,transcrib]'s ,notes3 ,italic text is m>k$ ?us4 ,bold text is m>k$ ?us4 ,! spell+1 punctuation & hyph5ation are z ! orig9al1 except = app>5t typographical errors1 :i* h be5 correct$4 ,,w> ,,dep>tm5t ,,te*nical ,,manual ,,tm #aa-daj ,?is manual sup]s$es ,,tm #aa--daj1 #aj ,septemb] #aidj ,,! ,,hom+ ,,pigeon ,illu/ration3 ,w> ,(fice emblem ,,w> ,,dep>tm5t ,,janu>y #aide ,,dissem9ation ,,( ,,re/rict$ ,,matt]4 ,! in=mation conta9$ 9 re/rict$ docum5ts & ! ess5tial *>act]i/ics ( re/rict$ mat]ial may be giv5 to any p]son kn[n to be 9 ! s]vice ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates & to p]sons ( und\bt$ loyalty & discretion :o are coop]at+ 9 ,gov]nm5t "w1 b w n be communicat$ to ! public or to ! press except by au?oriz$ milit>y public relations ag5cies4 7,see also p>4 #bc;b1 ,,ar #chj-e1 #ae ,m> #dd47 ,u4 ,s4 ,gov]nm5t ,pr9t+ ,(fice ,wa%+ton3 #aide ,,w> ,,dep>tm5t ,wa%+ton #be1 ,d4 ,c41 #a ,janu>y #aide ,,tm #aa-daj1 ,! ,hom+ ,pigeon1 is publi%$ = ! in=mation & guidance ( all conc]n$4 ,,ag #cjj4g 7#f ,nov #dd7 ,,by ,,ord] ,,( ,,! ,,secret>y ,,( ,,w>3 ,,(ficial3 ,g4 ,c4 ,,m>%all ,j4 ,a4 ,,ulio ,*ief ( ,/aff ,major ,g5]al ,! ,adjutant ,g5]al ,,di/ribution3 ,,aaf 7#aj72 ,,agf 7#aj72 ,,asf 7#aj72 ,arm ,sv ,bd 7#b72 ,dept 7#aj72 ,te* ,sv 7#b72 ,sv ,c 7#aj72 ,,pc ,s 7#a72 ,g5 ,sp ,sv ,s* 7#aj72 ,,usma 7#a72 ,,rotc 7#a72 ,,rotc1 ,lib 7#a72 ,a7#aj72 ,,*q 7#aj72 ,d7#b72 ,bn7#a72 ,bn #aa7b72 ,c #aa7e72 ,t_/,o ,e #aa-ci 7#ej7 ,= explanation ( symbols1 see ,,fm #ba-f4 ,,cont5ts ,p>agraph ,page ,,section ,i4 ,,g5]al ,purpose #a #a ,me?ods #b #a ,orig9 & hi/ory #c #a ,nature #d #a ,utility #e #b ,,ii4 ,,description ,g5]al appe>ance #f #c ,weight #g #c ,plumage #h #c ,head #i #c ,neck #aj #c ,body #aa #c ,respiratory *annels #ab #e ,dige/ive organs #ac #f ,bloom or milt #ad #f ,molt #ae #h ,v>ieties ( fea!rs #af #i ,,iii4 ,,c>e ,l(t #ag #aa ,prep>ation ( l(t to receive pigeons #ah #aa ,receipt ( pigeons at l(t #ai #aa ,wat]+ #bj #ad ,fe$+ #ba #ae ,pigeon fe$ #bb #af ,ba?+ #bc #be ,cat*+ & h&l+ #bd #be ,,iv4 ,,l(t ,,managem5t ,,& ,,records ,r\t9e #be #bh ,classification ( pigeon colors #bf #bh ,records & reports #bg #bi ,b&+ #bh #cg ,l(t equipm5t #bi #ci ,message hold]s #cj #db ,v4 ,,tra9+ ,responsibility = tra9+ #ca #de ,qualifications = pigeone]s #cb #de ,introduction to pigeon tra9+ #cc #df ,settl+ pigeons #cd #df ,tra9+ = mess5g] s]vice #ce #ej ,deliv]+ pigeons by p>a*ute #cf #eh ,,vi4 ,,mat+ ,,& ,,bre$+ ,mat+ #cg #fb ,sex #ch #fb ,selection ( /ock #ci #fb ,l9e bre$+ #dj #fd ,ne/s #da #fd ,control ( bre$+ #db #fd ,lay+ #dc #fe ,hat*+ & fe$+ #dd #fe ,id5tification #de #fe ,cull+ #df #fe ,,vii4 ,,diseases ,,& ,,m$ic9es ,g5]al #dg #fg ,prev5tion ( disease #dh #fg ,control ( disease #di #fg ,anatomy & physiology #ej #fh ,indications ( sickness #ea #fi ,diseases #eb #fi ,ext]nal p>asites #ec #gc ,int]nal p>asites #ed #gg ,treatm5t ( injuries #ee #ha ,m$ic9es #ef #hb ,?is manual sup]s$es ,,tm #aa-adj1 #aj ,septemb] #aidj ,,section ,i ,,g5]al #a4 ,purpose ,?is manual provides in/ructions = prop] bre$+1 c>e1 & tra9+ ( ! hom+ pigeon1 & = ! selection & tra9+ ( enli/$ pigeone]s4 ,) c]ta9 modifications ?is in=mation c be us$ by all pigeon units s]v+ field =ces1 bo? 9 !at]s ( op]ations & 9 ! zone ( ! int]ior4 ,in/ructions 9 ,,fm #bd-e = units us+ ! hom+ pigeon 9 communication h n be5 repeat$4 ,! mission1 function1 & op]ation ( a signal pigeon company & ! tactical employm5t ( pigeons are describ$ 9 ,,fm #aa-hj4 #b4 ,me?ods ,! me?ods prescrib$ 9 ?is manual are bas$ ^u exp]i5ce4 ,accord+ly1 if any new proc$ures are f\nd by exp]i5ce to improve pigeon communication !y %\ld be submitt$ to ! ,*ief ,signal ,(fic] = consid]ation4 #c4 ,orig9 & ,hi/ory ,! hom+ pigeon us$ by ! ,army = signal communication 7ref]r$ to 9 ?is manual z 8pigeon10 8hom+ pigeon10 & 8bird07 is a di/9ct v>iety creat$ ?r\gh c>eful cross-bre$+ to obta9 maximum di/ance & spe$ 9 controll$ & direct$ flight4 ,hom+ pigeons are gr\p$ 9 families or /ra9s usually id5tifi$ by ! names ( ! civilian pigeon fanci]s :o br$ !m = _m g5]ations to develop c]ta9 *>act]i/ics ( p]=mance & appe>ance4 ,:5 ! sev]al v>ieties ( pigeons us$ to bre$ ! mod]n hom+ pigeon actually orig9at$ is n c]ta94 ,x is kn[n1 h[ev]1 t ! foll[+ v>ieties exi/$ 9 ,engl& & ,belgium be=e ! n9ete5? c5tury1 al?\gh ! exact p]c5tage & ord] ( _! bl5d h n be5 det]m9$3 ,sm]le1 ,horseman1 ,cumulet1 ,dragoon1 ,c>ri]1 & ,owl4 #d4 ,nature ,! pr9ciple ( us+ hom+ pigeons z mess5g]s is bas$ on _! in/9ctive attempt to return to _! home l(ts :5ev] !y are remov$ "s di/ance & releas$4 ,!y w d ?is ev5 ) an atta*$ message or o!r light article4 ,?is desire to return is l>gely bas$ on natural urges ( hung] & reproduction4 ,because ! pigeon has only "o mate ! reproductive urge is (t5 ! /rong]4 ,^! impulses c be /imulat$ by controll$ fe$+1 mat+1 & bre$+ )\t h>m+ ! pigeon's heal?4 #e4 ,utility ,! pigeon's usefulness to ! ,army is measur$ by ! reliability & spe$ ) :i* x returns to its l(t4 ,spe$ & reliability are l>gely det]m9$ by ! pigeon's /ra91 physical condition1 tra9+1 & treatm5t4 ,!re=e any l[]+ ( /&>ds = ^! factors w be a s]i\s h&icap4 ,fur!r h&icaps are discuss$ 9 e bel[4 ,section ,v sets m9imum ability /&>ds = prop]ly-tra9$1 well-br$1 heal?y birds to be us$ by combat units z message c>ri]s4 a4 ,,bre$+4 ,s9ce physical *>act]i/ics & hom+ in/9ct are usually inh]it$ f ! p>5ts1 records are ma9ta9$ = ea* pigeon4 ,!n pairs are select$1 mat$1 & all[$ to produce "y birds on ! basis ( ^! records1 plus o!r desirable attributes describ$ 9 section ,,vi4 b4 ,,condition4 ,! physical condition ( a pigeon greatly affects its p]=mance4 ,!re=e1 /udy physical *>act]i/ics ( pigeons & en=ce proc$ures prescrib$ 9 sections ,,iii & ,,vii = fe$+1 wat]+1 & ma9ta9+ prop] physical condition4 c4 ,,tra9+4 ,tra9+ ( ! pigeon beg9s at an e>ly age1 & is progressive & con/ant4 ,! object is to settle ! pigeon 9 its home l(t 9 ord] to develop reliability & spe$ z describ$ 9 section ,v4 d4 ,,treatm5t4 ,! pigeon is highly s5sitive & responsive to k9dness1 firmness1 rew>d = good p]=mance1 & calmness ( p]sonnel h&l+ x4 ,make ! l(t z attractive z possible because ! pigeon prizes its home4 e4 ,,h&icaps4 ,bad wea!r1 d>kness1 & injury1 z well z inadequacies 9 bre$+1 condition+1 & tra9+1 r$uce effici5cy ( pigeons 7see p>4 #i;c74 7#a7 ,bad wea!r4 ,?is includes sn[1 fog1 ra91 & adv]se w9ds1 or any o!r conditions :i* r$uce visibility or oppose ! flight ( ! pigeon4 ,g5]ally1 flights may be pr$ict$ accord+ to c]ta9 atmosph]ic conditions z foll[s3 ,conditions ,results ,blue sky1 high ceil+ ) :ite ,v fa/ spe$4 fleecy cl\ds1 & l[ humidity4 ,solid grey or blui% grey sky ) ,v sl[ spe$1 losses may l[ ceil+1 no cl\ds1 & high occur4 humidity4 7#b7 ,d>kness4 ,pigeons nev] lose _! initial fe> ( fly+ at night1 b x is possible to tra9 !m to ov]come ?is fe> to a great ext5t4 ,_! natural in/9ct & intellig5ce w come to _! aid4 ,night op]ation1 h[ev]1 is consid]$ impracticable = ! ,army pigeons because ( ! highly mobile tactics ( mod]n w>f>e4 7#c7 ,injury4 ,injuries are commonly caus$ by improp] h&l+1 pr$atory birds 7su* z hawks71 enemy %ellfire1 or ob/acles pigeons /rike 9 flight4 ,protect pigeons by de/roy+ all hawks 9 ! vic9ity ( ! l(ts ) %otguns provid$ = t purpose4 ,select safe locations = releas+ pigeons4 ,m9or injuries r>ely prev5t a hom+ pigeon f return+ to its l(t z long z !y d n hamp] x f det]m9+ ! prop] c\rse ( flight4 ,:5 vitally injur$1 ! pigeon w cont9ue its return flight until physically exhau/$4 ,any injury :i* p]man5tly impairs ! eyes or w+s ( a pigeon makes x unsuitable = any employm5t except bre$+4 ,,section ,,ii ,,description #f4 ,g5]al ,appe>ance ,pigeons mu/ look heal?y1 well-balanc$1 al]t1 intellig5t1 & %[+ abundance ( ri* fea!rs & %e54 ,figure #a %[s ! ma9 p>ts ( ! hom+ pigeon 7! "r w+ is ext5d$ = ease ( description74 #g4 ,weight ,a cock weighs f #ad to #ag ounces2 a h51 f #ac to #af ounces4 #h4 ,plumage ,ri*1 abundant1 & s(t plumage %\ld cov] ! entire body4 ,! color itself is ( no importance1 b ri* %ades1 ) ! *eck]$ patt]n 7if pres5t7 /&+ out brightly & di/9ctly1 usually indicate good heal? & satisfactory condition4 ,= classification ( pigeons accord+ to color see p>agraph #bf4 #i4 ,head ,! head %\ld be ( a m$ium size1 r\nd or oval %ap$1 ( broad /ructure & /rongly set4 ,x %\ld n be tight or drawn at any "o place4 a4 ,,bill4 ,! bill %\ld be ( m$ium l5g? ) small to m$ium wattles & set well into ! head4 ,no op5+s %\ld be noticeable :5 ! bill is clos$4 b4 ,,eye4 ,see section ,,vi4 c4 ,,e>4 ,! e> seems to play an important "p 9 ! bird's s5se ( direction4 ,x includes ?ree p>ts3 ext]nal e>1 middle e>1 & inn] e>4 ,at ! top ( ! inn] e> !re are ?ree semicircul> canals :i* appe> to be ! n]ve conductors ( ori5tation4 ,al?\gh no "o kn[s j :at helps hom+ pigeons f9d _! l(t1 x is possible t ! great s5sitiv5ess ( _! e>s enables !m to receive magnetic & atmosph]ic impression1 & !reby to det]m9e direction ei!r at dep>ture or dur+ flight4 ,?is !ory is bas$ on ! fact t atmosph]ic di/urbances (t5 cause ! bird tempor>ily to lose its way4 #aj4 ,neck ,! neck is ( m$ium l5g?1 ) no sign ( dewlap at ! ?roat4 ,x tap]s to a wide1 well-sprung *e/4 #aa4 ,body a4 ,,brea/4 ,! brea/ 7or *e/7 is broad & full 9 front2 dep? ( brea/bone %\ld n exce$ ! wid?4 b4 ,,%\ld]s4 ,! %\ld]s are heavy & /rongly re9=c$ ) muscles4 c4 ,,back4 ,! back is well-fea!r$1 /rong1 flat & broad at ! %\ld]s1 n>r[+ t[>d ! rump4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #a4 ,p>ts ( hom+ pigeon4 ,,tl#gjaga d4 ,,keel4 ,! keel is /rong1 ar*$ 9 front1 & ( m$ium l5g? & dep?4 ,wid? ( keel d5otes /r5g?4 e4 ,,abdom54 ,! abdom5 is r$uc$ to ! smalle/ proportions4 f4 ,,w+s4 ,! w+s mu/ be m$ium-siz$1 /rong1 well-proportion$1 & r\nd$ at ! butt1 ) pl5ty ( muscle4 ,prim>y flights %\ld be ( a good wid?1 ) pl5ty ( ov]lapp+ space & a pron\nc$ curvature t[>ds ! body4 ,see i bel[4 ,second>y fea!rs %\ld also be long & wide to provide a good cov]+ = ! entire back4 ,cov]t fea!rs %\ld be /urdy & abundant1 because !y supply additional w+ /r5g?1 z well z protect pigeons aga9/ adv]se wea!r4 g4 ,,pelvic ,,bones4 ,! pelvic bones 7or v5t bones7 are v firm1 close toge!r ov] ! v5t1 & ext5d t[>d ! keel on ea* side ( ! v5t4 ,^! bones =m a body girdle by :i* ! legs are jo9$ to ! body4 h4 ,,rump4 ,! rump is wide & cont9ues ! l9e ( ! back4 ,x is well cov]$ on all sides ) f9e1 s(t fea!rs4 i4 ,,tail ,,fea!rs4 ,! tail fea!rs1 #ab 9 numb]1 are %ort1 wide1 ov]lapp+1 & d n ext5d f>!r ?an #c_/d in* beyond ! w+ tips4 j4 ,,legs4 ,! legs are ( m$ium l5g? & well muscl$4 ,?ighs are *ubby4 ,l[] leg is r$ & /\t1 & toes are %ort ) firm nails4 #ab4 ,respiratory ,*annels 7fig4 #b7 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #b4 ,respiratory *annels ( hom+ pigeon4 7,air sacs are nam$ 9 accordance ) ,mc,leod & ,wag]s4 ,o!r names are giv5 9 p>5!sis47 ,,tl#gjagb ,respiratory *annels are highly develop$1 enabl+ ! pigeon to fly cont9u\sly f #ab to #ae h\rs4 ,air circulates ?r\gh ! bron*ial tubes & lungs & also ?r\gh n9e air sacs1 f :i* o!r small1 irregul> cavities ext5d "u ! sk9 betwe5 ! muscles1 & ev5 into ! inside ( ! bones4 ,^! small air sacs conta9 a res]ve ( w>m air :i* fe$s ! lungs dur+ flight :5 ! muscul> app>atus consumes a l>ge am\nt ( oxyg54 ,!y inflate & collapse alt]nately1 act+ z a lift & =ce pump :i* r5ews air 9 ! lungs4 #ac4 ,dige/ive ,organs ,dige/ive organs ( ! pigeon are %[n 9 figure #c 7= functions see p>4 #ej;b74 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #c4 ,dige/ive organs ( hom+ pigeon4 ,,tl#gjagc #ad4 ,bloom or ,milt ,?is :ite1 *alky p[d] is "o ( ! means provid$ by nature to protect fea!rs aga9/ moi/ure dur+ flight4 ,:5 ! pigeon ba!s1 ! bloom is deposit$ 9 ! =m ( a :ite scum on ! top ( ! wat]4 ,if a bird is caught & held closely1 ! bloom rubs (f1 leav+ a :ite sub/ance on ! clo!s4 ,abs5ce ( bloom is a symptom ( poor heal?4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #d4 ,a flight4 ,,tl#gjagd #ae4 ,molt ,molt+ is nature's way ( %$d+ fea!rs & furni%+ new ones = ! entire body4 ,?us1 fea!rs lo/ or injur$ ! prec$+ ye> are repl5i%$1 & a p]fect coat is insur$ = ! com+ ye>4 ,an imp]fect molt indicates an unheal?y condition :i* w r$uce ! pigeon's effici5cy & result 9 ! bre$+ ( inf]ior (fspr+4 a4 ,,"t ,,( ,,molt4 ,e pigeon %\ld molt once a ye>4 ,mat$ pigeons />t molt+ approximately #a week aft] ! second set ( eggs has be5 laid 9 ! new season4 ,unmat$ old pigeons ord9>ily beg9 molt+ 9 ,may or ,june4 ,! "t "y birds molt dep5ds prim>ily on ! date ( hat*4 ,^? hat*$ dur+ ! e>ly "p ( ,july beg9 ) head & neck fea!rs v soon aft] leav+ ! ne/1 & lat] dur+ ! ye> p>tially molt all fea!rs4 ,! process is complet$ ! foll[+ summ]4 ,v>i\s influ5ces ha/5 or ret>d molt+4 ,= example1 exceptionally w>m wea!r may ha/5 x4 ,poor heal? ret>ds & may prev5t a complete molt4 ,e>ly bre$+ ord9>ily ha/5s ! process1 :ile late bre$+ t5ds to delay x4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #e4 ,tail fea!rs ( hom+ pigeon4 ,,tl#gjage b4 ,,ord] ,,( ,,molt4 ,fea!rs are %$ 9 ! foll[+ ord] 7see p>4 #af & fig4 #a73 7#a7 ,prim>y flight ,no4 #a is %$ fir/1 & new fea!rs beg9 to gr[ 9 its place4 7#b7 ,z soon z new fea!rs are "o-half to ?ree-qu>t]s gr[n1 rema9+ prim>y flights are %$ 9 num]ical ord]4 7#c7 ,:5 flights ,nos4 #e or #f h be5 %$1 molt spreads to neck & %\ld]s4 7#d7 ,by ! "t flights ,nos4 #f or #g h be5 %$1 ! tail-molt beg9s ) fea!rs ,no4 #b 7fig4 #h71 !n cont9ues 9 ! foll[+ num]ical ord]3 #a1 #c1 #d1 #f1 & #e4 7#e7 ,:5 ! la/ flights h be5 %$1 ! molt is practically complete1 except = a few f9e body fea!rs4 c4 ,c>e dur+ molt4 ,! molt is a great physical dra9 on pigeons2 !re=e1 if practicable1 h>d fly+ & bre$+ activities %\ld be tempor>ily ab&on$ dur+ ?is p]iod4 ,ex]cise flights %\ld be only z long z is necess>y = ! pigeon's heal?4 ,:5 wea!r p]mits1 ! birds %\ld be all[$ to ba! regul>ly1 because ?is w s(t5 ! sk9 & help fea!rs drop4 ,! only sure me?od ( correct+ an unsatisfactory molt is to re/ore ! pigeon to a heal?y1 vigor\s physical condition4 ,no attempt %\ld be made to aid ! molt by pluck+ ! next fea!rs 9 ord]1 z 9 all probability ! new fea!rs w be inf]ior1 or may n ev5 appe>4 ,! sub/ance :i* creates new fea!rs is lack+ 9 ! sockets = ab\t #b mon?s aft] ! molt is complet$4 ,dur+ ! molt+ p]iod1 x is especially necess>y t birds be f$ ri*1 oily1 easily dige/$ food su* z gra9 7hemp1 can>y1 flax or l9se$7 & gre5s4 ,?is food w keep weight up to normal & insure a good gr[? ( fea!rs4 #af4 ,v>ieties ( ,fea!rs ,fea!rs gr[ 9 def9ite areas on ! body4 ,^! fea!r$ areas or /rips are kn[n z pt]ylae4 ,b>e spaces 9 betwe5 are call$ apt]ylae4 ,fea!rs are divid$ into f\r types3 cont\r fea!rs1 hair fea!rs1 fluff fea!rs1 & d[n fea!rs4 a4 ,,cont\r ,,fea!rs4 ,cont\r fea!rs are l>ge fea!rs cov]+ ! pigeon's body4 ,:5 ! bird is n 9 flight or excit$1 !y lie close to its body1 normally ov]lapp+ & pres5t+ a smoo? out] surface4 ,! l>g] ones are ! flight & tail fea!rs4 ,! av]age pigeon has #ab ma9 tail fea!rs2 on ea* w+ !re are #aj prim>y flights & #ab second>y flights4 ,! bases ( ^! l>ge fea!rs are cov]$ by %ort] fea!rs call$ cov]ts4 ,^! give a r\nd$1 smoo?1 & cont9u\s l9e to ! body4 ,! ma9 tail fea!rs act z a rudd] 9 flight1 controll+ ! bird's direction4 ,fly+ is possible because e flight fea!r ov]laps1 pres5t+ a solid surface on ! d[nbeat ( ! w+4 ,besides1 flight fea!rs provide lift & pull = ! bird's propulsion4 ,on ! upbeat ( ! w+1 ! l>ge flight fea!rs rotate 9 su* a mann] z to cut ?r\gh ! air ) little resi/ance1 & at ! same "t to p]mit escape ( air4 ,! g5]al /ructure ( a cont\r fea!r c be be/ obs]v$ 9 a prim>y flight f ! w+ or a l>ge rectrix f ! tail4 ,! /iff1 holl[1 cyl9drical portion em]g+ f ! sk9 is call$ ! quill4 ,! b>e quill prop] ext5ds only to ! webb$ portion ( ! fea!r4 ,x has a small hole 7inf]ior umbilicus7 at ! end1 p5etrat+ ! sk94 ,n\ri%m5t = ! fea!r passes ?r\gh ?is op5+4 ,! exp&$ portion ( ! fea!r1 f ! tip to ! quill1 is kn[n z ! vane4 ,! c5tral portion ( ! vane1 :i* is call$ ! %aft1 is solid4 ,ext5d+ lat]ally f ! %aft is a web or webb+ compos$ ( b>bs or rays4 ,^! rays are blade-l 9 /ructure4 ,! web ( mo/ fea!rs is g5]ally wid] on "o side ( ! %aft ?an on ! o!r4 ,! b>bs are connect$ by a s]ies ( cross /ructures call$ b>bules :i* c be se5 only ) ! aid ( magnify+ l5s4 ,to see ! b>bs1 h[ev]1 apply a slight t5sion on ! webb+ ( ! fea!r1 