,,the ,,chautauquan4 ,a ,,monthly ,,magazine ,,devoted ,,to ,,the ,,promotion ,,of ,,true ,,culture4 ,,organ ,,of ,,the ,,chautauqua ,,literary ,,and ,,scientific ,,circle4 ,,vol4 ,v4 ,,march1 #ahhe4 ,,no4 #f4 ,officers of the ,chautauqua ,literary and ,scientific ,circle4 ,president1 ,lewis ,miller1 ,akron1 ,ohio4 ,chancellor1 ,j4 ,h4 ,vincent1 ,d4,d41 ,new ,haven1 ,conn4 ,counselors1 ,the ,rev4 ,lyman ,abbott1 ,d4,d41 the ,rev4 ,j4 ,m4 ,gibson1 ,d4,d42 ,bishop ,h4 ,w4 ,warren1 ,d4,d42 ,prof4 ,w4 ,c4 ,wilkinson1 ,d4,d42 ,edward ,everett ,hale4 ,office ,secretary1 ,miss ,kate ,f4 ,kimball1 ,plainfield1 ,n4 ,j4 ,general ,secretary1 ,albert ,m4 ,martin1 ,pittsburgh1 ,pa4 ,contents ,transcriber's ,note3 ,this table of contents of this periodical was created for the ,,html version to aid the reader4 ,,required ,,reading ,,for ,,march4 ,temperance ,teachings of ,science2 or1 ,the ,poison ,problem ,chapter ,,vi4--,subjective ,remedies #caa ,sunday ,readings ,march #a #cad ,march #h #cae ,march #ae #cae ,march #bb #cae ,march #bi #caf ,studies in ,kitchen ,science and ,art ,,vi4 ,cabbages1 ,turnips1 ,carrots1 ,beets and ,onions #caf ,the ,circle of the ,sciences #cbj ,home ,studies in ,chemistry and ,physics ,fire--,physical ,properties #cbc ,the ,mohammedan ,university of ,cairo #cbg ,as ,seeing the ,invisible #cbi ,national ,aid to ,education #cbi ,a ,trip to the ,land of ,dreams #ccc ,the ,homelike ,house ,chapter ,,iii4--,the ,dining ,room #cce ,mexico #cch ,two ,seas #cci ,new ,orleans ,world's ,exposition #cdj ,geography of the ,heavens for ,march #cdb ,how to ,win #cdc ,notes on ,popular ,english #cde ,the ,chautauqua ,school of ,liberal ,arts #cdh ,outline of ,required ,readings1 ,march1 #ahhe #cej ,programs for ,local ,circle ,work #cej ,local ,circles #cea ,the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 ,classes #cef ,questions and ,answers #ceg ,the ,trustees ,reorganize ,chautauqua #ceh ,editor's ,outlook #cfj ,editor's ,note-,book #cfb ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 ,notes on ,required ,readings for ,march #cfe ,notes on ,required ,readings in 8,the ,chautauquan0 #cfg ,talk ,about ,books #cfi ,paragraphs from ,new ,books #cgj ,special ,notes #cgb ,,required ,,reading ,,for ,,march4 ,,temperance ,,teachings ,,of ,,science2 ,,or1 ,,the ,,poison ,,problem4 ,,part ,,vi4 ,,by ,,felix ,l4 ,,oswald1 ,m4,d4 ,,chapter ,,vi4--,,subjective ,,remedies4 8,deeprooted evils can not be abolished by striking at the branches40--,boerhave4#a ,the history of the temperance movement has demonstrated the sad futility of palliative remedies4 ,we have seen that the malady of the poison vice is not a self-limited1 but a necessarily progressive evil4 ,the half-way measures of 8restrictive0 legislation have resulted only in furnishing additional proof that prevention is better1 because less impossible1 than control4,a ,the regulation of the poison traffic1 the redress of the unavoidably resulting mischief1 the cure and conversion of drunkards1 in order to be effectual1 would impose intolerable and never ending burdens on the resources even of the wealthiest communities1 while the advocates of prohibition would forestall the evils both of the remedy and the disease4 ,but we should not overlook the truth that1 in our own country at least1 the poison plant of intemperance springs from a composite root4 ,in southern ,spain1 under the dominion of the ,saracens1#b the poison vice was almost unknown during a series of centuries4,b ,the moral code and the religion of the inhabitants discountenanced intemperance4 ,the virtue of dietetic purity ranked with chastity and cleanliness4 ,an abundance of harmless amusements diverted from vicious pastimes4 ,under such circumstances the absence of direct temptations constituted a sufficient safeguard against the vice of the poison habit2 but in a country like ours the efficacy of prohibition depends on the following supplementary remedies3 #a4 ,,instruction4--,in the struggle against the powers of darkness light often proves a more effective weapon than might or right4 ,even the limited light of human reason might help us to avoid mistakes that have undoubtedly retarded the triumph of our cause4 ,we must enlighten1 as well as admonish our children1 if we would save them from the snares of the tempter2 among the victims of intemperance1 even among those who can speak from experience and can not deny that their poison has proved the curse of their lives1 only a small portion is at all able to comprehend the necessary connection of cause and result4 ,they ascribe their ruin to the spite of fortune1 to the machinations of an uncharitable world1 to abnormally untoward circumstances1 rather than to the normal effects of the insidious poison4 ,intoxication they admit to be an evil1 but defend the moderate use of a liquor as infallibly injurious in the smallest as in the largest dose2 they underrate the progressive tendency of their vice and overrate their power of resistance2 they cling to the tradition that alcohol1 discreetly enjoyed1 may prove a blessing instead of a curse4 ,we must banish that fatal delusion4 ,we must reveal the true significance of the poison habit before we can hope to suppress it as a life blighting vice4 ,our text-books should be found in every college and every village school from ,florida to ,oregon4 ,every normal school should graduate teachers of temperance4 ,the law of the ,state of ,new ,york providing for the introduction of primers on the effects of alcoholic beverages was attacked by one of our leading scientific periodicals1 with more learning than insight1 on the ground that the physiological action of alcohol is as yet obscure even to our ablest pathologists1 and therefore not a fit subject for a common school text-book4 ,the same objection might be urged against every other branch of physiology and the natural history of the organic creation4 8,every vital process is a miracle10 says ,lorenz ,oken1#c 8that is1 in all essential respects an unexplained phenomenon40 ,a last question will always remain unanswered wherever the marvelous process of life is concerned1 but our ignorance1 as well as our knowledge1 of that phenomenon has its limits1 and in regard to the effects of alcoholic beverages it is precisely the most knowable and most fully demonstrated part of the truth which it behooves every child to know1 but of which at present nine tenths of the adults1 even in the most civilized countries1 remain as ignorant as the natives of ,kamtschatka who worship a divinity in the form of a poisonous toadstool4 ,a boy may be brought to comprehend the folly of gambling even before he has mastered the abstruse methods of combination and permutation employed in the calculus of probable loss and gain4 ,we need not study ,bentham#d to demonstrate that honesty is an essential basis of commerce and social intercourse4 ,by the standard of usefulness1 too1 temperance primers might well take precedence of many other text-books4 ,our school boys hear all sorts of things about the perils encountered by the explorers of ,african deserts and ,arctic seas1 but next to nothing about the pitfalls in their own path--no room for the discussion of such subjects in a curriculum that devotes years to the study of dead languages4 ,is the difference between the archaic and pliocene form of a ,greek verb so much more important than the difference between food and poison8 ,with such a text as the monster curse of intemperance and its impressive practical lessons1 a slight commentary would suffice to turn thousands of young observers into zealous champions of our cause1 just as in ,germany a few years of gymnastic training have turned nearly every young man into an advocate of physical education4 ,the work begun in the school room should be continued on the lecture platform1 but we should not dissemble the truth that in a crowded hall ninety per cent4 of the visitors have generally come to hear an orator rather than a teacher1 and enjoy an eloquence that stirs up their barrenest emotions as much as if it had fertilized the soil of their intelligence1 just as the unrepentant gamesters of a ,swiss watering place used to applaud the sensational passages of a drama written expressly to set forth the evils of the gambling hell4 ,enthusiasm and impressiveness are valuable qualifications of a public speaker1 but he should possess the talent of making those agencies the vehicles of instruction4 ,the great medival reformers1 as well as certain political agitators of a later age1 owe their success to their natural or acquired skill in the act of stirring their hearers into an intellectual ferment that proved the leaven of a whole community--for that skill is a talent that can be developed on a basis of pure common sense and should be more assiduously cultivated for the purposes of our reform4 ,a modern philanthropist could hardly confer a greater benefit on his fellow-citizens than by founding a professorship of temperance1 or endowing a college with the special condition of a proviso for a weekly lecture on such topics as 8,the ,stimulant ,delusion10 8,alcoholism10 8,the ,history of the ,temperance ,movement40 ,pamphlets1 too1 may subserve an important didactic purpose1 and in the methods of their distribution we might learn a useful lesson from our adversaries1 the manufacturers of alcoholic nostrums1 who introduce their advertisements into every household1 by publishing them combined with almanacs1 comic illustrations1 note-books1 etc41 i4 e41 not only free1 but winged with extra inducements to the recipient1 and often by the special subvention of druggists and village postmasters--till quack annuals have almost superseded the old family calendars with their miscellanies of pious adages and useful recipes4 ,could we not retrieve the lost vantage ground by the publication of temperance year-books1 compiled by a committee of our best tract societies and distributed by agents of the ,w4 ,c4 ,t4 ,u4--with inspiring conviction to emulate the zeal stimulated by a bribe of gratuitous brandy bottles8 ,popular books must above all be interesting1 and with a large plurality of readers that word is still a synonym of entertaining4 ,a ,german bookseller estimates that the romances of ,louisa ,mhlbach have done more to familiarize her countrymen with the history of their fatherland than all historical text books1 annals and chronicles taken together1 and we should not despise the aid of the novelist1 if he should possess the gift of making fiction the hand-maid of truth1 and the rarer talent of awakening the reflections as well as the emotions of his readers1 for all such appeals should prepare the way for the products of the temperance press proper1 by which we should never cease to invoke the conscience and the reason of our fellowmen4 #b4 ,,proscription4--,that union is strength is a truth which asserts itself even at the expense of public welfare1 and in favor of those who combine to thwart the purposes of the law or prevent the progress of needed reforms4 ,to the cabals of such adversaries1 against whom the influence of moral suasion would be powerless1 we should oppose weapons that would strike at the foundation of their strength1 namely1 the most effectual means to diminish the number of their allies4 ,many of those who are callous to the stings of conscience would hesitate to defy the stigma of public opinion2 others who are proof against all other arguments would yield if we could make it their commercial interest to withdraw their aid from the enemies of mankind4 ,that the prescription of alcohol for remedial purposes will ultimately be abandoned1 like bleeding1 blue-pill dosing and other medical anachronisms1 is as certain as that the ,carpathian peasants will cease to exorcise devils by burning cow dung1 and we can somewhat promote the advent of that time by patronizing reform physicians in preference to 8brandy-doctors10 as ,benjamin ,rush#e used to call them1 and by classing alcoholic 8bitters0 with the prohibited beverages4 ,it is mere mockery to prohibit the sale of small beer and permit quacks to sell their brandy as a 8digestive tonic10 and obviate the inconveniences of the ,sunday law by consigning their liquor to a drug-store4 ,does the new name or the admixture of a handful of herbs change the effects of the poison8 ,we might as well prohibit gambling and permit musical lottery drawings under the name of sacred concerts4 ,till we can do better we should permit druggists to sell alcoholic bitters only on the certified prescription of a responsible physician1 all such prescriptions to be duly registered and periodically reported to the ,temperance ,commissioner of a ,board of ,health4 ,nostrum-mongers#f will probably continue to fleece the ignorant to the end of time1 but they must cease to decoy their victims by pandering to the alcohol vice4 #c4 ,,healthier ,,pastimes4--,there is no doubt that a lack of better pastimes often tends to promote intemperance4 ,in thousands of our country towns1 equidistant from rural sports and the amusements of the metropolis ennui rather than ignorance,c or natural depravity leads our young men to the dram shop1 and in recognizing that fact we should not delude ourselves with the hope that reading-rooms alone could remedy the evil4,d ,the craving after excitement1 in some form or other1 is an instinct of human nature which may be perverted1 but can never be wholly suppressed1 and in view of the alternative we would find it cheaper--both morally and materially--to gratify that craving in the comparatively harmless way of the ,languedoc#i peasants 7who devote the evening hours to singing contests1 trials of skill1 round dances1 etc471 or after the still better plan of the ancient ,greeks4 ,antiquity had its ,olympic ,games1 ,nemean and ,capitoline arenas1 circenses1 and local festivals4 ,the ,middle ,ages had their tournaments1 ,may days1 archery contests1 church festivals and guild feasts4 ,the ,latin nations still find leisure for pastimes of that sort--though in modified1 and not always improved1 forms2 but in ,great ,britain1 ,canada and the ,united ,states1 with their six times twelve hours of monotonous factory work1 and ,sunday laws against all kinds of recreations1 the dreariness of existence has reached a degree which for millions of workingmen has made oblivion a blest refuge1 and there is no doubt that many dram-drinkers use alcohol as an anodyne--the most available palliative against the misery of life-weariness4 ,we would try in vain to convert such men by reproofs or ostracism4 ,before we can persuade them to renounce their excursions to the land of delirium the realities of life must be made less unendurable4 ,they know the dangers of intemperance1 but consider it a lesser evil4,e ,they know no other remedy4 ,hence their bitter hatred of those who would deprive them of that only solace4 ,shall we resign such madmen to their fate8 ,i am afraid that their type is represented by a larger class than current conceptions might incline us to admit4 ,let those who would verify those conceptions visit a popular beer garden--not as emissaries of our propaganda1 but as neutral observers4 ,let them use a suitable opportunity to turn the current of conversation upon a test topic3 8,personal ,liberty10 8,the ,sunday ,question10 8,progress of the ,prohibition ,party40 ,let the observer retain his mask of neutrality1 and ascertain the views--the private views--of a few specimen topers4 ,do they deny the physiological tendencies of their practice8 ,the correlation of alcohol and crime8 ,they avoid such topics4 ,no1 nine out of ten will prefer an unanswerable or unanswered argument2 the iniquity of interfering with the amusements of the poor1 with the only available recreations of the less privileged classes4 ,take that away and what can a man do who has no better pastimes1 and can not always stay at home8 ,what shall he do with sixteen hours of leisure8 ,the question then recurs3 ,how shall we deal with such men8 ,how reclaim them sufficiently even for the nobler purposes of the present life1 not to speak of higher aims8 ,how save them from the road that leads down to death8 ,a change of heart may now and then work wonders1 even the wonder of a permanent reform2 but we have no right to rely on constant miracles1 and for thousands in sorest need of help there is only one practical solution of the problem3 ,let us provide an opportunity of better pastimes--not as a concession to our enemies1 but as the most effectual method to counteract the attraction of their snares and deprive them of the only plausible argument against the tendencies of our reform4 ,we need not profane the ,sabbath by bull-fights4 ,we need not tempt the poor to spend their wages on railway excursions or the gambling tables of a popular summer resort4 ,but we should recognize the necessity of giving them once a week a chance for outdoor amusements1 and unless we should prefer the ,swedish compromise plan of devoting the evening of the ,sabbath to earthly purposes1 we should adopt the suggestion of the ,chevalier ,bunsen1#aj and amend the eight hour law by a provision for a free ,saturday afternoon4 ,half a day a week1 together with the evenings of the long summer days1 would suffice where the means of recreation are near at hand4 ,even the smallest factory villages could afford a little pleasure ground of their own1 a public garden with a free gymnasium1 a footrace track1 ball ground1 a tennis-hall or nine-pin-alley1 for the winter season1 a free bath1 and a few zological attractions4 ,in larger towns we might add free music1 a restaurant managed on the plan of ,susanna ,dodds1 ,m4,d41,f and perhaps a museum of miscellaneous curiosities4 ,such pleasure resorts should be known as ,temperance ,gardens4 ,they would redeem as many drunkards as all our prisons and inebriate asylums taken together2 they would do more3 they would prevent drunkenness4 ,and above all1 they would accustom the working classes to associate the name of ,temperance with the conceptions of liberality1 manliness1 cheerfulness1 and recreation1 instead of--well1 their present misconceptions4 ,we might arrange monthly excursions1 and the happiest yearly festival would be a ,deliverance ,feast2 an anniversary of the day when the city or village decided to free itself from the curse of the poison traffic4 ,like some of the ,turner halls#aa of the ,german gymnasts1 temperance gardens could be made more than self-supporting by charging a small admission fee to the spectator-seats of the gymnasium1 and selling special refreshments at a moderate advance on the cost price4 ,the surplus might be invested in prizes to stimulate competition in such gymnastics as wrestling1 running1 and hammer throwing 78putting the club10 as the ,scotch highlanders call it71 with reserved days1 or arenas1 for juvenile competitors4 ,in winter we might vary the program by archery1 singing contests1 and trials of skill in various domestic fashions1 with an occasional 8spelling bee0--at least for those who could be trusted to consider it a pastime1 rather than a task1 for the purpose of recreation should not be sacrificed even to considerations of utility4 ,in regard to athletics1 that apprehension would be superfluous2 the enthusiasm of gymnastic emulation has exerted its power at all times and among all nations1 and needs but little encouragement to revive in its old might4 ,it would make the ,temperance ,garden what the ,village ,green was to the archers of ,old ,england1 what the palstra was to the youth of ancient ,greece4 ,it would supersede vicious pastimes2 it would regenerate the manhood of the tempted classes1 and thus react on their personal and social habits2 they would satisfy their craving for excitement in the arena1 they would learn to prefer mechanical to chemical stimulants4,g ,physical and moral vigor would go hand in hand4 ,the union of temperance and athletic education has1 indeed1 been the ideal of many social reformers1 from ,pythagoras to ,jean ,jacques ,rousseau1#ab and the secret of their failure was a mistake that has defeated more than one philanthropic project4 ,they failed to begin their reform at the basis of the social structure4 ,he who fears the hardships of such a beginning lacks1 after all1 true faith in the destiny of his mission4 ,perseverance and uncompromising loyalty to the tenets of our covenant is to us a duty1 as well as the best policy1 for as a moral offense treason itself would not be more unpardonable than doubt in the ultimate triumph of a cause like ours4 ,there is a secret which almost seems to have been better known to the philosophers and patriots of antiquity than to this unheroic age of our own1 namely1 that in the arena of moral contests a clearly undeserved defeat is a step toward victory4 ,in that warfare the scales of fate are not biased by a preponderance of gold or iron4 ,tyrants have reached the term of their power if they have made deliverance more desirable than life2 the persuasive power of ,truth is increased by oppression2 and if the interests of a cause have become an obvious obstacle in the road of progress and happiness the promoters of that cause have to contend with a law that governs the tendencies of the moral as well as the physical universe1 and inexorably dooms the unfit to perish4,h ,the unmasked enemies of mankind have no chance to prosper4 ,and even where their disguises still avail them amidst the ignorance of their victims we should remember the consolation of ,jean ,jacques ,rousseau in his address to the ,polish patriots3 8,they have swallowed you1 but you can prevent them from assimilating you40 ,our enemies may prevent the recovery of their spoil2 they may continue to devour the produce of our fields and of our labor1 but we do not propose to let them enjoy their feast in peace2 whatever their gastric capacity1 it will be our own fault if we do not cause them an indigestion that will diminish their appetite4 8,all the vile elements of society are against us10 writes one of our lecturers1 8but ,i have no fear of the event if we do not cease to agitate the subject10 and we would1 indeed1 not deserve success if we should relax our efforts before we have secured the coperation of every friend of justice and true freedom4 ,it is true1 we invite our friends to a battle-field1 but there are times when war is safer than peace1 and leads to the truer peace of conscience4 ,the highest development of altruism inspires a devotion to the welfare of mankind that rewards itself by a deliverance from the petty troubles and vexations of daily life2 nay1 all personal sorrows may thus be sunk out of sight1 and those who seek release from grief for the inconstancy of fate1 for the frustration of a cherished project1 for the loss of a dear friend1 may find a peace which fortune can neither give nor take away by devoting themselves to a cause of enduring promise1 to the highest abiding interest of their fellowmen4 ,at the dawn of history that highest aim would have been3 security against the inroads of barbarism4 ,in the night of the ,middle ,ages3 salvation from the phantoms of superstition4 ,to-day it should be3 deliverance from the curse of the poison vice4 ,that deliverance will more than compensate all sacrifices4 ,parties1 like individuals1 are sometimes destined to conquer without a struggle2 but the day of triumph is brighter if the powers of darkness have been forced to yield step for step1 and we need not regret our labors1 our troubles1 nor even the disappointment of some minor hopes1 for in spite of the long night we have not lost our way1 and the waning of the stars often heralds the morning4 ,,footnotes ,a 8,all past legislation has proved ineffectual to restrain the habit of excess4 ,acts of ,parliament intended to lessen1 have notoriously augmented the evil1 and we must seek a remedy in some new direction1 if we are not prepared to abandon the contest or contentedly to watch with folded arms the gradual deterioration of the people4 ,restriction in the forms which it has hitherto assumed1 of shorter hours1 more stringent regulation of licensed houses and magisterial control of licenses1 has been a conspicuous failure4 ,for a short time after the passing of ,lord ,aberdare's act1 hopes were entertained of great results from the provisions for early closing1 and many chief constables testified to the improved order of the streets under their charge2 but it soon appeared that the limitation1 while it lessened the labor of the police and advanced their duties an hour or so in the night1 was not sufficient to reduce materially the quantity of liquor consumed1 or the consequent amount of drunkenness40--,fortnightly ,review4 ,b 8,the western ,saracens abstained not only from wine1 but from all fermented and distilled drinks whatsoever1 were as innocent of coffee as of tea and tobacco1 knew opium only as a soporific medicine1 and were inclined to abstemiousness in the use of animal food4 ,yet six millions of these truest sons of temperance held their own for seven centuries against great odds of heavy-armed ,giaours1 excelled all christendom in astronomy1 medicine1 agriculture1 chemistry and linguistics1 as well as in the abstract sciences1 and could boast of a whole galaxy of philosophers and inspired poets40--,international ,review1 ,december1 #ahhj4 ,c 8,education is the cure of ignorance10 says ,judge ,pitman1 8but ignorance is not the cause of intemperance4 ,men who drink generally know better than others that the practice is foolish and hurtful40 8,it is not the most earnest and intelligent workers in the sphere of public education that make their overestimate of it as a specific for intemperance4 ,while they are fully sensible of that measure of indirect aid which intellectual culture brings to all moral reforms1 they feel how weak is this agency alone to measure its strength against the powerful appetite for drink40 ,d 8,in a primitive state of society field sports afford abundant pastimes1 our wealthy burghers find indoor amusements1 and scholars have ideal hunting grounds of their own2 but the large class of our fellow-citizens1 to whom reading is a task rather than a pleasure1 are reduced to the hard choice between their circenses#g and their panes#h4 ,even the slaves of ancient ,rome had their saturnalia1 when their masters indulged them in the enjoyment of their accumulated arrears of happiness2 but our laborers toil like machines1 whose best recreation is a temporary respite from work4 ,human hearts1 however1 will not renounce their birthright to happiness2 and if joy has departed this life they pursue its shadow in the land of dreams1 and try to spice the dry bread of daily drudgery with the sweets of delirium40--,international ,review1 ,december1 #ahhj4 ,e 8,but beside their excitative influence1 strong stimulants induce a lethargic reaction2 and it is for the sake of this after effect that many unfortunates resort to intoxication4 ,they drink in order to get drunk2 they are not tempted by the poison-fiend in the guise of a good1 familiar spirit1 but deliberately invoke the enemy which steals away their brains40--,international ,review1 ,december1 #ahhj4 ,f ,author of 8,health in the ,household40 ,g 8,i can not help thinking that most of our fashionable diseases might be cured mechanically instead of chemically1 by climbing a bitter-wood tree1 or chopping it down1 if you like1 rather than swallowing a decoction of its disgusting leaves40--,boerhave4 ,h 8,the ultimate issue of the struggle is certain4 ,if any one doubts the general preponderance of good over evil in human nature1 he has only to study the history of moral crusades4 ,the enthusiastic energy and self-devotion with which a great moral cause inspires its soldiers always have prevailed1 and always will prevail1 over any amount of self-interest or material power arrayed on the other side40--,goldwin ,smith4#ac ,,sunday ,,readings4 ,,selected ,,by ,,chancellor ,j4 ,h4 ,,vincent1 ,d4,d4 ,march #a4 ,repose now in thy glory1 noble founder4 ,thy work is finished2 thy divinity is established4 ,fear no more to see the edifice of thy labors fall by any fault4 ,henceforth beyond the reach of frailty1 thou shalt witness from the heights of divine peace1 the infinite results of thy acts4 ,at the price of a few hours of suffering1 which did not even reach thy grand soul1 thou hast bought the most complete immortality4 ,banner of our contests1 thou shalt be the standard about which the hottest battle will be given4 ,a thousand times more alive1 a thousand times more beloved since thy death than during thy passage here below1 thou shalt become the corner-stone of humanity so entirely1 that to tear thy name from this world would be to rend it to its foundations4 ,between thee and ,god there will no longer be any distinction4 ,complete conqueror of death1 take possession of thy kingdom1 whither shall follow thee1 by the royal road which thou hast traced1 ages of worshipers4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the essential work of ,jesus was the creation around him of a circle of disciples in whom he inspired a boundless attachment1 and in whose breast he implanted the germ of his doctrine4 ,to have made himself beloved 8so much that after his death they did not cease to love him10 this was the crowning work of ,jesus1 and that which most impressed his contemporaries4 ,his doctrine was so little dogmatical that he never thought of writing it or having it written4 ,a man became his disciple1 not by believing this or that1 but by following him and loving him4 ,a few sentences treasured up in the memory1 and above all1 his moral type1 and the impression which he had produced1 were all that remained of him4 ,jesus is not a founder of dogmas1 a maker of symbols2 he is the world's initiator into a new spirit4''' ,to adhere to ,jesus in view of the kingdom of ,god1 was what it was originally to be a ,christian4 ,thus we comprehend how1 by an exceptional destiny1 pure ,christianity still presents itself1 at the end of eighteen centuries1 with the character of a universal and eternal religion4 ,it is because in fact the religion of ,jesus is in some respects the final religion4 ,the fruit of a perfectly spontaneous movement of souls1 free at its birth from every dogmatic constraint1 having struggled three hundred years for liberty of conscience1 ,christianity1 in spite of the fall which followed1 still gathers the fruits of this surpassing origin4 ,to renew itself it has only to turn to the ,gospel4 ,the kingdom of ,god1 as we conceive it1 is widely different from the supernatural apparition which the first ,christians expected to see burst forth from the clouds4 ,but the sentiment which ,jesus introduced into the world is really ours4 ,his perfect idealism is the highest rule of unworldly and virtuous life4 ,he has created that heaven of free souls1 in which is found what we ask in vain on earth1 the perfect nobility of the children of ,god1 absolute purity1 total abstraction from the contamination of this world1 that freedom1 in short1 which material society shuts out as an impossibility1 and which finds all its amplitude only in the domain of thought4 ,the great master of those who take refuge in this ideal kingdom of ,god is ,jesus still4 ,he first proclaimed the kingliness of the spirit2 he first said1 at least by his acts1 8,my kingdom is not of this world40 ,the foundation of the true religion is indeed his work4 ,after him there is nothing more but to develop and fructify4 8,christianity0 has thus become almost synonymous with 8religion40 ,all that may be done outside of this great and good ,christian tradition will be sterile4 ,jesus founded religion on humanity1 as ,socrates founded philosophy1 as ,aristotle founded science4 ,there had been philosophy before ,socrates and science before ,aristotle4 ,since ,socrates and ,aristotle1 philosophy and science have made immense progress2 but all has been built upon the foundation which they laid4 ,and so1 before ,jesus1 religious thought had passed through many revolutions2 since ,jesus it has made great conquests2 nevertheless it has not departed1 it will not depart from the essential condition which ,jesus created2 he has fixed for eternity the idea of pure worship4 ,the religion of ,jesus1 in this sense1 is not limited4 ,the church has had its epochs and its phases2 it has shut itself up in symbols which have had or will have their day2 ,jesus founded the absolute religion1 excluding nothing1 determining nothing1 save its essence4''' ,whatever may be the transformations of dogma1 ,jesus will remain in religion the creator of its pure sentiment2 the ,sermon on the ,mount will never be surpassed4 ,no resolution will lead us not to join in religion the grand intellectual and moral line at the head of which beams the name of ,jesus4--,renan4#a ,march #h4 ,were you ever made to see and admire the all sufficiency of ,christ's righteousness1 and excited by the spirit of ,god to hunger and thirst after it8 ,could you ever say1 my soul is athirst for ,christ1 yea1 even for the righteousness of ,christ8 ,oh1 when shall ,i come to appear before the presence of my ,god in the righteousness of ,christ2 oh1 nothing but ,christ6 nothing but ,christ6 ,give me ,christ1 ,o ,god1 and ,i am satisfied6 ,my soul shall praise thee forever4 ,was this1 ,i say1 ever the language of your hearts8 ,and after these inward conflicts1 were you ever enabled to reach out the arm of faith and embrace the blessed ,jesus in your souls1 so that you could say1 ,my beloved is mine1 and ,i am his8 ,if so1 fear not1 whoever you are--hail1 all hail1 you happy souls6 ,the ,lord1 the ,lord ,christ1 the everlasting ,god is your righteousness4 ,christ has justified you1 who is he that condemneth you8 ,christ has died for you1 nay1 rather is risen again1 and ever liveth to make intercession for you4 ,being now justified by his grace1 you have peace with ,god1 and shall ere long be with ,jesus in glory1 reaping everlasting and unspeakable redemption both in body and soul4 ,for there is no condemnation to those that are really in ,christ ,jesus4 ,whether ,paul or ,apollos or life or death1 all is yours if you are ,christ's1 for ,christ is ,god's6 ''' ,oh think of the love of ,christ in dying for you6 ,if the ,lord be your righteousness1 let the righteousness of your ,lord be ever in your mouth4''' ,think of the greatness of the gift1 as well as of the giver6 ,show to all the world in whom you have believed6 ,let all by your fruits know that the ,lord is your righteousness1 and that you are waiting for your ,lord from heaven6 ,oh1 study to be holy1 even as he who has called you1 and washed you in his own blood1 is holy6 ,let not the righteousness of the ,lord be evil spoken of through you4 ,let not ,jesus be wounded in the house of his friends2 but grow in grace and in the knowledge of our ,lord and ,savior ,jesus ,christ day by day4 ,oh1 think of his dying love6 ,let that love constrain you to obedience6 ,having much forgiven1 love much4--,whitefield4#b ,march #ae4 ,but in proportion to the exaltation of the soul1 and also in proportion to its purity and spirituality--the very opposite extreme or condition2 in proportion to the impressibleness and moral sensibility of a man's spiritual nature1 he has direct communion with ,god1 as friend with friend1 face to face4 8,blessed are the pure in heart1 for they shall see ,god40 ,there are thousands of instances--they occur in every church where there are eminent ,christians--of men and women who come to such a state of spiritual purity and spiritual openness that they talk with ,god as friend with friend4 ,there is the direct operation of the ,spirit of ,god upon their soul4 ,not that they less than any others are blessed by the spirit that applies the ,word2 not that they less than any others are subject to the indirect operations of nature and society2 but there is1 over and above these1 also1 for those that are able to take it1 this direct inspiration of ,god's soul4 ,whether it be by thought1 ,i know not2 or whether it be by moral feeling1 ,i know not4 8,the wind bloweth where it listeth1 and thou hearest the sound thereof1 but canst not tell whence it cometh and whither it goeth2 so is every one that is born of the spirit40 ,i do not know the mode of divine agency2 but of the fact that the human soul in its higher spiritual relations is open2 that there is nothing between it and ,god1 as it were2 that it palpitates1 as it were1 under the conscious presence of ,god1 and is lifted up to a faith and a truth that are not possible to it in its lower realms--of that fact ,i have no more doubt than ,i have of my own existence4 ,there is such a thing yet as walking with ,god2 there is such a thing yet as being under direct divine inspiration4 ,i do not think there is such a thing yet as authoritative inspiration4 ,apostles are over and gone4 ,prophets have had their day4 ,it is individual inspiration that exists now4 ,it is authoritative only for the soul to which it comes1 not lifting that soul up into authority1 and enabling it to say 8,thus saith the ,lord0 to any other soul4 ,but ,i believe that still the divine ,spirit works upon the individual heart1 and teaches that individual heart as a father teaches a child4 ,blessed are they that need no argument2 and blessed are they whose memories take them back to the glowing hours of experience1 in which they have seen the transfigured ,christ2 in which to them the heavens have been opened2 in which to them the angels of ,god not only have descended upon the ladder1 but have brought the divine and sacred presence with them4 ,many a couch of poverty has been more gorgeous than a prince's couch2 many a hut and hovel has been scarcely less resplendent to the eye of angels than the very battlements of heaven4 ,many that the world has not known2 who had no tongue to speak1 and no hand to execute1 but only a heart to love and to trust--many such ones have had the very firmament of ,god lifted above them1 all radiant4 ,there is this truth in the ,spirit of ,god that works in the hearts of men directly1 and in overpowering measure4 ,blessed be ,god1 it is a living truth2 and there are witnesses of it yet4--,beecher4 ,march #bb4 ,jesus ,christ1 in his dying discourse with his eleven disciples1 in the #adth1 #aeth1 and #afth chapters of ,john 7which was1 as it were1 ,christ's last will and testament to his disciples1 and to his whole church71 often declares his special and everlasting love to them1 in the plainest and most positive terms1 and promises them a future participation with him in his glory in the most absolute manner1 and tells them1 at the same time1 that he does so to the end that their joy may be full4 ,john xv3#b3 8,these things have ,i spoken unto you that my joy might remain in you1 and that your joy might be full40 ,see also1 at the conclusion of the whole discourse1 chapter xvi3#cc3 8,these things have ,i spoken unto you1 that in me ye might have peace4 ,in the world ye shall have tribulation2 but be of good cheer2 ,i have overcome the world40 ,christ was not afraid of speaking too plainly and positively to them2 he did not desire to hold them in the least suspense4 ,and he concluded that last discourse of his with a prayer in their presence1 wherein he speaks positively to his ,father of those eleven disciples1 as having all of them savingly known him1 and believed in him1 and received and kept his word2 and that they were not of the world2 and that for their sakes he sanctified himself2 and that his will was that they should be with him in his glory2 and tells his ,father that he spake these things in his prayer1 to the end that his joy might be fulfilled in them3 verse #ac4 ,by these things it is evident that it is agreeable to ,christ's designs1 and the contrived ordering and disposition ,christ makes of things in his church1 that there should be sufficient and abundant provision made1 that his saints might have full assurance of their future glory4 ,the apostle ,paul1 through all his epistles1 speaks in an assured strain2 ever speaking positively of his special relation to ,christ1 his ,lord1 and ,master1 and ,redeemer2 and his interest in1 and expectation of1 the future reward4 ,it would be useless to take notice of all places that might be enumerated4 ,i shall mention but three or four4 ,gal41 ii3#bj3 8,christ liveth in me2 and the life which ,i now live in the flesh1 ,i live by the faith of the ,son of ,god1 who loved me1 and gave himself for me40 ,phil41 i3#ba3 8,for to me to live is ,christ1 and to die is gain40 ,,ii4 ,tim41 i3#ab3 8,i know whom ,i have believed1 and ,i am persuaded that he is able to keep that which ,i have committed unto him against that day40 ,,ii4 ,tim41 iv3#g1h3 8,i have fought a good fight1 ,i have finished my course1 ,i have kept the faith4 ,henceforth there is laid up for me a crown of righteousness1 which the ,lord1 the righteous judge1 will give me at that day40 ''' ,it further appears that assurance is not only attainable in some very extraordinary cases1 but that all ,christians are directed to use all diligence to make their calling and election sure2 and are told how they may do it4 ,,ii4 ,peter1 i3#e-h4 ,and it is spoken of as a thing very unbecoming of ,christians1 and an argument of something very blamable in them1 not to know whether ,christ be in them or no4 ,,ii4 ,cor41 xiii3#e3 8,know ye not your own selves1 how that ,jesus ,christ is in you except ye be reprobates80 ,and it is implied that it is an argument of a very blamable negligence in ,christians1 if they practice ,christianity after such a manner as to remain uncertain of the rewards1 in ,i4 ,cor41 ix3#bf3 8,i therefore so run1 not as uncertainly40 ,and to add no more1 it is manifest that for ,christians to know their interests in the saving benefits of ,christianity is a thing ordinarily attainable1 because the apostles tell us by what means ,christians 7and not only apostles and martyrs7 were wont to know this4 ,i4 ,cor41 ii3#ab3 8,now we have received1 not the spirit of the world1 but the ,spirit which is of ,god1 that we might know the things which are fully given to us of ,god40 ,and ,i4 ,john1 ii3#c3 8,and hereby do we know that we know him if we keep his commandments40 ,and verse #e3 8,hereby know we that we are in him40 ,chapter iii3#ad3 8,we know that we have passed from death unto life40 ''' ,verse #ai3 8,hereby we know that we are of the truth1 and shall assure our hearts before him40 ,verse #bd3 8,hereby we know that he abideth in us1 by the spirit which he hath given us40 ,so chapter iv3#ac1 and chapter v3#bi1 and verse #ai4--,president ,edwards4#c ,march #bi4 ,who has an understanding so exalted1 so richly gifted1 as to be able to say what love is6 ,should ,i say it is a dew1 ,i merely describe its refreshing power4 ,should ,i say it is a star1 ,i but describe its loveliness4 ,should ,i say it is a storm1 ,i but describe the impossibility of restraining it4 ,should ,i say it is a ray of the sun1 then ,i but describe its hidden source4 ,should ,i say it is produced in the utmost depths of the soul1 when the breath of heaven unites with the heart's blood of the new man1 that it is the breath of the soul1 still ,i should not have represented it1 for ,i should but have said what it is in itself1 not what it is to others4 ,should ,i say it is the light of the sun1 that gives life and color to all creatures1 still ,i should not have truly set it forth1 for ,i should but have said what it is for others1 not what it is in itself4 ,should ,i say it is a ray of the seven colors in a pure drop of water1 still ,i should not have described it1 for it is not so much a form as an odor1 and a savor1 in the depths of the human heart4 ,who has such a lofty understanding1 such deep thoughts1 as to be able to say what love truly is6 ,the ,scripture says--it is a flame of the ,lord4,i ,yes it is a flame1 steady1 bright1 and pure2 a flame which lights up and warms1 and shines through the heart into which it has entered1 and then falls on other hearts1 and the more light and warmth it gives to others1 the brighter and stronger it burns in our breast4 ,but love1 says the apostle1 is greater than faith and hope1 for beyond that limit where faith and hope depart1 love still remains4''' ,for as the door in this poor temporal life was but a little gate that did not always stand open1 but was often shut by a strong gust of wind2 in eternity the poor little gate will become a mighty portal1 whose doors stand open night and day1 which no storm-wind will ever close1 through which the soul will freely pass into the heart of ,god and all his creatures4 ,o1 since in this life love has made us so rich1 though but a little brook1 which1 when the sun shone fiercely1 was almost dried up1 how rich will it not make us when the little brook has become the stream1 yea1 the ocean1 when it flows forth from the heart of ,god1 in full spring-tide1 and sin no more builds a barrier in the heart of the creature1 and there will be a free and sacred giving and receiving between heaven and earth1 and among all that is in heaven and upon earth6 ,o1 who has so exalted an understanding that he can truly say what love is6--,tholuck4#d ,,footnotes ,i ,canticles1 viii3#f1 ,german version4 ,,studies ,,in ,,kitchen ,,science ,,and ,,art4 ,,vi4 ,,cabbages1 ,,turnips1 ,,carrots1 ,,beets1 ,,and ,,onions4 ,,by ,,byron ,d4 ,,halsted1 ,,sc4 ,d4 ,,the ,,cabbage is a native of ,europe1 and grows wild along the sea coasts of ,england4 ,the wild plant lives for two years1 has fleshy leaves1 and is so different from the cabbages of the garden as not to be recognized as their parent4 ,under cultivation this one species of plant 7,brassica oleracea#a7 has produced the ,savoy1 ,brussels sprouts1 cauliflower1 borecole1#b etc4 ,a more wonderful plant and a more useful one is seldom found in the whole range of the vegetable kingdom4 ,the ,romans did much to extend the culture of the cabbage4 ,in ,scotland it was not generally known until the time of ,cromwell4 ,much improvement has been made in ,american sorts of cabbages within the past fifty years4 ,in the wild state the cabbage has a hard1 woody stalk1 but the fine specimens in market have only a small stem1 bearing a large1 compact head1 of closely folded leaves4 ,the first essential in the successful growing of cabbage is the right kind of soil4 ,it should be a sandy loam1 with a gravelly1 and not a clayey subsoil4 ,soil that is naturally wet must be thoroughly underdrained before being devoted to cabbage growing4 ,the importance of an abundance of well rotted manure can not be too fully impressed upon the mind of any person contemplating the production of excellent cabbages4 ,much that may be here said concerning the preparation of the soil for growing cabbages applies with equal force to the other vegetables treated in this article4 ,earliness is one of the leading points to be gained in raising most garden crops4 ,it is the man with the first load of cabbages that gets the best price in the market4 ,there is a great deal of stress to be placed upon the proper selection of seed1 but seed is not all4 ,the young plants of the earliest sorts must be fed1 and they require this food at an early stage in their growth1 when chemical changes are only slowly going on in the soil4 ,in other words1 early crops need a far larger amount of manure for their satisfactory growth than crops started in midsummer1 when the soil is rapidly yielding up its food elements4 ,early crops need to grow in cool spring weather1 and therefore should be abundantly supplied with food in an available form4 ,mr4 ,gregory says in his excellent pamphlet on 8,how to ,grow ,cabbages10 8,if the farmer desires to make the utmost use of his manure for that season1 it will be best to put most of it into the hill1 particularly if his supply runs rather short2 but if he desires to leave his land in good condition for next year's crop1 he had better use part of it broadcast4 ,my own practice is to use all my rich compost broadcast1 and depend on guano1 phosphates1 or hen manure in the hill40 ,this view of heavy manuring is confirmed by ,mr4 ,henderson1 in his 8,farm and ,garden ,topics10 when he says3 8,for the early cabbage crop it should always be spread on broadcast1 and in quantity not less than one hundred cart loads or seventy-five tons to the acre4''' ,after plowing in the manure1 and before the ground is harrowed1 our best growers in the vicinity of ,new ,york sow from four to five hundred pounds of guano1 or bone dust1 and then harrow it deeply in40 ,the best sorts of cabbages for the early crop are3 ,the ,jersey ,wakefield1 which has a head of medium size1 close1 and of a deep green color2 ,early ,york1 smaller1 but quite early2 ,early ,winningstadt1 later1 but an excellent sort4 ,among the best late kinds may be named3 ,large ,flat ,dutch1 ,american ,drumhead1 ,drumhead ,savoy1 and the ,red ,dutch4 ,the last mentioned is largely used in pickling4 ,the young plants are obtained from seeds in various ways1 determined by the numbers desired4 ,when large quantities are needed for the early crop1 the seed is sown in a hot-bed or green-house1 about ,february #ast1 for the latitude of ,new ,york ,city1 and transplanted into other heated beds near ,march #ast4 ,in this way fine plants may be obtained by the first of ,april4 ,many of the large cabbage growers prepare the soil1 mark it in rows1 and drop the seed in the hills where the plants are to grow4 ,in this way much labor is saved1 and there is the advantage of having several plants in each hill1 to guard against losses from cut-worms4 ,cabbages quickly respond to good culture1 and repay in large measure for every stirring of the soil1 either with the hoe or the horse cultivator4 ,the most troublesome insect enemy is probably the ,cabbage-worm1 which in some localities has destroyed the whole crop4 ,the mature insect deposits its eggs upon the under side of the cabbage leaves4 ,these eggs soon hatch1 and the green caterpillars begin their destructive work4 ,no poisonous substances can be applied without endangering the lives of those who may afterward eat the cabbage4 ,hot water 7#afj degrees7 has proved effective in killing the worms1 while not doing injury to the plants4 ,flea-beetles have done some damage1 as also the ,cabbage-bug4 ,after the crop is grown the cabbages may be kept by burying them in trenches1 heads down4 ,three facts need to be kept in mind3 ,repeated freezing and thawing cause rot2 excessive moisture also induces decay2 and a dry air withers the head and destroys the flavor4 ,about a foot of earth is usually a sufficient covering4 ,cabbage in the many forms it is presented upon the table is a most wholesome and agreeable article of food4 ,the farmer's garden is not complete without a full crop of cabbages4 ,any heads that are not needed for the family table can be fed with profit to the farm live stock4 ,poultry in particular1 need some green food daily through the winter season1 and a cabbage now and then satisfies this natural craving4 ,,turnips4--,the garden turnips belong to the same genus 7,brassica7 with the cabbages1 and are therefore closely related to them4 ,the turnip is supposed to be a native of ,england and other parts of ,europe4 ,it is not known when this plant was first introduced into cultivation1 and its wild state is unknown4 ,at the present time it forms one of the prominent crops in all countries adapted to its growth4 ,the remarks made under the subject of cabbages concerning the free use of manure need not be repeated here4 ,turnips grow freely upon a rich and mellow soil1 kept clean of all weeds4 ,they do not require as fertile a soil as cabbages1 and when the earth is very rich1 there is sometimes an excessive growth of tops1 without a corresponding development of the roots4 ,it is not necessary to say that cabbages are grown for their many thick leaves1 while turnips are raised for their roots4 ,plants as a whole have many places for the storing up of nourishment4 ,sometimes it is in the stems1 as in the potato2 in other cases the leaves or roots serve as a store-house of accumulated substance4 ,the plant makes these deposits1 to be drawn upon at some future time1 either for further growth of the same plant or for the early development of another4 ,the root crops1 for example1 are naturally plants of two year's duration4 ,the first season is spent in gathering and storing up substance in a large root4 ,during the following year the starch1 sugar1 oil1 etc41 is withdrawn and used in the production of a flower-stalk1 upon which the crop of seeds is finally borne1 and after this the plant dies4 ,turnips are mainly grown as a second crop1 following early potatoes1 etc4 ,the soil should be made fine and rich before the seed is sown4 ,rutabagas may be sown from the #aeth of ,june until the #aeth of ,july4 ,yellow ,stone1 ,aberdeen1 ,white ,cowhorn and ,strap-leaved ,red-top are sown in the order named1 and from ,july #aeth to the #ast or #ajth of ,september4 ,the seed is sown in drills1 wide enough apart to admit of horse cultivation4 ,the thinning of the plants in the row is of great importance4 ,this work is best done with a hoe1 the workman chopping out the turnips and leaving the plants about four to six inches apart in the row4 ,in garden culture the rows need not be so far apart4 ,it is very essential to keep the weeds down and the soil frequently stirred4 ,the harvesting is simple4 ,when growth is completed the roots are pulled1 then the tops cut off and the turnips placed in root cellars or pits4 ,turnips have an important place in a carefully planned system of farming4 ,the root crop is a means of securing a large amount of most wholesome food for live stock1 and at the same time it cleans the soil from weeds and prepares it for the growth of succeeding crops4 ,the leading insect enemy of young turnip plants is the ,turnip-fly4 ,if the seedlings can be protected until they get a good start in life there is no further trouble4 ,equal parts of wood ashes and land plaster scattered over the young turnip leaves is a good remedy4 ,air-slaked lime is also employed in the same manner4 ,,the ,,carrot4--,the wild carrot1 ,daucus ,carota1#c is a native of ,europe and has become naturalized in this country to such an extent as to be ranked among the worst of weeds4 ,the cultivated carrot was introduced into ,england by the ,dutch1 in the reign of ,queen ,elizabeth 7last half of the sixteenth century71 and has since been much improved and quite generally grown4 ,in its native or wild state the root is small1 woody1 and of very little value as an article of food4 ,all of our so-called 8root plants0 in the wild state store up only sufficient food in the root to meet the wants of the plant the coming season4 ,this tendency to accumulate has been developed under cultivation1 and an excess is stored up1 which is appropriated by man4 ,the plant has enjoyed more favorable conditions for growth and been relieved in great part of the struggle for existence that is constantly going on among wild plants4 ,all cultivated plants are living unnatural lives1 being favored in various ways1 and when they are left to shift for themselves either die or drift back1 generation after generation1 to the old original form from which the ancestors were forced to depart4 ,no plant is a better illustration of this fact than the carrot4 ,if left for only a few years1 the fleshy rooted plants of the garden degenerate into the coarse1 woody-rooted weeds of the pasture or hedge-row4 ,we can not pass this point without endeavoring to enforce the importance of keeping up all the most favorable conditions of growth for garden vegetables1 and carefully selecting seed of plants that show the least tendency to degenerate4 ,the plot for growing carrots should be nearly level1 otherwise heavy rains may wash the seeds and young plants out of place4 ,the soil should be deep1 rich and mellow4 ,carrots are no exception to the rule that root crops flourish under high culture4 ,when the barnyard fails to supply sufficient manure1 it is well to use guano1 superphosphates1 and other quick acting fertilizers4 ,if the soil is heavy1 it is best to sow the seed in ridges made by a plow1 thus enabling a horse-weeder to pass between the rows and not injure the young plants coming through the surface4 ,use seed not over one year old1 and it is well to sow some radish seed with it1 to come up first and show the rows1 thus aiding in the early cultivation of the soil4 ,it is of the greatest importance to keep the weeds down until the carrots get a good start4 ,about six weeks after sowing1 that is1 the middle of ,july1 thin the plants1 leaving them four or five inches apart in the row4 ,the carrots are dug and stored like most root crops4 ,if grown in large quantities1 most of the labor of getting the roots out of the soil is performed by horses4 ,carrots keep well in long piles1 six feet wide at the bottom1 and of any length4 ,ventilating holes need to be left at frequent intervals along the ridge of the covered heap4 ,there are several varieties of carrots1 some of them being earlier than others1 while the size and general shape varies greatly4 ,the ,long ,orange1 ,short ,horn1 ,early ,horn and ,white ,belgian are among the leading sorts4 ,market gardeners are now favoring the shorter sorts1 the endeavor being to get them turnip-shaped1 and thus save much labor in digging the roots4 ,,beets4--,the species ,beta vulgaris1#d the parent of our common beets1 is a native of ,egypt1 and grows wild along the ,mediterranean ,sea at the present day4 ,the name is from the ,celtic word ,bett1 meaning red1 the prevailing color of most beets4 ,this garden vegetable has been generally grown for six hundred years1 and during that time has undergone many important changes4 ,long ago the beet arrived at a state of perfection beyond which it is not easy to pass4 ,the ,mangold-,wurzel#e and ,sugar ,beets are derived from another species4 ,these are grown very extensively in ,europe and are worthy of far more attention by ,american farmers4 ,the ,swiss ,chard is another species of the genus ,beta1 largely grown in some countries for the leaves1 which only are used4 ,they are stripped off and used like spinach4 ,the soil best adapted to the growing of beets is a rich1 sandy loam1 rather light than otherwise4 ,it should be thoroughly pulverized by deep plowing1 harrowing1 etc41 until a fine1 mellow bed is prepared for the seeds4 ,the seeds are sown in rows1 and the soil should be pressed firmly upon them4 ,for early beets the sowing may be done so soon as the ground can be worked4 ,the late sorts may be sown in ,july4 ,as soon as the plants are above ground a push-hoe should be passed close to the rows4 ,a few days later the beets need to be thinned to five or six inches in the row4 ,the removed plants make excellent greens4 ,the remaining work until harvest time is keeping the soil free from weeds and loose by frequent hoeing4 ,the rake is better than the hoe1 if it is used frequently and no weeds get large4 ,beets should be harvested before frosts injure them4 ,handle carefully and store in a place where the temperature is uniformly a few degrees above freezing4 ,the ,egyptian is among the best early sorts2 it has a dark blood color1 and much resembles a flat turnip in shape4 ,the ,long1 ,smooth1 ,blood ,beet is considered as ranking first for general family and market uses4 ,the ,mangold-,wurzels are coarse beets of large size1 grown as a field crop for live stock4 ,the ,white ,sugar is a ,mangold1 free from much of the red coloring matter of the red sorts4 ,these larger varieties of beets are very extensively grown in ,europe for the manufacture of sugar1 and it would add to our agricultural wealth if they were more frequently a part of a well planned system of rotation of crops in ,america4 ,it may not pay for us to make beet sugar1 but the use of the roots as a wholesome winter food for stock is profitable4 ,,onions4--,the onion 7,allium cepa#f7 has been cultivated from early times1 and its native country is unknown4 ,as it is mentioned in sacred writings it is supposed that its home is in the far ,east4 ,onions thrive best on old ground1 especially if it is a light1 sandy loam4 ,the onion field should be nearly level1 clear of weeds1 and liberally