,,fir/ ,,pr9ciples4 ,,by ,,h]b]t ,,sp5c]1 ,,au?or ,,( 8,,social ,,/atics10 8,,! ,,pr9ciples ,,( ,,psy*ology10 8,,essays3 ,,sci5tific1 ,,political1 ,,& ,,speculative10 8,,education10 ,,etc4 ,,second ,,?\s&4 ,,london3 ,,williams ,,& ,,norgate1 #ad1 ,,h5rietta ,,/reet1 ,,cov5t ,,g>d54 #ahfc4 ,! ,"r ( ,translation is res]v$4 ,,john ,,*ilds ,,& ,,son1 ,,pr9t]s4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,preface4 ,?is volume is ! fir/ ( a s]ies describ$ 9 a prospectus orig9ally di/ribut$ 9 ,m>*1 #ahfj4 ,( t prospectus1 ! annex$ is a repr9t4 ,a ,,sy/em ,,( ,,philosophy4 ,mr4 ,h]b]t ,sp5c] proposes to issue 9 p]iodical p>ts a connect$ s]ies ( works :i* he has = sev]al ye>s be5 prep>+4 ,"s conception ( ! g5]al aim & scope ( ?is s]ies may be ga!r$ f ! foll[+ ,programme4 ,,fir/ ,,pr9ciples4 ,,"p ,i4 ,,! ,,unkn[able4--,c>ry+ a /ep fur!r ! doctr9e put into %ape by ,hamilton & ,mansel2 po9t+ out ! v>i\s directions 9 :i* ,sci5ce leads to ! same conclusions2 & %[+ t 9 ?is unit$ belief 9 an ,absolute t transc5ds n only human k b human conception1 lies ! only possible reconciliation ( ,sci5ce & ,religion4 ,,"p ,,ii4 ,,laws ,,( ,,! ,,kn[able4--,a /atem5t ( ! ultimate pr9ciples disc]nible ?r\gh\t all manife/ations ( ! ,absolute--^? highe/ g5]alizations n[ be+ disclos$ by ,sci5ce :i* are sev]ally true n ( "o class ( ph5om5a b ( all classes ( ph5om5a2 & :i* are ?us ! keys to all classes ( ph5om5a4#a ,9 logical ord] %\ld "h come ! application ( ^! ,fir/ ,pr9ciples to ,inorganic ,nature4 ,b ?is great division x is propos$ to pass ov]3 p>tly because1 ev5 )\t x1 ! s*eme is too ext5sive2 & p>tly because ! int]pretation ( ,organic ,nature aft] ! propos$ me?od1 is ( m imm$iate importance4 ,! second "w ( ! s]ies w !re=e be-- ,,! ,,pr9ciples ,,( ,,biology4 ,,vol4 ,i4 ,,"p ,i4 ,,! ,,data ,,( ,,biology4--,includ+ ^? g5]al tru?s ( ,physics & ,*emi/ry ) :i* rational ,biology mu/ set out4 ,,ii4 ,,! ,,inductions ,,( ,,biology4--,a /atem5t ( ! lead+ g5]alizations :i* ,naturali/s1 ,physiologi/s1 & ,comp>ative ,anatomi/s1 h e/abli%$4 ,,iii4 ,,! ,,evolution ,,( ,,life4--,conc]n+ ! speculation commonly kn[n z 8,! ,developm5t ,hypo!sis0--its priori & po/]iori evid5ces4 ,,vol4 ,,ii4 ,,iv4 ,,morphological ,,developm5t4--,po9t+ out ! relations t are ev]y:]e traceable betwe5 organic =ms & ! av]age ( ! v>i\s =ces to :i* !y are subject2 & seek+ 9 ! cumulative effects ( su* =ces a !ory ( ! =ms4 ,v4 ,,physiological ,,developm5t4--,! progressive diff]5tiation ( functions simil>ly trac$2 & simil>ly int]pret$ z consequ5t ^u ! exposure ( diff]5t p>ts ( organisms to diff]5t sets ( conditions4 ,,vi4 ,,! ,,laws ,,( ,,multiplication4--,g5]alizations respect+ ! rates ( reproduction ( ! v>i\s classes ( plants & animals2 foll[$ by an attempt to %[ ! dep5d5ce ( ^! v>iations ^u c]ta9 necess>y causes4#b ,,! ,,pr9ciples ,,( ,,psy*ology4 ,,vol4 ,i4 ,,"p ,i4 ,,! ,,data ,,( ,,psy*ology4--,treat+ ( ! g5]al connexions ( ,m9d & ,life & _! relations to o!r modes ( ! ,unkn[able4 ,,ii4 ,,! ,,inductions ,,( ,,psy*ology4--,a dige/ ( su* g5]alizations respect+ m5tal ph5om5a z h already be5 empirically e/abli%$4 ,,iii4 ,,g5]al ,,syn!sis4--,a republication1 ) additional *apt]s1 ( ! same "p 9 ! already-publi%$ ,! ,pr9ciples ( ,psy*ology4 ,,iv4 ,,special ,,syn!sis4--,a republication1 ) ext5sive revisions & additions1 ( ! same "p1 c4 c4 ,v4 ,,physical ,,syn!sis4--,an attempt to %[ ! mann] 9 :i* ! succession ( /ates ( consci\sness con=ms to a c]ta9 fundam5tal law ( n]v\s action t foll[s f ! ,fir/ ,pr9ciples laid d[n at ! outset4 ,,vol4 ,,ii4 ,,vi4 ,,special ,,analysis4--,z at pres5t publi%$1 b fur!r elaborat$ by "s additional *apt]s4 ,,vii4 ,,g5]al ,,analysis4--,z at pres5t publi%$1 ) sev]al explanations & additions4 ,,viii4 ,,coroll>ies4--,consi/+ 9 "p ( a numb] ( d]ivative pr9ciples :i* =m a necess>y introduction to ,sociology4#c ,,! ,,pr9ciples ,,( ,,sociology4 ,,vol4 ,i4 ,,"p ,i4 ,,! ,,data ,,( ,,sociology4--,a /atem5t ( ! sev]al sets ( factors ent]+ into social ph5om5a--human ideas & feel+s consid]$ 9 _! necess>y ord] ( evolution2 surr\nd+ natural conditions2 & ^? ev] complicat+ conditions to :i* ,society itself gives orig94 ,,ii4 ,,! ,,inductions ,,( ,,sociology4--,g5]al facts1 /ructural & functional1 z ga!r$ f a survey ( ,societies & _! *anges3 9 o!r words1 ! empirical g5]alizations t are arriv$ at by comp>+ diff]5t societies1 & successive phases ( ! same society4 ,,iii4 ,,political ,,organization4--,! evolution ( gov]nm5ts1 g5]al & local1 z det]m9$ by natural causes2 _! sev]al types & metamorphoses2 _! increas+ complexity & specialization2 & ! progressive limitation ( _! functions4 ,,vol4 ,,ii4 ,,iv4 ,,ecclesia/ical ,,organization4--,trac+ ! diff]5tiation ( religi\s gov]nm5t f secul>2 its successive complications & ! multiplication ( sects2 ! gr[? & cont9u$ modification ( religi\s ideas1 z caus$ by advanc+ k & *ang+ moral "*2 & ! gradual reconciliation ( ^! ideas ) ! tru?s ( ab/ract sci5ce4 ,v4 ,,c]emonial ,,organization4--,! natural hi/ory ( t ?ird k9d ( gov]nm5t :i*1 hav+ a common root ) ! o!rs1 & sl[ly becom+ sep>ate f & supplem5t>y to !m1 s]ves to regulate ! m9or actions ( life4 ,,vi4 ,,indu/rial ,,organization4--,! developm5t ( productive & di/ributive ag5cies1 consid]$1 l ! =ego+1 9 its necess>y causes3 compreh5d+ n only ! progressive division ( lab\r1 & ! increas+ complexity ( ea* indu/rial ag5cy1 b also ! successive =ms ( indu/rial gov]nm5t z pass+ ?r\gh l phases ) political gov]nm5t4 ,,vol4 ,,iii4 ,,vii4 ,,l+ual ,,progress4--,! evolution ( ,languages reg>d$ z a psy*ological process det]m9$ by social conditions4 ,,viii4 ,,intellectual ,,progress4--,treat$ f ! same po9t ( view3 includ+ ! gr[? ( classifications2 ! evolution ( sci5ce out ( common k2 ! advance f qualitative to quantitative prevision1 f ! indef9ite to ! def9ite1 & f ! concrete to ! ab/ract4 ,,ix4 ,,/hetic ,,progress4--,! ,f9e ,arts simil>ly dealt )3 trac+ _! gradual diff]5tiation f primitive in/itutions & f ea* o!r2 _! increas+ v>ieties ( developm5t2 & _! advance 9 reality ( expression & sup]iority ( aim4 ,x4 ,,moral ,,progress4--,exhibit+ ! g5esis ( ! sl[ emotional modifications :i* human nature und]goes 9 its adaptation to ! social /ate4 ,,xi4 ,,! ,,cons5sus4--,treat+ ( ! necess>y int]dep5d5ce ( /ructures & ( functions 9 ea* type ( society1 & 9 ! successive phases ( social developm5t4#d ,,! ,,pr9ciples ,,( ,,morality4 ,,vol4 ,i4 ,,"p ,i4 ,,! ,,data ,,( ,,morality4--,g5]alizations furni%$ by ,biology1 ,psy*ology & ,sociology1 :i* und]lie a true !ory ( "r liv+3 9 o!r words1 ! elem5ts ( t equilibrium betwe5 con/itution & conditions ( exi/5ce1 :i* is at once ! moral ideal & ! limit t[>ds :i* we are progress+4 ,,ii4 ,,! ,,inductions ,,( ,,morality4--,^? empirically-e/abli%$ rules ( human action :i* are regi/]$ z ess5tial laws by all civiliz$ nations3 t is to say--! g5]alizations ( exp$i5cy4 ,,iii4 ,,p]sonal ,,morals4--,! pr9ciples ( private conduct--physical1 intellectual1 moral & religi\s--t foll[ f ! conditions to complete individual life3 or1 :at is ! same ?+--^? modes ( private action :i* mu/ result f ! ev5tual equilibration ( int]nal desires & ext]nal ne$s4 ,,vol4 ,,ii4 ,,iv4 ,,ju/ice4--,! mutual limitations ( m5's actions necessitat$ by _! co-exi/5ce z units ( a society--limitations1 ! p]fect obs]vance ( :i* con/itutes t /ate ( equilibrium =m+ ! goal ( political progress4 ,v4 ,,negative ,,b5efic5ce4--,^? second>y limitations1 simil>ly necessitat$1 :i*1 ?\gh less important & n cognizable by law1 are yet requisite to prev5t mutual de/ruction ( happ9ess 9 v>i\s indirect ways3 9 o!r words--^? m9or self-re/ra9ts dictat$ by :at may be call$ passive sympa?y4 ,,vi4 ,,positive ,,b5efic5ce4--,compreh5d+ all modes ( conduct1 dictat$ by active sympa?y1 :i* imply pleasure 9 giv+ pleasure--modes ( conduct t social adaptation has induc$ & mu/ r5d] ev] m g5]al2 & :i*1 9 becom+ univ]sal1 mu/ fill to ! full ! possible measure ( human happ9ess4#e ,9 anticipation ( ! obvi\s criticism t ! s*eme "h sket*$ out is too ext5sive1 x may be rem>k$ t an exhau/ive treatm5t ( ea* topic is n int5d$2 b simply ! e/abli%m5t ( pr9ciples1 ) su* illu/rations z are ne$$ to make _! be>+s fully und]/ood4 ,x may also be po9t$ out t1 besides m9or fragm5ts1 "o l>ge division 7,! ,pr9ciples ( ,psy*ology7 is already1 9 great "p1 execut$4 ,& a fur!r reply is1 t impossible ?\gh x may prove to execute ! :ole1 yet no?+ c be said aga9/ an attempt to set =? ! ,fir/ ,pr9ciples & to c>ry _! applications z f> z circum/ances p]mit4 ,! price p] ,numb] to be half-a-cr[n2 t is to say1 ! f\r ,numb]s ye>ly issu$ to be sev]ally deliv]$1 po/ free1 to all annual subscrib]s ( ,t5 ,%ill+s4 99 99 99 99 99 ,?is ,programme ,i h ?\ght well to repr9t = two reasons3--! "o be+ t read]s may1 f "t to "t1 be able to asc]ta9 :at topics are next to be dealt )2 ! o!r be+ t an outl9e ( ! s*eme may rema91 9 case x %\ld nev] be complet$4 ,! successive in/alm5ts ( :i* ?is volume consi/s1 7 issu$ to ! subscrib]s at ! foll[+ dates3--,"p ,i4 7pp4 #a-hj7 9 ,octob]1 #ahfj2 ,"p ,,ii4 7pp4 #ha-agf7 9 ,janu>y1 #ahfa2 ,"p ,,iii4 7pp4 #agg-bef7 9 ,april1 #ahfa2 ,"p ,,iv4 7pp4 #beg-ccd7 9 ,octob]1 #ahfa2 ,"p ,v4 7pp4 #cce-daf7 9 ,m>*1 #ahfb2 & ,"p ,,vi4 7pp4 #dag-ejd7 9 ,june1 #ahfb4 ,london1 ,june #e?1 #ahfb ----- ,footnote #a3 ,"o ( ^! g5]alizations is t curr5tly kn[n z 8! ,cons]vation ( ,=ce20 a second may be ga!r$ f a publi%$ essay on 8,progress3 its ,law & ,cause20 a ?ird is indicat$ 9 a pap] on 8,transc5d5tal ,physiology20 & !re are sev]al o!rs4 ,footnote #b3 ,! ideas to be develop$ 9 ! second volume ( ! ,pr9ciples ( ,biology ! writ] has already briefly express$ 9 sundry ,review-,articles4 ,"p ,,iv4 w "w out a doctr9e sugge/$ 9 a pap] on 8,! ,laws ( ,organic ,=m10 publi%$ 9 ! ,m$ico-,*irurgical ,review = ,janu>y1 #ahei4 ,! g]m ( ,"p ,v4 is conta9$ 9 ! essay on 8,transc5d5tal ,physiology30 ,see ,essays1 pp4 #bhj-ij4 ,& 9 ,"p ,,vi4 w be unfold$ c]ta9 views crudely express$ 9 a 8,!ory ( ,population10 publi%$ 9 ! ,we/m9/] ,review = ,april1 #aheb4 ,footnote #c3 ,respect+ ! sev]al additions to be made to ! ,pr9ciples ( ,psy*ology1 x seems ne$ful only to say t ,"p ,v4 is ! unwritt5 division nam$ 9 ! preface to t "w--a division ( :i* ! g]m is conta9$ 9 a note on page #edd1 & ( :i* ! scope has s9ce be5 m def9itely /at$ 9 a pap] 9 ! ,m$ico-,*irurgical ,review = ,jan4 #ahei4 ,footnote #d3 ,( ?is treatise on ,sociology a few small fragm5ts may be f\nd 9 already-publi%$ essays4 ,"s ( ! ideas to be develop$ 9 ,"p ,,ii4 are indicat$ 9 an article on 8,! ,social ,organism10 conta9$ 9 ! la/ numb] ( ! ,we/m9/] ,review2 ^? :i* ,"p ,v4 w "w out1 may be ga!r$ f ! fir/ half ( a pap] writt5 "s ye>s s9ce on 8,mann]s & ,fa%ion20 ( ,"p ,,viii4 ! g]ms are conta9$ 9 an article on ! 8,g5esis ( ,sci5ce20 two pap]s on 8,! ,orig9 & ,function ( ,music0 & 8,! ,philosophy ( ,/yle10 conta9 "s ideas to be embodi$ 9 ,"p ,,ix42 & f a criticism ( ,mr4 ,ba9's "w on 8,! ,emotions & ! ,w10 9 ! la/ numb] ( ! ,m$ico-,*irurgical ,review1 ! c5tral idea to be develop$ 9 ,"p ,x4 may be inf]r$4 ,footnote #e3 ,"p ,,iv4 ( ! ,pr9ciples ( ,morality w be co-ext5sive 7?\gh n id5tical7 ) ! fir/ half ( ! writ]'s ,social ,/atics4 ,,cont5ts4 ,,"p ,i4--,,! ,,unkn[able4 ,,*ap4 ,,page ,i4-- ,,religion ,,& ,,sci5ce #c ,,ii4-- ,,ultimate ,,religi\s ,,ideas #be ,,iii4-- ,,ultimate ,,sci5tific ,,ideas #dg ,,iv4-- ,,! ,,relativity ,,( ,,all ,,k #fh ,v4-- ,,! ,,reconciliation #ih ,,"p ,,ii4--,,laws ,,( ,,! ,,kn[able4 ,i4-- ,,laws ,,9 ,,g5]al #abg ,,ii4-- ,,! ,,law ,,( ,,evolution #adf ,,iii4-- ,,! ,,law ,,( ,,evolution 7,,cont9u$7 #age ,,iv4-- ,,! ,,causes ,,( ,,evolution #bai ,v4-- ,,space1 ,,"t1 ,,matt]1 ,,motion1 ,,& ,,=ce #bbd ,,vi4-- ,,! ,,inde/ructibility ,,( ,,matt] #bch ,,vii4-- ,,! ,,cont9uity ,,( ,,motion #bdf ,,viii4-- ,,! ,,p]si/5ce ,,( ,,=ce #bea ,,ix4-- ,,! ,,correlation ,,& ,,equival5ce ,,( ,,=ces #bei ,x4-- ,,! ,,direction ,,( ,,motion #bhf ,,xi4-- ,,! ,,rhy?m ,,( ,,motion #cac ,,xii4-- ,,! ,,conditions ,,ess5tial ,,to ,,evolution #cce ,,xiii4-- ,,! ,,in/ability ,,( ,,! ,,homog5e\s #ceh ,,xiv4-- ,,! ,,multiplication ,,( ,,effects #chh ,,xv4-- ,,diff]5tiation ,,& ,,integration #daf ,,vi4-- ,,equilibration #ddj ,,xvii4-- ,,summ>y ,,& ,,conclusion #dhg ,,"p ,i4 ,,! ,,unkn[able4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,religion ,,& ,,sci5ce4 #a4 ,we too (t5 =get t n only is !re 8a s\l ( goodness 9 ?+s evil10 b v g5]ally also1 a s\l ( tru? 9 ?+s errone\s4 ,:ile _m admit ! ab/ract probability t a falsity has usually a nucleus ( reality1 few be> ?is ab/ract probability 9 m9d1 :5 pass+ judgm5t on ! op9ions ( o!rs4 ,a belief t is f9ally prov$ to be grossly at v>iance ) fact1 is ca/ aside ) indignation or contempt2 & 9 ! heat ( antagonism sc>cely any "o inquires :at !re 0 9 ?is belief :i* comm5d$ x to m5's m9ds4 ,yet !re mu/ h be5 some?+4 ,& !re is reason to suspect t ?is some?+ 0 its correspond5ce ) c]ta9 ( _! exp]i5ces3 an extremely limit$ or vague correspond5ce p]haps2 b /ill1 a correspond5ce4 ,ev5 ! absurde/ report may 9 ne>ly e in/ance be trac$ to an actual occurr5ce2 & _h !re be5 no su* actual occurr5ce1 ?is prepo/]\s misrepres5tation ( x w\ld nev] h exi/$4 ,?\gh ! di/ort$ or magnifi$ image transmitt$ to u ?r\gh ! refract+ m$ium ( rum\r1 is utt]ly unlike ! reality2 yet 9 ! abs5ce ( ! reality !re w\ld h be5 no di/ort$ or magnifi$ image4 ,& ?us x is ) human beliefs 9 g5]al4 ,entirely wrong z !y may appe>1 ! implication is t !y g]m9at$ out ( actual exp]i5ces--orig9ally conta9$1 & p]haps /ill conta91 "s small am\nt ( v]ity4 ,m especially may we safely assume ?is1 9 ! case ( beliefs t h long exi/$ & are widely diffus$2 & mo/ ( all s1 9 ! case ( beliefs t are p]5nial & ne>ly or q univ]sal4 ,! presumption t any curr5t op9ion is n :olly false1 ga9s 9 /r5g? accord+ to ! numb] ( its adh]5ts4 ,admitt+1 z we mu/1 t life is impossible unless ?r\gh a c]ta9 agreem5t betwe5 int]nal convictions & ext]nal circum/ances2 admitt+ !re=e t ! probabilities are always 9 fav\r ( ! tru?1 or at lea/ ! p>tial tru?1 ( a conviction2 we mu/ admit t ! convictions ent]ta9$ by _m m9ds 9 common are ! mo/ likely to h "s f\ndation4 ,! elim9ation ( individual errors ( ?\ght1 mu/ give to ! result+ judgm5t a c]ta9 additional value4 ,x may inde$ be urg$ t _m widely-spread beliefs are receiv$ on au?ority2 t ^? ent]ta9+ !m make no attempts at v]ification2 & h5ce x may be inf]r$ t ! multitude ( adh]5ts adds b little to ! probability ( a belief4 ,b ?is is n true4 ,= a belief :i* ga9s ext5sive reception )\t critical exam9ation1 is !reby prov$ to h a g5]al congruity ) ! v>i\s o!r beliefs ( ^? :o receive x2 & 9 s f> z ^! v>i\s o!r beliefs are bas$ ^u p]sonal obs]vation & judgm5t1 !y give an indirect w>rant to "o ) :i* !y h>monize4 ,x may be t ?is w>rant is ( small value2 b /ill x is ( "s value4 ,c\ld we rea* def9ite views on ?is matt]1 !y w\ld be extremely useful to u4 ,x is important t we %\ld1 if possible1 =m some?+ l a g5]al !ory ( curr5t op9ions2 s t we may nei!r ov]-e/imate nor "u-e/imate _! wor?4 ,arriv+ at correct judgm5ts on disput$ que/ions1 mu* dep5ds on ! attitude ( m9d we pres]ve :ile li/5+ to1 or tak+ "p 91 ! controv]sy2 & = ! pres]vation ( a "r attitude1 x is ne$ful t we %\ld le>n h[ true1 & yet h[ untrue1 are av]age human beliefs4 ,on ! "o h&1 we mu/ keep free f t bias 9 fav\r ( receiv$ ideas :i* expresses itself 9 su* dogmas z 8,:at e "o says mu/ be true10 or 8,! voice ( ! p is ! voice ( ,god40 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! fact disclos$ by a survey ( ! pa/1 t majorities h usually be5 wrong1 mu/ n bl9d u to ! complem5t>y fact1 t majorities h usually n be5 entirely wrong4 ,& ! avoidance ( ^! extremes be+ a pr]equisite to ca?olic ?9k+1 we %all d well to provide ourselves ) a safe-gu>d aga9/ !m1 by mak+ a valuation ( op9ions 9 ! ab/ract4 ,to ?is end we mu/ contemplate ! k9d ( relation t ord9>ily subsi/s betwe5 op9ions & facts4 ,let u d s ) "o ( ^? beliefs :i* "u v>i\s =ms has prevail$ among all nations 9 all times4 99 99 99 99 99 #b4 ,! e>lie/ traditions repres5t rul]s z gods or demigods4 ,by _! subjects1 primitive k+s 7 reg>d$ z sup]human 9 orig91 & sup]human 9 p[]4 ,!y possess$ div9e titles2 receiv$ obeisances l ^? made be=e ! alt>s ( deities2 & 7 9 "s cases actually wor%ipp$4 ,if !re ne$s pro( t ! div9e & half-div9e *>act]s orig9ally ascrib$ to mon>*s 7 ascrib$ lit]ally1 we h x 9 ! fact t !re are /ill exi/+ savage races1 among :om x is held t ! *iefs & _! k9dr$ are ( cele/ial orig91 or1 z else:]e1 t only ! *iefs h s\ls4 ,& ( c\rse along ) beliefs ( ?is k9d1 !re exi/$ a belief 9 ! unlimit$ p[] ( ! rul] ov] 8 subjects--an absolute possession ( !m1 ext5d+ ev5 to ! tak+ ( _! lives at w3 z ev5 /ill 9 ,fiji1 :]e a victim /&s unb\nd to be kill$ at ! ^w ( 8 *ief2 himself decl>+1 8:atev] ! k+ says mu/ be done40 ,9 times & among races some:at less b>b>\s1 we f9d ^! beliefs a little modifi$4 ,! mon>*1 in/ead ( be+ lit]ally ?\ght god or demigod1 is conceiv$ to be a man hav+ div9e au?ority1 ) p]haps m or less ( div9e nature4 ,he reta9s h[ev]1 z 9 ! ,ea/ to ! pres5t day1 titles express+ 8 heav5ly desc5t or relation%ips2 & is /ill salut$ 9 =ms & words z humble z ^? address$ to ! ,deity4 ,:ile ! lives & prop]ties ( 8 p1 if n practically s completely at 8 m]cy1 are /ill 9 !ory suppos$ to be 84 ,lat] 9 ! progress ( civilization1 z dur+ ! middle ages 9 ,europe1 ! curr5t op9ions respect+ ! relation%ip ( rul]s & rul$ are fur!r *ang$4 ,= ! !ory ( div9e orig91 !re is sub/itut$ t ( div9e "r4 ,no long] god or demigod1 or ev5 god-desc5d$1 ! k+ is n[ reg>d$ z simply ,god's vice-g]5t4 ,! obeisances made to him are n s extreme 9 _! humility2 & 8 sacr$ titles lose mu* ( _! mean+4 ,moreov] 8 au?ority ceases to be unlimit$4 ,subjects d5y 8 "r to dispose at w ( _! lives & prop]ties2 & yield allegiance only 9 ! %ape ( ob$i5ce to 8 comm&s4 ,) advanc+ political op9ion has come /ill great] re/riction ( imp]ial p[]4 ,belief 9 ! sup]natural "* ( ! rul]1 long ago repudiat$ by ourselves = example1 has left beh9d x no?+ m ?an ! popul> t5d5cy to ascribe unusual goodness1 wisdom1 & beauty to ! mon>*4 ,loyalty1 :i* orig9ally meant implicit submission to ! k+'s w1 n[ means a m]ely nom9al pr(ession ( subord9ation1 & ! fulfilm5t ( c]ta9 =ms ( respect4 ,our political practice1 & our political !ory1 alike utt]ly reject ^? regal pr]ogatives :i* once pass$ unque/ion$4 ,by depos+ "s1 & putt+ o!rs 9 _! places1 we h n only d5i$ ! div9e rights ( c]ta9 m5 to rule2 b we h d5i$ t !y h any rights beyond ^? orig9at+ 9 ! ass5t ( ! nation4 ,?\gh our =ms ( spee* & our /ate-docum5ts /ill ass]t ! subjection ( ! citiz5s to ! rul]1 our actual beliefs & our daily proce$+s implicitly ass]t ! contr>y4 ,we obey no laws save ^? ( our own mak+4 ,we h entirely dive/$ ! mon>* ( legislative p[]2 & %\ld imm$iately rebel aga9/ 8 or h] ex]cise ( su* p[]1 ev5 9 matt]s ( ! smalle/ conc]n4 ,9 brief1 ! aborig9al doctr9e is all b ext9ct among u4 ,nor has ! rejection ( primitive political beliefs1 result$ only 9 transf]r+ ! au?ority ( an autocrat to a repres5tative body4 ,! views ent]ta9$ respect+ gov]nm5ts 9 g5]al1 ( :atev] =m1 are n[ widely diff]5t f ^? once ent]ta9$4 ,:e!r popul> or despotic1 gov]nm5ts 7 9 anci5t times suppos$ to h unlimit$ au?ority ov] _! subjects4 ,individuals exi/$ = ! b5efit ( ! ,/ate2 n ! ,/ate = ! b5efit ( individuals4 ,9 our days1 h[ev]1 n only has ! national w be5 9 _m cases sub/itut$ = ! w ( ! k+2 b ! ex]cise ( ?is national w has be5 re/rict$ to a mu* small] sph]e4 ,9 ,engl&1 = in/ance1 ?\gh !re has be5 e/abli%$ no def9ite !ory sett+ b\nds to gov]nm5tal au?ority2 yet1 9 practice1 sundry b\nds h be5 set to x :i* are tacitly recogniz$ by all4 ,!re is no organic law =mally decl>+ t ! legislature may n freely dispose ( ! citiz5s' lives1 z e>ly k+s did :5 !y sacrific$ hecatombs ( victims2 b 7 x possible = our legislature to attempt su* a ?+1 its own de/ruction w\ld be ! consequ5ce1 r ?an ! de/ruction ( citiz5s4 ,h[ entirely we h e/abli%$ ! p]sonal lib]ties ( ! subject aga9/ ! invasions ( ,/ate-p[]1 w\ld be quickly demon/rat$1 7 x propos$ by ,act ( ,p>liam5t =cibly to take possession ( ! nation1 or ( any class1 & turn its s]vices to public ends2 z ! s]vices ( ! p 7 turn$ by primitive rul]s4 ,& %\ld any /atesman sugge/ a re-di/ribution ( prop]ty su* z 0 sometimes made 9 anci5t democratic communities1 he w\ld be met by a ?\s&-tongu$ d5ial ( imp]ial p[] ov] individual possessions4 ,n only 9 our day h ^! fundam5tal claims ( ! citiz5 be5 ?us made good aga9/ ! ,/ate1 b sundry m9or claims likewise4 ,ages ago1 laws regulat+ dress & mode ( liv+ fell into disuse2 & any attempt to revive !m w\ld prove ! curr5t op9ion to be1 t su* matt]s lie beyond ! sph]e ( legal control4 ,= "s c5turies we h be5 ass]t+ 9 practice1 & h n[ e/abli%$ 9 !ory1 ! "r ( e man to *oose 8 own religi\s beliefs1 in/ead ( receiv+ su* beliefs on ,/ate-au?ority4 ,)9 ! la/ few g5]ations we h inaugurat$ complete lib]ty ( spee*1 9 spite ( all legislative attempts to suppress or limit x4 ,& /ill m rec5tly we h claim$ & f9ally obta9$ "u a few exceptional re/rictions1 fre$om to trade ) :omsoev] we please4 ,?us our political beliefs are widely diff]5t f anci5t ones1 n only z to ! prop] deposit>y ( p[] to be ex]cis$ ov] a nation1 b also z to ! ext5t ( t p[]4 ,n ev5 "h has ! *ange end$4 ,besides ! av]age op9ions :i* we h j describ$ z curr5t among ourselves1 !re exi/s a less widely-diffus$ op9ion go+ /ill fur!r 9 ! same direction4 ,!re are to be f\nd m5 :o cont5d t ! sph]e ( gov]nm5t %\ld be n>r[$ ev5 m ?an x is 9 ,engl&4 ,! mod]n doctr9e t ! ,/ate exi/s = ! b5efit ( citiz5s1 :i* has n[ 9 a great measure supplant$ ! anci5t doctr9e t ! citiz5s exi/ = ! b5efit ( ! ,/ate1 !y w\ld pu% to its logical results4 ,!y hold t ! fre$om ( ! individual1 limit$ only by ! l fre$om ( o!r individuals1 is sacr$2 & t ! legislature _c equitably put fur!r re/rictions ^u x1 ei!r by =bidd+ any actions :i* ! law ( equal fre$om p]mits1 or tak+ away any prop]ty save t requir$ to pay ! co/ ( en=c+ ?is law itself4 ,!y ass]t t ! sole function ( ! ,/ate is ! protection ( p]sons aga9/ ea* o!r1 & aga9/ a =eign foe4 ,!y urge t z1 ?r\gh\t civilization1 ! manife/ t5d5cy has be5 cont9ually to ext5d ! lib]ties ( ! subject1 & re/rict ! functions ( ! ,/ate1 !re is reason to believe t ! ultimate political condition mu/ be "o 9 :i* p]sonal fre$om is ! greate/ possible & gov]nm5tal p[] ! lea/ possible3 t1 namely1 9 :i* ! fre$om ( ea* has no limit b ! l fre$om ( all2 :ile ! sole gov]nm5tal duty is ! ma9t5ance ( ?is limit4 ,"h !n 9 diff]5t times & places we f9d conc]n+ ! orig91 au?ority1 & functions ( gov]nm5t1 a great v>iety ( op9ions--op9ions ( :i* ! lead+ g5]a above indicat$ subdivide into c\ntless species4 ,:at n[ mu/ be said ab\t ! tru? or falsity ( ^! op9ions8 ,save among a few b>b>\s tribes ! notion t a mon>* is a god or demigod is reg>d$ ?r\gh\t ! _w z an absurdity almo/ pass+ ! b\nds ( human cr$ulity4 ,9 b few places does !re survive a vague notion t ! rul] possesses any sup]natural attributes4 ,mo/ civiliz$ communities1 :i* /ill admit ! div9e "r ( gov]nm5ts1 h long s9ce repudiat$ ! div9e "r ( k+s4 ,else:]e ! belief t !re is any?+ sacr$ 9 legislative regulations is dy+ out3 laws are com+ to be consid]$ z conv5tional only4 ,:ile ! extreme s*ool holds t gov]nm5ts h nei!r intr9sic au?ority1 nor c h au?ority giv5 to !m by conv5tion2 b c possess au?ority only z ! adm9i/rators ( ^? moral pr9ciples d$ucible f ! conditions ess5tial to social life4 ,( ^! v>i\s beliefs1 ) _! innum]able modifications1 mu/ we !n say t "s "o alone is :olly "r & all ! re/ :olly wrong2 or mu/ we say t ea* ( !m conta9s tru? m or less completely disguis$ by errors8 ,! latt] alt]native is ! "o :i* analysis w =ce ^u u4 ,ridicul\s z !y may sev]ally appe> to ^? n educat$ "u !m1 e "o ( ^! doctr9es has = its vital elem5t ! recognition ( an unque/ionable fact4 ,directly or by implication1 ea* ( !m insi/s on a c]ta9 subord9ation ( individual actions to social requirem5ts4 ,!re are wide diff]5ces z to ! p[] to :i* ?is subord9ation is due2 !re are wide diff]5ces z to ! motive = ?is subord9ation2 !re are wide diff]5ces z to its ext5t2 b t !re mu/ be "s subord9ation all are agre$4 ,f ! olde/ & rude/ idea ( allegiance1 d[n to ! mo/ advanc$ political !ory ( our own day1 !re is on ?is po9t complete unanimity4 ,?\gh1 betwe5 ! savage :o conceives 8 life & prop]ty to be at ! absolute disposal ( 8 *ief1 & ! an>*i/ :o d5ies ! "r ( any gov]nm5t1 autocratic or democratic1 to tr5* ^u 8 individual fre$om1 !re seems at fir/ sight an entire & irreconcilable antagonism2 yet ultimate analysis discloses 9 !m ?is fundam5tal community ( op9ion2 t !re are limits :i* individual actions may n transgress--limits :i* ! "o reg>ds z orig9at+ 9 ! k+'s w1 & :i* ! o!r reg>ds z d$ucible f ! equal claims ( fell[-citiz5s4 ,x may p]haps at fir/ sight seem t we "h rea* a v unimportant conclusion2 namely1 t a c]ta9 tacit assumption is equally impli$ 9 all ^! conflict+ political cre$s--an assumption :i* is inde$ ( self-evid5t validity4 ,! "q1 h[ev]1 is n ! value or novelty ( ! p>ticul> tru? 9 ?is case arriv$ at4 ,my aim has be5 to exhibit ! m g5]al tru?1 :i* we are apt to ov]look1 t betwe5 ! mo/ opposite beliefs !re is usually some?+ 9 common1--some?+ tak5 = grant$ by ea*2 & t ?is some?+1 if n to be set d[n z an unque/ionable v]ity1 may yet be consid]$ to h ! highe/ degree ( probability4 ,a po/ulate :i*1 l ! "o above in/anc$1 is n consci\sly ass]t$ b unconsci\sly involv$2 & :i* is unconsci\sly involv$ n by "o man or body ( m51 b by num]\s bodies ( m5 :o div]ge 9 c\ntless ways & degrees 9 ! re/ ( _! beliefs2 has a w>rant f> transc5d+ any t c be usually %[n4 ,& :51 z 9 ?is case1 ! po/ulate is ab/ract--is n bas$ on "s "o concrete exp]i5ce common to all mank9d1 b implies an induction f a great v>iety ( exp]i5ces1 we may say t x ranks next 9 c]ta9ty to ! po/ulates ( exact sci5ce4 ,d we n ?us arrive at a g5]alization :i* may habitually guide u :5 seek+ = ! s\l ( tru? 9 ?+s errone\s8 ,:ile ! =ego+ illu/ration br+s cle>ly home ! fact1 t 9 op9ions seem+ to be absolutely & supremely wrong some?+ "r is yet to be f\nd2 x also indicates ! me?od we %\ld pursue 9 seek+ ! some?+ "r4 ,?is me?od is to comp>e all op9ions ( ! same g5us2 to set aside z m or less discr$it+ "o ano!r ^? v>i\s special & concrete elem5ts 9 :i* su* op9ions disagree2 to obs]ve :at rema9s aft] ! discordant con/itu5ts h be5 elim9at$2 & to f9d = ?is rema9+ con/itu5t t ab/ract expression :i* holds true ?r\gh\t its div]g5t modifications4 99 99 99 99 99 #c4 ,a c&id acceptance ( ?is g5]al pr9ciple & an adoption ( ! c\rse x indicates1 w greatly aid u 9 deal+ ) ^? *ronic antagonisms by :i* m5 are divid$4 ,apply+ x n only to curr5t ideas ) :i* we are p]sonally unconc]n$1 b also to our own ideas & ^? ( our oppon5ts1 we %all be l$ to =m f> m correct judgm5ts4 ,we %all be ev] ready to suspect t ! convictions we ent]ta9 are n :olly "r1 & t ! adv]se convictions are n :olly wrong4 ,on ! "o h& we %all n1 9 common ) ! great mass ( ! un?9k+1 let our beliefs be det]m9$ by ! m]e accid5t ( bir? 9 a p>ticul> age on a p>ticul> "p ( ! ,e>?'s surface2 &1 on ! o!r h&1 we %all be sav$ f t error ( entire & contemptu\s negation1 :i* is fall5 into by mo/ :o take up an attitude ( indep5d5t criticism4 ,( all antagonisms ( belief1 ! olde/1 ! wide/1 ! mo/ pr(\nd & ! mo/ important1 is t betwe5 ,religion & ,sci5ce4 ,x comm5c$ :5 ! recognition ( ! simple/ uni=mities 9 surr\nd+ ?+s1 set a limit to ! previ\sly univ]sal feti%ism4 ,x %[s itself ev]y:]e ?r\gh\t ! doma9 ( human k3 affect+ m5's int]pretations alike ( ! simple/ me*anical accid5ts & ( ! mo/ complicat$ ev5ts 9 ! hi/ories ( nations4 ,x has its roots deep d[n 9 ! div]se habits ( ?\ght ( diff]5t ord]s ( m9ds4 ,& ! conflict+ conceptions ( nature & life :i* ^! div]se habits ( ?\ght sev]ally g5]ate1 influ5ce = good or ill ! tone ( feel+ & ! daily conduct4 ,an unceas+ battle ( op9ion l ?is :i* has be5 c>ri$ on ?r\gh\t all ages "u ! bann]s ( ,religion & ,sci5ce1 has ( c\rse g5]at$ an animosity fatal to a j e/imate ( ei!r p>ty by ! o!r4 ,on a l>g] scale1 & m int5sely ?an any o!r controv]sy1 has x illu/rat$ t p]5nially significant fable conc]n+ ! knights :o f\ght ab\t ! col\r ( a %ield ( :i* nei!r look$ at m ?an "o face4 ,ea* combatant see+ cle>ly 8 own aspect ( ! "q1 has *>g$ 8 oppon5t ) /upidity or di%one/y 9 n see+ ! same aspect ( x2 :ile ea* has want$ ! c&\r to g ov] to 8 oppon5t's side & f9d out h[ x 0 t he saw ev]y?+ s diff]5tly4 ,happily ! times display an increas+ ca?olicity ( feel+1 :i* we %all d well 9 c>ry+ z f> z our natures p]mit4 ,9 proportion z we love tru? m & victory less1 we %all become anxi\s to "k :at x is :i* leads our oppon5ts to ?9k z !y d4 ,we %all beg9 to suspect t ! p]t9acity ( belief exhibit$ by !m mu/ result f a p]ception ( some?+ we h n p]ceiv$4 ,& we %all aim to supplem5t ! portion ( tru? we h f\nd ) ! portion f\nd by !m4 ,mak+ a m rational e/imate ( human au?ority1 we %all avoid alike ! extremes ( undue submission & undue rebellion--%all n reg>d "s m5's judgm5ts z :olly good & o!rs z :olly bad2 b %all r lean to ! m def5sible position t none are completely "r & none are completely wrong4 ,pres]v+1 z f> z may be1 ?is imp>tial attitude1 let u !n contemplate ! two sides ( ?is great controv]sy4 ,keep+ gu>d aga9/ ! bias ( education & %utt+ out ! :isp]+s ( sect>ian feel+1 let u consid] :at are ! priori probabilities 9 fav\r ( ea* p>ty4 99 99 99 99 99 #d4 ,:5 duly realiz$1 ! g5]al pr9ciple above illu/rat$ mu/ lead u to anticipate t ! div]se =ms ( religi\s belief :i* h exi/$ & :i* /ill exi/1 h all a basis 9 "s ultimate fact4 ,judg+ by analogy ! implication is1 n t any "o ( !m is altoge!r "r2 b t 9 ea* !re is some?+ "r m or less disguis$ by o!r ?+s wrong4 ,x may be t ! s\l ( tru? conta9$ 9 errone\s cre$s is v unlike mo/1 if n all1 ( its sev]al embodim5ts2 & inde$1 if1 z we h good reason to expect1 x is mu* m ab/ract ?an any ( !m1 its unlik5ess necess>ily foll[s4 ,b h[ev] diff]5t f its concrete expressions1 "s ess5tial v]ity mu/ be look$ =4 ,to suppose t ^! multi=m conceptions %\ld be "o & all absolutely gr\ndless1 discr$its too pr(\ndly t av]age human intellig5ce f :i* all our individual intellig5ces are inh]it$4 ,?is mo/ g5]al reason we %all f9d en=c$ by o!r m special ones4 ,to ! presumption t a numb] ( div]se beliefs ( ! same class h "s common f\ndation 9 fact1 mu/ 9 ?is case be add$ a fur!r presumption d]iv$ f ! omnipres5ce ( ! beliefs4 ,religi\s ideas ( "o k9d or o!r are almo/ if n q univ]sal4 ,ev5 %\ld x be true1 z alleg$1 t !re exi/ tribes ( m5 :o h no?+ approa*+ to a !ory ( creation--ev5 %\ld x be true t only :5 a c]ta9 phase ( intellig5ce is rea*$ d ! mo/ rudim5t>y ( su* !ories make _! appe>ance2 ! implication is practically ! same4 ,grant t among all races :o h pass$ a c]ta9 /age ( intellectual developm5t !re are f\nd vague notions conc]n+ ! orig9 & hidd5 nature ( surr\nd+ ?+s2 & !re arises ! inf]5ce t su* notions are necess>y products ( progress+ intellig5ce4 ,_! endless v>iety s]ves b to /r5g!n ?is conclusion3 %[+ z x does a m or less indep5d5t g5esis--%[+ h[1 9 diff]5t places & times1 l conditions h l$ to simil> tra9s ( ?\ght1 end+ 9 analog\s results4 ,t ^! c\ntless diff]5t1 & yet alli$1 ph5om5a pres5t$ by all religions are accid5tal or factiti\s1 is an unt5able supposition4 ,a c&id exam9ation ( ! evid5ce q negatives ! doctr9e ma9ta9$ by "s1 t cre$s are prie/ly inv5tions4 ,ev5 z a m]e "q ( probabilities x _c rationally be conclud$ t 9 e society1 pa/ & pres5t1 savage & civiliz$1 c]ta9 memb]s ( ! community h comb9$ to delude ! re/1 9 ways s analog\s4 ,to any :o may allege t "s primitive fiction 0 devis$ by "s primitive prie/hood1 be=e yet mank9d _h div]g$ f a common c5tre1 a reply is furni%$ by philology2 = philology proves ! disp]sion ( mank9d to h comm5c$ be=e !re exi/$ a language suffici5tly organiz$ to express religi\s ideas4 ,moreov]1 7 x o!rwise t5able1 ! hypo!sis ( artificial orig9 fails to acc\nt = ! facts4 ,x does n expla9 :y1 "u all *anges ( =m1 c]ta9 elem5ts ( religi\s belief rema9 con/ant4 ,x does n %[ u h[ x happ5s t :ile adv]se criticism has f age to age gone on de/roy+ p>ticul> !ological dogmas1 x has n de/roy$ ! fundam5tal conception und]ly+ ^! dogmas4 ,x leaves u )\t any solution ( ! /rik+ circum/ance t :51 f ! absurdities & corruptions accumulat$ ar\nd !m1 national cre$s h fall5 into g5]al discr$it1 end+ 9 indiff]5tism or positive d5ial1 !re has always by & by aris5 a re-ass]tion ( !m3 if n ! same 9 =m1 /ill ! same 9 ess5ce4 ,?us ! univ]sality ( religi\s ideas1 _! indep5d5t evolution among diff]5t primitive races1 & _! great vitality1 unite 9 %[+ t _! s\rce mu/ be deep-seat$ in/ead ( sup]ficial4 ,9 o!r words1 we are oblig$ to admit t if n sup]naturally d]iv$ z ! majority cont5d1 !y mu/ be d]iv$ out ( human exp]i5ces1 sl[ly accumulat$ & organiz$4 ,%\ld x be ass]t$ t religi\s ideas are products ( ! religi\s s5tim5t1 :i*1 to satisfy itself1 prompts imag9ations t x aft]w>ds projects into ! ext]nal _w1 & by & by mi/akes = realities2 ! problem is n solv$1 b only remov$ fur!r back4 ,:e!r ! wi% is fa!r to ! ?\ght1 or :e!r s5tim5t & idea h a common g5esis1 !re equally arises ! "q--,:5ce comes ! s5tim5t8 ,t x is a con/itu5t 9 man's nature is impli$ by ! hypo!sis2 & _c inde$ be d5i$ by ^? :o pref] o!r hypo!ses4 ,& if ! religi\s s5tim5t1 display$ habitually by ! majority ( mank9d1 & occasionally ar\s$ ev5 9 ^? seem+ly devoid ( x1 mu/ be class$ among human emotions1 we _c rationally ignore x4 ,we are b\nd to ask its orig9 & its function4 ,"h is an attribute :i*1 to say ! lea/1 has _h an enorm\s influ5ce--:i* has play$ a conspicu\s "p ?r\gh\t ! entire pa/ z f> back z hi/ory records1 & is at pres5t ! life ( num]\s in/itutions1 ! /imulus to p]petual controv]sies1 & ! prompt] ( c\ntless daily actions4 ,any ,!ory ( ,?+s :i* takes no acc\nt ( ?is attribute1 mu/1 !n1 be extremely defective4 ,if ) no o!r view1 /ill z a "q 9 philosophy1 we are call$ on to say :at ?is attribute means2 & we _c decl9e ! task )\t confess+ our philosophy to be incompet5t4 ,two suppositions only are op5 to u3 ! "o t ! feel+ :i* responds to religi\s ideas result$1 along ) all o!r human faculties1 f an act ( special creation2 ! o!r t x1 9 common ) ! re/1 arose by a process ( evolution4 ,if we adopt ! fir/ ( ^! alt]natives1 univ]sally accept$ by our ance/ors & by ! imm5se majority ( our contempor>ies1 ! matt] is at once settl$3 man is directly end[$ ) ! religi\s feel+ by a creator2 & to t creator x design$ly responds4 ,if we adopt ! second alt]native1 !n we are met by ! que/ions--,:at are ! circum/ances to :i* ! g5esis ( ! religi\s feel+ is due8 &--,:at is its (fice8 ,we are b\nd to ent]ta9 ^! que/ions2 & we are b\nd to f9d answ]s to !m4 ,consid]+ all faculties1 z we mu/ on ?is supposition1 to result f accumulat$ modifications caus$ by ! int]c\rse ( ! organism ) its environm5t1 we are oblig$ to admit t !re exi/ 9 ! environm5t c]ta9 ph5om5a or conditions :i* h det]m9$ ! gr[? ( ! feel+ 9 "q2 & s are oblig$ to admit t x is z normal z any o!r faculty4 ,add to :i* t z1 on ! hypo!sis ( a developm5t ( l[] =ms into high]1 ! end t[>ds :i* ! progressive *anges directly or indirectly t5d1 mu/ be adaptation to ! requirem5ts ( exi/5ce2 we are also =c$ to inf] t ?is feel+ is 9 "s way conducive to human welf>e4 ,?us bo? alt]natives conta9 ! same ultimate implication4 ,we mu/ conclude t ! religi\s s5tim5t is ei!r directly creat$1 or is creat$ by ! sl[ action ( natural causes2 & :i*ev] ( ^! conclusions we adopt1 requires u to treat ! religi\s s5tim5t ) respect4 ,"o o!r consid]ation %\ld n be ov]look$--a consid]ation :i* /ud5ts ( ,sci5ce m especially ne$ to h po9t$ out4 ,occupi$ z su* are ) e/abli%$ tru?s1 & accu/om$ to reg>d ?+s n already kn[n z ?+s to be h]eaft] discov]$1 !y are liable to =get t in=mation1 h[ev] ext5sive x may become1 c nev] satisfy inquiry4 ,positive k does n1 & nev] c1 fill ! :ole region ( possible ?\ght4 ,at ! utt]mo/ rea* ( discov]y !re arises1 & mu/ ev] arise1 ! "q--,:at lies beyond8 ,z x is impossible to ?9k ( a limit to space s z to exclude ! idea ( space ly+ outside t limit2 s we _c conceive ( any explanation pr(\nd en\gh to exclude ! "q--,:at is ! explanation ( t explanation8 ,reg>d+ ,sci5ce z a gradually increas+ sph]e1 we may say t e addition to its surface does b br+ x into wid] contact ) surr\nd+ nesci5ce4 ,!re mu/ ev] rema9 !re=e two anti!tical modes ( m5tal action4 ,?r\gh\t all future "t1 z n[1 ! human m9d may occupy itself1 n only ) asc]ta9$ ph5om5a & _! relations1 b also ) t unasc]ta9$ some?+ :i* ph5om5a & _! relations imply4 ,h5ce if k _c monopolize consci\sness--if x mu/ always cont9ue possible = ! m9d to dwell ^u t :i* transc5ds k2 !n !re c nev] cease to be a place = some?+ ( ! nature ( ,religion2 s9ce ,religion "u all its =ms is di/+ui%$ f ev]y?+ else 9 ?is1 t its subject matt] is t :i* passes ! sph]e ( exp]i5ce4 ,?us1 h[ev] unt5able may be any or all ! exi/+ religi\s cre$s1 h[ev] gross ! absurdities associat$ ) !m1 h[ev] irrational ! argum5ts set =? 9 _! def5ce1 we mu/ n ignore ! v]ity :i* 9 all likelihood lies hidd5 )9 !m4 ,! g5]al probability t widely-spread beliefs are n absolutely baseless1 is 9 ?is case en=c$ by a fur!r probability due to ! omnipres5ce ( ! beliefs4 ,9 ! exi/5ce ( a religi\s s5tim5t1 :atev] be its orig91 we h a second evid5ce ( great significance4 ,& z 9 t nesci5ce :i* mu/ ev] rema9 ! anti!sis to sci5ce1 !re is a sph]e = ! ex]cise ( ?is s5tim5t1 we f9d a ?ird g5]al fact ( l implication4 ,we may be sure !re=e t religions1 ?\gh ev5 none ( !m be actually true1 are yet all adumbrations ( a tru?4 99 99 99 99 99 #e4 ,z1 to ! religi\s1 x w seem absurd to set =? any ju/ification = ,religion2 s1 to ! sci5tific1 w x seem absurd to def5d ,sci5ce4 ,yet to d ! la/ is c]ta9ly z ne$ful z to d ! fir/4 ,if !re exi/s a class :o1 9 contempt ( its follies & disgu/ at its corruptions1 h contract$ t[>ds ,religion a repugnance :i* makes !m ov]look ! fundam5tal v]ity conta9$ 9 x2 s1 too1 is !re a class (f5d$ to su* a degree by ! de/ructive criticisms m5 ( sci5ce make on ! religi\s t5ets !y reg>d z ess5tial1 t !y h acquir$ a /rong prejudice aga9/ ,sci5ce 9 g5]al4 ,!y are n prep>$ ) any av[$ reasons = _! dislike4 ,!y h simply a remembrance ( ! rude %akes :i* ,sci5ce has giv5 to _m ( _! *]i%$ convictions1 & a suspicion t x may p]haps ev5tually uproot all !y reg>d z sacr$2 & h5ce x produces 9 !m a c]ta9 in>ticulate dread4 ,:at is ,sci5ce8 ,to see ! absurdity ( ! prejudice aga9/ x1 we ne$ only rem>k t ,sci5ce is simply a high] developm5t ( common k2 & t if ,sci5ce is repudiat$1 all k mu/ be repudiat$ along ) x4 ,! extreme/ bigot w n suspect any h>m 9 ! obs]vation t ! sun rises e>li] & sets lat] 9 ! summ] ?an 9 ! w9t]2 b w r consid] su* an obs]vation z a useful aid 9 fulfill+ ! duties ( life4 ,well1 ,a/ronomy is an organiz$ body ( simil> obs]vations1 made ) great] nicety1 ext5d$ to a l>g] numb] ( objects1 & s analyz$ z to disclose ! real arrangem5ts ( ! heav5s1 & to dispel our false conceptions ( !m4 ,t iron w ru/ 9 wat]1 t wood w burn1 t long kept vi&s become putrid1 ! mo/ timid sect>ian w tea* )\t al>m1 z ?+s useful to be kn[n4 ,b ^! are *emical tru?s3 ,*emi/ry is a sy/ematiz$ collection ( su* facts1 asc]ta9$ ) precision1 & s classifi$ & g5]aliz$ z to enable u to say ) c]ta9ty1 conc]n+ ea* simple or comp\nd sub/ance1 :at *ange w occur 9 x "u giv5 conditions4 ,& ?us is x ) all ! sci5ces4 ,!y sev]ally g]m9ate out ( ! exp]i5ces ( daily life2 ins5sibly z !y gr[ !y draw 9 remot]1 m num]\s1 & m complex exp]i5ces2 & among ^!1 !y asc]ta9 laws ( dep5d5ce l ^? :i* make up our k ( ! mo/ famili> objects4 ,n[h]e is x possible to draw a l9e & say--"h ,sci5ce beg9s4 ,& z x is ! function ( common obs]vation to s]ve = ! guidance ( conduct2 s1 too1 is ! guidance ( conduct ! (fice ( ! mo/ recondite & ab/ract inquiries ( ,sci5ce4 ,?r\gh ! c\ntless indu/rial processes & ! v>i\s modes ( locomotion :i* x has giv5 to u1 ,physics regulates m completely our social life ?an does 8 acqua9tance ) ! prop]ties ( surr\nd+ bodies regulate ! life ( ! savage4 ,anatomy & ,physiology1 ?r\gh _! effects on ! practice ( m$ic9e & hygi5e1 modify our actions almo/ z mu* z does our acqua9tance ) ! evils & b5efits :i* common environ+ ag5cies may produce on our bodies4 ,all ,sci5ce is prevision2 & all prevision ultimately aids u 9 great] or less degree to a*ieve ! good & avoid ! bad4 ,z c]ta9ly z ! p]ception ( an object ly+ 9 our pa? w>ns u aga9/ /umbl+ ov] x2 s c]ta9ly d ^? m complicat$ & subtle p]ceptions :i* con/itute ,sci5ce1 w>n u aga9/ /umbl+ ov] int]v5+ ob/acles 9 ! pursuit ( our di/ant ends4 ,?us be+ "o 9 orig9 & function1 ! simple/ =ms ( cognition & ! mo/ complex mu/ be dealt ) alike4 ,we are b\nd 9 consi/5cy to receive ! wide/ k :i* our faculties c rea*1 or to reject along ) x t n>r[ k possess$ by all4 ,!re is no logical alt]native betwe5 accept+ our intellig5ce 9 its entirety1 or repudiat+ ev5 t l[e/ intellig5ce :i* we possess 9 common ) brutes4 ,to ask ! "q :i* m imm$iately conc]ns our argum5t--:e!r ,sci5ce is sub/antially true8--is mu* l ask+ :e!r ! sun gives light4 ,& x is because !y are consci\s h[ und5iably valid are mo/ ( its propositions1 t ! !ological p>ty reg>d ,sci5ce ) s mu* secret al>m4 ,!y "k t dur+ ! two ?\s& ye>s ( its gr[?1 "s ( its l>g] divisions--ma!matics1 physics1 a/ronomy--h be5 subject to ! rigor\s criticism ( successive g5]ations2 & h not)/&+ become ev] m firmly e/abli%$4 ,!y "k t1 unlike _m ( _! own doctr9es1 :i* 7 once univ]sally receiv$ b h age by age be5 m frequ5tly call$ 9 "q1 ! doctr9es ( ,sci5ce1 at fir/ conf9$ to a few scatt]$ inquir]s1 h be5 sl[ly gr[+ into g5]al acceptance1 & are n[ 9 great "p admitt$ z beyond dispute4 ,!y "k t m5 ( sci5ce ?r\gh\t ! _w subject ea* o!r's results to ! mo/ se>*+ exam9ation2 & t error is m]cilessly expos$ & reject$ z soon z discov]$4 ,&1 f9ally1 !y "k t /ill m conclusive te/imony is to be f\nd 9 ! daily v]ification ( sci5tific pr$ictions1 & 9 ! nev]-ceas+ triumphs ( ^? arts :i* ,sci5ce guides4 ,to reg>d ) ali5ation t :i* has su* high cr$5tials is a folly4 ,?\gh 9 ! tone :i* _m ( ! sci5tific adopt t[>ds !m1 ! def5d]s ( ,religion may f9d "s excuse = ?is ali5ation2 yet ! excuse is a v insuffici5t "o4 ,on ! side ( ,sci5ce1 z on _! own side1 !y mu/ admit t %ort-com+s 9 ! advocates d n tell ess5tially aga9/ t :i* is advocat$4 ,sci5ce mu/ be judg$ by itself3 & s judg$1 only ! mo/ p]v]t$ intellect c fail to see t x is wor?y ( all rev]5ce4 ,be !re or be !re n any o!r revelation1 we h a v]itable revelation 9 ,sci5ce--a cont9u\s disclosure1 ?r\gh ! intellig5ce ) :i* we are end[$1 ( ! e/abli%$ ord] ( ! ,univ]se4 ,?is disclosure x is ! duty ( e "o to v]ify z f> z 9 him lies2 & hav+ v]ifi$1 to receive ) all humility4 99 99 99 99 99 #f4 ,on bo? sides ( ?is great controv]sy1 !n1 tru? mu/ exi/4 ,an unbiass$ consid]ation ( its g5]al aspects =ces u to conclude t ,religion1 ev]y:]e pres5t z a weft runn+ ?r\gh ! w>p ( human hi/ory1 expresses "s et]nal fact2 :ile x is almo/ a truism to say ( ,sci5ce t x is an organis$ mass ( facts1 ev] gr[+1 & ev] be+ m completely purifi$ f errors4 ,& if bo? h bases 9 ! reality ( ?+s1 !n betwe5 !m !re mu/ be a fundam5tal h>mony4 ,x is an incr$ible hypo!sis t !re are two ord]s ( tru?1 9 absolute & ev]la/+ opposition4 ,only on "s ,mani*ean !ory1 :i* among ourselves no "o d>es op5ly av[ h[ev] mu* 8 beliefs may be ta9t$ by x1 is su* a supposition ev5 conceivable4 ,t ,religion is div9e & ,sci5ce diabolical1 is a proposition :i*1 ?\gh impli$ 9 _m a cl]ical declamation1 n ! mo/ vehem5t fanatic c br+ himself di/9ctly to ass]t4 ,& :oev] does n ass]t ?is1 mu/ admit t "u _! seem+ antagonism lies hidd5 an entire agreem5t4 ,ea* side1 !re=e1 has to recognize ! claims ( ! o!r z /&+ = tru?s t are n to be ignor$4 ,he :o contemplates ! ,univ]se f ! religi\s po9t ( view1 mu/ le>n to see t ?is :i* we call ,sci5ce is "o con/itu5t ( ! great :ole2 & z su* ought to be reg>d$ ) a s5tim5t l t :i* ! rema9d] excites4 ,:ile he :o contemplates ! univ]se f ! sci5tific po9t ( view1 mu/ le>n to see t ?is :i* we call ,religion is simil>ly a con/itu5t ( ! great :ole2 & be+ su*1 mu/ be treat$ z a subject ( sci5ce ) no m prejudice ?an any o!r reality4 ,x behoves ea* p>ty to /rive to und]/& ! o!r1 ) ! conviction t ! o!r has some?+ wor?y to be und]/ood2 & ) ! conviction t :5 mutually recogniz$ ?is some?+ w be ! basis ( a complete reconciliation4 ,h[ to f9d ?is some?+--h[ to reconcile !m1 ?us becomes ! problem :i* we %\ld p]sev]+ly try to solve4 ,n to reconcile !m 9 any make%ift way--n to f9d "o ( ^? compromises we he> f "t to "t propos$1 :i* _! propos]s mu/ secretly feel are artificial & tempor>y2 b to arrive at ! t]ms ( a real & p]man5t peace betwe5 !m4 ,! ?+ we h to seek out1 is t ultimate tru? :i* bo? w av[ ) absolute s9c]ity--) n ! remote/ m5tal res]vation4 ,!re %all be no concession--no yield+ on ei!r side ( some?+ t w by & by be reass]t$2 b ! common gr\nd on :i* !y meet %all be "o :i* ea* w ma9ta9 = itself4 ,we h to discov] "s fundam5tal v]ity :i* ,religion w ass]t1 ) all possible emphasis1 9 ! abs5ce ( ,sci5ce2 & :i* ,sci5ce1 ) all possible emphasis1 w ass]t 9 ! abs5ce ( ,religion--"s fundam5tal v]ity 9 ! def5ce ( :i* ea* w f9d ! o!r its ally4 ,or1 *ang+ ! po9t ( view1 our aim mu/ be to co-ord9ate ! seem+ly oppos$ convictions :i* ,religion & ,sci5ce embody4 ,f ! coalesc5ce ( antagoni/ ideas1 ea* conta9+ its portion ( tru?1 !re always arises a high] developm5t4 ,z 9 ,geology :5 ! igne\s & aque\s hypo!ses 7 unit$1 a rapid advance took place2 z 9 ,biology we are beg9n+ to progress ?r\gh ! fusion ( ! doctr9e ( types ) ! doctr9e ( adaptations2 z 9 ,psy*ology ! arre/$ gr[? recomm5ces n[ t ! disciples ( ,kant & ^? ( ,locke h bo? _! views recogniz$ 9 ! !ory t organiz$ exp]i5ces produce =ms ( ?\ght2 z 9 ,sociology1 n[ t x is beg9n+ to assume a positive "*1 we f9d a recognition ( bo? ! p>ty ( progress & ! p>ty ( ord]1 z ea* hold+ a tru? :i* =ms a ne$ful complem5t to t held by ! o!r2 s mu/ x be on a gr&] scale ) ,religion & ,sci5ce4 ,"h too we mu/ look = a conception :i* comb9es ! conclusions ( bo?2 & "h too we may expect important results f _! comb9ation4 ,to und]/& h[ ,sci5ce & ,religion express opposite sides ( ! same fact--! "o its ne> or visible side1 & ! o!r its remote or invisible side--?is x is :i* we mu/ attempt2 & to a*ieve ?is mu/ pr(\ndly modify our g5]al ,!ory ( ,?+s4 ,already 9 ! =ego+ pages ! me?od ( seek+ su* a reconciliation has be5 vaguely =e%ad[$4 ,be=e proce$+ fur!r1 h[ev]1 x w be well to treat ! "q ( me?od m def9itely4 ,to f9d t tru? 9 :i* ,religion & ,sci5ce coalesce1 we mu/ "k 9 :at direction to look = x1 & :at k9d ( tru? x is likely to be4 99 99 99 99 99 #g4 ,we h f\nd priori reason = believ+ t 9 all religions1 ev5 ! rude/1 !re lies hidd5 a fundam5tal v]ity4 ,we h inf]r$ t ?is fundam5tal v]ity is t elem5t common to all religions1 :i* rema9s aft] _! discordant peculi>ities h be5 mutually cancell$4 ,& we h fur!r inf]r$ t ?is elem5t is almo/ c]ta9 to be m ab/ract ?an any curr5t religi\s doctr9e4 ,n[ x is manife/ t only 9 "s highly ab/ract proposition1 c ,religion & ,sci5ce f9d a common gr\nd4 ,nei!r su* dogmas z ^? ( ! tr9it>ian & unit>ian1 nor any su* idea z t ( propitiation1 common ?\gh x may be to all religions1 c s]ve z ! desir$ basis ( agreem5t2 = ,sci5ce _c recognize beliefs l ^!3 !y lie beyond its sph]e4 ,h5ce we see n only t1 judg+ by analogy1 ! ess5tial tru? conta9$ 9 ,religion is t mo/ ab/ract elem5t p]vad+ all its =ms2 b also t ?is mo/ ab/ract elem5t is ! only "o 9 :i* ,religion is likely to agree ) ,sci5ce4 ,simil>ly if we beg9 at ! o!r end1 & inquire :at sci5tific tru? c unite ,sci5ce & ,religion4 ,x is at once manife/ t ,religion c take no cognizance ( special sci5tific doctr9es2 any m ?an ,sci5ce c take cognizance ( special religi\s doctr9es4 ,! tru? :i* ,sci5ce ass]ts & ,religion indorses _c be "o furni%$ by ma!matics2 nor c x be a physical tru?2 nor c x be a tru? 9 *emi/ry3 x _c be a tru? belong+ to any p>ticul> sci5ce4 ,no g5]alization ( ! ph5om5a ( space1 ( "t1 ( matt]1 or ( =ce1 c become a ,religi\s conception4 ,su* a conception1 if x any:]e exi/s 9 ,sci5ce1 mu/ be m g5]al ?an any ( ^!--mu/ be "o und]ly+ all ( !m4 ,if !re be a fact :i* ,sci5ce recognizes 9 common ) ,religion1 x mu/ be t fact f :i* ! sev]al bran*es ( ,sci5ce div]ge1 z f _! common root4 ,assum+ !n1 t s9ce ^! two great realities are con/itu5ts ( ! same m9d1 & respond to diff]5t aspects ( ! same ,univ]se1 !re mu/ be a fundam5tal h>mony betwe5 !m2 we see good reason to conclude t ! mo/ ab/ract tru? conta9$ 9 ,religion & ! mo/ ab/ract tru? conta9$ 9 ,sci5ce mu/ be ! "o 9 :i* ! two coalesce4 ,! l>ge/ fact to be f\nd )9 our m5tal range mu/ be ! "o ( :i* we are 9 se>*4 ,unit+ ^! positive & negative poles ( human ?\ght1 x mu/ be ! ultimate fact 9 our intellig5ce4 99 99 99 99 99 #h4 ,be=e proce$+ 9 ! se>* = ?is common datum let me bespeak a little pati5ce4 ,! next ?ree *apt]s1 sett+ out f diff]5t po9ts & conv]g+ to ! same conclusion1 w be comp>atively unattractive4 ,/ud5ts ( philosophy w f9d 9 !m mu* t is m or less famili>2 & to mo/ ( ^? :o are unacqua9t$ ) ! lit]ature ( mod]n metaphysics1 !y may prove some:at difficult to foll[4 ,our argum5t h[ev] _c disp5se ) ^! *apt]s2 & ! greatness ( ! "q at issue ju/ifies ev5 a heavi] tax on ! read]'s att5tion4 ,! matt] is "o :i* conc]ns ea* & all ( u m ?an any o!r matt] :atev]4 ,?\gh x affects u little 9 a direct way1 ! view we arrive at mu/ indirectly affect u 9 all our relations--mu/ det]m9e our conception ( ! ,univ]se1 ( ,life1 ( ,human ,nature--mu/ influ5ce our ideas ( "r & wrong1 & s modify our conduct4 ,to rea* t po9t ( view f :i* ! seem+ discordance ( ,religion & ,sci5ce disappe>s1 & ! two m]ge into "o1 mu/ cause a revolution ( ?\ght fruitful 9 b5eficial consequ5ces1 & mu/ surely be wor? an ef=t4 ,"h end+ prelim9>ies1 let u n[ address ourselves to ?is all-important inquiry4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,ultimate ,,religi\s ,,ideas4 #i4 ,:51 on ! sea-%ore1 we note h[ ! hulls ( di/ant vessels are hidd5 bel[ ! horizon1 & h[1 ( /ill remot] vessels1 only ! upp]mo/ sails are visible1 we realize ) tol]able cle>ness ! slight curvature ( t portion ( ! sea's surface :i* lies be=e u4 ,b :5 we seek 9 imag9ation to foll[ out ?is curv$ surface z x actually exi/s1 sl[ly b5d+ r\nd until all its m]idians meet 9 a po9t eight ?\s& miles bel[ our feet1 we f9d ourselves utt]ly baffl$4 ,we _c conceive 9 its real =m & magnitude ev5 t small segm5t ( our globe :i* ext5ds a hundr$ miles on e side ( u2 mu* less ! globe z a :ole4 ,! piece ( rock on :i* we /& c be m5tally repres5t$ ) some?+ l complet5ess3 we f9d ourselves able to ?9k ( its top1 its sides1 & its "u surface at ! same "t2 or s ne>ly at ! same "t t !y seem all pres5t 9 consci\sness toge!r2 & s we c =m :at we call a conception ( ! rock4 ,b to d ! l ) ! ,e>? we f9d impossible4 ,if ev5 to imag9e ! antipodes z at t di/ant place 9 space :i* x actually occupies1 is beyond our p[]2 mu* m beyond our p[] mu/ x be at ! same "t to imag9e all o!r remote po9ts on ! ,e>?'s surface z 9 _! actual places4 ,yet we habitually speak z ?\gh we _h an idea ( ! ,e>?--z ?\gh we c\ld ?9k ( x 9 ! same way t we ?9k ( m9or objects4 ,:at conception1 !n1 d we =m ( x8 ! read] may ask4 ,t its "n calls up 9 u "s /ate ( consci\sness is unque/ionable2 & if ?is /ate ( consci\sness is n a conception1 prop]ly s call$1 :at is x8 ,! answ] seems to be ?is3--,we h le>nt by indirect me?ods t ! ,e>? is a sph]e2 we h =m$ models approximately repres5t+ its %ape & ! di/ribution ( its p>ts2 g5]ally :5 ! ,e>? is ref]r$ to1 we ei!r ?9k ( an indef9itely ext5d$ mass b5ea? our feet1 or else1 leav+ out ! actual ,e>?1 we ?9k ( a body l a t]re/rial globe2 b :5 we seek to imag9e ! ,e>? z x really is1 we jo9 ^! two ideas z well z we c--su* p]ception z our eyes give u ( ! ,e>?'s surface we c\ple ) ! conception ( a sph]e4 ,& ?us we =m ( ! ,e>?1 n a conception prop]ly s call$1 b only a symbolic conception4#f ,a l>ge proportion ( our conceptions1 includ+ all ^? ( mu* g5]ality1 are ( ?is ord]4 ,great magnitudes1 great durations1 great numb]s1 are none ( !m actually conceiv$1 b are all ( !m conceiv$ m or less symbolically2 & s1 too1 are all ^? classes ( objects ( :i* we pr$icate "s common fact4 ,:5 m5tion is made ( any individual man1 a tol]ably complete idea ( him is =m$4 ,if ! family he belongs to be spok5 (1 probably b a "p ( x w be repres5t$ 9 ?\ght3 "u ! necessity ( att5d+ to t :i* is said ab\t ! family1 we realize 9 imag9ation only its mo/ important or famili> memb]s1 & pass ov] ! re/ ) a nasc5t consci\sness :i* we "k c\ld1 if requisite1 be made complete4 ,%\ld some?+ be rem>k$ ( ! class1 say f>m]s1 to :i* ?is family belongs1 we nei!r enum]ate 9 ?\ght all ! individuals conta9$ 9 ! class1 nor believe t we c\ld d s if requir$2 b we are cont5t ) tak+ "s few samples ( x1 & rememb]+ t ^! c\ld be indef9itely multipli$4 ,suppos+ ! subject ( :i* some?+ is pr$icat$ be ,engli%m51 ! answ]+ /ate ( consci\sness is a /ill m inadequate repres5tative ( ! reality4 ,yet m remote is ! lik5ess ( ! ?\ght to ! ?+1 if ref]5ce be made to ,europeans or to human be+s4 ,& :5 we come to propositions conc]n+ ! mammalia1 or conc]n+ ! :ole ( ! v]tebrata1 or conc]n+ animals 9 g5]al1 or conc]n+ all organic be+s1 ! unlik5ess ( our conceptions to ! objects nam$ rea*es its extreme4 ,?r\gh\t :i* s]ies ( in/ances we see1 t z ! numb] ( objects gr\p$ toge!r 9 ?\ght increases1 ! concept1 =m$ ( a few typical samples jo9$ ) ! notion ( multiplicity1 becomes m & m a m]e symbol2 n only because x gradually ceases to repres5t ! size ( ! gr\p1 b also because z ! gr\p gr[s m het]og5e\s1 ! typical samples ?\ght ( are less l ! av]age objects :i* ! gr\p conta9s4 ,?is =mation ( symbolic conceptions1 :i* inevitably arises z we pass f small & concrete objects to l>ge & to discrete ones1 is mo/ly a v useful1 & inde$ necess>y1 process4 ,:51 in/ead ( ?+s ^: attributes c be tol]ably well unit$ 9 a s+le /ate ( consci\sness1 we h to deal ) ?+s ^: attributes are too va/ or num]\s to be s unit$1 we mu/ ei!r drop 9 ?\ght "p ( _! attributes1 or else n ?9k ( !m at all--ei!r =m a m or less symbolic conception1 or no conception4 ,we mu/ pr$icate no?+ ( objects too great or too multitud9\s to be m5tally repres5t$2 or we mu/ make our pr$ications by ! help ( extremely inadequate repres5tations ( su* objects--m]e symbols ( !m4 ,b :ile by ?is process alone we are enabl$ to =m g5]al propositions1 & s to rea* g5]al conclusions1 we are by ?is process p]petually l$ into dang]1 & v (t5 into error4 ,we habitually mi/ake our symbolic conceptions = real ones2 & s are betray$ into c\ntless false inf]5ces4 ,n only is x t 9 proportion z ! concept we =m ( any ?+ or class ( ?+s1 misrepres5ts ! reality1 we are apt to be wrong 9 any ass]tion we make respect+ ! reality2 b x is t we are l$ to suppose we h truly conceiv$ a great v>iety ( ?+s :i* we h conceiv$ only 9 ?is fictiti\s way2 & fur!r to conf\nd ) ^! c]ta9 ?+s :i* _c be conceiv$ 9 any way4 ,h[ almo/ unavoidably we fall into ?is error x w be ne$ful "h to obs]ve4 ,f objects readily repres5table 9 _! totality1 to ^? ( :i* we _c =m ev5 an approximate repres5tation1 !re is an ins5sible transition4 ,betwe5 a pebble & ! entire ,e>? a s]ies ( magnitudes might be introduc$1 ea* ( :i* diff]$ f ! adjac5t ones s slightly t x w\ld be impossible to say at :at po9t 9 ! s]ies our conceptions ( !m became inadequate4 ,simil>ly1 !re is a gradual progression f ^? gr\ps ( a few individuals :i* we c ?9k ( z gr\ps ) tol]able complet5ess1 to ^? l>g] & l>g] gr\ps ( :i* we c =m no?+ l true ideas4 ,:5ce x is manife/ t we pass f actual conceptions to symbolic ones by inf9itesimal /eps4 ,note next t we are l$ to deal ) our symbolic conceptions z ?\gh !y 7 actual ones1 n only because we _c cle>ly sep>ate ! two1 b also because1 9 ! great majority ( cases1 ! fir/ s]ve our purposes ne>ly or q z well z ! la/--are simply ! abbreviat$ signs we sub/itute = ^? m elaborate signs :i* are our equival5ts = real objects4 ,^? v imp]fect repres5tations ( ord9>y ?+s :i* we habitually make 9 ?9k+1 we "k c be develop$ into adequate ones if ne$ful4 ,^? concepts ( l>g] magnitudes & m ext5sive classes :i* we _c make adequate1 we /ill f9d c be v]ifi$ by "s indirect process ( measurem5t or enum]ation4 ,& ev5 9 ! case ( su* an utt]ly inconceivable object z ! ,sol> ,sy/em1 we yet1 ?r\gh ! fulfilm5t ( pr$ictions f\nd$ on our symbolic conception ( x1 ga9 ! conviction t ?is symbolic conception /&s = an actual exi/5ce1 &1 9 a s5se1 truly expresses c]ta9 ( its con/itu5t relations4 ,?us our symbolic conceptions be+ 9 ! majority ( cases capable ( developm5t into complete ones1 & 9 mo/ o!r cases s]v+ z /eps to conclusions :i* are prov$ valid by _! correspond5ce ) obs]vation1 we acquire a confirm$ habit ( deal+ ) !m z true conceptions--z real repres5tations ( actualities4 ,le>n+ by long exp]i5ce t !y c1 if ne$ful1 be v]ifi$1 we are l$ habitually to accept !m )\t v]ification4 ,& ?us we op5 ! door to "s :i* pr(ess to /& = kn[n ?+s1 b :i* really /& = ?+s t _c be kn[n 9 any way4 ,to sum up1 we mu/ say ( conceptions 9 g5]al1 t !y are complete only :5 ! attributes ( ! object conceiv$ are ( su* numb] & k9d t !y c be repres5t$ 9 consci\sness s ne>ly at ! same "t z to seem all pres5t toge!r2 t z ! objects conceiv$ become l>g] & m complex1 "s ( ! attributes fir/ ?\ght ( fade f consci\sness be=e ! re/ h be5 repres5t$1 & ! conception ?us becomes imp]fect2 t :5 ! size1 complexity1 or discret5ess ( ! object conceiv$ becomes v great1 only a small portion ( its attributes c be ?\ght ( at once1 & ! conception =m$ ( x ?us becomes s inadequate z to be a m]e symbol2 t nev]!less su* symbolic conceptions1 :i* are indisp5sable 9 g5]al ?9k+1 are legitimate1 provid$ t by "s cumulative or indirect process ( ?\ght1 or by ! fulfilm5t ( pr$ictions bas$ on !m1 we c assure ourselves t !y /& = actualities2 b t :5 our symbolic conceptions are su* t no cumulative or indirect processes ( ?\ght c enable u to asc]ta9 t !re are correspond+ actualities1 nor any pr$ictions be made ^: fulfilm5t c prove ?is1 !n !y are altoge!r vici\s & illusive1 & 9 no way di/+ui%able f pure fictions4 99 99 99 99 99 #aj4 ,& n[ to consid] ! be>+s ( ?is g5]al tru? on our imm$iate topic--,ultimate ,religi\s ,ideas4 ,to ! aborig9al man & to e civiliz$ *ild ! problem ( ! ,univ]se sugge/s itself4 ,:at is x8 & :5ce comes x8 are que/ions t press = solution1 :51 f "t to "t1 ! imag9ation rises above daily trivialities4 ,to fill ! vacuum ( ?\ght1 any !ory t is propos$ seems bett] ?an none4 ,& 9 ! abs5ce ( o!rs1 any !ory t is propos$ easily ga9s a foot+ & aft]w>ds ma9ta9s its gr\nd3 p>tly f ! read9ess ( mank9d to accept proximate explanations2 p>tly f ! au?ority :i* soon accumulates r\nd su* explanations :5 giv54 ,a critical exam9ation1 h[ev]1 w prove n only t no curr5t hypo!sis is t5able1 b also t no t5able hypo!sis c be fram$4 99 99 99 99 99 #aa4 ,respect+ ! orig9 ( ! ,univ]se ?ree v]bally intelligible suppositions may be made4 ,we may ass]t t x is self-exi/5t2 or t x is self-creat$2 or t x is creat$ by an ext]nal ag5cy4 ,:i* ( ^! suppositions is mo/ cr$ible x is n ne$ful "h to inquire4 ,! deep] "q1 into :i* ?is f9ally m]ges1 is1 :e!r any "o ( !m is ev5 conceivable 9 ! true s5se ( ! ^w4 ,let u successively te/ !m4 ,:5 we speak ( a man z self-support+1 ( an app>atus z self-act+1 or ( a tree z self-develop$1 our expressions1 h[ev] inexact1 /& = ?+s t c be realiz$ 9 ?\ght ) tol]able complet5ess4 ,our conception ( ! self-developm5t ( a tree is d\btless symbolic4 ,b ?\gh we _c really repres5t 9 consci\sness ! entire s]ies ( complex *anges ?r\gh :i* ! tree passes1 yet we c ?us repres5t ! lead+ features ( ! s]ies2 & g5]al exp]i5ce tea*es u t by long cont9u$ obs]vation we c\ld ga9 ! p[] to realize 9 ?\ght a s]ies ( *anges m fully repres5t+ ! actual s]ies3 t is1 we "k t our symbolic conception ( self-developm5t c be exp&$ into some?+ l a real conception2 & t x expresses1 h[ev] inaccurately1 an actual process 9 nature4 ,b :5 we speak ( self-exi/5ce1 &1 help$ by ! above analogies1 =m "s vague symbolic conception ( x1 we delude ourselves 9 suppos+ t ?is symbolic conception is ( ! same ord] z ! o!rs4 ,on jo9+ ! ^w self to ! ^w exi/5ce1 ! =ce ( association makes u believe we h a ?\ght l t sugge/$ by ! comp\nd ^w self-act+4 ,an endeav\r to exp& ?is symbolic conception1 h[ev]1 w undeceive u4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 x is cle> t by self-exi/5ce we especially mean1 an exi/5ce indep5d5t ( any o!r--n produc$ by any o!r3 ! ass]tion ( self-exi/5ce is simply an indirect d5ial ( creation4 ,9 ?us exclud+ ! idea ( any antec$5t cause1 we necess>ily exclude ! idea ( a beg9n+2 = to admit ! idea ( a beg9n+--to admit t !re 0 a "t :5 ! exi/5ce _h n comm5c$--is to admit t its comm5cem5t 0 det]m9$ by some?+1 or 0 caus$2 :i* is a contradiction4 ,self-exi/5ce1 !re=e1 necess>ily means exi/5ce )\t a beg9n+2 & to =m a conception ( self-exi/5ce is to =m a conception ( exi/5ce )\t a beg9n+4 ,n[ by no m5tal ef=t c we d ?is4 ,to conceive exi/5ce ?r\gh inf9ite pa/-"t1 implies ! conception ( inf9ite pa/-"t1 :i* is an impossibility4 ,to ?is let u add1 t ev5 7 self-exi/5ce conceivable1 x w\ld n 9 any s5se be an explanation ( ! ,univ]se4 ,no "o w say t ! exi/5ce ( an object at ! pres5t mom5t is made easi] to und]/& by ! discov]y t x exi/$ an h\r ago1 or a day ago1 or a ye> ago2 & if its exi/5ce n[ is n made 9 ! lea/ degree m compreh5sible by its exi/5ce dur+ "s previ\s f9ite p]iod ( "t1 !n no accumulation ( su* f9ite p]iods1 ev5 c\ld we ext5d !m to an inf9ite p]iod1 w\ld make x m compreh5sible4 ,?us ! ,a!i/ic !ory is n only absolutely un?9kable1 b1 ev5 if x 7 ?9kable1 w\ld n be a solution4 ,! ass]tion t ! ,univ]se is self-exi/5t does n really c>ry u a /ep beyond ! cognition ( its pres5t exi/5ce2 & s leaves u ) a m]e re-/atem5t ( ! my/]y4 ,! hypo!sis ( self-creation1 :i* practically am\nts to :at is call$ ,pan!ism1 is simil>ly incapable ( be+ repres5t$ 9 ?\ght4 ,c]ta9 ph5om5a1 su* z ! precipitation ( invisible vap\r into cl\d1 aid u 9 =m+ a symbolic conception ( a self-evolv$ ,univ]se2 & !re are n want+ indications 9 ! heav5s1 & on ! e>?1 :i* help u to r5d] ?is conception tol]ably def9ite4 ,b :ile ! succession ( phases ?r\gh :i* ! ,univ]se has pass$ 9 rea*+ its pres5t =m1 may p]haps be compreh5d$ z 9 a s5se self-det]m9$2 yet ! impossibility ( exp&+ our symbolic conception ( self-creation into a real conception1 rema9s z complete z ev]4 ,really to conceive self-creation1 is to conceive pot5tial exi/5ce pass+ into actual exi/5ce by "s inh]5t necessity2 :i* we _c d4 ,we _c =m any idea ( a pot5tial exi/5ce ( ! univ]se1 z di/+ui%$ f its actual exi/5ce4 ,if repres5t$ 9 ?\ght at all1 pot5tial exi/5ce mu/ be repres5t$ z some?+1 t is z an actual exi/5ce2 to suppose t x c be repres5t$ z no?+1 involves two absurdities--t no?+ is m ?an a negation1 & c be positively repres5t$ 9 ?\ght2 & t "o no?+ is di/+ui%$ f all o!r no?+s by its p[] to develope into some?+4 ,nor is ?is all4 ,we h no /ate ( consci\sness answ]+ to ! words--an inh]5t necessity by :i* pot5tial exi/5ce became actual exi/5ce4 ,to r5d] !m into ?\ght1 exi/5ce1 hav+ = an indef9ite p]iod rema9$ 9 "o =m1 mu/ be conceiv$ z pass+ )\t any ext]nal or additional impulse1 into ano!r =m2 & ?is involves ! idea ( a *ange )\t a cause--a ?+ ( :i* no idea is possible4 ,?us ! t]ms ( ?is hypo!sis d n /& = real ?\ghts2 b m]ely sugge/ ! vague/ symbols incapable ( any int]pretation4 ,moreov]1 ev5 7 x true t pot5tial exi/5ce is conceivable z a diff]5t ?+ f actual exi/5ce2 & t ! transition f ! "o to ! o!r c be m5tally realiz$ z a self-det]m9$ *ange2 we %\ld /ill be no =w>d]3 ! problem w\ld simply be remov$ a /ep back4 ,= :5ce ! pot5tial exi/5ce8 ,?is w\ld j z mu* require acc\nt+ = z actual exi/5ce2 & j ! same difficulties w\ld meet u4 ,respect+ ! orig9 ( su* a lat5t p[]1 no o!r suppositions c\ld be made ?an ^? above nam$--self-exi/5ce1 self-creation1 creation by ext]nal ag5cy4 ,! self-exi/5ce ( a pot5tial univ]se is no m conceivable ?an we h f\nd ! self-exi/5ce ( ! actual univ]se to be4 ,! self-creation ( su* a pot5tial univ]se w\ld involve ov] aga9 ! difficulties "h /at$--w\ld imply beh9d ?is pot5tial univ]se a m remote pot5tiality2 & s on 9 an inf9ite s]ies1 leav+ u at la/ no =w>d] ?an at fir/4 ,:ile to assign z ! s\rce ( ?is pot5tial univ]se an ext]nal ag5cy1 w\ld be to introduce ! notion ( a pot5tial univ]se = no purpose :atev]4 ,!re rema9s to be exam9$ ! commonly-receiv$ or !i/ic hypo!sis--creation by ext]nal ag5cy4 ,alike 9 ! rude/ cre$s & 9 ! cosmogony long curr5t among ourselves1 x is assum$ t ! g5esis ( ! ,heav5s & ! ,e>? is effect$ some:at aft] ! mann] 9 :i* a workman %apes a piece ( furniture4 ,& ?is assumption is made n by !ologians only1 b by ! imm5se majority ( philosoph]s1 pa/ & pres5t4 ,equally 9 ! writ+s ( ,plato1 & 9 ^? ( n a few liv+ m5 ( sci5ce1 we f9d x tak5 = grant$ t !re is an analogy betwe5 ! process ( creation & ! process ( manufacture4 ,n[ 9 ! fir/ place1 n only is ?is conception "o t _c by any cumulative process ( ?\ght1 or ! fulfilm5t ( pr$ictions bas$ on x1 be %[n to answ] to any?+ actual2 & n only is x t 9 ! abs5ce ( all evid5ce respect+ ! process ( creation1 we h no pro( ( correspond5ce ev5 betwe5 ?is limit$ conception & "s limit$ portion ( ! fact2 b x is t ! conception is n ev5 consi/5t ) itself--_c be realiz$ 9 ?\ght1 :5 all its assumptions are grant$4 ,?\gh x is true t ! proce$+s ( a human artific] may vaguely symbolize to u a me?od aft] :i* ! ,univ]se might be %ap$1 yet !y d n help u to compreh5d ! real my/]y2 namely1 ! orig9 ( ! mat]ial ( :i* ! ,univ]se consi/s4 ,! artizan does n make ! iron1 wood1 or /one1 he uses2 b m]ely fa%ions & comb9es !m4 ,if we suppose suns1 & planets1 & satellites1 & all !y conta9 to h be5 simil>ly =m$ by a 8,great ,artific]10 we suppose m]ely t c]ta9 pre-exi/+ elem5ts 7 ?us put into _! pres5t arrangem5t4 ,b :5ce ! pre-exi/+ elem5ts8 ,! comp>ison helps u n 9 ! lea/ to und]/& t2 & unless x helps u to und]/& t1 x is wor?less4 ,! production ( matt] out ( no?+ is ! real my/]y1 :i* nei!r ?is simile nor any o!r enables u to conceive2 & a simile :i* does n enable u to conceive ?is1 may j z well be disp5s$ )4 ,/ill m manife/ does ! insuffici5cy ( ?is !ory ( creation become1 :5 we turn f mat]ial objects to t :i* conta9s !m--:5 in/ead ( matt] we contemplate space4 ,did !re exi/ no?+ b an immeasurable void1 explanation w\ld be ne$$ z mu* z n[4 ,!re w\ld /ill arise ! "q--h[ came x s8 ,if ! !ory ( creation by ext]nal ag5cy 7 an adequate "o1 x w\ld supply an answ]2 & its answ] w\ld be--space 0 made 9 ! same mann] t matt] 0 made4 ,b ! impossibility ( conceiv+ ?is is s manife/1 t no "o d>es to ass]t x4 ,= if space 0 creat$1 x mu/ h be5 previ\sly non-exi/5t4 ,! non-exi/5ce ( space _c1 h[ev]1 by any m5tal ef=t be imag9$4 ,x is "o ( ! mo/ famili> tru?s t ! idea ( space z surr\nd+ u on all sides1 is n = a mom5t to be got rid (--n only are we compell$ to ?9k ( space z n[ ev]y:]e pres5t1 b we are unable to conceive its abs5ce ei!r 9 ! pa/ or ! future4 ,& if ! non-exi/5ce ( space is absolutely inconceivable1 !n1 necess>ily1 its creation is absolutely inconceivable4 ,la/ly1 ev5 suppos+ t ! g5esis ( ! ,univ]se c\ld really be repres5t$ 9 ?\ght z ! result ( an ext]nal ag5cy1 ! my/]y w\ld be z great z ev]2 = !re w\ld /ill arise ! "q--h[ came !re to be an ext]nal ag5cy8 ,to acc\nt = ?is only ! same ?ree hypo!ses are possible--self-exi/5ce1 self-creation1 & creation by ext]nal ag5cy4 ,( ^! ! la/ is useless3 x commits u to an inf9ite s]ies ( su* ag5cies1 & ev5 !n leaves u :]e we 74 ,by ! second we are practically involv$ 9 ! same pr$icam5t2 s9ce1 z already %[n1 self-creation implies an inf9ite s]ies ( pot5tial exi/5ces4 ,we are oblig$ !re=e to fall back ^u ! fir/1 :i* is ! "o commonly accept$ & commonly suppos$ to be satisfactory4 ,^? :o _c conceive a self-exi/5t univ]se2 & :o !re=e assume a creator z ! s\rce ( ! univ]se2 take = grant$ t !y c conceive a self-exi/5t creator4 ,! my/]y :i* !y recognize 9 ?is great fact surr\nd+ !m on e side1 !y transf] to an alleg$ s\rce ( ?is great fact2 & !n suppose t !y h solv$ ! my/]y4 ,b !y delude !mselves4 ,z 0 prov$ at ! outset ( ! argum5t1 self-exi/5ce is rigor\sly inconceivable2 & ?is holds true :atev] be ! nature ( ! object ( :i* x is pr$icat$4 ,:oev] agrees t ! a!i/ic hypo!sis is unt5able because x involves ! impossible idea ( self-exi/5ce1 mu/ p]=ce admit t ! !i/ic hypo!sis is unt5able if x conta9s ! same impossible idea4 ,?us ^! ?ree diff]5t suppositions respect+ ! orig9 ( ?+s1 v]bally intelligible ?\gh !y are1 & sev]ally seem+ to _! respective adh]5ts q rational1 turn out1 :5 critically exam9$1 to be lit]ally un?9kable4 ,x is n a "q ( probability1 or cr$ibility1 b ( conceivability4 ,exp]im5t proves t ! elem5ts ( ^! hypo!ses _c ev5 be put toge!r 9 consci\sness2 & we c ent]ta9 !m only z we ent]ta9 su* pseud-ideas z a squ>e fluid & a moral sub/ance--only by ab/a9+ f ! endeav\r to r5d] !m into actual ?\ghts4 ,or1 rev]t+ to our orig9al mode ( /atem5t1 we may say t !y sev]ally involve symbolic conceptions ( ! illegitimate & illusive k9d4 ,diff]+ s widely z !y seem to d1 ! a!i/ic1 ! pan!i/ic1 & ! !i/ic hypo!ses conta9 ! same ultimate elem5t4 ,x is impossible to avoid mak+ ! assumption ( self-exi/5ce some:]e2 & :e!r t assumption be made nak$ly1 or "u complicat$ disguises1 x is equally vici\s1 equally un?9kable4 ,be x a fragm5t ( matt]1 or "s fanci$ pot5tial =m ( matt]1 or "s m remote & /ill less imag9able cause1 our conception ( its self-exi/5ce c be =m$ only by jo9+ ) x ! notion ( unlimit$ duration ?r\gh pa/ "t4 ,& z unlimit$ duration is inconceivable1 all ^? =mal ideas into :i* x ent]s are inconceivable2 & inde$1 if su* an expression is all[able1 are ! m inconceivable 9 proportion z ! o!r elem5ts ( ! ideas are indef9ite4 ,s t 9 fact1 impossible z x is to ?9k ( ! actual univ]se z self-exi/+1 we d b multiply impossibilities ( ?\ght by e attempt we make to expla9 its exi/5ce4 99 99 99 99 99 #ab4 ,if f ! orig9 ( ! ,univ]se we turn to its nature1 ! l insurm\ntable difficulties rise up be=e u on all sides--or r1 ! same difficulties "u new aspects4 ,we f9d ourselves on ! "o h& oblig$ to make c]ta9 assumptions2 & yet on ! o!r h& we f9d ^! assumptions _c be repres5t$ 9 ?\ght4 ,:5 we inquire :at is ! mean+ ( ! v>i\s effects produc$ ^u our s5ses--:5 we ask h[ !re come to be 9 our consci\sness impressions ( s\nds1 ( col\rs1 ( ta/es1 & ( ^? v>i\s attributes :i* we ascribe to bodies2 we are compell$ to reg>d !m z ! effects ( "s cause4 ,we may /op %ort 9 ! belief t ?is cause is :at we call matt]4 ,or we may conclude1 z "s d1 t matt] is only a c]ta9 mode ( manife/ation ( _s2 :i* is !re=e ! true cause4 ,or1 reg>d+ matt] & _s z proximate ag5cies1 we may attribute all ! *anges wr\ght 9 our consci\sness to imm$iate div9e p[]4 ,b be ! cause we assign :at x may1 we are oblig$ to suppose "s cause4 ,& we are n only oblig$ to suppose "s cause1 b also a fir/ cause4 ,! matt]1 or _s1 or :atev] we assume to be ! ag5t produc+ on u ^! v>i\s impressions1 mu/ ei!r be ! fir/ cause ( !m or n4 ,if x is ! fir/ cause1 ! conclusion is rea*$4 ,if x is n ! fir/ cause1 !n by implication !re mu/ be a cause beh9d x2 :i* ?us becomes ! real cause ( ! effect4 ,manife/ly1 h[ev] complicat$ ! assumptions1 ! same conclusion mu/ inevitably be rea*$4 ,we _c ?9k at all ab\t ! impressions :i* ! ext]nal _w produces on u1 )\t ?9k+ ( !m z caus$2 & we _c c>ry out an inquiry conc]n+ _! causation1 )\t inevitably committ+ ourselves to ! hypo!sis ( a ,fir/ ,cause4 ,b n[ if we g a /ep fur!r1 & ask :at is ! nature ( ?is ,fir/ ,cause1 we are driv5 by an inexorable logic to c]ta9 fur!r conclusions4 ,is ! ,fir/ ,cause f9ite or inf9ite8 ,if we say f9ite we involve ourselves 9 a dilemma4 ,to ?9k ( ! ,fir/ ,cause z f9ite1 is to ?9k ( x z limit$4 ,to ?9k ( x z limit$1 necess>ily implies a conception ( some?+ beyond its limits3 x is absolutely impossible to conceive a ?+ z b\nd$ )\t conceiv+ a region surr\nd+ its b\nd>ies4 ,:at n[ mu/ we say ( ?is region8 ,if ! ,fir/ ,cause is limit$1 & !re consequ5tly lies some?+ outside ( x1 ?is some?+ mu/ h no ,fir/ ,cause--mu/ be uncaus$4 ,b if we admit t !re c be some?+ uncaus$1 !re is no reason to assume a cause = any?+4 ,if beyond t f9ite region ov] :i* ! ,fir/ ,cause ext5ds1 !re lies a region1 :i* we are compell$ to reg>d z inf9ite1 ov] :i* x does n ext5d--if we admit t !re is an inf9ite uncaus$ surr\nd+ ! f9ite caus$2 we tacitly ab&on ! hypo!sis ( causation altoge!r4 ,?us x is impossible to consid] ! ,fir/ ,cause z f9ite4 ,& if x _c be f9ite x mu/ be inf9ite4 ,ano!r inf]5ce conc]n+ ! ,fir/ ,cause is equally unavoidable4 ,x mu/ be indep5d5t4 ,if x is dep5d5t x _c be ! ,fir/ ,cause2 = t mu/ be ! ,fir/ ,cause on :i* x dep5ds4 ,x is n en\gh to say t x is p>tially indep5d5t2 s9ce ?is implies "s necessity :i* det]m9es its p>tial dep5d5ce1 & ?is necessity1 be x :at x may1 mu/ be a high] cause1 or ! true ,fir/ ,cause1 :i* is a contradiction4 ,b to ?9k ( ! ,fir/ ,cause z totally indep5d5t1 is to ?9k ( x z t :i* exi/s 9 ! abs5ce ( all o!r exi/5ce2 see+ t if ! pres5ce ( any o!r exi/5ce is necess>y1 x mu/ be p>tially dep5d5t on t o!r exi/5ce1 & s _c be ! ,fir/ ,cause4 ,n only h[ev] mu/ ! ,fir/ ,cause be a =m ( be+ :i* has no necess>y relation to any o!r =m ( be+1 b x c h no necess>y relation )9 itself4 ,!re c be no?+ 9 x :i* det]m9es *ange1 & yet no?+ :i* prev5ts *ange4 ,= if x conta9s some?+ :i* imposes su* necessities or re/ra9ts1 ?is some?+ mu/ be a cause high] ?an ! ,fir/ ,cause1 :i* is absurd4 ,?us ! ,fir/ ,cause mu/ be 9 e s5se p]fect1 complete1 total3 includ+ )9 itself all p[]1 & transc5d+ all law4 ,or to use ! e/abli%$ ^w1 x mu/ be absolute4 ,"h !n respect+ ! nature ( ! ,univ]se1 we seem committ$ to c]ta9 unavoidable conclusions4 ,! objects & actions surr\nd+ u1 n less ?an ! ph5om5a ( our own consci\sness1 compel u to ask a cause2 9 our se>* = a cause1 we discov] no re/+ place until we arrive at ! hypo!sis ( a ,fir/ ,cause2 & we h no alt]native b to reg>d ?is ,fir/ ,cause z ,inf9ite & ,absolute4 ,^! are inf]5ces =c$ ^u u by argum5ts f :i* !re appe>s no escape4 ,x is h>dly ne$ful h[ev] to %[ ^? :o h foll[$ ?us f>1 h[ illusive are ^! reason+s & _! results4 ,b t x w\ld tax ! read]'s pati5ce to no purpose1 x might easily be prov$ t ! mat]ials ( :i* ! argum5t is built1 equally ) ! conclusions bas$ on !m1 are m]ely symbolic conceptions ( ! illegitimate ord]4 ,in/ead1 h[ev]1 ( repeat+ ! dispro( us$ above1 x w be desirable to pursue ano!r me?od2 %[+ ! fallacy ( ^! conclusions by disclos+ _! mutual contradictions4 ,"h ,i _c d bett] ?an avail myself ( ! demon/ration :i* ,mr ,mansel1 c>ry+ out 9 detail ! doctr9e ( ,sir ,william ,hamilton1 has giv5 9 8 8,limits ( ,religi\s ,?\ght40 ,& ,i gladly d ?is1 n only because 8 mode ( pres5tation _c be improv$1 b also because1 writ+ z he does 9 def5ce ( ! curr5t ,!ology1 8 reason+s w be ! m acceptable to ! majority ( read]s4 99 99 99 99 99 #ac4 ,hav+ giv5 prelim9>y def9itions ( ! ,fir/ ,cause1 ( ! ,inf9ite1 & ( ! ,absolute1 ,mr ,mansel says3-- 8,b ^! ?ree conceptions1 ! ,cause1 ! ,absolute1 ! ,inf9ite1 all equally indisp5sable1 d !y n imply contradiction to ea* o!r1 :5 view$ 9 conjunction1 z attributes ( "o & ! same ,be+8 ,a ,cause _c1 z su*1 be absolute3 ! ,absolute _c1 z su*1 be a cause4 ,! cause1 z su*1 exi/s only 9 relation to its effect3 ! cause is a cause ( ! effect2 ! effect is an effect ( ! cause4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! conception ( ! ,absolute implies a possible exi/5ce out ( all relation4 ,we attempt to escape f ?is app>5t contradiction1 by introduc+ ! idea ( succession 9 "t4 ,! ,absolute exi/s fir/ by itself1 & aft]w>ds becomes a ,cause4 ,b "h we are *eck$ by ! ?ird conception1 t ( ! ,inf9ite4 ,h[ c ! ,inf9ite become t :i* x 0 n f ! fir/8 ,if ,causation is a possible mode ( exi/5ce1 t :i* exi/s )\t caus+ is n inf9ite2 t :i* becomes a cause has pass$ beyond its =m] limits40 99 99 99 8,suppos+ ! ,absolute to become a cause1 x w foll[ t x op]ates by means ( freewill & consci\sness4 ,= a necess>y cause _c be conceiv$ z absolute & inf9ite4 ,if necessitat$ by some?+ beyond itself1 x is !reby limit$ by a sup]ior p[]2 & if necessitat$ by itself1 x has 9 its own nature a necess>y relation to its effect4 ,! act ( causation mu/ !re=e be volunt>y2 & volition is only possible 9 a consci\s be+4 ,b consci\sness aga9 is only conceivable z a relation4 ,!re mu/ be a consci\s subject1 & an object ( :i* he is consci\s4 ,! subject is a subject to ! object2 ! object is an object to ! subject2 & nei!r c exi/ by itself z ! absolute4 ,?is difficulty1 aga91 may be = ! mom5t evad$1 by di/+ui%+ betwe5 ! absolute z relat$ to ano!r & ! absolute z relat$ to itself4 ,! ,absolute1 x may be said1 may possibly be consci\s1 provid$ x is only consci\s ( itself4 ,b ?is alt]native is1 9 ultimate analysis1 no less self-de/ructive ?an ! o!r4 ,= ! object ( consci\sness1 :e!r a mode ( ! subject's exi/5ce or n1 is ei!r creat$ 9 & by ! act ( consci\sness1 or has an exi/5ce indep5d5t ( x4 ,9 ! =m] case1 ! object dep5ds ^u ! subject1 & ! subject alone is ! true absolute4 ,9 ! latt] case1 ! subject dep5ds ^u ! object1 & ! object alone is ! true absolute4 ,or if we attempt a ?ird hypo!sis1 & ma9ta9 t ea* exi/s indep5d5tly ( ! o!r1 we h no absolute at all1 b only a pair ( relatives2 = coexi/5ce1 :e!r 9 consci\sness or n1 is itself a relation40 8,! coroll>y f ?is reason+ is obvi\s4 ,n only is ! ,absolute1 z conceiv$1 incapable ( a necess>y relation to any?+ else2 b x is also incapable ( conta9+1 by ! con/itution ( its own nature1 an ess5tial relation )9 itself2 z a :ole1 = in/ance1 compos$ ( p>ts1 or z a sub/ance consi/+ ( attributes1 or z a consci\s subject 9 anti!sis to an object4 ,= if !re is 9 ! absolute any pr9ciple ( unity1 di/9ct f ! m]e accumulation ( p>ts or attributes1 ?is pr9ciple alone is ! true absolute4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 !re is no su* pr9ciple1 !n !re is no absolute at all1 b only a plurality ( relatives4 ,! almo/ unanim\s voice ( philosophy1 9 pron\nc+ t ! absolute is bo? "o & simple1 mu/ be accept$ z ! voice ( reason also1 s f> z reason has any voice 9 ! matt]4 ,b ?is absolute unity1 z indiff]5t & conta9+ no attributes1 c nei!r be di/+ui%$ f ! multiplicity ( f9ite be+s by any *>act]i/ic feature1 nor be id5tifi$ ) !m 9 _! multiplicity4 ,?us we are l&$ 9 an inextricable dilemma4 ,! ,absolute _c be conceiv$ z consci\s1 nei!r c x be conceiv$ z unconsci\s3 x _c be conceiv$ z complex1 nei!r c x be conceiv$ z simple3 x _c be conceiv$ by diff]5ce1 nei!r c x be conceiv$ by ! abs5ce ( diff]5ce3 x _c be id5tifi$ ) ! univ]se1 nei!r c x be di/+ui%$ f x4 ,! ,"o & ! ,_m1 reg>d$ z ! beg9n+ ( exi/5ce1 are ?us alike incompreh5sible40 8,! fundam5tal conceptions ( ,rational ,!ology be+ ?us self-de/ructive1 we may naturally expect to f9d ! same antagonism manife/$ 9 _! special applications4 99 99 99 ,h[1 = example1 c ,inf9ite ,p[] be able to d all ?+s1 & yet ,inf9ite ,goodness be unable to d evil8 ,h[ c ,inf9ite ,ju/ice exact ! utmo/ p5alty = e s91 & yet ,inf9ite ,m]cy p>don ! s9n]8 ,h[ c ,inf9ite ,wisdom "k all t is to come1 & yet ,inf9ite ,fre$om be at lib]ty to d or to =be>8 ,h[ is ! exi/5ce ( ,evil compatible ) t ( an inf9itely p]fect ,be+2 = if he wills x1 he is n inf9itely good2 & if he wills x n1 8 w is ?w>t$ & 8 sph]e ( action limit$80 99 99 99 8,let u1 h[ev]1 suppose = an in/ant t ^! difficulties are surm\nt$1 & ! exi/5ce ( ! ,absolute securely e/abli%$ on ! te/imony ( reason4 ,/ill we h n succe$$ 9 reconcil+ ?is idea ) t ( a ,cause3 we h done no?+ t[>ds expla9+ h[ ! absolute c give rise to ! relative1 ! inf9ite to ! f9ite4 ,if ! condition ( casual activity is a high] /ate ?an t ( quiesc5ce1 ! ,absolute1 :e!r act+ volunt>ily or involunt>ily1 has pass$ f a condition ( comp>ative imp]fection to "o ( comp>ative p]fection2 & !re=e 0 n orig9ally p]fect4 ,if ! /ate ( activity is an inf]ior /ate to t ( quiesc5ce1 ! ,absolute1 9 becom+ a cause1 has lo/ its orig9al p]fection4 ,!re rema9s only ! supposition t ! two /ates are equal1 & ! act ( creation "o ( complete indiff]5ce4 ,b ?is supposition annihilates ! unity ( ! absolute1 or x annihilates itself4 ,if ! act ( creation is real1 & yet indiff]5t1 we mu/ admit ! possibility ( two conceptions ( ! absolute1 ! "o z productive1 ! o!r z non-productive4 ,if ! act is n real1 ! supposition itself vani%es40 99 99 99 8,aga91 h[ c ! relative be conceiv$ z com+ into be+8 ,if x is a di/9ct reality f ! absolute1 x mu/ be conceiv$ z pass+ f non-exi/5ce into exi/5ce4 ,b to conceive an object z non-exi/5t1 is aga9 a self-contradiction2 = t :i* is conceiv$ exi/s1 z an object ( ?\ght1 9 & by t conception4 ,we may ab/a9 f ?9k+ ( an object at all2 b1 if we ?9k ( x1 we _c b ?9k ( x z exi/+4 ,x is possible at "o "t n to ?9k ( an object at all1 & at ano!r to ?9k ( x z already 9 be+2 b to ?9k ( x 9 ! act ( becom+1 9 ! progress f n be+ into be+1 is to ?9k t :i*1 9 ! v ?\ght1 annihilates itself40 99 99 99 8,to sum up briefly ?is portion ( my argum5t4 ,! conception ( ! ,absolute & ,inf9ite1 f :atev] side we view x1 appe>s encompass$ ) contradictions4 ,!re is a contradiction 9 suppos+ su* an object to exi/1 :e!r alone or 9 conjunction ) o!rs2 & !re is a contradiction 9 suppos+ x n to exi/4 ,!re is a contradiction 9 conceiv+ x z "o2 & !re is a contradiction 9 conceiv+ x z _m4 ,!re is a contradiction 9 conceiv+ x z p]sonal2 & !re is a contradiction 9 conceiv+ x z imp]sonal4 ,x _c1 )\t contradiction1 be repres5t$ z active2 nor1 )\t equal contradiction1 be repres5t$ z inactive4 ,x _c be conceiv$ z ! sum ( all exi/5ce2 nor yet c x be conceiv$ z a "p only ( t sum40 99 99 99 99 99 #ad4 ,& n[ :at is ! be>+ ( ^! results on ! "q be=e u8 ,our exam9ation ( ,ultimate ,religi\s ,ideas has be5 c>ri$ on ) ! view ( mak+ manife/ "s fundam5tal v]ity conta9$ 9 !m4 ,?us f> h[ev] we h arriv$ at negative conclusions only4 ,criticis+ ! ess5tial conceptions involv$ 9 ! diff]5t ord]s ( beliefs1 we f9d no "o ( !m to be logically def5sible4 ,pass+ ov] ! consid]ation ( cr$ibility1 & conf9+ ourselves to t ( conceivability1 we see t ,a!ism1 ,pan!ism1 & ,!ism1 :5 rigor\sly analys$1 sev]ally prove to be absolutely un?9kable4 ,in/ead ( disclos+ a fundam5tal v]ity exi/+ 9 ea*1 our inve/igation seems r to h %[n t !re is no fundam5tal v]ity conta9$ 9 any4 ,to c>ry away ?is conclusion1 h[ev]1 w\ld be a fatal error2 z we %all %ortly see4 ,leav+ out ! accompany+ moral code1 :i* is 9 all cases a supplem5t>y gr[?1 e ,religion may be def9$ z an priori !ory ( ! ,univ]se4 ,! surr\nd+ facts be+ giv51 "s =m ( ag5cy is alleg$ :i*1 9 ! op9ion ( ^? alleg+ x1 acc\nts = ^! facts4 ,be x 9 ! rude/ ,feti%ism1 :i* assumes a sep>ate p]sonality beh9d e ph5om5on2 be x 9 ,poly!ism1 9 :i* ^! p]sonalities are p>tially g5]aliz$2 be x 9 ,mono!ism1 9 :i* !y are :olly g5]aliz$2 or be x 9 ,pan!ism1 9 :i* ! g5]aliz$ p]sonality becomes "o ) ! ph5om5a2 we equally f9d an hypo!sis :i* is suppos$ to r5d] ! ,univ]se compreh5sible4 ,nay1 ev5 t :i* is commonly reg>d$ z ! negation ( all ,religion--ev5 positive ,a!ism1 comes )9 ! def9ition2 = x1 too1 9 ass]t+ ! self-exi/5ce ( ,space1 ,matt]1 & ,motion1 :i* x reg>ds z adequate causes ( e appe>ance1 prop\nds an priori !ory f :i* x holds ! facts to be d$ucible4 ,n[ e !ory tacitly ass]ts two ?+s3 fir/ly1 t !re is some?+ to be expla9$2 secondly1 t su* & su* is ! explanation4 ,h5ce1 h[ev] widely diff]5t speculators may disagree 9 ! solutions !y give ( ! same problem2 yet by implication !y agree t !re is a problem to be solv$4 ,"h !n is an elem5t :i* all cre$s h 9 common4 ,religions diametrically oppos$ 9 _! ov]t dogmas1 are yet p]fectly at "o 9 ! tacit conviction t ! exi/5ce ( ! _w ) all x conta9s & all :i* surr\nds x1 is a my/]y ev] press+ = int]pretation4 ,on ?is po9t1 if on no o!r1 !re is entire unanimity4 ,?us we come )9 sight ( t :i* we seek4 ,9 ! la/ *apt]1 reasons 7 giv5 = inf]r+ t human beliefs 9 g5]al1 & especially ! p]5nial ones1 conta91 "u :atev] disguises ( error1 "s s\l ( tru?2 & "h we h arriv$ at a tru? und]ly+ ev5 ! grosse/ sup]/itions4 ,we saw fur!r t ?is s\l ( tru? 0 mo/ likely to be "s con/itu5t common to conflict+ op9ions ( ! same ord]2 & "h we h a con/itu5t :i* may be claim$ alike by all religions4 ,x 0 po9t$ out t ?is s\l ( tru? w\ld almo/ c]ta9ly be m ab/ract ?an any ( ! beliefs involv+ x2 & ! tru? we h arriv$ at is "o exce$+ 9 ab/ractness ! mo/ ab/ract religi\s doctr9es4 ,9 e respect1 !re=e1 our conclusion answ]s to ! requirem5ts4 ,x has all ! *>act]i/ics :i* we inf]r$ mu/ belong to t fundam5tal v]ity express$ by religions 9 g5]al4 ,t ?is is ! vital elem5t 9 all religions is fur!r prov$ by ! fact1 t x is ! elem5t :i* n only survives e *ange1 b gr[s m di/9ct ! m highly ! religion is develop$4 ,aborig9al cre$s1 ?\gh p]vad$ by ! idea ( p]sonal ag5cies :i* are usually unse51 yet conceive ^! ag5cies "u p]fectly concrete & ord9>y =ms--class !m ) ! visible ag5cies ( m5 & animals2 & s hide a vague p]ception ( my/]y 9 disguises z unmy/]i\s z possible4 ,! ,poly!i/ic conceptions 9 _! advanc$ phases1 repres5t ! presid+ p]sonalities 9 greatly idealiz$ %apes1 exi/+ 9 a remote region1 work+ 9 subtle ways1 & communicat+ ) m5 by om5s or ?r\gh inspir$ p]sons2 t is1 ! ultimate causes ( ?+s are reg>d$ z less famili> & compreh5sible4 ,! gr[? ( a ,mono!i/ic fai?1 accompani$ z x is by a d5ial ( ^? beliefs 9 :i* ! div9e nature is assimilat$ to ! human 9 all its l[] prop5sities1 %[s u a fur!r /ep 9 ! same direction2 & h[ev] imp]fectly ?is high] fai? is at fir/ realiz$1 we yet see 9 alt>s 8to ! unkn[n & unkn[able ,god10 & 9 ! wor%ip ( a ,god t _c by any se>*+ be f\nd out1 t !re is a cle>] recognition ( ! inscrutabl5ess ( creation4 ,fur!r developm5ts ( !ology1 end+ 9 su* ass]tions z t 8a ,god und]/ood w\ld be no ,god at all10 & 8to ?9k t ,god is1 z we c ?9k him to be1 is blasphemy10 exhibit ?is recognition /ill m di/9ctly2 & x p]vades all ! cultivat$ !ology ( ! pres5t day4 ,?us :ile o!r con/itu5ts ( religi\s cre$s "o by "o drop away1 ?is rema9s & gr[s ev5 m manife/2 & s is %[n to be ! ess5tial con/itu5t4 ,nor does ! evid5ce end "h4 ,n only is ! omnipres5ce ( some?+ :i* passes compreh5sion1 t mo/ ab/ract belief :i* is common to all religions1 :i* becomes ! m di/9ct 9 proportion z !y develope1 & :i* rema9s aft] _! discordant elem5ts h be5 mutually cancell$2 b x is t belief :i* ! mo/ unsp>+ criticism ( ea* leaves unque/ionable--or r makes ev] cle>]4 ,x has no?+ to fe> f ! mo/ inexorable logic2 b on ! contr>y is a belief :i* ! mo/ inexorable logic %[s to be m pr(\ndly true ?an any religion supposes4 ,= e religion1 sett+ out ?\gh x does ) ! tacit ass]tion ( a my/]y1 =?) proce$s to give "s solution ( ?is my/]y2 & s ass]ts t x is n a my/]y pass+ human compreh5sion4 ,b an exam9ation ( ! solutions !y sev]ally prop\nd1 %[s !m to be uni=mly invalid4 ,! analysis ( e possible hypo!sis proves1 n simply t no hypo!sis is suffici5t1 b t no hypo!sis is ev5 ?9kable4 ,& ?us ! my/]y :i* all religions recognize1 turns out to be a f> m transc5d5t my/]y ?an any ( !m suspect--n a relative1 b an absolute my/]y4 ,"h1 !n1 is an ultimate religi\s tru? ( ! highe/ possible c]ta9ty--a tru? 9 :i* religions 9 g5]al are at "o ) ea* o!r1 & ) a philosophy antagoni/ic to _! special dogmas4 ,& ?is tru?1 respect+ :i* !re is a lat5t agreem5t among all mank9d f ! feti%-wor%ipp] to ! mo/ /oical critic ( human cre$s1 mu/ be ! "o we seek4 ,if ,religion & ,sci5ce are to be reconcil$1 ! basis ( reconciliation mu/ be ?is deepe/1 wide/1 & mo/ c]ta9 ( all facts--t ! ,p[] :i* ! ,univ]se manife/s to u is utt]ly inscrutable4 ----- ,footnote #f3 ,^? :o may h be=e met ) ?is t]m1 w p]ceive t x is "h us$ 9 q a diff]5t s5se4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,ultimate ,,sci5tific ,,ideas4 #ae4 ,:at are ,space & ,"t8 ,two hypo!ses are curr5t respect+ !m3 ! "o t !y are objective1 & ! o!r t !y are subjective--! "o t !y are ext]nal to1 & indep5d5t (1 ourselves1 ! o!r t !y are int]nal1 & app]ta9 to our own consci\sness4 ,let u see :at becomes ( ^! hypo!ses "u analysis4 ,to say t ,space & ,"t exi/ objectively1 is to say t !y are entities4 ,! ass]tion t !y are non-entities is self-de/ructive3 non-entities are non-exi/5ces2 & to allege t non-exi/5ces exi/ objectively1 is a contradiction 9 t]ms4 ,moreov]1 to d5y t ,space & ,"t are ?+s1 & s by implication to call !m no?+s1 involves ! absurdity t !re are two k9ds ( no?+4 ,nei!r c !y be reg>d$ z attributes ( "s entity2 see+1 n only t x is impossible really to conceive any entity ( :i* !y are attributes1 b see+ fur!r t we _c ?9k ( !m z disappe>+1 ev5 if ev]y?+ else disappe>$2 :]eas attributes necess>ily disappe> along ) ! entities !y belong to4 ,?us z ,space & ,"t _c be ei!r non-entities1 nor ! attributes ( entities1 we h no *oice b consid] !m z entities4 ,b :ile1 on ! hypo!sis ( _! objectivity1 ,space & ,"t mu/ be class$ z ?+s1 we f9d1 on exp]im5t1 t to repres5t !m 9 ?\ght z ?+s is impossible4 ,to be conceiv$ at all1 a ?+ mu/ be conceiv$ z hav+ attributes4 ,we c di/+ui% some?+ f no?+1 only by ! p[] :i* ! some?+ has to act on our consci\sness2 ! sev]al affections x produces on our consci\sness 7or else ! hypo!tical causes ( !m71 we attribute to x1 & call its attributes2 & ! abs5ce ( ^! attributes is ! abs5ce ( ! t]ms 9 :i* ! some?+ is conceiv$1 & involves ! abs5ce ( a conception4 ,:at n[ are ! attributes ( ,space8 ,! only "o :i* x is possible = a mom5t to ?9k ( z belong+ to x1 is t ( ext5sion2 & to cr$it x ) ?is implies a confusion ( ?\ght4 ,= ext5sion & ,space are conv]tible t]ms3 by ext5sion1 z we ascribe x to surr\nd+ objects1 we mean occupancy ( ,space2 & ?us to say t ,space is ext5d$1 is to say t ,space occupies ,space4 ,h[ we are simil>ly unable to assign any attribute to ,"t1 sc>cely ne$s po9t+ out4 ,nor are ,"t & ,space un?9kable z entities only f ! abs5ce ( attributes2 !re is ano!r peculi>ity1 famili> to read]s ( metaphysics1 :i* equally excludes !m f ! category4 ,all entities :i* we actually "k z su*1 are limit$2 & ev5 if we suppose ourselves ei!r to "k or to be able to conceive "s unlimit$ entity1 we ( necessity 9 s class+ x positively sep>ate x f ! class ( limit$ entities4 ,b ( ,space & ,"t we _c ass]t ei!r limitation or ! abs5ce ( limitation4 ,we f9d ourselves totally unable to =m any m5tal image ( unb\nd$ ,space2 & yet totally unable to imag9e b\nds beyond :i* !re is no ,space4 ,simil>ly at ! o!r extreme3 x is impossible to ?9k ( a limit to ! divisibility ( ,space2 yet equally impossible to ?9k ( its inf9ite divisibility4 ,&1 )\t /at+ !m1 x w be se5 t we lab\r "u l impot5cies 9 respect to ,"t4 ,?us we _c conceive ,space & ,"t z entities1 & are equally disabl$ f conceiv+ !m z ei!r ! attributes ( entities or z non-entities4 ,we are compell$ to ?9k ( !m z exi/+2 & yet _c br+ !m )9 ^? conditions "u :i* exi/5ces are repres5t$ 9 ?\ght4 ,%all we !n take refuge 9 ! ,kantian doctr9e8 %all we say t ,space & ,"t are =ms ( ! intellect1--8 priori laws or conditions ( ! consci\s m9d08 ,to d ?is is to escape f great difficulties by ru%+ into great]4 ,! proposition ) :i* ,kant's philosophy sets out1 v]bally intelligible ?\gh x is1 _c by any ef=t be r5d]$ into ?\ght--_c be int]pret$ into an idea prop]ly s call$1 b /&s m]ely = a pseud-idea4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 to ass]t t ,space & ,"t1 z we are consci\s ( !m1 are subjective conditions1 is by implication to ass]t t !y are n objective realities3 if ! ,space & ,"t pres5t to our m9ds belong to ! ego1 !n ( necessity !y d n belong to ! non-ego4 ,n[ x is absolutely impossible to ?9k ?is4 ,! v fact on :i* ,kant bases 8 hypo!sis--namely t our consci\sness ( ,space & ,"t _c be suppress$--te/ifies z mu*2 = t consci\sness ( ,space & ,"t :i* we _c rid ourselves (1 is ! consci\sness ( !m z exi/+ objectively4 ,x is useless to reply t su* an inability mu/ inevitably result if !y are subjective =ms4 ,! "q "h is--,:at does consci\sness directly te/ify8 ,& ! direct te/imony ( consci\sness is1 t ,"t & ,space are n )9 b )\t ! m9d2 & s absolutely indep5d5t ( x t !y _c be conceiv$ to become non-exi/5t ev5 7 ! m9d to become non-exi/5t4 ,besides be+ positively un?9kable 9 :at x tacitly d5ies1 ! !ory ( ,kant is equally un?9kable 9 :at x op5ly affirms4 ,x is n simply t we _c comb9e ! ?\ght ( ,space ) ! ?\ght ( our own p]sonality1 & contemplate ! "o z a prop]ty ( ! o!r--?\gh our inability to d ?is w\ld prove ! inconceivabl5ess ( ! hypo!sis--b x is t ! hypo!sis c>ries 9 itself ! pro( ( its own inconceivabl5ess4 ,= if ,space & ,"t are =ms ( ?\ght1 !y c nev] be ?\ght (2 s9ce x is impossible = any?+ to be at once ! =m ( ?\ght & ! matt] ( ?\ght4 ,t ,space & ,"t are objects ( consci\sness1 ,kant emphatically ass]ts by say+ t x is impossible to suppress ! consci\sness ( !m4 ,h[ !n1 if !y are objects ( consci\sness1 c !y at ! same "t be conditions ( consci\sness8 ,if ,space & ,"t are ! conditions "u :i* we ?9k1 !n :5 we ?9k ( ,space & ,"t !mselves1 our ?\ghts mu/ be uncondition$2 & if !re c ?us be uncondition$ ?\ghts1 :at becomes ( ! !ory8 ,x results !re=e t ,space & ,"t are :olly incompreh5sible4 ,! imm$iate k :i* we seem to h ( !m1 proves1 :5 exam9$1 to be total ignorance4 ,:ile our belief 9 _! objective reality is insurm\ntable1 we are unable to give any rational acc\nt ( x4 ,& to posit ! alt]native belief 7possible to /ate b impossible to realize7 is m]ely to multiply irrationalities4 99 99 99 99 99 #af4 ,7 x n = ! necessities ( ! argum5t1 x w\ld be inexcusable to occupy ! read]'s att5tion ) ! ?readb>e1 & yet un5d$1 controv]sy respect+ ! divisibility ( matt]4 ,matt] is ei!r inf9itely divisible or x is n3 no ?ird possibility c be nam$4 ,:i* ( ! alt]natives %all we accept8 ,if we say t ,matt] is inf9itely divisible1 we commit ourselves to a supposition n realizable 9 ?\ght4 ,we c bisect & re-bisect a body1 & cont9ually repeat+ ! act until we r$uce its p>ts to a size no long] physically divisible1 may !n m5tally cont9ue ! process )\t limit4 ,to d ?is1 h[ev]1 is n really to conceive ! inf9ite divisibility ( matt]1 b to =m a symbolic conception incapable ( expansion into a real "o1 & n admitt+ ( o!r v]ification4 ,really to conceive ! inf9ite divisibility ( matt]1 is m5tally to foll[ out ! divisions to inf9ity2 & to d ?is w\ld require inf9ite "t4 ,on ! o!r h&1 to ass]t t matt] is n inf9itely divisible1 is to ass]t t x is r$ucible to p>ts :i* no conceivable p[] c divide2 & ?is v]bal supposition c no m be repres5t$ 9 ?\ght ?an ! o!r4 ,= ea* ( su* ultimate p>ts1 did !y exi/1 mu/ h an "u & an upp] surface1 a "r & a left side1 l any l>g] fragm5t4 ,n[ x is impossible to imag9e its sides s ne> t no plane ( section c be conceiv$ betwe5 !m2 & h[ev] great be ! assum$ =ce ( cohesion1 x is impossible to %ut out ! idea ( a great] =ce capable ( ov]com+ x4 ,s t to human intellig5ce ! "o hypo!sis is no m acceptable ?an ! o!r2 & yet ! conclusion t "o or o!r mu/ agree ) ! fact1 seems to human intellig5ce unavoidable4 ,aga91 leav+ ?is insoluble "q1 let u ask :e!r sub/ance has1 9 reality1 any?+ l t ext5d$ solidity :i* x pres5ts to our consci\sness4 ,! portion ( space occupi$ by a piece ( metal1 seems to eyes & f+]s p]fectly fill$3 we p]ceive a homog5e\s1 resi/+ mass1 )\t any brea* ( cont9uity4 ,%all we !n say t ,matt] is z actually solid z x appe>s8 ,%all we say t :e!r x consi/s ( an inf9itely divisible elem5t or ( ultimate units incapable ( fur!r division1 its p>ts are ev]y:]e 9 actual contact8 ,to ass]t z mu* entangles u 9 insup]able difficulties4 ,7 ,matt] ?us absolutely solid1 x w\ld be1 :at x is n--absolutely incompressible2 s9ce compressibility1 imply+ ! ne>] approa* ( con/itu5t p>ts1 is n ?9kable unless !re is unoccupi$ space betwe5 ! p>ts4 ,nor is ?is all4 ,x is an e/abli%$ me*anical tru?1 t if a body1 mov+ at a giv5 velocity1 /rikes an equal body at re/ 9 su* wise t ! two move on toge!r1 _! jo9t velocity w be b half t ( ! /rik+ body4 ,n[ x is a law ( :i* ! negation is inconceivable1 t 9 pass+ f any "o degree ( magnitude to any o!r1 all int]m$iate degrees mu/ be pass$ ?r\gh4 ,or1 9 ! case be=e u1 a body mov+ at velocity #d1 _c1 by collision1 be r$uc$ to velocity #b1 )\t pass+ ?r\gh all velocities betwe5 #d & #b4 ,b 7 ,matt] truly solid--7 its units absolutely incompressible & 9 absolute contact--?is 8law ( cont9uity10 z x is call$1 w\ld be brok5 9 e case ( collision4 ,= :51 ( two su* units1 "o mov+ at velocity #d /rikes ano!r at re/1 ! /rik+ unit mu/ h its velocity #d in/antane\sly r$uc$ to velocity #b2 mu/ pass f velocity #d to velocity #b )\t any lapse ( "t1 & )\t pass+ ?r\gh int]m$iate velocities2 mu/ be mov+ ) velocities #d & #b at ! same in/ant1 :i* is impossible4 ,! supposition t ,matt] is absolutely solid be+ unt5able1 !re pres5ts itself ! ,newtonian supposition1 t x consi/s ( solid atoms n 9 contact b act+ on ea* o!r by attractive & repulsive =ces1 v>y+ ) ! di/ances4 ,to assume ?is1 h[ev]1 m]ely %ifts ! difficulty3 ! problem is simply transf]r$ f ! aggregat$ masses ( matt] to ^! hypo!tical atoms4 ,= grant+ t ,matt]1 z we p]ceive x1 is made up ( su* d5se ext5d$ units surr\nd$ by atmosph]es ( =ce1 ! "q /ill arises--,:at is ! con/itution ( ^! units8 ,we h no alt]native b to reg>d ea* ( !m z a small piece ( matt]4 ,look$ at ?r\gh a m5tal microscope1 ea* becomes a mass ( sub/ance su* z we h j be5 contemplat+4 ,exactly ! same inquiries may be made respect+ ! p>ts ( :i* ea* atom consi/s2 :ile exactly ! same difficulties /& 9 ! way ( e answ]4 ,& manife/ly1 ev5 7 ! hypo!tical atom assum$ to consi/ ( /ill m9ut] ones1 ! difficulty w\ld re-appe> at ! next /ep2 nor c\ld x be got rid ( ev5 by an inf9ite s]ies ( su* assumptions4 ,boscovi*'s conception yet rema9s to u4 ,see+ t ,matt] c\ld n1 z ,leibnitz sugge/$1 be compos$ ( unext5d$ monads 7s9ce ! juxtaposition ( an inf9ity ( po9ts hav+ no ext5sion1 c\ld n produce t ext5sion :i* matt] possesses72 & p]ceiv+ objections to ! view ent]ta9$ by ,newton2 ,boscovi* propos$ an int]m$iate !ory1 unit+1 z he consid]$1 ! advantages ( bo? & avoid+ _! difficulties4 ,8 !ory is1 t ! con/itu5ts ( ,matt] are c5tres ( =ce--po9ts )\t dim5sions1 :i* attract & repel ea* o!r 9 su*wise z to be kept at specific di/ances ap>t4 ,& he argues1 ma!matically1 t ! =ces possess$ by su* c5tres might s v>y ) ! di/ances1 t "u giv5 conditions ! c5tres w\ld rema9 9 /able equilibrium ) def9ite int]spaces2 & yet1 "u o!r conditions1 w\ld ma9ta9 l>g] or small] int]spaces4 ,?is speculation h[ev]1 +5i\sly z x is elaborat$1 & elud+ ?\gh x does v>i\s difficulties1 posits a proposition :i* _c by any ef=t be repres5t$ 9 ?\ght3 x escapes all ! inconceivabilities above indicat$1 by m]g+ !m 9 ! "o inconceivability ) :i* x sets out4 ,a c5tre ( =ce absolutely )\t ext5sion is un?9kable3 answ]+ to ^! words we c =m no?+ m ?an a symbolic conception ( ! illegitimate ord]4 ,! idea ( resi/ance _c be sep>at$ 9 ?\ght f ! idea ( an ext5d$ body :i* (f]s resi/ance4 ,to suppose t c5tral =ces c reside 9 po9ts n inf9itesimally small b occupy+ no space :atev]--po9ts hav+ position only1 ) no?+ to m>k _! position--po9ts 9 no respect di/+ui%able f ! surr\nd+ po9ts t are n c5tres ( =ce2--to suppose ?is1 is utt]ly beyond human p[]4 ,"h x may possibly be said1 t ?\gh all hypo!ses respect+ ! con/itution ( ,matt] commit u to inconceivable conclusions :5 logically develop$1 yet we h reason to ?9k t "o ( !m corresponds ) ! fact4 ,?\gh ! conception ( ,matt] z consi/+ ( d5se indivisible units1 is symbolic & incapable ( be+ completely ?\ght out1 x may yet be suppos$ to f9d indirect v]ification 9 ! tru?s ( *emi/ry4 ,^!1 x is argu$1 necessitate ! belief t ,matt] consi/s ( p>ticles ( specific weights1 & !re=e ( specific sizes4 ,! g5]al law ( def9ite proportions seems impossible on any o!r condition ?an ! exi/5ce ( ultimate atoms2 & ?\gh ! comb9+ weights ( ! respective elem5ts are t]m$ by *emi/s _! 8equival5ts10 = ! purpose ( avoid+ a que/ionable assumption1 we are unable to ?9k ( ! comb9ation ( su* def9ite weights1 )\t suppos+ x to take place betwe5 def9ite numb]s ( def9ite p>ticles4 ,& ?us x w\ld appe> t ! ,newtonian view is at any rate pref]able to t ( ,boscovi*4 ,a disciple ( ,boscovi*1 h[ev]1 may reply t 8 ma/]'s !ory is involv$ 9 t ( ,newton2 & _c inde$ be escap$4 8,:at10 he may ask1 8is x t holds toge!r ! p>ts ( ^! ultimate atoms804 8,a cohesive =ce10 8 oppon5t mu/ answ]4 8,& :at10 he may cont9ue1 8is x t holds toge!r ! p>ts ( any fragm5ts into :i*1 by suffici5t =ce1 an ultimate atom might be brok580 ,aga9 ! answ] mu/ be--a cohesive =ce4 8,& :at10 he may /ill ask1 8if ! ultimate atom 71 z we c imag9e x to be1 r$uc$ to p>ts z small 9 proportion to x1 z x is 9 proportion to a tangible mass ( matt]--:at mu/ give ea* "p ! ability to su/a9 itself1 & to occupy space80 ,/ill !re is no answ] b--a cohesive =ce4 ,c>ry ! process 9 ?\ght z f> z we may1 until ! ext5sion ( ! p>ts is less ?an c be imag9$1 we /ill _c escape ! admission ( =ces by :i* ! ext5sion is upheld2 & we c f9d no limit until we arrive at ! conception ( c5tres ( =ce )\t any ext5sion4 ,matt] !n1 9 its ultimate nature1 is z absolutely incompreh5sible z ,space & ,"t4 ,frame :at suppositions we may1 we f9d on trac+ out _! implications t !y leave u no?+ b a *oice betwe5 opposite absurdities4 99 99 99 99 99 #ag4 ,a body impell$ by ! h& is cle>ly p]ceiv$ to move1 & to move 9 a def9ite direction3 !re seems at fir/ sight no possibility ( d\bt+ t its motion is real1 or t x is t[>ds a giv5 po9t4 ,yet x is easy to %[ t we n only may be1 b usually are1 q wrong 9 bo? ^! judgm5ts4 ,"h1 = in/ance1 is a %ip :i*1 = simplicity's sake1 we w suppose to be an*or$ at ! equator ) h] head to ! ,we/4 ,:5 ! capta9 walks f /em to /]n1 9 :at direction does he move8 ,ea/ is ! obvi\s answ]--an answ] :i* = ! mom5t may pass )\t criticism4 ,b n[ ! an*or is heav$1 & ! vessel sails to ! ,we/ ) a velocity equal to t at :i* ! capta9 walks4 ,9 :at direction does he n[ move :5 he goes f /em to /]n8 ,y _c say ,ea/1 = ! vessel is c>ry+ him z fa/ t[>ds ! ,we/ z he walks to ! ,ea/2 & y _c say ,we/ = ! conv]se reason4 ,9 respect to surr\nd+ space he is /ation>y2 ?\gh to all on bo>d ! %ip he seems to be mov+4 ,b n[ are we q sure ( ?is conclusion8--,is he really /ation>y8 ,:5 we take into acc\nt ! ,e>?'s motion r\nd its axis1 we f9d t in/ead ( be+ /ation>y he is travell+ at ! rate ( #ajjj miles p] h\r to ! ,ea/2 s t nei!r ! p]ception ( "o :o looks at him1 nor ! inf]5ce ( "o :o all[s = ! %ip's motion1 is any?+ l ! tru?4 ,nor inde$1 on fur!r consid]ation1 %all we f9d ?is revis$ conclusion to be mu* bett]4 ,= we h =gott5 to all[ = ! ,e>?'s motion 9 its orbit4 ,?is be+ "s #fh1jjj miles p] h\r1 x foll[s t1 assum+ ! "t to be midday1 he is mov+1 n at ! rate ( #ajjj miles p] h\r to ! ,ea/1 b at ! rate ( #fg1jjj miles p] h\r to ! ,we/4 ,nay1 n ev5 n[ h we discov]$ ! true rate & ! true direction ( 8 movem5t4 ,) ! ,e>?'s progress 9 its orbit1 we h to jo9 t ( ! :ole ,sol> sy/em t[>ds ! con/ellation ,h]cules2 & :5 we d ?is1 we p]ceive t he is mov+ nei!r ,ea/ nor ,we/1 b 9 a l9e incl9$ to ! plane ( ! ,ecliptic1 & at a velocity great] or less 7accord+ to ! "t ( ! ye>7 ?an t above nam$4 ,to :i* let u add1 t 7 ! dynamic arrangem5ts ( our sid]eal sy/em fully kn[n to u1 we %\ld probably discov] ! direction & rate ( 8 actual movem5t to diff] consid]ably ev5 f ^!4 ,h[ illusive are our ideas ( ,motion1 is ?us made suffici5tly manife/4 ,t :i* seems mov+ proves to be /ation>y2 t :i* seems /ation>y proves to be mov+2 :ile t :i* we conclude to be go+ rapidly 9 "o direction1 turns out to be go+ mu* m rapidly 9 ! opposite direction4 ,& s we are taught t :at we are consci\s ( is n ! real motion ( any object1 ei!r 9 its rate or direction2 b m]ely its motion z measur$ f an assign$ position--ei!r ! position we ourselves occupy or "s o!r4 ,yet 9 ?is v process ( conclud+ t ! motions we p]ceive are n ! real motions1 we tacitly assume t !re are real motions4 ,9 revis+ our successive judgm5ts conc]n+ a body's c\rse or velocity1 we take = grant$ t !re is an actual c\rse & an actual velocity--we take = grant$ t !re are fix$ po9ts 9 space ) respect to :i* all motions are absolute2 & we f9d x impossible to rid ourselves ( ?is idea4 ,nev]!less1 absolute motion _c ev5 be imag9$1 mu* less kn[n4 ,motion z tak+ place ap>t f ^? limitations ( space :i* we habitually associate ) x1 is totally un?9kable4 ,= motion is *ange ( place2 b 9 unlimit$ space1 *ange ( place is inconceivable1 because place itself is inconceivable4 ,place c be conceiv$ only by ref]5ce to o!r places2 & 9 ! abs5ce ( objects disp]s$ ?r\gh space1 a place c\ld be conceiv$ only 9 relation to ! limits ( space2 :5ce x foll[s t 9 unlimit$ space1 place _c be conceiv$--all places mu/ be equidi/ant f b\nd>ies t d n exi/4 ,?us :ile we are oblig$ to ?9k t !re is an absolute motion1 we f9d absolute motion incompreh5sible4 ,ano!r insup]able difficulty pres5ts itself :5 we contemplate ! transf] ( ,motion4 ,habit bl9ds u to ! m>vel\sness ( ?is ph5om5on4 ,famili> ) ! fact f *ildhood1 we see no?+ rem>kable 9 ! ability ( a mov+ ?+ to g5]ate movem5t 9 a ?+ t is /ation>y4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 impossible to und]/& x4 ,9 :at respect does a body aft] impact diff] f itself be=e impact8 ,:at is ?is add$ to x :i* does n s5sibly affect any ( its prop]ties & yet enables x to trav]se space8 ,"h is an object at re/ & "h is ! same object mov+4 ,9 ! "o /ate x has no t5d5cy to *ange its place2 b 9 ! o!r x is oblig$ at ea* in/ant to assume a new position4 ,:at is x :i* w = ev] g on produc+ ?is effect )\t be+ exhau/$8 & h[ does x dwell 9 ! object8 ,! motion y say has be5 communicat$4 ,b h[8--,:at has be5 communicat$8 ,! /rik+ body has n transf]r$ a ?+ to ! body /ruck2 & x is equally out ( ! "q to say t x has transf]r$ an attribute4 ,:at !n has x transf]r$8 ,once m !re is ! old puzzle conc]n+ ! connexion betwe5 ,motion & ,re/4 ,we daily witness ! gradual ret>dation & f9al /oppage ( ?+s project$ f ! h& or o!rwise impell$2 & we equally (t5 witness ! *ange f ,re/ to ,motion produc$ by ! application ( =ce4 ,b truly to repres5t ^! transitions 9 ?\ght1 we f9d impossible4 ,= a brea* ( ! law ( cont9uity seems necess>ily involv$2 & yet no brea* ( x is conceivable4 ,a body travell+ at a giv5 velocity _c be br\ght to a /ate ( re/1 or no velocity1 )\t pass+ ?r\gh all int]m$iate velocities4 ,at fir/ sight no?+ seems easi] ?an to imag9e x do+ ?is4 ,x is q possible to ?9k ( its motion z dim9i%+ ins5sibly until x becomes inf9itesimal2 & _m w ?9k equally possible to pass 9 ?\ght f inf9itesimal motion to no motion4 ,b ?is is an error4 ,m5tally foll[ out ! decreas+ velocity z long z y please1 & !re /ill rema9s "s velocity4 ,halve & aga9 halve ! rate ( movem5t = ev]1 yet movem5t /ill exi/s2 & ! smalle/ movem5t is sep>at$ by an impassable gap f no movem5t4 ,z some?