,,! ,,gall]y ,,( ,,portraits3 ,,) ,,memoirs4 ,,vol4 ,i4 ,,committee4 ,*airman--,! ,"r ,hon4 ! ,,"l ,,*ancellor4 ,vice-,*airman--,! ,"r ,hon4 ,,"l ,,john ,,russel1 ,m4,p41 ,payma/] ,g5]al4 ,treasur]--,,william ,,tooke1 ,esq41 ,m4,p41 ,f4,r4,s4 ,w4 ,all51 ,esq41 ,f4,r & ,r4,a4,s4 ,rt4 ,hon4 ,visc4 ,al?orp1 ,m4,p4 ,*ancellor ( ! ,ex*equ]4 ,rt4 ,hon4 ,"l ,auckl&1 ,presid5t ( ! ,bo>d ( ,trade4 ,w4 ,b4 ,b>+1 ,esq41 ,m4,p4 ,capt4 ,f4 ,beau=t1 ,r4,n41 ,f4,r4 & ,r4,a4,s41 ,hydrograph] to ! ,admiralty4 ,sir ,c4 ,bell1 ,f4,r4,s4,l & ,e4 ,john ,bo/ock1 ,m4,d41 ,f4,r4,s4 ,! ,rt4 ,rev4 ! ,bi%op ( ,*i*e/]4 ,william ,c\lson1 ,esq4 ,r4 ,d4 ,craig1 ,esq4 ,wm4 ,craw=d1 ,esq4 ,j4 ,fr$]ick ,daniell1 ,esq41 ,f4,r4,s4 ,rt4 ,hon4 ,"l ,dov]1 ,f4,r4,s41 ,f4,s4,a4 ,lieut4 ,drummond1 ,r4,e41 ,f4,r4,a4,s4 ,visc\nt ,ebr+ton1 ,m4,p4 ,t4 ,f4 ,ellis1 ,esq41 ,m4,a41 ,f4,r4,a4,s4 ,john ,elliotson1 ,m4,d41 ,f4,r4,s4 ,h[>d ,elph9/one1 ,esq41 ,m4,a4 ,?omas ,falcon]1 ,esq4 ,i4 ,l4 ,goldsmid1 ,esq41 ,f4,r4 & ,r4,a4,s4 ,b4 ,gomp]tz1 ,esq41 ,f4,r4 & ,r4,a4,s4 ,g4 ,b4 ,gre5\gh1 ,esq41 ,f4,r4 & ,l4,s4 ,h4 ,hallam1 ,esq41 ,f4,r4,s41 ,m4,a4 ,m4 ,d4 ,hill1 ,esq41 ,m4,p4 ,r[l& ,hill1 ,esq41 ,f4,r4,a4,s4 ,edw9 ,hill1 ,esq4 ,rt4 ,hon4 ,sir ,j4 ,c4 ,hobh\se1 ,b>t4 ,m4,p41 ,secret>y at ,w>4 ,david ,j>d9e1 ,esq41 ,m4,a4 ,! ,rt4 ,hon4 ! ,"l ,*ief ,ju/ice ( ,engl&4 ,h5ry ,b4 ,k]1 ,esq4 ,?4 ,hewitt ,key1 ,esq41 ,m4,a4 ,george ,c4 ,lewis1 ,esq41 ,m4,a4 ,edw>d ,lloyd1 ,esq41 ,m4,a4 ,james ,lo*1 ,esq41 ,m4,p41 ,f4,g4,s4 ,george ,long1 ,esq41 ,m4,a4 ,j4 ,w4 ,lubbock1 ,esq41 ,f4,r41 ,r4,a4 & ,l4,s4,s4 ,za*>y ,macaulay1 ,esq4 ,h4 ,mald51 ,esq41 ,m4,a4 ,sir ,b4 ,h4 ,malk91 ,m4,a4 ,a4 ,t4 ,malk91 ,esq41 ,m4,a4 ,james ,mann+1 ,esq4 ,j4 ,h]man ,m]ivale1 ,esq41 ,f4,a4,s4 ,james ,mill1 ,esq4 ,w4 ,h4 ,ord1 ,esq41 ,m4,p4 ,rt4 ,hon4 ,sir ,h4 ,p>nell1 ,bt4 ,m4,p4 ,rt4 ,hon4 ,t4 ,s4 ,rice1 ,m4,p41 ,f4,a4,s41 ,secret>y to ! ,treasury4 ,dr4 ,roget1 ,sec4 ,r4,s41 ,f4,r4,a4,s4 ,sir ,m4 ,a4 ,%ee1 ,p4,r4,a41 ,f4,r4,s4 ,rev4 ,ri*>d ,%eep%anks1 ,m4,a4 ,j4 ,smi?1 ,esq41 ,m ,p4 ,wm4 ,/ur*1 ,esq4 ,dr4 ,a4 ,t4 ,?omson1 ,f4,l4,s4 ,n4 ,a4 ,vigors1 ,esq41 ,m4,p41 ,f4,r4,s4 ,john ,w>d1 ,esq4 ,h4 ,waym\?1 ,esq4 ,j4 ,:i%aw1 ,esq41 ,m4,a41 ,f4,r4,s4 ,john ,wrottesley1 ,esq41 ,m4,a41 ,sec4 ,r4,a4,s4 ,,local ,,committees4 ,anglesea--,rev4 ,e4 ,williams4 ,rev4 ,w4 ,johnson4 ,mr4 ,mill]4 ,a%burton--,j4 ,f4 ,k+/on1 ,esq4 ,bil/on--,rev4 ,w4 ,leigh4 ,birm+ham--,rev]5d ,j4 ,corrie1 ,f4,r4,s4 ,*airman4 ,paul ,moon ,james1 ,esq41 ,treasur]4 ,jos4 ,p>kes1 ,esq4 ,w4 ,r$f]n1 ,esq4 ,honor>y ,secs4 ,bonn--,leon>d ,horn]1 ,esq41 ,f4,r4,s4,l4 ,e4 ,bri/ol--,j4 ,n4 ,s&]s1 ,esq41 ,*airman4 ,j4 ,reynolds1 ,esq41 ,treasur]4 ,j4 ,b4 ,e/l91 ,esq41 ,f4,l4,s41 ,secret>y4 ,bury ,/4 ,edmunds--,b4 ,bevan1 ,esq4 ,cambridge--,rev4 ,james ,b[/ead1 ,m4,a4 ,rev4 ,pr(4 ,h5sl[1 ,m4,a41 ,f4,l4,s4 ,g4,s4 ,rev4 ,leon>d ,j5yns1 ,m4,a41 ,f4,l4,s4 ,rev4 ,john ,lodge1 ,m4,a4 ,rev4 ,geo4 ,peacock1 ,m4,a4 ,f4,r4,s4 ,g4,s4 ,rev4 ,pr(4 ,s$gwick ,m4,a41 ,f4,r4,s4 ,g4,s4 ,pr(essor ,smy?1 ,m4,a4 ,rev4 ,c4 ,?irlwall1 ,m4,a4 ,b4 ,w4 ,ro?man1 ,esq41 ,m4,a41 ,f4,r4,a4,s4 & ,g4,s4 ,rev4 ,george ,wadd+ton4 ,cant]bury--,alex&] ,b4 ,higg9s4 ,esq4 ,canton--,j4 ,f4 ,davis1 ,esq41 ,f4,r4,s4 ,c>n>von--,r4 ,a4 ,poole1 ,esq4 ,william ,rob]ts1 ,esq4 ,*e/]--,hayes ,lyon1 ,esq4 ,dr4 ,cumm+4 ,dr4 ,jones4 ,h5ry ,potts1 ,esq4 ,dr4 ,?ack]y4 ,rev4 ,mr4 ,?orp4 ---- ,w>dell1 ,esq4 ---- ,w$ge1 ,esq4 ,*i*e/]--,dr4 ,=bes1 ,f4,r4,s41 ,dr4 ,s&51 & ,c4 ,c4 ,d5dy1 ,esq4 ,cov5try--,ar?ur ,gregory4 ,d5bigh--,john ,maddocks1 ,esq4 ,?omas ,evans1 ,esq4 ,d]by--,joseph ,/rutt1 ,esq4 ,devonport--,lt4 ,col ,j4 ,hamilton ,smi?1 ,f4,r4 & ,l4,s4 ,john ,coles1 ,esq4 ,etruria--,jos4 ,w$gwood1 ,esq4 ,exet]--,rev4 ,j4 ,p4 ,jones4 ,j4 ,tyrrell1 ,esq4 ,glasg[--,k4 ,f9lay1 ,esq4 ,d4 ,bannatyne1 ,esq4 ,rt4 ,grahame1 ,esq4 ,pr(essor ,mylne4 ,alex&] ,mc,grigor1 ,esq4 ,mr4 ,t4 ,atk9son1 ,honor>y ,secret>y4 ,glamorgan%ire--,dr4 ,malk91 ,c[bridge4 ,rev4 ,b4 ,r1 ,paul1 ,lantwit4 ,w4 ,williams1 ,esq4 ,ab]p]gwm4 ,holywell--,! ,rev4 ,j4 ,blackwall4 ,keighley1 ,york%ire--,rev4 ,t4 ,dury1 ,m4,a4 ,launce/on--,rev4 ,j4 ,b>fitt4 ,leam+ton ,spa--,dr4 ,l\don1 ,m4,d4 ,le$s--,j4 ,m>%all1 ,esq4 ,b5jam9 ,gott1 ,esq4 ,j4 ,m>%all1 ,jun41 ,esq4 ,lewes--,j4 ,w4 ,woollg>1 ,esq4 ,liv]pool ,local ,association--,dr4 ,traill1 ,*airman4 ,j4 ,mull5eux1 ,esq41 ,treasur]4 ,rev4 ,w4 ,%ep]d4 ,j4 ,a%ton ,yates1 ,esq4 ,ludl[--,t4 ,a4 ,knight1 ,esq41 ,p4,h4,s4 ,maid5head--,r4 ,goold51 ,esq41 ,f4,l4,s4 ,man*e/] ,local ,association--,g4 ,w4 ,wood1 ,esq41 ,m4,p41 ,*airman4 ,b5jam9 ,heywood1 ,esq41 ,treasur]4 ,t4 ,w4 ,w9/anley1 ,esq41 ,hon4 ,sec4 ,sir ,g4 ,philips1 ,b>t41 ,m4,p4 ,monm\?--,j4 ,h4 ,moggridge1 ,esq4 ,nea?--,john ,r[l&1 ,esq4 ,newca/le--,james ,lo%1 ,esq4 ,rev4 ,w4 ,turn]4 ,newport--,ab4 ,cl>ke1 ,esq4 ,t4 ,cooke1 ,jun41 ,esq4 ,r4 ,g4 ,kirkpatrick1 ,esq4 ,newport ,pagnell--,j4 ,mill>1 ,esq4 ,newton1 ,montgom]y%ire--,w4 ,pugh1 ,esq4 ,norwi*--,rt4 ,hon4 ,"l ,suffield4 ,ri*>d ,bacon1 ,esq4 ,plym\?--,george ,h>vey1 ,esq41 ,f4,r4,s4 ,rippon--,rev4 ,h4 ,p4 ,hamilton1 ,m4,a41 ,f4,r4,s4 & ,g4,s4 ,rev4 ,p4 ,ew>t1 ,m4,a4 ,ru!n--,rev4 ! ,w>d5 (4 ,humphreys ,jones1 ,esq4 ,%effield--,j4 ,h4 ,abraham1 ,esq4 ,%rewsbury--,r4 ,a4 ,slaney1 ,esq41 ,m4,p4 ,s\? ,pe!rton--,john ,ni*oletts1 ,esq4 ,/4 ,asaph--,rev4 ,george ,/rong4 ,/ockport--,h4 ,m>sl&1 ,esq41 ,treasur]4 ,h5ry ,coppock1 ,esq41 ,secret>y4 ,tavi/ock--,rev4 ,w4 ,evans4 ,john ,rundle1 ,esq4 ,w>wick--,dr4 ,conolly4 ,! ,rev4 ,william ,field1 7,leam+ton74 ,wat]=d--,sir ,john ,newport4 ,b>t41 ,m4,p4 ,wolv]hampton--,j4 ,pe>son1 ,esq4 ,worce/]--,dr4 ,corbett1 ,m4,d4 ,dr4 ,ha/+s4 ,m4,d4 ,c4 ,h4 ,hebb1 ,esq4 ,wrexham--,?omas ,edgwor?1 ,esq4 ,j4 ,e4 ,b[man1 ,esq41 ,f4,l4,s41 ,treasur]4 ,major ,william ,lloyd4 ,y>m\?--,c4 ,e4 ,rumbold1 ,esq41 ,m4,p4 ,dawson ,turn]1 ,esq4 ,york--,rev4 ,j4 ,k5rick1 ,m4,a4 ,john ,wood1 ,esq41 ,m4,p4 ,,?omas ,,coates1 ,secret>y1 ,no4 #ei1 ,l9coln's ,inn ,fields4 ,pr9t$ by ,,william ,,cl[es1 ,/am=d ,/reet4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,"u ,,! ,,sup]9t5d5ce ,,( ,,! ,,society ,,= ,,! ,,diffusion ,,( ,,useful ,,k4 ,,! ,,gall]y ,,( ,,portraits3 ,,) ,,memoirs4 ,,volume ,i4 ,,london3 ,,*>les ,,knight1 ,,pall-,,mall ,,ea/4 #ahcc4 ,,price ,,"o ,,gu9ea1 ,,b\nd ,,9 ,,clo?4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,portraits ,,& ,,biographies ,,conta9$ ,,9 ,,?is ,,volume4 ,page4 #a4 ,dante #a #b4 ,sir ,h4 ,davy #aa #c4 ,kosciusko #ba #d4 ,flaxman #bg #e4 ,cop]nicus #cd #f4 ,milton #dc #g4 ,jas4 ,watt #ee #h4 ,tur5ne #fc #i4 ,hon4 ,r4 ,boyle #gb #aj4 ,sir ,i4 ,newton #gi #aa4 ,mi*ael ,angelo #hi #ab4 ,moli]e #ie #ac4 ,c4 ,j4 ,fox #ajc #ad4 ,bossuet #aac #ae4 ,lor5zo de ,m$ici #abb #af4 ,geo4 ,bu*anan #abi #ag4 ,fnlon #acg #ah4 ,sir ,c4 ,wr5 #add #ai4 ,corneille #aec #bj4 ,halley #afa #ba4 ,sully #afi #bb4 ,n4 ,p\ss9 #agg #bc4 ,h>vey #ahe #bd4 ,sir ,j4 ,banks #aic ,,london3 ,,pr9t$ ,,by ,w4 ,,cl[es ,/am=d ,/reet4 ,illu/ration3 ,engrav$ by ,c4 ,e4 ,wag/aff4 ,,dante ,,alighi]i4 ,f a ,pr9t by ,raffaelle ,morgh51 aft] a ,picture by ,t(anelli4 ,"u ! ,sup]9t5dance ( ! ,society = ! ,diffusion ( ,useful ,k4 ,london4 ,publi%$ by ,*>les ,knight1 ,pall ,mall ,ea/4 ,,gall]y ,,( ,,portraits4 ,illu/ration ,,dante ,:ile ! m nor!rn nations ( mod]n ,europe began to cultivate a national & peculi> lit]ature 9 _! v]nacul> tongues1 in/ead ( us+ ,lat9 z ! only vehicle ( writt5 ?\ght1 x 0 "s "t be=e ! popul> language ( ,italy receiv$ t att5tion :i* might h be5 expect$ f ! preval5ce ( free in/itutions1 & ! con/ant int]c\rse betwe5 neighb\r+ /ates speak+ 9 simil> dialects4 ,at la/ ! example ( o!r c\ntries prevail$1 & a native poetry sprung up 9 ,italy4 ,if x be all[able to comp>e ! progress ( ! national m9d to ! /ages ( life1 ! ,italian ,muse may be said to h be5 born 9 ,sicily ) ,ciullo d',alcamo 9 #aaij2 to h rea*$ *ildhood 9 ,lomb>dy ) ,guido ,gu9icelli1 ab\t #abbj2 & to h atta9$ y\? 9 ,tuscany ) ,guido ,cavalcanti1 ab\t #abhj4 ,b %e sudd5ly />t$ into p]fect maturity :5 ,dante appe>$1 surpass+ all 8 pr$ecessors 9 lyrical composition1 & a/\nd+ ! _w ) t mighty monum5t ( ,*ri/ian poetry1 :i* aft] five c5turies ( progressive civilization /ill /&s sublime z "o ( ! mo/ magnific5t productions ( g5ius4 ,dante ,alighi]i1 ! true f\nd] ( ,italian lit]ature1 0 born at ,flor5ce ,a4,d4 #abfe1 ( a family ( "s note4 ,! "n ( ,dante1 by :i* he is g5]ally kn[n1 (t5 mi/ak5 = t ( 8 family1 is a m]e contraction ( 8 ,*ri/ian "n ,durante4 ,yet an infant :5 8 fa!r di$1 t heavy loss 0 light5$ by ! judici\s solicitude ) :i* 8 "m sup]9t5d$ 8 education4 ,%e intru/$ him to ! c>e ( ,brunetto ,lat9i1 a man ( great repute z a poet z well z a philosoph]2 & he soon made s rapid a progress1 bo? 9 sci5ce & lit]ature1 z might ju/ify ! mo/ sangu9e hopes ( 8 future em95ce4 ,e>ly z he develop$ ! extraord9>y p[]s ( 8 und]/&+1 he 0 n less precoci\s 9 ev9c+ t susceptibility to deep & t5d] impressions1 to :i* he aft]w>ds ow$ 8 sublime/ inspirations4 ,b 8 passion 0 ( a v my/]i\s "*4 ,x arose 9 8 boyhood1 = a girl 8/ill 9 h] infancy10 & x nev] ceas$1 or lo/ its int5sity1 ?\gh %e di$ 9 ! fl[] ( h] age1 & he surviv$ h] m ?an ?irty ye>s4 ,:e!r he 0 enam\r$ ( a human be+1 or ( a creature ( 8 own imag9ation1--"o ( ^? phantoms ( heav5ly beauty & virtue s common to ! dreams & rev]ies ( y\?1--x is extremely difficult to asc]ta94 ,"s ( 8 biograph]s are ( op9ion t ! lady :om he has celebrat$ 9 8 works "u ! "n ( ,bice1 or ,beatrice1 0 ! daught] ( ,folco ,port9>i1 a noble ,flor5t9e2 :ile o!rs cont5d t %e is m]ely a p]sonification ( wisdom or moral philosophy4 ,b ,dante's own acc\nt ( 8 love is giv5 9 t]ms (t5 s enigmatical & app>5tly contradictory1 t x is almo/ impossible to make !m agree p]fectly ) ei!r ( ^! suppositions4 ,:atev] its object1 8 affection seems to h be5 mo/ *a/e & spiritual 9 its nature4 ,in/ead ( ali5at+ him f lit]>y pursuits1 x increas$ 8 ?ir/ aft] k1 & ennobl$ & purifi$ 8 feel+s4 ,) ! aid ( ?is p[]ful inc5tive1 he soon di/+ui%$ himself above ! y\? ( 8 native city1 n only by 8 acquirem5ts1 b also by elegance ( mann]s1 & am5ity ( temp]4 ,?us occupi$ by 8 /udies1 ref9$ & exalt$ by 8 love1 & *]i%$ by 8 c\ntrym51 ! morn+ ( 8 life 0 sunn$ by ! uncl\d$ smiles ( =tune1 z if to r5d] d>k] by ! contra/ ! long & gloomy ev5+ :i* await$ him4 ,8 pilgrimage on e>? 0 ca/ 9 "o ( ! mo/ /ormy p]iods record$ 9 hi/ory4 ,! ,*ur* & ! ,empire _h be5 long engag$ 9 a sc&al\s conte/1 & _h (t5 involv$ a great "p ( ,europe 9 _! qu>rels4 ,italy 0 especially di/ract$ by two cont5d+ p>ties1 ! ,guelfs1 :o adh]$ to ! ,pope1 & ! ,ghibel9es1 :o esp\s$ ! cause ( ! ,emp]or4 ,9 ! ye> #abff1 aft] a long alt]nation ( ru9\s rev]ses & f]oci\s triumphs1 ! ,guelfs ( ,flor5ce drove ! ,ghibel9es out ( _! city1 & at la/ p]man5tly e/abli%$ !mselves 9 p[]4 ,! family ( ,dante belong$ to ! victori\s p>ty2 & :ile he rema9$ 9 ,flor5ce1 x w\ld h be5 dang]\s1 p]haps impossible1 to avoid m+l+ 9 ^! civil broils4 ,he accord+ly w5t out aga9/ ! ,ghibel9es ( ,arezzo 9 #abhi2 & 9 ! foll[+ ye> aga9/ ^? ( ,pisa4 ,9 ! =m] campaign he took "p 9 ! battle ( ,campald9o1 9 :i*1 aft] a long & d\btful conflict1 ! ,aret9es 7 completely defeat$4 ,on t memorable day he f\ght valiantly 9 ! front l9e ( ! ,guelf cavalry1 manife/+ ! same en]gy 9 w>f>e1 :i* he _h display$ 9 8 /udies & 9 8 love4 ,b soon aft] ! tumults ( ! camp _h int]f]$ ) ! calm ( 8 private & m$itative life1 8 ador$ ,beatrice1 :e!r an e>?ly mi/ress1 or an ab/raction ( 8 moral & lit]>y /udies1 0 torn f him4 ,?is loss1 :i* 9 8 writ+s he nev] ceases to lam5t1 r$uc$ him to extreme despond5cy4 ,nev]!less 9 #abia1 b a few mon?s aft] x1 he m>ri$ a lady ( ! noble family ( ! ,donati1 by :om he _h num]\s (fspr+2 a circum/ance :i* w\ld indicate a /range inconsi/5cy ( "*1 _h 8 he>t be5 really preoccupi$ by ano!r love4 ,?is connexion ) "o ( ! fir/ families ( ! republic may h smoo!d 8 way to civic em95ce2 b if ,boccaccio1 usually a sl&]] ( ! fair sex1 be cr$it$1 ! lady's temp] prov$ unfav\rable to dome/ic com=t4 ,he n[ entirely devot$ himself to ! bus9ess ( gov]nm5t1 & atta9$ su* reputation z a /atesman1 t h>dly any transaction ( importance took place )\t 8 advice4 ,x has ev5 be5 ass]t$ t he 0 employ$ 9 no less ?an f\rte5 embassies to =eign c\rts4 ,!re may be "s exagg]ation 9 ?is /atem5t2 b x is c]ta9 t 9 #acjj1 at ! e>ly age ( five & ?irty1 he 0 elect$ "o ( ! ,priors1 or *ief magi/rates ( ! republic2 a m>k ( popul> fav\r :i* end$ 9 8 total ru94 ,ab\t ?is "t1 ! ,guelfs ( ,flor5ce split into two new divisions call$ ,bian*i & ,n]i 7:ites & blacks71 f ! d5om9ations ( two factions :i* _h orig9at$ at ,pi/oja1 9 consequ5ce ( a dispute betwe5 two bran*es ( ! ,cancelli]i family4 ,! ,bian*i 7 *iefly citiz5s rec5tly ris5 to importance1 :o1 hav+ receiv$ no p]sonal injury f ! ,ghibel9es1 7 dispos$ to treat !m ) mod]ation2 :ile ! ,n]i consi/$ almo/ entirely ( anci5t nobles1 :o1 hav+ =m]ly be5 ! lead]s ( ! ,guelfs1 /ill reta9$ a furi\s animosity aga9/ ! ,ghibel9es4 ,all endeav\rs to br+ !m to a reconciliation prov$ useless3 !y soon pass$ f ranc\r to contumely1 & f contumely to op5 viol5ce4 ,! city 0 n[ 9 ! utmo/ confusion1 & 0 v ne> be+ turn$ into a sc5e ( w> & c>nage1 :5 ! ,priors1 h>dly kn[+ :at c\rse to pursue1 invok$ ! advice ( ,dante4 ,8 situation 0 mo/ p]plex+ & critical4 ,! relations ( 8 wife 7 at ! head ( ! ,n]i2 :ile ,guido ,cavalcante1 8 de>e/ fri5d on e>?1 0 "o ( ! =emo/ lead]s ( ! ,bian*i4 ,nev]!less1 sil5c+ all ! claims ( private affection = ! good ( 8 c\ntry1 he propos$ to bani% ! pr9cipal agitators ( bo? p>ties4 ,by ! adoption ( ?is measure1 public tranquillity 0 = a "t re/or$4 ,b ,pope ,boniface ,,viii4 c\ld n suff] indep5d5t citiz5s to gov]n ! republic4 ,he s5t ,*>les de ,valois to ,flor5ce "u col\r ( pacify+ ! cont5d+ p>ties1 b 9 tru? to re-e/abli% 9 p[] ! m5 mo/ bl9dly devot$ to 8 own int]e/s4 ,! ,fr5* pr9ce1 aft] hav+ made ! mo/ solemn promises to ! ,flor5t9e gov]nm5t1 t he w\ld act ) rigor\s imp>tiality & adopt only conciliatory measures1 obta9$ admission into ! city1 at ! beg9n+ ( ,novemb]1 #acja4 ,mak+ no acc\nt ( ! engagem5ts he _h ent]$ into1 he n[ p]mitt$ ! ,n]i to p]petrate ! mo/ atroci\s outrages on ! families ( _! oppon5ts1 & to close ?is sc5e ( horror by pron\nc+ s5t5ce ( exile & confiscation ^u six hundr$ ( ! mo/ illu/ri\s citiz5s4 ,dante 0 among ! victims4 ,he _h made himself obnoxi\s1 bo? to ! ,n]i1 :om he _h caus$ to be bani%$1 & to ,*>les de ,valois1 ^: intrusion 9 ! int]nal affairs ( ! commonweal? he _h firmly oppos$ 9 c\ncil4 ,accord+ly1 8 h\se 0 pillag$ & raz$1 8 prop]ty confiscat$1 & 8 life sav$ only by 8 abs5ce at ,rome1 :i!r he _h be5 s5t = ! purpose ( propitiat+ ! ,pope4 ,highly disgu/$ at ! trea*]\s conduct ( ,boniface1 :o _h be5 delud+ him all ! :ile ) va9 hopes & honey$ words1 he sudd5ly left ,rome1 & ha/5$ to ,si5a4 ,on 8 arrival he he>d t he _h be5 *>g$ ) embezzl+ ! public money1 & condemn$ to be burn$1 if he %\ld fall into ! h&s ( 8 enemies4 ,8 indignation n[ rea*$ its height2 & 9 despair ( ev] be+ re/or$ to 8 native city except by arms1 he repair$ to ,arezzo1 & unit$ 8 ex]tions to ^? ( ! o!r ,bian*i1 :o1 mak+ common cause ) ! ,ghibel9es1 =m$ !mselves into an army ) ! object ( ent]+ ,flor5ce by =ce4 ,b _! hopes 7 disappo9t$2 & aft] f\r ye>s ( abortive attempts !y disp]s$1 ea* 9 pursuit ( 8 own =tune4 ,! noble1 opul5t citiz51 ! /atesman & m9i/]1 ! pr(\nd philosoph]1 accu/om$ 9 all & ea* ( ^! *>act]s to ! respectful homage ( 8 c\ntrym51 0 n[1 to use 8 own words1 8driv5 ab\t by ! cold w9d t spr+s out ( sad pov]ty10 & compell$ 8to ta/e h[ bitt] is ano!r's bread1 h[ h>d x is to m\nt & to desc5d ano!r's /airs40 ,b ! *ange f afflu5ce to want 0 n ! wor/ evil t await$ ! high-m9d$ patriot 9 bani%m5t4 ,= ?is he f\nd comp5sation 9 ! consci\sness ( hav+ done 8 duty to 8 c\ntry4 ,b he suff]$ mu* m f be+ mix$1 & sometimes ev5 conf\nd$1 ) o!r exiles1 ^: p]v]se actions t5d$ to disgrace ! cause = :i* he _h sacrific$ all 8 private affections & int]e/s4 ,8 mis]y 0 c>ri$ to ! utmo/ by a cont9ual /ruggle betwe5 8 nice s5se ( hon\r & ! pressure ( want2 by an excessive fe> t 8 int5tions might be misund]/ood1 & a con/ant read9ess to mi/ake ^? ( o!rs4 ,?is morbid feel+ he has pa!tically express$ 9 sev]al passages1 :i* c sc>ce be read )\t pr(\nd emotion4 ,9 ?is m5tal torture he w&]$ ?r\gh\t ,italy1 f t[n to t[n1 & f ! palace ( "o ( 8 b5efactors to t ( ano!r1 )\t ev] f9d+ a re/+ place = 8 w\nd$ _s4 ,he /oop$ 9 va9 to address lett]s ( supplication to ! ,flor5t9es2 ! ranc\r ( 8 enemies 0 n to be s(t5$ by pray]s4 ,mean:ile ! hopes ( ! ,ghibel9es 7 aga9 rais$1 :5 ,h5ry ,,vii41 :o _h be5 elect$ ,emp]or 9 #acjh1 ent]$ ,italy to rega9 ! rights ( sov]eignty :i* 8 pr$ecessors _h lo/4 ,elat$ by ! bett] prospects :i* appe>$ to op51 ,dante became a /r5u\s advocate ( ! imp]ial cause4 ,he compos$ a treatise on mon>*y1 9 :i* he ass]t$ ! rights ( ! empire aga9/ ! encroa*m5ts ( ! ,c\rt ( ,rome3 he wrote a circul> bo? to ! ,k+s & ,pr9ces ( ,italy1 & to ! ,s5ators ( ,rome1 admoni%+ !m to give an hon\rable reception to _! ,sov]eign2 & he s5t a hortatory epi/le to ! ,emp]or himself1 urg+ him to turn 8 arms aga9/ ,flor5ce1 & to visit t refractory city ) sev]e puni%m5t4 ,h5ry did accord+ly lay siege to ,flor5ce 9 ,septemb]1 #acab1 b )\t success2 & ! hopes ( ! ,ghibel9es 7 f9ally ext+ui%$ 9 ! foll[+ ,augu/1 by 8 dea?1 "u /rong suspicion ( poison4 ,?us ,dante1 9 consequ5ce ( 8 rec5t conduct1 saw himself f>!r ?an ev] f re/oration to 8 belov$ ,flor5ce4 ,! un=tunate exile1 n[ r$uc$ to despair1 resum$ 8 w&]+s1 (t5 return+ to ,v]ona1 :]e ! ,scalig]i family always receiv$ him at _! c\rt ) peculi> k9dness4 ,x has be5 ass]t$ t 8 ?ir/ = k l$ him to ,p>is & ,ox=d4 ,8 j\rney to ,engl& is /ill involv$ 9 d\bt2 b x appe>s c]ta91 t he visit$ ,p>is1 :]e he is said to h acquir$ great fame1 by hold+ public disputations on sev]al que/ions ( !ology4 ,on 8 return to ,italy1 he at l5g? f\nd a p]man5t refuge at ,rav5na1 at ! c\rt ( ,guido da ,pol5ta1 ! fa!r ( t ill-fat$ ,francesca da ,rim9i1 = :om ! celebrat$ episode ( ,dante has engag$ ! sympa?y ( succe$+ ages4 ,! reception :i* he exp]i5c$ f ?is ,pr9ce1 :o 0 a patron ( le>n+ & a poet1 0 m>k$ by ! rev]5ce due to 8 "*1 no less ?an by ! k9dness excit$ by 8 mis=tunes4 ,9 ord] to employ 8 diplomatic tal5ts1 & give him ! pleas+ consci\sness ( be+ useful to 8 ho/1 ,guido s5t him z ambassador1 to negotiate a peace ) ,v5ice4 ,dante1 happy at hav+ an opportunity ( ev9c+ 8 gratitude to 8 b5efactor1 proce$$ on 8 mission ) sangu9e expectation ( success4 ,b be+ unable to obta9 a public audi5ce f ! ,v5etians1 he return$ to ,rav5na1 s ov]:elm$ ) fatigue & mortification1 t he di$ %ortly aft]w>ds1 9 ! fifty-sev5? ye> ( 8 age1 ,a4 ,d4 #acba1 receiv+ spl5did obsequies f 8 disconsolate patron1 :o himself assum$ ! (fice ( pron\nc+ a fun]al oration on ! dead body4 ,! portrait ( ,dante has be5 h&$ d[n to po/]ity1 bo? by hi/ory & ! arts4 ,he is repres5t$ z a man ( middle /ature1 ) a p5sive & melan*oly expression ( c\nt5ance4 ,8 face 0 long1 8 nose aquil9e1 8 eyes r prom95t1 b full ( fire1 8 *eek bones l>ge1 & 8 "u lip project+ beyond ! upp] "o2 8 complexion 0 d>k1 8 hair & be>d ?ick & curl$4 ,^! features 7 s m>k$1 t all 8 lik5esses1 :e!r on m$als1 or m>ble1 or canvas1 be> a /rik+ resemblance to ea* o!r4 ,boccaccio describes him z grave & s$ate 9 8 mann]s1 c\rte\s & civil 9 8 address1 & extremely temp]ate 9 8 way ( liv+2 :il/ ,villani ass]ts1 t he 0 h>%1 res]v$1 & disda9ful 9 8 deportm5t4 ,b ! latt] writ] mu/ h pa9t$ ,dante su* z he 0 9 8 exile1 :5 ! bitt] cup ( sorr[ _h *ang$ ! gravity ( 8 temp] into au/]ity4 ,he spoke seldom1 b display$ a rem>kable subtl5ess 9 8 answ]s4 ,! consci\sness ( wor? _h inspir$ him ) a noble pride :i* spurn$ vice 9 all its aspects1 & disda9$ condesc5d+ to any ?+ l flatt]y or dissimulation4 ,e>ne/ 9 /udy1 & atta*$ to solitude1 he 0 at times liable to fits ( abs5ce4 ,! te/imony ( 8 contempor>ies1 & ! /ill bett] evid5ce ( 8 own works1 prove t 8 h\rs ( seclusion 7 he$fully employ$4 ,he 0 intimately conv]sant ) sev]al languages2 ext5sively read 9 classical lit]ature1 & deeply v]s$ 9 ! /aple le>n+ ( ! age1 s*ola/ic !ology1 & ! ,ari/otelian philosophy4 ,he _h acquir$ a consid]able k ( geography1 a/ronomy1 & ma!matics2 _h made himself ?or\ghly acqua9t$ ) my?ology & hi/ory1 bo? sacr$ & pr(ane2 nor _h he neglect$ to adorn 8 m9d ) ! m elegant accompli%m5ts ( ! f9e arts4 ,! mass ( ,dante's writ+s1 consid]+ ! unfav\rable circum/ances "u :i* he lab\r$1 is almo/ z wond]ful z ! ext5t ( 8 atta9m5ts4 ,! treatise #8,de ,mon>*ia1' :i* he compos$ on ! arrival ( ,h5ry ,,vii4 9 ,italy1 is "o ( ! mo/ +5i\s productions t ev] appe>$1 9 refutation ( ! temporal pret5sions ( ! ,c\rt ( ,rome4 ,x 0 hail$ ) triumphant joy by ! ,ghibel9es1 & load$ ) vitup]ation by ! ,guelfs4 ,! succe$+ emp]or1 ,lewis ( ,bav>ia1 laid great /ress on its argum5ts z support+ 8 claims aga9/ ,john ,,xxii42 & on t acc\nt1 ! ,pope _h x burnt publicly by ! ,c>d9al du ,pujet1 8 legate 9 ,lomb>dy1 :o w\ld ev5 h dis9t]r$ & burnt ,dante's body1 & scatt]$ 8 a%es to ! w9d1 if "s influ5tial citiz5s _h n int]pos$4 ,ano!r ,lat9 "w1 #8,de ,vulg>i ,eloqu5tia1' treats ( ! orig91 hi/ory1 & use ( ! g5u9e ,italian tongue4 ,x is full ( int]e/+ & curi\s rese>*1 & is /ill class$ among ! mo/ judici\s & philosophical works t ,italy possesses on ! subject4 ,he meant to h compris$ x 9 f\r books1 b un=tunately only liv$ to complete two4 ,( 8 ,italian productions1 ! e>lie/ 01 p]haps1 ! #8,vita ,nuova1' a mixture ( my/]i\s poetry & prose1 9 :i* he gives a detail$ acc\nt ( 8 love = ,beatrice4 ,x is p]vad$ by a _s ( s(t melan*oly extremely t\*+2 & x conta9s sev]al passages hav+ all ! di/9ctness & individuality ( tru?2 b1 on ! o!r h&1 x is int]sp]s$ ) visions & dreams1 & metaphysical conceits1 f :i* x receives all ! appe>ance ( an allegorical inv5tion4 ,he also compos$ ab\t ?irty sonnets1 & ne>ly z _m #8,canzoni1' or songs1 bo? on love & morality4 ,! sonnets1 ?\gh n de/itute ( grace & +5uity1 are n di/+ui%$ by any p>ticul> excell5ce4 ,! songs display a vig\r ( /yle1 a sublimity ( ?\ght1 a dep? ( feel+1 & a ri*ness ( imag]y n kn[n be=e3 !y betok5 ! poet & ! philosoph]4 ,on f\rte5 ( ^!1 he attempt$ 9 8 old age to write a m9ute comm5t>y1 to :i* he gave ! title ( #8,convito1' or ,banquet1 z be+ int5d$ 8to adm9i/] ! food ( wisdom to ! ignorant20 b he c\ld only ext5d x to ?ree4 ,?us he produc$ ! fir/ specim5 ( sev]e ,italian prose2 & if he indulg$ r too mu* 9 fanciful allegories & s*ola/ic subtleties1 ^! blemi%es are amply c\nt]balanc$ by a /ore ( erudition1 an elevation ( s5tim5t1 & a mat*less eloqu5ce1 :i* x is difficult n to admire4 ,^! works1 omitt+ sev]al o!rs ( inf]ior value1 w\ld h be5 m ?an suffici5t to place ,dante above all 8 contempor>ies2 yet1 !y /& at an immeasurable di/ance f ! #8,div9a ,comm$ia1' ! great poem by :i* he has recomm5d$ 8 "n to ! v5]ation ( ! remote/ po/]ity4 ,! ,div9e ,com$y is ! n>rative ( a my/]i\s j\rney ?r\gh hell1 purgatory1 & p>adise1 :i* he supposes himself to h p]=m$ 9 ! ye> #acjj1 dur+ ! passion week1 hav+ ,virgil z 8 guide ?r\gh ! two regions ( woe1 & ,beatrice ?r\gh t ( happ9ess4 ,no creation ( ! human m9d ev] excell$ ?is mighty vision 9 orig9ality & va/ness ( design2 nor did any "o ev] *oose a m appropriate subject = ! expression ( all 8 ?\ghts & feel+s4 ,! me*anical con/ruction ( 8 spiritual _w all[$ him room = develop+ 8 geographical & a/ronomical k3 ! puni%m5ts & rew>ds allott$ to ! *>act]s introduc$1 gave him an excell5t opportunity = a display ( 8 !ological & philosophical le>n+3 ! cont9ual succession ( innum]able spirits ( diff]5t ages1 nations1 & conditions1 enabl$ him to expatiate 9 ! fields ( anci5t & mod]n hi/ory1 & to expose ?or\ghly ! degradation ( ,italian society 9 8 own times2 :ile ! :ole af=d$ him ample scope = a full ex]tion ( 8 poetical end[m5ts1 & = ! illu/ration ( ! moral lesson1 :i*1 :atev] 8 real mean+ may h be51 is o/5sibly ! object ( 8 poem4 ,nei!r 7 8 p[]s ( execution inf]ior to ^? ( conception4 ,ris+ f ! deepe/ abyss ( torture & despair1 ?r\gh e degree ( suff]+ & hope1 up to ! sublime/ beatitude1 he imp>ts ! mo/ vivid & int5se dramatic int]e/ to a wond]ful v>iety ( sc5es :i* he br+s be=e ! read]4 ,awful1 vehem5t1 & t]rific 9 hell1 9 proportion z he advances ?r\gh purgatory & p>adise1 he contrives to modify 8 /yle 9 su* a mann] z to become m pleas+ 9 8 images1 m easy 9 8 expressions1 m delicate 9 8 s5tim5ts1 & m regul> 9 8 v]sification4 ,8 *>act]s live & move2 ! objects :i* he depicts are cle> & palpable2 8 similes are g5]ally new & j2 8 reflections ev9ce ?r\gh\t ! highe/ tone ( morality2 8 en]getic language makes a deep & vigor\s impression bo? on ! reason & ! imag9ation2 & ! graphic =ce ) :i*1 by a few bold /rokes1 he ?r[s be=e ! eye ( 8 read] a p]fect & liv+ picture1 is :olly unequall$4 ,x is true1 h[ev]1 t 8 con/ant solicitude = concis5ess & effect l$ him1 sometimes1 into a h>% & b>b>\s phraseology1 & into ! mo/ unre/ra9$ innovations2 b consid]+ ! rud5ess ( 8 age1 & ! un=m$ /ate ( 8 language1 he seems h>dly op5 to ! c5sure ( a c&id critic on ?is acc\nt4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x is impossible n to wond] h[1 9 spite ( su* ob/acles1 he c\ld s happily express all ! wild conceptions ( 8 fancy1 ! mo/ ab/ract !ories ( philosophy1 & ! mo/ pr(\nd my/]ies ( religion4 ,! occasional obscurity & coldness ( ! ,div9e ,com$y proce$s mu* less f defects ( /yle1 ?an f didactic disquisitions & hi/orical allusions :i* become e day less intelligible & less int]e/+4 ,to be und]/ood & appreciat$ z a :ole1 & 9 its p>ts1 x requires a /ore ( antiquat$ k :i* is n[ ( little use4 ,ev5 at ! p]iod ( its publication1 :5 its geography & a/ronomy 7 n yet explod$1 its philosophy & !ology /ill curr5t1 & _m ( its incid5ts & p]sonages /ill fre% 9 ! memory ( ?\s&s1 x 0 consid]$ r z a treasure ( moral wisdom1 ?an z a book ( amusem5t4 ,! city ( ,flor5ce1 & sev]al o!r t[ns ( ,italy1 soon e/abli%$ pr(essor%ips = ! express purpose ( expla9+ x to ! public4 ,two sons ( ,dante wrote comm5t>ies = its illu/ration3 ,boccaccio1 ,b5v5uto da ,imola1 & _m o!rs foll[$ ! example 9 rapid succession2 & ev5 a few ye>s s9ce ,foscolo & ,rossetti excit$ fre% curiosity & int]e/ by ! novelty ( _! views4 ,not)/&+ ! le>n+ & +5uity ( all its expositors1 ! hidd5 mean+ ( ! #8,div9a ,comm$ia' is n yet p]fectly made out1 ?\gh ,rossetti1 9 8 #8,spirito ,antipapale1' lately publi%$1 seems to h %[n1 t "u ! ext]ior ( moral precepts1 x conta9s a mo/ bitt] satire aga9/ ! c\rt ( ,rome4 ,b :e!r "t %all remove ^! obscurities1 or ?ick5 ! mi/ :i* hangs ar\nd ?is extraord9>y production1 x w be ev] memorable z ! mighty "w :i* gave be+ & =m to ! beautiful language ( ,italy1 impress$ a new "* on ! poetry ( mod]n ,europe1 & inspir$ ! g5ius ( ,mi*ael ,angelo & ( ,milton4 ,!re is no life ( ,dante :i* c be recomm5d$ z decid$ly sup]ior to ! re/4 ,! e>lie/ is t ( ,boccaccio2 b x evid5tly _c be reli$ on = ! facts ( 8 life4 ,!re are o!rs by ,lion>do1 ,aret9o1 ,fabroni1 ,pelli1 ,tirabos*i1 c4 ,! ,engli% read] w f9d a full] acc\nt prefix$ to ,mr4 ,c>ey's translation ( ! #8,div9a ,comm$ia1' & 9 ,mr4 ,/ebb+'s ,lives ( ! ,italian ,poets4 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration3 ,engrav$ by ,e4 ,scriv54 ,,sir ,,humphrey ,,davy4 ,f ! orig9al ,picture by ,sir ,?omas ,lawr5ce 9 ! possession ( ! ,royal ,society4 ,"u ! ,sup]9t5dance ( ! ,society = ! ,diffusion ( ,useful ,k4 ,london4 ,publi%$ by ,*>les ,knight1 ,pall ,mall ,ea/4 ,illu/ration ,,davy ,:]e ! l5g? ( ! memoir necess>ily be>s a small proportion to ! quantity ( matt] :i* presses on ! biograph]'s att5tion1 two c\rses lie op5 to 8 *oice2 ei!r to select a few rem>kable passages 9 8 subject's life = full discussion1 or to give a g5]al & popul> sket* ( 8 p]sonal hi/ory4 ,! latt] plan seems "h ! m advisable4 ,to _m read]s a m9ute analysis ( ,davy's physical rese>*es w\ld be un9telligible1 )\t full explanations ( ! v in/rum5ts & objects )1 & ^u :i*1 he work$4 ,we %all !re=e make x our *ief object to trace 8 private hi/ory1 int]sp]s+ notices ( 8 lab\rs & discov]ies1 b leav+ to publications ( expressly sci5tific "* ! task ( do+ ju/ice to 8 sci5tific fame4 ,bo? dep>tm5ts h be5 fully treat$ 9 ! ,life publi%$ by ,dr4 ,p>is4 ,humphry ,davy 0 born ne> ,p5zance 9 ,cornwall1 ,decemb] #ag1 #aggh1 ( a family 9 indep5d5t1 ?\gh humble circum/ances1 :i* = a c5tury & a half _h possess$ & resid$ ^u a small e/ate situat$ 9 ,m\nt's ,bay4 ,?\gh no prodigy ( precoci\s intellect1 8 *ildhood gave reasonable promise ( future tal5t2 & especially manife/$ ! dawn+ ( a vivid imag9ation1 unit$ ) a /rong turn = exp]im5ts 9 natural philosophy4 ,"o ( 8 fav\rite amusem5ts 0 to exhibit to 8 playfell[s ! op]ation ( melt+ 9 a c&le scraps ( t92 or to make & explode detonat+ balls4 ,ano!r 0 ! inv5t+ & repeat+ to !m fairy tales & romances4 ,at times1 h[ev]1 he w\ld ex]cise 8 eloqu5ce ^u grav] subjects2 &1 :5 no bett] c\ld be obta9$1 ! future lectur] is said to h f\nd a /aid1 if n att5tive1 audi5ce 9 a circle ( *airs4 ,at an e>ly age he 0 plac$ at s*ool at ,p5zance1 :]e1 9 ! usual acceptation ( ! words1 he pr(it$ little3 8 own op9ion1 h[ev]1 0 diff]5t4 8,i consid] x =tunate10 he wrote to a memb] ( 8 family1 8t ,i 0 left mu* to myself z a *ild1 & put ^u no p>ticul> plan ( /udy1 & t ,i enjoy$ mu* idl5ess at ,mr4 ,coryton's s*ool4 ,i p]haps owe to ^! circum/ances ! little tal5ts t ,i h1 & _! peculi> application3 :at ,i am1 ,i h made myself4 ,i say ?is )\t vanity1 & 9 pure simplicity ( he>t40 ,he 0 soon remov$ to ! s*ool at ,truro1 :]e he rema9$ two ye>s1 undi/+ui%$ except by a love ( poetry1 :i* manife/$ itself 9 composition at an e>ly age4 ,?is1 inde$1 cont9u$ to be a fav\rite amusem5t1 until1 9 mature life1 he became absorb$ 9 sci5tific pursuits3 & x has be5 said ^u high au?ority1 t if ,davy _h n be5 ! fir/ *emi/1 he w\ld h be5 ! fir/ poet ( 8 age4 ,?is op9ion mu/ look = support1 n to 8 metrical productions1 :i* 9 tru? n[ise ju/ify x1 b to ! vivid imag9ation & high p[]s ( eloqu5ce1 :i*1 9 ! vig\r & fre%ness ( y\?1 delight$ ! fa%ionable1 z mu* z 8 discov]ies amaz$ ! sci5tific _w4 ,9 #agid 8 fa!r di$1 & 8 "m 9 consequ5ce remov$ f ,v>fell1 ! patrimonial e/ate1 to ,p5zance1 :]e ,davy 0 appr5tic$ to ,mr4 ,borlase1 a surgeon 9 t t[n4 ,= ! m$ical "p ( 8 new pr(ession he %[$ di/a/e2 b 8 att5tion 0 at once turn$ to ! /udy ( *emi/ry1 :i* he pursu$ !nce=w>d ) undeviat+ zeal4 ,ak9 to ?is pursuit1 & fo/]$ by ! natural features ( 8 native c\ntry1 0 8 e>ly ta/e = geology4 8,h[ (t510 said ,davy to 8 fri5d & biograph] on be+ %[n a draw+ ( ,botallack m9e1--8h[ (t5 :5 a boy h ,i w&]$ ab\t ^! rocks 9 se>* ( new m9]als1 & :5 fatigu$1 sat d[n ^u ! turf1 & ex]cis$ my fancy 9 anticipations ( sci5tific r5[n40 ,! notoriety :i*1 9 a small t[n1 he readily acquir$ z ! boy :o 0 8s fond ( *emical exp]im5ts10 introduc$ him to a valuable fri5d1 ,mr4 ,davies ,gilb]t1 9 e>ly life 8 patron1 9 mature age 8 successor 9 ! *air ( ! ,royal ,society4 ,by him ! "y man 0 introduc$ to ,dr4 ,b$does1 :o 0 at t "t seek+ an assi/ant 9 conduct+ ! ,pneumatic ,in/itution1 !n newly e/abli%$ at ,bri/ol1 = ! purpose ( inve/igat+ ! prop]ties ( a]i=m fluids1 & ! possibility ( us+ !m z m$ical ag5ts4 ,x 0 n int5d$ t1 9 =m+ ?is engagem5t1 ,davy %\ld give up ! l9e ( life m>k$ out = him2 on ! contr>y1 8 abode at ,bri/ol 0 consid]$ "p ( 8 pr(essional education4 ,b 8 g5ius l$ him ano!r way1 & ?is lucky engagem5t op5$ a c>e] ( usefulness & fame1 :i* "u o!r circum/ances might h be5 long delay$4 ,! arrangem5t 0 conclud$ ^u lib]al t]ms1 & 9 ,octob]1 #agih1 be=e he 0 tw5ty ye>s old1 he left 8 home 9 high spirits to ent] ^u indep5d5t life4 ,x is to 8 hon\r1 t z soon z a compet5t1 ?\gh tempor>y provision 0 ?us secur$1 he resign$1 9 fav\r ( 8 "m & si/]s1 all 8 claims ^u ! pat]nal e/ate4 ,soon aft] remov+ to ,bri/ol1 he publi%$1 9 a "w entitl$ #8,contributions to ,m$ical & ,physical ,k1' edit$ by ,dr4 ,b$does1 "s essays on heat1 light1 & respiration4 ,( ^! x w be suffici5t to say1 t ) mu* promise ( future excell5ce1 !y %[ a mo/ unbridl$ imag9ation1 & conta9 _m speculations s unf\nd$ & absurd1 t 9 aft]-life he bitt]ly regrett$ _! publication4 ,dur+ 8 engagem5t1 8 zeal & intrepidity 7 signally display$ 9 attempts to brea! diff]5t gases1 suppos$1 or kn[n1 to be highly de/ructive to life1 ) a view to asc]ta9 ! nature ( _! effects4 ,two ( ^! exp]im5ts1 ! inhal+ ( nitr\s gas & c>burett$ hydrog5 are rem>kable1 because 9 ea* he n>r[ly escap$ dea?4 ,b 8 att5tion 0 especially turn$ to ! gas call$ nitr\s oxide1 :i*1 ^u respiration1 appe>$ to transport ! brea!r into a new & highly pleasurable /ate ( feel+1 to r\se ! imag9ation1 & give new vig\r to ! mo/ sublime emotions ( ! s\l4 ,! effects produc$1 exagg]at$ by ! en?usiasm ( ! pati5ts1 7 9 fact closely analog\s to intoxication2 & _m p]sons /ill rememb] ! curiosity & amusem5t1 excit$ by ! freaks ( poets & grave philosoph]s1 :ile "u ! op]ation ( ?is novel /imulus4 ,9 #ahjj he publi%$ #8,rese>*es ,*emical & ,philosophical1 respect+ ,nitr\s ,oxide & its ,respiration4' ,! novelty ( ! results ann\nc$1 comb9$ ) ! ability %[n 9 _! inve/igation1 & ! y\? ( ! au?or1 produc$ a great s5sation 9 philosophical circles2 & ?r\gh ! celebrity ?us acquir$1 & ! fav\rable op9ion ( him =m$ ^u p]sonal acqua9tance by sev]al em95t philosoph]s ( ! day1 he 0 (f]$ by ! conductors ( ! ,royal ,in/itution1 ! (fice ( ,assi/ant ,lectur] 9 ,*emi/ry1 ) ! und]/&+ t ere long he %\ld be made sole ,pr(essor4 ,?is negotiation took place 9 ! spr+ ( #ahja1 & on ,may #ca1 #ahjb1 he 0 rais$ to ! high] appo9tm5t4 ,to ,davy1 ! quitt+ ,bri/ol = ,london 0 ! epo* ( a trans=mation--an elevation f ! *rysalis to ! butt]fly /ate4 ,9 y\? 8 p]son1 voice1 & address 7 alike unc\?2 & at fir/ sight !y produc$ s unfav\rable an impression ^u ,c\nt ,rum=d1 t he express$ mu* regret at hav+ sanction$ s unpromis+ an engagem5t4 ,! vet]an philosoph] soon f\nd reason to *ange 8 op9ion4 ,davy's fir/ c\rse ( lectures1 :i* 0 n deliv]$ till ! spr+ ( #ahjb1 excit$ a s5sation unequall$ be=e or s9ce4 ,n only ! philosophical b ! lit]>y & fa%ionable _w cr[d$ to he> him2 & 8 vivid imag9ation1 fir$ by en?usia/ic love = ! sci5ce :i* he pr(ess$1 gave1 to "o ( ! mo/ ab/ruse ( /udies1 a *>m confess$ by p]sons ! lea/ likely to feel its influ5ce4 ,! /ronge/ possible te/imony to 8 ri*ness ( illu/ration is suppli$ by ,mr4 ,col]idge3--8,i g10 he said1 8to ,davy's lectures to increase my /ock ( metaphors40 ,_h ?is be5 all1 ! "y prodigy w\ld soon h ceas$ to dazzle2 b 8 fame 0 ma9ta9$ & increas$ by ! success :i* wait$ on 8 und]tak+s2 &1 9 a ^w1 ,davy became ! lion ( ! day4 ,! effect ( ?is sudd5 *ange 0 by no means good4 ,s\ght & c>ess$ by ! highe/ circles ( ! metropolis1 he endeav\r$ to assume ! deportm5t ( a man ( fa%ion2 b ! /range dress sat awkw>dly1 & ill replac$ a natural c&\r & w>m? ( feel+1 :i* _h s+ul>ly won ^u ! acqua9tance ( 8 e>ly life4 ,x is b ju/ice1 h[ev]1 to add t 8 reg>d = 8 family & e>ly fri5ds 0 n cool$ by ?is alt]ation 9 8 society & prospects4 ,our limits are too n>r[ to admit ev5 a sket* ( ! v>i\s tra9s ( orig9al inve/igation pursu$ by ,davy1 dur+ 8 connection ) ! ,in/itution4 ,( ^!1 ! mo/ important is t s]ies ( electrical inquiries pursu$ f #ahjj to #ahjf1 ! results ( :i* 7 develop$ 9 8 celebrat$ fir/ ,bak]ian ,lecture1 deliv]$ 9 ! autumn ( ! latt] ye>1 be=e ! ,royal ,society1 :i* receiv$ f ! ,fr5* ,in/itute ! prize ( #cjjj francs1 e/abli%$ by ! ,fir/ ,consul1 = ! be/ exp]im5t 9 electricity or galvanism4 ,9 x he inve/igat$ ! nature ( electric action1 & disclos$ a new class ( ph5om5a illu/rative ( ! p[] ( ! ,voltaic batt]y 9 decompos+ bodies2 :i*1 9 ! foll[+ ye>1 l$ to ! mo/ /rik+ ( 8 discov]ies1 ! resolution ( ! fix$ alkalies1 pota% & soda1 into metallic bases4 ,?is discov]y took place 9 ,octob]1 #ahjg1 & 0 publi%$ 9 8 second ,bak]ian ,lecture1 deliv]$ 9 ! foll[+ ,novemb]4 ,! novelty & brilliancy ( ! view ?us op5$1 rais$ public curiosity to ! highe/ pit*3 ! laboratory ( ! ,in/itution 0 cr[d$ ) visitors1 & ! high excitem5t ?us produc$1 act+ ^u a frame exhau/$ by fatigue1 produc$ a viol5t fev]1 9 :i* = _m days1 he lay betwe5 life & dea?4 ,n until ! foll[+ ,m>* 0 he able to resume 8 duties z a lectur]4 ,dur+ ! next f\r ye>s he 0 *iefly employ$ 9 endeav\r+ to decompose o!r bodies1 9 prosecut+ 8 inquiries into ! nature ( ! alkalies & 9 obta9+ simil> metallic bases f ! e>?s1 9 :i* he p>tially succe$$4 ,! resolution ( nitrog5 0 attempt$ )\t success4 ,9 trac+ ! nature ( muriatic & oxymuriatic acid1 he 0 m =tunate2 & prov$ ! latt] to be an undecomp\nd$ sub/ance1 9 direct opposition to 8 own op9ion1 record$ at an e>li] p]iod4 ,?is discov]y is ! m hon\rable1 = no?+ r5d]s ! admission ( tru? s difficult1 z hav+ advocat$ error4 ,on ! #h? ,april1 #ahab1 he receiv$ ! hon\r ( knigh?ood f ! ,pr9ce ,reg5t1 9 te/imony ( 8 sci5tific m]its4 ,?is 0 ! m welcome1 because he 0 on ! eve ( ex*ang+ a life ( pr(essional lab\r = "o1 n ( idl5ess1 = he pursu$ 8 c\rse ( discov]y ) unabat$ zeal1 b ( afflu5ce & indep5d5ce4 ,on ! #aa? ( ! same mon?1 he m>ri$ ,mrs4 ,apreece1 a lady possess$ ( ample =tune2 previ\s to :i* he deliv]$ 8 f>ewell lecture to ! ,royal ,in/itution4 ,at ! same "t he appe>s to h resign$ ! (fice ( ,secret>y to ! ,royal ,society1 to :i* he _h be5 appo9t$ 9 #ahjg4 ,two mon?s aft]w>ds he publi%$ #8,elem5ts ( ,*emical ,philosophy1' :i* he d$icat$ to ,lady ,davy1 8z a pl$ge t he %\ld cont9ue to pursue sci5ce ) unabat$ ard\r40 ,9 ,m>*1 #ahac1 appe>$ ! #8,elem5ts ( ,agricultural ,*emi/ry1' conta9+ ! sub/ance ( a c\rse ( lectures deliv]$ = t5 successive seasons be=e ! ,bo>d ( ,agriculture4 ,t "p ( ! ,cont95t :i* 0 "u ,fr5* influ5ce1 be+ /rictly clos$ aga9/ ! ,engli% at ?is "t1 x is mu* to ! cr$it ( ,napoleon1 t he imm$iately ass5t$ to a wi% express$ by ,davy1 & second$ by ! ,imp]ial ,in/itute1 t he might be all[$ to visit ! ext9ct volcanoes 9 ,auv]gne1 & !nce proce$ to make obs]vations on ,vesuvius :ile 9 a /ate ( action4 ,he rea*$ ,p>is1 ,oct4 #bg?1 #ahac4 ,! ,fr5* philosoph]s receiv$ him ) en?usiasm3 x is to be regrett$ t at ! "t ( 8 dep>ture _! feel+s 7 mu* less cordial4 ,!re 0 a coldness1 & pride1 or :at seem$ pride1 9 8 mann]1 :i* disgu/$ a body ( m5 too ju/ly s5sible ( _! own m]it to brook slights2 especially :51 9 spite ( national jeal\sy1 !y _h done mo/ cordial & unhesitat+ ju/ice to ! transc5d5t a*ievem5ts ( ! ,briti% philosoph]4 ,nor 0 ?is ! only gr\nd = dissatisfaction4 ,iod9e _h be5 rec5tly discov]$ 9 ,p>is1 b its nature 0 /ill unkn[n4 ,davy obta9$ a portion1 & proce$$ to exp]im5t ^u x4 ,?is 0 ?\ght by _m an unfair int]f]5ce ) ! fame & rights ( ! orig9al inve/igators4 ,davy himself felt t "s explanation at lea/ 0 due1 9 a pap] :i* he transmitt$ to ! ,royal ,society2 & z ! passage 9 "q conta9$ :at1 ?\gh p]haps n meant to be su*1 might easily be con/ru$ into an ins9uation1 t b = him1 ! results communicat$ 9 t pap] might n h be5 obta9$1 x 0 n likely to conciliate4 ,!re is probably mu* tru? 9 ! excuse (f]$ by 8 biograph]1 = ! sup]cili\sness *>g$ aga9/ him ^u ?is1 & o!r occasions1 t x 0 m]ely ! cloak ( a p]petual & pa9ful timidity4 ,x is rem>kable t1 ) a highly poetical temp]am5t1 he seems to h be5 s5seless to ! beauties ( art4 ,! wond]s ( ! ,l\vre extract$ no sign ( pleasure3 he pac$ ! rooms ) hurri$ /eps1 9 apa?y1 r\s$ only by ! sight ( an ,ant9\s sculptur$ 9 alaba/]1 8,graci\s ,heav560 he !n exclaim$1 8:at a beautiful /alactite40 ,f ,p>is1 ,dec4 #bi?1 he proce$$ )\t visit+ ,auv]gne1 to ,montpelli]1 ,g5oa1 ,flor5ce1 ,rome1 & ,naples1 :i* he rea*$ ,may #h?1 #ahad4 ,at v>i\s places he prosecut$ 8 rese>*es ^u iod9e2 & at ,flor5ce1 he avail$ himself ( ! great burn+ l5s to exp]im5t ^u ! combu/ion ( ! diamond1 & o!r =ms ( c>bon4 ,at ,naples & ,rome he in/itut$ a m9ute & labori\s inquiry into ! col\rs us$ 9 pa9t+ by ! anci5ts2 ! results ( :i* appe>$ 9 ! ,philosophical ,transactions = #ahae4 ,! autumn ( #ahae is r5d]$ memorable by ! discov]y ( ! safety-lamp1 "o ( ! mo/ b5eficial applications ( sci5ce to economical purposes yet made1 by :i* hundr$s1 p]haps ?\s&s1 ( lives h be5 pres]v$4 ,davy 0 l$ to ! consid]ation ( ?is subject by an application f ,dr4 ,gray1 n[ ,bi%op ( ,bri/ol1 ! ,*airman ( a ,society e/abli%$ 9 #ahac1 at ,bi%op-,we>m\?1 to consid] & promote ! means ( prev5t+ accid5ts by fire 9 coal-pits4 ,be+ !n 9 ,scotl&1 he visit$ ! m9es on 8 return s\?w>d1 & 0 suppli$ ) specim5s ( fire-damp1 :i*1 on rea*+ ,london1 he proce$$ to exam9e4 ,he soon discov]$ t ! c>burett$ hydrog5 gas1 call$ fire-damp by ! m9]s1 w\ld n explode :5 mix$ ) less ?an six1 or m ?an f\rte5 times its volume ( air2 & fur!r1 t ! explosive mixture c\ld n be fir$ 9 tubes ( small diamet]s & proportionate l5g?s4 ,gradually dim9i%+ _! dim5sions1 he arriv$ at ! conclusion t a tissue ( wire1 9 :i* ! me%es d n exce$ a c]ta9 small diamet]1 :i* may be consid]$ z ! ultimate limit ( a s]ies ( su* tubes1 is imp]vi\s to ! inflam$ air2 & t a lamp cov]$ ) su* tissue1 may be us$ ) p]fect safety ev5 9 an explosive mixture1 :i* takes fire1 & burns )9 ! cage1 securely cut (f f ! p[] ( do+ h>m4 ,?us :5 ! atmosph]e is s impure t ! flame ( ! lamp itself _c be ma9ta9$1 ! ,davy /ill supplies light to ! m9]1 & turns 8 wor/ enemy into an ob$i5t s]vant4 ,?is inv5tion1 ! c]ta9 s\rce ( l>ge pr(it1 he pres5t$ ) *>act]i/ic lib]ality to ! public4 ,! words are pres]v$1 9 :i* :5 press$ to secure to himself ! b5efit ( x by a pat5t1 he decl9$ to d s1 9 con=mity ) ! high-m9d$ resolution :i* he =m$ ^u acquir+ indep5d5t weal?1 ( nev] mak+ 8 sci5tific em95ce subs]vi5t to ga93--8,i h en\gh = all my views & purposes1 m weal? might be tr\blesome1 & di/ract my att5tion f ^? pursuits 9 :i* ,i delight4 ,m weal? c\ld n increase my fame or happ9ess4 ,x might und\bt$ly enable me to put f\r horses to my c>riage1 b :at w\ld x avail me to h x said1 t ,sir ,humphry drives 8 c>riage & f\r80 ,he :o us$ weal? & di/9ction to su* good purpose1 may be =giv5 ! weakness if he e/imat$ !m at too high a value4 ,! coal-own]s ( ! nor? pres5t$ to him a s]vice ( plate1 9 te/imony ( _! gratitude4 ,he und]w5t1 h[ev]1 consid]able vexation f claims to priority ( inv5tion1 set up by "s p]sons connect$ ) ! colli]ies1 ^: att5tion _h be5 turn$ ) v imp]fect success to ! same end4 ,! controv]sy has long be5 settl$ 9 8 fav\r1 by ! decision ( ! mo/ em95t names 9 ,briti% sci5ce1 & ! g5]al voice ( ! own]s ( ! ,newca/le coal-field3 & :ile ! pits are work$1 ! "n ( ,davy1 giv5 by ! colli]s to ! safety-lamp1 _c be =gott54 ,9 #ahah he aga9 visit$ ,naples1 ) a view ( apply+ ! res\rces ( *emi/ry to facilitate ! unroll+ ( ! papyri f\nd 9 ,h]culaneum4 ,^!1 x is well kn[n1 are g5]ally 9 a /ate resembl+ *>coal1 (t5 cem5t$ into a solid mass1 & ! texture s entirely de/roy$1 t x is h>dly possible to sep>ate ! lay]s4 ,exam9ation ( "s specim5s transmitt$ to ,engl& satisfi$ him t !y _h n be5 subject$ to heat1 & t in/ead ( be+ a true *>coal1 !y 7 analog\s to peat or to ! lignite call$ ,bovey coal4 ,he conclud$1 !re=e1 t ! rolls 7 cem5t$ into "o mass by a sub/ance produc$ by f]m5tation 9 _! vegetable sub/ance1 & hop$ to be able s f> to de/roy ?is1 z to facilitate ! deta*+ "o lay] f ano!r1 )\t oblit]at+ ! writ+4 ,) ?is view he submitt$ fragm5ts to ! op]ation ( *lor9e & iod9e1 ) su* fair hope ( success1 t he 0 enc\rag$ to proce$ to ,naples2 ! ,gov]nm5t furni%+ him ) e recomm5dation1 & defray+ ! exp5ses ( su* assi/ants z he ?\ght x necess>y to take out4 ,8 success1 h[ev]1 fell %ort ( 8 hopes2 & p>tly f disappo9tm5t1 p>tly f a belief t unfair ob/acles 7 ?r[n 9 8 way by int]e/$ p]sons1 he ab&on$ ! und]tak+ at ! end ( two mon?s1 hav+ p>tially unroll$ tw5ty-?ree ,,mss4 & exam9$ ab\t "o hundr$ & tw5ty1 :i* (f]$ no prospect ( success4 ,8 visit to ,naples l$1 h[ev]1 to "o conclusion ( int]e/ to geologi/s1 t ! /rata :i* cov] ,h]culaneum are n lava1 b a tufa consolidat$ by moi/ure1 & resembl+ t at ,pompeii except 9 its h>dness4 ,9 ,octob]1 #ahah1 ,sir ,humphry ,davy 0 creat$ a b>onet1 z a rew>d = 8 sci5tific s]vices4 ,soon aft] 8 return to ,engl& 9 #ahbj1 di$ ,sir ,joseph ,banks1 ! v5]able ,presid5t ( ! ,royal ,society4 ,davy succe$$ to ! *air1 :i* he reta9$ till =c$ to quit x by ill heal?1 zeal\s 9 fulfill+ its duties1 )\t relax+ 9 8 private lab\rs4 ,x w\ld h be5 bett] _h he n obta9$ ?is hon\r4 ,8 sci5tific pride disgu/$ "s2 8 ari/ocratic airs1 unp>donable 9 "o s humbly born1 excit$ ! ridicule ( o!rs4 ,mu* ( ?is weakness may be trac$ to ! p]nici\s effects ( e>ly flatt]y4 ,_h he be5 cont5t ) *emical fame1 he w\ld h sp>$ "s mortifications & he>t-burn+s bo? to himself & o!rs4 ,8 demean\r *ang$1 imm$iately aft] ! deliv]y ( 8 fir/ lecture4 ,on ! foll[+ day he d9$ ) 8 e>ly fri5d & patron1 ,sir ,h5ry ,englefield1 :o1 speak+ ( 8 behavi\r on t day aft] eighte5 ye>s _h elaps$1 said1 8,x 0 ! la/ ef=t ( expir+ nature40 ,su* frailties1 ?\gh j gr\nds ( c5sure & regret to 8 contempor>ies1 w be lo/ 9 ! spl5d\r ( 8 discov]ies4 ,yet is ! obs]vation ( !m n useless z a w>n+ to o!rs3 = ! high] ! /ation1 ! m closely w ! actions ( him :o fills x be scrut9is$1 especially if 8 elevation be ! "w ( 8 own h&s4 ,9 #ahbc he und]took1 9 consequ5ce ( an application f ,gov]nm5t to ! ,royal ,society1 an inquiry into ! possibility ( prev5t+ ! rapid decay ( ! copp] %ea?+ ( %ips4 ,8 =m] ,voltaic discov]ies at once expla9$ ! cause & sugge/$ a rem$y4 ,:5 two metals 9 contact ) ea* o!r are expos$ to moi/ure1 ! m oxidable rapidly decays1 :ile on ! less oxidable no effect is produc$4 ,?us a v small piece ( iron or z9c 0 f\nd effectually to /op ! solution ( a v l>ge surface ( copp]4 ,sev]al %ips 7 accord+ly fitt$ ) protectors1 z !y 7 call$1 :i* succe$$ p]fectly 9 pres]v+ ! copp]2 b _! use 0 f\nd to be att5d$ by an evil great] ?an t :i* !y rem$i$4 ,! %ips' bottoms grew f\l ) unexampl$ rapidity2 & ! protectors 7 f9ally ab&on$ by ! ,admiralty 9 #ahbh4 ,?is failure 0 a s\rce ( mu* ill-natur$ rem>k to ! _m :om ,davy _h (f5d$1 or :o 7 jeal\s ( 8 reputation1 & ( deep mortification to himself4 ,inde$ he display$ an impati5ce ( c5sure1 & irritability ( temp]1 f> f dignifi$3 ! spoilt *ild ( =tune1 he c\ld n be> ! feel+ ( defeat1 /ill less ! triumph ( 8 enemies4 ,?is weakness may p]haps be p>tly ascrib$ to decl9+ heal?1 :i* mu/ always m or less ov]cl\d ! m9d1 especially ( "o ^: amusem5ts z well z 8 employm5ts 7 ( an active & /irr+ k9d4 ,to ! sports ( fly-fi%+ & %oot+ he 0 devot$ly atta*$2 & jeal\s1 ev5 to a ludicr\s degree1 ( 8 reputation & success1 :i* x is said n always to h be5 s great z he w\ld will+ly h _h x believ$4 ,b 8 fail+ heal? gradually curtail$ 8 enjoym5t ( ^! pleasures1 & t[>ds ! end ( #ahbe1 ! indisposition :i* 8 fri5ds _h long se5 /eal+ on him rea*$ its crisis 9 ! =m ( an apoplectic attack4 ,all imm$iate cause ( al>m 0 soon remov$2 b ! traces ( 8 illness rema9$ 9 a slight degree ( p>alysis1 :i* impair$1 ?\gh )\t mat]ially affect+1 8 muscul> p[]s4 ,by ! advice ( 8 physicians he ha/5$ abroad1 & pass$ ! re/ ( ! w9t]1 & ! spr+1 at ,rav5na4 ,9 ! summ] he visit$ ! ,tyrol & ,illyria1 & f9d+ 8 heal? /ill prec>i\s1 resign$ ! *air ( ! ,royal ,society4 ,9 ! autumn he return$ to ,engl&1 hav+ ga9$ little /r5g?4 ,! e>ly w9t] he sp5t 9 ,som]set%ire1 at ! h\se ( an old & valu$ fri5d1 too weak = sev]e m5tal ex]tion1 or to pursue successfully 8 fav\rite sports4 ,yet ! rul+ passion 0 /ill %[n 9 ! amusem5t ( 8 sick h\rs1 :i* 7 *iefly devot$ to ! prep>ation ( #8,salmonia4' ,( ! m]its ( ?is book z a manual = ! fly-fi%]1 we presume n to speak4 ,to ! g5]al read] x may be safely recomm5d$1 z conta9+ _m eloqu5t & poetical passages1 ) mu* amus+ in=mation respect+ ! v>ieties & habits ( ! tr\t & salmon species1 & ( ! insect tribes on :i* !y fe$4 ,9 ! spr+ ( #ahbh1 ,davy once m s\ght ! ,cont95t 9 se>* ( heal?4 ,8 /eps 7 turn$ to t fav\rite di/rict1 ( :i* he speaks z ! 8mo/ glori\s c\ntry 9 ,europe1 ,illyria & ,/yria20 :]e he solac$ ! we>y h\rs ( sickness1 by su* field-sports z 8 fail+ heal? enabl$ him to pursue1 9 ! revision ( an improv$ edition ( #8,salmonia1' & 9 ! composition ( ! #8,la/ ,days ( a ,philosoph]4' ,( ?is he says1 9 a lett] dat$ ,rome1 ,febru>y #f1 #ahbi1 8,i write & philosophise a good deal1 & h ne>ly f9i%$ a "w ) a high] aim ?an #8,salmonia4' ,x conta9s ! ess5ce ( my philosophical op9ions1 & "s ( my poetical rev]ies40 ,"u ?is sanction1 ! read] w p]use ) pleasure ! sket* conta9$ 9 ! ?ird dialogue ( a geological hi/ory ( ! e>?1 & ! o!r que/ions ( natural philosophy :i* are discuss$4 ,a l>ge portion ( ! "w is occupi$ by metaphysical & religi\s disquisitions4 ,z a moral philosoph]1 8 op9ions d n seem entitl$ to peculi> weight4 ,( 8 vision>y excursion to ! limits ( ! sol> sy/em1 x is n fair to speak b z ! play ( an exub]ant imag9ation1 ma/]+ ! sob] faculties ( ! m9d4 ,! "w conta9s _m passages1 reflective & descriptive1 ( unusual beauty2 & is a rem>kable production to h be5 compos$ "u ! wa/+ influ5ce ( t disease1 :i*1 ( all o!rs1 usually ex]ts ! mo/ b5umb+ influ5ce4 ,! w9t] ( #ahbh-i he sp5t at ,rome2 ) return+ spr+ he express$ a wi% to visit ,g5eva1 b 8 h\rs 7 numb]$4 ,he rea*$ t city on ,may #bh1 unusually *e]ful2 d9$ he>tily on fi%1 & desir$ to be daily suppli$ ) e v>iety :i* ! lake af=d$3 a trifl+ circum/ance1 yet int]e/+ f its connection ) 8 love ( sport4 ,9 ! c\rse ( ! night he 0 seiz$ ) a fre% attack1 & expir$ e>ly 9 ! morn+ )\t a /ruggle4 ,8 rema9s 7 hon\r$ by ! magi/rates ) a public fun]al1 & repose 9 ! cemet]y ( ,pla9 ,palais4 ,he di$ )\t issue1 & ! b>onetcy is 9 consequ5ce ext9ct4 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration3 ,engrav$ by ,w4 ,holl4 ,,kosciuszko4 ,f a ,pr9t engrav$ 9 #ahbi by ,a4 ,pleszczynski1 a ,pole4 ,"u ! ,sup]9t5dance ( ! ,society = ! ,diffusion ( ,useful ,k4 ,london4 ,publi%$ by ,*>les ,knight1 ,pall ,mall ,ea/4 ,illu/ration ,,kosciusko ,among ! rem>kable m5 ( mod]n times1 !re is p]haps none1 ^: fame is pur] f reproa*1 ?an t ( ,?addeus ,kosciusko4 ,8 "n is en%r9$ 9 ! ru9s ( 8 unhappy c\ntry1 :i*1 ) h]oic brav]y & devotion1 he s\ght to def5d aga9/ =eign oppression1 & =eign dom9ation4 ,kosciusko 0 born at ,w>saw1 ab\t ! ye> #agee4 ,he 0 educat$ at ! s*ool ( ,cadets1 9 t city1 :]e he di/+ui%$ himself s mu* 9 sci5tific /udies z well z 9 draw+1 t he 0 select$ z "o ( f\r /ud5ts ( t in/itution1 :o 7 s5t to travel at ! exp5se ( ! /ate1 ) a view ( p]fect+ _! tal5ts4 ,9 ?is capacity he visit$ ,france1 :]e he rema9$ = sev]al ye>s1 devot+ himself to /udies ( v>i\s k9ds4 ,on 8 return to 8 own c\ntry he ent]$ ! army1 & obta9$ ! comm& ( a company4 ,b he 0 soon oblig$ to expatriate himself aga91 9 ord] to fly f a viol5t b unrequit$ passion1 = ! daught] ( ! ,m>%al ( ,li?uania1 "o ( ! fir/ (fic]s ( /ate ( ! ,poli% c\rt4 ,he b5t 8 /ep to t "p ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 :i* 0 !n wag+ its w> ( indep5d5ce aga9/ ,engl&4 ,"h he ent]$ ! army1 & s]v$ ) di/9ction1 z "o ( ! adjutants ( ,g5]al ,wa%+ton4 ,:ile ?us employ$1 he became acqua9t$ ) ,la ,fayette1 ,lame?1 & o!r di/+ui%$ ,fr5*m51 s]v+ 9 ! same cause2 & 0 hon\r$ by receiv+ ! mo/ flatt]+ praises f ,frankl91 z well z ! public ?anks ( ! ,congress ( ! ,unit$ ,prov9ces4 ,he 0 also decorat$ ) ! new ,am]ican ord] ( ,c9c9natus1 be+ ! only ,european1 except ,la ,fayette1 to :om x 0 giv54 ,at ! t]m9ation ( ! w> he return$ to 8 own c\ntry1 :]e he liv$ 9 retirem5t till ! ye> #aghi1 at :i* p]iod he 0 promot$ by ! ,diet to ! rank ( ,major-,g5]al4 ,t body 0 at ?is "t endeav\r+ to place its milit>y =ce ^u a respectable foot+1 9 ! va9 hope ( re/ra9+ & dim9i%+ ! dom9e]+ influ5ce ( =eign p[]s1 9 :at /ill rema9$ ( ,pol&4 ,x also occupi$ itself 9 *ang+ ! vici\s con/itution ( t un=tunate & ill-gov]n$ c\ntry--9 r5d]+ ! mon>*y h]$it>y--9 decl>+ univ]sal tol]ation--& 9 pres]v+ ! privileges ( ! nobility1 :ile at ! same "t x ameliorat$ ! condition ( ! l[] ord]s4 ,9 all ^! improvem5ts1 ,/anislas ,poniat[ski1 ! reign+ k+1 readily concurr$2 ?\gh ! av[$ int5tion ( ! ,diet 01 to r5d] ! cr[n h]$it>y 9 ! ,saxon family4 ,! ,k+ ( ,prussia 7,fr$]ic ,william ,,ii471 :o1 f ! "t ( ! ,treaty ( ,*]son 9 #aghg1 betwe5 ,russia & ,au/ria1 _h become ho/ile to ! =m] p[]1 also enc\rag$ ! ,poles 9 _! proce$+s2 & ev5 gave !m ! mo/ positive assurances ( assi/+ !m1 9 case ! *anges !y 7 effect+ occasion$ any attacks f o!r sov]eigns4 ,russia at l5g?1 hav+ made peace ) ! ,turks1 prep>$ to ?r[ h] sword into ! scale4 ,a =midable opposition to ! measures ( ! ,diet _h aris51 ev5 among ! ,poles !mselves1 & occasion$ :at 0 call$ ! conf$]ation ( ,t>g[icz1 to :i* ! ,empress ( ,russia promis$ h] assi/ance4 ,! feeble ,/anislas1 :o _h proclaim$ ! new con/itution1 9 #agia1 b\nd himself 9 #agib to sanction ! ,diet ( ,grodno1 :i* re/or$ ! anci5t con/itution1 ) all its vices & all its abuses4 ,9 ! mean:ile1 ,fr$]ic ,william1 ,k+ ( ,prussia1 :o _h s ma9ly contribut$ to excite ! ,poles to _! ent]prises1 basely des]t$ !m1 & refus$ to give !m any assi/ance4 ,on ! contr>y1 he /ood alo( f ! conte/1 wait+ = t %>e ( ! spoil1 :i* ! haughty ,empress ( ! nor? might ?9k prop] to allot to him1 z ! rew>d ( 8 non-int]f]5ce4 ,b ?