supplied with the best well-rotted manure2 guano and superphosphates are excellent for onions4 ,deep plowing is not necessary4 ,the amount of seed to be used depends upon the kind of onions desired4 ,if they are to be pulled for early market1 more seed is required than when they are to attain their full growth4 ,there are many varieties of onions grown from seeds4 ,the ,yellow ,danvers1 ,white ,portugal and ,weathersfield ,red are well known sorts1 representing the three prevailing colors4 ,onions are largely grown from sets1 that is1 bulbs that have ripened while quite small1 and when set out grow and form large onions4 ,the small size and early maturity are due to sowing the seed thick4 ,from thirty to forty seeds are sown to each inch of the row4 ,the sets are mature when the leaves begin to wither1 and are then removed and dried4 ,in planting the sets they are placed in rows about four inches apart4 ,the 8,potato ,onion0 or 8,english ,multiplier0 is propagated by offsets4 ,an onion of this class1 if planted in the spring1 will produce a cluster of small ones around it4 ,these small onions will grow into large ones the next season4 ,there are several sorts of onions that bear clusters of small bulbs upon the tops of the flower stalks1 in place of seed pods4 ,the 8,tree10 8,top10 and 8,egyptian0 onions are of this class4 ,these bulblets1 when planted1 produce large bulbs1 and these latter1 when set out the following season1 throw up stalks bearing bulblets4 ,onions are ready for harvesting as soon as the leaves droop and become dry4 ,the bulbs should be well cured and placed in a dry1 cool1 storage room4 ,the crop is sometimes badly injured by smut1 especially when onions have been grown upon the same soil for many years4 ,the onion maggot causes some destruction4 ,guano and unleached ashes1 when scattered over the bed1 have both proved of value4 ,the above is only a brief consideration of five of the leading garden vegetables4 ,the first four1 namely3 ,cabbages1 turnips1 carrots and beets1 are to a great extent farm crops1 well suited for live stock4 ,the composition of these is as follows3 ,,dry ,,matter4 ,,albuminoids4 ,,fat4 ,,starch1 ,,sugar1 ,,etc4 ,,ash4 ,cabbage #ad4c #b4e #j4g #g4a #a4f ,turnips #h4e #a4j #j4ae #e4h #j4h ,carrots #ad4a #a4c #j4be #i4f #a4j ,beets #ah4e #a4j #j4a #i4a #j4h ,the turnips contain the least dry substance1 and the cabbages are far the richest in albuminoids4 ,the carrot leads in starch1 sugar1 etc41 followed closely by the beets4 ,there is very little poetry in any of the five vegetables here briefly described1 though they may enter into the daily food of those who think of lofty things and write in the most elegant style4 ,they are the humble1 unobtrusive toilers in the gardens of the world4 ,,the ,,preparation ,,of ,,vegetables4 ,there are two laws underlying the preparation of all vegetables for the table2 the first is1 cook until tender2 the second is1 do not cook until mushy and the juice extracted4 ,by overlooking the first you are left with a rank1 tough1 indigestible dish2 by overlooking the second with one watery1 and--worst of all culinary adjectives--juiceless4 ,a time-table regulating the exact number of minutes which each vegetable shall be cooked can not be perfectly exact4 ,not rules1 but judgment must decide the limit of time4 ,however a table of approximations may be of service to amateur cooks whose experience has not yet taught them that essential of successful cookery4 ,,cabbage4--,when young1 requires an hour2 winter cabbage1 double that time4 ,,turnips4--,when young1 three quarters of an hour2 winter turnips1 two hours4 ,,carrots4--,when young1 three quarters of an hour2 winter carrots1 two hours4 ,,beets4--,when young1 three quarters of an hour2 winter beets1 four hours4 ,,onions4--,when young1 one hour2 winter onions1 two hours4 ,the temperature at which vegetables should be cooked is a point of great importance4 ,a little reflection should easily settle the question1 however4 ,when young vegetables are tender1 the juices are easily withdrawn1 continued stewing or soaking extracts all the flavor and strength2 when old they become tough1 and only long stewing will make them tender and bring out the juices4 ,by putting young vegetables into cold water we extract the juice before they begin to cook1 and by the time they become tender they are tasteless2 but by putting winter vegetables into cold water they are gradually softened1 and by the time they are cooked tender the juice is fully developed2 hence the reason for the rule which cooks have formulated3 ,put all young1 green vegetables into salted boiling water2 all dried and winter vegetables into cold water4 ,add to your regard for these first principles a nice skill in draining all the water from your cabbage1 turnips1 carrots1 beets and onions1 and that most delicate of all cookery arts--the art of seasoning--and you can not fail of toothsome entres#a and salads4 ,cabbage ,salad or ,slaw4--,remove from a firm1 fresh cabbage the outer leaves and slice fine4 ,the simplest dressing is of sugar1 salt and vinegar4 ,mayonnaise#b dressing may be prepared by taking the beaten yolks of six eggs and into them beating1 drop by drop1 two tablespoonfuls of salad oil2 now alternate with every few drops of two tablespoonfuls of salad oil1 small quantities of vinegar until two tablespoonfuls of vinegar have been used4 ,beat into this mixture1 which should be very smooth1 one saltspoonful of salt and half as much cayenne pepper1 set in a cold place until wanted4 ,a cooked mayonnaise dressing is made by adding to each tablespoonful of boiling vinegar1 the beaten yolk of an egg1 and cooking until stiff4 ,remove the mixture and stir in an ounce of butter4 ,when cool1 season it with salt1 pepper and mustard2 then add sweet cream until it is of the desired consistency4 ,hot ,slaw is prepared by stewing chopped cabbage until tender1 and then adding a dressing of vinegar1 butter1 salt and pepper4 ,pickled ,cabbage4--,chop1 not too fine1 a fresh cabbage1 and season it with white mustard seed1 salt and pepper4 ,now pack this firmly into a jar and add cold vinegar4 ,cloves should be sprinkled over the top to prevent mould4 ,or1 pack a layer of chopped cabbage alternately with a layer of chopped onions1 and having salted1 allow it to stand for about twenty-four hours4 ,a dressing of one pint of vinegar1 one cup of sugar1 and one teaspoonful each of ground mustard1 black pepper1 cinnamon1 turmeric1 mace1 allspice1 and celery seed is made for each head of cabbage and half dozen of onions1 by scalding the vinegar and adding sugar and spices4 ,into this dressing pour the cabbage and onions4 ,allow them to simmer for half an hour1 then put into jars4 ,boiled ,cabbage4--,quarter a cabbage from which the outer leaves have been removed1 and which has been examined carefully for insects and slugs4 ,boil until tender4 ,drain well1 being careful to press out the water4 ,boiled cabbage may be chopped1 and a tablespoonful of butter1 pepper and salt stirred in1 or it may be served with white sauce or drawn butter4 ,white sauce is made by cooking together one ounce of flour and two ounces of butter1 and1 after adding a pint of milk allowing the mixture to simmer slowly4 ,season with salt and pepper4 ,drawn butter differs from white sauce only in having water or broth in place of the milk4 ,cabbage may be boiled in water taken from the pot in which corned beef or pork is being cooked4 ,this seasons it nicely4 ,stewed ,cabbage4--,chop cabbage fine and stew until tender4 ,when 8done0 add sweet milk sufficient for a dressing and allow it to cook for ten minutes4 ,season with salt and pepper4 ,marion ,harland gives this recipe for a stewed 8stuffed cabbage30 8,choose for this purpose a large1 firm cabbage4 ,when perfectly cold bind a broad tape about it1 or a strip of muslin1 that it may not fall apart when the stalk is taken out4 ,remove this with a thin1 sharp knife1 leaving a hole about as deep as your middle finger4 ,without widening the mouth of the aperture excavate the center4 ,chop the bits you have taken out very small2 mix with some cold boiled pork or ham1 or cooked sausage-meat1 a very little onion1 pepper1 salt1 a pinch of thyme1 and some bread crumbs4 ,fill the cavity with this1 bind a wide strip of muslin over the hole in the top1 and lay the cabbage in a large sauce-pan with a pint of #8hot liquor' from boiled beef or ham4 ,stew gently until very tender4 ,take out the cabbage1 unbind carefully1 and lay in a dish4 ,keep hot while you add to the gravy1 when you have strained it1 pepper1 a piece of butter rolled in flour1 and two or three tablespoonfuls of rich milk or cream4 ,boil up and pour over the cabbage40 ,baked ,cabbage4--,the cold boiled cabbage left over from dinner is very nice baked4 ,chop it fine and add a dressing made of beaten eggs and milk and seasoned with salt and pepper4 ,put it into a buttered baking dish1 and having strewn the top with bread crumbs or rolled crackers1 bake it brown4 ,fried ,cabbage4--,another excellent dish to be prepared from cold boiled cabbage is fried cabbage4 ,chop the cabbage fine and stir in a little melted butter1 two beaten eggs1 a little cream1 pepper and salt1 and cook until slightly brown4 ,boiled ,turnips4--,boil until tender and drain dry4 ,after mashing them smooth1 being careful to rub away all hard lumps1 stir in a tablespoonful of butter and season with salt and pepper4 ,if it is preferred to cut them in slices1 they are nice served with white sauce or drawn butter as a dressing4 ,a little vinegar added to the dressing is by many considered an improvement4 ,young turnips are nice served whole with either of these sauces4 ,stewed ,turnips4--,an excellent way of warming over boiled turnips is to add sufficient milk to them to stew thoroughly1 and then to season with pepper and salt4 ,baked ,turnips4--,cold boiled or sliced turnips may be 8done over0 by putting them into a baking-pan1 covering with bread crumbs1 moistening with milk1 and then baking in the oven4 ,freshly boiled turnips1 sliced thin1 may be cooked in the same way4 ,boiled ,carrots4--,if carrots are small and young they may be boiled whole1 but if they are large they should be split into two or three pieces2 when cooked they may be served with butter1 salt and pepper1 or with white sauce1 like sliced boiled turnips4 ,mashed ,carrots4--,boiled carrots are very nice mashed with a large spoonful of butter1 a little cream1 and seasoning of pepper and salt worked into them4 ,serve as you would mashed potatoes4 ,fried ,carrots4--,cold boiled carrots1 or those which have been parboiled1 may be sliced and fried brown in butter4 ,they must be seasoned1 of course1 with pepper and salt4 ,stewed ,carrots4--,parboil carrots for three quarters of an hour4 ,put them into a stew-pan and pour on them a teacupful of broth with seasoning of pepper1 salt and butter1 and stew until they are tender4 ,a little cream and a lump of butter may be added and the whole allowed to boil up4 ,boiled ,beets4--,in preparing beets for the kettle they should be washed1 but not cut4 ,when done1 rub off the skin and slice4 ,butter1 pepper and salt should be added for seasoning4 ,if you like a dressing of vinegar put a tablespoonful of butter into half a cup of vinegar1 add pepper and salt1 and boil before turning upon the beets4 ,baked ,beets4--,slice your beets and place in a baking pan with butter1 pepper and salt4 ,allow about twenty minutes longer for baking than boiling4 ,this method preserves much of the juice of the vegetable which is lost in boiling4 ,stewed ,beets4--,parboil your beets until nearly done1 rub off the skin and slice4 ,into your stew-pan pour enough milk to cover the beets1 add a little butter1 salt and pepper1 and simmer slowly until they are done4 ,boiled ,onions4--,onions may be laid in cold water half an hour before cooking4 ,boil them in two waters until tender4 ,when cooked1 drain carefully and serve with butter1 salt and pepper4 ,boiled onions are nice with a dressing of drawn butter4 ,baked ,onions4--,choose large onions for baking1 and after peeling boil for an hour4 ,drain them thoroughly and about each wrap a piece of buttered tissue paper1 bake them until they are quite tender1 then remove the paper and brown in the oven1 basting with butter4 ,serve them with drawn butter4 ,stewed ,onions4--,onions which have been parboiled may be stewed in milk sufficient to cover4 ,when done1 a dressing of hot cream and butter1 seasoned with salt and pepper1 may be poured over them2 or they may be chopped fine1 and the cream1 butter and seasonings be stirred in4 ,fried ,onions4--,slice into small strips and fry in butter1 taking care to brown them evenly4 ,season with salt and pepper4 ,onions sliced thin and fried in hot fat are called ,saratoga onions4 ,,the ,,circle ,,of ,,the ,,sciences4 ,,physics4 ,in the science of material things1 mechanics takes account of forces that act on masses from without2 physics1 of those that act from within1 or which1 in some way1 modify the condition of the bodies themselves4 ,both branches were1 till recently1 included in the vaguely comprehensive term 8,natural ,philosophy10 and the partial separation observed in modern treatises and text-books gives a little more distinctness to the facts presented4 ,under the former the earth is contemplated as a planet1 obedient to the universal law of gravitation1 and moving regularly in its orbit4 ,the mechanism of the system is complete2 the measure and adjustment of all the parts perfect4 ,,geology1 ,as a physical science1 considers the earth apart from the solar system with which it is connected1 and takes account of its materials and structure1 and the forces that unite them4 ,its position in the group is about midway between mechanics and chemistry1 being closely allied to other natural sciences1 while its phenomena are occasionally varied by both mechanical and chemical agents4 ,,physiographic ,,geology ,treats of the earth's exterior physical features2 of its form--an oblate spheroid--of its surface1 oceans1 continents1 seas1 lakes and rivers1 hills1 mountains1 valleys and plains2 of soils made from previously existing organic or inorganic substances1 the detritus of rocks containing various minerals and small particles of decomposed vegetable matter4 ,the materials of this outer covering of the earth are from many different sources1 and variously constituted4 ,from the finest grains of sand1 clay1 and loam1 to pebbles1 boulders1 and fragments of enormous dimensions1 they are mingled apparently without any fixed order or proportions2 sometimes but slightly covering the solid rock1 at others piling it up in ridges and hills of considerable height4 ,in this surface formation are included ancient sea-beaches1 lake and river terraces1 deltas1 deposits of sand and clay1 with vast beds of marls1 peat and calcareous tufa1#a all the progressive accumulations since the present order of things began4 ,in some of these deposits1 more recent than the ,drift#b period1 fossils are abundant and very full of interest4 ,in ,new ,zealand the bones of a bird#c were found which exceed in bulk those of the largest horse1 and are now in the museum of the ,college of ,surgeons1 ,london4 ,the bird when alive was eleven or twelve feet high4 ,less than a century ago what might have been a fossil elephant was found imbedded in ice on the coast of ,siberia1 and in such a perfect state of preservation that the people fed their dogs on its flesh4 ,the animal was well covered with hair1 and adapted to a cool climate1 a representative of an extinct race4 ,how it was imbedded1 or how long it had been preserved in that condition1 no one knows4 ,in ,great ,britain are found fossils of the rhinoceros and hippopotamus1 of elephants1 tigers1 hyenas and giant elks1 all of which are extinct species4 ,the ,united ,states is especially prolific in the remains of huge mammals4 ,the mastodon and megatherium were doubtless indigenous to this country4 ,the latter had a thigh bone three times as large as the largest elephant1 and the cavity through which it passed1 indicates a spinal cord an inch in diameter4 ,these largest skeletons were found in ,georgia and ,south ,carolina4 ,those of the mastodon are numerous1 and found in many different places4 ,physiographic geology is a study intensely interesting1 and of great practical importance1 as it bears directly on many of the industries of life2 but this general notice is sufficient4 ,,lithographic ,,geology4 ,the ultimate particles of material bodies1 of which we know but little1 exert such force or influence on each other as to decide the character of the mass2 even if the atoms are identically the same in substance they may come together in a way to secure different results4 ,the bulk of the solid part of the earth is rock1 but all rock is not the same4 ,we find several species of granite1 of limestone1 and sandstone1 a long list4 ,but the whole may be divided into two classes1 stratified and unstratified4 ,whatever the two classes seem to have in common1 they are not of the same origin4 ,the first occur in layers or strata1 others are crystalline and massive4 ,the loose materials1 such as sand1 clay and gravel1 that have accumulated at the bottom of the pond or lake1 are found arranged in beds or parallel layers4 ,the streams carry the materials from the highlands1 and they are at length deposited in the basin1 and when hardened become stratified rocks4 ,as this process is still going on1 and recently formed strata are found approaching the consistency of stone1 it is but reasonable to conclude that all rocks of this class1 being formed in like manner under the water1 are of aqueous origin4 ,they are further classed according to certain peculiarities1 either of material or formation4 ,gneiss1 abundant in all parts of ,new ,england1 is a kind of stratified granite1 of about the same materials1 but splits readily into slabs that are used both for building purposes and flagging stones4 ,mica slate resembles gneiss1 has the same minerals1 but more mica1 and is of a more slaty structure1 and the glistening particles of mica abound in it4 ,there are several other kinds of slate1 named from the minerals that predominate in them1 or the purposes for which they are mostly used4 ,roofing slate of excellent quality is extensively quarried in ,maine1 ,vermont and ,massachusetts4 ,quartz rock consists mainly of quartz1 but often has more or less mica4 ,sandstone is of kindred formation1 the principal part of which is quartz1 reduced to sand1 and the grains more or less firmly united4 ,in both the colors are various4 ,conglomerate consists of water-worn pebbles of various kinds and sizes cemented together1 and sometimes making a strong1 compact rock4 ,the limestone formations are extensive in nearly all countries4 ,in their structure some are very compact and break with a smooth surface4 ,those capable of a fine polish are called marble1 the more common uses of which are well known4 ,the purest crystalline limestone is used in sculpture2 the best quality being obtained from ,carrara1 ,italy1 and that called ,parian from the island ,paros4 ,chalk1 a useful formation1 is a carbonate of lime4 ,in some caves the dropping of calcareous water forms stalactites1 which hang from the roof like immense icicles1 and are often extended till they meet the accumulations below1 called stalagmites1 and form beautiful columns4 ,of the more than seven hundred crystals from this source alone1 and of the many other varieties of minerals having much in common1 and yet enough that is peculiar to distinguish them1 no mention can be made4 ,a careful reader and close observer will gather from familiar objects a fund of information of great value4 ,the parallel strata mentioned are not always horizontal1 but sometimes nearly1 if not quite perpendicular4 ,occasionally a ledge broken quite through separates1 and the rock on one side of the fissure is either elevated or depressed1 making what is called a fault4 ,the fissures crossing a bed of rock are often filled with a mineral entirely different from the rock itself4 ,in some cases where the vein is small the foreign substance may have come in from above or laterally1 deposited from water as in the case of stalactites4 ,the larger fissures were evidently filled with the melted material thrust up from beneath4 ,the unstratified rocks are in masses1 without fossils of animals or plants1 and of igneous origin4 ,some of this class were probably formed later1 and by the melting of secondary rocks1 but most of them by the gradual cooling of the central mass containing the melted minerals embodied in them4 ,,dynamic ,,geology ,treats of the forces that move things on or beneath the earth's surface4 ,the ,drift shows not a little confusion4 ,things are evidently in an abnormal condition1 and strangely mixed4 ,some of the disturbing causes are obvious4 ,currents of the atmosphere and ocean have done much1 but are not sufficient to account for all the phenomena4 ,boulders brought from ledges north of the great western lakes1 are found scattered over all the western states1 some much battered on the passage1 others bearing only marks of long exposure to the elements4 ,deep furrows have been plowed in the rocks and hill tops over which they passed1 at an elevation of thousands of feet above the level of the sea4 ,currents of water could never have lifted such huge masses from the lower to higher levels1 or transported them any such distances4 ,icebergs or glaciers have evidently moved over the whole ,drift region with fragments of rocks and pebbles frozen into their lower surface1 that1 like huge rasps1 both cut away and polished the hardest rocks1 at the same time bearing forward the boulders and whatever else chanced to be held in their cold embrace4 ,there are other footprints of many and very great changes that have been wrought4 ,though many persons have erroneous impressions of the inequalities on the earth's surface1 the height of the loftiest mountains being but little when compared with the earth's diameter1 yet there is evidence that the normal condition has not been preserved4 ,large districts have1 even within the historic period1 been lifted far above their former level1 and others sunk as much below4 ,new islands have appeared in the midst of the sea1 while others have sunk out of sight4 ,multitudes now live on what was once the bed of the sea1 8in which were things innumerable1 great and small beasts20 and ships sail over territory once covered with the habitations of living men4 ,rocks of immense thickness have been broken and the parts lifted into a vertical position1 and many such great changes have taken place4 ,what wrought them8 ,it is safe to say that at least two forces have been operating1 the one more gradual than the other4 ,the cooling of the internal mass must cause contraction1 which1 in a globe of such dimensions1 would be sufficient to break the strongest rocks constituting its shell4 ,this force1 when properly directed1 might lift the rocks1 and even throw them back on other strata of more recent formation4 ,then the expansive force of the gases within1 when raised to their highest tension1 is enough to cause earthquakes1 and pour through the partially opened craters1 or where the barriers are made less secure1 floods of lava that are in time changed into rocks of that peculiar class4 ,the vent will be found where the crust above the struggling giant is weakest1 whether that be on the mountain top where the rocks had been shoved up into a vertical position1 or at the bottom of the sea4 ,the dynamics of geology suggest problems of no ordinary interest1 but our narrow limits forbid even a statement of them4 ,,mineralogy ,is that branch of geology that treats of mineral substances1 and teaches how to distinguish and classify them according to their properties4 ,this is a wide field for investigation1 and so fruitful that the temptation to linger in it is strong4 ,mining and work with the products of the mines engage the industry of so many that it would be especially pleasant to study with them a subject of such general interest4 ,we relinquish that privilege1 in order to state two or three things that seem thoroughly established by what is found written in the book of nature1 and are in perfect accord with ,god's later scriptures1 the ,bible1 when rightly interpreted4 #a4 ,the first fact is the great age of the earth4 ,processes are plainly indicated that must have required not only thousands1 but millions of years for our planet1 before man1 made in the image of ,god1 entered it as the theater of his responsible activities4 ,the facts of the carboniferous#d period alone discredit1 and utterly overthrow the theory which limits the days of creation to six of twenty-four hours each4 ,the ,bible gives the order of the successive creations1 but does not fix the age of the things created4 ,the word translated day often means an age or an indefinite number of years1 as is seen by referring to the places where it is found4 ,give it this well established meaning in the first chapter of ,genesis1 and all is plain4 ,there was time for millions of races of inferior creatures to live and die before the divine plans and works were consummated1 and the earth became a suitable abode for the human race4 #b4 ,the second great fact is that all things were made on a plan1 and in some connection4 ,there are no isolated objects or superfluous parts in the physical world4 ,the number may be countless1 and the forms given them reveal an endless variety1 but each has its connections1 and all the parts are necessary to a perfect whole4 #c4 ,another lesson is learned from the mute witnesses1 which is that1 while a long succession of races of animals1 for which the earth1 in its different stages of progress was a fit abode1 existed1 each higher in rank than its predecessor1 the several races had distinctive characteristics1 as the radiates1 mollusks1 articulates1 and vertebrates4 ,a lower species1 when its purpose is served1 becomes extinct1 and is succeeded by a higher4 ,,chemistry1 ,by analyzing compound and compounding simple substances1 discovers their elementary properties1 the forces that are resident in matter1 and the laws that govern them4 ,it demonstrates by experiments the affinity of ultimate particles1 and of gases of unlike kinds for each other1 an affinity which produces homogeneous compounds1 often very unlike the elements that unite in forming them4 ,the chemist has much to do with physical objects1 but in handling them his appropriate business is to consider the changes produced by chemical attraction in all bodies1 whether solid1 liquid1 or gaseous4 ,,geography ,is an ancient science1 suitable for schools of all grades1 and not for primary and intermediate departments alone4 ,the child can treasure many of the facts that1 if held in the memory1 will be of use to him as he advances in years and knowledge1 but his geography will benefit him little unless it is studied when his faculties are more mature4 ,one who despises this study as beneath him1 knows nothing yet of the important science as he ought4 ,,physical ,,geography ,has many things in common with both astronomy and geology1 as it discusses the physical condition of the earth and its relations as a member of the solar system2 describes its great natural divisions of land and water2 and takes account of dynamic forces1 such as aerial and oceanic currents1 that are constantly causing important changes4 ,the whole exterior structure of the earth1 the phenomena of rain and dew1 fog1 frost1 and snow1 are geographical questions1 to be discussed with special reference to the general laws or principles involved4 ,it shows unity in the midst of diversity1 and constancy of phenomena in the midst of apparent changes4 ,,mathematical ,,geography ,treats of the form and size of the earth1 of the construction of globes to represent it2 determines the latitude and longitude of places on its surface1 and all geographical problems pertaining to numbers1 distances1 and magnitudes4 ,,political ,,geography ,describes1 in a general way1 the countries and nations of men as they are politically divided1 defines their boundaries1 and to some extent characterizes their social and civil institutions4 ,a great advance has been made in this branch during the present century4 ,people respecting whom little was known1 have come into the family of nations4 ,the maps have been changed1 and generally in a way that indicates the rapid progress of civilization4 ,asia has been so thoroughly explored that our general knowledge of the country may be regarded as nearly complete4 ,no great terra incognita remains in that quarter1 though fuller and more precise knowledge respecting the people in some parts is yet much to be desired4 ,the interior of ,africa is still but partially known1 though the work of discovery has been pushed forward with considerable enterprise1 and a host of explorers have struggled to penetrate the mystery that enveloped1 for ages1 that great division of the globe4 ,the ,upper ,nile country has been explored far beyond the region assigned on the maps to the 8,mountains of the ,moon10 and all know the intense anxiety that is to-day felt for the safety of ,general ,gordon and his little garrison1 still shut up in ,khartoum4 ,the study of geography1 rightly pursued1 is remunerative1 full of inspiration1 and as intensely interesting as any in the whole circle of physical sciences4 ,,biology ,is scientific discourse about life and vital forces4 ,we give it a high position in the circle1 since vitality is superior to either chemical or mechanical laws1 suspending or modifying them for the production of organized structures of plants and animals4 ,even vegetable biology confronts us with that mystery of mysteries1 life1 which is quite inexplicable4 ,we can only say it is a peculiar1 indefinable something1 necessary to the existence of such organisms1 and without which they soon sink in ruinous decay4 ,the living germ is the determining power that shapes the organic body1 and every germ will have its own body4 ,under no possible culture can the acorn develop into an animal4 ,it will produce an oak1 a tree of its own species1 and nothing else can grow from it4 ,so also of the animal germ4 ,the form or kind is as determinate while the embryo is yet in the egg1 as it will ever be4 ,the life once begun in everything that lives and grows1 there is a power that takes hold of the elements nature has in store for it1 and1 by a most wonderful transformation1 works them up into its own body2 and this power of assimilation must forever distinguish it from all lifeless inorganic matter4 ,the mystery deepens when we notice that living things exist in generations4 ,the plant has seed in itself for the production of another plant4 ,it has life in itself1 and power to vitalize its successors4 ,the products of the field and the forest grow and mature1 then wither and decay2 but they have successors of the same kind4 ,so human beings exist in successive generations4 ,one generation passeth away1 and another cometh1 and so the race lives on4 ,while alike in their power of assimilation and reproduction1 there is a wide difference between the vegetable and the animal4 ,they have not the same organs1 and do not subsist on the same food4 ,the plant is constantly consuming carbonic acid1 and giving out oxygen1 while animals consume the oxygen1 and restore to the atmosphere carbonic acid4 ,the difference of their physical structure1 and their different relations to inorganic matter1 suggest a wide difference in the 8bios0 or life1 that animates them4 ,just what that difference is1 no one can tell4 ,it is a question for which science furnishes no answer4 ,in his physical organization man differs but little from the lower animals4 ,in this he is brother to the beasts that perish1 having the same nature1 needs1 and liabilities4 ,if he is 8fearfully and wonderfully made10 so are they2 in agility and strength many of them far surpass him4 ,his peculiarities of form and structure do not secure1 and1 it may be safely said1 were not intended to secure physical superiority1 but rather to fit the organization for the indwelling of the rational soul1 that is his distinguishing characteristic4 ,,physical ,,astronomy ,has been made the subject of much diligent research and study4 ,some facts respecting the physical elements and structure of the sun and planets have been ascertained with reasonable certainty1 but much is still in doubt4 ,assuming that the essential properties of matter are the same everywhere1 we may tell with assurance of what the sun and stars are made1 provided all solar and stellar phenomena are explained by physical laws that are understood1 and in operation around us4 ,this has been done in part1 but not so as to harmonize the views of all astronomers4 ,since the use of the spectroscope#e results have been more satisfactory1 and on some questions of much interest1 conjecture and theory have given place to certainty4 ,by the decomposition of sunbeams or pencils of solar light1 the refracted rays show the presence of several distinct chemical elements4 ,finding by a qualitative analysis that there is iron1 copper1 zinc1 nickel1 sodium1 and other terrestrial substances in the solar and stellar spectra1 we know that they enter into the composition of those celestial bodies4 ,but in what proportions or combinations they exist is not known4 ,,meteorology ,,and ,,aerolites4 ,who has not seen a shooting star8 ,for a moment the bright objects dart through greater or less spaces in the heavens1 and then disappear4 ,those of inferior size give but little light1 and are seldom seen unless the eye is1 at the time1 directed toward the space they traverse4 ,occasionally one flames out with such brilliancy as to light up1 for a moment1 the whole heavens4 ,these are called meteors--a name quite proper for both classes1 and only the very ignorant suppose any of them to be real stars4 ,they come singly1 two or three in an hour1 or in showers1 such as were witnessed in #ahcc4 ,when of such size that they strike the earth before being consumed by their intense heat1 they are aerolites1 or meteoric stones4 ,great masses of these are found in different places1 and show such a peculiar combination of their chemical elements as to distinguish them from all other stones2 and mineralogists generally conclude they were not formed on the earth4 ,whence they come is not certainly known4 ,that they were formed by an aggregation of their materials in our atmosphere seems incredible4 ,nor were they thrown off by some great convulsion1 from the moon1 with force sufficient to carry them beyond the attraction of that body4 ,perhaps most astronomers now believe1 on what they think sufficient evidence1 that the celestial spaces are occupied by innumerable small bodies moving round the sun1 of whose nature and orbits nothing is certainly known4 ,the earth1 it is supposed1 while making its annual circuit1 must be constantly encountering them1 and1 as in passing rapidly through the upper region of the atmosphere they take fire and burn1 the shooting star or meteor is simply the light of that flame4 ,the mechanical production of heat1 now well understood1 shows why they burn4 ,the rapid motion of the earth1 especially if it be duplicated by that of the minute body striking through its atmosphere1 would generate heat sufficient to quite consume the meteoroids2 so that generally their solid substance is dissipated before they reach the ground4 ,sometimes the heated aerolite explodes when in such proximity to the earth that the fragments fall before they are consumed4 ,,the ,,aurora4 ,that most interesting atmospheric phenomena1 the ,aurora ,borealis1 though so familiar1 has never been fully explained4 ,it is rarely seen in equatorial latitudes1 but increases in frequency and brightness as we go north1 even to the arctic circle4 ,in this latitude all observers may at times notice two distinct forms of the aurora4 ,the one1 as we often see it1 has a cloud-like appearance1 with a soft radiance permeating it1 and seems a vast1 irregular patch of mellow light1 ever changing1 and at times showing a slightly reddish or purple tinge4 ,it is more frequently seen near the northern horizon1 having the form of a beautiful arch1 the ends of the segment apparently resting on the horizon1 and the middle1 or crown1 a few degrees above it4 ,the other takes the form of streamers1 reaching far up toward the zenith4 ,gently curved1 like the celestial sphere on which they are projected1 they are not stationary1 but almost constantly in motion1 but soon resuming their former position1 spreading themselves out like immense flags1 with their numerous silken folds1 ever dancing1 quivering1 undulating1 as if stirred by some gentle breeze1 though all else seems in calm repose4 ,to say that the phenomena are electrical1 would1 probably1 not be the whole truth1 though evidence is not wanting that the aurora is in some way connected with the electricity and magnetism of the earth and its atmosphere4 ,practical telegraphists testify that during a brilliant display of 8northern lights0 such strong1 irregular currents of electricity pass along the wires that it is difficult to send a dispatch2 at other times the currents are so strong that they can communicate without the battery4 ,there is1 perhaps1 about as much against the theory of a purely electrical origin1 as in its favor1 and1 on the whole1 we conclude that the ,aurora ,borealis is one of the things respecting which modern observations have suggested more difficulties than modern science is yet able to explain4 ,,home ,,studies ,,in ,,chemistry ,,and ,,physics4 ,,by ,,prof4 ,j4 ,t4 ,,edwards1 ,d4 ,d4 ,director of the ,chautauqua ,school of ,experimental ,science4 ,,fire4--,,physical ,,properties4 ,clearness1 accuracy1 and brevity are the essentials of good definition4 ,that it is no easy task to combine these1 every teacher realizes4 ,perhaps it is near the truth to say that fire is that operation in nature which at the same time evolves heat and light4 ,the operation is1 at the present time1 supposed to be a certain vibration of ethereal or more solid substances4 ,all matter is in motion4 ,whence this motion was first derived no philosopher can tell1 unless he goes back to that primal source of both matter and motion1 which in the beginning created the heavens and the earth1 and said1 8,let there be light1 and there was light40 ,prof4 ,james ,dwight ,dana#a declares that the first act of creative power must have been heralded throughout the universe by a flash of light4 ,thus the geologist unites with the scriptural narrator1 in the statement that light and heat belonged to the first day of creation1 although scoffers for a long time ridiculed the idea that light could exist without the sun4 ,all space is supposed to be filled with a substance called ether1 and that it permeates even solid material4 ,when1 for any reason1 the natural motion of the molecules of matter is much increased1 these molecules have the power of imparting their vibration to the ether in contact with them1 and that in turn may produce vibrations in other substances1 and if these vibrations come in contact with the nerves of touch1 there follows the sensation of warmth or heat4 ,if the vibrations of the ether are still more rapid1 when they fall upon the retina1 we have the sensation of sight1 and we call the agent light4 ,heat and light1 then1 are the same4 ,in one instance the vibration is capable of affecting one set of nerves1 and in the other1 two sets of nerves4 ,the heat-vibration can be discovered by the sense of touch alone1 but the light-vibration may be detected both by the eye and the touch4 ,this variation in sensations1 when produced by the same cause1 may be illustrated as follows3 ,apply some salt to the tongue1 and place some also in a wound1 the two sensations are entirely unlike4 ,again1 the vibrations of a body may be so slow that we can discover them by touch1 as showing resistance1 or so rapid that they are reported to the ear as a shrill sound1 or they may be increased so intensely as to evolve heat1 and if still more increased in rapidity1 affect the eye as light4 ,the spectrum affords us still another illustration of this truth4 ,pass through a prism a single ray of light1 lo1 it appears on the screen in all the colors of the rainbow4 ,nor is this all2 between the bright colors1 and beyond the violet and the red are invisible lines1 and the various parts of the spectrum1 although all are produced by the one ray1 are capable of creating quite different results4 ,if one should place a delicate thermopile below the red color1 it at once reports heat1 although the eye sees nothing there4 ,the beautiful colors of the spectrum flash their light into the eye1 raise the temperature of the thermometer and affect chemical transformations1 while1 still more wonderful1 the dark lines above the violet1 though unseen and not indicated by the thermopile1 act upon the sensitized plate of the photographer with decided chemical force4 ,thus changes in vibrations as to rapidity1 length and direction make changes in the resulting sensations4 ,light-waves are always heat-waves1 and heat-waves may1 by increasing the rapidity of the vibrations1 become light-waves4 ,it will be observed that three of our senses are close akin4 ,hearing1 feeling 7as regards warmth7 and seeing are all produced by vibrations4 ,it is quite in accord with the doctrine of modern science to believe that the morning stars did 8sing together10 for light is essentially rhythmic1 and to senses adapted to the perception of their harmonies1 the sunbeams would make music4 ,the various colors of the spectrum differ solely in the wave-lengths of their vibrations4 ,the red corresponds to low pitch in music and the violet to high pitch4 ,as the vibrations of air striking upon the ear increase in rapidity1 the sound rises in the scale4 ,there is this difference between the ear and the eye--the former1 if trained1 can detect all the tones in a chord of music1 while the latter1 however cultivated1 can not discern the varied colors blended in white light4 ,there must be sixteen vibrations in a second to produce a continuous sound4 ,when these vibrations reach thirty-eight thousand in a second they become inaudible4 ,eisenlohr#b informs us that the red color in the spectrum has four hundred and fifty-eight trillion vibrations in a second1 and extreme violet seven hundred and twenty-seven trillions4 ,the former yields #cg1fdj waves in an inch1 and the latter #ei1gej waves in the same space4 ,now mark another beautiful analogy between sound and sight4 ,in looking at the spectrum we can not discern the light or heat below the red color1 because the waves are so slow4 ,ascending the gamut of color1 the rapidity of the vibrations increases1 until just beyond the violet it becomes so great that the eye can detect no color4 ,illustration3 ,,mechanical ,,energy ,,transformed ,,into ,,electricity4 ,ex4--,the boy on the insulated stool is repeatedly struck with some furry substance1 like a tiger skin4 ,he becomes highly electrical and capable of emitting sparks4 ,the same fact is discovered in the world of sound--beginning with vibrations which are too slow to be heard at all1 we ascend the scale eleven octaves1 when the vibrations become so rapid as to be inaudible4 ,complete darkness may be caused by either too slow or too rapid vibrations of light and heat1 and utter silence by the same conditions in the sound waves4 ,,sources ,,of ,,light ,,and ,,heat4 ,these are five in number3 ,the sun and stars1 chemical action1 percussion1 friction and electricity4 ,stars are suns1 but at a vast distance from our earth1 the nearest being twenty trillions of miles away4 ,to other systems they doubtless perform the offices of suns4 ,being so remote1 however1 although of myriad number1 their influence upon our earth is hardly appreciable1 and will not1 therefore1 be here considered4 ,illustration3 ,,geissler',s ,,tubes4#c ,ex4--,this tube is filled with rarefied gases4 ,platinum wires convey the electric current through the tube1 revealing curious striated sections of brilliant light1 varying in shape and color1 with the variety of gas and the degree of rarefaction4 ,our sun is an immense reservoir of energy4 ,it is difficult to conceive its size4 ,it would require twelve hundred thousand of our globes to equal it in volume4 ,more than one hundred such worlds as ours might be strung upon the line forming its diameter4 ,the sun has been for ages throwing off its vibrations of heat and light4 ,thousands of years before fires were kindled on hearthstones this form of energy1 according to the modern doctrine of the correlation of forces1 was locked up in the tropical vegetation of the coal periods1 and in the great deposits of coal preserved for future use4 ,the same anticipatory benevolence which projects on its journey the friendly ray of the north star1 forty-three years before the mariner's eye can see it1 provided fuel for man thousands of years before it was needed4 ,this energy of the sunbeam reappears in the summer warmth of our dwellings in winter1 in the expansion of steam1 in the blow of the trip hammer1 and throbs even in the pulsations of the human heart4 ,the cells of all plants need the force of the sun's rays to separate the carbon from the oxygen contained in the carbonic di-oxide absorbed by the rootlets and stomata of the leaves4 ,thus the great luminary builds the forests and clothes the earth with verdure4 8,all flesh is grass10 and therefore to the forces of the sun's vibrations we must trace not a little of animal growth and strength4 ,the sun gives out more heat than it would if six tons of coal were burnt on every square yard of its surface every hour4 ,sir ,john ,herschel#d declares that its light is equal to that of one hundred and forty-six calcium lights1 each one formed of a ball of lime equal to the sun in bulk2 yet even a small calcium light is so dazzling that the eye can not look steadily at it4 ,the careless expression sometimes heard when the moon shines brightly1 8,it is as light as day10 is a striking hyperbole1 for it would require eight hundred full moons to equal the brightness of daylight4 ,illustration3 ,,electric ,,motion ,,converted ,,into ,,sparks4 ,ex4--,a file is made part of the circuit1 and as the wire conducting the electricity is rubbed along the file1 the circuit is alternately formed and broken1 and sparks follow each breaking of the circuit4 ,of all forms of paganism1 that of the ,fire ,worshipers#e seems least unreasonable1 for the sun is even now1 to us1 the best symbol of beneficence and unfailing energy4 ,after thousands of years it shows no diminution of power1 and although the imagination can conceive the possibility of its destruction1 the most accurate scientific observations have not discovered the slightest indications of its lessening influence4 8,his going forth is from the end of the heaven1 and his circuit unto the ends of it2 there is nothing hid from the heat thereof40 ,,chemical ,,action4 ,in a preceding article the chemistry of fire has been considered at some length4 ,it only remains to mention briefly a few of the physical phenomena attending it4 ,when elements unite by the force of affinity1 it is supposed that their atoms rush together1 and that their motion is converted into heat4 ,in the case of the galvanic battery the impetuous movement of the atoms toward the poles becomes electricity4 ,we have constantly recurring instances in nature of that great truth that energy1 though constantly disappearing is never lost1 but reappears under new manifestations and a new name4 ,it may for a time remain dormant1 and anon become perceptible1 as in the case of latent heat4 ,for example1 in mixing five pounds of water at a temperature of #bab ,fahrenheit1 and five pounds of ice1 seven hundred and fifteen units of heat disappear in melting the ice1 and the aggregate temperature of the mass is proportionally lower than that of the substances united4 ,but upon their returning to their former state1 this latent heat reappears as sensible heat4 ,in chemical action producing fire1 the uniting materials are usually converted1 first1 into a gaseous form1 but there are some exceptions4 ,the most interesting is the following3 ,when a few flakes of iodine are placed upon a fragment of phosphorus1 the atoms of the two elements rush together with great energy1 producing spontaneous combustion1 and liberating sufficient heat to burn the superfluous iodine1 with the evolution of beautiful violet fumes4 ,the mechanical action in flame is full of interest4 ,its brightness always seems to depend upon the incandescence of solid particles4 ,this can easily be seen in an ordinary lamp4 ,a piece of cold porcelain inserted in a flame will cool the incandescent carbon1 and it will be deposited as soot4 ,the ,bunsen#f burner clearly proves that the brilliancy of our lights depends upon the incandescence of the carbon4 ,this is a contrivance for passing jets of air through a flame1 so that the intimate mixing of the oxygen of the air with the carbon will cause the immediate combustion of the latter4 ,this results in converting it instantly to invisible gas 7,,co7 before incandescence1 and consequently the ,bunsen flame1 while it is intensely hot1 emits but a feeble light4 ,any physical change that facilitates the movement of atoms seems to increase the intensity of chemical action4 ,illustration3 ,,showing ,,the ,,production ,,of ,,electric ,,light ,,from ,,carbon ,,points4 ,ex4--,the rods are first placed near together1 then as the circuit is formed they are drawn apart1 and the electric light is formed between them4 ,an instructive experiment illustrating the characteristics of different kinds of flame may be performed as follows3 ,place near each other a small alcohol lamp and a piece of paraffine candle2 when lighted observe the two flames4 ,the three cones in each can be easily discerned1 the candle burns with a much brighter light1 showing it to be richer in incandescent carbon4 ,insert in each flame a piece of fine wire or narrow strip of glass1 either of these will be much more quickly heated by the alcohol lamp1 because its flame is richer in hydrogen4 ,if a glass jar which is cold be placed over each1 a film of vapor 7,h,o7 will gather on that covering the alcohol lamp with greater rapidity than on the other4 ,if the jars remain over the flames until they are extinguished by the lack of oxygen1 more carbonic anhydride 7,,co7 will be formed from the combustion of the alcohol4 ,,percussion4 ,when a blow is arrested by an object1 the motion is converted into heat4 ,the ancient flint-lock gun and the percussion-cap fire-arm both illustrate this fact4 ,in the former1 the descending flint struck out the spark1 and in the latter the cap is exploded by the arrested hammer4 ,the stroke of a cannon ball is attended with a flash4 ,if the world were suddenly stopped in its course1 heat enough would be generated to set it on fire4 ,nitro-glycerine and dynamite are exploded by percussion4 ,familiar illustrations of this scientific truth meet us in everyday life4 ,it has even passed into a proverb with a moral application1 that 8hard cracks make the sparks fly40 ,a novel effect of percussion may have been noticed when a fall upon the ice has resulted in a mechanical disturbance of the optic nerve which revealed whole constellations of stars never yet catalogued4 ,,friction4 ,it is a spirited sight to watch the operation of sharpening tools upon a grindstone or emery wheel run by steam4 ,showers of sparks are produced by the friction4 ,we often observe the same phenomenon when the brakes are applied to rapidly revolving car wheels4 ,rails are heated by the friction of the passing train4 ,you may have had the misfortune1 while riding1 to have one of your carriage wheels become set1 caused by the box of the hub1 and the axle becoming so heated by friction as to 8unite0 their surfaces4 ,all machinery requires constant watching and lubrication to prevent undue friction and serious wearing4 ,mills have not unfrequently been set on fire by rapidly revolving belts coming in contact with the woodwork4 ,when the whale1 frantic with the pain of the harpoon1 darts away with lightning speed1 the sailors are compelled to dash water over the spinning wheel on which the rope is wound4 ,in all these instances motion is transformed into heat4 ,,electricity4 ,galvanic1 frictional1 magnetic1 thermal and animal electricity are all capable of producing heat4 ,the first also produces an intensely brilliant light4 ,we have long been acquainted with the 8,voltaic arc0#g of the galvanic battery1 but less familiar are the magnificent manifestations of frictional electricity4 ,dynamo-electric machines are of comparatively recent construction1 and their object is to convert mechanical energy into that of electric currents1 and vice versa4 ,a striking application of galvanic electricity is frequently seen in the discharge of gunpowder and other explosives1 by making the electric current pass through a small platinum wire which is in close contact with them4 ,electric energy is propagated in waves1 and this wire1 being so small1 is incapable of transmitting them all at once1 so they beat upon it until their repeated blows cause it to become red hot1 and the material in contact is thus ignited4 ,perhaps the grandest illustration of this action was seen in blowing up the rocks of ,hell ,gate#h in the ,east ,river1 and thus opening a safe passage for the commerce of the world4 ,the tiny finger of a little child1 the daughter of the engineer1 at a given signal1 pressed the key that closed the circuit1 and1 like olus1#i when he struck the rock1 set free the mighty elements of destruction4 ,this same principle1 viz43 that resisted motion becomes heat and light1 is seen in both the ,brush and the ,edison electric lights4 ,in the former1 electric currents pass along wires to carbon points1 shaped like a crayon1 and covered by a film of copper1 and separated by a distance of about one half inch4 ,the air between is a non-conductor1 and here the flame is formed4 ,in the ,edison light1 however1 the two conducting wires enter a glass globe1 from which the air is excluded4 ,here they are connected with a spiral wire about as large as a knitting needle1 and three-quarters of an inch in length4 ,when the electricity is turned on1 this spiral glows with an intensely brilliant white light4 ,illustration3 ,,solids ,,differ ,,as ,,to ,,conducting ,,power4 ,ex4--,if we hold a pipe stem or rod of glass in one hand and a copper wire in the other1 and apply the ends of these to a flame1 the wire will convey the sensation much more quickly to the hand than the other4 ,this shows that solids differ as to conducting power4 ,a marvelous illustration of the relation between electric and sound vibrations is found in the telephone and microphone4 ,the former is becoming a household necessity2 the latter1 though not so well known1 is not less wonderful4 ,it brings to our ear the tick of a watch miles away1 and through it the walking of a fly sounds like the tramp of a horse4 ,,distribution ,,of ,,heat4 ,heat is distributed by radiation1 conduction1 and convection4 ,by the first we mean that heated bodies have the power of projecting from themselves1 by means of the ether1 their own vibrations4 ,thus the sun is constantly distributing its light and heat in all directions4 ,conduction takes place where the molecules of a substance nearest a fire first become heated and then impart their motion to the remainder of the mass1 somewhat as in a row of suspended ivory balls1 the first of which1 when struck1 transmits its motion from ball to ball1 the last one flying off4 ,convection takes place in liquids and gases4 ,here the particles in contact with the heated body becoming lighter by expansion1 rise1 and are followed by others1 thus forming a current4 ,illustration3 ,,water ,a ,,poor ,,conductor4 ,ex4--,fill a tube nearly full of water1 applying a flame to the upper part of the tube4 ,the water at this point will readily boil1 while that in the lower part of the tube remains cool1 showing that water is a poor conductor1 and that liquids must be heated by convection4 ,the process of warming a room illustrates the three methods of heat distribution4 ,the heat passes through the stove by conduction1 away from it by radiation1 and to the remote parts of the room by convection4 ,,effects ,,of ,,heat4 ,they are four in number4 ,rise of temperature1 expansion1 liquefaction1 evaporation4 ,the first indication of the presence of heat is discovered by an elevation in temperature4 ,though man is not a reliable thermometer1 he would be able1 ordinarily1 even if blind1 to chronicle the progress of the sun1 from horizon to horizon1 by the increasing and decreasing warmth4 ,the little thermometer placed beneath the tongue of the invalid gives reliable report of the combustion going on within his system4 ,we see a thousand illustrations of the expansive effects of heat1 many of which are familiar to all4 ,the exceptions are more interesting than the rule1 and less known1 the ordinary rule being that heat expands and cold 7absence of heat7 contracts4 ,water contracts by cold until it reaches the temperature of #ci1 and then expands with great violence until congelation is completed1 at #cb4 ,a ,british officer in ,quebec filled a twelve inch shell with water1 and closed the fuse hole with a wooden plug securely driven in with a mallet4 ,upon being exposed to intense cold the plug was projected a distance of several hundred feet1 and a long tongue of ice was found protruding from the opening4 ,it is supposed that sufficient heat would convert all solids first into liquids1 and then into gases4 ,in the process of distillation1 if we wish to retain its products1 we combine both heating and cooling4 ,the knowledge of the melting and vaporizing point of substances is of immense value4 ,we are enabled thus to drive off and secure the various ingredients entering into many complex substances4 ,a notable instance is seen in the means used to secure the rich and varied products of petroleum4 ,,thermometers4 ,these are not the only measurers of heat4 ,we have the pyrometers1 used for ascertaining the temperature of extremely hot bodies1 and the thermo-electric pile1 an apparatus which constitutes the most delicate test for heat which has been devised4 ,it will detect heat in the body of a fly walking near it4 ,illustration3 ,,showing ,,distillation4 ,ex4--,place a small amount of water1 colored with ink1 in a flask1 and apply heat4 ,the water will be vaporized1 and in passing through the tube1 which is surrounded by another tube containing cold water1 it is condensed as a colorless liquid4 ,thermometers are of three kinds1 as to the materials used4 ,they are air1 alcohol1 and mercurial4 ,in each case the contraction and expansion of these respective substances are made to register variations of heat and cold4 ,they are of three kinds1 as to their system of grading--,raumur's1 the ,centigrade1 and ,fahrenheit's4 ,the first two make zero the freezing point2 the last makes #cb4 ,the boiling point of ,raumur's is #hj1 the ,centigrade #ajj1 and ,fahrenheit's #bab4 ,once more changing the basis of classification1 we find thermometers divided into three classes1 with reference to the purposes they serve4 ,the ordinary thermometer records the degree of heat or cold at the moment of observation4 ,the differential thermometers can be made of two ordinary thermometers1 by wrapping a piece of cloth around the bulb of one2 these would show at any given moment whether it was growing warmer or colder4 ,if it is growing warm1 the column of mercury in the thermometer with the covered bulb will stand lower than the other1 as the cloth prevents the heat reaching the quicksilver as readily as in the other4 ,if it is higher than in the other1 the weather is growing colder1 as the cover prevents the heat from going off as rapidly as from the other4 ,the third class1 the registering thermometer1 is so called because it marks the extremes of temperature4 ,without going into detail1 it is perhaps sufficient to say