! ess5ce 9 its own inw>dness2 ! ess5ce is intr9sically a gr\nd2 & x is a gr\nd only :5 x is a gr\nd ( some:at1 ( an o!r4 ,we mu/ be c>eful1 :5 we say t ! gr\nd is ! unity ( id5tity & diff]5ce1 n to und]/& by ?is unity an ab/ract id5tity4 ,o!rwise we only *ange ! "n1 :ile we /ill ?9k ! id5tity 7( und]/&+7 already se5 to be false4 ,to avoid ?is misconception we may say t ! gr\nd1 besides be+ ! unity1 is also ! diff]5ce ( id5tity & diff]5ce4 ,9 t case 9 ! gr\nd1 :i* promis$ at fir/ to sup]s$e contradiction1 a new contradiction seems to arise4 ,x is h[ev] a contradiction :i*1 s f> f p]si/+ quietly 9 itself1 is r ! expulsion ( x f itself4 ,! gr\nd is a gr\nd only to ! ext5t t x af=ds gr\nd3 b ! result :i* ?us issu$ f ! gr\nd is only itself4 ,9 ?is lies its =malism4 ,! gr\nd & :at is gr\nd$ are "o & ! same cont5t3 ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! two is ! m]e diff]5ce ( =m :i* sep>ates simple self-relation1 on ! "o h&1 f m$iation or d]ivativ5ess on ! o!r4 ,inquiry into ! gr\nds ( ?+s goes ) ! po9t ( view :i*1 z already not$ 7note to #aab71 is adopt$ by ,reflection4 ,we wi%1 z x 71 to see ! matt] d\ble1 fir/ 9 its imm$iacy1 & secondly 9 its gr\nd1 :]e x is no long] imm$iate4 ,?is is ! pla9 mean+ ( ! law ( suffici5t gr\nd1 z x is call$2 x ass]ts t ?+s %\ld ess5tially be view$ z m$iat$4 ,! mann] 9 :i* ,=mal ,logic e/abli%es ?is law ( ?\ght1 sets a bad example to o!r sci5ces4 ,=mal ,logic asks ^! sci5ces n to accept _! subject-matt] z x is imm$iately giv52 & yet h]self lays d[n a law ( ?\ght )\t d$uc+ x1--9 o!r words1 )\t exhibit+ its m$iation4 ,) ! same ju/ice z ! logician ma9ta9s our faculty ( ?\ght to be s con/itut$ t we mu/ ask = ! gr\nd ( ev]y?+1 might ! physici/1 :5 ask$ :y a man :o falls into wat] is dr[n$1 reply t man happ5s to be s organis$ t he _c live "u wat]2 or ! juri/1 :5 ask$ :y a crim9al is puni%$1 reply t civil society happ5s to be s con/itut$ t crimes _c be left unpuni%$4 ,yet ev5 if logic be excus$ ! duty ( giv+ a gr\nd = ! law ( ! suffici5t gr\nd1 x might at lea/ expla9 :at is to be und]/ood by a gr\nd4 ,! common explanation1 :i* describes ! gr\nd z :at has a consequ5ce1 seems at ! fir/ glance m lucid & intelligible ?an ! prec$+ def9ition 9 logical t]ms4 ,if y ask h[ev] :at ! consequ5ce is1 y are told t x is :at has a gr\nd2 & x becomes obvi\s t ! explanation is intelligible only because x assumes :at 9 our case has be5 rea*$ z ! t]m9ation ( an antec$5t movem5t ( ?\ght4 ,& ?is is ! true bus9ess ( logic3 to %[ t ^? ?\ghts1 :i* z usually employ$ m]ely float be=e consci\sness nei!r und]/ood nor demon/rat$1 are really grades 9 ! self-det]m9ation ( ?\ght4 ,x is by ?is means t !y are und]/ood & demon/rat$4 ,9 common life1 & x is ! same 9 ! f9ite sci5ces1 ?is reflective =m is (t5 employ$ z a key to ! secret ( ! real condition ( ! objects "u inve/igation4 ,s long z we deal ) :at may be t]m$ ! h\sehold ne$s ( k1 no?+ c be urg$ aga9/ ?is me?od ( /udy4 ,b x c nev] af=d def9itive satisfaction1 ei!r 9 !ory or practice4 ,& ! reason :y x fails is t ! gr\nd is yet )\t a def9ite cont5t ( its own2 ,i s t to reg>d any?+ z re/+ ^u a gr\nd m]ely gives ! =mal diff]5ce ( m$iation 9 place ( imm$iacy4 ,we see an electrical ph5om5on1 = example1 & we ask = its gr\nd 7or reason73 we are told t electricity is ! gr\nd ( ?is ph5om5on4 ,:at is ?is b ! same cont5t z we _h imm$iately be=e u1 only translat$ into ! =m ( inw>dness8 ,! gr\nd h[ev] is n m]ely simple self-id5tity1 b also diff]5t3 h5ce v>i\s gr\nds may be alleg$ = ! same sum ( fact4 ,?is v>iety ( gr\nds1 aga91 foll[+ ! logic ( diff]5ce1 culm9ates 9 opposition ( gr\nds pro & contra4 ,9 any action1 su* z a !ft1 !re is a sum ( fact 9 :i* sev]al aspects may be di/+ui%$4 ,! !ft has violat$ ! rights ( prop]ty3 x has giv5 ! means ( satisfy+ 8 wants to ! ne$y ?ief3 possibly too ! man1 f :om ! !ft 0 made1 misus$ 8 prop]ty4 ,! violation ( prop]ty is unque/ionably ! decisive po9t ( view be=e :i* ! o!rs mu/ give way3 b ! b>e law ( ! gr\nd _c settle t "q4 ,usually inde$ ! law is int]pret$ to speak ( a suffici5t gr\nd1 n ( any gr\nd :atev]3 & x might be suppos$ !re=e1 9 ! action ref]r$ to1 t1 al?\gh o!r po9ts ( view besides ! violation ( prop]ty might be held z gr\nds1 yet !y w\ld n be suffici5t gr\nds4 ,b "h comes a dilemma4 ,if we use ! phrase 'suffici5t gr\nd1' ! epi!t is ei!r otiose1 or ( su* a k9d z to c>ry u pa/ ! m]e category ( gr\nd4 ,! pr$icate is otiose & tautological1 if x only /ates ! capability ( giv+ a gr\nd or reason3 = ! gr\nd is a gr\nd1 only 9 s f> z x has ?is capability4 ,if a soldi] runs away f battle to save 8 life1 8 conduct is c]ta9ly a violation ( duty3 b x _c be held t ! gr\nd :i* l$ him s to act 0 insuffici5t1 o!rwise he w\ld h rema9$ at 8 po/4 ,besides1 !re is ?is also to be said4 ,on "o h& any gr\nd suffices3 on ! o!r no gr\nd suffices z m]e gr\nd2 because1 z already said1 x is yet void ( a cont5t objectively & intr9sically det]m9$1 & is !re=e n self-act+ & productive4 ,a cont5t ?us objectively & intr9sically det]m9$1 & h5ce self-act+1 w h]eaft] come be=e u z ! notion3 & x is ! notion :i* ,leibnitz _h 9 8 eye :5 he spoke ( suffici5t gr\nd1 & urg$ ! /udy ( ?+s "u its po9t ( view4 ,8 rem>ks 7 orig9ally direct$ aga9/ t m]ely me*anical me?od ( conceiv+ ?+s s mu* 9 vogue ev5 n[2 a me?od :i* he ju/ly pron\nces insuffici5t4 ,we may see an in/ance ( ?is me*anical !ory ( inve/igation1 :5 ! organic process ( ! circulation ( ! blood is trac$ back m]ely to ! contraction ( ! he>t2 or :5 c]ta9 !ories ( crim9al law expla9 ! purpose ( puni%m5t to lie 9 det]r+ p f crime1 9 r5d]+ ! crim9al h>mless1 or 9 o!r extrane\s gr\nds ( ! same k9d4 ,x is unfair to ,leibnitz to suppose t he 0 cont5t ) any?+ s poor z ?is =mal law ( ! gr\nd4 ,! me?od ( inve/igation :i* he inaugurat$ is ! v rev]se ( a =malism :i* acquiesces 9 m]e gr\nds1 :]e a full & concrete k is s\ght4 ,consid]ations to ?is effect l$ ,leibnitz to contra/ causae effici5tes & causae f9ales1 & to insi/ 9 ! place ( f9al causes z ! conception to :i* ! effici5t 7 to lead up4 ,if we adopt ?is di/9ction1 light1 heat1 & moi/ure w\ld be ! causae effici5tes1 n ! causa f9alis ( ! gr[? ( plants3 ! causa f9alis is ! notion ( ! plant itself4 ,to get no fur!r ?an m]e gr\nds1 especially on que/ions ( law & morality1 is ! position & pr9ciple ( ! ,sophi/s4 ,sophi/ry1 z we ord9>ily conceive x1 is a me?od ( inve/igation :i* aims at di/ort+ :at is j & true1 & exhibit+ ?+s 9 a false light4 ,su* h[ev] is n ! prop] or prim>y t5d5cy ( ,sophi/ry3 ! /&po9t ( :i* is no o!r ?an t ( ',raisonnem5t4' ,! ,sophi/s came on ! sc5e at a "t :5 ! ,greeks _h begun to gr[ dissatisfi$ ) m]e au?ority & tradition & felt ! ne$ ( intellectual ju/ification = :at !y 7 to accept z obligatory4 ,t desid]atum ! ,sophi/s suppli$ by tea*+ _! c\ntrym5 to seek = ! v>i\s po9ts ( view "u :i* ?+s may be consid]$3 :i* po9ts ( view are ! same z gr\nds4 ,b ! gr\nd1 z we h se51 has no ess5tial & objective pr9ciples ( its own1 & x is z easy to discov] gr\nds = :at is wrong & immoral z = :at is moral & "r4 ,^u ! obs]v] !re=e x dep5ds to decide :at po9ts are to h mo/ weight4 ,! decision 9 su* circum/ances is prompt$ by 8 individual views & s5tim5ts4 ,?us ! objective f\ndation ( :at ought to h be5 ( absolute & ess5tial obligation1 accept$ by all1 0 und]m9$3 & ,sophi/ry by ?is de/ructive action des]v$ly br\ght ^u itself ! bad "n previ\sly m5tion$4 ,socrates1 z we all "k1 met ! ,sophi/s at e po9t1 n by a b>e re-ass]tion ( au?ority & tradition aga9/ _! argum5tations1 b by %[+ dialectically h[ unt5able ! m]e gr\nds 71 & by v9dicat+ ! obligation ( ju/ice & goodness1--by re9/at+ ! univ]sal or notion ( ! w4 ,9 ! pres5t day su* a me?od ( argum5tation is n q out ( fa%ion4 ,nor is t ! case only 9 ! discussion ( secul> matt]s4 ,x occurs ev5 9 s]mons1 su* z ^? :]e e possible gr\nd ( gratitude to ,god is prop\nd$4 ,to su* plead+ ,socrates & ,plato w\ld n h scrupl$ to apply ! "n ( ,sophi/ry4 ,= ,sophi/ry has no?+ to d ) :at is taught3--t may v possibly be true4 ,sophi/ry lies 9 ! =mal circum/ance ( tea*+ x by gr\nds :i* are z available = attack z = def5ce4 ,9 a "t s ri* 9 reflection & s devot$ to raisonnem5t z our own1 he mu/ be a poor creature :o _c advance a good gr\nd = ev]y?+1 ev5 = :at is wor/ & mo/ deprav$4 ,ev]y?+ 9 ! _w t has become corrupt has _h good gr\nd = its corruption4 ,an appeal to gr\nds at fir/ makes ! he>] ?9k ( beat+ a retreat3 b :5 exp]i5ce has taught him ! real /ate ( ^! matt]s1 he closes 8 e>s aga9/ !m1 & refuses to be impos$ ^u any m4 #abb4 ,z x fir/ comes1 ! *ief feature ( ,ess5ce is %[ 9 itself & int]m$iation 9 itself4 ,b :5 x has complet$ ! circle ( int]m$iation1 its unity ) itself is explicitly put z ! self-annull+ ( diff]5ce1 & !re=e ( int]m$iation4 ,once m !n we come back to imm$iacy or ,be+1--b ,be+ 9 s f> z x is int]m$iat$ by annull+ ! int]m$iation4 ,& t ,be+ is ,exi/5ce4 ,! gr\nd is n yet det]m9$ by objective pr9ciples ( its own1 nor is x an end or f9al cause3 h5ce x is n active1 nor productive4 ,an ,exi/5ce only proce$s f ! gr\nd4 ,! det]m9ate gr\nd is !re=e a =mal matt]3 t is to say1 any po9t w d1 s long z x is expressly put z self-relation1 z affirmation1 9 correlation ) ! imm$iate exi/5ce dep5d+ on x4 ,if x be a gr\nd at all1 x is a good gr\nd3 = ! t]m 'good' is employ$ ab/ractly z equival5t to affirmative2 & any po9t 7or feature7 is good :i* c 9 any way be enunciat$ z confess$ly affirmative4 ,s x happ5s t a gr\nd c be f\nd & adduc$ = ev]y?+3 & a good gr\nd 7= example1 a good motive = action7 may effect some?+ or may n1 x may h a consequ5ce or x may n4 ,x becomes a motive 7/rictly s call$7 & effects some?+1 e4g4 ?r\gh its reception into a w2 !re & !re only x becomes active & is made a cause4 7b7 ,exi/5ce4 #abc4 ,exi/5ce is ! imm$iate unity ( reflection-into-self & reflection-into-ano!r4 ,x foll[s f ?is t exi/5ce is ! indef9ite multitude ( exi/5ts z reflect$-into-!mselves1 :i* at ! same "t equally ?r[ light ^u "o ano!r1--:i*1 9 %ort1 are co-relative1 & =m a _w ( reciprocal dep5d5ce & ( inf9ite int]connexion betwe5 gr\nds & consequ5ts4 ,! gr\nds are !mselves exi/5ces3 & ! exi/5ts 9 l mann] are 9 _m directions gr\nds z well z consequ5ts4 ,! phrase ',exi/5ce' 7d]iv$ f exi/]e7 sugge/s ! fact ( hav+ proce$$ f some?+4 ,exi/5ce is ,be+ :i* has proce$$ f ! gr\nd1 & be5 re9/at$ by annull+ its int]m$iation4 ,! ,ess5ce1 z ,be+ set aside & absorb$1 orig9ally came be=e u z %9+ or %[+ 9 self1 & ! categories ( ?is reflection are id5tity1 diff]5ce & gr\nd4 ,! la/ is ! unity ( id5tity & diff]5ce2 & because x unifies !m x has at ! same "t to di/+ui% itself f itself4 ,b t :i* is 9 ?is way di/+ui%$ f ! gr\nd is z little m]e diff]5ce1 z ! gr\nd itself is ab/ract sam5ess4 ,! gr\nd works its own susp5sion3 & :5 susp5d$1 ! result ( its negation is exi/5ce4 ,hav+ issu$ f ! gr\nd1 exi/5ce conta9s ! gr\nd 9 x '! gr\nd does n rema91 z x 71 beh9d exi/5ce1 b by its v nature sup]s$es itself & translates itself into exi/5ce4 ,?is is exemplifi$ ev5 9 our ord9>y mode ( ?9k+1 :5 we look ^u ! gr\nd ( a ?+1 n z some?+ ab/ractly inw>d1 b z itself also an exi/5t4 ,= example1 ! lightn+-fla% :i* has set a h\se on fire w\ld be consid]$ ! gr\nd ( ! conflagration3 or ! mann]s ( a nation & ! condition ( its life w\ld be reg>d$ z ! gr\nd ( its con/itution4 ,su* inde$ is ! ord9>y aspect 9 :i* ! exi/5t _w orig9ally appe>s to reflection1--an indef9ite cr[d ( ?+s exi/5t1 :i* be+ simultane\sly reflect$ on !mselves & on "o ano!r are relat$ reciprocally z gr\nd & consequ5ce4 ,9 ?is motley play ( ! _w1 if we may s call ! sum ( exi/5ts1 !re is n[h]e a firm foot+ to be f\nd3 ev]y?+ be>s an aspect ( relativity1 condition$ by & condition+ some?+ else4 ,! reflective und]/&+ makes x its bus9ess to elicit & trace ^! connexions runn+ out 9 e direction2 b ! "q t\*+ an ultimate design is s f> left unansw]$1 & !re=e ! crav+ ( ! reason aft] k passes ) ! fur!r developm5t ( ! logical ,idea beyond ?is position ( m]e relativity4 #abd4 ,! reflection-on-ano!r ( ! exi/5t is h[ev] insep>able f ! reflection-on-self3 ! gr\nd is _! unity1 f :i* exi/5ce has issu$4 ,! exi/5t !re=e includes relativity1 & has on its own "p its multiple int]connexions ) o!r exi/5ts3 x is reflect$ on itself z its gr\nd4 ,! exi/5t is1 :5 s describ$1 a ,?+4 ,! '?+-by-itself' 7or ?+ 9 ! ab/ract71 s fam\s 9 ! philosophy ( ,kant1 %[s itself "h 9 its g5esis4 ,x is se5 to be ! ab/ract reflection-on-self1 :i* is clung to1 to ! exclusion ( reflection-on-o!r-?+s & ( all pr$ication ( diff]5ce4 ,! ?+-by-itself !re=e is ! empty sub/ratum = ^! pr$icates ( relation4 ,if to "k means to compreh5d an object 9 its concrete "*1 !n ! ?+-by-itself1 :i* is no?+ b ! q ab/ract & indet]m9ate ?+ 9 g5]al1 mu/ c]ta9ly be z unkn[able z x is alleg$ to be4 ,) z mu* reason h[ev] z we speak ( ! ?+-by-itself1 we might speak ( quality-by-itself or quantity-by-itself1 & ( any o!r category4 ,! expression w\ld !n s]ve to signify t ^! categories are tak5 9 _! ab/ract imm$iacy1 ap>t f _! developm5t & inw>d "*4 ,x is no bett] ?an a :im ( ! und]/&+1 !re=e1 if we atta* ! qualificatory '9 or by-itself' to ! ?+ only4 ,b ?is '9 or by-itself' is also appli$ to ! facts ( ! m5tal z well z ! natural _w3 z we speak ( electricity or ( a plant 9 itself1 s we speak ( man or ! /ate 9 itself4 ,by ?is '9-itself' 9 ^! objects we are meant to und]/& :at !y /rictly & prop]ly are4 ,?is usage is liable to ! same criticism z ! phrase '?+-9-itself4' ,= if we /ick to ! m]e '9-itself' ( an object1 we appreh5d x n 9 its tru?1 b 9 ! inadequate =m ( m]e ab/raction4 ,?us ! man1 by or 9 himself1 is ! *ild4 ,& :at ! *ild has to d is to rise out ( ?is ab/ract & undevelop$ '9-himself1' & become '= himself :at he is at fir/ only '9-himself1' a free & reasonable be+4 ,simil>ly1 ! /ate-9-itself is ! yet immature & patri>*al /ate1 :]e ! v>i\s political functions1 lat5t 9 ! notion ( ! /ate1 h n receiv$ ! full logical con/itution :i* ! logic ( political pr9ciples dem&s4 ,9 ! same s5se1 ! g]m may be call$ ! plant-9-itself4 ,^! examples may %[ ! mi/ake ( suppos+ t ! '?+-9-itself' or ! '9-itself' ( ?+s is some?+ inaccessible to our cognition4 ,all ?+s are orig9ally 9-!mselves1 b t is n ! end ( ! matt]4 ,z ! g]m1 be+ ! plant-9-itself1 means self-developm5t1 s ! ?+ 9 g5]al passes beyond its 9-itself1 7! ab/ract reflection on self17 to manife/ itself fur!r z a reflection on o!r ?+s4 ,x is 9 ?is s5se t x has prop]ties4 7c7 ,! ,?+4 #abe4 77 ,! ,?+ is ! totality--! developm5t 9 explicit unity--( ! categories ( ! gr\nd & ( exi/5ce4 ,on ! side ( "o ( its factors1 viz4 reflection-on-o!r-?+s1 x has 9 x ! diff]5ces1 9 virtue ( :i* x is a *>act]is$ & concrete ?+4 ,^! *>act]i/ics are diff]5t f "o ano!r2 !y h _! reflection-into-self n on _! own "p1 b on ! "p ( ! ?+4 ,!y are ,prop]ties ( ! ?+3 & _! relation to ! ?+ is express$ by ! ^w 'h4' ,z a t]m ( relation1 'to h' takes ! place ( 'to be4' ,true1 some:at has qualities on its "p too3 b ?is transf]5ce ( ',hav+' into ! sph]e ( ,be+ is inexact1 because ! "* z quality is directly "o ) ! some:at1 & ! some:at ceases to be :5 x loses its quality4 ,b ! ?+ is reflection-into-self3 = x is an id5tity :i* is also di/9ct f ! diff]5ce1 i4e4 f its attributes4--,9 _m languages 'h' is employ$ to d5ote pa/ "t4 ,& ) reason3 = ! pa/ is absorb$ or susp5d$ be+1 & ! m9d is its reflection-into-self2 9 ! m9d only x cont9ues to subsi/1--! m9d h[ev] di/+ui%+ f itself ?is be+ 9 x :i* has be5 absorb$ or susp5d$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,9 ! ,?+ all ! *>act]i/ics ( reflection recur z exi/5t4 ,?us ! ?+1 9 its initial aspect1 z ! ?+-by-itself1 is ! self-same or id5tical4 ,b id5tity1 x 0 prov$1 is n f\nd )\t diff]5ce3 s ! prop]ties1 :i* ! ?+ has1 are ! exi/5t diff]5ce 9 ! =m ( div]sity4 ,9 ! case ( div]sity or v>iety ea* div]se memb] exhibit$ an indiff]5ce to e o!r1 & !y _h no o!r relation to ea* o!r1 save :at 0 giv5 by a comp>ison ext]nal to !m4 ,b n[ 9 ! ?+ we h a bond :i* keeps ! v>i\s prop]ties 9 union4 ,prop]ty1 besides1 %\ld n be confus$ ) quality4 ,no d\bt1 we also say1 a ?+ has qualities4 ,b ! phraseology is a misplac$ "o3 'hav+' h9ts at an indep5d5ce1 =eign to ! ',some:at1' :i* is /ill directly id5tical ) its quality4 ,some:at is :at x is only by its quality3 :]eas1 ?\gh ! ?+ inde$ exi/s only z x has its prop]ties1 x is n conf9$ to ?is or t def9ite prop]ty1 & c !re=e lose x1 )\t ceas+ to be :at x is4 #abf4 77 ,ev5 9 ! gr\nd1 h[ev]1 ! reflection-on-some?+-else is directly conv]tible ) reflection-on-self4 ,& h5ce ! prop]ties are n m]ely diff]5t f ea* o!r2 !y are also self-id5tical1 indep5d5t1 & reliev$ f _! atta*m5t to ! ?+4 ,/ill1 z !y are ! *>act]s ( ! ?+ di/+ui%$ f "o ano!r 7z reflect$-into-self71 !y are n !mselves ?+s1 if ?+s be concrete2 b only exi/5ces reflect$ into !mselves z ab/ract *>act]s4 ,!y are :at are call$ ,matt]s4 ,nor is ! "n '?+s' giv5 to ,matt]s1 su* z magnetic & electric matt]s4 ,!y are qualities prop]1 a reflect$ ,be+1--"o ) _! ,be+1--!y are ! "* t has rea*$ imm$iacy1 exi/5ce3 !y are 'entities4' ,to elevate ! prop]ties1 :i* ! ,?+ has1 to ! indep5d5t position ( matt]s1 or mat]ials ( :i* x consi/s1 is a proce$+ bas$ ^u ! notion ( a ,?+3 & = t reason is also f\nd 9 exp]i5ce4 ,?\ght & exp]i5ce h[ev] alike prote/ aga9/ conclud+ f ! fact t c]ta9 prop]ties ( a ?+1 su* z col\r1 or smell1 may be repres5t$ z p>ticul> col\r+ or odorific matt]s1 t we are !n at ! end ( ! inquiry1 & t no?+ m is ne$$ to p5etrate to ! true secret ( ?+s ?an a dis9tegration ( !m into _! compon5t mat]ials4 ,?is dis9tegration into indep5d5t matt]s is prop]ly re/rict$ to inorganic nature only4 ,! *emi/ is 9 ! "r !re=e :51 = example1 he analyses common salt or gypsum into its elem5ts1 & f9ds t ! =m] consi/s ( muriatic acid & soda1 ! latt] ( sulphuric acid & calcium4 ,s too ! geologi/ does well to reg>d granite z a comp\nd ( qu>tz1 felsp>1 & mica4 ,^! matt]s1 aga91 ( :i* ! ?+ consi/s1 are !mselves p>tly ?+s1 :i* 9 t way may be once m r$uc$ to m ab/ract matt]s4 ,sulphuric acid1 = example1 is a comp\nd ( sulphur & oxyg54 ,su* matt]s or bodies c z a matt] ( fact be exhibit$ z subsi/+ by !mselves3 b frequ5tly we f9d o!r prop]ties ( ?+s1 entirely want+ ?is self-subsi/5ce1 also reg>d$ z p>ticul> matt]s4 ,?us we he> caloric1 & electrical or magnetic matt]s spok5 (4 ,su* matt]s are at ! be/ figm5ts ( und]/&+4 ,& we see "h ! usual proc$ure ( ! ab/ract reflection ( und]/&+4 ,caprici\sly adopt+ s+le categories1 ^: value entirely dep5ds on _! place 9 ! gradual evolution ( ! logical idea1 x employs !m 9 ! pret5d$ int]e/s ( explanation1 b 9 ! face ( pla91 unprejudic$ p]ception & exp]i5ce1 s z to trace back to !m e object inve/igat$4 ,nor is ?is all4 ,! !ory1 :i* makes ?+s consi/ ( indep5d5t matt]s1 is frequ5tly appli$ 9 a region :]e x has nei!r mean+ nor =ce4 ,= )9 ! limits ( nature ev51 :]ev] !re is organic life1 ?is category is obvi\sly inadequate4 ,an animal may be said to consi/ ( bones1 muscles1 n]ves1 c43 b evid5tly we are "h us+ ! t]m 'consi/' 9 a v diff]5t s5se f its use :5 we spoke ( ! piece ( granite z consi/+ ( ! above-m5tion$ elem5ts4 ,! elem5ts ( granite are utt]ly indiff]5t to _! comb9ation3 !y c\ld subsi/ z well )\t x4 ,! diff]5t p>ts & memb]s ( an organic body on ! contr>y subsi/ only 9 _! union3 !y cease to exi/ z su*1 :5 !y are sep>at$ f ea* o!r4 #abg4 ,?us ,matt] is ! m]e ab/ract or indet]m9ate reflection-into-some?+-else1 or reflection-into-self at ! same "t z det]m9ate2 x is consequ5tly ,?+hood :i* !n & !re is1--! subsi/5ce ( ! ?+4 ,by ?is means ! ?+ has on ! "p ( ! matt]s its reflection-into-self 7! rev]se ( #abe72 x subsi/s n on its own "p1 b consi/s ( ! matt]s1 & is only a sup]ficial association betwe5 !m1 an ext]nal comb9ation ( !m4 #abh4 77 ,matt]1 be+ ! imm$iate unity ( exi/5ce ) itself1 is also indiff]5t t[>ds specific "*4 ,h5ce ! num]\s div]se matt]s coalesce into ! "o ,matt]1 or into exi/5ce "u ! reflective *>act]i/ic ( id5tity4 ,9 contra/ to ?is "o ,matt] ^! di/9ct prop]ties & _! ext]nal relation :i* !y h to "o ano!r 9 ! ?+1 con/itute ! ,=m1--! reflective category ( diff]5ce1 b a diff]5ce :i* exi/s & is a totality4 ,?is "o featureless ,matt] is also ! same z ! ,?+-by-itself 03 only ! latt] is intr9sically q ab/ract1 :ile ! =m] ess5tially implies relation to some?+ else1 & 9 ! fir/ place to ! ,=m4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! v>i\s matt]s ( :i* ! ?+ consi/s are pot5tially ! same z "o ano!r4 ,?us we get "o ,matt] 9 g5]al to :i* ! diff]5ce is expressly atta*$ ext]nally & z a b>e =m4 ,?is !ory :i* holds ?+s all r\nd to h "o & ! same matt] at bottom1 & m]ely to diff] ext]nally 9 respect ( =m1 is mu* 9 vogue ) ! reflective und]/&+4 ,matt] 9 t case c\nts = naturally indet]m9ate1 b susceptible ( any det]m9ation2 :ile at ! same "t x is p]fectly p]man5t1 & cont9ues ! same amid all *ange & alt]ation4 ,& 9 f9ite ?+s at lea/ ?is disreg>d ( matt] = any det]m9ate =m is c]ta9ly exhibit$4 ,= example1 x matt]s n to a block ( m>ble1 :e!r x receive ! =m ( ?is or t /atue or ev5 ! =m ( a pill>4 ,be x not$ h[ev] t a block ( m>ble c disreg>d =m only relatively1 t is1 9 ref]5ce to ! sculptor3 x is by no means purely =mless4 ,& s ! m9]alogi/ consid]s ! relatively =mless m>ble z a special =mation ( rock1 diff]+ f o!r equally special =mations1 su* z s&/one or porphyry4 ,!re=e we say x is an ab/raction ( ! und]/&+ :i* isolates matt] into a c]ta9 natural =mlessness4 ,= prop]ly speak+ ! ?\ght ( matt] includes ! pr9ciple ( =m ?r\gh\t1 & no =mless matt] !re=e appe>s any:]e ev5 9 exp]i5ce z exi/+4 ,/ill ! conception ( matt] z orig9al & pre-exi/5t1 & z naturally =mless1 is a v anci5t "o2 x meets u ev5 among ! ,greeks1 at fir/ 9 ! my?ical %ape ( ,*aos1 :i* is suppos$ to repres5t ! un=m$ sub/ratum ( ! exi/+ _w4 ,su* a conception mu/ ( necessity t5d to make ,god n ! ,creator ( ! _w1 b a m]e _w-m\ld] or demiurge4 ,a deep] insight into nature reveals ,god z creat+ ! _w out ( no?+4 ,& t tea*es two ?+s4 ,on ! "o h& x enunciates t matt]1 z su*1 has no indep5d5t subsi/5ce1 & on ! o!r t ! =m does n sup]v5e ^u matt] f )\t1 b z a totality involves ! pr9ciple ( matt] 9 itself4 ,?is free & inf9ite =m w h]eaft] come be=e u z ! notion4 #abi4 ,?us ! ,?+ suff]s a disruption into ,matt] & ,=m4 ,ea* ( ^! is ! totality ( ?+hood & subsi/s = itself4 ,b ,matt]1 :i* is meant to be ! positive & indet]m9ate exi/5ce1 conta9s1 z an exi/5ce1 reflection-on-ano!r1 e :it z mu* z x conta9s self-enclos$ be+4 ,accord+ly z unit+ ^! *>act]i/ics1 x is itself ! totality ( ,=m4 ,b ,=m1 be+ a complete :ole ( *>act]i/ics1 ipso facto involves reflection-into-self2 9 o!r words1 z self-relat+ ,=m x has ! v function attribut$ to ,matt]4 ,bo? are at bottom ! same4 ,inve/ !m ) ?is unity1 & y h ! relation ( ,matt] & ,=m1 :i* are also no less di/9ct4 #acj4 ,! ,?+1 be+ ?is totality1 is a contradiction4 ,on ! side ( its negative unity x is ,=m 9 :i* ,matt] is det]m9$ & depos$ to ! rank ( prop]ties 7 #abe74 ,at ! same "t x consi/s ( ,matt]s1 :i* 9 ! reflection-(-!-?+-into-itself are z mu* indep5d5t z !y are at ! same "t negativ$4 ,?us ! ?+ is ! ess5tial exi/5ce1 9 su* a way z to be an exi/5ce t susp5ds or absorbs itself 9 itself4 ,9 o!r words1 ! ?+ is an ,appe>ance or ,ph5om5on4 ,! negation ( ! sev]al matt]s1 :i* is insi/$ on 9 ! ?+ no less ?an _! indep5d5t exi/5ce1 occurs 9 ,physics z porosity4 ,ea* ( ! sev]al matt]s 7col\r+ matt]1 odorific matt]1 & if we believe "s p1 ev5 s\nd-matt]1--n exclud+ caloric1 electric matt]1 c37 is also negat$3 & 9 ?is negation ( !irs1 or z int]p5etrat+ _! pores1 we f9d ! num]\s o!r indep5d5t matt]s1 :i*1 be+ simil>ly por\s1 make room 9 turn = ! exi/5ce ( ! re/4 ,pores are n empirical facts2 !y are figm5ts ( ! und]/&+1 :i* uses !m to repres5t ! elem5t ( negation 9 indep5d5t matt]s4 ,! fur!r work+-out ( ! contradictions is conceal$ by ! nebul\s imbroglio 9 :i* all matt]s are indep5d5t & all no less negat$ 9 ea* o!r4--,if ! faculties or activities are simil>ly hypo/atis$ 9 ! m9d1 _! liv+ unity simil>ly turns to ! imbroglio ( an action ( ! "o on ! o!rs4 ,^! pores 7mean+ !reby n ! pores 9 an organic body1 su* z ! pores ( wood or ( ! sk91 b ^? 9 ! s-call$ 'matt]s1' su* z col\r+ matt]1 caloric1 or metals1 cry/als1 c47 _c be v]ifi$ by obs]vation4 ,9 ! same way matt] itself1--fur!rmore =m :i* is sep>at$ f matt]1--:e!r t be ! ?+ z consi/+ ( matt]s1 or ! view t ! ?+ itself subsi/s & only has prop] ties1--is all a product ( ! reflective und]/&+ :i*1 :ile x obs]ves & pr(esses to record only :at x obs]ves1 is r creat+ a metaphysic1 bri/l+ ) contradictions ( :i* x is unconsci\s4 ,b4--,,appe>ance4 #aca4 ,! ,ess5ce mu/ appe> or %9e =?4 ,its %9+ or reflection 9 x is ! susp5sion & translation ( x to imm$iacy1 :i*1 :il/ z reflection-on-self x is matt] or subsi/5ce1 is also =m1 reflection-on-some?+-else1 a subsi/5ce :i* sets itself aside4 ,to %[ or %9e is ! *>act]i/ic by :i* ess5ce is di/+ui%$ f be+1--by :i* x is ess5ce2 & x is ?is %[ :i*1 :5 x is develop$1 %[s itself1 & is ,appe>ance4 ,ess5ce accord+ly is n some?+ beyond or beh9d appe>ance1 b j because x is ! ess5ce :i* exi/s--! exi/5ce is ,appe>ance 7,=?-%9+74 99 99 99 99 99 ,exi/5ce /at$ explicitly 9 its contradiction is ,appe>ance4 ,b appe>ance 7=?-%9+7 is n to be confus$ ) a m]e %[ 7%9+74 ,%[ is ! proximate tru? ( ,be+ or imm$iacy4 ,! imm$iate1 in/ead ( be+1 z we suppose1 some?+ indep5d5t1 re/+ on its own self1 is a m]e %[1 & z su* x is pack$ or summ$ up "u ! simplicity ( ! imman5t ess5ce4 ,! ess5ce is1 9 ! fir/ place1 ! sum total ( ! %[+ itself1 %9+ 9 itself 7inw>dly72 b1 f> f abid+ 9 ?is inw>dness1 x comes z a gr\nd =w>d into exi/5ce2 & ?is exi/5ce be+ gr\nd$ n 9 itself1 b on some?+ else1 is j appe>ance4 ,9 our imag9ation we ord9>ily comb9e ) ! t]m appe>ance or ph5om5on ! conception ( an indef9ite cong]ies ( ?+s exi/+1 ! be+ ( :i* is purely relative1 & :i* consequ5tly d n re/ on a f\ndation ( _! own1 b are e/eem$ only z pass+ /ages4 ,b 9 ?is conception x is no less impli$ t ess5ce does n l+] beh9d or beyond appe>ance4 ,r x is1 we may say1 ! ,inf9ite k9dness :i* lets its own %[ freely issue into imm$iacy1 & graci\sly all[s x ! joy ( exi/5ce4 ,! appe>ance :i* is ?us creat$ does n /& on its own feet1 & has its be+ n 9 itself b 9 some?+ else4 ,god :o is ! ess5ce1 :5 ,he l5ds exi/5ce to ! pass+ /ages ( ,8 own %[ 9 ,himself1 may be describ$ z ! goodness t creates a _w3 b ,he is also ! p[] above x1 & ! righte\sness1 :i* manife/s ! m]ely ph5om5al "* ( ! cont5t ( ?is exi/+ _w1 :5ev] x tries to exi/ 9 indep5d5ce4 ,appe>ance is 9 e way a v important grade ( ! logical idea4 ,x may be said to be ! di/9ction ( philosophy f ord9>y consci\sness t x sees ! m]ely ph5om5al "* ( :at ! latt] supposes to h a self-subsi/5t be+4 ,! significance ( appe>ance h[ev] mu/ be prop]ly grasp$1 or mi/akes w arise4 ,to say t any?+ is a m]e appe>ance may be mis9t]pret$ to mean t1 z comp>$ ) :at is m]ely ph5om5al1 !re is great] tru? 9 ! imm$iate1 9 t :i* is4 ,n[ 9 /rict fact1 ! case is precisely ! rev]se4 ,appe>ance is high] ?an m]e ,be+1--a ri*] category because x holds 9 comb9ation ! two elem5ts ( reflection-into-self & reflection-into-ano!r3 :]eas ,be+ 7or imm$iacy7 /ill m]e relationlessness & app>5tly re/s ^u itself alone4 ,/ill1 to say t any?+ is only an appe>ance sugge/s a real flaw1 :i* consi/s 9 ?is1 t ,appe>ance is /ill divid$ aga9/ itself & )\t intr9sic /ability4 ,beyond & above m]e appe>ance comes 9 ! fir/ place ,actuality1 ! ?ird grade ( ,ess5ce1 ( :i* we %all aft]w>ds speak4 ,9 ! hi/ory ( ,mod]n ,philosophy1 ,kant has ! m]it ( fir/ rehabilitat+ ?is di/9ction betwe5 ! common & ! philosophic modes ( ?\ght4 ,he /opp$ half-way h[ev]1 :5 he atta*$ to ,appe>ance a subjective mean+ only1 & put ! ab/ract ess5ce immovable outside x z ! ?+-9-itself beyond ! rea* ( our cognition4 ,= x is ! v nature ( ! _w ( imm$iate objects to be appe>ance only4 ,kn[+ x to be s1 we "k at ! same "t ! ess5ce1 :i*1 f> f /ay+ beh9d or beyond ! appe>ance1 r manife/s its own ess5tiality by depos+ ! _w to a m]e appe>ance4 ,"o c h>dly qu>rel ) ! pla9 man :o1 9 8 desire = totality1 _c acquiesce 9 ! doctr9e ( subjective idealism1 t we are solely conc]n$ ) ph5om5a4 ,! pla9 man1 h[ev]1 9 8 desire to save ! objectivity ( k1 may v naturally return to ab/ract imm$iacy1 & ma9ta9 t imm$iacy to be true & actual4 ,9 a little "w publi%$ "u ! title1 ,a ,report1 cle> z day1 to ! l>g] ,public t\*+ ! prop] nature ( ! ,late/ ,philosophy3 an ,attempt to =ce ! read] to und]/&1' ,fi*te exam9$ ! opposition betwe5 subjective idealism & imm$iate consci\sness 9 a popul> =m1 "u ! %ape ( a dialogue betwe5 ! au?or & ! read]1 & tri$ h>d to prove t ! subjective ideali/'s po9t ( view 0 "r4 ,9 ?is dialogue ! read] compla9s to ! au?or t he has completely fail$ to place himself 9 ! ideali/'s position1 & is inconsolable at ! ?\ght t ?+s ar\nd him are no real ?+s b m]e appe>ances4 ,! affliction ( ! read] c sc>cely be blam$ :5 he is expect$ to consid] himself hemm$ 9 by an imp]vi\s circle ( purely subjective conceptions4 ,ap>t f ?is subjective view ( ,appe>ance1 h[ev]1 we h all reason to rejoice t ! ?+s :i* environ u are appe>ances & n /eadfa/ & indep5d5t exi/5ces2 s9ce 9 t case we %\ld soon p]i% ( hung]1 bo? bodily & m5tal4 7a7 ,! ,_w ( ,appe>ance4 #acb4 ,! ,app>5t or ,ph5om5al exi/s 9 su* a way1 t its subsi/5ce is ipso facto ?r[n into abeyance or susp5d$ & is only "o /age 9 ! =m itself4 ,! =m embraces 9 x ! matt] or subsi/5ce z "o ( its *>act]i/ics4 ,9 ?is way ! ph5om5al has its gr\nd 9 ?is 7=m7 z its ess5ce1 its reflection-into-self 9 contra/ ) its imm$iacy1 b1 9 s do+1 has x only 9 ano!r aspect ( ! =m4 ,?is gr\nd ( its is no less ph5om5al ?an itself1 & ! ph5om5on accord+ly goes on to an endless m$iation ( subsi/5ce by means ( =m1 & ?us equally by non-subsi/5ce4 ,?is endless int]-m$iation is at ! same "t a unity ( self-relation2 & exi/5ce is develop$ into a totality1 into a _w ( ph5om5a1--( reflect$ f9itude4 7b7 ,cont5t & ,=m4 #acc4 ,outside "o ano!r z ! ph5om5a 9 ?is ph5om5al _w are1 !y =m a totality1 & are :olly conta9$ 9 _! self-relat$ness4 ,9 ?is way ! self-relation ( ! ph5om5on is completely specifi$1 x has ! ,=m 9 itself3 & because x is 9 ?is id5tity1 has x z ess5tial subsi/5ce4 ,s x comes ab\t t ! =m is ,cont5t3 & 9 its mature phase is ! ,law ( ! ,ph5om5on4 ,:5 ! =m1 on ! contr>y1 is n reflect$ into self1 x is equival5t to ! negative ( ! ph5om5on1 to ! non-indep5d5t & *angeable3 & t sort ( =m is ! indiff]5t or ,ext]nal ,=m4 ,! ess5tial po9t to keep 9 m9d ab\t ! opposition ( ,=m & ,cont5t is t ! cont5t is n =mless1 b has ! =m 9 its own self1 q z mu* z ! =m is ext]nal to x4 ,!re is ?us a d\bl+ ( =m4 ,at "o "t x is reflect$ into itself2 & !n is id5tical ) ! cont5t4 ,at ano!r "t x is n reflect$ into itself1 & !n is ! ext]nal exi/5ce1 :i* does n at all affect ! cont5t4 ,we are "h 9 pres5ce1 implicitly1 ( ! absolute correlation ( cont5t & =m3 viz4 _! reciprocal revulsion1 s t cont5t is no?+ b ! revulsion ( =m into cont5t1 & =m no?+ b ! revulsion ( cont5t into =m4 ,?is mutual revulsion is "o ( ! mo/ important laws ( ?\ght4 ,b x is n explicitly br\ght out be=e ! ,relations ( ,sub/ance & ,causality4 ,=m & cont5t are a pair ( t]ms frequ5tly employ$ by ! reflective und]/&+1 especially ) a habit ( look+ on ! cont5t z ! ess5tial & indep5d5t1 ! =m on ! contr>y z ! uness5tial & dep5d5t4 ,aga9/ ?is x is to be not$ t bo? are 9 fact equally ess5tial2 & t1 :ile a =mless cont5t c be z little f\nd z a =mless matt]1 ! two 7cont5t & matt]7 are di/+ui%$ by ?is circum/ance1 t matt]1 ?\gh implicitly n )\t =m1 /ill 9 its exi/5ce manife/s a disreg>d ( =m1 :]eas ! cont5t1 z su*1 is :at x is only because ! matur$ =m is includ$ 9 x4 ,/ill ! =m comes be=e u sometimes z an exi/5ce indiff]5t & ext]nal to cont5t1 & does s = ! reason t ! :ole range ( ,appe>ance /ill suff]s f ext]nality4 ,9 a book1 = in/ance1 x c]ta9ly has no be>+ ^u ! cont5t1 :e!r x be writt5 or pr9t$1 b\nd 9 pap] or 9 lea!r4 ,t h[ev] does n 9 ! lea/ imply t ap>t f su* an indiff]5t & ext]nal =m1 ! cont5t ( ! book is itself =mless4 ,!re are und\bt$ly books en\gh :i* ev5 9 ref]5ce to _! cont5t may well be /yl$ =mless3 b want ( =m 9 ?is case is ! same z bad =m1 & means ! defect ( ! "r =m1 n ! abs5ce ( all =m :atev]4 ,s f> is ?is "r =m f be+ unaffect$ by ! cont5t t x is r ! cont5t itself4 ,a "w ( art t wants ! "r =m is = t v reason no "r or true "w ( art3 & x is a bad way ( excus+ an arti/1 to say t ! cont5t ( 8 works is good & ev5 excell5t1 ?\gh !y want ! "r =m4 ,real works ( art are ^? :]e cont5t & =m exhibit a ?or\gh id5tity4 ,! cont5t ( ! ,iliad1 x may be said1 is ! ,trojan w>1 & especially ! wra? ( ,a*illes4 ,9 t we h ev]y?+1 & yet v little aft] all2 = ! ,iliad is made an ,iliad by ! poetic =m1 9 :i* t cont5t is m\ld$4 ,! cont5t ( ,romeo & ,juliet may simil>ly be said to be ! ru9 ( two lov]s ?r\gh ! discord betwe5 _! families3 b some?+ m is ne$$ to make ,%akespe>e's immortal trag$y4 ,9 ref]5ce to ! relation ( =m & cont5t 9 ! field ( sci5ce1 we %\ld recollect ! diff]5ce betwe5 philosophy & ! re/ ( ! sci5ces4 ,! latt] are f9ite1 because _! mode ( ?\ght1 z a m]ely =mal act1 d]ives its cont5t f )\t4 ,_! cont5t !re=e is n kn[n z m\ld$ f )9 ?r\gh ! ?\ghts :i* lie at ! gr\nd ( x1 & =m & cont5t d n ?or\ghly int]p5etrate ea* o!r4 ,?is p>tition disappe>s 9 philosophy1 & ?us ju/ifies its title ( inf9ite k4 ,yet ev5 philosophic ?\ght is (t5 held to be a m]ely =mal act2 & t logic1 :i* confess$ly deals only ) ?\ghts qu ?\ghts1 is m]ely =mal1 is especially a =egone conclusion4 ,& if cont5t means no m ?an :at is palpable & obvi\s to ! s5ses1 all philosophy & logic 9 p>ticul> mu/ be at once ackn[l$g$ to be void ( cont5t1 t is to say1 ( cont5t p]ceptible to ! s5ses4 ,ev5 ord9>y =ms ( ?\ght h[ev]1 & ! common usage ( language1 d n 9 ! lea/ re/rict ! appellation ( cont5t to :at is p]ceiv$ by ! s5ses1 or to :at has a be+ 9 place & "t4 ,a book )\t cont5t is1 z e "o kn[s1 n a book ) empty leaves1 b "o ( :i* ! cont5t is z good z none4 ,we %all f9d z ! la/ result on clos] analysis1 t by :at is call$ cont5t an educat$ m9d means no?+ b ! pres5ce & p[] ( ?\ght4 ,b ?is is to admit t ?\ghts are n empty =ms )\t aff9ity to _! cont5t1 & t 9 o!r sph]es z well z 9 art ! tru? & ! /]l+ value ( ! cont5t ess5tially dep5d on ! cont5t %[+ itself id5tical ) ! =m4 #acd4 ,b imm$iate exi/5ce is a "* ( ! subsi/5ce itself z well z ( ! =m3 x is consequ5tly ext]nal to ! "* ( ! cont5t2 b 9 an equal degree ?is ext]nality1 :i* ! cont5t has ?r\gh ! factor ( its subsi/5ce1 is ess5tial to x4 ,:5 ?us explicitly /at$1 ! ph5om5on is relativity or correlation3 :]e "o & ! same ?+1 viz4 ! cont5t or ! develop$ =m1 is se5 z ! ext]nality & anti!sis ( indep5d5t exi/5ces1 & z _! r$uction to a relation ( id5tity1 9 :i* id5tification alone ! two ?+s di/+ui%$ are :at !y are4 7c7 ,relation or ,correlation4 #ace4 77 ,! imm$iate relation is t ( ! ,:ole & ! ,p>ts4 ,! cont5t is ! :ole1 & consi/s ( ! p>ts 7! =m71 its c\nt]p>t4 ,! p>ts are div]se "o f ano!r4 ,x is !y t possess indep5d5t be+4 ,b !y are p>ts1 only :5 !y are id5tifi$ by be+ relat$ to "o ano!r2 or1 9 s f> z !y make up ! :ole1 :5 tak5 toge!r4 ,b ?is ',toge!r' is ! c\nt]p>t & negation ( ! "p4 ,ess5tial correlation is ! specific & completely univ]sal phase 9 :i* ?+s appe>4 ,ev]y?+ t exi/s /&s 9 correlation1 & ?is correlation is ! v]itable nature ( e exi/5ce4 ,! exi/5t ?+ 9 ?is way has no be+ ( its own1 b only 9 some?+ else3 9 ?is o!r h[ev] x is self-relation2 & correlation is ! unity ( ! self-relation & relation-to-o!rs4 ,! relation ( ! :ole & ! p>ts is untrue to ?is ext5t1 t ! notion & ! reality ( ! relation are n 9 h>mony4 ,! notion ( ! :ole is to conta9 p>ts3 b if ! :ole is tak5 & made :at its notion implies1 i4e4 if x is divid$1 x at once ceases to be a :ole4 ,?+s !re are1 no d\bt1 :i* correspond to ?is relation3 b = t v reason !y are l[ & untrue exi/5ces4 ,we mu/ rememb] h[ev] :at 'untrue' signifies4 ,:5 x occurs 9 a philosophical discussion1 ! t]m 'untrue' does n signify t ! ?+ to :i* x is appli$ is non-exi/5t4 ,a bad /ate or a sickly body may exi/ all ! same2 b ^! ?+s are untrue1 because _! notion & _! reality are out ( h>mony4 ,! relation ( :ole & p>ts1 be+ ! imm$iate relation1 comes easy to reflective und]/&+2 & = t reason x (t5 satisfies :5 ! "q really turns on pr(\nd] ties4 ,! limbs & organs1 = in/ance1 ( an organic body are n m]ely p>ts ( x3 x is only 9 _! unity t !y are :at !y are1 & !y are unque/ionably affect$ by t unity1 z !y also 9 turn affect x4 ,^! limbs & organs become m]e p>ts1 only :5 !y pass "u ! h&s ( ! anatomi/1 ^: occupation1 be x rememb]$1 is n ) ! liv+ body b ) ! corpse4 ,n t su* analysis is illegitimate3 we only mean t ! ext]nal & me*anical relation ( :ole & p>ts is n suffici5t = u1 if we want to /udy organic life 9 its tru?4 ,& if ?is be s 9 organic life1 x is ! case to a mu* great] ext5t :5 we apply ?is relation to ! m9d & ! =mations ( ! spiritual _w4 ,psy*ologi/s may n expressly speak ( p>ts ( ! s\l or m9d1 b ! mode 9 :i* ?is subject is treat$ by ! analytic und]/&+ is l>gely f\nd$ on ! analogy ( ?is f9ite relation4 ,at lea/ t is s1 :5 ! diff]5t =ms ( m5tal activity are enum]at$ & describ$ m]ely 9 _! isolation "o aft] ano!r1 z s-call$ special p[]s & faculties4 #acf4 77 ,! "o-&-same ( ?is correlation 7! self-relation f\nd 9 x7 is ?us imm$iately a negative self-relation4 ,! correlation is 9 %ort ! m$iat+ process :]eby "o & ! same is fir/ unaffect$ t[>ds diff]5ce1 & secondly is ! negative self-relation1 :i* repels itself z reflection-into-self to diff]5ce1 & inve/s itself 7z reflection-into-some?+-else7 ) exi/5ce1 :il/ x conv]sely leads back ?is reflection-into-o!r to self-relation & indiff]5ce4 ,?is gives ! correlation ( ,=ce & its ,expression4 ,! relation%ip ( :ole & "p is ! imm$iate & !re=e un9tellig5t 7me*anical7 relation1--a revulsion ( self-id5tity into m]e v>iety4 ,?us we pass f ! :ole to ! p>ts1 & f ! p>ts to ! :ole3 9 ! "o we =get its opposition to ! o!r1 :ile ea* on its own acc\nt1 at "o "t ! :ole1 at ano!r ! p>ts1 is tak5 to be an indep5d5t exi/5ce4 ,9 o!r words1 :5 ! p>ts are decl>$ to subsi/ 9 ! :ole1 & ! :ole to consi/ ( ! p>ts1 we h ei!r memb] ( ! relation at diff]5t times tak5 to be p]man5tly subsi/5t1 :ile ! o!r is non-ess5tial4 ,9 its sup]ficial =m ! me*anical nexus consi/s 9 ! p>ts be+ indep5d5t ( ea* o!r & ( ! :ole4 ,?is relation may be adopt$ = ! progression ad inf9itum1 9 ! case ( ! divisibility ( matt]3 & !n x becomes an un9tellig5t alt]nation ) ! two sides4 ,a ?+ at "o "t is tak5 z a :ole3 !n we g on to specify ! p>ts3 ?is specify+ is =gott51 & :at 0 a "p is reg>d$ z a :ole3 !n ! specify+ ( ! "p comes up aga91 & s on = ev]4 ,b if ?is inf9ity be tak5 z ! negative :i* x is1 x is ! negative self-relat+ elem5t 9 ! correlation1--,=ce1 ! self-id5tical :ole1 or imman5cy2 :i* yet sup]s$es ?is imman5cy & gives itself expression2--& conv]sely ! expression :i* vani%es & returns into ,=ce4 ,=ce1 not)/&+ ?is inf9ity1 is also f9ite3 = ! cont5t1 or ! "o & ! same ( ! ,=ce & its out-putt+1 is ?is id5tity at fir/ only = ! obs]v]3 ! two sides ( ! relation are n yet1 ea* on its own acc\nt1 ! concrete id5tity ( t "o & same1 n yet ! totality4 ,= "o ano!r !y are !re=e diff]5t1 & ! relation%ip is a f9ite "o4 ,=ce consequ5tly requires solicitation f )\t3 x works bl9dly3 & on acc\nt ( ?is defectiv5ess ( =m1 ! cont5t is also limit$ & accid5tal4 ,x is n yet g5u9ely id5tical ) ! =m3 n yet is x z a notion & an end2 t is to say1 x is n intr9sically & actually det]m9ate4 ,?is diff]5ce is mo/ vital1 b n easy to appreh5d3 x w assume a cle>] =mulation :5 we rea* ,design4 ,if x be ov]look$1 x leads to ! confusion ( conceiv+ ,god z ,=ce1 a confusion f :i* ,h]d]'s ,god especially suff]s4 ,x is (t5 said t ! nature ( ,=ce itself is unkn[n & only its manife/ation appreh5d$4 ,b1 9 ! fir/ place1 x may be repli$1 e article 9 ! import ( ,=ce is ! same z :at is specifi$ 9 ! ,ex]tion3 & ! explanation ( a ph5om5on by a ,=ce is to t ext5t a m]e tautology4 ,:at is suppos$ to rema9 unkn[n1 !re=e1 is really no?+ b ! empty =m ( reflection-into-self1 by :i* alone ! ,=ce is di/+ui%$ f ! ,ex]tion1--& t =m too is some?+ famili>4 ,x is a =m t does n make ! slighte/ addition to ! cont5t & to ! law1 :i* h to be discov]$ f ! ph5om5on alone4 ,ano!r assurance always giv5 is t to speak ( =ces implies no !ory z to _! nature3 & t be+ s1 x is impossible to see :y ! =m ( ,=ce has be5 introduc$ into ! sci5ces at all4 ,9 ! second place ! nature ( ,=ce is und\bt$ly unkn[n3 we are /ill )\t any necessity b9d+ & connect+ its cont5t toge!r 9 itself1 z we are )\t necessity 9 ! cont5t1 9 s f> z x is expressly limit$ & h5ce has its "* by means ( ano!r ?+ outside x4 7#a7 ,comp>$ ) ! imm$iate relation ( :ole & p>ts1 ! relation betwe5 =ce & its putt+-=? may be consid]$ inf9ite4 ,9 x t id5tity ( ! two sides is realis$1 :i* 9 ! =m] relation only exi/$ = ! obs]v]4 ,! :ole1 ?\gh we c see t x consi/s ( p>ts1 ceases to be a :ole :5 x is divid$3 :]eas =ce is only %[n to be =ce :5 x ex]ts itself1 & 9 its ex]cise only comes back to itself4 ,! ex]cise is only =ce once m4 ,yet1 on fur!r exam9ation ev5 ?is relation w appe> f9ite1 & f9ite 9 virtue ( ?is m$iation3 j z1 conv]sely1 ! relation ( :ole & p>ts is obvi\sly f9ite 9 virtue ( its imm$iacy4 ,! fir/ & simple/ evid5ce = ! f9itude ( ! m$iat$ relation ( =ce & its ex]cise is1 t ea* & e =ce is condition$ & requires some?+ else ?an itself = its subsi/5ce4 ,= in/ance1 a special vehicle ( magnetic =ce1 z is well kn[n1 is iron1 ! o!r prop]ties ( :i*1 su* z its col\r1 specific weight1 or relation to acids1 are indep5d5t ( ?is connexion ) magnetism4 ,! same ?+ is se5 9 all o!r =ces1 :i* f "o end to ! o!r are f\nd to be condition$ & m$iat$ by some?+ else ?an !mselves4 ,ano!r pro( ( ! f9ite nature ( =ce is t x requires solicitation be=e x c put itself =?4 ,t ?r\gh :i* ! =ce is solicit$1 is itself ano!r ex]tion ( =ce1 :i* _c put itself =? )\t simil> solicitation4 ,?is br+s u ei!r to a repetition ( ! inf9ite progression1 or to a reciprocity ( solicit+ & be+ solicit$4 ,9 ei!r case we h no absolute beg9n+ ( motion4 ,=ce is n z yet1 l ! f9al cause1 inh]5tly self-det]m9+3 ! cont5t is giv5 to x z det]m9$1 & =ce1 :5 x ex]ts itself1 is1 accord+ to ! phrase1 bl9d 9 its work+4 ,t phrase implies ! di/9ction betwe5 ab/ract =ce-manife/ation & teleological action4 7#b7 ,! (t-repeat$ /atem5t1 t ! ex]cise ( ! =ce & n ! =ce itself admits ( be+ kn[n1 mu/ be reject$ z gr\ndless4 ,x is ! v ess5ce ( =ce to manife/ itself1 & ?us 9 ! totality ( manife/ation1 conceiv$ z a law1 we at ! same "t discov] ! =ce itself4 ,& yet ?is ass]tion t =ce 9 its own self is unkn[able betrays a well-gr\nd$ pres5tim5t t ?is relation is f9ite4 ,! sev]al manife/ations ( a =ce at fir/ meet u 9 indef9ite multiplicity1 & 9 _! isolation seem accid5tal3 b1 r$uc+ ?is multiplicity to its inn] unity1 :i* we t]m =ce1 we see t ! app>5tly cont+5t is necess>y1 by recognis+ ! law t rules x4 ,b ! diff]5t =ces !mselves are a multiplicity aga91 & 9 _! m]e juxtaposition seem to be cont+5t4 ,h5ce 9 empirical physics1 we speak ( ! =ces ( gravity1 magnetism1 electricity1 c1 & 9 empirical psy*ology ( ! =ces ( memory1 imag9ation1 w1 & all ! o!r faculties4 ,all ?is multiplicity aga9 excites a crav+ to "k ^! diff]5t =ces z a s+le :ole1 nor w\ld ?is crav+ be appeas$ ev5 if ! sev]al =ces 7 trac$ back to "o common prim>y =ce4 ,su* a prim>y =ce w\ld be really no m ?an an empty ab/raction1 ) z little cont5t z ! ab/ract ?+-9-itself4 ,& besides ?is1 ! correlation ( =ce & manife/ation is ess5tially a m$iat$ correlation 7( reciprocal dep5d5ce71 & x mu/ !re=e contradict ! notion ( =ce to view x z prim>y or re/+ on itself4 ,su* be+ ! case ) ! nature ( =ce1 ?\gh we may cons5t to let ! _w be call$ a manife/ation ( div9e =ces1 we %\ld object to h ,god ,himself view$ z a m]e =ce4 ,= =ce is aft] all a subord9ate & f9ite category4 ,at ! s-call$ r5asc5ce ( ! sci5ces1 :5 /eps 7 tak5 to trace ! s+le ph5om5a ( nature back to und]ly+ =ces1 ! ,*ur* br&$ ! ent]prise z impi\s4 ,! argum5t ( ! ,*ur* 0 z foll[s4 ,if x be ! =ces ( gravitation1 ( vegetation1 c4 :i* occasion ! movem5ts ( ! heav5ly bodies1 ! gr[? ( plants1 c41 !re is no?+ left = div9e provid5ce1 & ,god s9ks to ! level ( a leisurely on-look]1 survey+ ?is play ( =ces4 ,! /ud5ts ( nature1 x is true1 & ,newton m ?an o!rs1 :5 !y employ$ ! reflective category ( =ce to expla9 natural ph5om5a1 h expressly plead$ t ! hon\r ( ,god1 z ! ,creator & ,gov]nor ( ! _w1 w\ld n !reby be impair$4 ,/ill ! logical issue ( ?is explanation by means ( =ces is t ! inf]5tial und]/&+ proce$s to fix ea* ( ^! =ces1 & to ma9ta9 !m 9 _! f9itude z ultimate4 ,& contra/$ ) ?is de9f9itis$ _w ( indep5d5t =ces & matt]s1 ! only t]ms 9 :i* x is possible /ill to describe ,god w pres5t ,him 9 ! ab/ract inf9ity ( an unkn[able supreme ,be+ 9 "s o!r _w f> away4 ,?is is precisely ! position ( mat]ialism1 & ( mod]n 'free-?9k+1' ^: !ology ignores :at ,god is & re/ricts itself to ! m]e fact t ,he is4 ,9 ?is dispute !re=e ! ,*ur* & ! religi\s m9d h to a c]ta9 ext5t ! "r on _! side4 ,! f9ite =ms ( und]/&+ c]ta9ly fail to fulfil ! conditions = a k ei!r ( ,nature or ( ! =mations 9 ! _w ( ,m9d z !y truly are4 ,yet on ! o!r side x is impossible to ov]look ! =mal "r :i*1 9 ! fir/ place1 entitles ! empirical sci5ces to v9dicate ! "r ( ?