,transcrib]'s ,notes ,texts pr9t$ 9 italics 9 ! s\rce docum5t h be5 transcrib$ betwe5 und]scores2 small capitals h be5 replac$ by ,,all ,,capitals4 ,t repres5ts a sup]script ,t1 ,t a ,t-%ape "p r ?an ! lett] ,t4 ,m ,transcrib]'s ,notes w be f\nd at ! end ( ?is text4 ,,rock ,,bla/+4 ,,rock ,,bla/+4 ,a ,,practical ,,treatise ,,on ,,! ,,means ,,employ$ ,,9 ,,bla/+ ,,rocks ,,= ,,indu/rial ,,purposes4 ,,by ,,geo4 ,g4 ,,&r1 ,f4,g4,s41 ,,assoc4 ,,in/4 ,c4,e41 ,,m9+ ,,civil ,,eng9e]2 ,,memb] ,,( ,,! ,,society ,,( ,,eng9e]s4 ,illu/ration ,,london3 ,e4 ,f4 ,n4 ,,spon1 #df1 ,,*>+ ,,cross4 ,,new ,,york3 #ddf1 ,,broome ,,/reet4 #ahgh4 ,,preface4 ,dur+ ! pa/ decade1 num]\s & great *anges h tak5 place 9 ! sy/em foll[$ & ! me?ods adopt$ = bla/+ rocks 9 indu/rial op]ations4 ,! introduction ( ! ma*9e drill l$ naturally to ^! important *anges4 ,! sy/em :i* 0 suitable to ! op]ations c>ri$ on by h& 0 ineffici5t "u ! requirem5ts ( ma*9e lab\r1 & ! me?ods :i* _h be5 adopt$ z ! mo/ appropriate 9 ! =m] case 7 f\nd to be m or less unsuitable 9 ! latt]4 ,moreov]1 ! conditions involv$ 9 ma*9e bor+ are su* z r5d] necess>y /rong] explosive ag5ts ?an ! common gunp[d] hi!rto 9 use1 & a m exp$iti\s & effective means ( fir+ !m ?an t af=d$ by ! ord9>y fuse4 ,^! /rong] ag5ts h be5 f\nd 9 ! nitro-cotton & ! nitro-glyc]9e comp\nds1 & 9 ! ord9>y black p[d] improv$ 9 con/itution & fir$ by detonation2 & ?is m exp$iti\s & effective means ( fir+ has be5 discov]$ 9 ! conv5i5t application ( electricity4 ,h5ce x is t ! *anges m5tion$ h be5 br\ght ab\t1 & h5ce1 also1 has aris5 a ne$ = a "w l ! pres5t1 9 :i* ! subjects are treat$ ( 9 detail "u ! new aspects due to ! alt]$ conditions4 ,,geo4 ,g4 ,,&r4 ,,london1 #ag1 ,,k+ ,,william ,,/reet1 ,,/r&1 ,janu>y #a/1 #ahgh4 ,,cont5ts4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,! ,,tools1 ,,ma*9es1 ,,& ,,o!r ,,appliances ,,us$ ,,9 ,,rock ,,bla/+4 ,,page ,section ,i4 ,h&-bor+ ,tools4--,drills4 ,hamm]s4 ,auxili>y ,tools4 ,sets ( ,bla/+ ,ge> #a ,section ,,ii4 ,ma*9e-bor+ ,tools4--,ma*9e ,rock-drills4 ,bor]- bits4 ,drill ,c>riages #bc ,section ,,iii4 ,appliances = fir+ ,bla/+ ,*>ges4--,squibs4 ,safety ,fuse4 ,electric ,fuses4 ,cables4 ,detonators4 ,electric ,fir+- ,ma*9es #db ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,explosive ,,ag5ts ,,us$ ,,9 ,,rock ,,bla/+4 ,section ,i4 ,ph5om5a accompany+ an ,explosion4--,nature ( an ,explosion4 ,heat lib]at$ by an ,explosion4 ,gases g5]at$ by an ,explosion4 ,=ce develop$ by an ,explosion #fd ,section ,,ii4 ,nature ( ,explosive ,ag5ts4--,me*anical ,mixtures4 ,*emical ,comp\nds #gf ,section ,,iii4 ,relative ,/r5g? ( ! common ,explosive ,ag5ts4-- ,=ce develop$ by ,gunp[d]4 ,relative ,=ce develop$ by ,gunp[d]1 ,gun-cotton1 & ,nitro-,glyc]9e #hh ,section ,,iv4 ,means ( fir+ ! common ,explosive ,ag5ts4--,action ( ,heat4 ,detonation #ib ,section ,v4 ,"s ,prop]ties ( ! common ,explosive ,ag5ts4-- ,gunp[d]1 ,gun-cotton1 ,dynamite4 ,fir+ ,temp]atures #ig ,section ,,vi4 ,"s ,v>ieties ( ! ,nitro-,cellulose & ! ,nitro- ,glyc]9e ,comp\nds4--,nitrat$ ,gun-cotton4 ,tonite1 or ,cotton- ,p[d]4 ,s*ultze's ,p[d]4 ,li?(racteur4 ,bra9's ,p[d]4 ,cellulose-,dynamite #ajc ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,! ,,pr9ciples ,,( ,,rock ,,bla/+4 ,l9e ( lea/ ,resi/ance4 ,=ce requir$ to cause ,disruption4 ,conditions ( ,disruption4 ,example ( a ,head+4 ,economical ,consid]ations4 ,tamp+ #ajf ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,! ,,op]ations ,,( ,,rock ,,bla/+4 ,h& ,bor+4--,bor+ ! ,%ot-holes4 ,*>g+ ! ,%ot-holes4 ,fir+ ! ,*>ges #abh ,ma*9e ,bor+4--,bor+ ! ,%ot-holes4 ,*>g+ & ,fir+4 ,remov+ ! dislodg$ ,rock4 ,division ( ,lab\r #adb ,examples ( ,driv+s4--,! ,/4 ,go?>d ,tunnel4 ,! ,hoosac ,tunnel4 ,! ,musconetcong ,tunnel4 ,head+s at ,m>ihaye1 ,anz91 & ,ron*amp #aeg ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,subaque\s ,,bla/+4 ,prep>ation ( ! ,*>ge4 ,bor+ "u ,wat]4 ,subm>9e ,rocks4 ,ob/ructions 9 ,wat]-c\rses #afd ,,rock ,,bla/+4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,! ,,tools1 ,,ma*9es1 ,,& ,,o!r ,,appliances ,,us$ ,,9 ,,bla/+ ,,rocks4 ,,section ,i4--,,h& ,,bor+4 ,drills4--,! op]ations ( bla/+ consi/ 9 bor+ suitable holes 9 ! rock to be dislodg$1 9 ins]t+ a *>ge ( "s explosive comp\nd into ! l[] portion ( ^! holes1 9 fill+ up1 sometimes1 ! rema9+ portion ( ! holes ) suitable mat]ial1 & 9 explod+ ! *>ge4 ,! subjects :i* naturally fir/ pres5t !mselves = consid]ation are3 ! nature1 =m1 & con/ruction ( ! tools1 ma*9es1 & o!r appliances us$4 ,( ^! tools1 ! 8drill0 or 8bor]0 con/itutes ! *ief4 ,to und]/& cle>ly ! action ( ! rock drill1 we mu/ consid] ! nature ( ! sub/ance :i* has to be p]=at$4 ,he :o has exam9$ ! m9]al con/itution ( rocks w h recognis$ ! impossibility ( cutt+ !m1 us+ t t]m 9 its ord9>y acceptation1 inasmu* z ! rock con/itu5ts are frequ5tly h>d] ?an ! mat]ial ( ! tools employ$ to p5etrate !m4 ,z a rock _c be cut1 ! only way ( remov+ portions ( x is to fracture or to dis9tegrate x by a bl[ deliv]$ ?r\gh ! m$ium ( a suitable in/rum5t4 ,ea* bl[ s deliv]$ may be made to *ip (f a small fragm5t1 & by ?is means ! rock may be gradually worn away4 ,to effect ?is *ipp+1 h[ev]1 ! in/rum5t us$ mu/ pres5t only a small surface to ! rock1 9 ord] to conc5trate ! =ce1 & t surface mu/ be b\nd$ by incl9$ planes or w$ge surfaces1 to cause a lat]al pressure ^u ! p>ticles ( rock 9 contact ) !m4 ,9 o!r words1 ! in/rum5t mu/ be provid$ ) an edge simil> to t possess$ by an ord9>y cutt+ tool4 ,! conditions "u :i* ! in/rum5t is work$ are obvi\sly su* t ?is edge w be rapidly worn d[n by attrition f ! h>d rock mat]ial1 & by fracture4 ,to )/& ^! de/ructive actions1 two qualities are requisite 9 ! mat]ial ( :i* ! in/rum5t is compos$1 namely1 h>dness & t\ghness4 ,?us !re are ?ree important conditions concurr+ to det]m9e ! nature & ! =m ( a cutt+ tool to be us$ 9 rock bor+--#a1 a necessity = a cutt+ edge2 #b1 a necessity = a frequ5t r5ewal ( t edge2 & #c1 a necessity = ! qualities ( h>dness & t\ghness 9 ! mat]ial ( ! tool4 ,9 v h>d rock1 a few m9utes ( "w suffice to de/roy ! cutt+ edge1 & !n ! tool has to be return$ to ! smi?y to be re-%>p5$4 ,h5ce x is manife/ t ! =m ( ! edge %\ld n be "o t is difficult to produce1 s9ce1 7 x s1 mu* "t w\ld be consum$ 9 ! lab\r ( re-%>p5+4 ,exp]i5ce has %[n t ! =ego+ conditions are mo/ fully satisfi$ 9 ! /eel rod t]m9at+ 9 a simple *isel edge1 n[ univ]sally adopt$4 ,?is =m ( drill is exhibit$ 9 ,fig4 #a1 :i* repres5ts a common 8jump]0 bor]4 ,x consi/s ( a rod t]m9at+ at ea* end 9 a *isel edge1 & hav+ a swell1 te*nically describ$ z ! 8bead10 betwe5 ! extremities to give x weight4 ,! bead divides ! jump] into two unequal portions1 ea* ( :i* con/itutes a *isel bit1 ) its %ank or 8/ock40 ,! %ort] /ock is us$ :ile ! hole is %all[1 & ! long] "o to cont9ue x to a great] dep?4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #c4 ,) ! jump]1 ! bl[ is obta9$ f ! direct impact ( ! fall+ tool4 ,! mode ( us+ ! in/rum5t is to lift x ) bo? h&s to a height ( ab\t a foot1 & !n to let x drop4 ,9 lift+ ! jump]1 c>e is tak5 to turn x p>tially r\nd1 t ! edge may n fall twice 9 ! same place4 ,by ?is means1 ! edge is made to act mo/ fav\rably 9 *ipp+ away ! rock1 & ! hole is kept fairly circul>4 ,s long z ! holes are requir$ to be bor$ v]tically d[nw>ds1 ! jump] is a conv5i5t & v effici5t tool1 & h5ce 9 op5 qu>ry+ op]ations1 x is v commonly employ$4 ,b 9 m9+1 ! %ot-holes are m (t5 requir$ to be bor$ 9 "s o!r direction1 or1 z x is t]m$1 8at an angle20 t is1 at an angle ) ! v]tical4 ,or x may be t a %ot-hole is requir$ to be bor$ v]tically upw>d4 ,x is obvi\s t 9 any "o ( ^! directions ! jump] is useless4 ,to meet ! requirem5ts ( su* cases1 rec\rse is _h to ! hamm] :]e) to deliv] ! bl[1 & ! drill is con/ruct$ to be us$ ) ! hamm]4 ,we h a suitable =m ( tool = application 9 ?is wise :5 we cut out ! bead ( ! jump] & leave ! ends flat = a /rik+ face1 z %[n 9 ,figs4 #b & #c4 ,! =m ( ! two *isels ?us obta9$ is t adopt$ = ! ord9>y rock drill4 ,x w be und]/ood f ^! descriptions t a rock drill consi/s ( ! *isel edge or bit1 ! /ock1 & ! /rik+ face4 ,=m]ly drills 7 made ( wr\ght iron1 & /eel$ at ea* end to =m ! bit & ! /rik+ face4 ,n[ !y are commonly made ( ca/ /eel1 :i* is suppli$ = t purpose 9 octagonal b>s ( ! requisite diamet]4 ,! advantages (f]$ by /eel /ocks are num]\s4 ,! sup]ior solidity ( texture ( t mat]ial r5d]s x capable ( transmitt+ ! =ce ( a bl[ m effectively ?an iron4 ,be+ /rong] ?an ! latt] mat]ial1 a small] diamet] ( /ock1 &1 consequ5tly1 a less weight1 are suffici5t4 ,?is circum/ance also t5ds to increase ! effect ( ! bl[ by dim9i%+ ! mass ?r\gh :i* x is transmitt$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 a /eel /ock is m easily brok5 ?an "o ( iron4 ,! cutt+ edge ( a drill dem&s c>eful consid]ation4 ,to enable ! tool to free itself readily 9 ! bore-hole1 & also to avoid introduc+ unnecess>y weight into ! /ock1 ! bit is made wid] ?an ! latt]2 ! diff]5ce 9 wid? may be z mu* z #a in*4 ,x is evid5t t 9 h>d rock1 ! liability ( ! edge to fracture increases z ! diff]5ce ( wid?4 ,! edge ( ! drill may be /raight or slightly curv$4 ,! /raight edge cuts its way some:at m freely ?an ! curv$1 b x is weak] at ! corn]s ?an ! latt]1 a circum/ance t r5d]s x less suitable = v h>d rock4 ,x is also slightly m difficult to =ge4 ,! wid? ( ! bit v>ies1 accord+ to ! size ( ! hole requir$1 f #a in* to #b in*es4 ,figs4 #d1 #e1 & #f %[ ! /raight & ! curv$ bits1 & ! angles ( ! cutt+ edges = use 9 rock4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #d4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #e4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #f4 ,! /ock is octagonal 9 section2 x is made 9 l5g?s v>y+ f #bj in*es to #db in*es4 ,! %ort] ! /ock ! m effectively does x transmit ! =ce ( ! bl[1 & !re=e x is made z %ort z possible4 ,= ?is reason1 sev]al l5g?s are employ$ 9 bor+ a %ot-hole1 ! %orte/ be+ us$ at ! comm5cem5t ( ! hole1 a long] "o to cont9ue ! dep?1 & a /ill long] "o1 sometimes1 to complete x4 ,to ensure ! long] drills work+ freely 9 ! hole1 ! wid? ( ! bit %\ld be v slightly r$uc$ 9 ea* l5g?4 ,x has already be5 rem>k$ t ! diamet] ( ! /ock is less ?an ! wid? ( ! bit2 ?is diff]5ce may be great] 9 coal drills ?an 9 rock or 8/one0 drills2 a common diff]5ce 9 ! latt] is ( an in* = ! long]4 ,! foll[+ proportions may be tak5 z ! av]age adopt$3-- ------------------ ,wid? ( ,diamet] ! ,bit4 ( ! ,/ock4 ------------------ #a in* in* #a #a #a #a #a #a #b in*es#a #b #a #b #a ------------------ ,! /rik+ face ( ! drill %\ld be flat4 ,! diamet] ( ! face is less ?an t ( ! /ock 9 all b ! smalle/ sizes1 ! diff]5ce be+ made by draw+ 9 ! /rik+ end4 ,! am\nt ( r$uction is great] = ! l>ge/ diamet]s2 t ( ! /rik+ face be+ r>ely m ?an "o-eigh? ( an in*4 ,! mak+ & re-%>p5+ ( rock drills con/itute an extremely important "p ( ! lab\r ( ! m9e smi?4 ,! frequ5t use ( ! drill1 & its rapid we>1 necessitate a daily am\nt ( "w ( no trifl+ proportions1 & ! judgm5t & skill requir$ 9 prop] temp]+ r5d] "s degree ( intellig5ce 9 ! workman indisp5sable2 inde$1 s mu* dep5ds ^u ! smi? ^: duty x is to repair ! m9]s' tools1 t no pa9s %\ld be sp>$ to obta9 a man capable ( fulfill+ t duty 9 ! mo/ effici5t mann] possible4 ,:5 ! bor]-/eel b>s are suppli$ to ! smi?1 he cuts !m up1 z requir$1 into ! desir$ l5g?s4 ,to =m ! bit1 ! end ( ! b> is heat$ & flatt5$ out by hamm]+ to a wid? a little great] ?an ! diamet] ( ! hole to be bor$4 ,! cutt+ edge is !n hamm]$ up ) a light hamm] to ! requisite angle1 & ! corn]s beat5 9 to give ! exact diamet] ( ! bore-hole int5d$4 ,z ! drills are made 9 sets1 ! long] /ocks w h a bit slightly n>r[] ?an ! %ort] ones1 = reasons already giv54 ,! edge is subsequ5tly t\*$ up ) a file4 ,9 p]=m+ ^! op]ations1 heavy hamm]+ %\ld be avoid$1 z well z high heats1 & c>e %\ld be tak5 9 mak+ ! heat t ! /eel %\ld be well cov]$ ) coal1 & f> en\gh remov$ f ! tuy]e to be protect$ f ! 8raw0 air4 ,ov]heat$ or 8burn$0 /eel is liable to fly1 & drills s injur$ are useless until ! burn$ portion has be5 cut away4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #g4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #h4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #i4 ,bo? 9 mak+ & 9 re-%>p5+ drills1 great c>e is requir$ to =m ! cutt+ edge ev5ly1 & ( ! full =m & dim5sions4 ,if ! corn]s get hamm]$ 91 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #g1 !y are said to be 8nipp$10 & ! tool w n free itself 9 cutt+4 ,:5 a depression ( ! /raight1 or ! curv$1 l9e =m+ ! edge occurs1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #h1 ! bit is said to be 8backw>d10 & :5 "o ( ! corn]s is too f> back1 z 9 ,fig4 #i1 x is spok5 ( z 8odd-corn]$40 ,:5 ei!r ( ^! defects exi/--& !y are un=tunately common--n only does ! bit "w less effectively on ! rock1 b ! =ce ( ! bl[ is ?r[n ^u a portion only ( ! edge1 :i*1 be+ !reby ov]/ra9$1 is liable to fracture4 ,! h>d5+ & temp]+ ( /eel is a matt] requir+ c>eful /udy & obs]vation4 ,x is a well-kn[n fact t a sudd5 & great r$uction ( temp]ature causes a notable increase ( h>dness 9 ! metal4 ,! reason ( ?is ph5om5on is n und]/ood1 b x is c]ta9 t x is 9 "s way dep5d5t ^u ! pres5ce ( c>bon4 ,! degree ( h>dness imp>t$ to /eel by ?is means dep5ds ^u ! am\nt ( ! r$uction ( ! temp]ature1 & ! proportion ( c>bon pres5t 9 ! metal1 highly c>burett$ /eel be+ capable ( h>d5+ to a high] degree1 "u ! same conditions1 ?an /eel conta9+ less c>bon4 ,?us1 = /eel ( ! same quality1 ! wid] ! range ( temp]ature ! high] is ! degree ( h>dness4 ,b "h we enc\nt] ano!r condition1 :i* limits ! degree ( h>dness practically atta9able4 ,! *ange :i* takes place among ! molecules ( ! metal 9 consequ5ce ( ! *ange ( temp]ature causes int]nal /ra9s1 & !reby puts portions 9 a /ate ( unequal t5sion4 ,?is /ate r5d]s ! /ra9$ p>ts liable to yield :5 an additional /ra9 is ?r[n ^u !m :ile ! tool is 9 use2 9 o!r words1 ! brittl5ess ( ! /eel increases ) its h>dness4 ,"h aga9 ! proportion ( c>bon pres5t comes into play1 & x mu/ be borne 9 m9d t = equal degrees ( h>dness ! /eel :i* conta9s ! lea/ c>bon w be ! mo/ brittle4 ,9 h>d5+ bor]-/eel1 :i* has to comb9e z f> z possible ! qualities ( h>dness & t\ghness1 ?is matt] is "o des]v+ c>eful att5tion4 ,x is a rem>kable fact1 & "o ( consid]able practical value1 t :5 oil is employ$ z ! cool+ m$ium in/ead ( wat]1 ! t\ghness ( /eel is enorm\sly increas$4 ,! temp]+ ( /eel1 :i* is a ph5om5on ( a simil> "* to t ( h>d5+1 also claims c>eful consid]ation4 ,:5 a bright surface ( /eel is subject$ to heat1 a s]ies ( col\rs is produc$1 :i* foll[ ea* o!r 9 a regul> ord] z ! temp]ature increases4 ,?is ord] is z foll[s3 pale yell[1 /raw yell[1 gold5 yell[1 br[n1 br[n & purple m+l$1 purple1 light blue1 full cle> blue1 & d>k blue4 ,exp]i5ce has %[n t "s "o ( ^! col\rs is m suitable ?an ! re/ = c]ta9 k9ds ( tools & c]ta9 conditions ( work+4 ,! selection ( ! prop] col\r con/itutes a subject = ! ex]cise ( judgm5t & skill on ! "p ( ! smi?4 ,= rock drills1 /raw col\r is g5]ally ! mo/ suitable :5 ! "w is 9 v h>d rock1 & light blue :5 ! rock is only ( mod]ate h>dness4 ,! processes ( h>d5+ & temp]+ drills are z foll[s3 ,:5 ! edge ( ! bit has be5 =m$ 9 ! mann] already describ$1 f #c to #d in*es ( ! end is heat$ to *]ry r$ness1 & dipp$ 9 cold wat] to a dep? ( ab\t an in* to h>d5 x4 ,:ile 9 ! wat]1 ! bit %\ld be mov$ slightly up & d[n1 =1 7 ?is neglect$1 ! h>dness w\ld t]m9ate abruptly1 & ! bit w\ld be v liable to fracture along ! l9e correspond+ ) ! surface ( ! wat]4 ,9 cold wea!r1 ! wat] %\ld be slightly w>m$1 by imm]s+ a piece ( hot iron 9 x1 be=e dipp+ ! /eel4 ,:5 a suffici5t degree ( h>dness has be5 atta9$1 ! rema9d] ( ! hot portion is imm]s$ until ! heat is r$uc$ suffici5tly = temp]+4 ,at ?is /age x is )drawn1 & ! col\rs c>efully wat*$ =4 ,! heat :i* is left 9 ! /ock w pass d[n to ! edge ( ! bit1 & z ! temp]ature increases 9 t "p ! col\rs w appe> 9 regul> succession ^u ! fil$ surface ( ! edge4 ,:5 ! prop] hue appe>s1 ! :ole drill is plung$ into ! wat] & left !re till cold1 :5 ! temp]+ is complete4 ,:5 ! edge is curv$ or 8b[$10 ! col\rs w rea* ! corn]s soon] ?an ! middle ( ! bit4 ,?is t5d5cy mu/ be *eck$ by dipp+ ! corn]s 9 ! wat]1 = o!rwise ! edge w n be ( equal h>dness ?r\gh\t4 ,z ! col\r c be be/ obs]v$ 9 ! d>k1 x is a good plan to d>k5 t portion ( ! smi?y 9 :i* temp]+ is be+ c>ri$ on4 ,! degree ( temp] requir$ dep5ds ^u ! quality ( ! /eel & ! nature ( ! "w to be p]=m$4 ,! l>g] ! proportion ( c>bon pres5t 9 ! metal1 ! l[] mu/ be ! temp]4 ,also ! /ate ( ! blunt$ edges1 :e!r batt]$ or fractur$1 w %[ :at degree ( h>dness x is desirable to produce4 ,f inatt5tion to ^! matt]s1 good /eel is n unfrequ5tly condemn$ z unsuitable4 ,to =m ! /rik+ face1 ! end ( ! /ock is heat$ to a dull r$1 & drawn out by a hamm] to =m a conical head4 ,! extremity is !n flatt5$ to =m a face f in* to #a in* 9 diamet]4 ,?is head is !n anneal$ to a degree t w comb9e consid]able t\ghness ) h>dness4 ,! con/ant bl[s to :i* ! head is subject$ t5d to we> x d[n v rapidly4 ,!re is great diff]5ce 9 ! la/+ qualities ( /eel 9 ?is respect2 "s drills w we> away m quickly at ! /rik+ ?an at ! bit end4 ,a smi? w1 ) ! assi/ance ( a /rik]1 %>p5 & temp] ab\t ?irty s+le-h& drills ( m$ium size 9 an h\r1 or tw5ty d\ble-h& drills ( m$ium size 9 ! same "t4 ,( c\rse1 mu* w dep5d on ! degree ( bluntness 9 ! cutt+ edge2 b assum+ ! drills to be s5t up only mod]ately blunt$1 ?is may be tak5 z a fair av]age ( ! "w ( two m54 ,x w be evid5t f ! =ego+ rem>ks1 t to enable a drill to /& prop]ly x mu/ be made ( good mat]ial1 be skilfully temp]$ 9 ! smi?y1 & provid$ ) a cutt+ edge hav+ an angle & a %ape suit$ to ! "* ( ! rock 9 :i* x is us$4 ,to ^! conditions1 may be add$ ano!r1 namely1 prop] h&l+2 = if ! drill be c>elessly turn$ 9 ! hole s z to br+ all ! "w ^u a portion only ( ! cutt+ edge1 or unskilfully /ruck by ! sl$ge1 fracture or blunt+ w spe$ily result4 ,improp] h&l+ (t5 de/roys ! edge 9 ! fir/ five m9utes ( us+4 ,drills1 z be=e rem>k$1 are us$ 9 sets ( diff]5t l5g?s4 ,! sets may be int5d$ = use by "o man or by two4 ,9 ! =m] case1 ! sets are describ$ z 8s+le-h&0 sets1 & !y conta9 a hamm] = /rik+ ! drills2 9 ! latt] case1 ! sets are spok5 ( z 8d\ble-h&$10 & !y conta9 a sl$ge in/ead ( a hamm] = /rik+4 ,x may appe> at fir/ sight t !re is a wa/e ( p[] 9 employ+ two m51 or1 z x is t]m$1 ! d\ble set1 = t two m5 _c bore twice z fa/ z "o4 ,?is rate ( spe$ c1 h[ev]1 be obta9$1 & is due less to ! great] effectiv5ess ( ! /roke ?an to ! fact t two m5 c1 by repeat$ly *ang+ places ) ea* o!r1 keep up almo/ )\t int]mission a succession ( bl[s = an indef9ite l5g? ( "t2 :]eas1 ) ! s+le set1 ! man is cont9ually oblig$ to cease = re/4 ,hamm]s4--,to deliv] ! bl[ ^u a rock drill1 hamm]s & sl$ges are us$4 ,! di/9ction betwe5 a hamm] & a sl$ge is f\nd$ on dim5sions only3 ! hamm] be+ int5d$ = use 9 "o h&1 is made comp>atively light & is furni%$ ) a %ort h&le1 :ile ! sl$ge1 be+ int5d$ = use 9 bo? h&s1 is furni%$ ) a mu* long] h&le & is made heavi]4 ,! /rik+ face ( ! bla/+ sl$ge %\ld be flat1 to enable ! /rik] to deliv] a direct bl[ ) c]ta9ty ^u ! head ( ! drill2 & to facilitate ! direct+ ( ! bl[1 z well z to increase its effect1 ! mass ( metal compos+ ! head %\ld be conc5trat$ )9 a %ort l5g?4 ,to cause ! sl$ge to fly (f f ! head ( ! drill 9 ! case ( a false bl[ be+ /ruck1 & !reby to prev5t x f /rik+ ! h& ( ! man :o holds ! drill1 ! edges ( ! /rik+ face %\ld be *amf]$ or bevell$ d[n till ! diamet] is r$uc$ by ne>ly "o-half4 ,?is requirem5t is1 h[ev]1 b seldom provid$ =4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aj4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aa4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ab4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ac4 ,! head ( a sl$ge is ( iron2 x consi/s ( a pi]c$ c5tral portion call$ ! 8eye10 & two %anks or 8/umps10 ! /eel$ ends ( :i* =m ! /rik+ faces or 8panes40 ,! =m ( ! head v>ies 9 diff]5t localities1 b :atev] ! v>iations may be1 ! =m may be class$ "u "o ( f\r types or 8patt]ns40 ,a v common =m is t %[n 9 ,fig4 #aj & kn[n z ! 8bully0 patt]n4 ,by v>y+ ! wid?1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #aa1 we obta9 ! 8broad bully10 ! =m] be+ call$ = ! sake ( di/9ction ! 8n>r[0 bully4 ,ano!r common =m is ! 8po9t+0 patt]n1 repres5t$ 9 ,fig4 #ab4 ,! =m %[n 9 ,fig4 #ac is designat$ z ! 8bloat0 patt]n2 & t giv5 9 ,fig4 #ad ! 8plug0 patt]n4 ,ea* ( ^! =ms possesses peculi> m]its :i* r5d]s x m suitable = c]ta9 uses ?an ! o!rs4 ,! same =ms are us$ = hamm]s4 ,! eye is g5]ally made oval 9 %ape1 b sometimes1 especially ) ! bloat patt]n1 x is made circul>1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ac4 ,! weight ( a sl$ge head may v>y f #e lb4 to #aj lb41 b a common & conv5i5t weight is #g lb4 ,! l5g? ( ! helve v>ies f #bj in*es to #cj in*es2 a common l5g? = bla/+ sl$ges is #bd in*es4 ,! av]age weight ( hamm] heads is ab\t #c lb41 & ! av]age l5g? ( ! helve #aj in*es4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ad4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ae4 ,fig4 #ae repres5ts a bla/+ sl$ge us$ 9 ,s\? ,wales4 ,! /umps are octagonal 9 section1 & spr+ f a squ>e block 9 ! c5tre4 ,! panes or /rik+ faces1 h[ev]1 are circul> & flat4 ,! l5g? ( ! head is #h in*es1 & t ( ! helve #bg in*es1 & ! weight ( ! tool complete #g lb4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #af4 ,fig4 #af repres5ts a bla/+ sl$ge us$ 9 ,nor? ,wales4 ,! c5tral block is an irregul> octagon 9 section1 =m$ by slightly *amf]+ ! angles ( a squ>e section1 & ! /umps are *amf]$ d[n to =m a regul> octagon at ! panes1 :i* are flat4 ,! l5g? ( ! head is #g in*es1 & t ( ! helve #bb in*es1 & ! weight ( ! tool complete #f lb4 #g oz4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ag4 ,! sl$ges us$ 9 ! nor? ( ,engl& h %ort] heads1 & are light] ?an ! =ego+4 ,fig4 #ag repres5ts "o ( ^! bla/+ sl$ges4 ,! head is ne>ly squ>e 9 section at ! c5tre1 & ! panes are flat4 ,! l5g? ( ! head is #e in*es1 & t ( ! helve #bd in*es1 & ! weight ( ! sl$ge complete #d lb4 #ad oz4 ,auxili>y ,tools4--,besides ! drill & ! hamm]1 o!r tools are ne$$ 9 prep>+ ! hole = ! bla/+ *>ge4 ,if ! bore-hole is incl9$ d[nw>ds1 ! dbris or 8bore-meal0 made by ! drill rema9s on ! bottom ( ! hole1 :]e x is conv]t$ into mud or 8sludge0 by ! wat] !re pres5t4 ,?is sludge has to be remov$ z ! "w progresses1 to keep ! rock expos$ to ! action ( ! drill4 ,! removal ( ! sludge is effect$ by a simple tool call$ a 8scrap]40 ,x consi/s ( a rod ( iron f in* to in* 9 diamet]1 & ( suffici5t l5g? to rea* ! bottom ( ! bore-hole4 ,"o end ( ! rod is flatt5$ out on ! anvil & made circul> 9 =m1 & !n turn$ up at "r angles to ! /em4 ,! disc ?us =m$ mu/ be less 9 diamet] ?an ! bore-hole1 to all[ x to pass readily d[n4 ,:5 ins]t$ 9 ! hole1 ! scrap] is turn$ r\nd :ile x is be+ press$ to ! bottom2 on )draw+ ! in/rum5t1 ! sludge is br\ght up ^u ! disc4 ,! op]ation1 two or ?ree times repeat$1 is suffici5t to cle> ! bore-hole4 ,! o!r end ( ! scrap] is sometimes made to t]m9ate 9 a r+ = conv5i5ce 9 h&l+1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ah4 ,in/ead ( ! r+1 h[ev]1 at "o end1 a disc may be made at ea* end1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ai1 ! discs 9 ?is case be+ ( diff]5t diamet]1 to r5d] ! scrap] suitable = diff]5t size bore-holes4 ,sometimes ! scrap] is made to t]m9ate 9 a spiral hook or 8drag-twi/10 z repres5t$ 9 ,fig4 #bj4 ,! use ( ! drag is to ?or\ghly cleanse ! hole be=e ins]t+ ! *>ge4 ,a wisp ( hay is pu%$ d[n ! hole1 & ! drag end ( ! scrap] introduc$ aft] x1 & turn$ r\nd till x has become firmly entangl$4 ,! )drawal ( ! hay by ! drag wipes ! bore-hole clean4 ,in/ead ( ! twi/ drag1 ! 8loop0 drag is frequ5tly employ$4 ,?is consi/s ( a loop or eye1 ?r\gh :i* a piece ( rag or t[ is pass$4 ,! rag or t[ is us$ = ! same purpose z ! hay1 namely1 to ?or\ghly cleanse & dry ! bore-hole previ\s to ! introduction ( ! *>ge4 ,v frequ5tly ! 8swab-/ick0 is us$ in/ead ( ! scrap] to cle> out ! bore-hole4 ,?is is simply a deal rod bruis$ at "o end by bl[s ) a hamm] until ! fibres sep>ate to =m a k9d ( /umpy bru% or 8swab40 ,:5 ?is is pu%$ d[n ! hole1 ! sludge passes up ar\nd & betwe5 ! fibres1 :i* are !n spread out by be+ press$ aga9/ ! bottom ( ! hole4 ,on )draw+ ! swab1 ! sludge is br\ght out ) x4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ah4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ai4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bj4 ,:5 ! *>ge has be5 plac$ 9 ! bore-hole1 & ! fuse laid to x1 ! hole ne$s to be tamp$1 t is1 ! portion above ! *>ge has to be fill$ up ) "s suitable sub/ance4 ,= ?is purpose1 a 8ramm]10 8/emm]10 or 8tamp+ iron10 z ! in/rum5t is v>i\sly call$1 is requir$4 ,?is in/rum5t is illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #ba4 ,x consi/s ( a metal b>1 ! tamp+ end ( :i* is groov$ to receive ! fuse ly+ aga9/ ! side ( ! bore-hole4 ,! o!r end is flat1 to af=d a press+ surface = ! h&1 or a /rik+ face = ! hamm] :5 ! latt] is ne$$4 ,to prev5t ! dang] ( accid5tal ignition f sp>ks caus$ by ! friction ( ! metal aga9/ silici\s sub/ances1 ! employm5t ( iron /emm]s has be5 prohibit$ by law4 ,!y are usually made ( copp] or phosphor-bronze1 ! latt] sub/ance be+ m resi/+ ?an ! =m]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ba4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bb4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bc4 ,sometimes 9 wet gr\nd x becomes necess>y to %ut back ! wat] f ! bore-hole be=e introduc+ ! *>ge ( gunp[d]4 ,?is happ5s v frequ5tly 9 %aft s9k+4 ,! me?od employ$ 9 su* cases is to =ce clay into ! int]/ices ?r\gh :i* ! wat] ent]s4 ,! in/rum5t us$ = ?is purpose is ! 