+1 h[ev] m9ute1 is inf9itely great 9 comp>ison ) no?+2 s is ev5 ! lea/ conceivable motion1 inf9ite z comp>$ ) re/4 ,! conv]se p]plexities att5dant on ! transition f ,re/ to ,motion1 ne$ n be specifi$4 ,^!1 equally ) ! =ego+1 %[ u t ?\gh we are oblig$ to ?9k ( su* *anges z actually occurr+1 _! occurr5ce _c be realiz$4 ,?us nei!r :5 consid]$ 9 connexion ) ,space1 nor :5 consid]$ 9 connexion ) ,matt]1 nor :5 consid]$ 9 connexion ) ,re/1 d we f9d t ,motion is truly cognizable4 ,all ef=ts to und]/& its ess5tial nature d b br+ u to alt]native impossibilities ( ?\ght4 99 99 99 99 99 #ah4 ,on lift+ a *air1 ! =ce ex]t$ we reg>d z equal to t antagoni/ic =ce call$ ! weight ( ! *air2 & we _c ?9k ( ^! z equal )\t ?9k+ ( !m z l 9 k9d2 s9ce equality is conceivable only betwe5 ?+s t are connatural4 ,! axiom t action & reaction are equal & 9 opposite directions1 commonly exemplifi$ by ?is v in/ance ( muscul> ef=t v]sus weight1 _c be m5tally realiz$ on any o!r condition4 ,yet1 contr>iwise1 x is incr$ible t ! =ce z exi/+ 9 ! *air really resembles ! =ce z pres5t to our m9ds4 ,x sc>cely ne$s to po9t out t ! weight ( ! *air produces 9 u v>i\s feel+s accord+ z we support x by a s+le f+]1 or ! :ole h&1 or ! leg2 & h5ce to argue t z x _c be l all ^! s5sations !re is no reason to believe x l any4 ,x suffices to rem>k t s9ce ! =ce z kn[n to u is an affection ( consci\sness1 we _c conceive ! =ce exi/+ 9 ! *air "u ! same =m )\t end[+ ! *air ) consci\sness4 ,s t x is absurd to ?9k ( ,=ce z 9 itself l our s5sation ( x1 & yet necess>y s to ?9k ( x if we realize x 9 consci\sness at all4 ,h[1 aga91 c we und]/& ! connexion betwe5 ,=ce & ,matt]8 ,matt] is kn[n to u only ?r\gh its manife/ations ( ,=ce3 our ultimate te/ ( ,matt] is ! ability to resi/3 ab/ract its resi/ance & !re rema9s no?+ b empty ext5sion4 ,yet1 on ! o!r h&1 resi/ance is equally un?9kable ap>t f ,matt]--ap>t f some?+ ext5d$4 ,n only1 z po9t$ out "s pages back1 are c5tres ( =ce devoid ( ext5sion unimag9able2 b1 z an inevitable coroll>y1 we _c imag9e ei!r ext5d$ or unext5d$ c5tres ( =ce to attract & repel o!r su* c5tres at a di/ance1 )\t ! int]m$iation ( "s k9d ( matt]4 ,we h "h to rem>k1 :at c\ld n )\t anticipation be rem>k$ :5 treat+ ( ,matt]1 t ! hypo!sis ( ,newton1 equally ) t ( ,boscovi*1 is op5 to ! *>ge t x supposes "o ?+ to act ^u ano!r ?r\gh a space :i* is absolutely empty--a supposition :i* _c be repres5t$ 9 ?\ght4 ,?is *>ge is inde$ met by ! introduction ( a hypo!tical fluid exi/+ betwe5 ! atoms or c5tres4 ,b ! problem is n ?us solv$3 x is simply %ift$1 & re-appe>s :5 ! con/itution ( ?is fluid is inquir$ into4 ,h[ impossible x is to elude ! difficulty pres5t$ by ! transf] ( ,=ce ?r\gh space1 is be/ se5 9 ! case ( a/ronomical =ces4 ,! ,sim acts ^u u 9 su* way z to produce ! s5sations ( light & heat2 & we h asc]ta9$ t betwe5 ! cause z exi/+ 9 ! ,sun1 & ! effect z exp]i5c$ on ! ,e>?1 a lapse ( ab\t eight m9utes occurs3 :5ce unavoidably result 9 u1 ! conceptions ( bo? a =ce & a motion4 ,s t = ! assumption ( a lum9if]\s e!r1 !re is ! def5ce1 n only t ! ex]cise ( =ce ?r\gh #ie1jjj1jjj ( miles ( absolute vacuum is inconceivable1 b also t x is impossible to conceive motion 9 ! abs5ce ( some?+ mov$4 ,simil>ly 9 ! case ( gravitation4 ,newton describ$ himself z unable to ?9k t ! attraction ( "o body = ano!r at a di/ance1 c\ld be ex]t$ 9 ! abs5ce ( an int]v5+ m$ium4 ,b n[ let u ask h[ mu* ! =w>d] we are if an int]v5+ m$ium be assum$4 ,?is e!r ^: undulations accord+ to ! receiv$ hypo!sis con/itute heat & light1 & :i* is ! vehicle ( gravitation--h[ is x con/itut$8 ,we mu/ reg>d x1 9 ! way t physici/s d reg>d x1 z compos$ ( atoms :i* attract & repel ea* o!r--inf9itesimal x may be 9 comp>ison ) ^? ( ord9>y matt]1 b /ill atoms4 ,& rememb]+ t ?is e!r is impond]able1 we are oblig$ to conclude t ! ratio betwe5 ! int]spaces ( ^! atoms & ! atoms !mselves1 is incomm5surably great] ?an ! l ratio 9 pond]able matt]2 else ! d5sities c\ld n be incomm5surable4 ,in/ead !n ( a direct action by ! ,sun ^u ! ,e>? )\t any?+ int]v5+1 we h to conceive ! ,sun's action propagat$ ?r\gh a m$ium ^: molecules are probably z small relatively to _! int]spaces z are ! ,sun & ,e>? comp>$ ) ! space betwe5 !m3 we h to conceive ^! inf9itesimal molecules act+ on ea* o!r ?r\gh absolutely vacant spaces :i* are imm5se 9 comp>ison ) _! own dim5sions4 ,h[ is ?is conception easi] ?an ! o!r8 ,we /ill h m5tally to repres5t a body z act+ :]e x is n1 & 9 ! abs5ce ( any?+ by :i* its action may be transf]r$2 & :at matt]s x :e!r ?is takes place on a l>ge or a small scale8 ,we see !re=e t ! ex]cise ( ,=ce is altoge!r un9telligible4 ,we _c imag9e x except ?r\gh ! in/rum5tality ( some?+ hav+ ext5sion2 & yet :5 we h assum$ ?is some?+1 we f9d ! p]plexity is n got rid ( b only po/pon$4 ,we are oblig$ to conclude t matt]1 :e!r pond]able or impond]able1 & :e!r aggregat$ or 9 its hypo!tical units1 acts ^u matt] ?r\gh absolutely vacant space2 & yet ?is conclusion is positively un?9kable4 ,aga91 ,light1 ,heat1 ,gravitation & all c5tral =ces1 v>y inv]sely z ! squ>es ( ! di/ances2 & physici/s 9 _! inve/igations assume t ! units ( matt] act ^u ea* o!r accord+ to ! same law--an assumption :i* inde$ !y are oblig$ to make2 s9ce ?is law is n simply an empirical "o1 b "o d$ucible ma!matically f ! relations ( space--"o ( :i* ! negation is inconceivable4 ,b n[1 9 any mass ( matt] :i* is 9 int]nal equilibrium1 :at mu/ foll[8 ,! attractions & repulsions ( ! con/itu5t atoms are balanc$4 ,be+ balanc$1 ! atoms rema9 at _! pres5t di/ances2 & ! mass ( matt] nei!r exp&s nor contracts4 ,b if ! =ces ) :i* two adjac5t atoms attract & repel ea* o!r bo? v>y inv]sely z ! squ>es ( ! di/ances1 z !y mu/2 & if !y are 9 equilibrium at _! pres5t di/ances1 z !y are2 !n1 necess>ily1 !y w be 9 equilibrium at all o!r di/ances4 ,let ! atoms be twice z f> ap>t1 & _! attractions & repulsions w bo? be r$uc$ to "o f\r? ( _! pres5t am\nts4 ,let !m be br\ght )9 half ! di/ance1 & _! attractions & repulsions w bo? be quadrupl$4 ,:5ce x foll[s t ?is matt] w z readily z n assume any o!r d5sity2 & c (f] no resi/ance to any ext]nal ag5ts4 ,?us we are oblig$ to say t ^! antagoni/ molecul> =ces d n bo? v>y inv]sely z ! squ>es ( ! di/ances1 :i* is un?9kable2 or else t matt] does n possess t attribute ( resi/ance by :i* alone we di/+ui% x f empty space1 :i* is absurd4 ,:ile !n x is impossible to =m any idea ( ,=ce 9 itself1 x is equally impossible to compreh5d ei!r its mode ( ex]cise or its law ( v>iation4 99 99 99 99 99 #ai4 ,turn+ n[ f ! out] to ! inn] _w1 let u contemplate1 n ! ag5cies to :i* we ascribe our subjective modifications1 b ! subjective modifications !mselves4 ,^! con/itute a s]ies4 ,difficult z we f9d x di/9ctly to sep>ate & individualize !m1 x is nev]!less beyond "q t our /ates ( consci\sness occur 9 succession4 ,is ?is *a9 ( /ates ( consci\sness inf9ite or f9ite8 ,we _c say inf9ite2 n only because we h indirectly rea*$ ! conclusion t !re 0 a p]iod :5 x comm5c$1 b also because all inf9ity is inconceivable--an inf9ite s]ies includ$4 ,we _c say f9ite2 = we h no k ( ei!r ( its ends4 ,g back 9 memory z f> z we may1 we are :olly unable to id5tify our fir/ /ates ( consci\sness3 ! p]spective ( our ?\ghts vani%es 9 a dim obscurity :]e we c make out no?+4 ,simil>ly at ! o!r extreme4 ,we h no imm$iate k ( a t]m9ation to ! s]ies at a future "t2 & we _c really lay hold ( t tempor>y t]m9ation ( ! s]ies rea*$ at ! pres5t mom5t4 ,= ! /ate ( consci\sness recogniz$ by u z our la/1 is n truly our la/4 ,t any m5tal affection may be contemplat$ z "o ( ! s]ies1 x mu/ be rememb]$--repres5t$ 9 ?\ght1 n pres5t$4 ,! truly la/ /ate ( consci\sness is t :i* is pass+ 9 ! v act ( contemplat+ a /ate j pa/--t 9 :i* we are ?9k+ ( ! "o be=e z ! la/4 ,s t ! proximate end ( ! *a9 eludes u1 z well z ! remote end4 8,b10 x may be said1 8?\gh we _c directly "k consci\sness to be f9ite 9 duration1 because nei!r ( its limits c be actually rea*$2 yet we c v well conceive x to be s40 ,no3 n ev5 ?is is true4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 we _c conceive ! t]m9ations ( t consci\sness :i* alone we really "k--our own--any m ?an we c p]ceive its t]m9ations4 ,= 9 tru? ! two acts are "h "o4 ,9 ei!r case su* t]m9ations mu/ be1 z above said1 n pres5t$ 9 ?\ght1 b repres5t$2 & !y mu/ be repres5t$ z 9 ! act ( occurr+4 ,n[ to repres5t ! t]m9ation ( consci\sness z occurr+ 9 ourselves1 is to ?9k ( ourselves z contemplat+ ! cessation ( ! la/ /ate ( consci\sness2 & ?is implies a suppos$ cont9uance ( consci\sness aft] its la/ /ate1 :i* is absurd4 ,9 ! second place1 if we reg>d ! matt] objectively--if we /udy ! ph5om5a z occurr+ 9 o!rs1 or 9 ! ab/ract1 we are equally foil$4 ,consci\sness implies p]petual *ange & ! p]petual e/abli%m5t ( relations betwe5 its successive phases4 ,to be kn[n at all1 any m5tal affection mu/ be kn[n z su* or su*--z l ^! =ego+ ones or unlike ^?3 if x is n ?\ght ( 9 connexion ) o!rs--n di/+ui%$ or id5tifi$ by comp>ison ) o!rs1 x is n recogniz$--is n a /ate ( consci\sness at all4 ,a la/ /ate ( consci\sness1 !n1 l any o!r1 c exi/ only ?r\gh a p]ception ( its relations to previ\s /ates4 ,b su* p]ception ( its relations mu/ con/itute a /ate lat] ?an ! la/1 :i* is a contradiction4 ,or to put ! difficulty 9 ano!r =m3--,if ceaseless *ange ( /ate is ! condition on :i* alone consci\sness exi/s1 !n :5 ! suppos$ la/ /ate has be5 rea*$ by ! completion ( ! prec$+ *ange1 *ange has ceas$2 !re=e consci\sness has ceas$2 !re=e ! suppos$ la/ /ate is n a /ate ( consci\sness at all2 !re=e !re c be no la/ /ate ( consci\sness4 ,9 %ort1 ! p]plexity is l t pres5t$ by ! relations ( ,motion & ,re/4 ,z we f\nd x 0 impossible really to conceive ,re/ becom+ ,motion or ,motion becom+ ,re/2 s "h we f9d x is impossible really to conceive ei!r ! beg9n+ or ! end+ ( ^? *anges :i* con/itute consci\sness4 ,h5ce1 :ile we are unable ei!r to believe or to conceive t ! duration ( consci\sness is inf9ite1 we are equally unable ei!r to "k x z f9ite1 or to conceive x z f9ite4 99 99 99 99 99 #bj4 ,nor d we meet ) any great] success :51 in/ead ( ! ext5t ( consci\sness1 we consid] its sub/ance4 ,! "q--,:at is ?is t ?9ks8 admits ( no bett] solution ?an ! "q to :i* we h j f\nd none b inconceivable answ]s4 ,! exi/5ce ( ea* individual z kn[n to himself1 has be5 always held by mank9d at l>ge1 ! mo/ incontrov]tible ( tru?s4 ,to say--8,i am z sure ( x z ,i am sure t ,i exi/10 is1 9 common spee*1 ! mo/ emphatic expression ( c]ta9ty4 ,& ?is fact ( p]sonal exi/5ce1 te/ifi$ to by ! univ]sal consci\sness ( m51 has be5 made ! basis ( sundry philosophies2 :5ce may be drawn ! inf]5ce1 t x is held by ?9k]s1 z well z by ! vulg>1 to be beyond all facts unque/ionable4 ,belief 9 ! reality ( self1 is1 inde$1 a belief :i* no hypo!sis enables u to escape4 ,:at %all we say ( ^! successive impressions & ideas :i* con/itute consci\sness8 ,%all we say t !y are ! affections ( some?+ call$ m9d1 :i*1 z be+ ! subject ( !m1 is ! real ego8 ,if we say ?is1 we manife/ly imply t ! ego is an entity4 ,%all we ass]t t ^! impressions & ideas are n ! m]e sup]ficial *anges wr\ght on "s ?9k+ sub/ance1 b are !mselves ! v body ( ?is sub/ance--are sev]ally ! modifi$ =ms :i* x f mom5t to mom5t assumes8 ,?is hypo!sis1 equally ) ! =ego+1 implies t ! individual exi/s z a p]man5t & di/9ct be+2 s9ce modifications necess>ily involve some?+ modifi$4 ,%all we !n betake ourselves to ! sceptic's position1 & argue t we "k no?+ m ?an our impressions & ideas !mselves--t ^! are to u ! only exi/5ces2 & t ! p]sonality said to und]lie !m is a m]e fiction8 ,we d n ev5 ?us escape2 s9ce ?is proposition1 v]bally intelligible b really un?9kable1 itself makes ! assumption :i* x pr(esses to repudiate4 ,= h[ c consci\sness be :olly resolv$ into impressions & ideas1 :5 an impression ( necessity implies some?+ impress$8 ,or aga91 h[ c ! sceptic :o has decompos$ 8 consci\sness into impressions & ideas1 expla9 ! fact t he consid]s !m z 8 impressions & ideas8 ,or once m1 if1 z he mu/1 he admits t he has an impression ( 8 p]sonal exi/5ce1 :at w>rant c he %[ = reject+ ?is impression z unreal :ile he accepts all 8 o!r impressions z real8 ,unless he c give satisfactory answ]s to ^! qu]ies1 :i* he _c1 he mu/ ab&on 8 conclusions2 & mu/ admit ! reality ( ! individual m9d4 ,b n[1 unavoidable z is ?is belief--e/abli%$ ?\gh x is1 n only by ! ass5t ( mank9d at l>ge1 endors$ by div]s philosoph]s1 b by ! suicide ( ! sceptical argum5t--x is yet a belief admitt+ ( no ju/ification by reason3 nay1 inde$1 x is a belief :i* reason1 :5 press$ = a di/9ct answ]1 rejects4 ,"o ( ! mo/ rec5t writ]s :o has t\*$ ^u ?is "q--,mr ,mansel--does inde$ cont5d t 9 ! consci\sness ( self1 we h a piece ( real k4 ,! validity ( imm$iate intuition he holds 9 ?is case unque/ionable3 rem>k+ t 8let sy/em-mak]s say :at !y w1 ! unsophi/icat$ s5se ( mank9d refuses to ackn[l$ge t m9d is b a bundle ( /ates ( consci\sness1 z matt] is 7possibly7 a bundle ( s5sible qualities40 ,on :i* position ! obvi\s comm5t is1 t x does n seem altoge!r a consi/5t "o = a ,kanti/1 :o pays b small respect to 8! unsophi/icat$ s5se ( mank9d0 :5 x te/ifies to ! objectivity ( space4 ,pass+ ov] ?is1 h[ev]1 x may readily be %[n t a cognition ( self1 prop]ly s call$1 is absolutely negativ$ by ! laws ( ?\ght4 ,! fundam5tal condition to all consci\sness1 emphatically insi/$ ^u by ,mr ,mansel 9 common ) ,sir ,william ,hamilton & o!rs1 is ! anti!sis ( subject & object4 ,& on ?is 8primitive dualism ( consci\sness10 8f :i* ! explanations ( philosophy mu/ take _! />t10 ,mr ,mansel f\nds 8 refutation ( ! ,g]man absoluti/s4 ,b n[1 :at is ! coroll>y f ?is doctr9e1 z be>+ on ! consci\sness ( self8 ,! m5tal act 9 :i* self is kn[n1 implies1 l e o!r m5tal act1 a p]ceiv+ subject & a p]ceiv$ object4 ,if1 !n1 ! object p]ceiv$ is self1 :at is ! subject t p]ceives8 or if x is ! true self :i* ?9ks1 :at o!r self c x be t is ?\ght (8 ,cle>ly1 a true cognition ( self implies a /ate 9 :i* ! kn[+ & ! kn[n are "o--9 :i* subject & object are id5tifi$2 & ?is ,mr ,mansel rightly holds to be ! annihilation ( bo?4 ,s t ! p]sonality ( :i* ea* is consci\s1 & ( :i* ! exi/5ce is to ea* a fact beyond all o!rs ! mo/ c]ta91 is yet a ?+ :i* _c truly be kn[n at all3 k ( x is =bidd5 by ! v nature ( ?\ght4 99 99 99 99 99 #ba4 ,ultimate ,sci5tific ,ideas1 !n1 are all repres5tative ( realities t _c be compreh5d$4 ,aft] no matt] h[ great a progress 9 ! colligation ( facts & ! e/abli%m5t ( g5]alizations ev] wid] & wid]--aft] ! m]g+ ( limit$ & d]ivative tru?s 9 tru?s t are l>g] & deep] has be5 c>ri$ no matt] h[ f>2 ! fundam5tal tru? rema9s z mu* beyond rea* z ev]4 ,! explanation ( t :i* is explicable1 does b br+ out into great] cle>ness ! inexplicabl5ess ( t :i* rema9s beh9d4 ,alike 9 ! ext]nal & ! int]nal worlds1 ! man ( sci5ce sees himself 9 ! mid/ ( p]petual *anges ( :i* he c discov] nei!r ! beg9n+ nor ! end4 ,if1 trac+ back ! evolution ( ?+s1 he all[s himself to ent]ta9 ! hypo!sis t ! ,univ]se once exi/$ 9 a diffus$ =m1 he f9ds x utt]ly impossible to conceive h[ ?is came to be s2 & equally1 if he speculates on ! future1 he c assign no limit to ! gr& succession ( ph5om5a ev] unfold+ !mselves be=e him4 ,9 l mann] if he looks inw>d1 he p]ceives t bo? ends ( ! ?read ( consci\sness are beyond 8 grasp2 nay1 ev5 beyond 8 p[] to ?9k ( z hav+ exi/$ or z exi/+ 9 "t to come4 ,:51 aga91 he turns f ! succession ( ph5om5a1 ext]nal or int]nal1 to _! intr9sic nature1 he is j z mu* at fault4 ,suppos+ him 9 e case able to resolve ! appe>ances1 prop]ties1 & movem5ts ( ?+s1 into manife/ations ( ,=ce 9 ,space & ,"t2 he /ill f9ds t ,=ce1 ,space1 & ,"t pass all und]/&+4 ,simil>ly1 ?\gh ! analysis ( m5tal actions may f9ally br+ him d[n to s5sations1 z ! orig9al mat]ials out ( :i* all ?\ght is wov51 yet he is little =w>d]2 = he c give no acc\nt ei!r ( s5sations !mselves or ( t some?+ :i* is consci\s ( s5sations4 ,objective & subjective ?+s he ?us asc]ta9s to be alike inscrutable 9 _! sub/ance & g5esis4 ,9 all directions 8 inve/igations ev5tually br+ him face to face ) an insoluble enigma2 & he ev] m cle>ly p]ceives x to be an insoluble enigma4 ,he le>ns at once ! greatness & ! littl5ess ( ! human intellect--its p[] 9 deal+ ) all t comes )9 ! range ( exp]i5ce2 its impot5ce 9 deal+ ) all t transc5ds exp]i5ce4 ,he realizes ) a special vividness ! utt] incompreh5sibl5ess ( ! simple/ fact1 consid]$ 9 itself4 ,he1 m ?an any o!r1 truly kn[s t 9 its ultimate ess5ce no?+ c be kn[n4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,! ,,relativity ,,( ,,all ,,k4 #bb4 ,! same conclusion is ?us arriv$ at1 f :i*ev] po9t we set out4 ,if1 respect+ ! orig9 & nature ( ?+s1 we make "s assumption1 we f9d t ?r\gh an inexorable logic x inevitably commits u to alt]native impossibilities ( ?\ght2 & ?is holds true ( e assumption t c be imag9$4 ,if1 contr>iwise1 we make no assumption1 b set out f ! s5sible prop]ties ( surr\nd+ objects1 &1 asc]ta9+ _! special laws ( dep5d5ce1 g on to m]ge ^! 9 laws m & m g5]al1 until we br+ !m all "u "s mo/ g5]al laws2 we /ill f9d ourselves z f> z ev] f kn[+ :at x is :i* manife/s ^! prop]ties to u3 cle>ly z we seem to "k x1 our app>5t k proves on exam9ation to be utt]ly irreconcilable ) itself4 ,ultimate religi\s ideas & ultimate sci5tific ideas1 alike turn out to be m]ely symbols ( ! actual1 n cognitions ( x4 ,! conviction1 s rea*$1 t human intellig5ce is incapable ( absolute k1 is "o t has be5 sl[ly ga9+ gr\nd z civilization has advanc$4 ,ea* new ontological !ory1 f "t to "t prop\nd$ 9 lieu ( previ\s ones %[n to be unt5able1 has be5 foll[$ by a new criticism lead+ to a new scepticism4 ,all possible conceptions h be5 "o by "o tri$ & f\nd want+2 & s ! entire field ( speculation has be5 gradually exhau/$ )\t positive result3 ! only result arriv$ at be+ ! negative "o above /at$--t ! reality exi/+ beh9d all appe>ances is1 & mu/ ev] be1 unkn[n4 ,to ?is conclusion almo/ e ?9k] ( note has subscrib$4 8,) ! exception10 says ,sir ,william ,hamilton1 8( a few late ,absoluti/ !oris]s 9 ,g]many1 ?is is1 p]haps1 ! tru? ( all o!rs mo/ h>moni\sly re-e*o$ by e philosoph] ( e s*ool40 ,& among ^! he names--,protagoras1 ,ari/otle1 ,/4 ,augu/91 ,boe?ius1 ,av]roes1 ,alb]tus ,magnus1 ,g]son1 ,leo ,hebru1 ,melanc?on1 ,scalig]1 ,francis ,piccolom9i1 ,giordano ,bruno1 ,campanella1 ,bacon1 ,sp9oza1 ,newton1 ,kant4 ,x yet rema9s to po9t out h[ ?is belief may be e/abli%$ rationally1 z well z empirically4 ,n only is x t1 z 9 ! e>li] ?9k]s above nam$1 a vague p]ception ( ! inscrutabl5ess ( ?+s 9 !mselves results f discov]+ ! illusiv5ess ( s5se-impressions2 & n only is x t1 z %[n 9 ! =ego+ *apt]s1 def9ite exp]im5ts evolve alt]native impossibilities ( ?\ght out ( e ultimate conception we c frame2 b x is t ! relativity ( our k is demon/rable analytically4 ,! induction drawn f g5]al & special exp]i5ces1 may be confirm$ by a d$uction f ! nature ( our intellig5ce4 ,two ways ( rea*+ su* a d$uction exi/4 ,pro( t our cognitions are n1 & nev] c be1 absolute1 is obta9able by analyz+ ei!r ! product ( ?\ght1 or ! process ( ?\ght4 ,let u analyze ea*4 99 99 99 99 99 #bc4 ,if1 :5 walk+ ?r\gh ! fields "s day 9 ,septemb]1 y he> a ru/le a few y>ds 9 advance1 & on obs]v+ ! dit*-side :]e x occurs1 see ! h]bage agitat$1 y w probably turn t[>ds ! spot to le>n by :at ?is s\nd & motion are produc$4 ,z y approa* !re flutt]s into ! dit*1 a p>tridge2 on see+ :i* y\r curiosity is satisfi$--y h :at y call an explanation ( ! appe>ances4 ,! explanation1 m>k1 am\nts to ?is2 t :]eas ?r\gh\t life y h _h c\ntless exp]i5ces ( di/urbance among small /ation>y bodies1 accompany+ ! movem5t ( o!r bodies among !m1 & h g5]aliz$ ! relation betwe5 su* di/urbances & su* movem5ts1 y consid] ?is p>ticul> di/urbance expla9$1 on f9d+ x to pres5t1 an in/ance ( ! l relation4 ,suppose y cat* ! p>tridge2 &1 wi%+ to asc]ta9 :y x did n escape1 exam9e x1 & f9d at "o spot1 a slight trace ( blood ^u its fea!rs4 ,y n[ und]/&1 z y say1 :at has disabl$ ! p>tridge4 ,x has be5 w\nd$ by a sportsman--adds ano!r case to ! _m cases already se5 by y1 ( birds be+ kill$ or injur$ by ! %ot dis*>g$ at !m f f[l+-pieces4 ,& 9 assimilat+ ?is case to o!r su* cases1 consi/s y\r und]/&+ ( x4 ,b n[1 on consid]ation1 a difficulty sugge/s itself4 ,only a s+le %ot has /ruck ! p>tridge1 & t n 9 a vital place3 ! w+s are un9jur$1 z are also ^? muscles :i* move !m2 & ! creature proves by its /ruggles t x has abundant /r5g?4 ,:y !n1 y inquire ( y\rself1 does x n fly8 ,occasion fav\r+1 y put ! "q to an anatomi/1 :o furni%es y ) a solution4 ,he po9ts out t ?is solit>y %ot has pass$ close to ! place at :i* ! n]ve supply+ ! w+-muscles ( "o side1 div]ges f ! sp9e2 & t a slight injury to ?is n]ve1 ext5d+ ev5 to ! rupture ( a few fibres1 may1 by prev5t+ a p]fect co-ord9ation 9 ! actions ( ! two w+s1 de/roy ! p[] ( flight4 ,y are no long] puzzl$4 ,b :at has happ5$8--:at has *ang$ y\r /ate f "o ( p]plexity to "o ( compreh5sion8 ,simply ! disclosure ( a class ( previ\sly kn[n cases1 along ) :i* y c include ?is case4 ,! connexion betwe5 lesions ( ! n]v\s sy/em & p>alysis ( limbs has be5 already _m times br\ght "u y\r notice2 & y "h f9d a relation ( cause & effect t is ess5tially simil>4 ,let u suppose y are l$ on to make fur!r inquiries conc]n+ organic actions1 :i*1 conspicu\s & rem>kable z !y are1 y _h n be=e c>$ to und]/&4 ,h[ is respiration effect$8 y ask--:y does air p]iodically ru% into ! lungs8 ,! answ] is t 9 ! high] v]tebrata1 z 9 ourselves1 influx ( air is caus$ by an enl>gem5t ( ! ?oracic cavity1 due1 p>tly to depression ( ! diaphragm1 p>tly to elevation ( ! ribs4 ,b h[ does elevation ( ! ribs enl>ge ! cavity8 ,9 reply ! anatomi/ %[s y t ! plane ( ea* pair ( ribs makes an acute angle ) ! sp9e2 t ?is angle wid5s :5 ! moveable ends ( ! ribs are rais$2 & he makes y realize ! consequ5t dilatation ( ! cavity1 by po9t+ out h[ ! area ( a p>allelogram increases z its angles approa* to "r angles--y und]/& ?is special fact :5 y see x to be an in/ance ( a g5]al geometrical fact4 ,!re /ill arises1 h[ev]1 ! "q--:y does ! air ru% into ?is enl>g$ cavity8 ,to :i* comes ! answ] t1 :5 ! ?oracic cavity is enl>g$1 ! conta9$ air1 p>tially reliev$ f pressure1 exp&s1 & s loses "s ( its resi/+ p[]2 t h5ce x opposes to ! pressure ( ! ext]nal air a less pressure2 & t z air1 l e o!r fluid1 presses equally 9 all directions1 motion mu/ result along any l9e 9 :i* ! resi/ance is less ?an else:]e2 :5ce foll[s an inw>d curr5t4 ,& ?is int]pretation y recognize z "o1 :5 a few facts ( l k9d1 exhibit$ m pla9ly 9 a visible fluid su* z wat]1 are cit$ 9 illu/ration4 ,aga91 :5 x 0 po9t$ out t ! limbs are comp\nd lev]s act+ 9 ess5tially ! same way z lev]s ( iron or wood1 y might consid] y\rself z hav+ obta9$ a p>tial rationale ( animal movem5ts4 ,! contraction ( a muscle1 seem+ be=e utt]ly unacc\ntable1 w\ld seem less unacc\ntable 7 y %[n h[1 by a galvanic curr5t1 a s]ies ( s(t iron magnets c\ld be made to %ort5 itself1 ?r\gh ! attraction ( ea* magnet = its neighb\rs3--an alleg$ analogy :i* especially answ]s ! purpose ( our argum5t2 s9ce1 :e!r real or fanci$1 x equally illu/rates ! m5tal illum9ation t results on f9d+ a class ( cases )9 :i* a p>ticul> case may possibly be includ$4 ,& x may be fur!r not$ h[1 9 ! in/ance "h nam$1 an additional feel+ ( compreh5sion arises on rememb]+ t ! influ5ce convey$ ?r\gh ! n]ves to ! muscles1 is1 ?\gh n positively electric1 yet a =m ( =ce ne>ly alli$ to ! electric4 ,simil>ly :5 y le>n t animal heat arises f *emical comb9ation1 & s is evolv$ z heat is evolv$ 9 o!r *emical comb9ations--:5 y le>n t ! absorption ( nutri5t fluids ?r\gh ! coats ( ! inte/9es1 is an in/ance ( osmotic action--:5 y le>n t ! *anges und]gone by food dur+ dige/ion1 are l *anges artificially producible 9 ! laboratory2 y reg>d y\rself z kn[+ some?+ ab\t ! natures ( ^! ph5om5a4 ,obs]ve n[ :at we h be5 do+4 ,turn+ to ! g5]al "q1 let u note :]e ^! successive int]pretations h c>ri$ u4 ,we began ) q special & concrete facts4 ,9 expla9+ ea*1 & aft]w>ds expla9+ ! m g5]al facts ( :i* !y are in/ances1 we h got d[n to c]ta9 highly g5]al facts3--to a geometrical pr9ciple or prop]ty ( space1 to a simple law ( me*anical action1 to a law ( fluid equilibrium--to tru?s 9 physics1 9 *emi/ry1 9 !rmology1 9 electricity4 ,! p>ticul> ph5om5a ) :i* we set out1 h be5 m]g$ 9 l>g] & l>g] gr\ps ( ph5om5a2 & z !y h be5 s m]g$1 we h arriv$ at solutions t we consid] pr(\nd 9 proportion z ?is process has be5 c>ri$ f>4 ,/ill deep] explanations are simply fur!r /eps 9 ! same direction4 ,:51 = in/ance1 x is ask$ :y ! law ( action ( ! lev] is :at x is1 or :y fluid equilibrium & fluid motion exhibit ! relations :i* !y d1 ! answ] furni%$ by ma!maticians consi/s 9 ! disclosure ( ! pr9ciple ( virtual velocities--a pr9ciple hold+ true alike 9 fluids & solids--a pr9ciple "u :i* ! o!rs are compreh5d$4 ,& simil>ly1 ! insight obta9$ into ! ph5om5a ( *emical comb9ation1 heat1 electricity1 c41 implies t a rationale ( !m1 :5 f\nd1 w be ! exposition ( "s highly g5]al fact respect+ ! con/itution ( matt]1 ( :i* *emical1 electrical1 & !rmal facts1 are m]ely diff]5t manife/ations4 ,is ?is process limit$ or unlimit$8 ,c we g on = ev] expla9+ classes ( facts by includ+ !m 9 l>g] classes2 or mu/ we ev5tually come to a l>ge/ class8 ,! supposition t ! process is unlimit$1 7 any "o absurd en\gh to esp\se x1 w\ld /ill imply t an ultimate explanation c\ld n be rea*$2 s9ce inf9ite "t w\ld be requir$ to rea* x4 ,:ile ! unavoidable conclusion t x is limit$ 7prov$ n only by ! f9ite sph]e ( obs]vation op5 to u1 b also by ! dim9ution 9 ! numb] ( g5]alizations t necess>ily accompanies increase ( _! bread?7 equally implies t ! ultimate fact _c be und]/ood4 ,= if ! successively deep] int]pretations ( nature :i* con/itute advanc+ k1 are m]ely successive inclusions ( special tru?s 9 g5]al tru?s1 & ( g5]al tru?s 9 tru?s /ill m g5]al2 x obvi\sly foll[s t ! mo/ g5]al tru?1 n admitt+ ( inclusion 9 any o!r1 does n admit ( int]pretation4 ,manife/ly1 z ! mo/ g5]al cognition at :i* we arrive _c be r$uc$ to a m g5]al "o1 x _c be und]/ood4 ,( necessity1 !re=e1 explanation mu/ ev5tually br+ u d[n to ! inexplicable4 ,! deepe/ tru? :i* we c get at1 mu/ be unacc\ntable4 ,compreh5sion mu/ become some?+ o!r ?an compreh5sion1 be=e ! ultimate fact c be compreh5d$4 99 99 99 99 99 #bd4 ,! inf]5ce :i* we ?us f9d =c$ ^u u :5 we analyze ! product ( ?\ght1 z exhibit$ objectively 9 sci5tific g5]alizations1 is equally =c$ ^u u by an analysis ( ! process ( ?\ght1 z exhibit$ subjectively 9 consci\sness4 ,! demon/ration ( ! necess>ily relative "* ( our k1 z d$uc$ f ! nature ( intellig5ce1 has be5 br\ght to its mo/ def9ite %ape by ,sir ,william ,hamilton4 ,i _c "h d bett] ?an extract f 8 essay on ! 8,philosophy ( ! ,uncondition$10 ! passage conta9+ ! sub/ance ( 8 doctr9e4 8,! m9d c conceive10 he argues1 8& consequ5tly c "k10 only ! limit$1 & ! conditionally limit$4 ,! unconditionally unlimit$1 or ! ,inf9ite1 ! unconditionally limit$1 or ! ,absolute1 _c positively be con/ru$ to ! m9d2 !y c be conceiv$1 only by a ?9k+ away f1 or ab/raction (1 ^? v conditions "u :i* ?\ght itself is realiz$2 consequ5tly1 ! notion ( ! ,uncondition$ is only negative1--negative ( ! conceivable itself4 ,= example1 on ! "o h& we c positively conceive1 nei!r an absolute :ole1 t is1 a :ole s great1 t we _c also conceive x z a relative "p ( a /ill great] :ole2 nor an absolute "p1 t is1 a "p s small1 t we _c also conceive x z a relative :ole1 divisible into small] p>ts4 ,on ! o!r h&1 we _c positively repres5t1 or realize1 or con/rue to ! m9d 7z "h und]/&+ & imag9ation co9cide71 an inf9ite :ole1 = ?is c\ld only be done by ! inf9ite syn!sis 9 ?\ght ( f9ite :oles1 :i* w\ld itself require an inf9ite "t = its accompli%m5t2 nor1 = ! same reason1 c we foll[ out 9 ?\ght an inf9ite divisibility ( p>ts4 ,! result is ! same1 :e!r we apply ! process to limitation 9 space1 9 "t1 or 9 degree4 ,! unconditional negation1 & ! unconditional affirmation ( limitation2 9 o!r words1 ! inf9ite & absolute1 prop]ly s call$1 are ?us equally inconceivable to u4 ,z ! conditionally limit$ 7:i* we may briefly call ! condition$7 is ?us ! only possible object ( k & ( positive ?\ght--?\ght necess>ily supposes conditions4 ,to ?9k is to condition2 & conditional limitation is ! fundam5tal law ( ! possibility ( ?\ght4 ,=1 z ! greyh\nd _c out/rip 8 %ad[1 nor 7by a m appropriate simile7 ! eagle outso> ! atmosph]e 9 :i* he floats1 & by :i* alone he may be support$2 s ! m9d _c transc5d t sph]e ( limitation1 )9 & ?r\gh :i* exclusively ! possibility ( ?\ght is realiz$4 ,?\ght is only ( ! condition$2 because1 z we h said1 to ?9k is simply to condition4 ,! absolute is conceiv$ m]ely by a negation ( conceivability2 & all t we "k1 is only kn[n z ----#8won f ! void & =mless inf9ite4' ,h[1 inde$1 x c\ld ev] be d\bt$ t ?\ght is only ( ! condition$1 may well be deem$ a matt] ( ! pr(\nde/ admiration4 ,?\ght _c transc5d consci\sness2 consci\sness is only possible "u ! anti!sis ( a subject & object ( ?\ght1 kn[n only 9 correlation1 & mutually limit+ ea* o!r2 :ile1 indep5d5tly ( ?is1 all t we "k ei!r ( subject or object1 ei!r ( m9d or matt]1 is only a k 9 ea* ( ! p>ticul>1 ( ! plural1 ( ! diff]5t1 ( ! modifi$1 ( ! ph5om5al4 ,we admit t ! consequ5ce ( ?is doctr9e is1--t philosophy1 if view$ z m ?an a sci5ce ( ! condition$1 is impossible4 ,dep>t+ f ! p>ticul>1 we admit1 t we c nev]1 9 our highe/ g5]alizations1 rise above ! f9ite2 t our k1 :e!r ( m9d or matt]1 c be no?+ m ?an a k ( ! relative manife/ations ( an exi/5ce1 :i* 9 itself x is our highe/ wisdom to recognize z beyond ! rea* ( philosophy1--9 ! language ( ,/ ,au/91--#8cognosc5do ignor>i1 et ignor&o cognosci4' 8,! condition$ is ! mean betwe5 two extremes1--two inconditionates1 exclusive ( ea* o!r1 nei!r ( :i* c be conceiv$ z possible1 b ( :i*1 on ! pr9ciples ( contradiction & exclud$ middle1 "o mu/ be admitt$ z necess>y4 ,on ?is op9ion1 !re=e1 reason is %[n to be weak1 b n deceitful4 ,! m9d is n repres5t$ z conceiv+ two propositions subv]sive ( ea* o!r1 z equally possible2 b only1 z unable to und]/& z possible1 ei!r ( two extremes2 "o ( :i*1 h[ev]1 on ! gr\nd ( _! mutual repugnance1 x is compell$ to recognize z true4 ,we are ?us taught ! salut>y lesson1 t ! capacity ( ?\ght is n to be con/itut$ into ! measure ( exi/5ce2 & are w>n$ f recogniz+ ! doma9 ( our k z necess>ily co-ext5sive ) ! horizon ( our fai?4 ,& by a wond]ful revelation1 we are ?us1 9 ! v consci\sness ( our inability to conceive aught above ! relative & f9ite1 inspir$ ) a belief 9 ! exi/5ce ( some?+ uncondition$ beyond ! sph]e ( all compreh5sible reality40 ,cle> & conclusive z ?is /atem5t ( ! case appe>s :5 c>efully /udi$1 x is express$ 9 s ab/ract a mann] z to be n v intelligible to ! g5]al read]4 ,a m popul> pres5tation ( x1 ) illu/rative applications1 z giv5 by ,mr ,mansel 9 8 8,limits ( ,religi\s ,?\ght10 w make x m fully und]/ood4 ,! foll[+ extracts1 :i* ,i take ! lib]ty ( mak+ f 8 pages1 w suffice4 8,! v conception ( consci\sness1 9 :atev] mode x may be manife/$1 necess>ily implies di/9ction betwe5 "o object & ano!r4 ,to be consci\s1 we mu/ be consci\s ( some?+2 & t some?+ c only be kn[n1 z t :i* x is1 by be+ di/+ui%$ f t :i* x is n4 ,b di/9ction is necess>ily limitation2 =1 if "o object is to be di/+ui%$ f ano!r1 x mu/ possess "s =m ( exi/5ce :i* ! o!r has n1 or x mu/ n possess "s =m :i* ! o!r has4 ,b x is obvi\s ! ,inf9ite _c be di/+ui%$1 z su*1 f ! ,f9ite1 by ! abs5ce ( any quality :i* ! ,f9ite possesses2 = su* abs5ce w\ld be a limitation4 ,nor yet c x be di/+ui%$ by ! pres5ce ( an attribute :i* ! ,f9ite has n2 =1 z no f9ite "p c be a con/itu5t ( an inf9ite :ole1 ?is diff]5tial *>act]i/ic mu/ itself be inf9ite2 & mu/ at ! same "t h no?+ 9 common ) ! f9ite4 ,we are ?us ?r[n back ^u our =m] impossibility2 = ?is second inf9ite w be di/+ui%$ f ! f9ite by ! abs5ce ( qualities :i* ! latt] possesses4 ,a consci\sness ( ! ,inf9ite z su* ?us necess>ily involves a self-contradiction2 = x implies ! recognition1 by limitation & diff]5ce1 ( t :i* c only be giv5 z unlimit$ & indiff]5t4 99 99 99 8,?is contradiction1 :i* is utt]ly inexplicable on ! supposition t ! inf9ite is a positive object ( human ?\ght1 is at once acc\nt$ =1 :5 x is reg>d$ z ! m]e negation ( ?\ght4 ,if all ?\ght is limitation2--if :atev] we conceive is1 by ! v act ( conception1 reg>d$ z f9ite1--! inf9ite1 f a human po9t ( view1 is m]ely a "n = ! abs5ce ( ^? conditions "u :i* ?\ght is possible4 ,to speak ( a ,conception ( ! ,inf9ite is1 !re=e1 at once to affirm ^? conditions & to d5y !m4 ,! contradiction1 :i* we discov] 9 su* a conception1 is only t :i* we h ourselves plac$ !re1 by tacitly assum+ ! conceivability ( ! inconceivable4 ,! condition ( consci\sness is di/9ction2 & condition ( di/9ction is limitation4 ,we c h no consci\sness ( ,be+ 9 g5]al :i* is n "s ,be+ 9 p>ticul>3 a ?+1 9 consci\sness1 is "o ?+ out ( _m4 ,9 assum+ ! possibility ( an inf9ite object ( consci\sness1 ,i assume1 !re=e1 t x is at ! same "t limit$ & unlimit$2--actually some?+1 )\t :i* x c\ld n be an object ( consci\sness1 & actually no?+1 )\t :i* x c\ld n be inf9ite4 99 99 99 8,a second *>act]i/ic ( ,consci\sness is1 t x is only possible 9 ! =m ( a relation4 ,!re mu/ be a ,subject1 or p]son consci\s1 & an ,object1 or ?+ ( :i* he is consci\s4 ,!re c be no consci\sness )\t ! union ( ^! two factors2 &1 9 t union1 ea* exi/s only z x is relat$ to ! o!r4 ,! subject is a subject1 only 9 s f> z x is consci\s ( an object3 ! object is an object1 only 9 s f> z x is appreh5d$ by a subject3 & ! de/ruction ( ei!r is ! de/ruction ( consci\sness itself4 ,x is ?us manife/ t a consci\sness ( ! ,absolute is equally self-contradictory ) t ( ! ,inf9ite4 ,to be consci\s ( ! ,absolute z su*1 we mu/ "k t an object1 :i* is giv5 9 relation to our consci\sness1 is id5tical ) "o :i* exi/s 9 its own nature1 out ( all relation to consci\sness4 ,b to "k ?is id5tity1 we mu/ be able to comp>e ! two toge!r2 & su* a comp>ison is itself a contradiction4 ,we are 9 fact requir$ to comp>e t ( :i* we are consci\s ) t ( :i* we are n consci\s2 ! comp>ison itself be+ an act ( consci\sness1 & only possible ?r\gh ! consci\sness ( bo? its objects4 ,x is ?us manife/ t1 ev5 if we c\ld be consci\s ( ! absolute1 we c\ld n possibly "k t x is ! absolute3 &1 z we c be consci\s ( an object z su*1 only by kn[+ x to be :at x is1 ?is is equival5t to an admission t we _c be consci\s ( ! absolute at all4 ,z an object ( consci\sness1 e ?+ is necess>ily relative2 & :at a ?+ may be out ( consci\sness1 no mode ( consci\sness c tell u4 8,?is contradiction1 aga91 admits ( ! same explanation z ! =m]4 ,our :ole notion ( exi/5ce is necess>ily relative2 = x is exi/5ce z conceiv$ by u4 ,b ,exi/5ce1 z we conceive x1 is b a "n = ! sev]al ways 9 :i* objects are pres5t$ to our consci\sness1--a g5]al t]m1 embrac+ a v>iety ( relations4 ,! ,absolute1 on ! o!r h&1 is a t]m express+ no object ( ?\ght1 b only a d5ial ( ! relation by :i* ?\ght is con/itut$4 ,to assume absolute exi/5ce z an object ( ?\ght1 is ?us to suppose a relation exi/+ :5 ! relat$ t]ms exi/ no long]4 ,an object ( ?\ght exi/s1 z su*1 9 & ?r\gh its relation to a ?9k]2 :ile ! ,absolute1 z su*1 is indep5d5t ( all relation4 ,! ,conception ( ! ,absolute ?us implies at ! same "t ! pres5ce & abs5ce ( ! relation by :i* ?\ght is con/itut$2 & our v>i\s endeav\rs to repres5t x are only s _m modifi$ =ms ( ! contradiction involv$ 9 our orig9al assumption4 ,"h1 too1 ! contradiction is "o :i* we ourselves h made4 ,x does n imply t ! ,absolute _c exi/2 b x implies1 mo/ c]ta9ly1 t we _c conceive x z exi/+40 ,"h let me po9t out h[ ! same g5]al inf]5ce may be evolv$ f ano!r fundam5tal condition ( ?\ght1 omitt$ by ,sir ,w4 ,hamilton1 & n suppli$ by ,mr ,mansel2--a condition :i*1 "u its obv]se aspect1 we h already contemplat$ 9 ! la/ section4 ,e complete act ( consci\sness1 besides di/9ction & relation1 also implies lik5ess4 ,be=e x c become an idea1 or con/itute a piece ( k1 a m5tal /ate mu/ n only be kn[n z sep>ate 9 k9d f c]ta9 =ego+ /ates to :i* x is kn[n z relat$ by succession2 b x mu/ fur!r be kn[n z ( ! same k9d ) c]ta9 o!r =ego+ /ates4 ,t organization ( *anges :i* con/itutes ?9k+1 involves cont9u\s integration z well z cont9u\s diff]5tiation4 ,7 ea* new affection ( ! m9d p]ceiv$ simply z an affection 9 "s way contra/$ ) ! prec$+ ones--7 !re b a *a9 ( impressions1 ea* ( :i* z x arose 0 m]ely di/+ui%$ f its pr$ecessors2 consci\sness w\ld be an utt] *aos4 ,to produce t ord]ly consci\sness :i* we call intellig5ce1 !re requires ! assimilation ( ea* impression to o!rs1 t occurr$ e>li] 9 ! s]ies4 ,bo? ! successive m5tal /ates1 & ! successive relations :i* !y be> to ea* o!r1 mu/ be classifi$2 & classification involves n only a p>t+ ( ! unlike1 b also a b9d+ toge!r ( ! l4 ,9 brief1 a true cognition is possible only ?r\gh an accompany+ recognition4 ,%\ld x be object$ t if s1 !re _c be a fir/ cognition1 & h5ce !re c be no cognition2 ! reply is1 t cognition prop] arises gradually--t dur+ ! fir/ /age ( incipi5t intellig5ce1 be=e ! feel+s produc$ by int]c\rse ) ! out] _w h be5 put into ord]1 !re are no cognitions1 /rictly s call$2 & t1 z e infant %[s u1 ^! sl[ly em]ge out ( ! confusion ( unfold+ consci\sness z fa/ z ! exp]i5ces are arrang$ into gr\ps--z fa/ z ! mo/ frequ5tly repeat$ s5sations1 & _! relations to ea* o!r1 become famili> en\gh to admit ( _! recognition z su* or su*1 :5ev] !y recur4 ,%\ld x be fur!r object$ t if cognition pre-supposes recognition1 !re c be1 no cognition1 ev5 by an adult1 ( an object nev] be=e se52 !re is /ill ! suffici5t answ] t 9 s f> z x is n assimilat$ to previ\sly-se5 objects1 x is n kn[n1 & t x is kn[n 9 s f> z x is assimilat$ to !m4 ,( ?is p>adox ! int]pretation is1 t an object is classifiable 9 v>i\s ways1 ) v>i\s degrees ( complet5ess4 ,an animal hi!rto unkn[n 7m>k ! ^w71 ?\gh n ref]able to any e/abli%$ species or g5us1 is yet recogniz$ z belong+ to "o ( ! l>g] divisions--mammals1 birds1 reptiles1 or fi%es2 or %\ld x be s anomal\s t its alliance ) any ( ^! is n det]m9able1 x may yet be class$ z v]tebrate or inv]tebrate2 or if x be "o ( ^? organisms ( :i* x is d\btful :e!r ! animal or vegetal *>act]i/ics pr$om9ate1 x is /ill kn[n z a liv+ body2 ev5 %\ld x be que/ion$ :e!r x is organic1 x rema9s beyond "q t x is a mat]ial object1 & x is cogniz$ by be+ recogniz$ z su*4 ,:5ce x is manife/ t a ?+ is p]fectly kn[n only :5 x is 9 all respects l c]ta9 ?+s previ\sly obs]v$2 t 9 proportion to ! numb] ( respects 9 :i* x is unlike !m1 is ! ext5t to :i* x is unkn[n2 & t h5ce :5 x has absolutely no attribute 9 common ) any?+ else1 x mu/ be absolutely beyond ! b\nds ( k4 ,obs]ve ! coroll>y :i* "h conc]ns u4 ,a cognition ( ! ,real1 z di/+ui%$ f ! ,ph5om5al1 mu/1 if x exi/s1 con=m to ?is law ( cognition 9 g5]al4 ,! ,fir/ ,cause1 ! ,inf9ite1 ! ,absolute1 to be kn[n at all1 mu/ be class$4 ,to be positively ?\ght (1 x mu/ be ?\ght ( z su* or su*--z ( ?is or t k9d4 ,c x be l 9 k9d to any?+ ( :i* we h s5sible exp]i5ce8 ,obvi\sly n4 ,betwe5 ! creat+ & ! creat$1 !re mu/ be a di/9ction transc5d+ any ( ! di/9ctions exi/+ betwe5 diff]5t divisions ( ! creat$4 ,t :i* is uncaus$ _c be assimilat$ to t :i* is caus$3 ! two be+1 9 ! v nam+1 anti!tically oppos$4 ,! ,inf9ite _c be gr\p$ along ) some?+ t is f9ite2 s9ce1 9 be+ s gr\p$1 x mu/ be reg>d$ z n-inf9ite4 ,x is impossible to put ! ,absolute 9 ! same category ) any?+ relative1 s long z ! ,absolute is def9$ z t ( :i* no necess>y relation c be pr$icat$4 ,is x !n t ! ,actual1 ?\gh un?9kable by classification ) ! ,app>5t1 is ?9kable by classification ) itself8 ,?is supposition is equally absurd ) ! o!r4 ,x implies ! plurality ( ! ,fir/ ,cause1 ! ,inf9ite1 ! ,absolute2 & ?is implication is self-contradictory4 ,!re _c be m ?an "o ,fir/ ,cause2 see+ t ! exi/5ce ( m ?an "o w\ld involve ! exi/5ce ( some?+ necessitat+ m ?an "o1 :i* some?+ w\ld be ! true ,fir/ ,cause4 ,h[ self-de/ructive is ! assumption ( two or m ,inf9ites1 is manife/ on rememb]+ t su* ,inf9ites1 by limit+ ea* o!r1 w\ld become f9ite4 ,& simil>ly1 an ,absolute :i* exi/$ n alone b along ) o!r ,absolutes1 w\ld no long] be an absolute b a relative4 ,! ,uncondition$ !re=e1 z class-able nei!r ) any =m ( ! condition$ nor ) any o!r ,uncondition$1 _c be class$ at all4 ,& to admit t x _c be kn[n z ( su* or su* k9d1 is to admit t x is unkn[able4 ,?us1 f ! v nature ( ?\ght1 ! relativity ( our k is inf]able 9 ?ree sev]al ways4 ,z we f9d by analyz+ x1 & z we see x objectively display$ 9 e proposition1 a ?\ght involves relation1 diff]5ce1 lik5ess4 ,:atev] does n pres5t ea* ( ^! does n admit ( cognition4 ,& h5ce we may say t ! ,uncondition$1 z pres5t+ none ( !m1 is trebly un?9kable4 99 99 99 99 99 #be4 ,f yet ano!r po9t ( view we may disc]n ! same great tru?4 ,if1 in/ead ( exam9+ our intellectual p[]s directly z exhibit$ 9 ! act ( ?\ght1 or indirectly z exhibit$ 9 ?\ght :5 express$ by words1 we look at ! connexion betwe5 ! m9d & ! _w1 a l conclusion is =c$ ^u u4 ,9 ! v def9ition ( ,life1 :5 r$uc$ to its mo/ ab/ract %ape1 ?is ultimate implication becomes visible4 ,all vital actions1 consid]$ n sep>ately b 9 _! ensemble1 h = _! f9al purpose ! balanc+ ( c]ta9 out] processes by c]ta9 inn] processes4 ,!re are unceas+ ext]nal =ces t5d+ to br+ ! matt] ( :i* organic bodies consi/1 into t /ate ( /able equilibrium display$ by inorganic bodies2 !re are int]nal =ces by :i* ?is t5d5cy is con/antly antagoniz$2 & ! p]petual *anges :i* con/itute ,life1 may be reg>d$ z incid5tal to ! ma9t5ance ( ! antagonism4 ,to pres]ve ! erect po/ure1 = in/ance1 we see t c]ta9 weights h to be neutraliz$ by c]ta9 /ra9s3 ea* limb or o!r organ1 gravitat+ to ! ,e>? & pull+ d[n ! p>ts to :i* x is atta*$1 has to be pres]v$ 9 position by ! t5sion ( sundry muscles2 or 9 o!r words1 ! gr\p ( =ces :i* w\ld if all[$ br+ ! body to ! gr\nd1 has to be c\nt]balanc$ by ano!r gr\p ( =ces4 ,aga91 to keep up ! temp]ature at a p>ticul> po9t1 ! ext]nal process ( radiation & absorption ( heat by ! surr\nd+ m$ium1 mu/ be met by a correspond+ int]nal process ( *emical comb9ation1 :]eby m heat may be evolv$2 to :i* add1 t if f atmosph]ic *anges ! loss becomes great] or less1 ! production mu/ become great] or less4 ,& simil>ly ?r\gh\t ! organic actions 9 g5]al4 ,:5 we contemplate ! l[] k9ds ( life1 we see t ! correspond5ces ?us ma9ta9$ are direct & simple2 z 9 a plant1 ! vitality ( :i* ma9ly consi/s 9 osmotic & *emical actions respond+ to ! co-exi/5ce ( light1 heat1 wat]1 & c>bonic acid ar\nd x4 ,b 9 animals1 & especially 9 ! high] ord]s ( !m1 ! correspond5ces become extremely complex4 ,mat]ials = gr[? & repair n be+1 l ^? :i* plants require1 ev]y:]e pres5t1 b be+ widely disp]s$ & "u special =ms1 h to be f\nd1 to be secur$1 & to be r$uc$ to a fit /ate = assimilation4 ,h5ce ! ne$ = locomotion2 h5ce ! ne$ = ! s5ses2 h5ce ! ne$ = preh5sile & de/ructive appliances2 h5ce ! ne$ = an elaborate dige/ive app>atus4 ,obs]ve1 h[ev]1 t ^! successive complications are ess5tially no?+ b aids to ! ma9t5ance ( ! organic balance 9 its integrity1 9 opposition to ^? physical1 *emical1 & o!r ag5cies :i* t5d to ov]turn x4 ,& obs]ve1 moreov]1 t :ile ^! successive complications subs]ve ?is fundam5tal adaptation ( inn] to out] actions1 !y are !mselves no?+ else b fur!r adaptations ( inn] to out] actions4 ,= :at are ^? movem5ts by :i* a pr$atory creature pursues its prey1 or by :i* its prey seeks to escape1 b c]ta9 *anges 9 ! organism fitt$ to meet c]ta9 *anges 9 its environm5t8 ,:at is t comp\nd op]ation :i* con/itutes ! p]ception ( a piece ( food1 b a p>ticul> correlation ( n]v\s modifications1 answ]+ to a p>ticul> correlation ( physical prop]ties8 ,:at is t process by :i* food :5 swall[$ is r$uc$ to a fit =m = assimilation1 b a set ( me*anical & *emical actions respond+ to ! me*anical & *emical actions :i* di/+ui% ! food8 ,:5ce x becomes manife/1 t :ile ,life 9 its simple/ =m is ! correspond5ce ( c]ta9 inn] physico-*emical actions ) c]ta9 out] physico-*emical actions1 ea* advance to a high] =m ( ,life consi/s 9 a bett] pres]vation ( ?is prim>y correspond5ce by ! e/abli%m5t ( o!r correspond5ces4 ,dive/+ ?is conception ( all sup]fluities & r$uc+ x to its mo/ ab/ract %ape1 we see t ,life is def9able z ! cont9u\s adju/m5t ( int]nal relations to ext]nal relations4 ,& :5 we s def9e x1 we discov] t ! physical & ! psy*ial life are equally compreh5d$ by ! def9ition4 ,we p]ceive t ?is :i* we call ,intellig5ce1 %[s itself :5 ! ext]nal relations to :i* ! int]nal ones are adju/$1 beg9 to be num]\s1 complex1 & remote 9 "t or space2 t e advance 9 ,intellig5ce ess5tially consi/s 9 ! e/abli%m5t ( m v>i$1 m complete1 & m involv$ adju/m5ts2 & t ev5 ! highe/ a*ievem5ts ( sci5ce are resolvable into m5tal relations ( co-exi/5ce & sequ5ce1 s co-ord9at$ z exactly to tally ) c]ta9 relations ( co-exi/5ce & sequ5ce t occur ext]nally4 ,a cat]pill>1 w&]+ at r&om & at l5g? f9d+ its way on to a plant hav+ a c]ta9 od\r1 beg9s to eat--has inside ( x an organic relation betwe5 a p>ticul> impression & a p>ticul> set ( actions1 answ]+ to ! relation outside ( x1 betwe5 sc5t & nutrim5t4 ,! sp>r[1 guid$ by ! m complex correlation ( impressions :i* ! col\r1 =m1 & movem5ts ( ! cat]pill> gave x2 & guid$ also by o!r correlations :i* measure ! position & di/ance ( ! cat]pill>2 adju/s c]ta9 correlat$ muscul> movem5ts 9 su* way z to seize ! cat]pill>4 ,?r\gh a mu* great] di/ance 9 space is ! hawk1 hov]+ above1 affect$ by ! relations ( %ape & motion :i* ! sp>r[ pres5ts2 & ! mu* m complicat$ & prolong$ s]ies ( relat$ n]v\s & muscul> *anges1 gone ?r\gh 9 correspond5ce ) ! sp>r['s *ang+ relations ( position1 f9ally succe$ :5 !y are precisely adju/$ to ^! *ang+ relations4 ,9 ! f[l]1 exp]i5ce has e/abli%$ a relation betwe5 ! appe>ance & flight ( a hawk & ! de/ruction ( o!r birds1 includ+ game2 !re is also 9 him an e/abli%$ relation betwe5 ^? visual impressions answ]+ to a c]ta9 di/ance 9 space1 & ! range ( 8 gun2 & he has le>n$1 too1 by frequ5t obs]vation1 :at relations ( position ! sights mu/ be> to a po9t some:at 9 advance ( ! fly+ bird1 be=e he c fire ) success4 ,simil>ly if we g back to ! manufacture ( ! gun4 ,by relations ( co-exi/5ce betwe5 col\r1 d5sity1 & place 9 ! e>?1 a p>ticul> m9]al is kn[n z "o :i* yields iron2 & ! obta9m5t ( iron f x1 results :5 c]ta9 correlat$ acts ( ours1 are adju/$ to c]ta9 correlat$ aff9ities display$ by iron/one1 coal1 & lime1 at a high temp]ature4 ,if we desc5d yet a /ep fur!r1 & ask a *emi/ to expla9 ! explosion ( gunp[d]1 or apply to a ma!matician = a !ory ( projectiles1 we /ill f9d t special or g5]al relations ( co-exi/5ce & sequ5ce betwe5 prop]ties1 motions1 spaces c41 are all !y c tea* u4 ,& la/ly1 let x be not$ t :at we call tru?1 guid+ u to successful action & ! consequ5t ma9t5ance ( life1 is simply ! accurate correspond5ce ( subjective to objective relations2 :ile error1 lead+ to failure & !re=e t[>ds dea?1 is ! abs5ce ( su* accurate correspond5ce4 ,if1 !n1 ,life 9 all its manife/ations1 inclusive ( ,intellig5ce 9 its highe/ =ms1 consi/s 9 ! cont9u\s adju/m5t ( int]nal relations to ext]nal relations1 ! necess>ily relative "* ( our k becomes obvi\s4 ,! simple/ cognition be+ ! e/abli%m5t ( "s connexion betwe5 subjective /ates1 answ]+ to "s connexion betwe5 objective ag5cies2 & ea* successively m complex cognition be+ ! e/abli%m5t ( "s m involv$ connexion ( su* /ates1 answ]+ to "s m involv$ connexion ( su* ag5cies2 x is cle> t ! process1 no matt] h[ f> x be c>ri$1 c nev] br+ )9 ! rea* ( ,intellig5ce1 ei!r ! /ates !mselves or ! ag5cies !mselves4 ,asc]ta9+ :i* ?+s occur along ) :i*1 & :at ?+s foll[ :at1 suppos+ x to be pursu$ exhau/ively1 mu/ /ill leave u ) co-exi/5ces & sequ5ces only4 ,if e act ( kn[+ is ! =mation ( a relation 9 consci\sness p>allel to a relation 9 ! environm5t1 !n ! relativity ( k is self-evid5t--becomes inde$ a truism4 ,?9k+ be+ relation+1 no ?\ght c ev] express m ?an relations4 ,& "h let u n omit to m>k h[ t to :i* our intellig5ce is conf9$1 is t ) :i* alone our intellig5ce is conc]n$4 ,! k )9 our rea*1 is ! only k t c be ( s]vice to u4 ,?is ma9t5ance ( a correspond5ce betwe5 int]nal actions & ext]nal actions1 :i* bo? con/itutes our life at ea* mom5t & is ! means :]eby life is cont9u$ ?r\gh subsequ5t mom5ts1 m]ely requires t ! ag5cies act+ ^u u %all be kn[n 9 _! co-exi/5ces & sequ5ces1 & n t !y %all be kn[n 9 !mselves4 ,if x & y are two uni=mly connect$ prop]ties 9 "s out] object1 :ile a & b are ! effects !y produce 9 our consci\sness2 & if :ile ! prop]ty x produces 9 u ! indiff]5t m5tal /ate a1 ! prop]ty y produces 9 u ! pa9ful m5tal /ate b 7answ]+ to a physical injury72 !n1 all t is requisite = our guidance1 is1 t x be+ ! uni=m accompanim5t ( y ext]nally1 a %all be ! uni=m accompanim5t ( b int]nally2 s t :51 by ! pres5ce ( x1 a is produc$ 9 consci\sness1 b1 or r ! idea ( b1 %all foll[ x1 & excite ! motions by :i* ! effect ( y may be escap$4 ,! sole ne$ is t a & b & ! relation betwe5 !m1 %all always answ] to x & y & ! relation betwe5 !m4 ,x matt]s no?+ to u if a & b are l x & y or n4 ,c\ld !y be exactly id5tical ) !m1 we %\ld n be "o :it ! bett] (f2 & _! total dissimil>ity is no disadvantage to u4 ,deep d[n !n 9 ! v nature ( ,life1 ! relativity ( our k is disc]nible4 ,! analysis ( vital actions 9 g5]al1 leads n only to ! conclusion t ?+s 9 !mselves _c be kn[n to u2 b also to ! conclusion t k ( !m1 7 x possible1 w\ld be useless4 99 99 99 99 99 #bf4 ,!re /ill rema9s ! f9al "q--,:at mu/ we say conc]n+ t :i* transc5ds k8 ,are we to re/ :olly 9 ! consci\sness ( ph5om5a8--is ! result ( inquiry to exclude utt]ly f our m9ds ev]y?+ b ! relative8 or mu/ we also believe 9 some?+ beyond ! relative8 ,! answ] ( pure logic is held to be1 t by ! limits ( our intellig5ce we are rigor\sly conf9$ )9 ! relative2 & t any?+ transc5d+ ! relative c be ?\ght ( only z a pure negation1 or z a non-exi/5ce4 8,! absolute is conceiv$ m]ely by a negation ( conceivability10 writes ,sir ,william ,hamilton4 8,! ,absolute & ! ,inf9ite0 says ,mr ,mansel1 8are ?us1 l ! ,inconceivable & ! ,imp]ceptible1 names indicat+1 n an object ( ?\ght or ( consci\sness at all1 b ! m]e abs5ce ( ! conditions "u :i* consci\sness is possible40 ,f ea* ( :i* extracts may be d$uc$ ! conclusion1 t s9ce reason _c w>rant u 9 affirm+ ! positive exi/5ce ( :at is cognizable only z a negation1 we _c rationally affirm ! positive exi/5ce ( any?+ beyond ph5om5a4 ,unavoidable z ?is conclusion seems1 x involves1 ,i ?9k1 a grave error4 ,if ! premiss be grant$1 ! inf]5ce mu/ d\btless be admitt$2 b ! premiss1 9 ! =m pres5t$ by ,sir ,william ,hamilton & ,mr ,mansel1 is n /rictly true4 ,?\gh1 9 ! =ego+ pages1 ! argum5ts us$ by ^! writ]s to %[ t ! ,absolute is unkn[able1 h be5 approv+ly quot$2 & ?\gh ^! argum5ts h be5 en=c$ by o!rs equally ?or\ghgo+2 yet !re rema9s to be /at$ a qualification1 :i* saves u f t scepticism o!rwise necessitat$4 ,x is n to be d5i$ t s long z we conf9e ourselves to ! purely logical aspect ( ! "q1 ! propositions quot$ above mu/ be accept$ 9 _! entirety2 b :5 we contemplate its m g5]al1 or psy*ological1 aspect1 we f9d t ^! propositions are imp]fect /atem5ts ( ! tru?3 omitt+1 or r exclud+1 z !y d1 an all-important fact4 ,to speak specifically3--,besides t def9ite consci\sness ( :i* ,logic =mulates ! laws1 !re is also an indef9ite consci\sness :i* _c be =mulat$4 ,besides complete ?\ghts1 & besides ! ?\ghts :i* ?\gh incomplete admit ( completion1 !re are ?\ghts :i* x is impossible to complete2 & yet :i* are /ill real1 9 ! s5se t !y are normal affections ( ! intellect4 ,obs]ve 9 ! fir/ place1 t e "o ( ! argum5ts by :i* ! relativity ( our k is demon/rat$1 di/9ctly po/ulates ! positive exi/5ce ( some?+ beyond ! relative4 ,to say t we _c "k ! ,absolute1 is1 by implication1 to affirm t !re is an ,absolute4 ,9 ! v d5ial ( our p[] to le>n :at ! ,absolute is1 !re lies hidd5 ! assumption t x is2 & ! mak+ ( ?is assumption proves t ! ,absolute has be5 pres5t to ! m9d1 n z a no?+1 b z a some?+4 ,simil>ly ) e /ep 9 ! reason+ by :i* ?is doctr9e is upheld4 ,! ,n\m5on1 ev]y:]e nam$ z ! anti!sis ( ! ,ph5om5on1 is ?r\gh\t necess>ily ?\ght ( z an actuality4 ,x is rigor\sly impossible to conceive t our k is a k ( ,appe>ances only1 )\t at ! same "t conceiv+ a ,reality ( :i* !y are appe>ances2 = appe>ance )\t reality is un?9kable4 ,/rike out f ! argum5t ! t]ms ,uncondition$1 ,inf9ite1 ,absolute1 ) _! equival5ts1 & 9 place ( !m write1 8negation ( conceivability10 or 8abs5ce ( ! conditions "u :i* consci\sness is possible10 & y f9d t ! argum5t becomes nons5se4 ,truly to realize 9 ?\ght any "o ( ! propositions ( :i* ! argum5t consi/s1 ! ,uncondition$ mu/ be repres5t$ z positive & n negative4 ,h[ !n c x be a legitimate conclusion f ! argum5t1 t our consci\sness ( x is negative8 ,an argum5t1 ! v con/ruction ( :i* assigns to a c]ta9 t]m a c]ta9 mean+1 b :i* ends 9 %[+ t ?is t]m has no su* mean+1 is simply an elaborate suicide4 ,cle>ly1 !n1 ! v demon/ration t a def9ite consci\sness ( ! ,absolute is impossible to u1 unavoidably presupposes an indef9ite consci\sness ( x4 ,p]haps ! be/ way ( %[+ t by ! necess>y conditions ( ?\ght1 we are oblig$ to =m a positive ?\gh vague consci\sness ( ?is :i* transc5ds di/9ct consci\sness1 is to analyze our conception ( ! anti!sis betwe5 ,relative & ,absolute4 ,x is a doctr9e call$ 9 "q by none1 t su* ant9omies ( ?\ght z ,:ole & ,"p1 ,equal & ,unequal1 ,s+ul> & ,plural1 are necess>ily conceiv$ z correlatives3 ! conception ( a "p is impossible )\t ! conception ( a :ole2 !re c be no idea ( equality )\t "o ( inequality4 ,& x is admitt$ t 9 ! same mann]1 ! ,relative is itself conceivable z su*1 only by opposition to ! ,irrelative or ,absolute4 ,sir ,william ,hamilton h[ev]1 9 8 tr5*ant 7& 9 mo/ p>ts unansw]able7 criticism on ,c\s91 cont5ds1 9 con=mity ) 8 position above /at$1 t "o ( ^! correlatives is no?+ :atev] beyond ! negation ( ! o!r4 8,correlatives0 he says 8c]ta9ly sugge/ ea* o!r1 b correlatives may1 or may n1 be equally real & positive4 ,9 ?\ght contradictories necess>ily imply ea* o!r1 = ! k ( contradictories is "o4 ,b ! reality ( "o contradictory1 s f> f gu>antee+ ! reality ( ! o!r1 is no?+ else ?an its negation4 ,?us e positive notion 7! concept ( a ?+ by :at x is7 sugge/s a negative notion 7! concept ( a ?+ by :at x is n72 & ! highe/ positive notion1 ! notion ( ! conceivable1 is n )\t its correspond+ negative 9 ! notion ( ! inconceivable4 ,b ?\gh ^! mutually sugge/ ea* o!r1 ! positive alone is real2 ! negative is only an ab/raction ( ! o!r1 & 9 ! highe/ g5]ality1 ev5 an ab/raction ( ?\ght itself40 ,n[ ! ass]tion t ( su* contradictories 8! negative is only an ab/raction ( ! o!r0--8is no?+ else ?an its negation10--is n true4 ,9 su* correlatives z ,equal & ,unequal1 x is obvi\s en\gh t ! negative concept conta9s some?+ besides ! negation ( ! positive "o2 = ! ?+s ( :i* equality is d5i$ are n aboli%$ f consci\sness by ! d5ial4 ,& ! fact ov]look$ by ,sir ,william ,hamilton1 is1 t ! l holds ev5 ) ^? correlatives ( :i* ! negative is inconceivable1 9 ! /rict s5se ( ! ^w4 ,take = example ! ,limit$ & ! ,unlimit$4 ,our notion ( ! ,limit$ is compos$1 fir/ly ( a consci\sness ( "s k9d ( be+1 & secondly ( a consci\sness ( ! limits "u :i* x is kn[n4 ,9 ! anti!tical notion ( ! ,unlimit$1 ! consci\sness ( limits is aboli%$2 b n ! consci\sness ( "s k9d ( be+4 ,x is q true t 9 ! abs5ce ( conceiv$ limits1 ?is consci\sness ceases to be a concept prop]ly s call$2 b x is none ! less true t x rema9s z a mode ( consci\sness4 ,if1 9 su* cases1 ! negative contradictory 71 z alleg$1 8no?+ else0 ?an ! negation ( ! o!r1 & !re=e a m]e non5tity1 !n x w\ld cle>ly foll[ t negative contradictories c\ld be us$ int]*angeably3 ! ,unlimit$ might be ?\ght ( z anti!tical to ! ,divisible2 & ! ,indivisible z anti!tical to ! ,limit$4 ,:ile ! fact t !y _c be s us$1 proves t 9 consci\sness ! ,unlimit$ & ! ,indivisible are qualitatively di/9ct1 & !re=e positive or real2 s9ce di/9ction _c exi/ betwe5 no?+s4 ,! error1 7v naturally fall5 into by philosoph]s int5t on demon/rat+ ! limits & conditions ( consci\sness17 consi/s 9 assum+ t consci\sness conta9s no?+ b limits & conditions2 to ! entire neglect ( t :i* is limit$ & condition$4 ,x is =gott5 t !re is some?+ :i* alike =ms ! raw mat]ial ( def9ite ?\ght & rema9s aft] ! def9it5ess :i* ?9k+ gave to x has be5 de/roy$4 ,n[ all ?is applies by *ange ( t]ms to ! la/ & highe/ ( ^! ant9omies--t betwe5 ! ,relative & ! ,non-relative4 ,we are consci\s ( ! ,relative z exi/5ce "u conditions & limits2 x is impossible t ^! conditions & limits c be ?\ght ( ap>t f some?+ to :i* !y give ! =m2 ! ab/raction ( ^! conditions & limits1 is1 by ! hypo!sis1 ! ab/raction ( !m only2 consequ5tly !re mu/ be a residu>y consci\sness ( some?+ :i* fill$ up _! outl9es2 & ?is indef9ite some?+ con/itutes our consci\sness ( ! ,non-relative or ,absolute4 ,impossible ?\gh x is to give to ?is consci\sness any qualitative or quantitative expression :atev]1 x is n ! less c]ta9 t x rema9s ) u z a positive & inde/ructible elem5t ( ?\ght4 ,/ill m manife/ w ?is tru? become :5 x is obs]v$ t our conception ( ! ,relative itself disappe>s1 if our conception ( ! ,absolute is a pure negation4 ,x is admitt$1 or r x is cont5d$1 by ! writ]s ,i h quot$ above1 t contradictories c be kn[n only 9 relation to ea* o!r--t ,equality1 = in/ance1 is un?9kable ap>t f its correlative ,inequality2 & t ?us ! ,relative c itself be conceiv$ only by opposition to ! ,non-relative4 ,x is also admitt$1 or r cont5d$1 t ! consci\sness ( a relation implies a consci\sness ( bo? ! relat$ memb]s4 ,if we are requir$ to conceive ! relation betwe5 ! ,relative & ,non-relative )\t be+ consci\s ( bo?1 8we are 9 fact0 7to quote ! words ( ,mr ,mansel diff]5tly appli$7 8requir$ to comp>e t ( :i* we are consci\s ) t ( :i* we are n consci\s2 ! comp>ison itself be+ an act ( consci\sness1 & only possible ?r\gh ! consci\sness ( bo? its objects40 ,:at !n becomes ( ! ass]tion t 8! ,absolute is conceiv$ m]ely by a negation ( conceivability10 or z 8! m]e abs5ce ( ! conditions "u :i* consci\sness is possible80 ,if ! ,non-relative or ,absolute1 is pres5t 9 ?\ght only z a m]e negation1 !n ! relation betwe5 x & ! ,relative becomes un?9kable1 because "o ( ! t]ms ( ! relation is abs5t f consci\sness4 ,& if ?is relation is un?9kable1 !n is ! ,relative itself un?9kable1 = want ( its anti!sis3 :5ce results ! disappe>ance ( all ?\ght :atev]4 ,let me "h po9t out t bo? ,sir ,wm ,hamilton & ,mr ,mansel1 d1 9 o!r places1 di/9ctly imply t our consci\sness ( ! ,absolute1 indef9ite ?\gh x is1 is positive & n negative4 ,! v passage already quot$ f ,sir ,wm ,hamilton1 9 :i* he ass]ts t 8! absolute is conceiv$ m]ely by a negation ( conceivability10 itself ends ) ! rem>k t1 8by a wond]ful revelation1 we are ?us1 9 ! v consci\sness ( our inability to conceive aught above ! relative & f9ite1 inspir$ ) a belief 9 ! exi/5ce ( some?+ uncondition$ beyond ! sph]e ( all compreh5sible reality40 ,! la/ ( ^! ass]tions practically admits t :i* ! o!r d5ies4 ,by ! laws ( ?\ght z ,sir ,wm ,hamilton has int]pret$ !m1 he f9ds himself =c$ to ! conclusion t our consci\sness ( ! ,absolute is a pure negation4 ,he nev]!less f9ds t !re does exi/ 9 consci\sness an irresi/ible conviction ( ! real 8exi/5ce ( some?+ uncondition$40 ,& he gets ov] ! inconsi/5cy by speak+ ( ?is conviction z 8a wond]ful revelation0--8a belief0 ) :i* we are 8inspir$30 ?us app>5tly h9t+ t x is sup]naturally at v>iance ) ! laws ( ?\ght4 ,mr ,mansel is betray$ into a l inconsi/5cy4 ,:5 he says t 8we are compell$1 by ! con/itution ( our m9ds1 to believe 9 ! exi/5ce ( an ,absolute & ,inf9ite ,be+1--a belief :i* appe>s =c$ ^u u1 z ! complem5t ( our consci\sness ( ! relative & ! f9ite20 he cle>ly says by implication t ?is consci\sness is positive1 & n negative4 ,he tacitly admits t we are oblig$ to reg>d ! ,absolute z some?+ m ?an a negation--t our consci\sness ( x is n 8! m]e abs5ce ( ! conditions "u :i* consci\sness is possible40 ,! supreme importance ( ?is "q mu/ be my apology = tax+ ! read]'s att5tion a little fur!r1 9 ! hope ( cle>+ up ! rema9+ difficulties4 ,! necess>ily positive "* ( our consci\sness ( ! ,uncondition$1 :i*1 z we h se51 foll[s f an ultimate law ( ?\ght1 w be bett] und]/ood on contemplat+ ! process ( ?\ght4 ,"o ( ! argum5ts us$ to prove ! relativity ( our k1 is1 t we _c conceive ,space or ,"t z ei!r limit$ or unlimit$4 ,x is po9t$ out t :5 we imag9e a limit1 !re simultane\sly arises ! consci\sness ( a space or "t exi/+ beyond ! limit4 ,?is remot] space or "t1 ?\gh n contemplat$ z def9ite1 is yet contemplat$ z real4 ,?\gh we d n =m ( x a conception prop]1 s9ce we d n br+ x )9 b\nds1 !re is yet 9 our m9ds ! un%ap$ mat]ial ( a conception4 ,simil>ly ) our consci\sness ( ,cause4 ,we are no m able to =m a circumscrib$ idea ( ,cause1 ?an ( ,space or ,"t2 & we are consequ5tly oblig$ to ?9k ( ! ,cause :i* transc5ds ! limits ( our ?\ght z positive ?\gh indef9ite4 ,j 9 ! same mann] t on conceiv+ any b\nd$ space1 !re arises a nasc5t consci\sness ( space outside ! b\nds2 s1 :5 we ?9k ( any def9ite cause1 !re arises a nasc5t consci\sness ( a cause beh9d x3 & 9 ! "o case z 9 ! o!r1 ?is nasc5t consci\sness is 9 sub/ance l t :i* sugge/s x1 ?\gh )\t =m4 ,! mom5tum ( ?\ght inevitably c>ries u beyond condition$ exi/5ce to uncondition$ exi/5ce2 & ?is ev] p]si/s 9 u z ! body ( a ?\ght to :i* we c give no %ape4 ,h5ce our firm belief 9 objective reality--a belief :i* metaphysical criticisms _c = a mom5t %ake4 ,:5 we are taught t a piece ( matt]1 reg>d$ by u z exi/+ ext]nally1 _c be really kn[n1 b t we c "k only c]ta9 impressions produc$ on u1 we are yet1 by ! relativity ( our ?\ght1 compell$ to ?9k ( ^! 9 relation to a positive cause--! notion ( a real exi/5ce :i* g5]at$ ^! impressions becomes nasc5t4 ,if x be prov$ to u t e notion ( a real exi/5ce :i* we c frame1 is utt]ly inconsi/5t ) itself--t matt]1 h[ev] conceiv$ by u1 _c be matt] z x actually is1 our conception1 ?\gh transfigur$1 is n de/roy$3 !re rema9s ! s5se ( reality1 dissociat$ z f> z possible f ^? special =ms "u :i* x 0 be=e repres5t$ 9 ?\ght4 ,?\gh ,philosophy condemns successively ea* attempt$ conception ( ! ,absolute--?\gh x proves to u t ! ,absolute is n ?is1 nor t1 nor t--?\gh 9 ob$i5ce to x we negative1 "o aft] ano!r1 ea* idea z x arises2 yet1 z we _c expel ! entire cont5ts ( consci\sness1 !re ev] rema9s beh9d an elem5t :i* passes into new %apes4 ,! cont9ual negation ( ea* p>ticul> =m & limit1 simply results 9 ! m or less complete ab/raction ( all =ms & limits2 & s ends 9 an indef9ite consci\sness ( ! un=m$ & unlimit$4 ,& "h we come face to face ) ! ultimate difficulty--,h[ c !re possibly be con/itut$ a consci\sness ( ! un=m$ & unlimit$1 :51 by its v nature1 consci\sness is possible only "u =ms & limits8 ,if e consci\sness ( exi/5ce is a consci\sness ( exi/5ce z condition$1 !n h[1 aft] ! negation ( conditions1 c !re be any residuum84 ,?\gh n directly )drawn by ! )drawal ( its conditions1 mu/ n ! raw mat]ial ( consci\sness be )drawn by implication8 ,mu/ x n vani% :5 ! conditions ( its exi/5ce vani%8 ,t !re mu/ be a solution ( ?is difficulty is manife/2 s9ce ev5 ^? :o w\ld put x1 d1 z already %[n1 admit t we h "s su* consci\sness2 & ! solution appe>s to be t above %ad[$ =?4 ,su* consci\sness is n1 & _c be1 con/itut$ by any s+le m5tal act2 b is ! product ( _m m5tal acts4 ,9 ea* concept !re is an elem5t :i* p]si/s4 ,x is alike impossible = ?is elem5t to be abs5t f consci\sness1 & = x to be pres5t 9 consci\sness alone3 ei!r alt]native involves unconsci\sness--! "o f ! want ( ! sub/ance2 ! o!r f ! want ( ! =m4 ,b ! p]si/5ce ( ?is elem5t "u successive conditions1 necessitates a s5se ( x z di/+ui%$ f ! conditions1 & indep5d5t ( !m4 ,! s5se ( a some?+ t is condition$ 9 e ?\ght1 _c be got rid (1 because ! some?+ _c be got rid (4 ,h[ !n mu/ ! s5se ( ?is some?+ be con/itut$8 ,evid5tly by comb9+ successive concepts depriv$ ( _! limits & conditions4 ,we =m ?is indef9ite ?\ght1 z we =m _m ( our def9ite ?\ghts1 by ! coalesc5ce ( a s]ies ( ?\ghts4 ,let me illu/rate ?is4 ,a l>ge complex object1 hav+ attributes too num]\s to be repres5t$ at once1 is yet tol]ably well conceiv$ by ! union ( sev]al repres5tations1 ea* /&+ = "p ( its attributes4 ,on ?9k+ ( a piano1 !re fir/ rises 9 imag9ation its visual appe>ance1 to :i* are in/antly add$ 7?\gh by sep>ate m5tal acts7 ! ideas ( its remote side & ( its solid sub/ance4 ,a complete conception1 h[ev]1 involves ! /r+s1 ! hamm]s1 ! damp]s1 ! p$als2 & :ile successively add+ ^! to ! conception1 ! attributes fir/ ?\ght ( lapse m or less completely out ( consci\sness4 ,nev]!less1 ! :ole gr\p con/itutes a repres5tation ( ! piano4 ,n[ z 9 ?is case we =m a def9ite concept ( a special exi/5ce1 by impos+ limits & conditions 9 successive acts2 s1 9 ! conv]se case1 by tak+ away ! limits & conditions 9 successive acts1 we =m an indef9ite notion ( g5]al exi/5ce4 ,by fus+ a s]ies ( /ates ( consci\sness1 9 ea* ( :i*1 z x arises1 ! limitations & conditions are aboli%$1 !re is produc$ a consci\sness ( some?+ uncondition$4 ,to speak m rigor\sly3--?is consci\sness is n ! ab/ract ( any "o gr\p ( ?\ghts1 ideas1 or conceptions2 b x is ! ab/ract ( all ?\ghts1 ideas1 or conceptions4 ,t :i* is common to !m all1 & _c be got rid (1 is :at we pr$icate by ! ^w exi/5ce4 ,dissociat$ z ?is becomes f ea* ( its modes by ! p]petual *ange ( ^? modes1 x rema9s z an indef9ite consci\sness ( some?+ con/ant "u all modes--( be+ ap>t f its appe>ances4 ,! di/9ction we feel betwe5 special & g5]al exi/5ce1 is ! di/9ction betwe5 t :i* is *angeable 9 u1 & t :i* is un*angeable4 ,! contra/ betwe5 ! ,absolute & ! ,relative 9 our m9ds1 is really ! contra/ betwe5 t m5tal elem5t :i* exi/s absolutely1 & ^? :i* exi/ relatively4 ,by its v nature1 !re=e1 ?is ultimate m5tal elem5t is at once necess>ily indef9ite & necess>ily inde/ructible4 ,our consci\sness ( ! uncondition$ be+ lit]ally ! uncondition$ consci\sness1 or raw mat]ial ( ?\ght to :i* 9 ?9k+ we give def9ite =ms1 x foll[s t an ev]-pres5t s5se ( real exi/5ce is ! v basis ( our intellig5ce4 ,z we c 9 successive m5tal acts get rid ( all p>ticul> conditions & replace !m by o!rs1 b _c get rid ( t undiff]5tiat$ sub/ance ( consci\sness :i* is condition$ anew 9 e ?\ght2 !re ev] rema9s ) u a s5se ( t :i* exi/s p]si/5tly & indep5d5tly ( conditions4 ,at ! same "t t by ! laws ( ?\ght we are rigor\sly prev5t$ f =m+ a conception ( absolute exi/5ce2 we are by ! laws ( ?\ght equally prev5t$ f ridd+ ourselves ( ! consci\sness ( absolute exi/5ce3 ?is consci\sness be+1 z we "h see1 ! obv]se ( our self-consci\sness4 ,& s9ce ! only possible measure ( relative validity among our beliefs1 is ! degree ( _! p]si/5ce 9 opposition to ! ef=ts made to *ange !m1 x foll[s t ?is :i* p]si/s at all times1 "u all circum/ances1 & _c cease until consci\sness ceases1 has ! highe/ validity ( any4 ,to sum up ?is some:at too elaborate argum5t3--,we h se5 h[ 9 ! v ass]tion t all our k1 prop]ly s call$1 is ,relative1 !re is involv$ ! ass]tion t !re exi/s a ,non-relative4 ,we h se5 h[1 9 ea* /ep ( ! argum5t by :i* ?is doctr9e is e/abli%$1 ! same assumption is made4 ,we h se5 h[1 f ! v necessity ( ?9k+ 9 relations1 x foll[s t ! ,relative is itself inconceivable1 except z relat$ to a real ,non-relative4 ,we h se5 t unless a real ,non-relative or ,absolute be po/ulat$1 ! ,relative itself becomes absolute2 & s br+s ! argum5t to a contradiction4 ,& on contemplat+ ! process ( ?\ght1 we h equally se5 h[ impossible x is to get rid ( ! consci\sness ( an actuality ly+ beh9d appe>ances2 & h[1 f ?is impossibility1 results our inde/ructible belief 9 t actuality4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,! ,,reconciliation4 #bg4 ,?us d all l9es ( argum5t conv]ge to ! same conclusion4 ,! inf]5ce rea*$ priori4 9 ! la/ *apt]1 confirms ! inf]5ces :i*1 9 ! two prec$+ *apt]s1 7 rea*$ po/]iori4 ,^? imbecilities ( ! und]/&+ t disclose !mselves :5 we try to answ] ! highe/ que/ions ( objective sci5ce1 subjective sci5ce proves to be necessitat$ by ! laws ( t und]/&+4 ,we n only le>n by ! fru/ration ( all our ef=ts1 t ! reality und]ly+ appe>ances is totally & = ev] inconceivable by u2 b we also le>n :y1 f ! v nature ( our intellig5ce1 x mu/ be s4 ,f9ally we discov] t ?is conclusion1 :i*1 9 its unqualifi$ =m1 seems oppos$ to ! in/9ctive convictions ( mank9d1 falls into h>mony ) !m :5 ! miss+ qualification is suppli$4 ,?\gh ! ,absolute _c 9 any mann] or degree be kn[n1 9 ! /rict s5se ( kn[+1 yet we f9d t its positive exi/5ce is a necess>y datum ( consci\sness2 t s long z consci\sness cont9ues1 we _c = an in/ant rid x ( ?is datum2 & t ?us ! belief :i* ?is datum con/itutes1 has a high] w>rant ?an any o!r :atev]4 ,"h !n is t basis ( agreem5t we set out to seek4 ,?is conclusion :i* objective sci5ce illu/rates1 & subjective sci5ce %[s to be unavoidable1--?is conclusion :i*1 :ile x 9 ! ma9 expresses ! doctr9e ( ! ,engli% s*ool ( philosophy1 recognizes also a s\l ( tru? 9 ! doctr9e ( ! antagoni/ ,g]man s*ool--?is conclusion :i* br+s ! results ( speculation into h>mony ) ^? ( common s5se2 is also ! conclusion :i* reconciles ,religion ) ,sci5ce4 ,common ,s5se ass]ts ! exi/5ce ( a reality2 ,objective ,sci5ce proves t ?is reality _c be :at we ?9k x2 ,subjective ,sci5ce %[s :y we _c ?9k ( x z x is1 & yet are compell$ to ?9k ( x z exi/+2 & 9 ?is ass]tion ( a ,reality utt]ly inscrutable 9 nature1 ,religion f9ds an ass]tion ess5tially co9cid+ ) h] own4 ,we are oblig$ to reg>d e ph5om5on z a manife/ation ( "s ,p[] by :i* we are act$ ^u2 ph5om5a be+1 s f> z we c asc]ta91 unlimit$ 9 _! diffusion1 we are oblig$ to reg>d ?is ,p[] z omnipres5t2 & criticism tea*es u t ?is ,p[] is :olly incompreh5sible4 ,9 ?is consci\sness ( an ,incompreh5sible ,omnipres5t ,p[]1 we h j t consci\sness on :i* ,religion dwells4 ,& s we arrive at ! po9t :]e ,religion & ,sci5ce coalesce4 ,to und]/& fully h[ real is ! reconciliation ?us rea*$1 x w be ne$ful to look at ! respective attitudes t ,religion & ,sci5ce h all along ma9ta9$ t[>ds ?is conclusion4 ,we mu/ obs]ve h[1 all along1 ! imp]fections ( ea* h be5 und]go+ correction by ! o!r2 & h[ ! f9al out-come ( _! mutual criticisms1 c be no?+ else ?an an entire agreem5t on ?is deepe/ & wide/ ( all tru?s4 99 99 99 99 99 #bh4 ,9 ,religion let u recognize ! high m]it t f ! beg9n+ x has dimly disc]n$ ! ultimate v]ity1 & has nev] ceas$ to insi/ ^u x4 ,9 its e>lie/ & crude/ =ms x manife/$1 h[ev] vaguely & inconsi/5tly1 an intuition =m+ ! g]m ( ?is highe/ belief 9 :i* all philosophies f9ally unite4 ,! consci\sness ( a my/]y is traceable 9 ! rude/ feti%ism4 ,ea* high] religi\s cre$1 reject+ ^? def9ite & simple int]pretations ( ,nature previ\sly giv51 has become m religi\s by do+ ?is4 ,z ! q concrete & conceivable ag5cies alleg$ z ! causes ( ?+s1 h be5 replac$ by ag5cies less concrete & conceivable1 ! elem5t ( my/]y has ( necessity become m pr$om9ant4 ,?r\gh all its successive phases ! disappe>ance ( ^? positive dogmas by :i* ! my/]y 0 made unmy/]i\s1 has =m$ ! ess5tial *ange del9eat$ 9 religi\s hi/ory4 ,& s ,religion has ev] be5 approximat+ t[>ds t complete recognition ( ?is my/]y :i* is its goal4 ,= its ess5tially valid belief1 ,religion has con/antly done battle4 ,gross z 7 ! disguises "u :i* x fir/ esp\s$ ?is belief1 & *]i%+ ?is belief1 ?\gh x /ill does1 "u disfigur+ ve/m5ts1 x has nev] ceas$ to ma9ta9 & def5d x4 ,x has ev]y:]e e/abli%$ & propagat$ "o or o!r modification ( ! doctr9e t all ?+s are manife/ations ( a ,p[] t transc5ds our k4 ,?\gh f age to age1 ,sci5ce has cont9ually defeat$ x :]ev] !y h come 9 collision1 & has oblig$ x to rel9qui% "o or m ( its positions2 x has /ill held ! rema9+ ones ) undim9i%$ t5acity4 ,no exposure ( ! logical inconsi/5cy ( its conclusions--no pro( t ea* ( its p>ticul> dogmas 0 absurd1 has be5 able to weak5 its allegiance to t ultimate v]ity = :i* x /&s4 ,aft] criticism has aboli%$ all its argum5ts & r$uc$ x to sil5ce1 !re has /ill rema9$ ) x ! inde/ructible consci\sness ( a tru? :i*1 h[ev] faulty ! mode 9 :i* x _h be5 express$1 0 yet a tru? beyond cavil4 ,to ?is conviction its adh]5ce has be5 sub/antially s9c]e4 ,& = ! gu>dian%ip & diffusion ( x1 ,humanity has ev] be51 & mu/ ev] be1 its debtor4 ,b :ile f ! beg9n+1 ,religion has _h ! all-ess5tial (fice ( prev5t+ m5 f be+ :olly absorb$ 9 ! relative or imm$iate1 & ( awak5+ !m to a consci\sness ( some?+ beyond x1 ?is (fice has be5 b v imp]fectly dis*>g$4 ,religion has ev] be5 m or less irreligi\s2 & x cont9ues to be p>tially irreligi\s ev5 n[4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 z impli$ above1 x has all along pr(ess$ to h "s k ( t :i* transc5ds k2 & has s contradict$ its own tea*+s4 ,:ile ) "o brea? x has ass]t$ t ! ,cause ( all ?+s passes und]/&+1 x has1 ) ! next brea?1 ass]t$ t ! ,cause ( all ?+s possesses su* or su* attributes--c be 9 s f> und]/ood4 ,9 ! second place1 :ile 9 great "p s9c]e 9 its fealty to ! great tru? x _h _h to uphold1 x has (t5 be5 ins9c]e1 & consequ5tly irreligi\s1 9 ma9ta9+ ! unt5able doctr9es by :i* x has obscur$ ?is great tru?4 ,ea* ass]tion respect+ ! nature1 acts1 or motives ( t ,p[] :i* ! ,univ]se manife/s to u1 has be5 repeat$ly call$ 9 "q1 & prov$ to be inconsi/5t ) itself1 or ) accompany+ ass]tions4 ,yet ea* ( !m has be5 age aft] age insi/$ on1 9 spite ( a secret consci\sness t x w\ld n be> exam9ation4 ,j z ?\gh unaw>e t its c5tral position 0 impregnable1 ,religion has ob/9ately held e outpo/ long aft] x 0 obvi\sly indef5sible4 ,& ?is naturally introduces u to ! ?ird & mo/ s]i\s =m ( irreligion :i* ,religion has display$2 namely1 an imp]fect belief 9 t :i* x especially pr(esses to believe4 ,h[ truly its c5tral position is impregnable1 ,religion has nev] adequately realiz$4 ,9 ! dev\te/ fai? z we habitually see x1 !re lies hidd5 an inn]mo/ core ( scepticism2 & x is ?is scepticism :i* causes t dread ( inquiry display$ by ,religion :5 face to face ) ,sci5ce4 ,oblig$ to ab&on "o by "o ! sup]/itions x once t5aci\sly held1 & daily f9d+ its *]i%$ beliefs m & m %ak51 ,religion %[s a secret fe> t all ?+s may "s day be expla9$2 & ?us itself betrays a lurk+ d\bt :e!r t ,incompreh5sible ,cause ( :i* x is consci\s1 is really incompreh5sible4 ,( ,religion !n1 we mu/ always rememb]1 t amid its _m errors & corruptions x has ass]t$ & diffus$ a supreme v]ity4 ,f ! fir/1 ! recognition ( ?is supreme v]ity1 9 h[ev] imp]fect a mann]1 has be5 its vital elem5t2 & its v>i\s defects1 once extreme b gradually dim9i%+1 h be5 s _m failures to recognize 9 full t :i* x recogniz$ 9 "p4 ,! truly religi\s elem5t ( ,religion has always be5 good2 t :i* has prov$ unt5able 9 doctr9e & vici\s 9 practice1 has be5 its irreligi\s elem5t2 & f ?is x has be5 ev] und]go+ purification4 99 99 99 99 99 #bi4 ,& n[ obs]ve t all along1 ! ag5t :i* has effect$ ! purification has be5 ,sci5ce4 ,we habitually ov]look ! fact t ?is has be5 "o ( its functions4 ,religion ignores its imm5se debt to ,sci5ce2 & ,sci5ce is sc>cely at all consci\s h[ mu* ,religion owes x4 ,yet x is demon/rable t e /ep by :i* ,religion has progress$ f its fir/ l[ conception to ! comp>atively high "o x has n[ rea*$1 ,sci5ce has help$ x1 or r =c$ x1 to take2 & t ev5 n[1 ,sci5ce is urg+ fur!r /eps 9 ! same direction4 ,us+ ! ^w ,sci5ce 9 its true s5se1 z compreh5d+ all positive & def9ite k ( ! ord] exi/+ among surr\nd+ ph5om5a1 x becomes manife/ t f ! outset1 ! discov]y ( an e/abli%$ ord] has modifi$ t conception ( disord]1 or undet]m9$ ord]1 :i* und]lies e sup]/ition4 ,z fa/ z exp]i5ce proves t c]ta9 famili> *anges always happ5 9 ! same sequ5ce1 !re beg9s to fade f ! m9d ! conception ( a special p]sonality to ^: v>iable w !y 7 be=e ascrib$4 ,& :51 /ep by /ep1 accumulat+ obs]vations d ! l ) ! less famili> *anges1 a simil> modification ( belief takes place ) respect to !m4 ,:ile ?is process seems to ^? :o effect1 & ^? :o und]go x1 an anti-religi\s "o1 x is really ! rev]se4 ,in/ead ( ! specific compreh5sible ag5cy be=e assign$1 !re is sub/itut$ a less specific & less compreh5sible ag5cy2 & ?\gh ?is1 /&+ 9 opposition to ! previ\s "o1 _c at fir/ call =? ! same feel+1 yet1 z be+ less compreh5sible1 x mu/ ev5tually call =? ?is feel+ m fully4 ,take an in/ance4 ,( old ! ,sun 0 reg>d$ z ! *>iot ( a god1 drawn by horses4 ,h[ f> ! idea ?us grossly express$1 0 idealiz$1 we ne$ n inquire4 ,x suffices to rem>k t ?is acc\nt+ = ! app>5t motion ( ! ,sun by an ag5cy l c]ta9 visible t]re/rial ag5cies1 r$uc$ a daily wond] to ! level ( ! commone/ intellect4 ,:51 _m c5turies aft]1 ,kepl] discov]$ t ! planets mov$ r\nd ! ,sun 9 ellipses & describ$ equal areas 9 equal times1 he conclud$ t 9 ea* planet !re mu/ exi/ a _s to guide its movem5ts4 ,"h we see t ) ! progress ( ,sci5ce1 !re _h disappe>$ ! idea ( a gross me*anical traction1 su* z 0 fir/ assign$ 9 ! case ( ! ,sun2 b t :ile = ?is !re 0 sub/itut$ an indef9ite & less-easily conceivable =ce1 x 0 /ill ?\ght ne$ful to assume a special p]sonal ag5t z a cause ( ! regul> irregul>ity ( motion4 ,:51 f9ally1 x 0 prov$ t ^! planet>y revolutions ) all _! v>iations & di/urbances1 con=m$ to "o univ]sal law--:5 ! presid+ spirits :i* ,kepl] conceiv$ 7 set aside1 & ! =ce ( gravitation put 9 _! place2 ! *ange 0 really ! abolition ( an imag9able ag5cy1 & ! sub/itution ( an unimag9able "o4 ,= ?\gh ! law ( gravitation is )9 our m5tal grasp1 x is impossible to realize 9 ?\ght ! =ce ( gravitation4 ,newton himself confess$ ! =ce ( gravitation to be incompreh5sible )\t ! int]m$iation ( an e!r2 &1 z we h already se51 7 #ah17 ! assumption ( an e!r does n 9 ! lea/ help u4 ,?us x is ) ,sci5ce 9 g5]al4 ,its progress 9 gr\p+ p>ticul> relations ( ph5om5a "u laws1 & ^! special laws "u laws m & m g5]al1 is ( necessity a progress to causes t are m & m ab/ract4 ,& causes m & m ab/ract1 are ( necessity causes less & less conceivable2 s9ce ! =mation ( an ab/ract conception involves ! dropp+ ( c]ta9 concrete elem5ts ( ?\ght4 ,h5ce ! mo/ ab/ract conception1 to :i* ,sci5ce is ev] sl[ly approa*+1 is "o t m]ges into ! inconceivable or un?9kable1 by ! dropp+ ( all concrete elem5ts ( ?\ght4 ,& s is ju/ifi$ ! ass]tion1 t ! beliefs :i* ,sci5ce has =c$ ^u ,religion1 h be5 intr9sically m religi\s ?an ^? :i* !y supplant$4 ,sci5ce h[ev]1 l ,religion1 has b v incompletely fulfill$ its (fice4 ,z ,religion has fall5 %ort ( its function 9 s f> z x has be5 irreligi\s2 s has ,sci5ce fall5 %ort ( its function 9 s f> z x has be5 unsci5tific4 ,let u note ! sev]al p>allelisms4 ,9 its e>li] /ages1 ,sci5ce1 :ile x began to tea* ! con/ant relations ( ph5om5a1 & s discr$it$ ! belief 9 sep>ate p]sonalities z ! causes ( !m1 itself sub/itut$ ! belief 9 causal ag5cies :i*1 if n p]sonal1 7 yet concrete4 ,:5 c]ta9 facts 7 said to %[ 8,nature's abhorr5ce ( a vacuum10 :5 ! prop]ties ( gold 7 expla9$ z due to "s entity call$ 8aureity10 & :5 ! ph5om5a ( life 7 attribut$ to 8a vital pr9ciple20 !re 0 set up a mode ( int]pret+ ! facts1 :i*1 :ile antagoni/ic to ! religi\s mode1 because assign+ o!r ag5cies1 0 also unsci5tific1 because x pr(ess$ to "k t ab\t :i* no?+ 0 kn[n4 ,hav+ ab&on$ ^! metaphysical ag5cies--hav+ se5 t !y 7 n indep5d5t exi/5ces1 b m]ely special comb9ations ( g5]al causes1 ,sci5ce has m rec5tly ascrib$ ext5sive gr\ps ( ph5om5a to electricity1 *emical aff9ity1 & o!r l g5]al p[]s4 ,b 9 speak+ ( ^! z ultimate & indep5d5t entities1 ,sci5ce has pres]v$ sub/antially ! same attitude z be=e4 ,acc\nt+ ?us = all ph5om5a1 ^? ( ,life & ,?\ght includ$1 x has n only ma9ta9$ its seem+ antagonism to ,religion1 by alleg+ ag5cies ( a radically unlike k9d2 b1 9 s f> z x has tacitly assum$ a k ( ^! ag5cies1 x has cont9u$ unsci5tific4 ,at ! pres5t "t1 h[ev]1 ! mo/ advanc$ m5 ( sci5ce are ab&on+ ^! lat] conceptions1 z _! pr$ecessors ab&on$ ! e>li] ones4 ,magnetism1 heat1 light c1 :i* 7 a:ile s9ce spok5 ( z s _m di/9ct impond]ables1 physici/s are n[ beg9n+ to reg>d z diff]5t modes ( manife/ation ( "s "o univ]sal =ce2 & 9 s do+ are ceas+ to ?9k ( ?is =ce z compreh5sible4 ,9 ea* phase ( its progress1 ,sci5ce has ?us /opp$ %ort ) sup]ficial solutions--has unsci5tifically neglect$ to ask :at 0 ! nature ( ! ag5ts x s famili>ly invok$4 ,?\gh 9 ea* succe$+ phase x has gone a little deep]1 & m]g$ its suppos$ ag5ts 9 m g5]al & ab/ract ones1 x has /ill1 z be=e1 re/$ cont5t ) ^! z if !y 7 asc]ta9$ realities4 ,& ?is1 :i* has all along be5 ! unsci5tific *>act]i/ic ( ,sci5ce1 has all along be5 a "p cause ( its conflict ) ,religion4 99 99 99 99 99 #cj4 ,we see !n t f ! fir/1 ! faults ( bo? ,religion & ,sci5ce h be5 ! faults ( imp]fect developm5t4 ,orig9ally a m]e rudim5t1 ea* has be5 gr[+ into a m complete =m2 ! vice ( ea* has 9 all times be5 its incomplet5ess2 ! disagreem5ts betwe5 !m h ?r\gh\t be5 no?+ m ?an ! consequ5ces ( _! incomplet5ess2 & z !y rea* _! f9al =ms1 !y come into entire h>mony4 ,! progress ( intellig5ce has ?r\gh\t be5 dual4 ,?\gh x has n seem$ s to ^? :o made x1 e /ep 9 advance has be5 a /ep t[>ds bo? ! natural & ! sup]natural4 ,! bett] int]pretation ( ea* ph5om5on has be51 on ! "o h&1 ! rejection ( a cause t 0 relatively conceivable 9 its nature b unkn[n 9 ! ord] ( its actions1 &1 on ! o!r h&1 ! adoption ( a cause t 0 kn[n 9 ! ord] ( its actions b relatively inconceivable 9 its nature4 ,! fir/ advance out ( univ]sal feti%ism1 manife/ly involv$ ! conception ( ag5cies less assimilable to ! famili> ag5cies ( m5 & animals1 & !re=e less und]/ood2 :ile1 at ! same "t1 su* newly-conceiv$ ag5cies 9 s f> z !y 7 di/+ui%$ by _! uni=m effects1 7 bett] und]/ood ?an ^? !y replac$4 ,all subsequ5t advances display ! same d\ble result4 ,e deep] & m g5]al p[] arriv$ at z a cause ( ph5om5a1 has be5 at once less compreh5sible ?an ! special ones x sup]s$$1 9 ! s5se ( be+ less def9itely repres5table 9 ?\ght2 :ile x has be5 m compreh5sible 9 ! s5se t its actions h be5 m completely pr$icable4 ,! progress has ?us be5 z mu* t[>ds ! e/abli%m5t ( a positively unkn[n z t[>ds ! e/abli%m5t ( a positively kn[n4 ,?\gh z k approa*es its culm9ation1 e unacc\ntable & seem+ly sup]natural fact1 is br\ght into ! category ( facts t are acc\ntable or natural2 yet1 at ! same "t1 all acc\ntable or natural facts are prov$ to be 9 _! ultimate g5esis unacc\ntable & sup]natural4 ,& s !re arise two anti!tical /ates ( m9d1 answ]+ to ! opposite sides ( t exi/5ce ab\t :i* we ?9k4 ,:ile our consci\sness ( ,nature "u ! "o aspect con/itutes ,sci5ce1 our consci\sness ( x "u ! o!r aspect con/itutes ,religion4 ,o!rwise contemplat+ ! facts1 we may say t ,religion & ,sci5ce h be5 und]go+ a sl[ diff]5tiation2 & t _! ceaseless conflicts h be5 due to ! imp]fect sep>ation ( _! sph]es & functions4 ,religion has1 f ! fir/1 /ruggl$ to unite m or less sci5ce ) its nesci5ce2 ,sci5ce has1 f ! fir/1 kept hold ( m or less nesci5ce z ?\gh x 7 a "p ( sci5ce4 ,ea* has be5 oblig$ gradually to rel9qui% t t]ritory :i* x wrongly claim$1 :ile x has ga9$ f ! o!r t to :i* x _h a "r2 & ! antagonism betwe5 !m has be5 an inevitable accompanim5t ( ?is process4 ,a m specific /atem5t w make ?is cle>4 ,religion1 ?\gh at ! outset x ass]t$ a my/]y1 also made num]\s def9ite ass]tions respect+ ?is my/]y--pr(ess$ to "k its nature 9 ! m9ute/ detail2 & 9 s f> z x claim$ positive k1 x trespass$ ^u ! prov9ce ( ,sci5ce4 ,f ! times ( e>ly my?ologies1 :5 su* intimate acqua9tance ) ! my/]y 0 alleg$1 d[n to our own days1 :5 b a few ab/ract & vague propositions are ma9ta9$1 ,religion has be5 compell$ by ,sci5ce to give up "o aft] ano!r ( its dogmas--( ^? assum$ cognitions :i* x c\ld n sub/antiate4 ,9 ! mean "t1 ,sci5ce sub/itut$ = ! p]sonalities to :i* ,religion ascrib$ ph5om5a1 c]ta9 metaphysical entities2 & 9 do+ ?is x trespass$ on ! prov9ce ( ,religion2 s9ce x class$ among ! ?+s :i* x compreh5d$1 c]ta9 =ms ( ! incompreh5sible4 ,p>tly by ! criticisms ( ,religion1 :i* has occasionally call$ 9 "q its assumptions1 & p>tly z a consequ5ce ( spontane\s gr[?1 ,sci5ce has be5 oblig$ to ab&on ^! attempts to include )9 ! b\nd>ies ( k t :i* _c be kn[n2 & has s yield$ up to ,religion t :i* ( "r belong$ to x4 ,s long z ?is process ( diff]5tiation is incomplete1 m or less ( antagonism mu/ cont9ue4 ,gradually z ! limits ( possible cognition are e/abli%$1 ! causes ( conflict w dim9i%4 ,& a p]man5t peace w be rea*$ :5 ,sci5ce becomes fully conv9c$ t its explanations are proximate & relative2 :ile ,religion becomes fully conv9c$ t ! my/]y x contemplates is ultimate & absolute4 ,religion & ,sci5ce are !re=e necess>y correlatives4 ,z already h9t$1 !y /& respectively = ^? two anti!tical modes ( consci\sness :i* _c exi/ asund]4 ,a kn[n _c be ?\ght ( ap>t f an unkn[n2 nor c an unkn[n be ?\ght ( ap>t f a kn[n4 ,& by consequ5ce nei!r c become m di/9ct )\t giv+ great] di/9ctness to ! o!r4 ,to c>ry fur!r a metaphor be=e us$1--!y are ! positive & negative poles ( ?\ght2 ( :i* nei!r c ga9 9 int5sity )\t increas+ ! int5sity ( ! o!r4 99 99 99 99 99 #ca4 ,?us ! consci\sness ( an ,inscrutable ,p[] manife/$ to u ?r\gh all ph5om5a1 has be5 gr[+ ev] cle>]2 & mu/ ev5tually be fre$ f its imp]fections4 ,! c]ta9ty t on ! "o h& su* a ,p[] exi/s1 :ile on ! o!r h& its nature transc5ds intuition & is beyond imag9ation1 is ! c]ta9ty t[>ds :i* intellig5ce has f ! fir/ be5 progress+4 ,to ?is conclusion ,sci5ce inevitably arrives z x rea*es its conf9es2 :ile to ?is conclusion ,religion is irresi/ibly driv5 by criticism4 ,& satisfy+ z x does ! dem&s ( ! mo/ rigor\s logic at ! same "t t x gives ! religi\s s5tim5t ! wide/ possible sph]e ( action1 x is ! conclusion we are b\nd to accept )\t res]ve or qualification4 ,"s d inde$ allege t ?\gh ! ,ultimate ,cause ( ?+s _c really be ?\ght ( by u z hav+ specifi$ attributes1 x is yet incumb5t ^u u to ass]t ^! attributes4 ,?\gh ! =ms ( our consci\sness are su* t ! ,absolute _c 9 any mann] or degree be br\ght )9 !m1 we are nev]!less told t we mu/ repres5t ! ,absolute to ourselves "u ^! =ms4 ,z writes ,mr ,mansel1 9 ! "w f :i* ,i h already quot$ l>gely--8,x is our duty1 !n1 to ?9k ( ,god z p]sonal2 & x is our duty to believe t ,he is inf9ite40 ,t ?is is n ! conclusion "h adopt$1 ne$s h>dly be said4 ,if !re be any mean+ 9 ! =ego+ argum5ts1 duty requires u nei!r to affirm nor d5y p]sonality4 ,our duty is to submit ourselves ) all humility to ! e/abli%$ limits ( our intellig5ce2 & n p]v]sely to rebel aga9/ !m4 ,let ^? :o c1 believe t !re is et]nal w> set betwe5 our intellectual faculties & our moral obligations4 ,i = "o1 admit no su* radical vice 9 ! con/itution ( ?+s4 ,?is :i* to mo/ w seem an ess5tially irreligi\s position1 is an ess5tially religi\s "o--nay is ! religi\s "o1 to :i*1 z already %[n1 all o!rs are b approximations4 ,9 ! e/imate x implies ( ! ,ultimate ,cause1 x does n fall %ort ( ! alt]native position1 b exce$s x4 ,^? :o esp\se ?is alt]native position1 make ! errone\s assumption t ! *oice is betwe5 p]sonality & some?+ l[] ?an p]sonality2 :]eas ! *oice is r betwe5 p]sonality & some?+ high]4 ,is x n j possible t !re is a mode ( be+ z mu* transc5d+ ,intellig5ce & ,w1 z ^! transc5d me*anical motion8 ,x is true t we are totally unable to conceive any su* high] mode ( be+4 ,b ?is is n a reason = que/ion+ its exi/5ce2 x is r ! rev]se4 ,h we n se5 h[ utt]ly incompet5t our m9ds are to =m ev5 an approa* to a conception ( t :i* und]lies all ph5om5a8 ,is x n prov$ t ?is incompet5cy is ! incompet5cy ( ! ,condition$ to grasp ! ,uncondition$8 ,does x n foll[ t ! ,ultimate ,cause _c 9 any respect be conceiv$ by u because x is 9 e respect great] ?an c be conceiv$8 ,& may we n !re=e rightly refra9 f assign+ to x any attributes :atev]1 on ! gr\nd t su* attributes1 d]iv$ z !y mu/ be f our own natures1 are n elevations b degradations8 ,inde$ x seems some:at /range t m5 %\ld suppose ! highe/ wor%ip to lie 9 assimilat+ ! object ( _! wor%ip to !mselves4 ,n 9 ass]t+ a transc5dant diff]5ce1 b 9 ass]t+ a c]ta9 lik5ess1 consi/s ! elem5t ( _! cre$ :i* !y ?9k ess5tial4 ,x is true t f ! "t :5 ! rude/ savages imag9$ ! causes ( all ?+s to be creatures ( fle% & blood l !mselves1 d[n to our own "t1 ! degree ( assum$ lik5ess has be5 dim9i%+4 ,b ?\gh a bodily =m & sub/ance simil> to t ( man1 has long s9ce ceas$1 among cultivat$ races1 to be a lit]ally-conceiv$ attribute ( ! ,ultimate ,cause--?\gh ! gross] human desires h be5 also reject$ z unfit elem5ts ( ! conception--?\gh !re is "s hesitation 9 ascrib+ ev5 ! high] human feel+s1 save 9 greatly idealiz$ %apes2 yet x is /ill ?\ght n only prop]1 b imp]ative1 to ascribe ! mo/ ab/ract qualities ( our nature4 ,to ?9k ( ! ,creative ,p[] z 9 all respects an?ropomorph\s1 is n[ consid]$ impi\s by m5 :o yet hold !mselves b\nd to ?9k ( ! ,creative ,p[] z 9 "s respects an?ropomorph\s2 & :o d n see t ! "o proce$+ is b an evanesc5t =m ( ! o!r4 ,& !n1 mo/ m>vell\s ( all1 ?is c\rse is p]si/$ 9 ev5 by ^? :o cont5d t we are :olly unable to frame any conception :atev] ( ! ,creative ,p[]4 ,aft] x has be5 %[n t e supposition respect+ ! g5esis ( ! ,univ]se commits u to alt]native impossibilities ( ?\ght--aft] x has be5 %[n t ea* attempt to conceive real exi/5ce ends 9 an intellectual suicide--aft] x has be5 %[n :y1 by ! v con/itution ( our m9ds1 we are et]nally deb>r$ f ?9k+ ( ! ,absolute2 x is /ill ass]t$ t we ought to ?9k ( ! ,absolute ?us & ?us4 ,9 all imag9able ways we f9d ?ru/ ^u u ! tru?1 t we are n p]mitt$ to "k--nay are n ev5 p]mitt$ to conceive--t ,reality :i* is beh9d ! veil ( ,appe>ance2 & yet x is said to be our duty to believe 7& 9 s f> to conceive7 t ?is ,reality exi/s 9 a c]ta9 def9$ mann]4 ,%all we call ?is rev]5ce8 or %all we call x ! rev]se8 ,volumes might be writt5 ^u ! impiety ( ! pi\s4 ,?r\gh ! pr9t$ & spok5 ?\ghts ( religi\s tea*]s1 may almo/ ev]y:]e be trac$ a pr(ess$ famili>ity ) ! ultimate my/]y ( ?+s1 :i*1 to say ! lea/ ( x1 seems any?+ b congru\s ) ! accompany+ expressions ( humility4 ,& surpris+ly en\gh1 ^? t5ets :i* mo/ cle>ly display ?is famili>ity1 are ^? insi/$ ^u z =m+ ! vital elem5ts ( religi\s belief4 ,! attitude ?us assum$1 c be fitly repres5t$ only by fur!r develop+ a simile long curr5t 9 !ological controv]sies--! simile ( ! wat*4 ,if = a mom5t we made ! grotesque supposition t ! tick+s & o!r movem5ts ( a wat* con/itut$ a k9d ( consci\sness2 & t a wat* possess$ ( su* a consci\sness1 insi/$ on reg>d+ ! wat*mak]'s actions z det]m9$ l its own by spr+s & escapem5ts2 we %\ld simply complete a p>allel ( :i* religi\s tea*]s ?9k mu*4 ,& 7 we to suppose t a wat* n only =mulat$ ! cause ( its exi/5ce 9 ^! me*anical t]ms1 b held t wat*es 7 b\nd out ( rev]5ce s to =mulate ?is cause1 & ev5 vitup]at$1 z a!i/ic wat*es1 any t did n v5ture s to =mulate x2 we %\ld m]ely illu/rate ! presumption ( !ologians by c>ry+ _! own argum5t a /ep fur!r4 ,a few extracts w br+ home to ! read] ! ju/ice ( ?is comp>ison4 ,we are told1 = example1 by "o ( high repute among religi\s ?9k]s1 t ! ,univ]se is 8! manife/ation & abode ( a ,free ,m9d1 l our own2 embody+ ,8 p]sonal ?\ght 9 its adju/m5ts1 realiz+ ,8 own ideal 9 its ph5om5a1 j z we express own inn] faculty & "* ?r\gh ! natural language ( an ext]nal life4 ,9 ?is view1 we int]pret ,nature by ,humanity2 we f9d ! key to h] aspects 9 su* purposes & affections z our own consci\sness enables u to conceive2 we look ev]y:]e = physical signals ( an ev]-liv+ ,w2 & deciph] ! univ]se z ! autobiography ( an ,inf9ite ,_s1 repeat+ itself 9 m9iature )9 our ,f9ite ,_s40 ,! same writ] goes /ill fur!r4 ,he n only ?us p>allels ! assimilation ( ! wat*mak] to ! wat*1--he n only ?9ks ! creat$ c 8deciph]0 8! autobiography0 ( ! ,creat+2 b he ass]ts t ! necess>y limits ( ! "o are necess>y limits ( ! o!r4 ,! prim>y qualities ( bodies1 he says1 8belong et]nally to ! mat]ial datum objective to ,god0 & control 8 acts2 :ile ! second>y ones are 8products ( pure ,inv5tive ,reason & ,det]m9+ ,w0--con/itute 8! realm ( ,div9e orig9ality40 99 99 99 8,:ile on ?is ,second>y field ,8 ,m9d & ours are ?us contra/$1 !y meet 9 resemblance aga9 ^u ! ,prim>y3 = ! evolutions ( d$uctive ,reason !re is b "o track possible to all intellig5ces2 no m]um arbitrium c int]*ange ! false & true1 or make m ?an "o geometry1 "o s*eme ( pure ,physics1 = all worlds2 & ! ,omnipot5t ,ar*itect ,himself1 9 realiz+ ! ,kosmical conception1 9 %ap+ ! orbits out ( imm5sity & det]m9+ seasons out ( et]nity1 c\ld b foll[ ! laws ( curvature1 measure & proportion40 ,t is to say1 ! ,ultimate ,cause is l a human me*anic1 n only z 8%ap+0 ! 8mat]ial datum objective to0 ,him1 b also z be+ oblig$ to con=m to ! necess>y prop]ties ( t 8datum40 ,nor is ?is all4 ,!re foll[s "s acc\nt ( 8! ,div9e psy*ology10 to ! ext5t ( say+ t 8we le>n0 8! "* ( ,god--! ord] ( affections 9 ,him0 f 8! di/ribution ( au?ority 9 ! hi]>*y ( our impulses40 ,9 o!r words1 x is alleg$ t ! ,ultimate ,cause has desires t are to be class$ z high] & l[] l our own4#g ,e "o has he>d ( ! k+ :o wi%$ he _h be5 pres5t at ! creation ( ! _w1 t he might h giv5 good advice4 ,he 0 humble h[ev] comp>$ ) ^? :o pr(ess to und]/& n only ! relation ( ! ,creat+ to ! creat$1 b also h[ ! ,creat+ is con/itut$4 ,& yet ?is transc5dant audacity1 :i* claims to p5etrate ! secrets ( ! ,p[] manife/$ to u ?r\gh all exi/5ce--nay ev5 to /& beh9d t ,p[] & note ! conditions to its action--?is x is :i* passes curr5t z piety6 ,may we n )\t hesitation affirm t a s9c]e recognition ( ! tru? t our own & all o!r exi/5ce is a my/]y absolutely & = ev] beyond our compreh5sion1 conta9s m ( true religion ?an all ! dogmatic !ology ev] writt58 ,mean:ile let u recognize :atev] ( p]man5t good !re is 9 ^! p]si/5t attempts to frame conceptions ( t :i* _c be conceiv$4 ,f ! beg9n+ x has be5 only ?r\gh ! successive failures ( su* conceptions to satisfy ! m9d1 t high] & high] ones h be5 gradually rea*$2 & d\btless1 ! conceptions n[ curr5t are indisp5sable z transitional modes ( ?\ght4 ,ev5 m ?an ?is may be will+ly conc$$4 ,x is possible1 nay probable1 t "u _! mo/ ab/ract =ms1 ideas ( ?is ord] w always cont9ue to occupy ! backgr\nd ( our consci\sness4 ,v likely !re w ev] rema9 a ne$ to give %ape to t indef9ite s5se ( an ,ultimate ,exi/5ce1 :i* =ms ! basis ( our intellig5ce4 ,we %all always be "u ! necessity ( contemplat+ x z "s mode ( be+2 t is--( repres5t+ x to ourselves 9 "s =m ( ?\ght1 h[ev] vague4 ,& we %all n err 9 do+ ?is s long z we treat e notion we ?us frame z m]ely a symbol1 utt]ly )\t resemblance to t = :i* x /&s4 ,p]haps ! con/ant =mation ( su* symbols & con/ant rejection ( !m z inadequate1 may be h]eaft]1 z x has hi!rto be51 a means ( discipl9e4 ,p]petually to con/ruct ideas requir+ ! utmo/ /ret* ( our faculties1 & p]petually to f9d t su* ideas mu/ be ab&on$ z futile imag9ations1 may realize to u m fully ?an any o!r c\rse1 ! greatness ( t :i* we va9ly /rive to grasp4 ,su* ef=ts & failures may s]ve to ma9ta9 9 our m9ds a due s5se ( ! incomm5surable diff]5ce betwe5 ! ,condition$ & ! ,uncondition$4 ,by cont9ually seek+ to "k & be+ cont9ually ?r[n back ) a deep5$ conviction ( ! impossibility ( kn[+1 we may keep alive ! consci\sness t x is alike our highe/ wisdom & our highe/ duty to reg>d t ?r\gh :i* all ?+s exi/ z ,! ,unkn[able4 99 99 99 99 99 #cb4 ,an imm5se majority w refuse ) m or less ( indignation1 a belief seem+ to !m s %ad[y & indef9ite4 ,hav+ always embodi$ ! ,ultimate ,cause s f> z 0 ne$ful to its m5tal realization1 !y mu/ necess>ily res5t ! sub/itution ( an ,ultimate ,cause :i* _c be m5tally realiz$ at all4 8,y (f] u10 !y say1 8an un?9kable ab/raction 9 place ( a ,be+ t[>ds :om we may ent]ta9 def9ite feel+s4 ,?\gh we are told t ! ,absolute is real1 yet s9ce we are n all[$ to conceive x1 x might z well be a pure negation4 ,in/ead ( a ,p[] :i* we c reg>d z hav+ "s sympa?y ) u1 y w\ld h u contemplate a ,p[] to :i* no emotion :atev] c be ascrib$4 ,& s we are to be depriv$ ( ! v sub/ance ( our fai?40 ,?is k9d ( prote/ ( necessity accompanies e *ange f a l[] cre$ to a high]4 ,! belief 9 a community ( nature betwe5 himself & ! object ( 8 wor%ip1 has always be5 to man a satisfactory "o2 & he has always accept$ ) reluctance ^? successively less concrete conceptions :i* h be5 =c$ ^u him4 ,d\btless1 9 all times & places1 x has consol$ ! b>b>ian to ?9k ( 8 deities z s exactly l himself 9 nature1 t !y c\ld be brib$ by (f]+s ( food2 & ! assurance t deities c\ld n be s propitiat$1 mu/ h be5 repugnant1 because x depriv$ him ( an easy me?od ( ga9+ sup]natural protection4 ,to ! ,greeks x 0 manife/ly a s\rce ( com=t t on occasions ( difficulty !y c\ld obta91 ?r\gh oracles1 ! advice ( _! gods1--nay1 might ev5 get ! p]sonal aid ( _! gods 9 battle2 & x 0 probably a v g5u9e ang] :i* !y visit$ ^u philosoph]s :o call$ 9 "q ^! gross ideas ( _! my?ology4 ,a religion :i* tea*es ! ,h9doo t x is impossible to pur*ase et]nal happ9ess by plac+ himself "u ! :eel ( ,jugg]naut1 c sc>cely fail to seem a cruel "o to him2 s9ce x deprives him ( ! pleasurable consci\sness t he c at w ex*ange mis]ies = joys4 ,nor is x less cle> t to our ,ca?olic ance/ors1 ! beliefs t crimes c\ld be comp\nd$ = by ! build+ ( *ur*es1 t _! own puni%m5ts & ^? ( _! relatives c\ld be abridg$ by ! say+ ( masses1 & t div9e aid or =giv5ess might be ga9$ ?r\gh ! int]cession ( sa9ts1 7 highly solac+ ones2 & t ,prote/antism1 9 sub/itut+ ! conception ( a ,god s comp>atively unlike ourselves z n to be influ5c$ by su* me?ods1 mu/ h appe>$ to !m h>d & cold4 ,naturally1 !re=e1 we mu/ expect a fur!r /ep 9 ! same direction to meet ) a simil> resi/ance f outrag$ s5tim5ts4 ,no m5tal revolution c be accompli%$ )\t m or less ( lac]ation4 ,be x a *ange ( habit or a *ange ( conviction1 x mu/1 if ! habit or conviction be /rong1 d viol5ce to "s ( ! feel+s2 & ^! mu/ ( c\rse oppose x4 ,= long-exp]i5c$1 & !re=e def9ite1 s\rces ( satisfaction1 h to be sub/itut$ s\rces ( satisfaction t h n be5 exp]i5c$1 & are !re=e indef9ite4 ,t :i* is relatively well kn[n & real1 has to be giv5 up = t :i* is relatively unkn[n & ideal4 ,& ( c\rse su* an ex*ange _c be made )\t a conflict involv+ pa94 ,especially !n mu/ !re arise a /rong antagonism to any alt]ation 9 s deep & vital a conception z t ) :i* we are "h deal+4 ,und]ly+1 z ?is conception does1 all o!rs1 a modification ( x ?reat5s to r$uce ! sup]/ructure to ru9s4 ,or to *ange ! metaphor--be+ ! root ) :i* are connect$ our ideas ( goodness1 rectitude1 or duty1 x appe>s impossible t x %\ld be trans=m$ )\t caus+ ^! to )] away & die4 ,! :ole high] "p ( ! nature almo/ ( necessity takes up arms aga9/ a *ange :i*1 by de/roy+ ! e/abli%$ associations ( ?\ght1 seems to eradicate morality4 ,?is is by no means all t has to be said = su* prote/s4 ,!re is a mu* deep] mean+ 9 !m4 ,!y d n simply express ! natural repugnance to a revolution ( belief1 "h made specially int5se by ! vital importance ( ! belief to be revolutioniz$2 b !y also express an in/9ctive adhesion to a belief t is 9 "o s5se ! be/--! be/ = ^? :o ?us cl+ to x1 ?\gh n ab/ract$ly ! be/4 ,= "h let me rem>k t :at 7 above spok5 ( z ! imp]fections ( ,religion1 at fir/ great b gradually dim9i%+1 h be5 imp]fections only z measur$ by an absolute /&>d2 & n z measur$ by a relative "o4 ,speak+ g5]ally1 ! religion curr5t 9 ea* age & among ea* p1 has be5 z ne> an approximation to ! tru? z x 0 !n & !re possible = m5 to receive3 ! m or less concrete =ms 9 :i* x has embodi$ ! tru?1 h simply be5 ! means ( mak+ ?9kable :at w\ld o!rwise h be5 un?9kable2 & s h = ! "t be+ s]v$ to increase its impressiv5ess4 ,if we consid] ! conditions ( ! case1 we %all f9d ?is to be an unavoidable conclusion4 ,dur+ ea* /age ( evolution1 m5 mu/ ?9k 9 su* t]ms ( ?\ght z !y possess4 ,:ile all ! conspicu\s *anges ( :i* !y c obs]ve ! orig9s1 h m5 & animals z antec$5ts1 !y are unable to ?9k ( antec$5ts 9 g5]al "u any o!r %apes2 & h5ce creative ag5cies are ( necessity conceiv$ by !m 9 ^! %apes4 ,if dur+ ?is phase1 ^! concrete conceptions 7 tak5 f !m1 & ! attempt made to give !m comp>atively ab/ract conceptions1 ! result w\ld be to leave _! m9ds ) none at all2 s9ce ! sub/itut$ ones c\ld n be m5tally repres5t$4 ,simil>ly ) e successive /age ( religi\s belief1 d[n to ! la/4 ,?\gh1 z accumulat+ exp]i5ces sl[ly modify ! e>lie/ ideas ( causal p]sonalities1 !re gr[ up m g5]al & vague ideas ( !m2 yet ^! _c be at once replac$ by o!rs /ill m g5]al & vague4 ,fur!r exp]i5ces mu/ supply ! ne$ful fur!r ab/ractions1 be=e ! m5tal void left by ! de/ruction ( su* inf]ior ideas c be fill$ by ideas ( a sup]ior ord]4 ,& at ! pres5t "t1 ! refusal to ab&on a relatively concrete notion = a relatively ab/ract "o1 implies ! inability to frame ! relatively ab/ract "o2 & s proves t ! *ange w\ld be premature & injuri\s4 ,/ill m cle>ly %all we see ! injuri\sness ( any su* premature *ange1 on obs]v+ t ! effects ( a belief ^u conduct mu/ be dim9i%$ 9 proportion z ! vividness ) :i* x is realiz$ becomes less4 ,evils & b5efits ak9 to ^? :i* ! savage has p]sonally felt1 or le>n$ f ^? :o h felt !m1 are ! only evils & b5efits he c und]/&2 & ^! mu/ be look$ = z com+ 9 ways1 l ^? ( :i* he has _h exp]i5ce4 ,8 deities mu/ be imag9$ to h l motives & passions & me?ods ) ! be+s ar\nd him2 = motives & passions & me?ods ( a high] "*1 be+ unkn[n to him1 & 9 great measure un?9kable by him1 _c be s realiz$ 9 ?\ght z to influ5ce 8 de$s4 ,dur+ e phase ( civilization1 ! actions ( ! ,unse5 ,reality1 z well z ! result+ rew>ds & puni%m5ts1 be+ conceivable only 9 su* =ms z exp]i5ce furni%es1 to supplant !m by high] ones be=e wid] exp]i5ces h made high] ones conceivable1 is to set up vague & un9flu5tial motives = def9ite & influ5tial ones4 ,ev5 n[1 = ! great mass ( m51 unable ?r\gh lack ( culture to trace out ) due cle>ness ^? good & bad consequ5ces :i* conduct br+s r\nd ?r\gh ! e/abli%$ ord] ( ! ,unkn[able1 x is ne$ful t !re %\ld be vividly depict$ future torm5ts & future joys--pa9s & pleasures ( a def9ite k9d1 produc$ 9 a mann] direct & simple en\gh to be cle>ly imag9$4 ,nay /ill m mu/ be conc$$4 ,few if any are z yet fitt$ :olly to disp5se ) su* conceptions z are curr5t4 ,! highe/ ab/ractions take s great a m5tal p[] to realize ) any vividness1 & are s inop]ative ^u conduct unless !y are vividly realiz$1 t _! regulative effects mu/ = a long p]iod to come be appreciable on b a small m9ority4 ,to see cle>ly h[ a "r or wrong act g5]ates consequ5ces1 int]nal & ext]nal1 t g on bran*+ out m widely z ye>s progress1 requires a r>e p[] ( analysis4 ,to m5tally repres5t ev5 a s+le s]ies ( ^! consequ5ces1 z x /ret*es out into ! remote future1 requires an equally r>e p[] ( imag9ation4 ,& to e/imate ^! consequ5ces 9 _! totality1 ev] multiply+ 9 numb] :ile dim9i%+ 9 int5sity1 requires a grasp ( ?\ght possess$ by none4 ,yet x is only by su* analysis1 su* imag9ation1 & su* grasp1 t conduct c be rightly guid$ 9 ! abs5ce ( all o!r control3 only s c ultimate rew>ds & p5alties be made to outweigh proximate pa9s & pleasures4 ,inde$1 7 x n t ?r\gh\t ! progress ( ! race1 m5's exp]i5ces ( ! effects ( conduct h be5 sl[ly g5]aliz$ into pr9ciples--7 x n t ^! pr9ciples h be5 f g5]ation to g5]ation insi/$ on by p>5ts1 upheld by public op9ion1 sanctifi$ by religion1 & en=c$ by ?reats ( et]nal damnation = disob$i5ce--7 x n t "u ^! pot5t influ5ces1 habits h be5 modifi$1 & ! feel+s prop] to !m made innate--7 x n1 9 %ort1 t we h be5 r5d]$ 9 a consid]able degree organically moral2 x is c]ta9 t disa/r\s results w\ld ensue f ! removal ( ^? /rong & di/9ct motives :i* ! curr5t belief supplies4 ,ev5 z x is1 ^? :o rel9qui% ! fai? 9 :i* !y h be5 br\ght up1 = ?is mo/ ab/ract fai? 9 :i* ,sci5ce & ,religion unite1 may n uncommonly fail to act up to _! convictions4 ,left to _! organic morality1 en=c$ only by g5]al reason+s imp]fectly wr\ght out & difficult to keep be=e ! m9d1 _! defects ( nature w (t5 come out m /rongly ?an !y w\ld h done "u _! previ\s cre$4 ,! sub/itut$ cre$ c become adequately op]ative only :5 x becomes1 l ! pres5t "o1 an elem5t 9 e>ly education1 & has ! support ( a /rong social sanction4 ,nor w m5 be q ready = x until1 ?r\gh ! cont9uance ( a discipl9e :i* has already p>tially m\ld$ !m to ! conditions ( social exi/5ce1 !y are completely m\ld$ to ^? conditions4 ,we mu/ !re=e recognize ! resi/ance to a *ange ( !ological op9ion1 z 9 great measure salut>y4 ,x is n simply t /rong & deep-root$ feel+s are necess>ily excit$ to antagonism--x is n simply t ! highe/ moral s5tim5ts jo9 9 ! condemnation ( a *ange :i* seems to und]m9e _! au?ority2 b x is t a real adaptation exi/s betwe5 an e/abli%$ belief & ! natures ( ^? :o def5d x2 & t ! t5acity ( ! def5ce measures ! complet5ess ( ! adaptation4 ,=ms ( religion1 l =ms ( gov]nm5t1 mu/ be fit = ^? :o live "u !m2 & 9 ! "o case z 9 ! o!r1 t =m :i* is fitte/ is t = :i* !re is an in/9ctive pref]5ce4 ,z c]ta9ly z a b>b>\s race ne$s a h>% t]re/rial rule1 & habitually %[s atta*m5t to a despotism capable ( ! necess>y rig\r2 s c]ta9ly does su* a race ne$ a belief 9 a cele/ial rule t is simil>ly h>%1 & habitually %[s atta*m5t to su* a belief4 ,& j 9 ! same way t ! sudd5 sub/itution ( free in/itutions = tyrannical ones1 is sure to be foll[$ by a reaction2 s1 if a cre$ full ( dreadful ideal p5alties is all at once replac$ by "o pres5t+ ideal p5alties t are comp>atively g5tle1 !re w inevitably be a return to "s modification ( ! old belief4 ,! p>allelism holds yet fur!r4 ,dur+ ^? e>ly /ages 9 :i* !re is an extreme incongruity betwe5 ! relatively be/ & ! absolutely be/1 bo? political & religi\s *anges1 :5 at r>e int]vals !y occur1 are necess>ily viol5t2 & necess>ily entail viol5t retrogressions4 ,b z ! incongruity betwe5 t :i* is & t :i* %\ld be1 dim9i%es1 ! *anges become m mod]ate1 & are succe$$ by m mod]ate retrogressions2 until1 z ^! movem5ts & c\nt]-movem5ts decrease 9 am\nt & increase 9 frequ5cy1 !y m]ge into an almo/ cont9u\s gr[?4 ,t adhesion to old in/itutions & beliefs1 :i*1 9 primitive societies1 opposes an iron b>ri] to any advance1 & :i*1 aft] ! b>ri] has be5 at l5g? bur/ ?r\gh1 br+s back ! in/itutions & beliefs f t too-=w>d position to :i* ! mom5tum ( *ange _h c>ri$ !m1 & s helps to re-adapt social conditions to ! popul> "*--?is adhesion to old in/itution & beliefs1 ev5tually becomes ! con/ant *eck by :i* ! con/ant advance is prev5t$ f be+ too rapid4 ,?is holds true ( religi\s cre$s & =ms1 z ( civil ones4 ,& s we le>n t !ological cons]vatism1 l political cons]vatism1 has an all-important function4 99 99 99 99 99 #cc4 ,t _s ( tol]ation :i* is s m>k$ a *>act]i/ic ( mod]n times1 & is daily gr[+ m conspicu\s1 has ?us a f> deep] mean+ ?an is suppos$4 ,:at we commonly reg>d simply z a due respect = ! "r ( private judgm5t1 is really a necess>y condition to ! balanc+ ( ! progressive & cons]vative t5d5cies--is a means ( ma9ta9+ ! adaptation betwe5 m5's beliefs & _! natures4 ,x is !re=e a _s to be fo/]$2 & x is a _s :i* ! ca?olic ?9k]1 :o p]ceives ! functions ( ^! v>i\s conflict+ cre$s1 %\ld above all o!r m5 display4 ,d\btless :oev] feels ! greatness ( ! error to :i* 8 fell[s cl+ & ! greatness ( ! tru? :i* !y reject1 w f9d x h>d to %[ a due pati5ce4 ,x is h>d = him to li/5 calmly to ! futile argum5ts us$ 9 support ( irrational doctr9es1 & to ! misrepres5tation ( antagoni/ doctr9es4 ,x is h>d = him to be> ! manife/ation ( t pride ( ignorance :i* s f> exce$s ! pride ( sci5ce4 ,naturally en\gh su* a "o w be indignant :5 *>g$ ) irreligion because he decl9es to accept ! c>p5t]-!ory ( creation z ! mo/ wor?y "o4 ,he may ?9k x ne$less z x is difficult1 to conceal 8 repugnance to a cre$ :i* tacitly ascribes to ,! ,unkn[able a love ( adulation su* z w\ld be despis$ 9 a human be+4 ,conv9c$ z he is t all puni%m5t1 z we see x wr\ght out 9 ! ord] ( nature1 is b a disguis$ b5efic5ce1 !re w p]haps escape f him an angry condemnation ( ! belief t puni%m5t is a div9e v5geance1 & t div9e v5geance is et]nal4 ,he may be tempt$ to %[ 8 contempt :5 he is told t actions in/igat$ by an unselfi% sympa?y or by a pure love ( rectitude1 are intr9sically s9ful2 & t conduct is truly good only :5 x is due to a fai? ^: op5ly-pr(ess$ motive is o!r-worldl9ess4 ,b he mu/ re/ra9 su* feel+s4 ,?