\gh ?us betray$ on all sides1 ! ,poles 7 n dispos$ to submit )\t a /ruggle4 ,!y flew to arms1 & f\nd 9 ! nephew ( _! k+1 ! ,pr9ce ,joseph ,poniat[ski1 a g5]al wor?y to conduct s glori\s a cause4 ,"u 8 comm& ,kosciusko fir/ became kn[n 9 ,european w>f>e4 ,he di/+ui%$ himself 9 ! battle ( ,ziel5ec1 & /ill m 9 t ( ,dubi5ska1 :i* took place on ! #ah? ( ,june1 #agib4 ,^u ?is latt] occasion1 he def5d$ = six h\rs1 ) only f\r ?\s& m51 aga9/ fifte5 ?\s& ,russians1 a po/ :i* _h be5 slightly =tifi$ 9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 & at la/ retir$ ) inconsid]able loss4 ,b ! conte/ 0 too unequal to la/2 ! patriots 7 ov]:elm$ by enemies f )\t1 & betray$ by traitors )91 at ! head ( :om 0 _! own sov]eign4 ,! ,russians took possession ( ! c\ntry1 & proce$$ to appropriate ^? portions ( ,li?uania & ,volhynia1 :i* suit$ _! conv5i5ce2 :ile ,prussia1 ! fri5dly ,prussia1 invad$ ano!r "p ( ! k+dom4 ,"u ^! circum/ances1 ! mo/ di/+ui%$ (fic]s 9 ! ,poli% army retir$ f ! s]vice1 & ( ?is numb] 0 ,kosciusko4 ,mis]able at ! fate ( 8 unhappy c\ntry1 & at ! same "t an object ( suspicion to ! rul+ p[]s1 he left 8 native l&1 & retir$ to ,leipsic2 :]e he receiv$ intellig5ce ( ! hon\r :i* _h be5 conf]r$ ^u him by ! ,legislative ,assembly ( ,france1 :o _h inve/$ him ) ! quality ( a ,fr5* citiz54 ,b 8 fell[-c\ntrym5 7 /ill anxi\s to make ano!r /ruggle = indep5d5ce2 & !y unanim\sly select$ ,kosciusko z _! *ief & g5]alissimo4 ,he obey$ ! call1 & f\nd ! patriots eag] to combat "u 8 ord]s4 ,ev5 ! noble ,joseph ,poniat[ski1 :o _h previ\sly comm&$ 9 *ief1 return$ f ,france1 :i!r he _h retir$1 & receiv$ f ! h&s ( ,kosciusko ! *>ge ( a portion ( 8 army4 ,! patriots _h ris5 9 ! nor? ( ,pol&1 to :i* "p ,kosciusko fir/ direct$ 8 /eps4 ,anxi\s to beg9 8 campaign ) an action ( vig\r1 he m>*$ rapidly t[>ds ,crac[1 :i* t[n he ent]$ triumphantly on ! #bd? ( ,m>*1 #agid4 ,he =?) publi%$ a manife/o aga9/ ! ,russians2 & !n1 at ! head ( only five ?\s& m51 he m>*$ to meet _! army4 ,he enc\nt]$1 on ! #d? ( ,april1 t5 ?\s& ,russians at a place call$ ,wraclawic2 & entirely defeat$ !m1 aft] a combat ( f\r h\rs4 ,he return$ 9 triumph to ,crac[1 & %ortly aft]w>ds m>*$ along ! left bank ( ! ,vi/ula to ,polaniec1 :]e he e/abli%$ 8 head qu>t]s4 ,mean:ile ! inhabitants ( ,w>saw1 animat$ by ! recital ( ! h]oic de$s ( _! c\ntrym51 _h also rais$ ! /&>d ( indep5d5ce1 & 7 successful 9 driv+ ! ,russians f ! city1 aft] a murd]\s conflict ( ?ree days4 ,9 ,li?uania & ,samogitia an equally successful revolution 0 effect$1 be=e ! end ( ,april2 :ile ! ,poli% troops /ation$ 9 ,volhynia & ,podolia1 m>*$ to ! re9=cem5t ( ,kosciusko4 ,?us f> =tune seem$ to smile ^u ! cause ( ,poli% fre$om--! sc5e 01 h[ev]1 ab\t to *ange4 ,! undaunt$ ,kosciusko1 hav+ fir/ organis$ a national c\ncil to conduct ! affairs ( gov]nm5t1 aga9 advanc$ aga9/ ! ,russians4 ,on 8 m>*1 he met a new enemy1 9 ! p]son ( ! fai?less ,fr$]ic ,william ( ,prussia2 :o1 )\t hav+ ev5 gone ?r\gh ! prelim9>y ( decl>+ w>1 _h advanc$ into ,pol&1 at ! head ( =ty ?\s& m54 ,kosciusko1 ) b ?irte5 ?\s& m51 attack$ ! ,prussian army on ! #h? ( ,june1 at ,szcekoc9y4 ,! battle 0 long & bloody2 at l5g?1 ov]:elm$ ) numb]s1 he 0 oblig$ to retreat t[>ds ,w>saw4 ,?is he effect$ 9 s able a mann]1 t 8 enemies did n d>e to h>ass him 9 8 m>*2 & he effectually cov]$ ! capital1 & ma9ta9$ 8 position = two mon?s aga9/ vigor\s & cont9u$ attacks4 ,imm$iately aft] ?is rev]se ! ,poli% ,g5]al ,zaionczeck lo/ ! battle ( ,*elm1 & ! ,gov]nor ( ,crac[ _h ! bas5ess to deliv] ! t[n to ! ,prussians1 )\t attempt+ a def5ce4 ,^! disa/]s occasion$ di/urbances among ! disaffect$ at ,w>saw1 :i*1 h[ev]1 7 put d[n by ! vig\r & firmness ( ,kosciusko4 ,on ! #ac? ( ,july1 ! =ces ( ! ,prussians & ,russians1 am\nt+ to fifty ?\s& m51 assembl$ "u ! walls ( ,w>saw1 & comm5c$ ! siege ( t city4 ,aft] six weeks sp5t be=e ! place1 & a succession ( bloody conflicts1 ! conf$]ates 7 oblig$ to raise ! siege2 b ?is respite to ! ,poles 0 b ( %ort duration4 ,_! enemies increas$ fe>fully 9 numb]1 :ile _! own res\rces dim9i%$4 ,au/ria n[ det]m9$ to assi/ 9 ! annihilation ( ,pol&1 & caus$ a body ( h] troops to ent] t k+dom4 ,ne>ly at ! same mom5t1 ! ,russians ravag$ ,li?uania2 & ! two corps ( ! ,russian army1 comm&$ by ,suw>( & ,f]s51 effect$ _! junction 9 spite ( ! battle ( ,krupezyce1 :i* ! ,poles _h v5tur$ ^u ) d\btful issue1 aga9/ ! fir/ ( ^! comm&]s1 on ! #af? ( ,septemb]4 ,^u receiv+ intellig5ce ( ^! ev5ts1 ,kosciusko left ,w>saw & plac$ himself at ! head ( ! ,poli% army4 ,he 0 attack$ by ! v sup]ior =ces ( ! conf$]ates on ! #aj? ( ,octob]1 #agid1 at a place call$ ,maciei[ice2 & = _m h\rs support$ ! combat aga9/ ov]:elm+ odds4 ,at l5g? he 0 sev]ely w\nd$1 & z he fell1 he utt]$ ! prophetic words1 8,f9is ,poloni40 ,x is ass]t$1 t he _h exact$ f 8 foll[]s an oa?1 n to suff] him to fall alive into ! h&s ( ! ,russians1 & t 9 consequ5ce ! ,poli% cavalry1 be+ unable to c>ry him (f1 inflict$ "s sev]e sabre w\nds on him1 & left him = dead on ! field2 a savage fidelity1 :i* we half admire ev5 9 condemn+ x4 ,be ?is z x may1 he 0 recognis$ & deliv]$ f ! plund]]s by "s ,cossack *iefs2 & ?us 0 sav$ f dea? to meet a sc>cely less h>% fate--imprisonm5t 9 a ,russian dungeon4 ,?omas ,wawrzecki became ! successor ( ,kosciusko 9 ! comm& ( ! army2 b ) ! loss ( _! h]oic lead]1 all hope _h des]t$ ! brea/s ( ! ,poles4 ,!y /ill1 h[ev]1 f\ght ) all ! ob/9acy ( despair1 & def5d$ ! suburb ( ,w>saw1 call$ ,praga1 ) great gallantry4 ,at l5g? ?is po/ 0 wre/$ f !m4 ,w>saw itself capitulat$ on ! #i? ( ,novemb]1 #agid2 & ?is calamity 0 foll[$ by ! entire dissolution ( ! ,poli% army on ! #ah? ( ! same mon?4 ,dur+ ?is "t1 ,kosciusko rema9$ 9 prison at ,pet]sburgh2 b1 at ! end ( two ye>s1 ! dea? ( 8 p]secutress ! ,empress ,ca!r9e releas$ him4 ,"o ( ! fir/ acts ( ! ,emp]or ,paul 0 to re/ore him to lib]ty1 & to load him ) v>i\s m>ks ( 8 fav\r4 ,among o!r gifts ( ! autocrat 0 a p5sion1 by :i*1 h[ev]1 ! high-spirit$ patriot w\ld nev] cons5t to pr(it4 ,no soon] 0 he beyond ! rea* ( ,russian influ5ce ?an he return$ to ! donor ! in/rum5t1 by :i* ?is humiliat+ fav\r 0 conf]r$4 ,f ?is p]iod ! life ( ,kosciusko 0 pass$ 9 retirem5t4 ,he w5t fir/ to ,engl&1 & !n to ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica4 ,he return$ to ! ,old ,_w 9 #agih1 & took up 8 abode 9 ,france1 :]e he divid$ 8 "t betwe5 ,p>is1 & a c\ntry-h\se he _h b\ght ne> ,fonta9bleau4 ,:ile "h he receiv$ ! appropriate pres5t ( ! sword ( ,john ,sobieski1 :i* 0 s5t to him by "s ( 8 c\ntrym5 s]v+ 9 ! ,fr5* armies 9 ,italy1 :o _h f\nd x 9 ! %r9e at ,loretto4 ,napoleon1 :5 ab\t to invade ,pol& 9 #ahjg1 wi%$ to use ! "n ( ,kosciusko1 9 ord] to rally ! p ( ! c\ntry r\nd 8 /&>d4 ,! patriot1 aw>e t no real fre$om 0 to be hop$ = "u su* auspices1 at once refus$ to l5d himself to 8 wi%es4 ,^u ?is ! ,emp]or =g$ ,kosciusko's signature to an address to ! ,poles1 :i* 0 di/ribut$ ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry4 ,nor w\ld he p]mit ! injur$ p]son to d5y ! au!nticity ( ?is act 9 any public mann]4 ,! real /ate ( ! case 01 h[ev]1 made kn[n to _m ?r\gh ! private repres5tations ( ,kosciusko2 b he 0 nev] able to publi% a =mal d5ial ( ! transaction till aft] ! fall ( ,napoleon4 ,:5 ! ,russians 9 #ahad _h p5etrat$ into ,*ampagne1 & 7 advanc+ t[>ds ,p>is1 !y 7 a/oni%$ to he> t _! =m] adv]s>y 0 liv+ 9 retirem5t 9 t "p ( ! c\ntry4 ,! circum/ances ( ?is discov]y 7 /rik+4 ,! commune 9 :i* ,kosciusko liv$ 0 subject$ to plund]1 & among ! troops ?us engag$ he obs]v$ a ,poli% regim5t4 ,transport$ ) ang] he ru%$ among !m1 & ?us address$ ! (fic]s3 8,:5 ,i comm&$ brave soldi]s !y nev] pillag$2 & ,i %\ld h puni%$ sev]ely subalt]ns :o all[$ ( disord]s su* z ^? :i* we see ar\nd4 ,/ill m sev]ely %\ld ,i h puni%$ old] (fic]s1 :o au?oriz$ su* conduct by _! culpable neglect40--8,& :o are y10 0 ! g5]al cry1 8t y d>e to speak ) su* boldness to u80--8,i am ,kosciusko40 ,! effect 0 electric3 ! soldi]y ca/ d[n _! arms1 pro/rat$ !mselves at 8 feet1 & ca/ du/ ^u _! heads accord+ to a national usage1 supplicat+ 8 =giv5ess = ! fault :i* !y _h committ$4 ,= tw5ty ye>s ! "n ( ,kosciusko _h n be5 he>d 9 ,pol& save z t ( an exile2 yet x /ill reta9$ its anci5t p[] ov] ,poli% he>ts2 a p[] nev] us$ b = "s good & g5]\s end4 ,! ,emp]or ,alex&] hon\r$ him ) a long int]view1 & (f]$ him an asylum 9 8 own c\ntry4 ,b no?+ c\ld induce ,kosciusko aga9 to see 8 un=tunate native l&4 ,9 #ahae1 he retir$ to ,soleure1 9 ,switz]l&2 :]e he di$1 ,octob] #af?1 #ahag1 9 consequ5ce ( an injury receiv$ by a fall f 8 horse4 ,n long be=e he _h aboli%$ slav]y ^u 8 ,poli% e/ate1 & decl>$ all 8 s]fs entirely free1 by a de$ regi/]$ & execut$ ) e =mality t c\ld ensure ! full p]=mance ( 8 int5tion4 ,! mortal rema9s ( ,kosciusko 7 remov$ to ,pol& at ! exp5se ( ,alex&]1 & h f\nd a fitt+ place ( re/ 9 ! ca!dral ( ,crac[1 betwe5 ^? ( 8 companions 9 arms1 ,joseph ,poniat[ski1 & ! greate/ ( ,poli% w>riors1 ,john ,sobieski4 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration3 ,engrav$ by ,r4 ,woodman4 ,,john ,,flaxman4 ,f ! orig9al ,picture by ,john ,jackson1 9 ! possession ( ! ,"r ,hon4 ,"l ,dov]4 ,"u ! ,sup]9t5dance ( ! ,society = ! ,diffusion ( ,useful ,k4 ,london4 ,publi%$ by ,*>les ,knight1 ,pall ,mall ,ea/4 ,illu/ration ,,flaxman ,x 0 n till ! "t ( ,banks & ,flaxman1 t ! ,engli% s*ool _h produc$ any notable specim5s ( ! l(ty & h]oic /yle 9 sculpture4 ,wilton1 ,bacon1 & ,nollek5s1 7 respectable 9 _! l9e1 :i* 0 ne>ly conf9$ to allegorical monum5ts & bu/s4 ,r\billiac1 ?\gh em95tly unclassical1 possess$ a sup]ior /yle ( art1 & has execut$ "s works :i* = /r5g? & livel9ess ( expression may *all5ge competition 9 ?is or any o!r c\ntry4 ,b ! atta9m5ts & g5ius ( ! two fir/-m5tion$ arti/s 7 ( a diff]5t1 & a l(ti] class4 ,^?1 h[ev]1 :o trace ! hi/ory ( ! lives ( ,flaxman & ,banks1 w f9d1 t :atev] !y a*iev$ 9 ! high] dep>tm5ts ( sculpture 0 due solely to _! ard5t pursuit ( excell5ce1 almo/ unaid$ by t patronage1 :i*1 9 ?is c\ntry1 has be5 s lib]ally be/[$ on o!r bran*es ( ! f9e arts4 ,! h]oic beauty & noble proportions ( ! ,m\rn+ ,a*illes1 fully e/abli% ! claim ( ,banks to a high rank z a poetic sculptor2 ?is f9e "w ( art1 h[ev]1 rema9$ = ye>s 9 pla/] dur+ 8 life1 & aft] 8 dea? 0 pres5t$ to ! ,briti% ,gall]y1 :]e x n[ /&s 9 ! hall1 8z a w>n+10 obs]ves ,mr4 ,allan ,cunn+ham1 8to all sculptors :o ent]1 t works ( classic fancy f9d sl5d] enc\ragem5t "h60 ,) respect to ,flaxman1 9 an e>ly p]iod ( 8 pr(essional c>e]1 he execut$ ! outl9e illu/rations ( ,hom]1 s*ylus1 & ,dante1 :i* at once e/abli%$ 8 fame2 & yet1 dur+ a long life1 no s+le patron call$ ^u him to embody 9 m>ble any "o ( ^! l(ty conceptions1 ! v exi/5ce ( :i* =ms ! *ief glory ( ! ,engli% s*ool ( poetic design4 ,! progress ( sculpture 9 ?is c\ntry has be5 v rec5tly trac$ by ,mr4 ,allan ,cunn+ham1 9 8 amus+ #8,memoirs ( ,briti% ,sculptors4' ,( ^!1 ! la/1 & mo/ int]e/+1 is t ( ,flaxman1 f ! spirit$ & amus+ pages ( :i*1 toge!r ) ! memoir prefix$ to ! ,lectures on ,sculpture1 ?is %ort acc\nt has be5 *iefly extract$4 ,john ,flaxman1 ! second son ( a m\ld] ( figures1 :o kept a %op 9 ! ,/r& = ! sale ( pla/] ca/s1 0 born 9 #agee4 ,l mo/ :o h be5 em95t z arti/s1 he e>ly manife/$ a ta/e = draw+4 ,z soon z he c\ld hold a p5cil1 he took delight 9 copy+ :atev] he saw1 & at an age :5 mo/ *ildr5 are engross$ ) *ildi% sports1 he _h read _m books1 & _h begun to trace ^u pap] ! l9eam5ts & actions ( ^? h]oes :o _h engag$ 8 fancy4 ,num]\s /ories are told ( 8 fondness = t art to :i* 8 mature en]gies 7 devot$2 &1 all[+ some:at = ! fond recollections ( p>5ts & fri5ds1 x is fully e/abli%$ t "y ,flaxman e>ly %[$ pro(s bo? ( application & g5ius4 ,to ?is developm5t ( 8 tal5ts1 8 bodily con/itution may h l5t "s aid1 = 8 heal? f infancy 0 delicate1 & a weak1 & some:at de=m$ frame1 indispos$ him f jo9+ 9 ! usual games ( *ildr54 ,8 /ation 9 life did n enable him to pr(it by ! common means ( education2 he ga!r$ 8 k f v>i\s s\rces1 & ma/]$ :at he want$ by "s ( ^? ready me?ods :i* =m "p ( ! inspirations ( g5ius4 ,! introduction1 ?r\gh ! means ( an e>ly patron1 ,mr4 ,ma!w1 to ,mrs4 ,b>bauld1 contribut$ to improve 8 education & =m 8 ta/e4 ,9 8 fifte5? ye> he became a /ud5t 9 ! ,royal ,academy4 ,"h he =m$ an intimacy ) ,blake & ,/o?>d1 bo? arti/s ( orig9al tal5t2 b1 l _! m em95t companion1 less fav\r$ by =tune ?an _m n s des]v+ ( patronage & applause4 ,at ! ,academy1 ,flaxman obta9$ ! silv] m$al1 b 9 ! conte/ = ! gold "o1 he 0 wor/$ by ,englehe>t1 a "n n[ entirely =gott54 ,flaxman1 h[ev]1 ?\gh humbl$ & mortifi$1 0 only /imulat$ by ?is defeat to great] ex]tions & m unwe>i$ application4 ,! n>r[ circum/ances ( 8 fa!r did n all[ him to devote 8 :ole "t to unproductive /udy4 ,8 fir/ employm5t 0 = ! ,w$gewoods2 & to ?is =tunate comb9ation ( g5ius 9 ! arti/1 & ent]prise1 skill1 & ta/e 9 ! manufactur]s1 ! sudd5 & rapid improvem5t ( ! porcela9 ( ?is c\ntry is ma9ly to be ascrib$4 8,! subjects execut$ by ,flaxman 7 *iefly small gr\ps 9 v l[ relief1 f subjects ( anci5t v]se & hi/ory2 _m ( :i*10 obs]ves ,mr4 ,a4 ,cunn+ham1 8are equal 9 beauty & simplicity to 8 designs = m>ble3 ! ,etruscan vases & ! ar*itectural ornam5ts ( ,greece suppli$ him ) ! f9e/ %apes2 ^! he embelli%$ ) 8 own inv5tions1 & a ta/e = =ms ( elegance began to be diffus$ ov] ! l&4 ,flaxman lov$ to allude1 ev5 :5 8 "n 0 e/abli%$1 to ^! humble lab\rs2 & s9ce 8 dea?1 ! orig9al models h be5 eag]ly s\ght aft]40 ,a set ( *essm51 also execut$ = ! ,w$gewoods1 are exce$+ly beautiful4 ,:il/ e>n+ by 8 lab\r a dec5t subsi/5ce1 he cont9u$ 8 devotion to ! pursuit ( 8 art1 mak+ designs f ! ,greek poets1 ! ,pilgrim's ,progress1 & ! ,bible4 ,he exhibit$ v>i\s works at ! ,academy2 b x does n appe> t he 0 enabl$ by patronage to execute any ( ^! 9 m>ble1 & x is1 p]haps1 ow+ to ! little practice t he _h 9 e>ly life 9 ?is mode ( work+1 t 8 admitt$ want ( excell5ce 9 ?is bran* ( ! art ( sculpture is to be attribut$4 ,9 #aghb he left 8 fa!r's home1 & m>ri$ an amiable & accompli%$ woman1 ^: society & affection =m$ ! *ief happ9ess ( 8 aft] life4 ,all ^? :o knew !m1 describe 9 gl[+ t]ms ! h>mony & mutual affection 9 :i* !y liv$4 ,9 #aghg he det]m9$ to visit ,rome4 ,two monum5ts :i* he execut$ be=e 8 dep>ture des]ve notice4 ,"o is 9 memory ( ,coll9s4 ,x repres5ts ! poet seat$1 read+ :at he told ,dr4 ,johnson 0 8 only book1 #8,,! ,,bible1' :il/ 8 lyre & poetical compositions lie neglect$ on ! gr\nd4 ,! second is erect$ 9 ,gl\ce/] ca!dral1 to ,mrs4 ,morley1 :o p]i%$ ) h] *ild at sea1 & is repres5t$ z ris+ ) ! infant f ! waves1 at ! summons ( angels4 ,! simple & s]5e beauty ( ?is "w is admirably suit$ = monum5tal sculpture4 ,h[ he pr(it$ :il/ at ,rome by ! /udy ( ^? noble specim5s ( anci5t art1 to :i* mod]n arti/s resort z ! be/ s*ool ( excell5ce1 is %[n 9 ! outl9e illu/rations ( ,hom]1 s*ylus1 & ,dante2 works :i* spread 8 fame ?r\gh\t ,europe1 & at once /amp$ ! "* ( ! ,engli% ,s*ool ( ,design4 ,^! compositions1 :i* h be5 ! admiration ( e nation :]e art is cultivat$1 :i* h be5 repeat$ly publi%$ 9 ,g]many & ,italy1 z well z 9 ,engl&1 & :i* h be5 comm5t$ on ) unlimit$ praise by ,s*legel1 & almo/ e o!r mod]n writ] on ! f9e arts1 7 made1 ! ,hom]ic s]ies = fifte5 %ill+s2 ^? tak5 f s*ylus & ,dante1 = "o gu9ea ea*4 ,x is n cr$itable to ,engli% ta/e t ?is c\ntry does n possess a s+le gr\p1 or ev5 bas-relief1 execut$ f !m1 al?\gh ! au?or liv$ = m ?an ?irty ye>s aft] _! publication4 ,( ! illu/rations ( ! ,iliad1 !re are 9 all ?irty-n9e2 ( ! ,odyssey1 ?irty-f\r4 ,( ! designs f ,dante1 ?irty-eight are tak5 f ! ,hell1 ?irty-eight f ! ,purgatory1 & ?irty-?ree f ! ,p>adise4 ,! ,hom]ic s]ies 0 made = ,mrs4 ,h>e4 ,! illu/rations ( s*ylus 7 und]tak5 at ! desire ( ! ,c\ntess ,sp5c]2 & ^? ( ! ,div9a ,comm$ia 7 execut$ = ,mr4 ,?omas ,hope1 "o ( ,flaxman's e>ly patrons1 = :om1 :il/ at ,rome1 he execut$ 9 m>ble a v beautiful small-siz$ gr\p ( ,cephalus & ,aurora4 ,( ^! ?ree s]ies1 ! ,hom]ic is ! mo/ popul>4 ,?is pref]5ce may1 p]haps1 be acc\nt$ = by ! ,grecian poem be+ m g5]ally famili> ?an t ( ,dante3 yet ! subject ( ! ,div9a ,comm$ia 9 _m respects appe>s to h be5 m cong5ial to ! tal5ts ( ! arti/2 & p]haps an imp>tial judgm5t w pron\nce1 t ( all ! works ( ,flaxman1 ! designs f ,dante be/ exhibit 8 peculi> g5ius4 ,dur+ 8 /ay at ,rome he execut$ = ,fr$]ick1 ,e>l ( ,bri/ol & ,bi%op ( ,d]ry1 a gr\p 9 m>ble1 :i* consi/$ ( f\r figures l>g] ?an life1 repres5t+ ! fury ( ,a?amas1 f ,ovid's ,metamorphoses3 by ?is he lo/ money1 ! price agre$ on be+ only six hundr$ gu9eas2 a sum insuffici5t to cov] ! exp5ses ( ! "w4 ,! recollection ( ?is piece ( patronage 0 s disgu/+1 to use ! ^w by :i* he himself once *>act]iz$ x1 t 9 aft] life he c\ld n be> to talk on ! subject4 ,:il/ 9 ,italy he made num]\s draw+s & memor&a ^u anci5t art1 :i* aft]w>ds =m$ ! gr\ndwork ( 8 lectures on sculpture4 ,aft] an abs5ce ( sev5 ye>s he return$ to ,engl&1 & engag$ a h\se 9 ,buck+ham-/reet1 9 :i* he cont9u$ to reside till 8 dea?4 ,8 fir/ great "w aft] 8 return 0 a monum5t to ! ,e>l ( ,mansfield4 ,9 #agig he 0 elect$ an associate1 & 9 #ahjj1 a memb] ( ! ,royal ,academy1 to :i* he pres5t$1 on 8 admission1 a m>ble gr\p ( ,apollo & ,m>pessa4 ,he visit$ = a %ort "t1 9 #ahjb1 ! spl5did collections ( ! ,l\vre1 9 ord] to revive 8 e>ly recollection ( ! works ( art :i* _h be5 br\ght f ,rome4 ,9 #ahaj1 a pr(essor%ip ( sculpture hav+ be5 e/abli%$ by ! ,academy1 he 0 elect$ to fill ! *air1 & 8 lectures 7 comm5c$ 9 #ahaa4 ,^? :o _h =m$ high expectations ( eloqu5ce1 & ( felicity ( diction & illu/ration1 7 disappo9t$4 ,! s$ate gravity ( 8 mann]1 8 unimpassion$ tone1 & ! some:at dull catalogue ( /atues & works ( art :i* he occasionally introduc$1 conduc$ to tire a g5]al audi5ce4 ,b ! t5 lectures1 :i* h be5 publi%$ s9ce 8 dea?1 mu/ always furni% an important manual to e /ud5t 9 sculpture4 ,! lectures on ,beauty1 & ! contra/ ( ,anci5t & ,mod]n ,sculpture1 are peculi>ly int]e/+1 & embody ne>ly all :i* c be said on ! lead+ pr9ciples ( art4 ,9 addition to ^! lectures he wrote sev]al anonym\s articles1 :i* are enum]at$ by ,mr4 ,cunn+ham4 ,^! 7 ! #8,"* ( ! ,works ( ,romney1' = ,hayley's life ( t arti/1 & ei!r ! :ole or "p ( ! articles1 ,arm\r1 ,basso-relievo1 ,beauty1 ,bronze1 ,bu/1 ,composition1 ,ca/1 ,c]es1 9 ,rees's ,cyclopdia4 ,_m ( ! op9ions put =? 9 ^! diff]5t essays he has embodi$ 9 8 lectures4 ,besides ! designs already notic$1 he execut$ num]\s illu/rations ( ! ,pilgrim's ,progress1 =ty designs = ,so!by's translation ( ,ob]on1 & ?irty-six designs f ,hesiod1 illu/rat+ ! /ory ( ,p&ora1 & exhibit+ ! effects ( h] desc5t on e>?4 ,! subjects f ,hesiod 7 ^? 9 :i* 8 poetic fancy appe>$ mo/ to delight4 ,9 #ahbj1 ,flaxman lo/ 8 wife1 ) :om he _h liv$ 9 un9t]rupt$ happ9ess = ?irty-eight ye>s1 & f ! effects ( ?is b]eavem5t he seem$ nev] entirely to recov]4 ,a belov$ si/]1 & ! si/] ( h] :om he mo/ lov$1 rema9$ to him1 & cont9u$ 8 companions till 8 dea?4 ,at ! "t ( ?is dome/ic mis=tune ! arti/ 0 9 ! z5i? ( 8 fame4 ,commissions p\r$ 91 & among !m1 "o ord] especially wor?y ( 8 tal5ts1 = a gr\p ( ! ,ar*angel ,mi*ael vanqui%+ ,satan1 giv5 by ! ,e>l ( ,egremont1 a nobleman :o has omitt$ no opportunity ( patronis+ ! f9e arts 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,?is gr\p exhibits m gr&eur ( conception ?an any "w ( art ( mod]n times4 ,un=tunately ! m>ble ( :i* x 0 cut 0 mu* discol\r$1 & ! "w 0 n entirely f9i%$ at 8 dea?4 ,among/ ! f9e/ ( ,flaxman's lat] productions1 ,mr4 ,cunn+ham enum]ates 8 ,pys*e1 ! pa/oral ,apollo 7also 9 ! possession ( ,"l ,egremont71 & two small /atues ( ,mi*ael ,angelo & ,raphael4 ,b ! mo/ rem>kable ( !m is ! %ield ( ,a*illes1 design$ & modell$ = ,messrs4 ,rundell & ,bridge1 ! silv]smi?s4 ,! diamet] is ?ree feet1 & ! description ( ,hom] has be5 /rictly foll[$4 ,9 ! c5tre is ! *>iot ( ! sun1 9 bold relief1 almo/ />t+ f ! surface1 surr\nd$ by ! mo/ rem>kable ( ! heav5ly bodies3 ar\nd ! rim is roll$ ! ev] fl[+ ocean4 ,! int]m$iate space is occupi$ by twelve sc5es1 beautifully design$ 9 con=mity ) ! words ( ! poet4 ,= ?is ! arti/ 0 paid #fbj4 ,f\r ca/s ( x 9 silv] 7 tak51 ! fir/ = ! late ,k+1 ano!r = ! ,duke ( ,york1 ! ?ird = ,"l ,lonsdale1 ! f\r? = ! ,duke ( ,nor?umb]l&4 ,flaxman di$ on ! #g? ( ,decemb]1 #ahbf1 ( an inflammation ( ! lungs1 ! result ( a cold4 ,9 p]son he 0 small1 & slightly de=m$1 b 8 c\nt5ance 0 peculi>ly placid & b5ign1 & greatly expressive ( g5ius4 ,8 dress1 mann]s1 & mode ( life 7 simple 9 ! extreme3 he 0 nev] f\nd at ! p>ties ( ! ri* & great1 & mix$ little ev5 ) 8 pr(essional bre?r54 ,8 life 0 sp5t 9 a small circle ( affectionate fri5ds1 9 8 /udio1 & 9 8 work%ops1 :]e ^? :om he employ$ look$ up to him z a fa!r4 ,among/ ! diff]5t classes ( 8 works1 ! religi\s & ! poetic 7 ^? 9 :i* he *iefly excell$4 ,! numb] ( pure & exalt$ conceptions1 :i* he has left sket*$ 9 pla/] or outl9$ 9 p5cil1 is q extraord9>y4 8,8 solitude10 obs]ves ,sir ,?omas ,lawr5ce1 80 made enjoym5t to him by a fancy teem+ ) images ( t5d]ness1 purity1 or gr&eur4 ,8 g5ius1 9 ! /ricte/ s5se ( ! ^w1 0 orig9al & inv5tive40 ,among ! mo/ important ( 8 works n be=e notic$1 is 8 monum5t to ! memory ( ,sir ,francis ,b>+1 9 ,mit*eldev] ,*ur*1 ,hants1 a "w ( exquisite beauty1 bo? 9 design & expression1 embody+ ! words1 8,?y k+dom come--?y w be done--deliv] u f evil40 ,he also execut$1 among o!rs1 monum5ts to ! memory ( ,m>y ,lu%+ton1 ( ,lewi%am1 9 ,k5t1 to ! ,c\ntess ,sp5c]1 to ! ,rev4 ,mr4 ,cl[es1 ( ,/4 ,john's ,*ur*1 ,man*e/]1 & to ! ,y>bor\gh family at ,/reet ,?orpe1 ne> ,york4 ,?is la/1 & "o to ,edw>d ,bulm]1 repres5t+ an ag$ man in/ruct+ a y\?ful pair1 ,flaxman consid]$ ! be/ ( 8 compositions4 ,he execut$ sev]al hi/orical monum5ts to naval & milit>y comm&]s4 ,^! deal too l>gely 9 emblems & allegories1 ,britannias1 lions1 victories1 & wrea?s ( laurel1 to add mu* to ! reputation ( ! arti/3 especially z 8 =te lay 9 ! exquisite feel+ & grace ( 8 conceptions1 n 9 manual dext]ity ( execution2 ! *ief m]it to :i* su* cold & un9t]e/+ productions c lay claim4 ,he execut$ /atues ( ,sir ,jo%ua ,reynolds2 ( ,sir ,john ,moore1 9 bronze1 ( colossal size1 = ,glasg[2 ( ,pitt1 = ! ,t[n-,hall ( ! same city2 ( ,burns2 & ( ,kemble1 9 ! "* ( ,coriolanus4 ,t ( ,sir ,jo%ua ,reynolds 7"o ( 8 e>lie/7 is p]haps ! be/4 ,_m ( 8 works 7 s5t abroad3 = ,india he execut$ a /atue ( ! ,rajah ( ,tanjore1 & a monum5t to ! celebrat$ ,s*w>tz2 two monum5ts 9 memory ( ,"l ,cornwallis1 a figure ( ,w>r5 ,ha/+s1 & a /atue ( ! ,m>quess ( ,ha/+s4 ,s9ce ! dea? ( ,flaxman1 six plates h be5 publi%$ by 8 si/]1 f 8 designs4 ,! subjects are religi\s2 ! engrav+s are admirable fac-similes ( ! orig9al draw+s1 :i* 7 made 9 8 be/ "t2 & p]haps !re is no publi%$ "w ( 8 m illu/rative ( ! peculi> ta/e & g5ius ( ! arti/4 ,our ,portrait has be5 engrav$ f a f9e picture by ,jackson1 9 ! possession ( ,"l ,dov]4 ,!re is also an excell5t portrait pa9t$ by ,h[>d1 & a good bu/ ( ,flaxman 0 execut$ by ,baily "s few ye>s be=e our arti/'s dea?4 ,illu/ration3 8,fe$ ! hungry10 f a bas-relief ( ,flaxman4 ,illu/ration ,,cop]nicus ,! illu/ri\s discov]] ( ! true planet>y motions1 ^: features are repres5t$ on ! accompany+ plate1 liv$ dur+ ! latt] "p ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 & ! fir/ half ( ! foll[+ "o4 ,not)/&+ ! success & celebrity ( ! !ory :i* /ill be>s 8 "n1 ! mat]ials are v scanty = p]sonal details reg>d+ 8 life & "*4 ,?is ignorance is n ! result ( rec5t neglect4 ,a c5tury _h sc>cely elaps$ f ! "t ( 8 dea?1 :5 ,gass5di1 :o1 at ! reque/ ( ! poet ,*apela91 und]took to compile an acc\nt ( him1 0 =c$ to preface x by a simil> decl>ation4 ,:il/ ,europe rang f "o end to ! o!r ) ! fi]ce dispute to :i* ! new views ( ! relation & motions ( ! heav5ly bodies gave rise1 ! "*1 ! situation & mann] ( life1 almo/ ! c\ntry1 ( ! great au?or ( ! controv]sy1 rema9$ unkn[n to ! great] numb] ( 8 admir]s & oppon5ts4 ,ev5 ! "n ( ! discov]] ( ! ,cop]nican sy/em n[ appe>s /range1 except 9 ! ,lat9is$ =m ( ,cop]nicus1 9 :i* alone x occurs 9 8 own writ+s & 9 ^? ( 8 comm5tators4 ,nicolas ,cp]nik#a1 to use 8 g5u9e appellation1 0 a native ( ,?orn1 a city ( ,poli% ,prussia1 situat$ on ! riv] ,wei*sel or ,vi/ula4 ,he 0 born 9 ! ye> #adgc4 ,little is kn[n ( 8 p>5ts1 except t 8 fa!r1 ^: "n also 0 ,nicolas1 0 a surgeon1 &1 z x is believ$1 ( ,g]man extraction4 ,! eld] ,cp]nik 0 und\bt$ly a /rang] at ,?orn1 :]e he 0 naturaliz$ 9 #adfb3 he m>ri$ ,b>b>a1 ( ! noble ,poli% family ( ,watzelrode4 ,luke1 "o ( h] bro!rs1 atta9$ ! high dignity ( ,bi%op ( ,ermel& 9 ! ye> #adhi1 & ! prospects ( advancem5t :i* ?is connection held out to "y ,cp]nik1 probably induc$ 8 fa!r to de/9e him to ! ecclesia/ical pr(ession4 ,he acquir$ at home ! fir/ elem5ts ( a lib]al education1 & aft]w>ds graduat$ at ,crac[1 :]e he rema9$ till he receiv$ ! diploma ( ,doctor 9 ,arts & ,m$ic9e f t univ]sity4 ,he is said to h made consid]able pr(ici5cy 9 ! latt] bran* ( /udy2 & possess$1 ev5 9 m advanc$ life1 s high a reputation = skill & k1 z to produce an errone\s belief t he _h once foll[$ m$ic9e4 ,footnote #a3 ,! au?ority = ?is mann] ( spell+ ! "n is ,h>tkno*1 ,alt und ,neues ,preuss54 ,! inscription1 ,nicolao ,cop]nico1 :i* appe>s on ! plate1 is a lit]al copy ( ! inscription on ! orig9al picture4 ,illu/ration3 ,engrav$ by ,e4 ,scriv54 ,,nicolao ,,cop]nico4 ,f a ,picture 9 ! possession ( ! ,royal ,society1 pres5t$ by ,dr4 ,wolf1 ( ,dantzic1 ,june #f1 #aggj4 ,"u ! ,sup]9t5dance ( ! ,society = ! ,diffusion ( ,useful ,k4 ,london4 ,publi%$ by ,*>les ,knight1 ,pall ,mall ,ea/4 ,he also exhibit$ at an e>ly age a v decid$ ta/e = ma!matical /udies1 especially = a/ronomy2 & att5d$ ! lectures1 bo? public & private1 ( ,alb]t ,brudzewski1 !n ma!matical pr(essor at ,crac[4 ,"u 8 tuition1 ,cop]nicus1 z we %all h]eaft] call him1 became acqua9t$ ) ! works ( ! a/ronom]1 ,john ,mll]1 7n[ m commonly kn[n by 8 assum$ appellation ( ,regiomontanus17 & ! reputation ( ?is celebrat$ man is said to h ex]cis$ a m>k$ influ5ce 9 decid+ ! b5t ( 8 future /udies4 ,mll] di$ at ,rome a few ye>s aft] ! bir? ( ,cop]nicus1 & :5 ! latt] _h rea*$ an age capable ( appreciat+ excell5ce & n\ri%+ emulation1 he f\nd ,mll]'s works dissem9at$ ?r\gh e civiliz$ c\ntry ( ,europe1 8 g5ius & acquirem5ts ! subject ( univ]sal admiration1 & 8 premature dea? /ill regrett$ z a public calamity4 ,! feel+s to :i* ! contemplation ( ,mll]'s success gave rise1 7 /ill m excit$ by a j\rney into ,italy1 :i* ,cop]nicus und]took ab\t ! ye> #adie4 ,"o ( 8 bro!rs & 8 mat]nal uncle 7 already settl$ 9 ,rome1 :i* 0 !re=e ! po9t to :i* 8 /eps ev5tually t5d$4 ,he quitt$ home 9 8 tw5ty-?ird ye>2 :5 8 dilig5ce 9 cultivat+ ! practical "p ( a/ronomy _h already procur$ = him "s reputation z a skilful obs]v]4 ,x seems to h be5 9 contemplation ( ?is j\rney t he began to /udy pa9t+1 9 :i* he aft]w>ds became a tol]able pr(ici5t4 ,bologna 0 ! fir/ place at :i* he made any /ay1 be+ drawn ?i!r by ! reputation ( ! a/ronomical pr(essor1 ,dom9ic ,m>ia ,nov>ra4 ,cop]nicus 0 n m delight$ ) ?is able in/ructor ?an ,nov>ra ) 8 intellig5t pupil4 ,he soon became an assi/ant & companion ( ,nov>ra 9 8 obs]vations1 & 9 ?is capacity acquir$ consid]able di/9ction1 s t on 8 dep>ture f ,bologna & arrival at ,rome1 he f\nd t 8 reputation _h prec$$ him4 ,he 0 appo9t$ to a pr(essor%ip 9 t city1 :]e he cont9u$ to tea* ma!matics = "s ye>s ) consid]able success4 ,x does n appe> at :at "t ,cop]nicus ent]$ into holy ord]s3 probably x may h be5 dur+ 8 resid5ce at ,rome2 = on 8 return home he 0 nam$ to ! sup]9t5d5ce ( ! pr9cipal *ur* 9 8 native city ,?orn4 ,n long aft]w>ds 8 uncle ,luke1 :o1 9 #adhi1 succe$$ ,nicolas von ,?ung5 9 ! bi%opric ( ,ermel&1 enroll$ him z "o ( ! canons ( 8 *apt]4 ,! ca!dral *ur* ( ! diocese ( ,ermel& is situat$ at ,frau5burg1 a small t[n built ne> "o ( ! m\?s ( ! ,vi/ula1 on ! %ore ( ! lake call$ ,fris*e ,haff1 sep>at$ only by a n>r[ /rip ( l& f ! ,gulf ( ,dantzig4 ,9 ?is situation1 r5d]$ unfav\rable to a/ronomical obs]vations by ! frequ5t m>%y exhalations ris+ f ! riv] & lake1 ,cop]nicus took up 8 future abode1 & made x ! pr9cipal place ( 8 resid5ce dur+ ! rema9d] ( 8 life4 ,"h ^? a/ronomical speculations 7 r5ew$ & p]fect$1 ! results ( :i* h = ev] consign$ to oblivion ! subtle contrivances inv5t$ by 8 pr$ecessors to acc\nt = ! anomalies ( _! own complicat$ !ories4 ,b we %\ld =m a v errone\s op9ion ( ! life & "* ( ,cop]nicus1 if we consid]$ him1 z x is probable t by mo/ he is consid]$1 ! quiet inhabitant ( a cloi/]1 imm]s$ solely 9 speculative inquiries4 ,8 disposition did n unfit him = tak+ an active %>e 9 ! /irr+ ev5ts :i* 7 occurr+ ar\nd him1 & x 0 n left entirely to 8 *oice :e!r he w\ld rema9 a m]e spectator ( !m4 ,! *apt] ( ,ermel&1 at ! "t :5 he became a memb] ( x1 0 ! c5tre ( a viol5t political /ruggle1 9 ! decision ( :i* ,cop]nicus himself 0 call$ on to act a consid]able "p4 ,9 ! latt] half ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 a bitt] w> 0 c>ri$ on betwe5 ! ,k+ ( ,pol& & a milit>y religi\s frat]nity1 call$ ! ,teutonic or ,g]man ,knights ( ,/4 ,m>y ( ,j]usalem1 :o 7 incorporat$ t[>ds ! end ( ! twelf? c5tury4 ,hav+ be5 call$ into ,prussia1 !y e/abli%$ !mselves p]man5tly 9 ! c\ntry1 built ,?orn & sev]al o!r cities1 & gradually acquir$ a consid]able %>e ( indep5d5t p[]4 ,on ! dea? ( ,paul von ,seg5dorf1 bi%op ( ,ermel&1 ,casimir1 k+ ( ,pol&1 9 pursuance ( a design :i* he 0 !n prosecut+1 to get into 8 own h&s ! nom9ation to all ! bi%oprics 9 8 dom9ions1 appo9t$ 8 secret>y1 ,/anislas ,oppor[ski1 to ! vacant see4 ,! *apt] ( ,ermel& proce$$ not)/&+ to a sep>ate nom9ation1 & elect$ ,nicolas von ,?ung54 ,oppor[ski1 back$ by ,casimir1 ent]$ ,ermel& at ! head ( a p[]ful army4 ,f ?is p]iod ! new ,bi%op ( ,ermel& necess>ily made common cause ) ! ,g]man ,knights2 !y r5\nc$ _! allegiance to ! cr[n ( ,pol&1 & ?rew !mselves on ! protection ( ,mat?ias k+ ( ,hung>y4 ,at l5g?1 ,casimir f9d+ himself unable to ma/] ! conf$]acy1 sep>at$ ,nicolas von ,?ung5 f x1 by agree+ to recognise him z ,pr9ce-,bi%op ( ,ermel&1 on ! usual condition ( homage4 ,nicolas ?us became confirm$ 9 8 dignity1 b 8 unhappy subjects did n f>e bett] on t acc\nt1 ! c\ntry be+ n[ expos$ to ! fury ( ! ,g]man ,knights1 z x _h suff]$ be=e f ! viol5ce ( ! ,poli% soldi]y4 ,^! di/urbances 7 cont9u$ dur+ ! life ( ,luke ,watzelrode1 & ! city ( ,frau5burg1 z well z its neighb\r ,braunsburg1 frequ5tly became ! !atre ( w>like op]ations4 ,! managem5t ( ! see 0 (t5 committ$ to ! c>e ( ,cop]nicus dur+ ! abs5ce ( 8 uncle1 :o on political gr\nds resid$ = ! mo/ "p at ! ,c\rt2 & 8 activity 9 ma9ta9+ ! rights ( ! *apt] r5d]$ him especially obnoxi\s to ! ,teutonic ,ord]4 ,9 "o ( ! %ort int]vals ( tranquillity1 !y took occasion to cite him be=e ! meet+ ( ! ,/ates at ,pos51 on acc\nt ( "s ( 8 reports to 8 uncle conc]n+ _! encroa*m5ts4 ,gass5di1 :o m5tions ?is circum/ance1 m]ely adds t at l5g? 8 own & 8 uncle's m]it secur$ ! latt] 9 ! possession ( 8 dignity4 ,9 #aeab ,watzelrode di$1 & ,cop]nicus 0 *os5 z adm9i/rator ( ! see until ! appo9tm5t ( ! new bi%op1 ,fabian von ,los+54 ,9 #aeah ! knights "u _! gr& ma/]1 ,alb]t ( ,br&5burg1 took possession ( ,frau5burg & burnt x to ! gr\nd4 ,dur+ ! foll[+ ye> ho/ilities cont9u$ 9 ! imm$iate neighb\rhood ( ,frau5burg1 b 9 ! c\rse ( t summ]1 negotiations = peace betwe5 ! ,teutonic ,ord] & ! ,k+ ( ,pol& 7 begun1 ?r\gh ! m$iation ( ! bi%op4 ,at la/ a truce 0 agre$ ^u = f\r ye>s1 dur+ :i* ,fabian von ,los+5 di$1 & ,cop]nicus 0 aga9 *os5 adm9i/rator ( ! bi%opric4 ,9 #aebe peace 0 conclud$ ) ! ,teutonic ,knights1 ,alb]t hav+ cons5t$ to receive ,prussia z a temporal fief f ! ,k+ ( ,pol&4 ,x 0 probably on ?is occasion t ,cop]nicus 0 select$ to repres5t ! *apt] ( ,ermel& at ! ,diet at ,graud5z1 :]e ! t]ms ( peace 7 f9ally settl$2 & by 8 firmness ! *apt] recov]$ great "p ( ! possessions :i* _h be5 endang]$ dur+ ! w>4 ,?is s]vice to 8 *apt] 0 foll[$ by ano!r ( m widely ext5d$ importance4 ,dur+ ! /ruggle1 :i* _h cont9u$ ) little int]ruption = m ?an half a c5tury1 ! curr5cy _h become greatly debas$ & depreciat$2 & "o ( ! mo/ important subjects ( delib]ation at ! meet+ at ,graud5z relat$ to ! be/ me?od ( re/or+ x4 ,!re 0 a great diff]5ce ( op9ion :e!r ! int5d$ new co9age %\ld be /ruck accord+ to ! old value ( ! curr5cy1 or accord+ to t to :i* x _h fall5 9 consequ5ce ( its adult]ation4 ,to assi/ 9 ! settlem5t ( ?is important "q1 ,cop]nicus drew up a table ( ! relative value ( ! co9s1 !n 9 circulation ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry4 ,he pres5t$ ?is to ! ,/ates1 accompani$ by a memoir on ! same subject1 an extract f :i* may be se5 9 ,h>tkno*'s ,hi/ory ( ,prussia4 ,?r\gh\t ! tr\blesome p]iod ( :i* we h j giv5 an outl9e1 ,cop]nicus seems to h display$ mu* political c\rage & tal5t4 ,:5 tranquillity 0 at l5g? re/or$1 he resum$ ! a/ronomical /udies :i* _h be5 ?us int]rupt$ by m active duties4 ,!re appe>s to be little d\bt t ! philosoph] began to m$itate on ! ideas :i* l$ him to ! true k ( ! con/itution ( ! sol> sy/em1 at lea/ z e>ly z #aejg4 ,e "o1 :o has he>d ! "n ( ,cop]nicus m5tion$1 is aw>e t be=e him ! g5]al belief 01 t ! e>? occupies ! c5tre ( ! univ]se2 t ! *anges ( day & night are produc$ by ! rapid revolution ( ! heav5s1 su* z our s5ses errone\sly lead u to believe1 until m accurate & complicat$ obs]vation tea*es u ! contr>y2 t ! *ange ( seasons & app>5t motions ( ! planet>y bodies are caus$ by ! revolution ( ! sun & planets f we/ to ea/ r\nd ! e>?1 9 orbits ( v>i\s complexity1 subject to ! common daily motion ( all f ea/ to we/4 ,in/ead ( ! daily motion ( ! heav5s f ea/ to we/1 ,cop]nicus sub/itut$ ! revolution ( ! e>? itself f we/ to ea/4 ,he expla9$ ! o!r ph5om5a ( ! planet>y motions by suppos+ ! sun to be fix$1 & ! e>? & o!r planets to revolve ab\t him2 n1 h[ev]1 9 simple circul> orbits1 accord+ to ! popul> view ( ! ,cop]nican !ory4 ,x 0 absolutely necess>y to reta9 mu* ( ! old ma*9]y ( def]5t & epicycle s long z ! prejudice exi/$1 f :i* ,cop]nicus himself 0 n free1 t no?+ b circul> motion is to be f\nd 9 ! heav5s4 ,ano!r /ep 0 made by ! foll[+ g5]ation1 & a/ronom]s 7 taught by ,kepl] to believe t ! circul> motion :i* !y 7 s anxi\s to pres]ve 9 _! !ories1 has no real exi/5ce 9 ! planet>y orbits4 ,! advantage ( ! new sy/em above ! old1 01 t by n d5y+ to ! e>? ! motion :i* x really possesses1 ! au?or _h to inv5t epicycles to expla9 only ! real irregul>ities ( ! motions ( ! o!r planets1 & n ^? app>5t ones :i* arise out ( ! motion ( ! orb f :i* !y are view$4 ,x is commonly said t besides ! two motions already m5tion$1 ,cop]nicus attribut$ to ! e>? a ?ird annual revolution on its axis4 ,?is 0 necess>y f ! idea :i* he _h =m$ ( its motion 9 its orbit4 ,he conceiv$ ! e>? to be c>ri$ r\nd z if re/+ on a lev] c5tr$ 9 ! sun1 :i* w\ld cause ! poles ( ! daily motion to po9t successively to diff]5t p>ts ( ! heav5s2 ! ?ird motion 0 add$ to re/ore ^! poles to _! true position 9 e "p ( ! orbit4 ,x 0 aft]w>ds se5 t ^! two annual motions might be consid]$ z result+ f "o ( a diff]5t k9d1 & 9 ?is simpl] =m !y are n[ always consid]$ by a/ronomical writ]s4 ,x w\ld be an int]e/+ inquiry to foll[ ,cop]nicus ?r\gh ! tra9 ( reason+ :i* induc$ him to v5ture ^u ^! *anges2 b x is impossible to attempt ?is1 or to expla9 8 sy/em1 )9 ! limits to :i* ?is sket* is necess>ily conf9$4 ,9 "o po9t ( view1 8 peculi> m]it appe>s n to be 9 g5]al suffici5tly insi/$ ^u4 ,if he _h m]ely sugge/$ ! pr9ciples ( 8 new !ory1 he w\ld d\btless h acquir$1 z n[1 ! glory ( light+ ^u ! true ord] ( ! sol> sy/em1 & ( f\nd+ !reupon a new s*ool ( a/ronomy3 b 8 peculi> & *>act]i/ic m]it1 t by :i* he really e>n$ 8 reputation1 & :i* entitles him to take rank by ! side ( ,newton 9 ! hi/ory ( a/ronomy1 0 ! result ( 8 conviction1 t if 8 pr9ciples 7 inde$ true1 !y w\ld be v]ifi$ by ! exam9ation ( details1 & ! p]sev]+ resolution ) :i* he !reupon set himself to rebuild an a/ronomical !ory f ! f\ndation4 ,?is 0 ! reason1 at lea/ z mu* z ! fe> ( incurr+ c5sure1 :y he delay$ ! publication ( 8 sy/em = ?irty-six ye>s4 ,dur+ ! great] "p ( t "t he 0 employ$ 9 collect+1 by c>eful obs]vation1 ! mat]ials ( :i* x is con/ruct$3 ! op9ions on :i* x is bas$1 compris+ ! :ole ( :at 0 aft]w>ds decl>$ to be h]etical & impi\s1 7 widely kn[n to be ent]ta9$ by him long be=e ! "w itself appe>$4 ,he delay$ to ann\nce !m =mally1 until he 0 able at ! same "t to %[ t !y 7 n r&om guesses1 tak5 up f a m]e affectation ( novelty2 b t ) _! assi/ance he _h compil$ tables ( ! planet>y motions1 :i* 7 imm$iately ackn[l$g$ ev5 by ^? ^: m9ds revolt$ mo/ aga9/ ! means by :i* !y 7 obta9$1 to be f> m correct ?an any :i* till !n _h appe>$4 ,cop]nicus's book seems to h be5 ne>ly complet$ 9 #aecf1 :i* is ! date ( a lett] address$ to him by ,c>d9al ,s*onb]g1 prefix$ to ! "w4 ,s f> at ?is "t 0 ! *ur* ( ,rome f hav+ decid$ on ! l9e ( /ubborn opposition to ! new op9ions1 :i*1 9 ! foll[+ c5tury1 s mu* to h] own disgrace1 %e adopt$1 t ,cop]nicus 0 *iefly mov$ to complete & publi% 8 "w by ! solicitations ( ?is c>d9al1 & ( ,t9demann ,giese1 ! bi%op ( ,culm2 & ! book itself 0 d$icat$ to ,pope ,paul ,,iii4 ,x is entitl$1 #8,de ,revolutionibus ,orbium ,cle/ium1 ,libri ,,vi4' ,! d$ication is writt5 9 a v diff]5t /ra9 f t to :i* 8 foll[]s 7 soon aft]w>ds re/rict$4 ,he !re boldly av[s 8 expectation t 8 !ory w\ld be attack$ z contr>y to ! ,scriptures1 & 8 contempt ( su* ill-consid]$ judgm5t4 ,a m timid preface1 9 :i* ! new !ory is spok5 ( z a m]e ma!matical hypo!sis1 0 add$ to ?is d$ication by ,osi&]1 to :om ,cop]nicus _h entru/$ ! c>e ( prep>+ ! book = publication4 ,x has be5 said t ! au?or 0 f> f approv+ ?is1 & if 8 dea? _h n foll[$ closely ^u its publication1 x is n improbable t he w\ld h suppress$ x4 ,! revolution ( op9ion t has foll[$ ! publication ( ?is memorable "w 0 n imm$iately p]ceptible3 ev5 to ! end ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 z ,montucla obs]ves1 ! numb] ( conv]ts to its doctr9es might be easily reckon$4 ,! majority cont5t$ !mselves ) a disda9ful sne] at ! folly ( introduc+ su* ridicul\s notions among ! grave doctr9es ( a/ronomy3 b al?\gh imp]t95t1 x 0 z yet consid]$ h>mless2 & all ^? :o 7 at ! pa9s to exam9e ! reason+ on :i* ! new !ory 0 gr\nd$1 7 all[$1 unmole/$1 to own !mselves conv9c$ by x4 ,x 0 n until ! _s ( philosophical inquiry 0 fully awak5$1 t ! *ur* ( ,rome became s5sible h[ mu* dang] lurk$ 9 ! new doctr9es2 & :5 ! /ruggle began 9 e>ne/ betwe5 ! p>tisans ( tru? & falsehood1 ! c5sures pron\nc$ ^u ! advocates ( ! e>?'s motion1 7 9 fact aim$ ?r\gh !m at all :o presum$1 ev5 9 natural ph5om5a1 to see ) o!r eyes ?an ^? ( _! spiritual advis]s4 ,cop]nicus did n live to witness any "p ( ! effect produc$ by 8 book4 ,a sudd5 attack ( dys5t]y & p>alysis put an end to 8 life1 )9 a few h\rs aft] ! fir/ pr9t$ copy _h be5 %[n to him1 9 8 sev5ty-second ye>1 on ! #bd? ,may1 #aedc1 "o c5tury be=e ! bir? ( ,newton4 ,! h\se at ,?orn1 9 :i* he is said to h be5 born1 is /ill %[n1 z well z t at ,frau5burg1 9 :i* he pass$ ! great] "p ( 8 life4 ,an hydraulic ma*9e1 ( :i* only ! rema9s n[ exi/1 = supply+ ! h\ses ( ! canons ) wat]1 & ano!r ( simil> con/ruction at ,graud5z1 :i* is /ill 9 use1 are said to h be5 con/ruct$ by him4 ,an acc\nt ( !m may be se5 9 ,nanke's ,travels4 ,f ! little t is kn[n ( ,cop]nicus's private "*1 8 morals appe> to h be5 unexceptionable2 8 temp] good1 8 disposition k9d1 b incl9+ to s]i\sness4 ,he 0 s highly e/eem$ 9 8 own neighb\rhood1 t ! attempt ( a dramatic au?or to satirise him1 by introduc+ 8 doctr9e ( ! e>?'s motion ^u ! /age at ,elb+1 0 receiv$ by ! audi5ce ) ! greate/ indignation4 ,he 0 buri$ 9 ! cemet]y ( ! *apt] ( ,ermel&1 & only a pla9 m>ble slab1 inscrib$ ) 8 "n1 m>k$ ! place ( 8 int]m5t4 ,until ?is 0 r$iscov]$ 9 ! latt] half ( ! la/ c5tury1 an op9ion prevail$ t 8 rema9s _h be5 transport$ to ,?orn1 & buri$ 9 ! *ur* ( ,/4 ,john1 :]e ! portrait ( him is pres]v$1 f :i* mo/ ( ! pr9ts 9 circulation h be5 tak54 ,x is engrav$ 9 ,h>tkno*'s ,prussia1 &1 accord+ to t au?or1 copies ( x 7 frequ5tly made4 ,! portrait prefix$ to ,gass5di's life1 is a copy ( t giv5 9 ,boiss>d1 ) ! addition ( a furr$ robe4 ,!re is a good engrav+ ( ! same lik5ess1 by ,falck1 a ,poli% arti/1 :o liv$ ab\t a c5tury lat] ?an ,cop]nicus4 ,9 ! ye> #aehd1 ,ty*o ,brahe commission$ ,elia ,olai to visit ,frau5burg1 = ! purpose ( m accurately det]m9+ ! latitude ( ,cop]nicus's obs]vatory1 &1 on t occasion1 receiv$ z a pres5t f ! *apt] ! ,ptolemaic scales1 made by ! a/ronom] himself1 :i* he us$ 9 8 obs]vatory1 & also a portrait ( him said to h be5 pa9t$ by 8 own h&4 ,ty*o plac$ ^! memorials1 ) great hon\r1 9 8 own obs]vatory1 b x is n kn[n :at became ( !m aft] 8 dea?1 & ! disp]sion ( 8 in/rum5ts4 ,! portrait1 f :i* ! engrav+ prefix$ to ?is acc\nt is tak51 belongs to ! ,royal ,society1 to :i* x 0 s5t by ,dr4 ,wolff1 f ,dantzig1 9 #aggf4 ,x 0 copi$ by ,lormann1 a ,prussian arti/1 f "o :i* _h be5 long pres]v$ & recognis$ z an orig9al 9 ! collection ( ! ,dukes ( ,saxe ,go?a4 ,9 #agce1 ,pr9ce ,grab[ski1 bi%op ( ,ermel&1 ex*ang$ = x ! portrait ( an ance/or ( ! reign+ duke1 :o _h be5 =m]ly bi%op ( t see4 ,grab[ski left x to 8 *amb]la91 ,m4 ,huss>zewski1 9 ^: possession x rema9$ :5 ! copy 0 made4 ,dr4 ,wolff1 9 ! lett] accompany+ 8 pres5t1 7ins]t$ 9 ! ,phil4 ,trans4 vol4 lxvii47 decl>es t ?is orig9al _h be5 comp>$ ) ! ,?orn portrait1 & t ! resemblance ( ! two is p]fect4 ,x does n appe> v /rik+ 9 ! engrav+s4 ,a colossal /atue ( ,cop]nicus1 execut$ by ,?orwalds51 0 erect$ at ,w>saw 9 #ahcj1 ) all ! demon/rations ( hon\r due to ! memory ( a man :o holds s di/+ui%$ a place 9 ! hi/ory ( human discov]ies4 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration3 ,engrav$ by ,t4 ,woolno?4 ,,john ,,milton4 ,f a ,m9iature ( ! same size by ,fai?orne4 ,anno #affg1 9 ! possession ( ,william ,falcon] ,esq4 ,"u ! ,sup]9t5dance ( ! ,society = ! ,diffusion ( ,useful ,k4 ,london4 ,publi%$ by ,*>les ,knight1 ,pall ,mall ,ea/4 ,illu/ration ,,milton ,t sanctity :i* settles on ! memory ( a great man1 ought ^u a d\ble motive to be vigilantly su/a9$ by 8 c\ntrym52 fir/1 out ( gratitude to him1 z "o column ( ! national gr&eur2 secondly1 ) a practical purpose ( transmitt+ unimpair$ to po/]ity ! b5efit ( ennobl+ models4 ,high /&>ds ( excell5ce are among ! happie/ di/9ctions by :i* ! mod]n ages ( ! _w h an advantage ov] e>li]1 & we are all int]e/$ by duty z well z policy 9 pres]v+ !m inviolate4 ,to ! b5efit ( ?is pr9ciple1 none among/ ! great m5 ( ,engl& is bett] entitl$ ?an ,milton1 :e!r z respects 8 transc5d5t m]it1 or ! h>%ness ) :i* 8 memory has be5 treat$4 ,john ,milton 0 born 9 ,london on ! #i? day ( ,decemb]1 #afjh4 ,8 fa!r1 9 e>ly life1 _h suff]$ = consci5ce' sake1 hav+ be5 dis9h]it$ ^u 8 abjur+ ! popi% fai?4 ,he pursu$ ! labori\s pr(ession ( a scriv5]1 & hav+ realis$ an ample =tune1 retir$ into ! c\ntry to enjoy x4 ,educat$ at ,ox=d1 he gave 8 son ! be/ education t ! age af=d$4 ,at fir/1 "y ,milton _h ! b5efit ( a private tutor3 f him he 0 remov$ to ,/4 ,paul's ,s*ool2 next he proce$$ to ,*ri/'s ,college1 ,cambridge1 & f9ally1 aft] sev]al ye>s' prep>ation by ext5sive read+1 he pursu$ a c\rse ( cont95tal travel4 ,x is to be obs]v$1 t 8 tutor1 ,?omas ,"y1 0 a ,puritan1 & !re is reason to believe t ,puritan politics prevail$ among ! fell[s ( 8 college4 ,?is mu/ n be =gott5 9 speculat+ on ,milton's public life1 & 8 inexorable ho/ility to ! e/abli%$ gov]nm5t 9 *ur* & /ate2 = x w ?us appe> probable1 t he 0 at no "t )drawn f ! influ5ce ( ,puritan connections4 ,9 #afcb1 hav+ tak5 ! degree ( ,m4,a41 ,milton f9ally quitt$ ! ,univ]sity1 leav+ beh9d him a v brilliant reputation1 & a g5]al good w 9 8 own college4 ,8 fa!r _h n[ retir$ f ,london1 & liv$ ^u 8 own e/ate at ,horton1 9 ,buck+ham%ire4 ,9 ?is rural solitude1 ,milton pass$ ! next five ye>s1 resort+ to ,london only at r>e int]vals1 = ! pur*ase ( books or music4 ,8 "t 0 *iefly occupi$ ) ! /udy ( ,greek & ,roman1 &1 no d\bt1 also ( ,italian lit]ature4 ,b t he 0 n neglig5t ( composition1 & t he appli$ himself ) great zeal to ! culture ( 8 native lit]ature1 we h a spl5did record 9 8 #8,comus1' :i*1 ^u ! /ronge/ presumptions1 is ascrib$ to ?is p]iod ( 8 life4 ,9 ! same neighb\rhood1 & )9 ! same five ye>s1 x is believ$ t he produc$ also ! ,arcades1 & ! ,lycidas1 toge!r ) ,l',allegro1 & ,il ,p5s]oso4 ,9 #afcg ,milton's "m di$1 & 9 ! foll[+ ye> he comm5c$ 8 travels4 ,! /ate ( ,europe conf9$ 8 *oice ( gr\nd to ,france & ,italy4 ,! =m] excit$ 9 him b little int]e/4 ,aft] a %ort /ay at ,p>is he pursu$ ! direct r\te to ,nice1 :]e he emb>k$ = ,g5oa1 & !nce proce$$ to ,pisa1 ,flor5ce1 ,rome1 & ,naples4 ,he orig9ally meant to ext5d 8 t\r to ,sicily & ,greece2 b ! news ( ! fir/ ,scot* w>1 hav+ n[ rea*$ him1 agitat$ 8 m9d ) too mu* patriotic sympa?y to all[ ( 8 emb>k+ on a s*eme ( su* unc]ta9 duration4 ,yet 8 homew>d movem5ts 7 n rem>kable = exp$ition4 ,he _h already sp5t two mon?s 9 ,flor5ce1 & z _m 9 ,rome1 yet he devot$ ! same space ( "t to ea* ( !m on 8 return4 ,f ,flor5ce he proce$$ to ,lucca1 & !nce1 by ,bologna & ,f]r>a1 to ,v5ice2 :]e he rema9$ "o mon?1 & !n pursu$ 8 homew>d r\te ?r\gh ,v]ona1 ,milan1 & ,g5eva4 ,sir ,h5ry ,wotton _h recomm5d$1 z ! rule ( 8 conduct1 a celebrat$ ,italian prov]b1 inculcat+ ! policy ( res]ve & dissimulation4 ,f a practis$ diplomati/1 ?is advice 0 *>act]i/ic2 b x did n suit ! frankness ( ,milton's mann]s1 nor ! nobl5ess ( 8 m9d4 ,he has himself /at$ to u 8 own rule ( conduct1 :i* 0 to move no que/ions ( controv]sy1 yet n to evade !m :5 press$ ^u him by o!rs4 ,^u ?is pr9ciple he act$1 n )\t "s (f5ce to 8 associates1 nor :olly )\t dang] to himself4 ,b ! (f5ce1 d\btless1 0 bl5d$ ) respect2 ! dang] 0 pass$2 & he return$ home ) all 8 purposes fulfill$4 ,he _h conv]s$ ) ,galileo2 he _h se5 :atev] 0 mo/ int]e/+ 9 ! monum5ts ( ,roman gr&eur1 or ! triumphs ( ,italian art2 & he c\ld report ) tru?1 t 9 spite ( 8 religion1 e :]e undissembl$1 he _h be5 hon\r$ by ! att5tions ( ! great1 & by ! complim5ts ( ! le>n$4 ,aft] fifte5 mon?s ( abs5ce1 ,milton f\nd himself aga9 9 ,london at a crisis ( unusual int]e/4 ,! k+ 0 on ! eve ( 8 second exp$ition aga9/ ! ,scot*2 & we may suppose ,milton to h be5 wat*+ ! c\rse ( ev5ts ) pr(\nd anxiety1 n )\t "s anticipation ( ! patriotic lab\r :i* await$ him4 ,meantime he occupi$ himself ) ! education ( 8 si/]'s two sons1 & soon aft]1 by way ( obta9+ an hon\rable ma9t5ance1 increas$ ! numb] ( 8 pupils4 ,dr4 ,johnson1 himself at "o p]iod ( 8 life a s*oolma/]1 on ?is occasion indulges 9 a sne] :i* is too injuri\s to be neglect$4 8,let n our v5]ation = ,milton10 says he1 8=bid u to look ) "s degree ( m]rim5t on great promises & small p]=mance3 on ! man :o ha/5s home because 8 c\ntrym5 are cont5d+ = _! lib]ty2 & :5 he rea*es ! sc5e ( action1 vap\rs away 8 patriotism 9 a private bo>d+-s*ool40 ,x is n true t ,milton _h made 8great promises10 or any promises at all4 ,b if he _h made ! greate/1 8 ex]tions = ! next sixte5 ye>s nobly r$eem$ !m4 ,9 :at way did ,dr4 ,johnson expect t 8 patriotism %\ld be express$8 ,z a soldi]8 ,milton has himself urg$ 8 bodily weakness & intellectual /r5g?1 z reasons = foll[+ a l9e ( duty = :i* he 0 bett] fitt$4 ,0 he influ5c$ 9 8 *oice by fe> ( milit>y dang]s or h>d%ips8 ,f> f x3 8= ,i did n10 he says1 8%un ^? evils1 )\t engag+ to r5d] to my fell[-citiz5s s]vices mu* m useful1 & att5d$ ) no less ( dang]40 ,:at s]vices 7 ^?8 ,we %all /ate !m 9 8 own words1 anticipat$ f an aft] p]iod4 8,:5 ,i obs]v$ t !re are 9 all ?ree modes ( lib]ty--fir/1 ecclesia/ical lib]ty2 secondly1 civil lib]ty2 ?irdly1 dome/ic3 hav+ myself already treat$ ( ! fir/1 & notic+ t ! magi/rate 0 tak+ /eps 9 behalf ( ! second1 ,i conclud$ t ! ?ird1 t is to say1 dome/ic1 or h\sehold lib]ty1 rema9$ to me z my peculi> prov9ce4 ,& :]eas ?is aga9 is capable ( a ?reefold division1 accord+ly z x reg>ds ! int]e/s ( conjugal life 9 ! fir/ place1 or ^? ( education 9 ! second1 or f9ally ! fre$om ( spee*1 & ! "r ( giv+ full publication to s\nd op9ions1--,i took x ^u myself to def5d all ?ree1 ! fir/1 by my ,doctr9e & ,discipl9e ( ,divorce1 ! second1 by my ,tractate ^u ,education1 ! ?ird1 by my ,areopagitica40 ,9 #afda he conduct$ 8 def5ce ( ecclesia/ical lib]ty1 9 a s]ies ( attacks ^u episcopacy4 ,^! are writt5 9 a bitt] _s ( abusive ho/ility1 = :i* we seek an insuffici5t apology 9 8 exclusive conv]se ) a p>ty :i* held bi%ops 9 abhorr5ce1 & 9 ! l[ p]sonal respectability ( a l>ge portion ( ! episcopal b5*4 ,at ,:itsuntide1 9 ! ye> #afde1 hav+ rea*$ 8 #ce? ye>1 he m>ri$ ,m>y ,p[el1 a "y lady ( good extraction 9 ! c\nty ( ,ox=d4 ,"o mon? aft]1 he all[$ 8 wife to visit h] family4 ,?is p]mission1 9 itself some:at s+ul>1 ! lady abus$2 = :5 summon$ back to h] home1 %e refus$ to return4 ,^u ?is provocation1 ,milton set himself s]i\sly to consid] ! ext5t ( ! obligations impos$ by ! nuptial v[2 & soon came to ! conclusion1 t 9 po9t ( consci5ce x 0 n less dissoluble = hopeless incompatibility ( temp] ?an = positive adult]y1 & t human laws1 9 z f> z !y oppos$ ?is pr9ciple1 call$ = re=mation4 ,^! views he laid be=e ! public 9 8 ,doctr9e & ,discipl9e ( ,divorce4 ,9 treat+ ?is "q1 he _h reli$ entirely ^u ! =ce ( argum5t1 n aw>e t he _h ! c\nt5ance ( any great au?orities2 b f9d+ soon aft]w>ds t "s ( ! e>ly re=m]s1 ,buc] & ,p4 ,m>tyr1 _h tak5 ! same view z himself1 he drew up an acc\nt ( _! comm5ts on ?is subject4 ,h5ce arose ! second ( 8 tracts on ,divorce4 ,meantime1 z x 0 c]ta9 t _m w\ld abide by :at !y suppos$ to be ! positive language ( ,scripture1 9 opposition to all au?ority :atsoev]1 he ?\ght x advisable to write a ?ird tract on ! prop] int]pretation ( ! *ief passages 9 ,scripture1 :i* ref] to ?is po9t4 ,a f\r? tract1 by way ( answ] to ! diff]5t writ]s :o _h oppos$ 8 op9ions1 t]m9at$ ! s]ies4 ,meantime ! lady1 ^: ra% conduct _h provok$ h] husb& into ^! speculations1 saw reason to rep5t ( h] indiscretion1 & f9d+ t ,milton held h] des]tion to h cancell$ all claims ^u 8 ju/ice1 wisely resolv$ ^u mak+ h] appeal to 8 g5]osity4 ,?is appeal 0 n made 9 va93 9 a s+le int]view at ! h\se ( a common fri5d1 :]e %e _h contriv$ to surprise him1 & sudd5ly to ?r[ h]self at 8 feet1 he grant$ h] a full =giv5ess3 & s little did he all[ himself to rememb] h] misconduct1 or t ( h] family1 9 hav+ c\nt5anc$ h] des]tion1 t soon aft]w>ds1 :5 !y 7 involv$ 9 ! g5]al ru9 ( ! royal cause1 he receiv$ ! :ole ( !m into 8 h\se1 & ex]t$ 8 political influ5ce v freely 9 _! behalf4 ,fully to appreciate ?is behavi\r1 we mu/ recollect t ,milton 0 n ri*1 & t no "p ( 8 wife's m>riage portion 7#ajjj7 0 ev] paid to him4 ,8 ?\ghts n[ settl$ ^u ! subject ( education1 :i* x mu/ n be =gott5 t he connect$ sy/ematically ) dome/ic lib]ty4 ,9 #afdd he publi%$ 8 essay on ?is great !me1 9 ! =m ( a lett] to 8 fri5d ,h>tlib1 himself a p]son ( no slight consid]ation4 ,9 ! same ye> he wrote 8 #8,areopagitica1 a spee* = ! lib]ty ( unlic5s$ pr9t+4' ,?is we are to consid] 9 ! light ( an oral plead+1 or regul> oration1 = he tells u expressly ,def4 #b4 t he wrote x 8ad j orationis modum40 ,x is ! f9e/ specim5 extant ( g5]\s scorn4 ,& v rem>kable x is1 t ,milton1 :o broke ! gr\nd on ?is great !me1 has exhau/$ ! argum5ts :i* be> ^u x4 ,he op5$ ! subject3 he clos$ x4 ,& 7 !re no o!r monum5t ( 8 patriotism & 8 g5ius1 = ?is alone he w\ld des]ve to be held 9 p]petual v5]ation4 ,9 ! foll[+ ye>1 #afde1 0 publi%$ ! fir/ collection ( 8 e>ly poems3 ) 8 sanction1 und\bt$ly1 b probably n ^u 8 sugge/ion4 ,! times 7 too full ( anxiety to all[ ( mu* enc\ragem5t to polite lit]ature3 at no p]iod 7 !re few] read]s ( poetry4 ,& = himself 9 p>ticul>1 ) ! exception ( a few sonnets1 x is probable t he compos$ z little z o!rs read1 = ! next t5 ye>s3 s great 7 8 political ex]tions4 ,e>ly 9 #afdi ! k+ 0 put to dea?4 ,= a full view ( ! /ate ( p>ties :i* l$ to ?is memorable ev5t1 we mu/ ref] ! read] to ! hi/ory ( ! times4 ,t act 0 done by ! ,indep5d5t p>ty1 to :i* ,milton belong$1 & 0 precipitat$ by ! intrigues ( ! ,presbyt]ians1 :o 7 mak+ common cause ) ! k+1 to ensure ! ov]?r[ ( ! ,indep5d5ts4 ,! lam5tations & outcries ( ! ,presbyt]ians 7 long & l\d4 ,"u col\r ( a g5]\s sympa?y ) ! unhappy pr9ce1 !y m\rn$ = _! own political ext9ction1 & ! triumph ( _! enemies4 ,?is ,milton well knew1 & to expose ! selfi%ness ( _! clam\rs1 z well z to dis>m _! appeals to ! popul> feel+1 he n[ publi%$ 8 #8,t5ure ( ,k+s & ,magi/rates4' ,9 ! fir/ "p ( ?is1 he addresses himself to ! g5]al "q ( tyrannicide1 ju/ify+ x1 fir/1 by argum5ts ( g5]al reason1 & secondly1 by ! au?ority ( ! re=m]s4 ,b 9 ! latt] "p he argues ! case p]sonally1 cont5d+ t ! ,presbyt]ians at lea/ 7 n entitl$ to condemn ! k+'s dea?1 :o1 9 levy+ w>1 & do+ battle aga9/ ! k+'s p]son1 _h done s mu* t t5d$ to no o!r result4 8,if !n10 is 8 argum5t1 89 ^! proce$+s aga9/ _! k+1 !y may n f9i%1 by ! usual c\rse ( ju/ice1 :at !y h begun1 !y c\ld n lawfully beg9 at all40 ,! argum5t seems inconclusive1 ev5 z address$ ad hom9em3 ! /ruggle bore ! "* ( a w> betwe5 indep5d5t p>ties1 r ?an a judicial inquiry1 & 9 w> ! life ( a prison] becomes sacr$4 ,at ?is "t ! ,c\ncil ( ,/ate _h resolv$ no long] to employ ! language ( a rival p 9 _! int]national conc]ns1 b to use ! ,lat9 tongue z a neutral & indiff]5t in/rum5t4 ,! (fice ( ,lat9 ,secret>y1 !re=e1 0 creat$1 & be/[$ ^u ,milton4 ,8 h\rs f h5ce=? mu/ h be5 pretty well occupi$ by (ficial lab\rs4 ,yet at ?is "t he und]took a s]vice to ! /ate1 m invidi\s1 & p]haps m p]il\s1 ?an any 9 :i* 8 politics ev] involv$ him4 ,on ! v day ( ! k+'s execution1 & ev5 bel[ ! scaffold1 _h be5 sold ! e>lie/ copies ( a "w1 admirably fitt$ to %ake ! new gov]nm5t1 & = ! s5sation :i* x produc$ at ! "t1 & ! la/+ controv]sy :i* x has eng5d]$1 "o ( ! mo/ rem>kable kn[n 9 lit]>y hi/ory4 ,?is 0 ! #8,eikon ,basilike1 or ,royal ,image1' pr(ess+ to be a s]ies ( m$itations drawn up by ! late k+1 on ! lead+ ev5ts f ! v beg9n+ ( ! national tr\bles4 ,appe>+ at ?is critical mom5t1 & co-op]at+ ) ! /rong reaction ( ! public m9d1 already effect$ 9 ! k+'s fav\r by 8 viol5t dea?1 ?is book produc$ an impression absolutely unp>allel$ 9 any age4 ,fifty ?