that a minute bar of steel is placed on top of the column of mercury1 and remains at any point to which it is pushed1 thus recording the greatest degree of heat during any given interval of time4 ,somewhat similar in arrangement is the alcohol thermometer1 marking the greatest degree of cold4 ,it will1 of course1 be understood that almost all apparatus is greatly varied to serve special purposes4 ,the limits of our article will preclude further discussion of fire in relation to light1 although the subject of both physical and physiological topics is full of fascination and value4 ,end of ,required ,reading for ,march4 ,the most important question for the good student and reader is not1 amidst this multitude of books which no man can number1 how much he shall read4 ,the really important questions are1 first1 what is the quality of what he does read2 and1 second1 what is his manner of reading it4 ,there is an analogy which is more than accidental between physical and mental assimilation and digestion2 and1 homely as the illustration may seem1 it is the most forcible ,i can use4 ,let two sit down to a table spread with food2 one possessed of a healthy appetite1 and knowing something of the nutritious qualities of the various dishes before him2 the other cursed with a pampered and capricious appetite1 and knowing nothing of the results of chemical and physiological investigation4 ,one shall make a better meal1 and go away stronger and better fed1 on a dish of oatmeal1 than the other on a dinner that has half emptied his pockets4 ,shall we study physiological chemistry and know all about what is food for the body1 and neglect mental chemistry1 and be utterly careless as to what nutriment is contained in the food we give our minds8 ,who can over-estimate the value of good books1 those ships of thought1 as ,bacon so finely calls them1 voyaging through the sea of time1 and carrying their precious freight so safely6--,prof4 ,w4 ,p4 ,atkinson4 ,,the ,,mohammedan ,,university ,,of ,,cairo4 ,,by ,,bishop ,,john ,f4 ,,hurst1 ,d4 ,d41 ,,ll4,d4 ,years ago ,i had taken pains to gain all accessible information concerning the most celebrated1 and certainly also the largest1 university in the entire ,mohammedan world4 ,in #ahga when in ,cairo a number of days1 through lack of a proper guide and full knowledge of this important institution1 ,i left the city without seeing it4 ,i was determined this time1 therefore1 to make sure of a visit to it1 and to see carefully1 with my own eyes1 this marvel of the ,mohammedan faith4 ,the ,university is located in a mosque1 and is1 in fact1 the one chief business of the mosque itself4 ,religion--such as it is--is the fundamental feature of all ,moslem education4 ,not a science is taught in any school of ,mohammedanism which does not begin with the ,koran1 and again come back to it4 ,whether law or medicine or geometry--in fact1 whatever is communicated to the young1 the first and ever predominant lesson imparted with it and through it is1 that the ,koran is the fountain of all science4 ,very naturally1 then1 the school is a part of the service of the mosque4 ,this idea is not new4 ,it is an oriental habit4 ,we find proofs even in the ,scriptures that the church was ,god's first school4 ,in ancient ,egypt the temple1 the palace1 and the school were the perfected trinity in every city1 and often the temple and the school were so closely enclosed that no careful observer could tell where one began and the other ended4 ,the same idea re-appears in the arrangements which ,charlemagne made for the higher education of the ,frankish empire4 ,the school was often located under the palace and in close connection with the chapel roof1 and was called scholia palatina1 or the school of the palace4 ,at first the object seems to have been that the emperor's children and other children of the court might have the best opportunity for learning2 but very soon the limits became broader1 and all who wanted to learn could have every advantage1 within close distance of both church and palace4 ,the approach to the ,university of ,cairo is a narrow street1 with open booths on either side1 where the artisans ply their crafts in full view of every passer-by4 ,three industries take the lead of all others--book-selling1 book-binding1 and hair-shaving4 ,the nearest street to the ,university bears the name of the ,street of the ,b1 and such it may well be called4 ,the ,mohammedan has always a shaven head4 ,he wears a great turban1 of white or some other color4 ,green is the most infrequent shade1 for that indicates that the wearer is a descendant of the prophet ,mohammed4 ,not one hair is allowed under that turban4 ,when it gets a little long the barber must shave the pate as clean as an ostrich egg4 ,all along a part of the street leading to the ,university the barbers sit on the floors their shops1 and shave the heads of their customers4 ,the one to be shaved does not sit in a chair1 but simply stretches out full length on the floor and puts his head in the lap of the barber1 who also sits on the floor1 with his feet doubled up under him4 ,then begins the process of shaving4 ,it is a most lowly operation4 ,no paper is used during the process1 the barber getting rid of the shaved hair and soap by wiping the razor on his customer's face until the entire tonsorial feat is finished and an ablution of cranium and face is in order4 ,in addition to the barber shops there are probably not less than twenty-five book shops1 as many binderies1 and a good number of stationery stalls4 ,these are all of modest dimensions1 but are well stocked with everything that a student needs that is to say1 a student of the ,mohammedan order4 ,between the point where the street ends and the ,university enclosure proper1 there is a large fore-court4 ,here one sees such a medley of all forms of life and strange habits1 in connection with study1 that he can never forget it4 ,it is the place where no serious study goes on1 but where the news is discussed and conversation enjoyed4 ,even the barbers have spilled over into this court1 for ,i saw a number of them busily shaving the heads of outstretched students4 ,one of them1 seeing a ,frank scanning his work1 stopped a moment1 and holding up his razor from the pate which he had nearly made bald again1 asked me if ,i did not want to be shaved too4 ,i thanked him--but had not time4 ,imagine a half-dozen students lying about in ,mead ,hall1 in ,drew ,seminary1 near the doors of ,drs4 ,butts1 or ,strong1 or ,miley1 or ,crooks1 or ,upham1 and having their heads shaved by busy barbers1 who sit flat on the marble floor and relieve the crania of their theological patrons of their last capillary endowment6 ,then think of students munching at a crust of dark bread or a pomegranate1 or some edible1 good or poor1 according to his resources4 ,some students have families1 and here the children come and play about them1 at times when their fathers are not busy with their books4 ,so far as ,i could see1 there was no formal studying in this great fore-court4 ,perhaps there were a hundred persons in it1 lying1 sitting1 walking4 ,some alone with their meditations1 others entertaining a group of eager listeners1 and gesticulating with oriental realism4 ,only one class had the appearance of any work1 a group of boys4 ,one of the number displeased his teacher1 whereupon the latter beat him smartly with his fist until the little fellow's eyes swam in tears2 my blood fairly boiled at the teacher's cruelty4 ,i thought ,i was already in the ,university proper1 but this was a serious error4 ,the institution was yet to come2 ,i was only approaching the great establishment4 ,i had no sooner touched the threshold of the great central hall than a man met me1 and1 with a most polite salaam1 informed me that ,i must now put on slippers4 ,he was a magnificent specimen of a well developed ,egyptian--tall1 muscular1 grave1 yet pleasant1 and only answering such questions as were put to him4 ,unlike the ,european guides in blue and brass1 those of ,africa have no stereotype speeches which they hurl at you1 as they have done at the thousands before you4 ,in a moment four pairs of soft slippers1 of yellow sheepskin1 were brought to my companions and myself1 and the wary hands which brought them slipped them on over our boots and tied them on with red strings4 ,we were now to enter upon the holy stone floor of the great hall of ,mohammedan learning1 and only holy dust must fall upon that tessellated floor1 and then only with softest touch4 ,here was a scene which baffles all description4 ,the hall was about two hundred and fifty feet long and two hundred wide4 ,all the classes were reciting1 engaged in work1 or listening to the professor4 ,every one who recited did it loudly4 ,i stood beside one of the theological professors and watched his method4 ,his class numbered forty students1 whose various physiognomies showed that they had come from every part of the broad ,mohammedan world4 ,the professor sat squat on the floor1 with his bare feet doubled up about him4 ,there is no craze as yet among ,mohammedans for only young teachers4 ,this man1 like many others1 had long since passed beyond middle life4 ,his heavy gray beard and very dark face were lighted up by as keen a pair of black eyes as ever became diamonds1 when they saw in his young days the prophet's torch in ,mecca1 or in vision beheld the curtain drawn aside which hides the ,moslem paradise from human sight4 ,the forty students sat about him in a circle1 yet in such way that all were before him at once4 ,he was one of the circle1 in fact1 and as he taught he swayed to and fro1 and looked off into the distance as if in reverie1 and then again at his class1 and1 with an intensity that only an ,arab possesses1 he burned his ideas into the very brain of the students4 ,he sat at the foot of a stone pillar1 and leaned against it at intervals1 when his weary form needed a little rest4 ,this theological professor had the method of all4 ,he held a thin book in his hand which seemed to be his own brief1 and1 after reading snatches from it1 he gave a comment or explanation of it1 and then had one student and then another repeat what he had said4 ,our ,american infant class method of teaching verses1 and having them committed to memory while the class are together1 and then repeating them1 so that the teacher can see that the work is well and surely done1 is precisely the method of both elementary and advanced education in this greatest university of the ,mohammedan world4 ,the brief of this theological professor was merely his collection of definitions1 and these were committed to memory on the spot4 ,some of the students had sheets of tin1 something smaller than the sheets of roofing tin with which we are familiar in the ,united ,states4 ,on these they wrote in ink1 with reed styles1 and with such dexterity that a whole page was filled in a very short time4 ,what was written on these tin slates was taken away1 and designed to be committed to memory1 when that process was not finished during the session of the class4 ,now the entire floor of this immense hall was covered with classes at work4 ,no teacher or student sat in a chair4 ,there was not even a footstool in the entire ,university4 ,the professors and students formed little or large groups all over the immense space1 no class interfering with another1 and each going on with its work as if alone1 and yet not a partition or a curtain dividing the groups at study4 ,i saw only a little eating here1 an occasional student slily making a lunch of new dates1 the fruit with 8gold dust0 on it1 now just in from the country4 ,i could not help noticing the various ages of the students4 ,some were really very advanced in years4 ,they were waked up very late in life4 ,something had broken loose under their twenty-five yards of cotton cloth which they call a turban1 and they had come down the ,nile with the rise1 or had been wafted from the ,darfur sands1 and were going to study4 ,they could do more1 and be more1 when they went back again4 ,here1 too1 was the old-time idea4 ,the notion that a university is a thing for the young alone is a modern affair4 ,the old conception was1 it was everybody's place--the universum of men as well as studies4 ,in ,mohammedanism1 as in ,christianity1 when once the passion for learning strikes one1 the years count nothing4 ,the person in the fifties or even in sixties is just as apt to be overwhelmed1 swept on1 by the learning frenzy as though he were only eighteen and smitten by other inspirations4 ,the entire number in attendance at this greatest ,university of the ,mohammedans is about thirteen thousand4 ,some calculations place it at fifteen thousand4 ,they come from every part of the world where the cimetar of ,mohammed and his successors has drawn blood1 and where the crescent now floats4 ,each part of the large hall has its nation1 where the students are grouped territorially4 ,here1 in one place1 are the ,benguelese1 from southwestern ,africa2 in another place are the ,algerines1 from the sound of the ,mediterranean surf4 ,yonder are only ,thracians1 from south of the ,balkans4 ,this group1 as black as your hat1 consists entirely of ,nubians4 ,another is made up solely of natives of ,zanzibar4 ,these divisions reach into nearly all the ,asiatic and ,african lands4 ,there are ,afghanistaneze and others from still farther east1 from the very heart of ,india1 and even from the far ,pacific islands4 ,one has only to see these collections of students1 massed around a teacher of their own language and nationality1 to become convinced of the broad field of ,mohammedanism and the mightiness of the effort needful to uproot it4 ,poverty6 ,that is no name for the condition of the students4 ,they come to ,cairo from the far-off regions1 impelled by some passion bordering on that for learning1 living on a little crust and fruit1 having no sleeping place at night save the space of the sacred mosque which serves as a university1 never paying a piastre for all the instruction of years1 and looking forward with earnest longing to the time when they can leave again and impart to their native villages1 or the very desert wastes1 the wisdom which they have gained in the shades of the great hall of learning in the ,cairo of the caliphs4 ,there is a dash of self-seeking in their coming hither4 ,when the tocsin of war is sounded1 there is no exemption from conscription save learning4 ,he who has once entered the doorway is safe from the conscription list4 ,were an attack made on the very citadel where ,mohammed ,ali put to death every plotting ,mameluke--except one1 who leaped upon his faithful ,arab steed and plunged safely into the depths below--nothing could touch him4 ,he has come to the fountain of knowledge1 and ,mars has no claim upon him4 ,at the present time the number of students is not so large as usual1 for there is no fear of a war1 except such as the ,english are fighting and holding themselves responsible for4 ,i looked carefully at the kind of food which these students ate1 and in all cases it was of the simplest quality4 ,some were taking their solid dinner1 and it was nothing more than a rude bowl of lentil soup or a flat cake of pounded grain4 ,the clothing in most cases betokened the same poverty4 ,the slippers were of rude construction1 such as fifteen cents would buy1 and even these are to be worn at the general prayer1 which begins the day for all the students1 only to be laid aside during the later hours4 ,the habit is a loose black1 or other colored robe1 which has become threadbare by long usage4 ,i am sure ,i saw many students1 and professors as well1 whose entire dress could not have cost five francs apiece4 ,this dress they have on1 moreover1 is the whole scope of their wardrobe4 ,when they get another suit it will probably be when they reach home again1 and enter upon their calling for life4 ,the professors get no salary4 ,they have passed through various stages of learning1 and when once they have committed every word of the ,koran1 and perhaps some of the more noted commentaries on it to memory1 and have given other proofs of aptness at teaching1 they are declared able to instruct4 ,but they get no pay for teaching4 ,neither the ,university treasury pays them1 nor does the student do it4 ,their instruction is positively gratuitous4 ,now1 if by copying the ,koran or other book1 or by private teaching in families1 or by doing some outside manual work1 they can be supported1 well and good4 ,but for sitting squat on the sacred marble floor and teaching students the holy laws1 and all the holy sciences that come from them1 there must be no itching palm4 ,this is the one place1 and only one1 so far as ,i can recall1 where ,i have been where there has been no call for backsheesh4 ,how1 then1 is this immense establishment supported8 ,i answer1 that many students are sustained1 and so permitted to remain at the ,university1 by the funds of the institution4 ,the treasury1 instead of taking care of the professor1 goes rather to keeping the student from starvation4 ,there are many endowments which have fallen into the hands of the state which constitute a large part of this treasury4 ,education has always been an attractive investment1 and many ,mohammedans have left sums of money for this purpose1 and so the ,university of ,cairo owes a good part of its wealth to this source4 ,again1 when funds fall from certain causes1 into the treasury of the state--perhaps property for which there are no heirs--it is devoted to this purpose4 ,the building and all its belongings1 and all really needy students are thus provided for4 ,out of the three hundred professors and other teachers1 only one is paid a salary4 ,he is the general director1 or rector1 and his salary amounts to #aj1jjj piastres1 or about five hundred dollars of our money4 ,of one thing ,i was very careful to make inquiry4 ,i mean as to the bearing of this institution on the propagation of ,mohammedan ideas4 ,in all descriptions ,i had become familiar with concerning the great purpose of the students1 the thought was made predominant that the students went away with a missionary zeal1 and became intense propagators of the faith throughout their lives4 ,the ,rev4 ,mr4 ,harvey1 of that noble cause and magnificent institution for ,egypt1 the ,united ,presbyterian ,mission1 from the ,united ,states1 was a very kind escort during my visit4 ,he has been many years a resident of ,cairo1 and is very familiar with every form of ,mohammedan life1 and he informs me that this zeal for the ,moslem faith does not exist1 that the students do not go away with it1 and never exhibit it1 except in rare cases1 in later life4 ,their stay in the ,university may be long4 ,they may be three or four or five years1 and if no way to work opens they may spend most of their life there1 but whenever they do leave1 sooner or later1 they go off not simply as teachers of theology1 but as jurists1 mathematicians1 or professional men of other callings1 and religion is less in mind than secular work4 ,even when they go out as imams1 or priests1 that profession carries with it certain functions which belong both to the town clerk or the district judge1 and hence the priesthood is absorbed in certain legal and administrative functions which eclipse the sacred office altogether4 ,as to a burning zeal to disseminate ,mohammedanism1 it does not exist4 ,it has no unquenchable love for itself1 and is only continuing its own means of propagation because of something better4 ,that something better is at its doors1 and is beginning to thread the labyrinths of the ,dark ,continent4 ,in due time ,christianity will do for ,africa what it has done for ,europe1 and is this day doing for the half of ,asia4 ,the darkest feature of my visit to the ,university was the absence of women4 ,alas6 you never see the ,mohammedan woman in these oriental lands1 save with veiled face and hesitant step4 ,only yesterday ,i saw a handsome carriage being driven along one of the principal ,cairene streets1 preceded by a gaily dressed herald1 who cried1 8,make way1 make way10 as is the fashion here still4 ,the silken curtains were drawn1 but the occupants were two ladies4 ,they must live in the dark4 ,in the mosque they must sit in the lofty spaces1 far back behind the wooden screen work1 and even then be veiled4 ,the very small girls1 who trip about with little rattling and tinkling bells around their ankles1 are hardly old enough to learn the way to the next street before the veil is drawn over their face1 and only their little eyes are permitted to look out4 ,in the multitudes which ,i saw at the ,university1 both as students and teachers1 there was but one woman4 ,she was probably the wife of a professor1 and had come merely to bring the learned man his dinner1 and then slip back again to the dark rear room of the house misnamed a home1 and await his coming1 and be the menial still to prepare his evening meal4 ,mohammedanism has no place for woman in its educational system4 ,its best interpretation of her office is that she is simply man's slave4 ,but the better day is coming1 and may it soon be here1 when the right of all women1 in all these oriental countries1 to the highest and the largest knowledge1 shall be recognized as equal to that of any men beneath the shining sun4 ,,as ,,seeing ,,the ,,invisible4 ,,by ,,mrs4 ,,emily ,j4 ,,bugbee4 ,to stand at the post of duty ,whether we rise or fall1 ,if this be a place of beauty1 ,or the homeliest lot of all4 ,to walk with a soul undaunted ,in the ,god appointed way1 ,whether with praise enchanted1 ,or in shadow land it lay4 ,the good of the world's bestowing ,is vanishing as the air1 ,and its loftiest honors throwing ,a burden of ceaseless care4 ,but to live as always seeing ,the invisible source of things ,is the blessedest state of being1 ,in the quietude it brings4 ,for in all of the strife and clamor1 ,and the evil that is done1 ,we know that the ,lord will finish ,the good that he hath begun4 ,and we need not grope in blindness ,because of the dreadful days1 ,but sure of the ,infinite kindness ,may stand in the certain ways4 ,oh6 for a strong uplifting ,and a courage that will stand ,while the ,judge of the earth is sifting ,the peoples of every land4 ,oh6 ,earth so full of the glory ,reflected from above1 ,we wait for your finished story1 ,in the faith of a deathless love4 ,,national ,,aid ,,to ,,education4 ,,part ,,ii4 ,,by ,,general ,,john ,a4 ,,logan1 ,u4 ,s4 ,senator from ,illinois4 ,having ascertained the extraordinary fact1 from a close analysis of tabulations of authoritative statistics furnished by the ,census and ,education ,bureaus1 that1 assuming the cost of educating a child in ,mississippi1 ,tennessee1 and ,west ,virginia to be equal to such cost in the ,new ,england states1 every one hundred adults in the former pay more to educate the children in those states than is paid by the same number of adults in any one of the latter1 let us explore a little further for the reasons underlying that fact4 ,it might naturally be asked3 ,how can these calculations be correct1 when1 for example1 we learn from the report of the ,commissioner of ,education that ,massachusetts pays annually for each child enrolled in her schools #ae4dd1 while ,mississippi pays but #c4ch8 ,there are several factors which aid in bringing about this result4 ,some of these can be exactly ascertained2 others of them1 for want of statistics1 can not4 ,in the first place1 the #ae4dd per scholar which ,massachusetts pays amounts to but #d4ih per capita of her adult population1 while the #c4ch per scholar that ,mississippi pays amounts to #b4ab per capita of her adult population4 ,hence the real difference1 so far as the payers of the cost are concerned1 is only #b4hf per capita4 ,another cause of this difference or inequality is the fact that ,massachusetts pays her teachers1 on an average1 about #di4jf per month1 while ,mississippi pays hers only #cj4jg4 ,while this doubtless affects the efficiency and equality of the education1 it does not necessarily indicate a less number of pupils4 ,still another cause lies in the fact that while the length of the school year is in ,massachusetts one hundred and seventy-seven days1 in ,mississippi it is but seventy-seven days4 ,and still another may grow out of the larger proportion of teachers employed in ,massachusetts than in ,mississippi1 for we find that while in the former1 one teacher is employed for every #ce4g enrolled scholars1 in the latter1 one is employed for every #db4e4 ,these items enable us to understand why there are differences between the amounts paid in the two states1 and what those differences are that exist under the present order of things4 ,we perceive1 therefore1 that while a strict scrutiny may bring to light the facts that the education in the one state or section is more efficient1 the terms of school attendance longer1 and the amount paid for school purposes more liberal than in the other1 yet this in no wise tends to invalidate the statistics heretofore presented1 nor to affect the argument based thereon4 ,although it may be true that ,massachusetts spends more than #ae4jj per scholar while ,mississippi spends less than #c4ej1 it is also true that the latter has forty-eight pupils enrolled in school to every one hundred adults1 while the ,bay ,state has but thirty-three2 and that while it costs the adults of the ,northern state but #d4ih each to pay this #ae4dd1 a similar service1 similarly compensated1 for its enrolled scholars would cost the adults of the ,southern one #i4gj each4 ,the fact1 then1 that this remarkable inequality in the cost of educating the children of the different localities in the ,union does exist1 can not be successfully controverted2 and that there is no method of equalizing the burden save by government aid can not be truthfully denied4 ,the time has gone by when it could be said that ,mr4 ,a41 who is poor in this world's goods1 but surrounded by a full household of ruddy youths1 must provide for their education from his own depleted pocket1 just as ,mr4 ,b41 who is rich1 and has but a single child1 provides for its instruction out of his plethoric pocket4 ,the principle is now fully acknowledged that it is the duty of the state or government--of the people1 as a body-politic--to bear this burden1 and thus to equalize it4 ,this is the principle upon which our common school system is founded1 which1 notwithstanding the tax it imposes1 is even now looked upon by the people as one of our most important institutions1 second only to the republican basis on which our government is founded4 ,to bring this vital institution as near to perfection as is possible1 to distribute its benefits as equally as possible1 to render the tax as light as is consistent with efficiency1 and to bring the burden to bear as equally as is practicable on all sections and localities1 should be one great aim of our ,federal legislation4 ,all the great nations of ,europe are beginning to throb with the divine impulse which is first seen in the great1 questioning eyes of the speechless babe4 ,some of them have lain for long centuries encrusted in the densest ignorance1 and awake but sluggishly to a realization of the tremendous national power1 which others have long since discovered1 embedded in the education of the masses4 ,thus ,russia1 with her population of #gh1ejj1jjj1 although almost exhausting herself with wars for territorial aggrandizement1 has awakened to the necessity of granting to her schools #i1jjj1jjj annually--a mere pittance for such a nation1 yet containing the germ of higher promise4 ,so also ,austria1 with her population of #bb1add1bdd1 is slowly stirring4 ,education there is now made obligatory1 and in #ahha she supplemented prior national aid to it by a grant of #f1ejj1jjj4 ,italy1 in #ahhb1 with a population of #bh1jjj1jjj1 gave like aid to the extent of #f1bjj1jjj1 beside providing school buildings and other necessary desiderata--previous aid having borne good fruit in a marked decrease of illiteracy4 ,prussia1 with a population of #bg1bea1jfg1 is fortunate in the possession of endowed schools with regular incomes4 ,yet she gave national aid to education to the extent of #aj1jjj1jjj in #ahha1 and #aa1deh1hef in #ahhb4 ,france1 with a population of some #cg1jjj1jjj--;independent of the millions of dollars expended for a like purpose annually by her departments and communes--gave in #ahha-b to the extent of #bb1gag1hhj for the education of her masses4 ,little ,belgium1 with a population of but #e1djc1jjf--;about one twelfth of ours--in #ahhb gave national aid to education to the extent of about #d1jjj1jjj2 for she perceives1 as a direct consequence of periodical aid of this character1 that ,belgian illiteracy is surely and rapidly decreasing1 while in like ratio her prosperity is increasing4 ,great ,britain is similarly alive to the necessity for government aid to elementary schools4 ,such aid was given by her in #ahhb to those in ,england and ,wales1 whose united population is #be1ifh1bhf--less than half the number we boast--to the extent of #b1gdi1hfc1 or--roughly calculating at five dollars to the pound--nearly #ad1jjj1jjj4 ,this1 too1 in a land that is also rich in well endowed universities1 colleges1 grammar schools1 and other institutions of learning4 ,such aid was also given in #ahhb-c to elementary schools in ,scotland1 whose population is but #c1gcd1cgj1 to the extent of #dfh1eab1 or1 say #b1cdb1efj2 and to ,ireland1 with a population of #e1aei1hci1 to the extent of #gbi1hfh1 or1 say #c1fdh1cdj4 ,thus1 in addition to the great educational advantages arising from the numerous well founded and amply endowed educational institutions for the various grades and classes of the ,british people that have long existed in ,england and ,wales1 ,scotland and ,ireland1 we find the government of the ,united ,kingdom aiding elementary instruction to the extent of about #bj1jjj1jjj in one year--the combined population being but #cd1hfb1die souls2 the ,united ,states1 with a larger population1 is without the advantages either of such national aid or such endowed schools as those countries possess4 ,even the colonies of ,great ,britain are equally impressed with the importance and essential necessity of general public education4 ,taking as an example that one of her colonies with which our relations are most intimate--the province of ,ontario4 ,its population comprises but #a1iac1dfj souls1 yet the amount expended there upon education in #ahhj reached #c1dad1bfg4 ,a similar ratio of expenditure to the total population--counting the latter at #ee1jjj1jjj--would call for nearly #ajj1jjj1jjj in the ,united ,states4 ,but while it may be of interest to note what other peoples and other governments are doing toward the advancement of general education within their borders1 and while the contrast with that which is done1 or fails to be done1 in the same direction in the ,united ,states1 furnishes food for instruction and ultimate benefit1 yet it by no means follows that this nation1 destined1 as every one of its citizens proudly believes1 to march in the van of the world's civilization1 is to limit its aims1 its labors1 its appropriations in the furtherance of education--the prime factor in all civilization--by the standards of other nations4 ,the rather should the comparison1 while it may for the moment bring to our cheeks the blush of shame1 act as a stimulus to higher effort and larger expenditure1 if necessary on our part to reach that preminent position of prosperity1 power1 and enlightenment1 of which the intellectual alertness of our people and the genius of our institutions give abundant promise4 ,in considering this subject we must not fail to remember that among the nations of the world ours stands alone in this3 that here the sovereignty is in the people4 ,an ignorant sovereignty is a tyrannical sovereignty1 whether held by the many or the few4 ,its capabilities for good can alone be drawn out by education4 ,that ,liberty sits enthroned in this land is due solely to education and that proper spirit of freedom and independence in thought and action which is begotten of education4 ,as has been well said by another3 8,we have gained all that we possess by reason of the education of the individual1 and we hold it upon the same tenure4 ,what we hold for ourselves we hold for mankind1 and we hold it for both upon the same condition by which it was gained1 and that is the continued and universal education and development of the people40 ,every child born in this great republic is born with the inherent right to be educated4 ,he is born heir to that popular sovereignty which1 upon coming of age1 he is entitled to exercise4 ,the coming responsibilities rest upon him from his very cradle up4 ,he has an absolute right to such an education as will enable him to properly meet them4 ,his parents who brought him into the world weighted with such responsibility1 did it with the implied obligation on their part to give him that education without which his birth would be either a mockery or a crime4 ,as with the parents1 so with the state-local1 and so with the state-national4 ,if the parents fail in meeting this obligation it becomes a binding obligation upon the state-local1 and if the state-local fails the obligation devolves upon the nation4 ,again1 the obligation of every parent in this republic to educate his children so as to enable them in due time to intelligently and wisely exercise the great power of the franchise1 implies the obligation on his part to give them1 up to that point1 equal educational advantages4 ,by a parity of reasoning it logically follows that in case of failure by parent or state-local--whether from inability or other cause--the obligation to secure to all children within its domain not only facilities1 but equal facilities1 for the attainment of a sufficient education to enable them to cast an intelligent ballot1 rests upon the nation4 ,nor does this obligation cease when such equal facilities are provided4 ,it goes further4 ,it extends1 if necessary1 to the compulsion of those children to avail themselves of the facilities which the nation provides for their education4 ,that it is the right1 then1 of every ,american child to have a rudimentary education1 and that it should be equal to that of every other ,american child1 seems clear2 and that where1 through any cause1 that child fails to get such education1 it is the duty of the national government to enable him to gain it1 seems equally manifest4 ,to what extent1 and from what resources1 the nation should grant this educational aid to its children1 and through what channels and upon what basis the distribution of that aid should be made1 are subjects that will now command our attention4 ,the burden of educating the children of the nation is a heavy one--a fact perhaps not as fully realized by our rulers and legislators as it ought to be4 ,from the report of the ,commissioner of ,education1 #ahhb-c1 it appears that the estimated real value of sites1 buildings1 and all other school property in all the states and territories1 is #baf1efb1aig4 ,that of course is the existing 8school plant0 as it may be termed2 but to get such a 8school plant0--utterly insufficient as it may be--has been more or less burdensome4 ,from the same authority it appears that the amount imposed and expended for common school purposes1 in all the states and territories for #ahhj1 was #ia1aeh1jci2 a large sum1 yet after all but little more than half the amount absolutely needed in order to provide adequate school facilities for all entitled thereto4 ,a careful and conservative estimate founded upon all attainable data will show that not less than #afj1jjj1jjj annually must be provided to secure the education of all the children of our country of lawful age4 ,of this amount1 provision1 as we have seen1 is already made in the various states and territories to the extent of over #ij1jjj1jjj annually4 ,of the various measures relating to the subject of national aid to education that have been urged upon the attention of ,congress1 none has ventured to appropriate a larger annual sum,j than #ej1jjj1jjj4 ,should ,congress at any time make an appropriation of that amount1 there would still be an annual deficiency of some #bj1jjj1jjj4 ,it is not at all certain that our national legislators have considered the magnitude of the subject with which they are to deal1 nor that they have all investigated it with that degree of care and seriousness which it plainly deserves and even demands at their hands4 ,every one1 without controversy1 admits the importance of educating our children2 and without doubt1 every one of our legislators has not only a warm and friendly feeling for this work1 but also a willingness to do something to afford it national aid4 ,but with how many of them is this a willingness without a formed and definite purpose8 ,it were almost better that the importance of such education should be a disputed point--that a storm of controversy should arise and shake them in its throes1 forcing them to lay hold of the very horns of the sacred altar of education--rather than that the dead1 arid level of inert concession should bring forth nothing save a deceptive mirage4 ,it is time to wake up to the fact that government aid in the line of education means nothing unless it be in the form of an annual appropriation of sufficient amount to produce tangible results4 ,do our legislators appreciate the significant fact that of the #ia1aeh1jci expended on the public schools in the thirty-eight states and nine territories and the ,district of ,columbia during #ahhb1 more than one quarter of that entire expense was borne by the three states of ,illinois1 ,ohio1 and ,iowa8 ,that nearly one third of that great expense was borne by and expended in the four states of ,new ,york1 ,ohio1 ,illinois and ,pennsylvania8 ,that more than one half of it was borne by and expended in the six states of ,new ,york1 ,ohio1 ,illinois1 ,pennsylvania1 ,iowa and ,california8 ,that nearly two thirds of it all was borne by and expended in the nine states of ,california1 ,missouri1 ,indiana1 ,iowa1 ,massachusetts1 ,pennsylvania1 ,illinois1 ,ohio and ,new ,york8 ,of what practical avail1 then1 is the bill,k which passed the ,united ,states ,senate on the #gth of ,april last1 so far1 at least1 as the amount to be appropriated is concerned8 ,it proposes to appropriate a total amount of #gg1jjj1jjj4 ,that amount certainly sounds well and looks generous at first sight4 ,but how is it appropriated8 ,let us see4 ,this #gg1jjj1jjj that looks so large and adequate1 is to be scattered over the whole country1 and over a period of eight years1 thus3 ,the first year1 #g1jjj1jjj--which is much less than ,illinois alone gives in one year for her own children2 the second year1 #aj1jjj1jjj--which is much less than ,massachusetts and ,iowa together give in one year for their own children2 the third year1 #ae1jjj1jjj--which is much less than ,ohio and ,pennsylvania together give for one year's schooling of their own children2 the fourth year1 #ac1jjj1jjj--or about what ,massachusetts1 ,indiana1 and ,wisconsin together give a year for such purposes2 the fifth year1 #aa1jjj1jjj--or less than ,new ,york alone gives in one year2 the sixth year1 #i1jjj1jjj--very little more than ,ohio alone gives2 the seventh year1 #g1jjj1jjj--or only a trifle more than ,missouri and ,california together give in a year2 and the eighth year1 #e1jjj1jjj--or a trifle over what ,indiana gives1 and less than ,iowa gives1 in one year6 ,now1 if such appropriations as these are not absurdly inadequate1 what are they8 ,they are limited to eight years1 and during those eight years the mean average annual appropriation is less than #aj1jjj1jjj4 ,think of it for a moment4 ,an amount 7#i1fbe1jjj7 appropriated by ,congress to cure the illiteracy of the whole nation--only #a1jeg1cbe more than ,illinois now spends in a year for educational purposes2 only #a1cfa1gee more than ,pennsylvania spends1 and only #hjd1jhf more than is spent by ,ohio2 while it is #a1gig1eic less than the state of ,new ,york expends in a single year within her borders for like purposes6 ,take the exact figures of the census returns1 and the amount actually needed is easily ascertained for that year--though it must be remarked that the amount needed is not remaining the same1 nor diminishing1 but increasing every succeeding year4 ,the school population in #ahhj was #af1bdc1hbb4 ,to educate that population required an assumed average annual expenditure of not less than #aj each1 or #afb1dch1bbj4 ,the real expenditure was but #ia1aeh1jci4 ,hence there was in that year a necessity for an expenditure of at least #gb1jhe1ghc more than was actually expended4 ,but let us examine the statistical facts a little more closely4 ,it is true that the school population then was #af1bdc1hbb1 but it is also true that of that number only #aj1jac1hbf were enrolled in the public schools1 and of these again only #f1aah1cca took advantage of their opportunities for instruction by daily attendance at those schools4 ,here1 then1 we find that the #ia1aeh1jci was expended in educating the #f1aah1cca children who daily attended school1 and that the actual average cost per scholar1 therefore1 was #ad4ij1 and not #aj4 ,we discover also1 that while #f1aah1cca children were in daily attendance at the public schools1 #c1hie1die children on the rolls of such schools were not in daily attendance1 and that #f1bbi1iif other children of school age had not even the opportunity or facilities for any such education6 ,it is plain1 therefore1 that had the #aj1abe1dia children of school age in the two latter classes--those who failed to take advantage of the school opportunities offered them1 and those who had no such opportunities at all--been compelled1 as they should be 7except in case of sickness or other very sufficient cause71 to daily attend public schools1 then instead of the #ia1aeh1jci actually expended in such schools that year1 there should have been expended #bdb1jbg1hee that year1 in order to give all children of school age an equal educational chance4 ,in other words1 the expenditure1 as compared with the necessities of the case1 left a deficit for that one year of #aej1hfi1haf4 ,now it is to make up for the deficiencies in the school facilities already provided in the states and territories1 that ,congressional legislation and national aid is proposed4 ,but it would puzzle the combined mathematicians of all countries and ages to demonstrate that an annual deficiency of #aej1jjj1jjj1 or more1 can be made up by an expenditure of #gg1jjj1jjj1 dribbled out in annual sums varying from #e1jjj1jjj to #ae1jjj1jjj1 during eight successive years4 ,while1 however1 to meet the necessities of the case fully and absolutely would call for enormous annual appropriations1 yet as the utmost conservatism and moderation should govern all experimental legislation involving large appropriations1 so in legislating upon this subject it were safer to adopt the basis and estimate of least requirement heretofore given1 and adopt #ej1jjj1jjj as the amount that should be annually appropriated for this important purpose4 ,it is to be kept in mind1 also1 that an annual appropriation to this extent need not add one dollar to the burden of taxation now borne by the people4 ,in this connection it is not necessary to discuss any of the questions relating to the methods of raising our national revenue4 ,whatever differences of opinion there may be touching those methods or means1 it must be conceded that our nation1 under the present system and laws1 holds a high and even commanding position among the civilized governments of the world1 and that our people are enjoying more than an average degree of prosperity4 ,it is our duty to use every effort to advance to still higher prosperity4 ,in the meantime1 however1 any bill appropriating national aid to education should be based upon our present condition4 ,our revenue now exceeds our expenditures per annum by fully the amount 7#ej1jjj1jjj7 sought to be appropriated by the bill referred to4 ,hence its enactment would not add one dollar to the taxes already imposed4 ,it follows1 then1 that should ,congress be asked to support a measure making annual appropriation of #ej1jjj1jjj1 derived from the internal revenue taxes and the sale of public lands1 for school purposes1 opposition to such a measure on the pretext that it would impose additional burdens upon the people would be flimsy and without force1 and only transparently veil an opposition to increased facilities for educating our children4 ,if our children are to be provided with adequate facilities for proper and necessary instruction1 the burden must be imposed in some form2 and none can be devised that will bear more equally upon all1 and be felt as little as this4 ,it is an old truism that 8every rose hath its thorn40 ,the advance of civilization and knowledge has its drawbacks as well as its advantages4 ,this is manifested very distinctly in one direction in our own country4 ,the rapid invention and introduction of labor-saving machinery has had a very marked tendency to draw the laboring population from the rural districts1 and congregate it at the manufacturing centers4 ,this1 although it may be attended with many important advantages1 has some very serious disadvantages1 and is1 perhaps1 in part the cause of the serious contests we have seen of late years between capital and labor4 ,it increases the population of the cities1 and proportionately decreases that of the rural districts1 and1 as a consequence1 increases the cost of living1 as it advances the price of property in the cities4 ,it also tends very largely to increase the power and influence of corporations1 monopolies1 and other associations of this kind4 ,the single item of transportation is vastly enlarged by this fact1 and thus is increased the necessity for1 and the power of1 the railroads of our country4 ,the effect of bringing together at these manufacturing centers large bodies of employs is1 that for self-protection1 combinations of labor1 as against the encroachments of capital1 are formed4 ,irritation and contests follow4 ,it is from these facts that we are confronted with one of the most difficult problems forced upon any nation for solution--a problem which thus far seems to be beyond the reach of legislation4 ,to check the advance of scientific and inventive genius1 or to stop the progress of knowledge1 is neither desirable1 practicable1 nor possible4 ,the only possible solution of this perplexing problem would seem to lie in the education of the masses1 and thus elevating the laboring population as nearly as may be to the educational level of the capitalists--the rural districts to the educational level of the cities4 ,by adequate national and state legislation1 very marked and important progress in this respect may be secured4 ,should the government adopt the policy of adequate national aid to education1 its distribution according to the number of persons under twenty-one years of age would perhaps be the best basis for such distribution at the start1 but future experience and more exact knowledge would1 no doubt1 enable the remedy to be applied1 in due time1 more exactly to our needs4 ,at present the statistics of illiteracy are not sufficiently definite and thorough to take them as a reliable guide in determining the basis for the distribution of so large an amount of funds4 ,one means1 however1 of meeting the difficulty named--one possible step toward the solution of this puzzling problem--is certainly within our reach4 ,educate the masses1 elevate the laboring and producing population1 and bring them up as nearly as possible to the educational plane already reached by those who hold and wield the moneyed power4 ,education increases our wants and demands2 increase in demand brings increase in supply2 and this of necessity increases the demand for labor4 ,economy on the part of the nation as well as the individual is a correct principle1 and holds good in all states and conditions of life1 but we must not forget that it is a relative term4 ,for the individual who can neither read nor write to expend money for books and writing materials is a useless expenditure2 but would you count that an extravagance on the part of him who can do both1 so long as he keeps within his wants and means8 ,what constitutes the difference in the application of the principle to the two cases8 ,education4 ,the pioneer farmer may have spent a life of patient toil on his farm1 satisfied to live in his log cabin1 with possibly a single room1 a puncheon floor1 and a clapboard door1 unable to read or write--an upright1 honest man1 and probably as nearly contented as it falls to the lot of mortals to be4 ,but mark the change6 ,his sons and daughters are growing up toward manhood and womanhood2 the free school has invaded his neighborhood2 and they attend it4 ,how soon it affects the household arrangements1 manners1 dress1 and everything about the family6 ,what has wrought the change8 ,education4 ,their wants1 and what are now their necessities1 are greatly increased4 ,what follows8 ,the desire to meet and supply these wants brings increased effort and industry for the purpose4 ,and every family thus advanced in its views of what is necessary to comfort and happiness increases to the same extent the demand upon the producer and manufacturer1 and thus widens the field of labor4 ,hence the solution of this great and knotty problem is to be reached chiefly by the education of the masses--by raising them toward educational equality with the wealthy4 ,there are many who delight in picturing the days of primitive simplicity1 when wants were few and easily supplied2 but is there one of these moralizers who would willingly go back to them8 8,strict economy as gauged by our means0 is a correct maxim everywhere and at all times4 ,but civilization and enlightenment are progressive1 and no laws save such as would trample under foot the inalienable rights of the people to 8life1 liberty1 and the pursuit of happiness0 can check that progress4 ,we must therefore either foster the comparatively few more fortunate and energetic of our people1 or we must endeavor by appropriate and legitimate and adequate legislation to link together and advance the entire mass4 ,the noblest work of man is the elevation of his fellowman1 and the grandest work in which a government can engage is the enlightenment of its people4 ,but these can alone be accomplished by the aid of the great lever3 ,education4 ,,footnotes ,j ,and that bill was introduced by myself4 ,k ,s4 #cih1 #ast ,session ,x,l,v,i,i,ith ,congress4 ,a ,,trip ,,to ,,the ,,land ,,of ,,dreams4 ,,by ,,robert ,r4 ,,doherty4 ,it is strange how soon we all turn into redoubtable adventurers1 after the 8soft dews of kindly sleep0 have fallen4 ,not ,marco ,polo1 fresh from the glories of the ,cathayan court2 nor ,orellana1 with his glittering lies about ,dorado2 nor ,hans ,pfaali1 big-mouthed with the wonders of his voyage to the moon2 not even ,baron ,munchausen himself1 could tell more astonishing tales1 than can the prosiest among us on his return from ,dreamland4 ,dreams were believed by the ancients to be vehicles of supernatural communication with mortals4 ,homer says that they come from ,jove2 ,mohammed tells us that ,allah sends them2 and according to ,job1 8,god speaketh in dreams40 ,milton1 on the other hand1 pictures ,satan1 8squat like a toad close at the ear of ,eve10 assaying by his devilish art to reach the organs of her fancy1 and with them to forge phantoms and dreams4 ,so deep-seated was the belief in the supernatural origin of night visions1 that the law of ancient ,rome required those who dreamed of public affairs to report to the augurs1 so that an authoritative interpretation might be promptly given to the rulers4 ,there was hardly a governor or general of antiquity1 but had a number of professional augurs in his retinue2 and the course of events was often modified by the meanings they attached to their patrons' dreams4 ,professor ,creasy has written a unique volume on the 8,fifteen ,decisive ,battles of ,history10 and has suggested another1 on the dozen or more 8,decisive ,love ,affairs40 ,as many fateful dreams could easily be selected1 around which1 as on a pivot1 the destiny of the world has seemed to turn4 ,the most ludicrous1 and in many cases wicked interpretations were given to dreams2 and ,cato--himself an augur--said it was strange how two augurs could meet without laughing in each other's face4 ,even at the present day belief in the prophetic character of dreams is widely prevalent1 and many lists of 8interpretations0 are in circulation among the credulous4 ,when ,rory ,o',more assured us that dreams go by contraries1 he followed current superstition4 ,tears are supposed to indicate joy1 and laughter1 woe4 ,dream of the dead1 and you may expect tidings of the living2 dream of the living1 and unlooked for danger--perhaps death--is imminent4 ,many of the interpretations printed in the 8guide books0 are1 however1 exceedingly natural1 as1 for instance1 that visions of gold foretoken wealth1 and orange blossoms1 marriage4 ,let us place in contrast with such fanciful absurdities a tabulation of some of the veritable indications of dreams1 as made by a modern scientist4 ,lively dreams1 according to ,dr4 ,winslow1 are a sign of the excitement of nervous action2 soft dreams1 of slight irritation of the brain1 often in nervous fever announcing the approach of a favorable crisis2 frightful dreams1 of determination of blood to the head2 dreams of blood and red objects1 of inflammatory conditions4 ,visions of rain and water are often signs of diseased mucous membranes and dropsy2 distorted forms frequently point to disorder of the liver4 ,dreams in which the patient sees any part especially suffering indicate diseases of that part4 ,dreams about death often precede apoplexy1 which is so connected with determination of blood to the head4 ,the nightmare1 with great sensitiveness1 is an indication of determination of blood to the chest4 ,to adequately define dreaming must ever be a difficult1 if not an impossible task4 ,professor ,wilson1 of ,edinburgh1 has graphically outlined peculiarities which distinguish dreams from the imaginings of wakeful hours and from the hallucinations of madness4 ,the current of thought that rushes through the sleeper's mind is quite free from the control of his will4 ,dr4 ,rush has called a dream a transient paroxysm of delirium1 and delirium a permanent dream2 but the dreamer's intellect is withdrawn from almost all relation to external objects2 while the lunatic holds communication by all his senses with the world about him4 ,but while sleep has thus closed 8the five gateways of knowledge0 to the dreamer1 he still hears and sees and feels and smells and tastes4 ,an imaginative person1 on visiting ,niagara ,falls1 can afterward reproduce it graphically in memory2 but his most vivid mental picture seems pale and hopelessly inaccurate when the scene is revisited4 ,the visions of our sleep1 on the contrary1 are among the most vivid of our life1 and where the objects have been seen before1 the most accurate4 8,the main difference10 says ,dr4 ,smith1 8between our sleeping and waking thoughts appears to lie in this1 that in the former case the perceptive faculties of the mind are active1 while the reflective powers are generally asleep4 ,thus it is that the impressions of dreams are in themselves vivid1 natural1 and picturesque1 occasionally gifted with an intuition beyond our ordinary powers1 but strangely incongruous and often grotesque2 the emotion of surprise or incredulity1 or of unlikeness to the ordinary course of events1 being in dreams a thing unknown40 ,of the vividness of impressions made in dreams1 illustrations are plentiful4 ,dr4 ,abercrombie first told the often quoted story of the ,english army officer whose susceptibility was so remarkable that 8his friends could produce any kind of dream they pleased by softly whispering in his ear40 ,on one occasion they led him1 in this way1 through a long quarrel1 which threatened to end in bloodshed4 ,just as the dreamer was to meet his enemy a pistol was handed to him2 he fired it off in his sleep1 was awakened by the report1 and repeated to his laughing friends the fancies they had whispered to him a moment before4 ,a well authenticated case is on record of a young ,englishman who1 at the age of twenty-eight1 through disease1 lost the power of speech for four years4 ,he dreamed that he fell into a cauldron of boiling beer1 and in his agony and fright shrieked for help4 ,of course1 he at once awoke1 and from that moment the use of his tongue was fully recovered4 ,a bottle filled with warm water1 which touched the feet of ,dr4 ,james ,gregory after he had fallen asleep1 produced an awful vision of a bare-footed tramp over the hot crater of ,mount tna1 through clouds of sulphurous vapors1 and amid spurtings of scalding lava4 ,because of a blister on the head of ,dr4 ,reid1 he 8positively endured all the physical torture of being scalped1 while dreaming that he had fallen into the hands of a party of red ,indians40 ,a lady dreamed that a man entered her chamber1 and tightly clasped her left hand in his without offering her further violence or uttering a word of explanation4 ,she remonstrated with him in vain2 she shrieked for help1 but could not make herself heard2 then began a desperate struggle with the imaginary stranger1 which culminated in awaking the sleeper--but not in releasing her hand1 which1 to her great alarm1 was still held as in a vise4 ,summoning all her will-power1 she rose from her couch and crossed the room1 and it was only when she attempted to light a lamp that she discovered that she was holding her own hand with the other1 which had become numb by the tightness of the grasp4 ,indefinite expansion of time--or1 rather1 a total ignoring of the limitations of time--is another peculiarity in dreaming4 ,it has been demonstrated that a man can dream in detail the events of years1 and consume in the act of dreaming only a small fraction of one minute4 8,i sometimes seemed to have lived for seventy or one hundred years in one night10 says ,de ,quincy1 the prince of dreamers3 8nay1 ,i sometimes had feelings representative of a millennium passed in that time40 ,dr4 ,macnish1 from whose delightful essays several of these illustrations have been taken1 within an hour dreamed that he made a voyage1 remained some days in ,calcutta1 returned home1 then took ship for ,egypt1 visited the cataracts of the ,nile1 ,cairo1 and the ,pyramids2 8and1 to crown the whole1 had the honor of an interview with ,mehemet ,ali1 ,cleopatra1 and ,alexander the ,great60 ,a gentleman dreamed that he had enlisted as a soldier1 performed many military duties1 deserted1 been apprehended1 carried back1 tried1 condemned to be shot1 and at last led out for execution4 ,his eyes were blindfolded2 after an interval of awful agony he heard the rattle of the fatal musketry1 and awoke--to find that 8a noise in the adjoining room had at the same moment produced the dream and awakened him40 ,we have1 perhaps1 all1 though in less degree1 had similar experience of the rapidity of thought in dreaming4 ,there is hardly any limitation to the fancy of the dreamer2 he may even lose his identity1 and for the nonce personate ,csar1 or ,cromwell1 or the ,king of the ,cannibal ,islands4 ,it is said1 however1 that no man or woman ever dreamed that he or she belonged to the other sex2 although the strange notion that the dreamer is a fish1 or beast1 or bird1 is not infrequent4 ,usually1 however1 8we are somewhat more than ourselves in our dreams40 ,the tired school girl cries herself to sleep over some difficult arithmetical task1 dreams1 perhaps1 that her teacher assists her1 and wakens with the correct 8answer0 in her mind4 ,so ,condorcet successfully pursued his most intricate calculations in his dreams2 and ,benjamin ,franklin has acknowledged his indebtedness to his midnight visions for the solution of many grave political problems which had hopelessly taxed his reason during his waking hours4 ,an austere philosopher1 who ordinarily seemed to be destitute of risibility1 