\gh he may be unable to d ?is dur+ ! excitem5t ( controv]sy1 or :5 o!rwise br\ght face to face ) curr5t sup]/itions1 he mu/ yet qualify 8 antagonism 9 calm] mom5ts2 s t 8 mature judgm5t & result+ conduct may be )\t bias4 ,to ?is end let him ev] be> 9 m9d ?ree c>d9al facts--two ( !m already dwelt ^u1 & "o /ill to be po9t$ out4 ,! fir/ is t ) :i* we set out2 namely ! exi/5ce ( a fundam5tal v]ity "u all =ms ( religion1 h[ev] degrad$4 ,9 ea* ( !m !re is a s\l ( tru?4 ,?r\gh ! gross body ( dogmas traditions & rites :i* conta9 x1 x is always visible--dimly or cle>ly z ! case may be4 ,?is x is :i* gives vitality ev5 to ! rude/ cre$2 ?is x is :i* survives e modification2 & ?is x is :i* we mu/ n =get :5 condemn+ ! =ms "u :i* x is pres5t$4 ,! second ( ^! c>d9al facts1 set =? at l5g? 9 ! =ego+ section1 is1 t :ile ^? concrete elem5ts 9 :i* ea* cre$ embodies ?is s\l ( tru?1 are bad z measur$ by an absolute /&>d1 !y are good z measur$ by a relative /&>d4 ,?\gh f high] p]ceptions !y hide ! ab/ract v]ity )9 !m2 yet to l[] p]ceptions !y r5d] ?is v]ity m appreciable ?an x w\ld o!rwise be4 ,!y s]ve to make real & influ5tial ov] m51 t :i* w\ld else be unreal & un9flu5tial4 ,or we may call !m ! protective envelopes1 )\t :i* ! conta9$ tru? w\ld die4 ,! rema9+ c>d9al fact is1 t ^! v>i\s beliefs are p>ts ( ! con/itut$ ord] ( ?+s2 & n accid5tal b necess>y p>ts4 ,see+ h[ "o or o!r ( !m is ev]y:]e pres5t2 is ( p]5nial gr[?2 & :5 cut d[n1 r$evelops 9 a =m b slightly modifi$2 we _c avoid ! inf]5ce t !y are ne$ful accompanim5ts ( human life1 sev]ally fitt$ to ! societies 9 :i* !y are indig5\s4 ,f ! highe/ po9t ( view1 we mu/ recognize !m z elem5ts 9 t great evolution ( :i* ! beg9n+ & end are beyond our k or conception--z modes ( manife/ation ( ,! ,unkn[able2 & z hav+ ?is = _! w>rant4 ,our tol]ation !re=e %\ld be ! wide/ possible4 ,or r1 we %\ld aim at some?+ beyond tol]ation1 z commonly und]/ood4 ,9 deal+ ) ali5 beliefs1 our endeav\r mu/ be1 n simply to refra9 f inju/ice ( ^w or de$2 b also to d ju/ice by an op5 recognition ( positive wor?4 ,we mu/ qualify our disagreem5t ) z mu* z may be ( sympa?y4 99 99 99 99 99 #cd4 ,^! admissions w p]haps be held to imply1 t ! curr5t !ology %\ld be passively accept$2 or1 at any rate1 %\ld n be actively oppos$4 8,:y10 x may be ask$1 8if all cre$s h an av]age fitness to _! times & places1 %\ld we n re/ cont5t ) t to :i* we are born8 ,if ! e/abli%$ belief conta9s an ess5tial tru?--if ! =ms "u :i* x pres5ts ?is tru?1 ?\gh intr9sically bad1 are extr9sically good--if ! abolition ( ^! =ms w\ld be at pres5t detrim5tal to ! great majority--nay1 if !re are sc>cely any to :om ! ultimate & mo/ ab/ract belief c furni% an adequate rule ( life2 surely x is wrong1 = ! pres5t at lea/1 to propagate ?is ultimate & mo/ ab/ract belief40 ,! reply is1 t ?\gh exi/+ religi\s ideas & in/itutions h an av]age adaptation to ! *>act]s ( ! p :o live "u !m2 yet1 z ^! *>act]s are ev] *ang+1 ! adaptation is ev] becom+ imp]fect2 & ! ideas & in/itutions ne$ remodell+ ) a frequ5cy proportionate to ! rapidity ( ! *ange4 ,h5ce1 :ile x is requisite t free play %\ld be giv5 to cons]vative ?\ght & action1 progressive ?\ght & action mu/ also h free play4 ,)\t ! ag5cy ( bo?1 !re _c be ^? cont9ual re-adaptations :i* ord]ly progress dem&s4 ,:oev] hesitates to utt] t :i* he ?9ks ! highe/ tru?1 le/ x %\ld be too mu* 9 advance ( ! "t1 may reassure himself by look+ at 8 acts f an imp]sonal po9t ( view4 ,let him duly realize ! fact t op9ion is ! ag5cy ?r\gh :i* "* adapts ext]nal arrangem5ts to itself--t 8 op9ion rightly =ms "p ( ?is ag5cy--is a unit ( =ce1 con/itut+1 ) o!r su* units1 ! g5]al p[] :i* works out social *anges2 & he w p]ceive t he may prop]ly give full utt]ance to 8 inn]mo/ conviction3 leav+ x to produce :at effect x may4 ,x is n = no?+ t he has 9 him ^! sympa?ies ) "s pr9ciples & repugnance to o!rs4 ,he1 ) all 8 capacities1 & aspirations1 & beliefs1 is n an accid5t1 b a product ( ! "t4 ,he mu/ rememb] t :ile he is a desc5dant ( ! pa/1 he is a p>5t ( ! future2 & t 8 ?\ghts are z *ildr5 born to him1 :i* he may n c>elessly let die4 ,he1 l e o!r man1 may prop]ly consid] himself z "o ( ! myriad ag5cies ?r\gh :om works ! ,unkn[n ,cause2 & :5 ! ,unkn[n ,cause produces 9 him a c]ta9 belief1 he is !reby au?oriz$ to pr(ess & act out t belief4 ,=1 to r5d] 9 _! highe/ s5se ! words ( ! poet-- ----,nature is made bett] by no mean1 ,b nature makes t mean3 ov] t art ,:i* y say adds to nature1 is an art ,t nature makes4 ,n z adv5titi\s !re=e w ! wise man reg>d ! fai? :i* is 9 him4 ,! highe/ tru? he sees he w fe>lessly utt]2 kn[+ t1 let :at may come ( x1 he is ?us play+ 8 "r "p 9 ! _w--kn[+ t if he c effect ! *ange he aims at--well3 if n--well also2 ?\gh n s well4 ----- ,footnote #g3 ,^! extracts are f an article entitl$ 8,nature & ,god10 publi%$ 9 ! ,national ,review = ,octob]1 #ahfj4 ,,"p ,,ii4 ,,laws ,,( ,,! ,,kn[able4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,laws ,,9 ,,g5]al4 #ce4 ,we h se5 t intellectual advance has be5 dual--has be5 t[>ds ! e/abli%m5t ( bo? a positively unkn[n & a positively kn[n4 ,9 mak+ ev] m c]ta9 ! inaccessibility ( "o k9d ( tru?1 exp]i5ce has made ev] m c]ta9 ! accessibility ( ano!r k9d4 ,! diff]5tiation ( ! kn[able f ! unkn[able1 is %[n z mu* 9 ! r$uction ( ! "o to p]fect cle>ness1 z 9 ! r$uction ( ! o!r to imp5etrable my/]y4 ,progress+ enlight5m5t discloses a def9ite limit to human intellig5ce2 & :ile all :i* lies on ! o!r side ( ! limit1 is1 ) increas+ di/9ctness1 se5 to transc5d our f9ite faculties1 x gr[s m & m obvi\s t all :i* lies on ?is side ( ! limit may become an indisputable possession4 ,to speak specifically--x has be5 %[n t ?\gh we c nev] le>n ! nature ( t :i* is manife/$ to u1 we are daily le>n+ m completely ! ord] ( its manife/ations4 ,we are consci\s ( effects produc$ 9 u by some?+ sep>ate f ourselves4 ,! effects ( :i* we are consci\s--! *anges ( consci\sness :i* make up our m5tal life1 we ascribe to ! =ces ( an ext]nal _w4 ,! intr9sic "* ( ^! =ces--( ?is ext]nal _w--( t :i* und]lies all appe>ances1 we f9d inscrutable2 z is also ! int]nal some?+ ^: *anges con/itute consci\sness1 b at ! same "t we f9d t among ! *anges ( consci\sness ?us produc$1 !re exi/ v>i\s con/ant relations2 & we h no *oice b to ascribe con/ancy to ! relations :i* subsi/ among ! inscrutable causes ( ^! *anges4 ,obs]vation e>ly discloses c]ta9 inv>iable connexions ( coexi/5ce & sequ5ce among ph5om5a4 ,accumulat+ exp]i5ces t5d cont9ually to augm5t ! numb] ( inv>iable connexions recogniz$4 ,:51 z 9 ! lat] /ages ( civilization1 !re arises n only a dilig5t ga!r+ toge!r ( exp]i5ces b a critical comp>ison ( !m1 m remote & complex connexions are add$ to ! li/4 ,& gradually !re gr[s up ! habit ( reg>d+ ^! uni=mities ( relation z *>act]iz+ all manife/ations ( ! ,unkn[able4 ,"u ! endless v>iety & seem+ irregul>ity1 !re is ev] m cle>ly disc]n$ t 8con/ant c\rse ( proc$ure0 :i* we call ,law4 ,! gr[+ belief 9 ! univ]sality ( ,law1 is s conspicu\s to all cultivat$ m9ds z sc>cely to ne$ illu/ration4 ,none :o read ^! pages w ask = pro( t ?is has be5 ! c5tral elem5t ( intellectual progress4 ,b ?\gh ! fact is suffici5tly famili>1 ! philosophy ( ! fact is n s2 & x w be desirable n[ to consid] x4 ,p>tly because ! developm5t ( our conception ( ,law w s be r5d]$ m compreh5sible2 b *iefly because our subsequ5t c\rse w ?us be facilitat$2 ,i propose "h to enum]ate ! sev]al conditions t det]m9e ! ord] 9 :i* ! v>i\s relations among ph5om5a are discov]$4 ,see+1 z we %all1 ! consequ5t necessity ( ?is ord]2 & enabl$1 z we %all also be1 to e/imate ! future by inf]5ce f ! pa/2 we %all p]ceive h[ inevitable is our advance t[>ds ! ultimatum t has be5 indicat$4 99 99 99 99 99 #cf4 ,! recognition ( ,law1 be+ ! recognition ( uni=mity ( relations among ph5om5a1 x foll[s t ! ord] 9 :i* diff]5t gr\ps ( ph5om5a are r$uc$ to law1 mu/ dep5d on ! frequ5cy & di/9ctness ) :i* ! uni=m relations !y sev]ally pres5t1 are exp]i5c$4 ,at any giv5 /age ( progress1 ^? uni=mities w be mo/ recogniz$ ) :i* m5's m9ds h be5 (t5e/ & mo/ /rongly impress$4 ,9 proportion p>tly to ! numb] ( times a relation has be5 pres5t$ to consci\sness 7n m]ely to ! s5ses72 & 9 proportion p>tly to ! vividness ) :i* ! t]ms ( ! relation h be5 cogniz$2 w be ! degree 9 :i* ! con/ancy ( connexion is p]ceiv$4 ,! frequ5cy & impressiv5ess ) :i* diff]5t classes ( relations are repeat$ 9 consci\s exp]i5ce1 ?us prim>ily det]m9+ ! succession 9 :i* !y are g5]aliz$1 !re result c]ta9 d]ivative pr9ciples to :i* ?is succession mu/ m imm$iately & obvi\sly con=m4 ,fir/ 9 importance comes ! directness ) :i* p]sonal welf>e is affect$4 ,:ile1 among surr\nd+ ?+s1 _m d n appreciably influ5ce ! body 9 any way1 "s act detrim5tally & "s b5eficially1 9 v>i\s degrees2 & manife/ly1 ^? ?+s ^: actions on ! organism are mo/ influ5tial1 w1 ct]is p>ibus1 be ^? ^: laws ( action are e>lie/ obs]v$4 ,second 9 ord]1 is ! conspicu\sness ( "o or bo? ! ph5om5a betwe5 :i* a relation is to be p]ceiv$4 ,on e side are c\ntless ph5om5a s conceal$ z to be detect$ only by close obs]vation2 o!rs n obtrusive en\gh to attract notice2 o!rs :i* mod]ately solicit ! att5tion2 o!rs s impos+ or vivid z to =ce !mselves ^u consci\sness2 & suppos+ incid5tal conditions to be ! same1 ^! la/ w ( c\rse be among ! fir/ to h _! relations g5]aliz$4 ,9 ! ?ird place1 we h ! absolute frequ5cy ) :i* ! relations occur4 ,!re are coexi/5ces & sequ5ces ( all degrees ( commonness1 f ^? :i* are ev] pres5t to ^? :i* are extremely r>e2 & x is cle> t ! r>e coexi/5ces & sequ5ces1 z well z ! sequ5ces :i* are v long 9 tak+ place1 w n be r$uc$ to law s soon z ^? :i* are famili> & rapid4 ,f\r?ly has to be add$ ! relative frequ5cy ( occurr5ce4 ,_m ev5ts & appe>ances are m or less limit$ to times & places2 & z a relation :i* does n exi/ )9 ! environm5t ( an obs]v]1 _c be cogniz$ by him1 h[ev] common x may be else:]e or 9 ano!r age1 we h to take acc\nt ( ! surr\nd+ physical circum/ances1 z well z ! /ate ( society1 ( ! arts1 & ( ! sci5ces--all ( :i* affect ! frequ5cy ) :i* c]ta9 gr\ps ( facts are expos$ to obs]vation4 ,! fif? coroll>y to be notic$1 is1 t ! succession 9 :i* diff]5t classes ( ph5om5a are r$uc$ to law1 dep5ds 9 "p on _! simplicity4 ,ph5om5a pres5t+ great composition ( causes or conditions1 h _! ess5tial relations s mask$1 t x requires accumulat$ exp]i5ces to impress ^u consci\sness ! true connexion ( antec$5ts & consequ5ts !y involve4 ,h5ce1 o!r ?+s equal1 ! progress ( g5]alization w be f ! simple to ! complex2 & ?is x is :i* ,m4 ,comte has wrongly ass]t$ to be ! sole regulative pr9ciple ( ! progress4 ,six?1 & la/1 comes ! degree ( ab/ractness4 ,concrete relations are ! e>lie/ acquisitions4 ,! colligation ( any gr\p ( ^! into a g5]al relation1 :i* is ! fir/ /ep 9 ab/raction1 necess>ily comes lat] ?an ! discov]y ( ! relations colligat$4 ,! union ( a numb] ( ^! l[e/ g5]alizations into a high] & m ab/ract g5]alization1 is necess>ily subsequ5t to ! =mation ( su* l[e/ g5]alizations4 ,& s on cont9ually1 until ! highe/ & mo/ ab/ract g5]alizations h be5 rea*$4 ,^! !n are ! sev]al d]ivative pr9ciples4 ,! frequ5cy & vividness ) :i* uni=m relations are repeat$ 9 consci\s exp]i5ce1 det]m9+ ! recognition ( _! uni=mity2 & ?is frequ5cy & vividness dep5d+ on ! above conditions2 x foll[s t ! ord] 9 :i* diff]5t classes ( facts are g5]aliz$1 mu/ dep5d on ! ext5t to :i* ! above conditions are fulfill$ 9 ea* class4 ,let u m>k h[ ! facts h>monize ) ?is conclusion3 tak+ fir/ a few t elucidate ! g5]al tru?1 & aft]w>ds "s t are illu/rative ( ! sev]al special tru?s :i* we "h see foll[ f x4 99 99 99 99 99 #cg4 ,! relations e>lie/ kn[n z uni=mities1 are ^? subsi/+ betwe5 ! common physical prop]ties ( matt]--tangibility1 visibility1 cohesion1 weight c4 ,we h no trace ( an era 9 human hi/ory :5 ! resi/ance (f]$ by e visible object1 0 reg>d$ z caus$ by ! w ( ! object2 or :5 ! pressure ( a body on ! h& support+ x1 0 ascrib$ to ! direct ag5cy ( a liv+ be+4 ,& accord+ly1 we see t ^! are ! relations (t5e/ repeat$ 9 consci\sness2 be+ z !y are1 objectively frequ5t1 conspicu\s1 simple1 concrete1 & ( imm$iate p]sonal conc]n4 ,simil>ly ) respect to ! ord9>y ph5om5a ( motion4 ,! fall ( a mass on ! )drawal ( its support1 is a sequ5ce :i* directly affects bodily welf>e1 is conspicu\s1 simple1 concrete1 & v (t5 repeat$4 ,h5ce x is "o ( ! uni=mities recogniz$ be=e ! dawn ( tradition4 ,we "k ( no "t :5 movem5ts due to t]re/rial gravitation 7 attribut$ to volition4 ,only :5 ! relation is obscur$--only1 z 9 ! case ( an a]olite1 :]e ! antec$5t ( ! desc5t is unp]ceiv$1 d we f9d ! feti%i/ic conception p]si/5t4 ,on ! o!r h&1 motions ( intr9sically ! same ord] z t ( a fall+ /one--^? ( ! heav5ly bodies--long rema9 ung5]aliz$2 & until _! uni=mity is se51 are con/ru$ z results ( w4 ,?is diff]5ce is cle>ly n dep5d5t on comp>ative complexity or ab/ractness2 s9ce ! motion ( a planet 9 an ellipse1 is z simple & concrete a ph5om5on z ! motion ( a project$ arr[ 9 a p>abola4 ,b ! antec$5ts are n conspicu\s2 ! sequ5ces are ( long duration2 & !y are infrequ5tly repeat$4 ,h5ce 9 a giv5 p]iod1 !re _c be ! same multipli$ exp]i5ces ( !m4 ,& t ?is is ! *ief cause ( _! sl[ r$uction to law1 we see 9 ! fact t !y are sev]ally g5]aliz$ 9 ! ord] ( _! frequ5cy & conspicu\sness--! moon's mon?ly cycle1 ! sun's annual *ange1 ! p]iods ( ! inf]ior planets1 ! p]iods ( ! sup]ior planets4 ,:ile a/ronomical sequ5ces 7 /ill ascrib$ to volition1 c]ta9 t]re/rial sequ5ces ( a diff]5t k9d1 b "s ( !m equally )\t complication1 7 int]pret$ 9 l mann]4 ,! solidification ( wat] at a l[ temp]ature1 is a ph5om5on t is simple1 concrete1 & ( mu* p]sonal conc]n4 ,b x is nei!r s frequ5t z ^? :i* we saw are e>lie/ g5]aliz$1 nor is ! pres5ce ( ! antec$5t s uni=mly conspicu\s4 ,?\gh 9 all b tropical climates1 mid-w9t] displays ! relation betwe5 cold & freez+ ) tol]able con/ancy2 yet1 dur+ ! spr+ & autumn1 ! occasional appe>ance ( ice 9 ! morn+s has no v manife/ connexion ) coldness ( ! wea!r4 ,s5sation be+ s inaccurate a measure1 x is n possible = ! savage to exp]i5ce ! def9ite relation betwe5 a temp]ature ( #cb & ! congeal+ ( wat]2 & h5ce ! long-cont9u$ conception ( p]sonal ag5cy4 ,simil>ly1 b /ill m cle>ly1 ) ! w9ds4 ,! abs5ce ( regul>ity & ! inconspicu\sness ( ! antec$5ts1 all[$ ! my?ological explanation to survive = a great p]iod4 ,dur+ ! era 9 :i* ! uni=mity ( _m q simple inorganic relations 0 /ill unrecogniz$1 c]ta9 classes ( organic relations1 intr9sically v complex & special1 7 g5]aliz$4 ,! con/ant coexi/5ce ( fea!rs & a beak1 ( f\r legs ) a bony int]nal framework1 ( a p>ticul> leaf ) poison\s b]ries1 are facts :i* 71 & are1 famili> to e savage4 ,did a savage f9d a bird ) tee?1 or a mammal clo!d ) fea!rs1 he w\ld be z mu* surpris$ z an in/ruct$ naturali/2 & w\ld probably make a feti% ( ! anomal\s =m3 s %[+ t :ile ! exceptional relation sugge/$ ! notion ( a p]sonal cause1 ! habitual relation did n4 ,n[ ^! uni=mities ( organic /ructure :i* are s e>ly p]ceiv$1 are ( exactly ! same class z ^? m num]\s ones lat] e/abli%$ by biology4 ,! con/ant coexi/5ce ( mamm>y gl&s ) two occipital condyles 9 ! skull1 ( v]tebr ) tee? lodg$ 9 sockets1 ( frontal horns ) ! habit ( rum9ation1 are g5]alizations z purely empirical z ^? kn[n to ! aborig9al hunt]4 ,! vegetal physiologi/ _c 9 ! lea/ und]/& ! complex relation betwe5 ! k9d ( leaf & ! k9d ( fruit borne by a p>ticul> plant3 he kn[s ^! & l connexions simply 9 ! same mann] t ! b>b>ian kn[s !m4 ,b ! fact t sundry ( ! uni=m relations :i* *iefly make up ! organic sci5ces1 7 v e>ly recogniz$1 is due to ! high degree ( vividness & frequ5cy ) :i* !y 7 pres5t$ to consci\sness4 ,?\gh ! connexion betwe5 ! =m ( a giv5 creature & ! s\nd x makes1 or ! quality ( its fur1 or ! nature ( its fle%1 is extremely involv$2 yet ! two t]ms ( ! relation are conspicu\s2 are usually obs]v$ 9 close juxtaposition 9 "t & space2 are s obs]v$ p]haps daily1 or _m times a day2 & above all a k ( _! connexion has a direct & obvi\s be>+ on p]sonal welf>e4 ,mean:ile1 we see t innum]able o!r relations ( exactly ! same ord]1 :i* are display$ ) ev5 great] frequ5cy by surr\nd+ plants & animals1 rema9 = ?\s&s ( ye>s unrecogniz$1 if !y are unobtrusive or ( no app>5t mom5t4 ,:51 pass+ f ?is primitive /age to a m advanc$ /age1 we trace ! discov]y ( ^? less famili> uni=mities :i* con/itute :at is te*nically di/+ui%$ z ,sci5ce1 we f9d ! ord] ( discov]y to be /ill det]m9$ 9 ! same mann]4 ,we %all mo/ cle>ly see ?is 9 contemplat+ sep>ately ! influ5ce ( ea* d]ivative condition2 z 0 propos$ 9 ! la/ section4 99 99 99 99 99 #ch4 ,h[ relations t h an imm$iate be>+ on ! ma9t5ance ( life1 are1 o!r ?+s equal1 necess>ily fix$ 9 ! m9d be=e ^? :i* h no su* imm$iate be>+1 is abundantly illu/rat$ 9 ! hi/ory ( ,sci5ce4 ,! habits ( exi/+ unciviliz$ races1 :o fix times by moons & b>t] s _m ( "o article = s _m ( ano!r1 %[ u t num]ation1 :i* is ! g]m ( ma!matical sci5ce1 comm5c$ "u ! imm$iate pressure ( p]sonal wants2 & x c sc>cely be d\bt$ t ^? laws ( num]ical relations :i* are embodi$ 9 ! rules ( ari?metic1 7 fir/ br\ght to light ?r\gh ! practice ( m]cantile ex*ange4 ,simil>ly ) ,geometry4 ,! d]ivation %[s u t x orig9ally includ$ only c]ta9 me?ods ( p>tition+ gr\nd & lay+ out build+s4 ,! prop]ties ( ! scales & ! lev]1 involv+ ! fir/ pr9ciple 9 me*anics1 7 e>ly g5]aliz$ "u ! /imulus ( comm]cial & ar*itectural ne$s4 ,to fix ! times ( religi\s fe/ivals & agricultural op]ations1 7 ! motives :i* l$ to ! e/abli%m5t ( ! simpl] a/ronomic p]iods4 ,su* small k ( *emical relations z 0 involv$ 9 anci5t metallurgy1 0 manife/ly obta9$ 9 seek+ h[ to improve tools & weapons4 ,9 ! al*emy ( lat] times1 we see h[ greatly an int5se hope ( private b5efit contribut$ to ! disclosure ( a c]ta9 class ( uni=mities4 ,nor is our own age b>r5 ( illu/rations4 8,"h10 says ,humboldt :5 9 ,guiana1 8z 9 _m p>ts ( ,europe1 ! sci5ces are ?\ght wor?y to occupy ! m9d1 only s f> z !y conf] "s imm$iate & practical b5efit on society40 8,h[ is x possible to believe10 said a mission>y to him1 8t y h left y\r c\ntry to come & be dev\r$ by mosquitoes on ?is riv]1 & to measure l&s t are n y\r own40 ,our coa/s furni% l in/ances4 ,e sea-side naturali/ kn[s h[ great is ! contempt ) :i* fi%]m5 reg>d ! collection ( objects = ! microscope or aqu>ium3 _! incr$ulity z to ! possible value ( su* ?+s1 be+ s great1 t !y c sc>cely be induc$ ev5 by bribes to pres]ve ! refuse ( _! nets4 ,nay1 we ne$ n g = evid5ce beyond daily table-talk4 ,! dem& = 8practical sci5ce0--= a k t c be br\ght to be> on ! bus9ess ( life2 jo9$ to ! ridicule commonly v5t$ on pursuits t h no obvi\s use2 suffice to %[ t ! ord] 9 :i* diff]5t coexi/5ces & sequ5ces are discov]$1 greatly dep5ds on ! directness ) :i* !y affect our welf>e4 ,t1 :5 all o!r conditions are ! same1 obtrusive relations w be g5]aliz$ be=e unobtrusive ones1 is s ne>ly a truism t examples appe> almo/ sup]flu\s4 ,if x be admitt$ t by ! aborig9al man1 z by ! *ild1 ! co-exi/5t prop]ties ( l>ge surr\nd+ objects are notic$ be=e ^? ( m9ute objects2 & t ! ext]nal relations :i* bodies pres5t are g5]aliz$ be=e _! int]nal ones2 x mu/ be admitt$ t 9 all subsequ5t /ages ( progress1 ! comp>ative conspicu\sness ( relations has greatly affect$ ! ord] 9 :i* !y 7 recogniz$ z uni=m4 ,h5ce x happ5$ t aft] ! e/abli%m5t ( ^? v manife/ sequ5ces con/itut+ a lunation1 & ^? less manife/ ones m>k+ a ye>1 & ^? /ill less manife/ ones m>k+ ! planet>y p]iods1 ,a/ronomy occupi$ itself ) su* inconspicu\s sequ5ces z ^? display$ 9 ! repeat+ cycle ( lun> eclipses1 & ^? :i* sugge/$ ! !ory ( epicycles & ecc5trics2 :ile mod]n ,a/ronomy deals ) /ill m inconspicu\s sequ5ces3 "s ( :i*1 z ! planet>y rotations1 are nev]!less ! simple/ :i* ! heav5s pres5t4 ,9 ,physics1 ! e>ly use ( canoes impli$ an empirical k ( c]ta9 hydro/atic relations t are intr9sically m complex ?an sundry /atic relations !n unkn[n2 b ^! hydro/atic relations 7 ?ru/ ^u obs]vation4 ,or if we comp>e ! solution ( ! problem ( specific gravity by ,ar*im$es1 ) ! discov]y ( atmosph]ic pressure by ,torricelli1 7! two involv+ me*anical relations ( exactly ! same k9d17 we p]ceive t ! mu* e>li] occurr5ce ( ! fir/ ?an ! la/1 0 det]m9$ nei!r by a diff]5ce 9 _! be>+s on p]sonal welf>e1 nor by a diff]5ce 9 ! frequ5cy ) :i* illu/rations ( !m come "u obs]vation1 nor by relative simplicity2 b solely by ! great] obtrusiv5ess ( ! connexion betwe5 antec$5t & consequ5t 9 ! "o case ?an 9 ! o!r4 ,simil>ly ) ,*emi/ry4 ,! burn+ ( wood1 ! ru/+ ( iron1 ! putrefaction ( dead bodies1 7 e>ly kn[n z consequ5ts uni=mly relat$ to c]ta9 antec$5ts2 b n until long aft] 0 !re rea*$ a l empirical k ( ! effect produc$ by air 9 ! decomposition ( soil3 a ph5om5on ( equal simplicity1 equal or great] importance1 & great] frequ5cy2 b "o t is extremely unobtrusive4 ,among miscellane\s illu/rations1 x may be po9t$ out t ! connexions betwe5 lightn+ & ?und] & betwe5 ra9 & cl\ds1 7 e/abli%$ long be=e o!rs ( ! same ord]2 simply because !y ?ru/ !mselves on ! att5tion4 ,or ! long-delay$ discov]y ( ! microscopic =ms ( life1 ) all ! ph5om5a !y pres5t1 may be nam$ z v cle>ly %[+ h[ c]ta9 gr\ps ( relations t are n ord9>ily p]ceptible1 ?\gh 9 all o!r respects l long-famili> relations1 h to wait until *ang$ conditions r5d] !m p]ceptible4 ,b1 )\t fur!r details1 x ne$s only to consid] ! inquiries :i* n[ occupy ! electrician1 ! *emi/1 ! physiologi/1 to see t ,sci5ce has advanc$ & is advanc+ f ! m conspicu\s ph5om5a to ! less conspicu\s ones4 ,h[ ! degree ( absolute frequ5cy ( a relation affects ! recognition ( its uni=mity1 we see 9 contra/+ c]ta9 biological facts4 ,dea? & disease are ne> ak9 9 mo/ ( _! relations to u2 :ile 9 respect ( complexity1 conspicu\sness1 & ! directness ) :i* !y p]sonally conc]n u1 diseases 9 g5]al may be put pretty ne>ly on a level ) ea* o!r4 ,b !re are great diff]5ces 9 ! times at :i* ! natural sequ5ces !y sev]ally exhibit are recogniz$ z su*4 ,! connexion betwe5 dea? & bodily injury1 con/antly display$ n only 9 m5 b 9 all inf]ior creatures1 0 kn[n z an e/abli%$ uni=mity :ile yet diseases 7 ?\ght sup]natural4 ,among diseases !mselves1 x is obs]vable t comp>atively unusual ones 7 reg>d$ z ( demoniacal orig9 dur+ ages :5 ! m frequ5t 7 ascrib$ to ord9>y causes3 a tru? p>allel$ inde$ among our own peasantry1 :o by ! use ( *>ms %[ a l+]+ sup]/ition ) respect to r>e disord]s1 :i* !y d n %[ ) respect to common ones1 su* z colds4 ,pass+ to physical illu/rations1 we may note t )9 ! hi/oric p]iod1 :irlpools 7 acc\nt$ = by ! ag5cy ( wat]-spirits2 b we d n f9d t )9 ! same p]iod ! disappe>ance ( wat] on exposure ei!r to ! sun or to artificial heat 0 int]pret$ 9 an analog\s way3 ?\gh a mu* m m>vell\s occurr5ce1 & a mu* m complex "o1 its great frequ5cy l$ to ! e>ly e/abli%m5t ( x z a natural uni=mity4 ,ra9b[s & comets d n diff] greatly 9 conspicu\sness1 & a ra9b[ is intr9sically ! m involv$ ph5om5on2 b *iefly because ( _! f> great] commonness1 ra9b[s 7 p]ceiv$ to h a direct dep5d5ce on sun & ra9 :ile yet comets 7 reg>d$ z sup]natural appe>ances4 ,t races liv+ inl& mu/ long h rema9$ ignorant ( ! daily & mon?ly sequ5ces ( ! tides1 & t int]tropical races c\ld n e>ly h compreh5d$ ! ph5om5a ( nor!rn w9t]s1 are extreme illu/rations ( ! influ5ce :i* relative frequ5cy has on ! recognition ( uni=mities4 ,animals :i*1 :]e !y are indig5\s1 call =? no surprise by _! /ructure or habits1 because ^! are s famili>1 :5 tak5 to a "p ( ! e>? :]e !y h nev] be5 se51 are look$ at ) an a/oni%m5t approa*+ to awe--are ev5 ?\ght sup]natural3 a fact :i* w sugge/ num]\s o!rs t %[ h[ ! localization ( ph5om5a1 9 "p controls ! ord] 9 :i* !y are r$uc$ to law4 ,n only h[ev] does _! localization 9 space affect ! progression1 b also _! localization 9 "t4 ,facts :i* are r>ely if ev] manife/$ dur+ "o era1 are r5d]$ v frequ5t 9 ano!r1 simply ?r\gh ! *anges wr\ght by civilization4 ,! lev]1 ( :i* ! prop]ties are illu/rat$ 9 ! use ( /icks & weapons1 is vaguely und]/ood by e savage--on apply+ x 9 a c]ta9 way he rightly anticipates c]ta9 effects2 b ! action ( ! equally simple w$ge1 :i* is n commonly display$ till tool-mak+ has made "s progress1 is less e>ly g5]aliz$2 :ile ! :eel & axle1 pulley1 & screw1 _c h _! p[]s ei!r empirically or rationally kn[n till ! advance ( ! arts has m or less famili>iz$ !m4 ,?r\gh ^? v>i\s means ( exploration :i* we h inh]it$ & are ev] increas+1 we h become acqua9t$ ) a va/ range ( *emical relations t 7 relatively non-exi/5t to ! primitive man3 to highly develop$ indu/ries we owe bo? ! sub/ances & ! app>atus t h disclos$ to u c\ntless uni=mities :i* our ance/ors _h no opportunity ( see+1 & !re=e c\ld n recognize4 ,^! & sundry l in/ances t w occur to ! read]1 %[ t ! accumulat$ mat]ials1 & processes1 & appliances1 & products1 :i* *>act]ize ! environm5ts ( complex societies1 greatly increase ! accessibility ( v>i\s classes ( relations2 & by s multiply+ ! exp]i5ces ( !m1 or mak+ !m relatively frequ5t1 facilitate _! g5]alization4 ,to :i* add1 t v>i\s classes ( ph5om5a pres5t$ by society itself1 z = in/ance ^? :i* political economy =mulates1 become relatively frequ5t & !re=e recognizable 9 advanc$ social /ates2 :ile 9 less advanc$ ones !y are too r>ely display$ to h _! relations p]ceiv$1 or1 z 9 ! lea/ advanc$ ones1 are n display$ at all4 ,t1 :]e no o!r circum/ances int]f]e1 ! ord] 9 :i* diff]5t uni=mities are e/abli%$ v>ies z _! complexity1 is manife/4 ,! geometry ( /raight l9es 0 und]/ood be=e ! geometry ( curv$ l9es2 ! prop]ties ( ! circle be=e ! prop]ties ( ! ellipse1 p>abola & hyp]bola2 & ! equations ( curves ( s+le curvature 7 asc]ta9$ be=e ^? ( curves ( d\ble curvature4 ,plane trigonometry comes 9 ord] ( "t & simplicity be=e sph]ical trigonometry2 & ! m5suration ( plane surfaces & solids be=e ! m5suration ( curv$ surfaces & solids4 ,simil>ly ) me*anics3 ! laws ( simple motion 7 g5]aliz$ be=e ^? ( comp\nd motion2 & ^? ( rectil9e> motion be=e ^? ( curvil9e> motion4 ,! prop]ties ( equal-arm$ lev]s1 or scales1 7 und]/ood be=e ^? ( ! lev] ) unequal arms2 & ! law ( ! incl9$ plane 0 =mulat$ e>li] ?an t ( ! screw1 :i* involves x4 ,9 *emi/ry1 ! progress has be5 f ! simple inorganic comp\nds1 to ! m involv$ organic ones4 ,& :]e1 z 9 mo/ ( ! o!r sci5ces1 ! conditions ( ! exploration are m complicat$1 we /ill may cle>ly trace relative complexity z "o ( ! det]m9+ circum/ances4 ,! progression f concrete relations to ab/ract ones1 & f ! less ab/ract to ! m ab/ract1 is equally obvi\s4 ,num]ation1 :i* 9 its prim>y =m conc]n$ itself only ) gr\ps ( actual objects1 came e>li] ?an simple ari?metic3 ! rules ( :i* deal ) numb]s ap>t f objects4 ,ari?metic1 limit$ 9 its sph]e to concrete num]ical relations1 is alike e>li] & less ab/ract ?an ,algebra1 :i* deals ) ! relations ( ^! relations4 ,& 9 l mann]1 ! ,inf9itesimal ,calculus comes aft] ,algebra1 bo? 9 ord] ( evolution & 9 ord] ( ab/ractness4 ,9 ,a/ronomy1 ! progress has be5 f special g5]alizations1 ea* express+ ! motions ( a p>ticul> planet1 to ! g5]alizations ( ,kepl]1 express+ ! motions ( ! planets at l>ge2 & !n to ,newton's g5]alization1 express+ ! motions ( all heav5ly bodies :atev]4 ,simil>ly ) ,physics1 ,*emi/ry & ,biology1 !re has ev] be5 an advance f ! relations ( p>ticul> facts & p>ticul> classes ( facts1 to ! relations pres5t$ by /ill wid] classes--to tru?s ( a high g5]ality or great] ab/ractness4 ,brief & rude z is ?is sket* ( a m5tal developm5t t has be5 long & complicat$1 x fulfils its end if x displays ! sev]al conditions t h regulat$ ! c\rse ( ! developm5t4 ,i v5ture to ?9k x %[s inductively1 :at 0 d$uctively inf]r$1 t ! ord] 9 :i* sep>ate gr\ps ( uni=mities are recogniz$1 dep5ds n on "o circum/ance b on sev]al circum/ances4 ,a survey ( ! facts makes x manife/ t ! v>i\s classes ( relations are g5]aliz$ 9 a c]ta9 succession1 n solely because ( "o p>ticul> k9d ( diff]5ce 9 _! natures2 b also because !y are v>i\sly plac$ ) respect to "t1 space1 o!r relations1 & our own con/itutions3 our p]ception ( !m be+ influ5c$ by all ^! conditions 9 endless comb9ations4 ,! comp>ative degrees ( importance1 ( obtrusiv5ess1 ( absolute frequ5cy1 ( relative frequ5cy1 ( simplicity1 ( concret5ess1 are e "o ( !m factors2 & f _! union 9 proportions t are m or less diff]5t 9 e case1 !re results a highly complex process ( m5tal evolution4 ,b :ile x ?us becomes manife/ t ! proximate causes ( ! succession 9 :i* relations are r$uc$ to law1 are num]\s & involv$2 x also becomes manife/ t !re is "o ultimate cause to :i* ^! proximate ones are subord9ate4 ,z ! sev]al circum/ances t det]m9e ! e>ly or late recognition ( uni=mities1 are circum/ances t det]m9e ! numb] & /r5g? ( ! impressions :i* ^! uni=mities make on ! m9d2 x foll[s t ! progression con=ms to a c]ta9 fundam5tal pr9ciple ( psy*ology4 ,we see po/]iori1 :at we conclud$ priori1 t ! ord] 9 :i* relations are g5]aliz$1 dep5ds on ! frequ5cy & impressiv5ess ) :i* !y are repeat$ 9 consci\s exp]i5ce4 99 99 99 99 99 #ci4 ,& n[ to obs]ve ! be>+s ( ^! tru?s on our g5]al argum5t4 ,hav+ r\ghly analyz$ ! progress ( ! pa/1 let u take advantage ( ! light ?us ?r[n on ! pres5t1 & consid] :at is impli$ respect+ ! future4 ,note fir/ t ! likelihood ( ! univ]sality ( ,law1 has be5 ev] gr[+ great]4 ,out ( ! c\ntless coexi/5ces & sequ5ces ) :i* mank9d are environ$1 !y h be5 cont9ually transf]r+ "s f ! gr\p ^: ord] 0 suppos$ to be arbitr>y1 to ! gr\p ^: ord] is kn[n to be uni=m4 ,age by age1 ! numb] ( recogniz$ connexions ( ph5om5a has be5 increas+2 & t ( unrecogniz$ connexions decreas+4 ,& manife/ly1 z fa/ z ! class ( ung5]aliz$ relations becomes small]1 ! probability t among !m !re may be "s t d n con=m to law1 becomes less4 ,to put ! argum5t num]ically--,x is cle> t :5 out ( surr\nd+ ph5om5a a hundr$ ( sev]al k9ds h be5 f\nd to occur 9 con/ant connexions1 !re arises a slight presumption t all ph5om5a occur 9 con/ant connexions4 ,:5 uni=mity has be5 e/abli%$ 9 a ?\s& cases1 m v>i$ 9 _! k9ds1 ! presumption ga9s /r5g?4 ,& :5 ! e/abli%$ cases ( uni=mity m\nt to myriads1 includ+ _m ( ea* v>iety1 x becomes an ord9>y induction t uni=mity exi/s ev]y:]e4 ,j z f ! num]\s obs]v$ cases 9 :i* heav5ly bodies h be5 f\nd to move 9 h>mony ) ! law ( gravitation1 x is inf]r$ t all heav5ly bodies move 9 h>mony ) ! law ( gravitation2 s1 f ! innum]able obs]v$ cases 9 :i* ph5om5a are f\nd to /& 9 inv>iable connexions1 x is inf]r$ t 9 all cases ph5om5a /& 9 inv>iable connexions4 ,sil5tly & ins5sibly _! exp]i5ces h be5 press+ m5 on t[>ds ! conclusion ?us drawn4 ,n out ( a consci\s reg>d = ^! ab/ract reasons1 b f a habit ( ?\ght :i* ^! ab/ract reasons =mulate & ju/ify1 all m9ds h be5 advanc+ t[>ds a belief 9 ! con/ancy ( surr\nd+ coexi/5ces & sequ5ces4 ,famili>ity ) special uni=mities1 has g5]at$ ! ab/ract conception ( uni=mity--! idea ( ,law2 & ?is idea has be5 9 successive g5]ations sl[ly ga9+ fixity & cle>ness4 ,especially has x be5 ?us among ^? ^: k ( natural ph5om5a is ! mo/ ext5sive--m5 ( sci5ce4 ,! ,ma!matician1 ! ,physici/1 ! ,a/ronom]1 ! ,*emi/1 sev]ally acqua9t$ ) ! va/ accumulations ( uni=mities e/abli%$ by _! pr$ecessors1 & !mselves daily add+ new ones z well z v]ify+ ! old1 acquire a f> /rong] fai? 9 ,law ?an is ord9>ily possess$4 ,) !m ?is fai?1 ceas+ to be m]ely passive1 becomes an active /imulus to inquiry4 ,:]ev] !re exi/ ph5om5a ( :i* ! dep5d5ce is n yet asc]ta9$1 ^! mo/ cultivat$ intellects1 impell$ by ! conviction t "h too !re is "s inv>iable connexion1 proce$ to obs]ve1 comp>e1 & exp]im5t2 & :5 !y discov] ! law to :i* ! ph5om5a con=m1 z !y ev5tually d1 _! g5]al belief 9 ! univ]sality ( law is fur!r /r5g!n$4 ,s ov]:elm+ is ! evid5ce1 & su* ! effect ( ?is discipl9e1 t to ! advanc$ /ud5t ( nature1 ! proposition t !re are lawless ph5om5a1 has become n only incr$ible b almo/ inconceivable4 ,h5ce we may see h[ inevitably !re mu/ spread among mank9d at l>ge1 ?is habitual recognition ( law :i* already di/+ui%es mod]n ?\ght f anci5t ?\ght4 ,n only is x t ea* conque/ ( g5]alization ov] a region ( fact hi!rto ung5]aliz$1 & ea* m]g+ ( l[] g5]alizations 9 a high] "o1 adds to ! di/9ctness ( ?is recognition among ^? imm$iately conc]n$--n only is x t ! fulfilm5t ( ! pr$ictions made possible by e new /ep1 & ! fur!r comm& s ga9$ ( nature's =ces1 prove to ! un9itiat$ ! validity ( ^! g5]alizations & ! doctr9e !y illu/rate2 b x is t wid5+ education is daily diffus+ among ! mass ( m51 t k ( g5]alizations :i* has be5 hi!rto conf9$ to ! few4 ,& z fa/ z ?is diffusion goes on1 mu/ ! belief ( ! sci5tific become ! belief ( ! _w at l>ge4 ,! simple accumulation ( in/ances1 mu/ inevitably e/abli% 9 ! g5]al m9d1 a conviction ( ! univ]sality ( law2 ev5 7 ! influ5ce ( ?is accumulation to be aid$ by no o!r4 99 99 99 99 99 #dj4 ,b x w be aid$ by ano!r4 ,f ! evid5ce above set =?1 x may be inf]r$ t a second>y influ5ce w by & by en=ce ?is prim>y "o4 ,t law is univ]sal1 w become an irresi/ible conclusion :5 x is p]ceiv$ t ! progress 9 ! discov]y ( laws itself con=ms to law2 & :5 x is h5ce und]/ood :y c]ta9 gr\ps ( ph5om5a h be5 r$uc$ to law1 :ile o!r gr\ps are /ill unr$uc$4 ,:5 x is se5 t ! ord] 9 :i* uni=mities are recogniz$1 mu/ dep5d ^u ! frequ5cy & vividness ) :i* !y are repeat$ 9 consci\s exp]i5ce2 :5 x is se5 t1 z a matt] ( fact1 ! mo/ common1 important1 conspicu\s1 concrete & simple uni=mities 7 ! e>lie/ recogniz$1 because !y 7 exp]i5c$ (t5e/ & mo/ di/9ctly2 :5 x is fur!r se5 t f ! beg9n+ ! advance has be5 to ! recognition ( uni=mities :i*1 f "o or o!r circum/ance1 7 less (t5 exp]i5c$2 x w by implication be se5 t long aft] ! great mass ( ph5om5a h be5 g5]aliz$1 !re mu/ rema9 ph5om5a :i*1 f _! r>5ess1 or unobtrusiv5ess1 or seem+ unimportance1 or complexity1 or ab/ractness1 are /ill ung5]aliz$4 ,?us w be furni%$ a solution to a difficulty sometimes rais$4 ,:5 x is ask$ :y ! univ]sality ( law is n already fully e/abli%$1 !re w be ! answ] t ! directions 9 :i* x is n yet e/abli%$ are ^? 9 :i* its e/abli%m5t mu/ necess>ily be late/4 ,t /ate ( ?+s :i* is inf]able be=eh&1 is j ! /ate :i* we f9d to exi/4 ,if su* coexi/5ces & sequ5ces z ^? ( ,biology & ,sociology are n yet r$uc$ to law1 ! presumption is n t !y are irr$ucible to law1 b t _! laws elude our pres5t means ( analysis4 ,hav+ long ago prov$ uni=mity ?r\gh\t all ! l[] classes ( relations2 & hav+ be5 /ep by /ep prov+ uni=mity ?r\gh\t classes ( relations successively high] & high]2 if we h n at pres5t succe$$ ) ! highe/ classes1 x may be fairly conclud$ t our p[]s are at fault1 r ?an t ! uni=mity does n exi/4 ,& unless we make ! absurd assumption t ! process ( g5]alization1 n[ go+ on ) unexampl$ rapidity1 has rea*$ its limit1 & w sudd5ly cease1 we mu/ inf] t ultimately mank9d w discov] a con/ant ord] ( manife/ation ev5 9 ! mo/ involv$1 obscure1 & ab/ract ph5om5a4 99 99 99 99 99 #da4 ,n ev5 yet1 h[ev]1 h we exhau/$ ! evid5ce4 ,! =ego+ argum5ts h to be m]g$ 9 ano!r1 /ill m cog5t1 :i* fuses all fragm5t>y pro(s into "o g5]al pro(4 ,?us f> we h spok5 ( laws t are m or less special2 & f ! /ill-cont9u+ disclosure ( special laws1 ea* =mulat+ "s new class ( ph5om5a1 h inf]r$ t ev5tually all classes ( ph5om5a w be =mulat$4 ,if1 n[1 we f9d t !re are laws ( f> high] g5]ality1 to :i* ^? con/itut+ ! body ( ,sci5ce are subord9ate2 ! fact mu/ greatly /r5g!n ! pro( t ,law is univ]sal4 ,if1 und]nea? diff]5t gr\ps ( concrete ph5om5a1 ,me*anical1 ,*emical1 ,!rmal1 ,electric1 c41 we disc]n c]ta9 uni=mities ( action common to !m all2 we h a new & weighty reason = believ+ t uni=mity ( action p]vades ! :ole ( nature4 ,& if we also see t ^! mo/ g5]al laws hold n only ( ! inorganic b ( ! organic worlds--if we see t ! ph5om5a ( ,life1 ( ,m9d1 ( ,society1 ^: special laws are yet une/abli%$1 nev]!less con=m to ^! mo/ g5]al laws2 ! pro( ( ! univ]sality ( ,law am\nts to demon/ration4 ,t !re are laws ( ?is transc5dant g5]ality1 has n[ to be %[n4 ,to specify & illu/rate !m1 w be ! purpose ( ! succe$+ *apt]s4 ,& :ile1 9 contemplat+ !m1 we %all p]ceive h[ irresi/ible is ! conclusion t ! work+s ( ! ,unkn[able are di/+ui%$ f ^? ( f9ite ag5ts by _! absolute uni=mity2 we %all at ! same "t famili>ize ourselves ) ^? prim>y facts ?r\gh :i* all o!r facts are to be int]pret$4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,! ,,law ,,( ,,evolution4#h #db4 ,! class ( ph5om5a to be consid]$ "u ! title ( ,evolution1 is 9 a great measure co-ext5sive ) ! class commonly indicat$ by ! ^w ,progress4 ,b ! ^w ,progress is "h inappropriate1 = sev]al reasons4 ,to specify ^! reasons w p]haps be ! be/ way ( %[+ :at is to be und]/ood by ,evolution4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! curr5t conception ( ,progress is %ift+ & indef9ite4 ,sometimes x compreh5ds little m ?an simple gr[?--z ( a nation 9 ! numb] ( its memb]s & ! ext5t ( t]ritory ov] :i* x has spread4 ,at o!r times x has ref]5ce to quantity ( mat]ial products--z :5 ! advance ( agriculture & manufactures is ! topic4 ,n[ ! sup]ior quality ( ^! products is contemplat$2 & !n ! new or improv$ appliances by :i* !y are produc$4 ,:51 aga91 we speak ( moral or intellectual progress1 we ref] to ! /ate ( ! individual or p exhibit+ x2 :ile1 :5 ! progress ( ,k1 ( ,sci5ce1 ( ,art1 is comm5t$ ^u1 we h 9 view c]ta9 ab/ract results ( human ?\ght & action4 ,9 ! second place1 besides be+ m or less vague1 ! ord9>y idea ( ,progress is 9 great measure errone\s4 ,x takes 9 n s mu* ! reality z its accompanim5ts--n s mu* ! sub/ance z ! %ad[4 ,t progress 9 intellig5ce se5 dur+ ! gr[? ( ! *ild into ! man1 or ! savage into ! philosoph]1 is commonly reg>d$ z consi/+ 9 ! great] numb] ( facts kn[n & laws und]/ood2 :]eas ! actual progress consi/s 9 ^? int]nal modifications ( :i* ?is increas$ k is ! expression4 ,social progress is suppos$ to consi/ 9 ! produce ( a great] quantity & v>iety ( ! articles requir$ = satisfy+ m5's wants--9 ! increas+ security ( p]son & prop]ty--9 wid5+ fre$om ( action2 :]eas1 rightly und]/ood1 social progress consi/s 9 ^? *anges ( /ructure 9 ! social organism :i* h entail$ ^! consequ5ces4 ,! int]pretation is a teleological "o4 ,! ph5om5a are contemplat$ solely z be>+ on human happ9ess4 ,only ^? *anges are held to con/itute progress1 :i* directly or indirectly t5d to height5 human happ9ess4 ,& !y are ?\ght to con/itute progress simply because !y t5d to height5 human happ9ess4 ,9 ! ?ird place1 9 consequ5ce ( its teleological implications1 ! t]m ,progress is r5d]$ sc>cely applicable to a wide range ( ph5om5a :i* are intr9sically ( ! same nature z ^? includ$ "u x4 ,! metamorphoses ( an insect are only by analogy admitt$ )9 ! scope ( ! ^w1 z popul>ly accept$2 ?\gh1 consid]$ 9 !mselves1 !y h z mu* "r !re z ! *anges :i* con/itute civilization4 ,hav+ no app>5t be>+ on human int]e/s1 an increas+ complication 9 ! arrangem5t ( ocean-curr5ts1 w\ld n ord9>ily be reg>d$ z progress2 ?\gh really ( ! same "* z ph5om5a :i* are s reg>d$4 ,h5ce ! ne$ = ano!r ^w4 ,our purpose "h is to analyze ! v>i\s class ( *anges usually consid]$ z ,progress1 toge!r ) o!rs l !m :i* are n s consid]$2 & to see :at is _! intr9sic peculi>ity--:at is _! ess5tial nature ap>t f _! be>+s on our welf>e4 ,& t we may avoid ! confusion ( ?\ght likely to result f pre-e/abli%$ associations1 x w be be/ to sub/itute = ! t]m ,progress1 ! t]m ,evolution4 ,our "q is !n--:at is ,evolution8 99 99 99 99 99 #dc4 ,9 respect to t evolution :i* individual organisms display1 ?is "q has be5 answ]$4 ,pursu+ an idea :i* ,h>vey set afloat1 ,wolff1 ,goe!1 & ,von ,ba]1 h e/abli%$ ! tru? t ! s]ies ( *anges gone ?r\gh dur+ ! developm5t ( a se$ into a tree1 or an ovum into an animal1 con/itute an advance f homog5eity ( /ructure to het]og5eity ( /ructure4 ,9 its prim>y /age1 e g]m consi/s ( a sub/ance t is uni=m ?r\gh\t1 bo? 9 texture & *emical composition4 ,! fir/ /ep is ! appe>ance ( a diff]5ce betwe5 two p>ts ( ?is sub/ance2 or1 z ! ph5om5on is call$ 9 physiological language1 a diff]5tiation4 ,ea* ( ^! diff]5tiat$ divisions pres5tly beg9s itself to exhibit "s contra/ ( p>ts2 & by & by ^! second>y diff]5tiations become z def9ite z ! orig9al "o4 ,?is process is cont9u\sly repeat$--is simultane\sly go+ on 9 all p>ts ( ! gr[+ embryo2 & by endless su* diff]5tiations !re is f9ally produc$ t complex comb9ation ( tissues & organs1 con/itut+ ! adult animal or plant4 ,?is is ! hi/ory ( all organisms :atev]4 ,x is settl$ beyond dispute t organic evolution consi/s 9 a *ange f ! homog5e\s to ! het]og5e\s4 ,n[ ,i propose 9 ! fir/ place to %[1 t ?is law ( organic evolution is ! law ( all evolution4 ,:e!r x be 9 ! developm5t ( ! ,e>?1 9 ! developm5t ( ,life ^u its surface1 9 ! developm5t ( ,society1 ( ,gov]nm5t1 ( ,manufactures1 ( ,comm]ce1 ( ,language1 ,lit]ature1 ,sci5ce1 ,art1 ?is same advance f ! simple to ! complex1 ?r\gh successive diff]5tiations1 holds uni=mly4 ,f ! e>lie/ traceable cosmical *anges d[n to ! late/ results ( civilization1 we %all f9d t ! trans=mation ( ! homog5e\s into ! het]og5e\s1 is t 9 :i* ,evolution ess5tially consi/s4 99 99 99 99 99 #dd4 ,) ! view ( %[+ t if ! ,nebul> ,hypo!sis be true1 ! g5esis ( ! sol> sy/em supplies "o illu/ration ( ?is law1 let u assume t ! matt] ( :i* ! sun & planets consi/ 0 once 9 a diffus$ =m2 & t f ! gravitation ( its atoms !re result$ a gradual conc5tration4 ,by ! hypo!sis1 ! sol> sy/em 9 its nasc5t /ate exi/$ z an indef9itely ext5d$ & ne>ly homog5e\s m$ium--a m$ium almo/ homog5e\s 9 d5sity1 9 temp]ature1 & 9 o!r physical attributes4 ,! fir/ advance t[>ds consolidation result$ 9 a diff]5tiation betwe5 ! occupi$ space :i* ! nebul\s mass /ill fill$1 & ! unoccupi$ space :i* x previ\sly fill$4 ,!re simultane\sly result$ a contra/ 9 d5sity & a contra/ 9 temp]ature1 betwe5 ! int]ior & ! ext]ior ( ?is mass4 ,& at ! same "t !re arose ?r\gh\t x1 rotatory movem5ts1 ^: velocities v>i$ accord+ to _! di/ances f its c5tre4 ,^! diff]5tiations increas$ 9 numb] & degree until !re 0 evolv$ ! organiz$ gr\p ( sun1 planets1 & satellites1 :i* we n[ "k--a gr\p :i* pres5ts num]\s contra/s ( /ructure & action among its memb]s4 ,!re are ! imm5se contra/s betwe5 ! sun & ! planets1 9 bulk & 9 weight2 z well z ! subord9ate contra/s betwe5 "o planet & ano!r1 & betwe5 ! planets & _! satellites4 ,!re is ! simil>ly m>k$ contra/ betwe5 ! sun z almo/ /ation>y1 & ! planets z mov+ r\nd him ) great velocity2 :ile !re are ! second>y contra/s betwe5 ! velocities & p]iods ( ! sev]al planets1 & betwe5 _! simple revolutions & ! d\ble ones ( _! satellites1 :i* h to move r\nd _! prim>ies :ile mov+ r\nd ! sun4 ,!re is ! yet fur!r /rong contra/ betwe5 ! sun & ! planets 9 respect ( temp]ature2 & !re is reason to suppose t ! planets & satellites diff] f ea* o!r 9 _! prop] heat1 z well z 9 ! heat !y receive f ! sun4 ,:5 we be> 9 m9d t1 9 addition to ^! v>i\s contra/s1 ! planets & satellites also diff] 9 respect to _! di/ances f ea* o!r & _! prim>y2 9 respect to ! incl9ations ( _! orbits1 ! incl9ations ( _! axes1 _! times ( rotation on _! axes1 _! specific gravities1 & _! physical con/itutions2 we see :at a high degree ( het]og5eity ! sol> sy/em exhibits1 :5 comp>$ ) ! almo/ complete homog5eity ( ! nebul\s mass out ( :i* x is suppos$ to h orig9at$4 99 99 99 99 99 #de4 ,pass+ f ?is hypo!tical illu/ration1 :i* mu/ be tak5 = :at x is wor?1 )\t prejudice to ! g5]al argum5t1 let u desc5d to a m c]ta9 ord] ( evid5ce4 ,x is n[ g5]ally agre$ among geologi/s t ! ,e>? 0 at fir/ a mass ( molt5 matt]2 & t x is /ill fluid & inc&esc5t at ! di/ance ( a few miles b5ea? its surface4 ,orig9ally1 !n1 x 0 homog5e\s 9 consi/5ce1 &1 because ( ! circulation t takes place 9 heat$ fluids1 mu/ h be5 comp>atively homog5e\s 9 temp]ature2 & x mu/ h be5 surr\nd$ by an atmosph]e consi/+ p>tly ( ! elem5ts ( air & wat]1 & p>tly ( ^? v>i\s o!r elem5ts :i* assume a gase\s =m at high temp]atures4 ,t sl[ cool+ by radiation :i* is /ill go+ on at an inappreciable rate1 & :i*1 ?\gh orig9ally f> m rapid ?an n[1 necess>ily requir$ an imm5se "t to produce any decid$ *ange1 mu/ ultimately h result$ 9 ! solidification ( ! portion mo/ able to "p ) its heat2 namely1 ! surface4 ,9 ! ?9 cru/ ?us =m$1 we h ! fir/ m>k$ diff]5tiation4 ,a /ill fur!r cool+1 a consequ5t ?ick5+ ( ?is cru/1 & an accompany+ deposition ( all solidifiable elem5ts conta9$ 9 ! atmosph]e1 mu/ f9ally h be5 foll[$ by ! cond5sation ( ! wat] previ\sly exi/+ z vap\r4 ,a second m>k$ diff]5tiation mu/ ?us h aris52 & z ! cond5sation mu/ h tak5 place on ! coole/ p>ts ( ! surface--namely1 ab\t ! poles--!re mu/ ?us h result$ ! fir/ geographical di/9ction ( p>ts4 ,to ^! illu/rations ( gr[+ het]og5eity1 :i*1 ?\gh d$uc$ f ! kn[n laws ( matt]1 may be reg>d$ z m or less hypo!tical1 ,geology adds an ext5sive s]ies t h be5 inductively e/abli%$4 ,its inve/igations %[ t ! ,e>? has be5 cont9ually becom+ m het]og5e\s ?r\gh ! multiplication ( ! /rata :i* =m its cru/2 fur!r1 t x has be5 becom+ m het]og5e\s 9 respect ( ! composition ( ^! /rata1 ! latt] ( :i*1 be+ made f ! detritus ( ! old] ones1 are _m ( !m r5d]$ highly complex by ! mixture ( mat]ials !y conta92 & t ?is het]og5eity has be5 va/ly increas$ by ! action ( ! ,e>?'s /ill molt5 nucleus ^u its envelope3 :5ce h result$ n only a great v>iety ( igne\s rocks1 b ! tilt+ up ( s$im5t>y /rata at all angles1 ! =mation ( faults & metallic ve9s1 ! production ( endless dislocations & irregul>ities4 ,yet aga91 geologi/s tea* u t ! ,e>?'s surface has be5 gr[+ m v>i$ 9 elevation--t ! mo/ anci5t m\nta9 sy/ems are ! smalle/1 & ! ,&es & ,himalayas ! mo/ mod]n2 :ile1 9 all probability1 !re h be5 correspond+ *anges 9 ! b$ ( ! ocean4 ,z a consequ5ce ( ^! ceaseless diff]5tiations1 we n[ f9d t no consid]able portion ( ! ,e>?'s expos$ surface is l any o!r portion1 ei!r 9 cont\r1 9 geologic /ructure1 or 9 *emical composition2 & t 9 mo/ p>ts x *anges f mile to mile 9 all ^! *>act]i/ics4 ,moreov]1 x mu/ n be =gott5 t !re has be5 simultane\sly go+ on a gradual diff]5tiation ( climates4 ,z fa/ z ! ,e>? cool$ & its cru/ solidifi$1 !re arose appreciable diff]5ces 9 temp]ature betwe5 ^? p>ts ( its surface mo/ expos$ to ! sun & ^? less expos$4 ,gradually1 z ! cool+ progress$1 ^! diff]5ces became m pron\nc$2 until !re f9ally result$ ! m>k$ contra/s betwe5 regions ( p]petual ice & sn[1 regions :]e w9t] & summ] alt]nately reign = p]iods v>y+ accord+ to ! latitude1 & regions :]e summ] foll[s summ] ) sc>cely an appreciable v>iation4 ,at ! same "t1 ! successive elevations & subsid5ces ( diff]5t portions ( ! ,e>?'s cru/1 t5d+ z !y h done to ! pres5t irregul> di/ribution ( l& & sea1 h entail$ v>i\s modifications ( climate beyond ^? dep5d5t on latitude2 :ile a yet fur!r s]ies ( su* modifications h be5 produc$ by increas+ diff]5ces ( elevation 9 ! l&1 :i* h 9 sundry places br\ght arctic1 temp]ate1 & tropical climates to )9 a few miles ( ea* o!r4 ,& ! g5]al result ( ^! *anges is1 t n only has e ext5sive region its own meteorologic conditions1 b t e locality 9 ea* region diff]s m or less f o!rs 9 ^? conditions3 z 9 its /ructure1 its cont\r1 its soil4 ,?us1 betwe5 our exi/+ ,e>?1 ! ph5om5a ( ^: v>i$ cru/ nei!r geograph]s1 geologi/s1 m9]alogi/s nor meteorologi/s h yet enum]at$1 & ! molt5 globe out ( :i* x 0 evolv$1 ! contra/ 9 het]og5eity is suffici5tly /rik+4 99 99 99 99 99 #df4 ,:5 f ! ,e>? itself we turn to ! plants & animals t h liv$1 or /ill live1 ^u its surface1 we f9d ourselves 9 "s difficulty f lack ( facts4 ,t e exi/+ organism has be5 develop$ out ( ! simple into ! complex1 is inde$ ! fir/ e/abli%$ tru? ( all2 & t e organism :i* has exi/$ 0 simil>ly develop$1 is an inf]5ce t no physiologi/ w hesitate to draw4 ,b :5 we pass f individual =ms ( life to ,life 9 g5]al1 & inquire :e!r ! same law is se5 9 ! ensemble ( its manife/ations1--:e!r mod]n plants & animals are ( m het]og5e\s /ructure ?an anci5t ones1 & :e!r ! ,e>?'s pres5t ,flora & ,fauna are m het]og5e\s ?an ! ,flora & ,fauna ( ! pa/1--we f9d ! evid5ce s fragm5t>y1 t e conclusion is op5 to dispute4 ,two-?irds ( ! ,e>?'s surface be+ cov]$ by wat]2 a great "p ( ! expos$ l& be+ inaccessible to1 or untravell$ by1 ! geologi/2 ! great] "p ( ! rema9d] hav+ be5 sc>cely m ?an glanc$ at2 & ev5 ! mo/ famili> portions1 z ,engl&1 hav+ be5 s imp]fectly explor$1 t a new s]ies ( /rata has be5 add$ )9 ^! few ye>s1--x is manife/ly impossible = u to say ) any c]ta9ty :at creatures h1 & :at h n1 exi/$ at any p>ticul> p]iod4 ,consid]+ ! p]i%able nature ( _m ( ! l[] organic =ms1 ! metamorphosis ( _m s$im5t>y /rata1 & ! gaps t occur among ! re/1 we %all see fur!r reason = di/ru/+ our d$uctions4 ,on ! "o h&1 ! repeat$ discov]y ( v]tebrate rema9s 9 /rata previ\sly suppos$ to conta9 none1--( reptiles :]e only fi% 7 ?\ght to exi/1--( mammals :]e x 0 believ$ !re 7 no creatures high] ?an reptiles2 r5d]s x daily m manife/ h[ small is ! value ( negative evid5ce4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! wor?lessness ( ! assumption t we h discov]$ ! e>lie/1 or any?+ l ! e>lie/1 organic rema9s1 is becom+ equally cle>4 ,t ! olde/ kn[n aque\s =mations h be5 greatly *ang$ by igne\s action1 & t /ill old] ones h be5 totally trans=m$ by x1 is becom+ und5iable4 ,& ! fact t s$im5t>y /rata e>li] ?an any we "k1 h be5 melt$ up1 be+ admitt$1 x mu/ also be admitt$ t we _c say h[ f> back 9 "t ?is de/ruction ( s$im5t>y /rata has be5 go+ on4 ,?us x is manife/ t ! title ,palozoic1 z appli$ to ! e>lie/ kn[n fossilif]\s /rata1 involves a petitio pr9cipii2 & t1 = aught we "k to ! contr>y1 only ! la/ few *apt]s ( ! ,e>?'s biological hi/ory may h come d[n to u4 ,all inf]5ces drawn f su* scatt]$ facts z we f9d1 mu/ ?us be extremely que/ionable4 ,if1 look+ at ! g5]al aspect ( evid5ce1 a progressioni/ argues t ! e>lie/ kn[n v]tebrate rema9s are ^? ( ,fi%es1 :i* are ! mo/ homog5e\s ( ! v]tebrata2 t ,reptiles1 :i* are m het]og5e\s1 are lat]2 & t lat] /ill1 & m het]og5e\s /ill1 are ,mammals & ,birds2 x may be repli$ t ! ,palozoic deposits1 n be+ e/u>y deposits1 are n likely to conta9 ! rema9s ( t]re/rial v]tebrata1 :i* may nev]!less h exi/$ at t era4 ,! same answ] may be made to ! argum5t t ! v]tebrate fauna ( ! ,palozoic p]iod1 consi/+ s f> z we "k1 entirely ( ,fi%es1 0 less het]og5e\s ?an ! mod]n v]tebrate fauna1 :i* includes ,reptiles1 ,birds & ,mammals1 ( multitud9\s g5]a2 or ! uni=mit>ian may cont5d ) great %[ ( tru?1 t ?is appe>ance ( high] & m v>i$ =ms 9 lat] geologic eras1 0 due to progressive immigration--t a cont95t sl[ly upheav$ f ! ocean at a po9t remote f pre-exi/+ cont95ts1 w\ld necess>ily be peopl$ f !m 9 a succession l t :i* our /rata display4 ,at ! same "t ! c\nt]-argum5ts may be prov$ equally inconclusive4 ,:51 to %[ t !re _c h be5 a cont9u\s evolution ( ! m homog5e\s organic =ms into ! m het]og5e\s ones1 ! uni=mit>ian po9ts to ! breaks t occur 9 ! succession ( ^! =ms2 !re is ! suffici5t answ] t curr5t geological *anges %[ u :y su* breaks mu/ occur1 & :y1 by subsid5ces & elevations ( l>ge area1 !re mu/ be produc$ su* m>k$ breaks z ^? :i* divide ! ?ree great geologic epo*s4 ,or aga91 if ! oppon5t ( ! developm5t hypo!sis cites ! facts set =? by ,pr(essor ,huxley 9 8 lecture on 8,p]si/5t ,types0--if he po9ts out t 8( "s two hundr$ kn[n ord]s ( plants1 n "o is exclusively fossil10 :ile 8among animals1 !re is n a s+le totally ext9ct class2 & ( ! ord]s1 at ! outside n m ?an sev5 p] c5t4 are unrepres5t$ 9 ! exi/+ creation0--if he urges t among ^! "s h cont9u$ f ! ,silurian epo* to our own day ) sc>cely any *ange--& if he inf]s t !re is evid5tly a mu* great] av]age resemblance betwe5 ! liv+ =ms ( ! pa/ & ^? ( ! pres5t1 ?an consi/s ) ?is hypo!sis2 !re is /ill a satisfactory reply1 on :i* 9 fact ,pr(4 ,huxley insi/s2 namely1 t we h evid5ce ( a 8pre-geologic era0 ( unkn[n duration4 ,& inde$1 :5 x is rememb]$1 t ! enorm\s subsid5ces ( ! ,silurian p]iod %[ ! ,e>?'s cru/ to h be5 approximately z ?ick !n z x is n[--:5 x is conclud$ t ! "t tak5 to =m s ?ick a cru/1 mu/ h be5 imm5se z comp>$ ) ! "t :i* has s9ce elaps$--:5 x is assum$1 z x mu/ be1 t dur+ ?is comp>atively imm5se "t ! geologic & biologic *anges w5t on at _! usual rates2 x becomes manife/1 n only t ! palontological records :i* we f9d1 d n negative ! !ory ( evolution1 b t !y are su* z might rationally be look$ =4 ,moreov]1 x mu/ n be =gott5 t ?\gh ! evid5ce suffices nei!r = pro( nor dispro(1 yet "s ( its mo/ conspicu\s facts support ! belief1 t ! m het]og5e\s organisms & gr\ps ( organisms1 h be5 evolv$ f ! less het]og5e\s ones4 ,! av]age community ( type betwe5 ! fossils ( adjac5t /rata1 & /ill m ! community t is f\nd betwe5 ! late/ t]ti>y fossils & creatures n[ exi/+1 is "o ( ^! facts4 ,! discov]y 9 "s mod]n deposits ( su* =ms z ! ,palo!rium & ,anaplo!rium1 :i*1 if we may rely on ,pr(4 ,ow51 _h a type ( /ructure int]m$iate betwe5 "s ( ! types n[ exi/+1 is ano!r ( ^! facts4 ,& ! comp>atively rec5t appe>ance ( ,man1 is a ?ird fact ( ?is k9d1 :i* possesses /ill great] significance4 ,h5ce we may say1 t ?\gh our k ( pa/ life ^u ! ,e>?1 is too scanty to ju/ify u 9 ass]t+ an evolution ( ! simple into ! complex1 ei!r 9 individual =ms or 9 ! aggregate ( =ms2 yet ! k we h1 n only consi/s ) ! belief t !re has be5 su* an evolution1 b r supports x ?an o!rwise4 99 99 99 99 99 #dg4 ,:e!r an advance f ! homog5e\s to ! het]og5e\s is or is n display$ 9 ! biological hi/ory ( ! globe1 x is cle>ly en\gh display$ 9 ! progress ( ! late/ & mo/ het]og5e\s creature--,man4 ,x is alike true t1 dur+ ! p]iod 9 :i* ! ,e>? has be5 peopl$1 ! human organism has gr[n m het]og5e\s among ! civiliz$ divisions ( ! species2 & t ! species1 z a :ole1 has be5 made m het]og5e\s by ! multiplication ( races & ! diff]5tiation ( ^! races f ea* o!r4 ,9 pro( ( ! fir/ ( ^! positions1 we may cite ! fact t1 9 ! relative developm5t ( ! limbs1 ! civiliz$ man dep>ts m widely f ! g5]al type ( ! plac5tal mammalia1 ?an d ! l[] human races4 ,?\gh (t5 possess+ well-develop$ body & arms1 ! ,papuan has extremely small legs3 ?us rem9d+ u ( ! quadrumana1 9 :i* !re is no great contra/ 9 size betwe5 ! h9d & =e limbs4 ,b 9 ! ,european1 ! great] l5g? & massiv5ess ( ! legs has become v m>k$--! =e & h9d limbs are relatively m het]og5e\s4 ,aga91 ! great] ratio :i* ! cranial bones be> to ! facial bones1 illu/rates ! same tru?4 ,among ! v]tebrata 9 g5]al1 evolution is m>k$ by an increas+ het]og5eity 9 ! v]tebral column1 & m especially 9 ! segm5ts con/itut+ ! skull3 ! high] =ms be+ di/+ui%$ by ! relatively l>g] size ( ! bones :i* cov] ! bra91 & ! relatively small] size ( ^? :i* =m ! jaws1 c4 ,n[1 ?is *>act]i/ic1 :i* is /rong] 9 ,man ?an 9 any o!r creature1 is /rong] 9 ! ,european ?an 9 ! savage4 ,moreov]1 judg+ f ! great] ext5t & v>iety ( faculty he exhibits1 we may inf] t ! civiliz$ man has also a m complex or het]og5e\s n]v\s sy/em ?an ! unciviliz$ man2 & inde$ ! fact is 9 "p visible 9 ! increas$ ratio :i* 8 c]ebrum be>s to ! subjac5t ganglia4 ,if fur!r elucidation be ne$$1 we may f9d x 9 e nurs]y4 ,! infant ,european has sundry m>k$ po9ts ( resemblance to ! l[] human races2 z 9 ! flatness ( ! al ( ! nose1 ! depression ( its bridge1 ! div]g5ce & =w>d op5+ ( ! no/rils1 ! =m ( ! lips1 ! abs5ce ( a frontal s9us1 ! wid? betwe5 ! eyes1 ! smallness ( ! legs4 ,n[1 z ! developm5tal process by :i* ^! traits are turn$ into ^? ( ! adult ,european1 is a cont9uation ( t *ange f ! homog5e\s to ! het]og5e\s display$ dur+ ! previ\s evolution ( ! embryo1 :i* e physiologi/ w admit2 x foll[s t ! p>allel developm5tal process by :i* ! l traits ( ! b>b>\s races h be5 turn$ into ^? ( ! civiliz$ races1 has also be5 a cont9uation ( ! *ange f ! homog5e\s to ! het]og5e\s4 ,! tru? ( ! second position--t ,mank9d1 z a :ole1 h become m het]og5e\s--is s obvi\s z sc>cely to ne$ illu/ration4 ,e "w on ,e?nology1 by its divisions & subdivisions ( races1 be>s te/imony to x4 ,ev5 7 we to admit ! hypo!sis t ,mank9d orig9at$ f sev]al sep>ate /ocks1 x w\ld /ill rema9 true t z1 f ea* ( ^! /ocks1 !re h sprung _m n[ widely diff]5t tribes1 :i* are prov$ by philological evid5ce to h _h a common orig91 ! race z a :ole is f> less homog5e\s ?an x once 04 ,add to :i*1 t we h1 9 ! ,anglo-,am]icans1 an example ( a new v>iety aris+ )9 ^! few g5]ations2 & t1 if we may tru/ to ! descriptions ( obs]v]s1 we are likely soon to h ano!r su* example 9 ,au/ralia4 99 99 99 99 99 #dh4 ,on pass+ f ,humanity "u its individual =m1 to ,humanity z socially embodi$1 we f9d ! g5]al law /ill m v>i\sly exemplifi$4 ,! *ange f ! homog5e\s to ! het]og5e\s1 is display$ equally 9 ! progress ( civilization z a :ole1 & 9 ! progress ( e tribe or nation2 & is /ill go+ on ) increas+ rapidity4 ,z we see 9 exi/+ b>b>\s tribes1 society 9 its fir/ & l[e/ =m is a homog5e\s aggregation ( individuals hav+ l p[]s & l functions3 ! only m>k$ diff]5ce ( function be+ t :i* accompanies diff]5ce ( sex4 ,e man is w>rior1 hunt]1 fi%]man1 tool-mak]1 build]2 e woman p]=ms ! same drudg]ies2 e family is self-suffic+1 &1 save = purposes ( aggression & def5ce1 might z well live ap>t f ! re/4 ,v e>ly1 h[ev]1 9 ! process ( social evolution1 we f9d an incipi5t diff]5tiation betwe5 ! gov]n+ & ! gov]n$4 ,"s k9d ( *iefta9%ip seems coeval ) ! fir/ advance f ! /ate ( sep>ate w&]+ families to t ( a nomadic tribe4 ,! au?ority ( ! /ronge/ makes itself felt among a body ( savages1 z 9 a h]d ( animals1 or a posse ( s*ool-boys4 ,at fir/1 h[ev]1 x is indef9ite1 unc]ta92 is %>$ by o!rs ( sc>cely inf]ior p[]2 & is unaccompani$ by any diff]5ce 9 occupation or /yle ( liv+3 ! fir/ rul] kills 8 own game1 makes 8 own weapons1 builds 8 own hut1 &1 economically consid]$1 does n diff] f o!rs ( 8 tribe4 ,gradually1 z ! tribe progresses1 ! contra/ betwe5 ! gov]n+ & ! gov]n$ gr[s m decid$4 ,supreme p[] becomes h]$it>y 9 "o family2 ! head ( t family1 ceas+ to provide = 8 own wants1 is s]v$ by o!rs2 & he beg9s to assume ! sole (fice ( rul+4 ,at ! same "t !re has be5 aris+ a co-ord9ate species ( gov]nm5t--t ( ,religion4 ,z all anci5t records & traditions prove1 ! e>lie/ rul]s are reg>d$ z div9e p]sonages4 ,! maxims & comm&s !y utt]$ dur+ _! lives are held sacr$ aft] _! dea?s1 & are en=c$ by _! div9ely-desc5d$ successors2 :o 9 _! turns are promot$ to ! pan!on ( ! race1 !re to be wor%ipp$ & propitiat$ along ) _! pr$ecessors3 ! mo/ anci5t ( :om is ! supreme god1 & ! re/ subord9ate gods4 ,= a long "t ^! connate =ms ( gov]nm5t--civil & religi\s--cont9ue closely associat$4 ,= _m g5]ations ! k+ cont9ues to be ! *ief prie/1 & ! prie/hood to be memb]s ( ! royal race4 ,= _m ages religi\s law cont9ues to conta9 m or less ( civil regulation1 & civil law to possess m or less ( religi\s sanction2 & ev5 among ! mo/ advanc$ nations ^! two controll+ ag5cies are by no means completely diff]5tiat$ f ea* o!r4 ,hav+ a common root ) ^!1 & gradually div]g+ f !m1 we f9d yet ano!r controll+ ag5cy--t ( ,mann]s or c]emonial usages4 ,all titles ( hon\r are orig9ally ! names ( ! god-k+2 aft]w>ds ( ,god & ! k+2 /ill lat] ( p]sons ( high rank2 & f9ally come1 "s ( !m1 to be us$ betwe5 man & man4 ,all =ms ( complim5t>y address 7 at fir/ ! expressions ( submission f prison]s to _! conqu]or1 or f subjects to _! rul]1 ei!r human or div9e--expressions t 7 aft]w>ds us$ to propitiate subord9ate au?orities1 & sl[ly desc5d$ into ord9>y int]c\rse4 ,all modes ( salutation 7 once obeisances made be=e ! mon>* & us$ 9 wor%ip ( him aft] 8 dea?4 ,pres5tly o!rs ( ! god-desc5d$ race 7 simil>ly salut$2 & by degrees "s ( ! salutations h become ! due ( all4#i ,?us1 no soon] does ! orig9ally homog5e\s social mass diff]5tiate into ! gov]n$ & ! gov]n+ p>ts1 ?an ?is la/ exhibits an incipi5t diff]5tiation into religi\s & secul>--,*ur* & ,/ate2 :ile at ! same "t !re beg9s to be diff]5tiat$ f bo?1 t less def9ite species ( gov]nm5t :i* rides our daily int]c\rse--a species ( gov]nm5t :i*1 z we may see 9 h]alds' colleges1 9 books ( ! pe]age1 9 ma/]s ( c]emonies1 is n )\t a c]ta9 embodim5t ( its own4 ,ea* ( ^! k9ds ( gov]nm5t is itself subject to successive diff]5tiations4 ,9 ! c\rse ( ages1 !re arises1 z among ourselves1 a highly complex political organization ( mon>*1 m9i/]s1 lords & commons1 ) _! subord9ate adm9i/rative dep>tm5ts1 c\rts ( ju/ice1 rev5ue (fices1 c41 supplem5t$ 9 ! prov9ces by municipal gov]nm5ts1 c\nty gov]nm5ts1 p>i% or union gov]nm5ts--all ( !m m or less elaborat$4 ,by its side !re gr[s up a highly complex religi\s organization1 ) its v>i\s grades ( (ficials f ar*bi%ops d[n to sextons1 its colleges1 convocations1 ecclesia/ical c\rts1 c42 to all :i* mu/ be add$ ! ev]-multiply+ indep5d5t sects1 ea* ) its g5]al & local au?orities4 ,& at ! same "t !re is develop$ a highly complex aggregation ( cu/oms1 mann]s1 & tempor>y fa%ions1 en=c$ by society at l>ge1 & s]v+ to control ^? m9or transactions betwe5 man & man :i* are n regulat$ by civil & religi\s law4 ,moreov]1 x is to be obs]v$ t ?is ev]-increas+ het]og5eity 9 ! gov]nm5tal appliances ( ea* nation1 has be5 accompani$ by an increas+ het]og5eity 9 ! gov]nm5tal appliances ( diff]5t nations3 all ( :i* are m or less unlike 9 _! political sy/ems & legislation1 9 _! cre$s & religi\s in/itutions1 9 _! cu/oms & c]emonial usages4 ,simultane\sly !re has be5 go+ on a second diff]5tiation ( a m famili> k9d2 t1 namely1 by :i* ! mass ( ! community has be5 segregat$ into di/9ct classes & ord]s ( work]s4 ,:ile ! gov]n+ "p has und]gone ! complex developm5t above detail$1 ! gov]n$ "p has und]gone an equally complex developm5t2 :i* has result$ 9 t m9ute division ( lab\r *>act]iz+ advanc$ nations4 ,x is ne$less to trace out ?is progress f its fir/ /ages1 up ?r\gh ! ca/e divisions ( ! ,ea/ & ! incorporat$ guilds ( ,europe1 to ! elaborate produc+ & di/ribut+ organization exi/+ among ourselves4 ,political economi/s h long s9ce indicat$ ! evolution :i*1 beg9n+ ) a tribe ^: memb]s sev]ally p]=m ! same actions1 ea* = himself ends ) a civiliz$ community ^: memb]s sev]ally p]=m diff]5t actions = ea* o!r2 & !y h fur!r po9t$ out ! *anges ?r\gh :i* ! solit>y produc] ( any "o commodity1 is trans=m$ into a comb9ation ( produc]s :o1 unit$ "u a ma/]1 take sep>ate p>ts 9 ! manufacture ( su* commodity4 ,b !re are yet o!r & high] phases ( ?is advance f ! homog5e\s to ! het]og5e\s 9 ! indu/rial organization ( society4 ,long aft] consid]able progress has be5 made 9 ! division ( lab\r among ! diff]5t classes ( work]s1 !re is /ill little or no division ( lab\r among ! widely sep>at$ p>ts ( ! community3 ! nation cont9ues comp>atively homog5e\s 9 ! respect t 9 ea* di/rict ! same occupations are pursu$4 ,b :5 roads & o!r means ( transit become num]\s & good1 ! diff]5t di/ricts beg9 to assume diff]5t functions1 & to become mutually dep5d5t4 ,! calico-manufacture locates itself 9 ?is c\nty1 ! wooll5-manufacture 9 t2 silks are produc$ "h1 lace !re2 /ock+s 9 "o place1 %oes 9 ano!r2 pott]y1 h>dw>e1 cutl]y1 come to h _! special t[ns2 & ultimately e locality gr[s m or less di/+ui%$ f ! re/ by ! lead+ occupation c>ri$ on 9 x4 ,nay1 m1 ?is subdivision ( functions %[s itself n only among ! diff]5t p>ts ( ! same nation1 b among diff]5t nations4 ,t ex*ange ( commodities :i* free-trade promises s greatly to increase1 w ultimately h ! effect ( specializ+1 9 a great] or less degree1 ! indu/ry ( ea* p4 ,s t beg9n+ ) a b>b>\s tribe1 almo/ if n q homog5e\s 9 ! functions ( its memb]s1 ! progress has be51 & /ill is1 t[>ds an economic aggregation ( ! :ole human race2 gr[+ ev] m het]og5e\s 9 respect ( ! sep>ate functions assum$ by sep>ate nations1 ! sep>ate functions assum$ by ! local sections ( ea* nation1 ! sep>ate functions assum$ by ! _m k9ds ( mak]s & trad]s 9 ea* t[n1 & ! sep>ate functions assum$ by ! work]s unit$ 9 produc+ ea* commodity4 99 99 99 99 99 #di4 ,n only is ! law ?us cle>ly exemplifi$ 9 ! evolution ( ! social organism1 b x is exemplifi$ ) equal cle>ness 9 ! evolution ( all products ( human ?\ght & action2 :e!r concrete or ab/ract1 real or ideal4 ,let u take ,language z our fir/ illu/ration4 ,! l[e/ =m ( language is ! exclamation1 by :i* an entire idea is vaguely convey$ ?r\gh a s+le s\nd2 z among ! l[] animals4 ,t human language ev] consi/$ solely ( exclamations1 & s 0 /rictly homog5e\s 9 respect ( its p>ts ( spee*1 we h no evid5ce4 ,b t language c be trac$ d[n to a =m 9 :i* n\ns & v]bs are its only elem5ts1 is an e/abli%$ fact4 ,9 ! gradual multiplication ( p>ts ( spee* out ( ^! prim>y ones--9 ! diff]5tiation ( v]bs into active & passive1 ( n\ns into ab/ract & concrete--9 ! rise ( di/9ctions ( mood1 t5se1 p]son1 ( numb] & case--9 ! =mation ( auxili>y v]bs1 ( adjectives1 adv]bs1 pron\ns1 prepositions1 articles--9 ! div]g5ce ( ^? ord]s1 g5]a1 species1 & v>ieties ( p>ts ( spee* by :i* civiliz$ races express m9ute modifications ( mean+--we see a *ange f ! homog5e\s to ! het]og5e\s4 ,& x may be rem>k$1 9 pass+1 t x is m especially 9 virtue ( hav+ c>ri$ ?is subdivision ( functions to a great] ext5t & complet5ess1 t ! ,engli% language is sup]ior to all o!rs4 ,ano!r aspect "u :i* we may trace ! developm5t ( language1 is ! diff]5tiation ( words ( alli$ mean+s4 ,philology e>ly disclos$ ! tru? t 9 all languages words may be gr\p$ into families hav+ a common ance/ry4 ,an aborig9al "n1 appli$ indiscrim9ately to ea* ( an ext5sive & ill-def9$ class ( ?+s or actions1 pres5tly und]goes modifications by :i* ! *ief divisions ( ! class are express$4 ,^! sev]al names spr++ f ! primitive root1 !mselves become ! p>5ts ( o!r names /ill fur!r modifi$4 ,& by ! aid ( ^? sy/ematic modes :i* pres5tly arise1 ( mak+ d]ivatives & =m+ comp\nd t]ms express+ /ill small] di/9ctions1 !re is f9ally develop$ a tribe ( words s het]og5e\s 9 s\nd & mean+1 t to ! un9itiat$ x seems incr$ible !y %\ld h _h a common orig94 ,mean:ile1 f o!r roots !re are be+ evolv$ o!r su* tribes1 until !re results a language ( "s sixty ?\s& or m unlike words1 signify+ z _m unlike objects1 qualities1 acts4 ,yet ano!r way 9 :i* language 9 g5]al advances f ! homog5e\s to ! het]og5e\s1 is 9 ! multiplication ( languages4 ,:e!r1 z ,max ,mll] & ,buns5 ?9k1 all languages h gr[n f "o /ock1 or :e!r1 z "s philologi/s say1 !y h gr[n f two or m /ocks1 x is cle> t s9ce l>ge families ( languages1 z ! ,indo-,european1 are ( "o p>5tage1 !y h become di/9ct ?r\gh a process ( cont9u\s div]g5ce4 ,! same diffusion ov] ! ,e>?'s surface :i* has l$ to ! diff]5tiation ( ! race1 has simultane\sly l$ to a diff]5tiation ( _! spee*3 a tru? :i* we see fur!r illu/rat$ 9 ea* nation by ! peculi>ities ( dialect f\nd 9 sep>ate di/ricts4 ,?us ! progress ( ,language con=ms to ! g5]al law1 alike 9 ! evolution ( languages1 9 ! evolution ( families ( words1 & 9 ! evolution ( p>ts ( spee*4 ,on pass+ f spok5 to writt5 language1 we come ^u sev]al classes ( facts1 all hav+ simil> implications4 ,writt5 language is connate ) ,pa9t+ & ,sculpture2 & at fir/ all ?ree are app5dages ( ,ar*itecture1 & h a direct connexion ) ! prim>y =m ( all ,gov]nm5t--! !ocratic4 ,m]ely not+ by ! way ! fact t sundry wild races1 z = example ! ,au/ralians & ! tribes ( ,s\? ,africa1 are giv5 to depict+ p]sonages & ev5ts ^u ! walls ( caves1 :i* are probably reg>d$ z sacr$ places1 let u pass to ! case ( ! ,egyptians4 ,among !m1 z also among ! ,assyrians1 we f9d mural pa9t+s us$ to decorate ! temple ( ! god & ! palace ( ! k+ 7:i* 71 inde$1 orig9ally id5tical72 & z su* !y 7 gov]nm5tal appliances 9 ! same s5se t /ate-pageants & religi\s fea/s 74 ,fur!r1 !y 7 gov]nm5tal appliances 9 virtue ( repres5t+ ! wor%ip ( ! god1 ! triumphs ( ! god-k+1 ! submission ( 8 subjects1 & ! puni%m5t ( ! rebelli\s4 ,& yet aga9 !y 7 gov]nm5tal1 z be+ ! products ( an art rev]5c$ by ! p z a sacr$ my/]y4 ,f ! habitual use ( ?is pictorial repres5tation1 !re naturally grew up ! b slightly-modifi$ practice ( picture-writ+--a practice :i* 0 f\nd /ill extant among ! ,mexicans at ! "t !y 7 discov]$4 ,by abbreviations analog\s to ^? /ill go+ on 9 our own writt5 & spok5 language1 ! mo/ famili> ( ^! pictur$ figures 7 successively simplifi$2 & ultimately !re grew up a sy/em ( symbols1 mo/ ( :i* _h b a di/ant resemblance to ! ?+s = :i* !y /ood4 ,! inf]5ce t ! hi]oglyphics ( ! ,egyptians 7 ?us produc$1 is confirm$ by ! fact t ! picture-writ+ ( ! ,mexicans 0 f\nd to h giv5 bir? to a l family ( ideographic =ms2 & among !m1 z among ! ,egyptians1 ^! _h be5 p>tially diff]5tiat$ into ! kuriological or imitative1 & ! tropical or symbolic3 :i* 71 h[ev]1 us$ toge!r 9 ! same record4 ,9 ,egypt1 writt5 language und]w5t a fur!r diff]5tiation2 :5ce result$ ! hi]atic & ! epi/olographic or en*orial3 bo? ( :i* are d]iv$ f ! orig9al hi]oglyphic4 ,at ! same "t we f9d t = ! expression ( prop] names1 :i* c\ld n be o!rwise convey$1 phonetic symbols 7 employ$2 & ?\gh x is alleg$ t ! ,egyptians nev] actually a*iev$ complete alphabetic writ+1 yet x c sc>cely be d\bt$ t ^! phonetic symbols occasionally us$ 9 aid ( _! ideographic ones1 7 ! g]ms out ( :i* alphabetic writ+ grew4 ,once hav+ become sep>ate f hi]oglyphics1 alphabetic writ+ itself und]w5t num]\s diff]5tiations--multipli$ alphabets 7 produc$3 betwe5 mo/ ( :i*1 h[ev]1 m or less connexion c /ill be trac$4 ,& 9 ea* civiliz$ nation !re has n[ gr[n up1 = ! repres5tation ( "o set ( s\nds1 sev]al sets ( writt5 signs1 us$ = di/9ct purposes4 ,f9ally1 ?r\gh a yet m important diff]5tiation came pr9t+2 :i*1 uni=m 9 k9d z x 0 at fir/1 has s9ce become multi=m4 99 99 99 99 99 #ej4 ,:ile writt5 language 0 pass+ ?r\gh its e>li] /ages ( developm5t1 ! mural decoration :i* =m$ its root 0 be+ diff]5tiat$ into ,pa9t+ & ,sculpture4 ,! gods1 k+s1 m51 & animals repres5t$1 7 orig9ally m>k$ by ind5t$ outl9es & col\r$4 ,9 mo/ cases ^! outl9es 7 ( su* dep?1 & ! object !y circumscrib$ s f> r\nd$ & m>k$ out 9 its lead+ p>ts1 z to =m a species ( "w int]m$iate betwe5 intaglio & bas-relief4 ,9 o!r cases we see an advance ^u ?is3 ! rais$ spaces betwe5 ! figures be+ *isell$ (f1 & ! figures !mselves appropriately t9t$1 a pa9t$ bas-relief 0 produc$4 ,! re/or$ ,assyrian ar*itecture at ,syd5ham1 exhibits ?is /yle ( art c>ri$ to great] p]fection--! p]sons & ?+s repres5t$1 ?\gh /ill b>b>\sly col\r$1 are c>v$ out ) m tru? & 9 great] detail2 & 9 ! w+$ lions & bulls us$ = ! angles ( gateways1 we may see a consid]able advance t[>ds a completely sculptur$ figure2 :i*1 nev]!less1 is /ill col\r$1 & /ill =ms "p ( ! build+4 ,b :ile 9 ,assyria ! production ( a /atue prop]1 seems to h be5 little1 if at all1 attempt$1 we may trace 9 ,egyptian art ! gradual sep>ation ( ! sculptur$ figure f ! wall4 ,a walk ?r\gh ! collection 9 ! ,briti% ,museum w cle>ly %[ ?is2 :ile x w at ! same "t af=d an opportunity ( obs]v+ ! evid5t traces :i* ! indep5d5t /atues be> ( _! d]ivation f bas-relief3 see+ t ne>ly all ( !m n only display t union ( ! limbs ) ! body :i* is ! *>act]i/ic ( bas-relief1 b h ! back ( ! /atue unit$ f head to foot ) a block :i* /&s 9 place ( ! orig9al wall4 ,greece repeat$ ! lead+ /ages ( ?is progress4 ,z 9 ,egypt & ,assyria1 ^! tw9 arts 7 at fir/ unit$ ) ea* o!r & ) _! p>5t1 ,ar*itecture2 & 7 ! aids ( ,religion & ,gov]nm5t4 ,on ! friezes ( ,greek temples1 we see col\r$ bas-reliefs repres5t+ sacrifices1 battles1 processions1 games--all 9 "s sort religi\s4 ,on ! p$im5ts we see pa9t$ sculptures m or less unit$ ) ! tympanum1 & hav+ = subjects ! triumphs ( gods or h]oes4 ,ev5 :5 we come to /atues t are def9itely sep>at$ f ! build+s to :i* !y p]ta91 we /ill f9d !m col\r$2 & only 9 ! lat] p]iods ( ,greek civilization1 does ! diff]5tiation ( sculpture f pa9t+ appe> to h become complete4 ,9 ,*ri/ian art we may cle>ly trace a p>allel re-g5esis4 ,all e>ly pa9t+s & sculptures ?r\gh\t ,europe1 7 religi\s 9 subject--repres5t$ ,*ri/s1 crucifixions1 virg9s1 holy families1 apo/les1 sa9ts4 ,!y =m$ integral p>ts ( *ur* ar*itecture1 & 7 among ! means ( excit+ wor%ip3 z 9 ,roman ,ca?olic c\ntries !y /ill are4 ,moreov]1 ! e>ly sculptures ( ,*ri/ on ! cross1 ( virg9s1 ( sa9ts1 7 col\r$2 & x ne$s b to call to m9d ! pa9t$ madonnas & crucifixes /ill abundant 9 cont95tal *ur*es & highways1 to p]ceive ! significant fact t pa9t+ & sculpture cont9ue 9 close/ connexion ) ea* o!r1 :]e !y cont9ue 9 close/ connexion ) _! p>5t4 ,ev5 :5 ,*ri/ian sculpture 0 pretty cle>ly diff]5tiat$ f pa9t+1 x 0 /ill religi\s & gov]nm5tal 9 its subjects--0 us$ = tombs 9 *ur*es & /atues ( k+s2 :ile1 at ! same "t1 pa9t+1 :]e n purely ecclesia/ical1 0 appli$ to ! decoration ( palaces1 & besides repres5t+ royal p]sonages1 0 almo/ :olly devot$ to sacr$ leg5ds4 ,only 9 q rec5t times h pa9t+ & sculpture become entirely secul> arts4 ,only )9 ^! few c5turies has pa9t+ be5 divid$ into hi/orical1 l&scape1 m>9e1 ar*itectural1 g5re1 animal1 /ill-life1 c41 & sculpture gr[n het]og5e\s 9 respect ( ! v>iety ( real & ideal subjects ) :i* x occupies itself4 ,/range z x seems !n1 we f9d x no less true1 t all =ms ( writt5 language1 ( pa9t+1 & ( sculpture1 h a common root 9 ! politico-religi\s decorations ( anci5t temples & palaces4 ,little resemblance z !y n[ h1 ! bu/ t /&s on ! console1 ! l&scape t hangs aga9/ ! wall1 & ! copy ( ! ,times ly+ ^u ! table1 are remotely ak92 n only 9 nature1 b by extraction4 ,! braz5 face ( ! knock] :i* ! po/man has j lift$1 is relat$ n only to ! woodcuts ( ! ,illu/rat$ ,london ,news :i* he is deliv]+1 b to ! *>act]s ( ! billet-d\x :i* accompanies x4 ,betwe5 ! pa9t$ w9d[1 ! pray]-book on :i* its light falls1 & ! adjac5t monum5t1 !re is consangu9ity4 ,! effigies on our co9s1 ! signs ov] %ops1 ! figures t fill e l$g]1 ! coat ( arms outside ! c>riage-panel1 & ! plac>ds inside ! omnibus1 are1 9 common ) dolls1 blue-books & pap]-hang+s1 l9eally desc5d$ f ! rude sculpture-pa9t+s 9 :i* ! ,egyptians repres5t$ ! triumphs & wor%ip ( _! god-k+s4 ,p]haps no example c be giv5 :i* m vividly illu/rates ! multiplicity & het]og5eity ( ! products t 9 c\rse ( "t may arise by successive diff]5tiations f a common /ock4 ,be=e pass+ to o!r classes ( facts1 x %\ld be obs]v$ t ! evolution ( ! homog5e\s into ! het]og5e\s is display$ n only 9 ! sep>ation ( ,pa9t+ & ,sculpture f ,ar*itecture & f ea* o!r1 & 9 ! great] v>iety ( subjects !y embody2 b x is fur!r %[n 9 ! /ructure ( ea* "w4 ,a mod]n picture or /atue is ( f> m het]og5e\s nature ?an an anci5t "o4 ,an ,egyptian sculpture-fresco repres5ts all its figures z on "o plane--t is1 at ! same di/ance f ! eye2 & s is less het]og5e\s ?an a pa9t+ t repres5ts !m z at v>i\s di/ances f ! eye4 ,x exhibits all objects z expos$ to ! same degree ( light2 & s is less het]og5e\s ?an a pa9t+ :i* exhibits diff]5t objects1 & diff]5t p>ts ( ea* object1 z 9 diff]5t degrees ( light4 ,x uses sc>cely any b ! prim>y col\rs1 & ^! 9 _! full int5sity2 & s is less het]og5e\s ?an a pa9t+ :i*1 introduc+ ! prim>y col\rs b sp>+ly1 employs an endless v>iety ( int]m$iate t9ts1 ea* ( het]og5e\s composition1 & diff]+ f ! re/ n only 9 quality b 9 int5sity4 ,moreov]1 we see 9 ^! e>lie/ works a great uni=mity ( conception4 ,! same arrangem5t ( figures is p]petually reproduc$--! same actions1 attitudes1 faces1 dresses4 ,9 ,egypt ! modes ( repres5tation 7 s fix$ t x 0 sacrilege to introduce a novelty2 & inde$ x c\ld h be5 only 9 consequ5ce ( a fix$ mode ( repres5tation t a sy/em ( hi]oglyphics became possible4 ,! ,assyrian bas-reliefs display p>allel *>act]s4 ,deities1 k+s1 att5dants1 w+$-figures & animals1 are sev]ally depict$ 9 l positions1 hold+ l implem5ts1 do+ l ?+s1 & ) l expression or non-expression ( face4 ,if a palm-grove is introduc$1 all ! trees are ( ! same height1 h ! same numb] ( leaves1 & are equidi/ant4 ,:5 wat] is imitat$1 ea* wave is a c\nt]p>t ( ! re/2 & ! fi%1 almo/ always ( "o k9d1 are ev5ly di/ribut$ ov] ! surface4 ,! be>ds ( ! k+s1 ! gods1 & ! w+$-figures1 are ev]y:]e simil>2 z are ! manes ( ! lions1 & equally s ^? ( ! horses4 ,hair is repres5t$ ?r\gh\t by "o =m ( curl4 ,! k+'s be>d is q ar*itecturally built up ( comp\nd ti]s ( uni=m curls1 alt]nat+ ) twi/$ ti]s plac$ 9 a transv]se direction1 & arrang$ ) p]fect regul>ity2 & ! t]m9al tufts ( ! bulls' tails are repres5t$ 9 exactly ! same mann]4 ,)\t trac+ out analog\s facts 9 e>ly ,*ri/ian art1 9 :i*1 ?\gh less /rik+1 !y are /ill visible1 ! advance 9 het]og5eity w be suffici5tly manife/ on rememb]+ t 9 ! pictures ( our own day ! composition is endlessly v>i$2 ! attitudes1 faces1 expressions1 unlike2 ! subord9ate objects diff]5t 9 size1 =m1 position1 texture2 & m or less ( contra/ ev5 9 ! smalle/ details4 ,or1 if we comp>e an ,egyptian /atue1 seat$ bolt upright on a block1 ) h&s on knees1 f+]s outspread & p>allel1 eyes look+ /raight =w>d1 & ! two sides p]fectly symmetrical 9 e p>ticul>1 ) a /atue ( ! advanc$ ,greek or ! mod]n s*ool1 :i* is asymmetrical 9 respect ( ! position ( ! head1 ! body1 ! limbs1 ! arrangem5t ( ! hair1 dress1 app5dages1 & 9 its relations to neighb\r+ objects1 we %all see ! *ange f ! homog5e\s to ! het]og5e\s cle>ly manife/$4 99 99 99 99 99 #ea4 ,9 ! co-ord9ate orig9 & gradual diff]5tiation ( ,poetry1 ,music1 & ,danc+1 we h ano!r s]ies ( illu/rations4 ,rhy?m 9 spee*1 rhy?m 9 s\nd1 & rhy?m 9 motion1 7 9 ! beg9n+1 p>ts ( ! same ?+2 & h only 9 process ( "t become sep>ate ?+s4 ,among v>i\s exi/+ b>b>\s tribes we f9d !m /ill unit$4 ,! dances ( savages are accompani$ by "s k9d ( monoton\s *ant1 ! clapp+ ( h&s1 ! /rik+ ( rude in/rum5ts3 !re are measur$ movem5ts1 measur$ words1 & measur$ tones2 & ! :ole c]emony1 usually hav+ ref]5ce to w> or sacrifice1 is ( gov]nm5tal "*4 ,9 ! e>ly records ( ! hi/oric races we simil>ly f9d ^! ?ree =ms ( metrical action unit$ 9 religi\s fe/ivals4 ,9 ! ,hebrew writ+s we read t ! triumphal ode compos$ by ,moses on ! defeat ( ! ,egyptians1 0 sung to an accompanim5t ( danc+ & timbrels4 ,! ,israelites danc$ & sung 8at ! inauguration ( ! gold5 calf4 ,& z x is g5]ally agre$ t ?is repres5tation ( ! ,deity 0 borr[$ f ! my/]ies ( ,apis1 x is probable t ! danc+ 0 copi$ f t ( ! ,egyptians on ^? occasions40 ,!re 0 an annual dance 9 ,%iloh on ! sacr$ fe/ival2 & ,david danc$ be=e ! ark4 ,aga91 9 ,greece ! l relation is ev]y:]e se53 ! orig9al type be+ !re1 z probably 9 o!r cases1 a simultane\s *ant+ & mimetic repres5tation ( ! life & adv5tures ( ! god4 ,! ,sp>tan dances 7 accompani$ by hymns & songs2 & 9 g5]al ! ,greeks _h 8no fe/ivals or religi\s assemblies b :at 7 accompani$ ) songs & dances0--bo? ( !m be+ =ms ( wor%ip us$ be=e alt>s4 ,among ! ,romans1 too1 !re 7 sacr$ dances3 ! ,salian & ,lup]calian be+ nam$ z ( t k9d4 ,& ev5 9 ,*ri/ian c\ntries1 z at ,limoges 9 comp>atively rec5t times1 ! p h danc$ 9 ! *oir 9 hon\r ( a sa9t4 ,! incipi5t sep>ation ( ^! once unit$ arts f ea* o!r & f religion1 0 e>ly visible 9 ,greece4 ,probably div]g+ f dances p>tly religi\s1 p>tly w>like1 z ! ,corybantian1 came ! w>-dances prop]1 ( :i* !re 7 v>i\s k9ds2 & f ^! result$ secul> dances4 ,mean:ile ,music & ,poetry1 ?\gh /ill unit$1 came to h an exi/5ce sep>ate f danc+4 ,! aborig9al ,greek poems1 religi\s 9 subject1 7 n recit$ b *ant$2 & ?\gh at fir/ ! *ant ( ! poet 0 accompani$ by ! dance ( ! *orus1 x ultimately grew into indep5d5ce4 ,lat] /ill1 :5 ! poem _h be5 diff]5tiat$ into epic & lyric--:5 x became ! cu/om to s+ ! lyric & recite ! epic--poetry prop] 0 born4 ,z dur+ ! same p]iod musical in/rum5ts 7 be+ multipli$1 we may presume t music came to h an exi/5ce ap>t f words4 ,& bo? ( !m 7 beg9n+ to assume o!r =ms besides ! religi\s4 ,facts hav+ l implications might be cit$ f ! hi/ories ( lat] times & peoples2 z ! practices ( our own e>ly m9/rels1 :o sang to ! h>p h]oic n>ratives v]sifi$ by !mselves to music ( _! own composition3 ?us unit+ ! n[ sep>ate (fices ( poet1 compos]1 vocali/1 & in/rum5tali/4 ,b1 )\t fur!r illu/ration1 ! common orig9 & gradual diff]5tiation ( ,danc+1 ,poetry1 & ,music w be suffici5tly manife/4 ,! advance f ! homog5e\s to ! het]og5e\s is display$ n only 9 ! sep>ation ( ^! arts f ea* o!r & f religion1 b also 9 ! multipli$ diff]5tiations :i* ea* ( !m aft]w>ds und]goes4 ,n to dwell ^u ! numb]less k9ds ( danc+ t h1 9 c\rse ( "t1 come into use2 & n to occupy space 9 detail+ ! progress ( poetry1 z se5 9 ! developm5t ( ! v>i\s =ms ( metre1 ( rhyme1 & ( g5]al organization2 let u conf9e our att5tion to music z a type ( ! gr\p4 ,z argu$ by ,dr4 ,burney1 & z impli$ by ! cu/oms ( /ill extant b>b>\s races1 ! fir/ musical in/rum5ts 71 )\t d\bt1 p]cussive--/icks1 calaba%es1 tom-toms--& 7 us$ simply to m>k ! "t ( ! dance2 & 9 ?is con/ant repetition ( ! same s\nd1 we see music 9 its mo/ homog5e\s =m4 ,! ,egyptians _h a lyre ) ?ree /r+s4 ,! e>ly lyre ( ! ,greeks _h f\r1 con/itut+ _! tetra*ord4 ,9 c\rse ( "s c5turies lyres ( sev5 & eight /r+s 7 employ$4 ,&1 by ! expiration ( a ?\s& ye>s1 !y _h advanc$ to _! 8great sy/em0 ( ! d\ble octave4 ,?r\gh all :i* *anges !re ( c\rse arose a great] het]og5eity ( melody4 ,simultane\sly !re came into use ! diff]5t modes--,dorian1 ,ionian1 ,phrygian1 olian1 & ,lydian--answ]+ to our keys3 & ( ^! !re 7 ultimately fifte54 ,z yet1 h[ev]1 !re 0 b little het]og5eity 9 ! "t ( _! music4 ,in/rum5tal music dur+ ?is p]iod be+ m]ely ! accompanim5t ( vocal music1 & vocal music be+ completely subord9at$ to words1--! s+] be+ also ! poet1 *ant+ 8 own compositions & mak+ ! l5g?s ( 8 notes agree ) ! feet ( 8 v]ses2 !re unavoidably arose a tiresome uni=mity ( measure1 :i*1 z ,dr ,burney says1 8no res\rces ( melody c\ld disguise40 ,lack+ ! complex rhy?m obta9$ by our equal b>s & unequal notes1 ! only rhy?m 0 t produc$ by ! quantity ( ! syllables1 & 0 ( necessity comp>atively monoton\s4 ,& fur!r1 x may be obs]v$ t ! *ant ?us result+1 be+ l recitative1 0 mu* less cle>ly diff]5tiat$ f ord9>y spee* ?an is our mod]n song4 ,nev]!less1 consid]+ ! ext5d$ range ( notes 9 use1 ! v>iety ( modes1 ! occasional v>iations ( "t consequ5t on *anges ( metre1 & ! multiplication ( in/rum5ts1 we see t music _h1 t[>ds ! close ( ,greek civilization1 atta9$ to consid]able het]og5eity3 n inde$ z comp>$ ) our music1 b z comp>$ ) t :i* prec$$ x4 ,z yet1 h[ev]1 !re exi/$ no?+ b melody3 h>mony 0 unkn[n4 ,x 0 n until ,*ri/ian *ur*-music _h rea*$ "s developm5t1 t music 9 p>ts 0 evolv$2 & !n x came into exi/5ce ?r\gh a v unobtrusive diff]5tiation4 ,difficult z x may be to conceive1 priori1 h[ ! advance f melody to h>mony c\ld take place )\t a sudd5 leap1 x is none ! less true t x did s4 ,! circum/ance :i* prep>$ ! way = x1 0 ! employm5t ( two *oirs s++ alt]nately ! same air4 ,aft]w>ds x became ! practice 7v possibly fir/ sugge/$ by a mi/ake7 = ! second *oir to comm5ce be=e ! fir/ _h ceas$2 ?us produc+ a fugue4 ,) ! simple airs !n 9 use1 a p>tially h>moni\s fugue might n improbably ?us result2 & a v p>tially h>moni\s fugue satisfi$ ! e>s ( t age1 z we "k f /ill pres]v$ examples4 ,! idea hav+ once be5 giv51 ! compos+ ( airs productive ( fugal h>mony w\ld naturally gr[ up2 z 9 "s way x did gr[ up out ( ?is alt]nate *oir-s++4 ,& f ! fugue to conc]t$ music ( two1 ?ree1 f\r1 & m p>ts1 ! transition 0 easy4 ,)\t po9t+ out 9 detail ! increas+ complexity t result$ f introduc+ notes ( v>i\s l5g?s1 f ! multiplication ( keys1 f ! use ( accid5tals1 f v>ieties ( "t1 f modulations & s =?1 x ne$s b to contra/ music z x is1 ) music z x 01 to see h[ imm5se is ! increase ( het]og5eity4 ,we see ?is if1 look+ at music 9 its ensemble1 we enum]ate its _m diff]5t g5]a & species--if we consid] ! divisions into vocal1 in/rum5tal1 & mix$2 & _! subdivisions into music = diff]5t voices & diff]5t in/rum5ts--if we obs]ve ! _m =ms ( sacr$ music1 f ! simple hymn1 ! *ant1 ! canon1 motet1 an!m1 c41 up to ! oratorio2 & ! /ill m num]\s =ms ( secul> music1 f ! ballad up to ! s]5ata1 f ! in/rum5tal solo up to ! symphony4 ,aga91 ! same tru? is se5 on comp>+ any "o sample ( aborig9al music ) a sample ( mod]n music--ev5 an ord9>y song = ! piano2 :i* we f9d to be relatively highly het]og5e\s1 n only 9 respect ( ! v>ieties 9 ! pit* & 9 ! l5g? ( ! notes1 ! numb] ( diff]5t notes s\nd+ at ! same in/ant 9 company ) ! voice1 & ! v>iations ( /r5g? ) :i* !y are s\nd$ & sung1 b 9 respect ( ! *anges ( key1 ! *anges ( "t1 ! *anges ( timbre ( ! voice1 & ! _m o!r modifications ( expression4 ,:ile betwe5 ! old monoton\s dance-*ant & a gr& op]a ( our own day1 ) its endless or*e/ral complexities & vocal comb9ations1 ! contra/ 9 het]og5eity is s extreme t x seems sc>cely cr$ible t ! "o %\ld h be5 ! ance/or ( ! o!r4 99 99 99 99 99 #eb4 ,7 !y ne$$1 _m fur!r illu/rations might be cit$4 ,go+ back to ! e>ly "t :5 ! de$s ( ! god-k+1 *ant$ & mimetically repres5t$ 9 dances r\nd 8 alt>1 7 fur!r n>rat$ 9 picture-writ+s on ! walls ( temples & palaces1 & s con/itut$ a rude lit]ature1 we might trace ! developm5t ( ,lit]ature ?r\gh phases 9 :i*1 z 9 ! ,hebrew ,scriptures x pres5ts 9 "o "w1 !ology1 cosmogony1 hi/ory1 biography1 civil law1 e?ics1 poetry2 ?r\gh o!r phases 9 :i*1 z 9 ! ,iliad1 ! religi\s1 m>tial1 hi/orical1 ! epic1 dramatic1 & lyric elem5ts are simil>ly comm+l$2 d[n to its pres5t het]og5e\s developm5t1 9 :i* its divisions & subdivisions are s num]\s & v>i$ z to defy complete classification4 ,or we might track ! evolution ( ,sci5ce3 beg9n+ ) ! era 9 :i* x 0 n yet diff]5tiat$ f ,art1 & 01 9 union ) ,art1 ! h&maid ( ,religion2 pass+ ?r\gh ! era 9 :i* ! sci5ces 7 s few & rudim5t>y1 z to be simultane\sly cultivat$ by ! same philosoph]s2 & end+ ) ! era 9 :i* ! g5]a & species are s num]\s t few c enum]ate !m1 & no "o c adequately grasp ev5 "o g5us4 ,or we might d ! l ) ,ar*itecture1 ) ! ,drama1 ) ,dress4 ,b d\btless ! read] is already we>y ( illu/rations2 & my promise has be5 amply fulfill$4 ,i believe x has be5 %[n beyond "q1 t t :i* ! ,g]man physiologi/s h f\nd to be ! law ( organic developm5t1 is ! law ( all developm5t4 ,! advance f ! simple to ! complex1 ?r\gh a process ( successive diff]5tiations1 is se5 alike 9 ! e>lie/ *anges ( ! ,univ]se to :i* we c reason our way back1 & 9 ! e>lie/ *anges :i* we c inductively e/abli%2 x is se5 9 ! geologic & climatic evolution ( ! ,e>?1 & ( e s+le organism on its surface2 x is se5 9 ! evolution ( ,humanity1 :e!r contemplat$ 9 ! civiliz$ individual1 or 9 ! aggregation ( races2 x is se5 9 ! evolution ( ,society1 9 respect alike ( its political1 its religi\s1 & its economical organization2 & x is se5 9 ! evolution ( all ^? endless concrete & ab/ract products ( human activity1 :i* con/itute ! environm5t ( our daily life4 ,f ! remote/ pa/ :i* ,sci5ce c fa?om1 up to ! novelties ( ye/]day1 t 9 :i* ,evolution ess5tially consi/s1 is ! trans=mation ( ! homog5e\s into ! het]og5e\s4 ----- ,footnote #h3 ,! sub/ance ( ?is *apt] is ne>ly id5tical ) ! fir/ half ( an essay on 8,progress3 its ,law & ,cause10 :i* 0 orig9ally publi%$ 9 ! ,we/m9/] ,review = ,april #aheg3 only a few unimportant additions & alt]ations h be5 made4 ,! succe$+ *apt]1 h[ev]1 9 :i* ! subject is cont9u$1 is1 ) ! exception ( a fragm5t embodi$ 9 x1 :olly new4 ,footnote #i3 ,= detail$ pro( ( ^! ass]tions see essay on ,mann]s & ,fa%ion4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,! ,,law ,,( ,,evolution1 ,,cont9u$4 #ec4 ,b n[1 does ?is g5]alization express ! :ole tru?8 ,does x include all ! ph5om5a ( ,evolution8 & does x exclude all o!r ph5om5a8 ,a c>eful consid]ation ( ! facts1 w %[ t x does nei!r4 ,t !re are *anges f ! less het]og5e\s to ! m het]og5e\s1 :i* d n come )9 :at we call ,evolution1 is prov$ 9 e case ( local disease4 ,a portion ( ! body 9 :i* !re arises a canc]1 or o!r morbid gr[?1 unque/ionably displays a new diff]5tiation4 ,:e!r ?is morbid gr[? be1 or be n1 m het]og5e\s ?an ! tissues 9 :i* x is seat$1 is n ! "q4 ,! "q is1 :e!r ! /ructure ( ! organism z a :ole1 is1 or is n1 r5d]$ m het]og5e\s by ! addition ( a "p unlike e pre-exi/+ "p1 bo? 9 =m & composition4 ,& to ?is "q !re c be none b an affirmative answ]4 ,aga91 x might ) app>5t tru? be cont5d$1 t ! e>li] /ages ( decomposition 9 a dead body1 simil>ly involve an increase ( het]og5eity4 ,suppos+ ! *emical *anges to comm5ce 9 "s p>ts ( ! body e>li] ?an 9 o!r p>ts1 z !y commonly d2 & to affect diff]5t tissues 9 diff]5t1 ways1 z !y mu/2 x seems to be a necess>y admission t ! entire body1 made up ( undecompos$ p>ts & p>ts decompos$ 9 diff]5t ways & degrees1 has become m het]og5e\s ?an x 04 ,?\gh great] homog5eity w be ! ev5tual result1 ! imm$iate result is ! opposite4 ,& yet ?is imm$iate result is c]ta9ly n evolution4 ,b p]haps ( all illu/rations ! lea/ debatable are ^? furni%$ by social disord]s & disa/]s4 ,:5 9 any nation !re occurs a rebellion1 :i*1 :ile leav+ "s prov9ces undi/urb$1 developes itself "h 9 secret societies1 !re 9 public demon/rations1 & else:]e 9 actual appeal to arms1 lead+ probably to conflict & blood%$2 x mu/ be admitt$ t ! society1 reg>d$ z a :ole1 has s be5 r5d]$ m het]og5e\s4 ,or :5 a de>? causes comm]cial panic ) its entail$ bankruptcies1 clos$ factories1 dis*>g$ op]atives1 political agitations1 food riots1 inc5di>isms2 x is manife/ t z1 ?r\gh\t ! re/ ( society1 !re /ill exi/s ! ord9>y organization display+ ! usual ph5om5a1 ^! new ph5om5a mu/ be reg>d$ z add+ to ! complexity previ\sly exi/+4 ,nev]!less1 x is cle> t su* *anges s f> f con/itut+ a fur!r /age ( evolution1 are /eps t[>ds dissolution4 ,!re is good reason to ?9k !n1 t ! def9ition arriv$ at 9 ! la/ *apt]1 is an imp]fect "o4 ,we may suspect1 n t ! process ( evolution is diff]5t f ! process !re describ$2 b t ! description did n conta9 all t x %\ld4 ,! *anges above in/anc$ z com+ )9 ! =mula z x n[ /&s1 are s obvi\sly diff]5t f ! re/1 t ! inclusion ( !m implies "s ov]sight--"s di/9ction hi!rto ov]look$4 ,su* fur!r di/9ction we %all f9d really exi/s4 99 99 99 99 99 #ed4 ,at ! same "t t all evolution is a *ange f ! homog5e\s to ! het]og5e\s1 x is also a *ange f ! indef9ite to ! def9ite4 ,z well z an advance f simplicity to complexity1 !re is an advance f confusion to ord]--f undet]m9$ arrangem5t to det]m9$ arrangem5t4 ,9 ! process ( developm5t1 no matt] :at sph]e x is display$ 91 !re is n only a gradual multiplication ( unlike p>ts2 b !re is a gradual increase 9 ! di/9ctness ) :i* ^! p>ts are m>k$ (f f ea* o!r4 ,& s is t increase ( het]og5eity :i* *>act]izes ,evolution1 di/+ui%$ f t increase ( het]og5eity :i* does n4 ,= pro( ( ?is1 x ne$s only to reconsid] ! in/ances giv5 above4 ,! /ructural *anges con/itut+ a disease1 h no su* def9it5ess1 ei!r 9 locality1 ext5t1 or outl9e1 z ! /ructural *anges con/itut+ developm5t4 ,?\gh c]ta9 morbid gr[?s arise mu* m commonly 9 "s p>ts ( ! body ?an 9 o!rs 7z w>ts on ! h&s1 canc] on ! brea/s1 tub]cle 9 ! lungs71 yet !y are n conf9$ to ^! p>ts2 nor1 :5 f\nd on !m1 are !y any?+ l s precise 9 _! relative positions z are ! normal p>ts ar\nd !m4 ,9 size1 aga91 !y are extremely v>iable--!y be> no su* con/ant proportion to ! body z organs d4 ,_! =ms1 too1 are f> less specific ?an organic =ms4 ,& !y are extremely irregul> or confus$ 9 _! int]nal /ructures4 ,t is to say1 !y are 9 all respects comp>atively indef9ite4 ,! l peculi>ity may be trac$ 9 decomposition4 ,t /ate ( total indef9it5ess to :i* a dead body is f9ally r$uc$1 is a /ate t[>ds :i* ! putrefactive *anges h t5d$ f _! comm5cem5t4 ,ea* /ep 9 ! de/ruction ( ! organic comp\nds1 is accompani$ by a blurr+ ( ! m9ute /ructure--dim9i%es its di/9ctness4 ,f ! portions t h und]gone mo/ decomposition1 !re is a gradual transition to ! less decompos$ portions4 ,& /ep by /ep ! l9es ( organization1 once s precise1 disappe>4 ,simil>ly ) social *anges ( an abnormal k9d4 ,a political outbreak ris+ f9ally to a rebellion1 t5ds f ! v fir/ to oblit]ate ! specializations1 gov]nm5tal & indu/rial1 :i* previ\sly exi/$4 ,! disaffection :i* orig9ates su* an outbreak1 itself implies a loos5+ ( ^? ties by :i* ! citiz5s are b\nd up into di/9ct classes & sub-classes4 ,agitation1 gr[+ into revolution>y meet+s1 %[s u a decid$ t5d5cy t[>ds ! fusion ( ranks t are usually sep>at$4 ,acts ( op5 insubord9ation exhibit a break+ ?r\gh ( ^? def9ite limits to individual conduct :i* 7 previ\sly obs]v$2 & a disappe>ance ( ! l9es previ\sly exi/+ betwe5 ^? 9 au?ority & ^? b5ea? !m4 ,at ! same "t1 by ! arre/ ( trade1 artizans & o!rs lose _! occupations2 & 9 s ceas+ to be functionally di/+ui%$1 become fus$ into a mass f :i* ! dem>cations 9 great "p vani%4 ,& :5 at la/ !re comes positive insurrection1 all magi/]ial & (ficial p[]s1 all class di/9ctions1 & all indu/rial diff]5ces1 at once cease3 organiz$ society lapses into an unorganiz$ aggregation ( social units4 ,h[ ! l holds true ( su* social disa/]s z are entail$ by fam9e1 ne$s n be po9t$ out4 ,on call+ to m9d t 9 cases ( ?is k9d ! *anges are f ord] t[>ds disord]1 x w at once be se5 t l ! =ego+ !y are *anges f def9ite arrangem5ts to indef9ite arrangem5ts4 ,?us !n is t increase ( het]og5eity :i* con/itutes ,evolution1 di/+ui%$ f t increase ( het]og5eity :i* does n d s4 ,?\gh 9 disease & dea?1 individual or social1 ! e>lie/ modifications may be con/ru$ z additions to ! het]og5eity previ\sly exi/+2 yet !y _c be con/ru$ z additions to ! def9it5ess previ\sly exi/+4 ,!y beg9 f ! v outset to de/roy ?is def9it5ess2 & s1 gradually produce a het]og5eity t is indet]m9ate in/ead ( det]m9ate4 ,j 9 ! same way t a city1 already multi=m 9 its v>i\sly arrang$ /ructures ( v>i\s ar*itecture1 may be made m multi=m by an e>?quake1 :i* leaves "p ( x /&+ & ov]?r[s o!r p>ts 9 diff]5t ways & degrees1 & yet is at ! same "t r$uc$ f def9ite arrangem5t to indef9ite arrangem5t2 s may organiz$ bodies be made = a "t m multi=m by *anges :i* are nev]!less disorganiz+ *anges4 ,& 9 ! "o case z 9 ! o!r1 x is ! abs5ce ( def9it5ess :i* di/+ui%es ! multi=mity ( regression f ! multi=mity ( progression4 ,if ! advance f ! indef9ite to ! def9ite is an ess5tial *>act]i/ic ( ,evolution1 we %all ( c\rse f9d x ev]y:]e display$2 z 9 ! la/ ,*apt] we f\nd ! advance f ! homog5e\s to ! het]og5e\s4 ,) a view ( %[+ t x is s1 let u n[ briefly reconsid] ! same sev]al classes ( facts4 99 99 99 99 99 #ee4 ,beg9n+ z be=e ) a hypo!tical illu/ration1 we h to note t ea* fur!r /age 9 ! evolution ( ! ,sol> ,sy/em1 suppos+ x to h orig9at$ f diffus$ matt]1 0 an advance t[>ds m def9ite =ms1 & times1 & =ces4 ,at fir/ irregul> 9 %ape & ) indi/9ct m>g9s1 ! att5uat$ sub/ance1 z x conc5trat$ & acquir$ a rotatory motion1 mu/ h assum$ ! %ape ( an oblate sph]oid2 :i*1 ) e increase ( d5sity1 became m specific 9 g5]al outl9e1 & _h its surface m %>ply m>k$ (f f ! surr\nd+ void4 ,at ! same "t1 ! con/itu5t portions ( nebul\s matt]1 in/ead ( indep5d5tly mov+ t[>ds _! common c5tre ( gravity f all po9ts1 & t5d+ to revolve r\nd x 9 v>i\s planes1 z !y w\ld at fir/ d1 mu/ h _h ^! planes m & m m]g$ into a s+le plane2 & ?is plane mu/ h ga9$ great] precision z ! conc5tration progress$4 ,to :i* add t 9 ! gradual e/abli%m5t ( a common & det]m9ate angul> velocity1 in/ead ( ! v>i\s & conflict+ angul> velocities ( diff]5t p>ts1 we h a fur!r *ange ( l nature4 ,accord+ to ! hypo!sis1 *ange f indi/9ct *>act]i/ics to di/9ct ones1 0 repeat$ 9 ! evolution ( ea* planet & satellite2 & may 9 !m be trac$ to a mu* great] ext5t4 ,a gase\s sph]oid is less def9itely m>k$ (f f ! space ar\nd x ?an a fluid sph]oid1 s9ce x is subject to l>g] & m rapid undulations ( surface1 & to mu* great] di/ortions ( g5]al =m2 & simil>ly a fluid sph]oid1 cov]$ z x mu/ be ) waves ( v>i\s magnitudes1 is less def9ite ?an a solid sph]oid4 ,nor is x only 9 great] fixity ( surface t a planet 9 its la/ /age1 is di/+ui%$ f a planet 9 its e>li] /ages4 ,its g5]al =m1 too1 is m precise4 ,! sph]e1 to :i* 9 ! end x v closely approximates1 is a p]fectly specific figure2 :ile ! sph]oid1 "u :i* figure x previ\sly exi/$1 be+ inf9itely v>iable 9 oblat5ess1 is an imp]fectly specific figure4 ,& fur!r1 a planet hav+ an axis incl9$ to ! plane ( its orbit1 mu/1 :ile its =m is v oblate1 h its plane ( rotation greatly di/urb$ by ! attraction ( ext]nal bodies2 :]eas its approa* to a sph]ical =m1 involv+ a less extreme precessional motion1 implies less m>k$ v>iations 9 ! direction ( its axis4 ,nor is x only 9 respect ( space-relations t ! ,sol> ,sy/em 9 g5]al & 9 detail has become m precise4 ,! l is true ( "t-relations4 ,dur+ ! process ( conc5tration ! v>i\s portions ( ! nebul\s mass mu/ n only diff] m or less f ea* o!r 9 _! angul> velocities1 b ea* ( !m mu/ gradually *ange ! p]iod 9 :i* x moves r\nd ! g5]al axis4 ,9 e deta*$ r+ h[ev]1 & 9 ! result+ planet1 ?is progressive alt]ation ceases3 !re results a det]m9ate p]iod ( revolution4 ,& simil>ly ! "t ( axial rotation1 :i*1 dur+ ! =mation ( ea* planet1 is cont9ually dim9i%+1 becomes at la/ practically fix$3 z 9 ! case ( ! ,e>?1 ^: day is n a second less ?an x 0 #bjjj ye>s ago4 ,x is sc>cely ne$ful to po9t out t ! =ce-relations h simultane\sly become m & m settl$4 ,! exact calculations ( physical a/ronomy1 %[ u h[ def9ite ^! =ce-relations n[ are2 :ile ! great indef9it5ess :i* once *>act]iz$ !m1 is impli$ 9 ! extreme difficulty1 if n impossibility1 ( subject+ ! nebul> hypo!sis to ma!matical treatm5t4 ,f t orig9ally molt5 /ate ( ! ,e>? inf]able f e/abli%$ geological data--a /ate 9 h>mony ) ! nebul> hypo!sis b inexplicable on any o!r--! transition to its exi/+ /ate has be5 ?r\gh /ages 9 :i* ! *>act]s became m det]m9ate4 ,besides be+1 z above po9t$ out1 comp>atively un/able 9 surface & cont\r1 a fluid sph]oid is less def9ite ?an a solid sph]oid 9 hav+ no fix$ di/ribution ( p>ts4 ,curr5ts ( molt5 matt]1 ?\gh kept to c]ta9 g5]al circuits by ! conditions ( equilibrium1 _c 9 ! abs5ce ( solid b\nd>ies be precise or p]man5t 9 direction3 all p>ts mu/ be 9 motion ) respect to o!r p>ts4 ,b a solidification ( ! surface1 ev5 ?\gh b p>tial1 is manife/ly a /ep t[>ds ! e/abli%m5t ( def9ite relations ( position4 ,9 a ?9 cru/ h[ev]1 frequ5tly ruptur$ z x mu/ be by di/urb+ =ces1 & mov$ by e tidal undulation1 su* fixity ( relative position c be b tempor>y4 ,only z ! cru/ sl[ly increases 9 ?ickness1 c !re arise di/9ct & settl$ geographical relations4 ,obs]ve too t :51 on a cru/ t has cool$ to ! requisite degree1 !re beg9s to precipitate ! wat] float+ above z vap\r1 ! wat] :i* is precipitat$ _c ma9ta9 any def9it5ess ei!r ( /ate or place4 ,fall+ on a surface n ?ick en\gh to pres]ve any?+ beyond slight v>iations ( level1 x mu/ =m small %all[ deposits ov] areas suffici5tly cool to p]mit cond5sation2 :i* areas mu/ n only pass ins5sibly into o!rs t are too hot = ?is1 b mu/ !mselves f "t to "t be s rais$ 9 temp]ature z to drive (f ! wat] ly+ on !m4 ,) progressive refrig]ation1 h[ev]1--) an increas+ ?ickness ( cru/1 a consequ5t =mation ( l>g] elevations & depressions1 & ! cond5sation ( m atmosph]ic wat]1 !re comes an arrangem5t ( p>ts t is comp>atively fix$ 9 bo? "t & space2 & ! def9it5ess ( /ate & position increases1 until !re results su* a di/ribution ( cont95ts & oceans z we n[ see--a di/ribution t is n only topographically precise1 b also 9 its cliff-m>k$ coa/-l9es pres5ts a m def9ite division ( l& f wat] ?an c\ld h exi/$ dur+ ! p]iod :5 isl&s ( l[ elevation _h %elv+ bea*es up :i* ! tide ebb$ & fl[$ to great di/ances4 ,respect+ ! *>act]i/ics te*nically class$ z geological1 we may draw p>allel inf]5ces4 ,:ile ! ,e>?'s cru/ 0 ?91 m\nta9-*a9s 7 impossibilities3 !re c\ld n h be5 long & well-def9$ axes ( elevation1 ) di/9ct wat]-%$s & areas ( dra9age4 ,moreov]1 f small isl&s admitt+ ( b small riv]s1 & tidal /reams bo? feeble & n>r[1 !re w\ld result no cle>ly-m>k$ s$im5t>y /rata4 ,confus$ & v>y+ masses ( detritus1 su* z ^? n[ f\nd at ! m\?s ( brooks1 mu/ h be5 ! prevail+ =mations4 ,& ^! c\ld give place to di/9ct /rata1 only z !re arose cont95ts & oceans1 ) _! great riv]s1 long coa/-l9es1 & wide-spread+ m>9e curr5ts4 ,h[ !re mu/ simultane\sly h result$ m def9ite meteorological *>act]s1 ne$ n be po9t$ out 9 detail4 ,t diff]5ces ( climates & seasons mu/ h gr[n relatively decid$ z ! heat ( ! ,sun became di/+ui%able f ! prop] heat ( ! ,e>?2 t ! e/abli%m5t ?r\gh ?is cause ( comp>atively con/ant atmosph]ic curr5ts1 mu/ h simil>ly produc$ m specific conditions 9 ea* locality2 & t ^! effects mu/ h be5 aid$ by increas+ p]man5ce 9 ! di/ribution ( l& & sea & ( ocean curr5ts2 are conclusions :i* are suffici5tly obvi\s4 ,let u turn n[ to ! evid5ce furni%$ by organic bodies4 ,9 place ( d$uctive illu/rations l ! =ego+1 we %all "h f9d num]\s illu/rations :i*1 z be+ inductively e/abli%$1 are less op5 to criticism4 ,! process ( mammalian developm5t1 = example1 w supply u ) num]\s pro(s ready-describ$ by embryologi/s4 ,! fir/ *ange :i* ! ovum ( a mammal und]goes1 aft] cont9u$ segm5tation has r$uc$ its yelk to a mulb]ry-l mass1 is ! appe>ance ( a great] def9it5ess 9 ! p]iph]al cells ( ?is mass3 ea* ( :i* acquires a di/9ct envelop+ membrane4 ,^! p]iph]al cells1 vaguely di/+ui%$ f ! int]nal ones bo? by _! great] complet5ess & by _! m9ut] subdivision1 coalesce to =m ! bla/od]m or g]m9al membrane4 ,"o portion ( ! bla/od]m pres5tly becomes contra/$ ) ! re/1 ?r\gh ! accumulation ( cells /ill m subdivid$1 :i*1 toge!r1 =m an opaque r\ndi% spot4 ,?is area g]m9ativa1 z x is call$1 is n %>ply del9eat$1 b %ades (f gradually into ! surr\nd+ p>ts ( ! bla/od]m2 & ! area pellucida1 subsequ5tly =m$ 9 ! mid/ ( ?is g]m9al area1 is simil>ly )\t any precise m>g94 ,! 