\s& copies1 x is ass]t$1 7 sold )9 "o ye>2 & a po/hum\s p[] 0 ?us giv5 to ! k+'s "n by "o little book1 :i* exce$$1 9 al>m to 8 enemies1 all t 8 armies c\ld accompli% 9 8 lifetime4 ,no rem$y c\ld meet ! evil 9 degree4 ,z ! only "o t seem$ fitt$ to x 9 k9d1 ,milton drew up a runn+ comm5t>y ^u ea* sep>ate head ( ! orig9al3 & z t _h be5 entitl$ ! k+'s image1 he gave to 8 own ! title ( #8,eikonocla/es1 or ,image-break]1' 8! fam\s surname ( _m ,greek emp]ors1 :o broke all sup]/iti\s images 9 pieces40 ,?is "w 0 drawn up ) ! usual polemic ability ( ,milton2 b by its v plan & purpose1 x ?rew him ^u difficulties :i* no ability c\ld meet4 ,x _h t inevitable disadvantage :i* belongs to all m9i/]ial & second>y works3 ! ord] & *oice ( topics be+ all det]m9$ by ! ,eikon1 ,milton1 = ! fir/ "t1 wore an air ( con/ra9t & s]vility1 foll[+ a lead] & obey+ 8 motions1 z an engrav] is controll$ by ! design]1 or a translator by 8 orig9al4 ,x is pla91 f ! pa9s he took to exon]ate himself f su* a reproa*1 t he felt 8 task to be an invidi\s "o4 ,! maje/y ( grief1 express+ itself ) ,*ri/ian meekness1 & appeal+1 z x 7 f ! grave1 to ! consci5ces ( m51 c\ld n be violat$ )\t a recoil ( angry feel+1 ru9\s to ! effect ( any logic1 or rhetoric ! mo/ p]suasive4 ,! affliction ( a great pr9ce1 8 solitude1 8 rigor\s imprisonm5t1 8 con/ancy to "s purposes :i* 7 n selfi%1 8 dignity ( demean\r 9 ! mid/ ( 8 heavy trials1 & 8 truly ,*ri/ian =titude 9 8 f9al suff]+s--^! =m$ a rhetoric :i* made its way to all he>ts4 ,aga9/ su* influ5ces ! eloqu5ce ( ,greece w\ld h be5 va94 ,! nation 0 spell-b\nd2 & a majority ( its population nei!r c\ld or w\ld be dis5*ant$4 ,milton 0 ere long call$ to plead ! same great cause ( lib]ty ^u an ampl] /age1 & be=e a m equitable audi5ce2 to plead n on behalf ( 8 p>ty aga9/ ! ,presbyt]ians & ,royali/s1 b on behalf ( 8 c\ntry aga9/ ! insults ( a hir$ ,fr5*man1 & at ! b> ( ! :ole ,*ri/ian _w4 ,*>les ,,ii4 _h resolv$ to /ate 8 fa!r's case to all ,europe4 ,?is 0 natural1 = v few p on ! cont95t knew :at cause _h br\ght 8 fa!r to ! block1 or :y he himself 0 a vagrant exile f 8 ?rone4 ,= 8 advocate he select$ ,claudius ,salmasius1 & t 0 mo/ injudici\s4 ,?is man1 em95t among ! s*ol>s ( ! day1 _h "s brilliant accompli%m5ts1 :i* 7 useless 9 su* a s]vice1 :ile 9 ^? :i* 7 really indisp5sable1 he 0 s+ul>ly defici5t4 ,he 0 ignorant ( ! _w1 want+ 9 temp] & self-comm&1 conspicu\sly unfurni%$ ) eloqu5ce1 or ! accompli%m5ts ( a good writ]1 & n s mu* z ma/] ( a pure ,lat9 /yle4 ,ev5 z a s*ol>1 he 0 v unequal2 he _h committ$ m important blund]s ?an any man ( 8 age1 & be+ g5]ally hat$1 _h be5 m frequ5tly expos$ ?an o!rs to ! h>% *a/isem5ts ( m5 inf]ior to himself 9 le>n+4 ,yet ! mo/ rem>kable defici5cy ( all :i* ,salmasius betray$1 0 9 8 entire ignorance1 :e!r hi/orical or con/itutional1 ( e ?+ :i* belong$ to ! case4 ,hav+ su* an antagoni/1 inf]ior to him 9 all possible qualifications1 :e!r ( nature1 ( art1 ( situation1 x may be suppos$ t ,milton's triumph 0 absolute4 ,he 0 n[ ?or\ghly indemnifi$ = ! poor success ( 8 #8,eikonocla/es4' ,9 t in/ance he _h ! mortification ( kn[+ t all ,engl& read & wept ov] ! k+'s book1 :il/ 8 own reply 0 sc>cely he>d (4 ,b "h ! tables 7 turn$3 ! v fri5ds ( ,salmasius compla9$1 t :ile 8 def5ce 0 r>ely inquir$ aft]1 ! answ] to x1 #8,def5sio pro ,populo ,anglicano1' 0 ! subject ( conv]sation f "o end ( ,europe to ! o!r4 ,x 0 burnt publicly at ,p>is & ,t\l\se3 & by way ( special annoyance to ,salmasius1 :o liv$ 9 ,holl&1 0 translat$ into ,dut*4 ,salmasius di$ 9 #afec1 be=e he c\ld accompli% an answ] t satisfi$ himself3 & ! fragm5t :i* he left beh9d him 0 n publi%$1 until x 0 no long] safe = ,milton to rejo94 ,meantime o!rs press$ =w>d aga9/ ,milton 9 ! same controv]sy1 ( :om "s 7 neglect$1 "o 0 resign$ to ! p5 ( 8 nephew1 ,philips1 & "o answ]$ diffusely by himself4 ,?is 0 ,du ,m\l91 or1 z ,milton p]si/$ 9 believ+1 ,morus1 a re=m$ m9i/] !n resid5t 9 ,holl&1 & at "o "t a fri5d ( ,salmasius4 ,= two ye>s aft] ! publication ( ?is man's book 7,regii ,sangu9is ,clamor7 ,milton receiv$ multipli$ assurances f ,holl& t ,morus 0 its true au?or4 ,?is 0 n wond]ful4 ,morus _h correct$ ! press1 _h adopt$ ! pr9ciples & passions ( ! book1 & p]haps at fir/ _h n be5 displeas$ to f9d himself reput$ ! au?or4 ,9 reply1 ,milton publi%$ 8 #8,def5sio ,secunda pro ,populo ,anglicano1' season$ 9 e page ) "s /++ allusions to ,morus4 ,all ! circum/ances ( 8 e>ly life are recall$1 & "s 7 su* z ! grave div9e w\ld will+ly h conceal$ f ! public eye4 ,he endeav\r$ to av]t too late ! /orm ( wit & satire ab\t to bur/ on him1 by d5y+ ! "w1 & ev5 reveal+ ! au?or's real "n3 b ,milton resolutely refus$ to make ! slighte/ alt]ation4 ,! true reason ( ?is probably 0 t ! "w 0 writt5 s exclusively aga9/ ,morus1 full ( p]sonal sc&al1 & puns & gibes ^u 8 "n1 :i* 9 ,greek signifies fooli%1 t x w\ld h be5 useless z an answ] to any o!r p]son4 ,9 ,milton's conduct on ?is occasion1 !re is a want bo? ( *>ity & c&\r4 ,p]sonally1 h[ev]1 ,morus _h little gr\nd = compla9t3 he _h be>d$ ! lion by submitt+ to be reput$ ! au?or ( a "w n 8 own4 ,morus repli$1 & ,milton clos$ ! controv]sy by a def5ce ( himself1 9 #afee4 ,he _h1 inde$1 ab\t ?is "t "s dome/ic afflictions1 :i* rem9d$ him ( ! frail t5ure on :i* all human bless+s 7 held1 & ! necessity t he %\ld n[ beg9 to conc5trate 8 m9d ^u ! great works :i* he m$itat$4 ,9 #afea 8 fir/ wife di$1 aft] %e _h giv5 him ?ree daught]s4 ,9 t ye> he _h already lo/ ! use ( "o eye1 & 0 w>n$ by ! physicians t if he p]si/$ 9 8 task ( reply+ to ,salmasius1 he w\ld probably lose ! o!r4 ,! w>n+ 0 soon accompli%$1 accord+ to ! common acc\nt1 9 #afed2 b ^u collat+ 8 lett] to ,phil>as ! ,a!nian1 ) 8 own pa!tic /atem5t 9 ! ,def5sio ,secunda1 we are dispos$ to date x f #afeb4 ,9 #afee he resign$ 8 (fice ( secret>y1 9 :i* he _h latt]ly be5 oblig$ to use an assi/ant4 ,"s "t be=e ?is p]iod1 he _h m>ri$ 8 second wife1 ,ca!r9e ,woodcock1 to :om x is suppos$ t he 0 v t5d]ly atta*$4 ,9 #afeg %e di$ 9 *ild-bir?1 toge!r ) h] *ild1 an ev5t :i* he has record$ 9 a v beautiful sonnet4 ,?is loss1 add$ to 8 bl9dness1 mu/ h made 8 home1 = "s ye>s1 desolate & com=tless4 ,di/ress1 inde$1 0 n[ ga!r+ rapidly ^u him4 ,! dea? ( ,cromwell 9 ! foll[+ ye>1 & ! imbecile "* ( 8 elde/ son1 held out an invitation to ! aspir+ intrigu]s ( ! day1 :i* !y 7 n sl[ to improve4 ,x soon became too evid5t to ,milton's disc]nm5t1 t all ?+s 7 hurry+ =w>d to re/oration ( ! eject$ family4 ,s5sible ( ! risk1 !re=e1 & )\t mu* hope1 b obey+ ! summons ( 8 consci5ce1 he wrote a %ort tract on ! ready & easy way to e/abli% a free commonweal?1 conclud+ ) ^! noble words1 8,?us mu* ,i %\ld p]haps h said1 ?\gh ,i 7 sure ,i %\ld h spok5 only to trees & /ones1 & _h none to cry to1 b ) ! ,prophet1 ,oh e>?6 e>?6 e>?6 to tell ! v soil itself :at h] p]v]se inhabitants are deaf to4 ,nay1 ?\gh :at ,i h spok5 %\ld happ5 :i* ,?\ suff] n1 :o did/ create free1 nor ,?\ next1 :o did/ r$eem u f be+ s]vants ( m5 to be ! la/ words ( our expir+ lib]ty40 ,a slight] pamphlet on ! same subject1 #8,brief ,notes' ^u a s]mon by "o ,dr4 ,griffi?s1 mu/ be suppos$ to be writt5 r ) a religi\s purpose ( correct+ a false application ( sacr$ texts1 ?an ) any great expectation ( b5efit+ 8 p>ty4 ,dr4 ,johnson1 ) unseemly viol5ce1 says1 t he kick$ :5 he c\ld /rike no long]3 m ju/ly x might be said t he held up a solit>y h& ( prote/ation on behalf ( t cause n[ 9 its expir+ /ruggles1 :i* he _h ma9ta9$ :5 prosp]\s2 & t he cont9u$ to ! la/ "o uni=m language1 ?\gh he n[ believ$ resi/ance to be hopeless1 & knew x to be full ( p]il4 ,t p]il 0 soon realis$4 ,9 ! spr+ ( #affj1 ! ,re/oration 0 accompli%$ amid/ ! tumultu\s rejoic+s ( ! p4 ,x 0 c]ta9 t ! v5geance ( gov]nm5t w\ld lose no "t 9 m>k+ its victims2 = "s ( !m 9 anticipation _h already fl$4 ,milton wisely )drew f ! fir/ fury ( ! p]secution1 :i* n[ desc5d$ on 8 p>ty4 ,he secret$ himself 9 ,london1 & :5 he return$ into ! public eye 9 ! w9t]1 f\nd himself no f>!r puni%$1 ?an by a g5]al disqualification = ! public s]vice1 & ! disgrace ( a public burn+ inflict$ on 8 ,eikonocla/es1 & 8 ,def5sio pro ,populo ,anglicano4 ,app>5tly x 0 n long aft] ?is "t t he m>ri$ 8 ?ird wife1 ,elizabe? ,m9%ul1 a lady ( good family 9 ,*e%ire4 ,9 :at ye> he began ! composition ( 8 #8,p>adise ,lo/1' is n c]ta9ly kn[n3 "s h suppos$ 9 #afeh4 ,!re is bett] gr\nd = fix+ ! p]iod ( its close4 ,dur+ ! plague ( #affe he retir$ to ,*alfont1 & at t "t ,elwood ! quak] read ! poem 9 a f9i%$ /ate4 ,! g5]al int]ruption ( bus9ess 9 ,london occasion$ by ! plague1 & prolong$ by ! great fire 9 #afff1 expla9 :y ! publication 0 delay$ = ne>ly two ye>s4 ,! contract ) ! publi%] is dat$ ,april #bf1 #affg1 & 9 ! c\rse ( t ye> ! ,p>adise ,lo/ 0 publi%$4 ,orig9ally x 0 pr9t$ 9 t5 books3 9 ! second1 & subsequ5t editions1 ! sev5? & t5? books 7 ea* divid$ into two4 ,milton receiv$ only five p\nds 9 ! fir/ in/ance on ! publication ( ! book4 ,8 f>!r pr(its 7 regulat$ by ! sale ( ! ?ree fir/ editions4 ,ea* 0 to consi/ ( fifte5 hundr$ copies1 & on ! second & ?ird respectively rea*+ a sale ( ?irte5 hundr$1 he 0 to receive a f>!r sum ( five p\nds = ea*2 mak+ a total ( fifte5 p\nds4 ,! receipt = ! second sum ( five p\nds is dat$ ,april #bf1 #affi4 ,9 #afgj ,milton publi%$ 8 ,hi/ory ( ,brita91 f ! fabul\s p]iod to ! ,norman conque/4 ,& 9 ! same ye> he publi%$ 9 "o volume ,p>adise ,rega9$ & ,samson ,agoni/es4 ,! ,p>adise ,rega9$1 x has be5 curr5tly ass]t$ t ,milton pref]r$ to ,p>adise ,lo/4 ,?is is n true2 b he may h be5 ju/ly (f5d$ by ! false pr9ciples on :i* "s ( 8 fri5ds ma9ta9$ a reasonable op9ion4 ,! ,p>adise ,rega9$ is inf]ior by ! necessity ( its subject & design4 ,9 ! ,p>adise ,lo/ ,milton _h a field prop]ly adapt$ to a poet's purposes3 a few h9ts 9 ,scripture 7 exp&$4 ,no?+ 0 alt]$1 no?+ absolutely add$3 b t1 :i* 0 told 9 ! ,scriptures 9 sum1 or 9 its la/ results1 0 develop$ into its :ole succession ( p>ts4 ,?us1 = in/ance1 8,!re 0 w> 9 ,heav510 furni%$ ! matt] = a :ole book4 ,n[ = ! latt] poem1 :i* "p ( our ,savi\r's life 0 x be/ to select z t 9 :i* ,p>adise 0 ,rega9$8 ,he might h tak5 ! ,crucifixion1 & "h he _h a mu* wid] field ?an 9 ! ,temptation2 b !n he 0 subject to ?is dilemma4 ,if he modifi$1 or 9 any way alt]$1 ! full details ( ! f\r ,evangeli/s1 he %ock$ ! religi\s s5se ( all ,*ri/ians2 yet1 ! purposes ( a poet w\ld (t5 require t he %\ld s modify !m4 ,) a f9e s5se ( ?is difficulty1 he *ose ! n>r[ basis ( ! ,temptation 9 ! ,wild]ness1 because !re ! :ole _h be5 wrapt up 9 ,scripture 9 a few brief ab/ractions4 ,?us1 8,he %[$ him all ! k+doms ( ! e>?10 is exp&$1 )\t (f5ce to ! nice/ religi\s scruple1 into t mat*less succession ( pictures1 :i* br+ be=e u ! le>n$ glories ( ,a!ns1 ,rome 9 h] civil gr&eur1 & ! b>b>ic spl5d\r ( ,p>?ia4 ,! actors be+ only two1 ! action ( ,p>adise ,rega9$ is unavoidably limit$4 ,b 9 respect ( composition1 x is p]haps m elaborately f9i%$ ?an ,p>adise ,lo/4 ,9 #afgb he publi%$ 9 ,lat91 a new s*eme ( ,logic1 on ! me?od ( ,ramus1 9 :i* ,dr4 ,johnson suspects him to h m$itat$ ! v ecc5tric crime ( rebellion aga9/ ! univ]sities4 ,be t z x may1 ?is little book is 9 "o view n )\t int]e/3 all s*ola/ic sy/ems ( logic conf\nd logic & metaphysics2 & "s ( ,milton's metaphysical doctr9es1 z ! pres5t ,bi%op ( ,w9*e/] has notic$1 h a ref]5ce to ! doctr9es br\ght =w>d 9 8 po/hum\s ,!ology4 ,! hi/ory ( ! la/-nam$ "w is rem>kable4 ,t su* a treatise _h exi/$1 0 well kn[n1 b x _h disappe>$1 & 0 suppos$ to be irrecov]ably lo/4 ,b 9 ! ye> #ahbc1 a ,lat9 manuscript 0 discov]$ 9 ! ,/ate-,pap] ,(fice1 "u circum/ances :i* left little d\bt ( its be+ ! id5tical "w :i* ,milton 0 kn[n to h compos$2 & ?is belief 0 corroborat$ by int]nal evid5ce4 ,by ! ,k+'s comm&1 x 0 edit$ by ,mr4 ,sumn]1 ! pres5t ,bi%op ( ,w9*e/]1 & sep>ately publi%$ 9 a translation4 ,! title is #8,de ,doctr9a ,*ri/iana1 libri duo po/humi'--,a ,treatise on ,*ri/ian ,doctr9e1 compil$ f ! ,holy ,scriptures alone4 ,9 elegance ( /yle1 & sublimity ( occasional passages1 x is decid$ly inf]ior to o!r ( 8 prose works4 ,z a sy/em ( !ology1 probably no d5om9ation ( ,*ri/ians w\ld be incl9$ to be/[ o!r ?an a v sp>+ praise ^u x4 ,/ill x is well wor? ! notice ( ^? /ud5ts1 :o are qualifi$ to weigh ! op9ions1 & pr(it by ! errors ( su* a writ]1 z be+ compos$ ) ,milton's usual orig9ality ( ?\ght & inquiry1 & z be+ rem>kable = ! boldness ) :i* he foll[s up 8 argum5ts to _! legitimate conclusion1 h[ev] />tl+ ^? conclusions may be4 ,:at he publi%$ aft] ! s*eme ( logic1 is n important en\gh to m]it a sep>ate notice4 ,8 end 0 n[ approa*+4 ,9 ! summ] ( #afgd he 0 /ill *e]ful1 & 9 ! possession ( 8 intellectual faculties4 ,b ! vig\r ( 8 bodily con/itution _h be5 sil5tly giv+ way1 ?r\gh a long c\rse ( ye>s1 to ! ravages ( g\t4 ,x 0 at l5g? ?or\ghly und]m9$3 & ab\t ! t5? ( ,novemb]1 #afgd1 he di$ ) tranquillity s pr(\nd1 t 8 att5dants 7 unable to det]m9e ! exact mom5t ( 8 decease4 ,he 0 buri$1 ) unusual m>ks ( hon\r1 9 ! *ancel ( ,/4 ,giles' at ,cripplegate4 ,! publi%$ lives ( ,milton are v num]\s4 ,among ! be/ & mo/ copi\s are ^? prefix$ to ! editions ( ,milton's works by ,bi%op ,newton1 ,todd1 & ,symmons4 ,an article ( consid]able l5g?1 f\nd$ ^u ! latt]1 w be f\nd 9 ,rees's ,cyclopdia4 ,b ! mo/ rem>kable is t writt5 by ,dr4 ,johnson 9 8 #8,lives ( ! ,briti% ,poets2' production griev\sly disfigur$ by prejudice1 yet well des]v+ ! /ud5t's att5tions = its intr9sic m]its1 z well z = ! celebrity :i* x has atta9$4 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration3 ,engrav$ by ,c4 ,e4 ,wag/aff4 ,,james ,,watt4 ,f a ,picture by ,sir ,w4 ,bee*ey 9 ! possession ( ,j4 ,watt ,esq4 ( ,a/on ,hall4 ,"u ! ,sup]9t5dance ( ! ,society = ! ,diffusion ( ,useful ,k4 ,london4 ,publi%$ by ,*>les ,knight1 ,pall ,mall ,ea/4 ,illu/ration ,,watt ,^? :o by cultivat+ ! arts ( peace h ris5 f obscurity to fame & weal?1 seldom leave to ! biograph] su* ample memorials ( _! private lives z he c\ld wi% to "w ^u4 ,! details ( a life sp5t 9 ! laboratory or 9 ! work%op r>ely pres5t mu* v>iety2 or possess mu* int]e/1 except :5 treat$ sci5tifically = ! b5efit ( ! sci5tific read]4 ,su* is ! case ) ,james ,watt3 ! hi/ory ( 8 long & prosp]\s life is little m ?an ! hi/ory ( 8 sci5tific pursuits2 & ?is mu/ plead our excuse if x *ance t ! read] %\ld "h f9d less p]sonal in=mation ab\t him ?an he may desire4 ,=tunately 8 "* has be5 sket*$ be=e x 0 too late1 by ! ma/]ly h& ( "o :o knew him well4 ,mo/ ( ! acc\nts ( him already publi%$ are said1 by ^? be/ qualifi$ to judge1 to be inaccurate4 ,! same au?ority is pl$g$ to ! g5]al correctness ( ! article ,watt1 9 ! supplem5t to ! ,encyclopdia ,britannica1 & f t article ! facts ( ?is %ort memoir are tak54 ,bo? ! gr&fa!r & uncle ( ,james ,watt 7 m5 ( "s repute 9 ! ,we/ ( ,scotl&1 z ma!matical tea*]s & surveyors4 ,8 fa!r 0 a m]*ant at ,gre5ock1 :]e ,watt 0 born1 ,june #ai1 #agcf1 & :]e he receiv$ ! rudim5ts ( 8 education4 ,our k ( ! fir/ tw5ty ye>s ( 8 life may be compris$ 9 a few %ort s5t5ces4 ,at an e>ly age he manife/$ a p>tiality = ! practical "p ( me*anics1 :i* he reta9$ ?r\gh life1 tak+ pleasure 9 ! manual ex]cise ( 8 e>ly trade1 ev5 :5 hundr$s ( h&s 7 ready to d 8 bidd+4 ,9 8 eighte5? ye> he w5t to ,london1 to obta9 in/ruction 9 ! pr(ession ( a ma!matical in/rum5t-mak]2 b he rema9$ !re little m ?an a ye>1 be+ compell$ to return home by ! prec>i\sness ( 8 heal?4 ,9 #ageg1 %ortly aft] 8 return home1 he 0 appo9t$ in/rum5t-mak] to ! ,univ]sity ( ,glasg[1 & accommodat$ ) premises )9 ! prec9cts ( t le>n$ body4 ,rob]t ,simpson1 ,adam ,smi?1 & ,dr4 ,black1 7 !n "s ( ! pr(essors2 & f communication ) su* m51 ,watt c\ld n fail to d]ive ! mo/ valuable m5tal discipl9e4 ,) ,dr4 ,black1 & ) ,john ,robison1 !n a /ud5t1 aft]w>ds em95t z a ma!matician & natural philosoph]1 he =m$ a fri5d%ip :i* 0 cont9u$ ?r\gh life4 ,9 #agfc he remov$ into ! t[n ( ,glasg[1 int5d+ to practise z a civil eng9e]1 & 9 ! foll[+ ye> 0 m>ri$ to 8 c\s9 ,miss ,mill]4 ,9 ! w9t] ( #agfc-d1 8 m9d 0 direct$ to ! e>ne/ prosecution ( ^? inv5tions :i* h made 8 "n celebrat$ ov] ! _w1 by hav+ to repair a work+ model ( a /eam-eng9e on ,newcom5's con/ruction1 = ! lectures ( ! ,pr(essor ( ,natural ,philosophy4 ,9 treat+ ?is subject1 we mu/ presume t ! read] possesses a compet5t acqua9tance ) ! hi/ory & con/ruction ( ! /eam-eng9e4 ,^? :o d n possess ! requisite k1 w f9d x briefly & cle>ly /at$ 9 a %ort treatise writt5 by ,mr4 ,f>ey1 & 9 _m works ( easy access4 ,newcom5's eng9e1 at ! "t ( :i* we speak1 0 ( ! la/ & mo/ approv$ con/ruction4 ,! mov+ p[] 0 ! weight ( ! air press+ on ! upp] side ( a pi/on work+ 9 a cyl9d]2 /eam be+ employ$ at ! t]m9ation ( ea* d[nw>d /roke to raise ! pi/on ) its load ( air up aga91 & !n to =m a vacuum by its cond5sation :5 cool$ by a jet ( cold wat]1 :i* 0 ?r[n into ! cyl9d] :5 ! admission ( /eam 0 /opp$4 ,^u repair+ ! model1 ,watt 0 /ruck by ! incapability ( ! boil] to produce a suffici5t supply ( /eam1 ?\gh x 0 l>g] 9 proportion to ! cyl9d] ?an 0 usual 9 work+ eng9es4 ,?is arose f ! nature ( ! cyl9d]1 :i* be+ made ( brass1 a bett] conductor ( heat ?an ca/-iron1 & pres5t+1 9 consequ5ce ( its small size1 a mu* l>g] surface 9 proportion to its solid cont5t ?an ! cyl9d]s ( work+ eng9es1 necess>ily cool$ fa/] betwe5 ! /rokes1 & !re=e at e fre% admission consum$ a great] proportionate quantity ( /eam4 ,b be+ made aw>e ( a mu* great] consumption ( /eam ?an he _h imag9$1 he 0 n satisfi$ )\t a ?or\gh inquiry into ! cause4 ,) ?is view he made exp]im5ts ^u ! m]its ( boil]s ( diff]5t con/ructions2 on ! effect ( sub/itut+ a less p]fect conductor1 z wood1 = ! mat]ial ( ! cyl9d]2 on ! quantity ( coal requir$ to evaporate a giv5 quantity ( wat]2 on ! degree ( expansion ( wat] 9 ! %ape ( /eam3 & he con/ruct$ a boil] :i* %[$ ! quantity ( wat] evaporat$ 9 a giv5 "t1 & ?us enabl$ him to calculate ! quantity ( /eam consum$ at ea* /roke ( ! eng9e4 ,?is prov$ to be sev]al times ! cont5t ( ! cyl9d]4 ,he soon discov]$ t1 :atev] ! size & con/ruction ( ! cyl9d]1 an admission ( hot /eam into x mu/ necess>ily be att5d$ ) v great wa/e1 if1 9 cond5s+ ! /eam previ\sly admitt$1 t vessel _h be5 cool$ d[n suffici5tly to produce a vacuum at all approa*+ to a p]fect "o4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 to prev5t ?is wa/e1 he cool$ x less ?or\ghly1 a consid]able quantity ( /eam rema9$ uncond5s$ )91 & by its resi/ance weak5$ ! p[] ( ! desc5d+ /roke4 ,^! consid]ations po9t$ out a vital defect 9 ,newcom5's con/ruction3 involv+ ei!r a loss ( /eam1 & consequ5t wa/e ( fuel1 or a loss ( p[] f ! pi/on's desc5d+ at e /roke ?r\gh a v imp]fect vacuum4 ,x soon occurr$ to ,watt1 t if ! cond5sation 7 p]=m$ 9 a sep>ate vessel1 "o great evil1 ! cool+ ( ! cyl9d]1 & ! consequ5t wa/e ( /eam1 w\ld be avoid$4 ,! idea once />t$1 he soon v]ifi$ x by exp]im5t4 ,by means ( an arrangem5t ( cocks1 a communication 0 op5$ betwe5 ! cyl9d]1 & a di/9ct vessel exhau/$ ( its air1 at ! mom5t :5 ! =m] 0 fill$ ) /eam4 ,! vap\r ( c\rse ru%$ to fill up ! vacuum1 & 0 !re cond5s$ by ! application ( ext]nal cold1 or by a jet ( wat]3 s t fre% /eam be+ cont9ually drawn (f f ! cyl9d] to supply ! vacuum cont9ually creat$1 ! d5sity ( t :i* rema9$ might be r$uc$ )9 any assignable limits4 ,?is 0 ! great & fundam5tal improvem5t4 ,/ill1 h[ev]1 !re 0 a radical defect 9 ! atmosph]ic eng9e1 inasmu* z ! air be+ admitt$ into ! cyl9d] at e /roke1 a great deal ( heat 0 ab/ract$1 & a proportionate quantity ( /eam wa/$4 ,to rem$y ?is1 ,watt exclud$ ! air f ! cyl9d] altoge!r2 & recurr$ to ! orig9al plan ( mak+ /eam ! mov+ p[] ( ! eng9e1 n a m]e ag5t to produce a vacuum4 ,9 remov+ ! difficulties ( con/ruction :i* beset ?is new plan1 he display$ great +5uity & p[]s ( res\rce4 ,on ! old plan1 if ! cyl9d] 0 n bor$ q true1 or ! pi/on n accurately fitt$1 a little wat] p\r$ ^u ! top r5d]$ x p]fectly air-tight1 & ! leakage into ! cyl9d] 0 ( little consequ5ce1 s long z ! injection wat] 0 ?r[n into t vessel4 ,b on ! new plan1 no wat] c\ld possibly be admitt$ )9 ! cyl9d]2 & x 0 necess>y1 n m]ely t ! pi/on %\ld be air-tight1 b t x %\ld "w ?r\gh an air-tight coll>1 t no portion ( ! /eam admitt$ above x might escape4 ,?is he accompli%$ by pack+ ! pi/on & ! /uff+-box1 z x is call$1 ?r\gh :i* ! pi/on-rod works1 ) hemp4 ,a f>!r improvem5t consi/$ 9 equaliz+ ! motion ( ! eng9e by admitt+ ! /eam alt]nately above & bel[ ! pi/on1 by :i* ! p[] is d\bl$ 9 ! same space1 & ) ! same /r5g? ( mat]ial4 ,! vacuum ( ! cond5s] 0 p]fect$ by add+ a p[]ful pump1 :i* at once drew (f ! cond5s$1 & injection wat]1 & ) x any portion ( air :i* might f9d admission2 z ?is w\ld int]f]e ) ! action ( ! eng9e1 if all[$ to accumulate4 ,8 la/ great *ange 0 to cut (f ! communication betwe5 ! cyl9d] & ! boil]1 :5 a portion only1 z "o-?ird or "o-half1 ( ! /roke 0 p]=m$2 leav+ x to ! expansive p[] ( ! /eam to complete x4 ,by ?is1 economy ( /eam 0 obta9$2 toge!r ) ! p[] ( v>y+ ! ef=t ( ! eng9e accord+ to ! "w :i* x has to d1 by admitt+ ! /eam ?r\gh a great] or small] portion ( ! /roke4 ,^! are ! *ief improvem5ts :i* ,watt effect$ at diff]5t p]iods ( 8 life4 ,( ! pati5t +5uity by :i* !y 7 r5d]$ complete1 & ! _m beautiful contrivances by :i* he gave to s5seless matt] an almo/ in/9ctive p[] ( self-adju/m5t1 ) precision ( action m ?an belongs to any animat$ be+1 we _c speak2 nor w\ld x be easy to r5d] description intelligible )\t ! help ( diagrams4 ,8 fir/ pat5t be>s date ,june #e1 #agfi1 s t "s "t elaps$ betwe5 ! inv5tion & publication ( 8 improvem5ts4 ,! delay arose p>tly f 8 own want ( funds1 & ! difficulty ( f9d+ a p]son possess$ ( capital1 :o c\ld appreciate ! m]it ( 8 inv5tion2 p>tly f 8 own increas+ occupation z a civil eng9e]4 ,9 t capacity he soon acquir$ reputation1 & 0 employ$ 9 v>i\s works ( importance4 ,9 #agfg he made a survey = a canal1 project$1 b n execut$1 betwe5 ! ,clyde & ,=?4 ,he also made ! orig9al survey = ! ,cr9an ,canal1 s9ce c>ri$ into effect by ,mr4 ,r5nie2 & 0 employ$ ext5sively 9 =m+ h>b\rs1 deep5+ riv]s1 con/ruct+ bridges1 & all ! mo/ important lab\rs ( 8 pr(ession4 ,! la/ & greate/ "w ( ?is k9d on :i* he 0 employ$1 0 a survey = a canal betwe5 ,=t ,william & ,inv]ness1 :]e ! ,cal$onian ,canal n[ runs4 ,at la/ ,dr4 ,roebuck1 ! e/abli%] ( ! ,c>ron iron-works1 became ,watt's p>tn] 9 ! pat5t1 ^u condition t he %\ld supply ! necess>y funds = br++ out ! inv5tion1 & receive 9 return two-?irds ( ! pr(it4 ,t g5tleman1 h[ev]1 0 unable to fulfil 8 %>e ( ! contract1 & 9 #aggd resign$ 8 int]e/ to ,mr4 ,b\lton1 ! proprietor ( ! ,soho works1 ne> ,birm+ham4 ,watt !n det]m9$ to remove 8 resid5ce to ,engl&2 a /ep to :i* he probably 0 r5d]$ m fav\rable by ! dea? ( 8 wife 9 #aggc4 ,9 #agge1 ,p>liam5t1 9 consid]ation ( ! national importance ( ,mr4 ,watt's inv5tions1 & ! difficulty & exp5se ( introduc+ !m to public notice1 prolong$ ! duration ( 8 pat5t = tw5ty-five ye>s4 ,! p>tn]s n[ erect$ eng9es = pump+ wat] ^u a l>ge scale1 & x 0 f\nd by comp>ative trials t ! sav+ ( fuel am\nt$ to ?ree-f\r?s ( ! :ole quantity consum$ by ! eng9es =m]ly 9 use4 ,?is fact once e/abli%$1 ! new ma*9e 0 soon introduc$ into ! deep m9es ( ,cornwall1 :]e1 ( all places1 its m]its c\ld be/ be tri$4 ,! pat5tees 7 paid by receiv+ "o-?ird ( ! sav+s ( fuel4 ,f ! "t t ! new value ( _! inv5tion 0 fully prov$1 ,messrs4 ,b\lton & ,watt _h to ma9ta9 a h>ass+ conte/ ) num]\s invad]s ( _! pat5t rights2 & x 0 n until ne> ! expiration ( ! pat5t 9 #ahjj1 t ! "q 0 def9itively settl$ 9 _! fav\r4 ,^! attacks1 h[ev]1 did n prev5t ,watt f realiz+ an ample =tune1 ! well-e>n$ rew>d ( 8 indu/ry & ability1 ) :i* he e/abli%$ himself at ,hea?field1 9 ! c\nty ( ,/af=d4 ,at "o p]iod ,watt devot$ mu* att5tion to ! con/ruction ( a rot>y eng9e1 9 :i* ! p[] ( ! /eam %\ld be appli$ directly to produce circul> motion4 ,l all :o h yet attempt$ to solve ?is problem1 he fail$ to obta9 a satisfactory result2 & turn$ 8 att5tion 9 consequ5ce to discov] ! be/ means ( conv]t+ reciprocal into rot>y motion4 ,= ?is purpose he orig9ally int5d$ to use ! crank2 b hav+ be5 =e/all$ by a neighb\r+ manufactur]1 :o took out a pat5t = x1 hav+ obta9$ 8 k1 z x is said1 surreptiti\sly f "o ( ,watt's workm51 he inv5t$ ! comb9ation call$ ! sun & planet :eels4 ,aft]w>ds he recurr$ to ! crank1 )\t a %ad[ ( opposition f ! pat5tee4 ,he 0 also ! au?or ( t elegant contrivance1 ! p>allel motion1 :i* sup]s$$ ! old-fa%ion$ beam & *a91 & r5d]$ possible ! introduction ( ! d\ble eng9e1 9 :i* an upw>d1 z well z a d[nw>d =ce is appli$4 ,8 att5tion1 h[ev]1 0 n conf9$ to ! subject ( /eam4 ,he inv5t$ a copy+ ma*9e1 = :i* he took out a pat5t1 9 #aghj4 ,9 ! w9t] ( #aghd-e1 he erect$ an app>atus1 ! fir/ ( its k9d1 = w>m+ 8 ap>tm5ts by /eam4 ,he also introduc$ into ,engl& ! me?od ( blea*+ ) oxymuriatic acid1 or *lor9e1 inv5t$ & communicat$ to him = publication by 8 fri5d ,b]?ollet4 ,t[>ds ! conclusion ( life1 he con/ruct$ a ma*9e = mak+ fac-similes ( bu/s & o!r c>v$ "w2 & also busi$ himself 9 =m+ a composition = ca/s1 possess+ mu* ( ! transp>5cy & h>dness ( m>ble4 ,) *emi/ry ,watt 0 well acqua9t$4 ,9 #aghb he publi%$ a pap] 9 ! ,philosophical ,transactions1 entitl$1 #8,?\ghts on ! con/itu5t p>ts ( ,wat]1 & ( ,dephlogi/icat$ ,air4' ,8 only o!r lit]>y und]tak+ 0 ! revision ( ,pr(essor ,robison's articles on ,/eam & ,/eam ,eng9es1 9 ! ,encyclopdia ,britannica1 to :i* he add$ notes conta9+ an acc\nt ( 8 own exp]im5ts on /eam1 & a hi/ory ( 8 improvem5ts 9 ! eng9e4 ,ab\t ! ye> #agge he m>ri$ 8 second wife1 ,miss ,macgregor4 ,?\gh 8 heal? _h be5 delicate ?r\gh life1 yet he rea*$ ! advanc$ age ( eighty-f\r4 ,he di$ at 8 h\se at ,hea?field1 ,augu/ #be1 #ahai4 ,*antrey made a bu/ ( him "s ye>s be=e 8 dea?2 f :i* ! same di/+ui%$ arti/ has s9ce execut$ two m>ble /atues1 "o = 8 tomb1 ! o!r = ! ,hunt]ian ,museum at ,glasg[2 & a ?ird 9 bronze1 also = ,glasg[1 :i* has rec5tly be5 erect$ !re4 ,x repres5ts ,watt seat$ 9 deep ?\ght1 a pair ( compasses 9 8 h&1 & a scroll1 on :i* is ! draught ( a /eam-eng9e1 op5 on 8 knee4 ,we _c bett] close ?is acc\nt1 ?an ) a %ort extract f ! sket* ( 8 "*1 to :i* we h allud$ 9 a =m] page4 ,aft] speak+ ( ! la/+ celebrity :i* ,watt has acquir$ by 8 me*anical inv5tions1 ! au?or cont9ues1 t 8to ^? to :om he m imm$iately belong$1 :o liv$ 9 8 society & enjoy$ 8 conv]sation1 ?is is n1 p]haps1 ! "* 9 :i* he w be mo/ frequ5tly recall$1--mo/ deeply lam5t$1--or ev5 mo/ highly admir$4 ,indep5d5tly ( 8 great atta9m5ts 9 me*anics1 ,mr4 ,watt 0 an extraord9>y & 9 _m respects a wond]ful man4 ,p]haps no individual 9 8 age possess$ s mu* & su* v>i$ & exact in=mation1 _h read s mu*1 or rememb]$ :at he _h read s accurately & well4 ,he _h inf9ite quickness ( appreh5sion1 a prodigi\s memory1 & a c]ta9 rectify+ & me?odis+ p[] ( und]/&+1 :i* extract$ some?+ preci\s out ( all t 0 pres5t$ to x4 ,8 /ores ( miscellane\s k 7 imm5se1 & yet less a/oni%+ ?an ! comm& he _h at all times ov] !m4 ,x seem$ z if e subject t 0 casually />t$ 9 conv]sation ) him1 _h be5 t :i* he _h be5 la/ occupi$ 9 /udy+ & exhau/+2 su* 0 ! copi\sness1 ! precision1 & ! admirable cle>ness ( ! in=mation :i* he p\r$ out ^u x )\t ef=t or hesitation4 ,nor 0 ?is promptitude & compass ( k conf9$1 9 any degree1 to ! /udies connect$ ) 8 ord9>y pursuits4 ,t he %\ld h be5 m9utely & ext5sively skill$ 9 *emi/ry & ! arts1 & 9 mo/ ( ! bran*es ( physical sci5ce1 might1 p]haps1 h be5 conjectur$2 b x c\ld n h be5 inf]r$ f 8 usual occupations1 & probably is n g5]ally kn[n1 t he 0 curi\sly le>n$ 9 _m bran*es ( antiquity1 metaphysics1 m$ic9e1 & etymology2 & p]fectly at home 9 all ! details ( ar*itecture1 music1 & law4 ,he 0 well acqua9t$1 too1 ) mo/ ( ! mod]n languages1 & famili> ) _! mo/ rec5t lit]ature4 ,nor 0 x at all extraord9>y to he> ! great me*anician & eng9e] detail+ & exp\nd+1 = h\rs toge!r1 ! metaphysical !ories ( ! ,g]man logicians1 or criticis+ ! measures or ! matt] ( ! ,g]man poetry4 99 99 99 8,x is ne$less to say1 t ) ^? va/ res\rces1 8 conv]sation 0 at all times ri* & in/ructive 9 no ord9>y degree4 ,b x 01 if possible1 /ill m pleas+ ?an wise1 & _h all ! *>ms ( famili>ity1 ) all ! sub/antial treasures ( k4 ,no man c\ld be m social 9 8 _s1 less assum+ or fa/idi\s 9 8 mann]s1 or m k9d & indulg5t t[>ds all :o approa*$ him4 99 99 99 ,8 talk1 too1 ?\gh ov]fl[+ ) in=mation1 _h no resemblance to lectur+1 or solemn disc\rs+2 b1 on ! contr>y1 0 full ( colloquial _s & pleasantry4 ,he _h a c]ta9 quiet & grave hum\r1 :i* ran ?r\gh mo/ ( 8 conv]sation1 & a ve9 ( temp]ate jocul>ity1 :i* gave inf9ite ze/ & effect to ! cond5s$ & inexhau/ible in=mation :i* =m$ its ma9 /aple & *>act]i/ic4 ,!re 0 a little air ( affect$ te/9ess1 & a tone ( pret5d$ rebuke & contradiction1 :i* he us$ t[>ds 8 y\ng] fri5ds1 t 0 always felt by !m z an ende>+ m>k ( 8 k9dness & famili>ity1 & priz$ accord+ly1 f> beyond all ! solemn complim5ts t ev] proce$$ f ! lips ( au?ority4 ,8 voice 0 deep & p[]ful2 ?\gh he commonly spoke 9 a l[ & some:at monoton\s tone1 :i* h>moniz$ admirably ) ! weight & brevity ( 8 obs]vations1 & set (f to ! greate/ advantage ! pleasant anecdotes :i* he deliv]$ ) ! same grave tone1 & ! same calm smile play+ sob]ly on 8 lips4 ,!re 0 no?+ ( ef=t1 inde$1 or ( impati5ce1 any m ?an ( pride or levity1 9 8 demean\r2 & !re 0 a f9] expression ( repos+ /r5g?1 & mild self-possession 9 8 mann]1 ?an we ev] recollect to h met ) 9 any o!r p]son4 ,he _h 9 8 "* ! utmo/ abhorr5ce = all sorts ( =w>dness1 p>ade1 & pret5sion2 & inde$ nev] fail$ to put all su* impo/ors out ( c\nt5ance1 by ! manly pla9ness & hone/ intrepidity ( 8 language & deportm5t4 8,he 0 twice m>ri$1 b has left no issue b "o son1 long associat$ ) him 9 8 bus9ess & /udies1 & two gr&*ildr5 by a daught] :o pr$eceas$ him4 ,he 0 fell[ ( ! ,royal ,societies bo? ( ,london & ,ed9burgh1 & "o ( ! few ,engli%m5 :o 7 elect$ memb]s ( ! ,national ,in/itute ( ,france4 ,all m5 ( le>n+ & ( sci5ce 7 8 cordial fri5ds2 & su* 0 ! influ5ce ( 8 mild "*1 & p]fect fairness & lib]ality1 ev5 ^u ! pret5d] to ^! accompli%m5ts1 t he liv$ to dis>m ev5 envy itself1 & di$1 we v]ily believe1 )\t a s+le enemy40 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration3 ,engrav$ by ,w4 ,holl4 ,,m>%al ,,tur5ne4 ,f ! orig9al ,picture by ,lat\r1 9 ! collection ( ! ,muse ,royale1 ,p>is4 ,"u ! ,sup]9t5dance ( ! ,society = ! ,diffusion ( ,useful ,k4 ,london4 ,publi%$ by ,*>les ,knight1 ,pall ,mall ,ea/4 ,illu/ration ,,tur5ne ,h5ri de la ,t\r d',auv]gne1 ,vicomte de ,tur5ne1 born ,septemb] #af?1 #afaa1 0 ! second son ( ! ,duc de ,b\illon1 pr9ce ( ,s$an1 & ( ,elizabe? ( ,nassau1 daught] ( ! celebrat$ ,william ( ,orange1 to ^: c\rage & tal5ts ! ,ne!rl&s ma9ly ow$ _! deliv]ance f ,spa94 ,bo? p>5ts be+ zeal\s ,calv9i/s1 ,tur5ne 0 ( c\rse br\ght up 9 ! same fai?4 ,soon aft] 8 fa!r's dea?1 ! ,du*ess s5t him1 :5 he 0 n yet ?irte5 ye>s old1 into ! ,l[ ,c\ntries1 to le>n ! art ( w> "u 8 uncle1 ,maurice ( ,nassau1 :o comm&$ ! troops ( ,holl& 9 ! protract$ /ruggle betwe5 t c\ntry & ,spa94 ,maurice held t !re 0 no royal road to milit>y skill1 & plac$ 8 "y relation 9 ! ranks1 z a volunte]1 :]e = "s "t he s]v$1 endur+ all h>d%ips to :i* ! common soldi]s 7 expos$4 ,9 8 second campaign he 0 promot$ to ! comm& ( a company1 :i* he reta9$ = f\r ye>s1 di/+ui%$ by ! admirable discipl9e ( 8 m51 by unceas+ att5tion to ! due p]=mance ( 8 own duty1 & by 8 eag]ness to witness1 & become ?or\ghly acqua9t$ )1 e bran* ( s]vice4 ,9 ! ye> #afcj1 family circum/ances r5d]$ x exp$i5t t he %\ld return to ,france1 :]e ! c\rt receiv$ him ) di/9ction1 & inve/$ him ) ! comm& ( a regim5t4 ,f\r ye>s elaps$ be=e ,tur5ne _h an opportunity ( di/+ui%+ himself 9 ! s]vice ( 8 native c\ntry4 ,8 fir/ laurels 7 reap$ 9 #afcd1 at ! siege ( ! /rong =tress ( ,la ,motte1 9 ,lorra9e1 :]e he head$ ! assault1 &1 by 8 skill & brav]y1 ma9ly contribut$ to its success4 ,= ?is exploit he 0 rais$ at ! e>ly age ( tw5ty-?ree to ! rank ( ,m>e*al de ,camp1 ! second grade ( milit>y rank 9 ,france4 ,9 ! foll[+ ye>1 ! break+ out ( w> betwe5 ,france & ,au/ria op5$ a wid] field ( action4 ,tur5ne held a subord9ate comm& 9 ! army1 :i*1 "u ! ,c>d9al de la ,valette1 m>*$ into ,g]many to support ! ,sw$es1 comm&$ by ! ,duke ( ,weim>4 ,at fir/ =tune smil$ on ! allies2 b1 ere long1 sc>city ( provisions compell$ !m to a disa/r\s retreat ov] a ru9$ c\ntry1 9 ! face ( ! enemy4 ,on ?is occasion ! "y soldi]'s ability & dis9t]e/$ness 7 equally conspicu\s4 ,he sold 8 plate & equipage = ! use ( ! army2 ?rew away 8 baggage to load ! waggons ) ^? /raggl]s :o mu/ o!rwise h be5 ab&on$2 & m>*$ on foot1 :ile he gave up 8 own horse to ! relief ( "o :o _h fall51 exhau/$ by hung] & fatigue4 ,^! are ! acts :i* w9 ! atta*m5t ( soldi]s1 & ,tur5ne 0 idoliz$ by 84 ,our limits w n all[ ( ! relation ( ^? campaigns 9 :i* ! subject ( ?is memoir fill$ a subord9ate "p4 ,9 #afcg-h he aga9 s]v$ "u ,la ,valette1 9 ,fl&]s & ,g]many1 aft] :i* he 0 made ,lieut5ant-,g5]al1 a rank n previ\sly exi/+ 9 ,france4 ,! ?ree foll[+ ye>s he 0 employ$ 9 ,italy & ,savoy1 & 9 #afdb made a campaign 9 ,r\ssillon1 "u ! eye ( ,l\is ,,xiii4 ,9 ! spr+ ( #afdc1 ! ,k+ di$2 & 9 ! autumn ( ! same ye>1 ,tur5ne receiv$ f ! ,que5 ,"m & ,reg5t1 ,anne ( ,au/ria1 a ,m>%al's baton1 ! appropriate rew>d ( 8 long & brilliant s]vices4 ,f\r ye>s a capta91 f\r a colonel1 ?ree ,m>e*al de ,camp1 five lieut5ant-g5]al1 he _h s]v$ 9 all /ations f ! ranks upw>ds1 & di/+ui%$ himself 9 !m n only by milit>y tal5t1 b by /rict hon\r & tru/wor?9ess1 r>e virtues 9 ^? turbul5t times :5 m5 7 famili> ) civil w>1 & ! great nobility 7 too p[]ful to be peaceful subjects4 ,soon aft] 8 promotion1 he 0 s5t to ,g]many1 to collect & reorganise ! ,fr5* army1 :i* _h be5 r\ghly h&l$ at ,duttl+54 ,x want$ re/1 m51 & money1 & he settl$ x 9 good qu>t]s1 rais$ recruits1 & pl$g$ 8 own cr$it = ! necess>y sums4 ,! effects ( 8 ex]tions 7 soon se54 ,he arriv$ 9 ,alsace1 ,decemb]1 #afdc1 & 9 ! foll[+ ,may 0 at ! head ( #aj1jjj m51 well arm$ & equipp$1 ) :om he felt /rong en\gh to attack ! ,imp]ial army1 & raise ! siege ( ,frib\rg4 ,at t mom5t ! glory :i* he hop$ & 0 entitl$ to obta91 z ! rew>d ( five mon?s' lab\r1 0 snat*$ f him by ! arrival ( ! celebrat$ ,pr9ce de ,cond1 at t "t ,duc d',enghi51 to assume ! comm&4 ,! vexation :i* ,tur5ne mu/ h felt 0 increas$ by ! diff]5ce ( age1 = ! ,pr9ce 0 t5 ye>s 8 junior1 & ( p]sonal "*4 ,cond 0 ard5t & impetu\s1 & flu%$ by 8 brilliant victory at ,rocroi ! ye> be=e2 ,tur5ne cool1 calculat+1 & cauti\s1 unwe>i$ 9 prep>+ a c]ta9ty ( success be=eh&1 yet prompt 9 /rik+ :5 ! decisive mom5t 0 come4 ,! diff]5ce ( _! *>act]s 0 exemplifi$ ^u ?is occasion4 ,m]ci1 ! ,au/rian comm&]1 _h tak5 up a /rong position1 :i* ,tur5ne said c\ld n be =c$2 b at ! same "t po9t$ out ! means ( turn+ x4 ,cond diff]$ f him1 & ! second 9 comm& 0 oblig$ to submit4 ,on two successive days two bloody & unsuccessful assaults 7 made3 on ! ?ird ,tur5ne's advice 0 tak51 & on ! fir/ demon/ration ( ?is *ange ( plan ,m]ci retreat$4 ,9 ! foll[+ ye>1 ill suppli$ ) e ?+1 & =c$ to sep>ate 8 troops widely to obta9 subsi/5ce1 he 0 attack$ at ,m>i5dal1 & wor/$ by 8 old antagoni/ ,m]ci4 ,?is1 8 fir/ defeat1 he felt sev]ely3 /ill he reta9$ 8 position1 & 0 aga9 ready to meet ! enemy1 :5 he receiv$ positive ord]s f ,maz>9 to und]take no?+ be=e ! arrival ( ,cond4 ,zeal\s = 8 c\ntry & c>eless ( p]sonal slights1 he m>*$ )\t compla9t "u ! comm& ( 8 rival3 & 8 magnanimity 0 rew>d$ at ! battle ( ,nordl+51 9 #afde1 :]e ! c5tre & "r w+ hav+ fail$ 9 _! attack1 ,tur5ne ) ! left w+ broke ! enemy's "r1 & fall+ on 8 c5tre 9 flank1 ?rew x into utt] confusion4 ,= ?is s]vice he receiv$ ! mo/ cordial & ample ackn[l$gm5ts f ,cond1 bo? on ! field1 & 9 8 despat*es to ! ,que5 ,reg5t4 ,soon aft]1 ,cond1 :o 0 w\nd$ 9 ! battle1 resign$ 8 comm& into ! h&s ( ,tur5ne4 ,! foll[+ campaigns ( #afdf-g-h exhibit$ a s]ies ( successes1 by means ( :i* he drove ! ,duke ( ,bav>ia f 8 dom9ions1 & r$uc$ ! ,emp]or to seek = peace4 ,?is 0 conclud$ at ,mun/] 9 #afdh1 & to ,tur5ne's ex]tions ! t]m9ation ( ! ?irty ye>s' w> is ma9ly to be ascrib$4 ,! repose ( ,france 0 soon brok5 by civil w>4 ,maz>9's adm9i/ration1 oppressive 9 all respects1 b especially 9 fiscal matt]s1 _h produc$ no small discont5t ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry1 & especially 9 ,p>is2 :]e ! p>liam5t op5ly esp\s$ ! cause ( ! p aga9/ ! m9i/]1 & 7 jo9$ by sev]al ( ! highe/ nobility1 urg$ by v>i\s motives ( private int]e/ or p]sonal pique4 ,among ^! 7 ! ,pr9ce ( ,conti1 ! ,duc de ,longueville1 & ! ,duc de ,b\illon4 ,maz>91 9 al>m1 endeav\r$ to enli/ ! ambition ( ,tur5ne 9 8 fav\r1 by (f]+ ! gov]nm5t ( ,alsace1 & ! h& ( 8 own niece1 z ! price ( 8 adh]5ce to ! c\rt4 ,! ,visc\nt1 press$ by bo? p>ties1 avoid$ to decl>e 8 adhesion to ei!r3 b he unequivocally express$ 8 disapprobation ( ! ,c>d9al's proce$+s1 &1 be+ sup]s$$ 9 8 comm&1 retir$ peaceably to ,holl&4 ,!re he rema9$ till ! conv5tion ( ,ruel effect$ a holl[ & ins9c]e reconciliation betwe5 ! c\rt & "o ( ! j>r+ p>ties ( :i* ! ,fronde 0 compos$4 ,t reconciliation 0 soon brok5 by ! sudd5 arre/ ( ,cond1 ,conti1 & ! ,duc de ,longueville4 ,tur5ne !n ?rew himself into ! arms ( ! ,fronde2 urg$ p>tly by indignation at ?is act ( viol5ce1 p>tly by a sympa?y ) ! int]e/s ( 8 bro!r1 ! ,duc de ,b\illon2 b m1 x is said1 by a devot$ atta*m5t to ! ,du*esse de ,longueville1 :o turn$ ! great soldi] to h] purposes1 & laugh$ at 8 passion4 ,he sold 8 plate2 ! ,du*ess sold h] jewels3 !y conclud$ an alliance ) ,spa91 & ! ,visc\nt 0 soon at ! head ( an army4 ,b ! het]og5e\s mass ( ,fr5*m51 ,spani>ds1 & ,g]mans1 melt$ away dur+ ! fir/ campaign2 & ,tur5ne1 at ! head ( eight ?\s& m51 f\nd himself oblig$ to enc\nt] ! royal army1 tw5ty ?\s& /rong4 ,9 ! battle :i* ensu$1 he di/+ui%$ 8 p]sonal brav]y 9 sev]al desp]ate *>ges3 b ! disp>ity 0 too great2 & ?is defeat ( ,rhetel 0 ( s]i\s consequ5ce to ! ,fronde p>ty4 ,conv9c$ at la/ t 8 true int]e/ lay r on ! side ( ! c\rt1 !n manag$ by a woman & a prie/1 :]e he might be supreme 9 milit>y matt]s1 ?an 9 support+ ! cause ( an impetu\s & self-will$ lead]1 su* z ,cond1 ,tur5ne gladly li/5$ to ov]tures ( accommodation1 & pass$ ov] to ! support ( ! reg5cy4 ,8 conduct 9 ?is w> appe>s to be ! mo/ objectionable "p ( a long &1 = t age1 s+ul>ly hone/ life4 ,! fault1 h[ev]1 seems to h be5 r 9 esp\s+1 ?an 9 ab&on+1 ! cause ( ! ,fronde4 ,_m ( t p>ty 7 d\btless actuat$ by s9c]ely patriotic motives4 ,su*1 h[ev]1 7 n ! motives ( ,tur5ne1 nor ( ! nobility to :om he atta*$ himself3 & if1 9 return+ to 8 allegiance1 he foll[$ ! call ( int]e/ z decid$ly z he _h foll[$ ! call ( passion 9 revolt+1 x 0 at lea/ a recurr5ce to 8 =m] pr9ciple ( loyalty1 f :i*1 9 aft]-life1 he nev] sw]v$4 ,! value ( 8 s]vices 0 soon made evid5t4 ,twice1 at ! head ( v inf]ior troops1 he *eck$ ,cond 9 ! c>e] ( victory3 & aga9 compell$ him to fight "u ! walls ( ,p>is2 :]e1 9 ! celebrat$ battle ( ! ,faub\rg ,/4 ,anto9e1 ! ,pr9ce & 8 army n>r[ly escap$ de/ruction4 ,f9ally1 he re-e/abli%$ ! c\rt at ,p>is1 & compell$ ,cond to quit ! realm4 ,^! important ev5ts took place 9 "o campaign ( six mon?s1 9 #afeb4 ,9 #afed he aga9 took ! field aga9/ 8 =m] fri5d & comm&]1 ,cond1 :o _h tak5 refuge 9 ,spa91 & n[ l$ a =eign army aga9/ 8 c\ntry4 ,! mo/ rem>kable op]ation ( ! campaign 0 ! rais+ ! siege ( ,arras2 :i* ! ,spani>ds _h inve/$1 accord+ to ! mo/ approv$ fa%ion ( ! day1 ) a /rong d\ble l9e ( circumvallation1 )9 :i* ! besieg+ army 0 suppos$ to be securely %elt]$ aga9/ ! sallies ( ! g>rison coop$ up )91 & ! ef=ts ( _! fri5ds f )\t4 ,tur5ne m>*$ to ! relief ( ! place4 ,?is c\ld only be effect$ by =c+ ! enemy's entr5*m5ts2 :i* 7 accord+ly attack$1 contr>y to ! op9ion ( 8 own (fic]s1 & c>ri$ at all po9ts1 despite ! p]sonal ex]tions ( ,cond4 ,! ,spani>ds 7 =c$ to retreat4 ,x is rem>kable t ,tur5ne1 n long aft]1 0 himself defeat$ 9 precisely simil> circum/ances1 "u ! walls ( ,val5ci5nes1 r\nd :i* he _h drawn l9es ( circumvallation4 ,once m he f\nd himself 9 ! same position at ,dunkirk4 ,on ?is occasion he m>*$ out ( 8 l9es to meet ! enemy1 r ?an wait1 & suff] !m to *oose _! po9t ( attack3 & ! celebrat$ battle ( ! ,dunes or ,s&hills ensu$1 9 :i* he ga9$ a brilliant victory ov] ! be/ ,spani% troops1 ) ,cond at _! head4 ,?is took place 9 #afeg4 ,dunkirk & ! great] "p ( ,fl&]s fell into ! h&s ( ! ,fr5* 9 consequ5ce2 & ^! successes l$ to ! treaty ( ! ,pyr5ees1 :i* t]m9at$ ! w> 9 #afeh4 ,tur5ne's signal s]vices 7 appreciat$ & rew>d$ by ! entire confid5ce bo? ( ! reg5cy1 & ( ,l\is himself1 aft] he atta9$ 8 majority & took ! re9s ( /ate into 8 own h&s4 ,at ! ,k+'s m>riage1 9 #affj1 he 0 creat$ ,m>%al-,g5]al ( ! ,fr5* armies1 ) ! significant words1 8,il ne ti5t qu'a v\s que ce soit davantage40 ,! mon>* is suppos$ to h m$itat$ ! revival ( ! high dignity ( ,con/able ( ,france1 :i* c\ld n be held by a ,prote/ant4 ,if ?is 7 s1 x 0 a tempt+ bribe2 b x fail$4 ,covet\sness 0 no "p ( ,tur5ne's "*2 & = ambition1 8 calm & /rong m9d c\ld n b see t a dignity won by su* unwor?y means w\ld n elevate him 9 m5's eyes4 ,we w\ld will+ly attribute 8 conduct to a high] pr9ciple2 b !re is reason to believe t h5ce=? he r s\ght to be conv]t$ f ! /rict t5ets ( ,calv9ism 9 :i* he _h be5 br\ght up4 ,x is at lea/ c]ta91 f 8 correspond5ce1 t ab\t ?is "t he appli$ himself to !ological /udies1 ) :i* an imp]fect education1 & a life sp5t 9 camps1 _h little famili>iz$ him2 & t 9 ! ye> #affh he solemnly r5\nc$ ! ,prote/ant *ur*4 ,h[ev]1 he ask$ & receiv$ no?+ = himself1 & 0 refus$ "o trifl+ fav\r :i* he reque/$ = 8 nephew3 & p]haps ! mo/ fair & probable explanation ( 8 conv]sion is1 t 8 pr(ession ( ,calv9ism _h be5 habitual & nom9al1 n f\nd$ ^u inquiry & conviction2 & t 9 becom+ a conv]t to ,ca?olicism1 he _h little to give up1 :ile 8 m9d 0 /rongly biass$ 9 fav\r ( ! fa%ionable & e/abli%$ cre$4 ,:5 w> broke out afre% betwe5 ,france & ,spa91 9 #affg1 ,l\is ,,xiv4 made 8 fir/ campaign "u ,tur5ne's guidance1 & ga9$ possession ( ne>ly ! :ole ( ,fl&]s4 ,9 #afgb1 :5 ,l\is resolv$ to und]take 9 p]son ! conque/ ( ,holl&1 he aga9 plac$ ! comm&1 "u himself1 9 ,tur5ne's h&s1 & disgrac$ sev]al m>%als :o refus$ to receive ord]s f ! ,visc\nt1 consid]+ !mselves 8 equals 9 milit>y rank4 ,h[ ,le ,gr& ,mon>que =c$ ! passage ( ! ,rh9e :5 !re 0 no army to oppose him1 & conqu]$ city aft] city1 till he 0 /opp$ by inundations1 "u ! walls ( ,am/]dam1 has be5 said & sung by 8 flatt]]s2 & ne$ n be repeat$ "h4 ,b aft] ! ,k+ _h left ! army1 :5 ! ,pr9ces ( ,g]many came to ! assi/ance ( ,holl&1 & h] affairs took a m fav\rable turn "u ! able guidance ( ! ,pr9ce ( ,orange1 a wid] field 0 (f]$ = ! display ( ,tur5ne's tal5ts4 ,9 ! campaign ( #afgc he drove ! ,elector ( ,br&5burg1 :o _h come to ! assi/ance ( ! ,dut*1 back to ,b]l91 & compell$ him to negotiate = peace4 ,9 ! same ye> he 0 oppos$1 = ! fir/ "t1 to ! ,imp]ial ,g5]al ,montecuculi1 celebrat$ = 8 milit>y writ+s1 z well z = 8 exploits 9 ! field4 ,! meet+ ( ^! two great g5]als produc$ no decisive results4 ,tur5ne return$ to ,p>is 9 ! w9t]1 & 0 receiv$ ) ! mo/ flatt]+ m>ks ( fav\r4 ,on ! approa* ( spr+1 he 0 s5t back to take comm& ( ! ,fr5* army 9 ,alsace1 :i*1 am\nt+ to no m ?an t5 ?\s& m51 0 press$ by a p[]ful conf$]ation ( ! troops ( ! empire1 & ^? ( ,br&5burg1 once aga9 9 ! field4 ,tur5ne set himself to beat ! allies 9 detail1 be=e !y c\ld =m a junction4 ,he pass$ ! ,rh9e1 m>*$ =ty ,fr5* leagues 9 f\r days1 & came up ) ! ,imp]iali/s1 "u ! ,duke ( ,lorra9e1 at ,s9tzheim4 ,!y occupi$ a /rong position1 _! w+s re/+ on m\nta9s2 _! c5tre protect$ by a riv] & a =tifi$ t[n4 ,tur5ne hesitat$3 x seem$ ra% to attack2 b a victory 0 ne$ful be=e ! comb9ation ( ! two armies %\ld r5d] _! =ce irresi/ible1 & he comm&$ ! be/ troops ( ,france4 ,! ev5t ju/ifi$ 8 confid5ce4 ,e po/ 0 c>ri$ sword 9 h&4 ,! ,m>%al _h 8 horse kill$ "u him1 & 0 slightly w\nd$4 ,to ! (fic]s1 :o cr[d$ r\nd him ) congratulations1 he repli$1 ) "o ( ^? %ort & happy spee*es :i* tell ^u an army m ?an ! mo/ lab\r$ h>angues1 8,) troops l y1 g5tlem51 a man ought to attack boldly1 = he is sure to conqu]40 ,! beat5 army fell back beh9d ! ,neck>1 :]e !y effect$ a junction ) ! troops ( ,br&5burg3 b !y d>$ attempt no?+ fur!r1 & left ! ,palat9ate 9 ! quiet possession ( ,tur5ne4 ,"u 8 eye1 &1 z x appe>s f 8 own lett]s1 at 8 express recomm5dation1 z a matt] ( policy1 t wret*$ c\ntry 0 laid wa/e to a deplorable ext5t4 ,?is transaction w5t f> beyond ! ord9>y lic5se ( w>1 & excit$ g5]al indignation ev5 9 t unscrupul\s age4 ,x w ev] be rememb]$ z a f\l /a9 ^u ! "* ( ! g5]al :o execut$1 & ( ! k+ & m9i/] :o ord]$ or cons5t$ to x4 ,hav+ c>ri$ fire & sword ?r\gh t "p ( ! ,palat9ate :i* lay ^u ! "r or ,g]man bank ( ! ,rh9e1 he cross$ t riv]4 ,b ! ,imp]ial troops1 re9=c$ by ! ,saxons & ,hessians to ! am\nt ( sixty ?\s& m51 press$ him h>d3 & x seem$ impossible to keep ! field aga9/ s great a disp>ity ( =ce2 8 own troops n am\nt+ to m ?an tw5ty ?\s&4 ,he retreat$ into ,lorra9e1 ab&on+ ! f]tile pla9s ( ,alsace to ! enemy1 l$ 8 army beh9d ! ,vosges m\nta9s1 & cross+ !m by unfrequ5t$ r\tes1 surpris$ ! enemy at ,colm>1 beat him at ,mulhaus5 & ,turkheim1 & =c$ him to recross ! ,rh9e4 ,?is is e/eem$ ! mo/ brilliant ( ,tur5ne's campaigns1 & x 0 conceiv$ & conduct$ ) ! great] boldness1 be+ 9 opposition to ! ord]s ( ,l\vois4 8,i "k10 he wrote to t m9i/]1 9 remon/rat+1 & inde$ refus+ to foll[ 8 directions1 8,i "k ! /r5g? ( ! ,imp]iali/s1 _! g5]als1 & ! c\ntry 9 :i* we are4 ,i take all ^u myself1 & *>ge myself ) :atev] may occur40 ,return+ to ,p>is at ! end ( ! campaign1 8 j\rney ?r\gh ,france resembl$ a triumphal progress2 su* 0 ! popul> en?usiasm 9 8 fav\r4 ,n less flatt]+ 0 8 reception by ! ,k+1 ^: undeviat+ reg>d & confid5ce1 undimm$ by jeal\sy or envy1 is cr$itable alike to ! mon>* & to 8 fai?ful subject4 ,at ?is "t ,tur5ne1 x is said1 _h s]i\s ?\ghts ( retir+ to a conv5t1 & 0 induc$ only by ! e>ne/ remon/rances ( ! ,k+1 & 8 repres5tations ( ! critical /ate ( ,france1 to resume 8 comm&4 ,return+ to ! ,upp] ,rh9e1 he 0 aga9 oppos$ to ,montecuculi4 ,= two mon?s ! res\rces & well-mat*$ skill ( ! rival capta9s 7 display$ 9 a s]ies ( m>*es & c\nt]-m>*es1 9 :i* e movem5t 0 s well =ese5 & gu>d$ aga9/1 t no opportunity occurr$ = com+ to action ) advantage to ei!r side4 ,at la/ ! art ( ,tur5ne appe>$ to prevail2 :51 n _m m9utes aft] he _h express$ ! full belief t victory 0 9 8 grasp1 a cannon-ball /ruck him :ile engag$ 9 reconnoitr+ ! enemy's position1 previ\s to giv+ battle1 & he fell dead f 8 horse1 ,july #bg?1 #afge4 ,! same %ot c>ri$ (f ! arm ( ,/4 ,hilaire1 comm&]-9-*ief ( ! artill]y4 8,weep n = me10 said ! brave soldi] to 8 son1 8x is = t great man t we ought to weep40 ,8 subord9ates possess$ nei!r ! tal5ts requisite to foll[ up 8 plans1 nor ! confid5ce ( ! troops1 :o p]ceiv$ _! hesitation1 & 7 eag] to av5ge ! dea? ( _! belov$ g5]al4 8,loose ! piebald10 s !y nam$ ,tur5ne's horse1 0 ! cry2 8he w lead u on40 ,b ^? on :om ! comm& devolv$ ?\ght ( no?+ less ?an ( attack+ ! enemy2 & aft] hold+ a hurri$ c\ncil ( w>1 retreat$ 9 all ha/e across ! ,rh9e4 ,! ,swabian peasants let ! spot :]e he fell lie fall[ = _m ye>s1 & c>efully pres]v$ a tree "u :i* he _h be5 sitt+ j be=e4 ,/range t ! p :o _h suff]$ s mu* at 8 h&s1 %\ld reg>d 8 memory ) su* respect4 ,! "* ( ,tur5ne 0 m rem>kable = solidity ?an = brilliancy4 ,_m g5]als may h be5 bett] qualifi$ to complete a campaign by "o decisive bl[2 few probably h laid ! s*eme ( a campaign ) m judgm5t1 or %[n m skill & pati5ce 9 c>ry+ _! plans into effect4 ,& x is rem>kable t1 contr>y to g5]al exp]i5ce1 he became mu* m ent]pris+ 9 advanc$ ye>s ?an he _h be5 9 y\?4 ,( t impetu\s _s1 :i* sometimes c>ries m5 to success :]e caution w\ld h hesitat$ & fail$1 he possess$ little4 ,9 8 e>li] ye>s he seldom v5tur$ to give battle1 except :]e victory 0 ne>ly c]ta93 b a c\rse ( victory inspir$ confid5ce1 & tra9$ by long practice to di/+ui% ! difficult f ! impossible1 he adopt$ 9 8 lat] campaigns a bold] /yle ( tactics ?an _h seem$ cong5ial to 8 orig9al temp]4 ,9 ?is respect he (f]$ a rem>kable contra/ to 8 rival 9 fame1 ,cond1 :o1 celebrat$ 9 e>ly life = ! headlong val\r1 ev5 to ra%ness1 ( 8 ent]prises1 became 9 old age prud5t almo/ to timidity4 ,equally calm 9 success or 9 defeat1 ,tur5ne 0 always ready to prosecute ! "o1 or to repair ! o!r4 ,& he c>ri$ ! same temp] into private life1 :]e he 0 di/+ui%$ = ! dignity ) :i* he avoid$ qu>rels1 "u circum/ances 9 :i* less] m5 w\ld h f\nd x h>d to d s1 )\t incurr+ ! reproa* ( c[>dice4 ,nor mu/ we pass ov] 8 ?or\gh hone/y & dis9t]e/$ness 9 pecuni>y matt]s2 a quality m r>e 9 a great man !n ?an x is n[4 ,9 #afec he m>ri$ ! daught] ( ! ,duc de la ,=ce4 ,%e di$ 9 #afff1 )\t leav+ *ildr54 ,tur5ne compos$ memoirs ( 8 own life1 :i* are publi%$ 9 ! ,life ( him by ! ,*evali] ,ramsay4 ,!re is also a collection ( 8 ,milit>y ,maxims1 by ,capta9 ,williamson4 ,9 #aghb ,grimo>d publi%$ 8 #8,collection des ,memoirs du ,m>e*al de ,tur5ne4' ,des*amps1 an (fic] :o s]v$ "u him1 wrote a full acc\nt ( 8 two la/ campaigns2 & ! hi/ory ( 8 f\r la/ campaigns has be5 publi%$ "u ! "n ( ,beaura94 ,we may also ref] ! read] = ! hi/ory ( ^! times to ,voltaire1 ,sicle de ,l\is ,,xiv4 ,illu/ration3 ,fr5* ,cavali] ( ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,illu/ration ,,boyle ,?is excell5t & accompli%$ p]son 0 "o ( ^? :o d hon\r to high bir? & ample =tune1 by employ+ !m1 n z ! means ( selfi% gratification or p]sonal aggr&isem5t1 b 9 ! fur!rance ( e useful pursuit1 & e b5evol5t purpose4 ,by ! lov] ( sci5ce he is hon\r$ z "o ( ! fir/ & mo/ successful cultivators ( exp]im5tal philosophy2 to ! ,*ri/ian 8 memory is ende>$1 z t ( "o1 :o1 9 ! mo/ lic5ti\s p]iod ( ,engli% hi/ory1 %[$ a r>e example ( religion & virtue 9 exalt$ /ation1 & 0 an e>ly & zeal\s promot] ( ! diffusion ( ! ,scriptures 9 =eign l&s4 ,rob]t ,boyle 0 ! y\nge/ son b "o ( a /atesman em95t 9 ! successive reigns ( ,elizabe?1 & ! fir/ ,james & ,*>les2 & well kn[n 9 ,irel& by ! hon\rable title ( ! ,great ,e>l ( ,cork4 ,he has left an unf9i%$ sket* ( 8 own e>ly life1 9 :i* he assumes ! "n ( ,phil>etus1 a lov] ( virtue2 & speaks ( 8 *ildhood z *>act]iz$ by two ?+s1 a m ?an usual incl9ation to /udy1 & a rigid obs]vance ( tru? 9 all ?+s4 ,he 0 born 9 ,irel&1 ,janu>y #be1 #afbf-g4 ,9 8 n9? ye> he 0 s5t1 ) 8 eld] bro!r ,francis1 to ,eton1 :]e he sp5t betwe5 ?ree & f\r ye>s3 9 ! e>ly "p ( :i*1 "u ! guidance ( an able & judici\s tutor1 he made great progress bo? 9 ! acquisition ( k1 & 9 =m+ habits ( accurate & dilig5t inquiry4 ,b 8 /udies 7 int]rupt$ by a sev]e ague2 & :ile recov]+ f t disord] he contract$ a habit ( desultory read+1 :i* x aft]w>ds co/ him "s pa9s to conqu] by a labori\s c\rse ( ma!matical calculations4 ,dur+ 8 abode at ,eton sev]al rem>kable escapes f imm95t p]il occurr$ to him1 ^u :i*1 9 aft]-life1 he look$ back ) rev]5tial gratitude1 & ) ! full conviction t ! direct h& ( an ov]rul+ provid5ce 0 to be trac$ 9 !m4 ,illu/ration3 ,engrav$ by ,r4 ,woodman4 ,,rob]t ,,boyle4 ,f an orig9al ,picture1 9 ! possession ( ,"l ,dov]4 ,"u ! ,sup]9t5dance ( ! ,society = ! ,diffusion ( ,useful ,k4 ,london4 ,publi%$ by ,*>les ,knight1 ,pall ,mall ,ea/4 ,t[>ds ! close ( #afcg1 z x %\ld seem1 8 fa!r1 :o _h pur*as$ ! manor ( ,/albridge1 9 ,dorset%ire1 took him home4 ,9 ,octob]1 #afch1 he 0 s5t abroad1 "u ! *>ge ( a gov]nor1 ) 8 bro!r ,francis4 ,!y visit$ ,france1 ,switz]l&1 & ,italy2 & ,phil>etus's n>rative ( 8 travels is n )\t int]e/4 ,! only incid5t :i* we %all m5tion z occurr+ dur+ ?is p]iod1 is "o :i* may be ?\ght by _m sc>cely wor?y ( notice4 ,boyle himself us$ to speak ( x z ! mo/ consid]able accid5t ( 8 :ole life2 & = its influ5ce ^u 8 life x ought n to be omitt$4 ,:ile /ay+ at ,g5eva1 he 0 wak$ 9 ! night by a ?und]-/orm ( rem>kable viol5ce4 ,tak5 unprep>$ & />tl$1 x /ruck him t ! day ( judgm5t 0 at h&2 8:]eupon10 to use 8 own words1 8! consid]ation ( 8 unprep>$ness to welcome x1 & ! hide\sness ( be+ surpris$ by x 9 an unfit condition1 made him resolve & v[1 t if 8 fe>s t night 7 disappo9t$1 all fur!r additions to 8 life %\ld be m religi\sly & wat*fully employ$40 ,he has be5 spok5 ( z be+ a sceptic be=e ?is sudd5 conv]sion4 ,?is does n appe> f 8 own acc\nt1 f>!r ?an z any boy ( f\rte5 may be s call$1 :o has nev] tak5 ! tr\ble fully to conv9ce himself ( ^? tru?s :i* he pr(esses to believe4 ,on ! break+ out ( ! rebellion 9 #afdb1 ! tr\bl$ /ate ( ,engl&1 & ! dea? ( ! ,e>l ( ,cork1 involv$ ! bro!rs 9 consid]able pecuni>y difficulties4 ,!y return$ to ,engl& 9 #afdd1 & ,rob]t1 aft] a %ort delay1 took possession ( ! manor ( ,/albridge1 :i*1 ) a consid]able prop]ty 9 ,irel&1 _h be5 bequea!d to him by 8 fa!r4 ,by ! int]e/ ( 8 bro!r & si/]1 ,"l ,broghill & ,lady ,ranelagh1 :o 7 on good t]ms ) ! rul+ p>ty1 he obta9$ protections = 8 prop]ty1 & = ! next six ye>s made ,/albridge 8 pr9cipal abode4 ,?is portion ( 8 life 0 *iefly sp5t 9 ! /udy ( e?ical & natural philosophy2 & 8 "n began already to be respect$ among ! m5 ( sci5ce ( ! day4 ,9 #afeb he w5t to ,irel& to look aft] 8 prop]ty1 & sp5t ! great] "p ( ! next two ye>s !re4 ,return+ to ,engl& 9 #afed1 he settl$ at ,ox=d4 ,t :i* especially direct$ him to ?is place1 besides its be+ g5]ally suit$ to ! prosecution ( all 8 lit]>y & philosophical pursuits1 0 ! pres5ce ( t knot ( le>n$ m51 f :om ! ,royal ,society took its rise4 ,x consi/$ ( a few only1 b ^? em95t2 ,bi%op ,wilk9s1 ,wallis1 ,w>d1 ,wr51 & o!rs1 :o us$ to meet = ! purpose ( conf]r+ ^u philosophical subjects1 & mutually communicat+ & reason+ on _! respective exp]im5ts & discov]ies4 ,at ! re/oration1 ,boyle 0 treat$ ) great respect by ! ,k+2 & 0 /rongly press$ to ent] ! *ur* by ,"l ,cl>5don1 :o ?