tells us that in one dream he could compose a whole comedy1 witness its performance1 relish its jests1 and laugh himself awake4 ,but to the marvels of ,dreamland there is no end4 8,strange it is10 says the poetical essayist1 8when regal ,mab rides forth1 drawn by a team of little atomies across men's noses as they lie asleep1 galloping through lovers' brains1 and over courtiers' knees1 and lawyers' fingers1 and soldiers' necks1 and ladies' lips60 ,strange1 indeed1 and blessed as strange4 ,let us thank ,god for our dreams4 ,they are the great levelers of life4 ,the cruel distinctions of wealth and blood are forgotten1 and our personal disadvantages are set aside4 ,the bashful stutterer talks with the grace and fire of ,demosthenes1 and the wasted invalid regains his pristine vigor4 ,in dreams 8,the child has found its mother1 ,and the mother finds her child1 ,and dear families are gathered1 ,that were scattered o'er the wild40 ,the poor drudge who toils wearily through twelve long hours for the mere necessities of life1 can at night sit on a golden throne and dispense royal favors4 ,the ambitious soldier can fight bloodless contests1 and win empires1 without staining his soul with the crimes of a ,napoleon4 ,and if the dreams of the mass of mankind be so full of wonders1 what must be those of the giants of intellect and passion8 ,what exquisite sensuous delight must have thrilled the poet ,coleridge during his vision of ,xanadu of ,kubla ,khan1 when the mere fragmentary strains that he then heard sung are so beautiful6 ,how wild and spectral1 how awfully magnificent1 were the dreams of ,albrecht ,drer1 judged by the allegorical pictures in which he has attempted to reproduce them6 ,if to read of the visions of a ,bunyan or a ,de ,quincy thrills us1 what must it have been to experience them--to have floundered with ,pliable in the ,slough of ,despond1 and stood with ,christian on the ,delectable ,mountains--to have been 8grinned at1 stared at1 chattered at10 by thousands of alligators such as the 8,opium-eater0 describes1 or to have with him 8sunk fathoms deep in ,nilotic mud40 ,physiologists have made many curious and valuable observations bearing on our subject4 ,they have found that when a sleeper dreams1 the brain swells greatly1 and becomes red in color1 while the brain of the dreamless sleeper is 8pale1 shrunken1 and bloodless20 they have shown that1 from physical causes1 he that sleeps on his left side will have visions of fantastic incongruities1 while the dreams of the slumberer who reclines on his right side will at least be logical and self-consistent2 they have divided 8the exciting causes of dream-images into peripheral and central stimulations0--that is1 into those caused by muscular movements or positions1 and by the hygienic condition of the various organs of the body1 and those which originate somewhat mysteriously1 in the nerve-centers4 ,after all1 however1 very little is known of the true philosophy of dreaming2 and perhaps the quaint fancy of ,sir ,thomas ,browne may not be as utterly absurd as at first it seems--that this life is but a dream1 and that death will be an agreeable awaking to our real life1 whose past is now forgotten only because we are now asleep4 ,,the ,,homelike ,,house4 ,,by ,,susan ,,hayes ,,ward4 ,,chapter ,,iii4--,,the ,,dining ,,room4 ,iss was gar ist1 ,trink' was klar ist1 ,sprich was wahr ist4 --,german ,dining ,room ,motto4 ,the central work-room of the house is the kitchen4 ,there labor is continuous4 ,there three times a day1 year in and year out1 the meals must be cooked1 and the pots and pans washed4 ,slovenly work there tells all over the house4 ,an ill-regulated kitchen involves poor cookery and waste1 and cheapens the most artistically arranged dining room4 ,but the importance of good1 careful and intelligent cookery hardly comes within the limits of this article4 ,it behooves us1 however1 to insist upon it that the room where so much of the necessary work of home is carried on1 should be airy1 sunny1 cheerful1 well stocked with the implements essential to the lightening of kitchen labor1 and adapted in every way to the comfort of its occupants4 ,a good farmer supplies himself with tools and machines for his farm work2 but his wife often toils with cracked stove1 green wood1 and a scant supply of kettles and pans1 when only a slight outlay would save her many weary steps and much worry of mind4 ,the kitchen should have painted walls that can be readily washed4 ,indeed1 every surface in the room should be washable4 ,there should be plenty of closet room1 a large sink1 a large work-table1 comfortable chairs1 at least one easy chair1 a shelf for books1 and room in the window for a few plants if desired4 ,a picture or two would not be out of place if protected by glass1 nor an occasional motto--like the charge to the ,german cook3 8,kchin1 denk' an deine ,pflicht1 ,vergiss du heut' das ,salz ja nicht40 ,or the admirable rules for home living which ,dr4 ,watts wrote for children3 8,i'll not willingly offend ,nor be easily offended2 ,what is ill ,i'll strive to mend1 ,and endure what can't be mended40 ,there are many small houses where either kitchen or sitting-room has to serve also as dining room4 ,any sensible woman can make shift to get along comfortably in this way and eat her bread and honey with the queen in the kitchen when necessity compels1 so long as she has neatness and despatch for hand-maidens4 ,one large1 light room is often far better than two small dark ones2 but where a room does double duty there can hardly be unity in the arrangement and furnishing4 ,to my question1 8,what is of most importance in the dining room80 a man made answer1 8the kitchen10 and a woman1 8the outlook40 ,no doubt the provision of wholesome and abundant food for her family is the housewife's first duty1 but while fully endorsing the masculine paradox1 we must not ignore the woman's plea for a cheerful outlook4 ,if possible1 the dining room should have as good a view as the house affords4 ,let it look out on the orchard1 the sea shore1 or the distant hills1 rather than the stable or the clothes line4 ,the view of a terraced1 box-bordered garden1 of a tulip bed and apple blooms1 as seen from an old-fashioned country house dining room is one of the sweet memories which childhood has stored up for the enrichment of my coming years4 ,three times a day the household gathers here to take the goods the gods provide them1 and then1 if ever1 they should enjoy a little leisure1 and be in the mood to appreciate the best of the out-of-door world that surrounds them4 ,a good view is better than pictures or stained glass for a dining room2 but when a good view is out of reach and an unsightly one is unavoidable1 then stained glass comes to our aid4 ,if that darkens the room too much1 ground or cathedral glass panes can transmit the light1 surrounded by a border of color4 ,that would be over-leaping the obstacle2 but it can be quietly set aside by means of a pretty sash or half-sash curtain of ,madras muslin or any pretty1 thin1 colored curtain material4 ,a curtain is a simpler1 franker1 and consequently better solution of this difficulty than any of the pasted-on1 semi-translucent1 paper cheats that simulate stained glass 8,in faint disguises that could ne'er disguise40 ,let honest poverty hold up his head and hang up a width or two of ten penny ,turkey-red calico by the aid of button rings and a brass wire1 so that it can be drawn across the lower sash1 and if the color be in keeping with the room1 it will look better than anything more pretentious and less true4 ,good stained glass1 such as ,mr4 ,tiffany or ,mr4 ,la ,farge devise1 is very beautiful1 but like ,adolphus's tea-pot1 it has to be lived up to throughout the room1 and so is more expensive than in its first cost4 ,the fine view1 however1 involves no extra outlay1 and beside adding good cheer to that which the housewife spreads upon her board1 it is no inconsiderable factor in the table-talk of the year1 helping not a little in the entertainment of guests4 ,the dining room should also be conveniently near the kitchen1 either in point of fact1 or made practically near in the case of a basement kitchen by a 8lift0 or dumb waiter4 ,the kitchen should not open directly into the room1 or all the kitchen odors will abide there4 ,an intermediate pantry or entry way shuts off many of the smells of cooking1 and a small slide through which dishes can be passed serves to the same end1 as it obviates the necessity of keeping the door ajar while food is carried back and forth4 ,how to light the dining room is a question of some importance4 ,there should be light enough to show the table to advantage1 but it should be possible to darken the room with shutters or blinds in the inevitable summer warfare with flies4 ,a room looks better1 artistically1 where the light enters from but one side4 ,cross lights are the artist's abhorrence4 ,in city houses a conservatory built out on one side gives a pleasant suggestion of the woods and out-of-doors1 and at the same time gives the right effect of light and shade to the room4 ,kerosene lamps are not ornaments to the dining or tea table4 ,they are cumbersome1 malodorous1 and their room is better than their company4 ,a chandelier over the table1 burning gas or holding lamps1 is the easiest and cheapest arrangement1 but not the most picturesque4 ,the prettiest light of all1 and probably the most expensive1 as the prettiest things are apt to be1 is given by wax candles from tall candlesticks4 ,four of these judiciously arranged on the table will give an abundance of light for those seated about it1 if additional light be provided for the rest of the room by a lamp on the sideboard or in side sconces4 ,a dining room should not be too warm4 ,it is an old boarding house trick to so heat the dining room as to take away all appetite for food4 ,the room should1 in fact1 be kept a little cooler than the rest of the house1 partly because the lower temperature provokes appetite1 and in part because on leaving the table it is natural to feel a sensation of chilliness1 the blood of the body being called aside to the business of digestion1 so that it is comfortable after eating to step into a room a few degrees warmer than that in which one has been seated4 ,the color of the dining room depends upon its size1 exposure1 and upon whether it must do double duty as sitting room1 or library4 ,dark1 rich furniture and wall-hangings have been the rule for dining rooms for many a year4 ,the larger the room1 the more elaborate1 rich and dark can be the furnishing1 but a dark room that hardly gets a glimpse of sun throughout the year must be made sunny by plenty of yellow in woodwork1 or walls2 bright1 sunny pictures with gilt frames2 and by the glitter of brass or of the pretty1 yellow ,english ware with which the china shops are aglow this year4 ,for rich wall effects ,japanese or leather paper is good1 ,lincrusta better1 the latter being a comparatively new material1 in substance something like linoleum1 washable and very durable 7so the manufacturers assert71 having figures raised upon it1 and coming in good designs and colors4 ,with elaborately decorated walls1 plain curtains are called for4 ,where the walls are to be furnished freely with oil paintings1 let the pictures supply the decoration1 and let the walls be as unobtrusive as possible--only ensuring that they are of a good back ground color2 sage1 olive-green1 olive-brown1 or dull red1 in paint or paper4 ,family portraits1 if good1 are not out of place in the dining room2 but poor1 old photographs in bungling1 black walnut frames should be preserved in the private apartments of those who value them4 ,they are never decorative2 nor are pictures popularly known as dining room pictures much more pleasing4 ,the effigy of a silver salver of leaden hue loaded with fruits of all climes1 with a decanter of wine and a half empty glass1 of fishes hanging by their gills1 or dead ducks1 each from one web-footed leg1 is not nearly so attractive as a good portrait1 landscape1 genre picture or flower painting1 however good practice the manufacture of such studies may be in the art schools4 ,i know a dining room where1 outrivaling some amateurish fruit painting1 an engraving after ,rosa ,bonheur of a shepherdess with her sheep has been a daily delight for years1 and another where the only picture space in the room1 that directly over the mantel shelf 7the walls being darkly paneled71 is filled with a water color copy of ,sir ,joshua's 8,angel ,choir0 that seems fairly to light and hallow the air around it1 like the glories round the heads of saints4 ,an over-mantel is appropriate in the dining room if anywhere1 as it affords shelf room for choice china or glass that ought to be seen4 ,a little ingenuity can go a great way in dressing up a commonplace shelf so that it shall have dignity and importance4 ,i have known one to have a very aristocratic air which was only an adaptation of part of a four-post bedstead1 graceful1 slender posts standing on either side of the fireplace1 built up with shelves of varying width and length4 ,if books in every room are a prime necessity1 as our model home-maker assures us1 then there should be at least one book-shelf in each room4 8,pray what is that book-shelf for80 asks the visitor while seated at the dinner table in 8,the ,poet's ,house10 which ,mr4 ,scudder has described for us4 8,books of reference10 said ,stillwell1 promptly4 8,it's extraordinary how many little questions come up for discussion at the table1 questions of dates1 of names1 of quotations4 ,so ,i keep a dictionary1 a book of dates1 a brief biographical dictionary1 a dictionary of poetical quotations1 and one or two other such books at hand4 ,it is the sideboard to our mental feast4 ,we don't keep everything we possibly need on the table itself40 ,and others beside poets would find such a shelf of great convenience4 ,there should be at least a square of carpet in the dining room under the table1 not only for warmth and the look of comfort1 but to prevent the noise of chairs scraping over the bare floor4 ,in other rooms small rugs scattered here and there may suffice1 though one large rug is always more restful to the eye1 but a table around which a family gathers1 either in dining or sitting room should for these obvious reasons always stand upon carpet4 ,where the floor is carpeted throughout and a crumb-cloth or drugget used1 pains should be taken in the selection of the latter to get the colors in harmony with those of the carpet4 ,cheap druggets as a rule are so glaring and crude in color that any carpet that respects itself loses tone at once1 and appears thoroughly commonplace when forced into association with the blowzy things4 ,the patient seeker1 however1 may be rewarded in his search by finding a 8,bocking0 or drugget that shall be as thoroughly becoming to his carpet as is the tidy morning apron to the neat-handed ,phyllis who wears it4 ,since the days of ,king ,arthur the round table has been held the most delightful for social and hospitable purposes4 ,with a small family there is a cosiness about a round table that is very charming1 but when one is forced to enlarge the circle a small1 round table can not be expanded to the required circumference4 ,a solid table seven feet long and four feet wide will seat six comfortably1 and eight without crowding1 and is of delightful dimensions to sit about of an evening1 when work or study is toward4 ,if such a table be used 7an ,eastlake table1 our furniture dealers would call it1 since ,mr4 ,eastlake inveighed so severely against what he styled the 8telescope0 table7 there should be two side tables made four feet long which could be of service in the room1 standing against the wall1 but on occasion could be used to enlarge the dining table4 ,h4 ,j4 ,cooper1 an authority on house-furnishing1 after speaking of ,mr4 ,eastlake's objections and suggestions1 says3 8,we do not find1 however1 any great revolution in the matter of expanding dining tables1 and are inclined to think their great convenience will prove a barrier to any wide-spread reform40 ,a good table should be polished1 not varnished1 and protected when not in use by a substantial cover4 ,side tables are serviceable when one's space or purse will not allow of a sideboard1 but sideboards are useful articles of furniture1 and look better when made of the same wood as table and chairs4 ,they should be simple of construction1 with straight rather than curved lines1 smooth surfaces1 and with drawers easily get-at-able and lightly pull-out-able4 ,the sideboard should hold the table linen for daily use1 the daily silver and cutlery1 teacups and saucers4 ,if1 in addition1 it can find room for a convenient box of biscuits1 pot of ginger1 or any simple refreshment for the late worker who likes a bite before going to bed1 so much the better will it serve its purpose as a sideboard4 ,our grandmothers kept here decanters and wine glasses1 but in these days of the ,w4 ,c4 ,t4 ,u4 wine is seldom found standing out boldly in sight in the dining room4 ,in addition to the sideboard a small table or a butler's tray should be ready to hand to hold dishes or food that must be used in the table service4 ,cabinets for the display of china1 closets let into the chimney for the safe keeping of nice glass1 should feel themselves at home here1 while plaques and old china plates seem to belong of right to the dining room1 and can be arranged over doors by means of a tiny balustrade1 or on the frieze1 or as over-mantel decorations1 while choice cups and saucers can fill the cabinet spaces4 ,in the breakfast room1 where ,i am now writing 7not my own71 ,i have just counted fifty-nine pieces of glass or pottery which hang on the wall or stand exposed on sideboard1 mantel or shelves1 besides the tiles of the fireplace1 two small cabinets1 each holding a half dozen rare and precious ,japanese cups and saucers protected by glass1 and two large cabinets filled to overflowing with specimen china1 and yet the room does not seem at all overstocked with ceramic treasures4 ,growing plants are charming dining room ornaments1 but will only thrive where a minimum of gas and furnace heat and a maximum of sunshine and fresh air is supplied1 with regular attention as to water and shower baths4 ,they are sure1 however1 to reward painstaking care4 ,decorative china and plants1 however1 are luxuries1 though less or more within the reach of all4 ,a screen1 though usually looked upon as a luxury1 is in the dining room almost a necessity1 and it can be bought or manufactured at home for a nominal sum4 ,many a guest has been well nigh martyred at table with a fire in the rear and sunlight to the fore1 whose meals might have been made a delight by a careful adjustment of shades and blinds and the judicious intervention of a screen between chair and grate4 ,doors must needs be left open as servants pass back and forth1 and a screen between the mistress's chair and the door may save her from many an annoying influenza4 ,a thick1 white cloth of felt or ,canton flannel should be spread over the table before it is 8set40 ,this not only protects the polish of the table top1 but makes the linen cloth lie much better1 and appear to the best advantage4 ,table linen should1 so far as possible1 be spotless4 ,fine damask is costly1 but a clean1 coarse cloth looks better than a fine one soiled and tumbled4 ,it is true that table linen is worn more by washing than by use4 ,still it must be washed--at least that is the ,american theory4 ,i have sat at a table in ,saxony where the table linen bore the date of more than a century before1 but there the wash was perhaps a semi-annual affair1 and a breakfast cloth was made to serve from ,easter till ,july1 breakfast being only a simple meal of a roll and a cup of coffee4 ,we can lay down no further rule for the changing of table linen4 ,it is perhaps better to keep breakfast and dinner cloths separate1 the finer for dinner1 that being the more formal meal2 tea and luncheon can be served1 if one wishes1 without table cloth4 ,if care be taken to lay a carving cloth or napkin under the meat platter1 or a tea cloth where tea or coffee are to be poured1 breakfast and dinner cloths can be kept fresh longer4 ,some writers more nice than wise sneer at napkin rings1 implying that no table linen should be used more than once without washing4 ,but there are few families of any size that can afford such lavish laundry work4 ,a family of six would require twenty-one dozen napkins in constant use1 if given out fresh each meal4 ,when the same napkin must serve for more than one meal1 a napkin ring is the simplest and surest way of securing each person his own4 ,of course rings are only for family use1 not for the transient guest1 and they would be out of place at a dinner party4 ,table cloths should be done up with a suspicion of starch1 not enough to stiffen them1 but with only so much as will make them iron well4 ,heavy linen looks and wears better than light4 ,large napkins are for dinner use4 ,delicate doilies of fine drawn linen work or silk embroidery are laid under finger bowls to protect the choice china plates on which the bowls rest4 ,this doily should be laid to one side with the bowl1 it should not be used as a fruit doily4 ,i have seen an absent minded man roll up in a crumpled heap one of these delicate lace affairs costing five dollars1 perhaps1 and then carelessly wipe hands and moustache with it1 while the mistress of the house looked on with an assumed placidity which spoke volumes for her powers of self-control4 ,the finger bowl is not an elegant affectation1 but is a genuine comfort where fruit or sweets are served4 ,fruit napkins should be used to save large damask ones from stains4 ,if the first requirement for a well ordered table is cleanliness in damask and dishes1 the second is tidiness and regularity of arrangement4 ,if mats are placed under hot dishes let them lie on the square1 and let the plates be put on at regular intervals1 and in a straight line4 ,a hotel waiter who flings plates and plated ware at the table by a dextrous twirl of the wrist is no model for the home table setter4 ,spoons for soup and dessert should lie to the right of the plate1 knives above1 forks to the left2 this is the time honored usage1 and it makes the labor of serving dessert easier if all knives1 spoons and forks to be used during the meal are laid at the first by each plate4 ,tumblers stand to the right a little above the plate1 butter-plates in a corresponding position to the left4 ,avoid the use of what are popularly known as 8individual0 dishes upon the table1 such as butter plates1 salt cellars1 sauce plates1 and so forth4 ,this is another hotel fashion that should not find its way into the home4 ,it is better to use a larger plate and take a greater variety of food upon it4 ,the little butter dishes are really needed only with warmed plates2 and beans1 peas1 corn1 and other vegetables in separate dishes1 about a dining plate1 make a table look very untidy1 and make extra and unnecessary work for the dishwasher4 ,an ,english lady who visited me a year ago took home to ,london with her as an ,american curiosity a set of butter plates which1 so she writes1 she has not yet found opportunity to use1 not having had any ,american visitors4 ,steel knives are better1 and where meats are to be served are more desirable in every way than plated ones1 the latter being a device to save the labor of 8scouring0 with ,bristol brick4 ,flowers or fruit are never out of place upon the dining room table2 a showy pergne is not necessary1 for a pretty growing plant always makes a good center piece1 and a single rose in a slender glass adds flavor to the best cooked meal4 ,my grandmother of blessed memory used to say that the simpler the meal the more pains should be taken to serve it daintily4 ,broiled salt pork and baked potatoes1 according to her theory1 could be so bravely set out upon the table as to make a meal fit for gods and men4 ,a parsley bed is of special service in decking out a simple dinner1 and celery tops are not to be despised4 ,the heads of the household should face each other from the ends and not the sides of the table1 if the meals are served ,english fashion1 vegetables and meat being placed upon the table4 ,no table can be set with any air of elegance when the meat platter or the tea equipage stand in the middle of one side4 ,it makes comparatively little difference1 however1 when meals are served la ,russe1 that is with meats and vegetables placed at side tables and passed by servants1 while only fruit1 bon-bons and ornamental dishes appear upon the board4 ,the latter fashion seems to be obtaining in ,america1 and an intelligent diner-out remarked in my hearing the other day1 that fifty years hence no meats at all would be carved at table4 ,this ,russian fashion is pretty and wholly luxurious1 as it removes all possible demands for service or helpfulness from those seated at table1 and devolves it all upon servants4 ,the fashion requires more and better trained servants than most of us have at command4 ,the bane of modern entertainments is the enormous number of courses that style makes essential4 ,women with but one or two servants at the most feel called upon to give luncheon or dinner parties1 and course follows course1 many of them sent away scarce tasted1 and the home silver and china not sufficing for the occasion1 must be eked out by borrowing or by expeditious washings between the courses4 ,the giving of such entertainments by persons of moderate means exhausts nerves as well as purse4 ,let us wisely give up aping rich people's ways1 and aim for simplicity in our table service4 ,colored table ware is cheerier upon the table than white4 ,very pretty ,english or ,american sets can be obtained at low prices4 ,the ,canton china 7willow pattern7 comes in good shapes1 is of good color and standard design1 and single pieces can always be bought to replace what has been broken1 but 8,porcelain by being pure is apt to break10 ,or at least to chip at the edges1 and for every-day use pretty crockery is good enough unless a painstaking and cautious hand wields the dish-mop4 ,the more covered with decoration 7design and color being good7 the prettier will be the effect of the ware when in use4 ,it is not at all necessary to have all the dishes upon the table of the same style and pattern4 ,harlequin sets can often be brought together so as to combine harmoniously1 and pretty single pieces can be bought marvelously cheap4 ,amateur painted china is generally too costly for daily use1 and when good should be treated with respect4 ,plain silver is on the whole better for plain livers than that which is more elaborately ornamented1 and absolutely plain solid silver forks and spoons can never be out of taste1 and can easily be kept tidy with whiting4 ,electro-silicon and patent cleaners of that ilk injure silver and are ruinous to plated ware4 ,the beauty of silver and pottery depends first upon their form and adaptation to use2 secondly1 upon their decoration4 ,delicate chasings and thin repouss work are naturally as appropriate to silver as good shapes and flat decoration are to earthen ware4 ,as to glass1 there is a crystal craze at present1 and 8hob-nail0 glass glitters on all tables4 ,miss ,lucy ,crane1 in her lecture on 8,form10 says 7and ,i quote freely because her words are timely73 8,as the beauty of glass consists in its transparency and lightness1 and its capability of being twisted or blown or moulded into a multitude of delicate forms1 it early occurred to the manufacturing mind that if made thick and solid1 and cut into facets it would resemble crystal2 and thus it has come to be a fixed idea that hard glitter is its most valuable quality1 so it is made inches thick1 and pounds heavy1 to enhance its brilliancy2 and being one of the most fragile of substances1 it must be engraved with people's crests and monograms as if it were intended to carry down the name of the family for generations to come6 ,being of its nature transparent1 it must be rendered opaque of set intention by coloring matter1 and then painted and gilded6 ,since at its strongest glass can never be anything but fragile1 at least let it keep the beauty belonging to fragility2 since it is naturally transparent1 let the light be seen streaming through it1 sometimes delicately tinted1 sometimes iridescent1 and1 instead of being cut1 let it be blown and twisted into the thousand delicate shapes to which it easily lends itself1 and of which in the ,venetian glass of a bygone day1 and in its present revival1 there are such delightful examples40 ,i saw last evening a handful of flasks on their way to the laboratory1 whose soap bubble effects were far more beautiful than all the cold glitter of all the 8hob-nail0 ware that ,sandwich has ever produced4 ,in a boarding house it may economize labor to set the table over night1 but it is pleasanter and more homelike to have it set fresh and clean with the morning light2 beside1 to have the dining table clear of an evening is often a great family convenience4 ,the dining room affords grand opportunity for the domestic artist4 ,the bread board1 bread and carving knife handles1 salad fork and spoon1 all offer employment to the carver's tool1 to say nothing of cabinet1 sideboard and over-mantel4 ,tiles for tea pot rests and all sorts of china call for the decorator's skillful brush1 while tea cloths and coseys1 doilies1 mats1 centerpieces and carving cloths all await the embroiderer's needle4 ,arise1 my young readers1 and take your tools in hand1 for home work is the fairest adorning of the homelike house4 ,,mexico4 ,mexico is a country reaching from the ,gulf on its eastern coast to the ,pacific ,ocean1 almost #b1jjj miles1 with a breadth varying from #adj to #gej miles4 ,the whole territory of ,montezuma1 at the time of the ,spanish conquest1 was not less than #a1fjj1jjj square miles1 more than one half of which has been obtained by the ,united ,states by purchase1 enforced treaties1 or otherwise4 ,the plains on the coast are low1 marshy1 and in the summer and autumn malarial diseases are very prevalent4 ,strangers can visit the place with safety only about four months in the year1 when severe northern gales cool the heated atmosphere and dissipate the seeds of disease4 ,there are #f1jjj miles of coast line1 but1 considering its extent1 it does not furnish many good harbors4 ,the main body of the land is an elevated plateau1 traversed by chains of mountains1 some of which are of extraordinary height4 ,the eastern ,cordillera1 or chain1 that runs nearly north from the initial point has an elevation of #f1jjj feet1 the western nearly #aj1jjj4 ,traversing the longitudinal range1 there are several cross ranges containing some of the highest volcanoes on the continent4 ,they are all quiescent now1 and none of them have been active during the present century4 ,there are not many lakes1 and none that are very large4 ,the basins of some1 though of sufficient extent1 are so arid1 and evaporation is carried on so rapidly that the water in them has1 at times1 quite disappeared4 ,neither are the rivers of much importance as thoroughfares4 ,the ,rio ,grande1 forming the boundary between ,mexico and ,texas1 is the longest 7#a1ejj miles71 but navigable only for a short distance4 ,those in the mountain region are impetuous torrents1 larger near their source than afterward1 as they lose more by absorption1 in passing through arid portions of the table-lands1 than they gain by drainage1 except in the rainy season4 ,after plowing deep furrows1 and cutting out immense ravines among the foot hills of the mountains1 some are partly exhausted1 drawn into reservoirs and canals constructed for purposes of irrigation1 and spread out into sluggish bayous1 of no great depth1 before they reach the sea4 ,the lack of navigable streams has been seriously felt4 ,climate1 other things being equal1 decides the flora of a country1 and in this respect ,mexico has many advantages4 ,were the country level from the ,gulf to the ocean1 it would have mostly a tropical climate1 and produce only the vegetation of the tropics4 ,but1 rising in successive stages to a height of #ai1gbj feet1 the temperature changes with the elevation1 and a large portion enjoys the climate of the temperate zones4 ,the low lying region near the coast1 called the 8hot country10 has a rich soil1 a humid atmosphere1 and abundant rains1 that perpetually nourish a rank tropical vegetation4 ,at an elevation of #c1jjj feet we reach a delightful zone where the extremes of heat and cold are unknown1 the temperature ranging from fifty to eighty-six degrees4 ,here the forms of vegetable life1 mingling those of the lower and upper regions1 have a charming variety4 ,crossing this wide belt1 with its luxuriance in things of surpassing beauty and usefulness1 and advancing gradually till the mountains begin to show their rugged forms1 at an elevation of #h1jjj feet a colder climate is reached1 with a corresponding change in the vegetation that now ranges from the corn1 barley1 and other useful cereals and hardier fruits to the cryptogamia of the mountain top4 ,take it all through1 from coast to mountain1 it is quite safe to say ,mexico has a flora not excelled by any other country of the same dimensions4 ,and it has increased with the advance of civilization4 ,many plants1 flowering shrubs1 and fruit-bearing trees that were not indigenous1 but successive contributions from the ,old ,world1 have a vigorous growth1 and produce abundantly4 ,apples1 pears1 peaches1 cherries1 oranges and grapes1 with a variety of choice ,east ,india fruits1 are widely distributed through the country4 ,in the coast region1 and to an elevation of about #a1ejj feet1 they have cotton1 cocoanuts1 cocoa1 cloves1 vanilla1 nutmegs1 peppers1 and other spices of commerce1 beside the fruits of nearly all tropical countries of the east and west4 ,higher up they have sugar1 coffee1 indigo1 rice1 tea1 bananas1 and an abundant supply of edible roots1 such as yam1 arrow-root1 sweet potato1 and all the fruits of ,america1 ,central ,asia1 and ,barbary4 ,from a partial catalogue of the productions of the country there is evidence that its agricultural possibilities are very great4 ,nearly all fruits and grain1 indeed1 nearly all plants that grow1 are either indigenous to the country or may find a congenial home within its limits4 ,some parts of the upland require irrigation to make them productive1 and1 if the dry season is prolonged1 water must be stored in basins for the use of stock4 ,the neglect of this1 especially where the land has been long cleared1 causes barrenness1 and gives the country a desolate appearance4 ,the agriculture of the country has never been of a high order1 though the ,aztecs1 at the time of the ,spanish invasion1 were an agricultural people1 and about as well acquainted with the arts and processes of husbandry as most nations of the ,east were at that day4 ,having incorporated in their communities the shattered remains of the old ,tolteck tribes they had acquired considerable civilization1 and were not1 as the invaders supposed1 rude nomads1 or even herdsmen1 but cultivators of the soil1 and fixed in the possession of their estates4 ,theirs was not a skillful husbandry1 since necessity1 mother of inventions1 had not greatly improved either their methods or their instruments4 ,they had no plows1 harrows1 or cultivators1 but used hoes1 knives1 and sickles made of copper4 ,in planting1 the earth was loosened with a hoe or stick1 and the seed1 when dropped1 covered with the foot4 ,the present state of agriculture1 though much improved1 is still very inferior1 and the production1 reported in the last census1 #agg1dea1ihe1 might1 from the same areas1 be greatly increased4 ,before the recent advent of railroads those far in the interior had no adequate means for exporting the excess of their products1 and little inducement to raise more than they needed to consume4 ,mexican forests furnish in abundance nearly1 if not all1 the useful timber trees of the north1 and those valuable woods that grow only in the tropics4 ,some sixty varieties used for timber are mentioned1 and twenty suitable for the finest style of interior finishing and furnishing4 ,the mines of ,mexico have long been famous1 and are not surpassed in richness by those of any other country in the world4 ,early in the fifteenth century the inhabitants had accumulated wealth from that source1 and the glitter of their gold led the avaricious ,spaniards to undertake the conquest of the country4 ,just how long the mines had been worked before the invaders came is not known4 ,after a change of owners1 and the improved methods they adopted1 the product was greatly increased1 and ever since1 though subject to many interruptions on account of political disturbances1 it has been larger than in any other country except the ,united ,states4 ,the ,spanish settlers at once engaged in working the mines of ,tasco1 ,pachuca1 ,zacatecas1 and ,guanajuato4 ,cortes selected for himself and worked the gold mines of ,techuantepec1 and the silver mines of ,zacatecas1 that were found productive4 ,the mine at ,real del ,monte1 near the city of ,mexico1 has yielded largely1 and enriched several successive owners4 ,and the principal vein at ,guanajuato1 noted for its richness1 is described as ten yards wide1 and has been worked a distance of more than eight miles4 ,in the early part of this century the annual product of these mines exceeded twenty-five million dollars1 and they seem inexhaustible4 ,the whole of the gold and silver taken from the mines of ,mexico up to #ahgj was estimated at #d1bjj1jjj1jjj4 ,the seven principal mines of ,san ,luis ,potosi are said to be very productive1 and the whole of ,sinaloa abounds in silver mines4 ,in ,sonora there are one hundred and forty-four operated1 chiefly producing gold1 and a much larger number in which1 though productive1 work is suspended4 ,many large mining districts are simply located1 and their development delayed1 awaiting more ready means of access to them4 ,that country alone1 probably1 could furnish the world a full supply of the precious metals for centuries1 or until they become as plenty and cheap as they were in ,jerusalem in the time of ,solomon's reign4 ,mexico has not only mines of gold and silver1 but the country abounds in other minerals of no less importance4 ,iron1 tin1 copper1 lead1 mercury1 cinnabar1 and nearly all the known metals are more or less abundant4 ,coal is found in three or four districts1 but to what extent1 or of what quality we are not informed4 ,the products of the coal fields1 and their rich quarries1 and of the oil belts1 can be but little known till their facilities for transportation are improved4 ,the roads constructed as thoroughfares of travel and commerce will modify the industries of the country through which they pass4 ,mining and stock raising1 already extensive1 will be increased4 ,farming and farms1 such as we have in the ,states1 will be common1 and1 as the resources of the country become better known1 many enterprising men will be attracted to the ,mexican plateaux2 society will improve1 the reign of superstition will cease1 and a free government for an intelligent ,christian people1 though for a time struggling against chronic tendencies to revolution1 will become established1 and strong as it is liberal4 ,mexico encourages immigration1 but1 naturally enough1 prefers those of the ,latin race1 as more like the native population4 ,still1 having friendly relations with the ,united ,states1 and greatly improved opportunities for intercourse1 prejudices will be overcome1 barriers that have hindered immigration taken down1 and perfect liberty of conscience proclaimed through all the land1 to all the inhabitants thereof4 ,,two ,,seas4 ,,by ,,ada ,,iddings ,,gale4 ,are not those wild steeds champing on the beach1 ,rearing and splashing on the lonesome shore1 ,the main land seeking frantic'ly to reach1 ,their white manes gleaming like the frost wreaths hoar8 ,steeds of the sea are they that tireless ever ,beat with their sounding hoofs the hard sea sand1 ,lashed onward by the blast1 with fierce endeavor ,they vainly seek the quiet of the land4 ,type of that wild unrest that fills the soul3 ,the waves of longing1 mad desire1 and strife1 ,whose undertone of sorrowfullest dole ,is the sad voicing of the sea called ,life4 ,a type and yet unlike--there is a shore ,where the wild sea forgets the tempest's breath1 ,and rests in lullful silence evermore ,upon the wide1 white1 shining strand of death4 ,o perfect peace6 ,o blessed mystery6 ,where waves of longing cease their gainless quest1 ,and on the still sands of eternity ,do melt away in an eternal rest4 ,,new ,,orleans ,,world',s ,,exposition4 ,,by ,,bishop ,w4 ,f4 ,,mallalieu1 ,d4,d4 ,london and ,paris1 ,vienna1 ,philadelphia and ,new ,orleans share the honor of having been selected as sites for the grandest displays of which modern civilization is capable4 ,this far-away city of the ,southeast was selected in view of the fact that it is the great metropolis of a vast and rapidly developing portion of the ,union1 and to emphasize the fact that the time has come when the past1 with its mistakes and antagonisms should be left behind1 and also to encourage the rising industries of the entire ,south4 ,the general government did well when it extended most generous financial aid to the enterprise4 ,and should further need of such assistance be developed1 it is to be hoped that enough will be supplied to make the ,exposition a complete success4 ,the formal opening took place on ,december #af1 #ahhd1 by the ,president of the ,united ,states4 ,true1 he was not present1 and yet the touch of his fingers set in motion the engine that drives a thousand whirling gears and pulleys4 ,fifty years ago it would have taken ,president ,jackson a month to travel from ,washington to ,new ,orleans1 but now1 quicker than the revolving planet turns upon its axis1 the ,president1 standing in his office in ,washington1 executes his will in a city a thousand miles away4 ,this world used to be twenty-four thousand miles in circumference1 and it took six months to make a voyage around it4 ,now it has become so small there are no distant lands2 we are all neighbors1 and crowded at that1 and thought1 which is a part of man and the best part1 travels round the world in the twinkling of an eye4 ,it is a great thing to live on so small a world in such an age as this4 ,nowhere do such thoughts more forcibly impress themselves upon the observer than in a ,world's ,exposition1 for here1 side by side in friendly rivalry1 are the people and productions of almost all the nations of the earth4 ,the ,chinaman is here with his hideous gods and all sorts of queer things1 from ivory chopsticks to the most elaborate porcelains4 ,the men of ,japan are found wherever there is an honest dollar to be made4 ,they bring things to show and to sell4 ,with their thin lips and sharp pointed noses1 and keen1 bright eyes1 they remind one of the shrewdest types of ,yankee peddlers4 ,nobody expects to get the better of one of these ,yankees from the land of the rising sun4 ,their ingenuity is surprising1 and their powers of imitation are nearly equal to those of the ,chinese4 ,with the inspiration which comes with ,christianity1 it is safe to predict that a future of great promise is the portion of this nation4 ,the ubiquitous ,turk is here with the same articles1 or their duplicates1 that he has had in every exposition1 and which he is gradually introducing into state fairs4 ,these institutions of the present age must greatly stimulate the small industries of the ,turkish ,empire1 though some people have thought the ,turks at ,philadelphia were1 for the most part1 born in ,ireland1 and these of ,new ,orleans are supposed to be native ,creoles1 but still they sell olive wood paper weights1 paper cutters1 work boxes and trinkets of various sorts1 said olive wood having the reputation of coming from ,jerusalem1 and1 to support the reputation1 being inscribed with divers ,hebrew letters which the sellers are unable to decipher4 ,of course the ,european nations are represented1 but not to so great an extent as at ,philadelphia1 and not so fully as will be the case a month later4 ,the foreign countries best represented are our next door neighbors4 ,here is ,jamaica1 true to its past and present1 with an exhibition of all sorts of rum1 from thirty years old and less1 in bottles and barrels of all shapes4 ,it is put up with a nicety and even elegance which would be worthy of something better4 ,then she sends sugar and molasses1 dye woods1 coffee1 cocoa1 and skins dressed and undressed1 with samples of varied workmanship in several departments4 ,mexico sends the military band of the ,eighth ,regiment of cavalry1 more than fifty pieces1 and it does credit to that ,republic4 ,there is an air of ,spain about all the productions of ,mexico1 whether it be the crude ore from her mines of gold and silver1 or the richly caparisoned saddles1 which in beauty and comfort are unsurpassed4 ,honduras1 both ,spanish and ,british1 ,guatemala1 and ,central ,america1 add largely to the extent and attractiveness of the display4 ,no one can carefully study the exhibits of these four last named countries without being profoundly impressed with the idea that they must possess a wealth of undeveloped resources which will1 in the near future1 attract the attention of the civilized world4 ,it is manifest that they have a soil of exuberant fertility1 and a climate that is free from the cold rigors of the north and even from all dangers of frost1 and that all circumstances offer the promise of the maximum of results for the minimum of toil and capital4 ,it seems as if a good many of the physical conditions of the ,garden of ,eden were still retained by these favored countries4 ,nearly1 if not quite all the states of our ,union are represented1 though it is to be regretted that some of them1 especially ,massachusetts and ,pennsylvania1 are deserving of severe criticism for the very meager displays which they offer4 ,the people of ,massachusetts will have more cause for shame than pride when they visit the spot where their activities and achievements should be fairly and fully set forth4 ,there is no excuse for such a failure4 ,even little ,rhode ,island does better than her proud neighbor4 ,it is a ,rhode ,island ,harris-,corliss engine that drives the machinery1 and the same ,state sends one of the grandest locomotives that ever ran on rails4 ,connecticut1 the land of notions and wooden nutmegs1 makes a fine show of her thread manufactures4 ,the whole process1 from preparing the raw cotton to selling the thread in spools1 is displayed before the eyes of the admiring spectators4 ,not a few of the ,southern people are led to ask1 as they see the thread making and1 close beside it1 the weaving of cotton cloth1 why should we send the cotton we raise to the ,north1 especially to the most distant eastern corner of the ,north1 and after the people there have made it into thread and cloth bring the same cotton back again8 ,why pay them for transporting it both ways and also for manufacturing it8 ,it is well for them that they are asking such questions4 ,when people begin to inquire it is a sure sign that they are getting ready to act4 ,soon we may expect to find them making their own cloth and thread where the cotton is grown4 ,the great ,west is here in full force1 the states west of the ,mississippi being especially prominent4 ,it is not long since ,kansas and ,nebraska were both included within the limits of 8,the ,great ,american ,desert10 on whose sandy soil it was said not even grass could grow4 ,but now from those same arid plains come the best of corn and wheat1 and all the other cereals1 with fruits and vegetables that are truly surprising4 ,such potatoes as ,oregon and ,colorado send need at least such hills as those in which eastern farmers raise similar crops4 ,think of potatoes ten inches long1 six inches wide1 and four thick4 ,but time and space would alike fail to specify the abundance and variety of the horticultural and pomological products of the ,west1 this including all west of the ,alleghenies1 and especially west of the ,father of ,waters4 ,one of the most important sources of national prosperity1 growth1 and riches is to be found in our mineral deposits4 ,here we see rich specimens of almost every known mineral1 and all found within our own borders4 ,within the list are tin1 zinc1 copper1 silver1 gold1 iron and coal1 with unnumbered others2 but these mentioned are the principal1 and these are the factors which enter largely into all problems of modern progress and civilization2 they add to the riches1 if not the wealth of any people2 and wisely used1 they will add to the wealth as well as riches4 ,the central and eastern portions of the ,union abound in coal and iron2 these give strength and stability to the enterprise and industry of a people4 ,the ,rocky ,mountain range1 in all its length1 from its outlying spur reaching through ,alaska to ,behrings ,strait on the north1 to the ,mexican border on the south1 is full of gold and silver4 ,these deposits excite the ambition and stimulate the energies of the people2 and it is sure that the fact just stated will help the ,american people to find a solution to the disgusting problem presented by ,mormons4 ,the heart of the ,rocky ,mountains will not always be dominated by the most virulent enemies of all that is truly ,american and ,christian4 ,the forests1 with the endless variety of woods they produce1 never made a better showing than at this ,exposition4 ,from ,maine to ,california1 and from ,florida to ,dakota1 various woods gathered from the plains1 the mountains and the swamps show the abundant supply with which the country is provided4 ,the specimens are prepared so that the trunk of the tree1 with the bark covering it1 the wood showing the grain polished1 and varnished and unvarnished1 can all be seen at a glance4 ,to most people of middle age or beyond1 the collection of machinery is peculiarly interesting4 ,young people have no personal knowledge of the extraordinary progress of invention within the last twenty-five or thirty years4 ,thirty years ago and men and women were reaping the ripened grain just as the ,greeks and ,romans did #gjj ,b4 ,c41 and just as the servants of ,boaz did on the plains of ,bethlehem #aajj ,b4 ,c41 and1 in fact1 just as ,noah and his family did when they raised the first crop after they left the ark4 ,but there has been a revolution in the implements of husbandry4 ,a crooked stick is no longer used as a plow1 but in the place of the stick are plows of all shapes and sizes1 gold mounted and nickel plated1 as ornamental as a parlor piano4 ,the rude hoe is superseded by all sorts of cultivators4 ,planting is done by machinery1 elaborate1 exact1 scientific and elegant4 ,the great ,daniel ,webster when asked as to the best way to hang a scythe replied the best way he had ever found 7and he was brought up on a farm7 was to hang it over the limb of a tree4 ,if he could see these mowers and the many other machines to make hay1 he would conclude that he had reached the millennium as far as hay making is concerned4 ,so1 too1 the sickle has given way to the machinery drawn by a span of horses1 that can almost do the work required on a trot4 ,the machine reaps1 gathers up and binds the bundles4 ,not long ago all threshing was done by tying two straight sticks together with a string1 the best string was an eelskin dried and tanned1 and then the farmer1 in dust and solitude1 would pound away at the straw laid out upon the barn floor2 but here is a machine that will thresh and winnow wheat as fast as six men can toss in the bundles to the man who feeds1 and it will take as many more to remove and stack the straw4 ,and so it is with the whole business of farming4 ,what is true of the processes is equally true of almost every other manual industry4 ,it is a revelation of wonders to walk about amid these exhibits of machinery1 and remember that to all intents and purposes the results we behold are the achievements of the last fifty1 and in most cases of the last thirty years4 ,and it is equally remarkable that most of these inventions are the offspring of ,american thought4 ,it is most natural for every thoughtful person to ask1 how is this and why8 ,the ready and superficial answer is that 8,necessity is the mother of invention10 and that the ,american people1 by the conditions of life surrounding them1 have been compelled to invent4 ,but surely such an answer can not be considered satisfactory4 ,there are two events in modern times that no philosopher1 physicist1 ethnologist or theologian has up to this time fully measured1 and much less has been able to estimate their relation to the future of humanity4 ,the first of these events is the vast migration of the peoples of the ,old ,world to the ,new1 by which1 within the last sixty years #ab1jjj1jjj of human beings1 most of them young men and women1 have left ,europe to make their homes in the ,united ,states4 ,god only knows the importance and significance of this movement4 ,the second marvelous event of these days in which we live is the sweep and triumph of invention4 ,it is worth considering that the steam power of the ,united ,states represents more than the entire muscular force of all the able-bodied men in the world4 ,and the improvements in machinery represent immeasurable conquests of mind in the realm of matter4 ,it does not take omniscience to apprehend1 to some extent1 the fact that these things must affect the destiny of the whole family of mankind4 ,with such thoughts as these in mind one walks amid these minute or ponderous contrivances for the application of power1 with something of the reverence and wonder felt by ,moses when he stood in the presence of the bush that burned but was not consumed4 ,it is evident that ,god1 the ,eternal ,ruler of all things1 is in the midst of these 8flying wheels40 ,one of the most interesting exhibits is that made of the live stock4 ,the spirited1 clean-limbed trotting stock of ,kentucky is here4 ,the little ,shetland ponies are side by side with the vast ,normans4 ,some of the full grown ponies are so small that a strong man could easily toss one of them to his shoulders1 but a ,norman that weighs more than #b1jjj pounds is altogether a different creature4 ,the ,clydesdales may be good for draft horses1 but their enormous fetlocks so disfigure their feet and legs as to make them appear homely and uncouth4 ,the ,normans and ,percherons do not have this disfigurement4 ,they are magnificent in size1 some of them black and glossy as anthracite coal1 others are deep bay1 almost a rich mahogany color1 others are dapple gray1 from very dark to very light1 and two of them are as white as milk4 ,to any one who loves horses this show is worth the travel of a thousand miles4 ,it would make the heart of ,rosa ,bonheur glad to walk through the stables2 and if the finest of the horses could be grouped together under her artistic eye she would have all she could wish for one of her famous pictures4 ,these1 or such as these1 ,job had in mind when he wrote3 8,thou hast given the horse strength1 thou hast clothed his neck with thunder4 ,he mocketh at fear and is not affrighted1 he rejoiceth in his strength40 ,nothing less1 in every praiseworthy point1 is the exhibit of horned cattle4 ,short ,horns1 ,herefords1 ,devons1 ,jerseys1 ,holsteins1 ,galloways1 vie with each other in size and beauty4 ,one ox weighs #b1iij pounds1 and many of them exceed #b1jjj pounds4 ,they are thoroughbreds1 or carefully crossed1 and it is doubtful if finer specimens could be obtained1 even in the original habitats of the respective breeds4 ,but ,i need not write of jacks and jennies1 of mules1 and sheep1 and hogs1 they are all here1 after their kind1 and worthy of admiration for the perfection they display as the result of painstaking skill4 ,the educational interests are variously represented1 and many of the cities and educational societies1 and even private or denominational schools find space to show the methods and results of each4 ,the ,freedman's ,aid ,society of the ,methodist ,episcopal ,church makes a creditable display4 ,the same is true of the ,american ,missionary ,society1 and of several ,roman ,catholic institutions4 ,the facts1 however1 seem to show that comparatively little progress has been made in the science of education in the last twenty years4 ,whether we have reached the ultimatum1 so far as methods are concerned1 is the question4 ,the child is yet to be born who knows his letters without being taught them4 ,the capital of each1 at start1 is nothing1 and only one thing can be learned at a time1 and the human brain is only capable of a certain amount of work4 ,these are some of the limitations a good many educators are inclined to overlook1 and yet they will continue to confront all practical people as long as the world stands4 ,would it not be well1 at about this time1 for visionary people1 with all sorts of educational vagaries1 to halt for a little while and inquire if a thorough1 plain1 fundamental education is not the desideratum for the great majority of the youth of every land4 ,a good part of modern education partakes of the frivolous character of the times4 ,substantial1 honest1 common-sense education is vastly better than the illusions and flippancies of sentimental theorists4 ,speaking of the ,freedman's ,aid ,society as above1 reminds one that the colored people are admitted to participate in the ,exposition4 ,well1 the world moves4 ,we are not where we were twenty-five years ago4 ,we are coming up out of the wilderness4 ,shall we come 8full as the moon1 clear as the sun1 and terrible as an army with banners80 ,yes1 if we come in ,god's order4 ,no1 if we do not4 ,it always pays to do right4 ,it never pays to do wrong4 ,no curse ever comes causeless4 ,it is sometimes worth remembering that the #g1jjj1jjj colored people in the ,united ,states own on an average property to the amount of #ad1 and it is not long since they started with nothing4 ,they will send some missionaries to ,africa1 but most of them will live and die with us1 and where we are buried there will they be buried4 ,it is time we recognized the fact that our ,god is their ,god4 ,let us all rejoice that they have a place in the ,world's ,exposition in ,new ,orleans4 ,we need them1 they need us4 ,why not recognize our brotherhood with them1 and then together consecrate ourselves to the glorious task of making this land the first and foremost of all the world in the possession and exemplification of all ,christian1 and manly1 and patriotic graces8 ,and why not join all forces1 ,north1 ,south1 ,east and ,west in one sublime and divinely led effort to carry the untold blessings of education1 morality1 freedom1 and ,christianity to all peoples who still sit amid the shadows of tyranny1 superstition1 poverty and ignorance8 ,this ,world's ,exposition will reach its highest and grandest legitimate possibilities just in proportion as it shall help forward these desires of all good men and these plans and purposes of the ,world's ,redeemer4 ,,geography ,,of ,,the ,,heavens ,,for ,,march4 ,,by ,,prof4 ,m4 ,b4 ,,goff1 ,western ,university of ,pennsylvania4 ,,eclipses4 ,in the early ages of the world eclipses were regarded as alarming deviations from the established laws of nature1 presaging great calamities1 as famines1 pestilences and earthquakes2 and among heathen and superstitious peoples1 as evidence of the displeasure of the ,deity1 or deities4 ,herodotus tells of an eclipse of the sun occurring in #ehe ,b4 ,c41 which put an end to a battle between the ,medes and ,lydians1 who were so terrified by the day turning suddenly into night1 that the contending armies ceased fighting and concluded a peace which was cemented by a twofold marriage4 ,another total eclipse of the sun occurred on ,march #a1 #eeg ,b4 ,c41 which so terrified the defenders of the ,median city ,larissa1 that they withdrew from its walls1 thus permitting it to fall into the hands of its besiegers1 the ,persians4 ,among the ,hindoos1 it is imagined