8primitive trace10 :i* makes its appe>ance 9 ! c5tre ( ! area pellucida1 & is ! rudim5t ( t v]tebrate axis :i* is to be ! fundam5tal *>act]i/ic ( ! mature animal1 is %[n by its "n to be at fir/ indef9ite--a m]e trace4 ,beg9n+ z a %all[ groove1 ?is becomes sl[ly m pron\nc$3 its sides gr[ high]1 _! summits ov]lap1 & at la/ unite2 & s ! indef9ite groove passes into a def9ite tube1 =m+ ! v]tebral canal4 ,9 ?is v]tebral canal ! lead+ divisions ( ! bra9 are at fir/ disc]nible only z slight bulg+s2 :ile ! v]tebr comm5ce z indi/9ct modifications ( ! tissue b\nd+ ! canal4 ,simultane\sly1 ! out] portion ( ! bla/od]m has be5 und]go+ sep>ation f ! inn] portion3 !re has be5 a division into ! s]\s & muc\s lay]s--a division at ! outset indi/9ct1 & traceable only ab\t ! g]m9al area1 b :i* ins5sibly spreads ?r\gh\t ne>ly ! :ole g]m9al membrane1 & becomes def9ite4 ,f ! muc\s lay]1 ! developm5t ( ! alim5t>y canal proce$s z t ( ! v]tebral canal does f ! s]\s lay]4 ,orig9ally a simple *annel along ! "u surface ( ! embryonic mass1 ! inte/9e is r5d]$ /ep by /ep m di/9ct by ! b5d+ d[n1 on ea* side1 ( ridges :i* f9ally jo9 to =m a tube--! p]man5t absorb+ surface is by degrees cle>ly cut (f f t tempor>y absorb+ surface ( :i* x 0 at fir/ a "p l all ! re/4 ,& 9 an analog\s mann] ! entire embryo1 :i* at fir/ lies outspread ^u ! surface ( ! yelk-sack1 gradually rises up f x1 &1 by ! infold+ ( its v5tral surface1 becomes a sep>ate mass1 connect$ ) ! yelk-sack only by a n>r[ duct4 ,^! *anges ?r\gh :i* ! g5]al /ructure ( ! embryo is m>k$ out ) sl[ly-increas+ precision1 are p>allel$ 9 ! evolution ( ea* organ4 ,! he>t is at fir/ a m]e aggregation ( cells1 ( :i* ! inn] liquify to =m ! cavity1 :ile ! out] are trans=m$ into ! walls2 & :5 ?us sket*$ out1 ! he>t is indef9ite n only z be+ unl9$ by limit+ membrane1 b also z be+ b vaguely di/+ui%able f ! great blood-vessels3 ( :i* x is little m ?an a dilatation4 ,by & by ! receiv+ portion ( ! cavity becomes di/9ct f ! propell+ portion4 ,aft]w>ds !re beg9s to be =m$ across ! v5tricle1 a septum1 :i*1 h[ev]1 is "s "t be=e x completely %uts (f ! two halves f ea* o!r2 :ile ! lat]-=m$ septum ( ! auricle rema9s incomplete dur+ ! :ole ( ftal life4 ,aga91 ! liv] comm5ces z a multiplication ( c]ta9 cells 9 ! wall ( ! inte/9e4 ,! ?ick5+ produc$ by ?is multiplication 8increases s z to =m a projection ^u ! ext]ior ( ! canal20 & at ! same "t t ! organ gr[s & becomes di/9ct f ! inte/9e1 ! *annels :i* p]meate x are trans=m$ into ducts hav+ cle>ly-m>k$ walls4 ,simil>ly1 by ! increase ( c]ta9 cells ( ! ext]nal coat ( ! alim5t>y canal at its upp] portion1 are produc$ buds f :i* ! lungs are develop$2 & ^!1 9 _! g5]al outl9es & detail$ /ructure1 acquire di/9ctness /ep by /ep4 ,*anges ( ?is ord] cont9ue long aft] bir?2 &1 9 ! human be+1 are "s ( !m n complet$ till middle life4 ,dur+ y\?1 mo/ ( ! articul> surfaces ( ! bones rema9 r\gh & fissur$--! calc>e\s deposit end+ irregul>ly 9 ! surr\nd+ c>tilage4 ,b betwe5 pub]ty & ! age ( ?irty1 ! articul> surfaces are f9i%$ (f by ! addition ( smoo?1 h>d1 %>ply-cut 8epiphyses40 ,?us we may say t dur+ ,evolution1 an increase ( def9it5ess cont9ues long aft] !re ceases to be any appreciable increase ( het]og5eity4 ,&1 inde$1 !re is reason to ?9k t ^? /ructural modifications :i* take place aft] maturity1 end+ 9 old age & dea?1 are modifications ( ?is nature2 s9ce !y result 9 a gr[+ rigidity ( /ructure1 a consequ5t re/riction ( movem5t & ( functional pliability1 a gradual n>r[+ ( ! limits )9 :i* ! vital processes g on1 end+ at l5g? 9 an organic adju/m5t too precise--too n>r[ 9 its m>g9 ( possible v>iation to p]mit ! requisite adaptation to ext]nal *anges ( condition4 ,to demon/rate t ! ,e>?'s ,flora & ,fauna1 reg>d$ ei!r z :oles or 9 _! sep>ate species1 h progress$ 9 def9it5ess1 is ( c\rse no m possible ?an x 0 to demon/rate t !y h progress$ 9 het]og5eity3 lack ( facts be+ an ob/acle to ! "o conclusion z to ! o!r4 ,if1 h[ev]1 we all[ ourselves to reason f ! hypo!sis1 n[ daily r5d]$ m probable1 t e species ( organic =m up to ! mo/ complex1 has aris5 out ( ! simple/ ?r\gh ! accumulation ( modifications ^u modifications1 j z e individual organic =m arises2 we %all see t 9 su* case !re mu/ h be5 a progress f ! indet]m9ate to ! det]m9ate1 bo? 9 ! p>ticul> =ms & 9 ! gr\ps ( =ms4 ,we may set out ) ! significant fact t _m ( ! l[e/ liv+ organisms 7:i* are analog\s 9 /ructure to ! g]ms ( all high] ones7 are s indef9ite 9 "* t x is difficult1 if n impossible1 to decide :e!r !y are plants or animals4 ,respect+ sundry ( !m !re are unsettl$ disputes betwe5 zoologi/s & botani/s2 & x has ev5 be5 propos$ to gr\p !m into a sep>ate k+dom1 =m+ a common basis to ! animal & vegetal k+doms4 ,note next t among ! ,protozoa1 extreme indef9it5ess ( %ape is v g5]al4 ,9 ! %ell-less ,rhizopods & _! allies1 n only is ! =m s irregul> z to admit ( no description1 b x is nei!r alike 9 any two individuals nor 9 ! same individual at successive mom5ts4 ,by ! aggregation ( su* creatures1 are produc$1 among o!r indef9ite bodies1 ! sponges--bodies t are indef9ite 9 size1 9 cont\r1 9 int]nal arrangem5t1 & 9 ! abs5ce ( an ext]nal limit+ membrane4 ,z fur!r %[+ ! relatively indet]m9ate "* ( ! simple/ organisms1 x may be m5tion$ t _! /ructures v>y v greatly ) surr\nd+ conditions3 s mu* s t1 among ! ,protozoa & ,protophyta1 _m =ms :i* 7 once class$ z di/9ct species1 & ev5 z di/9ct g5]a1 are f\nd to be m]ely v>ieties ( "o species4 ,if n[ we call to m9d h[ precise 9 _! attributes are ! highe/ organisms--h[ %>ply cut _! outl9es1 h[ inv>iable _! proportions1 & h[ comp>atively con/ant _! /ructures "u *ang$ conditions1 we _c d5y t great] def9it5ess is "o ( _! *>act]i/ics2 & t if !y h be5 evolv$ out ( l[] organisms1 an increase ( def9it5ess has be5 an accompanim5t ( _! evolution4 ,t 9 c\rse ( "t1 species h become m %>ply m>k$ (f f o!r species1 g5]a f g5]a1 & ord]s f ord]s1 is a conclusion n admitt+ ( a m positive e/abli%m5t ?an ! =ego+2 & mu/1 inde$1 /& or fall ) x4 ,if1 h[ev]1 species & g5]a & ord]s h result$ f ! process ( 8natural selection10 !n1 z ,mr4 ,d>w9 %[s1 !re mu/ h be5 a t5d5cy to div]g5ce1 caus+ ! contra/s betwe5 gr\ps to become m & m pron\nc$4 ,by ! disappe>ance ( int]m$iate =ms1 less fitt$ = special sph]es ( exi/5ce ?an ! extreme =ms !y connect$1 ! diff]5ces betwe5 ! extreme =ms mu/ be r5d]$ m decid$2 & s1 f indi/9ct & un/able v>ieties1 mu/ sl[ly be produc$ di/9ct & /able species4 ,( :i* inf]5ce x may be rem>k$1 n only t x foll[s f a process to :i* ! organic creation is ( necessity ev] subject1 b also t x is 9 h>mony ) :at we "k respect+ races ( m5 & races ( dome/ic animals4 ,evid5ce t 9 ! c\rse ( psy*ial developm5t1 !re is a *ange f ! vague to ! di/9ct1 may be se5 9 e nurs]y4 ,! confusion ( ! infant's p]ceptions is %[n by its inability to di/+ui% p]sons4 ,! dimness ( its ideas ( direction & di/ance1 may be inf]r$ f ! ill-guid$ movem5ts ( its h&s1 & f its endeav\rs to grasp objects f> out ( rea*4 ,only by degrees does ! s5se ( equilibrium1 ne$ful = safe /&+ & mov+1 ga9 ! requisite precision4 ,?r\gh ! ins5sible /eps t end 9 compreh5sible spee*1 we may trace an increase 9 ! accuracy ) :i* s\nds are discrim9at$ & 9 ! nicety ) :i* !y are imitat$4 ,& simil>ly dur+ education1 ! *ange is t[>ds ! e/abli%m5t ( int]nal relations m p]fectly correspond+ to ext]nal ones--to exactness 9 calculations1 to a bett] repres5tation ( objects drawn1 to a m correct spell+1 to a complet] con=mity to ! rules ( spee*1 to cle>] ideas respect+ ! affairs ( life4 ,h[ 9 ! fur!r progress to maturity ! law /ill holds1 ne$s n "h be po9t$ out2 m especially z x w pres5tly be %[n 9 treat+ ( ! evolution ( intellig5ce dur+ ! advance ( civilization4 ,! only fur!r fact call+ = rem>k1 is1 t ?is increase ( m5tal def9it5ess is1 9 "s ways1 manife/$ ev5 dur+ ! advance f maturity to old age4 ,! habits ( life gr[ m & m fix$2 ! "* becomes less capable ( *ange2 ! quantity ( k previ\sly acquir$ ceases to h its limits alt]able by additions2 & ! op9ions ^u e po9t admit ( no modification4 ,/ill m manife/ly d ! successive phases ?r\gh :i* societies pass1 display ! progress f indet]m9ate arrangem5t to det]m9ate arrangem5t4 ,a w&]+ tribe ( savages1 z be+ fix$ nei!r 9 its locality nor 9 ! relative positions ( its p>ts1 is f> less def9ite ?an a nation1 cov]+ a t]ritory cle>ly m>k$ out1 & =m$ ( individuals gr\p$ toge!r 9 t[ns & villages4 ,9 su* a tribe ! social relations are simil>ly confus$ & unsettl$4 ,political au?ority is nei!r well e/abli%$ nor precise4 ,di/9ctions ( rank are nei!r cle>ly m>k$ nor impassable4 8,m$ic9e-m50 & 8ra9-mak]s0 =m a class by no means z di/9ct f ! re/ ( ! community z ev5tually becomes ! prie/hood !y =e%ad[4 ,& save 9 ! diff]5t occupations ( m5 & wom51 !re are no complete indu/rial divisions4 ,only 9 tribes ( consid]able size1 :i* h enslav$ o!r tribes1 is ! economical diff]5tiation decid$4 ,any "o ( ^! primitive societies h[ev] t developes1 becomes /ep by /ep m specific4 ,increas+ 9 size1 consequ5tly ceas+ to be s nomadic1 & re/rict$ 9 its range by neighb\r+ tribes1 x acquires1 aft] prolong$ bord] w>f>e1 a m settl$ t]ritorial b\nd>y4 ,! di/9ction betwe5 ! royal race & ! p1 gr[s s extreme z to am\nt 9 ! popul> appreh5sion to a diff]5ce ( nature4 ,! w>rior-class atta9s a p]fect sep>ation f classes devot$ to ! cultivation ( ! soil or o!r occupations reg>d$ z s]vile4 ,& !re arises a prie/hood t is def9$ 9 its rank1 its functions1 its privileges4 ,?is %>pness ( def9ition1 gr[+ bo? great] & m v>i\sly exemplifi$ z societies advance to maturity1 is extreme/ 9 ^? t h rea*$ _! full developm5t or are decl9+4 ,( anci5t ,egypt we read t its social divisions 7 /rongly-m>k$ & its cu/oms rigid4 ,rec5t inve/igations make x m ?an ev] cle>1 t among ! ,assyrians & surr\nd+ peoples1 n only 7 ! laws unalt]able1 b ev5 ! m9or habits1 d[n to ^? ( dome/ic r\t9e1 possess$ a sacr$ness :i* insur$ _! p]man5ce4 ,9 ,india at ! pres5t day1 ! un*angeable di/9ctions ( ca/e1 n less ?an ! con/ancy 9 modes ( dress1 indu/rial processes1 & religi\s obs]vances1 %[ u h[ fix$ are ! arrangem5ts :]e ! antiquity is great4 ,nor does ,*9a ) its long-settl$ political organization1 its elaborate & precise conv5tions1 & its unprogressive lit]ature1 fail to exemplify ! same tru?4 ,! successive phases ( our own & neighb\r+ societies1 furni% facts some:at diff]5t 9 k9d b simil> 9 mean+4 ,aft] our lead+ class-divisions _h become tol]ably well-e/abli%$1 x 0 long be=e !y acquir$ _! full precision4 ,orig9ally1 mon>*ical au?ority 0 m b>onial1 & b>onial au?ority m mon>*ical1 ?an !y aft]w>ds became4 ,betwe5 mod]n prie/s & ! prie/s ( old times1 :o :ile (ficially tea*]s ( religion 7 also w>riors1 judges1 ar*itects1 !re is a m>k$ diff]5ce 9 def9it5ess ( function4 ,& among ! p engag$ 9 productive occupations1 ! l contra/ w\ld be f\nd to hold3 ! indu/rial (fice has become m di/9ct f ! milit>y2 & its v>i\s divisions f ea* o!r4 ,a hi/ory ( our con/itution1 rem9d+ u h[1 aft] prolong$ /ruggles1 ! p[]s ( ,k+1 ,lords1 & ,commons1 h be5 gradually settl$1 w\ld cle>ly exhibit analog\s *anges4 ,c\ntless facts be>+ ! l con/ruction w\ld meet u1 7 we to trace ! developm5t ( legislation3 9 ! successive /ages ( :i*1 we %\ld f9d /atutes made m precise 9 _! provisions--m specific 9 _! applications to p>ticul> cases4 ,ev5 at ! pres5t "t we see t ea* new law1 beg9n+ z a vague proposition1 is1 9 ! c\rse ( enactm5t1 elaborat$ into specific clauses2 & fur!r t only aft] its int]pretation has be5 e/abli%$ by judges' decisions 9 c\rts ( ju/ice1 does x rea* its f9al def9it5ess4 ,f ! hi/ory ( m9or in/itutions l evid5ce may be ga!r$4 ,religi\s1 *>itable1 lit]>y1 & all o!r societies1 beg9n+ ) ends & me?ods r\ghly sket*$ out & easily modifiable1 %[ u h[1 by ! accumulation ( rules & prec$5ts1 ! purposes become m di/9ct & ! modes ( action m re/rict$2 until at la/ dea? (t5 results f a fixity :i* admits ( no adaptation to new conditions4 ,%\ld x be object$ t among civiliz$ nations !re are examples ( decreas+ def9it5ess1 7in/ance ! break+ d[n ( limits betwe5 ranks17 ! reply is1 t su* app>5t exceptions are ! accompanim5ts ( a social metamorphosis--a *ange f ! milit>y or pr$atory type ( social /ructure1 to ! indu/rial or m]cantile type1 dur+ :i* ! old l9es ( organization are disappe>+ & ! new ones becom+ m m>k$4 ,t all organiz$ results ( social action1 pass 9 ! c\rse ( civilization ?r\gh p>allel phases1 is demon/rable4 ,be+1 z !y are1 objective products ( subjective processes1 !y mu/ display correspond+ *anges2 & t !y d ?is1 ! cases ( ,language1 ( ,sci5ce1 ( ,art1 cle>ly prove4 ,if we /rike out f our s5t5ces ev]y?+ b n\ns & v]bs1 we %all p]ceive h[ extremely vague is ! expression ( ideas 9 undevelop$ tongues4 ,:5 we note h[ ea* inflection ( a v]b or addition by :i* ! case ( a n\n is m>k$1 s]ves to limit ! conditions ( action or ( exi/5ce1 we see t ^! con/itu5ts ( spee* enable m5 m precisely to communicate _! ?\ghts4 ,t ! application ( an adjective to a n\n or an adv]b to a v]b1 n>r[s ! class ( ?+s or *anges indicat$1 implies t ^! additional words s]ve fur!r to def9e ! mean+4 ,& simil>ly ) o!r p>ts ( spee*4 ,! l effect results f ! multiplication ( words ( ea* ord]4 ,:5 ! names = objects1 & acts1 & qualities1 are b few1 ! range ( ea* is proportionately wide1 & its mean+ !re=e unspecific4 ,! similes & metaphors s abundantly us$ by aborig9al races1 are simply vehicles = indirectly & imp]fectly convey+ ideas1 :i* lack ( words disables !m f convey+ directly & p]fectly4 ,9 contra/+ ^! figurative expressions1 int]pretable 9 v>i\s s5ses1 ) ! expressions :i* we %\ld use 9 place ( !m1 ! increase ( exactness :i* weal? ( language gives1 is r5d]$ v obvi\s4 ,or to take a case f ord9>y life1 if we comp>e ! spee* ( ! peasant1 :o1 out ( 8 limit$ vocabul>y1 c describe ! cont5ts ( ! bottle he c>ries1 only z 8doctor's-/uff0 :i* he has got = 8 8sick0 wife1 ) ! spee* ( ! physician1 :o tells ^? educat$ l himself ! p>ticul> composition ( ! m$ic9e1 & ! p>ticul> disord] = :i* he has prescrib$ x2 we h vividly br\ght home to u1 ! precision :i* language ga9s by ! multiplication ( t]ms4 ,aga91 9 ! c\rse ( its evolution1 ea* tongue acquires a fur!r accuracy ?r\gh processes :i* fix ! mean+ ( ea* ^w4 ,intellectual int]c\rse t5ds gradually to dim9i% laxity ( expression4 ,by & by diction>ies give def9itions4 ,& ev5tually1 among ! mo/ cultivat$1 indef9it5ess is n tol]at$1 ei!r 9 ! t]ms us$ or 9 _! grammatical comb9ations4 ,once m1 languages consid]$ z :oles1 become gradually m di/9ct f ea* o!r1 & f _! common p>5t3 z witness 9 e>ly times ! div]g5ce f ! same root ( two languages s unlike z ,greek & ,lat91 & 9 lat] times ! developm5t ( ?ree ,lat9 dialects into ,italian1 ,fr5*1 & ,spani%4 ,9 8 8,hi/ory ( ! ,inductive ,sci5ces10 ,dr4 ,:ewell says t ! ,greeks fail$ 9 physical philosophy because _! 8ideas 7 n di/9ct1 & appropriate to ! facts40 ,i d n quote ?is rem>k = its lum9\sness2 s9ce x w\ld be equally prop] to ascribe ! indi/9ctness & inappropriat5ess ( _! ideas to ! imp]fection ( _! physical philosophy2 b ,i quote x because x s]ves z good evid5ce ( ! indef9it5ess ( primitive sci5ce4 ,! same "w & its fell[ on 8,! ,philosophy ( ! ,inductive ,sci5ces10 supply o!r evid5ces equally good1 because equally indep5d5t ( any su* hypo!sis z is "h to be e/abli%$4 ,respect+ ma!matics we h ! fact t geometrical !orems grew out ( empirical me?ods2 & t ^! !orems1 at fir/ isolat$1 did n acquire ! cle>ness :i* complete demon/ration gives1 until !y 7 arrang$ by ,euclid into a s]ies ( dep5d5t propositions4 ,at a lat] p]iod ! same g5]al tru? 0 exemplifi$ 9 ! progress f ! 8me?od ( exhau/ions0 & ! 8me?od ( indivisibles0 to ! 8me?od ( limits20 :i* is ! c5tral idea ( ! inf9itesimal calculus4 ,9 e>ly me*anics1 too1 may be trac$ a dim p]ception t action & re-action are equal & opposite2 ?\gh = ages aft]1 ?is tru? rema9$ un=mulat$4 ,& simil>ly1 ! prop]ty ( in]tia1 ?\gh n di/9ctly compreh5d$ until ,kepl] liv$1 0 vaguely recogniz$ long previ\sly4 8,! conception ( /atical =ce10 80 nev] pres5t$ 9 a di/9ct =m till ! works ( ,ar*im$es appe>$20 & 8! conception ( accel]at+ =ce 0 confus$1 9 ! m9d ( ,kepl] & 8 contempor>ies1 & did n become cle> en\gh = purposes ( s\nd sci5tific reason+ be=e ! succe$+ c5tury40 ,to :i* specific ass]tions may be add$ ! g5]al rem>k1 t 8t]ms :i* orig9ally1 & be=e ! laws ( motion 7 fully kn[n1 7 us$ 9 a v vague & fluctuat+ s5se1 7 aft]w>ds limit$ & r5d]$ precise40 ,:5 we turn f ab/ract sci5tific conceptions to ! concrete previsions ( sci5ce1 ( :i* a/ronomy furni%es u ) num]\s examples1 ! l contra/ is visible4 ,! times at :i* cele/ial ph5om5a w occur1 h be5 pr$ict$ ) ev]-increas+ accuracy3 errors once am\nt+ to days1 h be5 r$uc$ d[n to seconds4 ,! correspond5ce betwe5 ! real & suppos$ =ms ( orbits1 has be5 gr[+ gradually m precise4 ,orig9ally ?\ght circul>1 !n epicyclical1 !n elliptical1 orbits are n[ asc]ta9$ to be curves :i* always deviate m or less f p]fect ellipses1 & :i* are ev] und]go+ *ange4 ,b ! g5]al advance ( ,sci5ce 9 def9it5ess1 is be/ %[n by ! contra/ betwe5 its qualitative /age1 & its quantitative /age4 ,at fir/1 ! facts asc]ta9$ 71 t betwe5 su* & su* ph5om5a "s connexion exi/$--t ! appe>ances a & b always occurr$ toge!r or 9 succession2 b x 0 nei!r kn[n :at 0 ! nature ( ! relation betwe5 a & b1 nor h[ mu* ( a accompani$ s mu* ( b4 ,! developm5t ( ,sci5ce has 9 "p be5 ! r$uction ( ^! vague connexions to di/9ct ones4 ,mo/ relations h be5 det]m9$ z belong+ to ! classes me*anical1 *emical1 !rmal1 electric1 magnetic1 c42 & we h le>nt to inf] ! am\nts ( ! antec$5ts & consequ5ts f ea* o!r ) an exactness t becomes ev] great]4 ,7 !re space to /ate !m1 illu/rations ( ?is tru? might be cit$ f all dep>tm5ts ( physics2 b x mu/ suffice "h to in/ance ! g5]al progress ( *emi/ry4 ,besides ! conspicu\s fact t we h positively asc]ta9$ ! con/itu5t elem5ts ( an imm5se numb] ( comp\nds :i* our ance/ors c\ld n analyze1 & ( a f> great] numb] :i* !y nev] ev5 saw1 !re is ! /ill m conspicu\s fact t ! comb9+ equival5ts ( ^! elem5ts are accurately calculat$4 ,! beg9n+s ( a l advance f qualitative to quantitative prevision1 may be trac$ ev5 9 "s ( ! high] sci5ces4 ,physiology %[s x 9 ! weigh+ & measur+ ( organic products1 & ( ! mat]ials consum$4 ,by ,pa?ology x is display$ 9 ! use ( ! /ati/ical me?od ( det]m9+ ! s\rces ( diseases1 & ! effects ( treatm5t4 ,9 ,zoology & ,botany1 ! num]ical comp>isons ( ,floras & ,faunas1 lead+ to specific conclusions respect+ _! s\rces & di/ributions1 illu/rate x4 ,& 9 ,sociology1 que/ionable z are ! conclusions usually drawn f ! classifi$ sum-totals ( ! c5sus1 f ,bo>d-(-,trade tables1 & f crim9al returns1 x mu/ be admitt$ t ^! imply a progress t[>ds m accurate conceptions ( social ph5om5a4 ,t an ess5tial *>act]i/ic ( advanc+ ,sci5ce is increase 9 def9it5ess1 appe>s inde$ almo/ a truism1 :5 we rememb] t ,sci5ce may be describ$ z def9ite k1 9 contradi/9ction to t indef9ite k possess$ by ! uncultur$4 ,& if1 z we _c "q1 ,sci5ce has1 9 ! sl[ c\rse ( ages1 be5 evolv$ out ( ?is indef9ite k ( ! uncultur$2 !n1 ! gradual acquirem5t ( t great def9it5ess :i* n[ di/+ui%es x1 mu/ h be5 a lead+ trait 9 its evolution4 ,! ,arts1 indu/rial & /hetic1 furni% illu/rations p]haps /ill m /rik+4 ,fl9t implem5ts ( ! k9d rec5tly f\nd 9 c]ta9 ( ! lat] geologic deposits--implem5ts s rude t "s h held !m to be ( natural r ?an ( artificial orig9--%[ ! extreme want ( precision 9 m5's fir/ h&yworks4 ,?\gh a great advance on ^! is se5 9 ! tools & weapons ( exi/+ savage tribes1 yet an inexactness 9 =ms & fitt+s1 m ?an any?+ else di/+ui%es su* tools & weapons f ^? ( civiliz$ races4 ,9 a less degree1 ! productions ( semi-b>b>\s nations are *>act]iz$ by l defects4 ,a ,*9ese junk ) all its conta9$ furniture & appliances1 n[h]e pres5ts a p]fectly /raight l9e1 a uni=m curve1 or a true surface4 ,nor d ! ut5sils & ma*9es ( our ance/ors fail to exhibit a simil> inf]iority to our own4 ,an antique *air1 an old fireplace1 a lock ( ! la/ c5tury1 or almo/ any article ( h\sehold use t has be5 pres]v$ = a few g5]ations1 w prove by contra/ h[ greatly ! indu/rial products ( our "t excel ^? ( ! pa/ 9 _! accuracy4 ,s9ce plan+ ma*9es h be5 inv5t$1 x has become possible to produce absolutely /raight l9es1 & surfaces s truly level z to be air-tight :5 appli$ to ea* o!r4 ,:ile 9 ! divid+-eng9e ( ,tr\ghton1 9 ! micromet] ( ,:itwor?1 & 9 microscopes t %[ fifty ?\s& divisions to ! in*1 we h an exactness z f> exce$+ t rea*$ 9 ! works ( our great-gr&fa!rs1 z !irs exce$$ t ( ! aborig9al celt-mak]s4 ,9 ! ,f9e ,arts !re has be5 a p>allel process4 ,f ! rudely c>v$ & pa9t$ idols ( savages1 ?r\gh ! e>ly sculptures *>act]iz$ by limbs hav+ no muscul> detail1 wood5-look+ drap]y1 & faces devoid ( individuality1 up to ! lat] /atues ( ! ,greeks or "s ( ^? n[ produc$1 ! increas$ accuracy ( repres5tation is conspicu\s4 ,comp>e ! mural pa9t+s ( ! ,egyptians ) ! pa9t+s ( m$ieval ,europe1 or ^! ) mod]n pa9t+s1 & ! m precise r5d]+ ( ! appe>ances ( objects is manife/4 ,s too is x ) ! del9eations ( fiction & ! drama4 ,9 ! m>vell\s tales curr5t among ,ea/]n nations1 9 ! romantic leg5ds ( feudal ,europe1 z well z 9 ! my/]y-plays & ^? imm$iately succe$+ !m1 we see great want ( correspond5ce to ! realities ( life2 n only 9 ! pr$om9ance ( sup]natural ev5ts & extremely improbable co9cid5ces1 b also 9 ! vaguely-indicat$ p]sonages1 :o are no?+ m ?an embodim5ts ( virtue & vice 9 g5]al1 or at be/ ( p>ticul> virtues & vices4 ,?r\gh transitions t ne$ n be specifi$1 !re has be5 a progressive dim9ution1 9 bo? fiction & ! drama1 ( :atev] is unnatural--:atev] does n answ] to real life4 ,& n[1 novels & plays are applaud$ 9 proportion to ! fidelity ) :i* !y exhibit individual *>act]s ) _! motives & consequ5t actions2 improbabilities1 l ! impossibilities :i* prec$$ !m1 are disall[$2 & !re is ev5 an incipi5t ab&onm5t ( ^? elaborate plots :i* ! realities ( life r>ely if ev] furni%4 ,7 x ne$ful1 x w\ld be easy to accumulate evid5ces ( v>i\s o!r k9ds4 ,! progress f my?s & leg5ds1 extreme 9 _! misrepres5tations1 to a hi/ory t has sl[ly become1 & is /ill becom+1 m accurate2 ! e/abli%m5t ( settl$ sy/ematic me?ods ( do+ ?+s1 in/ead ( ! indet]m9ate ways at fir/ pursu$2 & ! great increase 9 ! numb] ( po9ts on :i* conflict+ op9ion has settl$ d[n into exact k2 might sev]ally be us$ fur!r to exemplify ! g5]al tru? enunciat$4 ,! basis ( induction is1 h[ev]1 already suffici5tly wide4 ,pro( t all ,evolution is f ! indef9ite to ! def9ite1 we f9d to be n less abundant ?an pro( t all ,evolution is f ! homog5e\s to ! het]og5e\s4 ,! "o k9d ( *ange is co-ext5sive ) ! o!r--is equally ) x exhibit$ ?r\gh\t ,nature4 99 99 99 99 99 #ef4 ,to =m a complete conception ( ,evolution1 we h to contemplate x "u yet ano!r aspect4 ,?is advance f ! indef9ite to ! def9ite1 is obvi\sly n prim>y b second>y--is an incid5tal result att5dant on ! f9i%+ ( c]ta9 *anges4 ,! trans=mation ( a :ole t 0 orig9ally uni=m1 into a comb9ation ( multi=m p>ts1 implies a progressive sep>ation4 ,:ile ?is is go+ on !re mu/ be indi/9ctness4 ,only z ea* sep>at$ division draws into its g5]al mass ^? diffus$ p]iph]al portions :i* are at fir/ imp]fectly disunit$ f ! p]iph]al portions ( neighb\r+ divisions1 c x acquire any?+ l a precise outl9e4 ,& x _c become p]fectly def9ite until its units are aggregat$ into a compact :ole4 ,t is to say1 ! acquirem5t ( def9it5ess is simply a concomitant ( complete union ( ! elem5ts con/itut+ ea* compon5t division4 ,?us1 ,evolution is *>act]iz$ n only by a cont9u\s multiplication ( p>ts1 b also by a gr[+ on5ess 9 ea* "p4 ,& :ile an advance 9 het]og5eity results f progressive diff]5tiation1 an advance 9 def9it5ess results f progressive integration4 ,! two *anges are simultane\s2 or are r opposite aspects ( ! same *ange4 ,?is *ange1 h[ev]1 _c be rightly compreh5d$ )\t look+ at bo? its sides4 ,let u !n once m consid] ,evolution "u its sev]al manife/ations2 = ! purpose ( not+ h[ x is ?r\gh\t a process ( integration4 ,! illu/rations furni%$ by ! ,sol> ,sy/em1 suppos+ x to h _h a nebul> orig91 are s obvi\s z sc>cely to ne$ indicat+4 ,t z a :ole1 x und]w5t a gradual conc5tration :ile assum+ its pres5t di/ribution ( p>ts2 & t !re subsequ5tly took place a l conc5tration ( ! matt] =m+ ea* planet & satellite1 is ! lead+ feature ( ! hypo!sis4 ,! process ( integration is "h se5 9 its simple/ & mo/ decid$ =m4 ,geologic evolution1 if we trace x up f t molt5 /ate ( ! ,e>?'s sub/ance :i* we are oblig$ to po/ulate1 supplies u ) m v>i$ facts ( l mean+4 ,! advance f a ?9 cru/1 at fir/ ev]y:]e fissur$ & moveable1 to a cru/ s solid & ?ick z to be b n[ & !n v p>tially dislocat$ by di/urb+ =ces1 exemplifies ! unify+ process2 z does likewise ! advance f a surface cov]$ ) small pat*es ( l& & wat]1 to "o divid$ into cont95ts & oceans--an advance also result+ f ! ,e>?'s gradual solidification4 ,moreov]1 ! collection ( detritus into /rata ( great ext5t1 & ! union ( su* /rata into ext5sive 8sy/ems10 becomes possible only z surfaces ( l& & wat] become wide1 & subsid5ces great1 9 bo? area & dep?2 :5ce x foll[s t integrations ( ?is ord] mu/ h gr[n m pron\nc$ z ! ,e>?'s cru/ ?ick5$4 ,diff]5t & simpl] in/ances ( ! process ?r\gh :i* mix$ mat]ials are sep>at$1 & ! k9dr$ units aggregat$ into masses1 are exhibit$ 9 ! detail$ /ructure ( ! ,e>?4 ,! ph5om5a ( cry/allization may be cit$ en masse1 z %[+ h[ ! unifications ( simil> elem5ts take place :]ev] ! conditions p]mit4 ,n only d we see ?is :]e !re is little or no h9drance to ! approa* ( ! p>ticles1 z 9 ! cases ( cry/als =m$ f solutions1 or by sublimation2 b x is also se5 :]e !re are great ob/acles to _! approa*4 ,! fl9ts & ! nodules ( iron pyrites t are f\nd 9 *alk1 z well z ! silici\s concretions :i* occasionally occur 9 lime/one1 c be int]pret$ only z aggregations ( atoms ( silex or sulphuret ( iron1 orig9ally diffus$ almo/ uni=mly ?r\gh ! deposit1 b gradually collect$ r\nd c]ta9 c5tres1 not)/&+ ! solid or semi-solid /ate ( ! surr\nd+ matt]4 ,iron-/one z x ord9>ily occurs1 pres5ts a simil> ph5om5on to be simil>ly expla9$2 & :at is call$ bog iron-ore supplies ! conditions & ! result 9 /ill m obvi\s correlation4 ,dur+ ! evolution ( an organism1 !re occurs1 z e physiologi/ kn[s1 n only sep>ation ( p>ts1 b coalesc5ce ( p>ts4 ,9 ! mammalian embryo1 ! he>t1 at fir/ a long pulsat+ blood-vessel1 by & by twi/s ^u itself & becomes integrat$4 ,! lay] ( bile-cells con/itut+ ! rudim5t>y liv]1 d n simply become diff]5t f ! wall ( ! inte/9e 9 :i* !y at fir/ lie2 b !y simultane\sly div]ge f x & consolidate into an organ4 ,! ant]ior segm5ts ( ! c]ebro-sp9al axis1 :i* are at fir/ cont9u\s ) ! re/1 & di/+ui%$ only by _! l>g] size1 und]go a gradual union2 & at ! same "t ! result+ head consolidates into a mass cle>ly m>k$ (f f ! re/ ( ! v]tebral column4 ,! l process1 v>i\sly exemplifi$ 9 o!r organs1 is mean:ile exhibit$ by ! body z a :ole2 :i* becomes integrat$1 some:at 9 ! same way t ! cont5ts ( an outspread h&k]*ief become integrat$ :5 its edges are drawn 9 & fa/5$ to make a bundle4 ,analog\s *anges g on long aft] bir?1 & cont9ue ev5 up to old age4 ,9 ! human be+ t gradual solidification ( ! bony framework1 :i*1 dur+ *ildhood1 is se5 9 ! coalesc5ce ( portions ( ! same bone ossifi$ f diff]5t c5tres1 is aft]w>ds se5 9 ! coalesc5ce ( bones t 7 orig9ally di/9ct4 ,! app5dages ( ! v]tebr unite ) ! v]tebral c5tres to :i* !y belong--a *ange n complet$ until t[>ds ?irty4 ,at ! same "t ! epiphyses1 =m$ sep>ately f ! ma9 bodies ( _! respective bones1 h _! c>tilag9\s connexions turn$ into osse\s ones--are fus$ to ! masses b5ea? !m4 ,! compon5t v]tebr ( ! sacrum1 :i* rema9 sep>ate till ab\t ! sixte5? ye>1 !n beg9 to unite2 & 9 t5 or a doz5 ye>s m _! union is complete4 ,/ill lat] occurs ! coalesc5ce ( ! coccygeal v]tebr2 & !re are "s o!r bony unions :i* are n complet$ until advanc$ age4 ,to :i* add t ! increase ( d5sity & t\ghness1 go+ on ?r\gh\t ! tissues 9 g5]al dur+ life1 may be reg>d$ z ! =mation ( a m highly integrat$ sub/ance4 ,! species ( *ange ?us illu/rat$ "u its sev]al aspects 9 ! unfold+ ( ! human body1 may be trac$ 9 all animals4 ,t mode ( x :i* consi/s 9 ! union ( homog5e\s p>ts orig9ally sep>ate1 has be5 describ$ by ,milne-,edw>ds & o!rs1 z exhibit$ 9 v>i\s ( ! inv]tebrata2 ?\gh x does n seem to h be5 includ$ by !m z an ess5tial peculi>ity 9 ! process ( organic developm5t4 ,we %all1 h[ev]1 be l$ /rongly to suspect t progressive integration %\ld =m "p ( ! def9ition ( ?is process1 :5 we f9d x display$ n only 9 trac+ up ! /ages pass$ ?r\gh by e embryo1 b also 9 asc5d+ f ! l[] liv+ creatures to ! high]4 ,& "h1 z 9 ! evolution ( individual organisms1 x goes on bo? longitud9ally & transv]sely3 "u :i* diff]5t =ms we may inde$ mo/ conv5i5tly consid] x4 ,( longitud9al integration1 ! sub-k+dom ,annulosa supplies abundant examples4 ,its l[] memb]s1 su* z worms & myriapods1 are mo/ly *>act]iz$ by ! great numb] ( segm5ts compos+ !m3 rea*+ 9 "s cases to sev]al hundr$s4 ,b 9 ! high] divisions--cru/aceans1 insects1 & spid]s--we f9d ?is numb] r$uc$ d[n to tw5ty-two1 ?irte51 or ev5 few]2 :ile1 accompany+ ! r$uction1 !re is a %ort5+ or integration ( ! :ole body1 rea*+ its extreme 9 ! crab & ! spid]4 ,! significance ( ^! contra/s1 z be>+ ^u ! g5]al doctr9e ( ,evolution1 w be se5 :5 x is po9t$ out t !y are p>allel to ^? :i* arise dur+ ! developm5t ( individual ,annulosa4 ,9 ! lob/]1 ! head & ?orax =m "o compact box1 made by ! union ( a numb] ( segm5ts :i* 9 ! embryo 7 sep>able4 ,simil>ly1 ! butt]fly %[s u segm5ts s mu* m closely unit$ ?an !y 7 9 ! cat]pill>1 z to be1 "s ( !m1 no long] di/+ui%able f ea* o!r4 ,! ,v]tebrata aga91 ?r\gh\t _! successively high] classes1 furni% l in/ances ( longitud9al union4 ,9 mo/ fi%es1 & 9 reptiles t h no limbs1 ! only segm5ts ( ! sp9al column t coalesce1 are ^? =m+ ! skull4 ,9 mo/ mammals & 9 birds1 a v>iable numb] ( v]tebr become fus$ toge!r to =m ! sacrum2 & 9 ! high] quadrumana & man1 ! caudal v]tebr also lose _! sep>ate individualities 9 a s+le os coccygis4 ,t :i* we may di/+ui% z transv]se integration1 is well illu/rat$ among ! ,annulosa 9 ! developm5t ( ! n]v\s sy/em4 ,leav+ out ^? mo/ degrad$ =ms :i* d n pres5t di/9ct ganglia1 x is to be obs]v$ t ! l[] annulose animals1 9 common ) ! l>v ( ! high]1 are sev]ally *>act]iz$ by a d\ble *a9 ( ganglia runn+ f end to end ( ! body2 :ile 9 ! m p]fectly =m$ annulose animals1 ?is d\ble *a9 becomes m or less completely unit$ into a s+le *a94 ,mr4 ,newport has describ$ ! c\rse ( ?is conc5tration z exhibit$ 9 insects2 & by ,ra?ke x has be5 trac$ 9 cru/aceans4 ,dur+ ! e>ly /ages ( ! ,a/acus fluviatilis1 or common cray-fi%1 !re is a pair ( sep>ate ganglia to ea* r+4 ,( ! f\rte5 pairs belong+ to ! head & ?orax1 ! ?ree pairs 9 advance ( ! m\? consolidate into "o mass to =m ! bra91 or cephalic ganglion4 ,mean:ile1 out ( ! rema9d]1 ! fir/ six pairs sev]ally unite 9 ! m$ian l9e1 :ile ! re/ rema9 m or less sep>ate4 ,( ^! six d\ble ganglia ?us =m$1 ! ant]ior f\r coalesce into "o mass2 ! rema9+ two coalesce into ano!r mass2 & !n ^! two masses coalesce into "o4 ,"h we see longitud9al & transv]se integration go+ on simultane\sly2 & 9 ! highe/ cru/aceans !y are bo? c>ri$ /ill fur!r4 ,! ,v]tebrata cle>ly exhibit transv]se integration 9 ! developm5t ( ! g5]ative sy/em4 ,! l[e/ ( ! mammalia--! ,monotremata--9 common ) birds1 to :i* !y are 9 _m respects alli$1 h oviducts :i* t[>ds _! l[] extremities are dilat$ into cavities1 sev]ally p]=m+ 9 an imp]fect way ! function ( a ut]us4 8,9 ! ,m>supialia !re is a clos] approximation ( ! two lat]al sets ( organs on ! m$ian l9e2 = ! oviducts conv]ge t[>ds "o ano!r & meet 7)\t coalesc+7 on ! m$ian l9e2 s t _! ut]9e dilatations are 9 contact ) ea* o!r1 =m+ a true #8d\ble ut]us4444' ,z we asc5d ! s]ies ( #8plac5tal' mammals1 we f9d ! lat]al coalesc5ce becom+ m & m complete4444 ,9 _m ( ! ,rod5tia ! ut]us /ill rema9s completely divid$ into two lat]al halves2 :il/ 9 o!rs ^! coalesce at _! l[] portions1 =m+ a rudim5t ( ! true #8body' ( ! ut]us 9 ! human subject4 ,?is "p increases at ! exp5se ( ! lat]al #8cornua' 9 ! high] h]bivora & c>nivora2 b ev5 9 ! l[] quadrumana ! ut]us is some:at cleft at its summit40#aj ,9 ! social organism integrative *anges are n less cle>ly & abundantly exemplifi$4 ,unciviliz$ societies display !m :5 w&]+ families1 su* z ! bu%m5 %[ u1 unite into tribes ( consid]able numb]s4 ,among ^! we see a fur!r progress ( l nature ev]y:]e manife/$ 9 ! subjugation ( weak] tribes by /rong] ones2 & 9 ! subord9ation ( _! respective *iefs to ! conqu]+ *ief4 ,! p>tial comb9ations ?us result+1 :i* among aborig9al races are be+ cont9ually =m$ & cont9ually brok5 up1 become1 among ! sup]ior races1 bo? m complete & m p]man5t4 ,if we trace ! metamorphoses ?r\gh :i* our own society1 or any adjac5t "o1 has pass$1 we see ?is unification f "t to "t repeat$ on a l>g] scale & ) increas+ /ability4 ,! aggregation ( juniors & ! *ildr5 ( juniors "u eld]s & ! *ildr5 ( eld]s2 ! consequ5t e/abli%m5t ( gr\ps ( vassals b\nd to _! respective nobles2 ! subord9ation aft]w>ds e/abli%$ ( gr\ps ( inf]ior nobles to dukes or e>ls2 & ! /ill lat] e/abli%m5t ( ! k+ly p[] ov] dukes or e>ls2 are s _m in/ances ( increas+ consolidation4 ,?is process ?r\gh :i* petty t5ures are comb9$ into feuds1 feuds into prov9ces1 prov9ces into k+doms1 & f9ally contigu\s k+doms into a s+le "o1 sl[ly completes itself by de/roy+ ! orig9al l9es ( dem>cation4 ,& x may be fur!r rem>k$ ( ! ,european nations z a :ole1 t 9 ! t5d5cy to =m alliances m or less la/+1 9 ! re/ra9+ influ5ces ex]cis$ by ! sev]al gov]nm5ts ov] ea* o!r1 9 ! sy/em t is gradually e/abli%+ itself ( settl+ int]national disputes by congresses1 z well z 9 ! break+ d[n ( comm]cial b>ri]s & ! increas+ facilities ( communication1 we may trace ! incipi5t /age ( a ,european conf$]ation--a /ill l>g] integration ?an any n[ e/abli%$4 ,b x is n only 9 ^! ext]nal unions ( gr\ps ) gr\ps1 & ( ! comp\nd gr\ps ) ea* o!r1 t ! g5]al law is exemplifi$4 ,x is exemplifi$ also 9 unions t take place int]nally1 z ! gr\ps become m highly organiz$4 ,^!1 ( :i* ! mo/ conspicu\s are comm]cial 9 _! orig9 & function1 are well illu/rat$ 9 our own society4 ,we h integrations consequ5t on ! simple gr[? ( adjac5t p>ts p]=m+ l functions3 z1 = in/ance1 ! junction ( ,man*e/] ) its calico-weav+ suburbs4 ,we h o!r integrations t arise :51 out ( sev]al places produc+ a p>ticul> commodity1 "o monopolizes m & m ( ! bus9ess1 & leaves ! re/ to dw9dle3 z witness ! gr[? ( ! ,york%ire clo?-di/ricts at ! exp5se ( ^? 9 ! we/ ( ,engl&2 or ! absorption by ,/af=d%ire ( ! pott]y-manufacture1 & ! consequ5t decay ( ! e/abli%m5ts t once fl\ri%$ at ,worce/]1 ,d]by1 & else:]e4 ,& we h ^? yet o!r integrations produc$ by ! actual approximation ( ! simil>ly-occupi$ p>ts3 :5ce result su* facts z ! conc5tration ( publi%]s 9 ,pat]no/] ,r[2 ( lawy]s 9 ! ,temple & neighb\rhood2 ( corn-m]*ants ab\t ,m>k ,lane2 ( civil eng9e]s 9 ,great ,george ,/reet2 ( bank]s 9 ! c5tre ( ! city4 ,indu/rial comb9ations t consi/1 n 9 ! approximation or fusion ( p>ts1 b 9 ! e/abli%m5t ( common c5tres ( connexion1 are exhibit$ 9 ! ,bank cle>+-h\se & ! ,railway cle>+-h\se4 ,:ile ( yet ano!r g5us are ^? unions :i* br+ into relation ! m or less disp]s$ citiz5s :o are occupi$ 9 l ways3 z trad]s are br\ght by ! ,ex*ange & ! ,/ock-,ex*ange2 & z are pr(essional m5 by in/itutes1 l ^? ( ,civil ,eng9e]s1 ,ar*itects1 c4 ,"h1 z be=e1 x is manife/ t a law ( ,evolution :i* holds ( organisms1 mu/ hold too ( all objective results ( _! activity2 & t h5ce ,language1 & ,sci5ce1 & ,art1 mu/ n only 9 ! c\rse ( _! developm5t display increas+ het]og5eity & def9it5ess1 b also increas+ integration4 ,we %all f9d ?is conclusion to be 9 h>mony ) ! facts4 ,among unciviliz$ races1 ! _m-syllabl$ t]ms us$ = n uncommon objects1 z well z ! descriptive "* ( prop] names1 %[ u t ! words us$ = ! less famili> ?+s are =m$ by comp\nd+ ! words us$ = ! m famili> ?+s4 ,?is process ( composition is sometimes f\nd 9 its incipi5t /age--a /age 9 :i* ! compon5t words are tempor>ily unit$ to signify "s unnam$ object1 & d n 7f lack ( frequ5t use7 p]man5tly coh]e4 ,b 9 ! majority ( inf]ior languages1 ! process ( 8agglut9ation10 z x is call$1 has gone f> en\gh to produce consid]able /ability 9 ! comp\nd words3 !re is a manife/ integration4 ,h[ small is ! degree ( ?is integration1 h[ev]1 :5 comp>$ ) t rea*$ 9 well-develop$ languages is %[n bo? by ! great l5g? ( ! comp\nd words us$ = ?+s & acts ( con/ant occurr5ce1 & by ! sep>abl5ess ( _! elem5ts4 ,c]ta9 ,nor?-,am]ican tongues v well illu/rate ?is4 ,9 a ,ric>ee vocabul>y ext5d+ to fifty names ( common objects1 :i* 9 ,engli% are ne>ly all express$ by s+le syllables1 !re is n "o monosyllabic ^w2 & 9 ! ne>ly-alli$ vocabul>y ( ! ,pawnees1 ! names = ^! same common objects are monosyllabic 9 b two in/ances4 ,?+s s famili> to ^! hunt+ tribes z dog & b[1 are1 9 ! ,pawnee language1 a%aki% & te]agi%2 ! h& & ! eyes are respectively ik%e]ee & ke]eekoo2 = day ! t]m is %akoorooee%airet1 & = devil x is tsaheek%kakooraiwah2 :ile ! num]als are compos$ ( f two syllables up to five1 & 9 ,ric>ee up to sev54 ,t ! great l5g? ( ^! famili> words implies a l[ degree ( developm5t1 & t 9 ! =mation ( high] languages out ( l[] !re is a progressive integration1 :i* r$uces ! polysyllables to dissyllables & monosyllables1 is an inf]5ce fully confirm$ by ! hi/ory ( our own language4 ,anglo-,saxon /eorra has be5 9 c\rse ( "t consolidat$ into ,engli% />1 mona into moon1 & nama into "n4 ,! transition ?r\gh ! int]m$iate semi-,saxon is cle>ly traceable4 ,sunu became 9 semi-,saxon sune1 & 9 ,engli% son3 ! f9al e ( sune be+ an evanesc5t =m ( ! orig9al u4 ,! *ange f ! ,anglo-,saxon plural1 =m$ by ! di/9ct syllable z1 to our plural =m$ by ! app5d$ consonant s1 %[s u ! same ?+3 smi?as 9 becom+ smi?s1 & endas 9 becom+ ends1 illu/rate progressive coalesc5ce4 ,s too does ! disappe>ance ( ! t]m9al an 9 ! inf9itive mood ( v]bs2 z %[n 9 ! transition f ! ,anglo-,saxon cuman to ! semi-,saxon cumme1 & to ! ,engli% come4 ,moreov] ! process has be5 sl[ly go+ on1 ev5 s9ce :at we di/+ui% z ,engli% 0 =m$4 ,9 ,elizabe?'s "t1 v]bs 7 /ill v frequ5tly pluraliz$ by ! addition ( en--we tell 0 we tell52 & 9 "s rural di/ricts ?is =m ( spee* may ev5 n[ be he>d4 ,9 l mann] ! t]m9al ed ( ! pa/ t5se1 has unit$ ) ! ^w x modifies4 ,burn-ed has 9 pronunciation become burnt2 & ev5 9 writ+ ! t]m9al t has 9 "s cases tak5 ! place ( ! ed4 ,only :]e antique =ms 9 g5]al are adh]$ to1 z 9 ! *ur*-s]vice1 is ! di/9ctness ( ?is inflection /ill ma9ta9$4 ,fur!r1 we see t ! comp\nd v[els h be5 9 _m cases fus$ into s+le v[els4 ,t 9 bread ! e & a 7 orig9ally bo? s\nd$1 is prov$ by ! fact t !y are /ill s s\nd$ 9 p>ts :]e old habits l+]4 ,we1 h[ev]1 h contract$ ! pronunciation into br$2 & we h made l *anges 9 _m o!r common words4 ,la/ly1 let x be not$ t :]e ! frequ5cy ( repetition is greate/1 ! process is c>ri$ fur!/2 z in/ance ! contraction ( "l 7orig9ally la=d7 into lud 9 ! m\?s ( ,b>ri/]s2 & /ill bett] ! coalesc5ce ( ,god be ) y into ,good bye4 ,besides exhibit+ 9 ?is way ! integrative process1 ,language equally exhibits x ?r\gh\t all grammatical developm5t4 ,! l[e/ k9ds ( human spee*1 hav+ m]ely n\ns & v]bs )\t inflections to !m1 manife/ly p]mit no su* close union ( ! elem5ts ( a proposition z results :5 ! relations are ei!r m>k$ by inflections or by words specially us$ = purposes ( connexion4 ,su* spee* is necess>ily :at we significantly call 8incoh]5t40 ,to a consid]able ext5t1 incoh]5ce is se5 9 ! ,*9ese language4 8,if1 in/ead ( say+ ,i g to ,london1 figs come f ,turkey1 ! sun %9es ?r\gh ! air1 we said1 ,i g end ,london1 figs come orig9 ,turkey1 ! sun %9es passage air1 we %\ld disc\rse ( ! mann] ( ! ,*9ese40 ,f ?is 8aptotic0 =m1 !re is cle> evid5ce ( a transition by coalesc5ce to a =m 9 :i* ! connexions ( words are express$ by ! addition to !m ( c]ta9 inflectional words4 8,9 ,languages l ! ,*9ese10 rem>ks ,dr ,la?am1 8! sep>ate words mo/ 9 use to express relation may become adjuncts or annexes40 ,to ?is he adds ! fact t 8! num]\s inflexional languages fall into two classes4 ,9 "o1 ! inflexions h no appe>ance ( hav+ be5 sep>ate words4 ,9 ! o!r1 _! orig9 z sep>ate words is demon/rable40 ,f :i* ! inf]5ce drawn is1 t ! 8aptotic0 languages1 by ! m & m con/ant use ( adjuncts1 gave rise to ! 8agglut9ate0 languages1 or ^? 9 :i* ! orig9al sep>at5ess ( ! inflexional p>ts c be trac$2 & t out ( ^!1 by fur!r use1 arose ! 8amalgamate0 languages1 or ^! 9 :i* ! orig9al sep>at5ess ( ! inflexional p>ts c no long] be trac$4 ,/rongly corroborative ( ?is inf]5ce is ! unque/ionable fact1 t by su* a process !re h gr[n out ( ! amalgamate languages1 ! 8anaptotic0 languages2 ( :i* our own is ! mo/ p]fect example--languages 9 :i*1 by fur!r consolidation1 inflexions h almo/ disappe>$1 :ile1 to express ! v]bal relations1 c]ta9 new k9ds ( words h be5 develop$4 ,:5 we see ! ,anglo-,saxon inflexions gradually lo/ by contraction dur+ ! developm5t ( ,engli%1 &1 ?\gh to a less degree1 ! ,lat9 inflexions dw9dl+ away dur+ ! developm5t ( ,fr5*1 we _c d5y t grammatical /ructure is modifi$ by integration2 & see+ h[ cle>ly ! e>li] /ages ( grammatical /ructure are expla9$ by x1 we c sc>cely d\bt t x has be5 go+ on f ! fir/4 ,& n[ m>k t 9 proportion to ! degree ( ! integration above describ$1 is ! ext5t to :i* integration ( ano!r ord] is %[n4 ,aptotic languages are1 z already po9t$ out1 necess>ily incoh]5t--! elem5ts ( a proposition _c be ti$ into a def9ite & complete :ole4 ,b z fa/ z coalesc5ce produces inflect$ words1 x becomes possible to unite !m into s5t5ces ( :i* ! p>ts are s mutually dep5d5t t no consid]able *ange c be made )\t de/roy+ ! mean+4 ,yet a fur!r /age 9 ?is process may be not$4 ,aft] ! developm5t ( ^? grammatical =ms :i* make def9ite /atem5ts possible1 we d n at fir/ f9d !m us$ to express any?+ beyond /atem5ts ( a simple k9d4 ,a s+le subject ) a s+le pr$icate1 accompani$ by b few qualify+ t]ms1 are usually all4 ,if we comp>e1 = in/ance1 ! ,hebrew scriptures ) writ+s ( mod]n times1 a m>k$ diff]5ce ( aggregation among ! gr\ps ( words1 is visible4 ,9 ! numb] ( subord9ate propositions :i* accompany ! pr9cipal "o2 9 ! v>i\s complem5ts to subjects & pr$icates2 & 9 ! num]\s qualify+ clauses--all ( !m unit$ into "o complex :ole--_m s5t5ces 9 mod]n composition exhibit a degree ( integration n to be f\nd 9 anci5t ones4 ,! hi/ory ( ,sci5ce pres5ts facts ( ! same mean+ at e /ep4 ,inde$ ! integration ( gr\ps ( l entities & l relations1 may be said to con/itute ! mo/ conspicu\s "p ( sci5tific progress4 ,a glance at ! classificatory sci5ces1 %[s u n only t ! confus$ aggregations :i* ! vulg> make ( natural objects1 are diff]5tiat$ into gr\ps t are respectively m homog5e\s1 b also t ^! gr\ps are gradually r5d]$ complete & compact4 ,:ile1 in/ead ( consid]+ all m>9e creatures z fi%1 %ell-fi%1 & jelly-fi%1 ,zoology e/abli%es divisions & sub-divisions "u ! heads ,v]tebrata1 ,annulosa1 ,mollusca1 c4--:ile 9 place ( ! wide & vague assemblage popul>ly describ$ z 8creep+ ?+s10 x makes ! specific classes ,annelida1 ,myriopoda1 ,insecta1 ,ara*nida2 x at ! same "t gives to ^! an increas+ consolidation4 ,! sev]al ord]s & g5]a ( :i* ea* consi/s1 are arrang$ accord+ to _! aff9ities & b\nd toge!r "u common def9itions2 at ! same "t t1 by ext5d$ obs]vation & rigor\s criticism1 ! previ\sly unkn[n & undet]m9$ =ms are integrat$ ) _! respective cong5]s4 ,nor is ! same process less cle>ly manife/$ 9 ^? sci5ces :i* h = _! subject-matt]1 n classifi$ objects1 b classifi$ relations4 ,"u "o ( its *ief aspects1 ! advance ( ,sci5ce is ! advance ( g5]alization2 & g5]alization is ! unit+ into gr\ps all l co-exi/5cies & sequ5ces among ph5om5a4 ,n only1 h[ev]1 does ! colligation ( a numb] ( concrete relations into a g5]alization ( ! l[e/ ord]1 exemplify ! pr9ciple enunciat$2 b x is aga9 & aga9 exemplifi$ 9 ! colligation ( ^! l[e/ g5]alizations into high] ones1 & ^! into /ill high] ones4 ,ye> by ye> are e/abli%$ c]ta9 connexions among ord]s ( ph5om5a t seem :olly unalli$2 & ^! connexions1 multiply+ & /r5g!n+1 gradually br+ ! seem+ly unalli$ ord]s "u a common bond4 ,:51 = example1 ,humboldt quotes ! say+ ( ! ,swiss--8x is go+ to ra9 because we he> ! murmur ( ! torr5ts ne>]10--:5 he rem>ks ! relation betwe5 ?is & an obs]vation ( 8 own1 t ! cat>acts ( ! ,or9oco are he>d at a great] di/ance by night ?an by day--:5 he notes ! ess5tial p>allelism exi/+ betwe5 ^! facts & ! fact t ! unusual visibility ( remote objects is also an indication ( com+ ra9--& :5 he po9ts out t ! common cause ( ^! v>iations is ! small] h9drance (f]$ to ! passage ( bo? light & s\nd1 by m$ia :i* are comp>atively homog5e\s1 ei!r 9 temp]ature or hygrometric /ate2 he helps 9 br++ "u "o g5]alization ! ph5om5a ( light & ^? ( s\nd4 ,exp]im5t hav+ %[n t ^! con=m to l laws ( reflection & refraction1 ! conclusion t !y are bo? produc$ by undulations ga9s probability3 !re is an incipi5t integration ( two great ord]s ( ph5om5a1 betwe5 :i* no connexion 0 suspect$ 9 times pa/4 ,a /ill m decid$ integration has be5 ( late tak+ place betwe5 ! once indep5d5t sub-sci5ces ( ,electricity1 ,magnetism1 & ,light4 ,& inde$ x mu/ be obvi\s to ^? :o are famili> ) ! pres5t /ate ( ,sci5ce1 t !re w ev5tually take place a f> wid] integration1 by :i* all ord]s ( ph5om5a w be comb9$ z diff]5tly condition$ =ms ( "o ultimate fact4 ,nor d ! indu/rial & /hetic ,arts fail to supply u ) equally conclusive evid5ce4 ,! progress f rude1 small1 & simple tools1 to p]fect1 complex1 & l>ge ma*9es1 illu/rates n only a progress 9 het]og5eity & 9 def9it5ess1 b also 9 integration4 ,among :at are class$ z ! me*anical p[]s1 ! advance f ! lev] to ! :eel-&-axle is an advance f a simple ag5t to an ag5t made up ( sev]al simple ones comb9$ toge!r4 ,on comp>+ ! :eel-&-axle1 or any ( ! ma*9es us$ 9 e>ly times ) ^? us$ n[1 we f9d an ess5tial diff]5ce to be1 t 9 ea* ( our ma*9es sev]al ( ! primitive ma*9es are unit$ into "o4 ,a mod]n app>atus = sp9n+ or weav+1 = mak+ /ock+s or lace1 conta9s n simply a lev]1 an incl9$ plane1 a screw1 a :eel-&-axle1 unit$ toge!r2 b sev]al ( ea* integrat$ into "o complex :ole4 ,aga91 9 e>ly ages1 :5 horse-p[] & man-p[] 7 alone employ$1 ! motive ag5t 0 n b\nd up ) ! tool mov$2 b ! two h n[ become 9 _m cases fus$ toge!r3 ! fire-box & boil] ( a locomotive are comb9$ ) ! ma*9]y :i* ! /eam works4 ,nor is ?is ! mo/ extreme case4 ,a /ill m ext5sive integration is exhibit$ 9 e l>ge factory4 ,"h we f9d a l>ge numb] ( complicat$ ma*9es1 all connect$ by driv+ %afts ) ! same /eam-eng9e--all unit$ ) x into "o va/ app>atus4 ,contra/ ! mural decorations ( ! ,egyptians & ,assyrians ) mod]n hi/orical pa9t+s1 & !re becomes manife/ a great advance 9 unity ( composition--9 ! subord9ation ( ! p>ts to ! :ole4 ,"o ( ^! anci5t frescoes is 9 tru? made up ( a numb] ( pictures t h little mutual dep5d5ce4 ,! sev]al figures ( :i* ea* gr\p consi/s1 %[ v imp]fectly by _! attitudes1 & n at all by _! expressions1 ! relations 9 :i* !y /& to ea* o!r2 ! respective gr\ps might be sep>at$ ) b little loss ( mean+2 & ! c5tre ( *ief int]e/1 :i* %\ld l9k all p>ts toge!r1 is (t5 inconspicu\s4 ,! same trait may be not$ 9 ! tape/ries ( m$ieval days4 ,repres5t+ p]haps a hunt+ sc5e1 "o ( ^! exhibits m51 horses1 dogs1 bea/s1 birds1 trees1 & fl[]s1 miscellane\sly disp]s$3 ! liv+ objects be+ v>i\sly occupi$1 & mo/ly ) no app>5t consci\sness ( ea* o!r's proximity4 ,b 9 ! pa9t+s s9ce produc$1 faulty z _m ( !m are 9 ?is respect1 !re is always a m or less manife/ co-ord9ation ( p>ts--an arrangem5t ( attitudes1 expressions1 lights1 & col\rs1 su* z to comb9e ! picture into an organic :ole2 & ! success ) :i* unity ( effect is educ$ f v>iety ( compon5ts1 is a *ief te/ ( m]it4 ,9 music1 progressive integration is display$ 9 /ill m num]\s ways4 ,! simple cad5ce embrac+ b a few notes1 :i* 9 ! *ants ( savages is monoton\sly repeat$1 becomes among civiliz$ races1 a long s]ies ( diff]5t musical phrases comb9$ into "o :ole2 & s complete is ! integration1 t ! melody _c be brok5 (f 9 ! middle1 nor %orn ( its f9al note1 )\t giv+ u a pa9ful s5se ( incomplet5ess4 ,:5 to ! air1 a bass1 a t5or1 & an alto are add$2 & :5 to ! h>mony ( diff]5t voice-p>ts !re is add$ an accompanim5t2 we see exemplifi$ integrations ( ano!r ord]1 :i* gr[ gradually m elaborate4 ,& ! process is c>ri$ a /age high] :5 ^! complex solos1 conc]t$ pieces1 *oruses1 & or*e/ral effects1 are comb9$ into ! va/ ensemble ( a musical drama2 ( :i*1 be x rememb]$1 ! arti/ic p]fection l>gely consi/s 9 ! subord9ation ( ! p>ticul> effects to ! total effect4 ,once m ! ,arts ( lit]>y del9eation1 n>rative & dramatic1 furni% u ) p>allel illu/rations4 ,! tales ( primitive times1 l ^? ) :i* ! /ory-tell]s ( ! ,ea/ /ill daily amuse _! li/5]s1 are made up ( successive occurr5ces t are n only 9 !mselves unnatural1 b h no natural connexion3 !y are b s _m sep>ate adv5tures put toge!r )\t necess>y sequ5ce4 ,b 9 a good mod]n "w ( imag9ation1 ! ev5ts are ! prop] products ( ! *>act]s work+ "u giv5 conditions2 & _c at w be *ang$ 9 _! ord] or k9d1 )\t injur+ or de/roy+ ! g5]al effect4 ,& fur!r1 ! *>act]s !mselves1 :i* 9 e>ly fictions play _! respective p>ts )\t %[+ u h[ _! m9ds are modifi$ by ea* o!r or by ! ev5ts1 are n[ pres5t$ to u z held toge!r by complex moral relations1 & z act+ & re-act+ ^u ea* o!r's natures4 ,evolution1 !n1 is 9 all cases a *ange f a m diffus$ or incoh]5t =m1 to a m consolidat$ or coh]5t =m4 ,?is proves to be a *>act]i/ic display$ equally 9 ^? e>lie/ *anges :i* ! ,univ]se z a :ole is suppos$ to h und]gone1 & 9 ^? late/ *anges :i* we trace 9 society & ! products ( social life4 ,nor is x only t 9 ! developm5t ( a planet1 ( an organism1 ( a society1 ( a sci5ce1 ( an art1 ! process ( integration is se5 9 a m complete aggregation ( ea* :ole & ( its con/itu5t p>ts2 b x is also %[n 9 an increas+ mutual dep5d5ce ( ! p>ts4 ,dimly =e%ad[$ z ?is mutual dep5d5ce is among inorganic ph5om5a1 bo? cele/ial & t]re/rial1 x becomes di/9ct among organic ph5om5a4 ,f ! l[e/ liv+ =ms upw>ds1 ! degree ( developm5t is m>k$ by ! degree 9 :i* ! sev]al p>ts con/itute a mutually-dep5d5t :ole4 ,! advance f ^? creatures :i* live on 9 ea* "p :5 cut 9 pieces1 up to ^? creatures :i* _c lose any consid]able "p )\t dea?1 nor any inconsid]able "p )\t great con/itutional di/urbance1 is cle>ly an advance to creatures :i* are n only m integrat$ 9 respect ( _! solidification1 b are also m integrat$ z consi/+ ( organs t live = & by ea* o!r4 ,! l contra/ betwe5 undevelop$ & develop$ societies1 ne$ n be %[n 9 detail3 ! ev]-increas+ co-ord9ation ( p>ts1 is conspicu\s to all4 ,& x mu/ suffice j to indicate t ! same ?+ holds true ( social products3 z1 = in/ance1 ( ,sci5ce2 :i* has become highly integrat$ n only 9 ! s5se t ea* division is made up ( mutually-dep5d5t propositions1 b also 9 ! s5se t ! sev]al divisions are mutually-dep5d5t--_c c>ry on _! respective inve/igations )\t aid f ea* o!r4 ,x seems prop] to rem>k t ! g5]alization "h v>i\sly illu/rat$1 is ak9 to "o enunciat$ by ,s*ell+1 t ,life is ! t5d5cy to individuation4 ,/ruck by ! fact t an aggregative process is traceable ?r\gh\t nature1 f ! gr[? ( a cry/al up to ! developm5t ( a man2 & by ! fact t ! :oles result+ f ?is process1 complet] 9 organic ?an 9 inorganic bodies1 are complete/ :]e ! vital manife/ations are ! highe/2 ,s*ell+ conclud$ t ?is *>act]i/ic 0 ! ess5tial "o4 ,accord+ to him1 ! =mation ( individual bodies is n incid5t to ,life1 b is t 9 :i* ,life fundam5tally consi/s4 ,?is position is1 = sev]al reasons1 unt5able4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 x requires ! conception ( ,life to be ext5d$ s z to embrace inorganic ph5om5a2 s9ce 9 cry/allization1 & ev5 9 ! =mation ( amorph\s masses ( matt]1 ?is t5d5cy to individuation is display$4 ,s*ell+1 fully p]ceiv+ ?is1 did inde$ accept ! implication2 & held t inorganic bodies _h life l[] only 9 degree ?an t ( organic bodies--_! degree ( life be+ measur$ by _! degree ( individuation4 ,?is bold assumption1 :i* ,s*ell+ evid5tly made to save 8 def9ition1 is inadmissible4 ,rational philosophy _c ignore ^? broad di/9ctions :i* ! g5]al s5se ( mank9d has e/abli%$4 ,if x transc5ds !m1 x mu/ at ! same "t %[ :at is _! orig92 h[ f> only !y are valid2 & :y !y disappe> f a high] po9t ( view4 ,note next t ! m complete individuality :i* ,s*ell+ po9t$ out z *>act]iz+ bodies hav+ ! greate/ am\nt ( life1 is only "o ( _! /ructural traits4 ,! great] degree ( het]og5eity :i* !y exhibit1 is1 z we h se51 a mu* m conspicu\s peculi>ity2 & ?\gh x might possibly be cont5d$ t great] het]og5eity is remotely impli$ by great] individuality1 x mu/ be admitt$ t 9 def9+ ,life z ! t5d5cy to individuation1 no h9t is giv5 t ! bodies :i* live mo/ are ! mo/ het]og5e\s bodies4 ,moreov] x is to be rem>k$ t ?is def9ition ( ,s*ell+1 ref]s mu* m to ! /ructures ( liv+ bodies ?an to ! processes :i* con/itute ,life4 ,n ,life1 b ! inv>iable accompanim5t ( ,life1 is t :i* 8 =mula alone expresses4 ,! =mation ( a complet] organic :ole1 a m fully individuat$ body1 is truly a necess>y concomitant ( a high] life2 & ! developm5t ( a high] life mu/ !re=e be accompani$ by a t5d5cy to great] individuation4 ,b to repres5t ?is t5d5cy z ,life itself1 is to mi/ake an incid5tal result = an orig9al cause4 ,life1 prop]ly s call$1 consi/s ( multi=m *anges unit$ toge!r 9 v>i\s ways2 & is n express$ ei!r by an anatomical description ( ! organism :i* manife/s x1 or by a hi/ory ( ! modifications ?r\gh :i* su* organism has rea*$ its pres5t /ructure4 ,yet x is only 9 su* description & su* hi/ory t ! t5d5cy to individuation is se54 ,la/ly1 ?is def9ition :i* ,s*ell+ gave ( ,life is unt5able1 n only because x ref]s r to ! organism ?an to ! actions go+ on 9 x2 b also because x :olly ignores t connexion betwe5 ! organism & ! ext]nal _w1 on :i* ,life dep5ds4 ,all organic processes1 physical & psy*ial1 hav+ = _! object ! ma9t5ance ( c]ta9 relations ) environ+ ag5cies & objects2 x is impossible t !re %\ld be a true def9ition ( ,life1 9 :i* ! environm5t is n nam$4 ,nev]!less1 ,s*ell+'s conception 0 n a baseless "o4 ,?\gh n a tru?1 x 0 yet ! adumbration ( a tru?4 ,9 def9+ ,life z ! t5d5cy to individuation1 he _h 9 view t =mation ( a m compact1 complete1 & mutually-dep5d5t :ole1 :i*1 z we h se51 is "o *>act]i/ic ( ,evolution 9 g5]al4 ,8 error 01 fir/ly1 9 reg>d+ x z a *>act]i/ic ( ,life1 in/ead ( a *>act]i/ic ( liv+ bodies1 display$1 ?\gh 9 a less degree1 by o!r bodies2 &1 secondly1 9 reg>d+ x z ! sole *>act]i/ic ( su* bodies4 ,x rema9s only to add1 t = express+ ?is aspect ( ! process ( ,evolution1 ! ^w integration is = sev]al reasons pref]able to ! ^w individuation4 ,integration is ! true anti!sis ( diff]5tiation2 x has n t tacit ref]5ce to liv+ bodies :i* ! ^w individuation _c be :olly fre$ f2 x expresses ! aggregative t5d5cy n only z display$ 9 ! =mation ( m complete :oles1 b also z display$ 9 ! consolidation ( ! sev]al p>ts ( :i* su* :oles are made up2 & x has n ! remote/ teleological implication4 ,9 %ort1 x simply =mulates 9 ! mo/ ab/ract mann]1 a wide induction unta9t$ by any hypo!sis4 99 99 99 99 99 #eg4 ,?us we f9d t to complete ! def9ition arriv$ at 9 ! la/ *apt]1 mu* has to be add$4 ,:at 0 !re alleg$ is true2 b x is n ! :ole tru?4 ,evolution is unque/ionably a *ange f a homog5e\s /ate to a het]og5e\s /ate2 b1 z we h se51 !re are "s advances 9 het]og5eity :i* _c be includ$ 9 ! idea ( ,evolution4 ,?is undue wid? ( ! def9ition1 implies ! omission ( "s fur!r peculi>ity by :i* ,evolution is di/+ui%$2 & ?is peculi>ity we f9d to be t ! m highly develop$ ?+s become1 ! m def9ite !y become4 ,advance f ! indef9ite to ! def9ite1 is z con/antly & v>i\sly display$ z advance f ! homog5e\s to ! het]og5e\s4 ,& we are ?us oblig$ to reg>d x z an ess5tial *>act]i/ic ( ,evolution4 ,fur!r analysis1 h[ev]1 %[s u t ?is increase ( def9it5ess is n an indep5d5t process2 b is r ! necess>y concomitant ( ano!r process4 ,a v little consid]ation ( ! facts proves t a *ange f ! indef9ite to ! def9ite1 c arise only ?r\gh a complet] consolidation ( ! respective p>ts1 & ( ! :ole :i* !y con/itute4 ,& s we f9d t :ile ,evolution is a trans=mation ( ! homog5e\s into ! het]og5e\s1 & ( ! indef9ite into ! def9ite1 x is also a trans=mation ( ! incoh]5t into ! coh]5t4 ,along ) ! diff]5tiation %[n 9 increas+ contra/s ( p>ts ) ea* o!r1 !re goes on an integration1 by :i* ! p>ts are r5d]$ di/9ct units1 z well z closely unit$ compon5ts ( "o :ole4 ,^! clauses "h add$ to ! def9ition1 are ess5tial ones2 n only z be+ ne$ful to di/+ui% ,evolution f t :i* is n ,evolution1 b likewise z be+ ne$ful to express all :i* ! idea ( ,evolution includes4 ,progressive integration ) ! gr[+ def9it5ess necess>ily result+ f x1 is ( co-ord9ate importance ) ! progressive diff]5tiation be=e dwelt ^u--nay1 f "o po9t ( view1 may be held ( great] importance4 ,= organization1 9 :i* :at we call ,evolution is mo/ cle>ly & v>i\sly display$1 consi/s ev5 m 9 ! union ( _m p>ts into "o :ole1 ?an 9 ! =mation ( _m p>ts4 ,! ,evolution :i* we see ?r\gh\t inorganic nature1 is l[] ?an t :i* organic nature exhibits to u1 = ! especial reason t ! mutual dep5d5ce ( p>ts is extremely indef9ite1 ev5 :5 traceable at all4 ,9 an amorph\s mass ( matt]1 y may act me*anically or *emically ^u "o "p )\t appreciably affect+ ! o!r p>ts4 ,?\gh _! electrical or !rmal /ates may be = ! mom5t alt]$1 _! orig9al /ates are soon resum$4 ,ev5 9 ! highe/ inorganic aggregation--a cry/al--! apex may be brok5 (f & leave ! re/ intact3 ! only cle> evid5ce ( mutual dep5d5ce ( p>ts1 be+1 ! ability ( ! cry/al to reg5]ate its apex if replac$ 9 ! solution f :i* x 0 =m$4 ,b ! con/itu5t p>ts ( organic bodies c sev]ally ma9ta9 _! exi/+ /ates1 only :ile rema9+ 9 connexion4 ,ev5 9 ! l[e/ liv+ =ms1 mutilation _c be c>ri$ beyond a c]ta9 po9t )\t decomposition ensu+4 ,z we advance ?r\gh ! high] up to ! highe/ =ms1 we see a gradual n>r[+ ( ! limits )9 :i* ! mutilation does n cause de/ruction3 a progressive increase ( mutual dep5d5ce or integration :i* is1 at ! same "t1 ! condition to great] functional p]fection4 ,9 societies ?is tru? is equally manife/4 ,t ! compon5t units sl[ly segregate into gr\ps ( diff]5t ranks & occupations1 is a fact sc>cely m conspicu\s ?an is ! fact t ^! gr\ps are necess>y to ea* o!r's exi/5ce4 ,& we _c contemplate ! /ill-progress+ division ( lab\r1 )\t see+ t ! int]dep5d5ce becomes ev] great] z ! evolution becomes high]4 ,x rema9s only to po9t out def9itely1 :at has be5 already impli$1 t ^! sev]al =ms ( *ange :i* h be5 successively describ$ z mak+ up ! process ( ,evolution1 are n 9 reality sep>ate =ms ( *ange1 b diff]5t aspects ( ! same *ange4 ,intr9sically ! trans=mation is "o & indivisible4 ,! e/abli%m5t ( diff]5ces t become gradually m decid$1 is evid5tly b ! beg9n+ ( an action :i* _c be pu%$ to its extreme )\t produc+ def9ite divisions betwe5 ! p>ts1 & r$uc+ ea* "p to a sep>ate mass4 ,b ) our limit$ faculties1 x is n possible to take 9 ! entire process at "o view2 nor h we any s+le t]ms by :i* ! process c be describ$4 ,h5ce we are oblig$ to contemplate ea* ( its aspects sep>ately1 & to f9d a sep>ate expression = its *>act]i/ic4 ,hav+ done ?is1 we are n[ 9 a position to frame a true idea ( ,evolution4 ,comb9+ ^! p>tial def9itions we get a complete def9ition1 :i* may be mo/ conv5i5tly express$ ?us--,evolution is a *ange f an indef9ite1 incoh]5t homog5eity1 to a def9ite1 coh]5t het]og5eity2 ?r\gh cont9u\s diff]5tiations & integrations4 ,x may p]haps be rem>k$ t ! la/ ( ^! clauses is sup]flu\s2 s9ce ! diff]5tiation & integration are impli$ 9 ! fir/ clause4 ,?is is true3 ! transition :i* ! fir/ clause specifies1 is impossible save ?r\gh ! process specifi$ 9 ! second4 ,nev]!less1 a m]e /atem5t ( ! two extreme /ages ) :i* ,evolution beg9s & ends1 omitt+ all ref]5ce to *anges connect+ !m1 leaves ! m9d ) b an incomplete idea4 ,! idea becomes mu* m concrete :5 ^! *anges are describ$4 ,h5ce1 ?\gh n logically necess>y1 ! second clause ( ! def9ition is practically desirable4 ,be=e clos+ ! *apt]1 a few words mu/ be add$ respect+ c]ta9 o!r modes ( describ+ ,evolution4 ,organic bodies1 f ! *anges ( :i* ! idea ( ,evolution has aris51 & to ! *anges ( :i* alone x is usually appli$1 are (t5 said to progress f simplicity to complexity4 ,! trans=mation ( ! simple into ! complex1 & ( ! homog5e\s into ! het]og5e\s1 are us$ z equival5t phrases2 or1 if any diff]5ce is recogniz$ betwe5 !m1 x is to ! advantage ( ! fir/1 :i* is held to be ! m specific4 ,aft] :at has be5 said1 h[ev]1 x mu/ be obvi\s t ,evolution _c be ?us adequately =mulat$4 ,no h9t is giv5 ( t increas$ def9it5ess :i* we h f\nd to be a concomitant ( developm5t4 ,nor is !re any?+ imply+ ! great] mutual dep5d5ce ( p>ts4 ,nev]!less1 ! brevity ( ! expression gives x a value = ord9>y purposes2 & ,i %all probably h]eaft] frequ5tly use x1 bo? 9 ^? cases :]e m precise language is n dem&$1 & 9 ^? cases :]e x indicates ! p>ticul> aspect ( ,evolution ref]r$ to4 ,ano!r description frequ5tly giv5 ( ,evolution1 is1 t x is a *ange f ! g5]al to ! special4 ,! m or less sph]ical g]m f :i* e organism1 animal & vegetal1 proce$s1 is comp>atively g5]al3 alike 9 ! s5se t 9 appe>ance & *emical nature x is v simil> to all o!r g]ms2 & also 9 ! s5se t its =m is less m>k$ly di/+ui%$ f ! av]age =ms ( objects at l>ge1 ?an is t ( ! mature organism--a contra/ :i* equally holds ( int]nal /ructure4 ,b ?is progress f ! m g5]al to ! m special1 is r a d]ivative ?an an orig9al *>act]i/ic4 ,an increase ( speciality be+ really an increase 9 ! numb] ( attributes--an addition ( traits n possess$ by bodies t are 9 o!r respects simil>--is a necess>y result ( multiply+ diff]5tiations4 ,9 o!r words1 g5]al & special are subjective or ideal di/9ctions involv$ 9 our conceptions ( classes1 r ?an objective or real di/9ctions pres5t$ 9 ! bodies classifi$4 ,nev]!less1 ?is ab/ract =mula is n )\t its use4 ,x expresses a fact ( mu* significance2 & "o :i* we %all h con/antly to ref] to :5 deal+ ) ! relations betwe5 organic bodies & _! surr\nd+ conditions4 ,! law ( ,evolution h[ev]1 be x express$ 9 full z above1 or 9 ^! %ort] b less specific phrases1 is ess5tially t :i* has be5 exhibit$ 9 detail ?r\gh\t ! =ego+ pages4 ,s f> z we c asc]ta91 ?is law is univ]sal4 ,x is illu/rat$ ) endless repetition1 & 9 c\ntless ways1 :]ev] ! facts are abundant2 & :]e ! facts d n suffice = induction1 d$uction goes f> to supply its place4 ,among all ord]s ( ph5om5a t lie )9 ! sph]e ( obs]vation1 we see ev] go+ on ! process ( *ange above def9$2 & _m significant indications w>rant u 9 believ+1 t ! same process ( *ange w5t on ?r\gh\t t remote pa/ :i* lies beyond ! sph]e ( obs]vation4 ,if we mu/ =m any conclusion respect+ ! g5]al c\rse ( ?+s1 pa/1 pres5t1 & future1 ! "o :i* ! evid5ce z f> z x goes ju/ifies1 & ! only "o = :i* !re is any ju/ification1 is1 t ! *ange f an indet]m9ate uni=mity to a det]m9ate multi=mity :i* we ev]y:]e see go+ on1 has be5 go+ on f ! fir/1 & w cont9ue to g on4 ----- ,footnote #aj3 ,c>p5t]'s ,pr94 ( ,comp4 ,phys41 p4 #fag4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,! ,,causes ,,( ,,evolution4 #eh4 ,is ?is law ultimate or d]ivative8 ,mu/ we re/ satisfi$ ) ! conclusion t ?r\gh\t all classes ( concrete ph5om5a su* is ! mode ( evolution8 ,or is x possible = u to asc]ta9 :y su* is ! mode ( evolution8 ,may we seek = "s all-p]vad+ pr9ciple :i* und]lies ?is all-p]vad+ process8 ,c we by a fur!r /ep r$uce our empirical g5]alization to a rational g5]alization8 ,manife/ly ?is community ( result implies community ( causation4 ,x may be t ( su* causation no acc\nt c be giv51 fur!r ?an t ! ,unkn[able is manife/$ to u aft] ?is mann]4 ,or1 x may be1 t ! mode ( manife/ation is r$ucible to simpl] ones1 f :i* ^! _m complex consequ5ces foll[4 ,analogy sugge/s ! latt] inf]5ce4 ,at pres5t1 ! conclusion t e k9d ( ,evolution is f a /ate ( indef9ite incoh]5t homog5eity to a /ate ( def9ite coh]5t het]og5eity1 /&s 9 ! same position z did ! once ultimate conclusion t e k9d ( organiz$ body und]goes1 :5 dead1 a m or less rapid decay4 ,& z1 = ! v>i\s k9ds ( decomposition ?r\gh :i* animal & vegetal products pass1 we h n[ discov]$ a rationale 9 ! *emical aff9ities ( _! con/itu5t elem5ts2 s1 possibly1 ?is univ]sal trans=mation ( ! simple into ! complex may be affiliat$ ^u c]ta9 simple primordial pr9ciples4 ,su* cause or causes ( ,evolution1 may be s\ght = )\t 9 ! lea/ assum+ t ! ultimate my/]y c be fa?om$4 ,fully consci\s t an absolute solution is = ev] beyond u1 we may /ill look = a relative solution--may try to r$uce ! problem to its l[e/ t]ms4 ,j z x 0 possible to int]pret ,kepl]'s laws z necess>y consequ5ces ( ! law ( gravitation1 & !n to admit t gravitation transc5ds analysis2 s x may be possible to int]pret ! law ( ,evolution z ! necess>y consequ5ce ( "s deep] law1 beyond :i* we may nev]!less be unable to g4 99 99 99 99 99 #ei4 ,! probability ( common causation1 & ! possibility ( =mulat+ x1 be+ grant$1 x w be well be=e go+ fur!r1 to consid] :at mu/ be ! g5]al *>act]i/ics ( su* causation1 & 9 :at direction we ought to look = x4 ,we c ) c]ta9ty pr$ict t be x simple or comp\nd1 ! cause has a high degree ( g5]ality2 see+ t x is common to su* inf9itely v>i$ ph5om5a3 9 proportion to ! univ]sality ( its application mu/ be ! ab/ractness ( its "*4 ,:atev] be ! ag5cy & ! conditions "u :i* x acts1 we ne$ n expect to see 9 !m an obvi\s explanation ( ?is or t species ( ,evolution1 because !y equally und]lie species ( ,evolution ( q a diff]5t ord]4 ,det]m9+ ,evolution ( e k9d--a/ronomic1 geologic1 organic1 e?nologic1 social1 economic1 arti/ic1 c4--!y mu/ be conc]n$ ) some?+ common to all ^!2 & to see :at ^! possess 9 common1 w !re=e be ! be/ me?od ( guid+ ourselves t[>ds ! desir$ solution4 ,! only obvi\s respect 9 :i* all k9ds ( ,evolution are alike1 is1 t !y are modes ( *ange4 ,e ph5om5on to :i* we apply ! t]m1 pres5ts u ) a succession ( /ates2 & :5 su* succession ceases1 we no long] pr$icate ,evolution4 ,equally 9 ^? pa/ =ms ( x :i* are m or less hypo!tical1 & 9 ^? =ms ( x :i* we see go+ on ar\nd1 ?is is ! common *>act]i/ic4 ,note next1 t ! k9d ( *ange :i* con/itutes ,evolution1 is broadly di/+ui%$ f *ange ( an equally g5]al k9d1 9 ?is1 t x is *ange ( int]nal relations in/ead ( *ange ( ext]nal relations4 ,all ?+s 9 motion ?r\gh space are ! subjects ( *ange2 b :ile 9 ?is :i* we call me*anical motion1 ! relative position z measur$ f surr\nd+ objects is cont9ually alt]$1 !re is n impli$ any alt]ation 9 ! positions ( ! p>ts ( ! mov+ body 9 respect to ea* o!r4 ,conv]sely1 a body exhibit+ :at we call ,evolution1 :ile x ei!r may or may n display new relations ( position to ! ?+s ar\nd x1 mu/ display new relations ( position among ! p>ts ( :i* x is made up4 ,?us we n>r[ ! field ( inquiry by recogniz+ ! *ange 9 :i* ,evolution consi/s1 z a *ange 9 ! arrangem5t ( p>ts3 ( c\rse us+ ! ^w p>ts 9 its mo/ ext5d$ s5se1 z signify+ bo? ultimate units & masses ( su* units4 ,fur!r1 we h to rememb] t ?is *ange 9 ! arrangem5t ( p>ts :i* con/itutes ,evolution1 is a c]ta9 ord] ( su* *ange4 ,z we saw 9 ! la/ *apt]1 !re is a *ange 9 ! arrangem5t ( p>ts :i* is n ,evolution b ,dissolution--a de/ructive *ange z oppos$ to a con/ructive *ange--a *ange by :i* ! def9ite is gradually r5d]$ indef9ite1 ! coh]5t sl[ly becomes incoh]5t1 & ! het]og5e\s ev5tually lapses into comp>ative homog5eity4 ,?us !n we r$uce t :i* we h to inve/igate to its mo/ ab/ract %ape4 ,our task is to f9d ! cause or causes ( a c]ta9 ord] ( *ange t takes place 9 ! arrangem5t ( p>ts4 99 99 99 99 99 #fj4 ,evid5tly ! problem1 z ?us express$1 br+s u face to face ) ! ultimate elem5ts ( ph5om5a 9 g5]al4 ,x is impossible to acc\nt = a c]ta9 *ange 9 ! arrangem5t ( ! p>ts ( any mass1 )\t involv+--fir/1 ! matt] :i* makes up ! p>ts ?us re-arrang$2 next1 ! motion exhibit$ dur+ ! re-arrangem5t2 & !n1 ! =ce produc+ ?is motion4 ,! problem is a dynamical "o2 & !re c be no truly sci5tific solution ( x1 save "o giv5 9 t]ms ( ,matt]1 ,motion1 & ,=ce--t]ms 9 :i* all o!r dynamical problems are express$ & solv$4 ,! proposal ?us to /udy ! "q f a purely physical po9t ( view1 w mo/ likely1 not)/&+ :at has be5 said 9 ! fir/ "p ( ?is "w1 raise 9 "s m9ds ei!r al>m or prejudice4 ,hav+1 ?r\gh\t life1 con/antly he>d ! *>ge ( mat]ialism made aga9/ ^? :o ascrib$ ! m involv$ ph5om5a to ag5cies l ^? se5 9 ! simple/ ph5om5a1 mo/ p]sons h acquir$ a repugnance to su* me?ods ( int]pretation2 & :5 x is propos$ to apply !m univ]sally1 ev5 ?\gh x is premis$ t ! solution !y give c be b relative1 m or less ( ! habitual feel+ w probably arise4 ,su* an attitude ( m9d1 h[ev]1 is significant1 n s mu* ( a rev]5ce = ! ,unkn[n ,cause1 z ( an irrev]5ce = ^? omnipres5t =ms 9 :i* ! ,unkn[n ,cause is manife/$ to u4 ,m5 :o h n ris5 above t vulg> conception :i* unites ) ,matt] ! contemptu\s epi!ts 8gross0 & 8brute10 may naturally en\gh feel dismay at ! proposal to r$uce ! ph5om5a ( ,life1 ( ,m9d1 & ( ,society1 to a level ) ^? :i* !y ?9k s degrad$4 ,b :oev] rememb]s t ! =ms ( exi/5ce :i* ! uncultivat$ speak ( ) s mu* scorn1 are n only %[n by ! man ( sci5ce to be ! m m>vell\s 9 _! attributes ! m !y are inve/igat$1 b are also prov$ to be 9 _! ultimate nature absolutely incompreh5sible--z absolutely incompreh5sible z s5sation1 or ! consci\s some?+ :i* p]ceives x--:oev] fully realizes ?is tru?1 ,i say1 w see t ! c\rse propos$ does n imply a degradation ( ! s-call$ high]1 b an elevation ( ! s-call$ l[]4 ,p]ceiv+1 z he w1 t ! ,mat]iali/ & ,spirituali/ controv]sy is a m]e w> ( words1 9 :i* ! disputants are equally absurd--ea* ?9k+ he und]/&s t :i* x is impossible = any man to und]/&--he w p]ceive h[ utt]ly gr\ndless is ! fe> ref]r$ to4 ,be+ fully conv9c$ t :atev] nom5clature is us$1 ! ultimate my/]y mu/ rema9 ! same1 he w be z ready to =mulate all ph5om5a 9 t]ms ( ,matt]1 ,motion1 & ,=ce1 z 9 any o!r t]ms2 & w r inde$ anticipate1 t only 9 a doctr9e :i* recognizes ! ,unkn[n ,cause z co-ext5sive ) all ord]s ( ph5om5a1 c !re be a consi/5t ,religion1 or a consi/5t ,sci5ce4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! conclusion t ,evolution1 consid]$ "u its mo/ ab/ract =m1 is a c]ta9 *ange 9 ! arrangem5t ( p>ts2 & t ! causes ( ?is *ange c be express$ only 9 t]ms ( ,matt]1 ,motion1 & ,=ce2 may 9 critical m9ds raise ! "q--,:at are ,matt]1 ,motion1 & ,=ce8 ,ref]r+ back 9 ?\ght to ! reason+s conta9$ 9 ! *apt] on 8,ultimate ,sci5tific ,ideas20 & rememb]+ h[ x 0 !re %[n t absolute k ( ,matt]1 ,motion1 & ,=ce1 is impossible2 "s read]s w p]haps conclude t any su* int]pretation z ! "o above propos$1 mu/ be vision>y4 ,x may be ask$--,h[ c a compreh5sible acc\nt ( ,evolution be giv5 9 t]ms t are !mselves incompreh5sible8 ,be=e proce$+1 ?is "q mu/ be met4 ,!re c be no s\nd philosophy )\t cle>ly def9$ t]ms2 & z1 on ! mean+s ( ! t]ms to be "h us$1 d\bts h probably be5 ca/ by ! reason+s conta9$ 9 ! *apt] ref]r$ to1 su* d\bts mu/ be remov$4 ,if1 z 0 %[n1 our ideas ( ?+s d n correspond ) ?+s 9 !mselves1 x becomes necess>y to inquire 9 :at way !y are to be accept$4 ,if !y are n absolutely true1 !n :at is ! exact mean+ ( ! ass]tion t !y are relatively true8 ,to ?is "q let u n[ address ourselves4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,space1 ,,"t1 ,,matt]1 ,,motion1 ,,& ,,=ce4 #fa4 ,t sceptical /ate ( m9d :i* ! criticisms ( ,philosophy usually produce1 is1 9 great measure1 caus$ by ! mis9t]pretation ( words4 ,a s5se ( univ]sal illusion ord9>ily foll[s ! read+ ( metaphysics2 & is /rong 9 proportion z ! argum5t has appe>$ conclusive4 ,?is s5se ( univ]sal illusion w\ld probably nev] h aris51 _h ! t]ms us$ be5 always rightly con/ru$4 ,un=tunately1 ^! t]ms h by association acquir$ mean+s t are q diff]5t f ^? giv5 to !m 9 philosophical discussions2 & ! ord9>y mean+s be+ unavoidably sugge/$1 !re results m or less ( t dreamlike idealism :i* is s incongru\s ) our in/9ctive convictions4 ,! ^w ph5om5on & its equival5t ^w appe>ance1 are 9 great "p to blame = ?is4 ,9 ord9>y spee*1 ^! are uni=mly employ$ 9 ref]5ce to visual p]ceptions4 ,habit1 almo/1 if n q1 disables u f ?9k+ ( appe>ance except z some?+ se52 & ?\gh ph5om5on has a m g5]aliz$ mean+1 yet we _c rid x ( associations ) appe>ance1 :i* is its v]bal equival5t4 ,:51 !re=e1 ,philosophy proves t our k ( ! ext]nal _w c be b ph5om5al--:5 x concludes t ! ?+s ( :i* we are consci\s are appe>ances2 x inevitably ar\ses 9 u ! notion ( an illusiv5ess l t to :i* our visual p]ceptions are s liable 9 comp>ison ) our tactual p]ceptions4 ,good pictures %[ u t ! aspects ( ?+s may be v ne>ly simulat$ by col\rs on canvass4 ,! look+-glass /ill m di/9ctly proves h[ deceptive is sight :5 unv]ifi$ by t\*4 ,& ! frequ5t cases 9 :i* we mis9t]pret ! impressions made on our eyes1 & ?9k we see some?+ :i* we d n see1 fur!r %ake our fai? 9 vision4 ,s t ! implication ( unc]ta9ty has infect$ ! v ^w appe>ance4 ,h5ce1 ,philosophy1 by giv+ x an ext5d$ mean+1 leads u to ?9k ( all our s5ses z deceiv+ u 9 ! same way t ! eyes d2 & s makes u feel ourselves float+ 9 a _w ( phantasms4 ,_h ph5om5on & appe>ance no su* mislead+ associations1 little1 if any1 ( ?is m5tal confusion w\ld result4 ,or did we 9 place ( !m use ! t]m effect1 :i* is equally applicable to all impressions produc$ on consci\sness ?r\gh any ( ! s5ses1 & :i* c>ries ) x 9 ?\ght ! necess>y correlative cause1 ) :i* x is equally real1 we %\ld be 9 little dang] ( fall+ into ! insanities ( idealism4 ,su* dang] z !re might /ill rema91 w\ld disappe> on mak+ a fur!r v]bal correction4 ,at pres5t1 ! confusion result+ f ! above mis9t]pretation1 is made great] by an anti!tical mis9t]pretation4 ,we increase ! seem+ unreality ( t ph5om5al exi/5ce :i* we c alone "k1 by contra/+ x ) a n\m5al exi/5ce :i* we imag9e w\ld1 if we c\ld "k x1 be m truly real to u4 ,b we delude ourselves ) a v]bal fiction4 ,:at is ! mean+ ( ! ^w real8 ,?is is ! "q :i* und]lies e metaphysical inquiry2 & ! neglect ( x is ! rema9+ cause ( ! *ronic antagonisms ( metaphysicians4 ,9 ! int]pretation put on ! ^w real1 ! discussions ( philosophy reta9 "o elem5t ( ! vulg> conception ( ?+s1 :ile !y reject all its o!r elem5ts2 & create confusion by ! inconsi/5cy4 ,! peasant1 on contemplat+ an object1 does n reg>d t :i* he contemplates z some?+ 9 himself1 b believes ! ?+ ( :i* he is consci\s to be ! ext]nal object--imag9es t 8 consci\sness ext5ds to ! v place :]e ! object lies3 to him ! appe>ance & ! reality are "o & ! same ?+4 ,! metaphysician1 h[ev]1 is conv9c$ t consci\sness _c embrace ! reality1 b only ! appe>ance ( x2 & s he transf]s ! appe>ance into consci\sness & leaves ! reality outside4 ,?is reality left outside ( consci\sness1 he cont9ues to ?9k ( mu* 9 ! same way z ! ignorant man ?9ks ( ! appe>ance4 ,?\gh ! reality is ass]t$ to be out ( consci\sness1 yet ! realness ascrib$ to x is con/antly spok5 ( z ?\gh x 7 a k possess$ ap>t f consci\sness4 ,x seems to be =gott5 t ! conception ( reality c be no?+ m ?an "s mode ( consci\sness2 & t ! "q to be consid]$ is--,:at is ! relation betwe5 ?is mode & o!r modes8 ,by reality we mean p]si/5ce 9 consci\sness3 a p]si/5ce t is ei!r unconditional1 z our consci\sness ( space1 or t is conditional1 z our consci\sness ( a body :ile grasp+ x4 ,! real1 z we conceive x1 is di/+ui%$ solely by ! te/ ( p]si/5ce2 = by ?is te/ we sep>ate x f :at we call ! unreal4 ,betwe5 a p]son /&+ be=e u1 & ! idea ( su* a p]son1 we discrim9ate by our ability to expel ! idea f consci\sness1 & our inability1 :ile look+ at him1 to expel ! p]son f consci\sness4 ,& :5 9 d\bt z to ! validity or illusiv5ess ( "s impression made ^u u 9 ! dusk1 we settle ! matt] by obs]v+ :e!r ! impression p]si/s on clos] obs]vation2 & we pr$icate reality if ! p]si/5ce is complete4 ,h[ truly p]si/5ce is :at we mean by reality1 is %[n 9 ! fact t :51 aft] criticism has prov$ t ! real z we are consci\s ( x is n ! objectively real1 ! indef9ite notion :i* we =m ( ! objectively real1 is ( some?+ :i* p]si/s absolutely1 "u all *anges ( mode1 =m1 or appe>ance4 ,& ! fact t we _c =m ev5 an indef9ite notion ( ! absolutely real1 except z ! absolutely p]si/5t1 cle>ly implies t p]si/5ce is our ultimate te/ ( ! real z pres5t to consci\sness4 ,reality !n1 z we ?9k x1 be+ no?+ m ?an p]si/5ce 9 consci\sness1 ! result mu/ be ! same to u :e!r t :i* we p]ceive be ! ,uncondition$ itself1 or an effect inv>iably wr\ght on u by ! ,uncondition$4 ,if "s mode ( ! ,uncondition$ uni=mly produces "s mode ( consci\sness--if ! mode ( consci\sness s produc$1 is z p]si/5t z w\ld be su* mode ( ! ,uncondition$ 7 x imm$iately kn[n2 x foll[s t ! reality w be to our consci\sness z complete 9 ! "o case z 9 ! o!r4 ,7 ! ,uncondition$ itself pres5t 9 ?\ght1 x c\ld b be p]si/5t2 & if in/ead ( x1 !re is pres5t its p]si/5t effect1 ! result+ consci\sness ( reality mu/ be exactly ! same4 ,h5ce !re may be drawn ^! conclusions3--,fir/1 t we h an indef9ite consci\sness ( an absolute reality transc5d+ relations1 :i* is produc$ by ! absolute p]si/5ce 9 u ( some?+ :i* survives all *anges ( relation4 ,second1 t we h a def9ite consci\sness ( relative reality1 :i* unceas+ly p]si/s 9 u "u "o or o!r ( its =ms1 & "u ea* =m s long z ! conditions ( pres5tation are fulfill$2 & t ! relative reality1 be+ ?us cont9u\sly p]si/5t 9 u1 is z real to u z w\ld be ! absolute reality c\ld x be imm$iately kn[n4 ,?ird1 t ?\ght be+ possible only "u relation1 ! relative reality c be conceiv$ z su* only 9 connexion ) an absolute reality2 & ! connexion betwe5 ! two be+ absolutely p]si/5t 9 our consci\sness1 is real 9 ! same s5se z ! t]ms x unites are real4 ,?us !n we may resume1 ) entire confid5ce1 ^? reali/ic conceptions :i* philosophy at fir/ sight seems to dissipate4 ,?\gh reality "u ! =ms ( our consci\sness1 is b a condition$ effect ( ! absolute reality1 yet ?is condition$ effect /&+ 9 indissoluble relation ) its uncondition$ cause1 & be+ equally p]si/5t ) x s long z ! conditions p]si/1 is1 to ! consci\sness supply+ ^? conditions1 equally real4 ,! p]si/5t impressions be+ ! p]si/5t results ( a p]si/5t cause1 are = practical purposes ! same to u z ! cause itself2 & may be habitually dealt ) z its equival5ts4 ,some:at 9 ! same way t our visual p]ceptions1 ?\gh m]ely symbols f\nd to be ! equival5ts ( tactual p]ceptions1 are yet s id5tifi$ ) ^? tactual p]ceptions t we actually appe> to see ! solidity & h>dness :i* we d b inf]1 & ?us conceive z objects :at are only ! signs ( objects2 s1 on a high] /age1 d we deal ) ^! relative realities z ?\gh !y 7 absolutes in/ead ( effects ( ! absolute4 ,& we may legitimately cont9ue s to deal ) !m z long z ! conclusions to :i* !y help u are und]/ood z relative realities & n absolute ones4 ,?is g5]al conclusion x n[ rema9s to int]pret specifically1 9 its application to ea* ( our ultimate sci5tific ideas4 99 99 99 99 99 #fb4aa ,we ?9k 9 relations4 ,?is is truly ! =m ( all ?\ght2 & if !re are any o!r =ms1 !y mu/ be d]iv$ f ?is4 ,we h se5 7,*ap4 iii4 ,"p ,i47 t ! sev]al ultimate modes ( be+ _c be kn[n or conceiv$ z !y exi/ 9 !mselves2 t is1 out ( relation to our consci\sness4 ,we h se51 by analyz+ ! product ( ?\ght1 7 #bc17 t x always consi/s ( relations2 & _c include any?+ beyond ! mo/ g5]al ( ^!4 ,on analyz+ ! process ( ?\ght1 we f\nd t cognition ( ! ,absolute 0 impossible1 because x pres5t$ nei!r relation1 nor its elem5ts--diff]5ce & lik5ess4 ,fur!r1 we f\nd t n only ,intellig5ce b ,life itself1 consi/s 9 ! e/abli%m5t ( int]nal relations 9 correspond5ce ) ext]nal relations4 ,& la/ly1 x 0 %[n t ?\gh by ! relativity ( our ?\ght we are et]nally deb>r$ f kn[+ or conceiv+ ,absolute ,be+2 yet t ?is v relativity ( our ?\ght1 necessitates t vague consci\sness ( ,absolute ,be+ :i* no m5tal ef=t c suppress4 ,t relation is ! univ]sal =m ( ?\ght1 is ?us a tru? :i* all k9ds ( demon/ration unite 9 prov+4 ,by ! transc5d5tali/s1 c]ta9 o!r ph5om5a ( consci\sness are reg>d$ z =ms ( ?\ght4 ,presum+ t relation w\ld be admitt$ by !m to be a univ]sal m5tal =m1 !y w\ld class ) x two o!rs z also univ]sal4 ,7 _! hypo!sis o!rwise t5able h[ev]1 x mu/ /ill be reject$ if su* alleg$ fur!r =ms are int]pretable z g5]at$ by ! prim>y =m4 ,if we ?9k 9 relations1 & if relations h c]ta9 univ]sal =ms1 x is manife/ t su* univ]sal =ms ( relations w become univ]sal =ms ( our consci\sness4 ,& if ^! fur!r univ]sal =ms are ?us explicable1 x is sup]flu\s1 & !re=e unphilosophical1 to assign !m an indep5d5t orig94 ,n[ relations are ( two ord]s--relations ( sequ5ce1 & relations ( co-exi/5ce2 ( :i* ! "o is orig9al & ! o!r d]ivative4 ,! relation ( sequ5ce is giv5 9 e *ange ( consci\sness4 ,! relation ( co-exi/5ce1 :i* _c be orig9ally giv5 9 a consci\sness ( :i* ! /ates are s]ial1 becomes di/+ui%$ only :5 x is f\nd t c]ta9 relations ( sequ5ce h _! t]ms pres5t$ 9 consci\sness 9 ei!r ord] ) equal facility2 :ile ! o!rs are pres5t$ only 9 "o ord]4 ,relations ( :i* ! t]ms are n rev]sible1 become recogniz$ z sequ5ces prop]2 :ile relations ( :i* ! t]ms occur indiff]5tly 9 bo? directions1 become recogniz$ z co-exi/5ces4 ,endless exp]i5ces1 :i* f mom5t to mom5t pres5t bo? ord]s ( ^! relations1 r5d] ! di/9ction betwe5 !m p]fectly def9ite2 & at ! same "t g5]ate an ab/ract conception ( ea*4 ,! ab/ract ( all sequ5ces is ,"t4 ,! ab/ract ( all co-exi/5ces is ,space4 ,f ! fact t 9 ?\ght1 ,"t is insep>able f sequ5ce1 & ,space f co-exi/5ce1 we d n "h inf] t ,"t & ,space are orig9al conditions ( consci\sness "u :i* sequ5ces & co-exi/5ces are kn[n2 b we inf] t our conceptions ( ,"t & ,space are g5]at$1 z o!r ab/racts are g5]at$ f o!r concretes3 ! only diff]5ce be+1 t ! organization ( exp]i5ces has1 9 ^! cases1 be5 go+ on ?r\gh\t ! entire evolution ( intellig5ce4 ,?is syn!sis is confirm$ by analysis4 ,our consci\sness ( ,space is a consci\sness ( co-exi/5t positions4 ,any limit$ portion ( space c be conceiv$ only by repres5t+ its limits z co-exi/+ 9 c]ta9 relative positions2 & ea* ( its imag9$ b\nd>ies1 be x l9e or plane1 c be ?\ght ( 9 no o!r way ?an z made up ( co-exi/5t positions 9 close proximity4 ,& s9ce a position is n an entity--s9ce ! cong]ies ( positions :i* con/itute any conceiv$ portion ( space1 & m>k its b\nds1 are n s5sible exi/5ces2 x foll[s t ! co-exi/5t positions :i* make up our consci\sness ( ,space1 are n co-exi/5ces 9 ! full s5se ( ! ^w 7:i* implies realities z _! t]ms71 b are ! blank =ms ( co-exi/5ces1 left beh9d :5 ! realities are abs5t2 t is1 are ! ab/racts ( co-exi/5ces4 ,! exp]i5ces out ( :i*1 dur+ ! evolution ( intellig5ce1 ?is ab/ract ( all co-exi/5ces has be5 g5]at$1 are exp]i5ces ( individual positions z asc]ta9$ by t\*2 & ea* ( su* exp]i5ces involves ! resi/ance ( an object t\*$1 & ! muscul> t5sion :i* measures ?is resi/ance4 ,by c\ntless unlike muscul> adju/m5ts1 involv+ unlike muscul> t5sions1 diff]5t resi/+ positions are disclos$2 & ^!1 z !y c be exp]i5c$ 9 "o ord] z readily z ano!r1 we reg>d z co-exi/+4 ,b s9ce1 "u o!r circum/ances1 ! same muscul> adju/m5ts d n produce contact ) resi/+ positions1 !re result ! same /ates ( consci\sness1 m9us ! resi/ances--blank =ms ( co-exi/5ce f :i* ! co-exi/5t objects be=e exp]i5c$ are abs5t4 ,& f a build+ up ( ^!1 too elaborate to be "h detail$1 results t ab/ract ( all relations ( co-exi/5ce :i* we call ,space4 ,x rema9s only to po9t out1 z a ?+ :i* we mu/ n =get1 t ! exp]i5ces f :i* ! consci\sness ( ,space arises1 are exp]i5ces ( =ce4 ,a c]ta9 correlation ( ! muscul> =ces we ourselves ex]cise1 is ! index ( ea* position z orig9ally disclos$ to u2 & ! resi/ance :i* makes u aw>e ( some?+ exi/+ 9 t position1 is an equival5t ( ! pressure we consci\sly ex]t4 ,?us1 exp]i5ces ( =ces v>i\sly correlat$1 are ^? f :i* our consci\sness ( ,space is ab/ract$4 ,t :i* we "k z ,space be+ ?us %[n1 alike by its g5esis & def9ition1 to be purely relative1 :at are we to say ( t :i* causes x8 ,is !re an absolute ,space :i* relative ,space 9 "s sort repres5ts8 ,is ,space 9 itself a =m or condition ( absolute exi/5ce1 produc+ 9 our m9ds a correspond+ =m or condition ( relative exi/5ce8 ,^! are unansw]able que/ions4 ,our conception ( ,space is produc$ by "s mode ( ! ,unkn[able2 & ! complete un*angeabl5ess ( our conception ( x simply implies a complete uni=mity 9 ! effects wr\ght by ?is mode ( ! ,unkn[able ^u u4 ,b !re=e to call x a necess>y mode ( ! ,unkn[able1 is illegitimate4 ,all we c ass]t is1 t ,space is a relative reality2 t our consci\sness ( ?is un*ang+ relative reality implies an absolute reality equally un*ang+ 9 s f> z we are conc]n$2 & t ! relative reality may be unhesitat+ly accept$ 9 ?\ght z a valid basis = our reason+s2 :i*1 :5 rightly c>ri$ on1 w br+ u to tru?s t h a l relative reality--! only tru?s :i* conc]n u or c possibly be kn[n to u4 ,conc]n+ ,"t1 relative & absolute1 a p>allel argum5t leads to p>allel conclusions4 ,^! are too obvi\s to ne$ specify+ 9 detail4 99 99 99 99 99 #fc4 ,our conception ( ,matt]1 r$uc$ to its simple/ %ape1 is t ( co-exi/5t positions t (f] resi/ance2 z contra/$ ) our conception ( ,space1 9 :i* ! co-exi/5t positions (f] no resi/ance4 ,we ?9k ( ,body z b\nd$ by surfaces t resi/2 & z made up ?r\gh\t ( p>ts t resi/4 ,m5tally ab/ract ! co-exi/5t resi/ances1 & ! consci\sness ( ,body disappe>s2 leav+ beh9d x ! consci\sness ( ,space4 ,& s9ce ! gr\p ( co-exi/+ resi/5t positions con/itut+ a portion ( matt]1 is uni=mly capable ( giv+ u impressions ( resi/ance 9 comb9ation ) v>i\s muscul> adju/m5ts1 accord+ z we t\* its ne>1 its remote1 its "r1 or its left side2 x results t z diff]5t muscul> adju/m5ts habitually indicate diff]5t co-exi/5ces1 we are oblig$ to conceive e portion ( matt] z conta9+ m ?an "o resi/5t position--t is1 z occupy+ ,space4 ,h5ce ! necessity we are "u ( repres5t+ to ourselves ! ultimate elem5ts ( ,matt] z be+ at once ext5d$ & resi/5t3 ?is be+ ! univ]sal =m ( our s5sible exp]i5ces ( ,matt]1 becomes ! =m :i* our conception ( x _c transc5d1 h[ev] m9ute ! fragm5ts :i* imag9>y subdivisions produce4 ,( ^! two insep>able elem5ts1 ! resi/ance is prim>y1 & ! ext5sion second>y4 ,occupi$ ext5sion1 or ,body1 be+ di/+ui%$ 9 consci\sness f unoccupi$ ext5sion1 or ,space1 by its resi/ance1 ?is attribute mu/ cle>ly h prec$5ce 9 ! g5esis ( ! idea4 ,su* a conclusion is1 inde$1 an obvi\s coroll>y f t at :i* we arriv$ 9 ! =ego+ section4 ,if1 z 0 !re cont5d$1 our consci\sness ( ,space is a product ( accumulat$ exp]i5ces1 p>tly our own b *iefly ance/ral--if1 z 0 po9t$ out1 ! exp]i5ces f :i* our consci\sness ( ,space is ab/ract$1 c be receiv$ only ?r\gh impressions ( resi/ance made ^u ! organism2 ! necess>y inf]5ce is1 t exp]i5ces ( resi/ance be+ ^? f :i* ! conception ( ,space is g5]at$1 ! resi/ance-attribute ( ,matt] mu/ be reg>d$ z primordial & ! space-attribute z d]ivative4 ,:5ce x becomes manife/ t our exp]i5ce ( =ce1 is t out ( :i* ! idea ( ,matt] is built4 ,matt] z oppos+ our muscul> en]gies1 be+ imm$iately pres5t to consci\sness 9 t]ms ( =ce2 & its occupancy ( ,space be+ kn[n by an ab/ract ( exp]i5ces orig9ally giv5 9 t]ms ( =ce2 x foll[s t =ces1 /&+ 9 c]ta9 correlations1 =m ! :ole cont5t ( our idea ( ,matt]4 ,su* be+ our cognition ( ! relative reality1 :at are we to say ( ! absolute reality8 ,we c only say t x is "s mode ( ! ,unkn[able1 relat$ to ! ,matt] we "k1 z cause to effect4 ,! relativity ( our cognition ( ,matt] is %[n alike by ! above analysis1 & by ! contradictions :i* are evolv$ :5 we deal ) ! cognition z an absolute "o 7 #af74 ,b1 z we h lately se51 ?\gh kn[n to u only "u relation1 ,matt] is z real 9 ! true s5se ( t ^w1 z x w\ld be c\ld we "k x out ( relation2 & fur!r1 ! relative reality :i* we "k z ,matt]1 is necess>ily repres5t$ to ! m9d z /&+ 9 a p]si/5t or real relation to ! absolute reality4 ,we may !re=e deliv] ourselves ov] )\t hesitation1 to ^? t]ms ( ?\ght :i* exp]i5ce has organiz$ 9 u4 ,we ne$ n 9 our physical1 *emical1 or o!r rese>*es1 refra9 f deal+ ) ,matt] z made up ( ext5d$ & resi/5t atoms2 = ?is conception1 necess>ily result+ f our exp]i5ces ( ,matt]1 is n less legitimate1 ?an ! conception ( aggregate masses z ext5d$ & resi/5t4 ,! atomic hypo!sis1 z well z ! k9dr$ hypo!sis ( an all-p]vad+ e!r consi/+ ( molecules1 is simply a necess>y developm5t ( ^? univ]sal =ms :i* ! actions ( ! ,unkn[able h wr\ght 9 u4 ,! conclusions logically work$ out by ! aid ( ^! hypo!ses1 are sure to be 9 h>mony ) all o!rs :i* ^! same =ms involve1 & w h a relative tru? t is equally complete4 99 99 99 99 99 #fd4 ,! conception ( ,motion z pres5t$ or repres5t$ 9 ! develop$ consci\sness1 involves ! conceptions ( ,space1 ( ,"t1 & ( ,matt]4 ,a some?+ t moves2 a s]ies ( positions occupi$ 9 succession2 & a gr\p ( co-exi/5t positions unit$ 9 ?\ght ) ! successive ones--^! are ! con/itu5ts ( ! idea4 ,& s9ce1 z we h se51 ^! are sev]ally elaborat$ f exp]i5ces ( =ce z giv5 9 c]ta9 correlations1 x foll[s t f a fur!r syn!sis ( su* exp]i5ces1 ! idea ( ,motion is also elaborat$4 ,a c]ta9 o!r elem5t 9 ! idea1 :i* is 9 tru? its fundam5tal elem5t1 7namely1 ! necessity :i* ! mov+ body is "u to g on *ang+ its position71 results imm$iately f ! e>lie/ exp]i5ces ( =ce4 ,movem5ts ( diff]5t p>ts ( ! organism 9 relation to ea* o!r1 are ! fir/ pres5t$ 9 consci\sness4 ,^!1 produc$ by ! action ( ! muscles1 necessitate reactions ^u consci\sness 9 ! %ape ( s5sations ( muscul> t5sion4 ,consequ5tly1 ea* /ret*+-out or draw+-9 ( a limb1 is orig9ally kn[n z a s]ies ( muscul> t5sions1 v>y+ 9 int5sity z ! position ( ! limb *anges4 ,& ?is rudim5t>y consci\sness ( ,motion1 consi/+ ( s]ial impressions ( =ce1 becomes insep>ably unit$ ) ! consci\sness ( ,space & ,"t z fa/ z ^! are ab/ract$ f fur!r impressions ( =ce4 ,or r1 out ( ?is primitive conception ( ,motion1 ! adult conception ( x is develop$ simultane\sly ) ! developm5t ( ! conceptions ( ,space & ,"t3 all ?ree be+ evolv$ f ! m multipli$ & v>i$ impressions ( muscul> t5sion & objective resi/ance4 ,motion1 z we "k x1 is ?us traceable1 9 common ) ! o!r ultimate sci5tific ideas1 to exp]i5ces ( =ce4 ,t ?is relative reality answ]s to "s absolute reality1 x is ne$ful only = =m's sake to ass]t4 ,:at has be5 said above1 respect+ ! ,unkn[n ,cause :i* produces 9 u ! effects call$ ,matt]1 ,space1 & ,"t1 w apply1 on simply *ang+ ! t]ms1 to ,motion4 99 99 99 99 99 #fe4 ,we come d[n !n f9ally to ,=ce1 z ! ultimate ( ultimates4 ,?\gh ,space1 ,"t1 ,matt]1 & ,motion1 are app>5tly all necess>y data ( intellig5ce1 yet a psy*ological analysis 7"h indicat$ only 9 rude outl9e7 %[s u t ^! are ei!r built up (1 or ab/ract$ f1 exp]i5ces ( ,=ce4 ,matt] & ,motion1 z we "k !m1 are diff]5tly condition$ manife/ations ( ,=ce4 ,space & ,"t1 z we "k !m1 are disclos$ along ) ^! diff]5t manife/ations ( ,=ce z ! conditions "u :i* !y are pres5t$4 ,matt] & ,motion are concretes built up f ! cont5ts ( v>i\s m5tal relations2 :ile ,space & ,"t are ab/racts ( ! =ms ( ^! v>i\s relations4 ,deep] d[n ?an ^!1 h[ev]1 are ! primordial exp]i5ces ( ,=ce1 :i*1 z occurr+ 9 consci\sness 9 diff]5t comb9ations1 supply at once ! mat]ials :5ce ! =ms ( relations are g5]aliz$1 & ! relat$ objects built up4 ,a s+le impression ( =ce is manife/ly receivable by a s5ti5t be+ devoid ( m5tal =ms3 grant b s5sibility1 ) no e/abli%$ p[] ( ?\ght1 & a =ce produc+ "s n]v\s *ange1 w /ill be pres5table at ! suppos$ seat ( s5sation4 ,?\gh no s+le impression ( =ce s receiv$1 c\ld itself produce consci\sness 7:i* implies relations betwe5 diff]5t /ates71 yet a multiplication ( su* impressions1 diff]+ 9 k9d & degree1 w\ld give ! mat]ials = ! e/abli%m5t ( relations1 t is1 ( ?\ght4 ,& if su* relations diff]$ 9 _! =ms z well z 9 _! cont5ts1 ! impressions ( su* =ms w\ld be organiz$ simultane\sly ) ! impressions !y conta9$4 ,?us all o!r modes ( consci\sness are d]ivable f exp]i5ces ( ,=ce2 b exp]i5ces ( ,=ce are n d]ivable f any?+ else4 ,inde$1 x ne$s b to rememb] t consci\sness consi/s ( *anges1 to see t ! ultimate datum ( consci\sness mu/ be t ( :i* *ange is ! manife/ation2 & t ?us ! =ce by :i* we ourselves produce *anges1 & :i* s]ves to symbolize ! cause ( *anges 9 g5]al1 is ! f9al disclosure ( analysis4 ,x is a truism to say t ! nature ( ?is undecomposable elem5t ( our k is inscrutable4 ,if1 to use an algebraic illu/ration1 we repres5t ,matt]1 ,motion1 & ,=ce1 by ! symbols x1 y1 & z2 !n1 we may asc]ta9 ! values ( x & y 9 t]ms ( z2 b ! value ( z c nev] be f\nd3 z is ! unkn[n quantity :i* mu/ = ev] rema9 unkn[n2 = ! obvi\s reason t !re is no?+ 9 :i* its value c be express$4 ,x is )9 ! possible rea* ( our intellig5ce to g on simplify+ ! equations ( all ph5om5a1 until ! complex symbols :i* =mulate !m are r$uc$ to c]ta9 functions ( ?is ultimate symbol2 b :5 we h done ?is1 we h rea*$ t limit :i* et]nally divides sci5ce f nesci5ce4 ,t ?is undecomposable mode ( consci\sness into :i* all o!r modes may be decompos$1 _c be itself ! ,p[] manife/$ to u ?r\gh ph5om5a1 has be5 already prov$ 7 #ah74 ,we saw t to assume an id5tity ( nature betwe5 ! cause ( *anges z x absolutely exi/s1 & t cause ( *ange ( :i* we are consci\s 9 our own muscul> ef=ts1 betrays u into alt]native impossibilities ( ?\ght4 ,=ce1 z we "k x1 c be reg>d$ only z a c]ta9 condition$ effect ( ! ,uncondition$ ,cause--z ! relative reality indicat+ to u an ,absolute ,reality by :i* x is imm$iately produc$4 ,& "h1 inde$1 we see ev5 m cle>ly ?an be=e1 h[ inevitable is t transfigur$ realism to :i* sceptical criticism f9ally br+s u r\nd4 ,gett+ rid ( all complications1 & contemplat+ pure ,=ce1 we are irresi/ibly compell$ by ! relativity ( our ?\ght1 to vaguely conceive "s unkn[n =ce z ! correlative ( ! kn[n =ce4 ,condition$ effect & uncondition$ cause1 are "h pres5t$ 9 _! primordial relation z two sides ( ! same *ange2 ( :i* we are oblig$ to reg>d ! condition$ & ! uncondition$ sides z equally real3 ! only diff]5ce be+ t ! reality ( ! "o is made relative by ! imposition ( ! =ms & limits ( our consci\sness1 :ile ! reality ( ! o!r1 9 ! abs5ce ( ^? =ms & limits1 rema9s absolute4 ,?us mu* respect+ ! nature ( our ultimate sci5tific ideas4 ,be=e proce$+ to our g5]al inquiry conc]n+ ! causes ( ,evolution1 we h /ill to consid] c]ta9 ultimate sci5tific tru?s4 ----- ,footnote #aa3 ,= ! psy*ological conclusions briefly set =? 9 ?is & ! ?ree sections foll[+ x1 ! ju/ification w be f\nd 9 ! writ]'s ,pr9ciples ( ,psy*ology4 ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,! ,,inde/ructibility ,,( ,,matt]4 #ff4 ,n because ! tru? is unfamili>1 is x ne$ful "h to say some?+ conc]n+ ! inde/ructibility ( ,matt]2 b p>tly because ! symmetry ( our argum5t dem&s ! enunciation ( ?is tru?1 & p>tly because ! evid5ce on :i* x is accept$ requires exam9ation4 ,c\ld x be %[n1 or c\ld x ) any rationality be ev5 suppos$1 t ,matt]1 ei!r 9 its aggregates or 9 its units1 ev] became non-exi/5t1 !re w\ld be an end to ! inquiry on :i* we are n[ sett+ out4 ,evolution1 consid]$ z a re-arrangem5t ( p>ts1 c\ld n be sci5tifically expla9$1 if1 dur+ its c\rse1 any ( ! p>ts might arise out ( no?+ or might lapse into no?+4 ,! "q w\ld no long] be "o compreh5d+ only ! =ces & motions by :i* ! re-arrangem5t is effect$2 b w\ld involve an incalculable elem5t1 & w\ld h5ce be insoluble4 ,cle>ly1 !re=e1 ! inde/ructibility ( ,matt] is an indisp5sable axiom4 ,s f> f be+ admitt$ z a self-evid5t tru?1 ?is w\ld1 9 primitive times1 h be5 reject$ z a self-evid5t error4 ,!re 0 once univ]sally curr5t1 a notion t ?+s c\ld vani% into absolute no?+1 or arise out ( absolute no?+4 ,if we analyze e>ly sup]/itions1 or t fai? 9 magic :i* 0 g5]al 9 lat] times & ev5 /ill survives among ! uncultur$1 we f9d "o ( its po/ulates to be1 t by "s pot5t spell ,matt] c be call$ out ( non5tity1 & c be made non-exi/5t4 ,if m5 did n believe ?is 9 ! /rict s5se ( ! ^w 7:i* w\ld imply t ! process ( creation or annihilation 0 cle>ly repres5t$ 9 consci\sness71 !y /ill believ$ t !y believ$ x2 & h[ ne>ly1 9 _! confus$ ?\ghts1 ! "o 0 equival5t to ! o!r1 is %[n by _! conduct4 ,nor1 inde$1 h d>k ages & inf]ior m9ds alone betray$ ?is belief4 ,! curr5t !ology1 9 its tea*+s respect+ ! beg9n+ & end ( ! _w1 is cle>ly p]vad$ by x2 & x may be ev5 que/ion$ :e!r ,%akespe>e1 9 8 poetical anticipation ( a "t :5 all ?+s %\ld disappe> & 8leave n a wrack beh9d10 0 n "u its influ5ce4 ,! gradual accumulation ( exp]i5ces h[ev]1 & /ill m ! organization ( exp]i5ces1 has t5d$ sl[ly to rev]se ?is conviction2 until n[1 ! doctr9e t ,matt] is inde/ructible has become a common-place4 ,:atev] may be true ( x absolutely1 we h le>nt t relatively to our consci\sness1 ,matt] nev] ei!r comes into exi/5ce or ceases to exi/4 ,cases :i* once gave an app>5t support to ! illusion t some?+ c\ld come out ( no?+1 a wid] k has "o by "o cancell$4 ,! comet t is all at once discov]$ 9 ! heav5s & nightly waxes l>g]1 is prov$ n to be a newly-creat$ body1 b a body t 0 until lately beyond ! range ( vision4 ,! cl\d :i* 9 ! c\rse ( a few m9utes =ms 9 ! sky1 consi/s n ( sub/ance t has j begun to be1 b ( sub/ance t previ\sly exi/$ 9 a m diffus$ & transp>5t =m4 ,& simil>ly ) a cry/al or precipitate 9 relation to ! fluid deposit+ x4 ,conv]sely1 ! seem+ annihilations ( ,matt] turn out1 on clos] obs]vation1 to be only *anges ( /ate4 ,x is f\nd t ! evaporat$ wat]1 ?\gh x has become invisible1 may be br\ght by cond5sation to its orig9al %ape4 ,! dis*>g$ f[l+-piece gives evid5ce t ?\gh ! gunp[d] has disappe>$1 !re h appe>$ 9 place ( x c]ta9 gases1 :i*1 9 assum+ a l>g] volume1 h caus$ ! explosion4 ,n1 h[ev]1 until ! rise ( quantitative *emi/ry1 c\ld ! conclusion sugge/$ by su* exp]i5ces be r$uc$ to a c]ta9ty4 ,:51 hav+ asc]ta9$ n only ! comb9ations into :i* v>i\s sub/ances ent]1 b also ! proportions 9 :i* !y comb9e1 *emi/s 7 enabl$ to acc\nt = ! matt] t _h made its appe>ance or become invisible1 ! pro( 0 r5d]$ complete4 ,:51 9 place ( ! c&le t _h sl[ly burnt away1 x 0 %[n t c]ta9 calculable quantities ( c>bonic acid & wat] _h result$--:5 x 0 demon/rat$ t ! jo9t weight ( ! c>bonic acid & wat] ?us produc$1 0 equal to ! weight ( ! c&le plus t ( ! oxyg5 unit+ ) its con/itu5ts dur+ combu/ion2 x 0 put beyond d\bt t ! c>bon & hydrog5 =m+ ! c&le1 7 /ill 9 exi/5ce1 & _h simply *ang$ _! /ate4 ,& ( ! g5]al conclusion ?us exemplifi$1 ! exact analyses daily made1 9 :i* ! same portion ( matt] is pursu$ ?r\gh num]\s trans=mations & f9ally sep>at$1 furni% nev]-ceas+ confirmations4 ,su* has become ! effect ( ?is specific evid5ce1 jo9$ to t g5]al evid5ce :i* ! cont9u$ exi/5ce ( famili> objects unceas+ly gives u2 t ! inde/ructibility ( ,matt] is n[ recogniz$ by _m z a tru? ( :i* ! negation is inconceivable4 ,habitual exp]i5ces be+ no long] met by any c\nt]-exp]i5ces1 z !y once seem$ to be2 b ^! app>5t c\nt]-exp]i5ces furni%+ new pro( t ,matt] exi/s p]man5tly1 ev5 :]e ! s5ses fail to detect x2 x has gr[n into an axiom ( sci5ce1 t :atev] metamorphoses ,matt] und]goes1 its quantity is fix$4 ,! *emi/1 ! physici/1 & ! physiologi/1 n only "o & all take ?is = grant$1 b w\ld sev]ally pr(ess !mselves unable to realize any supposition to ! contr>y4 99 99 99 99 99 #fg4 ,?is la/ fact naturally raises ! "q1 :e!r we h any high] w>rant = ?is fundam5tal belief1 ?an ! w>rant ( consci\s induction4 ,! inde/ructibility ( ,matt] is prov$ exp]im5tally to be an absolute uni=mity )9 ! range ( our exp]i5ce4 ,b absolute uni=mities ( exp]i5ce1 g5]ate absolute uni=mities ( ?\ght4 ,does x n foll[1 !n1 t ?is ultimate tru? mu/ be a cognition involv$ 9 our m5tal organization8 ,an affirmative answ] we %all f9d unavoidable4 ,:at is t]m$ ! ultimate incompressibility ( ,matt]1 is an admitt$ law ( ?\ght4 ,?\gh x is possible to imag9e a piece ( matt] to be compress$ )\t limit1 yet h[ev] small ! bulk to :i* we conceive x r$uc$1 x is impossible to conceive x r$uc$ into no?+4 ,:ile we c repres5t to ourselves ! p>ts ( ! matt] z indef9itely approximat$1 & ! space occupi$ z indef9itely decreas$1 we _c repres5t to ourselves ! quantity ( matt] z made less4 ,to d ?is w\ld imply an imag9$ disappe>ance ( "s ( ! con/itu5t p>ts--w\ld imply t "s ( ! con/itu5t p>ts 7 9 ?\ght compress$ into no?+2 :i* is no m possible ?an ! compression ( ! :ole into no?+4 ,:5ce x is an obvi\s coroll>y1 t ! total quantity ( matt] 9 ! ,univ]se1 _c really be conceiv$ z dim9i%$1 any m ?an x c be conceiv$ z increas$4 ,our inability to conceive ,matt] becom+ non-exi/5t1 is imm$iately consequ5t on ! v nature ( ?\ght4 ,?\ght consi/s 9 ! e/abli%m5t ( relations4 ,!re c be no relation e/abli%$1 & !re=e no ?\ght fram$1 :5 "o ( ! relat$ t]ms is abs5t f consci\sness4 ,h5ce x is impossible to ?9k ( some?+ becom+ no?+1 = ! same reason t x is impossible to ?9k ( no?+ becom+ some?+--! reason1 namely1 t no?+ _c become an object ( consci\sness4 ,! annihilation ( ,matt] is un?9kable = ! same reason t ! creation ( ,matt] is un?9kable2 & its inde/ructibility ?us becomes an priori cognition ( ! highe/ ord]--n "o t results f a long cont9u$ regi/ry ( exp]i5ces gradually organiz$ into an irrev]sible mode ( ?\ght2 b "o t is giv5 9 ! =m ( all exp]i5ces :atev]4 ,d\btless x w be consid]$ /range t a tru? only 9 mod]n times accept$ z unque/ionable1 & !n only by m5 ( sci5ce1 %\ld be class$ z an priori tru?2 n only ( equal c]ta9ty ) ^? commonly s class$1 b ( ev5 high] c]ta9ty4 ,to set d[n z a proposition :i* _c be ?\ght1 "o :i* mank9d once univ]sally pr(ess$ to ?9k1 & :i* ! great majority pr(ess to ?9k ev5 n[1 seems absurd4 ,! explanation is1 t 9 ?is1 z 9 c\ntless o!r cases1 m5 h suppos$ !mselves to ?9k :at !y did n ?9k4 ,z 0 %[n at ! outset1 ! great] "p ( our conceptions are symbolic4 ,_m ( ^! symbolic conceptions1 ?\gh r>ely develop$ into real ones1 admit ( be+ s develop$2 &1 be+ directly or indirectly prov$ to correspond ) actualities1 are valid4 ,b along ) ^! !re pass curr5t o!rs :i* _c be develop$--_c by any direct or indirect process be realiz$ 9 ?\ght2 mu* less prov$ to correspond ) actualities4 ,n be+ habitually te/$1 h[ev]1 ! legitimate & illegitimate symbolic conceptions are conf\nd$ toge!r2 & suppos+ !mselves to h lit]ally ?\ght1 t :i* !y h ?\ght only symbolically1 m5 say !y believe propositions ( :i* ! t]ms _c ev5 be put toge!r 9 consci\sness4 ,h5ce ! ready acceptance giv5 to sundry hypo!ses respect+ ! orig9 ( ! ,univ]se1 :i* yet are absolutely un?9kable4 ,& z be=e we f\nd ! commonly ass]t$ doctr9e t ,matt] 0 creat$ out ( no?+1 to h be5 nev] really conceiv$ at all1 b to h be5 conceiv$ only symbolically2 s "h we f9d ! annihilation ( ,matt] to h be5 conceiv$ only symbolically1 & ! symbolic conception mi/ak5 = a real "o4 ,possibly x w be object$ t ! words ?\ght1 & belief1 & conception1 are "h employ$ 9 new s5ses2 & t x is a misuse ( language to say t m5 did n really ?9k t :i* has nev]!less s pr(\ndly influ5c$ _! conduct4 ,x mu/ be confess$ t !re is an inconv5i5ce 9 s re/rict+ ! mean+s ( ^! words4 ,!re is no rem$y h[ev]4 ,def9ite conclusions c be rea*$1 only by ! use ( well-def9$ t]ms4 ,que/ions t\*+ ! validity ( any portion ( our k1 _c be pr(itably discuss$ unless ! words kn[+1 & ?9k+1 h specific int]pretations4 ,we mu/ n include "u !m :atev] confus$ processes ( consci\sness ! popul> spee* applies !m to2 b only ! di/9ct processes ( consci\sness4 ,& if ?is obliges u to reject a l>ge "p ( human ?9k+ z n ?9k+ at all1 b m]ely pseudo-?9k+1 !re is no help = x4 ,return+ to ! g5]al "q1 we f9d ! results to be3--t we h positive exp]i5ce ( ! cont9u$ exi/5ce ( ,matt]2 t ! =m ( our ?\ght r5d]s x impossible = u to h exp]i5ce ( ,matt] pass+ into non-exi/5ce1 s9ce su* exp]i5ce w\ld involve cognition ( a relation hav+ "o ( its t]ms n repres5table 9 consci\sness2 t h5ce ! inde/ructibility ( ,matt] is 9 /rictness an priori tru?2 t nev]!less1 c]ta9 illusive exp]i5ces1 sugge/+ ! notion ( its annihilation1 h produc$ 9 undiscipl9$ m9ds n only ! supposition t ,matt] c\ld be conceiv$ to become non-exi/5t1 b ! notion t x did s2 b t c>eful obs]vation1 %[+ ! suppos$ annihilations to h nev] tak5 place1 has confirm$1 po/]iori1 ! priori cognition :i* ,psy*ology %[s to result f a uni=mity ( exp]i5ce t c nev] be met by c\nt]-exp]i5ce4 99 99 99 99 99 #fh4 ,! fact1 h[ev]1 :i* x mo/ conc]ns u "h to obs]ve1 is1 ! nature ( ! p]ceptions by :i* ! p]man5ce ( ,matt] is p]petually illu/rat$ to u1 & f :i* ,sci5ce draws ! inf]5ce t ,matt] is inde/ructible4 ,^! p]ceptions1 "u all _! =ms1 am\nt simply to ?is--t ! =ce :i* a giv5 quantity ( matt] ex]cises1 rema9s always ! same4 ,?is is ! pro( on :i* common s5se & exact sci5ce alike rely4 ,:51 = example1 somebody kn[n to h exi/$ a few ye>s s9ce is said to exi/ /ill1 by "o :o ye/]day saw him1 8 ass]tion am\nts to ?is--t an object :i* 9 pa/ "t wr\ght on 8 consci\sness a c]ta9 gr\p ( *anges1 /ill exi/s because a l gr\p ( *anges has be5 aga9 wr\ght on 8 consci\sness3 ! cont9uance ( ! p[] ?us to impress him1 he holds to prove ! cont9uance ( ! object4 ,%\ld "s auditor allege a mi/ake 9 id5tity1 ! witness is admitt$ to give conclusive pro( :5 he says t he n only saw1 b %ook h&s ) ?is p]son1 & rem>k$ :ile grasp+ 8 h&1 t abs5ce ( ! index f+] :i* 0 8 kn[n peculi>ity3 ! implication be+1 t an object :i* ?r\gh a special comb9ation ( =ces1 produces special tactual impressions1 is conclud$ /ill to exi/ :ile x cont9ues /ill to d ?is4 ,ev5 m cle>ly d we see t =ce is our ultimate measure ( ,matt]1 9 ^? cases :]e ! %ape ( ! matt] has be5 *ang$4 ,a piece ( gold giv5 to an artizan to be work$ into an ornam5t1 & :i* :5 br\ght back appe>s to be less1 is plac$ 9 ! scales2 & if x balances a mu* small] weight ?an x did 9 its r\gh /ate1 we inf] t mu* has be5 lo/ ei!r 9 manipulation or by direct ab/raction4 ,"h ! obvi\s po/ulate is1 t ! quantity ( ,matt] is f9ally det]m9able by ! quantity ( gravitative =ce x manife/s4 ,& ?is is ! k9d ( evid5ce on :i* ,sci5ce bases its exp]im5tally-e/abli%$ induction t ,matt] is inde/ructible4 ,:5ev] a piece ( sub/ance lately visible & tangible1 has be5 r$uc$ to an invisible1 intangible %ape1 b is prov$ by ! weight ( ! gas into :i* x has be5 trans=m$ to be /ill exi/+2 ! assumption is1 t ?\gh o!rwise ins5sible to u1 ! am\nt ( matt] is ! same1 if x /ill t5ds t[>ds ! ,e>? ) ! same =ce4 ,simil>ly1 e case 9 :i* ! weight ( an elem5t pres5t 9 comb9ation1 is inf]r$ f ! kn[n weight ( ano!r elem5t :i* x neutralizes1 is a case 9 :i* ! quantity ( matt] is express$ 9 t]ms ( ! quantity ( *emical =ce x ex]ts2 & 9 :i* ?is specific *emical =ce is assum$ to be ! necess>y correlative ( a specific gravitative =ce4 ,?us !n by ! inde/ructibility ( ,matt]1 we really mean ! inde/ructibility ( ! =ce ) :i* ,matt] affects u4 ,z we become consci\s ( ,matt] only ?r\gh t resi/ance :i* x opposes to our muscul> en]gy1 s d we become consci\s ( ! p]man5ce ( ,matt] only ?r\gh ! p]man5ce ( ?is resi/ance2 z ei!r imm$iately or m$iately prov$ to u4 ,& ?is tru? is made manife/ n only by analysis ( ! po/]iori cognition1 b equally s by analysis ( ! priori "o4 ,= t :i* we _c conceive to be dim9i%$ by ! cont9u$ compression ( ,matt]1 is n its occupancy ( space1 b its ability to resi/4 ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,! ,,cont9uity ,,( ,,motion4 #fi4 ,ano!r g5]al tru? ( ! same ord] ) ! =ego+1 mu/ "h be specifi$--"o :i*1 ?\gh n s g5]ally recogniz$1 has yet long be5 famili> among m5 ( sci5ce4 ,! cont9uity ( ,motion1 l ! inde/ructibility ( ,matt]1 is cle>ly an axiom und]ly+ ! v possibility ( a rational !ory ( ,evolution4 ,t k9d ( *ange 9 ! arrangem5t ( p>ts1 :i* we h f\nd to con/itute ,evolution1 c\ld n be d$uctively expla9$ 7 x possible = ,motion ei!r to appe> or disappe>4 ,if ^? motions ?r\gh :i* ! p>ts pass into a new arrangem5t1 might ei!r proce$ f no?+ or lapse into no?+1 !re w\ld be an end to sci5tific int]pretation ( !m4 ,ea* con/itu5t *ange might z well z n be suppos$ to beg9 & end ( itself4 ,! axiomatic "* ( ! tru? t ,motion is cont9u\s1 is recogniz$ only aft] ! discipl9e ( exact sci5ce has giv5 precision to ! conceptions4 ,aborig9al m51 our un$ucat$ population1 & ev5 mo/ ( ! s-call$ educat$1 ?9k 9 an extremely indef9ite mann]4 ,f c>eless obs]vations1 !y pass by c>eless reason+1 to conclusions ( :i* !y d n contemplate ! implications--conclusions :i* !y nev] develope = ! purpose ( see+ :e!r !y are consi/5t4 ,accept+ )\t criticism ! dicta ( unaid$ p]ception1 to ! effect t surr\nd+ bodies :5 put 9 motion soon return to re/1 ! great majority tacitly assume t ! motion is actually lo/4 ,!y d n consid] :e!r ! ph5om5on c be o!rwise int]pret$2 or :e!r ! int]pretation !y put on x c be m5tally realiz$4 ,!y are cont5t ) a colligation ( m]e appe>ances4 ,b ! e/abli%m5t ( c]ta9 facts hav+ q an opposite implication1 l$ to inquiries :i* h gradually prov$ su* appe>ances to be illusive4 ,! discov]y t ! planets revolve r\nd ! ,sun ) undim9i%+ spe$1 rais$ ! suspicion t a mov+ body1 :5 n int]f]$ )1 w g on = ev] )\t *ange ( velocity2 & sugge/$ ! "q :e!r bodies :i* lose _! motion1 d n at ! same "t communicate z mu* motion to o!r bodies4 ,x 0 a famili> fact t a /one w\ld glide fur!r ov] a smoo? surface1 su* z ice1 pres5t+ no small objects to :i* x c\ld "p ) its motion by collision1 ?an ov] a surface /rewn ) su* small objects2 & t a projectile w\ld travel a f> great] di/ance ?r\gh a r>e m$ium l air1 ?an ?r\gh a d5se m$ium l wat]4 ,?us ! primitive notion t mov+ bodies _h an inh]5t t5d5cy gradually to lose _! motion & f9ally /op--a notion ( :i* ! ,greeks did n get rid1 b :i* la/$ till ! "t ( ,galileo--began to give way4 ,x 0 fur!r %ak5 by su* exp]im5ts z ^? ( ,hooke1 :i* prov$ t ! sp9n+ ( a top cont9u$ long 9 proportion z x 0 prev5t$ f communicat+ movem5t to surr\nd+ matt]--exp]im5ts :i*1 :5 repeat$ ) ! aid ( mod]n appliances1 h %[n t 9 vacuo su* rotation1 ret>d$ only by ! friction ( ! axis1 w cont9ue = ne>ly an h\r4 ,?us h be5 gradually disp]s$1 ! ob/acles to ! reception ( ! fir/ law ( motion2--! law1 namely1 t :5 n influ5c$ by ext]nal =ces1 a mov+ body w g on 9 a /raight l9e ) a uni=m velocity4 ,& ?is law is 9 our day be+ m]g$ 9 ! m g5]al "o1 t ,motion1 l ,matt]1 is inde/ructible2 & t :atev] is lo/ by any "o portion ( matt] is transf]r$ to o!r portions--a conclusion :i*1 h[ev] mu* at v>iance x seems ) cases ( sudd5 arre/ f collision ) an immovable object1 is yet reconcil$ ) su* cases by ! discov]y t ! motion app>5tly lo/ cont9ues "u new =ms1 ?\gh =ms n directly p]ceptible4 99 99 99 99 99 #gj4 ,& "h x may be rem>k$ ( ,motion1 z x 0 be=e ( ,matt]1 t its inde/ructibility is n only to be inductively inf]r$1 b t x is a necessity ( ?\ght3 its de/ructibility nev] hav+ be5 truly conceiv$ at all1 b hav+ always be51 z x is n[1 a m]e v]bal proposition t _c be realiz$ 9 consci\sness--a pseud-idea4 ,:e!r t absolute reality :i* produces 9 u ! consci\sness we call ,motion1 be or be n an et]nal mode ( ! ,unkn[able1 x is impossible = u to say2 b t ! relative reality :i* we call ,motion nev] c come into exi/5ce1 or cease to exi/1 is a tru? involv$ 9 ! v nature ( our consci\sness4 ,to ?9k ( ,motion z ei!r be+ creat$ or annihilat$--to ?9k ( no?+ becom+ some?+1 or some?+ becom+ no?+--is to e/abli% 9 consci\sness a relation betwe5 two t]ms ( :i* "o is abs5t f consci\sness1 :i* is impossible4 ,! v nature ( intellig5ce1 negatives ! supposition t ,motion c be conceiv$ 7mu* less kn[n7 to ei!r comm5ce or cease4 99 99 99 99 99 #ga4 ,x rema9s to be po9t$ out t ! cont9uity ( ,motion1 z well z ! inde/ructibility ( ,matt]1 is really kn[n to u 9 t]ms ( =ce4 ,t a c]ta9 manife/ation ( =ce rema9s = ev] undim9i%$1 is ! ultimate cont5t ( ! ?