\ght t 8 high bir?1 em95t le>n+1 & exempl>y "* might be ( mat]ial s]vice to ! reviv$ e/abli%m5t4 ,aft] s]i\s consid]ation he decl9$ ! proposal1 ^u two acc\nts1 z he told ,burnet2 fir/1 because he ?\ght t :ile he p]=m$ no ecclesia/ical duties1 & receiv$ no pay1 8 te/imony 9 fav\r ( religion w\ld c>ry m weight2 secondly1 because he felt no especial vocation to take holy ord]s1 :i* he consid]$ indisp5sable to ! prop] ent]+ into t s]vice4 ,f ?is "t =w>ds1 ,boyle's life is n mu* m ?an ! hi/ory ( 8 works4 ,x pass$ 9 an ev5 curr5t ( tranquil happ9ess1 & dilig5t employm5t1 little brok51 except by illness1 f :i* he 0 a great suff]]4 ,at an e>ly age1 he 0 attack$ by ! /one1 & cont9u$ ?r\gh life subject to p>oxysms ( t dreadful disease3 & 9 #afgj1 he 0 afflict$ ) a sev]e p>alytic compla9t1 f :i* he =tunately recov]$ )\t su/a9+ any m5tal injury4 ,on ! incorporation ( ! ,royal ,society 9 #affc1 he 0 nam$ z "o ( ! c\ncil1 9 ! *>t]2 & z he _h be5 "o ( ! orig9al memb]s1 s ?r\gh 8 life he cont9u$ to publi% 8 %ort] treatises 9 _! ,transactions4 ,9 #affb he 0 appo9t$ by ! ,k+1 ,gov]nor ( ! ,corporation = propagat+ ! ,gospel 9 ,new ,engl&4 ,! diffusion ( ,*ri/ianity 0 a fav\rite subject ( ex]tion ) him ?r\gh life4 ,= ! sole purpose ( ex]t+ a m effectual influ5ce 9 introduc+ x into ,india1 he became a ,director ( ! ,ea/ ,india ,company2 &1 at 8 own exp5se1 caus$ ! ,gospels & ,acts to be translat$ into ,malay1 & five hundr$ copies to be pr9t$ & s5t abroad4 ,he also caus$ a translation ( ! ,bible into ,iri% to be made & publi%$1 at an exp5se ( #gjj2 & bore great "p ( ! exp5se ( a simil> und]tak+ 9 ! ,wel% language4 ,to o!r works ( ! same sort he 0 a lib]al contributor3 & z 9 spee* & writ+ he 0 a zeal\s1 yet temp]ate advocate ( religion1 s he %[$ 8 s9c]ity by a ready ext5sion ( 8 ample funds to all objects :i* t5d$ to promote ! religi\s welf>e ( 8 fell[-creatures4 ,9 ! ye> #afff he took up 8 abode 9 ,london1 :]e he cont9u$ = ! rema9d] ( 8 life4 ,we h little m to /ate ( 8 p]sonal hi/ory4 ,he 0 elect$ ,presid5t ( ! ,royal ,society 9 #afhj1 b decl9$ t well-e>n$ hon\r1 z hav+1 9 8 own words1 8a great 7& p]haps peculi>7 t5d]ness 9 po9t ( oa?s40 ,9 ! c\rse ( #afhh he began to feel 8 /r5g? decl9e1 & set himself s]i\sly to complete ^? ( 8 und]tak+s :i* he judg$ mo/ important1 & to arrange su* ( 8 pap]s z requir$ to be prep>$ = publication4 ,x gives u r a curi\s notion ( ! sci5tific morality ( ! day1 to le>n t he _h be5 a great suff]] by ! /eal+ ( 8 pap]s4 ,su* at lea/ 0 8 own belief1 h9t$ 9 a public adv]tisem5t1 & express$ m fully 9 8 private communications4 ,8 manuscript books disappe>$ 9 an incompreh5sible way1 insomu* t he resolv$ to write ^u loose %eets ( pap]1 8t ! ignorance ( ! coh]5ce might keep m5 f ?9k+ !m wor? /eal+40 ,not)/&+ he compla9s ( num]\s losses1 & expresses a det]m9ation to secure ! 8rema9+ "p ( 8 writ+s1 especially ^? t conta9 mo/ matt]s ( fact1 by s5d+ !m maim$ & unf9i%$1 z !y come to h&1 to ! press40 ,a /ill m s]i\s loss occurr$ to him ?r\gh ! c>elessness ( a s]vant1 :o broke a bottle ( vitriol ov] a box ( manuscripts prep>$ = publication1 by :i* a l>ge "p ( !m 7 utt]ly ru9$4 ,to ^! mis=tunes1 ! non-appe>ance ( _m promis$ works1 & ! imp]fect /ate ( o!rs1 is to be ascrib$4 ,dur+ ! ye>s #afhi-ij1 he gradually )drew himself m & m f 8 o!r employm5ts1 & f ! claims ( society1 to devote himself entirely to ! prep>ation ( 8 pap]s4 ,he di$1 unm>ri$1 ,decemb] #ca1 #afia1 ag$ sixty-five ye>s1 & 0 buri$ 9 ! *ancel ( ,/4 ,m>t9's-9-!-fields4 ,to give m]ely ! dates & titles ( ,boyle's sev]al publications1 w\ld occupy sev]al pages4 ,!y are collect$ 9 five volumes folio1 by ,dr4 ,bir*1 & am\nt 9 numb] to n9ety-sev54 ,! philosophical works h be5 abridg$ 9 ?ree volumes qu>to by ,dr4 ,%aw1 :o has prefix$ to 8 edition a "* ( ! au?or1 & ( 8 works4 ,f #affj to ! end ( 8 life1 e ye> br\ght fre% evid5ce ( 8 close application to sci5ce1 & ! v]satility ( 8 tal5ts1 & ! ext5t ( 8 k4 ,8 att5tion 0 direct$ to *emi/ry1 ma!matics1 me*anics1 m$ic9e1 anatomy2 b m especially to ! =m]1 9 its _m bran*es3 & ?\gh he is n altoge!r free f ! reproa* ( cr$ulity1 & appe>s n to h entirely fre$ himself f ! delusions ( ! al*ymi/s1 /ill he did m t[>ds ov]?r[+ _! mis*iev\s doctr9es1 & e/abli%+ 8 fav\rite sci5ce on a firm f\ndation1 ?an any man2 & 8 indefatigable dilig5ce 9 inquiry1 & unque/ion$ hone/y ( relation1 entitle him to a v high place among ! fa!rs ( mod]n *emi/ry4 ,on ?is po9t we may quote ! te/imony ( ! celebrat$ ,bo]haave1 7,*emi/ry1 vol4 i4 p4 #ee17 :o says1 t among ! writ]s :o h treat$ ( ,*emi/ry ) a view to natural philosophy & m$ic9e1 we may reckon among ! *ief1 ! ,hon4 ,rob]t ,boyle4 ,r$i also1 9 8 #8,exp]im5ta ,naturalia1' affirms t 9 exp]im5tal philosophy !re nev] 0 any man s di/+ui%$1 & t p]haps !re nev] w be 8 equal 9 discov]+ natural causes4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 z ! fa!r ( pneumatic philosophy t 8 sci5tific fame is mo/ securely bas$4 ,to ! inv5tion ( ! air-pump he possesses no claim1 an in/rum5t ( t sort hav+ be5 exhibit$ 9 #afed by ,otto ,gu]icke ( ,magdeburg3 b 8 improvem5ts1 & 8 well-comb9$ & +5i\s exp]im5ts fir/ made t in/rum5t ( value1 & prov$ ! ela/icity ( ! air4 ,^! 7 giv5 to ! _w 9 8 fir/ publi%$1 & p]haps 8 mo/ important "w1 entitl$1 #8,new ,exp]im5ts ^u ! ,spr+ ( ! ,air4' ,a consid]able portion ( ,boyle's works is occupi$ by religi\s treatises4 ,two ( ^!1 #8,s]aphic ,love1' & a #8,free ,disc\rse aga9/ ,swe>+1' 7 writt5 be=e he _h rea*$ ! age ( tw5ty2 ?\gh n publi%$ = _m ye>s aft]4 ,he e/abli%$ by 8 w an annual lecture1 89 pro( ( ! ,*ri/ian religion aga9/ notori\s infidels40 ,b5tley 0 ! fir/ prea*] on ?is f\ndation4 ,boyle's fun]al s]mon 0 prea*$ by ,bi%op ,burnet1 :o _h be5 "u "s obligation to him = assi/ance 9 publi%+ 8 ,hi/ory ( ! ,re=mation4 ,! s]mon has be5 consid]$ "o ( ,burnet's be/2 & x has ?is advantage1 t fun]al panegyric has seldom be5 m s9c]ely & hone/ly be/[$4 ,we conclude by quot+ "o or two passages1 :i* illu/rate ! beauty ( ,boyle's private "*4 8,he _h br\ght 8 m9d to su* a fre$om t he 0 n apt to be impos$ on2 & 8 mode/y 0 su* t he did n dictate to o!rs2 b propos$ 8 own s5se ) a due & dec5t di/ru/1 & 0 ev] v ready to he>k5 to :at 0 sugge/$ to him by o!rs4 ,:5 he diff]$ f any1 he express$ himself 9 s humble & oblig+ a way t he nev] treat$ ?+s or p]sons ) neglect1 & ,i nev] he>d t he (f5d$ any "o p]son 9 8 :ole life by any "p ( 8 demean\r4 ,= if at any "t he saw cause to speak r\ndly to any1 x 0 nev] 9 passion1 or ) any reproa*ful or indec5t expressions4 ,& z he 0 c>eful to give ^? :o conv]s$ ) him no cause or col\r = displeasure1 he 0 yet m c>eful ( ^? :o 7 abs5t1 nev] to speak ill ( any1 9 :i* he 0 ! exacte/ man ,i ev] knew4 ,if ! disc\rse turn$ to be h>d on any1 he 0 pres5tly sil5t2 & if ! subject 0 too long dwelt on1 he w\ld at la/ int]pose1 &1 betwe5 repro( & raill]y1 div]t x4 8,he 0 exactly civil1 ev5 to c]emony1 & ?\gh he felt 8 eas9ess ( access1 & ! desires ( _m1 all /rang]s 9 p>ticul>1 to be mu* ) him1 made great wa/e ( 8 "t2 yet1 z he 0 sev]e 9 t1 n to be d5i$ :5 he 0 at home1 s he said he knew ! he>t ( a /rang]1 & h[ mu* eas$ 8 own _h be51 :ile travell+1 if admitt$ to ! conv]sation ( ^? he desir$ to see2 !re=e he ?\ght 8 obligation to /rang]s 0 m ?an b>e civility2 x 0 a piece ( religi\s *>ity 9 him4 8,he _h1 = almo/ =ty ye>s1 lab\r$ "u su* a feebl5ess ( body1 & su* l[ness ( /r5g? & spirits1 t x w appe> a surpris+ ?+ to imag9e h[ x 0 possible = him to read1 to m$itate1 to try exp]im5ts1 & write z he did4 ,he bore all 8 infirmities1 & "s %>p pa9s1 ) ! dec5cy & submission t became a ,*ri/ian & philosoph]4 ,he _h ab\t him all t unaffect$ neglect ( pomp 9 clo!s1 lodg+1 furniture1 & equipage1 :i* agre$ ) 8 grave & s]i\s c\rse ( life4 ,he 0 advis$ to a v ungrateful simplicity ( diet1 :i*1 by all appe>ance1 0 t :i* pres]v$ him s long beyond all m5's expectation4 ,?is he obs]v$ s /rictly1 t 9 ! c\rse ( above ?irty ye>s he nei!r ate nor drank to gratify ! v>ieties ( appetite1 b m]ely to support nature2 & 0 s regul> 9 x1 t he nev] once transgress$ ! rule1 measure & k9d t 7 prescrib$ him4 99 99 99 8,8 k 0 ( s va/ an ext5t1 t 7 x n = ! v>iety ( v\*]s 9 _! sev]al sort1 ,i %\ld be afraid to say all ,i "k4 ,he c>ri$ ! /udy ( ,hebrew v f> into ! ,rabb9ical writ+s & ! o!r ,ori5tal languages4 ,he _h read s mu* out ( ! ,fa!rs1 t he _h =m$ out ( x a cle> judgm5t ( all ! em95t ones4 ,he _h read a va/ deal on ! ,scriptures1 & _h gone v nicely ?r\gh ! :ole controv]sies on religion1 & 0 a true ma/] ( ! :ole body ( div9ity4 ,he read ! :ole compass ( ! ma!matical sci5ces2 & ?\gh he did n set himself to spr+ any new game1 yet he knew ev5 ! ab/ruse/ p>ts ( geometry4 ,geography1 9 ! sev]al p>ts ( x t relat$ to navigation or travell+1 hi/ory1 & books ( travels1 7 8 div]sions4 ,he w5t v nicely ?r\gh all ! p>ts ( physic2 only ! t5d]ness ( 8 nature made him less able to endure ! exactness ( anatomical dissections1 especially ( liv+ animals1 ?\gh he knew !m to be mo/ in/ructive4 ,b = ! hi/ory ( nature1 anci5t or mod]n1 ( ! productions ( all c\ntries1 ( ! virtues & improvem5ts ( plants1 ( ores & m9]als1 & all ! v>ieties t are 9 !m 9 diff]5t climates1 he 0 by mu*1 by v mu*1 ! readie/ & p]fecte/ ,i ev] knew1 9 ! greate/ compass1 & ) ! true/ exactness4 ,?is put him 9 ! way ( mak+ t va/ v>iety ( exp]im5ts1 beyond any man1 z f> z we "k1 t ev] liv$4 ,& 9 ^!1 z he made a great progress 9 new discov]ies1 s he us$ s nice a /rictness1 & deliv]$ !m ) s scrupul\s a tru?1 t all :o h exam9$ !m1 may f9d h[ safely ! _w may dep5d ^u !m4 ,b 8 peculi> & fav\rite /udy 0 *emi/ry1 9 :i* he engag$ ) none ( ^? rav5\s & ambiti\s designs t draw _m into !m4 ,8 design 0 only to f9d out ,nature1 to see into :at pr9ciples ?+s might be resolv$1 & ( :at !y 7 comp\nd$1 & to prep>e good m$icam5ts = ! bodies ( m54 ,he sp5t nei!r 8 "t nor 8 =tune ^u ! va9 pursuits ( high promises & pret5sions4 ,he always kept himself )9 ! compass t 8 e/ate might well be>4 ,& z he made *emi/ry mu* ! bett] = 8 deal+ ) x1 s he nev] made himself ei!r ! worse1 or ! poor] = x40 ,x w\ld be easy to multiply te/imonies ( ! high reputation 9 :i* ,boyle 0 held3 inde$ ! read] w f9d num]\s in/ances collect$ 9 ! article ,boyle1 9 ,dr4 ,kippis's ,biographia ,britannica1 ! p]usal ( :i* w amply gratify ! read]'s curiosity4 ,/ill m detail$ acc\nts ( ,boyle's life & "* w be f\nd 9 o!r works to :i* we h already ref]r$1 especially 9 ,dr4 ,bir*'s ,life4 ,illu/ration3 ,air-,pump4 ,illu/ration3 ,engrav$ by ,e4 ,scriv54 ,,sir ,,isaac ,,newton4 ,f ! orig9al ,picture by ,v&]bank 9 ! possession ( ! ,royal ,society4 ,"u ! ,sup]9t5dance ( ! ,society = ! ,diffusion ( ,useful ,k4 ,london4 ,publi%$ by ,*>les ,knight1 ,pall ,mall ,ea/4 ,illu/ration ,,newton ,isaac ,newton 0 born on ,*ri/mas-day1 #afdb 7,o4 ,s471 at ,wool/horpe1 a hamlet 9 ! p>i% ( ,col/]wor?1 9 ,l9coln%ire4 ,9 t spot 8 family _h possess$ a small e/ate = m ?an a hundr$ ye>s2 & 8 fa!r di$ !re a few mon?s aft] 8 m>riage to ,h>riet ,aysc\gh1 & be=e ! bir? ( 8 son4 ,! wid[ soon m>ri$ aga91 & remov$ to ,nor? ,)am1 ! rectory ( h] second husb&1 ,mr4 ,smi?1 leav+ h] son1 a weakly *ild :o _h n be5 expect$ to live ?r\gh ! e>lie/ infancy1 "u ! *>ge ( h] "m4 ,newton's education 0 comm5c$ at ! p>i% s*ool1 & at ! age ( twelve he 0 s5t to ,gran?am = classical in/ruction4 ,at fir/ he 0 idle1 b soon rose to ! head ( ! s*ool4 ,! peculi> b5t ( 8 m9d soon %[$ itself 9 8 recreations4 ,he 0 fond ( draw+1 & sometimes wrote v]ses2 b he *iefly amus$ himself ) me*anical contrivances4 ,among ^! 0 a model ( a w9d-mill1 turn$ ei!r by ! w9d1 or by a m\se enclos$ 9 x1 :i* he call$ ! mill]2 a me*anical c>riage mov$ by ! p]son :o sat 9 x2 & a wat]-clock1 :i* 0 long us$ 9 ! family ( ,mr4 ,cl>ke1 an apo!c>y1 ) :om he bo>d$ at ,gran?am4 ,?is 0 n 8 only me?od ( measur+ "t3 ! h\se at ,wool/horpe1 :i!r he return$ at ! age ( fifte51 /ill conta9s dials made by him dur+ 8 resid5ce !re4 ,mr4 ,smi? di$ 9 #afef1 & 8 wid[ !n return$ to ,wool/horpe ) h] ?ree *ildr5 by h] second m>riage4 ,%e br\ght ,newton himself also ?i!r1 9 ! hope t he might be useful 9 ! managem5t ( ! f>m4 ,?is expectation 0 =tunately disappo9t$4 ,:5 s5t to ,gran?am on bus9ess1 he us$ to leave its execution to ! s]vant :o accompani$ him1 & pass$ 8 "t 9 read+1 sometimes by ! way-side1 sometimes at ! h\se ( ,mr4 ,cl>k4 ,8 "m no long] oppos$ ! evid5t t5d5cy ( 8 disposition4 ,he return$ to s*ool at ,gran?am1 & 0 remov$ !nce 9 8 eighte5? ye> to ,tr9ity ,college1 ,cambridge4 ,! #e? ( ,june1 #affj1 0 ! day ( 8 admission z a siz] into t di/+ui%$ society4 ,he appli$ himself eag]ly to ! /udy ( ma!matics1 & ma/]$ its difficulties ) an ease & rapidity :i* he 0 aft]w>ds incl9$ almo/ to regret1 f an op9ion t a clos] att5tion to its elem5t>y p>ts w\ld h improv$ ! elegance ( 8 own me?ods ( demon/ration4 ,9 #affd he became a s*ol> ( 8 college1 & 9 #affg 0 elect$ to a fell[%ip1 :i* he reta9$ beyond ! regul> "t ( its expiration 9 #afge1 by a special disp5sation au?oriz+ him to hold x )\t tak+ ord]s4 ,x is necess>y to return to an e>li] date1 to trace ! s]ies ( ,newton's discov]ies4 ,?is is n ! occasion = a m9ute enum]ation ( !m1 or = any elaborate discussion ( _! value or explanation ( _! pr9ciples2 b _! hi/ory & succession require "s notice4 ,! e>lie/ appe> to h relat$ to pure ma!matics4 ,! /udy ( ,dr4 ,wallis's works l$ him to inve/igate c]ta9 prop]ties ( s]ies1 & ?is c\rse ( rese>* soon conduct$ him to ! celebrat$ ,b9omial ,!orem4 ,! exact date ( 8 inv5tion ( ! me?od ( ,fluxions is n kn[n2 b x 0 ant]ior to #afff1 :5 ! break+ out ( ! plague oblig$ him = a "t to quit ,cambridge1 & consequ5tly :5 he 0 only ab\t tw5ty-?ree ye>s old4 ,?is *ange ( resid5ce int]rupt$ 8 optical rese>*es1 9 :i* he _h already laid ! f\ndation ( 8 great discov]ies4 ,he _h decompos$ light into ! col\r$ rays ( :i* x is comp\nd$1 & hav+ ?us asc]ta9$ ! pr9cipal cause ( ! confusion ( ! images =m$ by refraction1 he _h turn$ 8 att5tion to ! con/ruction ( telescopes :i* %\ld act by reflection1 & be free f ?is evil4 ,he _h n1 h[ev]1 ov]come ! practical difficulties ( 8 und]tak+1 :5 8 retreat f ,cambridge = a "t /opp$ ?is tra9 ( exp]im5t & inv5tion4 ,on quitt+ ,cambridge ,newton retir$ to ,wool/horpe1 :]e 8 m9d 0 pr9cipally employ$ ^u ! sy/em ( ! _w4 ,! !ory ( ,cop]nicus & ! discov]ies ( ,galileo & ,kepl] _h at l5g? furni%$ ! mat]ials f :i* ! true sy/em 0 to be d$uc$4 ,x 0 inde$ all involv$ 9 ,kepl]'s celebrat$ laws4 ,! equable description ( areas prov$ ! exi/5ce ( a c5tral =ce2 ! elliptical =m ( ! planet>y orbits1 & ! relation betwe5 _! magnitude & ! "t occupi$ 9 describ+ !m1 asc]ta9$ ! law ( its v>iation4 ,b no "o _h aris5 to demon/rate ^! necess>y consequ5ces1 or ev5 to conjecture ! univ]sal pr9ciple f :i* !y 7 d]iv$4 ,! exi/5ce ( a c5tral =ce _h be5 surmis$1 & ! law ( its action guess$ at2 b no pro( _h be5 giv5 ( ei!r1 & little att5tion _h be5 awak5$ by ! conjecture4 ,newton's discov]y appe>s to h be5 q indep5d5t ( any speculations ( 8 pr$ecessors4 ,! circum/ances att5d+ x are well kn[n3 ! v spot 9 :i* x fir/ dawn$ ^u him is asc]ta9$4 ,he 0 sitt+ 9 ! g>d5 at ,wool/horpe1 :5 ! fall ( an apple call$ 8 att5tion to ! =ce :i* caus$ its desc5t1 to ! probable limits ( its action & law ( its op]ation4 ,its p[] 0 n s5sibly dim9i%$ at any di/ance at :i* exp]im5ts _h be5 made3 might x n !n ext5d to ! moon & guide t lum9>y 9 h] orbit8 ,x 0 c]ta9 t h] motion 0 regulat$ 9 ! same mann] z t ( ! planets r\nd ! sun3 if1 !re=e1 ! law ( ! sun's action c\ld be asc]ta9$1 t by :i* ! e>? act$ w\ld also be f\nd by analogy4 ,newton1 !re=e1 proce$$ to asc]ta9 by calculation f ! kn[n elem5ts ( ! planet>y orbits1 ! law ( ! sun's action4 ,! great exp]im5t rema9$3 ! trial :e!r ! moon's motions %[$ ! =ce act+ ^u h] to correspond ) ! !oretical am\nt ( t]re/rial gravity at h] di/ance4 ,! result 0 disappo9tm5t4 ,! trial 0 to be made by asc]ta9+ ! exact space by :i* ! e>?'s action turn$ ! moon aside f h] c\rse 9 a giv5 "t4 ,?is dep5d$ on h] actual di/ance f ! e>?1 :i* 0 only kn[n by comp>ison ) ! e>?'s diamet]4 ,! receiv$ e/imate ( t quantity 0 v errone\s2 x proce$$ on ! supposition t a degree ( latitude 0 only sixty ,engli% miles1 ne>ly a sev5? "p less ?an its actual l5g?4 ,! calculation ( ! moon's di/ance & ( ! space describ$ by h]1 gave results involv$ 9 ! same proportion ( error2 & ?us ! space actually describ$ appe>$ to be a sev5? "p less ?an t :i* correspond$ to ! !ory4 ,x 0 n ,newton's habit to =ce ! results ( exp]im5ts into con=mity ) hypo!sis4 ,he c\ld n1 inde$1 ab&on 8 lead+ idea1 :i* re/$1 9 ! case ( ! planet>y motions1 on some?+ v ne>ly am\nt+ to demon/ration4 ,b x seem$ t "s modification 0 requir$ be=e x c\ld be appli$ to ! moon's motion1 & no satisfactory solution ( ! difficulty occurr$4 ,! s*eme !re=e 0 incomplete1 &1 9 con=mity ) 8 con/ant habit ( produc+ no?+ till x 0 fully matur$1 ,newton kept x undivulg$ = _m ye>s4 ,on 8 return to ,cambridge ,newton aga9 appli$ himself to ! con/ruction ( reflect+ telescopes1 & succe$$ 9 effect+ x 9 #affh4 ,9 ! foll[+ ye> ,dr4 ,b>r[ resign$ 9 8 fav\r ! ,lucasian pr(essor%ip ( ma!matics1 :i* ,newton cont9u$ to hold till ! ye> #agjc1 :5 ,:i/on1 :o _h be5 8 deputy f #afii1 succe$$ him 9 ! *air4 ,on ,janu>y #aa1 #afgb1 ,newton 0 elect$ a ,fell[ ( ! ,royal ,society4 ,he 0 !n be/ kn[n by ! inv5tion ( ! reflect+ telescope2 b imm$iately on 8 election he communicat$ to ! ,society ! p>ticul>s ( 8 !ory ( light1 on :i* he _h already deliv]$ ?ree c\rses ( lectures at ,cambridge1 & !y 7 %ortly aft]w>ds publi%$ 9 ! ,philosophical ,transactions4 ,x is impossible "h to /ate ! v>i\s ph5om5a ( light & col\rs :i* 7 fir/ detect$ & expla9$ by ,newton4 ,!y entirely *ang$ ! sci5ce ( optics1 & e advance :i* has s9ce be5 made 9 x has only add$ to ! importance & confirm$ ! value ( 8 obs]vations4 ,! success ( ! new !ory 0 complete4 ,newton1 h[ev]1 0 mu* vex$ & h>ass$ by ! discussions :i* x occasion$4 ,! annoyance :i* he ?us exp]i5c$ made him ev5 ?9k ( ab&on+ ! pursuit ( sci5ce1 & al?\gh x fail$ to )draw him f ! /udies to :i* he 0 devot$1 x confirm$ him 9 8 unwill+ness to publi% _! results4 ,! next few ye>s ( ,newton's life 7 n m>k$ by any rem>kable ev5ts4 ,!y 7 pass$ almo/ entirely at ,cambridge1 9 ! prosecution ( ! rese>*es 9 :i* he 0 engag$4 ,! mo/ important incid5t 0 ! communication to ,old5burgh1 &1 ?r\gh him1 to ,leibnitz1 t he possess$ a me?od ( det]m9+ maxima & m9ima1 ( draw+ tang5ts1 & p]=m+ o!r difficult ma!matical op]ations4 ,?is 0 ! me?od ( fluxions1 b he did n ann\nce its "n or its processes4 ,leibnitz1 9 return1 expla9$ to him ! pr9ciples & processes ( ! ,diff]5tial ,calculus4 ,?is correspond5ce took place 9 ! ye>s #afgf & #afgg3 b ! me?od ( fluxions _h be5 communicat$ to ,b>r[ & ,coll9s z e>ly z #affi1 9 a tract1 fir/ pr9t$ 9 #agaa1 "u ! title #8,analysis p] equationes num]o t]m9orum inf9itas4' ,newton _h inde$ int5d$ to publi% 8 discov]y z an introduction to an edition ( ,k9ckhuys5's ,algebra1 :i* he und]took to prep>e 9 #afgb2 b ! fe> ( controv]sy prev5t$ him1 & ! me?od ( fluxions 0 n publicly ann\nc$ till ! appe>ance ( ! ,pr9cipia 9 #afhg4 ,! edition ( ,k9ckhuys5's treatise did n appe>2 b ! same ye>1 #afgb1 0 m>k$ by ,newton's edit+ ! ,geography ( ,v>5ius4 ,9 #afgi ,newton's att5tion 0 aga9 call$ to ! !ory ( gravitation1 & by a full] inve/igation ( ! conditions ( elliptical motion1 he 0 confirm$ 9 ! op9ion t ! ph5om5a ( ! planets 7 ref]able to an attractive =ce 9 ! sun1 ( :i* ! int5sity v>i$ 9 ! inv]se proportion ( ! squ>e ( ! di/ance4 ,! difficulty ab\t ! am\nt ( ! moon's motion rema9$1 b x 0 %ortly to be remov$4 ,9 #afgi ,pic>d effect$ a new measurem5t ( a degree ( ! e>?'s surface1 & ,newton he>d ( ! result at a meet+ ( ! ,royal ,society 9 ,june1 #afhb4 ,he imm$iately return$ home to repeat 8 =m] calculation ) ^! new data4 ,e /ep ( ! process made x m probable t ! discrepance :i* _h s long p]plex$ him w\ld :olly disappe>3 & s great 0 8 excitem5t at ! prospect ( entire success t he 0 unable to proce$ ) ! calculation1 & intru/$ its completion to a fri5d4 ,! triumph 0 p]fect1 & he f\nd ! !ory ( 8 y\? suffici5t to expla9 all ! great ph5om5a ( nature4 ,f ?is "t ,newton devot$ unremitt+ att5tion to ! developm5t ( 8 sy/em1 & a p]iod ( ne>ly two ye>s 0 entirely absorb$ by x4 ,9 #afhd ! outl9e ( ! mighty "w 0 f9i%$2 yet x is likely t x w\ld /ill h rema9$ unkn[n1 _h n ,halley1 :o 0 himself on ! track ( "s "p ( ! discov]y1 gone to ,cambridge 9 ,augu/ ( t ye> to consult ,newton ab\t "s difficulties he _h met )4 ,newton communicat$ to him a treatise ,de ,motu ,corporum1 :i* aft]w>ds1 ) "s additions1 =m$ ! fir/ two books ( ! ,pr9cipia4 ,ev5 !n ,halley f\nd x difficult to p]suade him to communicate ! treatise to ! ,royal ,society1 b he f9ally did s 9 ,april1 #afhf1 ) a desire t x %\ld n imm$iately be publi%$1 z !re 7 yet _m ?+s to complete4 ,hooke1 ^: unwe>i$ +5uity _h guess$ at ! true law ( gravity1 imm$iately claim$ to himself ! hon\r ( ! discov]y2 h[ unju/ly x is ne$less to say1 = ! m]it consi/$ n 9 ! conjecture b ! demon/ration4 ,newton 0 incl9$ 9 consequ5ce to prev5t ! publication ( ! "w1 or at lea/ ( ! ?ird "p1 ,de ,mundi ,sy/emate1 9 :i* ! ma!matical conclusions ( ! =m] books 7 appli$ to ! sy/em ( ! univ]se4 ,happily 8 reluctance 0 ov]come1 & ! :ole "w 0 publi%$ 9 ,may1 #afhg4 ,its doctr9es 7 too novel & surpris+ to meet ) imm$iate ass5t2 b ! illu/ri\s au?or at once receiv$ ! tribute ( admiration = ! boldness :i* _h =m$1 & ! skill :i* _h develop$ 8 !ory1 & he liv$ to see x become ! common philosophical cre$ ( all nations4 ,we next f9d ,newton act+ 9 a v diff]5t "*4 ,james ,,ii4 _h insult$ ! ,univ]sity ( ,cambridge by a requisition to admit a ,b5$ict9e monk to ! degree ( ,ma/] ( ,arts )\t tak+ ! oa?s enjo9$ by ! con/itution ( ! ,univ]sity4 ,! m&ate 0 disobey$2 & ! ,vice-,*ancellor 0 summon$ be=e ! ,ecclesia/ical ,commission to answ] = ! contempt4 ,n9e delegates1 ( :om ,newton 0 "o1 7 appo9t$ by ! ,univ]sity to def5d _! proce$+s2 & _! ex]tions 7 successful4 ,he 0 soon aft] elect$ to ! ,conv5tion ,p>liam5t z memb] = ! ,univ]sity ( ,cambridge4 ,t p>liam5t 0 dissolv$ 9 ,febru>y1 #afij1 & ,newton1 :o 0 n a c&idate = a seat 9 ! "o :i* succe$$ x1 return$ to ,cambridge1 :]e he cont9u$ to reside = "s ye>s1 not)/&+ ! ef=ts ( ,locke1 & "s o!r di/+ui%$ p]sons ) :om he _h become acqua9t$ 9 ,london1 to fix him p]man5tly 9 ! metropolis4 ,dur+ ?is "t he cont9u$ to be occupi$ ) philosophical rese>*1 & ) sci5tific & lit]>y correspond5ce4 ,*emical inve/igations appe> to h engag$ mu* ( 8 "t2 b ! pr9cipal results ( 8 /udies 7 lo/ to ! _w by a fire 9 8 *amb]s ab\t ! ye> #afib4 ,! consequ5ces ( ?is accid5t h be5 v diff]5tly relat$4 ,accord+ to "o v]sion1 a fav\rite dog1 call$ ,diamond1 caus$ ! mis*ief1 & ! /ory has be5 (t5 told1 t ,newton 0 only provok$1 by ! loss ( ! lab\r ( ye>s1 to ! exclamation1 8,oh1 ,diamond6 ,diamond6 ?\ little kn[e/ ! mis*ief ?\ ha/ done40 ,ano!r1 & probably a bett] au!nticat$ acc\nt1 repres5ts ! disappo9tm5t z prey+ deeply on 8 spirits = at lea/ a mon? f ! occurr5ce4 ,we h m means ( trac+ ,newton's o!r pursuits ab\t ?is "t4 ,hi/ory1 *ronology1 & div9ity 7 8 fav\rite relaxations f sci5ce1 & 8 reputation /ood high z a pr(ici5t 9 ^! /udies4 ,9 #afij he communicat$ to ,locke 8 #8,hi/orical acc\nt ( two notable corruptions ( ! ,scriptures1' :i* 0 fir/ publi%$ long aft] 8 dea?4 ,ab\t ! same "t he 0 engag$ 9 ^? rese>*es :i* 7 aft]w>ds embodi$ 9 8 ,obs]vations on ! ,prophecies3 & 9 ,decemb]1 #afib1 he 0 9 correspond5ce ) ,b5tley on ! application ( 8 own sy/em to ! support ( natural !ology4 ,dur+ ! latt] "p ( #afib & ! beg9n+ ( #afic ,newton's heal? 0 consid]ably impair$1 & he lab\r$ 9 ! summ] "u "s epidemic disord]4 ,x is n likely t ! precise "* or am\nt ( 8 indisposition w ev] be discov]$2 b x seems1 ?\gh ! op9ion has be5 mu* controv]t$1 t = a %ort "t x affect$ 8 und]/&+1 & t 9 ,septemb]1 #afic1 he 0 n 9 ! full possession ( 8 m5tal faculties4 ,! disease 0 soon remov$1 & !re is no reason to suppose t x ev] recurr$4 ,b ! c\rse ( 8 life 0 *ang$2 & f ?is "t =w>d he devot$ himself *iefly to ! completion ( 8 =m] works1 & ab/a9$ f any new c>e] ( cont9u$ rese>*4 ,8 "t inde$ 0 less at 8 own disposal ?an x _h be54 ,9 #afif1 ,mr4 ,montague1 ! ,*ancellor ( ! ,ex*equ]1 an e>ly fri5d ( ,newton1 appo9t$ him to ! ,w>d5%ip ( ! ,m9t1 & 9 #afii he 0 rais$ to ! (fice ( ,ma/]4 ,he remov$ to ,london1 & 0 mu* occupi$1 especially dur+ ! new co9age 9 #afif & #afig1 ) ! duties ( 8 (fice4 ,/ill he f\nd "t to sup]9t5d ! editions ( 8 e>li] works1 :i* successively appe>$ ) v mat]ial additions & improvem5ts4 ,! great "w on ,optics appe>$ = ! fir/ "t 9 a complete =m 9 #agjd1 aft] ! dea? ( ,hooke _h fre$ ,newton f ! fe> ( new controv]sies4 ,x 0 accompani$ by "s ( 8 e>li] ma!matical treatises2 & conta9$ also1 9 addition to ! pr9cipal subject ( ! "w1 sugge/ions on a v>iety ( subjects ( ! highe/ philosophical int]e/1 embodi$ 9 ! %ape ( qu]ies4 ,among ^! is to be f\nd ! fir/ sugge/ion ( ! pol>ity ( light2 & we may m5tion at ! same "t1 al?\gh !y occur 9 a diff]5t "p ( ! "w1 ! rem>kable conjectures1 s9ce v]ifi$1 ( ! combu/ible nature ( ! diamond1 & ! exi/5ce ( an inflammable pr9ciple 9 wat]4 ,! second edition ( ! ,pr9cipia appe>$ "u ! c>e ( ,cotes 9 #agac1 aft] hav+ be5 ! subject ( correspond5ce betwe5 ,newton & 8 editor = ne>ly f\r ye>s4 ,dr4 ,pemb]ton publi%$ a ?ird edition 9 #agbe1 & he frequ5tly communicat$ ab\t ! "w ) ,newton :o 0 !n eighty-two ye>s old4 ,^! 7 ! *ief sci5tific employm5ts ( ,newton's latt] life3 & x is n necess>y to p>ticul>ize all its m9or details4 ,9 #agab he made "s improvem5ts 9 8 ,ari?metica ,univ]salis1 a "w conta9+ 8 algebraical discov]ies1 ( :i* ,:i/on _h surreptiti\sly publi%$ an edition 9 #agjg4 ,x is also wor?y ( rem>k t at ! beg9n+ ( ! ye> #afig1 ,john ,b]n\illi address$ two problems z a *all5ge to ! ma!maticians ( ,europe1 & t ,leibnitz 9 #agaf made a simil> appeal to ! ,engli% analy/s2 & t ,newton 9 ea* case und]took & succe$$ 9 ! inve/igation4 ,?is enum]ation ( ,newton's philosophical employm5ts has f> outrun ! ord] ( "t4 ,aft] 8 return to ,london1 complim5ts & hon\rs fl[$ 9 rapidly ^u him4 ,9 #afii he 0 elect$ "o ( ! fir/ =eign associates ( ! ,acadmie des ,sci5ces at ,p>is2 & 9 #agja he 0 a second "t return$ to ,p>liam5t by ! ,univ]sity ( ,cambridge4 ,he did n1 h[ev]1 long reta9 8 seat4 ,at ! election 9 #agje he 0 at ! bottom ( ! poll1 & he does n appe> aga9 to h be5 a c&idate4 ,9 #agjc he 0 *os5 ,presid5t ( ! ,royal ,society1 & held t (fice till 8 dea?4 ,9 #agje he 0 knight$ by ,que5 ,anne ^u h] visit to ,cambridge4 ,newton's life 9 ,london 0 "o ( mu* dignity & com=t4 ,he 0 c\rt$ by ! di/+ui%$ ( all ranks1 & p>ticul>ly by ! ,pr9cess ( ,wales1 :o d]iv$ mu* pleasure f h] int]c\rse bo? ) him & ,leibnitz4 ,8 dome/ic e/abli%m5t 0 lib]al1 & 0 sup]9t5d$ dur+ great "p ( 8 "t by 8 niece1 ,mrs4 ,b>ton1 a woman ( mu* beauty & tal5t1 :o m>ri$ ,mr4 ,conduitt1 8 assi/ant & successor at ! ,m9t4 ,newton's lib]ality 0 almo/ b\ndless1 yet he di$ ri*4 ,! only mat]ial drawback to ,newton's enjoym5t dur+ ?is portion ( 8 life1 seems to h aris5 f controv]sies z to ! hi/ory & orig9ality ( 8 discov]ies2 a mole/ation to :i* 8 sl[ness to publi% !m v naturally expos$ him4 ,!re 0 a long & angry dispute ) ,leibnitz ab\t ! priority ( fluxions or ! diff]5tial calculus2 &1 aft] ! fa%ion ( mo/ disputes1 x div]g$ widely f ! orig9al gr\nd1 & x became necess>y = ,newton to v9dicate ! religi\s & metaphysical t5d5cies ( 8 greate/ works4 ,8 success 0 complete on all po9ts4 ,leibnitz does n appe> to h be5 acqua9t$ ) ! me?od ( fluxions at ! "t ( 8 own discov]y1 b !re is n[ no d\bt ( ,newton's hav+ prec$$ him by "s ye>s2 & ! attacks made on ! t5d5cy ( ,newton's discov]ies h long be5 rememb]$ only z disgrac+ _! au?or4 ,b su* discussions _h always be5 di/a/eful to ,newton1 & ?is controv]sy1 :i* 0 conduct$ ) great ranc\r by 8 oppon5ts & "s ( 8 support]s1 embitt]$ 8 lat] ye>s4 ,! same fate await$ him 9 ano!r in/ance4 ,8 sy/em ( ,*ronology _h be5 long conceiv$1 b he _h n communicat$ x to any "o until he expla9$ x to ! ,pr9cess ( ,wales4 ,at h] desire1 he aft]w>ds1 9 #agah1 drew up a %ort ab/ract ( x = h] use1 & s5t x to h] on condition t no "o else %\ld see x4 ,%e aft]w>ds reque/$ t ! ,abb ,conti might h a copy ( x1 & ,newton compli$1 b /ill on ! t]ms t x %\ld n be f>!r divulg$4 ,conti1 h[ev]1 %[$ ! manuscript at ,p>is to ,fr]et1 :o1 )\t ! au?or's p]mission1 translat$ & publi%$ x ) obs]vations 9 opposition to its doctr9es4 ,newton drew up a reply :i* 0 pr9t$ 9 ! ,philosophical ,transactions = #agbe1 & ?is 0 ! signal = a new attack by ,s\ciet4 ,newton 0 !n r\s$ to 8 la/ great ex]tion1 t ( fully dige/+ 8 sy/em2 :i* z yet exi/$ only 9 confus$ pap]s1 & prep>+ x = ! press4 ,he did n live to complete 8 task1 b ! "w 0 left 9 a /ate ( great =w>dness1 & 0 publi%$ 9 #agbh by ,mr4 ,conduitt4 ,its value is well kn[n4 ,z a refutation ( ! sy/ems ( *ronology !n receiv$1 x is almo/ demon/rative2 & ! affirmative conclusions1 if n always m9utely correct1 or ev5 g5]ally satisfactory1 are yet among ! mo/ valuable contributions :i* sci5ce has made to hi/ory4 ,) ! exception ( ! attack ( #afic1 ,newton's heal? _h usually be5 v good4 ,b he suff]$ mu* f /one dur+ ! la/ few ye>s ( 8 life4 ,8 m5tal faculties rema9$ 9 g5]al unaffect$1 b 8 memory 0 mu* impair$4 ,f ! ye> #agbe he liv$ at ,k5s+ton1 b 0 /ill fond ( go+ occasionally to ,london1 & visit$ x on ,febru>y #bh?1 #agbg1 to preside at a meet+ ( ! ,royal ,society4 ,! fatigue appe>s to h be5 too great3 = ! disease attack$ him viol5tly on ! #d? ( ,m>*1 & he l+]$ till ! #bj?1 :5 he di$4 ,8 suff]+s 7 sev]e1 b 8 temp] 0 nev] s\r$1 nor ! b5evol5ce ( 8 nature obscur$4 ,inde$ 8 moral 0 n less admirable ?an 8 intellectual "*1 & x 0 guid$ & support$ by t religion1 :i* he _h /udi$ n f speculative curiosity1 b ) ! s]i\s application ( a m9d habitually occupi$ ) its duties1 & e>ne/ly desir\s ( its advancem5t4 ,newton di$ )\t a w1 & 8 prop]ty desc5d$ to ,mrs4 ,conduitt & 8 o!r relations 9 ! same degree4 ,he 0 buri$ ) great pomp 9 ,we/m9/] ,abbey1 :]e !re is a monum5t to 8 memory1 erect$ by 8 relations4 ,8 ,*ronology appe>$1 z has be5 already m5tion$1 almo/ imm$iately aft] 8 dea?2 & ! ,lectiones ,optic1 ! sub/ance ( 8 lectures at ,cambridge 9 ! ye>s #affi1 #afgj1 & #afga1 7 publi%$ f 8 manuscripts 9 #agbi4 ,9 #agcc1 ,mr4 ,b5jam9 ,smi?1 "o ( ! desc5dants ( 8 "m's second m>riage1 publi%$ ! ,obs]vations on ! ,prophecies4 ,^!1 9 addition to ! works already m5tion$1 are ,newton's pr9cipal writ+s2 !re are1 h[ev]1 sev]al small] tracts1 "s ( :i* appe>$ dur+ 8 lifetime1 & "s aft] 8 dea?1 :i* x is n necess>y "h to specify4 ,!y w\ld h conf]r$ mu* hon\r on mo/ philosoph]s2--!y are h>dly rememb]$ 9 reckon+ up ,newton's titles to fame4 ,illu/ration3 ,r\biliac's ,/atue f ! ,*apel ( ,tr9ity ,college4 ,_m portraits ( ,newton are 9 exi/5ce4 ,! ,royal ,society possesses two2 & ,"l ,egremont is ! own] ( "o1 :i* is engrav$ z ! frontispiece to ,dr4 ,brew/]'s ,life ( ,newton4 ,tr9ity ,college1 ,cambridge1 ab\nds 9 memorials ( its greate/ ornam5t4 ,almo/ e room d$icat$ to public purposes possesses a picture ( him1 & ! *apel is adorn$ by ,r\biliac's noble /atue4 ,! libr>y also has a bu/ by ! same arti/1 ( p]haps ev5 sup]ior excell5ce4 ,z works ( art ^! are f> sup]ior to any ( ! pa9t+s extant3 b !y h n ! claim to au!nticity possess$ by ! contempor>y portraits4 ,x is rem>kable1 t until ! rec5t publication ( ,dr4 ,brew/]'s life1 no "o _h ?\ght x wor? :ile to devote an entire "w to ! hi/ory ( s rem>kable a man z ,newton4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 an elaborate memoir ( him1 writt5 by ,m4 ,biot1 9 ! ,biographie ,univ]selle1 :i* has be5 republi%$ 9 ! ,libr>y ( ,useful ,k4 ,illu/ration3 ,engrav$ by ,r4 ,woodman4 ,,mi*ael ,,angelo ,,buon>oti4 ,f a ,picture by ,v4 ,campil1 9 ! possession ( ! ,"r ,hon4 ,"l ,dov]4 ,"u ! ,sup]9t5dance ( ! ,society = ! ,diffusion ( ,useful ,k4 ,london4 ,publi%$ by ,*>les ,knight1 ,pall ,mall ,ea/4 ,illu/ration ,,mi*ael ,,angelo ,mi*ael ,angelo ,buon>oti 0 born at ! ca/le ( ,caprese 9 ,tuscany1 on ,m>* #f1 #adgd-e4 ,he 0 desc5d$ f a noble1 ?\gh n a weal?y family2 & 8 fa!r endeav\r$ to *eck ! fondness = draw+ :i* he %[$ at an e>ly age1 le/ he %\ld disgrace 8 p>5tage by foll[+ :at 0 !n deem$ little bett] ?an a me*anical employm5t4 ,=tunately = ! arts1 ! b5t ( ! son's g5ius 0 too decid$ to be foil$ by ! p>5t's pride2 & 9 ,april1 #adhh1 "y ,buon>oti 0 plac$ "u ! tuition ( ,ghirl&aio1 !n ! mo/ em95t pa9t] 9 ,italy4 ,he soon di/+ui%$ himself above 8 fell[ pupils1 & 0 =tunate 9 attract+ ! notice ( ,lor5zo de ,m$ici2 b ! e>ly dea? ( 8 patron1 & ! tr\bles :i* ensu$ 9 ,flor5ce1 cl\d$ ! brilliant prospects :i* seem$ op5 to him4 ,he fir/ visit$ ,rome :5 ab\t tw5ty-two ye>s old1 at ! invitation ( ,c>d9al ,/4 ,giorgio2 & resid$ 9 t city = a ye>1 )\t be+ employ$ to execute any?+ = 8 pret5d$ patron4 ,he obta9$ ?ree commissions1 h[ev]1 f o!r qu>t]s2 "o = a ,cupid1 a second = a /atue ( ,bac*us1 a ?ird = a ,virg9 & dead ,*ri/1 :i* =ms ! alt>-piece ( a *apel 9 ,/4 ,pet]'s4 ,! latt] "w 0 ! mo/ important1 & e/abli%$ 8 "* z "o ( ! fir/ sculptors ( ! day4 ,return+ to ,flor5ce soon aft] ! appo9tm5t ( ,sod>9i to be p]petual ,gonfaloni]e1 or /&>d-be>]1 an (fice equival5t to t ( presid5t ( ! republic1 he f\nd ampl] room = ! developm5t ( 8 tal5ts 9 ! fav\r ( ! *ief magi/rate2 = :om he execut$ ! celebrat$ /atue ( ,david1 9 m>ble1 plac$ 9 front ( ! ,palazzo ,vec*io2 & ano!r /atue ( ,david1 & a gr\p ( ,david & ,golia?1 bo? 9 bronze4 ,to ?is p]iod we are also to ref] an oil picture ( a ,holy ,family1 pa9t$ = ,angelo ,doni1 & n[ 9 ! ,flor5ce gall]y2 ! only oil pa9t+ :i* c be au!nticat$ z proce$+ f 8 h&4 ,! acc\nts ( ,mi*ael ,angelo's e>ly life relate s exclusively to 8 skill & practice z a sculptor1 t "s wond] may be felt z to ! means by :i* he acquir$ ! te*nical sci5ce & dext]ity necess>y to ! pa9t]4 ,b x 0 9 composition1 & z a draughtsman t he excell$1 n z a col\ri/2 & ! same intimate k ( ! human figure1 & fre$om & boldness ( h&1 :i* guid$ 8 *isel1 (t51 x is said1 )\t a model1 w acc\nt = ! anatomical excell5ce & en]gy ( 8 draw+s4 ,nev]!less x is surpris+ to f9d him at ?is e>ly age rivall+1 & inde$ by g5]al suffrage excell+ 9 8 own art ,leon>do da ,v9ci1 n only ! fir/ pa9t] ( 8 g5]ation1 b "o ( ! mo/ accompli%$ p]sons ( 8 age4 ,! "w to :i* we allude1 ! celebrat$ ,c>toon ( ,pisa1 pa9t$ z a companion to a battle-piece ( ,leon>do1 has long disappe>$2 & is g5]ally suppos$ to h be5 de/roy$ cl&e/9ely by ,baccio ,b&9elli1 a rival arti/1 ( ^: envi\s & c[>dly temp] "s amus+ anecdotes are relat$ 9 ,b5v5uto ,cell9i's autobiography4 ,x repres5t$ a p>ty ( ,flor5t9e soldi]s1 di/urb$1 :ile ba?+ 9 ! ,arno1 by a sudd5 call to arms4 ,only "o copy ( x is said to exi/1 :i* is pres]v$ 9 ,mr4 ,coke's collection at ,holkham4 ,:5 ,julius ,,ii4 asc5d$ ! papal *air1 he invit$ ,mi*ael ,angelo to ,rome1 & commission$ him to erect a spl5did tomb4 ,! orig9al design1 a sket* ( :i* may be se5 9 ,bott>i's edition ( ,vas>i1 0 = an insulat$ build+1 ?irty-f\r feet six in*es by tw5ty-?ree feet1 ornam5t$ ) =ty /atues1 _m ( colossal size1 & a va/ numb] ( bronze & m>ble columns1 basso-relievos1 & e species ( ar*itectural decoration ( ! ri*e/ sort4 ,?is commission1 ^u ! due execution ( :i* ,mi*ael ,angelo set 8 he>t1 z a wor?y opportunity ( immortaliz+ 8 "n1 0 de/9$ to involve him 9 a long tra9 ( vexations4 ,dur+ ! life ( ,julius1 ! att5tion :i* he wi%$ to conc5trate on ?is "o great "w 0 di/ract$ by a v>iety ( o!r employm5ts =c$ on him by 8 patron4 ,^u 8 dea?1 x 0 resolv$ to f9i% x on a small] scale3 b its progress 0 !n m s]i\sly int]rupt$ by ! eag]ness ( successive ,popes to employ ! great arti/ on works :i* %\ld immortalize _! own names z lib]al patrons ( ! arts4 ,ultimately1 aft] mu* dissatisfaction & dispute on ! "p ( ,pope ,julius's heirs1 ! =m ( ! monum5t 0 alt]$2 & z x n[ /&s 9 ! *ur* ( ,/4 ,pietro 9 ,v9culis1 x consi/s only ( a faade1 ornam5t$ by sev5 /atues1 ?ree ( :i* are f ! h& ( ,mi*ael ,angelo1 ! o!rs are by inf]ior arti/s4 ,! c5tral figure is ! celebrat$ ,moses1 by _m consid]$ ! f9e/ mod]n "w ( sculpture2 & ?is is ! only "p ( ! orig9al composition4 ,dur+ ! same pontificate1 ,mi*ael ,angelo pa9t$ ! ceil+ ( ! ,si/9e *apel4 ,! employm5t 0 n to 8 ta/e2 b x 0 =c$ ^u him by ,pope ,julius4 ,he _h nev] tri$ 8 p[]s 9 fresco pa9t+2 & t bran* ( ! art1 z is well kn[n1 involves _m difficulties1 :i*1 ?\gh m]ely me*anical1 x requires "s practice & exp]i5ce to surm\nt4 ,hav+ fir/ complet$ ! design 9 a s]ies ( c>toons1 he s5t to ,flor5ce to engage ! able/ assi/ants to be f\nd3 b _! lab\rs 7 unsatisfactory1 & dismiss+ !m1 he set to "w himself1 & execut$ ! :ole vault ) 8 own h&s1 9 ! %ort space ( tw5ty mon?s4 ,julius ,,ii4 di$ 9 #aeac4 ,! next n9e ye>s1 compreh5d+ ! pontificate ( ,leo ,x41 are an entire blank 9 ,mi*ael ,angelo's life1 s f> z reg>ds ! practice ( 8 art4 ,he 0 employ$ ! :ole "t1 by ! ,pope's express ord]1 9 sup]9t5d+ "s new m>ble qu>ries 9 ! m\nta9s ( ,tuscany4 ,dur+ ! pontificate ( ,adrian ,,vi4 he resid$ at ,flor5ce1 :]e ,giuliano de ,m$ici1 aft]w>ds ,clem5t ,,vii41 employ$ him to build a new libr>y & sacri/y to ! *ur* ( ,/4 ,lor5zo1 & a sepul*ral *apel1 to s]ve z a mausoleum = ! ducal family4 ,he 0 also employ$ to execute two monum5ts 9 hon\r ( ,giuliano1 ! bro!r1 & ,lor5zo de ,m$ici1 ! nephew1 ( ,leo ,x4 ,! pr9ces are repres5t$ seat$1 9 ! ,roman milit>y habit1 above two s>cophagi4 ,bel[ are two recumb5t figures to ea* monum5t1 "o pair repres5t+ ,morn+ & ,ev5+2 ! o!r1 ,day & ,night4 ,! reason = ?is s+ul> *oice ( p]sonages is n expla9$4 ,we _c ent] ^u ! maze ( ,italian politics1 :i* l$ to ! siege ( ,flor5ce by ! imp]ial troops 9 #aebi-cj4 ,mi*ael ,angelo's well-kn[n & v>i$ tal5t l$ to 8 be+ appo9t$ *ief eng9e] & ma/] ( ! ordnance to ! city2 9 :i* capacity he ga9$ new hon\r by 8 skill1 resolution1 & patriotism4 ,dur+ ?is turbul5t "t he began a picture ( ,l$a1 :i* 0 s5t to ,france1 & fell into ! possession ( ,francis ,i4 ,x has long be5 lo/2 ! orig9al c>toon is 9 ! collection ( ! ,royal ,academy4 ,mi*ael ,angelo's second "w 9 fresco1 ! ,la/ ,judgm5t1 occupy+ ! ea/ end ( ! ,si/9e *apel1 seems to h be5 begun 9 #aecc or #aecd4 ,x 0 n f9i%$ till #aeda4 ,8 la/ & only o!r works ( ?is k9d 7 two l>ge pictures 9 ! ,paul9e *apel1 repres5t+ ! ,m>tyrdom ( ,/4 ,pet]1 & ! ,conv]sion ( ,/4 ,paul4 ,^! 7 n complet$ till he _h rea*$ ! advanc$ age ( sev5ty-five4 ,9 #aedf di$ ,antonio da ,san ,gallo1 ! ?ird ar*itect employ$ 9 ! rebuild+ ( ,/4 ,pet]'s4 ,! project ( r5ew+ ! metropolitan *ur* ( ,rome 0 fir/ sugge/$ to ! ambiti\s m9d ( ,pope ,julius ,,ii4 by ! impossibility ( f9d+ any place 9 ! !n exi/+ ca!dral1 wor?y ( ! spl5did monum5t :i* he _h ord]$ ,mi*ael ,angelo to execute4 ,bramante1 ,raphael1 & ,san ,gallo1 7 successively appo9t$ to conduct ! mighty und]tak+1 & remov$ by dea?4 ,san ,gallo _h deviat$ mat]ially f ! design ( ,bramante4 ,mi*ael ,angelo disapprov$ ( 8 alt]ations2 b 0 det]r$ f return+ to ! orig9al plan by its va/ ext5t1 & ! necessity ( contract+ ! ext5t ( ! "w s z to meet ! impov]i%$ /ate ( ! ,papal treasury1 produc$ by ! spread+ ( ! ,re=mation 9 ,g]many & ,engl&4 ,he accord+ly gave 9 ! design f :i* ! pres5t build+ 0 erect$1 :i*1 gigantic z x is1 falls %ort ( ! dim5sions ( t :i* ,julius propos$ to raise4 ,hav+ n[ rea*$ ! advanc$ age ( sev5ty-"o1 x 0 ) reluctance t he und]took s heavy a *>ge4 ,x 01 inde$1 only by ! absolute comm& ( ! ,pope t he 0 induc$ to d s2 & on ! unusual condition t he %\ld receive no sal>y1 z he accept$ ! (fice purely f devotional feel+s4 ,he also made x a condition t he %\ld be absolutely emp[]$ to dis*>ge any p]sons employ$ 9 ! works1 & to supply _! places at 8 pleasure4 ,to ! indep5d5t & upright feel+s :i* l$ him to insi/ on ?is latt] clause1 ! facti\s opposition1 :i* h>ass$ ! rema9d] ( 8 life1 is p>tly to be ascrib$4 ,dis9t]e/$ himself1 he suff]$ no peculation "u 8 adm9i/ration2 & he 0 repaid by ! hatr$ ( a p[]ful p>ty connect$ ) ^? ^: vanity 8 appo9tm5t w\nd$1 or ^: int]e/s 8 hone/y cross$4 ,repeat$ attempts 7 made to procure 8 removal1 to :i* he w\ld will+ly h yield$1 b = a due s5se ( ! greatness ( ! "w :i* he _h und]tak51 & reluctance to quit x1 until too f> advanc$ to be alt]$ & spoil$ by "s inf]ior h&4 ,?is praisewor?y solicitude 0 n disappo9t$4 ,dur+ ! life ( ,paul1 & ?r\gh f\r succe$+ pontificates1 he held ! situation ( *ief ar*itect2 & be=e 8 dea?1 9 ,febru>y1 #aefc-d1 ! cupola 0 rais$1 & ! pr9cipal features ( ! build+ unalt]ably det]m9$4 ,8 e>li] ar*itectural works are to be se5 at ,flor5ce4 ,!y consi/ ( ! faade & sacri/y ( ! *ur* ( ,/4 ,lor5zo1 left unf9i%$ by ,brunelles*i1 ! mausoleum ( ! ,m$ici family1 & ! ,laur5tian libr>y4 ,dur+ ! latt] "p ( 8 life he amus$ 8 leisure h\rs by work+ on a gr\p repres5t+ a dead ,*ri/1 support$ by ! ,virg9 & ,nicodemus1 :i* he int5d$ = an alt>-piece to ! *apel 9 :i* he %\ld himself be int]r$4 ,x 0 nev] f9i%$1 h[ev]1 & is n[ 9 ! ca!dral ( ,flor5ce4 ,b1 f ! "t ( 8 assum+ ! *>ge ( ,/4 ,pet]'s1 8 att5tion 0 almo/ entirely devot$ to ar*itecture4 ,8 *ief works 7 ! completion ( ! ,f>nese palace1 begun by ,san ,gallo2 ! palace ( ! ,s5ator ( ,rome1 ! picture gall]ies1 & flight ( /eps lead+ up to ! conv5t ( ,araceli1 all situat$ on ! ,capitol9e hill2 & ! conv]sion ( ! ba?s ( ,diocletian into ! *ur* ( ,s4 ,m>ia degli ,angeli4 ,mi*ael ,angelo1 ?\gh he pa9t$ few pictures himself1 frequ5tly gave designs to be execut$ by 8 fav\rite pupils1 especially ,seba/iano del ,piombo4 ,su* 0 ! orig9 ( ! magnific5t ,rais+ ( ,laz>us1 9 ! ,national ,gall]y4 ,l _m arti/s ( t age1 he aspir$ to be a poet4 ,8 works consi/ *iefly ( sonnets1 modell$ on ! /yle ( ,petr>*4 ,religion & ,love are ! prevail+ subjects4 ,! ,life ( ,mi*ael ,angelo1 by ,mr4 ,duppa1 w gratify ! curiosity ( ! ,engli% read]1 :o wi%es to pursue ! subject beyond ?is m]e li/ ( ! arti/'s pr9cipal works4 ,to ! ,italian read] we may recomm5d ! lives ( ,condivi & ,vas>i1 z conta9+ ! orig9al in=mation f :i* subsequ5t writ]s h drawn _! acc\nts4 ,to d ju/ice to ! v]satile1 yet pr(\nd g5ius ( ?is great man1 is a task :i* we mu/ leave to su* writ]s z ,reynolds & ,fuseli1 9 ^: lectures ! read] w f9d ample evid5ce ( ! pr(\nd admiration ) :i* !y reg>d$ him4 ,nor c we conclude bett] ?an ) ! %ort b en]getic "* giv5 by ! latt]1 ( 8 fav\rite arti/'s /yle ( g5ius1 & ( 8 pr9cipal works3-- 8,sublimity ( conception1 gr&eur ( =m1 & bread? ( mann]1 are ! elem5ts ( ,mi*ael ,angelo's /yle4 ,by ^! pr9ciples he select$ or reject$ ! objects ( imitation4 ,z pa9t]1 z sculptor1 z ar*itect1 he attempt$1 & above any o!r man1 succe$$1 to unite magnific5ce ( plan1 & endless v>iety ( subord9ate p>ts1 ) ! utmo/ simplicity & bread?4 ,8 l9e is uni=mly gr&3 "* & beauty 7 admitt$ only z f> z !y c\ld be made subs]vi5t to gr&eur4 ,to give ! appe>ance ( p]fect ease to ! mo/ p]plex+ difficulty1 0 ! exclusive p[] ( ,mi*ael ,angelo4 ,he is ! inv5tor ( epic pa9t+1 9 t sublime circle ( ! ,si/9e *apel :i* exhibits ! orig91 ! progress1 & ! f9al disp5sations ( !ocracy4 ,he has p]sonifi$ motion 9 ! gr\ps ( ! ,c>toon ( ,pisa2 embodi$ s5tim5t on ! monum5ts ( ,s4 ,lor5zo2 unravell$ ! features ( m$itation 9 ! ,prophets & ,sibyls ( ! ,si/9e *apel2 & 9 ! ,la/ ,judgm5t1 ) e attitude t v>ies ! human body1 trac$ ! ma/]-trait ( e passion t sways ! human he>t4 ,?\gh1 z sculptor1 he express$ ! "* ( fle% m p]fectly ?an all :o came be=e or w5t aft] him1 yet he nev] submitt$ to copy an individual1 ,julius ,,ii4 only except$2 & 9 him he repres5t$ ! reign+ passion r ?an ! man4 ,9 pa9t+ he has cont5t$ himself ) a negative col\r1 & z ! pa9t] ( mank9d1 reject$ all m]etrici\s ornam5t4 ,! fabric ( ,/4 ,pet]'s1 scatt]$ into inf9ity ( j>r+ p>ts by ,bramante & 8 successors1 he conc5trat$2 susp5d$ ! cupola1 & to ! mo/ complex gave ! air ( ! mo/ simple ( edifices4 ,su*1 take him = all 9 all1 0 ,m4 ,angelo1 ! salt ( art3 sometimes he no d\bt _h 8 mom5ts ( d]eliction1 deviat$ into mann]1 or p]plex$ ! gr&eur ( 8 =ms ) futile & o/5tati\s anatomy3 bo? met ) armies ( copyi/s2 & x has be5 8 fate to be c5sur$ = _! folly40--7,lecture ,,ii47 ,illu/ration3 ,,jackson ,f ! ,monum5t ( ,giuliano de ,m$ici4 ,illu/ration3 ,engrav$ by ,j4 ,possel:ite4 ,,moli]e4 ,f ! orig9al ,picture ( ,lebrun's ,s*ool1 9 ! collection ( ! ,muse ,royale4 ,p>is4 ,"u ! ,sup]9t5dance ( ! ,society = ! ,diffusion ( ,useful ,k4 ,london4 ,publi%$ by ,*>les ,knight1 ,pall ,mall ,ea/4 ,illu/ration ,,moli]e ,moli]e1 ! contempor>y ( ,corneille & ,rac9e1 ^: orig9al & real "n 0 ,jean ,bapti/e ,poquel91 0 born at ,p>is on ! #ae? ,janu>y1 #afbb4 ,8 fa!r & "m 7 bo? 9 trade2 & !y br\ght up _! son to _! own occupation4 ,at ! age ( f\rte51 "y ,poquel9 c\ld nei!r read1 write1 nor ca/ acc\nts4 ,b ! gr&fa!r 0 v fond ( him2 & be+ himself a great lov] ( plays1 (t5 took 8 fav\rite to ! !atre4 ,! natural g5ius ( ! boy 01 by ?is initiation1 k9dl$ into a decid$ ta/e = dramatic ent]ta9m5ts3 a disgu/ to trade 0 ! consequ5ce1 & a desire ( t m5tal cultivation f :i* he _h hi!rto be5 deb>r$4 ,8 fa!r cons5t$ at l5g? to 8 becom+ a pupil ( ! ,jesuits at ! ,college ( ,cl]mont4 ,he rema9$ !re five ye>s1 & 0 =tunate en\gh to be ! class-fell[ ( ,arm& de ,b\rbon1 ,pr9ce de ,conti1 ^: fri5d%ip & protection prov$ ( signal s]vice to him 9 aft]-life4 ,he /udi$ "u ! celebrat$ ,gass5di1 :o 0 s impress$ by ! app>5t aptitude ( "y ,poquel9 to receive in/ruction1 t he admitt$ him to ! private lectures giv5 to 8 o!r pupils4 ,gass5di 0 9 ! habit ( break+ a lance ) two great rivals3 ,ari/otle1 at ! head ( anci5t1 & ,desc>tes1 !n at ! head ( mod]n philosophy4 ,by witness+ ?is combat1 ,poquel9 acquir$ a habit ( indep5d5t reason+1 s\nd pr9ciples1 ext5sive k1 & t feel+ ( practical good s5se1 :i* 0 s conspicu\s n only 9 8 mo/ lab\r$1 b ev5 9 8 lighte/ productions4 ,8 /udies "u ,gass5di 7 abruptly t]m9at$ by ! foll[+ circum/ance4 ,8 fa!r 0 atta*$ to ! c\rt 9 ! d\ble capacity ( valet-de-*ambre & tape/ry-mak]2 & ! son _h ! rev]sion ( ^! places4 ,:5 ,l\is ,,xiii4 w5t to ,n>bonne 9 #afda1 ! old man 0 ill1 & ! "y "o 0 oblig$ to (ficiate = him4 ,on 8 return to ,p>is1 8 passion = ! /age1 :i* _h fir/ l$ him into ! pa?s ( lit]ature1 reviv$ ) r5ew$ /r5g?4 ,! ta/e ( ,c>d9al de ,ri*elieu = !atrical p]=mances 0 communicat$ to ! nation at l>ge1 & a peculi> protection 0 grant$ to dramatic poets4 ,_m little societies 7 =m$ = act+ plays 9 private h\ses1 = ! amusem5t at lea/ ( ! p]=m]s4 ,poquel9 collect$ a company ( "y /age-/rick5 h]oes1 :o s f> exce$$ all _! rivals1 z to e>n = _! e/abli%m5t ! pomp\s title ( ,! ,illu/ri\s ,!atre4 ,he n[ det]m9$ to make ! /age 8 pr(ession1 & *ang+ 8 "n1 accord+ to ! usage 9 su* cases1 adopt$ t ( ,moli]e4 ,he disappe>s dur+ ! "t ( ! civil w>s1 f #afdh to #afeb2 b we may suppose ! int]val to h be5 pass$ 9 compos+ "s ( ^? pieces :i* 7 aft]w>ds br\ght be=e ! public4 ,:5 ! di/urbances ceas$1 ,moli]e1 9 p>tn]%ip ) an actress ( ,*ampagne1 nam$ ,la ,bj>d1 =m$ a /roll+ company2 & 8 fir/ regul> piece1 call$ ,l',et\rdi1 or ! ,blund]]1 0 p]=m$ at ,lyons 9 #afec4 ,ano!r company ( com$ians settl$ 9 t t[n 0 des]t$ by ! spectators 9 fav\r ( ^! clev] vagabonds2 & ! pr9cipal p]=m]s ( ! regul> e/abli%m5t took ! h9t1 pocket$ _! dignity1 & jo9$ ,moli]e4 ,! unit$ company transf]r$ itself to ,langu$oc1 & 7 reta9$ 9 ! s]vice ( ! ,pr9ce ( ,conti4 ,dur+ ! ,c>nival ( #afeh1 ! troop1 hav+ resum$ _! vagrant life1 7 play+ at ,gr5oble4 ,! foll[+ summ] 0 pass$ at ,r\54 ,:5 s ne> ,p>is1 ,moli]e made occasional j\rneys ?i!r1 ) ! e>ne/ hope ( bett]+ 8 =tune 9 ! metropolis1 :]e ! m>ket = tal5t is always brisk & op51 ! competition1 ?\gh sev]e1 fair & enc\rag+4 ,once m he receiv$ protection f 8 augu/ fell[-collegian1 :o introduc$ him to ,monsieur1 & ultimately to ! ,k+ himself4 ,! company appe>$ be=e _! ,maje/ies & ! c\rt = ! fir/ "t1 on ! #c;d ( ,novemb]1 #afeh1 on a /age erect$ 9 ! ,hall ( ! ,gu>ds 9 ! ,old ,l\vre4 ,_! success 0 s complete t ! ,k+ gave ord]s = _! p]man5t settlem5t 9 ,p>is1 & !y 7 all[$ to act alt]nately ) ! ,italian play]s 9 ! ,hall ( ! ,petit ,b\rbon4 ,9 #affc a p5sion ( a ?\s& livres 0 grant$ to ,moli]e1 & 9 #affe 8 company 0 tak5 altoge!r into ! ,k+'s s]vice4 ,z 9 ! c\rse ( ab\t fifte5 ye>s he produc$ m ?an d\ble t numb] ( dramatic pieces1 in/ead ( giv+1 )9 our n>r[ limits1 a m]e dry catalogue ( titles1 we %all make "s m detail$ rem>ks on a few ( ^? ma/]pieces1 9 diff]5t /yles1 :i* n only rais$ ! "* ( ,fr5* com$y to a great height 9 ,france itself1 b 9 a great measure furni%$ ! /aple to "s ( our own mo/ di/+ui%$ writ]s4 ,among _m p]sons ( ta/e & judgm5t1 ! ,misantrope has borne ! "* ( be+ ! mo/ f9i%$ ( all ,moli]e's pieces2 ( comb9+ ! mo/ p[]ful ef=ts ( unit$ g5ius & art4 ,! subject is s+le1 & ! unities are exactly obs]v$4 ,! pr9cipal p]son ( ! drama is /rongly conceiv$1 & br\ght out ) ! bolde/ /rokes ( ! ma/]'s p5cil3 x is ?r\gh\t uni=m1 & 9 /rict keep+4 ,! subord9ate p]sons are equally well drawn1 & fitt$ = _! bus9ess 9 ! sc5e1 s z to ?r[ an arti/-l light ^u ! *ief figure4 ,! sc5es & incid5ts are s contriv$ & conduct$ z to div]sify ! ma9 "*1 & set x 9 v>i\s po9ts ( view4 ,! s5tim5ts are /rong & n]v\s z well z prop]2 & ! good s5se ) :i* ! piece is fraught1 proves t ! bu/le & dissipation ( ! c\rt & ! !atre _h n oblit]at$ ! lessons ( ! college1 or ! lectures ( ,gass5di4 ,! title ( ! play w at once br+ to ! m9d ( an ,engli%man our own ,timon ( ,a!ns2 b !re are sc>cely any o!r po9ts ( resemblance4 ,! anci5t & ! mod]n ,man-hat] _h little 9 common3 ! ,a!nian 0 ! victim ( p]sonal ill-treatm5t2 hav+ suff]$ by excess ( good-nature & cr$ulity1 he runs into ! o!r extreme ( suspicion & rev5ge4 ,moli]e's ,man-hat] owes 8 "* to ! sev]ity ( virtue1 :i* c give no qu>t] to ! vices ( mank9d2 to t s9c]ity :i* disda9s indiscrim9ate complaisance1 & ! pro/itution ( ! language ( fri5d%ip to ! flatt]y ( fools & knaves4 ,wy*]ley1 9 8 ,pla9 ,deal]1 has giv5 ! ,fr5* ,misantrope an ,engli% dress4 ,manly is a "* ( hum\r1 speak+ & act+ f a peculi> bias ( temp] & incl9ation2 b ! co>s5ess ( ! pla9 deal+ is n to be tol]at$1 & :at ,manly does goes ne> to c\nt]act ! moral effect ( :at he says4 ,by way ( contra/+ ! v>i\s tal5ts ( ! au?or1 ?an :om none bett] und]/ood human nature 9 its v>i\s ramifications1 or copi$ m skilfully e %ade & gradation ( mann]s1 we may j m5tion ! ,b\rgeois ,g5tilhomme1 exhibit+ ! folly & affectation ( a cit turn$ man ( fa%ion4 ,if ! moral ( ! ,misantrope be pure1 ! wit ( ! ,b\rgeois is t]se & div]t+4 ,9 sev]al ( 8 com$ies he has treat$ m$ic9e & its pr(essors n only ) fre$om b sev]ity2 x 01 h[ev]1 p]v]t$ m$ic9e only1 & its quack pr(essors t 7 ! subjects ( 8 ridicule4 ,! respectable memb]s ( ! faculty c\ld be no m affect$ by ! satire1 nor displeas$ by :at !y c\ld n fe>1 ?an a true prophet by ! puni%m5t ( impo/ure4 ,^? :o are acqua9t$ ) ! hi/ory ( ! sci5ce w recollect ! /ate ( x at ,p>is 9 ,moli]e's "t1 & ! "* ( ! physicians4 ,_! :ole employm5t 0 conf9$ to se>*+ aft] vision>y specifics1 & exp]im5tal trick]y 9 *emi/ry4 ,! cause ( a disease 0 nev] inquir$ aft]1 nor ! symptoms reg>d$2 b hypo!tical j>gon & r&om prescription 7 ?r[n l du/ into ! eyes ( ! pati5t1 to ! exclusion ( a practice f\nd$ on sci5ce & obs]vation4 ,?us m$ic9e became a pe/ in/ead ( a rem$y2 & ?is /ate ( ?