caus+ x to spread ap>t4 ,! invisible b>bules w split if too mu* t5sion is appli$4 ,b>bs c be repair$ s t little or no evid5ce ( ! split c be detect$1 by /rok+ ! fea!r betwe5 ! index f+] & ?umb4 ,pigeons repair a split 9 ! b>b by squeez+ oil f ! oil duct ) _! beak1 & !n spread+ x on ! injur$ fea!r4 ,fea!r textures v>y greatly ) ! bre$ ( ! bird & ! "p ( ! body f :i* !y gr[4 ,:5 select+ hom+ pigeons1 try to select ^? ) /rong1 firm fea!rs4 b4 ,,hair ,,fea!rs4 ,also kn[n z filoplumes1 hair fea!rs are hair-l /ructures int]sp]s$ among ! regul> body fea!rs4 ,!y are s f9e t !y are usually ov]look$4 c4 ,,fluff ,,fea!rs4 ,sometimes call$ semiplumes1 fluff fea!rs are s(t & fluffy because ( ! abs5ce ( a rigid fea!r %aft & b>bules 9 _! web4 ,! b>bs are also long1 s(t1 & fluffy1 & pres5t a d[ny appe>ance4 ,fluff fea!rs gr[ only on c]ta9 p>ts ( ! body4 d4 ,,d[n ,,fea!rs4 ,d[n fea!rs are ! s(t1 hairy1 yell[ fea!rs on "y pigeons4 ,!y are extremely f9e1 almo/ filam5t\s 9 /ructure4 ,^! fea!rs drop (f all ?r\gh ! p]iod ( ! "y bird's gr[?2 a few1 h[ev]1 may rema9 aft] complete fea!r+ has tak5 place4 ,,section ,,iii ,,c>e #ag4 ,l(t ,pigeons are h\s$ 9 l(ts :i* may be build+s or vehicles design$ & equipp$ = t purpose4 ,! l(t includes all ! equipm5t1 accessories & utilities necess>y = ! c>e ( pigeons 7figs4 #f1 #g1 & #h74 ,p]*es are plac$ on ! sides ( l(t walls4 ,:5 a pigeon is 8settl$0 to a l(t1 t l(t becomes its home4 a4 ,an avi>y is ! "p ( ! l(t :]e pigeons c be giv5 sunlight4 ,x is usually built ) wire nett+ on ! sides & ro(4 b4 ,! trap is a specially con/ruct$ op5+ :i* p]mits ! pigeon to ent] b n to leave ! l(t4 ,:5 a pigeon ent]s ! l(t ?is way1 x is said to h 8trapp$40 ,a trap :i* p]mits ! pigeon to ent] & leave at w is call$ an 8op5 trap40 ,a l&+ bo>d is plac$ 9 front ( ! trap ^u :i* pigeons alight :5 ab\t to ent] ! l(t4 c4 ,a settl+ cage ( wire :i* is built to fit ov] ! ro( & l&+ bo>d ( ! l(t1 is us$ to aid 9 settl+ & tra9+ pigeons to trap4 #ah4 ,prep>ation ( ,l(t to ,receive ,pigeons ,! fir/ /ep 9 prep>+ to receive a %ipm5t ( pigeons is to arrange = _! h\s+4 ,if x is ! initial /ock = a l(t1 ! entire l(t w be available4 ,9 ! case ( subsequ5t %ipm5t1 place new /ock 9 a sep>ate comp>tm5t = a p]iod ( obs]vation4 ,9 ord] to anticipate arrival ( birds1 ma9ta9 contact ) ! ag5cy mak+ deliv]y4 ,!n proce$ z foll[s3 a4 ,clean ! l(t4 b4 ,9 good wea!r keep front ( ! l(t op5 s t pl5ty ( sunlight & air c ent]4 c4 ,to keep drafts out dur+ extreme cold & w9dy wea!r1 cov] op5+s ( ! l(t ) por\s mat]ials :i* w all[ passage ( air & w n int]f]e ) ! cam\flage appe>ance4 d4 ,spread a small quantity ( co>se s& on ! floor ( ! l(t to aid cleanl9ess & to supplem5t ! grit4 e4 ,provide #aj p]c5t m p]*+ space ?an is necess>y = ! numb] ( incom+ birds4 #ai4 ,receipt ( ,pigeons at ,l(t ,to receive pigeons at a l(t1 proce$ z foll[s3 a4 ,imm$iately ^u _! arrival transf] ! birds to ! l(t f ! crates or baskets 9 :i* !y 7 transport$4 ,! pigeons may h complet$ a l5g?y trip & be 9 comp>atively poor condition because ( delays 9 travel or lack ( prop] c>e & att5tion4 b4 ,imm$iately aft] ! birds h be5 transf]r$ to ! l(t1 c>efully exam9e & h&le ea* pigeon1 sep>at+ ! heal?y f ! sickly4 ,place ! heal?y birds 9 a comp>tm5t :]e !y c obta9 pl5ty ( fre% dr9k+ wat]1 & fe$ !m sp>+ly4 ,isolate ! birds :i* appe> sick until !y are fully recov]$4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #f4 ,/ation>y l(t4 ,,tl#gjagf ,illu/ration3 ,figure #g4 ,l(t ,,pg-#df-;,a4 ,,tl#gjagg c4 ,x is imp]ative t ! pigeons be vacc9at$ aga9/ pigeon pox if !y 7 n vacc9at$ prior to %ipm5t4 d4 ,!reaft] wat]1 fe$1 & provide ba?+ wat] accord+ to in/ructions 9 p>agraphs #bj to #bc1 inclusive4 e4 ,make an exact inv5tory ( ! pigeons1 not+ b& m>k+s1 colors1 special m>k+s1 & physical condition ( ea* bird4 f4 ,become famili> ) ! pigeons :ile !y are conf9$4 ,accu/om !m to ! pres5ce ( c>etak]s & to fe$+ at def9ite times4 g4 ,beg9 tra9+ ( ! new birds imm$iately4 ,! long] ! "t betwe5 _! arrival at _! new home & ! beg9n+ ( _! tra9+1 ! m difficult x w be = !m to be tra9$ prop]ly4 #bj4 ,wat]+ a4 ,! heal? ( a pigeon dep5ds m ^u pure dr9k+ wat] ?an ^u any o!r factor2 !re=e1 keep pl5ty ( fre% wat] available at all times4 b4 ,! hom+ pigeon does n dr9k l mo/ o!r birds4 ,! pigeon places its bill into ! wat]1 & takes a long1 deep draft l a horse4 ,= ?is reason1 keep ! dep? ( ! wat] 9 ! dr9k+ f\nta9 n less ?an #a-a_/b in*es deep4 ,always supply wat] 9 a f\nta9 or o!r receptacle :i* w prev5t ba?+4 ,f\nta9s ,,pg-#cg-;,c provide excell5t wat]+ facilities = ! birds & are con/ruct$ to r$uce contam9ation to a m9imum 7fig4 #i74 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #h4 ,l(t ,,pg-#fh_/,,tb4 ,,tl#gjagh c4 ,9 w>m wea!r1 *ange ! wat] ?ree times a day1 clean+ ! conta9] ?or\ghly ea* "t4 ,9 cool wea!r1 twice a day may be suffici5t1 provid$ ! wat] c be kept clean4 ,wat] conta9+ impurities gives ! pigeon a s\r crop or acute indige/ion4 ,if a sanit>y wat] supply is n readily available1 use dr9k+ wat] purifi$ = troops4 ,:5 x is necess>y to use wat] ( d\btful purity1 add a suffici5t am\nt ( potassium p]manganate until a light p9k color is atta9$4 ,empty dr9k+ f\nta9s at night 9 cold wea!r s t ! wat] w n freeze4 ,hav+ runn+ wat] 9 ! dr9k+ f\nta9 is n advisable z x is usually cool & may cause di>rhea dur+ hot wea!r4 #ba4 ,fe$+ ,illu/ration3 ,figure #i4 ,f\nta9 ,,pg-#cg-;,c 9 l(t4 ,,tl#gjagi a4 ,,g5]al4 ,! heal? & g5]al physical condition ( a pigeon l>gely dep5d on ! am\nt ( food1 "t ( fe$+1 & ! k9d ( food provid$4 ,pigeons %\ld n refuse food unless !y h j be5 f$4 ,!y w be al]t1 active1 happy1 & mu* m manageable if kept a little hungry4 ,x is easy to ov]fe$ pigeons s t !y become sluggi% & li/less4 ,_m good pigeons h be5 spoil$ by ov]fe$+4 ,! pigeone] %\ld h&-fe$ ! birds & wat* !m closely :ile !y are eat+ because _! appetite reflects _! g5]al heal? & condition4 ,sick birds may be discov]$ by _! failure to eat4 ,pigeons become bett] acqua9t$ ) ! pigeone] ?r\gh h&-fe$+1 & he 9 turn c keep !m al]t & "u control4 b4 ,,me?od4 ,fe$ pigeons twice a day dur+ tra9+1 light fe$+ 9 ! morn+ & heavi] 9 ! ev5+4 ,aft] ea* ex]cise1 tra9+1 or o!r flight1 call ! pigeons into ! l(t & give !m a small quantity ( fe$ z a rew>d4 ,:ile ! pigeons are tak+ _! morn+ ex]cise1 clean ! l(t & place 9 x a fre% supply ( grit & dr9k+ wat]4 ,call ! birds 9 :5 !y h complet$ _! ex]cises1 !n scatt] ! food sl[ly on ! s&-cov]$ floor z ! birds ent] ?r\gh ! trap4 ,scatt] ! fe$1 a h&ful at a "t4 ,wait until ! pigeons h eat5 ne>ly all ! fe$ be=e di/ribut+ ano!r h&ful4 ,! fe$ %\ld be well scatt]$ s t individual birds d n get all ( ! *oice gra9s4 ,no h>m is done if ! pigeons eat "s ( ! s&1 provid+ x is clean1 z s& supplem5ts grit z an aid to dige/ion4 ,!re are sev]al reasons :y pigeons %\ld be f$ only a h&ful at a "t4 ,if ! :ole am\nt ( gra9 = "o fe$+ is ?r[n on ! floor at once1 ! actual am\nt ne$$ _c be e/imat$ exactly4 ,if ! am\nt e/imat$ 0 too little1 ! pigeons are und]f$2 if ! am\nt 0 excessive1 ! gra9 n imm$iately consum$ becomes contam9at$ & may cause sickness if eat5 lat]4 ,ano!r reason = scatt]+ fe$ 9 small quantities is to prev5t ! pigeons f pick+ out ! k9ds ( gra9 !y p>ticul>ly l & leav+ ^? :i* conta9 food elem5ts !y ne$ = prop] developm5t4 ,pigeons always dr9k imm$iately aft] fe$+4 ,:5 ! fir/ pigeon /ops eat+ & takes a dr9k1 x is a sign t ! pigeons h _h en\gh food s d n scatt] any m gra94 c4 ,,bre$+ ,,pigeons4 ,p>5t pigeons fe$ _! "y 9 ! ne/ by eject+ food f _! own crops into ! y\ng/]'s crop4 ,!re=e1 :5 "y pigeons are 9 ! ne/1 return 9 ab\t #cj m9utes aft] ! initial fe$+ & (f] additional food to ! p>5ts4 ,:5 ! y\ng/]s are approximately #ah days ( age1 />t plac+ a h&ful ( gra9 ea* day 9 ! back corn] ( ! ne/ comp>tm5t out ( ! way ( ! dropp+s4 ,! p>5t pigeons w eat a few gra9s 9 ! pres5ce ( ! y\ng/]s4 ,! y\ng/]s w imitate _! p>5ts & ?us le>n to eat by !mselves m rapidly4 #bb4 ,pigeon ,fe$ ,! diet = a pigeon %\ld include legumes 7peas & vet*71 se$s1 c]eal gra9s1 gre5 foods1 & grit4 ,! se$s & gra9s are f$ z an ord9>y diet 9 ! =m ( a fe$ mixture1 b grit is f$ sep>ately4 ,fe$ mu/ be ( a specific grade & mixture to assure ! pigeon ( prop] gr[?1 a g5]ally heal?y condition1 & en\gh en]gy to endure ! h>d%ips ( mess5g] flights4 ,pigeon fe$1 :i* is a p]i%able item1 mu/ be gr[n "u prescrib$ conditions f ! f9e/ quality se$1 h>ve/$1 clean$1 /or$1 & !n mix$ :5 requir$4 ,:5 h>ve/$1 gra9 or se$ is likely to conta9 _m impurities l *aff1 we$ se$s1 weevils1 or o!r injuri\s insects1 k]nels :i* are dead or damag$1 & excessive moi/ure4 ,practically all ( ^! impurities mu/ be remov$ be=e ! fe$ is suitable = use4 ,mix+ mu/ be accompli%$ "u conditions t w insure uni=mity4 ,! ^w 8fe$0 z us$ bel[ w ref] to ei!r mix$ fe$1 gra91 or se$s1 z applicable4 ,a s+le gra9 or se$ w be ref]r$ to z a 8k]nel40 a4 ,,suitable ,,fe$4 ,fe$ %\ld-- 7#a7 ,be s\nd & h a natural odor1 )\t traces ( s\r1 mu/y1 or =eign odors4 7#b7 ,be well matur$ & ( good natural color1 )\t a noticeable am\nt ( dead or damag$ k]nels4 7#c7 ,be free ( dirt1 du/1 or =eign mat]ial1 beyond a slight trace4 7#d7 ,be free f live weevils or o!r insects & ! defects caus$ by !m4 7#e7 ,be free-fl[+1 )\t traces ( webbyness4 7#f7 ,n conta9 excessive moi/ure z det]m9$ by ! field te/ describ$ 9 b 7#e7 bel[4 b4 ,,defective ,,pigeon ,,fe$4 ,defects 9 fe$ c be recogniz$ by smell1 visual inspection1 or laboratory te/4 ,fe$ is unsuitable = use if x has any ( ! foll[+ defects3 7#a7 ,uns\nd4 ,?is condition may be detect$ by a s\r or mu/y odor or by an 8(f color0 appe>ance4 7#b7 ,=eign mat]ials4 ,*aff1 dirt1 du/1 /ones1 etc41 c be detect$ by visual inspection4 7#c7 ,webbyness4 ,:5 fe$ has be51 or is infect$1 ) injuri\s insects x is likely to be webby4 ,! fe$ w cl+ toge!r 9 small balls by webs simil> to cobwebs4 ,x may also h an objectionable odor4 7#d7 ,dead or damag$ k]nels4 ,k]nels t h spr\t$1 be5 bor$ by insects1 or are discolor$ z a result ( fro/1 f]m5tation1 or immaturity1 c be detect$ by a visual inspection4 7#e7 ,moi/ure4 ,small am\nts ( moi/ure _c be detect$ )\t a laboratory te/4 ,h[ev]1 a field me?od :i* may be employ$ to det]m9e r\ghly ! moi/ure cont5t ( fe$ is to place a few ( ! k]nels on a flat surface & !n /rike !m a few times ) a hamm] or simil> tool4 ,if ! fe$ te/$ does n conta9 an excessive am\nt ( moi/ure1 ! k]nels w crumble into small pieces l 8corn meal40 ,if an excessive am\nt ( moi/ure is pres5t ! k]nels w become pulpy4 ,:5 p]=m+ ?is te/1 rememb] t hull$ oats1 flax se$1 hemp se$1 & vet*1 because ( _! oil cont5t1 w become pulpy ev5 ?\gh _! moi/ure cont5t is )9 requir$ limits4 c4 ,,h>mful ,,insects4 ,! two mo/ h>mful insects to pigeon fe$ are weevils & gra9 mo?s4 7#a7 ,weevils4 ,weevils are small beetle-type insects :i* v>y 9 color f br[n to black4 ,!y eat by bor+ holes into ! portion ( ! k]nel conta9+ ! nutritive elem5ts4 ,weevils c be detect$ by ! te/ describ$ 9 i7#b77;b7 bel[4 7#b7 ,gra9 mo?s4 ,^! small mo?s v>y 9 color f buff to grayi% or yell[i% br[n4 ,dur+ ! l>va /age !y gnaw _! way into ! k]nel & !n eat ! inside portion to secure n\ri%m5t = gr[?4 ,:5 fully gr[n !y eat _! way out ( ! k]nel4 ,! pres5ce ( mo?s 9 fe$ c be detect$ by ! holes !y leave 9 k]nels4 d4 ,,fe$ ,,mixtures4 ,v>i\s se$s & gra9s are mix$ 9 specifi$ p]c5tages to acquire a fe$ mixture ( c]ta9 requir$ am\nts ( prote9s1 c>bohydrates1 & fats4 ,factors det]m9+ ! type ( fe$ mixture us$ are climatic conditions1 ! way 9 :i* ! pigeon is us$1 & ! condition ( ! bird4 ,diff]5t mixtures are f$ dur+ ! bre$+ & molt+ p]iod1 :ile tra9+ or condition+1 or :ile ! pigeons are us$ = mess5g] s]vice4 ,use ( fe$ mixtures is z foll[s3 7#a7 ,bre$+ fe$ is us$ to ma9ta9 a heal?y physical condition 9 p>5t pigeons1 & at ! same "t supply ess5tial food elem5ts necess>y to raise /rong "y pigeons4 7#b7 ,tra9+ & condition+ fe$ builds & ma9ta9s a physical condition suitable = %ort di/ance mess5g] s]vice dur+ ! tra9+ p]iod4 7#c7 ,special fe$ supplies en]gy & replaces ! body tissues consum$ by ! pigeon :5 x is cont9u\sly us$ = mess5g] s]vice4 7#d7 ,molt+ fe$1 a supplem5t>y fe$ mixture conta9+ hemp1 can>y1 flax1 & rape1 insures good fea!rs & keeps ! weight ( ! pigeon normal by supply+ ri*1 oily1 & easily dige/$ fe$4 e4 ,,analysis4 ,! ?ree pr9cipal prop]ties ( fe$ t are necess>y = developm5t & ma9t5ance ( a s\nd physical condition are prote9s1 c>bohydrates1 & fats4 7#a7 ,prote9s contribute a l>ge portion ( ! elem5ts necess>y = ma9ta9+ ! pigeon's heal?1 muscul> & respiratory sy/em1 & ! organs ess5tial to fly+4 ,! mo/ important fe$s 9 ! prote9 class are peas & vet*4 7#b7 ,c>bohydrates supply en]gy4 ,! portion ( c>bohydrates n us$ imm$iately *anges to 8fat0 & is held 9 res]ve by ! pigeon to be drawn ^u :5 x is be+ us$ cont9u\sly = mess5g] s]vice4 ,! mo/ important suppli]s ( c>bohydrates are rice1 kaffir1 :eat1 corn1 & hull$ oats4 7#c7 ,fats keep ! pigeon w>m & also build a res]ve supply ( en]gy4 ,! fe$s :i* furni% fats are rape1 flax1 & hemp se$4 f4 ,,analysis ,,*>t4 ,! foll[+ *>t gives a comp>ative analysis ( ! gra9s & se$s us$ = pigeon fe$3 ,,analysis ,,*>t ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,c>bohydrates ------------- ,nitrog5 ,/ock ,crude ,crude free ,no4 ,+r$i5t ,moi/ure,a%prote9fib] extract ,fat ---------------------------------------- --------------------- #i;,a#gje ,buck:eat1 un(ficial#b #ab4f #b4j #aj4j #h4g #fd4e #b4b #i;,a#gdg ,se$1 can>y1 #ii pure1 un(ficial#b #g4j #e4e #ag4b #e4g #ei4a #e4e #i;,a#gdg4a ,se$1 flax1 #ii pure1 ,u4 ,s4 ,no4 #aa #i4b #d4c #bb4f #g4j #bc4b #cc4g #i;,a#hgf4a ,corn1 ,am]ican1 small gra91 ,u4 ,s4,no4 #aa #ab4i #a4c #i4c #a4i #gj4c #d4c #i;,a#acfj ,se$1 hemp1 /]iliz$1 #ii pure1 un(ficial#b #h4j #b4j #aj4j #ad4j #de4j #ba4j #i;,a#aeej ,kaffir1 ,u4 ,s4 ,no4 #aa #i4d #a4f #aa4a #b4a #gb4f #c4b #i;,a#agfe ,se$1 millet1 #ii pure1 un(ficial#b #i4a #c4c #aa4h #g4h #fd4g #c4c #i;,a#aghg ,oats1 hull$1 table grade1 un(ficial#b #h4d #a4h #af4j #a4e #fe4e #f4h #i;,a#ahdh ,peas1 ,canada1 ,u4 ,s4 ,no4 #aa #i4b #c4d #bc4j #e4e #eg4h #a4a #i;,a#ahdh4a,peas1 maple1 un(ficial#b #aa4j #b4e #ba4i #e4e #eh4b #j4i #i;,a#ahdh4b,peas1 :ite1 ,fir/ & ,be/1 ,u4 ,s4 ,no4 #aa #i4a #c4c #aa4h #g4h #fd4g #c4c #i;,a#aija ,se$1 rape1 l>ge1 sweet1 #ii pure1 un(ficial#b #ad4j #c4i #ai4d #g4h #af4d #ch4e #i;,a#aidj ,rice1 :ole1 extra fancy1 ,u4 ,s4 ,no4 #aa #ab4d #j4d #g4d #j4b #gi4b #j4d #i;,a#bfjj ,vet*1 common1 un(ficial#b #ac4g #c4c #be4d #e4d #ej4g #a4e #i;,a#bhjj ,:eat1 h>d r$ or durum1 ,u4 ,s4 ,no4 #aa #aj4f #a4h #ab4c #b4d #ga4a #a4h ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,footnote #a3 8,u4 ,s4 ,no4 #a ,grade0 complies ) /&>ds = t grade e/abli%$ by ! ,u4 ,s4 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture4 ,footnote #b3 8,un(ficial grade0 indicates gra9 or se$ 8well-matur$1 s\nd1 clean1 & ( good natural color & odor0 z c]tifi$ to by a recogniz$ ,(ficial ,gra9 ,inspection ,ag5cy4 ,note4 ,! above analysis ( +r$i5ts = pigeon fe$ are av]ages4 ,climatic conditions or ! locality 9 :i* ! gra9 or se$ is gr[n may slightly alt] ?is analysis4 g4 ,,gre5 ,,food4 ,c]ta9 am\nts ( ?is food are ess5tial = ! pigeon's dige/ive organs to function prop]ly4 ,crisp "y lettuce1 kale 7pref]ably curly71 & *ickwe$ are ! be/ gre5 foods = pigeons4 ,pigeons pref] gre5 /uff spr9kl$ ) a little table salt4 ,:ile gre5 food is 9 season1 give ! pigeons z mu* ( x z !y w eat ab\t ?ree times a week4 ,! pref]r$ me?od = fe$+ ?is type ( food is to susp5d x 9 bun*es on ! inside ( ! l(t ab\t #d in*es f ! floor4 h4 ,,=mulas4 7#a7 ,! =mulas = ! v>i\s fe$ mixtures are li/$ bel[ "u _! sugge/$ use4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$ t ! factor gov]n+ ! use ( ^! fe$ mixtures w be climate & exi/+ conditions4 ,bre$+ ,/ock ,no4 #i;,a#abai4b #be ,am]ican corn #aj ,kaffir #be ,canada peas or :ite peas1 ,fir/ & ,be/ #e ,millet se$ #bj ,vet* #ae ,:eat1 h>d r$ or durum ,molt+ ,/ock ,no4 #i;,a#abai4h #ae ,rice1 :ole #bj ,can>y se$ #ae ,flax se$ #bj ,hemp se$ #bj ,millet se$ #aj ,rape se$ ,tra9+ or condition+ ,/ock ,no4 #i;,a#abai4e #c4e ,buck:eat #be4j ,am]ican corn #e4j ,kaffir #b4e ,oats1 hull$ #ab4e ,canada peas or :ite peas1 ,fir/ & ,be/ #ab4e ,peas1 maple #e4j ,rice1 :ole #b4e ,can>y se$ #e4j ,hemp se$ #e4j ,millet se$ #ae4j ,vet* #f4e ,:eat1 h>d r$ or durum ,note4 ,?is mixture may also be us$ = a bre$+ fe$4 ,/ock ,no4 #i;,a#abai4f #ce ,am]ican