\ght2 :e!r rea*$ po/]iori or priori4 ,f t]re/rial physics let u take ! case ( s\nd propagat$ to a great di/ance4 ,:5ev] we are directly consci\s ( ! causation ( s\nd 7namely1 :5 we produce x ourselves71 its inv>iable antec$5t is =ce4 ,! imm$iate sequ5ce ( ?is =ce we "k to be motion--fir/1 ( our own organs1 & !n ( ! body :i* we set vibrat+4 ,! vibrations s g5]at$ we c disc]n bo? ?r\gh ! f+]s & ?r\gh ! e>s2 & t ! s5sations receiv$ by ! e>s are ! equival5ts ( me*anical =ce communicat$ to ! air1 & by x impress$ on surr\nd+ objects1 we h cle> pro( :5 objects are fractur$3 z w9d[s by ! report ( a cannon2 or a glass vessel by a p[]ful voice4 ,on :at1 !n1 re/s ! reason+ :51 z occasionally happ5s "u fav\rable circum/ances1 m5 on bo>d a vessel a hundr$ miles f %ore1 he> ! r++ ( *ur*-bells on plac+ _! e>s 9 ! focus ( ! ma9 sail2 & :5 x is inf]r$ t atmosph]ic undulations h trav]s$ ?is imm5se di/ance8 ,manife/ly1 ! ass]tion t ! motion ( ! clapp]1 trans=m$ into ! vibrations ( ! bell1 & communicat$ to ! surr\nd+ air1 has propagat$ itself ?us f> on all sides1 dim9i%+ 9 int5sity z ! mass ( air mov$ became great]1 is bas$ solely ^u a c]ta9 *ange produc$ 9 consci\sness ?r\gh ! e>s4 ,! li/5]s are n consci\s ( motion2 !y are consci\s ( an impression produc$ on !m--an impression :i* implies a =ce z its necess>y correlative4 ,) =ce !y beg91 & ) =ce !y end3 ! int]m$iate motion be+ simply inf]r$4 ,aga91 :]e1 z 9 cele/ial physics1 ! cont9uity ( motion is quantitatively prov$1 ! pro( is n direct b inf]5tial2 & =ces furni% ! data = ! inf]5ce4 ,a p>ticul> planet c be id5tifi$ only by its con/ant p[] to affect our visual organs 9 a special way--to impress ^u ! ret9a a gr\p ( =ces /&+ 9 a p>ticul> correlation4 ,fur!r1 su* planet has n be5 se5 to move by ! a/ronomical obs]v]2 b its motion is inf]r$ f a comp>ison ( its pres5t position ) ! position x be=e occupi$4 ,if rigor\sly exam9$1 ?is comp>ison proves to be a comp>ison betwe5 ! diff]5t impressions produc$ on him by ! diff]5t adju/m5ts ( ! obs]v+ in/rum5ts4 ,go+ a /ep fur!r back1 x turns out t ?is diff]5ce is mean+less until %[n to correspond ) a c]ta9 calculat$ position :i* ! planet mu/ occupy1 suppos+ t no motion has be5 lo/4 ,& if1 f9ally1 we exam9e ! impli$ calculation1 we f9d t x makes all[ances = ^? accel]ations & ret>dations :i* ellipticity ( ! orbit involves1 z well z ^? v>iations ( velocity caus$ by adjac5t planets--we f9d1 t is1 t ! motion is conclud$ to be inde/ructible n f ! uni=m velocity ( ! planet1 b f ! con/ant quantity ( motion exhibit$ :5 all[ance is made = ! motion communicat$ to1 or receiv$ f1 o!r cele/ial bodies4 ,& :5 we ask h[ ?is communicat$ motion is e/imat$1 we discov] t ! e/imate is bas$ ^u c]ta9 laws ( =ce2 :i* laws1 "o & all1 embody ! po/ulate t =ce _c be de/roy$4 ,)\t ! axiom t action & re-action are equal & opposite1 a/ronomy c\ld n make its exact pr$ictions2 & we %\ld lack ! rigor\s inductive pro( !y furni% t motion c nev] be lo/1 b c only be transf]r$4 ,simil>ly ) ! priori conclusion t ,motion is cont9u\s4 ,t :i* defies suppression 9 ?\ght1 is really ! =ce :i* ! motion indicates4 ,! unceas+ *ange ( position1 consid]$ by itself1 may be m5tally aboli%$ )\t difficulty4 ,we c readily imag9e ret>dation & /oppage to result f ! action ( ext]nal bodies4 ,b to imag9e ?is1 is n possible )\t an ab/raction ( ! =ce impli$ by ! motion4 ,we are oblig$ to conceive ?is =ce z impress$ 9 ! %ape ( re-action on ! bodies t cause ! arre/4 ,& ! motion t is communicat$ to !m1 we are compell$ to reg>d1 n z directly communicat$1 b z a product ( ! communicat$ =ce4 ,we c m5tally dim9i% ! velocity or space-elem5t ( motion1 by diffus+ ! mom5tum or =ce-elem5t ov] a l>g] mass ( matt]2 b ! quantity ( ?is =ce-elem5t1 :i* we reg>d z ! cause ( ! motion1 is un*angeable 9 ?\ght4 ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,! ,,p]si/5ce ,,( ,,=ce4#ab #gb4 ,be=e tak+ a fir/ /ep 9 ! rational int]pretation ( ,evolution1 x is ne$ful to recognize1 n only ! facts t ,matt] is inde/ructible & ,motion cont9u\s1 b also ! fact t ,=ce p]si/s4 ,an attempt to assign ! causes ( ,evolution1 w\ld manife/ly be absurd1 if t ag5cy to :i* ! metamorphosis 9 g5]al & 9 detail is due1 c\ld ei!r come into exi/5ce or cease to exi/4 ,! succession ( ph5om5a w\ld 9 su* case be altoge!r arbitr>y2 & d$uctive sci5ce impossible4 ,"h1 inde$1 ! necessity is ev5 m imp]ative ?an 9 ! two prec$+ cases4 ,= ! validity ( ! pro(s giv5 t ,matt] is inde/ructible & ,motion cont9u\s1 really dep5ds ^u ! validity ( ! pro( t ,=ce is p]si/5t4 ,an analysis ( ! reason+ demon/rat$ t 9 bo? cases1 ! po/]iori conclusion involves ! assumption t un*ang$ quantities ( ,matt] & ,motion are prov$ by un*ang$ manife/ations ( ,=ce2 & 9 ! priori cognition we f\nd ?is to be ! ess5tial con/itu5t4 ,h5ce1 t ! quantity ( ,=ce rema9s always ! same1 is ! fundam5tal cognition 9 ! abs5ce ( :i* ^! d]ivative cognitions mu/ disappe>4 99 99 99 99 99 #gc4 ,b n[ on :at gr\nds d we ass]t ! p]si/5ce ( ,=ce8 ,inductively we c allege no evid5ce except su* z is pres5t$ to u ?r\gh\t ! _w ( s5sible ph5om5a4 ,no =ce h[ev]1 save t ( :i* we are consci\s dur+ our own muscul> ef=ts1 is imm$iately kn[n to u4 ,all o!r =ce is m$iately kn[n ?r\gh ! *anges we attribute to x4 ,s9ce1 !n1 we _c inf] ! p]si/5ce ( ,=ce f our own s5sation ( x1 :i* does n p]si/2 we mu/ inf] x1 if x is inf]r$ at all1 f ! cont9uity ( ,motion1 & ! undim9i%$ ability ( ,matt] to produce c]ta9 effects4 ,b to reason ?us is manife/ly to reason 9 a circle4 ,x is absurd to allege ! inde/ructibility ( ,matt]1 because we f9d exp]im5tally t "u :atev] *anges ( =m a giv5 mass ( matt] exhibits ! same gravitation1 & !n aft]w>ds to argue t gravitation is con/ant because a giv5 mass ( matt] exhibits always ! same quantity ( x4 ,we _c prove ! cont9uity ( ,motion by assum+ t ,=ce is p]si/5t1 & !n prove ! p]si/5ce ( ,=ce by assum+ t ,motion is cont9u\s4 ,! data ( bo? objective & subjective sci5ce be+ involv$ 9 ?is "q t\*+ ! nature ( our cognition t ,=ce is p]si/5t1 x w be desirable "h to exam9e x m closely4 ,at ! risk ( try+ ! read]'s pati5ce1 we mu/ reconsid] ! reason+ ?r\gh :i* ! inde/ructibility ( ,matt] & ! cont9uity ( ,motion are e/abli%$2 t we may see h[ impossible x is to arrive by p>allel reason+ at ! p]si/5ce ( ,=ce4 ,9 all ?ree cases ! "q is "o ( quantity3--does ! ,matt]1 or ,motion1 or ,=ce1 ev] dim9i% 9 quantity8 ,quantitative sci5ce implies measurem5t2 & measurem5t implies a unit ( measure4 ,! units ( measure f :i* all o!rs ( any exactness are d]iv$1 are units ( l9e> ext5sion4 ,f ^!1 ?r\gh ! m$ium ( ! equal-arm$ lev] or scales1 we d]ive our equal units ( weight1 or gravitative =ce4 ,& x is by means ( ^! equal units ( ext5sion & equal units ( weight1 t we make ^? quantitative comp>isons by :i* ! tru?s ( exact sci5ce are rea*$4 ,?r\gh\t ! inve/igations lead+ ! *emi/ to ! conclusion t ( ! c>bon :i* has disappe>$ dur+ combu/ion1 no portion has be5 lo/1 & t 9 any comp\nd aft]w>ds =m$ by ! result+ c>bonic acid ! :ole ( ! orig9al c>bon is pres5t1 :at is 8 repeat$ly assign$ pro(8 ,t af=d$ by ! scales4 ,9 :at t]ms is ! v]dict ( ! scales giv58 ,9 gra9s--9 units ( weight--9 units ( gravitative =ce4 ,& :at is ! total cont5t ( ! v]dict8 ,t z _m units ( gravitative =ce z ! c>bon exhibit$ at fir/1 x exhibits /ill4 ,! quantity ( matt] is ass]t$ to be ! same1 if ! numb] ( units ( =ce x c\nt]-balances is ! same4 ,! validity ( ! inf]5ce1 !n1 dep5ds entirely ^u ! con/ancy ( ! units ( =ce4 ,if ! =ce ) :i* ! portion ( metal call$ a gra9-weight1 t5ds t[>ds ! ,e>?1 has v>i$1 ! inf]5ce t ,matt] is inde/ructible is vici\s4 ,ev]y?+ turns on ! tru? ( ! assumption t ! gravitation ( ! weights is p]si/5t2 & ( ?is no pro( is assign$1 or c be assign$4 ,9 ! reason+s ( ! a/ronom] !re is a l implication2 f :i* we may draw ! l conclusion4 ,no problem 9 cele/ial physics c be solv$ )\t ! assumption ( "s unit ( =ce4 ,?is unit ne$ n be1 l a p\nd or a ton1 "o ( :i* we c take direct cognizance4 ,x is requisite only t ! mutual attraction :i* "s two ( ! bodies conc]n$ ex]cise at a giv5 di/ance1 %\ld be tak5 z "o2 s t ! o!r attractions ) :i* ! problem deals1 may be express$ 9 t]ms ( ?is "o4 ,su* unit be+ assum$1 ! mom5ta :i* ! respective masses w g5]ate 9 ea* o!r 9 a giv5 "t1 are calculat$2 & comp\nd+ ^! ) ! mom5ta !y already h1 _! places at ! end ( t "t are pr$ict$4 ,! pr$iction is v]ifi$ by obs]vation4 ,f ?is1 ei!r ( two inf]5ces may be drawn4 ,assum+ ! masses to be fix$1 ! motion may be prov$ to be undim9i%$2 or assum+ ! motion to be undim9i%$1 ! masses may be prov$ to be fix$4 ,b ! validity ( "o or o!r inf]5ce1 dep5ds :olly on ! tru? ( ! assumption t ! unit ( =ce is un*ang$4 ,let x be suppos$ t ! gravitation ( ! two bodies t[>ds ea* o!r at ! giv5 di/ance1 has v>i$1 & ! conclusions drawn are no long] true4 ,nor is x only 9 _! concrete data t ! reason+s ( t]re/rial & cele/ial physics assume ! p]si/5ce ( ,=ce4 ,!y equally assume x 9 ! ab/ract pr9ciple ) :i* !y set out2 & :i* !y repeat 9 ju/ification ( e /ep4 ,! equality ( action & reaction is tak5 = grant$ f beg9n+ to end ( ei!r argum5t2 & to ass]t t action & reaction are equal & opposite1 is to ass]t t ,=ce is p]si/5t4 ,! allegation really am\nts to ?is1 t !re _c be an isolat$ =ce beg9n+ & end+ 9 no?+2 b t any =ce manife/$1 implies an equal antec$5t =ce f :i* x is d]iv$1 & aga9/ :i* x is a reaction4 ,fur!r1 t ! =ce s orig9at+ _c disappe> )\t result2 b mu/ exp5d itself 9 "s o!r manife/ation ( =ce1 :i*1 9 be+ produc$1 becomes its reaction2 & s on cont9ually4 ,cle>ly !n ! p]si/5ce ( ,=ce is an ultimate tru? ( :i* no inductive pro( is possible4 ,we might inde$ be c]ta91 ev5 9 ! abs5ce ( any su* analysis z ! =ego+1 t !re mu/ exi/ "s pr9ciple :i*1 z be+ ! basis ( sci5ce1 _c be e/abli%$ by sci5ce4 ,all reason$-out conclusions :atev]1 mu/ re/ on "s po/ulate4 ,z be=e %[n 7 #bc71 we _c g on m]g+ d]ivative tru?s 9 ^? wid] & wid] tru?s f :i* !y are d]iv$1 )\t rea*+ at la/ a wide/ tru? :i* c be m]g$ 9 no o!r1 or d]iv$ f no o!r4 ,& :oev] contemplates ! relation 9 :i* x /&s to ! tru?s ( sci5ce 9 g5]al1 w see t ?is tru? transc5d+ demon/ration is ! p]si/5ce ( ,=ce4 99 99 99 99 99 #gd4 ,b n[ :at is ! =ce ( :i* we pr$icate p]si/5ce8 ,x is n ! =ce we are imm$iately consci\s ( 9 our own muscul> ef=ts2 = ?is does n p]si/4 ,z soon z an out/ret*$ limb is relax$1 ! s5se ( t5sion disappe>s4 ,true1 we ass]t t 9 ! /one ?r[n or 9 ! weight lift$1 is exhibit$ ! effect ( ?is muscul> t5sion2 & t ! =ce :i* has ceas$ to be pres5t 9 our consci\sness1 exi/s else:]e4 ,b x does n exi/ else:]e "u any =m cognizable by u4 ,x 0 prov$ 7 #ah71 t ?\gh1 on rais+ an object f ! gr\nd1 we are oblig$ to ?9k ( its d[nw>d pull z equal & opposite to our upw>d pull2 & ?\gh x is impossible to repres5t ^! pulls z equal )\t repres5t+ !m z l 9 k9d2 yet1 s9ce _! lik5ess 9 k9d w\ld imply 9 ! object a s5sation ( muscul> t5sion1 :i* _c be ascrib$ to x1 we are compell$ to admit t =ce z x exi/s out ( our consci\sness1 is n =ce z we "k x4 ,h5ce ! =ce ( :i* we ass]t p]si/5ce is t ,absolute ,=ce ( :i* we are indef9itely consci\s z ! necess>y correlate ( ! =ce we "k4 ,?us1 by ! p]si/5ce ( ,=ce1 we really mean ! p]si/5ce ( "s ,p[] :i* transc5ds our k & conception4 ,! manife/ations1 z occurr+ ei!r 9 ourselves or outside ( u1 d n p]si/2 b t :i* p]si/s is ! ,unkn[n ,cause ( ^! manife/ations4 ,9 o!r words1 ass]t+ ! p]si/5ce ( ,=ce1 is b ano!r mode ( ass]t+ an ,uncondition$ ,reality1 )\t beg9n+ or end4 ,?us1 q unexpect$ly1 we come d[n once m to t ultimate tru? 9 :i*1 z we saw1 ,religion & ,sci5ce coalesce4 ,on exam9+ ! data und]ly+ a rational !ory ( ,evolution1 we f9d !m all at la/ resolvable into t datum )\t :i* consci\sness 0 %[n to be impossible--! cont9u$ exi/5ce ( an ,unkn[able z ! necess>y correlative ( ! ,kn[able4 ,once comm5c$1 ! analysis ( ! tru?s tak5 = grant$ 9 sci5tific inquiries1 inevitably br+s u d[n to ?is deepe/ tru?1 9 :i* ,common ,s5se & ,philosophy are reconcil$4 ,! argum5ts & conclusion conta9$ 9 ?is & ! =ego+ ?ree *apt]s1 supply1 inde$1 ! complem5t to ! argum5ts & conclusion set =? 9 ! prec$+ "p ( ?is "w4 ,x 0 !re fir/ %[n1 by an exam9ation ( our ultimate religi\s ideas1 t k ( ,absolute ,be+ is impossible2 & ! impossibility ( kn[+ ,absolute ,be+1 0 also %[n by an exam9ation ( our ultimate sci5tific ideas4 ,9 a succe$+ *apt] a subjective analysis prov$1 t :ile1 by ! v conditions ( ?\ght1 we are prev5t$ f kn[+ any?+ beyond relative be+2 yet t by ^! v same conditions ( ?\ght1 an indef9ite consci\sness ( ,absolute ,be+ is necessitat$4 ,& "h1 by objective analysis1 we simil>ly f9d t ! axiomatic tru?s ( physical sci5ce1 unavoidably po/ulate ,absolute ,be+ z _! common basis4 ,?us !re is ev5 a m pr(\nd agreem5t betwe5 ,religion & ,sci5ce ?an 0 be=e %[n4 ,n only are !y :olly at "o on ! negative proposition t ! ,non-relative _c be kn[n2 b !y are :olly at "o on ! positive proposition t ! ,non-relative is an actual exi/5ce4 ,bo? are oblig$ by ! demon/rat$ unt5ability ( _! suppos$ cognitions1 to confess t ! ,ultimate ,reality is incognizable2 & yet bo? are oblig$ to ass]t ! exi/5ce ( an ,ultimate ,reality4 ,)\t ?is1 ,religion has no subject-matt]2 & )\t ?is1 ,sci5ce1 subjective & objective1 lacks its indisp5sable datum4 ,we _c con/ruct a !ory ( int]nal ph5om5a )\t po/ulat+ ,absolute ,be+2 & unless we po/ulate ,absolute ,be+1 or be+ :i* p]si/s1 we _c con/ruct a !ory ( ext]nal ph5om5a4 99 99 99 99 99 #ge4 ,a few words mu/ be add$ respect+ ! nature ( ?is fundam5tal consci\sness4 ,already x has be5 look$ at f sev]al po9ts ( view2 & "h x seems ne$ful f9ally to sum up ! results4 ,9 ,*apt] ,,iv4 we saw t ! ,unkn[n ,p[] ( :i* nei!r beg9n+ nor end c be conceiv$1 is pres5t to u z t un%ap$ mat]ial ( consci\sness :i* is %ap$ afre% 9 e ?\ght4 ,our inability to conceive its limitation1 is ?us simply ! obv]se ( our inability to put an end to ! ?9k+ subject :ile /ill cont9u+ to ?9k4 ,9 ! two =ego+ *apt]s1 we contemplat$ ?is fundam5tal tru? "u ano!r aspect4 ,! inde/ructibility ( ,matt] & ! cont9uity ( ,motion1 we saw to be really coroll>ies f ! impossibility ( e/abli%+ 9 ?\ght a relation betwe5 some?+ & no?+4 ,:at we call ! e/abli%m5t ( a relation 9 ?\ght1 is ! passage ( ! sub/ance ( consci\sness1 f "o =m into ano!r4 ,to ?9k ( some?+ becom+ no?+1 w\ld involve t ?is sub/ance ( consci\sness hav+ j exi/$ "u a giv5 =m1 %\ld next assume no =m2 or %\ld cease to be consci\sness4 ,& ?us our inability to conceive ,matt] & ,motion de/roy$1 is our inability to suppress consci\sness itself4 ,:at1 9 ^! two =ego+ *apt]s1 0 prov$ true ( ,matt] & ,motion1 is1 =tiori1 true ( ! ,=ce out ( :i* our conceptions ( ,matt] & ,motion are built4 ,inde$1 z we saw1 t :i* is inde/ructible 9 matt] & motion1 is ! =ce !y pres5t4 ,&1 z we "h see1 ! tru? t ,=ce is inde/ructible1 is ! obv]se ( ! tru? t ! ,unkn[n ,cause ( ! *anges go+ on 9 consci\sness is inde/ructible4 ,s t ! p]si/5ce ( consci\sness1 con/itutes at once our imm$iate exp]i5ce ( ! p]si/5ce ( ,=ce1 & imposes on u ! necessity we are "u ( ass]t+ its p]si/5ce4 99 99 99 99 99 #gf4 ,?us1 9 all ways !re is =c$ on u ! fact1 t "h is an ultimate tru? giv5 9 our m5tal con/itution4 ,x is n only a datum ( sci5ce1 b x is a datum :i* ev5 ! ass]tion ( our nesci5ce involves4 ,:oev] alleges t ! inability to conceive a beg9n+ or end ( ! ,univ]se1 is a negative result ( our m5tal /ructure1 _c d5y t our consci\sness ( ! ,univ]se z p]si/5t1 is a positive result ( our m5tal /ructure4 ,& ?is p]si/5ce ( ! ,univ]se1 is ! p]si/5ce ( t ,unkn[n ,cause1 ,p[]1 or ,=ce1 :i* is manife/$ to u ?r\gh all ph5om5a4 ,su* !n is ! f\ndation ( any possible sy/em ( positive k4 ,deep] ?an demon/ration--deep] ev5 ?an def9ite cognition--deep z ! v nature ( m9d1 is ! po/ulate at :i* we h arriv$4 ,its au?ority transc5ds all o!r :atev]2 = n only is x giv5 9 ! con/itution ( our own consci\sness1 b x is impossible to imag9e a consci\sness s con/itut$ z n to give x4 ,?\ght1 involv+ simply ! e/abli%m5t ( relations1 may be readily conceiv$ to g on :ile yet ^! relations h n be5 organiz$ into ! ab/racts we call ,space & ,"t2 & s !re is a conceivable k9d ( consci\sness :i* does n conta9 ! tru?s1 commonly call$ priori1 involv$ 9 ! organization ( ^! =ms ( relations4 ,b ?\ght _c be conceiv$ to g on )\t "s elem5t betwe5 :i* its relations may be e/abli%$2 & s !re is no conceivable k9d ( consci\sness :i* does n imply cont9u$ exi/5ce z its datum4 ,consci\sness )\t ?is or t p>ticul> =m is possible2 b consci\sness )\t cont5ts is impossible4 ,! sole tru? :i* transc5ds exp]i5ce by und]ly+ x1 is ?us ! p]si/5ce ( ,=ce4 ,?is be+ ! basis ( exp]i5ce1 mu/ be ! basis ( any sci5tific organization ( exp]i5ces4 ,to ?is an ultimate analysis br+s u d[n2 & on ?is a rational syn!sis mu/ build up4 ----- ,footnote #ab3 ,"s two ye>s ago1 ,i express$ to my fri5d ,pr(essor ,huxley1 my dissatisfaction ) ! curr5t expression--8,cons]vation ( ,=ce20 assign+ z reasons1 fir/1 t ! ^w 8cons]vation0 implies a cons]v] & an act ( cons]v+2 &1 second1 t x does n imply ! exi/5ce ( ! =ce be=e t p>ticul> manife/ation ( x ) :i* we comm5ce4 ,9 place ( 8cons]vation10 ,pr(essor ,huxley sugge/$ p]si/5ce4 ,?is entirely meets ! fir/ ( ! two objections2 & ?\gh ! second may be urg$ aga9/ x1 no o!r ^w less faulty 9 ?is respect c be f\nd4 ,9 ! abs5ce ( a ^w specially co9$ = ! purpose1 x seems ! be/2 & z su* ,i adopt x4 ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,,! ,,correlation ,,& ,,equival5ce ,,( ,,=ces4 #gg4 ,:51 to ! unaid$ s5ses1 ,sci5ce began to add supplem5t>y s5ses 9 ! %ape ( measur+ in/rum5ts1 m5 began to p]ceive v>i\s ph5om5a :i* eyes & f+]s c\ld n di/+ui%4 ,( kn[n =ms ( =ce1 m9ut] manife/ations became appreciable2 & =ms ( =ce be=e unkn[n 7 r5d]$ cognizable & measurable4 ,:]e =ces _h app>5tly end$ 9 no?+1 & _h be5 c>elessly suppos$ to h actually done s1 in/rum5tal obs]vation prov$ t effects _h 9 e in/ance be5 produc$3 ! =ces reappe>+ 9 new %apes4 ,h5ce !re has at l5g? aris5 ! inquiry :e!r ! =ce display$ 9 ea* surr\nd+ *ange1 does n 9 ! act ( exp5diture und]go metamorphosis into an equival5t am\nt ( "s o!r =ce or =ces4 ,& to ?is inquiry exp]im5t is giv+ an affirmative answ]1 :i* becomes day by day m decisive4 ,grove1 ,helmholtz1 & ,mey]1 are m ?an any o!rs to be cr$it$ ) ! cle> enunciation ( ?is doctr9e4 ,let u glance at ! evid5ce on :i* x re/s4 ,motion1 :]ev] we c directly trace its g5esis1 we f9d to pre-exi/ z "s o!r mode ( =ce4 ,our own volunt>y acts h always c]ta9 s5sations ( muscul> t5sion z _! antec$5ts4 ,:51 z 9 lett+ fall a relax$ limb1 we are consci\s ( a bodily movem5t requir+ no ef=t1 ! explanation is t ! ef=t 0 ex]t$ 9 rais+ ! limb to ! position :5ce x fell4 ,9 ?is case1 z 9 ! case ( an inanimate body desc5d+ to ! ,e>?1 ! =ce accumulat$ by ! d[nw>d motion is j equal to ! =ce previ\sly exp5d$ 9 ! act ( elevation4 ,conv]sely1 ,motion t is arre/$ produces1 "u diff]5t circum/ances1 heat1 electricity1 magnetism1 light4 ,f ! w>m+ ( ! h&s by rubb+ !m toge!r1 up to ! ignition ( a railway-brake by int5se friction--f ! light+ ( detonat+ p[d] by p]cussion1 up to ! sett+ on fire a block ( wood by a few bl[s f a /eam-hamm]2 we h abundant in/ances 9 :i* heat arises z ,motion ceases4 ,x is uni=mly f\nd1 t ! heat g5]at$ is great 9 proportion z ! ,motion lo/ is great2 & t to dim9i% ! arre/ ( motion1 by dim9i%+ ! friction1 is to dim9i% ! quantity ( heat evolv$4 ,! production ( electricity by ,motion is illu/rat$ equally 9 ! boy's exp]im5t ) rubb$ seal+-wax1 9 ! common electrical ma*9e1 & 9 ! app>atus = excit+ electricity by ! escape ( /eam4 ,:]ev] !re is friction betwe5 het]og5e\s bodies1 electrical di/urbance is "o ( ! consequ5ces4 ,magnetism may result f ,motion ei!r imm$iately1 z ?r\gh p]cussion on iron1 or m$iately z ?r\gh electric curr5ts previ\sly g5]at$ by ,motion4 ,& simil>ly1 ,motion may create light2 ei!r directly1 z 9 ! m9ute inc&esc5t fragm5ts /ruck (f by viol5t collisions1 or indirectly1 z ?r\gh ! electric sp>k4 8,la/ly1 ,motion may be aga9 reproduc$ by ! =ces :i* h emanat$ f ,motion2 ?us1 ! div]g5ce ( ! electromet]1 ! revolution ( ! electrical :eel1 ! deflection ( ! magnetic ne$le1 are1 :5 result+ f frictional electricity1 palpable movem5ts reproduc$ by ! int]m$iate modes ( =ce1 :i* h !mselves be5 orig9at$ by motion40 ,t mode ( =ce :i* we di/+ui% z ,heat1 is n[ g5]ally reg>d$ by physici/s z molecul> motion--n motion z display$ 9 ! *ang$ relations ( s5sible masses to ea* o!r1 b z occurr+ among ! units ( :i* su* s5sible masses consi/4 ,if we cease to ?9k ( ,heat z t p>ticul> s5sation giv5 to u by bodies 9 c]ta9 conditions1 & consid] ! ph5om5a o!rwise pres5t$ by ^! bodies1 we f9d t motion1 ei!r 9 !m or 9 surr\nd+ bodies1 or 9 bo?1 is all t we h evid5ce (4 ,) "o or two exceptions :i* are ob/acles to e !ory ( ,heat1 heat$ bodies exp&2 & expansion c be int]pret$ only z a movem5t ( ! units ( a mass 9 relation to ea* o!r4 ,t s-call$ radiation ?r\gh :i* any?+ ( high] temp]ature ?an ?+s ar\nd x1 communicates ,heat to !m1 is cle>ly a species ( motion4 ,moreov]1 ! evid5ce af=d$ by ! !rmomet] t ,heat ?us diffuses itself1 is simply a movem5t caus$ 9 ! m]curial column4 ,& t ! molecul> motion :i* we call ,heat1 may be trans=m$ into visible motion1 famili> pro( is giv5 by ! /eam-eng9e2 9 :i* 8! pi/on & all its concomitant masses ( matt] are mov$ by ! molecul> dilatation ( ! vap\r ( wat]40 ,:]e ,heat is absorb$ )\t app>5t result1 mod]n inquiries %[ t decid$ ?\gh unobtrusive *anges are produc$3 z on glass1 ! molecul> /ate ( :i* is s f> *ang$ by heat1 t a pol>iz$ ray ( light pass+ ?r\gh x becomes visible1 :i* x does n d :5 ! glass is cold2 or z on poli%$ metallic surfaces1 :i* are s f> *ang$ 9 /ructure by !rmal radiations f objects v close to !m1 z to reta9 p]man5t impressions ( su* objects4 ,! trans=mation ( ,heat into electricity1 occurs :5 dissimil> metals t\*+ ea* o!r are heat$ at ! po9t ( contact3 electric curr5ts be+ s induc$4 ,solid1 incombu/ible matt] introduc$ into heat$ gas1 z lime into ! oxyhydrog5 flame1 becomes inc&esc5t2 & s exhibits ! conv]sion ( ,heat into light4 ,! production ( magnetism by ,heat1 if x _c be prov$ to take place directly1 may be prov$ to take place indirectly ?r\gh ! m$ium ( electricity4 ,& ?r\gh ! same m$ium may be e/abli%$ ! correlation ( ,heat & *emical aff9ity--a correlation :i* is inde$ impli$ by ! m>k$ influ5ce t ,heat ex]cises on *emical composition & decomposition4 ,! trans=mations ( ,electricity into o!r modes ( =ce1 are /ill m cle>ly demon/rable4 ,produc$ by ! motion ( het]og5e\s bodies 9 contact1 ,electricity1 ?r\gh attractions & repulsions1 w imm$iately reproduce motion 9 neighb\r+ bodies4 ,n[ a curr5t ( ,electricity g5]ates magnetism 9 a b> ( s(t iron2 & n[ ! rotation ( a p]man5t magnet g5]ates curr5ts ( ,electricity4 ,"h we h a batt]y 9 :i* f ! play ( *emical aff9ities an electric curr5t results2 & !re1 9 ! adjac5t cell1 we h an electric curr5t effect+ *emical decomposition4 ,9 ! conduct+ wire we witness ! trans=mation ( ,electricity into heat2 :ile 9 electric sp>ks & 9 ! voltaic arc we see light produc$4 ,atomic arrangem5t1 too1 is *ang$ by ,electricity3 z in/ance ! transf] ( matt] f pole to pole ( a batt]y2 ! fractures caus$ by ! disruptive dis*>ge2 ! =mation ( cry/als "u ! influ5ce ( electric curr5ts4 ,& :e!r1 conv]sely1 ,electricity be or be n directly g5]at$ by re-arrangem5t ( ! atoms ( matt]1 x is at any rate indirectly s g5]at$ ?r\gh ! int]m$iation ( magnetism4 ,h[ f ,magnetism ! o!r physical =ces result1 mu/ be next briefly not$--briefly1 because 9 ea* successive case ! illu/rations become 9 great "p ! obv]se =ms ( ^? be=e giv54 ,t ,magnetism produces motion is ! ord9>y evid5ce we h ( its exi/5ce4 ,9 ! magneto-electric ma*9e we see a rotat+ magnet evolv+ electricity4 ,& ! electricity s evolv$ may imm$iately aft] exhibit itself z heat1 light1 or *emical aff9ity4 ,f>aday's discov]y ( ! effect ( ,magnetism on pol>iz$ light1 z well z ! discov]y t *ange ( magnetic /ate is accompani$ by heat1 po9t to fur!r l connexions4 ,la/ly1 v>i\s exp]im5ts %[ t ! magnetization ( a body alt]s its int]nal /ructure2 & t conv]sely1 ! alt]ation ( its int]nal /ructure1 z by me*anical /ra91 alt]s its magnetic condition4 ,improbable z x seem$1 x is n[ prov$ t f ,light also may proce$ ! l v>iety ( ag5cies4 ,! sol> rays *ange ! atomic arrangem5ts ( p>ticul> cry/als4 ,c]ta9 mix$ gases1 :i* d n o!rwise comb9e1 comb9e 9 ! sun%9e4 ,9 "s comp\nds ,light produces decomposition4 ,s9ce ! inquiries ( photograph]s h drawn att5tion to ! subject1 x has be5 %[n t 8a va/ numb] ( sub/ances1 bo? elem5t>y & comp\nd1 are notably affect$ by ?is ag5t1 ev5 ^? app>5tly ! mo/ unalt]able 9 "*1 su* z metals40 ,& :5 a dagu]reotype plate is connect$ ) a prop] app>atus 8we get *emical action on ! plate1 electricity circulat+ ?r\gh ! wires1 magnetism 9 ! coil1 heat 9 ! helix1 & motion 9 ! ne$les40 ,! g5esis ( all o!r modes ( =ce f ,*emical ,action1 sc>cely ne$s po9t+ out4 ,! ord9>y accompanim5t ( *emical comb9ation is heat2 & :5 ! aff9ities are int5se1 light also is1 "u fit conditions1 produc$4 ,*emical *anges involv+ alt]ation ( bulk1 cause motion1 bo? 9 ! comb9+ elem5ts & 9 adjac5t masses ( matt]3 witness ! propulsion ( a bullet by ! explosion ( gunp[d]4 ,9 ! galvanic batt]y we see electricity result+ f *emical composition & decomposition4 ,:ile ?r\gh ! m$ium ( ?is electricity1 ,*emical ,action produces magnetism4 ,^! facts1 ! l>g] "p ( :i* are cull$ f ,mr4 ,grove's "w on 8,! ,correlation ( ,physical ,=ces10 %[ u t ea* =ce is trans=mable1 directly or indirectly1 into ! o!rs4 ,9 e *ange ,=ce und]goes metamorphosis2 & f ! new =m or =ms x assumes1 may subsequ5tly result ei!r ! previ\s "o or any ( ! re/1 9 endless v>iety ( ord] & comb9ation4 ,x is fur!r becom+ manife/ t ! physical =ces /& n simply 9 qualitative correlations ) ea* o!r1 b also 9 quantitative correlations4 ,besides prov+ t "o mode ( =ce may be trans=m$ into ano!r mode1 exp]im5ts illu/rate ! tru? t f a def9ite am\nt ( "o1 def9ite am\nts ( o!rs always arise4 ,ord9>ily x is inde$ difficult to %[ ?is2 s9ce x mo/ly happ5s t ! trans=mation ( any =ce is n into "s "o ( ! re/ b into sev]al ( !m3 ! proportions be+ det]m9$ by ! ev]-v>y+ conditions4 ,b 9 c]ta9 cases1 positive results h be5 rea*$4 ,mr4 ,j\le has asc]ta9$ t ! fall ( #ggb lbs4 ?r\gh "o foot1 w raise ! temp]ature ( a p\nd ( wat] "o degree ( ,fahr5heit4 ,! inve/igations ( ,dulong1 ,petit & ,neumann1 h prov$ a relation 9 am\nt betwe5 ! aff9ities ( comb9+ bodies & ! heat evolv$ dur+ _! comb9ation4 ,betwe5 *emical action & voltaic electricity1 a quantitative connexion has also be5 e/abli%$3 ,f>aday's exp]im5ts imply+ t a specific measure ( electricity is dis5gag$ by a giv5 measure ( *emical action4 ,! well-det]m9$ relations betwe5 ! quantities ( heat g5]at$ & wat] turn$ into /eam1 or /ill bett] ! kn[n expansion produc$ 9 /eam by ea* additional degree ( heat1 may be cit$ 9 fur!r evid5ce4 ,:5ce x is no long] d\bt$ t among ! sev]al =ms :i* =ce assumes1 ! quantitative relations are fix$4 ,! conclusion tacitly agre$ on by physici/s1 is1 n only t ! physical =ces und]go metamorphoses1 b t a c]ta9 am\nt ( ea* is ! con/ant equival5t ( c]ta9 am\nts ( ! o!rs4 99 99 99 99 99 #gh4 ,?r\gh\t ,evolution "u all its phases1 ?is tru? ( c\rse inv>iably holds4 ,e successive *ange or gr\p ( *anges =m+ "p ( x1 is ( necessity limit$ by ! conditions ?us impli$4 ,! =ces :i* any /ep 9 ,evolution exhibits1 mu/ be affiliable on ! l or unlike =ces previ\sly exi/+2 :ile f ! =ces s g5]at$ mu/ !reaft] be d]iv$ o!rs m or less trans=m$4 ,& besides recogniz+ ! =ces at any "t exi/+1 z necess>ily l9k$ ) ^? prec$+ & succe$+ !m1 we mu/ also recognize ! am\nts ( ^! =ces successively manife/$ z det]m9ate1--z necess>ily produc+ su* & su* quantities ( results1 & z necess>ily limit$ to ^? quantities4 ,involv$ z are ! ph5om5a ( ,evolution1 x is n to be expect$ t a def9ite quantitative relation c 9 ea* case1 or inde$ 9 any case1 be %[n betwe5 ! =ces exp5d$ 9 successive phases4 ,we h n adequate data = ?is2 & probably %all nev] h !m4 ,! antec$5ts ( ! simpl] =ms ( ,evolution1 belong to a remote pa/ respect+ :i* we c h no?+ b inf]5tial k2 :ile ! antec$5ts ( ! only k9d ( ,evolution :i* is traceable f beg9n+ to end 7namely1 t ( individual organisms7 are too complex to be dealt ) by exact me?ods4 ,h5ce we _c hope to e/abli% equival5ce among ! successive manife/ations ( =ce :i* ea* ord] ( ,evolution af=ds4 ,! mo/ we c hope is to e/abli% a qualitative correlation t is indef9itely quantitative--quantitative 9 s f> z involv+ some?+ l a due proportion betwe5 causes & effects4 ,if ?is c be done1 h[ev]1 "s progress w be made t[>ds ! solution ( our problem4 ,?\gh x may be beyond our p[] to %[ a measurable relation betwe5 ! =ce or gr\p ( =ces :i* any phase ( ,evolution displays1 & ! =ce or gr\p ( =ces imm$iately succe$+ x2 yet if we c %[ t !re always are antec$5t =ces1 & t ! effects !y produce always become ! antec$5ts ( fur!r ones--if :ile unable to calculate h[ mu* ( ea* *ange w be produc$1 we c prove t a *ange ( t k9d 0 necessitat$--if we c disc]n ev5 ! vague/ correspond5ce betwe5 ! am\nt ( su* *ange & ! am\nt ( ! pre-exi/+ =ce2 we %all advance a /ep t[>ds int]pret+ ! trans=mation ( ! simple into ! complex4 ,) ! view ( attempt+ ?is1 let u n[ reconsid] ! diff]5t types ( ,evolution a:ile s9ce del9eat$3 tak+ !m 9 ! same ord] z be=e4 99 99 99 99 99 #gi4 ,on contemplat+ our ,sol> ,sy/em ! fir/ fact :i* /rikes u1 is1 t all its memb]s are 9 motion2 & t _! motion is ( a two-fold1 or r ( a ?ree-fold1 k9d4 ,ea* planet & satellite has a movem5t ( rotation & a movem5t ( translation2 besides ! movem5t ?r\gh space :i* all h 9 common ) _! rotat+ prim>y4 ,:5ce ?is unceas+ *ange ( place8 ,! hypo!sis ( ,evolution supplies u ) an answ]4 ,impossible z x is to assign a reason = ! pre-exi/5ce ( matt] 9 ! diffus$ =m suppos$2 yet assum+ its pre-exi/5ce 9 t =m1 we h 9 ! gravitation ( its p>ts a cause ( motion adequate to ! results4 ,s f> too z ! evid5ce c>ries u1 we c p]ceive "s quantitative relation betwe5 ! motions produc$1 & ! gravitative =ces exp5d$ 9 produc+ !m4 ,! planets =m$ f t matt] :i* has travell$ ! %orte/ di/ance t[>ds ! common c5tre ( gravity1 h ! smalle/ velocities3 ! uni=m law be+ t 9 advanc+ f ! out]mo/ to ! inn]mo/ planets1 ! rate ( orbital motion progressively increases4 ,x may inde$ be rem>k$ t ?is is explicable on ! teleological hypo!sis2 s9ce x is a condition to equilibrium4 ,b )\t dwell+ on ! fact t ?is is beside ! "q1 x w suffice to po9t out t ! l _c be said ( ! planet>y rotations4 ,no su* f9al cause c be assign$ = ! rapid axial movem5t ( ,jupit] & ,saturn1 or ! sl[ axial movem5t ( ,m]cury4 ,b if 9 pursuance ( ! doctr9e ( correlation we look = ! antec$5ts ( ^! gyrations :i* all planets exhibit1 ! !ory ( ,evolution furni%es u ) equival5t ones2 & ones :i* be> manife/ quantitative relations to ! motions display$4 ,= ! planets t turn on _! axes ) extreme rapidity1 are ^? hav+ great masses & l>ge orbits--^?1 t is1 ( :i* ! once diffus$ elem5ts mov$ to _! c5tres ( gravity ?r\gh imm5se spaces1 & s acquir$ high velocities4 ,:ile1 conv]sely1 !re has result$ ! smalle/ axial movem5t :]e ! orbit & ! mass are bo? ! smalle/4 8,b :at10 x may be ask$1 8has 9 su* case become ( all t motion :i* br\ght ab\t ! aggregation ( ?is diffus$ matt] into solid bodies80 ,! rotation ( ea* body c be b a residu>y result ( conc5tration--a result due to ! imp]fect balanc+ ( gravitative movem5ts f opposite po9ts t[>ds ! common c5tre4 ,su* gravitative movem5ts f opposite po9ts mu/ 9 great measure de/roy ea* o!r4 ,:at !n has become ( ^! mutually-de/roy$ motions8 ,! answ] :i* ! doctr9e ( correlation sugge/s is--!y mu/ h be5 radiat$ 9 ! =m ( heat & light4 ,& ?is answ] ! evid5ce1 s f> z x goes1 confirms4 ,ap>t f any speculation respect+ ! g5esis ( ! sol> sy/em1 ! inquiries ( geologi/s lead to ! conclusion t ! heat ( ! ,e>?'s /ill molt5 nucleus is b a remnant ( ! heat :i* once made molt5 ! entire ,e>?4 ,! m\nta9\s surfaces ( ! ,moon & ( ,v5us 7:i* alone are ne> en\gh to be scrut9iz$71 indicat+1 z !y d1 cru/s t h1 l our own1 be5 corrugat$ by contraction1 imply t ^! bodies too h und]gone refrig]ation--imply 9 ea* ( !m a primitive heat1 su* z ! hypo!sis necessitates4 ,la/ly1 we h 9 ! ,sun a /ill-cont9u$ production ( ?is heat & light1 :i* mu/ result f ! arre/ ( diffus$ matt] mov+ t[>ds a common c5tre ( gravity4 ,"h also1 z be=e1 a quantitative relation is traceable4 ,among ! bodies :i* make up ! ,sol> ,sy/em1 ^? conta9+ comp>atively small am\nts ( matt] ^: c5tripetal motion has be5 de/roy$1 h already lo/ ne>ly all ! produc$ heat3 a result :i* _! relatively l>g] surfaces h facilitat$4 ,b ! ,sun1 a ?\s& times z great 9 mass z ! l>ge/ planet1 & hav+ !re=e to give (f an enorm\sly great] quantity ( heat & light due to arre/ ( mov+ matt]1 is /ill radiat+ ) great int5sity4 ,?us we see t :51 9 pursuance ( ! doctr9e ( correlation1 we ask :5ce come ! =ces :i* our ,sol> ,sy/em displays1 ! hypo!sis ( ,evolution gives u a proximate explanation4 ,if ! ,sol> ,sy/em once exi/$ 9 a /ate ( indef9ite1 incoh]5t homog5eity1 & has progress$ to its pres5t /ate ( def9ite1 coh]5t het]og5eity2 !n ! ,motion1 ,heat1 & ,light n[ exhibit$ by its memb]s1 are int]pretable z ! correlatives ( pre-exi/+ =ces2 & betwe5 !m & _! antec$5ts we may disc]n relations t are n only qualitative1 b also rudely quantitative4 ,h[ matt] came to exi/ "u ! =m assum$1 is a my/]y :i* we mu/ reg>d z ultimate4 ,b grant su* a previ\s =m ( exi/5ce1 & ! hypo!sis ( ,evolution int]pret$ by ! laws ( correlation1 expla9s = u ! =ces z we n[ see !m4 99 99 99 99 99 #hj4 ,if we inquire ! orig9 ( ^? =ces :i* h wr\ght ! surface ( our planet into its pres5t %ape1 we f9d !m traceable to ! same primordial s\rce z t j assign$4 ,assum+ ! sol> sy/em to h be5 evolv$1 !n geologic *anges are ei!r direct or indirect results ( ! unexp5d$ heat caus$ by nebul> cond5sation4 ,^! *anges are commonly divid$ into igne\s & aque\s3--heads "u :i* we may mo/ conv5i5tly consid] !m4 ,all ^? p]iodic di/urbances :i* we call e>?quakes1 all ^? elevations & subsid5ces :i* !y sev]ally produce1 all ^? accumulat$ effects ( _m su* elevations & subsid5ces exhibit$ 9 ocean-bas9s1 isl&s1 cont95ts1 table-l&s1 m\nta9-*a9s1 & all ^? =mations :i* are di/+ui%$ z volcanic1 geologi/s n[ reg>d z modifications ( ! ,e>?'s cru/ produc$ by ! /ill-molt5 matt] occupy+ its int]ior4 ,h[ev] unt5able may be ! details ( ,m4 ,elie de ,beaumont's !ory1 !re is good reason to accept ! g5]al proposition t ! disruptions & v>iations ( level :i* take place at int]vals on ! t]re/rial surface1 are due to ! progressive collapse ( ! ,e>?'s solid envelope ^u its cool+ & contract+ nucleus4 ,ev5 suppos+ t volcanic eruptions1 extrusions ( igne\s rock1 & upheav$ m\nta9-*a9s1 c\ld be o!rwise satisfactorily acc\nt$ =1 :i* !y _c2 x w\ld be impossible o!rwise to acc\nt = ^? wide-spread elevations & depressions :5ce cont95ts & oceans result4 ,! conclusion to be drawn is1 !n1 t ! =ces display$ 9 ^! s-call$ igne\s *anges1 are d]iv$ positively or negatively f ! unexp5d$ heat ( ! ,e>?'s int]ior4 ,su* ph5om5a z ! fusion or agglut9ation ( s$im5t>y deposits1 ! w>m+ ( spr+s1 ! sublimation ( metals into ! fissures :]e we f9d !m z ores1 may be reg>d$ z positive results ( ?is residu>y heat2 :ile fractures ( /rata & alt]ations ( level are its negative results1 s9ce !y ensue on its escape4 ,! orig9al cause ( all ^! effects is /ill1 h[ev]1 z x has be5 f ! fir/1 ! gravitat+ movem5t ( ! ,e>?'s matt] t[>ds ! ,e>?'s c5tre2 see+ t to ?is is due bo? ! int]nal heat itself & ! collapse :i* takes place z x is radiat$ into space4 ,:5 we inquire "u :at =ms previ\sly exi/$ ! =ce :i* works out ! geological *anges class$ z aque\s1 ! answ] is less obvi\s4 ,! effects ( ra91 ( riv]s1 ( w9ds1 ( waves1 ( m>9e curr5ts1 d n manife/ly proce$ f "o g5]al s\rce4 ,analysis1 nev]!less1 proves to u t !y h a common g5esis4 ,if we ask1--,:5ce comes ! p[] ( ! riv]-curr5t1 be>+ s$im5t d[n to ! sea8 ! reply is1--,! gravitation ( wat] ?r\gh\t ! tract :i* ?is riv] dra9s4 ,if we ask1--,h[ came ! wat] to be disp]s$ ov] ?is tract8 ! reply is1--,x fell 9 ! %ape ( ra94 ,if we ask1--,h[ came ! ra9 to be 9 t position :5ce x fell8 ! reply is1--,! vap\r f :i* x 0 cond5s$ 0 drift$ !re by ! w9ds4 ,if we ask1--,h[ came ?is vap\r to be at t elevation8 ! reply is1--,x 0 rais$ by evaporation4 ,& if we ask1--,:at =ce ?us rais$ x8 ! reply is1--,! sun's heat4 ,j t am\nt ( gravitative =ce :i* ! sun's heat ov]came 9 rais+ ! atoms ( wat]1 is giv5 out aga9 9 ! fall ( ^? atoms to ! same level4 ,h5ce ! d5udations effect$ by ra9 & riv]s1 dur+ ! desc5t ( ?is cond5s$ vap\r to ! level ( ! sea1 are indirectly due to ! sun's heat4 ,simil>ly ) ! w9ds t transport ! vap\rs hi!r & ?i!r4 ,consequ5t z atmosph]ic curr5ts are on diff]5ces ( temp]ature 7ei!r g5]al1 z betwe5 ! equatorial & pol> regions1 or special z betwe5 tracts ( ! ,e>?'s surface ( unlike physical *>act]s7 all su* curr5ts are due to t s\rce f :i* ! v>y+ quantities ( heat proce$4 ,& if ! w9ds ?us orig9ate1 s too d ! waves rais$ by !m on ! sea's surface4 ,:5ce x foll[s t :atev] *anges waves produce--! we>+ away ( %ores1 ! break+ d[n ( rocks into %+le1 s&1 & mud--are also traceable to ! sol> rays z _! prim>y cause4 ,! same may be said ( ocean-curr5ts4 ,g5]at$ z ! l>g] ones are by ! excess ( heat :i* ! ocean 9 tropical climates cont9ually acquires f ! ,sun2 & g5]at$ z ! small] ones are by m9or local diff]5ces 9 ! quantities ( sol> heat absorb$2 x foll[s t ! di/ribution ( s$im5t & o!r geological processes :i* ^! m>9e curr5ts effect1 are affiliable ^u ! =ce :i* ! sun radiates4 ,! only aque\s ag5cy o!rwise orig9at+ is t ( ! tides--an ag5cy :i*1 equally ) ! o!rs1 is traceable to unexp5d$ a/ronomical motion4 ,b mak+ all[ance = ! *anges :i* ?is works1 we rea* ! conclusion t ! sl[ we>+ d[n ( cont95ts & gradual fill+ up ( seas1 by ra91 riv]s1 w9ds1 waves1 & ocean-/reams1 are ! indirect effects ( sol> heat4 ,?us ! implication =c$ on u by ! doctr9e ( correlation1 t ! =ces :i* h m\ld$ & re-m\ld$ ! ,e>?'s cru/ mu/ h pre-exi/$ "u "s o!r %ape1 is q 9 con=mity ) ! !ory ( ,evolution2 s9ce ?is pre-supposes c]ta9 =ces t are bo? adequate to ! results1 & _c be exp5d$ )\t produc+ ! results4 ,we see t :ile ! geological *anges class$ z igne\s1 result f ! /ill-progress+ motion ( ! ,e>?'s sub/ance to its c5tre ( gravity2 ! antagoni/ic *anges class$ z aque\s1 result f ! /ill-progress+ motion ( ! ,sun's sub/ance t[>ds its c5tre ( gravity--a motion :i*1 trans=m$ into heat & radiat$ to u1 is "h re-trans=m$1 directly into motions ( ! gase\s & liquid matt]s on ! ,e>?'s surface1 & indirectly into motions ( ! solid matt]s4 99 99 99 99 99 #ha4 ,t ! =ces exhibit$ 9 vital actions1 vegetal & animal1 are simil>ly d]iv$1 is s obvi\s a d$uction f ! facts ( organic *emi/ry1 t x w meet ) ready acceptance f read]s acqua9t$ ) ^! facts4 ,let u note fir/ ! physiological g5]alizations2 & !n ! g5]alizations :i* !y necessitate4 ,plant-life is all directly or indirectly dep5dant on ! heat & light ( ! sun--directly dep5dant 9 ! imm5se majority ( plants1 & indirectly dep5dant 9 plants :i*1 z ! fungi1 fl\ri% 9 ! d>k3 s9ce ^!1 gr[+ z !y d at ! exp5se ( decay+ organic matt]1 m$iately draw _! =ces f ! same orig9al s\rce4 ,ea* plant owes ! c>bon & hydrog5 ( :i* x ma9ly consi/s1 to ! c>bonic acid & wat] conta9$ 9 ! surr\nd+ air & e>?4 ,! c>bonic acid & wat] mu/1 h[ev]1 be decompos$ be=e _! c>bon & hydrog5 c be assimilat$4 ,to ov]come ! p[]ful aff9ities :i* hold _! elem5ts toge!r1 requires ! exp5diture ( =ce2 & ?is =ce is suppli$ by ! ,sun4 ,9 :at mann] ! decomposition is effect$ we d n "k4 ,b we "k t :51 "u fit conditions1 plants are expos$ to ! ,sun's rays1 !y give (f oxyg5 & accumulate c>bon & hydrog54 ,9 d>kness ?is process ceases4 ,x ceases too :5 ! quantities ( light & heat receiv$ are greatly r$uc$1 z 9 w9t]4 ,conv]sely1 x is active :5 ! light & heat are great1 z 9 summ]4 ,& ! l relation is se5 9 ! fact t :ile plant-life is luxuriant 9 ! tropics1 x dim9i%es 9 temp]ate regions1 & disappe>s z we approa* ! poles4 ,?us ! irresi/ible inf]5ce is1 t ! =ces by :i* plants ab/ract ! mat]ials ( _! tissues f surr\nd+ inorganic comp\nds--! =ces by :i* !y gr[ & c>ry on _! functions1 are =ces t previ\sly exi/$ z sol> radiations4 ,t animal life is imm$iately or m$iately dep5dant on vegetal life is a famili> tru?2 & t1 9 ! ma91 ! processes ( animal life are opposite to ^? ( vegetal life is a tru? long curr5t among m5 ( sci5ce4 ,*emically consid]$1 vegetal life is *iefly a process ( de-oxidation1 & animal life *iefly a process ( oxidation3 *iefly1 we mu/ say1 because 9 s f> z plants are exp5d]s ( =ce = ! purposes ( organization1 !y are oxidiz]s 7z is %[n by ! exhalation ( c>bonic acid dur+ ! night72 & animals1 9 "s ( _! m9or processes1 are probably de-oxidiz]s4 ,b ) ?is qualification1 ! g5]al tru? is t :ile ! plant1 decompos+ c>bonic acid & wat] & lib]at+ oxyg51 builds up ! deta9$ c>bon & hydrog5 7along ) a little nitrog5 & small quantities ( o!r elem5ts else:]e obta9$7 into bran*es1 leaves1 & se$s2 ! animal1 consum+ ^! bran*es1 leaves1 & se$s1 & absorb+ oxyg51 recomposes c>bonic acid & wat]1 toge!r ) c]ta9 nitrog5\s comp\nds 9 m9or am\nts4 ,& :ile ! decomposition effect$ by ! plant1 is at ! exp5se ( c]ta9 =ces emanat+ f ! sun1 :i* are employ$ 9 ov]com+ ! aff9ities ( c>bon & hydrog5 = ! oxyg5 unit$ ) !m2 ! recomposition effect$ by ! animal1 is at ! pr(it ( ^! =ces1 :i* are lib]at$ dur+ ! comb9ation ( su* elem5ts4 ,?us ! movem5ts1 int]nal & ext]nal1 ( ! animal1 are re-appe>ances 9 new =ms ( a p[] absorb$ by ! plant "u ! %ape ( light & heat4 ,j z1 9 ! mann] above expla9$1 ! sol> =ces exp5d$ 9 rais+ vap\r f ! sea's surface1 are giv5 out aga9 9 ! fall ( ra9 & riv]s to ! same level1 & 9 ! accompany+ transf] ( solid matt]s2 s1 ! sol> =ces t 9 ! plant rais$ c]ta9 *emical elem5ts to a condition ( un/able equilibrium1 are giv5 out aga9 9 ! actions ( ! animal dur+ ! fall ( ^! elem5ts to a condition ( /able equilibrium4 ,besides ?us trac+ a qualitative correlation betwe5 ^! two great ord]s ( organic activity1 z well z betwe5 bo? ( !m & inorganic ag5cies1 we may rudely trace a quantitative correlation4 ,:]e vegetal life is abundant1 we usually f9d abundant animal life2 & z we advance f torrid to temp]ate & frigid climates1 ! two decrease toge!r4 ,speak+ g5]ally1 ! animals ( ea* class rea* a l>g] size 9 regions :]e vegetation is abundant1 ?an 9 ^? :]e x is sp>se4 ,& fur!r1 !re is a tol]ably app>5t connexion betwe5 ! quantity ( en]gy :i* ea* species ( animal exp5ds1 & ! quantity ( =ce :i* ! nutrim5t x absorbs gives out dur+ oxidation4 ,c]ta9 ph5om5a ( developm5t 9 bo? plants & animals1 illu/rate /ill m directly ! ultimate tru? enunciat$4 ,pursu+ ! sugge/ion made by ,mr4 ,grove1 9 ! fir/ edition ( 8 "w on ! 8,correlation ( ! ,physical ,=ces10 t a connexion probably exi/s betwe5 ! =ces class$ z vital & ^? class$ z physical1 ,dr4 ,c>p5t] has po9t$ out t su* a connexion is cle>ly exhibit$ dur+ incubation4 ,! trans=mation ( ! unorganiz$ cont5ts ( an egg into ! organiz$ *ick1 is altoge!r a "q ( heat3 )hold heat & ! process does n comm5ce2 supply heat & x goes on :ile ! temp]ature is ma9ta9$1 b ceases :5 ! egg is all[$ to cool4 ,! developm5tal *anges c be complet$ only by keep+ ! temp]ature ) tol]able con/ancy at a def9ite height = a def9ite "t2 t is--only by supply+ a def9ite quantity ( heat4 ,9 ! metamorphoses ( insects we may disc]n p>allel facts4 ,exp]im5ts %[ n only t ! hat*+ ( _! eggs is det]m9$ by temp]ature1 b also t ! evolution ( ! pupa into ! imago is simil>ly det]m9$2 & may be imm5sely accel]at$ or ret>d$ accord+ z heat is artificially suppli$ or )held4 ,x w suffice j to add t ! g]m9ation ( plants pres5ts l relations ( cause & effect--relations s simil> t detail is sup]flu\s4 ,?us !n ! v>i\s *anges exhibit$ to u by ! organic creation1 :e!r consid]$ z a :ole1 or 9 its two great divisions1 or 9 its individual memb]s1 con=m1 s f> z we c asc]ta91 to ! law ( correlation4 ,:]e1 z 9 ! trans=mation ( an egg into a *ick1 we c inve/igate ! ph5om5a ap>t f all complications1 we f9d t ! re-arrangem5t ( p>ts :i* con/itutes evolution1 involves exp5diture ( a pre-exi/+ =ce4 ,:]e x is n1 z 9 ! egg or ! *rysalis1 m]ely ! *ange ( a fix$ quantity ( matt] into a new %ape1 b :]e1 z 9 ! gr[+ plant or animal1 we h an incorporation ( matt] exi/+ outside1 !re is /ill a pre-exi/+ ext]nal =ce at ! co/ ( :i* ?is incorporation is effect$4 ,& :]e1 z 9 ! high] division ( organisms1 !re rema9 ov] & above ! =ces exp5d$ 9 organization1 c]ta9 surplus =ces exp5d$ 9 movem5t1 ^! too are indirectly d]iv$ f ?is same pre-exi/+ ext]nal =ce4 99 99 99 99 99 #hb4 ,ev5 aft] all t has be5 said 9 ! =ego+ "p ( ?is "w1 _m w be al>m$ by ! ass]tion1 t ! =ces :i* we di/+ui% z m5tal1 come )9 ! same g5]alization4 ,yet !re is no alt]native b to make ?is ass]tion3 ! facts :i* ju/ify1 or r :i* necessitate x1 be+ abundant & conspicu\s4 ,!y fall into ! foll[+ gr\ps4 ,all impressions f mom5t to mom5t made on our organs ( s5se1 /& 9 direct correlation ) physical =ces exi/+ ext]nally4 ,! modes ( consci\sness call$ pressure1 motion1 s\nd1 light1 heat1 are effects produc$ 9 u by ag5cies :i*1 z o!rwise exp5d$1 cru% or fracture pieces ( matt]1 g5]ate vibrations 9 surr\nd+ objects1 cause *emical comb9ations1 & r$uce sub/ances f a solid to a liquid =m4 ,h5ce if we reg>d ! *anges ( relative position1 ( aggregation1 or ( *emical /ate1 ?us aris+1 z be+ trans=m$ manife/ations ( ! ag5cies f :i* !y arise2 s mu/ we reg>d ! s5sations :i* su* ag5cies produce 9 u1 z new =ms ( ! =ces produc+ !m4 ,any hesitation to admit t1 betwe5 ! physical =ces & ! s5sations !re exi/s a correlation l t betwe5 ! physical =ces !mselves1 mu/ disappe> on rememb]+ h[ ! "o correlation1 l ! o!r1 is n qualitative only b quantitative4 ,masses ( matt] :i*1 by scales or dynamomet]1 are %[n to diff] greatly 9 weight1 diff] z greatly 9 ! feel+s ( pressure !y produce on our bodies4 ,9 arre/+ mov+ objects1 ! /ra9s we are consci\s ( are proportionate to ! mom5ta ( su* objects z o!rwise measur$4 ,"u l conditions ! impressions ( s\nds giv5 to u by vibrat+ /r+s1 bells1 or columns ( air1 are f\nd to v>y 9 /r5g? ) ! am\nt ( =ce appli$4 ,fluids or solids prov$ to be m>k$ly contra/$ 9 temp]ature by ! diff]5t degrees ( expansion !y produce 9 ! m]curial column1 produce 9 u correspond+ly diff]5t degrees ( ! s5sation ( heat4 ,& simil>ly unlike int5sities 9 our impressions ( light1 answ] to unlike effects z measur$ by photomet]s4 ,besides ! correlation & equival5ce betwe5 ext]nal physical =ces1 & ! m5tal =ces g5]at$ by !m 9 u "u ! =m ( s5sations1 !re is a correlation & equival5ce betwe5 s5sations & ^? physical =ces :i*1 9 ! %ape ( bodily actions1 result f !m4 ,! feel+s we di/+ui% z light1 heat1 s\nd1 od\r1 ta/e1 pressure1 4c1 d n die away )\t imm$iate results2 b are inv>iably foll[$ by o!r manife/ations ( =ce4 ,9 addition to ! excitem5ts ( secret+ organs1 t are 9 "s cases traceable1 !re arises a contraction ( ! involunt>y muscles1 or ( ! volunt>y muscles1 or ( bo?4 ,s5sations increase ! action ( ! he>t--slightly :5 !y are slight2 m>k$ly :5 !y are m>k$2 & rec5t physiological inquiries imply n only t contraction ( ! he>t is excit$ by e s5sation1 b also t ! muscul> fibres ?r\gh\t ! :ole1 vascul> sy/em1 are at ! same "t m or less contract$4 ,! respiratory muscles1 too1 are /imulat$ into great] activity by s5sations4 ,! rate ( brea?+ is visibly & audibly augm5t$ bo? by pleasurable & pa9ful impressions on ! n]ves1 :5 ^! rea* any int5sity4 ,x has ev5 ( late be5 %[n t inspiration becomes m frequ5t on transition f d>kness into sun%9e1--a result probably due to ! increas$ am\nt ( direct & indirect n]v\s /imulation involv$4 ,:5 ! quantity ( s5sation is great1 x g5]ates contractions ( ! volunt>y muscles1 z well z ( ! involunt>y ones4 ,unusual excitem5t ( ! n]ves ( t\*1 z by tickl+1 is foll[$ by almo/ incontrollable movem5ts ( ! limbs4 ,viol5t pa9s cause viol5t /ruggles4 ,! />t t succe$s a l\d s\nd1 ! wry face produc$ by ! ta/e ( any?+ extremely disagreeable1 ! j]k ) :i* ! h& or foot is snat*$ out ( wat] t is v hot1 are in/ances ( ! trans=mation ( feel+3 into motion2 & 9 ^! cases1 z 9 all o!rs1 x is manife/ t ! quantity ( bodily action is proportionate to ! quantity ( s5sation4 ,ev5 :]e f pride !re is a suppression ( ! screams & groans expressive ( great pa9 7also indirect results ( muscul> contraction71 we may /ill see 9 ! cl5*+ ( ! h&s1 ! knitt+ ( ! br[s1 & ! sett+ ( ! tee?1 t ! bodily actions develop$ are z great1 ?\gh less obtrusive 9 _! results4 ,if we take emotions in/ead ( s5sations1 we f9d ! correlation & equival5ce equally manife/4 ,n only are ! modes ( consci\sness directly produc$ 9 u by physical =ces1 re-trans=mable into physical =ces "u ! =m ( muscul> motions & ! *anges !y initiate2 b ! l is true ( ^? modes ( consci\sness :i* are n directly produc$ 9 u by ! physical =ces4 ,emotions ( mod]ate int5sity1 l s5sations ( mod]ate int5sity1 g5]ate little beyond excitem5t ( ! he>t & vascul> sy/em1 jo9$ sometimes ) increas$ action ( gl&ul> organs4 ,b z ! emotions rise 9 /r5g?1 ! muscles ( ! face1 body1 & limbs1 beg9 to move4 ,( examples may be m5tion$ ! fr[ns1 dilat$ no/rils1 & /amp+s ( ang]2 ! contract$ br[s1 & wrung h&s1 ( grief2 ! smiles & leaps ( joy2 & ! frantic /ruggles ( t]ror or despair4 ,pass+ ov] c]ta9 app>5t1 b only app>5t1 exceptions1 we see t :atev] be ! k9d ( emotion1 !re is a manife/ relation betwe5 its am\nt1 & ! am\nt ( muscul> action induc$3 alike f ! erect c>riage & ela/ic /ep ( exhil>ation1 up to ! danc+s ( imm5se delight1 & f ! fidget9ess ( impati5ce up to ! almo/ convulsive movem5ts accompany+ great m5tal agony4 ,to ^! sev]al ord]s ( evid5ce mu/ be jo9$ ! fur!r "o1 t betwe5 our feel+s & ^? volunt>y motions into :i* !y are trans=m$1 !re comes ! s5sation ( muscul> t5sion1 /&+ 9 manife/ correlation ) bo?--a correlation t is di/9ctly quantitative3 ! s5se ( /ra9 v>y+1 o!r ?+s equal1 directly z ! quantity ( mom5tum g5]at$4 8,b h[10 x may be ask$1 8c we int]pret by ! law ( correlation ! g5esis ( ^? ?\ghts & feel+s :i*1 in/ead ( foll[+ ext]nal /imuli1 arise spontane\sly8 ,betwe5 ! indignation caus$ by an insult1 & ! l\d s\nds or viol5t acts t foll[1 ! alleg$ connexion may hold2 b :5ce come ! cr[d ( ideas & ! mass ( feel+s t exp5d !mselves 9 ^! demon/rations8 ,!y are cle>ly n equival5ts ( ! s5sations produc$ by ! words on ! e>s2 = ! same words o!rwise arrang$1 w\ld n h caus$ !m4 ,! ?+ said be>s to ! m5tal action x excites1 mu* ! same relation t ! pull+ ( a trigg] be>s to ! subsequ5t explosion--does n produce ! p[]1 b m]ely lib]ates x4 ,:5ce !n arises ?is imm5se am\nt ( n]v\s en]gy :i* a :isp] or a glance may call =?80 ,! reply is1 t ! imm$iate correlates ( ^! & o!r su* modes ( consci\sness1 are n to be f\nd 9 ! ag5cies act+ on u ext]nally1 b 9 c]ta9 int]nal ag5cies4 ,! =ces call$ vital1 :i* we h se5 to be correlates ( ! =ces call$ physical1 are ! imm$iate s\rces ( ^! ?\ghts & feel+s2 & are exp5d$ 9 produc+ !m4 ,! pro(s ( ?is are v>i\s4 ,"h are "s ( !m4 ,x is a conspicu\s fact t m5tal action is cont+5t on ! pres5ce ( a c]ta9 n]v\s app>atus2 & t1 greatly obscur$ z x is by num]\s & involv$ conditions1 a g5]al relation may be trac$ betwe5 ! size ( ?is app>atus & ! quantity ( m5tal action z measur$ by its results4 ,fur!r1 ?is app>atus has a p>ticul> *emical con/itution on :i* its activity dep5ds2 & !re is "o elem5t 9 x betwe5 ! am\nt ( :i* & ! am\nt ( function p]=m$1 !re is an asc]ta9$ connexion3 ! proportion ( phosphorus pres5t 9 ! bra9 be+ ! smalle/ 9 infancy1 old age & idiotcy1 & ! greate/ dur+ ! prime ( life4 ,note next1 t ! evolution ( ?\ght & emotion v>ies1 o!r ?+s equal1 ) ! supply ( blood to ! bra94 ,on ! "o h&1 a cessation ( ! c]ebral circulation1 f arre/ ( ! he>t's action1 imm$iately entails unconsci\sness4 ,on ! o!r h&1 excess ( c]ebral circulation 7unless x is su* z to cause undue pressure7 results 9 an excitem5t ris+ f9ally to delirium4 ,n ! quantity only1 b also ! condition ( ! blood pass+ ?r\gh ! n]v\s sy/em1 influ5ces ! m5tal manife/ations4 ,! art]ial curr5ts mu/ be duly a]at$1 to produce ! normal am\nt ( c]ebration4 ,at ! "o extreme1 we f9d t if ! blood is n all[$ to ex*ange its c>bonic acid = oxyg51 !re results asphyxia1 ) its accompany+ /oppage ( ideas & feel+s4 ,:ile at ! o!r extreme1 we f9d t by ! inspiration ( nitr\s oxide1 !re is produc$ an excessive1 & inde$ irrepressible1 n]v\s activity4 ,besides ! connexion betwe5 ! developm5t ( ! m5tal =ces & ! pres5ce ( suffici5t oxyg5 9 ! c]ebral art]ies1 !re is a k9dr$ connexion betwe5 ! developm5t ( ! m5tal =ces & ! pres5ce 9 ! c]ebral art]ies ( c]ta9 o!r elem5ts4 ,!re mu/ be suppli$ special mat]ials = ! nutrition ( ! n]v\s c5tres1 z well z = _! oxidation4 ,& h[ :at we may call ! quantity ( consci\sness1 is1 o!r ?+s equal1 det]m9$ by ! con/itu5ts ( ! blood1 is unmi/akably se5 9 ! exaltation t foll[s :5 c]ta9 *emical comp\nds1 z alcohol & ! vegeto-alkalies1 are add$ to x4 ,! g5tle exhil>ation :i* tea & c(fee create1 is famili> to all2 & ?\gh ! gorge\s imag9ations & int5se feel+s ( happ9ess produc$ by opium & ha%i%1 h be5 exp]i5c$ by few1 79 ?is c\ntry at lea/17 ! te/imony ( ^? :o h exp]i5c$ !m is suffici5tly conclusive4 ,yet ano!r pro( t ! g5esis ( ! m5tal en]gies is imm$iately dep5d5t on *emical *ange1 is af=d$ by ! fact1 t ! effete products sep>at$ f ! blood by ! kidneys1 v>y 9 "* ) ! am\nt ( c]ebral action4 ,excessive activity ( m9d is habitually accompani$ by ! excretion ( an unusual quantity ( ! alkal9e phosphates4 ,conditions ( abnormal n]v\s excitem5t br+ on analog\s effects4 ,& ! 8peculi> od\r ( ! insane10 imply+ z x does morbid products 9 ! p]spiration1 %[s a connexion betwe5 insanity & a special composition ( ! circulat+ fluids--a composition :i*1 :e!r reg>d$ z cause or consequ5ce1 equally implies correlation ( ! m5tal & ! physical =ces4 ,la/ly we h to note t ?is correlation too1 is1 s f> z we c trace x1 quantitative4 ,provid$ ! conditions to n]v\s action are n infr+$ on1 & ! concomitants are ! same1 !re is a tol]ably con/ant ratio betwe5 ! am\nts ( ! antec$5ts & consequ5ts4 ,)9 ! impli$ limits1 n]v\s /imulants & an/hetics produce effects on ! ?\ghts & feel+s1 proportionate to ! quantities adm9i/]$4 ,& conv]sely1 :]e ! ?\ghts & feel+s =m ! initial t]m ( ! relation1 ! degree ( reaction on ! bodily en]gies is great1 9 proportion z !y are great3 rea*+ 9 extreme cases a total pro/ration ( physique4 ,v>i\s classes ( facts ?us unite to prove t ! law ( metamorphosis1 :i* holds among ! physical =ces1 holds equally betwe5 !m & ! m5tal =ces4 ,^? modes ( ! ,unkn[able :i* we call motion1 heat1 light1 *emical aff9ity1 c41 are alike trans=mable into ea* o!r1 & into ^? modes ( ! ,unkn[able :i* we di/+ui% z s5sation1 emotion1 ?\ght3 ^!1 9 _! turns1 be+ directly or indirectly re-trans=mable into ! orig9al %apes4 ,t no idea or feel+ arises1 save z a result ( "s physical =ce exp5d$ 9 produc+ x1 is fa/ becom+ a common place ( sci5ce2 & :oev] duly weighs ! evid5ce w see1 t no?+ b an ov]:elm+ bias 9 fav\r ( a pre-conceiv$ !ory1 c expla9 its non-acceptance4 ,h[ ?is metamorphosis takes place--h[ a =ce exi/+ z motion1 heat1 or light1 c become a mode ( consci\sness--h[ x is possible = a]ial vibrations to g5]ate ! s5sation we call s\nd1 or = ! =ces lib]at$ by *emical *anges 9 ! bra9 to give rise to emotion--^! are my/]ies :i* x is impossible to fa?om4 ,b !y are n pr(\nd] my/]ies ?an ! trans=mations ( ! physical =ces into ea* o!r4 ,!y are n m completely beyond our compreh5sion ?an ! natures ( ,m9d & ,matt]4 ,!y h simply ! same insolubility z all o!r ultimate que/ions4 ,we c le>n no?+ m ?an t "h is "o ( ! uni=mities 9 ! ord] ( ph5om5a4 99 99 99 99 99 #hc4 ,( c\rse if ! law ( correlation & equival5ce holds ( ! =ces we class z vital & m5tal1 x mu/ hold also ( ^? :i* we class z social4 ,:atev] takes place 9 a society is due to organic or inorganic ag5cies1 or to a comb9ation ( ! two--results ei!r f ! undirect$ physical =ces ar\nd1 f ^! physical =ces z direct$ by m51 or f ! =ces ( ! m5 !mselves4 ,no *ange c occur 9 its organization1 its modes ( activity1 or ! effects x produces on ! face ( ! ,e>?1 b :at proce$s1 m$iately or imm$iately1 f ^!4 ,let u consid] fir/ ! correlation betwe5 ! ph5om5a :i* societies display1 & ! vital ph5om5a4 ,social p[] & life v>ies1 o!r ?+s equal1 ) ! population4 ,?\gh diff]5t races1 diff]+ widely 9 _! fitness = comb9ation1 %[ u t ! =ces manife/$ 9 a society are n necess>ily proportionate to ! numb] ( p2 yet we see t "u giv5 conditions1 ! =ces manife/$ are conf9$ )9 ! limits :i* ! numb] ( p imposes4 ,a small society1 no matt] h[ sup]ior ! "* ( its memb]s1 _c exhibit ! same quantity ( social action z a l>ge "o4 ,! production & di/ribution ( commodities mu/ be on a comp>atively small scale4 ,a multitud9\s press1 a prolific lit]ature1 or a massive political agitation1 is n possible4 ,& !re c be b a small total ( results 9 ! %ape ( art-products & sci5tific discov]ies4 ,! correlation ( ! social ) ! physical =ces ?r\gh ! int]m$iation ( ! vital ones1 is1 h[ev]1 mo/ cle>ly %[n 9 ! diff]5t am\nts ( activity display$ by ! same society accord+ z its memb]s are suppli$ ) diff]5t am\nts ( =ce f ! ext]nal _w4 ,9 ! effects ( good & bad h>ve/s1 we ye>ly see ?is relation illu/rat$4 ,a greatly defici5t yield ( :eat is soon foll[$ by a dim9ution ( bus9ess4 ,factories are work$ half-"t1 or close entirely2 railway traffic falls2 retail]s f9d _! sales mu* less5$2 h\se-build+ is almo/ susp5d$2 & if ! sc>city rises to fam9e1 a ?9n+ ( ! population /ill m dim9i%es ! indu/rial vivacity4 ,conv]sely1 an unusually abundant h>ve/1 occurr+ "u conditions n o!rwise unfav\rable1 bo? excites ! old produc+ & di/ribut+ ag5cies & sets up new ones4 ,! surplus social en]gy f9ds v5t 9 speculative ent]prises4 ,capital seek+ inve/m5t c>ries out inv5tions t h be5 ly+ unutiliz$4 ,lab\r is exp5d$ 9 op5+ new *annels ( communication4 ,!re is increas$ enc\ragem5t to ^? :o furni% ! luxuries ( life & m9i/] to ! /hetic faculties4 ,!re are m m>riages1 & a great] rate ( increase 9 population4 ,?us ! social organism gr[s l>g]1 m complex1 & m active4 ,:51 z happ5s ) mo/ civiliz$ nations1 ! :ole ( ! mat]ials = subsi/5ce are n drawn f ! area inhabit$1 b are p>tly import$1 ! p are /ill support$ by c]ta9 h>ve/s else:]e gr[n at ! exp5se ( c]ta9 physical =ces4 ,our own cotton-sp9n]s & weav]s supply ! mo/ conspicu\s in/ance ( a section 9 "o nation liv+1 9 great "p1 on import$ commodities1 pur*as$ by ! lab\r !y exp5d on o!r import$ commodities4 ,b ?\gh ! social activities ( ,lanca%ire are due *iefly to mat]ials n drawn f our own soil1 !y are none ! less evolv$ f physical =ces else:]e /or$ up 9 fit =ms & !n br\ght "h4 ,if we ask :5ce come ^! physical =ces f :i*1 ?r\gh ! int]m$iation ( ! vital =ces1 ! social =ces arise1 ! reply is ( c\rse z h]et(ore--! sol> radiations4 ,bas$ z ! life ( a society is on animal & vegetal products2 & dep5d5t z ^! animal & vegetal products are on ! light & heat ( ! sun2 x foll[s t ! *anges go+ on 9 societies are effects ( =ces hav+ a common orig9 ) ^? :i* produce all ! o!r ord]s ( *anges t h be5 analyz$4 ,n only is ! =ce exp5d$ by ! horse h>ness$ to ! pl\gh1 & by ! lab\r] guid+ x1 d]iv$ f ! same res]voir z is ! =ce ( ! fall+ cat>act & ! ro>+ hurricane2 b to ?is same res]voir are ev5tually traceable ^? subtl] & m complex manife/ations ( =ce :i* humanity1 z socially embodi$1 evolves4 ,! ass]tion is a />tl+ "o1 & by _m w be ?\ght ludicr\s2 b x is an unavoidable d$uction :i* _c "h be pass$ ov]4 ,( ! physical =ces t are directly trans=m$ into social ones1 ! l is to be said4 ,curr5ts ( air & wat]1 :i* be=e ! use ( /eam 7 ! only ag5cies br\ght 9 aid ( muscul> ef=t = ! p]=mance ( indu/rial processes1 are1 z we h se51 g5]at$ by ! heat ( ! sun4 ,& ! inanimate p[] t n[1 to s va/ an ext5t1 supplem5ts human lab\r1 is simil>ly d]iv$4 ,! late ,george ,/eph5son 0 "o ( ! fir/ to recognize ! fact t ! =ce impell+ 8 locomotive1 orig9ally emanat$ f ! sun4 ,/ep by /ep we g back--f ! motion ( ! pi/on to ! evaporation ( ! wat]2 !nce to ! heat evolv$ dur+ ! oxidation ( coal2 !nce to ! assimilation ( c>bon by ! plants ( ^: imb$d$ rema9s coal consi/s2 !nce to ! c>bonic acid f :i* _! c>bon 0 obta9$2 & !nce to ! rays ( light t de-oxidiz$ ?is c>bonic acid4 ,sol> =ces millions ( ye>s ago exp5d$ on ! ,e>?'s vegetation1 & s9ce lock$ up b5ea? its surface1 n[ smelt ! metals requir$ = our ma*9es1 turn ! la!s by :i* ! ma*9es are %ap$1 "w !m :5 put toge!r1 & di/ribute ! fabrics !y produce4 ,& 9 s f> z economy ( lab\r makes possible ! support ( a l>g] population2 gives a surplus ( human p[] t w\ld else be absorb$ 9 manual occupations2 & s facilitates ! developm5t ( high] k9ds ( activity2 x is cle> t ^! social =ces :i* are directly correlat$ ) physical =ces anci5tly d]iv$ f ! sun1 are only less important ?an ^? ^: correlates are ! vital =ces rec5tly d]iv$ f x4 99 99 99 99 99 #hd4 ,reg>d$ z an induction1 ! doctr9e set =? 9 ?is *apt] w mo/ likely be met by a demurr]4 ,_m :o admit t among physical ph5om5a at lea/1 ! correlation ( =ces is n[ e/abli%$1 w probably say t inquiry has n yet gone f> en\gh to enable u to pr$icate equival5ce4 ,& 9 respect ( ! =ces class$ z vital1 m5tal1 & social1 ! evid5ce assign$1 h[ev] little to be expla9$ away1 !y w consid] by no means conclusive ev5 ( correlation1 mu* less ( equival5ce4 ,to ^? :o ?9k ?us1 x mu/ n[ h[ev] be po9t$ out1 t ! univ]sal tru? above illu/rat$ "u its v>i\s aspects1 is a necess>y coroll>y f ! p]si/5ce ( =ce4 ,sett+ out ) ! proposition t =ce c nei!r come into exi/5ce1 nor cease to exi/1 ! sev]al =ego+ g5]al conclusions inevitably foll[4 ,ea* manife/ation ( =ce c be int]pret$ only z ! effect ( "s antec$5t =ce3 no matt] :e!r x be an inorganic action1 an animal movem5t1 a ?\ght1 or a feel+4 ,ei!r ?is mu/ be conc$$1 or else x mu/ be ass]t$ t our successive /ates ( consci\sness are self-creat$4 ,ei!r m5tal en]gies1 z well z bodily ones1 are quantitatively correlat$ to c]ta9 en]gies exp5d$ 9 _! production1 & to c]ta9 o!r en]gies :i* !y initiate2 or else no?+ mu/ become some?+ & some?+ mu/ become no?+4 ,! alt]natives are1 to d5y ! p]si/5ce ( =ce1 or to admit t e physical & psy*ial *ange is g5]at$ by c]ta9 antec$5t =ces1 & t f giv5 am\nts ( su* =ces nei!r m nor less ( su* physical & psy*ial *anges c result4 ,& s9ce ! p]si/5ce ( =ce1 be+ a datum ( consci\sness1 _c be d5i$1 its unavoidable coroll>y mu/ be accept$4 ,?is coroll>y _c inde$ be made m c]ta9 by accumulat+ illu/rations4 ,! tru? z arriv$ at d$uctively1 _c be inductively confirm$4 ,= e "o ( su* facts z ^? above detail$1 is e/abli%$ only ?r\gh ! indirect assumption ( t p]si/5ce ( =ce1 f :i* x really foll[s z a direct consequ5ce4 ,! mo/ exact pro( ( correlation & equival5ce :i* x is possible to rea* by exp]im5tal inquiry1 is t bas$ on measurem5t ( ! =ces exp5d$ & ! =ces produc$4 ,b1 z 0 %[n 9 ! la/ *apt]1 any su* process ( measurem5t implies ! use ( "s unit ( =ce :i* is assum$ to rema9 con/ant2 & = ?is assumption !re c be no w>rant b t x is a coroll>y f ! p]si/5ce ( =ce4 ,h[ !n c any reason+ bas$ on ?is coroll>y1 prove ! equally direct coroll>y t :5 a giv5 quantity ( =ce ceases to exi/ "u "o =m1 an equal quantity mu/ come into exi/5ce "u "s o!r =m or =ms8 ,cle>ly ! priori tru? express$ 9 ?is la/ coroll>y1 _c be m firmly e/abli%$ by any po/]iori pro(s :i* ! fir/ coroll>y helps u to4 8,:at !n10 x may be ask$1 8is ! use ( ^! inve/igations by :i* ! correlation & equival5ce ( =ces is s\ght to be e/abli%$ z an inductive tru?8 ,surely x w n be alleg$ t !y are useless4 ,yet if ?is correlation _c be made m c]ta9 by !m ?an x is already1 does n _! uselessness necess>ily foll[80 ,no4 ,!y are ( value z disclos+ ! _m p>ticul> implications :i* ! g5]al tru? does n specify4 ,!y are ( value z tea*+ u h[ mu* ( "o mode ( =ce is ! equival5t ( s mu* ( ano!r mode4 ,!y are ( value z det]m9+ "u :at conditions ea* metamorphosis occurs4 ,& !y are ( value z lead+ u to inquire 9 :at %ape ! remnant ( =ce has escap$1 :5 ! app>5t results are n equival5t to ! cause4 ,,*apt] ,x4 ,,! ,,direction ,,( ,,motion4 #he4 ,! ,absolute ,cause ( *anges1 inclusive ( ^? con/itut+ ,evolution1 is n less incompreh5sible 9 respect ( ! unity or duality ( its action1 ?an 9 all o!r respects4 ,we _c decide betwe5 ! alt]native suppositions1 t ph5om5a are due to ! v>i\sly-condition$ work+s ( a s+le =ce1 & t !y are due to ! conflict ( two =ces4 ,:e!r1 z "s cont5d1 ev]y?+ is explicable on ! hypo!sis ( univ]sal pressure1 :5ce :at we call t5sion results diff]5tially f inequalities ( pressure 9 opposite directions2 or :e!r1 z might be ) equal propriety cont5d$1 ?+s are to be expla9$ on ! hypo!sis ( univ]sal t5sion1 f :i* pressure is a diff]5tial result2 or :e!r1 z mo/ physici/s hold1 pressure & t5sion ev]y:]e co-exi/2 are que/ions :i* x is impossible to settle4 ,ea* ( ^! ?ree suppositions makes ! facts compreh5sible1 only by po/ulat+ an inconceivability4 ,to assume a univ]sal pressure1 confess$ly requires u to assume an inf9ite pl5um--an unlimit$ space full ( some?+ :i* is ev]y:]e press$ by some?+ beyond2 & ?is assumption _c be m5tally realiz$4 ,t univ]sal t5sion is ! imm$iate ag5cy to :i* ph5om5a are due1 is an idea op5 to a p>allel & equally fatal objection4 ,& h[ev] v]bally intelligible may be ! proposition t pressure & t5sion ev]y:]e co-exi/1 yet we _c truly repres5t to ourselves "o ultimate unit ( matt] z draw+ ano!r :ile resi/+ x4 ,nev]!less1 ?is la/ belief is "o :i* we are compell$ to ent]ta94 ,matt] _c be conceiv$ except z manife/+ =ces ( attraction & repulsion4 ,body is di/+ui%$ 9 our consci\sness f ,space1 by its opposition to our muscul> en]gies2 & ?is opposition we feel "u ! two-fold =m ( a cohesion t h9d]s our ef=ts to r5d1 & a resi/ance t h9d]s our ef=ts to compress4 ,)\t resi/ance !re c be m]ely empty ext5sion4 ,)\t cohesion !re c be no resi/ance4 ,probably ?is conception ( antagoni/ic =ces1 is orig9ally d]iv$ f ! antagonism ( our flexor & ext5sor muscles4 ,b be ?is z x may1 we are oblig$ to ?9k ( all objects z made up ( p>ts t attract & repel ea* o!r2 s9ce ?is is ! =m ( our exp]i5ce ( all objects4 ,by a high] ab/raction results ! conception ( attractive & repulsive =ces p]vad+ space4 ,we _c dissociate =ce f occupi$ ext5sion1 or occupi$ ext5sion f =ce2 because we h nev] an imm$iate consci\sness ( ei!r 9 ! abs5ce ( ! o!r4 ,nev]!less1 we h abundant pro( t =ce is ex]cis$ ?r\gh :at appe>s to our s5ses a vacuity4 ,m5tally to repres5t ?is ex]cise1 we are h5ce oblig$ to fill ! app>5t vacuity ) a species ( matt]--an e!rial m$ium4 ,! con/itution we assign to ?is e!rial m$ium1 h[ev]1 l ! con/itution we assign to solid sub/ance1 is necess>ily an ab/ract ( ! impressions receiv$ f tangible bodies4 ,! opposition to pressure :i* a tangible body (f]s to u1 is n %[n 9 "o direction only1 b 9 all directions2 & s likewise is its t5acity4 ,suppose c\ntless l9es radiat+ f its c5tre on e side1 & x resi/s along ea* ( ^! l9es & coh]es along ea* ( ^! l9es4 ,h5ce ! con/itution ( ^? ultimate units ?r\gh ! in/rum5tality ( :i* ph5om5a are int]pret$4 ,be !y atoms ( pond]able matt] or molecules ( e!r1 ! prop]ties we conceive !m to possess are no?+ else ?an ^! p]ceptible prop]ties idealiz$4 ,c5tres ( =ce attract+ & repell+ ea* o!r 9 all directions1 are simply ins5sible portions ( matt] hav+ ! end[m5ts common to s5sible portions ( matt]--end[m5ts ( :i* we _c by any m5tal ef=t dive/ !m4 ,9 brief1 !y are ! inv>iable elem5ts ( ! conception ( matt]1 ab/ract$ f its v>iable elem5ts--size1 =m1 quality1 c4 ,& s to int]pret manife/ations ( =ce :i* _c be tactually exp]i5c$1 we use ! t]ms ( ?\ght suppli$ by our tactual exp]i5ces2 & ?is = ! suffici5t reason t we mu/ use ^! or none4 ,aft] all t has be5 be=e %[n1 & aft] ! h9t giv5 above1 x ne$s sc>cely be said t ^! univ]sally co-exi/5t =ces ( attraction & repulsion1 mu/ n be tak5 z realities1 b z our symbols ( ! reality4 ,!y are ! =ms "u :i* ! work+s ( ! ,unkn[able are cognizable by u--modes ( ! ,uncondition$ z pres5t$ "u ! conditions ( our consci\sness4 ,b :ile kn[+ t ! ideas ?us g5]at$ 9 u are n absolutely true1 we may unres]v$ly surr5d] ourselves to !m z relatively true2 & may proce$ to evolve a s]ies ( d$uctions hav+ a l relative tru?4 99 99 99 99 99 #hf4 ,f univ]sally co-exi/5t =ces ( attraction & repulsion1 !re result c]ta9 laws ( direction ( all movem5t4 ,:]e attractive =ces alone are conc]n$1 or r are alone appreciable1 movem5t takes place 9 ! direction ( _! resultant2 :i* may1 9 a s5se1 be call$ ! l9e ( greate/ traction4 ,:]e repulsive =ces alone are conc]n$1 or r are alone appreciable1 movem5t takes place along _! resultant2 :i* is usually kn[n z ! l9e ( lea/ resi/ance4 ,& :]e bo? attractive & repulsive =ces are conc]n$1 or are appreciable1 movem5t takes place along ! resultant ( all ! tractions & resi/ances4 ,/rictly speak+1 ?is la/ is ! sole law2 s9ce1 by ! hypo!sis1 bo? =ces are ev]y:]e 9 action4 ,b v frequ5tly ! "o k9d ( =ce is s imm5sely 9 excess t ! effect ( ! o!r k9d may be left out ( consid]ation4 ,practically we may say t a body fall+ to ! ,e>?1 foll[s ! l9e ( greate/ traction2 s9ce1 ?\gh ! resi/ance ( ! air mu/1 if ! body be irregul>1 cause "s div]g5ce f ?is l9e1 7q p]ceptible ) fea!rs & leaves17 yet ord9>ily ! div]g5ce is s slight t we may omit x4 ,9 ! same mann]1 ?\gh ! c\rse tak5 by ! /eam f an explod+ boil]1 diff]s some:at f t :i* x w\ld take 7 gravitation out ( ! "q2 yet1 z gravitation affects its c\rse inf9itesimally1 we are ju/ifi$ 9 ass]t+ t ! escap+ /eam foll[s ! l9e ( lea/ resi/ance4 ,motion !n1 we may say1 always foll[s ! l9e ( greate/ traction1 or ! l9e ( lea/ resi/ance1 or ! resultant ( ! two3 be>+ 9 m9d t ?\gh ! la/ is alone /rictly true1 ! o!rs are 9 _m cases suffici5tly ne> ! tru? = practical purposes4 ,movem5t set up 9 any direction is itself a cause ( fur!r movem5t 9 t direction1 s9ce x is ! embodim5t ( a surplus =ce 9 t direction4 ,?is holds equally ) ! transit ( matt] ?r\gh space1 ! transit ( matt] ?r\gh matt]1 & ! transit ?r\gh matt] ( any k9d ( vibration4 ,9 ! case ( matt] mov+ ?r\gh space1 ?is pr9ciple is express$ 9 ! law ( in]tia--a law on :i* ! calculations ( physical a/ronomy are :olly bas$4 ,9 ! case ( matt] mov+ ?r\gh matt]1 we trace ! same tru? "u ! famili> exp]i5ce t any brea* made by "o solid ?r\gh ano!r1 or any *annel =m$ by a fluid ?r\gh a solid1 becomes a r\te along :i*1 o!r ?+s equal1 subsequ5t movem5ts ( l nature take place4 ,& 9 ! case ( motion pass+ ?r\gh matt] "u ! =m ( an impulse communicat$ f "p to "p1 ! facts ( magnetization g to %[ t ! e/abli%m5t ( undulations along c]ta9 l9es1 det]m9es _! cont9uance along ^? l9es4 ,x fur!r foll[s f ! conditions1 t ! direction ( movem5t c r>ely if ev] be p]fectly /raight4 ,= matt] 9 motion to pursue cont9u\sly ! exact l9e 9 :i* x sets out1 ! =ces ( attraction & repulsion mu/ be symmetrically dispos$ ar\nd its pa?2 & ! *ances aga9/ ?is are inf9itely great4 ,! impossibility ( mak+ an absolutely true edge to a b> ( metal--! fact t all :i* c be done by ! be/ me*anical appliances1 is to r$uce ! irregul>ities ( su* an edge to am\nts t _c be p]ceiv$ )\t magnifi]s--suffici5tly exemplifies h[1 9 consequ5ce ( ! unsymmetrical di/ribution ( =ces ar\nd ! l9e ( movem5t1 ! movem5t is r5d]$ m or less indirect4 ,x may be well to add t 9 proportion z ! =ces at "w are num]\s & v>i$1 ! curve a mov+ body describes is necess>ily complex3 witness ! contra/ betwe5 ! flight ( an arr[ & ! gyrations ( a /ick toss$ ab\t by break]s4 ,we h n[ to trace ^! laws ( direction ( movem5t ?r\gh\t ! process ( ,evolution1 "u its v>i\s =ms4 ,we h to note h[ e *ange 9 ! arrangem5t ( p>ts1 takes place along ! l9e ( greate/ traction1 ( lea/ resi/ance1 or ( _! resultant2 h[ ! sett+ up ( motion along a c]ta9 l9e1 becomes a cause ( its cont9uance along t l9e2 h[1 nev]!less1 *ange ( relations to ext]nal =ces1 always r5d]s ?is l9e indirect2 & h[ ! degree ( its indirectness increases ) e addition to ! numb] ( influ5ces at "w4 99 99 99 99 99 #hg4 ,if we assume ! fir/ /age 9 nebul> cond5sation to be ! precipitation into flocculi ( d5s] matt] previ\sly diffus$ ?r\gh a r>] m$ium1 7a supposition bo? physically ju/ifi$1 & 9 h>mony ) c]ta9 a/ronomical obs]vations17 we %all f9d t nebul> motion is int]pretable 9 pursuance ( ! above g5]al laws4 ,ea* portion ( su* vap\r-l matt] mu/ beg9 to move t[>ds ! common c5tre ( gravity4 ,! tractive =ces :i* w\ld ( !mselves c>ry x 9 a /raight l9e to ! c5tre ( gravity1 are oppos$ by ! resi/ant =ces ( ! m$ium ?r\gh :i* x is drawn4 ,! direction ( movem5t mu/ be ! resultant ( ^!--a resultant :i*1 9 consequ5ce ( ! unsymmetrical =m ( ! flocculus1 mu/ be a curve direct$1 n to ! c5tre ( gravity1 b t[>ds "o side ( x4 ,& x may be readily %[n t 9 an aggregation ( su* flocculi1 sev]ally ?us mov+1 !re mu/1 by composition ( =ces1 ev5tually result a rotation ( ! :ole nebula 9 "o direction4 ,m]ely not+ ?is hypo!tical illu/ration = ! purpose ( %[+ h[ ! law applies to ! case ( nebul> evolution1 suppos+ x to h tak5 place1 let u pass to ! ph5om5a ( ! ,sol> ,sy/em z n[ exhibit$4 ,"h ! g5]al pr9ciples above set =? are e in/ant exemplifi$4 ,ea* planet & satellite has a mom5tum :i* w\ld1 if act+ alone1 c>ry x =w>d 9 ! direction x is at any in/ant pursu+4 ,?is mom5tum h5ce acts z a resi/ance to motion 9 any o!r direction4 ,ea* planet & satellite1 h[ev]1 is drawn by a =ce :i*1 if unoppos$1 w\ld take x 9 a /raight l9e t[>ds its prim>y4 ,& ! resultant ( ^! two =ces is t curve :i* x describes--a curve manife/ly consequ5t on ! unsymmetrical di/ribution ( ! =ces ar\nd its pa?4 ,?is pa?1 :5 m closely exam9$1 supplies u ) fur!r illu/rations4 ,= x is n an exact circle or ellipse2 :i* x w\ld be 7 ! tang5tial & c5tripetal =ces ! only ones conc]n$4 ,adjac5t memb]s ( ! ,sol> ,sy/em1 ev] v>y+ 9 _! relative positions1 cause :at we call p]turbations2 t is1 slight div]g5ces 9 v>i\s directions f t circle or ellipse :i* ! two *ief =ces w\ld produce4 ,^! p]turbations sev]ally %[ u 9 m9or degrees1 h[ ! l9e ( movem5t is ! resultant ( all ! =ces engag$2 & h[ ?is l9e becomes m complicat$ 9 proportion z ! =ces are multipli$4 ,if in/ead ( ! motions ( ! planets & satellites z :oles1 we consid] ! motions ( _! p>ts1 we meet ) comp>atively complex illu/rations4 ,e portion ( ! ,e>?'s sub/ance 9 its daily rotation1 describes a curve :i* is 9 ! ma9 a resultant ( t resi/ance :i* *ecks its ne>] approa* to ! c5tre ( gravity1 t mom5tum :i* w\ld c>ry x (f at a tang5t1 & ^? =ces ( gravitation & cohesion :i* keep x f be+ s c>ri$ (f4 ,if ?is axial motion be comp\nd$ ) ! orbital motion1 ! c\rse ( ea* "p is se5 to be a mu* m involv$ "o4 ,& we f9d x to h a /ill great] complication on tak+ into acc\nt t lun> attraction :i* ma9ly produces ! tides & ! precession ( ! equ9oxes4 99 99 99 99 99 #hh4 ,we come next to t]re/rial *anges3 pres5t ones z obs]v$1 & pa/ ones z inf]r$ by geologi/s4 ,let u set out ) ! h\rly-occurr+ alt]ations 9 ! ,e>?'s atmosph]e2 desc5d to ! sl[] alt]ations 9 progress on its surface2 & !n to ! /ill sl[] ones go+ on b5ea?4 ,masses ( air1 absorb+ heat f surfaces w>m$ by ! sun1 exp&1 & s less5 ! weight ( ! atmosph]ic columns ( :i* !y are p>ts4 ,h5ce !y (f] to adjac5t atmosph]ic columns1 dim9i%$ lat]al resi/ance2 & ^!1 mov+ 9 ! directions ( ! dim9i%$ resi/ance1 displace ! exp&$ air2 :ile ?is1 pursu+ an upw>d c\rse1 displays a motion along t l9e 9 :i* !re is lea/ pressure4 ,:5 aga91 by ! asc5t ( su* heat$ masses f ext5d$ areas l ! torrid zone1 !re is produc$ at ! upp] surface ( ! atmosph]e1 a protub]ance beyond ! limits ( equilibrium--:5 ! air =m+ ?is protub]ance beg9s to ov]fl[ lat]ally t[>ds ! poles2 x does s because1 :ile ! tractive =ce ( ! ,e>? is ne>ly ! same1 ! lat]al resi/ance is greatly dim9i%$4 ,& ?r\gh\t ! c\rse ( ea* curr5t ?us g5]at$1 z well z ?r\gh\t ! c\rse ( ea* c\nt]-curr5t fl[+3 into ! vacuum t is left1 ! direction is always ! resultant ( ! ,e>?'s tractive =ce & ! resi/ance (f]$ by ! surr\nd+ masses ( air3 modifi$ only by conflict ) o!r curr5ts simil>ly det]m9$1 & by collision ) prom95ces on ! ,e>?'s cru/4 ,! movem5ts ( wat]1 9 bo? its gase\s & liquid /ates1 furni% fur!r examples4 ,9 con=mity ) ! me*anical !ory ( heat1 x may be %[n t evaporation is ! escape ( p>ticles ( wat] 9 ! direction ( lea/ resi/ance2 & t z ! resi/ance 7:i* is due to ! pressure ( ! wat] diffus$ 9 a gase\s /ate7 dim9i%es1 ! evaporation increases4 ,conv]sely1 t ru%+ toge!r ( p>ticles call$ cond5sation1 :i* takes place :5 any portion ( atmosph]ic vap\r has its temp]ature mu* l[]$1 may be int]pret$ z a dim9ution ( ! mutual pressure among ! cond5s+ p>ticles1 :ile ! pressure ( surr\nd+ p>ticles rema9s ! same2 & s is a motion tak+ place 9 ! direction ( less5$ resi/ance4 ,9 ! c\rse foll[$ by ! result+ ra9-drops1 we h "o ( ! simple/ in/ances ( ! jo9t effect ( ! two antagoni/ =ces4 ,! ,e>?'s attraction1 & ! resi/ance ( atmosph]ic curr5ts ev] v>y+ 9 direction & int5sity1 give z _! resultants1 l9es :i* incl9e to ! horizon 9 c\ntless diff]5t degrees & und]go p]petual v>iations4 ,m cle>ly /ill is ! law exemplifi$ by ^! same ra9-drops :5 !y rea* ! gr\nd4 ,9 ! c\rse !y take :ile trickl+ ov] its surface1 9 e rill1 9 e l>g] /ream1 & 9 e riv]1 we see !m desc5d+ z /raight z ! antagonism ( surr\nd+ objects p]mits4 ,f mom5t to mom5t1 ! motion ( wat] t[>ds ! ,e>?'s c5tre is oppos$ by ! solid matt] ar\nd & "u x2 & f mom5t to mom5t its r\te is ! resultant ( ! l9es ( greate/ traction & lea/ resi/ance4 ,s f> f a cascade furni%+1 z x seems to d1 an exception1 x furni%es b ano!r illu/ration4 ,= ?\gh all solid ob/acles to a v]tical fall ( ! wat] are remov$1 yet ! wat]'s horizontal mom5tum is an ob/acle2 & ! p>abola 9 :i* ! /ream leaps f ! project+ l$ge1 is g5]at$ by ! comb9$ gravitation & mom5tum4 ,x may be well j to draw att5tion to ! degree ( complexity "h produc$ 9 ! l9e ( movem5t by ! v>iety ( =ces at "w4 ,9 atmosph]ic curr5ts1 & /ill m cle>ly 9 wat]-c\rses 7to :i* might be add$ ocean-/reams71 ! r\te foll[$ is too complex to be def9$1 save z a curve ( ?ree dim5sions ) an ev] v>y+ equation4 ,! ,e>?'s solid cru/ und]goes *anges t supply ano!r gr\p ( illu/rations4 ,! d5udation ( l&s & ! deposit+ ( ! remov$ s$im5t 9 new /rata at ! bottoms ( seas & lakes1 is a process ?r\gh\t :i* motion is obvi\sly det]m9$ 9 ! same way z is t ( ! wat] effect+ ! transport4 ,aga91 ?\gh we h no direct inductive pro( t ! =ces class$ z igne\s1 exp5d !mselves along l9es ( lea/ resi/ance2 yet :at little we "k ( !m is 9 h>mony ) ! belief t !y d s4 ,e>?quakes cont9ually revisit ! same localities1 & special tracts und]go = long p]iods toge!r successive elevations or subsid5ces1--facts :i* imply t already-fractur$ portions ( ! ,e>?'s cru/ are ^? mo/ prone to yield "u ! pressure caus$ by fur!r contractions4 ,! di/ribution ( volcanoes along c]ta9 l9es1 z well z ! frequ5t recurr5ce ( eruptions f ! same v5ts1 are facts ( l mean+4 99 99 99 99 99 #hi4 ,t organic gr[? takes place 9 ! direction ( lea/ resi/ance1 is a proposition t has be5 set =? & illu/rat$ by ,mr4 ,james ,h9ton1 9 ! ,m$ico-,*irurgical ,review = ,octob]1 #aheh4 ,aft] detail+ a few ( ! e>ly obs]vations :i* l$ him to ?is g5]alization1 he =mulates x ?us3-- 8,organic =m is ! result ( motion40 8,motion takes ! direction ( lea/ resi/ance40 8,!re=e organic =m is ! result ( motion 9 ! direction ( lea/ resi/ance40 ,aft] an elucidation & def5ce ( ?is position1 ,mr4 ,h9ton proce$s to int]pret1 9 con=mity ) x1 sundry ph5om5a ( developm5t4 ,speak+ ( plants he says3-- 8,! =mation ( ! root furni%es a beautiful illu/ration ( ! law ( lea/ resi/ance1 = x gr[s by ins9uat+ itself1 cell by cell1 ?r\gh ! int]/ices ( ! soil2 x is by su* m9ute additions t x increases1 w9d+ & twi/+ :i!rsoev] ! ob/acles x meets 9 its pa? det]m9e1 & gr[+ !re mo/1 :]e ! nutritive mat]ials are add$ to x mo/ abundantly4 ,z we look on ! roots ( a mighty tree1 x appe>s to u z if !y _h =c$ !mselves ) giant viol5ce into ! solid e>?4 ,b x is n s2 !y 7 l$ on g5tly1 cell add$ to cell1 s(tly z ! dews desc5d$1 & ! loos5$ e>? made way4 ,once =m$1 inde$1 !y exp& ) an enorm\s p[]1 b ! spongy condition ( ! gr[+ radicles utt]ly =bids ! supposition t !y are =c$ into ! e>?4 ,is x n probable1 inde$1 t ! enl>gem5t ( ! roots already =m$ may crack ! surr\nd+ soil1 & help to make ! int]/ices into :i* ! new rootlets gr[80 99 99 99 8,?r\gh\t almo/ ! :ole ( organic nature ! spiral =m is m or less di/9ctly m>k$4 ,n[1 motion "u resi/ance takes a spiral direction1 z may be se5 by ! motion ( a body ris+ or fall+ ?r\gh wat]4 ,a bubble ris+ rapidly 9 wat] describes a spiral closely resembl+ a corkscrew1 & a body ( mod]ate specific gravity dropp$ into wat] may be se5 to fall 9 a curv$ direction1 ! spiral t5d5cy ( :i* may be di/9ctly obs]v$4 99 99 99 ,9 ?is prevail+ spiral =m ( organic bodies1 !re=e1 x appe>s to me1 t !re is pres5t$ a /rong prima facie case = ! view ,i h ma9ta9$4 99 99 99 ,! spiral =m ( ! bran*es ( _m trees is v app>5t1 & ! univ]sally spiral arrangem5t ( ! leaves ar\nd ! /em ( plants ne$s only to be ref]r$ to4 99 99 99 ,! he>t comm5ces z a spiral turn1 & 9 its p]fect =m a manife/ spiral may be trac$ ?r\gh ! left v5tricle1 "r v5tricle1 "r auricle1 left auricle & app5dix4 ,& :at is ! spiral turn 9 :i* ! he>t comm5ces b a necess>y result ( ! l5g!n+1 "u a limit1 ( ! cellul> mass ( :i* x !n consi/s80 99 99 99 8,e "o mu/ h notic$ ! peculi> curl+ up ( ! "y leaves ( ! common f]n4 ,! appe>ance is z if ! leaf 7 roll$ up1 b 9 tru? ?is =m is m]ely a ph5om5on ( gr[?4 ,! curvature results f ! increase ( ! leaf1 x is only ano!r =m ( ! wr9kl+ up1 or turn+ at "r angles by ext5sion "u limit40 8,! roll+ up or imbrication ( ! petals 9 _m fl[]-buds is a simil> ?+2 at an e>ly p]iod ! small petals may be se5 ly+ side by side1 aft]w>ds gr[+ )9 ! capsule1 !y become fold$ r\nd "o ano!r40 99 99 99 8,if a fl[]-bud be op5$ at a suffici5tly e>ly p]iod1 ! /am5s w be f\nd z if m\ld$ 9 ! cavity betwe5 ! pi/il & ! corolla1 :i* cavity ! antl]s exactly fill2 ! /alks l5g!n at an aft] p]iod4 ,i h notic$ also 9 a few in/ances1 t 9 ^? fl[]s 9 :i* ! petals are imbricat$1 or twi/$ toge!r1 ! pi/il is tap]+ z gr[+ up betwe5 ! petals2 9 "s fl[]s :i* h ! petals s arrang$ 9 ! bud z to =m a dome 7z ! haw?orn2 e4 g471 ! pi/il is flatt5$ at ! apex1 & 9 ! bud occupies a space precisely limit$ by ! /am5s bel[1 & ! enclos+ petals above & at ! sides4 ,i h n1 h[ev]1 satisfi$ myself t ?is holds good 9 all cases40 ,)\t endors+ all ,mr4 ,h9ton's illu/rations1 to "s ( :i* exception might be tak51 8 conclusion may be accept$ z a l>ge in/alm5t ( ! tru?4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 to be rem>k$1 t 9 ! case ( organic gr[?1 z 9 all o!r cases1 ! l9e ( movem5t is 9 /rictness ! resultant ( tractive & resi/ant =ces2 & t ! tractive =ces "h =m s consid]able an elem5t t ! =mula is sc>cely complete )\t !m4 ,! %apes ( plants are manife/ly modifi$ by gravitation3 ! direction ( ea* bran* is n :at x w\ld h be5 7 ! tractive =ce ( ! ,e>? abs5t2 & e fl[] & leaf is some:at alt]$ 9 ! c\rse ( developm5t by ! weight ( its p>ts4 ,?\gh 9 animals su* effects are less conspicu\s1 yet ! in/ances 9 :i* flexible organs h _! directions 9 great measure det]m9$ by gravity1 ju/ify ! ass]tion t ?r\gh\t ! :ole organism ! =ms ( p>ts mu/ be affect$ by ?is =ce4 ,! organic movem5ts :i* con/itute gr[?1 are n1 h[ev]1 ! only organic movem5ts to be int]pret$4 ,!re are also ^? :i* con/itute function4 ,& ?r\gh\t ^! ! same g5]al pr9ciples are disc]nible4 ,t ! vessels along :i* blood1 lymph1 bile1 & all ! secretions1 f9d _! ways1 are *annels ( lea/ resi/ance1 is a fact almo/ too conspicu\s to be nam$ z an illu/ration4 ,less conspicu\s1 h[ev]1 is ! tru?1 t ! curr5ts sett+ along ^! vessels are affect$ by ! tractive =ce ( ! ,e>?3 witness v>icose ve9s2 witness ! relief to an inflam$ "p obta9$ by rais+ x2 witness ! conge/ion ( head & face produc$ by /oop+4 ,& 9 ! fact t dropsy 9 ! legs gets great] by day & decreases at night1 :ile1 conv]sely1 t demat\s fullness "u ! eyes common 9 debility1 gr[s worse dur+ ! h\rs ( recl9+ & decreases aft] gett+ up1 %[s u h[ ! transudation ( fluid ?r\gh ! walls ( ! capill>ies1 v>ies accord+ z *ange ( position *anges ! effect ( gravity 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! body4 ,x may be well 9 pass+ j to note ! be>+ ( ! pr9ciple on ! developm5t ( species4 ,f a dynamic po9t ( view1 8natural selection0 is ! evolution ( ,life along l9es ( lea/ resi/ance4 ,! multiplication ( any k9d ( plant or animal 9 localities t are fav\rable to x1 is a gr[? :]e ! antagoni/ic =ces are less ?an else:]e4 ,& ! pres]vation ( v>ieties t succe$ bett] ?an _! allies 9 cop+ ) surr\nd+ conditions1 is ! cont9uance ( vital movem5t 9 ^? directions :]e ! ob/acles to x are mo/ elud$4 99 99 99 99 99 #ij4 ,?r\gh\t ! ph5om5a ( m9d ! law enunciat$ is n s readily e/abli%$4 ,9 a l>ge "p ( !m1 z ^? ( ?\ght & emotion1 !re is no p]ceptible movem5t4 ,ev5 9 s5sation & volition1 :i* %[ u 9 "o "p ( ! body an effect produc$ by a =ce appli$ to ano!r "p1 ! int]m$iate movem5t is inf]5tial r ?an visible4 ,su* inde$ are ! difficulties t x is n possible "h to d m ?an briefly indicate ! pro(s :i* might be giv5 did space p]mit4 ,suppos+ ! v>i\s =ces ?r\gh\t an organism to be previ\sly 9 equilibrium1 !n any "p :i* becomes ! seat ( a fur!r =ce1 add$ or lib]at$1 mu/ be "o f :i* ! =ce1 be+ resi/$ by small] =ces ar\nd1 w initiate motion t[>ds "s o!r "p ( ! organism4 ,if else:]e 9 ! organism !re is a po9t at :i* =ce is be+ exp5d$1 & :i* s is becom+ m9us a =ce :i* x be=e _h1 in/ead ( plus a =ce :i* x be=e _h n1 & ?us is made a po9t at :i* ! re-action aga9/ surr\nd+ =ces is dim9i%$2 !n1 manife/ly1 a motion tak+ place betwe5 ! fir/ & ! la/ ( ^! po9ts is a motion along ! l9e ( lea/ resi/ance4 ,n[ a s5sation implies a =ce add$ to1 or evolv$ 91 t "p ( ! organism :i* is its seat2 :ile a me*anical movem5t implies an exp5diture or loss ( =ce 9 t "p ( ! organism :i* is its seat4 ,h5ce if1 z we f9d to be ! fact1 motion is habitually propagat$ f ^? p>ts ( an organism to :i* ! ext]nal _w adds =ces 9 ! %ape ( n]v\s impressions1 to ^? p>ts ( an organism :i* react on ! ext]nal _w ?r\gh muscul> contractions1 x is simply a fulfilm5t ( ! law above enunciat$4 ,f ?is g5]al conclusion we may pass to a m special "o4 ,:5 !re is any?+ 9 ! circum/ances ( an animal's life1 involv+ t a s5sation 9 "o p>ticul> place is habitually foll[$ by a contraction 9 ano!r p>ticul> place--:5 !re is ?us a frequ5tly-repeat$ motion ?r\gh ! organism betwe5 ^! places2 :at mu/ be ! result z respects ! l9e along :i* ! motions take place8 ,re/oration ( equilibrium betwe5 ! po9ts at :i* ! =ces h be5 increas$ & decreas$1 mu/ take place ?r\gh "s *annel4 ,if ?is *annel is affect$ by ! dis*>ge--if ! ob/ructive action ( ! tissues trav]s$1 involves any reaction ^u !m1 d$uct+ f _! ob/ructive p[]2 !n a subsequ5t motion betwe5 ^! two po9ts w meet ) less resi/ance along ?is *annel ?an ! previ\s motion met )2 & w consequ5tly take ?is *annel /ill m decid$ly4 ,if s1 e repetition w /ill fur!r dim9i% ! resi/ance (f]$ by ?is r\te2 & h5ce w gradually be =m$ betwe5 ! two a p]man5t l9e ( communication1 diff]+ greatly f ! surr\nd+ tissue 9 respect ( ! ease ) :i* =ce trav]ses x4 ,we see1 !re=e1 t if betwe5 a p>ticul> impression & a p>ticul> motion associat$ ) x1 !re is e/abli%$ a connexion produc+ :at is call$ reflex action1 ! law t motion foll[s ! l9e ( lea/ resi/ance1 & t1 if ! conditions rema9 con/ant1 resi/ance 9 any direction is dim9i%$ by motion occurr+ 9 t direction1 supplies an explanation4 ,)\t fur!r details x w be manife/ t a l int]pretation may be giv5 to ! succession ( all o!r n]v\s *anges4 ,if 9 ! surr\nd+ _w !re are objects1 attributes1 or actions1 t usually occur toge!r1 ! effects sev]ally produc$ by !m 9 ! organism w become s connect$ by ^? repetitions :i* we call exp]i5ce1 t !y also w occur toge!r4 ,9 proportion to ! frequ5cy ) :i* any ext]nal connexion ( ph5om5a is exp]i5c$1 w be ! /r5g? ( ! answ]+ int]nal connexion ( n]v\s /ates4 ,?us !re w arise all degrees ( cohesion among n]v\s /ates1 z !re are all degrees ( commonness among ! surr\nd+ co-exi/5ces & sequ5ces t g5]ate !m3 :5ce mu/ result a g5]al correspond5ce betwe5 associat$ ideas & associat$ actions 9 ! environm5t4#ac ,! relation betwe5 emotions & actions may be simil>ly con/ru$4 ,z a fir/ illu/ration let u obs]ve :at happ5s ) emotions t are undirect$ by volitions4 ,^!1 l feel+s 9 g5]al1 exp5d !mselves 9 g5]at+ organic *anges1 & *iefly 9 muscul> contractions4 ,z 0 po9t$ out 9 ! la/ *apt]1 !re result movem5ts ( ! involunt>y & volunt>y muscles1 t are great 9 proportion z ! emotions are /rong4 ,x rema9s "h to be po9t$ out1 h[ev]1 t ! ord] 9 :i* ^! muscles are affect$ is explicable only on ! pr9ciple above set =?4 ,?us1 a pleasurable or pa9ful /ate ( m9d ( b slight int5sity1 does little m ?an increase ! pulsations ( ! he>t4 ,:y8 ,= ! reason t ! relation betwe5 n]v\s excitem5t & vascul> contraction1 be+ common to e g5us & species ( feel+1 is ! "o ( mo/ frequ5t repetition2 t h5ce ! n]v\s connexion is1 9 ! way above %[n1 ! "o :i* (f]s ! lea/ resi/ance to a dis*>ge2 & is !re=e ! "o along :i* a feeble =ce produces motion4 ,a s5tim5t or passion t is some:at /rong]1 affects n only ! he>t b ! muscles ( ! face1 & especially ^? ar\nd ! m\?4 ,"h ! l explanation applies2 s9ce ^! muscles1 be+ bo? comp>atively small1 &1 = purposes ( spee*1 p]petually us$1 (f] less resi/ance ?an o!r volunt>y muscles to ! n]ve-motor =ce4 ,by a fur!r increase ( emotion ! respiratory & vocal muscles become p]ceptibly excit$4 ,f9ally1 "u /rong passion1 ! muscles 9 g5]al ( ! trunk & limbs are viol5tly contract$4 ,)\t say+ t ! facts c be ?us int]pret$ 9 all _! details 7a task requir+ data impossible to obta97 x may be safely said t ! ord] ( excitation is f muscles t are small & frequ5tly act$ on1 to ^? :i* are l>g] & less frequ5tly act$ on4 ,! s+le in/ance ( laught]1 :i* is an undirect$ dis*>ge ( feel+ t affects fir/ ! muscles r\nd ! m\?1 !n ^? ( ! vocal & respiratory app>atus1 !n ^? ( ! limbs1 & !n ^? ( ! sp9e2#ad suffices to %[ t :5 no special r\te is op5$ = x1 a =ce evolv$ 9 ! n]v\s c5tres produces motion along *annels :i* (f] ! lea/ resi/ance1 & if x is too great to escape by ^!1 produces motion along *annels (f]+ successively great] resi/ance4 ,probably x w be ?\ght impossible to ext5d ?is reason+ s z to include volitions4 ,yet we are n )\t evid5ce t ! transition f special desires to special muscul> acts1 con=ms to ! same pr9ciple4 ,x may be %[n t ! m5tal antec$5ts ( a volunt>y movem5t1 are antec$5ts :i* tempor>ily make ! l9e along :i* ?is movem5t takes place1 ! l9e ( lea/ resi/ance4 ,= a volition1 sugge/$ z x necess>ily is by "s previ\s ?\ght connect$ ) x by associations t det]m9e ! transition1 is itself a repres5tation ( ! movem5ts t are will$1 & ( _! sequ5ces4 ,b to repres5t 9 consci\sness c]ta9 ( our own movem5ts1 is p>tially to ar\se ! s5sations accompany+ su* movem5ts1 inclusive ( ^? ( muscul> t5sion--is p>tially to excite ! appropriate motor-n]ves & all ! o!r n]ves implicat$4 ,t is to say1 ! volition is itself an incipi5t dis*>ge along a l9e :i* previ\s exp]i5ces h r5d]$ a l9e ( lea/ resi/ance4 ,& ! pass+ ( volition into action is simply a completion ( ! dis*>ge4 ,"o coroll>y f ?is mu/ be not$ be=e proce$+2 namely1 t ! p>ticul> set ( muscul> movem5ts by :i* any object ( desire is rea*$1 are movem5ts imply+ ! smalle/ total ( =ces to be ov]come4 ,z ea* feel+ g5]ates motion along ! l9e ( lea/ resi/ance1 x is tol]ably cle> t a gr\p ( feel+s1 con/itut+ a m or less complex desire1 w g5]ate motion along a s]ies ( l9es ( lea/ resi/ance4 ,t is to say1 ! desir$ end w be a*iev$ ) ! smalle/ exp5diture ( ef=t4 ,%\ld x be object$ t ?r\gh want ( k or want ( skill1 a man (t5 pursues ! m labori\s ( two c\rses1 & s ov]comes a l>g] total ( oppos+ =ces ?an 0 necess>y2 ! reply is1 t relatively to 8 m5tal /ate ! c\rse he takes is t :i* pres5ts ! fewe/ difficulties4 ,?\gh !re is ano!r :i* 9 ! ab/ract is easi]1 yet 8 ignorance ( x1 or inability to adopt x1 is1 physically consid]$1 ! exi/5ce ( an insup]able ob/acle to ! dis*>ge ( 8 en]gies 9 t direction4 ,exp]i5ce obta9$ by himself1 or communicat$ by o!rs1 has n e/abli%$ 9 him su* *annels ( n]v\s communication z are requir$ to make ?is bett] c\rse ! c\rse ( lea/ resi/ance to him4 99 99 99 99 99 #ia4 ,z 9 individual animals1 inclusive ( man1 motion foll[s l9es ( lea/ resi/ance1 x is to be inf]r$ t among aggregations ( m51 ! l w hold good4 ,! *anges 9 a society1 be+ due to ! jo9t actions ( its memb]s1 ! c\rses ( su* *anges w be det]m9$ z are ^? ( all o!r *anges wr\ght by composition ( =ces4 ,?us :5 we contemplate a society z an organism1 & obs]ve ! direction ( its gr[?1 we f9d ?is direction to be t 9 :i* ! av]age ( oppos+ =ces is ! lea/4 ,its units h en]gies to be exp5d$ 9 self-ma9t5ance & reproduction4 ,^! en]gies are met by v>i\s environ+ en]gies t are antagoni/ic to !m--^? ( geological orig91 ^? ( climate1 ( wild animals1 ( o!r human races ) :om !y are at enmity or 9 competition4 ,& ! tracts ! society spreads ov]1 are ^? 9 :i* !re is ! smalle/ total antagonism4 ,or1 r$uc+ ! matt] to its ultimate t]ms1 we may say t ^! social units h jo9tly & sev]ally to pres]ve !mselves & _! (fspr+ f ^? inorganic & organic =ces :i* are ev] t5d+ to de/roy !m 7ei!r indirectly by oxidation & by undue ab/raction ( heat1 or directly by bodily mutilation72 t ^! =ces are ei!r c\nt]act$ by o!rs :i* are available 9 ! %ape ( food1 clo?+1 habitations1 & appliances ( def5ce1 or are1 z f> z may be1 elud$2 & t population spreads 9 :i*ev] directions !re is ! readie/ escape f ^! =ces1 or ! lea/ ex]tion 9 obta9+ ! mat]ials = resi/+ !m1 or bo?4 ,= ^! reasons x happ5s t f]tile valleys :]e wat] & vegetal produce ab\nd1 are e>ly peopl$4 ,sea-%ores1 too1 supply+ a l>ge am\nt ( easily-ga!r$ food1 are l9es along :i* mank9d h commonly spread4 ,! g5]al fact t1 s f> z we c judge f ! traces left by !m1 l>ge societies fir/ appe>$ 9 ^? tropical regions :]e ! fruits ( ! e>? are obta9able ) comp>atively little ex]tion1 & :]e ! co/ ( ma9ta9+ bodily heat is b slight1 is a fact ( l mean+4 ,& to ^! in/ances may be add$ ! alli$ "o daily furni%$ by emigration2 :i* we see go+ on t[>ds c\ntries pres5t+ ! fewe/ ob/acles to ! self-pres]vation ( individuals1 & !re=e to national gr[?4 ,simil>ly ) t resi/ance to ! movem5ts ( a society :i* neighb\r+ societies (f]4 ,ea* ( ! tribes or nations inhabit+ any region1 increases 9 numb]s until x outgr[s its means ( subsi/5ce4 ,9 ea* !re is ?us a =ce ev] press+ outw>ds on to adjac5t areas--a =ce antagoniz$ by l =ces 9 ! tribes or nations occupy+ ^? areas4 ,& ! ev]-recurr+ w>s t result--! conque/s ( weak] tribes or nations1 & ! ov]-runn+ ( _! t]ritories by ! victors1 are in/ances ( social movem5ts tak+ place 9 ! directions ( lea/ resi/ance4 ,nor d ! conqu]$ peoples1 :5 !y escape ext]m9ation or enslavem5t1 fail to %[ u movem5ts t are simil>ly det]m9$4 ,= migrat+ z !y d to less f]tile regions--tak+ refuge 9 des]ts or among m\nta9s--mov+ 9 a direction :]e ! resi/ance to social gr[? is comp>atively great2 !y /ill d ?is only "u an excess ( pressure 9 all o!r directions3 ! physical ob/acles to self-pres]vation !y enc\nt]1 be+ really less ?an ! ob/acles (f]$ by ! enemies f :om !y fly4 ,int]nal social movem5ts may also be ?us int]pret$4 ,localities naturally fitt$ = produc+ p>ticul> commodities--t is1 localities 9 :i* su* commodities are got at ! lea/ co/ ( =ce--t is1 localities 9 :i* ! desires = ^! commodities meet ) ! lea/ resi/ance2 become localities especially devot$ to ! obta9m5t ( ^! commodities4 ,:]e soil & climate r5d] :eat a pr(itable crop1 or a crop f :i* ! greate/ am\nt ( life-su/a9+ p[] is ga9$ by a giv5 quantity ( ef=t1 ! gr[? ( :eat becomes ! dom9ant indu/ry4 ,:]e :eat _c be economically produc$1 oats1 or rye1 or maize1 or rice1 or potatoes1 is ! agricultural /aple4 ,along sea-%ores m5 support !mselves ) lea/ ef=t by cat*+ fi%2 & h5ce *oose fi%+ z an occupation4 ,& 9 places t are ri* 9 coal or metallic ores1 ! population1 f9d+ t lab\r devot$ to ! rais+ ( ^! mat]ials br+s a l>g] return ( food & clo?+ ?an :5 o!rwise direct$1 becomes a population ( m9]s4 ,?is la/ in/ance introduces u to ! ph5om5a ( ex*ange2 :i* equally illu/rate ! g5]al law4 ,= ! practice ( b>t] beg9s z soon z x facilitates ! fulfilm5t ( m5's desires1 by dim9i%+ ! ex]tion ne$$ to rea* ! objects ( ^? desires4 ,:5 in/ead ( gr[+ 8 own corn1 weav+ 8 own clo?1 sew+ 8 own %oes1 ea* man began to conf9e himself to f>m+1 or weav+1 or %oemak+2 x 0 because ea* f\nd x m labori\s to make ev]y?+ he want$1 ?an to make a great quantity ( "o ?+ & b>t] ! surplus = ! re/3 by ex*ange1 ea* procur$ ! necess>ies ( life )\t enc\nt]+ s mu* resi/ance4 ,moreov]1 9 decid+ :at commodity to produce1 ea* citiz5 01 z he is at ! pres5t day1 guid$ 9 ! same mann]4 ,= besides ^? local conditions :i* det]m9e :ole sections ( a society t[>ds ! indu/ries easie/ = !m1 !re are also individual conditions & individual aptitudes :i* to ea* citiz5 r5d] c]ta9 occupations pref]able2 & 9 *oos+ ^? =ms ( activity :i* _! special circum/ances & faculties dictate1 ^! social units are sev]ally mov+ t[>ds ! objects ( _! desires 9 ! directions :i* pres5t to !m ! fewe/ ob/acles4 ,! process ( transf] :i* comm]ce pre-supposes1 supplies ano!r s]ies ( examples4 ,s long z ! =ces to be ov]come 9 procur+ any necess>y ( life 9 ! di/rict :]e x is consum$1 are less ?an ! =ces to be ov]come 9 procur+ x f an adjac5t di/rict1 ex*ange does n take place4 ,b :5 ! adjac5t di/rict produces x ) an economy t is n out-balanc$ by co/ ( transit--:5 ! di/ance is s small & ! r\te s easy t ! lab\r ( conveyance plus ! lab\r ( production is less ?an ! lab\r ( production 9 ! consum+ di/rict1 transf] comm5ces4 ,movem5t 9 ! direction ( lea/ resi/ance is also se5 9 ! e/abli%m5t ( ! *annels along :i* int]c\rse takes place4 ,at ! outset1 :5 goods are c>ri$ on ! backs ( m5 & horses1 ! pa?s *os5 are ^? :i* comb9e %ortness ) levelness & fre$om f ob/acles--^? :i* are a*iev$ ) ! smalle/ ex]tion4 ,& 9 ! subsequ5t =mation ( ea* highway1 ! c\rse tak5 is t :i* deviates horizontally f a /raight l9e s f> only z is ne$ful to avoid v]tical deviations entail+ great] lab\r 9 draught4 ,! smalle/ total ( ob/ructive =ces det]m9es ! r\te1 ev5 9 seem+ly exceptional cases2 z :]e a det\r is made to avoid ! opposition ( a l&[n]4 ,all subsequ5t improvem5ts1 end+ 9 macadamiz$ roads1 canals1 & railways1 :i* r$uce ! antagonism ( friction & gravity to a m9imum1 exemplify ! same tru?4 ,aft] !re comes to be a *oice ( roads betwe5 "o po9t & ano!r1 we /ill see t ! road *os5 is t along :i* ! co/ ( transit is ! lea/3 co/ be+ ! measure ( resi/ance4 ,ev5 :]e1 "t be+ a consid]ation1 ! m exp5sive r\te is foll[$1 x is s because ! loss ( "t involves loss ( =ce4 ,:51 division ( lab\r hav+ be5 c>ri$ to a consid]able ext5t & means ( communication made easy1 !re arises a m>k$ localization ( indu/ries1 ! relative gr[?s ( ! populations devot$ to !m may be int]pret$ on ! same pr9ciple4 ,! influx ( p to ea* indu/rial c5tre1 z well z ! rate ( multiplication ( ^? already inhabit+ x1 is det]m9$ by ! paym5t = lab\r2 t is--by ! quantity ( commodities :i* a giv5 am\nt ( ef=t w obta94 ,to say t artisans flock to places :]e1 9 consequ5ce ( facilities = production1 an extra proportion ( produce c be giv5 9 ! %ape ( wages2 is to say t !y flock to places :]e !re are ! smalle/ ob/acles to ! support ( !mselves & families4 ,h5ce1 ! rapid increase ( numb] :i* occurs 9 su* places1 is really a social gr[? at po9ts :]e ! oppos+ =ces are ! lea/4 ,nor is ! law less cle>ly to be trac$ 9 ^? functional *anges daily go+ on4 ,! fl[ ( capital into bus9esses yield+ ! l>ge/ returns2 ! buy+ 9 ! *eape/ m>ket & sell+ 9 ! de>e/2 ! introduction ( m economical modes ( manufacture2 ! developm5t ( bett] ag5cies = di/ribution2 & all ^? v>iations 9 ! curr5ts ( trade t are not$ 9 our newspap]s & telegrams f h\r to h\r2 exhibit movem5t tak+ place 9 directions :]e x is met by ! smalle/ total ( oppos+ =ces4 ,= if we analyze ea* ( ^! *anges--if in/ead ( int]e/ on capital we read surplus ( products :i* rema9s aft] ma9t5ance ( lab\r]s2 if we s int]pret l>ge int]e/ or l>ge surplus to imply lab\r exp5d$ ) ! greate/ results2 & if lab\r exp5d$ ) ! greate/ results means muscul> action s direct$ z to evade ob/acles z f> z possible2 we see t all ^! comm]cial ph5om5a are complicat$ motions set up along l9es ( lea/ resi/ance4 ,objections ( two opposite k9ds w p]haps be made to ^! sociological applications ( ! law4 ,by "s x may be said t ! t]m =ce z "h us$1 is us$ metaphorically--t to speak ( m5 z impell$ 9 c]ta9 directions by c]ta9 desires1 is a figure ( spee* & n ! /atem5t ( a physical fact4 ,! reply is1 t ! =ego+ illu/rations are to be int]pret$ lit]ally1 & t ! processes describ$ are physical ones4 ,! pressure ( hung] is an actual =ce--a s5sation imply+ "s /ate ( n]v\s t5sion2 & ! muscul> action :i* ! s5sation prompts is really a dis*>ge ( x 9 ! %ape ( bodily motion--a dis*>ge :i*1 on analyz+ ! m5tal acts involv$1 w be f\nd to foll[ l9es ( lea/ resi/ance4 ,h5ce ! motions ( a society ^: memb]s are impell$ by ?is or any o!r desire1 are actually1 & n metaphorically1 to be und]/ood 9 ! mann] %[n4 ,an opposite objection may possibly be1 t ! sev]al illu/rations giv5 are elaborat$ truisms2 & t ! law ( direction ( motion be+ once recogniz$1 ! fact t social movem5ts1 9 common ) all o!rs1 mu/ con=m to x1 foll[s inevitably4 ,to ?is x may be rejo9$1 t a m]e ab/ract ass]tion t social movem5ts mu/ d ?is1 w\ld c>ry no conviction to ! majority2 & t x is ne$ful to %[ h[ !y d x4 ,= social evolution to be int]pret$ aft] ! me?od propos$1 x is requisite t su* g5]alisations z ^? ( political economy %all be r$uc$ to equival5t propositions express$ 9 t]ms ( =ce & motion4 ,social movem5ts ( ^! v>i\s ord]s sev]ally con=m to ! two d]ivative pr9ciples nam$ at ! outset4 ,9 ! fir/ place we may obs]ve h[1 once set up 9 giv5 directions1 su* movem5ts1 l all o!rs1 t5d to cont9ue 9 ^! directions4 ,a comm]cial mania or panic1 a curr5t ( commodities1 a social cu/om1 a political agitation1 or a popul> delusion1 ma9ta9s its c\rse = a long "t aft] its orig9al s\rce has ceas$2 & requires antagoni/ic =ces to arre/ x4 ,9 ! second place x is to be not$ t 9 proportion to ! complexity ( social =ces is ! tortu\sness ( social movem5ts4 ,! involv$ s]ies ( muscul> contractions gone ?r\gh by ! artizan1 t he may get ! :]e)al to buy a loaf ly+ at ! bak]'s next door1 %[ u h[ extreme becomes ! indirectness ( motion :5 ! ag5cies at "w become v num]\s--a tru? /ill bett] illu/rat$ by ! m public social actions2 z ^? :i* end 9 br++ a successful man ( bus9ess1 t[>ds ! close ( 8 life1 into p>liam5t4 99 99 99 99 99 #ib4 ,& n[ ( ! g5]al tru? set =? 9 ?is *apt]1 z ( t dealt ) 9 ! la/1 let u ask--:at is our ultimate evid5ce8 ,mu/ we accept x simply z an empirical g5]alization8 or is x to be e/abli%$ z a coroll>y f a /ill deep] tru?8 ,! read] w anticipate ! answ]4 ,we %all f9d x d$ucible f t datum ( consci\sness :i* und]lies all sci5ce4 ,suppose sev]al tractive =ces1 v>i\sly direct$1 to be act+ on a giv5 body4 ,by :at is kn[n among ma!maticians z ! composition ( =ces1 !re may be f\nd = any two ( ^!1 a s+le =ce ( su* am\nt & direction z to produce on ! body an exactly equal effect4 ,if 9 ! direction ( ea* ( !m !re be drawn a /raight l9e1 & if ! l5g?s ( ^! two /raight l9es be made proportionate to ! am\nts ( ! =ces2 & if f ! end ( ea* l9e !re be drawn a l9e p>allel to ! o!r1 s z to complete a p>allelogram2 !n ! diagonal ( ?is p>allelogram repres5ts ! am\nt & direction ( a =ce t is equival5t to ! two4 ,su* a resultant =ce1 z x is call$1 may be f\nd = any pair ( =ces ?r\gh\t ! gr\p4 ,simil>ly1 = any pair ( su* resultants a s+le resultant may be f\nd4 ,& by repeat+ ?is c\rse1 all ( !m may be r$uc$ to two4 ,if ^! two are equal & opposite--t is1 if !re is no l9e ( greate/ traction1 motion does n take place4 ,if !y are opposite b n equal1 motion takes place 9 ! direction ( ! great]4 ,& if !y are nei!r equal nor opposite1 motion takes place 9 ! direction ( _! resultant4 ,= 9 ei!r ( ^! cases !re is an unantagoniz$ =ce 9 "o direction4 ,& ?is residu>y =ce t is n neutraliz$ by an oppos+ "o1 mu/ move ! body 9 ! direction 9 :i* x is act+4 ,to ass]t ! contr>y is to ass]t t a =ce c be exp5d$ )\t effect--)\t g5]at+ an equival5t =ce2 & by s imply+ t =ce c cease to exi/1 ?is involves a d5ial ( ! p]si/5ce ( =ce4 ,x ne$s sc>cely be add$ t if 9 place ( tractions we take resi/ances1 ! argum5t equally holds2 & t x holds also :]e bo? tractions & resi/ances are conc]n$4 ,?us ! law t motion foll[s ! l9e ( greate/ traction1 or ! l9e ( lea/ resi/ance1 or ! resultant ( ! two1 is a necess>y d$uction f t primordial tru? :i* transc5ds pro(4 ,r$uce ! proposition to its simple/ =m1 & x becomes /ill m obvi\sly consequ5t on ! p]si/5ce ( =ce4 ,suppose two weights susp5d$ ov] a pulley or f ! ends ( an equal-arm$ lev]2 or bett] /ill--suppose two m5 pull+ aga9/ ea* o!r4 ,9 su* cases we say t ! heavi] weight w desc5d1 & t ! /rong] man w draw ! weak] t[>ds him4 ,b n[1 if we are ask$ h[ we "k :i* is ! heavi] weight or ! /rong] man2 we c only reply t x is ! "o produc+ motion 9 ! direction ( its pull4 ,our only evid5ce ( excess ( =ce is ! movem5t x produces4 ,b if ( two oppos+ tractions we c "k "o z great] ?an ! o!r only by ! motion x g5]ates 9 its own direction1 !n ! ass]tion t motion occurs 9 ! direction ( greate/ traction is a truism4 ,:51 go+ a /ep fur!r back1 we seek a w>rant = ! assumption t ( ! two conflict+ =ces1 t is ! great] :i* produces motion 9 its own direction1 we f9d no o!r ?an ! consci\sness t su* "p ( ! great] =ce z is unneutraliz$ by ! less]1 mu/ produce its effect--! consci\sness t ?is residu>y =ce _c disappe>1 b mu/ manife/ itself 9 "s equival5t *ange--! consci\sness t =ce is p]si/5t4 ,"h too1 z be=e1 x may be rem>k$ t no am\nt ( v>i$ illu/rations1 l ^? ( :i* ?is *apt] ma9ly consi/s1 c give great] c]ta9ty to ! conclusion ?us imm$iately drawn f ! ultimate datum ( consci\sness4 ,= 9 all cases1 z 9 ! simple ones j giv51 we c id5tify ! greate/ =ce only by ! result+ motion4 ,x is impossible = u ev] to get evid5ce ( ! occurr5ce ( motion 9 any o!r direction ?an t ( ! greate/ =ce2 s9ce our measure ( relative greatness among =ces is _! relative p[] ( g5]at+ motion4 ,& cle>ly1 :ile ! comp>ative greatness ( =ces is ?us det]m9$1 no multiplication ( in/ances c add c]ta9ty to a law ( direction ( movem5t :i* foll[s imm$iately f ! p]si/5ce ( =ce4 ,f ?is same primordial tru?1 too1 may be d$uc$ ! pr9ciple t motion once set up along any l9e1 becomes itself a cause ( subsequ5t motion along t l9e4 ,! me*anical axiom t1 if left to itself1 matt] mov+ 9 any direction w cont9ue 9 t direction ) undim9i%$ velocity1 is b an indirect ass]tion ( ! p]si/5ce ( =ce2 s9ce x is an ass]tion t ! =ce manife/$ 9 ! transf] ( a body along a c]ta9 l5g? ( a c]ta9 l9e 9 a c]ta9 "t1 _c disappe> )\t produc+ "s equal manife/ation--a manife/ation :i*1 9 ! abs5ce ( conflict+ =ces1 mu/ be a fur!r transf] 9 ! same direction at ! same velocity4 ,9 ! case ( matt] trav]s+ matt] ! l inf]5ce is necessitat$4 ,"h inde$ ! actions are mu* m complicat$4 ,a liquid t foll[s a c]ta9 *annel ?r\gh or ov] a solid1 z wat] along ! ,e>?'s surface1 loses "p ( its motion 9 ! %ape ( heat1 ?r\gh friction & collision ) ! matt]s =m+ its b$4 ,a fur!r am\nt ( its motion may be absorb$ 9 ov]com+ =ces :i* x lib]ates2 z :5 x loos5s a mass :i* falls into1 & blocks up1 its *annel4 ,b aft] ^! d$uctions by trans=mation into o!r modes ( =ce1 any fur!r d$uction f ! motion ( ! wat] is at ! exp5se ( a reaction on ! *annel1 :i* by s mu* dim9i%es its ob/ructive p[]3 su* reaction be+ %[n 9 ! motion acquir$ by ! deta*$ portions :i* are c>ri$ away4 ,! cutt+ out ( riv]-c\rses is a p]petual illu/ration ( ?is tru?4 ,/ill m involv$ is ! case ( motion pass+ ?r\gh matt] by impulse f "p to "p2 z a n]v\s dis*>ge ?r\gh animal tissue4 ,"s *emical *ange may be wr\ght along ! r\te trav]s$1 :i* may r5d] x less fit ?an be=e = convey+ a curr5t4 ,or ! motion may itself be 9 "p metamorphos$ into "s ob/ructive =m ( =ce2 z 9 metals1 ! conduct+ p[] ( :i* is1 = ! "t1 decreas$ by ! heat :i* ! passage ( electricity itself g5]ates4 ,! real "q is1 h[ev]1 :at /ructural modification1 if any1 is produc$ ?r\gh\t ! matt] trav]s$1 ap>t f incid5tal di/urb+ =ces--ap>t f ev]y?