,,the ,,chautauquan4 ,a ,,monthly ,,magazine ,,devoted ,,to ,,the ,,promotion ,,of ,,true ,,culture4 ,,organ ,,of ,,the ,,chautauqua ,,literary ,,and ,,scientific ,,circle4 ,,vol4 ,v4 ,,april1 #ahhe4 ,no4 #g4 ,officers of the ,chautauqua ,literary and ,scientific ,circle4 ,president1 ,lewis ,miller1 ,akron1 ,ohio4 ,chancellor1 ,j4 ,h4 ,vincent1 ,d4,d41 ,new ,haven1 ,conn4 ,counselors1 ,the ,rev4 ,lyman ,abbott1 ,d4,d42 the ,rev4 ,j4 ,m4 ,gibson1 ,d4,d42 ,bishop ,h4 ,w4 ,warren1 ,d4,d42 ,prof4 ,w4 ,c4 ,wilkinson1 ,d4,d42 ,edward ,everett ,hale4 ,office ,secretary1 ,miss ,kate ,f4 ,kimball1 ,plainfield1 ,n4 ,j4 ,general ,secretary1 ,albert ,m4 ,martin1 ,pittsburgh1 ,pa4 ,contents ,transcriber's ,note3 ,this table of contents of this periodical was created for the ,,html version to aid the reader4 ,,required ,,reading ,,for ,,april4 ,aristotle #cgc ,home ,studies in ,chemistry and ,physics ,chemistry of ,earth #cge ,the ,circle of the ,sciences #cgh ,sunday ,readings ,april #e4 #chb ,april #ab4 #chc ,april #ai4 #chd ,april #bf4 #che ,easy ,lessons in ,animal ,biology ,chapter ,i4 #che ,jerry ,mc,auley and ,his ,work #cij ,ein ,feste ,burg ,ist ,unser ,gott4 ,translation of ,luther's ,famous ,hymn4 #cib ,the ,weather ,bureau #cic ,how to ,win ,chapter ,,ii4 #cif ,fortress1 ,palace and ,prison #cig ,geography of the ,heavens for ,april #djj ,england and ,islam #djb ,the ,art of ,fish ,culture ,part ,i4 #djd ,the ,life of ,george ,eliot #djg ,arbor ,day #dji ,how to ,work ,alone #daa ,outline of ,required ,readings for ,april #dac ,programs for ,local ,circle ,work #dac ,local ,circles #dac ,the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 ,classes #dai ,questions and ,answers #dbj ,editor's ,outlook #dbc ,editor's ,note-,book #dbe ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 ,notes on ,required ,readings for ,april #dbg ,notes on ,required ,readings in 8,the ,chautauquan0 #dbi ,paragraphs from ,new ,books #dca ,talk ,about ,books #dcb ,the ,chautauqua ,university3 ,what ,are ,its ,claims8 #dcc ,special ,notes #dcd ,,required ,,reading ,,for ,,april4 ,,aristotle4 ,,by ,,william ,c4 ,,wilkinson4 ,the 8,college ,greek ,course in ,english0 did not1 for a reason alluded to in the following paper1 include ,aristotle among the authors represented4 ,the readers of ,,the ,,chautauquan will be glad to get some acquaintance with so great an ancient name through this supplementary chapter from ,prof4 ,wilkinson's pen4 ,philosopher1 though he by eminence is ranked1 ,aristotle was1 too1 something of an encyclopedist4 ,he traversed almost the whole circle of the sciences1 as that circle existed for the ancient world4 ,but he was not simply first a learner1 and then a teacher1 of what others had found out before him4 ,he was also an explorer and discoverer4 ,inventor also he was1 if between discovery and invention we are to make a difference4 ,he was a great methodizer and systematizer of knowledge4 ,he bore to ,plato the personal relation of pupil4 ,the history of ,aristotle's intellectual influence is remarkable4 ,that influence has suffered several phases of wax and wane1 several alternate occultations and renewals of brightness4 ,during a certain period of time1 covering several hundred years1 he was1 perhaps beyond the fortune of any other man that ever lived1 the lord of human thought4 ,we mean the time of the schoolmen#a so called4 ,from near the close of the thirteenth century1 until the era of the ,reformation1 ,aristotle reigned supreme in the schools of ,christian theology1 which is the same thing as to say that he was acknowledged universal monarch of the ,european mind4 ,the business of the schoolmen may be said to have been to state the dogmas of the church in the forms of the ,aristotelian logic1 and then to reconcile those dogmas so stated1 with the teachings of the ,aristotelian philosophy4 ,curiously enough1 the introduction of ,aristotle to the doctors of the church was through the ,mohammedan ,arabs4 ,these men had1 during a term of centuries1 been the continuers of the intellectual life of the race4 ,while through the long night of those ages of darkness the ,christian mind slept1 the ,arabian mind1 waking1 gave itself largely to the study of ,aristotle4 ,the ,greek philosopher was posthumously naturalized a barbarian2 for ,aristotle's writings were now translated from their original tongue into ,arabic4 ,in this ,arabic version1 the celebrated ,ibn ,roshd 7chiefly famous under his latinized name ,a-verros7 knew ,aristotle and commented on him4 ,the ,arabic commentaries of ,averroes were translated into ,latin1 and the thought of ,aristotle thus became once more accessible to ,european students4 ,averroes 7,a4 ,d4 #aadi-aaih7 himself was of the ,moors of ,spain4 ,for centuries previous to the time when the son and successor of good ,haroun al ,raschid1#b known at least by name to the readers and lovers of ,tennyson1 collected at ,bagdad all the scattered volumes of ,greek letters that his agents could find in ,armenia1 ,syria and ,egypt--for centuries1 we say1 previous to this1 ,aristotle suffered an almost complete arrest and suspension of intellectual influence4 ,that man would have been a bold prophet who should then have predicted what a resurrection to power awaited the slumbering philosopher4 ,still earlier1 however1 than this1 that is1 during the interval between the third ,christian century and the sixth1 ,aristotle enjoyed a great vogue4 ,he was studied and commented on as if all human wisdom was summed up in him4 ,the spirit of independent and original philosophy had perished1 and whatever philosophic aptitude survived was well content to exhaust itself in expounding ,aristotle4 ,aristotle's works became a kind of common ,bible to the universal mind of the ,roman empire4 ,this was the period of the ,greek scholiasts1 so-called--in more ordinary language1 commentators4 ,taking the reverse or regressive direction of history1 we have thus run back to a point of time some six or seven centuries subsequent to the personal life and activity of ,aristotle4 ,during the latter half of these centuries1 ,aristotle's fame was gradually growing1 from total obscurity to its great culmination in splendor under the scholiasts4 ,before that growth began1 the productions of ,aristotle had experienced a fortune that is one of the romances of literary history4 ,the great pupil of ,plato had himself no great pupil to continue after his death the illustrious succession of ,grecian philosophy4 ,his writings1 unduplicated manuscripts they seem to have been1 fell into the hands of a disciple1 who1 dying1 bequeathed them to a disciple of his own1 residing in the ,troad4 ,to the ,troad accordingly they went4 ,here1 with a view to save them from the grasp of a ruthless royal collector of valuable parchments1 the family having these works in possession hid them in an underground vault1 in which they lay moldering and forgotten one hundred and fifty years6 ,it was thus in all nearly two hundred years that ,aristotle's thoughts were lost to the world4 ,when at last it was deemed safe1 the precious documents were brought out and sold to a rich and cultivated ,athenian4 ,this gentleman1 let us name him for honor1 it was ,a-pelli-con1 had unawares purchased his prize for a rapacious ,roman collector4 ,sylla seized it1 on his capture of ,athens1 and sent it to ,rome4 ,at ,rome it had the good fortune to be appreciated4 ,one ,an-dro-nicus edited the collection1 and gave to the world that1 probably1 which is now the accepted text of ,aristotle4 ,but1 romantic as has been the succession of vicissitudes befalling his productions and his fame1 ,aristotle is1 in his extant writings1 anything but a romantic author4 ,a less adorned1 a less succulent style1 than the style in which the ,stagirite 7he was of ,stagi-rus1 in ,macedonia7 wrote1 it would be difficult to find4 ,still it is a style invested at least with the charm of evident severe intentness1 in the writer1 on his chosen aim4 ,cicero1 it is true1 speaks of ,aristotle's style in language of praise that would well befit a characterization of ,plato4 ,but ,cicero must have had in view works of the philosopher other than those which we possess1 works written perhaps in the author's more florid youth4 ,with this conjecture agrees the fact that a list of ,aristotle's works1 made by the authorities of the renowned ,alexandrian library1 contains numerous titles not appearing in the writings that remain to us attributed to ,aristotle4 ,aristotle was not1 as ,plato was1 properly a man of letters4 ,or1 if he did bear this character1 the evidence of it has perished4 ,what we possess of his intellectual productions exhibits the author in the perfectly dry and colorless light of a man of science4 ,even in those treatises of his in which he comes nearest to the confines of pure and proper literature1 his interest is rather scientific than literary4 ,he discusses in two separate books the art of rhetoric and the art of poetry2 but he conducts his discussion without enthusiasm1 without imagination1 in the severely strict spirit of the analyst and philosopher4 ,the text of the two treatises now referred to survives in a state of great imperfection4 ,indeed1 the same is the case generally with ,aristotle's works4 ,critics have even surmised that1 in some instances1 notes of lectures1 taken by pupils while the master according to his wont was walking about and extemporizing discourse1 have done duty in place of authentic autograph originals supplied by the hand of ,aristotle himself4 ,the title 8,peripatetic0 7walk-about71 given to the ,aristotelian philosophy1 was suggested by the great teacher's habit1 thus alluded to1 of doing his work as teacher under the stimulus of exercise on his feet in the open air4 ,the non-literary character of ,aristotle's works has to a great extent excluded him from the course of ,greek reading adopted by colleges--this1 and moreover the fact that he occupies a position at the extreme hither limit1 if not quite outside the extreme limit1 of the ,greek classic age4 ,still he is now and then read in college2 and at any rate he is too redoubtable a name among those names which in their motions were 8,full-welling fountain-heads of change10 not to be an interesting object of knowledge to the readers of ,,the ,,chautauquan4 ,the productions of ,aristotle are numerous4 ,the ,alexandrian bibliography of him gives one hundred and forty-six titles of his works4 ,of the books thus catalogued not a vestige remains1 except in an occasional quotation from them at the hands of some other ancient writer4 ,the works commonly printed as ,aristotle's form an entirely different list4 ,we give a few of the leading titles or subjects3 8,organon10 a collective name for various writings that made up a system of logic2 8,rhetoric10 8,po-etics0 7art of poetry71 8,ethics10 8,politics10 8,natural ,philosophy10 8,biology10 8,metaphysics40 ,this last word1 which has acquired in modern use a very distinct meaning of its own1 was originally a mere meaningless designation of certain investigations or discussions entered into by ,aristotle after his physical researches4 ,the preposition meta 7after71 and physica 7physics71 give the etymology of the term4 ,the comprehensive or1 as we before said1 encyclopdic range of ,aristotle's intellectual activity will to the observant reader be sufficiently indicated by this list of titles4 ,for his work in natural history1 ,aristotle was powerfully supported by one of the most resplendent military geniuses that the world has ever seen1 ,alexander the ,great4 ,to this prince and warrior1 when he was a lad1 the philosopher had discharged the office of private teacher4 ,it would appear that either ,aristotle was courtier enough1 or young ,alexander was man enough1 to make this relation a pleasant one to the boy4 ,for1 in later years1 the conqueror of the world presented to his former teacher a round million of dollars to make himself comfortable withal4 ,but who can tell which it was1 gratitude for benefit received1 or remorse for trouble occasioned1 that prompted the ex post facto#c royal munificence8 ,perhaps it was both--a tardy gratitude quickened by a generous remorse4 ,the chief glory of ,aristotle is to have at once invented and finished the science of logic4 ,for this is an achievement which may justly be credited to the philosopher of ,stagirus4 ,it would generally be conceded that1 since ,aristotle's day1 little or nothing substantial has been added to the results of his labor in the field of pure logic4 ,the name ,orga-non 7instrument7 is not ,aristotle's word1 but that of some ancient editor of his works4 ,it is a noteworthy name1 as having dictated to ,bacon the title to his epoch-making work1 the ,novum ,organum 7the new method or instrument74 ,it would not be easy to give an exhaustive account of ,aristotle's productions1 and make the account attractive reading4 ,we shall not undertake so impracticable a task4 ,let our readers accept our word for it that ,aristotle1 though a justly renowned name in the history of thought1 is not fitted to be a popular author4 ,from his 8,history of ,animals0 we present a specimen extract that will perhaps with some readers go far toward confuting what we just now said4 ,there are1 we confess1 some things in this treatise that read almost as if they might belong to that truly fascinating book1 8,goldsmith's ,animated ,nature30 8,the cuckoo is said by some persons to be a changed hawk1 because the hawk which it resembles disappears when the cuckoo comes1 and indeed very few hawks of any sort can be seen during the period in which the cuckoo is singing1 except for a few days4 ,the cuckoo is seen for a short time in the summer1 and disappears in winter4 ,but the hawk has crooked talons1 which the cuckoo has not1 nor does it resemble the hawk in the form of its head1 but in both these respects is more like the pigeon than the hawk1 which it resembles in nothing but its color2 the markings1 however1 upon the hawk are like lines1 while the cuckoo is spotted4 8,its size and manner of flight is like that of the smallest kind of hawk1 which generally disappears during the season in which the cuckoo is seen4 ,but they have both been seen at the same time1 and the cuckoo was being devoured by the hawk1 though this is never done by birds of the same kind4 ,they say that no one has ever seen the young of the cuckoo4 ,it does1 however1 lay eggs1 but it makes no nest1 but sometimes it lays its eggs in the nests of small birds1 and devours their eggs1 especially in the nests of the pigeon 7when it has eaten their eggs74 ,sometimes it lays two1 but usually only one egg2 it lays also in the nest of the hypolais1#d which hatches and brings it up4 ,at this season it is particularly fat and sweet-fleshed2 the flesh also of young hawks is very sweet and fat4 ,there is also a kind of them which builds a nest in precipitous cliffs40 ,this morsel1 our readers must consider1 is not a very characteristic specimen of the feast that1 take all his works together1 ,aristotle spreads for his students4 ,but it is as toothsome as any we could offer4 ,if it makes our readers wish for more1 that is as friendly a feeling as we could possibly hope to inspire in them toward ,aristotle4 ,we shall now let them1 in that mood1 bid the great philosopher farewell4 ,,home ,,studies ,,in ,,chemistry ,,and ,,physics4 ,,by ,,prof4 ,j4 ,t4 ,,edwards1 ,d4,d4 ,director of the ,chautauqua ,school of ,experimental ,science4 ,,chemistry ,,of ,,earth4 ,john ,b4 ,gough declares that a few kind words spoken to him1 in a crisis of his life1 saved him from ruin4 ,he afterward carefully educated the orphan daughters of the gentleman who uttered those words4 8,why10 you say1 8it was a little thing40 8,yes1 little for him1 but a big thing for me40 ,illustration3 ,,crystals ,,of ,,alum4 ,the importance of many things depends upon the point of observation4 ,to a hypothetical astronomer on a distant star1 this world would be too minute for observation4 ,in that shining pathway of the heavens1 called the 8milky way10 there have been discovered eighteen millions of stars1 each hundreds of times larger than our earth2 yet our atom in immensity is1 just now1 of marvelous interest to us4 ,indeed1 it must be of interest to the highest intelligences1 for such are the harmonies of ,god's universe that the minutest planet is in many of its forces and laws representative of the whole4 ,so that our world is1 in a sense1 both a microcosm and a cosmo4 ,let us briefly consider some characteristics of the earth1 from the standpoint of the chemist4 ,all substances have been divided into two great classes1 the inorganic and organic4 ,the latter contains two subdivisions--the vegetable and animal world4 ,nature thus comprises three great sub-kingdoms1 the mineral1 vegetable and animal4 ,a mineral is an inorganic body 7that is1 one in which no parts are formed for special purposes71 possessed of a definite chemical composition1 and usually of a regular geometric form4 ,it may seem at first glance that the last part of this definition is not correct1 but there is reason to believe that all mineral substances may1 under favorable circumstances1 assume crystalline forms4 ,water and air are minerals4 ,other liquids and gases are included in the term1 but as we have had already something to say of these latter substances1 we shall1 for the purposes of this article1 use the word earth in the popular sense2 namely1 inorganic matter1 which at ordinary temperature is solid4 ,all materials are classified into ,,elements ,,and ,,compounds4 ,by an element is meant a substance which has never been resolved into parts1 and conversely1 one that can not be produced by the union of two or more substances4 ,there is some difference of opinion as to their number4 ,it is usually given as sixty-four4 ,there are a great many compounds4 ,nature seems to delight in surprising us by the simplicity of the means employed in producing marvelous results4 ,as the mind of ,milton combined the twenty-six letters of our alphabet to form 8,paradise ,lost10 so the ,infinite arranged and re-arranged the elements to form the sublime poem of creation4 ,fifty-one of the elements are metals1 and thirteen metalloids2 gold is a familiar example of the former1 and sulphur of the latter4 ,a few1 like hydrogen and oxygen1 are gases2 two are liquids2 quicksilver and bromine3 the greater number exist as solids4 ,but few of them are found native1 i4 e41 chemically uncombined with other substances4 ,in the fierce heat of former ages they were mixed as in a mighty crucible1 and few escaped the power of affinities thus engendered4 ,gold and copper are sometimes found pure1 but even they1 more frequently than otherwise1 exist fused with other substances4 ,compounds are of three classes--acids1 bases and salts4 ,sand is a specimen of the first1 lime of the second1 and clay of the third4 ,fixedness is a characteristic of mineral compounds1 yet they are by no means incapable of change2 certain influences come in to promote it1 of which the following are the most important--heat1 solution1 friction and percussion4 ,two gases1 oxygen and hydrogen1 may remain side by side for years uncombined1 but a single spark will cause them to rush together with terrific energy4 ,if the contents of the blue and white papers in a ,seidlitz powder are mixed1 no chemical action follows1 but if dissolved separately in glasses of water1 and then poured together1 a violent effervescence takes place4 ,if a small amount of potassium chlorate and a little piece of sulphur be put together in a mortar1 and then pressed by the pestle1 sharp detonations follow4 ,dynamite1 which is nitro-glycerine mixed with infusorial earth1 sugar or sawdust1 is quite harmless when free from acid1 unless struck4 ,the above instances illustrate the various influences that stimulate chemical combination4 ,almost all the crust of the earth is formed of three substances--quartz1 lime1 and alumina4 ,wherever we stand on the round globe1 it is safe to say that one or all of these are beneath our feet4 ,,quartz4 ,illustration3 ,,quartz ,,crystals4 ,this mineral comprises about one half the earth's crust4 ,its symbol is ,si,o1 being a compound of silicon and oxygen1 in the proportions indicated4 ,it is very hard1 easily scratching glass1 of which it forms an important constituent1 is acted upon by only one acid--hydrofluoric2 this attacks it eagerly1 as may be shown by the following interesting experiment3 ,take a little lead saucer1 or in the absence of this1 spread lead foil carefully over the inside of an ordinary saucer1 and in this place some powdered fluor spar4 ,this mineral is quite abundant in nature1 and is always to be obtained1 in the form of a powder1 from dealers in chemicals4 ,have a pane of glass covered by a thin film of wax4 ,now trace upon this surface with a sharp point1 anything you may desire1 verse or picture4 ,pour into the saucer containing the fluor spar1 sufficient sulphuric acid to make a paste4 ,place over this the plate of glass1 with the waxed side down1 and let it remain for twenty-four hours4 ,remove the wax by heating1 and on the glass you will find a perfect etching1 the ,,hf having removed the silica4 ,the same effect may be produced in a few moments by applying to the bottom of the saucer a moderate heat4 ,care should be taken not to inhale the fumes1 as they are highly corrosive4 ,quartz can be melted at a high temperature1 and may be dissolved in certain hot solutions4 ,it is still a question in dispute1 whether the numerous quartz veins found in rocks were introduced there in melted form or in solution4 ,probably1 sometimes in one state and sometimes in the other4 ,any visitor to a glass manufactory can see how easily glass in a melted state is manipulated2 and travelers often bring from the geysers#a fine specimens of silica called geyserite1 derived from the material held in solution in the hot water1 and deposited on the edge of the 8basin40 ,illustration3 ,,side ,,and ,,top ,,view ,,of ,,the ,,regent ,,or ,,pitt ,,diamond 7,,reduced ,,in ,,size7--,,cut ,,in ,,the ,,form ,,of ,,the 8,,brilliant40 ,quartz may be classified under two varieties--the common and the rare4 ,sand1 pebbles1 many conglomerates1 all sandstone rocks come under the former head4 ,the old red sandstone described by ,hugh ,miller1#b in which fossil fish are so abundant1 and the new red sandstone of the ,connecticut valley1 famous for its bird or reptile tracks1 brought to light through the labors of ,dr4 ,hitchcock1#c were formed of sand cemented together under pressure by the peroxide of iron4 ,there are many beautiful varieties of the rarer forms of quartz4 ,not a few of these were known to the ancients1 as may be seen by reading the twenty-first chapter of ,revelations1 where a number are mentioned in the description of the heavenly city4 8,the wall of it was of jasper1 and the foundations of the wall of the city were garnished with all manner of precious stones4 ,the first foundation was jasper2 the second1 sapphire2 the third1 a chalcedony2 the fourth1 an emerald2 the fifth1 a sardonyx2 the sixth1 sardius2 the seventh1 chrysolite2 the eighth1 beryl2 the ninth1 a topaz2 the tenth1 a chrysoprasus2 the eleventh1 a jacinth2 the twelfth1 an amethyst40 ,all of these excepting the sapphire1 which is crystallized alumina1 are either pure or mixed varieties of quartz1 colored with some metallic oxide4 ,one of the most beautiful forms of these precious stones is the agate1 especially that kind called the onyx1 which consists of a succession of opaque and transparent layers4 ,when carved into gems1 this is called the cameo4 ,a wonderful carved cameo was in the ,tiffany exhibit at the ,centennial ,exposition1 valued at four thousand dollars4 ,the several layers were so cut as to represent a man looking through the bars of his prison4 ,,lime4 ,another very plentiful substance in the earth is lime4 ,it is chiefly found in the form of three salts1 the carbonate1 sulphate and phosphate 7,ca,c,o7 7,ca,s,o7 7,ca7,,po771 respectively4 ,the first is familiarly known as limestone4 ,when crystallized1 it appears as marble4 ,the shades of marble are due to the tinting of metallic oxides1 and sometimes to the presence of fossils4 ,the most beautiful marble is obtained from ,carrara1 ,italy1 which has long been famous for furnishing the material used for statues4 ,it is pure white4 ,pure black marble is found in some ancient ,roman sculptures4 ,sienna marble is yellow4 ,italy furnishes one kind that is red4 ,verd-antique is a mixture of green serpentine and white limestone1 while our beautiful ,tennessee marble1 used so profusely in the new ,capitol at ,washington1 is a blended red and white4 ,common limestone is almost entirely the product of minute animals#d which lived in early geologic times4 ,ages before the ,romans drove piles into the ,thames1 or the first hut was erected on the banks of the ,seine1 these little creatures laid the foundations which underlie ,london and ,paris4 ,they built the rocky barriers which gave to ,england the name ,albion1 derived from the white cliffs along her shore4 ,it is a suggestive crumb of comfort for little folk1 that the great tasks in the building of our earth have been performed by the smallest creatures4 ,the wide distribution of limestone is shown from the fact that it is found to be an ingredient in almost all waters4 ,it is readily dissolved1 as is seen in the numerous caves which are found in limestone regions4 ,when limestone is heated1 the carbonic anhydride#e is expelled1 leaving quicklime4 ,all are familiar with the manifold uses of this material4 ,united with sand1 it forms a silicate of lime1 called mortar1 which becomes harder with age4 ,in the old stone mill#f at ,newport1 ,r4 ,i41 which is of unknown antiquity1 the mortar in some places actually protrudes beyond the stones1 showing it to be more durable than the rock itself4 ,the catacombs of ,rome were excavated in a very soft kind of limestone1 called calcareous tufa4 ,sulphate of lime1 also known as gypsum and plaster of ,paris1 is widely distributed4 ,one beautiful variety is called satin spar1 and another alabaster4 ,great quantities of sulphate of lime are quarried for use in the arts and for agricultural purposes4 ,dr4 ,franklin was one of the first to discover its value in connection with crops1 and is said to have sown it with grain on a side hill1 so that when the wheat sprang up1 observers were surprised to see written in gigantic green letters1 8,effects of ,gypsum60 ,i suspect he got the hint from ,dr4 ,beattie1 who sowed seeds so that their flowers formed the name of his son1 to prove to the boy the existence of a ,god1 from evidences of design in nature4 ,,alumina--,al,o4 ,this material is found both alone and in combination with silica4 ,it forms an important ingredient in alum4 ,crystallized1 it furnishes some of our most rare and beautiful gems1 the color of which depends upon the metal combined with them4 ,the ruby is red1 the emerald green1 the topaz yellow1 the sapphire blue4 ,slate rocks consist largely of this material1 and clay is a compound of alumina with siliceous anhydride4 ,among the first earthy substances utilized by man was clay4 ,we find remains of pottery even as far back as the stone age#g4 ,the ingenuity of man seems to have been displayed constantly and successfully in the ceramic#h art1 the art of making pottery4 ,note the accounts given by ,prescott1 in his 8,conquest of ,peru and ,mexico10 and the ,cesnola collection of ,cypriote remains#i exhibited in the ,metropolitan ,museum in ,new ,york ,city4 ,history is repeating itself by renewing the ancient enthusiasm for decoration of china and earthen ware4 ,bricks made from clay are found to rival granite in durability1 and surpass it in resistance to heat1 as was proven in the great fires of ,boston and ,chicago4 ,it will be observed from the symbol of alumina that it is largely composed of the metal aluminum4 ,if this could be readily liberated from the oxygen with which it is combined1 the world would be immensely enriched4 ,every clay bank or clayey soil contains it in great quantities4 ,next to oxygen and silicon1 it is the most abundant element in the earth4 ,note its valuable properties4 ,it is but two and one-half times heavier than water1 as bright and non-oxidizable as silver1 malleable1 ductile1 tenacious1 and can be welded and cast4 ,who will lay the world under obligation by doing with alumina what has been done with iron ores1 cheaply liberate the oxygen8 ,illustration3 ,,testing ,,for ,,iron ,,with ,a ,,borax ,,bead4--,,the ,,compounds ,,of ,,iron ,,with ,,borax ,,give ,a ,,bottle ,,green ,,color4 ,in this brief enumeration of earth materials1 we have intentionally omitted the forms of carbon4 ,they constitute no insignificant portion of the earth's crust1 but belong to the class of organic substances4 ,we introduce1 however1 an illustration showing one of the shapes in which is cut the diamond--that most costly of all forms of matter1--crystallized carbon4 ,,the ,,common ,,metals4 ,first in importance is iron4 ,the fact already mentioned that its oxide is the most common coloring matter in the mineral world will also indicate its wide dissemination4 ,trap rock1 gneiss1 even granite1 sands1 clays and other rocks all borrow tints from this source4 ,iron is never found native except in meteors4 ,it exists most abundantly in the form of three ores1 the composition of which is as follows3 ,black or magnetic oxide 7,fe,o71 red oxide 7,fe,o71 hydrated sesquioxide 7,fe,o#c;,h,o74 ,from all of these the oxygen is removed in a blast furnace1 by the use of some form of carbon4 ,as thus prepared1 it is called cast-iron4 ,two other varieties are employed in the arts1 wrought iron and steel4 ,the last differs from the first in having less carbon1 and from the second in having more4 ,the general properties of this material are too well known to require description here4 ,a single property of this substance alone has marvelously affected the commerce of the world2 that is1 the power first discovered in magnetic iron ore1 of attracting iron1 and pointing northward4 ,the first compass1 it is said1 consisted of a piece of this metal placed on a cork floating on water4 ,copper seems to have been one of the few metals known to barbarous peoples4 ,it is found pure1 and in combination4 ,specimens obtained from the ,lake ,superior region1 in mines worked by the mound builders1#aj have led some to believe that they possessed the art of hardening copper4 ,malachite is a carbonate of copper1 of a beautiful mottled green color1 and is made into elegant ornaments4 ,some magnificent specimens were in the ,russian exhibit at the ,philadelphia ,exposition4 ,it is found in great perfection in the ,ural mountains4 ,tin is obtained from its binoxide 7,sn,o74 ,it was known to the ancients4 ,some historians claim that the ,phnicians procured it long before the time of ,christ1 from the mines of ,cornwall1 ,england4 ,until recently our country has seemed to be destitute of this valuable metal4 ,reports now indicate that ,dakota is destined to supply this deficiency4 ,it is a handsome metal1 but little affected by oxygen1 and capable of being rolled into thin sheets4 ,zinc is found in two different ores3 red oxide 7,zn,o7 and zinc blende 7,zn,s71 from which it can be separated by smelting1 in much the same manner as we obtain iron4 ,lead constitutes the fifth of the common metals which are preminently useful4 ,it is found in the sulphide of lead 7,pb,s71 the sulphide being expelled by roasting the ore4 ,it forms numerous compounds1 some of which are of great value4 ,for example1 lead carbonate 7,pb,c,o71 the white lead which furnishes the most valuable ingredient of all paints4 ,,noble ,,metals4 ,these are so called because they retain their brilliancy and are not easily affected by other substances4 ,three of them are specially important3 gold1 silver and platinum4 ,gold is mentioned in the second chapter of ,genesis3 8and the gold of that land is good40 ,although constituting an inconsiderable part of the earth1 it is much more widely distributed than many suppose1 but often exists in such small quantities that its production is not profitable4 ,australia and ,california are the gold lands4 ,it is found principally in three situations3 in sands which have been washed from the mountains1 in little pockets in the rocks1 and in veins of quartz4 ,from the first it is separated by simply washing away the lighter materials1 from the last situation it is procured by quarrying the rock1 crushing it with stamping machines1 then washing with water to remove the pulverized quartz1 and gathering up the powdered gold with quicksilver4 ,the mercury is removed by vaporizing4 ,gold is nineteen times heavier than water1 extremely ductile1 and the most malleable of all substances4 ,silver is abundant in the mountains of the west4 ,it is usually found in the form of black sulphide 7,ag,s7 or horn-silver 7,ag,cl74 ,when unpolished it is perfectly white1 and is called dead or frosted silver4 ,all are familiar with the properties of this attractive metal4 ,just now its producers in ,colorado seem to fear its displacement from its important position in the coinage of the country4 ,in nitrate of silver 7,ag,n,o7 we have a material that perpetuates the faces of our friends1 many a goodly landscape1 and marvelous picture4 ,illustration3 ,,magnet ,,gathering ,,iron ,,filings4--,a ,,magnet ,,will ,,also ,,attract ,,nickel ,,filings4 ,platinum stands at the extreme limit of the elementary world in point of weight1 being twenty-one and fifty-three hundredths times heavier than water4 ,russia has almost a monopoly of the production of this metal4 ,it is about the value of gold1 and to the chemist is of immense importance1 on account of its high point of fusibility1 which is over #d1jjj4 ,it is so ductile that it can be drawn out into wire so fine as to be invisible to the naked eye4 ,this microscopic wire is used for centering the field of view in the finest telescopes4 ,,earth',s ,,crust ,,and ,,center4 ,our earth is called 8terra firma20 it is regarded as the very embodiment of stability1 but every waving outline1 every hill and mountain peak1 not less than the rumbling of the earthquake1 and the bursting forth of volcanic fires1 indicate that it has been1 and may again be1 the scene of mighty disturbances4 ,indeed1 upon reflection1 one wonders that we can live on it at all4 ,the temperature of the earth increases one degree for every fifty feet as we approach the center4 ,at this rate1 at the depth of fifty miles the heat would be sufficient1 according to ,humboldt1#aa to melt the hardest rocks4 ,fifty miles is one one-hundred and sixtieth of the earth's diameter4 ,it thus appears that if we should have a globe three feet in diameter full of molten liquid1 surrounded by a covering of infusible material one eighth of an inch in thickness1 that film of solid matter would represent the earth's crust4 ,think of it6 ,illustration3 ,a 8,,lead ,,tree40 ,ex4--,place in a glass a dilute solution of acetate of lead2 suspend in it a strip of zinc4 ,some of the lead will be precipitated in crystals upon the zinc4 ,this is caused by the zinc taking a portion of the acetic acid1 and thus forming a new compound called zinc acetate1 thereby liberating some of the lead4 ,besides1 that awful1 fiery sea within is subject to tides1 currents and convulsions that constantly threaten to disrupt and destroy this crust4 ,it is supposed that masses of water percolate through cracks and fissures until they reach the internal fires and are suddenly converted into steam at an enormously high temperature1 which gives it such tremendous expansive force as to shake the globe itself4 ,this action1 combined with the violent explosion of gases1 creates the sublime and dreadful phenomena of ,,earthquakes ,,and ,,volcanoes4 ,the destruction of ,lisbon and many other cities is matter of history4 ,but last year a charming city in the ,mediterranean was destroyed in a few seconds1 and the stricken inhabitants of ,spain are still trembling with horror at the recent shocks that have desolated their fair country4 ,man looks in vain elsewhere for such exhibitions of the power of chemical forces as are here displayed4 ,lord ,lytton#ab gives a most impressive description of an eruption of ,mount ,vesuvius1 in 8,the ,last ,days of ,pompeii30 8,in proportion as the blackness gathered1 did the lightnings around ,vesuvius increase in their vivid and scorching glare4 ,nor was their horrible beauty confined to the usual hues of fire2 no rainbow ever rivaled their varying and prodigal dyes4 ,now brightly blue as the most azure depth of a southern sky1 now of a livid and snake-like green1 darting restlessly to and fro as the folds of an enormous serpent2 now of a lurid and intolerable crimson1 gushing forth through the columns of smoke1 far and wide1 and lighting up the whole city from arch to arch2 then suddenly dying into sickly paleness1 like the ghosts of their own life6 8,in the pauses of the showers you heard the rumblings of the earth beneath1 and the groaning waves of the tortured sea2 or1 lower still1 and audible but to the watch of intensest fear1 the grinding1 hissing murmur of the escaping gases through the chasms of the distant mountain4 8,sometimes the cloud seemed to break from its solid mass1 and1 by the lightning to assume quaint and vast mimicries of human or of monster shapes1 striding across the gloom1 hurtling one upon the other1 and vanishing swiftly into the turbulent abyss of shade2 so that1 to the eyes and fancies of the affrighted wanderers1 the unsubstantial vapors were as the bodily forms of gigantic foes--the agents of terror and death40 ,illustration3 ,,testing ,,for ,,gold ,,with ,,purple ,,of ,,cassius4 ,ex4--,when gold is placed in a solution of ,stannon's chloride and ferric chloride1 a precipitate called ,purple ,cassius appears4 ,sometimes the color varies to brown or blue4 ,it is claimed that there are about three hundred extinct volcanoes1 and many facts indicate that the convulsions in the earth's crust are much less frequent than formerly1 yet one can easily conceive of its destruction by internal forces1 when1 as the poet has said1 8,the cloud-capped towers1 the gorgeous palaces1 ,the solemn temples1 the great globe itself1 ,yea1 all which it inherit1 shall dissolve1 ,and like the baseless fabric of a vision1 ,leave not a wreck behind40 ,revelation clearly announces the destruction of the earth3 8,in the which the heavens shall pass away with a great noise1 and the elements shall melt with fervent heat2 the earth also and the works that are therein shall be burned up40 ,,the ,,circle ,,of ,,the ,,sciences4 ,,mental ,,science ,is the mind's knowledge of itself1 of its faculties1 and states4 ,psychology is now generally accepted as the most appropriate term to indicate that knowledge1 and the studies that lead to its attainment4 ,the psyche1 as used by those ignorant of man's higher nature1 means the vital principle supposed to animate all living bodies1 whether of men or the lower animals4 ,it is1 with them1 the same as life1 and is regarded as a result of the organizations they see1 and not their cause4 ,others more consistently hold that1 even in the lowest sense1 vital forces precede1 secure1 and determine the organisms they animate2 and that in the case of man there is a nobler endowment1 a superadded1 distinct1 self-conscious1 personal intelligence4 8,there is a spirit in man1 and the inspiration of the ,almighty giveth him understanding40 ,this psyche1 or living soul1 is a distinct1 spiritual existence1 however closely1 for a time1 allied with matter1 and acting through bodily organs4 ,it is capable of a separate existence1 and while in the body1 presents for our study phenomena peculiarly its own4 ,intellectual processes may be more subtle1 and their analysis more difficult1 than that of things external1 because in the attempt the mind is1 at once1 subject and object1 the observer and the observed4 ,and1 moreover1 when greatly excited1 it does not submit to immediate and direct investigation1 as the effort at once arrests the excited feeling1 and lowers the temperature1 so that the state can be analyzed only as it is remembered4 ,but1 difficult of attainment as it is1 the science that discusses the mind1 proposing to show all that is known or may be learned respecting it1 certainly challenges the interested attention of all who desire to know themselves4 ,whatever may be thought of the substance1 or immediate origin of the active1 thinking soul1 consciousness affirms its presence1 and its power to know and feel4 ,when in a calm1 thoughtful state1 the phenomena are as real and as manifest as anything in physics or material things that are open to scientific investigation4 ,by thorough introspection1 the inquirer finds himself an invisible person1 quite distinct from what is merely corporeal in his belongings1 and of which he at once says3 ,it is ,i2 a person or being that he not only distinguishes from all others1 but also from his own mental acts and states that are not himself4 ,it needs no argument to prove that the physical frame1 made of such material substances as gases1 salts1 earths1 and metals1 the particles of which are constantly changing1 is not the man4 ,it is not in the highest1 truest sense1 the body4 ,every particle of that frame may pass away while the body still remains4 ,the real body is that which retains its organic sameness1 amidst the incessant change of its materials4 ,it is not the aggregation of gross substances1 visible and tangible1 but rather their connection and the life that unites them1 that constitute a human body4 ,we need not hesitate to say this life is the gift of ,god to man1 made in his own image1 and in his purpose an endowment far higher than mere animal life4 ,when it is withdrawn1 the organic structure built up as its earthly habitation is a ruin1 and its material elements are scattered1 the dust returning to dust again4 ,others may inquire for the 8origin of souls10 asking questions over which many have wearied themselves in vain1 we here only confess our faith that the sovereign ,lord1 8,god of the spirits of all flesh10 has the relation of ,fatherhood to his human children4 ,a perfect mental science would require first1 the normal action of the intellectual faculties to give phenomena1 and then the accurate observation1 and orderly arrangement of the phenomena given4 ,to have a starting place there must be the feeling that we are1 and can distinguish between ourselves and the mental acts of which we are capable4 ,this consciousness is the root of all our soul science1 and without it there could be no fruitful study of the human intellect4 ,it is more than mere feeling1 as it implies that activity of mind by which a man distinguishes between his body and soul1 the senses and their possessor4 ,it is the self-conscious act of knowing what is within2 and when the phenomena or state is presented1 the knowledge is intuitive or immediate4 ,no reasoning1 or other mental process1 is required4 ,the soul confronts itself and its acts face to face1 and knows them as they are4 ,the endowment is natural and universal4 ,though a child at first may show no sign of the possession1 it has the capacity1 and if normally developed1 soon claims the right to be itself and not another4 ,like other human powers1 this also is capable of culture1 and may be raised to a state of higher activity and clearer discernment4 ,this improved reflective consciousness brings to view the more occult phenomena within1 comparing and classifying things1 that it may have a clearer1 more discriminating knowledge of the facts considered4 ,interrogating this witness1 each finds in himself a power to think and reason4 ,that is1 an intellectual faculty1 by the exercise of which there is intelligence1 memory to retain or recall things once known1 and imagination1 that creates and represents things that are not1 as though they were4 ,these are distinct1 though inseparable1 faculties or powers4 ,thinking is necessary to exact or well defined knowledge1 and until our ready impressions and conceptions are penetrated with thought1 and we discern their nature1 grounds1 and connections1 we have no science4 ,information may be received1 facts committed to the memory1 but if the treasures are jumbled together1 and little thought given to either their analysis or orderly arrangement1 they can be of but little value to their possessor4 ,in its perceptions and sensations the mind is actively receptive2 and by thought this normal activity is intensified4 ,one who desires a correct knowledge of his own mind must connect his conceptions and impressions in some orderly manner1 and think much4 ,if there is an aversion to this1 or hindrances arise from the almost incessant demands of business or society1 and a tendency to mental dissipation is noticed1 we may antidote the evil by mostly avoiding the popular light literature1 and choosing1 as the companions of our few leisure hours1 standard works1 in which are treasured the best thoughts of the world's great thinkers4 ,the intelligent study of the outer world1 of nature1 having the divine impress on every feature1 will also do much to cure the weakness that many are ready to confess1 to themselves at least4 ,nature does not think--has not reason1 as man has1 but the phenomena presented are full of reasons1 the embodiments of ,god's thoughts1 that are above ours1 high as the heavens are above the earth4 ,the will is the controlling motive power1 and decides the question of character4 ,a voluntary agent is responsible for his acts4 ,where there is conscious freedom1 not only to act as he wills1 but to will obedience to the dictates of conscience1 character is possible4 ,the freedom spoken of1 and without which there can be no obligation or responsibility1 is1 of course1 human freedom4 ,the will power is man's1 not that of the brute4 ,the rational1 voluntary agent1 having conscience1 moral ideas1 sensibilities1 and emotions1 is1 under law1 blame- or praiseworthy1 and personally responsible for what he is and does4 ,his involuntary acts1 if such are committed1 are without moral character4 ,there are some things that are not objects of his choice4 ,when different ways of living are presented1 he can freely choose which shall be his4 ,but it is not given him to choose whether he himself shall have a moral character4 ,that is inevitable2 and his only option in the matter is as to whether it shall be good or bad4 ,,logic4 ,when the mind is employed in discriminating1 arranging1 judging1 and reasoning1 these several acts are all of a class1 and are called rational or logical processes4 ,their importance can hardly be overestimated1 as thus the reasoner gets assured possession of judgments or beliefs that are more or less general1 and derives from them those that are particular and applicable in any exigency2 or by the inductive method1 from the particular facts within his knowledge1 arrives at general propositions1 and securely rests in them as true4 ,in many1 perhaps in most cases1 both processes1 the deductive and inductive1 are used or implied4 ,we understand phenomena or effects by their causes1 and infer causes from their effects1 explain the present by what has been1 and anticipate the future by interpreting the past4 ,we reason from what is seen to the unseen1 from the facts of nature to nature's laws4 ,systems of logic1 if judiciously arranged1 are of much value1 and should be studied as guides and helps in our efforts to know the certainty of things4 ,method in reasoning is of much importance4 ,but while comparatively few understand the rules1 or adopt the exact technical terms used by scientific logicians1 others1 using methods and terms of their own1 think vigorously1 and reason well4 ,the powers employed by the most thoroughly trained scholar and by the unlettered man may be equal1 nor are their methods half so different as some suppose4 ,though the latter forms no expanded syllogisms1#a says nothing of 8subject10 8predicate10 or 8copula10 he as really has his premises1 reasons from what he knows1 and in many cases reaches his conclusions with about the same feeling of certainty4 ,the knowledge he gains does not differ from that of those who are guided in their reasonings by the best rules that observation and experience suggest4 ,some of those1 who in this matter of logic are a law unto themselves1 not only reason well1 but often very rapidly4 ,judgment is given so speedily on the presentation of the case that it seems intuitive4 ,there is but a step from the premises of an argument1 securely laid in what is conceded in the statement1 or what they already know1 to the conclusion that is legitimate1 and they take it at once4 ,now1 if this is true1 and common sense reasonings often seem so easy1 while those conducted by men of much science are often difficult and tedious1 it may be asked what advantage1 then1 is there in the logic of the schools8 ,a sufficient answer is found in the fact that the thoroughly trained logician can solve problems the other never attempts4 ,in his processes the properties and relations observed are less obvious or more complicated than anything presented to the other4 ,to apprehend them clearly1 closer attention must be given than most men1 without such training1 ever give or can give4 ,and then1 the conclusions of the ready1 rapid1 though untrained1 reasoner who investigates only common subjects1 are really less reliable1 because more likely to be founded on too superficial observations4 ,the man of more science1 and yet slower progress1 is expected to handle the more difficult problems1 and subject all their elements to a sharper scrutiny4 ,,language ,is intimately connected with thought1 not only as its expression1 but as an auxiliary4 ,thoughts always become clearer and more firmly fixed in the mind by being expressed4 ,though words are not thoughts1 and1 carelessly uttered1 may be quite meaningless1 thoughts not only seek to embody1 or clothe themselves in language1 but our best thinking is done in the use of words1 uttered or unexpressed4 ,though there may be no sound for the ear nor symbol for the eye1 the word inly spoken serves to fix the otherwise transient thought so that it can be afterward recalled1 and perhaps uttered1 to stimulate the thinking of others4 ,hence the importance of the study of language1 of words and their syntax1 as employed to express mental processes4 ,grammar is important as an intellectual science4 ,,sthetics4 ,the science of the beautiful is an important and delightful branch of study2 the knowledge gained being mostly through immediate perceptions and sensible impressions4 ,beauty1 wherever discovered1 appeals to the sensibilities1 and raises pleasant emotions4 ,as a means of culture it elevates and refines4 ,communings with nature in her lovelier moods subdue asperities1 and inspire gentle1 kindly dispositions1 while the beautiful creations of architecture1 statuary1 and painting1 of poetry and music1 fill the souls of discerning1 susceptible persons with indescribable pleasure4 ,but though such emotions are frequently excited1 and seem familiar1 they are of all our mental phenomena least understood1 and most difficult to analyze4 ,some of our most common experiences are1 on examination1 found the most inexplicable4 ,all1 in a general way1 know that beauty of form1 proportion and color1 wherever seen1 excites pleasurable emotions4 ,but our knowledge of sensations and emotions is generally1 though direct and immediate1 imperfect1 and can become thorough only when the first impression is retained1 and the higher faculties employed in studying its character and its cause4 ,dr4 ,porter's#b chapters on 8,sense ,perceptions0 are1 on the whole1 satisfactory1 and will help advance this branch of knowledge toward the dignity of a science4 ,they give an analysis of beauty in objects that address the senses1 and also of the emotions it awakens4 ,thoughtful students confess their need of more help4 ,the science has its charms1 but is still in its adolescence4 ,some things elementary are yet wanting1 or known only by the names given them4 ,men talk of the 8line of beauty0 in architecture and sculpture1 but do not yet know just what it is1 or by what peculiarities it works on the sympathies of the beholder4 ,we feel the exquisite pleasure but do not know just wherein the charms of the music that most delights us1 consist1 nor how it awakens the feeling it does4 ,we can not tell just what it is in the poem we admire that gives its rhythm1 figures of speech and imagery such enchanting power4 ,the literature on the subject is extensive4 ,we have1 as all who read ,ruskin's#c works know1 a rich treasure of astute observations1 with keen1 incisive criticisms1 but yet no thorough analysis of all the materials necessary to complete the science of sthetics4 ,,moral ,,science1 ,,or ,,ethics4 ,the science of duty1 often called moral as relating to customs or habits of thought and action1 discusses human obligations1 or inquires what responsible voluntary agents ought to do1 and why4 ,man has a moral nature2 is so constituted1 and placed in such relations that he feels certain things to be right for him1 and others wrong2 he says3 ,i ought to do this1 and that ,i ought not4 ,these words1 or their equivalents1 expressive of obligation1 can be traced in all languages of which we have any knowledge1 and they voice the common sentiment of the race4 ,men differ widely in their intelligence1 and consequently in their ability to discriminate with respect to acts or states that are purely intellectual4 ,their metaphysics may be cloudy and confused1 so that their judgments on such matters will have neither agreement nor authority4 ,but the moral sense discovers moral qualities more clearly4 ,its decisions are prompt1 and their authority is acknowledged4 ,speculative questions on the subject are not all answered with the same agreement4 ,if it is asked why a thing is right1 different persons may answer differently4 ,one says because it is useful2 another because it is commanded by a higher authority2 and another because it accords with the fitness of things4 ,these are questions for the intellect and not for the moral sense4 ,its province is simply to decide whether the act or state is right or not1 and there it stops4 ,whether the basis of the rectitude approved is in some quality of the act itself1 in an antecedent1 or a consequent1 may be properly asked1 and reasons assigned for the answers given4 ,but such questions are speculative1 and the answers do not have1 even when the best are given1 the force of a moral conviction4 ,in saying a thing is right because it is right1 we affirm our conviction of the fact1 but tacitly confess we may not know all the reasons why4 ,how the fact is known is sufficiently explained by a reference to consciousness4 ,we are so constituted that when moral qualities1 in ourselves or others1 are fairly presented and understood1 there arise feelings of approval or condemnation1 corresponding to that which excites them4 ,of such convictions and emotions we are at once conscious1 and can have no more certain knowledge of anything than of what is thus felt4 ,connecting them with their exciting cause1 it1 too1 is known1 not by any outward or sense perception1 yet not less certainly by an inward moral sense1 whose decisions are promptly given1 and with authority4 ,there are frequent occasions for men to distinguish between what is right and what is merely lawful4 ,a villain1 destitute of moral rectitude1 who for his own pleasure1 or gain1 robs society of its brightest jewels1 spreading ruin and desolation through the community1 may violate no statute1 and escape legal condemnation2 but1 though having no fear of the law or of the courts1 he is not less certainly a guilty man4 ,conscience1 as a faculty of the soul1 differs but little from consciousness4 ,both words are from the same root1 and neither1 in its primary1 etymological meaning1 implies anything as to moral character4 ,consciousness is self-knowledge1 the mind's recognition of its own state as it is2 and that a man has a conscience1 or capacity for passing moral judgment on himself1 is a condition that makes character of any kind possible4 ,each word1 however1 has now an additional meaning1 sanctioned by general usage4 ,the former generally implies emotions of approval or disapproval1 and the latter that there is in the mind a standard of action1 and a clear discrimination between right and wrong1 with an immediate feeling of responsibility1 or obligatory emotions4 ,though thus richly endowed with intellect1 sensibilities1 and will1 by nature capable of the highest mental activities1 the structure of the soul would be strangely incomplete if the religious element were wanting4 ,but it is not wanting4 ,man is a religious animal1 and ever prone to worship4 ,he has capacities that are not filled1 longings unsatisfied1 and must go out of himself for help and rest4 ,of all the sciences that concern him most1 no other is half so important as the science of ,god1 an infinite1 all-wise1 ever-present1 personal ,god2 our ,creator1 ,redeemer1 ,benefactor4 ,this science is transcendent1 and confirmed by indubitable evidence4 ,it satisfies and saves4 8,this is eternal life1 to know the only true ,god1 and ,jesus ,christ1 whom he hath sent40 ,,social ,,science ,investigates1 in an orderly1 scientific manner1 the principles of association1 and whatever relates to the interests and improvement of men in communities4 ,it has its basis in psychology1 as that science of the soul reveals most clearly the elements of a social nature4 ,by instinctive longings for sympathy and fellowship1 men are drawn together1 and readily consent to the restraints of society1 whose earlier tacit agreements and maxims are at length formulated into rules and laws for their better government4 ,civil governments1 incomplete at first1 and encountering many hindrances1 often progress but slowly1 and sometimes even recede from vantage ground that has been gained4 ,some known in history have made but little advancement during the nineteenth century1 and still fail to adjust their political machinery to the wants and demands of the people4 ,they will hardly survive much longer without some promise of better progress in the future4 ,all really good governments are not equally good1 and that is regarded best which secures the greatest liberty to the individual citizen1 consistent with the rights of others and the public security4 ,that end1 when honestly proposed1 may be1 to some extent1 secured under very different charters or constitutions1 and very much depends on the wisdom of the administration4 ,when the governing power is in the hands of one man1 and he irresponsible for his manner of exercising it1 it is called an autocracy1 or despotism4 ,when vested in one person1 whose