\ght to "k ! exi/5t _w 9 all ! speciality ( its cont5t1 & to seek some?+ fur!r ?an ! b>e /atem5t ( m]e ab/ract fai? t ,god creates & gov]ns ! _w4 ,:5 our religi\s consci\sness1 re/+ ^u ! au?ority ( ! ,*ur*1 tea*es u t ,god creat$ ! _w by ,8 almighty w1 t ,he guides ! />s 9 _! c\rses1 & v\*safes to all ,8 creatures _! exi/5ce & _! well-be+1 ! "q ,:y8 is /ill left to answ]4 ,n[ x is ! answ] to ?is "q :i* =ms ! common task ( empirical sci5ce & ( philosophy4 ,:5 religion refuses to recognise ?is problem1 or ! "r to put x1 & appeals to ! unse>*abl5ess ( ! decrees ( ,god1 x is tak+ up ! same agno/ic gr\nd z is tak5 by ! m]e ,enlight5m5t ( und]/&+4 ,su* an appeal is no bett] ?an an arbitr>y dogmatism1 :i* contrav5es ! express comm& ( ,*ri/ianity1 to "k ,god 9 _s & 9 tru?1 & is prompt$ by a humility :i* is n ,*ri/ian1 b born ( o/5tati\s bigotry4 #acg4 ,=ce is a :ole1 :i* is 9 its own self negative self-relation2 & z su* a :ole x cont9ually pu%es itself (f f itself & puts itself =?4 ,b s9ce ?is reflection-into-ano!r 7correspond+ to ! di/9ction betwe5 ! ,p>ts ( ! ,:ole7 is equally a reflection-into-self1 ?is out-putt+ is ! way & means by :i* ,=ce t returns back into itself is z a ,=ce4 ,! v act ( out-putt+ accord+ly sets 9 abeyance ! div]sity ( ! two sides :i* is f\nd 9 ?is correlation1 & expressly /ates ! id5tity :i* virtually con/itutes _! cont5t4 ,! tru? ( ,=ce & utt]ance !re=e is t relation1 9 :i* ! two sides are di/+ui%$ only z ,outw>d & ,inw>d4 #ach4 77 ,! ,inw>d 7,int]ior7 is ! gr\nd1 :5 x /&s z ! m]e =m ( ! "o side ( ! ,appe>ance & ! ,correlation1--! empty =m ( reflection-into-self4 ,z a c\nt]p>t to x /&s ! ,outw>d 7,ext]ior71--,exi/5ce1 also z ! =m ( ! o!r side ( ! correlation1 ) ! empty *>act]i/ic ( reflection-into-some?+-else4 ,b ,inw>d & ,outw>d are id5tifi$3 & _! id5tity is id5tity br\ght to fulness 9 ! cont5t1 t unity ( reflection-into-self & reflection-into-o!r :i* 0 =c$ to appe> 9 ! movem5t ( =ce4 ,bo? are ! same "o totality1 & ?is unity makes !m ! cont5t4 #aci4 ,9 ! fir/ place !n1 ,ext]ior is ! same cont5t z ,int]ior4 ,:at is inw>dly is also f\nd outw>dly1 & vice v]s4 ,! appe>ance %[s no?+ t is n 9 ! ess5ce1 & 9 ! ess5ce !re is no?+ b :at is manife/$4 #adj4 ,9 ! second place1 ,inw>d & ,outw>d1 z =mal t]ms1 are also reciprocally oppos$1 & t ?or\ghly4 ,! "o is ! ab/raction ( id5tity ) self2 ! o!r1 ( m]e multiplicity or reality4 ,b z /ages ( ! "o =m1 !y are ess5tially id5tical3 s t :atev] is at fir/ explicitly put only 9 ! "o ab/raction1 is also z pla9ly & at "o /ep only 9 ! o!r4 ,!re=e :at is only int]nal is also only ext]nal3 & :at is only ext]nal1 is s f> only at fir/ int]nal4 ,x is ! cu/om>y mi/ake ( reflection to take ! ess5ce to be m]ely ! int]ior4 ,if x be s tak51 ev5 ?is way ( look+ at x is purely ext]nal1 & t sort ( ess5ce is ! empty ext]nal ab/raction4 ,ins ,inn]e d] ,natur ,dr+t se9 ers*affn] ,gei/1 ,zu glckli* w5n er nur ,die uere ,s*aale wei/4#a ,x ought r to h be5 said t1 if ! ess5ce ( nature is ev] describ$ z ! inn] "p1 ! p]son :o s describes x only kn[s its out] %ell4 ,9 ,be+ z a :ole1 or ev5 9 m]e s5se-p]ception1 ! notion is at fir/ only an inw>d1 & = t v reason is some?+ ext]nal to ,be+1 a subjective ?9k+ & be+1 devoid ( tru?4--,9 ,nature z well z 9 ,m9d1 s long z ! notion1 design1 or law are at fir/ ! inn] capacity1 m]e possibilities1 !y are fir/ only an ext]nal1 inorganic nature1 ! k ( a ?ird p]son1 ali5 =ce1 & ! l4 ,z a man is outw>dly1 t is to say 9 8 actions 7n ( c\rse 9 8 m]ely bodily outw>dness71 s is he inw>dly3 & if 8 virtue1 morality1 c4 are only inw>dly 81--t is if !y exi/ only 9 8 int5tions & s5tim5ts1 & 8 outw>d acts are n id5tical ) !m1 ! "o half ( him is z holl[ & empty z ! o!r4 ,! relation ( ,outw>d & ,inw>d unites ! two relations t prec$e1 & at ! same "t sets 9 abeyance m]e relativity & ph5om5ality 9 g5]al4 ,yet s long z und]/&+ keeps ! ,inw>d & ,outw>d fix$ 9 _! sep>ation1 !y are empty =ms1 ! "o z null z ! o!r4 ,n only 9 ! /udy ( nature1 b also ( ! spiritual _w1 mu* dep5ds on a j appreciation ( ! relation ( inw>d & outw>d1 & especially on avoid+ ! misconception t ! =m] only is ! ess5tial po9t on :i* ev]y?+ turns1 :ile ! latt] is uness5tial & trivial4 ,we f9d ?is mi/ake made :51 z is (t5 done1 ! diff]5ce betwe5 nature & m9d is trac$ back to ! ab/ract diff]5ce betwe5 inn] & out]4 ,z = nature1 x c]ta9ly is 9 ! gross ext]nal1 n m]ely to ! m9d1 b ev5 on its own "p4 ,b to call x ext]nal '9 ! gross' is n to imply an ab/ract ext]nality--= !re is no su* ?+4 ,x means r t ! ,idea :i* =ms ! common cont5t ( nature & m9d1 is f\nd 9 nature z outw>d only1 & = t v reason only inw>d4 ,! ab/ract und]/&+1 ) its ',ei!r--or1' may /ruggle aga9/ ?is conception ( nature4 ,x is none ! less obvi\sly f\nd 9 our o!r modes ( consci\sness1 p>ticul>ly 9 religion4 ,x is ! lesson ( religion t nature1 no less ?an ! spiritual _w1 is a revelation ( ,god3 b ) ?is di/9ction1 t :ile nature nev] gets s f> z to be consci\s ( its div9e ess5ce1 t consci\sness is ! express problem ( ! m9d1 :i* 9 ! matt] ( t problem is z yet f9ite4 ,^? :o look ^u ! ess5ce ( nature z m]e inw>dness1 & !re=e inaccessible to u1 take up ! same l9e z t anci5t cre$ :i* reg>d$ ,god z envi\s & jeal\s2 a cre$ :i* bo? ,plato & ,ari/otle pron\nc$ aga9/ long ago4 ,all t ,god is1 ,he imp>ts & reveals2 & ,he does s1 at fir/1 9 & ?r\gh nature4 ,any object inde$ is faulty & imp]fect :5 x is only inw>d1 & ?us at ! same "t only outw>d1 or1 7:i* is ! same ?+17 :5 x is only an outw>d & ?us only an inw>d4 ,= in/ance1 a *ild1 tak5 9 ! gross z human be+1 is no d\bt a rational creature2 b ! reason ( ! *ild z *ild is at fir/ a m]e inw>d1 9 ! %ape ( 8 natural ability or vocation1 c4 ,?is m]e inw>d1 at ! same "t1 has = ! *ild ! =m ( a m outw>d1 9 ! %ape ( ! w ( 8 p>5ts1 ! atta9m5ts ( 8 tea*]s1 & ! :ole _w ( reason t environs him4 ,! education & in/ruction ( a *ild aim at mak+ him actually & = himself :at he is at fir/ pot5tially & !re=e = o!rs1 viz4 = 8 gr[n-up fri5ds4 ,! reason1 :i* at fir/ exi/s 9 ! *ild only z an inn] possibility1 is actualis$ ?r\gh education3 & conv]sely1 ! *ild by ^! means becomes consci\s t ! goodness1 religion1 & sci5ce :i* he _h at fir/ look$ ^u z an outw>d au?ority1 are 8 own & inw>d nature4 ,z ) ! *ild s x is 9 ?is matt] ) ! adult1 :51 9 opposition to 8 true de/9y1 8 intellect & w rema9 9 ! bondage ( ! natural man4 ,?us1 ! crim9al sees ! puni%m5t to :i* he has to submit z an act ( viol5ce f )\t3 :]eas 9 fact ! p5alty is only ! manife/ation ( 8 own crim9al w4 ,f :at has n[ be5 said1 we may le>n :at to ?9k ( a man :o1 :5 blam$ = 8 %ortcom+s1 x may be1 8 discr$itable acts1 appeals to ! 7pr(ess$ly7 excell5t int5tions & s5tim5ts ( ! inn] self he di/+ui%es !refrom4 ,!re c]ta9ly may be individual cases1 :]e ! malice ( outw>d circum/ances fru/rates well-meant designs1 & di/urbs ! execution ( ! be/-laid plans4 ,b 9 g5]al ev5 "h ! ess5tial unity betwe5 inw>d & outw>d is ma9ta9$4 ,we are ?us ju/ifi$ 9 say+ t a man is :at he does2 & ! ly+ vanity :i* consoles itself ) ! feel+ ( inw>d excell5ce1 may be confront$ ) ! words ( ! gospel3 ',by _! fruits ye %all "k !m4' ,t gr& say+ applies prim>ily 9 a moral & religi\s aspect1 b x also holds good 9 ref]5ce to p]=mances 9 art & sci5ce4 ,! ke5 eye ( a tea*] :o p]ceives 9 8 pupil decid$ evid5ces ( tal5t1 may lead him to /ate 8 op9ion t a ,raphael or a ,moz>t lies hidd5 9 ! boy3 & ! result w %[ h[ f> su* an op9ion 0 well-f\nd$4 ,b if a daub ( a pa9t]1 or a poeta/]1 soo! !mselves by ! conceit t _! head is full ( high ideals1 _! consolation is a poor "o2 & if !y insi/ on be+ judg$ n by _! actual works b by _! projects1 we may safely reject _! pret5sions z unf\nd$ & unmean+4 ,! conv]se case h[ev] also occurs4 ,9 pass+ judgm5t on m5 :o h accompli%$ some?+ great & good1 we (t5 make use ( ! false di/9ction betwe5 inw>d & outw>d4 ,all t !y h accompli%$1 we say1 is outw>d m]ely2 inw>dly !y 7 act+ f "s v diff]5t motive1 su* z a desire to gratify _! vanity or o!r unwor?y passion4 ,?is is ! _s ( envy4 ,incapable ( any great action ( its own1 envy tries h>d to depreciate greatness & to br+ x d[n to its own level4 ,let u1 r1 recall ! f9e expression ( ,goe!1 t !re is no rem$y b ,love aga9/ great sup]iorities ( o!rs4 ,we may seek to rob m5's great actions ( _! gr&eur1 by ! ins9uation ( hypocrisy2 b1 ?\gh x is possible t m5 9 an in/ance n[ & !n may dissemble & disguise a good deal1 !y _c conceal ! :ole ( _! inn] self1 :i* infallibly betrays itself 9 ! decursus vitae4 ,ev5 "h x is true t a man is no?+ b ! s]ies ( 8 actions4 ,:at is call$ ! 'pragmatic' writ+ ( hi/ory has 9 mod]n times frequ5tly s9n$ 9 its treatm5t ( great hi/orical *>act]s1 & defac$ & t>ni%$ ! true conception ( !m by ?is fallaci\s sep>ation ( ! outw>d f ! inw>d4 ,n cont5t ) tell+ ! unv>ni%$ tale ( ! great acts :i* h be5 wr\ght by ! h]oes ( ! _w's hi/ory1 & ) ackn[l$g+ t _! inw>d be+ corresponds ) ! import ( _! acts1 ! pragmatic hi/orian fancies himself ju/ifi$ & ev5 oblig$ to trace ! suppos$ secret motives t lie beh9d ! op5 facts ( ! record4 ,! hi/orian1 9 t case1 is suppos$ to write ) m dep? 9 proportion z he succe$s 9 te>+ away ! aureole f all t has be5 h]et(ore held gr& & glori\s1 & 9 depress+ x1 s f> z its orig9 & prop] significance are conc]n$1 to ! level ( vulg> m$iocrity4 ,to make ^! pragmatical rese>*es 9 hi/ory easi]1 x is usual to recomm5d ! /udy ( psy*ology1 :i* is suppos$ to make u acqua9t$ ) ! real motives ( human actions4 ,! psy*ology 9 "q h[ev] is only t petty k ( m51 :i* looks away f ! ess5tial & p]man5t 9 human nature to fa/5 its glance on ! casual & private features %[n 9 isolat$ in/9cts & passions4 ,a pragmatical psy*ology ought at lea/ to leave ! hi/orian1 :o inve/igates ! motives at ! gr\nd ( great actions1 a *oice betwe5 ! 'sub/antial' int]e/s ( patriotism1 ju/ice1 religi\s tru? & ! l1 on ! "o h&1 & ! subjective & '=mal' int]e/s ( vanity1 ambition1 av>ice & ! l1 on ! o!r4 ,! latt] h[ev] are ! motives :i* mu/ be view$ by ! pragmati/ z really effici5t1 o!rwise ! assumption ( a contra/ betwe5 ! inw>d 7! disposition ( ! ag5t7 & ! outw>d 7! import ( ! action7 w\ld fall to ! gr\nd4 ,b inw>d & outw>d h 9 tru? ! same cont5t2 & ! "r doctr9e is ! v rev]se ( ?is p$antic judicially4 ,if ! h]oes ( hi/ory _h be5 actuat$ by subjective & =mal int]e/s alone1 !y w\ld nev] h accompli%$ :at !y h4 ,& if we h due reg>d to ! unity betwe5 ! inn] & ! out]1 we mu/ own t great m5 will$ :at !y did1 & did :at !y will$4 #ada4 ,! empty ab/ractions1 by means ( :i* ! "o id5tical cont5t p]=ce cont9ues 9 ! two correlatives1 susp5d !mselves 9 ! imm$iate transition1 ! "o 9 ! o!r4 ,! cont5t is itself no?+ b _! id5tity 7 #ach73 & ^! ab/ractions are ! seem+ ( ess5ce1 put z seem+4 ,by ! manife/ation ( =ce ! inw>d is put into exi/5ce3 b ?is putt+ is ! m$iation by empty ab/ractions4 ,9 its own self ! int]m$iat+ process vani%es to ! imm$iacy1 9 :i* ! inw>d & ! outw>d are absolutely id5tical & _! diff]5ce is di/9ctly no m ?an assum$ & impos$4 ,?is id5tity is ,actuality4 ,c4--,,actuality4 #adb4 ,actuality is ! unity1 become imm$iate1 ( ess5ce ) exi/5ce1 or ( inw>d ) outw>d4 ,! utt]ance ( ! actual is ! actual itself3 s t 9 ?is utt]ance x rema9s j z ess5tial1 & only is ess5tial1 9 s f> z x is 9 imm$iate ext]nal exi/5ce4 ,we h ere ?is met ,be+ & ,exi/5ce z =ms ( ! imm$iate4 ,be+ is1 9 g5]al1 unreflect$ imm$iacy & transition into ano!r4 ,exi/5ce is imm$iate unity ( be+ & reflection2 h5ce appe>ance3 x comes f ! gr\nd1 & falls to ! gr\nd4 ,9 actuality ?is unity is explicitly put1 & ! two sides ( ! relation id5tifi$4 ,h5ce ! actual is exempt$ f transition1 & its ext]nality is its en]gis+4 ,9 t en]gis+ x is reflect$ into itself3 its exi/5ce is only ! manife/ation ( itself1 n ( an o!r4 ,actuality & ?\ght 7or ,idea7 are (t5 absurdly oppos$4 ,h[ commonly we he> p say+ t1 ?\gh no objection c be urg$ aga9/ ! tru? & correctness ( a c]ta9 ?\ght1 !re is no?+ ( ! k9d to be se5 9 actuality1 or x _c be actually c>ri$ out6 ,p :o use su* language only prove t !y h n prop]ly appreh5d$ ! nature ei!r ( ?\ght or ( actuality4 ,?\ght 9 su* a case is1 on "o h&1 ! synonym = a subjective conception1 plan1 int5tion or ! l1 j z actuality1 on ! o!r1 is made synonym\s ) ext]nal & s5sible exi/5ce4 ,?is is all v well 9 common life1 :]e great laxity is all[$ 9 ! categories & ! names giv5 to !m3 & x may ( c\rse happ5 t e4g4 ! plan1 or s-call$ idea1 say ( a c]ta9 me?od ( taxation1 is good & advisable 9 ! ab/ract1 b t no?+ ( ! sort is f\nd 9 s-call$ actuality1 or c\ld possibly be c>ri$ out "u ! giv5 conditions4 ,b :5 ! ab/ract und]/&+ gets hold ( ^! categories & exagg]ates ! di/9ction !y imply into a h>d & fa/ l9e ( contra/1 :5 x tells u t 9 ?is actual _w we mu/ knock ideas out ( our heads1 x is necess>y en]getically to prote/ aga9/ ^! doctr9es1 alike 9 ! "n ( sci5ce & ( s\nd reason4 ,= on ! "o h& ,ideas are n conf9$ to our heads m]ely1 nor is ! ,idea1 ^u ! :ole1 s feeble z to leave ! "q ( its actualisation or non-actualisation dep5d5t 9 our w4 ,! ,idea is r ! absolutely active z well ,i z actual4 ,& on ! o!r h& actuality is n s bad & irrational1 z purbl9d or wrong-head$ & muddle-bra9$ w\ld-be re=m]s imag9e4 ,s f> is actuality1 z di/+ui%$ f m]e appe>ance1 & prim>ily pres5t+ a unity ( inw>d & outw>d1 f be+ 9 contr>iety ) reason1 t x is r ?or\ghly reasonable1 & ev]y?+ :i* is n reasonable mu/ on t v gr\nd cease to be held actual4 ,! same view may be trac$ 9 ! usages ( educat$ spee*1 :i* decl9es to give ! "n ( real poet or real /atesman to a poet or a /atesman :o c d no?+ really m]itori\s or reasonable4 ,9 t vulg> conception ( actuality :i* mi/akes = x :at is palpable & directly obvi\s to ! s5ses1 we mu/ seek ! gr\nd ( a wide-spread prejudice ab\t ! relation ( ! philosophy ( ,ari/otle to t ( ,plato4 ,popul> op9ion makes ! diff]5ce to be z foll[s4 ,:ile ,plato recognises ! idea & only ! idea z ! tru?1 ,ari/otle1 reject+ ! idea1 keeps to :at is actual1 & is on t acc\nt to be consid]$ ! f\nd] & *ief ( empiricism4 ,on ?is x may be rem>k$3 t al?\gh actuality c]ta9ly is ! pr9ciple ( ! ,ari/otelian philosophy1 x is n ! vulg> actuality ( :at is imm$iately at h&1 b ! idea z actuality4 ,:]e !n lies ! controv]sy ( ,ari/otle aga9/ ,plato8 ,x lies 9 ?is4 ,ari/otle calls ! ,platonic idea a m]e 1 & e/abli%es 9 opposition to ,plato t ! idea1 :i* bo? equally recognise to be ! only tru?1 is ess5tially to be view$ z an 1 9 o!r words1 z ! inw>d :i* is q to ! =e1 or z ! unity ( inn] & out]1 or z actuality1 9 ! emphatic s5se "h giv5 to ! ^w4 #adc4 ,su* a concrete category z ,actuality includes ! *>act]i/ics a=esaid & _! diff]5ce1 & is !re=e also ! developm5t ( !m1 9 su* a way t1 z x has !m1 !y are at ! same "t pla9ly und]/ood to be a %[1 to be assum$ or impos$ 7 #ada74 77 ,view$ z an id5tity 9 g5]al1 ,actuality is fir/ ( all ,possibility--! reflection-into-self :i*1 z 9 contra/ ) ! concrete unity ( ! actual1 is tak5 & made an ab/ract & uness5tial ess5tiality4 ,possibility is :at is ess5tial to reality1 b 9 su* a way t x is at ! same "t only a possibility4 ,x 0 probably ! import ( ,possibility :i* induc$ ,kant to reg>d x along ) necessity & actuality z ,modalities1 's9ce ^! categories d n 9 ! lea/ increase ! notion z object1 b only express its relation to ! faculty ( k4' ,= ,possibility is really ! b>e ab/raction ( reflection-into-self1--:at 0 =m]ly call$ ! ,inw>d1 only t x is n[ tak5 to mean ! ext]nal inw>d1 lift$ out ( reality & ) ! be+ ( a m]e supposition1 & is ?us1 sure en\gh1 suppos$ only z a b>e modality1 an ab/raction :i* comes %ort1 &1 9 m concrete t]ms1 belongs only to subjective ?\ght4 ,x is o!rwise ) ,actuality & ,necessity4 ,!y are any?+ b a m]e sort & mode = some?+ else3 9 fact ! v rev]se ( t4 ,if !y are suppos$1 x is z ! concrete1 n m]ely supposititi\s1 b intr9sically complete4 ,z ,possibility is1 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 ! m]e =m ( id5tity-)-self 7z comp>$ ) ! concrete :i* is actual71 ! rule = x m]ely is t a ?+ mu/ n be self-contradictory4 ,?us ev]y?+ is possible2 = an act ( ab/raction c give any cont5t ?is =m ( id5tity4 ,ev]y?+ h[ev] is z impossible z x is possible4 ,9 e cont5t1--:i* is & mu/ be concrete1--! speciality ( its nature may be view$ z a specialis$ contr>iety & 9 t way z a contradiction4 ,no?+ !re=e c be m mean+less ?an to speak ( su* possibility & impossibility4 ,9 philosophy1 9 p>ticul>1 !re %\ld nev] be a ^w said ( %[+ t ',x is possible1' or ',!re is /ill ano!r possibility1' or1 to adopt ano!r phraseology1 ',x is conceivable4' ,! same consid]ation %\ld w>n ! writ] ( hi/ory aga9/ employ+ a category :i* has n[ be5 expla9$ to be on its own m]its untrue3 b ! subtlety ( ! empty und]/&+ f9ds its *ief pleasure 9 ! fanta/ic +5uity ( sugge/+ possibilities & lots ( possibilities4 ,our picture-?\ght is at fir/ dispos$ to see 9 possibility ! ri*] & m compreh5sive1 9 actuality ! poor] & n>r[] category4 ,ev]y?+1 x is said1 is possible1 b ev]y?+ :i* is possible is n on t acc\nt actual4 ,9 real tru?1 h[ev]1 if we deal ) !m z ?\ghts1 actuality is ! m compreh5sive1 because x is ! concrete ?\ght :i* includes possibility z an ab/ract elem5t4 ,& t sup]iority is to "s ext5t express$ 9 our ord9>y mode ( ?\ght :5 we speak ( ! possible1 9 di/9ction f ! actual1 z only possible4 ,possibility is (t5 said to consi/ 9 a ?+'s be+ ?9kable4 ',?9k1' h[ev]1 9 ?is use ( ! ^w1 only means to conceive any cont5t "u ! =m ( an ab/ract id5tity4 ,n[ e cont5t c be br\ght "u ?is =m1 s9ce no?+ is requir$ except to sep>ate x f ! relations 9 :i* x /&s4 ,h5ce any cont5t1 h[ev] absurd & nons5sical1 c be view$ z possible4 ,x is possible t ! moon might fall ^u ! e>? to-night2 = ! moon is a body sep>ate f ! e>?1 & may z well fall d[n ^u x z a /one ?r[n into ! air does4 ,x is possible t ! ,sultan may become ,pope2 =1 be+ a man1 he may be conv]t$ to ! ,*ri/ian fai?1 may become a ,ca?olic prie/1 & s on4 ,9 language l ?is ab\t possibilities1 x is *iefly ! law ( ! suffici5t gr\nd or reason :i* is manipulat$ 9 ! /yle already expla9$4 ,ev]y?+1 x is said1 is possible1 = :i* y c /ate "s gr\nd4 ,! less education a man has1 or1 9 o!r words1 ! less he kn[s ( ! specific connexions ( ! objects to :i* he directs 8 obs]vations1 ! great] is 8 t5d5cy to laun* out into all sorts ( empty possibilities4 ,an in/ance ( ?is habit 9 ! political sph]e is se5 9 ! pot-h\se politician4 ,9 practical life too x is no uncommon ?+ to see ill-w & indol5ce sl9k beh9d ! category ( possibility1 9 ord] to escape def9ite obligations4 ,to su* conduct ! same rem>ks apply z 7 made 9 connexion ) ! law ( suffici5t gr\nd4 ,reasonable & practical m5 refuse to be impos$ ^u by ! possible1 = ! simple gr\nd t x is possible only4 ,!y /ick to ! actual 7n mean+ by t ^w m]ely :atev] imm$iately is n[ & "h74 ,_m ( ! prov]bs ( common life express ! same contempt = :at is ab/ractly possible4 ',a bird 9 ! h& is wor? two 9 ! bu%4' ,aft] all !re is z good reason = tak+ ev]y?+ to be impossible1 z to be possible3 = e cont5t 7a cont5t is always concrete7 includes n only div]se b ev5 opposite *>act]i/ics4 ,no?+ is s impossible1 = in/ance1 z ?is1 t ,i am3 = ',i' is at ! same "t simple self-relation &1 z und\bt$ly1 relation to some?+ else4 ,! same may be se5 9 e o!r fact 9 ! natural or spiritual _w4 ,matt]1 x may be said1 is impossible3 = x is ! unity ( attraction & repulsion4 ,! same is true ( life1 law1 fre$om1 & above all1 ( ,god ,himself1 z ! true1 e4g4 ! triune ,god1--a notion ( ,god1 :i* ! ab/ract ',enlight5m5t' ( ,und]/&+1 9 con=mity ) its canons1 reject$ on ! allegation t x 0 contradictory 9 ?\ght4 ,g5]ally speak+1 x is ! empty und]/&+ :i* haunts ^! empty =ms3 & ! bus9ess ( philosophy 9 ! matt] is to %[ h[ null & mean+less !y are4 ,:e!r a ?+ is possible or impossible1 dep5ds altoge!r on ! subject-matt]3 t is1 on ! sum total ( ! elem5ts 9 actuality1 :i*1 z x op5s itself out1 discloses itself to be necessity4 #add4 77 ,b ! ,actual 9 its di/9ction f possibility 7:i* is reflection-into-self7 is itself only ! outw>d concrete1 ! uness5tial imm$iate4 ,9 o!r words1 to su* ext5t z ! actual is prim>ily 7 #adb7 ! simple m]ely imm$iate unity ( ,inw>d & ,outw>d1 x is obvi\sly made an uness5tial outw>d1 & ?us at ! same "t 7 #adj7 x is m]ely inw>d1 ! ab/raction ( reflection-into-self4 ,h5ce x is itself *>act]is$ z a m]ely possible4 ,:5 ?us valu$ at ! rate ( a m]e possibility1 ! actual is a ,cont+5t or ,accid5tal1 &1 conv]sely1 possibility is m]e ,accid5t itself or ,*ance4 #adf4 ,possibility & ,cont+5cy are ! two factors ( ,actuality1--,inw>d & ,outw>d1 put z m]e =ms :i* con/itute ! ext]nality ( ! actual4 ,!y h _! reflection-into-self on ! body ( actual fact1 or cont5t1 ) its intr9sic def9it5ess :i* gives ! ess5tial gr\nd ( _! *>act]isation4 ,! f9itude ( ! cont+5t & ! possible lies1 !re=e1 z we n[ see1 9 ! di/9ction ( ! =m-det]m9ation f ! cont5t3 &1 !re=e1 x dep5ds on ! cont5t alone :e!r any?+ is cont+5t & possible4 ,z possibility is ! m]e inside ( actuality1 x is = t reason a m]e outside actuality1 9 o!r words1 ,cont+5cy4 ,! cont+5t1 r\ghly speak+1 is :at has ! gr\nd ( its be+ n 9 itself b 9 some:at else4 ,su* is ! aspect "u :i* actuality fir/ comes be=e consci\sness1 & :i* is (t5 mi/ak5 = actuality itself4 ,b ! cont+5t is only "o side ( ! actual1--! side1 namely1 ( reflection on some:at else4 ,x is ! actual1 9 ! signification ( some?+ m]ely possible4 ,accord+ly we consid] ! cont+5t to be :at may or may n be1 :at may be 9 "o way or 9 ano!r1 ^: be+ or n-be+1 & ^: be+ on ?is wise or o!rwise1 dep5ds n ^u itself b on some?+ else4 ,to ov]come ?is cont+5cy is1 r\ghly speak+1 ! problem ( sci5ce on ! "o h&2 z 9 ! range ( practice1 on ! o!r1 ! end ( action is to rise above ! cont+5cy ( ! w1 or above caprice4 ,x has h[ev] (t5 happ5$1 mo/ ( all 9 mod]n times1 t cont+5cy has be5 unw>rantably elevat$1 & _h a value atta*$ to x1 bo? 9 nature & ! _w ( m9d1 to :i* x has no j claim4 ,frequ5tly ,nature--to take x fir/1--has be5 *iefly admir$ = ! ri*ness & v>iety ( its /ructures4 ,ap>t1 h[ev]1 f :at disclosure x conta9s ( ! ,idea1 ?is ri*ness gratifies none ( ! high] int]e/s ( reason1 & 9 its va/ v>iety ( /ructures1 organic & inorganic1 af=ds u only ! spectacle ( a cont+5cy los+ itself 9 vagu5ess4 ,at any rate1 ! *equ]$ sc5e pres5t$ by ! sev]al v>ieties ( animals & plants1 condition$ z x is by outw>d circum/ances1--! complex *anges 9 ! figuration & gr\p+ ( cl\ds1 & ! l1 ought n to be rank$ high] ?an ! equally casual fancies ( ! m9d :i* surr5d]s itself to its own caprices4 ,! wond]m5t ) :i* su* ph5om5a are welcom$ is a mo/ ab/ract frame ( m9d1 f :i* "o %\ld advance to a clos] insight into ! inn] h>mony & uni=mity ( nature4 ,( cont+5cy 9 respect ( ! ,w x is especially important to =m a prop] e/imate4 ,! ,fre$om ( ! ,w is an expression t (t5 means m]e free-*oice1 or ! w 9 ! =m ( cont+5cy4 ,fre$om ( *oice1 or ! capacity ( det]m9+ ourselves t[>ds "o ?+ or ano!r1 is und\bt$ly a vital elem5t 9 ! w 7:i* 9 its v notion is free72 b in/ead ( be+ fre$om itself1 x is only 9 ! fir/ in/ance a fre$om 9 =m4 ,! g5u9ely free w1 :i* includes free *oice z susp5d$1 is consci\s to itself t its cont5t is intr9sically firm & fa/1 & kn[s x at ! same "t to be ?or\ghly its own4 ,a w1 on ! contr>y1 :i* rema9s /&+ on ! grade ( option1 ev5 suppos+ x does decide 9 fav\r ( :at is 9 import "r & true1 is always haunt$ by ! conceit t x might1 if x _h s pleas$1 h decid$ 9 fav\r ( ! rev]se c\rse4 ,:5 m n>r[ly exam9$1 free *oice is se5 to be a contradiction1 to ?is ext5t t its =m & cont5t /& 9 anti!sis4 ,! matt] ( *oice is giv51 & kn[n z a cont5t dep5d5t n on ! w itself1'b on outw>d circum/ances4 ,9 ref]5ce to su* a giv5 cont5t1 fre$om lies only 9 ! =m ( *oos+1 :i*1 z x is only a fre$om 9 =m1 may consequ5tly be reg>d$ z fre$om only 9 supposition4 ,on an ultimate analysis x w be se5 t ! same outw>dness ( circum/ances1 on :i* is f\nd$ ! cont5t t ! w f9ds to its h&1 c alone acc\nt = ! w giv+ its decision = ! "o & n ! o!r ( ! two alt]natives4 ,al?\gh cont+5cy1 z x has ?us be5 %[n1 is only "o aspect 9 ! :ole ( actuality1 & !re=e n to be mi/ak5 = actuality itself1 x has no less ?an ! re/ ( ! =ms ( ! idea its due (fice 9 ! _w ( objects4 ,?is is1 9 ! fir/ place1 se5 9 ,nature4 ,on ! surface ( ,nature1 s to speak1 ,*ance ranges un*eck$1 & t cont+5cy mu/ simply be recognis$1 )\t ! pret5sion sometimes errone\sly ascrib$ to philosophy1 ( seek+ to f9d 9 x a c\ld-only-be-s-&-n-o!rwise4 ,nor is cont+5cy less visible 9 ! _w ( ,m9d4 ,! w1 z we h already rem>k$1 includes cont+5cy "u ! %ape ( option or free-*oice1 b only z a vani%+ & abrogat$ elem5t4 ,9 respect ( ,m9d & its works1 j z 9 ! case ( ,nature1 we mu/ gu>d aga9/ be+ s f> misl$ by a well-meant endeav\r aft] rational k1 z to try to exhibit ! necessity ( ph5om5a :i* are m>k$ by a decid$ cont+5cy1 or1 z ! phrase is1 to con/rue !m a priori4 ,?us 9 language 7al?\gh x be1 z x 71 ! body ( ?\ght7 ,*ance /ill unque/ionably plays a decid$ "p2 & ! same is true ( ! creations ( law1 ( art1 c4 ,! problem ( sci5ce1 & especially ( philosophy1 und\bt$ly consi/s 9 elicit+ ! necessity conceal$ "u ! semblance ( cont+5cy4 ,t h[ev] is f> f mean+ t ! cont+5t belongs to our subjective conception alone1 & mu/ !re=e be simply set aside1 if we wi% to get at ! tru?4 ,all sci5tific rese>*es :i* pursue ?is t5d5cy exclusively1 lay !mselves fairly op5 to ! *>ge ( m]e juggl]y & an ov]-/ra9$ precisianism4 #adf4 ,:5 m closely exam9$1 :at ! a=esaid outw>d side ( actuality implies is ?is4 ,cont+5cy1 :i* is actuality 9 its imm$iacy1 is ! self-id5tical1 ess5tially only z a supposition :i* is no soon] made ?an x is revok$ & leaves an exi/5t ext]nality4 ,9 ?is way1 ! ext]nal cont+5cy is some?+ pre-suppos$1 ! imm$iate exi/5ce ( :i* is at ! same "t a possibility1 & has ! vocation to be susp5d$1 to be ! possibility ( some?+ else4 ,n[ ?is possibility is ! ,condition4 ,! ,cont+5t1 z ! imm$iate actuality1 is at ! same "t ! possibility ( some:at else1--no long] h[ev] t ab/ract possibility :i* we _h at fir/1 b ! possibility :i* is4 ,& a possibility exi/5t is a ,condition4 ,by ! ,condition ( a ?+ we mean fir/1 an exi/5ce1 9 %ort an imm$iate1 & secondly ! vocation ( ?is imm$iate to be susp5d$ & subs]ve ! actualis+ ( some?+ else4--,imm$iate actuality is 9 g5]al z su* nev] :at x ought to be2 x is a f9ite actuality ) an inh]5t flaw1 & its vocation is to be consum$4 ,b ! o!r aspect ( actuality is its ess5tiality4 ,?is is prim>ily ! inside1 :i* z a m]e possibility is no less de/9$ to be susp5d$4 ,possibility ?us susp5d$ is ! issu+ ( a new actuality1 ( :i* ! fir/ imm$iate actuality 0 ! pre-supposition4 ,"h we see ! alt]nation :i* is involv$ 9 ! notion ( a ,condition4 ,! ,conditions ( a ?+ seem at fir/ sight to involve no bias anyway4 ,really h[ev] an imm$iate actuality ( ?is k9d includes 9 x ! g]m ( some?+ else altoge!r4 ,at fir/ ?is some?+ else is only a possibility3 b ! =m ( possibility is soon susp5d$ & translat$ into actuality4 ,?is new actuality ?us issu+ is ! v inside ( ! imm$iate actuality :i* x uses up4 ,?us !re comes into be+ q an o!r %ape ( ?+s1 & yet itis n an o!r3 = ! fir/ actuality is only put z :at x 9 ess5ce 04 ,! conditions :i* are sacrific$1 :i* fall to ! gr\nd & are sp5t1 only unite ) !mselves 9 ! o!r actuality4 ,su* 9 g5]al is ! nature ( ! process ( actuality4 ,! actual is no m]e case ( imm$iate ,be+1 b1 z ess5tial ,be+1 a susp5sion ( its own imm$iacy1 & !reby m$iat+ itself ) itself4 #adg4 77 ,:5 ?is ext]nality 7( actuality7 is ?us develop$ into a circle ( ! two categories ( possibility & imm$iate actuality1 %[+ ! int]m$iation ( ! "o by ! o!r1 x is :at is call$ ,real ,possibility4 ,be+ su* a circle1 fur!r1 x is ! totality1 & ?us ! cont5t1 ! actual fact or affair 9 its all-r\nd def9it5ess4 ,:il/ 9 l mann]1 if we look at ! di/9ction betwe5 ! two *>act]i/ics 9 ?is unity1 x realises ! concrete totality ( ! =m1 ! imm$iate self-translation ( inn] into out]1 & ( out] into inn]4 ,?is self-movem5t ( ! =m is ,activity1 c>ry+ into effect ! fact or affair z a real gr\nd :i* is self-susp5d$ to actuality1 & c>ry+ into effect ! cont+5t actuality1 ! conditions2 i4e4 x is _! reflection-9-self1 & _! self-susp5sion to an o!r actuality1 ! actuality ( ! actual fact4 ,if all ! conditions are at h&1 ! fact 7ev5t7 mu/ be actual2 & ! fact itself is "o ( ! conditions3 = be+ 9 ! fir/ place only inn]1 x is at fir/ itself only pre-suppos$4 ,develop$ actuality1 z ! co9cid5t alt]nation ( inn] & out]1 ! alt]nation ( _! opposite motions comb9$ into a s+le motion1 is ,necessity4 ,necessity has be5 def9$1 & rightly s1 z ! union ( possibility & actuality4 ,?is mode ( expression1 h[ev]1 gives a sup]ficial & !re=e un9telligible description ( ! v difficult notion ( necessity4 ,x is difficult because x is ! notion itself1 only t its /ages or factors are /ill z actualities1 :i* are yet at ! same "t to be view$ z =ms only1 collaps+ & transi5t4 ,9 ! two foll[+ p>agraphs !re=e an exposition ( ! factors :i* con/itute necessity mu/ be giv5 at great] l5g?4 99 99 99 99 99 ,:5 any?+ is said to be necess>y1 ! fir/ "q we ask is1 ,:y8 ,any?+ necess>y accord+ly comes be=e u z some?+ due to a supposition1 ! result ( c]ta9 antec$5ts4 ,if we g no fur!r ?an m]e d]ivation f antec$5ts h[ev]1 we h n ga9$ a complete notion ( :at necessity means4 ,:at is m]ely d]ivative1 is :at x is1 n ?r\gh itself1 b ?r\gh some?+ else2 & 9 ?is way x too is m]ely cont+5t4 ,:at is necess>y1 on ! o!r h&1 we w\ld h be :at x is ?r\gh itself2 & ?us1 al?\gh d]ivative1 x mu/ /ill conta9 ! antec$5t :5ce x is d]iv$ z a vani%+ elem5t 9 itself4 ,h5ce we say ( :at is necess>y1 ',x is4' ,we ?us hold x to be simple self-relation1 9 :i* all dep5d5ce on some?+ else is remov$4 ,necessity is (t5 said to be bl9d4 ,if t means t 9 ! process ( necessity ! ,end or f9al cause is n explicitly & ov]tly pres5t1 ! /atem5t is correct4 ,! process ( necessity beg9s ) ! exi/5ce ( scatt]$ circum/ances :i* appe> to h no int]-connexion & no conc]n "o ) ano!r4 ,^! circum/ances are an imm$iate actuality :i* collapses1 & out ( ?is negation a new actuality proce$s4 ,"h we h a cont5t :i* 9 po9t ( =m is d\bl$1 once z cont5t ( ! f9al realis$ fact1 & once z cont5t ( ! scatt]$ circum/ances :i* appe> z if !y 7 positive1 & make !mselves at fir/ felt 9 t "*4 ,! latt] cont5t is 9 itself n\ght & is accord+ly inv]t$ into its negative1 ?us becom+ cont5t ( ! realis$ fact4 ,! imm$iate circum/ances fall to ! gr\nd z conditions1 b are at ! same "t reta9$ z cont5t ( ! ultimate reality4 ,f su* circum/ances & conditions !re has1 z we say1 proce$$ q ano!r ?+1 & x is = t reason t we call ?is process ( necessity bl9d4 ,if on ! contr>y we consid] teleological action1 we h 9 ! end ( action a cont5t :i* is already =e-kn[n4 ,?is activity !re=e is n bl9d b see+4 ,to say t ! _w is rul$ by ,provid5ce implies t design1 z :at has be5 absolutely pre-det]m9$1 is ! active pr9ciple1 s t ! issue corresponds to :at has be5 =e-kn[n & =e-will$4 ,! !ory h[ev] :i* reg>ds ! _w z det]m9$ ?r\gh necessity & ! belief 9 a div9e provid5ce are by no means mutually exclud+ po9ts ( view4 ,! intellectual pr9ciple und]ly+ ! idea ( div9e provid5ce w h]eaft] be %[n to be ! notion4 ,b ! notion is ! tru? ( necessity1 :i* x conta9s 9 susp5sion 9 itself2 j z1 conv]sely1 necessity is ! notion implicit4 ,necessity is bl9d only s long z x is n und]/ood4 ,!re is no?+ !re=e m mi/ak5 ?an ! *>ge ( bl9d fatalism made aga9/ ! ,philosophy ( ,hi/ory1 :5 x takes = its problem to und]/& ! necessity ( e ev5t4 ,! philosophy ( hi/ory rightly und]/ood takes ! rank ( a ,?odice2 & ^?1 :o fancy !y hon\r ,div9e ,provid5ce by exclud+ necessity f x1 are really degrad+ x by ?is exclusiv5ess to a bl9d & irrational caprice4 ,9 ! simple language ( ! religi\s m9d :i* speaks ( ,god's et]nal & immutable decrees1 !re is impli$ an express recognition t necessity =ms "p ( ! ess5ce ( ,god4 ,9 8 diff]5ce f ,god1 man1 ) 8 own private op9ion & w1 foll[s ! call ( caprice & arbitr>y hum\r1 & ?us (t5 f9ds 8 acts turn out some?+ q diff]5t f :at he _h meant & will$4 ,b ,god kn[s :at ,he wills1 is det]m9$ 9 ,8 et]nal w nei!r by accid5t f )9 nor f )\t1 & :at ,he wills ,he also accompli%es1 irresi/ibly4 ,necessity gives a po9t ( view :i* has important be>+s ^u our s5tim5ts & behavi\r4 ,:5 we look ^u ev5ts z necess>y1 our situation seems at fir/ sight to lack fre$om completely4 ,9 ! cre$ ( ! anci5ts1 z we "k1 necessity figur$ z ,de/9y4 ,! mod]n po9t ( view1 on ! contr>y1 is t ( ,consolation4 ,& ,consolation means t1 if we r5\nce our aims & int]e/s1 we d s only 9 prospect ( receiv+ comp5sation4 ,de/9y1 on ! contr>y1 leaves no room = ,consolation4 ,b a close exam9ation ( ! anci5t feel+ ab\t de/9y1 w n by any means reveal a s5se ( bondage to its p[]4 ,r ! rev]se4 ,?is w cle>ly appe>1 if we rememb]1 t ! s5se ( bondage spr+s f inability to surm\nt ! anti!sis1 & f look+ at :at is1 & :at happ5s1 z contradictory to :at ought to be & happ54 ,9 ! anci5t m9d ! feel+ 0 m ( ! foll[+ k9d3 ,because su* a ?+ is1 x is1 & z x is1 s ought x to be4 ,"h !re is no contra/ to be se51 & !re=e no s5se ( bondage1 no pa91 & no sorr[4 ,true1 inde$1 z already rem>k$1 ?is attitude t[>ds de/9y is void ( consolation4 ,b !n1 on ! o!r h&1 x is a frame ( m9d :i* does n ne$ consolation1 s long z p]sonal subjectivity has n acquir$ its inf9ite significance4 ,x is ?is po9t on :i* special /ress %\ld be laid 9 comp>+ ! anci5t s5tim5t ) t ( ! mod]n & ,*ri/ian _w4 ,by ,subjectivity1 h[ev]1 we may und]/&1 9 ! fir/ place1 only ! natural & f9ite subjectivity1 ) its cont+5t & arbitr>y cont5t ( private int]e/s & incl9ations1--all1 9 %ort1 t we call p]son z di/+ui%$ f ?+3 tak+ '?+' 9 ! emphatic s5se ( ! ^w 79 :i* we use ! 7correct7 expression t x is a "q ( ?+s & n ( p]sons74 ,9 ?is s5se ( sub-activity we _c help admir+ ! tranquil resignation ( ! anci5ts to de/9y1 & feel+ t x is a mu* high] & wor?i] mood ?an t ( ! mod]ns1 :o ob/9ately pursue _! subjective aims1 & :5 !y f9d !mselves con/ra9$ to resign ! hope ( rea*+ !m1 console !mselves ) ! prospect ( a rew>d 9 "s o!r %ape4 ,b ! t]m subjectivity is n to be conf9$ m]ely to ! bad & f9ite k9d ( x :i* is contra/$ ) ! ?+ 7fact74 ,9 its tru? subjectivity is imman5t 9 ! fact1 & z a subjectivity ?us inf9ite is ! v tru? ( ! fact4 ,?us reg>d$1 ! doctr9e ( consolation receives a new] & a high] significance4 ,x is 9 ?is s5se t ! ,*ri/ian religion is to be reg>d$ z ! religion ( consolation1 & ev5 ( absolute consolation4 ,*ri/ianity1 we "k1 tea*es t ,god wi%es all m5 to be sav$4 ,t tea*+ decl>es t subjectivity has an inf9ite value4 ,& t consol+ p[] ( ,*ri/ianity j lies 9 ! fact t ,god ,himself is 9 x kn[n z ! absolute subjectivity1 s t1 inasmu* z subjectivity involves ! elem5t ( p>ticul>ity1 our p>ticul> p]sonality too is recognis$ n m]ely z some?+ to be solely & simply nullifi$1 b z at ! same "t some?+ to be pres]v$4 ,! gods ( ! anci5t _w 7 also1 x is true1 look$ ^u z p]sonal2 b ! p]sonality ( a ,zeus & an ,apollo is n a real p]sonality3 x is only a figure 9 ! m9d4 ,9 o!r words1 ^! gods are m]e p]sonifications1 :i*1 be+ su*1 d n "k !mselves1 & are only kn[n4 ,an evid5ce ( ?is defect & ?is p[]lessness ( ! old gods is f\nd ev5 9 ! religi\s beliefs ( antiquity4 ,9 ! anci5t cre$s n only m51 b ev5 gods1 7 repres5t$ z subject to de/9y 7 or 71 a de/9y :i* we mu/ conceive z necessity n unveil$1 & ?us z some?+ :olly imp]sonal1 selfless1 & bl9d4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! ,*ri/ian ,god is ,god n kn[n m]ely1 b also self-kn[+2 ,he is a p]sonality n m]ely figur$ 9 our m9ds1 b r absolutely actual4 ,we mu/ ref] to ! ,philosophy ( ,religion = a fur!r discussion ( ! po9ts "h t\*$4 ,b we may note 9 pass+ h[ important x is = any man to meet ev]y?+ t befalls him ) ! _s ( ! old prov]b :i* describes ea* man z ! ar*itect ( 8 own =tune4 ,t means t x is only himself aft] all ( :i* a man has ! usufruct4 ,! o!r way w\ld be to lay ! blame ( :atev] we exp]i5ce ^u o!r m51 ^u unfav\rable circum/ances1 & ! l4 ,& ?is is a fre% example ( ! language ( unfre$om1 & at ! same "t ! spr+ ( discont5t4 ,if man saw1 on ! contr>y1 t :atev] happ5s to him is only ! outcome ( himself1 & t he only be>s 8 own guilt1 he w\ld /& free1 & 9 ev]y?+ t came ^u him w\ld h ! consci\sness t he suff]$ no wrong4 ,a man :o lives 9 dispeace ) himself & 8 lot1 commits mu* t is p]v]se & amiss1 = no o!r reason ?an because ( ! false op9ion t he is wrong$ by o!rs4 ,no d\bt too !re is a great deal ( *ance 9 :at befalls u4 ,b ! *ance has its root 9 ! 'natural' man4 ,s long h[ev] z a man is o!rwise consci\s t he is free1 8 h>mony ( s\l & peace ( m9d w n be de/roy$ by ! disagreeables t befall him4 ,x is _! view ( necessity1 !re=e1 :i* is at ! root ( ! cont5t & discont5t ( m51 & :i* 9 t way det]m9es _! de/9y itself4 #adh4 ,among ! ?ree elem5ts 9 ! process ( necessity--! ,condition1 ! ,fact1 & ! ,activity-- a4 ,! ,condition is 77 :at is pre-suppos$ or ante-/at$1 e4g4 x is n only suppos$ or /at$1 & s only a correlative to ! fact1 b also prior1 & s indep5d5t1 a cont+5t & ext]nal circum/ance :i* exi/s )\t respect to ! fact4 ,:ile ?us cont+5t1 h[ev]1 ?is pre-suppos$ or ante-/at$ t]m1 9 respect )al ( ! fact1 :i* is ! totality1 is a complete circle ( conditions1 77 ,! conditions are passive1 are us$ z mat]ials = ! fact1 into ! cont5t ( :i* !y ?us ent]4 ,!y are likewise intr9sically con=mable to ?is cont5t1 & already conta9 its :ole *>act]i/ic4 b4 ,! ,fact is also 77 some?+ pre-suppos$ or ante-/at$1 i4e4 x is at fir/1 & z suppos$1 only inn] & possible1 & also1 be+ prior1 an indep5d5t cont5t by itself1 77 ,by us+ up ! conditions1 x receives its ext]nal exi/5ce1 ! realisation ( ! articles ( its cont5t1 :i* reciprocally correspond to ! conditions1 s t :il/ x pres5ts itself out ( ^! z ! fact1 x also proce$s f !m4 c4 ,! ,activity simil>ly has 77 an indep5d5t exi/5ce ( its own 7z a man1 a "*71 & at ! same "t x is possible only :]e ! conditions are & ! fact1 77 ,x is ! movem5t :i* translates ! conditions into fact1 & ! latt] into ! =m] z ! side ( exi/5ce1 or r ! movem5t :i* educes ! fact f ! conditions 9 :i* x is pot5tially pres5t1 & :i* gives exi/5ce to ! fact by aboli%+ ! exi/5ce possess$ by ! conditions4 ,9 s f> z ^! ?ree elem5ts /& to ea* o!r 9 ! %ape ( indep5d5t exi/5ces1 ?is process has ! aspect ( an outw>d necessity4 ,outw>d necessity has a limit$ cont5t = its fact4 ,= ! fact is ?is :ole1 9 phase ( s+l5ess4 ,b s9ce 9 its =m ?is :ole is ext]nal to itself1 x is self-ext]nalis$ ev5 9 its own self & 9 its cont5t1 & ?is ext]nality1 atta*+ to ! fact1 is a limit ( its cont5t4 #adi4 ,necessity1 !n1 is pot5tially ! "o ess5ce1 self-same b n[ full ( cont5t1 9 ! reflect$ light ( :i* its di/9ctions take ! =m ( indep5d5t realities4 ,?is self-sam5ess is at ! same "t1 z absolute =m1 ! activity :i* r$uces into dep5d5cy & m$iates into imm$iacy4--,:atev] is necess>y is ?r\gh an o!r1 :i* is brok5 up into ! m$iat+ gr\nd 7! ,fact & ! ,activity7 & an imm$iate actuality or accid5tal circum/ance1 :i* is at ! same "t a ,condition4 ,! necess>y1 be+ ?r\gh an o!r1 is n 9 & = itself3 hypo!tical1 x is a m]e result ( assumption4 ,b ?is int]m$iation is j z imm$iately h[ev] ! abrogation ( itself4 ,! gr\nd & cont+5t condition is translat$ into imm$iacy1 by :i* t dep5d5cy is n[ lift$ up into actuality1 & ! fact has clos$ ) itself4 ,9 ?is return to itself ! necess>y simply & positively is1 z uncondition$ actuality4 ,! necess>y is s1 m$iat$ ?r\gh a circle ( circum/ances3 x is s1 because ! circum/ances are s1 & at ! same "t x is s1 unm$iat$3 x is s1 because x is4 7a7 ,relation%ip ( ,sub/antiality4 #aej4 ,! necess>y is 9 itself an absolute correlation ( elem5ts1 i4e4 ! process develop$ 79 ! prec$+ p>agraphs71 9 :i* ! correlation also susp5ds itself to absolute id5tity4 ,9 its imm$iate =m x is ! relation%ip ( ,sub/ance & ,accid5t4 ,! absolute self-id5tity ( ?is relation%ip is ,sub/ance z su*1 :i* z necessity gives ! negative to ?is =m ( inw>dness1 & ?us inve/s itself ) actuality1 b :i* also gives ! negative to ?is outw>d ?+4 ,9 ?is negativity1 ! actual1 z imm$iate1 is only an accid5tal :i* ?r\gh ?is b>e possibility passes ov] into ano!r actuality4 ,?is transition is ! id5tity ( sub/ance1 reg>d$ z =m-activity 7 #adh1 #adi74 #aea4 ,sub/ance is accord+ly ! totality ( ! ,accid5ts1 reveal+ itself 9 !m z _! absolute negativity1 7t is to say1 z absolute p[]17 & at ! same "t z ! weal? ( all cont5t4 ,?is cont5t h[ev] is no?+ b t v revelation1 s9ce ! "* 7be+ reflect$ 9 itself to make cont5t7 is only a pass+ /age ( ! =m :i* passes away 9 ! p[] ( sub/ance4 ,sub/antiality is ! absolute =m-activity & ! p[] ( necessity3 all cont5t is b a vani%+ elem5t :i* m]ely belongs to ?is process1 :]e !re is an absolute revulsion ( =m & cont5t into "o ano!r4 99 99 99 99 99 ,9 ! hi/ory ( philosophy we meet ) ,sub/ance z ! pr9ciple ( ,sp9oza's sy/em4 ,on ! import & value ( t mu*-prais$ & no less decri$ philosophy !re has be5 great misund]/&+ & a deal ( talk+ s9ce ! days ( ,sp9oza4 ,! a!ism &1 z a fur!r *>ge1 ! pan!ism ( ! sy/em has =m$ ! commone/ gr\nd ( accusation4 ,^! cries arise because ( ,sp9oza's conception ( ,god z sub/ance1 & sub/ance only4 ,:at we are to ?9k ( ?is *>ge foll[s1 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 f ! place :i* sub/ance takes 9 ! sy/em ( ! logical idea4 ,?\gh an ess5tial /age 9 ! evolution ( ! idea1 sub/ance is n ! same ) absolute ,idea1 b ! idea "u ! /ill limit$ =m ( necessity4 ,x is true t ,god is necessity1 or1 z we may also put x1 t ,he is ! absolute ,?+3 ,he is h[ev] no less ! absolute ,p]son4 ,t ,he is ! absolute ,p]son h[ev] is a po9t :i* ! philosophy ( ,sp9oza nev] rea*$3 & on t side x falls %ort ( ! true notion ( ,god :i* =ms ! cont5t ( religi\s consci\sness 9 ,*ri/ianity4 ,sp9oza 0 by desc5t a ,jew2 & x is ^u ! :ole ! ,ori5tal way ( see+ ?+s1 accord+ to :i* ! nature ( ! f9ite _w seems frail & transi5t1 t has f\nd its intellectual expression 9 8 sy/em4 ,?is ,ori5tal view ( ! unity ( sub/ance c]ta9ly gives ! basis = all real fur!r developm5t4 ,/ill x is n ! f9al idea4 ,x is m>k$ by ! abs5ce ( ! pr9ciple ( ! ,we/]n ,_w1 ! pr9ciple ( individuality1 :i* fir/ appe>$ "u a philosophic %ape1 contemporane\sly ) ,sp9oza1 9 ! ,monadology ( ,leibnitz4 ,f ?is po9t we glance back to ! alleg$ a!ism ( ,sp9oza4 ,! *>ge w be se5 to be unf\nd$ if we rememb] t 8 sy/em1 in/ead ( d5y+ ,god1 r recognises t ,he alone really is4 ,nor c x be ma9ta9$ t ! ,god ( ,sp9oza1 al?\gh he is describ$ z alone true1 is n ! true ,god1 & !re=e z good z no ,god4 ,if t 7 a j *>ge1 x w\ld only prove t all o!r sy/ems1 :]e speculation has n gone beyond a subord9ate /age ( ! idea1--t ! ,jews & ,mohamm$ans :o "k ,god only z ! ,"l1--& t ev5 ! _m ,*ri/ians = :om ,god is m]ely ! mo/ high1 unkn[able1 & transc5d5t be+1 are z mu* a!i/s z ,sp9oza4 ,! s-call$ a!ism ( ,sp9oza is m]ely an exagg]ation ( ! fact t he defrauds ! pr9ciple ( diff]5ce or f9itude ( its due4 ,h5ce 8 sy/em1 z x holds t !re is prop]ly speak+ no _w1 at any rate t ! _w has no positive be+1 %\ld r be /yl$ ,acosmism1 ,^! consid]ations w also %[ :at is to be said ( ! *>ge ( ,pan!ism4 ,if ,pan!ism means1 z x (t5 does1 ! doctr9e :i* takes f9ite ?+s 9 _! f9itude & 9 ! complex ( !m to be ,god1 we mu/ acquit ! sy/em ( ,sp9oza ( ! crime ( ,pan!ism4 ,= 9 t sy/em1 f9ite ?+s & ! _w z a :ole are d5i$ all tru?4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! philosophy :i* is ,acosmism is = t reason c]ta9ly pan!i/ic4 ,! %ortcom+ ?us ackn[l$g$ to atta* to ! cont5t turns out at ! same "t to be a %ortcom+ 9 respect ( =m4 ,sp9oza puts sub/ance at ! head ( 8 sy/em1 & def9es x to be ! unity ( ?\ght & ext5sion1 )\t demon/rat+ h[ he gets to ?is di/9ction1 or h[ he traces x back to ! unity ( sub/ance4 ,! fur!r treatm5t ( ! subject proce$s 9 :at is call$ ! ma!matical me?od4 ,def9itions & axioms are fir/ laid d[n3 aft] !m comes a s]ies ( !orems1 :i* are prov$ by an analytical r$uction ( !m to ^! unprov$ po/ulates4 ,al?\gh ! sy/em ( ,sp9oza1 & t ev5 by ^? :o altoge!r reject its cont5ts & results1 is prais$ = ! /rict sequ5ce ( its me?od1 su* unqualifi$ praise ( ! =m is z little ju/ifi$ z an unqualifi$ rejection ( ! cont5t4 ,! defect ( ! cont5t is t ! =m is n kn[n z imman5t 9 x1 & !re=e only approa*es x z an out] & subjective =m4 ,z intuitively accept$ by ,sp9oza )\t a previ\s m$iation by dialectic1 ,sub/ance1 z ! univ]sal negative p[]1 is z x 7 a d>k %apeless abyss :i* engulfs all def9ite cont5t z radically null1 & produces f itself no?+ t has a positive subsi/5ce ( its own4 #aeb4 ,at ! /age1 :]e sub/ance1 z absolute p[]1 is ! self-relat+ p[] 7itself a m]ely inn] possibility7 :i* ?us det]m9es itself to accid5tality1--f :i* p[] ! ext]nality x !reby creates is di/+ui%$--necessity is a correlation /rictly s call$1 j z 9 ! fir/ =m ( necessity1 x is sub/ance4 ,?is is ! correlation ( ,causality4 7b7 ,relation%ip ( ,causality4 #aec4 ,sub/ance is ,cause1 9 s f> z sub/ance reflects into self z aga9/ its passage into accid5tality & s /&s z ! prim>y fact1 b aga9 no less susp5ds ?is reflection-into-self 7its b>e possibility71 lays itself d[n z ! negative ( itself1 & ?us produces an ,effect1 an actuality1 :i*1 ?