+ b ! necess>y resi/ance ( ! matt]3 t1 namely1 :i* results f ! in]tia ( its units4 ,if we conf9e our att5tion to t "p ( ! motion :i*1 escap+ trans=mation1 cont9ues its c\rse1 !n x is a coroll>y f ! p]si/5ce ( =ce t z mu* ( ?is rema9+ motion z is tak5 up 9 *ang+ ! positions ( ! units1 mu/ leave ^! by s mu* less able to ob/ruct subsequ5t motion 9 ! same direction4 ,?us 9 all ! *anges h]et(ore & at pres5t display$ by ! ,sol> ,sy/em2 9 all ^? t h gone on & are /ill go+ on 9 ! ,e>?'s cru/2 9 all processes ( organic developm5t & function2 9 all m5tal actions & ! effects !y "w on ! body2 & 9 all modifications ( /ructure & activity 9 societies2 ! impli$ movem5ts are ( necessity det]m9$ 9 ! mann] above set =?4 ,e alt]ation 9 ! arrangem5t ( p>ts1 con/itut+ ,evolution "u ea* ( its phases1 mu/ con=m to ?is univ]sal pr9ciple4 ,:]ev] we see motion1 its direction mu/ be t ( ! greate/ =ce4 ,& :]ev] we see ! greate/ =ce to be act+ 9 a giv5 direction1 9 t direction motion mu/ ensue4 ----- ,footnote #ac3 ,?is p>agraph is a re-/atem5t1 some:at amplifi$1 ( an idea set =? 9 ! ,m$ico-,*irurgical ,review = ,janu>y1 #ahei 7pp4 #ahi & #aij72 & conta9s ! g]m ( ! int5d$ fif? "p ( ! ,pr9ciples ( ,psy*ology1 :i* 0 )held = ! reasons giv5 9 ! preface to t "w4 ,footnote #ad3 ,= details see a pap] on 8,! ,physiology ( ,laught]10 publi%$ 9 ,macmillan's ,magaz9e = ,m>* #ahfj4 ,,*apt] ,,xi4 ,,! ,,rhy?m ,,( ,,motion4 #ic4 ,:5 ! p5nant ( a vessel ly+ becalm$ fir/ %[s ! com+ breeze1 x does s by g5tle undulations t travel f its fix$ to its free end4 ,pres5tly ! sails beg9 to flap2 & _! bl[s aga9/ ! ma/ increase 9 rapidity z ! breeze rises4 ,ev5 :51 be+ fully belli$ out1 !y are 9 great "p /eadi$ by ! /ra9 ( ! y>ds & cordage1 _! free edges tremble ) ea* /rong] gu/4 ,& %\ld !re come a gale1 ! j> t is felt on lay+ hold ( ! %r\ds %[s t ! rigg+ vibrates2 :ile ! ru% & :i/le ( ! w9d prove t 9 x1 also1 rapid undulations are g5]at$4 ,a%ore ! conflict betwe5 ! curr5t ( air & ! ?+s x meets results 9 a l rhy?mical action4 ,! leaves all %iv] 9 ! bla/2 ea* bran* oscillates2 & e expos$ tree sways to & fro4 ,! blades ( grass & dri$ b5ts 9 ! mead[s1 & /ill bett] ! /alks 9 ! neighb\r+ corn-fields1 exhibit ! same ris+ & fall+ movem5t4 ,nor d ! m /able objects fail to d ! l1 ?\gh 9 a less manife/ fa%ion2 z witness ! %udd] t may be felt ?r\gh\t a h\se dur+ ! p>oxysms ( a viol5t /orm4 ,/reams ( wat] produce 9 oppos+ objects ! same g5]al effects z d /reams ( air4 ,subm]g$ we$s gr[+ 9 ! middle ( a brook1 undulate f end to end4 ,bran*es br\ght d[n by ! la/ flood1 & left entangl$ at ! bottom :]e ! curr5t is rapid1 are ?r[n into a /ate ( up & d[n movem5t t is sl[ or quick 9 proportion z !y are l>ge or small2 & :]e1 z 9 great riv]s l ! ,mississippi1 :ole trees are ?us held1 ! "n 8sawy]s10 by :i* !y are locally kn[n1 suffici5tly describes ! rhy?m produc$ 9 !m4 ,note aga9 ! effect ( ! antagonism betwe5 ! curr5t & its *annel4 ,9 %all[ places1 :]e ! action ( ! bottom on ! wat] fl[+ ov] x is visible1 we see a ripple produc$--a s]ies ( undulations4 ,& if we /udy ! action & re-action go+ on betwe5 ! mov+ fluid & its banks1 we /ill f9d ! pr9ciple illu/rat$1 ?\gh 9 a diff]5t way4 ,= 9 e rivulet1 z 9 ! mapp$-out c\rse ( e great riv]1 ! b5ds ( ! /ream f side to side ?r\gh\t its tortu\s c\rse con/itute a lat]al undulation--an undulation s inevitable t ev5 an artificially /raight5$ *annel is ev5tually *ang$ into a s]p5t9e "o4 ,analog\s ph5om5a may be obs]v$ :]e ! wat] is /ation>y & ! solid matt] mov+4 ,a /ick drawn lat]ally ?r\gh ! wat] ) mu* =ce1 proves by ! ?rob :i* x communicates to ! h& t x is 9 a /ate ( vibration4 ,ev5 :]e ! mov+ body is massive1 x only requires t great =ce %\ld be appli$ to get a s5sible effect ( l k9d3 in/ance ! screw ( a screw-/eam]1 :i* in/ead ( a smoo? rotation falls into a rapid rhy?m t s5ds a tremor ?r\gh ! :ole vessel4 ,! s\nd :i* results :5 a b[ is drawn ov] a viol9-/r+1 %[s u vibrations produc$ by ! movem5t ( a solid ov] a solid4 ,9 la!s & plan+ ma*9es1 ! attempt to take (f a ?ick %av+ causes a viol5t j> ( ! :ole app>atus1 & ! production ( a s]ies ( waves on ! iron or wood t is cut4 ,e boy 9 scrap+ 8 slate-p5cil f9ds x sc>cely possible to help mak+ a ridg$ surface4 ,if y roll a ball along ! gr\nd or ov] ! ice1 !re is always m or less up & d[n movem5t--a movem5t t is visible :ile ! velocity is consid]able1 b becomes too small & rapid to be se5 by ! unaid$ eye z ! velocity dim9i%es4 ,h[ev] smoo? ! rails1 & h[ev] p]fectly built ! c>riages1 a railway-tra9 inevitably gets into oscillations1 bo? lat]al & v]tical4 ,ev5 :]e mov+ matt] is sudd5ly arre/$ by collision1 ! law is /ill illu/rat$2 = bo? ! body /rik+ & ! body /ruck are made to tremble2 & trembl+ is rhy?mical movem5t4 ,little z we habitually obs]ve x1 x is yet c]ta9 t ! impulses our actions impress f mom5t to mom5t on surr\nd+ objects1 are propagat$ ?r\gh !m 9 vibrations4 ,x ne$s b to look ?r\gh a telescope ( high p[]1 to be conv9c$ t ea* pulsation ( ! he>t gives a j> to ! :ole room4 ,if we pass to motions ( ano!r ord]--^? namely :i* take place 9 ! e!rial m$ium--we /ill f9d ! same ?+4 ,e fre% discov]y confirms ! hypo!sis t light consi/s ( undulations4 ,! rays ( heat1 too1 are n[ f\nd to h a l fundam5tal nature2 _! undulations diff]+ f ^? ( light only 9 _! comp>ative l5g?4 ,nor d ! movem5ts ( electricity fail to furni% u ) an illu/ration2 ?\gh "o ( a diff]5t ord]4 ,! nor!rn aurora may (t5 be obs]v$ to pulsate ) waves ( great] brightness2 & ! electric dis*>ge ?r\gh a vacuum %[s u by its /ratifi$ appe>ance t ! curr5t is n uni=m1 b comes 9 gu%es ( great] & less] int5sity4 ,%\ld x be said t at any rate !re are "s motions1 z ^? ( projectiles1 :i* are n rhy?mical1 ! reply is1 t ! exception is app>5t only2 & t ^! motions w\ld be rhy?mical if !y 7 n int]rupt$4 ,x is common to ass]t t ! trajectory ( a cannon ball is a p>abola2 & x is true t 7omitt+ atmosph]ic resi/ance7 ! curve describ$ diff]s s slightly f a p>abola t x may practically be reg>d$ z "o4 ,b1 /rictly speak+1 x is a portion ( an extremely ecc5tric ellipse1 hav+ ! ,e>?'s c5tre ( gravity = its remot] focus2 & b = its arre/ by ! sub/ance ( ! ,e>?1 ! cannon ball w\ld travel r\nd t focus & return to ! po9t :5ce x />t$2 aga9 to repeat ?is sl[ rhy?m4 ,inde$1 :ile seem+ at fir/ sight to d ! rev]se1 ! dis*>ge ( a cannon furni%es "o ( ! be/ illu/rations ( ! pr9ciple enunciat$4 ,! explosion produces viol5t undulations 9 ! surr\nd+ air4 ,! :izz ( ! %ot1 z x flies t[>ds its m>k1 is due to ano!r s]ies ( atmosph]ic undulations4 ,& ! movem5t to & f ! ,e>?'s c5tre1 :i* ! cannon ball is beg9n+ to p]=m1 be+ *eck$ by solid matt]1 is trans=m$ into a rhy?m ( ano!r ord]2 namely1 ! vibration :i* ! bl[ s5ds ?r\gh neighb\r+ bodies4#ae ,rhy?m is v g5]ally n simple b comp\nd4 ,!re are usually at "w v>i\s =ces1 caus+ undulations diff]+ 9 rapidity2 & h5ce x cont9ually happ5s t besides ! prim>y rhy?ms !re are second>y rhy?ms1 produc$ by ! p]iodic co9cid5ce & antagonism ( ! prim>y ones4 ,d\ble1 triple1 & ev5 quadruple rhy?ms1 are ?us g5]at$4 ,"o ( ! simple/ in/ances is af=d$ by :at 9 ac\/ics are kn[n z 8beats30 recurr+ int]vals ( s\nd & sil5ce :i* are p]ceiv$ :5 two notes ( ne>ly ! same pit* are /ruck toge!r2 & :i* are due to ! alt]nate correspond5ce & antagonism ( ! atmosph]ic waves4 ,9 l mann] ! v>i\s ph5om5a due to :at is call$ int]f]5ce ( light1 sev]ally result f ! p]iodic agreem5t & disagreem5t ( e!rial undulations--undulations :i*1 by alt]nately int5sify+ & neutraliz+ ea* o!r1 produce int]vals ( increas$ & dim9i%$ light4 ,on ! sea-%ore may be not$ sundry in/ances ( comp\nd rhy?m4 ,we h t ( ! tides1 9 :i* ! daily rise & fall und]goes a =tnightly increase & decrease1 due to ! alt]nate co9cid5ce & antagonism ( ! sol> & lun> attractions4 ,we h aga9 t :i* is p]petually furni%$ by ! surface ( ! sea3 e l>ge wave be>+ small] ones on its sides1 & ^! /ill small] ones2 ) ! result t ea* flake ( foam1 along ) ! portion ( wat] be>+ x1 und]goes m9or asc5ts & desc5ts ( sev]al ord]s :ile x is be+ rais$ & l[]$ by ! great] bill[s4 ,a q diff]5t & v int]e/+ example ( comp\nd rhy?m1 occurs 9 ! little rills :i*1 at l[ tide1 run ov] ! s& out ( ! %+le banks above4 ,:]e ! *annel ( "o ( ^! is n>r[1 & ! /ream runs /rongly1 ! s& at ! bottom is rais$ into a s]ies ( ridges correspond+ to ! ripple ( ! wat]4 ,on wat*+ = a %ort "t1 x w be se5 t ^! ridges are be+ rais$ high] & ! ripple gr[+ /rong]2 until at l5g?1 ! action becom+ viol5t1 ! :ole s]ies ( ridges is sudd5ly swept away1 ! /ream runs smoo?ly1 & ! process comm5ces afre%4 ,in/ances ( /ill m complex rhy?ms might be add$2 b !y w come m appropriately 9 connexion ) ! sev]al =ms ( ,evolution1 h]eaft] to be dealt )4 ,f ! ensemble ( ! facts z above set =?1 x w be se5 t rhy?m results :]ev] !re is a conflict ( =ces n 9 equilibrium4 ,if ! antagoni/ =ces at any po9t are balanc$1 !re is re/2 & 9 ! abs5ce ( motion !re c ( c\rse be no rhy?m4 ,b if in/ead ( a balance !re is an excess ( =ce 9 "o direction--if1 z necess>ily foll[s1 motion is set up 9 t direction2 !n = t motion to cont9ue uni=mly 9 t direction1 x is requisite t ! mov+ matt] %\ld1 not)/&+ its unceas+ *ange ( place1 pres5t un*ang+ relations to ! s\rces ( =ce by :i* its motion is produc$ & oppos$4 ,?is h[ev] is impossible4 ,e fur!r transf] ?r\gh space mu/ alt] ! ratio betwe5 ! =ces conc]n$--mu/ increase or decrease ! pr$om9ance ( "o =ce ov] ! o!r--mu/ prev5t uni=mity ( movem5t4 ,& if ! movem5t _c be uni=m1 !n1 9 ! abs5ce ( accel]ation or ret>dation cont9u$ ?r\gh inf9ite "t & space1 7results :i* _c be conceiv$7 ! only alt]native is rhy?m4 ,a second>y conclusion mu/ n be omitt$4 ,9 ! la/ *apt] we saw t motion is nev] absolutely rectil9e>2 & "h x rema9s to be add$ t1 z a consequ5ce1 rhy?m is necess>ily incomplete4 ,a truly rectil9e> rhy?m c arise only :5 ! oppos+ =ces are 9 exactly ! same l9e2 & ! probabilities aga9/ ?is are inf9itely great4 ,to g5]ate a p]fectly circul> rhy?m1 ! two =ces conc]n$ mu/ be exactly at "r angles to ea* o!r1 & mu/ h exactly a c]ta9 ratio2 & aga9/ ?is ! probabilities are likewise inf9itely great4 ,all o!r proportions & directions ( ! two =ces w produce an ellipse ( great] or less ecc5tricity4 ,& :51 z inde$ always happ5s1 above two =ces are engag$1 ! curve describ$ mu/ be m complex2 & _c exactly repeat itself4 ,s t 9 fact ?r\gh\t nature1 ?is action & re-action ( =ces nev] br+s ab\t a complete return to a previ\s /ate4 ,:]e ! movem5t is v involv$1 & especially :]e x is t ( "s aggregate ^: units are p>tially indep5d5t1 any?+ l a regul> curve is no long] traceable2 we see no?+ m ?an a g5]al oscillation4 ,& on ! completion ( any p]iodic movem5t1 ! degree 9 :i* ! /ate arriv$ at diff]s f ! /ate dep>t$ f1 is usually m>k$ 9 proportion z ! influ5ces at "w are num]\s4 99 99 99 99 99 #id4 ,t spiral arrangem5t s g5]al among ! m diffus$ nebul--an arrangem5t :i* mu/ be assum$ by matt] mov+ t[>ds a c5tre ( gravity ?r\gh a resi/+ m$ium--%[s u ! progressive e/abli%m5t ( revolution1 & !re=e ( rhy?m2 9 ^? remote spaces :i* ! nebul occupy4 ,d\ble />s1 mov+ r\nd common c5tres ( gravity 9 p]iods "s ( :i* are n[ asc]ta9$1 exhibit settl$ rhy?mical actions 9 di/ant p>ts ( our sid]eal sy/em4 ,& ano!r fact :i*1 ?\gh ( a diff]5t ord]1 has a l g5]al significance1 is furni%$ by v>iable />s--/>s :i* alt]nately bright5 & fade4 ,! p]iodicities ( ! planets1 satellites1 & comets1 are s famili> t x w\ld be inexcusable to "n !m1 7 x n ne$ful "h to po9t out t !y are s _m gr& illu/rations ( ?is g5]al law ( movem5t4 ,b besides ! revolutions ( ^! bodies 9 _! orbits 7all m or less exc5tric7 & _! rotations on _! axes1 ! ,sol> ,sy/em pres5ts u ) v>i\s rhy?ms ( a less manife/ & m complex k9d4 ,9 ea* planet & satellite !re is ! revolution ( ! nodes--a sl[ *ange 9 ! position ( ! orbit-plane1 :i* aft] complet+ itself comm5ces afre%4 ,!re is ! gradual alt]ation 9 ! l5g? ( ! axis major ( ! orbit2 & also ( its exc5tricity3 bo? ( :i* are rhy?mical alike 9 ! s5se t !y alt]nate betwe5 maxima & m9ima1 & 9 ! s5se t ! progress f "o extreme to ! o!r is n uni=m1 b is made ) fluctuat+ velocity4 ,!n1 too1 !re is ! revolution ( ! l9e ( apsides1 :i* 9 c\rse ( "t moves r\nd ! heav5s--n regul>ly1 b ?r\gh complex oscillations4 ,& fur!r we h v>iations 9 ! directions ( ! planet>y axes--t kn[n z nutation1 & t l>g] gyration :i*1 9 ! case ( ! ,e>?1 causes ! precession ( ! equ9oxes4 ,^! rhy?ms1 already m or less comp\nd1 are comp\nd$ ) ea* o!r4 ,su* an in/ance z ! secul> accel]ation & ret>dation ( ! moon1 consequ5t on ! v>y+ exc5tricity ( ! ,e>?'s orbit1 is "o ( ! simple/4 ,ano!r1 hav+ m important consequ5ces1 results f ! *ang+ direction ( ! axes ( rotation 9 planets ^: orbits are decid$ly exc5tric4 ,e planet1 dur+ a c]ta9 long p]iod1 pres5ts m ( its nor!rn ?an ( its s\!rn hemisph]e to ! sun at ! "t ( its ne>e/ approa* to him2 & !n aga91 dur+ a l p]iod1 pres5ts m ( its s\!rn hemisph]e ?an ( its nor!rn--a recurr+ co9cid5ce :i*1 ?\gh caus+ 9 "s planets no s5sible alt]ations ( climate1 involves 9 ! case ( ! ,e>? an epo* ( #ba1jjj ye>s1 dur+ :i* ea* hemisph]e goes ?r\gh a cycle ( temp]ate seasons1 & seasons t are extreme 9 _! heat & cold4 ,nor is ?is all4 ,!re is ev5 a v>iation ( ?is v>iation4 ,= ! summ]s & w9t]s ( ! :ole ,e>? become m or less /rongly contra/$1 z ! exc5tricity ( its orbit increases & decreases4 ,h5ce dur+ increase ( ! exc5tricity1 ! epo*s ( mod]ately contra/$ seasons & epo*s ( /rongly contra/$ seasons1 ?r\gh :i* alt]nately ea* hemisph]e passes1 mu/ gr[ m & m diff]5t 9 ! degrees ( _! contra/s2 & contr>iwise dur+ decrease ( ! exc5tricity4 ,s t 9 ! quantity ( light & heat :i* any portion ( ! ,e>? receives f ! sun1 !re goes on a quadruple rhy?m3 t ( day & night2 t ( summ] & w9t]2 t due to ! *ang+ position ( ! axis at p]ihelion & aphelion1 tak+ #ba1jjj ye>s to complete2 & t involv$ by ! v>iation ( ! orbit's exc5tricity1 gone ?r\gh 9 millions ( ye>s4 99 99 99 99 99 #ie4 ,^? t]re/rial processes ^: dep5d5ce on ! sol> heat is direct1 ( c\rse exhibit a rhy?m t corresponds to ! p]iodically *ang+ am\nt ( heat :i* ea* "p ( ! ,e>? receives4 ,! simple/1 ?\gh ! lea/ obtrusive1 in/ance is suppli$ by ! magnetic v>iations4 ,9 ^! !re is a diurnal increase & decrease1 an annual increase & decrease1 & a dec5nial increase & decrease2 ! latt] answ]+ to a p]iod dur+ :i* ! sol> spots become alt]nately abundant & sc>ce3 besides :i* kn[n v>iations !re are probably o!rs correspond+ ) ! a/ronomical cycles j describ$4 ,m obvi\s examples are furni%$ by ! movem5ts ( ! ocean & ! atmosph]e4 ,m>9e curr5ts f ! equator to ! poles above1 & f ! poles to ! equator b5ea?1 %[ u an unceas+ backw>d & =w>d motion ?r\gh\t ?is va/ mass ( wat]--a motion v>y+ 9 am\nt accord+ to ! seasons1 & comp\nd$ ) small] l motions ( local orig94 ,! simil>ly-caus$ g5]al curr5ts 9 ! air1 h simil> annual v>iations simil>ly modifi$4 ,irregul> z !y are 9 detail1 we /ill see 9 ! monsoons & o!r tropical atmosph]ic di/urbances1 or ev5 9 our own equ9octial gales & spr+ ea/ w9ds1 a p]iodicity suffici5tly decid$4 ,aga91 we h an alt]nation ( times dur+ :i* evaporation pr$om9ates ) times dur+ :i* cond5sation pr$om9ates3 %[n 9 ! tropics by /rongly m>k$ ra9y seasons & seasons ( dr\ght1 & 9 ! temp]ate zones by correspond+ *anges ( :i* ! p]iodicity1 ?\gh less def9ite1 is /ill traceable4 ,! diffusion & precipitation ( wat]1 besides ! sl[ alt]nations answ]+ to diff]5t p>ts ( ! ye>1 furni% u ) examples ( rhy?m ( a m rapid k9d4 ,dur+ wet wea!r1 la/+1 let u say1 ov] "s weeks1 ! t5d5cy to cond5se1 ?\gh great] ?an ! t5d5cy to evaporate1 does n %[ itself 9 cont9u\s ra92 b ! p]iod is made up ( ra9y days & days t are :olly or p>tially fair4 ,nor is x 9 ?is rude alt]nation only t ! law is manife/$4 ,dur+ any day ?r\gh\t ?is wet wea!r a m9or rhy?m is traceable2 & especially s :5 ! t5d5cies to evaporate & to cond5se are ne>ly balanc$4 ,among m\nta9s ?is m9or rhy?m & its causes may be /udi$ to great advantage4 ,moi/ w9ds1 :i* d n precipitate _! conta9$ wat] 9 pass+ ov] ! comp>atively w>m l[l&s1 lose s mu* heat :5 !y rea* ! cold m\nta9 peaks1 t cond5sation rapidly takes place4 ,wat]1 h[ev]1 9 pass+ f ! gase\s to ! fluid /ate1 gives out a consid]able am\nt ( heat2 & h5ce ! result+ cl\ds are w>m] ?an ! air t precipitates !m1 & mu* w>m] ?an ! high rocky surfaces r\nd :i* !y fold !mselves4 ,h5ce 9 ! c\rse ( ! /orm1 ^! high rocky surfaces are rais$ 9 temp]ature1 p>tly by radiation f ! enwrapp+ cl\d1 p>tly by contact ( ! fall+ ra9-drops4 ,giv+ (f m heat ?an be=e1 !y no long] l[] s greatly ! temp]ature ( ! air pass+ ov] !m2 & s cease to precipitate its conta9$ wat]4 ,! cl\ds break2 ! sky beg9s to cle>2 & a gleam ( sun%9e promises t ! day is go+ to be f9e4 ,b ! small supply ( heat :i* ! cold m\nta9's sides h receiv$1 is soon lo/3 especially :5 ! disp]sion ( ! cl\ds p]mits free radiation into space4 ,v soon1 !re=e1 ^! elevat$ surfaces1 becom+ z cold z at fir/1 7or p]haps ev5 cold] 9 virtue ( ! evaporation set up17 beg9 aga9 to cond5se ! vap\r 9 ! air above2 & !re comes ano!r /orm1 foll[$ by ! same effects z be=e4 ,9 l[l& regions ?is action & reaction is usually less conspicu\s1 because ! contra/ ( temp]atures is less m>k$4 ,ev5 "h1 h[ev]1 x may be trac$2 & t n only on %[]y days1 b on days ( cont9u\s ra92 = 9 ^! we d n see uni=mity3 always !re are fits ( h>d] & g5tl] ra9 t are probably caus$ z above expla9$4 ,( c\rse ^! meteorologic rhy?ms involve some?+ correspond+ to !m 9 ! *anges wr\ght by w9d & wat] on ! ,e>?'s surface4 ,v>iations 9 ! quantities ( s$im5t br\ght d[n by riv]s t rise & fall ) ! seasons1 mu/ cause v>iations 9 ! result+ /rata--alt]nations ( col\r or quality 9 ! successive lam94 ,b$s =m$ f ! detritus ( %ores worn d[n & c>ri$ away by ! waves1 mu/ simil>ly %[ p]iodic diff]5ces answ]+ to ! p]iodic w9ds ( ! locality4 ,9 s f> z fro/ influ5ces ! rate ( d5udation1 its recurr5ce is a factor 9 ! rhy?m ( s$im5t>y deposits4 ,& ! geological *anges produc$ by glaci]s & iceb]gs mu/ simil>ly h _! alt]nat+ p]iods ( great] & less int5sity4 ,!re is evid5ce also t modifications 9 ! ,e>?'s cru/ due to igne\s action h a c]ta9 p]iodicity4 ,volcanic eruptions are n cont9u\s b int]mitt5t1 & z f> z ! data enable u to judge1 h a c]ta9 av]age rate ( recurr5ce2 :i* rate ( recurr5ce is complicat$ by ris+ into epo*s ( great] activity & fall+ into epo*s ( comp>ative quiesc5ce4 ,s too is x ) e>?quakes & ! elevations or depressions caus$ by !m4 ,at ! m\? ( ! ,mississippi1 ! alt]nation ( /rata gives decisive pro( ( successive s9k+s ( ! surface1 t h tak5 place at tol]ably equal int]vals4 ,ev]y:]e1 9 ! ext5sive gr\ps ( con=mable /rata t imply small subsid5ces recurr+ ) a c]ta9 av]age frequ5cy1 we see a rhy?m 9 ! action & reaction betwe5 ! ,e>?'s cru/ & its molt5 cont5ts--a rhy?m comp\nd$ ) ^? sl[] ones %[n 9 ! t]m9ation ( gr\ps ( /rata1 & ! comm5cem5t ( o!r gr\ps n con=mable to !m4 ,!re is ev5 reason = suspect+ a geological p]iodicity t is imm5sely sl[] & f> wid] 9 its effects2 namely1 an alt]nation ( ^? va/ upheavals & subm]g5cies by :i* cont95ts are produc$ :]e !re 7 oceans1 & oceans :]e !re 7 cont95ts4 ,= suppos+1 z we may fairly d1 t ! ,e>?'s cru/ is ?r\gh\t ( tol]ably equal ?ickness1 x is manife/ t su* portions ( x z become mo/ depress$ bel[ ! av]age level1 mu/ h _! inn] surfaces mo/ expos$ to ! curr5ts ( molt5 matt] circulat+ )91 & w !re=e und]go a l>g] am\nt ( :at may be call$ igne\s d5udation2 :ile1 conv]sely1 ! )drawal ( ! inn] surfaces f ^! curr5ts :]e ! ,e>?'s cru/ is mo/ elevat$1 w cause a ?ick5+ m or less comp5sat+ ! aque\s d5udation go+ on ext]nally4 ,h5ce ^? depress$ areas ov] :i* ! deepe/ oceans lie1 be+ gradually ?9n$ b5ea? & n cov]$ by mu* s$im5t>y deposit above1 w become areas ( lea/ resi/ance1 & w !n beg9 to yield to ! upw>d pressure ( ! ,e>?'s cont5ts2 :5ce w result1 ?r\gh\t su* areas1 long-cont9u$ elevations1 ceas+ only :5 ! rev]se /ate ( ?+s has be5 br\ght ab\t4 ,:e!r ?is speculation be well or ill f\nd$1 does n h[ev] affect ! g5]al conclusion4 ,ap>t f x we h suffici5t evid5ce t geologic processes are rhy?mical4 99 99 99 99 99 #if4 ,p]haps n[h]e are ! illu/rations ( rhy?m s num]\s & s manife/ z among ! ph5om5a ( life4 ,plants d n1 inde$1 usually %[ u any decid$ p]iodicities1 save ^? det]m9$ by day & night & by ! seasons4 ,b 9 animals we h a great v>iety ( movem5ts 9 :i* ! alt]nation ( opposite extremes goes on ) all degrees ( rapidity4 ,! swall[+ ( food is effect$ by a wave ( con/riction pass+ along ! sophagus2 its dige/ion is accompani$ by a muscul> action ( ! /oma* t is also undulatory2 & ! p]i/altic motion ( ! inte/9es is ( l nature4 ,! blood obta9$ f ?is food is propell$ n 9 a uni=m curr5t b 9 pulses2 & x is a]at$ by lungs t alt]nately contract & exp&4 ,all locomotion results f oscillat+ movem5ts3 ev5 :]e x is app>5tly cont9u\s1 z 9 _m m9ute =ms1 ! microscope proves ! vibration ( cilia to be ! ag5cy by :i* ! creature is mov$ smoo?ly =w>ds4 ,prim>y rhy?ms ( ! organic actions are comp\nd$ ) second>y ones ( long] duration4 ,^! v>i\s modes ( activity h _! recurr+ p]iods ( increase & decrease4 ,we see ?is 9 ! p]iodic ne$ = food1 & 9 ! p]iodic ne$ = repose4 ,ea* meal induces a m rapid rhy?mic action ( ! dige/ive organs2 ! pulsation ( ! he>t is accel]at$2 & ! inspirations become m frequ5t4 ,dur+ sleep1 on ! contr>y1 ^! sev]al movem5ts slack54 ,s t 9 ! c\rse ( ! tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 ^? small undulations ( :i* ! diff]5t k9ds ( organic action are con/itut$1 und]go "o long wave ( increase & decrease1 complicat$ ) sev]al m9or waves4 ,exp]im5ts h %[n t !re are /ill sl[] rises & falls ( functional activity4 ,wa/e & assimilation are n balanc$ by e meal1 b "o or o!r ma9ta9s = "s "t a slight excess2 s t a p]son 9 ord9>y heal? is f\nd to und]go an increase & decrease ( weight dur+ recurr+ int]vals ( tol]able equality4 ,besides ^! regul> p]iods !re are /ill long] & comp>atively irregul> ones2 namely1 ^? alt]nations ( great] & less vig\r1 :i* ev5 heal?y p exp]i5ce4 ,s inevitable are ^! oscillations t ev5 m5 9 tra9+ _c be kept /ation>y at _! highe/ p[]1 b :5 !y h rea*$ x beg9 to retrograde4 ,fur!r evid5ce ( rhy?m 9 ! vital movem5ts is furni%$ by invalids4 ,sundry disord]s are nam$ f ! int]mitt5t "* ( _! symptoms4 ,ev5 :]e ! p]iodicity is n v m>k$1 x is mo/ly traceable4 ,pati5ts r>ely if ev] get uni=mly worse2 & convalesc5ts h usually _! days ( p>tial relapse or ( less decid$ advance4 ,aggregates ( liv+ creatures illu/rate ! g5]al tru? 9 o!r ways4 ,if ea* species ( organism be reg>d$ z a :ole1 x displays two k9ds ( rhy?m4 ,life z x exi/s 9 all ! memb]s ( su* species1 is an extremely complex k9d ( movem5t1 m or less di/9ct f ! k9ds ( movem5t :i* con/itutes life 9 o!r species4 ,9 ea* individual ( ! species1 ?is extremely complex k9d ( movem5t beg9s1 rises to its climax1 decl9es1 & ceases 9 dea?4 ,& e successive g5]ation ?us exhibits a wave ( t peculi> activity *>act]iz+ ! species z a :ole4 ,! o!r =m ( rhy?m is to be trac$ 9 t v>iation ( numb] :i* ea* tribe ( animals & plants is ev] und]go+4 ,?r\gh\t ! unceas+ conflict betwe5 ! t5d5cy ( a species to increase & ! antagoni/ic t5d5cies1 !re is nev] an equilibrium3 "o always pr$om9ates4 ,9 ! case ev5 ( a cultivat$ plant or dome/icat$ animal1 :]e artificial means are us$ to ma9ta9 ! supply at a uni=m level1 we /ill see t oscillations ( abundance & sc>city _c be avoid$4 ,& among ! creatures unc>$ = by man1 su* oscillations are usually m m>k$4 ,aft] a race ( organisms has be5 greatly ?9n$ by enemies or lack ( food1 its surviv+ memb]s become m fav\rably circum/anc$ ?an usual4 ,dur+ ! decl9e 9 _! numb]s _! food has gr[n relatively m abundant2 :ile _! enemies h dim9i%$ f want ( prey4 ,! conditions ?us rema9 = "s "t fav\rable to _! increase2 & !y multiply rapidly4 ,by & by _! food is r5d]$ relatively sc>ce1 at ! same "t t _! enemies h become m num]\s2 & ! de/roy+ influ5ces be+ ?us 9 excess1 _! numb] beg9s to dim9i% aga94 ,yet "o m rhy?m1 extremely sl[ 9 its action1 may be trac$ 9 ! ph5om5a ( ,life1 contemplat$ "u _! mo/ g5]al aspect4 ,! rese>*es ( palontologi/s %[1 t !re h be5 go+ on1 dur+ ! va/ p]iod ( :i* our s$im5t>y rocks be> record1 successive *anges ( organic =ms4 ,species h appe>$1 become abundant1 & !n disappe>$4 ,g5]a1 at fir/ con/itut$ ( b few species1 h = a "t gone on gr[+ m multi=m2 & !n h begun to decl9e 9 ! numb] ( _! subdivisions2 leav+ at la/ b "o or two repres5tatives1 or none at all4 ,dur+ long] epo*s :ole ord]s h ?us aris51 culm9at$1 & dw9dl$ away4 ,& ev5 ^? wid] divisions conta9+ _m ord]s h simil>ly und]gone a gradual rise1 a high tide1 & a long-cont9u$ ebb4 ,! /alk$ ,cr9oidea1 = example1 :i*1 dur+ ! c>bonif]\s epo*1 became abundant1 h almo/ disappe>$3 only a s+le species be+ extant4 ,once a l>ge family ( molluscs1 ! ,bra*iopoda h n[ become r>e4 ,! %ell$ ,cephalopods1 at "o "t dom9ant among ! inhabitants ( ! ocean1 bo? 9 numb] ( =ms & ( individuals1 are 9 our day ne>ly ext9ct4 ,& aft] an 8age ( reptiles10 !re has come an age 9 :i* reptiles h be5 9 great measure supplant$ by mammals4 ,:e!r ^! va/ rises & falls ( diff]5t k9ds ( life ev] und]go any?+ approa*+ to repetitions1 7:i* !y may possibly d 9 correspond5ce ) ^? va/ cycles ( elevation & subsid5ce t produce cont95ts & oceans17 x is suffici5tly cle> t ,life on ! ,e>? has n progress$ uni=mly1 b 9 imm5se undulations4 99 99 99 99 99 #ig4 ,x is n manife/ t ! *anges ( consci\sness are 9 any s5se rhy?mical4 ,yet "h1 too1 analysis proves bo? t ! m5tal /ate exi/+ at any mom5t is n uni=m1 b is decomposable into rapid oscillations2 & also t m5tal /ates pass ?r\gh long] int]vals ( increas+ & decreas+ int5sity4 ,?\gh :ile att5d+ to any s+le s5sation1 or any gr\p ( relat$ s5sations con/itut+ ! consci\sness ( an object1 we seem to rema9 = ! "t 9 a p]si/5t & homog5e\s condition ( m9d1 a c>eful self-exam9ation %[s t ?is app>5tly unbrok5 m5tal /ate is 9 tru? trav]s$ by a numb] ( m9or /ates1 9 :i* v>i\s o!r s5sations & p]ceptions are rapidly pres5t$ & disappe>4 ,f ! admitt$ fact t ?9k+ consi/s 9 ! e/abli%m5t ( relations1 x is a necess>y coroll>y t ! ma9t5ance ( consci\sness 9 any "o /ate to ! entire exclusion ( o!r /ates1 w\ld be a cessation ( ?\ght1 t is1 ( consci\sness4 ,s t any seem+ly cont9u\s feel+1 say ( pressure1 really consi/s ( portions ( t feel+ p]petually recurr+ aft] ! mom5t>y intrusion ( o!r feel+s & ideas--quick ?\ghts conc]n+ ! place :]e x is felt1 ! ext]nal object produc+ x1 its consequ5ces1 & o!r ?+s sugge/$ by association4 ,?us !re is go+ on an extremely rapid dep>ture f1 & return to1 t p>ticul> m5tal /ate :i* we reg>d z p]si/5t4 ,besides ! evid5ce ( rhy?m 9 consci\sness :i* direct analysis ?us af=ds1 we may ga!r fur!r evid5ce f ! correlation betwe5 feel+ & movem5t4 ,s5sations & emotions exp5d !mselves 9 produc+ muscul> contractions4 ,if a s5sation or emotion 7 /rictly cont9u\s1 !re w\ld be a cont9u\s dis*>ge along ^? motor n]ves act$ ^u4 ,b s f> z exp]im5ts ) artificial /imuli enable u to judge1 a cont9u\s dis*>ge along ! n]ve lead+ to a muscle1 does n contract x3 a brok5 dis*>ge is requir$--a rapid succession ( %ocks4 ,h5ce muscul> contraction pre-supposes t rhy?mic /ate ( consci\sness :i* direct obs]vation discloses4 ,a mu* m conspicu\s rhy?m1 hav+ long] waves1 is se5 dur+ ! outfl[ ( emotion into danc+1 poetry1 & music4 ,! curr5t ( m5tal en]gy t %[s itself 9 ^! modes ( bodily action1 is n cont9u\s1 b falls into a succession ( pulses4 ,! measure ( a dance is produc$ by ! alt]nation ( /rong muscul> contractions ) weak] ones2 &1 save 9 measures ( ! simple/ ord] su* z are f\nd among b>b>ians & *ildr51 ?is alt]nation is comp\nd$ ) long] rises & falls 9 ! degree ( muscul> excitem5t4 ,poetry is a =m ( spee* :i* results :5 ! emphasis is regul>ly recurr5t2 t is1 :5 ! muscul> ef=t ( pronunciation has def9ite p]iods ( great] & less int5sity--p]iods t are complicat$ ) o!rs ( l nature answ]+ to ! successive v]ses4 ,music1 9 /ill m v>i\s ways1 exemplifies ! law4 ,!re are ! recurr+ b>s1 9 ea* ( :i* !re is a prim>y & a second>y beat4 ,!re is ! alt]nate increase & decrease ( muscul> /ra91 impli$ by ! asc5ts & desc5ts to ! high] & l[] notes--asc5ts & desc5ts compos$ ( small] waves1 break+ ! rises & falls ( ! l>g] ones1 9 a mode peculi> to ea* melody4 ,& !n we h1 fur!r1 ! alt]nation ( piano & =te passages4 ,t ^! sev]al k9ds ( rhy?m1 *>act]iz+ /hetic expression1 are n1 9 ! common s5se ( ! ^w1 artificial1 b are int5s] =ms ( an undulatory movem5t habitually g5]at$ by feel+ 9 its bodily dis*>ge1 is %[n by ! fact t !y are all traceable 9 ord9>y spee*2 :i* 9 e s5t5ce has its prim>y & second>y emphases1 & its cad5ce conta9+ a *ief rise & fall complicat$ ) subord9ate rises & falls2 & :i* is accompani$ by a m or less oscillatory action ( ! limbs :5 ! emotion is great4 ,/ill long] undulations may be obs]v$ by e "o1 9 himself & 9 o!rs1 on occasions ( extreme pleasure or extreme pa94 ,note1 9 ! fir/ place1 t pa9 hav+ its orig9 9 bodily disord]1 is ne>ly always p]ceptibly rhy?mical4 ,dur+ h\rs 9 :i* x nev] actually ceases1 x has its v>iations ( int5sity--fits or p>oxysms2 & !n aft] ^! h\rs ( suff]+ !re usually come h\rs ( comp>ative ease4 ,moral pa9 has ! l small] & l>g] waves4 ,"o possess$ by int5se grief does n utt] cont9u\s moans1 or %$ te>s ) an equable rapidity2 b ^! signs ( passion come 9 recurr+ bur/s4 ,!n aft] a "t dur+ :i* su* /rong] & weak] waves ( emotion alt]nate1 !re comes a calm--a "t ( comp>ative deadness2 to :i* aga9 succe$s ano!r int]val1 :5 dull sorr[ rises afre% into acute angui%1 ) its s]ies ( p>oxysms4 ,simil>ly 9 great delight1 especially z manife/$ by *ildr5 :o h its display less "u control1 !re are visible v>iations 9 ! int5sity ( feel+ %[n--fits ( laught] & danc+ ab\t1 sep>at$ by pauses 9 :i* smiles1 & o!r slight manife/ations ( pleasure1 suffice to dis*>ge ! less5$ excitem5t4 ,nor are !re want+ evid5ces ( m5tal undulations great] 9 l5g? ?an any ( ^!--undulations :i* take weeks1 or mon?s1 or ye>s1 to complete !mselves4 ,we cont9ually he> ( moods :i* recur at int]vals4 ,v _m p]sons h _! epo*s ( vivacity & depression4 ,!re are p]iods ( indu/ry foll[+ p]iods ( idl5ess2 & times at :i* p>ticul> subjects or ta/es are cultivat$ ) zeal1 alt]nat+ ) times at :i* !y are neglect$4 ,respect+ :i* sl[ oscillations1 ! only qualification to be made is1 t be+ affect$ by num]\s influ5ces1 !y are comp>atively irregul>4 99 99 99 99 99 #ih4 ,9 nomadic societies ! *anges ( place1 det]m9$ z !y usually are by exhau/ion or failure ( ! supply ( food1 are p]iodic2 & 9 _m cases %[ a recurr5ce answ]+ to ! seasons4 ,ea* tribe t has become 9 "s degree fix$ 9 its locality1 goes on increas+1 till "u ! pressures ( unsatisfi$ desires1 !re results migration ( "s "p ( x to a new region--a process repeat$ at int]vals4 ,f su* excesses ( population1 & su* successive waves ( migration1 come conflicts ) o!r tribes2 :i* are also increas+ & t5d+ to diffuse !mselves4 ,?is antagonism1 l all o!rs1 results n 9 an uni=m motion1 b 9 an int]mitt5t "o4 ,w>1 exhau/ion1 recoil--peace1 prosp]ity1 & r5ew$ aggression3--see "h ! alt]nation m or less disc]nible 9 ! milit>y activities ( bo? savage & civiliz$ nations4 ,& irregul> z is ?is rhy?m1 x is n m s ?an ! diff]5t sizes ( ! societies1 & ! extremely involv$ causes ( v>iation 9 _! /r5g?s1 w\ld lead u to anticipate4 ,pass+ f ext]nal to int]nal *anges1 we meet ) ?is backw>d & =w>d movem5t "u _m =ms4 ,9 ! curr5ts ( comm]ce x is especially conspicu\s4 ,ex*ange dur+ e>ly times is almo/ :olly c>ri$ on at fairs1 held at long int]vals 9 ! *ief c5tres ( population4 ,! flux & reflux ( p & commodities :i* ea* ( ^! exhibits1 becomes m frequ5t z national developm5t leads to great] social activity4 ,! m rapid rhy?m ( weekly m>kets beg9s to sup]s$e ! sl[ rhy?m ( fairs4 ,& ev5tually ! process ( ex*ange becomes at c]ta9 places s active1 z to br+ ab\t daily meet+s ( buy]s & sell]s--a daily wave ( accumulation & di/ribution ( cotton1 or corn1 or capital4 ,if f ex*ange we turn to production & consumption1 we see undulations1 mu* long] inde$ 9 _! p]iods1 b almo/ equally obvi\s4 ,supply & dem& are nev] completely adapt$ to ea* o!r2 b ea* ( !m f "t to "t 9 excess1 leads pres5tly to an excess ( ! o!r4 ,f>m]s :o h "o season produc$ :eat v abundantly1 are disgu/$ ) ! consequ5t l[ price2 & next season1 s[+ a mu* small] quantity1 br+ to m>ket a defici5t crop2 :5ce foll[s a conv]se effect4 ,consumption und]goes p>allel undulations t ne$ n be specifi$4 ,! balanc+ ( supplies betwe5 diff]5t di/ricts1 too1 entails analog\s oscillations4 ,a place at :i* "s necess>y ( life is sc>ce1 becomes a place to :i* curr5ts ( x are set up f o!r places :]e x is relatively abundant2 & ^! curr5ts f all sides lead to a wave ( accumulation :]e !y meet--a glut3 :5ce foll[s a recoil--a p>tial return ( ! curr5ts4 ,b ! undulatory "* ( ^! actions is p]haps be/ se5 9 ! rises & falls ( prices4 ,^!1 giv5 9 num]ical measures :i* may be tabulat$ & r$uc$ to diagrams1 %[ u 9 ! cle>e/ mann] h[ comm]cial movem5ts are comp\nd$ ( oscillations ( v>i\s magnitudes4 ,! price ( consols or ! price ( :eat1 z ?us repres5t$1 is se5 to und]go va/ asc5ts & desc5ts ^: highe/ & l[e/ po9ts are rea*$ only 9 ! c\rse ( ye>s4 ,^! l>ge/ waves ( v>iation are brok5 by o!rs ext5d+ ov] p]iods ( p]haps _m mon?s4 ,on ^! aga9 come o!rs hav+ a week or two's duration4 ,& 7 ! *anges m>k$ 9 great] detail1 we %\ld h ! small] undulations t take place ea* day1 & ! /ill small] ones :i* brok]s telegraph f h\r to h\r4 ,! :ole outl9e w\ld %[ a complication l t ( a va/ ocean-swell1 on ^: surface !re rise l>ge bill[s1 :i* !mselves be> waves ( mod]ate size1 cov]$ by wavelets1 t are r\gh5$ by a m9ute ripple4 ,simil> diagrammatic repres5tations ( bir?s1 m>riages1 & dea?s1 ( disease1 ( crime1 ( paup]ism1 exhibit involv$ conflicts ( rhy?mical motions ?r\gh\t society "u ^! sev]al aspects4 ,!re are l *>act]i/ics 9 social *anges ( a m complex k9d4 ,bo? 9 ,engl& & among cont95tal nations1 ! action & reaction ( political progress h come to be g5]ally recogniz$4 ,religion1 besides its occasional revivals ( small] magnitude1 has its long p]iods ( exaltation & depression--g5]ations ( belief & self-mortification1 foll[+ g5]ations ( indiff]5ce & laxity4 ,!re are poetical epo*s1 & epo*s 9 :i* ! s5se ( ! beautiful seems almo/ dormant4 ,philosophy1 aft] hav+ be5 a:ile pr$om9ant1 lapses = a long season into neglect2 & !n aga9 sl[ly revives4 ,ea* sci5ce has its eras ( d$uctive reason+1 & its eras :5 att5tion is *iefly direct$ to collect+ & colligat+ facts4 ,& h[ 9 su* m9or b m obtrusive ph5om5a z ^? ( fa%ion1 !re are ev] go+ on oscillations f "o extreme to ! o!r1 is a trite obs]vation4 ,z may be =ese51 social rhy?ms well illu/rate ! irregul>ity t results f comb9ation ( _m causes4 ,:]e ! v>iations are ^? ( "o simple elem5t 9 national life1 z ! supply ( a p>ticul> commodity1 we d inde$ witness a return1 aft] _m involv$ movem5ts1 to a previ\s condition--! price may become :at x 0 be=e3 imply+ a l relative abundance4 ,b :]e ! action is "o into :i* _m factors ent]1 !re is nev] a recurr5ce ( exactly ! same /ate4 ,a political reaction nev] br+s r\nd j ! old =m ( ?+s4 ,! rationalism ( ! pres5t day diff]s widely f ! rationalism ( ! la/ c5tury4 ,& ?\gh fa%ion f "t to "t revives ext9ct types ( dress1 ^! always re-appe> ) decid$ modifications4 99 99 99 99 99 #ii4 ,! univ]sality ( ?is pr9ciple sugge/s a "q l t rais$ 9 =ego+ cases4 ,rhy?m be+ manife/$ 9 all =ms ( movem5t1 we h reason to suspect t x is det]m9$ by "s primordial condition to action 9 g5]al4 ,! tacit implication is t x is d$ucible f ! p]si/5ce ( =ce4 ,?is we %all f9d to be ! fact4 ,:5 ! prong ( a tun+-=k is pull$ on "o side by ! f+]1 a c]ta9 extra t5sion is produc$ among its coh]+ p>ticles2 :i* resi/ any =ce t draws !m out ( _! /ate ( equilibrium4 ,z mu* =ce z ! f+] ex]ts 9 pull+ ! prong aside1 s mu* oppos+ =ce is br\ght into play among ! coh]+ p>ticles4 ,h5ce1 :5 ! prong is lib]at$1 x is urg$ back by a =ce equal to t us$ 9 deflect+ x4 ,:51 !re=e1 ! prong rea*es its orig9al position1 ! =ce impress$ on x dur+ its recoil1 has g5]at$ 9 x a correspond+ am\nt ( mom5tum--an am\nt ( mom5tum ne>ly equival5t1 t is1 to ! =ce orig9ally impress$ 7ne>ly1 we mu/ say1 because a c]ta9 portion has gone 9 communicat+ motion to ! air1 & a c]ta9 o!r portion has be5 trans=m$ into heat74 ,?is mom5tum c>ries ! prong beyond ! position ( re/1 ne>ly z f> z x 0 orig9ally drawn 9 ! rev]se direction2 until at l5g?1 be+ gradually us$ up 9 produc+ an oppos+ t5sion among ! p>ticles1 x is all lo/4 ,! oppos+ t5sion into :i* ! exp5d$ mom5tum has be5 trans=m$1 !n g5]ates a second recoil2 & s on cont9ually--! vibration ev5tually ceas+ only because at ea* movem5t a c]ta9 am\nt ( =ce goes 9 creat+ atmosph]ic & e!rial undulations4 ,n[ x ne$s b to contemplate ?is repeat$ action & reaction1 to see t x is1 l e action & reaction1 a consequ5ce ( ! p]si/5ce ( =ce4 ,! =ce ex]t$ by ! f+] 9 b5d+ ! prong _c disappe>4 ,"u :at =m !n does x exi/8 ,x exi/s "u ! =m ( t cohesive t5sion :i* x has g5]at$ among ! p>ticles4 ,?is cohesive t5sion _c cease )\t an equival5t result4 ,:at is its equival5t result8 ,! mom5tum g5]at$ 9 ! prong :ile be+ c>ri$ back to its position ( re/4 ,?is mom5tum too--:at becomes ( x8 ,x mu/ ei!r cont9ue z mom5tum1 or produce "s correlative =ce ( equal am\nt4 ,x _c cont9ue z mom5tum1 s9ce *ange ( place is resi/$ by ! cohesion ( ! p>ts2 & ?us x gradually disappe>s by be+ trans=m$ into t5sion among ^! p>ts4 ,?is is re-trans=m$ into ! equival5t mom5tum2 & s on cont9u\sly4 ,if in/ead ( motion t is directly antagoniz$ by ! cohesion ( matt]1 we consid] motion ?r\gh space1 ! same tru? pres5ts itself "u ano!r =m4 ,?\gh "h no oppos+ =ce seems at "w1 & !re=e no cause ( rhy?m is app>5t1 yet its own accumulat$ mom5tum mu/ ev5tually c>ry ! mov+ body beyond ! body attract+ x2 & s mu/ become a =ce at v>iance ) t :i* g5]at$ x4 ,f ?is conflict1 rhy?m necess>ily results z 9 ! =ego+ case4 ,! =ce embodi$ z mom5tum 9 a giv5 direction1 _c be de/roy$2 & if x ev5tually disappe>s1 x re-appe>s 9 ! reaction on ! ret>d+ body2 :i* beg9s afre% to draw ! n[ arre/$ mass back f its aphelion4 ,! only conditions "u :i* !re c\ld be abs5ce ( rhy?m--! only conditions1 t is1 "u :i* !re c\ld be a cont9u\s motion ?r\gh space 9 ! same /raight l9e = ev]1 w\ld be ! exi/5ce ( an inf9ity void ( ev]y?+ b ! mov+ body4 ,& nei!r ( ^! conditions c be repres5t$ 9 ?\ght4 ,inf9ity is inconceivable2 & s also is a motion :i* nev] _h a comm5cem5t 9 "s pre-exi/+ s\rce ( p[]4 ,?us1 !n1 rhy?m is a necess>y *>act]i/ic ( all motion4 ,giv5 ! coexi/5ce ev]y:]e ( antagoni/ =ces--a po/ulate :i*1 z we h se51 is necessitat$ by ! =m ( our exp]i5ce--& rhy?m is an inevitable coroll>y f ! p]si/5ce ( =ce4 ,h5ce1 ?r\gh\t t re-arrangem5t ( p>ts :i* con/itutes ,evolution1 we mu/ n[h]e expect to see ! *ange f "o position ( ?+s to ano!r1 effect$ by cont9u\s movem5t 9 ! same direction4 ,be x 9 t k9d ( ,evolution :i* ! inorganic creation pres5ts1 or 9 t pres5t$ by ! organic creation1 we %all ev]y:]e f9d a p]iodicity ( action & reaction--a backw>d & =w>d motion1 ( :i* progress is a diff]5tial result4 ----- ,footnote #ae3 ,aft] hav+ = "s ye>s suppos$ myself alone 9 ! belief t all motion is rhy?mical1 ,i discov]$ t my fri5d ,pr(essor ,tyndall also held ?is doctr9e4 ,,*apt] ,,xii4 ,,! ,,conditions ,,ess5tial ,,to ,,evolution4 #ajj4 ,"o m prelim9>y is ne$ful be=e proce$+4 ,we h /ill to /udy ! conditions "u :i* alone1 ,evolution c take place4 ,! process to be int]pret$ is1 z already said1 a c]ta9 *ange 9 ! arrangem5t ( p>ts4 ,t increase ( het]og5eity commonly display$ ?r\gh\t ,evolution1 is n an increase 9 ! numb] ( k9ds ( ultimate or undecomposable units :i* an aggregate conta9s2 b x is a *ange 9 ! di/ribution ( su* units4 ,if x be assum$ t :at we call *emical elem5ts1 are absolutely simple 7:i* is1 h[ev]1 an hypo!sis hav+ no bett] w>rant ?an ! opposite "o72 !n x mu/ be admitt$ t 9 respect to ! numb] ( k9ds ( matt] conta9$ 9 x1 ! ,e>? is n m het]og5e\s at pres5t ?an x 0 at fir/--t 9 ?is respect1 x w\ld be z het]og5e\s 7 all its undecomposable p>ts uni=mly mix$1 z x is n[1 :5 !y are arrang$ & comb9$ 9 c\ntless diff]5t ways4 ,b ! increase ( het]og5eity ) :i* we h to deal1 & ( :i* alone our s5ses c take cognizance1 is t produc$ by ! passage f unity ( di/ribution to v>iety ( di/ribution4 ,giv5 an aggregate consi/+ ( sev]al ord]s ( primitive units t are un*angeable2 !n1 ^! units may be s uni=mly disp]s$ among ea* o!r1 t any portion ( ! mass %all be l any o!r portion 9 its s5sible prop]ties2 or !y may be s segregat$1 simply & 9 endless comb9ations1 t ! v>i\s portions ( ! mass %all n be l ea* o!r 9 _! s5sible prop]ties4 ,a trans=mation ( "o ( ^! arrangem5ts into ! o!r1 is t :i* con/itutes ,evolution4 ,we h to analyze ! process ?r\gh :i* /ructural uni=mity becomes /ructural multi=mity--to asc]ta9 h[ ! orig9ally equal relations ( position among ! mix$ units1 pass into relations ( position t are m & m unequal1 & m & m num]\s 9 _! k9ds ( inequality2 & h[ ?is takes place ?r\gh\t all ! asc5d+ grades ( comp\nd units1 until we come ev5 to ^? ( :i* societies are made up4 ,*ange 9 ! relations ( position among ! compon5t units1 simple or complex1 be+ ! ph5om5on we h to int]pret2 we mu/ fir/ inquire :at are ! circum/ances :i* prev5t its occurr5ce1 & :at are ! circum/ances :i* facilitate x4 99 99 99 99 99 #aja4 ,! con/itu5ts ( an aggregate _c be re-arrang$1 unless !y are moveable3 manife/ly1 !y mu/ n be s firmly b\nd toge!r t ! incid5t =ce fails to alt] _! positions4 ,no bodies are1 inde$1 possess$ ( ?is absolute rigidity2 s9ce an incid5t =ce 9 be+ propagat$ ?r\gh a body1 always produces tempor>y alt]ations 9 ! relative positions ( its units1 if n p]man5t alt]ations4 ,x is true also1 t ev5 p]man5t re-arrangem5ts ( ! units may be ?us wr\ght ?r\gh\t ! int]iors ( comp>atively d5se masses1 )\t any outw>d sign3 z happ5s ) c]ta9 cry/als1 :i*1 on exposure to sunlight1 und]go molecul> *anges s great z to alt] _! planes ( cleavage4 ,nev]!less1 s9ce total immobility ( ! p>ts mu/ totally negative _! re-arrangem5t2 & s9ce t comp>ative immobility :i* we see 9 v coh]5t matt]1 is a great ob/acle to re-arrangem5t2 x is self-evid5t t ,evolution c be exhibit$ 9 any consid]able degree1 only :]e !re is comp>ative mobility ( p>ts4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ^? def9ite di/ributive *anges :i* con/itute ,evolution1 _c be ext5sively or v>i\sly display$1 :]e ! mobility ( ! p>ts is extreme4 ,9 liquids1 ! cohesion ( ! units is s slight t !re is no p]man5cy 9 _! relations ( position to ea* o!r4 ,su* re-arrangem5t z any incid5t =ce g5]ates1 is imm$iately de/roy$ aga9 by ! mom5tum ( ! con/itu5ts mov$2 & s1 no?+ b t tempor>y het]og5eity se5 9 circulat+ curr5ts1 c be produc$4 ,! l /ill m obvi\sly holds ( gases4 ,?us1 :ile ! !oretical limits betwe5 :i* ,evolution is possible1 are absolute immobility ( p>ts & absolute mobility ( p>ts2 we may say t practically1 ,evolution _c g on to any consid]able ext5t :]e ! mobility is v great or v little4 ,a few examples w facilitate ! realization ( ?is tru?4 ,! highe/ degrees ( ,evolution are f\nd 9 semi-solid bodies1 or bodies t come midway betwe5 ! two extremes specifi$4 ,ev5 semi-solid bodies ( ! inorganic class1 exhibit ! segregation ( mix$ units ) comp>ative read9ess3 witness ! fact to :i* att5tion 0 fir/ drawn by ,mr4 ,babbage1 t :5 ! pa/y mixture ( gr\nd fl9ts & kaol91 prep>$ = ! manufacture ( porcela91 is kept "s "t1 x becomes gritty & unfit = use1 9 consequ5ce ( ! p>ticles ( silica sep>at+ !mselves f ! re/1 & unit+ toge!r 9 gra9s2 or witness ! fact kn[n to e h\sewife1 t 9 long-kept currant-jelly ! sug> takes ! %ape ( imb$d$ cry/als4 ,:ile ?r\gh\t ! imm5se majority ( ! semi-solid bodies1 namely1 ! organic bodies1 ! proclivity to a re-arrangem5t ( p>ts is s comp>atively great1 z to be usually tak5 = a di/9ctive *>act]i/ic ( !m4 ,among organic bodies !mselves1 we may trace contra/s hav+ a l significance4 ,x is an accept$ g5]alization t1 o!r ?+s equal1 ! rate ( ,evolution is greate/ :]e ! pla/icity is mo/ m>k$4 ,9 t portion ( an egg :i* displays ! =mative processes dur+ ! e>ly /ages ( incubation1 ! *anges ( arrangem5t are m rapid ?an ^? :i* an equal portion ( ! body ( a hat*$ *ick und]goes4 ,z may be inf]r$ f _! respective p[]s to acquire habits & aptitudes1 ! /ructural modifiability ( a *ild is great] ?an t ( an adult man2 & ! /ructural modifiability ( an adult man is great] ?an t ( an old man3 contra/s :i* are accompani$ by correspond+ contra/s 9 ! d5sities ( ! tissues2 s9ce ! ratio ( wat] to solid matt] dim9i%es ) advanc+ age4 ,! mo/ decisive pro(1 h[ev]1 is furni%$ by ^? m>k$ ret>dations or arre/s ( organic *ange1 t take place :5 ! tissues suff] a great loss ( wat]4 ,c]ta9 ( ! l[] animals1 z ! ,rotif]a1 may be r5d]$ app>5tly lifeless by desiccation1 & w yet revive :5 wett$3 z _! sub/ance passes f ! fluid-solid to ! solid /ate1 x ceases to be ! seat ( ^? *anges :i* con/itute functional activity & cause /ructural advance2 & su* *anges recomm5ce z _! sub/ance passes f ! solid to ! fluid-solid /ate4 ,analog\s in/ances occur among mu* high] animals4 ,:5 ! ,african riv]s :i* x inhabits are dri$ up1 ! ,lepidosir5 rema9s torpid 9 ! h>d5$ mud1 until ! return ( ! ra9y season br+s wat]4 ,humboldt /ates t dur+ ! summ] dr\ght1 ! alligators ( ! ,pampas lie buri$ 9 a /ate ( susp5d$ animation b5ea? ! p>*$ surface1 & /ruggle up out ( ! e>? z soon z x becomes humid4 ,n[ ?\gh we h no pro( t ^! p>tial arre/s ( vital activity1 are consequ5t on ! r$uction ( ! fluid-solid tissues to a m solid =m2 yet _! occurr5ce along ) a cessation 9 ! supply ( wat]1 is reason = suspect+ t ?is is ! case4 ,& simil>ly1 ?\gh 9 ! m num]\s in/ances :]e loss ( wat] leads to complete arre/ ( vital activity1 we are unable to say t ! imm$iate cause is a /oppage ( molecul> *anges t results f a dim9ution ( molecul> mobility2 yet x seems n improbable t ?is is ! rationale ( dea? by ?ir/4 ,probably few w expect to f9d ?is same condition to ,evolution1 illu/rat$ 9 aggregates s widely diff]5t 9 k9d z societies4 ,yet ev5 "h x may be %[n t no consid]able degree ( ,evolution is exhibit$1 :]e !re is ei!r great mobility ( ! p>ts1 or great immobility ( !m4 ,9 su* tribes z ^? inhabit+ ,au/ralia1 we see extremely little cohesion among ! units3 !re is nei!r t p>tial fixity ( relative positions :i* results f ! comm5cem5t ( agriculture1 nor t p>tial fixity ( relative positions impli$ by ! e/abli%m5t ( social grades4 ,& along ) ?is want ( cohesion1 we f9d an abs5ce ( p]man5t diff]5tiations4 ,conv]sely1 9 societies ( ! ori5tal type1 :]e accumulat$ traditions1 laws1 & usages1 & long-fix$ class-arrangem5ts1 ex]cise great re/ra9+ p[] ov] individual actions1 we f9d ,evolution almo/ /opp$4 ,?r\gh ! m$ium ( in/itutions & op9ions1 ! =ces br\ght to be> on ea* unit by ! re/1 are s great z to prev5t ! units f s5sibly yield+ to =ces t5d+ to re-arrange !m4 ,! condition mo/ fav\rable to increase ( social het]og5eity1 is a m$ium coh]5ce among ! p>ts--a mod]ate facility ( *ange 9 ! relations ( citiz5s1 jo9$ ) a mod]ate resi/ance to su* *ange--a consid]able fre$om ( individual actions1 qualifi$ by a consid]able re/ra9t ov] individual actions--a c]ta9 atta*m5t to pre-e/abli%$ arrangem5ts1 & a c]ta9 read9ess to be impell$ by new influ5ces into new arrangem5ts--a compromise betwe5 fixity & unfixity su* z t :i* we1 p]haps z mu* z any nation1 exhibit4 99 99 99 99 99 #ajb4 ,ano!r condition to ,evolution1 ( ! same ord] z ! la/ ?\gh ( a diff]5t g5us1 mu/ be not$4 ,we h f\nd t p]man5t re-arrangem5t among ! units ( an aggregate1 c take place only :5 !y h nei!r extreme immobility nor extreme mobility4 ,! mobility & immobility ?us f> consid]$ 7at lea/ 9 all aggregates except social ones7 are ^? due to me*anical cohesion4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 :at we mu/ call *emical cohesion1 :i* also influ5ces ! mobility ( ! units1 & consequ5tly ! re-arrangem5t ( !m4 ,manife/ly1 if two or m k9ds ( units conta9$ 9 any aggregate1 are unit$ by p[]ful aff9ities1 an incid5t =ce1 fail+ to de/roy _! cohesions1 w n cause su* v>i\s re-arrangem5ts z x w\ld1 c\ld x produce new *emical comb9ations z well z new me*anical adju/m5ts4 ,on ! o!r h&1 *emical aff9ities t are easily ov]come1 mu/ be fav\rable to multipli$ re-arrangem5ts ( ! units4 ,?is condition1 z well z ! prec$+ "o1 is fulfill$ 9 ! highe/ degree1 by ^? aggregates :i* mo/ v>i\sly display ! trans=mation ( ! uni=m into ! multi=m4 ,organic bodies are on ! av]age di/+ui%$ f inorganic bodies1 by ! read9ess ) :i* ! comp\nds !y consi/ ( und]go decomposition1 & recomposition3 ! *emical cohesions ( _! compon5ts are s comp>atively small1 t small incid5t =ces suffice to ov]come !m & cause transpositions ( ! compon5ts4 ,fur!r1 betwe5 ! two great divisions ( organisms1 we f9d a contra/ 9 ! degree ( ,evolution co-exi/+ ) a contra/ 9 ! degree ( *emical modifiability4 ,z a class1 ! nitrog5\s comp\nds are peculi>ly un/able2 &1 speak+ g5]ally1 ^! are pres5t 9 mu* l>g] quantities 9 animal tissues ?an !y are 9 vegetal tissues2 :ile1 speak+ g5]ally1 animals are mu* m het]og5e\s ?an plants4 ,"u ?is head x may be well also to po9t out t1 o!r ?+s equal1 ! /ructural v>iety :i* is possible 9 any aggregate1 mu/ be> a relation to ! numb] ( k9ds ( units conta9$ 9 ! aggregate4 ,a body made up ( units ( "o ord]1 _c admit ( s _m diff]5t re-arrangem5ts1 z "o made up ( units ( two ord]s4 ,& ea* additional ord] ( units mu/ increase1 9 a geometrical proportion1 ! numb] ( re-arrangem5ts t may be made4 99 99 99 99 99 #ajc4 ,yet "o m condition to be specifi$1 is ! /ate ( agitation 9 :i* ! con/itu5ts ( an aggregate are kept4 ,a famili> exp$i5ce w introduce u to ?is condition4 ,:5 a vessel has be5 fill$ to ! brim ) loose fragm5ts1 %ak+ ! vessel causes !m to settle d[n into less space1 s t m may be put 94 ,& :5 among ^! fragm5ts1 !re are "s ( mu* great] specific gravity ?an ! re/1 ^! w1 9 ! c\rse ( a prolong$ %ak+1 f9d _! way to ! bottom4 ,:at n[ is ! mean+ ( ^! two results1 :5 express$ 9 g5]al t]ms8 ,we h a gr\p ( units act$ on by an incid5t =ce--! attraction ( ! ,e>?4 ,s long z ^! units are n agitat$1 ?is incid5t =ce produces no *anges 9 _! relative positions2 agitate !m1 & imm$iately _! loose arrangem5t passes into a m compact arrangem5t4 ,aga91 s long z !y are n agitat$1 ! incid5t =ce _c sep>ate ! heavi] units f ! light]2 agitate !m1 & imm$iately ! heavi] units beg9 to segregate4 ,by ^! illu/rations1 a rude idea w be convey$ ( ! effect :i* vibration has 9 facilitat+ ^? re-arrangem5ts :i* con/itute ,evolution4 ,:at "h happ5s ) visible units subject to visible oscillations1 happ5s also ) invisible units subject to invisible oscillations4 ,"o or two cases 9 :i* ^! oscillations are ( me*anical orig91 may fir/ be not$4 ,:5 a b> ( /eel is susp5d$ 9 ! magnetic m]idian1 & repeat$ly s /ruck z to s5d vibrations ?r\gh x1 x becomes magnetiz$3 ! magnetic =ce ( ! ,e>?1 :i* does n p]man5tly affect x :ile undi/urb$1 alt]s its int]nal /ate :5 a me*anical agitation is propagat$ among its p>ticles2 & ! alt]ation is believ$ by physici/s1 to be a molecul> re-arrangem5t4 ,x may be fairly object$ t ?is re-arrangem5t is hypo!tical2 & did ! fact /& alone1 x w\ld be ( little wor?4 ,x ga9s significance1 h[ev]1 :5 jo9$ ) ! fact t 9 ! same sub/ance1 long-cont9u$ me*anical vibrations are foll[$ by molecul> re-arrangem5ts t are abundantly visible4 ,a piece ( iron :i*1 :5 x leaves ! work%op1 is fibr\s 9 /ructure1 w become cry/all9e if expos$ to a p]petual j>4 ,?\gh ! pol> =ces mutually ex]cis$ by ! atoms1 fail to *ange _! disord]ly arrangem5t into an ord]ly arrangem5t :ile ! atoms are relatively quiesc5t1 ^! =ces produce ?is *ange :5 ! atoms are kept 9 a /ate ( inte/9e di/urbance4 ,b ! effects :i* visible oscillations & oscillations s5sible to t\*1 h 9 facilitat+ ! re-arrangem5t ( p>ts by an incid5t =ce1 are insignificant comp>$ ) ! effects :i* ins5sible oscillations h 9 aid+ su* *ange ( /ructure4 ,x is a doctr9e n[ g5]ally accept$ among m5 ( sci5ce1 t ! p>ticles ( tangible matt]1 z well z ! p>ticles ( e!r1 undulate4 ,z int]pret$ 9 con=mity ) ?is doctr9e1 ! heat ( a body is simply its /ate ( molecul> motion4 ,a mass :i* feels cold1 is "o hav+ b slight molecul> motion1 & convey+ b slight molecul> motion to ! surr\nd+ m$ium or to ! h& t\*+ x4 ,a mass hot en\gh to radiate a s5sible w>m?1 is "o ( :i* ! m viol5tly agitat$ molecules1 communicate increas$ undulations to ! surr\nd+ e!real m$ium2 :ile ! burn inflict$ by x on ! sk91 is ! expression ( increas$ undulations ( ! organic molecules4 ,su* fur!r heat z produces s(t5+ & a consequ5t di/ortion ( ! mass1 is an agitation s mu* augm5t$ t ! units c no long] completely ma9ta9 _! relative positions4 ,fusion is an agitation s extreme1 t ! relative positions ( ! units are *angeable ) ease4 ,:51 f9ally1 at a /ill high] temp]ature1 ! liquid is trans=m$ into a gas1 ! explanation is1 t ! oscillations are s viol5t z to ov]balance t =ce :i* held ! units 9 close contiguity--s viol5t z to keep ! units at ^? relatively great di/ances ap>t to :i* !y are n[ ?r[n4 ,s9ce ! e/abli%m5t ( ! correlation betwe5 heat & motion fir/ gave probability to ?is hypo!sis1 x has be5 receiv+ v>i\s confirmations--especially by rec5t rem>kable discov]ies respect+ ! absorption ( heat by gases4 ,pr(4 ,tyndall has prov$ t ! quantity ( heat :i* any gas takes up f rays ( heat pass+ ?r\gh x1 has a di/9ct relation to ! complexity ( ! atoms compos+ ! gas4 ,! simple gases ab/ract b little2 ! gases compos$ ( b9>y atoms ab/ract1 say 9 r\nd numb]s1 a hundr$ times z mu*2 :ile ! gases compos$ ( atoms sev]ally conta9+ ?ree1 f\r1 or m simple ones1 ab/ract some?+ l a ?\s& times z mu*4 ,^! diff]5ces ,pr(4 ,tyndall reg>ds z due to ! diff]5t abilities ( ! diff]5t atoms to take up1 9 ! increase ( _! own undulations1 ^? undulations ( ! e!real m$ium :i* con/itute heat--an int]pretation 9 p]fect accordance ) ! late results ( spectrum-analysis2 :i* g to %[ t ! v>i\s elem5t>y atoms1 :5 9 an a]i=m /ate1 int]cept ^? lum9if]\s vibrations ( ! e!r :i* are 9 unison or h>mony ) _! own4 ,& s9ce x holds ( solid z ( gase\s matt]s1 t ^? consi/+ ( simple units transmit heat f> m readily ?an ^? consi/+ ( complex units2 we get confirmation ( ! inf]5ce o!rwise rea*$1 t ! units ( matt] 9 :atev] /ate ( aggregation !y exi/1 oscillate1 & t v>iations ( temp]ature are v>iations 9 ! am\nts ( _! oscillations4 ,proce$+ on ?is hypo!sis1 :i* x w\ld be out ( place "h to def5d at great] l5g?1 we h n[ to note h[ ! re-arrangem5t ( p>ts is facilitat$ by ^! ins5sible vibrations1 z we h se5 x to be by s5sible vibrations4 ,"o or two cases ( physical re-arrangem5t may fir/ be not$4 ,:5 "s molt5 glass is dropp$ into wat]1 & :5 its outside is ?us1 by sudd5 solidification1 prev5t$ f p>tak+ 9 t contraction :i* ! subsequ5t cool+ ( ! inside t5ds to produce2 ! units are left 9 su* a /ate ( t5sion1 t ! mass flies into fragm5ts if a small portion ( x be brok5 (f4 ,b n[1 if ?is mass be kept = a day or two at a consid]able heat1 ?\gh a heat n suffici5t to alt] its =m or produce any s5sible dim9ution ( h>dness1 ?is extreme brittl5ess disappe>s3 ! compon5t p>ticles be+ ?r[n into great] agitation1 ! t5sile =ces are enabl$ to re-arrange !m into a /ate ( equilibrium4 ,an illu/ration ( ano!r ord] is furni%$ by ! subsid5ce ( f9e precipitates4 ,^! s9k d[n v sl[ly f solutions t are cold2 :ile w>m solutions deposit !m ) comp>ative rapidity4 ,t is to say1 an increase ( molecul> vibration ?r\gh\t ! mass1 all[s ! susp5d$ p>ticles to sep>ate m readily f ! p>ticles ( fluid4 ,! effect ( heat on *emical re-arrangem5t is s famili>1 t examples are sc>cely ne$$4 ,be ! sub/ances conc]n$ gase\s1 liquid1 or solid1 x equally holds t _! *emical unions & disunions are aid$ by a rise ( temp]ature4 ,aff9ities :i* d n suffice to effect ! re-arrangem5t ( mix$ units t are 9 a /ate ( feeble agitation1 suffice to effect x :5 ! agitation is rais$ to a c]ta9 po9t4 ,& s long z ?is molecul> motion is n great en\gh to prev5t ^? *emical cohesions :i* ! aff9ities t5d to produce1 increase ( x gives increas$ facility ( *emical re-arrangem5t4 ,?is condition1 9 common ) ! prec$+ ones1 is fulfill$ mo/ completely 9 ^? aggregates :i* exhibit ! ph5om5a ( ,evolution 9 ! highe/ degree2 namely1 ! organic aggregates4 ,& ?r\gh\t ! v>i\s ord]s & /ates ( ^!1 we f9d m9or contra/s %[+ ! relation betwe5 am\nt ( molecul> vibration & activity ( ! metamorphic *anges4 ,su* contra/s may be arrang$ 9 ! sev]al foll[+ gr\ps4 ,speak+ g5]ally1 ! ph5om5a ( ,evolution are manife/$ 9 a mu* l[] degree ?r\gh\t ! vegetal k+dom ?an ?r\gh\t ! animal k+dom2 & speak+ g5]ally1 ! heat ( plants is less ?an t ( animals4 ,among plants !mselves1 ! organic *anges v>y 9 rate z ! temp]ature v>ies4 ,?\gh light is ! ag5t :i* effects ^? molecul> *anges caus+ vegetal gr[?1 yet we see t 9 ! abs5ce ( heat1 su* *anges are n effect$3 9 w9t] !re is en\gh light1 b ! heat be+ insuffici5t1 plant-life is susp5d$4 ,t ?is is ! sole cause ( ! susp5sion1 is prov$ by ! fact t at ! same season1 plants conta9$ 9 hot-h\ses1 :]e !y receive ev5 a small] am\nt ( light1 g on produc+ leaves & fl[]s4 ,a comp>ison ( ! sev]al divisions ( ! animal k+dom ) ea* o!r1 %[s among !m p>allel relations4 ,reg>d$ z a :ole1 v]tebrate animals are high] 9 temp]ature ?an inv]tebrate ones2 & !y are z a :ole high] 9 organic activity & developm5t4 ,betwe5 subdivisions ( ! v]tebrata !mselves1 l diff]5ces 9 ! /ate ( molecul> vibration1 accompany l diff]5ces 9 ! degree ( evolution4 ,! lea/ het]og5e\s ( ! v]tebrata are ! fi%es2 & 9 mo/ cases1 ! heat ( fi%es is ne>ly ! same z t ( ! wat] 9 :i* !y swim3 only "s ( !m be+ decid$ly w>m]4 ,?\gh we habitually speak ( reptiles z cold-blood$2 & ?\gh !y h n mu* m p[] ?an fi%es ( ma9ta9+ a temp]ature above t ( _! m$ium2 yet s9ce _! m$ium 7:i* is1 9 ! majority ( cases1 ! air ( w>m climates7 is on ! av]age w>m] ?an ! m$ium inhabit$ by fi%es1 ! temp]ature ( ! class ( reptiles is high] ?an t ( ! class ( fi%es2 & we see 9 !m a correspond+ly high] complexity4 ,! mu* m active molecul> agitation 9 mammals & birds1 is associat$ ) a consid]ably great] multi=mity ( /ructure & a v mu* great] vivacity4 ,& ?\gh birds1 :i* are hott] blood$ ?an mammals1 d n %[ u a great] multi=mity2 yet1 judg+ f _! app>5tly great] locomotive p[]s1 we may inf] m rapid functional *anges1 :i*1 equally ) /ructural *anges1 imply molecul> re-arrangem5t4 ,! mo/ in/ructive contra/s1 h[ev]1 are ^? pres5t$ by ! same organic aggregates at diff]5t temp]atures4 ,?us we see t ova und]go+ developm5t1 mu/ be kept m or less w>m--t 9 ! abs5ce ( a c]ta9 molecul> vibration1 ! re-arrangem5t ( p>ts does n g on4 ,we see1 aga91 t 9 hyb]nat+ animals1 loss ( heat c>ri$ to a p>ticul> po9t1 results 9 extreme ret>dation ( ! organic *anges4 ,yet fur!r1 we see t 9 animals :i* d n hyb]nate1 z 9 man1 prolong$ exposure to extreme cold1 produces an irresi/ible t5d5cy to sleep 7:i* implies a l[]+ ( ! functional activity72 & !n1 if ! ab/raction ( heat cont9ues1 ?is sleep ends 9 dea?1 or arre/ ( functional activity4 ,la/ly1 we see t :5 ! temp]ature is l[]$ till ! conta9$ wat] solidifies1 !re is a /oppage n only ( ^? molecul> re-arrangem5ts :i* con/itute life & developm5t1 b also ( ^? molecul> re-arrangem5ts :i* con/itute decomposition4 ,evid5tly !n1 bo? s5sible & ins5sible agitations among ! compon5ts ( an aggregate1 facilitate any re-di/ributions to :i* !re may be a t5d5cy4 ,:5 t rhy?mic *ange 9 ! relative positions ( ! units :i* con/itutes vibration1 is consid]able1 ! relative positions ( ! units m readily und]go p]man5t *anges ?r\gh ! action ( incid5t =ces4 99 99 99 99 99 #ajd4 ,^! special conditions to ,evolution1 are cle>ly b diff]5t =ms ( "o g5]al condition4 ,! ab/ract proposition1 t a p]man5t re-arrangem5t ( units is possible only :5 !y h nei!r absolute immobility nor absolute mobility ) respect to ea* o!r1 we saw to be practically equival5t to ! proposition1 t extreme cohesion & extreme want ( cohesion among ! units are unfav\rable to ,evolution4 ,be ?is cohesion or want ( cohesion t :i* physically *>act]izes ! matt] z we ord9>ily "k x2 be x t cohesion or want ( cohesion di/+ui%$ z *emical2 or be x t cohesion or want ( cohesion consequ5t on ! degree ( molecul> vibration2 matt]s n1 9 s f> z ! g5]al conclusion is conc]n$4 ,inductively z well z d$uctively1 we f9d t ! g5esis ( su* p]man5t *anges 9 ! relative positions ( p>ts1 z c be effect$ )\t de/roy+ ! cont9uity ( ! aggregate1 implies a m$ium /ability 9 ! relative positions ( ! p>ts3 be ?is /ability physical1 *emical1 or t :i* v>ies ) ! /ate ( agitation4 ,& z might be anticipat$ priori1 x is prov$ po/]iori1 t ?is re-arrangem5t ( p>ts goes on mo/ actively 9 ^? aggregates ^: units are mod]ately influ5c$ by all ^! =ces :i* affect _! mobility4 ,"h also may prop]ly be add$ ! rem>k1 t to effect ^! *anges 9 ! relative positions ( p>ts1 ! incid5t =ces mu/ range )9 c]ta9 limits4 ,x is :olly a "q ( ! ratio betwe5 ^? ag5cies :i* hold ! units 9 _! positions1 & ^? ag5cies :i* t5d to *ange _! positions4 ,hav+ giv5 int5sities 9 ! p[]s t oppose re-arrangem5t1 !re ne$ proportionate int5sities 9 ! p[]s t "w re-arrangem5t4 ,z !re mu/ be nei!r too great nor too little cohesion2 s !re mu/ be nei!r too little nor too great am\nts ( ! influ5ces antagoni/ic to cohesion4 ,:ile a slight me*anical /ra9 produces no la/+ alt]ations 9 ! relative positions ( p>ts1 an excessive me*anical /ra9 causes disruption--causes s great an alt]ation 9 ! relative positions ( p>ts z to de/roy _! union 9 "o aggregate4 ,:ile a v feeble *emical aff9ity br\ght to be> on ! associat$ units1 fails to "w any re-arrangem5t ( !m2 a *emical aff9ity t is extremely int5se1 de/roys _! /ructural cont9uity1 & r$uces su* complex re-arrangem5ts z h be5 made1 to comp>atively simple ones4 ,& :ile 9 ! abs5ce ( adequate !rmal undulations1 ! units h n fre$om en\gh to obey ! re-arrang+ influ5ces impress$ on !m1 ! incid5ce ( viol5t !rmal undulations gives !m su* extreme fre$om t !y break _! connexions1 & ! aggregate lapses into a liquid or gase\s =m4 ,on ! "o h&1 !re=e1 ! /atical =ces :i* uphold ! /ate ( aggregation mu/ n be s great z :olly to prev5t ^? *anges ( relative position among ! units :i* ! dynamical =ces t5d to produce2 &1 on ! o!r h&1 ! dynamical =ces mu/ n be s great z :olly to ov]come ! /atical =ces1 & de/roy ! /ate ( aggregation4 ,! excess ( ! dynamical =ces mu/ be suffici5t to produce ,evolution1 b n suffici5t to produce ,dissolution4 99 99 99 99 99 #aje4 ,& n[ we are naturally introduc$ to a consid]ation :i*1 ?\gh x does n come q )9 ! limits ( ?is *apt] z express$ 9 its title1 may yet be m conv5i5tly dealt ) "h ?an else:]e4 ,hi!rto we h /udi$ ! metamorphosis ( ?+s1 only z exhibit$ 9 ! *ang$ di/ribution ( matt]4 ,x rema9s to look at x z exhibit$ 9 ! *ang$ di/ribution ( motion4 ,! def9ition ( ,evolution 9 its mat]ial aspect1 has to be supplem5t$ by a def9ition ( ,evolution 9 its dynamical aspect4 ,on inquir+ ! s\rce ( ! s5sible motions se5 9 e k9d ( ,evolution1 we f9d !m all traceable to ins5sible motions2 ei!r ( t tangible matt] :i* we p]ceive z con/itut+ ! objects ar\nd u1 or ( t intangible matt] :i* we inf] z occupy+ space4 ,a brief reconsid]ation ( ! facts w make ?is obvi\s4 ,! =mation ( cele/ial bodies1 suppos+ x caus$ by ! union ( disp]s$ units1 mu/1 f ! beg9n+1 h involv$ a dim9i%$ motion ( ^! units ) respect to ea* o!r2 & su* motion z ea* result+ body acquir$1 mu/ previ\sly h exi/$ 9 ! motions ( its units4 ,if concrete matt] has aris5 by ! aggregation ( diffus$ matt]1 !n concrete motion has aris5 by ! aggregation ( diffus$ motion4 ,t :i* n[ exi/s z ! movem5t ( masses1 implies ! cessation ( an equival5t molecul> movem5t4 ,^? transpositions ( matt] :i* con/itute geological *anges1 are cle>ly ref]able to ! same s\rce4 ,z be=e %[n1 ! d5udation ( l&s & deposit ( new /rata1 are effect$ by wat] 9 ! c\rse ( its desc5t f ! cl\ds to ! sea1 or dur+ ! arre/ ( ^? undulations produc$ on x by w9ds2 &1 z be=e %[n1 ! elevation ( wat] to ! height :5ce x fell1 is due to sol> heat1 z is also ! g5esis ( ^? a]ial curr5ts :i* drift x ab\t :5 evaporat$ & agitate its surface :5 cond5s$4 ,t is to say1 ! molecul> motion ( ! e!rial m$ium1 is trans=m$ into ! motion ( gases1 !nce into ! motion ( liquids1 & !nce into ! motion ( solids--/ages 9 ea* ( :i*1 successively1 a c]ta9 am\nt ( molecul> motion is lo/ & an equival5t motion ( masses produc$4 ,if we seek ! orig9 ( vital movem5ts1 we soon rea* a l conclusion4 ,! act9ic rays issu+ f ! ,sun1 enable ! plant to r$uce special elem5ts exi/+ 9 gase\s comb9ation ar\nd x1 to a solid =m1--enable ! plant1 t is1 to gr[ & c>ry on its functional *anges4 ,& s9ce gr[?1 equally ) circulation ( sap1 is a mode ( s5sible motion1 :ile ^? rays :i* h be5 exp5d$ 9 g5]at+ x consi/ ( ins5sible motions1 we h "h1 too1 a trans=mation ( ! k9d alleg$4 ,animals1 d]iv$ z _! =ces are1 directly or indirectly1 f plants1 c>ry ?is trans=mation a /ep fur!r4 ,! automatic movem5ts ( ! visc]a1 toge!r ) ! volunt>y movem5ts ( ! limbs & body at l>ge1 arise at ! exp5se ( c]ta9 molecul> movem5ts ?r\gh\t ! n]v\s & muscul> tissues2 & ^! orig9ally arose at ! exp5se ( c]ta9 o!r molecul> movem5ts propagat$ by ! ,sun to ! ,e>?2 s t bo? ! /ructural & functional motions :i* organic ,evolution displays1 are motions ( aggregates g5]at$ by ! arre/$ motions ( units4 ,ev5 ) ! aggregates ( ^! aggregates ! same rule holds4 ,= among associat$ m51 ! progress is ev] t[>ds a m]g+ ( individual actions 9 ! actions ( corporate bodies4 ,an undevelop$ society is compos$ ( memb]s betwe5 :om !re is little conc]t3 !y fulfil _! sev]al wants )\t mutual aid2 & only on occasions ( aggression or def5ce1 act toge!r--occasions on :i* _! comb9ation1 small z x is 9 ext5t1 frequ5tly fails because x is s imp]fect4 ,9 ! c\rse ( civilization1 h[ev]1 co-op]ation becomes /ep by /ep m decid$4 ,z tribes gr[ into nations1 !re result l>g] aggregates1 ea* ( :i* has a jo9t political life--a common policy & movem5t ) respect to o!r aggregates4 ,legislative & adm9i/rative progress1 involves an increase 9 ! numb] ( re/ra9+ ag5ts br\ght into unit$ & simultane\s action4 ,9 milit>y organization1 we see an advance f small undiscipl9$ hordes ( arm$ m51 to va/ bodies ( regul> troops1 s drill$ t ! movem5ts ( ! units are entirely subord9at$ to ! movem5ts ( ! masses4 ,nor does indu/rial developm5t fail to %[ p>allel *anges4 ,beg9n+ ) indep5d5t work]s1 & pass+ /ep by /ep to ! employm5t ( sev]al assi/ants by "o ma/]1 !re has ev] be51 & /ill is1 a progress t[>ds ! co-op]ation ( great] masses ( lab\r]s 9 ! same e/abli%m5t1 & t[>ds ! union ( capitali/s into m num]\s & l>g] companies3 9 bo? :i* k9ds ( comb9$ action1 equival5t am\nts ( individual action disappe>4 ,"u all its =ms1 !n1 ,evolution1 consid]$ dynamically1 is a decrease 9 ! relative movem5ts ( p>ts1 & an increase 9 ! relative movem5ts ( :oles--us+ ! words p>ts & :oles 9 _! wide/ s5ses4 ,f ! inf9itesimal motions ( ^? inf9itesimal units compos+ ! e!rial m$ium1 to ! l>g] ?\gh /ill ins5sible motions ( ! l>g] ?\gh /ill ins5sible units compos+ gase\s1 fluid1 & solid matt]1 & !nce to ! visible motions ( visible aggregates1 ! advance is f molecul> motion to ! motion ( masses4 ,b n[ :at ( ! conv]se process8 ,if ! =ego+ proposition is true1 !n a *ange f ! motion ( masses to molecul> motion1 is ! opposite to ,evolution--is ,dissolution4 ,is ?is s8 ,( inorganic dissolution we h b little exp]i5ce2 or at lea/1 our exp]i5ce ( x is on too small a scale to exhibit x z ! anti!sis ( ,evolution4 ,we "k1 inde$1 t :5 solids are dissolv$ 9 liquids1 _! dissolution implies increas$ movem5ts ( _! units1 at ! exp5se ( dim9i%$ movem5ts among ! units ( _! solv5ts2 & we "k t :5 a liquid evaporates1 its dissipation or dissolution simil>ly implies great] relative movem5ts ( ! units1 & decrease ( su* comb9$ movem5t z !y be=e _h4 ,b s9ce ^! small aggregates ( inorganic matt]1 d n exhibit ! ph5om5a ( ,evolution1 save 9 ! =m ( simple integration2 s !y d n exhibit ! ph5om5a ( dissolution1 save 9 ! =m ( simple dis9tegration4 ,( organic dissolution1 h[ev]1 our exp]i5ce suffices to %[ t x is a decrease ( comb9$ motion1 & an increase 9 ! motion ( uncomb9$ p>ts4 ,! gradual cessation ( functions1 vegetal or animal1 is a cessation ( ! s5sible movem5ts ( fluids & solids4 ,9 animals1 ! impulsions ( ! body f place to place1 fir/ cease2 pres5tly ! limbs _c be /irr$2 lat] /ill ! respiratory actions /op2 f9ally ! he>t becomes /ation>y1 &1 ) x1 ! circulat+ fluids4 ,t is1 ! trans=mation ( molecul> motion into ! motion ( masses1 comes to an end4 ,:at next takes place8 ,we _c say t s5sible movem5ts are trans=m$ into ins5sible movem5ts2 = s5sible movem5ts no long] exi/4 ,nev]!less1 ! process ( decay involves an increase ( ins5sible movem5ts2 s9ce ?is is f> great] 9 ! gases g5]at$ by decomposition1 ?an x is 9 ! fluid-solid matt]s g5]at+ !m4 ,inde$1 x might be cont5d$ t z1 dur+ ,dissolution1 !re is a *ange f ! vibration ( l>ge comp\nd atoms to ! vibration ( small & comp>atively simple ones1 ! process is /rictly anti!tical to t ( ,evolution4 ,9 con=mity ) ! n[ curr5t conception lately expla9$1 ea* ( ! highly complex *emical units compos+ an organic body1 possesses a rhy?mic movem5t--a movem5t 9 :i* its _m compon5t units jo9tly p>take4 ,:5 decomposition breaks up ^! highly complex atoms1 & _! con/itu5ts assume a gase\s =m1 !re is bo? an increase ( molecul> motion impli$ by ! diffusion1 & a fur!r increase impli$ by ! resolv+ ( su* motions z ! aggregate atoms possess$1 into motions ( _! con/itu5t atoms4 ,s t 9 organic dissolution we h1 fir/1 an end put to t trans=mation ( ! motion ( units into ! motion ( aggregates1 :i* con/itutes ,evolution1 dynamically consid]$2 & we h also1 ?\gh 9 a subtl] s5se1 a trans=mation ( ! motion ( aggregates into ! motion ( units4 ,! =mula equally applies to ! dissolution ( a society4 ,:5 social ties1 be !y gov]nm5tal or indu/rial1 are de/roy$1 ! comb9$ actions ( citiz5s lapse into uncomb9$ actions4 ,^? g5]al =ces :i* re/ra9$ individual do+s1 hav+ disappe>$1 ! only rema9+ re/ra9ts are ^? sep>ately ex]cis$ by individuals on ea* o!r4 ,!re are no long] any ( ! jo9t op]ations by :i* m5 satisfy _! wants2 &1 9 s f> z !y c1 !y satisfy _! wants by sep>ate op]ations4 ,t is to say1 ! movem5t ( p>ts replaces ! movem5t ( :oles4 ,"u its dynamical aspect !n1 ,evolution1 s f> z we c trace x1 is a *ange f molecul> motion to ! motion ( masses2 :ile ,dissolution1 s f> z we c trace x1 is a *ange f ! motion ( masses to molecul> motion4 99 99 99 99 99 #ajf4 ,to ^! ab/ract def9itions may be add$ concrete ones4 ,besides an integration ( motions correspond+ to ! integration ( masses1 ,evolution involves an increase 9 ! multi=mity ( ! motions1 correspond+ to ! increase 9 ! multi=mity ( ! masses4 ,if1 contemplat+ x z mat]ially display$1 we f9d ,evolution to consi/ 9 ! *ange f an indef9ite1 homog5e\s di/ribution ( p>ts to a def9ite1 het]og5e\s di/ribution ( p>ts2 !n1 contemplat+ ,evolution z dynamically display$1 x consi/s 9 a *ange f indef9ite1 homog5e\s motions to def9ite1 het]og5e\s motions4 ,?is *ange takes place "u ! =m ( an increas$ v>iety ( rhy?ms4 ,we h already se5 t all motion is rhy?mical1 f ! inf9itesimal vibrations ( inf9itesimal molecules1 up to ^? va/ oscillations betwe5 p]ihelion & aphelion p]=m$ by va/ cele/ial bodies4 ,& z ! contra/ betwe5 ^! extreme cases sugge/s1 a multiplication ( rhy?ms mu/ accompany a multiplication 9 ! degrees & modes ( aggregation1 & 9 ! relations ( ! aggregat$ masses to incid5t =ces4 ,! degree or mode ( aggregation w n1 inde$1 affect ! rate or ext5t ( rhy?m :]e ! incid5t =ce increases z ! aggregate increases1 :i* is ! case ) gravitation3 "h ! only cause ( v>iation 9 rhy?m1 is diff]5ce ( relation to ! incid5t =ces2 z we see 9 a p5dulum1 :i*1 ?\gh unaffect$ 9 its movem5ts by a *ange 9 ! weight ( ! bob1 alt]s its rate ( oscillation :5 tak5 to ! equator4 ,b 9 all cases :]e ! incid5t =ces d n v>y z ! masses1 e new ord] ( aggregation initiates a new ord] ( rhy?m3 witness ! conclusion drawn f ! rec5t rese>*es into radiant heat & light1 t ! atoms ( diff]5t gases h diff]5t rates ( undulation4 ,s t increas$ multi=mity 9 ! arrangem5t ( matt]1 has necess>ily g5]at$ increas$ multi=mity ( rhy?m2 bo? ?r\gh increas$ v>iety 9 ! sizes & =ms ( aggregates1 & ?r\gh increas$ v>iety 9 _! relations to ! =ces :i* move !m4 ,! advanc+ het]og5eity ( motion1 ?us entail$ by advanc+ het]og5eity 9 ! di/ribution ( matt]1 does n1 h[ev]1 end "h4 ,besides multiplication 9 ! k9ds ( rhy?m1 !re is a progress+ complexity 9 _! comb9ations4 ,z !re arise :oles compos$ ( het]og5e\s p>ts1 ea* ( :i* has its own rhy?m1 !re mu/ arise comp\nd rhy?ms proportionately het]og5e\s4 ,we be=e saw t ?is is visible ev5 9 ! cyclical p]turbations ( ! ,sol> ,sy/em--simple z are its /ructure & movem5ts4 ,& :5 we contemplate highly-develop$ organic bodies1 we f9d ! complication ( rhy?ms s great1 t x defies def9ite analysis1 & f mom5t to mom5t works out 9 resultants t are incalculable4 ,?is conception ( ,evolution =ms a ne$ful complem5t to t on :i* we h hi!rto *iefly dwelt4 ,to compreh5d ! ph5om5a 9 _! entirety1 we h to contemplate bo? ! increas+ multi=mity ( p>ts1 & ! increas+ multi=mity ( ! actions simultane\sly assum$ by ^! p>ts4 ,at ! same "t t !re are diff]5tiations & integrations ( ! matt]1 !re are diff]5tiations & integrations ( its motion4 ,& ?is increas+ly het]og5e\s di/ribution ( motion1 con/itutes ,evolution functionally consid]$2 z di/+ui%$ f t increas+ly het]og5e\s di/ribution ( matt]1 :i* con/itutes ,evolution /ructurally consid]$4 ,:ile ( c\rse1 ,dissolution exhibits ! transition to a rev]se di/ribution1 bo? /ructurally & functionally4 99 99 99 99 99 #ajg4 ,"o o!r prelim9>y mu/ be set d[n4 ,:5 specifically int]pret+ ,evolution1 we %all h to consid] "u _! concrete =ms1 ! v>i\s resolutions ( =ce t foll[ its conflict ) matt]4 ,"h x w be well to contemplate su* resolutions "u _! mo/ g5]al or ab/ract =ms4 ,any incid5t =ce is prim>ily resolvable or divisible into its effective & non-effective portions4 ,9 me*anical impact1 ! entire mom5tum ( a /rik+ body is nev] communicat$ to ! body /ruck3 ev5 "u ^? mo/ fav\rable conditions 9 :i* ! /rik+ body loses all its s5sible motion1 !re /ill rema9s ) x a portion ( ! orig9al mom5tum1 "u ! %ape ( t ins5sible motion produc$ among its p>ticles by ! collision4 ,( ! light or heat fall+ on any mass1 a "p1 m or less consid]able1 is reflect$2 & only ! rema9+ "p works molecul> *anges 9 ! mass4 ,next x is to be not$ t ! effective =ce1 is itself divisible into ! tempor>ily effective & ! p]man5tly effective4 ,! units ( an aggregate act$ on1 may und]go ^? rhy?mical *anges ( relative position :i* con/itute increas$ vibration1 z well z o!r *anges ( relative position :i* are n f in/ant to in/ant neutraliz$ by opposite ones4 ,( ^!1 ! fir/1 disappe>+ 9 ! %ape ( radiat+ undulations1 leave ! molecul> arrangem5t z x orig9ally 02 :ile ! second conduce to t re-arrangem5t con/itut+ ,evolution4 ,yet a fur!r di/9ction has to be made4 ,! p]man5tly effective =ce works out *anges ( relative position ( two k9ds--! ins5sible & ! s5sible4 ,! ins5sible transpositions among ! units are ^? con/itut+ :at we call *emical composition & decomposition2 & x is ^! :i* we recognize z ! qualitative diff]5ces t arise 9 an aggregate4 ,! s5sible transpositions are su* z result :5 c]ta9 ( ! units1 in/ead ( be+ put into diff]5t relations ) _! imm$iate neighb\rs1 are c>ri$ away f !m & unit$ toge!r else:]e4 ,conc]n+ ^! divisions & sub-divisions ( any =ce affect+ an aggregate1 ! fact :i* x *iefly conc]ns u to obs]ve1 is1 t !y are complem5t>y to ea* o!r4 ,( ! :ole incid5t =ce1 ! effective mu/ be t :i* rema9s aft] d$uct+ ! non-effective4 ,! two p>ts ( ! effective =ce mu/ v>y inv]sely z ea* o!r3 :]e mu* ( x is tempor>ily effective1 little ( x c be p]man5tly effective2 & vice v]s4 ,la/ly1 ! p]man5tly effective =ce1 be+ exp5d$ 9 work+ bo? ! ins5sible re-arrangem5ts :i* con/itute *emical modification1 & ! s5sible re-arrangem5ts :i* result 9 /ructure1 mu/ g5]ate ( ei!r k9d an am\nt t is great or small 9 proportion z x has g5]at$ a small or great am\nt ( ! o!r4 99 99 99 99 99 #ajh4 ,& n[ ( ! propositions gr\p$ toge!r 9 ?is *apt]1 x may be well to rem>k t1 9 common ) =ego+ propositions1 !y h = _! w>rant ! fundam5tal tru? ) :i* our syn!sis set out4 ,t :5 a giv5 =ce falls on any aggregate1 ! p]man5tly effective "p ( x w produce an am\nt ( re-arrangem5t t is inv]sely proportional to ! cohesion exi/+ among ! p>ts ( ! aggregate1 is demon/rable priori4 ,:e!r ! cohesion be me*anical or *emical1 or :e!r x be tempor>ily modifi$ by a *ang$ degree ( molecul> vibration1 matt]s n to ! g5]al conclusion4 ,9 all ^! cases x foll[s f ! p]si/5ce ( =ce1 t 9 proportion z ! units (f] great resi/ance to alt]ation 9 _! relative positions1 mu/ ! am\nt ( motion :i* a giv5 =ce impresses on !m be small4 ,! proposition is 9 fact an id5tical "o2 s9ce ! cohesion ( units is kn[n to be great or small1 only by ! smallness or greatness ( ! re-arrangem5t :i* a giv5 incid5t =ce produces4 ,! cont9uity ( motion we f\nd to be a coroll>y f ! p]si/5ce ( =ce2 & f ! cont9uity ( motion1 x foll[s t molecul> motion & ! motion ( masses c be respectively increas$ only at ea* o!r's exp5se4 ,h5ce1 if 9 ! c\rse ( ,evolution !re arises a motion ( masses t did n be=e exi/1 !re mu/ h ceas$ an equival5t molecul> motion2 & if 9 ! c\rse ( ,dissolution !re arises a molecul> motion t did n be=e exi/1 an equival5t motion ( masses mu/ h disappe>$4 ,equally necess>y is ! conclusion t ! sev]al results ( ! =ce exp5d$ on any aggregate1 mu/ be complem5t>y to ea* o!r4 ,x is n less obvi\sly a coroll>y f ! p]si/5ce ( =ce1 t ( ! :ole incid5t =ce ! effective is ! "p :i* rema9s aft] d$uct+ ! non-effective2 ?an x is1 t ( ! effective =ce1 :atev] does n "w p]man5t results1 works tempor>y results1 & t su* am\nt ( ! p]man5tly effective =ce z is n absorb$ 9 produc+ ins5sible re-arrangem5ts1 w produce s5sible re-arrangem5ts4 ,,*apt] ,,xiii4 ,,! ,,in/ability ,,( ,,! ,,homog5e\s4#af #aji4 ,?us f> our /eps t[>ds ! int]pretation ( ,evolution h be5 prep>atory4 ,we h dealt ) ! factors ( ! process1 r ?an ! process itself4 ,aft] ! ultimate tru? t1 ,matt]1 ,motion1 & ,=ce1 z cognizable by human intellig5ce1 c nei!r come into exi/5ce nor cease to exi/1 we h consid]$ c]ta9 o!r ultimate tru?s conc]n+ ! modes 9 :i* ,=ce & ,motion are manife/$ dur+ ! *anges !y produce 9 ,matt]4 ,n[ we h to /udy ! *anges !mselves4 ,we h "h to analyze t re-arrangem5t 9 ! p>ts ( ,matt]1 :i* occurs "u ! influ5ce ( ,=ce1 t is un*angeable 9 quantity ?\gh *angeable 9 =m1 ?r\gh ! m$ium ( ,motion tak+ place rhy?mically along l9es ( lea/ resi/ance4 ,! proposition :i* comes fir/ 9 logical ord]1 is1 t "s re-arrangem5t mu/ result2 & ?is proposition may be be/ dealt ) "u ! m specific %ape1 t ! condition ( homog5eity is a condition ( un/able equilibrium4 ,fir/1 z to ! mean+ ( ! t]ms2 respect+ :i* "s read]s may ne$ explanation4 ,! phrase un/able equilibrium is "o us$ 9 me*anics to express a balance ( =ces ( su* k9d1 t ! int]f]5ce ( any fur!r =ce1 h[ev] m9ute1 w de/roy ! arrangem5t previ\sly subsi/+2 & br+ ab\t a totally diff]5t arrangem5t4 ,?us1 a /ick pois$ on its l[] end is 9 un/able equilibrium3 h[ev] exactly x may be plac$ 9 a p]p5dicul> position1 z soon z x is left to itself x beg9s1 at fir/ imp]ceptibly1 to lean on "o side1 & ) increas+ rapidity falls into ano!r attitude4 ,conv]sely1 a /ick susp5d$ f its upp] end is 9 /able equilibrium3 h[ev] mu* di/urb$1 x w return to ! same position4 ,! proposition is1 !n1 t ! /ate ( homog5eity1 l ! /ate ( ! /ick pois$ on its l[] end1 is "o t _c be ma9ta9$4 ,let u take a few illu/rations4 ,( me*anical ones ! mo/ famili> is t ( ! scales4 ,if !y be accurately made1 & n clogg$ by dirt or ru/1 x is impossible to keep a pair ( scales p]fectly balanc$3 ev5tually "o scale w desc5d & ! o!r asc5d--!y w assume a het]og5e\s relation4 ,aga91 if we spr9kle ov] ! surface ( a fluid a numb] ( equal-siz$ p>ticles1 hav+ an attraction = ea* o!r1 !y w1 no matt] h[ uni=mly di/ribut$1 by & by conc5trate irregul>ly into "o or m gr\ps4 ,7 x possible to br+ a mass ( wat] into a /ate ( p]fect homog5eity--a /ate ( complete quiesc5ce1 & exactly equal d5sity ?r\gh\t--yet ! radiation ( heat f neighb\r+ bodies1 by affect+ diff]5tly its diff]5t p>ts1 w\ld inevitably produce inequalities ( d5sity & consequ5t curr5ts2 & w\ld s r5d] x to t ext5t het]og5e\s4 ,take a piece ( r$-hot matt]1 & h[ev] ev5ly heat$ x may at fir/ be1 x w quickly cease to be s3 ! ext]ior1 cool+ fa/] ?an ! int]ior1 w become diff]5t 9 temp]ature f x4 ,& ! lapse into het]og5eity ( temp]ature1 s obvi\s 9 ?is extreme case1 takes place m or less 9 all cases4 ,! action ( *emical =ces supplies o!r illu/rations4 ,expose a fragm5t ( metal to air or wat]1 & 9 c\rse ( "t x w be coat$ ) a film ( oxide1 c>bonate1 or o!r comp\nd3 t is--its out] p>ts w become unlike its inn] p>ts4 ,usually ! het]og5eity produc$ by ! action ( *emical =ces on ! surfaces ( masses1 is n /rik+2 because ! *ang$ portions are soon wa%$ away1 or o!rwise remov$4 ,b if ?is is prev5t$1 comp>atively complex /ructures result4 ,qu>ries ( trap-rock conta9 "s /rik+ examples4 ,n unfrequ5tly a piece ( trap may be f\nd r$uc$1 by ! action ( ! wea!r1 to a numb] ( loosely-adh]5t coats1 l ^? ( an onion4 ,:]e ! block has be5 q undi/urb$1 we may trace ! :ole s]ies ( ^!1 f ! angul>1 irregul> out] "o1 ?r\gh successively includ$ ones 9 :i* ! %ape becomes gradually r\nd$1 end+ f9ally 9 a sph]ical nucleus4 ,on comp>+ ! orig9al mass ( /one ) ?is gr\p ( conc5tric coats1 ea* ( :i* diff]s f ! re/ 9 =m1 & probably 9 ! /ate ( decomposition at :i* x has arriv$1 we get a m>k$ illu/ration ( ! multi=mity to :i*1 9 lapse ( "t1 a uni=m body may be br\ght by ext]nal *emical action4 ,! in/ability ( ! homog5e\s is equally se5 9 ! *anges set up ?r\gh\t ! int]ior ( a mass1 :5 x consi/s ( units t are n rigidly b\nd toge!r4 ,! atoms ( a precipitate nev] rema9 sep>ate1 & equably di/ribut$ ?r\gh ! fluid 9 :i* !y make _! appe>ance4 ,!y aggregate ei!r into cry/all9e gra9s1 ea* conta9+ an imm5se numb] ( atoms1 or !y aggregate into flocculi1 ea* conta9+ a yet l>g] numb]2 & :]e ! mass ( fluid is great1 & ! process prolong$1 ^! flocculi d n cont9ue equidi/ant1 b break up into gr\ps4 ,t is to say1 !re is a de/ruction ( ! balance at fir/ subsi/+ among ! diffus$ p>ticles1 & also ( ! balance at fir/ subsi/+ among ! gr\ps into :i* ^! p>ticles unite4 ,c]ta9 solutions ( non-cry/all9e sub/ances 9 highly volatile liquids1 exhibit 9 ! c\rse ( half an h\r a :ole s]ies ( *anges t are set up 9 ! alleg$ way4 ,if = example a little %ell-lac-v>ni% 7made by dissolv+ %ell-lac 9 coal-naph?a until x is ( ! consi/5ce ( cream7 be p\r$ on a piece ( pap]1 ! surface ( ! v>ni% w %ortly become m>k$ by polygonal divisions1 :i*1 fir/ appe>+ r\nd ! edge ( ! mass1 spread t[>ds its c5tre4 ,"u a l5se ^! irregul> polygons ( five or m sides1 are se5 to be sev]ally b\nd$ by d>k l9es1 on ea* side ( :i* !re are light-col\r$ bord]s4 ,by ! addition ( matt] to _! inn] edges1 ! bord]s sl[ly broad51 & ?us encroa* on ! areas ( ! polygons2 until at l5g? !re rema9s no?+ b a d>k spot 9 ! c5tre ( ea*4 ,at ! same "t ! b\nd>ies ( ! polygons become curv$2 & !y end by appe>+ l sph]ical sacs press$ toge!r2 /rangely simulat+ 7b only simulat+7 a gr\p ( nucleat$ cells4 ,"h a rapid loss ( homog5eity is exhibit$ 9 ?ree ways3--,fir/1 9 ! =mation ( ! film1 :i* is ! seat ( ^! *anges2 second1 9 ! =mation ( ! polygonal sections into :i* ?is film divides2 & ?ird1 9 ! contra/ t arises betwe5 ! polygonal sections r\nd ! edge1 :]e !y are small & e>ly =m$1 & ^? 9 ! c5tre :i* are l>g] & =m$ lat]4 ,! in/ability ?us v>i\sly illu/rat$ is obvi\sly consequ5t on ! fact1 t ! sev]al p>ts ( any homog5e\s aggregation are necess>ily expos$ to diff]5t =ces--=ces t diff] ei!r 9 k9d or am\nt2 & be+ expos$ to diff]5t =ces !y are ( necessity diff]5tly modifi$4 ,! relations ( outside & inside1 & ( comp>ative ne>ness to neighb\r+ s\rces ( influ5ce1 imply ! reception ( influ5ces t are unlike 9 quantity or quality1 or bo?2 & x foll[s t unlike *anges w be produc$ 9 ! p>ts ?us dissimil>ly act$ ^u4 ,= l reasons x is manife/ t ! process mu/ repeat itself 9 ea* ( ! subord9ate gr\ps ( units t are diff]5tiat$ by ! modify+ =ces4 ,ea* ( ^! subord9ate gr\ps1 l ! orig9al gr\p1 mu/ gradually1 9 ob$i5ce to ! influ5ces act+ ^u x1 lose its balance ( p>ts--mu/ pass f a uni=m into a multi=m /ate4 ,& s on cont9u\sly4 ,:5ce inde$ x is cle> t n only mu/ ! homog5e\s lapse into ! non-homog5e\s1 b t ! m homog5e\s mu/ t5d ev] to become less homog5e\s4 ,if any giv5 :ole1 in/ead ( be+ absolutely uni=m ?r\gh\t1 consi/ ( p>ts di/+ui%able f ea* o!r--if ea* ( ^! p>ts1 :ile some:at unlike o!r p>ts1 is uni=m )9 itself2 !n1 ea* ( !m be+ 9 un/able equilibrium1 x foll[s t :ile ! *anges set up )9 x mu/ r5d] x multi=m1 !y mu/ at ! same "t r5d] ! :ole m multi=m ?an be=e4 ,! g5]al pr9ciple1 n[ to be foll[$ out 9 its applications1 is ?us some:at m compreh5sive ?an ! title ( ! *apt] implies4 ,no demurr] to ! conclusions drawn1 c be bas$ on ! gr\nd t p]fect homog5eity n[h]e exi/s2 s9ce1 :e!r t /ate ) :i* we comm5ce be or be n "o ( p]fect homog5eity1 ! process mu/ equally be t[>ds a relative het]og5eity4 99 99 99 99 99 #aaj4 ,! />s are di/ribut$ ) a ?ree-fold irregul>ity4 ,!re is fir/ ! m>k$ contra/ betwe5 ! plane ( ! milky way & o!r p>ts ( ! heav5s1 9 respect ( ! quantities ( />s )9 giv5 visual areas4 ,!re are second>y contra/s ( l k9d 9 ! milky way itself1 :i* has its ?ick & ?9 places2 z well z ?r\gh\t ! cele/ial spaces 9 g5]al1 :i* are mu* m closely /rewn 9 "s regions ?an 9 o!rs4 ,& !re is a ?ird ord] ( contra/s produc$ by ! aggregation ( />s into small clu/]s4 ,besides ?is het]og5eity ( di/ribution ( ! />s 9 g5]al1 consid]$ )\t di/9ction ( k9ds1 a fur!r su* het]og5eity is disclos$ :5 !y are classifi$ by _! diff]5ces ( col\r1 :i* d\btless answ] to diff]5ces ( physical con/itution4 ,:ile ! yell[ />s are f\nd 9 all p>ts ( ! heav5s1 ! r$ & blue />s are n s3 !re are wide regions 9 :i* bo? r$ & blue />s are r>e2 !re are regions 9 :i* ! blue occur 9 consid]able numb]s1 & !re are o!r regions 9 :i* ! r$ are comp>atively abundant4 ,yet "o m irregul>ity ( l significance is pres5t$ by ! nebul1--aggregations ( matt] :i*1 :atev] be _! nature1 mo/ c]ta9ly belong to our sid]eal sy/em4 ,= ! nebul are n disp]s$ ) any?+ l uni=mity2 b are abundant ar\nd ! poles ( ! galactic circle & r>e 9 ! neighb\rhood ( its plane4 ,no "o w expect t any?+ l a def9ite int]pretation ( ?is /ructure c be giv5 on ! hypo!sis ( ,evolution1 or any o!r hypo!sis4 ,! mo/ t c be look$ = is "s reason = ?9k+ t irregul>ities1 n improbably ( ^! k9ds1 w\ld occur 9 ! c\rse ( ,evolution1 suppos+ x to h tak5 place4 ,any "o call$ on to assign su* reason might argue1 t if ! matt] ( :i* />s & all o!r cele/ial bodies consi/1 be assum$ to h orig9ally exi/$ 9 a diffus$ =m ?r\gh\t a space f> m va/ ev5 ?an t :i* our sid]eal sy/em n[ occupies1 ! in/ability ( ! homog5e\s w\ld negative its cont9uance 9 t /ate4 ,9 default ( an absolute balance among ! =ces ) :i* ! disp]s$ p>ticles act$ on ea* o!r 7:i* c\ld n exi/ 9 any aggregation hav+ limits7 he might %[ t motion & consequ5t *anges ( di/ribution w\ld necess>ily result4 ,! next /ep 9 ! argum5t w\ld be t 9 matt] ( su* extreme t5uity & feeble cohesion !re w\ld be motion t[>ds local c5tres ( gravity1 z well z t[>ds ! g5]al c5tre ( gravity2 j z1 to use a humble illu/ration1 ! p>ticles ( a precipitate aggregate into flocculi at ! same "t t !y s9k t[>ds ! e>?4 ,he might urge t 9 ! "o case z 9 ! o!r1 ^! smalle/ & e>lie/ local aggregations mu/ gradually divide into gr\ps1 ea* conc5trat+ to its own c5tre ( gravity1--a process :i* mu/ repeat itself on a l>g] & l>g] scale4 ,9 con=mity ) ! law t motion once set up 9 any direction becomes itself a cause ( subsequ5t motion 9 t direction1 he might fur!r inf] t ! het]og5eities ?us set up w\ld t5d ev] to become m pron\nc$4 ,e/abli%$ me*anical pr9ciples w\ld ju/ify him 9 ! conclusion t ! motions ( ^! irregul> masses ( slightly aggregat$ nebul> matt] t[>ds _! common c5tre ( gravity mu/ be sev]ally r5d]$ curvel9e>1 by ! resi/ance ( ! m$ium f :i* !y 7 precipitat$2 & t 9 consequ5ce ( ! irregul>ities ( di/ribution already set up1 su* conflict+ curvel9e> motions mu/1 by composition ( =ces1 end 9 a rotation ( ! incipi5t sid]eal sy/em4 ,he might )\t difficulty %[ t ! result+ c5trifugal =ce mu/ s f> modify ! process ( g5]al aggregation1 z to prev5t any?+ l uni=m di/ribution ( ! />s ev5tually =m$--t !re mu/ arise a contra/ su* z we see betwe5 ! galactic circle & ! re/ ( ! heav5s4 ,he might draw ! fur!r n unw>rantable inf]5ce1 t diff]5ces 9 ! process ( local conc5tration w\ld probably result f ! unlik5ess betwe5 ! physical conditions exi/+ ar\nd ! g5]al axis ( rotation & ^? exi/+ else:]e4 ,to :i* he might add1 t aft] ! =mation ( di/9ct />s1 ! ev]-increas+ irregul>ities ( di/ribution due to cont9uance ( ! same causes w\ld produce t pat*9ess :i* di/+ui%es ! heav5s 9 bo? its l>g] & small] areas4 ,we ne$ n "h h[ev] commit ourselves to su* f>-rea*+ speculations4 ,= ! purposes ( ! g5]al argum5t x is ne$ful only to %[1 t any f9ite mass ( diffus$ matt]1 ev5 ?\gh va/ en\gh to =m our :ole sid]eal sy/em1 c\ld n be 9 /able equilibrium2 t 9 default ( absolute sph]icity1 absolute uni=mity ( composition1 & absolute symmetry ( relation to all =ces ext]nal to x2 its conc5tration mu/ g on ) an ev]-increas+ irregul>ity2 & t ?us ! pres5t aspect ( ! heav5s is n1 s f> z we c judge1 incongru\s ) ! hypo!sis ( a g5]al evolution consequ5t on ! in/ability ( ! homog5e\s4 ,desc5d+ to t m limit$ =m ( ! nebul> hypo!sis :i* reg>ds ! sol> sy/em z hav+ result$ by gradual conc5tration2 & assum+ ?is conc5tration to h advanc$ s f> z to produce a rotat+ sph]oid ( nebul\s matt]2 let u consid] :at fur!r consequ5ce ! in/ability ( ! homog5e\s necessitates4 ,hav+ become oblate 9 figure1 unlike 9 ! d5sities ( its c5tre & surface1 unlike 9 _! temp]atures1 & unlike 9 ! velocities ) :i* its p>ts move r\nd _! common axis1 su* a mass c no long] be call$ homog5e\s2 & !re=e any fur!r *anges exhibit$ by x z a :ole1 c illu/rate ! g5]al law1 only z be+ *anges f a m homog5e\s to a less homog5e\s /ate4 ,*anges ( ?is k9d are to be f\nd 9 ! trans=mations ( su* ( its p>ts z are /ill homog5e\s )9 !mselves4 ,if we accept ! conclusion ( ,laplace1 t ! equatorial portion ( ?is rotat+ & contract+ sph]oid w at successive /ages acquire a c5trifugal =ce great en\gh to prev5t any ne>] approa* to ! c5tre r\nd :i* x rotates1 & w s be left beh9d by ! inn] p>ts ( ! sph]oid 9 its /ill-cont9u$ contraction2 we %all f9d1 9 ! fate ( ! deta*$ r+1 a fre% exemplification ( ! pr9ciple we are foll[+ out4 ,consi/+ ( gase\s matt]1 su* a r+1 ev5 if absolutely uni=m at ! "t ( its deta*m5t1 _c cont9ue s4 ,to ma9ta9 its equilibrium !re mu/ be an almo/ p]fect uni=mity 9 ! action ( all ext]nal =ces ^u x 7almo/1 we mu/ say1 because ! cohesion1 ev5 ( extremely att5uat$ matt]1 might suffice to neutralize v m9ute di/urbances72 & aga9/ ?is ! probabilities are imm5se4 ,9 ! abs5ce ( equality among ! =ces1 int]nal & ext]nal1 act+ on su* a r+1 !re mu/ be a po9t or po9ts at :i* ! cohesion ( its p>ts is less ?an else:]e--a po9t or po9ts at :i* rupture w !re=e take place4 ,laplace assum$ t ! r+ w\ld rupture at "o place only2 & w\ld !n collapse on itself4 ,b ?is is a m ?an que/ionable assumption--su* at lea/ ,i "k to be ! op9ion ( an au?ority second to none among ^? n[ liv+4 ,s va/ a r+1 consi/+ ( matt] hav+ su* feeble cohesion1 mu/ break up into _m p>ts4 ,nev]!less1 x is /ill inf]rable f ! in/ability ( ! homog5e\s1 t ! ultimate result :i* ,laplace pr$ict$ w\ld take place4 ,= ev5 suppos+ ! masses ( nebul\s matt] into :i* su* a r+ sep>at$1 7 s equal 9 _! sizes & di/ances z to attract ea* o!r ) exactly equal =ces 7:i* is inf9itely improbable72 yet ! unequal action ( ext]nal di/urb+ =ces w\ld inevitably de/roy _! equilibrium--!re w\ld be "o or m po9ts at :i* adjac5t masses w\ld beg9 to "p company4 ,sep>ation once comm5c$1 w\ld ) ev]-accel]at+ spe$ lead to a gr\p+ ( ! masses4 ,& obvi\sly a l result w\ld ev5tually take place ) ! gr\ps ?us =m$2 until !y at l5g? aggregat$ into a s+le mass4 ,leav+ ! region ( speculative a/ronomy1 let u consid] ! ,sol> ,sy/em z x at pres5t exi/s4 ,& "h x w be well1 9 ! fir/ place1 to note a fact :i* may be ?\ght at v>iance ) ! =ego+ argum5t--namely1 ! /ill-cont9u$ exi/5ce ( ,saturn's r+s2 & especially ( ! int]nal nebul\s r+ lately discov]$4 ,to ! objection t ! out] r+s ma9ta9 _! equilibrium1 ! reply is t ! comp>atively great cohesion ( liquid or solid sub/ance w\ld suffice to prev5t any slight t5d5cy to rupture f tak+ effect4 ,& t a nebul\s r+ "h /ill pres]ves its cont9uity1 does n really negative ! =ego+ conclusion2 s9ce x happ5s "u ! q exceptional influ5ce ( ^? symmetrically dispos$ =ces :i* ! ext]nal r+s ex]cise on x4 ,"h inde$ x des]ves to be not$1 t ?\gh at fir/ sight ! ,saturnian sy/em appe>s at v>iance ) ! doctr9e t a /ate ( homog5eity is "o ( un/able equilibrium1 x does 9 reality furni% a curi\s confirmation ( ?is doctr9e4 ,= ,saturn is n q conc5tric ) 8 r+s2 & x has be5 prov$ ma!matically t 7 he & 8 r+s conc5trically situat$1 !y c\ld n rema9 s3 ! homog5e\s relation be+ un/able1 w\ld gravitate into a het]og5e\s "o4 ,& ?is fact s]ves to rem9d u ( ! alli$ "o pres5t$ ?r\gh\t ! :ole ,sol> ,sy/em4 ,all orbits1 :e!r ( planets or satellites1 are m or less exc5tric--none ( !m are p]fect circles2 & 7 !y p]fect circles !y w\ld soon become ellipses4 ,mutual p]turbations w\ld inevitably g5]ate exc5tricities4 ,t is to say1 ! homog5e\s relations w\ld lapse into het]og5e\s ones4 99 99 99 99 99 #aaa4 ,already s _m ref]5ces h be5 made to ! gradual =mation ( a cru/ ov] ! orig9ally inc&esc5t ,e>?1 t x may be ?\ght sup]flu\s aga9 to "n x4 ,x has n1 h[ev]1 be5 be=e consid]$ 9 connexion ) ! g5]al pr9ciple "u discussion4 ,"h !n x mu/ be not$ z a necess>y consequ5ce ( ! in/ability ( ! homog5e\s4 ,9 ?is cool+ d[n & solidification ( ! ,e>?'s surface1 we h "o ( ! simple/1 z well z "o ( ! mo/ important1 in/ances1 ( t *ange f a uni=m to a multi=m /ate :i* occurs 9 any mass ?r\gh exposure ( its diff]5t p>ts to diff]5t conditions4 ,to ! diff]5tiation ( ! ,e>?'s ext]ior f its int]ior ?us br\ght ab\t1 we mu/ add "o ( ! mo/ conspicu\s diff]5tiations :i* ! ext]ior itself aft]w>ds und]goes1 z be+ simil>ly br\ght ab\t4 ,7 ! conditions to :i* ! surface ( ! ,e>? is expos$1 alike 9 all directions1 !re w\ld be no obvi\s reason :y c]ta9 ( its p>ts %\ld become p]man5tly unlike ! re/4 ,b be+ unequally expos$ to ! *ief ext]nal c5tre ( =ce--! ,sun--its ma9 divisions become unequally modifi$3 z ! cru/ ?ick5s & cools1 !re arises t contra/1 n[ s decid$1 betwe5 ! pol> & equatorial regions4 ,along ) ^! mo/ m>k$ physical diff]5tiations ( ! ,e>?1 :i* are manife/ly consequ5t on ! in/ability ( ! homog5e\s1 !re h be5 go+ on num]\s *emical diff]5tiations1 admitt+ ( simil> int]pretation4 ,)\t rais+ ! "q :e!r1 z "s ?9k1 ! s-call$ simple sub/ances are !mselves comp\nd$ ( unkn[n elem5ts 7elem5ts :i* we _c sep>ate by artificial heat1 b :i* exi/$ sep>ately :5 ! heat ( ! ,e>? 0 great] ?an any :i* we c produce71--)\t rais+ ?is "q1 x w suffice ! pres5t purpose to %[ h[1 9 place ( t comp>ative homog5eity ( ! ,e>?'s cru/1 *emically consid]$1 :i* mu/ h exi/$ :5 its temp]ature 0 high1 !re has aris51 dur+ its cool+1 an increas+ *emical het]og5eity3 ea* elem5t or comp\nd1 be+ unable to ma9ta9 its homog5eity 9 pres5ce ( v>i\s surr\nd+ aff9ities1 hav+ fall5 into het]og5e\s comb9ations4 ,let u contemplate ?is *ange some:at 9 detail4 ,!re is e reason to believe t at an extreme heat1 ! bodies we call elem5ts _c comb9e4 ,ev5 "u su* heat z c be g5]at$ artificially1 "s v /rong aff9ities yield2 & ! great majority ( *emical comp\nds are decompos$ at mu* l[] temp]atures4 ,:5ce x seems n improbable t1 :5 ! ,e>? 0 9 its fir/ /ate ( inc&esc5ce1 !re 7 no *emical comb9ations at all4 ,b )\t draw+ ?is inf]5ce1 let u set out ) ! unque/ionable fact t ! comp\nds :i* c exi/ at ! highe/ temp]atures1 & :i* mu/ !re=e h be5 ! fir/ =m$ z ! ,e>? cool$1 are ^? ( ! simple/ con/itutions4 ,! protoxides--includ+ "u t head ! alkalies1 e>?s1 c4--are1 z a class1 ! mo/ fix$ comp\nds kn[n3 ! majority ( !m resi/+ decomposition by any heat we c g5]ate4 ,^!1 consi/+ sev]ally ( "o atom ( ea* compon5t elem5t1 are comb9ations ( ! simple/ ord]--are b "o degree less homog5e\s ?an ! elem5ts !mselves4 ,m het]og5e\s ?an ^!1 m decomposable by heat1 & !re=e lat] 9 ! ,e>?'s hi/ory1 are ! deutoxides1 tritoxides1 p]oxides1 c42 9 :i* two1 ?ree1 f\r1 or m atoms ( oxyg5 are unit$ ) "o atom ( metal or o!r base4 ,/ill less able to resi/ heat1 are ! salts2 :i* pres5t u ) comp\nd atoms ea* made up ( five1 six1 sev51 eight1 t51 twelve1 or m atoms1 ( ?ree1 if n m1 k9ds4 ,!n !re are ! hydrat$ salts1 ( a yet great] het]og5eity1 :i* und]go p>tial decomposition at mu* l[] temp]atures4 ,aft] !m come ! fur!r-complicat$ sup]salts & d\ble salts1 hav+ a /ability aga9 decreas$2 & s ?r\gh\t4 ,aft] mak+ a few unimportant qualifications dem&$ by peculi> aff9ities1 ,i believe no *emi/ w d5y x to be a g5]al law ( ^! inorganic comb9ations t1 o!r ?+s equal1 ! /ability decreases z ! complexity increases4 ,& !n :5 we pass to ! comp\nds t make up organic bodies1 we f9d ?is g5]al law /ill fur!r exemplifi$3 we f9d mu* great] complexity & mu* less /ability4 ,an atom ( album51 = in/ance1 consi/s ( #dhb ultimate atoms ( five diff]5t k9ds4 ,fibr9e1 /ill m intricate 9 con/itution1 conta9s 9 ea* atom1 #bih atoms ( c>bon1 #di ( nitrog51 #b ( sulphur1 #bbh ( hydrog51 & #ib ( oxyg5--9 all1 #ffj atoms2 or1 m /rictly speak+--equival5ts4 ,& ^! two sub/ances are s un/able z to decompose at q mod]ate temp]atures2 z t to :i* ! outside ( a jo9t ( roa/ meat is expos$4 ,possibly x w be object$ t "s inorganic comp\nds1 z phosphurett$ hydrog5 & *loride ( nitrog51 are m decomposable ?an mo/ organic comp\nds4 ,?is is true4 ,b ! admission may be made )\t damage to ! argum5t4 ,! proposition is n t all simple comb9ations are m fix$ ?an all complex ones4 ,to e/abli% our inf]5ce x is necess>y only to %[ t1 z an av]age fact1 ! simple comb9ations c exi/ at a high] temp]ature ?an ! complex ones4 ,& ?is is :olly beyond "q4 ,?us x is manife/ t ! pres5t *emical het]og5eity ( ! ,e>?'s surface has aris5 by degrees z ! decrease ( heat has p]mitt$2 & t x has %[n itself 9 ?ree =ms--fir/1 9 ! multiplication ( *emical comp\nds2 second1 9 ! great] numb] ( diff]5t elem5ts conta9$ 9 ! m mod]n ( ^! comp\nds2 & ?ird1 9 ! high] & m v>i$ multiples 9 :i* ^! m num]\s elem5ts comb9e4 ,)\t specify+ !m1 x w suffice j to "n ! meteorologic processes ev5tually set up 9 ! ,e>?'s atmosph]e1 z fur!r illu/rat+ ! alleg$ law4 ,!y equally display t de/ruction ( a homog5e\s /ate :i* results f unequal exposure to incid5t =ces4 99 99 99 99 99 #aab4 ,take a mass ( unorganiz$ b organizable matt]--ei!r ! body ( "o ( ! l[e/ liv+ =ms1 or ! g]m ( "o ( ! high]4 ,consid] its circum/ances4 ,ei!r x is imm]s$ 9 wat] or air1 or x is conta9$ )9 a p>5t organism4 ,:]ev] plac$1 h[ev]1 its out] & inn] p>ts /& diff]5tly relat$ to surr\nd+ ag5cies--nutrim5t1 oxyg51 & ! v>i\s /imuli4 ,b ?is is n all4 ,:e!r x lies quiesc5t at ! bottom ( ! wat] or on ! leaf ( a plant2 :e!r x moves ?r\gh ! wat] pres]v+ "s def9ite attitude2 or :e!r x is 9 ! inside ( an adult2 x equally results t c]ta9 p>ts ( its surface are m expos$ to surr\nd+ ag5cies ?an o!r p>ts--9 "s cases m expos$ to light1 heat1 or oxyg51 & 9 o!rs to ! mat]nal tissues & _! cont5ts4 ,h5ce mu/ foll[ ! de/ruction ( its orig9al equilibrium4 ,?is may take place 9 "o ( two ways4 ,ei!r ! di/urb+ =ces may be su* z to ov]balance ! aff9ities ( ! organic elem5ts1 9 :i* case !re result ^? *anges :i* are kn[n z decomposition2 or1 z is ord9>ily ! case1 su* *anges are induc$ z d n de/roy ! organic comp\nds1 b only modify !m3 ! p>ts mo/ expos$ to ! modify+ =ces be+ mo/ modifi$4 ,to elucidate ?is1 suppose we take a few cases4 ,note fir/ :at appe> to be exceptions4 ,c]ta9 m9ute animal =ms pres5t u ei!r ) no appreciable diff]5tiations or ) diff]5tiations s obscure z to be made out ) great difficulty4 ,9 ! ,rhizopods1 ! sub/ance ( ! jelly-l body rema9s ?r\gh\t life unorganiz$1 ev5 to ! ext5t ( hav+ no limit+ membrane2 z is prov$ by ! fact t ! ?read-l processes protrud$ by ! mass1 coalesce on t\*+ ea* o!r4 ,:e!r or n ! ne>ly alli$ ,amba1 ( :i* ! less num]\s & m bulky processes d n coalesce1 has1 z lately alleg$1 some?+ l a cell-wall & a nucleus1 x is cle> t ! di/9ction ( p>ts is v slight2 s9ce p>ticles ( food pass bodily into ! inside ?r\gh any "p ( ! p]iph]y1 & s9ce :5 ! creature is cru%$ to pieces1 ea* piece behaves z ! :ole did4 ,n[ ^! cases1 9 :i* !re is ei!r no contra/ ( /ructure betwe5 ext]ior & int]ior or v little1 ?\gh seem+ly oppos$ to ! above inf]5ce1 are really v significant evid5ces ( its tru?4 ,= :at is ! peculi>ity ( ?is division ( ! ,protozoa8 ,its memb]s und]go p]petual & irregul> *anges ( =m--!y %[ no p]si/5t relation ( p>ts4 ,:at lately =m$ a portion ( ! int]ior is n[ protrud$1 &1 z a tempor>y limb1 is atta*$ to "s object x happ5s to t\*4 ,:at is n[ a "p ( ! surface w pres5tly be drawn1 along ) ! atom ( nutrim5t /ick+ to x1 into ! c5tre ( ! mass4 ,ei!r ! relations ( inn] & out] h no p]man5t exi/5ce1 or !y are v slightly m>k$4 ,b by ! hypo!sis1 x is only because ( _! unlike positions ) respect to modify+ =ces1 t ! orig9ally l units ( a liv+ mass become unlike4 ,we mu/ !re=e expect no e/abli%$ diff]5tiation ( p>ts 9 creatures :i* exhibit no e/abli%$ diff]5ces ( position 9 _! p>ts2 & we mu/ expect extremely little diff]5tiation ( p>ts :]e ! diff]5ces ( position are b little det]m9$--:i* is j :at we f9d4 ,?is negative evid5ce is borne out by positive evid5ce4 ,:5 we turn f ^! protei=m specks ( liv+ jelly to organisms hav+ an un*ang+ di/ribution ( sub/ance1 we f9d diff]5ces ( tissue correspond+ to diff]5ces ( relative position4 ,9 all ! high] ,protozoa1 z also 9 ! ,protophyta1 we meet ) a fundam5tal diff]5tiation into cell-membrane & cell-cont5ts2 answ]+ to t fundam5tal contra/ ( conditions impli$ by ! t]ms outside & inside4 ,on pass+ f :at are r\ghly class$ z unicellul> organisms1 to ! l[e/ ( ^? :i* consi/ ( aggregat$ cells1 we equally obs]ve ! connection betwe5 /ructural diff]5ces & diff]5ces ( circum/ance4 ,negatively1 we see t 9 ! sponge1 p]meat$ ?r\gh\t by curr5ts ( sea-wat]1 ! indef9it5ess ( organization corresponds ) ! abs5ce ( def9ite unlik5ess ( conditions3 ! p]iph]al & c5tral portions are z little contra/$ 9 /ructure z 9 exposure to surr\nd+ ag5cies4 ,:ile positively1 we see t 9 a =m l ! ,?alassicolla1 :i*1 ?