8clay+-iron0 or 8bull10 repres5t$ 9 ,fig4 #bb4 ,x consi/s ( a r\nd b> ( iron1 call$ ! /ock or %aft1 a little small] 9 diamet] ?an ! bore-hole1 & a ?ick] portion1 call$ ! head or poll1 t]m9at+ 9 a /rik+ face4 ,! l[] end ( ! %aft is po9t$1 to enable x to p5etrate ! clay1 & ! head is pi]c$ by a hole ab\t an in* 9 diamet] to receive a lev]4 ,clay 9 a pla/ic /ate hav+ be5 put into ! bore-hole1 ! bull is ins]t$ & driv5 d[n by bl[s ) ! sl$ge4 ,z ! %aft =ces its way d[n1 ! clay is driv5 into ! jo9ts & crevices ( ! rock on all sides4 ,to )draw ! bull1 a b> ( iron is plac$ 9 ! eye & us$ z a lev] to turn x r\nd to loos5 x2 ! rod is !n tak5 by bo? h&s & ! bull lift$ out4 ,to all[ ! bull to be )drawn m readily1 ! %aft %\ld be made ) a slight tap] & kept p]fectly smoo?4 ,z ! bull is subject$ to a good deal ( heavy hamm]+ on ! head1 ! latt] "p %\ld be made /\t4 ,?is tool1 :i* %\ld be consid]$ z an extra in/rum5t r ?an z an ess5tial "p ( a bla/+ set1 is a v s]viceable "o1 & %\ld always be at h& 9 wet gr\nd :5 loose gunp[d] is employ$4 ,ano!r in/rum5t ( ?is auxili>y "* is ! be*e1 ,fig4 #bc1 us$ = extract+ a brok5 drill4 ,x consi/s ( an iron rod ( ne>ly ! diamet] ( ! bore-hole1 & holl[ at ! l[] end4 ,! =m ( ! ap]ture is slightly conical1 s t ! l[] end may easily pass ov] ! brok5 /ock ( ! drill1 &1 on be+ press$ d[n ) "s =ce1 may grasp ! /ock 9 ! high] portion ( ! ap]ture ) suffici5t firmness to all[ ( ! two be+ rais$ toge!r4 ,:5 only a portion ( ! bit rema9s 9 ! hole1 x may (t5 be extract$ by means ( ! drag-twi/ end ( ! scrap]1 or ! swab-/ick may be driv5 d[n ^u ! brok5 portion1 & latt] )drawn ) ! swab4 ,sets ( ,bla/+ ,ge>4--,on ,plates ,i41 ,,ii41 & ,,iii41 w be f\nd ?ree sets ( bla/+ ge>2 a set ( coal-bla/+ ge>2 a set ( s+le-h& /one-bla/+ ge>2 & a set ( d\ble-h& /one-bla/+ ge>4 ,9 ! fir/ set1 ! drill1 %[n 9 ,fig4 #a1 is #bb in*es 9 l5g?2 ! cutt+ edge is /raight & #a in* wide1 & ! weight is #b lb4 ,! o!r drill1 ,fig4 #b1 is #db in*es 9 l5g?2 x has a /raight cutt+ edge #a_/ in* wide1 & weighs #d lb4 #aj oz4 ,! hamm] us$ 9 ?is set & %[n 9 ,fig4 #c weighs #b lb4 #ad oz42 ! l5g? ( ! head is #d in*es1 & t ( ! h&le #g in*es4 ,9 ! second or s+le-h& /one set1 ! %ort] drill1 ,fig4 #f1 ,plate ,,ii41 is #bb in*es 9 l5g?2 ! cutt+ edge is /rongly curv$1 & is #a in* 9 wid?1 & ! weight is #c lb4 #aj oz4 ,! long] drill1 ,fig4 #g1 is #cf in*es 9 l5g?2 ! wid? ( ! cutt+ edge1 :i* is curv$ z 9 ! %ort] drill1 is #a_/ in*1 & ! weight is #f lb4 #e oz4 ,! hamm] us$ ) ?is set1 & repres5t$ 9 ,fig4 #h1 weighs #c lb4 #f oz42 ! l5g? ( ! head is #e in*es1 & t ( ! h&le #aj in*es4 ,9 ! ?ird or d\ble-h& /one set1 ,plate ,,iii41 ! fir/ or %orte/ drill1 ,fig4 #ab1 is #ah in*es 9 l5g?1 #a in* wide on ! cutt+ edge1 & weighs #d lb4 ,! second drill1 ,fig4 #ac1 is #bg in*es 9 l5g?1 #a_/ wide on ! cutt+ edge1 & weighs #f lb4 ,! ?ird or longe/ drill1 ,fig4 #ad1 is #dj in*es 9 l5g?1 #a in* wide on ! cutt+ edge1 & weighs #i lb4 ,! cutt+ edges ( all ^! drills are /rongly curv$ z 9 ! prec$+ set4 ,! sl$ge us$ ) ?is set1 & repres5t$ 9 ,fig4 #ae1 weighs ab\t #e lb4 ,,section ,,ii4--,,ma*9e ,,bor+4 ,ma*9e ,rock-,drills4--,! mo/ rem>kable advance1 :i* 9 rec5t1 or p]haps 9 any1 times has be5 made 9 ! practice ( m9+ consi/s 9 ! sub/itution ( ma*9e = h& lab\r 9 rock bor+4 ,! importance ( ?is *ange is obvi\s1 & v great4 ,n only is ! m9] reliev$ !reby ( ! lab\r ( bor+1 b ! spe$ ) :i* ! %ot-holes may be bor$ is increas$ a hundr$fold4 ,?is ga9 ( spe$ (f]s _m practical advantages4 ,! ability to s9k a %aft or to drive a head+ rapidly may ensure ! success ( an und]tak+1 & save indirectly ! exp5diture ( l>ge sums ( money2 &1 9 all cases1 x all[s ! "t sp5t 9 prep>atory "w to be mat]ially %ort5$4 ,inde$1 x w\ld be difficult to ov]-e/imate ! magnitude ( ! advantage accru+ f ! increas$ rate ( progress due to ! sub/itution ( ma*9e p[] = h& lab\r1 & 9 ! future we may expect to see its application greatly ext5d$4 ,9 mak+ ?is sub/itution1 num]\s difficulties h _h to be ov]come1 & 9 enc\nt]+ ^! _m failures h _h to be record$4 ,b x mu/ n[ be conc$$ by ! mo/ prejudic$ t rock-bor+ ma*9es h successfully pass$ ?r\gh :at may be describ$ z ! t5tative /age ( _! exi/5ce1 & h tak5 a =emo/ place among ! me*anical appliances :i* exp]i5ce has %[n to be capable ( effectually p]=m+ ! "w requir$ ( !m4 ,9 ! au?or's "w on #8,m9+ ,eng9e]+1' ! requirem5ts ( a rock drill w be f\nd fully discuss$1 & ! pr9ciples & ! con/ruction ( ! mo/ important ma*9es n[ 9 use c>efully expla9$ & describ$4 ,9 ! pres5t "w1 only "o example c be giv54 ,ma*9e drills p5etrate rock 9 ! same way z ! ord9>y h& drills already describ$1 namely1 by means ( a p]cussive action4 ,! cutt+ tool is 9 mo/ cases atta*$ directly to ! pi/on rod1 ) :i* x consequ5tly reciprocates4 ,?us ! pi/on ) its rod is made to con/itute a portion ( ! cutt+ tool1 & ! bl[ is !n giv5 by ! direct action ( ! /eam1 or ! compress$ air1 ^u ! tool4 ,z no "w is done ^u ! rock by ! back /roke ( ! pi/on1 ! area ( ! =w>d side is r$uc$ to ! dim5sions necess>y only to lift ! pi/on1 & to ov]come ! resi/ance due to ! friction ( ! tool 9 ! bore-hole4 ,! pi/on is made to admit /eam or air into ! cyl9d]1 & to cut (f ! supply1 & to op5 ! exhau/1 z requir$1 by means ( tappet valves1 or o!r suitable devices2 & provision is made to all[1 )9 c]ta9 limits1 a v>iation 9 ! l5g? ( ! /roke4 ,dur+ a portion ( ! /roke1 means are br\ght into action to cause ! pi/on to rotate to "s ext5t1 = ! purposes t h be5 already expla9$4 ,to keep ! cutt+ edge ( ! tool up to its "w1 ! :ole ma*9e is mov$ =w>d z ! rock is cut away4 ,?is =w>d or 8fe$0 motion is usually giv5 by h&1 b 9 "s cases x is communicat$ automatically4 ,! ma*9e is support$ ^u a /& or fram+ :i* v>ies 9 =m accord+ to ! situation 9 :i* x is to be us$4 ,?is support is 9 all cases con/ruct$ to all[ ( ! fe$ motion tak+ place1 & also ( ! cutt+ tool be+ direct$ at any angle4 ,! support = a rock drill con/itutes an indisp5sable & a v important adjunct to ! ma*9e1 = ^u ! suitability ( its =m1 mat]ial1 & con/ruction1 ! effici5cy ( ! ma*9e w l>gely dep5d4 ,! =ego+ is a g5]al description ( ! con/ruction & mode ( action ( p]cussive rock-drills4 ,! num]\s v>ieties n[ 9 use diff] f ea* o!r r 9 ! details ( _! con/ruction ?an 9 ! pr9ciples ( _! action1 & ! importance ( ! diff]5ce is1 ( c\rse1 dep5d5t ^u t ( ! details4 ,x is b j to rem>k "h t ! fir/ really practical solution ( ! rock-drill+ problem is due to ,m4 ,sommeill]1 ^: ma*9e 0 employ$ 9 excavat+ ! ,mont ,c5is tunnel4 ,! ,d>l+ton ,drill4--,! ma*9e :i*1 9 ,engl&1 has /ood ! te/ ( exp]i5ce mo/ satisfactorily1 & :i*1 consequ5tly1 is surely work+ itself into g5]al fav\r 9 ?is c\ntry1 & also 9 "s ( ! important m9+ di/ricts ( ! ,cont95t1 is ! inv5tion ( ,john ,d>l+ton1 & is kn[n z ! 8,d>l+ton drill40 ,?is drill is rem>kable z ! atta9m5t ( ! highe/ degree ( simplicity ( p>ts possible 9 a ma*9e4 ,! valve ge> ( a ma*9e drill is especially liable to d]angem5t4 ,x mu/ necess>ily consi/ ( sev]al p>ts1 & ^! p>ts mu/ z necess>ily be ( a some:at fragile "*4 ,besides ?is1 :5 actuat$ by ! pi/on ?r\gh ! int]v5tion ( tappets1 ! viol5ce ( ! bl[ deliv]$ at ea* /roke is su* z to rapidly de/roy ! p>ts4 ,9 "s ma*9es1 ! =ce ( ^! bl[s & _! de/ructive t5d5cy h be5 r$uc$ to a m9imum2 b :5 e means ( rem$y+ ! evil has be5 employ$1 !re rema9s a l>ge am\nt ( inevitable we> & te>1 & a liability to failure f fracture or displacem5t exi/s 9 a great] or less degree4 ,moreov]1 z ^! effects are greatly int5sifi$ by increas+ ! velocity ( ! pi/on1 x becomes at lea/ undesirable to use a high pi/on spe$4 ,to rem$y ^! defects1 :i* are inh]5t 9 ! sy/em1 ,d>l+ton propos$ to remove altoge!r ! necessity = a valve ge> by radically *ang+ ! mode ( admitt+ ! motor fluid to ! cyl9d]4 ,?is proposal he has realiz$ 9 ! ma*9e :i* is illu/rat$ on ,plate ,,iv4 ,! ,d>l+ton rock-drill consi/s ess5tially ( only two p>ts3 ! cyl9d] ,a1 ,figs4 #bj & #ba1 ) its cov]2 & ! pi/on ,b1 ) its rod4 ,! cov]1 :5 bolt$ on1 =ms a "p ( ! cyl9d]2 ! pi/on rod is ca/ solid ) ! pi/on1 & is made suffici5tly l>ge at its out] end to receive ! tool4 ,^! two p>ts con/itute an eng9e1 & ) less ?an "o fix$ & "o mov+ "p x is obvi\sly impossible to develop p[] 9 a ma*9e by ! action ( an ela/ic fluid4 ,! pi/on itself is made to d ! "w ( a valve 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 ,! annul> space af=d+ ! area = pressure on ! =e "p ( ! pi/on gives a mu* small] ext5t ( surface ?an t af=d$ by ! diamet] ( ! cyl9d]1 z %[n 9 ! draw+2 & x is obvi\s t by increas+ or dim9i%+ ! diamet] ( ! pi/on rod1 ! area = pressure on ! "o side ( ! pi/on may be made to be> any desir$ proportion to t on ! o!r side4 ,! inlet ap]ture1 or port ,c1 be+ 9 con/ant communication ) ! int]ior ( ! cyl9d]1 ! pressure ( ! fluid is always act+ ^u ! front ( ! pi/on1 consequ5tly :5 !re is no pressure ^u ! o!r side1 ! pi/on w be =c$ backw>d 9 ! cyl9d]4 ,dur+ ?is backw>d motion1 ! pi/on fir/ cov]s ! exhau/ port ,d1 & !n uncov]s ! equilibrium port ,e1 by means ( :i* communication is e/abli%$ betwe5 ! front & back ends ( ! cyl9d]1 &1 consequ5tly1 ! fluid is made to act ^u bo? sides ( ! pi/on4 ,! area ( ! back face ( ! pi/on be+ great] ?an t ( ! front face by ! ext5t occupi$ by ! pi/on rod1 ! pressure ^u ! =m] fir/ acts to arre/ ! backw>d motion ( ! pi/on1 :i*1 by its consid]able weight & high velocity1 has acquir$ a l>ge mom5tum1 & !n to produce a =w>d motion1 ! propell+ =ce be+ dep5d5t = its am\nt ^u ! diff]5ce ( area on ! two sides ( ! pi/on4 ,z ! pi/on passes d[n1 x cuts (f ! /eam f ! back "p ( ! cyl9d] & op5s ! exhau/4 ,! l5g? or ?ickness ( ! pi/on is su* t ! exhau/ port ,d is nev] op5 to its front side1 b1 9 ! =w>d /roke1 x is op5$ almo/ imm$iately aft] ! equilibrium port is clos$1 & ne>ly at ! "t ( /rik+ ! bl[4 ,x w be obs]v$ t ! quantity ( fluid exp5d$ is only t :i* passes ov] to ! back face ( ! pi/on1 s9ce t :i* is us$ to effect ! return /roke is n dis*>g$4 ,! means employ$ to give a rot>y motion to ! tool are des]v+ ( special att5tion1 z be+ simple 9 design1 effective 9 action1 & well situate )9 ! cyl9d]4 ,^! means consi/ ( a spiral or rifl$ b> ,h1 hav+ ?ree grooves1 & be+ fitt$ at its head ) a rat*et :eel ,g1 recess$ into ! cov] ( ! cyl9d]4 ,two det5ts ,j1 ,j1 ,fig4 #bb1 also recess$ into ! cov]1 are made to fall into ! tee? ( ! rat*et :eel by spiral spr+s4 ,^! spr+s may1 9 case ( breakage1 be imm$iately r5ew$ )\t remov+ ! cov]4 ,x w be obs]v$ t ?is arrangem5t ( ! :eel & ! det5ts all[ ! spiral b> ,h to turn freely 9 "o direction1 :ile x prev5ts x f turn+ 9 ! contr>y direction4 ,! spiral b> drops into a long recess 9 ! pi/on1 :i* is fitt$ ) a /eel nut made to accurately fit ! grooves ( ! spiral4 ,h5ce ! pi/on1 dur+ its in/roke1 is =c$ to turn ^u ! b>2 b1 dur+ its out/roke1 x turns ! b>1 ! latt] be+ free to move 9 ! direction 9 :i* ! /raight out/roke ( ! pi/on t5ds to rotate x4 ,?us ! pi/on1 & ) x ! tool1 assumes a new position aft] ea* /roke4 ,! mode ( fix+ ! cutt+ tool to ! pi/on rod is a matt] des]v+ "s att5tion4 ,z ! tool has to be *ang$ m ?an once dur+ ! progress ( a bore-hole1 x is important t ! *ange %\ld be accompli%$ 9 z %ort a "t z possible2 & z ! vibration ( ! ma*9e & ! /ra9 ^u ! tool are necess>ily great1 x is equally important t ! tool be firmly held4 ,x is also desirable t ! mode ( fix+ ! tool %all n require a %\ld] ^u ! latt]1 a slot 9 x1 or any peculi>ity ( =m difficult to be made 9 ! smi?y4 ,! ,d>l+ton ma*9e fulfils ! requirem5ts ( exp$ition 9 fix+1 firmness ( ret5tion1 & simplicity ( =m mo/ satisfactorily4 ,! means & ! me?od are ! foll[+3 ,! out] end ( ! rod or hold] is fir/ flatt5$ to af=d a seat = ! nut1 z %[n 9 ,figs4 #ba & #be4 ,! slot is !n cut & fitt$ tightly ) a piece ( /eel ,k =g$ ( ! requir$ %ape = ! clamp1 & ! hold] is aft]w>ds bor$ to receive ! tool :ile ! clamp is 9 place4 ,?is clamp ,k is !n tak5 out1 its fitt+s eas$ a little1 & its end screw$ & fitt$ ) a nut4 ,:5 return$ to its place 9 ! hold]1 ! clamp1 9 consequ5ce ( ! eas+1 c be easily drawn tight aga9/ ! tool1 by :i* means x is firmly held 9 position4 ,! %ank ( ! tool is turn$ to fit ! hole easily1 & ! end ( x is made hemisph]ical to fit ! bottom ( ! hole1 ^u :i* ! =ce ( ! reaction ( ! bl[ is receiv$4 ,x w\ld seem impossible to atta9 a high] degree ( simplicity ( =m1 or to con/ruct a ma*9e ) few] p>ts4 ,! abs5ce ( a valve or /rik+ ge> ( any k9d ensures ! utmo/ atta9able degree ( durability1 & all[s a high pi/on spe$ to be adopt$ )\t risk or injury4 ,z ! pi/on controls its own motion1 !re is no liability to /rike aga9/ ! cyl9d] cov]4 ,! /roke may be v>i$ 9 l5g? f half an in* to f\r in*es1 & z ! ma*9e w "w effectively ) a pressure ( #aj lb4 to ! in*1 holes may be />t$ ) ! greate/ ease4 ,) a pressure ( #dj lb41 ! ma*9e makes #ajjj bl[s a m9ute1 a spe$ t may be atta9$ )\t caus+ undue /ra9s or vibration4 ,?is alone con/itutes a v great advantage4 ,x mu/ inde$ be conc$$ t an unprejudic$ consid]ation ( ! m]its ( ?is drill %[s x to be admirably adapt$ to ! "w requir$ ( x4 ,bor]-,bits4--,! =m & ! dim5sions ( ! cutt+ tools1 v>i\sly describ$ z 8drills10 8bor]s10 & 8bits10 us$ ) ma*9e rock-p]=ators are matt]s ( great practical importance4 ,! dim5sions are det]m9$ ma9ly by two conditions1 namely1 ! necessity = suffici5t /r5g? 9 ! %ank ( ! tool1 & ! necessity = suffici5t space betwe5 ! %ank & ! sides ( ! hole to all[ ! dbris to escape4 ,exp]i5ce has %[n t ! latt] condition is be/ fulfill$ :5 ! di/ance betwe5 ! sides ( ! hole & ! %ank ( ! tool is f _/ in* to in*1 reg>d be+ _h to ! =m] condition4 ,! =m ( ! cutt+ edge is det]m9$ by sev]al conditions1 "s ( :i* h be5 already discuss$ 9 relation to h& drills4 ,! =m fir/ adopt$ 0 naturally t possess$ by ! h& drill1 namely1 ! *isel edge4 ,to increase ! useful effect ( ! bl[1 ! cutt+ edge 0 subsequ5tly d\bl$1 ! bit be+ =m$ ( two *isel edges cross+ ea* o!r at "r angles4 ,?is bit1 :i* f its =m 0 call$ ! 8cross0 bit1 0 f\nd to p5etrate ! rock m rapidly ?an ! /raight or *isel bit4 ,! ga9 9 spe$ 0 v m>k$ at ! comm5cem5t ( ! hole2 b x dim9i%$ gradually z ! hole progress$ 9 dep?1 ow+ to ! difficulty ) :i* ! dbris escap$4 ,to rem$y ?is defect1 ! cutt+ edges 7 next made to cross ea* o!r obliquely1 s z to =m ! lett] ,x4 ,9 ?is way1 ! two *isel edges 7 reta9$1 :ile ! bread? ( ! bit 0 consid]ably r$uc$4 ,?is =m1 describ$ z ! ,x bit1 cle>$ ! hole mu* m effectively ?an ! cross1 b n 9 a mann] t 0 altoge!r satisfactory4 ,ano!r modification ( ! =m 01 !re=e1 made1 & ?is "t t ( ! ,z 0 adopt$1 ! upp] & ! l[] portions ( :i* 7 arcs ( circles /ruck f ! c5tre ( ! bit 9 ! direction contr>y to t ( ! rotation4 ,?is =m ( tool1 :i* is kn[n z ! ,z bit1 readily cle>$ itself ( ! dbris4 ,b besides ?is advantage1 x 0 f\nd to possess o!rs ( an important "*4 ,) ! *isel-edge =ms1 ! corn]s ( ! bit 7 rapidly worn (f by friction aga9/ ! sides ( ! hole4 ,) ! ,z =m1 ?is we>+ no long] occurr$1 by reason ( ! l>ge surface expos$ to friction4 ,ano!r advantage ( ! ,z =m ( bit lies 9 its t5d5cy to bore ! hole truly circul>4 ,g5]ally !n1 x may be /at$ t ?is =m satisfies mo/ fully ! det]m9+ conditions4 ,! =m ( bit1 h[ev]1 t is mo/ suitable 9 a giv5 case w1 9 "s degree1 be det]m9$ by p>ticul> circum/ances4 ,( ^!1 ! nature & ! "* ( ! rock w op]ate mo/ /rongly to influ5ce ! *oice4 ,?us ! cross bit w g5]ally be f\nd ! mo/ suitable 9 fissur$ rock1 :ile ! s+le *isel edge may be us$ ) advantage 9 rock ( a v solid & h>d "*4 ,inde$1 on ! judici\s selection ( ! mo/ suitable =m ( cutt+ edge1 ! success ( ma*9e bor+ l>gely dep5ds4 ,! *isel bit1 ! cross bit1 ! ,x bit1 & ! ,z bit1 are %[n 9 ,figs4 #bd to #bg4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bd4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #be4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bf4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bg4 ,! %>p5+ ( bits ( a =m o!r ?an t ( ! *isel is done by means ( 8swages40 ,! temp]+ is effect$ 9 ! way already describ$ 9 ref]5ce to h& drills4 ,z 9 ! latt] case1 ! degree ( temp] mu/ be suit$ to ! h>dness ( ! rocks to be p5etrat$4 ,g5]ally ! /raw col\r w be f\nd to be ! be/ degree4 ,x is a rem>kable fact t ! we> ( ! cutt+ edge ( a ma*9e drill is1 = a giv5 l5g? ( bor+1 five or six times less ?an t ( a h& drill4 ,/eel ( ! be/ quality %\ld always be us$4 ,z 9 ! case ( h& bor+1 ea* successive l5g? ( drill mu/ dim9i% slightly 9 ! wid? ( its cutt+ edge2 a dim9ution ( ab\t _/ in* may be consid]$ suffici5t4 ,c>e %\ld1 h[ev]1 be tak5 to ensure ! prop] dim5sions be+ giv5 to ! edge1 & x w be f\nd advantage\s to h at h& an accurate gauge ?r\gh :i* ! tool may be pass$ previ\sly to its be+ fix$ to ! ma*9e4 ,x is important t ! tool be truly 8c5tr$10 t is1 ! c5tres ( ! edge ( ! bit1 ( ! %ank1 & ( ! pi/on rod1 %\ld be p]fectly co9cid5t4 ,rock-,drill ,supports4--,a ma*9e rock-drill may satisfy e requirem5t1 & yet1 by reason ( ! defective "* ( ! support to :i* x is atta*$1 x may be unsuitable to ! "w requir$ ( x4 ,h5ce x becomes desirable to c>efully /udy ! design & con/ruction ( a drill support1 & to consid] ! requirem5ts :i* x is ne$ful to fulfil4 ,assum+ ! necessity = a high degree ( /r5g? & rigidity 9 ! support1 a prim>y condition is t x %all all[ ! ma*9e to be readily adju/$ to any angle1 s t ! holes may be bor$ 9 ! direction & ) ! incl9ation requir$4 ,:5 ?is requirem5t is n fulfill$1 ! ma*9e is plac$1 9 ?is respect1 at a great disadvantage ) h& lab\r4 ,if a ma*9e drill 7 n capable ( bor+ 9 any position & 9 any direction1 h& lab\r w\ld h to be employ$ 9 conjunction ) x1 & su* incomplet5ess 9 ! "w ( a ma*9e w\ld con/itute a s]i\s objection to its adoption4 ,besides all[+ ( ! desir$ adju/m5t ( ! ma*9e1 ! support mu/ be itself adju/able to unev5 gr\nd4 ,! bottom ( a %aft :i* is be+ sunk1 or ! sides1 ro(1 & floor ( a head+ :i* is be+ driv51 pres5t great irregul>ities ( surface1 &1 z ! support mu/ ( necessity 9 mo/ cases be fix$ to ^!1 x is obvi\s t its design & con/ruction mu/ be su* z w all[ ( its ready adju/m5t to ^! irregul>ities4 ,! means by :i* ! adju/m5t is effect$ %\ld be few & simple1 = simplicity ( p>ts is important 9 ! support z well z 9 ! ma*9e1 & = ! same reasons4 ,a l>ge proportion ( ! "t dur+ :i* a ma*9e drill is 9 use is occupi$ 9 %ift+ x f "o position or "o situation to ano!r2 ?is "t r$uces1 9 a proportionate degree1 ! sup]iority ( ma*9e ov] h& lab\r1 9 respect ( rapidity ( execution1 & x is evid5tly desirable t x %\ld be %ort5$ z f> z possible4 ,h5ce ! necessity = ! employm5t ( means ( adju/m5t :i* %all be few 9 numb]1 rapid 9 action1 & ( easy managem5t4 ,= reasons simil> to ! =ego+1 ! drill support mu/ be ( small dim5sions1 & suffici5tly light to all[ ( its be+ easily portable4 ,! limit$ space 9 :i* rock drills are us$ r5d]s ?is condition1 z 9 ! case ( ! ma*9e itself1 a v important "o4 ,x mu/ be borne 9 m9d t1 aft] e bla/1 ! dislodg$ rock has to be remov$1 & rapidity ( execution requires t ! op]ations ( removal %\ld be c>ri$ on )\t h9drance4 ,a drill support t occupies a l>ge proportion ( ! free space 9 a %aft or a head+ is ?us a cause ( inconv5i5ce & a s\rce ( s]i\s delay4 ,moreov]1 z x has to be cont9ually remov$ f "o situation to ano!r1 x %\ld be ( suffici5tly light weight to all[ ( its be+ lift$ or run along )\t difficulty4 ,9 und]gr\nd work+s1 manual p[] is g5]ally ! only p[] available1 & !re=e x is desirable t bo? ! ma*9e & its support %\ld be ( su* weight t ea* may be lift$ by "o man4 ,( c\rse1 :5 any endeav\r is made to r$uce ! weight ( ! support1 ! necessity = great /r5g? & rigidity mu/ be kept 9 view4 ,9 spaci\s head+s1 su* z are driv5 9 railway tunnel "w1 supports ( a special k9d may be us$4 ,9 ^! situations1 ! conditions ( "w are diff]5t f ^? :i* exi/ 9 m9es4 ,! space is less limit$1 ! head+ is comm5c$ at surface1 & ! floor is laid ) a tramway & sid+s4 ,9 su* a case1 ! support may consi/ ( a m massive /ructure m\nt$ ^u :eels to run ^u ! rails4 ,?is support w c>ry sev]al ma*9es1 & to remove x out ( ! way :5 occasion requires1 x w be run back on to a sid+2 b = ord9>y m9+ purposes1 su* a support is suitable4 ,! ,/ret*] ,b>4--,! simple/ k9d ( support is ! 8/ret*] b>40 ,?is consi/s ess5tially ( a b> s con/ruct$ t x may be l5g!n$ or %ort5$ at pleasure1 by means ( a screw4 ,x is fix$ 9 position by screw+ ! ends into firm contact ) ! sides1 or ) ! ro( & ! floor1 ( a head+4 ,! ma*9e is fix$ to ?is b> by means ( a clamp1 :i*1 :5 loos5$1 slides along ! b>1 & all[s ! drill to be plac$ 9 ! requir$ position1 & to be direct$ at ! requir$ angle4 ,! b> illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #bf1 ,plate ,v41 is t :i* is us$ ) ! ,d>l+ton drill2 9 x1 lightness & rigidity are comb9$ 9 ! highe/ possible degree by ! adoption ( ! holl[ section4 ,! mode ( sett+ ! b> 9 a head+ is %[n 9 ! draw+2 ! end claws are set aga9/ pieces ( wood on ! floor & ! ro(1 & are tight5$ by turn+ ! screw ) a common b>4 ,! simple /ret*] b> is frequ5tly us$ 9 n>r[ driv+s & 9 %afts ( small diamet]4 ,b a m satisfactory support 9 driv+s is af=d$ by a b> suitably m\nt$ ^u a c>riage design$ to run ^u rails4 ,! c>riage consi/s simply ( a trolly1 to ! =e "p ( :i* ! b> is fix$ usually by "s k9d ( h+e-jo9t4 ,x is obvi\s t ! details ( ! con/ruction ( ?is support may be v>i$ greatly1 & num]\s designs h be5 introduc$ & adopt$4 ,9 ,figs4 #bg & #bh1 ,plate ,,vi41 is %[n a support ( ?is "* design$ by ,j4 ,d>l+ton4 ,a s+le v]tical b> is c>ri$ on ! =e "p ( ! trolly1 & fix$1 by ! usual means1 aga9/ ! c5tre ( ! ro(4 ,?is v]tical b> c>ries an arm1 :i* is capable ( turn+ ^u x1 z ^u a c5tre1 & ( slid+ up & d[n x4 ,?is arm c>ries ! drill4 ,! c5tral b> hav+ be5 fix$ 9 position1 ! arm is slid up to ! highe/ position requir$1 & fix$ aga9/ ! side ( ! head+4 ,a r[ ( holes are !n bor$ f ?is arm4 ,:5 ^! are complet$1 ! arm is l[]$ ! requisite di/ance1 & ano!r r[ ( holes are bor$4 ,?is is cont9u$ until all ! holes are bor$ ov] "o-half ! face4 ,! arm is !n swung r\nd1 & fix$ aga9/ ! o!r side ( ! head+1 & ! holes are bor$ ov] t half ! face 9 l mann]4 ,9 ?is way1 "o-half ! head+ is kept cle> to all[ ! op]ations ( remov+ ! dislodg$ rock to be c>ri$ on at ! same "t4 ,if desir$1 two arms may be us$4 ,?is arrangem5t gives und\bt$ly great facilities = work+ ! drill1 & leaves ! head+ comp>atively un5cumb]$4 ,9 %aft s9k+1 ! same support1 slightly modifi$1 is us$ )\t ! trolly4 ,! arrangem5t adopt$ 9 ?is case is %[n 9 ,fig4 #bi1 ,plate ,,vii4 ,! c5tral b> is held firmly 9 its position by a cross /ret*] b> set aga9/ ! sides ( ! %aft4 ,! arms are made to revolve ^u ?is b> to all[ ! holes to be bor$ 9 ! positions requir$4 ,:5 all ! holes h be5 bor$1 ! support1 ) ! ma*9es1 is haul$ up1 by means ( a *a9 atta*$ to ! c5tral b>1 out ( ! way ( ! bla/4 ,) ?is support1 ! "t ( fix+1 rais+1 & l[]+ is r$uc$ to a m9imum2 :ile ! facility ) :i* ! ma*9es may be slid along & fix$ to ! arm1 & ! positions ( ! latt] *ang$1 all[s ! bor+ to be c>ri$ on rapidly4 ,= op5 "w1 z 9 qu>ry+1 :]e ! /ret*] b> _c be us$1 ! tripod /& is adopt$4 ,! ,dubois-,franois ,c>riage4--,! support commonly us$ 9 ,france & 9 ,belgium consi/s ( a k9d ( c>riage c>ry+ b>s ^u :i* ! drills are set4 ,?is c>riage is us$ 9 driv+s ( all k9ds2 b x is p>ticul>ly suitable = tunnell+4 ,x has be5 adopt$1 ) b slight modification1 9 ! ,/4 ,go?>d tunnel1 & 9 sev]al o!r important works ( ! l "*4 ,a modification ( ! c>riage is %[n 9 ,figs4 #cj & #ca4 ,be+ design$ = ord9>y m9+ op]ations1 x c>ries b two ma*9es2 b x w be readily p]ceiv$ t1 by increas+ ! numb] ( v]tical screws1 ! same support may be made to c>ry a l>g] numb]4 ,x consi/s ess5tially ( a v]tical frame ( flat b> iron a b c d1 #h feet 9 l5g?1 & #d feet #i in*es 9 height above ! rails1 ! h9d] portion ( :i* re/s ^u a ca/-iron plate e f g h1 c>ri$ ^u two :eels2 on ?is are fix$ ! two uprights l1 l1 :i*1 be+ b\nd to ! upp] "p by a transv]se b> m m1 =m a fram+ to s]ve z a support to ! two v]tical screws p1 q4 ,! front fram+ is =m$ ( two longitud9als b c & b c & ! uprights a1 a1 & ! v]tical screws p1 q1 :i* are connect$ to ! upp] "p by ! s+le piece a d4 ,?is fram+ is support$ bel[ ^u a small trolly ) f\r :eels1 connect$ to ! two longitud9als ( ! fram+ by a pivot bolt n ( ,t =m1 ! b> ( ! ,t be+ ins]t$ into ! elongat$ op5+s o cut ?r\gh ! middle ( ! curv$ portion ( ! longitud9als4 ,! ca/-iron plate beh9d1 ! use ( :i* is only to give /ability to ! c>riage1 c>ries above x1 by means ( ! two curv$ pieces h1 h1 a wr\ght-iron plate ,v1 ^u :i* ! small tools ne$$ = repairs are kept4 ,two screws1 s1 s1 c>ri$ by lugs ca/ ^u ! back ( ! plate1 s]ve1 by turn+ !m d[n ^u ! rails1 to fix ! c>riage1 ! latt] be+ slightly lift$ by ! screws4 ,ea* ma*9e is support$ at two po9ts4 ,beh9d1 ! po9t ( support is giv5 by a ca/-iron bracket t1 hav+ a project+ eye :i* ent]s betwe5 ! two *eeks =m$ at ! back end ( ! ma*9e by ! cont9uations ( ! two longitud9als ( ! fram+4 ,a p9 bolt1 c>ri$ by ! ma*9e1 all[s ! latt] to be fix$ to ! bracket1 :ile leav+ suffici5t fre$om ( motion to all[ ( its be+ direct$ at ! requir$ angle4 ,?is bracket1 %[n 9 plan 9 ,fig4 #cc1 is support$ by a k9d ( nut1 ,fig4 #cb1 hav+ two h&les :]eby x may be easily turn$4 ,by rais+ or l[]+ ?is1 ! h9d] support ( ! drill may be br\ght to ! requisite height4 ,to prev5t x turn+ ^u ! screw1 a p9 is pass$ ?r\gh ! hole o1 :i* p9 =ms a /op = ! h&les a=em5tion$4 ,! rotation ( ! bracket itself is r5d]$ impossible by ! =m ( ! v]tical screw ^u :i* x is set1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #cc4 ,9 front1 ! support is a =k1 ! %ank ( :i* slides along 9 ! piece ,u1 ,figs4 #cj & #ca4 ,?is support1 :i* is n screw$ on ! inside1 re/s ^u a nut ( ! same =m z t already describ$1 & ! same means are employ$ to prev5t rotation z 9 ! case ( ! h9d] supports4 ,,section ,,iii4--,,appliances ,,= ,,fir+ ,,bla/+ ,,*>ges4 ,9 ! =ego+ sections1 ! ma*9es & tools us$ 9 rock bor+ h be5 treat$ (4 ,x n[ rema9s to describe ^? :i* are employ$ 9 fir+ ! *>ges aft] !y h be5 plac$ 9 ! bore-holes4 ,9 ?is direction1 too1 great progress has be5 made 9 rec5t times4 ,) ! introduction ( new explosive ag5ts1 arose ! necessity = improv$ means ( fir+ !m4 ,att5tion be+ ?us direct$ to ! subject1 its requirem5ts 7 inve/igat$ & its conditions obs]v$1 ! outcome be+ "s important modifications ( ! old appliances & ! introduction ( o!rs altoge!r new4 ,"s ( ! improvem5ts effect$ are sc>cely less rem>kable ?an ! sub/itution ( ma*9e = h& bor+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bh4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bi4 ,! means by :i* ! *>ge ( explosive matt] plac$ 9 ! bore-hole is fir$ con/itute a v important "p ( ! set ( appliances us$ 9 bla/+4 ,! conditions :i* any su* means mu/ fulfil are3 7#a7 t x %all fire ! *>ge ) c]ta9ty2 7#b7 t x %all all[ ! p]son ^: duty x is to explode ! *>ge to be at a safe di/ance away :5 ! explosion takes place2 7#c7 t x %all be practically suitable1 & applicable to all situations2 & 7#d7 t x %all be obta9able at a l[ co/4 ,to fulfil ! second & mo/ ess5tial ( ^! conditions1 ! means mu/ be ei!r sl[ 9 op]ation1 or capable ( be+ act$ ^u at a di/ance4 ,! only kn[n means possess+ ! latt] quality is electricity4 ,! application ( electricity to ?is purpose is ( rec5t date1 & 9 consequ5ce ( ! great advantages :i* x (f]s1 its use is rapidly ext5d+4 ,! o!r means 9 common use are ^? :i* are sl[ 9 op]ation1 & :i* all[ !reby suffici5t "t to elapse betwe5 _! ignition & ! explosion ( ! *>ge = a p]son to retire to a safe di/ance4 ,^! means consi/ g5]ally ( a tra9 ( gunp[d] s plac$ t ! ignition ( ! p>ticles mu/ necess>ily be gradual & sl[4 ,! old1 & 9 "s p>ts /ill employ$1 mode ( con/ruct+ ?is tra9 0 z foll[s3 ,an iron rod ( small diamet] & t]m9at+ 9 a po9t1 call$ a 8prick]10 0 ins]t$ into ! *>ge & left 9 ! bore-hole :ile ! tamp+ 0 be+ ramm$ d[n4 ,:5 ?is op]ation 0 complet$1 ! prick] 0 )drawn1 leav+ a hole ?r\gh ! tamp+ d[n to ! *>ge4 ,into ?is hole1 a /raw1 ru%1 quill1 or "s o!r l holl[ sub/ance fill$ ) gunp[d]1 0 ins]t$4 ,a piece ( sl[-mat* 0 !n atta*$ to ! upp] end ( ?is tra91 & light$4 ,! combu/ion ( ! p[d] conf9$ 9 ! /raw fir$ ! *>ge1 ! "t all[$ by ! sl[ burn+ ( ! mat* be+ suffici5t to enable ! man :o ignit$ x to retire to a place ( safety4 ,?is me?od ( =m+ ! tra9 does n1 h[ev]1 satisfy all ! conditions m5tion$ above4 ,x is n readily applicable to all situations4 ,moreov]1 ! use ( ! iron prick] may be a s\rce ( dang]2 ! friction ( ?is in/rum5t aga9/ silici\s sub/ances 9 ! sides ( ! bore-hole or 9 ! tamp+ has 9 "s in/ances occasion$ accid5tal explosions4 ,?is dang] is1 h[ev]1 v greatly less5$ by ! employm5t ( copp] or phosphor-bronze in/ead ( iron = ! prick]s4 ,b ! me?od is defective 9 "s o!r respects4 ,) _m k9ds ( tamp+1 !re is a difficulty 9 keep+ ! hole op5 aft] ! prick] is )drawn till ! /raw c be ins]t$4 ,:5 ! holes are incl9$ upw>ds1 besides ?is difficulty1 ano!r is occasion$ by ! liability ( ! p[d] con/itut+ ! tra9 to run out on be+ ignit$4 ,& 9 wet situations1 special provision has to be made to protect ! tra9s4 ,moreov]1 ! manufacture ( ^! tra9s by ! workm5 is always a s\rce ( dang]4 ,_m ( ^! defects 9 ! sy/em may1 h[ev]1 be remov$ by ! employm5t ( prop]ly con/ruct$ tra9s4 ,"o ( ^! tra9s or 8squibs0 is %[n full size 9 ,fig4 #bh4 ,safety ,fuse4--,_m ( ! defects p]ta9+ to ! sy/em 7 remov$ by ! introduction ( ! fuse inv5t$ by ,w4 ,bick=d1 & kn[n z 8safety fuse40 ,! m]its ( ?is fuse1 :i* is %[n full size 9 ,fig4 #bi1 are su* z to r5d] x "o ( ! mo/ p]fect ( ! sl[-action means t h yet be5 devis$4 ,! tra9 ( gunp[d] is reta9$ 9 ?is fuse1 b ! details ( its arrangem5t are *ang$ s z to fairly satisfy ! conditions previ\sly laid d[n z necess>y4 ,x consi/s ( a flexible cord compos$ ( a c5tral core ( f9e gunp[d]1 surr\nd$ by hemp5 y>ns twi/$ up into a tube1 & call$ ! c\nt]+4 ,an out] cas+ is made ( diff]5t mat]ials1 accord+ to ! circum/ances "u :i* x is int5d$ to be us$4 ,a c5tral t\* ?read1 or 9 "s cases two ?reads1 passes ?r\gh ! core ( gunp[d]4 ,?is fuse1 :i* 9 ext]nal appe>ance resembles a piece ( pla9 cord1 is tol]ably c]ta9 9 its action2 x may be us$ ) equal facility 9 holes bor$ 9 any direction2 x is capable ( resi/+ consid]able pressure )\t injury2 x may be us$ )\t special means ( protection 9 wet gr\nd2 & x may be transport$ f place to place )\t risk ( damage4 ,9 ! safety fuse1 ! conditions ( sl[ burn+ are fully satisfi$1 & c]ta9ty is 9 "s measure provid$ = by ! t\* ?read ?r\gh ! c5tre ( ! core4 ,z ! combu/ion ( ! core leaves1 9 ! small space occupi$ by x1 a c>bonace\s residue1 !re is little or no passage left ?r\gh ! tamp+ by :i* ! gases ( ! explod+ *>ge may escape1 z 9 ! case ( ! squibs4 ,h5ce results an economy ( =ce4 ,ano!r advantage (f]$ by ! safety fuse is1 t x may be made to c>ry ! fire into ! c5tre ( ! bur/+ *>ge if x be desir$ to produce rapid ignition4 ,?is fuse c be also v conv5i5tly us$ = fir+ *>ges ( comp\nds o!r ?an gunp[d]1 by fix+ a detonat+ *>ge at ! end ( x1 & dropp+ ! latt] into ! *>ge ( ! comp\nd4 ,?is means is usually adopt$ 9 fir+ ! nitro-glyc]9e comp\nds1 ! detonat+ *>ge 9 su* cases be+ g5]ally conta9$ )9 a metallic cap4 ,9 us+ ?is fuse1 a suffici5t l5g? is cut (f to rea* f ! *>ge to a di/ance ( ab\t an in*1 or f>!r if necess>y1 beyond ! m\? ( ! hole4 ,"o end is !n untwi/$ to a height ( ab\t a qu>t] ( an in*1 & plac$ to t dep? 9 ! *>ge4 ,! fuse be+ plac$ aga9/ ! side ( ! bore-hole ) ! o!r end project+ beyond x1 ! tamp+ is put 91 & ! project+ end ( ! fuse slightly untwi/$4 ,! mat* may !n be appli$ directly to ?is "p4 ,! rate ( burn+ is ab\t two & a half feet a m9ute4 ,safety fuse is sold 9 coils ( #bd feet 9 l5g?4 ,! price v>ies accord+ to ! quality1 & ! degree ( protection af=d$ to ! tra94 ,electric ,fuses4--,! employm5t ( electricity to fire ! *>ge 9 bla/+ rock (f]s num]\s & great advantages4 ,! mo/ important1 p]haps1 is ! greatly increas$ effect ( ! explosions :5 ! *>ges are fir$ simultane\sly4 ,b ano!r advantage1 ( no small mom5t1 lies 9 ! security f accid5t :i* ?is means ( fir+ gives4 ,:5 electricity is us$1 n only may ! *>ge be fir$ at ! mom5t desir$1 aft] ! workm5 h retir$ to a place ( safety1 b ! dang] due to a misfire is altoge!r avoid$4 ,fur!r1 ! facility af=d$ by electricity = fir+ *>ges "u wat] is a feature 9 ?is ag5t ( v great practical importance4 ,x w\ld !re=e seem1 :5 all ^! advantages are tak5 into acc\nt1 t electricity is de/9$ to become ( g5]al application to bla/+ purposes 9 ?is c\ntry1 z x is already 9 ,g]many & 9 ,am]ica4 ,an electric fuse consi/s ( a *>ge ( an explosive comp\nd suitably plac$ 9 ! circuit ( an electric curr5t1 :i* comp\nd is ( a "* to be act$ ^u by ! curr5t 9 a mann] & 9 a degree suffici5t to produce explosion4 ,! mode 9 :i* ! curr5t is made to act dep5ds ^u ! nature ( ! s\rce ( ! electricity4 ,t :i* is g5]at$ by a ma*9e is ( high t5sion1 b small 9 quantity2 :ile t :i* is g5]at$ by a batt]y is1 on ! contr>y1 ( l[ t5sion1 b is l>ge 9 quantity4 ,electricity ( high t5sion is capable ( leap+ across a n>r[ break 9 ! circuit1 & advantage is tak5 ( ?is prop]ty to place 9 ! break an explosive comp\nd suffici5tly s5sitive to be decompos$ by ! passage ( ! curr5t4 ,! electricity g5]at$ 9 a batt]y1 ?