executive functions are exercised by ministers responsible to a legislative assembly or parliament1 it is a constitutional monarchy4 ,if the nobility1 or a few principal men govern by a right1 in some way claimed1 and conceded to them1 it is an oligarchy1 or an aristocracy4 ,if the power is in the hands of the people themselves1 or their immediate representatives1 as in the ,united ,states1 it is a democracy1 or republic4 ,social science embraces a wide range of subjects of more than ordinary importance4 ,it discusses both principles and facts1 the principles that underlie all social institutions1 and the practical1 economic regulations that are wisely adopted in well ordered1 prosperous communities4 ,if the institutions are established1 its province is to examine theories1 collect1 arrange1 and generalize facts1 that may have some bearing on any proposed corrective and reformatory measures4 ,it scrutinizes public crimes1 penal codes1 judicial decisions1 and prison discipline1 with whatever else pertains to social life4 ,it shows the relation of men to men1 of the ruler to the governed1 of the employer to his employes1 of the rich to the poor1 the fortunate to the unfortunate1 and by its expositions instructs men how to act in their various relations4 ,if the science were much better understood1 the dangerous classes would be less dangerous2 and the troublesome problems of pauperism1 the liquor traffic1 ,mormonism1 and the social evil1 would be less appalling to average legislators and judges4 ,the experience of ages shows that the ameliorating1 helpful agencies and influences that lift communities up to higher levels1 often operate silently as the leaven1 till the whole lump is leavened4 ,in many tribes the advance from savagery and the usurpation by irresponsible leaders1 of absolute power toward complete civil liberty and personal rights1 has been slow4 ,the change has come by means almost imperceptible1 or by struggles that seemed at the time fruitless4 ,the improved condition of society does not bring entire security1 or freedom from assault4 ,the yoke once taken from the neck1 and the heavy burdens from the shoulders1 new ideas of property1 justice1 and personal rights are developed4 ,the spirit of enterprise is awakened1 because each finds himself in the position of affluence and influence1 to which his talents1 industry and self-denial entitle him4 ,men become competitors1 and inequalities of condition are inevitable4 ,incompetence1 idleness1 and extravagance bring want and misery4 ,wealth and poverty exist side by side1 the rich growing richer1 and the poor poorer4 ,class distinctions become odious4 ,capital and labor1 that should be allies1 are often in conflict1 to the great injury of both4 ,there may be occasion for complaint against those 8who oppress the hireling in his wages10 and 8grind the faces of the poor40 ,but many are envious without cause1 and suffer only the penalty of their idleness and extravagance1 become enemies of the community1 and are deaf to remonstrance if they see1 or think they see1 any way of relieving themselves at the expense of those who have acted more wisely1 and possess large estates4 ,here come in the functions of government1 that is of society1 with its better notions of right and justice1 and power to enforce them4 ,true 8social science10 founded on the experience of ages1 recognizes the necessity of government1 the obligations of the citizen1 and the right of all to the property they have lawfully and honestly acquired4 ,it demonstrates that real progress is in the way of a safe conservatism1 while it admits the possibility of change and improvement1 fully justifying the work of the reformer where reformation is needed4 ,if existing institutions are inadequate because of some radical defect1 have outlasted their usefulness1 or become oppressive1 revolution may be demanded4 ,but any government1 though unjust and despotic1 is better than anarchy1 and should be repudiated only when it is1 under all the circumstances1 possible to establish a better4 ,when legitimate authority is resisted in the spirit of lawlessness or efforts at revolution prompted by an evil ambition1 the actors are guilty4 ,there have been many attempts1 mostly abortive1 to solve the problem of government1 and reconstruct the social fabric4 ,some of them by good men1 whose schemes were simply theoretical and impractical2 others by malcontents and destructionists who mistake license for liberty4 ,plato1 a man of probity and justice1 but lacking the wisdom of the statesman1 prepared a constitution for a model republic1 which had too many defects for adoption2 a republic with advantages for a select class1 but slavery for the masses doomed to manual labor1 which was made despicable4 ,more wrote his 8,utopia10#d regarded by some as a kind of program for a needed social reform4 ,it had little influence with his countrymen1 most of whom ranked it with works of the imagination1 where it belonged1 whether so intended or not4 ,campanella1#e a radical communist of ,stilo1 in ,calabria1 wrote his ,utopia1 called 8,the ,city of the ,sun10 a sensual paradise1 in which there was to be a community of goods and of wives4 ,for more than a century socialistic and communistic publications were numerous2 many of them denouncing property as a sin1 and advocating the greatest license in the intercourse of the sexes4 ,rousseau1 in his discourse on the 8,origin and ,grounds of ,inequality ,amongst ,men10 speaks with approval of 8a state of nature10 something like that among our ,american ,indians before they had any knowledge of civilization4 ,he seems to have supposed there was no inequality1 no vice1 no misery1 among untutored savages1 and advised those who could1 to return to a state of nature4 ,the skeptical ,owen1#f and the philosophical ,fourier1#g more practical than others1 attempted to establish communities as models or examples of what could be accomplished on their theory1 but failure attended their enterprises1 or the communities were saved from utter disintegration by the tacit admission of principles that were once disavowed4 ,modern socialism1 akin to communism1 and in all its tendencies subversive of good government1 declaims over the poverty and misery of the unhappy masses1 laments their insufficient shelter1 food1 and clothing1 is sentimental on the subject of labor and wages1 and seeks to rouse the abject sufferers to a sense of their sad condition4 ,its pictures of suffering are in many cases not overdrawn1 and the greatest efforts can hardly exaggerate the facts4 ,but socialism is not 8social science40 ,it is utterly and perversely unscientific2 it discusses effects1 carefully leaving causes out of view2 and would reform communities by corrupting and debasing individuals4 ,with a vague notion that every man has a natural right to whatever he needs1 it allows that the problem of equalization may be solved by violence1 and thus all brought to a common level4 ,the crimes against society1 which have lately appalled us1 are doubtless the result of the pernicious principles and teaching of 8socialistic reformers40 ,but a reaction is sure to come1 and the better instincts of the race will yet destroy the corrupt tree whose fruit is evil4 ,,sunday ,,readings4 ,,selected ,,by ,,chancellor ,j4 ,h4 ,,vincent1 ,d4,d4 ,april #e4 ,ecclesiastics #g3bi3 8,lo1 this only have ,i found1 that ,god hath made man upright2 but they have sought out many inventions40 ,if we should stand amid the uncovered treasures which mark the site of ancient ,nineveh or ,babylon we would doubtless find in the objects1 as they are this moment1 very much to engage our most interested attention4 ,we would regard with wonder and pleasure the specimens of beautiful architecture1 the evidences of human skill and industry which modern exploration has disclosed to view4 ,and yet1 full of interest as such an occupation would be1 we could not prevent our minds from engaging in another4 ,without any conscious exercise of will1 our thought would revert to the day when these fallen structures stood in all their magnificence2 when these halls1 now filled with the sand of the desert1 echoed to the strains of music and to the voices of the noblest and greatest of the land2 when through these arches1 now crumbling1 armies marched gaily to battle1 or returned in triumph1 bearing the spoils of conquest4 ,we would not be insensible to the value of the columns and capitals1 the statuary and tablets before our eyes1 and yet the very grandeur of these ruins would evoke the genius who would lead our thought by an irresistible constraint to look upon the prior vision of those cities in the day of their pristine perfection4 ,my friends1 we do stand amid ruins4 ,we walk day after day amid shattered greatness1 in comparison with which the prized relics of ,nineveh and ,babylon1 of ,thebes1 and ,luxor1#a and ,troy1 sink into insignificance4 ,far be it from me to underestimate the work of man1 as we see him and know him to-day1 or as we read of him in the records of the past4 ,i am aware of what he is1 and of what he has done4 ,i am not insensible to his work1 and yet ,i declare that man1 great as he is--and he is great--is in certain respects not as great as he was4 ,i mean that he is not what the progenitor of the race was4 ,and viewed in comparison with that primitive condition--that condition at creation--man to-day1 considered physically1 intellectually1 morally and spiritually1 is a conspicuous instance of fallen grandeur--not worthless and valueless--far from that2 but his perfection has departed2 he is vastly inferior to what his great original was4 ,realizing this1 we can not fail to revert in thought to that early day1 and seek to see what the greatness was from which we have fallen4 ,before1 however1 we attempt to look upon that picture1 it will be necessary to establish and defend the theory of man's condition and history upon this earth1 with which it is inseparably connected4 ,a view of human history1 which has been strongly advocated of late1 is that our race began physically1 intellectually1 and morally at the lowest possible point4 ,some even maintain that the first men and women were but the latest and highest developments of certain species of brutes4 ,but whether this phase of the theory of evolution be included in it or not1 the essential idea of the view to which we refer is that the progenitors of our race were the lowest kind of savages1 in their powers and capacities1 their tastes and pursuits scarcely distinguishable from the brutes around them1 and that from this low beginning men have gradually come to the height of attainment and improvement which they occupy to-day4 ,if this theory be true1 the statement which we have made1 and which we proposed to consider1 is false4 ,if such were the origin of our race1 if the first men and women were in all the parts of their nature but a shade removed above the brutes of the forest and the field1 of course we of to-day are in no respect their inferiors--of course ours is not1 as has been declared1 a fallen race4 ,we maintain1 however1 that the theory which makes our race begin in a condition of barbarism and imbecility is untrue4 ,i know that it is supported by eminent names2 ,i know1 too1 that it has been pressed upon public attention with much noisy and confident assertion2 ,i know all this1 and yet ,i declare that the theory is unproven2 more1 ,i declare that it is untrue4 ,let us look at a few considerations which may shed the light of truth upon this matter of the primitive condition of mankind1 and by this ,i mean the condition of those who succeeded ,adam himself on the stage of the world's history3 #a4 ,we all know how long1 in families which have lost position or power1 the memory of former greatness is cherished4 ,you will find in your charitable institutions1 in the depths of poverty1 and1 perhaps1 of wickedness1 those who will tell you by the hour of the fortunes of their house in remote days1 of the distinction which some ancestor1 far removed1 conferred upon the name4 ,such memories are preserved with care1 and transmitted from generation to generation1 and they become more and more precious as the descendants themselves have less and less honor of their own4 ,the same principle operates with nations and with the great tribes of men1 particularly when they have themselves sunk so low that they are conscious of no ground of glorying in themselves4 ,now it is an instructive fact that the traditions of all nations have more or less reference to a golden age1 from which men have fallen4 ,this is true in ,india1 in ,china1 in ,egypt1 among our own ,indians1 among the inhabitants of ,central and ,south ,america--wherever traditional knowledge is preserved4 ,it is a vague memory--nevertheless a memory cherished by the race1 handed down through the ages1 not of an era when humanized monkeys rejoiced in their promotion1 but of a golden age1 when men as gods dwelt upon the earth4 ,the only explanation of such a wide-spread tradition is that there must have been a fact corresponding to it2 there must have been a substance to cast this shadow over so many generations4 ,those who hold that mankind began at the lowest point1 can not satisfactorily account for this tradition of the race4 #b4 ,not only tradition1 but history sustains our position4 ,if the true explanation of man's condition to-day1 in the civilized countries1 is that he has gradually raised himself from a state of absolute barbarism1 we certainly ought to have in the records of authentic history the account of at least one nation1 which1 as matter of fact1 before the eyes of the world1 has done the same thing4 ,but no such instance can be found1 not one of a people1 entirely barbarous1 lifting themselves unaided1 to the higher plane of even a comparative civilization4 ,archbishop ,whately#b says3 8,we have no reason to believe that any community ever did or ever can1 emerge1 unassisted by external helps1 from a state of barbarism unto anything that can be called civilization40 ,and we may follow the course of civilization from our own land back to western ,europe1 from western ,europe to ,italy1 from ,italy to ,greece1 from ,greece to ,egypt and the farther ,east1 and still1 as far as history takes us we see the barren portions of the earth continuing to be barren--continuing to bear only the wild fruits of barbarism1 until the stream of knowledge1 and culture1 and civilization1 is led to it from some other place4 ,and that stream may be followed all the way back to the beginning of authentic secular history1 and in no one instance does the dry ground yield fruit and flower of itself4 ,we maintain that the vivifying stream began to flow because there was in the beginning1 in the ,east1 a fountain filled by ,god himself4 ,or1 leaving the language of allegory1 we assert that if our race was utterly barbarous at the beginning1 it never would have risen from its barbarism1 and authentic history can not adduce a single instance of a nation rising unaided from barbarism to overthrow this position4 ,mankind1 therefore1 did not begin at the lowest point1 or1 judged by all the analogy of history1 it would be there still4 #c4 ,again1 the records1 outside of the ,bible1 which have come down to us from early times1 are few and imperfect1 but the oldest of those which do remain indicate the existence of nations in a high state of civilization in the earliest periods of human history4 ,in ,egypt1 ,china1 ,chaldea1 these earliest records1 whether monumental or written1 bear evidence1 not of universal barbarism in the previous ages1 but of powerful and enlightened nationalities4 ,such a state of things is inconsistent with the theory which makes the history of our race a gradual development from a brutal and degraded beginning4 #d4 ,still further1 the science of paleontology comes forward to prove the same thing4 ,there have been found in ,belgium and in ,france1 some human skulls and skeletons1 unquestionably of very great antiquity4 ,concerning them one of the most competent of human judges1 ,principal ,dawson1 of ,mc,gill ,university1 ,canada1 says3 8,these skulls are probably the oldest known in the world40 ,but what sort of men do they indicate as living at that remote day8 8,they all represent10 he says1 8a race of grand1 physical development1 and of cranial capacity equal to that of the average modern ,european40 ,further he says3 8,they indicate also that man's earlier state was the best1 that he had been a high and noble creature before he became a savage4 ,it is not conceivable that their great development of brain and mind could have spontaneously engrafted itself on a mere brutal and savage life4 ,these gifts must be remnants of a noble organization1 degraded by moral evil4 ,they thus justify the tradition of a golden and ,edenic age1 and mutely protest against the philosophy of progressive development1 as applied to man40 ,again1 he concludes from a careful study of these remains3 8,the condition1 habits and structure of ,palocosmic#c men correspond with the idea that they may be rude and barbarous offshoots of more cultivated tribes1 and therefore realize1 as much as such remains can1 the ,bible history of the fall and dispersion of antediluvian men4 ,we need not suppose that ,adam of the ,bible was precisely like the old man of ,cromagnon4#d ,rather may this man represent that fallen yet magnificent race which filled the antediluvian earth with violence1 and probably the more scattered and wandering tribes of that race1 rather than its greater and more cultivated nations40--,nature and the ,bible1 pp4 #agd-agi4 #e4 ,in addition to these arguments from tradition and history1 and monumental and written records1 and an actual study of human remains1 which experts pronounce to be older1 probably1 than the flood1 we have evidence within ourselves4 ,we are not unfamiliar with stories of children of noble1 perhaps of royal1 descent1 who have been abducted and brought up among people of low tastes and habits4 ,but ever and anon1 in gesture or inclination or bent of life1 the blood shows itself1 and to an attentive eye tells of the gentler and loftier sphere from which it came4 ,so with us4 ,our consciousness reveals within us remnants of a former greatness2 aspirations which this world has never taught us1 longings for peace and purity which we feel we ought to have1 but which we know this world never imparts4 ,these things are the impress of the joys of that golden age which all these centuries have been powerless to erase from the souls of ,adam's sons4 ,morally1 we know we are not what we ought to be2 we are conscious of our degradation4 ,as regards intellect1 we retain powers which have1 indeed1 accomplished marvelous results2 and yet1 let some abnormal stimulus affect the brain--whether it be that produced by sudden excitement or passion1 or that caused by powerful artificial agencies1 and we see flashes of power yet in reserve which intimate what this wondrous human mind may once have been4 ,and physically1 our frail bodies1 quickly tired and quickly crumbling to dust1 tell us daily that here1 at least1 the theory of development from imperfection to perfection has signally failed4 ,april #ab4 ,from these considerations we deem it evident that the theory of man's development from a primitive condition of barbarism is untrue4 ,the various glimpses which we have been able to obtain of the early ages reveal man as in an advanced condition4 ,to all this the representations of the ,bible correspond4 ,it is not the design of the inspired volume to give a minute description of the customs1 habits1 knowledge1 employments of the nations of the world4 ,all that it says upon these subjects is incidental1 yet no one in reading its accounts of those early times1 and of the people then living1 could possibly imagine that the men and women of whom it speaks were such as the rude ,hottentot or the savage ,caffre of to-day4 ,the picture of man in the primitive times drawn from the ,bible1 is the same as that which is drawn from all these other sources2 a being of physical and intellectual power2 not a savage1 not a barbarian1 but an enlightened1 capable1 efficient man4 ,how much he knew1 how much he could accomplish1 what acquaintance he had with the forces of nature1 which we are now beginning to understand1 must be matters of conjecture4 ,sin had commenced its blighting work1 but we must remember that man in those early days had inherited from the first man splendid powers1 and probably varied and extensive knowledge4 ,his physical strength and his length of days were still great1 and doubtless in all respects1 save morally and spiritually1 he was even yet a magnificent creature1 and a power upon the earth4 ,still1 this was not the point which1 in this discussion1 we wished to reach4 ,all this was the greatness of man after he had begun to deteriorate1 after the poison of sin had begun to do its certain and terrible work4 ,this vision of primitive man in his physical and intellectual strength is the splendor which abides a little while in the sky after the sun has set4 ,nevertheless1 the sun had set1 and there is a world-wide difference between this picture and that unto which we would lead you--the picture of that sun in its glory--the picture of unfallen man--the first man--the perfect man4 ,now let us look upon it4 ,the long ages of preparation have rolled away and the earth is a garden of loveliness4 ,upon the splendors of its landscapes1 the beauty of its lakes1 the grandeur of its mountains and oceans1 the sun looked down from his pavilion in the sky by day1 and the moon and the stars by night4 ,the magnificent domain waited in harmony and beauty for its inhabitants1 8,and ,god said1 let us make man in our image1 after our likeness40 8,so ,god created man in his own image3 in the image of ,god created he him40 8,and ,god saw everything that he had made1 and behold it was very good40 ,in the place of honor and dominion in that waiting world of beauty1 enthrone a being who shall be the counterpart of those words of infallible description--a man1 made in the image of ,god1 and receiving the unqualified commendation of his divine ,creator4 ,we may1 without danger of mistake1 consider him to have been physically a being of magnificent stature1 and of matchless perfection of feature and form1 with a body ignorant of weakness or disease1 free from the seeds of sickness and of death4 ,that a change would afterward have been necessary to fit his body of flesh and blood for its immortality is possible1 but such change would not have been what we understand by death4 ,age would not have brought infirmity to him4 ,nature would have had no debt to pay to the grave4 ,enshrined in this perfect body as in a glorious temple was a mind corresponding1 doubtless1 in excellence to its habitation and to the terms which describe its creation4 ,intellectually as well as morally1 he was created in the image of ,god4 ,he was possessed of reason and of actual knowledge4 ,when the various classes of animals were passed in review before him1 he had such an apprehension of their distinctive characteristics as to be able to give to them all appropriate names4 ,and as he knew thus much of nature1 how shall we limit his familiarity with her mysteries8 ,and what shall we say of the powers of discernment1 of intuition1 of memory1 of judgment1 of the facility in working1 of the unwearied and the unending delights and achievements of a mind made in the image of ,god1 and not yet marred or weakened by sin6 ,but the crowning glory of that first man1 that which marks his distance from us more than any physical or intellectual superiority1 is that in his moral and spiritual nature he bore a likeness to his divine ,creator4 ,this being1 whose body knew no imperfection1 whose mind was rich in its possessions1 and mighty in its power to acquire and enjoy every kind of truth1 was holy4 ,no thought arose in that heart which could not be published in heaven--none which could mantle his cheek with the blush of shame1 or cause his manly eye to drop in consciousness of wrong1 or make a ripple of disquiet in the sea of perfect peace which filled his soul4 ,his thoughts were ,god's thoughts4 ,his loves1 his wishes1 his purposes1 in harmony with ,god's1 ascended and descended like the angels ,jacob saw1 in perfect and blessed communion between heaven and earth1 and earth was heaven begun4 ,of this world1 with its abounding life1 he was the acknowledged king4 ,within him was the consciousness of peace1 and joy1 and immortality4 ,all about him was beauty1 and amid the glories of his ,eden home1 ,god himself condescended to walk with him and be his friend4 ,such is a faint outline of the picture on which ,i would have you look--the picture of man as he was in the beginning4 ,does not the sight justify the assertion that we are a fallen race8 ,does it not confirm the teaching of our text1 that 8,god hath made man upright1 but they have sought out many inventions80 ,i need not delay to prove that this picture is not a representation of our present condition4 ,think of these frail physical existences1 begun with a cry1 continued in pain and weakness1 and extended with difficulty to their three score years and ten4 ,think of the ages through which the intellect of the most favored portion of the world has been struggling to its present attainments4 ,think particularly of the moral and spiritual condition of the race1 in comparison with that heavenly vision of ,godlikeness which stands at the beginning of our history4 ,i need not delay then to prove that mankind has fallen4 ,i will1 however1 ask you to remember when you reflect upon the sad disorders of the present state1 upon the sorrows and weaknesses and wickednesses of men to-day1 that ,god did not thus create the progenitors of the race4 ,if we see ruins about us and within us1 let us remember that the temple as it was fashioned by the supreme architect was perfect4 ,let us remember also the real and only cause of this terrible catastrophe4 ,it was sin--sin that always has ruined and always will destroy the beautiful1 the pure1 the true4 ,men did indeed go from that height of exaltation into the depths of barbarism2 it is true enough that the pages of remote history show us men living in caves1 and almost reduced to the level of the brutes--and sin led them there6 ,men did lose the moral beauty of our first parent2 they did lose much of the intellectual and physical strength which lingered for a season in his immediate descendants--and sin was the despoiler that remorselessly stripped from them those glorious robes6 ,you and ,i might have been as ,adam--ignorant of sorrow and of suffering1 and the world still an ,eden about us1 but sin has cast us down4 ,but let us remember also1 with infinite gratitude and hope1 as we look upon that picture of primeval perfection which we have sought to restore1 that that condition may be regained4 ,the crumbled arches1 the fallen walls1 the shattered foundations of ,nineveh's or ,babylon's palaces can never by any human skill be made to reproduce the glory that has departed1 and yet the temple of man's ,eden estate1 though cast down with a more fearful destruction1 can be restored6 ,yea1 made more glorious than it was before1 and established upon a foundation1 so that through the eternal ages it can never again be moved6 ,thanks be unto ,god1 this is possible to us4 ,jesus ,christ has come from heaven and has undertaken the accomplishment of the stupendous task4 ,jesus ,christ has promised to effect it for every one who will yield to his influences4 ,and he can do it1 for he is the ,savior1 he is the ,redeemer1 the buyer-back of that which was lost1 and of nations and of regions as well as of individual souls4 ''' ,his spirit is the inspiration of the life which here is lived4 ,that is enough to lift up any place or any people4 ,and just as certainly will it lift up any human soul4 ,just as certainly will it redeem it from the consequences of the race's fall4 ,not in this life1 indeed1 may we expect to have again the perfection of power and the freedom from sorrow which our first parent had2 but the work of bringing men back to all the blessedness which ,adam enjoyed1 with new elements of blessing added1 will be done--yea1 it is even now going on1 through the power of an indwelling ,christ in souls that are here to-day4 ,let us all take the loving and mighty hand which is extended for our uplifting2 let us seek our birthright1 and though1 through the first ,adam our ,paradise was lost1 let us yield ourselves to the second ,adam1 by whom a better ,paradise shall be regained4--,the ,rev4 ,dr4 ,e4 ,d4 ,ledyard4 ,april #ai4 ,monarchs reign1 but their dominion is merely external4 ,they do not and can not enter into the realm of the soul2 but 8there is another king1 one ,jesus10 whose right it is to sit enthroned in every heart1 to direct every conscience1 and to have dominion over every thought and action4 ,have you given him the sovereignty of yourself8 ,sin reigns1 and that king1 alas6 holds sway in many--,i ought to say in the vast majority of human souls4 ,but he is an usurper2 for 8there is another king1 one ,jesus10 who is the rightful lord of the heart4 ,under which king are you8 ,he who repudiates the royalty of ,jesus over him is guilty of treason against the majesty of heaven1 and is but courting his destruction4 ,death reigns1 and day by day he is sweeping in new multitudes into his silent realm4 ,the mightiest and the meanest alike must yield to him who is the terror of kings1 no less than he is the king of terrors4 ,at one time he rides on the hurricane1 and dashes the laboring vessel and the freighted souls within her on the roaring reef2 at another he drives through the city streets riding on his pestilential car1 and spreads desolation round him4 ,now he careers upon the boiling flood1 and sweeps whole villages before him into swift destruction2 and again he leaps in the lightning-flash upon some devoted building1 and kindles a conflagration that burns many in its flames4 ,he laughs at men's efforts to elude his grasp2 and as we look upon the settled countenance of the loved one whom we are preparing to lay in the grave1 we are almost compelled to own him conqueror4 ,but no6 8there is another king1 one ,jesus10 who is 8the ,resurrection and the ,life10 and 8who hath abolished death and brought life and immortality to light by the ,gospel40 ,let us1 then1 be undismayed by this last enemy4 ,he is a vanquished foe4 ,our ,lord ,jesus has gone into his domain1 and having conquered him there1 has brought him back with him to his palace1 to be there the page who opens the door for his friends into the chamber of his presence4 ,yes6 as we stand by the remains of our ,christian dead1 and under the influence of sight are moved to speak of ,death as king1 we recall in another sense than they were meant1 but in a sense which faith recognizes as true1 the words 8,there is another king1 one ,jesus40 ,paradoxical as it may seem1 these two things always go together4 ,where ,christ is owned as the sole sovereign1 there his service is perfect freedom2 but where his supremacy is either ignored or given to another1 there comes the slavery of superstition1 or the tyranny of priestcraft1 or the cold domination of philosophy1 and it is hard to say which of these is the most degrading4--,w4 ,m4 ,taylor4 ,april #bf4 ,he who would preach the ,gospel with power must be himself a believer in the ,lord4 ,the secret of true1 heart-stirring eloquence in the pulpit is1 next after the power of the ,holy ,ghost1 that which the ,french ,abb has very happily called 8the accent of conviction0 in the speaker4 ,behind every appeal that ,paul made to sinners1 there was the memory of that wonderful experience through which he passed on the way to ,damascus2 and therefore we are not surprised that he so preached as either to secure men's faith or to rouse their antagonism4 ,but his conversion alone1 without his ,arabian revelations1 would not have made him the apostle he became4 ,in the desert he met his ,lord1 and received from him many important spiritual communications4 ,there1 too1 he meditated on the truths revealed to him1 and poured out his heart in prayer for a thorough understanding of their meaning and a full realization of their power4 ,thus he came back to ,damascus1 if not with a face glowing like that of ,moses when he descended from ,sinai1 at least with a heart filled and fired with love to ,him who had there unfolded to him the mysteries of the ,gospel4 ,now1 what ,paul thus received from the ,lord has been given to us by evangelists and apostles in the ,new ,testament ,scriptures4 ,our ,arabia1 therefore1 will be the study and the closet in which we pore over these precious pages1 and seek to comprehend their many sided significance1 as well as to imbibe the spirit by which they are pervaded4 ,he who would preach to others must be much alone with his ,bible and his ,lord2 else when he appears before his people1 he will send them to sleep with his pointless platitudes1 or starve them with his empty conceits4 ,get you to ,arabia1 then1 ye who would become the instructors of your fellowmen6 ,get you to the closet and the study6 ,give your days and nights to the investigation of this book2 and let everything you produce from it be made to glow with white heat in the forge of your own heart1 and be hammered on the anvil of your own experience6--,w4 ,m4 ,taylor4 ,,easy ,,lessons ,,in ,,animal ,,biology4 ,,chapter ,i4 ,biology is the science of life1 the true doctrine concerning all living things4 ,animal biology is that branch of the science which relates to animals1 as distinguished from plants4 ,it tells of these animals what we know about them1 where and how they live1 what food they eat1 how it is received1 and how they grow and multiply4 ,of all the sciences1 this seems most extensive1 having for its field a world of numberless forms1 alike in that they all live1 and have some characteristics in common1 yet showing great diversity in their structure1 appearance1 and mode of life4 ,in this summary of facts we shall simply classify1 or methodically arrange in groups1 according to their distinguishing peculiarities1 the members of this vast family4 ,the animal kingdom is divided into the following sub-kingdoms1 each of which is subdivided into classes4 ,the following table shows these divisions in their proper order1 beginning with the lowest3 ,,sub-,,kingdom ,i--,protozoa4 ,class ,i--,monera4 ,class ,,ii--,gregarinida4 ,class ,,iii--,rhizopoda4 ,class ,,iv--,infusoria4 ,,sub-,,kingdom ,,ii--,spongida4 ,,sub-,,kingdom ,,iii--,clenterata4 ,class ,i--,hydrozoa4 ,class ,,ii--,anthozoa4 ,class ,,iii--,ctenophora4 ,,sub-,,kingdom ,,iv--,echinodermata4 ,class ,i--,crinoidea4 ,class ,,ii--,asteroidea4 ,class ,,iii--,echinoidea4 ,class ,,iv--,holothuroidea4 ,,sub-,,kingdom ,v--,vermes4 ,class ,i--,flat ,worms4 ,class ,,ii--,round or ,thread ,worms4 ,class ,,iii--,rotifera4 ,class ,,iv--,polyzoa4 ,class ,v--,brachiopoda4 ,class ,,vi--,annelid4 ,,sub-,,kingdom ,,vi--,mollusca4 ,class ,i--,lamellibranchiata4 ,class ,,ii--,gasteropoda4 ,class ,,iii--,cephalopoda4 ,,sub-,,kingdom ,,vii--,articulata4 ,class ,i--,crustacea4 ,class ,,ii--,arachnida4 ,class ,,iii--,myriapoda4 ,class ,,iv--,insecta4 ,,sub-,,kingdom ,,viii--,tunicata4 ,,sub-,,kingdom ,,ix--,vertebrata4 ,class ,i--,pisces4 ,class ,,ii--,reptilia4 ,class ,,iii--,aves4 ,class ,,iv--,mammalia4 ,,sub-,,kingdom ,i4 ,protozoa 7first animals74 ,these earliest formed animals are distinguished for the simplicity of their structure4 ,in some cases their animal nature was long ago in doubt1 and they were1 for a time1 put down as probably belonging to the vegetable kingdom4 ,the border line between the two has never been very definitely located4 ,biologists may fail to tell just what special quality distinguishes the minute animal from the microscopic plant4 ,this is not wonderful1 when it is remembered that myriads of animals1 known to be such1 are so small that it requires a lens of strong magnifying power to discover them4 ,three thousand of them1 placed side by side1 would make a line but little over an inch long4 ,,class ,i4--,monera 7single74 ,these are the simplest forms of microscopic aquatic animals4 ,they are entirely homogeneous1 and without any developed organs2 mere particles1 of a jelly-like1 but living1 or life-supporting substance1 called protoplasm1 or more properly1 bioplasm4 ,this1 all admit1 is the physical basis of life1 and the medium of its manifestation1 just as the conductor is a medium of manifestation of electricity4 ,but is it not a stupid blunder to confound the mere medium of its manifestation with the life itself8 ,in neither case is the recognized physical basis of the manifestation necessary to the existence of that manifested by its means4 ,electricity exists without the conductor1 and life may exist without the bioplasm4 ,,class ,,ii4--,gregarinida 7living in herds74 ,minute animals which are found in the intestines of the lobster1 clam1 and cockroach4 ,they are worm-like in form1 and of a very simple1 cell-like structure1 the only organ being a nucleus4 ,,class ,,iii4--,rhizopoda 7root footed74 ,the representative forms of this class are the ,amba#a and ,foraminifera4 ,the amba is an indefinite little bit of bioplasm1 as structureless as the monera1 only that it is made up of two layers of the substance1 has an apparent nucleus1 and a contractile cavity within4 ,these first animals vindicate their right to be recognized as such1 by moving1 receiving food1 growing1 and reproducing their kind4 ,they move by a contractile force1 throwing out at will processes of their soft bodies1 to serve them as feet and arms4 ,true1 these are blunt1 and without digits1 but they answer the purpose4 ,they eat either by simple absorption1 or by wrapping their soft bodies around the food1 and holding it in the extemporized stomach till it is1 in some way1 assimilated4 ,the work of reproduction is carried on principally by self-division1 and budding4 ,the animal rends itself into two or more parts1 each having all the elements of the whole1 or it throws out buds that mature and drop from the parent mass1 having the vital element1 and a portion of the bioplasm1 or medium necessary to its development4 ,illustration3 ,,foraminifera1 ,,showing ,,root-,,like ,,feet4 ,the ,foraminifera 7perforated animals71 of this class1 have several peculiarities4 ,the body is even more simple1 being apparently without layers or cavity4 ,the processes thrown out as arms and legs are not blunt or massive1 but long and slender4 ,and1 moreover1 small as it is1 it has the wonderful property of secreting about itself an envelope1 whose thin walls are built of the carbonate of lime4 ,the delicate little structures are often singularly beautiful4 ,some are monads1 having but a single shell2 others1 by a process of budding add new cells or chambers1 often in a spiral coil4 ,these are marine shells1 and their numbers in many parts of the ocean are astounding4 ,the bottom of the sea1 for many degrees on both sides of the equator1 wherever examined by dredging1 is found covered with them1 either still in their organic state1 or ground by attrition to a fine lime dust4 ,it is estimated that a single pound of the sea bottom in some localities contains millions of them1 and they are the principal material of the chalk hills4 ,,class ,,iv4--,infusoria4 ,this class includes ,vorticella 7wheel animals71 ,flagellata 7whip-shaped animals71 ,tentaculata 7having tentacles71 and others4 ,their general characteristics do not differ widely from those already mentioned4 ,as the name imports1 they are mostly found in vegetable infusions that have been exposed for some time1 and are directly the product of invisible cells or animal germs that were floating in the atmosphere till a lodgment was found favorable to their development4 ,those called ,vorticella1 to the eye seem simply mould on the plant to which they are attached1 but under the glass their animal qualities appear2 and they multiply with amazing rapidity4 ,every drop of water from a stagnant pool is full of these animalcul1 of various shapes and dimensions1 some of them constantly in motion1 propelled by numerous cilia1 or slender1 hair-like appendages that fringe the circumference1 and are used as oars4 ,their whole organism1 though delicate1 and having a thin membranous covering1 is imperfect4 ,there are two contractile openings1 with a slight depression at the mouth1 leading to a funnel-shaped throat1 into which the nutritive substances descend4 ,,sub-,,kingdom ,,ii4 ,spongida1 or sponges1 are especially worthy of mention4 ,when much less was known of their nature and habits1 they were classed with vegetables1 but since their mode of reproduction has been discovered1 they are known to be animals4 ,the sponge is formed of an aggregation of ciliated cells1 built together on a skeleton or framework of calcareous or silicious substance1 that extends by slow external secretions as the animal body grows4 ,there is a central cavity toward which there are numerous channels1 from openings on the surface1 through which water is continually received1 and one through which it is discharged4 ,the animal part is a sensitive1 gelatinous film1 extending through the growing mass1 and spreads out over the surface4 ,it is perforated1 in places1 and adapts itself to all the sinuosities and intersections of the canals that run in every direction4 ,the little animals are provided with exceedingly fine cilia that they keep in almost constant motion2 no one knows how1 or for what1 but it is supposed they thus sweep in the water that circulates through all the channels and chambers formed for it4 ,after death1 the soft matter1 like all animal tissues1 decays1 or is dried up2 and by beating and washing1 it and any calcareous substances are removed4 ,the horny1 elastic fibers are found so exquisitely connected about the internal canals and cavities that water is freely admitted1 or by pressure expelled4 ,sponges are found in every latitude1 but are more numerous and grow larger in warm climates4 ,those in our markets are mostly from the ,bahamas and the islands of the ,mediterranean4 ,they are obtained by diving1 often to great depths4 ,,sub-,,kingdom ,,iii4 ,clenterata 7hollow intestines74 ,these are radiate animals1 have a distinct digestive cavity1 and always two layers of tissue in their walls4 ,they have minute sacs containing a fluid1 and barbed filaments capable of being thrown out as stings4 ,the classes of the ,clenterata are the ,hydrozoa1 ,anthozoa1 and ,ctenophora4 ,the best known representative of the former is the fresh water hydra 7water animal74 ,it gives but slight evidence of a nervous system1 has no stomach1 or digestive sac1 but is a simple tube into which the mouth opens4 ,the sensitive little body is in color and texture1 to the casual observer more like a plant than an animal4 ,it is attached at one end to a submerged aquatic plant1 while the mouth at the free end is provided with tentacles1#b by which it feeds and moves4 ,it buds1 and also produces eggs4 ,the young hydra1 when hatched or thrown off1 attaches itself to plants1 as did its parents4 ,some hydroids attach themselves to shells1 and are supported by horny1 branching skeletons1 specimens of which are numerous1 and may be seen in almost any museum4 ,illustration3 ,,hydra1 ,,showing ,,buds4 ,a second representative of this class is the jelly fish4 ,it has a soft1 gelatinous1 circular body1 that floats or swims on the surface in calm weather1 with the mouth downward4 ,tubes radiate from the center to the circumference that is fringed all around with pendant tentacles1 sometimes of great length and of considerable contractile power4 ,they are of various sizes1 some quite small1 others as much as eight feet in diameter4 ,they move about by flapping their sides1 after the manner of opening and shutting an umbrella4 ,when dried1 the thin1 filmy covering is very light4 ,one variety1 called ,lucernaria1 is found attached to grasses along the ,atlantic shore4 ,but the ordinary jelly fish is free1 and borne on the surface of the sea4 ,the ,anthozoa 7flower animals7 are small1 but not microscopic animals1 having a double cavity1 the inner of which is the digestive sac4 ,the best known of the class is the ,actinia 7rayed71 or sea anemone1 so called from its resemblance to a plant or flower of that name4 ,the body is somewhat like a flower in shape4 ,the disc has a central orifice1 very contractile1 and surrounded with tubular tentacles of various forms1 which it elongates1 contracts1 and moves in different directions4 ,they are so many arms by which the animal seizes its prey1 and when expanded for the purpose1 being tinted with brilliant colors1 present an elegant appearance1 and make vast fields of the ocean look like beautiful flower gardens4 ,they feed voraciously on little crabs and mollusks1 that often seem superior to themselves in strength and bulk1 but they have power in their little tentacles to seize and hold their prey1 and when they engulf large bodies the stomach is distended to receive them2 and their digestion is good4 ,the purple sea anemone is very common on the southern shores of ,england1 and one species1 found on the shores of the ,mediterranean1 is said to be esteemed a great delicacy by the ,italians4 ,at night1 or when alarmed1 the animal draws in its arms1 shuts the door1 and seems but a rounded lump of flesh1 a huge oyster without a shell4 ,the coral polyps 7many footed71 belonging to this class1 are little folk1 but of importance from their well-earned reputation as reef builders4 ,they are very diminutive creatures1 mere drops of animal jelly1 often not larger than the head of a pin1 but their works show unmistakable evidence of life1 and an organic structure4 ,they live in communities1 closely united1 but each1 having a distinct individuality1 by the sure process of secreting a portion of the calcareous matter within reach1 prepares for himself a house1 as all his ancestors have done1 and his neighbors are now doing4 ,they build together1 their foundations having strong connections1 and thoroughly cemented4 ,there in his own little palace the polyp lives1 his food being brought to his lips2 and1 having sent out a numerous progeny to do likewise for themselves1 there he dies4 ,life and death1 as in all mundane communities1 being in close proximity1 the old dying1 a new generation builds houses over their sepulchres4 ,illustration3 ,,sea ,,anemone4 ,the great variety of corals seen in any extensive collection1 some very beautiful1 others rough and unsightly1 are from different branches of a very extensive family4 ,astrea 7star shaped71 from the ,fiji islands1 is a kind of coral hemisphere1 covered with large and beautiful cells4 ,mushroom coral is disc shaped1 not fixed or attached1 and is the secretion1 not of many1 but of a single huge polyp4 ,brain coral is globular1 and the surface irregularly furrowed or corrugated4 ,madrepora 7spotted pores7 coral is neatly branched1 the branches having pointed extremities ending in single minute cells4 ,porites1 or sponge coral1 is also branched1 but the branches are not pointed1 and the surface smoother4 ,tubipora1 or organ pipe coral1 shows some very striking peculiarities4 ,a section of the vast structures built by them resembles a collection of regular1 smooth1 red colored pipes1 firmly bound together by cross sections4 ,coral rocks are of slow formation1 but have attained prodigious dimensions2 whole islands are of coral origin1 and in some seas the concealed rocks make navigation dangerous4 ,the reefs are often #b1jjj feet thick1 though it is estimated that not more than five feet are added in a thousand years4 ,the little architects were at work early4 ,corallium rubrum1 or red coral1 much sought after and precious1 is shrub-like1 of fine texture1 and a beautiful crimson color4 ,in a living state its branches are said to be covered over with bright polyps1 and the skeleton receives a very fine polish4 ,it is used for ornaments4 ,professor ,dana says3 8,some species grow in large leaves rolled round each other1 like an open cabbage1 and another foliated kind consists of leaves more crisped1 and of more delicate structure4 #8,lettuce coral' would be a significant name2 each leaf has its surface covered with polyp flowers4 ,the clustered leaves of acanthus and oak are at once called to mind by this species40 ,illustration3 ,,coral ,,island4 ,the ,ctenophora 7comb-bearing7 are considered the highest of the ,clenterata1 having a more complex digestive apparatus1 and better developed nervous system4 ,their long tentacles1 and comb-like cilia are used for swimming4 ,,sub-,,kingdom ,,iv4 ,echinodermata 7spiny skinned7 have all their parts symmetrically arranged about a central axis1 a contractile heart1 good digestive organs1 and a peculiar system of radiating canals extending through the organism4 ,they are a numerous family of exclusively marine animals1 and their characteristics furnish an interesting study4 ,most naturalists mention four classes4 ,,class ,i4--,crinoidea1 or sea lilies1 now nearly extinct1 are fixed to rocks1 or the sea bottom1 by what seems simply a stem1 but is the body of the animal4 ,at the top is the mouth1 resembling an expanding bud or flower that opens upward1 surrounded by long tentacles1 or arms1 not unlike the sea anemone4 ,it is supported by a calcareous skeleton consisting of many members1 stiff-jointed1 crossing and interlacing with one another4 ,when living1 the gelatinous animal partly envelops this framework4 ,,class ,,ii4--,asteroidea1 or star fish1 have a flat disc1 five or more radiating arms extending some distance from the body at the center1 and containing a part of the viscera4 ,the mouth is where the arms meet1 and opens downward4 ,the upper surface is studded over with rough knobs1 between which are the openings of many little tubes1 for the passage of water into and out of the body4 ,the round mouth is very dilatable1 enabling it to receive large and solid objects for its food1 which there is no attempt to masticate4 ,after the digestive organ is somehow wrapped around the shell fish on which it feeds1 it is held in its firm embrace till the nutritive portion is disposed of1 and then thrown out4 ,they are voracious eaters1 devouring all kinds of garbage that would otherwise accumulate along the shores1 valuable as sea scavengers1 though destructive of living crustaceans and shell fish4 ,,class ,,iii4--,echinoidea 7hedgehog-like7 are covered with spines which they move either by the enveloping membrane or by small muscles properly situated for the purpose4 ,the thin1 horny1 and1 when dry1 very light skin is peculiar1 in that it is composed of regularly shaped1 pentagonal plates1 arranged in radiating zones1 every alternate plate perforated with small holes2 and among the spines1 but capable of extending beyond them1 are little arms1 provided at the end with forceps1 probably for seizing their prey1 or for ridding themselves of troublesome parasites4 ,these are also used for locomotion4 ,they are less active than some others of the family1 live near the shore among rocks1 or under the seaweed1 feed on crabs1 and are oviparous4#c ,,class ,,iv4--,holothuroidea 7whole mouthed74 ,they are elongated1 like a cucumber1 and the head end terminates abruptly1 the mouth being a circular opening surrounded with feathery tentacles4 ,they have remarkable muscular power1 by which they can disgorge the contents of the stomach1 throw off their tentacles1 and even eject most of their internal organs1 and survive the loss1 afterward producing others1 perhaps more satisfactory or in a healthier condition4 ,in tropical climates1 they have been likened to the sea urchin1 without a shell1 but are proportionally longer1 and their axis horizontal4 ,,sub-,,kingdom ,v4 ,vermes 7worms74 ,animals having head and tail composed of segments4 ,the digestive organ is tubular1 and the nervous system a double chain of ganglia#d on the ventral#e surface4 ,there are six classes of vermes4 ,the animals differ greatly in appearance4 ,,class ,i4--,flat worms are best known as the parasites that infest animals1 such as the liver fluke of the sheep1 and the tapeworm4 ,the flat worms pass through a very peculiar metamorphosis1 some varieties taking as many as seven different forms4 ,,class ,,ii4--,round or ,thread ,worms are represented by the pin worm and ,trichina4 ,the latter is the dangerous worm which finds its way into the human system from pork flesh1 in which it is imbedded4 ,,class ,,iii4--,wheel ,animalcul1 or ,rotifera4 ,a most interesting microscopic worm1 abounding in fresh water and in the ocean4 ,they will remain dried up for years1 and then recover life4 ,their shapes are very peculiar4 ,,class ,,iv4--,moss ,animals1 or ,polyzoa1 are the animals which form a coral-like shell4 ,they are abundant on the seashore1 and are called sea mosses4 ,,class ,v4--,lamp ,shells 7,brachiopoda74 ,these worms are marine1 and form a bivalve shell1 the valves being on either side of the body4 ,the body has long arms on one side of the mouth1 which bear fringes2 the motion of the fringes draws food into the mouth4 ,they are also used in respiration4 ,but few species of the ,brachiopods are now living1 though they were once very plenty4 ,,class ,,vi4--,annelid4 ,this last class includes the leeches1 a flat worm1 whose body is divided into segments2 the earth or angleworm1 a familiar worm of many segments1 and the marine worms4 ,each segment of the latter bears clusters of bristles1 used in swimming4 ,,sub-,,kingdom ,,vi4 ,mollusca 7soft74 ,general characteristics--,mollusks1 a numerous branch of the animal kingdom1 are so called from the softness of their bodies1 which usually have no internal skeleton or framework to support them4 ,they are covered with a tough1 muscular skin1 and generally protected by a shell4 ,they have a gangliated nervous system1 in some cases well developed1 the medullary#f mass not enclosed in a cranium or spinal column--of which they are mostly destitute--but distributed more or less irregularly through the body4 ,they have hearts1 and an imperfect circulative system1 the blood being pale or blueish4 ,some breathe in air1 some in fresh1 more in sea water4 ,some--both of those on land and those in water--are naked1 others have a calcareous covering or shell4 ,the larger marine mollusks are often guarded by very strong1 heavy shells4 ,some are viviparous1 others oviparous1 and multiply rapidly4 ,illustration3 ,,snail4 ,three general1 and many subdivisions are recognized4 ,the total number of living species is said to exceed twenty thousand1 of which only a few can be mentioned4 ,the classes under this division are ,lamellibranchiata1 ,gasteropoda1 and ,cephalopoda4 ,the chief representatives of the first class are all ordinary bivalves4 ,ostrea 7oysters7 are well known bivalve mollusks4 ,the shells are so irregular in surface and shape that it would be impossible1 as it is unnecessary1 to describe them4 ,the animal itself is very simple in structure1 proverbially stupid1 low in the scale of animal life1 but highly esteemed as a delicious article of food4 ,they are found in almost all seas1 and in water of from two to six fathoms1 but never very far from some shore4 ,they multiply so rapidly that1 though the consumption increases with the increase of population and the facilities for distributing them1 the supply is equal to the demand4 ,boston is mostly supplied from artificial beds1 and the flats or shallow bays in the vicinity of our maritime cities abound in such 8plants40 ,baltimore and ,new ,york have each an immense local trade1 and the oysters exported from the ,chesapeake ,bay fisheries amount to about #be1jjj1jjj annually4 ,,class ,,ii4--,gasteropoda 7stomach-footed74 ,this class1 including the great snail family1 is a very large division of terrestrial1 air-breathing mollusks4 ,their light shells vary much in form2 when spiral and fully developed they have as many as five or six whorls1 symmetrically arranged4 ,the shell can contain the whole body1 but the animal often partially crawls out and carries the shell on its back4 ,the locomotion is slow and accomplished by the contractile muscle of the ventral foot4 ,,class ,,iii4--,the ,cephalopoda 7head-footed7 have distinctly formed heads1 large1 staring eyes1 mouths surrounded with tentacles or feelers1 symmetrically formed bodies wrapped in a muscular covering2 they have all the five senses1 and are carnivorous4 ,this class is entirely marine1 and breathes through gills on the side of the body4 ,the naked ,cephalopoda are numerous1 and furnish food for many other animals4 ,those living in chambered shells1 once numerous1 are now known principally by their fossils1 the pearly ,nautilus 7sailor7 being their only living representative4 ,this has a smooth1 pearly shell1 and is much prized as an ornament4 ,it is a native of the ,indian ,ocean1 dwelling in the deep places of the sea1 and at the bottom4 ,the shell is too well known to need description1 and but few specimens of the living animal have been obtained4 ,illustration3 ,,nautilus4 ,the following facts as to the physical organization and habits of this interesting species of univalves are gleaned from the ,american ,cyclopdia1 and given for those who have not access to any extensive work on the subject2 they were mostly copied for the ,cyclopdia from ,professor ,owen's celebrated memoir1 and the 8,proceedings of the ,linnan ,society of ,london30 ,the posterior portion of the body containing the viscera is soft1 smooth and adapted to the anterior chamber of the shell2 the anterior portion is muscular1 including the organs of sense and locomotion1 and can be drawn within the shell4 ,the mantle is very thin behind1 and prolonged through the calcareous tube of the occupied chamber as a membranous siphon1 and through all the divisions of the shell to the central nucleus2 on the upper part of the head is a broad1 triangular1 muscular hood1 protecting the head when retracted and used as a foot for creeping at the bottom of the sea1 with the shell uppermost4 ''' ,the mouth has two horny mandibles1 like the beak of a parrot reversed1 the lower overlapping the upper1 moving vertically1 and implanted in thick1 muscular walls4 ''' ,there are ninety tentacles about the labial processes and head4 ,the internal cartilaginous skeleton is confined to the lower surface of the head1 a part of the cephalic nervous system being protected in a groove on its upper surface1 and the two great muscles which fasten the body to the shell are attached to it4 ,the funnel is very muscular and is the principal organ of free locomotion1 the animal being propelled backward by the reaction of the ejected respiratory current against the water before it4 ''' ,the nautilus1 though the lowest of the ,cephalopods1 offers a nearer approach to the vertebrate animals than