that the moon1 as it covers from sight the face of the sun1 is a huge dragon which devours our luminary1 and can only be compelled to disgorge and then driven away 8by the beating of gongs and rending the air with discordant screams of terror and shouts of vengeance40 ,an eclipse of the moon1 ,march #a1 #aejd1 was employed by ,columbus to obtain provisions for himself and his starving companions4 ,having been wrecked on the coast of ,jamaica1 the natives refused him supplies4 ,knowing that an eclipse of the moon was about to take place1 he informed them that the ,great ,spirit was displeased with them on account of their ill-treatment of the ,spaniards1 and would manifest his displeasure by shutting out the light of the moon4 ,when the eclipse occurred1 the ,indians1 terrified by the sight1 hastened to him with abundant supplies1 beseeching him to intercede with the ,great ,spirit in their behalf4 ,at the present day we look upon these wonderful events as the results of natural causes1 whose operations have long since been explained4 ,we have learned that an eclipse of the sun is merely the moon coming between the earth and the sun1 thus shutting off from the former all or a portion of the light of the latter2 that this event may occur as often as five times1 and never less than twice in one year2 that it can only occur at time of new moon2 that it occurs only in limited portions of the earth at any one time1 and hence1 that although happening so often1 for any given place it is a comparatively rare event--especially the last two of the three kinds1 partial1 annular1 and total2 and that the portion of the earth affected by a total eclipse does not exceed #agj miles in diameter2 or1 in other words1 the width of the moon's shadow1 when it falls perpendicularly on the earth's surface1 is not more than #agj miles4 ,we have learned1 also1 that an eclipse of the moon is occasioned by the earth coming between the moon and the sun2 that this event can not occur more than twice in any one year1 and may not occur even once2 that it happens always at full moon2 that it can be seen in all parts of the earth where the moon is above the horizon at the time of the occurrence2 and for this reason1 although it only happens in the ratio of #bi to #da as compared with eclipses of the sun1 yet there are more lunar than solar eclipses visible in any given place4 ,during the present month we shall have two eclipses1 one of the sun and one of the moon4 ,,the ,,sun ,will be eclipsed on the #afth1 first contact taking place in longitude #acf #di4c west and latitude #ac #be4c north1 at #h3bf p4 m41 ,washington mean time2 and the last contact in longitude #cb #eh4c west and latitude #di #j4h north1 at #a3bb a4 m4 on the #agth4 ,the central eclipse will begin in longitude #aef #ci4e west and latitude #ce #ed4e north at #i3dh p4 m41 and end in longitude #ae #d4f west1 latitude #ga #bd4a north1 at #ab3jj1 midnight4 ,the path of the central eclipse in ,north ,america will be about #ce miles wide1 and will take a northeasterly course from a point near ,cape ,mendocino on the western coast of ,california1 and will embrace ,weaverville1 ,cal41 ,idaho and ,boise cities in ,idaho2 ,bannock ,city and ,gallatin1 ,montana2 cross the boundary line between the ,united ,states and the ,british ,possessions in longitude about #aje west2 pass through the central part of ,hudson's ,bay2 cross ,hudson ,strait1 ,davis's ,strait1 and ,greenland1 ending as above in longitude #ae #d4f west1 latitude #ga #bd4a north4 ,as this is an annular eclipse1 the shadow of the moon being too short to reach the earth1 parties located in the path named will see the edge of the sun like a bright ring around the dark shadow of the moon4 ,persons outside of this path will see the sun more or less eclipsed1 dependent on their position4 ,the beginning and end of the eclipse at a number of places in the ,united ,states is given below1 in the local time of the cities mentioned3 ,bangor1 ,me41 begins at #ab3dh p4 m41 ends at #c3bc p4 m42 ,concord1 ,n4 ,h41 begins at #ab3cb and ends at #c3jg p4 m42 at ,montpelier1 ,vt41 lasts from #ab3bf to #c3jc p4 m42 ,boston1 ,mass41 from #ab3cf to #c3ji p4 m42 ,providence1 ,r4 ,i41 from #ab3cc to #c3je p4 m42 ,hartford1 ,conn41 from #ab3be to #b3eh p4 m42 ,new ,york1 #ab3ag to #b3ej p4 m42 ,trenton1 ,n4 ,j41 #ab3ac to #b3de2 ,pittsburgh1 ,pa41 #aa3ch a4 m4 to #b3ah p4 m42 ,wilmington1 ,del41 from #ab3jg to #b3dj p4 m42 ,charleston1 ,s4 ,c41 from #aa3cg a4 m4 to #b3jd p4 m42 ,columbus1 ,ohio1 #aa3bj a4 m4 to #b3ja p4 m42 ,detroit1 ,mich41 #aa3ba a4 m4 to #b3jd p4 m42 ,indianapolis1 ,ind41 #aa3jb a4 m4 to #a3de p4 m42 ,chicago1 ,ill41 #aj3ee a4 m4 to #a3dj p4 m42 ,jefferson ,city1 ,mo41 #aj3bd a4 m4 to #a3ji p4 m42 ,lawrence1 ,kan41 #aj3jg a4 m4 to #ab3eb p4 m42 ,omaha1 ,neb41 #aj3jd a4 m4 to #ab3ea p4 m42 ,st4 ,paul1 ,minn41 #aj3bf a4 m4 to #a3ac p4 m42 ,des ,moines1 ,ia41 #aj3ah a4 m4 to #a3jd p4 m42 ,janesville1 ,wis41 #aj3dg a4 m4 to #a3cc p4 m42 ,santa ,f1 ,new ,mex41 #h3ei to #aa3di a4 m42 ,wheeling1 ,w4 ,va41 #aa3cb a4 m4 to #b3ac p4 m42 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c41 #aa3eh a4 m4 to #b3ca p4 m42 ,louisville1 ,ky41 #aa3jc a4 m4 to #a3dd p4 m42 ,denver1 ,col41 #i3aj a4 m4 to #ab3ja p4 m42 ,bismarck1 ,dakota1 #i3dd a4 m4 to #ab3cc p4 m42 ,new ,orleans1 ,la41 #aj3bh a4 m4 to #a3jh p4 m4 ,our usual notes for the sun are as follows3 ,rises on the #ast at #f3cc2 on the #afth1 at #f3ji2 and on the #cjth1 at #e3de a4 m42 and sets on the corresponding days at #e3ea1 #f3aj and #f3bb p4 m4 respectively4 ,spring begins on the #bjth at #e3ba a4 m42 northward movement1 #ab #f4 ,,the ,,moon ,will be partially eclipsed on the #cjth1 entering the earth's shadow at #i3ej a4 m4 and leaving it at #a3jb p4 m4 ,magnitude of the eclipse1 4#hhf4 ,as the moon does not rise with us on this date till between #f3jj and #g3jj p4 m4 it is evident that the eclipse will not be visible in the ,united ,states4 ,it will be visible1 however1 in the western ,pacific ,ocean1 ,asia1 and the eastern portions of ,europe and ,africa4 ,on the #ast1 moon rises at #f3db p4 m42 on the #aeth1 at #e3bi a4 m42 and on the #cast1 at #g3ci p4 m4 ,it presents the following phases3 ,last quarter1 #hth1 #a3df p4 m42 new moon1 #afth1 #ab3bh p4 m42 first quarter1 #bc;d1 #ab3ae p4 m42 full moon1 #cjth1 #aa3cb a4 m4 ,farthest from earth1 #ith1 #c3ab p4 m42 nearest earth1 #bc;d1 #c3ed p4 m42 least elevation1 #ith1 #cj #ag #bc2 greatest elevation1 #bc;d1 #ff #da #af 7in latitude #da #cj north74 ,,mercury ,has a direct motion of #eb #ei #d2 increase in diameter1 one second2 on #gth1 at #i3jj a4 m41 #a #c south of ,mars2 #acth1 at #a3jj p4 m41 in superior conjunction with the sun2 #afth1 at #h3jb p4 m41 #a #cg south of the moon2 #bhth1 at #d3jj a4 m41 nearest the sun4 ,on the #ast1 #afth and #cjth1 rises at #f3bc1 #f3bf and #f3bb a4 m4 respectively2 and sets on same days at #d3ea1 #f3af and #g3db p4 m4 ,can be seen with naked eye on the last few evenings of the month4 ,,venus ,continues as morning star throughout the month1 but makes little display1 both on account of her distance from us and her proximity to the sun4 ,her diameter diminishes from #aj4f to #aj1 and her time of rising is as follows3 ,on the #ast1 #f3jb a4 m42 on the #afth1 #e3ea a4 m42 on the #cjth1 #e3cf a4 m42 on the #fth1 at #f3jj a4 m41 she is farthest from the sun2 on #aeth1 at #a3db p4 m41 #c #cb south of moon2 #bgth1 at #aj3jj p4 m41 #cf south of ,mars4 ,her motion is direct and equals #cg #bc #cj4 ,,mars ,rises on the #ast at #f3cb a4 m4 and sets at #e3bd p4 m42 on the #afth1 rises at #f3jj a4 m4 and sets at #e3bh p4 m42 on the #cjth1 rises at #e3cc a4 m41 sets at #e3be p4 m4 ,motion direct and amounts to #bb #be #ch2 diameter1 #d4b2 on #gth1 at #i3jj a4 m41 #a #c north of ,mercury2 #afth1 at #ab3ej a4 m41 #b #cd south of moon2 #bgth1 at #aj3jj p4 m41 #cf north of ,venus4 ,,jupiter ,lessens his diameter two seconds1 and makes a retrograde motion of #b #ef4 ,on #bgth1 at #i3eg a4 m41 is #d #dj north of the moon4 ,he rises on the #ast at #d3db p4 m4 and sets on the #b;d at #f3jg a4 m42 rises on the #afth at #c3ce p4 m4 and sets on the #agth at #e3ji a4 m42 rises on the #cjth at #b3cd p4 m4 and sets on the #cast at #d3aj a4 m4 ,,saturn1 ,as a telescopic object1 is still improving1 and his time of setting permits him to be viewed with less than usual inconvenience4 ,on the #b;d he sets at #a3dd a4 m42 on the #agth at #ab3di a4 m42 and on the #cjth at #aa3ee p4 m41 affording thus all the evening for observations4 ,on the #gth1 at #c3jj p4 m41 he is 8in quartile10 or #ij east of the sun2 on #bb;d1 at #aj3bh a4 m41 #c #ef north of the moon4 ,,uranus ,retrogrades #a #ab #bc2 his diameter remains at #c4h2 on #b;d1 at #aa3ei a4 m41 he is #a #f north of moon2 #bast1 at #c3jj a4 m41 in opposition to the sun 7on the other side of the sun from the earth72 #bith1 at #g3je p4 m41 #a #ac north of moon2 sets on the #ast at #g3ca a4 m42 on the #afth1 at #f3cj a4 m42 on the #cast1 at #e3cj a4 m4 ,morning star till the #bast2 after that evening star4 ,,neptune1 ,with his diameter of #b4f moves some #dd #df of arc in his orbit1 which is not so slow after all when we consider that his average absolute motion is #c4cf miles per second1 and that his aggregate for the #ca days of this month is a little less than nine million miles4 ,his right ascension on the #ast is #c hours1 #ae minutes1 #ah seconds1 and his declination #af #ag #eg north4 ,he sets on the #ast at #aa3cc p4 m42 on the #afth at #aj3bi p4 m42 and on the #cjth at #i3dc p4 m4--an evening star4 ,,how ,,to ,,win4 ,,by ,,frances ,e4 ,,willard1 ,president ,national ,w4 ,c4 ,t4 ,u4 ,,chapter ,i4 ,long ago1 and long ago it was1 in the days when ,i used proudly to write 8,school ,teacher0 after my name1 ,i bought a certain book for the express purpose of reading it to 8the girls ,i've left behind me40 ,the book is one beloved by train boys1 of which they and other venders have sold so many that the latest 8dodgers0 read1 8,twentieth thousand now in press40 ,it is sensible in matter1 attractive in style1 and goes by the enticing name of 8,getting on in the ,world40 ,naturally enough it was written in ,chicago1 and like most 8,garden ,city0 notions1 is 8a success40 ,but the trouble with this volume was that it didn't fill the bill4 ,i wanted to read it to 8my girls10 to stir up their pure minds by way of remembrance that 8life is real1 life is earnest10 and the rest of it4 ,but as ,i scanned its bright and pleasant pages ,i found out--what do you think ,i found8 ,why1 that with the light of a new dispensation blazing in upon him1 and the soprano voices of several million 8superfluous women10 crying1 8,have you no work for me to do80 this honored author had written never a word about creation's gentler half6 ,his book contained #cfe pages1 but if you had read a page each day1 all the year round1 you wouldn't have found out at last that such a being as a woman was trying to 8get on0 in this or any other world4 ,not a bread-winning weapon had he put into the hand of the neediest among us1 nor had he1 even in a stray chapter or 8appendix10 taken us off by ourselves and drawn us a diagram of 8our sphere40 ,i was so pained by this that ,i wrote ,prof4 ,matthews 7the gifted author1 and my personal friend71 asking him why he had thus counted out the women folks in his book upon success in life4 ,i even ventured to hypothecate his reason1 saying to him3 8,,dear ,,sir3--,i do not think you did this with malice aforethought1 or from lack of interest in our fate1 but simply and only because1 like so many of our excellent brethren1 you #8done forgot all about us1' as ,topsey would say40 ,whereupon came a prompt and gracious reply1 with the frank and manly admission3 8,you guessed aright4 ,i simply forgot to speak of women40 ,now1 you perceive1 it set me thinking--this obliquity of mental vision1 which had led a writer so talented and wise to squint thus at the human race1 seeing but half of it4 ,i recalled the fact that1 into most families1 are born girls as well as boys2 nay1 as many an over-burdened pater familias can testify1 they come not unfrequently in largely superior1 if not exclusive numbers4 ,having1 also1 at a remote period of my history1 belonged to the same helpless fraternity1 ,i was haunted by the wish that ,i might write a sequel to the ,professor's excellent book1 talking therein to girls and women about success in life4 ,perhaps my time has come2 perhaps1 in the generous pages of ,,the ,,chautauquan1 whose editor is so tolerant of the 8strong minded0 sisterhood1 ,i have the largest audience that has yet consented to listen to my 8views40 ,anyhow1 ,i mean1 in these newly acquired pages to talk to girls of 8,how to ,win0 in something besides the sense treated of in books of etiquette and fashion magazines1 or systematically taught in dancing schools4 ,and now1 my dears1 if you are patient and my small assistant keeps me in lead pencils1 ,i shall try to show that if every young woman held in her firm little hand her own best gift1 duly cultivated and made effective1 society would not explode1 the moon would not be darkened1 the sun would still shed light4 ,somehow1 dear girls1 when ,i see an audience of young men1 they remind me of a platoon of soldiers1 marching with fixed bayonet1 to the capture of their destiny4 ,an assembly of young women1 on the other hand1 recalls a flock of lambs upon a pleasant hillside4 ,they frisk about and nibble at the herbage and lie down in the sun1 while above them soars the devouring eagle of their destiny1 sweeping in concentric rings through the blue air1 and ready to pounce down upon them1 while the meek little innocents turn their white faces upward and mildly wonder 8what that graceful creature is up yonder80 ,they remind me1 too1 of the reply given by a bright young friend of mine to the solemn exhortation that she should 8make the most of life40 8,humph60 she exclaimed with a rueful grimace1 8,i have no chance1 for life is busy making the most of me60 ,the trouble is1 we women have all along been set down on the world's program for a part so different from the one we really play upon its stage4 ,for instance1 the program reads3 8,woman will take the part of ,queen in the ,drama of ,society10 but often times1 before the curtain falls1 the stage reveals her as a dressmaker1 a school teacher1 perchance that most abused of mortals1 a reformer6 ,the program reads3 8,this august actress will be escorted to the stage by ,man1 her loyal and devoted subject1 to whom has been assigned the part of shielding her from the glare of the footlights1 and shooting anybody in the audience who dares to hiss40 ,but1 alas6 ofttimes the stage reveals her coming in alone1 dragging her own sewing machine1 while her humble and devoted subject1 with tailor's goose in one hand and scissors in the other1 indicates by energetic pantomime his fixed intention to drive her speedily behind the scenes4 ,the program1 my beloved innocents1 attires you all in purple and fine linen and bids you fare sumptuously every day1 but not infrequently the stage reveals you attired in calico gowns1 and munching your hard-earned crackers and cheese4 ,the world's theory furnishes every young lady that draws breath1 with a lover1 loyal and true1 but the world's practice shoots him on the battlefield1 or poisons him with alcohol and nicotine until he can only 8rattle around0 through life in the place ,god meant him to fill within home's sacred sanctuary4 ,it is just this discrepancy that ,i complain of1 and the generous age we live in is complaining of it with a thousand tongues1 so that 8the logic of events0 that happen1 instead of events that ought to happen1 is impelling toward nobler fortunes that phenomenal creature whom a ,french author has called 8the poor woman of the nineteenth century40 ,naturally enough1 in thinking over the 8case10 ,i contrast your aims in life with what were once my aims1 your outlook upon life with mine4 ,the other day--a rainy one1 you may be sure--,i brought from the vasty deep of the family garret some of my girlish journals1 which ,i was curious to compare with the diary of a friend and former pupil at ,evanston4 ,let me give you a few parallel passages because of the lesson they teach4 ,my pupil 7aged sixteen7 writes thus3 8,was registered this day a member of the ,freshman class in the ,northwestern ,university4 ,the president advises me to take the classical course1 and ,i've made up my mind to try it40 ,from mine at fifteen years ,i read3 8,caught a blue jay in my trap out in the hazel thicket4 ,i knew he wasn't 8game0 and let him go4 ,the school house in our district is finished at last4 ,a graduate of ,yale ,college1 and former tutor at ,oberlin1 is to be our teacher4 ,i shall attend regularly1 visiting my traps on the way40 ,later3 8,sister and ,i got up long before light to prepare for the first day at school4 ,we put all our books in mother's satchel2 had a nice tin pail full of dinner4 ,i study arithmetic1 geography1 grammar1 reading and spelling1 which takes up every minute of my time4 ,stood next to ,pat ,o',donahue in spelling1 and ,pat stood at the head40 ,from my pupil's diary1 a few months later1 take this extract3 8,i am thinking seriously about my future4 ,perhaps this is premature1 for ,i am only in my freshman year1 but ,i have just about decided that ,i'll study medicine40 ,from mine1 at a similar age 7you see precocity was not among my failings73 8,sister was sick1 and ,i brought out all my little bottles of sugar1 salt and flour4 ,besides these medicines1 ,i dosed her with pimentoes and poulticed her with cabbage leaves1 but she grew no better1 quite fast1 so mother called another doctor4 ,dear me1 if ,i were my brother1 instead of being only a girl1 we'd soon see whether ,i've a talent for medicine or not40 ,from my young friend ,i quote again3 8,i am greatly interested in the question for debate in our literary society this week1 especially as ,i am chief disputant on the affirmative4 ,it reads as follows3 ,resolved1 ,that the votes of women are needed to help put down the liquor traffic40 ,from mine3 8,it is election day and my brother is twenty-one years old4 ,how proud he seemed as he dressed up in his best clothes and drove off with father to vote for ,john ,c4 ,fremont1 like the sensible #8,free ,soiler' that he is6 ,my sister and ,i stood at the front window and looked out after them4 ,somehow ,i felt a lump in my throat1 and then ,i couldn't see their wagon any more1 things looked so blurred4 ,i turned to ,mary1 and she1 dear little innocent1 seemed wonderfully sober1 too4 ,i said3 #8,wouldn't you like to vote as well as ,oliver8 ,don't you and ,i love the country just as well as he1 and doesn't the country need our ballots8' ,whereupon she looked scared1 but answered1 #8,of course we do1 but don't you go ahead and say so1 for then we should be called strong minded4'0 ,from my pupil at seventeen ,i quote once more3 8,the recent articles by members of the #8,women's ,congress1' some people would call radical1 but they express precisely my opinions on the dress question4 ,it is time for me to assume the garb of a young lady1 but upon two things ,i am determined3 ,first1 ,i will never trail my garments on a filthy pavement while ,i live4 ,if ,i am the only young lady in this university1 who1 when she walks1 wears walking costume1 ,i will still be true to my individual sense of cleanliness and taste4 ,i will also carry the jewel of an unpunctured ear through life1 though1 by so doing1 ,i oblige ,mr4 ,darwin to confess #8a missing link' between me and my evolutionary ancestors40 ,finally1 from mine3 8,this is my seventeenth birthday1 and the date of my martyrdom4 ,mother insists that at last ,i must have my hair #8done up woman fashion4' ,she says she can hardly forgive herself for letting me #8run wild' so long4 ,we had a great time over it all1 and here ,i sit1 like another ,samson1 #8shorn of my strength4' ,that figure won't do1 though1 for the greatest trouble with me is that ,i never shall be shorn again6 ,my #8back hair' is twisted up like a corkscrew2 ,i carry eighteen hair-pins2 my head aches1 my feet are entangled in the skirt of my new gown4 ,i can never jump over a fence again so long as ,i live4 ,as for chasing the sheep down in the shady pasture1 it's out of the question1 and to climb to my #8,eagle's ,nest' seat in the big burr oak would ruin this new frock beyond repair4 ,altogether1 ,i recognize the fact that #8my occupation's gone4'0 ,my readers smile at this1 but they may be assured there are such blots upon the page where it was written1 as briny drops alone can make4 ,you see1 dear friends1 from this contrast ,i have drawn1 showing a glimpse of past and future in two eager1 young lives1 how fast this world is getting on4 ,what is the difference in the outlook of your life that is1 and mine that used to be8 ,let us consider3 ,i was a daring sort of girl2 you are the sort of girls who dare4 ,i had aspiration2 you have opportunity4 ,i breathed an atmosphere laden with old time conservatisms1 from which my glorious mother's liberality of soul was my one safety valve of deliverance4 ,but you are exhilarated by the vital air of a new liberty4 8,the world is all before you1 where to choose40 ,if ,i required but little of myself1 it was because the world required so little of me4 ,no college of first rank in east or west--save noble old ,oberlin and generous ,antioch--could have been coaxed to count me in when she made up her jewels4 ,briefly1 public opinion proposes to give you a chance4 ,it proposed to let me shirk for myself4 ,it means to put a shield in your left hand and a sword in your right4 ,it let me go forth1 as best ,i could1 to beat the air with unarmed hands1 or to sharpen my weapons on the field and in plain sight of the enemy4 ,society set before me very few incentives1 and commended to me only the passive virtues4 ,indeed1 she never really bestirred herself on my behalf at all1 save that she ceased not in story and poem1 by sermon and song by precept and example1 and 7most cogently of all7 by setting no other hope before me to ground me1 so far as she was able1 in the philosophy that sustained the illustrious ,micawber4 8,now my daughter10 thus was she wont to speak1 8do you but be docile and obedient1 as a young woman should1 and something1 something very particular indeed will most assuredly turn up40 ,but ,i learned early to distrust a ,mentor who took so little cognizance of the imperious ardor of my youth2 who was so stupidly oblivious of the varied possibilities in brain and hand and heart1 and so ,i began early to follow out my own devices as to a plan of character and work4 ,would that the generous impulse of your enthusiasm1 guided by your broader opportunity1 might 8,give me back the wild pulsation ,that ,i felt before the strife1 ,when ,i heard my days before me1 ,and the tumult of my life40 ,more anon4 ,,evanston1 ,january #ca1 #ahhe4 ,,notes ,,on ,,popular ,,english4 ,,by ,,isaac ,,todhunter4 ,i have from time to time recorded such examples of language as struck me for inaccuracy or any other peculiarity2 but lately the pressure of other engagements has prevented me from continuing my collection1 and has compelled me to renounce the design once entertained of using them for the foundation of a systematic essay4 ,the present article contains a small selection from my store1 and may be of interest to all who value accuracy and clearness4 ,it is only necessary to say that the examples are not fabricated2 all are taken from writers of good repute1 and notes of the original places have been preserved1 though it has not been thought necessary to encumber these pages with references4 ,the italics have been supplied in those cases where they are used4 ,one of the most obvious peculiarities at present to be noticed is the use of the word if when there is nothing really conditional in the sentence4 ,thus we read3 8,if the ,prussian plan of operations was faulty1 the movements of the crown prince's army were in a high degree excellent40 ,the writer does not really mean what his words seem to imply1 that the excellence was contingent on the fault2 he simply means to make two independent statements4 ,as another example we have3 8,yet he never founded a family2 if his two daughters carried his name and blood into the families of the ,herreras and the ,zuigos1 his two sons died before him40 ,here again the two events which are connected by the conditional if are really quite independent4 ,other examples follow3 8,if it be true that ,paris is an ,american's paradise1 symptoms are not wanting that there are ,parisians who cast a longing look toward the institutions of the ,united ,states40 ,other examples1 differing in some respects from those already given1 concur in exhibiting a strange use of the word if4 ,thus we read3 8,if a big book is a big evil1 the #8,bijou ,gazetteer of the ,world' ought to stand at the summit of excellence4 ,it is the tiniest geographical directory we have ever seen40 ,this is quite illogical2 if a big book is a big evil1 it does not follow that a little book is a great good4 8,if in the main ,i have adhered to the ,english version1 it has been from the conviction that our translators were in the right40 ,it is rather difficult to see what is the precise opinion here expressed as to our translators2 whether an absolute or contingent approval is intended4 ,for the last example we take this3 8''' but if it does not retard his return to office it can hardly accelerate it40 ,the meaning is1 8,this speech can not accelerate and may retard ,mr4 ,disraeli's return to office40 ,the triple occurrence of it is very awkward4 ,an error not uncommon in the present day is the blending of two different constructions in one sentence4 ,the grammars of our childhood used to condemn such a sentence as this3 8,he was more beloved but not so much admired as ,cynthio40 ,the former part of the sentence requires to be followed by than1 and not by as4 ,the following are recent examples3 8,the little farmer 7in ,france7 has no greater enjoyments1 if so many1 as the ,english laborer40 8,i find public school boys generally more fluent1 and as superficial as boys educated elsewhere40 8,mallet1 for instance1 records his delight and wonder at the ,alps and the descent into ,italy in terms quite as warm1 if much less profuse1 as those of the most impressible modern tourist40 ,an awkward construction1 almost as bad as a fault1 is seen in the following sentence3 8,messrs having secured the coperation of some of the most eminent professors of1 and writers on1 the various branches of science4'''0 ,a very favorite practice is that of changing a word where there is no corresponding change of meaning4 ,take the following example from a voluminous historian3 8,huge pinnacles of bare rock shoot up into the azure firmament1 and forests overspread their sides1 in which the scarlet rhododendrons sixty feet in height are surmounted by trees two hundred feet in elevation40 ,in a passage of this kind it may be of little consequence whether a word is retained or changed2 but for any purpose where precision is valuable it is nearly as bad to use two words in one sense as one word in two senses4 ,let us take some other examples4 ,we read in the usual channels of information that 8,mr4 ,gladstone has issued invitations for a full-dress ,parliamentary dinner1 and ,lord ,granville has issued invitations for a full-dress ,parliamentary banquet40 ,again we read3 8,the government proposes to divide the occupiers of land into four categories20 and almost immediately after we have 8the second class comprehends'''03 so that we see the grand word category merely stands for class4 ,a writer recently in a sketch of travels spoke of a 8,turkish gentleman with his innumerable wives10 and soon after said that she 8never saw him address any of his multifarious wives40 ,one of the illustrated periodicals gave a picture of an event in recent ,french history1 entitled 8,the ,national ,guards ,firing on the ,people40 ,here the change from national to people slightly conceals the strange contradiction of guardians firing on those whom they ought to guard4 ,let us now take one example in which a word is repeated1 but in a rather different sense3 8,the grand duke of ,baden sat next to the emperor ,william1 the imperial crown prince of ,germany sitting next to the grand duke4 ,next came the other princely personages40 ,the word next is used in the last instance in not quite the same sense as in the former two instances2 for all the princely personages could not sit in contact with the crown prince4 ,a class of examples may be found in which there is an obvious incongruity between two of the words which occur4 ,thus1 8,we are more than doubtful20 that is1 we are more than full of doubts3 this is obviously impossible4 ,then we read of 8a man of more than doubtful sanity40 ,again we read of 8a more than questionable statement20 this is ,i suppose a very harsh elliptical construction for such a sentence as 8a statement to which we might apply an epithet more condemnatory than questionable40 ,so also we read 8a more unobjectionable character40 ,again3 8,let the ,second ,chamber be composed of elected members1 and their utility will be more than halved40 ,to take the half of anything is to perform a definite operation1 which is not susceptible of more or less4 ,again3 8,the singular and almost excessive impartiality and power of appreciation40 ,it is impossible to conceive of excessive impartiality4 ,other recent examples of these impossible combinations are1 8more faultless10 8less indisputable40 8,the high antiquity of the narrative can not reasonably be doubted1 and almost as little its ultimate ,apostolic origin40 ,the ultimate origin1 that is the last beginning1 of anything seems a contradiction4 ,the common phrase bad health seems of the same character2 it is almost equivalent to unsound soundness or to unprosperous prosperity4 ,in a passage already quoted1 we read that the czar 8gave audience to numerous visitors10 and in a similar manner a very distinguished lecturer speaks of making experiments 8visible to a large audience40 ,it would seem from the last instance that our language wants a word to denote a mass of people collected not so much to hear an address as to see what are called experiments4 ,perhaps if our savage forefathers had enjoyed the advantages of courses of scientific lectures1 the vocabulary would be supplied with the missing word4 ,talented is a vile barbarism which ,coleridge indignantly denounced2 there is no verb to talent from which such a participle could be deduced4 ,perhaps this imaginary word is not common at the present2 though ,i am sorry to see from my notes that it still finds favor with classical scholars4 ,webster says3 8,this word--which is said to be of ,american origin--has been strongly objected to by ,coleridge and some other critics1 but as it would seem1 upon not very good grounds1 as the use of talent or talents to signify mental ability1 although at first merely metaphorical1 is now fully established1 and talented1 as a formative1 is just as analogical and legitimate1 as gifted1 bigoted1 turreted1 targeted1 and numerous other adjectives having a participial form1 but derived directly from nouns1 and not from verbs40--,,ed4 ,,the ,,chautauquan4 ,ignore is a very popular and a very bad word4 ,as there is no good authority for it1 the meaning is naturally uncertain4 ,it seems to fluctuate between wilfully concealing something and unintentionally omitting something1 and this vagueness renders it a convenient tool for an unscrupulous orator or writer4 ,the word lengthened is often used instead of long4 ,thus we read that such and such an orator made a lengthened speech1 when the intended meaning is that he made a long speech4 ,the word lengthened has its appropriate meaning4 ,thus1 after a ship has been built by the ,admiralty1 it is sometimes cut into two and a piece inserted2 this operation1 very reprehensible doubtless on financial grounds1 is correctly described as lengthening the ship4 ,it will be obvious on consideration that lengthened is not synonymous with long4 ,protracted and prolonged are also often used instead of long2 though perhaps with less decided impropriety than lengthened4 ,a very common phrase with controversial writers is1 8we shrewdly suspect40 ,this is equivalent to1 8we acutely suspect40 ,the cleverness of the suspicion should1 however1 be attributed to the writers by other people1 and not by themselves4 ,the simple word but is often used when it is difficult to see any shade of opposition or contrast such as we naturally expect4 ,thus we read3 8,there were several candidates1 but the choice fell upon of ,trinity ,college40 ,another account of the same transaction was expressed thus3 8,it was understood that there were several candidates2 the election fell1 however1 upon of ,trinity ,college40 ,the word mistaken is curious as being constantly used in a sense directly contrary to that which1 according to its formation1 it ought to have4 ,thus3 8,he is often mistaken1 but never trivial and insipid40 8,he is often mistaken0 ought to mean that other people often mistake him2 just as 8he is often misunderstood0 means that people often misunderstand him4 ,but the writer of the above sentence intends to say that 8,he often makes mistakes40 ,it would be well if we could get rid of this anomalous use of the word mistaken4 ,i suppose that wrong or erroneous would always suffice4 ,but ,i must admit that good writers do employ mistaken in the sense which seems contrary to analogy2 for example1 ,dugald ,stewart does so1 and also a distinguished leading philosopher whose style shows decided traces of ,dugald ,stewart's influence4 ,i should like to ask why a first charge is called a primary charge1 for it does not appear that this mode of expression is continued4 ,we have1 ,i think1 second1 third1 and so on1 instead of secondary1 tertiary1 and so on1 to distinguish the subsequent charges4 ,cobbett justly blamed the practice of putting 8c40 to save the trouble of completing a sentence properly4 ,in mathematical writings this symbol may be tolerated because it generally involves no ambiguity1 but is used merely as an abbreviation1 the meaning of which is obvious from the context4 ,but in other works there is frequently no clue to guide us in affixing a meaning to the symbol1 and we can only interpret its presence as a sign that something has been omitted4 ,the following is an example3 8,it describes a portion of ,hellenic philosophy2 it dwells upon eminent individuals1 inquiring1 theorizing1 reasoning1 confuting1 c41 as contrasted with those collective political and social manifestations which form the matter of history4'''0 ,a recent cabinet minister described the error of an ,indian official in these words3 8,he remained too long under the influence of the views which he had imbibed from the board40 ,to imbibe a view seems strange1 but to imbibe anything from a board must be very difficult4 ,i may observe that the phrase of ,castlereagh's which is now best known1 seems to suffer from misquotation2 we usually have 8an ignorant impatience of taxation20 but the original form appears to have been1 8an ignorant impatience of the relaxation of taxation40 ,the following sentence is from a voluminous historian3 8,the decline of the material comforts of the working classes1 from the effects of the ,revolution1 had been incessant1 and had now reached an alarming height40 ,it is possible to ascend to an alarming height1 but it is surely difficult to decline to an alarming height4 8,nothing could be more one-sided than the point of view adopted by the speakers40 ,it is very strange to speak of a point as having a side2 and then how can one-sided admit of comparison8 ,a thing either has one side or it has not2 there can not be degrees in one-sidedness4 ,however1 even mathematicians do not always manage the word point correctly4 ,in a modern valuable work we read of 8a more extended point of view10 though we know that a point does not admit of extension4 ,i suppose that what is meant is1 a point which commands a more extended view4 8,froschammer wishes to approach the subject from a philosophical standpoint40 ,it is impossible to stand and yet to approach4 ,either he should survey the subject from a stand-point1 or approach it from a starting-point4 ,a large school had lately fallen into difficulties owing to internal dissensions2 in the report of a council on the subject it was stated that measures had been taken to introduce more harmony and good feeling4 ,the word introduce suggests the idea that harmony and good feeling could be laid on like water or gas by proper mechanical adjustment1 or could be supplied like first-class furniture by a ,london upholsterer4 ,a passage has been quoted with approbation by more than one critic from the late ,professor ,conington's translation of ,horace1 in which the following line occurs3-- ,after life's endless babble they sleep well4 ,now the word endless here is extremely awkward2 for if the babble never ends1 how can anything come after it8 ,to digress for a moment1 ,i may observe that this line gives a good illustration of the process by which what is called ,latin verse is often constructed4 ,every person sees that the line is formed out of ,shakspere's 8,after life's fitful fever he sleeps well40 ,the ingenuity of the transference may be admired1 but it seems to me that it is easy to give more than a due amount of admiration2 and1 as the instance shows1 the adaptation may issue in something bordering on the absurd4 ,the language of the shop and the market must not be expected to be very exact3 we may be content to be amused by some of its peculiarities4 ,i can not say that ,i have seen the statement which is said to have appeared in the following form3 8,dead pigs are looking up40 ,we find very frequently advertised1 8,digestive biscuits0--perhaps digestible biscuits are meant4 ,in a catalogue of books an 8,encyclopdia of ,mental ,science0 is advertised2 and after the names of the authors we read1 8invaluable1 #es4 #f;d420 this is a curious explanation of invaluable4 ,the title of a book recently advertised is1 8,thoughts for those who are ,thoughtful40 ,it might seem superfluous1 not to say impossible1 to supply thoughts to those who are already full of thought4 ,the word limited is at present very popular in the domain of commerce4 ,thus we read1 8,although the space given to us was limited40 ,this we can readily suppose2 for in a finite building there can not be unlimited space4 ,booksellers can perhaps say1 without impropriety1 that a 8limited number will be printed10 as this may only imply that the type will be broken up2 but they sometimes tell us that 8a limited number was printed10 and this is an obvious truism4 ,some pills used to be advertised for the use of the 8possessor of pains in the back10 the advertisement being accompanied with a large picture representing the unhappy capitalist tormented by his property4 ,pronouns1 which are troublesome to all writers of ,english1 are especially embarrassing to the authors of prospectuses and advertisements4 ,a wine company return thanks to their friends1 8and1 at the same time1 they would assure them that it is their constant study not only to find improvements for their convenience4'''0 ,observe how the pronouns oscillate in their application between the company and their friends4 ,in selecting titles of books there is room for improvement4 ,thus1 a ,quarterly ,journal is not uncommon2 the words strictly are suggestive of a ,quarterly ,daily publication4 ,i remember1 some years since1 observing a notice that a certain obscure society proposed to celebrate its triennial anniversary4 ,a few words may be given to some popular misquotations4 8,he that runs may read0 is often supposed to be a quotation from the ,bible2 the words really are1 8,he may run that readeth10 and it is not certain that the sense conveyed by the popular misquotation is correct4 ,a proverb which correctly runs thus3 8,the road to hell is paved with good intentions10 is often quoted in the far less expressive form1 8,hell is paved with good intentions40 8,knowledge is power0 is frequently attributed to ,bacon1 in spite of ,lord ,lytton's challenge that the words can not be found in ,bacon's writings4 ,it seems impossible to prevent writers from using cui bono8 in the unclassical sense4 ,the correct meaning is known to be of this nature3 suppose that a crime has been committed2 then inquire who has gained by the crime--cui bono8 for obviously there is a probability that the person benefited was the criminal4 ,the usual sense implied by the quotation is this3 ,what is the good8 the question being applied to whatever is for the moment the object of depreciation4 ,those who use the words incorrectly may1 however1 shelter themselves under the great name of ,leibnitz1 for he takes them in the popular sense2 see his works1 vol4 v41 p4 #bjf4 ,the ,times1 commenting on the slovenly composition of the queen's speeches to ,parliament1 proposed the cause of the fact as a fit subject for the investigation of our professional thinkers4 ,the phrase suggests a delicate reproof to those who assume for themselves the title of thinker1 implying that any person may engage in this occupation just as he might1 if he pleased1 become a dentist1 or a stockbroker1 or a civil engineer4 ,the word thinker is very common as a name of respect in the works of a modern distinguished philosopher4 ,i am afraid1 however1 that it is employed by him principally as synonymous with a ,comtist4 ,the ,times1 in advocating the claims of a literary man for a pension1 said1 8,he has constructed several useful schoolbooks40 ,the word construct suggests with great neatness the nature of the process by which schoolbooks are sometimes evolved1 implying the presence of the bricklayer and mason rather than of the architect4 ,dr4 ,todhunter might have added feature to the list of words abusively used by newspaper writers4 ,in one number of a magazine two examples occur3 8,a feature which had been well taken up by local and other manufacturers was the exhibition of honey in various applied forms40 8,a new feature in the social arrangements of the ,central ,radical ,club took place the other evening40--,macmillan's ,magazine4 ,,the ,,chautauqua ,,school ,,of ,,liberal ,,arts4 ,,by ,,chancellor ,j4 ,h4 ,,vincent1 ,d4,d4 ,beyond the 8,inner ,circle10 which leads to the 8,upper ,chautauqua10 we come to the ,uppermost ,chautauqua--the ,university proper1 with its 8,school of ,liberal ,arts10 and its 8,school of ,theology40 ,here we find provision made for college training of a thorough sort4 ,students all over the world may turn their homes into dormitories1 refectories1 and study rooms1 in connection with the great ,university which has its local habitation at ,chautauqua4 ,thus 8hearers0 and 8recipients0 in the ,assembly1 8readers0 in the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c41 8student readers0 in the 8inner circle0--the 8,league of the ,round-,table10 may go beyond1 even to the ,school of ,liberal ,arts1 the bona fide ,college of ,chautauqua4 ,chautauqua exalts the college4 ,she believes that the benefits of a college training are manifold4 #a4 ,the action by which a youth becomes a college student--the simple going forth--leaving one set of circumstances and voluntarily entering another1 with a specific purpose--is an action which has educating influence in it4 ,it is a distinct recognition of an object and a deliberate effort to secure it4 ,the judgment is convinced1 the will makes a decision1 and corresponding action follows4 ,we have the thought1 the aim1 the standards1 the resolve1 the surrender1 and the embodiment of all in an actual physical movement4 ,there must follow these activities a reflex influence on the youth himself4 ,it becomes a 8new birth0 in his life4 ,he has gone to another plane4 ,his everyday conduct is modified by it4 ,he looks up and on4 ,according to the standard he has set1 the idea he entertains of education1 and the motives which impel him will be the subjective effects of his action--the real power of his new life4 #b4 ,there is educating power in the complete plan of study provided in the college curriculum1 covering as it does the wide world of thought1 distributed over the years1 with subdivisions into terms1 with specific assignments of subjects1 with a beginning and an ending of each division1 and many beginnings and endings1 with promotions according to merit1 and final reviews1 recognitions1 and honors4 ,there is great value in the enforced system of the college4 ,it tends to sustain and confirm new life1 begun when the student made his first movement toward an institution4 #c4 ,the association of students in college life is another educating factor4 ,mind meets mind in a fellowship of aim1 purpose1 and experience4 ,they have left the same world2 they now together enter another world4 ,they look up to the heights and to the shining of crowns which await the gifted and faithful4 ,they are brothers now--one 8alma mater0 to nourish them4 ,they sing their songs--songs which1 although without much sense1 have power to awake and foster sympathy4 ,even a man of sense loves to listen to them4 ,he laughs at the folly1 and1 though himself a sage1 wishes he were one of the company of singers4 ,the laws of affinity work out4 ,soul inspires soul4 ,memories grow apace4 ,attachments that endure1 adventures seasoned with fun or touched with sadness1 absurdities1 failures1 heroisms1 triumphs1 are crowded into the four years1 and like fruitage of bloom and fragrance from a conservatory may go forth to bless many an hour of wandering1 of sorrow1 of reunion1 of remembrance1 in the later years4 ,there was something pathetic in the return of the famous ,yale ,college class of #ahec to their alma mater two summers ago4 ,as they wandered about the scenes of their youth1 under the old elms1 through recitation rooms and chapel1 singing the old songs1 reviving the old friendships1 recalling faces to be seen no more1 no wonder that tears fell down furrowed cheeks from eyes unused to weep4 ,is there any stronger or sweeter friendship than that born under the ivied towers and spreading elms of college hall and campus8 ,in college mind meets mind in the severe competition of recitation and annual examination4 ,the bright boy--one of a small class at home1 who had it all his own way there--now finds a score or more of leaders whose unvoiced challenge he is compelled to accept1 and how he does knit his brow1 close his eyes1 summon his strength1 school his will1 force his flagging energies1 and grapple problems that he may hold his own1 outstrip his rivals1 and win prize and place for the sake of his family's fame and for his personal satisfaction6 ,there is nothing that so discovers to a youth the weak points of his character as the association of college life4 ,there are no wasted courtesies among students4 ,folly is soon detected1 and by blunt speech1 bold caricature1 and merciless satire exposed4 ,sensitiveness is cured by ridicule1 cowardice never condoned1 and meanness branded beyond the possibility of concealment or pardon4 ,college associations stimulate the best elements in a man1 expose weak and wicked ones1 and tend to the pruning and strengthening of character4 #d4 ,then there is in college life association with professors and tutors1 and this is1 ,i confess1 sometimes of little value1 as when teachers are mere machines1 but in it1 at its best1 are distinguishing benefits4 ,when teachers are full men1 apt men1 and enthusiastic men--as college professors1 and for that matter all teachers ought to be--the place of recitation soon becomes a center of power4 ,tact tests attainment1 exposes ignorance1 foils deceit1 develops strength1 indicates lines of discovery1 and inspires courage4 ,a living teacher supplies at once model and motive4 ,he has gone on among the labyrinths1 and up the steeps of knowledge2 has tried and toiled and triumphed4 ,he sought and he is4 ,and now by wise questioning1 by judicious revelation1 by skillful concealment1 by ingenious supposition1 by generous raillery1 by banter1 by jest1 by argument and by magnetic energies1 the teacher stirs the student into supreme conditions of receptivity and activity4 ,such teachers make the college4 ,as ,president ,garfield said3 8,give me an old school house1 and a log for a bench4 ,put ,mark ,hopkins on one end1 and let me1 as student1 sit on the other1 and ,i have all the college ,i need40 ,when an institution is able to employ men of superior knowledge1 power1 and tact1 students must be trained1 and all their after lives affected by the influence4 ,for memory magnifies the worth of a true teacher1 and the hero of the college quadrennium becomes a demigod through the post-graduate years4 ,a dozen men of this mold1 if once they could be gotten together1 would make a college the like of which has not yet been seen on the planet4 ,shall ,chautauqua one of these days find them8 #e4 ,the college life promotes mental discipline4 ,it drills1 and drills1 and draws out4 ,it compels effort1 and effort strengthens4 ,it provides a system of mental gymnastics4 ,what was difficult at first1 soon becomes easy1 until severer tests are sought from the very delight the student finds in concentration and persistency4 ,thus development takes place in the varied faculties of the soul4 ,the student acquires power to observe with scientific exactness1 to generalize wisely from accumulated data1 to project hypotheses1 to watch psychical processes1 to reason with accuracy1 to distinguish between the false and the true1 both in the inner and the outer world2 to grasp protracted and complicated processes of mathematical thought2 to trace linguistic evolutions--remembering1 analyzing1 philosophizing2 to study the students of the ages1 and the products of their genius in art1 poetry1 jurisprudence1 and discovery1 in the facts of history and the great principles of sociology4 ,all the powers employed in this manifold work during the college term are trained and thus prepared for work after the college term is ended4 ,it is not so much the amount of knowledge acquired during the four years1 as it is the power at will ever after to acquire knowledge1 that marks the benefits of the college course4 #f4 ,with discipline comes the comprehensive survey of the universe4 ,the college outlook takes the student backward along the line of historical development4 ,it shows him the heights and the depths1 the manifold varieties and inter-relations of knowledge4 ,it gives him tools and the training to use them1 and a glance at the material on which he is to use them4 ,the student through college is a traveler1 sometimes examining in detail1 sometimes superficially4 ,he gives a glance and remembers2 he takes notes and thinks closely4 ,he sees the all-surrounding regions of knowledge1 and although he may make but slight researches in particular lines1 he knows where to return in the after years for deeper research and ampler knowledge4 #g4 ,college life leads to self-discovery4 ,it tests a man's powers1 and reveals to him his weakness4 ,it shows him what he is best fitted to do1 and the showing may not be in harmony either with his ambitions or his preconceived notions4 ,a boy born for mercantile pursuits1 who comes out of college a lawyer or preacher1 proves that the college failed to do its legitimate and most important work for him4 ,professors who merely glorify intellectual attainment1 and who neglect to show students their true place in the world1 are little better than cranks or hobbyists4 ,college life is the whole of life packed into a brief period1 with the elements that make life magnified and intensified1 so that tests of character may easily be made4 ,it is a laboratory of experiment1 where natural laws and conditions are pressed into rapid though normal operation1 and processes otherwise extending over long periods of time are crowded to speedy consummation4 ,twenty years of ordinary life1 so far as they constitute a testing period of character are1 by college life1 crowded into four years4 ,a boy who is a failure then1 would1 for the same reasons1 be a failure through the longer probation1 unless the early discovery of peculiar weakness may be a protection against the perils which this weakness involves4 ,therefore it is a good thing for a youth to subject himself thus early to a testing1 for from it may come self-discovery1 when latent powers may be developed1 and impending evils avoided4 ,of other advantages of educational institutions ,i shall not now speak4 ,they are manifold4 ,our youth of both sexes1 whatever their callings in life1 would do well to seek these advantages4 ,therefore parents1 primary teachers1 and older persons who influence youth1 should constantly place before them the benefits of college education1 and inspire them to reach after and attain it4 ,arguments should be used1 appeals made1 assistance proffered1 that a larger percentage of ,american youth may aspire after college privileges1 or at least remain for a longer term in the best schools of a higher grade4 ,haste to be rich1 restiveness under restraint during the age of unwisdom1 inability to regulate by authority at home the eager and ambitious life of our youth1 together with false1 mercenary notions of parents1 who 8can not afford to have so much time spent by the young folks in studying1 because they must be doing something for themselves0--these are some of the causes of the depreciation and neglect of the ,american college--a neglect lamentable enough1 and fraught with harm to the nation4 ,chautauqua lifts up her voice in favor of liberal education for a larger number of people4 ,she would pack existing institutions until wings must be added to old buildings1 and new buildings be put up to accommodate young men and maidens who are determined to be educated4 ,chautauqua would exalt the profession of the teacher until the highest genius1 the richest scholarship1 and the broadest manhood and womanhood of the nation would be consecrated to this service4 ,chautauqua would give munificent salaries and put a premium on merit1 sense1 tact1 and culture in the teacher's office4 ,she would turn the eyes of all the people--poor and rich1 mechanics and men of other1 if not higher degree1 toward the high school and the college1 urging house builders1 house owners1 house keepers1 farmers1 blacksmiths1 bankers1 millionaires1 to prepare themselves by a true culture1 whatever niche they fill in life1 to be men and women1 citizens1 parents1 members of society1 members of the church1 candidates for immortal progress4 ,to promote these ends the ,chautauqua ,literary and ,scientific ,circle was organized4 ,by its courses of popular reading it gives a college outlook to the uncultivated1 and exalts the higher learning4 ,it is1 as ,i have elsewhere said1 a ,john the ,baptist preparing the way for seminary and university4 ,the managers of the ,chautauqua movement1 however1 recognize the fact that there are thousands of full-grown men and women who are at their best intellectually1 and who1 with some leisure and much longing1 believe they could do more than read4 ,they want to study2 to study in downright earnest2 to develop mental power2 to cultivate taste2 to increase knowledge1 to make use of it by tongue and pen and life4 ,there are tens of thousands of young people out of school by necessities commercial and filial1 who are awakened to the power within and the possibilities beyond4 ,they believe they could learn a language1 and enjoy the literature of it4 ,they believe they could think and grow1 speak and write4 ,they are willing1 and eager to try4 ,out of minutes they could construct college terms4 ,they have will enough1 heart enough1 brain enough to begin1 to go on1 to go through1 and all this1 while the everyday life continues with its duty for this hour and for that4 ,they believe that into the closely woven texture of everyday1 home and business life1 there may be drawn threads of scarlet1 crimson1 blue and gold1 until their homespun walls become radiant with form and color worthy to decorate the royal chamber--the chamber of their king1 ,god the ,father of earnest souls4 ,chautauqua denounces the talk of certain rich men about the 8poor having their place10 and that it would be 8better for working people to confine themselves to work1 or at best to understand subjects bearing entirely on their everyday duties in field or shop1 and let science and literature alone40 ,chautauqua would make working men cultivated1 and give them recreation from manual toil in realms of wonder1 taste1 science1 literature and art4 ,chautauqua would spread out over the lot of the toiler a dome1 vast1 radiant1 rich and inspiring4 ,therefore the ,chautauqua ,school of ,liberal ,arts has been organized1 and chartered with full university powers1 for non-resident pupils1 who1 by correspondence with competent instructors1 may study what they please1 when they please1 and as they please1 eliciting suggestion1 and giving answer and thesis1 taking all the time they need1 passing final examination in writing in the presence of witnesses1 and having their examination papers subjected to the scrutiny of competent and impartial critics4 ,when1 after the required standard in the several departments which constitute the college course has been attained1 whether in four1 or ten1 or fourteen years1 the successful candidate shall have his diploma and his degree2 and through this window he has constructed out of all these fragments of time--fragments picked up from dusty floor and pavement1 from mine1 and field1 and shop--through this window the light shall shine in its beauty1 and people shall see what genius1 industry and persistent will can do with the cast away fragments of spare moments and random opportunities4 ,i have thus described the 8,upper ,chautauqua40 ,by reason of the action of the ,board of ,managers1 elsewhere reported1 the plan of gradation is slightly changed from that laid down in the previous article on the 8,upper ,chautauqua10 and the following successive steps are found in the scheme of the ,chautauqua ,university3 #a4 ,the ,,assembly1 including the summer meetings1 the 8,platform10 8the ,american ,church ,sunday-school ,normal ,course10 the 8,school of ,languages10 and the 8,teachers' ,retreat40 #b4 ,the ,,circle1 embracing the 8,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c40 #c4 ,the 8,,inner ,,circle10 to which they belong who1 having seven seals on their diploma1 are members of the 8,league of the ,round-,table40 #d4 ,the 8,,university ,,circle10 with its 8,school of ,liberal ,arts10 and the 8,school of ,theology40 ,,new ,,haven1 ,,conn41 ,february #f1 #ahhe4 ,,outline ,,of ,,required ,,readings4 ,,march1 #ahhe4 ,first ,week 7ending ,march #h74--a4 8,college ,greek ,course10 from page #ahg to #baf4 #b4 8,chemistry10 chapters ,,ix and ,x4 #c4 8,the ,circle of the ,sciences10 in ,,the ,,chautauquan4 #d4 ,sunday ,readings for ,march #a and #h1 in ,,the ,,chautauquan4 99 99 99 99 99 ,second ,week 7ending ,march #af74--a4 8,college ,greek ,course10 from page #baf to #bci4 #b4 8,chemistry10 chapters ,,xi1 ,,xii and ,,xiii4 #c4 8,temperance ,teachings of ,science10 in ,,the ,,chautauquan4 #d4 ,sunday ,readings for ,march #ae1 in ,,the ,,chautauquan4 99 99 99 99 99 ,third ,week 7ending ,march #bd74--a4 8,college ,greek ,course10 from page #bci to #bfj4 #b4 8,chemistry10 chapters ,,xiv and ,,xv4 #c4 8,home ,studies in ,chemistry and ,physics10 in ,,the ,,chautauquan4 #d4 ,sunday ,readings for ,march #bb1 in ,,the ,,chautauquan4 99 99 99 99 99 ,fourth ,week 7ending ,march #ca74--a4 8,college ,greek ,course10 from page #bfj to #bhd4 #b4 8,chemistry10 chapters ,,xvi and ,,xvii4 #c4 8,studies in ,kitchen ,science and ,art10 in ,,the ,,chautauquan4 #d4 ,sunday ,readings for ,march #bi1 in ,,the ,,chautauquan4 ,,programs ,,for ,,local ,,circle ,,work4 ,,first ,,week ,,in ,,march4 #a4 ,blackboard illustration and full explanation of the ,greek theater1 special attention being given to the arrangement of the stage4 ,if preferred1 charts or pictures can be substituted for the blackboard4 ,as aids to this work ,donaldson's 8,greek ,theater10 containing charts and illustrations1 and ,mahaffy's 8,classical ,greek ,literature0 will be found very helpful4 #b4 ,essay--,george ,w4 ,cable and his ,works4 ,music4 #c4 ,selection--8,the ,gorgon's ,head10 found in ,hawthorne's 8,wonder ,book40 ,this story can be read 8turn about0 by the members4 ,reference is made to the headless ,gorgon1 on page #baj of 8,college ,greek ,course40 #d4 ,essay--,shrove ,tuesday1 or ,mardi ,gras1 as observed in ,new ,orleans4 #e4 ,a ,paper on ,great ,salt ,mines and ,springs4 #f4 ,critic's ,report4 ,,second ,,week ,,in ,,march4 #a4 ,essay--,sir ,humphrey ,davy4 #b4 ,selection--8,an ,account of ,sappho40 ,by ,addison4 #c4 ,a ,paper on ,canadian ,winter ,sports4 ,music4 #d4 ,a ,half-hour's ,quiz on the ,readings of the ,month4 #e4 ,essay--,the ,life of ,euripides4 #f4 ,question ,box4 ,,third ,,week ,,in ,,march4 #a4 ,fifteen ,minutes' ,talk on ,balloons and their ,uses4 #b4 ,selection--8,on ,great ,natural ,geniuses40 ,by ,addison4 #c4 ,character ,sketch--,ignatius ,loyola4 #d4 ,a ,paper on the ,athenian ,orators4 ,music4 #e4 ,general ,conversation on the ,news of the ,day4 #f4 ,the ,questions and ,answers for the ,month in ,,the ,,chautauquan4 ,,monthly ,,parlor ,,meeting4 ,music4 #a4 ,roll call--,quotations from ,greek ,authors4 #b4 ,a ,map ,exercise4 ,trace ,philip's conquering march1 as indicated by ,demosthenes in his third ,olynthiac oration4 #c4 ,essay--,demosthenes4 ,music4 #d4 ,an ,analysis of ,tennyson's 8,princess40 #e4 ,a ,paper on the ,famous ,women of ,greece4 ,music4 #f4 ,debate--,resolved1 that the effects of the modern theater compare unfavorably with those of the ancient4 ,music4 99 99 99 99 99 ,it may not be amiss to follow our programs--which are intended to be merely suggestive--with a very short exposition of our program-philosophy4 ,it is not a heavy philosophy2 indeed1 it is so simple that we half suspect we may be laughed at for calling it a philosophy at all1 but its principles1 we believe1 are true and useful2 as such we offer them4 ,according to our ideas there are four subjects which should be represented on each ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 program2 first in the list and in importance is the week's or month's reading1 its prominent features1 its suggestions1 its facts1 its practical lessons2 second1 the world's work of to-day1 not merely its events of public interest1 its schemes and disasters1 but its science1 invention1 art1 literature1 morals1 social life1 civilization1 its men and its manners2 to follow both exercises and clinch what has been suggested1 8good talk0 ought to be an invariable part of each evening's work4 ,take care that talk1 free1 genial1 interested talk1 follows every performance1 or every program1 and be sure that always 8,music dwells ,lingering and wandering on as loth to die40 ,these are the four elements necessary to a good program4 ,as to how they shall be treated we have also a theory4 ,its first principle is let everything be well done2 while thorough1 do not go astray in dates and statistics1 but go to the point which you desire to make4 ,then be bright and interesting1 the third essential in each performance4 ,withal1 suit your theme and your treatment of it to your audience4 ,let the subject be of common interest1 the matter neither so commonplace as to seem puerile nor so technical as to be 8over the heads0 of your auditors4 ,such is our program-philosophy4 ,a better you will undoubtedly formulate by practicing this4 ,,local ,,circles4 ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 ,,mottoes4 8,we ,study the ,word and the ,works of ,god40--8,let us keep our ,heavenly ,father in the ,midst40--8,never be ,discouraged40 ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 ,,memorial ,,days4 #a4 ,,opening ,,day--,october #a4 #b4 ,,bryant ,,day--,november #c4 #c4 ,,special ,,sunday--,november1 second ,sunday4 #d4 ,,milton ,,day--,december #i4 #e4 ,,college ,,day--,january1 last ,thursday4 #f4 ,,special ,,sunday--,february1 second ,sunday4 #g4 ,,founder',s ,,day--,february #bc4 #h4 ,,longfellow ,,day--,february #bg4 #i4 ,,shakspere ,,day--,april #bc4 #aj4 ,,addison ,,day--,may #a4 #aa4 ,,special ,,sunday--,may1 second ,sunday4 #ab4 ,,special ,,sunday--,july1 second ,sunday4 #ac4 ,,inauguration ,,day--,august1 first ,saturday after first ,tuesday2 anniversary of ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 at ,chautauqua4 #ad4 ,,st4 ,,paul',s ,,day--,august1 second ,saturday after first ,tuesday2 anniversary of the dedication of ,st4 ,paul's ,grove at ,chautauqua4 #ae4 ,,commencement ,,day--,august1 third ,tuesday4 #af4 ,,garfield ,,day--,september #ai4 ,regularity is necessary to permanency4 ,whatever undertaking we desire to make a permanent success1 we must make regular2 whatever we wish to do successfully1 we must do regularly4 ,a tiresome1 prosaic quality we are apt to consider it1 and one which restricts our freedom4 ,the regular return of small duties often makes them annoying1 yet in large affairs regularity adds dignity and strength4 ,it is essential for the establishment of any institution4 ,a trite truth this may be1 but trite truths are not always applied1 and it is for the application of this homily to local circles that we sue4 ,it is most desirable that your local circle should become durable4 ,not a club1 to which you can run in as you have leisure1 or which can be adjourned for other engagements2 which shall run this winter1 and 8perhaps10 8if nothing happens10 go on next winter4 ,not at all4 ,there is a higher idea embodied in the plan4 ,the true ambition of each member of a circle should be to make it the literary association of the community1 the leader in practical ideas1 clear thinking1 intelligent talk and refined manners2 but to reach this goal the circle meeting must be considered too valuable to be omitted for any occasion whatever4 ,its object is equal to that of any institution in the town4 ,if you wish to develop this idea1 to establish your circle1 to secure for it recognition as a well founded organization1 regularity in meeting and attendance must be secured4 ,it is true that a social or religious event sometimes happens for which courtesy seems to demand an adjournment4 ,in such a case it is quite possible to select another night4 ,the one idea upon which we would insist is that the circle be considered and conducted as a permanent institution1 that it be made the intellectual center of your life4 ,how wonderful an impetus to thought and culture is such an organization1 only those who lack its influence can tell4 ,some of the earnest letters which come to us from time to time give a suggestion of what a circle might be to lone readers4 ,is there not1 indeed1 in this delightful letter from ,,bulgaria1 a hint of the real value of a circle1 a value which we so often fail to appreciate8 ,it comes from an old ,chautauqua friend--,miss ,lenna ,a4 ,schenck1 now a missionary at ,,loftcha1 ,,bulgaria3 8,how gladly would we report to you from this out-of-the-way corner of the earth the organization of a flourishing local circle4 ,but1 alas6 alas6 we can not boast of even a triangle or a straight line1 only a point1 a mere dot1 but a thoroughly loyal one1 keenly enjoying the good things of ,,the ,,chautauquan1 that most welcome and highly prized of all the white-winged friends that come to us by mail4 ,though so few in number1 we keep the vesper hours and the memorial days1 and begin each day happily by devoting the time from six to seven in the morning to ,chautauqua reading1 and so we are inspired by glimpses of charming circles away in the homeland1 and by memories of delightful summers with our blessed alma mater1 ,chautauqua herself4 ,before another year rolls round1 we hope to have at least a local triangle here at ,loftcha1 and perhaps a ,bulgarian translation of some of ,chautauqua's best #8ideas4' ,many things might be said of our new home and new work1 but we remember the delicate suggestion given in the ,november #8,local ,circle1' that #8no one could stay very long1' so with heartful greetings to the class of '#hc and to all good ,chautauquans the world over1 we bid you adieu40 ,are not such friends of ,chautauqua the prophecy of a time when the work shall encircle the earth8 ,each month brings signs of its growth4 ,particularly do we notice this month the spread of the work in ,,canada4 ,the press is particularly friendly to the movement in the ,provinces2 for example1 the ,educational ,weekly1 of ,,toronto1 quotes the ,globe of that city as saying3 8,the ,chautauqua ,literary and ,scientific ,circle is now pretty well known4 ,it has been in operation since #ahgh1 and has done a great deal of good4 ,the yearly reunions at ,chautauqua have come to be very pleasant and very profitable4 ,we understand that a similar summer resort is to be instituted in ,canada1 in connection with the reading circles already established in the ,dominion4 ,we wish the enterprise all success40 ,much of the interest in ,toronto is undoubtedly due to the hearty work of ,mr4 ,e4 ,gurney1 and ,mr4 ,lewis ,peake1 president and secretary of the 8,central0 circle4 ,this circle has recently had the pleasure of hearing a lecture on 8,athenian ,literature0 from ,professor ,hutton1 of the ,university ,college4 ,,london has also a very flourishing circle1 dating from the fall of #ahhc1 when it was organized with a membership of about forty4 ,it is a most healthy sign of growth1 when reorganization finds a circle larger than when it disbanded4 ,the 8,central0 circle had this fortune4 ,they began the present year with a membership of forty eight4 ,their plans have been most happy2 the vesper services in the ,chautauqua song books are used at every meeting1 and quotations as responses to roll call2 chemical experiments are performed for them by a professor of practical chemistry1 who is a member of the circle1 and their programs are full of variety4 ,so important to them is their circle that they made ,christmas the occasion of a special meeting1 at which they used the ,christmas vesper and praise service which appeared in ,,the ,,chautauquan for ,december4 ,the service was followed by an address and several entertaining exercises4 ,this is exactly the work which enhances the value of the circle1 both for the members and for the community4 ,it raises a circle to the point where it becomes the medium through which all extra social occasions may be observed4 ,it makes it not only a reading club1 but a factor in the social1 religious and intellectual life of a community4 ,at ,,dartmouth1 ,,nova ,,scotia1 we learn from a local paper1 there is also an energetic circle4 ,they have done good work in introducing the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 to the public1 securing a notice of a public vesper service1 an explanation of the work they are doing1 mention of the circles in the vicinity1 and following their information by announcing their next meeting with a cordial invitation to the public to be present4 ,in ,november last two new circles were formed in ,,maine4 ,a 8,pine ,tree0 circle1 of twenty-seven members1 coming from ,,dover and ,,foxcroft4 ,these beautiful villages are closely connected by covered bridges--the ,piscataquis river flowing between1 though it is a hard matter for a stranger to see where one begins or the other ends1 so much like one village are they4 ,a friendly way to live1 is it not8 ,these classmates have evidently learned what ,thackeray found out in ,london long ago--that 8,a man ought to like his neighbors1 to be popular with his neighbors4 ,it is a friendly heart that has plenty of friends40 ,but we all learn that in the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 ,the second is the 8,simpson0 circle at ,,auburn1 where the ,rev4 ,g4 ,d4 ,lindsay is president4 ,sixteen enthusiasts make up the circle which1 so far1 finds the work suggested in ,,the ,,chautauquan sufficient for its needs4 ,one of the most interesting and prosperous1 though not largest of ,chautauqua circles1 is the 8,baketel0 circle1 at ,,greenland1 ,n4 ,h4 ,it is named in honor of its founder and leader1 ,rev4 ,o4 ,s4 ,baketel1 an old ,chautauquan of the class of '#hb4 ,the organization is very simple4 ,the leader prepares the program for each evening1 and the members come promptly4 ,no inflexible rule is adhered to1 but as much variety given as possible4 ,that the plan is most successful we know from a recent letter from a friend1 in which he says of the work3 8,our members vary in age from eighteen years to fifty-three1 and none are more enthusiastic than the oldest ones4 ,it makes one of the most interesting gatherings ever brought together in the community1 and is furnishing help to some whose advantages in early life were very limited4 ,every member feels like exclaiming #8,all hail ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4'0----,the 8,webster0 ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c41 of ,,franklin1 ,n4 ,h41 is enjoying its second year of existence4 ,a good interest was maintained throughout last year1 and they began this year's work promptly in ,october1 with twenty-two active members4 ,to them the dining room table has revealed its wonderful power to stimulate sociability and 8good talk40 ,they have discovered its genial ways1 how it will always stretch to make room for more and still more1 and how it seems to be always saying3 8,stretch out your arms2 don't mind just how you sit4 ,i shield your position1 ,i am here to help you all1 to bring you close together1 to hold your books1 to forbid your parting1 to compel you to be a circle40 ,indeed1 we are glad the 8,webster0 circle has learned the virtues of a dining room for study and for friendliness4 ,maybe if they but analyzed their devotion to their circle that stout1 wooden friend would deserve not a little of the honor1 and perhaps1 too1 it has helped not a little in bringing in the children1 which1 they write1 are crowding into the ,chautauqua work until the circle boasts even grandchildren4 ,the 8,clio0 club of twenty members at ,,newport1 ,,vt41 kindly remembers ,,the ,,chautauquan with one of the programs used at a recent public meeting4 ,the dainty1 tasseled souvenir they send us bears a list of exercises of unusual richness and variety4 ,,massachusetts is getting her circles into the press4 ,scarcely a paper from within her borders comes to our sanctum which does not contain at least one item of ,chautauqua import4 ,the ,melrose ,journal of ,,melrose reports the organization of a circle of fifteen members in that city4----,the ,woburn ,journal notices the work of the circle there in a very appreciative notice3 8,the fortnightly meetings of the ,first ,woburn ,chautauqua ,literary and ,scientific ,circle are being well attended and the exercises are very profitable intellectually and the students are doing good work4 ,two weeks ago the ,rev4 ,charles ,anderson gave a very interesting talk on ,prof4 ,schliemann's recent explorations in ,mycen1 and ,hissarlik1 the supposed site of ancient ,troy4 ,at some meeting in the near future the ,rev4 ,a4 ,e4 ,winship1 a true ,chautauquan1 connected with the #8,new ,west ,education ,commission1' a thorough scholar and a very interesting speaker1 will lecture on #8,literary ,clubs' before the members of the circle40----,the ,saturday ,union1 of ,,lynn1 speaks of the thorough work their circle is doing in chemistry4----,the ,ipswich ,chronicle highly commends the ,milton memorial held by the 8,masconomo0 circle of that city4 ,by the way1 the name of this circle brings back an interesting bit of early ,massachusetts history4 ,it was the ,indian ,masconomo1 or ,masconnomet--from whom the circle is named--who1 in #afch1 8sold his fee in the soil of ,ipswich0 for #bj1 to ,john ,winthrop1 ,jr4 ,and here was established the town which the ,indians called ,agawan 78fishing station071 and to which the white men gave the name of ,ipswich4----,the ,salem ,gazette1 too1 gives notices of two branches of the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 in that city4 ,about forty members are in each of these societies4----,several new circles we have the pleasure of adding to our visiting book4 ,at ,,merrimac a circle of seventeen members has been formed1 with the happy title of the 8,hale0 circle4 ,the first circle1 so far as we know1 which has honored itself by assuming the name of our esteemed counselor4 ,they should be glad they waited2 so good a name does honor to anybody1 and ought to be an omen of future prosperity4----,the 8,eaton0 circle1 named in honor of the ,rev4 ,g4 ,f4 ,eaton1 begins life with seventy members4 ,its home is ,,waltham--city of watches4 ,if the spirit of the town is to be the spirit of the circle1 wonderful results will certainly be forthcoming4----,last ,october a few of the many students in the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 in ,,worcester organized a local circle4 ,by the perseverance of these few1 others have been persuaded to take the course1 until the circle numbers about sixteen4 ,they have taken the name of the 8,warren0 local circle1 in honor of ,bishop ,warren4----,at ,,provincetown a company of ten1 five ladies and five gentlemen1 met on the evening of the sixteenth of ,december last1 to form a local circle4 ,the meetings have occurred every week since2 the circle has adopted the name of 8,mayflower40 ,the meetings are full of interest1 and the members are busy trying to make up the reading of the past months4 ,all are members of the class of '#hh except one1 who belongs to the class of '#he4----,,south ,,garden reports a circle organized a year ago1 but which has never been noticed in ,,the ,,chautauquan before4 ,it is a 8,pansy0 class--all the fifteen members belonging to the class of '#hg4----8,not ,chautauquans for four years only1 but ,chautauquans for life10 the friends at ,,holbrook subscribe themselves4 ,their motto grew out of the ardor of a lady member of the circle who1 when at a recent meeting something was said about a four years' course1 said3 8,i shall not consider that ,i have finished the course at the end of four years4 ,i for one am going to be a ,chautauquan as long as ,i live40 ,a right royal motto1 is it not8----,the ,,wakefield circle sends a program of a meeting in which we are glad to notice that present affairs go side by side with discussions of ,grecian history and art and literature4 ,the subjects for essays include a 8,review of ,current ,affairs in ,massachusetts10 8,the ,pension ,problem10 etc4 ,the history that is making certainly deserves our attention1 as well as the history of the past4----,,north ,,cambridge also sends the program which they prepared for the ,january meetings of the 8,longfellow0 circle4 ,in addition to their regular work1 they added the novel feature of a talk on newspaper work1 from a practical newspaper man4----,the last of this month's ,massachusetts reports contains a most capital hint4 ,,auburndale is the home of a flourishing circle1 which among its other good features has a constitution4 ,one of the articles of this constitution is the suggestion which it will please us to have you all ponder4 ,it reads3 8,a short report of the condition of our society shall be forwarded twice a year to ,,the ,,chautauquan40 ,do you all take the hint8 ,perhaps one secret of this energetic article is the nearness of ,auburndale to ,framingham--so near is it that all the members of the circle went to the ,assembly last year4 ,to ,massachusetts1 too1 belongs the honor of the following merry ,chautauqua feast1 of which a friend from ,providence1 ,r4 ,i41 has written us3 8,spending a few days in ,,rockland1 ,,mass41 ,i was invited to visit the #8,sherwin' ,chautauqua ,circle1 and being a true-blue member of the #8,clio' ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 of ,providence1 ,i was joyful in accepting4 ,the exercises were of a most novel and interesting kind1 and unusually pleasing to me1 as ,i was an old acquaintance of ,prof4 ,sherwin4 ,since this society was instituted1 some two years ago1 but one representative of the posterity of the circle has been born1 and the members of this enterprising circle showed their appreciation of ,prof4 ,sherwin's noble work in the good cause by naming this gift after him4 ,an elegant gold lace pin had been made to order1 with the initials ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 neatly engraved upon it1 and that evening the presentation was made4 ,after ,chautauqua greetings had been exchanged1 the baby ,sherwin was called for1 and made his appearance1 riding on his mother's arm1 as wise and dignified in behavior as a youthful ,solon4 ,one of the frolicsome ,chautauqua dames then read the following formal rhyme3 8#8,there were some fair dames of ,chautauqua1 ,their possessions were lovely to see1 ,between you and me2 ,they had jewels of gold1 ,of value untold1 ,these elegant dames of ,chautauqua2 ,but children were few1 ,you scarce find one or two ,in the homes of these dames of ,chautauqua4 ,and sad were the dames of ,chautauqua ,when they read of the ,gracchus1 ,of ,cupid and ,bacchus1 ,the lesson seemed filled up with mocking4 ,they longed for a son1 ,so the gods sent them one1 ,full of frolic and fun1 ,sent a son to these dames of ,chautauqua4 ,then what joy in the circle ,chautauqua6 ,what pans were sung1 ,and ,chautauqua bells rung1 ,to welcome the lad of ,chautauqua6 ,straight they gave him a name1 ,sherwin ,burrill the same-- ,these frolicsome dames of ,chautauqua6 ,now1 they badge him with gold1 ,so that when he is old1 ,they can still claim their son of ,chautauqua4'0 ,at ,,south ,,manchester1 ,,conn41 a most encouraging increase of members has taken place4 ,last year the circle numbered twenty1 this year forty-eight4 ,such growth is full of promise for the future1 and yet it is the inevitable result of enthusiastic members and carefully prepared programs4----,the new circle at ,,mansfield ,,center1 ,,conn41 numbers ten members4 ,they are expecting a lecture on chemistry soon1 from ,prof4 ,washburn1 of the ,north ,mansfield ,agricultural ,college4----,the 8,newfield0 ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 of ,,west ,,stratford1 ,,conn41 has recently received the following pleasant letter from 8,pansy30 ,,carbondale1 ,,pa41 ,january #f1 #ahhe4 ,dear ,friends of '#hg3 ,my word of greeting to you must commence with an apology4 ,the letter from your secretary found me immersed in work4 ,the holiday season brings upon me a heavy pressure of care1 in addition to the usual routine4 ,from the almost hopeless mass of unanswered letters which ,i have just overturned on my study table1 that of your secretary emerges1 so ,i seize it and make a beginning4 ,what shall ,i say8 ,i might congratulate you on being members of that great literary circle1 which verily seems destined to reach out its long arms and encircle the world--but to what purpose would this be8 ,you already know by experience all1 and more than ,i could tell you of its advantages1 and its far reaching influences4 ,what then1 shall ,i1 in this moment of time1 say to you who are classmates of mine8 ,shall ,i hope that you may be able to pass the ,golden ,gate and join in the class song of the '#hgs1 and receive your diploma from the hands of the ,chautauqua chief1 and enjoy all the delights of ,commencement day8 ,that indeed ,i heartily wish4 ,i hope to be there and to clasp hands with you1 and give and receive greeting4 ,but ,i am conscious while ,i write1 of a higher1 stronger1 holier hope than that1 even that every member of your circle and of all the great ,chautauqua ,circle may finally pass the ,golden ,gate that leads to the palace of the ,king1 and receive from him the greeting 8well done1 good and faithful servants10 and receive from his hands the crowns laid up for those who are 8called1 and chosen1 and faithful40 ,oh1 to be sure of passing safely through the ordeal of examination by the ,judge6 ,when ,i think of the immense enthusiasm of the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c41 ,i am glad4 ,i believe in enthusiasm4 ,i believe in the ,chautauqua ,literary and ,scientific ,circle4 ,yet ,i wonder1 often1 whether we1 as ,christians1 can not learn something from the eagerness of many scholars who are not of the royal family1 and yet are eager to learn all they can1 about our ,father's handiwork in earth and air and sky4 ,i am writing longer than ,i meant4 ,i only wanted to say this3 ,let us make sure of clasping hands at last in our ,father's house4 ,yours in ,his name1 ,,mrs4 ,g4 ,r4 ,,alden4--8,,pansy40 ,desiring to promote the interests of the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c41 the ,chautauqua circles of ,rhode ,island1 numbering about twenty-five1 have united and formed the 8,rhode ,island ,chautauqua ,union10 with the following officers3 ,president1 ,prof4 ,john ,h4 ,appleton1 ,a4,m41 of ,brown ,university2 first vice president1 the ,rev4 ,j4 ,hall ,mc,ilvaine1 pastor of the ,union ,congregational ,church2 second vice president1 ,hon4 ,thos4 ,b4 ,stockwell1 ,a4,m41 ,rhode ,island ,state ,commissioner of ,public ,schools2 third vice president1 ,levi ,w4 ,russell1 ,a4,m41 ,principal of ,bridgham ,school2 secretary and treasurer1 ,wm4 ,d4 ,porter1 ,d4,d4,s41 all of ,providence4 ,there have been three new circles formed this year in ,,providence1 ,r4 ,i41 one of them bearing the popular name of 8,vincent40 8,hope0 circle1 formed in #ahhb1 is still in a flourishing condition4 ,they were favored last month with a very interesting and instructive address by ,prof4 ,appleton1 on 8,the ,value of the ,study of the ,natural ,sciences40 ,the executive committee arrange the order of exercises and find the monthly programs in ,,the ,,chautauquan of great benefit4 ,the circle has now about seventy members1 and most of them belong to the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4----,another newly organized circle of ,providence is the 8,esmeralda ,bachelor0 circle4 ,it numbers twenty members1 all gentlemen1 and they give as the only excuse which it seems to us could be at all valid for forming a circle of bachelors1 that they can get more young men into their club by restricting its membership4 8,whittier0 circle1 of the same city1 has been reorganized1 and a most pleasant item comes to us from them4 ,on the birthday of the beloved poet1 the circle sent to him as a souvenir a paper weight of serpentine1 from a quarry in ,newburg1 ,mass4 ,it had been cut into a design of oak leaves and acorns4 ,their remembrance brought back a kindly response from ,whittier4----,a newly organized circle also exists at ,,river ,,point1 ,r4 ,i4 ,it was formed in ,october last1 and numbers thirty-five4 ,their plan is that laid out in ,,the ,,chautauquan4 ,the ,,new ,,york circles are doing wonderfully energetic work4 ,at ,,jordan there is a new and growing organization of twenty-four members4----,at ,,medina1 one of thirteen1 which has already begun to scatter seed1 some of it so far away as the ,pacific coast1 where our ,medina members believe they will soon have an offshoot4----,the 8,wolcott0 ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 has been organized at ,,wolcott1 with over thirty members1 who write most enthusiastic words of the benefits they have already received4----,at ,,brocton the veteran circle1 composed of members of the ,s4 ,h4 ,g4 and ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c41 held a delightful ,milton memorial4----,at ,,rochester1 the circle which is connected with the ,academy of ,science in that city1 wins this appreciative notice from a local paper3 8,public sentiment in favor of the ,chautauqua movement is spreading with marvelous rapidity4 ,such certainly is the fact in regard to the circle in this city4 ,there are now upward of forty members enrolled1 and beside these a large number of persons attend the semi-monthly meetings who have not yet identified themselves with the regular work4 ,the practical benefit derived from this course of home study becomes more apparent as it is investigated1 constantly confirming the wisdom of its founders in setting in motion a plan for the intellectual and moral elevation and culture of thousands who have only spare minutes for such an object40----,at ,,glens ,,falls1 not long ago1 ,chancellor ,vincent greeted his ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 pupils1 delivering his lecture on 8,that ,boy and ,his ,friends10 before them1 and meeting them afterward at a reception4----,at ,,ocean ,,grove1 the circle under ,dr4 ,stokes's genial management is doing admirable work4 ,a delightful social was recently held by the circle at the ,sheldon ,house4----,the ,,marion circle has reorganized this year1 strong and hopeful as ever4 ,says a member3 8,the #8,inner ,chautauqua' is taking a deeper hold upon us year by year1 and we propose that our connection with the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 shall continue indefinitely4 ,we are trying to extend the knowledge of it by distributing the #8,popular ,educational ,circular1' by inserting an occasional item in our village paper relating to the doings of our circle1 as well as by personal conversation with our friends and acquaintances40----,the circle at ,,carmel has also been reorganized1 with seventeen members4 ,their programs show excellent work4----,at ,,sandy ,,hill1 during the holidays1 a special meeting commemorated the season4 ,among the exercises was a poem on 8,the ,triumph of our ,language10 which deserves special mention4----,the ,,brooklyn circle1 of ,hansom ,place ,m4 ,e4 ,church1 has increased its membership to over one hundred4 ,it owes to the ,rev4 ,george ,e4 ,reed1 its president1 the large increase4 ,having outgrown the capacities of private parlors1 they have met lately in those of the church1 where1 while losing some of its more social elements1 there is a far better opportunity for map display and the general working of the monthly class4 ,following out the assignment of an instruction committee1 they find no lack of willing participants4 ,one of the most popular exercises is the five minutes' essay on some person or incident connected with the current reading4 ,in good hands1 the information condensed is of the most direct kind1 and at its conclusion an opportunity is given the class to ask any questions relevant to the topic4 ,all this is clear knowledge1 and has proven one of the most agreeable of their methods4----,at ,,fort ,,plain1 the circle carried out on ,bryant day a highly enjoyable program4 ,that this circle is enthusiastic1 the fact that some of its members come from four miles away1 is a proof4----,a second ,new ,york circle which has enjoyed a visit from ,chancellor ,vincent1 and had the pleasure of tendering him a reception1 is that at ,,chatham4 ,several new members have joined the circle there1 the result of the inspiring talk which the ,chancellor gave them4----,the 8,ionian0 circle of ,,burlington1 ,n4 ,y41 is winning friendly attention from the local press1 its meetings being noticed1 and its exercises commended4----,the 8,vincent0 circle1 of ,,troy1 invariably sends out to its members1 on its announcements of monthly meetings1 some bit of inspiring thought4 ,on the ,january program we find this sentence1 useful1 we suspect1 for other than ,troy readers3 8,remember this3 ,in proportion as you put thought and work into these monthly meetings1 in that proportion1 with high interest1 will you draw out in enjoyment and profit40 ,the local circle of ,,bridgeville1 ,,pa41 was organized ,november1 #ahha1 with a membership of thirteen4 ,during the intervening three years there have been many changes1 but the good work has been steadily going forward4 ,the circle reorganized ,october1 #ahhd1 with eight members1 and has taken up the work of the year with increased vigor1 the meetings being well attended and very interesting4 ,the monthly meetings are held in the village church1 though none of the members live in the village1 some having to travel the distance of two miles to attend the meetings4----,at ,,reading1 the 8,cleaver0 circle has been reorganized1 with double its old membership4 ,their program they make very interesting1 by introducing variety into the exercises4----,nine ladies and gentlemen formed last fall the 8,castelian0 circle1 in ,,philadelphia4 ,happy are they to have a large map of ,greece4 ,what a treasure it is to a circle these days6 ,the 8,meridian0 circle1 of ,,washington1 ,d4 ,c41 has been having a feast of good things4 ,how can it help it8 ,it lives in ,washington1 and ,washington offers peculiar advantages to literary and scientific clubs1 not only on account of its immense professional library and large scientific collections in the ,smithsonian ,institution and ,national ,museum1 but also through the personnel of these institutions and of the many other scientific bureaus of the government1 who1 making literature or science their daily vocation1 afford a large field from which to draw essayists and experimentalists of a high order4 8,meridian0 circle has been fortunate in availing itself of these advantages4 ,last year1 during the course in vegetable biology1 they had an evening's instruction in the microscopic examination of bioplasm1 by ,dr4 ,d4 ,s4 ,lamb1 the eminent anatomist of the ,united ,states ,medical ,museum1 who had charge of the autopsy of ,president ,garfield4 ,this year1 at their last meeting in ,november1 they had an essay from ,mr4 ,lee ,shidy1 of the ,united ,states ,coast ,survey1 on 8,the ,tides10 a most interesting subject1 and most interestingly and ably illustrated and explained4 ,a seven-years-old circle certainly deserves a warm corner by ,,the ,,chautauquan',s fireside4 ,most cordially do we grant it1 for we mistrust that a circle so experienced will be unusually good company1 and will be able1 too1 to give us some suggestions of value4 ,it is the 8,trojan10 of ,,troy1 ,,ohio1 which claims this rare distinction1 and we believe we are not wrong in saying that their history will be of great interest to all4 ,the #8,trojan' circle was organized with a large membership in #ahgh4 ,eight members graduated in #ahhb1 five of them being at ,chautauqua that season4 ,in the fall of that year the circle increased greatly1 and has been growing in interest ever since4 ,now it numbers thirty-two members4 ,their plan of work is as follows3 ,they open with singing1 and responsive reading from #8,chautauqua ,songs4' ,at roll call each member is expected to respond with a ,bible verse4 ,the questions in ,,the ,,chautauquan on the week's lesson are asked1 and also original test questions from some or all of the members1 on the readings4 ,sometimes the circle reads alternately from one of the text-books1 or from ,,the ,,chautauquan4 ,they always have a critic1 and a committee of two that gives a digest of the topics of the times1 often in the form of questions1 which thus makes a pleasant conversazione4 ,memorial days are faithfully remembered and made interesting and attractive by essays1 readings1 recitations1 and music4----,at ,,perrysburg1 ,,ohio1 ten persons are in the circle1 which has been in existence for about four years4 ,one entertaining feature is novel4 ,occasionally a paper of interesting general news is added to the program4 ,the question box1 too1 is made a feature of each evening1 a practice which is always worth all the work it takes4 ,memorial days find pleasant observance1 the ,milton memorial being celebrated with peculiarly pleasing exercises4 ,the circle is rejoicing in their readings1 considering them of great benefit4 ,,michigan advances with a goodly list of new circles this month4 ,at ,,petoskey there are fourteen members formed into a circle4 ,these friends have the invigorating influence of the ,bay ,view summer ,assembly to help their work4----,at ,,hudson1 a delightful company of thirty-five has formed the 8,carleton0 circle1 the name being given1 of course1 in honor of the popular poet1 ,will ,m4 ,carleton1 whose birthplace and early home were in ,hudson4 ,round-,tables with genuine 8at home0 feeling1 recitations1 select readings1 question box1 queries1 criticisms and quotations make the meetings full of life and variety4 ,the program for an evening is always published in the local papers at least two weeks beforehand1 and a report of each meeting is slipped in after each session1 so that the people can not forget the existence of the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 ,at an early meeting our friends are going to take a trip to ,naples and return4----,strong organizations have been formed at both ,,kalamazoo and ,,saugatuck4 ,at the former place the 8,burr ,oak0 circle has twenty members1 and at the latter1 a lovely town about two miles up the ,kalamazoo ,river1 the circle1 though small1 is growing4 ,the use which they make of our columns seems to us very good4 8,,the ,,chautauquan is our #8guide and counselor1' and though we do not follow closely its outline for local circles1 yet we never prepare a program without its aid40----,in the land of the arbutus1 at ,,traverse ,,city1 the 8,arbutus0 circle1 of twenty members1 has been organized4 ,a pretty monogram has been designed for them1 and it is to be printed upon the sermon paper which the members use for essays and reviews4 ,these contributions are then to be bound in paper covers and filed4 ,an interesting collection it will certainly make4 ,the growth of our language has been furnishing this circle with some interesting topics4 ,the 8,vincent0 local circle of ,,lafayette1 ,,ind41 has entered upon its fourth year1 with forty members1 three of whom are ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 graduates1 but remain active in the work4 ,the president1 ,prof4 ,craig1 and vice president1 ,prof4 ,thompson1 both of ,purdue ,university1 are thoroughly interested in the work4 ,the program is prepared a month in advance4 ,they are following the suggestions in ,,the ,,chautauquan1 largely4 ,the success of their lecture course last winter left the society with funds sufficient to rent a room1 centrally located1 for the regular meetings4 ,the vice president1 a ,professor of ,art1 recently presented the circle with a terra cotta medallion of ,dr4 ,vincent1 his own work4 ,it has been handsomely framed and hung in their room4 ,from ,,sheldon1 ,,ill41 a friend writes3 8,we have a local circle of about twenty-five members and great interest is taken in the exercises4 ,we usually follow your program4 ,not having started until after ,october #ast1 and having been delayed in obtaining our books1 has thrown us behind some1 still we are making up lost ground better than expected40----,at ,,crete a circle has started off with twenty-six members--many of them young people1 to whom the course has been just what they needed4----,,abingdon also has a society of twenty-three members4 ,several readers have been there in past years1 but not until now has there been a circle4 ,the chemistry readings are furnishing an excellent opportunity for experiments1 and the ,abingdon circle are fortunate in having a college laboratory to resort to for experiments4 ,the circle of the ,franklin ,avenue ,m4 ,e4 ,church1 ,,minneapolis1 ,,minnesota1 has been formed two years and has not reported until now to ,,the ,,chautauquan4 ,they have an interesting class of nineteen members1 who are all very zealous in the work4 ,the circle meets every ,monday evening to review the week's work1 which they are studying after the plan laid out in ,,the ,,chautauquan4 ,the circles of ,,minnesota1 and1 indeed1 of the entire north-west1 are requested to send a note to ,mr4 ,e4 ,p4 ,penniman1 ,,st4 ,,paul1 ,,minn41 stating whether they will coperate in a plan for securing a ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 day at either the ,red ,rock camp ground1 ,lake ,minnetonka1 or at ,white ,bear ,lake4 ,the six circles of ,st4 ,paul1 those of ,minneapolis1 ,hudson1 and ,stillwater1 have signified their willingness to help carry out this excellent idea4 ,such a day would be an event of greatest interest and value to the circles in that locality2 it would arouse flagging enthusiasm1 would give every one present a fund of new ideas1 and would spread the plan of home reading in many homes where it is unknown4 ,we are very much pleased to hear from ,,bloomfield1 ,,iowa1 of a circle1 organized in #ahhb1 but which has not before been introduced to our circles4 ,since its organization its membership has increased from six to fifteen members4 ,the memorial days are observed and much social life enjoyed by the circle which promises that at no late day there will be more than one organization of the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 in their city4 ,a late number of ,the ,daily ,register1 of ,,mobile1 ,,alabama1 contains an essay on 8,the ,character of ,milton10 which was read before one of the circles of that city at a recent meeting4 ,had we space we should gladly reprint this excellent paper4 ,mobile has two societies reading the ,chautauqua course1 and we hope that we shall soon receive full reports from them4 ,a great deal of energy is displayed by the ,,desota1 ,,missouri1 circle4 ,few issues of the ,jefferson ,watchman come out without a notice of its meetings4 ,a late number says3 8,the members of the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 are again busily engaged in their work after their holiday vacation4 ,two meetings have already been held in the new term1 both of which were enjoyable and instructive1 and the reading of '#he is well under way4 ,the number of members is about the same as last term1 as none after becoming interested in the work seem to have the least inclination to drop out of the circle1 but on the contrary become more and more interested and enthusiastic4 ,the program for the next meeting will be found in another part of this paper40 ,,kansas quite equals ,missouri1 however1 in its enterprising readers4 ,a letter from a reader at ,,wakarusa remarks of their circle3 8,we number but eight members1 and are so scattered that our circuit embraces several miles1 but having adopted the name #8,olympian1' we hope in time to carry off a double prize1 one for intellectual attainments1 the other for physical prowess exhibited in combat with ,kansas mud4 ,though we have difficulties and discouragements even in our own little circle1 we are yet resolute and enthusiastic4 ,at present the ,round-,table is the principal feature of our meetings40----,quite as interesting is a live report from ,,wyandotte3 8,although we have not been reported for nearly a year1 our circle is not dead1 but the interest is increasing1 and we are doing better work than ever4 ,our membership numbers twenty-five1 with twenty subscribers to ,,the ,,chautauquan4 ,in #ahhd we held forty-seven meetings1 and had an average attendance of twelve4 ,with us1 as with nearly all other circles1 the great difficulty is to keep from having too much of a sameness in our programs4 ,thus far we have had good success by giving a committee charge of the literary work1 which reports performers and programs a week in advance for regular meetings and three weeks for memorial meetings4 ,we sometimes vary the exercises by devoting an entire evening to one subject4 ,we endeavor to have all roll calls answered with quotations1 and stimulate inquiry by having a question box1 the contents of which are discussed at each meeting4 ,we observe all memorial days1 and they are a never failing source of interest4 ,on ,milton memorial the biography of ,milton was given by the circle1 each member taking up the history where the former one stopped4 ,each member read a favorite selection from the author1 and the variety of selections indicated a variety of taste4 ,we make good use of the ,chautauqua songs1 and find that the singing of them renders a meeting so much the more interesting1 and there is1 too1 a bond of union in a stirring song4 ,our members have taken the liberty of naming this circle the #8,pansy' circle1 as nearly all of us are members of the #8,pansy' class40 ,we are sorry to 8skip0 the wide space between ,kansas and ,california1 and gladly stop at ,,nordhoff1 ,,cal41 where we find the 8,ojai0 circle1 which was organized last ,october4 ,although they are only seven1 they are all in earnest and full of the ,chautauqua spirit4 ,they meet once each month1 at the homes of the members4 ,they are all busy people1 but are glad to make time for the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 reading1 which they find adds a charm to busy lives4 ,they hope to be able to persuade many of their friends to join them4 ,,the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 ,,classes4 ,,class ,,of #ahhe4--8,,the ,,invincibles40 8,press on1 reaching after those things which are before40 ,,officers4 ,president--,j4 ,b4 ,underwood1 ,meriden1 ,conn4 ,vice ,president--,c4 ,m4 ,nichols1 ,springfield1 ,ohio4 ,treasurer--,miss ,carrie ,hart1 ,aurora1 ,ind4 ,secretary--,miss ,m4 ,m4 ,canfield1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,executive ,committee--,officers of the class4 ,class badges may be procured of either ,president or ,treasurer4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a very pretty program comes to us from a loyal 8,invincible0 of ,toledo1 ,ohio1 the ,rev4 ,h4 ,m4 ,bacon1 the president of the 8,bryant0 circle of that city4 ,the program contains a six months' outline of work4 ,it bears the mottoes1 the dates of regular meetings1 and the memorial days4 ,a kind of ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 calendar which we imagine any once having had would find it hard to do without4 99 99 99 99 99 ,miss ,kimball writes our secretary1 ,miss ,canfield1 of ,washington1 that the ,invincibles--true to their name--are making a splendid record1 and that the class standing is excellent4 ,she says3 8,i think the ,invincibles may well be proud of their record4 ,the prospect is that the class will stand fully as high1 in proportion to its size1 as any of the other classes4 ,of course we can not expect the actual number of graduates to reach that of other classes1 as the whole recorded membership is much smaller40 ,let this encouraging news help us to 8press on10 and1 classmates1 see to it that all members of your local circles1 who rightfully belong with the '#hes1 have their memoranda completed and sent in by the first of ,july4 99 99 99 99 99 ,of those who expect to receive diplomas at ,chautauqua1 forty-one1 representing fifteen states1 ,canada and the ,district of ,columbia1 have responded to the request to send their names to the secretary4 ,let us hear from you all1 that the list for 8roll call0 may be complete4 99 99 99 99 99 ,one '#he1 who writes he lives alone with his brother 8away out in the backwoods of ,california10 regrets he can not be present at ,chautauqua1 but hopes to receive his diploma at ,monterey4 ,from the ,atlantic to the ,pacific the pulse of the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 is beating strong and steady4 ,,class ,,of #ahhf4--8,,the ,,progressives40 8,we study for light1 to bless with light40 ,,class ,,organization4 ,president--,the ,rev4 ,b4 ,p4 ,snow1 ,biddeford1 ,maine4 ,vice ,presidents--,the ,rev4 ,j4 ,c4 ,whitley1 ,salisbury1 ,maryland2 ,mr4 ,l4 ,f4 ,houghton1 ,peoria1 ,illinois2 ,mr4 ,walter ,y4 ,morgan1 ,cleveland1 ,ohio2 ,mrs4 ,delia ,browne1 ,louisville1 ,kentucky2 ,miss ,florence ,finch1 ,palestine1 ,texas4 ,secretary--,the ,rev4 ,w4 ,l4 ,austin1 ,new ,albany1 ,ind4 99 99 99 99 99 8,for light60 and 8with light60 as the words we repeat1 ,yet fuller and deeper the message they bring2 ,still through every volume each line that we meet ,in undertone earnest our motto shall ring4 8,for light0 do we ponder the history vast ,which spreads through the ages its sunshine and shade1 8,with light0 for the present1 we come from the past1 ,with lessons whose impress we can not evade4 8,for light0 must we study the many-hued lines ,which ,greece with her delicate pencil has traced2 ,while ,rome with her pride and her grandeur combines ,to deepen the picture no time can efface4 8,for light0 at the portals of ,nature we wait-- ,descend to her rocks and mount up to her stars-- ,her atoms diffuse and her gases collate1 ,yet learn1 as her secrets she slowly unbars1 ,how1 filling1 pervading1 encompassing all1 ,still law--mighty law--through all systems doth reign2 ,the world and the atom respond to its call1 ,the dewdrop and ocean are bound by its chain4 8,for light10 above all1 when our vesper has chimed1 ,we bathe in the beams of an unsetting ,sun2 ,when thus up the ladder of prayer we have climbed1 8,with light0 shall be blessed many thousands through one4 8,for light60 and 8with light60 'tis for this we would live1 ,o fling our glad banner abroad to the sky6 ,truths won for ourselves unto others we give1 ,till light never-clouded shall greet us on high4 ,,alice ,c4 ,,jennings1 ,class of '#hf4 ,,class ,,of #ahhh4--8,,the ,,plymouth ,,rocks40 8,let us be seen by our deeds40 ,,class ,,organization4 ,president--,the ,rev4 ,a4 ,e4 ,dunning1 ,d4,d41 ,boston1 ,mass4 ,vice ,presidents--,prof4 ,w4 ,n4 ,ellis1 #ajh ,gates ,avenue1 ,brooklyn1 ,n4 ,y42 the ,rev4 ,wm4 ,g4 ,roberts1 ,bellevue1 ,ohio4 ,secretary--,miss ,m4 ,e4 ,taylor1 ,cleveland1 ,ohio4 ,treasurer--,miss ,m4 ,e4 ,taylor1 ,cleveland1 ,ohio4 ,all items for this column should be sent1 in condensed form1 to the ,rev4 ,c4 ,c4 ,mc,lean1 ,st4 ,augustine1 ,florida4 99 99 99 99 99 ,badges for the ,class of '#hh sold only by ,mrs4 ,rosie ,m4 ,baketel1 ,greenland1 ,n4 ,h4 ,price1 #ae cents each4 99 99 99 99 99 ,all members who have interesting items of class news should send them promptly to the ,rev4 ,c4 ,c4 ,mc,lean4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the following circles of the ,class of '#hh have been formed1 viz43 8,janes10 ,brooklyn1 ,n4 ,y41 sixty-two members2 8,vincent10 ,wyoming1 ,iowa1 over twenty members2 8,washington ,avenue10 ,milwaukee1 ,wis41 fourteen members4 ,in ,collamer1 ,ohio1 there was organized a circle four years ago4 ,it has enjoyed active vitality ever since1 and is now doing most efficient work in astronomy4 ,aroused by the last ,chautauqua ,assembly1 nearly thirty organized a new circle4 ,all are of the ,class of '#hh1 except one of '#hb1 one of '#hc1 and five of '#hf4 ,the latter includes an old lady in her #hast year1 who is not only beautiful in character1 but1 seemingly1 as bright in intellect as in the meridian of life4 ,this circle favors a change in motto2 one suggests 8,perfect in principle1 in practice pure40 99 99 99 99 99 ,the ,florida ,chautauqua is now in session at ,lake de ,funiak1 and closes ,march #ith4 ,the program is varied and interesting4 ,we hope to report a good increase in the ,class of '#hh at the close of the ,assembly4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,iowa4--,i am enrolled in the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 army1 8,class of '#hh40 ,not until the middle of this month 7,december7 was ,i able to commence my reading4 ,the prescribed course ,i think grand1 and ,i can but feel grateful for a plan so far reaching1 and so full and beneficial in its results4 ,our class motto is excellent4 ,i am a busy farmer1 but ,i shall make known the advantages of the 8,chautauqua ,university40 ,,questions ,,and ,,answers4 ,,by ,a4 ,m4 ,,martin1 ,general ,secretary ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 ,i4--,,questions ,,and ,,answers ,,on 8,,college ,,greek ,,course ,,in ,,english0--,,from ,,page #ahg ,,to ,,end ,,of ,,the ,,book4 #a4 ,q4 ,who was the third member of the great tragical triumvirate of ,greece1 schylus and ,sophocles being the other two8 ,a4 ,euripides4 #b4 ,q4 ,when was ,euripides born1 and what noted battle took place the year of his birth8 ,a4 #dhj ,b4 ,c41 in the year of the battle of ,salamis4 #c4 ,q4 ,where were the closing days of ,euripides spent8 ,a4 ,at the court of the king of ,macedonia4 #d4 ,q4 ,who are two of the translators of ,euripides8 ,a4 ,r4 ,potter1 who has made a metrical translation1 and ,t4 ,a4 ,buckley1 who has produced a version in prose4 #e4 ,q4 ,from what play of ,euripides are the most of the extracts presented by our author taken8 ,a4 ,from the 8,alcestis40 #f4 ,q4 ,under what title has ,robert ,browning rendered a version of 8,alcestis80 ,a4 8,balaustion's ,adventure40 #g4 ,q4 ,who was ,alcestis8 ,a4 ,the wife and queen to ,admetus1 king of ,pher1 in ,thessaly4 #h4 ,q4 ,by grace from ,apollo1 on what condition was ,admetus granted the privilege of not dying8 ,a4 ,on condition of his being able to find some one who would agree to die in his stead when his turn should come4 #i4 ,q4 ,who became the required substitute8 ,a4 ,alcestis1 the wife of ,admetus4 #aj4 ,q4 ,after her death by whom was she brought back to life and restored to her husband8 ,a4 ,by ,heracles4 #aa4 ,q4 ,from what drama of ,euripides does our author take a celebrated chorus1 in part eulogistic of ,athens8 ,a4 ,the 8,medea40 #ab4 ,q4 ,who stands alone as representative to us of ,greek comedy8 ,a4 ,aristophanes4 #ac4 ,q4 ,what two comedies of ,aristophanes retain for us more interest than perhaps any other of his works8 ,a4 8,the ,frogs0 and 8,the ,clouds40 #ad4 ,q4 ,who were the especial targets of these two comedies respectively8 ,a4 ,euripides of the 8,frogs0 and ,socrates of the 8,clouds40 #ae4 ,q4 ,who is first in fame among ancient lyric poets8 ,a4 ,pindar4 #af4 ,q4 ,what does ,sappho remain to this day in general estimation among those entitled to adjudge her just rank1 from the various trustworthy indications that survive8 ,a4 ,the foremost woman of genius in the world4 #ag4 ,q4 ,what is the only complete poem that has come down to us from ,sappho8 ,a4 ,the 8,hymn to ,aphrodite40 #ah4 ,q4 ,on what does the fame of ,simonides chiefly rest8 ,a4 ,on his epigrams4 #ai4 ,q4 ,what is the most celebrated1 perhaps1 of all the epigrams of ,simonides8 ,a4 ,that on the ,spartan ,three ,hundred who fell at ,thermopyl4 #bj4 ,q4 ,what is the great name in ,greek idyllic poetry8 ,a4 ,theocritus4 #ba4 ,q4 ,what two other pastoral poets are associated with ,theocritus1 in a kind of parasitic renown8 ,a4 ,bion and ,moschus4 #bb4 ,q4 ,from what two idyls of ,theocritus does our author give presentations8 ,a4 ,the 8,death of ,daphnis10 and the 8,festival of ,adonis40 #bc4 ,q4 ,who is first among the masters of eloquence8 ,a4 ,demosthenes4 #bd4 ,q4 ,the name of what other orator is associated with that of ,demosthenes8 ,a4 schines4 #be4 ,q4 ,what are the most celebrated of ,demosthenes's public orations8 ,a4 ,the 8,olynthiacs10 the 8,philippics10 and the oration on the 8,crown40 ,,ii4--,,questions ,,and ,,answers ,,on 8,,chemistry10 ,,from ,,page #he ,,to ,,page #aef1 ,,inclusive4 #bf4 ,q4 ,why is chlorine a substance of very great commercial importance8 ,a4 ,on account of its extensive use as a bleaching agent4 #bg4 ,q4 ,of what common article is chlorine an important constituent8 ,a4 ,salt4 #bh4 ,q4 ,what are the three most striking properties of chlorine8 ,a4 ,its noticeable weight--greater than that of the air--its greenish color1 and its exceedingly irritating odor4 #bi4 ,q4 ,in connection with what two principal properties does chlorine1 as a chemical agent1 manifest its activities8 ,a4 ,its affinity for hydrogen and its affinity for the metals4 #cj4 ,q4 ,of what may the substance known as bleaching-powder be spoken in a general way as consisting8 ,a4 ,of lime saturated with chlorine4 #ca4 ,q4 ,when was bromine first recognized as an elementary substance1 and by whom discovered8 ,a4 ,in the year #ahbf1 by ,balard1 a ,french chemist4 #cb4 ,q4 ,where does the substance bromine occur8 ,a4 ,in the brine of the ocean1 and in the water of mineral springs1 united with certain metals in the form of bromides4 #cc4 ,q4 ,to what does bromine show very decided resemblances1 in its chemical relations8 ,a4 ,to chlorine1 having affinities for the same substances1 only less in intensity4 #cd4 ,q4 ,in what processes is bromine an important substance8 ,a4 ,in the processes of photography4 #ce4 ,q4 ,in what form has bromine had a very wide and beneficent use1 as a remedial agent8 ,a4 ,in the form of potassic bromide4 #cf4 ,q4 ,what is the other member of the chemical family to which it may be said chlorine and bromine belong8 ,a4 ,iodine4 #cg4 ,q4 ,where are all these three elements found8 ,a4 ,in sea water4 #ch4 ,q4 ,from what source is iodine obtained8 ,a4 ,from sea weeds4 #ci4 ,q4 ,to what are the chemical characteristics of iodine throughout closely allied8 ,a4 ,to those of chlorine and of bromine1 only in general1 iodine may be said to have weaker chemical affinities than either of the other two4 #dj4 ,q4 ,what are two of the principal uses of iodine8 ,a4 ,in photographic processes1 and as a remedial agent4 #da4 ,q4 ,what remarkable statement is made of fluorine8 ,a4 ,that is has never been known to be produced isolated1 that is1 in a separate or uncombined form4 #db4 ,q4 ,what property above all others is characteristic of fluorine8 ,a4 ,its striking affinity for silicon4 #dc4 ,q4 ,with what substance is fluorine never known to form any compound8 ,a4 ,with oxygen1 which can be said of no other element4 #dd4 ,q4 ,what are three considerations upon which the importance of oxygen depends8 ,a4 ,the surpassing abundance of the substance itself1 the great number of compounds into which it enters1 and the activity of its chemical powers4 #de4 ,q4 ,to whom is the first discovery of oxygen usually attributed8 ,a4 ,dr4 ,joseph ,priestly1 an ,english clergyman and student of natural science4 #df4 ,q4 ,what is the most prominent compound of oxygen8 ,a4 ,water4 #dg4 ,q4 ,what are some of the remarkable properties of sulphur8 ,a4 ,the ease with which it melts2 the readiness with which it takes fire and burns in the air2 the striking blue flame produced when it burns2 the choking and disagreeable odor attendant upon its combustion2 and its burning when in the pure form without leaving any ashes4 #dh4 ,q4 ,from what localities is the principal supply of sulphur for commerce obtained8 ,a4 ,from the volcanic districts of the island of ,sicily4 #di4 ,q4 ,what is said as to the number of elements with which sulphur combines8 ,a4 ,it combines in simple form of union with a majority of the elements known4 #ej4 ,q4 ,what are three important compounds of sulphur8 ,a4 ,sulphuretted hydrogen1 sulphur di-oxide1 and sulphur tri-oxide4 ,,the ,,trustees ,,reorganize ,,chautauqua4 ,on the thirteenth of ,january the ,chautauqua ,board of ,trustees held its annual meeting in the elegant rooms of the ,young ,men's ,christian ,association of the city of ,pittsburgh1 to prepare the way for the next great ,assembly4 ,mr4 ,lewis ,miller1 ,dr4 ,j4 ,h4 ,vincent1 ,messrs4 ,f4 ,h4 ,root1 ,jacob ,miller1 ,e4 ,a4 ,skinner1 ,w4 ,a4 ,duncan1 ,dr4 ,j4 ,t4 ,edwards1 ,rev4 ,j4 ,lester1 ,rev4 ,h4 ,h4 ,moore1 and most of the trustees were present1 but as usual1 of the twenty-four members1 letters of apology were received from a few who were detained at home by sickness or urgent business matters4 ,those present1 however1 were fully prepared to go forward and meet the responsibilities of the hour4 ,dr4 ,t4 ,l4 ,flood1 editor of ,,the ,,chautauquan1 and ,judge ,holt1 attorney for the corporation1 were present to look after their respective departments4 ,as they came together for deliberation the trustees felt the inspiration of a history of grand successes1 of a present satisfactory1 and of a future full of hope4 ,hence the boldness of their plans1 and the energy with which they were carried into effect4 ,chautauqua has a constituency which is of inestimable value1 in the prayers and sympathies of many thousands of people who have never seen those beautiful grounds4 ,wherever the ,board of ,trustees hold their annual meetings a lively interest is created1 especially among press reporters and in the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 part of the community4 ,in this respect ,pittsburgh surpassed any other place ever visited1 ,jamestown and ,cleveland not excepted4 ,on reaching the city it was found that a reception had been arranged by the alumni and members of the ,chautauqua ,circle1 to be held in ,christ ,church on the evening of the #acth1 and that an elaborate program of exercises had been provided4 ,the ,rev4 ,mr4 ,williams1 of the ,pittsburgh ,christian ,advocate1 occupied the chair4 ,music was furnished by ,hamilton's ,junior ,orchestra4 ,dr4 ,hirst1 pastor of ,christ ,church1 delivered1 in chaste and eloquent language1 an address of welcome4 ,prof4 ,holmes1 ,registrar of the ,chautauqua ,university1 in reply1 spoke at length1 explaining its aims and method of operation4 ,president ,miller followed in his happiest vein1 and made clear the point that the educational scheme of the ,circle was well suited to meet the constant and progressive changes ever going forward in society4 ,on being introduced1 ,dr4 ,vincent was received by the great audience with a storm of applause4 ,in his own usual taking way he unfolded the principles embraced in the ,chautauqua ,idea4 ,we deal mostly1 he said1 with the mature mind that is athirst for knowledge4 ,we make use of practical methods to supply the great want of the day1 which is a rational society4 ,dr4 ,flood1 editor of ,,the ,,chautauquan1 was presented and spoke for a few moments4 ,the music was fine1 the speaking the happiest1 and after the formal exercises had closed a season of free social intercourse followed4 ,the power ,chautauqua had exerted upon the city of ,pittsburgh appeared in the great number present1 who rose to their feet as witnesses2 and most of the cities of the nation could produce like evidence of its popularity and influence4 ,the lavish expenditures of money which have been made upon buildings at ,chautauqua in the past have created such facilities for work of all kinds that at present nothing further is required in that direction4 ,this was a satisfaction not only to those who have heroically carried heavy financial burdens1 but to those who have regretted that they were able to give only their sympathies to the cause4 ,the brief address made by ,president ,miller to the ,board of ,trustees consisted of a brief and cheery review of the past and a hopeful glance into the future4 ,there is1 he said1 much yet to be done1 sacrifices to be made1 for ,chautauqua is yet in its infancy1 and its enlarged work from year to year will demand increased attention4 ,secretary ,duncan in his annual report informed the trustees that during the past year his receipts had exceeded his expenditures by nearly ten thousand dollars1 and that this sum had been used as far as it would go to liquidate the floating debt4 ,the following written report was presented by ,chancellor ,vincent3 8,for the first time in the history of the ,chautauqua ,assembly ,i present to the ,board a formal report4 ,this has hitherto seemed to me unnecessary1 and you have generously accepted a verbal statement in lieu of a full1 official communication4 ,i no longer thus tax your generosity1 but under a keen conviction that an important crisis has arrived in our history1 ,i beg leave to lay before you the following statements and suggestions3 8,the ,chautauqua movement is a marvel even to its projectors4 ,however all-embracing may have been the original conception of our noble president1 ,mr4 ,miller1 when he proposed a summer gathering in the grove at ,chautauqua1 the gradually unfolding scheme has been a source of surprise and delight to the world of curious and interested observers4 8,chautauqua in its various departments is a unit4 ,however diverse the outward forms1 the name which marks them all proves them one4 ,the #8,chautauqua ,assembly1' the #8,chautauqua ,literary and ,scientific ,circle1' the #8,chautauqua ,school of ,languages1' the #8,chautauqua ,teachers' ,retreat1' the #8,chautauqua ,young ,folks' ,reading ,union1' the #8,chautauqua ,school of ,theology1' the #8,chautauqua ,university'--all are but developments of the radical idea of ,chautauqua1 which is popular and symmetrical education2 education for all people2 education in all lines1 according to varied tastes1 needs and opportunities4 8,our constituency is as broad as are the aims of the institution3 ,sunday-school and other ,christian workers1 day school teachers1 students of language1 ministers of the gospel1 citizens who mold the nation1 mothers who mold citizens by making homes--these all1 and all beside who seek knowledge1 character and usefulness1 are the people for whom ,chautauqua was organized4 8,with this wide reach of purpose it was necessary that ,chautauqua should project the lines of its intention in plans and departments1 that the world might see its magnitude1 and that the full territory it proposes to occupy might be prempted4 ,until this projection was made1 the ,chautauqua ,idea was irrepressible4 ,and now ,chautauqua with its variety of departments is not like a mere pile of buildings1 with additions1 lean-tos1 unrelated edifices1 and other after-thoughts1 the results of unmanageable ingenuity4 ,it is a growth and development1 a provision according to the highest law1 to meet the necessities which called it into existence4 8,in this growth of twelve years there have been no unnecessary additions4 ,to have omitted any of them would have made ,chautauqua less than it is2 and to have made ,chautauqua less than it is would have been a mistake--almost a disaster4 ,because of the broad and varied provisions now included in the ,chautauqua movement1 it will be greater and stronger for all time to come4 8,it would not have been easy to organize these departments at first under a single charter4 ,the separate schemes under separate constitutions came into being4 ,each is stronger to-day because of the relative independence of its origin4 ,the time may have come1 ,i think the time has come1 for an external union of departments which have all along been practically one4 ,no antagonism between them has ever seemed to me possible1 but there is a way of preventing even the seeming or fear of such antagonism4 8,at the first meeting of the ,board of ,trustees of ,chautauqua ,university1 ,i proposed the appointment of a committee whose business it should be to bring into complete external unity all departments of ,chautauqua4 ,this committee has never acted4 ,i now renew the proposal1 with some practical hints looking toward this result40 ,dr4 ,vincent then presented several suggestions designed to harmonize the various ,chautauqua interests4 ,the report continues3 8,the financial condition of ,chautauqua is a subject to which ,i have heretofore given little attention4 ,i trusted implicitly to the wisdom of the ,board1 whose large ideas of the ,chautauqua work1 whose enthusiasm in it1 and whose generous courtesy toward me1 have caused them to give me the largest liberty1 and to treat with great gentleness what they have sometimes felt to be excessive expenditure4 8,my dreams and aspirations concerning the development of ,chautauqua have led me to plan largely1 and to spend liberally1 that the attention of great-hearted men might be attracted to our work1 the sympathy of progressive educators secured1 and the great centers of influence in pulpits1 colleges and newspapers be commanded in the interest of ,chautauqua4 ,a careful analysis of these expenditures will show that there has been no extravagance1 although a greater economy might have been exercised40 ,the report of ,dr4 ,vincent closed with the following words3 8,trusting that you will see your way clear to coperate in the plans proposed1 and commending our great institution to him who is the #8,master of ,assemblies1' this report is respectfully submitted40 ,the report of ,dr4 ,vincent was submitted to a special committee1 which presented the following report1 which was adopted as below3 ,the special committee to which was referred the report of the ,superintendent of ,instruction1 begs leave respectfully to report3 #a4 ,that we recommend to the ,board to reorganize the union of the several associations1 schools1 and departments of the ,chautauqua ,assembly1 the ,chautauqua ,school of ,theology1 the ,chautauqua ,university1 and the ,chautauqua ,literary and ,scientific ,circle1 under a single organization to be known as ,,the ,,chautauqua ,,university4 #b4 7,this article calls for necessary legislative action47 #c4 ,the work of the new organization shall be carried on under the following departments3 ,i4--,,the ,,chautauqua ,,assembly1 embracing3 a4 ,the ,summer meetings at ,chautauqua2 b4 ,the ,sunday-,school ,normal ,department2 c4 ,the ,school of ,languages2 d4 ,the ,chautauqua ,teachers' ,retreat2 ,,ii4--,,the ,,chautauqua ,,literary ,,and ,,scientific ,,circle2 ,,iii4--,,the ,,chautauqua ,,school ,,of ,,liberal ,,arts1 now known as 8,the ,chautauqua ,university10 and with powers as provided in its charter2 ,,iv4--,,the ,,chautauqua ,,school ,,of ,,theology1 with purposes and powers as in its charter2 ,v4--,,the ,,chautauqua ,,press4 #d4 ,there shall be three committees1 of three persons each1 appointed by the ,board1 to coperate with the ,chancellor in the management of the above departments4 ,persons may be eligible to appointment on these committees who are not members of the ,board4 ,these committees shall be3 a4 ,a ,committee on ,assembly2 b4 ,a ,committee on ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c41 the ,c4 ,s4 ,l4 ,a41 and ,c4 ,s4 ,t42 c4 ,a ,committee on the ,chautauqua ,press4 #e4 ,we approve of the recommendation of the ,superintendent of ,instruction1 of the establishment of the 8,chautauqua ,press10 as a part of the 8,chautauqua ,university40 #f4 ,the income from the general membership fees in the ,chautauqua ,literary and ,scientific ,circle1 in the ,chautauqua ,school of ,liberal ,arts1 and in the ,chautauqua ,school of ,theology1 with such annual appropriations as may be made by the ,board to these departments1 shall constitute their fund respectively1 out of which all expenses of each of these departments shall be paid annually2 the surplus in the department treasury of the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c41 of the ,c4 ,s4 ,l4 ,a41 and of the ,c4 ,s4 ,t41 from year to year1 shall be paid to the treasurer of the ,assembly ,board4 ,there shall be two assistant treasurers1 one to have charge of the funds of the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c41 and the other of the funds of the ,c4 ,s4 ,l4 ,a4 and of the ,c4 ,s4 ,t41 both of whom shall make an annual report to the ,board4 #g4 ,we recommend that the ,superintendent of ,instruction in the ,assembly ,board shall hereafter be known as 8,the ,chancellor of the ,university40 #h4 ,it shall be the duty of the ,chancellor of the ,university to arrange and conduct the program of the ,chautauqua ,assembly2 to engage speakers1 teachers1 leaders of music1 and such other assistants as the program may require2 to conduct the affairs of the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c41 the ,c4 ,s4 ,l4 ,a41 and the ,c4 ,s4 ,t42 he shall submit a report to the meeting of the ,board in ,january of each year1 which shall contain a statement of his expenditures in the several departments during the preceding year1 and an estimate of the probable expenses for the year ensuing4 #i4 ,the duties of the other officers shall be those specified in the by-laws as already adopted by the ,assembly1 the ,chautauqua ,school of ,theology1 and the ,university1 or as may be hereafter adopted4 99 99 99 99 99 ,as it has been abundantly demonstrated that this section of the lake is rich in natural gas1 it may be expected that as the season opens the work of development will commence4 ,chautauqua has also an inexhaustible mineral fountain1 which many have found not only a pleasant beverage1 but rich in health-giving qualities4 ,appearances indicate that the next ,assembly will be of the first importance4 ,many will probably meet ,j4 ,b4 ,gough--the hero of a thousand platforms--for the last time4 ,dr4 ,deems is to come among us once more1 and the original ,fisk ,jubilee ,singers will be there1 and they have no equals in reproducing the fast vanishing songs of the plantation4 ,,editor',s ,,outlook4 ,,the ,,great ,,greek ,,dramatists4 ,the ,greek drama1 which is now before our ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 students in its ,english rendering1 presents many interesting aspects to the modern mind4 ,we are well aware that this statement will surprise some readers2 but let them consider a few facts4 ,is it not a remarkable thing that the ,greek drama1 which the world will not suffer to be forgotten1 was all produced in the space of about half a century8 ,and compare the fact with our own history1 noting that ,english drama of the imperishable type is all gathered into a single brilliant period1 of which ,shakspere is the central light in dramatic poetry4 schylus was born in #ebe ,b4 ,c41 ,sophocles in #die1 and ,euripides in #dhj4 ,the three are nearly on a level in merit1 schylus having the more force1 and his compeers in dramatic fame more of the refinements of art4 ,they are not three ,shaksperes in one constellation1 but three orbs whose combined light is less than that of our ,english poet4 ,no one has satisfactorily explained why the tragic drama should so isolate itself in the centuries of a people2 but it may be said to be a rule that if a people produce a great drama at all1 this choice fruit will appear only in a single period4 ,but since ,greece and ,england are the only nations having a great tragic stage--for we do not reckon the ,french drama as in the first rank--the rule has no well-defined value4 ,it is remarkable1 too1 that the great epic poets are more numerous than the great masters of tragedy4 ,greece1 indeed1 is known to us for one epic and three tragic poets2 but every great people before ours has had a respectable epic poem1 whereas in most nations tragic poetry is rare or inferior4 ,the great tragedies are so few that one may easily know them and prize them4 ,no other form of literature presents us with so few masterpieces4 ,another good aspect of the drama in ,greece is that it came in the period of the full-flowering of ,greek egotism1 or if the phrase is happier1 of ,greek patriotism4 ,here1 too1 we may find an analogy in the ,england of ,shakspere4 ,the age of ,elizabeth is easily fixed upon as that of self-satisfied ,british patriotism4 ,it is also true that alike in the ,athens of the dramatists and the ,london of ,shakspere there was the stir and bustle and heroic energy of national life4 ,it is not to be overlooked that the dramatists of ,greece1 like the literary statesmen of ,england were in public life4 ,they sought and held office2 and1 indeed1 they1 like ,socrates1 were soldiers besides4 schylus fought at ,marathon1 ,salamis1 and ,plata1 the three great battles of his country4 ,shakspere did not do his work on the ,avon1 but in the din of ,london1 and many a thing which surprises us in his plays may be explained by the close and uninterrupted contact of the dramatist with the active men of his time4 ,he learned1 for example1 all his law phrases in convivial association with lawyers1 much as he learned scripture by hearing the prayer-book read in the churches4 7,he always quotes the prayer-book1 never the ,bible47 ,so in ,athens1 our statesmen-dramatists lived in the full press of life1 and their drama reflects the opinions and proverbs of their day4 ,men of the lamp could not have caught the spirit and attitude of the ,athenian mind toward the problems of life which underlie the ,greek plays4 ,the just-enough and not too much or too little of philosophy--the mean between dogmatic theology and crude irreligion--the man of the world1 and he alone1 can hit4 ,we may safely reason that while many forms of literature can be best wrought by men out of the world1 some forms seem to require their producers to be in the world and of the world2 and among these1 the drama is especially reserved to men who combine practical experience with erudition1 and also possess the indescribable mystery of genius4 ,the student will be well repaid for his pains who struggles to understand the spirit--a strange one to us--which is peculiar to the ,greek drama1 the singular aspects and functions of religion1 and the mode in which it is apparently held fast by the tragic poet1 who is also a man of the world4 ,there are also profitable studies to be made of those glimpses of unchanging human nature which the tragedies afford us4 ,one theory is that we study old classics in order to know an older and extinct type of mankind3 a truer view is that the virtues and vices of the elder man are simple and undisguised by social varnish4 ,in any case1 the student who understands1 for example1 the woman ,medea1 has a useful lesson in 8the proper study of mankind40 ,,chautauqua ,,at ,,new ,,orleans4 ,almost every interest of the country is represented at ,new ,orleans this winter4 ,every prominent manufactory1 all leading trades1 the great branches of commerce1 and particularly educational institutions have exhibits of more or less importance4 ,the eye of the country is turned southward4 ,whatever is worthy our civilization has been collected there for study4 ,in educational matters many departments have been given position1 that they may be studied by the eager learner2 for people are eager to know the world's work4 ,you see it in their keen observation of the displays made throughout the long galleries1 and their quick notice of the comparative merits of the exhibits4 ,to them the work from the ,indian schools1 from the colored people1 from the far away territories1 and from foreign lands are studies in comparative civilization4 ,every sign of advancement is quickly seized upon2 and in no department is more eagerness to know manifested by visitors than in the 8,chautauqua ,alcove40 ,chautauqua and the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 have a very good representation in the south gallery of the government building1 under the general supervision of ,prof4 ,e4 ,a4 ,spring1 a member of the faculty at ,chautauqua4 ,this exhibit is attracting a great deal of attention4 ,all members and friends of the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 who may visit the ,exposition are earnestly and cordially invited to visit the ,chautauqua exhibit4 ,an idea of ,prof4 ,spring's work may be obtained from a few extracts from a letter received from him in the holidays3 ,,chautauqua ,,alcove1 ,,new ,,orleans1 ,,la41 ,dec4 #bf1 '#hd4 ,there is a large placard up in this exhibit1 as follows3 ,u4 ,s4 ,,bureau ,,of ,,education4 ,,chautauqua ,,alcove4 ,any one of the sixty thousand of the members of the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 who may be here is requested to register4 ,i give everybody one of a little handful of ,spare ,minute ,course circulars that ,i brought with me4 ,i have given out about a hundred--and had conversations1 some of them with evident conviction--in ,german1 ,french1 ,english1 and the language of signs4 ,by help of my ,italian1 ,i have tried to talk to some of the many ,mexicans here1 but did not get deep enough to broach the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 ,i had yesterday and to-day considerable talk with the intelligent gentlemen representing the ,french ,republic school system--,m4 ,buisson and his assistant4 ,general ,eaton says that the brother of this ,mons4 ,buisson is the genius of education in ,france4 ,they expressed themselves as much interested in the scope of the noble ,chautauqua plans4 ,the principal and seven lady teachers from ,normal1 ,ill41 just left me4 ,they will come again1 to learn more of ,chautauqua4 ,some ,texas gentlemen1 one of whom1 ,prof4 ,hogg1 ,i have long known as a fellow member of the ,national ,educational ,association1 have been here again to-day1 to say that they would be here to see me with about two hundred teachers from ,texas at noon to-morrow4 ,dr4 ,mitchell was here this afternoon4 ,on ,saturday1 the #bgth1 ,i was all ready for the two hundred teachers1 who advanced in a body with a banner1 and ,i gave them a regular lecture on ,chautauqua and its out-reachings4 ,then ,i said my friend1 ,prof4 ,hogg1 had seen me model in ,philadelphia1 in #ahgi1 at convention of the ,national ,educational ,association1 where he read a paper on 8,the ,education of the ,hand1 the ,head1 and the ,heart10 and he had asked me to show this company of teachers some clay modeling1 so ,i would occupy a few minutes in that1 as it was one of the methods in the ,chautauqua plan to train the hand by clay1 and through that educate the head2 and if the hand and the head were truly educated1 as they ought to be1 the heart should be developed too4 ,so1 laying out a colossal head in relief1 ,i made a few remarks as to the value of a little easy practice of clay modeling in schools2 and then1 turning to the board with clay on it1 ,i worked eighteen minutes1 and made a head of 8an ,american ,teacher40 ,general ,eaton came to me after their vote of thanks1 and as soon as they had gone--in the most congratulatory frame4 8,chautauqua could afford to pay you two months' work for that60 he said1 shaking me by the hand4 ,two of the class of '#hf ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c41 from ,lockport1 ,dr4 ,mitchell1 ,mons4 ,buisson and a few others expressed themselves as much interested4 ,i was glad to find ,i had so many 8,spare-minute0 circulars--and ,i must have given out seventy-five or one hundred yesterday1 beside one hundred to the ,texans1 generally accompanied with a conversation of more or less length4 ,all this in the midst of busy work and good progress in the mechanical embellishment of our alcove4 ,it will be very attractive when completed1 and ,i have so planned that ,i can work at it all along1 adding new features from day to day4 ,it is very interesting1 how near to people's hearts and inner lives ,i sometimes get in these little talks4 ,it is a plan that touches the aspirations and longings of many a true soul4 ,i wish sometimes that words could be instantaneously photographed4 ,it is impossible for me to write as fully as ,i should like4 ,our only ,,chautauquan 7,november7 with one copy of the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 circular1 with its cut of the ,hall1 has done good service4 ,i very much hoped that ,dr4 ,vincent could manage to come here4 ,many people have asked1 the first thing1 if ,dr4 ,vincent is to be here4 ,every state should have a ,chautauqua headquarters--this alcove will get them all ready for it4 ,monday morning4--,damp1 muddy1 discouraging to many people4 ,the car drivers have struck and the hour's ride1 long and tiresome at best1 is now cut off4 ,hundreds of teachers who have been pouring into ,new ,orleans these last days of their holiday1 are prevented from seeing and learning by this four or five miles of mud before they reach the ,exposition4 ,there have been great hindrances all along to the completion of the ,exposition1 and many grumblers4 ,but ,i have never been discouraged6 ,everything from the first start has been delightful4 ,when the roof leaked1 ,i moved some things away1 told the roofer1 and it was at once mended4 ,when it came on a hard storm night before last1 ,i laid down on the floor1 rolled in my ,kansas blanket1 and liked it so well that ,i shall camp out here in the ,chautauqua precincts2 at any rate1 till there is some comfortable conveyance away4 ,more anon4 ,ever yours faithfully1 ,,edward ,a4 ,,spring4 ,,winter ,,sports ,,in ,,canada4 ,winter undoubtedly has its hygienic value2 and a part of this value we get without effort4 ,it is not only a comfort to be freed from the annoyances of insect life1 but it is also a gain for health that many of the atmospheric impurities are removed by frost4 ,but to get the largest value from winter as a frost cure1 we need to avail ourselves of the system of healthful and invigorating amusements which prevail in ,canada1 and have made that country famous4 ,that portion of our population which is employed out-doors in winter is1 pro tanto1 undoubtedly the most healthy4 ,for the rest of us the only possible equivalent is winter sports4 ,it is unfortunately true that the variable character of our weather precludes us from exact imitation2 but our inventive genius ought to be equal to the task of bridging over the soft places in our winters4 ,in ,canada1 the long and comparatively equable winter makes it a simple thing to provide healthy and innocent amusements which may be enjoyed as regularly as any business is carried on4 ,it is not to be forgotten1 however1 that the ,canadians are the only people in the world who know how to keep warm out-doors as well as in-doors4 ,they have learned to perfection this art1 for lack of which our out-door employments are more or less dangerous4 ,our laborer does not keep warm in winter1 and his 8colds0 become consumption4 ,in ,canada1 young girls accomplish in this respect what stout men fail to do among us2 they keep warm whether they are flying in sleighs or on toboggans4 ,these forms of enjoyment are well organized2 there are toboggan clubs1 and 8society0 means some form of winter sport4 ,the miserable imitation called 8roller-skating10 which is alarming thoughtful people in many of our villages1 is only a craze1 a temporary insanity2 the winter sports of ,canada are a national institution4 ,the physical and moral wholesomeness of the roller-skating rink is more than doubtful4 ,the moral and physical healthfulness of the sports by which ,canadians make winter a season of joy1 can not be questioned4 ,on the average1 our winter in the ,united ,states is not a healthful and invigorating season to us4 ,we lose the greater values and expose ourselves to special dangers4 ,we live in-doors1 with a temperature ten degrees too high4 ,we shut in with us invisible plagues which breed diphtheria and other diseases4 ,we are enfeebled by refraining from exercise and breathing unwholesome air in our houses4 ,we come to the spring weaker than we were when winter began4 ,we have moped by hot fires and breathed vitiated air1 when we ought to have been out in the winter blast1 using our muscles and filling our lungs with the clean winds4 ,two or three conditions seem wanting for a reform of these habits4 ,one is the art of keeping warm in the cold air2 another is a keener sense of the value of winter exercise1 and a third is some devices by which the 8soft spells0 of weather shall not arrest our sports nearly every week4 ,,the ,,relative ,,pronoun 8,,that40 ,this word is a demonstrative pronoun and a conjunction2 and in some idiomatic phrases it is also a relative pronoun4 ,by idiomatic phrases1 we mean that use has constructed certain forms of expression which are wholes1 though consisting of several words4 ,all that we know is an idiomatic phrase2 use and habit have welded the words together4 ,in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries1 there grew a habit of using that very freely as a relative pronoun4 ,the ,bible of #afaa is full of illustrations of this habit4 ,during the present century this use of that has been by the best writers gradually restricted1 and at present the rule for that as a relative pronoun1 probably1 is about as stated above--the word is used1 as a relative1 only in idiomatic expressions4 ,the history of this word would make a very interesting chapter4 ,we have in the foregoing statement merely suggested one line of change in its use1 and we call attention to this change for a particular reason4 ,among the excellent books published by ,appleton ,co4 is a reprint ,cobbett's ,english ,grammar1 and in this reprint ,mr4 ,ayres1 the editor of it for this republication1 lays down in his introduction1 and illustrates by significant bracketing in ,cobbett's text1 a new rule for the use of the relative that4 ,this new rule is1 in substance1 that the restrictive relative is that--who and which being cordinating relatives4 ,this proposed reform is unfortunately timed4 ,by a progress in use which has been unobtrusive1 and unaided by dogmatism1 the number of thats on a printed page has been reduced to tolerable proportion4 ,if we accept the new rule we shall not only go back to excessive use of that1 but we may even increase the evil of too much thating4 ,the word fills two important functions in present good use2 to add the office of expressing all the restrictive uses of the relative pronouns1 would probably increase thating so as to render an ,english page unsightly4 ,take a sentence3 8,he said that that man that that boy said that he saw was not that man that that boy thought that he saw40 ,mr4 ,ayres tries to show that certain sentences which contain who and which as relatives are ambiguous in meaning1 and that the substitution of that would make the meaning clear4 ,as to such sentences1 we may say that if they are really ambiguous in sense1 the remedy is to reconstruct them4 ,it is not necessary to use that to pull them out of their obscurity4 ,it is easy1 however1 to show that a detached sentence might mean something which it does not mean4 ,the meaning of a text is helped out by the context4 ,aphorisms usually have not context auxiliaries1 and usually are ambiguous2 but the ordinary use of language is to express our meaning by paragraphs rather than by single sentences4 ,every ellipsis furnishes an opening for the entrance of small criticism2 and ellipsis is one of the large facts of ,english writing4 ,in short1 the critic of ambiguous sentences will have abundant employment on the best writers1 if he is allowed to break off any sentence from its yoke-fellows in the paragraph4 ,we advise our readers not to make haste to adopt the rule of ,mr4 ,ayres4 ,the important question is3 ,how do good writers employ the word that in their books8 ,the answer is that good ,english writers employ the word as a conjunction and as a demonstrative2 and as a relative only when phrase idiom compels such use4 ,in this country1 the practice is to use that a good deal as a relative2 but there has been a great decline in this use of it1 especially during the last thirty years4 ,at the present time our best writers seem to be following the ,english practice4 ,we hope that ,mr4 ,ayres will not succeed in turning reform backward4 ,with who and which to employ as relative pronouns--and occasional help from that1 what1 and as1 in idioms--the ,english language is not poor4 ,we need not recall the restrictive that from its honorable retirement4 ,,edmund ,,about4 ,the death of this versatile ,french writer removes from modern literature another of the few ,french literary men who are known all over the world4 ,about was born in #ahbh1 and has enjoyed a cosmopolitan fame since #ahfj4 ,his literary work had the charm of contemporary interest1 and at the same time the merit of philosophical breadth and insight4 ,he gained fame at home in a way our men of letters would not travel1 by writing a ,dictionary of ,railroads4 ,he was equally interesting and instructive whether he wrote a novel or a political pamphlet2 for in both1 ,edmund ,about's personality was in the foreground4 ,he was not an egotist1 however1 in his books1 but his ,i was a modest one which rather relieved others of responsibility for his opinions1 than obtrusively forced the author upon our admiration4 ,he had a keen zest for current thought and fact2 and1 though our sensationalist newspaper men would not fellowship him1 he was one of the best editors of his age4 ,he was always an editor--even when he wrote the railroad dictionary--and his political pamphlets are among the best presentations of questions and situations4 ,he saw the heart of a current issue1 and with easy grace and perfect poise he described it from the point of view of a modern cosmopolitan gentleman4 ,his 8,roman ,question0 was1 in its day1 equally intelligible1 interesting1 amusing and illuminating in ,paris1 ,london1 ,vienna or ,new ,york4 ,he described the situation under the ,pope as ,king of ,rome1 setting out in full relief those peculiarities of the ,roman situation which were picturesquely illogical for all men of the world4 ,he had a marvelous power of suggestion4 ,the first sentence of the 8,roman ,question0 is like this--we do not attempt to recall the exact words or figures3 8,there are in the ,states of the ,church #a1cff1cbh souls1 not counting the little ,mortara boy40 ,the last clause referred to a charge that priests at ,rome had stolen a ,jewish boy and were making a good ,catholic of him against the will of his family4 ,the incident made a great uproar at the time1 and ,about recalled to the mind of the reader the whole story1 and1 without expressing an opinion1 attracted the sympathy of his ,protestant readers by the mere allusion4 ,probably his books contain more examples of strong1 suggestive allusions to recent or contemporary events1 than those of any other writer2 and it was always his special art to allude only1 leaving his reader to his own opinion4 ,the delicacy of his touch and the fine flavor of his criticism were remarkable1 even in this age of keen and witty ,french writers4 ,he became editor of the ,,xix4 ,siecle 7century71 after the war with ,germany2 but he had always been a journalist in some form1 and more than one paper had its editions suppressed by ,napoleon ,,iii4 because they contained the fine but biting satire of ,about4 ,some years ago 7in #ahgj1 we believe7 he was blackballed in the ,french ,academy1 but he was recently elected to that august body4 ,he died before he was installed in his academic chair4 ,,editor',s ,,note-,,book4 ,we regret exceedingly that a serious illness makes it impossible for ,mr4 ,richard ,grant ,white to furnish his usual paper to the present issue of ,,the ,,chautauquan4 ,another month ,mr4 ,white will probably be able to continue his articles4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the glimpse we are getting1 even at this early day1 of the ,chautauqua program for #ahhe1 is very inviting4 ,the regular ,school of ,science will be under the charge of ,prof4 ,edwards1 president of ,chamberlain ,institute1 ,randolph1 ,n4 ,y41 and that of ,pedagogy1 under ,dr4 ,dickinson1 secretary of the board of education1 ,boston4 ,such people will be present as ,john ,b4 ,gough1 ,dr4 ,deems1 ,miss ,willard1 ,mrs4 ,livermore1 ,bishop ,foster1 ,dr4 ,boardman1 of ,philadelphia2 ,dr4 ,g4 ,p4 ,hays1 of ,denver1 who will organize a school of ,christian work2 the ,schubert ,quartette1 of ,chicago2 the original ,fisk ,jubilee ,singers1 for two weeks1 and ,miss ,henninges1 the noted singer of ,cleveland1 ,o4 ,a very superior organist1 ,prof4 ,isaac ,v4 ,flagler1 has been engaged for the entire ,chautauqua season4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the alarm which the recent terrible earthquake in ,spain has caused has led to the compilation of some interesting figures relative to the number of shocks which have occurred in late years4 ,between #ahgb and #ahhc no less than #cfd earthquakes are recorded as occurring in ,canada and the ,united ,states1 not including ,alaska4 ,of these the ,pacific slope had #aea1 the ,atlantic coast #adg1 and the ,mississippi valley #ff4 ,thus it appears that an earthquake occurs about once in every twelve days somewhere in the ,united ,states and ,canada1 and about once a month on the ,atlantic coast4 ,these are exclusive of the lighter tremors which do not make an impression on observers1 but which would be recorded by a properly constructed seismometer1 an instrument designed to detect the slighter shocks4 8,just about twenty years ago10 writes ,dr4 ,felix ,oswald in a recent letter to ,,the ,,chautauquan1 8when ,i was stationed at ,sidi ,belbez1 in western ,algiers1 ,i had a conversation with a half-civilized ,sheik1 who had visited our camp and seemed to take a good deal of interest in the portrait of a mitrailleuse 70,gatling gun87 that had been photographed together with a group of ,zouave artillerists4 ,after scrutinizing the picture and comparing it with the original1 he clutched his head1 as if stunned by his emotions4 #8,where do they teach such things8' he inquired1 and then suddenly burst out3 #8,what a pity that education and ,gatling guns can not be had at home6' ,for ,north ,america1 at least1 ,,the ,,chautauquan seems to have solved one of those problems40 99 99 99 99 99 ,in a yellowish1 time-worn volume bearing the title1 ,the ,allegheny ,magazine1 or ,repository of ,useful ,knowledge1 issued in ,meadville1 ,pa41 on ,july #d1 #ahaf1 we find in a paper on ,chautauqua the following3 8,the tradition among the ,seneca ,indians is1 that when their ancestors first came to the margin of this ,chautauqua lake and had reclined their weary limbs for the night1 they were roused by a tremendous wind which suddenly and unexpectedly brought the waves upon the shore to the jeopardy of their lives4 ,the aboriginal history as handed down from father to son further represents that in the confusion of the scene a child was swept away by the surge beyond the possibility of recovery4 ,hence the name of the lake ,chaud-dauk-wa2 the radix from which this is formed signifying a child1 or something respecting a child4 ,the word is usually spelled ,chautauqua2 but1 according to the pronunciation of the venerable ,cornplanter1 whose example is the best authority1 it should be written ,chaud-dauk-wa1 the two first syllables of which are long1 and the consonant at the end of each is to be distinctly sounded40 99 99 99 99 99 ,mr4 ,francis ,murphy1 the apostle of temperance1 who1 by the way1 is engaged to speak at ,chautauqua next season1 is a very useful and popular man in ,pittsburgh1 ,pa4 ,mr4 ,murphy has recently been invited to become the pastor of a ,people's ,church which leading citizens of ,pittsburgh propose to establish4 ,he is a powerful man with the masses1 and his method of 8,gospel-,temperance0 is a wise one4 ,by his efforts tens of thousands of drinkers1 drunkards and saloon keepers have been led to become better men4 ,we shall watch the new departure in ,pittsburgh with a great deal of interest4 99 99 99 99 99 ,bishop ,hurst has discovered in ,cairo1 ,egypt1 the next largest university to ,chautauqua in the world4 ,his rich article on the 8,mohammedan ,university10 in this impression1 fixes the number of students in attendance at about #ae1jjj4 ,the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 numbers more than #fj1jjj1 and the class of #ahhh1 organized this school year1 will reach nearly1 if not quite1 #bj1jjj members4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the recent terrible explosions in ,london have set us to counting up the similar outrages which have been perpetrated of late in ,england4 ,in #ahha1 attempts were made to blow up the armory at ,salford1 the ,mansion ,house1 ,london1 the ,lord ,mayor's private apartment1 the barracks at ,chester1 the ,central ,police ,station at ,liverpool1 and the ,town ,hall at ,liverpool4 ,the activity of the dynamiteurs was checked about this time by the vigilance of the police1 and nothing further was done until ,march #ae1 #ahhc1 when the ,local ,government ,board offices in ,westminster1 near the ,house of ,parliament1 were nearly destroyed by an explosion of dynamite4 ,in #ahhd1 attempts were made to shatter three railway stations in ,london1 explosions occurred in ,scotland ,yard and at ,st4 ,james ,square and under ,london ,bridge4 ,already1 in #ahhe1 there have been an explosion on a ,london underground railway1 and the outrages in ,westminster ,palace and the ,tower4 99 99 99 99 99 ,what shall we do8 ,how shall we treat these outrages8 ,we can do nothing4 ,to be sure it is a shameful list of cowardly1 ineffectual deeds4 ,yet they deserve more pity than rage4 ,it is a sad thought1 that in rich1 cultured1 high-bred old ,england1 there can exist a class so weak1 cruel1 and miserable that it tries to right its wrongs by methods more horrible than those of war4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a very suggestive scene took place recently in the ,arkansas ,assembly4 ,engrossing and enrolling clerks were to be elected4 ,the members brought up the names of several ladies1 discussing their ability1 beauty1 and claims to recognition1 in most eloquent terms4 ,after a long and amusing discussion1 both positions were filled by ladies4 ,this move gives to the self-supporting women of ,arkansas a new outlook4 ,the possibility of securing such positions will incite hundreds of women to prepare for clerkships1 which if not found in the legislature will surely be found elsewhere1 as the peculiar ability of women for such work is recognized4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the legislature of ,georgia1 at its past session provided a similar opportunity for the women within its borders4 ,eight to ten clerks have been regularly employed each session to assist the clerk of the lower house of the legislature4 ,of its own accord the ,house directed that women be hereafter employed to fill these positions4 ,this was done1 and the bills engrossed by them are said to have been remarkably neat and accurate4 ,this ready sympathy for the women who must earn their bread1 and manly effort to make places for them1 is very characteristic of the generous southern heart4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the ,assembly at ,lake de ,funiak1 ,florida1 will be in session when this number of ,,the ,,chautauquan is on its way to our subscribers4 ,the opening takes place on ,february #ah4 ,it is the first attempt at planting the ,chautauqua ,idea so far south1 but after its fashion it is sure to take root4 ,the preparations made by ,mr4 ,gillet and his associates give promise of a good program4 ,we expect an account of the meeting for the ,april number of ,,the ,,chautauquan4 99 99 99 99 99 ,two big schemes to attract patronage have of late come before the country4 ,at the time the ,new ,orleans ,exposition seemed to stagger under its load of expense1 and money was absolutely necessary1 the ,louisiana ,lottery tried to get control of the ,exposition4 ,general ,grant's embarrassment was seized upon by the incorrigible ,barnum1 who proposed buying the invaluable curiosities and relics of the ,general1 to display in his summer pilgrimages through the country4 ,it makes a person of taste blush to think of this impudence1 to remember that there is a very large class of people who are willing to drag into advertising the most dignified and sacred institutions in the country4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the commercial side of ,chautauqua ,lake does not often reveal itself in the educational work which finds its center there4 ,the beautiful country which forms the setting for the fair lake has1 however1 more than one most interesting industry4 ,just now ice cutting is at its height4 ,there is a transit company which packs dressed meats1 eggs1 butter1 and other perishable articles1 at ,chicago4 ,when these refrigerator cars start from that city1 ice is placed in the cars1 which is expected and found to keep the stores in fresh condition1 as far as ,salamanca2 here the cars must be replenished1 and it is to these storehouses that the ice which is now being cut from the lake is sent4 ,the company employs men and teams near the lake to cut the ice1 and the process is a very interesting one4 99 99 99 99 99 ,mr4 ,edmund ,yates1 the editor of the ,london ,world1 has been committed to prison for four months for allowing in his columns a bit of gossip connecting in an injurious statement the name of a young woman with that of a young nobleman4 ,it is a refreshing sign of the times4 ,popular sentiment has tolerated an immense amount of personality1 of curiosity1 and of absolute impudence in the social columns of newspapers4 ,mr4 ,yates's punishment will emphasize the fact that the public is not so depraved as editors often consider it4 ,by the way1 how like is this affair to that earlier one of ,mr4 ,yates's1 when he was turned out of the ,garrick ,club for publishing a disrespectful paragraph about ,thackeray1 a fellow-member4 ,it is to be hoped that ,mr4 ,yates will soon learn that it is a mean thing to make one's bread by selling a friend's peculiarities or a neighbor's mistakes and sins4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the ,christian revolt of the ,jews of ,bessarabia1 and the establishment of the 8,national ,jewish ,society of the ,new ,testament10 was discussed by ,bishop ,hurst in the ,january issue of this magazine4 ,the founder of this new sect1 ,rabinowitz1 has been since found dead at his home in ,kishenev4 ,it is believed that he was murdered4 ,the ,christian authorities believe that it is the work of the orthodox ,hebrews1 and it is not improbable that such is the case4 ,apostasy in religion very rarely receives from men ,gamaliel's advised treatment1 and unless the law can secure safety for these reformers1 there is but little chance that they will escape the fate which all the history of the past teaches us that religious fanaticism believes to be the just and only treatment4 99 99 99 99 99 ,it is gratifying to know that in all probability the #bej1jjj required for the pedestal of the ,bartholdi statue will soon be in the hands of the committee4 ,the difficulty in raising the money has revealed a new side of ,american generosity4 ,the financial agent of the pedestal committee probably explained it1 when he said recently3 8,the ,american people are peculiar about these matters4 ,you touch their sympathies and sensibilities1 and money flows like water4 ,for flood or fire sufferers you can raise a million dollars in forty-eight hours and have a million more advanced for emergencies by bankers who know that it will be promptly replaced by willing givers4 ,but we haven't got along to the appreciation of art--of great masterpieces like the ,bartholdi statue--and so it was hard to raise money for it4 ,in ,france1 under similar conditions1 the fund would have been raised in a week40 99 99 99 99 99 ,apropos of the above a step that is being taken in many cities and towns of late1 will undoubtedly do much to cultivate among us the lamented lack of 8appreciation of art40 ,it is the establishment of city and village art museums4 ,worcester1 ,mass41 has had #be1jjj left to her1 recently1 to invest in an art museum4 ,smaller sums have been raised in several other towns4 ,a good opportunity to study art thoroughly may be secured to any village by a donation of #a1jjj4 ,casts1 photographs1 engravings1 and a few standard works are sufficient to cultivate correct ideas1 and lay the foundation of knowledge4 ,it is the only way in which to raise the standard of taste in the villages remote from the few cities of ,america which boast art museums4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the question of the date of the birth of ,elizabeth ,barrett ,browning interested the readers of the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 some time ago4 ,the year alone was ascertained4 ,if any one was troubled that we were unable to answer the query exactly1 the answer of ,mr4 ,robert ,browning to a lady asking for the date of ,mrs4 ,browning's birth may be of some consolation3 8,i know neither the day1 month1 nor year of ,elizabeth ,barrett ,browning's birth4 ,it is a subject upon which ,i have never had the slightest curiosity40 99 99 99 99 99 ,one of the most active public men of the last generation has been ,schuyler ,colfax4 ,he has been prominent1 both as a political leader and as a public speaker4 ,mr4 ,colfax's life of a little more than sixty years was immensely busy4 ,he made his career1 beginning as errand boy and clerk in his grandfather's store4 ,after he was eighteen years of age he took up the study of law1 then launching out as a journalist1 and finally1 at twenty-five1 entering the world of politics as secretary of the ,whig ,national ,convention1 to which he had been sent as a delegate4 ,when the new ,republican party was started1 ,mr4 ,colfax was sent as a representative to ,congress1 and from that time he was closely identified with his party1 serving particularly as ,speaker and ,vice ,president4 ,he was of that large class of industrious1 quick witted men who make themselves indispensable in whatever relations they are placed4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the 8,imperial ,dictionary0 promises to be the rival of all the old standard dictionaries among scholarly people4 ,its form is four good sized volumes1 which signifies that the ,english language grows and grows1 and that words need fuller explanation4 ,mr4 ,gilder1 editor of ,the ,century1 explained to us1 when on a recent pleasant visit to the ,century offices1 that the 8,imperial ,dictionary0 was built on 8,webster's ,dictionary0 in ,england1 and that scholarly men had devoted ten years to the task4 ,now the ,century ,company have more than two hundred scholars engaged in making improvements on the ,english edition4 ,it will be seven years before the new ,american edition will be ready for the market4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a timely and practical department of the ,chautauqua ,university is the ,school of ,journalism4 ,this school is under the able direction of ,h4 ,w4 ,mabie1 one of the editors of the ,christian ,union4 ,the demand for such schools is great1 and the fact that all the work between teacher and pupil in this new undertaking will be conducted by correspondence1 is an additional argument in its favor4 ,the plan is briefly this3 ,three courses of study1 with supplementary readings for those who have time for them1 have been prepared2 theses are expected on subjects assigned1 and these will be criticised with special reference to vigorous style2 constant correspondence will furnish needed help and hints4 ,the plan is a wise one1 its director is able1 and there is no doubt but there are numerous young men and women to whom it will open the long desired way out of the woods4 99 99 99 99 99 ,one of the most romantic spots of ,american history is that of the ,florida ,chautauqua4 ,ponce de ,leon's famous quest for the ,fountain of ,youth lay through this region1 and ,lake de ,funiak itself is fabled to be one of the springs by which the old knight encamped4 ,perhaps here he plunged into the clear waters and vainly waited to see himself changed to vigorous youth again4 ,however that may be1 the road he laid out is a thoroughfare for ,florida travelers to-day1 and about the clear lake still hangs the tradition that it is the fabled ,fountain of ,youth4 ,ten miles from ,lake de ,funiak is a second spring which still bears the gallant ,spaniard's name4 ,it will be a rare opportunity for dreaming over those early adventures that visitors to ,lake de ,funiak will have4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the proposed new word1 8,thon10 which was suggested in the program in ,,the ,,chautauquan for ,january as a suitable subject for an essay1 seems to have caused our readers some trouble4 ,a word of explanation may help them4 ,we have no pronoun of the singular number and common gender in ,english4 ,the absence of such a word leads to many awkward circumlocutions4 ,to obviate this trouble ,mr4 ,c4 ,c4 ,converse1 a lawyer1 has compounded the word thon1 from that and one--declined3 nominative thon1 possessive thons1 objective thon4 ,its use is evident4 ,in this sentence is an example3 ,if ,george or ,anna will meet me ,i will go with thon4 ,the word has been much discussed and much amusement is caused by using it--a practice which1 however1 demonstrates the need we have for such a word4 ,prof4 ,march1 of ,lafayette ,college1 writes3 8,i do not know that any other vocable would have so good a chance for this vacancy40 ,prof4 ,norton1 of ,harvard1 says3 8,such a pronoun would undoubtedly be a convenience1 did it exist4 ,the difficulty lies in it being yours4 ,all forms of speech have grown1 and ,i do not recall an instance of the use by a civilized race of any word1 not a noun or a verb1 deliberately invented by a philologer1 however ingenious40 ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 ,,notes ,,on ,,required ,,readings ,,for ,,march4 ,,college ,,greek ,,course ,,in ,,english4 ,articles on ,euripides may be found in the following works3 ,mahaffy's 8,classical ,greek ,literature20 ,blackwell's 8,introduction to the ,classics20 8,studies of the ,greek ,poets10 by ,j4 ,a4 ,symonds2 ,encyclopdia ,britannica2 8,phton10 ,fraser's ,magazine1 vol4 xlv1 p4 #dhh2 8,sea ,studies0 7,j4 ,a4 ,froude71 ,fraser's ,magazine1 vol4 xci1 p4 #eda2 8,vindication of ,euripides10 ,national ,quarterly1 vol4 xix1 p4 #a4 ,p4 #ahh4--8,the ,raging ,hercules40 ,one of the most precious remains of ,euripides1 full of tragic pathos4 ,while ,hercules is absent from home1 ,lycos1 tyrant of ,thebes1 persecutes his father1 wife and children4 ,as they are about to be put to death1 ,hercules returns and a scene of vengeance follows1 and ,lycos is the one to suffer death4 8,balaustion10 ba-lausti-on4 8,sicilian ,expedition40 ,see 8,brief ,history of ,greece10 page #ca4 ,p4 #aia4--8,mistress40 ,artemis4 ,p4 #aib4--8;,i-olcos40 ,an ancient town in ,thessaly1 the place from which the ,argonauts set sail4 8,stygian barge40 ,the ,greek's view of the world entered immediately after death is given in the following quotation from ,seemann's 8,classical ,mythology30 8,it was supposed to be a region in the center of the earth1 with several passages to and from the upper world4 ,through it flowed several rivers--,co-cytus1 ,pyri-phlege-thon1 ,ache-ron and ,styx4 ,the last of these encompassed the lower world several times1 and could only be crossed by the aid of ,charon1 the ferryman1 who was depicted as a sullen old man with a bristling beard4 ,the ,greeks1 therefore1 used to place an obolus 7small copper coin7 in the mouths of their dead1 in order that the soul might not be turned back by ,charon for lack of money4 ,on the farther side of the river the portals were watched by the dreadful hell-hound ,cerberus1 a three-headed monster1 who refused no one entrance1 but allowed none to leave the house of ,pluto4 ,all souls on reaching the lower world had to appear before the tribunal of ,minos1 ,rhadamanthus1 and acus4 ,those whose lives had been upright were then permitted to enter ,elysium1 where they led a life of uninterrupted bliss2 while those who on earth had been criminal and wicked were consigned to ,tartarus1 where they were tormented by the ,furies and other evil spirits4 ,those whose lives had not been distinctly good or bad remained in the ,asphodel ,meadow1 where1 as dim shadows1 they passed a dull1 joyless existence40 ,p4 #aid4--8,kor10 kr4 ,persephone or ,proserpine1 the wife of ,pluto4 ,p4 #aie4--8,moirai10 moyr4 ,p4 #aig4--8,strophe40 ,in ,greek tragedy1 in its highest development1 there was a group of persons1 composed of both sexes1 who constituted the chorus4 ,when the actors paused the chorus sung or spoke1 accompanied by solemn music1 moving from one side of the stage to the other4 ,the time of this movement was adapted to the stanzas1 so that one1 called the strophe1 was given as they passed in one direction1 and the next1 the antistrophe1 as they passed back4 8,daughter of ,pelias40 ,alcestis4 8,seven-chorded shell40 ,tradition tells that the first lyre was made by ,mercury1 out of the shell of a tortoise1 which he caught a few hours after his birth4 ,lyres were employed in recitations of epic poetry1 and consisted of a tortoise shell sounding bottom1 from which arose two horns1 joined near the top by a transverse piece of wood1 to which the upper ends of the strings1 usually seven in number1 which were stretched perpendicularly from the bottom1 were fastened4 8,carnean feast40 ,one of the great national festivals of ,sparta1 held in honor of ,apollo1 who had for a surname ,carneus1 which was derived by some from ,carnus1 a son of ,jupiter and ,latona1 and by others from ,carnus1 a soothsayer4 ,p4 #aii4--8,lustral bath40 ,in their early history the only rite of purification observed by the ,greeks was that of ablution in water1 but afterward sacrifices and other ceremonies were added4 ,these were used to purify individuals1 armies and states1 and to secure the blessing of the gods4 ,the word lustral is derived from the ,latin verb lustro and signifies to purify by means of propitiatory offerings4 ,p4 #bjj4--8,othrys40 ,a range of mountains in ,thessaly4 8,pythian's sake40 ,apollo's sake4 ,p4 #bje4--,the lines at the top of the page1 spoken by ,hercules1 contain the same sentiment that runs all through 8,rubiyt10 the poem written by ,omar ,khayym4 ,compare the extracts from this book given in the 8,talk ,about ,books10 in ,,the ,,chautauquan for ,february1 #ahhe1 with these stanzas4 ,to further show the similarity in thought1 we select one stanza from the poem3 8,waste not your hour1 nor in the vain pursuit ,of this and that1 endeavor and dispute2 ,better be jocund with the fruitful grape ,than sadden after none1 or bitter fruit40 ,p4 #bjf4--8;,asclepian train10 as-clepi-an4 ,train of physicians1 who are often called the descendants of sculapius1 the god of the medical art4 ,p4 #baj4--8;,gorgon40 ,a terrible winged woman1 who dwelt with her two sisters on the borders of ,oceanus1 the river that flowed around the ancient world4 ,she was beheaded by ,perseus1 who accomplished the perilous task by the help of ,hermes and ,athena4 ,p4 #baa4--8,son of ,sthenelus10 sthene-lus4 ,euristheus1 who assigned to ,hercules his twelve labors4 ,p4 #bab4--8;,electra40 ,daughter of ,agamemnon and ,clytemnestra4 ,on the return of ,agamemnon from the ,trojan war1 ,clytemnestra and her paramour murdered him4 ,when her young brother1 ,orestes1 had grown to manhood1 ,electra excited him to avenge the death of ,agamemnon1 and assisted him in slaying their mother4 ,p4 #bac4--8,medea40 ,the wife of ,jason1 the ,argonautic hero4 8,pieria10 pi-eri-a4 ,a narrow strip of country along the southeastern coast of ,macedonia4 8,harmonia40 ,daughter of ,mars and ,venus1 and wife of ,cadmus4 ,p4 #baf4--;,in connection with the chapter on ,ar-is-tophan-es1 the following works may be read3 ,mahaffy's 8,classical ,greek ,literature0 7readings will be found in this book on all the characters mentioned in 8,college ,greek ,course071 8,aristophanes10 ,national ,quarterly1 vol4 iii1 p4 #gj3 ,fraser's ,magazine1 vol4 xii1 p4 #bbb4 ,p4 #bai4--8;,creon40 ,cleon is meant1 the 8leather-seller0 who for six years was the most influential man in ,athens4 ,he took command of the forces at ,sphac-teri-a1 during the ,peloponnesian war1 and fulfilled the promise he had boastingly made1 that he would capture the ,spartans within twenty days if the ,athenians would send him against them4 ,p4 #bbj4--8,tableaux vivants10 t-bl v-v4 ,living representations1 in which persons are grouped as in pictures4 ,we frequently use only the first of these ,french words4 8,sophist40 ,the ,sophists were the leading public teachers in ,greece during the fifth and fourth centuries ,b4 ,c4 ,in its original sense1 the word meant a wise man1 and as such could properly be applied to ,socrates4 ,but in his day1 as a class1 they were 8ostentatious imposters1 flattering and duping the rich for the sake of personal gain40 ,p4 #bbe4--8,rhea40 ,the wife of ,saturn1 and the great goddess of the world4 8,hebrus40 ,the principal river in ,thrace4 ,p4 #bbf4--,readings on ,pindar will be found in ,talfourd's 8,history of ,greek ,literature10 ,national ,quarterly1 vol4 xxxii1 p4 #bjc2 ,london ,magazine1 vol4 ii1 p4 #fj4 ,readings on ,sappho1 ,the ,atlantic 7,t4 ,w4 ,higginson71 vol4 xxviii1 p4 #hc2 ,harper's ,magazine1 vol4 lvi1 p4 #agg2 ,appleton's ,magazine1 vol4 vi1 p4 #aeh4 ,readings on ,simonides1 ,westminster ,review1 vol4 xxxii1 p4 #ii2 ,fraser's ,magazine1 vol4 ii1 p4 #eb4 ,p4 #bbh4--8;,dithyrambics10 dith-y-rambics4 ,originally songs in honor of ,bacchus2 later1 any poems written in a wild and enthusiastic manner4 8,the ,ivy-clad ,boy40 ,bacchus4 8,bromius40 ,one of the surnames of ,bacchus1 signifying the shouter4 8,eriboas40 ,see index of 8,college ,greek ,course40 ,p4 #bbi4--8,prophet of ,nemea's strand40 ,jupiter4 8,orchomenus10 or-kome-nus4 ,an ancient and powerful city of ,botia4 8,minyans40 ,an ancient ,greek race1 said to have migrated from ,thessaly4 ,their ancestral hero1 ,minyas1 is said to have been a son of ,neptune4 ,p4 #bcj4--8;,a-glaia10 8,eu-phrosy-ne10 8,tha-lia40 ,the names of the ,graces4 8,a-sopi-chus40 ,see index to 8,college ,greek ,course40 8,cle-o-dmus40 ,usually written ,cleodus4 ,a descendant of ,hercules1 who made an unsuccessful attempt to lead the ,heraclid back into