\gh incapable ( leap+ across a break 9 ! circuit1 is 9 suffici5t quantity to develop a high degree ( heat4 ,advantage is tak5 ( ?is prop]ty to fire an explosive comp\nd by r$uc+ ! sectional area ( ! wire compos+ a portion ( ! circuit at a c]ta9 po9t1 & surr\nd+ ?is wire ) ! comp\nd4 ,x is obvi\s t any explosive comp\nd may be fir$ 9 ?is way2 b = ! purpose ( increas+ ! effici5cy ( ! batt]y1 pref]5ce is giv5 to ^? comp\nds :i* ignite at a l[ temp]ature4 ,h5ce x w be obs]v$ t !re are two k9ds ( electric fuses1 namely1 ^? :i* may be fir$ by means ( a ma*9e1 & :i* are call$ 8t5sion0 fuses1 & ^? :i* require a batt]y1 & :i* are kn[n z 8quantity0 fuses4 ,9 ! t5sion1 or ma*9e fuses1 ! circuit is int]rupt$ )9 ! fuse case1 & ! prim+1 z be=e rem>k$1 is int]pos$ 9 ! break2 ! curr5t1 9 leap+ across ! int]val1 passes ?r\gh ! prim+4 ,9 ! quantity or batt]y fuses1 ! r$uction ( ! sectional area is effect$ by sev]+ ! conduct+ wire )9 ! fuse case1 & aga9 jo9+ ! sev]$ ends ( ! wire by sold]+ to !m a %ort piece ( v f9e wire4 ,plat9um wire1 on acc\nt ( its high resi/ance & l[ specific heat1 is usually employ$ = ?is purpose4 ,! prim+ composition is plac$ ar\nd ?is f9e wire1 :i* is heat$ to r$ness by ! curr5t z soon z ! circuit is clos$4 ,! advantages ( high t5sion lie *iefly 9 ! conv5i5t =m & ready action ( ! ma*9es employ$ to excite ! electricity4 ,be+ ( small dim5sions & weight1 simple 9 con/ruction1 & n liable to get quickly out ( ord]1 ^! s\rces ( electricity are p>ticul>ly suitable = use 9 m9+ op]ations1 especially :5 ^! op]ations are entru/$1 z !y usually are1 to m5 ( no sci5tific k4 ,ano!r advantage ( high t5sion is ! small effect ( l9e resi/ance ^u ! curr5t1 a consequ5ce ( :i* is t m9es may be fir$ at long di/ances f ! ma*9e1 & ?r\gh iron wire ( v small section4 ,a disadvantage ( high t5sion is ! necessity = a p]fect insulation ( ! wires4 ,:5 electricity ( l[ t5sion is employ$1 ! insulation ( ! wires ne$s n to be p]fect1 s t leakages aris+ f injury to ! coat+ ( ! wire are n ( great importance4 ,9 _m cases1 b>e wires may be us$4 ,o!r advantages ( l[ t5sion are ! ability to te/ ! fuse at any mom5t by means ( a weak curr5t1 & an almo/ absolute c]ta9ty ( action4 ,= ?is reason1 x is usually pref]r$ = torp$oes & important subm>9e "w4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! copp] wires us$ mu/ be ( comp>atively l>ge section1 & ! influ5ce ( l9e resi/ance is s consid]able t only a small numb] ( %ots c be fir$ simultane\sly :5 ! di/ance is great4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cj4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ca4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cb4 ,9 ,fig4 #cj is %[n an ext]nal view ( an electric t5sion fuse4 ,x consi/s ( a metal cap conta9+ a detonat+ composition1 ^u ! top ( :i* is plac$ ! prim+ to be ignit$ by ! electric sp>k4 ,! ends ( two insulat$ wires project into ?is prim+1 :i* is fir$ by ! passage ( ! sp>k f "o ( ^! wires to ! o!r4 ,! insulat$ wires are suffici5tly long to rea* a few in*es beyond ! bore-hole4 ,sometimes ! fuse is atta*$ to ! end ( a /ick1 & ! wires are affix$ to ! latt] 9 ! mann] %[n 9 ,fig4 #ca4 ,! rigidity ( ! /ick all[s ! fuse to be readily pu%$ into ! bore-hole4 ,:5 ! gr\nd is n v wet1 b>e wires are1 = *eapness1 us$1 & ! /ick is 9 t case cov]$ ) oil$ pap]1 or "s o!r sub/ance capable ( resi/+ moi/ure4 ,^! 8bla/+ /icks10 z !y are call$1 are ext5sively us$ 9 ,g]many4 ,:5 heavy tamp+ is employ$1 ! /ick is n suitable1 by reason ( ! space :i* x occupies 9 ! bore-hole4 ,a mode ( insulat+ ! wires1 less exp5sive ?an ! guttap]*a %[n 9 ,fig4 #cj1 is illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #cb4 ,9 ?is case1 ! wires are cem5t$ betwe5 /rips ( pap]1 & ! :ole is dipp$ into "s res9\s sub/ance to protect x f wat]4 ,^! 8ribbon0 wires may be us$ 9 gr\nd t is n v wet4 ,!y occupy little or no space 9 ! bore-hole1 & !re=e are suitable = use ) tamp+4 ,to connect ! fuses ) ! ma*9e or ! batt]y1 two sets ( wires are requir$ :5 a s+le %ot is fir$1 & ?ree sets may be ne$$ :5 two or m %ots are fir$ simultane\sly4 ,( ^! sev]al sets ( wires1 ! fir/ consi/s ( ^? :i* are atta*$ to ! fuses1 & :i*1 by reason ( _! be+ plac$ 9 ! %ot-hole1 are call$ ! 8%ot-hole wires40 ,two %ot-hole wires mu/ be atta*$ to ea* fuse1 & !y mu/ be ( su* a l5g? t1 :5 ! fuse has be5 plac$ 9 its prop] position 9 ! *>ge1 ! ends may project a few in*es f ! hole4 ,^! wires mu/ also be 8insulat$10 t is1 cov]$ ) a sub/ance capable ( prev5t+ ! escape ( electricity4 ,! second set ( wires consi/s ( ^? :i* are employ$ to connect ! *>ges "o ) ano!r1 & :i*1 = ?is reason1 are call$ 8connect+ wires40 ,9 connect+ ! *>ges 9 s+le circuit1 ! end ( "o ( ! %ot-hole wires ( ! fir/ *>ge is left free1 & ! o!r wire is connect$1 by means ( a piece ( ?is connect+ wire1 to "o ( ! %ot-hole wires 9 ! second hole2 ! o!r wire 9 ?is second hole is !n connect$1 9 ! same mann]1 to "o ( ! wires 9 ! ?ird hole2 & s on till ! la/ hole is rea*$1 "o %ot-hole wire ( :i* is left free1 z 9 ! fir/4 ,:5ev] ! connect+ wires c be kept f t\*+ ! rock1 & also f com+ into contact "o ) ano!r--& 9 mo/ cases ?is may be done--b>e wire may be us$1 ! co/ ( :i* is v little4 ,b :5 ?is condition _c be compli$ )1 &1 ( c\rse1 :5 bla/+ 9 wat]1 ! connect+ wires1 l ! %ot-hole wires1 mu/ be insulat$4 ,:5 guttap]*a %ot-hole wires are us$1 x is be/ to h !m suffici5tly long to all[ ! ends project+ f "o hole to rea* ^? project+ f ! next hole4 ,?is r5d]s connect+ wire unnecess>y1 & moreov] saves "o jo9t = ea* %ot4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cc4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cd4 ,cables4--,! ?ird set ( wires requir$ consi/s ( ^? us$ to connect ! *>ges ) ! ma*9e or ! batt]y4 ,^! wires1 :i* are call$ ! 8cables10 consi/ ea* ( ?ree or m /r&s ( copp] wire well insulat$ ) guttap]*a1 or bett]1 indi>ubb]1 ! coat+ ( ^! mat]ials be+ protect$ f injury by a %ea?+ ( tape or ( galvaniz$ iron wire und]laid ) hemp4 ,two cables are ne$$ to complete ! circuit2 ! "o :i* is atta*$ to ! positive pole ( ! ma*9e1 t is1 ! pole ?r\gh :i* ! electric curr5t passes out1 is di/+ui%$ z ! 8lead+ cable10 & ! o!r1 :i* is atta*$ to ! negative pole1 t is1 ! pole ?r\gh :i* ! curr5t returns to ! ma*9e1 is describ$ z ! return cable4 ,sometimes bo? ! lead+ & ! return cables are conta9$ )9 "o cov]+4 ,:5 a cable hav+ a metallic %ea?+ is us$1 ! %ea?+ may be made to s]ve z a return cable1 c>e be+ tak5 to make good metallic contact ) ! wires t connect ! %ea?+ to ! fuses & to ! t]m9al ( ! ma*9e4 ,! be/ k9d ( unprotect$ cable consi/s ( a ?ree-/r& t9n$ copp] wire1 ea* #jjce in* 9 diamet]1 insulat$ ) ?ree lay]s ( indi>ubb] to #jbb in* diamet]1 & tap$ ) indi>ubb]-saturat$ cotton to #jbd in* diamet]1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #cc4 ,! be/ protect$ cable consi/s ( a simil> /r& ( copp] wire1 cov]$ ) guttap]*a & t>r$ jute1 & %ea!d ) fifte5 galvaniz$ iron wires ( #jjh in* diamet] ea*1 to a total diamet] ( #jdh in*1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #cd4 ,detonators4--,! new explosives ( ! nitro-cotton & nitro-glyc]9e class _c be effectively fir$ by means ( safety or o!r fuse alone4 ,to br+ ab\t _! in/antane\s decomposition1 x is necess>y to produce 9 _! mid/ ! explosion ( "s o!r sub/ance4 ,! =ce ( ?is initial explosion causes ! *>ge ( gun-cotton1 or dynamite1 z ! case may be1 to detonate4 ,x has be5 f\nd t ! explosion ( ! fulm9ate ( m]cury br+s ab\t ?is result mo/ effectively & ) ! greate/ c]ta9ty2 & ?is sub/ance is !re=e g5]ally us$ = ! purpose4 ,! *>ge ( fulm9ate is conta9$ 9 a copp] capsule ab\t a qu>t] ( an in* 9 diamet]1 & f #a in* to #a in* 9 l5g?4 ,^! caps1 ) _! *>ge ( fulm9ate1 :i* are n[ well kn[n to us]s ( ! nitro-comp\nds1 are call$ 8detonators40 ,x is ( ! highe/ importance t ^! detonators %\ld conta9 a suffici5tly /rong *>ge to produce detonation1 = if too weak1 n only is ! :ole =ce ( ! explosive n develop$1 b a l>ge quantity ( noxi\s gas is g5]at$4 ,gun-cotton requires a mu* /rong] *>ge ( fulm9ate ?an dynamite4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ce4 ,9 ! electric fuses illu/rat$1 ! metal case %[n is ! detonator1 ! fuse be+ plac$ inside above ! fulm9ate4 ,:5 safety fuse is us$1 ! end is cut (f clean & ins]t$ into ! cap1 :i* is !n press$ tightly ^u ! fuse by means ( a pair ( nipp]s1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ce4 ,:5 wat] tamp+ is us$1 & :51 ) ord9>y tamp+1 ! hole is v wet1 a little :ite-lead or grease mu/ be put r\nd ! edge ( ! cap z a protection4 ,! electric fuses are always made wat]pro(2 consequ5tly1 !y are ready = use "u all circum/ances4 ,:5 ! safety fuse burns d[n into ! cap1 or :51 9 ! o!r case1 ! prim+ ( ! electric fuse is fir$1 ! fulm9ate explodes & causes ! detonation ( ! *>ge 9 :i* x is plac$4 ,fir+ ,ma*9es & ,batt]ies4--,! electrical ma*9es us$ = fir+ t5sion fuses are ( two k9ds4 ,9 "o k9d1 ! electricity is excit$ by friction1 & /or$ 9 a cond5s] to be aft]w>ds dis*>g$ by suitable means provid$ = ! purpose4 ,9 ! o!r k9d1 ! electricity is excit$ by ! motion ( an armature be=e ! poles ( a magnet4 ,! =m] k9d are call$ 8frictional electric0 explod]s2 ! latt] k9d are kn[n z 8magneto-electric0 explod]s4 ,:5 a magneto-electric ma*9e conta9s an electro-magnet in/ead ( a p]man5t magnet1 x is describ$ z a 8dynamo-electric explod]40 ,frictional ma*9es act v well z explod]s s long z !y are kept 9 a prop] /ate4 ,b z !y are injuri\sly affect$ by a moi/ atmosph]e1 & weak5 rapidly ) use by reason ( ! we>+ away ( ! rubb]s1 x is necess>y to take c>e t !y be 9 good electrical condition be=e us+ !m = fir+4 ,unless ?is c>e be tak51 ! quantity ( electricity excit$ by a giv5 numb] ( revolutions ( ! plate w be v v>iable1 & vexati\s failures w ensue4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! prop] precautions be obs]v$1 v c]ta9 & satisfactory results may be obta9$4 ,9 ,g]many & 9 ,am]ica1 frictional explod]s are g5]ally us$4 ,magneto-electric ma*9es possess ! v valuable quality ( con/ancy4 ,!y are unaffect$1 9 any appreciable degree1 by atmosph]ic *anges1 & !y are n subject to we>4 ,^! qualities are ( ine/imable wor? 9 an explod] us$ = ord9>y bla/+ op]ations4 ,moreov]1 z !y give electricity ( a l[] t5sion ?an ! frictional ma*9es1 defects ( insulation are less important4 ,( ^! ma*9es1 only ! dynamo v>iety are suitable = indu/rial bla/+4 ,x is ( prim>y importance t an explod] %\ld possess great p[]4 ,! mi/ake ( us+ weak ma*9es has done m ?an any?+ else to h9d] ! adoption ( electrical fir+ 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cf4 ,! ma*9e mo/ us$ 9 ,g]many is ,bornh>dt's frictional explod]1 %[n 9 ,fig4 #cf4 ,?is ma*9e is conta9$ 9 a wood5 case #bj in*es 9 l5g?1 #g in*es 9 bread?1 & #ad in*es 9 dep?1 outside measurem5t4 ,! weight is ab\t #bj lb4 ,to fire ! *>ges by means ( ?is explod]1 ! lead+ wire is atta*$ to ! upp] t]m9al ,b1 & ! return to ! l[] t]m9al ,c1 ! o!r ends ( ^! wires be+ connect$ to ! fuses4 ,! h&le is !n turn$ briskly f fifte5 to ?irty times1 accord+ to ! numb] ( ! fuses & ! /ate ( ! ma*9e1 to excite ! electricity4 ,! knob ,a is !n press$ sudd5ly 91 & ! dis*>ge takes place4 ,to asc]ta9 ! condition ( ! ma*9e1 a scale ( fifte5 brass-head$ nails is provid$ on ! outside1 :i* scale may be put 9 communication ) ! poles ,b & ,c by means ( brass *a9s1 z %[n 9 ! draw+4 ,if aft] twelve or f\rte5 turns1 ! sp>k leaps ! scale :5 ! knob is pu%$ 91 ! ma*9e is 9 a suffici5tly good work+ condition4 ,to give security to ! m5 engag$1 ! h&le is design$ to be tak5 (f :5 ! ma*9e is n 9 actual use2 & ! end ( ! ma*9e into :i* ! cable wires are l$ is made to close ) a lid & lock1 ! key ( :i* %\ld be always 9 ! possession ( ! man 9 *>ge ( ! fir+ op]ations4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cg4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ch4 ,9 ,am]ica1 !re are two frictional explod]s 9 common use4 ,"o1 %[n 9 ,fig4 #cg1 is ! inv5tion ( ,h4 ,julian ,smi?4 ,! app>atus is enclos$ 9 a wood5 case ab\t #a foot squ>e & #f in*es 9 dep?4 ,! h&le is on ! top ( ! case1 & is turn$ horizontally4 ,?is h&le is removable1 z 9 ,bornh>dt's ma*9e4 ,! cable wires hav+ be5 atta*$ to ! t]m9als1 ! h&le is turn$ =w>d a c]ta9 numb] ( times to excite ! electricity1 & !n turn$ a qu>t] ( a revolution backw>d to dis*>ge ! cond5s] & to fire ! bla/4 ,by ?is device1 ! necessity = a second ap]ture ( communication ) ! inside is avoid$1 an important po9t 9 frictional ma*9es1 :i* are s readily affect$ by moi/ure4 ,! ap]ture ?r\gh :i* ! axis ( ! plate passes1 ^u :i* axis ! h&le is fix$1 is tightly clos$ by a /uff+-box4 ,a lea!rn /rap on "o end ( ! case all[s ! ma*9e to be easily c>ri$4 ,! weight ( ?is explod] is "u #aj lb4 ,! o!r explod] us$ is t design$ by ,g4 ,m[bray4 ,?is ma*9e1 :i* is %[n 9 ,fig4 #ch1 is conta9$ 9 a wood5 b>rel-%ap$ case1 & is kn[n z ! 8p[d]-keg0 explod]1 ! =m & dim5sions ( ! case be+ ^? ( a p[d]-keg4 ,! action is simil> to t ( ! ma*9e la/ describ$4 ,! cable wires hav+ be5 atta*$ to ! t]m9als at "o end ( ! keg1 ! h&le at ! o!r end is turn$ =w>d to excite ! electricity1 & ! cond5s] is dis*>g$ by mak+ a qu>t] turn backw>d1 z 9 ,smi?'s ma*9e4 ,! h&le is 9 ?is case also removable4 ,! weight ( ! p[d]-keg explod] is ab\t #bf lb4 ,bo? ( ^! ma*9es are v ext5sively us$1 & good results are obta9$ f !m4 ,!y /& well 9 a damp atmosph]e1 & d n quickly get out ( ord] f ! we>+ ( ! rubb]s4 ,!y are also1 especially ! =m]1 v easily portable4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ci4 ,! ma*9e commonly us$ 9 ,engl& is ! dynamo-electric explod] ( ! ,messrs4 ,siem5s4 ,?is ma*9e1 :i* is ! be/ ( its k9d yet introduc$ = bla/+ purposes1 is n m ?an half ! size ( ,bornh>dt's frictional explod]2 b x greatly exce$s ! latt] 9 weight1 t ( ,siem5s' be+ ab\t #ee lb4 ,! app>atus1 :i* is conta9$ )9 ! cas+ %[n 9 ,fig4 #ci1 consi/s ( an ord9>y ,siem5s' armature1 :i* is made1 by turn+ ! h&le1 to revolve betwe5 ! poles ( an electro-magnet4 ,! coils ( ! electro-magnet are 9 circuit ) ! wire ( ! armature2 ! residual magnetism ( ! electro-magnet cores excites1 at fir/1 weak curr5ts2 ^! pass into ! coils1 !reby increas+ ! magnetism ( ! cores1 & induc+ /ill /rong] curr5ts 9 ! armature wire1 to ! limit ( magnetic saturation ( ! iron cores ( ! electro-magnets4 ,by ! automatic action ( ! ma*9e1 ?is p[]ful curr5t is1 at e second turn ( ! h&le1 s5t into ! cables lead+ to ! fuses4 ,to fire ?is ma*9e1 ! h&le is turn$ g5tly till a click is he>d f ! inside1 indicat+ t ! h&le is 9 ! "r position to />t f4 ,! cable wires are !n atta*$ to ! t]m9als1 & ! h&le is turn$ quickly1 b /eadily4 ,at ! completion ( ! second revolution1 ! curr5t is s5t (f into l9e1 z x is t]m$1 t is1 ! curr5t passes out ?r\gh ! cables & ! fuses4 ,z 9 ! case ( ! frictional ma*9es1 ! h&le is1 = safety1 made removable4 ,?is explod] is practically unaffect$ by moi/ure1 & x is n liable to get out ( ord] f we>4 ,induction coils h be5 us$ to fire t5sion fuses2 b x is surpris+ t !y h n be5 m ext5sively appli$ to t purpose4 ,a coil design$ = ! "w requir$ ( x is a v effective in/rum5t4 ,if con/ruct$ to give a sp>k n exce$+ ?ree in*es 9 l5g?1 ) comp>atively ?ick wire = quantity1 x makes a v p[]ful explod]4 ,an objection to its use is ! necessity = a batt]y4 ,b a few bi*romate ( pota% cells1 provid$ ) spiral spr+s to hold ! z9cs out ( ! liquid1 & design$ to be set 9 action by simply press+ d[n ! z9cs1 give b little tr\ble1 s t ! objection is n a s]i\s "o4 ,! writ] has us$ an induction explod] 9 ord9>y m9+ op]ations )\t exp]i5c+ any difficulty or inconv5i5ce4 ,x is *eap1 easily portable1 & con/ant 9 its action4 ,batt]ies are us$ to fire :at are kn[n z 8quantity0 or 8l[ t5sion0 fuses4 ,any cells may be appli$ to ?is purpose2 b !y are n all equally suitable4 ,a fir+ batt]y %\ld require b little att5tion1 & %\ld rema9 9 work+ ord] = a long "t4 ,^! conditions are satisfactorily fulfill$ by only two cells1 namely1 ! ,lclan* & ! ,bi*romate ( ,pota%4 ,! latt] is ! m p[]ful1 & g5]ally ! m suitable4 ,! ,lclan* is mu* us$ 9 ?is c\ntry = fir+ purposes1 "u ! =m kn[n z ! 8,silv]t[n ,fir+ ,batt]y40 ,?is batt]y consi/s ( a rectangul> teak box1 conta9+ t5 cells4 ,two1 or m1 ( ^! may be jo9$ up toge!r :5 great p[] is requir$4 ,9 ,france1 ! batt]y us$ g5]ally = fir+ is ! ,bi*romate4 ,?is batt]y is mu* m p[]ful ?an ! ,lclan*1 & z no action goes on :5 ! z9cs are lift$ out ( ! liquid1 x is equally durable4 ,x is moreov] mu* *eap]4 ,at ! sugge/ion ( ! writ]1 ,mr4 ,apps1 ( ! ,/r&1 ,london1 has con/ruct$ a bi*romate fir+ batt]y ( v great p[]4 ,x is conta9$ 9 a box ( small] dim5sion ?an ! #aj-;cell ,silv]t[n4 ,! fir+ is effect$ by simply l[]+ ! z9cs1 :i* rise aga9 automatically out ( ! liquid1 s t !re is no dang] ( ! batt]y exhau/+ itself by cont9u\s action 9 case ( neglect4 ,ext]nally1 ?is batt]y1 l ! ,silv]t[n1 appe>s a simple rectangul> box1 s t no illu/ration is ne$$4 ,) ei!r ( ^!1 ! usual objections urg$ aga9/ ! employm5t ( batt]ies1 on ! gr\nd ( ! tr\ble involv$ 9 keep+ !m 9 ord]1 & _! liability to be injur$ by ignorant or c>eless h&l+1 d n apply1 or at lea/ apply 9 only a v unimportant degree4 ,to gu>d aga9/ misfires1 ! ma*9e or ! batt]y us$ %\ld be con/ruct$ to give a v p[]ful curr5t4 ,if ?is precaution be obs]v$1 & ! numb] ( fuses 9 circuit be limit$ to "o-half t :i* ! ma*9e is capable ( fir+ ) a fair degree ( c]ta9ty1 p]fectly satisfactory results may be obta9$4 ,! employm5t ( weak ma*9es & batt]ies leads inevitably to failure4 ,9 ! m9ds ( ^? :o h hi!rto tri$ electrical bla/+ 9 ?is c\ntry1 !re seems to be no notion ( any relation exi/+ betwe5 ! "w to be done & ! =ce employ$ to d x4 ,! electrical explod] is reg>d$ z a sort ( magic box t ne$s only to be set 9 action to produce any requir$ result4 ,:5ev] failure ensues1 ! cause is unhesitat+ly attribut$ to ! fuses4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,explosive ,,ag5ts ,,us$ ,,9 ,,bla/+ ,,rocks4 ,,section ,i4--,,ph5om5a ,,accompany+ ,,an ,,explosion4 ,nature ( an ,explosion4--,! comb9ation ( oxyg5 ) o!r sub/ances = :i* x has aff9ity is call$ g5]ally 8oxidation40 ,! result ( ?is comb9ation is a new sub/ance1 & ! process ( *ange is accompani$ by ! lib]ation ( heat4 ,! quantity ( heat set free :5 two sub/ances comb9e *emically is con/ant1 t is1 x is ! same "u all conditions4 ,if ! *ange takes place )9 a %ort space ( "t1 ! heat becomes s5sible2 b if ! *ange proce$s v sl[ly1 ! heat _c be felt4 ,! same quantity1 h[ev]1 is lib]at$ 9 bo? cases4 ,?us1 ?\gh ! quantity ( heat set free by a *emical comb9ation is "u all conditions ! same1 ! degree or int5sity ( ! heat is det]m9$ by ! rapidity ) :i* ! *ange is effect$4 ,:5 oxidation is suffici5tly rapid to cause a s5sible degree ( heat1 ! process is describ$ z 8combu/ion40 ,! oxidation ( a lump ( coke 9 ! furnace1 = example1 is effect$ )9 a %ort space ( "t1 &1 z ! quantity ( heat lib]at$ by ! oxidation ( t weight ( c>bon is great1 a high degree results4 ,& x is well kn[n & obvi\s t z combu/ion is quick5$1 or1 9 o!r words1 z ! "t ( *ange is %ort5$1 ! int5sity ( ! heat is proportionally increas$4 ,s 9 ! case ( common illum9at+ gas1 ! oxidation ( ! hydrog5 is rapidly effect$1 &1 consequ5tly1 a high degree ( heat ensues4 ,:5 oxidation takes place )9 a space ( "t s %ort z to be inappreciable to ! s5ses1 ! process is describ$ z 8explosion40 ,! combu/ion ( a *>ge ( gunp[d]1 = example1 proce$s ) su* rapidity t no int]val c be p]ceiv$ to int]v5e betwe5 ! comm5cem5t & ! t]m9ation ( ! process4 ,oxidation is 9 ?is case1 !re=e1 correctly describ$ z an explosion2 b ! combu/ion ( a tra9 ( gunp[d]1 or ( a piece ( quick-mat*1 ?\gh exce$+ly rapid1 yet1 z x ext5ds ov] an appreciable space ( "t1 is n to be s describ$4 ,by analogy1 ! sudd5 *ange ( /ate :i* takes place :5 wat] is 8fla%$0 into /eam1 is call$ an explosion4 ,x may be rem>k$ "h t ! application ( ?is expression to ! bur/+ ( a /eam boil] is an abuse ( language2 z well may we speak ( an 8explosion0 ( rock4 ,f a consid]ation ( ! facts /at$ 9 ! =ego+ p>agraphs1 x w be obs]v$ t oxidation by explosion gives ! maximum int5sity ( heat4 ,measure ( ,heat1 & specific ,heat4--,x is kn[n t if a c]ta9 quantity ( heat w raise ! temp]ature ( a body "o degree1 twice t quantity w raise its temp]ature two degrees1 ?ree times ! quantity1 ?ree degrees1 & s on4 ,?us we may obta9 a measure ( heat by :i* to det]m9e1 ei!r ! temp]ature to :i* a giv5 quantity ( heat is capable ( rais+ a giv5 body1 or ! quantity ( heat :i* is conta9$ 9 a giv5 body at a giv5 temp]ature4 ,! quantity ( heat requisite to produce a *ange ( "o degree 9 temp]ature is diff]5t = diff]5t bodies1 b is practically con/ant = ! same body1 & ?is quantity is call$ ! 8specific heat0 ( ! body4 ,! /&>d :i* has be5 adopt$ :]eby to measure ! specific heat ( bodies is t ( wat]1 ! unit be+ ! quantity ( heat requir$ to raise ! temp]ature ( #a lb4 ( wat] ?r\gh #a ,fahr41 say f #cb to #cc4 ,! quantity ( heat requir$ to produce ?is *ange ( temp]ature 9 #a lb4 ( wat] is call$ ! 8unit ( heat10 or ! 8!rmal unit40 ,hav+ det]m9$ ! specific heat ( wat]1 t ( air may 9 l mann] be asc]ta9$1 & express$ 9 t]ms ( ! =m]4 ,x has be5 prov$ by exp]im5ts t if air be heat$ at con/ant pressure ?r\gh #a ,fahr41 ! quantity ( heat absorb$ is #jbcge !rmal units1 :atev] ! pressure or ! temp]ature ( ! air may be4 ,simil>ly x has be5 %[n t ! specific heat ( air at con/ant volume is1 9 !rmal units1 #jafhg2 t is1 if ! air be conf9$ s t no expansion c take place1 #jafhg ( a !rmal unit w be requir$ to increase its temp]ature "o degree4 ,heat lib]at$ by an ,explosion4--,9 ! oxidation ( c>bon1 "o atom ( oxyg5 may ent] into comb9ation ) "o atom ( t sub/ance2 ! result+ body is a gas kn[n z 8c>bonic oxide40 ,z ! weight ( c>bon is to t ( oxyg5 z #ab is to #af1 #a lb4 ( ! =m] sub/ance w require = its oxidation #a lb4 ( ! latt]2 & s9ce ! two ent] into comb9ation1 ! product1 c>bonic oxide1 w weigh #a #a #b lb4 ,! comb9+ ( "o atom ( oxyg5 ) "o ( c>bon ?r\gh\t ?is quantity1 t is1 #a lb4 ( oxyg51 ) #a lb4 ( c>bon1 g5]ates #aj1ajj units ( heat4 ,( ?is quantity1 #egjj units are absorb$ 9 *ang+ ! c>bon f ! solid into ! gase\s /ate1 & #ddjj are set free4 ,! quantity ( heat lib]at$1 namely1 ! #ddjj units1 w be exp5d$ 9 rais+ ! temp]ature ( ! gas f #cb ,fahr41 :i* we w assume to be t ( ! c>bon & ! oxyg5 previ\s to combu/ion1 to a mu* high] degree1 ! value ( :i* may be easily det]m9$4 ,! #ddjj units w\ld raise #a lb4 ( wat] f #cb to #cb #ddjj #ddcb2 & z ! specific heat ( c>bonic oxide is #jag :5 !re is no increase ( volume1 ! same quantity ( heat w raise #a lb4 ( t gas f #cb to #ddjj #cb ---- #be1iad4 #jag ,b 9 ! case "u consid]ation1 we h #b lb4 ( ! gas1 ! result+ temp]ature ( :i* w be #be1iad ------ #igah4 #b ,9 ! oxidation ( c>bonic oxide1 "o atom ( oxyg5 comb9es ) "o atom ( ! gase\s c>bon2 ! result+ body is a gas kn[n z 8c>bonic acid40 ,s9ce #b lb4 ( c>bonic oxide conta9s #a lb4 ( c>bon1 t quantity ( ! oxide w require #a lb4 ( oxyg5 to conv]t x into ! acid1 t is1 to completely oxidize ! orig9al p\nd ( solid c>bon4 ,by ?is comb9ation1 #aj1ajj units ( heat are g5]at$1 z already /at$1 & s9ce ! c>bon is n[ 9 ! gase\s /ate1 ! :ole ( t quantity w be set free4 ,h5ce ! temp]ature ( ! result+ #c lb4 ( c>bonic acid w be #ddjj #aj1ajj #cb ------------- #bc1eaf4 #jag #cffg ,x w be se5 f ! =ego+ consid]ations t if #a lb4 ( pure c>bon be burn$ 9 #b lb4 ( pure oxyg51 #c lb4 ( c>bonic acid is produc$1 & #ad1ejj units ( heat are lib]at$2 & fur!r1 t if ! gas be conf9$ )9 ! space occupi$ by ! c>bon & ! oxyg5 previ\sly to _! comb9ation1 ! temp]ature ( ! product may rea* #bc1eaf ,fahr4 ,9 ! oxidation ( hydrog51 "o atom ( oxyg5 comb9es ) two atoms ( ! =m] sub/ance2 ! result+ body is wat]4 ,z ! weight ( hydrog5 is to t ( oxyg5 z #a is to #af1 #a lb4 ( ! =m] gas w require = its oxidation #h lb4 ( ! latt]2 & s9ce ! two sub/ances ent] into comb9ation1 ! product1 wat]1 w weigh #a #h #i lb4 ,by ?is union1 #fb1jcb units ( heat are g5]at$4 ,( ?is quantity1 #hfid are absorb$ 9 conv]t+ ! wat] into /eam1 & #ec1cch are set free4 ,! specific heat ( /eam at con/ant volume be+ #jcg1 ! temp]ature ( ! product ( combu/ion1 e/imat$ z be=e1 w be #ec1cch #cb -------- #af1jdi4 #jcg #i ,h5ce x w be obs]v$ t if #a lb4 ( hydrog5 be burn$ 9 #h lb4 ( oxyg51 #i lb4 ( /eam w be produc$1 & #ec1cch units ( heat w be lib]at$2 & fur!r1 t ! temp]ature ( ! product may rea* #af1jdi4 ,gases g5]at$ by an ,explosion4--,x 0 %[n 9 ! prec$+ p>agraph t 9 ! combu/ion ( c>bon1 "o atom ( oxyg5 may unite ) "o atom ( c>bon to =m c>bonic oxide1 or two atoms ( oxyg5 may unite ) "o atom ( c>bon to =m c>bonic acid4 ,:5 ! comb9ation takes place accord+ to ! =m] proportions1 ! reaction is describ$ z 8imp]fect combu/ion10 because ! c>bon is n fully oxidiz$2 b :5 ! comb9ation is effect$ 9 ! latt] proportions1 ! combu/ion is said to be 8p]fect10 because no m oxyg5 c be tak5 up4 ,! products ( combu/ion are 9 bo? cases gase\s4 ,c>bonic oxide1 ! product ( imp]fect combu/ion1 is an extremely poison\s gas2 x is ?is gas :i* is s noisome 9 close head+s1 & 9 all ill-v5tilat$ places1 aft] a bla/ has be5 fir$4 ,a cubic foot ( c>bonic oxide1 ! specific gravity ( :i* is #jige1 weighs1 at ! mean atmosph]ic pressure1 #jjge lb41 s t #a lb4 w occupy a space ( #ace cubic feet4 ,?us #a lb4 ( c>bon imp]fectly oxidiz$ w give #b lb4 ( c>bonic oxide1 :i*1 at ! mean atmosph]ic pressure ( #cj in*es & ! mean temp]ature ( #fb ,fahr41 w occupy a space ( #ace #b #cae cubic feet4 ,! product ( p]fect combu/ion1 c>bonic acid1 is a f> less noxi\s gas ?an ! oxide1 & x is mu* m easily expell$ f conf9$ places1 because wat] possesses ! prop]ty ( absorb+ l>ge quantities ( x4 ,9 an ill-v5tilat$ b wet head+1 ! gas f a bla/ is soon tak5 up4 ,c>bonic acid is a comp>atively heavy gas1 its specific gravity relatively to t ( common air be+ #aebd4 ,h5ce a cubic foot at ! ord9>y pressure & temp]ature w weigh #jaaf lb41 & #a lb4 ( ! gas "u ! same conditions w occupy a space ( #hf cubic feet4 ,?us if #a lb4 ( c>bon be completely oxidiz$1 !re w result #c lb4 ( c>bonic acid1 :i* w fill a space ( #hf #c #cae cubic feet4 ,x w be obs]v$ t1 ?