corn #e ,oats1 hull$ #aj ,canada peas or :ite peas1 ,fir/ & ,be/ #ae ,maple peas #e ,rice1 :ole #e ,hemp se$ #ae ,vet* #aj ,:eat1 h>d r$ or durum ,note4 ,?is mixture may also be us$ = a bre$+ fe$4 ,special ,/ock ,no4 #i;,a#abai4d #be ,am]ican corn #be ,canada peas or :ite peas1 ,fir/ & ,be/ #cj ,maple peas #bj ,vet* ,/ock ,no4 #i;,a#abai4g #aj ,am]ican corn #e ,hull$ oats #bj ,canada peas or :ite peas1 ,fir/ & ,be/ #be ,maple peas #e ,rice1 :ole #e ,hemp se$ #bj ,vet* #aj ,:eat1 h>d r$ or durum ,note4 ,recomm5d$ = tropical climate4 7#b7 ,! foll[+ *>t gives a comp>ative analysis ( ! above mixtures3 ---------------------------------------- ------------- ,c>bohydrates ----------------- ,crude ,nitrog5 ,/ock ,no4,moi/ure ,a% ,prote9fib]free extract ,fat ---------------------------------------- ------------ #i;,a#abai4b #aa4bf #b4db #af4ga #c4hi #fc4cc #b4ci #i;,a#abai4d #aa4eg #b4eh #ai4gc #d4eh #ei4fc #a4ia #i;,a#abai4e #aa4bg #b4bg #ae4gf #d4ej #fb4gf #c4dd #i;,a#abai4f #aa4fd #b4jf #ae4ef #c4hg #fc4cb #c4ee #i;,a#abai4g #aa4ab #b4di #ah4ih #d4gh #ei4hg #b4gf #i;,a#abai4h #i4df #c4be #ad4bd #g4cf #ej4gf #ad4ic ---------------------------------------- ------------ i4 ,,/orage ,,& ,,fumigation4 ,pigeon fe$ procur$ 9 accordance ) ,u4 ,s4 ,army ,specification #bd-ag-;,c1 is ( ! f9e/ +r$i5ts obta9able 9 accordance ) ,u4 ,s4 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture /&>ds1 & is process$ prior to pack+4 ,if /or$ prop]ly ?is fe$ w n become contam9at$4 ,improp] /orage1 h[ev]1 c\nt]acts ! precautions tak5 to procure be/ quality fe$4 ,!re=e1 ! in/ructions bel[ h be5 prep>$ to safegu>d ! orig9al quality ( ! fe$ dur+ /orage4 7#a7 ,prop] me?od ( /orage4 ,! l>val1 pupal & adult /ages ( injuri\s gra9 insects are inactive 9 a temp]ature ( #ej ,f4 or l[]4 ,?us ! fir/ & ! mo/ important rule is to /ore fe$ 9 a ,,cool1 ,,dry ,,place1 on a plat=m at lea/ #f in*es above ! floor4 7a7 ,!re are sev]al simple me?ods ( /ack+ bagg$ fe$4 ,"o way is to /& ! fir/ ti] ( bags on end on a movable floor ( n>r[ bo>ds nail$ to joi/s4 ,bags %\ld be set f> en\gh ap>t to admit air & light4 ,! air keeps ! bags dry & ! light disc\rages rats4 ,o!r ti]s ( bags are laid flat1 ea* ti] at "r angles to ! previ\s ti]1 to admit air & light 7fig4 #aj74 ,a second me?od is to lay a ti] ( bags flat on two p>allel timb]s1 ea* ti] laid at "r angles to ! previ\s ti] 7fig4 #aj74 7b7 ,aft] fe$ has be5 /ack$1 x mu/ be protect$ aga9/ rats4 ,an inexp5sive protective me?od is to con/ruct a wood5 framework inside ! build+ :]e ! fe$ is to be /or$1 & to cov] x completely ) #a_/d-;in* wire me%4 ,! size ( ! wire me% inclosure dep5ds on ! am\nt ( fe$ to be /or$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,tl#gjahj ,figure #aj4 ,me?ods ( /ack+ bags4 ,,tl#gjahj 7#b7 ,exam9ation = contam9ation4 ,fe$ /or$ 9 a hot climate or 9 build+s :]e injuri\s gra9 insects are pres5t is likely to become infe/$4 ,!re=e fe$ %\ld be visually exam9$ bimon?ly = pres5ce ( mo?s or adult insects4 7a7 ,take ! temp]ature ( ! fe$ by ins]t+ a !rmomet] into ! fe$1 especially 9 ! bags at ! c5t] ( ! pile4 ,if x exce$s #ge ,f4 make a clos] & m frequ5t exam9ation4 7b7 ,a simple & practical te/ to discov] ! pres5ce ( insects is to place a quantity ( ! que/ionable fe$ 9 a sieve ) #a_/af-;in* wire me% 7sieve ,,pg-#ce71 & %ake ov] a :ite clo? or pap]4 ,exam9e scre5+s & if insects are pres5t1 fumigate ! fe$ accord+ to in/ructions 9 7#c7 bel[ to prev5t fur!r damage & ultimate ru94 7#c7 ,fumigation4 ,!re are ?ree me?ods = fumigat+ contam9at$ pigeon fe$ available to pigeon units4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #aa4 ,ba? ,pan ,,pg-#ch4 ,,tl#gjbag 7a7 ,qu>t]ma/]1 fumigation & ba? companies 7,t_/,o ,e #aj-beg7 h facilities1 su* z portable me?yl bromide fumigation *amb]s1 = del\s+ clo?+ :i* may be us$ = fumigat+ pigeon fe$4 ,^! units are g5]ally assign$ to po/s1 camps1 or /ations & to !at]s ( op]ations1 & _! s]vices may be obta9$4 ,to use _! equipm5t1 load *amb] ) bags ( contam9at$ fe$1 seal1 & *>ge x ) a #b-p\nd c ( me?yl bromide1 ,/ock ,numb] #ea,m#hib 7see ,qu>t]ma/] supplem5t ( ! ,f$]al ,/&>d ,/ock ,catalog74 ,fe$ %\ld rema9 9 ! *amb] = at lea/ #bd h\rs4 ,temp]ature ( ! int]ior ( ! *amb] %\ld be ma9ta9$ at a m9imum ( #gj ,f4 7b7 ,if a portable fumigation *amb] is n available1 a build+ :i* c be tightly seal$1 l ^? us$ = tra9+ purposes 9 ! ,*emical ,w>f>e ,s]vice1 may be us$4 ,! fe$ %\ld be load$ into ! vault s t ! entire floor space is utiliz$4 ,seal vault tightly & apply me?yl bromide f ! outside ( ! vault ?r\gh a #a_/d-;in* diamet] copp] tub+ at ! top ( ! *amb]4 ,! connection betwe5 ! tub+ & ! me?yl bromide conta9] %\ld all[ no leakage4 ,! fe$ %\ld rema9 9 ! vault = at lea/ #bd h\rs4 ,! temp]ature ( ! int]ior ( ! vault %\ld be ma9ta9$ at a m9imum ( #ge ,f4 = be/ results4 ,use at lea/ #a p\nd ( me?yl bromide p] #a1jjj cubic feet ( space4 ,aft] ! #bd-;h\r exposure p]iod1 op5 vault & air x = a few h\rs be=e remov+ fe$4 ,me?yl bromide is toxic to human be+s4 ,!re=e1 be=e op5+ or ent]+ ! vault aft] ! exposure p]iod1 ! fumigator %\ld we> a gas mask type ,m#i;,a#a1 ) a /&>d s]vice cani/]4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #ab4 ,cat*+ pigeon 9 l(t4 ,,tl#gjaha 7c7 ,if a portable fumigation *amb] or gas tight vault is n available1 8t>paul9 me?od0 ( fumigation may be us$4 ,sweep cle> ! floor 7pref]ably cem5t7 :]e ! fe$ is to be plac$ = fumigation4 ,/ack ! bags ( fe$ 9 a squ>e area to a height ( #e or #f feet4 ,aft] ! fe$ is /ack$1 c5t] f\r bags ( fe$ 9 an upright position on top ( ! pile to =m a gas expansion dome4 ,?r[ a t>paul9 :i* is l>ge en\gh to cov] completely ! entire pile ( fe$ ov] ! pile4 ,all[ a m9imum m>g9 ( #b feet on ! floor = seal+4 ,! t>paul9 %\ld be ( treat$ mat]ial1 pref]ably rubb]iz$1 to prev5t leakage & to be imp]vi\s to ! fumigant4 ,seal ! m>g9al excess ( t>paul9 ) fill$ bags or weights4 ,! fumigant is releas$ f ! conta9] ?r\gh a tub+ ext5d+ f ! conta9] "u ! t>paul9 to ! top ( ! gas expansion dome4 ,! same type ( fumigant1 dosage1 exposure1 & temp]ature requir$ = vault or *amb] fumigation are employ$1 & ! same precautions are obs]v$ :5 remov+ ! t>paul9 aft] ! exposure p]iod4 ,if circum/ances prev5t a tight seal+ ( ! t>paul9 use an increas$ am\nt ( fumigant to comp5sate = leakage4 j4 ,,use ,,& ,,prep>ation ,,( ,,grit4 ,grit is a prep>$ mixture :i* s]ves z a me*anical gr9d] = ! food 9 ! pigeon's gizz>d & assi/s 9 assimilation4 ,grit also purifies ! crop & supplies lime = bone build+ & =m+ ( egg %ells4 ,_m grit mixtures are available1 mo/ ( :i* conta9 cru%$ oy/] %ell1 gravel1 s&1 small sea %ells1 cru%$ lime/one1 salt1 *>coal1 & o!r +r$i5ts4 7#a7 ,betwe5 #e & #aj p]c5t ( ! food f$ a pigeon %\ld be grit4 ,normally #e p]c5t is suffici5t1 except dur+ ! bre$+ season :5 z mu* z #aj p]c5t may be f$ s9ce ! p>5t pigeons pump grit into ! y\ng/]s :5 !y />t eat+ gra9s4 7#b7 ,a pref]r$ grit is made z foll[s3 7a7 ,?or\ghly mix 79 ! mann] ( mix+ mort>7 #bj p\nds ( m$ium granite grit1 #bj p\nds ( m$ium oy/] %ell1 #bj p\nds ( m$ium cru%$ lime/one1 #e p\nds ( m$ium *>coal1 & #a_/h p\nd ( oxide ( iron 7hematite74 ,!n dissolve #c p\nds ( table salt 9 boil+ wat] & add j en\gh ( ?is solution to ! mixture to damp5 x ?or\ghly4 ,d n add too mu* wat]4 ,?or\ghly mix ! :ole prep>ation & all[ to dry be=e fe$+ to birds4 7b7 ,ea* ( ! v>i\s +r$i5ts 9 ! mixture has a purpose4 ,! granite is a gr9d] & pulv]izes ! food2 ! oxide ( iron has a b5eficial effect ^u ! blood & acts z a tonic2 ! *>coal purifies ! crop1 act+ z a /oma*ic1 t is1 /r5g!n+ or /imulat+ action ( ! /oma*4 ,lime/one provides ! mat]ials = /r5g!n+ ! bones4 ,! oy/] %ells contribute lime :i* ent]s into ! composition ( bones & egg %ells4 7#c7 ,! grit mixtures us$ are li/$ 9 ! ,signal ,corps ,g5]al ,catalog1 z ,/ock ,nos4 #i;,a#acba 7color r$71 & #i;,a#acbb 7color natural7 8,sea%ell0 or equal4 7#d7 ,keep grit 9 ! l(t con/antly except dur+ ! #bd h\rs be=e ! pigeons are to be s5t away to a po9t #ej or m miles di/ant = imm$iate lib]ation4 ,s9ce grit conta9s salt & m9]als :i* cause ?ir/1 pigeons might l& en r\te = wat]1 !reby los+ valuable "t & expos+ !mselves to ! dang] ( be+ %ot or captur$4 ,place ! grit 9 a wood5 box design$ s t ! pigeons _c easily introduce =eign matt] into ! mixture4 ,inspect ! box daily & remove all =eign matt]4 ,refill ! grit conta9] ) dry grit z ne$$4 ,once a week empty ! grit conta9] & clean x ?or\ghly4 ,add a fre% supply & de/roy ! old grit4 ,always keep an ample supply ( grit 9 /ock at ! l(t4 ,illu/ration3 7#a7 ,correct 7#b7 ,incorrect ,figure #ac4 ,hold+ pigeon = inspection4 ,,tl#gjahb ,illu/ration3 ,figure #ad4 ,cat*+ pigeon 9 crate4 ,,tl#gjahc k4 ,,all[ance ,,( ,,fe$ ,,& ,,grit4 7#a7 ,! annual all[ance ( fe$ mixture is #eb p\nds = ea* pigeon because ! av]age pigeon1 includ+ ^? bre$+ & ^? n bre$+1 consumes #a p\nd ( gra9 p] week4 7#b7 ,! annual all[ance ( grit is #f p\nds a pigeon4 #bc4 ,ba?+ a4 ,no o!r class ( f[l1 except ! duck family1 enjoys a ba? z mu* z pigeons4 ,pigeons t are kept clean h less tr\ble ) mites or fea!r lice4 ,! use ( a quassia *ip solution 9 ! ba? wat] is excell5t = keep+ pigeons free f lice & %\ld be us$ once a week4 ,to prep>e ! solution1 boil "o p\nd ( quassia *ips 9 #b gallons ( wat] = #bj m9utes4 ,/ra9 (f ! liquid & use #b qu>ts ( ?is solution to #c gallons ( ba? wat]4 b4 ,z f> z practicable1 provide ba? wat] daily dur+ w>m wea!r b omit 9 freez+ wea!r4 ,approximately #a h\r aft] ! morn+ fe$+ prep>e ! ba? pan ,,pg-#ch & leave x 9 position ab\t #a h\r4 ,scrub ! pan ?or\ghly aft] ! pigeons h f9i%$ ba?+4 ,dur+ ! bre$+ season provide ! ba? aft] ! morn+ fe$+ z usual1 b on alt]nate days provide ! ba? 9 ! e>ly aft]noon4 ,?is me?od enables bo? cocks & h5s to ba! e o!r day 7see p>4 #dd;a74 #bd4 ,cat*+ & ,h&l+ ,great c>e mu/ be ex]cis$ :5 cat*+ & h&l+ pigeons because _! fly+ ability dep5ds ^u _! physical condition1 & awkw>d & improp] h&l+ may result 9 ! loss or break+ ( tail & flight fea!rs4 ,! correct me?ods ( cat*+ & h&l+ birds are %[n 9 figures #ab & #ac4 a4 ,,cat*+ ,,9 ,,crate4 ,to cat* a pigeon 9 a crate or conta9]1 g5tly =ce x to ! corn] or end ( ! conta9] & place palm ( ! h& 9 a firm position ov] pigeon's %\ld]s 7fig4 #ad72 !n turn ! bird ar\nd 7fac+ bird to door or entrance7 & g5tly grasp x betwe5 bo? h&s = lift+ f crate4 ,br+ pigeon to normal position 9 front ( ! wai/l9e4 ,pigeons mu/ be tak5 head fir/ f all crates to prev5t injury to ! fea!rs4 ,illu/ration3 7#a7 ,correct 7#b7 ,incorrect ,figure #ae4 ,crat+ a pigeon4 ,,tl#gjahd b4 ,,cat*+ ,,9 ,,l(t4 ,?is %\ld be done ) great c>e & ease z bo? ! physical & fea!r condition ( a pigeon may be impair$ by awkw>d h&l+4 ,!re are sev]al good me?ods = cat*+ pigeons4 ,! foll[+ "o has be5 f\nd to be satisfactory :5 c>ri$ out prop]ly3 7#a7 ,always cat* pigeons :ile 9 ne/s or on p]*es 7fig4 #ae74 ,approa* pigeon calmly1 avoid+ sudd5 movem5ts t might fright5 x4 7#b7 ,grasp bird by a quick movem5t ( ! h&s4 ,cat* x f ! front1 ) ! ?umbs on its back & f+]s "u its body4 ,caution3 ,nev] attempt to cat* birds 9 ! avi>y1 or :5 !y are fly+ ab\t ! l(t4 c4 ,,inspect+ ,,birds4 ,:5 exam9+ ! w+s1 back1 or tail fea!rs ( a pigeon1 always hold its *e/ or front portion aga9/ y\r body 7fig4 #ab7 = security4 ,to exam9e ! head1 eyes1 or bill1 place ! bird prop]ly 9 "o h& us+ ! o!r h& z a front or side support1 leav+ f+]s free = exam9ation4 d4 ,,crat+ ,,birds4 ,hold ! bird ) y\r ?umb across its back & its legs betwe5 y\r fir/ two f+]s2 place ! palm ( ! o!r h& ov] ! front "p ( ! pigeon1 ext5d f+]s d[nw>d 9 ! direction ( ! keel 7fig4 #ae71 & guide ! bird into ! crate4 ,d n release until bird's feet are firmly on crate floor4 ,avoid crat+ birds ) "o h& only4 ,,section ,,iv ,,l(t ,,managem5t ,,& ,,records #be4 ,r\t9e ,a pigeone] 9 *>ge ( a l(t c be/ c>e = 8 pigeons by obs]v+ ! foll[+ daily r\t9e 9 l(t managem5t3 a4 ,^u ent]+ ! l(t1 make a g5]al inspection to see t ev]y?+ is 9 ord]4 b4 ,sweep or scrape all s& & dropp+s & sift ?r\gh a f9e scre54 ,add new s& & spread 9 a ?9 lay]4 c4 ,provide fre% dr9k+ wat] 7p>4 #bj74 d4 ,provide ba? wat] 7p>4 #bc74 e4 ,conduct prescrib$ ex]cise & o!r tra9+ = pigeons accord+ to s*$ule4 ,?is may include all types ( flights4 f4 ,po/ l(t records4 g4 ,prep>e daily quantity ( fe$ & give prescrib$ portions4 h4 ,inspect all pigeons z to condition1 heal?1 mat+1 bre$+1 etc41 :5ev] requir$4 i4 ,c>ry out any special in/ructions giv5 = ! day4 #bf4 ,classification ( ,pigeon ,colors a4 ,! color ( ! upp] body & w+s det]m9es ! pr9cipal color classification ( pigeons4 ,9 addition to pr9cipal color classification 7see b7#a7 bel[71 include ! foll[+ classifications :5 applicable3 7#a7 ,if any ( ! prim>y flights are :ite1 ! pigeon is class$ z a 8:ite flight40 ,unless ! flights are pure :ite ! classification 8:ite flight0 is n made4 7#b7 ,if all ! cov]ts exhibit a light gray fr+e on _! out] edges1 pres5t+ a *eck]$ appe>ance r ?an a solid color1 ! pigeon is class$ z 8*eck]$40 7#c7 ,:5 a pigeon has :ite pat*es ( fea!rs on its head1 x is class$ z 8pi$40 ,if ^! :ite pat*es ext5d to its body1 x is class$ z 8spla%40 7#d7 ,if a pigeon exhibits "o or two :ite fea!rs ab\t ! eyes1 x is class$ z 8tick40 b4 ,ma9 color classifications = pigeons & _! au?oriz$ abbreviations foll[3 7#a7 ,pr9cipal colors4 ,type ,abbreviation ,description ,black 7,blk7 ,all fea!rs are black4 ,blue 7,b7 ,all fea!rs are grayi% blue1 g5]ally ) two black b>s on ea* w+4 ,silv] 7,sil7 ,all fea!rs are deep grayi% silv]1 g5]ally ) two r$ b>s on ea* w+4 ,r$ 7,r7 ,all fea!rs are a solid br[ni% r$ 7(t5 call$ *ocolate74 7#b7 ,*eck]s4 ,type ,abbreviation ,description ,black ,*eck] 7,blk *7 ,pr9cipal color black ) d>k gray or *eck] m>k+s on rump & und]p>t ( body4 ,d>k *eck] 7,dk *7 ,simil> to black *eck] b %[+ m di/9ct *eck] m>k+s on ! w+4 ,blue *eck] 7,b *7 ,pr9cipally blue ) *eck] m>k+s on ! body & w+s4 ,r$ *eck] 7,r *7 ,pr9cipally r$ ) *eck] m>k+s on ! body & w+s4 ,dun 7,dun7 ,simil> to silv] except pr9cipal color is ( a d>k] %ade4 ,mealy 7,mly7 ,simil> to dun except t !y d n h %>ply def9$ r$ m>k+s on ! w+s4 ,grizzle 7,griz7 ,pr9cipal colors consi/ ( r$1 black1 & :ite mottl$ toge!r4 7,(t5 ! black or r$ colors are n pres5t47 ,birds also w be f\nd ) grizzle m>k+s ar\nd ! head & neck only4 ,h[ev]1 ^! birds w be classifi$ z grizzles & ! w+ m>k+s may be indicat$ z well4 7#c7 ,comb9ations4 ,examples ( comb9ations ( color+s & m>k+s1 toge!r ) _! au?oriz$ abbreviations1 are-- 7a7 ,black ) :ite flights pi$ 7,blk wft pd74 7b7 ,r$ ) :ite flights 7,r wft74 7c7 ,blue pi$ 7,b pd74 7d7 ,black spla% 7,blk spl74 7e7 ,r$ *eck]$ spla% 7,r ,* spl74 7f7 ,blue *eck]$ tick 7,b ,* tk74 7g7 ,blue ) :ite flights 7,b wft74 7h7 ,*eck]$ 7,*74 7i7 ,grizzle ) blue w+ m>k+s 7,b griz74 #bg4 ,records & ,reports ,! records & reports requir$ = ea* pigeon unit are ,bre$+ ,c>d1 ,pigeon ,bre$+ ,record1 ,pigeon ,flight ,record1 ,pigeon ,p$igree1 & ,mon?ly ,pigeon ,l(t ,report4 a4 ,,bre$+ ,,c>d1 ,,wd ,,sc ,,=m #aacb 7fig4 #af74 ,! bre$+ c>d is fa/5$ on ! outside ( ! ne/ comp>tm5t z soon z ! cock & ! h5 are mat$ & take possession ( ! ne/4 ,x rema9s !re dur+ ! bre$+ activities ( ! p>ticul> pair ( p>5t pigeons4 ,! data provide ! initial id5tification record ( ! y\ng/]s & p]mit a c>eful *eck on ! progress ( _! developm5t4 ,entries mu/ be timely1 accurate1 & legible4 ,:5 ! y\ng/] leaves ! bre$+ comp>tm5t1 p]t95t in=mation f ! bre$+ c>d is ent]$ on ! ,pigeon ,bre$+ ,record 7b bel[74 ,fill 9 ! bre$+ c>d z foll[s3 7#a7 ,pair numb]4 ,numb] ( ! ne/ comp>tm5t occupi$ by ! p>5t pigeons4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #af4 ,pigeon bre$+ c>d4 ,,tl#gjahe 7#b7 ,l(t (4 ,"n ( ! po/1 camp1 or /ation :]e ! l(t is locat$1 & ! designation ( ! l(t4 7#c7 ,season4 ,cal5d> ye>4 7#d7 ,cock numb]4 ,date on ! leg b& t relates to ! cock's id5tification4 7#e7 ,color4 ,color ( ! cock4 7#f7 ,sire & dam4 ,/ra9 ( ea* ( ! cock's p>5ts4 7#g7 ,h5 numb]1 color1 sire1 & dam4 ,data relat+ to ! h51 simil> to t furni%$ on ! cock4 7#h7 ,date laid4 ,mon? & day ea* egg is laid4 7#i7 ,hat*$4 ,mon? & day ea* egg is hat*$4 7#aj7 ,b&$4 ,mon? & day ea* y\ng/] is b&$4 7#aa7 ,b& numb] ( y\ng/]s4 ,! lett]s ,,usa1 & ye> ( hat*+ appe> 9 ! left column ( ! b& plac$ on "r leg ( y\ng/]4 ,l(t designation & s]ial numb] assign$ to ! y\ng/] appe> 9 ! "r column ( b&4 7#ab7 ,color1 sex1 rem>ks4 ,color ( ! y\ng/] & rem>ks1 su* z disposition :5 