does any other invertebrate1 in the perfect symmetry of the organs1 the larger proportion of muscle1 the increased bulk and concentration of the nervous centers in and near the head1 and in the cartilaginous cephalic skeleton4 ,the mature nautilus occupies but a small part of the shell1 the parts progressively vacated during its growth are one after another partitioned off by their smooth plates into air tight chambers1 the plates growing from the circumference toward the center1 and pierced by the membranous siphon4 ,the young animal before the formation of these chambers can not rise from the bottom of the sea1 but the older ones come to the surface by the expansion and protrusion of their bodies producing a slight vacuum in the posterior part of the chamber unoccupied1 and1 some say1 by the exhalation of some light gas into the other deserted chambers4 ,they rise in the water as a balloon does in the air1 because lighter than the element surrounding them4 ,they float on the surface with the shell upward1 and sink quickly by reversing it4 ,by a nice adjustment1 in the completed structure1 between the air chambers and the dwelling chamber1 the house and its inhabitant are nearly of the same specific gravity as water4 ''' ,in parts of the ,southern ,pacific1 at certain seasons of the year1 fleets of these little ships are carried by the winds and currents to the island shores1 where they are captured and used for food4 ,illustration3 ,,argonaut4 ,the ,paper ,nautilus1 or argonaut1 secretes a thin1 unchambered shell in which its eggs are carried2 has tentacles or arms with which it crawls on the bottom1 and swims backward1 usually with the back down1 squirting water through its breathing funnel4 ,the argonaut differs from the true nautilus in having larger arms of more complicated structure1 with sucker discs1 and partially connected by a membrane at the base4 ,it has an ink gland and sac1 for its secretion4 ,it has a great number of little cells1 containing pigment matter of different colors1 whose contractions and expansions give it a remarkable power of rapidly changing its tints4 ,there is no internal shell1 and it is ascertained that the external shell is peculiar to the female1 and is only an incubating and protective nest for the eggs4 ,the eggs are attached to the involuted spire of the shell1 behind and beneath the body of the female4 ,from the fact that the animal has no muscular or other attachment to its shell1 and has been known1 after quitting it1 to survive sometime without attempting to return1 the argonaut has been supposed to be a parasitic occupant of the cast off shell of another1 but is now pretty clearly proved to be the architect of its own shell1 which it also repairs when broken by the agency of its palmated arms4 ,it is said the argonaut rises to the surface1 with the shell upward1 turning it downward when it floats on the water2 by drawing the six arms within the shell and placing the palmated ones on the outside1 it can quickly sink4 ,this explains why the animal is so seldom taken with the shell4 ,the shell is flexible when in water1 but very fragile when dry4 ,the largest known specimen is in the collection of the ,boston ,society of ,natural ,history2 it is #aj by #f inches4 ,for a full account of this animal see 8,proceedings of the ,boston ,society of ,natural ,history10 vol4 v1 pp4 #cfi-cha4 ,end of ,required ,reading for ,april4 ,,jerry ,mc,a,u,l,e,y ,,and ,,his ,,work4 ,,by ,,coleman ,e4 ,,bishop4 ,extremes of life meet in a great city4 8,man1 the pendulum betwixt a smile and tear10 here swings between the utmost extremes of squalor and splendor1 misery and enjoyment1 sin and virtue4 ,that conflict between good and evil--old as the human soul1 its arena--is waged nowhere as fiercely as here1 where life is intense and assailable souls are legion4 ,you have to go but a little below the surface of city life to find a worse than ,dante's 8,inferno20 and if that were the whole story1 if there were no compensating charities1 one would feel it a mercy to call down on the city the desolation1 and the peace of ,sodom4 ,but1 thank ,god6 there are those redeeming1 reforming influences to give one new hope for civilization1 new faith in humanity1 or new faith in divine grace4 ,its missions and charities are the sunny side of ,new ,york4 ,there are over one hundred and thirty established missions in the city1 with a million and a half of dollars permanently invested1 beside the other millions required to support them2 and the eleemosynary and relief institutions of ,new ,york outshine the charities of all other cities1 proportioned to numbers4 ,some liberal1 devout souls seem to be looking after every conceivable phase of suffering and sin1 and if the devil seems generally to be getting the advantage1 let us believe that it is because his antagonists are not more numerous1 rather than because he is any smarter or attends more strictly to business4 ,indeed1 the ingenuity of some of the foes of sin1 might put to confusion the proverbial originality of the great adversary4 ,of these exceptional efforts1 perhaps there is none more unique than the work of the late ,jerry ,mc,auley1 nor one that has wrought so great results with so little human aid2 nor one to which the ,christian believer can point as a testimony of divine agency with greater confidence4 ,yet1 a thoughtful study of the man and his work will reveal the rationale of it1 and help us to understand why it took hold of a certain class in the way it did2 that is1 why he proved so exact a means to that exact end4 ,the characteristics and training that made ,jerry ,mc,auley a successful criminal made him1 when his nature and purpose had been transformed1 a successful missionary4 ,the son of a counterfeiter1 he was educated in the worst streets and dens1 graduated a tippler and petty thief in his boyhood1 and took his degrees of gambler1 drunkard1 burglar and wharf rat2 and at the age of nineteen was convicted and sentenced to fifteen years' imprisonment4 ,short and inglorious career of sin6 ,to be followed by a long and glorious one of righteousness1 and crowned at last with a triumphant death in faith6 ,here for seven years he hardened under perfunctory gospel ministrations and prison discipline1 until at the right time ,orville ,gardner1 known as 8,awful ,gardner1 the ,reformed ,prize-fighter10 found ,jerry and led him to that change which he always called his 8transformation40 ,he was pardoned out1 only to meet the killing1 chilling reception that society gives to one who has passed the bars4 ,now followed seven years of struggles for an honest life4 ,only his soul and its ,maker know what these were4 ,at one time he relapsed into his old ways1 but he was sought and reclaimed by agents of the ,howard 78,five ,points07 ,mission4 ,strange1 is it not1 that good people are so much more alert to recall the fallen than to aid the struggling and keep the rescued secure8 ,why is it that interest in the unfortunate is deferred till interest seems useless8 ,jerry now conceived the plan of a mission to people of his own old life1 men and women tempted in all points like unto himself4 ,he applied for advice and help to one or two clergymen and some wealthy church members1 only to meet with mortifying coldness or refusal4 ,we can readily understand this caution1 considering ,mc,auley's antecedents and qualifications4 ,he could hardly read and write his own name4 ,churches are so fiercely criticised that they have to be very chary about espousing unpromising enterprises4 ,it was a natural caution if not a ,christian charity2 worldly if not spiritual wisdom4 ,besides1 are there not still things that ,he hides from the wise and prudent1 and reveals unto babes8 ,at length1 ,mc,auley found men able and willing to help1 and with their aid he opened his ,water ,street ,mission1 in #ahgb4 ,this situation is one of the worst in the lower part of the city1 in the 8,bloody ,eighth ,ward10 the haunt of river thieves1 sailors and abandoned women of the lowest degree4 ,it was a 8rum start10 indeed1 to the denizens of ,water ,street when one of their leaders was graduated from prison to prayer meeting2 and by scores they 8came to scoff1 and remained to pray40 ,this mission was a success from the start1 and to-day remains in full tide of beneficent operation4 ,two years ago ,jerry was able to carry out his long-entertained desire to 8do something for up-town sinners0 by the establishment of the 8,cremorne ,mission40 ,it was a more daring undertaking because it had to do with more respectable sinners4 ,he said it was a mistake to speak of those in the gutter as 8hard cases20 their pride and reliance are gone1 and they are not likely to be affronted or resistant when told they need a ,savior2 the prosperous and successful are the hard hearted2 as you ascend the scale in means1 intelligence and pretension1 the harder the sinner becomes4 ,on ,west ,thirty-,second ,street1 just off ,third ,avenue1 was the infamous ,cremorne ,gardens1 one of the most dangerous because not one of the lowest resorts of abandoned men and women4 ,in this vicinity are many houses of ill repute of the higher rank2 gamblers and sporting men have their 8runways0 in that part of the city4 ,jerry 8carried the war into ,africa0 by leasing a building next the 8,cremorne ,garden10 so that in all respects the sad satire of ,de,foe was and is reversed1 8,wherever ,god erects a house of prayer ,the ,devil always builds a chapel there2 ,and 'twill be found upon examination ,the latter has the larger congregation40 ,the passenger by the elevated railroad1 or one of the several street car lines that converge at the intersection of ,sixth ,avenue and ,broadway1 may see any evening a brilliant prismatic sign of 8,cremorne ,garden10 and seemingly just above it this more brilliant legend3 ,,jerry ,,mcauley',s ,,cremorne ,,mission4 ,he will reach the ,mission first1 as he approaches this strange conjunction of stars2 ,jerry said he wanted the ,lord to have the first chance at a sinner when he could4 ,the doors are open night and day1 and some one is always there to welcome the visitor4 ,a 8protracted meeting0 is held here all the year1 and all the years1 around4 ,going in1 you stand in a long1 narrow hall1 with high ceilings modestly decorated2 an aisle down the middle flanked by rows of oaken settees terminates at a low platform on which are chairs1 a cheap desk1 and a grand piano4 ,the place seats five or six hundred4 ,the hall is brilliant with electric lights1 and the walls are illustrious with such ,scripture quotations as1 in the words of one of the converts1 have been found most apt to 8fetch 'em0--i4 e41 sinners4 ,by the platform are conspicuous notices that speeches are limited to one minute each1 a rule that is easily enforced in the case of the converts1 because they have only facts to tell1 and do not seem to be in love with that sweetest music on earth1 the sound of their own voices4 8,one minute each10 ,jerry would say3 8,don't be too long2 cut off both ends and give us the middle2 you need not get mad1 as some people have done1 if ,i ring this bell40 8,all right10 replied one easy speaker2 8,if ,i get long-winded pull me down by my coat tails20 whereat all laughed heartily1 as they frequently do4 ,jerry ,mc,auley's method1 first and last1 was unique1 but simple and very effective4 ,testimonies are the great reliance4 ,they teach salvation by object lessons1 prove the truth of conversion by concrete examples4 ,there is no argument1 no exhortation1 no didactics1 no theological disquisition4 ,what need of these in the presence of these living examples8 ,a man stands up and says3 8,for twenty years ,i was a common drunkard and thief4 ,five years ago ,i found ,christ here4 ,i have not touched a drop nor stolen a thing since40 ,mc,auley was won by proof4 ,he said3 8,it was a testimony that brought me4 ,i was #8sent up' for fifteen years and six months2 ,i listened to preaching there for over seven years1 but ,i was still unmoved4 ,then a man came along who gave his experience4 ,he had been a wicked man4 ,that man told just my history2 but he was saved1 and since there was hope for a desperate man like him1 ,i knew there was hope for me4 ,and there was6 ,now you have heard the biggest debtor to grace that is in the room1 let the next heaviest debtor follow me40 ,others were won by the undeniable transformation of ,jerry4 ,these things were irresistible4 ,men describe the effect on themselves of these living witnesses3 8,the ,bible reading and the prayer did not have any effect upon me1 but the testimonies of some who had been1 as ,i could not help admitting to myself1 just as ,i then was1 did affect me4 ,i felt that ,i was in the same boat as they had been in4 ,the conviction of my state forced itself upon me1 whether ,i wanted to think of it or not40 8,i came to this meeting three weeks ago4 ,i was drunk when ,i came in here1 but drunk as ,i was1 those testimonies1 such as you have heard to-night1 reached me1 and ,i went forward to those chairs4 ,there ,i gave my heart to ,christ after serving the devil forty-seven years40 8,when ,i first heard the testimonies here ,i thought those who spoke had great impudence to tell all about their past lives1 but by and by ,i felt that they were describing my case4 ,then1 as they told how ,jesus saved them1 ,i felt ,i needed to be saved40 8,as testimony after testimony was given ,i would say to myself3 that's me1 that's me40 ,another said that the prayer and ,bible reading did not affect him1 but the testimonies were 8like shot after shot fired at him40 ,these effects are driven home and clinched by direct personal efforts with penitents1 by attentions that follow them to their homes or shops1 or into evil haunts1 by relief and creature comforts--in a word1 by an interest vigilant1 ceaseless1 and tender as divine love1 because inspired by it4 ,as the method is peculiar1 the atmosphere of the meeting is4 ,one familiar with ordinary devotional meetings1 and1 more1 with revival efforts1 can not fail to notice here the contrast4 ,speaking is uniformly in an ordinary tone1 and in a conversational1 matter-of-fact manner--an effect that is heightened by the use of phrases common in the resorts where some of the converts learned their vernacular4 ,and prayer is specially subdued and low toned--the more impressive and reverential on account of it4 ,then1 one feels the momentum of the exercises and the tone of cheerfulness and joy that prevail4 ,there is none of that exhortation to 8improve the precious time20 none of that dismal bewailing of spiritual barrenness and besetting doubts1 fears and temptations1 which sometimes make devotional exercises mechanical and dreary1 and furnish stumbling-blocks to young believers4 ,these converts do not dwell much on their enjoyment of religion2 albeit1 they do one and all give thanks without ceasing for their deliverance4 ,one notes1 too1 the absence of cant1 of quotations and set phrases2 everything is original4 ,there is little exhortation of others4 ,in short1 like ,bartimeas1 they know 8,whereas ,i was blind1 now ,i see20 and unlike the blind man1 they know who worked the miracle4 ,it was the founder and leader of the two missions who gave all this tone to their services4 ,he was of a medium height and slender1 with a heavy1 wiry moustache1 keen eyes1 a nervous temperament1 energetic1 quick-witted1 sympathetic2 one readily caught good feeling and confraternity from his presence4 ,he would flash out at a hymn1 a text1 or a testimony1 with a bit of experience4 ,before two sentences had passed his lips he probably would leap down from his place on the platform1 saying1 humorously3 8,i can't talk up on that stage10 and go down the aisle as if to hold pleasant converse with his audience4 ,it was a strange melange of earnestness1 experience1 humility and wit1 with not the least attempt at eloquence1 and apparently no study of effects4 ,he describes one case of conversion3 8,this man had come into the meeting with his head about twice the usual size1 and his eyes as red as a red-hot poker4 ,you could have squeezed the rum out of him4 ,he asked me to pray with him1 but ,i hadn't much faith in the man1 but that's just where ,god disappointed me4 ,i was deceived4 ,the man meant business40 ,the missions are supported entirely by voluntary contributions left in the boxes by the door4 ,sometimes these run low4 ,one night ,jerry asked all who were glad to be there to hold up their hands4 ,all hands up4 8,now10 said he1 8when you take your hands down put them way down--down into your pockets1 and fetch something out to put in the boxes by the door40 ,he said1 that to run a mission successfully required 8grace1 grit and greenbacks40 ,i fancy considerable of his influence was due to his knowledge of the secret hearts1 the personal experiences of his auditors2 he was like a priest at confessional1 when out of meeting4 ,there are no verbatim reports of his talks extant1 and if there were they would give the reader no proper idea of the man1 because the grotesqueness of his language would probably be the most striking feature of them4 ,he must have been heard to be understood1 and even then ,i think he could not have been understood save by those whose experience and modes of life gave them the touchstone4 ,sister ,maggie is a typical convert4 ,at one of the ,cremorne missions a ,sunday-school worker from the ,east ,side told of his class of fifteen street boys and girls4 8,i asked them10 he said1 8how many of them drank beer1 and all promptly put up their hands4 ,i asked how many thought it a bad practice1 and only four or five responded4 ,i then told them of the evils that drink led to1 and cited them numerous examples within their knowledge1 and finally asked how many of them would resolve never to drink any more beer4 ,about half of them kept their hands down1 and in a way that showed they meant business40 ,this discouraging incident brought to her feet1 on the platform1 a tall1 thick-set1 strong-featured woman4 ,she spoke with a strident1 energetic voice1 a ,bowery accent1 and a manner to which all thought of shrinking or embarrassment was a stranger4 ,it was ,sister ,maggie4 ,she said1 as nearly as ,i recall the words3 8,this teaching children beer-drinking is the beginning of all the deviltry4 ,i was passing a dive yesterday and ,i saw a little kid come out with a pail of beer that she had been sent for1 and no sooner was she outside the door than the pail went to her head4 ,that's the way ,i used to do1 and learned to drink and steal at the same time4 ,but ,god can help us to reclaim even beings so badly educated4 ,he helped me1 and there can't be a worse case on the ,east ,side4 ,there is not a dive over there that ,i haven't been drunk in4 ,brother ,s4 knows how often ,i have drank with him at old ,c4's dead-house 7rum-shop74 ,sixteen years ago ,i was a leper1 a confirmed sot4 ,if you had seen me you would not have believed that ,i could have been saved4 ,christians said ,i was too far gone2 they said there was not enough woman left in me to be saved4 ,i had had the jim-jams twicet4 ,laughter4 ,the first time ,i had 'em ,i thought my back hair was full of mice--oh1 that was awful6 ,more laughter4 ,i was just getting over the tremens when ,i first come in here4 ,i was a walking rag-shop1 and if you'd a seen me you'd give me plenty of room on the walk4 ,i staggered in and sat down on the very backest seat4 ,now they let me sit up here on the platform4 ,what d'ye think of that8 ,god helped me1 and he has helped me now for sixteen years1 and ,i am going through4 ,i am happy4 ,i have friends and good clothes1 and more than all1 ,i have a good home1 and that is what ,i never knew before40 ,at the mention of the word 8home10 all the woman's instinct asserted itself1 and for the first time her voice softened1 and her manner melted2 she sobbed1 and sat down4 ,i can give no complete idea of the effect of this1 because the reader can know nothing of the surroundings1 the antecedents of the speaker and of many of her listeners1 and the keen rapport that ties them together4 ,these worshipers are a class and an organization by themselves2 they have no church affiliations1 and their worship is sui generis2 many of them were outcasts of society in former years1 they stand alone since their reformation1 and they are drawn close together in their isolation4 ,true1 there are many among them who were always respectable members of society2 many who since their conversion here have joined churches2 there are richly dressed and cultured-looking people scattered in these audiences2 but the fact remains that the genius and distinctive personnel of the meetings are of the order of which ,jerry ,mc,auley and 8,sister ,maggie0 and their ministrations are representatives4 ,i know of no religious exercises better calculated to inspire the true religious feelings of faith1 charity1 humility1 gratitude1 and rejoicing--the distinguishing marks of the original ,christian following4 ,but they differ from the noisy demonstrations which sometimes are taken for 8primitive ,christianity10 as they do from the cold and conventional worship which advertises itself in brownstone structures and double-barred mahogany pews4 ,if one wants to get a breath of vigorous faith and wholesome humility1 he should attend the ,sunday evening services at one of the ,mc,auley ,missions4 ,jerry ,mc,auley died suddenly1 but not unexpectedly1 last ,september4 ,his funeral1 held at the great ,broadway ,tabernacle1 was one of the largest ever seen in this city1 and was attended by hundreds of abandoned characters who had been reclaimed through his instrumentality1 and who were probably never inside of a church before1 and may never be again4 ,women with painted faces1 but with tears in their eyes and bits of crape fastened at their throats or arms1 stood with downcast heads beside other women who1 under other circumstances1 would have shunned them4 ,thus did all classes testify to the power of simple faith and devotion in a poor1 uncultured outcast4 ,over the platform in his chapels are his last1 characteristic words3 8,,it',s ,,all ,,right40 8,the workman dies1 but the work goes on40 ,there is no calculating the power and extent of the influences this humble worker has set in motion4 ,beside the hundreds of living examples of his labor here1 the seed has scattered to the four winds of heaven1 and sprung up in various forms to bless the world--in other cities and other lands4 ,the ,missions publish ,jerry ,mc,auley's ,newspaper1 which1 extensively circulated1 especially in prisons and 8the slums0 of cities1 carries the glad tidings of the testimonies to do a silent and unknown work4 ,an affecting feature of the private work of these converts is their efforts to hunt out and reclaim missing boys and girls4 ,letters are received from agonized parents1 from distant points as well as the city1 imploring the help of missionaries to find these estrays2 and their efforts are often successful4 ,i close with one example of this radiating1 ramifying influence3 ,michael ,dunn was an ,english thief by inheritance1 for his parents were thieves1 and as he expresses it1 8he had thieving on the brain40 ,he had spent the greater part of thirty-five years in different prisons1 and continued the same life after coming to this country4 ,one evening an unconverted man sent him into the ,mc,auley ,mission as a joke1 but it proved to ,dunn a blessing1 for he found a ,savior1 and the desire for stealing was all cast out4 ,he was moved to undertake that most important work1 the provision of a home for refuge and work for his brother ex-convicts4 ,after many trials and difficulties he finally established the ,home of ,industry1 ,no4 #dj ,houston ,street1 ,new ,york1 where many lost men who were a terror to society1 have been made honest ,christian citizens1 and are working to save others4 ,nor did the work stop here4 ,in the autumn of #ahhc1 ,dunn was called to ,san ,francisco1 ,california1 to open a similar ,home in that city1 where his labors are as successful as they were in ,new ,york4 ,,ein ,,feste ,,burg ,,ist ,,unser ,,gott4 ,,translation ,,of ,,luther',s ,,famous ,,hymn4 ,our ,god's a fastness sure indeed1 ,a trusty shield and weapon2 ,he helps us free in every need ,that unto us may happen4 ,the old wicked foe ,now in earnest doth go1 ,deep wiles and great might ,in his fell store unite1-- ,the earth holds not his fellow4 ,by strength of ours is nothing done1 ,full soon are we dejected6 ,but on our side's a champion ,by ,god himself elected4 ,and who may that be8 ,christ ,jesus is he1 ,the ,lord ,god of ,hosts6 ,all gods else are vain boasts1 ,our camp is in his keeping4 ,though demons rage both far and near ,and gape our souls to swallow2 ,not all too great shall be our fear2 ,success our steps shall follow4 ,the prince of this world1 ,though threats he hath hurled1 ,to us can do nought1 ,for if to judgment brought ,one word declares his sentence4 ,to let the word stand they are fain1 ,and small thereby their merit2 ,he dwells among us on the plain ,with gifts and with his spirit4 ,what though they take life1 ,goods1 name1 child1 and wife1 ,we need not rebel-- ,no profit those to hell1 ,while ours must be the kingdom4 ,,the ,,weather ,,bureau4 ,,by ,,oliver ,w4 ,,longan1 ,of the ,war ,department4 ,in an article on the 8,war ,department0 in ,,the ,,chautauquan for ,december1 mention was made of the weather observations by the ,signal ,corps of the army4 ,this novel service--novel both in its character and in its assignment to a military department--was commenced in #ahgj1 under a resolution of ,congress1 approved ,february #ith of that year1 which required the ,secretary of ,war 8,to provide for taking meteorological observations at the military stations in the interior of the continent1 and at other points in the states and territories of the ,united ,states1 and for giving notice on the northern lakes and on the sea coast1 by magnetic telegraph and marine signals1 of the approach and force of storms20 and in ,june1 #ahgb1 the provisions of the service were extended to include 8the agricultural and commercial interests0 of the country4 ,the plan of organization and the superintendence of the service were imposed upon the chief signal officer of the army1 then ,general ,albert ,j4 ,myer1,a to whose memory the signal and the weather services are living monuments4 ,if failures are of value in guiding succeeding attempts in the same line1 ,general ,myer had the advantage of a number1 both in this country and ,europe1 but attributing those failures to a want of proper agents rather than to mistakes of method1 and being thoroughly imbued with the idea that efficient service from a body of men employed in the same enterprise can be obtained only by enrolling them under the oath of enlistment as subjects of military discipline1 he could adopt all the methods of operation which had already been tried by others1 and1 uniting with them his own1 could undertake the work with a confidence in men as much as in measures1 and make sure progress over the same road that had been too difficult for others to travel4 ,the signal service1 which had been organized by him as a special and distinct department of the army1 was well prepared to operate the most important agent in the work1 the magnetic telegraph1 and it has constructed its lines over a great extent of country not yet reached by civilization1 connecting frontier military posts with each other and with the lines owned and operated by private companies4 ,the office division first established under the law of ,congress1 which has been mentioned1 was called by the appropriate but too extensive name of 8,division of ,telegrams and ,reports for the ,benefit of ,commerce10 but great works which have been proved and not found wanting may1 like great men1 afford to adopt simpler titles without loss of favor1 or if they will not do so voluntarily1 such titles will be fashioned for them and fastened to them by the people1 who have not time to regard the official proprieties that would hold them off at a respectful distance by an appearance of gravity of demeanor or by an impressive name1 so the office has come to be familiarly known as the 8,weather ,bureau10 and the officials in charge have accepted the designation without objection4 ,it detracts nothing from the appreciation of the work they accomplish in giving information--premonitory--of wind and rain1 heat and cold1 frost and snow1 river flood and ocean tide1 and much more of interest and value day by day--yes1 and night by night as well--for the inhabitants of this continent1 and in adding to the knowledge of meteorology which is eagerly sought by the scientists of the world4 ,the service contemplated by ,congress was at first intended--if we may judge by the language of the law--only to benefit persons interested in the commerce upon the great lakes and the ocean4 ,then the agriculturists were permitted to take share in the advantage afforded by a prevision of the weather4 ,but we are all too greatly interested personally in the kind of weather expected to-morrow or the next day not to seek to profit by the work done for those engaged in special business when there may be great gain for us as individuals without robbery of their peculiar rights4 ,our interest moves us to speech almost unconsciously1 as we meet our friends by the way and tell them1 what they already know as well as we1 about the kind of weather then prevailing1 or express our hopes or fears for what soon will be4 ,work and play are sources of profit and pleasure1 according to the influences of the weather1 and the signs of olden time are numberless1 to which we give our confidence1 whether they come from the beasts of the field1 or the fowls of the air1 or the fishes of the sea1 or are indications based upon a correct philosophy1 well known but not well understood4 ,the masses of the people will not give up their attachment to these signs1 nor for the old-fashioned almanac which their fathers consulted for their weather predictions1 but now that they have the aid of a great government institution conducted by men who study the weather as a science1 and who have patiently held out to them the benefit of their investigations until the good natured skepticism and the raillery of the multitude who dubbed the genius of the weather service 8,old ,probabilities10 has all been banished and has given place to full faith and credit1 they ought to acknowledge1 and no doubt do1 that their personal wants in this respect have been recognized1 and they will take interest in the methods by which they are met and satisfied4 ,every feature of the signal service has been brought into requisition and use for the work of weather observations and storm warnings1 and the original bureau seems to have been so wholly absorbed in the new one that the corps will be known1 except perhaps in official circles1 only by its operations in this special field1 until war shall call for the more frequent use of the flags and rockets and lights1 by the aid of which a great part of the rapid communication pertaining to the business of warfare is carried on4 ,the personnel of the corps comprises a chief signal officer 7brigadier-general71 twelve second lieutenants1 one hundred and fifty sergeants1 thirty corporals1 and three hundred and twenty privates4 ,prior to #ahgh there were no signal officers in the regular establishment except the chief1 but in that year authority was given to appoint two second lieutenants annually from the sergeants1 and the selection for these appointments is made by competitive examination4 ,officers are assigned to duty with the corps by detail from the regiments of the army1 and after a course of instruction return to their proper stations1 and are succeeded by others4 ,a few civilians are employed in the office in ,washington city1 in various capacities1 including that of professional scientist and instructor1 but the great work of observation is done by the army force1 so called because every member of it is ready at any moment to lay aside his special duties and take up arms for any emergency4 ,the pay of the officers is that of their grade in the army3 #e1ejj per annum for a brigadier-general2 #a1djj for a second lieutenant1 with an increase of ten per centum after each five years of service1 until the increase reaches forty per centum 7after twenty years' service71 when no more is added4 7,this increase1 called longevity pay1 is not given to any officer above the rank of colonel47 ,as the government is supposed to furnish a habitation of a certain number of rooms for each commissioned officer1 there is quite an augmentation of the pay when the duty requires a station where there are no public quarters1 as is the case in most of the service for the weather bureau1 and commutation is paid4 ,the pay of the enlisted men varies according to their rank and station of duty1 but is based upon the army pay table4 ,the pay of a sergeant1 including all allowances1 averages monthly within a few cents of the following amounts3 ,at a military post where quarters and rations are provided in kind1 #dj2 at an observing station1 #hj2 at the office in ,washington city1 #ajj2 that of a corporal #be1 #fe1 and #he2 that of a first class private #bb1 #fb and #hb1 and a decrease of four dollars for a second class private1 the respective stations being those mentioned for the sergeant4 ,the great difference in the pay of the same man at different places is made by the 8extra duty pay10 and commutation of allowances 7rations1 quarters1 fuel and clothing7 when they can not be furnished in kind4 ,the entrance into the service is by an enlistment of five years4 ,every man must pass a rigid examination into his physical and educational qualifications4 ,the service presents advantages not found in any other branch of the army4 ,the inducements attract a well educated class of men1 many of them graduates of colleges1 who find in the scientific part of the work at least1 a congenial pursuit4 ,the school of instruction is at ,fort ,myer 7formerly ,fort ,whipple71 a military station in ,virginia1 on the bank of the ,potomac river1 nearly opposite ,washington city4 ,the course embraces the drill and discipline of the soldier1 the code of signals1 the construction and operation of telegraph lines1 the use of meteorological instruments1 and the method of taking observations4 ,the central office in ,washington occupies an ordinary looking brick building of uncertain age1 half a square west of the ,war ,department building4 ,it was originally two two-story dwelling houses1 but has received an additional story and 8,mansard0 roof1 and has been fitted for its present use4 ,the plain and dingy exterior escapes critical notice by the display of the mysterious looking machinery and fixtures upon the roof4 ,an immense arrow 7anemoscope71 with broad feather-tip end1 turns its point ever 8in the wind's eye10 and is imitated by two smaller ones at a lower elevation4 ,several sets of spinning instruments of various sizes stand in different places4 ,these are the anemometers for measuring the velocity of the wind4 ,the part of each visible from the ground is simply a vertical rod with four branches on the top1 each branch having a hemispherical shaped cup upon its outer end1 so placed as to catch the wind in its convex side4 ,the force of the wind gives the cups a rotary motion in a horizontal plane1 which causes the vertical rod to revolve and record by connecting mechanism and dials the velocity of the wind in miles per hour4 ,near the center of the roof may be seen a vessel with a funnel shaped top into which the rain falls and is measured to ascertain the depth in inches1 of which accurate record is kept4 ,close by is a framework supporting a small cage-like structure with lattice sides and tight roof1 within which are hung the thermometers1 barometers1 and other instruments consulted regularly at intervals1 to ascertain the temperature1 pressure1 and humidity of the atmosphere4 ,these fixtures and instruments are used for the purpose of obtaining indications of the weather1 and for the instruction of 8,observers10 and serve as well for standards by which instruments to be sent to other places may be tested4 ,only a portion1 however1 of the business of the office is done in the building mentioned1 a number of others in the vicinity being occupied for the several departments of the work4 ,the central office is connected by telegraph with stations in the principal cities of the country1 at the sea and lake ports1 and at points along the ,atlantic and gulf coasts1 uniting with stations of the ,united ,states ,life ,saving ,service1 for it is there that the work of greatest value1 the saving of human life1 is done4 ,the number of stations is limited only by the amount of money provided by ,congress for their maintenance4 ,the top of ,pike's ,peak and the summit of ,mount ,washington both contribute their share of upper air phenomena1 and the lowest valleys in the interior give up their secrets of the atmosphere at its greatest depth4 ,what an ocean it is1 with its surface which we are told is a certain number of miles above us1 and its bottom1 which we know is under our feet1 its shoreless currents1 some as gentle as the breath of an infant1 others more fierce and swift than the whirlpool rapids of ,niagara4 ,to learn of these currents their force and direction1 whence they come and whither they go1 the laws to which they are subject1 has been the fascinating study of amateur meteorologists and the pursuit of men of professional attainments in science for many years4 ,but their discoveries were of little practical value before ,professor ,morse1 on a ,may day forty years ago1 sent over a telegraph wire between ,washington and ,baltimore1 his first message in the form of a question which since has been answered in wonders by the same agent then employed1 and the same now used to send warning of the coming storm1 whose swift wings have no other rival4 ,the weather stations are distinguished under a classification made by a special service performed at each1 and are known as telegraph1 printing1 display1 special river1 cotton region1 and sunset stations4 ,a number of them may have all the special features indicated by the different names1 while others may have but the one feature which gives it its place in the class4 ,the last mentioned are so called1 not1 as the name may possibly suggest1 because they are located away off toward sundown1 but because of the special observation taken at the time of sunset which affords so good an indication of the probable weather for to-morrow4 ,it recalls the fact that the ,jews were reminded more than eighteen hundred years ago of their habit of observation in this particular1 which was a rebuke for their failure to read 8the signs of the times40 ,a great number of reports are received at the ,weather ,bureau weekly and monthly1 by mail from volunteer observers1 from medical officers at military posts1 from agricultural and scientific societies1 and at regular times from meteorological societies in the old world1 but as none but the telegraphic reports have more than a relative connection with the work of weather indications for which we are looking day after day1 it is sufficient for the purposes of this article to simply mention the fact that there are several hundred of these mail reports from which record of permanent and daily increasing value is made for study and information of the climate in various sections of the country4 ,the station service necessarily commenced under the disadvantage of having no observers of experience1 but there was only one way to get them1 and the beginning of the work was the commencement of the education of the men who were to perform it4 ,at this time there is not only the course of instruction at ,fort ,myer1 but men as assistants at stations are perfecting themselves to occupy the places of those who have become masters in the profession1 or to take charge of new places4 ,the telegraph stations number about one hundred and fifty1 and at each one is an 8,observer ,sergeant10 with one or more assistants4 ,their equipment in instruments is similar to that which has been mentioned in connection with the central office1 viz43 ,for ascertaining the temperature of the air2 the weight or pressure and relative humidity of the atmosphere2 the direction1 force1 and velocity of the wind2 and the depth of the rainfall2 also at river stations for taking the temperature of the water1 and for measuring its rise or fall2 and at display stations signal flags and lanterns are included4 ,the observers take the record from their instruments at regular intervals every day and night1 ,sundays and holidays included4 ,there are three of these observations--taken at #g3jj a4 m41 #c3jj p4 m41 and #aa3jj p4 m41 ,washington time--telegraphed to the central office4 ,those taken at other hours are not telegraphed unless called for1 but are recorded and enter into the weekly and monthly mail reports4 ,the dispatch is in cipher1 which permits the sending of a long message in from five to twelve words1 giving pressure1 temperature1 direction1 and velocity of wind1 depth of rain or snow fall1 appearance and movement of clouds and any special meteorological phenomena present1 and adding from river and coast stations the stage of water in the rivers and the ocean swell4 ,by preconcerted arrangements with telegraph companies1 the reports pass over the wires without delay or interruption1 and all reach the central office within about forty minutes after the observations are taken4 ,they are at once translated and entered upon graphic charts--outline maps of the ,united ,states--on which each station is marked by its geographical location4 ,by the use of symbols and figures all the meteorological conditions of each locality are exhibited1 and so perfect is the system of arrangement for reporting and drafting that in less than two hours from the time the record was taken by the 8,observers10 the officer who is to make the weather predictions has all the reports before him in the central office4 ,the ever-changing conditions of weather are in a manner photographed1 and serve as guides for the work which immediately follows the making up of the charts4 ,first the 8synopsis0 of conditions is made up1 then the predictions or 8indications0 of the kind of weather expected1 and the places where storm warnings are to be shown are determined1 and in the form of a bulletin they are telegraphed to all parts of the country as the 8,press ,report10 to observing stations to be reproduced and furnished to local papers1 posted in public offices and mailed to postmasters for exhibition in their offices1 several hundred postoffices in some instances being supplied from one station4 ,they are also placed in railroad stations and distributed from trains at points along their lines4 ,thus the people are advised of the kind of weather prevailing over the district of country in which they live1 and informed of the changes that may be expected within twenty-four or forty-eight hours4 8,observers0 at their several stations publish in connection with the 8indications0 telegraphed from the central office1 the conditions prevailing in their own localities1 and in large cities where weather maps are hung in the rooms of boards of trade1 merchants' exchange1 or other important offices1 they place or change the symbols used to indicate the conditions at all the stations1 as they receive them from reports passing them to the central office or repeated from the latter4 ,the development and progress of all storms are as clearly delineated upon the charts prepared in the central office as it is possible for sensitive instruments to reveal them1 and special attention is given to indications of high winds approaching the coasts4 ,orders are sent by telegraph to the maritime stations within a region likely to be visited by dangerous winds1 and a 8cautionary signal0--a square white flag with a square red center by day1 or a red-center light by night--is displayed1 remains out until notice is received from the central office that the danger has passed4 ,this signal is used as the storm approaches4 ,as the general direction of storms upon the ,atlantic coast1 or approaching it1 is easterly or northeasterly1 and the direction of the wind is circular and opposite to the motion of the hands upon a watch1 with an inward tendency toward the 8storm center10 as the storm departs from a station the wind will probably blow from the north or west1 and a 8cautionary off-shore signal10 a square white flag with square black center above the red flag1 by day1 or a white light above the red by night1 may be ordered4 ,special record of the velocity of the wind is made at the stations when storm signals are ordered1 and if it reaches twenty-five miles an hour the display of the signal is regarded as 8justified40 ,these signals have become a necessity1 and the occasions are exceedingly rare in which a vessel will leave port with one in sight until the captain or master has first made inquiry at the station for 8particulars40 ,coasting vessels are dependent in a great measure upon them2 if they pass a station with the storm-signal displayed1 they frequently escape encountering destructive gales by putting into the nearest port until the danger has passed4 ,the coast telegraph lines connecting the signal and the life saving stations have been constructed by the government1 and are operated by the signal corps4 ,the weather stations are equipped for making connections with the main line at any point1 and many instances may be found recorded in the official reports1 of shipwrecks on the coast to which relief has been brought in a very few hours by the prompt action of 8,observers0 opening telegraphic communication from a point abreast the wreck1 direct to the central office in ,washington1 and sending information to be repeated1 with the weight of official authority1 to the nearest port from which steamers could be sent to the rescue4 ,a vessel in distress1 or in need of any information1 if in possession of the international code of marine signals--a number of nations have adopted the ,american code--may communicate with the shore stations4 ,by this code a number of small flags of various shapes and colors1 used singly or together1 answer to certain words and sentences1 and these being translated into other languages1 convey from the ,american or ,englishman to the ,frenchman1 ,german1 or ,spaniard the question or answer desired1 as plainly as an affirmative nod of the head from one to the other would mean yes4 ,the river reports are an important feature of the service4 ,the temperature of the waters1 surface and deep1 taken regularly1 makes a record for the benefit of those engaged in the propagation of food fishes1 which is becoming an important government work4 ,the stage of water taken in connection with the reports of rainfall and temperature of the atmosphere in their influence upon deep beds of snow and ice-locked streams affords ground for warnings1 when needed1 to persons engaged in any river traffic1 or exposed to floods upon the banks4 ,the 8waves0 of temperature have become as real to us as those upon the ocean1 and the prosecution of very many kinds of business1 or the transportation of perishable produce is guided by the reports of the ,weather ,bureau1 as it foretells the coming of heat or cold4 ,the interior of the country will no doubt soon have the benefit of signals1 as well as 8bulletins40 ,a large1 white flag1 with a square black center1 is now displayed at stations in advance of an expected 8cold wave10 and before a great while we may expect the 8limited express0 upon the different railroads will be made the bearer of signals to forewarn the inhabitants of the country through which it passes of the change of weather rapidly following its track4 ,the possibilities of the service seem to be unlimited1 but the most careful watchfulness of the 8,observers10 and the keen vigilance of the officers who direct them have not yet brought the elements to reveal all their movements4 ,sometimes1 as a wary foe1 a storm will steal in between the sentinels1 or descend from the upper air1 and gathering all its strength into one narrow channel1 will drive destruction through town and country1 and leave behind it evidences of power which we can hardly credit1 except by sight4 ,one of the many specimens exhibited in the ,national ,museum at ,washington is a section of a young oak tree four inches in diameter1 with a pine board1 one inch thick1 four inches wide at one end1 and twelve inches wide at the other1 which has been driven through the tree more than half its length 7eight feet1 the label states71 and is now held as in a vise1 the tree above and below the board being unbroken4 ,this has been deposited in the ,museum as an evidence of the force of the wind in a tornado that visited the vicinity of ,wesson1 ,mississippi1 ,april #bb1 #ahhc4 ,the progress of work in the ,weather ,bureau has been first toward encompassing great interests in the fields indicated by law1 then to take up the smaller needs pertaining to individual benefit and pleasure1 and as time passes and the service widens there will be personal contact that will give an intimate knowledge and impression of its value which narrative can not4 ,,footnotes ,a ,died at ,buffalo1 ,new ,york1 ,august #bd1 #ahhj4 ,,how ,,to ,,win4 ,,by ,,frances ,e4 ,,willard1 ,president ,national ,w4 ,c4 ,t4 ,u4 ,,chapter ,,ii4 ,last month1 taking the ,past for a background1 ,i tried to picture the opportunity which the ,present holds up before the daughters of ,america4 ,let me now1 for a brief space1 coming freshly from the field of active service1 where banners wave and squadrons wheel1 try to talk about the conditions of success1 in this wonderful battle of life4 ,first1 then1 ,i would give this not at all startling bit of advice3 ,keep to your specialty2 to the doing of the thing that you accomplish with most of satisfaction to yourself1 and most of benefit to those about you4 ,keep to this1 whether it is raising turnips or tunes2 painting screens or battle pieces2 studying political economy or domestic receipts2 for1 as we read in a great author who has a genius for common sense3 8,there is not one thing that men ought to do1 there is not one thing that ought to be done1 which a woman ought not to be encouraged to do1 if she has the capacity for doing it4 ,for wherever there is a gift1 there is a prophecy pointing to its use1 and a silent command of ,god to use it40 ,such utterances as these are assertions of the 8natural and inalienable rights0 of the individual as such4 ,they are deductions of the ,christian philosophy which regards you and me1 first and chiefly1 as human beings1 and makes the greatest possible account of personal identity4 ,in all ages there have been minds that saw this truth4 ,the intellects which towered like ,alpine peaks above the mass of men1 were the first to reflect its blessed light4 ,two thousand years ago1 ,juvenal made the heroine of a famous 8,satire0 say to the hero3 8,i like our ,latin word for man1 which equally includes your sex and mine4 ,for you should not forget that1 in all things highest1 best1 and most enduring in our natures1 ,i am as much a man as you are40 ,the sun of truth looms high above the far horizon in our day1 and even the plains of human thought and purpose are glowing with the light of this new inspiration4 8,personal value10 8personal development10 these will be the noontide watchwords1 8when the race out of childhood has grown40 ,only yesterday ,i heard a fashionable butterfly1 in the surroundings of a luxurious home1 saying with sudden enthusiasm3 8,of one thing ,i am sure2 every woman that lives is bound to find out what is the very best thing she can do with her powers1 and then she's bound to do it40 ,in creating each of us with some peculiar talent1 ,god has given us each 8a call0 to some peculiar work4 ,indeed1 the time is almost here when the only call that will be recognized as valid1 in any field1 must involve in him who thinks he hears it1 both adaptation and success4 ,each one of us is a marvelous bundle of aptitudes and of capacities4 ,but1 just as ,i prefer the active to the passive voice1 ,i prefer to put the aptitudes first in my present inventory4 ,besides1 the world has harangued us women on our capacities1 from the beginning1 and it is really refreshing to take the dilemma of our destiny by the other horn1 at last6 ,civilization 7by which ,i mean ,christianity's effect on the brains and hands of humanity71 wonderfully develops and differentiates our powers4 ,among the ,modocs there are but four specialties--assigned with remarkable fairness1 in the proportion of two for the squaws and two for the braves4 ,the last hunt and fight2 the first do the drudgery and bring up the pappooses4 ,among the ,parisians1 on the contrary1 the division of labor is almost infinite1 so that the hand perfectly skilled in the most minute industry 7as1 for instance1 in moulding the shoestrings of a porcelain statuette71 needs no other resource to gain a comfortable livelihood4 ,among the ,modocs1 skins are about the only article of commerce4 ,among the ,parisians1 evolution has gone so far in the direction of separating employments formerly blended1 that you can not buy cream and milk in the same shop4 ,by some unaccountable perversion of good sense1 the specialties of human beings who are women1 have been strangely circumscribed4 ,but they were there1 all the same1 and now1 under the genial sun of a more enlightened era1 they are coming airily forth1 like singing birds after a thunder storm4 ,and wonderfully do they help some of us to solve the toughest of all problems3 ,what is life for8 ,let us see4 ,lift the cover of your sewing basket2 there are thimble1 scissors1 spools of thread1 and all the neat outfit needful to a seamstress1 but minus the needle they have no explanation and no efficiency4 ,unlock your writing desk3 what are paper1 ink1 and sealing-wax1 without the pen8 ,they are nothing but waste material and toys4 ,so it is with you and me4 ,we have no explanation that is adequate2 we have no place in the work-box and portfolio of to-day2 no place in the great humming hive of the land we live in1 save as some predominating aptitude in each of us explains why we are here1 and in what way we are to swell the inspiring song of voluntary toil and beneficent success4 ,suppose that here1 and now1 you proceed to take an 8inventory of stock10 if you have not been thoughtful enough to do that already4 ,made up as you are1 what is your forte1 your 8specialty10 your 8best hold10 as men phrase it8 ,be sure of one thing1 at the outset3 ,the great ,artificer1 in putting together your individual nature1 did not forget this crowning gift1 any more than he forgets to add its own peculiar fragrance to the arbutus1 or its own song to the lark4 ,it may not lie upon the surface1 this choicest of your treasures2 diamonds seldom do4 ,miners lift a great deal of mere dust1 before the sparkling jewel they are seeking gladdens the eye4 ,genius has been often and variously defined4 ,i would call it an intuition of one's own best gift4 ,rosa ,bonheur knew hers2 ,charlotte ,cushman recognized hers2 ,george ,eliot was not greatly at a loss concerning hers4 ,as for us1 of less emphatic individuality1 sometimes we wait until a friend's hand leads us up before the mirror of our potential self2 sometimes we see it reflected in another's success 7as the eaglet1 among the flock of geese1 first learned that he could fly1 when he recognized a mate in the heaven-soaring eagle1 whose shadow frightened all the geese away72 sometimes we come upon our heritage unwittingly1 as ,diana found ,endymion1 but always it is there1 be sure of that1 and 8let no man take thy crown40 ,as iron filings fall into line around a magnet1 so make your opportunities cluster close about your magic gift4 ,in a land so generous as ours1 this can be done1 by every woman who reads these lines4 ,a sharpened perception of their own possibilities is far more needed by 8our girls0 than better means for education4 ,but how was it in the past8 ,if there is one thought which1 for humanity's sake1 grieves me as no other can1 it is this thought of ,god's endowment bestowed upon us each1 so that we might in some especial manner gladden and bless the world1 by bestowing upon it our best2 the thought of his patience all through the years1 as he has gone on hewing out the myriad souls of a wayward race1 that they might be lively stones in the temple of use and of achievement1 and side by side with this1 the thought of our individual blindness1 our failure to discern the riches of brain1 heart and hand1 with which we were endowed4 ,but most of all1 ,i think about the gentle women who have lived1 and died1 and made no sign of their best gifts1 but whose achievements of voice and pen1 of brush and chisel1 of noble statesmanship and great-hearted philanthropy1 might have blessed and soothed our race through these six thousand years4 ,there is a stern old gentleman of my acquaintance1 who1 if he had heard what ,i have felt called upon to say1 would have entered his demurrer1 in this fashion3 8,that's all fol-de-rol1 my friend2 a mere rhetorical flourish4 ,if women could have done all this1 why didn't they1 pray tell8 ,if it's in it's in1 and will come out1 but what's wanting can't be numbered4 ,you can't pull the wool over my eyes with your vague generalities4 ,i went to the ,centennial2 ,i saw ,machinery ,hall1 and what's more for my argument 7and less for yours71 ,i saw the #8,woman's ,pavilion1' too40 ,he would then proceed to ask me1 with some asperity1 if ,i thought that any of my 8gentle myriads0 could have invented a steam engine8 ,whereupon ,i would say to him1 what ,i now say to you1 8most assuredly ,i think so2 why not80 ,and ,i would ask1 in turn1 if my old friend had studied history with reference to the principle that1 as a rule1 human beings do not rise above the standard implied in society's general estimate of the class to which they belong4 ,take the nations of ,eastern ,europe and ,western ,asia2 8civilized0 nations1 too1 be it remembered2 study the mechanic of ,jerusalem1 the merchant of ,damascus and ,ispahan2 in what particular are the tools of the one or the facilities of commerce familiar to the others1 superior to those of a thousand years ago8 ,surely1 so far as oriental inventions are concerned1 they have changed as little as the methods of the bee or the wing-stroke of the swallow4 ,we hear no more of man's inventiveness in those countries than of woman's4 ,why should we1 indeed1 when we remember that both are alike untaught in the arts and sciences which form the basis of mechanical invention8 ,they are inspired by no intellectual movement2 no demand2 no 8modern spirit40 ,it is not 8in the air0 