\gh an additional p\nd ( oxyg5 has be5 tak5 up dur+ ?is reaction1 ! product occupies ! same volume z ! oxide4 ,9 complete combu/ion1 !re=e1 a contraction takes place4 ,9 ! oxidation ( hydrog51 z already po9t$ out1 "o atom ( oxyg5 comb9es ) two atoms ( ! =m] sub/ance to =m wat]4 ,9 ?is case1 ! product is liquid4 ,b ! heat g5]at$ by ! combu/ion conv]ts ! wat] into /eam1 s t we h to deal ) ?is product also 9 ! gase\s /ate1 9 all consid]ations relat+ to ! effects ( an explosion4 ,a cubic foot ( /eam1 at atmosph]ic pressure & a temp]ature ( #bab ,fahr41 weighs #jjdg lb42 #a lb4 ( /eam "u ^! conditions w1 !re=e1 occupy a space ( #baad cubic feet4 ,?us ! combu/ion ( #a lb4 ( hydrog5 w produce #i lb4 ( /eam1 :i*1 "u ! conditions m5tion$1 w fill a space ( #baad #i #aijbf cubic feet4 ,usually 9 an explosion a l>ge quantity ( nitrog5 gas is lib]at$4 ,?is gas1 :i* is n 9 itself noxi\s1 has a specific gravity ( #jiga1 s t practically a cubic foot w weigh #jjge lb41 & #a lb4 w occupy a space ( #ace cubic feet1 :i* are ! weight & ! volume ( c>bonic oxide4 ,o!r gases are (t5 =m$ z products ( combu/ion2 b ! =ego+ are ! *ief1 view$ z ! results ( an explosion1 s9ce ^u ^! ! =ce develop$ almo/ :olly dep5ds4 ,=ce develop$ by an ,explosion4--,a consid]ation ( ! facts enunciat$ 9 ! =ego+ p>agraphs w %[ to :at ! trem5d\s en]gy develop$ by an explosion is due4 ,x 0 po9t$ out t ! combu/ion ( #a lb4 ( c>bon gives rise to #cae cubic feet ( gas4 ,if ?is volume ( gas be compress$ )9 ! space ( #a cubic foot x w obvi\sly h a t5sion ( #cae atmosph]es2 t is1 x w ex]t ^u ! walls ( ! conta9+ vessel a pressure ( #dgb lb4 to ! squ>e in*4 ,if ! same volume be compress$ into a space "o-eigh? ( a cubic foot 9 ext5t1 say a vessel ( cubical =m & #f in*es side1 ! t5sion w be #cae #h #beb atmosph]es1 & ! pressure #dgb #h #cggf lb4 to ! squ>e in*4 ,assum+ n[ ! oxyg5 to exi/ 9 ! solid /ate1 & ! two bodies c>bon & oxyg5 to occupy toge!r a space ( "o-eigh? ( a cubic foot1 ! combu/ion ( ! c>bon w develop ^u ! walls ( an unyield+ conta9+ vessel ( t capacity a pressure ( #beb atmosph]es4 ,also ! combu/ion ( #a lb4 ( hydrog5 gives rise1 z already rem>k$1 to #aijbf cubic feet ( /eam2 & if combu/ion take place "u simil> conditions ) respect to space1 ! pressure ex]t$ ^u ! conta9+ vessel w be #bb1hcj lb41 or ne>ly #aje tons1 to ! squ>e in*1 ! t5sion be+ #aijbf #h #aebb atmosph]es4 ,! =ce ?us develop$ is due :olly to ! volume ( ! gas g5]at$1 & by no means repres5ts ! total am\nt develop$ by ! explosion4 ,! volume ( ! gases evolv$ by an explosion is e/imat$ = a temp]ature ( #fb2 b x 0 %[n 9 a =m] p>agraph t ! temp]ature ( ! products ( combu/ion at ! mom5t ( _! g5]ation is f> above ?is4 ,n[ x is a well-kn[n law ( !rmo-dynamics t1 ! volume rema9+ ! same1 ! pressure ( a gas w v>y directly z ! temp]ature2 t is1 :5 ! temp]ature is d\bl$1 ! pressure is also d\bl$4 ,by temp]ature is und]/ood ! numb] ( degrees measur$ by ,fahr5heit's scale on a p]fect gas !rmomet]1 f a z]o #dfab bel[ ! z]o ( ,fahr5heit's scale1 t is1 #dicb bel[ ! freez+ po9t ( wat]4 ,?us ! temp]ature ( #fb = :i* ! volume has be5 e/imat$ is equal to #dfab #fb #ebcb absolute4 ,x 0 %[n t ! temp]ature ( ! product ( combu/ion :5 c>bon is burn$ to c>bonic oxide is #igah ,fahr41 :i* is equival5t to #ajagib absolute4 ,h5ce x w be obs]v$ t ! temp]ature has be5 increas$ #ajagib -------- #aide times4 #ebcb ,accord+ to ! law above enunciat$1 !re=e1 ! pressure w be increas$ 9 a l ratio1 t is1 x w be1 = ! volume & ! space already giv51 #cggf #aide #gc1ddc lb4 #cbh tons to ! squ>e in*4 ,:5 c>bon is burn$ to c>bonic acid1 ! temp]ature ( ! product 0 %[n to be #bc1eaf ,fahr41 :i* is equival5t to #bciggb absolute4 ,9 ?is case1 x w be obs]v$ t ! temp]ature has be5 increas$ #bciggb ------- #dehc times4 #ebcb ,h5ce ! result+ pressure w be #cggf #dehc #agc1aed lb4 #ggc tons to ! squ>e in*4 ,x w be se5 f ^! pressures t :5 combu/ion is complete1 ! =ce develop$ is #bcf great] ?an :5 combu/ion is incomplete2 & also t ! increase ( =ce is due to ! l>g] quantity ( heat lib]at$1 s9ce ! volume ( ! gases is ! same 9 bo? cases4 ,if we suppose ! c>bon burn$ to c>bonic oxide 9 ! pres5ce ( a suffici5t quantity ( oxyg5 to make c>bonic acid1 we %all h #cae cubic feet ( ! oxide #aeg cubic feet ( free oxyg51 or a total volume ( #dbg cubic feet ( gases4 ,if ?is volume be compress$ )9 ! space ( "o-eigh? ( a cubic foot1 x w h a t5sion ( #dbg #h #cdaf atmosph]es1 & w ex]t ^u ! walls ( ! conta9+ vessel a pressure ( #eabd lb4 to ! squ>e in*4 ,! temp]ature ( ! gases w be #ddjj #cb ------------- #fcdg ,fahr4 #fhjhb absolute1 #jaij #cffg ! mean specific heat ( ! gases be+ #jaij2 :5ce x w be se5 t ! temp]ature has be5 increas$ #fhjhb ------- #acja times4 #ebcb ,accord+ to ! law ( !rmo-dynamics1 !re=e1 ! pressure "u ! =ego+ conditions w be #eabd #acja #ff1ffc lb4 #bih tons to squ>e in*4 ,s t1 "u ! conditions assum$ 9 ?is case1 ! pressures develop$ by incomplete & by complete combu/ion are z #bih to #ggc1 or z #a to #bei4 ,simil>ly1 :5 hydrog5 is burn$ to wat]1 ! temp]ature ( ! product w be1 z %[n 9 a =m] p>agraph1 #af1jdi ,fahr4 #afeajb absolute2 & ! pressure w be #afeajb #bb1hcj ------- #gbj1bhf lb4 #cbaa tons to ! squ>e in*4 #ebcb ,x w be obs]v$1 f a consid]ation ( ! =ego+ facts1 t a v l>ge proportion ( ! =ce develop$ by an explosion is due to ! heat lib]at$ by ! *emical reactions :i* take place4 ,& h5ce x w pla9ly appe> t1 9 ! practical application ( explosive ag5ts to rock bla/+1 c>e %\ld be tak5 to avoid a loss ( ! heat ^u :i* ! effects ( ! explosion manife/ly s l>gely dep5d4 ,,section ,,ii4--,,nature ,,( ,,explosive ,,ag5ts4 ,me*anical ,mixtures4--,9 ! prec$+ section1 x 0 %[n t an explosion is simply ! rapid oxidation ( c>bon & hydrog54 ,to =m an explosive ag5t1 ! problem is1 h[ to br+ toge!r 9 a conv5i5t =m ! combu/ible1 c>bon or hydrog51 & ! oxyg5 requir$ to oxidize x4 ,c>bon may be obta9$ pure1 or ne>ly pure1 9 ! solid =m4 ,z wood *>coal1 = example1 t sub/ance may be readily procur$ 9 any ne$ful abundance2 b pure oxyg5 does n exi/ 9 t /ate1 & x is h>dly necess>y to po9t out t only ! solid =m is available 9 ! composition ( an explosive ag5t4 ,9 nature1 h[ev]1 oxyg5 exi/s 9 ! solid /ate 9 v great abundance 9 comb9ation ) o!r sub/ances4 ,silica1 = example1 :i* is ! *ief rock con/itu5t1 is a comp\nd ( silicon & oxyg51 & ! common ores ( iron are made up *iefly ( t metal & oxyg54 ,! elem5t>y con/itu5ts ( cellulose1 or wood fibre1 are c>bon1 hydrog51 & oxyg52 & ! body kn[n z saltpetre1 or nitrate ( pota%1 is comp\nd$ ( potassium1 nitrog51 & oxyg54 ,b ?\gh oxyg5 is ?us f\nd 9 comb9ation ) _m diff]5t sub/ances1 x has n ! same aff9ity = all4 ,:5 x is comb9$ ) a sub/ance = :i* its aff9ity is /rong1 z 9 ! silica & ! iron oxide1 x _c be sep>at$ f t sub/ance )\t difficulty2 b if ! aff9ity be weak1 dissociation may be m easily effect$4 ,! =m] comb9ation is said to be 8/able10 & ! latt] is1 9 contradi/9ction1 describ$ z 8un/able40 ,x w be evid5t on reflection t only ^? comp\nds 9 :i* ! oxyg5 exi/s 9 un/able comb9ation c be made use ( z a con/itu5t "p ( an explosive ag5t1 s9ce x is necess>y t1 :5 requir$1 ! oxyg5 %all be readily giv5 up4 ,moreov]1 x w also appe> t :5 "o ( ^! un/able oxyg5 comp\nds & c>bon are br\ght toge!r ! mixture w con/itute an explosive ag5t1 s9ce ! oxyg5 :i* is lib]at$ by ! dissociation ( ! un/able comp\nd w be tak5 up by ! c>bon = :i* x has a /rong] aff9ity4 ,saltpetre is "o ( ^? comp\nds1 & a mixture ( ?is body ) *>coal con/itutes gunp[d]4 ,! means employ$ to dissociate ! elem5ts ( saltpetre is heat4 ,x is obvi\s t o!r comp\nds ( oxyg5 might be sub/itut$ = ! saltpetre1 b ?is body be+ easily procurable is always employ$4 ,! *lorate ( pota%1 = example1 is less /able ?an ! nitrate1 & !re=e an explosive mixture conta9+ ! =m] sub/ance w be m viol5t ?an ano!r conta9+ ! latt]4 ,= ! viol5ce ( an explosion is 9 a great measure det]m9$ by ! read9ess ) :i* ! oxyg5 is giv5 up to ! combu/ible4 ,b ! *lorate is mu* m co/ly ?an ! nitrate4 ,z1 h[ev]1 ! =ce develop$ is great]1 ! extra co/ w\ld p]haps be comp5sat$ by ! increas$ effect ( ! explosion4 ,b ! in/ability ( ! *lorate is su* t friction or a mod]ately light bl[ w produce explosion 9 a mixture conta9+ t sub/ance1 a circum/ance t r5d]s x unfit to be ! oxidiz] 9 an explosive ag5t 9 common use4 ,! nitrate is !re=e pref]r$ on ! gr\nd ( safety4 ,saltpetre1 or nitrate ( pota%1 consi/s1 z already po9t$ out1 ( ! metal potassium 9 comb9ation ) ! sub/ances nitrog5 & oxyg54 ,( ^!1 ! la/ only is directly conc]n$ 9 ! explosion2 b ! two =m]1 & especially ! nitrog51 act indirectly to int5sify its effects 9 a mann] t w be expla9$ h]eaft]4 ,! *emical =mula = nitrate ( pota% is ,,kno1 :i* signifies t ?ree atoms ( oxyg5 exi/ 9 ?is body 9 comb9ation ) "o atom ( nitrog5 & "o atom ( kalium or potassium4 ,z ! atomic weights ( ^! sub/ances are #af1 #ad1 & #ci respectively1 ! weight ( ! molecule is #aja1 t is1 9 #aja lb4 ( nitrate ( pota% !re are #ci lb4 ( potassium1 #ad lb4 ( nitrog51 & 7#af #c7 #dh lb4 ( oxyg54 ,h5ce ! proportion ( oxyg5 9 nitrate ( pota% is by weight #dge p] c5t4 ,x w be se5 f ?is proportion t to obta9 #a lb4 ( oxyg51 #ba lb4 ( ! nitrate mu/ be decompos$4 ,! c>bon ( gunp[d] is obta9$ f wood *>coal1 ! light woods1 su* z ald]1 be+ pref]r$ = t purpose4 ,! composition ( ! *>coal v>ies some:at accord+ to ! degree to :i* ! burn+ has be5 c>ri$1 ! effect ( ! burn+ be+ to drive out ! hydrog5 & ! oxyg54 ,b1 g5]ally1 ! composition ( gunp[d] *>coal is ab\t #hj p] c5t4 c>bon1 #cbe p] c5t4 hydrog51 #ae p] c5t4 oxyg51 & #age p] c5t4 a%4 ,kn[+ ! composition ( ! *>coal1 x is easy to calculate ! proportion ( saltpetre requir$ 9 ! explosive mixture4 ,?us f> we h consid]$ gunp[d] z compos$ ( *>coal & saltpetre only4 ,b 9 ?is comp\nd1 combu/ion proce$s too sl[ly to give explosive effects4 ,7 ! *lorate ( pota% us$ in/ead ( ! nitrate1 ! b9>y comp\nd w\ld be suffici5t4 ,! sl[ness ( combu/ion 9 ! nitrate mixture is due to ! comp>atively /able "* ( t body4 ,to accel]ate ! break+ up ( ! nitrate1 a quantity ( sulphur is mix$ up ) x 9 ! comp\nd4 ,?is sub/ance possesses ! prop]ty ( burn+ at a l[ temp]ature4 ,! proportion ( sulphur add$ v>ies f #aj p] c5t4 9 p[d] us$ 9 fire-arms1 to #bj p] c5t4 9 t employ$ = bla/+ purposes4 ,! l>g] ! proportion ( sulphur1 ! m rapid1 )9 c]ta9 limits1 is ! combu/ion4 ,?us ord9>y gunp[d] is a t]n>y comp\nd1 consi/+ ( *>coal1 saltpetre1 & sulphur4 ,z ! composition ( *>coal v>ies1 x is n practicable to det]m9e ) rigor\s accuracy ! proportion ( saltpetre requir$ 9 e case2 a mean value is !re=e assum$1 ! proportions adopt$ be+ ab\t-- ,*>coal #ae ,saltpetre #ge ,sulphur #aj --- #ajj --- ,) ^! proportions1 ! c>bon %\ld be burn$ to c>bonic acid1 & ! sulphur %\ld be all tak5 up by ! potassium4 ,p[d] ( ?is composition is us$ = fire-arms4 ,= bla/+ purposes1 z be=e rem>k$1 ! proportion ( sulphur is increas$ at ! exp5se ( ! saltpetre1 9 ord] to quick5 combu/ion & to less5 ! co/1 to #bj p] c5t4 z a maximum4 ,) su* proportions1 "s ( ! c>bon is burn$ to c>bonic oxide only1 & "s ( ! sulphur goes to =m sulphur\s acid1 gases t are p>ticul>ly noisome to ! m9]4 ,x is ess5tial to ! regul> burn+ ( ! mixture t ! +r$i5ts be f9ely pulv]iz$ & intimately mix$4 ,! manufacture ( gunp[d] consi/s ( op]ations = br++ ab\t ^! results4 ,! sev]al sub/ances are brok5 up by me*anical means1 & r$uc$ to an impalpable p[d]4 ,^! are !n mix$ 9 a revolv+ drum1 & aft]w>ds knead$ into a pa/e by ! addition ( a small quantity ( wat]4 ,?is pa/e is subject$ to pressure1 dri$1 brok5 up1 & granulat$2 ?us1 ! mix+ be+ effect$ by me*anical means1 ! comp\nd is call$ a me*anical mixture4 ,x w be obs]v$ t 9 a me*anical mixture ! sev]al +r$i5ts are m]ely 9 contact1 & are n *emically unit$4 ,!y may !re=e be sep>at$ if ne$ be1 or ! proportions may be alt]$ 9 any degree4 ,me*anical mixtures1 provid$ ! bodies 9 contact h no *emical action "o ^u ano!r1 are /able1 t is1 !y are n liable1 be+ made up ( simple bodies1 to decompose spontane\sly4 ,*emical ,comp\nds4--,9 a me*anical mixture1 z we h se51 ! elem5ts :i* are to react "o ^u ano!r are br\ght toge!r 9 sep>ate bodies4 ,9 gunp[d]1 = example1 ! c>bon is conta9$ 9 ! *>coal1 & ! oxyg5 9 ! saltpetre4 ,b 9 a *emical comp\nd1 ^! elem5ts are br\ght toge!r 9 ! same body4 ,9 a me*anical mixture1 we may put :at proportion ( oxyg5 we please4 ,b elem5ts comb9e *emically only 9 c]ta9 def9ite proportions1 s t 9 ! *emical comp\nd we c introduce only a c]ta9 def9ite proportion ( oxyg54 ,! oxyg5 9 saltpetre is 9 *emical comb9ation ) ! potassium & ! nitrog51 &1 z we h already se51 ^! ?ree sub/ances hold c]ta9 def9ite proportions "o to ano!r4 ,t is1 to e atom ( potassium1 !re are "o atom ( nitrog5 & ?ree atoms ( oxyg54 ,or1 :i* am\nts to ! same ?+1 9 #a lb4 ( saltpetre1 !re are #jchf lb4 ( potassium1 #jaci lb4 ( nitrog51 & #jdge lb4 ( oxyg54 ,moreov]1 ^! elem5ts occupy def9ite relative positions 9 ! molecule ( saltpetre4 ,b 9 ! me*anical mixture1 ! molecules ( :i* x is made up h no def9ite relative positions4 ,ev5 if ! ?ree sub/ances--*>coal1 saltpetre1 & sulphur--( :i* gunp[d] is compos$1 c\ld be s f9ely divid$ z to be r$uc$ to _! con/itu5t molecules1 ! relative position ( ^! w\ld be det]m9$ by ! mix+1 & x w\ld be impossible s to di/ribute !m t ea* %\ld f9d itself 9 imm$iate proximity to ^? ) :i* x 0 to comb9e4 ,b s f> are we f be+ able to divide sub/ances into _! con/itu5t molecules1 t :5 we h r$uc$ !m to an impalpable p[d]1 ea* p>ticle ( t p[d] conta9s a l>ge numb] ( molecules4 ,?us1 9 a me*anical mixture1 we h gr\ps ( molecules ( "o sub/ance m+l$ irregul>ly ) gr\ps ( molecules ( ano!r sub/ance1 s t ! atoms :i* are to comb9e are n 9 close proximity "o to ano!r1 b1 on ! contr>y1 are1 _m ( !m1 sep>at$ by wide int]vals4 ,9 ! *emical comp\nd1 h[ev]1 ! atoms are regul>ly di/ribut$ ?r\gh\t ! :ole mass ( ! sub/ance1 & are1 relatively to "o ano!r1 9 ! mo/ fav\rable position = comb9+4 ,view$ f ?is po9t1 ! *emical comp\nd may be reg>d$ z a p]fect mixture1 ! me*anical mixture be+ a v imp]fect "o4 ,?is diff]5ce has an important influ5ce on ! effect ( an explosion4 ,all ! atoms 9 a *emical comp\nd ent] at once into _! prop] comb9ations1 & ^! comb9ations take place 9 an inconceivably %ort space ( "t1 :ile1 9 a me*anical mixture1 ! comb9ations are less direct1 & are mu* less rapidly effect$4 ,?is is ! reason :y ! =m] is m viol5t 9 its action ?an ! latt]4 ,! "o is cru%+ & %att]+ 9 its effects1 ! o!r r5d+ & project+4 ,! comp\nd gives a sudd5 bl[2 ! mixture applies a gradually increas+ pressure4 ,x is ?is sudd5 action ( ! comp\nd t all[s x to be us$ effectively )\t tamp+4 ,! air1 :i* re/s ^u ! *>ge1 & :i* (f]s an enorm\s resi/ance to motion at su* inconceivably high velocities1 s]ves z a suffici5t tamp+4 ,gun-cotton may be tak5 z an example ( a *emical comp\nd4 ,! woody or fibr\s "p ( plants is call$ 8cellulose40 ,its *emical =mula is ,c,h,o1 t is1 ! molecule ( cellulose consi/s ( six atoms ( c>bon 9 comb9ation ) t5 atoms ( hydrog5 & five atoms ( oxyg54 ,if ?is sub/ance be dipp$ into conc5trat$ nitric acid1 "s ( ! hydrog5 is displac$ & p]oxide ( nitrog5 is sub/itut$ = x4 ,! product is nitro-cellulose1 ! =mula ( :i* is ,c,h7,,no7,o4 ,if ?is =mula be comp>$ ) ! la/1 x w be se5 t ?ree atoms ( hydrog5 h be5 elim9at$ & _! place tak5 by ?ree molecules ( ! p]oxide ( nitrog5 ,,no2 s t we n[ h a comp\nd molecule1 :i* is naturally un/able4 ,! molecules ( ! p]oxide ( nitrog5 are introduc$ into ! molecule ( cellulose = ! purpose ( supply+ ! oxyg5 ne$$ = ! combu/ion ( ! c>bon & ! hydrog51 j z ! gr\ps ( molecules ( saltpetre 7 introduc$ into ! *>coal ( ! gunp[d] = ! combu/ion ( ! c>bon & ! hydrog5 ( t sub/ance4 ,only1 9 ! =m] case1 ! molecules ( ! p]oxide are 9 *emical comb9ation1 n m]ely mix$ by me*anical means z 9 ! latt]4 ,! comp\nd molecule ( nitro-cellulose may be writt5 ,c,h,n,o1 t is1 9 #big lb4 ( ! sub/ance1 !re are 7#f #ab7 #gb lb4 ( c>bon1 7#g #a7 #g lb4 ( hydrog51 7#c #ad7 #db lb4 ( nitrog51 & 7#aa #af7 #agf lb4 ( oxyg52 or #bdb p] c5t4 c>bon1 #bc p] c5t4 hydrog51 #ada p] c5t4 nitrog51 & #eid p] c5t4 oxyg54 ,:5 ! molecule is brok5 up by ! action ( heat1 ! oxyg5 comb9es ) ! c>bon & ! hydrog51 & sets ! nitrog5 free4 ,b x w be obs]v$ t ! quantity ( oxyg5 pres5t is insuffici5t to completely oxidize ! c>bon & ! hydrog54 ,?is defect1 ?\gh x does n mu* affect ! volume ( gas g5]at$1 r5d]s ! heat develop$1 z %[n 9 a =m] section1 consid]ably less ?an x w\ld be 7 ! combu/ion complete1 & gives rise to ! noxi\s gas c>bonic oxide4 ,cotton is "o ( ! pure/ =ms ( cellulose1 &1 z x may be obta9$ at a *eap rate1 x has be5 adopt$ = ! manufacture ( explosives4 ,?is v>iety ( nitro-cellulose is kn[n z 8gun-cotton40 ,! raw cotton made use ( is wa/e f ! cotton mills1 :i* wa/e1 aft] be+ us$ = clean+ ! ma*9]y1 is swept f ! floors & s5t to ! blea*]s to be clean$4 ,?is is done by boil+ 9 /rong alkali & lime4 ,aft] be+ pick$ ov] by h& to remove all =eign sub/ances1 x is torn to pieces 9 a 8teas+0 ma*9e1 cut up into %ort l5g?s1 & dri$ 9 an atmosph]e ( #aij ,f4 ,x is !n dipp$ into a mixture ( "o "p ( /rong nitric acid & ?ree p>ts ( /rong sulphuric acid4 ,! use ( ! sulphuric acid is1 fir/1 to ab/ract wat] f ! nitric acid1 & s to make x /rong]2 &1 second1 to take up ! wat] :i* is =m$ dur+ ! reaction4 ,aft] ! dipp+1 x is plac$ 9 e>!nw>e pots to dige/ = tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 9 ord] to ensure ! conv]sion ( ! :ole ( ! cotton into gun-cotton4 ,to remove ! acid1 ! gun-cotton is pass$ ?r\gh a c5trifugal ma*9e1 & subsequ5tly wa%$ & boil$4 ,x is !n pulp$1 & aga9 wa%$ ) wat] conta9+ ammonia to neutralize any rema9+ trace ( acid4 ,:5 r5d]$ p]fectly pure1 x is compress$ into discs & slabs ( conv5i5t dim5sions = use4 ,ano!r important *emical comp\nd is nitro-glyc]9e4 ,glyc]9e is a well-kn[n1 sweet1 visc\s liquid t is sep>at$ f oils & fats 9 ! processes ( c&le-mak+4 ,its *emical =mula is3 ,c,h,o2 t is1 ! molecule is compos$ ( ?ree atoms ( c>bon1 9 comb9ation ) eight atoms ( hydrog51 & ?ree atoms ( oxyg54 ,9 o!r words1 glyc]9e consi/s ( c>bon #cia p] c5t41 hydrog5 #hg p] c5t41 & oxyg5 #ebb p] c5t4 ,:5 ?is sub/ance is treat$1 l cellulose1 ) /rong nitric acid1 a portion ( ! hydrog5 is displac$1 & p]oxide ( nitrog5 is sub/itut$ = x2 ?us ! product is3 ,c,h7,,no7,o1 simil>1 x w be obs]v$1 to nitro-cellulose4 ,?is product is kn[n z nitro-glyc]9e4 ,! =mula may be writt5 ,c,h,n,o4 ,h5ce1 9 #bbg lb4 ( nitro-glyc]9e1 !re are 7#c #ab7 #cf lb4 ( c>bon2 7#e #a7 #e lb4 ( hydrog52 7#c #ad7 #db lb4 ( nitrog52 & 7#i #af7 #add lb4 ( oxyg52 or #aeh p] c5t4 is c>bon1 #bb p] c5t4 hydrog51 #ahe p] c5t4 nitrog51 & #fce p] c5t4 oxyg54 ,:5 ! molecule is brok5 up by ! action ( heat1 ! oxyg5 comb9es ) ! c>bon & ! hydrog51 & sets ! nitrog5 free4 ,& x w be se5 t ! quantity ( oxyg5 pres5t is m ?an suffici5t to completely oxidize ! c>bon & ! hydrog54 ,9 ?is1 ! nitro-glyc]9e is sup]ior to ! nitro-cotton4 ,9 bo? ( ^! comp\nds1 ! products ( combu/ion are :olly gase\s1 t is1 !y give (f no smoke1 & leave no solid residue4 ,9 ! manufacture ( nitro-glyc]9e1 ! acids1 consi/+ ( "o "p ( /rong nitric acid & two p>ts ( /rong sulphuric acid1 are mix$ toge!r 9 an e>!nw>e vessel4 ,:5 q cold1 ! glyc]9e is run sl[ly into ?is mixture1 :i*1 dur+ ! process1 is kept 9 a /ate ( agitation1 z heat is develop$ 9 ! process2 &1 z ! temp]ature mu/ n rise above #dh ,f41 ! vessels are surr\nd$ ) ic$ wat]1 :i* is kept 9 circulation4 ,:5 a suffici5t quantity ( glyc]9e has be5 run into ! mixture1 ! latt] is p\r$ into a tub ( wat]4 ,! nitro-glyc]9e be+ mu* heavi] ?an ! dilute acid mixture1 s9ks to ! bottom2 ! acid liquid is !n p\r$ (f1 & m wat] add$1 ?is process be+ repeat$ until ! nitro-glyc]9e is q free f acid4 ,nitro-glyc]9e is1 at ord9>y temp]atures1 a cle>1 ne>ly col\rless1 oily liquid1 hav+ a specific gravity ( ab\t #af4 ,x has a sweet1 pung5t ta/e1 & if plac$ ^u ! tongue1 or ev5 if all[$ to t\* ! sk9 9 any "p1 x causes a viol5t heada*e4 ,bel[ #dj ,f4 x solidifies 9 cry/als4 ,dynamite is nitro-glyc]9e absorb$ 9 a silici\s e>? call$ kieselguhr4 ,usually x consi/s ( ab\t #ge p] c5t4 nitro-glyc]9e & #be p] c5t4 kieselguhr4 ,! use ( ! absorb5t is to remove ! difficulties & dang]s att5d+ ! h&l+ ( a liquid4 ,dynamite is a pa/y sub/ance ( ! consi/5ce ( putty1 & is1 = t reason1 v safe to h&le4 ,x is made up into c>tridges1 & suppli$ = use always 9 t =m4 ,,section ,,iii4--,,relative ,,/r5g? ,,( ,,! ,,common ,,explosive ,,ag5ts4 ,=ce develop$ by ,gunp[d]4--,9 ! combu/ion ( gunp[d]1 ! elem5ts ( :i* x is compos$1 :i* elem5ts1 z we h se51 are c>bon1 hydrog51 nitrog51 oxyg51 potassium1 & sulphur1 comb9e to =m1 z gase\s products1 c>bonic acid1 c>bonic oxide1 nitrog51 sulphurett$ hydrog51 & m>% gas or c>burett$ hydrog51 &1 z solid products1 sulphate1 hyposulphite1 sulphide1 & c>bonate ( potassium4 ,!oretically1 "s ( ^! comp\nds %\ld n be produc$2 b exp]im5t has %[n t !y are4 ,x has also be5 asc]ta9$ t ! great] ! pressure1 ! high] is ! proportion ( c>bonic acid produc$1 s t ! m "w ! p[d] has to d1 ! m p]fect w be ! combu/ion1 &1 consequ5tly1 ! great] w be ! =ce develop$4 ,?is fact %[s t ov]*>g+ is n only v wa/eful ( ! explosive1 b t ! atmosph]e is m noxi\sly f\l$ !reby4 ,! same rem>k applies ev5 m /rongly to gun-cotton & ! nitro-glyc]9e comp\nds4 ,! c>eful exp]im5ts ( ,messrs4 ,noble & ,abel h %[n t ! explosion ( gunp[d] produces ab\t #eg p] c5t4 by weight ( solid matt]s1 & #dc p] c5t4 ( p]man5t gases4 ,! solid matt]s are1 at ! mom5t ( explosion1 9 a fluid /ate4 ,:5 9 ?is /ate1 !y occupy #jf ( ! space orig9ally fill$ by ! gunp[d]1 consequ5tly ! gases occupy only #jd ( t space4 ,^! gases w\ld1 at atmosph]ic pressure & #cb ,f4 temp]ature1 occupy a space #bhj times t fill$ by ! p[d]4 ,h5ce1 z !y are compress$ into #jd ( t space1 !y w\ld give a pressure ( #bhj --- #ae #aj1ejj lb41 #jd or ab\t #dfh tons to ! squ>e in*4 ,b a great quantity ( heat is lib]at$ 9 ! reaction1 &1 z x 0 %[n 9 a =m] section1 ?is heat w enorm\sly increase ! t5sion ( ! gases4 ,! exp]im5ts ( ,noble & ,abel %[$ t ! temp]ature ( ! gases at ! in/ant ( explosion is ab\t #djjj ,f4 ,?us ! temp]ature ( #cb #dfab #dicb absolute1 has be5 rais$ #djjj ------ #haa times1 #dicb s t ! total pressure ( ! gases w be #dfh #haa #dbf tons to ! squ>e in*4 ,& ?is pressure 01 9 ! exp]im5ts ref]r$ to1 indicat$ by ! cru%]-gauge4 ,:51 !re=e1 gunp[d] is explod$ 9 a space :i* x completely fills1 ! =ce develop$ may be e/imat$ z giv+ a pressure ( ab\t #db tons to ! squ>e in*4 ,relative ,=ce develop$ by ,gunp[d]1 ,gun-cotton1 & ,nitro-glyc]9e4--,un=tunately no complete exp]im5ts h hi!rto be5 made to det]m9e ! absolute =ce develop$ by gun-cotton & nitro-glyc]9e4 ,we are1 !re=e1 unable to e/imate ! pressure produc$ by ! explosion ( ^? sub/ances1 or to make an accurate evaluation ( _! /r5g? relatively to t ( gunp[d]4 ,x %\ld1 h[ev]1 be borne 9 m9d t a correct e/imate ( ! pressure produc$ to ! squ>e in* w\ld n enable u to make a full comp>ison ( ! effects !y 7 capable ( caus+4 ,= ?\gh1 by asc]ta9+ t "o explosive gives twice ! pressure ( ano!r1 we le>n t "o w produce twice ! effect ( ano!r2 yet x by no means foll[s f t fact t ! /rong] w produce no m ?an twice ! effect ( ! weak]4 ,! r5d+ effect ( an explosive dep5ds1 9 a great measure1 on ! rapidity ) :i* combu/ion takes place4 ,! =ce sudd5ly develop$ by ! decomposition ( ! *emical comp\nds acts l a bl[1 & x is a well-kn[n fact t ! same =ce1 :5 appli$ 9 ?is way1 w produce a great] effect ?an :5 x is appli$ z a gradually increas+ pressure4 ,b "s calculations h be5 made1 & "s exp]im5ts c>ri$ out1 :i* enable u to =m an approximate e/imate ( ! relative /r5g? ( ^! explosive sub/ances4 ,messrs4 ,r\x & ,s>rau give ! foll[+ z ! result ( _! inve/igations1 d]iv$ f a consid]ation ( ! weight ( ! gases g5]at$ & ( ! heat lib]at$4 ,! sub/ances are simply explod$1 & ! /r5g? ( gunp[d] is tak5 z unity4 ---------------------------------------- ------ ,relative ,heat 9 ,units ,sub/ance4 ,weight lib]at$ ,relative ( ,gases4 f #a lb4 ,/r5g?4 ---------------------------------------- ------ ,gunp[d] #jdad #acaf #ajj ,gun-cotton #jhej #aijb #cjj ,nitro-glyc]9e #jhjj #cjig #dhj ---------------------------------------- ------ ,! relative /r5g? is t due to ! volume ( ! gases & ! heat1 no acc\nt be+ tak5 ( ! increas$ effect due to ! rapidity ( ! explosion4 ,alfr$ ,noble has essay$ to appreciate ! effects ( ^! diff]5t explosives by means ( a mort> load$ ) a #cb-lb4 %ot & set at an angle ( #aj1 ! di/ances trav]s$ by ! %ot be+ tak5 z ! results to be comp>$4 ,consid]$1 weight = weight1 he e/imates z foll[s ! relative /r5g?s ( ! sub/ances comp>$1 gunp[d] be+ aga9 tak5 z unity3-- ,gunp[d] #ajj ,gun-cotton #bhd ,dynamite #bhi ,nitro-glyc]9e #djj ,! relative /r5g?1 bulk = bulk1 is1 h[ev]1 ( great] importance 9 rock bla/+4 ,?is is easily comput$ f ! =ego+ table & ! specific gravity ( ! sub/ances1 :i* is #ajj = gunp[d] & compress$ gun-cotton1 #afj = nitro-glyc]9e1 & #afe = dynamite4 ,comp>$ 9 ?is way1 bulk = bulk1 ^! explosives range z foll[s3-- ,gunp[d] #ajj ,gun-cotton #beg ,dynamite #dbc ,nitro-glyc]9e #ega ,h5ce1 = a giv5 height ( *>ge 9 a bore-hole1 gun-cotton ex]ts ab\t #b times ! =ce ( gunp[d]1 & dynamite ab\t #d times t =ce4 ,,section ,,iv4--,,means ,,( ,,fir+ ,,! ,,common ,,explosive ,,ag5ts4 ,action ( ,heat4--,we h se5 t ! oxyg5 requir$ = ! combu/ion ( ! c>bon 9 gunp[d] is /or$ up 9 ! saltpetre4 ,s long z ! saltpetre rema9s bel[ a c]ta9 temp]ature1 x w reta9 its oxyg52 b :5 t temp]ature is rea*$1 x w "p ) t elem5t4 ,to fire gunp[d]1 heat is !re=e made use ( to lib]ate ! oxyg51 :i* at once seizes ^u ! c>bon ) :i* x is 9 pres5ce4 ,! means employ$ to convey heat to an explosive h be5 describ$ 9 ! prec$+ *apt]4 ,x is necess>y to apply heat to "o po9t only ( ! explosive2 x is suffici5t if x be appli$ to only "o gra94 ,t portion ( ! gra9 :i* is ?us rais$ 9 temp]ature beg9s to 8burn10 z x is commonly express$1 t is1 ?is portion ent]s at once into a /ate ( combu/ion1 ! saltpetre giv+ up its oxyg51 & ! lib]at$ oxyg5 ent]+ into comb9ation ) ! c>bon4 ,! sett+ up ( ?is action is call$ 8ignition40 ,! hot gases g5]at$ by ! combu/ion set up ignite o!r gra9s surr\nd+ ! "o fir/ ignit$2 ! gases result+ f ! combu/ion ( ^! ignite o!r gra9s2 &1 9 ?is way1 ignition is convey$ ?r\gh\t ! mass4 ,?us ! progress ( ignition is gradual4 ,b ?\gh x takes place1 9 e case1 gradually1 if ! gases are conf9$ )9 ! space occupi$ by ! p[d]1 x may be extremely rapid4 ,x is easy to see t ! gases evolv$ f a v small numb] ( gra9s are suffici5t to fill all ! int]/ices1 & to surr\nd e individual gra9 ( :i* ! *>ge is compos$4 ,b besides ?is ignition f gra9 to gra91 ! same ?