\gh s f> only assum$ z a sequ5ce1 is ?r\gh ! process t effectuates x at ! same "t necess>y4 ,z prim>y fact1 ! cause is qualifi$ z hav+ absolute indep5d5ce & a subsi/5ce ma9ta9$ 9 face ( ! effect3 b 9 ! necessity1 ^: id5tity con/itutes t prim>9ess itself1 x is :olly pass$ into ! effect4 ,s f> aga9 z we c speak ( a def9ite cont5t1 !re is no cont5t 9 ! effect t is n 9 ! cause4 ,t id5tity 9 fact is ! absolute cont5t itself3 b x is no less also ! =m-*>act]i/ic4 ,! prim>9ess ( ! cause is susp5d$ 9 ! effect 9 :i* ! cause makes itself a dep5d5t be+4 ,! cause h[ev] does n = t reason vani% & leave ! effect to be alone actual4 ,= ?is dep5d5cy is 9 l mann] directly susp5d$1 & is r ! reflection ( ! cause 9 itself1 its prim>9ess3 9 %ort1 x is 9 ! effect t ! cause fir/ becomes actual & a cause4 ,! cause consequ5tly is 9 its full tru? causa sui4--,jacobi1 /ick+ to ! p>tial conception ( m$iation 79 8 ,lett]s on ,sp9oza1 second edit4 p4 #daf71 has treat$ ! causa sui 7& ! effectus sui is ! same71 :i* is ! absolute tru? ( ! cause1 z a m]e =malism4 ,he has also made ! rem>k t ,god ought to be def9$ n z ! gr\nd ( ?+s1 b ess5tially z cause4 ,a m ?or\gh consid]ation ( ! nature ( cause w\ld h %[n t ,jacobi did n by ?is means ga9 :at he int5d$4 ,ev5 9 ! f9ite cause & its conception we c see ?is id5tity betwe5 cause & effect 9 po9t ( cont5t4 ,! ra9 7! cause7 & ! wet 7! effect7 are ! self-same exi/+ wat]4 ,9 po9t ( =m ! cause 7ra97 is dissipat$ or lo/ 9 ! effect 7wet73 b 9 t case ! result c no long] be describ$ z effect2 = )\t ! cause x is no?+1 & we %\ld h only ! unrelat$ wet left4 ,9 ! common acceptation ( ! causal relation ! cause is f9ite1 to su* ext5t z its cont5t is s 7z is also ! case ) f9ite sub/ance71 & s f> z cause & effect are conceiv$ z two sev]al indep5d5t exi/5ces2 :i* !y are1 h[ev]1 only :5 we leave ! causal relation out ( sight4 ,9 ! f9ite sph]e we nev] get ov] ! diff]5ce ( ! =m-*>act]i/ics 9 _! relation3 & h5ce we turn ! matt] r\nd & def9e ! cause also z some?+ dep5d5t or z an effect4 ,?is aga9 has ano!r cause1 & ?us !re gr[s up a progress f effects to causes ad inf9itum4 ,!re is a desc5d+ progress too3 ! effect1 look$ at 9 its id5tity ) ! cause1 is itself def9$ z a cause1 & at ! same "t z ano!r cause1 :i* aga9 has o!r effects1 & s on = ev]4 ,! way und]/&+ bri/les up aga9/ ! idea ( sub/ance is equall$ by its read9ess to use ! relation ( cause & effect4 ,:5ev] x is propos$ to view any sum ( fact z necess>y1 x is especially ! relation ( causality to :i* ! reflective und]/&+ makes a po9t ( trac+ x back4 ,n[1 al?\gh ?is relation does und\bt$ly belong to necessity1 x =ms only "o aspect 9 ! process ( t category4 ,t process equally requires ! susp5sion ( ! m$iation involv$ 9 causality & ! exhibition ( x z simple self-relation4 ,if we /ick to causality z su*1 we h x n 9 its tru?4 ,su* a causality is m]ely f9ite1 & its f9itude lies 9 reta9+ ! di/9ction betwe5 cause & effect unassimilat$4 ,b ^! two t]ms1 if !y are di/9ct1 are also id5tical4 ,ev5 9 ord9>y consci\sness t id5tity may be f\nd4 ,we say t a cause is a cause1 only :5 x has an effect1 & vice v]s4 ,bo? cause & effect are ?us "o & ! same cont5t3 & ! di/9ction betwe5 !m is prim>ily only t ! "o lays d[n1 & ! o!r is laid d[n4 ,?is =mal diff]5ce h[ev] aga9 susp5ds itself1 because ! cause is n only a cause ( some?+ else1 b also a cause ( itself2 :ile ! effect is n only an effect ( some?+ else1 b also an effect ( itself4 ,! f9itude ( ?+s consi/s accord+ly 9 ?is4 ,:ile cause & effect are 9 _! notion id5tical1 ! two =ms pres5t !mselves sev]$ s t1 ?\gh ! cause is also an effect1 & ! effect also a cause1 ! cause is n an effect 9 ! same connexion z x is a cause1 nor ! effect a cause 9 ! same connexion z x is an effect4 ,?is aga9 gives ! inf9ite progress1 9 ! %ape ( an endless s]ies ( causes1 :i* %[s itself at ! same "t z an endless s]ies ( effects4 #aed4 ,! effect is diff]5t f ! cause4 ,! =m] z su* has a be+ dep5d5t on ! latt]4 ,b su* a dep5d5ce is likewise reflection-into-self & imm$iacy3 & ! action ( ! cause1 z x con/itutes ! effect1 is at ! same "t ! pre-con/itution ( ! effect1 s long z effect is kept sep>ate f cause4 ,!re is ?us already 9 exi/5ce ano!r sub/ance on :i* ! effect takes place4 ,z imm$iate1 ?is sub/ance is n a self-relat$ negativity & active1 b passive4 ,yet x is a sub/ance1 & x is !re=e active also3 x !re=e susp5ds ! imm$iacy x 0 orig9ally put =w>d )1 & ! effect :i* 0 put into x3 x reacts1 e4g4 susp5ds ! activity ( ! fir/ sub/ance4 ,b ?is fir/ sub/ance also 9 ! same way sets aside its own imm$iacy1 or ! effect :i* is put into x2 x ?us susp5ds ! activity ( ! o!r sub/ance & reacts4 ,9 ?is mann] causality passes into ! relation ( ,action & ,reaction1 or ,reciprocity4 ,9 ,reciprocity1 al?\gh causality is n yet inve/$ ) its true *>act]i/ic1 ! rectil9e> movem5t out f causes to effects1 & f effects to causes1 is b5t r\nd & back into itself1 & ?us ! progress ad inf9itum ( causes & effects is1 z a progress1 really & truly susp5d$4 ,?is b5d1 :i* trans=ms1 ! inf9ite progression into a self-conta9$ relation%ip1 is "h z always ! pla9 reflection t 9 ! above mean+less repetition !re is only "o & ! same ?+1 viz4 "o cause & ano!r1 & _! connexion ) "o ano!r4 ,reciprocity--:i* is ! developm5t ( ?is relation-itself h[ev] only di/+ui%es turn & turn ab\t 7--n causes1 b7 factors ( causation1 9 ea* ( :i*--j because !y are insep>able 7on ! pr9ciple ( ! id5tity t ! cause is cause 9 ! effect1 & vice v]s7--! o!r factor is also equally suppos$4 7c7 ,reciprocity or ,action & ,reaction4 #aee4 ,! *>act]i/ics :i* 9 ,reciprocal ,action are reta9$ z di/9ct are 77 pot5tially ! same4 ,! "o side is a cause1 is prim>y1 active1 passive1 c1 j z ! o!r is4 ,simil>ly ! pre-supposition ( ano!r side & ! action ^u x1 ! imm$iate prim>9ess & ! dep5d5ce produc$ by ! alt]nation1 are "o & ! same on bo? sides4 ,! cause assum$ to be fir/ is on acc\nt ( its imm$iacy passive1 a dep5d5t be+1 & an effect4 ,! di/9ction ( ! causes spok5 ( z two is accord+ly void3 & prop]ly speak+ !re is only "o cause1 :i*1 :ile x susp5ds itself 7z sub/ance7 9 its effect1 also rises 9 ?is op]ation only to indep5d5t exi/5ce z a cause4 #aef4 ,b ?is unity ( ! d\ble cause is also 77 actual4 ,all ?is alt]nation is prop]ly ! cause 9 act ( con/itut+ itself & 9 su* con/itution lies its be+4 ,! nullity ( ! di/9ctions is n only pot5tial1 or a reflection ( ours 7 #aee74 ,reciprocal action j means t ea* *>act]i/ic we impose is also to be susp5d$ & inv]t$ into its opposite1 & t 9 ?is way ! ess5tial nullity ( ! 'mom5ts' is explicitly /at$4 ,an effect is introduc$ into ! prim>9ess2 9 o!r words1 ! prim>9ess is aboli%$3 ! action ( a cause becomes reaction1 & s on4 ,reciprocal action realises ! causal relation 9 its complete developm5t4 ,x is ?is relation1 !re=e1 9 :i* reflection usually takes %elt] :5 ! conviction gr[s t ?+s c no long] be /udi$ satisfactorily f a causal po9t ( view1 on acc\nt ( ! inf9ite progress already spok5 (4 ,?us 9 hi/orical rese>* ! "q may be rais$ 9 a fir/ =m1 :e!r ! "* & mann]s ( a nation are ! cause ( its con/itution & its laws1 or if !y are n r ! effect4 ,!n1 z ! second /ep1 ! "* & mann]s on "o side & ! con/itution & laws on ! o!r are conceiv$ on ! pr9ciple ( reciprocity3 & 9 t case ! cause 9 ! same connexion z x is a cause w at ! same "t be an effect1 & vice v]s4 ,! same ?+ is done 9 ! /udy ( ,nature1 & especially ( liv+ organisms4 ,!re ! sev]al organs & functions are simil>ly se5 to /& to ea* o!r 9 ! relation ( reciprocity4 ,reciprocity is und\bt$ly ! proximate tru? ( ! relation ( cause & effect1 & /&s1 s to say1 on ! ?re%old ( ! notion2 b on t v gr\nd1 suppos+ t our aim is a ?or\ghly compreh5sive idea1 we %\ld n re/ cont5t ) apply+ ?is relation4 ,if we get no fur!r ?an /udy+ a giv5 cont5t "u ! po9t ( view ( reciprocity1 we are tak+ up an attitude :i* leaves matt]s utt]ly incompreh5sible4 ,we are left ) a m]e dry fact2 & ! call = m$iation1 :i* is ! *ief motive 9 apply+ ! relation ( causality1 is /ill unansw]$4 ,& x we look m n>r[ly into ! dissatisfaction felt 9 apply+ ! relation ( reciprocity1 we %all see t x consi/s 9 ! circum/ance1 t ?is relation1 in/ead ( be+ treat$ z an equival5t = ! notion1 ought1 fir/ ( all1 to be kn[n & und]/ood 9 its own nature4 ,& to und]/& ! relation ( action & reaction we mu/ n let ! two sides re/ 9 _! /ate ( m]e giv5 facts1 b recognise !m1 z has be5 %[n 9 ! two p>agraphs prec$+1 = factors ( a ?ird & high]1 :i* is ! notion & no?+ else4 ,to make1 = example1 ! mann]s ( ! ,sp>tans ! cause ( _! con/itution & _! con/itution conv]sely ! cause ( _! mann]s1 may no d\bt be 9 a way correct4 ,b1 z we h compreh5d$ nei!r ! mann]s nor ! con/itution ( ! nation1 ! result ( su* reflections c nev] be f9al or satisfactory4 ,! satisfactory po9t w be rea*$ only :5 ^! two1 z well z all o!r1 special aspects ( ,sp>tan life & ,sp>tan hi/ory are se5 to be f\nd$ 9 ?is notion4 #aeg4 ,?is pure self-reciprocation is !re=e ,necessity unveil$ or realis$4 ,! l9k ( necessity qu necessity is id5tity1 z /ill inw>d & conceal$1 because x is ! id5tity ( :at are e/eem$ actual ?+s1 al?\gh _! v self-subsi/5ce is b\nd to be necessity4 ,! circulation ( sub/ance ?r\gh causality & reciprocity !re=e only expressly makes out or /ates t self-subsi/5ce is ! inf9ite negative self-relation--a relation negative1 9 g5]al1 = 9 x ! act ( di/+ui%+ & int]m$iat+ becomes a prim>9ess ( actual ?+s indep5d5t "o aga9/ ! o!r1--& inf9ite self-relation1 because _! indep5d5ce only lies 9 _! id5tity4 #aeh4 ,?is tru? ( necessity1 !re=e1 is ,fre$om3 & ! tru? ( sub/ance is ! ,notion1--an indep5d5ce :i*1 ?\gh self-repulsive into di/9ct indep5d5t elem5ts1 yet 9 t repulsion is self-id5tical1 & 9 ! movem5t ( reciprocity /ill at home & conv]sant only ) itself4 99 99 99 99 99 ,necessity is (t5 call$ h>d1 & rightly s1 if we keep only to necessity z su*1 i4e4 to its imm$iate %ape4 ,"h we h1 fir/ ( all1 "s /ate or1 g5]ally speak+1 fact1 possess+ an indep5d5t subsi/5ce3 & necessity prim>ily implies t !re falls ^u su* a fact some?+ else by :i* x is br\ght l[4 ,?is is :at is h>d & sad 9 necessity imm$iate or ab/ract4 ,! id5tity ( ! two ?+s1 :i* necessity pres5ts z b\nd to ea* o!r & ?us b]eft ( _! indep5d5ce1 is at fir/ only inw>d1 & !re=e has no exi/5ce = ^? "u ! yoke ( necessity4 ,fre$om too f ?is po9t ( view is only ab/ract1 & is pres]v$ only by r5\nc+ all t we imm$iately are & h4 ,b1 z we h se5 already1 ! process ( necessity is s direct$ t x ov]comes ! rigid ext]nality :i* x fir/ _h & reveals its inw>d nature4 ,x !n appe>s t ! memb]s1 l9k$ to "o ano!r1 are n really =eign to ea* o!r1 b only elem5ts ( "o :ole1 ea* ( !m1 9 its connexion ) ! o!r1 be+1 z x 71 at home1 & comb9+ ) itself4 ,9 ?is way necessity is transfigur$ into fre$om1--n ! fre$om t consi/s 9 ab/ract negation1 b fre$om concrete & positive4 ,f :i* we may le>n :at a mi/ake x is to reg>d fre$om & necessity z mutually exclusive4 ,necessity inde$ qu necessity is f> f be+ fre$om3 yet fre$om pre-supposes necessity1 & conta9s x z an unsub/antial elem5t 9 itself4 ,a good man is aw>e t ! t5or ( 8 conduct is ess5tially obligatory & necess>y4 ,b ?is consci\sness is s f> f mak+ any abatem5t f 8 fre$om1 t )\t x real & reasonable fre$om c\ld n be di/+ui%$ f arbitr>y *oice1--a fre$om :i* has no reality & is m]ely pot5tial4 ,a crim9al1 :5 puni%$1 may look ^u 8 puni%m5t z a re/riction ( 8 fre$om4 ,really ! puni%m5t is n =eign con/ra9t to :i* he is subject$1 b ! manife/ation ( 8 own act3 & if he recognises ?is1 he comports himself z a free man4 ,9 %ort1 man is mo/ indep5d5t :5 he kn[s himself to be det]m9$ by ! absolute idea ?r\gh\t4 ,x 0 ?is phase ( m9d & conduct :i* ,sp9oza call$ ,amor intellectualis ,dei4 #aei4 ,?us ! ,notion is ! tru? ( ,be+ & ,ess5ce1 inasmu* z ! %9+ or %[ ( self-reflection is itself at ! same "t indep5d5t imm$iacy1 & ?is be+ ( a diff]5t actuality is imm$iately only a %9+ or %[ on itself4 ,! ,notion has exhibit$ itself z ! tru? ( ,be+ & ,ess5ce1 z ! gr\nd to :i* ! regress ( bo? leads4 ,conv]sely x has be5 develop$ out ( be+ z its gr\nd4 ,! =m] aspect ( ! advance may be reg>d$ z a conc5tration ( be+ into its dep?1 !reby disclos+ its inn] nature3 ! latt] aspect z an issu+ ( ! m p]fect f ! less p]fect4 ,:5 su* developm5t is view$ on ! latt] side only1 x does prejudice to ! me?od ( philosophy4 ,! special mean+ :i* ^! sup]ficial ?\ghts ( m imp]fect & m p]fect h 9 ?is place is to indicate ! di/9ction ( be+1 z an imm$iate unity ) itself1 f ! notion1 z free m$iation ) itself4 ,s9ce be+ has %[n t x is an elem5t 9 ! notion1 ! latt] has ?us exhibit$ itself z ! tru? ( be+4 ,z ?is its reflection 9 itself & z an absorption ( ! m$iation1 ! notion is ! pre-supposition ( ! imm$iate--a pre-supposition :i* is id5tical ) ! return to self2 & 9 ?is id5tity lie fre$om & ! notion4 ,if ! p>tial elem5t !re=e be call$ ! imp]fect1 !n ! notion1 or ! p]fect1 is c]ta9ly a developm5t f ! imp]fect2 s9ce its v nature is ?us to susp5d its pre-supposition4 ,at ! same "t x is ! notion alone :i*1 9 ! act ( suppos+ itself1 makes its pre-supposition2 z has be5 made app>5t 9 causality 9 g5]al & especially 9 reciprocal action4 ,?us 9 ref]5ce to ,be+ & ,ess5ce ! ,notion is def9$ z ,ess5ce rev]t$ to ! simple imm$iacy ( ,be+1--! %9+ or %[ ( ,ess5ce !reby hav+ actuality1 & its actuality be+ at ! same "t a free %9+ or %[ 9 itself4 ,9 ?is mann] ! notion has be+ z its simple self-relation1 or z ! imm$iacy ( its imman5t unity4 ,be+ is s poor a category t x is ! lea/ ?+ :i* c be %[n to be f\nd 9 ! notion4 ,! passage f necessity to fre$om1 or f actuality into ! notion1 is ! v h>de/1 because x proposes t indep5d5t actuality %all be ?\ght z hav+ all its sub/antiality 9 ! pass+ ov] & id5tity ) ! o!r indep5d5t actuality4 ,! notion1 too1 is extremely h>d1 because x is itself j ?is v id5tity4 ,b ! actual sub/ance z su*1 ! cause1 :i* 9 its exclusiv5ess resi/s all invasion1 is ipso facto subject$ to necessity or ! de/9y ( pass+ into dep5d5cy3 & x is ?is subjection r :]e ! *ief h>dness lies4 ,to ?9k necessity1 on ! contr>y1 r t5ds to melt t h>dness4 ,= ?9k+ means t1 9 ! o!r1 "o meets ) "o's self4--,x means a lib]ation1 :i* is n ! flight ( ab/raction1 b consi/s 9 t :i* is actual hav+ itself n z some?+ else1 b z its own be+ & creation1 9 ! o!r actuality ) :i* x is b\nd up by ! =ce ( necessity4 ,z exi/+ 9 an individual =m1 ?is lib]ation is call$ ,i3 z develop$ to its totality1 x is free ,_s2 z feel+1 x is ,love2 & z enjoym5t1 x is ,bless$ness4--,! great vision ( sub/ance 9 ,sp9oza is only a pot5tial lib]ation f f9ite exclusiv5ess & egoism3 b ! notion itself realises = its own bo? ! p[] ( necessity & actual fre$om4 99 99 99 99 99 ,:51 z n[1 ! notion is call$ ! tru? ( ,be+ & ,ess5ce1 we mu/ expect to be ask$1 :y we d n beg9 ) ! notion8 ,! answ] is t1 :]e k by ?\ght is our aim1 we _c beg9 ) ! tru?1 because ! tru?1 :5 x =ms ! beg9n+1 mu/ re/ on m]e ass]tion4 ,! tru? :5 x is ?\ght mu/ z su* v]ify itself to ?\ght4 ,if ! notion 7 put at ! head ( ,logic1 & def9$1 q correctly 9 po9t ( cont5t1 z ! unity ( ,be+ & ,ess5ce1 ! foll[+ "q w\ld come up3 ,:at are we to ?9k "u ! t]ms ',be+' & ',ess5ce1' & h[ d !y come to be embrac$ 9 ! unity ( ! ,notion8 ,b if we answ]$ ^! que/ions1 !n our beg9n+ ) ! notion w\ld be m]ely nom9al4 ,! real />t w\ld be made ) ,be+1 z we h "h done3 ) ?is diff]5ce1 t ! *>act]i/ics ( ,be+ z well z ^? ( ,ess5ce w\ld h to be accept$ uncritically f figurate conception1 :]eas we h obs]v$ ,be+ & ,ess5ce 9 _! own dialectical developm5t & le>nt h[ !y lose !mselves 9 ! unity ( ! notion4 #a ,comp>e ,goe!'s indignant outcry--',to ,natural ,sci5ce1' vol4 i4 pt4 #c3 ,das hr' i* se*zig ,jahre wi$]hol51 ,und flu*e drauf1 ab] v]/ohl51-- ,natur hat w$] ,k]n no* ,s*aale1 ,alles i/ sie mit e9em ,male4 ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,,?ird ,,sub-,,division ,,( ,,logic4 ,,! ,,doctr9e ,,( ,,! ,,notion4 #afj4 ,! ,notion is ! pr9ciple ( fre$om1 ! p[] ( sub/ance self-realis$4 ,x is a sy/ematic :ole1 9 :i* ea* ( its con/itu5t functions is ! v total :i* ! notion is1 & is put z indissolubly "o ) x4 ,?us 9 its self-id5tity x has orig9al & complete det]m9at5ess4 ,! position tak5 up by ! notion is t ( absolute idealism4 ,philosophy is a k ?r\gh notions because x sees t :at on o!r grades ( consci\sness is tak5 to h ,be+1 & to be naturally or imm$iately indep5d5t1 is b a con/itu5t /age 9 ! ,idea4 ,9 ! logic ( und]/&+1 ! notion is g5]ally reckon$ a m]e =m ( ?\ght1 & treat$ z a g5]al conception4 ,x is to ?is inf]ior view ( ! notion t ! ass]tion ref]s1 s (t5 urg$ on behalf ( ! he>t & s5tim5t1 t notions z su* are some?+ dead1 empty1 & ab/ract4 ,! case is really q ! rev]se4 ,! notion is1 on ! contr>y1 ! pr9ciple ( all life1 & ?us possesses at ! same "t a "* ( ?or\gh concret5ess4 ,t x is s foll[s f ! :ole logical movem5t up to ?is po9t1 & ne$ n be "h prov$4 ,! contra/ betwe5 =m & cont5t1 :i* is ?us us$ to criticise ! notion :5 x is alleg$ to be m]ely =mal1 has1 l all ! o!r contra/s upheld by reflection1 be5 already left beh9d & ov]come dialectically or ?r\gh itself4 ,! notion1 9 %ort1 is :at conta9s all ! e>li] categories ( ?\ght m]g$ 9 x4 ,x c]ta9ly is a =m1 b an inf9ite & creative =m1 :i* includes1 b at ! same "t releases f itself1 ! fulness ( all cont5t4 ,& s too ! notion may1 if x be wi%$1 be /yl$ ab/ract1 if ! "n concrete is re/rict$ to ! concrete facts ( s5se or ( imm$iate p]ception4 ,= ! notion is n palpable to ! t\*1 & :5 we are engag$ ) x1 he>+ & see+ mu/ q fail u4 ,& yet1 z x 0 be=e rem>k$1 ! notion is a true concrete2 = ! reason t x involves ,be+ & ,ess5ce1 & ! total weal? ( ^! two sph]es ) !m1 m]g$ 9 ! unity ( ?\ght4 ,if1 z 0 said at an e>li] po9t1 ! diff]5t /ages ( ! logical idea are to be treat$ z a s]ies ( def9itions ( ! ,absolute1 ! def9ition :i* n[ results = u is t ! ,absolute is ! ,notion4 ,t necessitates a high] e/imate ( ! notion1 h[ev]1 ?an is f\nd 9 =mal conceptuali/ ,logic1 :]e ! notion is a m]e =m ( our subjective ?\ght1 ) no orig9al cont5t ( its own4 ,b if ,speculative ,logic ?us atta*es a mean+ to ! t]m notion s v diff]5t f t usually giv51 x may be ask$ :y ! same ^w %\ld be employ$ 9 two contr>y acceptations1 & an occasion ?us giv5 = confusion & misconception4 ,! answ] is t1 great z ! int]val is betwe5 ! speculative notion & ! notion ( ,=mal ,logic1 a clos] exam9ation %[s t ! deep] mean+ is n s =eign to ! g5]al usages ( language z x seems at fir/ sight4 ,we speak ( ! d$uction ( a cont5t f ! notion1 e4g4 ( ! specific provisions ( ! law ( prop]ty f ! notion ( prop]ty2 & s aga9 we speak ( trac+ back ^! mat]ial details to ! notion4 ,we ?us recognise t ! notion is no m]e =m )\t a cont5t ( its own3 = if x 71 !re w\ld be 9 ! "o case no?+ to d$uce f su* a =m1 & 9 ! o!r case to trace a giv5 body ( fact back to ! empty =m ( ! notion w\ld only rob ! fact ( its specific "*1 )\t mak+ x und]/ood4 #afa4 ,! onw>d movem5t ( ! notion is no long] ei!r a transition into1 or a reflection on some?+ else1 b ,developm5t4 ,= 9 ! notion1 ! elem5ts di/+ui%$ are )\t m ado at ! same "t decl>$ to be id5tical ) "o ano!r & ) ! :ole1 & ! specific "* ( ea* is a free be+ ( ! :ole notion4 99 99 99 99 99 ,transition into some?+ else is ! dialectical process )9 ! range ( ,be+3 reflection 7br++ some?+ else into light71 9 ! range ( ,ess5ce4 ,! movem5t ( ! ,notion is developm5t3 by :i* t only is explicit :i* is already implicitly pres5t4 ,9 ! _w ( nature x is organic life t corresponds to ! grade ( ! notion4 ,?us e4g4 ! plant is develop$ f its g]m4 ,! g]m virtually involves ! :ole plant1 b does s only ideally or 9 ?\ght3 & x w\ld !re=e be a mi/ake to reg>d ! developm5t ( ! root1 /em1 leaves1 & o!r diff]5t p>ts ( ! plant1 z mean+ t !y 7 realit] pres5t1 b 9 a v m9ute =m1 9 ! g]m4 ,t is ! s-call$ 'box-)9-box' hypo!sis2 a !ory :i* commits ! mi/ake ( suppos+ an actual exi/5ce ( :at is at fir/ f\nd only z a po/ulate ( ! complet$ ?\ght4 ,! tru? ( ! hypo!sis on ! o!r h& lies 9 its p]ceiv+ t 9 ! process ( developm5t ! notion keeps to itself & only gives rise to alt]ation ( =m1 )\t mak+ any addition 9 po9t ( cont5t4 ,x is ?is nature ( ! notion--?is manife/ation ( itself 9 its process z a developm5t ( its own self1--:i* is *iefly 9 view ) ^? :o speak ( innate ideas1 or :o1 l ,plato1 describe all le>n+ m]ely z rem9isc5ce4 ,( c\rse t aga9 does n mean t ev]y?+ :i* is embodi$ 9 a m9d1 aft] t m9d has be5 =m$ by in/ruction1 _h be5 pres5t 9 t m9d be=eh&1 9 its def9itely exp&$ %ape4 ,! movem5t ( ! notion is z x 7 to be look$ ^u m]ely z play3 ! o!r :i* x sets up is 9 reality n an o!r4 ,or1 z x is express$ 9 ! tea*+ ( ,*ri/ianity3 n m]ely has ,god creat$ a _w :i* confronts ,him z an o!r2 ,he has also f all et]nity begott5 a ,son 9 :om ,he1 a ,_s1 is at home ) ,himself4 #afb4 ,! doctr9e ( ! notion is divid$ into ?ree p>ts4 7#a7 ,! fir/ is ! doctr9e ( ! ,subjective or ,=mal ,notion4 7#b7 ,! second is ! doctr9e ( ! notion inve/$ ) ! "* ( imm$iacy1 or ( ,objectivity4 7#c7 ,! ?ird is ! doctr9e ( ! ,idea1 ! subject-object1 ! unity ( notion & objectivity1 ! absolute tru?4 ,! ,common ,logic cov]s only ! matt]s :i* come be=e u "h z a portion ( ! ?ird "p ( ! :ole sy/em1 toge!r ) ! s-call$ ,laws ( ,?\ght1 :i* we h already met2 & 9 ! ,appli$ ,logic x adds a little ab\t cognition4 ,?is is comb9$ ) psy*ological1 metaphysical1 & all sorts ( empirical mat]ials1 :i* 7 introduc$ because1 :5 all 0 done1 ^? =ms ( ?\ght c\ld n be made to d all t 0 requir$ ( !m4 ,b ) ^! additions ! sci5ce lo/ its unity ( aim4 ,!n !re 0 a fur!r circum/ance aga9/ ! ,common ,logic4 ,^? =ms1 :i* at lea/ d belong to ! prop] doma9 ( ,logic1 are suppos$ to be categories ( consci\s ?\ght only1 ( ?\ght too 9 ! "* ( und]/&+1 n ( reason4 ,! prec$+ logical categories1 ^? viz4 ( ,be+ & ,ess5ce1 are1 x is true1 no m]e logical modes or entities3 !y are prov$ to be notions 9 _! transition or _! dialectical elem5t1 & 9 _! return into !mselves & totality4 ,b !y are only 9 a modifi$ =m notions 7cp4 #hd & #aab71 notions rudim5t>y1 or1 :at is ! same ?+1 notions = u4 ,! anti!tical t]m into :i* ea* category passes1 or 9 :i* x %9es1 s produc+ correlation1 is n *>act]is$ z a p>ticul>4 ,! ?ird1 9 :i* !y return to unity1 is n *>act]is$ z a subject or an individual3 nor is !re any explicit /atem5t t ! category3 is id5tical 9 its anti!sis1--9 o!r words1 its fre$om is n expressly /at$3 & all ?is because ! category is n univ]sality4--,:at g5]ally passes curr5t "u ! "n ( a notion is a mode ( und]/&+1 or1 ev51 a m]e g5]al repres5tation1 & !re=e1 9 %ort1 a f9ite mode ( ?\ght 7cp4 #fb74 ,! ,logic ( ! ,notion is usually treat$ z a sci5ce ( =m only1 & und]/ood to deal ) ! =m ( notion1 judgm5t1 & syllogism z =m1 )\t 9 ! lea/ t\*+ ! "q :e!r any?+ is true4 ,! answ] to t "q is suppos$ to dep5d on ! cont5t only4 ,if ! logical =ms ( ! notion 7 really dead & in]t receptacles ( conceptions & ?\ghts1 c>eless ( :at !y conta9$1 k ab\t !m w\ld be an idle curiosity :i* ! tru? might disp5se )4 ,on ! contr>y !y really are1 z =ms ( ! notion1 ! vital _s ( ! actual _w4 ,t only is true ( ! actual :i* is true 9 virtue ( ^! =ms1 ?r\gh !m & 9 !m4 ,z yet1 h[ev]1 ! tru? ( ^! =ms has nev] be5 consid]$ or exam9$ on _! own acc\nt any m ?an _! necess>y int]connexion4 ,a4--,,! ,,subjective ,,notion4 7a7 ,! ,notion z ,notion4 #afc4 ,! ,notion z ,notion conta9s ! ?ree foll[+ 'mom5ts' or functional p>ts4 7#a7 ,! fir/ is ,univ]sality--mean+ t x is 9 free equality ) itself 9 its specific "*4 7#b7 ,! second is ,p>ticul>ity--t is1 ! specific "*1 9 :i* ! univ]sal cont9ues s]5ely equal to itself4 7#c7 ,! ?ird is ,individuality--mean+ ! reflection-into-self ( ! specific *>act]s ( univ]sality & p>ticul>ity2--:i* negative self-unity has complete & orig9al det]m9at5ess1 )\t any loss to its self-id5tity or univ]sality4 ,individual & actual are ! same ?+3 only ! =m] has issu$ f ! notion1 & is ?us1 z a univ]sal1 /at$ expressly z a negative id5tity ) itself4 ,! actual1 because x is at fir/ no m ?an a pot5tial or imm$iate unity ( ess5ce & exi/5ce1 may possibly h effect3 b ! individuality ( ! notion is ! v s\rce ( effectiv5ess1 effective moreov] no long] z ! cause is1 ) a %[ ( effect+ some?+ else1 b effective ( itself4--,individuality1 h[ev]1 is n to be und]/ood to mean ! imm$iate or natural individual1 z :5 we speak ( individual ?+s or individual m53 = t special phase ( individuality does n appe> till we come to ! judgm5t4 ,e function & 'mom5t' ( ! notion is itself ! :ole notion 7 #afj72 b ! individual or subject is ! notion expressly put z a totality4 7#a7 ,! notion is g5]ally associat$ 9 our m9ds ) ab/ract g5]ality1 & on t acc\nt x is (t5 describ$ z a g5]al conception4 ,we speak1 accord+ly1 ( ! notions ( col\r1 plant1 animal1 c4 ,!y are suppos$ to be arriv$ at by neglect+ ! p>ticul> features :i* di/+ui% ! diff]5t col\rs1 plants1 & animals f ea* o!r1 & by reta9+ ^? common to !m all4 ,?is is ! aspect ( ! notion :i* is famili> to und]/&+2 & feel+ is 9 ! "r :5 x /igmatises su* holl[ & empty notions z m]e phantoms & %ad[s4 ,b ! univ]sal ( ! notion is n a m]e sum ( features common to sev]al ?+s1 confront$ by a p>ticul> :i* enjoys an exi/5ce ( its own4 ,x is1 on ! contr>y1 self-p>ticul>is+ or self-specify+1 & ) undimm$ cle>ness f9ds itself at home 9 its anti!sis4 ,= ! sake bo? ( cognition & ( our practical conduct1 x is ( ! utmo/ importance t ! real univ]sal %\ld n be confus$ ) :at is m]ely held 9 common4 ,all ^? *>ges :i* ! devotees ( feel+ make aga9/ ?\ght1 & especially aga9/ philosophic ?\ght1 & ! reit]at$ /atem5t t x is dang]\s to c>ry ?\ght to :at !y call too great l5g?s1 orig9ate 9 ! confusion ( ^! two ?+s4 ,! univ]sal 9 its true & compreh5sive mean+ is a ?\ght :i*1 z we "k1 co/ ?\s&s ( ye>s to make x ent] into ! consci\sness ( m54 ,! ?\ght did n ga9 its full recognition till ! days ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,! ,greeks1 9 o!r respects s advanc$1 knew nei!r ,god nor ev5 man 9 _! true univ]sality4 ,! gods ( ! ,greeks 7 only p>ticul> p[]s ( ! m9d2 & ! univ]sal ,god1 ! ,god ( all nations1 0 to ! ,a!nians /ill a ,god conceal$4 ,!y believ$ 9 ! same way t an absolute gulf sep>at$ !mselves f ! b>b>ians4 ,man z man 0 n !n recognis$ to be ( inf9ite wor? & to h inf9ite rights4 ,! "q has be5 ask$1 :y slav]y has vani%$ f mod]n ,europe4 ,"o special circum/ance aft] ano!r has be5 adduc$ 9 explanation ( ?is ph5om5on4 ,b ! real gr\nd :y !re are no m slaves 9 ,*ri/ian ,europe is only to be f\nd 9 ! v pr9ciple ( ,*ri/ianity itself1 ! religion ( absolute fre$om4 ,only 9 ,*ri/5dom is man respect$ z man1 9 8 inf9itude & univ]sality4 ,:at ! slave is )\t1 is ! recognition t he is a p]son3 & ! pr9ciple ( p]sonality is univ]sality4 ,! ma/] looks ^u 8 slave n z a p]son1 b z a selfless ?+4 ,! slave is n himself reckon$ an ',i'2--8 ',i' is 8 ma/]4 ,! di/9ction ref]r$ to above betwe5 :at is m]ely 9 common1 & :at is truly univ]sal1 is /rik+ly express$ by ,r\sseau 9 8 fam\s ',contrat ,social1' :5 he says t ! laws ( a /ate mu/ spr+ f ! univ]sal w 7volont gnrale17 b ne$ n on t acc\nt be ! w ( all 7volont de t\s47 ,r\sseau w\ld h made a s\nd] contribution t[>ds a !ory ( ! /ate1 if he _h always keep ?is di/9ction 9 sight4 ,! g5]al w is ! notion ( ! w3 & ! laws are ! special clauses ( ?is w & bas$ ^u ! notion ( x4 7#b7 ,we add a rem>k ^u ! acc\nt ( ! orig9 & =mation ( notions :i* is usually giv5 9 ! ,logic ( ,und]/&+4 ,x is n we :o frame ! notions4 ,! notion is n some?+ :i* is orig9at$ at all4 ,no d\bt ! notion is n m]e ,be+1 or ! imm$iate3 x involves m$iation1 b ! m$iation lies 9 itself4 ,9 o!r words1 ! notion is :at is m$iat$ ?r\gh itself & ) itself4 ,x is a mi/ake to imag9e t ! objects :i* =m ! cont5t ( our m5tal ideas come fir/ & t our subjective ag5cy !n sup]v5es1 & by ! a=esaid op]ation ( ab/raction1 & by colligat+ ! po9ts possess$ 9 common by ! objects1 frames notions ( !m4 ,r ! notion is ! g5u9e fir/2 & ?+s are :at !y are ?r\gh ! action ( ! notion1 imman5t 9 !m1 & reveal+ itself 9 !m4 ,9 religi\s language we express ?is by say+ t ,god creat$ ! _w out ( no?+4 ,9 o!r words1 ! _w & f9ite ?+s h issu$ f ! fulness ( ! div9e ?\ghts & ! div9e decrees4 ,?us religion recognises ?\ght & 7m exactly7 ! notion to be ! inf9ite =m1 or ! free creative activity1 :i* c realise itself )\t ! help ( a matt] t exi/s outside x4 #afd4 ,! notion is concrete out & out3 because ! negative unity ) itself1 z *>act]isation pure & entire1 :i* is individuality1 is j :at con/itutes its self-relation1 its univ]sality4 ,! functions or 'mom5ts' ( ! notion are to ?is ext5t indissoluble4 ,! categories ( 'reflection' are expect$ to be sev]ally appreh5d$ & sep>ately accept$ z curr5t1 ap>t f _! opposites4 ,b 9 ! notion1 :]e _! id5tity is expressly assum$1 ea* ( its functions c be imm$iately appreh5d$ only f & ) ! re/4 ,univ]sality1 p>ticul>ity1 & individuality are1 tak5 9 ! ab/ract1 ! same z id5tity1 diff]5ce1 & gr\nd4 ,b ! univ]sal is ! self-id5tical1 ) ! express qualification1 t x simultane\sly conta9s ! p>ticul> & ! individual4 ,aga91 ! p>ticul> is ! diff]5t or ! specific "*1 b ) ! qualification t x is 9 itself univ]sal & is z an individual4 ,simil>ly ! individual mu/ be und]/ood to be a subject or sub/ratum1 :i* involves ! g5us & species 9 itself & possesses a sub/antial exi/5ce4 ,su* is ! explicit or realis$ insep>ability ( ! functions ( ! notion 9 _! diff]5ce 7 #afj7--:at may be call$ ! cle>ness ( ! notion1 9 :i* ea* di/9ction causes no dimness or int]ruption1 b is q z mu* transp>5t4 ,no compla9t is (t5] made aga9/ ! notion ?an t x is ab/ract4 ,( c\rse x is ab/ract1 if ab/ract means t ! m$ium 9 :i* ! notion exi/s is ?\ght 9 g5]al & n ! s5sible ?+ 9 its empirical concret5ess4 ,x is ab/ract also1 because ! notion falls %ort ( ! idea4 ,to ?is ext5t ! subjective notion is /ill =mal4 ,?is h[ev] does n mean t x ought to h or receive ano!r cont5t ?an its own4 ,x is itself ! absolute =m1 & s is all specific "*1 b z t "* is 9 its tru?4 ,al?\gh x be ab/ract !re=e1 x is ! concrete1 concrete altoge!r1 ! subject z su*4 ,! absolutely concrete is ! m9d 7see end ( #aei7--! notion :5 x exi/s z notion di/+ui%+ itself f its objectivity1 :i* not)/&+ ! di/9ction /ill cont9ues to be its own4 ,ev]y?+ else :i* is concrete1 h[ev] ri* x be1 is n s int5sely id5tical ) itself & !re=e n s concrete on its own "p1--lea/ ( all :at is commonly suppos$ to be concrete1 b is only a cong]ies held toge!r by ext]nal influ5ce4--,:at are call$ notions1 & 9 fact specific notions1 su* z man1 h\se1 animal1 c1 are simply d5otations & ab/ract repres5tations4 ,^! ab/ractions reta9 out ( all ! functions ( ! notion only t ( univ]sality2 !y leave p>ticul>ity & individuality out ( acc\nt & h no developm5t 9 ^! directions4 ,by s do+ !y j miss ! notion4 #afe4 ,x is ! elem5t ( ,individuality :i* fir/ explicitly diff]5tiates ! elem5ts ( ! notion4 ,individuality is ! negative reflection ( ! notion into itself1 & x is 9 t way at fir/ ! free diff]5tiat+ ( x z ! fir/ negation1 by :i* ! specific "* ( ! notion is realis$1 b "u ! =m ( p>ticul>ity4 ,t is to say1 ! diff]5t elem5ts are 9 ! fir/ place only qualifi$ z ! sev]al elem5ts ( ! notion1 &1 secondly1 _! id5tity is no less explicitly /at$1 ! "o be+ said to be ! o!r4 ,?is realis$ p>ticul>ity ( ! notion is ! ,judgm5t4 ,! ord9>y classification ( notions1 z cle>1 di/9ct & adequate1 is no "p ( ! notion2 x belongs to psy*ology4 ,notions1 9 fact1 are "h synonym\s ) m5tal repres5tations2 a cle> notion is an ab/ract simple repres5tation3 a di/9ct notion is "o :]e1 9 addition to ! simplicity1 !re is "o 'm>k' or "* emphasis$ z a sign = subjective cognition4 ,!re is no m /rik+ m>k ( ! =malism & decay ( ,logic ?an ! fav\rite category ( ! 'm>k4' ,! adequate notion comes ne>] ! notion prop]1 or ev5 ! ,idea3 b aft] all x expresses only ! =mal circum/ance t a notion or repres5tation agrees ) its object1 t is1 ) an ext]nal ?+4--,! division into :at are call$ subord9ate & co-ord9ate notions implies a me*anical di/9ction ( univ]sal f p>ticul> :i* all[s only a m]e correlation ( !m 9 ext]nal comp>ison4 ,aga91 an enum]ation ( su* k9ds z contr>y & contradictory1 affirmative & negative notions1 c1 is only a *ance-direct$ glean+ ( logical =ms :i* prop]ly belong to ! sph]e ( ,be+ or ,ess5ce1 7:]e !y h be5 already exam9$17 & :i* h no?+ to d ) ! specific notional "* z su*4 ,! true di/9ctions 9 ! notion1 univ]sal1 p>ticul>1 & individual1 may be said also to con/itute species ( x1 b only :5 !y are kept sev]$ f ea* o!r by ext]nal reflection4 ,! imman5t diff]5tiat+ & specify+ ( ! notion come to sight 9 ! judgm5t3 = to judge is to specify ! notion4 7b7 ,! ,judgm5t4 #aff4 ,! ,judgm5t is ! notion 9 its p>ticul>ity1 z a connexion :i* is also a di/+ui%+ ( its functions1 :i* are put z indep5d5t & yet z id5tical ) !mselves1 n ) "o ano!r4 ,"o's fir/ impression ab\t ! ,judgm5t is ! indep5d5ce ( ! two extremes1 ! subject & ! pr$icate4 ,! =m] we take to be a ?+ or t]m p] se1 & ! pr$icate a g5]al t]m outside ! said subject & some:]e 9 our heads4 ,! next po9t is = u to br+ ! latt] into comb9ation ) ! =m]1 & 9 ?is way frame a ,judgm5t4 ,! copula 'is' h[ev] enunciates ! pr$icate ( ! subject1 & s t ext]nal subjective subsumption is aga9 put 9 abeyance1 & ! ,judgm5t tak5 z a det]m9ation ( ! object itself4--,! etymological mean+ ( ! ,judgm5t 7,ur!il7 9 ,g]man goes deep]1 z x 7 decl>+ ! unity ( ! notion to be prim>y1 & its di/9ction to be ! orig9al p>tition4 ,& t is :at ! ,judgm5t really is4 ,9 its ab/ract t]ms a ,judgm5t is expressible 9 ! proposition3 ',! individual is ! univ]sal4' ,^! are ! t]ms "u :i* ! subject & ! pr$icate fir/ confront ea* o!r1 :5 ! functions ( ! notion are tak5 9 _! imm$iate "* or fir/ ab/raction4 ,propositions su* z1 ',! p>ticul> is ! univ]sal1' & ',! individual is ! p>ticul>1' belong to ! fur!r specialisation ( ! judgm5t4 ,x %[s a /range want ( obs]vation 9 ! logic-books1 t 9 none ( !m is ! fact /at$1 t 9 e judgm5t !re is su* a /atem5t made1 z1 ,! individual is ! univ]sal1 or /ill m def9itely1 ,! subject is ! pr$icate3 7e4g4 ,god is absolute _s74 ,no d\bt !re is also a di/9ction betwe5 t]ms l individual & univ]sal1 subject & pr$icate3 b x is none ! less ! univ]sal fact1 t e judgm5t /ates !m to be id5tical4 ,! copula 'is' spr+s f ! nature ( ! notion1 to be self-id5tical ev5 9 p>t+ ) its own4 ,! individual & univ]sal are its con/itu5ts1 & !re=e *>act]s :i* _c be isolat$4 ,! e>li] categories 7( reflection7 9 _! correlations also ref] to "o ano!r3 b _! int]connexion is only 'hav+' & n 'be+1' i4e4 x is n ! id5tity :i* is realis$ z id5tity or univ]sality4 ,9 ! judgm5t1 !re=e1 = ! fir/ "t !re is se5 ! g5u9e p>ticul>ity ( ! notion3 = x is ! speciality or di/+ui%+ ( ! latt]1 )\t !reby los+ univ]sality4 99 99 99 99 99 ,judgm5ts are g5]ally look$ ^u z comb9ations ( notions1 &1 be x add$1 ( het]og5e\s notions4 ,?is !ory ( judgm5t is correct1 s f> z x implies t x is ! notion :i* =ms ! presupposition ( ! judgm5t1 & :i* 9 ! judgm5t comes up "u ! =m ( diff]5ce4 ,b on ! o!r h&1 x is false to speak ( notions diff]+ 9 k9d4 ,! notion1 al?\gh concrete1 is /ill z a notion ess5tially "o1 & ! functions :i* x conta9s are n diff]5t k9ds ( x4 ,x is equally false to speak ( a comb9ation ( ! two sides 9 ! judgm5t1 if we und]/& ! t]m 'comb9ation' to imply ! indep5d5t exi/5ce ( ! comb9+ memb]s ap>t f ! comb9ation4 ,! same ext]nal view ( _! nature is m =cibly app>5t :5 judgm5ts are describ$ z produc$ by ! ascription ( a pr$icate to ! subject4 ,language l ?is looks ^u ! subject z self-subsi/5t outside1 & ! pr$icate z f\nd some:]e 9 our head4 ,su* a conception ( ! relation betwe5 subject & pr$icate h[ev] is at once contradict$ by ! copula 'is4' ,by say+ ',?is rose is r$1' or ',?is picture is beautiful1' we decl>e1 t x is n we :o f outside atta* beauty to ! picture or r$ness to ! rose1 b t ^! are ! *>act]i/ics prop] to ^! objects4 ,an additional fault 9 ! way 9 :i* ,=mal ,logic conceives ! judgm5t is1 t x makes ! judgm5t look z if x 7 some?+ m]ely cont+5t1 & does n (f] any pro( = ! advance f notion on to judgm5t4 ,= ! notion does n1 z und]/&+ supposes1 /& /ill 9 its own immobility4 ,x is r an inf9ite =m1 ( b\ndless activity1 z x 7 ! punctum sali5s ( all vitality1 & !reby self-diff]5tiat+4 ,?is disruption ( ! notion into ! diff]5ce ( its con/itu5t functions'1--a disruption impos$ by ! native act ( ! notion1 is ! judgm5t4 ,a judgm5t !re=e means ! p>ticul>is+ ( ! notion4 ,no d\bt ! notion is implicitly ! p>ticul>4 ,b 9 ! notion z notion ! p>ticul> is n yet explicit1 & /ill rema9s 9 transp>5t unity ) ! univ]sal4 ,?us1 = example1 z we rem>k$ be=e 7 #afj1 note71 ! g]m ( a plant conta9s its p>ticul>1 su* z root1 bran*es1 leaves1 c43 b ^! details are at fir/ pres5t only pot5tially1 & are n realis$ till ! g]m uncloses4 ,?is unclos+ is1 z x 71 ! judgm5t ( ! plant4 ,! illu/ration may also s]ve to %[ h[ nei!r ! notion nor ! judgm5t are m]ely f\nd 9 our head1 or m]ely fram$ by u4 ,! notion is ! v he>t ( ?+s1 & makes !m :at !y are4 ,to =m a notion ( an object means !re=e to become aw>e ( its notion3 & :5 we proce$ to a criticism or judgm5t ( ! object1 we are n p]=m+ a subjective act1 & m]ely ascrib+ ?is or t pr$icate to ! object4 ,we are1 on ! contr>y1 obs]v+ ! object 9 ! specific "* impos$ by its notion4 #afg4 ,! ,judgm5t is usually tak5 9 a subjective s5se z an op]ation & a =m1 occurr+ m]ely 9 self-consci\s ?\ght4 ,?is di/9ction1 h[ev]1 has no exi/5ce on purely logical pr9ciples1 by :i* ! judgm5t is tak5 9 ! q univ]sal signification t all ?+s are a judgm5t4 ,t is to say1 !y are individuals1 :i* are a univ]sality or inn] nature 9 !mselves1--a univ]sal :i* is individualis$4 ,_! univ]sality & individuality are di/+ui%$1 b ! "o is at ! same "t id5tical ) ! o!r4 ,! int]pretation ( ! judgm5t1 accord+ to :i* x is assum$ to be m]ely subjective1 z if we ascrib$ a pr$icate to a subject1 is contradict$ by ! decid$ly objective expression ( ! judgm5t4 ,! rose is r$2 ,gold is a metal4 ,x is n by u t some?+ is fir/ ascrib$ to !m4--,a judgm5t is h[ev] di/+ui%$ f a proposition4 ,! latt] conta9s a /atem5t ab\t ! subject1 :i* does n /& to x 9 any univ]sal relation%ip1 b expresses "s s+le action1 or "s /ate1 or ! l4 ,?us1 ',caes> 0 born at ,rome 9 su* & su* a ye>1 wag$ w> 9 ,gaul = t5 ye>s1 cross$ ! ,rubicon1 c41' are propositions1 b n judgm5ts4 ,aga9 x is absurd to say t su* /atem5ts z1 ',i slept well la/ night1' or ',pres5t arms6' may be turn$ into ! =m ( a judgm5t4 ',a c>riage is pass+ by'--w\ld be a judgm5t1 & a subjective "o at be/1 only if x 7 d\btful1 :e!r ! pass+ object 0 a c>riage1 or :e!r x & n r ! po9t ( obs]vation 0 9 motion3--9 %ort1 only if x 7 desir$ to specify a conception :i* 0 /ill %ort ( appropriate specification4 #afh4 ,! judgm5t is an expression ( f9itude4 ,?+s f its po9t ( view are said to be f9ite1 because !y are a judgm5t1 because _! def9ite be+ & _! univ]sal nature1 7_! body & _! s\l17 ?\gh unit$ inde$ 7o!rwise ! ?+s w\ld be no?+71 are /ill elem5ts 9 ! con/itution :i* are already diff]5t & also 9 any case sep>able4 #afi4 ,! ab/ract t]ms ( ! judgm5t1 ',! individual is ! univ]sal1' pres5t ! subject 7z negatively self-relat+7 z :at is imm$iately concrete1 :ile ! pr$icate is :at is ab/ract1 indet]m9ate1 9 %ort1 ! univ]sal4 ,b ! two elem5ts are connect$ toge!r by an 'is'3 & ?us ! pr$icate 79 its univ]sality7 mu/ also conta9 ! speciality ( ! subject1 mu/1 9 %ort1 h p>ticul>ity3 & s is realis$ ! id5tity betwe5 subject & pr$icate2 :i*1 be+ ?us unaffect$ by ?is diff]5ce 9 =m1 is ! cont5t4 ,x is ! pr$icate :i* fir/ gives ! subject1 :i* till !n 0 on its own acc\nt a b>e m5tal repres5tation or an empty "n1 its specific "* & cont5t4 ,9 judgm5ts l ',god is ! mo/ real ( all ?+s1' or ',! ,absolute is ! self-id5tical1' ,god & ! ,absolute are m]e names2 :at !y are we only le>n 9 ! pr$icate4 ,:at ! subject may be 9 o!r respects1 z a concrete ?+1 is no conc]n ( ?is judgm5t4 7,cp4 #ca47 ,to def9e ! subject z t ( :i* some?+ is said1 & ! pr$icate z :at is said ab\t x1 is m]e trifl+4 ,x gives no in=mation ab\t ! di/9ction betwe5 ! two4 ,9 po9t ( ?\ght1 ! subject is prim>ily ! individual1 & ! pr$icate ! univ]sal4 ,z ! judgm5t receives fur!r developm5t1 ! subject ceases to be m]ely ! imm$iate individual1 & ! pr$icate m]ely ! ab/ract univ]sal3 ! =m] acquires ! additional significations ( p>ticul> & univ]sal1--! latt] ! additional significations ( p>ticul> & individual4 ,?us :ile ! same names are giv5 to ! two t]ms ( ! judgm5t1 _! mean+ passes ?r\gh a s]ies ( *anges4 #agj4 ,we n[ g clos] into ! speciality ( subject & pr$icate4 ,! subject z negative self-relation 7 #afc1 #aff7 is ! /able sub/ratum 9 :i* ! pr$icate has its subsi/5ce & :]e x is ideally pres5t4 ,! pr$icate1 z ! phrase is1 inh]es 9 ! subject4 ,fur!r1 z ! subject is 9 g5]al & imm$iately concrete1 ! specific connotation ( ! pr$icate is only "o ( ! num]\s *>act]s ( ! subject4 ,?us ! subject is ampl] & wid] ?an ! pr$icate4 ,conv]sely1 ! pr$icate z univ]sal is self-subsi/5t1 & indiff]5t :e!r ?is subject is or n4 ,! pr$icate outflanks ! subject1 subsum+ x "u itself3 & h5ce on its side is wid] ?an ! subject4 ,! specific cont5t ( ! pr$icate 7 #afi7 alone con/itutes ! id5tity ( ! two4 #aga4 ,at fir/1 subject1 pr$icate1 & ! specific cont5t or ! id5tity are1 ev5 9 _! relation1 /ill put 9 ! judgm5t z diff]5t & div]g5t4 ,by implication1 h[ev]1 t is1 9 _! notion1 !y are id5tical4 ,= ! subject is a concrete totality1--:i* means n any indef9ite multiplicity1 b individuality alone1 ! p>ticul> & ! univ]sal 9 an id5tity3 & ! pr$icate too is ! v same unity 7 #agj74--,! copula aga91 ev5 :ile /at+ ! id5tity ( subject & pr$icate1 does s at fir/ only by an ab/ract 'is4' ,con=mably to su* an id5tity ! subject has to be put also 9 ! *>act]i/ic ( ! pr$icate4 ,by ?is means ! latt] also receives ! *>act]i/ic ( ! =m]3 s t ! copula receives its full complem5t & full =ce4 ,su* is ! cont9u\s specification by :i* ! judgm5t1 ?r\gh a copula *>g$ ) cont5t1 comes to be a syllogism4 ,z x is prim>ily exhibit$ 9 ! judgm5t1 ?is gradual specification consi/s 9 giv+ to an orig9ally ab/ract1 s5su\s univ]sality ! specific "* ( allness1 ( species1 ( g5us1 & f9ally ( ! develop$ univ]sality ( ! notion4 ,aft] we are made aw>e ( ?is cont9u\s specification ( ! judgm5t1 we c see a mean+ & an int]connexion 9 :at are usually /at$ z ! k9ds ( judgm5t4 ,n only does ! ord9>y enum]ation seem purely casual1 b x is also sup]ficial1 & ev5 bewild]+ 9 its /atem5t ( _! di/9ctions4 ,! di/9ction betwe5 positive1 categorical & ass]tory judgm5ts1 is ei!r a pure inv5tion ( fancy1 or is left undet]m9$4 ,on ! "r !ory1 ! diff]5t judgm5ts foll[ necess>ily f "o ano!r1 & pres5t ! cont9u\s specification ( ! notion2 = ! judgm5t itself is no?+ b ! notion specifi$4 ,:5 we look at ! two prec$+ sph]es ( ,be+ & ,ess5ce1 we see t ! specifi$ notions z judgm5ts are reproductions ( ^! sph]es1 b put 9 ! simplicity ( relation peculi> to ! notion4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! v>i\s k9ds ( judgm5t are no empirical aggregate4 ,!y are a sy/ematic :ole bas$ on a pr9ciple2 & x 0 "o ( ,kant's great m]its to h fir/ emphasis$ ! necessity ( %[+ ?is4 ,8 propos$ division1 accord+ to ! head+s 9 8 table ( categories1 into judgm5ts ( quality1 quantity1 relation & modality1 c n be call$ satisfactory1 p>tly f ! m]ely =mal application ( ?is categorical rubric1 p>tly on acc\nt ( _! cont5t4 ,/ill x re/s ^u a true p]ception ( ! fact t ! diff]5t species ( judgm5t d]ive _! features f ! univ]sal =ms ( ! logical idea itself4 ,if we foll[ ?is clue1 x w supply u ) ?ree *ief k9ds ( judgm5t p>allel to ! /ages ( ,be+1 ,ess5ce1 & ,notion4 ,! second ( ^! k9ds1 z requir$ by ! "* ( ,ess5ce1 :i* is ! /age ( diff]5tiation1 mu/ be d\bl$4 ,we f9d ! inn] gr\nd = ?is sy/ematisation ( judgm5ts 9 ! circum/ance t :5 ! ,notion1 :i* is ! unity ( ,be+ & ,ess5ce 9 a compreh5sive ?\ght1 unfolds1 z x does 9 ! judgm5t1 x mu/ reproduce ^! two /ages 9 a trans=mation prop] to ! notion4 ,! notion itself mean:ile is se5 to m\ld & =m ! g5u9e grade ( judgm5t4 ,f> f occupy+ ! same level1 & be+ ( equal value1 ! diff]5t species ( judgm5t =m a s]ies ( /eps1 ! diff]5ce ( :i* re/s ^u ! logical significance ( ! pr$icate4 ,t judgm5ts diff] 9 value is evid5t ev5 9 our ord9>y ways ( ?9k+4 ,we %\ld n hesitate to ascribe a v slight faculty ( judgm5t to a p]son :o habitually fram$ only su* judgm5ts z1 ',?is wall is gre51' ',?is /ove is hot4' ,on ! o!r h& we %\ld cr$it ) a g5u9e capacity ( judgm5t ! p]son ^: criticisms dealt ) su* que/ions z :e!r a c]ta9 "w ( art 0 beautiful1 :e!r a c]ta9 action 0 good1 & s on4 ,9 judgm5ts ( ! fir/-m5tion$ k9d ! cont5t =ms only an ab/ract quality1 ! pres5ce ( :i* c be suffici5tly detect$ by imm$iate p]ception4 ,to pron\nce a "w ( art to be beautiful1 or an action to be good1 requires on ! contr>y a comp>ison ( ! objects ) :at !y ought to be1 i4e4 ) _! notion4 77 ,qualitative ,judgm5t4 #agb4 ,! imm$iate judgm5t is ! judgm5t ( def9ite ,be+4 ,! subject is inve/$ ) a univ]sality z its pr$icate1 :i* is an imm$iate1 & !re=e a s5sible quality4 ,x may be 7#a7 a ,positive judgm5t3 ,! individual is a p>ticul>4 ,b ! individual is n a p>ticul>3 or 9 m precise language1 su* a s+le quality is n congru\s ) ! concrete nature ( ! subject4 ,?is is 7#b7 a ,negative judgm5t4 ,x is "o ( ! fundam5tal assumptions ( dogmatic ,logic t ,qualitative judgm5ts su* z1 ',! rose is r$1' or 'is n r$1' c conta9 tru?4 ,correct !y may be1 i4e4 9 ! limit$ circle ( p]ception1 ( f9ite conception & ?