+s ju/ifi$ ! *a/isem5t inflict$4 ,les ,prcieuses ,ridicules is a com$y int5d$ to reprove a va91 fanta/ical1 & prepo/]\s hum\r prevail+ v mu* ab\t t "t 9 ,france4 ,x _h ! desir$ effect1 & conduc$ mat]ially t[>ds root+ out a ta/e 9 mann]s s unreasonable & ridicul\s4 ,t>tuffe1 or ,! ,impo/or1 has occasionally1 & ev5 rec5tly1 sometimes to ! di/urbance ( ! public peace 9 ,france1 giv5 great (f5ce n only to ^? :o felt ! ju/ice1 & w9c$ "u ! sev]ity ( ! satire2 b to o!rs1 :o suspect$ t a bl[ 0 aim$ at religion1 "u ! mask ( an attack ^u hypocrisy4 ,b its intr9sic m]it1 ! tru? ( ! draw+1 & ! ju/ness ( ! col\r+1 h secur$ patrons = x among p]sons ( unque/ionable s5se1 virtue1 le>n+1 & ta/e2 & x has always triumph$ ov] ! viol5ce ( opposition4 ,cibb]1 a vamp] ( o!r m5's plays1 has borr[$ f x 8 fav\rite ,nonjuror1 & appli$ x to ! purposes ( a political p>ty4 ,on ?is adaptation has be5 graft$ a m mod]n attack on ! ,me?odi/s1 "u ! title ( ,! ,hypocrite4 ,b h[ev] great may be ! m]it ( ?is celebrat$ drama1 x _c boa/ ( entire orig9ality4 ,ma*iavelli left beh9d him ?ree com$ies1 ! fruits ( a /atesman's leisure h\rs4 ,9 all ?ree1 ! au?or has exhibit$ ! h& ( a ma/]2 he has pa9t$ mank9d 9 ! _s ( tru?1 & unmask$ falsehood & hypocrisy 9 a tone ( pr(\nd contempt4 ,two monks1 a bro!r ,timo?y & a bro!r ,alb]ico1 are repres5t$ ) too mu* wit & ke5ness ( s>casm to h be5 ov]look$ by ,moli]e 9 8 work+ up ( ! ?ird specim54 ,! fir/ ?ree acts ( ! ,t>tuffe 7 play$ = ! fir/ "t at c\rt be=e ! piece 0 f9i%$4 ,masques ( pomp1 magnific5ce & panegyric1 su* z usually furni% out ! amusem5t ( royal saloons1 are =gott5 z soon z !y h s]v$ ! purpose ( ! mom5t3 b ma/]pieces l t n[ 9 "q p]petuate _! own r5[n1 & leave a la/+ memorial ( :at is suppos$ to be a ph5om5on1 a pr9cely ta/e = g5u9e wit4 ,les ,f*eux 0 ! fir/ piece 9 :i* danc+ 0 s connect$ ) ! dramatic action1 z to fill up ! int]vals )\t break+ ! ?read ( ! /ory4 ,le ,m>iage ,=c 0 borr[$ f ,rabelais1 to :om bo? ,moli]e & ,la ,fonta9e 7 deeply indebt$4 ,! ,ari/otelian & ,pyrrhonian philosophy1 z trave/i$ by mod]n doctors1 furni%es occasion = lively satire & clev] buffoon]y4 ,! horror ) :i* ,pancrace calls d[n ! v5geance ( heav5 on him :o %\ld d>e to say ! =m ( a hat1 in/ead ( ! figure ( a hat1 is a pleasant p>ody on ! un9telligible absurdities ( ! s*ools4 ,accord+ to ,m>phurius1 philosophy comm&s u to susp5d our judgm5t1 & to speak ( e ?+ ) unc]ta9ty2 n to say ,i am come1 b1 ,i ?9k t ,i am come4 ,la ,pr9cesse d',elide1 ?\gh n "o ( ,moli]e's happie/ ef=ts1 des]ves notice on acc\nt ( its contribut+ to ! fe/ivities ( ! c\rt1 by an adaptation ( +5i\s allegories to ! mann]s & ev5ts ( ! "t4 ,?is satire 0 aim$ at ! illusion ( ,judicial ,a/rology1 aft] :i* _m pr9ces ( ! p]iod 7 runn+ mad2 & 9 p>ticul> ,victor ,amadeus1 ,duke ( ,savoy1 fa!r ( ! ,du*ess ( ,burgundy1 :o kept an a/rolog] ab\t 8 p]son ev5 aft] 8 abdication4 ,! dramatic antiqu>y may f9d "s amusem5t 9 comp>+ ! ftes ( ! ,fr5* c\rt ) ! masques ( ,b5 ,jonson1 ,dav5ant1 & o!rs1 exhibit$ be=e our ,james ,i4 & ,*>les ,i42 b "h ! int]e/ ends4 ,x is suffici5t to rem>k1 t ! masques ( ! ,engli% c\rt ow$ _! p[] ( pleas+ to ! +5uity ( ! ma*9i/ & ! flatt]y ( ! poet4 ,! little dramas p]=m$ be=e ! royal family ( ,france tickl$ ! e>s ( ! audi5ce by ! pung5cy ( _! wit & ridicule4 ,! ,mis] has be5 pretty closely translat$1 = ! v]sion is little m1 by ,h5ry ,field+2 b n s happily z he himself seems to h imag9$4 ,! subject ( t excell5t com$y1 ,les ,femmes ,savantes1 9 :i* ! ridicule is kept )9 reasonable b\nds1 & female faults & virtues are pa9t$ ) a prop] gradation ( col\r+1 :]e :at ! pa9t]s call a m$ium t9t h>monizes ! extremes ( light & %ade1 0 tak5 up by ,goldoni ) t co>se & abrupt p5cill+ ( black & :ite1 :i* has always be5 ! vice ( ! ,italian /age4 ,x has inde$ be5 advanc$ z a reproa* to ,moli]e1 t he too (t5 *>g$ 8 comic pictures ) ! extravagance ( c>icature3 b if we comp>e ev5 ! mo/ f>cical ( 8 sc5es ) ! speak+ pantomimes & half-improvisations ( ,italy1 we mu/ pron\nce him a model ( delicacy & classical propriety4 ,8 la/ com$y 0 ,le ,malade ,imag9aire4 ,x 0 act$ = ! f\r? "t on ! #ag? ,febru>y1 #afgc4 ,! pr9cipal "* repres5t$ is t ( a sick man1 :o1 to c>ry on a purpose ( ! plot1 pret5ds to be dead4 ,?is "p 0 play$ by ,moli]e himself4 ,! popul> /ory 01 t :5 he 0 to discov] t x 0 only a fe9t1 he c\ld nei!r speak nor get up1 be+ actually dead4 ,! wits & epigrammati/s made ! mo/ ( ! occurr5ce2 ^? :o c\ld n write good ,fr5*1 treat$ x ) bad ,lat94 ,b unluckily = ! /ability ( _! conceits1 !y 7 n built on ! f\ndation ( tru?4 ,?\gh v ill1 & obvi\sly 9 mu* pa91 he 0 able to f9i% ! play4 ,he w5t home1 & 0 put to b$3 8 c\gh increas$ viol5tly2 a vessel bur/ 9 8 lungs1 & he 0 suffocat$ ) blood 9 ab\t half an h\r aft]4 ,he 0 only 9 8 fifty-second ye> :5 ?is ev5t took place4 ,! ,k+ 0 extremely affect$ at ?is sudd5 loss1 by :i*1 z ,johnson said ( ,g>rick1 ! gaiety ( nations 0 eclips$2 & z a /rong m>k ( 8 reg>d1 he prevail$ ) ! ar*bi%op ( ,p>is to all[ ( 8 be+ int]r$ 9 consecrat$ gr\nd4 ,no?+ %ort ( s absolute a ,k+'s int]position c\ld h effect$ ?is2 =1 indep5d5tly ( ! g5]al s5t5ce ( excommunication !n 9 =ce aga9/ sc5ic p]=m]s1 ,moli]e _h drawn ^u himself ! res5tm5t ( ! ecclesia/ics 9 p>ticul>1 by expos+ ! hypocrites ( _! clo?1 z well z ! bigots among ! laity4 ,^? :o ridicule folly & knav]y 9 all ord]s ( m5 mu/ expect to be treat$ z ,moli]e 01 & to h ! fooli% & knavi% ( all ord]s = enemies4 ,dur+ 8 life1 ,p>is & ! c\rt 7 /irr$ up & inflam$ aga9/ ! dramati/2 & on m ?an "o occasion1 he mu/ h fall5 a sacrifice to ! indignation ( ! cl]gy1 _h he n be5 protect$ by ! ,k+4 ,! fri5d ( 8 life did n des]t him :5 he 0 dead2 b procur$ = 8 ins5sible rema9s t dec5t respect1 :i* all nations h cons5t$ to pay1 z a tribute ev5 to !mselves4 ,voltaire *>act]izes ,moli]e z ! be/ comic poet ( any nation2 & treats ! po/hum\s ho/ility :i* made a difficulty ab\t 8 burial z a reproa* bo? to ,france & to ! ,ca?olic religion4 ,pr(ess+ to h rep]us$ ! com$ians ( antiquity = ! purpose ( comp>ison1 he gives x z 8 judgm5t1 t ! ,fr5* dramati/ is entitl$ to ! pref]5ce4 ,he gr\nds ?is decision on ! art & regul>ity ( ! mod]n !atre1 contra/$ ) ! unconnect$ sc5es ( ! anci5ts1 _! weak intrigues1 & ! /range practice ( decl>+ by ! m\?s ( ! actors1 9 cold & unnatural monologues1 :at !y _h done & :at !y int5d$ to d4 ,he concludes by say+ t ,moli]e did = com$y :at ,corneille _h done = trag$y2 & t ! ,fr5* 7 sup]ior on ?is gr\nd to all ! p ^u e>?4 ,a c\ntry possess+ su* a comic drama z ours1 ?r\gh\t ! c\rse ( ab\t two c5turies1 ) ,mu* ado ab\t ,no?+ at "o end ( ! li/1 & ,! ,s*ool = ,sc&al at ! o!r1 w be incl9$ to demur to ?is broad national assumption3 b we1 9 our turn1 mu/ 9 c&\r confess1 t ?\gh ! *ronological prec$5ce ( ,%akspe>e1 ,jonson1 ,flet*]1 ,mass+]1 & ,=d1 _h e/abli%$ a glori\s /age = u be=e ,moli]e 0 born1 or :ile he 0 yet 9 petticoats2 yet our mo/ em95t comic writ]s 9 ! reigns ( ,william ,,iii41 ,anne1 & ,george ,i41 drank deep & (t5 f ! abundant s\rce ( ,fr5* com$y4 ,b ,moli]e's influ5ce 0 mo/ b5eficially ex]t$ 9 reclaim+ 8 c\ntrym5 f a fondness = su* ,italian conceits z r++ ! *anges ^u od\rs & ard\rs1 c41 to :i* au?ors l ,scud]y1 ,voiture1 & ,balzac _h giv5 an ephem]al fa%ion4 ,boileau & ,moli]e pr9cipally contribut$ to arm ! ,fr5* aga9/ ! invasion f beyond ! ,alps1 ( su* madrigal-writ]s z ,m>9i1 ,a*ill9i1 & ,prti4 ,x is n true t ,moli]e1 :5 he comm5c$ 8 c>e]1 f\nd ! !atre absolutely de/itute ( good com$ies4 ,corneille _h already produc$ ,le ,m5teur1 a piece comb9+ "* ) intrigue1 import$ f ! ,spani% /age4 ,moli]e _h produc$ only two ( 8 mo/ e/eem$ plays1 :5 ! public 0 gratifi$ ) ,la ,mre ,coquette ( ,qu9ault1 ?an :i* few pieces 7 m happy ei!r 9 po9t ( "* or intrigue4 ,b if ,corneille be ! fir/ legitimate model = trag$y1 ,moli]e 0 s = com$y4 ,! g5]al %ap+ ( 8 plots1 ! connexion ( 8 sc5es1 8 dramatic consi/5cy & propriety 7 attempt$ to be copi$ by succe$+ writ]s3 b :o c\ld compete ) him 9 wit & _s8 ,8 well-direct$ attacks did m ?an any ?+ to rescue ! public f ! imp]t95ce ( subalt]n c\rti]s affect+ airs ( importance2 f ! affectation ( conceit$1 & ! p$antry ( le>n$1 ladies2 f ! quack]y ( pr(essional co/ume & b>b>\s ,lat9 on ! "p ( ! m$ical tribe4 ,moli]e 0 ! legislator ( conv5tional proprieties4 ,t p]iod might well be call$ ! ,augu/an age ( ,france1 :i* saw ! trag$ies ( ,corneille & ,rac9e2 ! com$ies ( ,moli]e2 ! bir? ( mod]n music 9 ! symphonies ( ,lulli2 ! pulpit eloqu5ce ( ,bossuet & ,b\rdaloe4 ,l\is ,,xiv4 0 ! he>] & ! patron ( all ^!2 & 8 ta/e 0 duly appreciat$ & adopt$ by ! accompli%$ ,madame1 by a ,cond1 a ,tur5ne1 & a ,colb]t1 foll[$ by a long tra9 ( em95t m5 9 e dep>tm5t ( ! /ate & ( society4 ,little has come d[n to u respect+ ,moli]e's p]sonal hi/ory or habits1 except+ t 8 m>riage 0 n among ! happy or cr$itable ev5ts ( 8 life4 ,s little did he 9 8 own case weigh ! evils ( disproportion$ age1 h[ev] s>ca/ically he might imag9e !m 9 fictiti\s sc5es1 t he took = 8 p>tn] ! daught] ( ,la ,bj>d1 ! associate ( 8 /roll+ c>e]4 ,if 8 *oice 7 a fault1 x c>ri$ its puni%m5t along ) x4 ,he 0 v jeal\s1 & ! "y lady 0 an accompli%$ coquette4 ,! bick]+s ( m>ri$ life 7 ! frequ5t & successful topics ( 8 com$ies2 & 8 enemies ass]t$1 t 9 draw+ su* sc5es1 he possess$ ! advantage ( pa9t+ f ! life4 ,( t ridicule :i* _h s (t5 set ! !atre 9 a ro>1 he 0 himself ! s]i\s subject1 ! rep5tant & wri?+ victim4 ,full] acc\nts ( ,moli]e are to be f\nd prefix$ to ! be/ editions ( 8 works3 we may m5tion ^? ( ,joly1 ,petitot1 & ,aug]4 ,an article ( consid]able l5g?1 by ! la/-nam$ au?or1 is devot$ to our poet 9 ! ,biographie ,univ]selle4 ,illu/ration3 ,sc5e f ,les ,prcieuses ,ridicules4 ,illu/ration3 ,engrav$ by ,i4 ,w4 ,cook4 ,,*>les ,,james ,,fox4 ,f a ,picture by ,sir ,jo%ua ,reynolds 9 ! possession ( ,"l ,holl&4 ,"u ! ,sup]9t5dance ( ! ,society = ! ,diffusion ( ,useful ,k4 ,london4 ,publi%$ by ,*>les ,knight1 ,pall ,mall ,ea/4 ,illu/ration ,,fox ,! ,"r ,hon\rable ,*>les ,james ,fox 0 ?ird son ( ! ,"r ,hon\rable ,h5ry ,fox1 aft]w>ds ,"l ,holl&1 & ( ,lady ,georg9a ,c>ol9e ,fox1 elde/ daught] ( ,*>les1 second ,duke ( ,ri*mond4 ,he 0 born ,janu>y #bd?1 #agdi1 ,n4 ,s4 ,mr4 ,fox receiv$ 8 education at ,eton2 & ! fav\rite /udies ( ! place _h m ?an ord9>y influ5ce ov] 8 ta/es & lit]>y pursuits 9 aft]-life4 ,be=e he left s*ool1 8 fa!r 0 s imprud5t z to c>ry him to ,p>is & ,spa4 ,to 8 e>ly associations at ! latt] place may be ascrib$ t prop5sity to gam+1 :i* 0 ! bane ( two-?irds ( 8 life4 ,z ! pres5t article is n design$ to be a m]e panegyric1 we ab&on ! indulg5ce ( ?is fatal passion to ! sev]e/ c5sure t c be be/[$ ^u x by ! philosoph] & ! morali/3 b ju/ice dem&s x at our h&s to say1 t aft] ! adju/m5t ( ,mr4 ,fox's affairs by 8 fri5ds1 p]sonal & political1 he resolutely conqu]$ :at habit _h almo/ rais$ into second nature1 & ab/a9$ f play ) scrupul\s fidelity4 ,x may fur!r be rem>k$1 t :ile ! p>oxysms ( ! fev] 7 mo/ viol5t1 8 m9d 0 nev] int]rupt$ f m wor?y objects ( pursuit4 ,! foll[+ anecdote w %[ ! divid$ empire :i* discordant passions alt]nately usurp$ ov] 8 he>t4 ,on a night :5 he _h su/a9$ "s s]i\s losses1 8 deportm5t assum$ s mu* ( ! "* ( despair1 t 8 fri5ds became uneasy3 !y foll[$ him at di/ance en\gh to elude 8 obs]vation1 f ! clubh\se to 8 home 9 ! neighb\rhood4 ,!y knock$ at 8 door 9 "t1 z !y ?\ght1 to h prev5t$ any ra% act1 & ru%$ into ! libr>y4 ,!re !y f\nd ! object ( _! anxiety /ret*$ on ! gr\nd )\t 8 coat1 be=e ! fire3 8 h& nei!r grasp+ a razor nor a pi/ol1 b 8 eyes int5tly fix$ on ! pages ( ,h]odotus4 ,! old hi/orian _h engross$ him :olly f ! mom5t :5 he took up ! volume1 & ! ru9s ( 8 own air-built ca/les vani%$ f be=e him1 z soon z he got sight ( ! v5]able rema9s ( ! anci5t _w4 ,at ,ox=d ,mr4 ,fox di/+ui%$ himself by 8 p[]s ( application1 z well z by ! intuitive quickness ( 8 p>ts4 ,on quitt+ ! univ]sity1 he accompani$ 8 fa!r & "m to ! s\? ( ,europe4 ,n f9d+ a good ,italian ma/] at ,naples1 he taught himself t language dur+ ! w9t]1 & contract$ a /rong p>tiality = ,italian lit]ature4 ,9 a lett] f ,flor5ce to ,mr4 ,fitz-,patrick1 he conjures t g5tleman to le>n ,italian z fa/ z he c1 if x 7 only to read ,ario/o2 & adds1 8,!re is m good poetry 9 ,italian ?an 9 all o!r languages ,i und]/& put toge!r40 ,at a lat] p]iod ( life1 if we may judge f ! t5or ( 8 correspond5ce ) em95t s*ol>s1 he w\ld h transf]r$ t praise f ! ,italian to ! ,greek tongue4 ,at ?is "t he 0 v fond ( act+ plays1 & 0 9 all respects ! man ( fa%ion4 ,^? :o recollect ! simplicity1 bord]+ on neglig5ce1 ( 8 outw>d g>b late 9 life1 w smile at ! idea ( ,mr4 ,fox ) a p[d]$ t\pee & r$ heels to 8 %oes1 ! h]o ( private !atricals4 ,dur+ 8 abs5ce1 9 #agfh1 he 0 *os5 to repres5t ,midhur/1 & made 8 fir/ spee* on ! #ae? ,april1 #agfi4 ,accord+ to ,horace ,walpole1 he spoke ) viol5ce1 b ) inf9ite sup]iority ( p>ts4 ,circumscrib$ z we are z to space1 we %all n foll[ ,mr4 ,fox's subalt]n c>e] 9 ! ,h\se ( ,commons4 ,x 0 8 brea* ) ,"l ,nor? t rais$ him into a p>ty lead]4 ,he _h previ\sly =m$ an intimate acqua9tance ) ,mr4 ,burke4 ,he began by receiv+ ! lessons ( t em95t p]son z a pupil2 b ! ma/] 0 soon s conv9c$ ( 8 s*ol>'s greatness ( "*1 & /atesman-l turn ( m9d1 t he resign$ ! lead to him1 & became an effici5t coadjutor 9 ! ,rock+ham p>ty1 ( :i*1 9 ! ,h\se ( ,commons1 he _h almo/ be5 ! dictator4 ,! ,am]ican w> r\s$ all ! en]gies ( ,mr4 ,fox's m9d4 ,! discussions to :i* x gave rise involv$ all ! fir/ pr9ciples ( free gov]nm5t4 ,! vicissitudes ( ! conte/ tri$ ! firmness ( ! p>liam5t>y opposition4 ,its duration ex]cis$ _! p]sev]ance4 ,its magnitude & ! dang]s ( ! c\ntry call$ =? _! p[]s4 ,gibbon says1 8,mr4 ,fox discov]$ p[]s = regul> debate1 :i* nei!r 8 fri5ds hop$ nor 8 enemies dread$40 ,! foll[+ passage1 f a lett] to ,mr4 ,fitz-,patrick1 writt5 9 #aggh1 illu/rates 8 hon\rable & indep5d5t "*3 8,p flatt] me t ,i cont9ue to ga9 r ?an lose e/imation z an orator2 & ,i am s conv9c$ ?is is all ,i ev] %all ga9 7unless ,i *oose to be "o ( ! meane/ ( m571 t ,i nev] ?9k ( any o!r object ( ambition4 ,i am c]ta9ly ambiti\s by nature1 b ,i h1 or ?9k ,i h1 totally subdu$ t passion4 ,i h /ill z mu* vanity z ev]1 :i* is a happi] passion by f>1 because great reputation1 ,i ?9k1 ,i may acquire & keep2 great situations ,i nev] c acquire1 nor1 if acquir$1 keep1 )\t mak+ sacrifices t ,i w nev] make40 ,9 ! summ] ( #aggh1 he reject$ ,"l ,weym\?'s ov]tures to jo9 ! m9i/ry1 & took 8 /ation z ! lead+ common] 9 ! ,rock+ham p>ty1 to :i* he _h become atta*$ on pr9ciple long be=e he enli/$ p]man5tly 9 its ranks4 ,! conspicu\s features ( t p>ty1 & ( ,mr4 ,fox's public "*1 7 ! love ( peace ) =eign p[]s1 ! _s ( conciliation 9 home managem5t1 an ard5t atta*m5t to civil & religi\s lib]ty4 ,! day ( triumph came at la/1 :5 a resolution aga9/ ! fur!r prosecution ( ! ,am]ican w> 0 c>ri$ 9 ! ,commons4 ,! ,k+ 0 compell$1 reluctantly1 to "p ) ! support]s ( 8 fav\rite pr9ciples1 & _h no?+ left b to s[ ! se$s ( disunion betwe5 ! ,rock+ham & ,*a?am or ,%elburne p>ty1 unit$ on ! subject ( ,am]ica1 b disagree+ on _m o!r po9ts bo? ( ext]nal & int]nal policy4 ,9 ?is he 0 b too successful4 ,we h nei!r space nor incl9ation to unravel ! web ( c\rt intrigue2 b we may rem>k t ,"l ,rock+ham's dem&s 7 too ext5sive to be palatable3 !y involv$ ! indep5d5ce ( ,am]ica1 ! pacification ( ,irel&1 bills = economical & p>liam5t>y re=m1 to be br\ght into ,p>liam5t z m9i/]ial measures4 ,b ! untimely dea? ( ,"l ,rock+ham fru/rat$ 8 enlight5$ & enl>g$ designs1 by dissolv+ ! m9i/ry ov] :i* he _h presid$4 ,mr4 ,fox has be5 blam$ = ! precipitancy ( 8 resignation4 ,! tone ( s5tim5t 9 a lett] be=e quot$ w bo? acc\nt & apologise = ! ra%ness if x 7 su*2 & x is obvi\s t ! sacrifice ( p]sonal feel+1 or ev5 ( political consi/5cy1 c\ld n long h def]r$ x1 amid/ ! cabals & cla%+ int]e/s ( p>ty4 ,mr4 ,fox's policy 0 to deta* ,holl& & ,am]ica f ,france1 & to =m a cont95tal balance aga9/ ! ,h\se ( ,b\rbon4 ,"l ,%elburne's sy/em 0 to conciliate ,france1 & to treat h] allies z dep5d5t p[]s4 ,"l ,%elburne _h ! e> ( ! ,k+4 ,he /r5g!n$ himself ) "s ( ! old support]s ( ! ,am]ican w>1 to fill ! vacant (fices1 & made ,mr4 ,pitt1 j ris+ into em95ce1 8 ,*ancellor ( ! ,ex*equ]4 ,!re 7 n[ ?ree p>ties 9 ! ,commons2 ! m9i/]ial1 ! ,:ig or ,rock+ham1 & ! ?ird consi/+ ( ^? memb]s ( ! late w> m9i/ry :o _h n be5 invit$ to jo9 ! pres5t4 ,a coalition ( "s two ( ^! ?ree p>ties 0 almo/ unavoidable3 ! public w\ld h mo/ approv$ ( a reunion among ! ,:igs2 b !re _h be5 too mu* ( mutual recrim9ation & dispute to admit ( reconciliation4 ,no?+1 !re=e1 rema9$ b a junction ( ! two p>ties 9 opposition4 ,a judici\s fri5d ( ,mr4 ,fox said1 8t to und]take ! gov]nm5t ) ,"l ,nor?1 0 to risk _! cr$it on v unsafe gr\nds4 ,unless a real good gov]nm5t is ! consequ5ce ( ?is junction1 no?+ c ju/ify x to ! public40 ,popul> feel+ 0 /rongly aga9/ ?is coalition1 ma9ly on acc\nt ( "s p]sonal acrimony v5t$ by ,mr4 ,fox1 9 ! boil+ ov] ( 8 wra? dur+ ! ,am]ican conte/1 :i* seem$ to be> ^u ! moral "* ( 8 oppon5t4 ,x is to be consid]$1 h[ev]1 t ! mo/ amiable p]sons1 if en?usia/ic1 are apt 9 ! heat ( passion to laun* out into invective f> m viol5t ?an _! natural b5evol5ce w\ld ju/ify 9 _! cool] mom5ts4 ,! "q on :i* ,mr4 ,fox & ,"l ,nor? _h be5 s acrimoni\sly oppos$1 _h ceas$ to exi/3 & p]haps !re exi/$ no solid reason aga9/ ! union ( ! two p>ties4 ,b ! measure 0 almo/ univ]sally believ$ to arise f corrupt motives3 x af=d$ a f9e scope = satire & c>icature2 & ^! h no small influ5ce ^u ! politics ( ! multitude4 ,& :ile ! p 7 displeas$1 ! ,k+ 0 decid$ly unfri5dly to ! adm9i/ration :i* _h =c$ itself ^u him4 ,he consid]$ ! ,rock+ham p>ty z enemies to 8 pr]ogative1 z well z fri5ds to ,am]ican indep5d5ce4 ,he 0 =c$ to take !m 91 b resolv$ to ?r[ !m out aga94 ,! unpopul> ,india bill1 :i* ,mr4 ,pitt aft]w>ds adopt$ ) "s modifications1 furni%$ ! opportunity4 ,! (f5ce tak5 by ! p aga9/ ! coalition1 made !m l5d a ready e> to ! *>ge ( m9i/]ial olig>*y3 ! ,k+ disguis$ 8 s5tim5ts till ! la/ mom5t1 procur$ ! rejection ( ! bill 9 ! ,lords1 & in/antly dismiss$ 8 m9i/]s4 ,! coalition 0 /ill 9 possession ( ! ,h\se ( ,commons2 b ! voice ( ! p support$ ! m9i/]1 a dissolution 0 resort$ to1 & ! w ( ! ,k+ 0 accompli%$4 ,f #aghd to #agib1 ,mr4 ,fox 0 lead] ( a p[]ful p>ty 9 ! ,h\se ( ,commons1 9 opposition to ,mr4 ,pitt4 ,! ,we/m9/] ,scrut9y1 ! ,reg5cy1 ! abatem5t ( ,impea*m5ts by a dissolution ( ,p>liam5t1 ! ,libel ,bill1 ! ,russian ,armam5t1 & ! ,repeal ( ! ,corporation & ,te/ ,acts1 7 ! topics :i* call$ =? 8 mo/ p[]ful ex]tions4 ,8 =ce z a pr(ess$ orator 0 conspicu\sly display$ 9 ,we/m9/] ,hall1 on ! trial ( ,w>r5 ,ha/+s2 b ! triumph ( 8 tal5ts is to be f\nd 9 ^? ma/]ly replies to 8 antagoni/s1 9 :i* cutt+ s>casm & close argum5t1 logical acut5ess & metaphysical subtlety 7 s comb9$1 z to surpass all t mod]n exp]i5ce _h witness$4 ,! con/itutional doctr9es ( ,mr4 ,fox on ! ,reg5cy "q 7 mu* canvass$1 &1 by _m1 sev]ely c5sur$4 ,! fact 01 t ! case 0 new2 provid$ = nei!r by law1 prec$5t1 nor analogy4 ,"l ,l\ghbor\gh fir/ sugge/$ ! ,pr9ce's claim ( "r2 & x 0 ha/ily adopt$ by ,mr4 ,fox1 :o _h return$ f ,italy j z ! discussion 0 p5d+4 ,mr4 ,fox's ,libel ,bill places him among ! mo/ con/itutional ( our legislators4 ,he sav$ 8 c\ntry f an unnecess>y1 unju/1 & exp5sive w>1 by 8 ex]tions on occasion ( ! ,russian ,armam5t4 ,! controv]sy on ! ,te/ & ,corporation ,acts has lo/ its int]e/1 f hav+ s9ce be5 satisfactorily set at re/4 ,b z1 9 a sket* l ! pres5t1 we h m to d ) ! "* ( ,mr4 ,fox's m9d ?an ) 8 political hi/ory1 we w "h introduce an anecdote :i* ! writ] ( ?is life he>d relat$ _m ye>s ago1 by ,dr4 ,abraham ,rees1 well kn[n bo? 9 ! sci5tific _w1 & z a lead+ div9e 9 ! diss5t+ int]e/4 ,we h already spok5 ( ! intuitive quickness ( ,mr4 ,fox's p>ts2 & ! foll[+ anecdote w set t peculi>ity 9 a /rong light4 ,on ! day ( ! debate1 ,dr4 ,rees wait$ on ,mr4 ,fox ) a deputation1 to engage 8 support 9 _! cause4 ,he receiv$ !m c\rte\sly2 b1 ?\gh a fri5d to religi\s lib]ty1 0 evid5tly unacqua9t$ ) ! /rong po9ts & pr9cipal be>+s ( _! peculi> case4 ,he li/5$ att5tively to _! exposition1 &1 ) an eye t look$ !m ?r\gh & ?r\gh1 put f\r or five se>*+ que/ions4 ,!y )drew aft] a %ort conf]5ce1 & z !y walk$ up ,/4 ,james's ,/reet1 ,mr4 ,fox pass$ !m boot$1 z go+ to take air & ex]cise1 to enable him to enc\nt] ! heat ( ! ,h\se & ! /orm ( debate4 ,f ! gall]y !y saw him ent] ! ,h\se ) :ip 9 h&1 z j dism\nt$4 ,:5 he rose to speak1 he display$ su* ma/]y ( 8 subject1 8 argum5ts & illu/rations 7 s v>i\s1 8 views s pr(\nd & /atesman-l1 t a /rang] mu/ h imag9$ ! "q at issue betwe5 ! high *ur* p>ty & ! diss5t]s to h be5 ! ma9 subject ( 8 /udy ?r\gh\t life4 ,t 8 pr9ciples ( civil & religi\s lib]ty %\ld h enabl$ him to declaim 9 spl5did g5]alities 0 to be expect$2 b he ent]$ z fully & deeply into ! fundam5tal pr9ciples & mo/ subtle di/9ctions ( ! "q1 z did ^? to :om x 0 ( vital importance1 & t aft] a %ort conf]5ce ( "s tw5ty m9utes4 ,! ,fr5* revolution is a topic ( su* magnitude1 t we c only t\* ^u ,mr4 ,fox's op9ions & conduct ) respect to x4 ,aft] ! tak+ ( ! ,ba/ille1 he describes x z 8! greate/1 & mu* ! be/ ev5t t ev] happ5$ 9 ! _w3 all my prepossessions aga9/ ,fr5* connections = ?is c\ntry w be at an end1 & inde$ mo/ "p ( my ,european sy/em ( politics w be alt]$1 if ?is revolution has ! consequ5ce t ,i expect40 ,b x _h n t consequ5ce2 & 8 views 7 completely *ang$ by ! trial & execution ( ! ,k+ & ,que5 ( ,france4 ,b because he did n cat* t contagi\s disease1 made up ( al>m & desp]ate viol5ce1 :i* involv$ 8 c\ntry 9 a disa/r\s w>1 he 0 repres5t$ z ! bl9d apologi/ ( inju/ice & massacre1 z ! c>eless1 if n jacob9ical spectator ( ! d[nfall ( mon>*y4 ,mr4 ,burke 0 ! fir/ to qu>rel ) ,mr4 ,fox1 & ?is qu>rel l$ to ! tempor>y e/rangem5t f him ( _m ( 8 olde/ & mo/ valuable fri5ds4 ,b 8"t & ! h\r0 re/or$ ! good und]/&+ betwe5 ! memb]s ( ! p>ty1 ) ! exception ( ,mr4 ,burke1 :o di$ :ile ! p>oxysm ( ,antigallican mania 0 at its height4 ,mr4 ,fox oppos$ to ! utmo/ ! w>1 into :i* ! m9i/] 0 unwill+ly =c$4 ,b z 8 passions became heat$1 & ! difficulties ( 8 situation increas$1 ,mr4 ,pitt adopt$ all ,mr4 ,burke's views1 & ! ra% project ( a bellum int]nec9um4 ,bo? ! public pr9ciples & ! p]sonal "* ( ,mr4 ,fox 7 ! subject ( daily calumnies2 & ! w>m? ( 8 e>ly te/imony 9 fav\r ( ! ,fr5* revolution 0 cont9ually ?r[n 9 8 tee?1 aft] ! #aj? ( ,augu/1 ! massacres ( ,septemb]1 & ! success ( ,dum\ri]4 ,b 8 :ole conduct dur+ ?is /ruggle 0 cle> & consi/5t4 ,at ! dawn ( ! revolution1 he felt & spoke z a citiz5 ( ! _w2 b he 0 ! la/ man alive to h m]g$ patriotism 9 ! vague g5]alities ( univ]sal b5evol5ce4 ,:5 8 own c\ntry became implicat$ 9 ! /rife1 he no long] felt & spoke z a citiz5 ( ! _w1 b z a ,briti% /atesman2 & endeav\r$ to p]suade 8 c\ntrym51 n = ,fr5* int]e/s b = _! own1 to /& alo( f cont95tal politics1 rely+1 = ! ma9t5ance ( a pr\d indep5d5ce & dignifi$ neutrality1 on _! insul> situation & _! wood5 walls4 ,8 advice 0 n li/5$ to1 & 8 m9d grew indispos$ t[>ds public bus9ess4 ,he says 9 a lett]1 dat$ ,april1 #agie1 8,i am p]fectly happy 9 ! c\ntry4 ,i h q res\rces en\gh to employ my m9d1 & ! great res\rce ( lit]ature ,i am fond] ( e day40 ,aft] mak+ a vigor\s1 b unsuccessful opposition to ! ,treason & ,s$ition bills1 he & 8 rema9+ fri5ds sec$$ f p>liam5t4 ,he pass$ ! ye>s f #agig to #ahjb1 pr9cipally 9 retirem5t at ,/4 ,ann's ,hill2 & !y 7 ! happie/ ( 8 life4 ,8 morn+s pass$ 9 g>d5+ & f>m+1 8 ev5+s ov] books & 9 conv]sation ) 8 family & fri5ds4 ,dur+ ?is p]iod1 8 att5tion 0 mu* giv5 to ! ,greek ,trag$ies & to ,hom]1 :om he read n only ) ! ard5t m9d ( a poet1 b ) ! microscopic eye ( a critic4 ,8 correspond5ce ) an em95t s*ol> ( ! "t 0 full ( sagaci\s rem>ks on ! sugge/ions & explanations ( ! comm5tators1 z well z on ! text ( ! poem4 ,at ?is "t also he conceiv$ ! plan ( t hi/ory ( :i* he left only a spl5did fragm5t 9 a /ate fit = publication4 ,he _h be5 dilig5t 9 collect+ mat]ials1 & scrupul\s 9 v]ify+ !m4 ,8 p>tiality = ! ,greek classics foll[$ him into ?is pursuit1 & probably ret>d$ 8 progress4 ,he is consid]$ to h tak5 = 8 model ,?ucydides1 a writ] /rictly imp>tial 9 8 n>rative1 grave ev5 to sev]ity 9 8 /yle4 ,he w5t to ,p>is ) ,mrs4 ,fox 9 ! summ] ( #ahjb1 p>tly to satisfy _! mutual curiosity aft] s long an e/rangem5t f ! ,cont95t1 b pr9cipally = ! purpose ( exam9+ ! copi\s mat]ials = ! reign ( ,james ,,ii4 deposit$ 9 ! ,scot* college !re4 ,e ?+ 0 ?r[n op5 to him 9 ! mo/ lib]al mann]1 &1 z ! unfl9*+ fri5d ( peace ?r\gh good & evil report1 he 0 receiv$ ) en?usiasm bo? by ! p & ! gov]nm5t4 ,he _h sev]al int]views ) ,buonap>te3 ! *ief topics ( _! conv]sation 7 ! concordat1 ! trial by jury1 ! fre$om1 am\nt+ 9 ! op9ion ( ! ,fir/ ,consul to lic5ti\sness1 ( ! ,engli% press1 ! diff]5ce betwe5 ,asiatic & ,european society4 ,on "o occasion he indignantly repell$ ! *>ge aga9/ ,mr4 ,w9dham1 ( be+ accessory to ! plot ( ! inf]nal ma*9e1 alleg+ ! utt] impossibility ( an ,engli% g5tleman desc5d+ to s disgraceful a device4 ,dur+ 8 /ay 9 ,france1 he visit$ ,la ,fayette at 8 c\ntry seat ( ,la ,grange4 ,our limits w n all[ u to ent]1 ev] s cursorily1 into 8 political c>e] aft] ! r5ewal ( ! w>4 ,8 advice 0 wise1 & consi/5t ) himself2 b x 0 n accept$4 ,! ,k+'s dislike ( him 0 n to be ov]come4 ,! dea? ( ,mr4 ,pitt1 h[ev]1 made ! admission ( ,mr4 ,fox & ! ,:igs1 9 conjunction ) ,"l ,gr5ville1 a matt] ( necessity4 ,mr4 ,fox's desire ( peace induc$ him to take ! (fice ( ,secret>y ( ,/ate = ,=eign ,affairs2 &1 be=e 8 fatal illness1 he _h begun a negotiation = t ma9 object ( 8 :ole life1 ) e app>5t prospect ( success4 ,! hopes ent]ta9$ f 8 accession to p[] 7 prematurely cut (f2 b 8 %ort c>e] 9 (fice 0 hon\rably m>k$ by ! m9i/]ial measure1 det]m9$ on dur+ 8 life1 & c>ri$ aft] 8 decease1 ( ! abolition ( ! ,slave ,trade4 ,! compla9t ( :i* he di$ 0 dropsy1 occasion$ probably by ! duties ( (fice1 & ! fatigue ( con/ant att5dance 9 ! ,h\se ( ,commons1 aft] ! comp>ative seclusion & le>n$ ease 9 :i* he _h liv$ = sev]al ye>s4 ,he expir$ on ! #ac? ( ,septemb]1 #ahjf1 ) 8 s5ses p]fect & 8 und]/&+ uncl\d$ to ! la/4 ,we conclude ?is brief acc\nt ( ,mr4 ,fox ) ! "* drawn ( him by "o :o knew him well1 & 0 fully qualifi$ to appreciate him1--,sir ,james ,mac9to%4 8,mr4 ,fox unit$1 9 a mo/ rem>kable degree1 ! seem+ly repugnant *>act]s ( ! milde/ ( m5 & ! mo/ vehem5t ( orators4 ,9 private life he 0 g5tle1 mode/1 placable1 k9d1 ( simple mann]s1 & s av]se f dogmatism1 z to be n only uno/5tati\s1 b ev5 some?+ inactive 9 conv]sation4 ,8 sup]iority 0 nev] felt b 9 ! in/ruction :i* he imp>t$1 or 9 ! att5tion :i* 8 g5]\s pref]5ce usually direct$ to ! m obscure memb]s ( ! company4 ,! simplicity ( 8 mann]s 0 f> f exclud+ t p]fect urbanity & am5ity :i* fl[$ /ill m f ! mildness ( 8 nature1 ?an f famili> int]c\rse ) ! mo/ poli%$ society ( ,europe4 ,! pleasantry p]haps ( no man ( wit _h s unlab\r$ an appe>ance4 ,x seem$ r to escape f 8 m9d1 ?an to be produc$ by x4 ,he _h liv$ on ! mo/ intimate t]ms ) all 8 contempor>ies di/+ui%$ by wit1 polit5ess1 or philosophy2 by le>n+1 or ! tal5ts ( public life4 ,9 ! c\rse ( ?irty ye>s he _h kn[n almo/ e man 9 ,europe1 ^: int]c\rse c\ld /r5g!n1 or enri*1 or poli% ! m9d4 ,8 own lit]ature 0 v>i\s & elegant4 ,9 classical erudition1 :i* by ! cu/om ( ,engl& is m peculi>ly call$ le>n+1 he 0 inf]ior to few pr(ess$ s*ol>s4 ,l all m5 ( g5ius1 he delight$ to take refuge 9 poetry1 f ! vulg>ity & irritation ( bus9ess4 ,8 own v]ses 7 easy & pleasant1 & might h claim$ no l[ place among ^? :i* ! ,fr5* call v]s de socit4 ,! poetical "* ( 8 m9d 0 display$ by 8 extraord9>y p>tiality = ! poetry ( ! two mo/ poetical nations1 or at lea/ languages ( ! we/1 ^? ( ! ,greeks & ( ! ,italians4 ,he dislik$ political conv]sation1 & nev] will+ly took any "p 9 x4 8,to speak ( him ju/ly z an orator1 w\ld require a long essay4 ,e :]e natural1 he c>ri$ into public some?+ ( t simple & neglig5t ext]ior :i* belong$ to him 9 private4 ,:5 he began to speak1 a common obs]v] might h ?\ght him awkw>d2 & ev5 a consummate judge c\ld only h be5 /ruck ) ! exquisite ju/ness ( 8 ideas1 & ! transp>5t simplicity ( 8 mann]s4 ,b no soon] _h he spok5 = "s "t1 ?an he 0 *ang$ into ano!r be+4 ,he =got himself & e ?+ ar\nd him4 ,he ?\ght only ( 8 subject4 ,8 g5ius w>m$ & k9dl$ z he w5t on4 ,he d>t$ fire into 8 audi5ce4 ,torr5ts ( impetu\s & irresi/ible eloqu5ce swept along _! feel+s & conviction4 ,he c]ta9ly possess$ above all mod]ns t union ( reason1 simplicity1 & vehem5ce1 :i* =m$ ! pr9ce ( orators4 ,he 0 ! mo/ ,demo/h5ean speak] s9ce ! days ( ,demo/h5es4 #8,i knew him1' says ,mr4 ,burke1 9 a pamphlet writt5 aft] _! unhappy diff]5ce1 #8:5 he 0 n9ete52 s9ce :i* "t he has ris51 by sl[ degrees1 to be ! mo/ brilliant & accompli%$ debat] ! _w ev] saw4' 8,! quiet dignity ( a m9d r\s$ only by great objects1 ! abs5ce ( petty bu/le1 ! contempt ( %[1 ! abhorr5ce ( intrigue1 ! pla9ness & d[nrightness1 & ! ?or\gh good nature :i* di/+ui%$ ,mr4 ,fox1 seem to r5d] him no unfit repres5tative ( ! old ,engli% "*1 :i* if x ev] *ang$1 we %\ld be sangu9e inde$ to expect to see x succe$$ by a bett]4 ,! simplicity ( 8 "* inspir$ confid5ce1 ! ard\r ( 8 eloqu5ce r\s$ en?usiasm1 & ! g5tl5ess ( 8 mann]s invit$ fri5d%ip4 #8,i admir$1' says ,mr4 ,gibbon1 aft] describ+ a day pass$ ) him at ,lausanne1 #8! p[]s ( a sup]ior man1 z !y are bl5d$1 9 8 attractive "*1 ) all ! s(tness & simplicity ( a *ild3 no human be+ 0 ev] m free f any ta9t ( malignity1 vanity1 or falsehood4' 8,! measures :i* he support$ or oppos$ may divide ! op9ion ( po/]ity1 z !y h divid$ ^? ( ! pres5t age4 ,b he w mo/ c]ta9ly comm& ! unanim\s rev]5ce ( future g5]ations1 by 8 pure s5tim5ts t[>ds ! commonweal?2 by 8 zeal = ! civil & religi\s rights ( all m52 by 8 lib]al pr9ciples1 fav\rable to mild gov]nm5t1 to ! unfett]$ ex]cise ( ! human faculties1 & ! progressive civilization ( mank9d2 by 8 ard5t love = a c\ntry1 ( :i* ! well-be+ & greatness 71 inde$1 insep>able f 8 own glory2 & by 8 pr(\nd rev]5ce = t free con/itution :i* he 0 univ]sally admitt$ to und]/& bett] ?an any o!r man ( 8 age1 bo? 9 an exactly legal & 9 a compreh5sively philosophical s5se40 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration3 ,engrav$ by ,r4 ,woodman4 ,,bossuet4 ,f ! orig9al ,picture by ,h4 ,rigaud1 9 ! ,collection ( ! ,in/itute ( ,france4 ,"u ! ,sup]9t5dance ( ! ,society = ! ,diffusion ( ,useful ,k4 ,london4 ,publi%$ by ,*>les ,knight1 ,pall ,mall ,ea/4 ,illu/ration ,,bossuet ,! life ( ! ,bi%op ( ,meaux1 a !ologian & polemic famili>ly kn[n to 8 c\ntrym5 z ! oracle ( _! *ur*1 =ms an important "p ( ! ecclesia/ical hi/ory ( ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,a %ort p]sonal memoir ( su* a man c s]ve only to excite curiosity1 & 9 "s measure to direct m ext5d$ inquiries4 ,jacques-,b5igne ,bossuet1 ^: fa!r & ance/ors 7 hon\rably di/+ui%$ 9 ! pr(ession ( ! law1 0 born at ,dijon1 ,septemb] #bg1 #afbg4 ,he 0 plac$ 9 8 *ildhood at ! college ( ! ,jesuits 9 8 native t[n2 :5ce1 at ! age ( fifte51 he 0 remov$ to ! college ( ,nav>re 9 ,p>is4 ,at bo? ^! places 8 progress z a /ud5t 0 s rapid t he pass$ = a prodigy4 ,x may be m5tion$1 n m z a pro( ( precoci\s intellect ?an z *>act]i/ic ( ! times1 t soon aft] 8 removal to ,p>is1 :i!r ! fame ( 8 g5ius _h prec$$ him1 he 0 invit$ to exhibit 8 p[]s z a prea*] at ! ,hotel de ,ramb\illet 9 8 sixte5? ye>4 ,8 p]=mance 0 receiv$ ) great approbation4 ,9 ! ye> #afeb he 0 orda9$ prie/1 &1 8 tal5ts hav+ already made him kn[n1 he soon aft] receiv$ pref]m5t 9 ! ca!dral *ur* ( ,metz1 ( :i* he became successively canon1 ar*deacon1 & dean4 ,x 0 "h t he publi%$ 8 ,refutation ( ! ,cate*ism ( ,paul ,f]ri1 a prote/ant div9e ( high reputation4 ,?is 0 ! fir/ ( t s]ies ( controv]sial writ+s :i* contribut$1 m ?an all 8 o!r works1 to procure = him ! high au?ority :i* he enjoy$ 9 ! *ur*4 ,he came =w>d 9 ! field ( controv]sy at a "t :5 public att5tion 0 fix$ on ! subject1 & :5 ! fav\rite object bo? ) ,*ur* & ,/ate 0 ! peaceable conv]sion ( ! ,prote/ants4 ,ri*elieu 9 ! prec$+ reign _h cru%$1 by ! vig\r ( 8 adm9i/ration1 ! political p[] ( ! ,prote/ant p>ty4 ,he1 9 common ) _m o!r /atesm51 ,ca?olic & ,prote/ant1 _h conceiv$ a notion t uni=mity ( religi\s pr(ession 0 necess>y to ! tranquillity ( ! /ate4 ,b1 ?\gh un*eck$ 9 ! prosecution ( 8 objects by any scruples ( consci5ce or feel+s ( humanity1 he w\ld h consid]$ ! employm5t ( =ce1 :]e p]suasion c\ld be effectual1 to be1 9 ! language ( a mod]n politician1 n a crime b a blund]4 ,:5 !re=e ! army _h done its "w1 he put 9 action a s*eme = reclaim+ ! ,prote/ants by e species ( politic contrivance4 ,! sy/em comm5c$ by him 0 cont9u$ by o!rs2 & ( all ^? :o lab\r$ 9 ! cause1 ,bossuet 0 indubitably ! mo/ able & ! mo/ di/+ui%$4 ,8 fir/ ef=t1 ! ,refutation ( ! ,cate*ism1 recomm5d$ him to ! notice ( ! ,que5-,"m2 & ! fav\r :i* he n[ enjoy$ at c\rt 0 fur!r increas$ by ! fame ( 8 eloqu5ce 9 ! pulpit1 :i* he _h frequ5t opportunities ( display+ at ,p>is1 :i!r he 0 call$ f "t to "t by ecclesia/ical bus9ess4 ,he 0 summon$ to prea* at ! *apel ( ! ,l\vre be=e ,l\is ,,xiv41 :o 0 pleas$ to express1 9 a lett] to ,bossuet's fa!r1 ! great delight :i* he receiv$ f ! s]mons ( 8 son2 = ! v]satile ta/e ( ! great mon>* enabl$ him 9 "o h\r to recreate himself ) ! wit & beauty ( 8 mi/resses1 & 9 ! next to li/5 ) undim9i%$ pleasure to ! exhortations ( a ,*ri/ian pa/or4 ,b ,bossuet _h /ill /rong] claims on ! gratitude ( ,l\is by conv]t+ to ! ,roman ,ca?olic fai? ! celebrat$ ,tur5ne4 ,?is victory is said to h be5 a*iev$ by 8 well-kn[n ,exposition1 writt5 9 ! ye> #affh1 & publi%$ 9 #afga4 ,s great 0 8 influ5ce at ?is "t1 t he 0 reque/$ by ! ,ar*bi%op ( ,p>is to int]f]e 9 "o ( ^? _m disputes :i* ! ,papal decrees aga9/ ! t5ets ( ,jans5ius occasion$4 ,! nuns ( ,port-,royal1 :o 7 atta*$ to ! doctr9e & discipl9e ( ! ,jans5i/s1 7 requir$ to subscribe ! celebrat$ ,=mul>y1 :i* select$ = condemnation five propositions said to be conta9$ 9 a c]ta9 huge "w ( ,jans5ius4 ,^? excell5t wom5 mode/ly submitt$1 t !y 7 ready to accept any doctr9e prop\nd$ by ! ,*ur*1 & ev5 to affix _! names to ! condemnation ( ! obnoxi\s propositions2 b t !y c\ld n ass]t t ^! propositions 7 to be f\nd 9 a book :i* !y _h nev] se54 ,9 ?is difficulty ! assi/ance ( ,bossuet 0 reque/$1 :o1 aft] sev]al conf]5ces1 wrote a long lett] to ! refractory nuns1 highly comm5d$ = its acute logic & s\nd div9ity4 ,mu* ( ! logic & div9ity 0 probably ?r[n away ^u ! p]sons = ^: use !y 7 int5d$2 b !re 0 "o "p ( ! lett] suffici5tly intelligible4 ,he congratulat$ !m on _! total exemption f all obligation to exam9e1 & f ! task ( self-guidance2 & assur$ !m t x 0 _! b\nd5 duty1 z well z _! happy privilege1 to subscribe & ass5t to e ?+ :i* 0 plac$ be=e !m by au?ority4 ,! nuns 7 n conv9c$4 ,!y escap$ h[ev] = ! pres5t2 b 9 ! end !y paid de>ly = _! passive resi/ance to ! decision ( ,pope ,alex&] ,,vii4 on a matt] ( fact4 ,9 ! ye> #affi1 ,bossuet 0 promot$ to ! bi%opric ( ,condom1 :i* he resign$ ! foll[+ ye> on be+ appo9t$ to ! important (fice ( ,preceptor to ! ,dauph94 ,hi/ory has told u no?+ ( ! pupil1 b t 8 capacity 0 mean1 & 8 disposition sordid4 ,to him1 h[ev]1 ! _w is indebt$ = ! mo/ celebrat$ ( ,bossuet's p]=mances4 ,! ,introduction to ,univ]sal ,hi/ory 0 writt5 expressly = 8 use2 & ?is ma/]ly "w may s]ve to confirm an op9ion1 ent]ta9$ ev5 by 8 fri5ds1 t ,bossuet 0 n peculi>ly qualifi$ = 8 situation4 ,to compose su* a "w = su* a boy 0 worse ?an a wa/e ( p[]4 ,?\gh devot$ closely & consci5ti\sly to ! duties ( 8 new (fice1 he 0 n altoge!r )drawn f :at might be call$ 8 vocation1 ! prosecution ( controv]sy4 ,x 0 dur+ ! p]iod ( 8 connexion ) ! ,c\rt1 t 8 celebrat$ conf]5ce occurr$ ) ! ,prote/ant ,claude4 ,mlle4 de ,duras1 a niece ( ,tur5ne1 _h conceiv$ scruples respect+ ! s\ndness ( h] ,prote/ant pr9ciples1 f ! p]usal ( ,bossuet's #8,exposition4' ,%e consult$ ,m4 ,claude1 :o promis$ to resolve h] d\bts 9 ! pres5ce ( ,bossuet himself4 ,! *all5ge 0 accept$1 & ! memorable conf]5ce 0 ! result4 ,bo? p>ties publi%$ an acc\nt ( x2 & _! /atem5ts1 z might be expect$ )\t suspicion ( di%one/y on ei!r side1 did n entirely agree4 ,! lady 0 cont5t to foll[ ! example ( h] uncle4 ,bossuet's engagem5t ) ! ,dauph9 0 conclud$ 9 ! ye> #afha1 :5 he 0 rew>d$ ) ! bi%opric ( ,meaux4 ,9 s %ort a memoir ( su* a man1 :]e only ! mo/ prom95t occurr5ces ( 8 life c be notic$1 !re is dang] le/ ! read] %\ld reg>d him only 9 ! "* ( a controv]siali/1 or 9 ! pr\d /ation ( ackn[l$g$ lead] ( ! ,*ur*4 ,x is ! m necess>y1 !re=e1 9 ?is place to obs]ve1 t1 to ! comp>atively obscure b really important duties ( 8 diocese1 he br\ght ! same zeal & en]gy :i* he display$ on a m conspicu\s !atre2 & t he c\ld readily ex*ange ! p5 ( ! polemic = t ( ! dev\t & affectionate pa/or4 ,l\is1 h[ev]1 0 n dispos$ to leave ! ,bi%op undi/urb$ 9 8 retirem5t4 ,he 0 soon call$ =? to be ! advocate ( 8 temporal aga9/ 8 spiritual ma/]4 ,! ,k+s ( ,france _h long ex]cis$ c]ta9 p[]s 9 ecclesia/ical matt]s1 :i* _h r be5 tol]at$ ?an sanction$ by ! ,popes4 ,l\is 0 det]m9$ n only to pres]ve1 b consid]ably to ext5d1 :at 8 pr$ecessors _h enjoy$4 ,h5ce a %>p alt]cation 0 c>ri$ on = _m ye>s betwe5 him & ! ,see ( ,rome4 ,b1 9 #afhb1 9 consequ5ce ( a ?reat5+ brief issu$ by t haughty pontiff1 ,innoc5t ,,xii41 he summon$1 by ! advice ( 8 cl]gy1 = ! purpose ( settl+ ! matt]s 9 debate1 a g5]al ,assembly ( ! ,*ur*4 ,( ?is fam\s ,assembly ,bossuet 0 des]v$ly reg>d$ z ! mo/ influ5tial memb]4 ,he op5$ ! proce$+s ) a s]mon1 hav+ ref]5ce to ! subjects :i* 7 to come "u consid]ation4 ,9 ?is disc\rse ! read] may f9d1 p]haps1 "s m>ks ( t emb>rassm5t :i* he is suppos$ to h felt4 ,he _h ! deepe/ s5se ( ! unb\nd$ p[] & awful maje/y ( k+s 9 g5]al1 & ! highe/ p]sonal v5]ation = ,l\is 9 p>ticul>2 b !n1 on ! o!r h&1 ! degree ( allegiance :i* he ow$ to 8 spiritual head x 0 almo/ impiety to def9e4 ,s1 aft] hav+ illu/rat$1 ) all ! =ce ( 8 eloqu5ce1 ! inviolable dignity ( ! ,*ur*1 & fully e/abli%$ ! supremacy ( ,/4 ,pet]1 he c>ries up1 z x 7 9 a p>allel l9e1 ! l(tie/ panegyric on ! mon>*y & mon>*s ( ,france4 ,! disc\rse 0 celebrat$ = its ability1 & )\t d\bt ! conflict+ topics 7 manag$ ) great skill4 ,8 difficulties did n cease ) ! dismissal ( ! ,assembly4 ,! "q ( ! ,rgale1 or ! "r ( ! ,k+ to ! rev5ues ( e vacant see1 & to collate to ! simple b5efices )9 its jurisdiction1 0 settl$ n at all to ! satisfaction ( ! ,pope2 & ! decl>ation ( ! ,assembly1 drawn up by ,bossuet himself1 0 fi]cely attack$ by ! ,transalp9e div9es4 ,x 01 ( c\rse1 z vigor\sly def5d$ by its au?or1 :o 0 9 consequ5ce accus$ by all 8 enemies1 & "s ( 8 fri5ds1 ( hav+ =gott5 8 duty to ! ,pope 9 8 subs]vi5cy to ! ,k+4 ,no?+ we>i$ by 8 ex]tions 9 ! royal cause1 he _h sc>cely left ! ,assembly1 :5 he resum$ 8 lab\rs 9 def5ce ( ! ,*ur* aga9/ h]esy4 ,sev]al small] works1 put =? f "t to "t1 seem$ to be only a prep>ation = 8 great ef=t 9 ! ye> #afhh1 :5 he publi%$ 8 #8,hi/ory ( ! ,v>iations 9 ! ,prote/ant ,*ur*es4' ,9 ?is book he has made ! mo/ ( :at may be call$ ! /aple argum5t ( ! ,ca?olics aga9/ ! ,prote/ants4 ,! c\rse ( ! n>rative has n[ br\ght u beyond ! p]iod ( ! memorable revocation ( ! ,edict ( ,nantes2 & x w naturally be ask$1 9 :at light ,bossuet reg>d$ ?is act ( folly & oppression4 ,nei!r 8 disposition nor 8 judgm5t w\ld lead him to approve ! atrocities p]petrat$ by ! gov]nm5t2 b1 9 a lett] to ! ,int5dant ( ,langu$oc1 he lab\rs to ju/ify ! use ( pa9s & p5alties 9 en=c+ religi\s con=mity2 t is1 he ju/ifies ! act ( ,l\is ,,xiv4 ,9 ?is matt] he 0 n advanc$ beyond 8 times2 b1 :atev] may h be5 8 !ory ( ! lawfulness ( p]secution1 8 conduct t[>ds ! ,prote/ants 0 su* z to obta9 = him ! praise ev5 ( 8 oppon5ts4 ,hi!rto we h se5 ,bossuet lab\r+ incessantly to reconcile ! ,hugu5ots ( ,france to ! e/abli%$ religion4 ,b1 ab\t ?is "t1 he took "p 9 a m gr& & compreh5sive measure1 sanction$ by ! ,emp]or1 & "s o!r sov]eign pr9ces ( ,g]many1 = ! reunion ( ! great body ( ! ,lu!rans ?r\gh\t ,europe ) ! ,roman ,ca?olic ,*ur*4 ,!y engag$ ! ,bi%op ( ,neu/adt to op5 a communication ) ,molanus1 a ,prote/ant doctor ( high reputation 9 ,hanov]4 ,) ^! negotiators 7 aft]w>ds jo9$ ,leibnitz on ! "p ( ! ,prote/ants1 & ,bossuet on t ( ! ,roman ,ca?olics4 ,betwe5 ^! two great m5 ! correspond5ce 0 c>ri$ on = t5 ye>s1 9 a _s wor?y ( !mselves & ! cause 9 :i* !y 7 engag$2 & x t]m9at$1 z probably !y bo? expect$ t x w\ld t]m9ate1 9 leav+ ! two ,*ur*es 9 ! same /ate ( sep>ation 9 :i* x f\nd !m4 ,x w\ld h be5 well = ! fame ( ,bossuet if ! c\rse ( 8 latt] days _h be5 m>k$ only by ?is defeat1--if x _h n be5 signaliz$1 :5 grey hairs _h increas$ ! v5]ation :i* 8 g5ius & s]vices _h procur$ him1 by an +lori\s victory ov] a weak woman1 & a fri5d4 ,! hi/ory ( ,madame ,guyon1 & ! revival ( my/icism "u ! "n ( ,quietism1 pr9cipally by h] means1 w m prop]ly be f\nd 9 a ,life ( ,f5elon4 ,! "p :i* ,bossuet took 9 ! proce$+s respect+ h] mu/ be "h v briefly notic$4 ,z univ]sal ref]ee 9 matt]s ( religion1 he 0 call$ ^u to exam9e h] doctr9es1 :i* began to excite ! jeal\sy ( ! ,*ur*4 ,8 conduct t[>ds h]1 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 0 mild & =be>+2 b ei!r zeal or ang] betray$ him at l5g? into a cruel p]secution ( ?is amiable vision>y4 ,f5elon1 :o _h p>tly adopt$ h] views ( ,*ri/ian p]fection1 & ?or\ghly admir$ h] ,*ri/ian "*1 0 requir$ by ,bossuet to surr5d] to him at once 8 op9ions & 8 feel+s4 ,f5elon 0 will+ to d mu*1 b w\ld n cons5t to sacrifice 8 integrity to ! (f5d$ pride ( ! irritat$ prelate4 ,he def5d$ 8 op9ions 9 pr9t1 & ! po9ts 9 debate 71 by 8 desire1 ref]r$ to ! ,pope2 & to him !y %\ld 9 common dec5cy h be5 left3 b we are disgu/$ ) a detail ( mis]able intrigues1 c>ri$ on 9 ! c\ncil appo9t$ by ! ,pope to exam9e ! matt]1 & ( vehem5t remon/rances ) :i* 8 hol9ess himself 0 assail$1 ) ! av[$ object ( extort+ a reluctant condemnation4 ,! w>me/ fri5ds ( ,bossuet d n attempt to def5d him on ! plea t ^! ?+s 7 done )\t 8 concurr5ce2 !y insi/ only on 8 dis9t]e/$ zeal = religion4 ,b let x be rememb]$1 t ?is int]f]5ce ) ,papal delib]ation proce$$ f "o :o believ$ ! ,vic> ( ,*ri/ to be solemnly decid+1 ) ! aid ( ! ,holy ,_s1 a po9t ( fai? = ! b5efit ( ! :ole ,ca?olic ,*ur*4 ,bossuet triumph$2 & f t mom5t sunk p]ceptibly 9 ! g5]al e/eem ( 8 c\ntrym54 ,dur+ ! few rema9+ ye>s ( 8 life he ma9ta9$ 8 wont$ activity1 & 9 8 la/ illness we f9d ) pleasure t ! ,bible 0 8 companion1 & t he c\ld employ 8 int]vals ( repose f sev]e suff]+ 9 compos+ a comm5t>y on ! #bc;d psalm4 ,he di$ ,april #ab1 #agjd1 9 8 #gf? ye>4 ,! au?ority :i* ,bossuet acquir$ 0 su*1 t he may be said n only to h guid$ ! ,gallican ,*ur* dur+ 8 life1 b 9 "s measure to h left ^u x ! p]man5t impression ( 8 own "*4 ,( ?is au?ority no adequate notion c be =m$ f ! prec$+ sket*4 ,few ev5 ( 8 works1 :i* fill tw5ty volumes qu>to1 h be5 notic$4 ,x %\ld1 h[ev]1 be m5tion$ t he 0 employ$ by ,l\is ,,xiv4 9 an attempt to ov]come ! religi\s scruples ( ,james ,,ii41 ^: consci5ce revolt$ f t ex]cise ( ! pr]ogative 9 fav\r ( ! ,prote/ant ,*ur*1 :i* 8 re/oration to ! ?rone w\ld h requir$4 ,! lab\r$ & some:at extraord9>y lett] :i* ,bossuet wrote on ?is occasion is dat$ ,may #bb1 #afic4 ,8 c\ntrym5 claim = ,bossuet an exalt$ place among hi/orians1 orators1 & !ologians4 ,! hon\rs be/[$ by !m on 8 #8,introduction to ,univ]sal ,hi/ory' h be5 cont9u$ by m imp>tial judges2 &1 ev5 :5 unsupport$ by ref]5ce to ! age 9 :i* x 0 writt51 x /&s =? on its own m]its z a noble ef=t ( a compreh5sive & p5etrat+ m9d4 ,8 ,fun]al ,orations come to u recomm5d$ by ! judgm5t ( ,voltaire1 :o ascribes to ,bossuet alone1 ( all 8 contempor>ies1 ! praise ( real eloqu5ce4 ,! ,engli% read] w (t5 be rew>d$ by passages1 :i* 9 oratorical p[] h seldom be5 surpass$1 & :i* may induce him to =give mu* t is cold1 inflat$1 & unnatural4 ,b ! ,orations mu/ be consid]$ also z ,*ri/ian disc\rses deliv]$ by a m9i/] ( ! ,gospel f a ,*ri/ian pulpit4 ,!y 7 compos$1 = ! mo/ "p1 to grace ! obsequies ( royal p]sons1 & are1 9 fact1 d$icat$ to ! hon\r & glory ( k+s & pr9ces4 ,a text f ,scripture is ! peg on :i* is hung e ?+ :i* c m9i/] to human pride1 & dignify ! vanities ( a c\rt2 & ! effect is b slightly impair$ by well-turn$ phrases1 prop] to ! occasion1 on ! no?+ness ( e>?ly ?+s4 ,b ! orator is n cont5t ) g5]al declamation1 ) pro/rat+ himself be=e 8 magnific5t visions ( anci5t p$igrees2--he desc5ds to ! meane/ p]sonal flatt]y ( ! liv+ & ! dead4 ,:5 ! ,du*ess ( ,orleans 0 laid 9 h] c(f91 h] fri5ds might hope t h] frailties w\ld be buri$ ) h]2 b !y c\ld h>dly expect t a ,*ri/ian monitor %\ld hold h] =? z an exquisite specim5 ( female excell5ce1 ! glory ( ,france1 :om ,heav5 itself _h rescu$ f h] enemies to pres5t z a preci\s & ine/imable gift to ! ,fr5* nation4 ,b on ?is occasion ,bossuet 0 n yet p]fect 9 8 art1 or ! subject 0 n suffici5tly disgraceful to draw =? all 8 p[]s4 ,:5 aft]w>ds call$ to speak ov] ! dead body ( ! ,que51 ^: he>t _h )]$ "u ! wrongs :i* a lic5ti\s husb&1 amid/ ext]nal respect1 _h heap$ ^u h]1 he f9ds x a fitt+ opportunity to pron\nce at ! same "t a panegyric on ! ,k+4 ,he rec\nts ! victories won by ! ,fr5* arms1 & ascribes !m all to ! pr[ess ( 8 h]o4 ,b ,l\is is n only ! tak] ( cities1 he is ! conqu]or ( himself2 & ! royal s5suali/ is prais$ = ! gov]nm5t ( 8 passions1 ! despot = 8 clem5cy & ju/ice1 & ! grasp+ conqu]or = 8 mod]ation4 ,! controv]sial writ+s ( ,bossuet des]ve m reg>d ?an ei!r 8 ,hi/ory or 8 ,orations1 if ! importance ( a book is to be measur$ by ! ext5t & p]man5cy ( its effects4 ,! ,exposition ( ! ,doctr9es ( ! ,roman ,ca?olic ,*ur*1 "o ( ! %orte/1 b p]haps ! mo/ notable1 ( 8 !ological works1 0 publi%$ "u circum/ances :i* gave occasion to a /ory ( my/]i\s suppression & alt]ation4 ,b a m s]i\s *>ge has be5 br\ght aga9/ ! au?or1 ( hav+ delib]ately misrepres5t$ ! doctr9es ( 8 ,*ur*1 9 ord] to entrap ! ,prote/ants4 ,s grave an accusation ought n to be lightly ent]ta9$2 & ?\gh suspicion is excit$ by symptoms ( dis+5u\s managem5t 9 ! controv]sy1 to :i* ! publication gave bir?2 & ?\gh x appe>s to be demon/rable t ! ,roman ,ca?olic religion1 z commonly pr(ess$1 & t _m ( its doctr9es1 z express$ or impli$ 9 "s ( its au?oris$ =mul>ies1 diff] ess5tially f ! picture :i* ,bossuet has drawn1 yet x %\ld at lea/ be rememb]$ t ! book itself 0 ev5tually1 ?\gh t>dily1 sanction$ by ! highe/ au?ority 9 ! ,*ur*4 ,x is possible t ,bossuet may by 8 ,exposition h conv]t$ _m beside ,tur5ne2 b !re c be no d\bt t he has wr\ght an ext5sive1 ?\gh a less obvi\s1 *ange )9 ! bosom ( 8 own ,*ur*4 ,! high au?ority ( 8 "n w\ld give curr5cy to 8 op9ions on any subject connect$ ) religion2 & _m s9c]e ,roman ,ca?olics1 :o _h felt ! objections urg$ aga9/ c]ta9 practices & dogmas ( _! own ,*ur*1 w\ld rejoice to f9d1 on ! au?ority ( ,bossuet1 t !y 7 n oblig$ to own !m4 ,! *>ge ( ins9c]ity has be5 ext5d$ beyond ! p>ticul> in/ance to ! g5]al "* ( ! ,bi%op2 & x has be5 ass]t$ t he held1 9 secret1 op9ions inconsi/5t ) ^? :i* he publicly pr(ess$4 ,?is *>ge1 :i* is de/itute ( all pro(1 seems to h be5 ! jo9t inv5tion ( ov]-zeal\s ,prote/ants & pret5d$ philosoph]s4 ,en\gh has be5 %[n to ju/ify u 9 suppos+ t he 0 n "o ( ^? r>e *>act]s :i* c break loose f all ! ob/acles t oppose !mselves to ! simple love & uncompromis+ se>* ( tru?4 ,"s m51 l 8 illu/ri\s c\ntryman ,du ,p91 /ruggle to be free4 ,x %\ld seem t ,bossuet1 if circum/ances fett]$ him1 w\ld n be consci\s ( 8 ?raldom2 t he w\ld ex]t all ! en]gies ( 8 p[]ful m9d1 n to escape f 8 prison1 b to r5d] x a t5able =tress1 or a commodi\s dwell+4 ,x w\ld be fooli% & unju/ to inf] f ?is t he w\ld p]sev]e ?r\gh life 9 delib]ately ma9ta9+ :at he _h discov]$ to be false1 on ! mo/ mom5t\s ( all subjects4 ,a complete catalogue ( 8 works may be f\nd at ! end ( ! ,life ( ,bossuet 9 ! ,biographie ,univ]selle4 ,! ,life itself1 :i* is obvi\sly writt5 by a p>tial fri5d1 conta9s mu* in=mation 9 a small compass4 ,! affair ( ,quietism1 & ! conte/ betwe5 ,bossuet & ,f5elon1 are m9utely detail$ ) great accuracy 9 ! ,life ( ,f5elon by ! ,c>d9al de ,bausset1 ^: imp>tiality seems to h be5 secur$ by ! pr(\nd v5]ation :i* he ent]ta9$ = ea* ( ! combatants1 ?\gh ! impression left on ! read]'s m9d is n fav\rable to ! "* ( ,bossuet4 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration3 ,,lor5zo ,,de ,,m$ici4 ,,lor5zo ,,de ,,m$ici4 ,among ! g5ealogi/s :o wa/$ _! +5uity to fabricate an impos+ p$igree = ,lor5zo de ,m$ici1 "s pret5d$ to d]ive 8 orig9 f ! palad9s ( ,*>lemagne1 & o!rs to trace x to ! elev5? c5tury4 ,b x is well asc]ta9$ t 8 ance/ors only em]g$ f ! inf]ior ord]s ( ! p ( ,flor5ce 9 ! c\rse ( ! f\rte5? c5tury1 :51 by engag+ 9 great comm]cial speculations1 & by signaliz+ !mselves z p>tisans ( ! populace ( t republic1 !y spe$ily acquir$ consid]able weal? & political importance4 ,giovanni di ,bicci1 8 great gr&fa!r1 may be reg>d$ z ! fir/ illu/ri\s p]sonage ( ! family1 & z ! au?or ( t crafty sy/em ( policy1 ma9ly f\nd$ on affability & lib]ality1 by :i* 8 po/]ity sprung rapidly to ov]:elm+ greatness4 ,by an assidu\s application to trade he made va/ additions to 8 pat]nal inh]itance2 by flatt]+ ! passions ( ! l[e/ classes he obta9$ ! highe/ dignities 9 ! /ate4 ,he di$ 9 #adbh1 deeply regrett$ by 8 p>ty1 & leav+ two sons1 ,cosmo & ,lor5zo1 f ! latt] ( :om desc5d$ ! ,gr& ,dukes ( ,tuscany4 ,cosmo 0 ne>ly =ty :5 he succe$$ to ! ri*es & popul>ity ( 8 fa!r2 & he _h n only conduct$ = sev]al ye>s a comm]cial e/abli%m5t :i* held c\nt+-h\ses 9 all ! pr9cipal cities ( ,europe & 9 ! ,levant1 b _h also p>ticipat$ 9 ! weighti] conc]ns ( gov]nm5t4 ,! =m ( ! ,flor5t9e con/itution 0 !n democratical3 ! nobility _h be5 long exclud$ f ! adm9i/ration ( ! republic2 & ! citiz5s1 ?\gh divid$ into tw5ty-"o guilds1 or corporations ( arts & trades1 f sev5 ( :i* alone ! magi/racy 7 *os51 _h1 h[ev]1 an equal %>e 9 ! nom9ation ( ! magi/rates1 :o 7 *ang$ e two mon?s4 ,! l[] corporations1 ow+ pr9cipally to ! manuvres ( ,salve/ro de ,m$ici1 _h ris5 9 #acgh aga9/ ! high]1 dem&+ a /ill m complete equality1 & _h tak5 ! direction ( ! commonweal? into _! own h&s2 b aft] hav+ rais$ a c>d] ( wool to ! supreme p[]1 & involv$ !mselves 9 ! evils ( an>*y1 conv9c$ at la/ ( _! own incapacity1 !y _h aga9 submitt$ to ! wis] guidance ( t k9d ( burgh]-ari/ocracy :i* !y _h subv]t$2 & t p>ty1 head$ by ! ,albizzi & "s o!r families ( di/9ction1 _h1 ev] s9ce #achb1 gov]n$ ! /ate ) unexampl$ happ9ess & glory4 ,! republic _h be5 aggr&iz$ by ! important acquisition ( ,leghorn1 ,pisa1 ,arezzo1 & o!r ,tuscan cities2 its agriculture 0 9 ! mo/ prosp]\s condition2 its comm]ce _h receiv$ a prodigi\s developem5t2 its decid$ sup]iority 9 ! cultivation ( lit]ature1 ! sci5ces1 & ! arts1 _h plac$ x =emo/ 9 ! c>e] ( ,european civilization2 & its g5]\s b wise ext]nal policy _h con/itut$ x z ! gu>dian ( ! lib]ties ( ,italy4 ,illu/ration3 ,engrav$ by ,c4 ,e4 ,wag/aff4 ,,lor5zo ,,de ,,m$ici4 ,f a ,pr9t by ,raffaelle ,morgh51 aft] a ,picture by ,g4 ,vas>i4 ,"u ! ,sup]9t5dance ( ! ,society = ! ,diffusion ( ,useful ,k4 ,london4 ,publi%$ by ,*>les ,knight1 ,pall ,mall ,ea/4 ,to ?is b5efic5t adm9i/ration ! aspir+ ,cosmo _h long (f]$ a tr\blesome opposition2 & he n[ succe$$ 9 ensn>+ x into a ru9\s w> ) ,lucca1 by :i* he obta9$ ! d\ble object ( de/roy+ its popul>ity1 & ( employ+ consid]able sums ( money ) unusual pr(it4 ,b ! rev]ses ( ! republic 7 attribut$ to a treasonable correspond5ce betwe5 him & ! enemy1 & 9 #adcc he 0 seiz$ & condemn$ to t5 ye>s' bani%m5t1 hav+ av]t$ capital puni%m5t by a timely bribe4 ,! abs5ce ( a citiz5 :o sp5t m ?an a great k+ 9 acts ( piety1 b5evol5ce1 & lib]ality1 01 h[ev]1 sev]ely felt 9 ! small city ( ,flor5ce1 & ! intellig5ce ( ! hon\rs he receiv$ ev]y:]e 9 8 exile rais$ him /ill m 9 public e/imation4 ,! numb] ( 8 fri5ds increas$1 inde$1 s rapidly1 t at ! ,septemb] elections 9 ! foll[+ ye> !y completely defeat$ ! rul+ p>ty1 & *ose a set ( magi/rates by :om he 0 imm$iately recall$4 ,?is ev5t1 errone\sly consid]$ z a victory ( ! p ov] an ari/ocracy1 01 prop]ly speak+1 a triumph ( ! populace ov] ! m educat$ classes ( ! community1 & x prov$ fatal to ! republic4 ,plac$ by fame1 weal?1 & tal5t1 at an immeasurable elevation above ! obscure mat]ials ( 8 faction1 f ! mom5t ( 8 return to t ( 8 dea?1 ,augu/1 #adfd1 ,cosmo ex]cis$ su* an influ5ce 9 ! /ate1 t1 ?\gh he seldom fill$ any o/5sible (fice1 he gov]n$ x ) absolute au?ority by means ( p]sons :olly subs]vi5t to 8 w4 ,b1 "u ! pret5ce ( ma9ta9+ peace & tranquillity1 he sup]s$$ its free in/itutions by a junto inve/$ ) dictatorial p[]2 he caus$ an al>m+ numb] ( ! mo/ respectable citiz5s to be bani%$1 ru9$ by confiscation1 or ev5 put to dea?1 on ! slighte/ suspicion t by _! weal? or connexions !y might oppose 8 s*emes ( ambition2 & he lab\r$ ) indefatigable zeal to enslave 8 own confid+ c\ntrym51 n only by spread+ secret corruption at home1 b also by *ang+ ! =eign policy ( 8 pr$ecessors1 & help+ 8 great fri5d1 ,francesco ,s=za1 & o!r usurp]s1 to cru% ! lib]ties ( neighb\r+ /ates4 ,cosmo is nev]!less entitl$ to ! grateful recollections ( po/]ity = ! effici5t patronage he af=d$ le>n+ & ! arts1 ?\gh he evid5tly c>ri$ x to excess z a means ( promot+ 8 political designs4 ,he 0 pr(use ( fav\rs & p5sions to all :o cultivat$ lit]ature or philosophy ) success2 he b\ght at enorm\s prices :atev] manuscripts or ma/]pieces ( art 8 ag5ts c\ld collect 9 ,europe or ,asia2 he ornam5t$ ,flor5ce & its environs ) spl5did palaces1 *ur*es1 conv5ts1 & public libr>ies4 ,he di$ 9 ! sev5ty-fif? ye> ( 8 age1 j aft] a decree ( ! s5ate _h hon\r$ him ) ! title ( ,fa!r ( 8 c\ntry1 :i* 0 subsequ5tly inscrib$ on 8 tomb4 ,lor5zo de ,m$ici1 ! subject ( ! pres5t memoir1 0 born at ,flor5ce on ! #a/ ( ,janu>y1 #addh4 ,8 fa!r 0 ,pi]o1 ! son & successor ( ,cosmo3 8 "m1 ,lucretia ,tornabuoni1 a lady ( "s repute1 bo? z a patroness ( le>n+ & z a poetess4 ,he _h sc>cely left ! nurs]y :5 he acquir$ ! fir/ rudim5ts ( k "u ! c>e & tuition ( ,g5tile d',urb9o1 aft]w>ds ,bi%op ( ,arezzo4 ,cri/(oro ,l&9o 0 next engag$ to direct 8 education2 & ,argyropylus taught him ! ,greek language & ! ,ari/otelian philosophy1 :il/ ,m>silio ,fic9o in/ill$ into 8 y\?ful m9d ! precepts & doctr9es ( ,plato4 ,! rapidity ( 8 pr(ici5cy 0 equal to ! celebrity ( 8 ma/]s1 & to ! indications ( tal5t t he _h giv5 9 *ildhood4 ,pi]o1 :o 0 prev5t$ by a prec>i\s /ate ( heal? f att5d+ regul>ly to bus9ess1 rejoic$ at ! prospect ( soon hav+ 9 8 own son a /r5u\s & tru/y coadjutor2 & on ! dea? ( ,cosmo1 ! dome/ic education ( ,lor5zo be+ complet$1 he s5t him to visit ! pr9cipal c\rts ( ,italy1 9 ord] to initiate him into political life1 & to af=d him an opportunity ( =m+ su* p]sonal connexions z might advance ! int]e/s ( ! family4 ,pi]o pret5d$ to succe$ to ,cosmo's au?ority1 z if x _h be5 a "p ( 8 patrimony2 b ! ,flor5t9e /atesm51 :o ?