+ goes on f ! outside to ! inside ( ea* individual gra91 ! gra9 burn+ gradually f ! outside to ! inside 9 conc5tric lay]s4 ,! successive ignitions 9 ?is direction1 h[ev]1 ( lay] aft] lay]1 is usually describ$ z ! progress ( combu/ion4 ,?us ! "t ( an explosion is made up ( t necess>y = ! ignition ( all ! gra9s1 & ( t requir$ = _! complete combu/ion4 ,! "t ( ignition is det]m9$ 9 a great measure by ! proportion :i* ! int]/ices1 or empty spaces betwe5 ! gra9s1 be> to ! :ole space occupi$ by ! p[d]4 ,if ! latt] be 9 ! =m ( an impalpable du/1 ignition _c ext5d ?r\gh\t ! mass 9 ! mann] we h describ$2 b we %all h m]ely combu/ion proce$+ f gra9 to gra94 ,if1 on ! contr>y1 ! p[d] be 9 l>ge sph]ical gra9s or pellets1 ! int]/ices w be l>ge1 & ! fir/ gases =m$ w fla% ?r\gh ^!1 & ignite all ! gra9s "o aft] ano!r ) su* rapidity t ignition may be reg>d$ z simultane\s4 ,?us ! "t ( ignition is %ort5$ by increas+ ! size ( ! gra9s & approximat+ ! latt] to ! sph]ical =m4 ,b ! "t ( combu/ion is det]m9$ by conditions contr>y to ^!4 ,z combu/ion proce$s gradually f ! outside to ! inside ( a gra91 x is obvi\s t ! l>g] ! gra9 is1 ! long] w be ! "t requir$ to burn x 94 ,also x is evid5t t if ! gra9 be 9 ! =m ( a ?9 flake1 x w be burn$ 9 a mu* %ort] "t ?an if x be 9 ! sph]ical =m4 ,?us ! conditions ( rapid ignition & rapid combu/ion are antagoni/ic4 ,! m9imum "t ( explosion is obta9$ :5 ! gra9s are irregul> 9 %ape & only suffici5tly l>ge to all[ a fairly free passage to ! hot gases4 ,!re are o!r conditions :i* influ5ce ! "t ( combu/ion2 among !m is ! d5sity ( ! gra94 ,?is is obvi\s1 s9ce ! d5s] ! gra91 ! great] is ! quantity ( mat]ial to be consum$4 ,b besides ?is1 combu/ion proce$s m sl[ly ?r\gh a d5se gra9 ?an ?r\gh an op5 "o4 ,! pres5ce ( moi/ure also t5ds to ret>d combu/ion4 ,! progress bo? ( ignition & ( combu/ion is accel]at$1 n uni=m4 ,9 proportion z ! gra9s are ignit$1 ! gases evolv$ increase 9 volume1 & z ! progress ( combu/ion cont9ues to g5]ate gases1 ! t5sion ( ^! increases1 until1 z we h se51 ! pressure rises z high z #db tons to ! squ>e in*4 ,z ! pressure increases1 ! hot gases are =c$ m & m deeply into ! gra9s1 & combu/ion1 consequ5tly1 proce$s m & m rapidly4 ,detonation4--,by detonation is meant ! simultane\s break+ up ( all ! molecules ( :i* ! explosive sub/ance is compos$4 ,prop]ly ! t]m is applicable to ! *emical comp\nds only4 ,b x is appli$ to gunp[d] to d5ote ! simultane\s ignition ( all ! gra9s4 ,! mode ( fir+ by detonation is obvi\sly v fav\rable to ! r5d+ effect requir$ ( bla/+ p[d]1 s9ce x r$uces to a m9imum ! "t ( explosion4 ,x is br\ght ab\t1 9 all cases1 by means ( an initial explosion4 ,! detonator1 :i* produces ?is initial explosion1 consi/s ( an explosive comp\nd1 pref]ably "o t is quick 9 its action1 conta9$ )9 a case suffici5tly /rong to reta9 ! gases until !y h acquir$ a consid]able t5sion4 ,:5 ! case bur/s1 ?is t5sion =ces !m in/antane\sly ?r\gh ! int]/ices ( ! p[d]1 & s produces simultane\s ignition4 ,a pellet ( gun-cotton1 or a c>tridge ( dynamite1 ! latt] especially1 makes a good detonator = gunp[d]4 ,fir$ 9 ?is way1 v mu* bett] effects may be obta9$ f gunp[d] ?an :5 fir$ 9 ! usual mann]4 ,inde$1 9 _m k9ds ( rock1 m "w may be done ) x ?an ) gun-cotton or ) dynamite4 ,! action ( a detonator ^u a *emical comp\nd is diff]5t4 ,9 ?is case1 ! explosion seems to be due m to ! vibration caus$ by ! bl[ ?an by ! heat ( ! gases f ! detonator4 ,probably bo? ( ^! causes op]ate 9 produc+ ! effect4 ,h[ev] ?is may be1 ! fact is c]ta9 t "u ! influ5ce ( ! explosion ( ! detonator1 ! molecules ( a *emical comp\nd1 l nitro-glyc]9e1 are brok5 up simultane\sly1 or at lea/1 s ne>ly simultane\sly1 t no tamp+ is ne$$ to obta9 ! full effect ( ! explosion4 ,dynamite is always1 & gun-cotton is usually1 fir$ by means ( a detonator4 ,a mu* l>g] quantity ( explosive is ne$$ to detonate gunp[d] ?an is requir$ = dynamite1 or gun-cotton1 s9ce1 = ! =m] explosive1 a l>ge volume ( gases is requisite4 ,dynamite detonators usually consi/ ( f six to n9e gra9s ( fulm9ate ( m]cury conta9$ 9 a copp] cap1 z describ$ 9 ! prec$+ *apt]4 ,gun-cotton detonators are simil>1 b h a *>ge ( f t5 to fifte5 gra9s ( ! fulm9ate4 ,an insuffici5t *>ge w only scatt] ! explosive in/ead ( fir+ x1 if x be unconf9$1 & only explode x )\t detonation1 if x be 9 a conf9$ space4 ,,section ,v4--,,"s ,,prop]ties ,,( ,,! ,,common ,,explosive ,,ag5ts4 ,gunp[d]4--,! combu/ion ( gunp[d]1 z we h se51 is gradual & comp>atively sl[4 ,h5ce its action is r5d+ & project+ r ?an %att]+4 ,?is con/itutes "o ( its *ief m]its = c]ta9 purposes4 ,9 _m qu>ry+ op]ations1 = in/ance1 ! %att]+ action ( ! *emical comp\nds w\ld be v de/ructive to ! produce4 ,9 free+ blocks ( slate1 or ( build+ /one1 a comp>atively g5tle lift+ action is requir$1 & su* an action is ex]t$ by gunp[d]4 ,moreov]1 ?is action may be modifi$ by us+ light tamp+1 or by us+ no tamp+1 a mode ( employ+ gunp[d] (t5 adopt$ 9 slate qu>ries4 ,! effect ( ! viol5t explosives _c be modifi$ 9 ?is way4 ,gunp[d] is injur$ by moi/ure4 ,a high degree ( moi/ure w de/roy its explosive prop]ties altoge!r1 s t x _c be us$ 9 wat] )\t "s protective cov]+4 ,ev5 a slight degree ( moi/ure1 z little z "o p] c5t4 ( its weight1 mat]ially dim9i%es its /r5g?4 ,= ?is reason1 x %\ld be us$1 9 damp gr\nd1 only 9 c>tridges4 ,?is is1 inde$1 ! mo/ conv5i5t & ! mo/ economical way ( us+ gunp[d] 9 all circum/ances4 ,x is true t !re is a slight loss ( =ce occasion$ by ! empty space ar\nd ! c>tridge1 9 holes t are f> f circul> 9 %ape4 ,b at lea/ z mu* w be lo/ )\t ! c>tridge f ! moi/ure d]iv$ f ! rock1 ev5 if ! hole be n wet4 ,b 9 all d[nw>d holes1 ! empty spaces may be m or less completely fill$ up ) dry loose s&4 ,! products ( ! explosion ( gunp[d] are p>tly gase\s1 p>tly solid4 ,( ! =m]1 ! mo/ important are c>bonic acid1 c>bonic oxide1 & nitrog54 ,! sulphurett$ & ! c>burett$ hydrog5 are =m$ 9 only small quantities4 ,! c>bonic oxide is a v noxi\s gas2 b x is n =m$ 9 any consid]able quantity1 except 9 cases ( ov]*>g+4 ,! solid products are comp\nds ( potassium & sulphur1 & potassium & c>bon4 ,^! con/itute ! smoke1 ! d5se volumes ( :i* *>act]ize ! explosion ( gunp[d]4 ,?is smoke prev5ts ! imm$iate return ( ! m9] to ! work+ face aft] ! bla/ has tak5 place4 ,gun-cotton4--,! combu/ion ( gun-cotton takes place ) extreme rapidity1 9 consequ5ce ( :i* its action is v viol5t4 ,its effect is r to %att] ! rock ?an to lift x out 9 l>ge blocks4 ,?is quality r5d]s x unsuitable to _m qu>ry+ op]ations4 ,9 c]ta9 k9ds ( weak rock1 its disruptive effects are inf]ior to ^? produc$ by gunp[d]4 ,b 9 ord9>y m9+ op]ations1 :]e /rong t\gh rock has to be dealt )1 its sup]ior /r5g? & quickness ( action1 p>ticul>ly ! latt] quality1 produce mu* great] disruptive effect ?an c be obta9$ f gunp[d]4 ,moreov]1 its %att]+ action t5ds to break up into small pieces ! rock dislodg$1 :]eby its removal is greatly facilitat$4 ,gun-cotton may be detonat$ :5 9 a wet /ate by means ( a small quantity ( ! dry mat]ial4 ,?is is a v important quality1 inasmu* z x all[s ! sub/ance to be us$ 9 a wet hole )\t protection1 & conduces greatly to ! security ( ^? :o h&le x4 ,:5 9 ! wet /ate1 x is un9flammable1 & _c be explod$ by ! heavie/ bl[s4 ,only a p[]ful detonation w br+ ab\t an explosion 9 x :5 9 ! wet /ate4 ,x is1 !re=e1 = safety1 kept & us$ 9 t /ate4 ,s9ce x is ins5sible to bl[s1 x may be ramm$ tightly into ! bore-hole1 s z to fill up all empty spaces4 ,! prim] ( dry gun-cotton1 h[ev]1 :i* is to detonate x1 mu/ be kept p]fectly dry1 & h&l$ ) caution1 z x readily detonates f a bl[4 ,gun-cotton1 :5 ignit$ 9 small quantities 9 an unconf9$ space1 burns fi]cely1 b does n explode4 ,! products ( ! combu/ion ( gun-cotton are3--c>bonic acid1 c>bonic oxide1 wat]1 & a little c>burett$ hydrog5 or m>%-gas4 ,on acc\nt ( ! insuffici5cy ( oxyg51 already po9t$ out1 a consid]able proportion ( c>bonic oxide is =m$1 :i* vitiates ! atmosph]e into :i* x is dis*>g$4 ,ov]*>g+1 z 9 ! case ( gunp[d]1 causes an abnormal quantity ( ! oxide to be =m$4 ,dynamite4--,z combu/ion takes place m rapidly 9 nitro-glyc]9e ?an 9 gun-cotton1 ! effects ( dynamite are m %att]+ ?an ^? ( ! latt] sub/ance4 ,gun-cotton holds1 inde$1 a mean position 9 ?is respect betwe5 dynamite1 on ! "o h&1 & gunp[d] on ! o!r4 ,dynamite is1 !re=e1 ev5 less suitable ?an gun-cotton = ^? uses :i* are requir$ to give ! produce 9 l>ge blocks4 ,b 9 v h>d & t\gh rock1 x is consid]ably m effective ?an gun-cotton1 &1 "u "s conditions1 x w br+ out rock :i* gun-cotton fails to loos54 ,dynamite is unaffect$ by wat]1 s t x may be us$ 9 wet holes2 inde$1 wat] is commonly us$ z tamp+1 ) ?is explosive4 ,9 upw>d holes1 :]e wat] _c1 ( c\rse1 be us$1 dynamite is g5]ally fir$ )\t tamp+1 its quick action r5d]+ tamp+ unnecess>y4 ,! pa/y =m ( dynamite con/itutes a great practical advantage1 inasmu* z x all[s ! explosive to be ramm$ tightly into ! bore-hole s z to fill up all empty spaces & crevices4 ,?is is important1 = x is obvi\s t ! m compactly ! *>ge is plac$ 9 ! hole1 ! great] w be ! effect ( ! explosion4 ,moreov]1 ?is pla/ic "* r5d]s x v safe to h&le1 z bl[s c h>dly produce suffici5t heat 9 x to cause explosion4 ,if a small quantity ( dynamite be plac$ ^u an anvil & /ruck ) a hamm]1 x explodes readily2 b a l>g] quantity s /ruck does n explode1 because ! bl[ is cu%ion$ by ! kieselguhr4 ,if ignit$ 9 small quantities 9 an unconf9$ space1 x burns quietly )\t explosion4 ,if dynamite be mu* h&l$ out ( ! c>tridges1 x causes viol5t heada*es2 & ! same effect is produc$ by be+ 9 a close room 9 :i* !re is dynamite 9 ! unfroz5 /ate4 ,dynamite possesses "o quality :i* places x at a disadvantage ) respect to o!r explosives1 namely1 t ( freez+ at a comp>atively high temp]ature4 ,at ab\t #dj ,f4 ! nitro-glyc]9e solidifies1 & ! dynamite becomes *alky 9 appe>ance4 ,9 ?is /ate1 x is explod$ ) difficulty1 &1 consequ5tly1 x has to be ?aw$ be=e be+ us$4 ,?is may be safely done ) hot wat]2 p]=m$ 9 any o!r way ! op]ation is dang]\s4 ,! products ( ! combu/ion ( dynamite are c>bonic acid1 c>bonic oxide1 wat]1 & nitrog54 ,z1 h[ev]1 !re is m ?an a suffici5cy ( oxyg5 9 ! comp\nd1 b little ( ! oxide is =m$ :5 ! *>ge is n excessive4 ,if1 !re=e1 dynamite be prop]ly detonat$1 & ov]*>g+ be avoid$1 its explosion w n greatly vitiate ! atmosph]e4 ,b if x be only p>tially detonat$ hypo-nitric fumes are giv5 (f1 :i* h a v delet]i\s effect ^u ! heal?4 ,x is1 ?us1 ( ! highe/ importance t complete detonation %\ld be effect$1 n m]ely to obta9 ! full effect ( ! explosive1 b to avoid ! =mation ( ?is noxi\s gas4 ,?is may be done by us+ a detonator ( suffici5t /r5g?1 & plac+ x well into ! prim]4 ,fir+ ,po9ts ( ! ,common ,explosive ,comp\nds4--,! foll[+ table %[s ! temp]atures at :i* ! commonly us$ comp\nds explode3-- ---------------------------------------- ------- ,:5 sl[ly ,:5 sudd5ly ,heat$4 ,heat$4 ---------------------------- ,gunp[d] 44 f #ejj to #edj ,gun-cotton #cfj #dhb ,kieselguhr dynamite #cef #ddf ,cellulose dynamite #cdb #ddf ---------------------------------------- ------- ,cotton p[d] explodes at ! same temp]atures z gun-cotton1 & li?(racteur at ! same temp]ature z kieselguhr dynamite4 ,,section ,,vi4--,,"s ,,v>ieties ,,( ,,! ,,nitro-,,cellulose ,,& ,,! ,,nitro-,,glyc]9e ,,comp\nds4 ,nitrat$ ,gun-cotton4--,x has be5 %[n t gun-cotton conta9s an insuffici5t quantity ( oxyg5 = its complete combu/ion4 ,to furni% t :i* is want+1 gun-cotton has sometimes incorporat$ ) x a c]ta9 proportion ( nitrate ( pota%1 or ( nitrate ( b>yta4 ,?is comp\nd1 :i*1 x w be obs]v$1 is at once a *emical comp\nd & a me*anical mixture1 is kn[n z 8nitrat$ gun-cotton40 ,cotton ,p[d]1 or ,tonite4--,! explosive :i* is n[ well kn[n z 8tonite0 or 8cotton p[d]10 is ess5tially nitrat$ gun-cotton4 ,x is produc$ 9 a granulat$ =m1 & is compress$ into c>tridges ( v>i\s dim5sions to suit ! requirem5ts ( practice4 ,! conv5i5t =m 9 :i* tonite is made up1 ready to ! m9]'s h&1 has greatly contribut$ t[>ds br++ x into fav\r4 ,b irrespective ( ?is1 ! fact ( its be+ s highly compress$ z to give x a d5sity equal1 or ne>ly equal1 to dynamite gives x a decid$ advantage ov] ! o!r nitro-cotton comp\nds z !y are at pres5t us$4 ,s*ultze's ,p[d]4--,9 ,s*ultze's p[d]1 ! cellulose is obta9$ f wood4 ,! wood is fir/ sawn into %eets1 ab\t _/ in* ?ick1 & !n pass$ ?r\gh a ma*9e1 :i* pun*es x up into gra9s ( a uni=m size4 ,^! are depriv$ ( _! res9\s matt]s by a process ( boil+ 9 c>bonate ( soda1 & are fur!r cleans$ by wa%+ 9 wat]1 /eam+1 & blea*+ by *loride ( lime4 ,! gra9s1 :i* are !n pure cellulose1 are conv]t$ into nitro-cellulose 9 ! same way z cotton1 namely1 by be+ treat$ ) a mixture ( nitric & sulphuric acids4 ,! nitro-cellulose ?us produc$ is subsequ5tly /eep$ 9 a solution ( nitrate ( pota%4 ,?us ! f9i%$ comp\nd is simil> 9 "* to nitrat$ gun-cotton4 ,li?(racteur4--,li?(racteur is a nitro-glyc]9e comp\nd 9 :i* a portion ( ! base is made explosive4 ,9 dynamite1 ! base1 or absorb5t mat]ial1 is1 z we h said1 a silici\s e>?1 call$ 8kieselguhr40 ,9 li?(racteur1 ! same sub/ance is us$2 b 9 addition1 a mixture ( nitrate ( b>yta & *>coal1 a k9d ( gunp[d]1 is introduc$4 ,! object ( employ+ ?is explosive mixture is to increase ! =ce ( ! explosion1 ! kieselguhr be+ an in]t sub/ance4 ,obvi\sly ?is object w\ld be atta9$ if ! explosive mixture possess$ ! same absorb5t p[] z ! kieselguhr4 ,b un=tunately x does n1 &1 z a consequ5ce1 less nitro-glyc]9e is us$4 ,?us :at is ga9$ 9 ! absorb5t is lo/ 9 ! sub/ance absorb$4 ,! composition ( li?(racteur v>ies some:at2 b its av]age proportion ( +r$i5ts are ! foll[+3-- ,nitro-glyc]9e #ebej ,nitrate ( b>yta #afdj ,*>coal #bhe ,sulphur #bege ,kieselguhr #bbej ------ #ajjjj ------ ,bra9's ,p[d]4--,bra9's p[d] is a nitro-glyc]9e comp\nd1 simil> 9 "* to li?(racteur4 ,! exact composition ( ! base has nev] be5 publi%$1 s f> z relates to ! proportions ( ! +r$i5ts4 ,b x is compos$ ( *lorate ( pota%1 *>coal1 & nitrat$ sawdu/4 ,! proportion ( nitro-glyc]9e nev] exce$s #dj p] c5t4 ,horseley's p[d] conta9s ab\t ! same proportion ( nitro-glyc]9e 9 a base ( *lorate ( pota% & nut-galls4 ,cellulose ,dynamite4--,9 ,g]many1 gun-cotton is us$ z an absorb5t = nitro-glyc]9e1 ! comp\nd be+ kn[n z 8,cellulose dynamite40 ,x is *iefly us$ = prim]s to explode froz5 dynamite4 ,x is m s5sitive to bl[s ?an ! kieselguhr dynamite4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,! ,,pr9ciples ,,( ,,rock ,,bla/+4 ,l9e ( ,lea/ ,resi/ance4--,! pressure ( a fluid is ex]t$ equally 9 all directions2 consequ5tly ! surr\nd+ mass subject$ to ! =ce w yield1 if x yield at all1 9 its weake/ "p1 t is1 ! "p :i* (f]s lea/ resi/ance4 ,! l9e along :i* ! mass yields1 or l9e ( rupture1 is call$ ! 8l9e ( lea/ resi/ance40 ,if ! surr\nd+ mass 7 p]fectly homog5e\s1 x w\ld always be a /raight l9e1 & x w\ld be ! %orte/ di/ance f ! c5tre ( ! *>ge to ! surface4 ,su*1 h[ev]1 is nev] ! case1 & ! l9e ( rupture is1 !re=e1 always a m or less irregul> l9e1 & (t5 mu* long] ?an t f ! c5tre direct to ! surface4 ,x w be obvi\s1 on reflection1 t ! l9e ( lea/ resi/ance w be greatly dep5d5t ^u 7#a7 ! texture ( ! rock1 :i* may v>y f "o po9t to ano!r2 7#b7 its /ructure1 :i* r5d]s x m easily cleavable 9 "o direction ?an 9 ano!r2 7#c7 ! position1 direction1 & numb] ( ! jo9ts1 :i* sep>ate ! rock into m or less deta*$ portions2 & 7#d7 ! numb] & relative position ( ! unsupport$ faces ( ! rock4 ,all ^! circum/ances mu/ be asc]ta9$1 & ! position & ! direction ( ! bore-hole det]m9$ 9 accordance ) !m1 9 ord] to obta9 ! maximum effect f a giv5 quantity ( explosive4 ,x mu/ n be suppos$1 h[ev]1 t ?is is a lab\r involv+ m9ute exam9ation & long consid]ation4 ,on ! contr>y1 a glance is g5]ally suffici5t to enable ! tra9$ eye to e/imate ! value ( ^? circum/ances1 & to det]m9e accord+ly ! mo/ effective position = ! %ot4 ,9 practice1 ! l9e ( lea/ resi/ance is tak5 z ! %orte/ di/ance f ! c5tre ( ! *>ge to ! surface ( ! rock1 unless ! exi/5ce ( jo9t planes1 a diff]5ce ( texture1 or "s o!r circum/ance1 %[s x to lie 9 "s o!r direction4 ,=ce requir$ to cause ,disruption4--,:5 ! l9e ( lea/ resi/ance is kn[n1 x rema9s to det]m9e ! quantity ( ! explosive comp\nd requir$ to ov]come ! resi/ance along t l9e4 ,?is matt] is "o ( great importance1 = n only is all excess wa/e1 b ?is wa/e w be exp5d$ 9 do+ mis*ief4 ,9 m9+ op]ations1 ! dislodg$ rock is viol5tly project$1 & ! air is vitiat$ 9 an unnecess>y degree2 & 9 qu>ry+1 /ones are %att]$ :i* x is desirable to extract 9 a s\nd /ate4 ,! evil effects ( ov]*>g+1 9 occasion+ ! =mation ( noxi\s gases1 0 po9t$ out 9 ! la/ *apt]4 ,( c\rse x is n possible s to proportion a *>ge to ! resi/ance t ! rock %all be j lift$ out1 & no m2 because nei!r ! =ce develop$ by ! *>ge1 nor ! value ( ! resi/ance c be kn[n ) precision4 ,b a suffici5t approximation may be easily arriv$ at to enable u to avoid ! l\d report t is indicative ( wa/$ =ce4 ,*>ges ( an explosive comp\nd ( uni=m /r5g? produce effects t v>y z ! weight ( ^? *>ges1 t is1 a d\ble *>ge w move a d\ble mass4 ,&1 z homog5e\s masses v>y z ! cube ( any simil> l9e )9 !m1 ! g5]al rule is e/abli%$ t *>ges ( p[d] capable ( produc+ ! same effects are to ea* o!r z ! cubes ( ! l9es ( lea/ resi/ance4 ,g5]ally1 ! quantity ( black bla/+ p[d] requisite to ov]come ! resi/ance w v>y f _/ to _/ ( ! cube ( ! l9e ( lea/ resi/ance1 ! latt] be+ measur$ 9 feet & ! =m] 9 p\nds4 ,?us1 if ! rock to be bla/$ be mod]ately /rong lime/one1 = example1 & ! %orte/ di/ance f ! c5tre ( ! *>ge to ! surface ( ! rock be #c feet1 we %all h #c #c #c #bg1 ! cube ( ! l9e1 & _/ lb4 #a_/ lb41 or ab\t #a lb4 #a oz41 z ! weight ( ! p[d] requir$4 ,if dynamite be us$1 & we assume x to be f\r times z /rong z common black p[d]1 ( c\rse1 only "o-f\r? ( ?is quantity w be requir$4 ,also if gun-cotton1 or cotton-p[d]1 be us$1 & we assume its /r5g? to be ?ree times t ( black p[d]1 "o-?ird only w be ne$$4 ,aga91 if ,curtis's & ,h>vey's new extra-/rong m9+ p[d] fir$ by a detonator be employ$1 we may assume x to be twice z /rong z common black p[d] fir$ by ! ord9>y means1 & consequ5tly we %all ne$ only "o-half ! quantity indicat$ by ! =mula4 ,x is nei!r practicable nor desirable t su* calculations & measurem5ts z ^! %\ld be made = e bla/2 _! practical value lies 9 ?is1 namely1 t if ! pr9ciples involv$ 9 !m be cle>ly und]/ood1 ! bla/] is enabl$ to proportion 8 *>ges by sight to ! resi/ance to be ov]come1 ) a suffici5t degree ( precision4 ,a few exp]im5ts 9 v>i\s k9ds ( rock1 foll[$ by "s practice1 w enable a man to acquire ?is p[]4 ,z x is a common & a conv5i5t practice to make use ( ! bore-hole z a measure ( ! quantity ( explosive to be employ$1 we h calculat$ ! foll[+ table3-- ---------------------------------------- --- ,diamet] ,dynamite 7or ( ,black ,p[d],gun-cotton ,tonite7 ! ,hole4 9 #a in*4 9 #a in*4 9 #a in*4 ---------------------------------------- --- ins4 ozs4 ozs4 ozs4 #a #jdai #jdai #jfgj #a #jfed #jfed #ajdf #a #jidb #jidb #aejg #a #abhc #abhc #bjec #b #afge #afge #bfhj #b #babj #babj #ccib #b #bfah #bfah #dahi #b #caff #caff #ejff #c #cgfi #cgfi #fjcj ---------------------------------------- --- ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dj4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #da4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #db4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dc4 ,conditions ( ,disruption4--,hav+ expla9$ ! law accord+ to :i* ! ela/ic gases evolv$ by an explosion act ^u ! surr\nd+ rock1 & %[n h[ ! =ce requir$ to cause disruption may be calculat$1 x n[ rema9s to consid] ! conditions "u :i* disruption may take place4 ,suppose a block ( unfissur$ rock deta*$ on all sides1 z %[n 9 plan1 9 ,fig4 #dj1 & a bore-hole plac$ 9 ! c5tre ( ?is block4 ,if a *>ge be fir$ 9 ?is position1 ! l9es ( rupture w radiate f ! c5tre t[>ds any two1 or t[>ds all f\r ( ! unsupport$ faces ( ! block1 because ! =ces develop$ w act equally 9 all directions1 & ! l9es ( rupture w be ^? ( lea/ resi/ance4 ,evid5tly ?is is ! mo/ fav\rable condition possible = ! *>ge1 s9ce ! rock (f]s an unsupport$ face on e side2 & x is evid5t t ! l9e ( rupture mu/ rea* an unsupport$ face to all[ ( dislodgem5t tak+ place4 ,suppose1 aga91 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #da1 ! block to be unsupport$ on ?ree sides only1 & ! *>ge plac$ at h4 ,9 ?is case1 ! l9es ( rupture may run to any two1 or to all ?ree1 ( ! unsupport$ faces2 & h5ce ?is w be ! next mo/ fav\rable condition = ! action ( ! *>ge4 ,! greate/ useful effect1 h[ev]1 w be obta9$ 9 ?is case by plac+ ! *>ge f>!r back at h1 :5 ! l9es ( rupture mu/ necess>ily run to ! opposite faces b c1 &1 consequ5tly1 ! :ole ( ! block w be dislodg$4 ,assume ano!r case1 9 :i* ! rock is unsupport$ ^u only two sides1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #db1 & ! *>ge plac$ at h4 ,9 ?is case1 ! l9es ( rupture mu/ run to ea* ( ! unsupport$ faces a b4 ,?us1 x is evid5t t ?is condition1 ?\gh /ill a fav\rable "o = ! good effect ( ! *>ge1 is inf]ior to ! prec$+4 ,z rock is nev] homog5e\s 9 composition nor uni=m 9 texture1 ! l9es ( rupture1 :i*1 z be=e rem>k$1 w be ^? ( lea/ resi/ance1 may rea* ! faces at any po9t1 z at m n1 m n1 or any po9t int]m$iate betwe5 ^!4 ,b x w be se5 t ! useful effect w be greate/ :5 ^! l9es1 radiat+ f ! *>ge1 make an angle ( #ahj1 or1 9 o!r words1 run 9 directly contr>y directions1 & t ! useful effect dim9i%es ) ! angle made by ^! l9es ( rupture4 ,suppose1 aga91 ! rock to be unsupport$ ^u "o side only1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #dc1 & ! *>ge plac$ at h4 ,9 ?is case1 ! l9es ( rupture mu/ run to ! face a1 & ! condition mu/ !re=e be consid]$ z less fav\rable ?an ! prec$+4 ,z 9 ^? cases1 ! useful effect w dep5d ^u ! angle made by ! l9es ( rupture h m & h n1 :i* angle may be v small1 & :i* mu/ necess>ily be mu* less ?an #ahj4 ,a great] effect may be obta9$1 "u ?is condition1 by fir+ sev]al *>ges simultane\sly4 ,if1 = example1 we h two *>ges plac$1 "o at h1 & ! o!r at h1 & fir$ successively1 ! l9es ( rupture w run 9 or ne> ! directions h m1 h n1 h m1 h n1 & ! portion ( rock dislodg$ w be m h n h n4 ,b if ^! two *>ges be fir$ simultane\sly1 ! l9es ( rupture w be h m1 h o1 h o1 h n1 & ! mass ( rock dislodg$ w be m h h n4 ,simultane\s fir+ is 9 ?is way productive ( a greatly increas$ useful effect 9 num]\s cases1 & ! m9+ eng9e]1 & ! qu>ryman especially1 w d well to direct _! att5tion to ?is s\rce ( economy4 ,!re is yet ano!r case to be consid]$1 9 :i* ! conditions are /ill less fav\rable4 ,suppose two unsupport$ faces at "r angles to ea* o!r1 & ! *>ge plac$ at h1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #dd4 ,9 ?is case1 ! l9es ( rupture w run to ea* ( ! two unsupport$ faces2 b z ^! l9es mu/ necess>ily make a v small angle ) ea* o!r--= ! l5g? ( ! l9es increases rapidly ) ! angle--! useful effect w be less ?an 9 ! la/ case4 ,x foll[s1 !re=e1 t ?is is ! mo/ unfav\rable condition possible1 & z su* x %\ld be avoid$ 9 practice4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dd4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #de4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #df4 ,9 ! =ego+ consid]ations1 ! holes h be5 assum$ to be v]tical1 & = ?is reason ! unsupport$ face :i* is p]p5dicul> to ! hole1 t is1 ! face into :i* ! hole is bor$1 has be5 neglect$4 ,= x is evid5t t1 "u ! conditions assum$1 ! l9es ( rupture _c rea* ?is face1 :i*1 !re=e1 has practically no exi/5ce4 ,suppose1 = example1 a bore-hole plac$ at h1 9 ,fig4 #de1 & ! rock to be support$ ^u e side except t at "r angles to ! hole4 ,! =ces act+ p]p5dicul>ly to ! direction ( ! bore-hole are oppos$ on all sides by an inf9ite resi/ance4 ,h5ce1 9 ?is case1 ei!r ! tamp+ w be bl[n out1 or1 if ! =ces develop$ are unequal to ! "w1 no effect w be produc$ beyond a slight enl>gem5t ( ! hole at ! base4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is a case ( frequ5t occurr5ce 9 practice1 & x becomes necess>y to adopt measures = mak+ ?is unsupport$ face available4 ,evid5tly ?is object c be atta9$ only by s direct+ ! bore-hole t a l9e p]p5dicul> to x may rea* ! face2 t is1 ! l9e ( ! bore-hole mu/ make ) ! unsupport$ face an angle less ?an #ij4 ,?is direction ( ! bore-hole is %[n 9 ,fig4 #df1 :i* may be reg>d$ z a sectional elevation ( ,fig4 #de4 ,9 ?is case1 ! l9es ( rupture1 :i* w run simil>ly to ^? produc$ 9 ! case %[n 9 ,fig4 #dc1 w rea* ! unsupport$ face at b1 & ! l5g? ( ^! l9es1 & consequ5tly ! dep? ( ! excavation1 = a giv5 l5g? ( bore-hole1 w dep5d ^u ! angle :i* ! latt] makes ) ! face4 ,?is mode ( r5d]+ a s+le expos$ surface available is call$ 8angl+ ! holes10 & x is g5]ally resort$ to 9 %aft s9k+ & 9 driv+ head+s4 ,! conditions involv$ 9 8angl+0 are fav\rable to ! action ( /rong explosives4 ,example ( a ,head+4--,to %[ h[ ^! pr9ciples are appli$ 9 practice1 we w take a typical case ( a head+1 #g feet by #i feet1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #dg4 ,9 ?is case1 we h at />t+ only "o expos$ face1 :i* is p]p5dicul> to ! direction ( ! driv+4 ,h5ce x is evid5t t we %all h to proce$ by angl+ ! holes4 ,we might beg9 9 any "p ( ! expos$ face2 b1 z x w h]eaft] appe>1 ! mo/ fav\rable position is ! c5tre4 ,we !re=e beg9 at ?is po9t by bor+ a s]ies ( holes1 numb]$ #a on ! draw+4 ,^! holes are angl$ t[>ds ea* o!r2 t is1 ! two sets ( ?ree holes v]tically above ea* o!r conv]ge 9 ! direction ( _! l[] ends1 z %[n 9 ! sectional plan1 ,fig4 #dh4 ,9 ?is in/ance1 we h assum$ six holes z necess>y & suffici5t4 ,b x is obvi\s t ! numb] ( holes1 z well z _! di/ance ap>t horizontally1 w be det]m9$ by _! dep?1 ! t5acity ( ! rock1 & ! /r5g? ( ! explosive us$4 ,:5 ^! holes are fir$1 a w$ge-%ap$ portion ( ! rock w be =c$ out1 & ?is result w be m effectually & c]ta9ly obta9$ if ! *>ges be fir$ simultane\sly4 ,! removal ( ?is portion ( ! rock is call$ 8tak+ out ! key40 ,! effect ( remov+ ?is key is to leave ! surr\nd+ rock unsupport$ on ! side t[>ds ! c5tre2 t is1 ano!r face is =m$ p]p5dicul> to ! fir/4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dg4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dh4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #di4 ,hav+ ?us unkey$ ! rock by ! removal ( ?is portion f ! c5tre1 x w evid5tly be unnecess>y1 except = conv5i5ce or increas$ effect1 to angle any m ( ! %ot-holes4 ,! second s]ies !re=e1 numb]$ #b 9 ! draw+1 may be bor$ p]p5dicul>ly to ! face ( ! head+4 ,:5 ?is s]ies is fir$1 ! l9es ( rupture w all run to ! unsupport$ face 9 ! c5tre--& f hole to hole1 if ! %ots be fir$ simultane\sly--& ! annul> portion ( rock includ$ betwe5 ! dott$ l9es #a & #b w be remov$4 ,if ! %ots be fir$ successively1 ! fir/ w act "u ! condition ( "o unsupport$ face1 z illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #dc2 b z ano!r unsupport$ face w be =m$ by ! removal ( ! rock 9 front ( ?is *>ge1 ! succe$+ %ots w be subject to ! m fav\rable condition repres5t$ 9 ,fig4 #db4 ,! fir+ ( ?is second s]ies ( %ots /ill leaves ! surr\nd+ rock unsupport$ t[>ds ! c5tre1 & consequ5tly ! same conditions w exi/ = ! ?ird s]ies1 numb]$ #c on ! draw+1 ! fir+ ( :i* s]ies w complete ! excavation4 ,fig4 #di %[s ! appe>ance ( ,fig4 #dh aft] ! fir+ ( ! c5tral holes4 ,x may be rem>k$ "h t1 ow+ to ! want ( homog5eity 9 ! rock1 & to ! exi/5ce ( jo9ts & fissures1 ! out] l9e ( rupture w n1 9 practice1 run s regul>ly z indicat$1 9 ?is assum$ case1 by ! dott$ l9es4 ,?is circum/ance w influ5ce ! position ( ! holes1 or ! quantity ( explosive1 9 ! next s]ies1 & furni% an opportunity = ! ex]cise ( judgm5t on ! "p ( ! bla/]4 ,!re exi/ also o!r circum/ances :i* w influ5ce ! position & ! numb] ( ! holes 9 a v important degree1 & :i* !re=e mu/ be tak5 fully into acc\nt at e advance4 ,"o ( ^! is ! irregul>ity ( ! face ( ! excavation4 ,in/ead ( =m+ an unbrok5 plane at "r angles to ! direction ( ! head+1 or ( ! %aft1 ?is face is brok5 up by project+ bosses & m or less deep depressions4 ,obvi\sly ^! protub]ances & cavities w influ5ce1 9 no inconsid]able degree1 ! l9es ( lea/ resi/ance2 ! latt] be+ l5g!n$ or %ort5$1 or *ang$ 9 direction1 by ! pres5ce ( ! =m]1 :i* give exi/5ce to unsupport$ faces to :i* ! l9es may radiate4 ,^! conditions mu/1 9 e case1 be tak5 into acc\nt :5 det]m9+ ! be/ position = ! bore-hole4 ,( yet great] importance1 is ! exi/5ce ( jo9t planes & b$d+ planes4 ,a b$ ( rock may be1 & frequ5tly is1 cut up by ^! planes into deta*$ blocks ( great] or less dim5sions1 accord+ to ! m or less p]fect developm5t ( ! diff]5t sets4 ,h5ce x becomes necess>y1 9 det]m9+ a suitable position = bla/+ ! *>ge1 to consid] su* planes z unsupport$ faces1 & to asc]ta9 ! direction & l5g? ( ! l9es ( resi/ance "u su* conditions4 ,if a *>ge be plac$ 9 close proximity to "o ( ^! planes1 n only may ! l9es ( rupture run 9 un=ese5 directions1 b ! great] "p ( ! =ce ( ! explosion w be lo/ by ! escape ( ! gases along ! plane4 ,! same loss ( =ce may be occasion$ by ! pres5ce ( a cavity1 su* z are ( frequ5t occurr5ce 9 cellul> or vughy rock4 ,:5 ! jo9t planes are fully develop$1 _! exi/5ce c be asc]ta9$ by inspection2 b :5 _! developm5t is imp]fect1 !re may be consid]able difficulty 9 discov]+ !m4 ,9 su* cases1 ! rock %\ld be c>efully inspect$1 & s\nd$ ) a hamm] or pick4 ,:5 a cavity is bor$ into1 x may be ramm$ full ( clay1 & ! bor+ cont9u$ ?r\gh ! clay2 or if suffici5t dep? has be5 obta9$1 ! *>ge may be plac$ ^u ! clay1 :i* w prev5t ! wa/eful dissipation ( ! gases4 ,z none ( ! a=em5tion$ circum/ances occur "u precisely simil> conditions1 no g5]al rule ( mu* s]vice c be laid d[n2 !y are matt]s ^u :i* ! bla/] mu/ be left to use 8 own judgm5t1 & to d ?is effectively1 x is necess>y t he possess "s k ( ! mat]ials ) :i* he deals4 ,economical ,consid]ations4--,besides ! important economical consid]ations involv$ 9 ! =ego+1 !re are o!rs :i* claim att5tion4 ,=emo/ among ^! is ! "q :e!r1 = a giv5 effect1 x be bett] to augm5t or to dim9i% ! individual importance ( ! %ots2 t is1 :e!r x be bett] to dim9i% ! numb] ( ! holes & to increase _! diamet]1 or to dim9i% _! diamet] & increase _! numb]2 or1 aga91 to dim9i% _! diamet] & to increase _! dep?1 or to increase _! diamet] & to dim9i% _! numb] & _! dep?4 ,x may be readily %[n ma!matically1 & ! results are confirm$ by exp]i5ce1 t !re is an important ga9 9 r$uc+ ! diamet] ( ! %ot-holes to ! l[e/ limit all[$ by ! /r5g? & ! gravimetric d5sity ( ! explosive1 & increas+ _! dep?4 ,! ga9 is ma9ly 9 ! direction ( a sav+ ( lab\r1 & x is especially rem>kable 9 ! case ( ma*9e bor+4 ,"h aga9 we p]ceive ! advantage ( /r5g? 9 ! explosive ag5t employ$4 ,! simultane\s fir+ ( ! %ots (f]s sev]al important advantages4 ,x has already be5 %[n h[ "o *>ge aids ano!r1 "u su* a condition1 & 9 :at way ! l9e ( rupture is affect$ by x4 ,:5 ! %ots are fir$ successively1 ea* "o has to te> out ! portion ( rock allott$ to x2 b :5 !y are fir$ simultane\sly1 _! collective =ce is br\ght to be> ^u ! :ole mass to be dislodg$4 ,?is is se5 9 ! diagram1 ,fig4 #dc4 ,:5 deep holes are us$1 ! great] useful effect caus$ by simultane\s fir+ becomes v m>k$4 ,h5ce electricity associates itself naturally ) ma*9e drills & /rong explosives4 ,tamp+4--,to 8tamp0 a %ot-hole is to fill x up above ! *>ge ( explosive ) "s mat]ial1 :i*1 :5 s appli$1 is call$ ! 8tamp+40 ,! object ( tamp+ is to oppose a resi/ance to ! escape ( ! gases 9 ! direction ( ! bore-hole4 ,h5ce a prim>y condition is t ! mat]ials us$ %all be ( a /rongly resi/+ "*4 ,a second det]m9+ condition is t ^! mat]ials %all be ( easy application4 ,?is condition precludes ! use ( all su* devices z plugs1 w$ges1 & =ms ( a simil> "*1 :i* h be5 f "t to "t propos$4 ,! only mat]ial t1 9 practice1 has be5 f\nd to satisfactorily fulfil ! requirem5ts1 is rock 9 a brok51 pulv]ul5t1 or pla/ic /ate4 ,z1 h[ev]1 all rock is n equally suitable1 ei!r f ! po9t ( view ( its resi/+ "*1 or f t ( conv5i5ce ( h&l+1 x becomes necess>y to consid] :i* satisfies ! two conditions 9 ! mo/ complete mann]4 ,?