\ght3 t dep5ds on ! cont5t1 :i* likewise is f9ite1 &1 on its own m]its1 untrue4 ,tru?1 h[ev]1 z oppos$ to correctness1 dep5ds solely on ! =m1 viz4 on ! notion z x is put & ! reality correspond+ to x4 ,b tru? ( t /amp is n f\nd 9 ! ,qualitative judgm5t4 ,9 common life ! t]ms tru? & correctness are (t5 treat$ z synonym\s3 we speak ( ! tru? ( a cont5t1 :5 we are only ?9k+ ( its correctness4 ,correctness1 g5]ally speak+1 conc]ns only ! =mal co9cid5ce betwe5 our conception & its cont5t1 :atev] ! con/itution ( ?is cont5t may be4 ,tru?1 on ! contr>y1 lies 9 ! co9cid5ce ( ! object ) itself1 t is1 ) its notion4 ,t a p]son is sick1 or t "s "o has committ$ a !ft1 may c]ta9ly be correct4 ,b ! cont5t is untrue4 ,a sick body is n 9 h>mony ) ! notion ( body1 & !re is a want ( congruity betwe5 !ft & ! notion ( human conduct4 ,^! in/ances may %[ t an imm$iate judgm5t1 9 :i* an ab/ract quality is pr$icat$ ( an imm$iately individual ?+1 h[ev] correct x may be1 _c conta9 tru?4 ,! subject & pr$icate ( x d n /& to ea* o!r 9 ! relation ( reality & notion4 ,we may add t ! untru? ( ! imm$iate judgm5t lies 9 ! incongruity betwe5 its =m & cont5t4 ,to say ',?is rose is r$1' involves 79 virtue ( ! copula 'is'7 ! co9cid5ce ( subject & pr$icate4 ,! rose h[ev] is a concrete ?+1 & s is n r$ only3 x has also an od\r1 a specific =m1 & _m o!r features n impli$ 9 ! pr$icate r$4 ,! pr$icate on its "p is an ab/ract univ]sal1 & does n apply to ! rose alone4 ,!re are o!r fl[]s & o!r objects :i* are r$ too4 ,! subject & pr$icate 9 ! imm$iate judgm5t t\*1 z x 71 only 9 a s+le po9t1 b d n cov] ea* o!r4 ,! case is diff]5t ) ! notional judgm5t4 ,9 pron\nc+ an action to be good1 we frame a notional judgm5t4 ,"h1 z we at once p]ceive1 !re is a clos] & a m intimate relation ?an 9 ! imm$iate judgm5t4 ,! pr$icate 9 ! latt] is "s ab/ract quality :i* may or may n be appli$ to ! subject4 ,9 ! judgm5t ( ! notion ! pr$icate is1 z x 71 ! s\l ( ! subject1 by :i* ! subject1 z ! body ( ?is s\l1 is *>act]is$ ?r\gh & ?r\gh4 #agc4 ,?is negation ( a p>ticul> quality1 :i* is ! fir/ negation1 /ill leaves ! connexion ( ! subject ) ! pr$icate subsi/+4 ,! pr$icate is 9 t mann] a sort ( relative univ]sal1 ( :i* a special phase only has be5 negativ$4 ,to say1 t ! rose is n r$1 implies t x is /ill col\r$--9 ! fir/ place ) ano!r col\r2 :i* h[ev] w\ld be only "o m positive judgm5t4 ,! individual h[ev] is n a univ]sal4 ,h5ce 7#c7 ! judgm5t suff]s disruption into "o ( two =ms4 ,x is ei!r 7a7 ! ,id5tical judgm5t1 an empty id5tical relation /at+ t ! individual is ! individual2 or x is 7b7 :at is call$ ! ,inf9ite judgm5t1 9 :i* we are pres5t$ ) ! total incompatibility ( subject & pr$icate4 ,examples ( ! latt] are3 ',! m9d is no elephant3' ',a lion is no table2' propositions :i* are correct b absurd1 exactly l ! id5tical propositions3 ',a lion is a lion2' ',m9d is m9d4' ,propositions l ^! are und\bt$ly ! tru? ( ! imm$iate1 or1 z x is call$1 ,qualitative judgm5t4 ,b !y are n judgm5ts at all1 & c only occur 9 a subjective ?\ght :]e ev5 an untrue ab/raction may hold its gr\nd4--,9 _! objective aspect1 ^! latt] judgm5ts express ! nature ( :at is1 or ( s5sible ?+s1 :i*1 z !y decl>e1 suff] disruption into an empty id5tity on ! "o h&1 & on ! o!r a fully-*>g$ relation--only t ?is relation is ! qualitative antagonism ( ! ?+s relat$1 _! total incongruity4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! negatively-inf9ite judgm5t1 9 :i* ! subject has no relation :atev] to ! pr$icate1 gets its place 9 ! ,=mal ,logic solely z a nons5sical curiosity4 ,b ! inf9ite judgm5t is n really a m]e casual =m adopt$ by subjective ?\ght4 ,x exhibits ! proximate result ( ! dialectical process 9 ! imm$iate judgm5ts prec$+ 7! positive & simply-negative71 & di/9ctly displays _! f9itude & untru?4 ,crime may be quot$ z an objective in/ance ( ! negatively-inf9ite judgm5t4 ,! p]son committ+ a crime1 su* z a !ft1 does n1 z 9 a suit ab\t civil rights1 m]ely d5y ! p>ticul> "r ( ano!r p]son to "s "o def9ite ?+4 ,he d5ies ! "r ( t p]son 9 g5]al1 & !re=e he is n m]ely =c$ to re/ore :at he has /ol51 b is puni%$ 9 addition1 because he has violat$ law z law1 i4e4 law 9 g5]al4 ,! civil-law suit on ! contr>y is an in/ance ( ! negative judgm5t pure & simple :]e m]ely ! p>ticul> law is violat$1 :il/ law 9 g5]al is s f> ackn[l$g$4 ,su* a dispute is precisely p>allel$ by a negative judgm5t1 l1 ',?is fl[] is n r$3' by :i* we m]ely d5y ! p>ticul> col\r ( ! fl[]1 b n its col\r 9 g5]al1 :i* may be blue1 yell[1 or any o!r4 ,simil>ly dea?1 z a negatively-inf9ite judgm5t1 is di/+ui%$ f disease z simply-negative4 ,9 disease1 m]ely ?is or t function ( life is *eck$ or negativ$3 9 dea?1 z we ord9>ily say1 body & s\l "p1 i4e4 subject & pr$icate utt]ly div]ge4 77 ,judgm5t ( ,reflection4 #agd4 ,! individual put z individual 7i4e4 z reflect$-into-self7 into ! judgm5t1 has a pr$icate1 9 comp>ison ) :i* ! subject1 z self-relat+1 cont9ues to be /ill an o!r ?+4--,9 exi/5ce ! subject ceases to be imm$iately qualitative1 x is 9 correlation1 & int]-connexion ) an o!r ?+1--) an ext]nal _w4 ,9 ?is way ! univ]sality ( ! pr$icate comes to signify ?is relativity--7e4g47 useful1 or dang]\s2 weight or acidity2 or aga91 in/9ct2 are examples ( su* relative pr$icates4 ,! ,judgm5t ( ,reflection is di/+ui%$ f ! ,qualitative judgm5t by ! circum/ance t its pr$icate is n an imm$iate or ab/ract quality1 b ( su* a k9d z to exhibit ! subject z 9 relation to some?+ else4 ,:5 we say1 e4g4 ',?is rose is r$4' we reg>d ! subject 9 its imm$iate individuality1 & )\t ref]5ce to any?+ else4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 we frame ! judgm5t1 ',?is plant is m$ic9al1' we reg>d ! subject1 plant1 z /&+ 9 connexion ) some?+ else 7! sickness :i* x cures71 by means ( its pr$icate 7its m$ic9ality74 ,! case is ! same ) judgm5ts l3 ,?is body is ela/ic3 ,?is in/rum5t is useful3 ,?is puni%m5t has a det]r5t influ5ce4 ,9 e "o ( ^! in/ances ! pr$icate is "s category ( reflection4 ,!y all exhibit an advance beyond ! imm$iate individuality ( ! subject1 b none ( !m goes s f> z to indicate ! adequate notion ( x4 ,x is 9 ?is mode ( judgm5t t ord9>y raisonnem5t luxuriates4 ,! great] ! concret5ess ( ! object 9 "q1 ! m po9ts ( view does x (f] to reflection2 by :i* h[ev] its prop] nature or notion is n exhau/$4 #age4 7#a7 ,fir/ly !n ! subject1 ! individual z individual 79 ! ,s+ul> judgm5t71 is a univ]sal4 ,b 7#b7 secondly1 9 ?is relation x is elevat$ above its s+ul>ity4 ,?is enl>gem5t is ext]nal1 due to subjective reflection1 & at fir/ is an indef9ite numb] ( p>ticul>s4 7,?is is se5 9 ! ,p>ticul> judgm5t1 :i* is obvi\sly negative z well z positive3 ! individual is divid$ 9 itself3 p>tly x is self-relat$1 p>tly relat$ to some?+ else47 7#c7 ,?irdly1 ,"s are ! univ]sal3 p>ticul>ity is ?us enl>g$ to univ]sality3 or univ]sality is modifi$ ?r\gh ! individuality ( ! subject1 & appe>s z allness ,community1 ! ord9>y univ]sality ( reflection4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! subject1 receiv+1 z 9 ! ,s+ul> judgm5t1 a univ]sal pr$icate1 is c>ri$ out beyond its m]e individual self4 ,to say1 ',?is plant is :olesome1' implies n only t ?is s+le plant is :olesome1 b t "s or sev]al are s4 ,we h ?us ! p>ticul> judgm5t 7"s plants are :olesome1 "s m5 are inv5tive1 c74 ,by means ( p>ticul>ity ! imm$iate individual comes to lose its indep5d5ce1 & ent]s into an int]-connexion ) some?+ else4 ,man1 z ?is man1 is n ?is s+le man alone3 he /&s beside o!r m5 & becomes "o 9 ! cr[d1 j by ?is means h[ev] he belongs to 8 univ]sal1 & is consequ5tly rais$4--,! p>ticul> judgm5t is z mu* negative z positive4 ,if only "s bodies are ela/ic1 x is evid5t t ! re/ are n ela/ic4 ,on ?is fact aga9 dep5ds ! advance to ! ?ird =m ( ! ,reflective judgm5t1 viz4 ! judgm5t ( allness 7all m5 are mortal1 all metals conduct electricity74 ,x is z 'all' t ! univ]sal is 9 ! fir/ in/ance g5]ally enc\nt]$ by reflection4 ,! individuals =m = reflection ! f\ndation1 & x is only our subjective action :i* collects & describes !m z 'all4' ,s f> ! univ]sal has ! aspect ( an ext]nal fa/5+1 t holds toge!r a numb] ( indep5d5t individuals1 :i* h n ! lea/ aff9ity t[>ds x4 ,?is semblance ( indiff]5ce is h[ev] unreal3 = ! univ]sal is ! gr\nd & f\ndation1 ! root1 & sub/ance ( ! individual4 ,if e4g4 we take ,caius1 ,titus1 ,sempronius1 & ! o!r inhabitants ( a t[n or c\ntry1 ! fact t all ( !m are m5 is n m]ely some?+ :i* !y h 9 common1 b _! univ]sal or k9d1 )\t :i* ^! individuals w\ld n be at all4 ,! case is v diff]5t ) t sup]ficial g5]ality falsely s call$1 :i* really means only :at atta*es1 or is common1 to all ! individuals4 ,x has be5 rem>k$1 = example1 t m51 9 contradi/9ction f ! l[] animals1 possess 9 common ! app5dage ( e>-lobes4 ,x is evid5t1 h[ev]1 t ! abs5ce ( ^! e>-lobes 9 "o man or ano!r w\ld n affect ! re/ ( 8 be+1 "*1 or capacities3 :]eas x w\ld be nons5se to suppose t ,caius1 )\t be+ a man1 w\ld /ill be brave1 le>n$1 c4 ,! individual man is :at he is 9 p>ticul>1 only 9 s f> z he is be=e all ?+s a man z man & 9 g5]al4 ,& t g5]ality is n some?+ ext]nal to1 or some?+ 9 addition to o!r ab/ract qualities1 or to m]e features discov]$ by reflection4 ,x is :at p]meates & includes 9 x ev]y?+ p>ticul>4 #agf4 ,! subject be+ ?us likewise *>act]is$ z a univ]sal1 !re is an express id5tification ( subject & pr$icate1 by :i* at ! same "t ! speciality ( ! judgm5t =m is depriv$ ( all importance4 ,?is unity ( ! cont5t 7! cont5t be+ ! univ]sality :i* is id5tical ) ! negative reflection-9-self ( ! subject7 makes ! connexion 9 judgm5t a necess>y "o4 ,! advance f ! reflective judgm5t ( allness to ! judgm5t ( necessity is f\nd 9 our usual modes ( ?\ght1 :5 we say t :atev] app]ta9s to all1 app]ta9s to ! species1 & is !re=e necess>y4 ,to say all plants1 or all m51 is ! same ?+ z to say ! plant1 or ! man4 77 ,judgm5t ( ,necessity4 #agg4 ,! ,judgm5t ( ,necessity1 i4e4 ( ! id5tity ( ! cont5t 9 its diff]5ce 7#a71 conta9s1 9 ! pr$icate1 p>tly ! sub/ance or nature ( ! subject1 ! concrete univ]sal1 ! g5us2 p>tly1 see+ t ?is univ]sal also conta9s ! specific "* z negative1 ! pr$icate repres5ts ! exclusive ess5tial "*1 ! species4 ,?is is ! ,categorical judgm5t4 7#b7 ,con=mably to _! sub/antiality1 ! two t]ms receive ! aspect ( indep5d5t actuality4 ,_! id5tity is !n inw>d only2 & ?us ! actuality ( ! "o is at ! same "t n its own1 b ! be+ ( ! o!r4 ,?is is ! ,hypo!tical judgm5t4 7#c7 ,if1 9 ?is self-surr5d] & self-ali5ation ( ! notion1 its inn] id5tity is at ! same "t explicitly put1 ! univ]sal is ! g5us :i* is self-id5tical 9 its mutually-exclusive individualities4 ,?is judgm5t1 :i* has ?is univ]sal = bo? its t]ms1 ! "o "t z a univ]sal1 ! o!r "t z ! circle ( its self-exclud+ p>ticul>isation 9 :i* ! 'ei!r--or' z mu* z ! 'z well z' /&s = ! g5us1 is ! ,disjunctive judgm5t4 ,univ]sality1 at fir/ z a g5us1 & n[ also z ! circuit ( its species1 is ?us describ$ & expressly put z a totality4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! ,categorical judgm5t 7su* z ',gold is a metal1' ',! rose is a plant'7 is ! un-m$iat$ judgm5t ( necessity1 & f9ds )9 ! sph]e ( ,ess5ce its p>allel 9 ! relation ( sub/ance4 ,all ?+s are a ,categorical judgm5t4 ,9 o!r words1 !y h _! sub/antial nature1 =m+ _! fix$ & un*angeable sub/ratum4 ,x is only :5 ?+s are /udi$ f ! po9t ( view ( _! k9d1 & z ) necessity det]m9$ by ! k9d1 t ! judgm5t fir/ beg9s to be real4 ,x betrays a defective logical tra9+ to place ^u ! same level judgm5ts l 'gold is de>1' & judgm5ts l 'gold is a metal4' ,t 'gold is de>' is a matt] ( ext]nal connexion betwe5 x & our wants or incl9ations1 ! co/s ( obta9+ x1 & o!r circum/ances4 ,gold rema9s ! same z x 01 ?\gh t ext]nal ref]5ce is alt]$ or remov$4 ,metalleity1 on ! contr>y1 con/itutes ! sub/antial nature ( gold1 ap>t f :i* x1 & all else t is 9 x1 or c be pr$icat$ ( x1 w\ld be unable to subsi/4 ,! same is ! case if we say1 ',caius is a man4' ,we express by t1 t :atev] else he may be1 has wor? & mean+1 only :5 x corresponds to 8 sub/antial nature or manhood4 ,b ev5 ! ,categorical judgm5t is to a c]ta9 ext5t defective4 ,x fails to give due place to ! function or elem5t ( p>ticul>ity4 ,?us 'gold is a metal1' x is true2 b s are silv]1 copp]1 iron3 & metalleity z su* has no lean+s to any ( its p>ticul> species4 ,9 ^! circum/ances we mu/ advance f ! ,categorical to ! ,hypo!tical judgm5t1 :i* may be express$ 9 ! =mula3 ,if ,a is1 ,b is4 ,! pres5t case exhibits ! same advance z =m]ly took place f ! relation ( sub/ance to ! relation ( cause4 ,9 ! ,hypo!tical judgm5t ! specific "* ( ! cont5t %[s itself m$iat$ & dep5d5t on some?+ else3 & ?is is exactly ! relation ( cause & effect4 ,& if we 7 to give a g5]al int]pretation to ! ,hypo!tical judgm5t1 we %\ld say t x expressly realises ! univ]sal 9 its p>ticul>is+4 ,?is br+s u to ! ?ird =m ( ! ,judgm5t ( ,necessity1 ! ,disjunctive judgm5t4 ,a is ei!r ,b or ,c or ,d4 ,a "w ( poetic art is ei!r epic or lyric or dramatic4 ,col\r is ei!r yell[ or blue or r$4 ,! two t]ms 9 ! ,disjunctive judgm5t are id5tical4 ,! g5us is ! sum total ( ! species1 & ! sum total ( ! species is ! g5us4 ,?is unity ( ! univ]sal & ! p>ticul> is ! notion3 & x is ! notion :i*1 z we n[ see1 =ms ! cont5t ( ! judgm5t4 77 ,judgm5t ( ! ,notion4 #agh4 ,! ,judgm5t ( ! ,notion has = its cont5t ! notion1 ! totality 9 simple =m1 ! univ]sal ) its complete speciality4 ,! subject is1 7#a7 9 ! fir/ place1 an individual1 :i* has = its pr$icate ! reflection ( ! p>ticul> exi/5ce on its univ]sal2 or ! judgm5t /ates ! agreem5t or disagreem5t ( ^! two aspects4 ,t is1 ! pr$icate is su* a t]m z good1 true1 correct4 ,?is is ! ,ass]tory judgm5t4 ,judgm5ts1 su* z :e!r an object1 action1 c4 is good1 bad1 true1 beautiful1 c1 are ^? to :i* ev5 ord9>y language fir/ applies ! "n ( judgm5t4 ,we %\ld nev] ascribe judgm5t to a p]son :o fram$ positive or negative judgm5ts l1 ,?is rose is r$1 ,?is picture is r$1 gre51 du/y1 c4 ,! ,ass]tory judgm5t1 al?\gh reject$ by society z out ( place :5 x claims au?ority on its own %[+1 has h[ev] be5 made ! s+le & all-ess5tial =m ( doctr9e1 ev5 9 philosophy1 ?r\gh ! influ5ce ( ! pr9ciple ( imm$iate k & fai?4 ,9 ! s-call$ philosophic works :i* ma9ta9 ?is pr9ciple1 we may read hundr$s & hundr$s ( ass]tions ab\t reason1 k1 ?\ght1 c4 :i*1 n[ t ext]nal au?ority c\nts = little1 seek to accr$it !mselves by an endless re/atem5t ( ! same !sis4 #agi4 ,on ! "p ( its at fir/ un-m$iat$ subject1 ! ,ass]tory judgm5t does n conta9 ! relation ( p>ticul> ) univ]sal :i* is express$ 9 ! pr$icate4 ,?is judgm5t is consequ5tly a m]e subjective p>ticul>ity1 & is confront$ by a contr>y ass]tion ) equal "r1 or r want ( "r4 ,x is !re=e at once turn$ into 7#b7 a ,problematical judgm5t4 ,b :5 we explicitly atta* ! objective p>ticul>ity to ! subject & make its speciality ! con/itutive feature ( its exi/5ce1 ! subject 7#c7 !n expresses ! connexion ( t objective p>ticul>ity ) its con/itution1 i4e4 ) its g5us2 & ?us expresses :at =ms ! cont5t ( ! pr$icate 7see #agh74 ,?is 7! imm$iate individuality7 h\se 7! g5us17 be+ s & s con/itut$ 7p>ticul>ity17 is good or bad4 ,?is is ! ,apodictic judgm5t4 ,all ?+s are a g5us 7i4e4 h a mean+ & purpose7 9 an individual actuality ( a p>ticul> con/itution4 ,& !y are f9ite1 because ! p>ticul> 9 !m may & also may n con=m to ! univ]sal4 #ahj4 ,9 ?is mann] subject & pr$icate are ea* ! :ole judgm5t4 ,! imm$iate con/itution ( ! subject is at fir/ exhibit$ z ! int]m$iat+ gr\nd1 :]e ! individuality ( ! actual ?+ meets ) its univ]sality1 & 9 ?is way z ! gr\nd ( ! judgm5t4 ,:at has be5 really made explicit is ! on5ess ( subject & pr$icate1 z ! notion itself1 fill+ up ! empty 'is' ( ! copula4 ,:ile its con/itu5t elem5ts are at ! same "t di/+ui%$ z subject & pr$icate1 ! notion is put z _! unity1 z ! connexion :i* s]ves to int]m$iate !m3 9 %ort1 z ! ,syllogism4 7c7 ,! ,syllogism4 #aha4 ,! ,syllogism br+s ! notion & ! judgm5t into "o4 ,x is notion1--be+ ! simple id5tity into :i* ! di/9ctions ( =m 9 ! judgm5t h retir$4 ,x is judgm5t1--because x is at ! same "t set 9 reality1 t is1 put 9 ! di/9ction ( its t]ms4 ,! ,syllogism is ! reasonable1 & ev]y?+ reasonable4 ,ev5 ! ord9>y !ories repres5t ! ,syllogism to be ! =m ( reasonabl5ess1 b only a subjective =m2 & no int]-connexion :atev] is %[n to exi/ betwe5 x & any o!r reasonable cont5t1 su* z a reasonable pr9ciple1 a reasonable action1 idea1 c4 ,! "n ( reason is mu* & (t5 he>d1 & appeal$ to3 b no "o ?9ks ( expla9+ its specific "*1 or say+ :at x is1--lea/ ( all t x has any connexion ) ,syllogism4 ,b =mal ,syllogism really pres5ts :at is reasonable 9 su* a reasonless way t x has no?+ to d ) any reasonable matt]4 ,b z ! matt] 9 "q c only be rational 9 virtue ( ! same quality by :i* ?\ght is reason1 x c be made s by ! =m only3 & t =m is ,syllogism4 ,& :at is a ,syllogism b an explicit putt+1 i4e4 realis+ ( ! notion1 at fir/ 9 =m only1 z /at$ above8 ,accord+ly ! ,syllogism is ! ess5tial gr\nd ( :atev] is true3 & at ! pres5t /age ! def9ition ( ! ,absolute is t x is ! ,syllogism1 or /at+ ! pr9ciple 9 a proposition3 ,ev]y?+ is a ,syllogism4 ,ev]y?+ is a notion1 ! exi/5ce ( :i* is ! diff]5tiation ( its memb]s or functions1 s t ! univ]sal nature ( ! ,notion gives itself ext]nal reality by means ( p>ticul>ity1 & !reby1 & z a negative reflection-into-self1 makes itself an individual4 ,or1 conv]sely3 ! actual ?+ is an individual1 :i* by means ( p>ticul>ity rises to univ]sality & makes itself id5tical ) itself4--,! actual is "o3 b x is also ! div]g5ce f ea* o!r ( ! con/itu5t elem5ts ( ! notion2 & ! ,syllogism repres5ts ! orbit ( int]m$iation ( its elem5ts1 by :i* x realises its unity4 ,! ,syllogism1 l ! notion & ! judgm5t1 is usually describ$ z a =m m]ely ( our subjective ?9k+4 ,! ,syllogism1 x is said1 is ! process ( prov+ ! judgm5t4 ,& c]ta9ly ! judgm5t does 9 e case ref] u to ! ,syllogism4 ,! /ep f ! "o to ! o!r h[ev] is n br\ght ab\t by our subjective action1 b by ! judgm5t itself :i* puts itself z ,syllogism1 & 9 ! conclusion returns to ! unity ( ! notion4 ,! precise po9t by :i* we pass to ! ,syllogism is f\nd 9 ! ,apodictic judgm5t4 ,9 x we h an individual :i* by means ( its qualities connects itself ) its univ]sal or notion4 ,"h we see ! p>ticul> becom+ ! m$iat+ mean betwe5 ! individual & ! univ]sal4 ,?is gives ! fundam5tal =m ( ! ,syllogism1 ! gradual specification ( :i*1 =mally consid]$1 consi/s 9 ! fact t univ]sal & individual also occupy ?is place ( mean4 ,?is aga9 paves ! way = ! passage f subjectivity to objectivity4 #ahb4 ,9 ! 'imm$iate' ,syllogism ! sev]al aspects ( ! notion confront "o ano!r ab/ractly1 & /& 9 an ext]nal relation only4 ,we h fir/ ! two extremes1 :i* are ,individuality & ,univ]sality2 & !n ! notion1 z ! mean = lock+ ! two toge!r1 is 9 l mann] only ab/ract ,p>ticul>ity4 ,9 ?is way ! extremes are put z indep5d5t & )\t aff9ity ei!r t[>ds "o ano!r or t[>ds _! mean4 ,su* a ,syllogism conta9s reason1 b 9 utt] notionlessness1--! =mal ,syllogism ( ,und]/&+4 ,9 x ! subject is c\pl$ ) an o!r "*2 or ! univ]sal by ?is m$iation subsumes a subject ext]nal to x4 ,9 ! rational ,syllogism1 on ! contr>y1 ! subject is by means ( ! m$iation c\pl$ ) itself4 ,9 ?is mann] x fir/ comes to be a subject3 or1 9 ! subject we h ! fir/ g]m ( ! rational ,syllogism4 ,9 ! foll[+ exam9ation1 ! ,syllogism ( ,und]/&+1 accord+ to ! int]pretation usually put ^u x1 is express$ 9 its subjective %ape2 ! %ape :i* x has :5 we are said to make su* ,syllogisms4 ,& x really is only a subjective syllogis+4 ,su* ,syllogism h[ev] has also an objective mean+2 x expresses only ! f9itude ( ?+s1 b does s 9 ! specific mode :i* ! =m has "h rea*$4 ,9 ! case ( f9ite ?+s _! subjectivity1 be+ only ?+hood1 is sep>able f _! prop]ties or _! p>ticul>ity1 b also sep>able f _! univ]sality3 n only :5 ! univ]sality is ! b>e quality ( ! ?+ & its ext]nal int]-connexion ) o!r ?+s1 b also :5 x is its g5us & notion4 99 99 99 99 99 ,on ! above-m5tion$ !ory ( syllogism1 z ! rational =m p> excell5ce1 reason has be5 def9$ z ! faculty ( syllogis+1 :il/ und]/&+ is def9$ z ! faculty ( =m+ notions4 ,we might object to ! conception on :i* ?is dep5ds1 & accord+ to :i* ! m9d is m]ely a sum ( =ces or faculties exi/+ side by side4 ,b ap>t f t objection1 we may obs]ve 9 reg>d to ! p>allelism ( und]/&+ ) ! notion1 z well z ( reason ) syllogism1 t ! notion is z little a m]e category ( ! und]/&+ z ! syllogism is )\t qualification def9able z rational4 ,=1 9 ! fir/ place1 :at ! ,=mal ,logic usually exam9es 9 its !ory ( syllogism1 is really no?+ b ! m]e syllogism ( und]/&+1 :i* has no claim to ! hon\r ( be+ made a =m ( rationality1 /ill less to be held z ! embodim5t ( all reason4 ,! notion1 9 ! second place1 s f> f be+ a =m ( und]/&+1 owes its degradation to su* a place entirely to ! influ5ce ( t ab/ract mode ( ?\ght4 ,& x is n unusual to draw su* a di/9ction betwe5 a notion ( und]/&+ & a notion ( reason4 ,! di/9ction h[ev] does n mean t notions are ( two k9ds4 ,x means t our own action (t5 /ops %ort at ! m]e negative & ab/ract =m ( ! notion1 :5 we might also h proce$$ to appreh5d ! notion 9 its true nature1 z at once positive & concrete4 ,x is e4g4 ! m]e und]/&+1 :i* ?9ks lib]ty to be ! ab/ract contr>y ( necessity1 :]eas ! adequate rational notion ( lib]ty requires ! elem5t ( necessity to be m]g$ 9 x4 ,simil>ly ! def9ition ( ,god1 giv5 by :at is call$ ,deism1 is m]ely ! mode 9 :i* ! und]/&+ ?9ks ,god3 :]eas ,*ri/ianity1 to :i* ,he is kn[n z ! ,tr9ity1 conta9s ! rational notion ( ,god4 77 ,qualitative ,syllogism4 #ahc4 ,! fir/ syllogism is a syllogism ( def9ite be+1--a ,qualitative ,syllogism1 z /at$ 9 ! la/ p>agraph4 ,its =m 7#a7 is ,i--,p--,u3 i4e4 a subject z ,individual is c\pl$ 7conclud$7 ) a ,univ]sal "* by means ( a 7,p>ticul>7 quality4 ,( c\rse ! subject 7t]m9us m9or7 has o!r *>act]i/ics besides individuality1 j z ! o!r extreme 7! pr$icate ( ! conclusion1 or t]m9us major7 has o!r *>act]i/ics ?an m]e univ]sality4 ,b "h ! int]e/ turns only on ! *>act]i/ics ?r\gh :i* ^! t]ms make a syllogism4 ,! syllogism ( exi/5ce is a syllogism ( und]/&+ m]ely1 at lea/ 9 s f> z x leaves ! individual1 ! p>ticul>1 & ! univ]sal to confront ea* o!r q ab/ractly4 ,9 ?is syllogism ! notion is at ! v height ( self-e/rangem5t4 ,we h 9 x an imm$iately individual ?+ z subject3 next "s "o p>ticul> aspect or prop]ty atta*+ to ?is subject is select$1 & by means ( ?is prop]ty ! individual turns out to be a univ]sal4 ,?us we may say1 ,?is rose is r$3 ,r$ is a col\r3 ,!re=e1 ?is rose is a col\r$ object4 ,x is ?is aspect ( ! syllogism :i* ! common logics ma9ly treat (4 ,!re 0 a "t :5 ! syllogism 0 reg>d$ z an absolute rule = all cognition1 & :5 a sci5tific /atem5t 0 n held to be valid until x _h be5 %[n to foll[ f a process ( syllogism4 ,at pres5t1 on ! contr>y1 ! diff]5t =ms ( ! syllogism are met n[h]e save 9 ! manuals ( ,logic2 & an acqua9tance ) !m is consid]$ a piece ( m]e p$antry1 ( no fur!r use ei!r 9 practical life or 9 sci5ce4 ,x w\ld inde$ be bo? useless & p$antic to p>ade ! :ole ma*9]y ( ! =mal syllogism on e occasion4 ,& yet ! sev]al =ms ( syllogism make !mselves con/antly felt 9 our cognition4 ,if any "o1 :5 awak+ on a w9t] morn+1 he>s ! creak+ ( ! c>riages on ! /reet1 & is ?us l$ to conclude t x has froz5 h>d 9 ! night1 he has gone ?r\gh a syllogi/ic op]ation3--an op]ation :i* is e day repeat$ "u ! greate/ v>iety ( conditions4 ,! int]e/1 !re=e1 ought at lea/ n to be less 9 becom+ expressly consci\s ( ?is daily action ( our ?9k+ selves1 ?an confess$ly belongs to ! /udy ( ! functions ( organic life1 su* z ! processes ( dige/ion1 assimilation1 respiration1 or ev5 ! processes & /ructures ( ! nature ar\nd u4 ,we d n1 h[ev]1 = a mom5t d5y t a /udy ( ,logic is no m necess>y to tea* u h[ to draw correct conclusions1 ?an a previ\s /udy ( anatomy & physiology is requir$ 9 ord] to dige/ or brea!4 ,ari/otle 0 ! fir/ to obs]ve & describe ! diff]5t =ms1 or1 z !y are call$1 figures ( syllogism1 9 _! subjective mean+3 & he p]=m$ 8 "w s exactly & surely1 t no ess5tial addition has ev] be5 requir$4 ,b :ile s5sible ( ! value ( :at he has ?us done1 we mu/ n =get t ! =ms ( ! syllogism ( und]/&+1 & ( f9ite ?\ght altoge!r1 are n :at ,ari/otle has made use ( 9 8 prop]ly philosophical inve/igations4 7,see #ahi47 #ahd4 ,?is syllogism is completely cont+5t 77 9 ! matt] ( its t]ms4 ,! ,middle ,t]m1 be+ an ab/ract p>ticul>ity1 is no?+ b any quality :atev] ( ! subject3 b ! subject1 be+ imm$iate & ?us empirically concrete1 has sev]al o!rs1 & c\ld !re=e be c\pl$ ) exactly z _m o!r univ]salities z x possesses s+le qualities4 ,simil>ly a s+le p>ticul>ity may h v>i\s *>act]s 9 itself1 s t ! same m$ius t]m9us w\ld s]ve to connect ! subject ) sev]al diff]5t univ]sals4 ,x is m a caprice ( fa%ion1 ?an a s5se ( its incorrectness1 :i* has l$ to ! disuse ( c]emoni\s syllogis+4 ,?is & ! foll[+ section indicate ! uselessness ( su* syllogis+ = ! ends ( tru?4 ,! po9t ( view indicat$ 9 ! p>agraph %[s h[ ?is /yle ( syllogism c 'demon/rate' 7z ! phrase goes7 ! mo/ div]se conclusions4 ,all t is requisite is to f9d a m$ius t]m9us f :i* ! transition c be made to ! proposition s\ght4 ,ano!r m$ius t]m9us w\ld enable u to demon/rate some?+ else1 & ev5 ! contr>y ( ! la/4 ,& ! m concrete an object is1 ! m aspects x has1 :i* may become su* middle t]ms4 ,to det]m9e :i* ( ^! aspects is m ess5tial ?an ano!r1 aga91 requires a fur!r syllogism ( ?is k9d1 :i* fix+ on ! s+le quality c ) equal ease discov] 9 x "s aspect or consid]ation by :i* x c make good its claims to be consid]$ necess>y & important4 ,little z we usually ?9k on ! ,syllogism ( ,und]/&+ 9 ! daily bus9ess ( life1 x nev] ceases to play its "p !re4 ,9 a civil suit1 = in/ance1 x is ! duty ( ! advocate to give due =ce to ! legal titles :i* make 9 fav\r ( 8 cli5t4 ,9 logical language1 su* a legal title is no?+ b a middle t]m4 ,diplomatic transactions af=d ano!r illu/ration ( ! same1 :51 = in/ance1 diff]5t p[]s lay claim to "o & ! same t]ritory4 ,9 su* a case ! laws ( inh]itance1 ! geographical position ( ! c\ntry1 ! desc5t & ! language ( its inhabitants1 or any o!r gr\nd1 may be emphasis$ z a m$ius t]m9us4 #ahe4 77 ,?is syllogism1 if x is cont+5t 9 po9t ( its t]ms1 is no less cont+5t 9 virtue ( ! =m ( relation :i* is f\nd 9 x4 ,9 ! syllogism1 accord+ to its notion1 tru? lies 9 connect+ two di/9ct ?+s by a ,middle ,t]m 9 :i* !y are "o4 ,b connexions ( ! extremes ) ! ,middle ,t]m 7! s-call$ premisses1 ! major & ! m9or premiss7 are 9 ! case ( ?is syllogism mu* m decid$ly imm$iate connexions4 ,9 o!r words1 !y h n a prop] ,middle ,t]m4 ,?is contradiction 9 ! syllogism exhibits a new case ( ! inf9ite progression4 ,ea* ( ! premisses evid5tly calls = a fre% syllogism to demon/rate x3 & z ! new syllogism has two imm$iate premisses1 l its pr$ecessor1 ! dem& = pro( is d\bl$ at e /ep1 & repeat$ )\t end4 #ahf4 ,on acc\nt ( its importance = exp]i5ce1 !re has be5 "h not$ a defect 9 ! syllogism1 to :i* 9 ?is =m absolute correctness _h be5 ascrib$4 ,?is defect h[ev] mu/ lose itself 9 ! fur!r specification ( ! syllogism4 ,= we are n[ )9 ! sph]e ( ! notion2 & "h !re=e1 z well z 9 ! judgm5t1 ! opposite "* is n m]ely pres5t pot5tially1 b is explicit4 ,to "w out ! gradual specification ( ! syllogism1 !re=e1 !re ne$ only be admitt$ & accept$ :at is at ea* /ep realis$ by ! syllogism itself4 ,?r\gh ! imm$iate syllogism ,i--,p--,u1 ! ,individual is m$iat$ 7?r\gh a ,p>ticul>7 ) ! ,univ]sal1 & 9 ?is conclusion put z a univ]sal4 ,x foll[s t ! individual subject1 becom+ itself a univ]sal1 s]ves to unite ! two extremes1 & to =m _! gr\nd ( int]m$iation4 ,?is gives ! second figure ( ! syllogism1 7#b7 ,u--,i--,p4 ,x expresses ! tru? ( ! fir/2 x %[s 9 o!r words t ! int]m$iation has tak5 place 9 ! individual1 & is ?us some?+ cont+5t4 #ahg4 ,! univ]sal1 :i* 9 ! fir/ conclusion 0 specifi$ ?r\gh individuality1 passes ov] into ! second figure & !re n[ occupies ! place t belong$ to ! imm$iate subject4 ,9 ! second figure x is conclud$ ) ! p>ticul>4 ,by ?is conclusion !re=e ! univ]sal is explicitly put z p>ticul>--& is n[ made to m$iate betwe5 ! two extremes1 ! places ( :i* are occupi$ by ! two o!rs 7! p>ticul> & ! individual74 ,?is is ! ?ird figure ( ! syllogism3 7#c7 ,p--,u--,i4 ,:at are call$ ! ,figures ( ! syllogism 7be+ ?ree 9 numb]1 = ! f\r? is a sup]flu\s & ev5 absurd addition ( ! ,mod]ns to ! ?ree kn[n to ,ari/otle7 are 9 ! usual mode ( treatm5t put side by side1 )\t ! slighte/ ?\ght ( %[+ _! necessity1 & /ill less ( po9t+ out _! import & value4 ,no wond] !n t ! figures h be5 9 lat] times treat$ z an empty piece ( =malism4 ,!y h h[ev] a v real significance1 d]iv$ f ! necessity = e function or *>act]i/ic elem5t ( ! notion to become ! :ole itself1 & to /& z m$iat+ gr\nd4--,b to f9d out :at 'moods' ( ! propositions 7su* z :e!r !y may be univ]sals1 or negatives7 are ne$$ to enable u to draw a correct conclusion 9 ! diff]5t figures1 is a me*anical inquiry1 :i* its purely me*anical nature & its intr9sic mean+lessness h v prop]ly consign$ to oblivion4 ,& ,ari/otle w\ld h be5 ! la/ p]son to give any c\nt5ance to ^? :o wi% to atta* importance to su* inquiries or to ! syllogism ( und]/&+ 9 g5]al4 ,x is true t he describ$ ^!1 z well z num]\s o!r =ms ( m9d & nature1 & t he exam9$ & exp\nd$ _! specialities4 ,b 9 8 metaphysical !ories1 z well z 8 !ories ( nature & m9d1 he 0 v f> f tak+ z basis1 or crit]ion1 ! syllogi/ic =ms ( ! 'und]/&+4' ,inde$ x might be ma9ta9$ t n "o ( ^! !ories w\ld ev] h come into exi/5ce1 or be5 all[$ to exi/1 if x _h be5 compell$ to submit to ! laws ( und]/&+4 ,) all ! descriptiv5ess & analytic faculty :i* ,ari/otle aft] 8 fa%ion is sub/antially /rong 91 8 rul+ pr9ciple is always ! speculative notion2 & t syllogi/ic ( 'und]/&+' to :i* he fir/ gave su* a def9ite expression is nev] all[$ to intrude 9 ! high] doma9 ( philosophy4 99 99 99 99 99 ,9 _! objective s5se1 ! ?ree figures ( ! syllogism decl>e t ev]y?+ rational is manife/$ z a triple syllogism2 t is to say1 ea* "o ( ! memb]s takes 9 turn ! place ( ! extremes1 z well z ( ! mean :i* reconciles !m4 ,su*1 = example1 is ! case ) ! ?ree bran*es ( philosophy2 ! ,logical ,idea1 ,nature1 & ,m9d4 ,z we fir/ see !m1 ,nature is ! middle t]m :i* l9ks ! o!rs toge!r4 ,nature1 ! totality imm$iately be=e u1 unfolds itself into ! two extremes ( ! ,logical ,idea & ,m9d4 ,b ,m9d is ,m9d only :5 x is m$iat$ ?r\gh nature4 ,!n1 9 ! second place1 ,m9d1 :i* we "k z ! pr9ciple ( individuality1 or z ! actualis+ pr9ciple1 is ! mean2 & ,nature & ! ,logical ,idea are ! extremes4 ,x is ,m9d :i* cognises ! ,logical ,idea 9 ,nature & :i* ?us raises ,nature to its ess5ce4 ,9 ! ?ird place aga9 ! ,logical ,idea itself becomes ! mean3 x is ! absolute sub/ance bo? ( m9d & ( nature1 ! univ]sal & all-p]vad+ pr9ciple4 ,^! are ! memb]s ( ! ,absolute ,syllogism4 #ahh4 ,9 ! r\nd by :i* ea* con/itu5t function assumes successively ! place ( mean & ( ! two extremes1 _! specific diff]5ce f ea* o!r has be5 sup]s$$4 ,9 ?is =m1 :]e !re is no di/9ction betwe5 its con/itu5t elem5ts1 ! syllogism at fir/ has = its connective l9k equality1 or ! ext]nal id5tity ( und]/&+4 ,?is is ! ,quantitative or ,ma!matical ,syllogism3 if two ?+s are equal to a ?ird1 !y are equal to "o ano!r4 99 99 99 99 99 ,ev]ybody kn[s t ?is ,quantitative syllogism appe>s z a ma!matical axiom1 :i* l o!r axioms is said to be a pr9ciple t does n admit ( pro(1 & :i* inde$ be+ self-evid5t does n require su* pro(4 ,^! ma!matical axioms h[ev] are really no?+ b logical propositions1 :i*1 s f> z !y enunciate def9ite & p>ticul> ?\ghts1 are d$ucible f ! univ]sal & self-*>act]is+ ?\ght4 ,to d$uce !m1 is to give _! pro(4 ,t is true ( ! ,quantitative syllogism1 to :i* ma!matics gives ! rank ( an axiom4 ,x is really ! proximate result ( ! qualitative or imm$iate syllogism4 ,f9ally1 ! ,quantitative syllogism is ! syllogism 9 utt] =mlessness4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ! t]ms :i* is requir$ by ! notion is susp5d$4 ,extrane\s circum/ances alone c decide :at propositions are to be premisses "h3 & !re=e 9 apply+ ?is syllogism we make a pre-supposition ( :at has be5 else:]e prov$ & e/abli%$4 #ahi4 ,two results foll[ z to ! =m4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ea* con/itu5t elem5t has tak5 ! place & p]=m$ ! function ( ! mean & !re=e ( ! :ole1 ?us implicitly los+ its p>tial & ab/ract "* 7 #ahb & #ahd72 secondly1 ! m$iation has be5 complet$ 7 #ahe71 ?\gh ! completion too is only implicit1 t is1 only z a circle ( m$iations :i* 9 turn pre-suppose ea* o!r4 ,9 ! fir/ figure ,i--,p--,u ! two premisses ,i is ,p & ,p is ,u are yet )\t a m$iation4 ,! =m] premiss is m$iat$ 9 ! ?ird1 ! latt] 9 ! second figure4 ,b ea* ( ^! two figures1 aga91 = ! m$iation ( its premisses pre-supposes ! two o!rs4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ?is1 ! m$iat+ unity ( ! notion mu/ be put no long] z an ab/ract p>ticul>ity1 b z a develop$ unity ( ! individual & univ]sal--& 9 ! fir/ place a reflect$ unity ( ^! elem5ts4 ,t is to say1 ! individuality gets at ! same "t ! "* ( univ]sality4 ,a mean ( ?is k9d gives ! ,syllogism ( ,reflection4 77 ,syllogism ( ,reflection4 #aij4 ,if ! mean1 9 ! fir/ place1 be n only an ab/ract p>ticul> "* ( ! subject1 b at ! same "t all ! individual concrete subjects :i* possess t "*1 b possess x only along ) o!rs1 7#a7 we h ! ,syllogism ( ,allness4 ,! major premiss1 h[ev]1 :i* has = its subject ! p>ticul> "*1 ! t]m9us m$ius1 z allness1 pre-supposes ! v conclusion :i* ought r to h pre-suppos$ x4 ,x re/s !re=e 7#b7 on an ,induction1 9 :i* ! mean is giv5 by ! complete li/ ( individuals z su*1--a1 b1 c1 d1 c4 ,on acc\nt ( ! disp>ity1 h[ev]1 betwe5 univ]sality & an imm$iate & empirical individuality1 ! li/ c nev] be complete4 ,induction !re=e re/s ^u 7#c7 ,analogy4 ,! middle t]m ( ,analogy is an individual1 :i* h[ev] is und]/ood z equival5t to its ess5tial univ]sality1 its g5us1 or ess5tial "*4--,! fir/ syllogism = its int]m$iation turns u ov] to ! second1 & ! second turns u ov] to ! ?ird4 ,b ! ?ird no less dem&s an intr9sically det]m9ate ,univ]sality1 or an individuality z type ( ! g5us1 aft] ! r\nd ( ! =ms ( ext]nal connexion betwe5 individuality & univ]sality has be5 run ?r\gh 9 ! figures ( ! ,reflective ,syllogism4 ,by ! ,syllogism ( ,allness ! defect 9 ! fir/ =m ( ! ,syllogism ( ,und]/&+1 not$ 9 #ahd1 is rem$i$1 b only to give rise to a new defect4 ,?is defect is t ! major premiss itself pre-supposes :at really ought to be ! conclusion1 & pre-supposes x z :at is ?us an 'imm$iate' proposition4 ,all m5 are mortal1 !re=e ,caius is mortal3 ,all metals conduct electricity1 !re=e e4g4 copp] does s4 ,9 ord] to enunciate ^! major premisses1 :i* :5 !y say 'all' mean ! 'imm$iate' individuals & are prop]ly int5d$ to be empirical propositions1 x is requisite t ! propositions ab\t ! individual man ,caius1 or ! individual metal copp]1 %\ld previ\sly h be5 asc]ta9$ to be correct4 ,ev]ybody feels n m]ely ! p$antry1 b ! unmean+ =malism ( su* syllogisms z3 ,all m5 are mortal1 ,caius is a man1 !re=e ,caius is mortal4 ,! syllogism ( ,allness h&s u ov] to ! syllogism ( ,induction1 9 :i* ! individuals =m ! c\pl+ mean4 ',all metals conduct electricity1' is an empirical proposition d]iv$ f exp]im5ts made ) ea* ( ! individual metals4 ,we ?us get ! syllogism ( ,induction ,i 9 ! foll[+ %ape ,p--,i--,u4 ,i 4 4 4 ,gold is a metal3 silv] is a metal3 s is copp]1 lead1 c4 ,?is is ! major premiss4 ,!n comes ! m9or premiss3 ,all ^! bodies conduct electricity2 & h5ce results ! conclusion1 t all metals conduct electricity4 ,! po9t :i* br+s ab\t a comb9ation "h is individuality 9 ! %ape ( allness4 ,b ?is syllogism once m h&s u ov] to ano!r syllogism4 ,its mean is con/itut$ by ! complete li/ ( ! individuals4 ,t pre-supposes t ov] a c]ta9 region obs]vation & exp]i5ce are complet$4 ,b ! ?+s 9 "q "h are individuals2 & s aga9 we are l&$ 9 ! progression ad inf9itum 7i1 i1 i1 c474 ,9 o!r words1 9 no ,induction c we ev] exhau/ ! individuals4 ,! 'all metals1' 'all plants1' ( our /atem5ts1 mean only all ! metals1 all ! plants1 :i* we h hi!rto become acqua9t$ )4 ,e ,induction is consequ5tly imp]fect4 ,"o & ! o!r obs]vation1 _m x may be1 h be5 made3 b all ! cases1 all ! individuals1 h n be5 obs]v$4 ,by ?is defect ( ,induction we are l$ on to ,analogy4 ,9 ! syllogism ( ,analogy we conclude f ! fact t "s ?+s ( a c]ta9 k9d possess a c]ta9 quality1 t ! same quality is possess$ by o!r ?+s ( ! same k9d4 ,x w\ld be a syllogism ( ,analogy1 = example1 if we said3 ,9 all planets hi!rto discov]$ ?is has be5 f\nd to be ! law ( motion1 consequ5tly a newly discov]$ planet w probably move accord+ to ! same law4 ,9 ! exp]i5tial sci5ces ,analogy des]v$ly occupies a high place1 & has l$ to results ( ! highe/ importance4 ,analogy is ! in/9ct ( reason1 creat+ an anticipation t ?is or t *>act]i/ic1 :i* exp]i5ce has discov]$1 has its root 9 ! inn] nature or k9d ( an object1 & argu+ on ! fai? ( t anticipation4 ,analogy x %\ld be add$ may be sup]ficial or x may be ?or\gh4 ,x w\ld c]ta9ly be a v bad analogy to argue t s9ce ! man ,caius is a s*ol>1 & ,titus also is a man1 ,titus w probably be a s*ol> too3 & x w\ld be bad because a man's le>n+ is n an unconditional consequ5ce ( 8 manhood4 ,sup]ficial analogies ( ?is k9d h[ev] are v frequ5tly met )4 ,x is (t5 argu$1 = example3 ,! e>? is a cele/ial body1 s is ! moon1 & x is !re=e 9 all probability inhabit$ z well z ! e>?4 ,! analogy is n "o :it bett] ?an t previ\sly m5tion$4 ,t ! e>? is inhabit$ does n dep5d on its be+ a cele/ial body1 b 9 o!r conditions1 su* z ! pres5ce ( an atmosph]e1 & ( wat] 9 connexion ) ! atmosph]e1 c43 & ^! are precisely ! conditions :i* ! moon1 s f> z we "k1 does n possess4 ,:at has 9 mod]n times be5 call$ ! ,philosophy ( ,nature consi/s pr9cipally 9 a frivol\s play ) empty & ext]nal analogies1 :i*1 h[ev]1 claim to be consid]$ pr(\nd results4 ,! natural consequ5ce has be5 to discr$it ! philosophical /udy ( nature4 77 ,syllogism ( ,necessity4 #aia4 ,! ,syllogism ( ,necessity1 if we look to its purely ab/ract *>act]i/ics or t]ms1 has = its mean ! ,univ]sal 9 ! same way z ! ,syllogism ( ,reflection has ! ,individual1 ! latt] be+ 9 ! second1 & ! =m] 9 ! ?ird figure 7 #ahg74 ,! ,univ]sal is expressly put z 9 its v nature intr9sically det]m9ate4 ,9 ! fir/ place 7#a7 ! ,p>ticul>1 mean+ by ! p>ticul> ! specific g5us or species1 is ! t]m = m$iat+ ! extremes--z is done 9 ! ,categorical syllogism4 7#b7 ,! same (fice is p]=m$ by ! ,individual1 tak+ ! individual z imm$iate be+1 s t x is z mu* m$iat+ z m$iat$3--z happ5s 9 ! ,hypo!tical syllogism4 7#c7 ,we h also ! m$iat+ ,univ]sal explicitly put z a totality ( its p>ticul> memb]s1 & z a s+le p>ticul>1 or exclusive individuality3--:i* happ5s 9 ! ,disjunctive syllogism4 ,x is "o & ! same univ]sal :i* is 9 ^! t]ms ( ! ,disjunctive syllogism2 !y are only diff]5t =ms = express+ x4 #aib4 ,! syllogism has be5 tak5 con=mably to ! di/9ctions :i* x conta9s2 & ! g5]al result ( ! c\rse ( _! evolution has be5 to %[ t ^! diff]5ces "w out _! own abolition & de/roy ! notion's outw>dness to its own self4 ,&1 z we see1 9 ! fir/ place1 7#a7 ea* ( ! dynamic elem5ts has prov$ itself ! sy/ematic :ole ( ^! elem5ts1 9 %ort a :ole syllogism1--!y are consequ5tly implicitly id5tical4 ,9 ! second place1 7#b7 ! negation ( _! di/9ctions & ( ! m$iation ( "o ?r\gh ano!r con/itutes indep5d5cy2 s t x is "o & ! same univ]sal :i* is 9 ^! =ms1 & :i* is 9 ?is way also explicitly put z _! id5tity4 ,9 ?is ideality ( its dynamic elem5ts1 ! syllogi/ic process may be describ$ z ess5tially involv+ ! negation ( ! *>act]s ?r\gh :i* its c\rse runs1 z be+ a m$iative process ?r\gh ! susp5sion ( m$iation1--z c\pl+ ! subject n ) ano!r1 b ) a susp5d$ o!r1 9 "o ^w1 ) itself4 99 99 99 99 99 ,9 ! common logic1 ! doctr9e ( syllogism is suppos$ to conclude ! fir/ "p1 or :at is call$ ! 'elem5t>y' !ory4 ,x is foll[$ by ! second "p1 ! doctr9e ( ,me?od1 :i* proposes to %[ h[ a body ( sci5tific k is creat$ by apply+ to exi/+ objects ! =ms ( ?\ght discuss$ 9 ! elem5t>y "p4 ,:5ce ^! objects orig9ate1 & :at ! ?\ght ( objectivity g5]ally speak+ implies1 are que/ions to :i* ! ,logic ( ,und]/&+ v\*safes no fur!r answ]4 ,x believes ?\ght to be a m]e subjective & =mal activity1 & ! objective fact1 :i* confronts ?\ght1 to h a sep>ate & p]man5t be+4 ,b ?is dualism is a half-tru?3 & !re is a want ( intellig5ce 9 ! proc$ure :i* at once accepts1 )\t inquir+ into _! orig91 ! categories ( subjectivity & objectivity4 ,bo? ( !m1 subjectivity z well z objectivity1 are c]ta9ly ?\ghts--ev5 specific ?\ghts3 :i* mu/ %[ !mselves f\nd$ on ! univ]sal & self-det]m9+ ?\ght4 ,?is has "h be5 done--at lea/ = subjectivity4 ,we h recognis$ x1 or ! notion subjective 7:i* includes ! notion prop]1 ! judgm5t1 & ! syllogism7 z ! dialectical result ( ! fir/ two ma9 /ages ( ! ,logical ,idea1 ,be+ & ,ess5ce4 ,to say t ! notion is subjective & subjective only1 is s f> q correct3 = ! notion c]ta9ly is subjectivity itself4 ,n less subjective ?an ! notion are also ! judgm5t & syllogism3 & ^! =ms1 toge!r ) ! s-call$ ,laws ( ,?\ght 7! ,laws ( ,id5tity1 ,diff]5ce1 & ,suffici5t ,gr\nd71 make up ! cont5ts ( :at is call$ ! ',elem5ts' 9 ! common logic4 ,b we may g a /ep fur!r4 ,?is subjectivity1 ) its functions ( notion1 judgm5t1 & syllogism1 is n l a set ( empty comp>tm5ts :i* has to get fill$ f )\t by sep>ately-exi/+ objects4 ,x w\ld be tru] to say t x is subjectivity itself :i*1 z dialectical1 breaks ?r\gh its own b>ri]s & op5s out into objectivity by means ( ! syllogism4 #aic4 ,?is 'realisation' ( ! notion1--a realisation 9 :i* ! univ]sal is ?is "o totality )drawn back into itself 7( :i* ! diff]5t memb]s are no less ! :ole1 &7 :i* has giv5 itself a "* ( 'imm$iate' unity by m]g+ ! m$iation3--?is realisation ( ! notion is ! ,object4 ,i 8 transition f ! ,subject1 ! notion 9 g5]al1 & especially ! syllogism1 to ! ,object1 may1 at ! fir/ glance1 appe> /range1 p>ticul>ly if we look only at ! ,syllogism ( ,und]/&+1 & suppose syllogis+ to be only an act ( consci\sness4 ,b t /rang5ess imposes on u no obligation to seek to make ! transition plausible to ! image-lov+ conception4 ,! only "q :i* c be consid]$ is1 :e!r our usual conception ( :at is call$ an 'object' approximately corresponds to ! object z "h describ$4 ,by 'object' is commonly und]/ood n an ab/ract be+1 or an exi/+ ?+ m]ely1 or any sort ( actuality1 b some?+ indep5d5t1 concrete1 & self-complete1 ?is complet5ess be+ ! totality ( ! notion4 ,t ! object 7,objekt7 is also an object to u 7,geg5/&7 & is ext]nal to some?+ else1 w be m precisely se51 :5 x puts itself 9 contra/ ) ! subjective4 ,at pres5t1 z t into :i* ! notion has pass$ f its m$iation1 x is only imm$iate object & no?+ m1 j z ! notion is n describable z subjective1 previ\s to ! subsequ5t contra/ ) objectivity4 ,fur!r1 ! ,object 9 g5]al is ! "o total1 9 itself /ill unspecifi$1 ! ,objective ,_w z a :ole1 ,god1 ! ,absolute ,object4 ,! object1 h[ev]1 has also diff]5ce atta*+ to x3 x falls into pieces1 indef9ite 9 _! multiplicity 7mak+ an objective _w72 & ea* ( ^! individualis$ p>ts is also an object1 an intr9sically concrete1 complete1 & indep5d5t exi/5ce4 ,objectivity has be5 comp>$ ) be+1 exi/5ce1 & actuality2 & s too ! transition to exi/5ce & actuality 7n to be+1 = x is ! prim>y & q ab/ract imm$iate7 maybe comp>$ ) ! transition to objectivity4 ,! gr\nd f :i* exi/5ce proce$s1 & ! reflective correlation :i* is m]g$ 9 actuality1 are no?+ b ! z yet imp]fectly realis$ notion4 ,!y are only ab/ract aspects ( x1--! gr\nd be+ its m]ely ess5ce-br$ unity1 & ! correlation only ! connexion ( real sides :i* are suppos$ to h only self-reflect$ be+4 ,! notion is ! unity ( ! two2 & ! object is n a m]ely ess5ce-l1 b inh]5tly univ]sal unity1 n only conta9+ real di/9ctions1 b conta9+ !m z totalities 9 itself4 ,x is evid5t t 9 all ^! transitions !re is a fur!r purpose ?an m]ely to %[ ! indissoluble connexion betwe5 ! notion or ?\ght & be+4 ,x has be5 m ?an once rem>k$ t be+ is no?+ m ?an simple self-relation1 & ?is meagre category is c]ta9ly impli$ 9 ! notion1 or ev5 9 ?\ght4 ,b ! mean+ ( ^! transitions is n to accept *>act]i/ics or categories1 z only impli$2--a fault :i* m>s ev5 ! ,ontological argum5t = ,god's exi/5ce1 :5 x is /at$ t be+ is "o among realities4 ,:at su* a transition does1 is to take ! notion1 z x ought to be prim>ily *>act]is$ p] se z a notion1 ) :i* ?is remote ab/raction ( be+1 or eve ( objectivity1 has z yet no?+ to d1 & look+ at its specific "* z a notional "* alone1 to see :5 & :e!r x passes ov] into a =m :i* is diff]5t f ! "* z x belongs to ! notion & appe>s 9 x4 ,if ! ,object1 ! product ( ?is transition1 be br\ght into relation ) ! notion1 :i*1 s f> z its special =m is conc]n$1 has vani%$ 9 x1 we may give a correct expression to ! result1 by say+ t notion or1 if x be pref]r$1 subjectivity & object are implicitly ! same4 ,b x is equally correct to say t !y are diff]5t4 ,9 %ort1 ! two modes ( expression are equally correct & incorrect4 ,! true /ate ( ! case c be pres5t$ 9 no expressions ( ?is k9d4 ,! 