x leaves ! bre$+ comp>tm5t4 ,g5]ally1 sex _c be det]m9$ at ?is "t & is ent]$ at a lat] date4 7#ac7 ,egg disposition4 ,if ! egg is remov$ f its p>5ts to be hat*$ by o!r pigeons1 or if x is de/roy$1 its disposition is ent]$ on ! c>d4 b4 ,,pigeon ,,bre$+ ,,record ,,book1 ,,wd ,,sc ,,=m #fg 7fig4 #ag74 ,! pigeon bre$+ record is a p]man5t record ma9ta9$ at ea* l(t :]e bre$+ activities are conduct$4 ,data are tak5 f ! bre$+ c>d ( ! y\ng/] 7see a above7 & ! bre$+ record ( ! p>5t pigeons1 & are ent]$ z foll[s3 7#a7 ,b& numb]4 ,b& numb]s assign$ to y\ng/]s hat*$ dur+ ! ye>1 9 num]ical sequ5ce4 7#b7 ,color4 ,opposite ! b& numb]1 color & sex ( ea* y\ng/]4 7#c7 ,ne/ numb]4 ,numb] ( ! ne/ occupi$ by ! p>5t pigeons4 7#d7 ,b& numb]1 color1 sire1 dam4 ,data on ea* p>5t1 on a sep>ate l9e4 7#e7 ,b& numb]1 color1 g4 sire1 g4 dam4 ,data = ! p>5t pigeons 7gr&p>5ts ( ! y\ng/]s71 ent]$ on sep>ate l9es1 are obta9$ f ! bre$+ records ( ! gr&p>5t birds4 7#f7 ,/ra94 ,opposite _! b& & color1 /ra9s ( ! gr&p>5ts ( ! y\ng/]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #ag4 ,pigeon bre$+ record4 ,,tl#gjahf 7#g7 ,notes4 ,a small space bel[ ea* entry1 z indicat$ 9 figure #af1 is us$ to %[3 7a7 ,date y\ng/] 0 hat*$4 7b7 ,p]=mance record ( ! y\ng/]4 7c7 ,b& numb]s ( any ( its out/&+ (fspr+4 7d7 ,"u ,sire & ,dam1 p]=mance record ( p>5t1 includ+ maximum flight di/ance to date1 & out/&+ rac+ p]=mance if any4 c4 ,,pigeon ,,flight ,,record ,,book1 ,,wd ,,sc ,,=m #aahc 7fig4 #ah74 ,! pigeon flight-record book conta9s flight records ( all ! birds h\s$ 9 "o l(t & is a complete acc\nt ( _! individual p]=mances & tra9+4 ,ea* flight made by a pigeon is ent]$ on its record4 ,a flight record is />t$ = ea* y\ng/] :5 x is remov$ f its p>5ts & plac$ 9 ! fly+ l(t4 ,! record is kept up to date4 ,entries %\ld be made z foll[s3 7#a7 ,b& numb]4 ,data on ! id5tification b& z %[n on ! bre$+ c>d4 7#b7 ,color4 ,color ( ! pigeons1 also tak5 f ! bre$+ c>d4 7#c7 ,sex4 ,if ! sex _c be det]m9$ :5 ! =m is />t$1 x is ent]$ lat]4 7#d7 ,hat*$4 ,date %[n on ! bre$+ c>d4 7#e7 ,flight record4 ,record ( ea* flight on a sep>ate l9e "u ea* column z foll[s3 7a7 ,date ( flight4 ,mon?1 day1 & ye> ! flight 0 made4 ,ye> may be ent]$ at ! head ( ! column to avoid repetition4 7b7 ,nature ( flight4 ,appropriate description ( flight1 su* z tra9+1 signal communication1 or race2 & h[ toss$1 su* z s+le1 d\ble1 or gr\p4 ,^! abbreviations ( entries may be us$3 ,tng1 = tra9+2 ,sig ,com1 = signal communication2 ,,/1 = s+le-toss$2 ,,dt = d\ble-toss$2 ,,gt1 = gr\p-toss$4 7c7 ,competition4 ,numb] ( l(ts & ! numb] ( pigeons ent]$ 9 a competition or race4 7d7 ,di/ance4 ,di/ance travel$ 9 miles 7air l9e7 = ea* flight1 & ! direction f ! l(t to ! po9t ( release4 ,abbreviations = directions may be us$1 = example1 ,,nw1 ,,se1 etc4 7e7 ,position & spe$4 ,position won 9 a race or s+le-toss$ tra9+ flight 7su* z fir/1 second7 & ! spe$ atta9$ 9 y>ds p] m9utes 7,,ypm7 or miles p] h\r 7,,mph74 ,spe$ is ent]$ = all flights if facts are available = calculation4 ,:5 birds are gr\p-toss$1 ent] 8late0 = ^? fail+ to arrive at ! l(t ) ! gr\p4 ,if birds break away & arrive at ! l(t 9 advance ( ! gr\p1 note position ( arrival 7su* z #a1 #b1 etc474 d4 ,,pigeon ,,p$igree ,,record1 ,,wd ,,sc ,,=m #fh 7fig4 #bb74 ,! pigeon p$igree record is kept = ea* pigeon us$ = bre$+4 ,data are tak5 f bre$+ & o!r p$igree records1 & are ent]$ z foll[s3 7#a7 ,"n1 color & sex1 regi/ry numb] 7b& numb]71 date hat*$1 by :at l(t br$1 & flight record4 7#b7 ,b& numb]s & color ( p>5ts4 7#c7 ,b& numb]1 colors1 & /ra9s ( gr&p>5ts4 7#d7 ,9 8rem>ks0 include all matt]s ab\t ! pigeon or its /ra9 :i* be> ^u its ability & bre$+ value4 7#e7 ,9 ! spaces "u ,fa!r1 ,"m1 ,gr&fa!r1 & ,gr&mo!r1 ent] appropriate in=mation conc]n+ _! fly+ & bre$+ records4 ,pigeon p$igree record1 ,,wd ,,sc ,=m #aagg1 :i* is a long =m1 may be us$ :5 necess>y if ! p$igree is available = ! great-gr&p>5ts4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #ah4 ,pigeon flight record4 ,,tl#gjahg c4 ,,mon?ly ,,pigeon ,,l(t ,,report1 ,,wd ,,sc ,,=m #aacc 7figs4 #bj & #ba74 ,! mon?ly pigeon l(t report is prep>$ = ea* pigeon unit on ! la/ day ( ea* mon?4 ,blank spaces on ! report are fill$ 9 z foll[s3 7#a7 ,date4 ,day1 mon?1 & ye>4 7#b7 ,organization4 ,unit submitt+ report4 7#c7 ,/ation4 ,"n ( po/1 camp1 or /ation at :i* ! unit is locat$4 7#d7 ,pigeons on h&4 ,^! notations p]ta9 to birds ov] #d weeks ( age4 7a7 ,old cocks4 ,total numb] ( male pigeons ov] #a ye> ( age4 7b7 ,old h5s4 ,total numb] ( female pigeons ov] #a ye> ( age4 7c7 ,y\ng/]s ov] #d weeks ( age4 ,total numb] ( pigeons betwe5 #d weeks & #a ye> ( age4 7#e7 ,aggregate total4 ,total numb] ( pigeons1 old & "y1 li/$ 9 7#d7 above4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #ai4 ,pigeon p$igree record4 ,,tl#gjahh 7#f7 ,au?oriz$ /r5g?4 ,total numb] ( pigeons au?oriz$4 7#g7 ,bre$+ activities4 7a7 ,mat$ pairs4 ,total numb] ( pairs ( p>5t pigeons mat$ = bre$+ purposes4 7b7 ,eggs4 ,total numb] ( eggs 9 ne/4 7c7 ,hat*$4 ,total numb] ( y\ng/]s "u #d weeks ( age4 7#h7 ,o!r pigeons4 7a7 ,donat$4 ,total numb] ( pigeons donat$ to ! ,signal ,corps by civilian pigeon fanci]s4 7b7 ,loan$4 ,total numb] ( pigeons loan$ to ! ,signal ,corps by civilian pigeon fanci]s4 7c7 ,total4 ,total numb] ( donat$ & loan$ pigeons on h&4 7#i7 ,losses dur+ mon?4 7a7 ,disease4 ,total numb] ( b&$ pigeons lo/ or de/roy$ dur+ ! mon? z a result ( disease4 7b7 ,accid5t4 ,total numb] ( b&$ pigeons lo/ dur+ ! mon? z a result ( accid5t4 7c7 ,flight4 ,total numb] ( pigeons lo/ dur+ mon? :ile 9 flight 7ent] b& numb]s "u rem>ks74 7d7 ,sale4 ,total numb] ( b&$ pigeons sold z surplus dur+ ! mon?1 if any4 ,if none1 s /ate4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #bj4 ,mon?ly pigeon l(t report1 front4 ,,tl#gjahi 7e7 ,total4 ,total numb] ( b&$ pigeons lo/ dur+ mon? f all causes li/$4 7#aj7 ,numb] ( birds %ipp$ dur+ mon? 7de/9ation74 ,self-explanatory4 7#aa7 ,numb] ( birds receiv$ dur+ mon? 7s\rce74 ,self-explanatory4 7#ab7 ,summ>y ( tra9+4 ,weekly ,tra9+ ,s*$ules supply in=mation = bo? classes ( birds4 7#ac7 ,in/ruction by l(t p]sonnel4 ,organizations receiv+ in/ruction1 numb] ( h\rs1 & nature ( in/ruction4 7#ad7 ,p]sonnel4 ,self-explanatory4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #ba4 ,mon?ly pigeon l(t report1 back4 ,,tl#gjaij 7#ae7 ,l(t equipm5t & supplies4 ,self-explanatory4 ,note any item ( equipm5t on h& sup]s$$ by an item li/$4 7#af7 ,rem>ks & recomm5dations4 ,note in=mation on ! tactical op]ation ( ! unit2 b& numb]s ( birds lo/ 9 flight2 birds cull$ dur+ ! mon? 7includ+ y\ng/]s71 toge!r ) ! reasons = cull+2 & any rem>ks & recomm5dations n cov]$ else:]e on ?is report4 7,if additional space is ne$$1 use pla9 %eets ( bond pap]47 7#ag7 ,comm&+4 ,! "n1 grade1 & (fice ( ! (fic] 9 *>ge are typewritt5 or pr9t$ 9 ink bel[ 8 signature4 #bh4 ,b&+ a4 ,ea* bre$+ l(t is furni%$ ) id5tify+ metal leg b&s to be us$ 9 b&+ all y\ng/]s4 ,^! b&s1 ,,pg-#af1 are manufactur$ 9 pairs4 ,ea* pair be>s ! pigeon's s]ial numb]4 7#a7 ,"o ( ! pair ( b&s be>s a m>k+ :i* includes ,u99,s1 ! la/ two figures ( ! cal5d> ye> ! bird 0 hat*$1 ! lett]s ,,sc or ,,aaf1 & a s]ial numb]4 ,?is b& is plac$ on ! left leg & indicates t ! pigeon 0 br$ by ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,army4 ,x %\ld n be remov$ z x s]ves to id5tify ! pigeon ) its bre$+ record4 7#b7 ,! o!r b& ( ! pair be>s m>k+ id5tical to t 9 7#a7 above except t 9 place ( ! 8,u99,s0 x be>s ! lett]s 8,,usa40 ,?is b& is plac$ on ! "r leg1 & x means t ! pigeon 0 br$ by & is ! prop]ty ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,army4 ,?is b& is remov$ :5ev] ! pigeon ceases to rema9 ! prop]ty ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,army4 7#c7 ,*>act]i/ic m>k+s ( leg b&s n[ us$ are z foll[s3 7a7 ,"r leg1 ,,usa #dd ,,sc #ae4 ,left leg1 ,u99,s #dd ,,sc #ae4 7b7 ,"r leg1 ,,usa #dd ,,aaf #djg4 ,left leg1 ,u99,s #dd ,,aaf#djg4 7#d7 ,! foll[+ designations 7 us$ prior to #aidd3 ,ft,m4 ,=t ,monm\? #d;,,ca #d? ,corps ,area #d? ,,sc #d? ,s]vice ,comm& #g? ,,sc #g? ,s]vice ,comm& #h;,,ca #h? ,corps ,area #h? ,,sc #h? ,s]vice ,comm& #i? ,,sc #i? ,s]vice ,comm& ,,cz ,canal ,zone ,,ht ,t]ritory ( ,hawaii ,,pi ,philipp9e ,isl&s ,,ml ,mobile ,l(t ,c ,combat ,,pr ,pu]to ,rico ,,sc ,signal ,corps ,,? ,t]ritory ( ,hawaii b4 ,9 addition to ! b&$ pigeons br$ & own$ by ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,army1 !re are ^? ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,navy1 & two l>ge national associations ( civilian pigeon fanci]s1 ! ,am]ican ,rac+ ,pigeon ,union & ! ,int]national ,f$]ation ( ,am]ican ,hom+ ,pigeon ,fanci]s1 z well z ^? ( num]\s small] organizations4 ,! foll[+ examples illu/rate ! "* ( ! leg5ds us$ on ! b&s3 ,,usn #cb #dib ,,au #bh ,,ec #abde ,,if #bg ,c #fgjj ,illu/ration3 ,figure #bb4 ,me?od ( b&+ y\ng/]s4 ,,tl#gjaia c4 ,:5 b&$ pigeons are lo/ 9 flight1 _! b& m>k+s are li/$ on ! ,mon?ly ,pigeon ,l(t ,report 7p>4 #bg e74 d4 ,ea* l(t is au?oriz$ to use v>i\s color$1 spiral1 celluloid leg b&s = special id5tification purposes4 ,= example1 all pigeons 9 a p>ticul> comp>tm5t ( ea* l(t may be fitt$ ) celluloid b&s ( ! same color to facilitate keep+ track ( !m4 ,^! b&s1 ,,pg-#ae1 are requisition$ 9 ! foll[+ colors3 r$1 yell[1 gre51 light-blue1 d>k-blue1 black1 & p9k4 #bi4 ,l(t ,equipm5t a4 ,t_/,o ,e #aa-ci prescribes ! au?oriz$ all[ances ( nonexp5dable pigeon equipm5t = signal pigeon companies & is ! basis = requisition4 b4 ,army ,s]vice ,=ces ,catalog ,,sig #d-a1 ,signal ,supply ,catalog1 ,all[ances ( ,exp5dable ,supplies1 prescribes ! au?oriz$ all[ances ( exp5dable items = signal pigeon companies & is ! basis = requisition4 c4 ,! basis = o!r pigeon units to requisition equipm5t & supplies dep5ds ^u ! numb] ( au?oriz$ pigeons !y h & _! p>ticul> ne$s4 d4 ,suffici5t descriptive in=mation ( items mu/ be indicat$ on ! requisition to p]mit positive id5tification4 ,all requir$ in=mation p]ta9+ to all[ances1 supplies on h&1 due 9 7on requisition71 & basis = issue mu/ be cle>ly /at$ on all requisitions submitt$ to ! /ation signal prop]ty (fic]4 e4 ,9 g5]al1 ! foll[+ items ( supplies & equipm5t 9 v>y+ numb]s w meet normal requirem5ts ( pigeon l(ts3 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,/ock ,no4 ,requisition ,unit ,brief descriptive nom5clature ( nom5clature issue ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- #i;,a#cae ,b& ,,pg-#ae ,ea ,pigeon1 leg1 m>k+1 7,assort$ colors7 celluloid4 #i;,a#cae;,b ,b& ,,pg-#ae ,ea 7,light blue7 ,note4 ,:5 specific colors #i;,a#cae;,,bk ,b& ,,pg-#ae ,ea are requir$ applicable 7,black7 /ock numb] %\ld be #i;,a#cae;,,db ,b& ,,pg-#ae ,ea indicat$ on ! requisition4 7,d>k blue7 #i;,a#cae;,g ,b& ,,pg-#ae ,ea 7,gre57 #i;,a#cae,p ,b& ,,pg-#ae ,ea 7,p9k7 #i;,a#cae,r ,b& ,,pg-#ae ,ea 7,r$7 #i;,a#cae,y ,,pg-#ae #i;,a#caf ,b& ,,pg-#af ,pr ,pigeon leg1 id5tify+1 7,yell[7 alum9um2 #a pair to ea* pigeon4 #i;,a#dbf;,a ,bl[ gun ,ea ,bl[ gun1 dis9fectant1 #a-qt4 capacity4 #i;,a#ege ,b[l ,,pg-#ge ,ea ,pigeon1 press$ wood pulp4 ,sup]s$es ,b[l ,,pg-#bi4 #i;,a#fcf ,bru% ,,pg-#cf ,ea ,pigeon l(t1 c\nt] du/]4 #i;,a#gbe ,cage ,,pg-#ej ,ea #aj-;bird1 tra9+4 #i;,a#gee ,capsules1 ,ea multivitam9 #i;,a#hbe ,*ips1 quassia ,lbs #i;,a#hcg ,conta9]1 #b-;bird ,ea ,conta9]1 assembl$ ,fib] bo>d #aa-a_/b #f #f 942 dismantl$ 7fold$ flat7 #ae #ab #a_/b 942 net weight1 #a lb4 #i;,a#ida ,cup1 dr9k+1 ,ea #a_/b pt ) hooks #i;,a#ici ,crate ,,pg-#di ,ea #bj-;bird1 transportation4 #i;,a#aadj ,egg ,,pg-#dj ,ea ,pigeon ne/1 :ite glass4 #i;,a#abai4b ,fe$1 pigeon1 mix$ ,lbs ,fe$1 pigeon mixture consi/+ (3 #be ,corn1 ,am]ican1 small gra92 #aj ,kaffir2 #be ,peas1 ,canada or ,fir/ & ,be/2 #e ,se$1 millet2 #bj ,vet*1 common2 #ae ,:eat1 h>d r$ or durum4 #i;,a#abai4d ,fe$1 pigeon1 mix$ ,lbs ,fe$1 pigeon1 mixture consi/+ (3 #be ,corn1 ,am]ican1 small gra92 #be ,peas1 ,canada or ,fir/ & ,be/2 #cj ,peas1 maple2 #bj ,vet*1 common4 #i;,a#abai4e ,fe$1 pigeon1 mix$ ,lbs ,fe$1 pigeon1 mixture consi/+ (3 #c4e ,buck:eat2 #be4j ,corn1 ,am]ican1 small gra92 #e4j ,kaffir2 #b4e ,oats1 hull$1 table grade2 #ab4e ,peas1 ,canada or ,fir/ & ,be/2 #ab4e ,peas1 maple2 #e4j ,rice1 :ole1 extra fancy2 #b4e ,se$1 can>y2 #e4j ,se$1 hemp2 #e4j ,se$1 millet2 #ae4j ,vet*1 common2 #f4e ,:eat1 h>d r$ or durum4 #i;,a#abai4g ,fe$1 pigeon1 mix$ ,lbs ,fe$1 pigeon mixture1 consi/+ (2 #aj ,corn1 ,am]ican1 small gra92 #e ,oats1 hull$1 table grade2 #bj ,peas1 ,canada or ,fir/ & ,be/2 #be ,peas1 maple2 #e ,se$1 hemp2 #e ,rice1 :ole1 extra fancy2 #bj ,vet*1 common2 #aj :eat1 h>d r$ or durum4 #i;,a#abai4h ,fe$1 pigeon1 mix$ ,lbs ,fe$1 pigeon1 mixture1 consi/+ (3 #ae ,rice1 :ole1 extra fancy2 #bj ,se$1 can>y2 #ae ,se$1 flax2 #bj ,se$1 hemp2 #aj ,se$1 rape1 l>ge sweet2 #bj ,se$1 millet4 #i;,a#abcg;,c ,f\nta9 ,,pg-#cg-;,c ,ea ,dr9k+1 pigeon galvaniz$ iron self-fill+1 d\ble op5+1 #a-a_/b gallon capacity1 ) h&le to facilitate c>ry+4 ,sup]s$es f\nta9 ,,pg-#cg4 #i;,a#acba ,grit1 heal?1 ,lbs pigeon 7r$7 #i;,a#acbb ,grit1 heal?1 ,lbs pigeon 7natural7 #i;,a#afdf;,a ,l(t ,,pg-#df-;,a ,ea ,portable1 #c-section4 #i;,a#afdh ,l(t ,,pg-#fh_/,,tb ,ea ,portable1 combat1 transport$ by #a_/d-ton ,bantam trail]4 #i;,a#agfg ,message hold] ,ea ,transp>5t1 pla/ic4 ,,pg-#fg #i;,a#ahch ,pan ,,pg-#ch ,ea ,pigeon ba?4 #i;,a#ahde-ajj ,p>a*ute equipm5t ,ea ,pigeon2 a collapsible ,,pg-#ajj_/;,,cb cyl9d] type conta9]2 #d-;bird capacity2 atta*$ to a #f-;ft4 p>a*ute ) quick release clip4 #i;,a#ahde-aja ,p>a*ute equipm5t ,ea ,pigeon1 a collapsible ,,pg-#aja_/;,,cb cyl9d] type conta9]2 #h-;bird capacity2 atta*$ to a #i-;ft4 p>a*ute ) a quick release clip4 #i;,a#aheg-ajc ,pigeon equipm5t ,ea ,complete unit ( issue ,,pg-#ajc_/;,,cb consi/s (3 #a ea*1 conta9] ,,pg-#ajb_/;,,cb 7#b-;bird72 #ab ea*1 message hold] ,,pg-#fg2 #a ea*1 map ov]lay pad ,=m ,,wd1 ,,sc #aha2 #a ea*1 message book ,m-#baj-;,a2 #b ea*1 p5cils1 ,black #b;,h 7,no4 #d7 ,,ss-,p-#ahf4 #i;,a#aheg-aje ,pigeon equipm5t ,ea ,complete unit ( issue ,,pg-#aje_/;,,cb consi/s (3 #a ea*1 conta9] ,,pg-#ajd_/;,,cb 7#d-;bird72 #bd ea*1 message hold] ,,pg-#fg2 #a ea*1 message book ,m-#baj-;,a2 #a ea*1 map ov]lay pad ,=m ,,wd1 ,,sc #aha2 #b ea*1 p5cils1 black #b;,h 7,no4 #d7 ,,ss-,p-#ahf4 ,sup]s$es pigeon equipm5t ,,pg-#fj1 ,/ock ,no4 #i;,a#ahef4 #i;,a#ahhf-ajf ,pigeon ve/ ,ea ,%ap$ to =m a ,,pg-#ajf_/;,,cb pigeon's body p]mitt+ neck1 w+ tips1 tail & feet to protrude1 made ( por\s fabric & has /rap = c>ry+ pigeon on p>atroop]'s or sc\t's *e/1 adju/able to any size pigeon4 #i;,a#bjbj ,%av+s1 c$> ,lbs #i;,a#bjcd;,a ,scrap] ,,pg-#cd-;,a ,ea ,simil> 9 %ape to a putty knife except blade is #c 94 wide4 ,sup]s$es scrap] ,,pg-#cd1 ,/ock ,no4 #i;,a#bjcd4 #i;,a#bjce ,sieve ,,pg-#ce ,ea ,pigeon fe$4 #i;,a#bbae ,tobacco /ems ,lbs #f;,g#bfj4a ,dis9fectant ,bottle,dis9fectant1 ,black ,flag 7liquid71 #a qt4 or equal4 #f;,d#fg ,,wd1 ,,sc ,=m #fg ,book ,pigeon ,bre$+ ,record 7long74 #f;,d#fh ,,wd1 ,,sc ,=m #fh ,ea ,pigeon ,p$igree 7%ort74 #f;,d#aha ,,wd1 ,,sc ,=m #aha ,pad ,map ov]lay4 #f;,d#aacb ,,wd1 ,,sc ,=m #aacb ,ea ,pigeon ,bre$+ ,c>d4 #f;,d#aacc ,,wd1 ,,sc ,=m #aacc ,ea ,mon?ly ,pigeon ,report4 #f;,d#aagg ,,wd1 ,,sc ,=m #aagg ,ea ,pigeon ,p$igree 7long74 #f;,d#aahc ,,wd1 ,,sc ,=m #aahc ,book ,pigeon ,flight ,record4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- #cj4 ,message ,hold]s ,message ,hold] ,,pg-#fg consi/s ( a body1 cap1 leg clamp1 /rap1 & fa/5] 7fig4 #bc74 ,! body1 cap1 & leg clamp are made ( transp>5t pla/ic mat]ial4 a4 ,to atta* message hold] to pigeon1 place leg clamp ( hold]1 ar\nd ! alum9um id5tification b& on ! pigeon's leg & secure /rap by means ( ! fa/5]4 ,! message hold] mu/ always be atta*$ ) ! cap po9t+ 9 ! direction ( ! pigeon's body4 ,if atta*$ ) ! cap po9t+ d[n x w int]f]e ) ! bird's walk+4 ,! alum9um b&s mu/ be loose en\gh on ! pigeon's leg to all[ ! message hold] to adju/ itself to positions t w n int]f]e ) ! bird's fly+4 ,9 em]g5cies1 a message hold] may be plac$ on ea* leg4 b4 ,pigeons to be us$ = signal communication %\ld be tra9$ ) ! message hold] atta*$ to ! leg to accu/om !m to c>ry+ x4 ,pigeons %\ld be di/ribut$ to combat troops1 ) message hold]s atta*$ if x is kn[n t ! receiv+ troops h n _h tra9+ or exp]i5ce 9 h&l+ ! birds4 ,o!rwise1 hold]s may be deliv]$ sep>ately4 ,p]sonnel ( a l(t %\ld make e ef=t to provide message c5t] units