that men shall be fertile of brain and skilled of hand as inventors there1 any more than it is here that women shall be1 and where both knowledge and incentive are not present1 achievement is evermore a minus quantity4 ,none but a heaven-sent genius1 stimulated by a love of science1 prepared by special education and inspired by the prestige of belonging to the dominant sex1 ever yet carved types1 tamed lightning or imprisoned steam4 ,besides1 in ages past1 if some brave soul1 man or woman1 conscious of splendid powers1 strove to bless the world by their free exercise1 what dangers were involved6 ,was it ,joan of ,arc8 the fagot soon became her portion2 or ,galileo8 on came the rack2 or ,christopher ,columbus8 the long disdain of courtiers and jealousy of ambitious coadjutors followed him2 or ,stephenson8 his fetter was the menace of the law2 or ,robert ,fulton8 he faced the sarcasm of the learned and the merriment of boors4 ,even for the most adventurous inventors of to-day 7as the aeronaut experimenters71 what have we but bad puns and insipid conundrums1 until he wins1 and then ready caps tossed high in air and fame's loud trumpet at his ear--when death's cold finger has closed it up forever4 ,times are changing1 though4 ,the world grows slowly better and more brotherly4 ,the day is near when women will lack no high incentive to the best results in every branch of intellectual endeavor and skilled workmanship4 ,not a week passes but from the ,patent ,office comes some favorable verdict as to woman's inventive power4 ,wisdom's goddess deems herself no longer compromised because places are assigned us in her banquet hall4 8,the world is all before us where to choose10 and ,i1 for one1 appeal from the 8,woman's ,pavilion0 of the first1 to that which shall illustrate the second hundred years of this republic4 ,,fortress1 ,,palace ,,and ,,prison4 ,,by ,,edith ,,sessions ,,tupper4 ,it is believed by many that the ,tower of ,london is1 as its name would seem to indicate1 but a single lofty pile1 while in reality it is a vast collection of grim towers and frowning bastions2 a great walled town in the heart of busy ,london4 ,the ,tower1 or the ,white ,tower1 built in the time of the ,conqueror1 is surrounded by twelve smaller towers--,bloody1 ,bell1 ,beauchamp1 ,devereux1 ,flint1 ,bowyer1 ,brick1 ,martin1 ,constable1 ,broadarrow1 ,salt and ,record4 ,in turn1 these are environed by the ballium walls and bastions1 and the moat guarded by ,middle1 ,byward1 ,st4 ,thomas1 ,cradle1 ,well and ,devlin towers4 ,as one descends ,tower ,hill1 the eye takes in the whole immense and hoary mass1 fit emblem of the stormy and tempestuous times in which each separate tower arose4 ,like black shadows of the past casting their gloom over the present1 rise the lofty turrets above the roofs of modern buildings4 ,sternly they look down upon throbbing ,london1 each with its own history1 each with its own awful secrets locked in its stony breast4 ,amid the terrific conflict of the days when the ,norman was trampling the ,saxon under foot1 the ,tower1 the ,great ,tower1 or the ,white ,tower1 as it was variously called1 arose4 ,william the ,conqueror caused it to be built as a fortress for himself in case his ,saxon subjects might rebel against his hard and iron rule4 ,among the ecclesiastics who possessed the richest sees of those days was ,gundulph1 bishop of ,rochester1 who was also a fine military architect4 ,to him the ,conqueror gave the commission to build his ,new ,fortress in #ajgi-hj4 ,gundulph selected the site just without the city then1 and to the east1 on the northern side of the ,thames4 ,the tower is quadrangular in shape1 one hundred and sixteen feet from north to south1 ninety-six from east to west1 ninety-two feet in height1 and its external walls are fifteen feet in thickness--an imposing and superb specimen of ,norman architecture4 ,it is three stories high1 not counting the vaults4 ,there are some slight traces remaining of the grand entrance on the north side1 but visitors enter by modern doors on both the north and south sides4 ,in the northeast corner of the ,white ,tower is a massive staircase1 connecting the three stories4 ,the column around which the stairs wind is a remarkable and well preserved specimen of ancient masonry4 ,a wall seven feet in thickness runs north and south1 which divides the tower from base to summit4 ,another wall extending east and west subdivides the southern portion into unequal parts1 forming in each story one large and two small rooms4 ,the smallest division on the ground floor is called ,queen ,elizabeth's ,armory1 being filled with armor and trappings of her day4 ,on the north side of this room1 one is shown a cell formed in the thickness of the wall1 ten feet long and eight wide1 receiving no light save from the entrance4 ,in this dark and dismal room was imprisoned for twelve long years the gay and brilliant courtier1 ,sir ,walter ,raleigh1 on suspicion merely of being implicated in a plot to place the ,lady ,arabella ,stuart1 the niece of the unfortunate ,queen of ,scots1 on the throne of ,england4 ,this ill-fated lady also perished in the tower1 her reason having been dethroned by her long and cruel captivity4 ,in the year she died1 ,sir ,walter was released and sent to ,south ,america to search for gold mines2 returning unsuccessful he was remanded to the ,tower1 and beheaded in #afah to please the ,spaniards4 ,james ,first wished to gain their favor1 as his son ,prince ,charles was to be married to the ,infanta4 ,raleigh's bravery and valor had been too often directed against the ,spaniards for them not to exult over his cruel fate4 ,in this wretched and gloomy cell1 it is said1 he wrote his 8,history of the ,world40 ,in the center of this armory are various instruments of torture2 about the room are stands of weapons1 halberds1 battle axes1 maces and bills1 and military instruments for cutting the bridles of horses2 at the end of the room is a figure on horseback1 representing ,queen ,bess4 ,her dress is copied from an ancient portrait1 and she is attended by officers and pages4 ,just back of these figures hangs a very old picture of ,st4 ,paul's cathedral4 ,but the most terribly fascinating objects in this room are the block1 the headsman's hideous1 grinning mask and the original axe4 ,with horror the visitor looks upon the block1 dented here and there where the executioner's nervous blows struck wide of the mark1 and upon the ponderous axe1 whose blade has cleft the necks of so many royal and noble victims4 ,one is glad to leave this chamber of horrors and go above into ,st4 ,john's ,chapel1 which is considered one of the finest specimens of ,norman architecture left in the kingdom4 ,it terminates in a semi-circle1 and the twelve enormous pillars are arranged in similar fashion4 ,these pillars are united by arches which admit the light into the nave from the windows4 ,in the reign of ,henry ,,iii4 three immense windows of stained glass were added to the chapel4 ,it is not known at what time or from what cause it ceased to be used for religious purposes4 ,a large room directly above1 on the third floor1 was used as a council chamber by the kings1 when they held their court in the ,tower4 ,it was in this room that the infamous ,richard1 ,duke of ,gloucester1 ordered ,lord ,hastings to instant execution in front of ,st4 ,peter's ,chapel4 ,this room is now used as a depository for small arms1 and the arrangement of weapons in the form of various flowers is wonderful and artistic1 the entire ceiling being covered by curious and intricate combinations of these arms4 ,encircling the great ,white ,tower1 as has been said1 is a row of twelve smaller towers4 ,perhaps the one first in interest is that directly opposite the ,traitor's ,gate1 and rightly named1 known as the ,bloody ,tower4 ,it is rectangular in form1 being the only one of that shape in the inner ward4 ,it closely joins ,record or ,wakefield ,tower on the west4 ,its grand gateway was built in the reign of ,edward ,,iii41 and is the entrance proper to the inner ward4 ,the massive portcullis gives signs of immense age4 ,it was in this tower in #adhc1 that the most infamous order of the hateful ,gloucester1 the murder of the innocent princes1 the children of ,edward ,,iv41 was consummated4 8,the tyrannous and bloody act is done-- ,the most arch deed of piteous massacre ,that ever yet this land was guilty of40 ,the little victims are supposed to have been buried at the foot of the staircase in the ,white ,tower1 but a strange mystery surrounds their fate4 ,joining ,bloody ,tower is the tower next in size to the ,great or ,white ,tower1 known as the ,record ,tower1 from its having been for many centuries the depository for the records of the nation1 and ,wakefield ,tower1 from the imprisonment there of the ,yorkists1 after the victory of ,margaret of ,anjou1 the ,amazonian queen of the good but weak ,henry ,,vi41 at ,wakefield1 in #adfj4 ,this victory gave the ,house of ,lancaster the ascendency for a short time4 ,the next year the ,yorkists were successful1 ,henry was remanded to the tower1 and was soon after found dead1 murdered by ,gloucester's command1 it is supposed4 8,within the hollow crown ,that rounds the mortal temples of a king ,keeps death his court2 and there the antic sits1 ,scoffing his state and grinning at his pomp2 ,allowing him a breath1 a little scene1 ,to monarchise1 be fear'd and kill with looks2 ,infusing him with self and vain conceit1 ,as if this flesh which walls about our life ,were brass impregnable2 and humor'd thus1 ,comes at the last1 and with a little pin ,bores through his castle wall--and farewell1 king60 ,wakefield ,tower is very ancient1 having been built in the time of ,william ,rufus1 in #ajhg4 ,on the opposite side of the inner ward looms up the gloomy and famous ,bowyer ,tower1 so named from its having been the residence of the ,master ,provider of the ,king's ,bows4 ,in a dungeon-like room of this tower1 8false1 fleeting1 perjured ,clarence10 younger brother of ,edward ,,iv41 was drowned in a butt of ,malmsey4 ,together with the detestable ,gloucester1 he stabbed the young son of ,henry ,,vi4 in the field at ,tewkesbury1 but retribution was swift4 ,he soon incurred the displeasure and jealousy of his royal brother1 and perished in this wretched manner4 8,o ,brackenbury1 ,i have done these things ,that now give evidence against my soul-- ,for ,edward's sake1 and see1 how he requites me40 ,but a short distance from the ,bowyer is the ,brick ,tower1 which acquires a mournful interest from the fact that tradition has assigned this as the prison of the martyr of ambition1 the lovely ,lady ,jane ,grey4 ,fuller says of her that at eighteen she possessed the innocence of childhood1 the sedateness of age1 the learning of a clerk1 and the life of a saint4 ,gentle1 modest and retiring1 fond of her studies and books1 little dreamed she of her short-lived honor and cruel fate4 ,forced upon the throne by the insatiable ambition of ,northumberland1 she ruled for ten days4 ,it is asserted that ,mary wished to spare her cousin's life1 but that ,wyatt's rebellion so alarmed her that she determined to make an example of ,lady ,jane and her boy husband1 ,guildford ,dudley4 ,not only her piety1 grace and beauty excite our admiration1 but also her sublime heroism1 which caused her to refuse to bid her young lover and husband farewell1 lest the parting should unman him4 ,dudley was executed on ,tower ,hill1 and the same day the lofty spirit of his wife joined his4 8,now boast thee1 death2 in thy possession lies ,a lass1 unparallel'd40 ,next to the ,brick is the ,jewel or ,martin ,tower1 where the crown jewels were formerly kept4 ,they are now preserved in the ,record ,tower4 ,on the wall of the ,martin ,tower we saw inscribed the name of ,anne ,boleyn4 ,it is said that one of the unfortunate gentlemen who lost their heads on her account traced it there4 ,diagonally across the inner ward rises the ,bell ,tower1 thus named from the alarm bell which crowned it4 ,this was the prison of ,princess ,elizabeth during her enforced stay in the tower4 ,some little children used to bring her flowers here1 until it came to the ears of ,mary1 who forbade this innocent service4 ,only a short walk from ,bell loom up the frowning walls of ,beauchamp ,tower1 than which there is no more interesting place in the entire enclosure4 ,its architecture is of the reign of ,john and ,henry ,,iii4 ,its name is derived from ,thomas ,de ,beauchamp1 ,earl of ,warwick1 imprisoned here during the reign of ,richard ,,ii4 ,this tower is in the center of the western side of the inner ward1 and in a half circle projects from the strong ballium walls1 and is two stories in height4 ,its walls are covered with inscriptions made by different prisoners2 some indicative of their mental agony during their captivity2 many1 indeed the most1 expressing ,christian fortitude and pious resignation to their hard lot4 ,the first name noticed is that of ,marmaduke ,neville1 near the entrance4 ,he was one of the ,nevilles1 ,earls of ,westmoreland1 and was implicated in a plot to place ,mary ,stuart upon the throne during ,elizabeth's reign4 ,in the southern recess is shown an inscription in old ,italian3 8,dispoi che voie la fortuna che la mea speranza va al vento pianger1 hovolio el tempo per dudo2 e semper stel me tristo1 e disconteto4 ,wilim3 ,tyrrel1 #aeda40 ,the mournful burden of which comes like a sigh of despair from out the past1 8,since fortune hath chosen that my hope should go to the wind to complain1 ,i wish the time were destroyed2 my planet being ever sad and unfavorable40 ,alas1 unhappy one6 ,your words no doubt were but the echo of many sad hearts that found the times were indeed out of joint4 ,over the fireplace is a beautiful and touching inscription3 8,quanto plus afflictionis pro ,christo in hoc sculo1 tanto plus glori cum ,christo in futuro4 ,arundell1 ,june #bb1 #aehg10 which being interpreted is1 8,the more affliction for ,christ in this world1 the more glory with ,christ in the next40 ,this was written by ,philip ,howard1 ,earl of ,arundel1 whose devotion to the ,romish church during ,elizabeth's reign1 brought so much odium upon him1 and made for him so many enemies that he at last resolved to leave his country1 friends1 and his wife1 to whom he was devotedly attached1 and go into voluntary exile for his better safety4 ,he informed the ,queen in a most pathetic letter of his intention1 designing she should not receive it until he was well out of way1 but by some freak of fortune1 the letter fell into the hands of his foes1 and he was seized as he was setting sail from the coast of ,sussex4 ,he was sent to the ,tower and kept a close prisoner for forty years1 when worn out with his long and cruel confinement and sorrow he died1 realizing at the end1 we hope1 the truth of the touching words he traced upon his prison walls4 ,there are several interesting inscriptions made by ,arthur and ,edmund ,poole1 great-grandsons of the ,duke of ,clarence4 ,these young gentlemen were also accused for conspiring for ,mary ,stuart1 adjudged traitors1 and pined away their lives in hopeless captivity4 ,well might the ,white ,rose of ,scotland have said with ,helen of ,troy3 8,many drew swords and died2 where'er ,i came1 ,i brought calamity40 ,one inscription reads3 8,,ihs4 ,a passage perillus maketh a port pleasant4 ,ao4 #aefh4 ,arthur ,poole1 sue #cg1 ,a4 ,p40 ,a passage perilous indeed1 hadst thou1 poor soul2 ,god grant thou madst a fair haven at last4 ,another contains these words3 8,,ihs4 ,dio semine in lachrimis in exultatione meter4 4 #ba1 ,e4 ,poole1 #aefb40 8,that which is sown by ,god in tears is reaped in joy40 ,in all the inscriptions left by these ill-starred gentlemen1 there breathes the same spirit of noble and pious submission4 ,the greatest interest clusters about one little word1 supposed to have been traced by the hand of one to whom that name was sacred4 ,directly under one of the ,poole autographs is the word 8,,iane10 supposed to have been the royal title of ,lady ,jane ,grey1 written there by her husband1 ,lord ,dudley1 who was confined in this tower4 ,scarcely can the eyes be restrained at this touching reminder of the fate of those two unhappy children1 the victims of circumstance and greedy ambition4 ,in the corner next the ,beauchamp is the ,devereux ,tower1 named from the brilliant ,robert ,devereux1 ,earl of ,essex1 the chivalric soldier and courtier1 first a petted favorite1 then a victim of ,queen ,elizabeth4 ,his story is one of thrilling and fascinating interest4 ,meteor-like he flashed through his court and army life1 and after gaining the zenith of his power1 sank as suddenly as he had risen4 ,it is said that he was one of the many with whom the royal and fickle spinster coquetted1 and that he really touched her haughty heart4 ,the government of ,ireland was in his hands1 but enemies at court plotted his overthrow4 ,he in turn plotted against these foes and rashly attempted to cause their removal4 ,he was arrested and arraigned in ,westminster ,hall for high treason1 pronounced guilty1 and doomed to the block4 ,elizabeth had a terrific struggle between revenge and affection1 but the baser passion got the victory1 and the accomplished general1 statesman1 and courtier trod the same hard road to death that so many knew full well4 8,i have reached the highest point of all my greatness6 ,and from that full meridian of my glory1 ,i haste now to my setting3 ,i shall fall ,like a bright exhalation in the evening1 ,and no man see me more40 ,the towers of the outer ward are comparatively of but little interest1 with the exception of ,st4 ,thomas's ,tower or the ,traitor's ,gate4 ,this is a large1 square building over the moat1 the outside of which is guarded by two circular towers1 which exhibit specimens of the architecture of the time of ,henry ,,iii4 ,the gate through which state prisoners entered the ,tower is underneath this building4 ,the rain was falling drearily on the day we visited the ,tower4 ,somber and heavy skies looked sullenly down on the gloomy scene4 ,thoughts as somber and heavy weighed down our minds as we stood before the ,traitor's ,gate2 thoughts of countless numbers that had gone in at that gate never to come forth again4 ,in the clang of those iron portals behind them they heard their death knell4 ,the royal1 the noble1 the illustrious1 the pious passed under these frowning battlements1 leaving behind grandeur1 brilliancy of courts1 dreams of glory1 home1 friends1 all that makes life sweet1 to receive in exchange1 the dungeon1 the scaffold1 the block1 the axe4 ,they who entered there left hope indeed behind4 ,through this gate went ,elizabeth1 expecting naught but death2 dreaming little of the hour when all ,england should lie within the hollow of her white hand4 ,under these portals three short years after she issued from the ,tower in all the full flush of her pride and triumph1 received by lords and dukes1 amid the blare of trumpets1 and peal of bells and roar of guns4 ,elizabeth's hapless mother1 ,anne ,boleyn1 returned to the ,tower4 ,no nobles in her train now2 no burst of music2 no chime of bells nor roar of artillery2 alone1 save with her jailers2 her fair fame blackened2 her triumphs1 glories--all shrunk to this little measure4 ,the husband she had stolen from another1 in turn lured from her1 wearied of her1 longing to be rid of her1 hurrying her to her fearful doom with brutal haste4 8,a dream of what thou wast2 a garish flag1 ,to be the aim of ever dangerous shot2 ,a sign of dignity1 a breath1 a bubble2 ,a queen in jest only to fill the scene4 ''' ,where is thy husband now8 ''' ,who sues and kneels and says ,god save the queen8 ,where be thy bending peers that flattered thee8 ,where be the thronging troops that followed thee8 ''' ,for one being sued to1 one that humbly sues2 ,for queen1 a very caitiff crowned with care2 ,thus hath the course of justice wheeled about ,and left thee but a very prey to time2 ,having no more but thought of what thou wert1 ,to torture thee the more1 being what thou art40 ,what thoughts must have chased each other in lightning rapidity through the mind of beautiful1 brilliant1 witty ,anne ,boleyn1 during those short seventeen days she passed in the ,tower before she was led out to execution4 ,what experience of life had she not compressed into those three little years of usurpation1 during which she spurned 8heads like foot balls10 laughed1 danced1 and jested away her poor1 butterfly life8 ,what remorse must have been hers when the sad1 pale face of ,katharine arose before her6 ,what unspeakable anguish when the coquettish features of ,jane ,seymour swam before her weeping eyes6 ,on the #aith of ,may1 #aecf1 when hedge and field were bursting into bloom1 when birds sang and soft breezes played1 when all nature must have breathed of beauty1 hope and life--,anne ,boleyn went forth the second time from the ,tower to receive her crown2 not this time an earthly diadem1 glittering with jewels1 but the thorny crown of martyrdom4 ,not in cloth of gold and blazing with gems1 but in sable robes went she to this coronation1 and her only salute was the dull boom of the cannon which announced to the royal ruffian waiting at ,richmond that he was free4 ,the ,tower of ,london has been used not alone for a fortress and prison1 but also for a palace4 ,all of the kings from ,william to ,charles ,,ii4 held occasional court in the ,tower4 ,a palace occupied a space in the inner ward1 between the southwest corner of the ,white ,tower and the ,record1 ,salt and ,broadarrow ,towers4 ,the queens had a suite extending from the ,lanthorn to the southeast of the ,white ,tower4 ,and near the ,record ,tower was a great hall which demanded forty fir trees to repair it at the time of the marriage festivities of ,henry ,,iii4 and ,eleanore of ,provence4 ,when ,edward the ,black ,prince took prisoner ,king ,john of ,france1 he lodged his royal captive in this palace1 and ,king ,john gave an entertainment for his captor in this great hall4 ,the beautiful ,elizabeth of ,york1 daughter of ,edward ,,iv41 and queen of ,henry ,,vii41 resided for a time in this palace1 and passed from thence to her coronation4 ,sixteen years later she lay in state twelve days in the royal chapel in the ,white ,tower1 where her knights and ladies kept solemn vigil beside her bier4 ,what an impressive scene it must have been6 ,the windows all ablaze with lights1 and an illuminated hearse holding the royal dead4 ,queen ,mary held court in the ,tower directly after she had defeated ,northumberland and the ,dudleys4 ,the ancient custom of a state procession from the ,tower to ,westminster was observed for the last time at the coronation of ,charles ,,ii4 ,very near the ,devereux ,tower is a plain1 unpretentious building--the chapel of ,st4 ,peter ,ad ,vincula4 ,it is small1 having but one nave and one side aisle1 and is quite without ornamentation4 ,but marvelous interest invests it4 ,here ,lady ,jane was buried2 here the body of poor ,anne ,boleyn was thrust into an old chest and hastily interred in the vaults2 here lies the dust of ,northumberland1 ,thomas ,cromwell1 ,somerset1 ,surrey1 and ,essex1 teaching the terribly solemn lesson that ambition1 talents1 fame1 form no sure bulwark against death4 8,to-morrow1 and to-morrow1 and to-morrow ,creeps in this petty pace from day to day1 ,to the last syllable of recorded time2 ,and all our yesterdays have lighted fools ,the way to dusky death4 ,out1 out1 brief candle40 ,just in front of this chapel is the spot on which the scaffold was built2 the spot where the best blood of ,england flowed like water2 the spot which mars the escutcheon of the ,tudors with an ineffaceable stain2 the spot where ,englishmen first looked upon the spectacle of the blood of their countrywoman flowing beneath the blows of a foreign headsman4 ,here fell the heads of two of the wives of ,henry ,,viii42 here the hapless ,lady ,jane was despatched1 and the gallant ,essex met his death by orders of ,henry's daughters1 fit representatives of their father2 here was enacted that revolting scene1 the butchery of the venerable mother of ,cardinal ,pole1 the ,countess of ,salisbury4 ,she was sister of the ,earl of ,warwick1 and daughter of the murdered ,clarence4 ,her only crime seems to have been her royal blood4 ,when brought out to execution1 she refused to lay her head on the block1 saying haughtily1 8,so do traitors use to do1 and ,i am no traitor40 ,the sequel is almost too sickening to be rehearsed4 ,the executioner pursued his victim around the scaffold1 striking at her with his axe1 and finally dragged her by her white hairs to the block4 ,thus miserably perished the last of the ,plantagenets4 ,heavier fell the rain and wilder blew the wind as we slowly took our way toward the outer entrance to the ,tower4 ,in the patter of the rain upon the stone flagging beneath us1 we seemed to hear the footsteps of a countless1 headless throng2 in the slow drip1 drip of the raindrops from the gloomy walls1 the drip1 drip of warm life blood trickling down and ebbing away2 borne on the wail of the wind there seemed to come sighs of anguish1 moaning voices long since silenced1 voices from out a dreadful past1 voices that cried aloud for vengeance4 ,and as the great gates of the ,tower clanged behind us1 in a tremendous peal of thunder1 there seemed to come an answering voice from heaven1 8,vengeance is mine1 ,i will repay40 ,,geography ,,of ,,the ,,heavens ,,for ,,april4 ,,by ,,prof4 ,m4 ,b4 ,,goff1 ,western ,university of ,pennsylvania4 ,,the ,,sun1 ,with its immediate attendants1 ,mercury1 ,venus1 ,earth1 ,mars1 etc41 has been the 8theme of our discourse0 for the last eighteen months4 ,except an occasional reference to one of the planets as being located near some fixed star1 or in some constellation1 little has been said about the #c1cia 8fixed0 stars1 visible to the naked eye1 many of which are located on maps of the heavens1 just as villages1 cities1 mountains1 rivers and plains are located on maps of the earth2 nor of the somewhere between #cj1jjj1jjj and #ej1jjj1jjj which are visible only through powerful telescopes1 and whose distances from the sun are so great as to make that of ,neptune appear like a little walk 8across lots0 to visit a neighbor4 ,nor is it proposed now to enter upon such an extensive subject1 except so far as may be necessary to present a single thought4 ,as we know1 our sun is a bright body1 whose light and heat 7so great is their power7 we can hardly estimate4 ,both these qualities render it visible to us and make us realize its presence4 ,the other bodies1 as ,mars1 ,jupiter and the ,moon are seen only by reflected light1 and were they as distant as the fixed stars1 would not be at all visible4 ,these #cj1jjj1jjj to #ej1jjj1jjj stars must be suns4 ,how many satellites has each8 ,we do not know1 for they can not be seen4 ,suppose each had as many as our sun4 ,then instead of #cj1jjj1jjj to #ej1jjj1jjj of heavenly bodies1 we have within reach of the telescope from #bdj1jjj1jjj to #djj1jjj1jjj4 ,how many are outside of these8 ,no man can number them4 ,we shall have to wait till our minds can grasp the infinite4 ,are these millions of bodies standing still1 or are they in motion8 ,does our sun stand still and permit us to go around him once every year1 or is he1 and are we along with him1 making our way through other vast multitudes and moving around some other central orb8 ,observation proves that the sun is only a sergeant in a great army of generals1 and marches his squad in an appointed way to their assigned duties4 ,how do we know8 ,the records of patient watchers for centuries reveal the fact4 8,if we suppose the sun1 attended by planets1 to be moving through space1 we ought to be able to detect this motion by an apparent motion of the stars in a contrary direction1 as when an observer moves through a forest of trees1 his own motion imparts an apparent motion to the trees in a contrary direction4 ,all the stars would not be equally affected by such a motion of the solar system4 ,the nearest stars would appear to have the greatest motion1 but all the changes of position would appear to take place in the same direction4 ,the stars would appear to recede from that point of the heavens toward which the sun is moving1 while in the opposite quarter the stars would seem to crowd more closely together40 ,proceeding upon this principle1 ,sir ,william ,herschel was in #aghc enabled to announce that the observed proper motion of a large portion of the stars could be accounted for on the supposition that the sun was moving toward the constellation ,hercules4 ,later investigations not only established the fact that the sun moved1 but that it was moving nearly toward the star ,rho1 in ,hercules1 and ,struve estimated its motion at about five miles per second2 though ,professor ,airy places it at about twenty-seven miles per second4 ,it is also highly probable that its motion is not in a straight line1 but in obedience to the same laws that govern the motions of its own satellites1 it with other suns revolves about a center located nearly in the plane of the ,milky ,way1 and with an orbit so great 8that ages may elapse before it will be possible to detect any change in the direction of its motion40 ,meantime1 finite beings are interested in knowing how its light and heat affect their interests1 and how these qualities may be made most profitable to mankind4 ,for ourselves1 we must at present be content to know that on the #ast our sun has reached a point #d #dh north of the equator1 and that by the #cjth he will be #ad #eh north1 an increase in northern declination of #aj #aj1 and1 as a consequence1 our daylight will be increased about one hour and thirteen minutes1 and the time 8from early dawn to dewy0 twilight will be seventeen hours and thirty-five minutes4 ,on the #ast sunrise occurs at #e3dc a4 m41 sunset1 #f3bd p4 m42 on the #afth1 sunrise1 #e3ai1 sunset1 #f3dj2 on the #cjth1 sunrise1 #d3ei1 sunset1 #f3ed4 ,,the ,,moon4 ,the phases for the month are as follows3 ,last quarter1 #gth1 at #i3cd a4 m42 new moon1 #aeth1 at #ab3dc a4 m42 first quarter1 #bast1 at #f3ab p4 m42 full moon1 #bith1 at #a3jf a4 m4 ,rises on the #ast1 at #h3ch p4 m42 sets on the #afth1 at #h3bh p4 m42 rises on the #cjth1 at #h3ba p4 m4 ,in latitude #da #cj north1 least elevation on the #fth1 and equals #cj #bj2 greatest elevation on the #aith1 equals #ff #dd #bi4 ,,mercury ,will be an evening star during the month2 it will have a direct motion of #ab #be #ei up to the #agth1 after which1 to the end of the month1 a retrograde motion of #e #bb #aa4 ,on the #hth1 at #b3jj a4 m41 will be at its greatest eastern elongation 7#ai #bf72 on the #afth1 at #aa3ee a4 m41 will be #f #ba south of the moon2 on the #agth1 at #e3jj a4 m41 will be stationary2 on #bgth1 at #aj3jj p4 m41 will be in inferior conjunction with the sun--that is1 will be between the earth and sun2 and next day1 at #a3jj p4 m41 will be #a #db north of ,venus4 ,a few days before and after the #hth may be seen as a pale1 light star1 near the western horizon4 ,its times of rising and setting are as follows3 ,on the #ast1 rises at #f3ba a4 m41 sets at #g3ea p4 m42 on the #afth1 rises at #e3ej a4 m41 sets at #h3jj p4 m42 on #cjth1 rises at #d3ec a4 m41 sets at #f3bi p4 m4 ,diameter increases from #f4d to #aa4h4 ,,venus1 ,like ,mercury1 will be evening star throughout the month1 and near the #bhth the two will keep 8close company10 but will so completely hide themselves in the light of 8,old ,sol0 as to be entirely indifferent to the gaze of the 8vulgar crowd40 ,on the #ast ,venus rises at #e3cd a4 m41 and sets at #e3cd p4 m41 being just twelve hours above the horizon2 on the #afth1 rises at #e3ai a4 m41 sets at #f3ji p4 m42 on #cjth1 rises at #e3jf a4 m41 sets at #f3db p4 m4 ,diameter diminishes during the month two tenths of a second2 motion1 #cd #ch #de eastwardly2 on the #adth1 at #c3jj p4 m41 six minutes north of the moon4 ,,mars ,has a direct motion of #ba #ac #af1 and his diameter increases two tenths of one second4 ,on the #adth1 at #ab3bg a4 m41 #ab south of the moon4 ,on the #ast1 rises at #e3bi a4 m41 sets at #e3be p4 m42 on the #afth1 rises at #d3ef a4 m41 sets at #e3bd p4 m42 on the #cjth1 rises at #d3bg a4 m41 sets at #e3bc p4 m42 on the #adth1 at #ab3bg a4 m41 twelve minutes south of moon4 ,,jupiter ,may well be called this month the 8,ruler of the ,night40 ,from twilight till near the dawn his broad face looks condescendingly upon our little world1 and by his example cheerily bids us 8pursue the even tenor of our way40 ,jupiter rises on the #ast at #b3bf p4 m41 sets next morning at #d3jb a4 m42 on the #afth1 rises at #a3bd p4 m41 sets on #agth at #c3jb a4 m42 rises on #cjth1 at #ab3bi p4 m41 and sets next morning at #b3jg a4 m4 ,before the #bast1 retrograde motion amounts to #cf #bf2 after that date to end of month1 direct motion equals #h #db2 diameter diminishes three seconds1 from #dj4d to #cg4d4 ,on #bast1 at #c3jj p4 m41 stationary2 on #bc;d1 at #b3je p4 m41 #d #cg north of the moon4 ,it might be observed in passing that as a mean result of five years' observations at the ,dearborn ,observatory1 ,chicago1 the time of ,jupiter's rotation has been discovered to be greater by three seconds than was supposed in #ahgi4 ,,saturn ,sets at the following times3 ,on the #ast1 at #aa3di p4 m42 on #afth1 at #aj3eg p4 m42 on the #cjth1 at #aj3ji p4 m42 is1 therefore1 an evening star1 and will remain so till the #ahth of ,june4 ,on the #ahth1 at #h3bj p4 m41 #d #a north of the moon4 ,diameter diminishes from #af4f to #af4 ,makes a forward 7direct7 motion of #c #b #cj4 ,for observation1 this month is preferable to ,may4 ,can be found a little northwest of ,zeta1 in the constellation ,taurus4 ,,uranus1 ,unlike ,saturn1 retrogrades nearly one degree of arc during the present month1 and shines from early eve to break of day1 rising on the #ast at #e3ah p4 m41 and setting on the #b;d at #e3bb a4 m42 on the #afth1 rising at #d3ag p4 m41 and setting next morning at #d3ba2 and on the #cjth1 rising at #c3ai p4 m41 and setting ,may #ast at #c3bc a4 m41 and can be seen all night by those who know where to find him 7a little southwest of ,eta1 in the constellation ,virgo74 ,on #bfth1 at #ab3af a4 m41 #a #ag north of moon4 ,,neptune1 ,not only the father of waters1 but water himself1 scarcely visible at best1 8hangs out0 all day1 rising soon after the sun1 and setting as follows3 ,on the #ast1 at #i3cf p4 m42 on the #afth1 at #h3dj p4 m42 on the #cjth1 at #g3df p4 m4 ,has a retrograde motion of #eh #af2 and on the #afth1 at #h3db p4 m41 is #b #ac north of the moon4 99 99 99 99 99 ,we have now passed the boundary of the first century of our existence as an independent nation4 ,we are as a people engaged in a confused struggle with the problem of our own national self-consciousness4 ,we want to know what is the spirit that is in us as a nation4 ,we must know this in order to be properly master of ourselves and of our destiny4 ,we must know this in order to know our place in universal history4--,george ,s4 ,morris4 ,,england ,,and ,,islam4 ,,by ,,president ,d4 ,h4 ,,wheeler1 ,d4,d41 ,,ll4,d4 ,within two years there have been three prophets in ,egypt4 ,arabi ,pasha is in exile2 ,chinese ,gordon is dead2 ,el ,mahdi1 the mysterious voice in the ,soudan wilderness1 mutters his prayers in the mosque of ,khartoum4 ,england bombarded ,alexandria2 ,arab loss in dead perhaps #e1jjj4 ,then ,england fought and conquered ,arabi in the open field1 captured him1 and sent him into exile2 ,arab loss in dead perhaps #g1jjj4 ,next there is trouble on the ,red ,sea1 and another ,english army killed perhaps #i1jjj ,arabs4 ,and last a battle or series of battles in the heart of the ,soudan2 ,arab loss in dead perhaps #ab1jjj4 ,probably not less than #cj1jjj have been slaughtered by ,englishmen in less than two years4 ,english loss1 a few hundreds4 ,the butchers have been liberally rewarded2 one soldier has become a 8lord20 promotions and extra pay and pensions have fallen in a silvery shower on 8our brave fellows0 in ,egypt4 ,only one ,englishman got nothing4 ,he disappeared one day in the desert1 and his dromedary was said to carry the destiny of ,england2 and perhaps it did4 ,he was a soldier seeking peace at the meeting place of the ,niles4 ,chinese ,gordon entered ,khartoum in triumph1 and almost at once there rose a cry3 8,we must rescue ,gordon40 ,then came the long delayed march of an army in search of the ,english prophet at ,khartoum2 then the butcheries1 called battles of ,metemneh1 and what not4 ,and then in the last days of ,january there was a slaughter1 not this time by ,englishmen in person1 and perhaps #e1jjj more ,moslems perish by ,moslem steel in the sack of ,khartoum4 ,then a wail rises on every breeze in ,christendom2 8,alas6 alas6 ,gordon is dead60 ,the story of his death is a parable3 8,stabbed in the back while leaving his house40 ,make the 8house0 stand for ,england1 and the knives that pierced him the indecisions1 tergiversations1 and infidelities of an ,english ministry with a great ,christian statesman at its head4 ,the world has supped full of the horrors of that kind of ,christian statesmanship4 ,we have believed in it2 we have hoped that it meant something1 even in those bloody ,egyptian campaigns4 ,we are nearly at the end of our confidence4 ,it is not merely the shade of ,disraeli which calls mockingly for explanations2 the world that believed in ,gladstone when ,disraeli was playing at fantastic military statesmanship1 wants to know why ,christian statesmanship in ,egypt has1 in a short time1 spilt almost as much blood as was shed by one army in that ,american conflict which ,mr4 ,gladstone thought so cruel and so useless4 ,we can not even condone ,mr4 ,gladstone's offense against civilization by saying that it has been a less bloody assault on humanitarian ideas and plans than ,disraeli's was2 for ,gladstone has butchered twenty men to ,disraeli's one4 ,there has1 in fact1 been nothing so bloody in this century--,i mean no such large butchery by a small army4 ,ten years of such statesmanship would fill the ,nile valley with human bones4 ,it is high time to call for a full explanation4 ,what does ,mr4 ,gladstone mean8 ,what does he expect to accomplish8 ,if he has intended something exalted and noble1 which we should wish to believe1 it is time to say so with the breadth of statement and accuracy of detail by which he obtained renown4 ,the personal question stands at the front1 because ,england is governed by one man4 ,it is a happiness of ,englishmen that they are able to know whom to blame when things go wrong4 ,mr4 ,gladstone is the head of a government for whose acts and failures to act he is perfectly responsible4 ,what ,england does in ,egypt ,gladstone does4 ,it is the one governmental luxury of the ,english people--they know exactly who governs them4 ,mr4 ,gladstone has not been compelled to do this or that by parties or circumstances4 ,if he turns butcher in the ,delta1 on the ,nile1 or on the ,red ,sea1 he alone does it1 and he does it because he chooses to do it4 ,for1 at any moment1 he can shift disagreeable duties to another2 three lines in the form of a resignation will relieve him of the burden of responsible government4 ,so long as he remains at the head of the ,english ministry he is the man who shoots down ,arabs by the thousand4 ,in this country politicians have divided1 dispersed and destroyed responsibility to such an extent that the people know not whom to blame for evil events4 ,it is a devil's art1 from whose manipulations ,england has by some special favor of heaven escaped4 ,there the ghosts of murdered men and things can 8shake0 their 8gory locks0 at the ,prime ,minister2 and he may not reply3 8,thou canst not say ,i did it40 ,many of us have expected ,mr4 ,gladstone to retire when each of these bloody episodes in ,egypt has begun4 ,his retention of power may be explained as an old man's insane appetite for office1 or as the surrender of a statesman to the logic of a situation4 ,the first explanation we respect ,mr4 ,gladstone too much to accept2 the second is embarrassed by the absence of a clearly defined policy4 ,we should understand ,disraeli2 but he would help us to understand him by making distinct proclamation of his purpose to govern and bless the ,moslem world4 ,he would have butchered less1 but he would have planted an imperial stake on every battle-field4 ,we should have known that he meant conquest and dominion4 ,there would have been no meaningless carnage4 ,a humanitarian war is a difficult conception2 but it is not impossible to conceive of wars that produce beneficent results4 ,we could conceive of the subjugation of ,islam to ,british sway1 and rejoice to see the ,soudan like ,india1 slowly but surely rising into civilization under ,english rule4 ,but an army thrusting down no imperial stakes1 going home after each slaughter to be paid1 promoted and fted1 is not doing work which opens any vistas of smiling peace and advancing light4 ,it is only a bloody carnival4 ,no petty cabinet differences1 no outcry of public opinion1 no ,jingoism in the army or the royal family1 no temporary exigencies of party1 no domestic dangers nor foreign rivalries can explain and justify the responsible man's conduct4 ,mr4 ,gladstone's garments are dripping with ,moslem blood1 and the world can not find an explanation which explains4 ,it seems to the spectators that ,england is doing the one thing she should most carefully avoid doing4 ,she is uniting ,islam1 and teaching ,islam how to make war4 ,in each new campaign the ,soudanese are better armed1 fight with better method1 and kill more ,englishmen4 ,england is training them into sturdy and disciplined soldiers4 ,a ,moslem victory is proclaimed in every ,arab tent1 and in every ,indian village4 ,such a victory is not merely a victory for ,el ,mahdi2 it is a hope for the whole ,moslem world4 ,moslem defeats travel less swiftly1 and mean only a delayed victory4 ,what fierce resolutions are begotten in ,moslem bosoms by ,mr4 ,gladstone's campaigns of butchery1 we can easily imagine4 ,meanwhile1 ,christendom can only say3 8,premier of ,england1 your garments are soaked with blood2 and1 may ,god forgive you1 the blood is not your own4 ,we can not understand you1 but we are painfully certain that you are arousing all ,islam against us40 ,meanwhile1 the ancient spears are giving place in the ,prophet's armies to repeating rifles1 and ,krupp guns may soon guard every height along the ,nile4 ,islam is strong in numbers4 ,there are #ge1jjj1jjj of ,soudanese1 with a very large proportion of men just civilized enough to make terrible soldiers4 ,it may happen some day that a military leader will arise in the front of this vast army1 and that an effeminate ,europe may find that its military science has gone over to the ,moslems4 ,probably no one man's policy could effect its transfer more rapidly than ,mr4 ,gladstone's4 ,when that dark wave of the ,moslem millions is gathered into conquering masses by a capable leader1 it will have mighty winds of religious enthusiasm behind it1 and plenty of room before it4 ,the southern and eastern shores of the ,mediterranean would be swept clean of the petty ,european military establishments in a month4 ,morocco1 larger than ,france1 holds at least half of the western gate of the ,mediterranean1 while the ,turk holds the eastern gate2 and a month's campaign might convert that sea into a ,moslem lake1 and leave its ,italian1 ,french1 and ,spanish and ,greek shores to be ravaged again as in the crusading centuries1 by ,moslem piracy and brigandage4 ,the one thing the ,arab can learn thoroughly is the art of war4 ,he was once great on the sea4 ,that man may exult too soon1 who1 remembering the leviathans of the deep which destroyed ,alexandria1 trusts ,europe's safety to the great navies of ,europe4 ,islam has some great ships in the ,bosphorus1 and is rapidly learning where the great ships grow4 ,it is true that if splendid leadership does not arise1 ,islam may continue to bleed and die in vain2 but wars produce great soldiers as regularly as oaks bear acorns4 ,there is danger4 ,ten years of ,gladstoneism in the ,nile valley would make the danger a terrible reality4 ,christendom should rise up and condemn the bloody education which ,england is imparting to ,islam4 ,meanwhile1 ,germans and ,frenchmen are in the armies of the ,prophet1 teaching the rude but vigorous men of the desert how to use arms of precision with deadly effect4 ,in the process of creating a terrible peril for ,europe1 greed1 personal ambition1 and national jealousies are contributing to perfect the lessons in modern warfare which ,england is giving to ,islam4 ,no doubt it is true that a great man is needed to weld together the forces of ,islam4 ,but why should no strong man be expected to arise in a race so rich in warlike memories8 ,when the ,prophet is once crowned with the diadem of military success1 there is an army of ,mohammedans in ,india wearing the queen's uniform1 there are vast resources at ,constantinople ready to fall from the helpless hands of the ,sultan2 there are millions of soldiers who require no pay1 and have no scruples about the rights of private property4 ,if one gives rein to his imagination1 he is soon in a world of awful possibilities4 ,there are two hundred millions of ,mohammedans waiting for a leader to restore the glories of ,islam4 ,the relations of ,england to ,islam are logically and historically friendly4 ,england has a ,moslem army in ,india1 and has long protected the head of ,islam at ,constantinople1 from the consequences of his vices1 extravagances and follies4 ,the ,indian mutiny had a religious source1 but this was denied1 and the spring covered up so successfully that1 until ,mr4 ,gladstone attacked ,disraeli's policy in the name of ,christianity 7such as it is7 in ,bulgaria1 ,england had successfully encountered the difficulties of her position as a ,christian power ruling directly and indirectly half the ,moslem world4 ,does ,mr4 ,gladstone foresee an 8irrepressible conflict0 between ,england and ,islam8 ,is he instinctively bringing on a conflict which will be the less perilous the sooner it comes8 ,will history add to his rare good fortune by making him glorious as the beginner of a defense of ,christendom which he has never dreamed of organizing8 ,disraeli's conception followed logic and history4 ,he made a ,christian queen empress of ,india1 and he contemplated with composure a time when the descendant of ,victoria should be born in ,india1 and be reared in the faith of ,mohammed1 the center of the ,british empire having gone to its proper place4 ,against such ideas ,christian ,england revolted4 ,is ,mr4 ,gladstone reversing centuries of history and setting the ,moslem and ,christian worlds by the ears again8 ,if he is moving on that line1 his armies should conquer and hold ,egypt and the ,soudan1 the ,nile and the ,red ,sea1 the ancient ,delta and its modern canal1 with the grip ,england once laid on ,north ,america4 ,the audacity of the conquest would provoke diplomatic criminations2 but it were easier far to face them than to answer the hard questions which are provoked by fruitless slaughter in ,moslem lands4 ,england is only the heart of the ,british empire4 ,a quiet and gentle ,england is a possible dream2 but the empire is war1 conquest1 dominion1 at the expense of weak peoples4 ,the empire can not survive the definitive abandonment of an imperial policy4 ,the empire must dominate by force or fall to pieces4 ,it is not worth while to seek in the history of the ,egyptian debt1 and the 8grasping disposition of the ,english bondholders10 for the key of the present situation4 ,those who make a religion1 or at least a philanthropy1 of heaping abuse on bondholders anywhere and everywhere1 are the least reasonable of ,christians4 ,it is not a crime to deny ourselves1 save money and lend it to others4 ,to refuse to pay debts freely contracted is not the first of virtues or the best of policies4 ,the bondholders are commonly poor people who have saved a little by pinching themselves1 and have bought bonds for the holy purposes of family forethought4 ,repudiated debts are baptised in the self-renouncing spirit which is at the heart of our religion1 and repudiators make war on the foundations of character and society4 ,in so far as ,england protects her money lenders1 she protects her noble middle class1 whose honest thrift lies at the foundation of her wealth4 ,it is among the strangest perversions of feeling that prodigals and prodigal governments should get the sympathy of mankind4 ,let ,england foreclose her mortgage on ,egypt1 and the honest world will thank her for abolishing one nest of spendthrifts4 ,much is said of the miserable ,egyptian peasants1 from whom the taxes to pay interest are wrung with every form of despotic oppression4 ,let us not be deceived by such false-toned appeals for sympathy4 ,the fellaheen of the ,nile are oppressed irrespective of the bondholders4 ,arabi or ,el ,mahdi would maintain the oppressive systems if they were in power4 ,if there were no bondholders1 the backs of the miserable fellaheen would smart under the lash of the oppressor4 ,the despotism is ,egyptian1 not ,english4 ,english rule would gradually emancipate the oppressed classes4 ,nowhere1 not even in ,ireland1 has ,england conquered a people without improving the condition of the poor4 ,the interest on debts which she surrenders in the valley of the ,nile does not go to the relief of the peasants2 it is squandered in the harems of ,cairo and ,alexandria4 ,the issue is strictly between the splendid1 many-concubined lords in ,egypt and the honest and self-denying people who have lent honest money on the faith of ,england4 ,which way1 then1 will events march8 ,toward a war between ,islam and ,christendom1 or back to the old imperial policy of ,england8 ,it would seem that the world's hope lies in a restoration of the ancient policy of the ,british empire4 ,the events of #ahhe in ,moslem land will be full of interest1 perhaps pregnant with destiny4 ,a larger ,english army1 perhaps #be1jjj men1 will soon be in ,egypt4 ,it will probably face a better trained foe4 ,there will be more ,english graves in ,egypt4 ,to what end8 ,the ,london ,times says3 8,gordon must be avenged40 ,england repeats the cry4 ,but what end will the vengeance serve8 ,and what if ,arabi ,pasha and the ,emirs killed in the late battles1 and the #cj1jjj to #dj1jjj ,moslems slain1 should be avenged8 ,soon or late--if she does not attempt it too late--,england must return to her historical policy and stand among ,christian powers the foremost ally of the sons of ,mohammed4 ,it is the inexorable logic of her greatness4 ,let us shut our eyes upon the horrible vision of the new crusades1 as useless as the old and far bloodier4 ,christendom can hope for no more fortunate disposition of ,mohammedanism than that it should be locked fast in the iron arms of the ,british empire2 and on the other hand the failure of the ,british empire would involve the greatest possible disasters for ,christendom4 ,many foolish things have been promised in the name of 8manifest destiny40 ,perhaps destiny is never so manifest that it may be read off by uninspired prophecy2 but there is no other ,power which seems fitted to play ,england's imperial rle2 and it does not appear how the progress and happiness of mankind can go forward without such an imperial force as ,england has been for two centuries4 ,while we deprecate the effects of the ,jingo spirit which ,disraeli fostered1 and repudiate the indifference to the progress of ,christianity which the ,hebrew statesman scarcely concealed1 we can not look with complacency upon changes of ,british policy which would disintegrate the empire4 ,let ,england's drum-beat go round the earth with the sun2 for the sunrise of progress and civilization will awaken wherever that martial music falls upon the ear of mankind4 ,,the ,,art ,,of ,,fish ,,culture4 ,,by ,,prof4 ,g4 ,,brown ,,goode4 ,,part ,i4 ,when any portion of the earth is colonized by civilized man1 an era of change and readjustment at once begins4 ,the untilled plain1 the primeval forest1 the bridgeless river1 the malaria-breathing swamp1 and the jungle--lurking place for beasts of prey--are all obstructions which must be removed from the highway of social and industrial progress4 ,until a new environment had been created1 the colonists of ,virginia and ,new ,england were like helpless children1 compared with the ,indians whom they had come to disinherit4 ,the hills were soon cleared1 and the water-courses dried up1 swamps were drained1 and lakes were made in the valleys1 the plains were plowed and planted with exotic vegetation1 and great regions of land were entirely changed in character by irrigation and the use of manure4 ,the ,new ,world has in two centuries become in very truth a new world1 for its physical features have been entirely reconstructed4 ,the aboriginal man retreated before the advancing strides of civilization1 and has now been practically exterminated1 at least east of the ,mississippi ,river4 ,the manner in which the man of ,european descent has eliminated and replaced the son of the soil is fairly typical of changes which have occurred in the animal and vegetable life of the continent4 ,bear1 moose1 caribou1 deer1 wolf1 beaver1 and all other large animals have been entirely destroyed in many parts of the country1 and the time is not far remote when they will exist among us only in a state of partial or entire domestication4 ,the prairie chicken once reared its brood in ,massachusetts1 but is now never seen east of the ,alleghenies4 ,the alligator is fast being exterminated in ,florida and ,mississippi1 and the buffalo is now rarely to be seen except in captivity4 ,the sea cow of the north ,pacific1 the great auk of ,new ,england and ,newfoundland stand with the dodo1 the moa1 and the zebra in the list of animals which have become extinct within the memory of man1 and the list will continue to increase4 ,a similar story might be told for birds1 reptiles1 and plants4 ,the rattlesnake is retreating to the mountain tops1 the turkey1 the pigeon1 the woodpecker and hosts of others are disappearing1 the medicinal plant ginseng1 once so important in the ,alleghenies1 is almost a rarity to botanists4 ,the aboriginal animals and plants go4 ,they are replaced by others1 which in that struggle for existence which plays so important a part in determining careers for plants and animals1 have become particularly well fitted to be man's companions4 ,the clover1 the ox-eye daisy1 the buttercup1 the thistle1 the mullein1 the dandelion1 followed the ,european to ,america1 and with them the broad-leaved plantain1 which1 as every one knows1 the ,indians called 8the white man's foot10 because it sprung up at once in every meadow where the soles of his shoes had touched4 ,with these came the ,european mouse1 the rat1 the cat1 the dog4 ,the browsing herds of deer and buffalo were replaced by oxen1 horses and sheep1 and the greedy1 quarrelsome1 impertinent sparrow was permitted to drive out the native birds which many of us would have been glad to keep as relics of the old dispensation4 ,not less important in many regions have been the changes in the life in the waters4 ,in many of our streams and lakes the fish1 formerly abundant1 have been entirely exterminated4 ,sometimes1 perhaps we may charitably say usually1 this has been the result of ignorance1 but often1 ,i fear1 it may be ascribed to recklessness or cupidity4 ,fishes may be grouped1 according to their habits1 into two classes--resident and migratory4 ,representatives of each of these classes may be found both in fresh water and in the sea4 ,among resident fresh water fishes may be mentioned the perch1 the catfish1 suckers and dace1 the pike and pickerel1 the black bass4 ,resident sea fishes are typified by the flounders1 cod1 sheepshead1 blackfish and sea bass1 which are found near the shore in winter as well as summer4 ,in cold climates1 resident fishes always retreat in winter into deeper water to avoid the cold1 and if they can not get beyond its reach they subside into a state of torpidity or hibernation1 in which all the vital functions are more or less inert4 ,the carp1 and many other kinds of fish1 at this time1 burrow into 8kettles0 or holes in the mud in the bottom of the pond1 where they remain for months4 ,a hybernating fish may be frozen solid in the middle of a cake of ice1 and emerge when thawed out1 unharmed4 ,migratory fishes1 on the other hand1 are those which wander extensively from season to season4 ,there are migrating fish in the sea1 which1 like the mackerel1 the bluefish1 the menhaden and the porgy come near our northern coasts only in the summer1 and in winter retreat to regions either in the south or far out at sea unknown2 others1 like the smelt and the sea herring1 which retreat northward in summer and only appear in quantity on the ,atlantic coast of the ,united ,states in the colder months of the year4 ,then there are migratory fishes which live part of the year in the rivers4 ,such are the shad and the river-herrings or alewives1 which leave the sea in the spring and ascend to the river heads to spawn1 and the salmon1 which does likewise1 to spawn in the brooklets in ,november and ,december4 ,still more remarkable is the eel1 which breeds in the sea1 where the male eels always remain1 while the young females1 when as large as darning needles1 ascend in the spring to inland lakes and streams1 there to remain1 until1 after three or four years1 they are grown to maturity1 when they descend to salt water1 to reproduce their kind and die4 ,there are also migratory fish in fresh water1 like the white fish1 the salmon1 trout1 and the siscowet1 which live in the abyssal depths of the great lakes and swim up into the shallows and creeks in winter to spawn their eggs1 and the brook trout and dace1 which for a similar purpose ascend from the pools and quiet meadow stretches to the pebble-paved ripplets near the spring sources of the brooks in which they live4 ,having1 in a general way1 classified fish according to their habits1 we are in a position to consider the manner in which man has succeeded in exterminating them4 ,as a general rule1 fish deposit their eggs in shallow water1 and the time of egg-laying is very closely dependent upon the temperature of the water4 ,the eggs of a fish are1 as every one knows1 enclosed in two sacs1 or ovaries1 which are situated close to the walls of the abdominal cavity1 and separated from the water by thin walls of skin and flesh1 rarely1 even in the largest fish1 more than a sixteenth of an inch in thickness4 ,experiment has shown that the temperature of the blood in the abdomen of a fish deviates very little from that of the water in which it is floating4 ,experiment has also shown that as soon as the water has reached a certain