their own land1 the ,peloponnesus4 ,temenus1 his grandson1 succeeded in the attempt4 8,bellerophon40 ,a ,corinthian1 who obtained possession of the winged horse1 ,pegasus1 who rose with him into the air1 whence by means of arrows he killed the ,chimra1 a fire-breathing monster which had three heads1 one that of a lion1 one of a dragon1 and one of a goat4 ,it had made great havoc in ,lycia and the surrounding countries4 ,afterward he conquered the ,solymi1 a warlike race inhabiting the mountains of ,lycia1 and the ,amazons1 a mythical1 warlike race of females4 ,p4 #bcb4--8,typhon40 ,a monster who wished to acquire the sovereignty of gods and men1 but who was subdued1 after a fearful struggle1 by ,jupiter1 and confined in a ,cicilian cave4 ,he begot the winds4 ,p4 #bcc4--8,phala-ris10 ,b4 ,c4 #egj4 ,a cruel and inhuman tyrant of ,agrigentum1 who was put to death in a sudden outbreak of popular fury4 ,he is said to have burned alive the victims of his cruelty1 in a large brazen bull4 ,p4 #bdj4--8;,a-donis40 ,a beautiful youth beloved by ,venus4 ,he died from a wound which he received from a wild boar4 ,the grief of the goddess was so great that the gods of the lower world allowed ,adonis to return to the earth for six months every year4 ,in this myth the death of the youth every year probably represents winter1 and his return1 summer4 8,cypris0 and 8,cyth-e-rea40 ,venus4 ,p4 #bda4--8;,arethusa40 ,the nymph of the famous fountain of ,arethusa1 on the island of ,ortygia4 ,p4 #bdb4--8,meles40 ,a small stream in ,ionia1 on the bank of which ,homer is said to have been born4 8,pegassean fountain40 ,the inspiring well of the muses on ,mt4 ,helicon1 said to have been formed from a kick given by ,pegasus4 ,it is sometimes called the ,hippocrene4 8,daughter of ,tyndarus40 ,helen of ,troy4 8,son of ,thetis40 ,achilles4 8,eros40 ,cupid4 8,al-cides40 ,hercules4 8,orpheus40 ,see ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 ,notes in ,,the ,,chautauquan for ,november1 #ahhd4 ,eurydice is the wife of ,orpheus1 instead of ,proserpine1 as there stated4 ,p4 #bdd4--8;,daphnis40 ,a ,sicilian hero1 son of ,mercury1 and a nymph4 ,a ,naiad fell in love with him and made him swear he would never love another4 ,but he met and loved a princess1 and the ,naiad smote him with blindness4 ,he besought his father for help1 and the latter removed him to the abode of the gods1 and caused a fountain to gush forth on the spot whence he was taken up4 8,thirsis40 ,a herdsman who laments the death of ,daphnis4 8,priapus40 ,son of ,bacchus4 ,one of the divinities presiding over agricultural pursuits4 ,p4 #bde4--8;,glin-gale40 ,a rush-like1 or grass-like plant1 often called sedge4 8,ly-caon's son40 ,pandarus4 ,one of the commanders in the ,trojan war4 ,p4 #bdf4--8;,cicala10 si-cl4 ,usually written cicada4 ,the locust4 ,p4 #bdg4--8;,dilettanteism10 dil-et-tante-ism4 ,admiration of the fine arts4 ,p4 #bea4--8;,golgi40 ,a ,sicyonian colony1 inhabiting a town of the same name in ,cypris4 8,idalium40 ,a town of ,cypris4 ,p4 #bec4--;,for supplementary reading on ,demosthenes see ,talfourd's 8,history of ,greek ,literature20 ,the ,north ,american ,review1 vol4 xxii1 p4 #cd2 ,new ,york ,review1 vol4 ix1 p4 #a2 ,national ,review1 vol4 xii1 p4 #ii4 ,p4 #bee4--8;,ignatius ,loyola10 ig-nasheus loi-ola4 7#adia-aeef47 ,a ,spaniard2 the founder of the ,society of ,jesus4 ,he served as page in the court of ,ferdinand and ,isabella1 and later engaged in the wars against the ,french and the ,moors4 ,he was severely wounded in battle1 and was made lame4 ,his thoughts were then turned toward a religious life4 ,long fasts and scourgings often brought him near to death4 ,he attended the ,university of ,paris1 where he took the master's degree at the age of forty-three4 ,afterward he gathered a few followers about him as the nucleus for his society1 which in a short time became so famous4 ,p4 #bgj4--8,margites40 ,a poem ascribed to ,homer1 which holds up to ridicule a man who pretended to know many things1 and knew nothing well4 ,p4 #bge4--8,milo40 ,a ,roman of daring and unscrupulous character4 ,he was impeached for bribery and for interfering with the freedom of elections1 and ,cicero undertook his defense4 ,p4 #bgh4--8;,cyrcilus40 ,the stoning of this man and his family occurred when the ,athenians1 under ,themistocles1 retreated from their city to ,salamis1 after learning that ,thermopyl was in the possession of the ,persians4 ,p4 #bha4--8,laocon40 ,while the ,trojans were debating whether they should receive the wooden horse into the city1 ,laocon1 a priest1 rushed forward and warned them not to do it1 and struck his spear into its side4 ,as a punishment1 ,minerva sent two monstrous serpents1 which crushed him and his two sons to death4 ,p4 #bhb4--8;,bema40 ,a raised place1 from which an orator addressed public assemblies4 ,,chemistry4 ,p4 #gg4--8;,champs de ,mars10 ,sh duh ,mars4 ,field of ,mars4 ,the name given to the place devoted to military exercises in ,france4 ,it is an extensive parade ground1 about #c1jjj feet long and #a1ejj feet wide1 lying on the left bank of the ,seine4 ,there are four rows of trees on each side1 and it is entered by five gates4 ,it was finished in #agij1 and in their eagerness to have it ready for the first great feast of the ,french ,revolution1 on ,july #adth1 of that year1 #fj1jjj volunteers1 men and women1 worked night and day for two weeks1 and completed it in time4 ,at this feast the king swore allegiance to the constitution4 ,the ,champs de ,mars has been the scene of many great historic events4 ,the ,world's ,fair of #ahfg was held there4 ,p4 #gh4--8;,academy of ,science40 ,this was organized in ,france in #afff4 ,in #agie it1 with four other academies1 viz43 the ,french ,academy1 ,academy of ,painting and ,sculpture1 ,academy of ,belles ,lettres1 and the ,academy of ,moral and ,political ,science1 was revived in a new form1 under the name of the ,institut ,national4 ,this institution is the most important of its kind in the world4 ,these academies now have the same relation to the ,institut that colleges bear to a university4 ,in the ,academy of ,science at present there are sixty-three members and one hundred corresponding members4 ,it bestows an annual prize of about #b1jjj1 for the most important astronomical observation1 a prize of nearly #fjj for productions on natural science1 and other rewards for inventions1 discoveries1 and improvements4 ,its sessions are all held in public1 and are much frequented4 ,p4 #hj4--;,a free translation of the note at the bottom of the page3 ,having attained an altitude of #bb1ifj feet1 he still wished to go higher1 and so disburdened himself of all the objects which he could in any way do without4 ,among these objects was a chair of white wood1 which chanced to light in a thicket1 very near a young girl who was tending some sheep4 ,great1 indeed1 was the astonishment of the shepherdess6 ,the sky was clear1 the balloon invisible4 ,what else could she think of the chair than that it had come from ,paradise8 ,the only objection that could be raised against the conjecture was the rudeness of its construction4 ,the workmen in the higher world1 said the incredulous1 could not be so unskillful4 ,the discussion was still going on1 when the papers1 in publishing all the particulars of the aerial voyage of ,gay ,lussac1 announced1 among the natural results of the ascent1 this which up to this time had seemed a miracle4 ,p4 #he4--8,scheele10 shleh4 ,p4 #ia4--8,litmus paper40 ,paper that has been prepared for use as a test for acids and alkalies4 ,litmus is a blue coloring matter1 extracted from lichens which are found along the rocky coasts of the ,mediterranean1 and other tropical lands4 ,they are largely used for dyeing purposes1 and when prepared with potash or soda1 they produce litmus4 ,a strong infusion of litmus is made with boiling water1 and a little sulphuric acid is added4 ,unsized paper is dipped into this infusion1 which gives it a blue color4 ,the application of any acid will change the blue to red1 and then the blue color may be immediately restored by immersing the paper in an alkali4 ,so delicate a test is it1 that the paper has to be preserved in closely stoppered bottles1 to prevent the access of acid fumes4 ,p4 #id4--8;,berthollet10 ber-to-l4 ,p4 #ajj4--8;,balard10 b-lr4 ,p4 #aja4--8,liebig10 leebig4 ,p4 #ajg4--8,varech10 vrek2 8,barilla10 ba-rilla4 ,p4 #ajh4--8;,courtois10 koor-tw4 ,p4 #aad4--8,nickls10 n-kl4 ,p4 #aae4--8,puy ,maurin10 pwe-m-ra2 8,hauy10 -we4 ,,notes ,,on ,,required ,,readings ,,in 8,,the ,,chautauquan40 ,,temperance ,,teachings ,,of ,,science4 #a4 8,boerhave10 brhv1 ,hermann4 7#affh-agch47 ,a ,dutch physician4 ,he gave much attention to the distinction between mind and matter1 and condemned the doctrines of ,epicurus1 ,hobbes and ,spinoza4 ,he published several works on the study and practice of medicine1 and held the chair of chemistry1 botany1 and medicine in ,leyden ,university4 #b4 8,saracens40 ,the ,mohammedan people who1 coming from ,mauritania1 invaded ,europe in the early part of the eighth century4 ,in ,spain they took the name of ,moors4 ,they applied to all unbelievers in ,mohammedanism the name ,giaours 7jour7 as a term of reproach4 #c4 8,lorenz ,oken40 7#aggi-ahea47 ,a ,german naturalist1 and the author of several works4 ,he was professor of medical science for a time at ,jena1 and editor of the celebrated periodical1 ,the ,isis1 devoted to natural science4 ,at the time of his death1 he held the position of professor of natural science in ,zurich1 ,switzerland4 ,a statue has been erected to his honor in ,jena1 ,germany4 #d4 8,bentham10 ,jeremy4 7#agdh-ahcb47 ,an ,english writer on politics and jurisprudence4 ,in opposition to ,blackstone's views1 he wrote 8,fragments on ,government40 ,his numerous literary works were more kindly received in ,france than in ,england4 ,one of his latest works was the 8,art of ,packing10 that is1 of arranging juries so as to obtain any verdict desired4 ,he wrote a book on the 8,defense of ,usury10 showing the impolicy of placing restraints upon dealings in money4 #e4 8,benjamin ,rush40 7#agde-ahac47 ,a celebrated ,american physician1 one of the signers of the ,declaration of ,independence4 ,during the ravages of the yellow fever1 in #agic1 he distinguished himself by rendering extraordinary services1 and his history of that epidemic is a valuable work4 #f4 8,nostrum ,mongers40 ,sellers of quack medicines4 #g4 8,circenses10 sir-senss4 ,a ,latin term1 meaning race-courses4 ,here it can be translated recreations4 #h4 8,panes10 pans4 ,bread1 means of subsistence4 #i4 8,languedoc10 langgue-dock4 ,a name applied during the middle ages to a province in the south of ,france1 which is now divided into several departments1 among which are ,aude1 ,hrault1 and ,upper ,garonne4 #aj4 8,bunsen10 ,christian ,karl1 ,baron von1 generally known as ,chevalier ,bunsen4 7#agia-ahfj47 ,one of the most distinguished statesmen and scholars of ,germany4 ,through the favor of ,niebuhr1 who was ,prussian minister at ,rome1 he was appointed secretary to the ,prussian embassy at that court1 where he remained twenty years1 and then succeeded ,niebuhr as minister4 ,later he was sent as ,prussian embassador to ,england4 ,he was highly esteemed by ,frederick ,william ,,iii4 and ,frederick ,william ,,iv41 both of whom frequently took him into their counsel4 ,he was one of the most zealous workers in bringing about the union of the ,german states4 ,his widow has published the 8,memoirs of ,bunsen40 #aa4 8,turnerhalls40 ,gymnasia which were established throughout ,germany through the enterprise of ,friedrich ,ludwig ,jahn1 in the latter part of the eighteenth century1 for the purpose of fitting young men to endure the fatigues of war4 #ab4 8,jean ,jacques ,rousseau40 7#agab-aggh47 ,one of the most eloquent ,french writers and singular characters of his age4 ,he was denounced on account of his subversive theories and the immoralities of his life4 ,his erratic social and political teachings are redeemed in part by the strong desire he had to increase the happiness of the laboring classes4 #ac4 8,goldwin ,smith40 7#ahbc-47 ,an ,english author1 and a warm friend to the federal government during the civil war4 ,coming to the ,united ,states in #ahfh1 he became professor of ,english history in ,cornell ,university4 ,,sunday ,,readings4 ,the selection given in ,,the ,,chautauquan as a ,sunday ,reading for ,october #e1 #ahhd1 was from ,gotthold's 8,emblems40 ,the note on ,gotthold was crowded out of the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 ,notes4 ,many inquiries have been made concerning him2 for this reason we insert the following3 8,christian ,scriver1 a ,lutheran clergyman and writer of devotional works in the seventeenth century1 the contemporary and friend of ,spener1 was born at ,rendsburg1 in ,holstein1 ,january #b1 #afbi4 ,his childhood was spent under the care of a widowed mother in the trying period of the ,thirty ,years' ,war2 but a wealthy merchant--a brother of ,scriver's grandmother--finally made provision for his needs4 ,after suitable preparatory studies1 ,scriver became a private tutor1 and in #afdg entered the ,university of ,rostock4 ,in #afec he was archdeacon at ,stendal1 and in #affg pastor at ,magdeburg1 with which position he combined other offices1 e4 g41 that of a scolarch1 and finally of a senior in the government of the church4 ,he refused to leave ,magdeburg in answer to repeated calls to ,halberstadt1 to ,berlin1 and to the court of ,stockholm1 but in advanced age was induced to accept the post of court preacher at ,que ,dinburg4 ,in #afib he suffered an apoplectic stroke1 and on ,april #e1 #afic1 died4 ,he had been married four times1 and had had fourteen children born to him1 but he outlived all his wives and children except one son and one daughter4 8,the name of ,scriver has lived among the common people through the publication of his #8,seelenschatz' 7,magd4 and ,leipsic1 #agcg1 ,schaffhausen1 #agch1 sq41 five parts in two vols41 folio71 a manual of devotion which he dedicated to #8the ,triune ,god1' and which deserves high commendation4 ,another work deserving of mention is ,gotthold's #8,zufllige ,andachten' 7first edition #afga1 and often71 a sort of ,christian parables1 #djj in number1 which are based on objects in nature and ordinary occurrences in life4 ,the #8,siech4 u4 ,siegesbette' describes a sickness through which he passed1 and the aids and comforts derived from ,god's goodness in that time4 ,prittius has published a work of consolation entitled #8,wittwentrost1' from ,scriver's literary remains40 ,for ,scriver's life see ,prittius's preface to the 8,seelenschatz20 ,christmann's 8,biographie0 7,nuremburg1 #ahbi73 ,hagenbach's 8,wesen u4 ,gesch4 d4 ,reformat410 vol4 iv2 8,evanganlisch ,protestanitismus10 vol4 ii1 #agg sq42 ,herzog's 8,real-,encyklop10 s4 v4 99 99 99 99 99 #a4 8,renan10 rh-n4 7#ahbc-47 ,a ,french philosopher1 who has published several treatises on comparative philology1 and translations of scriptural books with critical introductions1 and has written much for periodicals4 ,he was sent at the head of a scientific commission to explore ,tyre and ,sidon1 ,lebanon and other localities1 and made many interesting discoveries4 #b4 8,whitefield10 ,george4 7#agad-aggj47 ,the founder of ,calvinistic ,methodism4 ,he set the example of preaching in the open air1 and at one time is said to have addressed #fj1jjj persons at ,moorfields4 ,he quarreled with ,wesley on the subject of predestination1 but afterward was reconciled to him1 although he never agreed with him in doctrine4 ,he made several visits to the ,united ,states4 #c4 8,president ,edwards10 ,jonathan4 7#agde-ahja47 ,son of ,jonathan ,edwards1 the divine4 ,he was president of ,union ,college1 ,schenectady1 ,n4 ,y4 ,his complete works were published in two volumes4 #d4 8,tholuck10 tlook4 7#agii-ahgg47 ,a ,german divine4 ,in #ahbf he was called to the ,university of ,halle1 as professor of theology1 where he spent the remaining years of his life4 ,,studies ,,in ,,kitchen ,,science4 #a4 8,brassica olerace10 brassi-ca -ler-ase-4 #b4 8,bore-cole40 ,a variety of cabbage1 not having its leaves packed into a firm head1 but loose and curled4 #c4 8,daucas carota10 daucus ca-rota4 #d4 8,beta vulgaris10 bta vul-gris4 #e4 8,mangold-,wurzel40 ,commonly written mangel wurzel4 #f4 8,allium ,cepa10 alli-um spa4 ,,the ,,preparation ,,of ,,vegetables4 #a4 8,entres10 otr4 ,the first course of dishes served on the table4 #b4 8,mayonnaise10 myon-naise4 ,,the ,,circle ,,of ,,the ,,sciences4 #a4 8,tufa40 ,a kind of volcanic sandstone1 composed of pulverized volcanic rocks4 ,it is formed whenever a shower of rain accompanies the fall of cinders1 during the eruption of a volcano4 #b4 8,drift period40 ,the name applied to the time in which that remarkable bed of earth1 gravel1 and stones of all dimensions1 was deposited4 ,it has puzzled all geologists to account for this formation1 which is the lowest of the three groups of the superficial covering of the earth1 and no completely satisfactory theory has yet been advanced4 #c4 ,the large ,new ,zealand bird described was called the moa4 #d4 8,carboniferous period40 ,coal age4 ,by careful study it has been found that in the progress of the earth's development a number of great ages have existed--each distinguished from the others by some marked change4 ,that of coal plants is placed by geologists as the fourth age1 counting upward from the lowest formation4 ,it was remarkable for the alternate low elevation of the land above the sea level1 and its submergences2 and also for the luxuriant growth of vegetation1 which1 under the great pressure and heat to which it was subjected while the surface was submerged1 was changed into coal4 #e4 8,spectroscope40 ,the name given to the apparatus used for the study of the spectrum4 8,when a ray of sunlight admitted through an aperture in a dark room is concentrated upon a prism of rock salt0--or glass--8by means of a lens of the same material1 and then after emerging from the prism is received on a screen1 it will be found to present a band of colors1 in the following order3 red1 orange1 yellow1 green1 blue1 indigo1 and violet40--,ganot4 ,this band is called the spectrum4 ,that there are other but invisible lines than those mentioned in the spectrum1 is proven by the use of the thermopile1 oftener called thermomultiplier1 mentioned in the article on 8,home ,studies in ,chemistry40 ,this is a complicated instrument used for detecting minute differences in the degrees of heat2 its description without an accompanying illustration would be of no benefit to any one4 ,so delicate is it that the heat of the hand held at a distance of three feet is sufficient to deflect the needle4 ,the spectroscope is composed of three telescopes1 mounted on a common foot1 whose axes converge toward a glass prism4 ,one of the telescopes is movable1 and can be adjusted so as to give the observer the clearest view of the spectrum4 ,the ray of light is admitted through the telescope and falls upon the prism1 which decomposes it1 and the spectrum is formed on the opposite side of the prism4 ,in the telescope which the observer uses a powerful magnifying glass is placed4 ,the third telescope is used for measuring the relative distances between the lines4 ,,home ,,studies ,,in ,,chemistry4 #a4 8,james ,dwight ,dana40 7#ahac-47 ,an ,american geologist and mineralogist2 the author of several works on these and other sciences4 ,he went out as mineralogist and geologist appointed by the ,united ,states ,government with the exploring expedition sent to the ,southern and ,pacific ,oceans in #ahch1 and returned in #ahdb4 ,for the next fourteen years he was busily engaged in preparing for publication the reports of this exploration4 ,these were published by the government and formed valuable records4 ,for many years he was one of the editors of the ,american ,journal of ,science and ,arts4 ,he has been elected to membership in several learned ,european societies and royal academies4 #b4 8,eisenlohr10 izen-lore4 7#agii-ahgb47 ,a ,german physicist4 ,he was a ,heidelburg student1 and in #ahai removed to ,mannheim1 where he became a teacher of mathematical and physical science in the lyceum4 ,he was afterward a professor at ,carlsruhe4 ,a ,manual of ,physics is his chief work4 #c4 8,geissler's tubes10 ghceler4 ,the spectrum of any gas can be best obtained by placing the gas in these tubes1 and then passing the electric current through4 ,if the gas is hydrogen1 the spectrum will consist of a bright red1 a green1 and a blue line4 ,each gas casts its own spectrum4 ,in this way the spectroscope aids in the analysis of substances4 ,the different spectra formed reveal the elements4 #d4 8,sir ,john ,herschel40 7#agib-ahga47 ,an ,english astronomer4 ,his great enterprise was his expedition to the ,cape of ,good ,hope to take observations of the heavens in the southern hemisphere4 ,he remained there four years4 ,his published results of his observations furnish one of the most valuable works on astronomy4 ,he did not confine his studies to astronomy alone1 but gave great attention to the subject of the atmosphere4 ,he held that from eighty to ninety miles above the earth a perfect vacuum exists1 and that three fourths of all the atmospheric air lies within four miles from the earth's surface4 ,his studies in meteorology were also very valuable1 as well as his important discoveries in photography4 ,among his published works are3 8,essays1 from the ,edinburgh and ,quarterly ,reviews1 with ,addresses and ,other ,pieces10 8,physical ,geography10 and 8,familiar ,letters on ,scientific ,subjects40 ,herschel held various positions of honor in his lifetime1 being at one time president of the ,royal ,astronomical ,society1 and afterward ,master of the ,mint for five years4 ,he was one of the eight foreign associates of the ,french ,academy of ,sciences4 #e4 8,fire ,worshipers40 ,a ,persian sect which worships fire as an emanation of the divine being4 8,fire worshipers0 is the ,english name for the ,gubers 7also called ,ghber or ,giaours--jours74 ,they call themselves ,beh ,din1 8those of excellent belief40 ,the ,arabs completed the conquest of ,persia in the seventh century1 and the great mass of the nation adopted the faith of the conquerors4 ,those who refused to do so were subjected to persecution4 ,some of them took refuge in the wilderness of ,khorasan1 and others in ,kohistan4 ,the latter in the ninth century emigrated to ,india and settled in the neighborhood of ,surat4 ,their descendants still inhabit the same region1 and are called ,parsees4 ,the descendants of those who remained in ,persia have gradually decreased in numbers and sunk into ignorance and poverty1 though still preserving a reputation for honesty1 chastity1 industry1 and obedience to law superior to that of the other ,persians4 ,they are estimated to number about #g1jjj4 #f4 8,bunsen ,burner40 ,in this burner1 at the lower end of the hollow stem through which the gas passes1 there is a lateral orifice which admits the air necessary for combustion4 ,this orifice can be made larger or smaller by means of a diaphragm which is used as a regulator4 ,if a moderate amount of air enters1 the gas burns with a luminous flame1 but if a strong and steady current is admitted1 the carbon is rapidly oxidized1 the flame loses its brightness1 and burns with a pale blue light1 scarcely perceptible1 and with intense heat4 #g4 8,voltaic ,arc40 ,a most beautiful effect1 obtained from the electric light4 ,at the terminals of a battery1 pieces of charcoal are connected and placed in contact until the current causes them to become incandescent4 ,then they are separated about the tenth of an inch1 and it is found that a luminous1 exceedingly brilliant arc connects the two points4 #h4 8,hell ,gate40 ,the name of a narrow channel between ,long ,island and ,manhattan ,island4 ,until recently the numerous reefs made it impassable for large ships and dangerous for small ones4 ,in #ahea the first efforts were made to open the channel1 by submarine blasting4 ,in #ahgf1 after many vain attempts1 the work was carried to a successful issue4 ,the total amount of money expended by ,congress for this work since #ahfh was #a1idj1jjj4 #i4 8olus40 ,a descendant of the founder of the olian race4 ,he became the ruler of certain islands in the ,tyrrhenian ,sea1 which from him were called the olian ,islands4 ,he is said to have taught his subjects to use sails on their ships1 and to have foretold the nature of the winds that were to rise4 ,homer said of him that ,jupiter had given him rule over the winds4 ,this led to his being regarded as the god of the winds1 which he was supposed to keep shut up in a mountain4 ,,talk ,,about ,,books4 ,it would be difficult for a biography of ,sydney ,smith1 that man who always took short views of life1 hoped for the best1 and put his trust in ,god1 to be other than interesting4 ,mr4 ,reid's biography,l is so interesting that the reader quite forgets to criticise4 ,it is a many-sided sketch of the brave hearted dominie4 ,it tells his history1 to be sure1 but one gets a very good idea of many of his associates as well2 it tells his route through life1 and as a happy idea adds descriptions and illustrations of the various localities in which he lived1 as they are to-day4 ,there is just enough quotation from the reverend ,sydney to give pith to the sober1 clear narrative of the writer1 and just enough of the 8,times0 to keep one in sympathy with his age4 ,several letters and essays never before printed appear in the volume4 ,mr4 ,reid1 we are pleased to see1 presents the courage1 the unfailing hope1 and the abundant common sense of his subject as characteristics of more importance than his wit4 ,it is moderate praise of the book,m produced by ,mrs4 ,mitchell to say that all lovers of art and its history will find it a valuable acquisition to their libraries4 ,the author has chosen the historical method of presenting her subject1 and begins with ,egyptian sculpture1 passes on to ,chaldean1 ,assyrian1 and ,persian2 then to that of ,phnicia1 ,asia ,minor1 and ,greece1 and ends with works of the ,italian masters4 ,feeling that 8description can not by any possibility supersede the sight of the artistic creations10 she has freely illustrated the book with accurate representations of many of the great masterpieces4 ,there can be no work better suited for the use of those who desire to acquire a knowledge of this branch of art4 ,m4 ,gaillard has added one more to the many books already issued for the purpose of teaching 8,french ,conversation40,n ,the system he has adopted differs from all the others in this respect3 questions alone are given1 to which the scholar is to frame his own answers4 ,a clue to the words needed in the replies1 and to the construction of the sentences and idioms will be found in the questions4 ,thus the memorizing of set sentences which never will fit in anywhere save in the recitation room1 is avoided1 and the pupil is obliged to think for himself instead of merely observing how the words are used by others4 ,theoretically the plan is a good one4 ,as a text-book for common use in schools and elsewhere1 we doubt1 somewhat1 its feasibility4 ,no tourist to the ,white ,mountains can afford to do without ,mr4 ,drake's book4,o ,the last edition of it is prepared expressly for their use1 and contains in the form of an appendix a complete guide-book4 ,one of the covers is provided with a pocket1 within which is placed a map of the ,white ,mountains1 and one of ,vermont and ,new ,hampshire4 ,this pocket will also prove convenient for carrying memoranda4 ,the book contains many fine illustrations1 is printed from large1 clear type1 and is handsomely bound4 ,and as one sees in word pictures the scenery of the mountains1 and is delighted with racy little incidents of travel1 and with anecdote1 or is thrilled with some perilous adventure1 he can not help saying that author1 artist1 and publisher have all done their part toward making an attractive book4 ,it was a good idea to publish a dictionary of the 8,women of the ,day40,p ,miss ,hays has undoubtedly put an immense amount of labor into the neat little volume which she has just sent out to the world4 ,however1 the publication has been too soon4 ,more labor is needed to make the book as useful as it ought to be4 ,more than once her biographies of the best known women are incorrect1 as when she located ,marion 7which name1 by the way1 she spelled ,marian7 ,harland's present home at ,newark1 ,n4 ,j41 a place she left years ago4 ,again1 in some of the sketches the work is poorly arranged4 ,why should ,miss ,willard's whereabouts in #ahgh be tacked on at the end of the article1 after it had been brought up to #ahhb1 instead of being inserted in its proper order8 ,for all that1 it is a very useful work4 ,it will be of great help to the general reader interested in eminent women4 ,a valuable series of 8,outlines0 of the ,philosophy of ,hermann ,lotze has been undertaken by ,prof4 ,ladd1 of ,yale ,college4 ,a leading philosopher of ,germany1 ,lotze's works have been sealed to all ,english readers1 save those who were able to overcome philosophical ,german4 ,this series will furnish an opportunity long desired by those interested in ,german thought to make themselves familiar with ,lotze's ideas4 8,outlines of ,metaphysics0,q is the first work issued4 ,mrs4 ,jackson's 8,ramona0,r takes rank at once in the highest class of fiction4 ,the fascination in its pages holds one from beginning to end1 and he closes the book with much the same impression as if he had just returned from a day's exquisite enjoyment of wild and rugged mountain scenery4 ,the characters possess an individuality such as is found in those drawn by ,dickens1 and the fine shaping of plot and incident recalls ,george ,eliot's 8,romola40 ,the story of 8,ramona0 has to do with ,indian life in ,southern ,california and ,mexico1 and is of historical interest4 ,as one reads of the wrongs cruelly inflicted upon the noble ,alessandro and the heroic ,christian spirit with which he endured them all to the bitter end1 there comes a sense of shame that under ,american laws1 base1 unprincipled men could commit such deeds of plunder and violence with impunity4 ,the character of ,ramona is unique4 ,her devoted love for ,alessandro1 the gladness with which she accepted the life of deprivation and danger at his side1 and the development1 through heavy sorrows1 of her deep1 true1 womanly nature1 give the book a richness of color and a depth of pathos seldom met4 ,in 8,dorcas10,s a story of anti-,christ1 the lives and sufferings of the early ,christians in ,rome are depicted4 ,dorcas and her friends hid themselves away for many long months in the ,catacombs1 to escape persecution4 ,in two instances while there1 the miracle of bringing the dead back to life occurred1 one of those restored being ,marcellus1 the affianced husband of ,dorcas1 a young ,roman nobleman who was put to death for accepting the ,christian religion4 ,the accession of ,constantine gave them their freedom4 ,the book affords a good study in the high style of its diction and the purity of its language4 ,it is valuable1 too1 for its record of the customs of those days1 and for its historical incidents4 ,students of ,english who enjoy theories about words and expressions will find in 8,elements of ,english ,speech0,t a full measure of them1 most ingeniously supported4 ,the book is in no way suitable for readers who are unacquainted with ,latin1 ,greek1 ,french1 and ,german1 but for those who have dabbled a little in each it will furnish interesting reading1 and some ideas of real value4 ,the house of ,d4 ,appleton ,co4 is publishing some excellent text-books4 ,among these is 8,elements of ,geometry10,u a work on plane and solid geometry4 ,the arrangement of the book1 its admirable fitness to the needs of the pupils just beginning the sciences1 and its abundant exercises make it a very satisfactory work for teachers4----,in their series of 8,science ,text-,books10 8,elements of ,zology10,v by ,c4 ,f4 ,j4 ,b4 ,holder1 is one of the most entertaining1 practical1 and1 beside1 thorough1 elementary works on animal biology we have ever seen4 ,the illustrations are excellent4----,a capital 8,second ,reader0 is 8,friends in ,feathers and ,fur1 and ,other ,neighbors40,w ,we like the idea of giving the young folks good1 clear type4----,but best of all is 8,appleton's ,chart ,primer10,x a pretty little book with numbers of beautifully colored pictures for color lessons1 and a cover so brilliant that it will make it a pleasure for little ones to learn their lessons4 ,a new edition of 8,the ,water ,babies10,y abridged by ,j4 ,h4 ,stickney has been issued4 ,it is a delightful fairy story for land babies4 ,little ,tom1 a poor chimney sweep who belonged to a very cruel master1 went one day to work in a grand house4 ,coming down the wrong chimney1 he found himself standing opposite a large mirror in a very beautiful room in which a little1 sick girl was lying4 ,the sight of himself in the glass1 black and impish1 and the screams of the little girl frightened him so that he jumped from the window1 caught the branches of a tree1 slid to the ground and ran for his life1 pursued by different members of the family1 who supposed him to be a thief4 ,they could not catch him1 however1 and soon gave up the attempt4 ,two or three days after his body was found in a stream of water1 and all the people thought him dead4 ,but they were mistaken2 that body was only the old covering of ,tom2 he had been changed into a beautiful water baby1 whose life in that fairy land is told in a very fascinating manner1 showing that there1 also1 little folks ought to work for the good of others4 ,the 8,water ,babies0 is one of a series of 8,classics for ,children10 a series arranged on the sensible idea that children can be taught to enjoy good literature1 as they are taught to read4 ,among the other works which have appeared in this course are a 8,primer and ,first ,reader10,z ,scott's 8,lady of the ,lake10,,aa and ,kingsley's 8,greek ,heroes40,,ab ,others are in preparation4 8,which3 ,right or ,wrong80,,ac is an interesting story centering about the ,framingham ,assembly4 ,it gives some bright pictures of life there1 and teaches some excellent lessons4 8,the ,mentor0,,ad is a very neat little book written for the use of men and boys who wish to appear to good advantage in cultivated society4 ,it treats of personal appearance1 manners at the dinner table and in public1 conversation1 odds and ends1 calls and cards1 and closes with a chapter answering the question1 8,what is a ,gentleman80 ,it contains a number of quotations from eminent authors4 ,a beautiful device is that of 8,the ,guest ,book10,,ae in which the hostess may record the coming and the going of her guests4 ,it contains short1 beautifully illustrated selections concerning hospitality1 from prominent writers1 with blank pages left between for autographs1 incidents1 and sketches relating to pleasant calls and visits4 ,in the hands of every woman who loves to entertain her friends it will prove a treasure-house of pleasant memories4 ,not often are our social foibles 8taken off0 more pointedly than in 8,the ,buntling ,ball40,,af ,it is a really clever1 and withal sprightly1 satire on some of the vulnerable points of ,new ,york society4 ,mrs4 ,buntling1 wife of a 8potentate in pork10 returning from ,europe1 issues invitations for a ball4 ,she has obtained a list of 8all the names considered of decisive note10 and1 regardless of the fact that she knows none of them issues a general invitation4 ,the fact that everybody comes is one of the sharpest points in the play4 ,choruses are introduced in true ,greek drama style1 and the 8,knickerbocker young men10 8maneuvering mammas10 8wall-flowers10 8gossips10 8,anglo-maniacs10 etc41 carry on dialogues with the principal characters1 in which they give the whole philosophy of ,new ,york society1 in the frankest manner and in all sorts of happy1 sprightly verse4 ,the mystery of its authorship has been turned to good account by the publishers1 who offer a prize of #a1jjj to the successful guesser4 ,marion ,harland1 in writing 8,eve's ,daughters10,,ag has done a noble work for women4 ,the book must exert a good influence wherever it goes1 and do much toward breaking down the barrier of false modesty and ignorance in regard to herself1 that woman1 too often1 has taken pride in rearing4 ,it begins with the life of the baby girl and follows her as the representative of her sex1 through all the years down to old age4 ,strong1 plain1 helpful things are said1 and said only as a brave1 womanly woman can say them1 in regard to the physical life of women4 ,every mother ought to read the book1 and read it with her daughters4 8,memories of the ,manse0,,ah is a quiet little picture of the life1 home1 family1 and parish of a ,scotch minister who lived1 a number of years ago1 in ,glenarran4 ,the rugged outlines of the stern character belonging to that northern people are well drawn1 and dashes of color1 showing the tender and loving side of human nature1 appear here and there1 brightening up the scene4 ,the experience of the eldest son1 who was 8a clever lad1 and had just returned after working his way through college1 wearing a wonderfully clerical dress and air1 an eye-glass1 and a highly comfortable opinion of himself10 only to find that he was ridiculed instead of admired by his former associates1 and his honest surprise at his unpopularity furnish a touch of humor to the whole work4 ,the books which ,samuel ,smiles has put upon the market are eminently valuable to boys and men who are in trades4 ,he has done much to dignify labor and to show how essential is brain and thrift and education to manual labor4 ,in his late volume1 8,men of ,invention and ,industry10,,ai the material is particularly good4 ,it is fresh1 and the stories of successful men give a grip to the book which is very effective4 ,the lack of literary finish of which some complain in ,mr4 ,smiles's work is but a minor matter when we think of the serious purpose1 the earnest desire to show how handicrafts may be developed1 and how great opportunities lie in the way of mechanics to benefit society and to attain distinction4 ,among his men of invention and industry are ,phineas ,pett1 the ,english ship builder2 ,john ,harrison1 the inventor of the marine chronometer1 and ,frederick ,koenig1 inventor of the steam printing machine4 ,a digression from the main object of the book is the chapter on 8,industry in ,ireland10 but it is a pleasing digression4 ,the abundant resources which ,mr4 ,smiles shows to exist in ,ireland1 will be surprising to many readers4 ,her fisheries1 her iron1 coal and clay beds1 her linen industries1 and her ship building are well described4 ,the development of these resources he justly concludes to be the solution of the 8,irish trouble40 ,mr4 ,harrison1 in giving to the public the life and literary works,,aj of the author of 8,home ,sweet ,home10 has met a want that many persons have felt1 to know something more of this author4 ,no trouble has been spared in gathering the data for the biography1 and much valuable information has been given to the world which1 but for his efforts1 might have been lost4 ,he has1 however1 entered so fully into details as frequently to detract from the interest of the work4 ,the circumstances under which 8,home ,sweet ,home0 was written1 are given4 ,,footnotes ,l ,a ,sketch of the ,life and ,times of the ,rev4 ,sydney ,smith4 ,by ,stuart ,j4 ,reid4 ,new ,york3 ,harper ,brothers4 #ahhe4 ,m ,a ,history of ,ancient ,sculpture4 ,by ,lucy ,mitchell4 ,new ,york3 ,dodd1 ,mead ,company4 ,price1 according to binding1 #ab4ej1 #ah4jj1 or #be4jj4 ,n ,french ,conversation4 ,by ,j4 ,d4 ,gaillard4 ,new ,york3 ,d4 ,appleton ,co4 ,o ,the ,heart of the ,white ,mountains4 ,by ,samuel ,adams ,drake4 ,illustrated by ,w4 ,hamilton ,gibson4 ,new ,york3 ,harper ,brothers1 ,franklin ,square4 ,p ,women of the ,day4 ,a ,biographical ,dictionary of ,notable ,contemporaries4 ,by ,frances ,hays4 ,philadelphia3 ,j4 ,b4 ,lippincott ,co4 #ahhe4 ,q ,outlines of ,metaphysics4 ,dictated ,portions of the ,lectures of ,hermann ,lotze4 ,translated and edited by ,george ,t4 ,ladd4 ,boston3 ,ginn1 ,heath ,co4 #ahhd4 ,r ,ramona4 ,by ,helen ,jackson4 7,h4 ,h47 ,boston3 ,roberts ,brothers4 ,price1 #a4ej4 ,s ,dorcas1 the ,daughter of ,faustina4 ,by ,nathan ,c4 ,kouns4 ,author of 8,arius the ,libyan40 ,new ,york3 ,fords1 ,howard and ,hurlbert4 #ahhd4 ,t ,elements of ,english ,speech4 ,by ,isaac ,bassett ,choate4 ,new ,york3 ,d4 ,appleton ,co4 #ahhd4 ,u ,elements of ,geometry4 ,by ,eli ,t4 ,tappan1 ,,ll4,d4 ,new ,york3 ,d4 ,appleton ,co4 #ahhe4 ,v ,elements of ,zology4 ,by ,c4 ,f4 ,j4 ,b4 ,holder1 ,m4,d4 ,new ,york3 ,d4 ,appleton ,co4 #ahhd4 ,w ,friends in ,feathers and ,fur1 and ,other ,neighbors4 ,by ,james ,johonnot4 ,new ,york3 ,d4 ,appleton ,co4 #ahhe4 ,x ,appleton's ,chart ,primer3 ,exercises in ,reading at ,sight1 and ,language and ,color ,lessons ,for ,beginners4 ,by ,rebecca ,d4 ,rickoff4 ,y ,the ,water ,babies4 ,by ,charles ,kingsley4 ,edited and abridged by ,j4 ,h4 ,stickney4 ,boston3 ,ginn1 ,heath ,co4 #ahhd4 ,mailing price1 #dj cents4 ,introduction1 #ce cents4 ,z ,primer and ,first ,reader4 ,by ,e4 ,a4 ,turner4 ,boston3 ,ginn1 ,heath ,co4 #ahhe4 ,,aa ,the ,lady of the ,lake4 ,by ,sir ,walter ,scott4 ,edited by ,edwin ,ginn4 ,boston3 ,ginn1 ,heath ,co4 #ahhe4 ,,ab ,the ,heroes2 or1 ,greek ,fairy ,tales for ,my ,children4 ,by ,charles ,kingsley4 ,edited by ,john ,tetlow4 ,boston3 ,ginn1 ,heath ,co4 #ahhe4 ,,ac ,which3 ,right or ,wrong8 ,by ,m4 ,l4 ,moreland4 ,boston3 ,lee and ,shepard1 ,publishers4 #ahhc4 ,,ad ,the ,mentor4 ,by ,alfred ,ayers4 ,new ,york3 ,funk ,wagnalls4 #ahhd4 ,,ae ,the ,guest ,book4 ,designed and illustrated by ,annie ,f4 ,cox4 ,boston3 ,lee and ,shepard4 ,new ,york3 ,c4 ,s4 ,dillingham1 #fah ,broadway4 #ahhe4 ,,af ,the ,buntling ,ball4 ,a ,grco-,american ,play4 ,new ,york3 ,funk ,wagnalls4 #ahhd4 ,,ag ,eve's ,daughters4 ,by ,marion ,harland4 ,new ,york3 ,charles ,scribner's ,sons4 #ahhe4 ,,ah ,memories of the ,manse4 ,by ,anne ,breadalbane4 ,troy1 ,n4,y43 ,h4 ,b4 ,nims ,co4 #ahhe4 ,,ai ,men of ,invention and ,industry4 ,by ,samuel ,smiles1 ,,ll4,d4 ,new ,york3 ,harper ,brothers4 #ahhe4 ,,aj ,john ,howard ,payne4 ,by ,gabriel ,harrison4 ,illustrated4 ,philadelphia3 ,j4 ,b4 ,lippincott ,co4 ,,books ,,received4 ,daddy ,darwin's ,dovecote4 ,a ,country ,tale4 ,by ,juliana ,horatio ,ewing4 ,boston3 ,roberts ,brothers4 #ahhe4 ,price1 #ce cents4 ,flatland4 ,a ,romance of ,many ,dimensions4 ,by ,a ,square4 ,boston3 ,roberts ,brothers4 #ahhe4 ,price1 #ge cents4 ,memoirs of the ,rev4 ,david ,brainard4 ,based on the ,life of ,brainard prepared by ,jonathan ,edwards1 ,d4,d4 ,edited by ,j4 ,m4 ,sherwood4 ,new ,york3 ,funk and ,wagnalls4 #ahhe4 ,,paragraphs ,,from ,,new ,,books4 ,a ,,fragment ,,on ,,the ,,cultivation ,,and ,,improvement ,,of ,,the ,,animal ,,spirits4--,it is surprising to see for what foolish causes men hang themselves4 ,the most silly repulse1 the most trifling ruffle of temper1 or derangement of stomach1 anything seems to justify an appeal to the razor or the cord4 ,i have a contempt for persons who destroy themselves4 ,live on1 and look evil in the face2 walk up to it1 and you will find it less than you imagined1 and often you will not find it at all2 for it will recede as you advance4 ,any fool may be a suicide4 ,when you are in a melancholy fit first suspect the body1 appeal to rhubarb and calomel1 and send for the apothecary2 a little bit of gristle sticking in the wrong place1 an untimely consumption of custard1 excessive gooseberries1 often cover the mind with clouds and bring on the most distressing views of human life4''' ,the greatest happiness which can happen to any one is to cultivate a love of reading4 ,study is often dull because it is improperly managed4 ,i make no apology for speaking of myself1 for as ,i write anonymously1 nobody knows who ,i am1 and if ,i did not1 very few would be the wiser--but every man speaks more firmly when he speaks from his own experience4 ,i read four books at a time2 some classical book1 perhaps1 on ,monday1 ,wednesday1 and ,friday mornings4 ,the 8,history of ,france10 we will say1 on the evenings of the same days4 ,on ,tuesday1 ,thursday1 and ,saturday1 ,mosheim or ,lardner1 and on the evenings of those days1 ,reynolds's ,lectures or ,burns's ,travels4 ,then ,i have always a standard book of poetry1 and a novel to read when ,i am in the humor to read nothing else4 ,then ,i translate some ,french into ,english one day and retranslate it the next2 so that ,i have seven or eight pursuits going on at the same time1 and this produces the cheerfulness of diversity1 and avoids that gloom which proceeds from hanging a long while over a single book4 ,i do not recommend this as a receipt for becoming a learned man1 but for becoming a cheerful one4--,from ,reid's 8,life and ,times of the ,rev4 ,sydney ,smith40 99 99 99 99 99 ,,scenes ,,on ,a ,,stage ,,coach4--,the views of the mountains as the afternoon wore away1 grew more and more interesting4 ,the ravines darkened1 the summits brightened4 ,cloud-shadows chased each other up and down the steeps1 or1 flitting slowly across the valley1 spread thick mantles of black that seemed to deaden the sound of our wheels as we passed over them4 ,on one side all was light1 on the other all gloom4 ,but the landscape is not all that may be seen to advantage from the top of a stage coach4 ,from time to time1 as something provoked an exclamation of surprise or pleasure1 certain of the inside occupants manifested open discontent4 ,they were losing something where they had expected to see everything4 ,while the horses were being changed1 one of the insiders1 ,i need not say it was a woman1 thrust her head outside of the window1 and addressed the young person perched like a bird upon the highest seat4 ,her voice was soft and persuasive4 8,miss60 8,madam60 8,i'm so afraid you find it too cold up there4 ,sha'n't ,i change places with you80 ,the little one gave her voice a droll inflection as she briskly replied3 8,oh1 dear1 no1 thank you2 ,i'm very comfortable indeed40 8,but10 urged the other1 8you don't look strong2 indeed1 dear1 you don't4 ,aren't you very1 very tired1 sitting so long without any support to your back80 8,thanks1 no2 my spine is the strongest part of me40 8,but10 still persisted the inside1 changing her voice to a loud whisper1 8to be sitting alone with all those men60 8,they mind their business1 and ,i mind mine10 said the little one reddening2 8besides10 she quickly added1 8you proposed changing places1 ,i believe60 8,oh60 returned the other1 with an accent impossible to convey in words1 8if you like it40 8,i tell you what1 ma'am10 snapped the one in possession1 8,i've been all over ,europe alone1 and was never once insulted except by persons of my own sex40--,from ,drake's 8,heart of the ,white ,mountains40 99 99 99 99 99 ,,every ,,man ,,has ,,his ,,price4--,it is a curious trait in human nature1 that each individual places the highest value on himself2 treats the world as if it were only in existence on his account1 looks upon himself as if he were the central point round which all things turn--and that yet1 in spite of this universal self-appreciation1 so many persons make themselves the slaves of others1 or of some insignificant desire of their own4 ,this contradiction in the human mind1 this inordinate pride of men in combination with ignorance of their own true value1 this insatiable self-seeking in connection with so contemptible a depreciation of themselves1 is so common that we are only astonished that thoughtful persons1 perceiving it in others1 are not thereby led to discover it in themselves4''' ,every man has a price at which he sells himself4 ,what is thy price8 ,hast thou ever weighed what thou art really worth8 ,go into thy chamber and devote some moments of earnest thought to an examination of thyself1 and try to discover for what earthly good thou wouldst be likely to give thyself away4 ,look no farther back than the last year2 pass in review thy secret thoughts and silent wishes even of the last few weeks only6 ,ah6 a short while will no doubt suffice to show thee thy weak points1 which1 had they been assailed by any tempter1 would soon have revealed to thee at what price thou wouldst have sold thy goodness1 thy ,christian principles1 thy heaven on earth1 thy eternal prospects4 ,thou shudderest8 ,thou wouldst rather not look into thyself8 ,but if thou valuest thy goodness1 thy ,christian principles1 thy heaven on earth1 thy eternal prospects1 ah1 shrink not from this self-investigation8--,from ,zschokke's 8,meditations on ,life1 ,death1 and ,eternity40 99 99 99 99 99 ,,advice ,,to ,,an ,,inexperienced ,,teacher ,,of ,,history4--,but the method of teaching history must be determined in the main by the object aimed at4 ,if the object is to deposit in the mind the greatest number possible of historical facts1 there is perhaps no better way than to confine the instruction to drill upon the contents of a manual by question and answer1 with frequent examinations in writing4 ,such a method would probably be effective in two ways2 it would give learners positive knowledge1 or the semblance of it1 and it would pretty certainly make them hate history4 ,i do not hesitate to say that the ultimate purpose of school instruction should be to incite an interest in history1 and to create a love for historical reading4 ,a word may be here most conveniently said on the subject of chronology4 ,a few dates should be well fixed in the memory2 they should be carefully selected by the teacher1 and some explanation given of their significance4 ,but 8a few10 you will say1 is a little indefinite4 ,of course1 opinions will differ as to the number of indispensable dates in any history1 though there might be a general assent to the principle of requiring the pupil to commit as few as possible4 ,of the two hundred and fifty dates given in 8,smith's ,smaller ,history of ,greece10 ,i insist on fifteen1 and ,i think the number might be reduced to ten4 ,but if learners are properly taught1 they will1 of course1 be able to determine a great many dates approximately4 ,remembering that you must make history interesting1 to that end use all available means to produce vivid impressions4 ,this is a trite remark1 but it will bear repeating4 ,casts1 models1 coins1 photographs1 relief maps1 may not be at your command1 but maps of some sort you must have4 ,historical instruction1 without the constant accompaniment of geography1 has no solid foundation--8is all in the air40--,from 8,methods of ,teaching ,history40,,ak 99 99 99 99 99 ,,the ,,coming ,,of ,,luther4--,the events of the sixteenth century have been too often regarded as constituting a break in history4 ,but to the eye of thought reviewing the course of history1 the continuity remains unbroken4 ,luther was but the child of the ages preceding2 the ,protestant revolution was the natural and orderly sequence of a long course of preparation4 ,it was indispensable indeed for a time that men should regard the ,reformation as breaking with the past1 in order that they might estimate more deeply the meaning of the truth which had been revealed to them1 and secure its firmer establishment4 ,in the turmoil of an age of transition it is not always given to the leaders to discern the route by which they have been led4 ,luther entered upon the inheritance of ,wycliffe and of ,huss1 and still further was he indebted to the spirit of ,german mysticism4 ,but his greatness was also peculiarly his own4 ,he was not so much a theologian as a man who afforded in his own rich nature1 unveiled so completely before his age1 the materials for theology4 ,his life was a type of humanity for his own and succeeding ages4 ,he lived through the religious experience of the ,medival dispensation before he came to his knowledge of a higher birthright4 ,viewed from the standpoint of a formal theology1 he is full of inconsistencies and contradictions1 and even dangerous errors4 ,but regarded simply as a man1 with his rich endowment of human instincts and yearnings1 to which he gave the freest1 most unguarded expression1 he was in himself a revelation of the human consciousness in its freshness and simplicity1 with which a complete theology must come to terms4 ,it is because the explosive utterances of his vigorous1 tumultuous nature have been weighed as if they were carefully formed1 dogmatic statements1 that ,luther has been so often misunderstood by ,protestant as well as by ,roman ,catholic writers4--,from ,allen's 8,continuity of ,christian ,thought40,,al 99 99 99 99 99 ,,natural ,,resources ,,of ,,ireland4--,ireland is a much richer country by nature than is generally supposed4 ,in fact1 she has not yet been properly explored4 ,there is copper ore in ,wicklow1 ,waterford1 and ,cork4 ,the ,leitrim iron ores are famous for their riches2 and there is good ironstone in ,kilkenny1 as well as in ,ulster4 ,the ,connaught ores are mixed with coal beds4 ,kaolin1 porcelain clay1 and coarser clay abound2 but it is only at ,belluk that it has been employed in the pottery manufacture4 ,but the sea about ,ireland is still less explored than the land4 ,all around the ,atlantic's seaboard of the ,irish coast are shoals of herring and mackerel1 which might be food for man1 but at present are only consumed by the multitudes of sea birds which follow them4--,from ,smiles's 8,men of ,invention and ,industry40 ,,footnotes ,,ak ,the ,pedagogical ,library4 ,edited by ,g4 ,stanley ,hall4 ,vol ,i4 ,methods of ,teaching ,history4 ,second ,edition4 ,boston3 ,ginn1 ,heath ,co4 #ahhe4 ,,al ,the ,continuity of ,christian ,thought4 ,by ,alexander ,v4 ,g4 ,allen4 ,boston3 ,houghton1 ,mifflin ,co4 #ahhd4 ,price #b4jj4 ,,special ,,notes4 ,we have been asked the meaning of the term the 8geography of the heavens40 ,professor ,hiram ,matteson1 in his excellent little treatise entitled 8,the geography of the heavens10 makes in his preface the following explanatory remarks3 8,i have endeavored to teach the geography of the heavens in nearly the same manner as we teach the geography of the earth4 ,what that does in regard to the history1 situation1 extent1 population1 and principal cities of the several kingdoms of the earth1 ,i have done in regard to the constellations2 and ,i am persuaded that a knowledge of the one may be as easily obtained as of the other4 ,the systems are similar4 ,it is only necessary to change the terms in one to render them applicable to the other4 ,for this reason ,i have yielded to the preference of the publisher in calling this work #8,geography of the ,heavens1' instead of ,uranography1 or some other name more etymologically apposite40 99 99 99 99 99 ,it will be noticed from ,chancellor ,vincent's article on 8,the ,chautauqua ,school of ,liberal ,arts10 found in this impression of ,,the ,,chautauquan1 that the ,sunday-school ,normal department of ,chautauqua will hereafter be known as 8,the ,american ,church ,sunday-school ,normal ,course40 99 99 99 99 99 ,messrs4 ,l4 ,prang ,co4 have begun to send out valentines of as much beauty and artistic merit as their ,christmas and ,easter cards4 ,those of the present season have been of rare beauty--the coloring of many of them is exquisite4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the following1 clipped from the text-book of the ,chautauqua ,musical ,reading ,union noticed in ,,the ,,chautauquan for ,february1 will be of interest to many of our music-loving readers3 ,the aim is not so much to give technical instruction in the science1 as to invite the wider outlook which is so important in real musical culture4 ,no person receives any pecuniary benefit from this organization1 but the labor is freely given in the hope of benefiting others4 ,the books required will be furnished from the ,boston office at a discount from the retail prices1 or they may be ordered through any local bookseller4 ,local circles may be formed in cities1 towns1 or small villages1 greatly to the advantage of all who thus associate themselves4 ,scarcely anything can be conceived that will yield more delightful entertainment1 together with improvement of mind and heart1 than such a local circle as may be formed in connection with the ,c4 ,m4 ,r4 ,c4 ,all who are really in earnest about the improvement of the musical taste of the community in which they live1 should exert every effort to bring about such an organization4 ,for plans and information as to how these circles may be made successful1 address the director1 who will gladly furnish suggestions1 and will send list of prices at which the required books will be furnished4 ,please enclose stamp for reply4 ,a fee of fifty cents will be required to defray the expense of registration1 correspondence1 etc41 which amount1 with the name and postoffice address plainly written 7including county and state71 should be forwarded at once1 directed to ,w4 ,f4 ,sherwin1 ,director ,c4 ,m4 ,r4 ,c41 ,new ,england ,conservatory1 ,boston1 ,mass4 ,certificates will be given for each course1 and a diploma upon the completion of the four4 ,a 8round-table0 will be held 7 la ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c47 each year during the ,chautauqua ,assembly4 ,for price list of books and any other information1 address as above4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the following special course in physiology is announced3 ,wonders of the ,human ,body4 ,a4 ,le ,pileur4 #a4be4 ,physiology for ,practical ,use4 ,james ,kinton4 #b4ae4 ,mental ,physiology4 ,w4 ,b4 ,carpenter4 #c4jj ,the ,foundation of ,death4 ,axel ,gustafson4 #b4jj4 ,,errata ,in list of ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 graduates which appeared in ,,the ,,chautauquan for ,february3 ,pettit1 ,harriet ,l41 ,california1 instead of ,pennsylvania4 ,arann1 the ,rev4 ,j4 ,m41 not ,araun4 ,hon1 ,george ,v41 not ,how4 ,hoerner1 ,george ,p41 not ,hoemer4 ,,names ,,to ,,be ,,added ,to the list of graduates in the class of #ahhd3 ,black1 ,jennie ,l4 ,pennsylvania4 ,burgess1 ,miss ,anna ,e4 ,ohio4 ,carter1 ,anna ,b4 ,california4 ,carter1 ,emily ,b4 ,california4 ,chamberlin1 ,lydia ,l4 ,massachusetts4 ,clark1 ,miss ,annie ,rhode ,island4 ,coleman1 ,william ,h4 ,ohio4 ,horsman1 ,mrs4 ,george ,wisconsin4 ,holden1 ,mrs4 ,sarah ,k4 ,canada4 ,jones1 ,mrs4 ,e4 ,j4 ,ohio4 ,marsh1 ,miss ,susanna ,dakota4 ,millar1 ,mrs4 ,lizzie ,l4 ,s4 ,minnesota4 ,safley1 ,agnes ,e4 ,minnesota4 ,scott1 ,mrs4 ,lucie ,m4 ,new ,york4 ,walker1 ,ezra ,l4 ,ohio4 ,weaver1 the ,rev4 ,wm4 ,c4 ,pennsylvania4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the following persons passed a creditable examination in the ,advanced ,normal ,course of #ahhd at ,chautauqua3 ,miss ,fannie ,l4 ,armstrong1 ,hempstead1 ,texas4 ,mrs4 ,a4 ,w4 ,briggs1 ,elma1 ,erie ,co41 ,n4 ,y4 ,mr4 ,o4 ,w4 ,bowers1 ,mc,lallen's ,corners1 ,pa4 99 99 99 99 99 ,at ,lakeside1 ,ohio1 ,assembly1 the following passed an ,advanced ,normal examination3 ,mrs4 ,abby ,a4 ,parish1 ,brooklyn ,village1 ,ohio4 99 99 99 99 99 ,transcriber's ,notes3 ,obvious punctuation errors repaired4 ,page #caf1 8made0 changed to 8make0 7all diligence to make their calling7 ,page #caf1 8lotty0 changed to 8lofty0 7such a lofty understanding7 ,page #cag1 repeated 8der0 removed 7the under side of the cabbage leaves7 ,page #cai1 8entres0 changed to 8entres0 7toothsome entres7 ,page #cca1 repeated 8mon0 removed 7for common school purposes7 ,page #cda1 8,what is true of the processes of the is equally true of almost every other manual industry0 changed to 8,what is true of the processes is equally true of almost every other manual industry04 ,the revised sentence at least makes some sort of sense1 but it's possible that words are in fact missing from the original4 ,page #cdh1 repeated 8of0 removed 7,yale ,college class of #ahec7 ,page #cej1 8invarible0 changed to 8invariable0 7an invariable part of each evening's work7 ,page #cfg1 8,calvanistic0 changed to 8,calvinistic0 7,the founder of ,calvinistic ,methodism47 ,page #cfh1 8cuurse0 changed to 8course0 7,the first course of dishes7 ,page #cfh1 8on0 changed to 8in0 to match article title 7,home ,studies in ,chemistry7