be+ s]v$ ) necess>y in=mation conc]n+ c>e1 h&l+1 & release ( birds4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #bc4 ,message ,hold] ,,pg-#fg4 ,,tl#gjaib c4 ,to remove a message f a pigeon1 cat* ! bird aft] x has trapp$2 hold x 9 "o h&1 ext5d its leg1 & remove ! message hold] ) ! o!r h&4 ,release pigeon 9 l(t4 d4 ,:5 x is necess>y = a pigeon to c>ry a message & a message hold] is n available1 fold message blank1 atta* x by loop+ x ar\nd ! leg b& & tie its two ends toge!r ) a piece ( ?read or light weight /r+4 ,caution3 ,,nev] ,,w9d a /r+ or rubb] b& ar\nd a pigeon's leg because x w /op ! circulation & may cause ! pigeon to lose its leg4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #bd4 ,message hold] atta*$ to pigeon's leg4 ,,tl#gjaic ,,section ,v ,,tra9+ #ca4 ,responsibility = ,tra9+ ,! comm&+ (fic] ( a signal pigeon company1 or ! (fic] 9 *>ge ( a pigeon unit1 w prep>e a tra9+ program to s]ve z a g5]al guide = activities ( ! unit4 ,weekly tra9+ s*$ules = ! guidance ( ! enli/$ p]sonnel w be bas$ ^u ?is approv$ tra9+ program = ! unit4 #cb4 ,qualifications = ,pigeone]s a4 ,,g5]al4 ,m9imum specifications requir$ = a pigeone] are---- 7#a7 ,skill4 ,t requir$ = a basic private1 plus ! ability to c>e =1 fe$ prop]ly1 cat*1 & hold pigeons2 to atta* messages2 & to tra9 birds = mess5g] s]vice4 7#b7 ,k4 ,t requir$ = a basic private1 plus a ?or\gh k ( capabilities1 limitations1 & habits ( hom+ pigeons4 7#c7 ,p]sonal traits4 ,a pigeone] :o is boi/]\s & ( a turbul5t nature t5ds to fright5 & upset pigeons & ?us r$uce _! effectiv5ess4 ,! successful pigeone] %\ld possess---- 7a7 ,dep5dability4 ,to p]=m all 8 duties regul>ly & promptly4 7b7 ,k9dness4 ,to obta9 confid5ce ( ! pigeons4 7c7 ,pati5ce4 ,to sp5d mu* "t & repeat$ ef=t requir$ = tra9+ pigeons4 7d7 ,neatness4 ,to ma9ta9 a sanit>y & attractive l(t = ! pigeons4 7e7 ,firmness4 ,to en=ce control ov] pigeons4 7f7 ,p[] ( accurate obs]vation4 ,to note & le>n *>act]i/ics ( individual pigeons 9 ! l(t by obs]v+ details readily & accurately4 b4 ,,basic ,,tra9+4 ,only qualifi$ basic privates are select$ = pigeone] tra9+4 ,skill & k to be atta9$ 9 ?is c\rse may be bas$ on ?is manual4 c4 ,,advance ,,tra9+4 ,qualifi$ pigeone]s :o complete basic tra9+ prescrib$ 9 b above1 & :o possess ! ability1 may be select$ = advance tra9+ :i* w prep>e !m to become speciali/s or non-commission$ (fic]s4 ,?is tra9+ w tea*3 7#a7 ,skill4 7a7 ,ability to manage a tra9+ l(t & to tra9 bo? "y & old pigeons4 7b7 ,ability to manage a bre$+ l(t & sup]vise bre$+ activities aft] s*$ules h be5 prep>$4 7c7 ,ability to in/ruct o!rs 9 7a7 & 7b7 above4 7#b7 ,k4 ,a pigeone] %\ld possess a ?or\gh k ( l(t managem5t2 fe$+1 tra9+1 & bre$+ ( pigeons2 & employm5t ( pigeon communications describ$ 9 ?is manual4 #cc4 ,introduction to ,pigeon ,tra9+ ,x is almo/ impossible to prescribe any "o me?od = tra9+ hom+ pigeons4 ,!re are c]ta9 /eps1 h[ev]1 t mu/ be foll[$ if ! birds are to give reliable mess5g] s]vice4 ,! me?ods = tra9+ ,army hom+ pigeons are prescrib$ 9 ?is section4 ,h[ev]1 !y are n ! only me?ods by :i* birds c be tra9$4 ,success ) ! birds dep5ds l>gely on ! individual pigeone]'s exp]i5ce & te*nical k4 ,?is is p>ticul>ly true conc]n+ op]ation ( combat l(ts4 #cd4 ,settl+ ,pigeons ,settl+ is ! process ( condition+ a pigeon to return to its home l(t :5 releas$4 ,be/ results c be expect$ f "y birds j out ( ! ne/ because settl+ & resettl+ become m difficult z ! age ( ! pigeon increases4 ,_m diff]5t me?ods are us$ to settle pigeons to l(ts1 & no ironclad rules c be set d[n to cov] all situations4 ,! age ( ! birds1 type ( l(t1 & exp]i5ce ( ! pigeone] w det]m9e ! me?od us$ & success a*iev$4 ,two settl+ proc$ures w be expla9$ 9 ?is section4 ,! fir/ w be = "y birds n /rong on ! w+1 & ! second = old] birds t are /rong on ! w+4 ,^! proc$ures are g5]al & may be us$1 ) slight v>iations1 to settle birds to all types ( l(ts4 ,9 ! case ( ! combat l(t1 h[ev]1 rememb] t pigeons are tra9$ to recognize a c]ta9 type ( l(t r ?an t]ra9 features or geographic locations4 ,a combat l(t is mov$ daily dur+ tra9+ s t ! birds d n become accu/om$ to "o location4 ,o!rwise settl+ to a combat l(t is ! same z settl+ to any o!r l(t4 a4 ,,settl+ ,,birds ,,n ,,/rong ,,on ,,w+4 ,! expression 8n /rong on ! w+0 means t pigeons d n h suffici5t /r5g? 9 _! w+s to /ay 9 ! air = su/a9$ flight1 = example1 y\ng/]s remov$ f ! ne/ :5 #bh to #cf days old4 ,^! "y pigeons are tame & easy to h&le2 !y are n z excitable z old] birds because _! s5se ( fe> has n yet develop$4 ,= ^! reasons !y c be easily settl$4 ,!y are n /rong en\gh on ! w+1 h[ev]1 to /ay away f ! l(t = prolong$ p]iods4 7#a7 ,fe$ & wat]4 ,fe$ birds lib]ally on ! fir/ day !y are plac$ 9 ! l(t1 b nev] fe$ !m heavily at any "t aft] t4 ,make sure ! wat] f\nta9 is plac$ :]e x c be f\nd easily4 ,"y pigeons %\ld be kept prison]s = ab\t #b days4 ,dur+ ?is "t wat* !m c>efully to det]m9e :e!r all h le>n$ h[ to dr9k4 ,if any bird appe>s sleepy x may n h le>n$ h[ to dr9k or :]e to obta9 wat]4 ,?is bird c be taught to dr9k by =c+ its entire beak into ! wat]4 7#b7 ,le>n+ to trap4 ,x is ( ! utmo/ importance t pigeons us$ = deliv]+ messages trap promptly4 ,a bird may be ! fa/e/ fly] 9 ! l(t yet be useless because x w n trap imm$iately ^u return to ! l(t4 ,! message _c be remov$ f ! pigeon's leg if ! bird /ays on ! ro( ( ! l(t in/ead ( ent]+ ! trap4 ,= ?is reason x is ess5tial t trapp+ ex]cises be c>efully c>ri$ out4 ,! be/ "t = ?is tra9+ is :5 birds are be+ settl$4 ,in/all ! trap late 9 ! ev5+ ( ! second day ( conf9em5t & all[ ! y\ng/]s to g out on _! own initiative & look ar\nd4 ,?is enables !m to become famili> ) ! outside ( ! l(t & ! surr\nd+ t]ritory4 ,on ! ?ird day cat* ! y\ng/]s1 place !m on ! l&+ bo>d1 & g5tly pu% "o at a "t ?r\gh ! trap4 ,"s birds may take to ! w+ b !y w only /ay 9 ! air a few m9utes at any "o "t4 ,^! pigeons w n fly away2 !y are m]ely le>n+ ! use ( _! w+s & w return :5 tir$4 ,place a small am\nt ( fe$ 9 ! l(t dur+ ?is tra9+ & repeat ! trapp+ ex]cise until ! y\ng/]s ov]come all fe> ( ! trap4 ,aft] ! birds h le>n$ h[ to g ?r\gh ! trap all[ !m to rema9 outside ! l(t = ab\t #a_/b h\r & !n p]suade !m to trap into ! l(t !mselves4 ,! birds are especially n]v\s at ?is "t & %\ld n be fright5$4 ,:ile p]suad+ ! birds to ent] ! l(t1 ! pigeone] %\ld give !m a small am\nt ( fe$ by h&1 & at ! same "t acqua9t !m ) ! fe$ call4 7#c7 ,ex]cis+4 ,on ! f\r? & foll[+ days ( tra9+ ! birds may be turn$ out morn+ & late aft]noon = approximately #a_/b h\r ( ex]cise4 ,aft] ea* ex]cise p]iod cont9ue tra9+ ! birds to trap promptly ^u _! return to ! l(t4 ,at ?is "t !y %\ld be f$ only en\gh to assi/ 9 trapp+4 ,on ^! fir/ few days ! pigeons may ex]cise s+ly or 9 small gr\ps4 ,on ! eigh? day or soon aft]1 h[ev]1 mo/ ( ! birds w beg9 to take _! ex]cise flights 9 "o compact flock4 ,z soon z !y d ?is1 ex]cise ! birds at noon z ?is w condition !m fa/] & also accu/om !m to fly+ dur+ ! heat ( ! day4 ,if aft] ! sev5? day !re are a few birds t d n leave ! l(t = ex]cise1 induce !m to fly by pu%+ !m g5tly (f ! l(t ) a bamboo fi%+ rod or simil> pole4 ,aft] all birds h le>n$ to ex]cise 9 a flock = #a_/b h\r or m & !n return to ! l(t !y may be consid]$ settl$4 ,!y are n[ ready = _! fir/ tra9+ tosses 7p>4 #ce74 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #be4 ,pigeons 9 trap ( l(t4 ,,tl#gjaid b4 ,,settl+ ,,birds ,,/rong ,,on ,,w+4 ,! foll[+ me?od is sugge/$ = settl+ pigeons t are #cf days ( age or old]4 ,x is assum$ t ^! birds h be5 tra9$ to trap & t !y are famili> ) ! fe$ call4 ,if !y h n be5 taught to trap1 !n su* tra9+ mu/ be c>ri$ on 9 conjunction ) ?is me?od ( settl+4 ,x is necess>y to use a wire inclosure su* z a settl+ cage 9 tea*+ ^! birds to trap because !y w fly away if n conf9$4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #bf4 ,h&-fe$+ pigeons 9 l(t4 ,,tl#gjaie 7#a7 ,hung] & tam5ess4 ,^! are ! two mo/ important factors 9 settl+ birds /rong on ! w+1 & ! ext5t to :i* !y are develop$ & controll$ w greatly det]m9e ! spe$ ) :i* ! pigeons c be settl$4 7a7 ,hung]4 ,nev] fe$ pigeons a full ration ( fe$ at any "o "t dur+ ! settl+ p]iod4 ,keep !m def9itely on ! hungry side at all times4 ,?is s]ves to impress ^u !m t ! l(t is ! place to f9d food4 ,h&-fe$+ w control ! di/ribution ( fe$ &1 at ! same "t1 enc\rage ! birds to become tame4 ,pigeone]s are urg$ to h&-fe$ _! birds at all times if possible4 7b7 ,tam5ess4 ,! pigeone] %\ld sp5d z mu* "t z he c 9 ! l(t ) ! birds4 ,! l(t %\ld be arrang$ s t ! birds w be ne> ! pigeone]4 ,?is w s]ve a d\ble purpose3 ! pigeone] becomes bett] acqua9t$ ) 8 birds1 & !y 9 turn lose all fe> ( him4 7#b7 ,conf9em5t4 ,x may be necess>y to conf9e ^! birds = sev]al days1 dep5d+ on _! age4 ,a settl+ cage to fit on ! l&+ bo>d & ro( ( ! l(t may be con/ruct$ f wood & wire me% 7fig4 #bg74 ,?is conf9es ! pigeons1 b at ! same "t all[s !m to become acqua9t$ ) ! ro(1 l&+ bo>d1 trap1 & imm$iate t]ritory ar\nd ! l(t4 ,! qualifi$ pigeone] c anticipate by ! tam5ess1 hung]1 & actions ( ! birds1 :5 !y are ready to be giv5 _! fir/ fre$om4 7#c7 ,fir/ fre$om4 ,days ) ov]ca/ skies or light ra9s are mo/ favorable = fir/ releas+ ! birds4 ,be/ results c be expect$ if birds are releas$ 9 ! late aft]noon :5 !y are hungry4 ,:5 ! pigeone] det]m9es t ! birds are ready to be giv5 _! fre$om1 or on ! ?ird or f\r? day ( settl+ at ! new location1 ! foll[+ proc$ure is obs]v$3 ,=ce all ( ! pigeons into ! settl+ cage1 except = ?ree or f\r birds *os5 9 advance = _! tam5ess4 ,give ?is small gr\p ( birds _! fre$om4 ,pigeons love company2 !re=e1 aft] tak+ to ! air1 ^! birds w usually be attract$ back by ! rema9+ birds 9 ! settl+ cage4 ,aft] ! pigeons circle ! l(t a few times call !m 9 to prev5t !m f /ray+4 ,= ?is fir/ lib]ation move ! settl+ cage on ! l(t f> en\gh to "o side to expose approximately half ( ! trap4 ,?is p]mits ! pigeons to ent] ! l(t z soon z !y return4 ,:5 ! fir/ gr\p returns satisfactorily1 give ano!r small gr\p _! fre$om4 ,! numb] ( birds 9 ! subsequ5t gr\ps may be increas$ if satisfactory results are obta9$ ) ! fir/ few gr\ps4 ,if ! fir/ gr\p1 or any "p ( x fails to return1 h[ev]1 no o!r birds %\ld be giv5 _! fre$om t day4 ,repeat ?is proc$ure ! foll[+ day4 ,at no "t dur+ ! fir/ #b days ( lib]ty %\ld ! entire flock be giv5 its fre$om at "o "t4 ,aft] approximately #ej p]c5t ( ! birds has be5 giv5 _! lib]ty "o or m times1 ! entire flock may be giv5 op5 l(t & p]mitt$ to g 9 & out at w dur+ ! late aft]noon4 ,give op5 l(t aga9 ! next day at ! same "t4 ,on subsequ5t days all[ ! birds _! fre$om ea* morn+ & ev5+ = approximately #a_/b h\r ( ex]cise4 ,any birds t fail to take to ! air %\ld be g5tly =c$ to ex]cise4 ,noon ex]cise p]iods w accu/om birds to fly+ 9 ! heat ( ! day4 ,:5 all birds h le>n$ to ex]cise freely 9 a flock & !n return to ! l(t !y are consid]$ settl$ & ready = fur!r tra9+ z message c>ri]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #bg4 ,settl+ cage = l(t1 ,,pg-#fh_/,,tb4 ,,tl#gjaif 7#d7 ,summ>y4 ,^! ess5tial po9ts are to be rememb]$ 9 settl+ "y pigeons3 7a7 ,tea* birds to ent] l(t imm$iately aft] ea* ex]cise flight4 ,loit]+ outside may become a fix$ habit :i* w make ! birds undesirable = mess5g] s]vice4 7b7 ,nev] drive pigeons f ! l(t dur+ ! fir/ few days ( settl+4 7c7 ,be sure pigeons are ex]cis$ & f$ regul>ly4 7d7 ,keep birds z tame z possible & d n ov]fe$ !m4 7e7 ,at no "t all[ ! birds to become fright5$4 7f7 ,d n int]pret ^! in/ructions on settl+ z ironclad rules4 ,x may be necess>y to v>y !m f "t to "t1 dep5d+ ^u ! situation4 #ce4 ,tra9+ = ,mess5g] ,s]vice ,?is tra9+ is />t$ z soon z ! birds h be5 settl$ to ! l(t f :i* !y w be di/ribut$4 ,all pigeons except ^? specifically res]v$ = bre$+ purposes may und]go tra9+ cont9u\sly f ! "t !y are #bh days old until !y are no long] suitable = mess5g] s]vice4 ,fundam5tally1 ! me?ods = tra9+ pigeons to mobile combat l(ts are ! same z ^? = /ation>y l(ts4 ,to avoid confusion1 any diff]5ce 9 me?od w be not$ 9 ! foll[+ p>agraphs4 a4 ,,condition+4 ,! fir/ /ep 9 tra9+ hom+ pigeons = mess5g] s]vice is to develop ! heal? & /r5g? necess>y to endure su/a9$ flight4 ,?is process is call$ condition+4 ,! degree ( tra9+ necess>y to condition ! birds w v>y ) ! mission = :i* !y are be+ tra9$4 ,birds t w be requir$ to fly long di/ances w necess>ily be giv5 long] & m int5sive tra9+ ?an birds t w be requir$ to fly only %ort di/ances4 7#a7 ,heal? ( ! pigeon is dep5d5t on prop] c>e4 ,ov]cr[d+ ( birds %\ld be avoid$ at all times4 ,good l(t sanitation & v5tilation1 toge!r ) prop] diet & uncontam9at$ dr9k+ wat]1 are factors 9 heal? t are "u ! control ( ! pigeone]4 ,he is !re=e l>gely responsible = ! ov]-all heal? ( pigeons 9 8 l(t4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #bh4 ,releas+ pigeons f ,crate ,,pg-#di4 ,,tl#gjaig 7#b7 ,/r5g? is develop$ by ex]cise flights ar\nd ! l(t1 & by tra9+ flights made f di/ant po9ts4 b4 ,,tra9+ ,,flights4 ,pigeons may be giv5 tra9+ flights 9 gr\ps1 9 pairs1 or s+ly4 ,?is tra9+ proc$ure is sometimes call$ 8tak+ ! birds d[n ! road = a tra9+ toss40 7#a7 ,gr\p toss+4 ,?ree or m birds are releas$ at "o "t4 ,"y birds are greg>i\s & w "w m satisfactorily :5 releas$ 9 small gr\ps r ?an individually4 ,= ?is reason birds be+ giv5 _! fir/ tra9+ flights %\ld be gr\p toss$4 7#b7 ,d\ble toss+4 ,a flock ( pigeons is releas$ 9 pairs2 ea* pair is p]mitt$ suffici5t "t to disappe> be=e ! next pair is releas$4 7#c7 ,s+le toss+4 ,"o bird at a "t is releas$ & p]mitt$ to return to ! l(t alone4 ,?is is valuable tra9+ & all birds %\ld be giv5 two or m s+le tosses ( #aj or m miles be=e be+ us$ 9 mess5g] s]vice4 ,s+le toss+ %\ld n be practic$ at di/ances 9 excess ( #aj miles until ! pigeons h be5 well settl$ 9 a p>ticul> location4 7#d7 ,use ( cage ,,pg-#ej 9 tra9+4 ,prelim9>y tra9+ ( pigeons %\ld include sev]al brief p]iods ( conf9em5t 9 ! #aj-;bird tra9+ cage ,,pg-#ej4 ,aft] a p]iod ( conf9em5t op5 doors c>efully & all[ ! birds to em]ge ( _! own free w4 ,! release po9t %\ld be )9 sight ( ! l(t4 7#e7 ,use ( pigeon equipm5t ,,pg-#ajc_/;,,cb & ,,pg-#aje_/;,,cb4 ,pigeons to be us$ = c>ry+ messages %\ld be releas$ f ^! #b- or #d-;bird conta9]s aft] a brief int]val ( conf9em5t4 ,?is w accu/om !m to ! boxes be=e combat use4 ,make sure fre% wat] is available = ! birds dur+ conf9em5t p]iod4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #bi4 ,cage ,,pg-#ej1 conta9+ pigeons4 ,,tl#gjaih ,illu/ration3 ,figure #cj4 ,releas+ pigeons f ,pigeon ,equipm5t ,,pg-#ajc_/;,,cb4 ,,tl#gjaii c4 ,,advanc$ ,,tra9+ ,,flights4 ,advanc$ tra9+ ( milit>y pigeons is prim>ily directional flight tra9+1 t is1 releas+ tra9+ pigeons to fly back 9 "o g5]al direction f v>i\s di/ances along ! same c\rse4 ,! c\rse may be nor?1 s\?1 ea/ or we/ z det]m9$ by ! location ( ! l(t 9 relation to ! po9t ( release4 ,directional flights are ! mo/ suitable = milit>y use1 s9ce spe$ & reliability ( ! bird are consid]ably increas$ & ! "t involv$ 9 tra9+ is comp>atively %ort4 ,if prop]ly tra9$1 h[ev]1 pigeons w return to _! l(t f reasonable di/ances 9 any direction4 ,a return flight f a direction diff]5t f ! tra9$ l9e ( flight w\ld be call$ a nondirectional flight4 ,! spe$ f nondirectional flights w usually be sl[] & less reliable ?an f directional flights4 ,?is is p>ticul>ly true :5 ! pigeon mu/ fly f ! opposite direction ( ! tra9$ l9e ( flight4 ,= nondirectional flights to be reliable1 pigeons %\ld be giv5 tra9+ tosses f v>y+ di/ances f all po9ts ( ! compass4 ,s9ce ?is type ( tra9+ is n /ress$ 9 ! ,army ,pigeon ,s]vice ! subject w n be discuss$ any fur!r4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #ca4 ,pigeon ,equipm5t ,,pg-#aje_/;,,cb1 conta9+ pigeons4 ,,tl#gjbjj 7#a7 ,directional tra9+ to /ation>y l(ts4 ,! /ation>y l(t tra9+ *>t 7fig4 #cb7 w aid ! pigeone] 9 directional tra9+ ( pigeons :5 ! l(t is 9 a p]man5t location4 ,dur+ tra9+1 flight spe$s w av]age #cj miles an h\r f di/ances ( #ac miles or m if a direct l9e ( flight is foll[$4 ,:5 ! tra9+ flights 7fig4 #cb7 h be5 complet$1 ! spe$ ( pigeons w usually be fa/] ?an #cg-a_/b miles an h\r4 ,to ma9ta9 ?is spe$ approximately once a week give pigeons "o flight f #dj to #ej miles & two or m %ort flights f #ae to #bj miles4 ,su* flights w keep ! birds 9 condition = mess5g] s]vice f di/ances up to #abe miles4 ,any bird return+ 9 bad condition w be b5efit$ m by a re/ ( #c or m days ?an by fur!r tra9+4 ,if birds exce$ #dj miles an h\r on _! fir/ tra9+ flight f release po9ts ( #ac miles or m1 !y may be fail+ to obs]ve v>iations 9 topography4 ,!re=e1 to be cons]vative dur+ ?is tra9+ p]iod1 release !m aga9 f ! same po9t 9 ord] t !y may le>n ?or\ghly ! physical *>act]i/ics ( ! region ov] :i* !y fly4 ,?is second lib]ation f ! same po9t greatly assi/s 9 avoid+ losses at future lib]at+ po9ts f great] di/ances4 ,a second lib]ation is also recomm5d$ if ! birds return at spe$s ( less ?an #bj miles an h\r1 s9ce x c be assum$ t !y did n foll[ a direct l9e ( flight4 ,a second flight ov] ! same c\rse gives ! birds an opportunity to le>n a m direct l9e ( flight4 ,unless adv]se wea!r conditions exi/1 pigeons g5]ally cont9ue to fly 9 a direct l9e once x is le>n$4 ,/rong head w9ds & ! ne$ to fly ar\nd local /orms w sl[ ! birds d[n4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #cb4 ,/ation>y l(t tra9+ *>t4 ,,tl#gjbja ,illu/ration3 ,figure #cc4 ,combat l(t tra9+ *>t4 ,,tl#gjbjb 7#b7 ,directional tra9+ to combat l(ts4 ,combat 7or mobile7 l(ts are us$ dur+ combat :5 x is necess>y to e/abli% imm$iate pigeon communication4 ,s9ce pigeons may be requir$ to furni% reliable mess5g] s]vice )9 #h days aft] mov+ to a new location1 _! tra9+ mu/ be c>efully plann$ & skillfully accompli%$4 ,flight tra9+ beg9s z soon z ! l(t is e/abli%$ ne> ! headqu>t]s to be s]v$4 ,until ?is "t1 h[ev]1 ! birds are n giv5 any tra9+ tosses4 ,!y are1 ( c\rse1 fully settl$ to ! l(t & h be5 tak+ daily ex]cise flights ar\nd ! l(t at ea* new location to :i* ! l(t has be5 mov$4 ,give ! birds _! fir/ ex]cise flight %ortly aft] e/abli%+ ! new location4 ,aft] ! birds h _h a brief re/ !y are giv5 _! fir/ tra9+ toss4 ,if wea!r p]mits1 gr\p toss ! birds _m times ea* day !reaft]4 ,increase ! di/ance & r$uce ! size ( ! gr\p ea* day s t ! birds may be tra9$ to di/ances ( #be to #ej miles 9 #e days4 ,:5 giv+ ?is flight tra9+1 foll[ ! combat l(t tra9+ *>t %[n 9 figure #cf4 d4 ,,remobile ,,tra9+4 7#a7 ,remobil+4 ,aft] combat birds h be5 mov$ into a /ation>y position & h be5 fl[n f ?is location1 x is desirable to tra9 !m to mobility aga9 be=e mov+ !m into a new location4 ,?is process is call$ remobil+ & c be/ be accompli%$ by mov+ ! l(t only a few feet at a "t until ! pigeons aga9 become accu/om$ to hav+ x mov$4 ,! birds w seem q n]v\s & a few may settle on ! gr\nd or fail to ent] ! l(t ! fir/ few times x is mov$4 ,! birds %\ld become accu/om$ to se>*+ = ! l(t reg>dless ( its location4 ,aft] ?is /age ( tra9+ has be5 rea*$1 ! l(t %\ld be mov$ f>!r & f>!r away f ! old location4 ,"w ! pigeons z a regul> mobile team f ?is po9t on1 always mak+ sure t ! birds are all[$ pl5ty ( "t 9 ! settl+ cage be=e !y are releas$4 ,?is process ( remobil+ hom+ pigeons c be/ be accompli%$ ) "y birds t h n be5 settl$ 9 "o location = m ?an #f weeks4 ,if !re is a %ortage ( "y birds & x is necess>y to use old] birds :i* h be5 remobil$ num]\s times1 transport !m to ! new location z _m times z possible4 ,fe$ ! birds at ! new location & nev] at ! old home l(t4 ,! birds w ?us le>n to retrace _! flight to ! new l(t if !y return to _! previ\s location4 ,?is me?od is useful only :5 ! new location is kn[n 9 advance4 ,birds t fail to p]=m prop]ly z message c>ri]s & are unsuitable = bre$+ purposes %\ld be de/roy$4 ,birds %[+ symptoms ( sickness %\ld be remov$ f ! l(t & =w>d$ = hospitalization1 or de/roy$ if hospitalization facilities are n available4 7#b7 ,ree/abli%+ new location4 ,if ! tactical situation requires ! message c5t] to be mov$ =w>d1 a new l(t ) birds t h be5 tra9$ 9 mobility w be plac$ 9 ! new location4 ,! old l(t may cont9ue to op]ate until ! new l(t has e/abli%$ reliable communication4 ,?is me?od ( op]ation insures cont9u\s message s]vice4 ,z soon z ! new l(t has e/abli%$ reliable message s]vice1 ! old l(t w be remov$1 & if ! birds are /ill suitable = combat l(t fly+ ! l(t w be remobil$4 ,if ! birds are no long] suitable = combat fly+ because ( num]\s resettl+ at diff]5t locations1 or f be+ settl$ 9 "o location too long1 !y may be return$ to ! base camp & put 9 "o ( ! bre$+ sections4 ,! combat l(t w !n be re/ock$ ) new y\ng/]s f ! bre$+ l(ts & tra9+ 9 mobility w beg94 e4 ,,tra9+ ,,precautions4 7#a7 ,ov]tra9+4 ,c>e %\ld be tak5 dur+ flight tra9+ n to ov]tra9 ! birds4 ,su* tra9+ does m h>m ?an good1 p>ticul>ly if long di/ances are involv$4 ,ov]tra9+ c be detect$ by ! slightly dizzy1 sleepy1 & unbalanc$ appe>ance ( ! birds :ile re/+4 ,:5 ?is condition occurs1 all[ ! pigeon to re/ = a few days ) op5 l(t b no =c$ ex]cise4 7#b7 ,fe$ mixtures :ile tra9+4 ,! birds %\ld h access to fre% wat] & grit at all times4 ,make sure t ! fe$ is clean & 9 ! be/ possible condition4 ,nev] *ange ! mixture dur+ tra9+ or :ile ! pigeons are be+ us$ = mess5g] s]vice because ! *ange w ?r[ ! birds out ( condition4 7#c7 ,tra9+ losses4 ,=c+ ! birds to und]take di/ant fly+ be=e !y become prop]ly settl$ to a location causes frequ5t losses dur+ ! tra9+ /age4 ,c>e %\ld be tak5 to limit ! fir/ few tra9+ flights to di/ances ( approximately #a mile or less4 7#d7 ,cat*+ pigeons4 ,! pigeone] %\ld avoid quick or sudd5 movem5ts 9 ! l(t & %\ld nev] *ase ! birds 9 ord] to cat* !m4 ,:5 x is necess>y to cat* pigeons dur+ daylight h\rs1 close ! black\t w9d[s or ins]t ! %utt]s to d>k5 ! l(t4 ,! pigeons may !n be pick$ up easily ) ! aid ( a fla%light4 ,! pigeone] %\ld avoid cat*+ ! pigeons 9 ! l(t imm$iately aft] _! return f a tra9+ flight4 #cf4 ,deliv]+ ,pigeons by ,p>a*ute a4 ,,equipm5t4 ,p>a*ute equipm5t ,,pg-#ajj_/;,,cb consi/s ( a collapsible1 cyl9d]-type1 #d-;bird conta9] & a #f-;foot hemisph]ical baseball-type p>a*ute ) a quick release clip4 ,p>a*ute equipm5t ,,pg-#aja_/;,,cb is ( simil> design except t ! conta9] has an #h-;bird capacity & is atta*$ to a #i-;foot p>a*ute4 ,?is equipm5t is specifically design$ to supply initially or to resupply pigeons to infantry p>a*ute troops1 infantry glid] troops1 or any isolat$ =ces requir+ deliv]y ( pigeons by air4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #cd4 ,factory-pack$ p>a*ute equipm5t ,,pg-#ajj_/;,,cb1 conta9+ pigeons4 ,,tl#gjbjc b4 ,,in/ructions ,,= ,,use4 ,to insure safe deliv]y ( ! pigeons1 caution mu/ be obs]v$ :5 atta*+ conta9]s to ! p>a*utes4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #ce4 ,p>a*ute laid out on flat surface4 ,,tl#gjbjd ,illu/ration3 ,figure #cf4 ,p>a*ute fold$ l5g?wise4 ,,tl#gjbje ,illu/ration3 ,figure #cg4 ,p>a*ute fold$ into pack4 ,,tl#gjbjf ,illu/ration3 ,figure #ch4 ,p>a*ute pack ti$ & /atic l9e atta*$4 ,,tl#gjbjg ,! in/ructions pr9t$ on ea* p>a*ute pack %\ld be /rictly adh]$ to4 c4 ,,results4 ,be/ results w be obta9$ :5 pigeons are laun*$ betwe5 ! altitudes ( #bjj & #a1jjj feet ) air spe$ n exce$+ #abe miles an h\r4 ,pigeons laun*$ )9 ^! g5]al limits are less likely to become lo/ because ( excessive drift4 ,! possibility ( injury to ! birds f high spe$ air ru%+ ?r\gh ! conta9]1 or f %ock :5 ! p>a*ute op5s1 w be r$uc$ to a m9imum4 d4 ,,in/ructions ,,= ,,repack+ ,,p>a*utes4 ,! foll[+ me?od is sugge/$ = repack+ ei!r #f- or #i-;foot p>a*utes = future use aft] !y h be5 us$ once = dropp+ pigeons to gr\nd troops4 7#a7 ,/ret* p>a*ute full l5g?1 ) "o man hold+ ! canopy at ! c5t] ( ! top & ano!r man hold+ ! %r\d l9es taut at ! %r\d l9e sep>ator disk4 ,/raight5 all %r\d l9es1 mak+ sure none are twi/$4 ,lay ! p>a*ute on a flat surface & pick ea* fold ( ! canopy z "o w\ld pick petals f a fl[]1 divid+ ! folds & associat$ %r\d l9es equally on ea* side 7fig4 #ce74 ,elim9ate creases by runn+ ! h& betwe5 ! folds4 7#b7 ,make an 8,s0 fold 9 ! canopy l5g?wise f ! cr[n 7fig4 #cf74 ,! hem w =m a l>ge lett] 8,s0 if ! fold is made prop]ly4 7#c7 ,lay ! %r\d l9es 9 small 8,s0 folds on ! canopy />t+ approximately #aj or #ab in*es back f ! hem1 mak+ a suffici5t numb] ( folds to br+ ! %r\d l9e sep>ator disk close to ! hem ( ! canopy4 ,! p>a*ute is n[ ready to be fold$ into a pack4 ,to d ?is1 make ?ree accordion folds 9 ! canopy 7fig4 #cg74 7#d7 ,tie ! fold$ canopy 9 position ) two tie cords ( n m ?an #ae p\nds /r5g?4 ,place "o cord approximately #b-a_/b in*es back f ! hem & ! o!r cord #b-a_/b in*es f ! end ( ! pack4 ,atta* ! /atic l9e to ! tie cord ne> ! end ( ! pack1 leav+ en\gh tail = ano!r tie to be made to ! o!r tie cord ne> ! hem ) #c in*es ( slack left betwe5 ! two ties 7fig4 #ch74 ,! /atic l9e mu/ h a t5sile /r5g? ( at lea/ #bjj p\nds & be #ae feet long4 ,! #c in*es ( slack left betwe5 ! two ties are necess>y = ea* tie cord to receive a %>p individual snap2 o!rwise bo? cords w break simultane\sly4 7#e7 ,pu% ! rema9d] ( ! /atic cord betwe5 "o ( ! folds 9 ! p>a*ute4 ,! p>a*ute is n[ ready = reuse4 ,,section ,,vi ,,mat+ ,,& ,,bre$+ #cg4 ,mat+ a4 ,,g5]al4 ,pigeons w keep ! same mate = life unless =cibly sep>at$4 ,! desire to mate is a natural in/9ct4 ,s9ce pigeons are monogam\s _! mat+ c be controll$ = bre$+ purposes4 ,if left to _! own incl9ations1 pigeons w mate betwe5 ! ages ( #d & #i mon?s4 ,mat+ = bre$+ purposes1 h[ev]1 %\ld n be p]mitt$ until pigeons are at lea/ #i mon?s ( age4 b4 ,,purpose4 ,! aim 9 mat+ is to produce y\ng/]s :i* are equal1 if n sup]ior1 9 ability1 to ei!r ( ! p>5ts4 ,su* y\ng/]s are obta9$ by select+ bre$] /ock ) p$igree1 p]=mance1 physical qualities1 & temp]am5t :i* w probably produce y\ng/]s ( ! requir$ type4 #ch4 ,sex a4 ,sex ( ! pigeon is difficult to det]m9e )\t exp]i5ce2 h[ev]1 "s ext]nal *>act]i/ics help recognition4 ,"u ord9>y circum/ances ! cock usually has-- 7#a7 ,broad] skull4 7#b7 ,l>g] head4 7#c7 ,l>g] bill & wattle4 7#d7 ,/rong] neck4 7#e7 ,broad] %\ld]s4 7#f7 ,clos] v5t bones4 7#g7 ,l>g] legs & feet4 b4 ,9 "s cases1 :]e ! physical *>act]i/ics ( ! male & female are simil>1 x is (t5 necess>y to obs]ve _! actions :5 toge!r to det]m9e sex4 ,"s ( ! common actions ( ! cock are3 7#a7 ,*as+ h5 :5 coo+4 7#b7 ,scrap+ ( ! tail :5 coo+4 7#c7 ,peck+ ! head ( ! h5 :5 %e %[s no desire to mate4 7#d7 ,cock's coo is deep & full1 :ile h5's is %>p4 #ci4 ,selection ( ,/ock a4 ,,g5]al4 ,/ock = bre$+ at a l(t %\ld be select$ ) ! advice ( ! pigeon exp]t 9 *>ge ( bre$+4 ,! pigeone] :o desires to become an exp]t 9 ! art ( bre$+ pigeons is enc\rag$ to /udy additional lit]ature on ?is subject4 ,! p$igree = at lea/ two g5]ations is us$ to det]m9e probable qualities ( future y\ng/]s s9ce x %[s family1 /ra91 & k9d ( fly+ 9 :i* ! birds excel1 z well z ! p]=mance ( o!r y\ng/]s produc$ by ! same p>5t4 b4 ,,physical ,,qualities4 ,pigeons select$ = bre$+ %\ld be 9 good heal? & z ne>ly p]fect physically z possible4 ,a pigeon :i* has _h a s]i\s injury1 or has be5 v ill1 is unsuitable4 ,! foll[+ physical qualities are desirable3 7#a7 ,fea!rs4 ,fea!rs %\ld be ( good quality4 ,flights1 :i* are mo/ important1 %\ld be heavy & wide1 & %\ld ov]lap :5 ! w+ is ext5d$1 %[+ no gaps4 ,birds ) v ?9 flight %\ld n be br$4 ,body fea!rs %\ld be s(t & pl5tiful4 ,^? on neck & *e/ %\ld be glossy & iridesc5t4 7#b7 ,eye4 ,! eye is complex & is ( great importance4 ,x %\ld nev] be ( a sunk5 or ext5d$ nature1 b %\ld completely fill ! orbit 7bone cavity conta9+ ! eye7 & be surr\nd$ by a f9e :ite textur$ c]e4 ,! eye %\ld be cle> & bright2 its color is ( no importance4 ,! eye may be be/ exam9$ ) a magnify+ glass4 7a7 ,! pupil is approximately "o-?ird ! size ( ! eye4 ,x dilates & contracts accord+ to int5sity ( light & di/ance ( object be+ focus$4 ,! pupil %\ld be black & brilliant4 7b7 ,a ?9 visible muscle 7(t5 call$ ! sc\t+ sight7 %\ld completely encircle ! pupil4 ,?is muscle dilates & contracts ! pupil4 ,a portion ( ! muscle may be ( a d>k] %ade & locat$ ei!r at ! front or l[] front ( ! pupil4 ,?is muscle %\ld be prom95t 9 at lea/ "o ( ! birds select$ = bre$+ to produce a high] p]c5tage ( dep5dable birds4 ,if pigeons :i* d n possess ?is muscle1 or :i* h only a small portion ( x visible1 are to be us$ = bre$+ purposes1 !y %\ld be mat$ to pigeons hav+ a muscle :i* is m prom95t ev5 ?\gh x may n completely surr\nd ! pupil4 7c7 ,! iris det]m9es ! color ( ! eye4 ,x %\ld be well bl5d$ & possess ! brilliance d5ot+ life & obs]vance4 ,pigeons possess+ fad$ or weak eyes are n desirable = bre$+ purposes4 ,spla%$ birds (t5 possess a 8bull eye0 :i* has an iris ( a solid1 d>k purpli%-br[n color4 ,:5 ?is color appe>s only on a "p ( ! iris1 ! bird has a spla%$ eye4 ,x is h>d to detect ! muscle surr\nd+ ! pupil :5 ! 8bull eye0 is pres5t4 ,! color ( ! iris may be m>oon1 ruby-r$1 rose1 p9k1 walnut1 *e/nut-br[n1 orange1 yell[-orange1 c>rot1 violet1 grayi% :ite1 or pe>l4 ,:5 ! iris consi/s ( "o color only1 x w be consid]$ a 8full eye40 ,two colors may occasionally be pres5t 9 ! iris1 su* z r$ & yell[1 orange & yell[1 & s =?4 ,! two colors %\ld be well bl5d$ 9 any case4 8,full eyes0 & 8two-color$ eyes0 are bo? satisfactory = bre$+ purposes4 ,mat$ birds %\ld h irises ( simil> %ades4 ,! out] "p ( ! iris is normally d>ke/2 ! color dim9i%es t[>d ! c5t] ( ! eye4 ,?is color+ is m pron\nc$ :5 ! birds are 9 top condition4 7d7 ,! ?9 l9e circumscrib+ ! iris %\ld be extremely d>k & v di/9ct4 7e7 ,! rema9d] ( ! eyeball %\ld be d>k & well cov]$ by ! c]e4 ,! bird is said to h an 8op5 eye0 :5 ! portion ( ! eyeball :i* %\ld be cov]$ by ! c]e is visible4 ,birds ) op5 eyes are undesirable = bre$+4 7f7 ,! upp] & l[] lids are a "p ( ! eye c]e4 ,a ?ird lid :i* is a transp>5t membrane frees ! eye f =eign mat]ial4 ,! bl9k+ ( ! ?ird lid c sc>cely be detect$ :5 ! pigeons are 9 p]fect heal?4 7#c7 ,size & temp]am5t4 ,m$ium-siz$ pigeons are mo/ desirable & birds %\ld be mat$ to atta9 ?is uni=m size4 ,birds be+ mat$ to bre$ /ock = pigeon communication %\ld be calm & easy go+1 n high-/rung4 ,n]v\s or excitable birds %\ld nev] be mat$4 #dj4 ,l9e ,bre$+ ,! aim ( bre$+ f pigeons ( ! same or closely relat$ p>5tage is to reproduce ! qualities ( ! old birds 9 _! "y1 amplify+ ! good qualities & m9imiz+ ! bad4 ,l9e bre$+ requires ! s]vices ( an exp]i5c$ pigeone]4 ,only *ampions :i* are physically p]fect %\ld be mat$4 ,except = l9e bre$+1 inbre$+ %\ld n be practic$4 #da4 ,ne/s a4 ,b[l ,,pg-#ge is an exp5dable item made ( press$ wood pulp & is us$ z a ne/+ place = pigeons4 ,x is advisable to replace ! b[ls occasionally to avoid v]m94 ,cocks display a ke5 desire to use ! same ne/ comp>tm5t ea* "t !y are mat$ or1 if mov$ to a diff]5t l(t1 ! ne/ comp>tm5t 9 ! same relative position z ! "o occupi$ previ\sly4 ,if n p]mitt$ to d ?is1 ! cock w fight ! occupant ( ! comp>tm5t4 ,!re=e1 consult previ\s bre$+ records c>efully 9 assign+ ne/ comp>tm5ts4 ,h5s d n %[ ?is trait1 b accept a *ange 9 comp>tm5ts & foll[ _! mates4 b4 ,keep a supply ( tobacco /ems = ne/ mat]ial 9 a rack on ! floor ( ! l(t4 ,all[ ! pigeons to arrange ?is mat]ial to suit _! fancy4 ,put a h&ful ( sawdu/ or wood %av+s 9 ! ne/ b[l to prev5t break+ ( eggs4 #db4 ,control ( ,bre$+ ,! me?od ( control giv5 bel[ is simple1 natural1 & successful2 x requires m9imum h&l+ ( ! birds4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #ci4 ,p>5t pigeons 9 ne/ ) y\ng/]s 9 ,b[l ,,pg-#ge4 ,,tl#gjbjh a4 ,,"t4 ,s9ce be/ y\ng/]s are obta9$ :5 birds are mat$ dur+ ,febru>y1 ,m>*1 & ,april1 :5ev] possible1 arrange all bre$+ = ! ye> dur+ ^! mon?s4 ,eggs :i* %\ld n be hat*$ %\ld be replac$ ) ,,egg ,,pg-#ej 7glass74 b4 ,,mat+4 ,to beg9 bre$+1 place ea* pair to be mat$ 9 its ne/1 & conf9e = approximately #a day4 ,op5 "o ( ! ne/s & all[ ! pair to leave & return at w4 ,! pair may be consid]$ mat$ aft] x returns to ! ne/ sev]al times4 ,close ! ne/ comp>tm5t & proce$ 9 ! same mann] ) ! next pair1 & s on until ea* pair is mat$4 c4 ,,aft] ,,mat+4 ,to m9imize ! dang] ( birds ent]+ ! wrong ne/ & fight+1 op5 only alt]nate ne/ comp>tm5ts = ! fir/ few days aft] mat+4 d4 ,,foll[+ ,,season4 ,any pair produc+ out/&+ y\ng/]s %\ld be mat$ ! same way ea* ye>4 ,mat$ pairs produc+ unsatisfactory y\ng/]s %\ld be sep>at$ & ea* pigeon remat$4 ,de/roy bre$] pigeons :i* produce unsatisfactory y\ng/]s subsequ5tly4 #dc4 ,lay+ ,! fir/ egg is usually laid dur+ late aft]noon f #g to #aj days aft] ne/+ has be5 />t$4 ,! second egg is laid approximately #dd h\rs lat]4 ,z a rule1 p>5t birds d n hov] ! fir/ egg until ! second egg has be5 laid4 ,?is usually enables ! y\ng/]s to hat* )9 #a h\r ( ea* o!r1 & gives ea* "o an equal *ance4 ,! y\ng/] f ! fir/ egg w be mu* l>g] ?an ! o!r if ! p>5t birds />t to hov] at ! "t ! fir/ egg is laid4 ,f]tility is indicat$ if ! egg becomes a light blui% color aft] #aj days1 