degree of warmth1 variable with each kind of fish1 the eggs are sure to be laid within a very few hours4 ,this being the case1 it usually happens that great schools of fish always congregate together at one time upon the spawning grounds4 ,since the spawning grounds of many kinds of fish are in shallow water1 and the fish are at that time most easily caught1 it happens that many of the most extensive fisheries are carried on in the spawning season4 ,the delicious little smelts which our neighbors in ,maine and ,new ,brunswick send us by the hundred car-loads each winter1 packed in little boxes of snow1 are always full of eggs--so are the lake white fish1 when they are caught1 and the shad1 and the ,potomac herrings1 and the cod1 and the mullet1 and the herring1 and in early spring the mackerel4 ,now consider how easy it is1 taking these fish so much at a disadvantage1 to diminish their numbers1 simply by catching them4 ,the man who catches a spawning cod destroys anywhere from #e1jjj1jjj to #g1jjj1jjj of eggs1 a spawning halibut at least #b1jjj1jjj1 a shad from #ej1jjj to #b1jjj1jjj4 ,is not the ,american breakfasting on broiled shad roe a modern representative of him who killed the goose which laid the golden egg8 ,when we consider that the yearly catch of mother-fish along the ,new ,england coast does not fall short of ten to fifteen millions of individuals1 we may gain an adequate idea of the destruction of fish life by the fisheries4 ,still it is not necessary to be alarmed at these figures4 ,they are presented simply in illustration of the immense possibilities of destruction when the fisheries are carried on at the spawning season4 ,as a matter of fact1 cod are just as abundant along our coasts as they ever were1 and it has not yet been demonstrated that any kind of sea fish has ever been diminished in numbers by hook and line fishing or by netting them at a distance from the shore4 ,some kinds of fishes1 however1 enter narrow bays and estuaries to spawn1 and if they are there recklessly destroyed1 the local supply at least may be permanently interfered with4 ,this has apparently been the case with certain species in ,narragansett ,bay1 ,rhode ,island4 ,for instance1 the scuppaug or porgy has been seriously diminished in numbers in certain seasons1 years ago2 the supply will probably be replenished from adjoining waters by the reparative tendencies of nature1 if this indeed has not already been done4 ,so1 too1 the halibut has been exterminated in ,massachusetts1 where it was once so abundant as to be regarded as a nuisance by the fishermen4 ,it is in the inland or freshwater fisheries1 however1 that the work of extermination has been thorough1 and here1 from the nature of the case1 the work once accomplished1 it is beyond the power of nature to remedy the damage4 ,if ,i could take the reader with me next ,may to one of the many little streamlets of ,cape ,cod1 flowing southward into ,nantucket ,sound1 ,i could show him a scene which he would never forget4 ,the little rill has been encased at bottom and sides with planks1 so that it flows for a mile or two1 down to its junction with the sea1 in a straight trough not over fifteen inches wide1 and a foot in depth4 ,at a convenient level place a shed has been built over the trough1 and in the floor is a kind of cistern1 through which the waters of the brook flow as it goes on its course4 ,in the shed stand two men1 each with a great scoop of netting1 with which they labor1 dipping the fish out of the cistern as they fill it1 swimming up the trough from the sea4 ,several barrels are taken out every day1 and in some of these streams one or two thousand barrels always reward a season's work1 the brook being the property of the township1 and the privilege of fishing being sold at auction for the benefit of the public4 ,dip6 dip6 dip it is all day long1 and as the little alewives are tumbled into barrels and carts1 the eye of the practiced observer notes the plump sides and the brilliant iridescent coloring of the silvery scales1 which indicate that the fish are loaded with a precious burden of eggs1 to deposit which in the pond at the head of the stream is the motive which leads them to press forward so blindly into the trap men have set for them4 ,in these enlightened days the town laws generally require that the brooks shall be unobstructed for one or two days each week1 and so a few fish get by the barriers and are allowed to perpetuate their kind4 ,in the past1 however1 many excellent 8herring brooks0 have been completely deprived of their fish4 ,this illustrates how completely man has the destinies of river fish under his control4 ,suppose that instead of a fish house with movable barriers1 an impassable dam had been built4 ,of course the fish would have been locked out1 and their kind exterminated in that immediate region4 ,this is precisely what has happened in almost every river and stream on the ,atlantic coast of the ,united ,states4 ,shad and salmon were formerly abundant in every river of ,new ,england--and shad and alewives in every considerable stream south to ,florida4 ,now1 they are excluded1 either entirely or in great part from the waters in which they once swarmed in great schools4 ,take1 for instance1 the ,connecticut ,river4 ,in colonial days1 salmon were there in immense numbers4 ,all summer long they were swimming up from the sea to the headwaters of the river1 to ,massachusetts1 ,new ,hampshire1 and ,vermont1 where they deposited their eggs in the cool1 clear rapids of the main river and its tributaries4 ,they were so abundant that the shad fishermen used to require their customers to take one salmon with every shad1 and1 as the hackneyed old story goes1 the apprentices were accustomed to stipulate in their papers that they should not be required to eat salmon above three times a week4 ,in #agih a dam was built across the river at ,miller's ,falls4 ,next year many salmon were seen at the base of the dam1 the following year a smaller number1 and in less than ten years salmon had entirely disappeared from the ,connecticut4 ,not a salmon was seen in those waters until seventy years later1 when1 in #ahga1 a single artificially bred fish was caught at ,saybrook4 ,i could show you a map prepared by an associate of mine1 in which the present and former limits of the shad are shown1 and you would see how they once ranged clear up into the mountains1 far up the ,susquehanna into ,new ,york ,state1 up the ,connecticut into ,new ,hampshire and ,vermont1 and how now1 in many rivers1 they are confined to very restrictive stretches at the river mouths4 ,the dams operate in still another way4 ,we have considered hitherto only their influence upon the sea fish which ascend the rivers to spawn4 ,their effect upon the resident fish is quite as baneful4 ,as the suckers1 and the bass1 and the cat fish1 and dace1 and trout1 grow large1 they naturally go down stream in search of deeper water and wider pools1 where they get more room and better food4 ,if they luckily escape the baskets and traps set for them in every dam1 they never can get back4 ,the streams are gradually sifted out and left tenantless4 ,little need be said of the manner in which ponds are drained dry in order to get all the fish in them1 in which immense seines are hauled in little lakes1 clearing out everything1 great and small1 of the use of explosives1 lime1 or cocculus indicus1 in the work of wholesale destruction4 ,the fact stands undisputed and undisputable1 that in many parts of the ,united ,states the native fish are actually exterminated1 and the mud turtles1 muskrats and fresh water clams left as sole occupants4 ,even the harmonious bull-frog has been devoured by man1 and only his diminutive cousins1 the cricket frogs and hylas left--the aquatic choir can henceforth perform only soprano and contralto songs1 unless the fish culturist finds some way of bringing back the basso whose obligatos we once admired4 ,oysters1 scallops1 and lobsters are going the same way4 ,although they live in free waters1 they are stationary in their habits1 and wholesale gathering will soon complete the work of extermination so recklessly begun4 ,the forthcoming census reports on the fisheries will show conclusively the need of immediate protection4 ,what is the remedy for these great evils8 ,one hundred thousand men are actively engaged in the fisheries of the ,united ,states1 and at least one fiftieth of the entire population of the country are1 to a large extent1 dependent on the fishery industry4 ,fish is the poor man's food1 for unlike any other food product it may be had for the taking4 ,a fish swimming in the water has cost no man labor4 ,there floats four pounds of savory shad1 fifty pounds of nutritious sturgeon1 a hundred barrels of whale oil2 there lies a bushel of oysters1 or a barrel of sponges4 ,they are ,god's gift1 and man has only to gather them in1 and possibly submit them to a very simple process of preparation1 to be the possessor of a valuable piece of property4 ,if the matter can be properly regulated1 good fish ought to be sold in every town and village for two thirds or half the price of beef and pork4 ,as it is1 poor fish often cost more than beef and pork1 and in many localities good fish can not be had at any price4 ,it is a great problem in political economy1 and one which we are1 as yet1 far from thoroughly understanding4 ,we are confronted with the question1 ,what can be done to neutralize these destructive tendencies8 ,there are evidently three things to do4 #a4 ,to preserve fish waters1 especially those inland1 as nearly as possible in their normal condition4 #b4 ,to prohibit wasteful or immoderate fishing4 #c4 ,to employ the art of fish breeding4 a4 ,to aid in maintaining a natural supply2 b4 ,to repair the effects of past improvidence1 and c4 ,to increase the supply beyond its natural limits1 rapidly enough to meet the necessities of a constantly increasing population4 ,the preservation of normal conditions in inland waters is comparatively simple4 ,a reasonable system of forestry and water purification is all that is required1 and this is needed not only by the fish in the streams1 but by the people living on the banks4 ,it has been shown that a river which is too foul for fish to live in is not fit to flow near the habitations of man4 ,obstructions1 such as dams1 may1 in most instances1 be overcome by fish ladders4 ,the salmon has profited much by these devices in ,europe1 and the immense dams in ,american rivers will doubtless be passable1 even for shad and alewives1 if the new system of fish-way construction devised by ,col4 ,mc,donald1 and now being applied on the ,savannah1 ,james1 and ,potomac1 and other large rivers1 fulfills its present promises of success4 ,up to the present time1 however1 although much ingenuity and expense have been lavished upon fish-ways by the various state fish commissions of this country1 there has been little practical outcome from their use4 ,our dams are too high1 and the shad and alewives1 which we are especially desirous to carry over these obstructions1 do not seem to take kindly to the narrow1 tortuous defiles of the fish ladders4 ,the protection of fish by law is what legislators have been trying to effect for many centuries1 and we are bound to admit that the success of their efforts has been very slight indeed4 ,protective legislation rarely succeeds4 ,the statute books of each state are crowded with laws which no one understands1 least of all the men who made them1 and which the state governments are powerless to enforce4 ,every one remembers ,whittier's grand old hero1 ,abraham ,davenport1 the ,connecticut statesman1 who1 8on a ,may day of that far old year #aghj10 when the earth was shrouded in darkness1 and he and all his colleagues in the ,state ,assembly felt that the judgment day had come1 stood up1 8albeit with trembling hands and shaking voice1 and read an act to amend an act to regulate the shad and alewife fisheries0--and then went on to rebuke those around for their fearfulness and desire to leave the post of duty4 ,connecticut is as much at a loss now as then to know how to regulate her shad and alewife fisheries4 ,under a republican form of government1 restrictive laws are not popular1 and money would never be voted to enforce such laws1 which1 without an extensive police force1 would be powerless4 ,some one has sagely remarked that the salmon is an aristocratic fish1 which can only thrive under the shadow of a throne4 ,many states now have laws protecting fresh water fish in the breeding season1 and numerous game protective associations are laboring with some success for their enforcement4 ,sales of fish out of season are also successfully prevented in certain city markets4 ,the attempts to regulate the fisheries at the mouths of rivers1 so that spawning fish may be allowed free passage for a few hours1 generally from ,saturday evening to ,monday morning1 are meeting with but little success4 ,maryland and ,virginia attempt to some extent the protection of their oyster beds1 and the former state keeps up an expensive police organization4 ,the oyster law is founded in ignorance1 however1 and the chief effort being to keep away fishermen from other states1 for the benefit of their own1 there are small results except frequent quarrels and occasional bloodshed4 ,connecticut is making the experiment of giving to individuals personal title to submerged land1 to be used in oyster culture1 and this1 perhaps1 is the wisest step taken4 ,oyster production must soon cease to be a free grabbing enterprise1 and be placed upon the same footing as agriculture1 or the ,united ,states will lose its beloved oyster crop1 and in this country1 as in ,england1 a fresh oyster will be worth as much as a new-laid egg4 ,great ,britain has1 at present1 two schools of fishery economists1 the one headed by ,professor ,huxley1 opposed to legislation1 save for the preservation of fish in inland waters1 the other1 of which ,dr4 ,francis ,day is the chief leader1 advocating a most strenuous legal regulation of the sea fisheries4 ,continental ,europe is by tradition and belief committed to the last named policy4 ,in the ,united ,states1 on the contrary1 public opinion is generally antagonistic to fishery legislation1 and our ,commissioner of ,fisheries1 after carrying on for fourteen years investigations upon this very question1 has not yet become satisfied that laws are necessary for the perpetuation of the sea fisheries1 nor has he ever recommended to ,congress enactment of any description4 ,just here we meet the test problem in fish culture4 ,many of the most important commercial fisheries of the world1 the cod fishery1 the herring fishery1 the sardine fishery1 the shad and alewife fishery1 the mullet fishery1 the salmon fishery1 the whitefish fishery1 the smelt fishery1 and many others1 owe their existence to the fact that once a year these fishes gather together in closely swimming schools1 to spawn in shallow water1 on shoals1 or in estuaries and rivers4 ,there is a large school of quasi economists1 who clamor for the complete prohibition of fishing during spawning time4 ,this demand demonstrates their ignorance4 ,deer1 game birds1 and other land animals may easily be protected in the breeding season1 so may trout and other fishes of strictly local habits4 ,not so the anadromous and pelagic fishes4 ,if they are not caught in the spawning season1 they can not be caught at all4 ,i heard a prominent fish culturist recently advocating before a committee of the ,united ,states ,senate1 the view that shad should not be caught in the rivers1 because they came into the rivers to spawn4 ,when asked what would become of our immense shad fisheries if this were done1 he said that doubtless some ingenious person would invent a means of catching them at sea4 ,the fallacy in the argument of these men lies in the supposition that it is more destructive to the progeny of a given fish to kill it when its eggs are nearly ripe1 than to kill the same fish eight or ten months earlier4 ,we must not1 however1 ignore the counter argument4 ,such is the mortality among fish that only an infinitesimal percentage attain to maturity4 ,mbius has shown that for every grown oyster upon the beds of ,schleswig-,holstein1 #a1jde1jjj have died4 ,only a very small percentage1 perhaps not greater than this1 of the shad or the smelt ever come upon the breeding grounds4 ,some consideration1 then1 ought to be shown to the individuals which have escaped from their enemies and have come up to deposit the precious burden of eggs4 ,how much must they be protected8 ,here the fish culturist comes in with the proposition 8that it is cheaper to make fish so plenty by artificial means that every fisherman may take all he can catch1 than to enforce a code of protective laws40 ,the salmon rivers of the ,pacific slope1 and the shad rivers of the east1 and the whitefish fisheries of the lakes1 are now so thoroughly under control by the fish culturist1 that it is doubtful if any one will venture to contradict his assertion4 ,the question now is1 whether he can extend his domain to other species4 ,legislation and fish-ways1 then1 are1 as yet1 of little practical importance4 ,actually1 they repeat the proverbial act of the clown who locked the stable door after his horse had been stolen4 ,no one makes laws or builds fish-ways until he is of the decided opinion that the fish are pretty nearly gone4 ,artificial fish culture seems to offer the only remedy for the evils which have been described4 ,,to ,,be ,,continued4 ,,the ,,life ,,of ,,george ,,eliot4 ,there is now and then a biography so written that the reader is able to become intimately acquainted with the subject1 to feel after reading that he has had a personal contact1 and has formed a friendship which is warm and living4 ,such 8,lives0 are rare4 ,most works of this kind are so biased by the interpretations of the author1 so full of facts and opinions that the reader loses all feeling of companionship in reading2 he closes the book1 knowing much about the subject1 but rarely understanding him4 ,a book which presents a man or woman in that personal way which makes a friendship through the medium of the book possible1 confers a great gift upon the reading public4 ,the peculiar fitness of ,mr4 ,cross's 8,life of ,george ,eliot0,b for giving us a new friend1 must be attributed to the really remarkable taste and skill of his editing4 ,the work bears the mark of a reverential hand4 ,it is an ,in ,memoriam whose only object has been to lay before the world a memory too strong and precious to be kept secret4 ,but no such a biography could have been given the world had it not been for the peculiar nature of ,george ,eliot herself4 ,the material for this 8,life0 grew out of two strong elements in her character3 the affectionate and persistent friendship which led her to reveal herself so fully to those she loved in her letters1 and that constant introspection which made her journal often a mirror of her inner life4 ,these materials make up the book1 which is largely a study of her character1 and1 too1 of her character as she understood it4 ,she has verily written her own life4 ,the interpretation remains for the readers4 ,it would have been possible for ,mr4 ,cross to have given much information about her character which he has withheld1 her opinions and much of her conversation2 but he has wisely given the world only what she herself chose to reveal to her friends4 ,the story begins early4 ,the first revelations in character are the strongest2 the happiness and misery of the future life are revealed in the childhood traits4 ,the earliest revelations which we find in ,george ,eliot's life are of affection and ambition2 either1 if strong enough to become a passion1 drives its possessor along a thorny path until it is itself mastered1 and where both exist in a nature1 continual collision must occur between them4 ,before each is satisfied there must be a life struggle of the keenest sort4 ,such a struggle was presaged for ,marian ,evans very early4 ,she herself tells how1 when she was but four years of age1 she played on the piano1 of which she did not know a note1 in order to impress the servant with a proper notion of her acquirements and generally distinguished position4 ,as eager1 too1 she was for love as for recognition4 ,in her reminiscences of her early life most vividly she portrays her earliest passion--one very common among affectionate girls--her love for her brother4 8,she used always to be at his heels1 insisting on doing everything that he did40 ,when his first boyish craze took possession of him in shape of a pony1 and she found it was separating them1 she was nearly heart broken4 ,impressible1 eager for work and ambitious for knowledge1 she began life under an emotional pressure1 which drove her into incessant distress lest those she loved should fail her1 and which brought her devotion to her loved ones in constant collision with her ambition4 ,at twenty-one1 writing to a very intimate friend1 she said3 8,i do not mean to be so sinful as to say that ,i have not friends most undeservedly kind and tender1 and disposed to form a far too favorable estimate of me1 but ,i mean ,i have no one who enters into my pleasures and griefs1 no one with whom ,i can pour out my soul40 ,eight years after this1 having lost her father1 she went abroad for a few months' residence1 and her letters home were full of eager longing for their sympathy and restless fear lest they should forget her4 ,no change in her life diminished this feeling4 ,she became an editor of the ,westminster ,review1 and while overwhelmed with manuscripts and proofs she wrote3 8,you must know that ,i am not a little desponding now and then1 and think that old friends will die off1 and ,i shall be left with no power to make new ones again40 ,undoubtedly this feeling tended to make her morbid in her younger days1 and consequently dwarf her power4 ,it is an important study of her life to trace the gradual melting of this disposition1 and the final growth into a healthy happiness4 ,when quite past the heyday of her life1 she wrote a friend of her girlhood3 8,i am one of those1 perhaps1 exceptional people whose early childish dreams were much less happy than the outcome of life10 and again1 but four years before her death3 8,i have completely lost my personal melancholy4 ,i often1 of course1 have melancholy thoughts about the destinies of my fellow creatures1 but ,i am never in the mood of sadness1 which used to be my frequent visitant1 even in the midst of external happiness2 and this1 notwithstanding a very vivid sense that life is declining1 and death close at hand40 ,this release from morbidness had two causes4 ,she had taught her strong1 affectional nature to find satisfaction in that commonplace1 but little understood duty1 loving her neighbors1 and she had learned to enjoy things on their own account4 ,the first article in this creed of happiness became ,george ,eliot's religion4 ,she had abandoned her belief in the ,christian religion when twenty-one years of age4 ,she could not believe fully1 and she was too independent and too reliant upon her own mind to conform to a religion she did not believe4 ,the steps she took did not destroy the religious sense in her life4 ,the earnestness which led her to write at nineteen1 8,may the ,lord give me such an insight into what is truly good1 that ,i may not rest contented with making ,christianity a mere addendum to my pursuits1 or with tacking it as a fringe to my garments20 which induced her to consider the novel and even oratorio as dangerous to spiritual development still remained1 though without form4 ,she was intensely in earnest1 but it was many years before her love for mankind became a religion to her4 ,a less strong character would have become flippant or scornful under this loss2 hers only became more serious4 ,she seems never to have forgotten what she had abandoned4 ,though radically differing from most of her friends on religious questions1 she never was uncharitable4 8,of all intolerance1 the intolerance calling itself philosophical is the most odious to me10 she wrote1 and she lived out this opinion1 in no way allowing the widest diversity to separate her from her friends4 ,her sympathy and charity indeed seem to increase1 even if the breach in their opinion widened4 ,this habit of thought and feeling resulted in much personal moral benefit4 8,my own experience and development deepen every day my conviction that our moral progress may be measured by the degree in which we sympathize with individual suffering and individual joy40 ,as she grew older1 she comforted herself with the thought that 8with that renunciation of self which age inevitably brings we get more freedom of soul to enter into the life of others40 ,she tried for 8a religion which must express less care for personal consolation and a more deeply awing sense of responsibility to man1 springing from sympathy with that which of all things is most certainly known to us1 the difficulty of the human lot40 ,this was the great lesson in her growth toward happiness4 ,a secondary step was her appreciation of the value of things in themselves4 ,it is a serious obstacle to the happiness of women1 that in the main they care for exterior life only as it is of value in the personal life4 ,a book is dear because a friend has read or recommended it4 ,this verse is fine from association2 this strain of music because they heard it in a certain connection4 ,take the personal out of ,art and ,nature1 and too often women care little for them4 ,george ,eliot learned to appreciate and love things for their own value4 ,music1 to which she was from childhood deeply susceptible1 she cultivated thoroughly1 and no fine rendering of good music ever was missed by her4 ,she took the true1 high view of life1 which declares that from every good all possible enjoyment should be gained4 ,art was very dear to her1 and we find in these quotations from her journal1 notes on all the leading galleries of ,europe1 but in the very midst of her art studies she drops this comment1 after noting a sight she had had of the snow covered ,alps3 8,sight more to me than all the art in ,munich1 though ,i love the art nevertheless4 ,the great1 wide-stretching earth1 and the all-embracing sky--the birthright of us all--are what ,i care most to look at40 ,but it would have been impossible for even her deep love for mankind1 her fine enjoyment of the good and beautiful1 to have completed her life4 ,these things satisfied her affections1 but there was another quality we have mentioned as prominent in her life3 it was her ambition4 ,at twenty she wrote despondently3 8,i feel that my besetting sin is the one of all others most destroying1 as it is the faithful parent of them all--ambition1 a desire insatiable for the esteem of my fellow-creatures40 ,whatever she did1 was done with all her might4 ,her mother died early1 and she became housekeeper4 ,her struggles with the knotty questions of housewifery kept her in a constant worry1 but she would do things right--whether it be currant jelly or a ,german translation4 ,the same perfection marked her novels4 ,her progress was soon marked2 it recommended her to people of standing1 and gradually she had a circle of friends--people of strong minds and much culture--about her4 ,eager to do something1 a way opened to her in #ahdd1 when she was twenty-five years old4 ,it was to translate into ,english a work of the ,german philosopher1 ,strauss4 ,she did it1 and what was better1 did it well4 ,five years later she writes3 8,the only ardent hope ,i have for my future life is to have given me some woman's duty40 ,the ambition to excel is already bending to the stronger emotion of affection4 ,for a long time she worked1 eager and anxious1 but nothing seemed to open4 ,in #ahea she went to ,london as assistant editor of ,westminster ,review1 and here most satisfactory opportunities for culture opened4 ,she formed lasting friendships with ,herbert ,spenser1 ,harriet ,martineau1 ,florence ,nightingale1 and indeed with all the people worth knowing1 who filled ,london in the 'fifties4 ,but her editing left no opportunity to do that special work to which she was looking1 and which she did not understand4 ,she wrote many reviews and essays4 ,this writing was a sort of safety valve for her intellect1 but it was not until ,september1 #ahef1 that the new era began in her life4 ,it was when she began to write fiction4 ,the popular idea of fiction as stories which will do to kill time1 but which for serious reading are quite useless1 was not the idea of ,george ,eliot4 ,a nature so intensely serious1 so anxious for noble work1 could not content itself with trivial story telling2 she did not aim at that1 but at studies of life4 ,as she finely writes to ,mr4 ,john ,blackwood1 who became her publisher3 8,my artistic bent is directed not all to the presentation of irreproachable character1 but to the presentation of mixed human beings1 in such a way as to call forth tolerant judgment1 pity1 and sympathy4 ,and ,i can not step aside from what ,i feel to be true in character40 ,and again3 8,i should like to touch every heart among my readers with nothing but loving humor1 with tenderness1 with belief in goodness40 ,the story of her great success is familiar--her books are well known4 ,in rapid succession she sent out 8,scenes of ,clerical ,life10 8,adam ,bede10 8,the ,mill on the ,floss10 8,silas ,marner10 8,romola10 8,felix ,holt10 8,the ,spanish ,gypsy10 8,middlemarch10 8,daniel ,deronda10 and 8,theophrastus ,such40 ,her convictions about how she should work were intense4 ,she wrote and lived her story1 and once when urged to re-write a tale1 replied that she could no more re-write a book than she could live over a year in her own life4 ,her novels are the embodiment of what she had felt1 written that they might strengthen others4 ,the conscientiousness with which she labored made her work sometimes most painful to her4 ,despondency lest she should fail1 fear lest she had misinterpreted a character1 depression lest this chapter should fall below a preceding in merit1 tortured her in succession1 but she worked because she believed she had found her place1 and to do her best for mankind was her religion4 ,the slow-growing nature struggling with eager desire for human love1 and with a mastering ambition1 not often reaches so ripe a stage as did hers4 ,the rigid system of self-culture which she pursued through her life was the outgrowth of her ambition and of her intense interest in things1 an interest which we have noticed as being one of the leading elements in her happiness4 ,reading1 study1 conversation1 observation1 writing1 travel1 were in turns employed in her course of self-discipline4 ,she read incessantly1 and thoroughly4 ,notice this list of books1 the work of one month1 and that when she was nearly fifty years of age3 ,first book of 8,lucretius20 sixth book of the 8,iliad20 8,samson ,agonistes20 ,warton's 8,history of ,english ,poetry20 8,grote10 second volume2 8,marcus ,aurelius20 8,vita ,nuova10 vol4 iv2 chapter one of the 8,politique ,positive20 ,guest on 8,english ,rhythms20 ,maunce's 8,lectures on ,casuistry40 ,few months fell below this in reading1 and this1 too1 while she was writing1 seeing people1 conversing1 and suffering1 for she had the misfortune to know1 as she says1 that 8one thing is needful3 a good digestion40 ,as a life of earnest purpose1 of continued struggle for a high living1 of deepest desire to make the most of everything1 and for everybody1 there is none more marked than that of ,george ,eliot4 ,non-conformity to the religion and the law in which we believe1 must sadden her life for all1 but an honest student of her character must1 after reading this 8,life10 accord to her what she herself never failed to give to the erring--charity4 ,,footnotes ,b ,george ,eliot's ,life1 as related in her ,letters and ,journals4 ,arranged and edited by her husband1 ,j4 ,w4 ,cross4 ,in three volumes4 ,new ,york3 ,harper ,brothers4 ,,arbor ,,day4 ,,by ,,the ,,hon4 ,b4 ,g4 ,,northrop1 ,,ll4,d4 ,recent spring floods and the diminished flow of rivers in summer have called public attention to the cause and the remedy as never before4 ,at the opening of the last session of ,congress1 its attention was called to the subject of ,forestry1 for the first time in any presidential message4 ,bills for the protection and extension of forests are now before ,congress1 and before many state legislatures4 ,the last census presents striking facts which prove this to be a question of both state and national importance4 ,the recent action of the national government shows a new appreciation of forestry4 ,the marvel now is1 that the general government did not earlier seek to protect its magnificent forests1 once the best and most extensive in the world4 ,their importance to the nation was little understood4 ,even after a century of reckless waste1 the ,united ,states government still owns #he1jjj1jjj acres of timber--a mere fraction of what has been cut1 or burned1 without a thought of reproduction4 ,the ,forestry ,division of the ,united ,states ,department of ,agriculture1 though organized but six years ago1 has already spread much valuable information before the country by its reports and by those of its special agents1 commissioned to investigate the forests of the country and the means of their protection and extension4 ,ex-,governor ,r4 ,w4 ,furnas1 of ,nebraska1 for example1 investigated the forests of ,california1 ,oregon1 ,washington ,territory1 and the western slope of the ,rocky ,mountains4 ,his official reports on the stealing and reckless destruction of those timber lands1 and also in regard to the new and extensive timber growing on the treeless plains of ,nebraska1 were of great public interest4 ,the reports of ,dr4 ,f4 ,b4 ,hough of ,new ,york1 and ,f4 ,b4 ,baker1 of ,kansas--also agents of the ,united ,states ,forestry ,division--have been extensively circulated and still more widely summarized in the press4 ,the ,national ,forestry ,congress is another index of the growth of popular interest on this subject4 ,a large volume of the proceedings of that association at its meeting in ,montreal was officially published by the ,dominion of ,canada4 ,the best papers given at its three subsequent meetings have been published by the ,united ,states ,department of ,agriculture4 ,the subject has been ably discussed in ,state ,agricultural ,reports1 and many state and local associations have been formed to further this interest4 ,the passage of the ,timber ,culture ,act has greatly increased the area of planted woodland4 ,but of all these agencies no one has awakened so general an interest in agriculture as the appointment of ,arbor ,day1 by governors of states1 by legislatures1 and by state1 county and town superintendents of schools4 ,the plan of ,arbor ,day is simple and inexpensive1 and hence the more readily adopted and widely effective4 ,in some states the work has been well done without any legislation4 ,the best results1 however1 are secured when an act is passed requesting the ,governor1 each spring1 to recommend the observance of ,arbor ,day1 by a special message4 ,the chief magistrate of the state thus most effectually calls the attention of all the people to its importance1 and secures general and concerted action4 ,how forests conserve the water supplies and lessen floods is aside from the topic of this paper4 ,while the fact of the increase of spring freshets is everywhere admitted1 and scientists agree as to the cause1 the popular disbelief of the true theory is the great hindrance to remedial action4 ,the bills for the protection of the ,adirondack forests1 in the legislature of ,new ,york1 in #ahhd1 failed by reason of the opposition of the lumbermen1 and the common doubt and denial of the benefits of forests in the conservation of the rainfall4 ,i often met the same skepticism in the ,ohio valley1 even among the sufferers from the flood disasters4 ,they were attributed to the extensive use of tile drains4 ,but both in #ahhc and #ahhd1 these floods occurred when the ground was frozen deep1 and the drains were therefore inoperative4 ,that so simple a cause as forest denudation should produce such disastrous results seems at first incredible4 ,it is only when the vast areas contributing to a single river are considered1 that the proof of the forest theory seems clear4 ,take the ,ohio ,river1 for illustration4 ,the area drained by it is #bad1jjj square miles1 or twenty-two times as much as that which in ,vermont1 ,new ,hampshire1 ,massachusetts and ,connecticut is drained by the ,connecticut ,river2 an area which includes portions of ,new ,york1 ,pennsylvania1 ,ohio1 ,indiana1 ,illinois1 ,west ,virginia1 ,virginia1 ,north ,carolina1 ,georgia1 ,alabama1 ,mississippi1 ,tennessee1 and ,kentucky4 ,the length of the ,ohio is about #a1jjj miles1 and that of its ten leading tributaries nearly #d1jjj1 and that of the many minor affluents as much more4 ,the smallest influences working over such immense regions1 and ultimately combining in one stream1 may enormously swell its volume4 ,as the destruction of forests has been going on for centuries1 the remedy must be the work of time1 for it must include slow processes and agencies1 each separately minute1 which become important when multiplied by myriads and extended over broad areas4 ,arbor ,day has proved such an agency4 ,a brief history of ,arbor ,day will show its aims4 ,the surprising results already accomplished promise a still broader influence in the near future4 ,the plan originated with ex-,governor ,j4 ,sterling ,morton1 the pioneer tree-planter of ,nebraska4 ,he secured the coperation of the ,state ,board of ,agriculture1 some thirteen years ago1 when the ,governor was induced to appoint the second ,wednesday in ,april as a day to be devoted to economic tree-planting4 ,by pen and tongue1 as editor and lecturer1 with arguments from theory and facts from his own practice1 ,mr4 ,morton succeeded in awakening popular enthusiasm in this work1 in which he was ably seconded by ,ex-,governor ,furnas1 of ,nebraska1 who has long served as ,forest ,commissioner for the ,united ,states ,department of ,agriculture4 ,in ,nebraska a remarkable interest was awakened in the observance of her first ,arbor ,day1 and over #ab1jjj1jjj trees were planted on that day4 ,that enthusiasm was not a temporary effervescence4 ,each successive ,governor has annually appointed such a day by an official proclamation1 and the interest has been sustained and even increased from year to year4 ,the ,state ,board of ,agriculture annually awards liberal prizes to encourage tree-planting4 ,hence ,nebraska is the banner state of ,america in this work1 having1 according to official reports1 as ,i am informed by ex-,governor ,furnas1 #bdd1cec acres of cultivated woodland1 or more than twice that of any other state4 ,the originator of ,arbor ,day is now recognized as a public benefactor1 and hence1 during the last campaign1 as a candidate for ,governor1 ran some three thousand ahead of his party ticket4 ,though at first aiming at economic tree-planting1 ,nebraska now observes ,arbor ,day in schools4 ,the example of ,nebraska was soon followed by ,kansas1 which had over #abj1jjj acres of planted woodland4 ,the ,governor of that state issues an annual proclamation for ,arbor ,day1 and it is observed by teachers and scholars and parents1 in adorning both school and home grounds4 ,four years ago the legislature of ,michigan requested the ,governor to appoint an ,arbor ,day4 ,such an appointment has been repeated each succeeding ,april4 ,for the last three years a similar day has been appointed by the ,governor of ,ohio4 ,many schools1 especially those of ,cincinnati and ,columbus1 fitly kept the designated day4 ,no man in this country has had a better opportunity of observing the influence of ,arbor ,day in schools than ,superintendent ,peaslee1 who1 after a trial of three years1 says3 8,the observance of ,arbor ,day is the most impressive means of interesting the young in this subject4 ,should this celebration become general1 such a public sentiment would lead to the beautifying by trees of every city1 town1 and village1 as well as the public highways1 church1 and school grounds1 and the homes of the people4 ,if but the youth of ,ohio could be led to plant their two trees each1 how1 by the children alone1 would the state be enriched and beautified within the next fifty years4 ,by our ,arbor ,day observance the importance of forestry was impressed upon the minds of thousands of children who then learned to care for and protect trees4 ,not one of those #bj1jjj children in ,eden ,park on ,arbor ,day injured a single tree40 ,west ,virginia furnishes another illustration of the influence of observing ,arbor ,day in schools4 ,in the face of many difficulties1 ,state ,school ,superintendent ,butcher appointed an ,arbor ,day in schools in ,april1 #ahhc4 ,without waiting for any legislative or gubernatorial sanction1 solely on his own responsibility1 he invited the school officers1 teachers1 parents1 and pupils on the designated day to plant trees on the grounds of their schools and homes4 ,he made the ,april number of his ,school ,journal an 8,arbor0 number1 and circulated it gratuitously over the ,state4 ,the results exceeded his expectations4 ,it started good influences on minds as well as grounds4 ,this great success prompted a similar observance last ,april1 for which greater preparations were made1 with still better results4 ,when called to advocate this measure ,in various parts of ,west ,virginia last spring1 ,i found the people and the press most responsive in encouraging this practical movement4 ,on the day after the celebration1 the papers of ,wheeling1 for example1 commended the work in such terms as the following3 8,arbor ,day was gloriously celebrated yesterday1 and was a splendid success4 ,all--the oldest and the youngest--evinced the liveliest interest4 ,arbor ,day will be one of the institutions of our schools40 ,at the annual meeting of the ,state ,teachers' ,association of ,indiana1 held in ,december1 #ahhc1 a kindred plan was recommended and unanimously adopted1 and an efficient committee appointed to carry it out4 ,the ,state ,board of ,horticulture heartily endorsed the measure4 ,after a statement of the plan1 the ,state ,board of ,agriculture invited me to prepare a resolution in its favor1 which they promptly adopted4 ,governor ,porter received my suggestions with special interest1 and said the measure should have his cordial support4 ,he soon after gave it his official sanction1 and issued a proclamation to the teachers and people of the state1 in which he predicted that the appointed day would be a memorable one1 and 8the beginning of a movement for a much more extended system of tree-culture1 and the restoration of the varieties of trees1 useful and beautiful1 which have been so recklessly sacrificed that nature cries aloud for redress10 closing by calling on 8the teachers to do all in their power to make ,arbor ,day a day of the most ardent and inspiring interest40 ,state ,school ,superintendent ,holcombe gave his personal and official influence heartily to this work4 ,the lectures given by his invitation on this subject were fully reported by the press1 for the newspapers of ,indiana cordially coperated in this movement4 ,these combined influences secured the general observance of the appointed day1 and the results were most gratifying4 ,such combined agencies in nearly every state of the ,union would promise similar results4 ,at the last annual ,convention of the ,state ,teachers' ,association of ,wisconsin1 the presentation of ,arbor ,day in schools led to the adoption of a resolution in favor of such an observance1 and to the appointment of an efficient committee to carry out the plan4 ,at the ,national ,educational ,association held in ,madison1 ,wisconsin1 with an attendance of over five thousand1 a resolution recommending the observance of ,arbor ,day in schools in all our states was unanimously adopted4 ,such a day has been observed with great interest in some of the provinces of ,canada4 ,the ,american ,forestry ,congress1 which includes the leading arborists of ,canada and the ,united ,states1 adopted1 at my suggestion1 the following resolution3 8,in view of the wide-spread results of the observance of ,arbor ,day in many states1 this ,congress recommends the appointment of such a day in all our states and in the provinces of the dominion of ,canada10 and appointed a committee1 consisting of the ,chief of the ,forestry ,division of the ,united ,states ,department of ,agriculture1 the ,state ,superintendent of ,schools of ,west ,virginia1 and myself to secure the general adoption of this plan1 and especially ,arbor ,day in schools4 ,as chairman of that committee1 ,i have already presented this subject to the ,governors of many states1 and the proposition has met a favorable response4 ,it may be objected to ,arbor ,day1 or to any lessons on forestry in schools1 that the course of study is already overcrowded1 and this fact ,i admit4 ,but the requisite talks on trees1 their value and beauty1 need occupy but two or three hours4 ,in some large cities there may be little or no room for tree-planting1 and no call for even a half-holiday for this work1 but even there such talks1 or the memorizing of suitable selections1 on the designated day1 would be impressive and useful4 ,the essential thing is to start habits of observation and occupation with trees1 which will prompt pupils in their walks1 or when at work1 or at play1 to study them4 ,the talks on this subject1 which ,superintendent ,peaslee says were the most interesting and profitable lessons the pupils of ,cincinnati ever had in a single day1 occupied only the morning of ,arbor ,day1 the afternoon being given to the practical work4 ,such talks will lead our youth to admire trees1 and realize that they are the grandest products of nature1 and form the finest drapery that adorns this earth in all lands4 ,thus taught1 they will wish to plant and protect trees1 and find in their own happy experience that there is a peculiar pleasure in their parentage1 whether forest1 fruit1 or ornamental--a pleasure which never cloys1 but grows with their growth4 ,like grateful children1 trees bring rich filial returns1 and compensate a thousand fold for all the care they cost4 ,this love of trees1 early implanted in the school1 and fostered in the home1 will make our youth practical arborists4 ,they should learn that trees have been the admiration of the greatest and best men of all ages4 ,the ancients understood well the beauty as well as the economic and hygienic value of trees4 ,the ,hebrew almost venerated the palm4 ,it was the chosen symbol of ,judea on their coins1 and was graven on the doors of the ,temple as the sacred sign of justice4 ,the ,cedar of ,lebanon was justly the pride of the ,jews1 and became to them the emblem of strength and beauty4 ,the ,egyptians1 ,greeks1 and ,romans were proficients in tree-planting4 ,hence ,thebes1 ,memphis1 ,athens1 ,carthage1 ,rome1 ,pompeii and ,herculaneum1 as their ruins still show1 had their shaded streets or parks4 ,two thousand years ago1 the richest ,romans maintained a rural home1 as does the wealthy ,londoner1 ,viennese1 or ,berliner to-day1 and their ancient villas were lavishly adorned4 ,the ,paradise of the ,persians was filled with trees and roses4 ,this taste for beautiful gardens was transplanted from ,persia to ,greece1 and the ,greek philosophers held their schools in beautiful gardens1 or groves4 ,the devastations of parks1 the destruction of shade trees1 the neglect of public streets and private grounds1 the decay of rural tastes1 and the utter slight of home adornments1 were clearer proofs of the great relapse to barbarism than the vandalism which destroyed the proud monuments of classic art and literature4 ,arbor ,day has already initiated a movement of vast importance in eight states4 ,in tree-planting1 the beginning only is difficult4 ,the obstacles are all met at the outset1 because they are usually magnified by the popular ignorance of this subject4 ,it is the first step that costs--at least1 it costs effort to set this thing on foot1 but that step once taken1 others are sure to follow4 ,this very fact that the main tug is at the start1 on account of the inertia of ignorance and indifference1 shows that such start should be made easy1 as is best done by an ,arbor ,day proclamation of the ,governor1 which is sure to interest and enlist the youth of an entire state in the good work4 ,when the school children are invited each to plant at least 8two trees0 on the home or school grounds1 the aggregate number planted will be more than twice that of the children enlisted1 for parents and the public will participate in the work4 ,tree-planting is fitted to give a needful lesson of forethought to the juvenile mind4 ,living only in the present and for the present1 youth are apt to sow only where they can quickly reap4 ,a meager crop soon in hand1 outweighs a golden harvest long in maturing4 ,they should learn to forecast the future as the condition of wisdom4 ,arboriculture is a discipline in foresight--it is always planting for the future4 ,there is nothing more ennobling for youth1 than the consciousness of doing something for future generations1 something which shall prove a growing benefaction in coming years4 ,tree-planting is an easy way of perpetuating one's memory long after he has passed away4 ,the poorest can in this way provide himself with a monument grander than the loftiest shaft of chiseled stone which may suggest duty to the living1 while it commemorates the dead4 ,such associations grow in interest from year to year and from generation to generation4 ,by stimulating a general interest in tree-planting among our youth1 ,arbor ,day will yield a rich harvest to future generations4 ,george ,peabody originated the motto1 so happily illustrated by his munificent gifts to promote education3 8,education--the debt of the present to future generations40 ,we owe it to our children to leave our lands the better for our tillage and tree-planting1 and we wrong ourselves and them1 if our fields are impoverished by our improvidence4 ,arbor ,day in school has led youth to adorn the surroundings of their homes1 as well as of the schools1 and to extensive planting by the wayside4 ,how attractive our roads may become by long avenues of trees6 ,this is beautifully illustrated in many countries of ,europe4 ,in ,france1 for example1 the government keeps a statistical record of the trees along the roads4 ,the total length of public roads in ,france is #ah1gej miles1 of which #g1bej are bordered with trees1 while #d1ejj are now being1 or are soon to be1 planted4 ,growing on lands otherwise running to waste1 such trees are grateful to the traveler1 but doubly so to the planter4 ,the influence of ,arbor ,day in schools in awakening a just appreciation of trees1 first among pupils and parents1 and then the people at large1 is of vast importance in another respect4 ,the frequency of forest fires is the greatest hindrance to practical forestry4 ,but let the sentiment of trees be duly cultivated1 first among our youth1 and then among the people1 and they will be regarded as our friends1 as is the case in ,germany4 ,the public need to learn that the interests of all classes are concerned in the conservation of forests4 ,through the teaching of their schools this result was long since accomplished in ,germany1 ,switzerland1 ,sweden1 and other ,european countries4 ,the people everywhere realize the need of protecting trees4 ,an enlightened public sentiment has proved a better guardian of their forests than the national police4 ,a person wantonly setting fire to a forest would there be looked upon as an outlaw1 like the miscreant who should poison a public drinking fountain4 ,,how ,,to ,,work ,,alone4 ,,by ,,chancellor ,j4 ,h4 ,,vincent1 ,d4,d4 ,not all members of the 8,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c40 can enjoy the benefits of a local circle4 ,some live in the country1 or in remote parts of the city4 ,they can not get out at night1 through lack of company1 or because the house1 the boys1 or the baby must not be left alone2 the local circle is not under wise direction1 and is unprofitable2 or it may be that the only accessible local circle is a close corporation1 and is 8inaccessible40 ,father or husband objects to the time wasted1 or the long walk1 or something else4 ,so the student is solitary4 ,whatever is done must be done alone4 ,this is not an unmixed evil1 because it may develop power in the student1 or drive him or her to find associates at home1 associates who are not enrolled in ,plainfield as 8regulars10 and some of whom are quite too young to be enrolled at all4 ,no deprivation in this world that does not make a place for some other unsought1 unexpected blessing4 ,i purpose to offer a few hints to these solitary readers1 who may1 ,i trust1 find much profit out of the restrictions of providence1 and do their work well even though it be done alone4 ,on the blank pages of your necessity you may make records of your own1 worth more to you than volumes of other people's print4 #a4 ,although alone1 remember that you are associated with a great ,circle numbering thousands and tens of thousands of members4 ,you are not alone1 but one of many4 ,this thought helps you4 ,it sets currents of sympathy in motion4 ,it annihilates distance4 ,it fills the very air about you with companions with whom you are in sweet fellowship1 although you have never seen them4 ,they are a great cloud of witnesses4 ,they march under the same banner2 put their names on the same great record book in the central office2 read the same pages2 sing the same songs2 answer the same questions2 recite the same mottoes2 observe the same memorial days2 and turn with tender hearts to the same heavens1 under the mystic spell of the vesper hour2 experience the same longings after true culture1 and have hearts full of sympathy for their fellow-students everywhere4 ,this thought of oneness in work gives feelings of kinship and companionship4 ,the solitary student in the little room--kitchen1 sitting room1 library1 or bed chamber--is surrounded by thousands of fellow-students4 ,they seem to look over the page with you4 ,they seem to whisper words of good will and faith1 and some of them1 ,i assure you1 are royal people4 ,they would give you such greeting1 if they had opportunity1 as would make you proud and glad of your connection with the ,circle4 ,indeed1 solitariness is impossible to the thoughtful member of the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 #b4 ,this sense of fellowship is increased1 and a helpful stimulus given to the solitary worker1 by reflecting on the character of the great fraternity of which you are a part4 ,we now enroll more than seventy thousand members4 ,perhaps twenty-five thousand have practically given up the readings4 ,only fifty thousand remain with us4 ,many thousands of readers are connected with local circles who have never joined as 8regulars0 at the central office in ,plainfield1 ,n4 ,j4 ,there are thousands who are reading a part of the course1 but who neither belong to the local nor general circle4 ,i believe that these non-recorded and irregular readers make up for the lapsed thousands1 so that to-day we have nearly or quite seventy thousand people doing all or a part of the required reading4 ,this1 therefore1 becomes a great institution4 ,its territorial extent is as vast as its numerical strength4 ,there are 8,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4s0 in all parts of the world4 ,our office records contain names from ,india1 ,china1 ,japan1 the ,sandwich ,islands1 and many other outlying regions1 while the list in ,canada and on the ,pacific coast runs up among the thousands4 ,in every state and territory members are to be found4 ,and who are these with whom you1 my solitary student1 are associated8 ,they represent every calling in life1 and almost every grade1 social and intellectual4 ,here are lawyers1 judges1 physicians1 clergymen1 doctors of divinity1 college graduates1 literally by the thousand1 who seek through our course to review the studies of other and earlier years4 ,here are seminary and high school graduates1 and people old and young who dropped out of the grammar school when they were too young to understand their folly in doing so4 ,here are business men1 mechanics and farmers who have been prospered1 and who covet now a measure of culture to fit them for society1 that their money may gain for them and their families more than a mere social recognition4 ,here are mothers good and true1 who do not want to part hands with sons and daughters as they enter the higher schools1 but who propose by our course of reading to keep in the literary and scientific world where their children are to be at home4 ,here are people of 8low degree10 who toil for bread1 with lengthened hours of service1 that they may help those who are dependent upon them4 ,they are in shops and kitchens1 and have souls that would put honor into palaces4 ,they want outlook as they go weighted down through busy and weary years4 ,they do not expect always to be slaves to society and circumstance4 ,there is blood-royal in every heart-beat1 and power to hold princedoms in some near future4 ,so1 despised of men who live1 they hold converse through books with gifted and kingly souls who1 though dead1 yet live1 and who work in other kingly souls4 ,there are many of these disguised princes and princesses in your ,circle4 ,here too are sufferers in homes of bereavement and pain1 where arms are empty and hearts are full1 where love calls but receives no answer1 where disease binds the body but leaves the mind free to grieve over its loss2 where lack of work gives place to temptation1 and renders occupation of some sort a moral and religious necessity2 where worldliness1 that makes the soul barren1 needs thoughtfulness to moisten1 beautify and fructify the life4 ,in such great and gracious companionship you sit down for solitary study4 ,dismiss the thought1 therefore1 that this is solitude4 ,reach out your soul to greet the currents of invisible and loving influence that pour in upon you from every quarter4 #c4 ,select and furnish your ,chautauqua corner4 ,do not be too anxious to have it harmonize with other corners of the room4 ,put shelves for your books 8required0 and for 8review40 ,on the lowest shelf pile ,,the ,,chautauquans4 ,on the wall put up the motto cards1 the list of memorial days1 the ,chautauqua calendar1 the photograph or engraving of the ,hall of ,philosophy1 and such other ,chautauqua views as you approve4 ,put up busts or engravings of the great leaders--,homer1 ,cicero1 ,dante1 ,milton1 ,goethe4 ,somewhere place a picture of ,bryant1 the earliest