'implicit' is an ab/raction1 /ill m p>tial & inadequate ?an ! notion itself1 ( :i* ! inadequacy is ^u ! :ole susp5d$1 by susp5d+ itself to ! object ) its opposite inadequacy4 ,h5ce t implicitness also mu/1 by its negation1 give itself ! "* ( explicitness4 ,z 9 e case1 speculative id5tity is n ! above-m5tion$ triviality ( an implicit id5tity ( subject & object4 ,?is has be5 said (t5 en\gh4 ,yet x c\ld n be too (t5 repeat$1 if ! int5tion 7 really to put an end to ! /ale & purely malici\s misconception 9 reg>d to ?is id5tity3--( :i* h[ev] !re c be no reasonable expectation4 ,look+ at t unity 9 a q g5]al way1 & rais+ no objection to ! "o-sid$ =m ( its implicitness1 we f9d x z ! well-kn[n pre-supposition ( ! ontological pro( = ! exi/5ce ( ,god4 ,!re1 x appe>s z supreme p]fection4 ,anselm1 9 :om ! notable sugge/ion ( ?is pro( fir/ occurs1 no d\bt orig9ally re/rict$ himself to ! "q :e!r a c]ta9 cont5t 0 9 our ?9k+ only4 ,8 words are briefly ^!3 ',c]te id quo majus cogit>i nequit1 non pote/ esse 9 intellectu solo4 ,si enim vel 9 solo intellectu e/1 pote/ cogit>i esse et 9 re3 quod majus e/4 ,si ergo id quo majus cogit>i non pote/1 e/ 9 solo intellectu2 id ipsum quo majus cogit>i non pote/1 e/ quo majus cogit>i pote/4 ,s$ c]te hoc esse non pote/4' 7,c]ta9ly t1 ?an :i* no?+ great] c be ?\ght1 _c be 9 ! intellect alone4 ,= ev5 if x is 9 ! intellect alone1 x c also be ?\ght to exi/ 9 fact3 & t is great]4 ,if !n t1 ?an :i* no?+ great] c be ?\ght1 is 9 ! intellect alone2 !n ! v ?+1 :i* is great] ?an any?+ :i* c be ?\ght1 c be exce$$ 9 ?\ght4 ,b c]ta9ly ?is is impossible47 ,! same unity receiv$ a m objective expression 9 ,desc>tes1 ,sp9oza & o!rs3 :ile ! !ory ( imm$iate c]titude or fai? pres5ts x1 on ! contr>y1 9 some:at ! same subjective aspect z ,anselm4 ,^! ,intuitionali/s hold t 9 our consci\sness ! attribute ( be+ is indissolubly associat$ ) ! conception ( ,god4 ,! !ory ( fai? br+s ev5 ! conception ( ext]nal f9ite ?+s "u ! same insep>able nexus betwe5 ! consci\sness & ! be+ ( !m1 on ! gr\nd t p]ception pres5ts !m conjo9$ ) ! attribute ( exi/5ce3 & 9 s say+1 x is no d\bt correct4 ,x w\ld be utt]ly absurd1 h[ev]1 to suppose t ! association 9 consci\sness betwe5 exi/5ce & our conception ( f9ite ?+s is ( ! same description z ! association betwe5 exi/5ce & ! conception ( ,god4 ,to d s w\ld be to =get t f9ite ?+s are *angeable & transi5t1 i4e4 t exi/5ce is associat$ ) !m = a season1 b t ! association is nei!r et]nal nor insep>able4 ,speak+ 9 ! phraseology ( ! categories be=e u1 we may say t1 to call a ?+ f9ite1 means t its objective exi/5ce is n 9 h>mony ) ! ?\ght ( x1 ) its univ]sal call+1 its k9d & its end4 ,anselm1 consequ5tly1 neglect+ any su* conjunction z occurs 9 f9ite ?+s1 has ) good reason pron\nc$ t only to be ! ,p]fect :i* exi/s n m]ely 9 a subjective1 b also 9 an objective mode4 ,x does no good to put on airs aga9/ ! ,ontological pro(1 z x is call$1 & aga9/ ,anselm ?us d5n+ ! ,p]fect4 ,! argum5t is "o lat5t 9 e unsophi/icat$ m9d1 & x recurs 9 e philosophy1 ev5 aga9/ its wi% & )\t its k--z may be se5 9 ! !ory ( imm$iate belief4 ,! real fault 9 ! argum5tation ( ,anselm is "o :i* is *>geable on ,desc>tes & ,sp9oza1 z well z on ! !ory ( imm$iate k4 ,x is ?is4 ,?is unity :i* is enunciat$ z ! supreme p]fection or1 x may be1 subjectively1 z ! true k1 is pre-suppos$1 i4e4 x is assum$ only z pot5tial4 ,?is id5tity1 ab/ract z x ?us appe>s1 betwe5 ! two categories may be at once met & oppos$ by _! div]sity2 & ?is 0 ! v answ] giv5 to ,anselm long ago4 ,9 %ort1 ! conception & exi/5ce ( ! f9ite is set 9 antagonism to ! inf9ite2 =1 z previ\sly rem>k$1 ! f9ite possesses objectivity ( su* a k9d z is at once incongru\s ) & diff]5t f ! end or aim1 its ess5ce & notion4 ,or1 ! f9ite is su* a conception & 9 su* a way subjective1 t x does n involve exi/5ce4 ,?is objection & ?is anti!sis are got ov]1 only by %[+ ! f9ite to be untrue & ^! categories 9 _! sep>ation to be inadequate & null4 ,_! id5tity is ?us se5 to be "o into :i* !y spontane\sly pass ov]1 & 9 :i* !y are reconcil$4 ,b4--,,! ,,object4 #aid4 ,! ,object is imm$iate be+1 because ins5sible to diff]5ce1 :i* 9 x has susp5d$ itself4 ,x is1 fur!r1 a totality 9 itself1 :il/ at ! same "t 7z ?is id5tity is only ! implicit id5tity ( its dynamic elem5ts7 x is equally indiff]5t to its imm$iate unity4 ,x ?us breaks up into di/9ct p>ts1 ea* ( :i* is itself ! totality4 ,h5ce ! object is ! absolute contradiction betwe5 a complete indep5d5ce ( ! multiplicity1 & ! equally complete non-indep5d5ce ( ! diff]5t pieces4 ,! def9ition1 :i* /ates t ! ,absolute is ! ,object1 is mo/ def9itely impli$ 9 ! ,leibnizian ,monad4 ,! ,monads are ea* an object1 b an object implicitly 'repres5tative1' inde$ ! total repres5tation ( ! _w4 ,9 ! simple unity ( ! ,monad1 all diff]5ce is m]ely ideal1 n indep5d5t or real4 ,no?+ f )\t comes into ! monad3 ,x is ! :ole notion 9 itself1 only di/+ui%$ by its own great] or less developm5t4 ,none ! less1 ?is simple totality p>ts into ! absolute multeity ( diff]5ces1 ea* becom+ an indep5d5t monad4 ,9 ! monad ( monads1 & ! ,pre-e/abli%$ ,h>mony ( _! inw>d developm5ts1 ^! sub/ances are 9 l mann] aga9 r$uc$ to 'ideality' & unsub/antiality4 ,! philosophy ( ,leibnitz1 !re=e1 repres5ts contradiction 9 its complete developm5t4 99 99 99 99 99 ,z ,fi*te 9 mod]n times has especially & ) ju/ice insi/$1 ! !ory :i* reg>ds ! ,absolute or ,god z ! ,object & !re /ops1 expresses ! po9t ( view tak5 by sup]/ition & slavi% fe>4 ,no d\bt ,god is ! ,object1 &1 inde$1 ! ,object out & out1 confront$ ) :i* our p>ticul> or subjective op9ions & desires h no tru? & no validity4 ,z absolute object h[ev]1 ,god does n !re=e take up ! position ( a d>k & ho/ile p[] ov] aga9/ subjectivity4 ,he r involves x z a vital elem5t 9 ,himself4 ,su* also is ! mean+ ( ! ,*ri/ian doctr9e1 accord+ to :i* ,god has will$ t all m5 %\ld be sav$ & all atta9 bless$ness4 ,! salvation & ! bless$ness ( m5 are atta9$ :5 !y come to feel !mselves at "o ) ,god1 s t ,god1 on ! o!r h&1 ceases to be = !m m]e object1 &1 9 t way1 an object ( fe> & t]ror1 z 0 especially ! case ) ! religi\s consci\sness ( ! ,romans4 ,b ,god 9 ! ,*ri/ian religion is also kn[n z ,love1 because 9 ,8 ,son1 :o is "o ) ,him1 ,he has reveal$ ,himself to m5 z a man among/ m51 & !reby r$eem$ !m4 ,all :i* is only ano!r way ( say+ t ! anti!sis ( subjective & objective is implicitly ov]come1 & t x is our affair to p>ticipate 9 ?is r$emption by lay+ aside our imm$iate subjectivity 7putt+ (f ! old ,adam71 & le>n+ to "k ,god z our true & ess5tial self4 ,j z religion & religi\s wor%ip consi/ 9 ov]com+ ! anti!sis ( subjectivity & objectivity1 s sci5ce too & philosophy h no o!r task ?an to ov]come ?is anti!sis by ! m$ium ( ?\ght4 ,! aim ( k is to dive/ ! objective _w t /&s oppos$ to u ( its /rang5ess1 &1 z ! phrase is1 to f9d ourselves at home 9 x3 :i* means no m ?an to trace ! objective _w back to ! notion1--to our inn]mo/ self4 ,we may le>n f ! pres5t discussion ! mi/ake ( reg>d+ ! anti!sis ( subjectivity & objectivity z an ab/ract & p]man5t "o4 ,! two are :olly dialectical4 ,! notion is at fir/ only subjective3 b )\t ! assi/ance ( any =eign mat]ial or /uff x proce$s1 9 ob$i5ce to its own action1 to objectify itself4 ,s1 too1 ! object is n rigid & processless4 ,its process is to %[ itself z :at is at ! same "t subjective1 & ?us =m ! /ep onw>ds to ! idea4 ,any "o :o1 f want ( famili>ity ) ! categories ( subjectivity & objectivity1 seeks to reta9 !m 9 _! ab/raction1 w f9d t ! isolat$ categories slip ?r\gh 8 f+]s be=e he is aw>e1 & t he says ! exact contr>y ( :at he want$ to say4 7#b7 ,objectivity conta9s ! ?ree =ms ( ,me*anism1 ,*emism1 & ,teleology4 ,! object ( me*anical type is ! imm$iate & undiff]5tiat$ object4 ,no d\bt x conta9s diff]5ce1 b ! diff]5t pieces /&1 z x 71 )\t aff9ity to ea* o!r1 & _! connexion is only extrane\s4 ,9 *emism1 on ! contr>y1 ! object exhibits an ess5tial t5d5cy to diff]5tiation1 9 su* a way t ! objects are :at !y are only by _! relation to ea* o!r3 ?is t5d5cy to diff]5ce con/itutes _! quality4 ,! ?ird type ( objectivity1 ! teleological relation1 is ! unity ( me*anism & *emism4 ,design1 l ! me*anical object1 is a self-conta9$ totality1 enri*$ h[ev] by ! pr9ciple ( diff]5tiation :i* came to ! =e 9 *emism1 & ?us ref]r+ itself to ! object t /&s ov] aga9/ x4 ,f9ally1 x is ! realisation ( design :i* =ms ! transition to ! ,idea4 7a7 ,me*anism4 #aif4 ,! object 7#a7 9 its imm$iacy is ! notion only pot5tially2 ! notion z subjective is prim>ily outside x2 & all its specific "* is impos$ f )\t4 ,z a unity ( diff]5ts1 !re=e1 x is a composite1 an aggregate2 & its capacity ( act+ on any?+ else cont9ues to be an ext]nal relation4 ,?is is ,=mal ,me*anism4--,not)/&+1 & 9 ?is connexion & non-indep5d5ce1 ! objects rema9 indep5d5t & (f] resi/ance1 ext]nal to ea* o!r4 ,pressure & impact are examples ( me*anical relations4 ,our k is said to be me*anical or by rote1 :5 ! words h no mean+ = u1 b cont9ue ext]nal to s5se1 conception1 ?\ght2 & :51 be+ simil>ly ext]nal to ea* o!r1 !y =m a mean+less sequ5ce4 ,conduct1 piety1 c4 are 9 ! same way me*anical1 :5 a man's behavi\r is settl$ = him by c]emonial laws1 by a spiritual advis]1 c42 9 %ort1 :5 8 own m9d & w are n 9 8 actions1 :i* 9 ?is way are extrane\s to himself4 99 99 99 99 99 ,me*anism1 ! fir/ =m ( objectivity1 is also ! category :i* prim>ily (f]s itself to reflection1 z x exam9es ! objective _w4 ,x is also ! category beyond :i* reflection seldom goes4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 a %all[ & sup]ficial mode ( obs]vation1 "o t _c c>ry u ?r\gh 9 connexion ) ,nature & /ill less 9 connexion ) ! _w ( ,m9d4 ,9 ,nature x is only ! v]ie/ ab/ract relations ( matt] 9 its in]t masses :i* obey ! law ( me*anism4 ,on ! contr>y ! ph5om5a & op]ations ( ! prov9ce to :i* ! t]m 'physical' 9 its n>r[] s5se is appli$1 su* z ! ph5om5a ( light1 heat1 magnetism1 & electricity1 _c be expla9$ by any m]e me*anical processes1 su* z pressure1 impact1 displacem5t ( p>ts1 & ! l4 ,/ill less satisfactory is x to transf] ^! categories & apply !m 9 ! field ( organic nature2 at lea/ if x be our aim to und]/& ! specific features ( t field1 su* z ! gr[? & n\ri%m5t ( plants1 or1 x may be1 ev5 animal s5sation4 ,x is at any rate a v deep-seat$1 & p]haps ! ma91 defect ( mod]n rese>*es into nature1 t1 ev5 :]e o!r & high] categories ?an ^? ( m]e me*anism are 9 op]ation1 !y /ill /ick ob/9ately to ! me*anical laws2 al?\gh !y ?us conflict ) ! te/imony ( unbiass$ p]ception1 & =eclose ! gate to an-adequate k ( nature4 ,b ev5 9 consid]+ ! =mations 9 ! _w ( ,m9d1 ! me*anical !ory has be5 repeat$ly inve/$ ) an au?ority :i* x has no "r to4 ,take z an in/ance ! rem>k t man consi/s ( s\l & body4 ,9 ?is language1 ! two ?+s /& ea* self-subsi/5t1 & associat$ only f )\t4 ,simil>ly we f9d ! s\l reg>d$ z a m]e gr\p ( =ces & faculties1 subsi/+ indep5d5tly side by side4 ,?us decid$ly mu/ we reject ! me*anical mode ( inquiry :5 x comes =w>d & arrogates to itself ! place ( rational cognition 9 g5]al1 & seeks to get me*anism accept$ z an absolute category4 ,b we mu/ n on t acc\nt =get expressly to v9dicate = me*anism ! "r & import ( a g5]al logical category4 ,x w\ld be1 !re=e1 a mi/ake to re/rict x to ! special physical dep>tm5t f :i* x d]ives its "n4 ,!re is no h>m done1 = example1 9 direct+ att5tion to me*anical actions1 su* z t ( gravity1 ! lev]1 c1 ev5 9 dep>tm5ts1 notably 9 physics & 9 physiology1 beyond ! range ( me*anics prop]4 ,x mu/ h[ev] be rememb]$1 t )9 ^! sph]es ! laws ( me*anism cease to be f9al or decisive1 & s9k1 z x 71 to a subs]vi5t position4 ,to :i* may be add$1 t1 9 ,nature1 :5 ! high] or organic functions are 9 any way *eck$ or di/urb$ 9 _! normal effici5cy1 ! o!rwise subord9ate category ( me*anism is imm$iately se5 to take ! upp] h&4 ,?us a suff]] f indige/ion feels pressure on ! /oma*1 aft] p>tak+ ( c]ta9 food 9 slight quantity2 :]eas ^? ^: dige/ive organs are s\nd rema9 free f ! s5sation1 al?\gh !y h eat5 z mu*4 ,! same ph5om5on occurs 9 ! g5]al feel+ ( heav9ess 9 ! limbs1 exp]i5c$ 9 bodily indisposition4 ,ev5 9 ! _w ( ,m9d1 me*anism has its place2 ?\gh !re1 too1 x is a subord9ate "o4 ,we are "r 9 speak+ ( me*anical memory1 & all sorts ( me*anical op]ations1 su* z read+1 writ+1 play+ on musical in/rum5ts1 c4 ,9 memory1 inde$1 ! me*anical quality ( ! action is ess5tial3 a circum/ance1 ! neglect ( :i* has n unfrequ5tly caus$ great h>m 9 ! tra9+ ( ! "y1 f ! misappli$ zeal ( mod]n educationali/s = ! fre$om ( intellig5ce4 ,x w\ld betray bad psy*ology1 h[ev]1 to h rec\rse to me*anism = an explanation ( ! nature ( memory1 & to apply me*anical laws /raight (f to ! s\l4 ,! me*anical feature 9 memory lies m]ely 9 ! fact t c]ta9 signs1 tones1 c4 are appreh5d$ 9 _! purely ext]nal association1 & !n reproduc$ 9 ?is association1 )\t att5tion be+ expressly direct$ to _! mean+ & inw>d association4 ,to become acqua9t$ ) ^! conditions ( me*anical memory requires no fur!r /udy ( me*anics1 nor w\ld t /udy t5d at all to advance ! special inquiry ( psy*ology4 #aif4 ,! want ( /ability 9 itself :i* all[s ! object to suff] viol5ce1 is possess$ by x 7see prec$+ 7 only 9 s f> z x has a c]ta9 /ability4 ,n[ z ! object is implicitly inve/$ ) ! "* ( notion1 ! "o ( ^! *>act]i/ics is n m]g$ into its o!r2 b ! object1 ?r\gh ! negation ( itself 7its lack ( indep5d5ce71 closes ) itself1 & n till x s closes1 is x indep5d5t4 ,?us at ! same "t 9 di/9ction f ! outw>dness1 & negativ+ t outw>dness 9 its indep5d5ce1 does ?is indep5d5ce =m a negative unity ) self1--,c5trality 7subjectivity74 ,s conceiv$1 ! object itself has direction & ref]5ce t[>ds ! ext]nal4 ,b ?is ext]nal object is simil>ly c5tral 9 itself1 & be+ s1 is no less only ref]r$ t[>ds ! o!r c5tre2 s t x no less has its c5trality 9 ! o!r4 ,?is is 7#b7 ,me*anism ) ,aff9ity 7) bias1 or 'diff]5ce'71 & may be illu/rat$ by gravitation1 appetite1 social in/9ct1 c4 #aig4 ,?is relation%ip1 :5 fully c>ri$ out1 =ms a syllogism4 ,9 t syllogism ! imman5t negativity1 z ! c5tral individuality ( an object1 7ab/ract c5tre17 relates itself to non-indep5d5t objects1 z ! o!r extreme1 by a mean :i* unites ! c5trality ) ! non-indep5d5ce ( ! objects1 7relative c5tre47 ,?is is 7#c7 ,absolute ,me*anism4 #aih4 ,! syllogism ?us indicat$ 7,i--,p--,u7 is a triad ( syllogisms4 ,! wrong individuality ( non-indep5d5t objects1 9 :i* =mal ,me*anism is at home1 is1 by reason ( t non-indep5d5ce1 no less univ]sality1 ?\gh x be only ext]nal4 ,h5ce ^! objects also =m ! mean betwe5 ! absolute & ! relative c5tre 7! =m ( syllogism be+ ,u--,i--,p73 = x is by ?is want ( indep5d5ce t ^? two are kept asund] & made extremes1 z well z relat$ to "o ano!r4 ,simil>ly absolute c5trality1 z ! p]man5tly-und]ly+ univ]sal sub/ance 7illu/rat$ by ! gravity :i* cont9ues id5tical71 :i* z pure negativity equally includes individuality 9 x1 is :at m$iates betwe5 ! relative c5tre & ! non-indep5d5t objects 7! =m ( syllogism be+ ,p--,u--,i74 ,x does s no less ess5tially z a dis9tegrat+ =ce1 9 its "* ( imman5t individuality1 ?an 9 virtue ( univ]sality1 act+ z an id5tical bond ( union & tranquil self-conta9$ness4 ,l ! sol> sy/em1 s = example 9 ! practical sph]e ! /ate is a sy/em ( ?ree syllogisms4 7#a7 ,! ,individual or p]son1 ?r\gh 8 p>ticul>ity or physical or m5tal ne$s 7:i* :5 c>ri$ out to _! full developm5t give civil society71 is c\pl$ ) ! univ]sal1 i4e4 ) society1 law1 "r1 gov]nm5t4 7#b7 ,! w or action ( ! individuals is ! int]m$iat+ =ce :i* procures = ^! ne$s satisfaction 9 society1 9 law1 c1 & :i* gives to society1 law1 c4 _! fulfilm5t & actualisation4 7#c7 ,b ! univ]sal1 t is to say ! /ate1 gov]nm5t1 & law1 is ! p]man5t und]ly+ mean 9 :i* ! individuals & _! satisfaction h & receive _! fulfill$ reality1 int]-m$iation1 & p]si/5ce4 ,ea* ( ! functions ( ! notion1 z x is br\ght by int]m$iation to coalesce ) ! o!r extreme1 is br\ght into union ) itself & produces itself3 :i* production is self-pres]vation4--,x is only by ! nature ( ?is triple c\pl+1 by ?is triad ( syllogisms ) ! "n t]m9i1 t a :ole is ?or\ghly und]/ood 9 its organisation4 #aii4 ,! imm$iacy ( exi/5ce1 :i* ! objects h 9 ,absolute ,me*anism1 is implicitly negativ$ by ! fact t _! indep5d5ce is d]iv$ f1 & due to1 _! connexions ) ea* o!r1 & !re=e to _! own want ( /ability4 ,?us ! object mu/ be explicitly /at$ z 9 its exi/5ce hav+ an ,aff9ity 7or a bias7 t[>ds its o!r1--z n-indiff]5t4 7b7 ,*emism4 #bjj4 ,! n-indiff]5t 7biass$7 object has an imman5t mode :i* con/itutes its nature1 & 9 :i* x has exi/5ce4 ,b z x is inve/$ ) ! "* ( total notion1 x is ! contradiction betwe5 ?is totality & ! special mode ( its exi/5ce4 ,consequ5tly x is ! con/ant endeav\r to cancel ?is contradiction & to make its def9ite be+ equal to ! notion4 99 99 99 99 99 ,*emism is a category ( objectivity :i*1 z a rule1 is n p>ticul>ly emphasis$1 & is g5]ally put "u ! head ( me*anism4 ,! common "n ( me*anical relation%ip is appli$ to bo?1 9 contra-di/9ction to ! teleological4 ,!re is a reason = ?is 9 ! common feature :i* belongs to me*anism & *emism4 ,9 !m ! notion exi/s1 b only implicit & lat5t1 & !y are ?us bo? m>k$ (f f teleology :]e ! notion has real indep5d5t exi/5ce4 ,?is is true3 & yet *emism & me*anism are v decid$ly di/9ct4 ,! object1 9 ! =m ( me*anism1 is prim>ily only an indiff]5t ref]5ce to self1 :ile ! *emical object is se5 to be completely 9 ref]5ce to some?+ else4 ,no d\bt ev5 9 me*anism1 z x develops itself1 !re spr+ up ref]5ces to some?+ else3 b ! nexus ( me*anical objects ) "o ano!r is at fir/ only an ext]nal nexus1 s t ! objects 9 connexion ) "o ano!r /ill reta9 ! semblance ( indep5d5ce4 ,9 nature1 = example2 ! sev]al cele/ial bodies1 :i* =m our sol> sy/em1 compose a k9etic sy/em1 & !reby %[ t !y are relat$ to "o ano!r4 ,motion1 h[ev]1 z ! unity ( "t & space1 is a connexion :i* is purely ab/ract & ext]nal4 ,& x seems !re=e z if ^! cele/ial bodies1 :i* are ?us ext]nally connect$ ) ea* o!r1 w\ld cont9ue to be :at !y are1 ev5 ap>t f ?is reciprocal relation4 ,! case is q diff]5t ) *emism4 ,objects *emically biass$ are :at !y are expressly by t bias alone4 ,h5ce !y are ! absolute impulse t[>ds integration by & 9 "o ano!r4 #bja4 ,! product ( ! *emical process consequ5tly is ! ,neutral object1 lat5t 9 ! two extremes1 ea* on ! al]t4 ,! notion or concrete univ]sal1 by means ( ! bias ( ! objects 7! p>ticul>ity71 coalesces ) ! individuality 79 ! %ape ( ! product71 & 9 t only ) itself4 ,9 ?is process too ! o!r syllogisms are equally involv$4 ,! place ( mean is tak5 bo? by individuality z activity1 & by ! concrete univ]sal1 ! ess5ce ( ! /ra9$ extremes2 :i* ess5ce rea*es def9ite be+ 9 ! product4 #bjb4 ,*emism1 z x is a reflectional nexus ( objectivity1 has pre-suppos$1 n m]ely ! bias or non-indiff]5t nature ( ! objects1 b also _! imm$iate indep5d5ce4 ,! process ( *emism consi/s 9 pass+ to & fro f "o =m to ano!r2 :i* =ms cont9ue to be z ext]nal z be=e4--,9 ! neutral product ! specific prop]ties1 :i* ! extremes bore t[>ds ea* o!r1 are m]g$4 ,b al?\gh ! product is con=mable to ! notion1 ! inspir+ pr9ciple ( active diff]5tiation does n exi/ 9 x2 = x has sunk back to imm$iacy4 ,! neutral body is !re=e capable ( dis9tegration4 ,b ! disc]n+ pr9ciple1 :i* breaks up ! neutral body into biass$ & /ra9$ extremes1 & :i* gives to ! indiff]5t object 9 g5]al its aff9ity & animation t[>ds ano!r2--t pr9ciple1 & ! process z a sep>ation ) t5sion1 falls outside ( t fir/ process4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! *emical process does n rise above a condition$ & f9ite process4 ,! notion z notion is only ! he>t & core ( ! process1 & does n 9 ?is /age come to an exi/5ce ( its own4 ,9 ! neutral product ! process is ext9ct1 & ! exi/+ cause falls outside x4 #bjc4 ,ea* ( ^! two processes1 ! r$uction ( ! biass$ 7n-indiff]5t7 to ! neutral1 & ! diff]5tiation ( ! indiff]5t or neutral1 goes its own way )\t h9drance f ! o!r4 ,b t want ( inn] connexion %[s t !y are f9ite1 by _! passage into products 9 :i* !y are m]g$ & lo/4 ,conv]sely ! process exhibits ! non5tity ( ! pre-suppos$ imm$iacy ( ! n-indiff]5t objects4--,by ?is negation ( imm$iacy & ( ext]nalism 9 :i* ! notion z object 0 sunk1 x is lib]at$ & inve/$ ) indep5d5t be+ 9 face ( t ext]nalism & imm$iacy4 ,9 ^! circum/ances x is ! ,end 7,f9al ,cause74 99 99 99 99 99 ,! passage f *emism to ! teleological relation is impli$ 9 ! mutual cancell+ ( bo? ( ! =ms ( ! *emical process4 ,! result ?us atta9$ is ! lib]ation ( ! notion1 :i* 9 *emism & me*anism 0 pres5t only 9 ! g]m1 & n yet evolv$4 ,! notion 9 ! %ape ( ! aim or end ?us comes into indep5d5t exi/5ce4 7c7 ,teleology4 #bjd4 ,9 ! ,end ! notion has ent]$ on free exi/5ce & has a be+ ( its own1 by means ( ! negation ( imm$iate objectivity4 ,x is *>act]is$ z subjective1 see+ t ?is negation is1 9 ! fir/ place1 ab/ract1 & h5ce at fir/ ! relation betwe5 x & objectivity /ill "o ( contra/4 ,?is "* ( subjectivity1 h[ev]1 comp>$ ) ! totality ( ! notion1 is "o-sid$1 & t1 be x add$1 = ! ,end itself1 9 :i* all specific *>act]s h be5 put z subord9at$ & m]g$4 ,= x !re=e ev5 ! object1 :i* x pre-supposes1 has only hypo!tical 7ideal7 reality1--ess5tially no-reality4 ,! ,end 9 %ort is a contradiction ( its self-id5tity aga9/ ! negation /at$ 9 x1 i4e4 its anti!sis to objectivity1 & be+ s1 conta9s ! elim9ative or de/ructive activity :i* negates ! anti!sis & r5d]s x id5tical ) itself4 ,?is is ! realisation ( ! ,end3 9 :i*1 :ile x turns itself into ! o!r ( its subjectivity & objectifies itself1 ?us cancell+ ! di/9ction betwe5 ! two1 x has only clos$ ) itself1 & reta9$ itself4 ,! notion ( ,design or ,end1 :ile on "o h& call$ r$undant1 is on ano!r ju/ly describ$ z ! rational notion1 & contra/$ ) ! ab/ract univ]sal ( und]/&+4 ,! latt] only subsumes ! p>ticul>1 & s connects x ) itself3 b has x n 9 its own nature4--,! di/9ction betwe5 ! ,end or f9al cause1 & ! m]e effici5t cause 7:i* is ! cause ord9>ily s call$71 is ( supreme importance4 ,causes1 prop]ly s call$1 belong to ! sph]e ( necessity1 bl9d1 & n yet laid b>e4 ,! cause !re=e appe>s z pass+ into its correlative1 & los+ its primordiality !re by s9k+ into dep5d5cy4 ,x is only by implication1 or = u1 t ! cause is 9 ! effect made = ! fir/ "t a cause1 & t x !re returns into itself4 ,! ,end1 on ! o!r h&1 is expressly /at$ z conta9+ ! specific "* 9 its own self1--! effect1 namely1 :i* 9 ! purely causal relation is nev] free f o!rness4 ,! ,end !re=e 9 its effici5cy does n pass ov]1 b reta9s itself1 i4e4 x c>ries into effect itself only1 & is at ! end :at x 0 9 ! beg9n+ or primordial /ate4 ,until x ?us reta9s itself1 x is n g5u9ely primordial4--,! ,end !n requires to be speculatively appreh5d$ z ! notion1 :i* itself 9 ! prop] unity & ideality ( its *>act]i/ics conta9s ! judgm5t or negation1--! anti!sis ( subjective & objective1--& :i* to an equal ext5t susp5ds t anti!sis4 ,by ,end h[ev] we mu/ n at once1 nor mu/ we ev] m]ely1 ?9k ( ! =m :i* x has 9 consci\sness z a mode ( m]e m5tal repres5tation4 ,by means ( ! notion ( ,inn] ,design ,kant has resuscitat$ ! ,idea 9 g5]al & p>ticul>ly ! idea ( life4 ,ari/otle's def9ition ( life virtually implies inn] design1 & is ?us f> 9 advance ( ! notion ( design 9 mod]n ,teleology1 :i* _h 9 view f9ite & outw>d design only4 ,animal wants & appetites are "s ( ! readie/ in/ances ( ! ,end4 ,!y are ! felt contradiction1 :i* exi/s )9 ! liv+ subject1 & pass into ! activity ( negat+ ?is negation :i* m]e subjectivity /ill is4 ,! satisfaction ( ! want or appetite re/ores ! peace betwe5 subject & object4 ,! objective ?+ :i*1 s long z ! contradiction exi/s1 i4e4 s long z ! want is felt1 /&s on ! o!r side1 loses ?is quasi-indep5d5ce1 by its union ) ! subject4 ,^? :o talk ( ! p]man5ce & immutability ( ! f9ite1 z well subjective z objective1 may see ! rev]se illu/rat$ 9 ! op]ations ( e appetite4 ,appetite is1 s to speak1 ! conviction t ! subjective is only a half-tru?1 no m adequate ?an ! objective4 ,b appetite 9 ! second place c>ries out its conviction4 ,x br+s ab\t ! sup]session ( ^! f9ites3 x cancels ! anti!sis betwe5 ! objective :i* w\ld be & /ay an objective only1 & ! subjective :i* 9 l mann] w\ld be & /ay a subjective only4 ,z reg>ds ! action ( ! ,end1 att5tion may be call$ to ! fact1 t 9 ! syllogism1 :i* repres5ts t action1 & %[s ! end clos+ ) itself by ! means ( realisation1 ! radical feature is ! negation ( ! t]m9i4 ,t negation is ! "o j m5tion$ bo? ( ! imm$iate subjectivity appe>+ 9 ! ,end z su*1 & ( ! imm$iate objectivity z se5 9 ! means & ! objects pre-suppos$4 ,?is is ! same negation1 z is 9 op]ation :5 ! m9d leaves ! cont+5t ?+s ( ! _w z well z its own subjectivity & rises to ,god4 ,x is ! 'mom5t' or factor :i* 7z notic$ 9 ! ,introduction & #aib7 0 ov]look$ & neglect$ 9 ! analytic =m ( syllogisms1 "u :i* ! s-call$ pro(s ( ! ,be+ ( a ,god pres5t$ ?is elevation4 #bje4 ,9 its prim>y & imm$iate aspect ! ,teleological relation is ext]nal design1 & ! notion confronts a pre-suppos$ object4 ,! ,end is consequ5tly f9ite1 & t p>tly 9 its cont5t1 p>tly 9 ! circum/ance t x has an ext]nal condition 9 ! object1 :i* has to be f\nd exi/+1 & :i* is tak5 z mat]ial = its realisation4 ,its self-det]m9+ is to t ext5t 9 =m only4 ,! un-m$iat$ness ( ! ,end has ! fur!r result t its p>ticul>ity or cont5t--:i* z =m-*>act]i/ic is ! subjectivity ( ! ,end--is reflect$ into self1 & s diff]5t f ! totality ( ! =m1 subjectivity 9 g5]al1 ! notion4 ,?is v>iety con/itutes ! f9itude ( ,design )9 its own nature4 ,! cont5t ( ! ,end4 9 ?is way1 is q z limit$1 cont+5t1 & giv51 z ! object is p>ticul> & f\nd ready to h&4 99 99 99 99 99 ,g5]ally speak+1 ! f9al cause is tak5 to mean no?+ m ?an ext]nal design4 ,9 accordance ) ?is view ( x1 ?+s are suppos$ n to c>ry _! vocation 9 !mselves1 b m]ely to be means employ$ & sp5t 9 realis+ a purpose :i* lies outside ( !m4 ,t may be said to be ! po9t ( view tak5 by ,utility1 :i* once play$ a great "p ev5 9 ! sci5ces1 b ( late has fall5 into m]it$ disrepute1 n[ t p h begun to see t x fail$ to give a g5u9e insight into ! nature ( ?+s4 ,x is true t f9ite ?+s z f9ite ought 9 ju/ice to be view$ z non-ultimate1 & z po9t+ beyond !mselves4 ,?is negativity ( f9ite ?+s h[ev] is _! own dialectic1 & 9 ord] to asc]ta9 x we mu/ pay att5tion to _! positive cont5t4 ,teleological obs]vations on ?+s (t5 proce$ f a well-meant wi% to display ! wisdom ( ,god z x is especially reveal$ 9 nature4 ,n[ 9 ?us try+ to discov] f9al causes = :i* ! ?+s s]ve z means1 we mu/ rememb] t we are /opp+ %ort at ! f9ite1 & are liable to fall into trifl+ reflections3 z1 = in/ance1 if we n m]ely /udi$ ! v9e 9 respect ( its well-kn[n use = man1 b proce$$ to consid] ! cork-tree 9 connexion ) ! corks :i* are cut f its b>k to put into ! w9e-bottles4 ,:ole books us$ to be writt5 9 ?is _s4 ,x is easy to see t !y promot$ ! g5u9e int]e/ nei!r ( religion nor ( sci5ce4 ,ext]nal design /&s imm$iately 9 front ( ! idea3 b :at ?us /&s on ! ?re%old (t5 = t reason is lea/ adequate4 #bjf4 ,! teleological relation is a syllogism 9 :i* ! subjective end coalesces ) ! objectivity ext]nal to x1 ?r\gh a middle t]m :i* is ! unity ( bo?4 ,?is unity is on "o h& ! purposive action1 on ! o!r ! ,means1 i4e4 objectivity made directly subs]vi5t to purpose4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! developm5t f ,end to ,idea ensues by ?ree /ages1 fir/1 ,subjective ,end2 second1 ,end 9 process ( accompli%m5t2 & ?ird1 ,end accompli%$4 ,fir/ ( all we h ! ,subjective ,end2 & t1 z ! notion 9 indep5d5t be+1 is itself ! totality ( ! elem5t>y functions ( ! notion4 ,! fir/ ( ^! functions is t ( self-id5tical univ]sality1 z x 7 ! neutral fir/ wat]1 9 :i* ev]y?+ is involv$1 b no?+ z yet discrim9at$4 ,! second ( ^! elem5ts is ! p>ticul>is+ ( ?is univ]sal1 by :i* x acquires a specific cont5t4 ,z ?is specific cont5t aga9 is realis$ by ! ag5cy ( ! univ]sal1 ! latt] returns by its means back to itself1 & coalesces ) itself4 ,h5ce too :5 we set "s end be=e u1 we say t we 'conclude' to d some?+3 a phrase :i* implies t we 71 s to speak1 op5 & accessible to ?is or t det]m9ation4 ,simil>ly we also at a fur!r /ep speak ( a man 'resolv+' to d some?+1 mean+ t ! ag5t /eps =w>d out ( 8 self-reg>d+ inw>dness & ent]s into deal+s ) ! environ+ objectivity4 ,?is supplies ! /ep f ! m]ely ,subjective ,end to ! purposive action :i* t5ds outw>ds4 #bjg4 7#a7 ,! fir/ syllogism ( ! f9al cause repres5ts ! ,subjective ,end4 ,! univ]sal notion is br\ght to unite ) individuality by means ( p>ticul>ity1 s t ! individual z self-det]m9ation acts z judge4 ,t is to say1 x n only p>ticul>ises or makes into a det]m9ate cont5t ! /ill indet]m9ate univ]sal1 b also explicitly puts an anti!sis ( subjectivity & objectivity1 & at ! same "t is 9 its own self a return to itself2 = x /amps ! subjectivity ( ! notion1 pre-suppos$ z aga9/ objectivity1 ) ! m>k ( defect1 9 comp>ison ) ! complete & r\nd$ totality1 & !reby at ! same "t turns outw>ds4 #bjh4 7#b7 ,?is action :i* is direct$ outw>ds is ! individuality1 :i* 9 ! ,subjective ,end is id5tical ) ! p>ticul>ity "u :i*1 along ) ! cont5t1 is also compris$ ! ext]nal objectivity4 ,x ?r[s itself 9 ! fir/ place imm$iately ^u ! object1 :i* x appropriates to itself z a ,means4 ,! notion is ?is imm$iate p[]2 = ! notion is ! self-id5tical negativity1 9 :i* ! be+ ( ! object is *>act]is$ z :olly & m]ely ideal4--,! :ole ,means !n is ?is inw>d p[] ( ! notion1 9 ! %ape ( an ag5cy1 ) :i* ! object z ,means is 'imm$iately' unit$ & 9 ob$i5ce to :i* x /&s4 ,9 f9ite teleology ! ,means is ?us brok5 up into two elem5ts ext]nal to ea* o!r1 7a7 ! action & 7b7 ! object :i* s]ves z ,means4 ,! relation ( ! f9al cause z p[] to ?is object1 & ! subjugation ( ! object to x1 is imm$iate 7x =ms ! fir/ premiss 9 ! syllogism7 to ?is ext5t1 t 9 ! teleological notion z ! self-exi/5t ideality ! object is put z pot5tially null4 ,?is relation1 z repres5t$ 9 ! fir/ premiss1 itself becomes ! ,means1 :i* at ! same "t involves ! syllogism1 t ?r\gh ?is relation--9 :i* ! action ( ! ,end is conta9$ & dom9ant--! ,end is c\pl$ ) objectivity4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! execution ( ! ,end is ! m$iat$ mode ( realis+ ! ,end2 b ! imm$iate realisation is n less ne$ful4 ,! ,end lays hold ( ! object imm$iately1 because x is ! p[] ov] ! object1 because 9 ! ,end p>ticul>ity1 & 9 p>ticul>ity objectivity also1 is involv$4--,a liv+ be+ has a body2 ! s\l takes possession ( x & )\t int]m$i>y has objectifi$ itself 9 x4 ,! human s\l has mu* to d1 be=e x makes its corporeal nature into a means4 ,man mu/1 z x 71 take possession ( 8 body1 s t x may be ! in/rum5t ( 8 s\l4 #bji4 7#c7 ,purposive action1 ) its ,means1 is /ill direct$ outw>ds1 because ! ,end is also n id5tical ) ! object1 & mu/ consequ5tly fir/ be m$iat$ ) x4 ,! ,means 9 its capacity ( object /&s1 9 ?is second premiss1 9 direct relation to ! o!r extreme ( ! syllogism1 namely1 ! mat]ial or objectivity :i* is pre-suppos$4 ,?is relation is ! sph]e ( *emism & me*anism1 :i* h n[ become ! s]vants ( ! ,f9al ,cause1 :]e lies _! tru? & free notion4 ,?us ! ,subjective ,end1 :i* is ! p[] rul+ ^! processes1 9 :i* ! objective ?+s we> !mselves out on "o ano!r1 contrives to keep itself free f !m1 & to pres]ve itself 9 !m4 ,do+ s1 x appe>s z ! ,cunn+ ( reason4 99 99 99 99 99 ,reason is z cunn+ z x is p[]ful4 ,cunn+ may be said to lie 9 ! int]-m$iative action :i*1 :ile x p]mits ! objects to foll[ _! own b5t & act ^u "o ano!r till !y wa/e away1 & does n itself directly int]f]e 9 ! process1 is nev]!less only work+ out its own aims4 ,) ?is explanation1 ,div9e ,provid5ce may be said to /& to ! _w & its process 9 ! capacity ( absolute cunn+4 ,god lets m5 d z !y please ) _! p>ticul> passions & int]e/s2 b ! result is ! accompli%m5t (--n _! plans1 b ,81 & ^! diff] decid$ly f ! ends prim>ily s\ght by ^? :om ,he employs4 #baj4 ,! realis$ ,end is ?us ! ov]t unity ( subjective & objective4 ,x is h[ev] ess5tially *>act]i/ic ( ?is unity1 t ! subjective & objective are neutralis$ & cancell$ only 9 ! po9t ( _! "o-sid$ness1 :ile ! objective is subdu$ & made con=mable to ! ,end1 z ! free notion1 & !reby to ! p[] above x4 ,! ,end ma9ta9s itself aga9/ & 9 ! objective = x is no m]e "o-sid$ subjective or p>ticul>1 x is also ! concrete univ]sal1 ! implicit id5tity ( bo?4 ,?is univ]sal1 z simply reflect$ 9 itself1 is ! cont5t :i* rema9s un*ang$ ?r\gh all ! ?ree t]m9i ( ! syllogism & _! movem5t4 #baa4 ,9 f9ite design1 h[ev]1 ev5 ! execut$ ,end has ! same radical rift or flaw z _h ! ,means & ! initial ,end4 ,we h got !re=e only a =m extrane\sly impress$ on a pre-exi/+ mat]ial3 & ?is =m1 by reason ( ! limit$ cont5t ( ! ,end1 is also a cont+5t *>act]i/ic4 ,! ,end a*iev$ consequ5tly is only an object1 :i* aga9 becomes a ,means or mat]ial = o!r ,ends1 & s on = ev]4 #bab4 ,b :at virtually happ5s 9 ! realis+ ( ! ,end is t ! "o-sid$ subjectivity & ! %[ ( objective indep5d5ce confront+ x are bo? cancell$4 ,9 lay+ hold ( ! means1 ! notion con/itutes itself ! v implicit ess5ce ( ! object4 ,9 ! me*anical & *emical processes ! indep5d5ce ( ! object has be5 already dissipat$ implicitly1 & 9 ! c\rse ( _! movem5t "u ! dom9ion ( ! ,end1 ! %[ ( t indep5d5ce1 ! negative :i* confronts ! notion1 is got rid (4 ,b 9 ! fact t ! ,end a*iev$ is *>act]is$ only z a ,means & a mat]ial1 ?is object1 viz4 ! teleological1 is !re & !n put z implicitly null1 & only 'ideal4' ,?is be+ s1 ! anti!sis betwe5 =m & cont5t has also vani%$4 ,:ile ! ,end by ! removal & absorption ( all =m-*>act]i/ics coalesces ) itself1 ! =m z self-id5tical is !reby put z ! cont5t1 s t ! notion1 :i* is ! action ( =m1 has only itself = cont5t4 ,?r\gh ?is process1 !re=e1 !re is made explicitly manife/ :at 0 ! notion ( design3 viz4 ! implicit unity ( subjective & objective is n[ realis$4 ,& ?is is ! ,idea4 99 99 99 99 99 ,?is f9itude ( ! ,end consi/s 9 ! circum/ance1 t1 9 ! process ( realis+ x1 ! mat]ial1 :i* is employ$ z a means1 is only ext]nally subsum$ "u x & made con=mable to x4 ,b1 z a matt] ( fact1 ! object is ! notion implicitly3 & ?us :5 ! notion1 9 ! %ape ( ,end1 is realis$ 9 ! object1 we h b ! manife/ation ( ! inn] nature ( ! object itself4 ,objectivity is ?us1 z x 71 only a cov]+ "u :i* ! notion lies conceal$4 ,)9 ! range ( ! f9ite we c nev] see or exp]i5ce t ! ,end has be5 really secur$4 ,! consummation ( ! inf9ite ,end1 !re=e1 consi/s m]ely 9 remov+ ! illusion :i* makes x seem yet unaccompli%$4 ,! ,good1 ! absolutely ,good1 is et]nally accompli%+ itself 9 ! _w3 & ! result is t x ne$s n wait ^u u1 b is already by implication1 z well z 9 full actuality1 accompli%$4 ,?is is ! illusion "u :i* we live4 ,x alone supplies at ! same "t ! actualis+ =ce on :i* ! int]e/ 9 ! _w reposes4 ,9 ! c\rse ( its process ! ,idea creates t illusion1 by sett+ an anti!sis to confront x2 & its action consi/s 9 gett+ rid ( ! illusion :i* x has creat$4 ,only out ( ?is error does ! tru? arise4 ,9 ?is fact lies ! reconciliation ) error & ) f9itude4 ,error or o!r-be+1 :5 sup]s$$1 is /ill a necess>y dynamic elem5t ( tru?3 = tru? c only be :]e x makes itself its own result4 ,c4--,,! ,,idea4 #bac4 ,! ,idea is tru? 9 itself & = itself1--! absolute unity ( ! notion & objectivity4 ,its 'ideal' cont5t is no?+ b ! notion 9 its detail$ t]ms3 its 'real' cont5t is only ! exhibition :i* ! notion gives itself 9 ! =m ( ext]nal exi/5ce1 :il/ yet1 by enclos+ ?is %ape 9 its ideality1 x keeps x 9 its p[]1 & s keeps itself 9 x4 ,! def9ition1 :i* decl>es ! ,absolute to be ! ,idea1 is itself absolute4 ,all =m] def9itions come back to ?is4 ,! ,idea is ! ,tru?3 = ,tru? is ! correspond5ce ( objectivity ) ! notion3--n ( c\rse ! correspond5ce ( ext]nal ?+s ) my conceptions1--= ^! are only correct conceptions held by me1 ! individual p]son4 ,9 ! idea we h no?+ to d ) ! individual1 nor ) figurate conceptions1 nor ) ext]nal ?+s4 ,& yet1 aga91 ev]y?+ actual1 9 s f> z x is true1 is ! ,idea1 & has its tru? by & 9 virtue ( ! ,idea alone4 ,e individual be+ is "s "o aspect ( ! ,idea3 = :i*1 !re=e1 yet o!r actualities are ne$$1 :i* 9 _! turn appe> to h a self-subsi/5ce ( _! own4 ,x is only 9 !m altoge!r & 9 _! relation t ! notion is realis$4 ,! individual by itself does n correspond to its notion4 ,x is ?is limitation ( its exi/5ce :i* con/itutes ! f9itude & ! ru9 ( ! individual4 ,! ,idea itself is n to be tak5 z an idea ( some?+ or o!r1 any m ?an ! notion is to be tak5 z m]ely a specific notion4 ,! ,absolute is ! univ]sal & "o idea1 :i*1 by an act ( 'judgm5t1' p>ticul>ises itself to ! sy/em ( specific ideas2 :i* aft] all are con/ra9$ by _! nature to come back to ! "o idea :]e _! tru? lies4 ,z issu$ out ( ?is 'judgm5t' ! ,idea is 9 ! fir/ place only ! "o univ]sal sub/ance3 b its develop$ & g5u9e actuality is to be z a subject & 9 t way z m9d4 ,because x has no exi/5ce = />t+-po9t & po9t d'appui1 ! ,idea is frequ5tly treat$ z a m]e logical =m4 ,su* a view mu/ be ab&on$ to ^? !ories1 :i* ascribe s-call$ reality & g5u9e actuality to ! exi/5t ?+ & all ! o!r categories :i* h n yet p5etrat$ z f> z ! ,idea4 ,x is no less false to imag9e ! ,idea to be m]e ab/raction4 ,x is ab/ract c]ta9ly1 9 s f> z ev]y?+ untrue is consum$ 9 x3 b 9 its own self x is ess5tially concrete1 because x is ! free notion giv+ "* to itself1 & t "*1 reality4 ,x w\ld be an ab/ract =m1 only if ! notion1 :i* is its pr9ciple1 7 tak5 z an ab/ract unity1 & n z ! negative return ( x into self & z ! subjectivity :i* x really is4 99 99 99 99 99 ,tru? is at fir/ tak5 to mean t ,i "k h[ some?+ is4 ,?is is tru?1 h[ev]1 only 9 ref]5ce to consci\sness2 x is =mal tru?1 b>e correctness4 ,tru? 9 ! deep] s5se consi/s 9 ! id5tity betwe5 objectivity & ! notion4 ,x is 9 ?is deep] s5se ( tru? t we speak ( a true /ate1 or ( a true "w ( art4 ,^! objects are true1 if !y are z !y ought to be1 i4e4 if _! reality corresponds to _! notion4 ,:5 ?us view$1 to be untrue means mu* ! same z to be bad4 ,a bad man is an untrue man1 a man :o does n behave z 8 notion or 8 vocation requires4 ,no?+ h[ev] c subsi/1 if x be :olly devoid ( id5tity betwe5 ! notion & reality4 ,ev5 bad & untrue ?+s h be+1 9 s f> z _! reality /ill1 someh[1 con=ms to _! notion4 ,:atev] is ?or\ghly bad or contr>y to ! notion1 is = t v reason on ! way to ru94 ,x is by ! notion alone t ! ?+s 9 ! _w h _! subsi/5ce2 or1 z x is express$ 9 ! language ( religi\s conception1 ?+s are :at !y are1 only 9 virtue ( ! div9e & !reby creative ?\ght :i* dwells )9 !m4 ,:5 we he> ! ,idea spok5 (1 we ne$ n imag9e some?+ f> away beyond ?is mortal sph]e4 ,! idea is r :at is completely pres5t3 & x is f\nd1 h[ev] confus$ & deg5]at$1 9 e consci\sness4 ,we conceive ! _w to ourselves z a great totality :i* is creat$ by ,god1 & s creat$ t 9 x ,god has manife/$ ,himself to u4 ,we reg>d ! _w also z rul$ by ,div9e ,provid5ce3 imply+ t ! scatt]$ & divid$ p>ts ( ! _w are cont9ually br\ght back1 & made con=mable1 to ! unity f :i* !y h issu$4 ,! purpose ( philosophy has always be5 ! intellectual asc]ta9m5t ( ! ,idea2 & ev]y?+ des]v+ ! "n ( philosophy has con/antly be5 bas$ on ! consci\sness ( an absolute unity :]e ! und]/&+ sees & accepts only sep>ation4--,x is too late n[ to ask = pro( t ! ,idea is ! tru?4 ,! pro( ( t is conta9$ 9 ! :ole d$uction & developm5t ( ?\ght up to ?is po9t4 ,! idea is ! result ( ?is c\rse ( dialectic4 ,n t x is to be suppos$ t ! idea is m$iate only1 i4e4 m$iat$ ?r\gh some?+ else ?an itself4 ,x is r its own result1 & be+ s1 is no less imm$iate ?an m$iate4 ,! /ages hi!rto consid]$1 viz4 ^? ( ,be+ & ,ess5ce1 z well z ^? ( ,notion & ( ,objectivity1 are n1 :5 s di/+ui%$1 some?+ p]man5t1 re/+ ^u !mselves4 ,!y h prov$ to be dialectical2 & _! only tru? is t !y are dynamic elem5ts ( ! idea4 #bad4 ,! ,idea may be describ$ 9 _m ways4 ,x may be call$ reason 7& ?is is ! prop] philosophical signification ( reason72 subject-object2 ! unity ( ! ideal & ! real1 ( ! f9ite & ! inf9ite1 ( s\l & body2 ! possibility :i* has its actuality 9 its own self2 t ( :i* ! nature c be ?\ght only z exi/5t1 c4 ,all ^! descriptions apply1 because ! ,idea conta9s all ! relations ( und]/&+1 b conta9s !m 9 _! inf9ite self-return & self-id5tity4 ,x is easy "w = ! und]/&+ to %[ t ev]y?+ said ( ! ,idea is self-contradictory4 ,b t c q z well be retaliat$1 or r 9 ! ,idea ! retaliation is actually made4 ,& ?is "w1 :i* is ! "w ( reason1 is c]ta9ly n s easy z t ( ! und]/&+4 ,und]/&+ may demon/rate t ! ,idea is self-contradictory3 because ! subjective is subjective only & is always confront$ by ! objective1--because be+ is diff]5t f notion & !re=e _c be pick$ out ( x1--because ! f9ite is f9ite only1 ! exact anti!sis ( ! inf9ite1 & !re=e n id5tical ) x2 & s on ) e t]m ( ! description4 ,! rev]se ( all ?is h[ev] is ! doctr9e ( ,logic4 ,logic %[s t ! subjective :i* is to be subjective only1 ! f9ite :i* w\ld be f9ite only1 ! inf9ite :i* w\ld be inf9ite only1 & s on1 h no tru?1 b contradict !mselves1 & pass ov] into _! opposites4 ,h5ce ?is transition1 & ! unity 9 :i* ! extremes are m]g$ & become factors1 ea* ) a m]ely reflect$ exi/5ce1 reveals itself z _! tru?4 ,! und]/&+1 :i* addresses itself to deal ) ! ,idea1 commits a d\ble misund]/&+4 ,x takes fir/ ! extremes ( ! ,idea 7be !y express$ z !y w1 s long z !y are 9 _! unity71 n z !y are und]/ood :5 /amp$ ) ?is concrete unity1 b z if !y rema9$ ab/ractions outside ( x4 ,x no less mi/akes ! relation betwe5 !m1 ev] :5 x has be5 expressly /at$4 ,?us1 = example x ov]looks ev5 ! nature ( ! copula 9 ! judgm5t1 :i* affirms t ! individual1 or subject1 is aft] all n individual1 b univ]sal4 ,b1 9 ! second place1 ! und]/&+ believes its 'reflection1'--t ! self-id5tical ,idea conta9s its own negative1 or conta9s contradiction1--to be an ext]nal reflection :i* does n lie )9 ! ,idea itself4 ,b ! reflection is really no peculi> clev]ness ( ! und]/&+4 ,! ,idea itself is ! dialectic :i* = ev] divides & di/+ui%es ! self-id5tical f ! diff]5tiat$1 ! subjective f ! objective1 ! f9ite f ! inf9ite1 s\l f body4 ,only on ^! t]ms is x an et]nal creation1 et]nal vitality1 & et]nal _s4 ,b :ile x ?us passes or r translates itself into ! ab/ract und]/&+1 x = ev] rema9s reason4 ,! ,idea is ! dialectic :i* aga9 makes ?is mass ( und]/&+ & div]sity und]/& its f9ite nature & ! pseudo-indep5d5ce 9 its productions1 & :i* br+s ! div]sity back to unity4 ,s9ce ?is d\ble movem5t is n sep>ate or di/9ct 9 "t1 nor inde$ 9 any o!r way--o!rwise x w\ld be only a repetition ( ! ab/ract und]/&+--! ,idea is ! et]nal vision ( itself 9 ! o!r1 --notion :i* 9 its objectivity has c>ri$ out itself1--object :i* is inw>d design1 ess5tial subjectivity4 ,! diff]5t modes ( appreh5d+ ! ,idea z unity ( ideal & real1 ( f9ite & inf9ite1 ( id5tity & diff]5ce1 c4 are m or less =mal4 ,!y designate "s "o /age ( ! specific notion4 ,only ! notion itself1 h[ev]1 is free & ! g5u9e univ]sal3 9 ! ,idea1 !re=e1 ! specific "* ( ! notion is only ! notion itself1--an objectivity1 viz4 into :i* x1 be+ ! univ]sal1 cont9ues itself1 & 9 :i* x has only its own "*1 ! total "*4 ,! ,idea is ! inf9ite judgm5t1 ( :i* ! t]ms are sev]ally ! indep5d5t totality2 & 9 :i*1 z ea* gr[s to ! fulness ( its own nature1 x has !reby at ! same "t pass$ into ! o!r4 ,none ( ! o!r specific notions exhibits ?is totality complete on bo? its sides z ! notion itself & objectivity4 #bae4 ,! ,idea is ess5tially a process1 because its id5tity is ! absolute & free id5tity ( ! notion1 only 9 s f> z x is absolute negativity & = t reason dialectical4 ,x is ! r\nd ( movem5t1 9 :i* ! notion1 9 ! capacity ( univ]sality :i* is individuality1 gives itself ! "* ( objectivity & ( ! anti!sis !reto2 & ?is ext]nality :i* has ! notion = its sub/ance1 f9ds its way back to subjectivity ?r\gh its imman5t dialectic4 ,z ! idea is 7a7 a process1 x foll[s t su* an expression = ! ,absolute z unity ( ?\ght & be+1 ( f9ite & inf9ite1 c4 is false2 = unity expresses an ab/ract & m]ely quiesc5t id5tity4 ,z ! ,idea is 7b7 subjectivity1 x foll[s t ! expression is equally false on ano!r acc\nt4 ,t unity ( :i* x speaks expresses a m]ely virtual or und]ly+ pres5ce ( ! g5u9e unity4 ,! inf9ite w\ld ?us seem to be m]ely neutralis$ by ! f9ite1 ! subjective by ! objective1 ?\ght by be+4 ,b 9 ! negative unity ( ! ,idea1 ! inf9ite ov]laps & includes ! f9ite1 ?\ght ov]laps be+1 subjectivity ov]laps objectivity4 ,! unity ( ! ,idea is ?\ght1 inf9ity1 & subjectivity1 & is 9 consequ5ce to be ess5tially di/+ui%$ f ! ,idea z sub/ance1 j z ?is ov]lapp+ subjectivity1 ?\ght1 or inf9ity is to be di/+ui%$ f ! "o-sid$ subjectivity1 "o-sid$ ?\ght1 "o-sid$ inf9ity to :i* x desc5ds 9 judg+ & def9+4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! idea z a process runs ?r\gh ?ree /ages 9 its developm5t4 ,! fir/ =m ( ! idea is ,life3 t is1 ! idea 9 ! =m ( imm$iacy4 ,! second =m is t ( m$iation or diff]5tiation2 & ?is is ! idea 9 ! =m ( ,k1 :i* appe>s "u ! d\ble aspect ( ! ,!oretical & ,practical idea4 ,! process ( k ev5tuates 9 ! re/oration ( ! unity enri*$ by diff]5ce4 ,?is gives ! ?ird =m ( ! idea1 ! ,absolute ,idea3 :i* la/ /age ( ! logical idea ev9ces itself to be at ! same "t ! true fir/1 & to h a be+ due to itself alone4 7a7 ,life4 #baf4 ,! imm$iate idea is ,life4 ,z s\l1 ! notion is realis$ 9 a body ( ^: ext]nality ! s\l is ! imm$iate self-relat+ univ]sality4 ,b ! s\l is also its p>ticul>isation1 s t ! body expresses no o!r di/9ctions ?an foll[ f ! *>act]isations ( its notion4 ,& f9ally x is ! ,individuality ( ! body z inf9ite negativity1--! dialectic ( t bodily objectivity1 ) its p>ts ly+ out ( "o ano!r1 convey+ !m away f ! semblance ( indep5d5t subsi/5ce back into subjectivity1 s t all ! memb]s are reciprocally mom5t>y means z well z mom5t>y ends4 ,?us z life is ! initial p>ticul>isation1 s x results 9 ! negative self-ass]t+ unity3 9 ! dialectic ( its corporeity x only coalesces ) itself4 ,9 ?is way life is ess5tially some?