or if x %[s blood l9es aft] #e days :5 held up to ! sun's rays4 ,d n de/roy ! fir/ pair ( eggs z x is g5]ally believ$ t !y (t5 produce ! be/ y\ng/]s ( t ye>4 #dd4 ,hat*+ & ,fe$+ a4 ,! incubation p]iod is f #ag to #ah days long4 ,! h5 pigeon usually sits f #afjj ( "o day to #ajjj ! foll[+ morn+2 ! male pigeon sits ! rema9d] ( t day4 b4 ,! "y pigeons are f$ by bo? p>5ts4 ,_! fir/ fe$ is a ?ick1 creamy-:ite excretion produc$ 9 ! crop ( bo? female & male 7pigeon milk or pap74 ,pigeons are ! only birds bo? sexes ( :i* produce milk = _! "y4 ,! "y pigeon places x's bill d[n ! ?roat ( ei!r p>5t1 & ! p>5t 9 return =ces ! food into ! "y "o's ?roat4 ,?is me?od ( fe$+ is kn[n z 8regurgitation40 #de4 ,id5tification ,! id5tification record ( ! pigeon is />t$ :5 ! h5 lays ! egg4 ,until ! "t t ! y\ng/] leaves ! ne/ comp>tm5t1 ?is record is kept on a bre$+ c>d 7p>4 #bg74 ,= id5tification purposes1 ea* pigeon is b&$ :5 approximately #h days ( age 7p>4 #bh74 #df4 ,cull+ ,x is necess>y to cull 7de/roy7 sev]ely to keep ! /ock 9 a l(t up to /&>d4 ,cull birds :i* d n meet physical requirem5ts = bre$+ unless all birds are ne$$4 ,9 addition1 de/roy ^? :i* %[ a def9ite lack ( intellig5ce1 or :i* d n p]=m up to ! av]age4 ,ab\t #cj p]c5t ( ! "y br$ 9 any "o season are normally "u ! physical /&>d & %\ld be cull$ to keep ! /ock f deg5]at+4 ,9 addition to losses su/a9$ ?r\gh cull+1 #bj to #cj p]c5t ( ! rema9+ /ock may be expect$ to be lo/ dur+ tra9+ flights1 z result ( disease & injury1 or ?r\gh additional cull+ because ( sub/&>d p]=mance4 ,,section ,,vii ,,diseases ,,& ,,m$ic9es #dg4 ,g5]al ,c]ta9 diseases attack pigeons4 ,normal prev5tive me?ods usually protect pigeons f disease4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ^! diseases are n detect$ imm$iately1 !y are likely to sweep ?r\gh ! l(t1 de/roy+ or ru9+ mo/ ( ! birds4 ,x is necess>y1 !re=e1 t ! pigeone] be able to detect1 correctly diagnose1 & treat ! m common pigeon diseases1 9 addition to tak+ prev5tive measures4 #dh4 ,prev5tion ( ,disease ,disease prev5tion is mu* simpl] & *eap] ?an control or cure4 ,m$ic9es are only em]g5cy measures us$ 9 an attempt to ov]come disease4 a4 ,,sanitation4 ,?is is ! mo/ important way ( prev5t+ disease & its value %\ld nev] be und]e/imat$4 ,! foll[+ rules = sanitation 9 ! c>e ( pigeons mu/ be /rictly adh]$ to3 7#a7 ,keep l(t clean & dry4 7#b7 ,keep dr9k+ f\nta9 clean & wat] free f pollution4 7#c7 ,qu>ant9e new /ock until c]ta9 t all birds are free f disease4 7#d7 ,nev] p]mit /ray pigeons1 wild birds1 or rod5ts 7mice1 rats1 etc47 to ent] ! l(t4 7#e7 ,nev] fe$ pigeons on a dirty floor1 because mo/ ( ! m s]i\s diseases are transmitt$ ?r\gh ! dropp+s4 7#f7 ,bury or burn diseas$ birds t h be5 de/roy$4 7#g7 ,imm$iately isolate birds %[+ any signs ( sickness4 7#h7 ,aft] t\*+ diseas$ birds dis9fect ! h&s be=e h&l+ o!r birds4 7#i7 ,?or\ghly clean & dis9fect l(ts contam9at$ by disease4 b4 ,,l(t ,,condition4 ,pigeons mu/ nev] be cr[d$ 9 ! l(t4 ,x is be/ to subdivide l>ge l(ts into small] comp>tm5ts = bett] control & ease ( obs]vation4 ,sunlight & dryness are two great natural dis9fectants :i* %\ld be utiliz$ fully ?r\gh pl5ty ( w9d[ space & adequate v5tilation4 ,elim9ate /rong direct drafts because !y *ill birds & l[] _! resi/ance to disease4 #di4 ,control ( ,disease a4 ,pigeons %[+ any signs ( sickness mu/ be segregat$ imm$iately4 ,9 combat l(ts !re is normally no place available to isolate & treat diseas$ birds1 !re=e1 x is usually advisable to de/roy !m & burn or bury _! rema9s to avoid contam9at+ ! re/ ( ! flock4 b4 ,9 any case ( disease1 ! l(t %\ld be ?or\ghly clean$ & dis9fect$ to de/roy ! g]ms ( ! disease z well z ! mites & lice :i* may be c>ri]s4 ,cresol1 saponat$ solution1 is an effici5t dis9fectant :5 us$ 9 a #d-p]c5t solution 9 w>m or hot wat]4 ,?is dis9fectant is issu$ to signal pigeon companies4 #ej4 ,anatomy & ,physiology ,a k ( ! /ructure & function ( ! bird's body helps a pigeone] und]/& 8 birds & c]ta9 ( _! diseases4 ,= conv5i5ce1 ! v>i\s organs are divid$ into gr\ps or sy/ems accord+ to _! functions4 a4 ,,respiratory ,,sy/em4 7#a7 ,m\? & no/rils admit air4 7#b7 ,glottis or l>ynx is ! op5+ into ! tra*ea4 7#c7 ,tra*ea conducts air to & f ! lungs4 7#d7 ,lungs are organs ( gase\s int]*ange4 ,air spaces are surr\nd$ by a network ( capill>ies4 ,"h ! blood gives (f c>bon dioxide & takes on oxyg54 7#e7 ,n9e air sacs cool ! pigeon1 give x buoyance1 & me*anically aid ! pigeon to brea!4 b4 ,,dige/ive ,,sy/em4 7#a7 ,m\? is ! op5+ ?r\gh :i* food is receiv$4 7#b7 ,esophagus conducts food to ! crop4 7#c7 ,crop1 or +luvius1 /ores & s(t5s ! food4 7#d7 ,true /oma*1 or prov5triculus1 furni%es ga/ric dige/ive juices t dige/ prote9s & c>bohydrates4 7#e7 ,gizz>d is ! gr9d+ & mix+ organ4 7#f7 ,pancreas furni%es dige/ive juices t dige/ fats1 prote9s1 & c>bohydrates1 besides furni%+ c]ta9 int]nal secretions4 7#g7 ,liv] produces bile :i* helps dige/ food4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #dj4 ,l(t clean+ equipm5t4 ,,tl#gjbji 7#h7 ,inte/9es provide space = food :ile x is be+ dige/$ & absorb$ by ! blood /ream4 ,! inte/9es also furni% "s dige/ive juices4 c4 ,,circulatory ,,sy/em4 ,! circulatory sy/em consi/s ( ! he>t1 art]ies1 ve9s1 & capill>ies4 ,its function is to convey n\ri%+ blood f ! he>t to all p>ts ( ! body & to dispose ( ! wa/e mat]ial produc$ by ! work+ tissues4 ,! he>t consi/s ( f\r *amb]s3 two v5tricles & two auricles4 ,! "r auricle receives ! /ale blood f ! ve9s & pumps x into ! "r v5tricle :i* pumps x ?r\gh an art]y to ! lungs4 ,"h wa/e matt]1 su* z c>bon dioxide1 is elim9at$ f ! blood & fre% oxyg5 is re/or$4 ,! blood !n returns to ! he>t ?r\gh a ve9 ent]+ ! left auricle4 ,proce$+ f ! left auricle to ! left v5tricle1 x is pump$ out ?r\gh ! art]ies to ! capill>ies1 :i* are ! smalle/ vessels ( ! body4 ,! capill>ies circulate ! blood ?r\gh e tissue ( ! body1 disp5s+ oxyg5 & food4 ,! blood !n picks up wa/e mat]ial on its return to ! he>t ?r\gh ! ve9s4 ,! circulation ( blood 9 ! pigeon is v rapid1 & ) ! he>t beat+ #bjj to #cjj times a m9ute1 only a few m9utes are requir$ to complete ! circuit4 d4 ,,reproductive ,,sy/em4 7#a7 ,male birds h two te/es 7te/icles74 7#b7 ,female birds h "o 7left7 ov>y & "o oviduct1 or egg tube1 ?r\gh :i* ! yolks pass to get ! album91 %ell membrane1 & %ell4 e4 ,,ur9>y ,,sy/em4 ,! kidneys take impurities out ( ! blood1 & pass !m into ! cloaca 7comb9ation bladd] & rectum74 #ea4 ,indications ( ,sickness a4 ,! common indications ( sickness are-- 7#a7 ,refus+ to eat4 7#b7 ,dull1 wat]y eyes4 7#c7 ,droopy appe>ance ) ruffl$ fea!rs & no desire to move4 7#d7 ,gre51 wat]y dropp+s4 ,if su* dropp+s are not$ 9 ! l(t all birds %\ld be wat*$ until ! sick "o is detect$4 b4 ,! easie/ & be/ way to detect sick pigeons is to obs]ve ! birds at fe$+ "t4 ,! pigeone] %\ld also exam9e all birds z !y are be+ basket$ = tra9+ tosses4 #eb4 ,diseases ,pigeons are subject to num]\s infecti\s & contagi\s diseases4 ,^! diseases are caus$ by g]ms su* z bact]ia & viruses1 & are transmitt$ 9 poor fe$1 dirty wat]1 unclean l(ts1 & simil> conditions %[+ mismanagem5t4 ,infecti\s diseases are contagi\s if ! birds !mselves transmit g]ms to "o ano!r4 a4 ,pigeon pox is a common infecti\s1 contagi\s disease :i* usually affects unfea!r$ portions ( ! pigeon's head & feet4 ,pox (t5 develop on ! muc\s membrane1 l9+ ( ! m\? & ?roat4 ,9 an outbreak1 bo? types are usually se54 ,! pox appe> z swell+s cov]$ ) light yell[ mat]ial & are sometimes call$ wet pock1 diph!ria1 or cank]4 7#a7 ,symptoms4 ,! c\rse ( ! disease runs ab\t #d weeks4 7a7 ,! virus gets into ! sk9 or muc\s membrane & causes a w>tlike swell+1 call$ a pock1 at ! po9t ( infection4 ,! virus gr[s & causes ! pock to enl>ge = ab\t #aj days4 7b7 ,dur+ ! next #aj days ! tissues beg9 to die & turn yell[4 ,sometimes a bli/] =ms 9 ! pock1 b only a slight enl>gem5t occurs dur+ ?is p]iod4 ,dur+ ! la/ #aj days ! affect$ tissues beg9 to dry & =m scabs :i* soon heal & drop (f4 7c7 ,pock 9 ! m\? & ?roat foll[s ! same c\rse z 9 7b7 above except !y are cov]$ ) a light yell[ lay] ( tissues4 ,in/ead ( becom+ a dry scab =mation1 ! pock becomes a yell[ *eesy =mation4 7#b7 ,treatm5t4 ,usually ?is is ( little value1 z pox w run its c\rse ( ab\t #d weeks1 reg>dless ( treatm5t4 7a7 ,"o p]c5t yell[ oxide ( m]cury o9tm5t w help soo! affect$ eyes4 7b7 ,pock 9 ! m\? may be cut away1 & ! area pa9t$ ) t9cture ( iod9e or c>efully caut]iz$ ) silv] nitrate to /op ble$+4 7c7 ,birds t refuse to eat may be f$ by =ce until ! disease runs its c\rse4 7d7 ,vacc9ation has no curative value on affect$ birds4 7e7 ,?or\ghly clean & dis9fect l(t aft] an outbreak ( ?is disease4 7#c7 ,prev5tion4 ,?is is simple if all susceptible birds are vacc9at$4 ,vacc9ation aga9/ pox is "o ( ! mo/ successful kn[n because all birds receiv+ x are made p]man5tly immune4 ,birds may be vacc9at$ at #e or #f weeks ( age4 7a7 ,pluck five or six fea!rs f ! brea/ region ( ! bird & bru% ! vacc9e into ! follicles4 7b7 ,9 ab\t #aj days ! follicles swell & a pock develops4 ,?is runs a c\rse ( ab\t #d weeks & heals4 7c7 ,all susceptible birds 9 a l(t %\ld be vacc9at$ at ! same "t & ea* %\ld be exam9$ = 8takes0 aft] vacc9ations4 b4 ,,p>atyphoid is a common infecti\s disease ( pigeons & is probably ! mo/ deva/at+ ( bact]ial infecti\s diseases at ! pres5t "t4 ,x may affect ! bird 9 _m ways1 & produce su* a v>iety ( symptoms t x is (t5 mi/ak5 = num]\s o!r diseases4 ,! only def9ite way ( diagnos+ p>atyphoid is by laboratory te/s4 ,a t5tative diagnosis c be made1 h[ev]1 ^u obs]v+ typical symptoms4 7#a7 ,symptoms4 ,! c\rse ( ! disease v>ies f a rapidly fatal blood poison+ to a sl[1 *ronic disease )1 or )\t1 complete recov]y4 ,! infection may take place ?r\gh ! egg1 by way ( milk f$ to y\ng/]s1 or by contam9at$ fe$1 wat]1 & grit4 ,! mann] ( infection has no be>+ on ! c\rse ( ! disease4 ,! g]ms may get into ! blood-/ream1 g all ?r\gh ! body1 & cause sudd5 dea?2 or ! infection may be less sev]e & localize 9 any "o ( ! num]\s organs4 7a7 ,bact]ia may localize 9 ! inte/9es & produce mild to v sev]e inflammation4 ,?is usually results 9 di>rhea4 7b7 ,localizations 9 ! lungs are v common & appe> z h>d1 dri$ abscesses4 ,^! are seldom s s]i\s z to cause respiratory di/ress4 7c7 ,jo9t boils result f direct localization ( ! g]ms 9 ! jo9ts ( ! legs or w+s4 ,naturally ?is produces lam5ess4 7d7 ,inflammatory reactions ( ! sple5 & liv] are (t5 ! result ( ! localization ( ! g]m 9 ^! organs4 ,*ronic inflammation ( ! entire liv] is also obs]v$4 ,! abdom5 ( su* birds usually fills ) fluid & ! bird !n gets ?9 & dies4 7e7 ,p>atyphoid g]ms q (t5 localize 9 ! bra9 & cause abscess =mation4 ,su* abscesses cause a v>iety ( symptoms1 dep5d+ on :i* "p ( ! bra9 is involv$4 ,usually ! bird %[s loss ( equilibrium4 ,x may twi/ its head & neck ab\t1 %[ trembl+ ( ! head & neck1 or o!r n]v\s symptoms4 ,su* birds r>ely recov]4 7f7 ,occasionally ! g]m w localize 9 ! eye4 ,! inside ( ! eye turns :ite & sight is lo/4 ,only r>ely are bo? eyes involv$4 ,su* birds appe> to be v ill & usually die 9 a %ort p]iod ( "t4 7g7 ,g]ms may localize 9 ! ov>y ( ! female or te/es ( ! male4 ,su* birds may %[ no symptoms1 or !y may become /]ile4 ,eggs laid by su* birds may be inf]tile4 ,y\ng/]s1 if hat*$1 may be weak & die soon aft]4 ,g]ms may localize 9 ! oviduct & cause an impact$ oviduct4 7h7 ,! only def9ite way ( diagnos+ p>atyphoid is by laboratory te/s4 ,a t5tative diagnosis c be made1 h[ev]1 ^u obs]v+ ! typical symptoms4 7#b7 ,treatm5t4 ,treatm5t is useless = visibly affect$ birds4 ,nei!r drugs nor vacc9es seem to be ( any value 9 treat+ ?is condition4 ,_m birds recov] f mild infections )\t treatm5t4 ,!re=e1 ! be/ possible c>e %\ld be provid$ = ! birds 9 ord] to keep _! resi/ance high s t !y c successfully combat ! infection & ov]come disease4 7#c7 ,prev5tion4 ,s9ce contam9ation ( fe$1 wat]1 & grit by dropp+s is probably ! greate/ cause ( p>atyphoid1 sanitation is ! be/ prev5tive4 7a7 ,clean ! l(t scrupul\sly4 7b7 ,ma9ta9 sanit>y dr9k+ f\nta9s ) fre% wat] to avoid spread+ infection by way ( wat]4 ,take special c>e to prev5t dampness f spillage or leakage ar\nd ! dr9k+ f\nta91 z ?is makes an ideal place = bact]ia to accumulate4 7c7 ,feces f birds ) di>rhea %\ld be remov$ f ! l(t z soon z notic$4 7d7 ,frequ5t dis9fection ( ! l(t ) a /rong dis9fectant l #d p]c5t saponifi$ cresol w help keep d[n contam9ation4 c4 ,,tri*omoniasis4 ,?is is a v common disease ( pigeons commonly se5 9 ! m\?1 esophagus1 or crop 9 ! =m ( *eesy yell[ or :ite lesions4 ,= ?is reason x is (t5 call$ 8cank]0 by pigeon fanci]s4 ,! cause is a motile "o-cell$ organism4 ,only ! common type ( ?is organism w be consid]$ "h4 ,?is disease has _m c>ri]s4 ,x %[s up only :]e sanit>y conditions are bad or o!r diseases are pres5t4 7#a7 ,symptoms4 ,! c\rse ( ! disease v>ies accord+ to resi/ance ( ! affect$ bird1 treatm5t1 & c>e4 ,"y birds 9 ! ne/ become infect$ ?r\gh 8milk0 ( infect$ p>5ts4 ,infection d\btless spreads by contact :ile 8bill+0 & fight+4 ,g]ms cause affect$ tissues to die4 ,?is results 9 ! =mation ( a sore or op5+ d[n into ! tissue ) a v>y+-siz$ yell[1 *eesy exudate or scab =m+ ov] x4 ,sometimes su* scabs become v l>ge & ne>ly fill ! m\?1 ?roat1 or crop4 7#b7 ,treatm5t4 ,v>i\s drugs & *emicals h be5 us$ to treat tri*omoniasis4 ,h[ev]1 ?is condition has prov$ q unresponsive to usual m$ication4 ,9 fact1 drugs d n h mu*1 if any1 direct effect on ! heal+ ( tissue4 ,all t m$ic9e c d is to cut d[n ! numb] ( p>asites pres5t & p]mit nature to repair ! damage done to ! tissue4 ,sugge/$ proc$ures = treatm5t foll[3 7a7 ,remove all yell[ pus pat*es ) cotton swabs4 ,!n pa9t area ) a mixture ( iodiz$ oil & sulfanilamide p[d]4 ,! iodiz$ oil is prep>$ by us+ #a gram iod9e1 #a4e grams potassium iodide1 & #b ounces light petrolatum4 ,! iod9e requires "s "t & frequ5t %ak+ to dissolve4 ,make a small cotton swab on an applicator /ick1 dip x into ! oil1 roll x 9 ! sulfanilamide p[d]1 & !n apply to clean$ tri*omoniasis 7cank]7 lesion4 ,daily treatm5t1 re/1 & an abundance ( good fe$ are necess>y4 7b7 ,clean (f exudate by local applications ( t9cture ( iod9e1 or a mixture ( "o "p iod9e to ?ree p>ts glyc]9e2 at ! same "t lesions w respond to su* treatm5t4 ,silv] nitrate may be us$ ei!r 9 /ick =m or 9 solution4 7#c7 ,prev5tion4 ,sanitation is ! be/ prev5tive4 7a7 ,correct pr$ispos+ causes su* z wet floors1 ne/s1 & p]*es4 7b7 ,try to isolate infect$ birds1 provid$ ! numb] is n too l>ge4 7c7 ,attempt to control spread ( p>asitic infe/ation by us+ a p>asiticide l copp] sulphate 9 ! dr9k+ wat]4 ,?is is us$ 9 a #a-bjjj solution4 d4 ,,tub]culosis4 ,?is is an infecti\s & highly contagi\s disease caus$ by a highly-resi/ant g]m :i* c live 9 soil = #b ye>s4 7#a7 ,symptoms4 ,! "y die sudd5ly & old birds wa/e away4 ,grayi% :ite nodules appe> 9 liv] & sple51 basket ulc]s 9 inte/9es1 & yell[ nodules 9 all p>ts ( ! body4 7#b7 ,treatm5t4 ,!re is no treatm5t = tub]culosis4 ,de/roy all affect$ birds & ?or\ghly clean & dis9fect l(t4 7#c7 ,prev5tion4 ,keep all /ray pigeons out ( l(t & ma9ta9 sanit>y conditions at all times4 e4 ,,"o-,,eye ,,cold 7,,conjunctivitus74 7#a7 ,symptoms4 ,!re is a wat]y dis*>ge f ! eye1 & ! surr\nd+ membranes are frequ5tly swoll54 7#b7 ,treatm5t4 ,place bird 9 a w>m room & treat eye daily ) "o drop ( metaph91 or "o drop ( #ae p]c5t argyrol4 7#c7 ,prev5tion4 ,provide prop] v5tilation 9 ! l(t4 ,avoid dampness & drafts4 f4 ,,go+ ,,light4 ,?is is n a disease 9 itself b a symptom or result ( a disease4 ,any pigeon %[+ loss ( fle% %\ld be isolat$ & obs]v$ until ! affect+ disease is det]m9$4 g4 ,,di>rhea4 ,?is is n usually a di/9ct disease1 b ! result ( "s o!r disease4 7#a7 ,symptoms4 ,dropp+s are gre5 & wat]y4 7#b7 ,treatm5t4 ,sick birds %\ld be isolat$ & obs]v$ to det]m9e if !y h "s o!r disease4 ,fe$+ ( rice w usually *eck ! condition if x is caus$ by fe$ or dr9k+ wat]4 7#c7 ,prev5tion4 ,sanit>y l(t conditions1 prop] diet1 & fre% dr9k+ wat] w help prev5t x4 h4 ,,s\r ,,crop4 ,s\r crop is caus$ by damp or m\ldy gra91 impure wat] or lack ( grit4 7#a7 ,symptoms4 ,! pigeon w sit ) fea!rs ruffl$4 ,a gre5i% di>rhea usually accompanies s\r crop4 ,on exam9ation ! crop is f\nd to be h>d & di/5d$4 7#b7 ,treatm5t4 ,hold ! bird ) head d[n & g5tly press on ! crop until all fe$ has be5 remov$4 ,flu% out ! crop ) a solution ( #d teaspoons ( bic>bonate ( soda to a qu>t ( w>m wat]4 ,fe$ a light mixture1 consi/+ mo/ly ( rice1 millet1 kaffir corn1 & o!r small se$s4 ,repeat ! clean+ & flu%+ ( ! crop daily1 if necess>y1 until ?is condition cle>s4 7#c7 ,prev5tion4 ,sanit>y l(t conditions1 prop] diet1 & fre% dr9k+ wat] w help prev5t x4 #ec4 ,ext]nal ,p>asites ,_m insects & relat$ species live (f o!r animals4 ,"s ( ^! p>asites1 l lice1 live on ! ho/ b fe$ only ^u bits ( its fea!rs & t9y scales & excretions ( ! sk94 ,o!rs are m vici\s & suck blood f ! animal4 ,diseases are (t5 spread f bird to bird ?r\gh ! life habits ( ^! p>asites4 a4 ,,lice4 ,lice are und\bt$ly ! mo/ common ( ^! ext]nal p>asites4 7#a7 ,diff]5t species4 ,!re are at lea/ six diff]5t species ( lice t attack pigeons 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,! ?ree mo/ common are-- 7a7 ,fea!r l\se4 ,?is is ! long1 sl5d] species t lives on ! b>bs & %aft ( ! fea!r ov] ne>ly any "p ( ! bird's body4 7b7 ,gold5 fea!r l\se4 ,?is l\se is a little %ort] & mu* broad] & lives on ! fea!rs1 p>ticul>ly on ! bird's body4 7c7 ,body l\se4 ,?is is ! l>ge/ ( ! pigeon lice4 ,x lives on ! sk9 r ?an on ! fea!rs4 ,x is ?