distinguished friend of the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 ,by gradual additions fill the ,chautauqua corner with pictures and bookshelves1 busts and mottoes1 all in the line of your reading1 until the other corners and the intervening walls shall be filled with reminders of ,chautauqua and the world of literature1 science and art it represents4 ,and if somehow you can place on the wall that matchless engraving representing the great ,master with his two disciples on the way to ,emmaus1 you will1 in a sense1 sanctify your room1 and set forth most effectively1 the aim1 scope and spirit of the great ,chautauqua movement4 ,in such a room1 or in such a corner1 can students be solitary8 #d4 ,you will greatly increase your power by systematic habits4 ,one may 8read up0 at any time1 but the regular daily reading which renders unnecessary what is called 8reading up10 is much the better way4 ,it renders the work comparatively light2 it makes the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 a help to other less congenial work of the day into which it falls like a refreshing shower4 ,it forces life into a system which always expedites and lightens labor4 ,it schools the will4 ,it brings lower duties into proper subjection to the higher4 ,it is every way better to do each day's work as each day comes4 ,thus working alone1 but systematically1 one keeps the hand in and does not lose grasp1 taste or delight4 #e4 ,though compelled to work alone1 make casual contacts with others afford opportunities for drawing them out1 for finding out what they know1 or for corroborating your own views4 ,ask questions4 ,elicit opinions4 ,start conversation4 ,try to tell what you know or think4 ,tell your children4 ,tell your neighbors4 ,as you interest them1 you set them in search of knowledge1 which finding1 they will later on report to you1 and you thus give them a start in lines of self-improvement4 #f4 ,this setting others at work in quest of knowledge for you is a most practicable way of getting knowledge and doing good to the finders thereof4 ,write out ten different questions1 and give one to each of ten young boys and girls of a high school1 for example4 ,they will ransack libraries1 consult teachers1 find out and report what you want to know1 and be immensely helped by the knowledge found and the service rendered4 ,though alone1 you need not work alone4 #g4 ,practice talking to yourself about the things you have read4 ,put facts and dates into sentences4 ,now and then write out these sentences1 or speak them off4 ,recite a lesson to yourself every day4 ,make a speech with yourself as audience4 ,put facts into recitative lullabies1 by which you sing baby to sleep4 ,don't do too much of all this1 lest it weary you1 but do a little of this sentence-framing and solitary speech-making1 and nursery-crooning every day4 ,you will then have a local circle of you1 and yourself and your own soul4 ,now one's self makes very good society sometimes2 there are so many powers and voices and thoughts and projects in a single soul4 #h4 ,lift your soul up to its height1 now and then1 and breathe a thought of the heart that may grow into a prayer as you recall the great ,circle of which you are a member4 ,think in silence of their multiplied and varied circumstances1 perils1 temptations and necessities4 ,think of the disheartened1 the bereaved1 the suffering1 the doubting2 those who have great power1 but do not know how to use it2 those who are sick of sin and worldliness1 and do not know how to get into the path of holiness and peace4 ,think of all these1 and then pray4 ,let your heart swell toward ,god in sympathy and longing4 ,thus will you find in your solitude the presence of the ,spirit invisible and eternal1 whose name is love1 and whose home is heaven1 and whose children are the lowly and meek and devout1 who love souls--the world full of souls--and who daily bear them in tender sympathy to the throne4 ,they who do these things can not be alone4 99 99 99 99 99 ,if it were not for my love of beautiful nature and poetry1 my heart would have died within me long ago4 ,i never felt before what immeasurable benefactors these same poets are to their kind1 and how large a measure1 both of actual happiness and prevention of misery they have imparted to the race4 ,i would willingly give up half my fortune1 and some little of the fragments of health and bodily enjoyment that remain to me1 rather than that ,shakspere should not have lived before me4--,lord ,jeffrey 7from a letter to ,lord ,cockburn1 #ahcc74 ,,outline ,,and ,,programs4 ,,outline ,,of ,,required ,,readings ,,for ,,april4 ,first ,week 7ending ,april #h74--a4 8,chemistry10 chapters ,,xviii1 ,,xix and ,,xx4 #b4 8,history of the ,reformation10 from page #a to #bg4 #c4 8,the ,circle of the ,sciences10 in ,,the ,,chautauquan4 #d4 ,sunday ,readings for ,april #e1 in ,,the ,,chautauquan4 99 99 99 99 99 ,second ,week 7ending ,april #ae74--a4 8,chemistry10 chapters ,,xxi and ,,xxii4 #b4 8,history of the ,reformation10 from page #bg to #ee4 #c4 8,home ,studies in ,chemistry and ,physics10 in ,,the ,,chautauquan4 #d4 ,sunday ,readings for ,april #ab1 in ,,the ,,chautauquan4 99 99 99 99 99 ,third ,week 7ending ,april #bb74--a4 8,chemistry10 chapter ,,xxiii4 #b4 8,history of the ,reformation10 from page #ee to #hh4 #c4 8,easy ,lessons in ,animal ,biology10 in ,,the ,,chautauquan4 #d4 ,readings in ,our ,alma ,mater4 #e4 ,sunday ,readings for ,april #ai1 in ,,the ,,chautauquan4 99 99 99 99 99 ,fourth ,week 7ending ,april #cj74--a4 8,chemistry10 chapters ,,xxiv1 ,,xxv and ,,xxvi4 #b4 8,history of the ,reformation10 from page #hh to #aag4 #c4 8,aristotle10 in ,,the ,,chautauquan4 #d4 ,readings in ,our ,alma ,mater4 #e4 ,sunday ,readings for ,april #bf1 in ,,the ,,chautauquan4 ,,programs ,,for ,,local ,,circle ,,work4 ,,first ,,week ,,in ,,april4 #a4 ,essay--,easter4 #b4 ,selection--8,all ,fool's ,day40 ,by ,addison4 #c4 ,a ,paper on the ,life of ,martin ,luther4 ,music4 #d4 ,fifteen ,minutes' ,talk on the ,cause of the ,present ,troubles in the ,soudan4 #e4 ,character ,sketch--,general ,gordon4 #f4 ,debate--,resolved1 that dynamite is more productive of evil than good4 ,,second ,,week ,,in ,,april4 #a4 ,selection--8,martin ,luther40 ,from ,robertson's 8,history of ,charles ,v40 ,found also in ,chambers's 8,cyclopedia of ,english ,literature40 #b4 ,a ,paper on the ,inquisition4 #c4 ,recitation--8,the ,prisoner of ,chillon40--,by ,byron4 #d4 ,character ,sketch--,john ,knox4 ,music4 #e4 ,essay--,the ,vegetation of the ,carboniferous ,period4 #f4 ,a ,general ,talk on ,socialism4 #g4 ,critic's ,report4 ,,third ,,week ,,in ,,april4 #a4 ,essay--,the ,massacre of ,st4 ,bartholomew4 #b4 ,recitation--8,robinson of ,leydon40--,by ,o4 ,w4 ,holmes4 #c4 ,character ,sketch4--,william of ,orange4 ,music4 #d4 ,a ,paper on ,mount ,cenis4 #e4 ,selection--8,the ,chambered ,nautilus40 ,by ,o4 ,w4 ,holmes4 #f4 ,conversation on ,new ,books4 #g4 ,questions and ,answers for the month in ,,the ,,chautauquan4 ,,shakspere ,,day4 ,music4 #a4 ,roll call--,quotations from ,shakspere4 #b4 ,a ,paper on the ,life and ,times of ,shakspere4 ,music4 #c4 ,the ,story of 8,the ,tempest40 #d4 ,recitation--8,perseverance40 ,selected from 8,troilus and ,cressida10 ,act ,,iii41 scene #c2 beginning1 8,time hath1 my lord1 a wallet10 etc42 ending1 8,one touch of ,nature makes the whole world kin40 #e4 ,essay--,characteristics of ,shakspere's ,women4 ,music4 #f4 ,analysis of 8,winter's ,tale40 #g4 ,court scene in 8,merchant of ,venice10 ,act ,,iv41 scene #a2 beginning1 8,is your name ,shylock80 ending with the exit of ,shylock4 ,the plan followed by many ,shakspere clubs would afford a fine entertainment4 ,they assign the characters in any one of the plays 7that of 8,julius ,csar0 being exceptionally fitting for an evening of this kind7 to the different members of the circle1 who read the parts assigned4 ,to hold a ,shakspere carnival would be a very interesting way in which to commemorate the day4 ,let each one come dressed in costume to represent any one of ,shakspere's characters and personate that character throughout the evening4 ,,local ,,circles4 ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 ,,mottoes4 8,we ,study the ,word and the ,works of ,god40--8,let us keep our ,heavenly ,father in the ,midst40--8,never be ,discouraged40 ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 ,,memorial ,,days4 #a4 ,,opening ,,day--,october #a4 #b4 ,,bryant ,,day--,november #c4 #c4 ,,special ,,sunday--,november1 second ,sunday4 #d4 ,,milton ,,day--,december #i4 #e4 ,,college ,,day--,january1 last ,thursday4 #f4 ,,special ,,sunday--,february1 second ,sunday4 #g4 ,,founder',s ,,day--,february #bc4 #h4 ,,longfellow ,,day--,february #bg4 #i4 ,,shakspere ,,day--,april #bc4 #aj4 ,,addison ,,day--,may #a4 #aa4 ,,special ,,sunday--,may1 second ,sunday4 #ab4 ,,special ,,sunday--,july1 second ,sunday4 #ac4 ,,inauguration ,,day--,august1 first ,saturday after first ,tuesday2 anniversary of ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 at ,chautauqua4 #ad4 ,,st4 ,,paul',s ,,day--,august1 second ,saturday after first ,tuesday2 anniversary of the dedication of ,st4 ,paul's ,grove at ,chautauqua4 #ae4 ,,commencement ,,day--,august1 third ,tuesday4 #af4 ,,garfield ,,day--,september #ai4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the difficulty of holding a circle together is sometimes very great4 ,not a little thorough study of the needs and natures of the members must tax the leader who would hold a circle which has no interest in its work4 ,at ,,richmond1 ,,maine1 our friends have experienced this difficulty4 ,a circle of fifteen was formed in ,january1 #ahhd1 but did not continue its meetings4 ,the lukewarmness of a few broke the interest of all2 but ten of the members did their reading apart4 ,these ten took matters into their own hands last fall1 and now ,richmond has a 8,merry ,meeting0 circle1 of twenty-two members1 interested and promising4 ,,nashua1 ,,new ,,hampshire1 has a ,chautauqua circle4 ,it has been in existence for two years past1 with varying fortunes4 ,last fall1 when reorganized for the season1 it consisted of ten ladies1 but now numbers fourteen4 ,though this number is less than one half that of the last year1 the interest and enthusiasm are much greater4 ,the weekly meetings are occasions of great interest and instruction4 ,they follow1 with frequent modifications1 the program arranged in ,,the ,,chautauquan1 making the roll call and question box regular features4 ,the only difficulty with which they meet is that they are all so busy that they can scarcely prepare for each program4 ,they also derive much pleasure and profit in observing the memorial days4 ,the circle is called the 8,raymond0 circle1 in honor of the ,rev4 ,b4 ,p4 ,raymond1 president of ,lawrence ,university1 ,appleton1 ,wis41 founder of this branch4 ,the 8,athenian ,chautauqua ,literary and ,scientific ,circle0 of ,,west ,,enosburgh1 ,,vt41 has entered upon its first year in the ,chautauqua course4 ,although in its infancy1 it shows a great deal of interest and enthusiasm4 ,the circle was organized ,september #bi1 #ahhd4 ,the officers are president1 vice president and secretary4 ,the circle began with eight members and has increased to thirteen4 ,one of the most interesting exercises of this circle is the pronouncing match1 each person being allowed to try once2 if he misses he sits down4 ,the words for the next match are the names of the sixty-six elements in chemistry4 ,our travels through ,,massachusetts this month furnish much interesting circle news4 ,the 8,star0 circle1 in ,,foxboro1 reorganized in ,october with twenty-eight members1 which includes all the graduates with one exception4 ,they believe there in once a ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 always a ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 ,the weekly meetings are reported in the local paper1 and more are inquiring about the work than in previous years4 ,one reason may be that they are but eighteen miles from the 8,hall on the ,hill10 which is in process of erection in ,south ,framingham4----,the 8,henry ,m4 ,king0 circle1 connected with the ,dudley ,street church1 ,,boston1 was organized in ,november1 and has twenty-five members4 ,of these the larger part are gentlemen1 not of leisure1 but business men1 who bring with them into the bi-weekly meetings the same energy and perseverance that characterize a successful business enterprise4 ,these are certainly the ones who might with a good show of reason say3 8,no time40 ,but on the contrary they have time1 not only for the regular work1 but for the preparation of papers requiring much time and research4----,at ,,north ,,attleboro the new 8,bryant0 circle is four months old1 and numbers twenty-six members4 ,they open the meetings with reading ,scripture lessons and singing ,chautauqua songs4 ,roll call is responded to by quotations from a standard author1 followed by essays1 recitations1 blackboard exercises1 questions1 discussions1 etc41 as the committee of instruction has arranged4 ,the secretary writes3 8,if we are not great1 our hopes are40----8,profit as well as enjoyment we are getting from our studies10 says a member of the circle at ,,north ,,weymouth4 ,this organization is a circle of '#hc1 and has had time to thoroughly test the course4 ,they have had recently a pleasant memorial service1 and have been favored with chemical experiments by a chemist4----,pleasant notes of the work at ,,west ,,madford have been sent us by the secretary3 8,through the influence of one sturdy little lady1 six or eight people met together last ,october and talked up the feasibility of the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 ,they elected a president and secretary1 drew up a few by-laws1 and are now in good running order4 ,they meet once in two weeks4 ,their membership was limited to twenty1 which was quickly reached4 ,the opinion of these members seems to be that this circle is as good1 if not better1 than any reported in your magazine4 ,we all work with a will1 cull the best from the programs given for the local circles1 and add original ideas4 ,each member1 in the order of his enrollment1 makes out the program4 ,this gives each one an opportunity to do his share1 as well as to add his own ideas4 ,we think this feature much superior to the general mode of allowing the #8chair' to prepare all programs40----,,amesbury has a circle of unusual strength4 ,we have been so fortunate as to receive a letter which gives an account of a delightful entertainment held by them in ,december4 ,our friend says3 8,thinking perhaps you might like to hear from us once again1 we are glad to write you of our pleasant and prosperous winter of literary work1 brought about by the grand ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 movement4 ,our meetings are held on the second and fourth ,tuesday of each month1 the programs comprise essays1 music1 readings and conversation1 and are social and very delightful1 showing a marked improvement on our #8feeble beginning' a year ago4 ,two new circles have been formed this winter1 one1 the #8,delphic1' having forty or more members4 ,on the #ahth of ,december we held our first public meeting in honor of #8,our ,poet's' 7,mr4 ,john ,g4 ,whittier7 birthday1 to which we invited the #8,delphic' circle1 also the #8,thursday ,evening ,club1' an older literary society of ,amesbury1 and other friends1 about three hundred in all4 ,members from the three circles took part in the program1 which had been carefully prepared4 ,we were greatly pleased to receive from ,mr4 ,w4 ,c4 ,wilkinson a paper entitled #8,whittier at the ,receipt of ,customs1' which was read to us by his friend1 the ,rev4 ,p4 ,s4 ,evans1 of ,amesbury4 ,as ,mr4 ,whittier1 owing to a previous engagement1 could not be present with us1 resolutions were drawn up and sent to him1 as follows3 8#8,,dear ,,mr4 ,,whittier2--,the three literary circles1 together with a goodly company of the citizens of ,amesbury as their invited guests1 are met to celebrate the return of your birthday4 ,we have talked together of all that you have done and suffered in the cause of freedom and of truth4 ,we have listened to many of your words1 rendered by living voices4 ,we have looked at your #8counterfeit presentment' as it has hung before us covered with evergreen--our ,new ,england laurel4 ,because you were not with us in person1 to receive them1 we desire to send you our most hearty congratulations on the completion of your seventy-seventh year4 ,we rejoice that after your 8,thirty ,years' ,war0 you have been spared to enjoy so many years of peace1 and that in the prolonged 8,indian ,summer10 the 8,halcyon0 days of your life1 you are receiving a well deserved tribute of reverence and affection4 ,we think ourselves happy to have known you1 not merely as a poet1 but as a citizen1 a neighbor1 and a friend4 8#8,we feel we can not better voice our sentiments than by retaliating upon you the words you once so fitly spoke of one who has been a co-laborer with you in the cause of humanity--the mild 8,autocrat of the ,breakfast ,table40 8#88,the world may keep his honored name1 ,the wealth of all his varied powers2 ,a stronger claim has love than fame1 ,and he himself is only ours40' 8#8,in the name and by the request of three hundred citizens of your own village4' 8,to which ,mr4 ,whittier responded with the following charming letter3 8#8,,oak ,,knoll1 ,,danvers1 #ab ,,mo41 #bc1 #ahhd4 8#8,,my ,,dear ,,friend3--,thy kind letter in behalf of the literary associations of ,amesbury and ,salisbury has just been received1 and ,i hasten to express my thanks for the generous appreciation of my life work by 8mine own people10 who know the man as well as the writer4 ,that ,i am neither a prophet myself1 nor the son of a prophet1 may account perhaps for the rather remarkable fact that ,i am not without honor in my own country4 ,i scarcely need say that among the many kind testimonials of regard which1 on the occasion of my birthday1 have reached me from both sides of the water1 none have been more welcome than that conveyed in thy letter4 ,if the praise awarded me is vastly beyond my due1 ,i am none the less grateful for it4 8#8,i know too well my own deficiencies and limitations1 but my heart is warm with thankfulness to the ,divine ,providence which so early led me to consecrate the ability given me to the cause of heaven1 freedom1 and the welfare of my fellowmen4 ,the measure of literary reputation which has come to me is as far beyond my expectation as my desert1 and ,i am glad to share the benefit of it with my home friends and neighbors4 ,with thanks to thyself personally1 and to those whom thee represents1 ,i am1 very truly1 thy friend1 8#8,,john ,g4 ,,whittier4'0 ,the 8,crescent0 circle1 of ,,wakefield1 grew out of a meeting held last ,september1 and addressed by ,mr4 ,fairchild1 of ,malden1 in the interest of the ,chautauqua movement4 ,a circle was formed as a result of their meeting4 ,about twenty members are now recorded on the books1 although more than that proposed at first to join4 ,the meetings are quite interesting1 the programs being varied4----,the 8,alpha10 of ,,uxbridge1 is a new name on the books4 ,this cutting from a recent letter is suggestive of their spirit3 8,we start with six members only1 but all are very enthusiastic4 ,we propose to do thorough work4 ,our object is improvement and genuine culture4 ,we shall use the best means to bring in others to reap with us the golden harvest1 and not be selfishly content with #8our set4'0----,there are in ,,fall ,,river about sixty members of the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c41 but the 8,amity0 circle is the first organization in the city4 ,it at present numbers only thirteen members4 ,a larger number certainly ought to be in the organization4 ,the 8,amity0 will undoubtedly soon bring them in4----,from ,,pittsfield a friend writes3 8,i am happy to report to you a constantly increasing interest in the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 work in ,pittsfield4 ,our circle reorganized in ,october for another year's work4 ,to the leadership of our efficient president1 the ,rev4 ,geo4 ,skene1 we owe our present prosperity4 ,we have now sixty-four members1 twenty-three of whom belong to ,class '#hh4 ,we have one graduate1 our president1 who took his diploma at ,chautauqua last summer4 ,we also have one member of ,class '#he1 making five classes represented in our circle4 ,our meetings are full of interest1 and the attendance is excellent1 the smallest number present at any meeting this year being twenty-five4 ,programs are arranged by a board of seven managers1 who serve for three months4 ,singing1 prayer1 roll call1 with responses by quotations and reading of minutes of last meeting1 always form the opening exercises4 ,we have also used the ,chautauqua vesper service1 and enjoyed it4 ,our pastor has had the ,sunday vesper service several times1 and we have found it very enjoyable in both church and circle4 ,we have had1 too1 experiments in chemistry1 illustrating some of the articles on that subject in ,,the ,,chautauquan4 ,as another specialty we have had #8pronunciation of ,greek names1' conducted as the old fashioned spelling matches4 ,this proved highly entertaining1 as well as instructive4 ,we have recently changed our name to #8,bryant ,chautauqua ,circle4' ,we think it particularly appropriate1 as ,cummington1 the birthplace of ,mr4 ,bryant1 and where he spent much of his life1 is situated only twenty miles from this town4 ,another circle has been formed here since ,november1 taking as a president one of the members of our circle4 ,they have at present thirty members4 ,on ,monday evening1 ,february #b;d1 ,dr4 ,vincent gave a lecture1 both circles attending1 and after the lecture a joint reception was given him4 ,it is expected that arrangements will soon be made for occasionally holding union meetings4 ,thus the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 prospers in ,pittsfield4 ,we find that here1 as elsewhere1 the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 is promoting the best interests of the people40----,for several years the two or three members of the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 in ,,marshfield have been accustomed to meet weekly for reading1 study and conversation1 but they never dignified the gathering by the name of a local circle4 ,within a few months they have organized under the name of the 8,webster0 circle1 inasmuch as they are the nearest members of the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 to the home and burial place of that great statesman4 ,they meet once in three weeks1 and have a membership of eight or ten1 including representatives of nearly every class4 ,the 8,phelps0 local circle1 of ,,new ,,haven1 ,,connecticut1 of the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c41 started in ,november with five ,chautauquans1 and now numbers twenty-six1 with a number of others who are reading4 ,so far they have kept very closely to the ,greek part of the course1 and in the meetings have had a number of map exercises1 which they find very interesting4----,,west ,,winsted1 of the same state1 has a year-old circle1 from which we have had our first letter3 8,our local circle numbers sixty1 thirty of whom are regular members of the central ,circle4 ,nearly all of these members belong to the #8,pansy' class1 and are loyal to it4 ,we have never labored under great difficulties1 always having had good meetings4 ,we have a most efficient lady president1 to whom1 in a large degree1 the success of our circle is due4 ,early in the fall of #ahhc a few enterprising men and women sent for the books for the year and commenced reading1 hardly daring to hope that a circle would be formed4 ,our village is not lacking in literary circles1 having an almost countless number of different kinds1 and for this very reason it seemed that another one would not meet with success1 but at the first call nearly forty responded4 ,we organized our circle that night and continued the meetings during the year1 taking up the work in essays1 questions and readings1 and observing1 as far as possible1 the memorial days1 by appropriate exercises4 ,this year we reorganized in ,october1 and1 if possible1 have had more interesting meetings than last year4 ,some of our members who have a long distance to walk in order to attend have proved themselves filled with the ,chautauqua enthusiasm by their regular attendance1 whatever the condition of the weather4 ,at our last meeting we had chemistry for the topic1 and devoted the evening to experiments1 having twenty or more1 nearly all of which are given in ,,the ,,chautauquan4 ,we have had sometimes1 in addition to the regular literary work of the evening1 a personation of some author given by a member1 the remaining members guessing the author personated4 ,one feature of our program for ,january #bjth was a match1 similar to an old-fashioned spelling match1 upon the questions on #8,preparatory ,greek ,course' in ,,the ,,chautauquan for ,october and ,november4 ,from the fact that new members join our ranks at almost every meeting1 we are encouraged in the feeling that though popularity is not the winning feature1 the good #8,idea' has taken deep root40 ,a ,,rhode ,,island friend writes from ,,warren3 8,to the numerous reports from local organizations1 ,i am pleased to add a few lines from the #8,delta' circle1 organized last ,october1 in this part of #8,little ,rhody4' ,it consists of nineteen #8regular' and four #8local' members1 assembling on the second and fourth ,monday evenings of each month4 ,our president and vice president are enthusiastic ,chautauquans1 respectively of the classes of '#hf and '#hg1 the remainder belonging to the class of '#hh4 ,our programs are arranged by #8the committee of instruction' during the intermission1 and reported to the circle before its adjournment each evening4 ,in the arrangement of these great help is rendered by those published in ,,the ,,chautauquan4 ,our memorial days have been pleasantly observed1 and we shall shortly have a ,sunday evening vesper service4 ,we also intend to have a supper1 the cooking of which is to be #8 la ,,chautauquan4' ,while waiting for the ,chautauqua songs our president has carefully prepared by hektograph1 for our use1 both notes and words of several selected from his copy1 and we are delighted with the harmonies4 ,should we discover any new departure that would be helpful to local circles1 we shall write again40 ,almost as numerous reports reach us this month from the 8,empire ,state0 as we received last2 several are of circles hitherto unknown to our columns4 ,the 8,de,kalb0 circle1 of ,,brooklyn1 is one of these4 ,it was organized in the fall of #ahhc1 with fifteen members4 ,since that time the membership has increased to twenty-six4----,at ,,batavia a local circle was formed in ,october last1 and consists of about fifty members4 ,these are mostly beginners in the ,chautauqua course1 with a few who will finish next year4 ,they have done some good work in the way of essays1 readings and experiments1 and hope to do more4 ,the work upon ,greece has been made particularly interesting1 from the fact that the leader1 the ,rev4 ,c4 ,a4 ,johnson1 has described so faithfully many of these landmarks of the past as seen by him in recent years4----,in ,october1 #ahhd1 a new ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 was organized at ,,whitestown4 ,it is called the 8,hestia0 circle1 and has fifteen enthusiastic members1 all ladies4 ,at one meeting leaders are appointed to conduct the exercises on the various readings at the next meeting1 having as many different leaders as there are different subjects in the readings for the week4 ,the leaders are appointed in alphabetical order1 so each member is required to lead in some exercise as often as once in every three or four weeks4----,the 8,lakeside0 circle1 of ,,fair ,,haven1 is to be counted 8one of us40 ,many readers have been at ,lakeside1 but the circle is a new organization4 ,thus far the work has been1 most of it1 on the ,greek course2 they take the questions in ,,the ,,chautauquan1 have essays on the leading characters1 selections1 questions1 discussions1 etc4 ,the president drew for them a large map of ,greece1 which was a great help in fixing the position of the different places in their minds--an admirable plan1 which more presidents would do well to follow4----,a delightful circle of seventeen exists in the pleasant city of ,,rome4 ,unfortunately1 they have recently lost their president1 a gentleman of scholarly taste1 to whom the success of the first two years of their life was largely due4----,at ,,little ,,genesee there is an enthusiastic circle of sixteen members4 ,at each circle one of the members presents a program for the next session1 every member taking his turn in the order in which his name stands on the secretary's book4 ,although not formally made a rule1 it is understood that no member shall refuse to undertake any work assigned on the program4 ,chautauqua songs1 roll call1 and 8,questions and ,answers0 from ,,the ,,chautauquan are the standard features of the programs4 ,essays1 discussions1 select reading1 questions1 etc41 furnish variety1 and conversation is always in order4 ,at the last circle the responses were to be from 8,kitchen ,science40 ,the responses assumed form1 as well as expression1 and a bountifully spread table gave opportunity for practical tests of kitchen science4 ,at ,,latrobe1 ,,pennsylvania1 a ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 was properly organized1 and went earnestly to work ,october #a1 #ahhd1 with twenty-five members4 ,it being the first ,chautauqua circle in the place some difficulties had to be overcome before getting rightly started4 ,the circle is now under good progress1 and doing a good work4 ,they have enjoyable monthly meetings1 where a regular program is carried out1 consisting of readings1 recitations1 music1 etc4 ,the benefit gained by the members is far beyond expression4 ,both old and young are alike profited and pleased with the readings4 ,october #bb1 #ahhd1 the circle was called to mourn the sad death of ,miss ,alice ,newcomer1 one of their most beloved members4----,a very interesting variation from the usual response by roll call has been introduced into a program of the ,,harrisburg circle4 ,it is that each person respond by mentioning some one important event which has occurred in the past month4 ,this circle sends a very skilfully prepared program4----,at ,,berwick the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 pursues the plan of study laid down in ,,the ,,chautauquan1 finding it admirably adapted to complete the required reading in the given time4 ,a friend telling of their prosperity says3 8,we have lost a few members by removals1 and one or two have withdrawn1 after a year's study1 but the backbone and sinew of the circle remain1 and the body is growing vigorous and symmetrical4 ,at the dawn of the ,chautauqua year we were compelled to part with our learned and valued preceptor1 ,prof4 ,l4 ,h4 ,bower1 who was called to the ,dickinson ,college ,preparatory ,school4 ,the circle1 with appropriate ceremony1 presented him with a copy of #8,knight's ,illuminated ,pictorial ,shakspere1' in eight volumes1 as a token of their appreciation of his services4 ,his talented brother1 ,prof4 ,a4 ,v4 ,bower1 was elected to succeed him as president of the circle1 and the change was made without any friction whatever4 ,we congratulate ourselves upon being members of the ,class of '#hf40 ,the outlook which a friend from ,,maryland sends of the new circle at ,,frederick is very encouraging3 8,through the energy of a lady of the ,methodist church we have organized a ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 local circle under the name of #8,mountain ,city4' ,we organized ,november #bd1 #ahhd1 with nine members1 elected a president1 vice president1 secretary and treasurer4 ,we are glad to say we now have thirteen members1 and hope soon to increase this number4 ,we have enthusiastic meetings every week at the homes of the members2 read in the circle some of ,,the ,,chautauquan required readings1 and carry out as far as practicable the programs for local circles1 and expect to observe all memorial days40 ,we have just received a very encouraging report from the ,,madisonville1 ,,ohio1 circle which was organized last year4 ,they have twenty-five members1 all of whom take a great interest in the circle4 ,the committee of instruction1 composed of the officers1 has a full program prepared for each meeting4 ,two ministers of the town belong and take an active part4 ,miscellaneous questions have been introduced1 and beside a question on the lesson1 each member is required to bring one on outside matters4 ,all questions remaining unanswered are distributed1 to be answered at the following meeting4 ,there is no doubt that if the interest in the circle still continues there will be a second circle started in the town next year4----,at ,,defiance a local circle was organized ,october #ast1 with a membership of twenty1 all of whom belong to the general ,circle of the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 ,the president is the ,rev4 ,b4 ,w4 ,slagle1 pastor of the ,presbyterian church in the town4 ,they have prepared special programs for the memorial days1 which have proved very delightful1 as well as instructive4 ,there is a good prospect of doubling the membership by next year4 ,the annual report of the work of ,calvary church1 ,,detroit1 ,,michigan1 for last year1 includes an account of the work done by the 8,calvary0 circle1 a society which has been made a part of the church organization4 ,from it we learn that the society has thirty-three active members4 ,they have held twenty-two meetings2 the programs have included--essays1 #cf2 select readings1 #bh2 music--instrumental pieces #ba1 vocal pieces #ag2 general talks1 #d2 debates1 #b4 ,the regular ,,chautauquan review questions have been taken up at each meeting4 ,there has been a great deal of interest manifested in the meetings and a disposition on the part of officers and members to make them a success2 every one who has attended them has been benefited1 not only in the improvement of his or her mind1 but also in some degree morally4 ,,indiana reports two circles3 the 8,wide ,awakes10 of ,,moscow1 a circle of four1 and the 8,laconia10 of ,,gumfield4 ,some five years ago1 when the 8,chautauqua wave0 was moving westward1 it reached ,gumfield in a modified form4 ,eight persons began taking ,,the ,,chautauquan1 but did not perfect an organization2 only one of the number matriculated and kept up the required reading4 ,in the fall of #ahhb they began the work vigorously1 organizing a promising circle4 ,as time advanced their influence gradually widened and extended1 until this year there are over twenty enthusiastic ,chautauquans enrolled at the ,plainfield office4 ,the 8,laconia0 meets weekly1 and has endeavored to make thoroughness one of the characteristics of its work4 ,it is composed entirely of housekeepers1 but they feel more than compensated for sacrifice of time by inspiration received from the reading and study4 ,most memorial days have been observed4 ,by this means the public has become interested in the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c41 and a similar society has been organized among the young people4 ,one of the most enthusiastic circles of ,,illinois is a quartette of 8,irrepressibles10 at ,,nokomio4 ,the circle had the novel experience of graduating in a body at ,chautauqua last ,august4 ,now they are working more vigorously than ever1 trying to cover their diplomas with seals4----,,elgin has four large circles1 the result of the 8,alpha0 circle1 an organization formed in ,december1 #ahhc1 with six members4 ,last fall this society increased its numbers to nine1 and most zealous has been their work4 ,a sad loss recently befell them in the death of one of the charter members1 ,miss ,mary ,warde4----,the circle at ,,sullivan1 was organized in ,october1 with a membership of eleven--one 8,progressive0 and ten 8,plymouth ,rocks40 ,they meet once a week at the homes of the members4 ,the president appoints the members in turn to act as leaders1 and the circle is composed of enthusiastic workers4 ,seven members visited ,new ,orleans in the holidays1 and two are spending this month in the 8,crescent ,city40----,from ,,prophetstown a friend writes3 8,we are a modest bouquet of #8,pansies1' counting only seven1 but we feel the charm of the ,chautauqua ,idea1 and propose to #8,neglect not the gift that is in us4' ,one of our number1 ,mrs4 ,amelia ,k4 ,seely1 passed #8beyond the gates' ,december #ae1 #ahhd4 ,we sadly miss her cheery presence and unfailing interest in the work40----,wednesday1 ,january #bast1 was a 8red-letter0 day for the ,chautauquans of ,,hinsdale4 ,their usual enthusiasm was raised to a high key by the long-looked-for visit to their suburb of ,chancellor ,vincent1 who made a stop of two hours on his way to ,aurora4 ,he was received by the class1 who were out in full force1 at the residence of the secretary4 ,a lunch was served1 and the time was most agreeably and profitably spent in conversation upon topics of interest connected with the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 ,the 8,oak ,branch0 circle was organized at ,,oakfield1 ,,wisconsin1 in ,november4 ,there are only seven members1 and all are busy people1 but they are zealous and interested in the work1 and thankful that they may enjoy the benefits of the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 ,they meet once in two weeks1 their circle being conducted similarly to others which have been reported in ,,the ,,chautauquan4 ,the 8,centenary0 local circle1 of ,,minneapolis1 ,,minnesota1 writes us3 8,our city boasts no less than twelve circles1 but ,centenary1 the pioneer circle1 still lives1 and while our members are about one half what they were when ours was the only one in the city1 we are going on quietly and promptly with all our work1 and expect to furnish ten graduates for the class of '#he4 ,we have our cottage engaged for the coming ,assembly at ,chautauqua1 and hope to send a good delegation next summer4 ,we have some eight or nine members of the class of '#hh1 and several representatives of classes of '#hf and '#hg40----;,at ,,spring ,,valley1 a circle of seventeen members organized last fall1 the president being from the class of '#hd1 but the members from '#hh4 ,the interest in the circle is decidedly increasing4 ,the friends of ,,the ,,chautauquan in ,,iowa have been unusually kind this month4 ,the following brief clippings from their letters give an excellent outlook on the work there3 8,a circle was organized at ,,afton1 in ,october last1 consisting of eleven regular and fifteen local members4 ,although nearly a month behind in organizing1 we intend continuing our society through ,july1 so as to be able to commence the next year at the regular time4 ,in making out our program for local circle work we usually follow the one given in ,,the ,,chautauquan1 and find it a great help1 but occasionally vary our exercises to adapt it to peculiar circumstances4 ,the average attendance is good1 and most of the members seem to take quite an interest4 ,we hope the society will prove of lasting benefit to each member40----8,through the energetic efforts of our village doctor1 there was started last ,october a ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 circle at ,,le ,,grand1 and we feel worthy of mention in your columns4 ,the circle consists of eleven members of the great ,circle1 and four or five local members4 ,we appoint a new teacher for each book4 ,we are learning much1 and very much enjoy the circles4 ,we have chosen for our name #8,philohellemon4'0----8,the #8,ladies' ,chautauqua ,reading ,circle1' of ,,sioux ,,city1 ,,iowa1 has seventeen members4 ,we organized in ,october1 #ahhd4 ,our society is full of earnest enthusiasm4 ,we meet once a week1 following with slight variations the programs suggested in ,,the ,,chautauquan4 ,chemistry is a favorite study1 made specially interesting by the fact that a gentleman familiar with the subject gives us lectures with illustrative experiments40----,the 8,kelly ,humboldt0 circle1 of ,,humboldt1 was reorganized last fall with renewed energy and vigor4 ,about fourteen new members were admitted4 8,our circle being now so large 7numbering about twenty-six7 as to almost require dividing1 next season we intend organizing one in the adjoining town1 just half a mile from here2 then those living in that vicinity can withdraw from our circle to their own1 leaving room for more to join us4 ,to say that we enjoy our study1 would be saying but very little2 we can hardly wait for ,monday evening to come1 so anxious are we to meet and discuss the topics prepared for us4 ,the programs arranged in ,,the ,,chautauquan are a great help to us1 although we vary them a little1 generally opening by prayer and music2 then1 as a sentiment1 we each give a current event of the week4 ,we observe all the memorial days1 and are now making extensive preparations to hold a public meeting in the church on ,longfellow's day4 ,so that we may not be confused with the other #8,humboldt' circle1 we have1 in honor of the originator1 ,miss ,mary ,kelly1 named our circle the #8,kelly ,humboldt' ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c40----,,wapello has the 8,qui ,vive0 circle1 which enjoys the work4 ,it was organized in ,september1 #ahhd1 and is composed almost entirely of members of the class of '#hh4----;,in a recent letter from ,,burlington1 we find some entertaining news from still another ,iowa friend3 8,you always have something in the local circle column from ,iowa4 ,you know ,iowa has two great staples1 corn and ,chautauquans1 and we think you would surely be glad to hear of our flourishing circle1 as well as others of the thousands of ,chautauquans4 ,our circle was organized for the year's work on ,garfield day4 ,we have the best circle we ever had1 and are conceited enough to think there are no better ones anywhere4 ,our president is a busy lawyer4 ,indeed1 our circle is composed of the busiest people in the town4 ,we meet regularly and promptly every ,monday evening4 ,burlington is a city of seven hills4 ,then you understand what regular meetings are here1 for the circle is comprehensive and takes in all the hills4 ,our chemistry lessons are taught by a practicing physician who is a thorough chemist and teaches intelligently and enthusiastically4 ,we have the willing coperation of many of the educated people of the city1 and when necessary for either our own advancement1 or more perfect instruction on a topic1 we find them ready to give us an address or essay4 ,our most enthusiastic members are graduates of colleges1 or advanced academies4 ,we recognize each memorial day4 ,one of our daily papers freely makes any announcement we have to make1 and aids us all it can4 ,i can not undertake to tell you the good our circle is doing for us individually4 ,some of us1 deprived of early advantages1 can not be too thankful for the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 ,it is an influence for good that enters into our everyday life1 and overbalances and counteracts some of the other influences that every soul must encounter40 ,with an excellent program of a regular meeting has come to us a notice of a circle at ,,hatboro1 ,,tennessee4 ,the secretary says3 8,with great pleasure ,i report a local circle in our little town4 ,we started with two members2 we now enroll thirteen4 ,we all are deeply interested1 and think the ,chautauqua ,idea a grand one4 ,we call ourselves #8,golden ,flower' 7,chrysanthemum7 local circle1 and our badges are clusters of chrysanthemums40 ,from ,,greenville1 ,,south ,,carolina1 come very cheering reports3 8,our circle was organized in the fall of #ahhc1 and we are therefore of the #8,pansy' order4 ,we have twelve members1 six young ladies and six young men4 ,most of the members are college graduates1 and take the course to keep bright in their studies4 ,we adhere1 with occasional changes1 to the following order of business3 ,first1 roll call and reading of minutes2 second1 examination of question box1 in which each member is required to deposit at least three questions1 bearing directly on the subjects for the time in the regular course2 third1 an essay2 fourth1 reading by two members appointed by the president2 fifth1 twenty minutes allowed for informal discussion of the lessons4 ,we of course celebrate the memorial days with appropriate ceremonies4 ,some additional interest is given by having some extra literary entertainment4 ,a ,dickens party we had recently was very enjoyable4 ,the book we selected was #8,our ,mutual ,friend4' ,each member represented one of the leading characters in the book4 ,besides we acted several scenes1 which added much to the enjoyment4 ,we are all enthusiastic in our interest in ,chautauqua1 and fully determined to finish the course40 ,at ,,atlanta1 ,,georgia1 there is a circle of fifteen in ,west ,end1 the largest suburb of ,atlanta4 ,the ,rev4 ,h4 ,c4 ,crumley1 a pastor of the city1 deserves the credit of founding this organization4 ,a very kindly and graceful courtesy has been extended to those ,chautauquans visiting ,new ,orleans1 by the 8,longfellow0 circle1 of that city4 ,it is an invitation prettily framed1 which has been hung in the ,chautauqua alcove4 ,the placard reads3 ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 ,,greeting ,,of ,,the ,,longfellow ,,circle ,,of ,,new ,,orleans4 ,to any and all ,fellow-,chautauquans who may be visiting ,the ,world's ,industrial and ,cotton ,centennial ,exposition1 we offer a cordial invitation to attend the meetings of our ,local ,circle1 which are held every ,tuesday afternoon1 at five o'clock1 at ,no4 #cic ,south ,rampart ,street1 corner of ,erato ,street4 ,also1 we extend a like invitation to all ,resident ,chautauquans to join our ,circle1 wishing to awaken renewed interest in the ,great ,movement4 ,o4 ,f4 ,,groat1 ,secretary4 ,j4 ,,hasam1 ,cor4 ,sec'y4 ,k4 ,l4 ,,riggs1 ,president4 ,,new ,,orleans1 ,january #bf1 #ahhe4 ,a very encouraging report of the circle at ,,eureka ,,springs1 ,,arkansas1 has reached us3 8,we organized the ,eureka ,springs ,chautauqua ,literary and ,scientific ,circle ,october #ast1 #ahhd4 ,our circle has about thirty members1 half of whom are reading the books4 ,we follow the programs given in ,,the ,,chautauquan4 ,a great many spectators attend4 ,everybody is interested in our circle4 ,we are talking of establishing a lecture course at this place for the summer months1 probably in ,july1 in the interest of the ,chautauqua ,circle4 ,we always have between #d1jjj and #f1jjj people here1 in the summer many more4 ,we have very suitable grounds1 near the purest water in the place4 ,our town is easy of access from ,missouri and ,kansas1 as well as from other parts of this ,state4 ,so far as known1 we are the only organized ,chautauquans in this ,state4 ,probably many persons are reading the course at different places1 but we know of no circle40 ,from ,,clarksville1 ,,missouri1 a lady writes3 8,this ,pansy bed by the #8,father of ,waters' has much for which to be thankful3 ,fifteen earnest workers compose our number4 ,we are all teachers and scholars1 by turns4 ,we attempt as much thoroughness as practicable in the readings1 brought out by recitations and conversation4 ,we carry out some parts of the programs in ,,the ,,chautauquan4 ,some of the ,pansies hope to be transplanted for a time to ,chautauqua in '#hg40 ,,ottawa1 ,,kansas1 circle was organized in time for the ,october work1 with a membership of fourteen4 8,our circle has increased1 until now we are twenty-eight in number4 ,our meetings1 held twice a month1 are both pleasant and profitable1 each member faithfully doing his part4 ,we respond to roll call by quotations or class mottoes4 ,we find the programs in ,,the ,,chautauquan quite beneficial4 ,the essays1 recitations and music form a pleasing variety4 ,we adopted the question match1 also the question box1 and find these not only amusing but profitable4 ,this month we will try some of the chemical experiments in connection with a lecture4 ,we are all looking forward to the ,sunday-school ,assembly1 which meets here in ,june1 and to the meetings of the circle conducted by the ,rev4 ,hurlbut4 ,the spirit of the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 is spreading1 and we hope to report a large circle to you next year40 ,a friend writes from ,,seattle1 ,,washington ,,territory3 8,i notice in your ,january number a communication from ,mr4 ,k4 ,a4 ,burnell1 in which he states that at ,seattle and ,tacoma he found but a single reader and one family reading the ,chautauqua course1 a statement from which one might infer that he was indeed so much under the #8shadow of ,mount ,tacoma' as to obscure his vision4 ,there are at ,seattle as many as forty readers1 at least1 who have been pursuing the ,chautauqua course of study since ,october last4 ,there are three regularly organized circles in this place1 holding weekly meetings1 and a general semi-monthly meeting in which the members of all the circles join4 ,one of the circles1 named #8,alki1' has a membership of sixteen4 ,this circle has the honor and advantage of numbering among its members a noted linguist and scientist in the person of ,dr4 ,john ,c4 ,sundberg4 ,considerable interest is being awakened throughout the whole of the ,puget ,sound country in the ,chautauqua readings1 and it would not be surprising if1 in another year1 the regular ,chautauquans in this section of country are numbered by hundreds40 ,the 8,washakie0 circle1 of ,,evanston1 ,,wyoming1 was organized on the #ajth of last ,october4 ,the names of twenty-six members have been enrolled4 ,starting late1 they were behind with their studies until lately1 consequently the program for each week as laid down in ,,the ,,chautauquan was not followed4 ,the meetings1 however1 have been very interesting4 ,the leaders appointed for the different subjects on each evening came well prepared4 ,essays on ,milton1 ,burns1 and others1 have been read4 ,prof4 ,halleck1 of the public schools1 has delivered short lectures on the scientific subjects4 ,prof4 ,capen has given experiments in chemistry4 ,music1 and recitations from the classic authors by a fine elocutionist1 have rendered the meetings more entertaining4 ,the enthusiasm has grown with the year4 ,the first circle that was regularly organized in ,,portland1 ,,oregon1 was that established by the ,y4 ,m4 ,c4 ,a41 last ,october4 ,this circle is composed of about twenty members4 ,the other two circles which have joined the class of '#hh are those connected with the ,taylor ,street and ,grace ,methodist ,episcopal ,churches4 ,the latter was organized during the month of ,december1 and is composed of about twenty-five members1 who seem to be now deeply interested in their work4 ,the former is the largest circle in the ,state1 composed of about forty active and progressive young men and women1 who are now deeply interested in their studies1 and a notable fact of this circle is that there is no restraint in thought by the members1 as is often the case where freedom of opinion is withheld1 thus repelling the progress of the meeting4 ,the able secretary of their circle deserves great credit for the time and trouble he has exercised performing that office1 and volunteering to assume all responsibility with regard to books1 dues1 and pamphlets4 ,the ,rev4 ,g4 ,w4 ,chandler1 the efficient president1 is the originator of this circle4 ,their efforts and untiring energies have made this circle most interesting1 and have brought into it some of the best scholars in the ,state4 ,by perseverance and thorough study1 with the watchword 8,forward10 they are determined to ever press onward and upward in this grand work1 and receive their reward4 ,,the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 ,,classes4 ,,class ,,of #ahhe4--8,,the ,,invincibles40 8,press on1 reaching after those things which are before40 ,,officers4 ,president--,j4 ,b4 ,underwood1 ,meriden1 ,conn4 ,vice ,president--,c4 ,m4 ,nichols1 ,springfield1 ,ohio4 ,treasurer--,miss ,carrie ,hart1 ,aurora1 ,ind4 ,secretary--,miss ,m4 ,m4 ,canfield1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,executive ,committee--,officers of the class4 ,class badges may be procured of either ,president or ,treasurer4 ,the members of the ,chautauqua circles have now a third of a year only in which to finish their readings and fill out their papers for the current year4 ,so far as we have been able to learn1 a much larger number of persons have been pursuing the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 course this year than have been in the ranks during any previous corresponding period4 ,those connected with journalism1 in looking over their exchanges1 rarely pick up a local paper that does not have some reference to the doings of a local ,chautauqua circle4 ,then it has been discovered that those who read the ,chautauqua books and periodicals have been led to go beyond the lines1 and to search for intellectual treasures in 8pastures new0--in books1 reviews1 public journals of character and excellence1 and1 also1 to seek association with people of culture4 ,indeed1 it is pleasantly and encouragingly apparent that the ,chautauqua system is becoming1 from month to month1 broader1 deeper1 more far-reaching in its wholesome and really powerful influence1 in promoting moral as well as intellectual culture4 ,the members of the ,class of #ahhe should bear these facts in mind1 and accept the special degree of responsibility involved4 ,let this class be not only the best1 but the largest that has ever passed within the ,golden ,gate on ,commencement day6 ,why should it not be three thousand strong8 ,if we begin now1 in ,april1 to make our plans and preparations1 perhaps we can all 8get there10 and present a solid phalanx of honest1 thorough1 intelligent and aggressive ,chautauquans1 marching toward and through the ,gate and into the ,hall1 with banners and songs1 that will promise largely and grandly for the moral and mental improvement of thousands of communities throughout the land4 99 99 99 99 99 8,what would be the result if we report to ,miss ,canfield our intentions to be at ,chautauqua to receive our diplomas1 and something should happen to prevent80 ,the only result would be that those who expected you would be as sadly disappointed as you would be in not being able to come4 ,the fact that you intended to come and were detained by good cause would be accepted1 and you would 8stand excused10 and would receive your diploma in good time4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,missouri4--,as one of the 8,invincibles10 ,i would add my testimony with others of ,class '#he as having received pleasure and benefit beyond computation in pursuing the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 course4 ,i commenced alone1 but after a few months succeeded in organizing a circle for '#hf1 which keeps up a large membership1 persistent and thorough in study1 with rigid class drill2 also remembrance of memorial days4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,pennsylvania4--,what a well-spring of joy is the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 in the homes of those who have not enjoyed the advantages of a liberal education6 ,the students born of this great movement are rising up all over this great land with blessings for the founder of this happy ,circle4 ,i am reading alone1 as there are no members near me1 but at some little distance ,i have interested some bright young friends of mine in the work1 and ,i am glad to know that they are so much pleased with it4 ,,class ,,of #ahhf4--8,,the ,,progressives40 8,we study for light1 to bless with light40 ,,class ,,organization4 ,president--,the ,rev4 ,b4 ,p4 ,snow1 ,biddeford1 ,maine4 ,vice ,presidents--,the ,rev4 ,j4 ,c4 ,whitley1 ,salisbury1 ,maryland2 ,mr4 ,l4 ,f4 ,houghton1 ,peoria1 ,illinois2 ,mr4 ,walter ,y4 ,morgan1 ,cleveland1 ,ohio2 ,mrs4 ,delia ,browne1 ,louisville1 ,kentucky2 ,miss ,florence ,finch1 ,palestine1 ,texas4 ,secretary--,the ,rev4 ,w4 ,l4 ,austin1 ,new ,albany1 ,ind4 ,the new badge1 bearing the motto and emblem of the class1 is now ready to be sent out4 ,the design meets hearty approval4 ,the cost1 including postage1 will be #ae cents4 ,for badges1 address the president or the secretary4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the ,new ,england branch of the class will have superior headquarters at the ,framingham ,assembly in ,july4 ,this important section of '#hf have plans and arrangements in view that will insure a most pleasant and successful class gathering at the ,assembly4 ,,class ,,of #ahhg4--8,,the ,,pansies40 8,neglect not the gift that is in thee40 ,,officers4 ,president--,the ,rev4 ,frank ,russell1 ,mansfield1 ,ohio4 ,western ,secretary--,k4 ,a4 ,burnell1 ,esq41 #aej ,madison ,street1 ,chicago1 ,ill4 ,eastern ,secretary--,j4 ,a4 ,steven1 ,m4,d41 #afd ,high ,street1 ,hartford1 ,conn4 ,treasurer--,either ,secretary1 from either of whom badges may be procured4 ,executive ,committee--,the officers of the class4 ,class paper may be procured from ,mr4 ,henry ,hart1 ,atlanta1 ,ga4 ,the attention of the members of '#hg is called to the letter by ,mrs4 ,alden in the ,march number of ,,the ,,chautauquan1 page #cec4 99 99 99 99 99 ,president ,russell had charge of the ,sunday-school ,normal ,department at the ,florida ,chautauqua1 ,lake de ,funiak1 and is one of the ,board of ,managers4 ,at ,milton1 ,mass41 recently1 the representatives of the ,class of '#hg had a table at a church fair and cleared over #ajj4 ,it is our painful duty to record the death of two members of the ,class of #ahhg3 ,miss ,mary ,dayton1 of ,binghamton1 ,n4 ,y41 and ,mrs4 ,lou ,l4 ,dunn1 of ,bonham1 ,texas4 ,the deepest sympathy not only of the class1 but of all members of the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 is with the sorrowing friends4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,to ,,new ,,england '#hg,s4--,the second mid-year reunion of ,new ,england '#hgs will be held on ,friday1 ,april #c;d1 in ,union ,congregational ,chapel1 ,stewart ,street1 ,providence1 ,r4 ,i4 ,the business meeting will be held at half-past one o'clock p4 m42 the literary and musical entertainment at two o'clock4 ,a social reunion will precede and follow the regular exercises4 ,will all ,new ,england members of '#hg please make a special effort to attend this reunion8 ,providence ,chautauquans are enthusiastic1 and will doubtless strive to make this meeting thoroughly enjoyable4 ,let us1 by our presence1 show our appreciation of their efforts4 ,our ,providence classmates have kindly offered to meet at the