+ alive1 & 9 po9t ( its imm$iacy ?is individual liv+ ?+4 ,x is *>act]i/ic ( f9itude 9 ?is sph]e t1 by reason ( ! imm$iacy ( ! idea1 body & s\l are sep>able4 ,?is con/itutes ! mortality ( ! liv+ be+4 ,x is only1 h[ev]1 :5 ! liv+ be+ is dead1 t ^! two sides ( ! idea are diff]5t +r$i5ts4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! s+le memb]s ( ! body are :at !y are only by & 9 relation to _! unity4 ,a h& e4g4 :5 hewn (f f ! body is1 z ,ari/otle has obs]v$1 a h& 9 "n only1 n 9 fact4 ,f ! po9t ( view ( und]/&+1 life is usually spok5 ( z a my/]y1 & 9 g5]al z incompreh5sible4 ,by giv+ x su* a "n1 h[ev]1 ! ,und]/&+ only confesses its own f9itude & nullity4 ,s f> is life f be+ incompreh5sible1 t 9 x ! v notion is pres5t$ to u1 or r ! imm$iate idea exi/+ z a notion4 ,& hav+ said ?is1 we h indicat$ ! defect ( life4 ,its notion & reality d n ?or\ghly correspond to ea* o!r4 ,! notion ( life is ! s\l1 & ?is notion has ! body = its reality4 ,! s\l is1 z x 71 infus$ into its corporeity2 & 9 t way x is at fir/ s5ti5t only1 & n yet freely self-consci\s4 ,! process ( life consi/s 9 gett+ ! bett] ( ! imm$iacy ) :i* x is /ill beset3 & ?is process1 :i* is itself ?reefold1 results 9 ! idea "u ! =m ( judgm5t1 i4e4 ! idea z ,cognition4 #bag4 ,a liv+ be+ is a syllogism1 ( :i* ! v elem5ts are 9 !mselves sy/ems & syllogisms 7 #aih1 #bja1 #bjg74 ,!y are h[ev] active syllogisms or processes2 & 9 ! subjective unity ( ! vital ag5t make only "o process4 ,?us ! liv+ be+ is ! process ( its coalesc5ce ) itself1 :i* runs on ?r\gh ?ree processes4 #bah4 7#a7 ,! fir/ is ! process ( ! liv+ be+ inside itself4 ,9 t process x makes a split on its own self1 & r$uces its corporeity to its object or its inorganic nature4 ,?is corporeity1 z an aggregate ( correlations1 ent]s 9 its v nature into diff]5ce & opposition ( its elem5ts1 :i* mutually become ea* o!r's prey1 & assimilate "o ano!r1 & are reta9$ by produc+ !mselves4 ,yet ?is action ( ! sev]al memb]s 7organs71 is only ! liv+ subject's "o act to :i* _! productions rev]t2 s t 9 ^! productions no?+ is produc$ except ! subject3 9 o!r words1 ! subject only reproduces itself4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! process ( ! vital subject )9 its own limits has 9 ,nature ! ?reefold =m ( ,s5sibility1 ,irritability1 & ,reproduction4 ,z ,s5sibility1 ! liv+ be+ is imm$iately simple self-relation--x is ! s\l omnipres5t 9 its body1 ! outsid5ess ( ea* memb] ( :i* to o!rs has = x no tru?4 ,z ,irritability1 ! liv+ be+ appe>s split up 9 itself2 & z ,reproduction1 x is p]petually re/or+ itself f ! inn] di/9ction ( its memb]s & organs4 ,a vital ag5t only exi/s z ?is cont9ually self-r5ew+ process )9 its own limits4 #bai4 7#b7 ,b ! judgm5t ( ! notion proce$s1 z free1 to dis*>ge ! objective or bodily nature z an indep5d5t totality f itself2 & ! negative relation ( ! liv+ ?+ to itself makes1 z imm$iate individuality1 ! pre-supposition ( an inorganic nature confront+ x4 ,z ?is negative ( ! animate is no less a function 9 ! notion ( ! animate itself1 x exi/s consequ5tly 9 ! latt] 7:i* is at ! same "t a concrete univ]sal7 9 ! %ape ( a defect or want4 ,! dialectic by :i* ! object1 be+ implicitly null1 is m]g$1 is ! action ( ! self-assur$ liv+ ?+1 :i* 9 ?is process aga9/ an inorganic nature ?us reta9s1 develops1 & objectifies itself4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! liv+ be+ /&s face to face ) an inorganic nature1 to :i* x comports itself z a ma/] & :i* x assimilates to itself4 ,! result ( ! assimilation is n1 z 9 ! *emical process1 a neutral product 9 :i* ! indep5d5ce ( ! two confront+ sides is m]g$2 b ! liv+ be+ %[s itself z l>ge en\gh to embrace its o!r :i* _c )/& its p[]4 ,! inorganic nature :i* is subdu$ by ! vital ag5t suff]s ?is fate1 because x is virtually ! same z :at life is actually4 ,?us 9 ! o!r ! liv+ be+ only coalesces ) itself4 ,b :5 ! s\l has fl$ f ! body1 ! elem5t>y p[]s ( objectivity beg9 _! play4 ,^! p[]s are1 z x 71 cont9ually on ! spr+1 ready to beg9 _! process 9 ! organic body2 & life is ! con/ant battle aga9/ !m4 #bbj4 7#c7 ,! liv+ individual1 :i* 9 its fir/ process comports itself z intr9sically subject & notion1 ?r\gh its second assimilates its ext]nal objectivity & ?us puts ! "* ( reality into itself4 ,x is n[ !re=e implicitly a ,k9d1 ) ess5tial univ]sality ( nature4 ,! p>ticul>is+ ( ?is ,k9d is ! relation ( ! liv+ subject to ano!r subject ( its ,k9d3 & ! judgm5t is ! tie ( ,k9d ov] ^! individuals ?us appo9t$ = ea* o!r4 ,?is is ! ,aff9ity ( ! ,sexes4 #bba4 ,! process ( ,k9d br+s x to a be+ ( its own4 ,life be+ no m ?an ! idea imm$iate1 ! product ( ?is process breaks up into two sides4 ,on ! "o h&1 ! liv+ individual1 :i* 0 at fir/ pre-suppos$ z imm$iate1 is n[ se5 to be m$iat$ & g5]at$4 ,on ! o!r1 h[ev]1 ! liv+ individuality1 :i*1 on acc\nt ( its fir/ imm$iacy1 /&s 9 a negative attitude t[>ds univ]sality1 s9ks 9 ! sup]ior p[] ( ! latt]4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! liv+ be+ dies1 because x is a contradiction4 ,implicitly x is ! univ]sal or ,k9d1 & yet imm$iately x exi/s z an individual only4 ,dea? %[s ! ,k9d to be ! p[] t rules ! imm$iate individual4 ,= ! animal ! process ( ,k9d is ! highe/ po9t ( its vitality4 ,b ! animal nev] gets s f> 9 its ,k9d z to h a be+ ( its own2 x succumbs to ! p[] ( ,k9d4 ,9 ! process ( ,k9d ! imm$iate liv+ be+ m$iates itself ) itself1 & ?us rises above its imm$iacy1 only h[ev] to s9k back into x aga94 ,life ?us runs away1 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 only into ! false inf9ity ( ! progress ad inf9itum4 ,! real result1 h[ev]1 ( ! process ( life1 9 ! po9t ( its notion1 is to m]ge & ov]come t imm$iacy ) :i* ! idea1 9 ! %ape ( life1 is /ill beset4 #bbb4 ,9 ?is mann] h[ev] ! idea ( life has ?r[n (f n "s "o p>ticul> & imm$iate ',?is1' b ?is fir/ imm$iacy z a :ole4 ,x ?us comes to itself1 to its tru?3 x ent]s ^u exi/5ce z a free ,k9d self-subsi/5t4 ,! dea? ( m]ely imm$iate & individual vitality is ! 'procession' ( _s4 7b7 ,cognition 9 g5]al4 #bbc4 ,! idea exi/s free = itself1 9 s f> z x has univ]sality = ! m$ium ( its exi/5ce1--z objectivity itself has notional be+1--z ! idea is its own object4 ,its subjectivity1 ?us univ]salis$1 is pure self-conta9$ di/+ui%+ ( ! idea1--intuition :i* keeps itself 9 ?is id5tical univ]sality4 ,b1 z specific di/+ui%+1 x is ! fur!r judgm5t ( repell+ itself z a totality f itself1 & ?us1 9 ! fir/ place1 pre-suppos+ itself z an ext]nal univ]se4 ,!re are two judgm5ts1 :i* ?\gh implicitly id5tical are n yet explicitly put z id5tical4 #bbd4 ,! relation ( ^! two ideas1 :i* implicitly & z life are id5tical1 is ?us "o ( correlation3 & x is t correlativity :i* con/itutes ! *>act]i/ic ( f9itude 9 ?is sph]e4 ,x is ! relation%ip ( reflection1 see+ t ! di/+ui%+ ( ! idea 9 its own self is only ! fir/ judgm5t--presuppos+ ! o!r & n yet suppos+ itself to con/itute x4 ,& ?us = ! subjective idea ! objective is ! imm$iate _w f\nd ready to h&1 or ! idea z life is 9 ! ph5om5on ( individual exi/5ce4 ,at ! same "t1 9 s f> z ?is judgm5t is pure di/+ui%+ )9 its own limits 7 #bbc71 ! idea realises 9 "o bo? itself & its o!r4 ,consequ5tly x is ! c]titude ( ! virtual id5tity betwe5 itself & ! objective _w4--,reason comes to ! _w ) an absolute fai? 9 its ability to make ! id5tity actual1 & to raise its c]titude to tru?2 & ) ! in/9ct ( realis+ explicitly ! nullity ( t contra/ :i* x sees to be implicitly null4 #bbe4 ,?is process is 9 g5]al t]ms ,cognition4 ,9 ,cognition 9 a s+le act ! contra/ is virtually sup]s$$1 z reg>ds bo? ! "o-sid$ness ( subjectivity & ! "o-sid$ness ( objectivity4 ,at fir/1 h[ev]1 ! sup]session ( ! contra/ is b implicit4 ,! process z su* is 9 consequ5ce imm$iately infect$ ) ! f9itude ( ?is sph]e1 & splits into ! tw(old movem5t ( ! in/9ct ( reason1 pres5t$ z two diff]5t movem5ts4 ,on ! "o h& x sup]s$es ! "o-sid$ness ( ! ,idea's subjectivity by receiv+ ! exi/+ _w into itself1 into subjective conception & ?\ght2 & ) ?is objectivity1 :i* is ?us tak5 to be real & true1 = its cont5t x fills up ! ab/ract c]titude ( itself4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x sup]s$es ! "o-sid$ness ( ! objective _w1 :i* is n[1 on ! contr>y1 e/imat$ z only a m]e semblance1 a collection ( cont+5cies & %apes at bottom vision>y4 ,x modifies & in=ms t _w by ! inw>d nature ( ! subjective1 :i* is "h tak5 to be ! g5u9e objective4 ,! =m] is ! in/9ct ( sci5ce aft] ,tru?1 ,cognition prop]ly s call$3--! ,!oretical action ( ! idea4 ,! latt] is ! in/9ct ( ! ,good to fulfil ! same--! ,practical activity ( ! idea or ,volition4 77 ,cognition prop]4 #bbf4 ,! univ]sal f9itude ( ,cognition1 :i* lies 9 ! "o judgm5t1 ! pre-supposition ( ! contra/ 7 #bbd71--;a pre-supposition 9 contradiction ( :i* its own act lodges prote/1 specialises itself m precisely on ! face ( its own idea4 ,! result ( t specialisation is1 t its two elem5ts receive ! aspect ( be+ div]se f ea* o!r1 &1 z !y are at lea/ complete1 !y take up ! relation ( 'reflection1' n ( 'notion1' to "o ano!r4 ,! assimilation ( ! matt]1 !re=e1 z a datum1 pres5ts itself 9 ! light ( a reception ( x into categories :i* at ! same "t rema9 ext]nal to x1 & :i* meet ea* o!r 9 ! same /yle ( div]sity4 ,reason is active "h1 b x is reason 9 ! %ape ( und]/&+4 ,! tru? :i* su* ,cognition c rea* w !re=e be only f9ite3 ! inf9ite tru? 7( ! notion7 is isolat$ & made transc5d5t1 an inaccessible goal 9 a _w ( its own4 ,/ill 9 its ext]nal action cognition /&s "u ! guidance ( ! notion1 & notional pr9ciples =m ! secret clue to its movem5t4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! f9itude ( ,cognition lies 9 ! pre-supposition ( a _w already 9 exi/5ce1 & 9 ! consequ5t view ( ! kn[+ subject z a tabula rasa4 ,! conception is "o attribut$ to ,ari/otle2 b no man is fur!r ?an ,ari/otle f su* an outside !ory ( ,cognition4 ,su* a /yle ( ,cognition does n recognise 9 itself ! activity ( ! notion--an activity :i* x is implicitly1 b n consci\sly4 ,9 its own e/imation its proc$ure is passive4 ,really t proc$ure is active4 #bbg4 ,f9ite ,cognition1 :5 x pre-supposes :at is di/+ui%$ f x to be some?+ already exi/+ & confront+ x1--to be ! v>i\s facts ( ext]nal nature or ( consci\sness--has1 9 ! fir/ place1 7#a7 ,=mal id5tity or ! ab/raction ( univ]sality = ! =m ( its action4 ,its activity !re=e consi/s 9 analys+ ! giv5 concrete object1 isolat+ its diff]5ces1 & giv+ !m ! =m ( ab/ract univ]sality4 ,or x leaves ! concrete ?+ z a gr\nd1 & by sett+ aside ! uness5tial-look+ p>ticul>s1 br+s into relief a concrete univ]sal1 ! ,g5us1 or ,=ce & ,law4 ,?is is ! ,analytical ,me?od4 99 99 99 99 99 ,p g5]ally speak ( ! analytical & syn!tical me?ods1 z if x dep5d$ solely on our *oice :i* we pursu$4 ,?is is f> f ! case4 ,x dep5ds on ! =m ( ! objects ( our inve/igation1 :i* ( ! two me?ods1 t are d]ivable f ! notion ( f9ite cognition1 ought to be appli$4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 cognition is analytical4 ,analytical cognition deals ) an object :i* is pres5t$ 9 deta*m5t1 & ! aim ( its action is to trace back to a univ]sal ! individual object be=e x4 ,?\ght 9 su* circum/ances means no m ?an an act ( ab/raction or ( =mal id5tity4 ,t is ! s5se 9 :i* ?\ght is und]/ood by ,locke & all empirici/s4 ,cognition1 x is (t5 said1 c nev] d m ?an sep>ate ! giv5 concrete objects into _! ab/ract elem5ts1 & !n consid] ^! elem5ts 9 _! isolation4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 at once app>5t t ?is turns ?+s upside d[n1 & t cognition1 if its purpose be to take ?+s z !y are1 !reby falls into contradiction ) itself4 ,?us ! *emi/ e4g4 places a piece ( fle% 9 8 retort1 tortures x 9 _m ways1 & !n in=ms u t x consi/s ( nitrog51 c>bon1 hydrog51 c4 ,true3 b ^! ab/ract matt]s h ceas$ to be fle%4 ,! same defect occurs 9 ! reason+ ( an empirical psy*ologi/ :5 he analyses an action into ! v>i\s aspects :i* x pres5ts1 & !n /icks to ^! aspects 9 _! sep>ation4 ,! object :i* is subject$ to analysis is treat$ z a sort ( onion f :i* "o coat is peel$ (f aft] ano!r4 #bbh4 ,?is univ]sality is 7#b7 also a specific univ]sality4 ,9 ?is case ! l9e ( activity foll[s ! ?ree 'mom5ts' ( ! notion1 :i* 7z x has n its inf9ity 9 f9ite cognition7 is ! specific or def9ite notion ( und]/&+4 ,! reception ( ! object into ! =ms ( ?is notion is ! ,syn!tic ,me?od4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! movem5t ( ! ,syn!tic me?od is ! rev]se ( ! ,analytical me?od4 ,! latt] />ts f ! individual1 & proce$s to ! univ]sal2 9 ! =m] ! />t+-po9t is giv5 by ! univ]sal 7z a def9ition71 f :i* we proce$ by p>ticul>is+ 79 division7 to ! individual 7! !orem74 ,! ,syn!tic me?od ?us pres5ts itself z ! developm5t ( ! 'mom5ts' ( ! notion on ! object4 #bbi4 77 ,:5 ! object has be5 9 ! fir/ in/ance br\ght by cognition into ! =m ( ! specific notion 9 g5]al1 s t 9 ?is way its g5us & its univ]sal "* or speciality are explicitly /at$1 we h ! ,def9ition4 ,! mat]ials & ! pro( ( ,def9ition are procur$ by means ( ! ,analytical me?od 7 #bbg74 ,! specific "* h[ev] is expect$ to be a 'm>k' only3 t is to say x is to be 9 beho( only ( ! purely subjective cognition :i* is ext]nal to ! object4 99 99 99 99 99 ,def9ition involves ! ?ree organic elem5ts ( ! notion3 ! univ]sal or proximate g5us g5us proximum1 ! p>ticul> or specific "* ( ! g5us 7qualitas specifi$17 & ! individual1 or object def9$4--,! fir/ "q t def9ition sugge/s1 is :]e x comes f4 ,! g5]al answ] to ?is "q is to say1 t def9itions orig9ate by way ( analysis4 ,?is w expla9 h[ x happ5s t p qu>rel ab\t ! correctness ( propos$ def9itions2 = "h ev]y?+ dep5ds on :at p]ceptions we />t$ f1 & :at po9ts ( view we _h be=e our eyes 9 s do+4 ,! ri*] ! object to be def9$ is1 t is1 ! m num]\s are ! aspects :i* x (f]s to our notice1 ! m v>i\s are ! def9itions we may frame ( x4 ,?us !re are q a ho/ ( def9itions ( life1 ( ! /ate1 c4 ,geometry1 on ! contr>y1 deal+ ) a !me s ab/ract z space1 has an easy task 9 giv+ def9itions4 ,aga91 9 respect ( ! matt] or cont5ts ( ! objects def9$1 !re is no con/ra9+ necessity pres5t4 ,we are expect$ to admit t space exi/s1 t !re are plants1 animals1 c1 nor is x ! bus9ess ( geometry1 botany1 c4 to demon/rate t ! objects 9 "q necess>ily are4 ,?is v circum/ance makes ! syn!tical me?od ( cognition z little suitable = philosophy z ! analytical3 = philosophy has above all ?+s to leave no d\bt ( ! necessity ( its objects4 ,& yet sev]al attempts h be5 made to introduce ! syn!tical me?od into philosophy4 ,?us ,sp9oza1 9 p>ticul>1 beg9s ) def9itions4 ,he says1 = in/ance1 t sub/ance is ! causa sui4 ,8 def9itions are unque/ionably a /oreh\se ( ! mo/ speculative tru?1 b x takes ! %ape ( dogmatic ass]tions4 ,! same ?+ is also true ( ,s*ell+4 #bcj4 77 ,! /atem5t ( ! second elem5t ( ! notion1 i4e4 ( ! specific "* ( ! univ]sal z p>ticul>is+1 is giv5 by ,division 9 accordance ) "s ext]nal consid]ation4 99 99 99 99 99 ,division we are told ought to be complete4 ,t requires a pr9ciple or gr\nd ( division s con/itut$1 t ! division bas$ ^u x embraces ! :ole ext5t ( ! region designat$ by ! def9ition 9 g5]al4 ,b1 9 division1 !re is ! fur!r requirem5t t ! pr9ciple ( x mu/ be borr[$ f ! nature ( ! object 9 "q4 ,if ?is condition be satisfi$1 ! division is natural & n m]ely artificial1 t is to say1 arbitr>y4 ,?us1 9 zoology1 ! gr\nd ( division adopt$ 9 ! classification ( ! mammalia is ma9ly af=d$ by _! tee? & claws4 ,t is s f> s5sible1 z ! mammals !mselves di/+ui% !mselves f "o ano!r by ^! p>ts ( _! bodies2 back to :i* !re=e ! g5]al type ( _! v>i\s classes is to be trac$4 ,9 e case ! g5u9e division mu/ be controll$ by ! notion4 ,to t ext5t a division1 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 has ?ree memb]s3 b z p>ticul>ity exhibits itself z d\ble1 ! division may g to ! ext5t ev5 ( f\r memb]s4 ,9 ! sph]e ( m9d tri*otomy is pr$om9ant1 a circum/ance :i* ,kant has ! cr$it ( br++ into notice4 #bca4 77 ,9 ! concrete individuality1 :]e ! m]e unanalys$ quality ( ! def9ition is reg>d$ z a correlation ( elem5ts1 ! object is a syn!tical nexus ( di/9ct *>act]i/ics4 ,x is a ,!orem4 ,be+ diff]5t1 ^! *>act]i/ics possess b a m$iat$ id5tity4 ,to supply ! mat]ials1 :i* =m ! middle t]ms1 is ! (fice ( ,con/ruction3 & ! process ( m$iation itself1 f :i* cognition d]ives ! necessity ( t nexus1 is ! ,demon/ration4 ,z ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! analytical & syn!tical me?ods is commonly /at$1 x seems entirely optional :i* ( ! two we employ4 ,if we assume1 to />t )1 ! concrete ?+ :i* ! syn!tic me?od pres5ts z a result1 we c analyse f x z consequ5ces ! ab/ract propositions :i* =m$ ! pre-suppositions & ! mat]ial = ! pro(4 ,?us1 algebraical def9itions ( curv$ l9es are !orems 9 ! me?od ( geometry4 ,simil>ly ev5 ! ,py?agorean !orem1 if made ! def9ition ( a "r-angl$ triangle1 might yield to analysis ^? propositions :i* geometry _h already demon/rat$ on its beho(4 ,! optionalness ( ei!r me?od is due to bo? alike />t+ f an ext]nal pre-supposition4 ,s f> z ! nature ( ! notion is conc]n$1 analysis is prior2 s9ce x has to raise ! giv5 mat]ial ) its empirical concret5ess into ! =m ( g5]al ab/ractions1 :i* may !n be set 9 ! front ( ! syn!tical me?od z def9itions4 ,t ^! me?ods1 h[ev] indisp5sable & brilliantly successful 9 _! own prov9ce1 are uns]viceable = philosophical cognition1 is self-evid5t4 ,!y h pre-suppositions2 & _! /yle ( cognition is t ( und]/&+1 proce$+ "u ! canon ( =mal id5tity4 ,9 ,sp9oza1 :o 0 especially addict$ to ! use ( ! geometrical me?od1 we are at once /ruck by its *>act]i/ic =malism4 ,yet 8 ideas 7 speculative 9 _s2 :]eas ! sy/em ( ,wolf1 :o c>ri$ ! me?od out to ! height ( p$antry1 0 ev5 9 subject-matt] a metaphysic ( ! und]/&+4 ,! abuses :i* ^! me?ods ) _! =malism once l$ to 9 philosophy & sci5ce h 9 mod]n times be5 foll[$ by ! abuses ( :at is call$ ',con/ruction4' ,kant br\ght into vogue ! phrase t ma!matics 'con/rues' its notions4 ,all t 0 meant by ! phrase 0 t ma!matics has n to d ) notions1 b ) ab/ract qualities ( s5se-p]ceptions4 ,! "n ',con/ruction 7con/ru+7 ( notions' has s9ce be5 giv5 to a sket* or /atem5t ( s5sible attributes :i* 7 pick$ up f p]ception1 q guiltless ( any influ5ce ( ! notion1 & to ! additional =malism ( classify+ sci5tific & philosophical objects 9 a tabul> =m on "s pre-suppos$ rubric1 b 9 o!r respects at ! fancy & discretion ( ! obs]v]4 ,9 ! backgr\nd ( all ?is1 c]ta9ly1 !re is a dim consci\sness ( ! ,idea1 ( ! unity ( ! notion & objectivity1--a consci\sness1 too1 t ! idea is concrete4 ,b t play ( :at is /yl$ 'con/ru+' is f> f pres5t+ ?is unity adequately--a unity :i* is none o!r ?an ! notion prop]ly s call$3 & ! s5su\s concret5ess ( p]ception is z little ! concret5ess ( reason & ! idea4 ,ano!r po9t calls = notice4 ,geometry works ) ! s5su\s b ab/ract p]ception ( space2 & 9 space x exp]i5ces no difficulty 9 isolat+ & def9+ c]ta9 simple analytic modes4 ,to geometry alone !re=e belongs 9 its p]fection ! syn!tical me?od ( f9ite cognition4 ,9 its c\rse1 h[ev] 7& ?is is ! rem>kable po9t71 x f9ally /umbles ^u :at are t]m$ irrational & incomm5surable quantities2 & 9 _! case any attempt at fur!r specification drives x beyond ! pr9ciple ( ! und]/&+4 ,?is is only "o ( _m in/ances 9 t]m9ology1 :]e ! title rational is p]v]sely appli$ to ! prov9ce ( und]/&+1 :ile we /igmatise z irrational t :i* %[s a beg9n+ & a trace ( rationality4 ,o!r sci5ces1 remov$ z !y are f ! simplicity ( space or numb]1 (t5 & necess>ily rea* a po9t :]e und]/&+ p]mits no fur!r advance3 b !y get ov] ! difficulty )\t tr\ble4 ,!y make a break 9 ! /rict sequ5ce ( _! proc$ure1 & assume :atev] !y require1 ?\gh x be ! rev]se ( :at prec$$1 f "s ext]nal qu>t]1--op9ion1 p]ception1 conception or any o!r s\rce4 ,its inobs]vancy z to ! nature ( its me?ods & _! relativity to ! subject-matt] prev5ts ?is f9ite cognition f see+ t1 :5 x proce$s by def9itions & divisions1 c41 x is really l$ on by ! necessity ( ! laws ( ! notion4 ,= ! same reason x _c see :5 x has rea*$ its limit2 nor1 if x h transgress$ t limit1 does x p]ceive t x is 9 a sph]e :]e ! categories ( und]/&+1 :i* x /ill cont9ues rudely to apply1 h lo/ all au?ority4 #bcb4 ,! necessity1 :i* f9ite cognition produces 9 ! ,demon/ration1 is1 9 ! fir/ place1 an ext]nal necessity1 int5d$ = ! subjective intellig5ce alone4 ,b 9 necessity z su*1 cognition itself has left beh9d its presupposition & />t+-po9t1 :i* consi/$ 9 accept+ its cont5t z giv5 or f\nd4 ,necessity qu necessity is implicitly ! self-relat+ notion4 ,! subjective idea has ?us implicitly rea*$ an orig9al & objective det]m9at5ess1--a some?+ n-giv51 & = t reason imman5t 9 ! subject4 ,x has pass$ ov] into ! idea ( ,w4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! necessity :i* cognition rea*es by means ( ! demon/ration is ! rev]se ( :at =m$ its />t+-po9t4 ,9 its />t+-po9t cognition _h a giv5 & a cont+5t cont5t2 b n[1 at ! close ( its movem5t1 x kn[s its cont5t to be necess>y4 ,?is necessity is rea*$ by means ( subjective ag5cy4 ,simil>ly1 subjectivity at />t+ 0 q ab/ract1 a b>e tabula rasa4 ,x n[ %[s itself z a modify+ & det]m9+ pr9ciple4 ,9 ?is way we pass f ! idea ( cognition to t ( w4 ,! passage1 z w be app>5t on a clos] exam9ation1 means t ! univ]sal1 to be truly appreh5d$1 mu/ be appreh5d$ z subjectivity1 z a notion self-mov+1 active1 & =m-impos+4 77 ,volition4 #bcc4 ,! subjective idea z orig9al & objective det]m9at5ess1 & z a simple uni=m cont5t1 is ! ,good4 ,its impulse t[>ds self-realisation is 9 its behavi\r ! rev]se ( ! idea ( tru?1 & r direct$ t[>ds m\ld+ ! _w x f9ds be=e x into a %ape con=mable to its purpos$ ,end4--,?is ,volition has1 on ! "o h&1 ! c]titude ( ! no?+ness ( ! pre-suppos$ object2 b1 on ! o!r1 z f9ite1 x at ! same "t pre-supposes ! purpos$ ,end ( ! ,good to be a m]e subjective idea1 & ! object to be indep5d5t4 #bcd4 ,?is action ( ! ,w is f9ite3 & its f9itude lies 9 ! contradiction t 9 ! inconsi/5t t]ms appli$ to ! objective _w ! ,end ( ! ,good is j z mu* n execut$ z execut$1--! end 9 "q put z uness5tial z mu* z ess5tial1--z actual & at ! same1 "t z m]ely possible4 ,?is contradiction pres5ts itself to imag9ation z an endless progress 9 ! actualis+ ( ! ,good2 :i* is !re=e set up & fix$ z a m]e 'ought1' or goal ( p]fection4 ,9 po9t ( =m h[ev] ?is contradiction vani%es :5 ! action sup]s$es ! subjectivity ( ! purpose1 & along ) x ! objectivity1 ) ! contra/ :i* makes bo? f9ite2 aboli%+ subjectivity z a :ole & n m]ely ! "o-sid$ness ( ?is =m ( x4 7,= ano!r new subjectivity ( ! k9d1 t is1 a new g5]ation ( ! contra/1 is n di/9ct f t :i* is suppos$ to be pa/ & gone47 ,?is return into itself is at ! same "t ! cont5t's own 'recollection' t x is ! ,good & ! implicit id5tity ( ! two sides1--x is a 'recollection' ( ! pre-supposition ( ! !oretical attitude ( m9d 7 #bbd7 t ! objective _w is its own tru? & sub/antiality4 99 99 99 99 99 ,:ile ,intellig5ce m]ely proposes to take ! _w z x is1 ,w takes /eps to make ! _w :at x ought to be4 ,w looks ^u ! imm$iate & giv5 pres5t n z solid be+1 b z m]e semblance )\t reality4 ,x is "h t we meet ^? contradictions :i* are s bewild]+ f ! /&po9t ( ab/ract morality4 ,?is position 9 its 'practical' be>+s is ! "o tak5 by ! philosophy ( ,kant1 & ev5 by t ( ,fi*te4 ,! ,good1 say ^! writ]s1 has to be realis$3 we h to "w 9 ord] to produce x3 & ,w is only ! ,good actualis+ itself4 ,if ! _w !n 7 z x ought to be1 ! action ( ,w w\ld be at an end4 ,! ,w itself !re=e requires t its ,end %\ld n be realis$4 ,9 ^! words1 a correct expression is giv5 to ! f9itude ( ,w4 ,b f9itude 0 n meant to be ! ultimate po9t3 & x is ! process ( ,w itself :i* aboli%es f9itude & ! contradiction x involves4 ,! reconciliation is a*iev$1 :5 ,w 9 its result returns to ! pre-supposition made by cognition4 ,9 o!r words1 x consi/s 9 ! unity ( ! !oretical & practical idea4 ,w kn[s ! end to be its own1 & ,intellig5ce appreh5ds ! _w z ! notion actual4 ,?is is ! "r attitude ( rational cognition4 ,nullity & transitor9ess con/itute only ! sup]ficial features & n ! real ess5ce ( ! _w4 ,t ess5ce is ! notion 9 posse & 9 esse3 & ?us ! _w is itself ! idea4 ,all unsatisfi$ endeav\r ceases1 :5 we recognise t ! f9al purpose ( ! _w is accompli%$ no less ?an ev] accompli%+ itself4 ,g5]ally speak+1 ?is is ! man's way ( look+2 :ile ! "y imag9e t ! _w is utt]ly sunk 9 wick$ness1 & t ! fir/ ?+ ne$ful is a ?or\gh trans=mation4 ,! religi\s m9d1 on ! contr>y1 views ! _w z rul$ by ,div9e ,provid5ce1 & !re=e correspond5t ) :at x ought to be4 ,b ?is h>mony betwe5 ! 'is' & ! 'ought to be' is n torpid & rigidly /ation>y4 ,good1 ! f9al end ( ! _w1 has be+1 only :ile x con/antly produces itself4 ,& ! _w ( _s & ! _w ( nature cont9ue to h ?is di/9ction1 t ! latt] moves only 9 a recurr+ cycle1 :ile ! =m] c]ta9ly also makes progress4 #bce4 ,?us ! tru? ( ! ,good is laid d[n z ! unity ( ! !oretical & practical idea 9 ! doctr9e t ! ,good is radically & really a*iev$1 t ! objective _w is 9 itself & = itself ! ,idea1 j z x at ! same "t et]nally lays itself d[n z ,end1 & by action br+s ab\t its actuality4 ,?is life :i* has return$ to itself f ! bias & f9itude ( cognition1 & :i* by ! activity ( ! notion has become id5tical ) x1 is ! ,speculative or ,absolute ,idea4 7c7 ,! ,absolute ,idea4 #bcf4 ,! ,idea1 z unity ( ! ,subjective & ,objective ,idea1 is ! notion ( ! ,idea1--a notion ^: object 7,geg5/&7 is ! ,idea z su*1 & = :i* ! objective 7,objekt7 is ,idea1--an ,object :i* embraces all *>act]i/ics 9 its unity4 ,?is unity is consequ5tly ,i ! absolute & all tru?1 ! ,idea :i* ?9ks itself1--& "h at lea/ z a ?9k+ or ,logical ,idea4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! ,absolute ,idea is1 9 ! fir/ place1 ! unity ( ! !oretical & practical idea1 & ?us at ! same "t ! unity ( ! idea ( life ) ! idea ( cognition4 ,9 cognition we _h ! idea 9 a biass$1 "o-sid$ %ape4 ,! process ( cognition has issu$ 9 ! ov]?r[ ( ?is bias & ! re/oration ( t unity1 :i* z unity1 & 9 its imm$iacy1 is 9 ! fir/ in/ance ! ,idea ( ,life4 ,! defect ( life lies 9 its be+ only ! idea implicit or natural3 :]eas cognition is 9 an equally "o-sid$ way ! m]ely consci\s idea1 or ! idea = itself4 ,! unity & tru? ( ^! two is ! ,absolute ,idea1 :i* is bo? 9 itself & = itself4 ,hi!rto we h _h ! idea 9 developm5t ?r\gh its v>i\s grades z our object1 b n[ ! idea comes to be its own object4 ,?is is ! :i* ,ari/otle long ago t]m$ ! supreme =m ( ! idea4 #bcg4 ,see+ t !re is 9 x no transition1 or presupposition1 & 9 g5]al no specific "* o!r ?an :at is fluid & transp>5t1 ! ,absolute ,idea is = itself ! pure =m ( ! notion1 :i* contemplates its cont5t z its own self4 ,x is its own cont5t1 9 s f> z x ideally di/+ui%es itself f itself1 & ! "o ( ! two ?+s di/+ui%$ is a self-id5tity 9 :i* h[ev] is conta9$ ! totality ( ! =m z ! sy/em ( t]ms describ+ its cont5t4 ,?is cont5t is ! sy/em ( ,logic4 ,all t is at ?is /age left z =m = ! idea is ! ,me?od ( ?is cont5t1--! specific consci\sness ( ! value & curr5cy ( ! 'mom5ts' 9 its developm5t4 99 99 99 99 99 ,to speak ( ! absolute idea may sugge/ ! conception t we are at l5g? rea*+ ! "r ?+ & ! sum ( ! :ole matt]4 ,x is c]ta9ly possible to indulge 9 a va/ am\nt ( s5seless declamation ab\t ! idea absolute4 ,b its true cont5t is only ! :ole sy/em ( :i* we h be5 hi!rto /udy+ ! developm5t4 ,x may also be said 9 ?is /ra9 t ! absolute idea is ! univ]sal1 b ! univ]sal n m]ely z an ab/ract =m to :i* ! p>ticul> cont5t is a /rang]1 b z ! absolute =m1 into :i* all ! categories1 ! :ole fullness ( ! cont5t x has giv5 be+ to1 h retir$4 ,! absolute idea may 9 ?is respect be comp>$ to ! old man :o utt]s ! same cre$ z ! *ild1 b = :om x is pregnant ) ! significance ( a lifetime4 ,ev5 if ! *ild und]/&s ! tru?s ( religion1 he _c b imag9e !m to be some?+ outside ( :i* lies ! :ole ( life & ! :ole ( ! _w4 ,! same may be said to be ! case ) human life z a :ole & ! occurr5ces ) :i* x is fraught4 ,all "w is direct$ only to ! aim or end2 & :5 x is atta9$1 p are surpris$ to f9d no?+ else b j ! v ?+ :i* !y _h wi%$ =4 ,! int]e/ lies 9 ! :ole movem5t4 ,:5 a man traces up ! /eps ( 8 life1 ! end may appe> to him v re/rict$3 b 9 x ! :ole decursus vitae is compreh5d$4 ,s1 too1 ! cont5t ( ! absolute idea is ! :ole bread? ( gr\nd :i* has pass$ "u our view up to ?is po9t4 ,la/ ( all comes ! discov]y t ! :ole evolution is :at con/itutes ! cont5t & ! int]e/4 ,x is inde$ ! pr]ogative ( ! philosoph] to see t ev]y?+1 :i*1 tak5 ap>t1 is n>r[ & re/rict$1 receives its value by its connexion ) ! :ole1 & by =m+ an organic elem5t ( ! idea4 ,?us x is t we h _h ! cont5t already1 & :at we h n[ is ! k t ! cont5t is ! liv+ developm5t ( ! idea4 ,?is simple retrospect is conta9$ 9 ! =m ( ! idea4 ,ea* ( ! /ages hi!rto review$ is an image ( ! absolute1 b at fir/ 9 a limit$ mode1 & ?us x is =c$ onw>ds to ! :ole1 ! evolution ( :i* is :at we t]m$ ,me?od4 #bch4 ,! sev]al /eps or /ages ( ! ,speculative ,me?od are1 fir/ ( all1 7a7 ! ,beg9n+1 :i* is ,be+ or ,imm$iacy3 self-subsi/5t1 = ! simple reason t x is ! beg9n+4 ,b look$ at f ! speculative idea1 ,be+ is its self-specialis+ act1 :i* z ! absolute negativity or movem5t ( ! notion makes a judgm5t & puts itself z its own negative4 ,be+1 :i* to ! beg9n+ z beg9n+ seems m]e ab/ract affirmation1 is ?us r negation1 dep5d5cy1 d]ivation1 & pre-supposition4 ,b x is ! notion1 ( :i* ,be+ is ! negation3 & ! notion is completely self-id5tical 9 its o!rness1 & is ! c]ta9ty ( itself4 ,be+ !re=e is ! notion implicit1 be=e x has be5 explicitly put z a notion4 ,?is ,be+ !re=e1 z ! /ill unspecifi$ notion1--a notion t is only implicitly or 'imm$iately' specifi$--is equally describable z ! ,univ]sal4 ,:5 x means imm$iate be+1 ! beg9n+ is tak5 f s5sation & p]ception--! initial /age 9 ! analytical me?od ( f9ite cognition4 ,:5 x means univ]sality1 x is ! beg9n+ ( ! syn!tic me?od4 ,b s9ce ! ,logical ,idea is z mu* a univ]sal z x is 9 be+--s9ce x is pre-suppos$ by ! notion z mu* z x itself imm$iately is1 its beg9n+ is a syn!tical z well z an analytical beg9n+4 99 99 99 99 99 ,philosophical me?od is analytical z well z syn!tical1 n inde$ 9 ! s5se ( a b>e juxtaposition or m]e alt]nat+ employm5t ( ^! two me?ods ( f9ite cognition1 b r 9 su* a way t x holds !m m]g$ 9 itself4 ,9 e "o ( its movem5ts !re=e x displays an attitude at once analytical & syn!tical4 ,philosophical ?\ght proce$s analytically1 9 s f> z x only accepts its object1 ! ,idea1 & :ile all[+ x its own way1 is only1 z x 71 an on-look] at its movem5t & developm5t4 ,to ?is ext5t philosophis+ is :olly passive4 ,philosophic ?\ght h[ev] is equally syn!tic1 & ev9ces itself to be ! action ( ! notion itself4 ,to t end1 h[ev]1 !re is requir$ an ef=t to keep back ! incessant imp]t95ce ( our own fancies & private op9ions4 #bci4 7b7 ,! ,advance r5d]s explicit ! judgm5t implicit 9 ! ,idea4 ,! imm$iate univ]sal1 z ! notion implicit1 is ! dialectical =ce :i* on its own "p deposes its imm$iacy & univ]sality to ! level ( a m]e /age or 'mom5t4' ,?us is put ! negative ( ! beg9n+1 its specific "*3 x supposes a correlative1 a relation ( diff]5t t]ms1--! /age ( ,reflection4 ,see+ t ! imman5t dialectic only /ates explicitly :at 0 involv$ 9 ! imm$iate notion1 ?is advance is ,analytical2 b see+ t 9 ?is notion ?is di/9ction 0 n yet /at$1--x is equally ,syn!tical4 99 99 99 99 99 ,9 ! advance ( ! idea1 ! beg9n+ exhibits itself z :at x is implicitly4 ,x is se5 to be m$iat$ & d]ivative1 & nei!r to h prop] be+ nor prop] imm$iacy4 ,x is only = ! consci\sness :i* is itself imm$iate1 t ,nature =ms ! comm5cem5t or imm$iacy1 & t ,_s appe>s z :at is m$iat$ by ,nature4 ,! tru? is t ,nature is ! creation ( ,_s1 & x is ,_s itself :i* gives itself a pre-supposition 9 ,nature4 #bdj4 ,! ab/ract =m ( ! advance is1 9 ,be+1 an o!r & transition into an o!r2 9 ,ess5ce %[+ or reflection 9 ! opposite2 9 ,notion1 ! di/9ction ( individual f univ]sality1 :i* cont9ues itself z su* into1 & is z an id5tity )1 :at is di/+ui%$ f x4 #bda4 ,9 ! second sph]e ! prim>ily implicit notion has come z f> z %9+1 & ?us is already ! idea 9 g]m4 ,! developm5t ( ?is sph]e becomes a regress into ! fir/1 j z ! developm5t ( ! fir/ is a transition into ! second4 ,x is only by means ( ?is d\ble movem5t1 t ! diff]5ce fir/ gets its due1 :5 ea* ( ! two memb]s di/+ui%$1 obs]v$ on its own "p1 completes itself to ! totality1 & 9 ?is way works out its unity ) ! o!r4 ,x is only by bo? m]g+ _! "o-sid$ness on _! own "p1 t _! unity is kept f becom+ "o-sid$4 #bdb4 ,! second sph]e developes ! relation ( ! diff]5ts to :at x prim>ily is1--to ! contradiction 9 its own nature4 ,t contradiction :i* is se5 9 ! inf9ite progress is resolv$ 7c7 into ! end or t]m9us1 :]e ! diff]5c$ is explicitly /at$ z :at x is 9 notion4 ,! end is ! negative ( ! fir/1 & z ! id5tity ) t1 is ! negativity ( itself4 ,x is consequ5tly ! unity 9 :i* bo? ( ^! ,fir/s1 ! imm$iate & ! real ,fir/1 are made con/itu5t /ages 9 ?\ght1 m]g$1 & at ! same "t pres]v$ 9 ! unity4 ,! notion1 :i* f its implicitness ?us comes by means ( its diff]5tiation & ! m]g+ ( t diff]5tiation to close ) itself1 is ! realis$ notion1--! notion :i* conta9s ! relativity or dep5d5ce ( its special features 9 its own indep5d5ce4 ,x is ! idea :i*1 z absolutely fir/ 79 ! me?od71 reg>ds ?is t]m9us z m]ely ! disappe>ance ( ! %[ or semblance1 :i* made ! beg9n+ appe> imm$iate1 & made itself seem a result4 ,x is ! k t ! idea is ! "o sy/ematic :ole4 #bdc4 ,x ?us appe>s t ! me?od is n an extrane\s =m1 b ! s\l & notion ( ! cont5t1 f :i* x is only di/+ui%$1 s f> z ! dynamic elem5ts ( ! notion ev5 on _! own "p come 9 _! own specific "* to appe> z ! totality ( ! notion4 ,?is specific "*1 or ! cont5t1 leads itself ) ! =m back to ! idea2 & ?us ! idea is pres5t$ z a sy/ematic totality :i* is only "o idea1 ( :i* ! sev]al elem5ts are ea* implicitly ! idea1 :il/ !y equally by ! dialectic ( ! notion produce ! simple indep5d5ce ( ! idea4 ,! sci5ce 9 ?is mann] concludes by appreh5d+ ! notion ( itself1 z ( ! pure idea = :i* ! idea is4 #bdd4 ,! ,idea :i* is indep5d5t or = itself1 :5 view$ on ! po9t ( ?is its unity ) itself1 is ,p]ception or ,intuition1 & ! p]cipi5t ,idea is ,nature4 ,b z intuition ! idea is1 ?r\gh an ext]nal 'reflection1' inve/$ ) ! "o-sid$ *>act]i/ic ( imm$iacy1 or ( negation4 ,enjoy+ h[ev] an absolute lib]ty1 ! ,idea does n m]ely pass ov] into life1 or z f9ite cognition all[ life to %[ 9 x3 9 its own absolute tru? x resolves to let ! 'mom5t' ( its p>ticul>ity1 or ( ! fir/ *>act]isation & o!r-be+1 ! imm$iate idea1 z its reflect$ image1 g =? freely z ,nature4 99 99 99 99 99 ,we h n[ return$ to ! notion ( ! ,idea ) :i* we began4 ,?is return to ! beg9n+ is also an advance4 ,we began ) ,be+1 ab/ract ,be+3 :]e we n[ are we also h ! ,idea z ,be+3 b ?is ,idea :i* has ,be+ is ,nature4 ,,notes ,,& ,,illu/rations ,,*apt] ,i4 ,page #e1 #b4 ,aft]-?\ght ,na*d5k51 e4g4 ?\ght :i* retraces & reproduces an orig9al1 b subm]g$1 ?\ght 7cf4 ,hegel's ,w]ke1 vi4 p4 xv73 to be di/+ui%$ f ,reflexion 7cf4 ,w]ke1 i4 #agd74 ,p4 #g1 #c4 ,on ! bl5d+ ( univ]sal 7?\ght7 & individual 7s5sation7 9 :at is call$ p]ception 7,wahrnehm57 see ,encycl4 #dbj1 #dba4 ,p4 #h1 #c4 ,cf4 ,fi*te1 ,w]ke1 ii4 #ded3 ',h5ce = ! common sort ( he>]s & read]s ! uncommon intelligibility ( c]ta9 s]mons & lectures & writ+s1 n "o ^w ( :i* is intelligible to ! man :o ?9ks = himself1--because !re is really no intellig5ce 9 !m4 ,! old woman :o frequ5ts ! *ur*--= :om by ! way ,i *]i% all possible respect--f9ds a s]mon v intelligible & v edify+ :i* conta9s lots ( texts & v]ses ( hymns %e kn[s by rote & c repeat4 ,9 ! same way read]s1 :o fancy !mselves f> sup]ior to h]1 f9d a "w v in/ructive & cle> :i* tells !m :at !y already "k1 & pro(s v /r+5t :i* demon/rate :at !y already believe4 ,! pleasure ! read] takes 9 ! writ] is a conceal$ pleasure 9 himself4 ,:at a great man6 7he says to himself72 x is z if ,i he>d or read myself4 ,p4 #aj1 #f4 ,cf4 ,hegel1 ,w]ke viii4 #ag3 ',9 ?is conviction 7t :at is reasonable is actual1 & :at is actual is reasonable7 /&s e pla9 man1 z well z ! philosoph]2 & f x philosophy />ts 9 ! /udy bo? ( ! spiritual & ( ! natural univ]se----,! great ?+ h[ev] is1 9 ! %[ ( ! temporal & ! transi5t to recognise ! sub/ance :i* is imman5t & ! et]nal :i* is pres5t4 ,= ! "w ( reason 7:i* is synonym\s ) ! ,idea71 :5 9 its actuality x simultane\sly ent]s ext]nal exi/5ce1 em]ges ) an inf9ite weal? ( =ms1 ph5om5a & phases1 & envelopes its k]nel ) ! motley r9d ) :i* consci\sness is e>lie/ at home1--a r9d :i* ! notion mu/ p5etrate be=e x c f9d ! inw>d pulse & feel x /ill beat+ ev5 9 ! outw>d phases4 ,b ! inf9ite v>iety ( circum/ance :i* is =m$ 9 ?is ext]nality by ! light ( ! ess5ce %9+ 9 x1--all ?is inf9ite mat]ial1 ) its regulations1--is n ! object ( philosophy4444 ,to compreh5d :at is1 is ! task ( philosophy3 = :at is is reason4 ,z reg>ds ! individual1 ea*1 :atev] happ5s1 is a son ( 8 "t4 ,s too philosophy is its "t appreh5d$ 9 ?\ghts4 ,x is j z fooli% to fancy t a philosophy c ov]leap its pres5t _w z t an individual c ov]leap 8 "t4 ,if 8 !ory really goes beyond actualities1 if x con/ructs an ideal1 a _w z x ought to be1 !n su* exi/5ce z x has is only 9 8 int5tions--a yield+ elem5t 9 :i* any?+ y please may be fancy-=m$4' ,cf4 ,s*ell+1 ,w]ke1 iv4 #cij3 ',!re are v _m ?+s1 actions1 c4 ( :i* we may judge1 aft] vulg> semblance1 t !y are unreasonable4 ,all ! same we presuppose & assume t ev]y?+ :i* is or :i* happ5s is reasonable1 & t reason is1 9 "o ^w1 ! prime matt] & ! real ( all be+4' ,p4 #aa1 #f4 ,actuality 7,wirkli*keit7 9 ,w]ke1 iv4 #agh seqq4 ,p4 #ab1 #g4 ,cf4 ,fi*te1 ,w]ke1 ii4 #ccc3 ',man has no?+ at all b exp]i5ce2 & ev]y?+ he comes to be comes to only ?r\gh exp]i5ce1 ?r\gh life itself4 ,all 8 ?9k+1 be x loose or sci5tific1 common or transc5d5tal1 />ts f exp]i5ce & has exp]i5ce ultimately 9 view4 ,no?+ has unconditional value & significance b life2 all o!r ?9k+1 conception1 k has value only 9 s f> z 9 "s way or o!r x ref]s to ! fact ( life1 />ts f x1 & has 9 view a subsequ5t return to x4' ,p4 #ac1 #g 7note74 ,?omas ,?omson 7#aggc-aheb71 ,pr(essor ( ,*emi/ry at ,glasg[1 di/+ui%$ 9 ! e>ly hi/ory ( *emi/ry & alli$ sci5ces4 ,! ,annals ( ,philosophy appe>$ f #ahac to #ahbf4--,! art ( pres]v+ ! hair 0 publi%$ 7anonym\s7 at ,london 9 #ahbe4 ,p4 #ad1 #g 7note74 ,! spee* f ! ?rone 0 read on ,feb4 #crd1 #ahbe4 ,! %ip[n]s' d9n] 0 on ,feb4 #ab4 ,! ,times ( ,feb4 #ad gives z ,cann+'s ! words '! j & wise maxims ( s\nd n spuri\s philosophy4' ,p4 #ag1 #aj4 ',s*ola/icus' is ! guileless 'fre%man1' h]o ( c]ta9 ,facetiae 7attribut$ to ! ,py?agorean philosoph] ,hi]ocles7 :i* us$ occasionally to =m "p ( ! e>ly ,greek read+ ( s*oolboys4 ,k4 ,l4 ,re9hold 7#aged-ahbc7 pres5ts 9 8 intellectual hi/ory a picture ( ! developm5t ( ideas 9 8 age4 ,at ! beg9n+ 8 ,attempt ( a new !ory ( ! human repres5tative faculty 7#aghi7 is typical ( ! t5d5cy to give a subjective psy*ological int]pretation ( ,kant's !ory ( k ,b ! p]iod ( ,re9hold's tea*+ "h ref]r$ to is t ( ,contributions to an easi] survey ( ! condition ( philosophy at ! beg9n+ ( ! n9ete5? c5tury 7,beitrge1 #ahja73 ! t5d5cy :i* ,hegel1 :o review$ him 9 ! ,critical ,j\rnal ( ,philosophy 7,w]ke1 i4 #bfg seqq471 calls 'philosophis+ be=e philosophy4'--,a simil> _s is op]ative 9 ,krug's proposal 79 8 ,fundam5tal ,philosophy1 #ahjc7 to />t ) :at he call$ 'philosophical problematics4' ,p4 #ai1 #aa4 ,plato1 ,pha$o1 p4 #hi1 :]e ,socrates prote/s aga9/ ! t5d5cy to conf\nd ! defect ( a p>ticul> piece ( reason+ ) ! incompet5ce ( human reason altoge!r4 ,p4 #bb1 #ac4 ,! dictum t ! hi/orical succession ( philosophical sy/ems is id5tical ) _! logical sequ5ce %\ld n be tak5 too lit]ally & me*anically4 ,its ess5tial po9t is simply ! !orem t hi/ory is n a casual s]ies ( unconnect$ ev5ts--! de$s ( p>ticul> p]sons1 b is an evolution "u laws & uni=mities3--x is ?is !orem appli$ to philosophies4 ,b difficulties may easily arise 9 ! application ( ! g5]al pr9ciple3 e4g4 x w be se5 7by comp>ison ( #hf & #ajd7 t ?\gh ,py?agoras prec$es ,p>m5ides1 & numb] is a /epp+-/one to pure ?\ght /ill pure ,be+ comes at an e>li] /age ?an ,quantity4 ,p4 #bc1 #ac4 ,!re is a sil5t ref]5ce to :at ,re9hold pr(ess$ to make ! subject ( 8 tea*+ at ,j5a--'philosophy )\t surnames' 7ohne ,be9am571--i4e4 n a 'critical' philosophy2--or to ! ',philosophy :i* may n be> any man's "n ( ,beck4 ,z ,hegel says1 ,w]ke1 xvi4 #ach1 ',! solicitude & appreh5sion aga9/ be+ "o-sid$ is only too (t5 "p ( ! weakness :i* is capable only ( _m-sid$ illogical sup]ficiality4' ,p4 #bg1 #af4 ,by 'an?ropology' is meant n ! an?ropology ( mod]n writ]s1 :o use ! "n to d5ote ma9ly ! hi/ory ( human culture 9 its m rudim5t>y /ages1 & z exhibit$ *iefly 9 mat]ial products1 b ! /udy ( ^? aspects ( psy*ology :i* are mo/ closely alli$ ) physiological conditions4 ,) ! p[] ( ! intuition ( g5ius to give almo/ all t logical syn!sis c produce1 cf4 ,w]ke1 ,i4 #cca3 ',9 ?is way a gr& & pure intuition is able1 9 ! purely ar*itectonic features ( its picture1 ?\gh ! int]-connection ( necessity & ! ma/]y ( =m does n come =w>d into visibility1 to give expression to ! g5u9e e?ical organism--l a build+ :i* sil5tly exhibits ! _s ( its au?or 9 ! sev]al features ( its mass1 )\t ! image ( t _s be+ set =? any:]e 9 "o unit$ %ape4 ,9 su* a del9eation1 made by help ( notions1 x is only a want ( te*nical skill :i* prev5ts reason f rais+ ! pr9ciple x embraces & p]vades into ! ideal =m & becom+ aw>e ( x z ! ,idea4 ,if ! intuition only rema9s true to itself & does n let analytic intellect disconc]t x1 x w probably--j because x _c disp5se ) notions = its expression--behave awkw>dly 9 deal+ ) !m1 assume di/ort$ %apes 9 its passage ?r\gh consci\sness1 & be 7to ! speculative eye7 bo? incoh]5t & contradictory3 b ! arrangem5t ( ! p>ts & ( ! self-modify+ *>act]s betray ! inw>d _s ( reason1 h[ev] invisible4 ,& s f> z ?is appe>ance ( t _s is reg>d$ z a product & a result1 x w z product completely h>monise ) ! ,idea4' ,probably ,goe! is be=e ,hegel's m9d4 ,p4 #bh1 #ag4 ,! triplicity 9 unity ( ?\ght--its =?go+ 'procession1' 7cf4 p4 #cfb seqq47 & its return1 :i* is yet an abid+ 9 itself 7,bei3si*3se97 0 fir/ explicitly s*ematis$ by ,proclus1 ! consummator ( ,neo-,platonism4 ,9 8 ,in/itutio ,!ologica he lays x d[n t ! ess5tial "* ( all spiritual reality 7a7 is to be 1 e4g4 to return ^u itself1 or to be a unity 9 & ) diff]5ce1--to be an orig9al & spontane\s pr9ciple ( movem5t 7c4 #ae73 or1 z 9 ,c #ca3 o ' ' 4 ,its movem5t1 !re=e1 is circul> 7c4 #cc73 = ev]y?+ mu/ at ! same "t rema9 altoge!r 9 ! cause1 & proce$ f x1 & rev]t to x 7c4 #ce74 ,su* an ess5ce is self-subsi/5t 771--is at once ag5t 77 & pati5t 774 ,?is 'my/icism' 7( a tr9ity :i* is also unity ( motion :i* is also re/71 ) its o1 ro1 & 1 is tak5 up1 9 8 own way1 by ,scotus ,erig5a 7,de ,divisione ,naturae7 z processio 7or divisio71 r$itus1 & adunatio4 ,f ,god 'proce$'--by an et]nal creation--! creatures1 :o h[ev] are n outside ! div9e nature2 & to ,god all ?+s creat$ et]nally return4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,p4 #ca1 #ai4 ,tru?3--z e>ly z ,w]ke1 i4 #hb1 i4e4 #ahja1 ,hegel _h come--p]haps influ5c$ by ! example ( ,jacobi--to ! conclusion t ',tru? is a ^w :i*1 9 philosophical disc\rse1 des]ves to be us$ only ( ! c]ta9ty ( ! ,et]nal & non-empirical ,actual4' 7,& s ,sp9oza1 ii4 #caj47 ,p4 #cb4 ',! "y h be5 flatt]$'--e4g4 by ,fi*te1 ,w]ke1 i4 #dce3 ',h5ce ?is sci5ce too promises itself few proselytes among/ m5 already =m$3 if x c hope = any at all1 x hopes = !m r f ! "y _w1 ^: inborn =ce has n yet be5 ru9$ 9 ! laxity ( ! age4' ,p4 #ch1 #bj4 ,:at ,kant actually said 7,kritik d] re95 ,v]nunft3 ,elem5t>lehre1 #af71 0 ',! ,i ?9k mu/ be able to accompany all my conceptions' 7,vor/ellung574 ,"h1 z (t5 else:]e4 ,hegel seems to quote f memory1--) "s %ortcom+ f absolute accuracy4 ,f ?is po9t ,fi*te's idealism takes its spr+1 e4g4 ,w]ke1 ii4 #eje3 ',! gr\nd ( all c]ta9ty1--( all consci\sness ( fact 9 life1 & ( all demon/rative k 9 sci5ce1 is ?is3 ,9 & ) ! s+le ?+ we affirm 7setz57 7& :atev] we affirm is necess>ily some?+ s+le7 we also affirm ! absolute totality z su*4444 ,only 9 s f> z we h s affirm$ any?+1 is x c]ta9 = u1--f ! s+le unit we h compreh5d$ "u x away to e s+le ?+ 9 ! inf9ity we %all compreh5d "u x1--f ! "o individual :o has compreh5d$ x1 to all individuals :o w compreh5d x4444 ,)\t ?is absolute posit+ ( ! absolute totality 9 ! individual1 we _c 7to employ a phrase ( ,jacobi's7 come to b$ & bo>d4' ',obvi\sly !re=e y enunciate n ! judgm5t ( a s+le obs]vation1 b y embrace & posit ! %e] inf9itude & totality ( all possible obs]vations3--an inf9ity :i* is n at all comp\nd$ out ( f9ites1 b out ( :i*1 conv]sely1 ! f9ites !mselves issue1 & ( :i* f9ite ?