\ght !mselves sup]ior to him 9 age1 capacities1 & public s]vices1 disda9$ to pay him ! same def]5ce !y _h %[n ! m em95t abilities ( 8 fa!r4 ,besides1 ,cosmo _h tak5 especial c>e to conciliate ! e/eem & affection ( 8 c\ntrym54 ,he _h nev] refus$ gifts1 loans1 or cr$it to any ( ! citiz5s1 & nev] rais$ 8 mann]s or 8 dome/ic e/abli%m5t above ! simplicity ( common life4 ,b ,pi]o seem$ to h no reg>d = ! feel+s ( o!rs3 he ru9$ sev]al m]*ants by attempt+ to )draw consid]able capital f comm]ce2 he all[$ 8 subord9ate ag5ts to make a mo/ pr(ligate & corrupt monopoly ( gov]nm5t2 & he %ock$ ! republican notions ( 8 c\ntrym5 by seek+ to m>ry ,lor5zo into a pr9cely family4 ,^! causes ( discont5t array$ aga9/ him a =midable p>ty1 "u ! direction ( ,agnolo ,acciajuoli1 ,niccolo ,sod]9i1 & ,luca ,pitti1 ! f\nd] ( ! magnific5t palace1 n[ ! resid5ce ( ! ,gr& ,duke ( ,tuscany4 ,a p>liam5t ( ! p reject$ ,pi]o's proposition ( re-appo9t+ ! dictatorial junto1 ^: p[] expir$ 9 ,septemb]1 #adfe4 ,8 cause 0 evid5tly lo/1 _h 8 enemies cont9u$ firmly unit$2 b ! defection ( ! unpr9cipl$ ,luca ,pitti enabl$ him to recov] 8 au?ority1 :i* he soon secur$ by bani%+ 8 oppon5ts1 & by inve/+ five ( 8 dep5dants ) ! "r ( *oos+ ! magi/racy4 ,lor5zo is said on ?is occasion to h be5 ( great assi/ance to 8 fa!r2 & a lett] ( ,f]d9&1 ,k+ ( ,naples1 is /ill extant1 9 :i* t p]fidi\s mon>* congratulates him on ! active "p he _h tak5 9 ! triumph1 & 9 ! consequ5t curtailm5t ( popul> rights4 ,! populace ( ,flor5ce 7 n[ ent]ta9$ ) spl5did fe/ivals1 & ) two t\rnam5ts1 9 :i* ,lor5zo & 8 bro!r ,giuliano bore away ! prizes4 ,^! t\rnam5ts =m an epo* 9 ! hi/ory ( lit]ature2 ! victory ( ,lor5zo hav+ be5 commemorat$ by ! v]ses ( ,luca ,pulci1 & t ( ,giuliano1 by a poem ( ,politian1 :i* re/or$ ,italian poetry to its =m] spl5d\r4 ,ab\t ?is p]iod1 #adfh1 ,lor5zo became enam\r$1 or r fanci$ himself enam\r$1 ( a lady :om he describ$ z prodigi\sly end[$ ) all ! *>ms ( h] sex1 & he /rove to immortalize 8 love 9 song4 ,b1 :e!r real or suppos$1 8 passion did n prev5t him f m>ry+ ,cl>ice ,ors9i1 ( ! fam\s ,roman family ( t "n4 ,! nuptials 7 celebrat$ on ! #d? ( ,june1 #adfi1 on a scale ( royal magnific5ce4 ,! dea? ( ,pi]o1 :i* happ5$ ab\t ! end ( ! same ye>1 0 n foll[$ by any int]ruption ( public tranquillity4 ,! republicans 7 n[ ei!r old or 9 exile2 ! ris+ g5]ation grew up ) pr9ciples ( ob$i5ce to ! ,m$ici2 & ,lor5zo 0 easily ackn[l$g$ z ! *ief ( ! /ate4 ,an attempt at revolution 0 made a few mon?s aft]w>ds at ,prato1 by ,b]n>do ,n>di & "s o!r ,flor5t9e exiles2 b ! complete in]tness ( ! inhabitants r5d]$ x unsuccessful4 ,n>di & six ( 8 accomplices 7 execut$ at ,flor5ce2 ! rema9d] at ,prato4 ,surr\nd$ by a ho/ ( poets1 philosoph]s1 & arti/s1 ,lor5zo1 h[ev]1 left ! republic "u ! misgov]nm5t ( its =m] rul]s1 :il/ he gave himself up to ! avocations ( y\?1 & indulg$ an extraord9>y ta/e = pomp\s %[s & effem9ate indulg5ce1 :i* _h a mo/ p]nici\s influ5ce on ! morals ( 8 fell[-citiz5s4 ,! o/5tati\s visit :i* 8 infam\s fri5d ,galeazzo ,s=za paid him 9 #adga1 ) a c\rt sadly celebrat$ = its corruption & pr(ligacy1 is lam5t$ by hi/orians z "o ( ! greate/ disa/]s t befell ! republic4 ,lor5zo w5t soon aft]w>ds on a deputation to ,rome1 = ! purpose ( congratulat+ ,sixtus ,,iv4 on 8 elevation to ! papal *air4 ,he met ) ! k9de/ reception2 0 made treasur] ( ! ,holy ,see1 & hon\r$ ) o!r fav\rs2 b he c\ld n obta9 a c>d9al's hat = 8 bro!r ,giuliano4 ,accu/om$ to h 8 wi%es readily gratifi$1 he c\ld n brook ! refusal1 & he s\ght 8 rev5ge 9 con/antly ?w>t+ ! ,pope 9 8 politics1 :e!r !y t5d$ to ! advancem5t ( 8 nephews1 or to ! lib]ty & indep5d5ce ( ,italy4 ,a disagreem5t1 :i* arose 9 #adgb1 betwe5 ! city ( ,volt]ra & ! republic ( ,flor5ce1 af=d$ ano!r in/ance ( ! p]emptor9ess ( 8 "*4 ,he1 at fir/1 made "s endeav\rs to conv9ce ! inhabitants ( ,volt]ra ( _! imprud5ce2 b f9d+ t ! exasp]at$ citiz5s reject$ 8 advice1 he prevail$ on ! ,flor5t9e gov]nm5t to repress !m by =ce1 ?\gh 8 uncle ,tomaso ,sod]9i & o!r /atesm5 ( m exp]i5ce /rongly recomm5d$ conciliatory measures4 ,an army 0 accord+ly s5t "u ! comm& ( ! ,c\nt ( ,urb9o1 :i*1 aft] obta9+ admission into ! un=tunate city by capitulation1 despoil$ & plund]$ its inhabitants = a :ole day4 ,?\gh1 on 8 fir/ succe$+ to 8 fa!r1 ,lor5zo did n attempt to ex]cise ! sov]eign au?ority 9 p]son1 he assum$ x by degrees1 9 proportion z he advanc$ 9 manhood2 & he ev5 became s jeal\s ( all ^? f :om any rivalry might be fe>$1 t he depress$ !m to ! utmo/ ( 8 p[]4 ,8 bro!r1 less ambiti\s & less arrogant ?an himself1 tri$ to /op him 9 8 tyrannical c>e]2 b ,giuliano 0 five ye>s y\ng]3 8 repres5tations _h no effect2 & ^! vexati\s proce$+s gave orig9 to ! conspiracy ( ! ,pazzi4 ,! p>ties engag$ 9 ?is fam\s attempt 7 sev]al memb]s ( ! di/+ui%$ family ( ! ,pazzi1 :om ,lor5zo _h injur$ 9 _! int]e/s z well z 9 _! feel+s2 ,girolamo ,ri>io1 a nephew ( ! ,pope1 ^: hatr$ he _h excit$ by cont9ual opposition to 8 designs2 ,francesco ,salviati1 ,ar*bi%op ( ,pisa1 :om he _h prev5t$ f tak+ possession ( 8 see2 & sev]al o!r individuals ( inf]ior note1 :o 7 ei!r mov$ by private or public wrongs4 ,aft] va9 endeav\rs to seize ! two bro!rs toge!r1 ! conspirators resolv$ to execute _! ent]prize 9 ! ca!dral ( ,flor5ce1 on ! #bf? ( ,april1 #adgh1 9 ! c\rse ( a religi\s c]emony at :i* !y 7 bo? to be pres5t4 ,at ! mom5t t ! prie/ rais$ ! ho/1 & all ! congregation b[$ d[n _! heads1 ,giuliano fell "u ! dagg] ( ,b]n>do ,b&9i1 :il/ ,lor5zo 0 s =tunate z to escape1 & %ut himself up 9 ! sacri/y until 8 fri5ds came to 8 assi/ance4 ,a simultane\s attack on ! palace ( gov]nm5t fail$ ( success1 & ! ,ar*bi%op ,salviati1 :o _h direct$ x1 0 hung out ( ! palace w9d[s 9 8 prelatical robes4 ,all ^? :o 7 implicat$ 9 ! conspiracy1 or connect$ 9 any way ) ! conspirators1 7 imm$iately put to dea?4 ,lor5zo ex]t$ all 8 influ5ce to obta9 ^? :o _h tak5 refuge abroad2 & 8 wra? 0 n appeas$ until ! blood ( two hundr$ citiz5s 0 %$4 ,! ,pope pron\nc$ a s5t5ce ( excommunication aga9/ him & ! *ief magi/rates = hav+ hang$ an ar*bi%op2 & s5t a crusade ( almo/ all ,italy aga9/ ! republic1 requir+ t its lead]s %\ld be giv5 up to suff] = _! sc&al\s misdemean\r4 ,! sup]ior =ces ( ! enemy ravag$ ! ,flor5t9e t]ritory ) impunity3 ! p began to murmur aga9/ a w> 9 :i* !y 7 involv$ = ! sake ( an individual2 & ,lor5zo c\ld n b see t 8 situation became e day m critical & al>m+4 ,b hav+ be5 confid5tly appriz$ t ,f]d9& 0 dispos$ to a reconciliation ) him1 he took ! resolution ( go+ to ,naples1 z ambassador ( ! republic1 9 ! hope ( deta*+ ! ,k+ f ! league1 & ( induc+ him to negotiate a peace ) ! ,pope4 ,?r\gh 8 eloqu5ce & 8 gold1 he 0 successful 9 8 mission2 & aft] ?ree mon?s' abs5ce1 at ! beg9n+ ( ,m>*1 #adhj1 he return$ to ,flor5ce1 :]e he 0 receiv$ ) ! greate/ applause & exultation by ! populace1 to :om ! dang]s incurr$ by him 9 8 embassy _h be5 artfully exagg]at$4 ,?is ebullition ( popul> fav\r enc\rag$ ,lor5zo to complete ! consolidation ( 8 p[] by fre% encroa*m5ts on ! rights ( 8 c\ntrym54 ,9 #adha ano!r plot 0 =m$ aga9/ him2 b 8 wat*ful ag5ts discov]$ x1 & ,batti/a ,frescobaldi1 ) two ( 8 accomplices1 7 hang$4 ,tranquil & secure at home1 z well z peaceful & respect$ abroad1 he n[ div]t$ 8 m9d f public bus9ess to lit]>y leisure1 & sp5t 8 "t 9 ! society ( m5 ( tal5t1 9 philosophical /udies1 & 9 poetical composition4 ,b 8 rational enjoym5ts _h a %ort duration4 ,e>ly 9 #adib he 0 attack$ by a sl[ fev]1 :i*1 comb9$ ) 8 h]$it>y compla9ts1 w>n$ him ( 8 approa*+ end4 ,hav+ s5t to reque/ ! att5dance ( ! fam\s ,savon>ola1 to :om he 0 desir\s ( mak+ 8 confession1 ! au/]e ,dom9ican readily compli$ ) 8 wi%1 b decl>$ he c\ld n absolve him unless he re/or$ to 8 fell[-citiz5s ! rights ( :i* he _h despoil$ !m4 ,to su* a rep>ation ,lor5zo w\ld n cons5t2 & he di$ )\t obta9+ ! absolution he _h invok$4 ,pi]o1 ! elde/ ( 8 ?ree sons1 0 depriv$ ( ! sov]eignty 9 consequ5ce ( ! reaction t ! eloqu5t s]mons ( ,savon>ola produc$ 9 ! morals ( ,flor5ce4 ,giovanni1 :om ,innoc5t ,,viii41 by a pro/itution ( ecclesia/ical hon\rs unprec$5t$ 9 ! annals ( ! *ur*1 _h rais$ to ! ,c>d9al%ip at ! e>ly age ( ?irte51 became ,pope "u ! "n ( ,leo ,x41 & gave rise to ! ,re=mation by 8 extreme pr(ligacy & extravagance2 & ,giuliano1 :o aft]w>ds alli$ himself by m>riage to ! royal ,h\se ( ,france1 0 elevat$ to ! dignity ( ,duke ( ,nem\rs4 ,lor5zo de ,m$ici has be5 extoll$ ) immod]ate applause z a poet1 a patron ( le>n+1 & a /atesman4 ,8 volum9\s poetical compositions1 embrac+ subjects ( love1 rural life1 philosophy1 religi\s en?usiasm1 & co>se lic5ti\sness1 exhibit an uncommon v]satility ( g5ius1 a ri* imag9ation1 & a rem>kable purity ( language2 b 9 spite ( ! exagg]at$ eulogies lavi%$ on !m by 8 own flatt]]s & by ^? ( 8 dep5dants1 !y nev] obta9$ any popul>ity1 & are n[ ne>ly buri$ 9 oblivion4 ,8 ef=ts = ! diffusion ( k & ta/e %9e m conspicu\s2 9 ?is laudable c\rse he foll[$ ! traces ( ,cosmo & ( 8 fa!r4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 impossible to conceive any /rong rev]5ce or respect = 8 memory )\t =gett+ 8 political conduct1 :i* is f> f des]v+ any praise4 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration3 ,engrav$ by ,e4 ,scriv54 ,,george ,,bu*anan4 ,f a ,picture by ,francis ,p\rbus ,s54 9 ! possession ( ! ,royal ,society4 ,"u ! ,sup]9t5dance ( ! ,society = ! ,diffusion ( ,useful ,k4 ,london4 ,publi%$ by ,*>les ,knight1 ,pall ,mall ,ea/4 ,illu/ration ,,bu*anan ,george ,bu*anan 0 born 9 ,febru>y1 #aejf1 at a small village call$ ,kille>n1 on ! bord]s ( ,/irl+%ire & ,dumb>ton%ire4 ,he came1 z he says1 8( a family m g5tle & anci5t ?an weal?y40 ,8 fa!r dy+1 left a wife & eight *ildr5 9 a /ate ( pov]ty4 ,george1 "o ( ! y\nge/1 0 befri5d$1 &1 p]haps1 sav$ f want & obscurity1 by ! k9dness ( 8 "m's bro!r1 ,james ,h]iot1 :o _h e>ly rem>k$ 8 nephew's tal5ts1 & det]m9$ to fo/] !m by a good education4 ,! anci5t fri5d%ip betwe5 ,france & ,scotl&1 cem5t$ by _! mutual hate ( ,engl&1 0 !n 9 full =ce4 ,! ,scot* respect$ ! sup]iority ( ! ,fr5* 9 mann]s1 arts1 & le>n+2 & v commonly s5t ! weal?i] & m promis+ ( _! y\? to be educat$ by _! m poli%$ neighb\rs4 ,accord+ly ,bu*anan1 at ! age ( f\rte51 0 s5t by 8 uncle to ! ,univ]sity ( ,p>is4 ,"h he appli$ himself mo/ dilig5tly to ! prescrib$ c\rse ( /udy1 :i* consi/$ pr9cipally 9 a c>eful p]usal ( ! be/ ,lat9 au?ors1 especially ! poets4 ,?is k9d ( le>n+ 0 peculi>ly suit$ to 8 ta/e & g5ius2 & he made su* progress1 z n only to become a s\nd s*ol>1 b "o ( ! mo/ graceful ,lat9 writ]s ( mod]n times4 ,aft] hav+ rema9$ 9 ,p>is = ! space ( two ye>s1 :i* he mu/ h employ$ to mu* bett] purpose ?an mo/ y\?s ( 8 age1 ! dea? ( 8 k9d uncle r$uc$ him aga9 to pov]ty4 ,p>tly on ?is acc\nt1 p>tly f ill heal?1 he return$ to 8 own c\ntry1 & sp5t a ye> at home4 ,alt] hav+ recruit$ 8 /r5g?1 he ent]$ z a common soldi] into a body ( troops t 0 br\ght ov] f ,france by ,john ,duke ( ,albany1 !n ,reg5t ( ,scotl&1 = ! purpose ( oppos+ ! ,engli%4 ,bu*anan himself says t he w5t into ! army 8to le>n ! art ( w>20 x is probable t 8 ne$y circum/ances 7 ( m weight ?an ?is reason4 ,dur+ ?is campaign he 0 subject$ to great h>d%ips f sev]e falls ( sn[2 9 consequ5ce ( :i* he relaps$ into 8 =m] illness2 & 0 oblig$ to return home a second "t1 :]e he 0 conf9$ to 8 b$ a great "p ( ! w9t]4 ,b on 8 recov]y1 9 ! spr+ ( #aebd1 :5 he 0 j ent]+ ^u 8 #ah? ye>1 he aga9 took to 8 /udies1 & pursu$ !m ) great ard\r4 ,he seems to h f\nd fri5ds at ?is "t ri* en\gh to s5d him to ! ,univ]sity ( ,/4 ,&rews1 on :i* f\ndation he 0 ent]$ z a paup]1 a t]m :i* corresponds to ! s]vitor & siz] ( ! ,engli% ,univ]sities4 ,john ,mair1 bett] kn[n 7?r\gh ,bu*anan#b7 by 8 ,lat9iz$ "n ( ,major1 0 !n read+ lectures at ,/4 ,&rews on gramm> & logic4 ,he soon he>d ( ! sup]ior accompli%m5ts ( ! poor /ud5t1 & imm$iately took him "u 8 protection4 ,bu*anan1 not)/&+ 8 av[$ contempt = 8 old tutor1 mu/ h imbib$ f ,major _m ( 8 op9ions4 ,he 0 ( an ard5t temp]1 & easy1 z 8 contempor>ies tell u1 to lead :i*ev] way 8 fri5ds desir$ him to g2 he 0 also ( an inquir+ disposition1 & nev] c\ld endure absurdities ( any k9d4 ,?is sort ( m9d mu/ h f\nd great delight 9 ! doctr9es :i* ,major taught4 ,he affirm$ ! sup]iority ( g5]al c\ncils ov] ! papacy1 ev5 to ! depriv+ a ,pope ( 8 spiritual au?ority 9 case ( misdemean\r2 he d5i$ ! lawfulness ( ! ,pope's temporal sway2 he held t ti!s 7 an in/itution ( m]e human appo9tm5t1 :i* might be dropp$ or *ang$ at ! pleasure ( ! p2 he rail$ bitt]ly aga9/ ! immoralities & abom9ations ( ! ,romi% prie/hood4 ,9 political matt]s 8 cre$ co9cides exactly ) ,bu*anan's publi%$ op9ions1--t ! au?ority ( k+s 0 n ( div9e "r1 b 0 solely ?r\gh ! p1 = ! p2 t by a lawful conv5tion ( /ates1 any k+1 9 case ( tyranny or misgov]nm5t1 might be controll$1 dive/$ ( 8 p[]1 or capitally execut$ accord+ to circum/ances4 ,b if ,major1 :o 0 a weak man & a bad argu]1 _h su* weight ) ,bu*anan1 ,john ,knox1 ! celebrat$ ,scotti% re=m]1 :o 0 a fell[-/ud5t ) him at ,/4 ,&rews1 mu/ h _h /ill m4 ,!y began a /rict fri5d%ip at ?is place1 :i* only end$ ) _! lives4 ,knox speaks v highly ( him at a late p]iod ( 8 own life3 8,t notabil man1 ,mr4 ,george ,bucquhanane1 rema9is alyve to ?is day1 9 ! yeir ( ,god #aeff ye>es1 to ! glory ( ,god1 to ! gret honor ( ?is nati\n1 & to ! com=t ( ?ame t delyte 9 lett]s & v]tew4 ,t s+ul> "w ( ,david's ,psalmes1 9 ,lat9 meet]e & poesie1 besyd _m u!r1 c witness ! r>e graices ( ,god gev9 to t man40 ,^! two m5 spe$ily discov]$ ! absurdity ( ! art ( logic1 z x 0 !n taught4 ,bu*anan tells u t its prop] "n 0 ! art ( sophi/ry4 ,_! mutual long+s = bett] reason+s1 & bett] ?\ghts to reason ^u1 produc$ great effects 9 ! re=mation ( _! native c\ntry4 ,footnote #b3 ,see 8 epigram4 8,9 ,johannem solo cognom5to ,majorem ut ipse 9 fionte libri scripsit40 ,cum scateat nugis solo cognom9e ,major1 ,nec sit 9 imm5so pat9a sana libro2 ,non m9em titulis quod se v]acibus ornet2 ,nec semp] m5dax f+]e ,creta solet4 ,! book 0 8ane mo/ fuli% tractate on ane mo/ emptie subject40 ,aft] ,bu*anan _h f9i%$ 8 /udies at ,/4 ,&rew's1 & tak5 ! degree ( ,ba*elor ( ,arts1 he accompani$ ,major to ,p>is1 :]e 8 att5tion 0 m s]i\sly turn$ t[>ds ! doctr9es ( ! re=mation1 :i* at t "t 7 eag]ly & w>mly discuss$2 b :e!r f fe> ( ! consequ5ces1 or f o!r motives1 he did n !n decl>e himself to be a ,lu!ran4 ,= five ye>s he rema9$ abroad1 sometimes employ$1 sometimes 9 consid]able want2 at ! end ( :i* "t he return$ to ,scotl& ) ! ,e>l ( ,cassilis1 by :om he _h be5 engag$ z a travell+ companion4 ,8 noble patron introduc$ him at ! c\rt ( ,james ,v4 ! fa!r ( ,m>y ,/u>t4 ,james reta9$ him z tutor to 8 natural son1 ,james ,/u>t1 aft]w>ds ,abbot ( ,kelso4 ,x has be5 prov$ t he 0 n tutor to ! ,k+'s o!r natural son1 ,james ,/u>t1 aft]w>ds ,e>l ( ,murray & ,reg5t ( ,scotl&1 ^: fir/ title 0 ,prior ( ,/4 ,&rews4 ,:ile he 0 at c\rt1 hav+ a good deal ( leisure1 he amus$ himself ) writ+ a pretty sev]e satire on ! monks1 to :i* he gives ! "n ( 8,somnium40 ,he feigns 9 ?is piece t ,sa9t ,francis d',assize _h appe>$ to him 9 a dream1 & bes\ght him to become a monk ( 8 ord]4 ,! poet answ]s1 8t he is n[ise fit = ! purpose2 because he c\ld n f9d 9 8 he>t to become slavi%1 impud5t1 deceitful1 or begg>ly1 & t moreov] v few monks _h ! good =tune1 z he und]/ood1 to rea* ev5 ! gates ( p>adise40 ,?is %ort satire 0 too well writt51 & too bitt]1 to pass unnotic$1 & ! suff]]s laid _! compla9t be=e ! k+3 b z ,bu*anan's "n _h n be5 put to x1 !y _h no pro( aga9/ him1 & ! matt] dropp$4 ,soon aft] ! ,franciscans fell into disgrace at ,c\rt2 & ,james himself in/igat$ ! poet to r5ew ! attack4 ,he obey$1 b did n half satisfy ! ,k+'s ang] 9 ! light & playful piece :i* he produc$4 ,on a second comm& to be /ill m sev]e1 he produc$ 8 fam\s satire #8,franciscanus1' 9 :i* he br+s all 8 p[]s ( wit & poetry to be> ^u ! un=tunate bro!rhood4 ,! argum5t ( ! poem is z foll[s3--he supposes t a fri5d ( 8 is e>ne/ly desir\s to become a ,cordeli]1 ^u :i* he tells him t he also _h _h a simil> int5tion1 b _h be5 dissuad$ f x by a ?ird p]son1 ^: reasons he proce$s to relate4 ,!y turn ^u ! wret*$ morals & conduct ( ^? :o belong$ to ! ord]1 z exhibit$ 9 ! abom9able lessons :i* he puts 9 ! m\? ( an anci5t monk1 ! in/ructor ( ! novices4 ,he does n give ?is man ! "* ( a r\gh & ignorant prie/1 b makes him tell 8 tale clev]ly1 giv+ free v5t to e ref9em5t 9 evil :i* ! age 0 acqua9t$ )1 & speak+ ! mo/ home tru?s ( 8 bre?r5 )\t fe> or scruple4 ,! ,lat9 is pure1 & free f ! b>b>isms ( ! "t4 ,aft] su* a cau/ic production1 x is no wond] t ! p>ty assail$ made use ( e means to de/roy its au?or4 ,! ,k+1 :o 0 a weak & v>iable man1 aft] mu* importunity on _! "p1 all[$ !m to h ,bu*anan arre/$ 9 ! ye> #aeci1 on ! plea ( h]esy1 along ) _m o!rs :o held 8 op9ions ab\t ! /ate ( ! ,scotti% *ur*4 ,c>d9al ,beat\n1 above all o!rs1 us$ 8 be/ endeav\rs to procure s5t5ce aga9/ him2 he ev5 brib$ ! ,k+ to effect 8 purpose4 ,b ,bu*anan's fri5ds gave him timely w>n+ ( ! prelate's ex]tions1 &1 z he 0 n v c>efully gu>d$1 he made 8 escape out ( ! w9d[ ( 8 prison1 & fl$ to ,engl&4 ,he f\nd1 h[ev]1 t ,engl& 0 no safe place = him1 = at t "t ,h5ry ,,viii4 0 burn+1 on ! same day & at ! same /ake1 bo? prote/ant & papi/1 ) ! mo/ unfl9*+ imp>tiality4 ,he w5t ov]1 !re=e1 = ! ?ird "t into ,france2 b on 8 arrival at ,p>is1 f9d+ 8 old enemy ! ,c>d9al ,beat\n ambassador at ! ,fr5* c\rt1 & be+ fe>ful t means might be tak5 to h him arre/$1 he clos$ ) ! (f] ( a le>n$ ,portuguese1 ,&rea di ,govea1 to become a tutor at ! new college at ,b\rdeaux4 ,dur+ 8 resid5ce !re he compos$ 8 fam\s ,lat9 ,trag$ies1 #8,jeph!s' & #8,joannes ,bapti/es1' & translat$ ! ,m$ea & ,alce/is ( ,euripides into ,lat9 metre1 = ! y\? ( 8 college4 ,! two latt] %[ t 8 acqua9tance ) ! ,greek language 0 by no means sup]ficial4 ,aft] hold+ ?is situation = ab\t ?ree ye>s1 ,bu*anan w5t ) ,govea1 at ! in/ance ( ! ,k+ ( ,portugal1 to a lately e/abli%$ s*ool at ,coimbra4 ,be=e he v5tur$ into ,portugal1 h[ev]1 he took c>e to let ! ,k+ "k t 8 ,franciscanus 0 und]tak5 at ! comm& ( 8 sov]eign1 & !re=e ought n[ise to endang] 8 safety 9 ,portugal4 ,! ,k+ promis$ him 8 protection4 ,b he _h n be5 at ,coimbra long1 be=e he 0 accus$ by ! monks ( h]esy1 & ! ,k+1 =gett+ 8 promise1 all[$ !m to keep ,bu*anan prison] 9 a conv5t1 z !y decl>$1 = ! purpose ( reclaim+ him4 ,!y gave him z a p5ance ! task ( translat+ ! ,psalms ( ,david f ! ,vulgate into ,lat9 v]se4 ,?is he accompli%$ to admiration2 & 8 production is ackn[l$g$ to surpass all works ( ! l sort4 ,! metres are *iefly lyrical4 ,he 0 soon aft] dismiss$ f prison1 & took %ip = ,engl&1 & /ay+ !re b a %ort "t1 he return$ aga9 to ,france4 ,"h ! ,m>e*al de ,brissac intru/$ him ) ! education ( 8 son ,timoleon de ,coss4 ,:ile ?us employ$ he /udi$1 m p>ticul>ly ?an he _h hi!rto done1 ! controv]sies ( ! day ) reg>d to religion1 & became mo/ probably a confirm$ prote/ant1 ?\gh he did n op5ly r5\nce ca?olicism till "s "t aft]w>ds4 ,he wrote1 & d$icat$ to 8 pupil1 a mu* admir$ piece1 entitl$ #8,sphra1' dur+ 8 tutor%ip4 ,9 ! ye> #aefj he return$ aga9 to ,scotl&1 ! re=m$ religion be+ !n preval5t !re1 & became publicly a memb] ( ! ,prote/ant ,kirk4 ,! mo/ important1 because ! mo/ public "p ( ,bu*anan's life n[ beg9s4 ,su* a man c\ld n long rema9 unnotic$ by ! great 9 ,scotl&1 & ,m>y ,/u>t h]self became "o ( 8 be/ fri5ds4 ,he _h writt5 = h] two epi?alamia1 "o on h] m>riage ) ! ,dauph91 & "o on h] m>riage ) ,"l ,d>nley4 ,h] respect = 8 abilities 0 v great1 & %e _h him appo9t$ tutor to h] son a mon? aft] he 0 born1 9 ! ye> #aeff4 ,x is a matt] ( no small wond]1 t ,bu*anan1 :o 0 ,james's mo/ influ5tial tutor1 = ! ?ree o!rs1 :o 7 jo9$ 9 ! commission ) him1 7 "u 8 sup]9t5d5ce1 %\ld h educat$ him z he did1 or made him :at he 04 ,a book :i* ,bu*anan publi%$1 & :i* is among ! mo/ fam\s ( 8 works1 #8,de jure ,regni apud ,scotos1' be+ a conv]sation betwe5 himself & ,maitl& ! ,que5's secret>y1 conta9s 7?\gh d$icat$ to 8 royal pupil7 s5tim5ts totally at v>iance ) all ! notions ( ,james4 ,9 x ,bu*anan foll[s ! anci5t models ( :at 0 ?\ght a p]fect /ate ( policy4 ,he proves t m5 7 born to live socially1--t !y elect$ k+s to protect ! laws :i* b9d !m toge!r1--t if new laws are made by k+s1 !y mu/ be also subject$ to ! op9ion ( ! /ates ( ! nation1--t a k+ is ! fa!r ( 8 p = good1 n = evil1--t ?is 0 ! orig9al int5tion 9 ! *oice ( ,scotti% k+s1--t ! cr[n is n necess>ily h]$it>y1 & t its transmission by natural desc5t b = its c]ta9ty is n def5sible1--t a violation ( ! laws by ! mon>* may be puni%$ ev5 to ! dea?1 accord+ to ! enormity ( x1--t :5 ,/4 ,paul talks ( ob$i5ce to au?orities he spoke to a l[ condition ( p]sons1 & to a m9ority 9 ! v>i\s c\ntries 9 :i* !y 71--t x is n necess>y t a k+ %\ld be tri$ by 8 pe]s4 ,he concludes by say+1 8t if 9 o!r c\ntries ! p *ose to exalt _! k+s above ! laws1 x seems to h be5 ! evid5t int5tion ( ,scotl& to make h] k+s inf]ior to !m40 ,9 matt]s ( religion he rails aga9/ episcopal au?ority ( all k9ds4 ,n[ no?+ c be m oppos$ ?an all ?is to ! op9ions ( ,james1 :o mo/ /rongly upheld ! div9e "r ( k+s1 & episcopal au?ority4 ,bu*anan1 :5 he 0 accus$ ( mak+ ,james a p$ant1 decl>$ x to be 8because he 0 fit = no?+ else40 ,he 0 a /]n & unyield+ ma/]1 & no sp>] ( ! rod1 ev5 ?\gh appli$ to ! back ( royalty2 & ?is may 9 "s measure acc\nt = ! want ( influ5ce :i* he _h ov] ! ,k+'s m9d4 ,james advises 8 son1 9 8 n to att5d to ! abom9able sc&als ( su* m5 z ,bu*anan & ,knox1 8:o are p]sons ( s$iti\s _s1 & all :o hold _! op9ions40 ,x might h be5 well1 h[ev]1 = ! un=tunate ,*>les if he _h be5 r m sway$ by ! op9ions ( ! tutor1 & less by ! lessons ( ! pupil4 ,9 ! e>ly "p ( ,bu*anan's tutor%ip he atta*$ himself /rongly to ! int]e/s ( ! ,reg5t1 ,murray2 & z ! patron fell (f f ! int]e/s ( ,m>y1 s did ! hi/orian1 till at la/ he became ! bitt]e/ ( h] enemies4 ,he alone has v5tur$ to ass]t 9 pr9t 8 belief ( h] crim9al connexion ) ,david ,rizzio1 9 8 #8,detectio ,m>i ,reg91' publi%$ 9 #aega2 & he 0 h] great accus] at ! c\rt ( ,elizabe?1 :5 appo9t$ "o ( ! commission]s to inquire into ,m>y's conduct1 %e be+ a prison] 9 ,engl&4 ,bu*anan too lies "u ! s]i\s *>ge ( hav+ =g$ ! controv]t$ lett]s1 suppos$ to h pass$ betwe5 ,m>y & h] ?ird husb& ,bo?well1 :ile %e 0 yet ! wife ( ,e>l ,d>nley1 f :i* docum5ts x 0 made to appe> t %e 0 art & "p 9 ! murd] ( h] ,royal ,consort4 ,:e!r he really =g$ ^! lett]s or n1 is a "q p]haps too deeply buri$ 9 ! du/ ( antiquity to admit ( pro(4 ,he (f]$ to swe> to _! g5u95ess1 h[ev]1 :i* 0 an ill return1 if t 7 all 8 fault1 to ! k9dness he _h receiv$ f h]4 ,8 fri5d%ip = ,murray cont9u$ firm all 8 life2 ?is man 0 "o ( ! few p]sons he seems to h be5 really atta*$ to4 ,?r\gh ! ,e>l's int]e/1 ,bu*anan 0 made keep] ( ! ,scotti% seals1 & a ,"l ( ,session4 ,no?+ is told u ( 8 abilities z a practical politician1 b x may be suppos$ t he 0 fitt$ = ! (fice he held1 = ,murray 0 v c>eful 9 ! *oice ( 8 public s]vants4 ,bu*anan's la/ "w1 on :i* he sp5t ! rema9+ f\rte5 ye>s ( 8 life1 is yet to be spok5 (1--8 ,hi/ory ( ,scotl&4 ,9 ?is1 :i* l ! re/ ( 8 productions 0 writt5 9 ,lat91 he has be5 said to unite ! elegance ( ,livy ) ! brevity ( ,sallu/4 ,) ?is praise1 h[ev]1 & ) t :i* is due to 8 lively & int]e/+ way ( relat+ a /ory1 our comm5dations ( ?is "w mu/ beg9 & end4 ,z a hi/ory1 x is valueless4 ,! e>ly "p is a tissue ( fable1 )\t dates or au?orities1 z inde$ he _h none to give2 ! latt] is ! "w ( an acrimoni\s & able p>tisan1 n ( a calm inquir] & obs]v] ( ! times 9 :i* he liv$4 ,! "w is divid$ into f\r books4 ,! fir/ ?ree conta9 a long diss]tation on ! d]ivation ( ! "n ( ,brita91--a geographical description ( ,scotl&1 ) "s poetical acc\nts ( its anci5t mann]s & cu/oms1--a treatise on ! anci5t inhabitants ( ,brita91 *iefly tak5 f ! tradition>y acc\nts ( ! b>ds1 & ! fables ( ! monks engraft$ on !m1 on ! ve/iges ( anci5t religions1 & on ! resemblances ( ! v>i\s languages ( diff]5t p>ts ( ! isl&4 ,! real hi/ory ( ,scotl& does n beg9 till ! f\r? book2 x consi/s ( an acc\nt ( a regul> succession ( "o hundr$ & eight k+s1 f ,f]gus ,i4 to ,james ,,vi41 a space ext5d+ f ! beg9n+ ( ! six? c5tury to ! end ( ! sixte5?4 ,! apocryphal nature ( ! great] "p ( ^! mon>*s is n[ s fully admitt$1 t x is unnecess>y to dilate ^u !m4 ,edw>d ,i41 z is well kn[n1 de/roy$ all ! g5u9e records ( ,scotti% hi/ory :i* he c\ld f9d4 ,bu*anan1 in/ead ( reject+ ! absurd tradition>y tales ( b>ds & monks1 has m]ely lab\r$ to dress up a cr$itable hi/ory = ! hon\r ( ,scotl&1 & to 8clo! ) all ! beauties & graces ( fiction1 ^? leg5ds :i* =m]ly _h only its wildness & extravagance40 ,?is "w1 & 8 ,de jure ,regni apud ,scotos1 he publi%$ at ! same "t1 v %ortly be=e 8 dea?2 &1 :ile he 0 on 8 dea?-b$1 ! ,scotti% ,p>liam5t condemn$ !m bo? z false & s$iti\s books4 ,we may lay "p ( ?is condemnation to ,james's acc\nt4 ,x is n probable t he w\ld all[ s mu* abuse ( 8 "m z !y conta9$1 directly & indirectly1 to pass )\t "s public /igma4 ,!re rema9 to be notic$ only two small pieces ( ?is au?or 9 ! ,scotti% language1 "o a griev\s compla9t to ! ,scotti% pe]s1 aris+ f ! assass9ation ( ! ,e>l ( ,murray2 ! o!r1 a sev]e satire aga9/ ,secret>y ,maitl&1 = ! read9ess ) :i* he *ang$ f p>ty to p>ty3 ?is has ! title ( #8,*ameleon4' ,bu*anan di$ at ! good old age ( sev5ty-f\r1 9 8 dotage z 8 enemies said1 b 9 full vig\r ( m9d z 8 la/ great "w1 8 ,hi/ory1 has prov$4 ,mu* has be5 said 9 8 dispraise by enemies ( e class1 8 *ief detractors be+ ! p>tisans ( ,m>y ,/u>t & ! ,romi% prie/hood4 ,! fir/ ( ^! accuse him ( +ratitude to ,major1 ,m>y1 ,morton1 ,maitl&1 & to o!rs ( 8 b5efactors2 ( =g+ ! lett]s above-m5tion$1 & ( p]jury 9 (f]+ to swe> to !m4 ,! latt] accuse him ( lic5ti\sness1 ( drunk5ness1 & falsehood2 & "o ( !m has desc5d$ s f> z to qu>rel ) 8 p]sonal ugl9ess4 ,( ^! *>ges _m are1 to say ! lea/1 unprov$2 _m appe> to be altoge!r untrue4 ,b 8 fame re/s r on 8 p]sev]+ indu/ry1 8 excell5t s*ol>%ip1 & 8 f9e g5ius1 ?an ^u 8 moral qualities4 ,bu*anan wrote 8 own life 9 ,lat9 two ye>s be=e 8 dea?4 ,to ?is "w1 to ,mack5zie's #8,lives & ,*>act]s ( ! mo/ em95t writ]s ( ! ,scots ,nation1' to ! ,biographia ,britannica1 & ! num]\s au?orities on insulat$ po9ts !re quot$1 we may ref] ^? :o wi% to pursue ?is subject4 ,bu*anan's works 7 collect$ & edit$ by ! gramm>ian ,ruddiman1 & pr9t$ by ,freebairn1 at ,ed9burgh1 9 ! ye> #agae1 9 two volumes1 folio4 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration3 ,engrav$ by ,j4 ,?omson4 ,f,n,,lon4 ,f ! orig9al ,picture by ,vivi5 9 ! ,collection at ! ,l\vre4 ,"u ! ,sup]9t5dance ( ! ,society = ! ,diffusion ( ,useful ,k4 ,london4 ,publi%$ by ,*>les ,knight1 ,pall ,mall ,ea/4 ,illu/ration ,,f5elon ,francois de ,salignac de ,lamo!-,f5elon 0 born ,augu/ #f?1 #afea1 at ! ,ca/le ( ,f5elon1 ( a noble & anci5t family 9 ! prov9ce ( ,p]igord4 ,e>ly pro(s ( tal5t & g5ius induc$ 8 uncle1 ! ,m>quis de ,f5elon1 a man ( no ord9>y m]it1 to take him "u 8 imm$iate c>e & sup]9t5d5ce4 ,by him he 0 plac$ at ! sem9>y ( ,/4 ,sulpice1 !n lately f\nd$ 9 ,p>is = ! purpose ( educat+ "y m5 = ! *ur*4 ,! /udies ( ! "y ,abb 7 n enc\rag$ by visions ( a /all & a mitre4 ,x seems t ! object ( 8 e>lie/ ambition 01 z a mission>y1 to c>ry ! bless+s ( ! ,gospel to ! savages ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 or to ! ,mahometans & h]etics ( ,greece & ,anatolia4 ,! fe>s1 h[ev]1 or ! hopes ( 8 fri5ds deta9$ him at home1 & aft] 8 ord9ation he conf9$ himself = sev]al ye>s to ! duties ( ! m9i/ry 9 ! p>i% ( ,/4 ,sulpice4 ,at ! age ( tw5ty-sev5 he 0 appo9t$ sup]ior ( a society :i* _h = its object ! in/ruction & enc\ragem5t ( female conv]ts to ! ,*ur* ( ,rome2 & f ?is "t he took up 8 abode ) 8 uncle4 ,9 ?is h\se he fir/ became kn[n to ,bossuet1 by ^: recomm5dation he 0 intru/$ ) ! conduct ( a mission1 *>g$ ) ! duty ( reclaim+ ! ,prote/ants 9 ! prov9ce ( ,poit\1 9 ! memorable ye> #afhe1 :5 ! ,hugu5ots 7 wri?+ "u ! infliction ( ! dragonnade1 employ$ by ! gov]nm5t to give full effect to ! revocation ( ! edict ( ,nantes4 ,f5elon _h no m9d to h dragoons = 8 coadjutors1 & reque/$ t all %[ ( m>tial t]ror might be remov$ f ! places :i* he visit$4 ,8 future proce$+s 7 9 /rict con=mity ) ?is g5tle comm5cem5t1 & consequ5tly expos$ him to ! h>ass+ remon/rances ( 8 sup]iors4 ,8 s]vices 9 ,poit\ 7 n ackn[l$g$ by any rew>d f ! gov]nm5t1 = ,l\is ,,xiv4 _h begun to look coldly ^u him2 b x 0 n 8 =tune to rema9 long 9 obscurity4 ,among/ ! visitors at 8 uncle's h\se1 ^: fri5d%ip he _h ! happ9ess to ga91 0 ! ,duke de ,beauvilli]s1 a man :o c\ld live at ! c\rt ( ,l\is )\t ceas+ to live z a ,*ri/ian4 ,?is nobleman 0 appo9t$ 9 ! ye> #afhi ,gov]nor ( ! ,duke ( ,burgundy1 ! gr&son ( ,l\is1 & heir1 aft] 8 fa!r ! ,dauph91 to ! ?rone ( ,france4 ,8 fir/ act 0 to appo9t ,f5elon preceptor to 8 royal *>ge1 !n 9 8 eigh? ye>1 & already di/+ui%$ = ! frightful viol5ce ( 8 passions1 8 insol5t demean\r1 & tyrannical _s4 ,! *ild _h1 h[ev]1 an affectionate he>t & a quick s5se ( %ame4 ,f5elon ga9$ 8 love & confid5ce1 & us$ 8 p[] to impress ^u him ! ,*ri/ian's me?od ( self-gov]nm5t4 ,8 head/rong pupil 0 subdu$1 n by ! fe> ( man1 b by ! fe> ( ,god4 ,9 ! task ( in/ruction less difficulty await$ him2 = ! "y pr9ce 0 rem>kably intellig5t & indu/ri\s4 ,! progress ( a royal /ud5t is likely to be rat$ at 8 full am\nt by common fame2 b !re is reason to believe t 9 ?is case x 0 rapid & sub/antial4 ,9 #afid he 0 pres5t$ to ! ,abbey ( ,/4 ,val]y1 & two ye>s aft]w>ds promot$ to ! ,ar*bi%opric ( ,cambray1 ) a comm& t he %\ld reta9 8 (fice ( preceptor1 giv+ p]sonal att5dance only dur+ ! ?ree mon?s ( abs5ce f 8 diocese :i* ! ,canons all[$4 ,9 resign+ 8 abbey1 :i* f consci5ti\s motives he refus$ to keep ) 8 ar*bi%opric1 he 0 c>eful to assign su* reasons z might n convey an indirect c5sure ( ! num]\s plurali/s among 8 cl]ical bre?r54 ,probably ?is excess ( delicacy1 :i* x is easy to admire & difficult to ju/ify1 0 h>dly requisite 9 ! case ( _m ( ! (f5d]s4 ,"o ( !m1 ! ,ar*bi%op ( ,rheims1 :5 in=m$ ( ! consci5ti\s conduct ( ,f5elon1 made ! foll[+ reply3 8,m4 de ,cambray ) 8 s5tim5ts does "r 9 resign+ 8 b5efice1 & ,i ) my s5tim5ts d v "r 9 keep+ m9e40 ,?is mode ( def5ce is capable ( v g5]al application1 & is 9 fact v g5]ally us$1 be+ good = o!r cases beside t ( pluralities4 ,?is pref]m5t 0 ! la/ m>k ( royal fav\r :i* he receiv$4 ,l\is 0 nev] cordially 8 fri5d1 & !re 7 _m at c\rt eag] to conv]t him into an enemy4 ,an opportunity 0 af=d$ by ,f5elon's connexion ) ,madame ,guyon4 ,x is well kn[n t ?is lady 0 ! great apo/le ( ! ,quieti/s1 a sect ( religioni/s1 s call$1 because !y /udi$ to atta9 a /ate ( p]fect contemplation1 9 :i* ! s\l is ! passive recipi5t ( div9e light4 ,%e 0 especially not$ = h] doctr9e ( pure love2 %e taught t ,*ri/ian p]fection consi/$ 9 a dis9t]e/$ love ( ,god1 exclud+ ! hope ( happ9ess & fe> ( mis]y1 & t ?is p]fection 0 atta9able by man4 ,f5elon fir/ became acqua9t$ ) h] at ! h\se ( 8 fri5d ! ,duke de ,beauvilli]s1 &1 conv9c$ ( ! s9c]ity ( h] religion1 0 dispos$ to reg>d h] m fav\rably f a notion t h] religi\s op9ions1 aga9/ :i* a l\d clam\r _h be5 rais$1 co9cid$ v ne>ly ) 8 own4 ,x has be5 ! fa%ion to repres5t him z h] conv]t & disciple4 ,! tru? is1 t he 0 deeply v]s$ 9 ! writ+s ( ! lat] my/ics2 m5 :o1 ) all _! extravagance1 7 p]haps ! be/ repres5tatives ( ! ,*ri/ian "* to be f\nd among ! ,roman ,ca?olics ( _! "t4 ,he consid]$ ! doctr9e ( ,madame ,guyon to be sub/antially ! same ) t ( 8 fav\rite au?ors2 & :atev] appe>$ exceptionable 9 h] expositions1 he attribut$ to loose & exagg]at$ expression natural to h] sex & "*4 ,! approbation ( ,f5elon gave curr5cy to ! fair ,quieti/ among/ or?odox memb]s ( ! *ur*4 ,at la/ ! bi%ops began to take al>m3 ! clam\r 0 r5ew$1 & ! exam9ation ( h] doctr9es solemnly intru/$ to ,bossuet & two o!r le>n$ div9es4 ,f5elon 0 av[$ly h] fri5d2 yet no "o hi!rto _h brea!d a suspicion ( any flaw 9 8 or?odoxy4 ,x 0 ev5 dur+ ! exam9ation1 & t[>ds ! close ( x1 t he 0 promot$ to ! ,ar*bi%opric ( ,cambray4 ,! bl[ came at l5g? f ! h& ( 8 mo/ valu$ fri5d4 ,he _h be5 altoge!r passive 9 ! proce$+s respect+ ,madame ,guyon4 ,bossuet1 :o _h be5 provok$ into vehem5t wra?1 & _h resolv$ to cru% h]1 0 suffici5tly irritat$ by ?is temp]ate neutrality4 ,b :5 ,f5elon f\nd himself oblig$ to publi% 8 #8,maxims ( ! ,sa9ts1' 9 :i*1 )\t attack+ o!rs1 he def5ds 8 own views ( "s ( ! controv]t$ po9ts1 ,bossuet1 9 a tumult ( zeal1 ?rew himself at ! feet ( ,l\is1 d5\nc$ 8 fri5d z a dang]\s fanatic1 & bes\ght ! ,k+ to int]pose ! royal arm betwe5 ! ,*ur* & pollution4 ,f5elon (f]$ to submit 8 book to ! judgm5t ( ! ,pope4 ,p]mission 0 grant$ 9 v ungraci\s t]ms1 & pres5tly foll[$ by a s5t5ce ( bani%m5t to 8 diocese4 ,?is sudd5 rev]se ( =tune1 :i* he receiv$ )\t ev5 :isp]+ a compla9t1 s]v$ to %[ ! =be>ance & meekness ( 8 _s1 b x depriv$ him ( none ( 8 p[]s4 ,an animat$ controv]sy arose betwe5 him & ,bossuet1 & all ,europe beheld ) admiration ! boldness & success ) :i* he ma9ta9$ 8 gr\nd aga9/ ! r5[n$ & vet]an disputant2 & t1 too1 9 ! face ( fe>ful disc\ragem5t4 ,! :ole p[] ( ! c\rt 0 array$ aga9/ him1 & he /ood alone2 = 8 p[]ful fri5ds _h left 8 side4 ,! ,c>d9al de ,noailles & o!rs1 :o _h 9 private express$ unqualifi$ approbation ( 8 book1 meanly )held a public ackn[l$gm5t ( _! op9ions4 ,:il/ 8 enemy enjoy$ e facility1 & _h ,l\is & 8 c\rti]s & c\rtly bi%ops to *e] him on1 x 0 ) difficulty t ,f5elon c\ld f9d a pr9t] :o w\ld v5ture to put to ! press a "w :i* bore 8 "n4 ,"u ^! disadvantages1 h>ass$ 9 m9d1 & ) infirm heal?1 he repli$ to ! delib]ate & artful attacks ( 8 adv]s>y ) a rapidity :i*1 "u any circum/ances1 w\ld h be5 a/oni%+4 ,he 0 n[ ga9+ gr\nd daily 9 public op9ion4 ,! ,pope also1 :o knew 8 m]it1 0 v unwill+ to condemn4 ,8 p]secutors 7 excit$ to additional ef=ts4 ,he _h already be5 bani%$ f c\rt2 n[ he 0 depriv$ ( ! "n ( preceptor1 & ( 8 sal>y1--( t v sal>y :i* "s "t be=e he _h eag]ly (f]$ to resign1 9 consid]ation ( ! emb>rass$ /ate ( ! royal treasury4 ,! flagg+ zeal ( ! ,pope 0 /imulat$ by ?reats convey$ 9 lett]s f ,l\is p5n$ by ,bossuet4 ,at l5g? ! s5t5ce ( condemnation 0 obta9$2 b 9 too mild a =m to satisfy altoge!r ! c\rtly p>ty4 ,no bull 0 issu$4 ,a simple brief pron\nc$ c]ta9 propositions to be errone\s & dang]\s1 & condemn$ ! book :i* conta9$ !m1 )\t s5t5c+ x 9 ! usual mann] to ! flames4 ,x is ne$less to say t ,f5elon submitt$4 ,he publi%$ )\t delay ! s5t5ce ( condemnation1 not+ ! select$ propositions1 & express+ 8 entire acquiesc5ce 9 ! judgm5t pron\nc$2 & prohibit$ ! fai?ful 9 8 diocese f read+ or hav+ 9 _! possession 8 own "w1 :i* up to t mom5t he _h def5d$ s manfully4 ,prote/ants1 :o are too apt 9 judg+ ! conduct ( ,roman ,ca?olics1 to =get e ?+ b _! zeal1 h rais$ an outcry aga9/ 8 meanness & dissimulation4 ,f5elon 0 a s9c]e memb] ( a ,*ur* :i* claim$ infallibility4 ,we may regret ! ?raldom 9 :i* su* a m9d 0 held by an au?ority f :i* ! ,prote/ant happily is free2 b ! c5sure :i* falls on him p]sonally = ?is act is c]ta9ly misplac$4 ,! fa9t hopes :i* 8 fri5ds might h *]i%$1 t :5 ! /orm _h pass$ he w\ld be re/or$ to fav\r1 7 soon ext+ui%$ by an ev5t1 :i*1 :il/ x clos$ aga9/ him = ev] ! doors ( ! palace1 secur$ him a place 9 hi/ory1 & )\t :i* x is probable t he w\ld nev] h become ! subject ev5 ( a %ort memoir4 ,a manuscript :i* he _h intru/$ to a s]vant to copy1 0 trea*]\sly sold by ?is man to a pr9t] 9 ,p>is1 :o imm$iately put x to ! press1 "u ! title ( ,cont9uation ( ! ,f\r? ,book ( ! ,odyssey1 or ,adv5tures ( ,telema*us1 ,son ( ,ulysses1 ) ! royal privilege1 dat$ ,april #f1 #afii4 ,x 0 told at c\rt t ! =?com+ "w 0 f ! p5 ( ! obnoxi\s ar*bi%op2 & be=e ! impression ( ! fir/ volume 0 complet$1 ord]s 7 giv5 to suppress x1 to puni% ! pr9t]s1 & seize ! copies already pr9t$4 ,a few h[ev] escap$ ! h&s ( ! police1 & 7 rapidly circulat$4 ,"o ( !m1 toge!r ) a copy ( ! rema9+ "p ( ! manuscript1 soon aft] came into ! possession ( a pr9t] at ! ,hague1 :o c\ld publi% x )\t dang]4 ,s eag] 0 ! curiosity :i* ! viol5t proce$+s ( ! ,fr5* c\rt _h excit$1 t ! press c\ld h>dly be made1 ) ! utmo/ ex]tion1 to keep pace ) ! dem&4 ,su* is ! hi/ory ( ! fir/ appe>ance ( ,telema*us4 ,l\is 0 p]suad$ to ?9k t ! :ole book 0 int5d$ to be a satire on him1 8 c\rt1 & gov]nm5t2 & ! _w 0 p]suad$ = a "t to ?9k ! same4 ,s1 :il/ ! wra? ( ! ,k+ 0 r\s$ to ! utt]mo/1 all ,europe 0 s\nd+ =? ! praises ( ,f5elon4 ,! num]\s enemies ( ,l\is exult$ at ! suppos$ exhibition ( 8 tyranny & pr(ligate life4 ,! philosoph]s 7 *>m$ ) ! lib]al & enlight5$ views ( civil gov]nm5t :i* !y seem$ to discov]4 ,x is n[ well kn[n t ! ang] & ! praise 7 alike undes]v$4 ,! book 0 probably writt5 = ! use ( ! ,duke ( ,burgundy1 c]ta9ly at a "t :5 ,f5elon enjoy$ ! fav\r ( 8 sov]eign1 & 0 desir\s to reta9 x4 ,he may h =gott5 t x 0 impossible to describe a good & a bad k+1 a virtu\s & a pr(ligate c\rt1 )\t say+ mu* t w\ld be> h>d ^u ,l\is & 8 fri5ds4 ,z = 8 political enlight5m5t1 x is c]ta9 t he _h 8 full %>e ( ! mon>*ical pr9ciples ( 8 "t & nation4 ,he wi%$ to h good k+s1 b he made no provision = bad ones4 ,x is difficult to believe t ,l\is 0 s]i\sly al>m$ at 8 notions ( political economy4 ,t sci5ce 0 n 9 a v advanc$ /ate2 b no "o c\ld fe> t a pr9ce c\ld be induc$ by ! lessons ( 8 tutor to collect all ! artific]s ( luxury 9 8 capital1 & drive !m 9 a body into ! fields to cultivate potatoes & cabbages1 ) a belief t he w\ld ?us make ! c\ntry a g>d51 & ! t[n a seat ( ! ,muses4 ,no?+ 0 n[ left to ,f5elon b to devote himself to 8 episcopal duties1 :i* he seems to h dis*>g$ ) equal zeal & ability4 ,! c\rse ( 8 dome/ic life1 z describ$ by an eyewitness1 0 retir$1 &1 to a rem>kable degree1 uni=m4 ,/rang]s 7 c\rte\sly & hospitably receiv$2 b 8 society 0 conf9$ = ! mo/ "p to ! ecclesia/ics :o resid$ 9 8 h\se4 ,among/ !m 7 "s ( 8 own relations1 to :om he 0 t5d]ly atta*$1 b = ^: pref]m5t1 x %\ld be notic$1 he nev] manife/$ an unbecom+ eag]ness4 ,8 only recreation 0 a solit>y walk 9 ! fields1 :]e x 0 8 employm5t1 z he obs]ves to a fri5d1 to conv]se ) 8 ,god4 ,if 9 8 rambles he fell 9 ) any ( ! poor] "p ( 8 flock1 he w\ld sit ) !m on ! grass1 & disc\rse ab\t _! temporal z well z _! spiritual conc]ns2 & sometimes he w\ld visit !m 9 _! humble %$s1 & p>take ( su* refre%m5t z !y (f]$ him4 ,9 ! beg9n+ ( ! #ah? c5tury we f9d him engag$ at once 9 controv]sy & politics4 ,! revival ( ! old dispute ) ! ,jans5i/s1 to :om he 0 /rongly oppos$1 oblig$ him to take up 8 p52 b 9 us+ x he nev] =got 8 own maxim1 t 8rig\r & sev]ity are n ( ! _s ( ! ,gospel40 ,= a k ( 8 political lab\rs we are indebt$ to 8 biograph]1 ! ,c>d9al de ,bausset1 :o fir/ publi%$ 8 lett]s to ! ,duke de ,beauvilli]s on ! subject ( ! w> :i* foll[$ ! gr& alliance 9 ! ye> #agja4 ,9 !m he n only consid]s ! g5]al que/ions ( ! succession to ! ,spani% mon>*y1 ! objects ( ! conf$]at$ p[]s1 & ! measures be/ calculat$ to av]t or s(t5 _! ho/ility1 b ev5 ent]s into details ( milit>y op]ations1 discusses ! m]its ( ! v>i\s g5]als1 /ations ! diff]5t armies1 & sket*es a plan ( ! campaign4 ,t[>ds ! close ( ! w> he communicat$ to ! ,duke de ,*evreuse heads ( a v ext5sive re=m 9 all ! dep>tm5ts ( gov]nm5t4 ,?is re=m did n suppose any fundam5tal *ange ( ! old despotism4 ,x 0 int5d$1 d\btless1 = ! consid]ation ( ! ,duke ( ,burgundy1 to ^: succession all ,france 0 look+ =w>d ) sangu9e hopes1 f\nd$ on ! ackn[l$g$ excell5ce ( 8 "*1 :i* ,f5elon himself _h s happily contribut$ to =m4 ,b among/ ! o!r trials :i* visit$ 8 latt] days1 he 0 de/9$ to m\rn ! dea? ( 8 pupil4 ,f5elon did n long survive ! g5]al pacification4 ,aft] a %ort illness & int5se bodily suff]+1 :i* he seems to h support$ by call+ to m9d ! suff]+s ( 8 ,savi\r1 he di$ ,febru>y #g?1 #agae1 9 ! sixty-f\r? ye> ( 8 age4 ,no money 0 f\nd 9 8 c(f]s4 ,! produce ( ! sale ( 8 furniture1 toge!r ) ! arre>s ( r5t due to him1 7 appropriat$1 by 8 direction1 to pi\s & *>itable purposes4 ,! calumnies ) :i* he 0 assail$ dur+ ! affair ( ,quietism 7 rememb]$ only to ! disadvantage ( _! au?ors4 ,! public seem ev5tually to h reg>d$ him z a man :o 0 p]secut$ because he refus$ to be a p]secutor2 :o _h ma9ta9$1 at all haz>ds1 :at he believ$ to be ! cause ( tru? & ju/ice2 & _h resign$ 8 op9ion only at t mom5t :5 consci5ce requir$ ! sacrifice4 ,univ]sal homage 0 paid by 8 contempor>ies to 8 tal5ts & g5ius4 ,9 ! grasp & p[] ( 8 intellect1 & 9 ! ext5t & complet5ess ( 8 k1 none probably w\ld h v5tur$ to comp>e him ) ,bossuet2 b 9 f]tility & brilliancy ( imag9ation1 9 a ready & dext]\s use ( 8 mat]ials1 & 9 t quality :i* 8 c\ntrym5 call esprit1 he 0 suppos$ to h no sup]ior4 ,bossuet himself said ( him 8,il brille d'esprit1 il e/ t\t esprit1 il en a bi5 plus que moi40 ,x is obvi\s t 8 great "w1 ! ,adv5tures ( ,telema*us1 01 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 indebt$ = "s portion ( its popul>ity to circum/ances :i* _h no connexion ) its m]its2 b we _c attribute to ! same cause ! cont9u$ hold :i* x has ma9ta9$ on ! public fav\r4 ,^? :o are ignorant ( ! int]e/ :i* att5d$ its fir/ appe>ance /ill feel ! *>m ( t beautiful language :i* is made ! vehicle ( ! pure/ morality & ! mo/ ennobl+ s5tim5ts4 ,9 ! _m editions ?r\gh :i* x pass$1 betwe5 its fir/ publication & ! dea? ( ! au?or1 ,f5elon took no conc]n4 ,publicly he nei!r av[$ nor disav[$ ! "w1 ?\gh he prep>$ corrections & additions = future editors4 ,all ob/acles to its op5 circulation 7 remov$ by ! dea? ( ,l\is2 & 9 ! ye> #agag1 ! ,m>quis de ,f5elon1 8 great-nephew1 pres5t$ to ,l\is ,,xv4 a new & correct edition1 sup]9t5d$ by himself1 f :i* ! text ( all subsequ5t editions has be5 tak54 ,! be/ au?ority = ! life ( ,f5elon accessible to ! public is ! labori\s "w ( 8 biograph]1 ! ,c>d9al de ,bausset1 :i* is r5d]$ p>ticul>ly valuable by ! great numb] ( orig9al docum5ts :i* appe> at ! end ( ea* volume4 ,its value w\ld be increas$ if mu* ( ! !ological discussion 7 omitt$1 & ! f\r volumes compress$ into ?ree4 ,illu/ration ,,wr5 ,*ri/oph] ,wr51 ! mo/ celebrat$ ( ,briti% ar*itects1 0 born at ,ea/ ,knoyle 9 ,wilt%ire1 ,octob] #bj1 #afcb4 ,8 fa!r 0 ,rector ( t p>i%1 ,dean ( ,w9dsor1 & ,regi/r> ( ! ,ord] ( ! ,g>t]3 8 uncle1 ,dr4 ,mat!w ,wr51 0 successively ,bi%op ( ,h]e=d1 ( ,norwi*1 & ( ,ely2 & 0 "o ( ! greate/ suff]]s = ! royal cause dur+ ! ,commonweal?1 hav+ be5 imprison$ ne>ly tw5ty ye>s 9 ! ,t[] )\t ev] hav+ be5 br\ght to trial4 ,! political pr$ilections ( ,wr5's family may be suffici5tly und]/ood f ^! notices2 b he himself1 al?\gh 8 lean+ probably 0 to ! side :i* _h be5 esp\s$ by 8 fa!r & 8 uncle1 seems to h tak5 no active "p 9 /ate affairs4 ,! p]iod ( 8 long life compreh5d$ a s]ies ( ! mightie/ national convulsions & *anges t ev] took place 9 ,engl&--! civil w>--! ov]?r[ ( ! mon>*y--! dom9ation ( ,cromwell--! ,re/oration--! ,revolution--! union ) ,scotl&--&1 f9ally1 ! accession ( a new family to ! ?rone2 b we d n f9d t 9 ! high region ( philosophy & art 9 :i* he mov$1 he ev] all[$ himself to be ei!r )drawn f or int]rupt$ 9 8 c\rse by any ( ^! great ev5ts ( ! out] _w4 ,8 heal? 9 8 e>ly ye>s 0 extremely delicate4 ,on ?is acc\nt he receiv$ ! comm5cem5t ( 8 education at home "u ! sup]9t5d5ce ( 8 fa!r & a dome/ic tutor4 ,he 0 !n s5t to ,we/m9/] ,s*ool1 ov] :i* ! celebrat$ ,busby _h j come to preside4 ,! only memorial :i* we possess ( ,wr5's s*oolboy days1 is a d$ication 9 ,lat9 v]se1 address$ by him to 8 fa!r 9 8 ?irte5? ye>1 ( an a/ronomical ma*9e :i* he _h inv5t$1 & :i* seems f 8 description to h be5 a sort ( app>atus = repres5t+ ! cele/ial motions1 su* z we n[ call an orr]y4 ,8 g5ius is also /at$ to h display$ itself at ?is e>ly age 9 o!r me*anical contrivances4 ,illu/ration3 ,engrav$ by ,w4 ,holl4 ,,sir ,,*ri/oph] ,,wr54 ,f ! orig9al picture by ,sir ,g4 ,knell]1 9 ! possession ( ! ,royal ,society4 ,"u ! ,sup]9t5dance ( ! ,society = ! ,diffusion ( ,useful ,k4 ,london4 ,publi%$ by ,*>les ,knight1 ,pall ,mall ,ea/4 ,9 #afdf he 0 s5t to ,ox=d1 & ent]$ z a g5tleman common] at ,wadham ,college4 ,( 8 academical life we c say little m ?an t x confirm$ ! promise ( 8 e>ly pr(ici5cy4 ,he 0 especially di/+ui%$ by 8 ma!matical acquirem5ts1 & ga9$ ! notice & acqua9tance ( _m ( ! mo/ le>n$ & influ5tial p]sons belong+ to ! univ]sity4 ,sev]al %ort treatises & me*anical inv5tions are assign$ to ?is p]iod ( 8 life3 b z ^! h long ceas$ to int]e/ any b curi\s inquir]s into ! hi/ory ( lit]ature or sci5ce1 we c only indicate _! exi/5ce1 & ref] to o!r & m compreh5sive works4 ,9 #afej ,wr5 graduat$ z ,ba*elor ( ,arts4 ,he 0 elect$ ,fell[ ( ,all ,s\ls on ! #b;d ( ,novemb]1 #afec1 & took ! degree ( ,ma/] ( ,arts on ! #ab? ( ,decemb] 9 ! same ye>4 ,( ! subjects :i* engag$ 8 active & v]satile m9d at ?is "t1 "o ( ! *ief 0 ! sci5ce ( ,anatomy2 & he is1 on app>5tly good gr\nds1 ?\ght to h fir/ sugge/$ & tri$ ! int]e/+ exp]im5t ( inject+ liquids ( v>i\s k9ds into ! ve9s ( liv+ animals1--a process ( surg]y1 :i*1 appli$ to ! transfusion ( heal?y blood into a morbid or defici5t circulation1 has be5 reviv$1 n )\t "s promise ( important results1 9 our own day4 ,ano!r subject :i* attract$ mu* ( 8 att5tion 0 ! ,b>omet]2 b he has no claim :atev]1 ei!r to ! inv5tion ( t in/rum5t1 or to ! detection ( ! great pr9ciple ( physics1 ( :i* x is an exemplification4 ,! notion :i* has be5 tak5 up ( 8 "r to supplant ! illu/ri\s ,torricelli "h1 has aris5 m]ely f mi/ak+ ! "q ) reg>d to ! causes ( ! fluctuations 9 ! height ( ! b>ometrical column1 :ile ! in/rum5t cont9ues 9 ! same place1 = ! entirely diff]5t "q z to ! cause :y ! fluid rema9s susp5d$ at all2 ab\t :i*1 s9ce ! celebrat$ exp]im5ts ( ,pascal1 publi%$ 9 #afdg1 !re nev] has be5 any controv]sy4 ,x 0 ! =m] ph5om5on only :i* 0 attribut$ by "s to ! influ5ce ( ! moon1 & :i* ,wr5 & _m ( 8 contempor>ies ex]cis$ _! +5uity1 z _m ( _! successors h done1 9 endeav\r+ to expla94 ,9 c>ry+ on ^! inve/igations & exp]im5ts1 ,wr5's dilig5ce 0 /imulat$ & assi/$ by 8 hav+ be5 admitt$ a memb]1 ab\t ?is p]iod1 ( t celebrat$ association ( philosophical inquir]s1 out ( ^: meet+s1 begun "s ye>s be=e1 ev5tually arose ! ,royal ,society4 ,b1 l sev]al o!rs ( ! m em95t memb]s1 he 0 soon remov$ f ! comp>ative retirem5t ( ,ox=d4 ,on ! #g? ( ,augu/1 #afeg1 be+ !n only 9 8 tw5ty-fif? ye>1 he 0 *os5 to ! ,pr(essor%ip ( ,a/ronomy 9 ,gre%am ,college4 ,?is *air he held till ! #h? ( ,m>*1 #affa1 :5 he resign$ x 9 consequ5ce ( hav+1 on ! #ca/ ( ,janu>y prec$+1 receiv$ ! appo9tm5t ( ,savilian ,pr(essor ( ,a/ronomy at ,ox=d4 ,on ! #ab? ( ,septemb]1 #affa1 he took 8 degree ( ,doctor ( ,civil ,law at ,ox=d1 & 0 soon aft] admitt$ ad eundem by ! si/] univ]sity4 ,dur+ all ?is "t he _h cont9u$ to cultivate assidu\sly ! v>i\s bran*es ( ma!matical & physical sci5ce1 & to ext5d 8 reputation bo? by 8 lectures & by 8 communications to ! 8,philosophical ,club10 z x 0 call$1 :i*1 9 #afeh1 _h be5 transf]r$ to ,london1 & usually met on ! ,w$nesday ( e week at ,gre%am ,college1 9 ,wr5's class-room1 &1 on ! ,?ursday1 9 t ( 8 associate ,rooke1 ! ,pr(essor ( ,geometry4 ,! longitude1 ! calculation ( sol> eclipses1 & ! exam9ation & del9eation ( insects & animalcula by means ( ! microscope1 may be enum]at$ among ! subjects to :i* he is kn[n to h devot$ 8 att5tion4 ,on ! #ae? ( ,july1 #affbc1 he & 8 associates 7 incorporat$ "u ! title ( ! ,royal ,society2 & ,wr51 :o drew out ! preamble ( ! *>t]1 bore a *ief "p 9 ! effect+ ( ?is arrangem5t4 ,footnote #c3 ,9 ! ,life ( ,boyle ?is ev5t is /at$ to h occurr$ 9 #affc4 ,a second *>t] 0 grant$ to ! ,society1 9 t ye>1 on ! #bb;d ( ,april4 ,! future ar*itect ( ,/4 ,paul's _h already be5 call$ ^u to devote a portion ( 8 "t to ! pr(essional ex]cise ( t art f :i* he 0 de/9$ to d]ive 8 greate/ & mo/ la/+ di/9ction4 ,sir ,john ,d5ham1 ! poet1 _h on ! ,re/oration be5 rew>d$ = 8 s]vices by ! place ( ,surveyor ( ! ,royal ,works2 b al?\gh1 9 8 own words1 he !n gave ov] poetical l9es1 & made x 8 bus9ess to draw su* o!rs z might be m s]viceable to 8 ,maje/y1 & he hop$ m la/+1 x soon became app>5t t 8 g5ius 0 mu* bett] suit$ to 8build ! l(ty rhyme0 ?an to con/ruct m sub/antial edifices4 ,9 ^! circum/ances ,wr51 :o 0 kn[n among 8 o!r accompli%m5ts to be well acqua9t$ ) ! pr9ciples ( ar*itecture1 0 s5t =1 & engag$ to d ! duties ( ! (fice 9 ! capacity ( ,d5ham's assi/ant or deputy4 ,?is 0 9 ! ye> #affa4 ,x does n appe> t = "s "t he 0 employ$ 9 any "w ( consequ5ce 9 8 new "*2 & 9 #affc x 0 propos$ to s5d him out to ,africa1 to sup]9t5d ! con/ruction ( a new h>b\r & =tifications at ! t[n ( ,tangi]1 :i* _h be5 rec5tly made ov] by ,portugal to ! ,engli% ,cr[n1 on ! m>riage ( ,*>les ) ! ,infanta ,ca!r9e4 ,?is employm5t he wisely decl9$1 alleg+ ! injury he appreh5d$ to 8 heal? f a resid5ce 9 ,africa4 ,mean:ile1 ! situation :i* he held1 & 8 sci5tific reputation1 began to br+ him some?+ to d at home4 ,%eldon1 ,ar*bi%op ( ,cant]bury1 :o 0 ,*ancellor ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,ox=d1 _h resolv$ to erect at 8 own exp5se a new !atre1 or hall1 = ! public meet+s ( ! ,univ]sity2 & ?is build+ ,wr5 0 commission$ to design4 ,! ,%eldonian ,!atre1 celebrat$ = its unrivall$ ro( ( eighty feet 9 l5g? by sev5ty 9 bread?1 support$ )\t ei!r ar* or pill>1 0 ,wr5's fir/ public "w1 hav+ be5 begun ?is ye>1 al?\gh x 0 n f9i%$ till #affh4 ,ab\t ! same "t he 0 employ$ to erect a new *apel = ,pembroke ,college1 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,cambridge1 to be built at ! *>ge ( 8 uncle1 ! ,bi%op ( ,ely4 ,b1 :ile he 0 ab\t to comm5ce ^! build+s1 he 0 appo9t$ to take a lead+ "p 9 ano!r "w1 :i* ultimately became ! pr9cipal occupation ( ! be/ ye>s ( 8 life1 & enabl$ him to af=d to 8 contempor>ies & to po/]ity by f> ! mo/ magnific5t display ( 8 ar*itectural skill & g5ius4 ,ev] s9ce ! ,re/oration1 ! repair ( ! ,metropolitan ,ca!dral ( ,/4 ,paul's1 :i* dur+ ! "t ( ! ,commonweal? _h be5 surr5d]$ to ! mo/ deplorable desecration & outrage1 _h be5 anxi\sly contemplat$2 & on ! #ah? ( ,april1 #affc1 lett]s pat5t 7 at l5g? issu$ by ! ,k+1 appo9t+ a numb] ( ,commission]s1 among :om ,wr5 0 "o1 to sup]9t5d ! und]tak+4 ,"u _! direction a survey ( ! /ate ( ! build+ 0 tak51 & "s progress 0 made 9 ! rep>ation ( its mo/ mat]ial injuries1 :51 aft] ! sum ( betwe5 ?ree & f\r ?\s& p\nds _h be5 exp5d$1 ! great fire1 :i* broke out on ! night ( ,sunday1 ! #b;d ( ,septemb]1 #afff1 on ! foll[+ day r$uc$ ! :ole pile to a heap ( ru9s4 ,a consid]able "p ( ! ye> be=e ?is ,wr5 _h sp5t 9 ,p>is1 hav+ proce$$ ?i!r1 x w\ld seem1 ab\t ,midsumm]1 #affe1 & rema9$ till ! foll[+ spr+4 ,! object ( 8 visit 0 to improve himself 9 ! pr(ession 9 :i* he _h emb>k$1 by ! inspection & /udy ( ! v>i\s public build+s :i* adorn$ ! ,fr5* capital1 :]e ! celebrat$ ,b]n9i 0 at ?is "t employ$ on ! ,l\vre1 ) a ?\s& workm5 "u him1 occupi$ 9 all ! v>i\s dep>tm5ts ( ! art1 & =m+ altoge!r1 9 ,wr5's op9ion1 probably ! be/ s*ool ( ar*itecture to be !n f\nd 9 ,europe4 ,he appe>s accord+ly to h employ$ 8 "t1 ) 8 *>act]i/ic activity1 9 exam9+ ev]y?+ des]v+ ( att5tion 9 ! city & its neighb\rhood2 & lo/ no opportunity ei!r ( mak+ sket*es ( rem>kable edifices himself1 or ( procur+ !m f o!rs1 s t1 z he writes to "o ( 8 correspond5ts1 he hop$ to br+ home ) him almo/ all ,france on pap]4 ,! t]rible visitation1 :i* a few mon?s aft] 8 return laid half ! metropolis ( 8 native c\ntry 9 a%es1 op5$ to him a mu* wid] field :]eon to ex]cise ! tal5t :i* he _h be5 ?us eag] to cultivate & /r5g!n by enl>g$ k1 ?an he c\ld1 :ile s engag$1 h expect$ ev] to possess4 ,he 0 n sl[ to seize ! opportunity2 & :ile ! a%es ( ! city 7 yet alive1 drew up a plan = its re/oration1 ! lead+ features ( :i* 7 a broad /reet runn+ f ,aldgate to ,temple ,b>1 ) a l>ge squ>e = ! reception ( ! new ca!dral ( ,/4 ,paul2 & a range ( h&some quays along ! riv]4 ,! p>am\nt necessity ( spe$ 9 re/or+ ! dwell+s ( a h\seless multitude1 prev5t$ ! adoption ( ?is project2 & ! new /reets 7 9 g5]al =m$ ne>ly on ! l9e ( ! old ones4 ,b !y 7 wid5$ & /raight5$1 & ! h\ses 7 built ( brick in/ead ( wood4 ,soon aft] ! fire1 ,wr5 0 appo9t$ ,surveyor-,g5]al & pr9cipal ,ar*itect = rebuild+ ! p>i% *ur*es2 & on ! #bh? ( ,m>*1 #affi1 a few days aft] ! dea? ( ,sir ,john ,d5ham1 he 0 made ,surveyor-,g5]al ( ! ,royal ,works1 ! (fice :i* he _h = "s "t execut$ z deputy4 ,on ! #cj? ( ,july he 0 unanim\sly *os5 ,surveyor-,g5]al ( ! repairs ( ,/4 ,paul's 7ano!r (fice :i* ,d5ham _h also held7 by ! commission]s appo9t$ to sup]9t5d t "w1 ( :om he 0 himself "o4 ,at fir/ x 0 /ill ?