\ght t ^! lice1 by bit+ ! v "y p9 fea!rs :5 !y are fill$ ) blood1 cause ! small p9hole p]=ations (t5 se5 9 pigeon fea!rs4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #da4 ,life cycle ( pigeon lice4 ,,tl#gjbaj 7#b7 ,habits 7fig4 #da74 ,9 ord] to combat lice prop]ly & intellig5tly1 x is necess>y to "k some?+ ab\t :]e & h[ !y fe$1 live1 & bre$4 7a7 ,adult lice live on ! sk9 & fea!rs ( ! bird & only r>ely leave ! pigeon4 ,:5 accid5tally dislodg$1 !y crawl v %ort di/ances to o!r birds4 ,lice _c live long] ?an a few days away f ! birds4 7b7 ,lice eat bits ( fea!rs1 scales1 & o!r debris (f ! sk94 ,!y d n suck blood4 7c7 ,female lice lay eggs 7nits7 along ! %afts ( ! fea!rs1 p>ticul>ly on ! prim>y cov]ts4 7d7 ,l\se eggs hat* 9 #aj to #ad days4 7e7 ,"y lice eat1 molt 7#c to #e times71 & gr[ to maturity 9 ab\t #ad days4 7#c7 ,diagnosis4 ,infe/$ pigeons are re/less & con/antly pick & scrat* 9 an ef=t to dislodge ! lice4 ,heavily infe/$ birds may become weak & ?9 because ! con/ant annoy+ movem5t ( lice int]f]es ) _! prop] relaxation & re/4 ,c>eful exam9ation ( ! birds w reveal ! lice4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #db4 ,life cycle ( common r$ mite4 ,,tl#gjbaa 7#d7 ,treatm5t4 ,! use ( sodium fluoride is a good /&>d me?od = ridd+ pigeons ( lice4 ,x c be appli$ 9 two ways3 7a7 ,dip me?od is v effici5t1 b c be us$ only 9 w>m wea!r4 ,birds %\ld be dipp$ on a w>m1 sunny day e>ly en\gh s !y w dry be=e night4 ,ea* bird is imm]s$ into ! solution up to ! head1 & ! fea!rs ruffl$ to all[ p5etration ( ! solution4 ,!n ! m\? & no/rils are held %ut & ! head imm]s$4 ,! dip is made ( #a gallon w>m wat]1 & #a ounce sodium fluoride4 7b7 ,du/ me?od may be us$ at any "t4 ,! birds are held :ile a few p9*es ( p[d]$ sodium fluoride are du/$ into ! fea!rs ov] v>i\s p>ts ( ! body4 ,sodium fluoride poisons lice :5 !y eat x4 ,effici5cy 9 del\s+ birds dep5ds on ?or\ghness ( wett+ or du/+4 7#e7 ,repeat treatm5t4 ,nei!r me?od above w kill nits nor prev5t !m f hat*+2 !re=e1 ! del\s+ mu/ be repeat$ 9 #aj to #ad days 9 ord] to kill newly hat*$ lice4 7#f7 ,prev5tion4 ,normally1 only pigeons c>ry pigeon lice4 ,= ?is reason1 ! spread ( lice to or f o!r k9ds ( birds is ( no conc]n4 ,h[ev]1 common pigeons & /raggl]s are prolific s\rces ( spread4 ,contact 9 crates is also a common s\rce ( infe/ation4 ,lice are (t5 bru%$ f infe/$ birds onto ! h&s & clo?+ ( pigeone]s :o lat] c>ry !m to clean birds h&l$ lat]4 b4 ,,r$ ,,mites4 ,r$ mites are a common p>asite ( ! pigeon4 7#a7 ,habits 7fig4 #db74 ,x is important to note ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! habits ( lice & mites4 7a7 ,mites live 91 on1 & "u ! ne/ b[ls1 ne/ boxes1 & any available crack or crevice4 7b7 ,mites g onto ! birds only long en\gh to fe$--usually ab\t #a_/b h\r4 7c7 ,r$ mites suck blood f ! pigeons4 ,x is ! engorg$ blood t makes ! mite r$4 7d7 ,mite eggs are deposit$ 9 ! cracks & crevices or debris ar\nd ! ne/ box :]e !y live4 7e7 ,eggs hat* 9 #b or m days1 accord+ to wea!r conditions4 7f7 ,newly-hat*$ mites mature 9 ab\t #e days4 7#b7 ,diagnosis4 ,pigeon's loss ( condition is ! mo/ evid5t indication ( mite infe/ation4 ,actual loss ( blood is probably less h>mful to ! bird ?an annoyance caus$ by crawl+ & bit+ ( mites4 7#c7 ,treatm5t4 ,mo/ good dis9fectants suppli$ to l(ts w kill mites satisfactorily if work$ well into all cracks & crevices4 ,oily dis9fectants are inexp5sive & v effective1 b leave ! l(t r unsightly4 ,:itewa% kills only by cov]+ up & is ineffective if any areas are miss$4 ,= ?is reason1 "s ( ! m ref9$ cresols are us$4 ,f\r p]c5t saponifi$ cresol 9 w>m wat] is q effective4 7#d7 ,repeat4 ,s9ce ! cresol does n kill ! eggs1 x is necess>y to repeat treatm5t 9 #e to #g days4 7#e7 ,prev5tion4 ,mites t attack pigeons are app>5tly ! same z f\nd on o!r birds1 includ+ dome/ic p\ltry4 ,!re=e1 wild birds1 /raggl+ pigeons1 & neighborhood p\ltry are possible s\rces ( infection4 ,light1 dry1 airy l(ts d n favor bre$+ ( mites4 c4 ,pigeon flies :i* are p>ticul>ly tr\blesome 9 w>m climates are true flies ) %ort1 flat1 wide bodies & long w+s4 7#a7 ,life cycle 7fig4 #df74 7a7 ,pigeon flies live among body fea!rs4 7b7 ,!y leave ! birds only to deposit l>vae1 or :5 di/urb$4 7c7 ,adult flies suck blood f ! birds4 7d7 ,female flies deposit liv+ l>vae 9 or ar\nd ! ne/ b[l1 ne/ box1 or ar\nd ! l(t4 7e7 ,newly deposit$ l>vae are :ite & ab\t ! size ( a small buck %ot4 ,)9 a few h\rs1 a h>d %ell =ms ar\nd !m & !y turn f :ite to br[n & !n to jet black4 7f7 ,"y flies em]ge f ^! %ells 9 ab\t #cj days & are ready = _! fir/ meal ( blood4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #dc4 ,life cycle ( pigeon fly4 ,,tl#gjbab 7#b7 ,diagnosis4 ,pigeon flies c easily be obs]v$ crawl+ among ! bird's fea!rs4 ,_! movem5t z well z bit+ greatly annoys ! birds4 ,h[ev]1 ! greate/ damage !y d is transmitt+ pigeon mal>ia4 7#c7 ,treatm5t4 ,a v effective & easily appli$ me?od ( treatm5t is to du/ ! birds lightly ) pyre?rum p[d]4 ,sweep ne/ boxes & l(t c>efully to collect pupae s t !y c be de/roy$4 ,pigeon flies w n travel f> f ! birds2 !re=e1 keep /raggl]s out ( l(t & c>efully inspect newly-introduc$ birds to avoid admitt+ flies4 d4 ,,mosquitoes4 ,mosquitoes are a v common b usually und]e/imat$ pe/4 ,besides mole/+ ! birds by bit+ & suck+ blood1 !y may transmit pox4 ,^! tr\blesome insects bre$ 9 /&+ wat]1 su* z swampy areas1 old t9 cans1 & ra9 b>rels4 ,control consi/s ( dra9+ or oil+ bre$+ places & us+ scre5s on l(t op5+s4 e4 ,o!r p>asites attack+ pigeons are fleas1 *igg]s1 ticks1 b$ bugs1 deplum+ mites1 fea!r mites1 air sac mites1 subcutane\s mites1 s& flies1 & beetle l>vae4 ,=tunately1 ^! are r>e4 #ed4 ,int]nal ,p>asites ,^! are ! worms t live inside pigeons4 ,r\nd worms are by f> ! mo/ num]\s4 ,tape worms are occasionally f\nd 9 pigeons1 b seldom pres5t a s]i\s problem4 a4 ,asc>ids1 or common l>ge r\nd worms are ! l>ge/ & mo/ preval5t ( ! r\nd worms4 ,adult worms are f #a to #b in*es long4 7#a7 ,habits4 ,k ( ! life cycle ( a r\nd worm is ( great importance = successful control ( ?is tr\blesome p>asite4 ,?is worm has a 8direct0 life cycle 7fig4 #dg7 7complet+ x 9 "o species74 7a7 ,mature worms live 9 ! upp] "p ( ! small inte/9es & fe$ by absorb+ food f ! inte/9al cont5ts ?r\gh _! own body walls4 7b7 ,eggs 7ova7 are deposit$ by female worms 9 ! inte/9al cont5ts ( ! pigeon1 & lat] pass out 9 ! pigeon dropp+s4 ,x has be5 e/imat$ t female worms lay z _m z #ab1jjj eggs a day4 ,feces f p>asitiz$ birds (t5 conta9 c\ntless numb]s ( ova4 7c7 ,fre%ly deposit$ worm eggs are mu* l fre%ly laid pigeon eggs1 9 t !y mu/ be incubat$ be=e !y are ready to hat*4 ,!y ne$ to rema9 9 w>m1 moi/ litt] or soil = #aj to #af days be=e ! worm l>vae c develop4 ,sev]e freez+1 excessively hot soil1 & direct sunlight w de/roy ! eggs4 7d7 ,:5 birds eat ! incubat$ eggs1 ! worms hat* out 9 _! inte/9es4 7e7 ,! t9y l>vae !n 8sew0 !mselves into ! l9+ ( ! inte/9es & beg9 to gr[4 7f7 ,aft] a few days1 ! l>vae crawl back into ! inte/9al canal :]e !y mature 9 #cj to #dj days4 7#b7 ,diagnosis4 ,asc>ids injure birds 9 sev]al ways4 7a7 ,:5 ! newly hat*$ worm 8sews0 itself into ! inte/9al l9+ ! area ar\nd ! puncture becomes inflam$ because ( me*anical injury1 loss ( blood1 & introduc$ infection4 ,?is localiz$ inflammation r5d]s t "p ( ! inte/9al l9+ useless = dige/+ & absorb+ food4 7b7 ,! worm absorbs food f ! inte/9al cont5ts :i* %\ld g to ! birds4 7c7 ,9 ord] to protect !mselves & avoid be+ dige/$1 ! worms give (f a sub/ance t neutralizes dige/ive juices4 ,?is sub/ance becomes mix$ ) inte/9al cont5ts & prev5ts prop] dige/ion4 7d7 ,worms sometimes become s num]\s t !y actually clog ! inte/9es4 ,z _m z #ejj worms h be5 f\nd 9 a s+le bird4 7e7 ,worm-infe/$ birds %[ loss ( condition & g5]al unheal?9ess4 ,diagnosis is made by f9d+ worms or worm eggs 9 dropp+s or by autopsy on typical specim5s4 7#c7 ,treatm5t4 ,! foll[+ drugs are only effective aga9/ mature worms &1 at be/1 are only #hj p]c5t effici5t3 #a-;,,cc ,oil ( turp5t9e p] bird4 #a_/b-;,,cc ,tetra*lore?yl5e p] bird4 #a_/b-;,,cc ,c>bon tetra*loride p] bird4 7#d7 ,prev5tion4 ,?is is relatively simple & practically #ajj p]c5t effective4 7a7 ,clean l(t daily & provide fre% wat]4 7b7 ,if avi>y does n h a wire bottom spread clean s& ab\t #a or #b in*es deep ov] its floor once e two weeks4 7c7 ,replace moi/ure & %ade by sun%9e & dry conditions4 b4 ,/rongyles are ! mo/ dang]\s ( ! common r\nd worms & "o ( ! mo/ common causes ( dea? among poorly kept pigeons4 ,! 8/rongyle0 is a v small p>asite :i* multiplies rapidly & is a vici\s blood suck]4 ,adult worms are f #a_/b to #c_/d in*es long & ab\t ! same size z ?9 ?read4 7#a7 ,habits4 ,?is worm has a 8direct0 cycle2 t gives ! key to successful control 7fig4 #de74 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #dd4 ,life cycle ( pigeon asc>ids4 ,,tl#gjbac 7a7 ,adult /rongyles live 9 ! upp] inte/9al cont5ts1 b may be f\nd z f> up z ! crop4 7b7 ,/rongyles are rav5\s blood suck]s4 7c7 ,female worms deposit eggs 9 ! inte/9al cont5ts :i* lat] pass out 9 ! feces4 7d7 ,eggs incubate 9 ab\t #a day1 if conditions are favorable4 7e7 ,"y l>vae hat* out & molt ab\t #h h\rs lat]4 ,^! l>vae aga9 molt 9 ab\t #c days & are !n infective4 ,?us1 ab\t #e days elapse f ! "t ! eggs are void$ by ! bird & ! "t ! "y l>val worms hat*1 molt1 & become infective4 7f7 ,! infective l>vae are eat5 by ! pigeons4 ,!n !y pass to ! inte/9es :]e !y mature4 7#b7 ,diagnosis4 7a7 ,/rongyles injure ! birds by lac]at+ ! inte/9e & suck+ blood4 ,aft] ! p>asite moves on1 ! lac]ation /ill ble$s consid]ably be=e a blood clot =ms4 ,ea* lac]ation results 9 an area ( infection & inflammation4 7b7 ,con/ant movem5t ( ! worms ov] ! inflam$ inte/9e adds to ! irritation4 7c7 ,sev]e1 & sometimes rapid1 loss ( condition & accompany+ anemia are usual symptoms4 ,diagnosis is confirm$ by f9d+ /rongyles 9 ! inte/9e ^u autopsy ( typical specim5s4 7#c7 ,treatm5t4 ,treatm5t is n satisfactory4 ,"o-half ,,cc doses ( tetra*lore?yl5e may be tri$4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #de4 ,life cycle ( pigeon /rongyle4 ,,tl#gjbad 7#d7 ,prev5tion4 ,! same me?ods prescrib$ = asc>ids apply to /rongyles4 c4 ,o!r r\nd worms attack+ pigeons are num]\s1 b only capill>y worms w be discuss$ "h4 ,^! are v ?91 hair-l worms sometimes f\nd 9 ! dige/ive tract ( pigeons f ! crop d[n ?r\gh ! inte/9e4 ,_! life cycle is direct4 ,no satisfactory drug has be5 f\nd to rid pigeons ( ?is worm4 ,=tunately1 _! life cycle is simil> to t ( asc>ids1 & ! same prev5tive measures are effective4 d4 ,tape worms1 :i* are occasionally se5 9 pigeons1 acquire a l5g? ( #f to #h in*es4 7#a7 ,life cycle4 ,tape worms h :at is call$ an indirect life cycle1 t is !y mu/ pass ?r\gh at lea/ two diff]5t species to complete x 7fig4 #df74 7a7 ,adult tape worms are f\nd 9 ! small inte/9e4 ,_! bodies are made up ( a head & segm5ts4 ,! head is ess5tially an an*or t fa/5s ! worm to ! inte/9e ( ! bird4 ,! body segm5ts =m at ! head & mature z !y gr[ fur!r f ! head4 7b7 ,ea* segm5t conta9s bo? male & female sex organs &1 z x matures1 becomes virtually a packet ( tape worm eggs4 7c7 ,segm5ts break (f & pass out 9 ! feces4 7d7 ,! tape worm's eggs are !n eat5 by a snail1 slug1 beetle1 or o!r insect :i* becomes ! 8int]m$iate ho/40 ,"h ! tape worm und]goes a c]ta9 am\nt ( developm5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #df4 ,life cycle ( pigeon tape worm4 ,,tl#gjbae 7e7 ,if ! int]m$iate ho/ is eat5 by a pigeon1 ! "y tape worm atta*es itself to ! bird's inte/9e & soon gr[s to maturity4 7#b7 ,diagnosis4 ,tape worms h>m ! ho/ by injur+ ! inte/9e at ! po9t :]e !y bury _! heads1 by absorb+ food1 & by giv+ (f ant5zymes4 7#c7 ,treatm5t4 ,unsatisfactory4 7#d7 ,prev5tion4 7a7 ,pigeons mu/ be well-c>$-= & f$ s t !y w n c>e to eat ! int]m$iate ho/s4 7b7 ,! me?od ( prev5tion prescrib$ = asc>ids is also applicable = tape worms4 #ee4 ,treatm5t ( ,injuries a4 ,,cuts ,,& ,,w\nds4 ,pigeons h m>vel\s p[]s ( heal+ _! own tissues1 p]haps because ( _! high body temp]ature & rapid rate ( body processes4 ,! foll[+ are aids to heal+4 7#a7 ,clean solid or contam9at$ w\nds ) boric acid solution or "s v mild antiseptic4 ,/rong dis9fectants burn ! expos$ tissues & delay w\nd heal+4 7#b7 ,/it* or suture l>ge te>s 9 ! sk9 to make !m relatively small]4 ,avoid plac+ suture 9 su* a way t a pocket is =m$ = ?is (t5 results 9 an abscess =mation4 ,use :ite silk or cotton ?read4 7#c7 ,remove excessively r\gh edges or hang+ flaps ( sk9 ) %>p scissors4 b4 ,,fractures4 7#a7 ,brok5 bones 9 ! extremities ( ! legs usually respond readily to treatm5t2 ^? involv+ ! l>ge bones pres5t a m complicat$ problem4 7#b7 ,! type ( fracture gov]ns ! s]i\sness ( ! injury4 7a7 ,simple fractures are ^? 9 :i* !re is no break 9 ! sk9 9 ! region ( ! fracture4 7b7 ,comp\nd fractures are ^? 9 :i* !re is a break 9 ! sk9 ov] ! bone injury4 7c7 ,p>tial fractures are ^? 9 :i* ! bone is crack$ b n completely sep>at$4 7d7 ,complete fractures are ^? 9 :i* !re is actual sep>ation ( ! p>ts ( bone4 7e7 ,comm9ut$ fractures are ^? 9 :i* ! bone is spl9t]$ or fragm5t$4 7#c7 ,treatm5t ( fractures is q simple3 br+ brok5 p>ts into contact & immobilize !m to avoid movem5t :i* might injure delicate heal+ tissues4 7a7 ,s9ce bones heal 9 :atev] position !y are plac$1 x is necess>y to spl9t ! limb 9 z ne>ly normal a position z possible4 7b7 ,take c>e t ! spl9t does n int]f]e ) heal+4 #a4 ,d n b&age spl9t too tightly4 ,! b&age mu/ be snug to avoid movem5t ( ! p>ts1 h[ev]1 if x is too tight1 ! blood supply w be cut (f & ! limb w die4 ,spl9ts appli$ be=e ! injur$ limb has swoll5 mu/ be closely obs]v$ = sev]al h\rs1 or until ! swell+ has rea*$ its maximum s t circulation is n imp$$4 #b4 ,pad limb ) cotton or gauze to protect x f ! h>d surfaces ( ! spl9t4 #c4 ,du/ p[d]$ boric acid on ! region ( ! fracture1 p>ticul>ly if ! fracture is comp\nd4 7c7 ,spl9ts may be easily & satisfactorily fa%ion$ f pieces ( pliable t94 ,cut & b5d to fit cont\r ( limb 9 normal re/+ position 7fig4 #dg74 ,spl9ts = fractures 9 ! %ank %\ld ext5d d[n along ! %ank on "o side1 !n b5d to =m a loop d[n ar\nd ! foot & back up ! opposite side ( ! limb4 ,9 a %ort "t ! bird le>ns t x c /ep on ! limb )\t pa9 because ! weight falls on ! loop ( ! spl9t r ?an on ! foot4 7d7 ,spl9ts %\ld be left 9 place = #c weeks be=e remov+4 ,heal+1 if successful1 w be suffici5t to p]mit removal ( spl9t at ?is "t4 c4 ,,torn ,,crops4 ,^! may be successfully sutur$ if ! edges are turn$ 9 s t ! outside surfaces1 n ! l9+1 ( ! crop come 9 contact4 ,! sk9 may !n be sutur$ to help support ! crop4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #dg4 ,spl9t = brok5 leg4 ,,tl#gjbaf #ef4 ,m$ic9es ,! foll[+ items ( m$ical supplies & equipm5t1 9 ! quantities li/$ 9 exi/+ in/ructions1 %\ld meet normal requirem5ts4 #ccgge ,ne$le1 eye1 size #d1 #c_/h-;circle1 #f-;94 #cffbd ,cotton ?read1 ,no4 #hj1 #aej yds4 #ggaaj ,bas91 h&4 #ggdaj ,capsule1 size #jj1 gelat91 #ajj4 #ggfjj ,cork1 ,no4 #b1 #a_/b #c_/h 941 #ajj4 #ggiej ,dropp]1 m$ic9e4 #ghjij ,graduate1 #aj-;,,cc1 glass4 #gidfj ,vial1 #a-oz41 ) screw cap4 #iaaaj ,iod9e1 #ae ,,gr1 & ,potassium2 iodide1 #bb4e-;,,gr1 ,,usp1 #aj tubes4 ,u4 ,s4 ,gov]nm5t ,pr9t+ ,(fice3 #aide--fbaiff