+s are ! m]e always-uncomplet$ analysis4 ,?is--h[ %all ,i call x1 proc$ure1 posit+1 or :atev] y pref]--?is manife/ation ( ! absolute totality1 ,i call intellectual vision 7,ans*auung74 ,i reg>d x--j because ,i _c 9 any way get beyond intellig5ce--z imman5t 9 intellig5ce1 & "n x s f> egoity 7,i*heit71--n objectivity & n subjectivity1 b ! absolute id5tity ( ! two3--an egoity1 h[ev]1 :i* x 0 to be hop$ w\ld n be tak5 to mean individuality4 ,!re lies 9 x1 :at y' 7he is address+ ,re9hold1 :o "h foll[s ,b>dili7' call a repetibility ad inf9itum4 ,= me1 !re=e1 ! ess5ce ( ! f9ite is compos$ ( an imm$iate vision ( ! absolutely timeless inf9ite 7) an absolute id5tity ( subjectivity & objectivity71 & ( a sep>ation ( ! two latt]1 & an analysis 7cont9u$ ad inf9itum7 ( ! inf9ite4 ,9 t analysis consi/s ! temporal life3 & ! />t+-po9t ( ?is temporal life is ! sep>ation into subject & object1 :i* ?r\gh ! intellectual vision 7intuition7 are /ill bo? held toge!r4' ,p4 #dd1 #bb1 ! m]e fact ( conviction4 ,cf4 ,re*tsphilosophie1 #adj 7,w]ke1 viii4 #aia73 ',f9ally ! m]e conviction :i* holds some?+ to be "r is giv5 out z :at decides ! morality ( an action4 ,! good we w to d n yet hav+ any cont5t1 ! pr9ciple ( conviction adds ! in=mation t ! subsumption ( an action "u ! category ( good is purely a p]sonal matt]4 ,if ?is be s1 ! v pret5ce ( an e?ical objectivity is utt]ly lo/4 ,a doctr9e l ?is is closely alli$ ) ! self-/yl$ philosophy :i* d5ies t ! true is cognoscible3 because = ! ,w1 tru?--i4e4 ! rationality ( ! ,w--lies 9 ! moral laws4 ,giv+ out1 z su* a sy/em does1 t ! cognition ( ! true is an empty vanity1 f> transc5d+ ! range ( sci5ce 7:i* recognises only appe>ance71 x mu/1 9 ! matt] ( conduct1 also f9d its pr9ciple 9 ! app>5t2 :]eby moral di/9ctions are r$uc$ to ! peculi> !ory ( life held by ! individual & to 8 private conviction4 ,at fir/ no d\bt ! degradation into :i* philosophy has ?us sunk seems an affair ( supreme indiff]5ce1 a m]e incid5t 9 ! futilities ( ! s*ola/ic _w3 b ! view necess>ily makes itself a home 9 e?ics1 :i* is an ess5tial "p ( philosophy2 & x is !n 9 ! actual _w t ! _w le>ns ! true mean+ ( su* !ories4 ',z ! view spreads t subjective conviction1 & x alone1 decides ! morality ( an action1 x foll[s t ! *>ge ( hypocrisy1 once s frequ5t1 is n[ r>ely he>d4 ,y c only qualify wick$ness z hypocrisy on ! assumption t c]ta9 actions are inh]5tly & actually misde$s1 vices1 & crimes1 & t ! default] necess>ily is aw>e ( !m z su*1 because he is aw>e ( & recognises ! pr9ciples & outw>d acts ( piety & hone/y1 ev5 9 ! pret5ce to :i* he misapplies !m4 ,9 o!r words1 x 0 g5]ally assum$ z reg>ds immorality t x is a duty to "k ! good1 & to be aw>e ( its di/9ction f ! bad4 ,9 any case x 0 an absolute injunction :i* =bade ! commission ( vici\s & crim9al acts1 & :i* insi/$ on su* actions be+ imput$ to ! ag5t1 s f> z he 0 a man1 n a bea/4 ,b if ! good he>t1 ! good int5tion1 ! subjective conviction1 are set =? z ! true s\rces ( moral wor?1 !n !re is no long] any hypocrisy1 or immorality at all3 = :atev] "o does1 he c always ju/ify x by ! reflection on x ( good aims & motives2 & by ! influ5ce ( t conviction x is good4 ,!re is no long] any?+ inh]5tly vici\s or crim9al3 in/ead ( ! frank & free1 h>d5$ & unp]turb$ s9n]1 comes ! p]son ^: m9d is completely ju/ifi$ by int5tion & conviction4 ,my good int5tion 9 my act1 & my conviction ( its goodness1 make x good4 ,we speak ( judg+ & e/imat+ an act4 ,b on ?is pr9ciple x is only ! aim & conviction ( ! ag5t--8 fai?--by :i* he ought to be judg$4 ,& t n 9 ! s5se 9 :i* ,*ri/ requires fai? 9 objective tru?1 s t = "o :o has a bad fai?1 e4g4 a conviction bad 9 its cont5t1 ! judgm5t to be pron\nc$ mu/ be bad1 e4g4 con=mable to ?is bad cont5t4 ,b fai? "h means only fidelity to conviction4 ,has ! man 7we ask7 9 act+ kept true to 8 conviction8 ,x is =mal subjective conviction on :i* alone ! obligation ( duty is made to dep5d4 ',a pr9ciple l ?is1 :]e conviction is expressly made some?+ subjective1 _c b sugge/ ! ?\ght ( possible error1 ) ! fur!r impli$ presupposition ( an absolutely-exi/+ law4 ,b ! law is no ag5t3 x is only ! actual human be+ :o acts2 & 9 ! a=esaid pr9ciple ! only "q 9 e/imat+ human actions is h[ f> he has receiv$ ! law into 8 conviction4 ,if1 !re=e1 x is n ! actions :i* are to be e/imat$ & g5]ally measur$ by t law1 x is impossible to see :at ! law is =1 & :at end x c s]ve4 ,su* a law is degrad$ to a m]e outside lett]1 9 fact an empty ^w2 :i* is only made a law1 i4e4 inve/$ ) obligatory =ce1 by my conviction4 ',su* a law may claim its au?ority f ,god or ! ,/ate3 x may ev5 h ! au?ority ( t5s ( c5turies dur+ :i* x s]v$ z ! bond t gave m51 ) all _! de$ & de/9y1 subsi/5ce & coh]5ce4 ,& ^! are au?orities 9 :i* are cond5s$ ! convictions ( c\ntless individuals4 ,& = me to set aga9/ t ! au?ority ( my s+le conviction--= z my subjective conviction its sole validity is au?ority--t self-conceit1 mon/r\s z x at fir/ seems1 is1 9 virtue ( ! pr9ciple t subjective conviction is to be ! rule1 pron\nc$ to be no self-conceit at all4 ',ev5 if reason & consci5ce--:i* %all[ sci5ce & bad sophi/ry c nev] altoge!r expel--admit1 ) a noble illogicality1 t error is possible1 /ill by describ+ crime & wick$ness z only an error we m9imise ! fault4 ,= to err is human3--,:o has n be5 mi/ak5 on "o po9t or ano!r1 :e!r he _h fre% or pickl$ cabbage = d9n]1 & ab\t innum]able ?+s m or less important8 ,b ! diff]5ce ( m or less importance disappe>s if ev]y?+ turns on ! subjectivity ( conviction & on p]si/5cy 9 x4 ,b ! said noble illogicality :i* admits error to be possible1 :5 x comes r\nd to say t a wrong conviction is only an error1 really only falls into a fur!r illogicality--! illogicality ( di%one/y4 ,"o "t conviction is made ! basis ( morality & ( man's supreme value1 & is ?us pron\nc$ ! supreme & holy4 ,ano!r "t all we h to d ) is an error3 my conviction is some?+ trivial & casual1 /rictly speak+ some?+ outside1 t may turn out ?is way or t4 ,&1 really1 my be+ conv9c$ is some?+ supremely trivial8 if ,i _c "k tru?1 x is indiff]5t h[ ,i ?9k2 & all t is left to my ?9k+ is t empty good1--a m]e ab/raction ( g5]alisation4 ',x foll[s fur!r t1 on ?is pr9ciple ( ju/ification by conviction1 logic requires me1 9 deal+ ) ! way o!rs act aga9/ my action1 to admit t1 s f> z !y 9 _! belief & conviction hold my actions to be crimes1 !y are q 9 ! "r4 ,on su* logic n m]ely d ,i ga9 no?+1 ,i am ev5 depos$ f ! po/ ( lib]ty & hon\r into a situation ( slav]y & di%on\r4 ,ju/ice--:i* 9 ! ab/ract is m9e z well z !irs--,i feel only z a =eign subjective conviction1 & 9 ! execution ( ju/ice ,i fancy myself to be only treat$ by an ext]nal =ce4' ,p4 #dd1 #bc4 ,selb/d5k5--to ?9k & n m]ely to read or li/5 is ! recurr5t cry ( ,fi*te 7e4g4 ,w]ke1 ii4 #cbi74 ,accord+ to ! editors ( ,w]ke1 xv4 #ehb1 ! ref]5ce "h is to ,s*lei]ma*] & to 8 ,monologues4 ,really x is to ! ,romantic pr9ciple 9 g5]al1 especially ,f4 ,s*legel4 ,p4 #de1 #bc4 ',fi*te' ,w]ke1 ii1 #djd3 ',philosophy 7,wiss5s*aftslehre71 besides 7= ! reason above not$ t x has no auxili>y1 no vehicle ( ! intuition at all1 except ! intuition itself71 elevates ! human m9d high] ?an any geometry c ,x gives ! m9d n only att5tiv5ess1 dext]ity1 /ability1 b at ! same "t absolute indep5d5ce1 =c+ x to be alone ) itself1 & to live & manage by itself4 ,comp>$ ) x1 e o!r m5tal op]ation is inf9itely easy2 & to "o :o has be5 ex]cis$ 9 x no?+ comes h>d4 ,besides z x prosecutes all objects ( human lore to ! c5tre x accu/oms ! eye to hit ! prop] po9t at fir/ glance' 9 ev]y?+ pres5t$ to x1 & to prosecute x undeviat+ly ,= su* a practical philosoph] !re=e !re c be no?+ d>k1 complicat$1 & confus$1 if only he is acqua9t$ ) ! object ( discussion4 ,x comes always easie/ to him to con/ruct ev]y?+ afre% & ab initio1 because he c>ries )9 him plans = e sci5tific edifice4 ,he f9ds 8 way easily1 !re=e1 9 any complicat$ /ructure4 ,add to ?is ! security & confid5ce ( glance :i* he has acquir$ 9 philosophy--! guide :i* conducts 9 all raisonnem5t & ! imp]turbability ) :i* 8 eye meets e div]g5ce f ! accu/om$ pa? & e p>adox4 ,x w\ld be q diff]5t ) all human conc]ns1 if m5 c\ld only resolve to believe _! eyes4 ,at pres5t !y inquire at _! neighb\rs & at antiquity :at !y really see1 & by ?is di/ru/ 9 !mselves errors are et]nalis$4 ,aga9/ ?is di/ru/ ! possessor ( philosophy is = ev] protect$4 ,9 a ^w1 by philosophy ! m9d ( man comes to itself1 & f h5ce=? re/s on itself )\t =eign aid1 & is completely ma/] ( itself1 z ! danc] ( 8 feet1 or ! box] ( 8 h&s4' ,p4 #de1 #bc4 ,ari/otle1 ,metaph4 i4 #b1 #ai 7cf4 ,e?4 x4 #g74 ,see also ,w]ke1 xiv4 #bhj seqq4 ,p4 #df1 #bd4 ,s*ell+'s expression1 'petrifi$ intellig5ce4' ,! ref]5ce is to "s v]ses ( ,s*ell+ 9 ,w]ke1 iv4 #edf 7fir/ publi%$ 9 ,zeits*rift fr speculative ,physik1 #ahjj74 ,we h no reason to /& 9 awe ( ! _w1 he says1 :i* is a tame & quiet bea/-- ,/]ft zw> e9 ,ries5gei/ d>9n51 ,i/ ab] v]/e9]t mit all5 ,s9n52 ,9 todt5 und leb5dig5 ,d+5 ,?ut na* ,bewu/seyn m*tig r+54 ,9 human %ape he at l5g? awakes f ! iron sleep1 f ! long dream3 b z man he feels himself a /rang] & exile2 he w\ld fa9 return to great ,nature2 he fe>s :at surr\nds him & imag9es spectres1 n kn[+ he might say ( ,nature to himself-- ,i* b9 d] ,gott1 d5 sie im ,bus5 hegt1 ,d] ,gei/1 d] si* 9 allem bewegt3 ,vom frh/5 ,r+5 dunkl] ,krfte ,bis zum ,erguss d] er/5 ,leb5ssfte1 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 h]auf zu des ,g$ank5s ,jug5dkraft ,wodur* ,natur v]jngt si* wi$] s*afft1 ,i/ e9e kraft1 e9 ,we*selspiel und ,web51 ,e9 ,trieb und ,drang na* imm] hh]m ,leb54 ,cf4 ,ok51 ,naturphilosophie1 #biac3 ',a natural body is a ?\ght ( ! primal act1 turn$ rigid & cry/allis$1--a ^w ( ,god4' ,phrases ( l import are n infrequ5t 9 ,s*ell+'s works 7ab\t #ahjj-a71 e4g4 ,w]ke1#a4 ,ab?4 iii4 #cda3 ',! dead & unconsci\s products ( nature are only unsuccessful attempts to reflect itself2 s-call$ dead nature is 9 all cases an immature intellig5ce' 7unreife ,intellig5z71 or iv4 #gg1 ',nature itself is an intellig5ce1 z x 71 turn$ to rigidity 7er/>rte7 ) all its s5sations & p]ceptions'2 & ii4 #bbf 7,ide5 zu e9] ,philosophie d] ,natur1 #agig71 ',h5ce nature is only intellig5ce turn$ into ! rigidity ( be+2 its qualities are s5sations ext+ui%$ to be+2 bodies are its p]ceptions1 s to speak1 kill$4' ,a close approa* to ! phrase quot$ is f\nd 9 ! words ( ano!r ( ! ',romantic' philosoph]s3 ',nature is a petrifi$ magic-city' 7v]/e9]te ,zaub]/adt74 7,novalis1 ,s*rift51 ii4 #adi47 ,p4 #dh1 #bd4 ,cf4 ,fi*te to ,jacobi3 7,jacobi's ,briefwe*sel1 ii4 #bjh7 ',my absolute ,ego is obvi\sly n ! individual3 t explanation comes f injur$ snobs & peevi% philosoph]s1 seek+ to impute to me ! disgraceful doctr9e ( practical egoism4 ,b ! individual mu/ be d$uc$ f ! absolute ego4 ,to t task my philosophy w proce$ 9 ! ,natural ,law4 ,a f9ite be+--x may be d$uctively %[n--c only ?9k itself z a s5se-be+ 9 a sph]e ( s5se-be+s1--on "o "p ( :i* 7t :i* has no p[] ( orig9ation7 x has causality1 :ile ) ! o!r "p 7to :i* x attributes a subjectivity l its own7 x /&s 9 reciprocal relations4 ,9 su* circum/ances x is call$ an individual1 & ! conditions ( individuality are call$ rights4 ,z surely z x affirms its individuality1 s surely does x affirm su* a sph]e ! two conceptions inde$ are conv]tible4 ,s long z we look ^u ourselves z individuals--& we always s reg>d ourselves 9 life1 ?\gh n 9 philosophy & ab/ract imag9ation--we /& on :at ,i call ! practical po9t ( view 9 our reflections 7:ile to ! /&po9t ( ! absolute ego ,i give ! "n speculative74 ,f ! =m] po9t ( view !re exi/s = u a _w indep5d5t ( u1--a _w we c only modify2 :il/ ! pure ego 7:i* ev5 on ?is altitude does n altoge!r disappe> f u17 is put outside u & call$ ,god4 ,h[ else c\ld we get ! prop]ties we ascribe to ,god & d5y to ourselves1 did we n aft] all f9d !m )9 u1 & only refuse !m to ourselves 9 a c]ta9 respect1 i4e41 z individuals8 ,:5 ?is practical po9t ( view pr$om9ates 9 our reflections1 realism is supreme3 :5 speculation itself d$uces & recognises t /&po9t1 !re results a complete reconciliation betwe5 philosophy & common s5se z premis$ 9 my sy/em4 ',= :at good1 !n1 is ! speculative /&po9t & ! :ole ( philosophy !re)1 if x be n = life8 ,_h humanity n ta/$ ( ?is =bidd5 fruit1 x might disp5se ) all philosophy4 ,b 9 humanity !re is a wi% implant$ to behold t region ly+ beyond ! individual2 & to behold x n m]ely 9 a reflect$ light b face to face4 ,! fir/ :o rais$ a "q ab\t ,god's exi/5ce broke ?r\gh ! b>ri]s1 he %ook humanity 9 its ma9 f\ndation pill>s1 & ?rew x out ( jo9t into an inte/9e /rife :i* is n yet settl$1 & :i* c only be settl$ by advanc+ boldly to t supreme po9t f :i* ! speculative & ! practical appe> to be at "o4 ,we began to philosophise f pride ( he>t1 & ?us lo/ our innoc5ce3 we beheld our nak$ness1 & ev] s9ce we philosophise f ! ne$ ( our r$emption4' ,p4 #ej4 ,physics & ,philosophy ( ,nature3 cf4 ,w]ke1 vii4 i1 p4 #ah3 ',! ,philosophy ( ,nature takes up ! mat]ial1 prep>$ = x by physics out ( exp]i5ce1 at ! po9t to :i* physics has br\ght x1 & aga9 trans=ms x1 )\t bas+ x ultimately on ! au?ority ( exp]i5ce4 ,physics !re=e mu/ "w into ! h&s ( philosophy1 s t ! latt] may translate into a true compreh5sion 7,begriff7 ! ab/ract univ]sal transmitt$ to x1 %[+ h[ x issues f t compreh5sion z an intr9sically necess>y :ole4 ,! philosophic way ( putt+ ! facts is no m]e :im once 9 a way1 by way ( *ange1 to walk on ! head1 aft] walk+ a long :ile on ! legs1 or once 9 a way to see our e-day face besme>$ ) pa9t4 ,no2 x is because ! me?od ( physics does n satisfy ! compreh5sion1 t we h to g on fur!r4' ,p4 #ea1 #bd4 ,! di/9ction ( ord9>y & speculative ,logic is p>tly l t made by ,fi*te 7i4 #fh7 betwe5 ,logic & ,wiss5s*aftslehre4 ',! =m]1' says ,fi*te1 'is condition$ & det]m9$ by ! latt]4' ,logic deals only ) =m2 epi/omology ) import z well4 ,p4 #ed1 #bd4 ,! ,mosaic leg5d ( ! ,fall2 cf4 simil> int]pretations 9 ,kant3 ,religion inn]halb d] ,gr5z5 d] bloss5 ,v]nunft1 #a/] ,/ck2 & ,s*ell+1 ,w]ke1 i4 7#a4 ,ab?47 #cd4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,p4 #fa1 #bh4 ,fi*te--to emphasise ! exp]i5tial tru? ( 8 sy/em--says 7,w]ke1 ii4 #cca73 ',!re 0 a philosophy :i* pr(ess$ to be able to exp& by m]e inf]5ce ! range ?us indicat$ = philosophy4 ,accord+ to x1 ?9k+ 0--n1 z we h describ$ x1 ! analysis ( :at 0 giv5 & ! recomb9+ ( x 9 o!r =ms1 b at ! same "t--a production & creation ( some?+ q new4 ,9 ?is sy/em ! philosoph] f\nd himself 9 ! exclusive possession ( c]ta9 pieces ( k :i* ! vulg> und]/&+ _h to d )\t4 ,9 x ! philosoph] c\ld reason out = himself a ,god & an immortality & talk himself into ! conclusion t he 0 wise & good4' ,wolfs def9ition ( philosophy is '! ,sci5ce ( ! possible 9 s f> z x c be'2 & ! possible ! non-contradictory4 ,p4 #fd1 #bi4 ,! ori5tal sage corresponds 7cf4 ,hegel1 ,w]ke1 xii4 #bbi7 to ! writ] kn[n z ,dionysius ! ,areopagite 7,de ,my/ica ,!ologia1 & ,de ,divitus ,nom9ibus47--,! same problem z to ! relation ( ! ,inf9ite 7,god7 to ! ,f9ite 7_w7 is discuss$ 9 ,jewi% speculation 7by ,saadia1 ,mamuni1 c47 z ! "q ( ! div9e names1--a dogma f\nd$ on ! ?irte5 names 7or attributes7 appli$ to ,god 9 ,exodus xxxiv4 #f4 7,cf4 ,d4 ,kaufmann1 ,ges*i*te d] ,attribut5lehre47 ,! same _s has l$ to ! li/ ( n9ety-n9e 'excell5t names' ( ,allah 9 ,islam1 a li/ :i* tradition d]ives f ,mohamm$4 ,p4 #fe1 #ca4 ,cf4 ,w]ke1 ii4 #dg seqq43 ',! nature ( ! judgm5t or proposition--involv+ z x does a di/9ction ( subject & pr$icate--is de/roy$ by ! speculative proposition4 ,?is conflict ( ! propositional =m ) ! unity ( compreh5sion :i* de/roys x is l ! antagonism 9 rhy?m betwe5 metre & acc5t4 ,! rhy?m results f ! float+ mean & unification ( ! two4 ,h5ce ev5 9 ! philosophical proposition ! id5tity ( subject & pr$icate is n meant to annihilate _! diff]5ce 7express$ by ! propositional =m73 _! unity is meant to issue z a h>mony4 ,! propositional =m lets appe> ! def9ite %ade or acc5t po9t+ to a di/9ction 9 its fulfilm5t3 :]eas 9 ! pr$icate giv+ expression to ! sub/ance1 & ! subject itself fall+ into ! univ]sal1 we h ! unity 9 :i* t acc5t is he>d no m4 ,?us 9 ! proposition ,god is ,be+ ! pr$icate is ,be+2 x repres5ts ! sub/ance 9 :i* ! subject is dissolv$ away4 ,be+ is "h meant n to be pr$icate b ess5ce3 & 9 t way ,god seems to cease to be :at he is--by 8 place 9 ! proposition--viz4 ! p]man5t subject4 ,! m9d--f> f gett+ fur!r =w>d 9 ! passage f subject to pr$icate--feels itself r *eck$1 ?r\gh ! loss ( ! subject1 & ?r[n back1 f a s5se ( its loss1 to ! ?\ght ( ! subject4 ,or1--s9ce ! pr$icate itself is enunciat$ z a subject 7z ,be+ or z ,ess5ce7 :i* exhau/s ! nature ( ! subject1 x aga9 comes face to face ) ! subject ev5 9 ! pr$icate4--,?\ght ?us loses its solid objective gr\nd :i* x _h on ! subject3 yet at ! same "t 9 ! pr$icate x is ?r[n back ^u x1 & in/ead ( gett+ to re/ 9 itself x returns ^u ! subject ( ! cont5t4--,to ?is unusual *eck & arre/ are 9 ! ma9 due ! compla9ts z to ! un9telligibility ( philosophical works1--suppos+ ! individual to possess any o!r conditions ( education ne$$ = und]/&+ !m4' ,p4 #ff1 #cb4 ,on ! relation ( dogmatism & scepticism see ! introduction to ,kant's ,criticism ( ,pure ,reason1 & comp>e ,caird's ,critical ,philosophy ( ,i4 ,kant1 vol4 i4 *ap4 i4 ,p4 #fg1 #cc4 ,! subdivision ( '!oretical' philosophy or metaphysics into ! f\r bran*es1 ,ontology1 ,cosmology1 ,psy*ology 7rational & empirical71 & ,natural ,!ology1 is m or less common to ! :ole ,wolfian ,s*ool4 ,wolf's special addition to ! prec$+ s*ola/ic sy/ems is f\nd 9 ! conception ( a g5]al ,cosmology4 ,metaphysics prec$es physics1 & ! dep>tm5ts ( practical philosophy4 ,9 front ( all /&s logic or rational philosophy4 ,empirical psy*ology belongs prop]ly to physics1 b reasons ( practical conv5i5ce put x else:]e4 ,p4 #fi1 #cd4 ,! "q ( ! ',seat ( ! ,s\l' is well kn[n 9 ! writ+s ( ,lotze 7e4g4 ,metaphysic1 #bia74 ,absolute actuosity4 ,! ,notio ,dei accord+ to ,?omas ,aqu9as1 z well z ! dogmatics ( po/-,re=mation times1 is actus purus 7or actus purissimus74 ,= ,god nihil pot5tialitatis habet4 ,cf4 ,w]ke1 xii4#bbh3 ',ari/otle especially has conceiv$ ,god "u ! ab/ract category ( activity4 ,pure activity is k 7,wiss57--9 ! s*ola/ic age1 actus purus--3 b 9 ord] to be put z activity1 x mu/ be put 9 its mom5ts4 ,= k we require ano!r ?+ :i* is kn[n3 & :i*1 :5 k kn[s x1 is !reby appropriat$4 ,x is impli$ 9 ?is t ,god--! et]nal & self-subsi/5t--et]nally begets himself z 8 ,son1--di/+ui%es himself f himself4 ,b :at he ?us di/+ui%es f himself1 has n ! %ape ( an o!rness3 b :at is di/+ui%$ is ipso facto id5tical ) :at x is p>t$ f4 ,god is _s3 no d>kness1 no col\r+ or mixture ent]s ?is pure light4 ,! relation%ip ( fa!r & son is tak5 f organic life & us$ metaphorically--! natural relation is only pictorial & h5ce does n q correspond to :at is to be express$4 ,we say1 ,god et]nally begets 8 ,son1 ,god di/+ui%es himself f himself3 & ?us we beg9 f ,god1 say+ he does ?is1 & 9 ! o!r he creates is utt]ly ) himself 7! =m ( ,love73 b we mu/ be well aw>e t ,god is ?is :ole action itself ,god is ! beg9n+2 he does ?is3 b equally is he only ! end1 ! totality3 & z su* totality he is _s4 ,god z m]ely ! ,fa!r is n yet ! true 7x is ! ,jewi% religion :]e he is ?us )\t ! ,son73 ,he is r beg9n+ & end3 ,he is 8 presupposition1 makes himself a presupposition 7?is is only ano!r =m ( di/+ui%+73 ,he is ! et]nal process4' ,nicolaus ,cusanus speaks ( ,god 7,de docta ,ignorantia1 ii4 ,i7 z inf9ita actualitas quae e/ actu omnis ess5di possibilitas4 ,! t]m 'actuosity' seems d\btful4 ,p4 #gc1 #cf4 ,s5sus em95tior4 ,!ology di/+ui%es ?ree modes 9 :i* ! human intellig5ce c atta9 a k ( ,god4 ,by ! via causalitatis x argues t ,god is2 by ! via negationis1 :at he is n2 by ! via em95tiae1 x gets a glimpse ( ! relation 9 :i* he /&s to u4 ,x reg>ds ,god i4e4 z ! cause ( ! f9ite univ]se2 b z ,god is inf9ite1 all t is pr$icat$ ( him mu/ be tak5 z m]ely approximative 7s5su em95tiori7 & !re is left a va/ rema9d] :i* c only be fill$ up ) negations ,dur&us de ,s4 ,porciano on ! ,s5t5t1 i4 #c4 ,i4 ,! s5sus em95tior is ! subject ( ,sp9oza's /rictures1 ,ep4 #f 7#ef 9 ,opp4 ii4 #bjb73 :ile ,leibniz adopts x 9 ! preface to ,?odice1 ',les p]fections de ,dieu sont celles de nos mes1 mais il les possde sans bornes3 il e/ un ocan1 dont n\s n'avons reu que les g\ttes2 il y a en n\s quelque puissance1 quelque connaissance1 quelque bont2 mais elles sont t\tes entires en ,dieu4' ,! via causalitatis inf]s e4g41 f ! exi/5ce ( morality & intellig5ce "h1 a ,be+ ^: w f9ds expression !re93 ! via em95tiae inf]s t t w is good1 & t intellig5ce wise 9 ! highe/ measure1 & ! via negationis sets aside 9 ! conception ( ,god all ! limitations & conditions to :i* human intellig5ce & w are subject4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,p4 #hj1 #ch4 ,! v]ses 7=m+ "p ( ! advice :i* ,mephi/opheles1 p]sonat+ ,fau/1 gives to ! rec5tly-arriv$ pupil7 /& 9 ! orig9al 9 a diff]5t ord]3 beg9n+ ,dann hat er die ,!ile 9 se9] ,h&1 c4 ,! mean+ ( ^! & ! two prec$+ l9es is some:at z foll[s1 9 v]sification ev5 lax] ?an ,goe!'s3-- ,if y want to describe life & ga!r its mean+1 ,to drive out its _s mo/ be y\r beg9n+1 ,!n ?\gh fa/ 9 y\r h& lie ! p>ts "o by "o ,! _s t l9k$ !m1 alas6 is gone4 ,& ',nature's ,laboratory' is only a "n ,t ! *emi/ be/[s on't to hide 8 own %ame4 ,"o may comp>e ,wilhelm ,mei/]'s ,w&]jahre1 iii4 #c1 :]e x is rem>k$1 9 ref]5ce to "s anatomical ex]cises3 ',y w le>n ere long t build+-up is m in/ructive ?an te>+-d[n1 comb9+ m ?an sep>at+1 animat+ ! dead m ?an kill+ aga9 :at 0 kill$ already4444 ,comb9+ means m ?an sep>at+3 recon/ruct+ m ?an onlook+4' ,! fir/ "p ( ,fau/ appe>$ #ahjh3 ! ,w&]jahre1 #ahbh-i4 ,p4 #hb1 #ci4 ,! article on ! ',relation ( scepticism to philosophy1 an exposition ( its v>i\s modifications1 & comp>ison ( ! late/ ) ! anci5t'--9 =m a review ( ,g4 ,e4 ,s*ulze's ,criticism ( ,!oretical ,philosophy'--0 republi%$ 9 vol4 xvi4 ( ,hegel's ,w]ke 7vol4 i4 ( ! ,v]mis*te ,s*rift574 ,p4 #hg1 #db4 ,9 an e>li] review ( ,kant's "w 7,w]ke1 i4 #hc7 on ,glaub5 und ,wiss5 7an article 9 ,s5dl+ & ,hegel's ,j\rnal7 ,hegel atta*es m weight to a factor 9 ! critical !ory ( k1 "h neglect$4 ,kant1 he says1 has--)9 ! limits all[$ by 8 psy*ological t]ms ( ?\ght--'put 79 an excell5t way7 ! priori ( s5sibility into ! orig9al id5tity & multiplicity1 & t z transc5d5tal imag9ation 9 ! high] p[] ( an imm]sion ( unity 9 multiplicity3 :il/ ,und]/&+ 7,v]/&7 he makes to consi/ 9 ! elevation to univ]sality ( ?is priori syn!tic unity ( s5sibility1--:]eby ?is id5tity is inve/$ ) a comp>ative anti!sis to ! s5sibility3 & ,reason 7,v]nunft7 is pres5t$ z a /ill high] p[] ov] ! prec$+ comp>ative anti!sis1 )\t h[ev] ?is univ]sality & inf9ity be+ all[$ to g beyond ! /]eotyp$ =mal pure inf9ity4 ,?is g5u9ely rational con/ruction by :i*1 ?\gh ! bad "n faculties is left1 !re is 9 tru? pres5t$ a s+le id5tity ( !m all1 is trans=m$ by ,jacobi into a s]ies ( faculties1 re/+ "o ^u ano!r4' ,p4 #hg1 #db4 ,fi*te3 cf4 ,w]ke1 i4 #dbj3 ',i h said be=e1 & say x "h aga91 t my sy/em is no o!r ?an ! ,kantian4 ,t means3 x conta9s ! same view ( facts1 b 9 its me?od is q indep5d5t ( ! ,kantian exposition4' ',kant1 up to n[1 is a clos$ book4'--i4 #ddb4 ,!re are two ways ( critical idealism4 ',ei!r' 7z ,fi*te7 'x actually d$uces f ! fundam5tal laws ( intellig5ce1 t sy/em ( necess>y modes ( action1 & ) x1 at ! same "t1 ! objective conceptions ?us aris+1 & ?us lets ! :ole compass ( our conceptions gradually arise "u ! eyes ( ! read] or he>]2 or' 7l ,kant & 8 unprogressive disciples7 'x gets hold ( ^! laws f any:]e & anyh[1 z !y are imm$iately appli$ to objects1 !re=e on _! l[e/ grade 7--on ?is grade !y are call$ categories71 & !n assev]ates t x is by ^! t objects are det]m9$ & arrang$4' ,& i4 #dgh3 ',i "k t ! categories :i* ,kant laid d[n are 9 no way prov$ by him to be conditions ( self-consci\sness1 b only said to be s3 ,i "k t space & "t & :at 9 ! orig9al consci\sness is insep>able f !m & fills !m bo?1 are /ill less d$uc$ z su* conditions1 = ( !m x is n ev5 said expressly--z ( ! categories--t !y are s1 b only inf]5tially4 ,b ,i believe q z surely t ,i "k t ,kant _h ! ?\ght ( su* a sy/em3 t ev]y?+ he actually prop\nds are fragm5ts & results ( ?is sy/em2 & t 8 /atem5ts h mean+ & coh]5ce only on ?is presupposition4' ,cf4 viii4 #cfb4 ,p4 #hi1 #db4 ,transc5d5tal unity ( self-consci\sness4 ,kant's ,kritik d] re95 ,v]nunft1 #af3 ',! ,i ?9k mu/ be able to accompany all my ideas4444 ,?is idea is an act ( spontaneity4 444 ,i "n x pure app]ception 444 or orig9al app]ception 444 because x is t self-consci\sness :i* c be accompani$ by none fur!r4 ,! unity ( x ,i also call ! transc5d5tal unity ( self-consci\sness1 9 ord] to d5ote ! possibility ( cognition priori f x4' ,p4 #ib1 #dd4 ,caput mortuum3 a t]m ( ! ,al*emi/s to d5ote ! non-volatile precipitate left 9 ! retort aft] ! _s _h be5 extract$3 ! fix$ or dead rema9s1 'qu&o spiritus animam sursum vexit4' ,p4 #ib1 #de4 ,reason & ,und]/&+4 ,9 ! ,wolfian ,s*ool 7e4g4 9 ,baumg>t5's ,metaphysik1 #dfh7 ! t]m intellect 7,v]/&7 is us$ ( ! g5]al faculty ( high] cognition1 :ile ratio 7,v]nunft7 specially d5otes ! p[] ( see+ di/9ctly ! connexions ( ?+s4 ,s ,wolff 7,v]nnftige ,g$ank5 von ,gott1 c4 #bgg7 def9es ,v]/& z '! faculty ( di/9ctly repres5t+ ! possible1' & ,v]nunft 7 #cfh7 z '! faculty ( see+ into ! connexion ( tru?s4' ,x is on ?is use ( ,reason z ! faculty ( inf]5ce t ,kant's use ( ! t]m is f\nd$3 ?\gh x soon widely dep>ts f its orig94 ,= ^u ! '=mal' use ( reason z ! faculty ( syllogis+1 ,kant sup]9duces a transc5d5tal use z a 'faculty ( pr9ciples1' :ile ! und]/&+ is only 'a faculty ( rules4' ',reason1' 9 o!r words1 'itself begets conceptions1' & 'maxims1 :i* x borr[s nei!r f ! s5ses nor f ! und]/&+4' 7,kritik d4 r4 ,v]n41 ,dialektik1 ,e9leit4 ii4 ,a47 ,& ! ess5tial aim ( ,reason is to give unity to ! v>i\s cognitions ( und]/&+4 ,:ile ! unity giv5 by und]/&+ is 'unity ( a possible exp]i5ce1' t s\ght by reason is ! discov]y ( an uncondition$ :i* w complete ! unity ( ! =m] 7,dial4 ,e9leit4 iv71 or ( '! totality ( ! conditions to a giv5 condition$4' 7,dial1 vii47 ,x is ?is di/9ction ( ! t]ms :i* is dom9ant 9 ,fi*te & ,hegel1 :]e ,v]/& is ! m practical intellect :i* seeks def9ite & re/rict$ results & kn[l$ges1 :ile ,v]nunft is a deep] & high] p[] :i* aims at complet5ess4 ,9 ,goe!'s m reflective prose we see illu/rations ( ?is usage3 e4g4 ,wilh4 ,mei/]'s ,w&]jahre1 i4 x is said to be ! object ( ! 'reasonable' man 'das entgeg5gesetzte zu b]s*au5 und 9 ,ueb]e9/immung zu br+5'3 or ,bk4 ii4 ,reasonable m5 :5 !y h devis$ some?+ v]/ndig to get ?is or t difficulty out ( ! way1 c4 ,goe!1 9 8 ,spr*e 9 ,prosa 7#hif71 ,w]ke1 iii4 #bha1 says ',reason has = its prov9ce ! ?+ 9 process 7das ,w]d5de71 und]/&+ ! ?+ complet$ 7das ,geword5e73 ! =m] does n tr\ble itself ab\t ! purpose1 ! latt] asks n :5ce4 ,reason takes delight 9 develop+2 und]/&+ wi%es to keep ev]y?+ z x is1 s z to use x4' 7,simil>ly 9 ,eck]mann's ,conv]s4 ,feb4 #ac1 #ahbi47 ,cf4 ,ok51 ,naturphilosophie1 #biad4 ,v]/& i/ ,microcosmus1 ,v]nunft ,macrocosmus4 ,kant's use ( ! t]m ,reason1 c\pl$ ) 8 special view ( ,practical ,reason & 8 use ( ! t]m ,fai? 7,glaube71 leads on to ! t]m9ology ( ,jacobi4 ,9 e>li] writ+s ,jacobi _h insi/$ on ! contra/ betwe5 ! sup]ior au?ority ( feel+ & fai? 7:i* are 9 t\* ) tru?7 & ! me*anical me?od ( intellig5ce & reason+ 7,v]/& & ,v]nunft74 ,at a lat] p]iod h[ev] he *ang$ & fix$ ! nom5clature ( 8 di/9ction4 ,:at he _h fir/ call$ ,glaube he latt]ly call$ ,v]nunft1--:i* is 9 brief a 's5se = ! sup]s5sible'--an intuition giv+ high] & complete or total k--an imm$iate appreh5sion ( ! real & ! true4 ,z contra/$ ) ?is reasonable fai? or feel+1 he reg>ds ,v]/& z a m]e faculty ( inf]5ce or d]ivative k1 ref]r+ "o ?+ to ano!r by ! rule ( id5tity4 ,?is di/9ction :i* is sub/antially reproduc$ by ,col]idge 7?\gh ) c]ta9 clauses t %[ traces ( ,s*ell+ian influ5ce7 has connexions--l s mu* else 9 ,jacobi--) ! usage ( ,s*op5hau]1 ',nobody1' says ,jacobi1 'has ev] spok5 ( an animal ,v]nunft3 a m]e animal ,v]/& h[ev] we all "k & speak (4' 7,jacobi's ,w]ke1 iii4 #h47 ,s*op5hau] repeats & en=ces ! rem>k4 ,all animals possess1 says ,s*op5hau]1 ! p[] ( appreh5d+ causality1 ( cognis+ objects3 a p[] ( imm$iate & intuitive k ( real ?+s3 ?is is ,v]/&4 ,b ,v]nunft1 :i* is peculi> to man1 is ! cognition ( tru? 7n ( reality73 x is an ab/ract judgm5t ) a suffici5t reason 7,welt als ,w4 i4 #f74 ,"o is tempt$ to connect ! mod]n di/9ction ) an old] "o :i* goes back 9 its orig9 to ,plato & ,ari/otle1 b takes =m 9 ! ,neo-,platoni/ ,s*ool1 & ent]s ! ,lat9 _w ?r\gh ,bo?ius4 ,consol4 ,phil4 iv4 #f3 ,igitur uti e/ ad intellectum ratioc9atio1 ad id quod e/ id quod gignitur1 ad aet]nitatem tempus1 & 9 v4 #d !re is a full di/9ction ( s5sus1 imag9atio1 ratio & intellig5tia 9 asc5d+ ord]4 ,ratio is ! discursive k ( ! idea 7univ]sali consid]atione p]p5dit73 intellig5tia appreh5ds x at once1 & z a simple =ma 7pura m5tis acie contuetur73 cf4 ,/ob4 ,ed4 i4 #hbf-hcb3 ,porphyr4 ,s5t5t4#ae4 ,reason+ belongs to ! human species1 j z intellig5ce to ! div9e alone4 ,yet x is assum$--9 an attempt to expla9 div9e =ekn[l$ge & def5d fre$om--t man may 9 "s measure place himself on ! div9e /&po9t 7v4 #e74 ,?is contra/ betwe5 a high] m5tal faculty 7m5s7 & a l[] 7ratio7 :i* ev5 ,aqu9as adopts f ! int]pretation ( ,ari/otle 7,summa ,!ol4 i4 #gi1 #i7 is ! fav\rite weapon 9 ! h&s ( my/icism4 ,aft] ! example ( ,dionysius ,areop41 ,nicolaus ( ,cusa1 ,reu*l91 & o!r ?9k]s ( ! ,r5aissance depreciate m]e discursive ?\ght & logical reason+4 ,x is ! inn] m5s--l a simple ray ( light--p5etrat+ by an imm$iate & indivisible act to ! div9e--:i* gives u access to ! supreme sci5ce4 ,?is simplex intellig5tia1-- sup]ior to imag9ation or reason+--z ,g]son says1 ,consid4 de ,?4 #aj1 is sometimes nam$ m5s1 sometimes ,spiritus1 ! light ( intellig5ce1 ! %ad[ ( ! angelical intellect1 ! div9e light4 ,f ,scotus ,erig5a to ,nicolas ( ,cusa "o tradition is h&$ d[n3 x is tak5 up by m5 l ,ev]>d ,digby 79 8 ,!oria ,analytica7 & ! gr\p ( ,cambridge ,platoni/s & by ,sp9oza 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury1 & x reappe>s1 pr(\ndly modifi$1 9 ! ,g]man idealism betwe5 #agij & #ahbj4 ,p4 #ii1 #dh4 ',sci5ce ( ,logic'2 ,hegel's l>ge "w on ! subject1 publi%$ betwe5 #ahab-af4 ,! discussions on ! ,ant9omies belong *iefly to ! fir/ "p ( x4 ,p4 #ajb1 #ej4 ',natural ,!ology1' "h to be tak5 9 a n>r[] s5se ?an 9 p4 #gc1 :]e x is equival5t to ,rational ,!ology 9 g5]al4 ,"h x means ',physico-!ology'--! argum5t f design 9 nature4 ,p4 #ajc1 #ej4 ,sp9oza--def9+ ,god z '! union ( ?\ght ) ext5sion4' ,?is is n v]bally accurate2 = accord+ to ,e?ica1 i4 pr4 #aa1 ,god1 or ! sub/ance1 consi/s ( inf9ite attributes1 ea* ( :i* expresses ! et]nal & inf9ite ess5ce4 ,b ,sp9oza m5tions ( 'attributes' only two3 ,e?ica1 ii4 pr4 #a4 ,i ,?\ght is an attribute ( ,god3 pr4 #b1 ,ext5sion is an attribute ( ,god4 ,& he adds1 ,e?ica1 i4 pr4 #aj1 ,s*ol4 ',all ! attributes sub/ance has 7 always 9 x toge!r1 nor c "o be produc$ by ano!r4' ,& 9 ,e?ica1 ii4 #g4 ,s*4 x is said3 ',?9k+ sub/ance & ext5d$ sub/ance is "o & ! same sub/ance :i* is compreh5d$ n[ "u ?is1 n[ "u t attribute4' ,p4 #aaj1 #ed4 ',practical 9 ! true s5se ( ! ^w4' ,cf4 ,kant1 ,w]ke1 ,ros4 & ,s*4 i4 #eha3 ',a great misund]/&+1 ex]t+ an injuri\s influ5ce on sci5tific me?ods1 prevails ) reg>d to :at %\ld be consid]$ practical 9 su* s5se z to ju/ify its place 9 practical philosophy4 ,diplomacy & f9ance1 rules ( economy no less ?an rules ( social int]c\rse1 precepts ( heal? & dietetic ( ! s\l no less ?an ! body1 h be5 class$ z practical philosophy on ! m]e gr\nd t !y all conta9 a collection ( practical propositions4 ,hut al?\gh su* practical propositions diff] 9 mode ( /atem5t f ! !oretical propositions :i* h = import ! possibility ( ?+s & ! exposition ( _! nature1 !y h ! same cont5t4 ,practical1 prop]ly s call$1 are only ^? propositions :i* relate to ,lib]ty "u laws4 ,all o!rs :atev] are no?+ b ! !ory ( :at p]ta9s to ! nature ( ?+s--only t !ory is br\ght to be> on ! way 9 :i* ! ?+s may be produc$ by u 9 con=mity ) a pr9ciple2 i4e4 ! possibility ( ! ?+s is pres5t$ z ! result ( a volunt>y action :i* itself too may be c\nt$ among physical causes4' ,& ,kant1 ,w]ke1 iv4 #aj4 ',h5ce a sum ( practical precepts giv5 by philosophy does n =m a special "p ( x 7co-ord9ate ) ! !oretical7 m]ely because !y are practical4 ,practical !y might be1 ev5 ?\gh _! pr9ciple 7 :olly d]iv$ f ! !oretical k ( nature1--z te*nico-practical rules4 ,!y are practical 9 ! true s5se1 :5 & because _! pr9ciple is n borr[$ f ! nature-conception 7:i* is always s5su\sly condition$7 & re/s !re=e on ! sup]s5sible1 :i* ! conception ( lib]ty alone makes kn[able by =mal laws4 ,!y are !re=e e?ico-practical1 i4e4 n m]ely precepts & rules ) ?is or t int5tion1 b laws )\t antec$5t ref]5ce to ends & int5tions4' ,p4 #aaa1 #ed4 ,eudaemonism4 ,b !re is ,eudaemonism & ,eudaemonism2 z ,cf4 ,hegel1 ,w]ke1 i4 #h4 #d ,! "t _h come :5 ! inf9ite long+ away beyond ! body & ! _w _h reconcil$ itself ) ! reality ( exi/5ce4 ,yet ! reality :i* ! s\l 0 reconcil$ to--! objective :i* ! subjectivity recognis$--0 actually only empirical exi/5ce1 common _w & actuality4444 ,& ?\gh ! reconciliation 0 9 its he>t & gr\nd sure & fa/1 x /ill ne$$ an objective =m = ?is gr\nd3 ! v necessity ( nature made ! bl9d c]titude ( imm]sion 9 ! reality ( empirical exi/5ce seek to provide itself ) a ju/ification & a good consci5ce4 ,?is reconciliation = consci\sness 0 f\nd 9 ! ,happ9ess-doctr9e3 ! fix$ po9t x />t$ f be+ ! empirical subject1 & :at x 0 reconcil$ to1 ! vulg> actuality1 :]eon x might n[ confide1 & to :i* x might surr5d] itself )\t s94 ,! pr(\nd co>s5ess & utt] vulg>ity1 :i* is at ! basis ( ?is happ9ess-doctr9e1 has its only elevation 9 its /riv+ aft] ju/ification & a good consci5ce1 :i* h[ev] c get no fur!r ?an ! objectivity ( m]e intellectualism4 ',! dogmatism ( eudaemonism & ( popul> philosophy 7,aufklrung7 !re=e did n consi/ 9 ! fact t x made happ9ess & enjoym5t ! supreme good4 ,= if ,happ9ess be compreh5d$ z an ,idea1 x ceases to be some?+ empirical & casual--z also to be any?+ s5su\s4 ,9 ! supreme exi/5ce1 reasonable act 7,?un7 & supreme enjoym5t are "o4 ,s long z supreme bless$ness is supreme ,idea x matt]s n :e!r we try to appreh5d ! supreme exi/5ce on ! side ( its ideality1--:i*1 z isolat$ may be fir/ call$ reasonable act--or on ! side ( its reality--:i* z isolat$ may be fir/ call$ enjoym5t & feel+4 ,= reasonable act & supreme enjoym5t1 ideality & reality are bo? alike 9 x & id5tical4 ,e philosophy has only "o problem--to con/rue supreme bless$ness z supreme ,idea4 ,s long z x is by reason t supreme enjoym5t is asc]ta9$1 ! di/+ui%ability ( ! two at once disappe>s3 = ?is compreh5sion & ! inf9ity :i* is dom9ant 9 act1 & ! reality & f9itude :i* is dom9ant 9 enjoym5t1 are tak5 up into "o ano!r4 ,! controv]sy ) happ9ess becomes a mean+less *att]1 :5 happ9ess is kn[n z ! bless$ enjoym5t ( ! et]nal intuition4 ,b :at 0 call$ eudaemonism meant--x mu/ be said--an empirical happ9ess1 an enjoym5t ( s5sation1 n ! et]nal intuition & bless$ness4' ,p4 #aab1 #ee4 ,s*ill]4 ,ueb] die ae/hetis*e ,erziehung des ,m5s*57#agie71 #ah? lett]4 ',?r\gh beauty ! s5su\s man is l$ to =m & to ?\ght2 ?r\gh beauty ! intellectual man is l$ back to matt] & re/or$ to ! s5se-_w4 ,beauty comb9es two /ates :i* are oppos$ to "o ano!r4' ,lett] #be4 ',we ne$ n !n h any difficulty ab\t f9d+ a way f s5su\s dep5d5ce to moral lib]ty1 aft] beauty has giv5 a case :]e lib]ty c completely co-exi/ ) dep5d5ce1 & :]e man 9 ord] to %[ himself an intellig5ce ne$ n make 8 escape f matt]4 ,if--z ! fact ( beauty tea*es--man is free ev5 9 association ) ! s5ses1 & if--z ! conception necess>ily involves--lib]ty is some?+ absolute & sup]s5sible1 !re c no long] be any "q h[ he comes to elevate himself f limitations to ! absolute3 = 9 beauty ?is has already come to pass4' ,cf4 ,ueb] ,anmu? und ,wrde7#agic74 ',x is 9 a beautiful s\l1 !n1 t s5se & reason1 duty & incl9ation h>monize2 & grace is _! expression 9 ! appe>ance4 ,only 9 ! s]vice ( a beautiful s\l c nature at ! same "t possess lib]ty4' 7,see ,bosanquet's ,hi/ory ( ,ae/hetic47 ,p4 #aae1 #fj4 ,! quotation 9 ! note comes f #hg ( ! ,kritik d] ,ur!ilskraft 7,w]ke1 ed4 ,ros4 & ,s*4 iv4 #ceg74 ,p4 #abj1 #fj4 ,fi*te1 ,w]ke1 i4 #bgi4 ',! pr9ciple ( life & consci\sness1 ! gr\nd ( its possibility1 is 7z has be5 %[n7 c]ta9ly conta9$ 9 ! ,ego3 yet by ?is means !re arises no actual life1 no empirical life 9 "t--& ano!r life is = u utt]ly un?9kable4 ,if su* an actual life is to be possible1 !re is /ill ne$$ = t a special impulse 7,auf/oss7 /rik+ ! ,ego f ! ,non-ego4 ,accord+ to my sy/em1 !re=e1 ! ultimate gr\nd ( all actuality = ! ,ego is an orig9al action & re-action betwe5 ! ,ego & some?+ outside x1 ( :i* all t c be said is t x mu/ be completely oppos$ to ! ,ego4 ,9 ?is reciprocal action no?+ is br\ght into ! ,ego1 no?+ =eign import$2 ev]y?+ t is develop$ f x ad inf9itum is develop$ f x solely accord+ to its own laws4 ,! ,ego is m]ely put 9 motion by t opposite1 s z to act2 & )\t su* a fir/ mov] x w\ld nev] h act$2 &1 z its exi/5ce consi/s m]ely 9 action1 x w\ld n ev5 h exi/$4 ,b ! s\rce ( motion has no fur!r attributes ?an to set 9 motion1 to be an oppos+ =ce :i* z su* is only felt4 ',my philosophy !re=e is reali/ic4 ,x %[s t ! consci\sness ( f9ite natures _c at all be expla9$1 unless we assume a =ce exi/+ indep5d5tly ( !m1 & completely oppos$ to !m2--on :i* z reg>ds _! empirical exi/5ce !y are dep5d5t4 ,b x ass]ts no?+ fur!r ?an su* an oppos$ =ce1 :i* is m]ely felt1 b n cognis$1 by f9ite be+s4 ,all possible specifications ( ?is =ce or non-ego1 :i* may pres5t !mselves ad inf9itum 9 our consci\sness1 my sy/em engages to d$uce f ! specify+ faculty ( ! ,ego4444 ',t ! f9ite m9d mu/ necess>ily assume outside x some?+ absolute 7a ,d+3an3si*71 & yet mu/ on ! o!r h& ackn[l$ge t ?is some?+ only exi/s = ! m9d 7is a necess>y nom5on73 ?is is ! circle :i* may be inf9itely exp&$1 b f :i* ! f9ite m9d c nev] issue4' ,cf4 ,fi*te's ,w]ke1 i4 #bdh1 ii4 #dgh4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,p4 #aba1 #fb4 ,f4 ,h4 ,jacobi 7,w]ke1 v4 #hb7 9 8 ,woldem> 7a romance conta9$ 9 a s]ies ( lett]s1 fir/ publi%$ z a :ole 9 #agha7 writes3 ',! philosophical und]/&+ 7,v]/&7 is jeal\s ( ev]y?+ unique1 ev]y?+ imm$iately c]ta9 :i* makes itself true1 )\t pro(s1 solely by its exi/5ce4 ,x p]secutes ?is fai? ( reason ev5 into our inmo/ consci\sness1 :]e x tries to make u di/ru/ ! feel+ ( our id5tity & p]sonality4' ',:at is absolutely & intr9sically true1' he adds 7v4 #abb71 'is n got by way ( reason+ & comp>ison3 bo? our imm$iate consci\sness 7,wiss57--,i am--& our consci5ce 7,gewiss57 are ! "w ( a secret some?+ 9 :i* he>t1 und]/&+1 & s5se comb9e4' ',notions 7,begriffe71 f> f embalm+ ! liv+1 really turn x into a corpse' 7v4 #chj74 ,cf4 ,fi*te's words 7,w]ke1 ii4 #bee71 ,aus dem ,gewiss5 alle9 /ammt die ,wahrheit1 c4 ,p4 #abb1 #fb4 ,! ,lett]s on ! doctr9e ( ,sp9oza1 publi%$ 9 #aghe1 7 re-issu$ 9 #aghi ) eight supplem5ts4 ',a sci5ce1' says ,jacobi 9 8 late/ utt]ance 7,w]ke1 iv4 pref4 xxx47 'is only a sy/ematic regi/] ( cognitions mutually ref]r+ to "o ano!r--! fir/ & la/ po9t 9 ! s]ies is want+4' ,p4 #abc1 #fb4 ,lal&e's dictum is ref]r$ to by ,fries 7,populre ,vorlesung5 b] ,/]nkunde1 #ahac7 quot$ by ,jacobi 9 8 ,w]ke1 ii4 #ee4 ,:at ,lal&e has actually writt5 9 ! preface to 8 "w on a/ronomy is t ! sci5ce z he und]/&s x has no relation to natural !ology--9 o!r words1 t he is n writ+ a ,bridgewat] treatise4 ,p4 #abc1 #fc4 ,jacobi1 ,w]ke1 ii4 #bbb4 ',= my "p1 ,i reg>d ! pr9ciple ( reason z all "o ) ! pr9ciple ( life4' ,& ii4 #cdc3 ',evid5tly reason is ! true & prop] life ( our nature4' ,x is 9 virtue ( our inn] t5d5cy & in/9ct t[>ds ! et]nal 7,ri*tung und ,trieb auf das ,ewige71--( our s5se = ! sup]s5sible--t we1 human be+s1 really subsi/ 7iv4 #f4 #aeb74 ,& ?is ,organ d] ,v]nehmung des ,ueb]s9nli*5 is ,reason 7iii4 #bjc1 c74 ,! language ( ,jacobi fluctuates1 n m]ely 9 words1 b 9 ! int5sity ( 8 intuitionalism4 ,?us1 e4g4 iii4 #cb3 ',! reason man has is no faculty giv+ ! sci5ce ( ! true1 b only a presage' 7,ahndung des ,wahr574 ',! belief 9 a ,god1' he says1 at "o "t 7iii4 #bjf7 'is z natural to man z 8 upright position'3 b t belief is1 he says else:]e1 only 'an inborn devotion 7,&a*t7 be=e an unkn[n ,god4' ,?us1 if we h an imm$iate aw>5ess 7,wiss57 ( ,god1 ?is is n k or sci5ce 7,wiss5s*aft74 ,su* intuition ( reason is describ$ 7ii4 #i7 z '! faculty ( presuppos+ ! intr9sically 7an si*7 true1 good1 & beautiful1 ) full confid5ce 9 ! objective validity ( ! presupposition4' ,b t object we are let see only 9 feel+ 7ii4 #fa74 ',our philosophy1' he says 7iii4 #f7 '/>ts f feel+--( c\rse an objective & pure feel+4' ,p4 #abd1 #fc4 ,jacobi 7,w]ke1 iv4 a1 p4 #baa73 ',?r\gh fai? 7,glaube7 we "k t we h a body4' ,su* imm$iate k ( our own activity--'! feel+ ( ,i am1 ,i act' 7iii4 #daa7--! s5se ( 'absolute self-activity' or fre$om 7( :i* ! 'possibility _c be cognis$1' because logically a contradiction7 is :at ,jacobi calls ,ans*auung 7,intuition74 ,he di/+ui%es a s5su\s1 & a rational intuition 7iii4 #ei74 ,p4 #abe1 #fc4 ,jacobi expressly disclaims id5tification ( 8 ,glaube ) ! fai? ( ,*ri/ian doctr9e 7,w]ke1 iv4 a1 p4 #baj74 ,9 def5ce he quotes f ,hume1 ,inquiry ,v1 & f ,reid1 passages to illu/rate 8 usage ( ! t]m 'belief--by ! di/9ction betwe5 :i* & fai? c]ta9 ambiguities are no d\bt avoid$4 ,p4 #abi1 #ff4 ,kant _h said ',concepts )\t intuitions are empty' ,x is an exagg]ation ( ?is half-tru? 7! o!r half is ,intuitions )\t concepts are bl9d7 t is ! basis ( ^! /atem5ts ( ,jacobi 7& ( ,s*op5hau]7--a view ( :i* ! foll[+ passage f ,s*ell+ 7,w]ke1 ii4 #abe7 is repres5tative4 ',concepts 7,begriffe7 are only silh\ettes ( reality4 ,!y are project$ by a s]viceable faculty1 ! und]/&+1 :i* only comes into action :5 reality is already on ! sc5e1--:i* only compreh5ds1 conceives1 reta9s :at x requir$ a creative faculty to produce4444 ,! m]e concept is a ^w )\t mean+4444 ,all reality t c atta* to x is l5t to x m]ely by ! intuition 7,ans*auung7 :i* prec$$ x4 444 ,no?+ is real = u except :at is imm$iately giv5 u1 )\t any m$iation by concepts1 )\t our feel+ at lib]ty4 ,b no?+ rea*es u imm$iately except ?r\gh intuition4' ,he adds1 h[ev]1 ',intuition is due to ! activity ( m9d 7,se973 x dem&s a dis5gag$ s5se 7frei] ,s9n7 & an intellectual organ 7gei/iges ,organ74' ,p4 #acd4 ,cic]o3 ,de ,natura ,deorum1 i4 #af2 ii4 #d1 ,de quo autem omnium natura cons5tit1 id v]um esse necesse e/2 cf4 ,s5eca1 ,epi/4 cxvii4 #f4 ,! pr9ciple is common to ,/oics & ,epicureans3 x is ! maxim ( ,ca?olic tru? ,quod semp]1 quod ubique1 quod ab omnibus cr$itum e/--equival5t to ,ari/otle's 1 ' --,b z ,ari/otle rem>ks 7,an4 ,po/4 i4 #ca7 4 ,jacobi3 ,w]ke1 vi4 #ade4 ',! g5]al op9ion ab\t :at is true & good mu/ h an au?ority equal to reason4' ,p4 #acf1 #gb4 ,cf4 ,encyclop4 #djj3 ',t ! he>t & ! feel+ is n ! =m by :i* any?+ is ju/ifi$ z religi\s1 moral1 true1 & j1 & t an appeal to he>t & feel+ ei!r means no?+ or means some?+ bad1 %\ld h>dly ne$ en=c+4 ,c any exp]i5ce be m trite ?an t he>ts & feel+s are also bad1 evil1 godless1 mean1 c48 ,ay1 t ! he>t is ! s\rce ( su* feel+s only1 is directly said 9 ! words3 ,out ( ! he>t proce$ evil ?\ghts1 c4 ,9 times :5 ! he>t & ! s5tim5t are1 by sci5tific !ology & philosophy1 made ! crit]ion ( goodness1 religion1 & morality1 x is necess>y to recall ^! trivial exp]i5ces4' ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,p4 #ade1 #hj4 ,goe!2 ! ref]5ce is to ,w]ke1 ii4 #bfh 7,natur und ,kun/73 ,w] ,groszes w1 mu si* zusamm5raff53 ,9 d] ,bes*rnkung zeigt si* er/ d] ,mei/]1 ,und das ,gesetz nur kann uns ,freiheit geb54 ,su* 'limitation' ( aim & "w is a frequ5t lesson 9 ,wilhelm ,mei/]'s ,w&]jahre1 e4g4 i4 *4 #d4 ',_m-sid$ness prep>es1 prop]ly speak+1 only ! elem5t 9 :i* ! "o-sid$ c act4444 ,! be/ ?+ is to re/rict oneself to a h&i-"w4' ,& i4 *4 #ab3 ',to be acqua9t$ ) & to ex]cise "o ?+ rightly gives high] tra9+ ?an m]e tol]abl5ess 7halfness7 9 a hundr$ sorts ( ?+s4' ,& ii4 *4 #ab3 ',y\r g5]al tra9+ & all e/abli%m5ts = ! purpose are fool's f>ces4' ,p4 #adg1 #ha4 ,cf4 ,fi*te1 ,w]ke1 ii4 #cg4 ',yet x is n we :o analyse3 b k analyses itself1 & c d s1 because 9 all its be+ x is a =-self 7,fr3si*71' c4 ,p4 #adi1 #ha4 ,plato1 ! inv5tor ( ,dialectic4 ,sometimes on ! au?ority ( ,ari/otle1 z report$ by ,diog4 ,la]t4 ix4 #be1 ,z5o ( ,elea gets ?is title2 b ,hegel ref]s to su* /atem5ts z ,diog4 ,la]1'1 ii4 #cd 1 4 ,protagoras4 ,b x is r 9 ! dialogue ,m5o1 pp4 #ha-ig1 t ,plato exhibits ?is view ( k4 ,cf4 ,pha$o1#gb ,e1 & ,pha$rus1 #bde4 ,p>m5ides2 especially see ,plat4 ,p>m54 pp4 #adb1 #aff2 cf4 ,hegel1 ,w]ke1 xi v4 #bjd4 ,) ,ari/otle dialectic is set 9 contra/ to apodictic1 & treat$ z 79 ! mod]n s5se7 a quasi-inductive process 7,ar4 ,top4 ,lib4 viii473 ) ! ,/oics1 dialectic is ! "n ( ! half-rhetorical logic :i* !y1 r ?an ,ari/otle1 h&$ on to ! s*oolm5 ( ! ,middle ,ages4 ,p4 #aej1 #ha4 ,! physical elem5ts are fire1 air1 e>?1 & wat]4 ,e>?quakes1 /orms1 c1 are examples ( ! 