\ght possible to repair ! ca!dral2 & a "p ( x 0 actually fitt$ up z a tempor>y *oir1 & s]vice p]=m$ 9 x4 ,aft] "s "t1 h[ev]1 x became evid5t t ! only way 9 :i* x c\ld ev] be re/or$ 0 by rebuild+ ! :ole f ! f\ndation4 ,be=e ! close ( ! ye> #afgb ,wr5 _h prep>$ & submitt$ to ! ,k+ diff]5t plans = ! new *ur*2 & 8 ,maje/y hav+ fix$ ^u ! "o :i* he pref]r$1 a commission = comm5c+ ! "w 0 issu$ on ! #ab? ( ,novemb]1 #afgc4 ,on ! #bj? ( ! same mon?1 ,wr51 :o _h be5 re-appo9t$ ar*itect = ! "w1 & also "o ( ! commission]s1 0 knight$ at ,:itehall1 hav+ resign$ 8 pr(essor%ip at ,ox=d 9 ! prec$+ ,april4 ,dur+ ! space ( "t :i* _h elaps$ s9ce ! fire1 ! ,surveyor-,g5]al ( ,public ,works _h begun or f9i%$ v>i\s m9or build+s connect$ ) ! re/oration ( ! city1 & also "s 9 o!r p>ts ( ! k+dom4 ,among ! =m] may be m5tion$ ! f9e column call$ ! ,monum5t2 ! *ur* ( ,/4 ,m>y-le-,b[ 9 ,*eapside1 ! spire ( :i* is consid]$ ! mo/ beautiful he ev] con/ruct$1 & a ma/]piece ( sci5ce1 bo? begun 9 #afga1 & f9i%$ 9 #afgg2 & ! *ur* ( ,/4 ,/eph5s1 ,walbrook1 begun #afgb1 & f9i%$ 9 #afgi1 ! int]ior ( :i* is "o ( ! mo/ exquisite specim5s ( ar*itectural art :i* ! _w conta9s1 & has excit$1 p]haps1 m en?usia/ic admiration ?an any?+ else t ,wr5 has done4 ,dur+ ! :ole ( ?is "t1 too1 not)/&+ ! little leisure :i* 8 pr(essional avocations mu/ h left him1 he appe>s to h cont9u$ 8 philosophical pursuits1 & 8 att5dance on ! ,royal ,society1 ( :i*1 f ! fir/1 he _h be5 "o ( ! mo/ active & valuable memb]s4 ,8 communications1 & ! exp]im5ts :i* he sugge/$1 embrac$ "s ( ! pr(\nde/ p>ts ( a/ronomy & ! ma!matics1 z well z v>i\s po9ts 9 anatomy & natural hi/ory1 & ! *emical & me*anical arts4 ,! design :i* ,wr5 _h prep>$ = ! new ,ca!dral1 & :i* _h be5 approv$ by ! ,k+1 be+ t ( :i* a model is /ill pres]v$ 9 an ap>tm5t ov] ! ,morn+-,pray] ,*apel1 did n 9 "s respects please ! majority ( 8 bro!r-commission]s1 :o insi/$ t1 9 ord] to give ! build+ ! true ca!dral =m1 ! aisles %\ld be add$ at ! sides z !y n[ /&1 al?\gh ! ar*itect is said to h felt s /rongly ! injury done by t alt]ation1 t he actually %$ te>s 9 speak+ ( x4 ,?is difficulty1 h[ev]1 be+ at l5g? settl$1 8 ,maje/y1 on ! #ad? ,may1 #afge1 issu$ 8 w>rant = imm$iately comm5c+ ! "w2 & accord+ly1 aft] a few weeks m _h be5 sp5t 9 ?r[+ d[n ! old walls & remov+ ! rubbi%1 ! fir/ /one 0 laid by ,sir ,*ri/oph]1 assi/$ by 8 ma/]-mason1 ,mr4 ,?omas ,/rong1 on ! #ba/ ( ,june4 ,f ?is "t ! build+ proce$$ /eadily till its completion 9 #agaj2 9 :i* ye> ! highe/ /one ( ! lant]n on ! cupola 0 laid by ,mr4 ,*ri/oph] ,wr51 ! son ( ! ar*itect1 z repres5t+ 8 v5]able fa!r1 n[ 9 ! sev5ty-eigh? ye> ( 8 age4 ,! sal>y :i* ,sir ,*ri/oph] ,wr5 receiv$ z ar*itect ( ,/4 ,paul's 0 only #bjj a ye>4 ,yet 9 ! la/ ye>s ( 8 sup]9t5d5ce a moiety ( ?is pittance 0 )held f him by ! ,commission]s1 "u ! au?ority ( a clause :i* !y _h got ins]t$ 9 an act ( p>liam5t entitl+ !m to keep back ! money till ! "w %\ld be f9i%$1 by way ( !reby ensur+ ! requisite exp$ition 9 ! ar*itect4 ,ev5 aft] ! build+ _h be5 actually complet$1 !y /ill cont9u$1 on ! same pret5ce1 to refuse paym5t ( ! arre>s due1 alleg+ t c]ta9 ?+s yet rema9$ to be done1 :i*1 aft] all1 objections & difficulties int]pos$ by !mselves alone prev5t$ f be+ p]=m$4 ,l 8 great pr$ecessor1 ,mi*ael ,angelo1 ,wr5 0 too hone/ & zeal\s 9 ! dis*>ge ( 8 duty n to h provok$ ! enmity ( _m p]sons :o _h _! private ends to s]ve 9 ! dis*>ge ( a great public duty4 ,he 0 at la/ oblig$ to petition ! ,que5 on ! subject ( ! treatm5t to :i* he 0 subject$2 b x 0 n till aft] a /ruggle ( "s ye>s t he succe$$ 9 obta9+ r$ress4 ,! faction by :om he 0 ?us oppos$ ev5 attempt$ to black5 8 "* by a direct *>ge ( peculation1 or at lea/ ( connivance at t crime1 9 a pamphlet entitl$ #8,frauds & ,abuses at ,/4 ,paul's1' :i* appe>$ 9 #agab1 & 9 ref]5ce to :i* ,sir ,*ri/oph] deem$ x prop] to appeal to ! public 9 an anonym\s reply publi%$ ! ye> aft]1 :]e9 he v9dicat$ himself triumphantly f ! asp]sions :i* _h be5 ?r[n ^u him4 ,! o!r ar*itectural works :i* he design$ & execut$ dur+ ?is p]iod1 bo? 9 ,london & else:]e1 are f> too num]\s to be m5tion$ 9 detail4 ,among !m 7 ! p>i% *ur* ( ,/4 ,bride1 9 ,fleet ,/reet1 :i* 0 f9i%$ 9 #afhj1 & ! beautiful spire ( :i*1 orig9ally two hundr$ & ?irty-f\r feet 9 height1 has be5 deem$ to rival t ( ,/4 ,m>y-le-,b[2 ! *ur* ( ,/4 ,james1 ,we/m9/]1 f9i%$ 9 #afhc1 a build+ 9 almo/ all its p>ts n m rem>kable = its beauty ?an = its sci5tific con/ruction2 & ( :i* ! ro( especially1 bo? = its /r5g? & elegance1 & = its adaptation to ! di/9ct conveyance ( s\nd1 has be5 reckon$ a s+ul>ly happy triumph ( art2 & ! *ur* ( ,/4 ,&rew1 ,holborn1 a f9e specim5 ( a commodi\s & an impos+ int]ior3 besides _m o!rs ( inf]ior note4 ,9 #afif he comm5c$ ! build+ ( ! pres5t ,hospital at ,gre5wi*1 ( :i* he liv$ to complete ! great] "p4 ,?is is und\bt$ly "o ( ! mo/ spl5did erections ( our great ar*itect4 ,among 8 less successful works may be enum]at$ ,*elsea ,hospital1 begun 9 #afhb1 & f9i%$ 9 #afij1 a pla91 b n an inelegant build+2 8 additions to ! ,palace ( ,hampton ,c\rt1 c>ri$ on f #afij to #afid1 :i* are c]ta9ly n 9 ! be/ ta/e2 & 8 repairs at ,we/m9/] ,abbey1 ( :i* he 0 appo9t$ ,surveyor-,g5]al 9 #afih4 ,9 8 attempt to re/ore & complete ?is v5]able edifice1 8 ignorance ( ! pr9ciples ( ! ,go?ic /yle1 & 8 want ( ta/e = its peculi> beauties1 made him fail p]haps m egregi\sly ?an on any o!r occasion4 ,9 #afgi he complet$ ! ,libr>y ( ,tr9ity ,college1 ,cambridge1 "o ( ! mo/ magnific5t ( 8 works2 & 9 #afhc1 ! ,*apel ( ,que5's ,college1 & ! ,a%molean ,museum1 at ,ox=d4 ,! same ye> he began ! erection ( ! ext5sive pile ( ,w9*e/] ,ca/le1 orig9ally int5d$ = a royal palace1 b n[ us$ z a milit>y b>rack4 ,to ^! works are to be add$ a long li/ ( halls = ! city companies1 & o!r public build+s1 z well z a consid]able numb] ( private edifices4 ,among ! latt] 0 ,m>lbor\gh ,h\se1 ,pall-,mall4 ,inde$ sc>cely a build+ ( importance 0 und]tak5 dur+ ?is long p]iod :i* he 0 n call$ ^u to design or sup]9t5d4 ,! activity bo? ( m9d & body mu/ h be5 extraord9>y1 :i* enabl$ him to accompli% :at he did1 n to speak ( ! ready & f]tile +5uity1 & ! inexhau/ible s\rces ( inv5tion & sci5ce he mu/ h possess$1 to meet ! incessant dem&s t 7 made = new & v>y+ displays ( 8 contriv+ skill4 ,x appe>s1 too1 9 addition to all ?is1 t ! duties impos$ ^u him by 8 place ( ,surveyor ( ,public ,works1 = :i* he only receiv$ a sal>y ( #ajj a ye>1 7 ( an extremely h>ass+ description1 & mu/ h consum$ a great deal ( 8 "t4 ,claims & disputes z to rights ( prop]ty1 & petitions or compla9ts 9 reg>d to ! infr+em5t ( ! build+ regulations 9 e "p ( ! metropolis & its vic9ity1 seem to h be5 con/antly submitt$ to 8 exam9ation & adjudication2 & ,mr4 ,elmes has pr9t$ _m ( 8 reports ^u ^! cases f ! orig9al manuscripts1 :i* af=d /rik+ evid5ce bo? ( ! promptitude ) :i* he gave 8 att5tion to ! num]\s calls ?us made ^u him1 & ( ! l>ge exp5diture ( "t & lab\r !y mu/ h co/ him4 ,! long s]ies ( ye>s dur+ :i* ,wr5 0 occupi$ 9 ! accompli%m5t ( 8 greate/ "w1 & :i* _h conduct$ him f ! middle /age ( life to old age1 br\ght to him also ( c\rse v>i\s o!r *anges4 ,he _h be5 twice m>ri$1 & _h become ! fa!r ( two sons & a daught]1 ( :om ! elde/1 ,*ri/oph]1 0 ! au?or ( ,p>5talia1 or ,memoirs ( ! ,family ( ! ,wr5s4 ,9 #afhj1 he 0 elect$ to ! ,presid5cy ( ! ,royal ,society1 on its be+ decl9$ by ,mr4 ,boyle2 & ?is hon\rable (fice he held = two ye>s2 dur+ :i*1 not)/&+ all 8 o!r occupations1 we f9d him occupy+ ! *air 9 p]son at almo/ e meet+1 & /ill cont9u+ to take 8 usual prom95t "p 9 ! sci5tific discussions ( ! ev5+4 ,9 #afhd !re 0 add$ to 8 o!r appo9tm5ts t ( ,comptroll] ( ! ,works at ,w9dsor4 ,9 ,may1 #afhe1 he ent]$ p>liam5t z "o ( ! memb]s = ,plympton2 & he also sat = ,w9dsor bo? 9 ! conv5tion :i* met aft] ! revolution1 & 9 ! fir/ p>liam5t ( ,william ,,iii4 ,he aft]w>ds sat = ,weym\? 9 ! p>liam5t :i* met 9 ,febru>y1 #agjj1 & :i* 0 dissolv$ 9 ,novemb] ( ! ye> foll[+4 ,! ev5+ ( ,wr5's life 0 m>k$ by neglect & +ratitude4 ,9 ! eighty-six? ye> ( 8 age he 0 remov$ f ! (fice ( ,surveyor-,g5]al1 :i* he _h held = =ty-n9e ye>s1 9 fav\r ( "o ,b5son1 ^: incapacity & di%one/y soon l$ to 8 disgrace & dismissal4 ,=tunately ,wr5's temp] 0 too happy & placid to be affect$ by ! loss ( c\rt fav\r1 & he retir$ to 8 home at ,hampton ,c\rt1 :]e he sp5t ! la/ five ye>s ( 8 life *iefly 9 ! /udy ( ! ,scriptures1 & ! revision ( 8 philosophical works4 ,he di$ ,febru>y #be1 #agbc1 9 ! n9ety-fir/ ye> ( 8 age4 ,m m9ute acc\nts ( 8 life are to be f\nd 9 ! ,p>5talia1 already m5tion$1 & 9 ,mr4 ,elmes's qu>to volume4 ,we may also ref] ! read] to a long] memoir 9 ! ,libr>y ( ,useful ,k4 ,illu/ration3 ,int]ior ( ,/4 ,/eph5's1 ,walbrook4 ,illu/ration3 ,engrav$ by ,t4 ,woolno?4 ,,corneille4 ,f an orig9al ,picture by ,c4 ,lebrun 9 ! possession ( ! ,in/itute ( ,france4 ,"u ! ,sup]9t5dance ( ! ,society = ! ,diffusion ( ,useful ,k4 ,london4 ,publi%$ by ,*>les ,knight1 ,pall ,mall ,ea/4 ,illu/ration ,,corneille ,pet] ,corneille 0 born at ,r\51 on ! #f? ( ,june1 #afjf4 ,8 fa!r 0 9 ! pr(ession ( ! law1 & held an (fice ( tru/ "u ,l\is ,,xiii4 ,"y ,corneille 0 educat$ 9 ! ,jesuits' ,college at ,r\52 &1 :ile !re1 =m$ an atta*m5t to t society1 :i* he ma9ta9$ unimpair$ 9 aft]-life4 ,he 0 de/9$ = ! b>1 at :i* he practis$ = a %ort "t1 b _h no turn = bus9ess2 & ) bett] w>rant ?an ! _m1 :o mi/ake a lazy & vagabond incl9ation = g5ius & ! muse1 he quitt$ ! pa? ( ambition & pref]m5t = a road to fame1 %ort]1 & !re=e bett] suit$ to an aspir+1 b impati5t m9d4 ,a ,fr5* writ] congratulates 8 c\ntry1 t he :o w\ld h made an obscure & ill-qualifi$ prov9cial b>ri/]1 became1 by *ange ( place & pursuits1 ! glory & ornam5t ( a great empire 9 its mo/ spl5did day4 ,corneille 8left 8 call+ = an idle trade10 )\t hav+ bespok5 ! fav\r ( ! public by any m9or specim5s ( poetical tal5t4 ,he seems inde$ to h hung loose ^u society1 till a petty affair ( gallantry discov]$ ! m9e ( 8 natural g5ius1 ?\gh n 9 8 pure/ & ri*e/ ve94 ,! /ory is told by ,font5elle1 & has be5 relat$ ( _m o!rs ) ne>ly ! same incid5ts2 be+ ! common-place ( y\?ful adv5ture4 ,"o ( ,corneille's fri5ds _h introduc$ him to 8 int5d$ wife2 & ! lady1 )\t any imputation ( trea*]y on ! "p ( ! supplant]1 took su* a fancy to him1 z induc$ h] to play ! jilt t[>ds 8 introduc]4 ,corneille m\ld$ ! emb>rassm5t into a com$y entitl$ ,melite4 ,! drama _h hi!rto be5 at a l[ ebb among ! ,fr5*4 ,_! trag$y 0 flat & languid3 to com$y1 prop]ly s call$1 !y _h no pret5sions4 ,! !atre !re=e _h hi!rto be5 little att5d$ by p]sons ( condition4 ,rac9e describes ! ,fr5* /age :5 ,corneille began to write1 z absolutely )\t ord] or regul>ity1 ta/e or k1 z to :at con/itut$ ! real m]its ( ! drama4 ,! writ]s1 he says1 7 z ignorant z ! spectators4 ,_! subjects 7 extravagant & improbable2 nei!r mann]s nor *>act]s 7 del9eat$4 ,! diction 0 /ill m faulty ?an ! action2 ! wit 0 conf9$ to ! l[e/ puns4 ,9 %ort1 all ! rules ( art1 ev5 ^? ( dec5cy & propriety1 7 violat$4 ,?is description gives u ! hi/ory ( ! infant drama 9 all ages & c\ntries2 ( ,!spis 9 8 c>t1 & ( ,gamm] ,gurton's ne$le4 ,:ile ! ,fr5* !atre 0 9 ?is /ate ( degradation1 ,melite appe>$4 ,:atev] its faults might be1 !re 0 some?+ 9 x l orig9ality ( "*2 "s indications ( a comic ve91 & "s +5i\s comb9ations4 ,! public hail$ ! new era ) delight1 & ! poet 0 a/oni%$ at 8 own success4 ,! /age seem$ all at once to fl\ri% & to h tak5 its prop] /ation among ! elegant arts & rational amusem5ts4 ,on ! /r5g? ( ?is acquisition1 a new company ( actors 0 =m$2 & ! successful exp]im5t 0 foll[$ up by a s]ies ( pieces ( ! same k9d1 betwe5 ! ye>s #afcb & #afce4 ,imp]fect z !y 71 we may trace 9 !m "s sket*es ( new "*1 :i* ! m me?odical & practis$ dramati/s ( a lat] p]iod fill$ out ) m skill & high] col\r+1 b ) little claim to inv5tion4 ,we owe to ,corneille "o ( ! mo/ ent]ta9+ p]sonages 9 mod]n com$y1--! ,*amb]maid2 :o has succe$$ to ! (fice ( ! ,nurse 9 ! eld] drama4 ,?is *ange 0 p>tly1 p]haps pr9cipally1 produc$ by t great revolution 9 ! mod]n /age :i* introduc$ wom5 ^u ! bo>ds4 ,:ile female *>act]s 7 consign$ to male repres5tatives1 ! poet took e opportunity ( ?r[+ 8 h]o9es into bree*es to slur ov] ! awkw>dness ( ! boys2 & ! subord9ate in/rum5ts ( ! plot 7 duly envelop$ 9 ! hoods & flannels ( decrepit age1 :ile ! h>d features ( ! adult male 7 easily manufactur$ into wr9kles4 ,b :5 once real wom5 7 br\ght =w>d1 !y _h _! own int]e/s to manage z well z ^? ( ! au?or2 & ! artificial disguise ( _! p]sons w\ld ill h accord$ ) ^? speculations1 ( :i* p]sonal beauty =m$ a ma9 +r$i5t4 ,x 0 _! bus9ess !re=e1 :ile !y conduct$ ! love-affairs ( _! mi/resses1 to int]weave an und]plot betwe5 !mselves & ! valets4 ,less attractive p]haps ?an _! "y ladies 9 outw>d %[1 !y obta9$ comp5sation 9 ! piquancy ( wit intru/$ to _! deliv]y1 & ?us divid$ ! int]e/ among ! spectators 9 no disadvantage\s proportion4 ,corneille 0 also ! fir/ :o br\ght ! dialogue ( poli%$ society ^u ! ,fr5* /age1 :i* _h hi!rto be5 conf9$ to ! vulg>ities ( l[ com$y or ! bomba/ ( inflat$ trag$y4 ,b x is "t to rescue him f ! obscurity ( 8 own e>ly compositions4 ,8 fir/ trag$y 0 ,m$ea1 copi$ pr9cipally f ! faulty model ( ,s5eca1 ^: prolix declamation1 ?us e>ly adopt$1 probably ex]cis$ an unfav\rable influ5ce on ! aft] =tunes ( ! national trag$y4 ,8 nephew ,font5elle1 inde$1 says t 8he took flight at once1 & so>$ in/antly to ! sublime40 ,b ?is s5t5ce has n be5 confirm$ by m imp>tial critics4 ,! ,cont95t has condemn$ ! wit*craft2 b we are b\nd to uphold x 9 def5ce ( our own ,%akspe>e1 :o has clo!d 8 hags ) m picturesque & awful attributes ?an ! magnific5t & imp]ial sorc]ies ( ,corneille1 ,s5eca1 or ev5 ,euripides himself h exhibit$4 ,! ye> #afcg 0 ! era ( ! production ( ! ,cid2 ! play n only ( ,france1 b ( ,europe1 = x has be5 translat$ into mo/ languages4 ,b a sudd5 reputation involves its possessor 9 _m vexations4 ,poets 7 9 ^? days compell$ to be c\rti]s1 if !y w\ld prosp]4 ,at ! ,hotel de ,ramb\illet1 an assembly 0 held1 consi/+ ( c\rtly & fa%ionable au?ors1 :o wa/$ _! "t 9 compos+ ?ses d'am\r & o!r fopp]ies ( romantic lit]ature4 ,ov] ?is society1 z well z ov] ! politics ( ,europe1 ,ri*elieu *ose to be umpire4 ,he 0 also ! f\nd] ( ! ,fr5* ,academy1 & ! av[$ patron ( its memb]s4 ,) ?is hold ^u _! good mann]s1 he kept f\r au?ors 9 pay1 = ! purpose ( fill+ out 8 own dramatic & poetical skeletons4 ,corneille cons5t$ to be "o ( ! p>ty1 & 0 s ignorant ( ! ways ( c\rts z to fancy t he might ex]cise 8 judgm5t indep5d5tly4 ,he 0 ev5 simple en\gh to be a/oni%$ t ! well-meant lib]ty ( mak+ "s alt]ations 9 ! plot ( "o ( ^! m9i/]ial dramas %\ld give (f5ce3 b z he 0 too pr\d to surr5d] 8 own judgm5t1 or to risk future affronts f ! revulsion ( ! ,c>d9al's goodwill1 he )drew f ! palace1 & ab&on$ himself to uncontroll$ int]c\rse ) ! ,muse4 ,ri*elieu !re=e became ! pr9cipal in/igator ( a cabal1 :i* ! envy ( ! wits suffici5tly incl9$ !m to =m4 ,"u su* auspices1 !y ent]$ into a conspiracy aga9/ ! unc\rtly (f5d]4 ,! prime m9i/] c\ld n endure t ! successful intrigu] 9 political life %\ld be tax$ ) failure 9 unravell+ ! intricacies ( a fictiti\s int]e/3 he !re=e look$ at ! real defects 9 a p]=mance approv$ by ! public ) a jaundic$ eye1 & ) b a half-op5$ "o at its unrivall$ beauties4 ,z univ]sal patron1 he _h settl$ a p5sion on ! poet2 b he levell$ insidi\s & cl&e/9e %afts aga9/ 8 fame4 ,! 8irritable tribe0 will+ly ran to arms1 ) ,scud]i at _! head1 :o wrote ho/ile rem>ks on ! ,cid1 address$ to ! ,academy 9 ! =m ( an appeal1 9 ! c\rse ( :i* he qua9tly t]m$ himself ! evangeli/ ( tru?4 ,accord+ to ! /atutes ( ! ,academy1 t augu/ body c\ld n take ^u itself ! decision1 )\t ! cons5t ( bo? p>ties4 ,corneille1 h[ev] indignant pr(essionally1 0 "u too _m p]sonal obligations to ! ,c>d9al to spurn ! au?ority ( a tribunal erect$ by him4 ,he !re=e gave 8 ass5t to ! ref]5ce1 b 9 t]ms ( consid]able haught9ess4 ,! ,academy drew up a critique1 to :i* !y gave ! mode/ title ( 8,s5tim5ts ( ! ,fr5* ,academy on ! tragicom$y ( ! ,cid40 ,9 ! execution ( ?is delicate commission1 ! le>n$ memb]s contriv$ to reconcile ! dem&s ( s\nd ta/e & criticism ) ! tact & suppl5ess ( c\rti]s4 ,!y gratifi$ ! spl5etic temp] ( ! m9i/] by c5sures1 ! ju/ice ( :i* c\ld n be ga9say$3 b !y prais$ ! beauties ( ! great sc5es ) a nobl5ess ( panegyric1 :i* took f ! au?or all "r to compla9 ( p>tiality4 ,?is solemn judgm5t 0 giv5 aft] five mon?s ( debate & negotiation betwe5 ! ,c>d9al & ! academicians1 :o dread$ (ficial fr[ns if !y :olly acquitt$1 & public disgu/ if !y condemn$ aga9/ evid5ce4 ,if x be consid]$ t ?is infant in/itution ow$ its bir? to ,ri*elieu1 & dep5d$ on him = its future gr[?1 ! v]dict is highly hon\rable to ! individuals1 & cr$itable to ! lit]>y "*1 ev5 :5 disadvantage\sly circum/anc$ by be+ entangl$ 9 ! trammels ( a c\rt4 ,our limits w n p]mit ! exam9ation ( insulat$ passages1 nor ev5 individual trag$ies3 b indep5d5tly ( ! spl5d\r ( ! execution1 o!r circum/ances att5d+ ! c>e] ( ! ,cid produc$ a /rong impression on ! rema9d] ( ,corneille's dramatic life4 ,! ,cid 0 tak5 f two ,spani% plays1 & sev]al passages 7 actual translations2 b n 9 suffici5t numb] to invalidate ! au?or's claim to a l>ge %>e ( orig9ality4 ,to set t "q at re/1 9 ! editions publi%$ by himself1 he gave ! passages tak5 f ! ,spani% at ! bottom ( ! page4 ,yet x 0 object$ by 8 rivals & libell]s1 t ! au?or ( ,m$ea & ! ,cid c\ld only imitate or translate3 t he _h /ol5 ! fir/ ( 8 trag$ies f ,s5eca1 ! second f ,guill5 de ,ca/ro3 a clev] borr[]1 )\t a sp>k ( tragic g5ius or inv5tion6 ,unluckily = ?is bold ass]tion1 among o!r ,european languages1 ?is ,fr5* play 0 translat$ into ,spani%2 & ! nation1 :5ce ! piece 0 pr(ess$ly d]iv$1 ?\ght x wor? :ile to recov] x 9 ! dress giv5 to x by an illu/ri\s =eign]4 ,aga9/ su* unf\nd$ c5sures x w be suffici5t to quote ! au?ority ( ,boileau1 :o speaks ( ! ,cid z a m]veille naissante4 ,hav+ a*iev$ 8 fir/ great success on a ,spani% subject & aft] a ,spani% model1 x is n improbable t1 _h all gone smoo?ly1 he w\ld h cont9u$ to draw 8 res\rces f ! same f\nta94 ,b vexation & res5tm5t1 usually at v>iance ) good policy1 n[ conspir$ ) x2 & put him on seek+ a new road to fame4 ,he _h1 z x %\ld seem1 int5d$ to transplant a succession ( ,spani% hi/ories & fables1 ) all ! entanglem5t ( ,spani% contrivance 9 ! weav+ ( plots4 ,b 9 weigh+ ! objections />t$ aga9/ 8 piece1 he f\nd t !y appli$ r to 8 ,spani% orig9als ?an to 8 own adaptation2 he !re=e det]m9$ to cut ! knot ( future controv]sy1 by adopt+ ! sev]ity ( ! classical model4 ,to ?is we owe ,horace1 ,pompe1 ,c9na1 & ,polyeucte2--ma/]pieces :i* 8 m poli%$ b m feeble successors 9 va9 aspir$ to emulate4 ,?us did ?is eag] w> ( criticism produce a crisis 9 ! dramatic hi/ory ( ,france4 ,its /age w\ld probably1 b = ?is1 h be5 h]oic & *ivalr\s1 n1 z x is1 ,roman1 & aft] ! mann] ( ! anci5ts4 ,x might ev5 h rivall$ our own 9 tragicom$y2--t mon/] /igmatiz$ by ,voltaire z ! (fspr+ ( b>b>ism1 al?\gh1 & p]haps because1 he 8pilf]$ snug0 f x2 & might hope1 by und]valu+ ! article1 to escape detection z ! purlo9]4 ,at ! end ( ?ree ye>s1 devot$ to ! /udy ( ! anci5ts1 ! injur$ au?or av5g$ ! injuries levell$ aga9/ ! ,cid by ! production ( ,horace4 ,al?\gh ! impetu\s poet _h n yet subdu$ 8 g5ius to ! trammels ( j arrangem5t1 unity ( action1 & ! o!r sev]e rules ( ! classic drama1 su* 0 ! orig9ality ( conception1 ! =ce ( "*1 & gr&eur ( s5tim5t display$ 9 ?is p]=mance1 t new views ( excell5ce 7 op5$ to ! a/oni%$ audi5ce4 ,voltaire1 ) all ! p$antry ( me*anical criticism1 objects to ,horace1 t 9 x !re are ?ree trag$ies in/ead ( "o4 ,:atev] may be ! =ce ( ?is objection ) ! ,fr5*1 x w weigh little ) a p inur$ to ! irregul> sublimity & unfett]$ spl5d\r ( ,%akspe>e4 ,c9na r$eem$ _m ( ! errors ( ,horace1 & improv$ ^u its v>i\s m]its4 ,! suffrages ( ! public 7 divid$ betwe5 x & ,polyeucte1 z ! au?or's ma/]piece4 ,b ,dryd5 consid]$ ! ,cid & ,*9a z 8 two be/ plays2 & speaks ( ,polyeucte s>ca/ically1 z 89 matt]s ( religion1 z solemn z ! long /ops ^u our organs40 ,be=e ! p]=mance ( ,polyeucte1 ,corneille read x at ! ,hotel de ,ramb\illet4 ,t tribunal affect$ sov]eign au?ority 9 affairs ( wit4 ,ev5 ! reputation ( ! au?or1 n[ 9 all its spl5d\r1 c\ld no fur!r comm& ! civilities ( ! critics1 ?an to 8damn ) fa9t praise40 ,"s days aft]w>ds1 ,voiture call$ on ,corneille1 &1 aft] mu* complim5t>y circumlocution1 took ! lib]ty ( j h9t+1 t its success 0 n likely to answ] expectation3 above all1 t its ,*ri/ian _s 0 calculat$ to give (f5ce4 ,corneille1 mu* al>m$1 0 ab\t to )draw x f rehe>sal3 ! p]suasions ( an inf]ior play] spirit$ him up to risk ! consequ5ces ( av[+ himself a ,*ri/ian 9 an infidel c\rt4 ,?us1 probably1 a hang]-on ( ! !atre _h ! hon\r ( prev5t+ a repetition ( t malice1 by :i* rival wits attempt$ to arre/ ! c>e] ( ! ,cid4 ,! w9t] ( #afda-db produc$ ,la ,mort de ,pompe & ,le ,m5teur4 ,! op5+ ( ,la ,mort de ,pompe has be5 frequ5tly comm5d$ = gr&eur ( conception & orig9ality2 & ! skill _c be d5i$1 by :i* ! enunciation ( ! circum/ances produc+ ! int]e/ ( ! piece is r5d]$ consi/5t ) ! dignity ( ! subject & *>act]s4 ,! same praise _c be conc$$ to ! inflation ( ! dialogue & ! intol]able l5g? ( ! spee*es4 ,b ! conclud+ spee* ( ,cs> to ! second sc5e ( ! ?ird act1 & ! :ole ( ! f\r? act1 not)/&+ ! c5sure ( ,dryd51 bo? on ?is trag$y & ! ,c9na1 t 8!y are n s prop]ly to be call$ plays1 z long disc\rses ( reason & /ate10 may be select$ z fav\rable specim5s ( ! /yle & p[] ( ,fr5* dialogue4 ,a %ort notice w be suffici5t = ! com$y ( ,corneille2 & ! production ( ,le ,m5teur1 8 mo/ celebrat$ piece1 af=ds ! fitte/ opportunity4 ,z ! ,cid 0 imitat$ f ,guill5 de ,ca/ro1 ,lop de ,vega furni%$ ! gr\ndwork ( ,le ,m5teur4 ,x is consid]$ to be ! fir/ g5u9e example ( ! com$y ( intrigue & "* 9 ,france2 = ,melite 0 at be/ b a m]e attempt4 ,be=e ?is "t1 !re 0 no unsophi/icat$ nature1 no conv5tional mann]s1 no tru? ( del9eation4 ,mir? 0 rais$ by extravagance1 & curiosity by incid5ts bord]+ on ! impossible4 ,corneille appeal$ to nature & to tru?3 h[ev] imp]fect ! execution1 9 comp>ison ) t ( 8 next successor 9 com$y1 he prov$ t he knew h[ ,?alia z well z ,melpom5e ought to be drawn4 ,! greate/ complim5t1 p]haps1 t c be paid to 8 g5ius is1 t he po9t$ out ! road bo? to ,rac9e & ,moli]e4 ,! ye> #afde gave bir? to ,rodogune1 9 :i*1 hav+ be=e t\*$ ! spr+s ( wond] & pity1 he work$ on 8 audi5ce by ! m p[]ful eng9e ( t]ror4 ,8 subsequ5t pieces 7 bel[ 8 =m] level1 & betray$1 n s mu* ! decay ( g5ius f ! gr[+ infirmities ( nature1 z t fatal mi/ake 9 writ+ !mselves out1 s common to au?ors 9 ! prov9ce ( imag9ation4 ,! cold reception ( ,p]?>ite disgu/$ ! poet1 & he r5\nc$ ! /age 9 a spl5etic little preface to ! pr9t$ play1 compla9+ t 8he _h be5 an au?or too long to be a fa%ionable "o40 ,! turmoil ( ! c\rt & ! gaiety ( ! !atre _h n effac$ 8 e>ly s5tim5ts ( piety & religion2 he !re=e betook himself to ! translation ( ,kempis's ,imitation ( ,jesus ,*ri/1 :i* he p]=m$ v f9ely4 ,?is gave rise to a ridicul\s & unf\nd$ /ory1 t ! fir/ book 0 impos$ on him z a p5ance2 ! second1 by ! ,que5's comm&2 & ! ?ird1 by ! t]rors ( consci5ce dur+ a sev]e illness4 ,z ! mortification ( failure fad$ away ) "t1 8 passion = ! !atre reviv$4 ,not)/&+ "s misgiv+s1 he 0 enc\rag$ by ,f\quet ,de/r9 9 #afei1 aft] six ye>s' abs5ce4 ,he began aga91 ) m b5efit to 8 popul>ity ?an to 8 true fame1 ) dipus2--! noble/ & mo/ pa!tic subject1 mo/ nobly treat$1 ( anci5t trag$y4 ,la ,toison d',or came next2 a spectacle got up = ! ,k+'s m>riage2--a species ( piece 9 :i* ! poet always plays a subord9ate "p to ! sc5e-pa9t] & ! dressmak]4 ,s]torius is to be notic$ z hav+ giv5 scope to ! f9e declamatory p[]s ( ,mademoiselle ,clairon1 ! ,siddons ( ! ,fr5* /age4 ,b]5ice rose to an un5viable fame1 pr9cipally 9 consequ5ce ( ! foll[+ circum/ances4 ,h5rietta ( ,engl&1 !n ,du*ess ( ,orleans1 :om ,font5elle _h ! good mann]s to complim5t z 8a pr9cess :o _h a high reli% = works ( g5ius1 & _h be5 able to call =? "s sp>ks ( x ev5 9 a b>b>\s c\ntry10 privately set ,corneille & ,rac9e to "w on ! same subject4 ,_! pieces 7 repres5t$ at ! same "t2 & ! /ruggle betwe5 a worn-out vet]an & a *ampion 9 ! vig\r ( y\?1 t]m9at$1 z might h be5 expect$1 9 ! victory ( ! latt]4 ,?is lit]>y conte/ 0 kn[n by ! title ( 8! duel40 ,! exp]im5t proves ! love ( mis*ief1 b says little = ! good ta/e or b5evol5ce ( ! royal in/igator4 ,pul*rie & ,sur5a 7 8 la/ productions3 bo? bett] ?an ,b]5ice1 ) suffici5t m]it to r5d] ! close ( 8 lit]>y life respectable1 if n spl5did4 ,! p]sonal hi/ory ( ,corneille furni%es little anecdote2 we h only fur!r to /ate1 t he 0 *os5 a ,memb] ( ! ,fr5* ,academy 9 #afdg1 & 0 ,dean ( t society at ! "t ( 8 dea?1 :i* took place 9 #afhd1 9 8 sev5ty-n9? ye>4 ,he is said to h be5 a man ( a dev\t & melan*oly ca/4 ,he spoke little 9 company1 ev5 on subjects :i* 8 pursuits _h made 8 own4 ,! au?or ( #8,melanges d',hi/oire et du ,lit]ature1' a "w publi%$ "u ! "n ( ,vigneut ,m>ville1 b really writt5 by ! ,pre ,bonav5ture d',ay\nne1 a ,ci/]cian monk ( ,p>is1 says1 t 8! fir/ "t he saw him1 he took him = a tradesman ( ,r\54 ,8 conv]sation 0 s heavy z to be extremely tiresome if x la/$ long40 ,b :atev] might be ! outw>d co>s5ess or dulness ( ! man1 he 0 mild ( temp] 9 8 family1 a good husb&1 p>5t1 & fri5d4 ,8 wor? & integrity 7 unque/ionable2 nor _h 8 connexion ) ! c\rt1 ( :i* he 0 n fond1 taught him t art ( cr++ s necess>y to =tune & promotion4 ,h5ce 8 reputation 0 almo/ ! only advantage accru+ to him f 8 productions4 ,8 works h be5 (t5 pr9t$1 & consi/ ( m ?an ?irty plays1 trag$ies & com$ies4 ,^? :o wi% = a m detail$ acc\nt ( ?is great writ] w f9d x 9 8 life1 by ,font5elle1 9 ,voltaire's sev]al prefaces1 9 ,rac9e's ,spee* to ! ,fr5* ,academy on ! admission ( 8 bro!r ,?omas1 & 9 ,bayle4 ,_m scatt]$ rem>ks on him may also be f\nd ?r\gh\t ,dryd5's critical prefaces4 ,illu/ration3 ,tragic ,masks1 f ,pompeii4 ,illu/ration3 ,engrav$ by ,w4 ,t4 ,fry4 ,,halley ,f an orig9al ,picture ascrib$ to ,dahl 9 ! possession ( ! ,royal ,society4 ,"u ! ,sup]9t5dance ( ! ,society = ! ,diffusion ( ,useful ,k4 ,london4 ,publi%$ by ,*>les ,knight1 ,pall ,mall ,ea/4 ,illu/ration ,,halley ,edmund ,halley1 "o ( ! greate/ a/ronom]s ( an age :i* produc$ _m1 0 born at a c\ntry h\se nam$ ,hagg]/on1 9 ! p>i% ( ,/4 ,leon>d1 ,%or$it*1 ,octob] #bi1 #afef4 ,8 fa!r1 a weal?y citiz5 & soap-boil]1 intru/$ ! c>e ( 8 son's education to ,dr4 ,gale1 ma/] ( ,/4 ,paul's ,s*ool4 ,"h "y ,halley appli$ himself to ! /udy ( ma!matics & a/ronomy ) :at 0 !n consid]$ great success2 =1 be=e he left s*ool1 he und]/ood ! use ( ! cele/ial globe1 & c\ld con/ruct a sun-dial2 &1 z he has himself in=m$ u1 _h already obs]v$ ! v>iation ( ! ne$le4 ,9 #afgc1 be+ 9 ! sev5te5? ye> ( 8 age1 he 0 ent]$ ( ,que5's ,college1 ,ox=d1 & two ye>s aft]w>ds gave ! fir/ pro( ( 8 a/ronomical g5ius by publi%+1 9 ! ,philosophical ,transactions1 #afgf1 8a direct & geometrical me?od ( f9d+ ! ,aphelia & ,ecc5tricities ( ! ,planets40 ,8 fa!r1 :o seems to h _h none ( t antipa?y to a son's engag+ 9 lit]>y or sci5tific pursuits1 :i* is repres5t$ z common to m5 ( comm]ce by ! writ]s ( t age1 suppli$ him lib]ally ) a/ronomical in/rum5ts4 ,?us assi/$1 he made _m obs]vations1 p>ticul>ly ( ,jupit] & ,saturn1 by means ( :i* he discov]$ t ! motion ( ,saturn 0 sl[]1 & t ( ,jupit] quick] ?an c\ld be acc\nt$ = by ! exi/+ tables2 & made "s progress 9 correct+ ^? tables accord+ly4 ,b he soon f\nd t no?+ c\ld be done )\t a good catalogue ( ! />s4 ,?is1 x appe>s1 he _h "s int5tion ( =m+2 b f9d+ t ,hevelius & ,flam/e$ 7 already employ$ on ! same "w1 he propos$ to himself to proce$ to ! s\!rn hemisph]e1 & to complete ! design by obs]v+ ^? />s :i* nev] rise above ! horizons ( ,dantzic & ,gre5wi*4 ,hav+ obta9$ 8 fa!r's cons5t1 & an all[ance ( #cjj a-ye>2 & hav+ fix$ ^u ,/4 ,hel5a z ! mo/ conv5i5t spot1 he appli$ to ,sir ,joseph ,williamson & ,sir ,jonas ,moor1 ! ,secret>y ( ,/ate & ! ,surveyor ( ! ,ordnance4 ,^! g5tlem5 repres5t$ 8 int5tion 9 a fav\rable light to ,*>les ,,ii41 & also to ! ,ea/-,india ,company1 :o promis$ him e assi/ance 9 _! p[]4 ,?us protect$1 he set out = ,/4 ,hel5a 9 #afgf2 8 pr9cipal in/rum5ts be+ a sextant ( five feet & a half radius1 & a telescope ( tw5ty-f\r feet 9 l5g?4 ,he f\nd ! climate n s fav\rable z he _h be5 l$ to believe1 & moreov] describes himself z disgu/$ ) ! treatm5t he receiv$ f ! ,gov]nor4 ,"u ^! disadvantages1 he nev]!less =m$ a catalogue ( #cej />s1 :i* he aft]w>ds publi%$ "u ! "n ( #8,catalogus ,/ell>um ,au/ralium4' ,he call$ a new con/ellation :i* he _h obs]v$1 by ! title ( ,robur ,c>ol9um1 9 hon\r ( ! well-kn[n oak ( ,*>les ,,ii4 ,:ile at ,/4 ,hel5a he also obs]v$ a transit ( ,m]cury1 & sugge/$ ! use :i* might be made ( simil> ph5om5a 9 ! det]m9ation ( ! sun's di/ance f ! e>?4 ,he fir/ obs]v$ ! necessity ( %ort5+ ! p5dulum z x approa*$ ! equator2 or1 at lea/1 :5 ,hook aft]w>ds m5tion$ ! circum/ance to ,newton1 x 0 ! fir/ "t ! latt] _h he>d ( ! fact4 ,soon aft] 8 return to ,engl&1 9 ,novemb]1 #afgh1 ,halley obta9$ ! degree ( ,m4,a4 f ! ,univ]sity ( ,ox=d1 by royal m&ate1 & 0 elect$ ,fell[ ( ! ,royal ,society4 ,?is body _h be5 reque/$ by ,hevelius to select "s p]son :o might add ! s\!rn />s to 8 catalogue4 ,a dispute 0 also p5d+ betwe5 him & ,hook1 z to ! use ( telescopes 9 obs]v+ ! />s1 to :i* ! =m] object$4 ,to aid ,hevelius1 z well z to decide ^u ! "* ( 8 obs]vations1 ,halley w5t to ,dantzic1 & x is relat$1 z a pro( ( ! en]gy ( 8 "*1 t 9 "o mon? f ! "t ( 8 l&+ 9 ,engl& he publi%$ 8 catalogue1 procur$ a m&ate1 took ! degree1 0 elect$ ,f4,r4,s41 arrang$ to g to ,dantzic1 & wrote to ,hevelius4 ,he arriv$ on ! #bf? ( ,may1 #afgi1 & ! same night ent]$ ^u a s]ies ( obs]vations ) ,hevelius1 :i* he cont9u$ till ,july1 :5 he return$ to ,engl&1 fully satisfi$ ( 8 coadjutor's accuracy4 ,9 #afhj he aga9 visit$ ! cont95t4 ,betwe5 ,p>is & ,calais he _h a sight ( ! celebrat$ comet ( t ye>1 well kn[n z ! "o by obs]vations ( :i* ! orbit ( ^! bodies 0 discov]$ to be ne>ly a p>abola4 ,he return$ f 8 travels 9 ! ye> #afha1 & %ortly aft] m>ri$ ! daught] ( a ,mr4 ,tooke !n ,auditor ( ! ,ex*equ]1 :i* union la/$ fifty-five ye>s4 ,he settl$ at ,isl+ton1 :]e1 = m ?an t5 ye>s1 he occupi$ himself ) 8 usual pursuits1 ( ! results ( :i* we %all pres5tly speak m p>ticul>ly4 ,9 #afia ! ,savilian ,pr(essor%ip ( ,a/ronomy became vacant1 &1 z ,:i/on relates1 on ! au?ority ( ,dr4 ,b5tley1 ,bi%op ,/ill+fleet 0 reque/$ to recomm5d ,mr4 ,halley4 ,b ! a/ronom]'s av[$ disbelief ( ,*ri/ianity int]f]$ ) 8 election 9 ?is in/ance1 & ! ,pr(essor%ip 0 giv5 to ,dr4 ,gregory4 ,x is relat$ by ,sir ,david ,brew/] t ,halley1 :5 incl9$ to ent] ^u religi\s subjects ) ,newton1 always receiv$ a *eck 9 words l ! foll[+1 8,y h n /udi$ ! subject--,i h40 ,aft] ! above-m5tion$ failure1 our a/ronom] receiv$ f ,k+ ,william ! commission ( ,capta9 9 ! ,navy1 ) comm& ( a small vessel4 ,! s+ul>ity ( ! rew>d ne$ n surprise u1 :5 ! same mon>* (f]$ a company ( dragoons to ,swift3 inde$ ! pursuits ( ,capta9 ,halley 7 ne>ly ak9 to ^? ( navigation1 & he himself might be almo/ z well qualifi$ = sail+1 ?\gh p]haps n = fight+ a %ip1 z mo/ ( 8 bro!r (fic]s4 ,9 8 new "* ,halley made two voyages1 ! fir/ to ! ,m$it]ranean1 ! ,brazils1 & ! ,we/ ,indies1 = ! purpose ( asc]ta9+ ! v>iation ( ! magnet1 a subject 9 :i* he 0 mu* int]e/$1 & ( :i* he aft]w>ds publi%$ a *>t2 ! second to asc]ta9 ! latitudes & longitudes ( ! pr9cipal po9ts 9 ! ,briti% ,*annel1 & ! c\rse ( ! tides4 ,9 #agjc he 0 elect$ ,savilian ,pr(essor ( ,geometry1 on ! dea? ( ! celebrat$ ,wallis4 ,he receiv$1 ab\t ! same "t1 ! degree ( ,doctor ( ,laws1 :i* is conf]r$ )\t requir+ subscription to ! ,articles ( ! ,*ur*4 ,9 8 connexion ) ! ,univ]sity he sup]9t5d$ sev]al p>ts ( ! edition ( ! ,greek ,geomet]s1 :i* 0 pr9t$ at ! ,univ]sity press4 ,halley succe$$ ,sir ,hans ,sloane1 9 #agac1 z ,secret>y to ! ,royal ,society2 &1 9 #agai1 on ! dea? ( ,flam/e$1 he 0 appo9t$ ,a/ronom] ,royal at ,gre5wi*4 ,9 ?is employm5t he cont9u$ till 8 dea?1 "u ! patronage ( ,que5 ,c>ol9e1 wife ( ,george ,,ii41 :o procur$ = him ! half-pay ( ! rank he =m]ly held 9 ! navy4 ,9 #agcg he 0 seiz$ ) a p>alytic disord]2 b nev]!less cont9u$ 8 lab\rs till )9 a %ort "t ( 8 dea?1 :i* took place 9 ,janu>y1 #agdb1 at ! age ( eighty-five4 ,he 0 int]r$ at ,lee1 ne> ,blackhea?1 :]e a monum5t 0 erect$ to him & 8 wife by _! two daught]s4 ,9 p]son ,dr4 ,halley 0 r tall1 ?91 & fair1 & rem>kable z well = en]gy z vivacity ( "*4 ,he cultivat$ ! fri5d%ip & acquir$ ! e/eem ( 8 mo/ di/+ui%$ contempor>ies1 & p>ticul>ly ( ,newton1 spite ( _! v diff]5t op9ions4 ,inde$ x may be said t to him we owe1 9 "s degree1 ! publication ( ! #8,pr9cipia2' = ,halley be+ engag$ ^u ! consid]ation ( ,kepl]'s law1 z x _h be5 discov]$ by obs]vation1 viz41 t ! squ>es ( ! p]iodic times ( planets are z ! cubes ( _! di/ances1 & suspect+ t ?is might be acc\nt$ = on ! supposition ( a c5tripetal =ce1 v>y+ inv]sely z ! squ>e ( ! di/ance1 appli$ himself to prove ! connexion geometrically1 9 :i* he 0 unable to succe$4 ,9 ?is difficulty he appli$ to ,hook & ,wr51 nei!r ( :om c\ld help him1 & 0 recomm5d$ to consult ,newton1 !n ,lucasian ,pr(essor at ,cambridge4 ,foll[+ ?is advice1 he f\nd 9 ,newton all he want$2 & did n re/ until he _h p]suad$ 8 new acqua9tance to give ! results ( 8 discov]ies to ! _w4 ,9 ab\t two ye>s aft] ?is1 ! fir/ edition ( ! #8,pr9cipia' 0 publi%$1 & ! pro(s 7 correct$ by ,halley1 :o suppli$ ! well-kn[n ,lat9 v]ses :i* /& at ! beg9n+ ( ! "w4 ,9 conv]sation1 ,halley appe>s to h be5 ( a jocose & some:at satirical disposition4 ,! foll[+ anecdote ( him1 :i* is told by ,:i/on1 displays ! usual mode/y ( ! latt]1 :5 speak+ ( himself3 8,on my refusal f him ( a glass ( w9e on a ,w$nesday or ,friday1 he said he 0 afraid ,i _h a pope 9 my belly1 :i* ,i d5i$1 & add$ some:at bluntly1 t _h x n be5 = ! rise n[ & !n ( a ,lu!r or a ,:i/on1 he w\ld himself h gone d[n on 8 knees to ,/4 ,w9ifr$ or ,/4 ,bridget1 :i* he knew n h[ to contradict40 ,x is relat$ t :5 ,que5 ,c>ol9e (f]$ to obta9 an increase ( ,halley's sal>y z ,a/ronom] ,royal1 he repli$1 8,pray1 y\r ,maje/y1 d no su* ?+1 = %\ld ! sal>y be increas$1 x might become an object ( emolum5t to place !re "s unqualifi$ ne$y dep5dant1 to ! ru9 ( ! in/itution40 ,& yet ! sum :i* he w\ld n suff] to be increas$ 0 only #ajj a-ye>4 ,to give ev5 a catalogue ( ! v>i\s lab\rs ( ,halley1 w\ld require m space ?an we c "h devote to ! subject4 ,= a m detail$ acc\nt bo? ( 8 life & discov]ies1 we mu/ ref] ! read] to ! ,biographia ,britannica1 to ,delambre1 ,hi/oire de l',a/ronomie au dix-huitime ,siecle1 livre ,,ii41 & ! ,philosophical ,transactions ( ! "t 9 :i* he liv$2 or bett] p]haps to ! ,miscellanea ,curiosa1 ,london1 #agbf1 a selection ( pap]s f ! ,transactions1 conta9+ ! mo/ rem>kable ( ^? writt5 by ,halley4 ,we %all1 nev]!less1 proce$ briefly to notice a few ( ! discov]ies on :i* ! fame ( our a/ronom] is built4 ,! mo/ rem>kable ( !m1 to a common read]1 is ! conjecture ( ! return ( a comet4 ,"s e>li] a/ronom]s1 z ,kepl]1 _h imag9$ ! motion ( ^! bodies to be rectil9e>4 ,newton1 9 expla9+ ! pr9ciple ( univ]sal gravitation1 %[$ h[ a comet might describe a p>abola1 & also h[ to calculate its motion1 & comp>e x ) obs]vation4 ,hevelius _h already indicat$ ! curvature ( a comet's pa?1 & ,drfel1 a ,saxon cl]gyman1 _h calculat$ ! pa? ( ! comet ( #afhj ^u ?is supposition4 ,halley1 9 comput+ ! p>abolic elem5ts ( all ! comets :i* _h be5 well obs]v$ up to 8 "t1 suspect$1 f ! g5]al lik5ess ( ! ?ree1 t ! comets ( #aeca1 #afjg1 & #afhb1 7 ! same4 ,he 0 ! m confirm$ 9 ?is1 by kn[+ t comets _h be5 se51 ?\gh no good obs]vations 7 record$1 9 ! ye>s #acje1 #achj1 & #adef1 giv+1 ) ! =m] dates1 a *a9 ( diff]5ces ( #ge & #gf ye>s alt]nately4 ,halley suppos$1 !re=e1 t ! orbit ( ?is comet 01 n a p>abola1 b a v elongat$ ellipse1 & t x w\ld return ab\t ! ye> #ageh4 ,! tru? ( 8 conjecture 0 fully confirm$ 9 ,janu>y1 #agei1 by ,messi]4 ,! fir/ p]son1 h[ev]1 :o saw ,halley's comet1 z x is n[ call$1 0 ,george ,palitz*1 a f>m] 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,dresd51 :o _h /udi$ a/ronomy by himself1 & fitt$ up a small obs]vatory4 ,b a mu* m useful ex]tion ( ,halley's g5ius & p[] ( calculation is to be f\nd 9 8 rese>*es on ! lun> !ory4 ,x is to him t we are indebt$ = fir/ />t+ ! idea ( f9d+ ! longitude at sea by means ( ! moon's place1 :i* is n[ univ]sally adopt$4 ,! pr9ciple ( ?is problem is z foll[s4 ,an obs]v] at sea c readily f9d ! "t ( day by means ( ! sun or a />1 & c !reby correct a wat*4 ,if he c\ld at ! same mom5t 9 :i* he f9ds 8 own "t1 also discov] t at ,gre5wi*1 ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! two1 turn$ into degrees1 m9utes1 & seconds1 w\ld be 8 longitude ea/ or we/ ( ,gre5wi*4 ,if1 !re=e1 he c>ries ) him a ,nautical ,almanac1 9 :i* ! times ( v>i\s a/ronomical ph5om5a are regi/]$1 z !y w take place at ,gre5wi*1 or r z !y w be se5 by an obs]v] plac$ at ! c5tre ( ! e>? ) a ,gre5wi* clock1 he c obs]ve any "o ( ^! ph5om5a1 & r$uce x also to ! c5tre4 ,he w !n "k ! correspond+ mom5ts ( "t1 = 8 own position & t ( ,gre5wi*4 ,! moon trav]ses ! :ole ( its orbit 9 little m ?an #bg days1 & !re=e moves rapidly ) respect to ! fix$ />s1 its motion be+ ne>ly a :ole sign ( ! zodiac 9 #dh h\rs4 ,if we obs]ve ! di/ance betwe5 ! moon & a />1 & f9d x to be t5 degrees1 ! longitude ( ! place 9 :i* ! obs]vation is made c be kn[n z a=esaid1 if ! almanac w tell :at "t x 0 at ,gre5wi* :5 ! moon 0 at t same di/ance f ! />4 ,9 ! "t ( ,halley1 ?\gh x 0 kn[n t ! moon mov$ ne>ly 9 an ellipse1 yet ! elem5ts ( t ellipse1 & ! v>i\s irregul>ities to :i* x is subject1 7 v imp]fectly asc]ta9$4 ,x _h1 h[ev]1 be5 kn[n ev5 f ! "t ( ! ,*aldeans1 t "s ( ^! irregul>ities h a p]iod1 z x is call$1 ( little m ?an eighte5 ye>s1 t is1 beg9 aga9 9 ! same ord] aft] e eighte5 ye>s2 ! p]iods & quantities ( sev]al o!r errors _h also be5 discov]$ ) some?+ l accuracy4 ,to make good lun> tables1 t is1 tables f :i* ! place ( ! moon might be correctly calculat$ be=eh&1 became ! object ( ,halley's ambition4 ,he !re=e obs]v$ ! moon dilig5tly dur+ ! :ole ( "o ( ! p]iods ( eighte5 ye>s1 t is1 f ! end ( #agba to t ( #agci1 & produc$ tables :i* 7 publi%$ 9 #agdi1 aft] 8 dea?1 & 7 ( great s]vice to a/ronom]s4 ,he also made ano!r obs]vation on ! motion ( ! moon1 :i* has s9ce giv5 rise to "o ( ! f9e/ discov]ies ( ,laplace4 ,9 calculat+ f our tables ! "t ( an anci5t eclipse1 obs]v$ at ,babylon1 ,b4 ,c4 #gbj1 he f\nd t1 _h ! tables be5 correct1 x w\ld h happ5$ ?ree h\rs soon] ?an1 accord+ to ,ptolemy1 x did happ54 ,?is might h aris5 f an error 9 ! ,babylonian obs]vation2 b on look+ at o!r eclipses1 he f\nd t ! anci5t ones always happ5$ lat] ?an ! "t indicat$ by 8 table1 & t ! diff]5ce became less & less z he approa*$ 8 own "t4 ,f h5ce he conclud$ t ! moon's av]age daily motion is subject to a v small accel]ation1 s t a lun> mon? at pres5t is 9 a v slight degree %ort] ?an a mon? 9 ! "t ( ! ,*aldeans4 ,?is 0 aft]w>ds %[n by ,laplace to arise f a v sl[ dim9ution 9 ! ecc5tricity ( ! e>?'s orbit1 caus$ by ! attraction ( ! planets4 ,= a fur!r acc\nt ( ,halley's a/ronomical lab\rs1 we may ref] to ! ,hi/ory ( ,a/ronomy 9 ! ,libr>y ( ,useful ,k1 page #gi4 ,we mu/ also ascribe to ,halley ! fir/ correct application ( ! b>omet] to ! measurem5t ( ! heights ( m\nta9s4 ,m>iotte1 :o fir/ enunciat$ ! rem>kable law t ! ela/ic =ces ( gases are 9 ! inv]se proportion ( ! spaces :i* !y occupy1 _h previ\sly giv5 a =mula = ! det]m9ation ( ^! same heights1 entirely wrong 9 pr9ciple1 & inapplicable 9 practice4 ,halley1 ^: pr(\nd ma!matical k made him fully equal to ! task1 inve/igat$ & discov]$ ! common =mula1 :i*1 ) "s corrections = ! temp]ature ( ! m]cury 9 ! b>omet] & ! air )\t x1 is 9 use at ?is day4 ,we h already m5tion$ t ,halley sail$ to v>i\s p>ts ( ! e>? ) a view to det]m9e ! v>iation ( ! magnet4 ,! result ( 8 lab\rs 0 communicat$ to ! ,royal ,society 9 a map ( ! l9es ( equal v>iation1 & also ( ! c\rse ( ! trade-w9ds4 ,he attempt$ to expla9 ! ph5om5a ( ! compass by suppos+ t ! e>? is "o great magnet1 hav+ f\r poles1 two ne> ea* pole ( ! equator2 & fur!r acc\nts = ! v>iation :i* ! compass und]goes f ye> to ye> 9 ! same place1 by imag9+ a magnetic sph]e1 int]ior to ! surface ( ! e>?1 :i* nucleus or inn] globe turns on an axis ) a velocity ( rotation v little diff]+ f t ( ! e>? itself4 ,?is hypo!sis has %>$ ! fate ( _m o!rs purely ma!matical2 t is1 inv5t$ to %[ h[ ! obs]v$ ph5om5a might be produc$1 )\t any gr\nd ( obs]vation = believ+ t !y really are s produc$4 ,if we put toge!r ! a/ronomical & geographical discov]ies ( ,halley1 & rememb] t ! =m] 7 pr9cipally conf9$ to ^? po9ts :i* be> ^u ! subjects ( ! latt]1 we %all be able to f9d a title = _! au?or less liable to cavil ?an t ( ! ,pr9ce ( ,a/ronom]s1 :i* has sometimes be5 be/[$ ^u him2 we may safely say t no man1 ei!r be=e or s9ce1 has done m to improve ! !oretical "p ( navigation1 by ! dilig5t obs]vation alike ( heav5ly & e>?ly ph5om5a4 ,we pass ov] _m m9or subjects1 su* z 8 improvem5t ( ! div+-bell1 or 8 measurem5t ( ! quantity ( fluid ab/ract$ by evaporation f ! sea1 to come to an application ( sci5ce 9 :i* he l$ ! way1--! inve/igation ( ! law ( mortality4 ,f obs]vations communicat$ to ! ,royal ,society ( ! bir?s & dea?s 9 ! city ( ,breslau1 he con/ruct$ ! fir/ table ( mortality1 :i* 0 9 a great measure ! f\ndation ( ! celebrat$ hypo!sis ( ,de ,moivre1 t ! decrem5ts ( human life are ne>ly equal at all ages2 t is1 t out ( eighty-six p]sons born1 "o dies e ye>1 until all are gone4 ,halley's table z might be expect$1 0 n v applicable to human life 9 ,engl&1 ei!r !n or n[1 b ! effect ( example is conspicu\s 9 ?is in/ance4 ,be=e ! dea? ( ,halley ! tables ( ,k]seboom 7 publi%$1 & f\r ye>s aft]w>ds1 ^? ( ,de ,p>cieux4 ,we w n enl>ge on ! purely ma!matical inve/igations ( ,halley1 :i* w\ld possess b little int]e/ = ! g5]al read]4 ,we may m5tion1 h[ev]1 8 me?od = ! solution ( equations1 8 #8,analogy ( ! ,log>i?mic ,tang5ts to ! ,m]idian ,l9e1 or sum ( ! secants1' 8 algebraic inve/igation ( ! place ( ! focus ( a l5s1 & 8 improvem5t ( ! me?od ( f9d+ log>i?ms4 ,f ! latt] we quote a s5t5ce1 :i*1 to ! read]1 = ^: b5efit we h omitt$ ent]+ ^u any discussion ( ^! subjects1 w appe> amus+ en\gh1 if inde$ he does n %r9k to see h[ mu* he has deg5]at$ f 8 ance/ors4 ,aft] describ+ a process :i* conta9s calculation en\gh = mo/ p2 & :i* fur!r directs to multiply sixty figures by sixty figures1 he adds1 8,if ! curiosity ( any g5tleman t has leisure1 w\ld prompt him to und]take to d ! log>i?ms ( all prime numb]s "u #ajj1jjj to #be or #cj figures1 ,i d>e assure him t ! facility ( ?is me?od w invite him !reto2 nor c any?+ m easy be desir$4 ,& to enc\rage him1 ,i "h give ! log>i?ms ( ! fir/ prime numb]s "u #bj to #fj places40 ,"o look at ^! enc\rag+ r[s ( figures w\ld be suffici5t = any b a calculat+ boy4 ,no "o :o is conv]sant ) ! ma!matics & _! applications c read ! life ( ! ma!maticians ( ! sev5te5? c5tury )\t a /rong feel+ ( respect = ! mann] 9 :i* !y ov]came ob/acles1 & ( gratitude = ! lab\r :i* !y h sav$ _! successors4 ,! brilliancy ( lat] names has1 9 "s degree1 eclips$ _! fame ) ! multitude2 b no "o acqua9t$ ) ! hi/ory ( sci5ce c =get1 h[ ) poor in/rum5ts & imp]fect processes1 !y a*iev$ successes1 b = :i* ,laplace might h made ! fir/ rude attempts t[>ds f9d+ ! longitude1 & ,lagrange might h discov]$ ! law :i* connects ! coeffici5ts ( ! b9omial !orem4 ,b ev5 ( ^! m5 ! same ?+ may "o day be said2 & future analy/s may wond] h[ ,laplace1 ) 8 paltry means ( inve/igation1 c\ld acc\nt = ! ph5om5on ( ! accel]ation ( ! moon's motion2 & future a/ronom]s may1 %\ld su* a s5t5ce z ! pres5t ev] meet _! eyes1 be surpris$ t ! obs]v]s ( ! n9ete5? c5tury %\ld hold _! heads s high above ^? ( ! sev5te5?4 ,illu/ration3 ,engrav$ by ,w4 ,holl4 ,,sully4 ,f ! orig9al ,picture by an unkn[n ,arti/ 9 ! private collection ( ,l\is ,philippe1 ,k+ ( ! ,fr5*4 ,"u ! ,sup]9t5dance ( ! ,society = ! ,diffusion ( ,useful ,k ,london4 ,publi%$ by ,*>les ,knight1 ,pall ,mall ,ea/4 ,illu/ration ,,sully ,! ,duc de ,sully is celebrat$ z ! companion1 m9i/]1 & hi/orian ( ,h5ry ,,iv41 ! mo/ popul> ( ,fr5* mon>*s4 ,em95t among 8 contempor>ies bo? z a soldi] & z a f9anci]1 x is 8 especial glory t he lab\r$ to promote ! welf>e ( ! indu/ri\s classes1 :5 o!r /atesm5 reg>d$ !m b z ! f\nt f :i* royal extravagance 0 to be suppli$4 ,maximilian1 son ( ,franois de ,be?une1 ,b>on de ,rosny1 & ( ,*>lotte ,dauvet1 daught] ( a ,presid5t ( ! ,*amb] ( ,acc\nts at ,p>is1 0 born at ,rosny 9 ! ye> #aeei4 ,8 family 0 anci5t1 illu/ri\s1 & once weal?y1 b 8 pat]nal gr&fa!r _h almo/ ru9$ x by 8 extravagance1 8 mat]nal gr&fa!r dis9h]it$ him because he embrac$ ! re=m$ religion2 & ) a slight annual all[ance "y ,rosny _h to seek 8 own =tune 9 ! extravagant pr(ession ( arms4 ,by a sage economy & ord] he1 h[ev]1 support$ himself1 & escap$ ! dep5d5ce & di%on\r consequ5t on extravagance 9 a poor man4 ,:5 ?irte5 ye>s ( age he 0 pres5t$ by 8 fa!r to ! "y ,pr9ce ( ,nav>re1 :o 0 only sev5 ye>s old] ?an himself1 & :o at once conceiv$ t affection = him :i* 0 de/9$ to cease only ) 8 own life4 ,on ! memorable day ( ,/4 ,b>?olomew1 ,rosny 0 9 ,p>is1 engag$ 9 ! prosecution ( 8 /udies4 ,a kn[n memb] ( ! ,prote/ant ,*ur*1 8 life 0 9 jeop>dy3 8 s]vant & 8 tutor fell victims to ! rage ( ! ,papi/s1 & he himself1 oblig$ to quit 8 *amb]s = a saf] hid+-place1 & expos$ to imm95t dang]s 9 trav]s+ ! /reets1 ow$ 8 deliv]ance m ?an once to a union ( c\rage & coolness n v common 9 a y\? ( ?irte54 ,aft] ?is ev5t he1 z well z 8 patron & fri5d ,h5ry ( ,nav>re1 con=m$ = a "t to ! obs]vances ( ! ,roman ,ca?olic religion2 b 9 #aegf1 :5 ,h5ry escap$ f ! ?raldom 9 :i* he _h be5 held1 abjur$ ,ca?olicism & plac$ himself at ! head ( a ,prote/ant army1 ,rosny 0 ! companion ( 8 flight1 & fir/ began to c>ry arms 9 8 s]vice4 ,8 noble bir?1 & ! fav\r ( 8 ma/]1 w\ld at once h secur$ him milit>y rank1 b ,rosny pref]r$ to s]ve z a simple volunte]1 9 ord]1 z he said1 to le>n ! art ( w> by its elem5ts4 ,at ! surprise ( ,rde1 at ! siege ( ,villefran*e1 at ! tak+ ( ,eause & ,cahors1 at ! battle ( ,m>m&e1 & 9 all ! dang]\s affairs 9 :i* ,h5ry engag$1 ,rosny 0 always at 8 side4 ,8 good s]vices1 & ! affection borne him by 8 ma/]1 did n1 h[ev]1 prev5t a qu>rel1 :i*1 x mu/ be said1 0 provok$ by 8 own imprud5ce & aggravat$ by 8 own pride4 ,9 spite ( ! comm&s ( ! ,pr9ce ( ,nav>re1 :o _h wisely prohibit$ ! practice ( ref]r+ private qu>rels to ! arbitrem5t ( ! sword1 ,rosny act$ z second 9 a duel1 9 :i* "o ( ! pr9cipals 0 desp]ately w\nd$4 ,! ,pr9ce's ang] at ! brea* ( discipl9e 0 exasp]at$ by a /rong p]sonal reg>d = ! w\nd$ man4 ,he s5t = ,sully1 rebuk$ him 9 h>% t]ms1 & said t he des]v$ to lose 8 head = :at he _h done4 ,! pride ( ! "y soldi] 0 t\*$2 he repli$ t he 0 nei!r vassal nor subject ( ,nav>re1 & w\ld h5ce=? seek ! s]vice ( a m grateful ma/]4 ,! ,pr9ce rejo9$ 9 sev]e t]ms & turn$ 8 back on him2 & ,rosny 0 quitt+ ! c\rt1 :5 ! ,que51 :o knew 8 value1 int]f]$1 & reconcil$ him ) h] son4 ,n long aft] he quitt$ ,h5ry's s]vice1 alleg+ t he _h pl$g$ 8 ^w to accompany ! ,duc d',al5on1 aft]w>ds ,duc d',anj\1 bro!r ( ,h5ry ,,iii41 9 8 conte/ = ! sov]eignty ( ,fl&]s2 :]e1 9 case ( success1 he 0 to be put 9 possession ( ! e/ates :i* _h belong$ to 8 mat]nal gr&fa!r4 ,9 ?is campaign he ga9$ nei!r hon\r nor pr(it1 & soon return$ to 8 orig9al ma/]4 ,h5ry receiv$ him ) op5 arms1 &1 z if to prove t abs5ce _h n affect$ 8 confid5ce & e/eem1 s5t him a few days aft] on an important mission to ,p>is4 ,9 ! tr\bl$ times :i* foll[$1 ,rosny 0 un%ak5 9 devotion to ! cause :i* he _h esp\s$4 ,he accompani$ ,h5ry1 :5 t pr9ce1 ) only n9ete5 foll[]s1 ?rew himself1 z a la/ res\rce1 into ,la ,ro*elle4 ,he und]took an embassy f t city to ,h5ry ,,iii41 !n almo/ z mu* p]secut$ by ! ,league z ! ,k+ ( ,nav>re himself4 ,9 8 ,memoirs he has left a /rik+ description ( ! degrad$ condition ( t sov]eign1 :o _h entirely ab&on$ himself to fav\rites & m5ials ( ! c\rt4 8,8 ,maje/y 0 9 8 cab9et2 he _h 8 sword by 8 side1 a hood ?r[n ov] 8 %\ld]s1 a little bonnet on 8 head1 & a basket full ( little dogs hung r\nd 8 neck by a broad rib&40 ,he li/5$ to ,rosny ) vacant /upidity1 nei!r mov+ 8 feet1 8 h&s1 nor 8 head4 ,:5 he spoke1 he compla9$ ( ! audacity & insults ( ! ,league--said t no?+ w\ld g well 9 ,france until ! ,k+ ( ,nav>re w5t to mass--b agre$1 f9ally1 t ,rosny might treat ) ! envoys ( ! ,prote/ant ,cantons ( ,switz]l&1 9 8 "n z well z ! ,k+ ( ,nav>re's1 = ! rais+ ( tw5ty ?\s& ,swiss troops1 to be employ$ betwe5 ! two sov]eigns4 ,h5ry1 ?r\gh 8 imprud5ce1 lo/ all ! advantages :i* 8 fai?ful s]vant's treaty ) ! ,swiss might h secur$ to him2 b nei!r disgu/$ nor dispirit$ by ?is folly1 ,rosny p]sev]$ 9 8 atta*m5t to a cause :i* seem$ altoge!r desp]ate to mo/ o!rs4 ,he 0 at ! siege ( ,font5ay1 & at ! brilliant victory ( ,c\tras1 = :i* ! ,k+ ( ,nav>re 0 mat]ially indebt$ to ! artill]y "u ,rosny's comm&4 ,8 next great und]tak+ 0 to effect an entire reconciliation betwe5 8 ma/] & ! ,k+ ( ,france4 ,hav+ succe$$ 9 ?is1 ! eyes ( all ,france !nce=w>d re/$ ^u him z ! only man :o c\ld re-e/abli% ! di/ract$ k+dom4 ,su* 0 ! en?usiasm ( _m ( ! ,fr5* at ! "t1 t !y call$ him 8,le ,dieu ,rosny40 ,! desir$ reconciliation _h n long be5 made :5 ,h5ry ,,iii4 0 assass9at$ by a fanatic monk1 & ! ,k+ ( ,nav>re laid claim to ! vacant ?rone4 ,b mu* rema9$ to be done ere he c\ld tranquilly seat himself ^u x4 ,8 religion 0 an insurm\ntable ob/acle to ! mass ( ! nation1 & ! ,league 0 all-p[]ful 9 _m p>ts ( ,france & held possession ( ,p>is4 ,rosny f\ght ) 8 accu/om$ val\r at ! battles ( ,arques & ,ivry4 ,at ! latt] he well nigh lo/ 8 life3 he receiv$ five w\nds1 _h two horses kill$ "u him1 & fell at la/ among a heap ( sla94 ,! mann] 9 :i* he retir$ f ?is field1 ) f\r prison]s ( ! highe/ di/9ction & ! /&>d ( ! enemy's comm&]-9-*ief1 is "o ( ! mo/ romantic incid5ts to be f\nd 9 au!ntic hi/ory4 ,aft] ! victory ( ,ivry1 ,rosny did n receive ! rew>ds he m]it$1 & he rema9$ = "s "t at 8 e/ate "u pret5ce ( ill heal?1 b secretly dis9cl9$ to return to ! s]vice ( "o :o _h %[n little real gratitude = 8 long & fai?ful adh]5ce4 ,no soon]1 h[ev]1 did he le>n t ,h5ry 0 ab\t to und]take ! siege ( ,p>is1 ?an he left 8 retreat & ha/5$ aga9 to 8 ma/]'s side4 ,8 w\nds 7 /ill uncur$3 he appe>$ be=e ! ,k+ lean+ on crut*es & ) an arm 9 a sl+4 ,t\*$ by 8 devot$ness & 8 melan*oly /ate1 ,h5ry load$ him ) c>esses1 & insi/$ t he %\ld n expose himself = ! pres5t b rema9 ne> 8 p]son to assi/ him ) 8 c\nsels4 ,:5 ,h5ry fir/ m$itat$ 8 recantation ( ! ,prote/ant fai?1 he consult$ ,rosny on ?is all-important subject4 ,! hone/ soldi] aft] review+ ! /ate ( ! p>ties oppos$ to ! ,k+1 & hold+ out ! hope t !y w\ld disagree among !mselves & fall to pieces1 said1 8,) reg>d to y\r *ange ( religion1 x _c be o!rwise ?an advantage\s to y1 see+ t y\r enemies h no o!r pretext = _! ho/ility1 b1 sire1 x is betwe5 y & y\r consci5ce to decide on ?is important article#d40 ,%ortly aft] ?is conv]sation ! dea? ( ! ,duke ( ,p>ma reliev$ ,h5ry f "o ( 8 mo/ =midable enemies2 b ! implacable ,leagu]s1 n[ becom+ meanly desp]ate1 laid plots aga9/ 8 life1 &1 x is said1 ev5 s5t assass9s to ,mantes1 :]e ! ,k+ 0 resid+4 ,h5ry ?\ght to provide = 8 p]sonal safety by cont9ually surr\nd+ himself by a corps ( fai?ful ,engli% soldi]s :o 7 9 8 s]vice2 b ,rosny1 kn[+ ! craft & audacity ( fanaticism1 & w>n$ ( ! dang] :i* m5ac$ ! competitor = ! cr[n by ! untimely fate ( its la/ we>]1 0 kept 9 a /ate ( cont9ual al>m4 ,at la/1 s9k+ 8 atta*m5t to ! re=m$ religion 9 8 atta*m5t to 8 ,k+ & 8 fri5d1 he supplicat$1 on 8 knees1 t he w\ld con=m to ! doctr9es ( ! ,roman ,ca?olic ,*ur*4 ,& ?is ! ,k+ did almo/ imm$iately aft]4 ,rosny cont9u$ a ,prote/ant4 ,_m ( ! cities ( ,france n[ submitt$ to ,h5ry1 b ,r\51 "o ( ! mo/ important ( ! numb]1 0 only ga9$ ov] by ! skilful negotiations ( ,rosny1 :o %ortly aft] treat$1 & ) equal success1 ) ! ,duke de ,b\illon1 ! ,duke de ,guise1 & o!r =midable enemies ( ! ,k+4 ,9 return = ^! valuable s]vices1 he 0 admitt$ into ! ,c\ncils ( ,w> & ,f9ance1 :]e 8 hone/y & ! fav\r ( 8 ma/] soon r\s$ ! corrupt & jeal\s memb]s ( ^? dep>tm5ts ( gov]nm5t aga9/ him4 ,s great1 inde$1 7 8 annoyances t 9 ! abs5ce ( ,h5ry he )drew aga9 to 8 e/ates1 & 0 only induc$ to return to 8 po/ by a p]sonal visit f 8 sov]eign4 ,footnote #d3 ,mmoires de ,sully4 ,! ,k+1 :o 0 n[ /rong en\gh to attack ! ,spani>ds 9 _! dom9ions 9 ! ,l[ ,c\ntries1 laid siege to ,arras3 b ?r\gh ! bad conduct ( ^? :o adm9i/]$ ! f9ances ( ! /ate1 he n only f\nd himself unprovid$ ) all t 0 necess>y to prosecute 8 und]tak+ ) success1 b 0 left 9 a /ate ( entire & ev5 p]sonal de/itution4 ,9 ^! difficulties he call$ ,rosny to 8 assi/ance1 & plac$ him at ! head ( ! f9ances4 ,"u ! new m9i/]'s able & hone/ managem5t1 affairs soon *ang$ _! aspect3 ! treasury 0 repl5i%$1 :ile at ! same "t ! p f\nd _! burd5s light5$ by economy4 ,rosny _h prep>$ himself = ?is (fice1 9 ! dis*>ge ( :i* he became a true b5efactor ( ,france1 by a pr(\nd /udy ( acc\nts & ( ! rev5ues & res\rces ( ! c\ntry2 & :5 ! po/ 0 giv5 to him1 = a consid]able "t he lab\r$ night & day to detect ! impolicy & ! peculation ( ^? :o prec$$ him1 & to re-e/abli% ! f9ances ( ! c\ntry4 ,9 #afja ,rosny visit$ ,engl&1 "u pret5ce ( travell+ = 8 amusem5t1 b 9 reality to asc]ta9 ! political views1 & to secure ! fri5d%ip ( ,elizabe?4 ,on ! ,que5's dea?1 a =mal embassy to ,james ,i4 0 contemplat$1 b a dang]\s illness :i* ! ,k+ suff]$ at ,fonta9ebleau delay$ ?is measure4 ,h5ry1 :o ?