\gh x is n easy to assign a p]fectly satisfactory reason :y "o k9d ( rock sub/ance opposes a great] resi/ance to motion 9 a bore-hole ?an ano!r1 yet x is c]ta9 t ?is resi/ance is ma9ly due to ! friction among ! p>ticles ( t sub/ance4 ,if a column ( solid1 h>d rock1 ( ! same diamet] z ! bore-hole1 be driv5 d[n ^u ! *>ge1 ! resi/ance oppos$ by ! column to ! imprison$ gases w be1 neglect+ ! weight ( ! =m]1 t ( ! friction betwe5 ! sides ( ! column & ^? ( ! hole4 ,b if dis9tegrat$ rock be us$1 n only is an absolute motion imp>t$ to ! p>ticles1 b1 on acc\nt ( ! v>y+ resi/ances1 a relative motion also4 ,consequ5tly1 friction occurs among/ ! p>ticles1 & z ! numb] ( ^! is imm5se1 ! sum ( ! slight friction ( "o p>ticle aga9/ ano!r1 & ( ! great friction ( ! outside p>ticles aga9/ ! sides ( ! hole1 am\nts to a mu* great] value ?an t ( ! outside p>ticles ( ! solid column aga9/ ! sides ( ! bore-hole4 ,if ?is view ( ! facts alone be tak51 x foll[s t dry s& is ! mo/ resi/ant mat]ial1 & t ! f9] ! gra9s1 ! great] w be ! resi/ance :i* x (f]s4 ,9 practice1 h[ev]1 x has be5 f\nd t ?\gh ! resi/ance (f]$ by s& tamp+ is v great1 & ?\gh also ! =ego+ inf]5ce is true :5 ! tamp+ is lift$ by ! pressure ( a solid aga9/ x f bel[1 ?is sub/ance is notably inf]ior to "s o!rs :5 act$ ^u by an explosion ( gases4 ,! explanation ( ?is app>5t anomaly is t ! gases1 "u ! enorm\s t5sion to :i* !y are subject$ 9 ! bore-hole1 ins9uate !mselves betwe5 ! p>ticles1 & s prev5t ! friction :i* w\ld o!rwise take place4 ,:5 ! read9ess ) :i* wat]1 ?r\gh ! influ5ce ( gravity alone1 p]meates ev5 closely compact$ s&1 is borne 9 m9d1 !re w be no difficulty 9 conceiv+ a simil> action on ! "p ( m subtile gases 9 a /ate ( extreme t5sion4 ,"u su* conditions z ^!1 !re is no resi/ance :atev] due to friction1 & ! only resi/ance oppos$ to ! escape ( ! gases is t proce$+ f ! in]tia ( ! mass4 ,h[ ?is resi/ance may be v great1 we h %[n 9 ! case ( air tamp+4 ,h5ce1 x becomes necess>y to h rec\rse to "s o!r mat]ial ( a composition less liable to be ?us act$ ^u1 or to seek means ( rem$y+ ! defect :i* r5d]s su* action possible4 ,clay1 dri$ ei!r 9 ! sun1 or1 pref]ably1 by a fire1 appe>s to fulfil ! requirem5ts ( a tamp+ mat]ial 9 ! fulle/ degree4 ,?is sub/ance is compos$ ( exce$+ly m9ute gra9s ( silici\s matt]s1 b\nd toge!r by an alum9\s & calc>e\s or f]rug9\s cem5t4 ,?us con/itut$1 !re are no voids betwe5 ! p>ticles1 z 9 por\s sub/ances1 &1 consequ5tly1 !re is no passage = ! gases1 ! sub/ance be+ imp]vi\s alike to wat] & gas4 ,h5ce1 :5 ?is mat]ial is employ$ z tamp+1 ! =ces act only ^u ! l[] surface1 friction takes place among ! p>ticles1 & ! requisite degree ( resi/ance is produc$4 ,by reason ( its possession ( ?is prop]ty1 clay is g5]ally us$ z ! tamp+ mat]ial4 ,9 rock bla/+1 x is usual to prep>e ! clay be=eh&1 & ?is practice is conducive bo? to effective results & to rapidity ( tamp+4 ,! latt] consid]ation is an important "o1 inasmu* z ! op]ation1 z commonly p]=m$1 requires a good deal ( "t4 ,to prep>e ! pellets ( clay1 a lump is tak5 & roll$ betwe5 ! palms ( ! h&s until x has assum$ ! =m ( a sausage1 f ?ree to f\r in*es 9 l5g?1 & ( ! diamet] ( ! bore-hole4 ,^! pellets are !n bak$ until !y are ?or\ghly dry1 :5 !y are ready = use4 ,9 mak+ !m up to ! requisite diamet]1 a little excess %\ld be all[$ = %r9kage1 s9ce x is ess5tial t !y fit tightly into ! hole4 ,:5 ! *>ge has be5 put 91 & cov]$ ) a wad ( hay1 or a h&ful ( s& or rubbi%1 "o ( ^! pellets is ins]t$ & pu%$ home ) a wood5 ramm]4 ,consid]able pressure %\ld be appli$ to make ! clay fill ! hole completely1 b bl[s %\ld be avoid$4 ,a second pellet is !n pu%$ d[n 9 ! same way1 & ! op]ations are repeat$ until ! :ole ( ! hole is tamp$4 ,to consolidate ! :ole1 light bl[s may be appli$ to ! out] pellet4 ,x w be f\nd advantage\s to place an undri$ pellet imm$iately above ! *>ge1 because ! pla/icity ( su* a pellet enables x to fill all ! irregul>ities ( ! sides ( ! hole1 & to securely seal ! passage betwe5 ! sides & ! tamp+1 along :i* ! gases might o!rwise =ce _! way4 ,9 coal bla/+1 s(t %ale is always us$ = tamp+1 because x is ready at h&1 & heavy %ots are n requir$4 ,brok5 brick con/itutes a fairly good tamp+ mat]ial1 especially :5 temp]$ ) a little moi/ure2 b z x is n readily procurable1 its application is necess>ily limit$4 ,! du/ & *ipp+s ( ! excavat$ rock are l>gely employ$ z tamp+ 9 qu>ries4 ,?is mat]ial1 h[ev]1 has b little to recomm5d x = ! purpose beyond its read9ess to h&4 ,x n[ rema9s to consid] :at means are available = rem$y+ ! defect inh]5t 9 s& z a tamp+ mat]ial4 ,?is con/itutes a v important practical "q1 because if ! defect c be remov$1 s& w con/itute by f> ! mo/ suitable mat]ial :5ev] ! bore-hole has a d[nw>d direction4 ,x c be ev]y:]e obta9$ at a l[ co/2 x may be p\r$ into ! hole z readily z wat]2 & its application gives rise to no dang]4 ,obvi\sly ! difficulty w be ov]come if we c f9d suitable means = prev5t+ ! gases f p5etrat+ ! s&4 ,! end propos$ may be successfully atta9$ by means ( ! pla/ic clay pellet appli$ 9 ! foll[+ mann]4 ,imm$iately above ! *>ge1 place a h&ful ( p]fectly dry & v f9e s&4 ,?is may be obta9$ by sift+1 if n o!rwise procurable4 ,^u ?is s&1 =ce firmly d[n ) a wood5 ramm]1 s z to fill e irregul>ity1 a pla/ic clay pellet1 ab\t f\r in*es 9 l5g?1 & ( ! same diamet] z ! bore-hole1 prep>$ by roll+ betwe5 ! h&s 9 ! mann] already describ$4 ,above ?is pellet1 fill ! hole ) dry s&4 ,! imp]vi\s nature ( ! clay prev5ts ! gases f rea*+ ! s&1 except along ! l9e ( junction ( ! clay ) ! sides ( ! hole4 ,tamp$ 9 ?is way1 a resi/ance is obta9$ sc>cely1 if at all1 inf]ior to t oppos$ by ! mo/ c>efully plac$ dri$ clay4 ,by ! employm5t ( a detonator1 ! defect due to ! por\s "* ( s& is n remov$1 b its influ5ce is greatly dim9i%$4 ,:5 detonation is produc$ 9 an explosive comp\nd1 ! full =ce ( ! ela/ic gases is develop$ in/antane\sly2 & x has already be5 %[n t1 "u su* conditions1 ! resi/ance occasion$ by ! pres5ce ( any sub/ance 9 ! bore-hole1 ev5 ! air alone1 9 ! case ( nitro-glyc]9e1 is suffici5t to ?r[ ! *ief portion ( ! =ce ^u ! sides ( ! hole4 ,loose s&1 !re=e1 may be successfully employ$ z tamp+ "u ^! conditions1 s9ce its in]tia w oppose a suffici5t resi/ance to ! escape ( ! gases4 ,b ?\gh ! rock may be dislodg$ :5 light tamp+s are us$ ) detonation1 !re c be no d\bt t a consid]able proportion ( ! =ce ( ! explosion is lo/2 & h5ce x w always be advantage\s to tamp securely by means ( ! clay pellet1 z already describ$4 ,! highe/ degree ( economy is to be obta9$ by detonat+ ! *>ge1 & tamp+ 9 ?is mann]4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,! ,,op]ations ,,( ,,rock ,,bla/+4 ,h& ,bor+4--,:5 ! positions & ! directions ( ! %ot-holes h be5 det]m9$1 ! op]ations ( bla/+ are begun by /rik+ a few bl[s ) ! hamm] ^u ! spot f :i* ! hole is to />t1 = ! purpose ( prep>+ ! surface to receive ! drill4 ,9 "s cases1 ?is prelim9>y op]ation w n be ne$$2 b g5]ally "s prep>ation is desirable1 especially if ! surface be smoo?1 & ! hole be to be bor$ at an angle ) x4 ,= ! purpose ( illu/ration1 we w take ! case ( a hole bor$ v]tically d[nw>ds1 & w suppose ! bor+ to be c>ri$ on by d\ble-h&4 ,bor+ ! ,%ot-holes4--,! surface ( ! rock hav+ be5 prep>$ to receive ! drill1 "o man sits d[n1 & plac+ ! %orte/ drill betwe5 8 knees1 holds x v]tically1 ) bo? h&s4 ,! o!r man1 :o /&s opposite1 if possible1 !n /rikes ! drill ^u ! head ) ! sl$ge1 lightly at fir/1 b m heavily :5 ! tool has fairly ent]$ ! rock4 ,! man :o holds ! drill raises x a little aft] ea* bl[1 & turns x p>tly r\nd1 ! degree ( turn usually giv5 be+ ab\t "o-eigh? ( a revolution4 ,by ?is means1 ! hole is kept circul>1 & ! cutt+ edge ( ! drill is prev5t$ f fall+ twice 9 ! same place4 ,to keep ! tool cool1 & to conv]t ! du/ & *ipp+s into sludge1 ! hole is kept p>tially fill$ ) wat]1 :5ev] x is incl9$ d[nw>ds4 ,= ?is reason1 d[nw>d holes are sometimes describ$ z 8wet0 holes1 & upw>d holes z 8dry0 holes4 ,! pres5ce ( wat] greatly facilitates ! "w ( bor+4 ,x has be5 f\nd by exp]i5ce t ! rate ( bor+ 9 a dry & 9 a wet hole v>ies z #a 3 #ae2 t is1 x takes "o & a half times z long to bore a dry hole z to bore a wet hole4 ,?us1 by us+ wat]1 ! "t may be r$uc$ by "o-?ird4 ,to prev5t ! wat] f spurt+ out at ea* /roke & spla%+ ! man :o holds ! drill1 a k9d ( lea!rn wa%] is plac$ ^u ! drill imm$iately above ! hole1 or a b& ( /raw is ti$ r\nd x4 ,:5 ! hole has become too deep = ! %ort drill1 ! next l5g? is sub/itut$ = x1 :i* is 9 its turn replac$ by ! ?ird or longe/ drill z ! dep? becomes great]4 ,ea* drill1 on ! completion ( ! l5g? ( hole = :i* x is int5d$1 is s5t away to ! smi?y to be re-%>p5$4 ,9 v h>d rock1 ! drills may h to be frequ5tly *ang$1 a circum/ance t r5d]s x necess>y to h sev]al ( ! same l5g? at h&4 ,! dep? ( %ot-holes v>ies f #a foot to #aj feet1 accord+ to ! nature ( ! rock1 ! "* ( ! excavation1 & ! /r5g? ( ! explosive to be us$4 ,9 %afts & 9 head+s1 ! dep? v>ies g5]ally betwe5 #b feet #f in*es & #d feet1 a common dep? be+ #c feet4 ,! dbris :i* accumulates at ! bottom ( ! hole mu/ be remov$ f "t to "t to keep ! rock expos$ to ! edge ( ! drill4 ,! removal ( ?is sludge is effect$ by means ( ! tool call$ a 8scrap]40 ,if ! sludge is 9 too liquid a /ate to all[ ( its ready removal by ?is means1 a few h&fuls ( du/ are ?r[n 9 to r5d] ! mass m visc\s4 ,! importance ( keep+ ! bore-hole cle> ( sludge1 & ( %ort5+ ! "t exp5d$ 9 us+ ! scrap]1 has l$1 9 "s localities1 to ! adoption ( means = r5d]+ ! sludge suffici5tly visc\s to adh]e to ! drill4 ,:5 9 ?is /ate1 ! sludge accumulates ar\nd ! tool r ?an b5ea? x1 ! fre% portion =m$ pu%+ ! mass upw>d till x =ms a ?ick coat+ ^u ! drill ?r\gh\t a l5g? ( sev]al in*es4 ,:5 ! tool is )drawn f ! hole1 ?is mass ( dbris is )drawn ) x2 9 ?is way1 ! employm5t ( a scrap] is r5d]$ unnecess>y4 ,?is mode ( cle>+ ! bore-hole is commonly adopt$ by ! ,h>tz m9]s1 :o use slak$ lime = ! purpose4 ,?is lime !y r$uce to ! consi/5cy ( ?ick pa/e by ! addition ( wat]1 & !y /ore x1 cov]$ ) wat]1 9 a small t9 box1 :i* !y c>ry ) !m to _! "w4 ,to use ?is pa/e1 !y take a piece ab\t ! size ( a walnut1 dilute x ) wat]1 & p\r x into ! bore-hole4 ,?is lime pa/e is1 = ! purpose int5d$1 v effective 9 friable rock1 especially if x be ( a granul> /ructure1 z s&/one4 ,z ! gra9s ( s& result+ f ! trituration ( su* rocks h no m t5d5cy to adh]e to ea* o!r ?an to ! drill1 ea* ( !m becomes cov]$ ) a coat+ ( lime1 :i* causes !m to agglut9ate into a visc\s mass possess+ suffici5t adhesiv5ess to enable x to cl+ to ! tool 9 ! mann] describ$4 ,:5 ! hole has be5 bor$ to ! requir$ dep?1 x is prep>$ = ! reception ( ! *>ge4 ,! sludge is all c>efully scrap$ out to cle> ! hole1 & to r5d] x z dry z possible4 ,?is is necess>y 9 all cases2 b ! subsequ5t op]ations w be det]m9$ by ! nature ( ! explosive1 & ! mann] 9 :i* x is to be us$4 ,if black p[d] be employ$ 9 a loose /ate1 ! hole mu/ be dri$4 ,?is is done by pass+ a piece ( rag1 t[1 or a wisp ( hay1 ?r\gh ! eye ( ! scrap] & =c+ x sl[ly up & d[n ! hole1 to absorb ! moi/ure4 ,if wat] is likely to fl[ into ! hole f ! top1 a little dam ( clay is made r\nd ! hole to keep x back4 ,:5 wat] f9ds its way into ! hole ?r\gh crevices1 clay+ by means ( ! 8bull0 mu/ be resort$ to4 ,9 su* cases1 h[ev]1 x is f> m economical ( "t & p[d] to employ ! latt] 9 wat]pro( c>tridges4 ,inde$1 except+ a few cases t occur 9 qu>ry+1 gunp[d] %\ld always be appli$ 9 ?is way4 ,= n only is a notable sav+ ( "t effect$ by avoid+ ! op]ations ( dry+ ! hole1 b ! weak5+ ( ! *>ge occasion$ by a l>ge proportion ( ! gra9s be+ 9 contact ) moi/ rock is prev5t$4 ,b besides ^! advantages1 ! c>tridge (f]s security f accid5t1 prev5ts wa/e1 & af=ds a conv5i5t means ( h&l+ ! explosive4 ,x may be ins]t$ z easily into upw>d z into d[nw>d holes1 & x all[s none ( ! p[d] to be lo/ aga9/ ! sides ( ! hole1 or by spill+ outside4 ,^! num]\s & great advantages are lead+ to ! g5]al adoption ( ! c>tridge4 ,*>g+ ! ,%ot-holes4--,:5 ! hole is ready to receive ! explosive1 ! op]ations ( *>g+ are comm5c$4 ,if ! p[d] be us$ loose1 ! requir$ quantity is p\r$ d[n ! hole1 c>e be+ tak5 to prev5t ! gra9s f t\*+ & /ick+ to ! sides ( ! hole4 ,?is precaution is important1 s9ce n only is ! =ce ( ! gra9s s lodg$ lo/1 b !y might be ! cause ( a premature explosion4 ,z x is difficult to prev5t contact ) ! sides :5 ! hole is v]tical1 & impossible :5 x is incl9$1 rec\rse is _h to a t9 or a copp] tube4 ,?is tube is re/$ ^u ! bottom ( ! hole1 & ! p[d] is p\r$ 9 at ! upp] end2 :5 ! tube is rais$1 ! p[d] is left at ! bottom ( ! hole4 ,9 horizontal holes1 ! p[d] is put 9 by means ( a k9d ( spoon4 ,9 holes t are incl9$ upw>ds1 loose p[d] _c be us$4 ,:5 ! p[d] is us$ 9 c>tridges1 ! c>tridge is ins]t$ into ! hole & pu%$ to ! bottom ) a wood5 ramm]4 ,if ! *>ge is to be fir$ by means ( a squib1 a po9t$ metal rod1 pref]ably ( bronze1 ( small diamet]1 call$ a 8prick]10 is plac$ aga9/ ! side ( ! bore-hole1 ) its l[] po9t$ end 9 ! *>ge4 ,! tamp+ is !n put 91 9 small portions at a "t1 & firmly press$ d[n ) ! tamp+ iron1 ! latt] be+ s held t ! prick] lies 9 ! groove4 ,! nature ( tamp+ has be5 already fully describ$4 ,:5 ! tamp+ is complet$1 ! prick] is )drawn1 leav+ a small circul> passage ?r\gh ! tamp+ d[n to ! *>ge4 ,c>e mu/ be tak5 9 )draw+ ! prick] n to loos5 ! tamp+1 s z to close up ?is passage4 ,a squib is !n plac$ 9 ! hole ?us left1 & ! *>ge is ready = fir+4 ,if ! *>ge is to be fir$ by means ( safety fuse1 a piece suffici5tly long to project a few in*es f ! hole is cut (f & plac$ 9 ! hole 9 ! same position z ! prick]4 ,:5 ! p[d] is 9 c>tridges1 ! end ( ! fuse is ins]t$ into ! c>tridge be=e ! latt] is pu%$ into ! bore-hole4 ,! fuse is held 9 its position dur+ ! op]ation ( tamp+ by a lump ( clay plac$ ^u ! end :i* projects f ! hole1 ?is end be+ turn$ ov] ^u ! rock4 ,! tamp+ is effect$ 9 precisely ! same mann] z :5 ! prick] is us$4 ,if ! *>ge is to be fir$ by electricity1 ! fuse is ins]t$ into ! *>ge1 & ! wires are treat$ 9 ! same way z ! safety fuse4 ,:5 ! tamp+ is complet$1 ! wires are connect$ = fir+ 9 ! mann] describ$ 9 a =m] *apt]4 ,9 all cases1 be=e tamp+ a gunp[d] *>ge plac$ loose 9 ! hole1 a wad ( t[1 hay1 turf1 or pap] is plac$ ov] ! p[d] previ\sly to putt+ 9 ! tamp+4 ,if ! p[d] is 9 c>tridges1 a pellet ( pla/ic clay is g5tly =c$ d[n ^u ! *>ge4 ,heavy bl[s ( ! tamp+ iron are to be avoid$ until five or six in*es ( tamp+ h be5 put 94 ,:5 gun-cotton is ! explosive ag5t employ$1 ! wet mat]ial :i* con/itutes ! *>ge is put into ! %ot-hole 9 c>tridges1 "o aft] ano!r1 until a suffici5t quantity has be5 introduc$4 ,ea* c>tridge mu/ be ramm$ d[n tightly ) a wood5 ramm] to rupture ! case & to make ! cotton fill ! hole completely4 ,a l5g? ( safety fuse is !n cut (f1 & "o end ( x is ins]t$ into a detonator cap4 ,?is cap is fix$ to ! fuse by press+ ! op5 end into firm contact ) ! latt] by means ( a pair ( nipp]s con/ruct$ = ! purpose4 ,! cap1 ) ! fuse atta*$1 is !n plac$ into ! c5tral hole ( a dry 8prim]10 :i* %\ld be well protect$ f moi/ure4 ,:5 an electric fuse is us$1 ! cap ( ! fuse is ins]t$ 9 ! same way into ! prim]4 ,! prim] is put into ! %ot-hole & pu%$ g5tly d[n ^u ! *>ge4 ,z bo? ! dry gun-cotton & ! detonator may be explod$ by a bl[1 ?is op]ation mu/ be p]=m$ ) caution4 ,cotton-p[d] or tonite requires a some:at diff]5t mode ( h&l+4 ,x is made up 9 a highly compress$ /ate into c>tridges1 hav+ a small c5tral hole = ! reception ( ! detonator cap4 ,?is cap1 ) ! safety fuse atta*$ 9 ! way describ$1 or ! cap ( ! electric fuse1 is ins]t$ into ! hole1 & fix$ !re by ty+ up ! neck ( ! c>tridge ) a piece ( copp] wire plac$ r\nd ! neck = t purpose4 ,! c>tridge is !n pu%$ g5tly d[n ! %ot-hole1 or1 if a heavi] *>ge is requir$1 a c>tridge )\t a detonator is fir/ pu%$ d[n1 & ! 8prim$0 c>tridge put 9 ^u x4 ,no ramm+ may be resort$ to1 z ! sub/ance is 9 ! dry /ate4 ,:5 dynamite is ! explosive ag5t us$1 a suffici5t numb] ( c>tridges is ins]t$ into ! %ot-hole to make up ! *>ge requir$4 ,ea* c>tridge %\ld be ramm$ home ) a mod]ate degree ( =ce to make x fill ! hole completely4 ,provid$ a wood5 ramm] be employ$1 !re is no dang] to be fe>$ f explosion4 ,a detonator cap is fix$ to ! end ( a piece ( safety fuse1 &1 if wat] tamp+ is to be us$1 grease1 or :ite-lead1 is appli$ to ! junction ( ! cap ) ! fuse4 ,a 8prim]10 t is1 a small c>tridge design$ to explode ! *>ge1 is !n op5$ at "o end1 & ! detonator cap1 or ! cap ( ! electric fuse1 is pu%$ into ! dynamite to a dep? equal to ab\t two-?irds ( its l5g?1 & ! pap] cov]+ ( ! prim] is firmly ti$ to ! cap ) a /r+4 ,if ! cap be pu%$ too f> into ! dynamite1 ! latt] may be fir$ by ! safety fuse1 9 :i* case ! sub/ance is only burn$1 n detonat$4 ,) an electric fuse ?is _c occur4 ,! same result ensues if ! cap be n 9 contact ) ! dynamite4 ,! object ( ty+ 9 ! cap is to prev5t its be+ pull$ out4 ,! prim] ?us atta*$ to ! fuse is !n pu%$ g5tly d[n ^u ! *>ge 9 ! %ot-hole4 ,x %\ld be con/antly borne 9 m9d t no ramm+ may take place aft] ! detonator is ins]t$4 ,gun-cotton & tonite require a light tamp+4 ,?is %\ld consi/ ( pla/ic clay2 or s& may be us$ 9 d[nw>d holes4 ,! tamp+ %\ld be m]ely pu%$ 91 bl[s be+ dang]\s4 ,a bett] effect is obta9$ f dynamite :5 tamp$ 9 ?is way ?an :5 no tamp+ is us$4 ,9 d[nw>d holes1 wat] is commonly employ$ z tamp+ = a dynamite *>ge1 especially 9 %aft s9k+1 :5 ! holes usually tamp !mselves4 ,b 9 o!r cases1 x is a common practice to omit ! tamp+ altoge!r to save "t4 ,fir+ ! ,*>ges4--,:5 all ! holes bor$ h be5 *>g$1 or z _m ( !m z x is desirable to fire at "o "t1 prep>ation is made = fir+ !m4 ,! *>ge-m5 retire1 tak+ ) !m ! tools !y h us$1 & leav+ only him ( _! numb] :o is to fire ! %ots1 9 ! case ( squibs or safety fuse be+ employ$4 ,:5 ?is man has cle>ly asc]ta9$ t all are "u %elt]1 he assures himself t 8 own way ( retreat is op54 ,if1 = example1 he is at ! bottom ( a %aft1 he calls to ^? above1 9 ord] to le>n :e!r !y be ready to raise him1 & waits till he receives a reply4 ,:5 ?is reply has be5 giv51 he lights ! mat*es ( ! squibs or ! ends ( ! safety fuse1 & %\ts to be haul$ up2 or if 9 any o!r situation ?an a %aft1 he retires to a place ( safety4 ,"h he awaits ! explosion1 & c>efully c\nts ! reports z !y occur4 ,aft] all ! %ots h explod$1 a %ort "t is all[$ = ! fumes & ! smoke to cle> away1 & !n ! workm5 return to remove ! dislodg$ rock4 ,if "o ( ! %ots has fail$ to explode1 fifte5 or tw5ty m9utes mu/ be all[$ to elapse be=e return+ to ! place4 ,n9e out ( t5 ( ! accid5ts t occur are due to ^! delay$ %ots4 ,"s defect 9 ! fuse1 or "s injury done to x1 may cause x to sm\ld] = a long "t1 & ! bla/]1 ?9k+ ! %ot has miss$1 approa*es ! fuse to see ! effects produc$ by ! %ots t h fir$4 ,! defective portion ( ! fuse hav+ burn$ ?r\gh1 ! tra9 aga9 />ts1 & ! explosion takes place1 probably ) fatal consequ5ces4 ,?us miss$ %ots are n only a cause ( long delays1 b are s\rces ( great dang]4 ,accid5ts may occur also f premature explosion4 ,9 ?is case1 ! fuse is said to 8run10 t is1 burn s rapidly t !re is n suffici5t "t = retreat4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ej4 ,:5 ! fir+ is to take place by means ( electricity1 ! man to :om ! duty is entru/$ connects ! wires ( ! fuses 9 ! mann] describ$ 9 a =m] *apt]1 & z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ej4 ,he !n connects ! two out] wires to ! cables1 & retires f ! place4 ,premature explosion is1 9 ?is case1 impossible4 ,:5 he has asc]ta9$ t all are "u %elt]1 he goes to ! fir+ ma*9e1 &1 hav+ atta*$ ! cables to ! t]m9als1 excites & s5ds (f ! electric curr5t4 ,! %ots explode simultane\sly1 s t only "o report is he>d4 ,b !re is no dang] to be fe>$ f a misfire1 s9ce !re c be no sm\ld]+ 9 an electric fuse4 ,! face may1 !re=e1 be approa*$ imm$iately1 s t no delay occurs1 & !re is no risk ( accid5t4 ,moreov]1 z all ! holes c be fir$ at ! mom5t :5 all is 9 read9ess1 a consid]able sav+ ( "t is effect$4 ,x is ess5tial to ! success ( a bla/ fir$ by ?is means t a suffici5t *>ge ( electricity be g5]at$ to all[ = a consid]able loss by leakage4 ,if ,siem5s' l>ge dynamo-ma*9e be us$1 ! h&le %\ld be turn$ sl[ly till a click is he>d inside1 & !n1 n be=e1 ! cable wires %\ld be atta*$ to ! t]m9als4 ,to fire1 ! h&le mu/ be turn$ z rapidly z possible1 a j]ky motion be+ avoid$4 ,z consid]able =ce is requir$1 ! ma*9e mu/ be firmly fix$4 ,if a frictional ma*9e be us$1 c>e mu/ be _h to give a suffici5t numb] ( turns4 ,z ?is k9d ( ma*9e v>ies greatly1 accord+ to ! /ate ( ! rubb+ surfaces & ! degree ( moi/ure 9 ! atmosph]e1 x %\ld always be te/$ = a sp>k be=e fir+ a bla/4 ,9 ?is way only1 c ! numb] ( turns requir$ be asc]ta9$4 ,x is important t ! dis*>g+ knob %\ld be pu%$ 91 or1 z ! case may be1 ! h&le turn$ backw>d1 sudd5ly4 ,a sl[ motion may be fatal to ! success ( a bla/4 ,9 te/+ ,bornh>dt's ma*9e1 ! h&le %\ld always be turn$ =w>ds2 b 9 fir+1 half ! numb] ( turns %\ld be giv5 9 "o direction & half 9 ! o!r4 ,! foll[+ table %[s ! numb] ( turns requir$ = a giv5 numb] ( ,&r's fuses ) ,bornh>dt's ma*9e4 ,! fir/ column1 conta9+ ! lea/ numb] ( turns1 may be tak5 also = ,julian ,smi?'s ma*9e z manufactur$ by ! ,silv]t[n ,company ) ! modifications sugge/$ by ,w4 ,b4 ,bra94 ,,fir+ ,,table ,,= ,,frictional ,,ma*9e4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,:5 ! ,:5 ! ,:5 ! ,ma*9e sp>ks ,ma*9e sp>ks ,ma*9e sp>ks ) #aj ,turns4 ) #ab ,turns4 ) #ad ,turns4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,fuses 9 ,circuit4,numb] ( ,turns4,numb] ( ,turns4,numb] ( ,turns4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- #d #ab #ae #ag #e #ab #ae #ag #f #ad #ag #bj #g #af #ai #bb #h #ah #bb #be #i #bj #bd #bh #aj #bb #bf #ca #aa #bd #bh #cd #ab #be #cj #ce #ac #bf #ca #cf #ad #bg #cc #ch #ae #bh #cd #ci ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,,note4--,if ! ma*9e does n sp>k ) #ad turns1 ! rubb] %\ld be tak5 out & bru%$4 ,places ( refuge1 call$ man-holes1 are (t5 provid$ 9 head+s = ! bla/] to retire into2 ^! man-holes are small excavations made 9 ! sides ( ! head+4 ,sometimes x is necess>y to erect a %ield ( timb]s 9 ! head+ = ! protection ( ! m52 su* a %ield is frequ5tly ne$$ to protect ma*9e drills f ! effects ( a bla/4 ,9 ,belgium1 x is a common practice to provide man-holes 9 ! sides ( a %aft z places ( retreat = ! m52 ^! holes are call$ caponnires4 ,in/ead ( caponnires1 a holl[ iron cyl9d] is sometimes us$ z a protection to ! m54 ,?is cyl9d] is susp5d$ 9 ! %aft at a height ( a few y>ds f ! bottom1 & is l[]$ z ! s9k+ progresses4 ,! m5 climb into ?is cyl9d] to await ! explosion ( ! %ots b5ea? !m4 ,! workm51 on return+ to ! work+ face1 remove ! dislodg$ rock1 & break d[n e block t has be5 suffici5tly loos5$4 ,= ?is purpose1 !y use w$ges & sl$ges1 picks1 & cr[b>s4 ,& n until e su* block has be5 remov$1 d !y resume ! bor+ = ! second bla/4 ,sometimes1 to facilitate ! removal ( ! rock dislodg$ by ! %ots1 iron plates are laid 9 front ( ! face 9 a head+4 ,! rock fall+ ^u ^! plates is remov$ z quickly z possible1 to all[ ! bor+ = ! succe$+ bla/ to comm5ce4 ,x is important1 9 ! organization ( "w ( ?is "*1 t "o gang ( m5 be n kept wait+ = ! completion ( ! lab\r ( ano!r4 ,,ma*9e ,,bor+4--,9 ma*9e drill+1 ! op]ations necess>ily diff] some:at 9 _! details f ^? ( h& bor+1 &1 9 "s cases1 o!r me?ods ( proc$ure w be adopt$ m suitable to ! requirem5ts ( ma*9e lab\r4 ,x may ev5 be1 & 9 mo/ cases inde$ is1 inexp$i5t to foll[ closely ! pr9ciples :i* lead to economy ( ! explosive sub/ance employ$1 s9ce ! m re/rict$ conditions "u :i* ma*9e p[] may be appli$ may po9t to m important ga9s 9 o!r directions4 ,?us x may be f\nd m conducive to rapidity ( execution to det]m9e ! position & ! direction ( ! %ot-holes r to satisfy ! requirem5ts ( ! ma*9e ?an ^? ( ! l9es ( lea/ resi/ance2 or1 at lea/1 ^! requirem5ts mu/ be all[$ to h a modify+ influ5ce 9 det]m9+ ^? positions & directions4 ,= x is obvi\s t holes _c be angl$ ) ! same ease :5 a ma*9e drill is us$1 z !y c :5 ! bor+ is execut$ by h&4 ,bor+ ! ,%ot-holes4--,x has already be5 rem>k$ t ! exig5cies ( ma*9e lab\r r5d] x impracticable to foll[ closely ! pr9ciples :i* lead to economy ( lab\r & mat]ial 9 bla/+4 ,9 h& bor+1 economy is ga9$ by r$uc+ to a m9imum ! numb] ( holes & ! quantity ( explosive sub/ance requir$4 ,b 9 ma*9e bor+1 economy is to be s\ght ma9ly 9 ! r$uction ( ! "t ne$$ to accompli% ! driv+4 ,attempts h be5 made to assimilate ! me?ods ( ma*9e bor+ to ^? adopt$ = h& lab\r1 b ! results h n be5 satisfactory4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! conditions det]m9+ ! position & ! direction ( ! holes relatively to ! production ( ! greate/ useful effect h be5 :olly ignor$ 9 fav\r ( ^? :i* det]m9e ! mo/ rapid bor+4 ,?is sy/em has be5 att5d$ ) m satisfactory results4 ,ano!r sy/em1 p>tak+ ( bo? ! prec$+1 is widely adopt$1 & hi!rto ! be/ results h be5 obta9$ f ?is1 :i* may be reg>d$ z a compromise betwe5 conflict+ conditions4 ,?us we h ?ree sy/ems ( execut+ ma*9e bor+3 "o 9 :i* a s+le ma*9e is us$ ^u a support capable ( hold+ x 9 any position1 s z to be able to bore at any angle1 & 9 :i* ! holes are plac$ accord+ to ! l9es ( lea/ resi/ance1 z 9 h& bor+4 ,a second1 9 :i* sev]al ma*9es are fix$ ^u a heavy support1 all[+ b little lat]al or angul> motion1 & 9 :i* ! holes are plac$ at regul> int]vals ap>t1 & bor$ p>allel1 or ne>ly p>allel1 ) ! axis ( ! excavation1 irrespective ( ! v>y+ nature ( ! rock1 & ! l9es ( lea/ resi/ance4 ,& a ?ird1 9 :i* x is s\ght1 by ! employm5t ( "o1 two1 or at ! mo/ ?ree ma*9es1 ^u a simple & light support all[+ ! position & direction ( ! ma*9e to be readily *ang$1 to satisfy 9 "s degree ! two sets ( conditions det]m9+ ! two =m] sy/ems1 by plac+ ! %ot-holes z f> 9 accordance ) ! l9es ( resi/ance z ! exig5cies ( a fairly rapid h&l+ ( ! ma*9e w all[4 ,9 ! fir/ ( ^! sy/ems1 ! necessity = extreme lightness 9 ! ma*9e is unfav\rable to its effici5t action1 & ! great l5g? ( "t consum$ 9 *ang+ ! position ( ! ma*9e1 s z to comply ) ! conditions ( resi/ance 9 ! rock1 r5d] x impossible to atta9 a mu* high] rate ( progress ?an is rea*$ by a well-regulat$ sy/em ( h& bor+4 ,) su* a result1 !re is no?+ to comp5sate ! fir/ co/ ( ! ma*9]y1 or 9 any way to ju/ify its adoption4 ,9 ! second sy/em1 ! "t consum$ 9 remov+ & fix+ ! ma*9es is r$uc$ to a m9imum1 & ! *ief portion ( ! "t dur+ :i* ! ma*9es are at ! work+ face is1 consequ5tly1 occupi$ 9 actual bor+1 a circum/ance t is highly fav\rable to ma*9e lab\r4 ,h5ce ! rate ( progress atta9$ by ?is sy/em is greatly 9 excess ( t accompli%$ by h& lab\r2 & ?is sup]iority has l$ to ! adoption ( ! sy/em 9 sev]al important cases1 & has also l$ _m to reg>d x z ! mo/ fav\rable to ! exig5cies ( ma*9e drill+4 ,b z ! holes are bor$ to suit ! requirem5ts ( ! ma*9e1 q irrespectively ( ! resi/ance ( ! rock1 _! positions & directions are v unfav\rable to ! action ( ! explosive4 ,?is circum/ance necessitates a mu* great] numb] ( holes to ensure ! fracture ( ! rock ar\nd ea* *>ge1 & h5ce ! "t sav$ 9 %ift+ ! ma*9es is 9 "p lo/ 9 extra bor+2 besides :i*1 ! consumption ( p[d] is enorm\sly increas$4 ,x w\ld1 !re=e1 appe> t ! full advantages ( ma*9e bor+ are to be obta9$ f ! int]m$iate sy/em1 if c>ri$ out 9 accordance ) all ! conditions ( ! case4 ,assum+ t we h a ma*9e & a support ( su* dim5sions1 weight1 & con/ruction z to be capable ( be+ readily plac$ 9 position1 x is evid5t t we %all /ill require a mu* l>g] numb] ( holes ?an w\ld be ne$$ if ! bor+ 7 p]=m$ by h&1 because !y are n plac$ :olly 9 accordance ) ! l9es ( lea/ resi/ance4 ,9 "s p>ts ( ! head+1 inde$1 ^! l9es w h to be :olly neglect$1 9 ord] to avoid ! loss ( "t involv$ 9 %ift+ ! supports2 = ! pr9ciple ^u :i* an int]m$iate sy/em is bas$ is to fulfil ! requirem5ts ( ! l9es ( lea/ resi/ance1 :5 t c be conv5i5tly done1 & to neglect !m1 :5 su* fulfilm5t w\ld involve a consid]able exp5diture ( lab\r & "t4 ,9 ?is way1 ! "t bo? = fix+ & remov+ ! ma*9es & ( bor+ is r$uc$ to a m9imum1 & ?us two conditions fav\rable to rapid & economical progress is ensur$4 ,x is evid5t t :5 ?is sy/em is foll[$1 ! face w n require ! same numb] ( holes at ea* bla/4 ,ano!r circum/ance op]at+ to increase ! numb] ( %ot-holes is ! desirability ( br++ d[n ! face 9 fragm5ts small en\gh to be lift$ )\t great difficulty4 ,:5 ! rock is completely brok5 up1 ! lab\r1 &1 consequ5tly1 ! "t ( remov+ x aft] ea* bla/1 are less5$ 9 an important degree4 ,h5ce !re w be an advantage 9 plac+ ! %ot-holes suffici5tly close toge!r to ensure ! fracture ( ! mass betwe5 ea*4 ,^! circum/ances r5d] x necess>y to bore a l>ge numb] ( holes :5 ! "w is done by me*anical means4 ,! bor+ ( ! additional holes r$uces ! sup]iority ( ma*9e ov] h& lab\r1 & ! additional quantity ( ! explosive requir$ augm5ts ! co/ ( ! "w4 ,to c\nt]balance ^! disadvantages1 ! %ot-holes %\ld be bor$ deep4 ,x has already be5 po9t$ out t :5 a hole is once />t$ ) a ma*9e1 ! rate ( progress is imm5sely sup]ior to t atta9$ 9 h& bor+1 & to pr(it by ?is advantage1 ! hole %\ld be cont9u$ to z great a dep? z practicable4 ,?is is suffici5tly obvi\s1 s9ce x am\nts to increas+ ! proportion ( ! :ole "t consum$ t is occupi$ 9 actual bor+2 = z x is 9 ! rapidity ( ! op]ation ( bor+ alone t ! sup]iority ( ma*9e lab\r exi/s1 x is pla9 t ! long] ! proportion ( ! "t s occupi$1 ! m m>k$ t sup]iority w be4 ,?us1 by increas+ ! dep? ( ! holes to ! f>!