'meteorological process4' ,cf4 ,encyclop4 #bha-bhi4 ,p4 #aeb1 #hb4 ,dialectic2 cf3 ,w]ke1 v4 #cbf seqq4 ,p4 #aed1 #hb4 ,my/icism2 cf4 ,mill's ,logic1 bk4 v1 *4 #c1 #d3 ',my/icism is nei!r m nor less ?an ascrib+ objective exi/5ce to ! subjective creations ( ! m9d's own faculties1 to m]e ideas ( ! intellect2 & believ+ t by wat*+ & contemplat+ ^! ideas ( its own mak+1 x c read 9 !m :at takes place 9 ! _w )\t4' ,mill ?us takes x z equival5t to an ontological my?ology--probably a r>e use ( ! t]m4 ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,p4 #aef1 #he4 ,! ,absolute4 ,! t]m1 9 some?+ l its mod]n usage1 is at lea/ z old z ,nicolaus ,cusanus4 ,god1 accord+ to him1 is ! absoluta omnium quidditas 7,apol4#djf71 ! esse absolutum1 or ipsum esse 9 exi/5tibus 7,de ludo ,globi1 ii4 #afa a71 ! unum absolutum1 ! vis absoluta1 or possibilitas absoluta1 or valor absolutus3 absoluta vita1 absoluta ratio3 absoluta ess5di =ma4 ,on ?is t]m & its companion inf9ities he r+s p]petual *anges4 ,b its di/9ct employm5t to d5ote ! 'metaphysical ,god' is mu* m mod]n4 ,9 ,kant1 e4g4 ! ',uncondition$' 7,das ,unb$+te7 is ! metaphysical1 correspond+ to ! religi\s1 conception ( deity2 & ! same is ! case ) ,fi*te1 :o h[ev] (t5 makes use ( ! adjective 'absolute4' ,x is ) ,s*ell+ t ! t]m is naturalis$ 9 philosophy3 x already appe>s 9 8 works ( #agic & #agie3 & f him app>5tly x f9ds its way into ,fi*te's ,d>/ellung d] ,wiss5s*aftslehre ( #ahja 7,w]ke1 ii4 #ac7 ',! absolute is nei!r kn[+ nor be+2 nor is x id5tity1 nor is x indiff]5ce ( ! two2 b x is ?r\gh\t m]ely & solely ! absolute4' ,! t]m comes into ,engli% philosophical language ?r\gh ,col]idge & lat] borr[]s f ! ,g]man4 ,see ,f]ri]'s ,in/itutes ( ,metaphysic1 ,prop4 xx1 & ,mill's ,exam9ation ( ,hamilton1 *ap4 iv4 ,p4 #aeh1 #hf4 ,cf4 ,s*ell+1 iii4 #cgb3 ,i ,i expresses ! id5tity betwe5 ! ',i1' 9 s f> z x is ! produc+1 & ! ',i' z ! produc$2 ! orig9al syn!tical & yet id5tical proposition3 ! cogitosum ( ,s*ell+4 ,p4 #aei4 ,def9ition ( ,god z ,ens realissimum1 e4g4 ,mei]'s ,baumg>t5's ,metaphysic1 #fje4 ,jacobi1 ,w]ke1 iv4 #f1 ?us describes ,sp9oza's ,god4 ,z to ! beg9n+ cf4 ,fi*te1 ,w]ke1 ii4 #ad 7speak+ ( 'absolute kn[+'73 ',x is n a kn[+ ( some?+1 nor is x a kn[+ ( no?+ 7s t x w\ld be a kn[+ ( some:at1 b ?is some:at be no?+73 x is n ev5 a kn[+ ( itself1 = x is no k at all (2--nor is x a kn[+ 7quantitatively & 9 relation71 b x is 7!7 kn[+ 7absolutely qualitatively74 ,x is no act1 no ev5t1 or t some:at is 9 kn[+2 b x is j ! kn[+1 9 :i* alone all acts & all ev5ts1 :i* are !re set d[n1 c be set d[n4' ,hi/ory ( ,philosophy2 cf4 ,hegel1 ,w]ke1 i4 #afe4 ',if ! ,absolute1 l its ph5om5on ,reason1 be 7z x is7 et]nally "o & ! same1 !n ea* reason1 :i* has turn$ itself ^u & cognis$ itself1 has produc$ a true philosophy & solv$ ! problem :i*1 l its solution1 is at all times ! same4 ,! reason1 :i* cognises itself1 has 9 philosophy to d only ) itself3 h5ce 9 itself too lies its :ole "w & its activity2 & z reg>ds ! inw>d ess5ce ( philosophy !re are nei!r pr$ecessors nor successors4 ',j z little1 z ( con/ant improvem5ts1 c !re be talk ( peculi> views ( philosophy4444 ,! true peculi>ity ( a philosophy is ! int]e/+ individuality1 9 :i* reason has organis$ itself a =m f ! mat]ials ( a p>ticul> age2 9 x ! p>ticul> speculative reason f9ds _s ( its _s1 fle% ( its fle%2 x beholds itself 9 x z "o & ! same1 z ano!r liv+ be+4 ,ea* philosophy is p]fect 9 itself1 & possesses totality1 l a "w ( g5u9e art4 ,z little z ! works ( ,apelles & ,sophocles1 if ,raphael & ,%akespe>e _h kn[n !m1 c\ld h seem$ to !m m]e prelim9>y ex]cises = !mselves--b z cognate spiritual p[]s2--s little c reason 9 its own e>li] =mations p]ceive only useful prep>atory ex]cises4' ,cf4 ,s*ell+1 iv4 #dja4 ,p4 #afj1 #hf4 ,p>m5ides 7ap4 ,simplic4 ,phys473 ( ! two ways ( inve/igation ! fir/ is t x is1 & t n-to-be is n4 ,p4 #afa1 #hg4 ,! ,buddhi/s4 ,cf4 ,hegel1 ,w]ke1 xi4 #chg4 ,mod]n hi/ories ( ,buddhism insi/ ^u ! purely e?ico-religi\s "* ( ! tea*+4 ,writ]s l von ,h>tmann 7,religionsphilosophie1 p4 #cbj7 on ! contr>y hold t ,buddhism c>ri$ out ! esot]ic !ory ( ,brahmanism to ! consequ5ce t ! ab/ract "o is no?+4 ,accord+ to ,vassilief1 ,le ,b\ddhisme1 p4 #cah seqq41 "o ( ! ,buddhi/ metaphysical s*ools1 ! ,madhyamikas1 f\nd$ by ,ngrdjuna #djj ye>s aft] ,buddha1 taught t ,all is ,void4--,su* metaphysics 7 probably reactions ( ! und]ly+ ,brahmani/ idea4 ,b g5]ally ,buddhism 7z 0 n unnatural #fj ye>s ago7 is h>dly tak5 "h 9 its *>act]i/ic hi/orical features4 ,p4 #afg1 #hh4 ,ari/otle1 ,phys1 i4 #h 7#aia a4 #bf73 ',^? philosoph]s :o fir/ s\ght ! tru? & ! real sub/ance ( ?+s got on a false track1 l inexp]i5c$ travell]s :o fail to discov] ! way1 & decl>$ t no?+ c ei!r come into be+ or disappe>1 because x is necess>y t :at comes into be+ %\ld come into be+ ei!r f :at is or f :at is n1 & t x is f bo? ( ^! impossible3 = :at is does n become 7x already is71 & no?+ w\ld become f :at is n4' 7#e7 is an addition ( ed4 #c 7#ahcj72 cf4 ,w]ke1 xvii4 #aha4 ,p4 #afh1 #hh4 ,! view ( ,h]aclitus "h tak5 is f\nd$ on ! int]pretation giv5 by ,plato 79 ! ,!aetetus1#aeb2 ,cratylus1 #dja7 & by ,ari/otle1 ( a fundam5tal doctr9e ( ! ,ephesian--:i* h[ev] is express$ 9 ! fragm5ts by ! "n ( ! ev]liv+ fire4 ,! o!r phrase 7,ar4 ,met4 i4 #d7 is us$ by ,ari/otle to describe ! position1 n ( ,h]aclitus1 b ( ,leucippus & ,democritus4 ,cf4 ,plut>*1 adv4 ,colotem1 #d4 #b 2 cf4 ,simplic4 9 ,ar4 ,phys4 fol4 #g4 ,p4 #afi1 #hi4 ,daseyn3 ,det]m9ate be+4 ,cf4 ,s*ell+1 i4 #bji4 ',be+ 7,seyn7 expresses ! absolute1 ,det]m9ate be+ 7,daseyn7 a conditional1 'posit+'3 ,actuality1 "o condition$ 9 a def9ite sort by a def9ite condition4 ,! s+le ph5om5on 9 ! :ole sy/em ( ! _w has actuality2 ! _w ( ph5om5a 9 g5]al has ,daseyn2 b ! absolutely-posit$1 ! ,ego1 is4 ,i am is all ! ,ego c say ( itself4' ,p4 #aga1 #ia4 ,be+-by-self3 ,an3si*3seyn4 ,sp9oza1 ,epi/4 #ej1 figura non aliud quam det]m9atio et det]m9atio negatio e/4 ,p4 #agb1 #ib4 ,gr5ze 7limit or b\nd>y71 & ,s*ranke 7b>ri] or *eck7 are di/+ui%$ 9 ,w]ke1 iii4 #abh-aci 7see ,/irl+'s ,secret ( ,hegel1 i4 #cgg seqq474 ,cf4 ,kant's rem>k1 ,krit4 d4 r4 ,v]nunft1 p4 #gie1 t ,hume only ers*rnkt our intellect1 ohne ihn zu begr5z54 ,p4 #agc1 #ib4 ,plato1 ,timaeus1 c4 #ce 7=mation ( ! _w-s\l73 ',f ! individual & ev]-id5tical ess5ce 77 & ! divisible :i* is corporeal1 he comp\nd$ a ?ird int]m$iate species ( ess5ce4444 ,& tak+ ^!1 be+ ?ree1 he comp\nd$ !m all into "o =m 771 adju/+ p]=ce ! unmixable nature ( ! o!r & ! same1 & m+l+ !m all ) ! ess5ce1 & mak+ ( ?ree "o aga91 he aga9 di/ribut$ ?is total into z _m portions z 7 fitt+1 b ea* ( !m m+l$ out ( ! same & ! o!r & ! ess5ce4' ,p4 #age1 #id4 ,philosophy4 ,cf4 ,s*ell+1 ,w]ke1 ii4 #cgg4 ',a v>i\s exp]i5ce has taught me t = mo/ m5 ! greate/ ob/acle to ! und]/&+ & vital appreh5sion ( philosophy is _! inv9cible op9ion t its object is to be s\ght at an inf9ite di/ance4 ,! consequ5ce is1 t :ile !y %\ld fix _! eye on :at is pres5t 7das ,geg5wrtige71 e ef=t ( _! m9d is call$ out to get hold ( an object :i* is n 9 "q ?r\gh ! :ole inquiry4' 444 ',! aim ( ! sublime/ sci5ce c only be to %[ ! actuality1--9 ! /ricte/ s5se ! actuality1 ! pres5ce1 ! vital exi/5ce 7,daseyn7--( a ,god 9 ! :ole ( ?+s & 9 ea* "o4444 ,"h we deal no long] ) an extra-natural or sup]natural ?+1 b ) ! imm$iately ne>1 ! alone-actual to :i* we ourselves also belong1 & 9 :i* we are4' ,p4 #agg1 #ie4 ,plato's ,philebus1 *4 xii-xxiii 7pp4 #bc-ch73 cf4 ,w]ke1 xiv4 #bad seqq43 ',! absolute is !re=e :at 9 "o unity is f9ite & inf9ite4' ,p4 #agh4 ,idealism ( ,philosophy3 cf4 ,s*ell+1 ii4 #fg4 ',e philosophy !re=e is & rema9s ,idealism2 & x is only "u itself t x embraces realism & idealism2 only t ! =m] ,idealism %\ld n be confus$ ) ! latt]1 :i* is ( a m]ely relative k9d4' ,hegel1 ,w]ke1 iii4 #afc4 ',! proposition t ! f9ite is ideal con/itutes ,idealism4 ,9 no?+ else consi/s ! ,idealism ( philosophy ?an 9 recognis+ t ! f9ite has no g5u9e be+4444 ,! contra/ ( ideali/ic & reali/ic philosophy is !re=e ( no importance4 ,a philosophy t attribut$ to f9ite exi/5ces z su* a g5u9e ultimate absolute be+ w\ld n des]ve ! "n philosophy4444 ,by ideal is meant exi/+ z a repres5tation 9 consci\sness3 :atev] is 9 a m5tal concept1 idea or imag9ation is ideal3 ideal is j ano!r ^w = 9 imag9ation1--some?+ n m]ely di/9ct f ! real1 b ess5tially n real4 ,! m9d inde$ is ! great ideali/3 9 ! s5sation1 repres5tation1 ?\ght ( ! m9d ! fact has n :at is call$ real exi/5ce2 9 ! simplicity ( ! ,ego su* ext]nal be+ is only suppress$1 exi/+ = me1 & ideally 9 me4 ,?is subjective idealism ref]s only to ! repres5tational =m1 by :i* an import is m9e4' ,p4 #ahj1 #if4 ,! di/9ction ( nature & m9d z real & ideal is especially ,s*ell+'s3 ,see e4g4 8 ,e9leitung1 c4 iii4 #bgb4 ',if x is ! problem ( ,transc5d5tal ,philosophy to subord9ate ! real to ! ideal1 x is on ! contr>y ! problem ( ! philosophy ( nature to expla9 ! ideal f ! real4' ,p4 #ahc1 #ih4 ,newton3 see ,s*olium at ! end ( ! ,pr9cipia1 & cf4 ,optics1 iii4 qu4 #bh4 ,mod]n ,atomism1 besides ! conception ( p>ticles or molecules1 has t ( ma!matical c5tres ( =ce4 ,kant1 ,w]ke1 v4 #cgi 7ed4 ,ros5k474 ',! g5]al pr9ciple ( ! dynamic ( mat]ial nature is t all reality 9 ! objects ( ! ext]nal s5ses mu/ be reg>d$ z mov+ =ce3 :]eby accord+ly s-call$ solid or absolute imp5etrability is bani%$ f natural sci5ce z a mean+less concept1 & repell5t =ce put 9 its /ead2 :]eas true & imm$iate attraction is def5d$ aga9/ all ! subtleties ( a self-misconceiv+ metaphysic & decl>$ to be a fundam5tal =ce necess>y = ! v possibility ( ! concept ( matt]4' ,p4 #ahd1 #ih4 ,abraham ,got!it ,k/n] 7#agai-ahjj71 pr(essor =ty-f\r ye>s at ,gtt+51 enjoy$ 9 ! latt] half ( ! eighte5? c5tury a consid]able repute1 bo? 9 lit]ature & 9 ma!matical sci5ce4 ,"s (1 8 epigrams are /ill quot$4 ,p4 #aij1 #ajb4 ,! two 'mom5ts' ( numb] ,unity1 & ,sum 7,anzahl71 may be comp>$ ) ! ,greek di/9ction betwe5 "o & 7cf4 ,ari/4 ,phys4 iv4 #ab 74 ,accord+ to ,ros5kranz 7,leb5 ,hegels7 ! classification ( ari?metical op]ations (t5 engag$ ,hegel's rese>*4 ,note ! relation 9 ,greek betwe5 & 4 ,cf4 ,kant's view ( ! 'syn!sis' 9 ari?metic4 ,p4 #aic1 #ajc4 ,int5sive magnitude4 ,cf4 ,kant1 ,kritik d] re95 ,v]nunft1 p4 #bjg1 on ,anticipation ( ,p]ception 7,wahrnehmung71 & p4 #dad1 9 application to ! "q ( ! s\l's p]si/5ce4 ,p4 #aie1 #ajd4 ,n ,ari/otle1 b r ,simplicius on ! ,physics ( ,ari/otle1 fol4 #cjf3 giv+ ,z5o's argum5t aga9/ ! alleg$ composition ( ! l9e f a s]ies ( po9ts4 ,:at y c say ( "o suppos$ small real unit1 y c say ( a small]1 & s on ad inf9itum4 7,cf4 ,burnet's ,e>ly ,greek ,philosophy1 p4 #cbi47 ,p4 #aif1 #ajd4 ,! di/9ction betwe5 imag9ation & intellect made by ,sp9oza 9 ,ep4 xii4 7olim xxix47 9 ,opp4 ed4 ,l& vol4 ii4 #dj seqq4 is analog\s to t already not$ 7p4 #djb7 betwe5 ratio & intelleg5tia1 & is connect$1 z by ,bo?ius1 ) ! di/9ction :i* ,plato1 ,timaeus1 #cg1 draws betwe5 et]nity 77 & "t4 ,! inf9ite 7,e?4 i4 prop4 #h4 ,s*ol4 ,i7 is ! 'absolute affirmation ( a c]ta9 nature's exi/5ce1' z oppos$ to f9itude :i* is really ex p>te negatio4 ',! problem has always be5 held extremely difficult1 if n inextricable1 because p did n di/+ui% betwe5 :at is conclud$ to be inf9ite by its own nature & ! =ce ( its def9ition1 & :at has no ends1 n 9 virtue ( its ess5ce1 b 9 virtue ( its cause4 ,x 0 difficult also because !y did n di/+ui% betwe5 :at is call$ inf9ite because x has no ends1 & t ^: p>ts 7?\gh we may h a maximum & m9imum ( x7 we _c equate or explicate by any numb]4 ,la/ly because !y lid n di/+ui% betwe5 :at we c only und]/& 7intellig]e17 b n imag9e1 & :at we c also imag9e4' ,to illu/rate 8 mean+1 ,sp9oza calls att5tion to ! di/9ction ( sub/ance f mode1 ( et]nity f duration4 ,we c 'explicate' ! exi/5ce only ( modes by duration3 t ( sub/ance1 'by et]nity1 i4e4 by an inf9ite fruition ( exi/5ce or be+' 7p] aet]nitatem1 hoc e/1 inf9itam exi/5di1 sive1 invita lat9itate1 ess5di fruitionem47 ,! attempt !re=e to %[ t ext5d$ sub/ance is compos$ ( p>ts is an illusion1--:i* arises because we look at quantity 'ab/ractly or sup]ficially1 z we h x 9 imag9ation by means ( ! s5ses4' ,s look+ at x1 z we are liable to d1 a quantity w be f\nd divisible1 f9ite1 compos$ ( p>ts & manifold4 ,b if we look at x z x really is1--z a ,sub/ance --z x is 9 ! intellect alone--7:i* is a "w ( difficulty71 x w be f\nd inf9ite1 indivisible1 & unique4 ',x is only !re=e :5 we ab/ract duration & quantity f sub/ance1 t we use "t to det]m9e duration & measure to det]m9e quantity1 s z to be able to imag9e !m4 ,et]nity & sub/ance1 on ! o!r h&1 are no objects ( imag9ation b only ( intellect2 & to try to explicate !m by su* notions z measure1 "t1 & numb]--:i* are only modes ( ?9k+ or r ( imag9+--is no bett] ?an to fall into imag9ative rav+4' ',nor w ev5 ! modes ( ,sub/ance ev] be rightly und]/ood1 %\ld !y be conf\nd$ ) ?is sort ( entia rationis' 7i4e4 modi cogit&i subs]v+ ! easi] ret5tion1 explication & imag9ation ( ?+s und]/ood7' or aids to imag9ation4 ,= :5 we d s1 we sep>ate !m f sub/ance1 & f ! mode 9 :i* !y fl[ f et]nity1 )\t :i* !y _c be prop]ly und]/ood4' 7,cf4 ,hegel's ,w]ke1 i4 #fc47 ,! v]ses f ,albr4 von ,hall] come f 8 poem on ,et]nity 7#agcf74 ,hegel seems to quote f an edition be=e #aggf1 :5 ! f\r? l9e 0 add$ 9 ! /anza z x ?us f9ally /ood3-- ,i* hufe ungeheure ,zahl51 ,gebrge ,million5 auf1 ,i* welze ,zeit auf ,zeit und ,welt auf ,welt5 h91 ,und w5n i* auf d] ,m>* des endli*5 nun b91 ,und von d] fr*t]li*5 ,hhe ,mit ,s*w9deln wi$] na* dir sehe1 ,i/ alle ,ma*t d] ,zahl1 v]mehrt mit taus5d ,mal51 ,no* ni*t e9 ,!il von dir4 ,i* tilge sie1 und du lieg/ ganz vor mir4 ,kant1 ,kritik d4 r4 ,v]nunft1 p4 #fda4 ',ev5 ,et]nity1 h[ev] e]ily sublime may be its description by ,hall]1' c4 ,p4 #aig1 #ajd4 ,py?agoras 9 ord] ( "t probably comes betwe5 ,anaxim5es 7( ,ionia7 & ,x5ophanes 7( ,elea74 ,b ! ma!matical & metaphysical doctr9es attribut$ to ! ,py?agorean are kn[n to u only 9 ! =m 9 :i* !y are repres5t$ 9 ,plato & ,ari/otle1 i4e4 9 a lat] /age ( developm5t4 ,! ,platoni/s 7cf4 ,ari/4 ,met4 i4 #f2 xi4 #a4 #ab2 xii4 #a4 #g2 cf4 ,plat4 ,rep4 p4 #eaj7 treat$ ma!matical fact z mid-way betwe5 's5sibles' & 'ideas'2 & ,ari/otle himself places ma!matics z a sci5ce betwe5 physical & metaphysical 7!ological7 philosophy4 ,! tradition 7ref]r$ to p4 #aih7 ab\t ,py?agoras is giv5 by ,iambli*us1 ,vita ,py?4 #aae seqq43 x =ms "p ( ! lat] ,neo-,py?agorean leg5d1 :i* ent]$ lit]ature 9 ! fir/ c5turies ( ! ,*ri/ian era4 ,p4 #bja1 #ajg4 ,hebrew hymns3 e4g4 ,psalms lxxiv4 & civ42 ,prov]bs viii4 & ,job xxxviii4 ,vetus v]bum e/1 says ,leibniz 7ed4 ,erdmann1 p4 #afb71 ,deum omnia pond]e1 m5sura1 num]o1 fecisse4 ,p4 #bjb1 #ajh4 ,! ant9omy ( measure4 ,^! logical puzzles are ! s-call$ fallacy ( ,sorites 7a diff]5t ?+ f ! *a9-syllogism ( ! logic-books72 cf4 ,cic4 ,acad4 ii4 #bh1 #bi2 ,de ,div94 ii4 #d--;& ! cf4 ,horace1 ,epi/4 ii4 #a-de4 ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,p4 #baa1 #aac4 ,self-relation--7si*7 auf si* bezieh54 ,p4 #bac1 #aae4 ,! 'laws ( ?\ght' is ! magniloqu5t title giv5 9 ! ,=mal ,logic s9ce ,kant's day to ! pr9ciples or maxims 7pr9cipia1 ,grundstze7 :i* ,kant himself describ$ z 'g5]al & =mal crit]ia ( tru?4' ,!y include ! s-call$ pr9ciple ( contradiction1 ) its developm5ts1 ! pr9ciple ( id5tity & exclud$ middle3 to :i*1 ) a desire = complet5ess1 eclectic logicians h add$ ! ,leibnizian pr9ciple ( ! reason4 ,hegel has probably an eye to ,krug & ,fries 9 "s ( 8 rem>ks4 ,! ?ree laws may be comp>$ & contra/$ ) ! ?ree pr9ciples1 --homog5eity1 specification1 & cont9uity ( =ms1 9 ,kant's ,kritik d4 r4 ,v]n4 p4 #fhf4 ,p4 #bag1 #aag4 ,leibniz1 ,n\veaux ,essais1 ,liv4 ii4 *4 #bg1 #c 7ed4 ,erdmann1 p4 #bgc3 cf4 f\r? ,lett] to ,cl>ke74 ,il n'y a po9t deux individus indisc]nables4 ,un g5tilhomme d'esprit de mes amis1 en p>lant avec moi en prs5ce de ,madame l',electrice dans le j>d9 de ,h]r5haus51 crut qu'il tr\v]ait bi5 deux feuilles entirem5t semblables4 ,madame l',electrice l'en dfia1 et il c\rut longtems en va9 p\r en *]*]4 ,! pr9ciple ( individuation or indisc]nibility is3 ',if two individuals 7 p]fectly alike & equal &1 9 a ^w1 indi/+ui%able by !mselves1 !re w\ld be no pr9ciple ( individuation3 7,leibniz1 ed4 ,erdm4 p4 #bgg7 ,pos] deux *oses indisc]nables e/ pos] la mme *ose s\s deux noms 7p4 #gef74 ,pr9cipium individuationis idem e/ quod absolutae specificationis qu res ita sit det]m9ata1 ut ab aliis omnibus di/+ui possit4 ,p4 #bba1 #aai4 ,pol>ity4 ,s*ell+1 ii4 #dhi4 ',! law ( ,pol>ity is a univ]sal law ( nature'2 cf4 ii4 #dei3 ',x is a fir/ pr9ciple ( a philosophic !ory ( nature to h a view 79 ! :ole ( nature71 on pol>ity & dualism4' ,b he adds 7#dgf71 ',x is "t to def9e m accurately ! concept ( pol>ity4' ,s ,ok51 ,naturphilosophie3 #gf3 ',a =ce consi/+ ( two pr9ciples is call$ ,pol>ity4' #gg3 ',pol>ity is ! fir/ =ce :i* makes its appe>ance 9 ! _w4' #ha3 ',! orig9al movem5t is a result ( ! orig9al pol>ity4' ,p4 #bbc1 #aai4 ,cf4 ,fi*te1 ii4 #ec4 ',to ev]y?+ b ?is ! logically tra9$ ?9k] c rise4 ,he is on 8 gu>d aga9/ contradiction4 ,b1 9 t case1 h[ ab\t ! possibility ( ! maxim ( 8 own logic t we c ?9k no contradiction4 ,9 "s way he mu/ h got hold ( contradiction & ?\ght x1 or he c\ld make no communications ab\t x4 ,_h su* p only once regul>ly ask$ !mselves h[ !y came to ?9k ! m]ely possible or cont+5t 7! n-necess>y71 & h[ !y actually d s6 ,evid5tly !y "h leap ?r\gh a n-be+1 n-?9k+1 c1 into ! utt]ly unm$iat$1 self-initiat+1 free1--into bent non-be+1--9 %ort1 ! above contradiction1 z x 0 laid d[n4 ,) consi/5t ?9k]s ! result ( ?is incapacity is no?+ b ! utt] abolition ( fre$om1--! mo/ absolute fatalism & ,sp9ozism4 ,p4 #bbg1 #aba4 ,leibniz 7ed4 ,erdmann1 p4 #eae74 ',! pr9ciple ( la raison dt]m9ante is t no?+ ev] occurs )\t !re be+ a cause = x1 or at lea/ a det]m9ant reason1 i4e4 some?+ :i* may s]ve to r5d] a reason priori :y t is exi/5t r ?an 9 any o!r way4 ,?is great pr9ciple holds good 9 all ev5ts4' ,cf4 p4 #gjg4 ',! pr9ciple ( suffici5t reason is t 9 virtue ( :i* we consid] t no fact c\ld be f\nd true or consi/5t1 no enunciation tru?ful1 )\t !re be+ a suffici5t reason :y x is s & n o!rwise4444 ,:5 a tru? is necess>y1 we c f9d ! reason ( x by analysis1 resolv+ x into simpl] ideas & tru?s1 until we come to primitive ideas4444 ,b ! suffici5t reason ought also to be f\nd 9 cont+5t tru?s or tru?s ( fact1 i4e4 9 ! s]ies ( ?+s spread ?r\gh ! univ]se ( creatures1 or ! resolution into p>ticul> reasons might g into a limitless detail3 444 & z all ?is detail embraces only o!r antec$5t1 or m detail$ cont+5cies1 444 ! suffici5t or f9al 7d]nire7 reason mu/ be outside ! succession or s]ies ( ?is detail ( cont+5cies1 h[ev] inf9ite x might be4 ,& x is ?us t ! f9al reason ( ?+s mu/ be 9 a necess>y sub/ance1 9 :i* ! detail ( ! *anges exi/s only em95t]1 z 9 ! s\rce1--& x is :at we call ,god4' 7,monadology #cb-ch47 ,h5ce ! supremacy ( f9al causes4 ,?us ,opp4 ed4 ,erdmann1 p4 #fgh3 ,ita fit ut effici5tes causae p5deant a f9alibus1 et spiritualia s9t natura priora mat]ialibus4 ,accord+ly he urges1 p4 #aee1 t f9al cause has n m]ely a moral & religi\s value 9 e?ics & !ology1 b is useful ev5 9 physics = ! detection ( deep-laid tru?s4 ,cf4 p4 #ajf3 ,c'e/ sanctifi] la ,philosophie que de faire c\l] ses ruisseaux de la fonta9e des attributs de ,dieu4 ,bi5 lo9 d'exclure les causes f9ales et la considration d'un tre agissant avec sagesse1 c'e/ de l qu'il faut t\t dduire en ,physique4 ,cf4 also ,pr9cipes de la ,nature 7,leibn4 ed4 ,erdm4 p4 #gaf73 ',x is surpris+ t by ! sole consid]ation ( effici5t causes or ( matt]1 we c\ld n r5d] a reason = ^? laws ( movem5t discov]$ 9 our "t4 ,il y faut rec\rir aux causes f9ales4' ,p4 #bbh1 #aba ,socrates4 ,! anti!ses betwe5 ,socrates & ! ,sophi/s belongs 9 ! ma9 to ! ,platonic dialogues1--n co ! hi/orical ,socrates4 ,x is ! lit]>y =m 9 :i* ! philosophy ( ,plato works out its developm5t ?r\gh ! criticism ( contempor>y op9ions & doctr9es4 ,& ev5 9 ,plato's writ+s ! antagonism is v unlike :at lat] int]pretations h made out ( x4 ,p4 #bca1 #abd4 ,?+ by itself 7?+ 9 itself7 ! ,d+3an3si*4 ,p4 #bce1 #abf4 ,cf4 ,encycl4 #ccd 7,w]ke1 viii4 #a4 p4 #daa74 ',9 empirical *emi/ry ! *ief object is ! p>ticul>ity ( ! matt]s & products1 :i* are gr\p$ by sup]ficial ab/ract features :i* make impossible any sy/em 9 ! special detail4 ,9 ^! li/s1 metals1 oxyg51 hydrog51 c4--metalloids1 sulphur1 phosphorus appe> side by side z simple *emical bodies on ! same level4 ,! great physical v>iety ( ^! bodies mu/ ( itself create a prepossession aga9/ su* coord9ation2 & _! *emical orig91 ! process f :i* !y issue1 is cle>ly no less v>i\s4 ,b 9 an equally *aotic way1 m ab/ract & m real processes are put on ! same level4 ,if all ?is is to get sci5tific =m1 e product ought to be det]m9$ accord+ to ! grade ( ! concrete & completely develop$ process f :i* x ess5tially issues1 & :i* gives x its peculi> significance2 & = t purpose x is n less ess5tial to di/+ui% grades 9 ab/ractness or reality ( ! process4 ,animal & vegetable sub/ances 9 any case belong to a q o!r ord]3 s little c _! nature be und]/ood f ! *emical process1 t !y are r de/roy$ 9 x1 & only ! way ( _! dea? is appreh5d$4 ,^! sub/ances1 h[ev]1 ought above all to s]ve to c\nt]-act ! metaphysic pr$om9ant 9 *emi/ry z 9 physics1--! ideas or r wild fancies ( ! unalt]ability ( matt]s "u all circum/ances1 z well z ! categories ( ! composition & ! consi/5ce ( bodies f su* matt]s4 ,we see x g5]ally admitt$ t *emical matt]s lose 9 comb9ation ! prop]ties :i* !y %[ 9 sep>ation3 & yet we f9d ! idea prevail+ t !y are ! same ?+s )\t ! prop]ties z !y are ) !m1--s t z ?+s ) ^! prop]ties !y are n results ( ! process4'--,cf4 ,w]ke1 vii4 a4 #cgb3 ',air does n consi/ ( oxyg5 & nitrog53 b ^! are ! =ms "u :i* air is put1' cf4 ib4#djc4 ,p4 #bda1 #aca4 ,fi*te's ,sonn5kl>] ,b]i*t appe>$ 9 #ahja4 ,p4 #bdg1 #acf4 ,h]d]'s ,gott3 ,gespr*e b] ,sp9oza's ,sy/em1 #aghg1 #bnd ed4 #ahjj4 ',god is1 9 ! highe/ & unique s5se ( ! ^w1 ,=ce1 i4e4 ! primal =ce ( all =ces1 ! s\l ( all s\ls' 7p4 #fc71 ',all t we call matt]1 !re=e1 is m or less animate3 x is a realm ( effici5t =ces4 ,"o =ce pr$om9ates3 o!rwise !re 7 no "o1 no :ole' 7p4 #bjg74 ',! supreme be+ 7,daseyn7 c\ld give its creatures no?+ high] ?an be+4 7,!ophron47 ,b1 my fri5d1 be+ & be+1 h[ev] simple 9 ! concept1 are 9 _! e/ate v diff]5t2 & :at d y suppose1 ,philolaus1 m>ks its grades & diff]5ces8 7,phil47 ,no?+ b =ces4 ,9 ,god himself we f\nd no high] conception2 b all 8 =ces 7 only "o4 ,! supreme =ce c\ld n be o!r ?an supreme goodness & wisdom1 ev]-liv+1 ev]-active4 7,!oph47 ,n[ y y\rself see1 ,philolaus1 t ! supreme1 or r ! ,all 7= ,god is n a supreme unit 9 a scale ( be+s l himself71 c\ld n reveal himself o!rwise ?an 9 ! univ]se z active4 ,9 him no?+ c\ld slumb]1 & :at he express$ 0 himself4 ,he is be=e ev]y?+1 & ev]y?+ subsi/s 9 him3 ! :ole _w an expression1 an appe>ance ( 8 ev]-liv+1 ev]-act+ =ces' 7p4 #bjj74 ',x 0 ! mi/ake ( ,sp9oza1' says ,h]d]1 'to be unduly influ5c$ by ! ,c>tesian phraseology4 ,_h he *os5 ! conception ( =ce & effect1 ev]y?+ w\ld h gone easi]1 & 8 sy/em become mu* m di/9ct & coh]5t4 ',_h he develop$ ! conception ( p[]1 & ! conception ( matt]1 he mu/ 9 con=mity ) 8 sy/em necess>ily h come to ! conception ( =ces1 :i* "w z well 9 matt] z 9 organs ( ?9k+3 he w\ld 9 t case h reg>d$ p[] & ?\ght z =ces1 e4g4 z "o4' 7,cf4 ,h4 ,sp5c]1 ',=ce1 ! ,ultimate ( ,ultimates4' ,fir/ ,pr9c4 p #afi7 ,accord+ to ,ros5kranz 7,leb5 ,hegels1 p4 #bbc7 !re exi/s 9 manuscript a criticism by ,hegel on ! second edition ( ,h]d]'s ,god4 ,h]d]'s ,dialogue belongs to ! controv]sy ar\s$ by ,jacobi's lett]s on ,sp9oza4 ,p4 #bej1 #acf4 ,newton4 ,leibniz *>ges him ) ! view t ,god ne$s f "t to "t remont] sa montre1 o!rwise x w\ld cease go+3 t 8 ma*9e requires to be clean$ 7dcrass]7 by extraord9>y aid' 7ed4 ,erdm4 p4 #gdf74 ,p4 #beb1 #adj4 ,! v]ses quot$ occur 9 ,goe!'s ,w]ke ii4 #cgf1 "u ! head+ ,all]d+s4 ,orig9ally ! fir/ f\r l9es appe>$ 9 ,hall]'s poem ,die m5s*li*5 ,tug5d5 ?us-- ,ins ,innre d] ,natur br+t se9 ers*affn] ,gei/3 ,zu glckli*1 w5n sie no* die ure ,s*ale wei/6 7,to nature's he>t !re p5etrates no m]e creat$ m9d3 ,too happy if %e b display ! outside ( h] r9d47 ,hegel--read+ weizt = wei/--takes ! second l9e z ,too happy1 if he c b "k ! outside ( h] r9d4 ,goe!'s attack ^u a vulg> misuse ( ! l9es belongs to 8 dispute ) ! sci5ti/s4 ,8 v]ses appe>$ 9 #ahbj z ,heit]es ,reim/ck at ! end ( ,heft #c zur ,morphologie1--( :i* ! clos+ section is entitl$ ,freundli*] ,zuruf 7,w]ke xxvii4 #afa71 z foll[s3-- ,ins ,innre d] ,natur1 ,o du ,phili/]6-- ,dr+t ke9 ers*affn] ,gei/4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,glckselig6 wem sie nur ,die ure ,s*ale weis't4 ,das hr' i* se*zig ,jahre wi$]hol51 ,i* flu*e drauf1 ab] v]/ohl53 ,sage mir tauf5d taus5dmale3 ,alles giebt sie rei*li* und g]n2 ,natur hat w$] ,/]n ,no* ,s*ale1 ,alles i/ sie mit e9em ,male4 ,! la/ sev5 l9es may be ?us p>aphras$ 9 cont9uation3 ,i swe>--( c\rse b to myself--z r+s )9 my e>s ,t same old w>n+ o'er & o'er aga9 = sixty ye>s1 ,& ?us a ?\s& ?\s& times ,i answ] 9 my m9d3 --,) gladsome & ungrudg+ h& metes nature f h] /ore3 ,%e keeps n back ! core1 ,nor sep>ates ! r9d1 ,b all 9 ea* bo? r9d & core has ev]more comb9$4 ,p4 #bed1 #adj4 ,plato & ,ari/otle3 cf4 ,plato1 ,pha$rus1 #bdg ,a 7o o 72 ,timaeus1 #bi ,e2 & ,ari/otle1 ,metaph4 i4 #b4 #bb4 ,p4 #bef1 #adj4 ,goe!3 ,smmtl4 ,w]ke1 iii4 #bjc 7,maxime und ,reflexion574 ,geg5 groe ,vorzge e9es ,&]n giebt es ke9 ,rettungsmittel als die ,liebe4 ,cf4 ,s*ill] to ,goe!1 #b ,july1 #agif4 ',h[ vividly ,i h felt on ?is occasion 444 t aga9/ surpass+ m]it no?+ b ,love gives lib]ty' 7da es dem ,vortreffli*5 geg5b] se9e ,freiheit giebt als die ,liebe74 ',pragmatic4' ,?is ^w1 d5ot+ a m$dlesome busybody 9 old] ,engli% & sometimes made a vague t]m ( abuse1 has be5 9 ! pres5t c5tury us$ 9 ,engli% z x is "h employ$ 9 ,g]man4 ,accord+ to ,polybius1 ix4 ,i4 #b1 ! is t :i* has a directly utilit>ian aim4 ,s ,kant1 ,f\ndation ( ,metaph4 ( ,e?ic 7,w]ke1 viii4 #da1 note73 ',a hi/ory is pragmatically compos$ :5 x r5d]s prud5t1 i4e4 in/ructs ! _w h[ x may secure its advantage bett] or at lea/ z well z ! ages prec$+4' ,s*ell+ 7v4 #cjh7 quotes 9 illu/ration ( pragmatic hi/ory-writ+ ! words ( ,fau/ to ,wagn] 7,goe!1 xi4 #bf73 ,0 ihr d5 ,gei/ d] ,zeit5 heis/1 ,das i/ im ,grund d] h]r5 eign] ,gei/11 ,9 dem die ,zeit5 si* bespiegeln4 ,cf4 also ,hegel1 ,w]ke1 ix4 #h4 ',a second k9d ( reflectional hi/ory is ! pragmatic4 ,:5 we h to d ) ! pa/ & are engag$ ) a di/ant _w1 ! m9d sees ris+ be=e x a pres5t1 :i* x has f its own action z a rew>d = its tr\ble4 ,! ev5ts are diff]5t2 b _! c5tral & univ]sal fact1 _! /ructural plan is id5tical4 ,?is aboli%es ! pa/ & makes ! ev5t pres5t4 ,pragmatic reflections1 h[ev] ab/ract !y be1 are ?us 9 reality ! pres5t1 & vivify ! tales ( ! pa/ ) ! life ( to-day4--,"h too a ^w %\ld specially be giv5 to ! moralis+ & ! moral in/ructions to be ga9$ ?r\gh hi/ory1--= :i* x 0 (t5 /udi$4444 ,rul]s1 /atesm51 nations1 are especially bidd5 le>n f ! exp]i5ce ( hi/ory4 ,b :at exp]i5ce & hi/ory tea* is t nations & gov]nm5ts nev] h le>n$ any?+ f hi/ory1 or act$ ^u tea*+ :i* c\ld h be5 drawn f x4' ,cf4 ,fr\de3 ,divorce ( ,ca!r9e1 p4 #b4 ',! /ud5t 7( hi/ory7 looks = an explanation 7( political conduct7 9 elem5ts :i* he ?9ks he und]/&s--9 pride1 ambition1 fe>1 av>ice1 jeal\sy1 or s5suality4' ,p4 #beg1 #ada4 ,cf4 ,goe!1 xxiii1 #bih4 ',:at is ! outside ( an organic nature b ! ev]-v>i$ ph5om5on ( ! inside8 ,?is outside1 ?is surface is s exactly adapt$ to a v>i$1 complex1 delicate1 inw>d /ructure t x ?us itself becomes an inside3 bo? aspects1 ! outside & ! inside1 /&+ 9 mo/ direct correlation alike 9 ! quiete/ exi/5ce & 9 ! mo/ viol5t movem5t4' ,p4 #bfj1 #adc4 ,kant1 ,kritik d] re95 ,v]nunft1 #bnd ed4 p4 #bff4 ,p4 #bfi1 #adg4 ,cf4 ,s*ell+1 ,w]ke1 v4 #bij 7cf4 iii4 #fjc74 ',!re are ?ree p]iods ( hi/ory1 t ( nature1 ( de/9y1 & ( provid5ce4 ,^! ?ree ideas express ! same id5tity1 b 9 a diff]5t way4 ,de/9y too is provid5ce1 b recognis$ 9 ! real1 z provid5ce1 is also de/9y1 b beheld 7anges*aut7 9 ! ideal4' ,p4 #bge1 #aea4 ,on ! relation betwe5 ,sp9oza & ,leibniz cf4 ,hegel1 ,w]ke1 iv4 #ahg-aic4 ,x w\ld be a mi/ake1 h[ev]1 to repres5t ,leibniz z ma9ly engag$ 9 a "w ( consci\s antagonism to ,sp9oza4 ,p4 #bgg1 #aec4 ,jacobi4--,jacobi 7l ,s*op5hau]7 insi/s specially on ! di/9ction betwe5 gr\nds 7,grnde7--:i* are =mal1 logical1 & v]bal1 & causes 7,ursa*57--:i* c>ry u into reality & life & nature4 ,to trans=m ! m]e ,because into ! cause we mu/ 7he says7 pass f logic & ! analytical und]/&+ to exp]i5ce & ! inn] life4 ,in/ead ( ! timelessness ( simultaneity :i* *>act]ises ! logical relation cf gr\nd & consequ5t1 ! nexus ( cause & effect introduces ! elem5t ( "t1--!reby acquir+ reality 7,jacobi1 ,w]ke1 iii4 #deb74 ,! conception ( ,cause--mean+less z a m]e category ( ab/ract ?\ght--gets reality z a factor 9 exp]i5ce1 e9 ,erfahrungsbegriff1 & is imm$iately giv5 to u 9 ! consci\sness ( our own causality 7,jacobi1 ,w]ke1 iv4 #ade-aeh74 ,cf4 ,kant1 ,kritik d] re95 ,v]n4 p4 #aaf4 ,p4 #bhc1 #aeh4 ,! ,amor intellectualis ,dei 7,sp9oza1 ,e?4 v4 #cb7 is describ$ z a consequ5ce ( ! ?ird grade ( cognition1 viz4 ! sci5tia intuitiva :i* 'proce$s f an adequate idea ( ! =mal ess5ce ( c]ta9 attributes ( ,god to ! adequate cognition ( ! ess5ce ( ?+s 7ii4 #dj1 ,s*ol4 #b74 ,f x arises 7v4 #bg71 ! highe/ possible acquiesc5tia m5tis1 9 :i* ! m9d contemplates all ?+s sub specie aet]nitatis 7v4 #bi71 kn[s itself to be 9 ,god & sees itself & all ?+s 9 _! div9e ess5ce4 ,b ?is intellectual love ( m9d t[>ds ,god is "p ( ! inf9ite love :]e) ,god loves himself 7v4 #cf7 ',f ^! ?+s we cle>ly und]/& 9 :at our salvation or bless$ness or lib]ty consi/s3 to wit1 9 ! con/ant & et]nal love t[>ds ,god1 or 9 ! love ( ,god t[>ds m5' 7,s*ol4 to v4 #cf74 ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,page #bhi1 #afa4 ,evolution & developm5t 9 ! /rict] s5se 9 :i* ^! t]ms 7 orig9ally us$ 9 ! sev5te5? & eighte5? c5turies imply a !ory ( pre=mation1 accord+ to :i* ! gr[? ( an organic be+ is simply a process ( enl>g+ & fill+ out a m9iature organism1 actual b invisible1 because too inconspicu\s4 ,su* 0 ! doctr9e adopt$ by ,leibniz 7,considrations sur le pr9cipe de vie2 ,sy/me n\veau de la ,nature1 c74 ,accord+ to x developm5t is no real g5]ation ( new p>ts1 b only an augm5tation into bulk & visibility ( p>ts already outl9$4 ,?is doctr9e ( pre=mation 7z oppos$ to epig5esis7 is c>ri$ out by ,*>les ,bonnet1 :o 9 8 ,considrations sur les corps organiss 7#agfb7 prop\nds ! fur!r hypo!sis t ! 'g]ms' f :i* liv+ be+s proce$ conta91 enclos$ "o )9 ano!r1 ! g]ms ( all creatures yet to be4 ,?is is ! hypo!sis ( ',embotem5t4' ',! sy/em :i* reg>ds g5]ations z m]e educts' says ,kant 7,kritik d] ,urteilskraft1 #hj2 ,w]ke1 iv4 #cah7 'is call$ t ( individual pre=mation or ! evolution !ory3 ! sy/em :i* reg>ds !m z products is call$ ,epig5esis4--:i* might also be call$ ! !ory ( g5]ic pre=mation1 consid]+ t ! productive p[]s ( ! gnrants foll[ ! inh]5t t5d5cies belong+ to ! family *>act]i/ics1 & t ! specific =m is !re=e a 'virtual' pre=mation1 9 ?is way ! oppos+ !ory ( individual pre=mation might be bett] call$ ! involution !ory1 or !ory ( ,e9s*a*telung 7,embotem5t47 ,cf4 ,leibniz 7,w]ke1 ,erdmann1 #gae74 ',z animals g5]ally are n entirely born at conception or g5]ation1 no m d !y entirely p]i% at :at we call dea?2 = x is reasonable t :at does n comm5ce naturally1 does n f9i% ei!r 9 ! ord] ( nature4 ,?us quitt+ _! mask or _! rags1 !y only return to a subtl] !atre1 :]e h[ev] !y c be z s5sible & well regulat$ z 9 ! great]4444 ,?us n only ! s\ls1 b ev5 ! animals are nei!r g5]able nor p]i%able3 !y are only develop$1 envelop$1 re-clo!d1 unclo!d1--trans=m$4 ,! s\ls nev] altoge!r quit _! body1 & d n pass f "o body into ano!r body :i* is entirely new to !m4 ,!re is !re=e no metempsy*osis1 b !re is metamorphosis4 ,! animals *ange1 take & quit only p>ts3 :i* takes place little by little & by small imp]ceptible p>cels1 b cont9ually1 9 nutrition3 & takes place sudd5ly notably b r>ely1 at conception1 or at dea?1 :i* make !m ga9 or lose mu* all at once4' ,! !ory ( ,embotem5t or ,envelopm5t1 accord+ to ,bonnet 7,considrations1 c4 *4 ,i7 is t '! g]ms ( all ! organis$ bodies ( "o species 7 inclos$ 7r5f]ms7 "o 9 ano!r1 & h be5 develop$ successively4' ,s accord+ to ,hall] 7,physiology1 ,tome vii4 #b7 'x is evid5t t 9 plants ! "m-plant conta9s ! g]ms ( sev]al g5]ations2 & !re is !re=e no inh]5t improbability 9 ! view t t\s les enfans1 except un1 fuss5t r5f]ms dans l'ovaire de la premire ,fille d',eve4' ,cf4 ,weismann's ,cont9uity ( ! ,g]m-plasma4 ,yet ,bonnet 7,contemplation de la ,nature1 "p vii4 *4 #i1 note #b71 says1 ',! g]ms are n enclos$ l boxes or cases "o 9 ano!r1 b a g]m =ms "p ( ano!r g]m1 z a gra9 =ms "p ( ! plant 9 :i* x is develop$4' ,p4 #bic1 #afc4 ,r\sseau1 ,contrat ,social1 liv4 ii4 *4 #c4 ,p4 #bif1 #afe4 ,! 'adequate' idea is a sub-species ( ! 'di/9ct4' ,:5 an idea does n m]ely di/+ui% a ?+ f o!rs 7:5 x is cle>71 or 9 addition repres5t ! *>act]i/ic m>ks belong+ to ! object s di/+ui%$ 7:5 x is di/9ct71 b also br+s out ! f>!r *>act]i/ics ( ^! *>act]i/ics1 ! idea is adequate4 ,?us adequate is a sort ( second p[] ( di/9ct4 7,cf4 ,baumei/]'s ,in/it4 ,philos4 ,ration4 #agfe1 #fd-id47 ,hegel's description r agrees ) ! 'complete idea' 'by :i* ,i put be=e my m9d s+ly m>ks suffici5t to disc]n ! ?+ repres5t$ f all o!r ?+s 9 e case1 /ate1 & "t' 7,baumei/]1 ib4 #hh74 ,b cf4 ,leibniz1 ed4 ,erdm4 p4 #gi3 notitia adaequata4 ,p4 #bih1 #aff4 ,cf4 ,baumei/]1 ,in/it4 ,phil4 ,rat4 #ahe3 ,judicium e/ ide>um conjunctio vel sep>atio4 ,p4 #bii1 #aff4 ,punctum sali5s3 ! punctum sangu9eum sali5s ( ,h>vey 7de ,g5]at4 ,animal1 ex]cit4 #ag71 or fir/ appe>ance ( ! he>t3 ! 9 ! egg1 ( :i* ,ari/otle 7,hi/4 ,anim4 vi4 #c7 says o 4 ,p4 #cja1 #afi4 ,cf4 ,:ately1 ,logic 7,bk4 ii4 *4 ,i1 #b71 ',( ^! t]ms t :i* is spok5 ( is call$ ! subject2 t :i* is said ( x1 ! pr$icate4' ,p4 #cjc1 #aga4 ,kant1 ,kritik d] re95 ,v]nunft 7p4 #ie1 #bnd ed47 #i4 ,p4 #cjd1 #agb4 ,cf4 ,jevons1 ,pr9ciples ( ,sci5ce1 *4 #c1 'on limit$ id5tities' & 'negative propositions4' ,p4 #cji4 ,e>-lobes4 ,! rem>k is due to ,blum5ba*3 cf4 ,hegel's ,w]ke1 v4 #bhe4 ,p4 #cab4 ,col\rs1 i4e4 pa9t]s' col\rs2 cf4 ,w]ke1 vii4 #a4 #cad 7lecture-note74 ',pa9t]s are n su* fools z to be ,newtonians3 !y h r$1 yell[1 & blue1 & out ( ^! !y make _! o!r col\rs4' ,p4 #cae1 #aha4 ,= ! g5etic classification ( judgm5ts & syllogisms & ! passage f ! =m] to ! latt] comp>e especially ,lotze's ,logic1 ,book i4 ,& = ! compreh5sive exhibition ( ! sy/ematic process ( judgm5t & inf]5ce see ,b4 ,bosanquet's ,logic1 or ! ,morphology ( ,k4 ,! passage f ,hegel's ,w]ke1 v4 #aci1 quot$ at ! head ( t "w is p>allel to ! s5t5ce 9 p4 #cah1 ',! int]e/1 !re=e1' c4 ,p4 #cbj1 #ahf4 ,! lett]s ,i-,p-,u1 ( c\rse1 /& = ,individual1 ,p>ticul>1 & ,univ]sal4 ,p4 #cba1 #ahg4 ,f\r? figure4 ,?is s-call$ ,gal5ian figure 0 diff]5tiat$ f ! fir/ figure by ! sep>ation ( ! five moods1 :i* 7aft] ,ari/4 ,an4 pr4 i4 #g & ii4 ,i7 ,!ophra/us & ! lat] pupils1 d[n at lea/ to ,bo?ius1 _h subjo9$ to ! f\r recognis$ types ( p]fect syllogism4 ,b its ,gal5ian orig9 is m ?an d\btful4 ,p4 #cbe1 #aij4 ,cf4 ,mill's ,logic1 ,bk4 ii4 *4 #c4 ',9 e syllogism consid]$ z an argum5t to prove ! conclusion !re is a petitio pr9cipii4' ,hegel's ,induction is t /rictly s call$ or complete induction1 ! argum5t f ! sum ( actual exp]i5ces--t p] enum]ationem simplicem1 & 4 ,( c\rse except by accid5t or by artificial arrangem5t su* complet5ess is impossible 9 r]um natura4 ,p4 #cbf1 #aij4 ,! 'philosophy ( ,nature' ref]r$ to "h is probably t ( ,ok5 & ! ,s*ell+ians2 b lat] critics 7e4g4 ,riehl1 ,philosoph4 ,criticismus1 iii4 #abj7 h accus$ ,hegel himself ( ev5 great] enormities 9 ?is dep>tm5t4 ,p4 #cbh1 #aib4 ,elem5t>lehre3 ,!ory ( ! ,elem5ts1 call$ by ,hamilton 7,lectures on ,logic1 i4 #fe7 ,/oi*eiology z oppos$ to me?odology4 ,cf4 ! ,port ,royal ,logic4 ,kant's ,kritik obs]ves ! same division ( ! subject4 ,p4 #ccb1 #aic4 ,anselm1 ,proslogium1 c4 #b4 ,9 ! ,monologium ,anselm exp\nds ! usual argum5t f condition$ to uncondition$ 7,e/ igitur unum aliquid1 quod solum maxime et summe omnium e/2 p] quod e/ quidquid e/ bonum vel magnum1 el omn9o quidquid aliquid e/4 ,monol4 c4 #c74 ,b 9 ! ,proslogium he seeks an argum5t quod nullo ad se prob&um quam se solo indig]et--i4e4 f ! conception ( 7,god z7 ! highe/ & greate/ t c be 7aliquid quo nihil majus cogit>i pote/7 he inf]s its be+ 7sic ergo v]e ,,e/ aliquid quo majus cogit>i non pote/1 ut nec cogit>i possit non esse47 ,! absolute w\ld n be absolute if ! idea ( x did n ipso facto imply exi/5ce4 ,gaunilo ( ,m>m\ti] 9 ! ,lib] pro insipi5te made ! objection t ! fact ( su* argum5t be+ ne$$ %[$ t idea & reality 7 prima facie diff]5t4 ,& 9 fact ! argum5t ( ,anselm deals ) an ,absolute :i* is object r ?an subject1 ?\ght r ?an ?9k]2 9 human consci\sness realis$1 b n ess5tially self-affirm+--implicit 7an3si*7 only1 z said 9 pp4 #cca1 #ccc4 ,& ,anselm admits c4 #ae ,dom9e1 non solum es1 quo majus cogit>i nequit1 s$ es quiddam majus quam cogit>i pote/ 7transc5d+ our ?\ght74 ,p4 #ccc1 l9e #b4 ,?is s5t5ce has be5 transpos$ 9 ! translation4 ,9 ! orig9al x occurs aft] ! quotation f ! ,lat9 9 p4 #ccb4 ,p4 #ccd1 #aid4 ,leibniz3 = a brief acc\nt ( ! ,monads see ,caird's ,crit4 ,philosophy ( ,j4 ,kant1 i4 #hf-ie4 ,a monad is ! simple sub/ance or indivisible unity correspond+ to a body4 ,x is z simple :at ! _w is z a multiplicity3 x 'repres5ts1' i4e4 conc5trates into unity1 ! v>iety ( ph5om5a3 is ! expression ( ! mat]ial 9 ! immat]ial1 ( ! comp\nd 9 ! simple1 ( ! ext5d$ outw>d 9 ! inw>d4 ,its unity & its repres5tative capacity g toge!r 7cf4 ,lotze1 ,mikrokosmus47 ,x is ! 'pres5t :i* is full ( ! future & lad5 ) ! pa/' 7ed4 ,erdm4 p4 #aig72 ! po9t :i* is all-embrac+1 ! totality ( ! univ]se4 ,& yet !re are monads--9 ! plural4 ,p4 #ccd1 #aid4 ,fi*te1 ,w]ke1 i4 #dcj4 ',e ?or\gh-go+ dogmatic philosoph] is necess>ily a fatali/4' ,p4 #cch1 #aie4 ,cf4 ,encyclop4 #dfc4 ',?is supreme inw>dis+ ( ideation 7,vor/ellung7 is ! supreme self-dive/m5t ( intellig5ce1 r$uc+ itself to ! m]e be+1 ! g5]al space ( m]e names & mean+less words4 ,! ego1 :i* is ?is ab/ract be+1 is1 because subjectivity1 at ! same "t ! p[] ov] ! diff]5t names1 ! empty l9k :i* fixes 9 itself s]ies ( !m & keeps !m 9 fix$ ord]4' ,contemporane\sly ) ,hegel1 ,h]b>t turn$ psy*ology 9 ! l9e ( a '/atics & dynamics ( ! m9d4' ,see 7besides e>li] sugge/ions7 8 ,de ,att5tionis m5sura causisque prim>iis 7#ahbb7 & 8 ,ueb] die ,mgli*keit und ,notw5digkeit1 ,ma!matik auf ,psy*ologie anzuw5d5 7#ahbb74 ,p4 #cdj1 #aih4 ,civil society3 di/+ui%$ z ! social & economical organisation ( ! b\rgeoisie1 ) _! p>ticul>i/-univ]sal aims1 f ! true univ]sal unity ( citoy5s 9 ! /ate or e?ico-political organism4 ,p4 #cde1 #bjd4 ,inn] design3 see ,kant's ,kritik d] ,ur!ilskraft1 #fb4 ,ari/otle1 ,de ,anima1 ii4 #d 7#dae4 b4 #g7 ' 3 ii4 #b ' 4 ,p4 #cdg1 #bjf4 ,neutral fir/ wat]1 cf4 ,encyclop4 #bhd1 ')\t indep5d5t individuality1 )\t rigidity & intr9sic det]m9ation1 a ?or\gh-go+ equilibrium4' ,cf4 ,w]ke1 vii4 #f4 #afh4 ',wat] is absolute neutrality1 n l salt1 an individualis$ neutrality2 & h5ce x 0 at an e>ly date call$ ! "m ( ev]y?+ p>ticul>4' ',z ! neutral x is ! solv5t ( acids & alkalis4' ,cf4 ,ok5's ,lehrbu* d] ,naturphilosophie1 #bid & #dcb4 ,p4 #cdh1 #bjf4 ,conclude bes*liess53 ,resolve ents*liess54 ,cf4 ,*r4 ,sigw>t1 ,kle9e ,s*rift51 ii4 #aae1 seqq4 ,p4 #cei1 #baf4 ,ari/otle1 ,de ,anim4 ,g5]at4 i4 7#gbf4 b4 #bd7 4 ,ari/4 ,metaph4 viii4 #f 7#ajde4 b4 #aa7 7oi7 4 ,p4 #cfj1 #bah4 ,s5sibility1 c4 ,?is triplicity 7z p>tly di/+ui%$ by ,hall] aft] ,glisson7 ( ! functions ( organic life is l>gely work$ out 9 ,s*ell+1 ii4 #dia4 ,p4 #cfa1 #bai4 ,cf4 ,s*ell+1 ii4 #edj4 ,z walk+ is a con/antly prev5t$ fall+1 s life is a con/antly prev5t$ ext9ction ( ! vital process4 ,p4 #cfg1 #bbi4 ,sp9oza 7,e?4 i4 def4 ,i7 def9es causa sui z id cujus ess5tia involvit exi/5tiam1 & 79 def4 #c7 def9es sub/antia z id quod 9 se e/ et p] se concipitur4 ,s*ell+3 e4g4 ,d>/ellung me9es ,sy/ems d] ,philosophie 7#ahja71 7,w]ke1 iv4 #aad73 ',i call reason ! absolute reason1 or reason1 9 s f> z x is ?\ght z total indiff]5ce ( subjective & objective4' ,p4 #cfg1 #bcj4 ',mammals di/+ui% !mselves'3 unt]2 unt]3s*eid51 in/ead ( s*eid53 cf4 ,w]ke1 ii4 #aha4 ',! di/9ctive m>ks ( animals1 e4g4 are tak5 f ! claws & tee?3 = 9 fact x is n m]ely cognition :i* by ?is means di/+ui%es "o animal f ano!r3 b ! animal !reby sep>ates itself (f3 by ^! weapons x keeps itself to itself & sep>ate f ! univ]sal4' ,cf4 ,w]ke1 vii4 a4 #fea seqq4 7,encycl4 #cgj7 :]e ref]5ce is made to ,cuvi]1 ,re*]*es sur les ossem5ts fossiles des quadrupdes 7#ahab71 c4 ,p4 #cfh1 #bcj4 ,kant1 ,kritik d] ,ur!ilskraft3 ,e9leitung1 #i 7note71 7,w]ke1 ed4 ,ros4 iv4 #ci72 see ,caird's ,critical ,philosophy ( ,i4 ,kant1 ,book i4 *4 #e2 also ,hegel's ,w]ke1 ii4 #c4 ,p4 #cfi1 #bca4 ,an example ( ,wolfs p$antry is giv5 9 ,hegel1 ,w]ke1 v4 #cjg1 f ,wolfs ,rudim5ts ( ,ar*itecture1 ,!orem viii4 ',a w9d[ mu/ be broad en\gh = two p]sons to recl9e com=tably 9 x1 side by side4 ,pro(4 ,x is cu/om>y to recl9e ) ano!r p]son on ! w9d[ to look ab\t4 ,b z ! ar*itect ought to satisfy ! ma9 views ( ! own] 7 ,i7 he mu/ make ! w9d[ broad en\gh = two p]sons to recl9e com=tably side by side4' ',con/ruction'3 cf4 ,w]ke1 ii4 #ch4 ',in/ead ( its own int]nal life & spontane\s movem5t1 su* a simple mode 7z subject1 object1 cause1 sub/ance1 c47 has expression giv5 to x by p]ception 7"h s5se-consci\sness7 on "s sup]ficial analogy3 & ?is ext]nal & empty application ( ! =mula is call$ ,con/ruction4 ,! proc$ure %>es ! qualities ( all su* =malism4 ,h[ /upid-head$ mu/ be ! man1 :o c\ld n 9 a qu>t] ( an h\r ma/] ! !ory ( a/h5ic1 /h5ic & indirectly a/h5ic diseases' 7?is is po9t$ at ,s*ell+'s ,w]ke1 iii4 #bcf7 '& ! ?ree correspond+ curative me?ods1 & :o1 :51 no long "t s9ce1 su* in/ruction 0 suffici5t1 c\ld n 9 ?is %ort p]iod be trans=m$ f a m]e practition] into a sci5tific physician8 ,! =malism ( ,naturphilosophie may tea* e4g4 t und]/&+ is electricity1 or t ! animal is nitrog51 or ev5 t x is l ! ,s\? or ! ,nor?1 or t x repres5ts x1--z baldly z is "h express$ or ) great] elaboration 9 t]m9ology4 ,at su* tea*+s ! inexp]i5c$ may fall into a rapture ( admiration1 may rev]5ce ! pr(\nd g5ius x implies1--may take delight 9 ! sprightl9ess ( language :i* in/ead ( ! ab/ract concept gives ! m pleas+ p]ceptual image1 & may congratulate itself on feel+ its s\l ak9 to su* spl5did a*ievem5t4 ,! trick ( su* a wisdom is z soon le>nt z x is easy to practice2 its repetition1 :5 x gr[s famili>1 becomes z intol]able z ! repetition ( juggl+ once detect$4 ,! in/rum5t ( ?is monoton\s =malism is n h>d] to manipulate ?an a pa9t]'s palette ) two col\rs on x1 say r$ & gre51 ! =m] to dye ! surface if a hi/oric piece1 ! latt] if a l&scape is ask$ =4' ,kant 7,w]ke1 iii4 #cf7 9 ! ',prolegom5a to e future ,metaphysic1' #g1 says3 ',we f9d1 h[ev]1 x is ! peculi>ity ( ma!matical sci5ce t x mu/ fir/ exhibit its concept 9 a p]cept1 & d s priori1--h5ce 9 a pure p]cept4 ,?is obs]vation ) reg>d to ! nature ( ma!matics gives a h9t z to ! fir/ & supreme condition ( its possibility3 x mu/ be bas$ on "s pure p]cept 9 :i* x c exhibit all its concepts 9 concreto & yet priori1 or1 z x is call$1 con/rue !m4' ,! phrase1 & ! emphasis on ! doctr9e1 t p]ception mu/ be tak5 z an auxili>y 9 ma!matics1' belong specially to ! second edition ( ! ,kritik1 e4g4 ,pref4 xii4 ,to le>n ! prop]ties ( ! isosceles triangle ! ma!matical /ud5t mu/ 'produce 7by 'con/ruction'7 :at he himself ?\ght into x & exhibit$ priori accord+ to concepts4' ',con/ruction1 9 g5]al1' says ,s*ell+ 7,w]ke1 v4 #beb3 cf4 iv4 #djg7 'is ! exhibition ( ! univ]sal & p>ticul> 9 unity'3--'absolute unity ( ! ideal & ! real4' v4 #bbe4 ,d>/ellung 9 intellektuell] ,ans*auung i/ philosophis*e ,kon/ruktion4 ,p4 #cgb4 ',recollection' ,er9n]ung3 e4g4 ! return f diff]5tiation & ext]nality to simplicity & inw>dness3 di/+ui%$ f ,g$*tniss memory 7specially ( words74 ,p4 #cgc1 #bcf4 ,cf4 ,s*ell+1 ,w]ke1 iv4 #dje4 ',e p>ticul> object is 9 its absolut5ess ! ,idea2 & accord+ly ! ,idea is also ! absolute object 7,geg5/&7 itself1--z ! absolutely ideal also ! absolutely real4' ,p4 #cgd1 #bcf4 ,ari/otle1 ,metaphys4 xi4 #i 7#ajgd4 #f4 #cd7 7 71 1 4 ,cf4 ,ari/4 ,metaph4 xii4 #g4 ,p4 #cgg1 #bci4 ',supposes a correlative' i/ fr ,e9es4 ,on ,seyn3 fr ,e9es1 cf4 ,w]ke1 iii4 #afh4 ,das ,idelle i/ notw5dig fr3,e9es1 ab] es i/ ni*t fr e9 ,&]es3 das ,e9e fr wel*es es i/1 i/ nur es selb/4444 ,god is !re=e =-self 7to himself7 9 s f> z he himself is t :i* is = him4 ,p4 #cgi1 #bdd4 ,! p]cipi5t idea 7ans*au5de ,idee71 ( c\rse bo? object & subject ( intuition1 is oppos$ to ! ,idea 7z logical7 9 ! elem5t ( ,?\ght3 b /ill z ,idea & n--to use ,kant's phrase 7,kritik d] r4 ,v]n4 #bf7--;z natura mat]ialit] spectata4 ,,! ,,end4