\gh equally humble1 ma9ta9s its out] & inn] p>ts 9 p]man5tly unlike circum/ances1 !re is display$ a rude /ructure obvi\sly subord9at$ to ! prim>y relations ( c5tre & surface3 9 all its _m & important v>ieties1 ! p>ts exhibit a m or less conc5tric arrangem5t4 ,aft] ?is prim>y modification1 by :i* ! out] tissues are diff]5tiat$ f ! inn]1 ! next 9 ord] ( con/ancy & importance is t by :i* "s "p ( ! out] tissues is diff]5tiat$ f ! re/2 & ?is corresponds ) ! almo/ univ]sal fact t "s "p ( ! out] tissues is m expos$ to c]ta9 environ+ influ5ces ?an ! re/4 ,"h1 z be=e1 ! app>5t exceptions are extremely significant4 ,"s ( ! l[e/ vegetal organisms1 z ! ,hematococci & ,protococci1 ev5ly imb$d$ 9 a mass ( mucus1 or disp]s$ ?r\gh ! ,arctic sn[1 display no diff]5tiations ( surface2 ! sev]al p>ts ( _! surfaces be+ subject$ to no def9ite contra/s ( conditions4 ,ciliat$ sph]es su* z ! ,volvox h no p>ts ( _! p]iph]y unlike o!r p>ts2 & x is n to be expect$ t !y %\ld h2 s9ce1 z !y revolve 9 all directions1 !y d n1 9 trav]s+ ! wat]1 p]man5tly expose any "p to special conditions4 ,b :5 we come to organisms t are ei!r fix$1 or :ile mov+ pres]ve def9ite attitudes1 we no long] f9d uni=mity ( surface4 ,! mo/ g5]al fact :i* c be ass]t$ ) respect to ! /ructures ( plants & animals1 is1 t h[ev] mu* alike 9 %ape & texture ! v>i\s p>ts ( ! ext]ior may at fir/ be1 !y acquire unlik5esses correspond+ to ! unlik5esses ( _! relations to surr\nd+ ag5cies4 ,! ciliat$ g]m ( a ,zoophyte1 :i*1 dur+ its locomotive /age1 is di/+ui%able only into out] & inn] tissues1 no soon] becomes fix$1 ?an its upp] end beg9s to assume a diff]5t /ructure f its l[]4 ,! disc-%ap$ gemm ( ! ,m>*antia1 orig9ally alike on bo? surfaces1 & fall+ at r&om ) ei!r side upp]mo/1 imm$iately beg9 to develop rootlets on ! "u side1 & /omata on ! upp] side3 a fact prov+ beyond "q1 t ?is prim>y diff]5tiation is det]m9$ by ?is fundam5tal contra/ ( conditions4 ,( c\rse 9 ! g]ms ( high] organisms1 ! metamorphoses imm$iately due to ! in/ability ( ! homog5e\s1 are soon mask$ by ^? due to ! assumption ( ! h]$it>y type4 ,su* e>ly *anges1 h[ev]1 z are common to all classes ( organisms1 & s _c be ascrib$ to h]$ity1 entirely con=m to ! hypo!sis4 ,a g]m :i* has und]gone no developm5tal modifications1 consi/s ( a sph]oidal gr\p ( homog5e\s cells4 ,univ]sally1 ! fir/ /ep 9 its evolution is ! e/abli%m5t ( a diff]5ce betwe5 "s ( ! p]iph]al cells & ! cells :i* =m ! int]ior--"s ( ! p]iph]al cells1 aft] repeat$ spontane\s fissions1 coalesce into a membrane2 & by cont9uance ( ! process ?is membrane spreads until x spe$ily inve/s ! entire mass1 z 9 mammals1 or1 z 9 birds1 /ops %ort ( t = "s "t4 ,"h we h two significant facts4 ,! fir/ is1 t ! prim>y unlik5ess arises betwe5 ! ext]ior & ! int]ior4 ,! second is1 t ! *ange :i* ?us initiates developm5t1 does n take place simultane\sly ov] ! :ole ext]ior2 b comm5ces at "o place1 & gradually involves ! re/4 ,n[ ^! facts are j ^? :i* might be inf]r$ f ! in/ability ( ! homog5e\s4 ,! surface mu/1 m ?an any o!r "p1 become unlike ! c5tre1 because x is mo/ dissimil>ly condition$2 & all p>ts ( ! surface _c simultane\sly exhibit ?is diff]5tiation1 because !y _c be expos$ to ! incid5t =ces ) absolute uni=mity4 ,"o o!r g5]al fact ( l implication rema9s4 ,:atev] be ! ext5t ( ?is p]iph]al lay] ( cells1 or bla/od]m z x is call$1 x pres5tly divides into two lay]s--! s]\s & muc\s2 or1 z !y h be5 o!rwise call$1 ! ectod]m & ! endod]m4 ,! fir/ ( ^! is =m$ f t portion ( ! lay] :i* lies 9 contact ) surr\nd+ ag5ts2 & ! second ( !m is =m$ f t portion ( ! lay] :i* lies 9 contact ) ! conta9$ mass ( yelk4 ,t is to say1 aft] ! prim>y diff]5tiation1 m or less ext5sive1 ( surface f c5tre1 ! result+ sup]ficial portion und]goes a second>y diff]5tiation into inn] & out] p>ts--a diff]5tiation :i* is cle>ly ( ! same ord] ) ! prec$+1 & answ]s to ! next mo/ m>k$ contra/ ( conditions4 ,b1 z already h9t$1 ?is pr9ciple1 und]/ood 9 ! simple =m "h pres5t$1 supplies no key to ! detail$ ph5om5a ( organic developm5t4 ,x fails entirely to expla9 g5]ic & specific peculi>ities2 & inde$ leaves u equally 9 ! d>k respect+ ^? m important di/9ctions by :i* families & ord]s are m>k$ out4 ,:y two ova1 simil>ly expos$ 9 ! same pool1 %\ld become ! "o a fi%1 & ! o!r a reptile1 x _c tell u4 ,t f two diff]5t eggs plac$ "u ! same h51 %\ld respectively come =? a duckl+ & a *ick51 is a fact n to be acc\nt$ = on ! hypo!sis above develop$4 ,we h "h no alt]native b to fall back ^u ! unexpla9$ pr9ciple ( h]$it>y transmission4 ,! capacity possess$ by an unorganiz$ g]m ( unfold+ into a complex adult1 :i* repeats ance/ral traits 9 ! m9ute/ details1 & t ev5 :5 x has be5 plac$ 9 conditions unlike ^? ( its ance/ors1 is a capacity we _c at pres5t und]/&4 ,t a microscopic portion ( seem+ly /ructureless matt] %\ld embody an influ5ce ( su* k9d1 t ! result+ man w 9 fifty ye>s aft] become g\ty or insane1 is a tru? :i* w\ld be incr$ible 7 x n daily illu/rat$4 ,%\ld x h[ev] turn out1 z we %all h]eaft] f9d reason = suspect+1 t ^! complex diff]5tiations :i* adults exhibit1 are !mselves ! sl[ly accumulat$ & transmitt$ results ( a process l t se5 9 ! fir/ *anges ( ! g]m2 x w foll[ t ev5 ^? embryonic *anges due to h]$it>y influ5ce1 are remote consequ5ces ( ! alleg$ law4 ,%\ld x be %[n t ! slight modifications wr\ght dur+ life on ea* adult1 & bequea!d to (fspr+ along ) all l prec$+ modifications1 are !mselves unlik5esses ( p>ts t are produc$ by unlik5esses ( conditions2 !n x w foll[ t ! modifications display$ 9 ! c\rse ( embryonic developm5t1 are p>tly direct consequ5ces ( ! in/ability ( ! homog5e\s1 & p>tly indirect consequ5ces ( x4 ,to give reasons = ent]ta9+ ?is hypo!sis1 h[ev]1 is n ne$ful = ! ju/ification ( ! position "h tak54 ,x is en\gh t ! mo/ conspicu\s diff]5tiations :i* incipi5t organisms univ]sally display1 correspond to ! mo/ m>k$ diff]5ces ( conditions to :i* _! p>ts are subject4 ,x is en\gh t ! habitual contra/ betwe5 outside & inside1 :i* we "k is produc$ 9 inorganic masses by unlik5ess ( exposure to incid5t =ces1 is /rictly p>allel$ by ! fir/ contra/ t makes its appe>ance 9 all organic masses4 ,x rema9s to po9t out t 9 ! assemblage ( organisms con/itut+ a species1 ! pr9ciple enunciat$ is equally traceable4 ,we h abundant mat]ials = ! induction t ea* species w n rema9 uni=m1 b is ev] becom+ to "s ext5t multi=m2 & !re is gr\nd = ! d$uction t ?is lapse f homog5eity to het]og5eity is caus$ by ! subjection ( its memb]s to unlike sets ( circum/ances4 ,! fact t 9 e species1 animal & vegetal1 ! individuals are nev] q alike2 jo9$ ) ! fact t !re is 9 e species a t5d5cy to ! production ( diff]5ces m>k$ en\gh to con/itute v>ieties2 =m a suffici5tly wide basis = ! induction4 ,:ile ! d$uction is confirm$ by ! famili> exp]i5ce t v>ieties are mo/ num]\s & decid$ :]e1 z among cultivat$ plants & dome/ic animals1 ! conditions ( life dep>t f ! orig9al ones1 mo/ widely & 9 ! mo/ num]\s ways4 ,:e!r we reg>d 8natural selection0 z :olly1 or only 9 "p1 ! ag5cy ?r\gh :i* v>ieties are e/abli%$1 matt]s n to ! g5]al conclusion4 ,= z ! survival ( any v>iety proves its con/itution to be 9 h>mony ) a c]ta9 aggregate ( surr\nd+ =ces--z ! multiplication ( a v>iety & ! usurpation by x ( an area previ\sly occupi$ by "s o!r "p ( ! species1 implies diff]5t effects produc$ by su* aggregate ( =ces on ! two1 x is cle> t ?is aggregate ( =ces is ! real cause ( ! diff]5tiation--x is cle> t if ! v>iety supplants ! orig9al species 9 "s localities b n 9 o!rs1 x does s because ! aggregate ( =ces 9 ! "o locality is unlike t 9 ! o!r--x is cle> t ! lapse ( ! species f a /ate ( homog5eity to a /ate ( het]og5eity arises f ! exposure ( its diff]5t p>ts to diff]5t aggregates ( =ces4 99 99 99 99 99 #aac4 ,among m5tal ph5om5a x is difficult to e/abli% ! alleg$ law )\t an analysis too ext5sive = ! occasion4 ,to %[ satisfactorily h[ /ates ( consci\sness1 orig9ally homog5e\s1 become het]og5e\s ?r\gh diff]5ces 9 ! *anges wr\ght by diff]5t =ces1 w\ld require u c>efully to trace out ! organization ( e>ly exp]i5ces4 ,7 ?is done x w\ld become manife/ t ! developm5t ( intellig5ce1 is1 "u "o ( its *ief aspects1 a divid+ into sep>ate classes1 ! unlike ?+s previ\sly conf\nd$ toge!r 9 "o class--a =mation ( sub-classes & sub-sub-classes1 until ! once confus$ aggregate ( objects kn[n1 is resolv$ into an aggregate :i* unites extreme het]og5eity among its multipli$ gr\ps1 ) complete homog5eity among ! memb]s ( ea* gr\p4 ,if1 = example1 we foll[$1 ?r\gh asc5d+ grades ( creatures1 ! g5esis ( t va/ /ructure ( k acquir$ by sight1 we %\ld f9d t 9 ! fir/ /age1 :]e eyes suffice = no?+ beyond ! discrim9ation ( light f d>kness1 ! only possible classifications ( objects se51 mu/ be ^? bas$ on ! mann] 9 :i* light is ob/ruct$1 & ! degree 9 :i* x is ob/ruct$4 ,we %\ld f9d t by su* undevelop$ visual organs1 ! %ad[s trav]s+ ! rudim5t>y ret9a w\ld be m]ely di/+ui%$ into ^? ( ! /ation>y objects :i* ! creature pass$ dur+ its own movem5ts1 & ^? ( ! mov+ objects :i* came ne> ! creature :ile x 0 at re/2 & t s ! extremely g5]al classification ( visible ?+s into /ation>y & mov+1 w\ld be ! e>lie/ =m$4 ,we %\ld f9d t :]eas ! simple/ eyes are n fitt$ to di/+ui% betwe5 an ob/ruction ( light caus$ by a small object close to1 & an ob/ruction caus$ by a l>ge object at "s di/ance1 eyes a little m develop$ mu/ be compet5t to su* a di/9ction2 :5ce mu/ result a vague diff]5tiation ( ! class ( mov+ objects1 into ! ne>] & ! m remote4 ,we %\ld f9d t su* fur!r improvem5ts 9 vision z ^? :i* make possible a bett] e/imation ( di/ances by adju/m5t ( ! optic axes1 & ^? :i*1 ?r\gh enl>gem5t & subdivision ( ! ret9a1 make possible ! discrim9ation ( %apes1 mu/ h ! effects ( giv+ great] def9it5ess to ! classes already =m$1 & ( sub-divid+ ^! into small] classes1 consi/+ ( objects less unlike4 ,& we %\ld f9d t ea* additional ref9em5t ( ! p]ceptive organs1 mu/ simil>ly lead to a multiplication ( divisions & a %>p5+ ( ! limits ( ea* division4 ,9 e infant might be trac$ ! analog\s trans=mation ( a confus$ aggregate ( impressions ( surr\nd+ objects1 n recogniz$ z diff]+ 9 _! di/ances1 sizes1 & %apes1 into sep>ate classes ( objects unlike ea* o!r 9 ^! & v>i\s o!r respects4 ,& 9 ! "o case z 9 ! o!r1 x might be %[n t ! *ange f ?is fir/ indef9ite1 incoh]5t & comp>atively homog5e\s consci\sness1 to a def9ite1 coh]5t1 & het]og5e\s "o1 is due to diff]5ces 9 ! actions ( incid5t =ces on ! organism4 ,^! brief indications ( :at might be %[n1 did space p]mit1 mu/ "h suffice4 ,probably !y w give adequate clue to an argum5t by :i* ea* read] may satisfy himself t ! c\rse ( m5tal evolution (f]s no exception to ! g5]al law4 ,9 fur!r aid ( su* an argum5t1 ,i w "h add an illu/ration t is compreh5sible ap>t f ! process ( m5tal evolution z a :ole4 ,x has be5 rem>k$ 7,i am told by ,col]idge1 ?\gh ,i h be5 unable to f9d ! passage7 t ) ! advance ( language1 words :i* 7 orig9ally alike 9 _! mean+s acquire unlike mean+s--a *ange :i* he expresses by ! =midable ^w 8desynonymization40 ,among indig5\s words ?is loss ( equival5ce _c be cle>ly %[n2 because 9 !m ! div]g5cies ( mean+ began be=e ! dawn ( lit]ature4 ,b among words t h be5 co9$1 or adopt$ f o!r languages1 s9ce ! writ+ ( books comm5c$1 x is demon/rable4 ,9 ! old div9es1 miscreant is us$ 9 its etymological s5se ( unbeliev]2 b 9 mod]n spee* x has entirely lo/ ?is s5se4 ,simil>ly ) evil-do] & malefactor3 exactly synonym\s z ^! are by d]ivation1 !y are no long] synonym\s by usage3 by a malefactor we n[ und]/& a convict$ crim9al1 :i* is f> f be+ ! acceptation ( evil-do]4 ,! v]b produce1 be>s 9 ,euclid its prim>y mean+--to prolong1 or draw out2 b ! n[ l>gely develop$ mean+s ( produce h little 9 common ) ! mean+s ( prolong1 or draw out4 ,9 ! ,*ur* ( ,engl& liturgy1 an odd effect results f ! occurr5ce ( prev5t 9 its orig9al s5se--to come be=e1 in/ead ( its mod]n specializ$ s5se--to come be=e ) ! effect ( arre/+4 ,b ! mo/ conclusive cases are ^? 9 :i* ! contra/$ words consi/ ( ! same p>ts diff]5tly comb9$2 z 9 g "u & und]go4 ,we g "u a tree1 & we und]go a pa94 ,b ?\gh1 if analytically consid]$1 ! mean+s ( ^! expressions w\ld be ! same 7 ! words transpos$1 habit has s f> modifi$ _! mean+s t we c\ld n )\t absurdity speak ( und]go+ a tree & go+ "u a pa94 ,c\ntless su* in/ances might be br\ght to %[ t betwe5 two words :i* are orig9ally ( l =ce1 an equilibrium _c be ma9ta9$4 ,unless !y are daily us$ 9 exactly equal degrees1 9 exactly simil> relations 7aga9/ :i* !re are inf9ite probabilities71 !re necess>ily arises a habit ( associat+ "o r ?an ! o!r ) p>ticul> acts1 or objects4 ,su* a habit1 once comm5c$1 becomes confirm$2 & gradually _! homog5eity ( mean+ disappe>s4 ,9 ea* individual we may see ! t5d5cy :i* inevitably leads to ?is result4 ,a c]ta9 vocabul>y & a c]ta9 set ( phrases1 di/+ui% ! spee* ( ea* p]son3 ea* p]son habitually uses c]ta9 words 9 places :]e o!r words are habitually us$ by o!r p]sons2 & !re is a cont9ual recurr5ce ( fav\rite expressions4 ,?is inability to ma9ta9 a balance 9 ! use ( v]bal symbols1 :i* *>act]izes e man1 *>act]izes1 by consequ5ce1 aggregates ( m52 & ! desynonymization ( words is ! ultimate effect4 ,%\ld any difficulty be felt 9 und]/&+ h[ ^! m5tal *anges exemplify a law ( physical trans=mations t are wr\ght by physical =ces1 x w disappe> on contemplat+ acts ( m9d z n]v\s functions4 ,x w be se5 t ea* loss ( equilibrium above in/anc$1 is a loss ( functional equality betwe5 "s two elem5ts ( ! n]v\s sy/em4 ,& x w be se5 t1 z 9 o!r cases1 ?is loss ( functional equality is due to diff]5ces 9 ! incid5ce ( =ces4 99 99 99 99 99 #aad4 ,masses ( m51 9 common ) all o!r masses1 %[ a l proclivity simil>ly caus$4 ,small comb9ations & l>ge societies equally manife/ x2 & 9 ! "o1 z 9 ! o!r1 bo? gov]nm5tal & indu/rial diff]5tiations are initiat$ by x4 ,let u glance at ! facts "u ^! two heads4 ,a bus9ess p>tn]%ip1 balanc$ z ! au?orities ( its memb]s may !oretically be1 practically becomes a union 9 :i* ! au?ority ( "o p>tn] is tacitly recogniz$ z great] ?an t ( ! o!r or o!rs4 ,?\gh ! %>ehold]s h giv5 equal p[]s to ! directors ( _! company1 inequalities ( p[] soon arise among !m2 & usually ! supremacy ( "s "o director gr[s s m>k$1 t 8 decisions det]m9e ! c\rse :i* ! bo>d takes4 ,nor 9 associations = political1 *>itable1 lit]>y1 or o!r purposes1 d we fail to f9d a l process ( division into dom9ant & subord9ate p>ties2 ea* hav+ its lead]1 its memb]s ( less influ5ce1 & its mass ( un9flu5tial memb]s4 ,^! m9or in/ances 9 :i* unorganiz$ gr\ps ( m51 /&+ 9 homog5e\s relations1 may be wat*$ gradually pass+ into organiz$ gr\ps ( m5 /&+ 9 het]og5e\s relations1 give u ! key to social inequalities4 ,b>b>\s & civiliz$ communities are alike *>act]iz$ by sep>ation into classes1 z well z by sep>ation ( ea* class into m important & less important units2 & ?is /ructure is manife/ly ! gradually-consolidat$ result ( a process l t daily exemplifi$ 9 trad+ & o!r comb9ations4 ,s long z m5 are con/itut$ to act on "o ano!r1 ei!r by physical =ce or by =ce ( "*1 ! /ruggles = supremacy mu/ f9ally be decid$ 9 fav\r ( "s "o2 & ! diff]5ce once comm5c$ mu/ t5d to become ev] m m>k$4 ,its un/able equilibrium be+ de/roy$1 ! uni=m mu/ gravitate ) increas+ rapidity into ! multi=m4 ,& s supremacy & subord9ation mu/ e/abli% !mselves1 z we see !y d1 ?r\gh\t ! :ole /ructure ( a society1 f ! great class-divisions p]vad+ its entire body1 d[n to village cliques1 & ev5 d[n to e posse ( s*ool-boys4 ,probably x w be object$ t su* *anges result1 n f ! homog5eity ( ! orig9al aggregations1 b f _! non-homog5eity--f c]ta9 slight diff]5ces exi/+ among _! units at ! outset4 ,?is is d\btless ! proximate cause4 ,9 /rictness1 su* *anges mu/ be reg>d$ z trans=mations ( ! relatively homog5e\s into ! relatively het]og5e\s4 ,b x is abundantly cle> t an aggregation ( m51 absolutely alike 9 _! end[m5ts1 w\ld ev5tually und]go a simil> trans=mation4 ,= 9 ! abs5ce ( p]fect uni=mity 9 ! lives sev]ally l$ by !m--9 _! occupations1 physical conditions1 dome/ic relations1 & tra9s ( ?\ght & feel+--!re mu/ arise diff]5ces among !m2 & ^! mu/ f9ally initiate social diff]5tiations4 ,ev5 inequalities ( heal? caus$ by accid5ts1 mu/1 by entail+ inequalities ( physical & m5tal p[]1 di/urb ! exact balance ( mutual influ5ces among ! units2 & ! balance once di/urb$1 mu/ inevitably be lo/4 ,:5ce1 inde$1 besides see+ t a body ( m5 absolutely homog5e\s 9 _! gov]nm5tal relations1 mu/1 l all o!r homog5e\s bodies1 become het]og5e\s1 we also see t x mu/ d ?is f ! same ultimate cause--unequal exposure ( its p>ts to incid5t =ces4 ,! fir/ indu/rial divisions ( societies are mu* m obvi\sly due to unlik5esses ( ext]nal circum/ances4 ,su* divisions are abs5t until su* unlik5esses are e/abli%$4 ,nomadic tribes d n p]man5tly expose any gr\ps ( _! memb]s to special local conditions2 nor does a /ation>y tribe1 :5 occupy+ only a small area1 ma9ta9 f g5]ation to g5]ation m>k$ contra/s 9 ! local conditions ( its memb]s2 & 9 su* tribes !re are no decid$ economical diff]5tiations4 ,b a community :i*1 gr[+ popul\s1 has ov]spread a l>ge tract1 & has become s f> settl$ t its memb]s live & die 9 _! respective di/ricts1 keeps its sev]al sections 9 diff]5t physical circum/ances2 & !n !y no long] rema9 alike 9 _! occupations4 ,^? :o live disp]s$ cont9ue to hunt or cultivate ! e>?2 ^? :o spread to ! sea-%ore fall into m>itime occupations2 :ile ! inhabitants ( "s spot *os51 p]haps = its c5trality1 z "o ( p]iodical assemblage1 become trad]s1 & a t[n spr+s up4 ,ea* ( ^! classes und]goes a modification ( "* consequ5t on its function1 & bett] fitt+ x to its function4 ,lat] 9 ! process ( social evolution ^! local adaptations are greatly multipli$4 ,a result ( diff]5ces 9 soil & climate1 is t ! rural inhabitants 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! k+dom h _! occupations p>tially specializ$2 & become respectively di/+ui%$ z *iefly produc+ cattle1 or %eep1 or :eat1 or oats1 or hops1 or cyd]4 ,p liv+ :]e coal-fields are discov]$ are trans=m$ into colli]s2 ,corni%m5 take to m9+ because ,cornwall is metallif]\s2 & ! iron-manufacture is ! dom9ant indu/ry :]e iron/one is pl5tiful4 ,liv]pool has assum$ ! (fice ( import+ cotton1 9 consequ5ce ( its proximity to ! di/rict :]e cotton goods are made2 & = analog\s reasons1 ,hull has become ! *ief port at :i* =eign wools are br\ght 94 ,ev5 9 ! e/abli%m5t ( brew]ies1 ( dye-works1 ( slate-qu>ries1 ( bricky>ds1 we may see ! same tru?4 ,s t bo? 9 g5]al & 9 detail1 ! specializations ( ! social organism :i* *>act]ize sep>ate di/ricts1 prim>ily dep5d on local circum/ances4 ,^? divisions ( lab\r :i* "u ano!r aspect 7 int]pret$ z due to ! sett+ up ( motion 9 ! directions ( lea/ resi/ance 7 #ia71 are "h int]pret$ z due to diff]5ces 9 ! incid5t =ces2 & ! two int]pretations are q consi/5t ) ea* o!r4 ,= t :i* 9 ea* case det]m9es ! direction ( lea/ resi/ance1 is ! di/ribution ( ! =ces to be ov]come2 & h5ce unlik5esses ( di/ribution 9 sep>ate localities1 entails unlik5esses 9 ! c\rse ( human action 9 ^? localities--entails indu/rial diff]5tiations4 99 99 99 99 99 #aae4 ,9 common ) ! g5]al tru?s set =? 9 prec$+ *apt]s1 ! in/ability ( ! homog5e\s is demon/rable priori4 ,x1 l ea* ( !m1 is a coroll>y f ! p]si/5ce ( =ce4 ,already ?is has be5 tacitly impli$ by assign+ unlik5ess 9 ! exposure ( its "p to surr\nd+ ag5cies1 z ! reason :y a uni=m mass loses its uni=mity4 ,b "h x w be prop] to exp& ?is tacit implication into def9ite pro(4 ,on /rik+ a mass ( matt] ) su* =ce z ei!r to ind5t x or make x fly to pieces1 we see bo? t ! bl[ affects diff]5tly its diff]5t p>ts1 & t ! diff]5ces are consequ5t on ! unlike relations ( its p>ts to ! =ce impress$4 ,! "p ) :i* ! /rik+ body comes 9 contact1 receiv+ ! :ole ( ! communicat$ mom5tum1 is driv5 9 t[>ds ! c5tre ( ! mass4 ,x ?us compresses & t5ds to displace ! m c5trally situat$ portions ( ! mass4 ,^!1 h[ev]1 _c be compress$ or ?ru/ out ( _! places )\t press+ on all surr\nd+ portions4 ,& :5 ! bl[ is viol5t en\gh to fracture ! mass1 we see1 9 ! radial disp]sion ( its fragm5ts1 t ! orig9al mom5tum1 9 be+ di/ribut$ ?r\gh\t x1 has be5 divid$ into num]\s m9or mom5ta1 unlike 9 _! directions4 ,we see t ^! directions are det]m9$ by ! positions ( ! p>ts ) respect to ea* o!r1 & ) respect to ! po9t ( impact4 ,we see t ! p>ts are diff]5tly affect$ by ! disruptive =ce1 because !y are diff]5tly relat$ to x 9 _! directions & atta*m5ts--t ! effects be+ ! jo9t products ( ! cause & ! conditions1 _c be alike 9 p>ts :i* are diff]5tly condition$4 ,a body on :i* radiant heat is fall+1 exemplifies ?is tru? /ill m cle>ly4 ,tak+ ! simple/ case 7t ( a sph]e7 we see t :ile ! "p ne>e/ to ! radiat+ c5tre receives ! rays at "r angles1 ! rays /rike ! o!r p>ts ( ! expos$ side at all angles f #ij d[n to #j4 ,aga91 ! molecul> vibrations propagat$ ?r\gh ! mass f ! surface :i* receives ! heat1 mu/ proce$ inw>ds at angles diff]+ = ea* po9t4 ,fur!r1 ! int]ior p>ts ( ! sph]e affect$ by ! vibrations proce$+ f all po9ts ( ! heat$ side1 mu/ be dissimil>ly affect$ 9 proportion z _! positions are dissimil>4 ,s t :e!r !y be on ! recipi5t area1 9 ! middle1 or at ! remote side1 ! con/itu5t atoms are all ?r[n into /ates ( vibration m or less unlike ea* o!r4 ,b n[1 :at is ! ultimate mean+ ( ! conclusion t a uni=m =ce produces diff]5t *anges ?r\gh\t a uni=m mass1 because ! p>ts ( ! mass /& 9 diff]5t relations to ! =ce8 ,fully to und]/& ?is1 we mu/ contemplate ea* "p z simultane\sly subject to o!r =ces--^? ( gravitation1 ( cohesion1 ( molecul> motion1 c4 ,! effect wr\ght by an additional =ce1 mu/ be a resultant ( x & ! =ces already 9 action4 ,if ! =ces already 9 action on two p>ts ( any aggregate1 are diff]5t 9 _! directions1 ! effects produc$ on ^! two p>ts by l =ces mu/ be diff]5t 9 _! directions4 ,:y mu/ !y be diff]5t8 ,!y mu/ be diff]5t because su* unlik5ess z exi/s betwe5 ! two sets ( factors1 is made by ! pres5ce 9 ! "o ( "s specially-direct$ =ce t is n pres5t 9 ! o!r2 & t ?is =ce w produce an effect1 r5d]+ ! total result 9 ! "o case unlike t 9 ! o!r1 is a necess>y coroll>y f ! p]si/5ce ( =ce4 ,/ill m manife/ does x become t ! dissimil>ly-plac$ p>ts ( any aggregate mu/ be dissimil>ly modifi$ by an incid5t =ce1 :5 we rememb] t ! quantities ( ! incid5t =ce to :i* !y are sev]ally subject1 are n equal1 z above suppos$2 b are ne>ly always v unequal4 ,! out] p>ts ( masses are usually alone expos$ to *emical actions2 & n only are _! inn] p>ts %ield$ f ! aff9ities ( ext]nal elem5ts1 b su* aff9ities are br\ght to be> unequally on _! surfaces2 s9ce *emical action sets up curr5ts ?r\gh ! m$ium 9 :i* x takes place1 & s br+s to ! v>i\s p>ts ( ! surface unequal quantities ( ! active ag5t4 ,aga91 ! am\nts ( any ext]nal radiant =ce :i* ! diff]5t p>ts ( an aggregate receive1 are widely contra/$3 we h ! contra/ betwe5 ! quantity fall+ on ! side next ! radiat+ c5tre1 & ! quantity1 or r no quantity1 fall+ on ! opposite side2 we h contra/s 9 ! quantities receiv$ by diff]5tly-plac$ areas on ! expos$ side2 & we h endless contra/s betwe5 ! quantities receiv$ by ! v>i\s p>ts ( ! int]ior4 ,simil>ly :5 me*anical =ce is exp5d$ on any aggregate1 ei!r by collision1 cont9u$ pressure1 or t5sion1 ! am\nts ( /ra9 di/ribut$ ?r\gh\t ! mass are manife/ly unlike = unlike positions4 ,b to say ! diff]5t p>ts ( an aggregate receive diff]5t quantities ( any incid5t =ce1 is to say t _! /ates are modifi$ by x 9 diff]5t degrees--is to say t if !y 7 be=e homog5e\s 9 _! relations !y mu/ be r5d]$ to a proportionate ext5t het]og5e\s2 s9ce1 =ce be+ p]si/5t1 ! diff]5t quantities ( x fall+ on ! diff]5t p>ts1 mu/ "w 9 !m diff]5t quantities ( effect--diff]5t *anges4 ,yet "o m k9dr$ d$uction is requir$ to complete ! argum5t4 ,we may1 by p>allel reason+1 rea* ! conclusion t1 ev5 ap>t f ! action ( any ext]nal =ce1 ! equilibrium ( a homog5e\s aggregate mu/ be de/roy$ by ! unequal actions ( its p>ts on ea* o!r4 ,t mutual influ5ce :i* produces aggregation 7n to m5tion o!r mutual influ5ces7 mu/ "w diff]5t effects on ! diff]5t p>ts2 s9ce !y are sev]ally expos$ to x 9 unlike am\nts & directions4 ,?is w be cle>ly se5 on rememb]+ t ! portions ( :i* ! :ole is made up1 may be sev]ally reg>d$ z m9or :oles2 t on ea* ( ^! m9or :oles1 ! action ( ! entire aggregate !n becomes an ext]nal incid5t =ce2 t su* ext]nal incid5t =ce mu/1 z above %[n1 "w unlike *anges 9 ! p>ts ( any su* m9or :ole2 & t if ! m9or :oles are sev]ally ?us r5d]$ het]og5e\s1 ! entire aggregate is r5d]$ het]og5e\s4 ,! in/ability ( ! homog5e\s is ?us d$ucible f t primordial tru? :i* und]lies our intellig5ce4 ,"o /able homog5eity only1 is hypo!tically possible4 ,if c5tres ( =ce1 absolutely uni=m 9 _! p[]s1 7 diffus$ ) absolute uni=mity ?r\gh unlimit$ space1 !y w\ld rema9 9 equilibrium4 ,?is h[ev]1 ?\gh a v]bally intelligible supposition1 is "o t _c be repres5t$ 9 ?\ght2 s9ce unlimit$ space is inconceivable4 ,b all f9ite =ms ( ! homog5e\s--all =ms ( x :i* we c "k or conceive1 mu/ inevitably lapse into het]og5eity4 ,9 ?ree sev]al ways does ! p]si/5ce ( =ce necessitate ?is4 ,sett+ ext]nal ag5cies aside1 ea* unit ( a homog5e\s :ole mu/ be diff]5tly affect$ f any ( ! re/ by ! aggregate action ( ! re/ ^u x4 ,! resultant =ce ex]cis$ by ! aggregate on ea* unit1 be+ 9 no two cases alike 9 bo? am\nt & direction1 & usually n 9 ei!r1 any incid5t =ce1 ev5 if uni=m 9 am\nt & direction1 _c produce l effects on ! units4 ,& ! v>i\s positions ( ! p>ts 9 relation to any incid5t =ce1 prev5t+ !m f receiv+ x 9 uni=m am\nts & directions1 a fur!r diff]5ce 9 ! effects wr\ght on !m is inevitably produc$4 ,"o fur!r rem>k is ne$$4 ,to ! conclusion t ! *anges ) :i* ,evolution comm5ces1 are ?us necessitat$1 rema9s to be add$ ! conclusion t ^! *anges mu/ cont9ue4 ,! absolutely homog5e\s mu/ lose its equilibrium2 & ! relatively homog5e\s mu/ lapse into ! relatively less homog5e\s4 ,t :i* is true ( any total mass1 is true ( ! p>ts into :i* x segregates4 ,! uni=mity ( ea* su* "p mu/ z inevitably be lo/ 9 multi=mity1 z 0 t ( ! orig9al :ole2 & = l reasons4 ,& ?us ! cont9u$ *anges :i* *>act]ize ,evolution1 9 s f> z !y are con/itut$ by ! lapse ( ! homog5e\s into ! het]og5e\s1 & ( ! less het]og5e\s into ! m het]og5e\s1 are necess>y consequ5ces ( ! p]si/5ce ( =ce4 ----- ,footnote #af3 ,! idea develop$ 9 ?is *apt] orig9ally =m$ "p ( an article on 8,transc5d5tal ,physiology10 publi%$ 9 #aheg4 ,see ,essays1 pp4 #bgi-bij4 ,,*apt] ,,xiv4 ,,! ,,multiplication ,,( ,,effects4 #aaf4 ,to ! cause ( increas+ complexity set =? 9 ! la/ *apt]1 we h 9 ?is *apt] to add ano!r4 ,?\gh second>y 9 ord] ( "t1 x is sc>cely second>y 9 ord] ( importance4 ,ev5 9 ! abs5ce ( ! cause already assign$1 x w\ld necessitate a *ange f ! homog5e\s to ! het]og5e\s2 & jo9$ ) x1 x makes ?is *ange bo? m rapid & m involv$4 ,to come 9 sight ( x1 we h b to pursue a /ep fur!r1 t conflict betwe5 =ce & matt] already del9eat$4 ,let u d ?is4 ,:5 a uni=m aggregate is subject to a uni=m =ce1 we h se5 t its con/itu5ts1 be+ diff]5tly condition$1 are diff]5tly modifi$4 ,b :ile we h contemplat$ ! v>i\s p>ts ( ! aggregate z ?us und]go+ unlike *anges1 we h n yet contemplat$ ! unlike *anges simultane\sly produc$ on ! v>i\s p>ts ( ! incid5t =ce4 ,^! mu/ be z num]\s & important z ! o!rs4 ,action & re-action be+ equal & opposite1 x foll[s t 9 diff]5tiat+ ! p>ts on :i* x falls 9 unlike ways1 ! incid5t =ce mu/ itself be correspond+ly diff]5tiat$4 ,in/ead ( be+ z be=e1 a uni=m =ce1 x mu/ !reaft] be a multi=m =ce--a gr\p ( dissimil> =ces4 ,a few illu/rations w make ?is tru? manife/4 ,a s+le =ce is divid$ by conflict ) matt] into =ces t widely div]ge4 ,9 ! case lately cit$1 ( a body %att]$ by viol5t collision1 besides ! *ange ( ! homog5e\s mass into a het]og5e\s gr\p ( scatt]$ fragm5ts1 !re is a *ange ( ! homog5e\s mom5tum into a gr\p ( mom5ta1 het]og5e\s 9 bo? am\nts & directions4 ,simil>ly ) ! =ces we "k z light & heat4 ,aft] ! disp]sion ( ^! by a radiat+ body t[>ds all po9ts1 !y are re-disp]s$ t[>ds all po9ts by ! bodies on :i* !y fall4 ,( ! ,sun's rays1 issu+ f him on e side1 "s few /rike ! ,moon4 ,^! be+ reflect$ at all angles f ! ,moon's surface1 "s few ( !m /rike ! ,e>?4 ,by a l process ! few :i* rea* ! ,e>? are aga9 diffus$ ?r\gh surr\nd+ space4 ,& on ea* occasion1 su* portions ( ! rays z are absorb$ in/ead ( reflect$1 und]go refractions t equally de/roy _! p>allelism4 ,m ?an ?is is true4 ,by conflict ) matt]1 a uni=m =ce is 9 "p *ang$ into =ces diff]+ 9 _! directions2 & 9 "p x is *ang$ into =ces diff]+ 9 _! k9ds4 ,:5 "o body is /ruck aga9/ ano!r1 t :i* we usually reg>d z ! effect1 is a *ange ( position or motion 9 "o or bo? bodies4 ,b a mom5t's ?\ght %[s t ?is is a v incomplete view ( ! matt]4 ,besides ! visible me*anical result1 s\nd is produc$2 or1 to speak accurately1 a vibration 9 "o or bo? bodies1 & 9 ! surr\nd+ air3 & "u "s circum/ances we call ?is ! effect4 ,moreov]1 ! air has n simply be5 made to vibrate1 b has _h curr5ts rais$ 9 x by ! transit ( ! bodies4 ,fur!r1 if !re is n t great /ructural *ange :i* we call fracture1 !re is a dis>rangem5t ( ! p>ticles ( ! two bodies ar\nd _! po9t ( collision2 am\nt+ 9 "s cases to a visible cond5sation4 ,yet m1 ?is cond5sation is accompani$ by dis5gagem5t ( heat4 ,9 "s cases a sp>k--t is1 light--results1 f ! inc&esc5ce ( a portion /ruck (f2 & occasionally ?is inc&esc5ce is associat$ ) *emical comb9ation4 ,?us1 by ! orig9al me*anical =ce exp5d$ 9 ! collision1 at lea/ five1 & (t5 m1 diff]5t k9ds ( =ces h be5 produc$4 ,take1 aga91 ! light+ ( a c&le4 ,prim>ily1 ?is is a *emical *ange consequ5t on a rise ( temp]ature4 ,! process ( comb9ation hav+ once be5 set go+ by extrane\s heat1 !re is a cont9u$ =mation ( c>bonic acid1 wat]1 c4--9 itself a result m complex ?an ! extrane\s heat t fir/ caus$ x4 ,b along ) ?is process ( comb9ation !re is a production ( heat2 !re is a production ( light2 !re is an asc5d+ column ( hot gases g5]at$2 !re are curr5ts e/abli%$ 9 ! surr\nd+ air4 ,nor does ! decomposition ( "o =ce into _m =ces end "h4 ,ea* ( ! sev]al *anges work$ becomes ! p>5t ( fur!r *anges4 ,! c>bonic acid =m$1 w by & by comb9e ) "s base2 or "u ! influ5ce ( sun%9e give up its c>bon to ! leaf ( a plant4 ,! wat] w modify ! hygrometric /ate ( ! air ar\nd2 or1 if ! curr5t ( hot gases conta9+ x come aga9/ a cold body1 w be cond5s$3 alt]+ ! temp]ature1 & p]haps ! *emical /ate1 ( ! surface x cov]s4 ,! heat giv5 out melts ! subjac5t tall[1 & exp&s :atev] x w>ms4 ,! light1 fall+ on v>i\s sub/ances1 calls =? f !m reactions by :i* x is modifi$2 & s div]s col\rs are produc$4 ,simil>ly ev5 ) ^! second>y actions1 :i* may be trac$ out into ev]-multiply+ ramifications1 until !y become too m9ute to be appreciat$4 ,univ]sally1 !n1 ! effect is m complex ?an ! cause4 ,:e!r ! aggregate on :i* x falls be homog5e\s or o!rwise1 an incid5t =ce is trans=m$ by ! conflict into a numb] ( =ces t diff] 9 _! am\nts1 or directions1 or k9ds2 or 9 all ^! respects4 ,& ( ?is gr\p ( v>i\sly-modifi$ =ces1 ea* ultimately und]goes a l trans=mation4 ,let u n[ m>k h[ ! process ( evolution is fur!r$ by ?is multiplication ( effects4 ,an incid5t =ce decompos$ by ! reactions ( a body into a gr\p ( unlike =ces--a uni=m =ce ?us r$uc$ to a multi=m =ce--becomes ! cause ( a second>y increase ( multi=mity 9 ! body :i* decomposes x4 ,9 ! la/ *apt] we saw t ! sev]al p>ts ( an aggregate are diff]5tly modifi$ by any incid5t =ce4 ,x has j be5 %[n t by ! reactions ( ! diff]5tly modifi$ p>ts1 ! incid5t =ce itself mu/ be divid$ into diff]5tly modifi$ p>ts4 ,"h x rema9s to po9t out t ea* diff]5tiat$ division ( ! aggregate1 ?us becomes a c5tre f :i* a diff]5tiat$ division ( ! orig9al =ce is aga9 diffus$4 ,& s9ce unlike =ces mu/ produce unlike results1 ea* ( ^! diff]5tiat$ =ces mu/ produce1 ?r\gh\t ! aggregate1 a fur!r s]ies ( diff]5tiations4 ,?is second>y cause ( ! *ange f homog5eity to het]og5eity1 obvi\sly becomes m pot5t 9 proportion z ! het]og5eity increases4 ,:5 ! p>ts into :i* any evolv+ :ole has segregat$ itself1 h div]g$ widely 9 nature1 !y w necess>ily react v div]sely on any incid5t =ce--!y w divide an incid5t =ce into s _m /rongly contra/$ gr\ps ( =ces4 ,& ea* ( !m becom+ ! c5tre ( a q di/9ct set ( influ5ces1 mu/ add to ! numb] ( di/9ct second>y *anges wr\ght ?r\gh\t ! aggregate4 ,yet ano!r coroll>y mu/ be add$4 ,! numb] ( unlike p>ts ( :i* an aggregate consi/s1 z well z ! degree ( _! unlik5ess1 is an important factor 9 ! process4 ,e additional specializ$ division is an additional c5tre ( specializ$ =ces4 ,if a uni=m :ole1 9 be+ itself made multi=m by an incid5t =ce1 makes ! incid5t =ce multi=m2 if a :ole consi/+ ( two unlike sections1 divides an incid5t =ce into two unlike gr\ps ( multi=m =ces2 x is cle> t ea* new unlike section mu/ be a fur!r s\rce ( complication among ! =ces at "w ?r\gh\t ! mass--a fur!r s\rce ( het]og5eity4 ,! multiplication ( effects mu/ proce$ 9 geometrical progression4 ,ea* /age ( evolution mu/ initiate a high] /age4 99 99 99 99 99 #aag4 ,! =ce ( aggregation act+ on irregul> masses ( r>e matt]1 diffus$ ?r\gh a resi/+ m$ium1 w n cause su* masses to move 9 /raight l9es to _! common c5tre ( gravity2 b1 z be=e said1 ea* w take a curvil9e> pa?1 direct$ to "o or o!r side ( ! c5tre ( gravity4 ,all ( !m be+ diff]5tly condition$1 gravitation w impress on ea* a motion diff]+ 9 direction1 9 velocity1 & 9 ! degree ( its curvature--uni=m aggregative =ce w be diff]5tiat$ into multi=m mom5ta4 ,! process ?us comm5c$1 mu/ g on till x produces a s+le mass ( nebul\s matt]2 & ^! indep5d5t curvil9e> motions mu/ result 9 a movem5t ( ?is mass r\nd its axis3 a simultane\s cond5sation & rotation 9 :i* we see h[ two effects ( ! aggregative =ce1 at fir/ b slightly div]g5t1 become at la/ widely diff]5tiat$4 ,a gradual increase ( oblat5ess 9 ?is revolv+ sph]oid1 mu/ take place ?r\gh ! jo9t action ( ^! two =ces1 z ! bulk dim9i%es & ! rotation gr[s m rapid2 & ?is we may set d[n z a ?ird effect4 ,! g5esis ( heat1 :i* mu/ accompany augm5tation ( d5sity1 is a consequ5ce ( yet ano!r ord]--a consequ5ce by no means simple2 s9ce ! v>i\s p>ts ( ! mass1 be+ v>i\sly cond5s$1 mu/ be v>i\sly heat$4 ,act+ ?r\gh\t a gase\s sph]oid1 ( :i* ! p>ts are unlike 9 _! temp]atures1 ! =ces ( aggregation & rotation mu/ "w a fur!r s]ies ( *anges3 !y mu/ set up circulat+ curr5ts1 bo? g5]al & local4 ,at a lat] /age light z well z heat w be g5]at$4 ,?us )\t dwell+ on ! likelihood ( *emical comb9ations & electric di/urbances1 x is suffici5tly manife/ t1 suppos+ matt] to h orig9ally exi/$ 9 a diffus$ /ate1 ! once uni=m =ce :i* caus$ its aggregation1 mu/ h become gradually divid$ into diff]5t =ces2 & t ea* fur!r /age ( complication 9 ! result+ aggregate1 mu/ h initiat$ fur!r subdivisions ( ?is =ce--a fur!r multiplication ( effects1 increas+ ! previ\s het]og5eity4 ,?is section ( ! argum5t may h[ev] be adequately su/a9$1 )\t hav+ rec\rse to any su* hypo!tical illu/rations z ! =ego+4 ,! a/ronomical attributes ( ! ,e>?1 w ev5 alone suffice our purpose4 ,consid] fir/ ! effects ( its mom5tum r\nd its axis4 ,!re is ! oblat5ess ( its =m2 !re is ! alt]nation ( day & night2 !re are c]ta9 con/ant m>9e curr5ts2 & !re are c]ta9 con/ant arial curr5ts4 ,consid] next ! second>y s]ies ( consequ5ces due to ! div]g5ce ( ! ,e>?'s plane ( rotation f ! plane ( its orbit4 ,! _m diff]5ces ( ! seasons1 bo? simultane\s & successive1 :i* p]vade its surface1 are ?us caus$4 ,ext]nal attraction act+ on ?is rotat+ oblate sph]oid ) incl9$ axis1 produces ! motion call$ nutation1 & t sl[] & l>g] "o f :i* foll[s ! precession ( ! equ9oxes1 ) its sev]al sequ5ces4 ,& !n by ?is same =ce are g5]at$ ! tides1 aque\s & atmosph]ic4 ,p]haps1 h[ev]1 ! simple/ way ( %[+ ! multiplication ( effects among ph5om5a ( ?is ord]1 w be to set d[n ! influ5ces ( any memb] ( ! ,sol> ,sy/em on ! re/4 ,a planet directly produces 9 neighb\r+ planets c]ta9 appreciable p]turbations1 complicat+ ^? o!rwise produc$ 9 !m2 & 9 ! remot] planets x directly produces c]ta9 less visible p]turbations4 ,"h is a fir/ s]ies ( effects4 ,b ea* ( ! p]turb$ planets is itself a s\rce ( p]turbations--ea* directly affects all ! o!rs4 ,h5ce1 planet ,a hav+ drawn planet ,b out ( ! position x w\ld h occupi$ 9 ,a's abs5ce1 ! p]turbations :i* ,b causes are diff]5t f :at !y w\ld else h be52 & simil>ly ) ,c1 ,d1 ,e1 c4 ,"h !n is a second>y s]ies ( effects3 f> m num]\s ?\gh f> small] 9 _! am\nts4 ,z ^! indirect p]turbations mu/ to "s ext5t modify ! movem5ts ( ea* planet1 !re results f !m a t]ti>y s]ies2 & s on cont9ually4 ,?us ! =ce ex]cis$ by any planet works a diff]5t effect on ea* ( ! re/2 ?is diff]5t effect is f ea* z a c5tre p>tially brok5 up into m9or diff]5t effects on ! re/2 & s on 9 ev] multiply+ & dim9i%+ waves ?r\gh\t ! entire sy/em4 99 99 99 99 99 #aah4 ,if ! ,e>? 0 =m$ by ! conc5tration ( diffus$ matt]1 x mu/ at fir/ h be5 inc&esc5t2 & :e!r ! nebul> hypo!sis be accept$ or n1 ?is orig9al inc&esc5ce ( ! ,e>? mu/ n[ be reg>d$ z inductively e/abli%$--or1 if n e/abli%$1 at lea/ r5d]$ s probable t x is a g5]ally admitt$ geological doctr9e4 ,sev]al results ( ! gradual cool+ ( ! ,e>?--z ! =mation ( a cru/1 ! solidification ( sublim$ elem5ts1 ! precipitation ( wat]1 c41 h be5 already notic$--& ,i "h aga9 ref] to !m m]ely to po9t out t !y are simultane\s effects ( ! "o cause1 dim9i%+ heat4 ,let u n[1 h[ev]1 obs]ve ! multipli$ *anges aft]w>ds aris+ f ! cont9uance ( ?is "o cause4 ,! ,e>?1 fall+ 9 temp]ature1 mu/ contract4 ,h5ce ! solid cru/ at any "t exi/+1 is pres5tly too l>ge = ! %r9k+ nucleus2 & be+ unable to support itself1 inevitably foll[s ! nucleus4 ,b a sph]oidal envelope _c s9k d[n into contact ) a small] int]nal sph]oid1 )\t disruption3 x w run into wr9kles1 z ! r9d ( an apple does :5 ! bulk ( its int]ior decreases f evaporation4 ,z ! cool+ progresses & ! envelope ?ick5s1 ! ridges consequ5t on ^! contractions mu/ become great]2 ris+ ultimately into hills & m\nta9s2 & ! lat] sy/ems ( m\nta9s ?us produc$ mu/ n only be high]1 z we f9d !m to be1 b !y mu/ be long]1 z we also f9d !m to be4 ,?us1 leav+ out ( view o!r modify+ =ces1 we see :at imm5se het]og5eity ( surface arises f ! "o cause1 loss ( heat--a het]og5eity :i* ! telescope %[s u to be p>allel$ on ! ,moon1 :]e aque\s & atmosph]ic ag5cies h be5 abs5t4 ,b we h yet to notice ano!r k9d ( het]og5eity ( surface1 simil>ly & simultane\sly caus$4 ,:ile ! ,e>?'s cru/ 0 /ill ?91 ! ridges produc$ by its contraction mu/ n only h be5 small1 b ! tracts betwe5 !m mu/ h re/$ ) comp>ative smoo?ness on ! subjac5t liquid sph]oid2 & ! wat] 9 ^? arctic & ant>ctic regions :]e x fir/ cond5s$1 mu/ h be5 ev5ly di/ribut$4 ,b z fa/ z ! cru/ grew ?ick] & ga9$ correspond+ /r5g?1 ! l9es ( fracture f "t to "t caus$ 9 x1 necess>ily occurr$ at great] di/ances ap>t2 ! int]m$iate surfaces foll[$ ! contract+ nucleus ) less uni=mity2 & !re consequ5tly result$ l>g] areas ( l& & wat]4 ,if any "o1 aft] wrapp+ an orange 9 wet tissue pap]1 & obs]v+ bo? h[ small are ! wr9kles & h[ ev5ly ! int]v5+ spaces lie on ! surface ( ! orange1 w !n wrap x 9 ?ick c>tridge-pap]1 & note bo? ! great] height ( ! ridges & ! l>g] spaces ?r\gh\t :i* ! pap] does n t\* ! orange1 he w realize ! fact1 t z ! ,e>?'s solid envelope ?ick5$1 ! areas ( elevation & depression became great]4 ,9 place ( isl&s m or less homog5e\sly scatt]$ ov] an all-embrac+ sea1 !re mu/ h gradually aris5 het]og5e\s arrangem5ts ( cont95t & ocean1 su* z we n[ "k4 ,?is d\ble *ange 9 ! ext5t & 9 ! elevation ( ! l&s1 involv$ yet ano!r species ( het]og5eity--t ( coa/-l9e4 ,a tol]ably ev5 surface rais$ out ( ! ocean w h a simple1 regul> sea-m>g92 b a surface v>i$ by table-l&s & int]sect$ by m\nta9-*a9s1 w1 :5 rais$ out ( ! ocean1 h an outl9e extremely irregul>1 alike 9 its lead+ features & 9 its details4 ,?us endless is ! accumulation ( geological & geographical results sl[ly br\ght ab\t by ?is "o cause--! escape ( ! ,e>?'s primitive heat4 ,:5 we pass f ! ag5cy :i* geologi/s t]m igne\s1 to aque\s & atmosph]ic ag5cies1 we see a l ev]-gr[+ complication ( effects4 ,! d5ud+ actions ( air & wat] h1 f ! beg9n+1 be5 modify+ e expos$ surface3 ev]y:]e work+ _m diff]5t *anges4 ,z already %[n 7 #hj7 ! orig9al s\rce ( ^? gase\s & fluid motions :i* effect d5udation1 is ! sol> heat4 ,! trans=mation ( ?is into v>i\s modes ( =ce1 accord+ to ! nature & condition ( ! matt] on :i* x falls1 is ! fir/ /age ( complication4 ,! sun's rays1 /rik+ at all angles a sph]e1 t f mom5t to mom5t pres5ts & )draws diff]5t p>ts ( its surface1 & ea* ( !m = a diff]5t "t daily ?r\gh\t ! ye>1 w\ld produce a consid]able v>iety ( *anges ev5 7 ! sph]e uni=m4 ,b fall+ z !y d on a sph]e surr\nd$ by an atmosph]e 9 "s p>ts ( :i* wide areas ( cl\d are susp5d$1 & :i* "h unveils va/ tracts ( sea1 !re ( level l&1 !re ( m\nta9s1 !re ( sn[ & ice1 !y initiate 9 its sev]al p>ts c\ntless diff]5t movem5ts4 ,curr5ts ( air ( all sizes1 directions1 velocities1 & temp]atures1 are set up2 z are also m>9e curr5ts simil>ly contra/$ 9 _! *>act]s4 ,9 ?is region ! surface is giv+ (f wat] 9 ! /ate ( vap\r2 9 t1 dew is be+ precipitat$2 & 9 ! o!r ra9 is desc5d+--diff]5ces t arise f ! ev]-*ang+ ratio betwe5 ! absorption & radiation ( heat 9 ea* place4 ,at "o h\r1 a rapid fall 9 temp]ature leads to ! =mation ( ice1 ) an accompany+ expansion ?r\gh\t ! moi/ bodies froz52 :ile at ano!r1 a ?aw unlocks ! dislocat$ fragm5ts ( ^! bodies4 ,& !n1 pass+ to a second /age ( complication1 we see t ! _m k9ds ( motion directly or indirectly caus$ by ! sun's rays1 sev]ally produce results t v>y ) ! conditions4 ,oxidation1 dr\ght1 w9d1 fro/1 ra91 glaci]s1 riv]s1 waves1 & o!r d5ud+ ag5ts effect dis9tegrations t are det]m9$ 9 _! am\nts & qualities by local circum/ances4 ,act+ ^u a tract ( granite1 su* ag5ts "h "w sc>cely an appreciable effect2 !re cause exfoliations ( ! surface1 & a result+ heap ( dbris & b\ld]s2 & else:]e1 aft] decompos+ ! feldsp> into a :ite clay1 c>ry away ?is ) ! accompany+ qu>tz & mica1 & deposit !m 9 sep>ate b$s1 fluviatile & m>9e4 ,:5 ! expos$ l& consi/s ( sev]al unlike =mations1 s$im5t>y & igne\s1 *anges proportionably m het]og5e\s are wr\ght4 ,! =mations be+ dis9tegrable 9 diff]5t degrees1 !re foll[s an increas$ irregul>ity ( surface4 ,! areas dra9$ by diff]5t riv]s be+ diff]5tly con/itut$1 ^! riv]s c>ry d[n to ! sea unlike comb9ations ( +r$i5ts2 & s sundry new /rata ( di/9ct composition arise4 ,& "h inde$ we may see v simply illu/rat$1 ! tru?1 t ! het]og5eity ( ! effects increases 9 a geometrical progression1 ) ! het]og5eity ( ! object act$ ^u4 ,a cont95t ( complex /ructure1 pres5t+ _m /rata irregul>ly di/ribut$1 rais$ to v>i\s levels1 tilt$ up at all angles1 mu/1 "u ! same d5ud+ ag5cies1 give orig9 to imm5sely multipli$ results3 ea* di/rict mu/ be peculi>ly modifi$2 ea* riv] mu/ c>ry d[n a di/9ct k9d ( detritus2 ea* deposit mu/ be diff]5tly di/ribut$ by ! entangl$ curr5ts1 tidal & o!r1 :i* wa% ! contort$ %ores2 & e additional complication ( surface mu/ be ! cause ( m ?an "o additional consequ5ce4 ,b n to dwell on ^!1 let u1 = ! full] elucidation ( ?is tru? 9 relation to ! inorganic _w1 consid] :at w\ld pres5tly foll[ f "s ext5sive cosmical revolution--say ! subsid5ce ( ,c5tral ,am]ica4 ,! imm$iate results ( ! di/urbance w\ld !mselves be suffici5tly complex4 ,besides ! numb]less dislocations ( /rata1 ! ejections ( igne\s matt]1 ! propagation ( e>?quake vibrations ?\s&s ( miles ar\nd1 ! l\d explosions1 & ! escape ( gases1 !re w\ld be ! ru% ( ! ,atlantic & ,pacific ,oceans to supply ! vacant space1 ! subsequ5t recoil ( enorm\s waves1 :i* w\ld trav]se bo? ^! oceans & produce myriads ( *anges along _! %ores1 ! correspond+ atmosph]ic waves complicat$ by ! curr5ts surr\nd+ ea* volcanic v5t1 & ! electrical dis*>ges ) :i* su* di/urbances are accompani$4 ,b ^! tempor>y effects w\ld be insignificant comp>$ ) ! p]man5t ones4 ,! complex curr5ts ( ! ,atlantic & ,pacific w\ld be alt]$ 9 directions & am\nts4 ,! di/ribution ( heat a*iev$ by ^! curr5ts w\ld be diff]5t f :at x is4 ,! arrangem5t ( ! iso!rmal l9es1 n only on ! neighb\r+ cont95ts1 b ev5 ?r\gh\t ,europe1 w\ld be *ang$4 ,! tides w\ld fl[ diff]5tly f :at !y d n[4 ,!re w\ld be m or less modification ( ! w9ds 9 _! p]iods1 /r5g?s1 directions1 qualities4 ,ra9 w\ld fall sc>cely any:]e at ! same times & 9 ! same quantities z at pres5t4 ,9 %ort1 ! meteorological conditions ?\s&s ( miles (f1 on all sides1 w\ld be m or less revolutioniz$4 ,9 ^! _m *anges1 ea* ( :i* compreh5ds c\ntless m9or ones1 ! read] w see ! imm5se het]og5eity ( ! results wr\ght out by "o =ce1 :5 t =ce exp5ds itself on a previ\sly complicat$ area2 & he w readily draw ! coroll>y t f ! beg9n+ ! complication has advanc$ at an increas+ rate4 99 99 99 99 99 #aai4 ,we h next to trace ?r\gh\t organic evolution1 ?is same all-p]vad+ pr9ciple4 ,& "h1 :]e ! trans=mation ( ! homog5e\s into ! het]og5e\s 0 fir/ obs]v$1 ! production ( _m *anges by "o cause is lea/ easy to demon/rate4 ,! developm5t ( a se$ into a plant1 or an ovum into an animal1 is s gradual2 :ile ! =ces :i* det]m9e x are s involv$1 & at ! same "t s unobtrusive2 t x is difficult to detect ! multiplication ( effects :i* is else:]e s obvi\s4 ,nev]!less1 by indirect evid5ce we may e/abli% our proposition2 spite ( ! lack ( direct evid5ce4 ,obs]ve1 fir/1 h[ num]\s are ! *anges :i* any m>k$ /imulus works on an adult organism--a human be+1 = in/ance4 ,an al>m+ s\nd or sight1 besides impressions on ! organs ( s5se & ! n]ves1 may produce a />t1 a scream1 a di/ortion ( ! face1 a trembl+ consequ5t on g5]al muscul> relaxation1 a bur/ ( p]spiration1 an excit$ action ( ! he>t1 a ru% ( blood to ! bra91 foll[$ possibly by arre/ ( ! he>t's action & by syncope2 & if ! sy/em be feeble1 an illness ) its long tra9 ( complicat$ symptoms may set 94 ,simil>ly 9 cases ( disease4 ,a m9ute portion ( ! small-pox virus introduc$ into ! sy/em1 w1 9 a sev]e case1 cause1 dur+ ! fir/ /age1 rigors1 heat ( sk91 accel]at$ pulse1 furr$ tongue1 loss ( appetite1 ?ir/1 epiga/ric uneas9ess1 vomit+1 heada*e1 pa9s 9 ! back & limbs1 muscul> weakness1 convulsions1 delirium1 c42 9 ! second /age1 cutane\s eruption1 it*+1 t+l+1 sore ?roat1 swell$ fauces1 salivation1 c\gh1 ho>s5ess1 dyspna1 c42 & 9 ! ?ird /age1 demat\s inflammations1 pneumonia1 pleurisy1 di>rha1 inflammation ( ! bra91 oph?almia1 erysipelas1 c43 ea* ( :i* enum]at$ symptoms is itself m or less complex4 ,m$ic9es1 special foods1 bett] air1 might 9 l mann] be in/anc$ z produc+ multipli$ results4 ,n[ x ne$s only to consid] t ! _m *anges ?us wr\ght by "o =ce on an adult organism1 mu/ be p>tially p>allel$ 9 an embryo-organism1 to und]/& h[ "h also ! production ( _m effects by "o cause is a s\rce ( increas+ het]og5eity4 ,! ext]nal heat & o!r ag5cies :i* det]m9e ! fir/ complications ( ! g]m1 w1 by act+ on ^!1 sup]9duce fur!r complications2 on ^! /ill high] & m num]\s ones2 & s on cont9ually3 ea* organ z x is develop$1 s]v+1 by its actions & reactions on ! re/1 to initiate new complexities4 ,! fir/ pulsations ( ! ftal he>t mu/ simultane\sly aid ! unfold+ ( e "p4 ,! gr[? ( ea* tissue1 by tak+ f ! blood special proportions ( elem5ts1 mu/ modify ! con/itution ( ! blood2 & s mu/ modify ! nutrition ( all ! o!r tissues4 ,! di/ributive actions1 imply+ z !y d a c]ta9 wa/e1 necessitate an addition to ! blood ( effete matt]s1 :i* mu/ influ5ce ! re/ ( ! sy/em1 & p]haps1 z "s ?9k1 initiate ! =mation ( excretory organs4 ,! n]v\s connections e/abli%$ among ! visc]a mu/ fur!r multiply _! mutual influ5ces4 ,& s ) e modification ( /ructure--e additional "p & e alt]ation 9 ! ratios ( p>ts4 ,/ill /rong] becomes ! pro( :5 we call to m9d ! fact1 t ! same g]m may be evolv$ into diff]5t =ms accord+ to circum/ances4 ,?us1 dur+ its e>li] /ages1 e embryo is sexless--becomes ei!r male or female z ! balance ( =ces act+ on x det]m9es4 ,aga91 x is well-kn[n t ! l>va ( a work+-bee w develop into a que5-bee1 if1 be=e a c]ta9 p]iod1 its food be *ang$ to t on :i* ! l>v ( que5-bees are f$4 ,ev5 m rem>kable is ! case ( c]ta9 entozoa4 ,! ovum ( a tape-worm1 gett+ into ! inte/9e ( "o animal1 unfolds into ! =m ( its p>5t2 b if c>ri$ into o!r p>ts ( ! sy/em1 or into ! inte/9e ( "s unlike animal1 x becomes "o ( ! sac-l creatures1 call$ by naturali/s ,cy/ic]ci1 or ,cnuri1 or ,e*9ococci--creatures s extremely diff]5t f ! tape-worm 9 aspect & /ructure1 t only aft] c>eful inve/igations h !y be5 prov$ to h ! same orig94 ,all :i* in/ances imply t ea* advance 9 embryonic complication results f ! action ( incid5t =ces on ! complication previ\sly exi/+4 ,inde$1 ! n[ accept$ doctr9e ( epig5esis necessitates ! conclusion t organic evolution proce$s aft] ?is mann]4 ,= s9ce x is prov$ t no g]m1 animal or vegetal1 conta9s ! slighte/ rudim5t1 trace1 or indication ( ! future organism--s9ce ! microscope has %[n u t ! fir/ process set up 9 e f]tiliz$ g]m is a process ( repeat$ spontane\s fissions1 end+ 9 ! production ( a mass ( cells1 n "o ( :i* exhibits any special "*2 !re seems no alt]native b to conclude t ! p>tial organization at any mom5t subsi/+ 9 a gr[+ embryo1 is trans=m$ by ! ag5cies act+ on x into ! succe$+ phase ( organization1 & ?is into ! next1 until1 ?r\gh ev]-increas+ complexities1 ! ultimate =m is rea*$4 ,?us1 ?\gh ! subtlety ( ! =ces & ! sl[ness ( ! metamorphosis1 prev5t u f directly trac+ ! g5esis ( _m *anges by "o cause1 ?r\gh\t ! successive /ages :i* e embryo passes ?r\gh2 yet1 indirectly1 we h /rong evid5ce t ?is is a s\rce ( increas+ het]og5eity4 ,we h m>k$ h[ multitud9\s are ! effects :i* a s+le ag5cy may g5]ate 9 an adult organism2 t a l multiplication ( effects mu/ happ5 9 ! unfold+ organism1 we h inf]r$ f sundry illu/rative cases2 fur!r1 x has be5 po9t$ out t ! ability :i* l g]ms h to orig9ate unlike =ms1 implies t ! successive trans=mations result f ! new *anges sup]9duc$ on previ\s *anges2 & we h se5 t /ructureless z e g]m orig9ally is1 ! developm5t ( an organism out ( x is o!rwise incompreh5sible4 ,d\btless we are /ill 9 ! d>k respect+ ^? my/]i\s prop]ties :i* make ! g]m1 :5 subject to fit influ5ces1 und]go ! special *anges beg9n+ ?is s]ies ( trans=mations4 ,all "h cont5d$ is1 t giv5 a g]m possess+ ^! my/]i\s prop]ties1 ! evolution ( an organism f x dep5ds1 9 "p1 on t multiplication ( effects :i* we h se5 to be a cause ( evolution 9 g5]al1 s f> z we h yet trac$ x4 ,:51 leav+ ! developm5t ( s+le plants & animals1 we pass to t ( ! ,e>?'s flora & fauna1 ! c\rse ( ! argum5t aga9 becomes cle> & simple4 ,?\gh1 z be=e admitt$1 ! fragm5t>y facts ,palontology has accumulat$1 d n cle>ly w>rant u 9 say+ t1 9 ! lapse ( geologic "t1 !re h be5 evolv$ m het]og5e\s organisms1 & m het]og5e\s assemblages ( organisms2 yet we %all n[ see t !re mu/ ev] h be5 a t5d5cy t[>ds ^! results4 ,we %all f9d t ! production ( _m effects by "o cause1 :i*1 z already %[n1 has be5 all along increas+ ! physical het]og5eity ( ! ,e>?1 has fur!r necessitat$ an increas+ het]og5eity 9 its flora & fauna1 individually & collectively4 ,an illu/ration w make ?is cle>4 ,suppose t by a s]ies ( upheavals1 occurr+1 z !y are n[ kn[n to d1 at long int]vals1 ! ,ea/ ,indian ,ar*ipelago 7 to be rais$ into a cont95t1 & a *a9 ( m\nta9s =m$ along ! axis ( elevation4 ,by ! fir/ ( ^! upheavals1 ! plants & animals inhabit+ ,borneo1 ,sumatra1 ,new ,gu9ea1 & ! re/1 w\ld be subject$ to slightly-modifi$ sets ( conditions4 ,! climate 9 g5]al w\ld be alt]$ 9 temp]ature1 9 humidity1 & 9 its p]iodical v>iations2 :ile ! local diff]5ces w\ld be multipli$4 ,^! modifications w\ld affect1 p]haps inappreciably1 ! entire flora & fauna ( ! region4 ,! *ange ( level w\ld produce additional modifications2 v>y+ 9 diff]5t species1 & also 9 diff]5t memb]s ( ! same species1 accord+ to _! di/ance f ! axis ( elevation4 ,plants1 gr[+ only on ! sea-%ore 9 special localities1 might become ext9ct4 ,o!rs1 liv+ only 9 swamps ( a c]ta9 humidity1 w\ld1 if !y surviv$ at all1 probably und]go visible *anges ( appe>ance4 ,:ile m m>k$ alt]ations w\ld occur 9 "s ( ! plants t spread ov] ! l&s newly rais$ above ! sea4 ,! animals & insects liv+ on ^! modifi$ plants1 w\ld !mselves be 9 "s degree modifi$ by *ange ( food1 z well z by *ange ( climate2 & ! modification w\ld be m m>k$ :]e1 f ! dw9dl+ or disappe>ance ( "o k9d ( plant1 an alli$ k9d 0 eat54 ,9 ! lapse ( ! _m g5]ations aris+ be=e ! next upheaval1 ! s5sible or ins5sible alt]ations ?us produc$ 9 ea* species1 w\ld become organiz$--9 all ! races t surviv$ !re w\ld be a m or less complete adaptation to ! new conditions4 ,! next upheaval w\ld sup]9duce fur!r organic *anges1 imply+ wid] div]g5ces f ! prim>y =ms2 & s repeat$ly4 ,n[ h[ev] let x be obs]v$ t ?is revolution w\ld n be a sub/itution ( a ?\s& modifi$ species = ! ?\s& orig9al species2 b 9 place ( ! ?\s& orig9al species !re w\ld arise sev]al ?\s& species1 or v>ieties1 or *ang$ =ms4 ,ea* species be+ di/ribut$ ov] an area ( "s ext5t1 & t5d+ cont9ually to colonize ! new area expos$1 its diff]5t memb]s w\ld be subject to diff]5t sets ( *anges4 ,plants & animals migrat+ t[>ds ! equator w\ld n be affect$ 9 ! same way ) o!rs migrat+ f x4 ,^? :i* spread t[>ds ! new %ores1 w\ld und]go *anges unlike ! *anges und]gone by ^? :i* spread into ! m\nta9s4 ,?us1 ea* orig9al race ( organisms w\ld become ! root f :i* div]g$ sev]al races1 diff]+ m or less f x & f ea* o!r2 & :ile "s ( ^! might subsequ5tly disappe>1 probably m ?an "o w\ld survive 9 ! next geologic p]iod3 ! v disp]sion itself increas+ ! *ances ( survival4 ,n only w\ld !re be c]ta9 modifications ?us caus$ by *anges ( physical conditions & food2 b also 9 "s cases o!r modifications caus$ by *anges ( habit4 ,! fauna ( ea* isl&1 peopl+1 /ep by /ep1 ! newly-rais$ tracts1 w\ld ev5tually come 9 contact ) ! faunas ( o!r isl&s2 & "s memb]s ( ^! o!r faunas w\ld be unlike any creatures be=e se54 ,h]bivores meet+ ) new bea/s ( prey1 w\ld1 9 "s cases1 be l$ into modes ( def5ce or escape diff]+ f ^? previ\sly us$2 & simultane\sly ! bea/s ( prey w\ld modify _! modes ( pursuit & attack4 ,we "k t :5 circum/ances dem& x1 su* *anges ( habit d take place 9 animals2 & we "k t if ! new habits become ! dom9ant ones1 !y mu/ ev5tually 9 "s degree alt] ! organization4 ,obs]ve n[1 h[ev]1 a fur!r consequ5ce4 ,!re mu/ arise n simply a t5d5cy t[>ds ! diff]5tiation ( ea* race ( organisms into sev]al races2 b also a t5d5cy to ! occasional production ( a some:at high] organism4 ,tak5 9 ! mass1 ^! div]g5t v>ieties1 :i* h be5 caus$ by fre% physical conditions & habits ( life1 w exhibit alt]ations q indef9ite 9 k9d & degree2 & alt]ations t d n necess>ily con/itute an advance4 ,probably 9 mo/ cases ! modifi$ type w be n appreciably m het]og5e\s ?an ! orig9al "o4 ,b x mu/ n[ & !n occur1 t "s division ( a species1 fall+ into circum/ances :i* give x r m complex exp]i5ces1 & dem& actions some:at m involv$1 w h c]ta9 ( its organs fur!r diff]5tiat$ 9 proportionately small degrees--w become slightly m het]og5e\s4 ,h5ce1 !re w f "t to "t arise an increas$ het]og5eity bo? ( ! ,e>?'s flora & fauna1 & ( individual races includ$ 9 !m4 ,omitt+ detail$ explanations1 & all[+ = ! qualifications :i* _c "h be specifi$1 x is suffici5tly cle> t geological mutations h all along t5d$ to complicate ! =ms ( life1 :e!r reg>d$ sep>ately or collectively4 ,t multiplication ( effects :i* has be5 a "p-cause ( ! trans=mation ( ! ,e>?'s cru/ f ! simple into ! complex1 has simultane\sly l$ to a p>allel trans=mation ( ! ,life ^u its surface4#ag ,! d$uction "h drawn f ! e/abli%$ tru?s ( geology & ! g5]al laws ( life1 ga9s imm5sely 9 weight on f9d+ x to be 9 h>mony ) an induction drawn f direct exp]i5ce4 ,j t div]g5ce ( _m races f "o race1 :i* we inf]r$ mu/ h be5 cont9ually occurr+ dur+ geologic "t1 we "k to h occurr$ dur+ ! pre-hi/oric & hi/oric p]iods1 9 man & dome/ic animals4 ,& j t multiplication ( effects :i* we conclud$ mu/ h be5 in/rum5tal to ! fir/1 we see has 9 a great measure wr\ght ! la/4 ,s+le causes1 z fam9e1 pressure ( population1 w>1 h p]iodically l$ to fur!r disp]sions ( mank9d & ( dep5d5t creatures3 ea* su* disp]sion initiat+ new modifications1 new v>ieties ( type4 ,:e!r all ! human races be or be n d]iv$ f "o /ock1 philology makes x cle> t :ole gr\ps ( races1 n[ easily di/+ui%able f ea* o!r1 7 orig9ally "o race--t ! diffusion ( "o race into diff]5t climates & conditions ( exi/5ce has produc$ _m alt]$ =ms ( x4 ,simil>ly ) dome/ic animals4 ,?\gh 9 "s cases 7z t ( dogs7 community ( orig9 w p]haps be disput$1 yet 9 o!r cases 7z t ( ! %eep or ! cattle ( our own c\ntry7 x w n be que/ion$ t local diff]5ces ( climate1 food1 & treatm5t1 h trans=m$ "o orig9al bre$ into num]\s bre$s1 n[ become s f> di/9ct z to produce un/able hybrids4 ,moreov]1 ?r\gh ! complication ( effects fl[+ f s+le causes1 we "h f9d1 :at we be=e inf]r$1 n only an increase ( g5]al het]og5eity1 b also ( special het]og5eity4 ,:ile ( ! div]g5t divisions & subdivisions ( ! human race1 _m h und]gone *anges n con/itut+ an advance2 o!rs h become decid$ly m het]og5e\s4 ,! civiliz$ ,european dep>ts m widely f ! v]tebrate ar*etype ?an does ! savage4 99 99 99 99 99 #abj4 ,a s5sation does n exp5d itself 9 ar\s+ "s s+le /ate ( consci\sness2 b ! /ate ( consci\sness ar\s$ is made up ( v>i\s repres5t$ s5sations connect$ by co-exi/5ce1 or sequ5ce ) ! pres5t$ s5sation4 ,& t1 9 proportion z ! grade ( intellig5ce is high1 ! numb] ( ideas sugge/$ is great1 may be readily inf]r$4 ,let u1 h[ev]1 look at ! pro( t "h too1 ea* *ange is ! p>5t ( _m *anges2 & t ! multiplication increases 9 proportion z ! area affect$ is complex4 ,7 "s hi!rto unkn[n bird1 driv5 say by /ress ( wea!r f ! remote nor?1 to make its appe>ance on our %ores1 x w\ld excite no speculation 9 ! %eep or cattle amid :i* x alight$3 a p]ception ( x z a creature l ^? con/antly fly+ ab\t1 w\ld be ! sole int]ruption ( t dull curr5t ( consci\sness :i* accompanies graz+ & rum9ation4 ,! c[-h]d1 by :om we may suppose ! exhau/$ bird to be pres5tly caught1 w\ld probably gaze at x ) "s slight curiosity1 z be+ unlike any he _h be=e se5--w\ld note its mo/ conspicu\s m>k+s1 & vaguely pond] on ! que/ions1 :]e x came f1 & h[ x came4 ,! village bird-/uff] w\ld h sugge/$ to him by ! sight ( x1 sundry =ms to :i* x bore a little resemblance2 w\ld receive f x m num]\s & m specific impressions respect+ /ructure & plumage2 w\ld be rem9d$ ( v>i\s in/ances ( birds br\ght by /orms f =eign p>ts--w\ld tell :o f\nd !m1 :o /uff$ !m1 :o b\ght !m4 ,suppos+ ! unkn[n bird tak5 to a naturali/ ( ! old s*ool1 int]e/$ only 9 ext]nals1 7"o ( ^? describ$ by ! late ,edw>d ,=bes1 z exam9+ animals z ?\gh !y 7 m]ely sk9s fill$ ) /raw17 x w\ld excite 9 him a m involv$ s]ies ( m5tal *anges3 !re w\ld be an elaborate exam9ation ( ! fea!rs1 a not+ ( all _! te*nical di/9ctions1 ) a r$uction ( ^! p]ceptions to c]ta9 equival5t writt5 symbols2 reasons = ref]r+ ! new =m to a p>ticul> family1 ord]1 & g5us w\ld be s\ght out & writt5 d[n2 communications ) ! secret>y ( "s society1 or editor ( "s j\rnal1 w\ld foll[2 & probably !re w\ld be n a few ?\ghts ab\t ! addition ( ! ii to ! describ]'s "n1 to =m ! "n ( ! species4 ,la/ly1 9 ! m9d ( a comp>ative anatomi/1 su* a new species1 %\ld x happ5 to h any m>k$ int]nal peculi>ity1 might produce additional sets ( *anges--might v possibly sugge/ modifi$ views respect+ ! relation%ips ( ! division to :i* x belong$2 or1 p]haps1 alt] 8 conceptions ( ! homologies & developm5ts ( c]ta9 organs2 & ! conclusions drawn might n improbably ent] z elem5ts into /ill wid] inquiries conc]n+ ! orig9 ( organic =ms4 ,f ideas let u turn to emotions4 ,9 a "y *ild1 a fa!r's ang] produces little else ?an vague fe>--a disagreeable s5se ( imp5d+ evil1 tak+ v>i\s %apes ( physical suff]+ or deprivation ( pleasures4 ,9 eld] *ildr51 ! same h>% words w ar\se additional feel+s3 sometimes a s5se ( %ame1 ( p5it5ce1 or ( sorr[ = hav+ (f5d$2 at o!r times1 a s5se ( inju/ice1 & a consequ5t ang]4 ,9 ! wife1 yet a fur!r range ( feel+s may come into exi/5ce--p]haps w\nd$ affection1 p]haps self-pity = ill-usage1 p]haps contempt = gr\ndless irritability1 p]haps sympa?y = "s suff]+ :i* ! irritability indicates1 p]haps anxiety ab\t an unkn[n mis=tune :i* %e ?9ks has produc$ x4 ,nor are we )\t evid5ce t among adults1 ! l diff]5ces ( developm5t are accompani$ by l diff]5ces 9 ! numb] ( emotions t are ar\s$1 9 comb9ation or rapid succession--! l[] natures be+ *>act]iz$ by t impulsiv5ess :i* results f ! uncontroll$ action ( a few feel+s2 & ! high] natures be+ *>act]iz$ by ! simultane\s action ( _m second>y feel+s1 modify+ ^? fir/ awak5$4 ,possibly x w be object$ t ! illu/rations "h giv51 are drawn f ! functional *anges ( ! n]v\s sy/em1 n f its /ructural *anges2 & t :at is prov$ among ! fir/1 does n necess>ily hold among ! la/4 ,?is mu/ be admitt$4 ,^?1 h[ev]1 :o recognize ! tru? t ! /ructural *anges are ! sl[ly accumulat$ results ( ! functional *anges1 w readily draw ! coroll>y1 t a "p-cause ( ! evolution ( ! n]v\s sy/em1 z ( o!r evolution1 is ?is multiplication ( effects :i* becomes ev] great] z ! developm5t becomes high]4 99 99 99 99 99 #aba4 ,if ! advance ( ,man t[>ds great] het]og5eity 9 bo? body & m9d1 is 9 "p traceable to ! production ( _m effects by "o cause1 /ill m cle>ly may ! advance ( ,society t[>ds great] het]og5eity be s expla9$4 ,consid] ! gr[? ( an indu/rial organization4 ,:51 z mu/ occasionally happ51 "s individual ( a tribe displays unusual aptitude = mak+ an article ( g5]al use 7a weapon1 = in/ance7 :i* 0 be=e made by ea* man = himself1 !re arises a t5d5cy t[>ds ! diff]5tiation ( t individual into a mak] ( weapons4 ,8 companions 7w>riors & hunt]s all ( !m7 sev]ally wi% to h ! be/ weapons t c be made2 & are !re=e c]ta9 to (f] /rong inducem5ts to ?is skill$ individual to make weapons = !m4 ,he1 on ! o!r h&1 hav+ bo? an unusual faculty1 & an unusual lik+1 = mak+ weapons 7! capacity & ! desire = any occupation be+ commonly associat$71 is pr$ispos$ to fulfil ^! commissions on ! (f] ( adequate rew>ds3 especially z 8 love ( di/9ction is also gratifi$4 ,?is fir/ specialization ( function1 once comm5c$1 t5ds ev] to become m decid$4 ,on ! side ( ! weapon-mak]1 cont9u$ practice gives increas$ skill--increas$ sup]iority to 8 products4 ,on ! side ( 8 cli5ts1 cessation ( practice entails decreas$ skill4 ,?us ! influ5ces t det]m9e ?is division ( lab\r gr[ /rong] 9 bo? ways3 ?is social movem5t t5ds ev] to become m decid$ 9 ! direction 9 :i* x 0 fir/ set up2 & ! incipi5t het]og5eity is1 on ! av]age ( cases1 likely to become p]man5t = t g5]ation1 if no long]4 ,su* a process1 besides diff]5tiat+ ! social mass into two p>ts1 ! "o monopoliz+1 or almo/ monopoliz+1 ! p]=mance ( a c]ta9 function1 & ! o!r hav+ lo/ ! habit1 & 9 "s measure ! p[]1 ( p]=m+ t function1 has a t5d5cy to initiate o!r diff]5tiations4 ,! advance describ$ implies ! introduction ( b>t]3 ! mak] ( weapons has1 on ea* occasion1 to be paid 9 su* o!r articles z he agrees to take 9 ex*ange4 ,n[ he w n habitually take 9 ex*ange "o k9d ( article1 b _m k9ds4 ,he does n want mats only1 or sk9s1 or fi%+-ge>2 b he wants all ^!2 & on ea* occasion w b>ga9 = ! p>ticul> ?+s he mo/ ne$s4 ,:at foll[s8 ,if among ! memb]s ( ! tribe !re exi/ any slight diff]5ces ( skill 9 ! manufacture ( ^! v>i\s ?+s1 z !re are almo/ sure to d1 ! weapon-mak] w take f ea* "o ! ?+ :i* t "o excels 9 mak+3 he w ex*ange = mats ) him ^: mats are sup]ior1 & w b>ga9 = ! fi%+-ge> ( :oev] has ! be/4 ,b he :o has b>t]$ away 8 mats or 8 fi%+-ge>1 mu/ make o!r mats or fi%+-ge> = himself2 & 9 s do+ mu/1 9 "s degree1 fur!r develop 8 aptitude4 ,?us x results t ! small specialities ( faculty possess$ by v>i\s memb]s ( ! tribe w t5d to gr[ m decid$4 ,if su* transactions are f "t to "t repeat$1 ^! specializations may become appreciable4 ,& :e!r or n !re ensue di/9ct diff]5tiations ( o!r individuals into mak]s ( p>ticul> articles1 x is cle> t incipi5t diff]5tiations take place ?r\gh\t ! tribe3 ! "o orig9al cause produces n only ! fir/ dual effect1 b a numb] ( second>y dual effects1 l 9 k9d b m9or 9 degree4 ,?is process1 ( :i* traces may be se5 among gr\ps ( s*ool-boys1 _c well produce a la/+ di/ribution ( functions 9 an unsettl$ tribe2 b :]e !re gr[s up a fix$ & multiply+ community1 su* diff]5tiations become p]man5t1 & increase ) ea* g5]ation4 ,an addition to ! numb] ( citiz5s1 involv+ a great] dem& = e commodity1 int5sifies ! functional activity ( ea* specializ$ p]son or class2 & ?is r5d]s ! specialization m def9ite :]e x already exi/s1 & e/abli%es x :]e x is b nasc5t4 ,by increas+ ! pressure on ! means ( subsi/5ce1 a l>g] population aga9 augm5ts ^! results2 s9ce e individual is =c$ m & m to conf9e himself to t :i* he c d be/1 & by :i* he c ga9 mo/4 ,& ?is indu/rial progress1 by aid+ future production1 op5s ! way = fur!r gr[? ( population1 :i* reacts z be=e4 ,pres5tly1 "u ! same /imuli1 new occupations arise4 ,compet+ work]s1 sev]ally aim+ to produce improv$ articles1 occasionally discov] bett] processes or bett] mat]ials4 ,9 weapons & cutt+-tools1 ! sub/itution ( bronze = /one entails on him :o fir/ makes x1 a great increase ( dem&--s great an increase t he pres5tly f9ds all 8 "t occupi$ 9 mak+ ! bronze = ! articles he sells1 & is oblig$ to depute ! fa%ion+ ( ^! articles to o!rs2 & ev5tually ! mak+ ( bronze1 ?us gradually diff]5tiat$ f a pre-exi/+ occupation1 becomes an occupation by itself4 ,b n[ m>k ! ramifi$ *anges :i* foll[ ?is *ange4 ,bronze soon replaces /one1 n only 9 ! articles x 0 fir/ us$ =1 b 9 _m o!rs2 & s affects ! manufacture ( !m4 ,fur!r1 x affects ! processes :i* su* improv$ ut5sils subs]ve1 & ! result+ products--modifies build+s1 c>v+s1 dress1 p]sonal decorations4 ,yet aga91 x sets go+ sundry manufactures :i* 7 be=e impossible1 f lack ( a mat]ial fit = ! requisite tools4 ,& all ^! *anges react on ! p--increase _! manipulative skill1 _! intellig5ce1 _! com=t--ref9e _! habits & ta/es4 ,x is out ( ! "q "h to foll[ ?r\gh its successive complications1 ?is increas+ social het]og5eity t results f ! production ( _m effects by "o cause4 ,b leav+ ! int]m$iate phases ( social developm5t1 let u take an illu/ration f its pass+ phase4 ,to trace ! effects ( /eam-p[]1 9 its manifold applications to m9+1 navigation1 & manufactures1 w\ld c>ry u into unmanageable detail4 ,let u conf9e ourselves to ! late/ embodim5t ( /eam-p[]--! locomotive eng9e4 ,?is1 z ! proximate cause ( our railway-sy/em1 has *ang$ ! face ( ! c\ntry1 ! c\rse ( trade1 & ! habits ( ! p4 ,consid]1 fir/1 ! complicat$ sets ( *anges t prec$e ! mak+ ( e railway--! provisional arrangem5ts1 ! meet+s1 ! regi/ration1 ! trial-section1 ! p>liam5t>y survey1 ! li?ograph$ plans1 ! books ( ref]5ce1 ! local deposits & notices1 ! application to ,p>liam5t1 ! pass+ ,/&+-,ord]s ,committee1 ! fir/1 second1 & ?ird read+s3 ea* ( :i* brief heads indicates a multiplicity ( transactions1 & ! fur!r developm5t ( sundry occupations1 7z ^? ( eng9e]s1 surveyors1 li?ograph]s1 p>liam5t>y ag5ts1 %>e-brok]s17 & ! creation ( sundry o!rs 7z ^? ( traffic-tak]s1 ref]5ce-tak]s74 ,consid]1 next1 ! yet m m>k$ *anges impli$ 9 railway con/ruction--! cutt+s1 em-bank+s1 tunnell+s1 div]sions ( roads2 ! build+ ( bridges & /ations2 ! lay+ d[n ( balla/1 sleep]s1 & rails2 ! mak+ ( eng9es1 t5d]s1 c>riages1 & wagons3 :i* processes1 act+ ^u num]\s trades1 increase ! importation ( timb]1 ! qu>ry+ ( /one1 ! manufacture ( iron1 ! m9+ ( coal1 ! burn+ ( bricks2 in/itute a v>iety ( special manufactures weekly adv]tis$ 9 ! ,railway ,times2 & call into be+ "s new classes ( work]s--driv]s1 /ok]s1 clean]s1 plate-lay]s1 c4 c4 ,!n come ! *anges1 m num]\s & involv$ /ill1 :i* railways 9 action produce on ! community at l>ge4 ,! organization ( e bus9ess is m or less modifi$3 ease ( communication makes x bett] to d directly :at 0 be=e done by proxy2 ag5cies are e/abli%$ :]e previ\sly !y w\ld n h paid2 goods are obta9$ f remote :olesale h\ses in/ead ( ne> retail ones2 & commodities are us$ :i* di/ance once r5d]$ inaccessible4 ,! rapidity & small co/ ( c>riage1 t5d to specialize m ?an ev] ! indu/ries ( diff]5t di/ricts--to conf9e ea* manufacture to ! p>ts 9 :i*1 f local advantages1 x c be be/ c>ri$ on4 ,economical di/ribution equalizes prices1 & also1 on ! av]age1 l[]s prices3 ?us br++ div]s articles )9 ! means ( ^? be=e unable to buy !m1 & s increas+ _! com=ts & improv+ _! habits4 ,at ! same "t ! practice ( travell+ is imm5sely ext5d$4 ,classes :o be=e c\ld n af=d x1 take annual trips to ! sea2 visit _! di/ant relations2 make t\rs2 & s we are b5efit$ 9 body1 feel+s1 & intellect4 ,! m prompt transmission ( lett]s & ( news produces fur!r *anges--makes ! pulse ( ! nation fa/]4 ,yet m1 !re arises a wide dissem9ation ( *eap lit]ature ?r\gh railway book-/alls1 & ( adv]tisem5ts 9 railway c>riages3 bo? ( !m aid+ ult]ior progress4 ,& ! innum]able *anges "h briefly indicat$ are consequ5t on ! inv5tion ( ! locomotive eng9e4 ,! social organism has be5 r5d]$ m het]og5e\s1 9 virtue ( ! _m new occupations introduc$1 & ! _m old ones fur!r specializ$2 prices 9 all places h be5 alt]$2 ea* trad] has1 m or less1 modifi$ 8 way ( do+ bus9ess2 & e p]son has be5 affect$ 9 8 actions1 ?\ghts1 emotions4 ,! only fur!r fact dem&+ notice1 is1 t we "h see m cle>ly ?an ev]1 t 9 proportion z ! area ov] :i* any influ5ce ext5ds1 becomes het]og5e\s1 ! results are 9 a yet high] degree multipli$ 9 numb] & k9d4 ,:ile among ! primitive tribes to :om x 0 fir/ kn[n1 ca\t*\c caus$ b few *anges1 among ourselves ! *anges h be5 s _m & v>i$ t ! hi/ory ( !m occupies a volume4 ,^u ! small1 homog5e\s community inhabit+ "o ( ! ,hebrides1 ! electric telegraph w\ld produce1 7 x us$1 sc>cely any results2 b 9 ,engl& ! results x produces are multitud9\s4 ,space p]mitt+1 ! syn!sis might "h be pursu$ 9 relation to all ! subtl] products ( social life4 ,x might be %[n h[1 9 ,sci5ce1 an advance ( "o division pres5tly advances o!r divisions--h[ ,a/ronomy has be5 imm5sely =w>d$ by discov]ies 9 ,optics1 :ile o!r optical discov]ies h initiat$ ,microscopic ,anatomy1 & greatly aid$ ! gr[? ( ,physiology--h[ ,*emi/ry has indirectly increas$ our k ( ,electricity1 ,magnetism1 ,biology1 ,geology--h[ ,electricity has react$ on ,*emi/ry & ,magnetism1 develop$ our views ( ,light & ,heat1 & disclos$ sundry laws ( n]v\s action4 ,9 ,lit]ature ! same tru? might be exhibit$ 9 ! /ill-multiply+ =ms ( p]iodical publications t h desc5d$ f ! fir/ newspap]1 & :i* h sev]ally act$ & react$ on o!r =ms ( lit]ature & on ea* o!r2 or 9 ! bias giv5 by ea* book ( p[] to v>i\s subsequ5t books4 ,! influ5ce :i* a new s*ool ( ,pa9t+ 7z t ( ! pre-,raphaelites7 ex]cises on o!r s*ools2 ! h9ts :i* all k9ds ( pictorial art are d]iv+ f ,photography2 ! complex results ( new critical doctr9es2 might sev]ally be dwelt on z display+ ! l multiplication ( effects4 ,b x w\ld ne$lessly tax ! read]'s pati5ce to detail1 9 _! _m ramifications1 ^! v>i\s *anges3 "h become s involv$ & subtle z to be foll[$ ) "s difficulty4 99 99 99 99 99 #abb4 ,aft] ! argum5t :i* clos$ ! la/ *apt]1 a p>allel "o seems "h sc>cely requir$4 ,= symmetry's sake1 h[ev]1 x w be prop] briefly to po9t out h[ ! multiplication ( effects1 l ! in/ability ( ! homog5e\s1 is a coroll>y f ! p]si/5ce ( =ce4 ,?+s :i* we call diff]5t are ?+s :i* react 9 diff]5t ways2 & we c "k !m z diff]5t only by ! diff]5ces 9 _! reactions4 ,:5 we di/+ui% bodies z h>d & s(t1 r\gh & smoo?1 we simply mean t c]ta9 l muscul> =ces exp5d$ on !m are foll[$ by unlike sets ( s5sations--unlike re-active =ces4 ,objects t are class$ z r$1 blue1 yell[1 c41 are objects t decompose light 9 /rongly-contra/$ ways2 t is1 we "k contra/s ( col\r z contra/s 9 ! *anges produc$ 9 a uni=m incid5t =ce4 ,manife/ly1 any two ?+s :i* d n "w unequal effects on consci\sness1 ei!r by unequally oppos+ our own en]gies1 or by impress+ our s5ses ) unequally modifi$ =ms ( c]ta9 ext]nal en]gies1 _c be di/+ui%$ by u4 ,h5ce ! proposition t ! diff]5t p>ts ( any :ole mu/ react diff]5tly on a uni=m incid5t =ce1 & mu/ s r$uce x to a gr\p ( multi=m =ces1 is 9 ess5ce a truism4 ,a fur!r /ep w r$uce ?is truism to its l[e/ t]ms4 ,:51 f unlik5ess betwe5 ! effects !y produce on consci\sness1 we pr$icate unlik5ess betwe5 two objects1 :at is our w>rant8 & :at d we mean by ! unlik5ess1 objectively consid]$8 ,our w>rant is ! p]si/5ce ( =ce4 ,"s k9d or am\nt ( *ange has be5 wr\ght 9 u by ! "o1 :i* has n be5 wr\ght by ! o!r4 ,?is *ange we ascribe to "s =ce ex]cis$ by ! "o :i* ! o!r has n ex]cis$4 ,& we h no alt]native b to d ?is1 or to ass]t t ! *ange _h no antec$5t2 :i* is to d5y ! p]si/5ce ( =ce4 ,:5ce x is fur!r manife/ t :at we reg>d z ! objective unlik5ess is ! pres5ce 9 ! "o ( "s =ce1 or set ( =ces1 n pres5t 9 ! o!r--some?+ 9 ! k9ds or am\nts or directions ( ! con/itu5t =ces ( ! "o1 :i* ^? ( ! o!r d n p>allel4 ,b n[ if ?+s or p>ts ( ?+s :i* we call diff]5t1 are ^? ( :i* ! con/itu5t =ces diff] 9 "o or m respects2 :at mu/ happ5 to any l =ces1 or any uni=m =ce1 fall+ on !m8 ,su* l =ces1 or p>ts ( a uni=m =ce1 mu/ be diff]5tly modifi$4 ,! =ce :i* is pres5t 9 ! "o & n 9 ! o!r1 mu/ be an elem5t 9 ! conflict--mu/ produce its equival5t reaction2 & mu/ s affect ! total reaction4 ,to say o!rwise is to say t ?is diff]5tial =ce w produce no effect2 :i* is to say t =ce is n p]si/5t4 ,i ne$ n develop ?is coroll>y fur!r4 ,x manife/ly foll[s t a uni=m =ce1 fall+ on a uni=m aggregate1 mu/ und]go disp]sion2 t fall+ on an aggregate made up ( unlike p>ts1 x mu/ und]go disp]sion f ea* "p1 z well z qualitative diff]5tiations2 t 9 proportion z ! p>ts are unlike1 ^! qualitative diff]5tiations mu/ be m>k$2 t 9 proportion to ! numb] ( ! p>ts1 !y mu/ be num]\s2 t ! second>y =ces s produc$1 mu/ und]go fur!r trans=mations :ile work+ equival5t trans=mations 9 ! p>ts t *ange !m2 & simil>ly ) ! =ces !y g5]ate4 ,?us ! conclusions t a "p-cause ( ,evolution is ! multiplication ( effects2 & t ?is increases 9 geometrical progression z ! het]og5eity becomes great]2 are n only to be e/abli%$ inductively1 b are d$ucible f ! deepe/ ( all tru?s4 ----- ,footnote #ag3 ,_h ?is p>agraph1 fir/ publi%$ 9 ! ,we/m9/] ,review 9 #aheg1 be5 writt5 aft] ! appe>ance ( ,mr4 ,d>w9's "w on ,! ,orig9 ( ,species1 x w\ld d\btless h be5 o!rwise express$4 ,ref]5ce w\ld h be5 made to ! process ( 8natural selection10 z greatly facilitat+ ! diff]5tiations describ$4 ,z x is1 h[ev]1 ,i pref] to let ! passage /& 9 its orig9al %ape3 p>tly because x seems to me t ^! successive *anges ( conditions w\ld produce div]g5t v>ieties or species1 ap>t f ! influ5ce ( 8natural selection0 7?\gh 9 less num]\s ways z well z less rapidly72 & p>tly because ,i conceive t 9 ! abs5ce ( ^! successive *anges ( conditions1 8natural selection0 w\ld effect comp>atively little4 ,let me add t ?\gh ^! positions are n enunciat$ 9 ,! ,orig9 ( ,species1 yet a mutual fri5d gives me reason to ?9k t ,mr4 ,d>w9 w\ld co9cide 9 !m2 if he did n inde$ consid] !m z tacitly impli$ 9 8 "w4 ,,*apt] ,,xv4 ,,diff]5tiation ,,& ,,integration4 #abc4 ,! g5]al int]pretation ( ,evolution is f> f be+ complet$ 9 ! prec$+ *apt]s4 ,we mu/ contemplate its *anges "u yet ano!r aspect1 be=e we c =m a def9ite conception ( ! process con/itut$ by !m4 ,?\gh ! laws already set =?1 furni% a key to ! re-arrangem5t ( p>ts :i* ,evolution exhibits1 9 s f> z x is an advance f ! uni=m to ! multi=m2 !y furni% no key to ?is re-arrangem5t 9 s f> z x is an advance f ! indef9ite to ! def9ite4 ,on /udy+ ! actions & re-actions ev]y:]e go+ on1 we h f\nd x to foll[ inevitably f a c]ta9 primordial tru?1 t ! homog5e\s mu/ lapse into ! het]og5e\s1 & t ! het]og5e\s mu/ become m het]og5e\s2 b we h n discov]$ :y ! diff]5tly-affect$ p>ts ( any simple :ole1 become cle>ly m>k$ (f f ea* o!r1 at ! same "t t !y become unlike4 ,?us f> no reason has be5 assign$ :y !re %\ld n ord9>ily arise a vague *aotic het]og5eity1 9 place ( t ord]ly het]og5eity display$ 9 ,evolution4 ,x /ill rema9s to f9d out ! cause ( t integration ( p>ts :i* accompanies _! diff]5tiation--t gradually-complet$ segregation ( l units into a gr\p1 di/9ctly sep>at$ f neighb\r+ gr\ps :i* are sev]ally made up ( o!r k9ds ( units4 ,! rationale w be conv5i5tly introduc$ by a few in/ances 9 :i* we may wat* ?is segregative process tak+ place4 ,:5 t[>ds ! end ( ,septemb]1 ! trees are ga9+ _! autumn col\rs1 & we are hop+ %ortly to see a fur!r *ange increas+ /ill m ! beauty ( ! l&scape1 we are n uncommonly disappo9t$ by ! occurr5ce ( an equ9oxial gale4 ,out ( ! mix$ mass ( foliage on ea* bran*1 ! /rong curr5t ( air c>ries away ! decay+ & brightly-t9t$ leaves1 b fails to deta* ^? :i* are /ill gre54 ,& :ile ^! la/1 fray$ & se>$ by long-cont9u$ beat+s aga9/ ea* o!r1 & ! twigs ar\nd !m1 give a sombre col\r to ! woods1 ! r$ & yell[ & orange leaves are collect$ toge!r 9 dit*es & beh9d walls & 9 corn]s :]e eddies all[ !m to settle4 ,t is to say1 by ! action ( t uni=m =ce :i* ! w9d ex]ts on bo? k9ds1 ! dy+ leaves are pick$ out f among _! /ill liv+ companions & ga!r$ 9 places by !mselves4 ,aga91 ! sep>ation ( p>ticles ( diff]5t sizes1 z du/ & s& f pebbles1 may be simil>ly effect$2 z we see on e road 9 ,m>*4 ,& f ! days ( ,hom] d[nw>ds1 ! p[] ( curr5ts ( air1 natural & artificial1 to "p f "o ano!r units ( unlike specific gravities1 has be5 habitually utiliz$ 9 ! w9n[+ ( *aff f :eat4 ,9 e riv] we see h[ ! mix$ mat]ials c>ri$ d[n1 are sep>ately deposit$--h[ 9 rapids ! bottom gives re/ to no?+ b b\ld]s & pebbles2 h[ :]e ! curr5t is n s /rong1 s& is let fall2 & h[1 9 /ill places1 !re is a s$im5t ( mud4 ,?is selective action ( mov+ wat]1 is commonly appli$ 9 ! arts to obta9 masses ( p>ticles ( diff]5t degrees ( f95ess4 ,em]y1 = example1 aft] be+ gr\nd1 is c>ri$ by a sl[ curr5t ?r\gh successive comp>tm5ts2 9 ! fir/ ( :i* ! l>ge/ gra9s subside2 9 ! second ( :i* ! gra9s t rea* ! bottom be=e ! wat] has escap$1 are some:at small]2 9 ! ?ird small] /ill2 until 9 ! la/ !re are deposit$ only ^? f9e/ p>ticles :i* fall s sl[ly ?r\gh ! wat]1 t !y h n previ\sly be5 able to rea* ! bottom4 ,& 9 a way t is diff]5t ?\gh equally significant1 ?is segregative effect ( wat] 9 motion1 is exemplifi$ 9 ! c>ry+ away ( soluble f insoluble matt]s--an application ( x h\rly made 9 e laboratory4 ,! effects ( ! uni=m =ces :i* a]ial & aque\s curr5ts ex]cise1 are p>allel$ by ^? ( uni=m =ces ( o!r ord]s4 ,electric attraction w sep>ate small bodies f l>ge1 or light bodies f heavy4 ,by magnetism1 gra9s ( iron may be select$ f among o!r gra9s2 z by ! ,%effield gr9d]1 ^: magnetiz$ gauze mask filt]s out ! /eel-du/ :i* 8 :eel gives (f1 f ! /one-du/ t accompanies x4 ,& h[ ! aff9ity ( any ag5t act+ diff]5tly on ! compon5ts ( a giv5 body1 enables u to take away "s compon5t & leave ! re/ beh9d1 is %[n 9 almo/ e *emical exp]im5t4 ,:at n[ is ! g5]al tru? "h v>i\sly pres5t$8 ,h[ are ^! sev]al facts & c\ntless simil> ones1 to be express$ 9 t]ms t embrace !m all8 ,9 ea* case we see 9 action a =ce :i* may be reg>d$ z simple or uni=m--fluid motion 9 a c]ta9 direction at a c]ta9 velocity2 electric or magnetic attraction ( a giv5 am\nt2 *emical aff9ity ( a p>ticul> k9d3 or r1 9 /rictness1 ! act+ =ce is comp\nd$ ( "o ( ^! & c]ta9 o!r uni=m =ces1 z gravitation1 etc4 ,9 ea* case we h an aggregate made up ( unlike units--ei!r atoms ( diff]5t sub/ances comb9$ or intimately m+l$1 or fragm5ts ( ! same sub/ance ( diff]5t sizes1 or o!r con/itu5t p>ts t are unlike 9 _! specific gravities1 %apes1 or o!r attributes4 ,& 9 ea* case ^! unlike units1 or gr\ps ( units1 ( :i* ! aggregate consi/s1 are1 "u ! influ5ce ( "s resultant =ce act+ indiscrim9ately on !m all1 sep>at$ f ea* o!r--segregat$ into m9or aggregates1 ea* consi/+ ( units t are sev]ally l ea* o!r & unlike ^? ( ! o!r m9or aggregates4 ,su* be+ ! common aspect ( ^! *anges1 let u look = ! common int]pretation ( !m4 ,9 ! *apt] on 8,! ,in/ability ( ! ,homog5e\s10 x 0 %[n t a uni=m =ce fall+ on any aggregate1 produces unlike modifications 9 its diff]5t p>ts--turns ! uni=m into ! multi=m & ! multi=m into ! m multi=m4 ,! trans=mation ?us wr\ght1 consi/s ( ei!r ins5sible or s5sible *anges ( relative position among ! units1 or ( bo?--ei!r ( ^? molecul> re-arrangem5ts :i* we call *emical1 or ( ^? l>g] transpositions :i* are di/+ui%$ z me*anical1 or ( ! two unit$4 ,su* portion ( ! p]man5tly effective =ce z rea*es ea* diff]5t "p1 or diff]5tly-condition$ "p1 may be exp5d$ 9 modify+ ! mutual relations ( its con/itu5ts2 or x may be exp5d$ 9 mov+ ! "p to ano!r place2 or x may be exp5d$ p>tially 9 ! fir/ & p>tially 9 ! second4 ,h5ce1 s mu* ( ! p]man5tly effective =ce z does n "w ! "o k9d ( effect1 mu/ "w ! o!r k9d4 ,x is manife/ t if ( ! p]man5tly effective =ce :i* falls on "s comp\nd unit ( an aggregate1 little1 if any1 is absorb$ 9 re-arrang+ ! ultimate compon5ts ( su* comp\nd unit1 mu* or ! :ole1 mu/ %[ itself 9 motion ( su* comp\nd unit to "s o!r place 9 ! aggregate2 & conv]sely1 if little or none ( ?is =ce is absorb$ 9 g5]at+ me*anical transposition1 mu* or ! :ole mu/ g to produce molecul> alt]ations4 ,:at n[ mu/ foll[ f ?is8 ,9 cases :]e none or only "p ( ! =ce g5]ates *emical re-di/ributions1 :at physical re-di/ributions mu/ be g5]at$8 ,p>ts t are simil> to ea* o!r w be simil>ly act$ on by ! =ce2 & w simil>ly react on x4 ,p>ts t are dissimil> w be dissimil>ly act$ on by ! =ce2 & w dissimil>ly react on x4 ,h5ce ! p]man5tly effective incid5t =ce1 :5 :olly or p>tially trans=m$ into me*anical motion ( ! units1 w produce l motions 9 units t are alike1 & unlike motions 9 units t are unlike4 ,if !n1 9 an aggregate conta9+ two or m ord]s ( mix$ units1 ^? ( ! same ord] w be mov$ 9 ! same way1 & 9 a way t diff]s f t 9 :i* units ( o!r ord]s are mov$1 ! respective ord]s mu/ segregate4 ,a gr\p ( l ?+s on :i* are impress$ motions t are alike 9 am\nt & direction1 mu/ be transf]r$ z a gr\p to ano!r place1 & if !y are m+l$ ) "s gr\p ( o!r ?+s1 on :i* ! motions impress$ are l ea* o!r1 b unlike ^? ( ! fir/ gr\p 9 am\nt or direction or bo?1 ^! o!r ?+s mu/ be transf]r$ z a gr\p to "s o!r place--! mix$ aggregate mu/ und]go a simultane\s diff]5tiation & integration4 ,9 fur!r elucidation ( ?is process1 x w be well "h to set d[n a few in/ances 9 :i* we may see t1 o!r ?+s equal1 ! def9it5ess ( ! sep>ation is 9 proportion to ! def9it5ess ( ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! units4 ,take a h&ful ( any p\nd$ sub/ance1 conta9+ fragm5ts ( all sizes2 & let x fall to ! gr\nd :ile a g5tle breeze is bl[+4 ,! l>ge fragm5ts w be collect$ toge!r on ! gr\nd almo/ imm$iately "u ! h&2 some:at small] fragm5ts w be c>ri$ a little to ! leew>d2 /ill small] ones a little fur!r2 & ^? m9ute p>ticles :i* we call du/1 w be drift$ a long way be=e !y rea* ! e>?3 t is1 ! integration is indef9ite :]e ! diff]5ce among ! fragm5ts is indef9ite1 ?\gh ! div]g5ce is greate/ :]e ! diff]5ce is greate/4 ,if1 aga91 ! h&ful be made up ( q di/9ct ord]s ( units--z pebbles1 co>se s&1 & du/--^! w1 "u l conditions1 be segregat$ ) comp>ative def9it5ess3 ! pebbles w drop almo/ v]tically2 ! s& w fall 9 an incl9$ direction1 & deposit itself )9 a tol]ably circumscrib$ space beyond ! pebbles2 :ile ! du/ w be bl[n almo/ horizontally to a great di/ance4 ,a case 9 :i* ano!r k9d ( =ce comes into play1 w /ill bett] illu/rate ?is tru?4 ,?r\gh a mix$ aggregate ( soluble & insoluble sub/ances1 let wat] sl[ly p]colate4 ,!re w 9 ! fir/ place be a di/9ct p>t+ ( ! sub/ances t are ! mo/ widely contra/$ 9 _! relations to ! act+ =ces3 ! soluble w be c>ri$ away2 ! insoluble w rema9 beh9d4 ,fur!r1 "s sep>ation1 ?\gh a less def9ite "o1 w be effect$ among ! soluble sub/ances2 s9ce ! fir/ "p ( ! curr5t w remove ! mo/ soluble sub/ances 9 ! l>ge/ am\nts1 & aft] ^! h be5 all dissolv$1 ! curr5t w /ill cont9ue to br+ out ! rema9+ less soluble sub/ances4 ,ev5 ! undissolv$ matt]s w h simultane\sly und]gone a c]ta9 segregation2 = ! p]colat+ fluid w c>ry d[n ! m9ute fragm5ts f among ! l>ge ones1 & w deposit ^? ( small specific gravity 9 "o place1 & ^? ( great specific gravity 9 ano!r4 ,to complete ! elucidation we mu/ glance at ! obv]se fact2 namely1 t mix$ units :i* diff] b slightly1 are mov$ 9 b slightly-diff]5t ways by incid5t =ces1 & c !re=e be sep>at$ only by su* adju/m5ts ( ! incid5t =ces z all[ slight diff]5ces to become appreciable factors 9 ! result4 ,?is tru? is made manife/ by anti!sis 9 ! in/ances j giv52 b x may be made mu* m manife/ by a few su* in/ances z ^? :i* *emical analysis supplies 9 abundance4 ,! p>t+ ( alcohol f wat] by di/illation is a good "o4 ,"h we h atoms consi/+ ( oxyg5 & hydrog51 m+l$ ) atoms consi/+ ( oxyg51 hydrog51 & c>bon4 ,! two ord]s ( atoms h a consid]able simil>ity ( nature3 !y simil>ly ma9ta9 a fluid =m at ord9>y temp]atures2 !y simil>ly become gase\s m & m rapidly z ! temp]ature is rais$2 & !y boil at po9ts n v f> ap>t4 ,n[ ?is comp>ative lik5ess ( ! atoms is accompani$ by difficulty 9 segregat+ !m4 ,if ! mix$ fluid is unduly heat$1 mu* wat] di/ils ov] ) ! alcohol3 x is only )9 a n>r[ range ( temp]ature1 t ! "o set ( atoms are driv5 (f r ?an ! o!rs2 & ev5 !n n a few ( ! o!rs accompany !m4 ,! mo/ int]e/+ & in/ructive example1 h[ev]1 is furni%$ by c]ta9 ph5om5a ( cry/allization4 ,:5 sev]al salts t h little analogy ( con/itution1 are dissolv$ 9 ! same body ( wat]1 !y are sep>at$ )\t mu* tr\ble1 by cry/allization3 _! respective units mov$ t[>ds ea* o!r1 z physici/s suppose1 by pol> =ces1 segregate into cry/als ( _! respective k9ds4 ,! cry/als ( ea* salt d1 inde$1 usually conta9 c]ta9 small am\nts ( ! o!r salts pres5t 9 ! solution--especially :5 ! cry/allization has be5 rapid2 b f ^! o!r salts !y are sev]ally fre$ by repeat$ resolutions & cry/allizations4 ,m>k n[1 h[ev]1 t ! rev]se is ! case :5 ! salts conta9$ 9 ! same body ( wat] are *emically homolog\s4 ,! nitrates ( b>yta & lead1 or ! sulphates ( z9c1 soda1 & magnesia1 unite 9 ! same cry/als2 nor w !y cry/allize sep>ately if ^! cry/als be dissolv$ afre%1 & afre% cry/alliz$1 ev5 ) great c>e4 ,on seek+ ! cause ( ?is anomaly1 *emi/s f\nd t su* salts 7 isomorph\s--t _! atoms1 ?\gh n *emically id5tical1 7 id5tical 9 ! proportions ( acid1 base1 & wat]1 compos+ !m1 & 9 _! cry/all9e =ms3 :5ce x 0 inf]r$ t _! atoms are ne>ly alike 9 /ructure4 ,?us is cle>ly illu/rat$ ! tru?1 t units ( unlike k9ds are diff]5tiat$ & integrat$ ) a read9ess proportionate to ! degree ( _! unlik5ess4 ,9 ! fir/ case we see t be+ dissimil> 9 _! =ms1 b simil> 9 s f> z !y are soluble 9 wat] ( a c]ta9 temp]ature1 ! atoms segregate1 ?\gh imp]fectly4 ,9 ! second case we see t ! atoms1 hav+ n only ! lik5ess impli$ by solubility 9 ! same m5/ruum1 b also a great lik5ess ( /ructure1 d n segregate--are diff]5tiat$ & integrat$ only "u q special conditions1 & !n v incompletely4 ,t is1 ! incid5t =ce ( mutual pol>ity impresses unlike motions on ! mix$ units 9 proportion z !y are unlike2 & !re=e1 9 proportion z !y are unlike1 t5ds to deposit !m 9 sep>ate places4 ,!re is a conv]se cause ( segregation1 :i* x is ne$less "h to treat ( ) equal fulness4 ,if diff]5t units act$ on by ! same =ce1 mu/ be diff]5tly mov$2 s1 too1 mu/ units ( ! same k9d be diff]5tly mov$ by diff]5t =ces4 ,suppos+ "s gr\p ( units =m+ "p ( a homog5e\s aggregate1 are unit$ly expos$ to a =ce t is unlike 9 am\nt or direction to ! =ce act+ on ! re/ ( ! aggregate2 !n ?is gr\p ( units w sep>ate f ! re/1 provid$ t1 ( ! =ce s act+ on x1 !re rema9s any portion n dissipat$ 9 molecul> vibrations1 nor absorb$ 9 produc+ molecul> re-arrangem5ts4 ,aft] all t has be5 said above1 ?is proposition ne$s no def5ce4 ,be=e end+ our prelim9>y exposition1 a complem5t>y tru? mu/ be specifi$2 namely1 t mix$ =ces are segregat$ by ! reaction ( uni=m matt]s1 j z mix$ matt]s are segregat$ by ! action ( uni=m =ces4 ,( ?is tru? a complete & suffici5t illu/ration is furni%$ by ! disp]sion ( refract$ light4 ,a beam ( light1 made up ( e!real undulations ( diff]5t ord]s1 is n uni=mly deflect$ by a homog5e\s refract+ body2 b ! diff]5t ord]s ( undulations x conta9s1 are deflect$ at diff]5t angles3 ! result be+ t ^! diff]5t ord]s ( undulations are sep>at$ & integrat$1 & s produce :at we "k z ! col\rs ( ! spectrum4 ,a segregation ( ano!r k9d occurs :5 rays ( light trav]se an ob/ruct+ m$ium4 ,^? rays :i* consi/ ( comp>atively %ort undulations1 are absorb$ be=e ^? :i* consi/ ( comp>atively long ones2 & ! r$ rays1 :i* consi/ ( ! longe/ undulations1 alone p5etrate :5 ! ob/ruction is v great4 ,h[1 conv]sely1 !re is produc$ a sep>ation ( l =ces by ! reaction ( unlike matt]s1 is also made manife/ by ! ph5om5a ( refraction3 s9ce adjac5t & p>allel beams ( light1 fall+ on1 & pass+ ?r\gh1 unlike sub/ances1 are made to div]ge4 99 99 99 99 99 #abd4 ,on ! assumption ( _! nebul> orig91 />s & planets exemplify t cause ( mat]ial integration la/ assign$--! action ( unlike =ces on l units4 ,9 a prec$+ *apt] 7 #aaj7 we saw t if matt] ev] exi/$ 9 a diffus$ =m1 x c\ld n cont9ue uni=mly di/ribut$1 b mu/ break up into masses4 ,x 0 %[n t 9 ! abs5ce ( a p]fect balance ( mutual attractions among atoms disp]s$ ?r\gh unlimit$ space1 !re mu/ arise bree*es ( cont9uity ?r\gh\t ! aggregate =m$ by !m1 & a conc5tration ( x t[>ds c5tres ( dom9ant attraction4 ,:]e any su* bree* ( cont9uity occurs1 & ! atoms t 7 be=e adjac5t sep>ate f ea* o!r2 !y d s 9 consequ5ce ( a diff]5ce 9 ! =ces to :i* !y are respectively subject4 ,! atoms on ! "o side ( ! bree* are expos$ to a c]ta9 surplus attraction 9 ! direction 9 :i* !y beg9 to move2 & ^? on ! o!r to a surplus attraction 9 ! opposite direction4 ,t is1 ! adjac5t gr\ps ( l units are expos$ to unlike resultant =ces2 & accord+ly sep>ate & integrate4 ,! =mation & deta*m5t ( a nebul\s r+1 illu/rates ! same g5]al pr9ciple4 ,to conclude1 z ,laplace did1 t ! equatorial portion ( a rotat+ nebul\s sph]oid1 w1 dur+ conc5tration1 acquire a c5trifugal =ce suffici5t to prev5t x f foll[+ ! re/ ( ! contract+ mass1 is to conclude t su* portions w rema9 beh9d z are 9 common subject to a c]ta9 diff]5tial =ce4 ,! l9e ( division betwe5 ! r+ & ! sph]oid1 mu/ be a l9e inside ( :i* ! aggregative =ce is great] ?an ! =ce resi/+ aggregation2 & outside ( :i* ! =ce resi/+ aggregation is great] ?an ! aggregative =ce4 ,h5ce ! alleg$ process con=ms to ! law t among l units1 sep>ation & integration is produc$ by ! action ( unlike =ces4 ,a/ronomical ph5om5a d n furni% any o!r ?an ^! hypo!tical examples4 ,9 its pres5t comp>atively settl$ condition1 ! ,sol> ,sy/em exhibits no direct evid5ce ( progress+ integration3 unless inde$ "u ! insignificant =m ( ! union ( meteoric masses ) ! ,e>?1 &1 occasionally p]haps1 ( comet>y matt] ) ! ,sun4 99 99 99 99 99 #abe4 ,^? geologic *anges usually class$ z aque\s1 display "u num]\s =ms ! segregation ( unlike units by a uni=m incid5t =ce4 ,on sea-%ores1 ! waves are ev] sort+-out & sep>at+ ! mix$ mat]ials aga9/ :i* !y break4 ,f ea* mass ( fall5 cliff1 ! ris+ & ebb+ tide c>ries away all ^? p>ticles :i* are s small z to rema9 long susp5d$ 9 ! wat]2 &1 at "s di/ance f %ore1 deposits !m 9 ! %ape ( f9e s$im5t4 ,l>ge p>ticles1 s9k+ ) comp>ative rapidity1 are accumulat$ into b$s ( s& ne> l[ wat]-m>k4 ,! co>se grit & small pebbles collect toge!r on ! incl9e up :i* ! break]s ru%4 ,& on ! top lie ! l>g] /ones & b\ld]s4 ,/ill m specific segregations may occasionally be obs]v$4 ,flat pebbles1 produc$ by ! break+ d[n ( lam9at$ rock1 are sometimes sep>ately collect$ 9 "o "p ( a %+le bank4 ,on ?is %ore ! deposit is :olly ( mud2 on t x is :olly ( s&4 ,"h we f9d a %elt]$ cove fill$ ) small pebbles almo/ ( "o size2 & !re1 9 a curv$ bay "o end ( :i* is m expos$ ?an ! o!r1 we see a progressive increase 9 ! massiv5ess ( ! /ones z we walk f ! less expos$ to ! m expos$ end4 ,inde$1 our s$im5t>y /rata =m "o va/ s]ies ( illu/rations ( ! alleg$ law4 ,trace ! hi/ory ( ea* deposit1 & we are quickly l$ d[n to ! fact1 t mix$ fragm5ts ( matt]1 diff]+ 9 _! sizes or weights1 are1 :5 expos$ to ! mom5tum & friction ( wat]1 jo9$ ) ! attraction ( ! ,e>?1 select$ f ea* o!r1 & unit$ into gr\ps ( comp>atively l fragm5ts4 ,we see t1 o!r ?+s equal1 ! sep>ation is def9ite 9 proportion z ! diff]5ces ( ! units are m>k$2 & t1 "u ! action ( ! same aggregate ( =ces1 ! mo/ widely unlike units are mo/ widely remov$ f ea* o!r4 ,among igne\s *anges we d n f9d s _m examples ( ! process describ$4 ,:5 specify+ ! conditions to ,evolution1 x 0 po9t$ out 7 #ajd7 t molecul> vibration exce$+ a c]ta9 int5sity1 does n p]mit ^? integrations :i* result f ! action ( m9or diff]5tial =ces4 ,nev]!less1 geological ph5om5a ( ?is ord] are n b>r5 ( illu/rations4 ,:]e ! mix$ matt]s compos+ ! ,e>?'s cru/ h be5 rais$ to a v high temp]ature1 segregation habitually takes place z ! temp]ature dim9i%es4 ,sundry ( ! sub/ances t escape 9 a gase\s =m f volcanoes1 sublime into cry/als on com+ aga9/ cool surfaces2 & solidify+1 z ^! sub/ances d1 at diff]5t temp]atures1 !y are deposit$ at diff]5t p>ts ( ! crevices ?r\gh :i* !y are emitt$ toge!r4 ,! be/ illu/ration1 h[ev]1 is furni%$ by ! *anges t occur dur+ ! sl[ cool+ ( igne\s rock4 ,:51 ?r\gh "o ( ! fractures f "t to "t made 9 ! solid %ell :i* =ms ! ,e>?'s cru/1 a portion ( ! molt5 nucleus is extrud$2 & :5 ?is is cool$ ) comp>ative rapidity1 ?r\gh free radiation & contact ) cold masses2 x =ms a sub/ance kn[n z trap or basalt--a sub/ance t is uni=m 9 texture1 ?\gh made up ( v>i\s +r$i5ts4 ,b :51 n escap+ ?r\gh ! sup]ficial /rata1 su* a portion ( ! molt5 nucleus is sl[ly cool$1 x becomes :at we "k z granite3 ! m+l$ p>ticles ( qu>tz1 feldsp>1 & mica1 be+ kept = a long "t 9 a fluid & semi-fluid /ate--a /ate ( comp>ative mobility--und]go ^? *anges ( position :i* ! =ces impress$ on !m by _! fell[ units necessitate4 ,hav+ "t 9 :i* to g5]ate ! requisite motions ( ! atoms1 ! diff]5tial =ces aris+ f mutual pol>ity1 segregate ! qu>tz1 feldsp>1 & mica1 into cry/als4 ,h[ completely ?is is dep5d5t on ! long-cont9u$ agitation ( ! mix$ p>ticles1 & consequ5t long-cont9u$ mobility by small diff]5tial =ces1 is prov$ by ! fact t 9 granite dykes1 ! cry/als 9 ! c5tre ( ! mass1 :]e ! fluidity or semi-fluidity cont9u$ = a long] "t1 are mu* l>g] ?an ^? at ! sides1 :]e contact ) ! neighb\r+ rock caus$ m rapid cool+ & solidification4 99 99 99 99 99 #abf4 ,! actions go+ on ?r\gh\t an organism are s involv$ & subtle1 t we _c expect to id5tify ! p>ticul> =ces by :i* p>ticul> integrations are effect$4 ,among ! few in/ances admitt+ ( tol]ably def9ite int]pretation1 ! be/ are ^? 9 :i* me*anical pressures & t5sions are ! ag5cies at "w4 ,we %all discov] sev]al on /udy+ ! bony frame ( ! high] animals4 ,! v]tebral column ( a man1 is subject1 z a :ole1 to c]ta9 g5]al /ra9s--! weight ( ! body1 toge!r ) ! reactions involv$ by all consid]able muscul> ef=ts2 & 9 con=mity ) ?is1 x has a c]ta9 g5]al integration4 ,at ! same "t1 be+ expos$ to diff]5t =ces 9 ! c\rse ( ^? lat]al b5d+s :i* ! movem5ts necessitate1 its p>ts reta9 a c]ta9 sep>at5ess4 ,& if we trace up ! developm5t ( ! v]tebral column f its primitive =m ( a c>tilag9\s cord 9 ! l[e/ fi%es1 we see t1 ?r\gh\t1 x ma9ta9s an integration correspond+ to ! unity ( ! incid5t =ces1 jo9$ ) a division into segm5ts correspond+ to ! v>iety ( ! incid5t =ces4 ,ea* segm5t1 consid]$ ap>t1 exemplifies ! tru? m simply4 ,a v]tebra is n a s+le bone1 b consi/s ( a c5tral mass ) sundry app5dages or processes2 & 9 rudim5t>y types ( v]tebr1 ^? app5dages are q sep>ate f ! c5tral mass1 &1 inde$1 exi/ be=e x makes its appe>ance4 ,b ^! sev]al indep5d5t bones1 con/itut+ a primitive sp9al segm5t1 are subject to a c]ta9 aggregate ( =ces :i* agree m ?an !y diff]3 z ! fulcrum to a gr\p ( muscles habitually act+ toge!r1 !y p]petually und]go c]ta9 reactions 9 common4 ,& accord+ly1 we see t 9 ! c\rse ( developm5t !y gradually coalesce4 ,/ill cle>] is ! illu/ration furni%$ by sp9al segm5ts t become fus$ toge!r :]e !y are toge!r expos$ to "s pr$om9ant /ra94 ,! sacrum consi/s ( a gr\p ( v]tebr firmly unit$4 ,9 ! o/ri* & its cong5]s !re are f sev5te5 to tw5ty sacral v]tebr2 & besides be+ conflu5t ) ea* o!r1 ^! are conflu5t ) ! iliac bones1 :i* run on ea* side ( !m4 ,if n[ we assume ^! v]tebr to h be5 orig9ally sep>ate1 z !y /ill are 9 ! embryo bird2 & if we consid] ! me*anical conditions to :i* !y mu/ 9 su* case h be5 expos$2 we %all see t _! union results 9 ! alleg$ way4 ,= ?r\gh ^! v]tebr ! entire weight ( ! body is transf]r$ to ! legs3 ! legs support ! pelvic ar*2 ! pelvic ar* supports ! sacrum2 & to ! sacrum is articulat$ ! re/ ( ! sp9e1 ) all ! limbs & organs atta*$ to x4 ,h5ce1 if sep>ate1 ! sacral v]tebr mu/ be held firmly toge!r by /rongly-contract$ muscles2 & mu/1 by implication1 be prev5t$ f p>tak+ 9 ^? lat]al movem5ts :i* ! o!r v]tebr und]go--!y mu/ be subject to a common /ra91 :ile !y are pres]v$ f /ra9s :i* w\ld affect !m diff]5tly2 & s !y fulfil ! conditions "u :i* integration occurs4 ,b ! cases 9 :i* cause & effect are br\ght into ! mo/ obvi\s relation1 are suppli$ by ! limbs4 ,! metac>pal bones 7^? :i* 9 man support ! palm ( ! h&7 are sep>ate f ea* o!r 9 ! majority ( mammalia3 ! sep>ate actions ( ! toes entail+ on !m slight am\nts ( sep>ate movem5ts4 ,?is is n s h[ev] 9 ! ox-tribe & ! horse-tribe4 ,9 ! ox-tribe1 only ! middle metac>pals 7?ird & f\r?7 are develop$2 & ^!1 atta9+ massive proportions1 coalesce to =m ! cannon bone4 ,9 ! horse-tribe1 ! integration is :at we may di/+ui% z indirect3 ! second & f\r? metac>pals are pres5t only z rudim5ts unit$ to ! sides ( ! ?ird1 :ile ! ?ird is imm5sely develop$2 ?us =m+ a cannon bone :i* diff]s f t ( ! ox 9 be+ a s+le cyl9d]1 in/ead ( two cyl9d]s fus$ toge!r4 ,! metat>sus 9 ^! quadrup$s exhibits p>allel *anges4 ,n[ ea* ( ^! metamorphoses occurs :]e ! diff]5t bones gr\p$ toge!r h no long] any diff]5t functions1 b reta9 only a common function4 ,! feet ( ox5 & horses are us$ solely = locomotion--are n put l ^? ( unguiculate mammals to purposes :i* involve "s relative movem5ts ( ! metac>pals4 ,?us !re directly or indirectly results a s+le mass ( bone :]e ! incid5t =ce is s+le4 ,& = ! inf]5ce t ^! facts h a causal connexion1 we f9d confirmation ?r\gh\t ! entire class ( birds2 9 ! w+s & legs ( :i*1 l integrations are f\nd "u l conditions4 ,:ile ?is %eet is pass+ ?r\gh ! press1 a fact illu/rat+ ?is g5]al tru? 9 a yet m rem>kable mann]1 has be5 m5tion$ to me by ,pr(4 ,huxley2 :o k9dly all[s me to make use ( x :ile /ill unpubli%$ by him4 ,! ,glyptodon1 an ext9ct mammal f\nd fossiliz$ 9 ,s\? ,am]ica1 has long be5 kn[n z a l>ge unc\? creature alli$ to ! ,armadillo1 b hav+ a massive d]mal arm\r consi/+ ( polygonal plates closely fitt$ toge!r s z to make a va/ box1 inclos+ ! body 9 su* way z effectually to prev5t x f be+ b5t1 lat]ally or v]tically1 9 ! slighte/ degree4 ,?is bony box1 :i* mu/ h weigh$ sev]al hundr$-weight1 0 support$ on ! sp9\s processes ( ! v]tebr1 & on ! adjac5t bones ( ! pelvic & ?oracic ar*es4 ,& ! significant fact n[ to be not$1 is1 t "h1 :]e ! trunk v]tebr 7 toge!r expos$ to ! pressure ( ?is heavy d]mal arm\r1 at ! same "t t1 by its rigidity1 !y 7 pres]v$ f all relative movem5ts1 ! entire s]ies ( !m 7 unit$ into "o solid1 cont9u\s bone4 ,! =mation & ma9t5ance ( a species1 consid]$ z an assemblage ( simil> organisms1 is int]pretable 9 an analog\s way4 ,we h already se5 t 9 s f> z ! memb]s ( a species are subject to diff]5t sets ( incid5t =ces1 !y are diff]5tiat$1 or divid$ into v>ieties4 ,& "h x rema9s to add t 9 s f> z !y are subject to l sets ( incid5t =ces1 !y are integrat$1 or r$uc$ to1 & kept 91 ! /ate ( a uni=m aggregate4 ,= by ! process ( 8natural selection10 !re is a cont9ual purification ( ea* species f ^? individuals :i* dep>t f ! common type 9 ways t unfit !m = ! conditions ( _! exi/5ce4 ,consequ5tly1 !re is a cont9ual leav+ beh9d ( ^? individuals :i* are 9 all respects fit = ! conditions ( _! exi/5ce2 & are !re=e v ne>ly alike4 ,! circum/ances to :i* any species is expos$1 be+1 z we be=e saw1 an involv$ comb9ation ( incid5t =ces2 & ! memb]s ( ! species hav+ mix$ ) !m "s t diff] m ?an usual f ! av]age /ructure requir$ = meet+ ^! =ces2 x results t ^! =ces are con/antly sep>at+ su* div]g5t individuals f ! re/1 & s pres]v+ ! uni=mity ( ! re/--keep+ up its integrity z a species4 ,j z ! *ang+ autumn leaves are pick$ out by ! w9d f among ! gre5 ones ar\nd !m1 or j z1 to use ,pr(4 ,huxley's simile1 ! small] fragm5ts pass ?r\gh ! sieve :ile ! l>g] are kept back2 s1 ! uni=m incid5ce ( ext]nal =ces affects ! memb]s ( a gr\p ( organisms simil>ly 9 proportion z !y are simil>1 & diff]5tly 9 proportion z !y are diff]5t2 & ?us is ev] segregat+ ! l by p>t+ ! unlike f !m4 ,:e!r ^! sep>at$ memb]s are kill$ (f1 z mo/ly happ5s1 or :e!r1 z o!rwise happ5s1 !y survive & multiply into a di/9ct v>iety1 9 consequ5ce ( _! fitness to c]ta9 p>tially unlike conditions1 matt]s n to ! argum5t4 ,! "o case con=ms to ! law1 t ! unlike units ( an aggregate are diff]5tiat$ & integrat$ :5 uni=mly subject to ! same incid5t =ces2 & ! o!r to ! conv]se law1 t ! l units ( an aggregate are diff]5tiat$ & integrat$ :5 subject to diff]5t incid5t =ces4 ,& on consult+ ,mr4 ,d>w9's rem>ks on div]g5ce ( "*1 x w be se5 t ! segregations ?us caus$ t5d ev] to become m def9ite4 99 99 99 99 99 #abg4 ,m5tal evolution "u "o ( its lead+ aspects1 we f\nd to consi/ 9 ! =mation ( gr\ps ( l objects & l relations--a diff]5tiation ( ! v>i\s ?+s orig9ally conf\nd$ toge!r 9 "o assemblage1 & an integration ( ea* sep>ate ord] ( ?+s into a sep>ate gr\p 7 #aac74 ,"h x rema9s to po9t out t :ile unlik5ess 9 ! incid5t =ces is ! cause ( su* diff]5tiations1 lik5ess 9 ! incid5t =ces is ! cause ( su* integrations4 ,= :at is ! process ?r\gh :i* classifications are e/abli%$8 ,at fir/1 9 common ) ! un9itiat$1 ! botani/ recognizes only su* conv5tional divisions z ^? :i* agriculture has e/abli%$--di/+ui%es a few vegetables & c]eals1 & gr\ps ! re/ toge!r into ! "o miscellane\s aggregate ( wild plants4 ,h[ d ^! wild plants become gr\p$ 9 8 m9d into ord]s1 g5]a1 & species8 ,ea* plant he exam9es yields him a c]ta9 complex impression4 ,e n[ & !n he picks up a plant l "o be=e se52 & ! recognition ( x is ! production 9 him ( a l connect$ gr\p ( s5sations1 by a l connect$ gr\p ( attributes4 ,t is to say1 !re is produc$ ?r\gh\t ! n]ves conc]n$1 a comb9$ set ( *anges1 simil> to a comb9$ set ( *anges be=e produc$4 ,consid]$ analytically1 ea* su* comb9$ set ( *anges is a comb9$ set ( molecul> modifications wr\ght 9 ! affect$ "p ( ! organism4 ,on e repetition ( ! impression1 a l comb9$ set ( molecul> modifications is sup]pos$ on ! previ\s ones1 & makes !m great]3 ?us g5]at+ an int]nal idea correspond+ to ^! simil> ext]nal objects4 ,mean:ile1 ano!r k9d ( plant produces 9 ! bra9 ( ! botani/ ano!r set ( comb9$ *anges or molecul> modifications--a set :i* does n agree ) & deep5 ! "o we h be5 consid]+1 b disagrees ) x2 & by repetition ( su* !re is g5]at$ a diff]5t idea answ]+ to a diff]5t species4 ,:at n[ is ! nature ( ?is process express$ 9 g5]al t]ms8 ,on ! "o h& !re are ! l & unlike ?+s f :i* sev]ally emanate ! gr\ps ( =ces by :i* we p]ceive !m4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !re are ! organs ( s5se & p]cipi5t c5tres1 ?r\gh :i*1 9 ! c\rse ( obs]vation1 ^! gr\ps ( =ces pass4 ,9 pass+ ?r\gh ^! organs ( s5se & p]cipi5t c5tres1 ! l gr\ps ( =ces are segregat$1 or sep>at$ f ! unlike gr\ps ( =ces2 & ea* su* diff]5tiat$ & integrat$ s]ies ( gr\ps ( =ces1 answ]+ to an ext]nal g5us or species1 con/itutes a /ate ( consci\sness :i* we call our idea ( ! g5us or species4 ,we be=e saw t z well z a sep>ation ( mix$ matt]s by ! same =ce1 !re is a sep>ation ( mix$ =ces by ! same matt]2 & "h we may fur!r see t ! unlike =ces s sep>at$1 "w unlike /ructural *anges 9 ! aggregate t sep>ates !m--/ructural *anges ea* ( :i* ?us repres5ts1 & is equival5t to1 ! integrat$ s]ies ( motions t has produc$ x4 ,by a p>allel process1 ! connexions ( co-exi/5ce & sequ5ce among impressions1 become diff]5tiat$ & integrat$ simultane\sly ) ! impressions !mselves4 ,:5 two ph5om5a t h be5 exp]i5c$ 9 a giv5 ord]1 are repeat$ 9 ! same ord]1 ^? n]ves :i* be=e 7 affect$ by ! transition are aga9 affect$2 & su* molecul> modification z !y receiv$ f ! fir/ motion propagat$ ?r\gh !m1 is increas$ by ?is second motion along ! same r\te4 ,ea* su* motion works a /ructural alt]ation1 :i*1 9 con=mity ) ! g5]al law set =? 9 ,*apt] ,x41 involves a dim9ution ( ! resi/ance to all su* motions t aft]w>ds occur4 ,! integration ( ^! successive motions 7or m /rictly1 ! p]man5tly effective portions ( !m exp5d$ 9 ov]com+ resi/ance7 ?us becomes ! cause (1 & ! measure (1 ! m5tal connexion betwe5 ! impressions :i* ! ph5om5a produce4 ,mean:ile1 ph5om5a t are recogniz$ z diff]5t f ^!1 be+ ph5om5a t !re=e affect diff]5t n]v\s elem5ts1 w h _! connexions sev]ally repres5t$ by motions along o!r r\tes2 & along ea* ( ^! o!r r\tes1 ! n]v\s dis*>ges w sev]ally take place ) a read9ess proportionate to ! frequ5cy ) :i* exp]i5ce repeats ! connexion ( ph5om5a4 ,! classification ( relations mu/ h5ce g on p>i passu ) ! classification ( ! relat$ ?+s4 ,9 common ) ! mix$ s5sations receiv$ f ! ext]nal _w1 ! mix$ relations x pres5ts1 _c be impress$ on ! organism )\t m or less segregation ( !m result+4 ,& ?r\gh ?is cont9u\s diff]5tiation & integration ( *anges or motions1 :i* con/itutes n]v\s function1 !re is gradually wr\ght t diff]5tiation & integration ( matt]1 :i* con/itutes n]v\s /ructure4 99 99 99 99 99 #abh4 ,9 social evolution1 ! collect+ toge!r ( ! l & ! sep>ation ( ! unlike1 by incid5t =ces1 is prim>ily display$ 9 ! same mann] z we saw x to be among gr\ps ( inf]ior creatures4 ,! human races t5d to diff]5tiate & integrate1 z d races ( o!r liv+ =ms4 ,( ! =ces :i* effect & ma9ta9 ! segregations ( mank9d1 may fir/ be nam$ ^? ext]nal ones :i* we class z physical conditions4 ,! climate & food t are fav\rable to an indig5\s p1 are m or less detrim5tal to a p ( diff]5t bodily con/itution1 com+ f a remote "p ( ! ,e>?4 ,9 tropical regions ! nor!rn races _c p]man5tly exi/3 if n kill$ (f 9 ! fir/ g5]ation1 !y are s 9 ! second2 &1 z 9 ,india1 c ma9ta9 _! foot+ only by ! artificial process ( cont9u\s immigration & emigration4 ,t is to say1 ! ext]nal =ces act+ equally on ! inhabitants ( a giv5 locality1 t5d to expel all :o are n ( a c]ta9 type2 & s to keep up ! integration ( ^? :o are ( t type4 ,?\gh else:]e1 z among ,european nations1 we see a c]ta9 am\nt ( p]man5t int]mixture1 o!rwise br\ght ab\t1 we /ill see t ?is takes place betwe5 races ( n v diff]5t types1 t are naturaliz$ to n v diff]5t conditions4 ,! o!r =ces conspir+ to produce ^! national integrations1 are ^? m5tal ones :i* %[ !mselves 9 ! aff9ities ( m5 = o!rs l !mselves4 ,emigrants usually desire to get back among _! own p2 & :]e _! desire does n take effect1 x is only because ! re/ra9+ ties are too great4 ,units ( "o society :o are oblig$ to reside 9 ano!r1 v g5]ally =m colonies 9 ! mid/ ( t o!r--small societies ( _! own4 ,races :i* h be5 artificially sev]$1 %[ /rong t5d5cies to re-unite4 ,n[ ?\gh ^! integrations t result f ! mutual aff9ities ( k9dr$ m51 d n seem int]pretable z illu/rations ( ! g5]al pr9ciple above enunciat$1 !y really are ?us int]pretable4 ,:5 treat+ ( ! direction ( motion 7 #ia71 x 0 %[n t ! actions p]=m$ by m5 = ! satisfaction ( _! wants1 7 always motions along l9es ( lea/ resi/ance4 ,! feel+s *>act]iz+ a memb] ( a giv5 race1 are feel+s :i* get complete satisfaction only among o!r memb]s ( t race--a satisfaction p>tly d]iv$ f sympa?y ) ^? hav+ l feel+s1 b ma9ly d]iv$ f ! adapt$ social conditions :i* gr[ up :]e su* feel+s prevail4 ,:51 !re=e1 a citiz5 ( any nation is1 z we see1 attract$ t[>ds o!rs ( 8 nation1 ! rationale is1 t c]ta9 ag5cies :i* we call desires1 move him 9 ! direction ( lea/ resi/ance4 ,human motions1 l all o!r motions1 be+ det]m9$ by ! di/ribution ( =ces1 x foll[s t su* integrations ( races z are n produc$ by incid5t ext]nal =ces1 are produc$ by =ces :i* ! units ( ! races ex]cise on ea* o!r4 ,dur+ ! developm5t ( ea* society1 we see analog\s segregations caus$ 9 analog\s ways4 ,a few ( !m result f m9or natural aff9ities2 b ^? mo/ important ones :i* con/itute political & indu/rial organization1 result f ! union ( m5 9 :om simil>ities h be5 produc$ by education--us+ education 9 its wide/ s5se1 z compreh5d+ all processes by :i* citiz5s are m\ld$ to special functions4 ,m5 br\ght up to bodily lab\r1 are m5 :o h _h wr\ght 9 !m a c]ta9 lik5ess--a lik5ess :i*1 9 respect ( _! p[]s ( action1 obscures & subord9ates _! natural diff]5ces4 ,^? tra9$ to bra9-"w1 h acquir$ a c]ta9 o!r community ( "* :i* makes !m1 z social units1 m l ea* o!r ?an l ^? tra9$ to manual occupations4 ,& !re arise class-integrations answ]+ to ^! sup]9duc$ lik5esses4 ,mu* m def9ite integrations take place among ! mu* m def9itely assimilat$ memb]s ( any class :o are br\ght up to ! same call+4 ,ev5 :]e ! necessities ( _! "w =bid conc5tration 9 "o locality1 z among artizans happ5s ) masons & brick-lay]s1 & among trad]s happ5s ) ! retail di/ributors1 & among pr(essionals happ5s ) ! m$ical m52 !re are n want+ ,op]ative ,build]s ,unions1 & ,groc]s ,societies1 & ,m$ical ,associations1 to %[ t ^! artificially-assimilat$ citiz5s become integrat$ z mu* z ! conditions p]mit4 ,& :]e1 z among ! manufactur+ classes1 ! functions dis*>g$ d n require ! disp]sion ( ! citiz5s ?us artificially assimilat$1 !re is a progressive aggregation ( !m 9 special localities2 & a consequ5t increase 9 ! def9it5ess ( ! indu/rial divisions4 ,if n[ we seek ! causes ( ^! integrations1 consid]$ z results ( =ce & motion1 we f9d ourselves br\ght to ! same g5]al pr9ciple z be=e4 ,?is lik5ess g5]at$ 9 any class or subclass by tra9+1 is an aptitude acquir$ by its memb]s = satisfy+ _! wants 9 l ways4 ,t is1 ! occupation to :i* ea* man has be5 br\ght up1 has become to him1 9 common ) ^? simil>ly br\ght up1 a l9e ( lea/ resi/ance4 ,h5ce "u t pressure :i* det]m9es all m5 to activity1 ^! simil>ly-modifi$ social units are simil>ly affect$1 & t5d to take simil> c\rses4 ,if !n !re be any locality :i*1 ei!r by its physical peculi>ities or by peculi>ities wr\ght on x dur+ social evolution1 is r5d]$ a place :]e a c]ta9 k9d ( indu/rial action meets ) less resi/ance ?an else:]e2 x foll[s f ! law ( direction ( motion t ^? social units :o h be5 m\ld$ to ?is k9d ( indu/rial action1 w move t[>ds ?is place1 or become integrat$ !re4 ,if1 = in/ance1 ! proximity ( coal & iron m9es to a navigable riv]1 gives to ,glasg[ a c]ta9 advantage 9 ! build+ ( iron %ips--if ! total lab\r requir$ to produce ! same vessel1 & get its equival5t 9 food & clo?+1 is less !re ?an else:]e2 a conc5tration ( iron-%ip build]s is produc$ at ,glasg[3 ei!r by keep+ !re ! population born to iron-%ip build+2 or by immigration ( ^? else:]e engag$ 9 x2 or by bo?