/ practicable limit1 we approximate z mu* z possible to ! condition mo/ fav\rable to ma*9e bor+4 ,! int]m$iate sy/em1 !re=e1 :i* takes full advantage ( ?is means1 w lead to ! be/ results4 ,to recapitulate ! ma9 po9ts ( su* a sy/em2 x %\ld foll[ ! l9es ( lea/ resi/ance :5 t c be conv5i5tly done1 & neglect !m :5 ! fulfilm5t ( _! requirem5ts w\ld occasion a consid]able exp5diture ( "t2 & to c\nt]balance ! disadvantages ( ma*9e bor+1 x %\ld employ %ot-holes ( z great a dep? z is practicable4 ,suppos+ su* a sy/em 9 use1 x n[ rema9s to consid] ! op]ations ( bor+1 & ! subsequ5t op]ations ( *>g+1 fir+1 & remov+ ! rock dislodg$ by ! bla/4 ,( ! me?od ( execut+ ! bor+1 little rema9s to be said4 ,x may1 h[ev]1 be well to direct att5tion to ! necessity ( keep+ ! holes cle> ( ! dbris4 ,to ensure ?is1 ! bits %\ld be *os5 ( a =m suitable to ! nature & ! /ructure ( ! rock1 & ! hole kept well suppli$ ) wat]4 ,:5 ! hole becomes deep1 x %\ld be cle>$ out ) a scrap] dur+ ! "t ( *ang+ ! bit1 & 9 v argillace\s rock x may become necess>y sometimes to )draw ! tool1 & to remove ! accumulation ) ! scrap]4 ,:5 ! dbris does n "w out freely1 its escape may be facilitat$ by giv+ a sl[ motion to ! tool1 & !n sudd5ly *ang+ to a rapid motion4 ,:5 sev]al ma*9es are employ$1 ! maximum numb] t c be appli$ ) advantage is "o to ! squ>e y>d ( work+ face4 ,! absolute numb] ( holes requir$ 9 any case1 w1 ( c\rse1 dep5d ^u ! t5acity ( ! rock & ! developm5t ( ! jo9t planes1 & also1 9 "s degree1 by ! l9es ( fracture due to ! prec$+ bla/4 ,! same circum/ance w det]m9e ! di/ribution ( ! holes4 ,leav+ m9or v>iations out ( acc\nt1 h[ev]1 ! same di/ribution w be adh]$ to ?r\gh\t ! driv+4 ,! mann] ( di/ribut+ ! holes ov] ! face ( ! head+ may be v>i$ accord+ to ! judgm5t ( ! eng9e] 9 *>ge2 t is1 ! g5]al features ( ! di/ribution to be adopt$ may be *os5 to suit ! requirem5ts ( ! ma*9es & _! supports4 ,also1 x %\ld be not$ t "o me?od ( di/ribut+ ! %ot-holes w require a less numb] ( !m ?an ano!r4 ,"s examples w be f\nd on ,plate ,,ix41 :]e !re are repres5t$ ! ,gs*55 end ( ! ,/4 ,go?>d tunnel2 ! ,airolo end ( ! same tunnel2 ! face ( a /one drift driv5 at ,m>ihaye2 t ( a simil> drift at ,anz92 & t ( a drift ( ! same "* at ,ron*amp2 ! latt] ?ree examples be+ typical ( ! di/ribution adopt$ 9 ! ,fr5* colli]ies4 ,! same mode ( unkey+ ! face is adopt$ ) ma*9e z ) h& bor+4 ,g5]ally1 two p>allel r[s ( holes1 f two to five 9 a r[1 are bor$ 9 ! middle ( ! face or =e-brea/1 ! r[s be+ f #ah in*es to #cj in*es1 accord+ to ! /r5g? ( ! rock1 ap>t on ! surface1 & angl$ s z to be f #i in*es to #ae in*es ap>t at ! bottom4 ,^! %ots unkey ! =e-brea/2 & x is greatly conducive to a successful accompli%m5t ( ! op]ation1 to fire ^! %ots simultane\sly4 ,sometimes1 :5 dynamite is us$1 ano!r me?od is adopt$4 ,a hole is bor$ horizontally 9 ! c5tre2 at ab\t ?ree in*es di/ant1 are bor$ ?ree o!r holes at an equal di/ance ap>t4 ,^! latt] are heavily *>g$ ) dynamite1 ! c5tre hole be+ left empty4 ,:5 ^! *>ges are fir$1 ! rock betwe5 !m is cru%$1 & a l>ge hole made4 ,! l9es ( fracture ( ! subsequ5t %ots run into ?is hole4 ,9 ?is case1 x is ev5 m desirable ?an 9 ! prec$+ to fire ! c5tral %ots simultane\sly4 ,9 %aft s9k+1 if ! /rata are horizontal or ne>ly s1 x is usual to unkey f ! c5tre1 z 9 ! head+4 ,b if !y be highly incl9$1 x w be bett] to unkey f "o side ( ! excavation4 ,! wat] :i* fl[s into ! work+s mu/ be collect$ into "o place1 bo? = conv5i5ce 9 rais+ x1 & = ! purpose ( keep+ ! surface ( ! rock cle> = ! s9k]s4 ,! depression caus$ by ! removal ( ! key s]ves to collect ! wat]1 &1 on t acc\nt1 x is call$ 8! sump40 ,into ?is sump1 ! tub dips1 or1 :5 pumps are us$1 ! suction pipe drops4 ,:5 ! /rata are highly incl9$1 ! wat] gravitates t[>ds ! dip side ( ! excavation1 & x becomes1 !re=e1 necess>y to place ! sump 9 t situation4 ,! unkey+ ( ! rock f ?is direction is1 moreov]1 fav\rable to ! effect ( ! %ots4 ,9 putt+ 9 ! %ot-holes1 x is well to avoid1 z f> z possible1 t]m9at+ !m 91 or ne>ly 91 a b$d+ plane1 because :5 s t]m9at$1 ! =ce ( ! *>ge exp5ds itself along ?is plane4 ,! position & ! direction ( ! holes w1 h[ev]1 be det]m9$ 9 "s degree by ! "* ( ! support us$ = ! drills1 & by o!r conditions ( conv5i5ce4 ,*>g+ & ,fir+4--,! op]ations ( *>g+ ! holes & fir+ ! %ots dem& p>ticul> att5tion :5 ma*9e lab\r is employ$4 ,x has be5 po9t$ out 9 ! =ego+ p>agraphs t holes bor$ by ma*9e drills _c be plac$ or direct$ /rictly 9 accordance ) ! requirem5ts ( ! l9es ( lea/ resi/ance2 b t1 on ! contr>y1 ^! requirem5ts c only be approximately compli$ )1 & 9 "s cases mu/ be :olly neglect$4 ,to comp5sate 9 "s degree ?is defect ( ma*9e lab\r1 ! /r5g? ( ! *>ges %\ld be v>i$ accord+ to ! resi/ance :i* !y w be requir$ to ov]come4 ,t is1 ! pr9ciples ( bla/+ describ$ 9 a =m] *apt]1 :i* _c be compli$ ) by ! bor]1 %\ld be /rictly foll[$ by ! bla/] 9 apportion+ 8 *>ges4 ,by ?is means1 a great sav+ ( ! explosive comp\nd may be effect$1 & t )\t difficulty or loss ( "t1 if ! bla/] be intellig5t & und]/& 8 "w4 ,a glance w be suffici5t to %[ :at *>ge a giv5 hole ( a kn[n dep? w require1 & z c>tridges ( diff]5t sizes are ready at h&1 no delay is occasion$ 9 mak+ up ! *>ge4 ,! holes 9 ! c5tre1 :i* are int5d$ to unkey ! face1 require1 ( c\rse1 ! heavie/ *>ge1 s9ce ! conditions are !re mo/ unfav\rable to ! effects ( ! explosion4 ,& ! m complete is ! unkey+ result+ f ?is fir/ explosion1 & ! m fractur$ & jo9t$ is ! rock surr\nd+ ! cavity ?us =m$1 ! m may ! *>ges plac$ beh9d ^! unsupport$ faces be r$uc$4 ,z economy ( "t is1 9 ma*9e bor+1 ! *ief end to be atta9$1 ! tamp+ %\ld be done ) dri$ clay pellets previ\sly prep>$4 ,?is mat]ial gives ! greate/ resi/ance1 & !reby ensures ! maximum ( useful effect2 & if prep>$ be=eh&1 9 ! mann] describ$ 9 ! prec$+ *apt]1 ! "t consum$ 9 tamp+ w be r$uc$ to a m9imum4 ,an abundant supply ( su* pellets %\ld always be ready at h&4 ,9 d[nw>d holes1 su* z are us$ 9 %aft s9k+1 ! pla/ic clay pellet & s& may be employ$4 ,?is tamp+ may be put 9 v rapidly1 &1 9 all b v %all[ holes1 x is v effective4 ,:5 x is desir$ to use s& tamp+ 9 horizontal holes1 & holes bor$ 9 an asc5d+ direction1 ! s& %\ld be made up 9 pap] c>tridges4 ,! tamp+ employ$ 9 ! ,/4 ,go?>d tunnel consi/$ ( s& prep>$ 9 ?is mann]4 ,at ! ,mont ,c5is tunnel1 an argillace\s e>? 0 simil>ly prep>$ 9 pap] c>tridges = tamp+4 ,fir+ ! *>ges also af=ds an occasion = ! ex]cise ( k & judgm5t4 ,a skilful det]m9ation ( ! ord] 9 :i* ! *>ges are to be fir$ w 9 a great measure comp5sate ! ill effects ( badly-plac$ holes4 ,! fir+ ( a %ot leaves ! surr\nd+ rock m or less unsupport$ on c]ta9 sides2 & x is evid5t t to pr(it fully by ! exi/5ce ( ^! unsupport$ faces1 ! succession ( explosions mu/ be regulat$ s t ea* %all h ! advantage ( ^? =m$ by ! prec$+ %ots4 ,?is condition c be :olly fulfill$ only by simultane\s fir+2 b :5 ! fir+ is to take place successively1 ! condition may be approximat$ to by regulat+ ! succession accord+ to ! indications obs]v$ on a c>eful inspection ( ! rock4 ,be=e fir+ ! *>ges1 ! bla/] %\ld consid] ! relative positions ( ! holes1 ! /ratification & jo9t+ ( ! rock1 ! fissures caus$ by ! prec$+ bla/1 & any o!r circum/ances t may influ5ce ! results4 ,! *>ges int5d$ to unkey ! face w be fir$ fir/1 & ^? 9 ! conc5tric s]ies w be !n fir$1 9 ! ord] det]m9$ ^u1 by means ( diff]5t l5g?s ( fuse4 ,! s]ies w foll[ ea* o!r f ! c5tre outw>ds4 ,:5 a l>ge numb] ( %ots regul>ly plac$ 9 s]ies h to be fir$1 a conv5i5t practical means ( ensur+ ! successive explosion ( ! s]ies1 9 ! case ( ! :ole be+ light$ simultane\sly1 consi/s 9 br++ ! fuses f all ! %ot-holes toge!r to "o po9t at ! c5tre4 ,?is me?od ( regulat+ ! l5g? ( ! fuses 0 adopt$ at ! ,/4 ,go?>d tunnel4 ,x is obvi\s t ! accel]ation ( ! lab\r ( excavation1 :i* has be5 effect$ 9 s rem>kable a degree by ! introduction ( ma*9e drills & /rong explosives1 may be /ill fur!r promot$ by ! adoption ( electricity z ! fir+ ag5t4 ,! advantages ( fir+ a numb] ( %ots simultane\sly1 "s ( :i* h already be5 po9t$ out1 are great & manife/4 ,9 ! case ( a driv+1 = example1 :5 all ! holes h be5 bor$ & *>g$1 & ! ma*9es )drawn1 x is cle>ly desirable to bla/ d[n ! face z quickly & z effectively z possible4 ,if ! :ole ( ! %ots c be fir$ at once1 ! "t is r$uc$ to a m9imum1 &1 consequ5tly1 ! maximum ( progress 9 a giv5 "t is ensur$4 ,electricity af=ds1 inde$1 ! mo/ conv5i5t1 ! mo/ effective1 & ! mo/ safe means ( fir+ bla/s4 ,h(ra? ,ritt] von ,pis*(1 ! ,au/rian ,*ief ,inspector ( ,railways1 9 "o ( 8 reports1 says3--8,a greatly increas$ am\nt ( "w & a notable sav+ ( co/ are effect$ :5 ! %ots c be s dispos$ & fir$ z to mutually aid "o ano!r4 ,^! results are obta9$ by employ+ electricity z ! fir+ ag5t4 ,! exp]i5ce :i* has be5 ga9$ at ! ,b*5b]g cutt+1 :]e electrical fir+ has be5 ext5sively adopt$1 has %[n t1 :5 prop]ly employ$1 ?is means all[s1 9 comp>ison ) ! ord9>y me?ods1 twice ! am\nt ( "w to be p]=m$ 9 a giv5 "t4 ,x is !re=e highly desirable to adopt electrical bla/+ :5ev] x is a "q ( economy ( "t & money40 ,remov+ ! dislodg$ ,rock4--,z ! removal ( ! rock br\ght d[n by ! bla/ consumes a l>ge proportion ( ! "t sav$ by ma*9e bor+1 x becomes necess>y to provide means = r$uc+ ?is loss to a m9imum4 ,! mo/ important ( ^! means is a suitable provision = ! rapid removal ( ! ma*9e to a place ( safety1 & a conv5i5tly design$ & well-laid tramway1 ^u :i* ! rock may be quickly run out )\t confusion & its consequ5t delay4 ,! numb] ( wagons requir$ to remove a giv5 cube ( rock may be readily asc]ta9$1 & suffici5t provision %\ld be made = ! transport ( ^! to 8day0 9 ! mo/ rapid succession4 ,! wagons %\ld be ( su* dim5sions z to be capable ( be+ h&l$ )\t great difficulty2 ! importance ( ?is condition w be und]/ood :5 ! frequ5cy ( d]ailm5ts is borne 9 m9d4 ,! %ovell+ up ( ! rubbi% is greatly facilitat$ by lay+ iron plates 9 front ( ! face to be br\ght d[n previ\sly to ! fir+ ( ! bla/4 ,?is exp$i5t is (t5 adopt$ 9 important driv+s4 ,x has also be5 rem>k$ t ! dislodg$ rock c be m rapidly remov$ :5 x exi/s 9 small blocks4 ,?us !re w be an advantage 9 plac+ ! *>ges & 9 regulat+ _! /r5g? s z to completely break up ! rock4 ,ano!r matt] ( importance 9 ! arrangem5ts = ! rapid removal ( ! rock br\ght d[n by ! bla/1 is ! proportion+ ( ! numb] ( h&s employ$ to ! requirem5ts ( ! case4 ,?is numb] w increase ) ! size ( ! blocks to be lift$1 ! di/ance to be run ov]1 & ! want ( suitability 9 ! matriel employ$4 ,division ( ,lab\r4--,a prop] division ( lab\r is greatly conducive to rapid & economical progress4 ,! op]ations may be divid$ into ?ree s]ies1 namely3 bor+ ! %ot-holes1 *>g+ & fir+1 & remov+ ! rock dislodg$4 ,ea* ( ^! s]ies ( op]ations may be p]=m$ by diff]5t sets ( m51 & 9 sev]al in/ances ?is division ( lab\r has be5 adopt$4 ,b x does n appe> t su* a division leads to ! mo/ satisfactory results4 ,! "w ( bor+ occupies a mu* long] "t ?an ei!r ( ! o!r two s]ies ( op]ations1 & h5ce ! di/ribution ( ! "t is unequal4 ,x has be5 f\nd t1 g5]ally1 :]e all ! arrangem5ts h be5 well consid]$1 ! lab\r ( *>g+ ! %ot-holes1 fir+ ! bla/1 & remov+ ! rock br\ght d[n1 c be p]=m$ 9 ab\t ! same "t z t ( bor+4 ,?us x w\ld seem to be m conducive to economy ( "t to divide ! m5 employ$ into only two sets3 "o set to bore ! holes1 ! o!r to p]=m all ! subsequ5t op]ations4 ,?is division has be5 adopt$ 9 num]\s in/ances ) fav\rable results4 ,sometimes ! :ole ( ! op]ations h be5 p]=m$ by ! same set2 b su* an arrangem5t is n to be recomm5d$4 ,! lab\r ( direct+ ! ma*9es is ( too di/9ct & skill$ a "* to be conf\nd$ ) t ( remov+ ! dbris1 )\t a /rong reason = su* a proce$+1 :i* does n appe> to exi/4 ,besides res]v+ a set ( m5 specially = ?is portion ( ! "w1 x is desirable to keep ! same m5 to ! same ma*9e1 = 9 su* a case ea* man gets accu/om$ to ! peculi>ities ( ! ma*9e entru/$ to him1 & besides conceives a k9d ( affection = x t leads to c>eful h&l+ & wat*ful att5tion4 ,9 addition to ! m5 requir$ = ! op]ations ref]r$ to above1 smi?s w be ne$$ to re-%>p5 ! bits & to repair ! ma*9es4 ,! am\nt ( ?is lab\r w obvi\sly dep5d ^u ! numb] ( ma*9es employ$1 & ! h>dness ( ! rock to be pass$ ?r\gh4 ,,examples ,,( ,,driv+s4 ,! ,/4 ,go?>d ,tunnel4--,! ,/4 ,go?>d tunnel is driv5 9 five sections4 ,fir/1 ! 8head+0 is driv5 at ! ro( level #f feet #f in*es wide1 & #g feet high4 ,! position ( ! holes is %[n 9 ! draw+s on ,plate ,,ix4 ,! numb] ( holes at ! ,gs*55 end is #bh1 & ! dep? ab\t #dj in*es4 ,! %ots are fir$ by means ( safety fuse1 ! ends ( ! fuse be+ br\ght toge!r at ! c5tre4 ,?is arrangem5t causes ! %ots to explode 9 ! prop] ord] ( succession4 ,at a c]ta9 di/ance back f ! face1 is ! 8"r enl>gem5t20 ?is is a wid5+ ( ! head+ to ! limits ( ! tunnel 9 t direction4 ,f>!r back is ! 8left enl>gem5t10 by :i* ! head+ is wid5$ to ! full wid? ( ! tunnel4 ,/ill f>!r back is ! fir/ 8b5* cut10 9 :i* "o half ( ! floor is bla/$ out to ! full dep? ( ! tunnel1 & beh9d ?is aga9 is ! second b5* cut1 9 :i* ! rema9+ half is remov$4 ,! bor+ ma*9es employ$ are ! ,dubois-,franois1 ! ,mc,kean1 & ! ,f]r\x4 ,! explosive ag5t us$ is dynamite4 ,! rock is a t\gh granite4 ,! ,hoosac ,tunnel4--,at ! we/ end ( ! ,hoosac tunnel1 ! sy/em adopt$ 0 ! foll[+4 ,fir/1 a c5tre cut 0 made by drill+ two r[s ( five or six holes ea*1 ab\t #i feet ap>t on ! face1 & conv]g+ to ab\t #c feet at _! l[] ends4 ,! dep? ( ^! holes 0 f #i to #ab feet1 accord+ to ! h>dness ( ! rock4 ,^! holes are numb]$ f #a to #aa on ,plate ,x4 ,!y 7 *>g$ ) nitro-glyc]9e1 & fir$ by electricity1 ,m[bray's frictional ma*9e be+ us$4 ,z soon z ! rock _h be5 remov$1 ! next s]ies ( f\rte5 holes1 numb]$ f #ab to #be1 7 drill$4 ,^! holes 7 !n *>g$ & fir$ simultane\sly l ^? ( ! fir/ s]ies4 ,:5 ! rock dislodg$ _h be5 remov$1 ! ?ird s]ies ( holes1 numb]$ f #bf to #da1 7 bor$4 ,?is s]ies1 l ! o!r two1 7 *>g$1 & fir$ by electricity4 ,! effect ( ^! ?ree bla/s1 :i* 7 fir$ )9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 0 to advance ! head+1 #i feet 9 height by ! full wid? ( #bd feet1 to ! ext5t ( #g feet #f in*es4 ,! draw+s on ,plate ,,xi4 are3 an elevation ( ! =e-brea/1 :i* %[s ! positions ( ! %ot-holes2 a sectional plan1 :i* %[s ! directions ( ! fir/ s]ies ( holes2 a simil> plan1 %[+ ! directions ( ! second s]ies ( holes1 & ! c5tre cut remov$2 & a sectional plan ( ! head+ aft] ! second s]ies h be5 fir$1 %[+ ! direction ( ! ?ird s]ies ( holes4 ,! op]ations ( tak+ out ! 8b5*0 7 c>ri$ on at a di/ance ( ab\t #agj y>ds back f ! =e-brea/4 ,?is 0 effect$ by fir/ drill+ six holes #g feet deep2 two ( ^! 7 ea* ab\t #d feet f ! face ( ! b5* & close to ! side ( ! tunnel1 :il/ two o!rs 7 ea* #d feet beh9d ^! fir/ holes1 & ! rema9+ two holes 7 #h feet f ! face1 #h feet f ! sides ( ! tunnel1 & #h feet f ea* o!r4 ,^! 7 fir$ simultane\sly1 ! result be+ to l[] ! b5* ab\t #g feet ?r\gh\t ! full wid? ( ! tunnel4 ,at a safe di/ance beyond ?is fir/ b5* cut1 ! same op]ations 7 c>ri$ on by ano!r gang ( m51 :]eby ! b5* 0 l[]$ to ! floor ( ! tunnel1 ! full area ( #bd feet 9 wid? by #bb 9 height be+ ?us complet$4 ,! rock 0 a mod]ately t\gh granite4 ,! ,musconetcong ,tunnel4--,! head+ ( ! tunnel1 %[n on ,plate ,,xii41 l t ( ! ,hoosac1 0 driv5 to ! full wid? ( ! tunnel4 ,x is cle> f !oretical consid]ations1 & exp]i5ce has confirm$ ! conclusions1 t ! me?od ( tak+1 ) ma*9e drills1 ! :ole wid? ( ! excavation at once conduces to rapidity ( advance1 & to economy ( explosive4 ,9 ! example "u consid]ation1 ?ree tram l9es 7 laid up to ! face4 ,! c>riages c>ry+ ! drills 7 run ^u ! two outside l9es4 ,^! c>riages 7 simply /\t frameworks ( oak1 ea* hav+ 9 front ?ree horizontal iron b>s1 on :i* ! drills 7 clamp$ 9 a way t ensur$ easy lat]al & v]tical motion4 ,aft] ! fir+ ( a bla/1 all h&s 7 set to %ovel ! dislodg$ rock into ! middle betwe5 ! ma*9e l9es = ! purpose ( cle>+ ! latt] z soon z possible to make way = ! ma*9es to be br\ght up = ! next bor+4 ,! l9es be+ ?us cle>$1 drill+ 0 recomm5c$1 & ! brok5 rock remov$ 9 wagons ^u ! c5tre l9e ( rails4 ,! head+ be+ #bf feet wide1 !re 0 ample room1 &1 a conv5i5t sy/em ( swit*+ hav+ be5 adopt$1 no delay 0 occasion$ by a want ( wagons4 ,! sy/em foll[$ 0 t ( c5tre cuts1 & subsequ5t squ>+ up4 ,x consi/s 9 fir/ bla/+ out an ent]+ w$ge or 8key10 ab\t #aj feet deep 9 ?is case1 9 ! c5tre1 & aft]w>ds squ>+ up ! sides by sev]al bla/s4 ,9 ! ,musconetcong head+1 twelve holes 7 fir/ drill$1 z %[n 9 ! draw+1 & m>k$ ,c1 ,a be+ ! floor ( ! head+4 ,^! holes 7 drill$ ) f #a-;in* to #b-;in* 8bits10 9 two r[s ( six1 #i feet ap>t on ! face1 & angl$ to meet at ! bottom4 ,!y 7 *>g$ ) #be lb4 ( ,no4 #a & #ej lb4 ( ,no4 #b dynamite1 & fir$ simultane\sly by electricity4 ,! ,no4 #a dynamite 0 us$ 9 ! bottom ( ^! c5tre holes2 9 all ! subsequ5t bla/s 9 squ>+ up1 ,no4 #b only 0 us$4 ,z soon z ! cut 0 out1 a second r\nd ( holes 0 />t$ = ! fir/ squ>+ up1 z %[n 9 ! draw+s1 :]e !y are numb]$ #a1 #a1 #a1 #a1 c4 ,9 ^! & 9 ! subsequ5t r\nds1 numb]$ #b1 #b1 #b1 #b1 c41 & #c1 #c1 #c1 #c1 c41 ! resi/ance to be ov]come is1 ( c\rse1 n s great z 9 ! cut4 ,9 ! fir/ & ! second squ>+-up r\nds1 f #ej lb4 to #fj lb4 ( dynamite 0 us$1 &1 9 ! ?ird r\nd1 ?is quantity 0 increas$ to #hj lb4 or #ij lb41 ! resi/ance becom+ great] z ! ro( ar* falls at ! sides4 ,9 ?is ?ird r\nd1 !re 7 g5]ally "o or two additional ro( holes2 ^! are n %[n 9 ! draw+1 z _! position v>i$1 accord+ to ! lay ( ! rock4 ,! top holes 9 ! fir/ r\nd are also int5d$ to br+ d[n any ro( n %ak5 by ! cut1 & ^! are !re=e angl$ %>ply t[>ds ! c5tre1 & bor$ f #ab feet to #ad feet deep4 ,9 ! plan1 ,plate ,,xii41 ! numb] #c indicates ! cut holes1 & #d1 #e1 & #f1 ! squ>+-up r\nds4 ,! holes ( ! fir/ squ>+ r\nd 7 always drill$ ab\t a foot deep] ?an ! cut holes2 :5 bla/$1 ^! g5]ally br\ght out an additional foot ( %ak5 rock at ! apex ( ! cut4 ,! foll[+ table %[s approximately ! numb] & ! dep? ( ! holes requir$1 & ! quantity ( dynamite us$ = a l9e> advance ( #aj feet4 ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,total ,no4 ( ,dep? ,dep? ,holes4( ,holes4 ( ,no4 #a4,no4 #b4 ,holes4 --------------------------------- ft4 94 ft4 lb4 lb4 ,cut #ab #aj #f #abf #be #ej #a/ squ>e up #h #ab #j #if 44 #ee #bnd #h #ab #j #if 44 #ee #crd #f #ab #j #gb 44 #he ,additional ro( holes #b #aj #j #ah 44 44 #h #j --------------------------------- #cf 44 #djh #be #bde ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,! cut holes be+ #aj feet #f in*es deep1 ! bla/ usually br\ght out ab\t #i feet full1 :i*1 z expla9$ above1 0 increas$ to #aj feet 9 ! subsequ5t r\nds4 ,! cross section be+ ab\t #age squ>e feet1 9 an advance ( #aj l9e> feet1 !re are ab\t #fe cubic y>ds ( rock to be brok52 ?is gives on an av]age #jd lb4 ( ,no4 #a & #d lb4 ( ,no4 #b dynamite1 & a little ov] #f feet ( drill+ p] cubic y>d4 ,! 8b5*0 0 kept f #aej y>ds to #bjj y>ds back f ! face ( ! head+1 to avoid int]ruptions f ! head+ bla/s1 & to all[ pl5ty ( room = h&l+ ! wagons1 & = runn+ back ! ma*9es to a safe di/ance1 previ\sly to fir+4 ,! sy/em adopt$ 9 remov+ ! b5* is %[n on ,plate ,,xii4 ,fir/1 six top holes1 f #ab feet to #ac feet deep1 7 drill$ & bla/$2 _! relative positions are %[n 9 ! draw+s1 ,a be+ ! c5tre l9e1 ,b1 ! sides 9 ! enl>gem5t1 ,b1 ! sides ( ! head+1 ,c1 ! face ( ! b5*1 & #a1 #b1 #c1 #d1 #e1 #f1 ! holes4 ,^! six holes lift$ ! great] portion ( ! rock2 :at 0 left 0 brok5 by sev]al horizontal holes4 ,^! two sets ( holes1 at ! top & at ! bottom1 gave an av]age advance ( ab\t #i feet4 ,! foll[+ table %[s1 = t advance1 ! numb] ( feet drill$1 & ! quantity ( dynamite burn$4 ---------------------------------------- -- ,dep? ,total ,no4 ( ( ,dep? ,no4 #b ,holes4,holes4( ,holes4,dynamite4 ------------------------------ ft4 ft4 lb4 ,top holes #f #ab #gb #fb ,bottom holes #d #aj #dj #de ------------------------------ ,totals #aj #bb #aab #ajg ---------------------------------------- -- ,! sectional area ( ! b5* be+ ab\t #cjf squ>e feet1 an advance ( #i l9e> feet gives ab\t #ajb cubic y>ds ( rock to be remov$4 ,! quantity ( dynamite us$ 0 !re=e #aje lb41 & ! dep? ( bor+ #aa foot1 p] cubic y>d ( rock brok54 ,?ree ma*9es 7 us$ at ?is b5*1 two on ! top & "o bel[4 ,! holes 7 comm5c$ ) #b-;in* bits1 & t]m9at$ by #a-;in* bits4 ,! rock 0 a t\gh sy5ite4 ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,subaque\s ,,bla/+4 ,prep>ation ( ! ,*>ge4--,x is ess5tial to ! success ( subaque\s bla/+ op]ations1 t ! explosive sub/ance us$ %\ld be suitable to ! conditions "u :i* x is to be appli$4 ,?is is true ( all bla/+1 b ! requirem5t is frequ5tly ov]look$ 9 "s ( ! op]ations t h to be p]=m$ "u wat]4 ,9 cle>+ a wreck = salvage purposes1 gunp[d] w 9 mo/ cases act m effectually ?an ei!r gun-cotton or dynamite4 ,also1 9 _m cases1 ?is comp\nd w prove m suitable ?an ! /rong] sub/ances 9 remov+ ob/ructions 9 wat]-c\rses4 ,examples ( ?is w be giv5 h]eaft]4 ,b :5 a wreck has to be brok5 up1 :5 piles1 or objects ( a simil> "*1 h to be remov$1 or :5 rocks h to be bla/$1 ! m viol5t comp\nds w be f\nd to accompli% ! purpose mu* m effectively4 ,g5]ally1 x may be /at$ t :5 x is requir$ m]ely to remove objects1 gunp[d] is ! mo/ suitable explosive ag5t to employ2 & t :5 x is requir$ to break objects1 ! nitro-cotton & ! nitro-glyc]9e comp\nds are ! ag5ts ^: application is likely to be att5d$ ) ! greate/ degree ( success4 ,:5 gunp[d] is us$1 means mu/ be adopt$ to protect x f ! wat]1 s9ce a small proportion ( moi/ure is suffici5t to less51 9 a v important degree1 ! =ce develop$1 :ile a l>ge proportion ( moi/ure w de/roy altoge!r its explosive prop]ties4 ,x is no easy matt]1 "u ! mo/ fav\rable circum/ances1 to keep ! wat] f ! *>ge2 b :5 ! dep? ( wat] is consid]able1 x becomes v difficult to atta9 t object4 ,! pressure ( a consid]able 8head0 w =ce ! wat] ?r\gh sub/ances t1 )\t a pressure1 are suffici5tly imp]vi\s4 ,at ord9>y dep?s1 metal cani/]s are usually employ$ to conta9 gunp[d]4 ,old oil-cans are z good z any?+ = ?is purpose4 ,! fuse1 :e!r safety or electric1 is pass$ ?r\gh ! cork1 & ! latt] is lut$ ) "s wat]pro(+ composition4 ,! be/ consi/s (3 ,tall[ #a "p4 ,ros9 #c p>ts4 ,guttap]*a #d p>ts4 ,sw$i% pit* #ab p>ts4 ,in/ead ( metal cani/]s1 indi>ubb] bags are sometimes us$4 ,^! are1 h[ev]1 m exp5sive ?an ! oil-cans1 &1 9 _m cases1 !y are sc>cely m effici5t or suitable4 ,small *>ges ( gunp[d] may be put into %ort l5g?s ( indi>ubb] tub+1 s z to =m a k9d ( c>tridge4 ,b c>e mu/ be tak5 to close ! ends securely4 ,! be/ way is to ins]t a cork1 or if t _c be obta9$1 a cyl9drical piece ( wood1 & to tie ! tub+ to ?is v tightly ) tw9e4 ,! ends %\ld !n be dipp$ into ! lut+ composition describ$ above4 ,tub+ suitable = ?is purpose is sold "u ! designation ( 8bla/+ tubes40 ,= l>ge bla/s1 wood5 casks are ! mo/ suitable receptacle = ! *>ge4 ,! casks %\ld be well t>r$1 or1 if ! dep? ( wat] be great1 laid ov] ) pit* appli$ v hot4 ,great c>e mu/ be tak5 to protect ! ap]ture ?r\gh :i* ! safety fuse1 or ! wire ( ! electric fuse1 passes4 ,9 bla/+ "u wat] ) gunp[d]1 only ! be/ & /ronge/ qualities ( t comp\nd %\ld be us$4 ,! extra /rong m9+ p[d] ( ! ,messrs4 ,curtis's & ,h>vey's1 comm]cially kn[n z ! ,e4,s4,m4 p[d]1 is1 ( all1 ! mo/ suitable4 ,x is also highly conducive to success to detonate ! *>ge4 ,if ! *>ge be n detonat$1 ! enclos+ vessel is ruptur$ :5 only a small proportion ( ! numb] ( gra9s h be5 ignit$1 &1 consequ5tly1 a l>ge proportion ( ! *>ge is bl[n away into ! wat] unburn$4 ,7 gunp[d] 9 bla/+ *>ges always fir$ by a detonation1 x w\ld comp>e 9 its effects f> m fav\rably ) ! nitro-cotton & ! nitro-glyc]9e comp\nds ?an x does "u ! circum/ances att5d+ ! common me?od ( fir+ x4 ,:5 gun-cotton is us$1 ! difficulty ( wat]pro(+ is mu* less5$1 b n :olly remov$4 ,inasmu* z ?is comp\nd may be detonat$ 9 ! wet /ate1 x is n requir$ to take ^? precautions :i* are necess>y 9 ! case ( gunp[d]4 ,b1 z we h po9t$ out 9 a =m] *apt]1 ! detonation ( wet gun-cotton is effect$ by means ( t ( a small quantity ( ! dry sub/ance4 ,?is quantity1 :i* is g5]ally employ$ 9 ! =m ( a cyl9d]1 & is call$ ! 8prim+10 mu/ be ?or\ghly protect$ f ! wat]4 ,= ?is purpose1 indi>ubb] tub+ may be us$1 or1 if ! prim] be l>ge1 indi>ubb] bags4 ,:5 ! pressure ( ! wat] is n great1 a v effici5t protective cov]+ is obta9$ by dipp+ ! prim] into melt$ p>aff9e4 ,c>e %\ld be tak5 to avoid rais+ ! temp]ature ( ! p>aff9e above ! degree requir$ to melt x completely4 ,! prim] %\ld be plac$ 9 contact ) ! *>ge1 & x is desirable t ! latt]1 :5 x c be conv5i5tly made to d s1 %\ld surr\nd ! =m]4 ,*>ges ( gun-cotton = subaque\s bla/s are usually made up ( discs ( a l>ge diamet]1 or ( slabs ( a rectangul> =m4 ,:51 h[ev]1 ! *>ge has to be put into a bore-hole 9 rock1 ! common c>tridge is employ$4 ,tonite1 or cotton p[d]1 is l>gely us$ 9 subaque\s bla/+ op]ations4 ,?is sub/ance is always appli$ 9 a dry /ate1 & requires1 !re=e1 to be protect$ f ! wat]4 ,?is protection x is h[ev]1 n difficult to give4 ,be+ prep>$ = use 9 a v highly compress$ /ate1 x does n readily absorb moi/ure4 ,9 ?is /ate1 x is enclos$ 9 c>tridges1 :i* are subsequ5tly dipp$ into melt$ p>aff9e4 ,?is is ! =m & prep>ation adopt$ = ord9>y use4 ,= application "u wat]1 especially :5 ! dep? is consid]able1 additional protection is giv54 ,= wreckage purposes1 tonite may be obta9$ 9 conv5i5t *>ges1 made up 9 suitable =ms1 & suffici5tly protect$4 ,:5 dynamite is us$1 ! conditions are simil> to ^? prevail+ 9 ! case ( gun-cotton4 ,s9ce nitro-glyc]9e is unaffect$ by wat]1 no necessity exi/s = protect+ x f moi/ure4 ,b :5 a *>ge ( dynamite is imm]s$ 9 wat]1 & n conta9$ 9 a bore-hole1 ! nitro-glyc]9e rapidly exudes4 ,! writ] once made sev]al ineffectual attempts to explode a *>ge ( dynamite at a dep? ( #gj fa?oms b5ea? ! surface4 ,! cause ( failure 0 f\nd to be ?is exudation2 = subsequ5t exp]im5ts %[$ t1 ?\gh ! dynamite 0 9 ! =m ( ! ord9>y p>*m5t pap] c>tridges1 & 0 conta9$ 9 a /\t canvas bag1 ! kieselguhr reta9$ h>dly a trace ( nitro-glyc]9e :5 ! *>ge rea*$ ! surface f t dep?1 aft] be+ rapidly l[]$ & rais$4 ,h5ce x becomes necess>y to enclose dynamite )9 "s fairly imp]vi\s sub/ance1 to prev5t ! exudation ( ! nitro-glyc]9e4 ,wax$ l951 or f9e canvas ov]laid ) ! composition already describ$1 may be us$ z a protective cov]+2 = bla/s 9 deep wat]1 indi>ubb] bags & tub+ are employ$4 ,:5 ! *>ge is conta9$ 9 a bore-hole 9 rock1 exudation c h>dly occur1 & !re=e 9 su* cases wat]pro(+ is unnecess>y4 ,= fir+ subaque\s bla/s ) safety fuse1 only ! guttap]*a cov]$ k9ds are suitable4 ,great c>e mu/ be tak5 to r5d] ! junction ( ! fuse & ! detonator wat]-tight4 ,a /rong] detonator is requir$ "u wat] ?an 9 dry gr\nd4 ,electric fuses (f] n only a *eap]1 b a f> m c]ta9 & suitable means ( fir+ 9 wat]4 ,?is means is n[ v g5]ally employ$4 ,:5 t5sion curr5ts are us$1 ! insulation mu/ be v good4 ,9 all cases1 ample p[] %\ld be possess$ by ! fir+ ma*9e or batt]y4 ,! %att]+ class ( explosives are v suitable = subaque\s-rock bla/+4 ,9 _m cases1 _! employm5t r5d]s ! bor+ ( %ot-holes unnecess>y1 an advantage ( obvi\sly great importance4 ,:5 deta*$ or project+ masses ( rock h to be brok5 up1 x is suffici5t to place ! *>ges ^u !m4 ,( c\rse1 :5 s appli$1 l>g] quantities ( ! explosive are requir$2 b ?\gh ! me?od is wa/eful ( explosive1 x is v economical ( lab\r & "t4 ,ev5 :5 l>ge undeta*$ masses ( rock h to be remov$1 ! same me?od may (t5 be successfully foll[$4 ,suppose a level surface ( rock1 = example4 ,a few heavy *>ges judici\sly di/ribut$ ov] ?is surface w bl[ out crat]s ( a consid]able radius1 & m or less fracture ! rock 9 _! imm$iate neighb\rhood4 ,a few o!r bla/s !n fir$ betwe5 ^! %att]$ po9ts w break up ! int]v5+ solid portions4 ,sometimes ! rock w be dis9tegrat$ to a consid]able dep?1 & s brok5 up g5]ally t x may be remov$ by dr$g+4 ,by proce$+ 9 ?is way1 ! :ole ( ! rock may (t5 be remov$ )\t any lab\r ( bor+4 ,b :5 ! rock is too t\gh to be remov$ 9 ?is way1 rec\rse mu/ be _h to bor+1 ?