\ght he 0 dy+1 s5t = ! long-tri$ ,rosny to 8 b$-side1 & 9 8 pres5ce he desir$ ! ,que5 to reta9 8 fai?ful m9i/]1 z ! welf>e ( h]self1 h] family1 & ( ! nation 7 de> to h]4 ,! ,k+1 h[ev]1 recov]$1 & 9 ! mon? ( ,june1 #afjc1 ,rosny1 ) a num]\s suite1 dep>t$ on 8 mission4 ,aft] a resid5ce ( sev]al weeks 9 ,engl&1 he succe$$ 9 conclud+ an advantage\s treaty ) ,james ,i4 ,! foll[+ ye> he compos$ a treatise on religi\s tol]ance1 :i* he at "o "t hop$ might reconcile ! animosities ( ! ,ca?olics & ,prote/ants4 ,if he fail$ 9 ?is1 he left an example1 r>e at t "t1 ( an enlight5$ & lib]al _s4 ,%ortly aft] he wrote a memorial indicat+ ! means by :i* ! comm]ce & f9ances ( ,france might be /ill fur!r improv$4 ,at t "t ! political sci5ces c\ld sc>cely be said to exi/2 & x is n to be suppos$ t ! m9i/]'s views 7 at all times j & enl>g$4 ,!y %[1 at all ev5ts1 t he look$ to ! indu/ry ( ! p z ! s\rce ( national weal?2 & to _! welf>e z "o1 at lea/1 ( ! objects ( gov]nm5t4 8,tillage & pa/urage10 x 0 a fav\rite say+ ( 81 8are ! two paps by :i* ,france is n\ri%$--! real treasures ( ,p]u40 ,to manufactures he 0 less fav\rable1 & 8 ob/9acy on ?is head ret>d$ _m ( ,h5ry's s*emes = ! enc\ragem5t ( national indu/ry4 ,8 real glory z a m9i/] is to be s\ght 9 ! exactness :i* he introduc$ into ! managem5t ( ! f9ances2 & 9 ! vig\r ) :i* he repress$ peculation 9 8 subord9ates1 & gave ! :ole weight ( 8 influ5ce to *eck ! ne$less exp5diture ( a pr(ligate c\rt1 to curtail ^? feudal claims :i* bore h>de/ on ! vassals1 & to oppose all privileges & monopolies1 commonly be/[$ ^u c\rti]s 9 ^? days1 :i* cramp ! prosp]ity ( a nation1 to put a comp>atively trifl+ sum into ! pocket ( a s+le p]son4 ,"o day ! ,du*esse de ,v]neuil1 "o ( ,h5ry's fav\rites1 remon/rat$ ) him = 8 sev]ity 9 ?is respect1 alleg+ t ! ,k+ _h a good "r to make pres5ts to 8 mi/resses & nobility4 ,8 answ] %\ld be g5]ally kn[n4 8,?is 7 well1 ,madam1 if ! ,k+ took ! money f 8 own purse2 b x is aga9/ reason to take x f ! %opkeep]s1 artisans1 & agricultural lab\r]s1 s9ce x is !y :o support ! ,k+ & all ( u1 & !y w\ld be well cont5t ) a s+le ma/]1 )\t hav+ s _m c\s9s1 relations1 & mi/resses to ma9ta940 ,8 enemies ins9uat$ t 9 ! s]vice ( ! /ate he _h n neglect$ 8 own int]e/2 & x is c]ta9 t he acquir$ imm5se weal?4 ,c>d9al ,ri*elieu1 h[ev]1 no fri5d to him1 cont5ts himself ) ! ins9uation t if ! la/ ye>s ( 8 adm9i/ration 7 less au/]e ?an ! fir/1 x c\ld n1 at lea/1 be said t !y 7 pr(itable to himself )\t be+ v pr(itable to ! /ate also4 ,to 8 o!r (fices he add$ ^? ( ,gr& ,ma/] ( ! ,ordnance1 & ,surveyor-,g5]al ( ,public ,works4 ,! artill]y _h always be5 a fav\rite bran* ( ! s]vice ) him2 & he 0 e/eem$ "o ( ! be/ g5]als ( ! age = ! attack or def5ce ( =tifi$ places4 ,z ,ma/] ( ! ,ordnance he ma9ly contribut$ to ! success ( ! w> ) ! ,duke ( ,savoy4 ,! army 0 well paid & provid$1 ! artill]y always at its place at ! prop] "t1 & a g5]al re=m 0 felt ?r\gh\t ! s]vice4 ,9 peace he 0 n less active 9 sup]9t5d+ ! con/ruction & repair ( =tifications2 & 9 ^? /ill m valuable lab\rs :i* t5d to facilitate int]c\rse1 & provide = ! int]nal wants ( a nation4 ,"o ( 8 *ief works 0 a canal to jo9 ! ,se9e & ,loire4 ,!re 7 few good eng9e]s 9 ^? times1 & ,rosny1 ) 8 usual indu/ry & e>ne/ness1 w5t himself to ! spot & sup]9t5d$ ! comm5cem5t ( ! "w he _h project$4 ,9 #afjf1 aft] _m brief qu>rels betwe5 him & 8 ma/]1 caus$ *iefly by ! intrigues ( ,h5ry's mi/resses & wor?less c\rti]s1 ,rosny 0 creat$ ,duc de ,sully & a ,pe] ( ,france4 ,! lic5ti\sness ( ! ,k+1 & ! p[] he all[$ 8 mi/resses to obta9 ov] him1 _h cont9ually ?w>t$ ,sully & undone mu* ( ! good !y _h toge!r propos$ & execut$4 ,! m9i/]'s remon/rances 7 frequ5t1 bold1 & at times ev5 viol5t2 inde$1 8 :ole life _h be5 di/+ui%$ by an hone/ bluntness2 b ! prop5sities ( ! amor\s mon>* 7 incurable1 & 8 fai?ful s]vant _h ! mortification ( see+ him disgrace ! la/ ye>s ( 8 life by an infatuation = ! ,pr9cess ( ,cond4 ,h5ry _h already det]m9$ on a w> ) 8 old enemies ! ,spani>ds1 :5 ! flight ( ?is lady ) h] husb&1 :o took refuge 9 ! /ates ( ! h\se ( ,au/ria1 induc$ him to hurry on 8 prep>ations to attack bo? ! ,emp]or & ! ,k+ ( ,spa94 ,sully1 at ?is "t1 _h amass$ =ty millions ( livres 9 ! treasury ( ! /ate1 & he engag$ moreov] to increase ?is sum to sixty or to sev5ty millions )\t lay+ on any new taxes4 ,he _h also provid$ ! mo/ num]\s & magnific5t corps ( artill]y t _h ev] be5 se5 9 ,europe4 ,b 9 ! mid/ ( ^! gr& prep>ations ,h5ry's m9d 0 agitat$ by 8 insane passion = ! ,pr9cess ( ,cond1 & oppress$ by a pres5tim5t ( 8 fate4 ,he 0 inde$ told on e h& t plots 7 laid aga9/ 8 life2 8 romantic c\rage =sook him1 he became abs5t & suspici\s1 & at la/ di/ru/$ ev5 8 fai?ful m9i/]4 ,sully n[ no long] saw 8 ma/] except at %ort int]vals1 & liv$1 retir$ f ! c\rt1 at ! ,ars5al1 8 (ficial resid5ce z ,gr& ,ma/] ( ! ,artill]y4 ,! naturally confid5t & noble nature ( ,h5ry1 & 8 old atta*m5t = ! %>] 9 all 8 =tunes1 triumph$ h[ev] ov] 8 weaknesses & illusions1 & he det]m9$ to pay ,sully a visit & to excuse himself = 8 late coldness4 ,) ^! amiable int5tions ! ,k+ left 8 palace1 & 0 on 8 way to ! ,ars5al 9 an op5 c>riage1 :5 he 0 /abb$ to ! he>t by ! fanatic ,ravaillac4 ,on ! dea? ( ,h5ry ,,iv4 ,sully w\ld h cont9u$ 8 valuable s]vices "u ! ,que5-wid[1 ,m>y de' ,m$ici1 :o 0 appo9t$ ,reg5t1 b t ,pr9cess resign+ h]self & ! gov]nm5t ( ! /ate to intrigu+ ,italians1 head$ by ! unpopul> ,conc9i1 ! hone/ & indignant m9i/] quitt$ (fice & ! c\rt = ev]1 & retir$ to 8 e/ates4 ,! life ,sully l$ 9 8 retreat 0 mo/ rational & dignifi$4 ,unmov$ by ! +ratitude ( ! c\rt1 ( :i* he 0 cont9ually receiv+ fre% pro(s1 he cont9u$ to love ! c\ntry he _h s long gov]n$2 & ?\gh a zeal\s ,prote/ant to ! la/1 he w\ld nev] jo9 9 ! intrigues ( ! ,hugonots1 :i* he dread$ might r5ew ! horrors ( civil w>4 ,to f9d occupation = 8 active m9d he dictat$ 8 ,memoirs to f\r secret>ies1 :om1 = _m ye>s1 he reta9$ 9 8 s]vice1 & :o1 9 ! #8,economies ,royales1' bett] kn[n "u ! title ( #8,mmoires de ,sully1' pres]v$ n only ! mo/ int]e/+ details ( ! life ( _! noble ma/] & ( ,h5ry ,,iv41 b ! fulle/ acc\nt ( ! hi/ory & policy1 mann]s & cu/oms1 ( ! age 9 :i* ,sully liv$4 ,nei!r ! occupations ( w> nor ( politics1 9 :i* he _h be5 absorb$ = ?irty-f\r ye>s1 _h eradicat$ 8 orig9al ta/e = polite lit]ature2 & 9 8 retirem5t he compos$ _m pieces n only 9 prose b 9 v]se4 ,"o ( 8 poetical compositions1 :i* is a p>allel betwe5 ,h5ry ,,iv4 & ,julius ,cs>1 0 translat$ into ,lat9 & mu* admir$ ?r\gh\t ,europe4 ,aft] hav+ liv$ ?irty ye>s 9 ?is retirem5t1 ! great ,sully expir$ at 8 ,*teau ( ,villebonne1 9 ! eighty-second ye> ( 8 age1 on ! #bb;d ,decemb]1 #afda--! same ye> 9 :i* ,"l ,/raf=d1 ! m9i/] ( ,*>les ,i41 0 behead$ 9 ,london1 & 9 :i* ! grave clos$ ov] ! wid[ ( ,h5ry ,,iv41 ,m>y de' ,m$ici1 :o di$ at ,cologne 9 obscurity & great pov]ty4 ,x is to be regrett$ t no au?or has yet produc$ a life ( ,sully wor?y ( ! subject4 ,! #8,economies ,royales' is ! great /oreh\se ( in=mation1 b its prolixity & s+ul>ity ( /yle r5d] x little attractive to ! g5]al read]4 ,! foll[+ works1 h[ev]1 may be consult$3--',les ,vies des ,hommes ,illu/res de la ,france1' by ,m4 ,d',auvigny1 & ! memoir 9 ! #8,biographie ,univ]selle4' ,illu/ration ,illu/ration3 ,engrav$ by ,j4 ,possel:ite4 ,n4 ,,p\ss94 ,f ! orig9al ,picture by himself 9 ! ,gall]y ( ! ,l\vre4 ,"u ! ,sup]9t5dance ( ! ,society = ! ,diffusion ( ,useful ,k4 ,london4 ,publi%$ by ,*>les ,knight1 ,pall ,mall ,ea/4 ,illu/ration ,,p\ss9 ,tru? & complim5t are happily unit$ 9 ,p\ss9's obs]vation to a noble amateur1 8,y want$ b ! /imulus ( necessity to h become a great pa9t]40 ,! arti/ _h himself felt ?is /imulus1 & he knew its value 9 produc+ resolution & habits ( indu/ry4 ,8 family 0 noble1 b indig5t3 ,john1 8 fa!r1 a native ( ,soissons1 & a soldi] ( =tune1 s]v$ dur+ ! reigns ( ,*>les ,,ix41 ,h5ry ,,iii41 & ,h5ry ,,iv41 ) m reputation ?an pr(it4 ,at la/1 f9d+ t 9 ! trade ( arms 8 val\r 0 likely to be its own rew>d1 he m>ri$ ! wid[ ( a solicitor1 resign$ 8 milit>y employm5ts1 & fix$ 8 abode at ,&elys 9 ,norm&y1 :]e1 9 ,june #aeid1 8 son ,ni*olas1 ! subject ( ! pres5t memoir1 0 born4 ,! di/rict 9 :i* ,&elys is situat$ is rem>kable = its picturesque beauty1 & f ! sc5]y :i* surr\nd$ him ! g5ius ( ,p\ss9 drew its fir/ inspiration4 ,8 sket*es ( l&scape attract$ ! notice & comm5dation ( ,qu9t9 ,v>91 an arti/ resid+ 9 ! neighb\rhood4 ,animat$ by praise1 "y ,p\ss9 e>ne/ly solicit$ 8 fa!r t he might become ,v>9's pupil3 a reque/ to :i* ! prud5t p>5t1 aft] long hesitation1 reluctantly acc$$4 ,he knew t 9 su* a pursuit z t ( ! f9e arts1 mu* ( ! aspirant's life mu/ be exp5d$ be=e a j e/imate ( 8 pr(essional tal5ts c be =m$1 & t ev5 :]e tal5t exi/s1 ! success ( ! possessor is n always comm5surate to its claims4 ,! y\?1 h[ev]1 0 =tunate 9 meet+1 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 ) a preceptor ^: in/ructions1 f\nd$ on j pr9ciples1 left him no?+ to unle>n4 ,he rema9$ ) ,v>9 until 8 eighte5? ye>1 :5 he w5t to ,p>is1 & /udi$ "u ,f]d9& ,elle1 & ,l',allem&1 two arti/s !n 9 fa%ion1 f :om he le>n$ no?+4 ,9 ! mean "t he _h become acqua9t$ ) sev]al p]sons :o appreciat$ 8 dawn+ tal5ts1 & felt an int]e/ 9 8 =tunes4 ,among ! re/1 a "y nobleman ( ,poit\ manife/$ an almo/ frat]nal atta*m5t t[>ds him1 reliev$ 8 pecuni>y wants1 & among o!r s]vices introduc$ him to ,c\rtois1 ! ,k+'s ma!matician1 :o possess$ a f9e collection ( pr9ts by ,m>c ,antonio1 & a great numb] ( draw+s & sket*es by ,raffaelle1 ,giulio ,romano1 & o!r great ma/]s ( ! ,roman s*ool4 ,^! treasures ,p\ss9 /udi$ & copi$ ) s$ul\s zeal & att5tion1 & he 0 frequ5tly he>d to adv]t to ?is circum/ance z "o ( ! mo/ =tunate ( 8 life1 inasmu* z ! contemplation ( ^! f9e examples _h fix$ 8 ta/e1 & det]m9$ ! b5t ( 8 p[]s t[>ds ! high] bran*es ( art1 at a "t :5 8 m9d 0 fluctuat+ betwe5 ! attractions ( diff]5t s*ools4 ,! "y ,poitev91 be+ summon$ to return home1 invit$ ,p\ss9 to become 8 companion1 & to und]take a s]ies ( pictures1 calculat$1 by its ext5t z well z its excell5ce1 to d hon\r to 8 pat]nal mansion4 ,b 8 "m reg>d$ ! f9e arts & ^? :o patronis$ !m ) equal & unqualifi$ contempt3 & suff]+ 9 h] h\se ! ex]cise ( none b :at %e consid]$ useful tal5ts1 %e assign$ to ,p\ss9 ! (fice ( h\se-/ew>d1 & 8 visions ( fame 7 at once dispell$ by ! humble occupation ( ov]look+ ! s]vants1 & keep+ acc\nts4 ,x may easily be suppos$ t ! "y arti/ did n deport himself v meekly "u ! new appo9tm5ts :i* _h ?us unexpect$ly be5 ?ru/ ^u him4 ,)\t ask+ ! sympa?y or assi/ance ev5 ( 8 fri5d1 :o1 x w\ld appe>1 _h acquiesc$ too readily 9 8 "m's arrangem5ts1 he quitt$ ! h\se & made 8 way to ,p>is on foot2 hav+ no o!r means ( support on ! road ?an ! extemporane\s productions ( 8 p5cil4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ! h>d%ips :i* he exp]i5c$ dur+ ?is j\rney1 he 0 attack$ by a fev] on rea*+ ,p>is1 :i* oblig$ him to return to ,&elys4 ,aft] ! lapse ( a ye>1 hav+ recruit$ 8 heal?1 he made arrangem5ts to execute a long-*]i%$ purpose ( a j\rney to ,rome4 ,b ) an improvid5ce n uncommon 9 arti/s1 & sometimes falsely said to be *>act]i/ic ( g5ius1 he calculat$ 8 res\rces s inaccurately t 9 two successive attempts he 0 oblig$ to return1 leav+ 8 purpose unaccompli%$4 ,9 ! fir/ in/ance he rea*$ ,flor5ce1 b 9 ! second1 he got no f>!r ?an ,lyons4 ,! disappo9tm5t1 h[ev]1 0 att5d$ ) good results1 = on 8 return to ,p>is1 a circum/ance occurr$ :i* at once rais$ him into high reputation4 ,! ,jesuits _h ord]$ a set ( pictures = a high fe/ival1 :i* 7 to display ! miracles work$ by _! patron sa9ts1 ,ignatius ,loyola1 & ,francis ,xavi]4 ,( ^!1 six 7 execut$ by ,p\ss91 9 a v %ort space ( "t2 ! pictures 7 little m ?an sket*es1 b !y exhibit$ su* p[]s ( composition & expression1 t he 0 at once ackn[l$g$ to h di/anc$ all competitors4 ,8 acqua9tance 0 n[ s\ght by amateurs & lit]ati2 b ! *ief advantage :i* accru$ to him 0 ! fri5d%ip ( ! ,*evali] ,m>9i1 a di/+ui%$ ,italian1 :o _h settl$ 9 ,p>is1 & engag$ ) int]e/ 9 ! cultivation ( elegant lit]ature & ! arts4 ,8 m9d 0 /or$ ) classical erudition1 & he delight$ to ex]cise 8 poetic tal5t on ! !n fa%ionable fables ( hea!n my?ology4 ,su* pursuits 7 cong5ial to ,p\ss9's turn ( m9d2 & by ! advice1 & ) ! assi/ance ( ,m>9i1 he ent]$ deeply into ! /udy ( ! ,lat9 & ,italian au?ors4 ,h5ce he drew ! elem5ts ( t k ( ! cu/oms1 mann]s1 & habits ( antiquity1 by :i* 8 works are s em95tly di/+ui%$4 ,m>9i1 soon aft]1 w5t to ,rome1 & 0 anxi\s t ,p\ss9 %\ld accompany him2 b ?is ! arti/ f\nd impossible1 f ! numb] ( unf9i%$ commissions on 8 h&s4 ,9 ! ensu+ ye>1 h[ev]1 #afbd1 8 long-*]i%$ wi% 0 accompli%$1 & he trod ! /reets ( ! ,et]nal ,city4 ,among ! innum]able pilgrims :o h ?rong$ to t mighty %r9e1 no "o ev]1 p]haps1 approa*$ x ) deep] rev]5ce ?an ,p\ss91 or /udi$ 9 ! s*ool ( antiquity ) m zeal & success4 ,he comm5c$ 8 lab\rs ) t en?usiasm :i* ! objects ar\nd him c\ld n fail to inspire1 & compreh5d$ 9 ! r\nd ( 8 /udies ! diff]5t sci5ces :i* bore collat]ally ^u 8 art4 ,"s ( 8 f9e/ works are among ^? :i* he produc$ at ?is p]iod2 b 8 tal5ts 7 n at fir/ appreciat$ 9 ,rome1 & ! spectre ( p5ury /ill haunt$ 8 /udy4 ,8 fri5d ,m>9i _h gone to ,naples1 :]e he di$1 & ! ,c>d9al ,b>b]9i1 to ^: fav\r he _h be5 especially recomm5d$1 0 abs5t on a legation 9 ,spa94 ,among o!r works :i* 8 necessities compell$ him to dispose ( at ?is "t = a trifl+ sum1 0 8,! ,ark ( ,god 9 ! h&s ( ! ,phili/9es10 :i* 0 pur*as$ f him = fifty cr[ns1 & sold %ortly aft]w>ds to ! ,duc de ,ri*elieu = "o ?\s&4 ,accid5t & ill heal? comb9$ ) pov]ty to ov]cl\d ! e>ly "p ( 8 abode 9 ,rome4 ,! ,fr5* 7 !n v unpopul>1 on acc\nt ( "s diff]5ces exi/+ betwe5 ! ,c\rt ( ,france & ! ,holy ,see4 ,p\ss9 0 assault$ 9 ! /reets by "s ( ! ,pope's soldi]y1 sev]ely w\nd$ by a sabre-cut 9 ! h&1 & only escap$ m s]i\s injury by ! _s & resolution ) :i* he def5d$ himself4 ,aft] recov]+ f ?is injury1 he 0 aga9 r5d]$ unable to pursue 8 art by a l+]+ illness2 9 ! c\rse ( :i* a fell[-c\ntryman1 nam$ ,jean ,dughet1 took him to 8 own home1 & treat$ him ) c>e1 :i* soon re/or$ him to heal?4 ,six mon?s aft]w>ds he m>ri$ ! daught] ( 8 ho/1 & subsequ5tly adopt$ 8 wife's bro!r1 ,gasp>1 :o assum$ 8 "n1 & has %>$ its hon\rs by 8 spl5did l&scapes4 ,) "p ( 8 wife's portion ,p\ss9 pur*as$ a h\se on ! ,p9cian ,hill1 :i* is /ill po9t$ out z an object ( int]e/ to travell]s & /ud5ts4 ,f ?is p]iod ! =tune ( ,p\ss9 began to improve4 ,reliev$ f 8 emb>rassm5ts1 & tranquilliz$ by dome/ic com=t1 he proce$$ 9 ! calm ex]cise ( 8 p[]s2 & ! f9e works on :i* 8 reputation is f\nd$ 7 pa9t$ 9 rapid succession4 ,c>d9al ,b>b]9i1 :o _h return$ to ,rome1 engag$ him to execute "o ( ! l>ge pa9t+s ord]$ to be copi$ 9 mosaic = ,/4 ,pet]'s ,*ur*4 ,! subject 0 ! ,m>tyrdom ( ,/4 ,erasmus2 b ! picture1 :i* is n[ 9 ! ,vatican1 furni%es no reason = regret t ,p\ss9 did n m frequ5tly employ himself on works ( l>ge dim5sions4 ,a circum/ance occurr$ at ?is "t :i* x is gratify+ to relate1 z x exhibits two di/+ui%$ m5 engag$ 9 ! hon\rable task ( promot+ ! success & v9dicat+ ! reputation ( ea* o!r4 ,:5 ,p\ss9 arriv$ at ,rome1 he f\nd ! lov]s ( art divid$ into two p>ties1 compos$ respectively ( ! admir]s ( ,guido & ,dom5i*9o4 ,two pictures _h be5 pa9t$ by ^? arti/s1 :i*1 z if to decide _! rival claims1 7 hung opposite to ea* o!r 9 ! *ur* ( ,san ,gregorio4 ,! subjects 7 simil>2 ! "o ! ,flagellation1 ! o!r ! ,m>tyrdom ( ! ,sa9t f :om ! *ur* is nam$4 ,! p]=mance ( ,guido 0 ! "o mo/ g5]ally pref]r$3 b ,p\ss9 =m$ a diff]5t judgm5t1 & sat d[n to copy ! picture ( ! less popul> arti/4 ,dom5i*9o1 on be+ in=m$ ( ?is1 al?\gh he 0 !n suff]+ f illness1 ord]$ himself to be c>ri$ to ! *ur*1 :]e he ent]$ into conv]sation ) ,p\ss91 to :om he 0 p]sonally unkn[n1 & :o inde$ imag9$ him to be dead4 ,a fri5dly intimacy 0 ! consequ5ce ( ?is int]view1 :i* 0 exce$+ly advantage\s to ,p\ss91 z ,dom5i*9o took pleasure 9 communicat+ all t k ( art1 :i* long exp]i5ce _h enabl$ him to acquire4 ,%ortly aft] ?is ,dom5i*9o quitt$ ,rome = ,naples1 & ! /orm ( envy & detraction seem$ to ga!r =ce 9 8 abs5ce4 ,s mu* 0 8 reputation injur$1 t ! monks ( ! conv5t ( ,san ,girolamo della ,c>it1 :o _h 9 _! possession 8 sup]b picture ( ! ,communion ( ,/4 ,j]ome1 ord]$ x to be remov$ f ! walls & consign$ to a cell> z a ?+ utt]ly contemptible4 ,?is anecdote1 7 x n atte/$ by unque/ionable evid5ce1 w\ld be difficult to believe2 = ! m]its ( ! picture require no deep k ( art to be duly appreciat$3 x is n less admirable 9 col\r & effect ?an 9 s5tim5t & "*4 ,! intellig5t monks1 h[ev]1 wi%+ = a picture to supply its place1 engag$ ,p\ss9 to pa9t "o1 acqua9t+ him at ! same "t t !y c\ld save him ! exp5se ( canvass1 by s5d+ him a wor?less daub1 ov] :i* he might pa9t4 ,! a/oni%m5t ( ,p\ss9 on receiv+ ! picture may be easily conceiv$4 ,he imm$iately direct$ x to be c>ri$ to ! *ur* f :5ce x _h be5 tak51 & ann\nc$ 8 int5tion to deliv] a public disquisition on its m]its4 ,?is he accord+ly did to a l>ge auditory1 & ) su* =ce ( reason+ & illu/ration1 t malice 0 sil5c$ & prejudice conv9c$2 & ! "n ( ,dom5i*9o assum$ f t "t its j rank 9 public e/imation4 ,! pictures ( ,p\ss91 z he advanc$ 9 8 c>e]1 7 eag]ly pur*as$ by connoisseurs f all c\ntries1 & 8 fame 0 at l5g? e/abli%$ ?r\gh\t ,europe4 ,9 #afch a project 0 sugge/$ to ,l\is ,,xiii41 by ,c>d9al ,ri*elieu1 = f9i%+ ! ,l\vre1 & adorn+ ! royal palaces1 accord+ to ! magnific5t plans ( ,francis ,i4 ,! high reputation ( ,p\ss9 m>k$ him out z ! p]son be/ qualifi$ = ! p>tial execution & entire sup]9t5d5ce ( ^! spl5did works2 & accord+ly a lett] 0 transmitt$ to him by ord] ( ! ,fr5* mon>*1 appo9t+ him 8 pr9cipal pa9t]1 & reque/+ 8 imm$iate att5dance at ,p>is4 ,b s absorb$ 0 ! arti/ 9 8 /udies1 & s unambiti\s 0 8 temp]1 t he all[$ two ye>s to elapse be=e he att5d$ to ?is flatt]+ requisition2 nor is x probable t he w\ld h quitt$ ,rome at all1 _h n a g5tleman be5 despat*$ f ! c\rt ( ,france to br+ him4 ,on 8 arrival1 he 0 pres5t$ to ! ,k+1 :o receiv$ him ) c\rtesy1 & assign$ him a lib]al income4 ,plac$ 9 ! full enjoym5t ( fame & weal?1 ,p\ss9's situation might well appe> enviable to 8 less fav\r$ bre?r5 9 art4 ,b 8 /ation1 brilliant z x 01 prov$ ill-suit$ to 8 disposition3 & 8 lett]s to 8 fri5ds 9 ,rome 7 soon fill$ ) ! language ( disappo9tm5t & compla9t4 ,he felt t he 0 no long] ex]cis+ 8 g5ius z an arti/1 b lab\r+ z an artisan4 ,commissions 7 p\r$ 9 ^u him f ! c\rt ) m]ciless rapidity1 )\t ! slighte/ calculation ( ! "t requisite to ! production ( works ( art4 ,on "o occasion he 0 requir$ to execute a picture conta9+ sixte5 figures1 l>g] ?an life1 )9 six weeks4 ,nor 0 ?is ! wor/3 ! trifl]s ( ! c\rt obtrud$ on him1 ) irritat+ polit5ess1 ! mo/ insignificant employm5ts2 designs = *imney-pieces1 ornam5tal cab9ets1 b9d+s = books1 repair+ pictures1 c4 ,to complete ! catalogue ( annoyances1 8 coadjutors 9 ! public works1 ,le ,m]ci] ! ar*itect1 & ! pa9t]s ,v\et & ,f\qui]es1 ?w>t$ & oppos$ him 9 e p>ticul>2 until at l5g?1 worn out & disgu/$1 he appli$ = p]mission to return to ,rome4 ,?is he obta9$ ) "s difficulty1 & n )\t a /ipulation t he %\ld revisit ,p>is )9 twelve mon?s4 ,x is n improbable t ! condition w\ld nev] h be5 fulfill$2 b ! ,k+'s dea? 9 ! foll[+ ye> releas$ him f ! obligation4 ,! la/ works execut$ by ,p\ss9 9 ,p>is 7 two allegorical subjects3 ! "o1 ,"t br++ ,tru? to light1 & deliv]+ h] f ! fi5ds1 ,malice & ,envy2 9 :i* an allusion 0 mo/ probably meant to ! controv]sies 9 :i* he _h be5 engag$3 ! o!r1 9 :i* 8 int5tion is less equivocal1 is an imitation ( bas-relief1 9 ! ceil+ ( ! ,l\vre1 :]e 8 oppon5ts1 ,f\qui]es1 ,le ,m]ci]1 & ,v\et1 are consign$ to ! d]ision ( po/]ity "u ! figures ( ,folly1 ,ignorance1 & ,envy4 ,p]haps ! happie/1 & n an inconsid]able1 portion ( ,p\ss9's life1 0 t :i* int]v5$ betwe5 8 return to ,rome & 8 dea?4 ,exp]i5ce ( ! cabals & disquietudes ( ,p>is _h no d\bt taught him to value ! classical s]5ity ( 8 adopt$ home4 ,al?\gh 9 possession ( great & undisput$ fame1 & suffici5tly afflu5t1 he cont9u$ to lab\r 9 8 art ) unrelax+ dilig5ce1 if t may be call$ lab\r :i* con/itut$ 8 highe/ gratification4 ,8 tal5ts & moral wor? drew r\nd him a l>ge circle ( ! le>n$ & ! polite1 :o anxi\sly s\ght 8 society dur+ 8 leisure h\rs2 & 9 8 ev5+ walks on ! ,p9cian ,hill1 he might h be5 said to resemble "o ( ! philosoph]s ( antiquity1 surr\nd$ by 8 fri5ds & disciples4 ,?us he desc5d$1 ) tranquil dignity1 into ! vale ( life4 ,9 #affe he suff]$ f a /roke ( ! palsy1 &1 %ortly aft]1 ! dea? ( 8 wife plung$ him into ! deepe/ affliction4 ,he p]ceiv$ 8 own end to be approa*+1 & await$ x ) calm resignation4 ,he di$ 9 8 #gb;d ye>1 ,a4 ,d4 #affe1 & 0 buri$ ) public hon\rs 9 ! *ur* ( ,san ,lor5zo 9 ,luc9a4 ,! pictures ( ,p\ss9 are s num]\s1 & s g5]ally disp]s$1 t e "o1 ^: att5tion has be5 direct$ to ! arts1 mu/ h a pretty accurate impression ( 8 /yle4 ,x is a /yle ( p]fect orig9ality1 rem9d+ u some:at ( anci5t art1 b )\t a t9cture ( imitation ( any mod]n ma/]4 ,= a %ort "t ,p\ss9 s\ght a model 9 ! s*ool ( ,titian1 b turn$ f t task to copy ! pictures discov]$ among ! ru9s ( anci5t ,rome4 ,app>5tly he wi%$ to give 8 works some?+ ( ! subdu$ tone :i* ,"t has communicat$ to ^? relics2 & h5ce1 9 "s ( 8 pictures1 !re is a s+ul> discrepancy betwe5 ! subject & ! effect4 ,he delight$ to pa9t antique revels1 bac*analians1 danc+ nymphs1 c42 b 8 t9ts nev] accord ) gay subjects1 nor exhibit ! vivacity & fre%ness prop] to su* sc5es4 ,! solemn & sombre hue ( 8 col\r+ is f> bett] adapt$ to gr& or pa!tic subjects4 ,consid]+ ! implicit & almo/ idolatr\s admiration ) :i* ,p\ss9 reg>d$ ! antique /atues1 x is a/oni%+ t he %\ld n h infus$ into 8 own =ms m ( ! _s 9 :i* ^! are conceiv$2 =1 9 ?is po9t1 imitation c\ld n h be5 c>ri$ too f>4 ,b ! rev]se is ! case3 8 figures are direct transcripts ( individual models1 usually correct 9 proportion1 b seldom r5d]$ ideal1 or g5]aliz$ into beauty4 ,a /ill great] defect is *>geable on 8 composition1 :i* is almo/ inv>iably scatt]$ & confus$1 )\t a c5tre ( int]e/ or po9t ( unity4 ,8 pr9cipal figures are mix$ up ) ! subord9ate ones1 & ^? aga9 ) ! accessories 9 ! back-gr\nd4 ,:at1 !n1 are ! qualities by :i* ,p\ss9 has acquir$ 8 high reputation8 ,! pr9cipal "o we conceive to consi/ 9 t v simplicity & sev]ity1 by :i* p]haps ! eye is at fir/ (f5d$4 ,he appe>s to feel himself above ! necessity ( sup]ficial ornam5t4 ,he is always ?or\ghly 9 e>ne/2 8 figures p]=m _! bus9ess ) an emphasis :i* rivets our att5tion1 we become id5tifi$ ) ! subject1 & lose all ?\ght ( ! pa9t] 9 8 p]=mance4 ,?is is a result nev] produc$ by an inf]ior arti/4 ,on ! :ole1 al?\gh we _c assign ,p\ss9 a place by ! side ( ,raffaelle1 ,rub5s1 ,titian1 & "s o!rs1 :o may be consid]$ ! giants ( art1 & compose ! =emo/ rank1 he c]ta9ly /&s among ^? :o are mo/ em95t 9 ! second4 ,8 compositions1 :i* are v num]\s1 are v>i$ ) great skill1 & surprise u1 n unfrequ5tly1 ) novel & /rik+ comb9ations2 & sev]al among !m--we may adduce p>ticul>ly ! ,ark ( ,god among ! ,phili/9es1 ! ,deluge1 & ! ,slaught] ( ! ,innoc5ts--c\ld only h orig9at$ 9 a m9d ( a v exalt$ ord]4 ,sev]al ( ,p\ss9's f9e/ works are 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,9 ! ,dulwi* ,gall]y !re is1 we believe1 ! l>ge/ numb] to be f\nd 9 any "o collection4 ,among ^?1 ! subject ( ! ,angels appe>+ to ,abraham is treat$ ) consid]able grace & beauty4 ,! picture ( ,moses /rik+ ! rock1 9 ! possession ( ! ,m>quis ( ,/af=d1 is "o ( ,p\ss9's mo/ pr(\nd & elaborate p]=mances2 &1 9 ! ,national ,gall]y1 ! two ,bac*analian subjects w furni% a full idea bo? ( 8 p[]s & defici5cies 9 treat+ t fav\rite class ( compositions4 ,! read] w f9d a m detail$ acc\nt ( ! life & works ( ,p\ss9 9 ,lanzi's #8,/oria ,pittorica dell',italia1' & ,bellori's #8,vite di ,pittori mod]ni4' ,!re is an ,engli% life ( him writt5 by ,m>ia ,graham4 ,mu* critical in=mation conc]n+ 8 /yle & p]=mances w be f\nd 9 ! writ+s ( ,m5gs1 ,reynolds1 & ,fuseli4 ,illu/ration3 ,holy ,family2 f a picture by ,p\ss94 ,illu/ration3 ,engrav$ by ,e4 ,scriv54 ,w4 ,,h>vey1 ,m4,d4 ,f ! orig9al ,picture by ,c4 ,jans5 9 ! possession ( ! ,royal ,society4 ,"u ! ,sup]9t5dance ( ! ,society = ! ,diffusion ( ,useful ,k4 ,london4 ,publi%$ by ,*>les ,knight1 ,pall ,mall ,ea/4 ,illu/ration ,,h>vey ,william ,h>vey 0 born on ! #a/ ( ,april1 #aegh1 at ,folk/one1 on ! s\!rn coa/ ( ,k5t4 ,he 0 ! elde/ ( n9e *ildr52 ( ! re/ little m is kn[n ?an t sev]al ( ! bro!rs 7 among ! mo/ em95t m]*ants 9 ! city ( ,london dur+ ! reigns ( ! two fir/ ,/u>ts4 ,8 fa!r1 ,?omas ,h>vey1 foll[$ no pr(ession4 ,he m>ri$ ,joanna ,falke at ! age ( tw5ty1 & liv$ ^u 8 own e/ate at ,folk/one4 ,?is prop]ty devolv$ by inh]itance ^u 8 elde/ son2 & ! greate/ "p ( x 0 ev5tually bequea!d by him to ! college at :i* he 0 educat$4 ,at t5 ye>s ( age he comm5c$ 8 /udies at ! gramm> s*ool 9 ,cant]bury2 & ^u ! #ca/ ( ,may1 #aeic1 soon aft] ! completion ( 8 fifte5? ye>1 0 admitt$ z a p5sion] at ,caius ,college1 ,cambridge4 ,at t "t a famili> acqua9tance ) logic & ! le>n$ languages 0 indisp5sable z a fir/ /ep 9 ! prosecution ( all ! bran*es ( sci5ce1 especially ( m$ic9e2 & ! skill ) :i* ,h>vey avails himself ( ! s*ola/ic =m ( reason+ 9 8 great "w on ! ,circulation1 ) ! elegant ,lat9 /yle ( all 8 writ+s1 p>ticul>ly ( 8 late/ "w on ! ,g5]ation ( ,animals1 af=d a suffici5t pro( ( 8 dilig5ce 9 ! prosecution ( ^! prelim9>y /udies dur+ ! next f\r ye>s1 :i* he sp5t at ,cambridge4 ,! two next 7 occupi$ 9 visit+ ! pr9cipal cities & sem9>ies ( ! ,cont95t4 ,he !n prep>$ to address himself to ^? inve/igations to :i* ! re/ ( 8 life 0 devot$2 & ! sc5e ( 8 introduction to !m c\ld n h be5 bett] *os5 ?an at ! ,univ]sity ( ,padua1 :]e he became a /ud5t 9 8 tw5ty-second ye>4 ,! anci5t physicians ga!r$ :at !y knew ( anatomy f inaccurate dissections ( ! l[] animals2 & ! sl5d] k ?us acquir$1 h[ev] inadequate to unfold ! complicat$ functions ( ! human frame1 0 abundantly suffici5t z a basis = conjecture1 ( :i* !y took full advantage4 ,) !m e ?+ became easy to expla91 precisely because no?+ 0 und]/ood2 & ! nature & treatm5t ( disease1 ! great object ( m$ic9e & ( its subsidi>y sci5ces1 0 h>dily ab&on$ to ! conduct ( ! imag9ation1 & s\ght = lit]ally among ! />s4 ,nev]!less1 s firmly 0 _! au?ority e/abli%$1 t ev5 d[n to ! close ( ! sixte5? c5tury ! naturali/s ( ,europe /ill cont9u$ to d]ive all _! physiology1 & ! great] "p ( _! anatomy & m$ic9e1 f ! works ( ,ari/otle & ,gal51 read n 9 ! orig9al ,greek1 b re-translat$ into ,lat9 f ! int]polat$ v]sions ( ! ,arabian physicians4 ,! op9ions ent]ta9$ by ^! dictators 9 ! republic ( lett]s1 & consequ5tly by _! submissive foll[]s1 ) reg>d to ! /ructure & functions ( ! organs conc]n$ 9 ! circulation1 7 p>ticul>ly fanciful & confus$1 s mu* s t x w\ld be no easy task to give an intelligible acc\nt ( !m t w\ld n be t$i\s f its l5g?4 ,x w be en\gh to say1 t a sc>cely m oppressive mass ( mis*iev\s error 0 cle>$ away f ! sci5ce ( a/ronomy by ! discov]y ( ,newton1 ?an t f :i* physiology 0 dis5cumb]$ by ! discov]y ( ,h>vey4 ,b ?\gh ! "w 0 complet$ by an ,engli%man1 x is to ,italy t1 9 anatomy1 z 9 mo/ ( ! sci5ces1 we owe ! fir/ attempts to ca/ (f ! ?raldom ( ! anci5ts4 ,mund9us _h publi%$ a "w 9 ! ye> #acae1 :i* conta9$ a few orig9al obs]vations ( 8 own2 & 8 essay 0 s well receiv$ t x rema9$ ! text-book ( ! ,italian s*ools ( anatomy = upw>ds ( two c5turies4 ,x 0 enri*$ f "t to "t by v>i\s annotators1 among ! *ief ( :om 7 ,a*ill9i1 & ,b]5g>ius1 ! fir/ p]son :o publi%$ anatomical plates4 ,b ! great re=m] ( anatomy 0 ,vesalius1 :o1 born at ,brussels 9 #aead1 _h atta9$ su* e>ly celebrity dur+ 8 /udies at ,p>is & ,l\va91 t he 0 invit$ by ! republic ( ,v5ice 9 8 tw5ty-second ye> to ! *air ( anatomy at ,padua1 :i* he fill$ = sev5 ye>s ) ! highe/ reputation4 ,he also taught at ,bologna1 & subsequ5tly1 by ! invitation ( ,cosmo de' ,m$ici1 at ,pisa4 ,! fir/ edition ( 8 "w #8,de ,corporis ,humani fabric1' 0 pr9t$ at ,basle 9 ! ye> #aedc2 x is p]haps "o ( ! mo/ successful ef=ts ( human indu/ry & rese>*1 & f ! date ( its publication beg9s an entirely new era 9 ! sci5ce ( :i* x treats4 ,! despotic sway hi!rto ma9ta9$ 9 ! s*ools ( m$ic9e by ! writ+s ( ,ari/otle & ,gal5 0 n[ %ak5 to its f\ndation1 & a new race ( anatomi/s eag]ly press$ =w>d 9 ! pa? ( discov]y4 ,among ^! no "o 0 m conspicu\s ?an ,fallopius1 ! disciple1 successor1 & 9 fame ! rival1 ( ,vesalius1 at ,padua4 ,aft] him ! anatomical pr(essor%ip 0 fill$ by ,fabricius ab ,aquap5d5te1 ! la/ ( ! di/+ui%$ anatomi/s :o fl\ri%$ at ,padua 9 ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,h>vey became 8 pupil 9 #aeii1 & f ?is "t he appe>s to h appli$ himself s]i\sly to ! /udy ( anatomy4 ,! fir/ g]m ( ! discov]y :i* has %$ immortal hon\r on 8 "n & c\ntry 0 conceiv$ 9 ! lecture-room ( ,fabricius4 ,he rema9$ at ,padua = two ye>s2 & hav+ receiv$ ! degree ( ,doctor 9 ,arts & ,m$ic9e ) unusual m>ks ( di/9ction1 return$ to ,engl& e>ly 9 ! ye> #afjb4 ,two ye>s aft]w>ds he comm5c$ practice 9 ,london1 & m>ri$ ! daught] ( ,dr4 ,launcelot ,br[ne1 by :om he _h no *ildr54 ,he became a fell[ ( ! ,college ( ,physicians :5 ab\t ?irty ye>s ( age1 hav+ 9 ! mean "t r5ew$ 8 degree ( ,doctor 9 ,m$ic9e at ,cambridge2 & 0 soon aft] elect$ ,physician to ,/4 ,b>?olomew's ,hospital1 :i* (fice he reta9$ till a late p]iod ( 8 life4 ,on ! #d? ( ,augu/1 #afae1 he 0 appo9t$ ,read] ( ,anatomy & ,surg]y to ! ,college ( ,physicians4 ,f "s scatt]$ h9ts 9 8 writ+s x appe>s t 8 doctr9e ( ! circulation 0 fir/ advanc$ 9 8 lectures at ! college ab\t f\r ye>s aft]w>ds2 & a note-book 9 8 own h&writ+ is /ill pres]v$ at ! ,briti% ,museum1 9 :i* ! pr9cipal argum5ts by :i* x is sub/antiat$ are briefly set d[n1 z if = ref]5ce 9 ! lecture-room4 ,yet ) ! *>act]i/ic caution & mode/y ( true g5ius1 he cont9u$ = n9e ye>s long] to reason & exp]im5talize ^u :at is n[ consid]$ "o ( ! simple/1 z x is und\bt$ly ! mo/ important1 kn[n law ( animal nature2 & x 0 n till ! ye> #afbh1 ! fifty-fir/ ( 8 life1 t he cons5t$ to publi% 8 discov]y to ! _w4 ,9 t ye> ! #8,ex]citatio ,anatomica de ,motu ,cordis et ,sangu9is' 0 publi%$ at ,frank=t4 ,?is ma/]ly treatise beg9s ) a %ort outl9e & refutation ( ! op9ions ( =m] anatomi/s on ! movem5t ( ! animal fluids & ! function ( ! he>t2 ! au?or discrim9at+ ) c>e1 & anxi\sly ackn[l$g+ ! glimpses ( ! tru? to be met ) 9 _! writ+s2 z if he _h n only kept 9 m9d ! ju/ice due to previ\s discov]ies1 & ! prud5ce ( s(t5+ ! novelty & veil+ ! ext5t ( 8 own1 b _h =ese5 ! prepo/]\s imputation ( plagi>ism1 :i*1 ) o!r inconsi/5t *>ges1 0 aft]w>ds br\ght =w>d aga9/ him4 ,?is %ort sket* is foll[$ by a pla9 exposition ( ! anatomy ( ! circulation1 & a detail ( ! results ( num]\s exp]im5ts2 & ! new !ory is f9ally ma9ta9$ 9 a /ra9 ( close & p[]ful reason+1 & foll[$ into "s ( its mo/ important consequ5ces4 ,! :ole argum5t is conduct$ 9 simple & unpret5d+ language1 ) great p]spicuity1 & scrupul\s att5tion to logical =m4 ,! doctr9e ann\nc$ by ,h>vey may be briefly /at$ ?us3-- ,:5 ! blood suppli$ = ! v>i\s processes :i* are c>ri$ on 9 ! liv+ body has und]gone a c]ta9 degree ( *ange1 x requires to be purifi$ by ! act ( respiration4 ,= ?is purpose x is urg$ onw>ds by fre% blood f beh9d into ! ve9s2 & return+ 9 !m f all p>ts ( ! body1 ent]s a cavity ( ! he>t call$ ! "r auricle4 ,at ! same "t ! purifi$ blood return+ f ! lungs by ! pulmon>y ve9s1 passes into ! left auricle4 ,:5 ^! two cavities1 :i* are di/9ct f ea* o!r1 are suffici5tly dilat$1 !y contract1 & =ce ! blood :i* !y conta9 into two o!r mu* m muscul> cavities call$ respectively ! "r & left v5tricle1 all retrogression into ! auricles be+ prev5t$ by valves1 :i* admit ( a passage 9 "o direction only4 ,! v5tricles !n contract 9 _! turn ) great =ce1 & at ! same in/ant2 & propel _! blood1 ! "r1 by ! pulmon>y art]y into ! lungs2 ! left1 :i* is mu* ! /rong] ( ! two1 into all p>ts ( ! body1 by ! great art]y call$ ! arta1 & its bran*es2 all return be+ prev5t$ z be=e by valves situat$ at ! orifices ( ^? vessels1 :i* are clos$ mo/ accurately :5 ! v5tricles relax1 by ! backw>d pressure ( ! blood aris+ f ! ela/icity ( ! art]ies4 ,?us ! purifi$ blood passes f ! lungs by ! pulmon>y ve9s ?r\gh ! left auricle into ! v5tricle ( ! same side1 by :i* x is di/ribut$ into all p>ts ( ! body1 driv+ ! vitiat$ blood be=e x2 & ! vitiat$ blood is pu%$ into & along ! ve9s to ! "r auricle1 & !nce is s5t into ! "r v5tricle1 :i* propels x by ! pulmon>y art]y ?r\gh ! lungs4 ,9 ?is mann] a d\ble circulation is kept up by ! sole ag5cy ( ! he>t1 ?r\gh ! lungs1 & ?r\gh ! body2 ! contractions ( ! auricles & v5tricles tak+ place alt]nately4 ,to prev5t any backw>d motion ( ! blood 9 ! sup]ficial ve9s1 :i* might happ5 f _! liability to ext]nal pressure1 !y are also provid$ ) simple & v complete valves :i* admit ( a passage only t[>ds ! he>t4 ,!y 7 fir/ rem>k$ by ,fabricius ab ,aquap5d5te1 & exhibit$ 9 8 lectures to ,h>vey among ! re/ ( 8 pupils2 b _! function rema9$ a my/]y till x 0 expla9$ by ! discov]y ( ! circulation4 ,x is relat$ by ,boyle1 ^u ,h>vey's own au?ority1 t ! fir/ idea ( ?is compreh5sive pr9ciple sugge/$ itself to him :5 consid]+ ! /ructure ( ^! valves4 ,! pulmon>y circulation _h be5 surmis$ by ,gal51 & ma9ta9$ by 8 successors2 b no pro( ev5 ( ?is insulat$ portion ( ! tru?1 m ?an am\nt$ to /rong probability1 _h be5 giv5 till ! "t ( ,h>vey2 & no plausible claim to ! discov]y1 /ill less to ! demon/ration1 ( ! g5]al circulation has ev] be5 set up 9 opposition to 84 ,inde$ its tru? 0 q inconsi/5t ) ! ideas ev]y:]e ent]ta9$ 9 ! s*ools on ! functions ( ! he>t & o!r visc]a1 & 0 de/ructive ( _m fav\rite !ories4 ,! new doctr9e1 !re=e1 z may well be suppos$1 0 receiv$ by mo/ ( ! anatomi/s ( ! p]iod ) di/ru/1 & by all ) surprise4 ,"s ( !m und]took to refute x2 b _! objections turn$ pr9cipally on ! sil5ce ( ,gal51 or consi/$ ( ! mo/ frivol\s cavils3 ! controv]sy1 too1 assum$ ! =m ( p]sonal abuse ev5 m spe$ily ?an is usually ! case :5 au?ority is at issue ) reason4 ,to su* opposition ,h>vey = "s "t did n ?9k x necess>y to reply2 b "s ( 8 fri5ds 9 ,engl&1 & ( ! adh]5ts to 8 doctr9e on ! ,cont95t1 w>mly took up 8 def5ce4 ,at l5g? he 0 induc$ to take a p]sonal %>e 9 ! dispute 9 answ] to ,riolanus1 a ,p>isian anatomi/ ( "s celebrity1 ^: objections 7 di/+ui%$ by "s %[ ( philosophy1 & unusual ab/95ce f abuse4 ,! answ] 0 conciliatory & complete1 b ineffectual to produce conviction2 & 9 reply to ,h>vey's appeal to direct exp]im5t1 8 oppon5t urg$ no?+ b conjecture & ass]tion4 ,h>vey once m rejo9$ at consid]able l5g?2 tak+ occasion to give a spirit$ rebuke to ! unwor?y reception he _h met )1 9 :i* x seems t ,riolanus _h n[ p]mitt$ himself to jo92 adduc+ sev]al new & conclusive exp]im5ts 9 support ( 8 !ory2 & ent]+ at l>ge ^u its value 9 simplify+ physiology & ! /udy ( diseases1 ) o!r int]e/+ collat]al topics4 ,riolanus1 h[ev]1 /ill rema9$ unconv9c$2 & 8 second rejo9d] 0 treat$ by ,h>vey ) contemptu\s sil5ce4 ,he _h already exhau/$ ! subject 9 ! two excell5t controv]sial pieces j m5tion$1 ! la/ ( :i* is said to h be5 writt5 at ,ox=d ab\t #aede2 & he nev] resum$ ! discussion 9 pr9t4 ,"t _h n[ come to ! assi/ance ( argum5t1 & 8 discov]y began to be g5]ally admitt$4 ,to ?is inde$ 8 oppon5ts contribut$ by a /ill m s+ul> discov]y ( _! own1 namely1 t ! facts _h be5 obs]v$1 & ! important inf]5ce drawn long be=e4 ,?is 0 ! m]e allegation ( envy1 *af$ at ! a*ievem5ts ( ano!r1 :i*1 f _! app>5t facility1 might h be5 its own4 ,x is inde$ /range t ! simple me*anism ?us expla9$ %\ld h be5 unobs]v$ or misund]/ood s long2 & no?+ c acc\nt = x b ! imp]ceptible lightness z well z ! /r5g? ( ! *a9s :i* au?ority imposes on ! m9d4 ,9 ! ye> #afbc ,h>vey became ,physician ,extraord9>y to ,james ,i41 & sev5 ye>s lat] 0 appo9t$ ,physician to ,*>les4 ,he foll[$ ! =tunes ( t mon>*1 :o treat$ him ) great di/9ction1 dur+ ! fir/ ye>s ( ! civil w>1 & he 0 pres5t at ! battle ( ,edgehill 9 #afdb4 ,hav+ be5 incorporat$ ,doctor ( ,physic by ! ,univ]sity ( ,ox=d1 he 0 promot$ by ,*>les to ! ,w>d5%ip ( ,m]ton ,college 9 #afde2 b he did n reta9 ?is (fice v long1 8 pr$ecessor ,dr4 ,br5t be+ re9/at$ by ! p>liam5t aft] ! surr5d] ( ,ox=d 9 ! foll[+ ye>4 ,h>vey !n return$ to ,london & resid$ ) 8 bro!r ,eliab at ,cocka9e-h\se 9 ! ,p\ltry4 ,ab\t ! "t ( ,*>les's execution he gave up 8 practice1 :i* _h nev] be5 consid]able1 probably 9 consequ5ce ( 8 devotion to ! sci5tific1 r ?an ! practical p>ts ( 8 pr(ession4 ,he himself1 h[ev]1 attribut$ 8 want ( success to ! enmity excit$ by 8 discov]y4 ,aft] a second visit to ! ,cont95t1 he seclud$ himself 9 ! c\ntry1 sometimes at 8 own h\se 9 ,lambe?1 & sometimes ) 8 bro!r ,eliab at ,combe 9 ,surrey4 ,"h he 0 visit$ by 8 fri5d ,dr4 ,ent 9 #afea1 by :om he 0 p]suad$ to all[ ! publication ( 8 "w on ! ,g5]ation ( ,animals4 ,x 0 ! fruit ( _m ye>s ( exp]im5t & m$itation2 & ?\gh ! vehicle ( no rem>kable discov]y1 is replete ) int]e/ & rese>*1 & conta9s passages ( brilliant & ev5 poetical eloqu5ce4 ,! object ( 8 "w is to trace ! g]m ?r\gh all its *anges to ! p]iod ( maturity2 & ! illu/rations are pr9cipally drawn f ! ph5om5a exhibit$ by eggs 9 ! process ( incubation1 :i* he wat*$ ) great c>e1 & has describ$ ) m9ut5ess & fidelity4 ,! microscope _h n at t "t ! p]fection x has s9ce atta9$2 & consequ5tly ,h>vey's acc\nt ( ! fir/ appe>ance ( ! *ick is some:at inaccurate1 & has be5 sup]s$$ by ! obs]vations ( ,malpighi1 ,hunt]1 & o!rs4 ,! exp]im5ts ^u :i* he *iefly reli$ 9 ?is dep>tm5t ( natural hi/ory _h be5 repeat$ 9 ! pres5ce ( ,*>les ,i41 :o appe>s to h tak5 great int]e/ 9 ! /udies ( 8 physician4 ,9 ! ye> #afec1 ! sev5ty-fif? ( 8 life1 ,h>vey pres5t$ ! ,college ( ,physicians ) ! title-de$s ( a build+ erect$ 9 _! g>d51 & elegantly fitt$ up at 8 exp5se1 ) a libr>y & museum1 & commodi\s ap>tm5ts = _! social meet+s4 ,^u ?is occasion he resign$ ! ,pr(essor%ip ( ,anatomy1 :i* he _h held = ne>ly =ty ye>s1 & 0 succe$$ by ,dr4 ,glisson4 ,9 #afed he 0 elect$ to ! ,presid5cy ( ! ,college1 :i* he decl9$ on ! plea ( age2 & ! =m] ,presid5t1 ,sir ,francis ,prujean1 0 re-elect$ at 8 reque/4 ,two ye>s aft]w>ds he made a donation to ! college ( a "p ( 8 patrimonial e/ate to ! ye>ly value ( #ef1 z a provision = ! ma9t5ance ( ! libr>y & an annual fe/ival & oration 9 commemoration ( b5efactors4 ,at l5g? 8 con/itution1 :i* _h long be5 h>ass$ by ! g\t1 yield$ to ! increas+ infirmities ( age1 & he di$ 9 8 eightie? ye>1 on ! #c;d ( ,june1 #afeg4 ,he 0 buri$ at ,hemp/ead 9 ,essex1 9 a vault belong+ to 8 bro!r ,eliab1 :o 0 8 pr9cipal heir1 & 8 rema9s 7 foll[$ to ! grave by a num]\s procession ( ! body ( :i* he _h be5 s illu/ri\s & munific5t a memb]4 ,! be/ edition ( 8 works is t edit$ by ! ,college ( ,physicians 9 #agff1 to :i* is prefix$ a valuable notice ( 8 life1 & an acc\nt ( ! controv]sy to :i* 8 discov]y ( ! circulation gave rise4 ,all t rema9 ( 8 writ+s 9 addition to ^? :i* h be5 already m5tion$1 are an acc\nt ( ! dissection ( ,?omas ,p>r1 :o di$ at ! age ( #aec1 & a few lett]s address$ to v>i\s ,cont95tal anatomi/s4 ,8 lodg+s at ,:itehall _h be5 plund]$ 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! civil w>1 ( _m pap]s conta9+ manuscript notes ( exp]im5ts & obs]vations1 *iefly relat+ to comp>ative anatomy4 ,?is 0 a loss :i* he always cont9u$ to lam5t4 ,! miss+ pap]s h nev] be5 recov]$4 ,9 p]son he 0 bel[ ! middle size1 b well-proportion$4 ,he _h a d>k complexion1 black hair1 & small lively eyes4 ,9 8 y\? 8 temp] is said to h be5 v ha/y4 ,if s he 0 cur$ ( ?is defect z he grew old]2 = no?+ c be m c\rte\s & temp]ate ?an 8 controv]sial writ+s1 & ! g5u9e k9dness & mode/y :i* 7 conspicu\s 9 all 8 deal+s ) o!rs1 ) 8 in/ructive conv]sation1 ga9$ him _m atta*$ & excell5t fri5ds4 ,he 0 fond ( m$itation & retirem5t2 & !re is mu* 9 8 works to *>act]ize him z a man ( w>m & unaffect$ piety4 ,!re are sev]al hi/ories ( 8 life2 a v elegant "o has lately be5 publi%$ 9 a volume ( ! ,family ,libr>y1 entitl$ #8,lives ( ,briti% ,physicians4' ,illu/ration3 ,engrav$ by ,c4 ,e4 ,wag/aff4 ,,sir ,j4 ,,banks4 ,f a ,picture by ,j4 ,phillips1 9 ! possession ( ! ,royal ,society4 ,"u ! ,sup]9t5dance ( ! ,society = ! ,diffusion ( ,useful ,k4 ,london4 ,publi%$ by ,*>les ,knight1 ,pall ,mall ,ea/4 ,illu/ration ,,banks ,po/]ity is likely to d scanty ju/ice to ! m]its ( ,banks1 :5 ! grateful recollections ( 8 contempor>ies %all h pass$ away4 ,8 "n is connect$ ) no great discov]y1 no /rik+ improvem5t2 & he has left no lit]>y works f :i* ! ext5t ( 8 indu/ry1 or ! am\nt ( 8 k c be e/imat$4 ,yet he did mu* = ! cause ( sci5ce2 mu* by 8 p]sonal ex]tions1 m by a judici\s & lib]al use ( ! advantages ( =tune4 ,= m ?an half a c5tury a zeal\s & successful /ud5t ( natural hi/ory 9 g5]al1 & p>ticul>ly ( botany1 ! hi/ory ( 8 sci5tific life is to be f\nd 9 ! records ( sci5ce dur+ t long & active p]iod4 ,we %all n attempt to compress s intricate & ext5sive a subject )9 ! brief limits ( ?ree or f\r pages2 b conf9e ourselves to a %ort sket* ( 8 "* & p]sonal adv5tures4 ,"s fitt+ p]son w1 x is to be hop$1 ere too late1 und]take to write ! life ( our di/+ui%$ c\ntryman ^u a scale calculat$ to d ju/ice to 8 m]its3 at pres5t ?is task is n only unp]=m$1 b unattempt$4 ,joseph ,banks 0 born 9 ,london1 ,febru>y #ac1 #agdc4 ,( 8 *ildhood we f9d few memorials4 ,he pass$ ?r\gh ! ord9>y r\t9e ( education2 hav+ be5 fir/ committ$ to ! c>e ( a private tutor at home1 !n plac$ at ,h>r[1 aft]w>ds at ,eton1 & f9ally s5t to complete 8 /udies at ,*ri/*ur*1 ,ox=d4 ,born to ! inh]itance ( an ample =tune1 & left an orphan at ! age ( eighte51 x is no small praise t he 0 n allur$ by ! comb9$ temptations ( y\?1 weal?1 & fre$om1 to seek 8 happ9ess 9 vici\s1 or ev5 idle pleasures4 ,sci5ce1 9 "o ( its mo/ attractive bran*es1 ! /udy ( animat$ nature1 0 8 amusem5t z a s*oolboy1 & ! fav\rite pursuit ( 8 mature ye>s3 & he 0 rew>d$ = 8 devotion1 n m]ely 9 ! rank & e/imation :i* he obta9$ by its means1 b also 9 8 immunity f ! dang]s :i* society ?r[s 9 ! way ( ^? :o h ! means ( gratify+ _! own passions1 & ! vanities & int]e/s ( _! fri5ds4 ,he quitt$ ! univ]sity 9 ! ye> #agfc4 ,9 #agff he gave a pro( ( 8 zeal = k by engag+ 9 a voyage to ,newf\ndl&4 ,he 0 induc$ to *oose t mo/ unattractive region1 by hav+ ! opportunity ( accompany+ a fri5d1 ,lieut5ant ,phipps1 aft]w>ds ,"l ,mulgrave1 well kn[n z a navigator ( ! ,pol> ,seas1 :o 0 s5t out 9 a %ip ( w> to protect ! fi%]ies4 ,soon aft] 8 return a mu* m int]e/+ & important field ( inquiry 0 op5$ to him by ! progress ( discov]y 9 ! s\!rn hemisph]e4 ,9 #agfd ,commodore ,byron1 9 #agff ,capta9s ,wallis & ,c>t]et 7 s5t into ! ,s\? ,sea1 to inve/igate ! geography ( t imm5se & !n unfrequ5t$ region4 ,^! exp$itions 7 succe$$ 9 #agfh by ano!r "u ! comm& ( ,capta9 ,cook1 :o fir/ obta9$ celebrity z a navigator ^u ?is occasion4 ,"l ,s&wi*1 !n ,fir/ ,"l ( ! ,admiralty1 possess$ an e/ate 9 ,l9coln%ire on ! bord]s ( ,:ittlesea ,m]e4 ,mr4 ,banks's *ief prop]ty lay 9 ! same neighb\rhood3 & x s *anc$ t simil>ity ( ta/es1 & especially a common pr$ilection = all aquatic amusem5ts1 _h produc$ a great intimacy betwe5 ! /atesman & 8 "y c\ntry neighb\r4 ,to ?is =tunate circum/ance x may probably be ascrib$1 t on ,mr4 ,banks express+ a wi% to accompany ! project$ exp$ition1 8 desire 0 imm$iately grant$4 ,8 prep>ations 7 made on ! mo/ lib]al scale4 ,he laid 9 an ample /ore ( su* articles z w\ld be useful or acceptable to ! savage tribes :om he 0 ab\t to visit3 & besides ! usual philosophical app>atus ( a voyage ( discov]y1 he engag$ two draughtsm5 to make accurate repres5tations ( su* objects z c\ld n be pres]v$1 or convey$ to ,engl&2 & he secur$ ! s]vices ( ,dr4 ,sol&]1 a ,sw$i% naturali/1 a pupil ( ,l9nu1 :o _h previ\sly be5 plac$ on ! e/abli%m5t ( ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,! hi/ory ( ?is voyage belongs to ! life ( ,cook4 ,! exp$ition b5t its c\rse = ! ,s\!rn ,ocean1 ?r\gh ! ,/raits ( ,le ,maire1 at ! s\!rn end ( ,am]ica4 ,mr4 ,banks & ,dr4 ,sol&] l&$ on ! desolate isl& ( ,t]ra del ,fuego1 :]e ! sev]ity ( ! cold _h v ne>ly prov$ fatal to sev]al ( _! p>ty4 ,dr4 ,sol&] 9 p>ticul> 0 s entirely ov]come by ! dr[s9ess consequ5t on extreme cold & exhau/ion1 t x 0 ) great difficulty1 & by ! unwe>i$ ex]tion & resolution ( 8 m robu/ companion1 t he 0 prev5t$ f fall+ into t sleep :i* is ! =]unn] ( dea?4 ,_! f>!r c\rse lay ?r\gh ! isl&s ( ! ,pacific ,ocean to ,otaheite1 :i* _h be5 select$ z a fitt+ place = ! ma9 object ( ! voyage1 ! obs]v+ ( ! passage ( ,v5us ov] ! sun's disk4 ,at t isl& _! /ay 0 consequ5tly prolong$ = sev]al mon?s1 dur+ :i* ! ,europeans & ! natives m+l$ toge!r1 g5]ally on ! mo/ fri5dly t]ms4 ,9 ?is int]c\rse ,mr4 ,banks took a v lead+ "p4 ,8 lib]ality1 & ! high /ation :i* he evid5tly held among ! /rang]s1 conciliat$ ! atta*m5t & respect ( ! unpoli%$ isl&]s3 & ! m+l$ suavity & firmness ( 8 temp] & demean\r r5d]$ him s+ul>ly fitt$ bo? to protect ! weak] p>ty f ! occasional wantonness or presumption ( _! visitors1 & to *eck _! knav]y1 & obta9 satisfaction = ! !fts :i* !y n unfrequ5tly committ$4 ,once ! a/ronomical purposes ( ! navigators 7 ne>ly fru/rat$ by ! loss ( ! l>ge brass quadrant2 & ! recov]y ( ?is important in/rum5t 0 *iefly due to ! ex]tions & influ5ce ( ,mr4 ,banks4 ,bo? hemisph]es owe to him a tribute ( gratitude2 = :ile he gave ! savages ! improv$ tools1 ! escul5t vegetables1 & ! dome/icat$ animals ( ,europe1 8 ex]tions l$ to ! introduction ( ! breadfruit1 & ( ! productive sug>-cane peculi> to ,otaheite1 into our ,we/-,india colonies4 ,aft] ! lapse ( ?ree ye>s ! voyag]s return$ home1 & 7 receiv$ ) lively int]e/ by all classes ( society4 ,"p ( _! collections 7 lo/ ?r\gh an accid5t :i* happ5$ to ! vessel3 b ! great] portion 0 pres]v$1 & _! novelty & beauty excit$ ! admiration ( naturali/s4 ,george ,,iii41 :o delight$ 9 ev]y?+ connect$ ) horticulture & f>m+1 manife/$ a w>m int]e/ 9 inquir+ into ! results ( ! exp$ition1 & conceiv$ a lik+ = ! "y travell]1 :i* cont9u$ unimpair$ ev5 to ! close ( 8 public life4 ,x 0 ,mr4 ,banks's int5tion to accompany ,capta9 ,cook 9 8 second voyage1 9 #aggb3 b ! ,navy ,bo>d %[$ no will+ness to provide t accommodation :i* ! ext5t ( 8 prep>ations & ! numb] ( 8 sci5tific foll[]s requir$1 & he gave up ! project1 :i* inde$ he c\ld n satisfactorily execute4 ,9 ! summ] ( t ye> he w5t to ,icel&4 ,pass+ along ! we/]n coa/ ( ,scotl&1 he 0 l$ to visit ,/affa1 9 consequ5ce ( local in=mation2 & to 8 description t s+ul> isl& 0 fir/ indebt$ = its g5]al celebrity4 ,he sp5t a mon? 9 ,icel&4 ,an acc\nt ( ?is visit has be5 publi%$ by ,m4 ,von ,troil1 a ,sw$i% cl]gyman1 :o =m$ "o ( ! p>ty4 ,on ?is1 z on o!r occasions1 ,mr4 ,banks1 unwe>i$ 9 que/ ( k1 seem$ c>eless ( ! fame to :i* mo/ w\ld h aspir$ z ! rew>d ( _! lab\rs4 ,( none ( 8 travels has he himself giv5 any acc\nt 9 a sep>ate publication2 inde$1 a few pap]s 9 ! ,horticultural ,transactions1 & a v curi\s acc\nt ( ! causes ( mildew 9 corn1 n pr9t$ = sale1 con/itute ! mass ( 8 publi%$ works4 ,b 8 visit 0 productive ( mu* good to ! ,icel&]s1 ?\gh x rema9$ uncommemorat$ 9 exp5sive qu>tos4 ,he wat*$ ov] _! welf>e1 :5 _! communication ) ,d5m>k 0 int]rupt$ by w> betwe5 t c\ntry & ,engl&2 & twice s5t c>goes ( corn1 at 8 own exp5se1 to relieve _! suff]+s 9 seasons ( sc>city4 ,8 b5evol5ce 0 w>mly ackn[l$g$ by ! ,dani% ,c\rt4 ,return+ to ,engl&1 ,mr4 ,banks1 at ! e>ly age ( ?irty1 ent]$ on t tranquil & useful c\rse ( life1 f :i* dur+ a long s]ies ( ye>s he nev] deviat$4 ,8 ?ir/ = travel 0 *eck$ or satiat$2 he und]took no m di/ant exp$itions1 b he ceas$ n to cultivate ! sci5ces1 = :i* he _h und]gone s _m h>d%ips4 ,x 0 long hop$ t he w\ld publi% "s acc\nt ( ! ri* h>ve/ ( vegetable productions :i* he _h collect$ 9 ! unkn[n regions ( ! ,pacific2 & = ?is purpose x 0 kn[n t he _h caus$ a v l>ge numb] ( plates to be engrav$ at a great exp5se3 b1 mo/ probably ow+ to ! dea? ( ,sol&]1 ^! h nev] be5 giv5 to ! _w4 ,b if he hesitat$ to communicate himself to ! public ! results ( 8 lab\rs1 9 am5ds 8 museum & 8 libr>y 7 plac$ mo/ freely at ! comm& ( ^? :o s\ght1 & 7 able to pr(it by 8 assi/ance2 & to ^! s\rces _m spl5did works1 especially on botany1 h ma9ly ow$ _! m]its1 & p]haps _! exi/5ce4 ,f ! p]iod ( 8 return f ,icel& ,mr4 ,banks took an active "p 9 ! affairs ( ! ,royal ,society4 ,8 h\se 0 con/antly op5 to m5 ( sci5ce1 :e!r ,briti% or =eign1 & by ! urbanity ( 8 mann]s1 & 8 lib]al use ( ! advantages ( =tune1 he acquir$ t popul>ity :i* six ye>s aft]w>ds l$ to 8 election z ,presid5t ( t di/+ui%$ body4 ,two or ?ree ye>s aft]w>ds a dang]\s s*ism _h ne>ly aris5 9 ! ,society1 *iefly 9 consequ5ce ( ! unreasonable ang] ( a p>ty ( ma!maticians1 head$ by ,dr4 ,horsley1 aft]w>ds ,bi%op ( ,/4 ,david's1 :o look$ ) contempt on sci5ces unsusceptible ( ma!matical pro(1 & l\dly exclaim$ aga9/ ! *air ( ,newton be+ fill$1 z !y phras$ x1 by an amateur4 ,x w\ld be little pr(itable to rake up ! emb]s ( an anci5t & unwor?y feud4 ,we %all only /ate !re=e t ,banks 0 elect$ 9 ,novemb]1 #aggh2 t = "s "t a viol5t opposition 0 rais$ aga9/ him2 & t 9 ,janu>y1 #aghd1 ! ,society1 by a =mal resolution1 decl>$ itself satisfi$ ) ! *oice :i* x _h made4 ,horsley & a few o!rs sec$$1 & = ! re/ ( 8 life ,banks cont9u$ ! undisput$ & popul> presid5t2 a p]iod ( =ty-"o ye>s f ! epo* ( 8 election4 ,we h said t at an e>ly age ,mr4 ,banks 0 =tunate 9 ga9+ ! royal fav\r2 m>ks ( :i* 7 n want+4 ,9 #agha he 0 creat$ a b>onet2 9 #agie he receiv$ ! ,ord] ( ! ,ba?1 !n v r>ely be/[$ ^u civilians & common]s2 & 9 #agig he 0 made a ,privy ,c\ncillor4 ,! fri5d%ip betwe5 ! ,k+ & ! subject 0 cem5t$ by simil>ity ( pursuits2 = ! latt] 0 a practical f>m] z well z a philosoph]1 & "u 8 c>e ! value ( 8 e/ates 9 ,l9coln%ire 0 consid]ably increas$ by improvem5ts 9 ! dra9age ( t s+ul> c\ntry1 9 ! direction ( :i* ,sir ,joseph took an active "p4 ,he is said to h possess$ su* influ5ce ov] ! ,k+'s m9d1 t m9i/]s sometimes avail$ !mselves ( x to recomm5d a measure unpalatable to _! hone/ b some:at ob/9ate ma/]4 ,we "k n :e!r ?is be bett] f\nd$ ?an mo/ o!r /ories ( back-/airs influ5ce1 easily ?r[n out & difficult to be refut$3 x is at lea/ c]ta9 t if ,banks possess$ su* p[]1 he des]ves great cr$it = ! s+ul> mod]ation ) :i* he us$ x4 ,= himself he ask$ & receiv$ no?+3 =tunately 8 /ation 9 society 0 "o :i* r5d]s dis9t]e/$ness an easy1 if n a common virtue4 ,8 influ5ce 0 direct$ to facilitate sci5tific und]tak+s1 to s(t5 to m5 ( sci5ce ! inconv5i5ces ( ! long w> ( ! ,revolution1 to procure ! re/oration ( _! pap]s & collections :5 tak5 by an enemy1 or ! alleviation ( _! suff]+s 9 captivity4 ,! ,fr5* 7 especially indebt$ to him = su* s]vices4 ,x is said by an em95t memb] ( ! ,in/itute1 9 8 ,eloge ^u ,banks1 t no less ?an t5 times1 collections address$ to ! ,j>d9 du ,roi at ,p>is1 & captur$ by ! ,engli%1 7 re/or$ by 8 int]cession to _! orig9al de/9ation4 ,he ?\ght t national ho/ility %\ld f9d no entrance among foll[]s ( sci5ce2 & ! delicacy ( 8 views on ?is subject is well display$ 9 a lett] writt5 on "o ( ^! occasions to ,jussieu1 :]e he says t he w\ld on no acc\nt rob ( a s+le botanical idea a man :o _h gone to seek !m at ! p]il ( 8 life4 ,9 #ahjb ! ,national ,in/itute ( ,france1 be+ !n re-modell$1 elect$ him at ! head ( _! ,=eign ,associates1 ^: numb] 0 limit$ to eight4 ,cav5di%1 ,maskelyne1 & ,h]s*el 7 also memb]s ( ?is di/+ui%$ li/4 ,9 reply+ to ! lett] :i* ann\nc$ ?is hon\r1 ,sir ,joseph ,banks express$ 8 gratitude 9 t]ms :i* gave (f5ce to "s memb]s ( t di/+ui%$ ,society ov] :i* he himself presid$4 ,?is expos$ him to a virul5t attack f an anonym\s enemy1 :o publi%$ ! lett] 9 "q 9 ! ,engli% pap]s1 accompani$ by a mo/ acrimoni\s address to ! au?or ( x2 prompt$1 x is evid5t1 n s mu* by a reasonable & patriotic jeal\sy1 z by anci5t pique1 & a bitt] dete/ation ev5 ( ! sci5ce ( revolution>y ,france4 ,t[>ds ! close ( life ,sir ,joseph ,banks1 :o 9 y\? _h possess$ a robu/ con/itution1 & a dignifi$ & prepossess+ figure1 0 griev\sly afflict$ by g\t4 ,he endur$ ! suff]+s ( disease ) pati5ce & *e]fulness1 & di$ ,may #ai1 #ahbj1 leav+ no *ildr54 ,lady ,banks1 :om he _h m>ri$ 9 #aggi1 surviv$ him sev]al ye>s4 ,8 magnific5t libr>y he devis$ to ! ,briti% ,museum2 & among o!r beque/s = sci5tific purposes1 he left an annuity to ,mr4 ,fr$]ic ,bau]1 an arti/ :om he _h long employ$ 9 mak+ botanical draw+s f ! g>d5 at ,kew1 ^u condition t he %\ld cont9ue ! s]ies4 ,illu/ration3 ,banksia ericifolia4 ,,end ,,( ,,vol4 ,i4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,transcrib]',s ,,notes #a4 ,*ang$ 8he _h a num]\s (fspr+0 to 8he _h num]\s (fspr+0 on p4 #c4 #b4 ,*ang$ 8campaigns bold] /yle0 to 8campaigns a bold] /yle0 on p4 #gj4 #c4 ,sil5tly correct$ typographical errors4 #d4 ,reta9$ ana*roni/ic & non-/&>d spell+s z pr9t$4 #e4 ,enclos$ italics font 9 und]scores4 #f4 ,sup]scripts are d5ot$ by a c>at be=e a s+le sup]script "* or a s]ies ( sup]script$ *>act]s enclos$ 9 curly braces1 e4g4 ,mr4 or ,mi/]4