station any strangers who will communicate the hour of their arrival to ,miss ,nellie ,f4 ,crocker1 #f ,kepler ,street1 ,providence4 ,,class ,,of #ahhh4--8,,the ,,plymouth ,,rocks40 8,let us be seen by our deeds40 ,,class ,,organization4 ,president--,the ,rev4 ,a4 ,e4 ,dunning1 ,d4,d41 ,boston1 ,mass4 ,vice ,presidents--,prof4 ,w4 ,n4 ,ellis1 #ajh ,gates ,avenue1 ,brooklyn1 ,n4 ,y42 the ,rev4 ,wm4 ,g4 ,roberts1 ,bellevue1 ,ohio4 ,secretary--,miss ,m4 ,e4 ,taylor1 ,cleveland1 ,ohio4 ,treasurer--,miss ,m4 ,e4 ,taylor1 ,cleveland1 ,ohio4 ,all items for this column should be sent1 in condensed form1 to the ,rev4 ,c4 ,c4 ,mc,lean1 ,st4 ,augustine1 ,florida4 ,the 8,chautauqua ,quartette10 ,avon1 ,indiana1 organized ,december #e1 #ahhd1 writes3 8,we are four country girls1 living two to three miles apart1 but hold weekly meetings1 alternately1 at our homes40 99 99 99 99 99 ,in ,harlem1 ,n4 ,y41 is a class of seven1 organized ,october #a1 #ahhd4 ,the secretary writes3 8,each member in turn takes charge1 assigning lessons and questioning the class40 ,in addition to the required study they take some prominent author1 giving biography and quoting from works4 99 99 99 99 99 ,from ,portland1 ,maine1 we learn that they have a large and interesting circle1 meeting semi-monthly4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the 8,castalian10 of ,philadelphia1 ten members1 was organized ,october1 #ahhd4 ,this circle thinks too many members make each other timid1 and therefore advocates many circles of few members4 ,they are fortunate in having a president who makes chemical experiments4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a flourishing circle of fifty members was organized in ,batavia1 ,new ,york1 ,october1 #ahhd4 ,the ,rev4 ,j4 ,d4 ,gillilan1 of ,toocle1 ,utah1 writes that 8here among the ,mormons a class of three is formed2 one of the number was a ,mormon when he joined the circle1 but has since united himself with the ,m4 ,e4 ,church40 ,there is a flourishing circle in ,salt ,lake ,city4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the 8,wilkesbarre0 circle1 of ,wilkesbarre1 ,pa41 was organized ,october1 #ahhd1 with sixty members4 ,this circle meets every alternate week1 each member responding to roll call with a quotation from the 8readings40 ,a physician makes fine experiments in chemistry4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a circle has been organized in ,topeka1 ,kan41 with thirty members4 ,the secretary says3 8,most of us are busy girls1 figuring as teachers1 office and store clerks1 but find time to take the reading course thoroughly1 and hope to graduate with the #hhs40 99 99 99 99 99 ,,kansas4--8,i am well pleased with our class motto and name4 ,i am a sculptor by profession and wish a higher aim1 a sculptor of life1 for ,i have caught that angel vision4 ,i am pursuing my studies with energy and enthusiasm1 and life to me is more pleasant since ,i have taken up the course4 ,whenever ,i feel vexed and comfortless ,i only need to read over ,chancellor ,vincent's articles in ,,the ,,chautauquan for encouragement40 99 99 99 99 99 ,from ,buffalo1 ,pa41 a friend says that 8all dislike the ,class name1 and desire it changed40 99 99 99 99 99 ,toronto1 ,canada1 raises a protesting voice against our name1 saying1 8,i am well aware of the fact that the name stands on history's page as a synonym for grand and noble qualities1 but ,i am forced nevertheless to object to it on account of its #8fowl' association4 ,could we not have a name unwinged1 unplumed1 and of no marketable value40 99 99 99 99 99 ,one of the '#hhs1 who is reading alone1 tells us1 8,in the study of the past four months ,i have received more instruction and enjoyment than in any amount of the general reading done in the same number of years40 99 99 99 99 99 8,vincent0 circle1 of ,portland1 ,maine1 sends us an interesting program of a meeting held ,january #afth4 ,a most exquisite ,plymouth ,rock engraving graces its first page4 99 99 99 99 99 8,longfellow0 circle1 of ,eastern ,promontory1 ,portland1 ,maine1 sends us their constitution and by-laws1 including the names of its #ajc members4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,kansas4--,i am pursuing the course alone1 and feel that ,i need the stimulus of outside aid and correspondence4 ,since my school days were over my reading has been of too miscellaneous a character to result in the profit it should have done4 ,i am enjoying the ,greek ,history and the ,preparatory ,course very much4 ,my husband has been brushing up his knowledge of the ,greek language1 and comes to my assistance occasionally1 so it is a source of profit to him as well4 ,even my eleven-year-old boy has caught the spirit1 and begs me to mark all the battles for him to read1 and is learning the ,greek alphabet4 ,i am pleased with the name of our class--8,the ,plymouth ,rocks40 ,my ancestors were among those that landed on the bleak old ,rock1 and ,i know something of the sturdy perseverance and uprightness of their character4 ,i can only hope that the 8mantle0 of those old pilgrims will fall upon us as 8,plymouth ,rocks10 and that1 like them1 we may grow strong in wisdom and goodness4 ,,questions ,,and ,,answers4 ,,by ,a4 ,m4 ,,martin1 ,general ,secretary ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 ,i4--,,seventy-,,five ,,questions ,,and ,,answers ,,on 8,,short ,,history ,,of ,,the ,,reformation40 #a4 ,q4 ,what is the ,reformation8 ,a4 ,it is that great religious and intellectual revolution which marks the boundary line between the ,middle ,ages and the ,modern ,period4 #b4 ,q4 ,what was the first aim of the reformers1 and which proved a total failure8 ,a4 ,the purification of the church within itself1 and by its own servants4 #c4 ,q4 ,what was the next step1 and one which succeeded8 ,a4 ,to withdraw from the fold1 and establish an independent confession1 and a separate ecclesiastical structure4 #d4 ,q4 ,who planted the first seeds of ,protestantism in ,france8 ,a4 ,the ,paris reformers4 #e4 ,q4 ,who were three prominent ,paris reformers8 ,a4 ,d',ailly1 ,gerson1 and ,clmanges4 #f4 ,q4 ,what was the most obvious cause of the failure of the ,paris theologians8 ,a4 ,they never withdrew from the ,roman ,catholic ,church1 or took steps to establish a separate ecclesiastical organization4 #g4 ,q4 ,how did the ,mystics of the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries arise8 ,a4 ,as a spiritual reaction against the supremacy of the scholastic philosophy4 #h4 ,q4 ,what was the central scene and native country of the most notable reformatory ,mystics8 ,a4 ,germany4 #i4 ,q4 ,what four names are prominent among the early ,mystics of ,germany8 ,a4 ,eckart1 ,ruysbroek1 ,suso1 and ,tauler4 #aj4 ,q4 ,who were the two most notable members of the school of ,st4 ,victor8 ,a4 ,hugo and ,richard4 #aa4 ,q4 ,what was the chief of important general movements1 without connection with prominent characters1 in progress to hasten the approach of reform8 ,a4 ,in the field of intellectual progress1 was the revival of literature1 which took the name of ,humanism4 #ab4 ,q4 ,in this revival1 what were the studies1 as distinguished from the theological themes which had long held sway in all the universities and learned circles of ,europe8 ,a4 ,they were purely human and literary4 #ac4 ,q4 ,who were three prominent champions of the new ,humanism8 ,a4 ,john ,reuchlin1 of ,germany1 ,erasmus1 of ,rotterdam1 and ,thomas ,more1 of ,england4 #ad4 ,q4 ,what three councils were formal acknowledgments1 on the part of the ,roman ,catholic ,church1 of the evils within its pale1 and the necessity of relief from them8 ,a4 ,the councils of ,pisa1 ,kostnitz1 and ,basel4 #ae4 ,q4 ,with what bitter controversy did the fourteenth century open8 ,a4 ,a controversy between the church and the leading civil rulers4 ,it was the old question of authority--whether pope or king was the supreme head4 #af4 ,q4 ,why was the ,avignon papacy popularly called by the ,romanists 8,the ,babylonian ,captivity80 ,a4 ,from the light in which it was held as an ecclesiastical calamity1 and from its continuance of nearly seventy years--from #acji to #acgg4 #ag4 ,q4 ,although the three councils failed of their prime object1 what fact did they reveal to the world8 ,a4 ,the fact that no prospect for reform could exist in any new council4 #ah4 ,q4 ,what way was it now clear was the only one open for improvement8 ,a4 ,the independence of the individual reformer4 #ai4 ,q4 ,what now became the theater for the ,reformation8 ,a4 ,central ,germany4 #bj4 ,q4 ,who responded to the universal aspiration for a leader to guide into new and safe paths8 ,a4 ,martin ,luther4 #ba4 ,q4 ,when and where was ,luther born8 ,a4 ,in ,eisleben1 ,saxony1 ,november #aa1 #adhc4 #bb4 ,q4 ,what wealthy lady befriended ,luther in youth1 and gave him the advantages of an excellent teacher8 ,a4 ,ursula ,cotta4 #bc4 ,q4 ,after finishing his course at the ,university of ,erfurt1 what did ,luther then do8 ,a4 ,he bade the world farewell1 and in #aeje entered the ,augustinian cloister as a monk4 #bd4 ,q4 ,in #aejh to what place was ,luther called as professor8 ,a4 ,to ,wittenberg4 #be4 ,q4 ,after two years in ,wittenberg to what city did he make a visit8 ,a4 ,rome4 #bf4 ,q4 ,what effect did this visit have upon ,luther8 ,a4 ,he took with him1 when he left ,rome1 an abhorrence of the superstition and immorality of the church at its fountainhead1 which never left him4 #bg4 ,q4 ,in what bill of charges did ,luther subsequently arraign the church8 ,a4 ,his ninety-five theses1 directed principally against the sale of indulgences4 #bh4 ,q4 ,in an 8,address to the ,nobles of the ,german ,people0 what did ,luther declare which led to his excommunication by the pope8 ,a4 ,that the time had come when ,germany ought to cast off allegiance to ,rome1 to start out on an independent religious and national life1 and take care of its own interests4 #bi4 ,q4 ,before what body was ,luther summoned1 where his doctrines were condemned1 and the sentence of ban and double ban pronounced against him8 ,a4 ,the ,diet of ,worms4 #cj4 ,q4 ,to what place was ,luther taken for safety after leaving ,worms8 ,a4 ,to the ,wartburg ,castle1 where he remained for eight months4 #ca4 ,q4 ,about how many separate writings appeared from the pen of ,luther8 ,a4 ,about one hundred and twenty1 among them a translation of the ,bible4 #cb4 ,q4 ,to whom did ,luther commit the task of formulating a systematic treatment of doctrine8 ,a4 ,to his nearest friend1 ,melancthon4 #cc4 ,q4 ,of what do the annals of literature and theology not furnish a more beautiful illustration than we find in the case of ,luther and ,melancthon8 ,a4 ,of the manner in which a great work can be performed by the combined action of two men4 #cd4 ,q4 ,to what were the labors of ,melancthon directed1 in the great cause of reform8 ,a4 ,to the improvement of the methods of study in the university of ,wittenberg4 ,he urged the students to the fountain-heads of truth1 and placed before them the ,bible as the only source of real knowledge4 #ce4 ,q4 ,what five princes of ,saxony were devoted friends of the new movement for the liberation of the conscience8 ,a4 ,george1 ,maurice1 ,frederick the ,wise1 ,john1 and ,john ,frederick4 #cf4 ,q4 ,who was the leader of the new movement in ,switzerland8 ,a4 ,ulric ,zwingli4 #cg4 ,q4 ,into what did the religious conflict in the eastern cantons of ,switzerland grow8 ,a4 ,into an appeal to arms1 that resulted in civil war4 #ch4 ,q4 ,what followed the battle of ,cappel1 where ,zwingli was killed8 ,a4 ,the peace of ,cappel1 which declared that each canton should decide its religion for itself4 #ci4 ,q4 ,what name is most prominent in connection with the ,reformation in ,french ,switzerland8 ,a4 ,john ,calvin4 #dj4 ,q4 ,what work did ,calvin publish in #aecf1 which became the doctrinal standard for all the ,reformed ,churches of the ,continent and ,great ,britain8 ,a4 8,the ,institutes of the ,christian ,religion40 #da4 ,q4 ,by what great reformer was the work1 left unfinished by ,calvin at his death1 taken up8 ,a4 ,beza4 #db4 ,q4 ,in the history of the ,reformation1 what honor belongs to ,england8 ,a4 ,that of having discovered the need of a universal religious regeneration in ,europe4 #dc4 ,q4 ,in whom did the beginnings of reform in ,england center8 ,a4 ,wyckliffe1 who was born about #acbd4 #dd4 ,q4 ,what were ,wyckliffe's greatest services to the coming ,reformation8 ,a4 ,first1 his translation of the ,new ,testament1 and afterward the whole ,bible1 into ,english4 #de4 ,q4 ,what was a striking feature of the ,english ,reformation1 from the outside8 ,a4 ,its political character4 #df4 ,q4 ,what three names are prominent in the first period of the ,english ,reformation8 ,a4 ,colet1 ,sir ,thomas ,more1 and ,cranmer4 #dg4 ,q4 ,what was the most powerful single agency in bringing about the ,english ,reformation8 ,a4 ,the publication of the ,bible in the language of the people4 #dh4 ,q4 ,what followed the ascension of ,mary to the throne of ,england8 ,a4 ,a violent persecution of the ,protestants1 during which1 it is estimated1 about eight hundred persons were burned at the stake4 #di4 ,q4 ,what faith did ,elizabeth1 the successor of ,mary1 recognize as national8 ,a4 ,protestantism4 #ej4 ,q4 ,from what sect did the puritan ,pilgrims of ,america come8 ,a4 ,the ,brownist sect4 #ea4 ,q4 ,who was the first ,protestant leader in ,scotland8 ,a4 ,patrick ,hamilton4 ,he suffered martyrdom4 #eb4 ,q4 ,who was the natural successor to ,hamilton8 ,a4 ,john ,knox4 ,by the time of his death the triumph of the ,scotch ,reformation was complete4 #ec4 ,q4 ,what was the chief aim of the ,brothers of the ,common ,life1 a society of the ,netherlands1 founded in #achd8 ,a4 ,to improve the morals of the people1 and looked intently upon a thorough reform4 #ed4 ,q4 ,what preparation was there for the ,reformation in the ,netherlands8 ,a4 ,in no land was there such a complete and popular preparation for the ,reformation as in the ,netherlands4 #ee4 ,q4 ,what character did the ,reformation assume in the ,netherlands8 ,a4 ,a political character4 #ef4 ,q4 ,what order against all sympathy with the ,protestant cause was made binding upon the ,netherlands8 ,a4 ,the ,edict of ,worms4 #eg4 ,q4 ,who1 of ,rotterdam1 belongs to the front rank of reformers8 ,a4 ,erasmus4 #eh4 ,q4 ,how alone was ,erasmus important as a ,reformer8 ,a4 ,as a profound and versatile scholar4 #ei4 ,q4 ,what is one of the most unpleasant chapters in the history of the ,reformation8 ,a4 ,the unfraternal relationship between ,erasmus and ,luther4 #fj4 ,q4 ,from what did the real danger to the ,french ,protestants come8 ,a4 ,from a firm alliance between the authorities at ,rome and the ,french throne4 #fa4 ,q4 ,what were the ,protestants in ,france called8 ,a4 ,huguenots4 #fb4 ,q4 ,what great massacre of the ,protestants took place in ,france on the #bdth of ,august1 #aegb8 ,a4 ,the ,massacre of ,st4 ,bartholomew4 #fc4 ,q4 ,by whom were the ,italians prepared to give hearty credence to the new doctrines of the ,reformation8 ,a4 ,savonarola4 #fd4 ,q4 ,what causes led to the failure of the ,reformation in the ,spanish ,peninsula8 ,a4 ,protestantism was largely a measure of scholars and thinkers1 while the persistent energy of the ,spanish authorities1 reinforced from ,rome1 made thorough work of suppression4 #fe4 ,q4 ,in what was the groundwork of ,protestantism in the three ,scandinavian countries--,sweden1 ,denmark1 and ,norway--already laid8 ,a4 ,in the dissatisfaction of the people with the prevailing order of civil and ecclesiastical government4 #ff4 ,q4 ,into what two ,scandinavian countries was the ,reformation introduced and formally adopted8 ,a4 ,sweden and ,norway4 #fg4 ,q4 ,who was the great reformer of ,bohemia8 ,a4 ,john ,huss4 #fh4 ,q4 ,as what did his followers afterward become known1 under ,zinzendorf8 ,a4 ,as the ,united ,brethren4 #fi4 ,q4 ,what was the political effect of the ,reformation8 ,a4 ,to elevate the people to a thirst for liberty1 and a higher and purer citizenship4 #gj4 ,q4 ,of what did the ,reformation become the mother8 ,a4 ,of republics4 #ga4 ,q4 ,to what does the ,american ,union owe a large measure of its genesis8 ,a4 ,to the ,european struggle for reform4 #gb4 ,q4 ,what was one of not the least benefits conferred upon the world by the ,reformation8 ,a4 ,the promotion of learning4 #gc4 ,q4 ,what sprang up throughout ,germany1 as an immediate fruit of the ,reformation8 ,a4 ,universities4 #gd4 ,q4 ,by what celebration have the memories of the ,reformation been recently renewed8 ,a4 ,by the celebration on ,november #aa1 #ahhc1 of the four hundredth anniversary of the birth of ,luther4 #ge4 ,q4 ,how was the day observed8 ,a4 ,with becoming festivities in all the ,protestant countries of the world4 ,,ii4--,,twenty-,,five ,,questions ,,and ,,answers ,,on 8,,chemistry10 ,,from ,,page #aeg ,,to ,,the ,,end ,,of ,,the ,,book4 #gf4 ,q4 ,what are some of the most important uses of borax8 ,a4 ,in the manufacture of porcelain1 and in other of the industrial arts1 and as a remedial agency in medicine4 #gg4 ,q4 ,in addition to the well known substances sodium and oxygen1 what element does borax contain8 ,a4 ,a special and peculiar element1 called boron4 #gh4 ,q4 ,what are two of the most important sources of borax8 ,a4 ,borax ,lake1 in ,california1 and the borax lagos in ,tuscany4 #gi4 ,q4 ,what element constitutes about eighty per cent4 of our atmospheric air8 ,a4 ,nitrogen4 #hj4 ,q4 ,as a simple and uncombined substance1 by what is nitrogen characterized8 ,a4 ,by extreme inactivity4 ,it does not burn2 it does not support combustion2 it can not be made to enter into chemical union with other substances1 except by specially devised and circuitous processes4 #ha4 ,q4 ,of what is nitrogen a constituent8 ,a4 ,of a very large number of compounds1 which are themselves often characterized by a high degree of activity4 #hb4 ,q4 ,what are two important compounds of nitrogen8 ,a4 ,ammonia gas and nitric acid4 #hc4 ,q4 ,in addition to oxygen and nitrogen what are some of the other substances always present in atmospheric air8 ,a4 ,vapor of water1 carbon di-oxide1 and ammonia gas2 minute quantities of a vast multitude of other gaseous substances2 and it is likewise charged most of the time with still more minute quantities of solid dust materials of various kinds4 #hd4 ,q4 ,to what do the principal explosives owe their activity to a very large degree8 ,a4 ,to the presence of nitrogen in them4 #he4 ,q4 ,what are the four explosives of chief importance8 ,a4 ,gunpowder1 the fulminates1 gun cotton1 and nitro-glycerine4 #hf4 ,q4 ,what are the three principal constituents of gunpowder8 ,a4 ,potassic nitrate1 charcoal1 and sulphur4 #hg4 ,q4 ,why is phosphorus a most interesting chemical element8 ,a4 ,because of its exceptional chemical properties1 the very important part it plays in the chemistry of animal and vegetable life1 and its employment in the friction match4 #hh4 ,q4 ,in what country is the manufacture of friction matches carried on to a very large extent8 ,a4 ,in ,sweden2 and that country1 it is now stated1 produces about seventy-five per cent4 of all the matches made in the world4 #hi4 ,q4 ,what is probably the most familiar and representative form of carbon8 ,a4 ,that known as charcoal4 #ij4 ,q4 ,how is lamp-black produced8 ,a4 ,it is a product of the imperfect combustion of substances like oil1 tar1 resin1 and the like1 which are very rich in carbon4 #ia4 ,q4 ,what are two well known compounds of carbon8 ,a4 ,anthracite coal and bituminous coal4 #ib4 ,q4 ,of what origin do both of these combustibles1 when carefully studied1 show distinct evidences8 ,a4 ,of their vegetable origin4 #ic4 ,q4 ,what is the diamond8 ,a4 ,it is nearly pure carbon1 crystallized4 #id4 ,q4 ,what are some of the other natural forms in which carbon is found in large quantities8 ,a4 ,in petroleum1 marble1 and limestone4 #ie4 ,q4 ,when combined with oxygen alone1 what two compounds only does carbon form8 ,a4 ,carbon mon-oxide and carbon di-oxide4 #if4 ,q4 ,what is the material on which the manufacture of illuminating gas is based8 ,a4 ,bituminous coal4 #ig4 ,q4 ,in the distillation of coal for the manufacture of gas1 what three distinct classes of substances are produced8 ,a4 ,solids1 which are left in the retorts2 liquids1 which are condensed in the various coolers2 and gases1 which pass on to the gas holder4 #ih4 ,q4 ,what coloring matters are obtained from the liquids produced by these processes8 ,a4 ,alzorine1 affording ,turkey red and other colors1 and the well known analine colors4 #ii4 ,q4 ,to what quantity does silicon exist in our globe8 ,a4 ,in a quantity equal to about one fourth its entire weight1 including its atmospheres and its oceans4 #ajj4 ,q4 ,what is the principal earthy matter of our planet8 ,a4 ,the compound of silicon and oxygen1 existing either alone in the form of sand1 quartz crystal1 and similar minerals1 or else in combination with other well known abundant earth materials1 such as oxides of calcium1 magnesium1 and aluminum4 ,,editor',s ,,outlook4 ,,public ,,men ,,in ,,literature4 ,until recently ,americans have had good grounds for complaining that their public servants were almost a minus quantity in literature4 ,the complaint had an especially sharp edge in view of the fact that at an earlier period our ,washington1 ,jefferson1 ,hamilton1 ,adams1 and others1 had been among the foremost writers of the country2 and it was still further aggravated by the contrast we seemed to present to ,france1 ,england1 and ,germany1 where a public man is usually also a literary man4 ,the rule in ,france is that an eminent politician is an author1 and the most distinguished statesmen and princes have written books4 ,even ,louis ,napoleon wrote a book on ,csar1 and one of the best accounts of our late war is the stately volumes of ,count de ,paris4 ,in ,england1 the rule is the same4 ,the queen herself takes pride in the books she has produced4 ,john ,bright is almost alone in having no literary tastes1 but his speeches will long survive in the volumes they will fill4 ,disraeli and ,gladstone1 ,bulwer and ,macaulay1 ,fawcett and ,dilke1 are only a few contemporary names in along list of distinguished statesmen who have excelled as writers for periodicals and as producers of books4 ,in this country1 from about #ahcj to #ahhj1 our public men wrote little4 ,benton's 8,thirty ,years10 ,webster's speeches1 and ,sumner's orations1 and some other less famous works1 do indeed redeem the half century2 but when we have said all that can be said in praise of exceptions1 the rule seems to have been that an ,american politician was not a writer1 and a phrase of contempt attributed to an eminent ,senator expresses the feelings of our politicians against 8them literary fellers0 in a form which is full of a significance from which we prefer to turn away our ears4 ,too many of our public men have despised literature1 and justified literature in returning the sentiment with interest4 ,we are entering upon a happier period4 ,the ,american statesman is returning to authorship4 ,it is a wholesome change4 ,mr4 ,blaine's history will occur to many readers as an illustration4 ,it is hardly less noteworthy that his late associate on the ,republican ticket has written for ,,the ,,chautauquan able papers on a public question which is a living issue4 ,a very long list might be made of public men who are in good fame as writers4 ,the witty ,s4 ,s4 ,cox will at once occur to all our memories1 and another eminent ,democrat is said to be writing a history of his times4 ,general ,grant finds relief from the terrible strain of his financial misfortunes in writing the history of his battles4 ,we have employed some of our most gifted authors as diplomats2 as1 for example1 ,motley1 the historian1 ,james ,russell ,lowell1 the poet and literary critic1 and ,george ,p4 ,marsh1 the man of universal knowledge2 but it may1 probably will1 come to pass that some of their stamp will more and more appear in our public life at home4 ,we have kept poets1 philosophers1 and novelists alive by giving them clerkships in ,custom ,houses4 ,nathaniel ,hawthorne1 ,howells1 8,ik ,marvel0 7,donald ,g4 ,mitchell71 and others1 rose to the dignity of consulships4 ,francis ,lieber was tolerated in a ,custom ,house clerkship in ,new ,york4 ,we are probably coming to the time when such men may be members of ,congress and shape the legislation of the country4 ,literary men are usually the most practical of men2 that they are dreamers of impossibilities is the strangest of our popular delusions4 ,a few exceptions have been carelessly considered as making the rule for the class4 ,the sort of practicality--tempered by philosophy--which the literary man brings to affairs is what our public life most needs4 ,all clean knowledge is a light where it abides1 and the value of unclean knowledge 7such as some practical politicians boast themselves in71 is a forlorn minus quantity4 ,the advantages to be anticipated from the increase of the literary spirit in our public men are too numerous to be here set forth in detail4 ,a few suggestions must suffice for our present purpose4 ,in the first place1 public men are experts1 and have therefore valuable knowledge to impart4 ,we are all well aware that ,general ,grant knows important things about his battles which other men do not know4 ,it is equally true that any clerk in a department1 or any member of ,congress has an intimate acquaintance with many concernments of considerable moment4 ,a man who has served ten years in ,congress could instruct and please us all if he had the art of describing the methods of law making4 ,it is not a pleasant fact that the writing of a book on 8,congressional ,government10 which is at once philosophical and entertaining1 should have been left to a college professor2 nor is it pleasant to feel that the author of this book1 ,professor ,woodrow ,wilson1 is probably the last man whom ,baltimore will think of sending to ,congress4 ,the men who see the meaning of things and connect them with principles1 and align them with historical precedents1 are needed in ,congress to give it dignity and character4 ,in short1 we ought to send our best men to ,congress1 and we are approaching an era when 8best men0 will generally be possessed of literary tastes and habits4 ,our public life is rich in materials for useful books and entertaining novels4 ,most of these materials lie neglected because we send inferior men to our public work4 ,another distinct advantage will be found in the preservation of many bright men whom we send to ,congress from rusting out of intellectual brightness and becoming mere political workers4 ,the majority of men sent to ,congress are college men2 they have had some literary tastes and habits4 ,they have often been journalists4 ,the public opinion which hedges them in converts them into office hunters and office peddlers1 and consumes their lives in routine and political anxiety1 to the detriment of all generous and aspiring manhood4 ,the man whose brain work1 in periodicals and books1 will secure his position before his constituents1 is a man saved4 ,the change which is going on is mainly the work of the enterprising managers of periodicals4 ,most good literary work in our day first reaches the public in periodicals4 ,much excellent work is found only in periodicals4 ,the editors have discovered that there is valuable matter to be had by encouraging public men to write4 ,our articles by ,general ,logan1 for example1 contain a view of a great question which is best seen in all its aspects by a public man who has seen all sides of it in a ,congressional committee4 ,many similar articles have in recent years appeared in literary periodicals4 ,an invitation to present his views to the public through such a periodical as ,,the ,,chautauquan is a challenge to candor and a stimulus to thoroughness4 ,the work done educates the statesman while it informs the people4 ,it creates an intelligent sympathy between public servants and those whom they serve4 ,it carries on that form of education in which light and wisdom are put into the first place1 while turgid bombast and self-seeking buncombe are rendered odious to the people whom they have deceived4 ,,the ,,decline ,,of ,,spirituality ,,in ,,the ,,church4 ,among the unpleasant reflections which the reading of ,bishop ,hurst's 8,history of the ,reformation0 will be apt to awaken in many minds is that there has been a great decline in the spirituality of the church4 ,in those days religious earnestness was at its maximum2 we seem to be passing through a period when it is at a minimum4 ,how far the seeming is accurate1 it may not be easy to determine2 but appearances are against the modern church4 ,all our religious services lack in spirituality4 ,the lack is in the sermon1 the song1 the prayer4 ,family religion has apparently little of the intense power of the former days4 ,the conversation of ,christians is less frequently on religious subjects4 ,we are carefully weeding out of familiar speech the old references to ,providence1 ,death and ,judgment4 ,we fall into silence when one among us introduces such themes4 ,religious feeling and expression have disappeared from the surface of our life in a most astonishing way4 ,we are not made1 the unconverted are not made1 to feel the force and warmth of religious conviction4 ,the sermons are logical1 literary and cold2 if there be warmth1 it seems to be rather intellectual than religious4 ,the more able religious editors complain that they can not get written for them articles which are at once readable and spiritual2 while other editors condemn any articles of that type as savoring of a 8dreary religiosity20 and others say that the expression of religious experience has 8hopelessly gone into the keeping of cranks and weak-headed and morally-unsound persons40 ,one man says3 8,i can imagine nothing sweeter to hear than religious experience ought to be2 but when ,i listen to it ,i hear either out-worn phrases or senseless fanaticism2 and these have been driven from the respectable churches and are monopolized by ignorant egotists in the out-of-the-way corners of the country40 ,a partial explanation of the facts lies in the statement just quoted4 ,but it is very partial4 ,why should fanatical zeal kill genuine earnestness8 ,if we think and feel earnestly in religion1 why do we not talk of what is burning in our hearts1 as the fathers did1 in language of our own8 ,a round of set phrases does denote vacancy of spirit1 but the earnest spirit is not banished from our heart by the formalism of another's speech4 ,it may be pleaded for us that we are in a transition state2 that the ,reformation did develop a form of earnestness1 and that our earnestness can not work in that harness and is reverently silent because appropriate speech is wanting4 ,but why do not hundreds of ministers who have all gifts of intellect utter spiritual thought and emotion8 ,why are they forever dealing rather with opinions than facts of the spiritual life8 ,we ask such questions in no censorious spirit2 they are pressed home to many anxious hearts1 and the wonder grows whether modern ,christianity is tongueless respecting its experience because it is backslidden and even skeptical4 ,we could frame1 as has often been done1 explanations2 but we still doubt whether they really explain4 ,the spiritual activity is of all inner motions the one least likely to lose all power to express itself4 ,it is true that a vast body of believers have the spirit of giving and of work4 ,they make noble offerings1 they teach the children in ,sunday-schools1 they make sacrifices of time and ease and money to carry on churches4 ,in these things no former generation had so glorious a record4 ,it is probably true that this vast body of believers contains as large a proportion as any ,reformation body of persons who would die for their faith4 ,it can not be said of such a body of persons that faith is not in it4 ,making all allowances for conventionality and religious fashion1 there remains proof enough that the modern church believes4 ,nor can we doubt its spiritual poverty4 ,it is poor in the divine life4 ,this state of things can not last4 ,we are in a condition where faith must fail if love does not come to the rescue4 ,the greatest of all revivals may be at the door4 ,the church wants nothing but vital godliness--experience of divine things4 ,it has so much of zeal1 benevolence1 self-sacrifice1 philanthropy1 that we can not so much as hint at despair4 ,is it possible that some of our philanthropies are too consuming and exhaust us8 ,if we will stop to think and take account of ourselves1 we shall probably find that we lack spirituality because we do not want it4 ,that discovery may be the one thing needed to arouse us to strenuous spiritual endeavor4 ,,the ,,shaksperean ,,anniversary4 ,the fourth century of ,shakspere will be remembered either as the century of ,shaksperean skepticism or as the one in which the play-actor was stripped of ,bacon's clothes and reduced to his proper condition of play-actor4 ,that we can so much as entertain this latter thought proves that the skepticism has made considerable progress4 ,we do not believe that ,bacon wrote the ,shaksperean plays2 but we are obliged to pay to those who do believe it such respect as is paid to ,strauss with his theory that ,jesus is a mythical person4 ,another ,shaksperean year is completed on the #bc;d of ,april1 and its most significant event is an increase of skeptics4 ,we are doubtless to have a thorough sifting of the facts and a large debate4 ,no lover of the great dramas need regret the discussion4 ,it will provoke the study of them and enlarge their fame4 ,they are the great dramas of the world4 ,no others equal them in breadth and fervor4 ,whatever stimulates the study of them must be useful to the higher forms of literature4 ,one way of looking at the subject of the authorship of these plays is to regard the question as of no absolute importance4 ,the plays are what they are1 whoever wrote them2 just as the ,homeric poetry does not lose a line through the ,homeric skepticism4 ,it is an audacious thing to attack ,shakspere as a wearer of another man's clothes1 after three centuries of his renown4 ,he lived in the public eye4 ,all ,london knew him4 ,some envied and sneered1 but none doubted him until some three hundred years after his birth2 if there were doubts they were so feeble that nothing came of them4 ,is it the function of the press and the reporter--making great and small seem alike--which has made ,shaksperean skepticism almost respectable1 if not entirely so8 ,whatever be the cause1 8the news0 spreads that ,bacon wrote our ,shaksperean works1 and the debate is growing into bulk1 if not into a serious concernment4 ,we are not a bit touched with the skepticism2 it seems to us unreasonable1 beyond ordinary measure in unreason2 and yet we must recognize the growth of the new theory of the authorship of our glorious drama4 ,the change next to the foregoing in importance which marks the fourth ,shaksperean century is the new way in which the great mass of his admirers come to know and enjoy him4 ,he has passed from the stage to the study1 the parlor1 the school-room4 ,he is acted a little2 he is read a great deal4 ,in his first and second centuries he was known almost exclusively through the stage2 in his third1 the stage and the book divided about equally the office of making him known2 in the fourth1 ,shaksperean acting has become insignificant in comparison with the general reading and teaching of ,shakspere4 ,his works are coming to be studied in all high schools1 academies and colleges4 ,shakspere is in nearly all libraries1 be they large or small4 ,one may almost say that he is at home in nearly every house where ,english is read4 ,there is hardly a town in the country which does not boast at least one well-established 8,shakspere ,club40 ,year after year the members meet weekly to read and talk over the merits of the one writer who never tires them4 ,the scholars of all lands know him in the printed page2 all the great tongues have books of criticism in which he occupies a conspicuous place4 ,one view of this transition from the stage to the study and the school is that ,shakspere was always too large for the theater4 ,it was in the largest sense impossible to act his plays4 ,all acting narrowed and misrepresented him4 ,the larger field of the book is his proper home4 ,he gains by the liberty and healthfulness of the modern environment4 ,the two changes which we note will bear on each other4 ,too many persons are coming to know what and how ,shakspere wrote to permit any star-chamber of criticism to settle the authorship of these plays in darkness and secrecy2 the power to form a judgment is being created in the minds of the great jury whose verdict will probably kill off the ,shaksperean skepticism4 ,we do not believe it will survive to #aifd1 the end of ,shakspere's fourth century4 ,,art ,,in ,,the ,,united ,,states4 ,if it is possible for this nation to become artistic in tastes and habits1 we shall not fail4 ,there is no branch of special education more enthusiastically advocated and patronized4 ,of course the end in view will require more advocacy and more patronage--a great deal more--but we are doing so much that the necessary more will doubtless be done4 ,it should be remembered too1 that if blood tells in the matter of art culture we have no lack of blood drawn from the artistic nations4 ,flemings1 ,germans1 ,italians1 ,spaniards1 and even ,greeks1 come to ,new ,york in large numbers2 and if ,anglo-,saxon blood were condemned as unartistic by inevitable natural incapacity1 we should still be able to produce great artists in abundance--if method1 zeal1 and patronage could do this thing4 ,we will not prophesy2 let us wait and see4 ,it is understood1 of course1 that much1 perhaps most of our art1 is industrial4 ,we need to educate a large corps of designers for useful goods1 which are also ornamental2 and this type of artist is so well rewarded when he displays inventive faculty that we are likely to surpass all other peoples in this department of work4 ,it is not easy to separate completely in our thinking this branch of art from that which aims only at artistic pleasure4 ,a design for goods may be perfect art1 and satisfy all the requirements of the sthetic sense4 ,but it is obvious that decorative art is very close to industrial art in nature and purpose4 ,and the purpose has always been condemned by high art1 for it looks straight at the sale of the goods at good prices4 ,it is complained every year in ,new ,york1 when the art exhibitions come on for criticism1 that the pecuniary motive for work1 and the avidity of artists for good sales1 depress the imagination of the lovers of good work4 ,in substance1 then1 our trouble as to art--that we are a commercial race--seems to get into the schools and infect their atmosphere4 ,the evil is not that success is rewarded2 but that success is not possible to an artist who thinks always of his reward4 ,art1 like religion1 requires a spirit of self-renunciation4 ,success in art is not possible to one who consumes his energy in thinking about the sale of his pictures4 ,to become rich by art one must be first willing to starve to death in the service of art truth4 ,we are not demanding such sacrifices2 we are only suggesting that without the spirit of them the pure art of this country will not attain the eminence which our enthusiasm seeks to reach4 8,sordid treatment0 of themes is inevitable in the sordid atmosphere which1 we are told1 is breathed in all our circles of art4 ,besides1 the museums are founded by good natured people who are poor guides and directors and yet must control1 because they are patrons4 ,one art journal declares that enough energy has in the last five years been expended in behalf of art to have given it a firm establishment4 ,it adds that most of this energy has been wasted4 ,art students and art teachers and art institutions and publications multiply1 but they do not give us high art4 ,we read this complaint and recall the story of the oil-king in western ,pennsylvania who ordered the teacher of his daughter to 8buy her a capacity1 without regard to expense40 ,if art comes to us to stay it will come by a slow change of thought1 feeling1 and aspiration4 ,it is probable that this change has begun2 let us hope that it will ripen to a gracious and mellowed maturity4 ,the art-life will find ample room in our hospitable civilization1 if it can acquire the courage to live its own life and escape being a parasite on the robust body of our commercial life4 ,,editor',s ,,note-,,book4 ,the force of the 8,chautauqua ,idea0 is not abating2 on the contrary it works its way into new homes and distant fields--for instance1 we have the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 ,class of #ahhh1 which commenced to form last ,july1 and now numbers about #bj1jjj members4 ,the 8,florida ,chautauqua10 in ,florida1 is a new plant1 and now our ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 friends in ,canada are raising a fund of #ej1jjj with which to purchase and furnish grounds near ,niagara ,falls1 for an ,assembly after the ,chautauqua fashion4 99 99 99 99 99 ,many prominent ,chautauqua workers are at the ,florida ,chautauqua now in session at ,lake de ,funiak4 ,among them are the ,rev4 ,frank ,russell1 ,mrs4 ,g4 ,r4 ,alden 7,pansy71 the ,rev4 ,a4 ,a4 ,wright1 ,dean of the ,chautauqua ,school of ,theology1 ,prof4 ,w4 ,d4 ,bridge1 ,prof4 ,w4 ,f4 ,sherwin1 ,mrs4 ,juvia ,c4 ,hull1 the ,rev4 ,s4 ,g4 ,smith1 ,d4,d41 the ,meigs-,underhill ,combination1 ,prof4 ,c4 ,e4 ,bolton1 ,mrs4 ,emily ,huntington ,miller1 ,dr4 ,o4 ,p4 ,fitzgerald1 ,prof4 ,r4 ,l4 ,cumnock1 ,wallace ,bruce1 ,hon4 ,john ,n4 ,stearns1 ,col4 ,g4 ,w4 ,bain1 ,mrs4 ,emma ,p4 ,ewing1 ,hon4 ,lewis ,miller1 etc4 ,many prominent lecturers1 singers and readers as yet not known publicly at ,chautauqua1 are at this ,southern ,chautauqua1 or on the program for the closing week4 ,dr4 ,gillet1 in preparing the royal feast of four weeks' continuance1 has subsidized the country generally for his purposes1 and all prominent denominations are tributary thereto4 ,nearly or quite all the departments 7save the ,c4 ,s4 ,l471 known at ,chautauqua1 are in successful operation4 ,the ,assembly already takes high rank in design and desire1 and professors1 lecturers1 readers1 singers1 helpers1 are among the very best4 ,no ,assembly in the land starts off with a more brilliant outlook1 or with such strong financial backing4 99 99 99 99 99 ,in our ,december issue we called attention to the effort being made to establish an ,assembly in ,canada1 at ,niagara4 ,the plan is developing very satisfactorily4 ,the proposition involves the acquirement from the ,dominion ,government of the piece of land known as ,paradise ,grove1 containing about eighty acres1 situated upon the bank of the ,niagara ,river just outside the town of ,niagara4 ,the company which holds the lease has signified its willingness to consent to a transfer4 ,toronto is also thoroughly aroused to the importance of the movement1 so much so that at a very largely attended public meeting called in ,february to discuss the matter the citizens pledged themselves almost unanimously to give a bonus of ten thousand dollars to the company4 ,in addition to this promises of stock subscriptions have been made of at least as much more4 ,it is easy to see that1 if carried out1 this project will prove a great boon to the old town4 ,already a large number of persons on both sides of the line have signified their intention to erect cottages and make it their summer home4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the ,chautauqua ,circle has just added a new and important branch to the many into which it is already divided4 ,this is an art 8circle10 to be called the ,chautauqua ,society of ,fine ,arts1 in which it is proposed to give lessons in drawing and painting by correspondence4 ,every branch of art will be taught1 from elementary drawing to oil-painting4 ,the plan is a thoroughly practical one1 and will be carried out in the best interests of the fine arts4 ,mr4 ,frank ,fowler has been appointed director1 and ,messrs4 ,r4 ,swain ,gifford1 ,thomas ,moran and ,will ,h4 ,low will act as a committee of award4 ,the course of study will extend over two years1 at the end of which time diplomas will be given and prizes awarded for the best work in the different classes4 ,the membership fee is fifty cents a year4 ,application for circulars and further information should be made to ,miss ,k4 ,f4 ,kimball1 ,plainfield1 ,n4 ,j4 99 99 99 99 99 ,with the fall of ,khartoum1 the death of ,general ,gordon1 the ,irish dynamiteurs and their explosions in ,london1 together with the land troubles in ,ireland1 a growing dissatisfaction with the ,gladstone ministry1 and the threatening aspect of ,russia1 ,england has enough of perplexing questions on hand to keep her ,queen1 ,ministry and ,parliament employed for an indefinite period of time4 ,to be an ,english politician to-day is to have unrivaled opportunities for strong and vigorous action4 ,apropos of the ,soudan trouble our readers will find the article by ,dr4 ,wheeler1 on ,england and ,islam1 in this impression1 both spirited and profitable reading4 99 99 99 99 99 ,roller skating is now claiming the attention of1 first1 physicians1 who seem to be divided in their verdict as to the injurious physical effects of the exercise2 second1 of clergymen and laymen in the churches1 who object to the 8rink0 on account of the associations1 quite as much as the doctors do to the skating2 third1 of economists4 ,in a railroad car bound west recently1 we overheard a conversation between two cattle drovers on the 8,roller ,rink10 one of whom held up a paper named the ,rink and ,roller1 the organ of the new sport4 ,these two men discussed the financial side of 8roller skating10 one insisting thus3 8,a boy will chop wood for seventy-five cents a day1 or work at the bench for that amount1 and then spend fifty cents in the evening for himself and girl to attend the rink2 they keep it up2 what's the good2 it is a craze40 ,rinks are being built in all our towns and cities1 but it will come to an end like every craze4 ,some will be injured physically--perhaps some will date a moral lapse to an unfortunate acquaintance made in the promiscuous company2 while all who go will spend their money4 ,what is the profit8 99 99 99 99 99 ,the venerable ,mr4 ,george ,bancroft1 having passed his eightieth birthday1 still preserves his physical vigor and looks like one of the patriarchs of ,washington4 ,his mind is active and retains its strength1 though now enjoying a much needed respite from literary work4 ,mr4 ,bancroft has finished his 8,history of the ,united ,states10 which has been a long and laborious task4 ,some new historian must appear1 who can live in the midst of political changes1 and like this great man1 preserve an impartial judgment1 as a historian1 to continue ,bancroft's standard history of the ,united ,states4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the closing act of ,president ,arthur's term of office was one of simple justice to a worthy man4 ,the following note explains it all3 ,,to ,,the ,,senate ,,of ,,the ,,united ,,states--,i nominate ,ulysses ,s4 ,grant1 formerly ,general ,commanding the armies of the ,united ,states1 to be ,general on the retired list of the army1 with full pay of such rank4 ,,chester ,a4 ,,arthur4 ,executive ,mansion1 ,march #d1 #ahhe4 ,congress had passed an act which made it possible that ,general ,grant could be placed on the retired list4 ,the ,senate by a unanimous vote confirmed the ,president's nomination4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the number of books and periodicals supported on a given subject1 is a good sign of its interest to the public4 ,following this indication we conclude that the public interest in sports and amusements is fully double what it was a year ago4 ,a tabulated statement of the publications of #ahhd1 compared with the books issued in #ahhc1 gives the works on sports in the two years as twenty-two in #ahhc to fifty-one in #ahhd4 ,this suggestive comparison is but one of many signs that we are awakening to the absolute necessity of healthful exercise1 if we would lead useful lives ourselves1 and would propagate a sturdy race4 99 99 99 99 99 ,every summer many ladies and gentlemen engaged in educational work make a vacation tour to the ,old ,world4 ,those having such intentions for the coming summer will perhaps accept a few words of advice4 ,in order to economize your time and derive the full benefit of your trip abroad1 the best thing to be done is to join a party1 the management of which is in the hands of an experienced traveler4 ,the question naturally arises1 ,where is there a party formed in which we will find most advantages for the money expended8 ,we do not hesitate in saying that we can recommend no better than ,professor de ,potter's parties1 organized each year in ,albany1 ,new ,york1 and which have the reputation of being ably conducted4 99 99 99 99 99 ,there is going on in the newspapers just now a very suggestive contest over the spelling of a word4 ,shall it be dynamiteur or ter8 ,both forms have reliable followings1 though no reasons have been advanced for either termination4 ,the word is a good example of several interesting features of word-making4 ,it illustrates how each new development in history requires a vocabulary1 and how the vocabulary is formed from the facts involved4 ,further1 the difference in the termination shows how each word must have its period of instability before usage selects the form which shall be permanent4 ,this ,irish agitation has1 by the way1 introduced several new words into the language4 99 99 99 99 99 ,we ,americans believe very firmly in ourselves4 ,but sometimes we can not help wondering if this vigorous1 athletic government of ours1 and these growing institutions1 seem to others a success4 ,it will be gratifying to read ,mr4 ,matthew ,arnold's opinion of us3 8,a people homogeneous1 a people which had to constitute itself in a modern age1 an epoch of expansion1 and which has given to itself institutions entirely fitted for such an age and epoch1 and which suit it perfectly--a people not in danger of war from without1 not in danger of revolution from within--such is the people of the ,united ,states4 ,the political and social problem we must surely allow that they solve successfully40 99 99 99 99 99 ,last year women were for the first time admitted to the ,oxford ,university examinations4 ,since they have been allowed to hear certain college lectures1 and are now finally admitted to the classes4 ,it is a surprising concession1 but it is the course of the future4 ,women in ,england have proven conclusively their ability to cope with university studies4 ,they have zealously and quietly improved each added liberty4 ,this last recognition comes as the inevitable effect of a law which works through all human affairs1 viz43 a demand creates a supply4 99 99 99 99 99 ,president ,arthur closed his term of service with the confidence and respect of the ,american people4 ,he performed the difficult task of filling the highest office in the government with prudence and ability1 when1 in fact1 he was not the choice of the people for the place1 but it fell to his lot in the order of a mysterious providence4 ,among the ,vice ,presidents who have succeeded to the presidency ,chester ,a4 ,arthur will be honored in history as a wise statesman1 faithful to the people whom he served4 ,president ,cleveland's administration is the dawn of a new political era in the country1 but we believe that he will make a safe ,president4 99 99 99 99 99 ,there has been recently organized in ,new ,york ,state a ,state ,forestry ,association4 ,president ,white1 of ,cornell ,university1 has accepted the presidency4 ,the society proposes to make a vigorous effort to arouse the people to the necessity of laws which shall preserve their forests from the lawless destruction which has robbed thousands upon thousands of acres in the ,adirondacks of their wealth of timber4 ,such a society is1 without doubt1 the only means by which a proper sentiment can be aroused4 ,the cause of the wholesale depredations has been lack of thought4 ,as one of the lumbermen put it3 8,it all comes to this--it was because there was nobody to think about it1 or do anything about it4 ,we were all busy1 and all to blame4 ,but ,i could do nothing alone1 and my neighbor could do nothing alone1 and there was nobody to set us to work together on a plan to have things better2 nobody to represent the common object4 ,why did not you come along to talk to us about it years and years ago80 99 99 99 99 99 ,a look through a railroad guide shows a list of names which are a sad criticism on our refinement4 ,think of going down to posterity as born in such a place as ,you ,bet1 ,red ,hot1 ,fair ,play1 ,muddy ,creek1 ,looking ,glass1 ,lone ,star1 or ,saw ,tooth4 ,these undignified1 ill-sounding names are very common1 and in the new portion of the country it seems to be a matter of pride to invent absurd names4 ,a gentleman who had the misfortune to reside in a town which bore one of these unmelodious names recently said to us3 8,i am actually ashamed to register myself when traveling1 as from #8,goose ,creek1' and for years ,i have had my mail sent to a town three miles away rather than endure the sight of that odious name on my letters40 ,there are ways of changing these names1 and in the interest of good taste it should be done4 99 99 99 99 99 ,in spite of the difficulties in his way1 the ,rev4 ,sheldon ,jackson has succeeded in getting into his ,industrial ,training ,school for ,indian ,boys and ,girls at ,sitka1 ,alaska4 ,not the least of these difficulties has been getting lumber for the building4 ,here is the story as he writes us3 8,since coming here last ,august1 ,i sent a crew of three ,indians in a canoe a round trip of #djj miles along the coast1 with a letter to a saw mill4 ,the trees were felled1 the logs were sawed up1 a schooner chartered to bring the lumber1 and in due time #ajj1jjj feet of lumber was rafted from the schooner on the beach1 through the surf1 carried on men's shoulders to the building site1 a three story building #acjx#ej feet in size erected1 and so far completed that we were able to move into it the first week in ,january4 ,i have also in the same time organized a church of seventy members1 of whom sixty are natives1 received on confession of faith and baptism4 ,these converts are largely the fruit of the work of ,mr4 ,austin1 one of our teachers40 99 99 99 99 99 ,the ,rev4 ,h4 ,m4 ,bacon1 ,d4,d41 pastor of the ,central ,congregational ,church1 ,toledo1 ,ohio1 in a recent article on 8,our ,english ,tongue10 in which he quotes ,richard ,grant ,white's statement in ,,the ,,chautauquan for ,december1 that 8,this modern ,english1 which is the youngest1 is also the greatest language ever spoken10 mentions several valuable confirmations of this opinion4 ,among them is the tribute of ,jacob ,grimm1 the learned ,german lexicographer1 who says3 8,in wealth1 good sense1 and closeness of structure1 no other language at this day spoken1 not even our ,german1 deserves to be compared to it0 7the ,english74 ,he also calls attention to similar opinions expressed by the late ,baron ,humboldt1 and by ,guizot1 and recalls the fact that once when the ,academy of ,berlin offered a prize for the best essay on a comparison of fourteen of the ancient and modern tongues1 the prize was awarded to a writer who had given the first place to the ,english4 99 99 99 99 99 ,on the #bc;d of ,february the ,washington ,monument was formally dedicated at ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,thirty-six years have elapsed since its corner stone was laid4 ,of the ,senate which attended the ceremonies on that occasion but nine are still living1 and since that date the most trying years of our national life have been passed4 ,though the delays in completing the work have been annoying1 now that it is complete1 it is gratifying to know that the monument is in every way worthy of its object4 ,indeed1 we have no hesitancy in pronouncing it the most beautiful structure in the nation's capital4 ,an obelisk of light gray stone1 at a distance it looks like a clearly defined cloud lying against the sky4 ,its great height 7#eee feet7 is not realized1 so perfect is the proportion4 ,the location of the monument has been criticised4 ,it stands on a ,government reservation1 adjacent to the ,potomac ,river1 and directly facing the ,capitol4 ,the land is low1 and many believe it was a serious mistake not to have placed the obelisk on ,capitol ,hill4 ,we can not agree with them4 ,the advantage of having the monument on public grounds1 where the view of the entire shaft will never be obstructed1 is much greater than a higher location with an obstructed view would have been4 ,then1 too1 this site was one approved by ,washington himself for a monument which1 in #aghc1 the ,continental ,congress voted to be erected to him4 ,of course 8going to the top0 is1 and will be1 one of the chief features of sight seeing in ,washington4 ,every half hour the steam elevator in the monument carries a crowded load to the top1 allowing them ten minutes for looking around before the descent4 ,the stairway is not yet open to the public1 and even if it were most people would hesitate before undertaking to mount its #ijj steps4 ,the interior of the shaft is lighted by incandescent electric lights4 ,not the least interesting feature of the monument is the number of marble tablets presented by different states and institutions1 and which are being inserted in the inside walls4 ,several of these have considerable artistic and historic value4 ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 ,,notes ,,on ,,required ,,readings ,,for ,,april4 ,,short ,,history ,,of ,,the ,,reformation4 ,there is so much reading on the ,reformation1 and it is so well known and easily accessible that it seems almost unnecessary to give a list of supplementary readings4 ,but among so many books it is hard to choose1 so we append the names of a few1 thinking we may perhaps help some to decide what to read4 ,in order to enjoy this little 8,history of the ,reformation0 in the required course1 one ought to read many larger ones4 8,history of the ,reformation40 ,by ,g4 ,p4 ,fisher4 #c4jj2 ,d',aubigne's 8,history of the ,reformation20 ,burnet's 8,reformation in ,england20 8,history of the ,christian ,church40 ,by ,w4 ,w4 ,blackburn4 #b4ej2 ,motley's 8,rise of the ,dutch ,republic40 #f4jj2 8,protestantism40 ,by ,de ,quincy4 8,short ,studies40 ,by ,j4 ,a4 ,froude4 8,history of the ,rise of the ,huguenots40 ,by ,henry ,m4 ,baird4 #c4ej2 8,john ,knox40 ,by ,thomas ,mc,crie4 #b4jj2 8,martin ,luther and his ,work40 ,by ,j4 ,h4 ,treadwell4 #a4jj2 8,the ,massacre of ,st4 ,bartholomew40 ,by ,henry ,white4 #a4ge2 8,schnberg-,cotta ,family40 ,by ,mrs4 ,charles4 #a4jj2 8,the ,martyrs of ,spain40 ,by ,mrs4 ,charles4 #a4jj2 8,savonarola40 ,by ,w4 ,r4 ,clarke4 #a4ej2 8,romola40 ,by ,george ,eliot4 7,treats of the times of ,savonarola72 8,christians and ,moors of ,spain40 ,by ,miss ,yonge4 #a4be4 ,p4 #c4--8;,council of ,constance40 ,a council of the ,roman ,catholic ,church1 opened in #adad1 and closed in #adah4 ,in its earlier sessions the doctrines of ,wycliffe were examined and condemned4 ,john ,huss was also condemned and executed1 as was ,jerome1 of ,prague4 ,the council was called to consider measures to remedy the division arising in the church from the long residence of the popes at ,avignon1 and the consequent desire on the part of the ,french for a national church4 ,see page #hi in the 8,short ,history40 8,julian1 the ,apostate40 7#cca-cfc47 ,a ,roman emperor1 the nephew of ,constantine the ,great4 ,immediately upon his accession he openly avowed his abandonment of ,christianity1 but he published an edict which granted perfect liberty to all sects and all religions4 ,he1 however1 excluded ,christians from civil and military offices1 and compelled them to contribute toward sustaining pagan temples4 ,he permitted the ,jews to rebuild their temple at ,jerusalem1 and published a large volume against ,christianity4 ,p4 #d4--8,medici10 mde-che4 ,a distinguished ,florentine family appearing in history since the close of the thirteenth century4 ,p4 #e4--8;d',ailly10 dye2 8,john ,chartier ,gerson10 shr-te- zhair-so4 ,p4 #f4--8,nicholas ,clmanges10 cl-manj2 8,gallican ,church40 ,the name given to the ,catholic ,church in ,france4 8,father ,hyacinthe40 ,charles ,loyson1 a ,french pulpit orator1 born in #ahbg4 ,at the age of twenty-two he was ordained a priest4 ,he was highly educated4 ,suspicions as to his doctrines were awakened1 and he was summoned to appear before the pope1 but cleared himself4 ,shortly after some speeches of his gave offense1 and he was ordered to change his manner or be quiet1 but he paid no heed4 ,he was soon forbidden to preach1 and threatened with excommunication4 ,in #ahfi he visited ,america1 where he was warmly welcomed by many ,protestants1 but he declared he had no intention of leaving the ,catholic ,church4 ,he protested against the doctrine of the pope's infallibility1 and defended the right of the clergy to marry4 ,in #ahgj1 on his return to ,france1 the pope relieved him of his monastic vows1 and he became a secular priest4 ,in #ahgb he was married to an ,american lady4 ,he is now pastor of a church in ,paris1 a sort of independent ,catholic church4 ,p4 #g4--8;,huguenots10 hg-nots4 ,the name applied to the ,french ,reformers4 ,its origin is uncertain1 some asserting that it was derived from one of the gates of the city of ,tours1 named ,hugons1 where the ,protestants held their first assemblies4 ,others say it came from the name of their first leader1 ,hugues4 ,p4 #h4--8;,dominican ,order40 ,an order founded by ,st4 ,dominic1 in #abaf2 8,john ,ruysbroek10 roisbrek4 ,p4 #ab4--8,wittenberg10 vitten-bairg4 ,a town in ,prussia1 in which there is an immense bronze statue of ,luther1 and not far from it one of ,melancthon4 ,it is the seat of a great university4 8,st4 ,victor40 ,a monastery in ,paris4 ,p4 #ac4--8,origen40 7#ahe-bec47 ,one of the fathers of the church1 noted for his unwearied diligence and life of self-denial4 ,for two years1 during the persecution under ,maximin1 he lay concealed in a friend's house1 and here wrote his 8,hexapla40 ,in the ,decian persecution he was imprisoned and subjected to extreme torture4 ,many of his valuable writings have been lost4 8,alexandrian school40 ,a name applied to the philosophers of ,alexandria in the second century4 ,it aimed to harmonize all philosophy and all religion4 ,p4 #ad4--8,thomas ,kempis4 7#acgi-adga47 ,a ,german writer1 a prior in the monastery of ,mount ,st4 ,agnes4 8,kaisersheim10 kzers-hme2 8,rheinfeld10 rnefelt2 8,pfaffenheim10 pffen-hime4 ,p4 #ag4--8;,boccaccio10 bok-katcho4 7#acac-acge47 ,an ,italian novelist1 and friend of ,petrarch2 8,chrysoloras10 kris-o-loras4 ,p4 #ah4--8,pa-l-olo-gus20 8,bes-sri-on40 ,p4 #ai4--8;,argyropylus10 ar-ghe-ropoo-los2 8,lasca-ris20 8,chalkondylas10 kal-konde-las2 8,gemistus ,pletho10 je-mistus pletho2 8,moschopylus10 mos-kopy-lus2 8,gasperinus10 gs-p-reenus2 8,aurispa10 ow-rsp2 8,poggius10 pojus2 8,perothes10 per-ts2 8,politianus10 po-lish-nus4 ,p4 #bj4--8;,hierarch40 ,one who rules or has authority in sacred things4 ,p4 #ba4--8,vulgate ,bible40 ,one of the oldest ,latin versions of the ,scriptures4 ,so called from its common use in the church4 ,the ,catholic ,church claims this to be the only authentic translation4 8,guizot10 gz4 7#aghg-ahgd47 ,a ,french historian4 8,reuchlin10 roiklin4 7#adee-aebb47 ,p4 #bc4--8;,bordeaux10 bor-d2 8,avignon10 -v-nyo4 ,p4 #bg4--8;,eisleben10 icela-ben4 ,p4 #bh4--8;,eisenach10 zen-nk4 ,p4 #cj4--8,scala ,santa10 sacred staircase4 ,a staircase in the church and palace of the ,lateran1 so called because ,christ was said to have ascended and descended it4 ,this magnificent building was used as the residence of the popes1 from #cab till their removal to ,avignon in #acji4 ,the staircase1 according to tradition1 belonged to the house of ,pilate1 and was brought to ,rome by the mother of ,constantine4 ,it is composed of twenty-eight marble steps1 which have been covered by order of the popes with a casing of wood4 ,the wood has several times had to be replaced1 having been worn through by the knees of ascending pilgrims4 ,this staircase was preserved from the fire which destroyed the building in #acjh4 ,the ,lateran was rebuilt1 to be again burned in #acfj4 ,it was restored in #acfd1 and completely modernized in #aeei4 ,this church has always been the cathedral of the bishops of ,rome1 and takes precedence of all other churches in the ,catholic world4 ,p4 #cb4--8,schlosskirche10 schluskeer-ka4 ,the church belonging to a castle2 8,mos-cella-nus40 ,p4 #cc4--8;,bull40 ,an edict of the pope1 sent to the churches over which he is head1 containing some decree or decision4 8,hapsburg40 ,originally a castle in ,switzerland4 ,it gave its name to the imperial house of ,austria4 ,p4 #ce4--8;,frederick the ,wise40 ,frederick ,,iii41 elector of ,saxony4 ,p4 #cg4--8,zwickaw10 tswikkow4 ,a city in ,saxony4 ,p4 #dc4--8;,augsburg ,confession40 ,the first ,protestant confession of faith4 8,convention at ,smalcald10 smlklt4 ,a confederation of the ,protestants held in #aeca1 in which they were secretly aided by ,england and ,france4 ,p4 #de4--8,melancthon10 me-lankthon2 8,pforzheim10 pfortshime2 8,tbing-en20 8colampadius10 ko-lm-pd-us4 8,terence40 7,b4 ,c4 #aie-aei47 ,a ,roman comic poet4 ,p4 #ej4--8,ulrich von ,hutten10 oolrik fon hooten2 8,si-kingen20 8,cranach10 krnk4 ,p4 #ea4--8,zwingle10 tswingle4 ,p4 #eb4--8,wittenbach10 vitten-bk2 8,glarus10 glroos4 ,a canton of ,switzerland2 8,einsiedeln10 neze-deln4 ,p4 #ec4--8,mariolatry10 m-r-ola-try4 ,the worship of the ,virgin ,mary4 ,p4 #ed4--8;,helvetic ,confession40 ,this differed materially from the ,lutheran only in holding that ,christ was not bodily present in the eucharist4 ,p4 #eg4--8,viret10 v-r2 8,froment10 fr-mo2 8,farel10 f-rel4 ,p4 #eh4--8;,bourges10 boorzh2 8,angoulme10 a-goo-laim4 8,psychopannychia10 s-k-pan-niki-a4 ,p4 #ei4--8,tillet10 til-l2 8,martianus ,lucanius10 mar-she-nus lu-cani-us2 8,courault10 coo-r4 ,p4 #fa4--8,neuenburg10 noien-boorg4 ,a town in ,germany4 ,p4 #fb4--8;,bucer10 bootser4 7#adia-aeea47 ,p4 #fd4--8,lausanne10 l-zan4 ,p4 #ff4--8;,archbishop of ,canterbury40 ,this archbishop is the primate or ruling officer in the national ,church of ,england1 the first peer of the realm1 and member of the privy council4 ,it is he who places the crown upon the king4 ,p4 #fg4--8,lambeth ,palace40 ,the town residence of the ,archbishop of ,canterbury4 ,it stands on the ,thames ,river1 and is surrounded by gardens twelve acres in extent4 ,p4 #fh4--8,ochino10 o-kno2 8,fagius10 fge-os2 8,anne ,boleyn10 ann bullen4 ,p4 #gb4--8;,froschover10 frosho-vair4 ,p4 #gh4--8;,act of ,uniformity40 ,an act enforcing observance of the ,english ,church service4 ,severe penalties were enforced against any one who should conduct religious service in any other way than that prescribed by the ,book of ,common ,prayer4 ,p4 #hj4--8;,cardinal ,beatoun10 btun4 ,usually written ,beaton4 7#adid-aedf47 ,a persecutor of the ,protestants4 ,on the death of ,king ,james1 he conceived the idea of seizing the government1 and forged a will of the king's1 naming himself as successor1 but he was prevented from carrying out his plan and was imprisoned for a time4 ,he was shortly afterward restablished in his ecclesiastical administration4 ,his enemies seeing no release from his terrible persecutions put him to death4 ,p4 #hd4--8;,gerard ,groot10 j-rard grt2 8,florentius ,radewin10 flo-ronshe-us rde-win2 8,herzogenbusch10 hairts-gen-boosh4 ,p4 #he4--8,yuste10 yoost4 8,inquisition40 ,this was a court established for the purpose of examining and punishing heretics4 ,p4 #hg4--,luther's doctrine concerning the will was that it has no 8positive ability in the work of salvation1 but has the negative ability of ceasing its resistance under the general influence of the ,spirit in the ,word and ,sacraments40 ,p4 #hh4--8,momus40 ,in ,greek mythology the god of mockery and censure4 ,he is represented as raising a mask from his face4 ,p4 #hi4--8,vaudois10 vo-dw4 ,p4 #ij4--8,sorbonne10 sor-bun4 ,a school of theology in ,paris1 founded in #abec1 by ,robert de ,sorbonne1 whence its name4 ,the members were divided into fellows and commoners4 ,the former were selected for their eminent learning1 and took the position of teachers4 ,the commoners were chosen from among those receiving instruction1 after a severe ordeal1 and were supported by the college1 but had no voice in its government4 ,they ceased to be members when they graduated as doctors4 ,no member of any religious body was allowed to enter this order4 ,the large lecture halls of the institution were opened free of all charges1 to all poor students1 and the professors were directed never to refuse instruction to such4 ,students who had money were required to pay regular fees4 ,the school was without a rival all through the ,middle ,ages4 ,its controlling power was felt everywhere4 ,it was frequently appealed to in disputes between the civil power and the papacy4 ,it opposed the claims of ,henry ,,viii4 for a divorce from ,catharine2 condemned the doctrines of ,luther and other reformers1 and declared that ,henry ,,iii4 had forfeited his crown4 ,it was suppressed in #aghi1 and its buildings are now used by the ,university of ,france4 8,meaux10 m2 8,angers10 -zh2 8,poictiers10 pw-ty4 ,p4 #ia4--8;,gallic ,confession40 ,this was essentially ,calvinistic in its import1 as were also the system of government and method of discipline adopted4 ,they were1 however1 modified somewhat1 to suit a church--not like that at ,geneva1 in union with the state1 but antagonistic to it4 8,bourbons40 ,this line of kings in ,france began with ,henry ,,iv4 ,six of his descendants in direct line occupied the throne after him4 ,the ,louises ,,xiii41 ,,xiv41 ,,xv41 ,,xvi41 ,,xviii41 and ,charles ,x4 ,the last representative of this line was the ,count de ,chambord1 who died in #ahhc4 ,there is a younger branch known as the ,orleans branch4 8,guises10 gheez4 ,a branch of the ducal family of ,loraine1 which took a prominent part in the civil and religious wars in ,france4 ,p4 #ie4--8,s-vo-n-rol10 8,brescia10 brsha4 ,p4 #ih4--8;,chardon de la ,rocette10 shar-do d l rh-sht2 8,brucioli10 broo-cholee2 8,marmochini10 mar-mo-keenee2 8,teofilo10 t-o-feelo4 ,p4 #ii4--8,mauricha10 m-rka2 8,della ,rovere10 dell r-vr2 8,cherbina10 sher-beena2 8,gonzago10 gon-zg2 8,ca-raffa20 8,paschali10 pas-cale4 ,p4 #ajj4--8,paolo di ,colli10 p-olo d collee2 8,gratarole10 grt--rlee2 8,cor-rdo20 8,teglio10 tgl-o4 ,p4 #ajc4--8,vives10 vvace2 8,ponce de la ,fuente10 pnth d l fwent2 8,enzinas10 en-znas2 8,valladolid10 vl-y-d-leed2 8,varelo10 v-rlo2 8gidius10 -gid-us4 ,p4 #ajd4--8;,hernandez10 her-nand2 8,boborguez10 b-borg4 ,p4 #aaj4--8;,cyriace10 si-r-see4 ,p4 #aaf4--8;,dollinger10 dolling-er4 ,a learned ,catholic theologian1 born at ,bamberg1 in #agii4 ,he has published a church history1 and several other works4 ,,chemistry4 ,p4 #afi4--,the formula 7,n,o7 shows that two atoms of nitrogen have united with two atoms of oxygen to form a molecule of nitrogen di-oxide4 ,the formula ,cu 7,,no7 shows that one atom of copper has united with two molecules1 each composed of one atom of nitrogen and three atoms of oxygen1 to form one molecule of cupric nitrate4 ,in like manner ,fe 7,,no7 indicates that two atoms of iron have united with six molecules1 each composed of one atom of nitrogen and three atoms of oxygen1 to form one molecule of ferric nitrate4 ,p4 #agc4--8,refractive power0 of water4 ,when a ray of light strikes the surface of a new medium1 a portion of it is turned out of its original course or refracted4 ,this gives rise to some well-known effects4 ,when any object is placed in water and viewed obliquely it looks to be nearer the surface than it is1 because the light in passing from the denser medium takes a direction more inclined to the horizontal1 and an object always appears directly in line with the ray of light entering the eye4 ,p4 #agh4--8;,crcy10 kresse4 ,this battle took place ,august #bf1 #acdf1 between the ,english under ,edward ,,iii4 and the ,french under ,philip ,,vi4 ,it is said that ,edward had six pieces of artillery4 ,artillery had probably not been used in the field before this time4 ,p4 #ahb4--8,trini-tro-cllu-lose40 ,p4 #ahe4--8,mont ,cenis10 m sh-n4 ,this tunnel under the ,alps is in reality some sixteen miles from ,mont ,cenis1 whose name it bears4 ,the first mine was fired in #aheg1 and for four years the piercing was done by hand2 the need of a quicker method led to the invention of a machine drill--a perforating machine worked by compressed air4 ,the work was carried on by day and night1 from both sides of the mountains1 until the two bodies of workmen met1 ,december #bf1 #ahgj4 ,the tunnel was opened for railway travel ,september #ag1 #ahga4 ,its length is nearly eight miles1 and the cost of the tunnel was #ae1jjj1jjj4 8,st4 ,gothard40 ,this tunnel is also through the ,alps4 ,the length is nine and one fourth miles4 ,its construction was begun in #ahgb1 and it was completed in eight years4 ,p4 #ahi4--8,phosphorus ne-crosis40 ,the latter term is derived from a ,greek word1 meaning to make dead1 to mortify1 and is a disease which attacks bony tissues1 as gangrene effects the soft parts4 8,the acid fumes thrown off from phosphorus in the various processes of making matches1 frequently cause among the people employed a terrible disease1 which attacks the teeth and jaws4''' ,its natural course is to rot the entire jaw bone away40 ,p4 #aij4--8;,al-ltro-psm40 ,dana says allotropism is 8the property of existing in two or more conditions which are distinct in their physical or chemical relations4 ,thus1 carbon occurs crystallized in octahedron1 and other related forms1 in a state of extreme hardness1 in the diamond2 it occurs in hexagonal forms1 and of little hardness1 in black lead2 and again occurs in a third form1 with entire softness1 in lamp-black and charcoal4 ,in some cases one of these is peculiarly an active state1 and the others a passive one4 ,thus1 ozone is an active state of oxygen1 and is distinct from ordinary oxygen1 which is the element in its passive state40 ,p4 #aid4--8;,chemicking10 kemik-ing4 ,p4 #bjc4--,translation of ,french sentence3 8,this last virtue ,i believe it still to possess1 if the husband is rich enough to buy the jewel which his wife is ambitious to own40 ,p4 #bag4--8;,boussingault10 boosngo2 ,jean ,baptiste4 ,a noted ,french chemist of this century4 ,,notes ,,on ,,required ,,readings ,,in 8,,the ,,chautauquan40 ,,aristotle4 #a4 8,schoolmen40 ,philosophers and divines who in the middle ages adopted the principles of ,aristotle and dwelt much upon abstract speculation4 ,scholasticism was a philosophy of dogmas4 8,its elements were doctrines which the authority of the church made indisputable10 and which were looked upon as absolute truth4 ,facts in nature were set aside and an artificial1 logical scheme developed4 ,scholiasts thought experiment only fit to follow and illustrate theories4 #b4 8,haroun-al-,raschid10 ,aaron the ,just4 7#gfe-hji47 ,the caliph who raised ,bagdad to its greatest splendor1 and whose reign was looked upon as the golden era of the ,mohammedan nation4 ,he reigned twenty-three years and performed the pilgrimage to ,mecca nine times4 ,he is famous as the hero of the ,arabian tales4 ,tennyson wrote of him in his 8,recollections of ,arabian ,nights40 #c4 8,ex post facto40 ,a ,latin expression1 meaning an after act or thing done afterward4 ,an ex post facto law is a law enacted after the commission of a crime1 for the purpose of being enforced upon the person having committed the crime1 who could not be held a criminal1 or at least a criminal in the same degree1 until after the enaction of the law4 ,all such laws are forbidden by the constitution of the ,united ,states4 #d4 ,transcriber's ,note3 ,this note 7presumably 8,hypolais407 was omitted in the original4 ,hippolais is a scientific genus of tree warblers4 ,,chemistry4 ,,errata4--,a few typographical errors in articles of this series have escaped correction4 ,page #bed1 change 8#cjj1jjj1jjj0 to #c1jjj1jjj2 for 8alcohol10 thirty-third line1 page #cbe1 substitute paraffine2 same page1 eighth line1 second column1 use not for 8but20 in 8experiment10 same column1 use heat for 8sensation10 and in next to the last line of the article change 8topics0 to optics4--,prof4 ,j4 ,t4 ,edwards4 #a4 8,geysers10 gsers4 ,intermittent hot springs1 found in different parts of the world4 ,those of ,iceland are the best known4 ,more than one hundred of these springs are there found1 within a space of two miles4 ,the geysers of the ,yellowstone are the most wonderful ever discovered4 ,the country lying between latitude #dc and #dg north1 and longitude #aaj and #aad west1 is dotted with groups of springs4 ,some of them1 when in action1 send up columns of water to a height of #bjj feet4 #b4 8,hugh ,miller40 7#ahjb-ahef47 ,a ,british geologist4 ,he was by trade a stone mason1 but he devoted all his leisure hours to study4 ,soon 8detecting the wonders of the fossil world0 in the quarries in which he worked1 he made them the special subject of his thought1 and soon became an eminent geologist4 ,he published many works1 most of them bearing on this subject4 ,he worked so incessantly1 taking little sleep or exercise1 that his mind was on the verge of giving way4 ,realizing this with terror1 he took his own life4 ,a note left for his wife read as follows3 8,a fearful dream rises upon me4 ,i can not bear the horrible thought40 ,the old red sandstone is the name given to the rock in ,great ,britain formed in the ,devonian age1 or age of fishes4 ,its thickness is in some parts #h1jjj to #aj1jjj feet4 ,it includes sandstone1 marlytes of red and other colors1 and some limestone4 ,the sandstone of the ,triassic period1 which includes the latest formations of the earth's crust1 is also characterized by fossils1 and is often red in color2 hence the name1 new red sandstone1 has been applied to it4 #c4 8,dr4 ,hitchcock40 7#agic-ahfd47 ,an ,american geologist and author4 #d4 8,minute animals40 ,the carbonate of lime which is found in rocks is most of it formed directly of shells1 corals1 and other animal remains4 ,these little creatures take their stony-like structures from the water or from their food through the power of secretion1 just as man forms his bones1 and after their death they are given over to be made into rocks4 ,the great extent and thickness of the limestone rocks of the earth give some idea of the amount of life that flourished there in past time4 #e4 8,anhydride40 ,for definition see 8,chemistry10 page #aea4 #f4 8,old ,stone ,mill40 ,it is asserted by some antiquaries that this structure was built by the ,northmen1 #ejj years before ,columbus landed on these shores4 ,its purpose1 as well as its origin1 has been a theme of much discussion4 ,its present appearance is that of a large round tower overgrown with vines4 #g4 8,the ,stone age40 ,one of the divisions of prehistoric time4 ,in this age men were not acquainted with the use of metal and fashioned their rude implements exclusively out of stone4 #h4 8,ceramic10 se-ramic4 #i4 8,cesnola collection40 ,cesnola was an ,american soldier and archological explorer1 born in ,italy in #ahcb4 ,he served in the ,crimean war1 and in the civil war1 was for a long time in ,libby ,prison4 ,at the close of the war he was sent as consul to ,cyprus4 ,having his attention attracted by some fragments of terra cotta and some coins1 he began making excavations in search of relics4 ,he met with such rewards that he continued his work for three years1 employing hundreds of men4 ,among his discoveries were statues1 lamps1 vases1 coins1 glassware1 gold ornaments1 bronzes1 and inscriptions1 in all about #ac1jjj articles4 ,this remarkable collection is now in the ,metropolitan ,museum of ,art in ,new ,york4 #aj4 8,the mound builders40 ,the race of people found in ,america by its first settlers had clearly been preceded by a race of higher type and attainments4 ,relics proving this have been discovered throughout the ,mississippi valley4 ,earthworks are their principal testimony1 of which many thousands have been found in ,ohio alone4 ,these mounds vary in size and shape1 but are always regularly formed1 sometimes being square1 sometimes round1 hexagonal1 octagonal1 or truncated4 ,they are ascended by spiral paths1 and frequently contain skeletons4 ,sometimes the earthworks are thrown up so as to represent in outline men and animals1 and appear as huge 8bas-reliefs on the surface of the ground40 #aa4 8,humboldt10 ,baron von4 7#agfi-ahei47 ,a ,german naturalist1 the most distinguished scholar of the nineteenth century4 ,after a thorough education1 under the best masters in different universities1 he determined to devote himself to finance as a business1 and familiarized himself with everything pertaining to this calling4 ,he changed his career and wished to engage in practical mining4 ,and again he went through with a full preparation for this work4 ,he was sent to explore several mining districts1 and made many experiments to discover the nature of fire-damp4 ,later he made a great scientific expedition which only led the way to others1 until he had visited as a scientist almost every land4 ,he is distinguished for the comprehensiveness of his researches4 ,during his travels he made astronomical1 botanical and magnetic researches1 measured elevations1 investigated the nature of the soil1 and the thermometrical relations2 he also collected herbariums1 and founded the new science of the geography of plants4 ,of his numerous published works1 8,kosmos0 has perhaps attracted public attention most widely4 ,it has been without an equal in giving an impulse to natural studies4 #ab4 8,lord ,lytton10 ,sir ,edward ,george4 ,earle ,lytton1 son of ,general ,william ,earle ,bulwer1 born in #ahje4 ,upon his succeeding to the vast estates of his mother1 the heiress of the ,lyttons1 he by royal license assumed this name1 writing it after his own4 ,he is the author of several works1 mostly of fiction4 ,,the ,,circle ,,of ,,the ,,sciences4 #a4 8,syllogism40 ,every argument1 to be valid1 must be placed in regular logical form1 which consists of three propositions1 two called the premises1 and the third the conclusion4 ,the conclusion follows from the premises1 so that if the former are true1 the conclusion must be4 ,for example3 ,major premise--,it was not lawful to scourge a ,roman citizen2 minor premise--,paul was a ,roman citizen2 conclusion--,therefore1 it was not lawful to scourge ,paul4 #b4 8,dr4 ,porter40 ,an ,american scholar and author1 born in #ahaa4 ,the eleventh president of ,yale ,college4 #c4 8,ruskin10 ,john4 7#ahai-47 ,an ,english author4 ,he has given much attention to the study of art1 many of his numerous books being written on that subject4 #d4 8,utopia40 ,see ,,the ,,chautauquan for ,february1 #ahhe4 #e4 8,campanella40 7#aefh-afci47 ,an ,italian philosopher4 ,he was suspected of joining a conspiracy against the ,spanish government1 was put to the rack1 and finally imprisoned in ,spain4 ,later he was transferred to the inquisition at ,rome4 ,on gaining his liberty he went to ,france4 ,he was famous for undermining other systems of philosophy rather than for establishing one of his own4 #f4 8,owen10 ,robert4 7#agga-aheh47 ,an ,english social reformer4 ,he lived for a few years in ,scotland1 where he advocated his theory of communism1 an absolute equality in all rights and duties4 ,by the aid of his large fortune he was enabled to distribute great numbers of tracts explaining his views1 and these soon won him a large following4 ,he was1 however1 opposed and attacked on all sides4 ,in #ahbc he came to the ,united ,states1 bought #bj1jjj acres of land in ,indiana1 intending to found his community there1 but the scheme proved a failure and he returned to ,england4 ,he spent the rest of his life as a traveler1 advocating his views both by his books and public lecturing4 #g4 8,fourier10 7foo-ri-7 ,charles4 7#aggb-ahcg47 ,a ,french writer on social science4 ,,sunday ,,readings4 #a4 8,thebes and ,luxor40 ,thebes was a celebrated ,egyptian city1 formerly the capital of ,upper ,egypt4 ,its ruins are among the most magnificent in the world1 and comprise what form now nine villages1 among which ,luxor is one4 ,the large and costly palaces of the ,luxor quarter were founded by ,amenophis ,,iii41 and from here was taken the obelisk which stands in ,place de la ,concorde in ,paris4 #b4 8,archbishop ,whately40 7#aghg-ahfc47 ,an ,english prelate4 ,he was for some years a professor at ,oxford1 and in #ahca was consecrated archbishop of ,dublin4 ,he was the author of many important works4 #c4 8,pal-o-cosmic40 ,pertaining to the ancient universe4 #d4 8,old ,man of ,cromagnon40 8,in the ,reliqui ,aquitanic1 by ,messrs4 ,lartet and ,christy1 there is a full account of the archology of the old ,stone age1 as exhibited in the south of ,france1 especially in the caves in the valley of ,cro-,magnon4 ''' ,bones of the reindeer are abundant1 and the co-existence of man with this animal in latitudes so much lower than its present habitat implies a certain degree of elevation above savages1 as not only food1 clothing and implements1 but materials for ornamentation were obtained from it4 ,the domestic economy of these earlier races is shown by their hearths1 boiling stones1 rough hammers1 and hollow1 dish-like pebbles4 ''' ,m4 ,pruner-,bey1 from the examination of skeletons found in the cave of ,cro-,magnon maintains that the crania of the reindeer age belong to a double series1 one approaching the ,lapp and the other the ,finn of the present day4 ,he concludes that they had massive bones1 long1 flat feet1 comparatively short arms and long forearms1 with powerful muscles1 greatly developed jaws1 widely opened nostrils1 and were of unbridled passions40 ,,animal ,,biology4 ,,pronunciation ,,of ,,names ,,in ,,table4 ,pro-to-zoa1 mo-nera1 greg-a-rini-da1 rhiz-opo-da1 in-fu-sri-a1 spon-gda1 c7k7lente-r-ta1 hy-dro-zoa1 an-tho-zoa1 mad-re-pora1 porites1 tubi-pra1 cor-ralle-um1 rubrum1 cte7te7-nopho-ra1 e-chin7kin7o-derma-ta1 cr-noide-a1 as-ter-oide-a1 e-chen7ken7-oide-a1 holo-thu-roide-a1 verms1 ro-tife-ra1 pol-y-zoa1 brach7brak7-i-opo-da1 an-neli-d1 mol-lusca1 la-melle-bran7g7-chi7ki7-ta1 gas-ter-opo-da1 ceph7sef7-a-lopo-da1 ar-ticu-lta1 crus-tac7se7-a1 a-rach7rak7-ni-da1 myr-i-opo-da1 tu-ni-cta1 ver-te-brta1 pis-cs7ss71 avs4 #a4 8,amba40 ,this little animal is known to microscopists under the name of proteus1 from the rapid and continuous changes of shapes which it presents to their notice4 #b4 8,tentacles40 ,processes usually slender and thread-like1 proceeding from the head of invertebrate animals1 such as insects1 snails and crabs1 being used for the purpose of feeling1 prehension or motion4 #c4 8,oviparous40 ,an adjective applied to all animals which produce eggs1 as distinguished from viviparous1 producing young in the living state4 #d4 8,ganglia40 ,collections of nerve cells1 from which nerve fibers are given off in different directions4 ,they are thought to be the organs in which all action originates4 #e4 8,ventral surface40 ,the surface of the body opposite the back4 ,the back is called the dorsal surface4 #f4 8,medul-la-ry40 ,consisting of marrow4 ,the fibrous nervous matter of the brain contains nerve tubes1 within which is a layer of thick1 fluid1 highly refractive matter1 called the medullary layer4 ,,paragraphs ,,from ,,new ,,books4 ,,portraits ,,from ,,carlyle4--,if ,carlyle had taken to the brush instead of to the pen he would probably have left a gallery of portraits such as this century has not seen4 ,in his letters and journals1 reminiscences1 etc41 for him to mention a man is to describe his face1 and with what graphic pen and ink sketches they abound4 ,let me extract a few of them4 ,here is ,rousseau's face1 from 8,heroes and ,hero ,worship30 8,a high but narrow contracted intensity in it2 bony brows2 deep1 straight-set eyes1 in which there is something bewildered looking--bewildered1 peering with lynx-eagerness--a face full of misery1 even ignoble misery1 and also of an antagonism against that2 something mean1 plebeian there1 redeemed only by intensity3 the face of what is called a fanatic--a sadly contracted hero6'''0 ,here we have ,dickens in #ahdj3 8,clear-blue1 intelligent eyes2 eyebrows that he arches amazingly2 large1 protrusive1 rather loose mouth2 a face of most extreme mobility1 which he shuttles about--eyebrows1 eyes1 mouth1 and all--in a very singular manner while speaking4 ,surmount this with a loose coil of common-colored hair1 and set it on a small1 compact figure1 very small1 and dressed la ,d',orsay rather than well--this is ,pickwick40 ,here is a glimpse of ,grote1 the historian of ,greece3 8,a man with straight upper lip1 large chin1 and open mouth 7spout mouth72 for the rest1 a tall man1 with dull1 thoughtful brows and lank1 disheveled hair1 greatly the look of a prosperous ,dissenting minister40 ,in telling ,emerson whom he shall see in ,london1 he says3 8,southey's complexion is still healthy mahogany brown1 with a fleece of white hair1 and eyes that seem running at full gallop2 old ,rogers1 with his pale head1 white1 bare1 and cold as snow1 with those large blue eyes1 cruel1 sorrowful1 and that sardonic shelf chin40 ,in another letter he draws this portrait of ,webster3 8,as a logic-fencer1 advocate1 or parliamentary ,hercules1 one would incline to back him1 at first sight1 against all the extant world4 ,the tanned complexion2 that amorphous1 crag-like face2 the dull black eyes under their precipice of brows1 like dull anthracite furnaces1 needing only to be blown2 the mastiff mouth1 accurately closed2 ,i have not traced as much of silent ,berserkir rage1 that ,i remember of1 in any other man40--,from ,john ,burroughs's 8,fresh ,fields40 99 99 99 99 99 ,,scott ,,at ,,work4--,i never can forget the description ,sir ,adam ,fergusson gave me of a morning he had passed with ,scott at ,abbottsford1 which at that time was still unfinished1 and swarming with carpenters1 painters1 masons1 and bricklayers1 was surrounded with all the dirt and disorderly discomfort inseparable from the process of house-building4 ,the room they sat in was in the roughest condition which admitted of their occupying it at all2 the raw1 new chimney smoked intolerably4 ,out-of-doors the whole place was one chaos of bricks1 mortar1 scaffolding1 tiles1 and slates4 ,a heavy mist shrouded the whole landscape of lovely ,tweed side1 and distilled in a cold1 persistent and dumb drizzle4 ,maida1 the well beloved stag-hound1 kept fidgeting in and out of the room4 ,walter ,scott every five minutes exclaiming1 8,eh1 ,adam6 the puir beast's just wearying to get out20 or1 8,eh1 ,adam6 the puir creature's just crying to come in20 when ,sir ,adam would open the door to the raw1 chilly air for the wet1 muddy hound's exit or entrance1 while ,scott with his face swollen with a grievous toothache1 and one hand pressed hard to his cheek1 with the other was writing the inimitably humorous opening chapters of 8,the ,antiquary10 which he passed across the table1 sheet by sheet1 to his friend1 saying1 8,now1 ,adam1 d'ye think that will do80 ,such a picture of mental triumph over outward circumstances has surely seldom been surpassed4 ,house-builders1 smoky chimney1 damp draughts1 restless1 dripping dog1 and toothache form what our friend ,miss ,masson called a 8concatenation of exteriorities10 little favorable to literary composition of any sort2 but considered as accompaniments or inspiration of that delightfully comical beginning of 8,the ,antiquary10 they are all but incredible4--,from ,mason's 8,traits of ,british ,authors40 99 99 99 99 99 ,,paradise ,,found4--,could it once be proven that the ,arctic terminus of the earth has always been the ice-bound region that it is1 and which for thousands of years it has been1 it would of course be useless to entertain for a moment the hypothesis that the cradle of the human race was there located4 ,probably the popular impression that from the beginning of the world the far ,north has been the region of unendurable cold has been one of the chief reasons why our hypothesis is so late in claiming attention4 ,at the present time1 however1 so far as this difficulty is concerned1 scientific studies have abundantly prepared the way for the new theory4 ,that the earth is a slowly cooling body is a doctrine now all but universally accepted4 ,in saying this we say nothing for or against the so-called nebular hypothesis of the origin of the world1 for both friends and foes of this unproven hypothesis believe in what is termed the secular cooling or refrigeration of the earth4 ,all authorities in this field hold and teach that the time was when the slowly solidifying planet was too hot to support any form of life1 and that only in some particular time in the cooling process was there a temperature reached which was adapted to the necessities of living things4 ,on what portion of the earth's surface1 now1 would this temperature first be reached8 ,or would it everywhere be reached at the same time8 ''' ,we asked the geologist this question3 8,is the hypothesis of a primeval polar ,eden admissible80 ,looking at the slowly cooling earth alone1 he replies3 8,eden conditions have probably at one time or another been found everywhere upon the surface of the earth4 ,paradise may have been anywhere40 ,looking at the cosmic environment1 however1 he adds3 8,but while ,paradise may have been anywhere1 the first portions of the earth's surface sufficiently cool to present the conditions of ,eden life were assuredly at the ,poles40--,from ,warren's 8,paradise ,found40 99 99 99 99 99 ,,separation ,,of ,,de ,,long ,,and ,,melville4--,de ,long verbally directed both of us to keep1 if possible1 within hail1 and reiterated his orders in case of separation3 8,make the best of your way10 said he1 8to ,cape ,barkin1 which is eighty or ninety miles off1 southwest true4 ,don't wait for me1 but get a pilot from the natives1 and proceed up the river to a place of safety as quick as you can2 and be sure that you and your parties are all right before you trouble yourselves about any one else4 ,if you reach ,cape ,barkin you will be safe1 for there are plenty of natives there winter and summer40 ,then addressing me particularly1 he continued3 8,melville1 you will have no trouble in keeping up with me1 but if anything should happen to separate us1 you can find your way in without any difficulty by the trend of the coast-line2 and you know as much about the natives and their settlements as any one else40 ,this was our last conversation in a body4 ,so when ,de ,long waved me permission to leave him1 ,i hoisted sail1 shook out one reef1 and as we gathered way the boat shot forward like an arrow1 and the spray flew about us like feathers4 ,heretofore we had been running dead before the wind on our southwest course for the land1 but the heavy sea and lively motion of the boat caused the sail to jibe and fill on the other tack1 whereupon we would broach to and ship water4 ,for this reason ,i hauled up the boat several points1 or closer to the wind1 and our condition at once improved4 ,now that we were separated ,i resolved to concern myself directly with the safety of my own boat2 so that when one of the men said that ,de ,long was signaling us1 ,i told him he must be wrong1 and further directed that no one should see any signals now that we were cast upon our own resources4 ,when last seen1 the second cutter was about one thousand yards astern of us1 the first cutter probably midway between1 and there is no doubt in my mind that she then foundered4 ,a conversation with the only two surviving members of the first cutter 7,nindemann and ,noras7 has confirmed me in this belief2 for they witnessed the scene as ,i have described it1 and state that it was the general opinion of ,de,long's crew that ,i had shared the same fate simultaneously with ,chipp4--,melville's 8,in the ,lena ,delta40 ,,talk ,,about ,,books4 ,there can scarcely be a sadder story than that of the loss of the ,jeannette and the subsequent search for ,de,long and his party4 ,no event of recent years has caused more horror in the public mind and led to more urgent expostulation against further ,arctic exploration4 ,we believe1 however1 that as a better knowledge of the aim and value of these undertakings grows on the public1 censure will be removed4 ,certainly a careful reading of ,melville's 8,in the ,lena ,delta0,c produces this result4 ,the book is perhaps more full of horror than most readers imagine1 but after reading there can be but one opinion2 terrible as it all is1 it has been worth the suffering4 ,it is worth while to have died bravely in carrying out orders4 ,the unflinching resolution of those men places them among the heroes of modern history4 ,you can not help feeling that there is a wonderful amount of unusual heroism in the story4 ,the ,jeannette expedition has furnished a much needed lesson on the nobility of endurance4 ,the results to our knowledge of these regions have been considerable1 the people of ,siberia1 the ,russian exile1 the homes and customs of various tribes are more fully explained to us in ,melville's notes than elsewhere2 again1 no future exploration will be open to equal dangers4 ,we have never experienced a greater shock in our book reviewing than that which came to us when1 on turning from ,melville's description of the ,arctic regions1 we were told that ,paradise had been found,d--at the ,north ,pole4 ,it will be a long time before the public mind with its present ideas of the ,pole will be willing to consent to this conclusion1 even if ,president ,warren is able to advance still more skillful arguments than he yet has in proof of his theory4 ,and the arguments are skillful4 ,he has quoted high authority to prove that ,eden conditions once existed on every portion of the earth1 and first of all at the ,pole2 he has done his best to remove our prejudices against a night of six months by showing that not more than 8four fortnights0 is the probable length of the night there2 he shows us that palontology teaches that life first began at the polar regions1 and quotes the mythical lore of ,egyptian1 ,assyrian1 ,babylonian1 ,buddhist1 ,greek1 and ,roman1 to support his theory4 ,the hypothesis is certainly entertaining1 and this attempt at demonstrating it contains some very probable arguments4 ,a book bearing the title 8,personal ,traits of ,british ,authors0,e is sufficient of itself to win the attention and awaken the interest of all book lovers1 but when1 on turning its leaves1 it is found that these traits have been noted and given to the world by other authors1 the desire to know what they are is doubled4 ,what great men think and say about other great men is a matter of interest to all well informed persons4 ,that pardonable1 commendable curiosity to know 8what about0 earth's gifted ones1 that lurks in human hearts1 has a sort of double chance to satisfy itself with such an arrangement as this4 ,the persons of whom this book treats are seven in number3 ,scott1 ,hogg1 ,campbell1 ,chalmers1 ,wilson1 ,de,quincey1 and ,jeffrey4 ,in a tabulated form all the leading events of their lives are given4 ,several pages are devoted to sketches of each one1 all filled with exquisite little pen pictures1 drawn by master hands at widely differing periods1 and from widely differing scenes in life1 giving the greatest contrasts in attitudes1 words1 and expression4 ,indeed1 one has hard work sometimes to make himself believe they were intended to represent the same person4 ,it would be difficult to find a finer collection of character studies than ,mr4 ,mason has given in this volume4 ,there is considerable probability in the suggestion which ,mr4 ,lang makes in his 8,custom and ,myth40,f ,he has attempted to find the key to myths in customs which have prevailed among early tribes1 in opposition to those scholars who find their solutions in the names which they claim were once applied to objects1 and of which the original meaning has been lost4 ,the essays are made valuable by a great deal of material gathered evidently by much research in the lore of remote tribes1 but they are singularly unsatisfactory4 ,the work is loosely done4 ,the solutions are mere suggestions1 although such interesting suggestions that one feels loath to give up the search without more work4 ,in some cases the myths presented simply show that similar tales exist in many nations4 ,until ,mr4 ,lang does more work on this entertaining theory he must not expect a very wide following4 ,a good work on ,english cathedrals has for a long time been in demand4 ,the interest in architecture which recent years has developed1 the increase in travel and the large scale on which the ,english people have carried on the restoration of their cathedrals have made such a work necessary4 8,the ,cathedral ,churches of ,england and ,wales0,g quite fills the demand4 ,a book of superior make up1 a very handsome parlor book1 indeed1 it is yet full of information4 ,thirty-five cathedrals are described1 and so fully illustrated as to give very satisfactory ideas of the leading features of each4 ,the articles1 written in an encyclopedic style that seems slightly out of place in the company of such illustrations1 paper1 and letter press1 are historic and architectural1 concerning themselves very little with poetic associations and fine descriptions4 ,they are1 however1 all the more useful for that4 ,two little books1 helpful to all persons and bearing comfort for stricken hearts1 and for those weary with the burdens of life1 are to be found in 8,meditations on ,life1 ,death and ,eternity40,h ,they are like friends to whom one would turn for companionship4 ,the books were translated and compiled from the larger work of a distinguished ,german writer1 and were arranged in their present form at the request of ,queen ,victoria1 who prizes them very highly1 as the original was a great favorite of the ,prince ,consort4 ,that ,mr4 ,barnes fully accomplished what he set out to do when he produced the 8,hand-,book of ,bible ,biography10,i a brief examination of the work will satisfy any one4 ,his aim was to produce a book that would be complete as to names1 that should contain all the facts1 and that should be within the means of all ,bible students4 ,each biography is a story complete in itself1 with many illustrations and maps4 ,,footnotes ,c ,in the ,lena ,delta4 ,a narrative of the search for ,lieutenant ,commander ,de ,long and his companions4 ,followed by an account of the ,greely ,relief ,expedition and a ,proposed ,method of ,reaching the ,north ,pole4 ,by ,george ,w4 ,melville4 ,boston3 ,houghton1 ,mifflin ,co4 #ahhe4 ,d ,paradise ,found4 ,the ,cradle of the ,human ,race at the ,north ,pole4 ,by ,william ,f4 ,warren1 ,s4 ,t4 ,d41 ,,ll ,d4 ,boston3 ,houghton1 ,mifflin ,co4 #ahhe4 ,e ,personal ,traits of ,british ,authors4 ,by ,edward ,t4 ,mason4 ,new ,york3 ,charles ,scribner's ,sons4 #ahhe4 ,f ,custom and ,myth4 ,by ,andrew ,lang1 ,m4,a4 ,new ,york3 ,harper ,brothers4 #ahhe4 ,g ,the ,cathedral ,churches of ,england and ,wales4 ,cassell ,company4 ,new ,york3 #ahhd4 ,price1 #e4jj4 ,h ,meditations on ,life1 ,death and ,eternity4 ,by ,johann ,heinrich ,daniel ,zschokk4 ,translated by ,frederika ,rowan4 ,new ,york3 ,phillips ,hunt4 ,cincinnati3 ,cranston ,stowe4 ,i ,hand-,book of ,bible ,biography4 ,by the ,rev4 ,c4 ,r4 ,barnes1 ,a4,b4 ,new ,york3 ,phillips ,hunt4 ,cincinnati3 ,cranston ,stowe4 ,price1 #b4be4 ,,the ,,chautauqua ,,university4 ,,what ,,are ,,its ,,claims8 ,,by ,,prof4 ,r4 ,s4 ,,holmes1 ,a4,m4 ,we shall be careful in what we say to make no claim for the correspondence system of teaching1 as against any other4 ,we claim for it simply a place as a co-laborer in the work of education4 ,lest any one should be misled by any utterances we may have made1 or may hereafter make1 and think that here was cast up a royal road over which one could pass with flying feet to the goal of educational culture1 and enter it1 to find only a narrow path1 rough1 stony1 and filled with difficulties1 we wish to plainly state what we claim for this system of instruction4 ,lest any one should conceive that the need for university and college has passed1 and that results can be obtained by a home correspondence-university course1 as good or better than can be obtained from actual college residence1 we wish to plainly state what we do not claim4 ,it may place our positive claims in a stronger light1 if we set them forth against what we do not claim1 as a background4 ,accordingly1 our first statements will be negatives1 as follows3 #a4 ,we do not claim that the correspondence system of teaching is the superior of oral teaching2 #b4 ,nor that it is destined to supersede oral teaching2 #c4 ,nor that it has wrought or will work any revolution in educational methods2 #d4 ,nor that it can compete with oral teaching1 on anything like equal terms2 #e4 ,nor that by this method1 years of study in classroom1 under able1 living teachers are made unnecessary2 #f4 ,nor that it uses newer and better methods of instruction than are used in the classroom2 #g4 ,nor that it is freer from defects than other existing systems2 #h4 ,nor that a class1 school1 college1 or university1 dependent for its entire work upon pen1 paper and post1 should be sought by the student in preference to established resident institutions2 #i4 ,nor that it is without serious disadvantages1 even to the student most favorably circumstanced2 #aj4 ,nor1 finally1 that it is able to teach all branches of study without other than postal facilities4 ,we might carry this line of disclaimer farther1 but are persuaded that enough has been said to enable us to make our claims for the correspondence system1 without danger of being misunderstood4 ,still further1 we desire the power of voice and pen1 as far as it may reach1 to be felt on the side of the college and university4 ,to all who can go to college1 our word is most emphatically--go2 and having gone1 stay2 let nothing come between you and the completion of the course4 ,still further1 we will say to such as are so limited by circumstances as to feel unable to devote the requisite time1 means1 and presence1 to a college course1 8,if possible1 let not circumstance compel you1 but do you compel circumstance1 till the desired way shall open2 and this though years be occupied in the struggle4 ,the goal is worth the race40 ,here1 then1 we present what we claim for the correspondence system of teaching3 #a4 ,we claim that the majority of those who are likely to avail themselves of this system1 are men and women of mature mind1 and hence are able to make the very best use of whatever advantages are offered them2 #b4 ,that the majority of those who are likely to avail themselves of the advantages we offer1 are actuated by an earnest purpose to obtain an advanced education1 by any means which are available to them2 #c4 ,that wise direction through correspondence1 by competent and experienced teachers1 is calculated to produce better results than can be expected ordinarily from unaided individual effort2 #d4 ,that teaching by correspondence can be successfully applied to a course of study so wide and comprehensive that one who masters it will secure a culture that would be rightly called liberal2 #e4 ,that this system of teaching is therefore entitled to a place1 as associate1 in the ranks of the teaching systems of the age2 #f4 ,that as a system1 it is no untried experiment1 but has been so tested that it can point to tangible results with no fear of discomfiture if these results be examined2 #g4 ,that it requires determined effort1 and calls for rigid self-discipline1 to insure success2 #h4 ,that it tends to form critical habits of study2 #i4 ,that it tends to produce self-reliance1 and to develop individuality in methods of study2 #aj4 ,that it affords marked opportunity for deliberation1 and so fosters the judicial habit in study2 #aa4 ,that it tends to systematize and render methodical all habits1 whether of study or of life2 #ab4 ,that opportunities for mal-application are reduced to a minimum2 #ac4 ,that its possibilities are such as to warrant corporate effort to extend its advantages to those who would be otherwise deprived of any advanced educational opportunities2 #ad4 ,that such a corporation is entitled to be called a ,school of ,liberal ,arts2 #ae4 ,that it allows tests of the student's acquirement1 as rigid as can be desired by the highest standard of educational excellence2 #af4 ,that the student who has submitted to such tests1 and successfully borne them1 is entitled to the reward of a diploma and a degree2 #ag4 ,finally1 that the corporation or institution which can prepare the student for such an ordeal is entitled to confer such diploma and degree4 ,the claims which we have now presented are sufficient to show the spirit and belief which have led to the incorporation of the ,chautauqua ,university4 ,we have attempted to state them logically1 clearly1 and forcibly4 ,there is in them no element of disputation4 ,we appeal to a vast1 an eager and earnest constituency4 ,to know1 only to know1 is the earnest cry of multitudes of our fellows4 ,lament for lack of early opportunities1 and consequent self-depreciation1 is the undertow that sweeps to ruin the possibilities of many a life4 ,high purposes and noble ambitions have been thwarted on life's threshold by the cruel limitations of circumstance4 ,mistaken views of life's best aims1 in days when opportunities were possible1 have been dispelled when the opportunities have long been left behind4 ,to each of these classes the ,chautauqua ,university brings the correspondence system of teaching1 and says3 for you1 it is possible to supplement the lack of early years2 for you1 to realize your ambitions1 even within the bond by which circumstance has bound you2 and for you1 in the new light which experience has given1 to see other opportunities for obtaining that culture which1 years ago1 you neglected and passed by4 ,,special ,,notes4 ,,the ,,academy ,,of ,,latin ,,and ,,greek1 ,summer ,term of ,six ,weeks4 ,,to ,,the ,,chancellor ,,of ,,chautauqua ,,university3 ,my ,dear ,doctor ,vincent3 ,it gives me great pleasure to be able to offer this summer1 at ,chautauqua1 a course in ,latin and ,greek of unusual merit4 ,of the assistant teachers1 ,mr4 ,otto is already favorably known to our pupils of last summer1 and to many correspondence students as an energetic and thorough teacher4 ,dr4 ,bevier will be a great acquisition for ,chautauqua4 ,he was graduated from ,rutgers with first honors1 having also during his course won honors in ,latin and ,greek at the inter-collegiate contest4 ,after graduation he studied at ,johns ,hopkins ,university 7which conferred on him the degree ,ph4,d471 and then continued his studies in ,europe4 ,he was a student at the ,american ,school at ,athens1 ,greece1 and is now an enthusiastic and successful teacher4 ,although our session in ,latin last year began a week late1 and we suffered from other disadvantages1 ,i believe our numbers in ,latin reached a total unparalleled in the history of ,chautauqua4 ,what was1 however1 especially gratifying1 was the improved quality of scholarship manifested by students4 ,for this summer we offer the following course3 #a4 ,,roman ,,law 7using the ,institutes of ,justinian7 with information4 ,not only every lawyer1 but every teacher of ,latin to-day should familiarize 8thon0self with ,roman law1 lying1 as it does1 at the base of ,roman civilization4 #b4 ,,the ,,latin ,,of ,,the ,,early ,,church ,,fathers4--,recent publication and discussion have rendered so prominent the influence of the early ,latin ,fathers on church doctrine that every clergyman1 present or prospective1 will do well to examine this question for himself4 #c4 ,,comparative ,,philology4--7,every student preparing to enter either of these three classes should at once communicate with the principal1 that there may be no delay at the opening of the session1 in securing apparatus47 #d4 ,,plato4--,apology and ,crito1 ,tyler's ,ed4 7,appletons47 #e4 ,,cicero4--,de ,natura ,deorum1 ,stickney's ,ed4 7,ginn1 ,heath ,co47 #f4 ,,homer4--,odyssey4 #g4 ,,virgil4--neid4 #h4 ,,horace4--,chase's ,ed4 7,eldridge ,bro's47 #i4 ,,cicero4--,orations4 #aj4 ,,xenophon4--,anabasis4 #aa4 ,c,,sar4--,de ,bello ,gallico 7two hours per day74 #ab4 ,,beginners ,,in ,,greek4 ,harkness's ,text-,book1 last ed4 7,appletons47 #ac4 ,,beginners ,,in ,,latin 7,,three ,,hours ,,per ,,day ,,by ,,the ,,induction ,,method74 ,latin students must have the 8,hand-,book of ,latin ,synonyms40 7,ginn1 ,heath ,co47 ,i hope you will give us at ,chautauqua zealous students1 who will concentrate their work on ,latin and ,greek1 but especially two classes3 ,,teachers of ,latin and ,greek1 and those who are absolutely ,,beginners4 ,a clear-headed student who doesn't know a word of ,latin1 can1 by devoting six weeks to it1 secure ,,five ,,hours per day 7,beginners and ,csar7 or ,,one ,,hundred ,,and ,,fifty ,,hours in six weeks--quite as much time as the average school gives in one year4 ,it is thought that teachers of ,latin and ,greek will find not only the method of value1 but also the inspiration which indubitably does arise when teachers gather4 ,your ob't servant1 ,,edgar ,s4 ,,shumway1 ,principal4 ,,rutgers ,,college1 ,february #bc1 #ahhe4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 ,correspondence ,department1 though not often heard from publicly1 is doing an important work4 ,several hundred students are enrolled upon its books1 and the work is being prosecuted this year with renewed vigor4 ,an ,illinois lady writes3 8,having enjoyed and been benefited by the letters of my ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 correspondent1 ,i very much wish to continue that branch of the work this year4 ,we followed no special plan1 but the letters ,i received encouraged and strengthened me1 and kept me from falling by the wayside4 ,i love the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 and am proud to say ,i have gained for it some members4 ,in my judgment the ,correspondence ,circle is grand1 good and beneficial40 ,from ,new ,hampshire comes the following3 8,i tender hearty thanks to the originator of the ,correspondence ,circle4 ,the frequent letters of my two correspondents are a continual stimulus4 ,the sympathetic words1 the exchange of essays1 the comparing of work done1 ,i find very helpful1 while the questions of my bright girl correspondent have led me to search for and find many items of information ,i should have otherwise neglected40 ,these and many similar letters received from members of the ,correspondence ,department show how helpful this work is proving to many isolated members of the ,circle1 shut out from all other means of communication with their fellow students4 99 99 99 99 99 ,from a circle in ,connecticut numbering five members comes the suggestion that ,local ,circles be put in communication with each other1 the correspondence to be carried on1 of course1 through the respective secretaries4 ,there is no reason why a correspondence of this sort should not prove both interesting and valuable1 as it will serve to increase the feeling of fraternity among local circles1 give opportunities for the exchange of programs1 the discussion of difficulties1 and in other ways make the circles of practical benefit to each other4 99 99 99 99 99 ,members of the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 or local circles wishing to join the ,correspondence ,department should report to the office of the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 at ,plainfield1 ,n4 ,j4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the list of ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 graduates in the ,class of '#hd has been lengthened by the following names3 ,daniels1 ,mrs4 ,margaret ,p4 ,s4 ,new ,york4 ,longee1 ,mrs4 ,mary ,p4 ,new ,hampshire4 ,mc,connell1 ,edward ,b4 ,pennsylvania4 ,smith1 ,miss ,anna ,michigan4 ,van ,ingen1 ,m4 ,gertrude ,new ,york4 99 99 99 99 99 ,communications intended for the 8,local ,circles0 of ,,the ,,chautauquan should be sent directly to our office4 ,any circle which has not reported this year we should be glad to have do so at once4 99 99 99 99 99 ,transcriber's ,notes3 ,obvious punctuation errors repaired4 ,page #chh1 8,,ii0 changed to 8,,iv0 7,class ,,iv47 ,page #chi1 8carniverous0 changed to 8carnivorous0 7they have all the five senses1 and are carnivorous7 ,page #cih1 8,fate0 changed to 8,gate0 7,traitor's ,gate7 ,page #cih1 8,tewksbury0 changed to 8,tewkesbury0 7in the field at ,tewkesbury7 ,page #djc1 8ahd0 changed to 8and0 7and have bought bonds7 ,page #dje1 8extirminated0 changed to 8exterminated0 in two places 7and their kind exterminated _/ the native fish are actually exterminated7 ,page #djf1 8extirmination0 changed to 8extermination0 7extermination so recklessly begun7 ,page #djf1 8their0 changed to 8the0 7the narrow1 tortuous defiles7 ,page #djg1 8neans0 changed to 8means0 7by artificial means7 ,page #djh1 8,mariner0 changed to 8,marner0 7,silas ,marner7 ,page #dac1 8,easer0 changed to 8,easter0 7#a4 ,essay--,easter47 ,page #dbd1 8make0 changed to 8made0 7which has made ,shaksperean skepticism almost respectable7 ,page #dbi1 8with0 added 7two atoms of nitrogen have united with two atoms of oxygen7 ,page #dbi1 8hydrogen0 changed to 8oxygen0 7,the formula ,cu7,,no7 ''' three atoms of oxygen7