\gh ev5 :5 bor+ is necess>y1 an occasional 8loose0 %ot may be f\nd to be v efficaci\s4 ,bor+ "u ,wat]4--,! p]cussive drills1 "o ( :i*1 ! ,d>l+ton1 0 describ$ 9 a =m] *apt]1 may be us$ effectively "u wat]4 ,compress$ air is us$ z ! motor fluid4 ,! tripod /&1 hav+ its legs weight$ to give x /ability1 is g5]ally ! mo/ suitable support4 ,^! drills ne$ ! imm$iate att5tion ( a div]4 ,sometimes ! bor+ is c>ri$ on by h& f ! deck ( a vessel or f a raft provid$ = ! purpose4 ,! foll[+ description w give a g5]al notion ( ! op]ations involv$ 9 subaque\s bor+3-- ,! work+ vessel hav+ be5 moor$ ov] ! rock by means ( moor+-l9es atta*$ to buoys plac$ ab\t #ej y>ds f ea* qu>t] ( ! vessel1 ! div] desc5ds & selects ! mo/ suitable position = ! bla/2 he !n signals1 by a c]ta9 numb] ( pulls ^u 8 signal l9e1 to h ! drill & /& l[]$ to him4 ,?is be+ quickly done by means ( a /eam d]rick1 he guides ! drill-/& to its place1 & f9ally fixes x 9 position by means ( its adju/able legs4 ,?is be+ done1 he signals = air to comm5ce drill+4 ,x has be5 f\nd t ! drill c be work$ 9 a rapid curr5t z well z 9 slack wat]4 ,?is all[s ! op]ations ( drill+ & bla/+1 by a prop] division ( "t & lab\r1 to be conduct$ 9 an extremely rapid tidal curr5t1 s t ! pr9cipal "w ( ! div]1 9 ins]t+ *>ges = bla/+ & sl++ /one1 may be done ne> ! p]iods ( slack wat]1 :ile ! drill+ may be advantage\sly cont9u$ dur+ ! p]iod ( rapid fl[4 ,9 a rapid curr5t1 ! /oppage ( ! drill = ! purpose ( 8spoon+ out0 ! hole becomes unnecess>y1 z ! motion ( ! drill works up ! dbris to ! m\? ( ! hole1 :5ce x is suck$ out & c>ri$ (f by ! curr5t 9 a d>k /ream1 l ! smoke f ! funnel ( a locomotive4 ,9 a sluggi% curr5t1 or dur+ slack wat]1 ! hose ( ! air-pump is sometimes introduc$1 & air =c$ into ! bore-hole to create a curr5t ( wat]1 by :i* means ! hole is cle>$ m ?or\ghly ?an by ! mo/ c>eful 8spoon+ out40 ,z soon z ! hole is drill$ to ! requir$ dep?1 ! drill is /opp$2 ! div] !n fa/5s ! d]rick *a91 :i* is l[]$ to him = ! purpose1 to ! drill-/&1 & signals to hoi/ away1 :]eupon ! ma*9e is quickly hoi/$ on deck4 ,aft] hav+ exam9$ ! hole & cle>$ away any dbris rema9+ at ! bottom1 ! div] comes to ! surface1 & tak+ 9 8 h& ! *>ge conta9$ 9 a wat]-tight c>tridge1 & provid$ ) its electric fuse to :i* a suffici5t l5g? ( insulat$ wire is atta*$1 returns ) x1 & ins]ts x into ! drill hole1 c>efully press+ x to ! bottom ) a rod4 ,! tamp+1 if any is us$1 is !n ins]t$ above ! c>tridge1 & ! div] comes up4 ,! work+ vessel hav+ be5 quickly haul$ by ! moor+-l9es to a safe di/ance by means ( cap/ans work$1 :5ev] practicable1 by ! /eam-eng9e1 ! wires are atta*$ to ! ma*9e1 & at ! signal 8all ready0 ! *>ge is fir$4 ,! work+ vessel is !n haul$ back to h] position1 & z soon z ! wat] becomes suffici5tly cle>$ ( ! d>k muddy matt] /irr$ up by ! bla/1 to enable ! div] to see 9 x1 he desc5ds & exam9es ! result4 ,if ! bla/ has be5 effective1 he signals = ! /one *a9s to be l[]$ to him2 :i* be+ done1 he proce$s to sl+ ! l>ge pieces ( brok5 rock1 "o aft] ano!r1 z !y are hoi/$ up & deposit$ on deck4 ,all ! pieces l>ge en\gh to sl+ hav+ be5 ?us remov$1 he signals = ! tub & %ovel1 & ^u _! be+ l[]$ to him1 proce$s to %ovel into ! tub ! small fragm5ts1 & to h !m hoi/$ up & pil$ on deck1 until ! surface ( ! rock is suffici5tly cle>$ to place ! drill = a new bla/4 ,subm>9e ,rocks4--,! foll[+ brief acc\nt ( ! removal ( ! 8,t[]0 & ! 8,corw90 ,rocks f ! ,n>r[s1 at ! entrance ( ,bo/on ,h>b\r1 ,u4,s41 f ! p5 ( ,j4 ,g4 ,fo/]1 is in/ructive z illu/rat+ ! me?od ( proc$ure 9 subm>9e bla/+1 & z %[+ ! unfitness1 = "w ( t "*1 ( ! sl[-burn+ explosives3-- 8,t[] ,rock10 be+ ! small] ( ! two1 0 select$ z ! "o to be fir/ remov$4 ,its horizontal dim5sions be+ only #ej by #bf feet1 x 0 e/imat$ t "o l>ge c5tral *>ge surr\nd$ by five or six o!rs1 all 9 l>ge & deep drill-holes1 w\ld be able to r5d ! rock into pieces4 ,! work+ vessel1 ! sloop 8,hamilton10 ( #gj tons1 0 moor$ ov] ?is rock on ! #cj? ( ,july1 #ahfg1 & ! new subm>9e drill+ ma*9e1 design$ = ?is "w1 by ,mr4 ,t[ns5d1 ! contractor1 0 plac$ 9 position & tri$4 ,sev]al imp]fections 7 f\nd at ! fir/ trial1 :i* prev5t$ its effici5t work+4 ,:ile ^! 7 be+ rem$i$1 a trial 0 made ( surface bla/s1 plac$ 9 & ar\nd ! rock 9 ! positions mo/ fav\rable to _! action4 ,^! prov$ to be entirely )\t effect4 ,no seams or breaks 7 made by !m 9 ! smoo? surface ( ! rock4 ,z soon z ! subm>9e drill+ ma*9e 0 p]fect$1 x 0 put 9 op]ation1 & successfully work$4 ,! c5tral & ! surr\nd+ holes 7 drill$ to dep?s v>y+ f #b to #h feet1 ea* hole be+ #c in*es 9 diamet]4 ,^! 7 well *>g$ ) black bla/+ p[d]1 & tamp$ ) s&4 ,9 "s holes1 ! *>ges produc$ no visible effect1 ! tamp+ be+ bl[n out l ! *>ge f a cannon4 ,9 o!rs1 a crat] 0 =m$1 b ) a radius only ab\t "o-half ! l9e ( lea/ resi/ance4 ,! holes t 7 intact 7 !n deep5$1 & new ones drill$2 ^! 7 *>g$ ) ,dupont's sport+ p[d]4 ,! result 0 mu* bett]1 b n :at 0 desir$4 ,! pressure ( ! wat]1 f #bc to #cc feet 9 dep?1 seem$ to dim9i% l>gely ! ord9>y explosive effect ( gunp[d] ^u rock1 z se5 9 bla/s 9 ! op5 air4 ,trial 0 !n made ( ! pat5t safety bla/+ p[d]1 manufactur$ by ! ,ori5tal ,company ( ,bo/on1 ! proportions ( ! +r$i5ts hav+ be5 modifi$ to increase its /r5g? = ?is especial use4 ,?is produc$ ! desir$ effect4 ,! rock 0 r5t 9 pieces2 & by drill+ additional holes & cont9u+ l>ge *>ges ( ! p[d]1 ! rock 0 f9ally r$uc$ to ! requir$ dep?4 ,to smoo? (f its upp] surface & break d[n ! %>p project+ po9ts1 l>ge surface *>ges ( sport+ p[d] 7 employ$4 ,^! accompli%$ ! result to a limit$ ext5t1 b n completely4 ,a l>ge #ae-;in* %ell 0 !n plac$ 9 a crevice ne> ! c5tre ( ! rock & fir$4 ,its explosion swept ! rock completely1 break+ d[n & levell+ ! project+ po9ts4 ,! "w ^u ?is rock occupi$ eight weeks4 ,9 t "t1 #hj tons ( /one _h be5 bla/$ out1 hoi/$ up1 & deposit$ on %ore1 atta9+ ! requir$ dep? ( #bc feet at mean l[ wat]4 ,ab\t #gj tons ( small fragm5ts 7 suff]$ to rema9 on ! bottom ar\nd ! rock1 :]e !y _h be5 ?r[n by ! bla/s1 & :]e !y c\ld d no h>m4 ,! co/ p] ton ( ! quantity hoi/$ up & deposit$ on %ore 0 #fdic doll>s1 no acc\nt be+ tak5 ( ! quantity bl[n1 9 small fragm5ts1 into deep wat]4 8,t[] ,rock0 hav+ be5 entirely remov$ to ! requir$ dep?1 ! moor+s ( ! work+ vessel 7 at once remov$ to 8,corw9 ,rock10 & "w comm5c$ ^u x on ! #a/ ( ,octob]1 #ahfg4 ,?is rock 0 f\nd to be mu* m difficult to bla/1 on acc\nt ( its extremely tortu\s lam9ation1 its great t\ghness1 & ! pres5ce ( a great numb] ( iron pyrites4 ,surface bla/s 7 also tri$ ^u ?is rock at ! outset1 9 hopes t1 by be+ plac$ 9 ! mo/ fav\rable positions betwe5 ! %>p ridges ( ! rock1 !y might break !m d[n4 ,^!1 h[ev]1 l ^? ^u ,t[] ,rock1 entirely fail$ to produce any noticeable effect1 ev5 :5 !y conta9$ f\r & five hundr$ p\nds ( ! be/ sport+ p[d]4 ,! drill+ ma*9e 0 !re=e call$ into requisition z be=e1 & us$ cont9u\sly till ! completion ( ! "w4 ,on acc\nt ( ! ext5t ( ?is rock1 a diff]5t plan ( op]ations = its removal 0 adopt$4 ,"o side ( ! rock mo/ fav\rable = bla/+ 0 select$1 & a r[ ( holes drill$ p>allel to ! edge1 & at a di/ance f x equal to ! dep? ( ! holes1 :i* 0 tak5 to ext5d #a foot bel[ ! requir$ level1 #bc feet at mean l[ tide4 ,aft] bla/+ out ^! holes1 a new l9e ( holes 0 drill$ p>allel to ! =m] l9e1 or to ! 8face0 left by ! bla/s1 & ^! also 7 bla/$ out2 !n a ?ird l9e1 & s on1 progress+ regul>ly across ! rock1 cont9ually bla/+ x (f 9 p>allel blocks1 ext5d+ d[nw>d a little bel[ ! dep? requir$4 ,! advantages ( ?is mode ( op]ation 7 t x enabl$ ! bla/s to act lat]ally1 9 :i* direction !y 7 ! mo/ p[]ful2 & ! rock 0 left1 aft] ea* s]ies ( bla/s1 ) a ne>ly v]tical side1 or 8face10 9 :i* ! pres5ce ( seams c\ld be m readily detect$1 & ! "* ( ! /rata obs]v$1 s t ! mo/ fav\rable positions c\ld be select$ = ! next bla/s4 ,sometimes ! crat]s1 foll[+ ! /rata1 ran "u1 or left an ov]hang+ 8face10 9 :i* case a l>ge *>ge plac$ "u its project+ edge1 usually _h ! effect ( ?r[+ (f ! ov]hang+ portion1 & sometimes ( dislodg+ l>ge masses4 ,aft] ! rock _h be5 9 ?is way bla/$ entirely across1 & to ! g5]al dep? requir$1 a c>eful survey 0 made1 ! s\nd+s be+ tak5 9 l9es f #e to #aj feet ap>t1 & at "r angles to ea* o!r1 ! l[] end ( ! s\nd+ pole be+ plac$ by ! div] alt]nately ^u ! highe/ & ! l[e/ po9ts4 ,?is survey %[$ t al?\gh m ?an ! requir$ dep? _h be5 g5]ally atta9$1 yet _m po9ts project$ above ?is level by di/ances v>y+ f #b to #ad in*es4 ,to remove ^!1 l>ge surface *>ges 7 aga9 tri$1 b ) ! same ineffective result4 ,_! only effect 0 to pile up ! s& & small fragm5ts ( /one into irregul> w9dr[s on ! surface ( ! rock4 ,small holes _h1 !re=e1 to be drill$ at ea* ( ^! po9ts to bla/ !m (f4 ,?is occupi$ mu* m "t ?an c\ld reasonably h be5 expect$2 s t x 0 n until two mon?s' lab\r _h be5 exp5d$1 t all ! po9ts 7 f9ally r$uc$ to ! requir$ level4 ,ob/ructions 9 ,wat]-c\rses4--,! removal ( ob/ructions f wat]-c\rses (t5 leads to mu* subaque\s bla/+4 ,trees t h fall5 into ! /ream are mo/ effectively brok5 up by *>ges ( gunp[d] fir$ by a detonation4 ,! success ( ! op]ation w1 h[ev]1 be greatly dep5d5t ^u ! judici\s plac+ ( ! *>ges4 ,brickwork may also be v effectively dealt ) by *>ges ( gunp[d]4 ,b /one masonry & blocks ( rock may be m effectively brok5 up by gun-cotton1 tonite1 or dynamite4 ,= "w ( ?is "*1 electrical fir+ (f]s great advantages1 =1 besides its conv5i5ce1 x all[s ( sev]al *>ges be+ explod$ simultane\sly1 a condition t is always fav\rable1 & 9 _m cases ess5tial1 to success4 ,! foll[+ highly int]e/+ & in/ructive acc\nt ( ! removal by bla/+ ( "s ob/ructions 9 c]ta9 riv]s 9 ,india is giv5 by ,lieut4 ,a4 ,o4 ,gre51 ,r4,e4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ea4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #eb4 ,he1 9 company ) "s assi/ants1 left ,calcutta = ,maldah on ! #h? ( ,april1 #ahgd1 :]e !y comm5c$ "w on ! foll[+ day ^u ! wreck ( a l>ge c\nty boat1 :i* lay on ! top ( a tree 9 mid-/ream1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ea4 ,s\nd+s 7 tak5 ov] & ar\nd ?is tree1 :i* 0 f\nd to be ab\t #c feet #f in*es 9 diamet] at its base4 ,! gunp[d] int5d$ to be us$ 9 ^! op]ations n hav+ arriv$1 ?ree #e-lb4 *>ges ( gun-cotton 7 made up2 x 0 ?\ght t "u ! #ae-;feet head ( wat]1 ^! w\ld h be5 suffici5t to break ! tree 9 half4 ,! gun-cotton 0 9 ! =m ( compress$ discs1 #b in*es 9 diamet]1 & #b in*es ?ick1 ea* disc weigh+ ab\t #e ounces4 ,^! discs 7 fill$ into a t9 cyl9d] to )9 ab\t #d in*es ( ! top4 ,an electric fuse1 ) wires atta*$1 hav+ be5 securely pu%$ into ! hole 9 ! c5tre ( ! top disc1 ! empty space above 0 fill$ up1 ) fir/ a lay] ( sawdu/1 & !n a lay] ( pla/ic clay1 well ramm$4 ,! :ole 0 !n pa9t$ ov]1 & ! upp] end ti$ up 9 a cov]+ ( wax$ clo?1 ! holes ?r\gh :i* ! fuse wires pass$ be+ c>efully lut$4 ,! *>ge1 ?us made up1 is %[n 9 section 9 ,fig4 #eb4 ,x 0 fir$ by means ( a dynamo-electric ma*9e4 ,! fir/ *>ge produc$ b little effect2 a second fail$ f ! case n be+ wat]-tight2 a ?ird *>ge 0 m effective1 z x lift$ ! tree & ! boat p>tially out ( ! wat]4 ,! positions ( ^! gun-cotton *>ges are indicat$ by circles on ! figure4 ,! next day1 two *>ges ( gunp[d]1 ( ab\t #gj lb4 ea*1 7 plac$ "u ! boat1 ^! *>ges be+ la%$ on to ! snag by ! div]s4 ,^! *>ges consi/$ simply ( common oil-t9s1 c>efully clean$ & pa9t$ ov] ) r$-lead pa9t4 ,! bunghole 0 clos$ by a wood5 plug1 bor$ ?r\gh to all[ ! fuse wires to pass4 ,?is plug1 aft] be+ ins]t$1 0 coat$ ov] ) a wat]pro(+ comp\nd4 ,! effect ( ! two *>ges 0 to completely demoli% ! boat4 ,ano!r *>ge ( #ej lb4 remov$ ! tree und]nea?4 ,! positions ( ^! gunp[d] *>ges are indicat$ by squ>es 9 ,fig4 #ea4 ,! next ob/ruction met ) 0 a s& bank caus$ by a boat :i* _h brok5 9 half & !n sunk4 ,! s& ne>ly cov]$ ! boat1 s t !re 0 little else to op]ate ^u4 ,a *>ge ( #hj lb4 7"o l>ge *>ge be+ consid]$ pref]able to two or ?ree small ones 9 gett+ rid ( ! s&71 plac$ close to ! "p ( ! boat t 0 visible1 made a consid]able crat]1 & a second *>ge ( #hj lb4 0 plac$ 9 a mu* m fav\rable position1 z ne>ly all ! boat 0 remov$ except portions ( ! b[ & /]n1 :i* requir$ two sep>ate *>ges ( #ej lb4 ea* be=e !y disappe>$4 ,9 half an h\r1 ! :ole ( ! s& bank _h be5 wa%$ away by ! /ream1 & !re 0 f #c to #d feet ( wat] ov] ! spot :]e be=e ! s& 0 high & dry out ( ! wat]4 ,! removal ( ?is ob/ruction 0 dang]\s1 ow+ to ! ne>ness ( ! boat to ! surface1 ! consequ5t small resi/ance (f]$ to ! projection ( its pieces ?r\gh ! air1 & ! l>g5ess ( ! *>ges us$4 ,_h1 h[ev]1 small *>ges be5 us$1 x is m ?an probable t ! small crat]s made by !m w\ld h become too quickly fill$ up aga9 to h be5 ( any good 9 facilitat+ ! plac+ 9 position ( subsequ5t ones4 ,! foll[+ day1 a l>ge mango tree1 ab\t #d feet #f in*es 9 diamet]1 0 de/roy$ by two #ej-lb4 *>ges1 :i* broke x up into ?ree pieces1 easily removable a%ore4 ,a few days lat]1 a l>ge trunk ( a tree1 ab\t #c feet 9 diamet]1 0 remov$ ) two #ej-lb4 *>ges2 b ! dep? ( wat] ov] x 0 s small t a l>ge portion ( ! trunk 0 ?r[n a consid]able di/ance on %ore4 ,! next day a l>ge tree :i* _h =m$ a s& bank 0 v successfully remov$ by a *>ge ( #ej lb4 plac$ among ! roots1 x be+ consid]$ t a small] *>ge ?an #ej lb4 w\ld n h effect$ ! purpose4 ,opposite to ,ksimpore1 a boat 0 remov$ ) a *>ge ( #ej lb4 plac$ 9 ! c5tre up-/ream1 :i* entirely demoli%$ x1 ! pieces be+ all dragg$ a%ore4 ,at ,mooty1 a l>ge cotton tree1 ! wood ( :i* is extremely t\gh1 0 f\nd ) _m l>ge bran*es project+ out ( ! wat]4 ,a *>ge ( #gj lb4 ti$ "u ! tree at ! spr++ ( ! bran*es effectually broke x up1 & ! pieces 7 all haul$ to l&4 ,?ree miles f>!r d[n ! riv]1 an attempt 0 made to de/roy ano!r l>ge cotton tree ) a simil> *>ge1 b x only broke x into ?ree pieces1 & two m *>ges ( #ej lb4 ea* 7 necess>y to cle> x away effectually4 ,?is tree 01 if any?+1 slightly l>g] ?an ! la/1 i4 e4 f #c to #d feet 9 diamet]1 & !re 0 less wat] ov] x4 ,f>!r on1 ! p>ty came across a collection ( ?ree or f\r trees1 ) _! bran*es int]lac$1 ly+ on a s& bank ne> ,alumpore ,dldah2 ^! 7 suffici5tly brok5 up by a #gj-lb4 *>ge to make !m easy ( removal by coolie lab\r4 ,opposite to ! village1 ano!r awkw>d snag1 9 ! %ape ( a l>ge tree /ick+ up 9 #cj feet ( wat]1 0 de/roy$ by ty+ a #gj-lb4 *>ge at its base4 ,a *>ge ( #ej lb4 ( p[d] "u ?is head ( wat]1 or ev5 a small] am\nt1 might h be5 suffici5t1 b z ! "w _h to be done quickly1 n mu* acc\nt 0 tak5 ( a few p\nds ( p[d] m or less1 provid$ ! object 0 atta9$4 ,at ,goma%tapore1 a l>ge tree1 bran*es & all1 0 f\nd 9 #be feet ( wat]1 ly+ 9 ! *annel "u ! bank4 ,! curr5t "h 0 consid]able1 & "s difficulty 0 exp]i5c$ 9 plac+ ! *>ges4 ,"o *>ge ( #gj lb4 broke ! tree 9 half2 ano!r ( #ej lb4 at ! spr++ ( ! bran*es broke !m up2 & ano!r ( ! same weight got rid ( ! roots4 ,bel[ ,goma%tapore1 a l>ge mango tree 0 demoli%$ ) #fj lb4 ( p[d]4 ,a %ort di/ance f>!r on1 a bad bamboo snag 0 met )4 ,^! bamboo snags1 :i* 7 m]ely ! roots ( ! bamboos ) p]haps a doz5 or s :ole ones left1 gave mu* tr\ble4 ,fig4 #ec gives an idea ( :at ^! snags are l4 ,x 0 f\nd impossible to place a *>ge und]nea? ?is "o1 s an op5+ 0 priz$ betwe5 ! bamboos1 & a *>ge ( #gj lb4 ramm$ d[n pretty well into ! middle4 ,?is cle>$ ! :ole ( x away & op5$ ! *annel4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ec4 ,at ,*&pore1 at a re-ent]+ angle ( ! riv] & 9 a place peculi>ly dang]\s to navigation dur+ ! ra9s1 0 an enorm\s banyan tree 7,ficus ,indica71 ! ma9 trunk ( :i*1 to judge f ! bran*es1 mu/ h be5 at lea/ f #ab to #ae feet 9 diamet]4 ,an approximate measurem5t 0 made ) a pole1 b any su* measurem5t c only h be5 a v r\gh "o4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ed4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ee4 ,! trunk 0 ly+ 9 deep wat]1 b ! bran*es1 m l an accumulation ( l>ge trees1 7 ly+ /ret*$ out = a consid]able di/ance ov] ! bank1 cov]+ an area ( m ?an #hj squ>e feet4 ,a *>ge ( #bjj lb4 ( p[d] 0 made up 9 an indi>ubb] bag1 & plac$ by ! div]s 9 ab\t #bh feet ( wat]1 well "u ! trunk ( ! tree4 ,! effect ( ?is 0 to split ! trunk up into sev]al pieces1 ea* ( :i* subsequ5tly requir$ sep>ate removal4 ,a #gj-lb4 *>ge 0 next fir$ "u two ( ! l>ge/ pieces 9 #ah feet ( wat]1 & ?is broke !m up completely4 ,hav+ n[ run out ( all ! cases = p[d]1 ?ree *>ges ( gun-cotton1 simil> to ! fir/1 7 made up1 & fir$ sep>ately1 ea* plac$ "u a good ?ick bran*1 ab\t #h feet 9 gir?4 ,! effect ( all ?ree 0 prodigi\s2 seem+ly great] ?an t ( ! #gj lb4 ( gunp[d]4 ,z !re 7 no m cases left1 & "t 0 preci\s1 "s common e>!nw>e ghurrahs 7 obta9$ f ! village z a make%ift4 ,^! held ab\t #bj lb4 ( p[d]2 ! fuse 0 plac$ 9 ! c5tre 9 a disc ( gun-cotton1 & ! neck 0 clos$ up ) damp e>?1 :ite-lead pa9t1 c41 j 9 ! same way z ! gun-cotton *>ges _h be54 ,a rope = la%+ !m to ! ob/acle 0 securely fa/5$ r\nd ! neck1 & ! fuse wires 7 ti$ "u1 ?is la%+1 leav+ a small loop t[>ds ! fuse free1 s z to avoid any *ance ( a /ra9 be+ br\ght on ! fuse 9 l[]+ ! *>ge4 ,figs4 #ed & #ee %[ ! arrangem5t ( ?is *>ge4 ,! fir/ "o tri$ _h b little effect :5 plac$ "u a bran* ( ! tree 9 deep wat]1 & x 0 accord+ly det]m9$ to wait = cases f ,calcutta2 b aft] wait+ five days )\t _! appe>+1 ?ree m ( ^! *>ges 7 tri$1 & ?is "t ) v excell5t results4 ,!y 7 inde$ s satisfactory1 t ! same ev5+ f\r m 7 made up & fir$4 ,! fir/ "u a mango tree a little f>!r d[n ! riv]4 ,?is broke x 9 half1 ?r[+ "o "p high & dry on %ore1 & ! o!r into deep wat]4 ,! o!r ?ree 7 fir$ "u ! rema9+ bran*es ( ! banyan tree ) v good effect1 cutt+ !m away4 ,x is m ?an probable1 obs]ves ,lieut4 ,gre51 t ! good results obta9$ ) all ^! ghurrah *>ges 7 entirely due to ! gun-cotton disc inside caus+ ! gunp[d] itself to detonate1 s t ! ?9ness ( ! envelope 0 ( little mom5t 9 det]m9+ ! =ce ( ! explosion4 ,! t9 cases hav+ arriv$1 ! re/ ( ! p[d] 0 made up into five *>ges ( #dh lb4 & ?ree ghurrah *>ges ( #bj lb ea*4 ,ab\t f\r miles f>!r d[n ! riv]1 !re 0 an old peepul tree ly+ 9 mid-*annel1 ) sev]al ( ! bran*es above wat]4 ,two t9s1 "o plac$ "u ! spr++ ( ! bran*es & ! o!r "u ! roots1 blew away ! l[] bran*es on :i* ! tree 0 re/+1 & x sank slightly 9 ! wat]4 ,a ghurrah 0 next fir$ "u ! trunk ) spl5did results1 ! tree disappe>+ entirely except "o bran*1 :i* requir$ ano!r small *>ge to remove x4 ,! trunk ( ?is tree 0 ne>ly #h feet 9 diamet]1 b ( s(t /r+y wood4 ,on return+ to camp1 a small *>ge ( #b lb4 ( gun-cotton 0 made up 9 a section ( bamboo1 & us$ aga9/ ! banyan tree ) v good effect1 & a ghurrah *>ge demoli%$ ! la/ bran* b "o4 ,! next day #a lb4 ( gun-cotton 9 a piece ( bamboo f9i%$ ! la/ ( ?is enorm\s tree4 ,aft] cle>+ away sev]al m trees1 ! f\ndations ( an old factory1 :i* _h slipp$ into ! /ream1 7 remov$ by introduc+ two *>ges ( #a lb4 ( gun-cotton1 9 ! ends ( two bamboos1 well into ! crevices ( ! masonry "u ! wat]4 ,ano!r ob/ruction consi/$ ( a r[ ( old piles1 ab\t #ae in*es squ>e1 /ret*+ across ! riv] bel[ ! surface ( ! wat]4 ,six ( ! mo/ dang]\s ( ^! 7 remov$ f ! dry season *annel ) ghurrah *>ges ti$ to ! foot ( ! piles4 ,an old well t _h fall5 bodily into ! wat] 0 aft]w>ds met )4 ,! position ( ?is well is %[n 9 ,fig4 #ef4 ,a *>ge ( #d lb4 ( gun-cotton completely de/roy$ x4 ,ne> ,azimgunge1 ! trunk ( a v l>ge peepul tree 0 f\nd sunk 9 deep wat]4 ,x 0 s l>ge t x 0 ?\ght necess>y to place a #ajj-lb4 *>ge und]nea? x2 ?is *>ge broke x up completely1 b two small *>ges ( #bj lb4 ea* 7 subsequ5tly requir$ to remove ! pieces4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ef4 ,lat] on1 a well1 simil> to ! "o previ\sly de/roy$1 0 met )4 ,! brickwork 0 rem>kably good & ab\t #c feet ?ick1 & ! mort> 0 excell5t4 ,"o *>ge ( #d lb4 ( gun-cotton broke x up into l>ge pieces2 b x took ano!r simil> *>ge1 & two *>ges ( #bj lb4 ( gunp[d] to de/roy x completely4 ,on ! same day1 two trees 7 remov$ ) ghurrah *>ges1 :i* _h be5 us$ ?r\gh\t1 = small *>ges1 ) unv>y+ success4 ,at a place call$ ,f>ra%dangah1 !re 0 a v bad ob/ruction 9 ! riv]1 caus$ by ! rema9s ( an old ba?+ ghat & bridge hav+ be5 cut out f ! bank by ! wat] gett+ und]nea? ! masonry4 ,bo? 7 project+ ab\t #c feet above ! wat]1 & 9 ! ra9y season !y =m$ ! c5tre ( a v na/y & dang]\s :irlpool1 9 :i* _m boats _h1 accord+ to ! ,executive ,eng9e] ( ! ,nuddea ,riv]s ,division1 be5 lo/4 ,!re 0 an imm5se mass ( masonry1 b no means ( gett+ a *>ge plac$ und]nea? x2 s a *>ge ( #ajj lb4 ( p[d] 0 plac$ close alongside x 9 ab\t #ae feet ( wat]4 ,?is %unt$ ! mass bodily ov] & und]nea? ! wat]4 ,two #ej-lb4 *>ges 7 next plac$ und]nea? ! mass1 & ^! %att]$ x all up1 except "o piece1 :i* 0 got rid ( ) a f\r? *>ge ( #bj lb4 plac$ well und]nea? x4 ,! ,executive ,eng9e] wi%+ t ! w+-wall ( ! bridge1 :i* 0 on dry l& dur+ ! dry season1 might be remov$ z well1 a small hole 0 made at ! foot ( ! visible portion ( ! brickwork1 & a *>ge ( #b lb4 ( gun-cotton 0 introduc$ into ?is1 & fir$ ) only a tol]able effect1 ! brickwork be+ crack$ = a di/ance ( #c or #d feet f ! c5tre ( ! *>ge4 ,a hole 0 next dug d[n ab\t #e feet at "o side ( ! w+-wall1 & a *>ge ( #d lb4 ( gun-cotton well tamp$ 0 fir$4 ,! tamp+ 0 bl[n out1 & ! wall f\ndations crack$ a good deal4 ,! excavation 0 n[ deep5$ to #f feet1 & a hole made "u ! brickwork big en\gh to conta9 a #ajj-lb4 *>ge4 ,x 0 !n well tamp$ up & fir$4 ,its effect 0 excell5t4 ,all ! brickwork ( ! w+-wall 0 got rid (1 & a crat] ab\t #cj feet 9 wid? at ! top bl[n out 9 ! po9t ( ! bank t 0 requir$ to be remov$1 & :i* 0 "o ( ! *ief causes ( ! :irlpool1 s t ! next rise ( ! riv] 0 sure to c>ry x all away4 ,! foll[+ day an old pucka ghat opposite to ,b]hampore 0 entirely brok5 up ) ?ree #bj-lb4 *>ges1 & an enorm\s quantity ( old bricks 7 ?r[n into ! riv]4 ,! la/ op]ation und]tak5 consi/$ 9 ! bl[+ up ( a v l>ge ghat opposite to ! ,nawb ( ,moor%$abd's palaces4 ,! riv] dur+ successive ra9s _h cut into & und]nea? ! /eps ( ! ghat1 br++ d[n l>ge masses ( x into ! riv]1 :]e !y =m$ mo/ dang]\s ob/acles to navigation4 ,! "w 0 necess>ily c>ri$ out 9 a v r\gh way1 = want ( ! prop] tools4 ,deep excavations 7 made "u ! ?ree l>ge/ masses ( masonry1 at ab\t #be feet ap>t1 & into ^! 7 introduc$ ?ree #ej-lb4 & "o #bj-lb4 *>ges ( p[d]4 ,^! *>ges 7 well tamp$1 connect$ up 9 divid$ circuit1 & fir$ simultane\sly4 ,all ! masonry 0 brok5 up completely1 s z to be easily removable aft]w>ds by coolie lab\r1 :i* 0 all t 0 requir$4 ,! conclusions to be drawn f ! =ego+ notes are1 t l>ge trees ly+ 9 %all[ wat] require *>ges ( #ej lb4 ( gunp[d] & upw>ds = _! effectual removal2 b t :]e !re is pl5ty ( wat]1 & ! trees are n v l>ge1 #bj lb4 is suffici5t4 ,= ^! small *>ges1 x has be5 se5 t ! common e>!nw>e ghurrah answ]s admirably1 & "u simil> circum/ances x w\ld und\bt$ly be advantage\s to use !m1 z !y are inexp5sive1 & obta9able 9 ne>ly e ,indian village4 ,! *>ges us$ might1 9 _m cases1 at fir/ h be5 no d\bt made small] ) advantage1 bo? = safety & economy2 b z spe$ 0 ! great object1 ^! 7 n s mu* ?\ght (4 ,= ! removal ( masonry "u wat]1 x is n necess>y to place ! *>ge und]nea? ! mass1 :i* is (t5 impossible2 a l>ge *>ge alongside x be+ g5]ally q suffici5t to break x up pretty effectually :]e !re is suffici5t head ( wat]4 ,small] *>ges c ( c\rse be easily us$ aft]w>ds1 :5ev] requir$1 & = ^! small *>ges1 gun-cotton is v effective1 z x c be easily introduc$1 9 ! end ( a bamboo1 into holes & crevices :]e x w\ld be impossible to get any b ! smalle/ *>ges ( gunp[d]4 ,,index4 ,appliances = fir+ bla/+ *>ges1 #db ,auxili>y tools1 #ag ,batt]ies1 fir+1 #fb ,be*e1 #ba ,bi*romate fir+ batt]y1 #fb ,bits1 bor]1 #ca ,bla/+ ge>1 sets (1 #bb ---- /icks1 #ea ---- subaque\s1 #afd ,bor]-bits1 #ca ,bor+ "u wat]1 #agj ---- ! %ot-holes1 #abh1 #adb ,bornh>dt's fir+ ma*9e1 #eg ,bra9's p[d]1 #aje ,bull1 #bj ,cables1 #ec ,cellulose dynamite1 #aje ,*>g+ & fir+1 #aej ---- ! %ot-holes1 #acb ,*emical comp\nds1 #ha ,clay+ iron1 #bj ,conditions ( disruption1 #aaj ,connect+ wires1 #eb ,cotton p[d]1 #ajc ,d>l+ton drill1 #bf ,detonation1 #ie ,detonators1 #ed ,dislodg$ rock1 removal (1 #aed ,disruption1 conditions (1 #aaj ---- =ce requir$ to cause1 #ajg ,division ( lab\r1 #aee ,drills1 dim5sion (1 #f ---- =m (1 #d ---- h&1 #a ---- h>d5+ & temp]+1 #aj ---- mak+ & %>p5+1 #g ---- sets (1 #ac ,driv+s1 examples (1 #aeg ,dubois-,franois c>riage1 #ci ,dynamite1 #ajj ---- composition (1 #hg ,electrical fir+1 advantage (1 #aec ,electric fuses1 #dg ---- t5sion fuse1 #ej ,example ( a head+1 #aae ,examples ( driv+s1 #aeg ,explosion1 =ce develop$ by1 #gb ---- heat lib]at$ by1 #fg ---- gases g5]at$ by1 #fi ---- nature (1 #fd ,explosive ag5ts1 nature (1 #gf ,fir+ batt]ies1 #fb ---- bla/+ *>ges1 appliances =1 #db ---- by electricity1 #ach ---- ma*9es1 #ee ---- ma*9e1 ,bornh>dt's1 #eg ---- ---- induction coil1 #fa ---- ---- ,m[bray's1 #ei ---- ---- ,siem5s'1 #fj ---- ---- ,smi?'s1 #eh ---- po9ts ( ! common explosive ag5ts1 #ajb ---- table = frictional electric ma*9e1 #adj ---- ! *>ges1 #acg ,=ce develop$ by an explosion1 #gb ---- develop$ by gunp[d]1 #hh ---- requir$ to cause disruption1 #ajg ,fuse1 safety1 #de ,fuses1 electric1 #dg ,gases g5]at$ by an explosion1 #fi ,gun-cotton1 #ii ---- con/itution (1 #ha ,gunp[d]1 #ig ---- composition (1 #hj ---- =ce develop$ by1 #hh ,hamm]s1 #ad ---- patt]ns (1 #ae ,h& bor+1 #abh ,head+1 example (1 #aae ,heat1 action (1 9 fir+1 #ib ---- lib]at$ by an explosion1 #fg ---- measure (1 #ff ---- specific1 #ff ,hoosac ,tunnel1 #aeh ,induction fir+ coils1 #fa ,jo9t & b$d+ planes1 #aah ,jump]1 #c ,lab\r1 division (1 #aee ,l9e ( lea/ resi/ance1 #ajf ,li?(racteur1 #ajd ,ma*9e bor+1 #adb ---- rock-drills1 #bc ,ma*9es1 fir+1 #ee ,means ( fir+ ! common explosive ag5ts1 #ib ,measure ( heat1 #ff ,me*anical mixture1 #gf ,m[bray's fir+ ma*9e1 #ei ,musconetcong ,tunnel1 #aei ,nature ( an explosion1 #fd ,nitrat$ gun-cotton1 #ajc ,nitro-glyc]9e1 con/itution (1 #hf ,ob/ructions 9 wat]-c\rses1 #agh ,op]ations ( rock bla/+1 #abh ,prep>ation ( subaque\s *>ges1 #afd ,pr9ciples ( bla/+1 #ajf ,ramm]1 #bj ,relative /r5g? ( gunp[d]1 gun-cotton1 & dynamite1 #ia ---- ---- ( ! common explosive ag5ts1 #hh ,remov+ dislodg$ rock1 #aed ,rock-drill supports1 #cd ,safety ,fuse1 #de ,/4 ,go?>d ,tunnel1 #aeg ,s*ultze's p[d]1 #ajd ,scrap]1 #ah ,%ot-holes1 bor+1 #abh1 #adb ---- *>g+1 #acb ,siem5s' fir+ ma*9e1 #fj ,silv]t[n fir+ batt]y1 #fb ,sl$ges1 #ad ---- ,nor? ( ,engl&1 #ag ---- ,nor? ,wales1 #ag ---- ,s\? ,wales1 #af ,smi?'s fir+ ma*9e1 #eh ,"s prop]ties ( ! common explosive ag5ts1 #ig ,"s v>ieties ( ! nitro-cellulose & ! nitro-glyc]9e comp\nds1 #ajc ,squibs1 #dd ,/eel1 h>d5+ & temp]+1 #i ,/emm]1 #bj ,/icks1 bla/+1 #ea ,/ret*] b>1 #cg ,subaque\s bla/+1 #afd ---- *>ges1 prep>ation (1 #afd ,subm>9e rocks1 removal (1 #agc ,swab-/ick1 #ai ,tamp+1 #aba ,tonite1 #ajc ,wat]1 bor+ "u1 #agj ,wat]-c\rses1 ob/ructions 91 #agh ,wat]pro(+ composition1 #afe ,weight ( explosive 9 bore-hole1 table (1 #aji ,wires1 connect+1 #eb ,,london3 ,,pr9t$ ,,by ,,wm4 ,,cl[es ,,& ,,sons1 ,,/am=d ,,/reet ,,& ,,*>+ ,,cross4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,i4 ,,set ,,( ,,coal ,,bla/+ ,,ge>4 ,fig4 #a4 ,fig4 #b4 ,fig4 #d4 ,fig4 #e4 ,fig4 #c4 ,e ,f4 ,n4 ,spon4 ,london ,new ,york4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,ii4 ,,set ,,( ,,s+le ,,h& ,,/one ,,bla/+ ,,ge>4 ,fig4 #f4 ,fig4 #g4 ,fig4 #h4 ,fig4 #i4 ,fig4 #aj4 ,fig4 #aa4 ,e ,f4 ,n4 ,spon4 ,london ,new ,york4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,iii4 ,,set ,,( ,,d\ble ,,h& ,,/one ,,break+ ,,ge>4 ,fig4 #ab4 ,fig4 #ae4 ,fig4 #ac4 ,fig4 #ad4 ,fig4 #af4 ,fig4 #ag4 ,fig4 #ah4 ,fig4 #ai4 ,e ,f4 ,n4 ,spon4 ,london ,new ,york4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,iv4 ,,! ,,d>l+ton ,,ma*9e ,,drill4 ,fig4 #bj4 ,fig4 #bb4 ,fig4 #ba4 ,fig4 #bc4 ,fig4 #bd4 ,fig4 #be4 ,e ,f4 ,n4 ,spon4 ,london ,new ,york4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,v4 ,,/ret*] ,,b>4 ,fig4 #bf4 ,e ,f4 ,n4 ,spon4 ,london ,new ,york4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,vi4 ,,ma*9e ,,drill ,,supports4 ,fig4 #bg4 ,fig4 #bh4 ,e ,f4 ,n4 ,spon4 ,london ,new ,york4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,vii4 ,,ma*9e ,,drill ,,support4 ,fig4 #bi4 ,e ,f4 ,n4 ,spon4 ,london ,new ,york4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,viii4 ,,dubois-,,fran,,ois ,,ma*9e ,,drill ,,c>riage4 ,fig4 #cj4 ,elevation4 ,fig4 #ca4 ,plan4 ,fig4 #cb4 ,rais+ & l[]+ ,screw4 ,fig4 #cc4 ,back support = ! ,drill4 ,e ,f4 ,n4 ,spon4 ,london ,new ,york4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,ix4 ,s,t4 ,,go?>d ,,tunnel4 ,gs*55 ,end4 ,airolo ,end4 ,e ,f4 ,n4 ,spon4 ,london ,new ,york4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,x4 ,,examples ,,( ,,head+s4 ,head+1 ,m>ihaye4 ,head+1 ,anz94 ,head+1 ,ron*amp4 ,,hoosac ,,tunnel--,we/ ,end4 ,e ,f4 ,n4 ,spon4 ,london ,new ,york4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,xi4 ,,hoosac ,,tunnel4 ,c5tre ,cut4 ,side ,cuts4 ,squ>+ ! ,head+4 ,e ,f4 ,n4 ,spon4 ,london ,new ,york4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,xii4 ,,musconetcong ,,tunnel4 ,! ,head+2 ,plan4 ,! ,b5*4 ,sectional ,elevation4 ,! ,b5*1 ,plan4 ,! ,head+1 ,elevation4 ,e ,f4 ,n4 ,spon4 ,london ,new ,york4 ,transcrib]' ,notes ,inconsi/5t & unusual spell+1 hyph5ation1 use ( acc5ts & lay-out h be5 reta9$1 except z m5tion$ bel[4 ,!re are two sets ( numb]$ illu/rations3 numb]$ illu/rations 9 ! text1 & numb]$ illu/rations 9 ! plates 9 ! back ( ! book4 ,calculations & tables h be5 copi$ v]batim al?\gh "s conta9 calculation errors4 ,"s ref]5ce lett]s 9 ! text are miss+ f ! illu/rations4 ,*anges made3 ,tables & illu/rations h be5 mov$ to betwe5 p>agraphs4 ,"s m9or typographic errors h be5 correct$ & "s miss+ punctuation has be5 add$ sil5tly4 ,page #dj3 plate ,v *ang$ to plate ,v4 ,page #aji3 ,curtiss' & ,h>vey's *ang$ to ,curtis's & ,h>vey's4 ,page #aff3 ,curtis's & ,h>vey *ang$ to ,curtis's & ,h>vey's4