--a conc5tration t w\ld be /ill m m>k$ did n o!r di/ricts (f] c\nt]-balanc+ facilities4 ,! pr9ciple equally holds :]e ! occupation is m]cantile in/ead ( manufactur+4 ,/ock-brok]s clu/] toge!r 9 ! city1 because ! am\nt ( ef=t to be sev]ally gone ?r\gh by !m 9 dis*>g+ _! functions1 & obta9+ _! pr(its1 is less !re ?an 9 o!r localities4 ,a place ( ex*ange hav+ once be5 e/abli%$1 becomes a place :]e ! resi/ance to be ov]come by ea* is less ?an else:]e2 & ! pursuit ( ! c\rse ( lea/ resi/ance by ea*1 involves _! aggregation ar\nd ?is place4 ,( c\rse1 ) units s complicat$ z ^? :i* con/itute a society1 & ) =ces s involv$ z ^? :i* move !m1 ! result+ diff]5tiations & integrations mu/ be f> m entangl$1 or f> less def9ite1 ?an ^? we h hi!rto consid]$4 ,b ?\gh !re may be po9t$ out _m anomalies :i* at fir/ sight seem inconsi/5t ) ! alleg$ law1 a clos] /udy %[s t !y are b subtl] illu/rations ( x4 ,= m5's lik5esses be+ ( v>i\s k9ds1 lead to v>i\s ord] ( integration4 ,!re are lik5esses ( disposition1 lik5esses ( ta/e1 lik5esses produc$ by intellectual culture1 lik5esses t result f class-tra9+1 lik5esses ( political feel+2 & x ne$s b to glance r\nd at ! ca/e-divisions1 ! associations = philan?ropic1 sci5tific1 & arti/ic purposes1 ! religi\s p>ties & social cliques2 to see t "s species ( lik5ess among ! compon5t memb]s ( ea* body det]m9es _! union4 ,n[ ^! diff]5t integrations1 by trav]s+ ea* o!r1 & (t5 by _! indirect antagonism1 m or less obscure ea* o!r2 & prev5t any "o k9d ( integration f becom+ complete4 ,h5ce ! anomalies ref]r$ to4 ,b if ?is cause ( incomplet5ess be duly borne 9 m9d1 social segregations w be se5 to con=m entirely to ! same pr9ciple z all o!r segregations4 ,analysis w %[ t ei!r by ext]nal incid5t =ces1 or by :at we may 9 a s5se reg>d z mutual pol>ity1 !re are ev] be+ produc$ 9 society integrations ( ^? units :i* h ei!r a natural lik5ess or a lik5ess g5]at$ by tra9+4 99 99 99 99 99 #abi4 ,c ! g5]al tru? ?us v>i\sly illu/rat$ be d$uc$ f ! p]si/5ce ( =ce1 9 common ) =ego+ ones8 ,probably ! exposition at ! beg9n+ ( ! *apt] w h l$ mo/ read]s to conclude t x c be s d$uc$4 ,! ab/ract propositions involv$ are ^!3--,fir/1 t l units1 subject to a uni=m =ce capable ( produc+ motion 9 !m1 w be mov$ to l degrees 9 ! same direction4 ,second1 t l units if expos$ to unlike =ces capable ( produc+ motion 9 !m1 w be diff]5tly mov$--mov$ ei!r 9 diff]5t directions or to diff]5t degrees 9 ! same direction4 ,?ird1 t unlike units if act$ on by a uni=m =ce capable ( produc+ motion 9 !m1 w be diff]5tly mov$--mov$ ei!r 9 diff]5t directions or to diff]5t degrees 9 ! same direction4 ,f\r?1 t ! incid5t =ces !mselves mu/ be affect$ 9 analog\s ways3 l =ces fall+ on l units mu/ be simil>ly modifi$ by ! conflict2 unlike =ces fall+ on l units mu/ be dissimil>ly modifi$2 & l =ces fall+ on unlike units mu/ be dissimil>ly modifi$4 ,^! propositions admit ( r$uction to a /ill m ab/ract =m4 ,!y all ( !m am\nt to ?is3--t 9 ! actions & reactions ( =ce & matt]1 an unlik5ess 9 ei!r ( ! factors necessitates an unlik5ess 9 ! effects2 & t 9 ! abs5ce ( unlik5ess 9 ei!r ( ! factors ! effects mu/ be alike4 ,:5 ?us g5]aliz$1 ! imm$iate dep5d5ce ( ^! propositions on ! p]si/5ce ( =ce1 becomes obvi\s4 ,any two =ces t are n alike1 are =ces :i* diff] ei!r 9 _! am\nts or directions or bo?2 & by :at ma!maticians call ! resolution ( =ces1 x may be prov$ t ?is diff]5ce is con/itut$ by ! pres5ce 9 ! "o ( "s =ce n pres5t 9 ! o!r4 ,simil>ly1 any two units or portions ( matt] :i* are unlike 9 size1 weight1 =m1 or o!r attribute1 c be kn[n by u z unlike only ?r\gh "s unlik5ess 9 ! =ces !y impress on our consci\sness2 & h5ce ?is unlik5ess also1 is con/itut$ by ! pres5ce 9 ! "o ( "s =ce or =ces n pres5t 9 ! o!r4 ,su* be+ ! common nature ( ^! unlik5esses1 :at is ! inevitable coroll>y8 ,any unlik5ess 9 ! incid5t =ces1 :]e ! ?+s act$ on are alike1 mu/ g5]ate a diff]5ce betwe5 ! effects2 s9ce o!rwise1 ! diff]5tial =ce produces no effect1 & =ce is n p]si/5t4 ,any unlik5ess 9 ! ?+s act$ on1 :]e ! incid5t =ces are alike1 mu/ g5]ate a diff]5ce betwe5 ! effects2 s9ce o!rwise1 ! diff]5tial =ce :]eby ^! ?+s are made unlike1 produces no effect1 & =ce is n p]si/5t4 ,:ile1 conv]sely1 if ! =ces act+ & ! ?+s act$ on1 are alike1 ! effects mu/ be alike2 s9ce o!rwise1 a diff]5tial effect c be produc$ )\t a diff]5tial cause1 & =ce is n p]si/5t4 ,?us ^! g5]al tru?s be+ necess>y implications ( ! p]si/5ce ( =ce1 all ! re-di/ributions above trac$ out z *>act]iz+ ,evolution 9 its v>i\s phases1 are also implications ( ! p]si/5ce ( =ce4 ,su* portions ( ! p]man5tly effective =ces act+ on any aggregate1 z produce s5sible motions 9 its p>ts1 _c b "w ! segregations :i* we see take place4 ,if ( ! mix$ units mak+ up su* aggregate1 ^? ( ! same k9d h l motions impress$ on !m by a uni=m =ce1 :ile units ( ano!r k9d are mov$ by ?is uni=m =ce 9 ways m or less unlike ! ways 9 :i* ^? ( ! fir/ k9d are mov$1 ! two k9ds mu/ sep>ate & integrate4 ,if ! units are alike & ! =ces unlike1 a division ( ! diff]5tly affect$ units is equally necessitat$4 ,?us !re inevitably arises ! dem>cat$ gr\p+ :i* we ev]y:]e see4 ,by virtue ( ?is segregation t gr[s ev] m decid$ :ile !re rema9s any possibility ( increas+ x1 ! *ange f uni=mity to multi=mity is accompani$ by a *ange f indi/9ctness 9 ! relations ( p>ts to di/9ctness 9 ! relations ( p>ts4 ,z we be=e saw t ! trans=mation ( ! homog5e\s into ! het]og5e\s is inf]rable f t ultimate tru? :i* transc5ds pro(2 s we "h see1 t f ?is same tru? is inf]rable ! trans=mation ( an indef9ite homog5eity into a def9ite het]og5eity4 ,,*apt] ,,xvi4 ,,equilibration4 #acj4 ,& n[ t[>ds :at d ^! *anges t5d8 ,w !y g on = ev]8 or w !re be an end to !m8 ,c ?+s increase 9 het]og5eity ?r\gh all future "t8 or mu/ !re be a degree :i* ! diff]5tiation & integration ( ,matt] & ,motion _c pass8 ,is x possible = ?is univ]sal metamorphosis to proce$ 9 ! same g5]al c\rse indef9itely8 or does x "w t[>ds "s ultimate /ate1 admitt+ no fur!r modification ( l k9d8 ,! la/ ( ^! alt]native conclusions is t to :i* we are inevitably driv54 ,:e!r we wat* concrete processes1 or :e!r we consid] ! "q 9 ! ab/ract1 we are alike taught t ,evolution has an impassable limit4 ,! re-di/ributions ( matt] t g on ar\nd u1 are ev] be+ br\ght to conclusions by ! dissipation ( ! motions :i* effect !m4 ,! roll+ /one p>ts ) portions ( its mom5tum to ! ?+s x /rikes1 & f9ally comes to re/2 z d also1 9 l mann]1 ! v>i\s ?+s x has /ruck4 ,desc5d+ f ! cl\ds & trickl+ ov] ! ,e>?'s surface till x ga!rs into brooks & riv]s1 wat]1 /ill runn+ t[>ds a l[] level1 is at la/ arre/$ by ! resi/ance ( o!r wat] t has rea*$ ! l[e/ level4 ,9 ! lake or sea ?us =m$1 e agitation rais$ by a w9d or ! imm]sion ( a solid body1 propagates itself ar\nd 9 waves t dim9i% z !y wid51 & gradually become lo/ to obs]vation 9 motions communicat$ to ! atmosph]e & ! matt] on ! %ores4 ,! impulse giv5 by a play] to ! h>p-/r+1 is trans=m$ ?r\gh its vibrations into a]ial pulses2 & ^!1 spread+ on all sides1 & weak5+ z !y spread1 soon cease to be p]ceptible2 & f9ally die away 9 g5]at+ !rmal undulations t radiate into space4 ,equally 9 ! c9d] t falls out ( ! fire1 & 9 ! va/ masses ( molt5 lava eject$ by a volcano1 we see t ! molecul> agitation kn[n to u z heat1 disp]ses itself by radiation2 s t h[ev] great its am\nt1 x inevitably s9ks at la/ to ! same degree z t exi/+ 9 surr\nd+ bodies4 ,& if ! actions obs]v$ be electrical or *emical1 we /ill f9d t !y "w !mselves out 9 produc+ s5sible or ins5sible movem5ts1 t are dissipat$ z be=e2 until quiesc5ce is ev5tually rea*$4 ,! proximate rationale ( ! process exhibit$ "u ^! sev]al =ms1 lies 9 ! fact dwelt on :5 treat+ ( ! ,multiplication ( ,effects1 t motions are ev] be+ decompos$ into div]g5t motions1 & ^! into re-div]g5t motions4 ,! roll+ /one s5ds (f ! /ones x hits 9 directions diff]+ m or less f its own2 & !y d ! l ) ! ?+s !y hit4 ,move wat] or air1 & ! movem5t is quickly resolv$ into radiat+ movem5ts4 ,! heat produc$ by pressure 9 a giv5 direction1 diffuses itself by undulations 9 all directions2 & s d ! light & electricity simil>ly g5]at$4 ,t is to say1 ^! motions und]go division & subdivision2 & by cont9uance ( ?is process )\t limit1 !y are1 ?\gh nev] lo/1 gradually r$uc$ to ins5sible motions4 ,9 all cases !n1 !re is a progress t[>d equilibration4 ,t univ]sal co-exi/5ce ( antagoni/ =ces :i*1 z we be=e saw1 necessitates ! univ]sality ( rhy?m1 & :i*1 z we be=e saw1 necessitates ! decomposition ( e =ce into div]g5t =ces1 at ! same "t necessitates ! ultimate e/abli%m5t ( a balance4 ,e motion be+ motion "u resi/ance1 is cont9ually suff]+ d$uctions2 & ^! unceas+ d$uctions f9ally result 9 ! cessation ( ! motion4 ,! g5]al tru? ?us illu/rat$ "u its simple/ aspect1 we mu/ n[ look at "u ^? m complex aspects x usually pres5ts ?r\gh\t ,nature4 ,9 ne>ly all cases1 ! motion ( an aggregate is comp\nd2 & ! equilibration ( ea* ( its compon5ts1 be+ c>ri$ on indep5d5tly1 does n affect ! re/4 ,! %ip's bell t has ceas$ to vibrate1 /ill cont9ues ^? v]tical & lat]al oscillations caus$ by ! ocean-swell4 ,! wat] ( ! smoo? /ream on ^: surface h di$ away ! undulations caus$ by ! ris+ fi%1 moves z fa/ z be=e onw>d to ! sea4 ,! arre/$ bullet travels ) undim9i%$ spe$ r\nd ! ,e>?'s axis4 ,& 7 ! rotation ( ! ,e>? de/roy$1 !re w\ld n be impli$ any dim9ution ( ! ,e>?'s movem5t ) respect to ! ,sun & o!r ext]nal bodies4 ,s t 9 e case1 :at we reg>d z equilibration is a disappe>ance ( "s "o or m ( ! _m movem5ts :i* a body possesses1 :ile its o!r movem5ts cont9ue z be=e4 ,t ?is process may be duly realiz$ & ! /ate ( ?+s t[>ds :i* x t5ds fully und]/ood1 x w be well "h to cite a case 9 :i* we may wat* ?is successive equilibration ( comb9$ movem5ts m completely ?an we c d 9 ^? above in/anc$4 ,our end w be/ be s]v$1 n by ! mo/ impos+1 b by ! mo/ famili> example4 ,let u take t ( ! sp9n+ top4 ,:5 ! /r+ :i* has be5 wrapp$ r\nd a top's axis is viol5tly drawn (f1 & ! top falls on to ! table1 x usually happ5s t besides ! rapid rotation1 two o!r movem5ts are giv5 to x4 ,a slight horizontal mom5tum1 unavoidably impress$ on x :5 leav+ ! h&le1 c>ries x away bodily f ! place on :i* x drops2 & 9 consequ5ce ( its axis be+ m or less incl9$1 x falls into a c]ta9 oscillation1 describ$ by ! expressive ?\gh inelegant ^w--8wabbl+40 ,^! two subord9ate motions1 v>iable 9 _! proportions to ea* o!r & to ! *ief motion1 are commonly soon br\ght to a close by sep>ate processes ( equilibration4 ,! mom5tum :i* c>ries ! top bodily along ! table1 resi/$ some:at by ! air1 b ma9ly by ! irregul>ities ( ! surface1 %ortly disappe>s2 & ! top !reaft] cont9ues to sp9 on "o spot4 ,mean:ile1 9 consequ5ce ( t opposition :i* ! axial mom5tum ( a rotat+ body makes to any *ange 9 ! plane ( rotation1 7s beautifully exhibit$ by ! gyroscope17 ! 8wabbl+0 dim9i%es2 & l ! o!r is quickly end$4 ,^! m9or motions hav+ be5 dissipat$1 ! rotatory motion1 int]f]$ ) only by atmosph]ic resi/ance & ! friction ( ! pivot1 cont9ues "s "t ) su* uni=mity t ! top appe>s /ation>y3 !re be+ ?us tempor>ily e/abli%$ a condition :i* ! ,fr5* ma!maticians h t]m$ equilibrium mobile4 ,x is true t :5 ! axial velocity s9ks bel[ a c]ta9 po9t1 new motions comm5ce1 & increase till ! top falls2 b ^! are m]ely incid5tal to a case 9 :i* ! c5tre ( gravity is above ! po9t ( support4 ,7 ! top1 hav+ an axis ( /eel1 to be susp5d$ f a surface adequately magnetiz$1 all ! ph5om5a describ$ w\ld be display$1 & ! mov+ equilibrium hav+ be5 once arriv$ at1 w\ld cont9ue until ! top became motionless1 )\t any fur!r *ange ( position4 ,n[ ! facts :i* x behoves u "h to obs]ve1 are ^!4 ,fir/1 t ! v>i\s motions :i* an aggregate possesses are sep>ately equilibrat$3 ^? :i* are smalle/1 or :i* meet ) ! greate/ resi/ance1 or bo?1 disappe>+ fir/2 & leav+ at la/1 t :i* is greate/1 or meets ) lea/ resi/ance1 or bo?4 ,second1 t :5 ! aggregate has a movem5t ( its p>ts ) respect to ea* o!r1 :i* enc\nt]s b little ext]nal resi/ance1 !re is apt to be e/abli%$ an equilibrium mobile4 ,?ird1 t ?is mov+ equilibrium ev5tually lapses into complete equilibrium4 ,fully to compreh5d ! process ( equilibration1 is n easy2 s9ce we h simultane\sly to contemplate v>i\s phases ( x4 ,! be/ c\rse w be to glance sep>ately at :at we may conv5i5tly reg>d z its f\r diff]5t ord]s4 ,! fir/ ord] includes ! comp>atively simple motions1 z ^? ( projectiles1 :i* are n prolong$ en\gh to exhibit _! rhy?mical "*2 b :i*1 be+ quickly divid$ & subdivid$ into motions communicat$ to o!r portions ( matt]1 are pres5tly dissipat$ 9 ! rhy?m ( e!real undulations4 ,9 ! second ord]1 compreh5d+ ! v>i\s k9ds ( vibration or oscillation z usually witness$1 ! motion is us$ up 9 g5]at+ a t5sion :i*1 hav+ become equal to x or mom5t>ily equilibrat$ ) x1 !reupon produces a motion 9 ! opposite direction1 t is subsequ5tly equilibrat$ 9 l mann]3 ?us caus+ a visible rhy?m1 t is1 h[ev]1 soon lo/ 9 invisible rhy?ms4 ,! ?ird ord] ( equilibration1 n hi!rto notic$1 obta9s 9 ^? aggregates :i* cont9ually receive z mu* motion z !y exp5d4 ,! /eam eng9e 7& especially t k9d :i* fe$s its own furnace & boil]7 supplies an example4 ,"h ! =ce f mom5t to mom5t dissipat$ 9 ov]com+ ! resi/ance ( ! ma*9]y driv51 is f mom5t to mom5t replac$ f ! fuel2 & ! balance ( ! two is ma9ta9$ by a rais+ or l[]+ ( ! exp5diture accord+ to ! v>iation ( ! supply3 ea* increase or decrease 9 ! quantity ( /eam1 result+ 9 a rise or fall ( ! eng9e's movem5t1 su* z br+s x to a balance ) ! increas$ or decreas$ resi/ance4 ,?is1 :i* we may fitly call ! dep5d5t mov+ equilibrium1 %\ld be specially not$2 s9ce x is "o t we %all commonly meet ) ?r\gh\t v>i\s phases ( ,evolution4 ,! equilibration to be di/+ui%$ z ( ! f\r? ord]1 is ! indep5d5t or p]fect mov+ equilibrium4 ,?is we see illu/rat$ 9 ! rhy?mical motions ( ! ,sol> ,sy/em2 :i*1 be+ resi/$ only by a m$ium ( inappreciable d5sity1 und]go no s5sible dim9ution 9 su* p]iods ( "t z we c measure4 ,all ^! k9ds ( equilibration may1 h[ev]1 f ! highe/ po9t ( view1 be reg>d$ z diff]5t modes ( "o k9d4 ,= 9 e case ! balance arriv$ at is relative1 & n absolute--is a cessation ( ! motion ( "s p>ticul> body 9 relation to a c]ta9 po9t or po9ts1 involv+ nei!r ! disappe>ance ( ! relative motion lo/1 :i* is simply trans=m$ into o!r motions1 nor a dim9ution ( ! body's motions ) respect to o!r po9ts4 ,?us und]/&+ equilibration1 x manife/ly includes t equilibrium mobile1 :i* at fir/ sight seems ( ano!r nature4 ,= any sy/em ( bodies exhibit+1 l ^? ( ! ,sol> ,sy/em1 a comb9ation ( balanc$ rhy?ms1 has ?is peculi>ity2--t ?\gh ! con/itu5ts ( ! sy/em h relative movem5ts1 ! sy/em z a :ole has no movem5t4 ,! c5tre ( gravity ( ! entire gr\p rema9s fix$4 ,:atev] quantity ( motion any memb] ( x has 9 any direction1 is f mom5t to mom5t c\nt]-balanc$ by an equival5t motion 9 "s o!r "p ( ! gr\p 9 an opposite direction2 & s ! aggregate matt] ( ! gr\p is 9 a /ate ( re/4 ,:5ce x foll[s t ! arrival at a /ate ( mov+ equilibrium1 is ! disappe>ance ( "s movem5t :i* ! aggregate _h 9 relation to ext]nal ?+s1 & a cont9uance ( ^? movem5ts only :i* ! diff]5t p>ts ( ! aggregate h 9 relation to ea* o!r4 ,?us g5]aliz+ ! process1 x becomes cle> t all =ms ( equilibration are intr9sically ! same2 s9ce 9 e aggregate1 x is ! c5tre ( gravity only t loses its motion3 ! con/itu5ts always reta9+ "s motion ) respect to ea* o!r--! motion ( molecules if none else4 ,^? read]s :o happ5 to be> 9 m9d a proposition conc]n+ ! functional *>act]i/ics ( ,evolution1 :i* 0 set =? 9 ,*apt] ,,xii1 w probably reg>d x z :olly at v>iance ) t set =? 9 ?is ,*apt]4 ,x 0 !re alleg$ t ?r\gh\t ,evolution1 integration ( matt] is accompani$ by integration ( su* motion z ! matt] previ\sly _h2 & t ?us !re is a trans=mation ( diffus$ motion into aggregat$ motion1 p>allel to ! trans=mation ( diffus$ matt] into aggregat$ matt]4 ,"h h[ev]1 x is ass]t$ t e aggregate motion is con/antly und]go+ diffusion--e integrat$ motion und]go+ p]petual dis9tegration4 ,& s ! motion ( masses1 :i* be=e 0 said gradually to arise out ( molecul> motion1 is "h said to be gradually lo/ 9 molecul> motion4 ,d\btless ^! /atem5ts1 if sev]ally accept$ )\t qualification1 are contradictory4 ,nei!r ( !m1 h[ev]1 expresses ! :ole tru?4 ,ea* ne$s ! o!r z its indisp5sable complem5t4 ,x is q true1 z be=e alleg$1 t !re goes on an integration ( motion correspond+ to ! integration ( matt]2 & t ?is ess5tial *>act]i/ic ( ,evolution1 functionally consid]$1 is cle>ly display$ 9 proportion z ! ,evolution is active4 ,b ! dis9tegration ( motion1 :i*1 z we be=e saw1 con/itutes ,dissolution1 functionally consid]$1 is all along go+ on2 & ?\gh at fir/ x =ms b a small d$uction f ! *ange con/itut+ ,evolution1 x gradually becomes equal to x1 & ev5tually exce$+ x1 entails rev]se *anges4 ,! aggregation ( matt] nev] be+ complete1 b leav+ beh9d less aggregat$ or unaggregat$ matt]1 9 ! %ape ( liquid1 a]i=m1 or e!real m$ia2 x results t f ! beg9n+1 ! integrat$ motion ( integrat$ masses1 is ev] be+ ob/ruct$ by ^! less integrat$ or un9tegrat$ m$ia4 ,s t ?\gh :ile ! integration ( matt] is rapidly go+ on1 !re is an increase ( integrat$ motion1 spite ( ! d$uctions ?us cont9ually made f x1 !re comes a "t :5 ! integration ( matt] & consequ5tly ( motion1 ceases to increase1 or increases s sl[ly t ! d$uctions c\nt]balance x2 & !nce=? ^! beg9 to decrease x1 &1 by its p]petual diffusion1 to br+ ab\t a relative equilibration4 ,f ! beg9n+1 ! process ( ,evolution is antagoniz$ by a process ( ,dissolution2 & :ile ! fir/ = a long "t pr$om9ates1 ! la/ f9ally arre/s & rev]ses x4 ,return+ f ?is p>5!tical explanation1 we mu/ n[ especially note two lead+ tru?s br\ght out by ! =ego+ exposition3 ! "o conc]n+ ! ultimate1 or r ! p5ultimate1 /ate ( motion :i* ! processes describ$ t5d to br+ ab\t2 ! o!r conc]n+ ! concomitant di/ribution ( matt]4 ,?is p5ultimate /ate ( motion is ! mov+ equilibrium2 :i*1 z we h se51 t5ds to arise 9 an aggregate hav+ comp\nd motions1 z a transitional /ate on ! way t[>ds complete equilibrium4 ,?r\gh\t ,evolution ( all k9ds1 !re is a cont9ual approximation to1 & m or less complete ma9t5ance (1 ?is mov+ equilibrium4 ,z 9 ! ,sol> ,sy/em !re has be5 e/abli%$ an indep5d5t mov+ equilibrium--an equilibrium su* t ! relative motions ( ! con/itu5t p>ts are cont9ually s c\nt]-balanc$ by opposite motions1 t ! mean /ate ( ! :ole aggregate nev] v>ies2 s is x1 ?\gh 9 a less di/9ct mann]1 ) ea* =m ( dep5d5t mov+ equilibrium4 ,! /ate ( ?+s exhibit$ 9 ! cycles ( t]re/rial *anges1 9 ! balanc$ functions ( organic bodies t h rea*$ _! adult =ms1 & 9 ! act+ & re-act+ processes ( fully-develop$ societies1 is simil>ly "o *>act]iz$ by comp5sat+ oscillations4 ,! involv$ comb9ation ( rhy?ms se5 9 ea* ( ^! cases1 has an av]age condition :i* rema9s practically con/ant dur+ ! deviations ev] tak+ place on opposite sides ( x4 ,& ! fact :i* we h "h p>ticul>ly to obs]ve1 is1 t z a coroll>y f ! g5]al law ( equilibration above set =?1 ! evolution ( e aggregate mu/ g on until ?is equilibrium mobile is e/abli%$2 s9ce1 z we h se51 an excess ( =ce :i* ! aggregate possesses 9 any direction1 mu/ ev5tually be exp5d$ 9 ov]com+ resi/ances to *ange 9 t direction3 leav+ beh9d only ^? movem5ts :i* comp5sate ea* o!r1 & s =m a mov+ equilibrium4 ,respect+ ! /ructural /ate simultane\sly rea*$1 x mu/ obvi\sly be "o pres5t+ an arrangem5t ( =ces t c\nt]balance all ! =ces to :i* ! aggregate is subject4 ,s long z !re rema9s a residual =ce 9 any direction--be x excess ( a =ce ex]cis$ by ! aggregate on its environm5t1 or ( a =ce ex]cis$ by its environm5t on ! aggregate1 equilibrium does n exi/2 & !re=e ! re-di/ribution ( matt] mu/ cont9ue4 ,:5ce x foll[s t ! limit ( het]og5eity t[>ds :i* e aggregate progresses1 is ! =mation ( z _m specializations & comb9ations ( p>ts1 z !re are specializ$ & comb9$ =ces to be met4 99 99 99 99 99 #aca4 ,^? successively *ang$ =ms :i*1 if ! nebul> hypo!sis be grant$1 mu/ h aris5 dur+ ! evolution ( ! ,sol> ,sy/em1 7 s _m transitional k9ds ( mov+ equilibrium2 sev]ally giv+ place to m p]man5t k9ds on ! way t[>ds complete equilibration4 ,?us ! assumption ( an oblate sph]oidal figure by cond5s+ nebul\s matt]1 0 ! assumption ( a tempor>y & p>tial mov+ equilibrium among ! compon5t p>ts--a mov+ equilibrium t mu/ h sl[ly gr[n m settl$1 z local conflict+ movem5ts 7 dissipat$4 ,9 ! =mation & deta*m5t ( ! nebul\s r+s1 :i*1 accord+ to ?is hypo!sis1 f "t to "t took place1 we h in/ances ( progressive equilibration end+ 9 ! e/abli%m5t ( a complete mov+ equilibrium4 ,= ! g5esis ( ea* su* r+1 implies a p]fect balanc+ ( t aggregative =ce :i* ! :ole sph]oid ex]cises on its equatorial portion1 by t c5trifugal =ce :i* ! equatorial portion has acquir$ dur+ previ\s conc5tration3 s long z ^! two =ces are n equal1 ! equatorial portion foll[s ! contract+ mass2 b z soon z ! second =ce has increas$ up to an equality ) ! fir/1 ! equatorial portion c foll[ no fur!r1 & rema9s beh9d4 ,:ile1 h[ev]1 ! result+ r+1 reg>d$ z a :ole connect$ by =ces ) ext]nal :oles1 has rea*$ a /ate ( mov+ equilibrium2 its p>ts are n balanc$ ) respect to ea* o!r4 ,z we be=e saw 7 #aaj7 ! probabilities aga9/ ! ma9t5ance ( an annul> =m by nebul\s matt]1 are imm5se3 f ! in/ability ( ! homog5e\s1 x is inf]rable t nebul\s matt] s di/ribut$ mu/ break up into portions2 & ev5tually conc5trate into a s+le mass4 ,t is to say1 ! r+ mu/ progress t[>ds a mov+ equilibrium ( a m complete k9d1 dur+ ! dissipation ( t motion :i* ma9ta9$ its p>ticles 9 a diffus$ =m3 leav+ at l5g? a planet>y body1 att5d$ p]haps by a gr\p ( m9or bodies1 sev]ally hav+ residu>y relative motions t are no long] resi/$ by s5sible m$ia2 & !re is ?us con/itut$ an equilibrium mobile t is all b absolutely p]fect4#ah ,hypo!sis aside1 ! pr9ciple ( equilibration is /ill p]petually illu/rat$ 9 ^? m9or *anges ( /ate :i* ! ,sol> ,sy/em is und]go+4 ,ea* planet1 satellite1 & comet1 exhibits to u at its aphelion a mom5t>y equilibrium betwe5 t =ce :i* urges x fur!r away f its prim>y1 & t =ce :i* ret>ds its retreat2 s9ce ! retreat goes on until ! la/ ( ^! =ces exactly c\nt]poises ! fir/4 ,9 l mann] at p]ihelion a conv]se equilibrium is mom5t>ily e/abli%$4 ,! v>iation ( ea* orbit 9 size1 9 ecc5tricity1 & 9 ! position ( its plane1 has simil>ly a limit at :i* ! =ces produc+ *ange 9 ! "o direction1 are equall$ by ^? antagoniz+ x2 & an opposite limit at :i* an opposite arre/ takes place4 ,mean:ile1 ea* ( ^! simple p]turbations1 z well z ea* ( ! complex ones result+ f _! comb9ation1 exhibits1 besides ! tempor>y equilibration at ea* ( its extremes1 a c]ta9 g5]al equilibration ( comp5sat+ deviations on ei!r side ( a mean /ate4 ,t ! mov+ equilibrium ?us con/itut$1 t5ds1 9 ! c\rse ( indef9ite "t1 to lapse into a complete equilibrium1 by ! gradual decrease ( planet>y motions & ev5tually integration ( all ! sep>ate masses compos+ ! ,sol> ,sy/em1 is a belief sugge/$ by c]ta9 obs]v$ comet>y ret>dations1 & ent]ta9$ by "s ( high au?ority4 ,! receiv$ op9ion t ! appreciable dim9ution 9 ! p]iod ( ,encke's comet1 implies a loss ( mom5tum caus$ by resi/ance ( ! e!real m$ium1 commits a/ronom]s :o hold x1 to ! conclusion t ?is same resi/ance mu/ cause a loss ( planet>y motions--a loss :i*1 inf9itesimal ?\gh x may be 9 su* p]iods z we c measure1 w1 if indef9itely cont9u$1 br+ ^! motions to a close4 ,ev5 %\ld !re be1 z ,sir ,john ,h]s*el sugge/s1 a rotation ( ! e!real m$ium 9 ! same direction ) ! planets1 ?is arre/1 ?\gh imm5sely po/pon$1 w\ld n be absolutely prev5t$4 ,su* an ev5tuality1 h[ev]1 mu/ 9 any case be s inconceivably remote z to h no o!r ?an a speculative int]e/ = u4 ,x is ref]r$ to "h1 simply z illu/rat+ ! /ill-cont9u$ t5d5cy t[>ds complete equilibrium1 ?r\gh ! /ill-cont9u$ dissipation ( s5sible motion1 or trans=mation ( x into ins5sible motion4 ,b !re is ano!r species ( equilibration go+ on 9 ! ,sol> ,sy/em1 ) :i* we are m ne>ly conc]n$--! equilibration ( t molecul> motion kn[n z heat4 ,! tacit assumption hi!rto curr5t1 t ! ,sun c cont9ue to give (f an undim9i%$ am\nt ( light & heat ?r\gh all future "t1 is fa/ be+ ab&on$4 ,involv+ z x does1 "u a disguise1 ! conception ( p[] produc$ out ( no?+1 x is ( ! same ord] z ! belief t misleads p]petual-motion s*em]s4 ,! spread+ recognition ( ! tru? t =ce is p]si/5t1 & t consequ5tly :atev] =ce is manife/$ "u "o %ape mu/ previ\sly h exi/$ "u ano!r %ape1 is c>ry+ ) x a recognition ( ! tru? t ! =ce kn[n to u 9 sol> radiations1 is ! *ang$ =m ( "s o!r =ce ( :i* ! ,sun is ! seat2 & t by ! gradual dissipation ( ^! radiations into space1 ?is o!r =ce is be+ sl[ly exhau/$4 ,! aggregative =ce by :i* ! ,sun's sub/ance is drawn to 8 c5tre ( gravity1 is ! only "o :i* e/abli%$ physical laws w>rant u 9 suspect+ to be ! correlate ( ! =ces ?us emanat+ f him3 ! only s\rce ( a kn[n k9d t c be assign$ = ! ins5sible motions con/itut+ sol> light & heat1 is ! s5sible motion :i* disappe>s dur+ ! progress+ conc5tration ( ! ,sun's sub/ance4 ,we be=e saw x to be a coroll>y f ! nebul> hypo!sis1 t !re is su* a progress+ conc5tration ( ! ,sun's sub/ance4 ,& "h rema9s to be add$ ! fur!r coroll>y1 t j z 9 ! case ( ! small] memb]s ( ! ,sol> ,sy/em1 ! heat g5]at$ by conc5tration1 long ago 9 great "p radiat$ into space1 has left only a c5tral residue t n[ escapes b sl[ly2 s 9 ! case ( t imm5sely l>g] mass =m+ ! ,sun1 ! imm5sely great] quantity ( heat g5]at$ & /ill 9 process ( rapid diffusion1 mu/1 z ! conc5tration approa*es its limit1 dim9i% 9 am\nt1 & ev5tually leave only an inappreciable int]nal remnant4 ,) or )\t ! accompanim5t ( t hypo!sis ( nebul> cond5sation1 :5ce1 z we see1 x naturally foll[s1 ! doctr9e t ! ,sun is gradually los+ 8 heat1 has n[ ga9$ consid]able curr5cy2 & calculations h be5 made1 bo? respect+ ! am\nt ( heat & light already radiat$1 z comp>$ ) ! am\nt t rema9s1 & respect+ ! p]iod dur+ :i* active radiation is likely to cont9ue4 ,pr(4 ,helmholtz e/imates1 t s9ce ! "t :51 accord+ to ! nebul> hypo!sis1 ! matt] compos+ ! ,sol> ,sy/em ext5d$ to ! orbit ( ,neptune1 !re has be5 evolv$ by ! arre/ ( s5sible motion1 an am\nt ( heat #ded times z great z t :i* ! ,sun /ill has to give out4 ,he also makes an approximate e/imate ( ! rate at :i* ?is rema9+ #a_/ded? is be+ diffus$3 %[+ t a dim9ution ( ! ,sun's diamet] to ! ext5t ( #a_/aj1jjj1 w\ld produce heat1 at ! pres5t rate1 = m ?an #bjjj ye>s2 or 9 o!r words1 t a contraction ( #a_/bj1jjj1jjj ( 8 diamet]1 suffices to g5]ate ! am\nt ( light & heat annually emitt$2 & t ?us1 at ! pres5t rate ( exp5diture1 ! ,sun's diamet] w dim9i% by some?+ l #a_/bj 9 ! lapse ( ! next million ye>s4#ai ,( c\rse ^! conclusions are n to be consid]$ z m ?an rude approximations to ! tru?4 ,until q rec5tly1 we h be5 totally ignorant ( ! ,sun's *emical composition2 & ev5 n[ h obta9$ b a sup]ficial k ( x4 ,we "k no?+ ( 8 int]nal /ructure2 & x is q possible 7probable1 ,i believe17 t ! assumptions respect+ c5tral d5sity1 made 9 ! =ego+ e/imates1 are wrong4 ,b no unc]ta9ty 9 ! data on :i* ^! calculations proce$1 & no consequ5t error 9 ! inf]r$ rate at :i* ! ,sun is exp5d+ 8 res]ve ( =ce1 militates aga9/ ! g5]al proposition t ?is res]ve ( =ce is be+ exp5d$2 & mu/ 9 "t be exhau/$4 ,?\gh ! residue ( undiffus$ motion 9 ! ,sun1 may be mu* great] ?an is above conclud$2 ?\gh ! rate ( radiation _c1 z assum$1 cont9ue at a uni=m rate1 b mu/ ev5tually g on ) sl[ly-decreas+ rapidity2 & ?\gh ! p]iod at :i* ! ,sun w cease to af=d u adequate light & heat1 is v possibly f> m di/ant ?an above impli$2 yet su* a p]iod mu/ "s "t be rea*$1 & ?is is all :i* x "h conc]ns u to obs]ve4 ,?us :ile ! ,sol> ,sy/em1 if evolv$ f diffus$ matt]1 has illu/rat$ ! law ( equilibration 9 ! e/abli%m5t ( a complete mov+ equilibrium2 & :ile1 z at pres5t con/itut$1 x illu/rates ! law ( equilibration 9 ! balanc+ ( all its movem5ts2 x also illu/rates ?is law 9 ! processes :i* a/ronom]s & physici/s inf] are /ill go+ on4 ,t motion ( masses produc$ dur+ ,evolution1 is be+ sl[ly re-diffus$ 9 molecul> motion ( ! e!real m$ium2 bo? ?r\gh ! progressive integration ( ea* mass1 & ! resi/ance to its motion ?r\gh space4 ,inf9itely remote z may be ! /ate :5 all ! motions ( masses %all be trans=m$ into molecul> motion1 & all ! molecul> motion equilibrat$2 yet su* a /ate ( complete integration & complete equilibration1 is t t[>ds :i* ! *anges n[ go+ on ?r\gh\t ! ,sol> ,sy/em inevitably t5d4 99 99 99 99 99 #acb4 ,a sph]ical figure is ! "o :i* c alone equilibrate ! =ces ( mutually-gravitat+ atoms4 ,if ! aggregate ( su* atoms has a rotatory motion1 ! =m ( equilibrium becomes a sph]oid ( great] or less oblat5ess1 accord+ to ! rate ( rotation2 & x has be5 asc]ta9$ t ! ,e>? is an oblate sph]oid1 div]g+ j z mu* f sph]icity z is requisite to c\nt]balance ! c5trifugal =ce consequ5t on its velocity r\nd its axis4 ,t is to say1 dur+ ! evolution ( ! ,e>?1 !re has be5 rea*$ a complete equilibrium ( ^? =ces :i* affect its g5]al outl9e4 ,! only o!r process ( equilibration :i* ! ,e>? z a :ole c exhibit1 is ! loss ( its axial motion2 & t any su* loss is go+ on1 we h no direct evid5ce4 ,x has be5 cont5d$1 h[ev]1 by ,pr(4 ,helmholtz1 t inappreciable z may be its effect )9 kn[n p]iods ( "t1 ! friction ( ! tidal wave mu/ be sl[ly dim9i%+ ! ,e>?'s rotatory motion1 & mu/ ev5tually de/roy x4 ,n[ ?\gh x seems an ov]sight to say t ! ,e>?'s rotation c ?us be de/roy$1 s9ce ! extreme effect1 to be rea*$ only 9 inf9ite "t by su* a process1 w\ld be an ext5sion ( ! ,e>?'s day to ! l5g? ( a lunation2 yet x seems cle> t ?is friction ( ! tidal wave is a real cause ( decreas+ rotation4 ,sl[ z its action is1 we mu/ recognize x z exemplify+1 "u ano!r =m1 ! univ]sal progress t[>ds equilibrium4 ,x is ne$less to po9t out1 9 detail1 h[ ^? movem5ts :i* ! ,sun's rays g5]ate 9 ! air & wat] on ! ,e>?'s surface1 & ?r\gh !m 9 ! ,e>?'s solid sub/ance1#bj "o & all tea* ! same g5]al tru?4 ,evid5tly ! w9ds & waves & /reams1 z well z ! d5udations & depositions !y effect1 p]petually illu/rate on a gr& scale1 & 9 endless modes1 t gradual dissipation ( motions describ$ 9 ! fir/ section2 & ! consequ5t t5d5cy t[>ds a balanc$ di/ribution ( =ces4 ,ea* ( ^! s5sible motions1 produc$ directly or indirectly by integration ( ^? ins5sible motions communicat$ f ! ,sun1 becomes1 z we h se51 divid$ & subdivid$ into motions less & less s5sible2 until x is f9ally r$uc$ to ins5sible motions1 & radiat$ f ! ,e>? 9 ! %ape ( !rmal undulations4 ,9 _! totality1 ^! complex movem5ts ( a]ial1 liquid1 & solid matt] on ! ,e>?'s cru/1 con/itute a dep5d5t mov+ equilibrium4 ,z we be=e saw1 !re is traceable ?r\gh\t !m an involv$ comb9ation ( rhy?ms4 ,! unceas+ circulation ( wat] f ! ocean to ! l&1 & f ! l& back to ! ocean1 is a type ( ^! v>i\s comp5sat+ actions2 :i*1 9 ! mid/ ( all ! irregul>ities produc$ by _! mutual int]f]5ces1 ma9ta9 an av]age4 ,& 9 ?is1 z 9 o!r equilibrations ( ! ?ird ord]1 we see t ! p[] f mom5t to mom5t 9 c\rse ( dissipation1 is f mom5t to mom5t r5ew$ f )\t3 ! rises & falls 9 ! supply1 be+ balanc$ by rises & falls 9 ! exp5diture2 z witness ! correspond5ce betwe5 ! magnetic v>iations & ! cycle ( ! sol> spots4 ,b ! fact x *iefly conc]ns u to obs]ve1 is1 t ?is process mu/ g on br++ ?+s ev] ne>] to complete re/4 ,^! me*anical movem5ts1 meteorologic & geologic1 :i* are cont9ually be+ equilibrat$1 bo? tempor>ily by c\nt]-movem5ts & p]man5tly by ! dissipation ( su* movem5ts & c\nt]-movem5ts1 w sl[ly dim9i% z ! quantity ( =ce receiv$ f ! ,sun dim9i%es4 ,z ! ins5sible motions propagat$ to u f ! c5tre ( our sy/em become feebl]1 ! s5sible motions "h produc$ by !m mu/ decrease2 & at t remote p]iod :5 ! sol> heat has ceas$ to be appreciable1 !re w no long] be any appreciable re-di/ributions ( matt] on ! surface ( our planet4 ,?us f ! highe/ po9t ( view1 all t]re/rial *anges are incid5ts 9 ! c\rse ( cosmical equilibration4 ,x 0 be=e po9t$ out1 7 #hj7 t ( ! incessant alt]ations :i* ! ,e>?'s cru/ & atmosph]e und]go1 ^? :i* are n due to ! /ill-progress+ motion ( ! ,e>?'s sub/ance t[>ds its c5tre ( gravity1 are due to ! /ill-progress+ motion ( ! ,sun's sub/ance t[>ds its c5tre ( gravity4 ,"h x is to be rem>k$1 t ?is cont9uance ( integration 9 ! ,e>? & 9 ! ,sun1 is a cont9uance ( t trans=mation ( s5sible motion into ins5sible motion :i* we h se5 ends 9 equilibration2 & t ! arrival 9 ea* case at ! extreme ( integration1 is ! arrival at a /ate 9 :i* no m s5sible motion rema9s to be trans=m$ into ins5sible motion--a /ate 9 :i* ! =ces produc+ integration & ! =ces oppos+ integration1 h become equal4 99 99 99 99 99 #acc4 ,e liv+ body exhibits1 9 a f\r-fold =m1 ! process we are trac+ out--exhibits x f mom5t to mom5t 9 ! balanc+ ( me*anical =ces2 f h\r to h\r 9 ! balanc+ ( functions2 f ye> to ye> 9 ! *anges ( /ate t comp5sate *anges ( condition2 & f9ally 9 ! complete arre/ ( vital movem5ts at dea?4 ,let u consid] ! facts "u ^! heads4 ,! s5sible motion con/itut+ ea* visible action ( an organism1 is soon br\ght to a close by "s adv]se =ce )9 or )\t ! organism4 ,:5 ! arm is rais$1 ! motion giv5 to x is antagoniz$ p>tly by gravity & p>tly by ! int]nal resi/ances consequ5t on /ructure2 & its motion1 ?us suff]+ cont9ual d$uction1 ends :5 ! arm has rea*$ a position at :i* ! =ces are equilibrat$4 ,! limits ( ea* sy/ole & dia/ole ( ! he>t1 sev]ally %[ u a mom5t>y equilibrium betwe5 muscul> /ra9s t produce opposite movem5ts2 & ea* gu% ( blood requires to be imm$iately foll[$ by ano!r1 because ! rapid dissipation ( its mom5tum w\ld o!rwise soon br+ ! mass ( circulat+ fluid to a /&4 ,z mu* 9 ! actions & re-actions go+ on among ! int]nal organs1 z 9 ! me*anical balanc+ ( ! :ole body1 !re is at e in/ant a progressive equilibration ( ! motions at e in/ant produc$4 ,view$ 9 _! aggregate1 & z =m+ a s]ies1 ! organic functions con/itute a dep5d5t mov+ equilibrium--a mov+ equilibrium1 ( :i* ! motive p[] is ev] be+ dissipat$ ?r\gh ! special equilibrations j exemplifi$1 & is ev] be+ r5ew$ by ! tak+ 9 ( additional motive p[]4 ,food is a /ore ( =ce :i* cont9ually adds to ! mom5tum ( ! vital actions1 z mu* z is cont9ually d$uct$ f !m by ! =ces ov]come4 ,all ! functional movem5ts ?us ma9ta9$1 are1 z we h se51 rhy?mical 7 #if72 by _! union comp\nd rhy?ms ( v>i\s l5g?s & complexities are produc$2 & 9 ^! simple & comp\nd rhy?ms1 ! process ( equilibration1 besides be+ exemplifi$ at ea* extreme ( e rhy?m1 is se5 9 ! habitual pres]vation ( a con/ant mean1 & 9 ! re-e/abli%m5t ( t mean :5 accid5tal causes h produc$ div]g5ce f x4 ,:51 = in/ance1 !re is a great exp5diture ( motion ?r\gh muscul> activity1 !re arises a re-active dem& on ^? /ores ( lat5t motion :i* are laid up 9 ! =m ( consumable matt] ?r\gh\t ! tissues3 increas$ respiration & increas$ rapidity ( circulation1 are in/rum5tal to an extra g5esis ( =ce1 t c\nt]-balances ! extra dissipation ( =ce4 ,?is unusual trans=mation ( molecul> motion into s5sible motion1 is pres5tly foll[$ by an unusual absorption ( food--! s\rce ( molecul> motion2 & 9 proportion z !re has be5 a prolong$ draft ^u ! sp>e capital ( ! sy/em1 is !re a t5d5cy to a prolong$ re/1 dur+ :i* t sp>e capital is replac$4 ,if ! deviation f ! ord9>y c\rse ( ! functions has be5 s great z to d]ange !m1 z :5 viol5t ex]tion produces loss ( appetite & loss ( sleep1 an equilibration is /ill ev5tually effect$4 ,provid+ ! di/urbance is n su* z to ov]turn ! balance ( ! functions1 & de/roy life 79 :i* case a complete equilibration is sudd5ly effect$71 ! ord9>y balance is by & by re-e/abli%$3 ! return+ appetite is ke5 9 proportion z ! wa/e has be5 l>ge2 :ile sleep1 s\nd & prolong$1 makes up = previ\s wakefulness4 ,n ev5 9 ^? extreme cases :]e "s excess has wr\ght a d]angem5t t is nev] :olly rectifi$1 is !re an exception to ! g5]al law2 = 9 su* cases ! cycle ( ! functions is1 aft] a "t1 equilibrat$ ab\t a new mean /ate1 :i* !nce=? becomes ! normal /ate ( ! individual4 ,?us1 among ! involv$ rhy?mical *anges con/itut+ organic life1 any di/urb+ =ce t works an excess ( *ange 9 "s direction1 is gradually dim9i%$ & f9ally neutraliz$ by antagoni/ic =ces2 :i* !reupon "w a comp5sat+ *ange 9 ! opposite direction1 & s1 aft] m or less ( oscillation1 re/ore ! m$ium condition4 ,& ?is process x is1 :i* con/itutes :at physicians call ! vis m$icatrix natur4 ,! ?ird =m ( equilibration display$ by organic bodies1 is a necess>y sequ5ce ( t j illu/rat$4 ,:5 ?r\gh a *ange ( habit or circum/ance1 an organism is p]man5tly subject to "s new influ5ce1 or diff]5t am\nt ( an old influ5ce1 !re arises1 aft] m or less di/urbance ( ! organic rhy?ms1 a balanc+ ( !m ar\nd ! new av]age condition produc$ by ?is additional influ5ce4 ,z tempor>y div]g5ces ( ! organic rhy?ms are c\nt]act$ by tempor>y div]g5ces ( a rev]se k9d2 s !re is an equilibration ( _! p]man5t div]g5ces by ! g5esis ( oppos+ div]g5ces t are equally p]man5t4 ,if ! quantity ( motion to be habitually g5]at$ by a muscle1 becomes great] ?an be=e1 its nutrition becomes great] ?an be=e4 ,if ! exp5diture ( ! muscle be>s to its nutrition1 a great] ratio ?an exp5diture be>s to nutrition 9 o!r p>ts ( ! sy/em2 ! excess ( nutrition becomes su* t ! muscle gr[s4 ,& ! cessation ( its gr[? is ! e/abli%m5t ( a balance betwe5 ! daily wa/e & ! daily repair--! daily exp5diture ( =ce1 & ! am\nt ( lat5t =ce daily add$4 ,! l mu/ manife/ly be ! case ) all organic modifications consequ5t on *ange ( climate or food4 ,?is is a conclusion :i* we may safely draw )\t kn[+ ! special re-arrangem5ts t effect ! equilibration4 ,if we see t a diff]5t mode ( life is foll[$1 aft] a p]iod ( functional d]angem5t1 by "s alt]$ condition ( ! sy/em--if we see t ?is alt]$ condition1 becom+ by & by e/abli%$1 cont9ues )\t fur!r *ange2 we h no alt]native b to say1 t ! new =ces br\ght to be> on ! sy/em1 h be5 comp5sat$ by ! oppos+ =ces !y h evok$4 ,& ?is is ! int]pretation ( ! process :i* we call adaptation4 ,f9ally1 ea* organism illu/rates ! law 9 ! ensemble ( its life4 ,at ! outset x daily absorbs "u ! =m ( food1 an am\nt ( =ce great] ?an x daily exp5ds2 & ! surplus is daily equilibrat$ by gr[?4 ,z maturity is approa*$1 ?is surplus dim9i%es2 & 9 ! p]fect organism1 ! day's absorption ( pot5tial motion balances ! day's exp5diture ( actual motion4 ,t is to say1 dur+ adult life1 !re is cont9u\sly exhibit$ an equilibration ( ! ?ird ord]4 ,ev5tually1 ! daily loss1 beg9n+ to out-balance ! daily ga91 !re results a dim9i%+ am\nt ( functional action2 ! organic rhy?ms ext5d less & less widely on ea* side ( ! m$ium /ate2 & !re f9ally results t complete equilibration :i* we call dea?4 ,! ultimate /ructural /ate accompany+ t ultimate functional /ate t[>ds :i* an organism t5ds1 bo? individually & z a species1 may be d$uc$ f "o ( ! propositions set d[n 9 ! op5+ section ( ?is *apt]4 ,we saw t ! limit ( het]og5eity is arriv$ at :5ev] ! equilibration ( any aggregate becomes complete--t ! re-di/ribution ( matt] c cont9ue s long only z !re cont9ues any motion unbalanc$4 ,:5ce we f\nd x to foll[ t ! f9al /ructural arrangem5ts1 mu/ be su* z w meet all ! =ces act+ on ! aggregate1 by equival5t antagoni/ =ces4 ,:at is ! implication 9 ! case ( organic aggregates2 ! equilibrium ( :i* is a mov+ "o8 ,we h se5 t ! ma9t5ance ( su* a mov+ equilibrium1 requires ! habitual g5esis ( int]nal =ces correspond+ 9 numb]1 directions1 & am\nts to ! ext]nal incid5t =ces--z _m inn] functions1 s+le or comb9$1 z !re are s+le or comb9$ out] actions to be met4 ,b functions are ! correlatives ( organs2 am\nts ( functions are1 o!r ?+s equal1 ! correlatives ( sizes ( organs2 & comb9ations ( functions ! correlatives ( connections ( organs4 ,h5ce ! /ructural complexity accompany+ functional equilibration1 is def9able z "o 9 :i* !re are z _m specializ$ p>ts z are capable1 sep>ately & jo9tly1 ( c\nt]act+ ! sep>ate & jo9t =ces amid :i* ! organism exi/s4 ,& ?is is ! limit ( organic het]og5eity2 to :i* man has approa*$ m ne>ly ?an any o!r creature4 ,gr\ps ( organisms display ?is univ]sal t5d5cy t[>ds a balance v obvi\sly4 ,9 #if1 e species ( plant & animal 0 %[n to be p]petually und]go+ a rhy?mical v>iation 9 numb]--n[ f abundance ( food & abs5ce ( enemies ris+ above its av]age2 & !n by a consequ5t sc>city ( food & abundance ( enemies be+ depress$ bel[ its av]age4 ,& "h we h to obs]ve t !re is ?us ma9ta9$ an equilibrium betwe5 ! sum ( ^? =ces :i* result 9 ! increase ( ea* race1 & ! sum ( ^? =ces :i* result 9 its decrease4 ,ei!r limit ( v>iation is a po9t at :i* ! "o set ( =ces1 be=e 9 excess ( ! o!r1 is c\nt]balanc$ by x4 ,& amid ^! oscillations produc$ by _! conflict1 lies t av]age numb] ( ! species at :i* its expansive t5d5cy is 9 equilibrium ) surr\nd+ repressive t5d5cies4 ,nor c x be que/ion$ t ?is balanc+ ( ! pres]vative & de/ructive =ces :i* we see go+ on 9 e race1 mu/ necess>ily g on4 ,s9ce increase ( numb] _c b cont9ue until increase ( mortality /ops x2 & decrease ( numb] _c b cont9ue until x is ei!r arre/$ by f]tility or ext+ui%es ! race entirely4 99 99 99 99 99 #acd4 ,! equilibrations ( ^? n]v\s actions :i* con/itute :at we "k z m5tal life1 may be classifi$ 9 l mann] ) ^? :i* con/itute :at we di/+ui% z bodily life4 ,we may deal ) !m 9 ! same ord]4 ,ea* pulse ( n]v\s =ce f mom5t to mom5t g5]at$1 7& x 0 %[n 9 #ig t n]v\s curr5ts are n cont9u\s b rhy?mical7 is met by c\nt]act+ =ces2 9 ov]com+ :i* x is disp]s$ & equilibrat$4 ,:5 trac+ out ! correlation & equival5ce ( =ces1 we saw t ea* s5sation & emotion1 or r su* "p ( x z rema9s aft] ! excitation ( associat$ ideas & feel+s1 is exp5d$ 9 work+ bodily *anges--contractions ( ! involunt>y muscles1 ! volunt>y muscles1 or bo?2 z also 9 a c]ta9 /imulation ( secret+ organs4 ,t ! movem5ts ?us initiat$ are ev] be+ br\ght to a close by ! oppos+ =ces !y evoke1 0 po9t$ out above2 & "h x is to be obs]v$ t ! l holds ) ! n]v\s *anges ?us initiat$4 ,v>i\s facts prove t ! ar\s+ ( a ?\ght or feel+1 always involves ! ov]com+ ( a c]ta9 resi/ance3 in/ance ! fact t :]e ! association ( m5tal /ates has n be5 frequ5t1 a s5sible ef=t is ne$$ to call up ! "o aft] ! o!r2 in/ance ! fact t dur+ n]v\s pro/ration !re is a comp>ative inability to ?9k--! ideas w n foll[ "o ano!r ) ! habitual rapidity2 in/ance ! conv]se fact t at times ( unusual en]gy1 natural or artificial1 ! friction ( ?\ght becomes relatively small1 & m num]\s1 m remote1 or m difficult connections ( ideas are =m$4 ,t is to say1 ! wave ( n]v\s en]gy ea* in/ant g5]at$1 propagates itself ?r\gh\t body & bra91 along ^? *annels :i* ! conditions at ! in/ant r5d] l9es ( lea/ resi/ance2 & spread+ widely 9 proportion to its am\nt1 ends only :5 x is equilibrat$ by ! resi/ances x ev]y:]e meets4 ,if we contemplate m5tal actions u ext5d+ ov] h\rs & days1 we discov] equilibrations analog\s to ^? h\rly & daily e/abli%$ among ! bodily functions4 ,9 ! "o case z 9 ! o!r1 !re are rhy?ms :i* exhibit a balanc+ ( oppos+ =ces at ea* extreme1 & ! ma9t5ance ( a c]ta9 g5]al balance4 ,?is is se5 9 ! daily alt]nation ( m5tal activity & m5tal re/--! =ces exp5d$ dur+ ! "o be+ comp5sat$ by ! =ces acquir$ dur+ ! o!r4 ,x is also se5 9 ! recurr+ rise & fall ( ea* desire3 ea* desire rea*+ a c]ta9 int5sity1 is equilibrat$ ei!r by exp5diture ( ! =ce x embodies1 9 ! desir$ actions1 or1 less completely1 9 ! imag9ation ( su* actions3 ! process end+ 9 t satiety1 or t comp>ative quiesc5ce1 =m+ ! opposite limit ( ! rhy?m4 ,& x is fur!r manife/ "u a two-fold =m1 on occasions ( int5se joy or grief3 ea* p>oxysm ( passion1 express+ itself 9 vehem5t bodily actions1 pres5tly rea*es an extreme :5ce ! c\nt]act+ =ces produce a return to a condition ( mod]ate excitem5t2 & ! successive p>oxysms f9ally dim9i%+ 9 int5sity1 end 9 a m5tal equilibrium ei!r l t be=e exi/+1 or p>tially diff]+ f x 9 its m$ium /ate4 ,b ! species ( m5tal equilibration to be m especially not$1 is t %[n 9 ! e/abli%m5t ( a correspond5ce betwe5 relations among our /ates ( consci\sness & relations 9 ! ext]nal _w4 ,ea* out] connection ( ph5om5a :i* we are capable ( p]ceiv+1 g5]ates1 ?r\gh accumulat$ exp]i5ces1 an inn] connection ( m5tal /ates2 & ! result t[>ds :i* ?is process t5ds1 is ! =mation ( a m5tal connection hav+ a relative /r5g? t answ]s to ! relative con/ancy ( ! physical connection repres5t$4 ,9 con=mity ) ! g5]al law t motion pursues ! l9e ( lea/ resi/ance1 & t1 o!r ?+s equal1 a l9e once tak5 by motion is made a l9e t w be m readily pursu$ by future motion2 we h se5 t ! ease ) :i* n]v\s impressions foll[ "o ano!r1 is1 o!r ?+s equal1 great 9 proportion to ! numb] ( times !y h be5 repeat$ toge!r 9 exp]i5ce4 ,h5ce1 correspond+ to su* an inv>iable relation z t betwe5 ! resi/ance ( an object & "s ext5sion possess$ by x1 !re arises an indissoluble connection 9 consci\sness2 & ?is connection1 be+ z absolute int]nally z ! answ]+ "o is ext]nally1 und]goes no fur!r *ange--! inn] relation is 9 p]fect equilibrium ) ! out] relation4 ,conv]sely1 x h5ce happ5s t to su* unc]ta9 relations ( ph5om5a z t betwe5 cl\ds & ra91 !re arise relations ( ideas ( a l unc]ta9ty2 & if1 "u giv5 aspects ( ! sky1 ! t5d5cies to inf] fair or f\l wea!r1 correspond to ! frequ5cies ) :i* fair or f\l wea!r foll[ su* aspects1 ! accumulation ( exp]i5ces has balanc$ ! m5tal sequ5ces & ! physical sequ5ces4 ,:5 x is rememb]$ t betwe5 ^! extremes !re are c\ntless ord]s ( ext]nal connections hav+ diff]5t degrees ( con/ancy1 & t dur+ ! evolution ( intellig5ce !re arise answ]+ int]nal associations hav+ diff]5t degrees ( cohesion2 x w be se5 t !re is a progress t[>ds equilibrium betwe5 ! relations ( ?\ght & ! relations ( ?+s4 ,?is equilibration c end only :5 ea* relation ( ?+s has g5]at$ 9 u a relation ( ?\ght1 su* t on ! occurr5ce ( ! conditions1 ! relation 9 ?\ght arises z c]ta9ly z ! relation 9 ?+s4 ,suppos+ ?is /ate to be rea*$ 7:i* h[ev] x c be only 9 inf9ite "t7 exp]i5ce w cease to produce any fur!r m5tal evolution--!re w h be5 rea*$ a p]fect correspond5ce betwe5 ideas & facts2 & ! intellectual adaptation ( man to 8 circum/ances w be complete4 ,! l g5]al tru?s are exhibit$ 9 ! process moral ( adaptation2 :i* is a cont9ual approa* to equilibrium betwe5 ! emotions & ! k9ds ( conduct necessitat$ by surr\nd+ conditions4 ,! connections ( feel+s & actions1 are det]m9$ 9 ! same way z ! connections ( ideas3 j z repeat+ ! association ( two ideas1 facilitates ! excitem5t ( ! "o by ! o!r2 s does ea* dis*>ge ( feel+ into action1 r5d] ! subsequ5t dis*>ge ( su* feel+ into su* action m easy4 ,h5ce x happ5s t if an individual is plac$ p]man5tly 9 conditions :i* dem& m action ( a special k9d ?an has be=e be5 requisite1 or ?an is natural to him--if ! pressure ( ! pa9ful feel+s :i* ^! conditions entail :5 disreg>d$1 impels him to p]=m ?is action to a great] ext5t--if by e m frequ5t or m l5g!n$ p]=mance ( x "u su* pressure1 ! resi/ance is some:at dim9i%$2 !n1 cle>ly1 !re is an advance t[>ds a balance betwe5 ! dem& = ?is k9d ( action & ! supply ( x4 ,ei!r 9 himself1 or 9 8 desc5dants cont9u+ to live "u ^! conditions1 en=c$ repetition mu/ ev5tually br+ ab\t a /ate 9 :i* ?is mode ( direct+ ! en]gies w be no m repugnant ?an ! v>i\s o!r modes previ\sly natural to ! race4 ,h5ce ! limit t[>ds :i* emotional modification p]petually t5ds1 & to :i* x mu/ approa* indef9itely ne> 7?\gh x c absolutely rea* x only 9 inf9ite "t7 is a comb9ation ( desires t correspond to all ! diff]5t ord]s ( activity :i* ! circum/ances ( life call =--desires sev]ally proportionate 9 /r5g? to ! ne$s = ^! ord]s ( activity2 & sev]ally satisfi$ by ^! ord]s ( activity4 ,9 :at we di/+ui% z acquir$ habits1 & 9 ! moral diff]5ces ( races & nations produc$ by habits t are ma9ta9$ ?r\gh successive g5]ations1 we h c\ntless illu/rations ( ?is progressive adaptation2 :i* c cease only ) ! e/abli%m5t ( a complete equilibrium betwe5 con/itution & conditions4 ,possibly "s w fail to see h[ ! equilibrations describ$ 9 ?is section1 c be class$ ) ^? prec$+ !m2 & w be incl9$ to say t :at are "h set d[n z facts1 are b analogies4 ,nev]!less su* equilibrations are z truly physical z ! re/4 ,to %[ ?is fully1 w\ld require a m detail$ analysis ?an c n[ be ent]$ on4 ,= ! pres5t x mu/ suffice to po9t out1 z be=e 7 #hb71 t :at we "k subjectively z /ates ( consci\sness1 are1 objectively1 modes ( =ce2 t s mu* feel+ is ! correlate ( s mu* motion2 t ! p]=mance ( any bodily action is ! trans=mation ( a c]ta9 am\nt ( feel+ into its equival5t am\nt ( motion2 t ?is bodily action is met by =ces :i* x is exp5d$ 9 ov]com+2 & t ! necessity = ! frequ5t repetition ( ?is action1 implies ! frequ5t recurr5ce ( =ces to be s ov]come4 ,h5ce ! exi/5ce 9 any individual ( an emotional /imulus t is 9 equilibrium ) c]ta9 ext]nal requirem5ts1 is lit]ally ! habitual production ( a c]ta9 specializ$ portion ( n]v\s en]gy1 equival5t 9 am\nt to a c]ta9 ord] ( ext]nal resi/ances t are habitually met4 ,& ?us ! ultimate /ate1 =m+ ! limit t[>ds :i* ,evolution c>ries u1 is "o 9 :i* ! k9ds & quantities ( m5tal en]gy daily g5]at$ & trans=m$ into motions1 are equival5t to1 or 9 equilibrium )1 ! v>i\s ord]s & degrees ( surr\nd+ =ces :i* antagonize su* motions4 99 99 99 99 99 #ace4 ,ea* society tak5 z a :ole1 displays ! process ( equilibration 9 ! cont9u\s adju/m5t ( its population to its means ( subsi/5ce4 ,a tribe ( m5 liv+ on wild animals & fruits1 is manife/ly1 l e tribe ( inf]ior creatures1 always oscillat+ ab\t t av]age numb] :i* ! locality c support4 ,?\gh by artificial production1 & by successive improvem5ts 9 artificial production1 a sup]ior race cont9ually alt]s ! limit :i* ext]nal conditions put to population2 yet !re is ev] a *eck+ ( population at ! tempor>y limit rea*$4 ,x is true t :]e ! limit is be+ s rapidly *ang$ z among ourselves1 !re is no actual /oppage3 !re is only a rhy?mical v>iation 9 ! rate ( increase4 ,b 9 not+ ! causes ( ?is rhy?mical v>iation--9 wat*+ h[1 dur+ p]iods ( abundance1 ! proportion ( m>riages increases1 & h[ x decreases dur+ p]iods ( sc>city2 x w be se5 t ! expansive =ce produces unusual advance :5ev] ! repressive =ce dim9i%es1 & vice v]s2 & ?us !re is z ne> a balanc+ ( ! two z ! *ang+ conditions p]mit4 ,! int]nal actions con/itut+ social functions1 exemplify ! g5]al pr9ciple no less cle>ly4 ,supply & dem& are cont9ually be+ adju/$ ?r\gh\t all indu/rial processes2 & ?is equilibration is int]pretable 9 ! same way z prec$+ ones4 ,! production & di/ribution ( a commodity1 is ! expression ( a c]ta9 aggregate ( =ces caus+ special k9ds & am\nts ( motion4 ,! price ( ?is commodity1 is ! measure ( a c]ta9 o!r aggregate ( =ces exp5d$ by ! lab\r] :o pur*ases x1 9 o!r k9ds & am\nts ( motion4 ,& ! v>iations ( price repres5t a rhy?mical balanc+ ( ^! =ces4 ,e rise or fall 9 ! rate ( int]e/1 or *ange 9 ! value ( a p>ticul> security1 implies a conflict ( =ces 9 :i* "s1 becom+ tempor>ily pr$om9ant1 cause a movem5t t is pres5tly arre/$ or equilibrat$ by ! increase ( oppos+ =ces2 & amid ^! daily & h\rly oscillations1 lies a m sl[ly-v>y+ m$ium1 into :i* ! value ev] t5ds to settle2 & w\ld settle b = ! con/ant addition ( new influ5ces4 ,z 9 ! individual organism s 9 ! social organism1 functional equilibrations g5]ate /ructural equilibrations4 ,:5 on ! work]s 9 any trade !re comes an increas$ dem&1 & :5 9 return = ! increas$ supply1 !re is giv5 to !m an am\nt ( o!r commodities l>g] ?an 0 be=e habitual--:51 consequ5tly1 ! resi/ances ov]come by !m 9 su/a9+ life are less ?an ! resi/ances ov]come by o!r work]s2 !re results a fl[ ( o!r work]s into ?is trade4 ,?is fl[ cont9ues until ! extra dem& is met1 & ! wages s f> fall aga91 t ! total resi/ance ov]come 9 obta9+ a giv5 am\nt ( produce1 is z great 9 ?is newly-adopt$ occupation z 9 ! occupations :5ce x drew recruits4 ,! occurr5ce ( motion along l9es ( lea/ resi/ance1 0 be=e %[n to necessitate ! gr[? ( population 9 ^? places :]e ! lab\r requir$ = self-ma9t5ance is ! smalle/2 & "h we fur!r see t ^? engag$ 9 any su* advantage\s locality1 or advantage\s bus9ess1 mu/ multiply till !re arises an approximate balance betwe5 ?is locality or bus9ess & o!rs accessible to ! same citiz5s4 ,9 det]m9+ ! c>e] ( e y\?1 we see an e/imation by p>5ts ( ! respective advantages (f]$ by all t are available1 & a *oice ( ! "o :i* promises be/2 & ?r\gh ! consequ5t influx into trades t are at ! "t mo/ pr(itable1 & ! )hold+ ( recruits f ov]-/ock$ trades1 !re is insur$ a g5]al equipoise betwe5 ! p[] ( ea* social organ & ! function x has to p]=m4 ,! v>i\s indu/rial actions & re-actions ?us cont9ually alt]nat+1 con/itute a dep5d5t mov+ equilibrium l t :i* is ma9ta9$ among ! functions ( an individual organism4 ,& ?is dep5d5t mov+ equilibrium p>allels ^? already contemplat$1 9 its t5d5cy to become m complete4 ,dur+ e>ly /ages ( social evolution1 :ile yet ! res\rces ( ! locality inhabit$ are unexplor$1 & ! arts ( production undevelop$1 !re is nev] any?+ m ?an a tempor>y & p>tial balanc+ ( su* actions1 "u ! =m ( accel]ation or ret>dation ( gr[?4 ,b :5 a society approa*es ! maturity ( t type on :i* x is organiz$1 ! v>i\s indu/rial activities settle d[n into a comp>atively con/ant /ate4 ,moreov]1 x is obs]vable t advance 9 organization1 z well z advance 9 gr[?1 is conducive to a bett] equilibrium ( indu/rial functions4 ,:ile ! diffusion ( m]cantile in=mation is sl[1 & ! means ( transport defici5t1 ! adju/m5t ( supply to dem& is extremely imp]fect3 great ov]-production ( ea* commodity foll[$ by great "u-production1 con/itute a rhy?m hav+ extremes t dep>t v widely f ! mean /ate 9 :i* dem& & supply are equilibrat$4 ,b :5 good roads are made1 & !re is a rapid diffusion ( pr9t$ or writt5 intellig5ce1 & /ill m :5 railways & telegraphs come into exi/5ce--:5 ! p]iodical fairs ( e>ly days lapse into weekly m>kets1 & ^! into daily m>kets2 !re is gradually produc$ a bett] balance ( production & consumption4 ,extra dem& is mu* m quickly foll[$ by augm5t$ supply2 & ! rapid oscillations ( price )9 n>r[ limits on ei!r side ( a comp>atively uni=m mean1 indicate a ne> approa* to equilibrium4 ,evid5tly ?is indu/rial progress has = its limit1 t :i* ,mr4 ,mill has call$ 8! /ation>y /ate40 ,:5 population %all h become d5se ov] all habitable p>ts ( ! globe2 :5 ! res\rces ( e region h be5 fully explor$2 & :5 ! productive arts admit ( no fur!r improvem5ts2 !re mu/ result an almo/ complete balance1 bo? betwe5 ! f]tility & mortality ( ea* society1 & betwe5 its produc+ & consum+ activities4 ,ea* society w exhibit only m9or deviations f its av]age numb]1 & ! rhy?m ( its indu/rial functions w g on f day to day & ye> to ye> ) comp>atively insignificant p]turbations4 ,?is limit1 h[ev]1 ?\gh we are inevitably advanc+ t[>ds x1 is indef9itely remote2 & c nev] inde$ be absolutely rea*$4 ,! peopl+ ( ! ,e>? up to ! po9t suppos$1 _c take place by simple spread+4 ,9 ! future1 z 9 ! pa/1 ! process w be c>ri$ on rhy?mically1 by waves ( emigration f new & high] c5tres ( civilization successively aris+2 & by ! supplant+ ( inf]ior races by ! sup]ior races !y beget2 & ! process s c>ri$ on mu/ be extremely sl[4 ,nor does x seem to me t su* an equilibration w1 z ,mr4 ,mill sugge/s1 leave scope = fur!r m5tal culture & moral progress2 b r t ! approximation to x mu/ be simultane\s ) ! approximation to complete equilibrium betwe5 man's nature & ! conditions ( 8 exi/5ce4 ,"o o!r k9d ( social equilibration has /ill to be consid]$3--t :i* results 9 ! e/abli%m5t ( gov]nm5tal in/itutions1 & :i* becomes complete z ^! in/itutions fall into h>mony ) ! desires ( ! p4 ,!re is a dem& & supply 9 political affairs z 9 indu/rial affairs2 & 9 ! "o case z 9 ! o!r1 ! antagoni/ =ces produce a rhy?m :i*1 at fir/ extreme 9 its oscillations1 sl[ly settles d[n into a mov+ equilibrium ( comp>ative regul>ity4 ,^? aggressive impulses inh]it$ f ! pre-social /ate--^? t5d5cies to seek self-satisfaction reg>dless ( injury to o!r be+s1 :i* are ess5tial to a pr$atory life1 con/itute an anti-social =ce1 t5d+ ev] to cause conflict & ev5tual sep>ation ( citiz5s4 ,contr>iwise1 ^? desires ^: ends c be a*iev$ only by union1 z well z ^? s5tim5ts :i* f9d satisfaction ?r\gh int]c\rse ) fell[-m51 & ^? result+ 9 :at we call loyalty1 are =ces t5d+ to keep ! units ( a society toge!r4 ,on ! "o h&1 !re is 9 ea* citiz51 m or less ( resi/ance aga9/ all re/ra9ts impos$ on 8 actions by o!r citiz5s3 a resi/ance :i*1 t5d+ cont9ually to wid5 ea* individual's sph]e ( action1 & reciprocally to limit ! sph]es ( action ( o!r individuals1 con/itutes a repulsive =ce mutually ex]cis$ by ! memb]s ( a social aggregate4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! g5]al sympa?y ( man = man1 & ! m special sympa?y ( ea* v>iety ( man = o!rs ( ! same v>iety1 toge!r ) sundry alli$ feel+s :i* ! social /ate gratifies1 act z an attractive =ce1 t5d+ ev] to keep unit$ ^? :o h a common ance/ry4 ,& s9ce ! resi/ances to be ov]come 9 satisfy+ ! totality ( _! desires :5 liv+ sep>ately1 are great] ?an ! resi/ances to be ov]come 9 satisfy+ ! totality ( _! desires :5 liv+ toge!r1 !re is a residu>y =ce t prev5ts _! sep>ation4 ,l all o!r oppos+ =ces1 ^? ex]t$ by citiz5s on ea* o!r1 are ev] produc+ alt]nat+ movem5ts1 :i*1 at fir/ extreme1 und]go a gradual dim9ution on ! way to ultimate equilibrium4 ,9 small1 undevelop$ societies1 m>k$ rhy?ms result f ^! conflict+ t5d5cies4 ,a tribe ^: memb]s h held toge!r = a g5]ation or two1 rea*es a size at :i* x w n hold toge!r2 & on ! occurr5ce ( "s ev5t caus+ unusual antagonism among its memb]s1 divides4 ,ea* primitive nation1 dep5d+ l>gely = its cont9u$ union on ! "* ( its *ief1 exhibits wide oscillations betwe5 an extreme 9 :i* ! subjects are "u rigid re/ra9t1 & an extreme 9 :i* ! re/ra9t is n en\gh to prev5t disord]4 ,9 m advanc$ nations ( l type1 we always f9d viol5t actions & reactions ( ! same ess5tial nature--8despotism temp]$ by assass9ation10 *>act]iz+ a political /ate 9 :i* unbe>able repression f "t to "t br+s ab\t a bur/+ ( all bonds4 ,9 ?is famili> fact1 t a p]iod ( tyranny is foll[$ by a p]iod ( lic5se & vice v]s1 we see h[ ^! oppos+ =ces are ev] equilibrat+ ea* o!r2 & we also see1 9 ! t5d5cy ( su* movem5ts & c\nt]-movem5ts to become m mod]ate1 h[ ! equilibration progresses t[>ds complet5ess4 ,! conflicts betwe5 ,cons]vatism 7:i* /&s = ! re/ra9ts ( society ov] ! individual7 & ,re=m 7:i* /&s = ! lib]ty ( ! individual aga9/ society71 fall )9 sl[ly approximat+ limits2 s t ! tempor>y pr$om9ance ( ei!r1 produces a less m>k$ deviation f ! m$ium /ate4 ,?is process1 n[ s f> advanc$ among ourselves t ! oscillations are comp>atively unobtrusive1 mu/ g on till ! balance betwe5 ! antagoni/ =ces approa*es indef9itely ne> p]fection4 ,=1 z we h already se51 ! adaptation ( man's nature to ! conditions ( 8 exi/5ce1 _c cease until ! int]nal =ces :i* we "k z feel+s are 9 equilibrium ) ! ext]nal =ces !y enc\nt]4 ,& ! e/abli%m5t ( ?is equilibrium1 is ! arrival at a /ate ( human nature & social organization1 su* t ! individual has no desires b ^? :i* may be satisfi$ )\t exce$+ 8 prop] sph]e ( action1 :ile society ma9ta9s no re/ra9ts b ^? :i* ! individual volunt>ily respects4 ,! progressive ext5sion ( ! lib]ty ( citiz5s1 & ! reciprocal removal ( political re/rictions1 are ! /eps by :i* we advance t[>ds ?is /ate4 ,& ! ultimate abolition ( all limits to ! fre$om ( ea*1 save ^? impos$ by ! l fre$om ( all1 mu/ result f ! complete equilibration betwe5 man's desires & ! conduct necessitat$ by surr\nd+ conditions4 ,( c\rse 9 ?is case1 z 9 ! prec$+ ones1 !re is ?us involv$ a limit to ! increase ( het]og5eity4 ,a few pages back1 we rea*$ ! conclusion t ea* advance 9 m5tal evolution1 is ! e/abli%m5t ( "s fur!r int]nal action1 correspond+ to "s fur!r ext]nal action--"s additional connection ( ideas or feel+s1 answ]+ to "s be=e unkn[n or unantagoniz$ connection ( ph5om5a4 ,we inf]r$ t ea* su* new function1 involv+ "s new modification ( /ructure1 implies an increase ( het]og5eity2 & t ?us1 increase ( het]og5eity mu/ g on1 :ile !re rema9 any out] relations affect+ ! organism :i* are unbalanc$ by inn] relations4 ,:5ce we saw x to foll[ t increase ( het]og5eity c come to an end only z equilibration is complet$4 ,evid5tly ! l mu/ simultane\sly take place ) society4 ,ea* increm5t ( het]og5eity 9 ! individual1 mu/ directly or indirectly involve1 z cause or consequ5ce1 "s increm5t ( het]og5eity 9 ! arrangem5ts ( ! aggregate ( individuals4 ,& ! limit to social complexity c be arriv$ at1 only ) ! e/abli%m5t ( ! equilibrium1 j describ$1 betwe5 social & individual =ces4 99 99 99 99 99 #acf4 ,"h pres5ts itself a f9al "q1 :i* has probably be5 tak+ a m or less di/9ct %ape 9 ! m9ds ( _m1 :ile read+ ?is *apt]4 8,if ,evolution ( e k9d1 is an increase 9 complexity ( /ructure & function t is incid5tal to ! univ]sal process ( equilibration--if equilibration1 pass+ ?r\gh ! gradually-p]fect$ =ms ( mov+ equilibrium1 mu/ end 9 complete re/2 :at is ! fate t[>ds :i* all ?+s t5d8 ,if ! bodies con/itut+ our ,sol> ,sy/em are sl[ly dissipat+ ! =ces !y possess--if ! ,sun is los+ 8 heat at a rate :i*1 ?\gh insignificant z /at$ 9 t]ms ( our *ronology1 w tell 9 millions ( ye>s--if geologic & meteorologic processes _c b dim9i% 9 activity z ! ,sun's radiations dim9i%--if ) ! dim9ution ( ^! radiations !re mu/ also g on a dim9ution 9 ! quantity ( vegetal & animal exi/5ce--if ,man & ,society1 h[ev] high ! degree ( evolution at :i* !y arrive1 are simil>ly dep5d5t on ?is supply ( =ce t is gradually com+ to an end--if ?us ! highe/1 equally ) ! l[e/1 t]re/rial life1 mu/ ev5tually dw9dle & disappe>2 are we n manife/ly progress+ t[>ds omnipres5t dea?8 ,& h we ?us to contemplate1 z ! out-come ( ?+s1 a univ]se ( ext9ct suns r\nd :i* circle planets devoid ( life80 ,t su* a /ate mu/ be ! proximate end ( ! processes ev]y:]e go+ on1 seems beyond d\bt4 ,b ! fur!r "q tacitly involv$1 :e!r ?is /ate w cont9ue et]nally1 is q a diff]5t "o4 ,to give a positive answ] to ?is fur!r "q w\ld be q illegitimate2 s9ce to affirm any proposition into :i* unlimit$ "t ent]s z "o ( ! t]ms1 is to affirm a proposition ( :i* "o t]m _c be repres5t$ 9 consci\sness--is to affirm an un?9kable proposition4 ,at a fir/ glance x may appe> t ! rev]se conclusion mu/ be equally illegitimate2 & t s ! "q is altoge!r insoluble4 ,b fur!r consid]ation w %[ t ?is is n true4 ,s long z ! t]ms to :i* we conf9e our reason+s are f9ite1 ! f9ite conclusions rea*$ are n necess>ily illegitimate4 ,?\gh1 if ! g5]al argum5t1 :5 c>ri$ out1 left no app>5t escape f ! inf]5ce t ! /ate ( re/ to :i* ,evolution is c>ry+ ?+s1 mu/1 :5 arriv$ at1 la/ = ev]1 ?is inf]5ce w\ld be invalid1 z transc5d+ ! scope ( human intellig5ce2 yet if1 on pu%+ fur!r ! g5]al argum5t1 we br+ out ! inf]5ce t su* a /ate w n la/ = ev]1 ?is inf]5ce is n necess>ily invalid3 s9ce1 by ! hypo!sis1 x conta9s no t]ms necess>ily transc5d+ ! scope ( human intellig5ce4 ,x is p]missible !re=e1 to inquire1 :at are ! probable ult]ior results ( ?is process :i* mu/ br+ ,evolution to a close 9 ,univ]sal ,dea?4 ,)\t be+ s ra% z to =m any?+ l a positive conclusion on a matt] s va/ & s f> beyond ! b\nd>ies ( exact sci5ce2 we may /ill inquire :at seems to be ! remote future t[>ds :i* ! facts po9t4 ,x has be5 already %[n t all equilibration1 s f> z we c trace x1 is relative4 ,! dissipation ( a body's motion by communication ( x to surr\nd+ matt]1 solid1 liquid1 gase\s1 & e!real1 t5ds to br+ ! body to a fix$ position 9 relation to ! matt] t ab/racts its motion4 ,b all its o!r motions cont9ue z be=e4 ,! arre/ ( a cannon-%ot does n dim9i% its movem5t t[>ds ! ,ea/ at a ?\s& miles an h\r1 along ) ! wall x has /ruck2 & a gradual disp]sion ( ! ,e>?'s rotatory motion1 w\ld ab/ract no?+ f ! million & a half miles p] day ?r\gh :i* ! ,e>? spe$s 9 its orbit4 ,fur!r1 we h to be> 9 m9d t ?is motion1 ! disappe>ance ( :i* causes relative equilibration1 is n lo/ b simply transf]r$2 & by cont9ual division & subdivision f9ally r$uc$ to e!real undulations & radiat$ ?r\gh space4 ,:e!r ! s5sible motion dissipat$ dur+ relative equilibration1 is directly trans=m$ into ins5sible motion1 z happ5s 9 ! case ( ! ,sun2 or :e!r1 z 9 ! s5sible motions go+ on ar\nd u1 x is directly trans=m$ into small] s5sible motions1 & ^! into /ill small]1 until !y become ins5sible1 matt]s n4 ,9 e in/ance ! ultimate result is1 t :atev] motion ( masses is lo/1 re-appe>s z molecul> motion p]vad+ space4 ,?us ! que/ions we h to consid]1 are--,:e!r aft] ! completion ( all ! relative equilibrations above contemplat$ z br++ ,evolution to a close1 !re rema9 any fur!r equilibrations to be effect$8--,:e!r !re are any o!r motions ( masses t mu/ ev5tually be trans=m$ into molecul> motion8--,& if !re are su* o!r motions1 :at mu/ be ! consequ5ce :5 ! molecul> motion g5]at$ by _! trans=mation1 is add$ to t :i* already exi/s8 ,to ! fir/ ( ^! que/ions ! answ] is1 t !re d rema9 motions :i* are undim9i%$ by all ! relative equilibrations ?us f> consid]$2 namely1 ! motions ( translation possess$ by ^? va/ masses ( inc&esc5t matt] call$ />s--masses n[ kn[n to be suns t are 9 all probability1 l our own1 surr\nd$ by circl+ gr\ps ( planets4 ,! belief t ! />s are lit]ally fix$1 has long s9ce be5 explod$3 obs]vation has prov$ _m ( !m to h s5sible prop] motions4 ,moreov]1 x has be5 asc]ta9$ by measurem5t1 t 9 relation to ! />s ne>e/ to u1 our own /> is mov+ at ! rate ( ab\t half a million miles p] day2 & if1 z is admitt$ to be n improbable by sundry a/ronom]s1 our own /> is trav]s+ space 9 ! same direction ) adjac5t />s1 its absolute velocity may be1 & mo/ likely is1 imm5sely great] ?an ?is4 ,n[ no su* *anges z ^? tak+ place )9 ! ,sol> ,sy/em1 ev5 :5 c>ri$ to ! ext5t ( integrat+ ! :ole ( its matt] into "o mass1 & diffus+ all its relative movem5ts 9 an ins5sible =m ?r\gh space1 c affect ^! sid]eal movem5ts4 ,h5ce1 !re appe>s no alt]native b to inf]1 t ^! sid]eal movem5ts mu/ rema9 to be equilibrat$ by "s subsequ5t process4 ,! next "q t arises1 if we v5ture to inquire ! probable nature ( ?is process1 is--,to :at law d sid]eal motions con=m8 ,& to ?is "q ,a/ronomy replies--! law ( gravitation4 ,! relative motions ( b9>y />s h prov$ ?is4 ,:5 x 0 discov]$ t c]ta9 ( ! d\ble />s are n optically d\ble b physically d\ble1 & move r\nd ea* o!r1 x 0 at once suspect$ t _! revolutions might be regulat$ by a mutual attraction l t :i* regulates ! revolutions ( planets & satellites4 ,! requisite measurem5ts hav+ be5 f "t to "t made1 ! p]iodic times ( sundry b9>y />s 7 calculat$ on ?is assumption2 & ! subsequ5t p]=mances ( _! revolutions 9 ! pr$ict$ p]iods1 h completely v]ifi$ ! assumption4 ,if1 !n1 x is demon/rat$ t ^! remote bodies are c5tres ( gravitation--if we inf] t all o!r />s are c5tres ( gravitation1 z we may fairly d--& if we draw ! unavoidable coroll>y1 t ?is gravitative =ce :i* s conspicu\sly affects />s t are comp>atively ne> ea* o!r1 mu/ affect remote />s2 we f9d ourselves l$ to ! conclusion t all ! memb]s ( our ,sid]eal ,sy/em gravitate1 individually & z an aggregate4 ,b if ^! widely-disp]s$ mov+ masses mutually gravitate1 :at mu/ happ58 ,!re appe>s b "o t5able answ]4 ,ev5 suppos+ !y 7 all absolutely equal 9 weight1 & arrang$ into an annulus ) absolute regul>ity1 & end[$ ) exactly ! am\nts ( c5trifugal =ce requir$ to prev5t ne>] approa* to _! common c5tre ( gravity2 ! condition w\ld /ill be "o :i* ! slighte/ di/urb+ =ce w\ld de/roy4 ,mu* m !n are we driv5 to ! inf]5ce1 t our actual ,sid]eal ,sy/em _c pres]ve its pres5t arrangem5t3 ! irregul>ities ( its di/ribution be+ su* z to r5d] ev5 a tempor>y mov+ equilibrium impossible4 ,if ! />s are s _m c5tres ( an attractive =ce t v>ies inv]sely z ! squ>e ( ! di/ance1 !re appe>s to be no escape f ! conclusion1 t ! /ructure ( our galaxy mu/ be und]go+ *ange2 & mu/ cont9ue to und]go *ange4 ,?us1 9 ! abs5ce ( t5able alt]natives1 we are br\ght to ! positions3--#a1 t ! />s are 9 motion2--#b1 t !y move 9 con=mity ) ! law ( gravitation2--#c1 t1 di/ribut$ z !y are1 !y _c move 9 con=mity ) ! law ( gravitation1 )\t und]go+ *ange ( arrangem5t4 ,if n[ we p]mit ourselves to take a fur!r /ep1 & ask ! nature ( ?is *ange ( arrangem5t1 we f9d ourselves oblig$ to inf] a progressive conc5tration4 ,:e!r we d or d n suppose ! clu/]+ :i* is n[ visible1 to h be5 caus$ by mutual gravitation act+ ?r\gh\t pa/ eras1 z ! hypo!sis ( ,evolution implies1 we are equally compell$ to conclude t ?is clu/]+ mu/ increase ?r\gh\t future eras4 ,/>s at pres5t disp]s$1 mu/ become locally aggregat$2 exi/+ aggregations1 at ! same "t t !y are enl>g$ by ! draw+ 9 ( adjac5t />s1 mu/ gr[ m d5se2 & aggregations mu/ coalesce ) ea* o!r3 ea* great] degree ( conc5tration augm5t+ ! =ce by :i* fur!r conc5tration is produc$4 ,& n[ :at mu/ be ! limit ( ?is conc5tration8 ,! mutual attraction ( two individual />s1 :5 x s f> pr$om9ates ov] o!r attractions z to cause approximation1 almo/ c]ta9ly ends 9 ! =mation ( a b9>y />2 s9ce ! motions g5]at$ by o!r attractions1 prev5t ! two />s f mov+ 9 /raight l9es to _! common c5tre ( gravity4 ,betwe5 small clu/]s1 too1 hav+ also c]ta9 prop] motions z clu/]s1 mutual attraction may lead1 n to complete union1 b to ! =mation ( b9>y clu/]s4 ,z ! process cont9ues h[ev]1 & ! clu/]s become l>g]1 x seems cle> t !y mu/ move m directly t[>ds ea* o!r1 ?us =m+ clu/]s ( increas+ d5sity2 & t ev5tually all clu/]s mu/ unite into "o comp>atively close aggregation4 ,:ile1 !re=e1 dur+ ! e>li] /ages ( conc5tration1 ! probabilities are imm5se aga9/ ! actual contact ( ^! mutually-gravitat+ masses2 x is tol]ably manife/1 t z ! conc5tration increases1 collision mu/ become probable1 & ultimately c]ta94 ,?is is an inf]5ce n lack+ ! support ( high au?ority4 ,sir ,john ,h]s*el1 treat+ ( ^? num]\s & v>i\sly-aggregat$ clu/]s ( />s reveal$ by ! telescope1 & cit+ ) app>5t approval 8 fa!r's op9ion1 t ! m diffus$ & irregul> ( ^!1 are 8globul> clu/]s 9 a less advanc$ /ate ( cond5sation20 subsequ5tly rem>ks1 t 8among a cr[d ( solid bodies ( :atev] size1 animat$ by indep5d5t & p>tially oppos+ impulses1 motions opposite to ea* o!r mu/ produce collision1 de/ruction ( velocity1 & subsid5ce or ne> approa* t[>ds ! c5tre ( prepond]ant attraction2 :ile ^? :i* conspire1 or :i* rema9 out/&+ aft] su* conflicts1 mu/ ultimately give rise to circulation ( a p]man5t "*40 ,n[ :at is "h alleg$ ( ^! m9or sid]eal aggregations1 _c be d5i$ ( ! l>ge aggregations2 & ?us ! above-describ$ process ( conc5tration1 appe>s c]ta9 to br+ ab\t an increas+ly-frequ5t integration ( masses4 ,we h next to consid] ! consequ5ces ( ! accompany+ loss ( velocity4 ,! s5sible motion :i* disappe>s1 _c be de/roy$2 b mu/ be trans=m$ into ins5sible motion4 ,:at w be ! effect ( ?is ins5sible motion8 ,"s approa* to a conception ( x1 w be made by consid]+ :at w\ld happ5 7 ! comp>atively insignificant motion ( our planet ?us trans=m$4 ,9 8 essay on 8,! ,int]-action ( ,natural ,=ces10 ,pr(4 ,helmholtz /ates ! !rmal equival5t ( ! ,e>?'s movem5t ?r\gh space2 z calculat$ on ! n[ receiv$ datum ( ,mr4 ,j\le4 8,if our ,e>?10 he says1 87 by a sudd5 %ock br\ght to re/ 9 h] orbit1--:i* is n to be fe>$ 9 ! exi/+ arrangem5t ( our sy/em--by su* a %ock a quantity ( heat w\ld be g5]at$ equal to t produc$ by ! combu/ion ( f\rte5 su* ,e>?s ( solid coal4 ,mak+ ! mo/ unfav\rable assumption z to its capacity = heat1 t is1 plac+ x equal to t ( wat]1 ! mass ( ! ,e>? w\ld !reby be heat$ #aa1bjj degrees2 x w\ld !re=e be q fus$1 & = ! mo/ "p r$uc$ to vap\r4 ,if !n ! ,e>?1 aft] hav+ be5 ?us br\ght to re/1 %\ld fall into ! ,sun1 :i* ( c\rse w\ld be ! case1 ! quantity ( heat develop$ by ! %ock w\ld be #djj times great]40 ,n[ s relatively small a mom5tum z t acquir$ by ! ,e>? 9 fall+ ?r\gh #ie1jjj1jjj ( miles to ! ,sun1 be+ equival5t to a molecul> motion su* z w\ld r$uce ! ,e>? to gases ( extreme r>ity2 :at mu/ be ! molecul> motion g5]at$ by ! mutually-arre/$ mom5ta ( two />s1 t h mov$ to _! common c5tre ( gravity ?r\gh spaces immeasurably great]8 ,!re seems no alt]native b to conclude1 t ?is molecul> motion mu/ be s great1 z to r$uce ! matt] ( ! />s to an almo/ inconceivable t5uity--a t5uity l t :i* we ascribe to nebul> matt]4 ,su* be+ ! imm$iate effect ( ! integration ( any two />s 9 a conc5trat+ aggregate1 :at mu/ be ! ult]ior effect on ! aggregate z a :ole8 ,sir ,john ,h]s*el1 9 ! passage above quot$1 describ+ ! collisions t mu/ arise 9 a mutually-gravitat+ gr\p ( />s1 adds t ^? />s 8:i* rema9 out/&+ aft] su* conflicts1 mu/ ultimately give rise to circulation ( a p]man5t "*40 ,! problem1 h[ev]1 is "h dealt ) purely z a me*anical "o3 ! assumption be+1 t ! mutually-arre/$ masses w cont9ue z masses--an assumption to :i* no objection 0 app>5t at ! "t :5 ,sir ,john ,h]s*el wrote ?is passage2 s9ce ! doctr9e ( ! correlation ( =ces 0 n !n recogniz$4 ,b oblig$ z we n[ are to conclude1 t />s mov+ at ! high velocities acquir$ dur+ conc5tration1 w1 by mutual arre/1 be dissipat$ into gases ( great t5uity1 ! problem becomes diff]5t2 & a diff]5t inf]5ce appe>s unavoidable4 ,= ! diffus$ matt] produc$ by su* conflicts1 mu/ =m a resi/+ m$ium1 occupy+ t c5tral region ( ! aggregate ?r\gh :i* its memb]s f "t to "t pass 9 describ+ _! orbits--a resi/+ m$ium :i* !y _c move ?r\gh )\t hav+ _! velocities dim9i%$4 ,e fur!r su* collision1 by augm5t+ ?is resi/+ m$ium1 & mak+ ! losses ( velocity great]1 mu/ fur!r aid 9 prev5t+ ! e/abli%m5t ( t equilibrium :i* w\ld else arise2 & s mu/ conspire to produce m frequ5t collisions4 ,& ! nebul\s matt] ?us =m$1 pres5tly envelop+ & ext5d+ beyond ! :ole aggregate1 mu/1 by cont9u+ to %ort5 _! gyrations1 entail an increas+ly-active integration & re-active dis9tegration ( ! mov+ masses2 until !y are all f9ally dissipat$4 ,?is1 inde$1 is ! conclusion :i*1 leav+ out all consid]ation ( ! process gone ?r\gh1 pres5ts itself z a simple d$uction f ! p]si/5ce ( =ce4 ,if ! />s h be51 & /ill are1 conc5trat+ h[ev] indirectly on _! common c5tre ( gravity1 & mu/ ev5tually rea* x2 x is a coroll>y f ! p]si/5ce ( =ce1 t ! quantities ( motion !y h sev]ally acquir$1 mu/ suffice to c>ry !m away f ! common c5tre ( gravity to ^? remote regions :5ce !y orig9ally began to move t[>ds x4 ,& s9ce1 by ! conditions ( ! case1 !y _c return to ^! remote regions 9 ! %ape ( concrete masses1 !y mu/ return 9 ! %ape ( diffus$ masses4 ,action & reaction be+ equal & opposite1 ! mom5tum produc+ disp]sion1 mu/ be z great z ! mom5tum acquir$ by aggregation2 & be+ spread ov] ! same quantity ( matt]1 mu/ cause an equival5t di/ribution ?r\gh space1 :atev] be ! =m ( ! matt]4 ,"o condition1 h[ev]1 ess5tial to ! lit]al fulfilm5t ( ?is result1 mu/ be specifi$2 namely1 t ! quantity ( molecul> motion produc$ & radiat$ into space by ea* /> 9 ! c\rse ( its =mation f diffus$ matt]1 %all be comp5sat$ by an equal quantity ( molecul> motion radiat$ f o!r p>ts ( space into ! space :i* our ,sid]eal ,sy/em occupies4 ,9 o!r words1 if we set out ) t am\nt ( molecul> motion impli$ by ! exi/5ce ( ! matt] ( our ,sid]eal ,sy/em 9 a nebul\s =m2 !n x foll[s f ! p]si/5ce ( =ce1 t if ?is matt] und]goes ! re-di/ribution con/itut+ ,evolution1 ! quantity ( molecul> motion giv5 out dur+ ! integration ( ea* mass1 plus ! quantity ( molecul> motion giv5 out dur+ ! integration ( all ! masses1 mu/ suffice aga9 to r$uce x to ! same nebul\s =m4 ,"h inde$ we arrive at an impassable limit to our reason+s2 s9ce we _c "k :e!r ?is condition is or is n fulfill$4 ,on ! hypo!sis ( an unlimit$ space1 conta9+1 at c]ta9 int]vals1 ,sid]eal ,sy/ems l our own1 x may be t ! quantity ( molecul> motion radiat$ into ! region occupi$ by our ,sid]eal ,sy/em1 is equal to t :i* our ,sid]eal ,sy/em radiates2 9 :i* case ! quantity ( motion possess$ by x1 rema9+ undim9i%$1 our ,sid]eal ,sy/em may cont9ue dur+ unlimit$ "t1 to repeat ?is alt]nate conc5tration & diffusion4 ,b if1 on ! o!r h&1 ?r\gh\t b\ndless space !re exi/ no o!r ,sid]eal ,sy/ems subject to l *anges1 or if su* o!r ,sid]eal ,sy/ems exi/ at m ?an a c]ta9 av]age di/ance f ea* o!r2 !n x seems an unavoidable conclusion t ! quantity ( motion possess$1 mu/ dim9i% by radiation into unoccupi$ space2 & t s1 on ea* successive resumption ( ! nebul\s =m1 ! matt] ( our ,sid]eal ,sy/em w occupy a less space2 until at ! end ( an inf9ite "t x rea*es ei!r a /ate 9 :i* its conc5trations & diffusions are relatively small1 or a /ate ( complete aggregation & re/4 ,s9ce1 h[ev]1 we h no evid5ce %[+ ! exi/5ce or non-exi/5ce ( ,sid]eal ,sy/ems ?r\gh\t remote space2 & s9ce1 ev5 _h we su* evid5ce1 a legitimate conclusion c\ld n be drawn f premises ( :i* "o elem5t 7unlimit$ space7 is inconceivable2 we mu/ be = ev] )\t answ] to ?is transc5d5t "q4 ,all we c say is1 t s f> z ! data enable u to judge1 ! integration ( our ,sid]eal ,sy/em w be foll[$ by dis9tegration2 t su* integration & dis9tegration w be repeat$2 & t1 = any?+ we "k to ! contr>y1 ! alt]nation ( !m may cont9ue )\t limit4 ,b leav+ ?is ultimate insoluble problem1 & conf9+ ourselves to ! proximate & n necess>ily insoluble "o1 we f9d reason = ?9k+ t aft] ! completion ( ^? v>i\s equilibrations :i* br+ to a close all ! =ms ( ,evolution we h contemplat$1 !re mu/ /ill cont9ue an equilibration ( a f> wid] k9d4 ,:5 t integration ev]y:]e 9 progress ?r\gh\t our ,sol> ,sy/em1 has rea*$ its climax1 !re w rema9 to be effect$ ! immeasurably great] integration ( our ,sol> ,sy/em1 ) all o!r su* sy/ems4 ,z 9 ^? m9or =ms n[ go+ on ar\nd u1 ?is integration ) its concomitant equilibration1 involves ! *ange ( aggregate motion into diffus$ motion2 s 9 ^? va/] =ms h]eaft] to be c>ri$ out1 !re mu/ simil>ly be ga9$ 9 molecul> motion :at is lo/ 9 ! motion ( masses2 & ! inevitable trans=mation ( ?is motion ( masses into molecul> motion1 _c take place )\t r$uc+ ! masses to a nebul\s =m4 ,?us we seem l$ to ! conclusion t ! entire process ( ?+s1 z display$ 9 ! aggregate ( ! visible ,univ]se1 is analog\s to ! entire process ( ?+s z display$ 9 ! smalle/ aggregates4 ,:]e1 z 9 organic bodies1 ! :ole s]ies ( *anges con/itut+ ,evolution c be trac$1 we saw t1 dynamically consid]$1 ,evolution is a *ange f molecul> motion to ! motion ( masses2 & ?is *ange1 becom+ m active dur+ ! asc5d+ phase ( ,evolution :ile ! masses increase 9 bulk & het]og5eity1 ev5tually beg9s to get less active2 until1 pass+ ?r\gh /ages 9 :i* ! integration gr[s great]1 & ! equilibrium m def9ite1 x f9ally ceases2 :]eupon !re arises1 by an ult]ior process1 an increase ( molecul> motion1 end+ 9 ! m or less complete dissolution ( ! aggregate4 ,& "h we f9d reason to believe t1 along ) ea* ( ! ?\s&s ( simil> ones disp]s$ ?r\gh ! heav5s1 our ,sol> ,sy/em1 aft] pass+ ?r\gh /ages dur+ :i* ! motion ( masses is produc$ at ! exp5se ( lo/ molecul> motion1 & dur+ :i* !re goes on an increas+ly active diff]5tiation & integration1 arrives at a climax :5ce ^! *anges1 beg9n+ to decl9e 9 activity1 sl[ly br+ ab\t t complete integration & equilibration :i* 9 o!r cases we call dea?2 & t !re aft]w>ds comes a "t1 :5 ! /ill-rema9+ motions ( masses are trans=m$ into a molecul> motion :i* causes dissolution ( ! masses4 ,motion z well z ,matt] be+ fix$ 9 quantity1 x w\ld seem t ! *ange 9 ! di/ribution ( ,matt] :i* ,motion effects1 com+ to a limit 9 :i*ev] direction x is c>ri$1 ! inde/ructible ,motion !reupon necessitates a rev]se di/ribution4 ,app>5tly1 ! univ]sally-coexi/5t =ces ( attraction & repulsion1 :i*1 z we h se51 necessitate rhy?m 9 all m9or *anges ?r\gh\t ! ,univ]se1 also necessitate rhy?m 9 ! totality ( its *anges--produce n[ an immeasurable p]iod dur+ :i* ! attractive =ces pr$om9at+1 cause univ]sal conc5tration1 & !n an immeasurable p]iod dur+ :i* ! repulsive =ces pr$om9at+1 cause univ]sal diffusion--alt]nate eras ( ,evolution & ,dissolution4 ,& ?us !re is sugge/$ ! conception ( a pa/ dur+ :i* !re h be5 successive ,evolutions simil> to t :i* is n[ go+ on2 & a future dur+ :i* successive o!r su* ,evolutions may g on4 ,let none suppose1 h[ev]1 t ?is is to be tak5 z any?+ m ?an a speculation4 ,9 deal+ ) times & spaces & =ces s imm5sely transc5d+ ^? ( :i* we h def9ite exp]i5ce1 we are 9 dang] ( pass+ ! limits to human intellig5ce4 ,?\gh ^! times & spaces & =ces _c lit]ally be class$ z inf9ite2 yet !y are s utt]ly beyond ! possibility ( def9ite conception1 z to be almo/ equally un?9kable ) ! inf9ite4 ,:at has be5 above said1 %\ld !re=e be reg>d$ simply z a possible answ] to a possible d\bt4 ,:51 pu%+ to its extreme ! argum5t t ,evolution mu/ come to a close 9 complete equilibrium or re/1 ! read] sugge/s t = aught :i* appe>s to ! contr>y1 ! ,univ]sal ,dea? ?us impli$ w cont9ue indef9itely2 x is legitimate to po9t out h[1 on c>ry+ ! argum5t /ill fur!r1 we are l$ to inf] a subsequ5t ,univ]sal ,life4 ,b :ile ?is la/ inf]5ce may fitly be accept$ z a demurr] to ! fir/1 x w\ld be unwise to accept x 9 any m positive s5se4 99 99 99 99 99 #acg4 ,return+ f ?is p>5!tical discussion1 conc]n+ ! probable or possible /ate ( ?+s t may arise aft] ,evolution has run its c\rse2 & conf9+ ourselves to ! *anges con/itut+ ,evolution1 ) :i* alone we are imm$iately conc]n$2 we h n[ to inquire :e!r ! cessation ( ^! *anges1 9 common ) all _! transitional *>act]i/ics1 admits ( priori pro(4 ,x w soon become app>5t t equilibration1 n less ?an ! prec$+ g5]al pr9ciples1 is d$ucible f ! p]si/5ce ( =ce4 ,we h se5 7 #he7 t ph5om5a are int]pretable only z ! results ( univ]sally-coexi/5t =ces ( attraction & repulsion4 ,^! univ]sally-coexi/5t =ces ( attraction & repulsion1 are1 inde$1 ! complem5t>y aspects ( t absolutely p]si/5t =ce :i* is ! ultimate datum ( consci\sness4 ,j 9 ! same way t ! equality ( action & re-action is a coroll>y f ! p]si/5ce ( =ce1 s9ce _! inequality w\ld imply ! disappe>ance ( ! diff]5tial =ce into no?+1 or its appe>ance out ( no?+2 s1 we _c become consci\s ( an attractive =ce )\t becom+ simultane\sly consci\s ( an equal & opposite repulsive =ce4 ,= e exp]i5ce ( a muscul> t5sion1 7"u :i* =m alone we c imm$iately "k an attractive =ce17 presupposes an equival5t resi/ance--a resi/ance %[n 9 ! c\nt]-balanc+ pressure ( ! body aga9/ neighb\r+ objects1 or 9 t absorption ( =ce :i* gives motion to ! body1 or 9 bo?--a resi/ance :i* we _c conceive z o!r ?an equal to ! t5sion1 )\t conceiv+ =ce to h ei!r appe>$ or disappe>$1 & s d5y+ ! p]si/5ce ( =ce4 ,& f ?is necess>y correlation1 results our inability1 be=e po9t$ out1 ( int]pret+ any ph5om5a save 9 t]ms ( ^! correlatives--an inability %[n alike 9 ! compulsion we are "u to ?9k ( ! /atical =ces :i* tangible matt] displays1 z due to ! attraction & repulsion ( its atoms1 & 9 ! compulsion we are "u to ?9k ( dynamical =ces ex]cis$ ?r\gh space1 by reg>d+ space z fill$ ) atoms simil>ly end[$4 ,?us f ! exi/5ce ( a =ce t is = ev] un*angeable 9 quantity1 !re foll[s1 z a necess>y coroll>y1 ! co-ext5sive exi/5ce ( ^! opposite =ms ( =ce--=ms "u :i* ! conditions ( our consci\sness oblige u to repres5t t absolute =ce :i* transc5ds our k4 ,b ! =ces ( attraction & repulsion be+ univ]sally co-exi/5t1 x foll[s1 z be=e %[n1 t all motion is motion "u resi/ance4 ,units ( matt]1 solid1 liquid1 ari=m1 or e!real1 fill+ ! space :i* any mov+ body trav]ses1 (f] to su* body ! resi/ance consequ5t on _! cohesion1 or _! in]tia1 or bo?4 ,9 o!r words1 ! d5s] or r>] m$ium :i* occupies ! places f mom5t to mom5t pass$ ?r\gh by su* mov+ body1 hav+ to be expell$ f !m1 z mu* motion is ab/ract$ f ! mov+ body z is giv5 to ! m$ium 9 expell+ x f ^! places4 ,?is be+ ! condition "u :i* all motion occurs1 two coroll>ies result4 ,! fir/ is1 t ! d$uctions p]petually made by ! communication ( motion to ! resi/+ m$ium1 _c b br+ ! motion ( ! body to an end 9 a long] or %ort] "t4 ,! second is1 t ! motion ( ! body _c cease until ^! d$uctions de/roy x4 ,9 o!r words1 movem5t mu/ cont9ue till equilibration takes place2 & equilibration mu/ ev5tually take place4 ,bo? ^! are manife/ d$uctions f ! p]si/5ce ( =ce4 ,to say t ! :ole or "p ( a body's motion c disappe>1 save by transf] to some?+ :i* resi/s its motion1 is to say t ! :ole or "p ( its motion c disappe> )\t effect2 :i* is to d5y ! p]si/5ce ( =ce4 ,conv]sely1 to say t ! m$ium trav]s$ c be mov$ out ( ! body's pa?1 )\t d$uct+ f ! body's motion1 is to say t motion ( ! m$ium c arise out ( no?+2 :i* is to d5y ! p]si/5ce ( =ce4 ,h5ce ?is primordial tru? is our imm$iate w>rant = ! conclusions1 t ! *anges :i* ,evolution pres5ts1 _c end until equilibrium is rea*$2 & t equilibrium mu/ at la/ be rea*$4 ,equally necess>y1 because equally d$ucible f ?is same tru? t transc5ds pro(1 are ! =ego+ propositions respect+ ! e/abli%m5t & ma9t5ance ( mov+ equilibria1 "u _! sev]al aspects4 ,x foll[s f ! p]si/5ce ( =ce1 t ! v>i\s motions possess$ by any aggregate1 ei!r z a :ole or among its p>ts1 mu/ be sev]ally dissipat$ by ! resi/ances !y sev]ally enc\nt]2 & t ?us1 su* ( !m z are lea/ 9 am\nt1 or meet ) greate/ opposition1 or bo?1 w be br\ght to a close :ile ! o!rs cont9ue4 ,h5ce 9 e div]sely mov+ aggregate1 !re results a comp>atively e>ly dissipation ( motions :i* are small] & mu* resi/$2 foll[$ by long-cont9uance ( ! l>g] & less-resi/$ motions2 & s !re arise dep5d5t & indep5d5t mov+ equilibria4 ,h5ce also may be inf]r$ ! t5d5cy to cons]vation ( su* mov+ equilibria2 s9ce1 :5ev] ! new motion giv5 to ! p>ts ( a mov+ equilibrium by a di/urb+ =ce1 is n ( su* k9d & am\nt t x _c be dissipat$ be=e ! pre-exi/+ motions 79 :i* case x br+s ! mov+ equilibrium to an end7 x mu/ be ( su* k9d & am\nt t x c be dissipat$ be=e ! pre-exi/+ motions 79 :i* case ! mov+ equilibrium is re-e/abli%$74 ,?us f ! p]si/5ce ( =ce foll[1 n only ! v>i\s direct & indirect equilibrations go+ on ar\nd1 toge!r ) t cosmical equilibration :i* br+s ,evolution "u all its =ms to a close2 b also ^? less manife/ equilibrations %[n 9 ! re-adju/m5ts ( mov+ equilibria t h be5 di/urb$4 ,by ?is ultimate pr9ciple is proveable ! t5d5cy ( e organism1 disord]$ by "s unusual influ5ce1 to return to a balanc$ /ate4 ,to x also may be trac$ ! capacity1 possess$ 9 a slight degree by individuals1 & 9 a great] degree by species1 ( becom+ adapt$ to new circum/ances4 ,& n less does x af=d a basis = ! inf]5ce1 t !re is a gradual advance t[>ds h>mony betwe5 man's m5tal nature & ! conditions ( 8 exi/5ce4 ,aft] f9d+ t f x are d$ucible ! v>i\s *>act]i/ics ( ,evolution1 we f9ally draw f x a w>rant = ! belief1 t ,evolution c end only 9 ! e/abli%m5t ( ! greate/ p]fection & ! mo/ complete happ9ess4 ----- ,footnote #ah3 ,sir ,david ,brew/] has rec5tly be5 cit+ ) approval1 a calculation by ,m4 ,bab9et1 to ! effect t on ! hypo!sis ( nebul> g5esis1 ! matt] ( ! ,sun1 :5 x fill$ ! ,e>?'s orbit1 mu/ h tak5 #caha ye>s to rotate2 & t !re=e ! hypo!sis _c be true4 ,?is calculation ( ,m4 ,bab9et may pair-(f ) t ( ,m4 ,comte1 :o1 contr>iwise1 made ! "t ( ?is rotation agree v ne>ly ) ! ,e>?'s p]iod ( revolution r\nd ! ,sun2 = if ,m4 ,comte's calculation involv$ a petitio pr9cipii1 t ( ,m4 ,bab9et is manife/ly bas$ on two assumptions1 bo? ( :i* are gratuit\s1 & "o ( !m totally inconsi/5t ) ! doctr9e to be te/$4 ,he has evid5tly proce$$ on ! curr5t supposition respect+ ! ,sun's int]nal d5sity1 :i* is n prov$1 & f :i* !re are reasons = diss5t+2 & he has evid5tly tak5 = grant$ t all p>ts ( ! nebul\s sph]oid1 :5 x fill$ ! ,e>?'s orbit1 _h ! same angul> velocity2 :]eas if 7z is impli$ 9 ! nebul> hypo!sis1 rationally und]/ood7 ?is sph]oid result$ f ! conc5tration ( f> m widely-diffus$ matt]1 ! angul> velocity ( its equatorial portion w\ld obvi\sly be imm5sely great] ?an t ( its c5tral portion4 ,footnote #ai3 ,see pap] 8,on ! ,int]-action ( ,natural ,=ces10 by ,pr(4 ,helmholtz1 translat$ by ,pr(4 ,tyndall1 & publi%$ 9 ! ,philosophical ,magaz9e1 supplem5t to ,vol4 ,,xi4 f\r? s]ies4 ,footnote #bj3 ,until ,i rec5tly consult$ 8 8,outl9es ( ,a/ronomy0 on ano!r "q1 ,i 0 n aw>e t s f> back z #ahcc1 ,sir ,john ,h]s*el _h enunciat$ ! doctr9e t 8! sun's rays are ! ultimate s\rce ( almo/ e motion :i* takes place on ! surface ( ! e>?40 ,he expressly includes all geologic1 meteorologic1 & vital actions2 z also ^? :i* we produce by ! combu/ion ( coal4 ,! late ,george ,/eph5son appe>s to h be5 wrongly cr$it$ ) ?is la/ idea4 ,,*apt] ,,xvii4 ,,summ>y ,,& ,,conclusion4 #ach4 ,9 ! *apt] on 8,laws 9 g5]al10 aft] del9eat+ ! progress ( mank9d 9 recogniz+ uni=mities ( relation among surr\nd+ ph5om5a--aft] %[+ h[ ! actual succession 9 ! e/abli%m5t ( diff]5t ord]s ( co-exi/5ces & sequ5ces1 corresponds ) ! succession d$ucible priori f ! conditions to human k--aft] %[+ h[1 by ! ev]-multiply+ exp]i5ces ( con/ant connections among ph5om5a1 !re has be5 gradually g5]at$ ! conception ( univ]sal con=mity to law2 x 0 sugge/$ t ?is conception w become /ill cle>]1 :5 x is p]ceiv$ t !re are laws ( wid] g5]ality ?an any ( ^? at pres5t accept$4 ,! exi/5ce ( su* m g5]al laws1 is1 inde$1 almo/ impli$ by ! ensemble ( ! facts set =? 9 ! above-nam$ *apt]2 s9ce !y make x app>5t1 t ! process hi!rto c>ri$ on1 ( br++ ph5om5a "u few] & wid] laws1 has n ceas$1 b is advanc+ ) increas+ rapidity4 ,ap>t1 h[ev]1 f evid5ce ( ?is k9d1 ! man ( sci5ce1 h\rly impress$ ) new pro( ( uni=mity 9 ! relations ( ?+s1 until ! conception ( uni=mity has become ) him a necessity ( ?\ght1 tacitly ent]ta9s ! conclusion t ! m9or uni=mities :i* ,sci5ce has ?us f> e/abli%$1 w ev5tually be m]g$ 9 uni=mities t are univ]sal4 ,taught z he is by e obs]vation & exp]im5t1 to reg>d ph5om5a z manife/ations ( ,=ce2 & le>n+ z he does to contemplate ,=ce z un*angeable 9 am\nt2 !re t5ds to gr[ up 9 him a belief 9 un*angeable laws common to ,=ce "u all its manife/ations4 ,?\gh he may n h =mulat$ x to himself1 he is prep>$ to recognize ! tru?1 t1 be+ fix$ 9 quantity1 fix$ 9 its two ultimate modes ( pres5tation 7,matt] & ,motion71 & fix$ 9 ! conditions "u :i* x is pres5t$ 7,"t & ,space72 ,=ce mu/ h c]ta9 equally fix$ laws ( action1 common to all ! *anges x produces4 ,h5ce to ! classes :o alone are likely to read ^! pages1 ! hypo!sis ( a fundam5tal unity1 ext5d+ f ! simple/ inorganic actions up to ! mo/ complex associations ( ?\ght & ! mo/ involv$ social processes1 w h an priori probability4 ,all ?+s be+ recogniz$ z hav+ "o s\rce1 w be expect$ to exhibit "o me?od4 ,ev5 9 ! abs5ce ( a clue to uni=mities co-ext5sive ) all modes ( ,=ce1 z ! ma!matical uni=mities are co-ext5sive ) ,space & ,"t1 x w be inf]r$ t su* uni=mities exi/4 ,& ?us a c]ta9 presumption w result 9 fav\r ( any =mula1 ( a g5]ality great en\gh to include concrete ph5om5a ( e ord]4 99 99 99 99 99 #aci4 ,9 ! *apt]s on ! 8,law ( ,evolution10 !re 0 set =? a pr9ciple1 :i*1 s f> z accessible evid5ce enables u to judge1 possesses ?is univ]sality4 ,! ord] ( mat]ial *anges1 fir/ p]ceiv$ to h c]ta9 con/ant *>act]i/ics 9 cases :]e x c\ld be readily trac$ f beg9n+ to end1 we f\nd to h ^! same *>act]i/ics 9 cases :]e x c\ld be less readily trac$2 & we saw num]\s indications t ^! same *>act]i/ics 7 display$ dur+ pa/ *anges ( :i* we h no direct k4 ,! trans=mation ( ! homog5e\s into ! het]og5e\s1 fir/ obs]v$ by naturali/s to be exhibit$ dur+ ! developm5t ( e plant & animal1 prov$ to be also exhibit$ dur+ ! developm5t ( e society2 bo? 9 its political & indu/rial organization1 & 9 all ! products ( social life1--language1 sci5ce1 art1 & lit]ature4 ,f ! disclosures ( geology1 we drew adequate support = ! conclusion1 t 9 ! /ructure ( ! ,e>? !re has simil>ly be5 a progress f uni=mity1 ?r\gh ev]-increas+ degrees ( multi=mity1 to ! complex /ate :i* we n[ see4 ,& on ! assumption ( t nebul> orig9 to :i* s _m facts po9t1 we inf]r$ t a l transition f unity to v>iety ( di/ribution1 mu/ h be5 und]gone by our ,sol> ,sy/em2 z well z by t va/ assemblage ( su* sy/ems con/itut+ ! visible ,univ]se4 ,?is def9ition ( ! metamorphosis1 fir/ ass]t$ by physiologi/s ( organic aggregates only1 b :i* we ?us f\nd reason to ?9k1 holds ( all o!r aggregates1 prov$ on fur!r inquiry to be too wide4 ,its undue wid? 0 %[n to arise f ! omission ( c]ta9 o!r *>act]i/ics1 t are1 n less ?an ! =ego+ "o1 display$ ?r\gh\t all k9ds ( ,evolution4 ,we saw t simultane\sly ) ! *ange f homog5eity to het]og5eity1 !re takes place a *ange f indef9it5ess ( arrangem5t to def9it5ess ( arrangem5t--a *ange ev]y:]e equally traceable ) t :i* x accompanies4 ,fur!r consid]ation made x app>5t1 t ! increas+ def9it5ess ?us manife/$ along ) increas+ het]og5eity1 necess>ily results f increas+ integration ( ! p>ts sev]ally r5d]$ unlike4 ,& ?us we f9ally rea*$ ! conclusion1 t !re has be5 go+ on ?r\gh\t an immeasurable pa/1 is /ill go+ on1 & w cont9ue to g on1 an advance f a diffus$1 indet]m9ate1 & uni=m di/ribution ( ,matt]1 to a conc5trat$1 det]m9ate1 & multi=m di/ribution ( x4 ,at a subsequ5t /age ( our inquiry1 we discov]$ t ?is progressive *ange 9 ! arrangem5t ( ,matt]1 is accompani$ by a p>allel *ange 9 ! arrangem5t ( ,motion--t e increase 9 ! /ructural complexity ( ?+s1 involves a correspond+ increase 9 _! functional complexity4 ,x 0 %[n t along ) ! integration ( molecules into masses1 !re arises an integration ( molecul> motion into ! motion ( masses2 & t z fa/ z !re results v>iety 9 ! sizes & =ms ( aggregates & _! relations to incid5t =ces1 !re also results v>iety 9 _! movem5ts4 ,:5ce x became manife/1 t ! g5]al process ( ?+s is f a confus$ simplicity to an ord]ly complexity1 9 ! di/ribution ( bo? ,matt] & ,motion4 ,x 0 po9t$ out1 h[ev]1 t ?\gh ?is species ( trans=mation is univ]sal1 9 ! s5se ( hold+ ?r\gh\t all classes ( ph5om5a1 x is n univ]sal 9 ! s5se ( be+ cont9u$ )\t limit 9 all classes ( ph5om5a4 ,^? aggregates :i* exhibit ! entire *ange f uni=mity to multi=mity ( /ructure & function1 9 comp>atively %ort p]iods1 ev5tually %[ u a rev]se set ( *anges3 ,evolution is foll[$ by ,dissolution4 ,! diff]5tiations & integrations ( ,matt] & ,motion1 f9ally rea* a degree :i* ! conditions d n all[ !m to pass2 & !re !n sets 9 a process ( dis9tegration & assimilation1 ( bo? ! p>ts & ! movem5ts t 7 be=e gr[+ m unit$ & m di/9ct4 ,b "u "o or ! o!r ( ^! processes1 all obs]vable modifications 9 ! arrangem5t ( ?+s may be class$4 ,e *ange comes "u ! head ( integration or dis9tegration1 mat]ial or dynamical2 or "u ! head ( diff]5tiation or assimilation1 mat]ial or dynamical2 or "u bo?4 ,ea* inorganic mass is ei!r und]go+ increase by ! comb9ation ) x ( surr\nd+ elem5ts = :i* its p>ts h aff9ity2 or und]go+ decrease by ! solv5t & abraid+ action ( surr\nd+ elem5ts2 or bo? "o & ! o!r 9 v>i$ succession & comb9ation4 ,by p]petual additions & losses ( heat1 x is hav+ its p>ts tempor>ily diff]5tiat$ f ea* o!r1 or tempor>ily assimilat$ to ea* o!r1 9 molecul> /ate4 ,& ?r\gh ! actions ( div]s ag5ts1 x is also und]go+ c]ta9 p]man5t molecul> re-arrangem5ts2 r5d]+ x ei!r m uni=m or m multi=m 9 /ructure4 ,^! opposite k9ds ( *ange1 ?us vaguely typifi$ 9 e surr\nd+ fragm5t ( matt]1 are display$ 9 all aggregates ) increas+ di/9ctness 9 proportion z ! conditions ess5tial to re-arrangem5t ( p>ts are fulfill$4 ,s t univ]sally1 ! process ( ?+s is ei!r 9 ! "o direction or ! o!r4 ,!re is 9 all cases go+ on t ev]-complicat+ di/ribution ( ,matt] & ,motion :i* we call ,evolution2 save 9 ^? cases :]e x has be5 br\ght to a close & rev]s$ by :at we call ,dissolution4 99 99 99 99 99 #adj4 ,:e!r ?is omnipres5t metamorphosis admits ( int]pretation1 0 ! inquiry on :i* we next ent]$4 ,recogniz+ ! *anges ?us =mulat$ z consi/+ 9 ,motions ( ,matt] t are produc$ by ,=ce1 we saw t if !y are int]pretable at all1 x mu/ be by ! affiliation ( !m on c]ta9 ultimate laws ( ,matt]1 ,motion1 & ,=ce4 ,we !re=e proce$$ to inquire :at ^! ultimate laws are4 ,we fir/ contemplat$ "u its lead+ aspects1 ! pr9ciple ( correlation & equival5ce among =ces4 ,! g5esis ( s5sible motion by ins5sible motion1 & ( ins5sible motion by s5sible motion1 z well z ! l reciprocal production ( ^? =ms ( ins5sible motion :i* con/itute ,light1 ,heat1 ,electricity1 ,magnetism1 & ,*emical ,action1 0 %[n to be a n[ accept$ doctr9e1 t involves c]ta9 coroll>ies respect+ ! processes ev]y:]e go+ on ar\nd u4 ,sett+ out ) ! probability t ! ins5sible motion radiat$ by ! ,sun1 is ! trans=m$ product ( ! s5sible motion lo/ dur+ ! progressive conc5tration ( ! sol> mass2 we saw t by ?is ins5sible motion1 are 9 turn produc$ ! v>i\s k9ds ( s5sible motion on ! ,e>?'s surface4 ,besides ! inorganic t]re/rial *anges1 we f\nd t ! *anges con/itut+ organic life are ?us orig9at$4 ,we 7 oblig$ to conclude t )9 ?is category1 come ! vital ph5om5a class$ z m5tal1 z well z ^? class$ z physical4 ,& x appe>$ inevitably to foll[ t ( social *anges1 too1 ! l mu/ be said4 ,we next saw t ph5om5a be+ cognizable by u only z products ( ,=ce1 manife/$ "u ! two-fold =m ( attraction & repulsion1 !re results ! g5]al law t all ,motion mu/ occur 9 ! direction ( lea/ resi/ance1 or 9 ! direction ( greate/ traction1 or 9 ! direction ( _! resultant4 ,x 0 po9t$ out t ?is law is e in/ant illu/rat$ 9 ! movem5ts ( ! cele/ial bodies4 ,! innum]able transpositions ( matt]1 gase\s1 liquid1 & solid1 go+ on ov] ! ,e>?'s surface1 7 %[n to con=m to x4 ,evid5ce 0 giv5 t ?is same ultimate pr9ciple ( motion und]lies ! /ructural & functional *anges ( organisms4 ,?r\gh\t ! succession ( ^? n]v\s actions :i* con/itute ?\ght & feel+1 z also 9 ! dis*>ge ( feel+ into action1 we no less f\nd ?is pr9ciple conspicu\s4 ,nor did we discov] any exception to x 9 ! movem5ts1 tempor>y & p]man5t1 t g on 9 societies4 ,f ! univ]sal coexi/5ce ( oppos+ =ces1 !re also result$ ! rhy?m ( motion4 ,x 0 %[n t ?is is display$ f ! inf9itesimal vibrations ( molecules up to ! enorm\s revolutions & gyrations ( planets2 t x is traceable ?r\gh\t all meteorologic & geologic *anges2 t ! functions ( e organic body exemplify x 9 v>i\s =ms2 t m5tal activities too1 intellectual & emotional1 exhibit p]iodicities ( sundry k9ds2 & t actions & reactions illu/rat+ ?is law "u a /ill m complex =m1 p]vade social processes4 ,su* be+ ! pr9ciples to :i* con=m all *anges produc$ by ,=ce on ! di/ribution ( ,matt]1 & all *anges re-actively produc$ by ,matt] on ! di/ribution ( ,=ce1 we proce$$ to inquire :at mu/ be ! consequ5t nature ( any re-di/ributions produc$3 hav+ fir/ not$ ! limit+ conditions betwe5 :i* su* re-di/ributions are possible1 & ! m$ium conditions t are mo/ fav\rable to !m4 ,! fir/ conclusion arriv$ at1 01 t any f9ite homog5e\s aggregate mu/ inevitably lose its homog5eity1 ?r\gh ! unequal exposure ( its p>ts to incid5t =ces4 ,we obs]v$ h[ ?is 0 %[n 9 surr\nd+ ?+s1 by ! habitual e/abli%m5t ( diff]5ces betwe5 inn] & out] p>ts1 & p>ts o!rwise dissimil>ly circum/anc$4 ,x 0 po9t$ out t ! production ( div]sities ( /ructure by =ces act+ "u div]se conditions1 has be5 illu/rat$ 9 a/ronomic evolution1 suppos+ su* evolution to h tak5 place2 & t a l connection ( cause & effect is se5 9 ! l>ge & small modifications und]gone by our globe4 ,9 ! e>ly *anges ( organic g]ms1 we discov]$ fur!r evid5ce t unlik5esses ( /ructure foll[ unlik5esses ( relations to surr\nd+ ag5cies--evid5ce en=c$ by ! t5d5cy ( ! diff]5tly-plac$ memb]s ( ea* species to div]ge into v>ieties4 ,we f\nd t ! pr9ciple is also con=m$ to 9 ! e/abli%m5t ( di/9ctions among our ideas2 & t ! contra/s1 political & indu/rial1 t arise betwe5 ! p>ts ( societies are no less 9 h>mony ) x4 ,! in/ability ( ! homog5e\s ?us caus$1 & ?us ev]y:]e exemplifi$1 we also saw mu/ hold ( ! unlike p>ts into :i* any uni=m :ole lapses2 & t s ! less het]og5e\s mu/ t5d cont9ually to become m het]og5e\s--an inf]5ce :i* we also f\nd to be ev]y:]e confirm$ by fact4 ,c>ry+ a /ep fur!r our inquiry into ^! actions & reactions betwe5 ,=ce & ,matt]1 !re 0 disclos$ a second>y cause ( increas+ multi=mity4 ,e diff]5tiat$ "p becomes1 we f\nd1 a p>5t ( fur!r diff]5tiations2 n only 9 ! s5se t x mu/ lose its own homog5eity 9 het]og5eity1 b also 9 ! s5se t x mu/1 9 gr[+ unlike o!r p>ts1 become a c5tre ( unlike reactions on incid5t =ces2 & by s add+ to ! div]sity ( =ces at "w1 mu/ add to ! div]sity ( effects produc$4 ,?is multiplication ( effects1 likewise prov$ to be manife/ ?r\gh\t all ,nature4 ,t =ces modifi$ 9 k9d & direction by e "p ( e aggregate1 are gradually exp5d$ 9 work+ *anges t gr[ m num]\s & m v>i$ z ! =ces are subdivid$1 is %[n 9 ! actions & reactions go+ on ?r\gh\t ! ,sol> ,sy/em1 9 ! nev]-ceas+ geologic complications1 9 ! involv$ symptoms produc$ 9 organisms by di/urb+ influ5ces1 9 ! _m ?\ghts & feel+s g5]at$ by s+le impressions1 & 9 ! ev]-ramify+ results ( ea* new ag5cy br\ght to be> on a society4 ,to :i* add ! coroll>y1 confirm$ by abundant facts1 t ! multiplication ( effects mu/ increase 9 a geometrical progression1 z ! het]og5eity increases4 ,completely to int]pret ! /ructural *anges con/itut+ ,evolution1 !re rema9$ to assign a reason = t increas+ly-di/9ct dem>cation ( p>ts1 :i* accompanies ! production ( diff]5ces betwe5 p>ts4 ,?is reason we discov]$ to be1 ! segregation ( mix$ units "u ! action ( =ces capable ( mov+ !m4 ,we saw t :5 ! p>ts ( an aggregate h be5 made qualitatively unlike by unlike incid5t =ces--t is1 :5 !y h become contra/$ 9 ! natures ( _! compon5t units2 !re necess>ily arises a t5d5cy to sep>ation ( ! dissimil> ord]s ( units f ea* o!r1 & to aggregation ( ^? units :i* are simil>4 ,?is cause ( ! integration t accompanies diff]5tiation1 turn$ out to be likewise exemplifi$ by all k9ds ( ,evolution--by ! =mation ( cele/ial bodies1 by ! m\ld+ ( ! ,e>?'s cru/1 by organic modifications1 by ! e/abli%m5t ( m5tal di/9ctions1 by ! g5esis ( social divisions4 ,& we inf]r$1 :at we may ev]y:]e see1 t ! segregation ?us produc$ goes on s long z !re rema9s a possibility ( mak+ x m complete4 ,at l5g?1 to ! qu]y :e!r ! processes ?us trac$ out h any limit1 !re came ! answ] t !y mu/ end 9 equilibration4 ,t cont9ual division & subdivision ( =ces1 :i* is in/rum5tal 9 *ang+ ! uni=m into ! multi=m & ! multi=m into ! m multi=m1 we saw to be at ! same "t a process by :i* =ce is p]petually dissipat$2 & t dissipation1 cont9u+ z long z !re rema9s any =ce unbalanc$ by an oppos+ =ce1 mu/ end 9 re/4 ,x 0 %[n t :51 z happ5s ) aggregates ( v>i\s ord]s1 a numb] ( movem5ts are go+ on 9 comb9ation1 ! e>li] disp]sion ( ! small] & m resi/$ movem5ts1 entails ! e/abli%m5t ( diff]5t k9ds ( mov+ equilibria3 =m+ transitional /ages on ! way to complete equilibrium4 ,& fur!r inquiry made x app>5t t = ! same reason1 ^! mov+ equilibria h a c]ta9 self-cons]v+ p[]2 %[n 9 ! neutralization ( p]turbations1 & ! adju/m5t to new conditions4 ,?is g5]al pr9ciple1 l ! prec$+ ones1 prov$ to be traceable ?r\gh\t all =ms ( ,evolution--a/ronomic1 geologic1 biologic1 m5tal & social4 ,& our conclud+ inf]5ce 01 t ! p5ultimate /age ( ?is process1 9 :i* ! extreme/ degree ( multi=mity & complete/ =m ( mov+ equilibrium is e/abli%$1 mu/ be "o imply+ ! highe/ conceivable /ate ( humanity4 ,?us x became app>5t t ?is trans=mation ( on indef9ite1 incoh]5t homog5eity into a def9ite coh]5t het]og5eity1 :i* goes on ev]y:]e1 until x br+s ab\t a rev]se trans=mation1 is consequ5t on c]ta9 simple laws ( =ce4 ,giv5 ^? univ]sal modes ( action :i* are f mom5t to mom5t illu/rat$ 9 ! commone/ *anges ar\nd u1 & x foll[s t !re _c b result ! obs]v$ metamorphosis ( an indet]m9ate uni=mity into a det]m9ate multi=mity4 99 99 99 99 99 #ada4 ,f9ally1 we h ask$ :e!r1 = ^! univ]sal modes ( action1 any common cause is assignable--:e!r ^! wide tru?s are dep5d5t on any s+le wide/ tru?4 ,& to ?is "q we f\nd a positive answ]4 ,^! sev]al pr9ciples are coroll>ies f t primordial pr9ciple :i* transc5ds human intellig5ce by und]ly+ x4 ,9 ! fir/ "p ( ?is "w x 0 %[n1 by analysis ( bo? our religi\s & our sci5tific ideas1 t :ile k ( ! cause :i* produces effects on our consci\sness is impossible1 ! exi/5ce ( a cause = ^! effects is a datum ( consci\sness4 ,?\gh ,be+ is cognizable by u only "u limits ( ,"t & ,space1 yet ,be+ )\t limits ( ,"t & ,space 0 prov$ to be ! indef9ite cognition =m+ ! necess>y basis ( our def9ite cognitions4 ,we saw t ! belief 9 an ,omnipres5t ,p[] ( :i* no comm5cem5t or cessation c be conceiv$1 is t fundam5tal elem5t 9 ,religion :i* survives all its *anges ( =m4 ,we saw t all ,philosophies av[$ly or tacitly recognize ?is same ultimate tru?3--t :ile ! ,relativi/ rightly repudiates ^? def9ite ass]tions :i* ! ,absoluti/ makes respect+ real exi/5ce1 he is yet at la/ compell$ to unite ) him 9 pr$icat+ real exi/5ce4 ,& ?is inexpugnable consci\sness 9 :i* ,religion & ,philosophy are at "o ) ,common ,s5se1 prov$ to be likewise t on :i* all exact ,sci5ce is f\nd$4 ,we f\nd t subjective ,sci5ce c give no acc\nt ( ^? condition$ modes ( exi/5ce :i* con/itute consci\sness1 )\t po/ulat+ uncondition$ exi/5ce4 ,& we f\nd t objective ,sci5ce c give no acc\nt ( ! exi/5ce :i* we "k z ext]nal1 )\t reg>d+ its *anges ( =m z manife/ations ( an exi/5ce t cont9ues con/ant "u all =ms4 ,absolute ,be+1 or ,be+ :i* p]si/s )\t beg9n+ or end1 0 %[n to be ! common datum ( all human ?\ght2 = ! suffici5t reason t ! consci\sness ( x _c be suppress$1 )\t ! suppression ( consci\sness itself4 ,f ?is tru? :i* transc5ds pro(1 we h se5 t ! g5]al pr9ciples above set d[n1 are d$ucible4 ,t ! p[] or =ce manife/$ to u 9 all ph5om5a1 cont9ues unalt]$ 9 quantity1 h[ev] its mode ( manife/ation be alt]$1 is a proposition 9 :i* ^! sev]al propositions are involv$4 ,x 0 %[n t on ! ,p]si/5ce ( ,=ce are bas$ ! demon/rations t ,matt] is inde/ructible & ,motion cont9u\s4 ,:5 its pro(s 7 exam9$1 ! correlation & equival5ce ( =ces 0 f\nd to foll[ f ! ,p]si/5ce ( ,=ce4 ,! necessity we are "u ( conceiv+ ,=ce "u ! two-fold =m ( attraction & repulsion1 turns out to be b an implication ( ! necessity we are "u ( conceiv+ ,=ce z p]si/5t4 ,on ! ,p]si/5ce ( ,=ce1 we saw t ! law ( direction ( ,motion is dep5d5t2 & f x also we saw t ! rhy?m ( ,motion necess>ily results4 ,pass+ to ^? *anges ( di/ribution :i*1 by ! ,motion x g5]ates1 ,=ce produces 9 ,matt]1 x 0 po9t$ out t f ! ,p]si/5ce ( ,=ce are sev]ally d$ucible1 ! in/ability ( ! homog5e\s1 ! multiplication ( effects1 & t increas+ def9it5ess ( /ructure to :i* cont9u\s diff]5tiation & integration leads4 ,& la/ly we saw t ,=ce be+ p]si/5t1 ,evolution _c cease until equilibrium is rea*$2 & t equilibrium mu/ ev5tually be rea*$4 ,s t giv5 ,=ce manife/$ 9 ,"t & ,space1 "u ! =ms ( ,matt] & ,motion2 & x is demon/rable1 priori1 t !re mu/ g on su* trans=mations z we f9d go+ on4 99 99 99 99 99 #adb4 ,see !n ! accumulation ( pro(s4 ,! advance ( human intellig5ce 9 e/abli%+ laws cont9ually wid] 9 g5]ality1 raises ! presumption t !re are all-compreh5sive laws4 ,turn+ to ! facts1 we disc]n a p]vad+ uni=mity 9 ! g5]al c\rse ( ?+s :]e ?is c be wat*$1 & indications ( su* uni=mity :]e x _c be wat*$4 ,consid]+ ?is uni=mity analytically1 we f9d x to result f c]ta9 simpl] uni=mities 9 ! actions ( ,=ce4 ,& ^! uni=mities prove to be s _m necess>y implications ( t primordial tru? :i* und]lies all k--! ,p]si/5ce ( ,=ce4 ,! aspect ( ?+s raises a presumption2 ext5d$ obs]vations lead to an induction t fulfils ?is presumption2 ?is induction is d$uctively confirm$2 & ! laws :5ce x is d$uc$ are coroll>ies f t datum )\t :i* ?\ght is impossible4 ,no high] degree ( v]ification ?an ?is c be imag9$4 ,an induction bas$ on facts s num]\s & v>i$1 & fall+ %ort ( univ]sality only :]e ! facts are beyond obs]vation1 possesses ( itself a validity great] ?an t ( mo/ sci5tific inductions4 ,:5 x is %[n t ! proposition ?us arriv$ at po/]iori1 may also be arriv$ at priori1 />t+ f c]ta9 simple laws ( =ce2 x is rais$ to a level ) ^? g5]alizations ( concrete sci5ce :i* are accept$ z prov$4 ,& :5 ^! simple laws ( =ce are affiliat$ ^u t ultimate tru? :i* transc5ds pro(2 ?is dep5d5t proposition takes rank ) ^? propositions ( ab/ract sci5ce :i* are our types ( ! greate/ conceivable c]ta9ty4 ,let no "o suppose t any su* degree ( c]ta9ty is alleg$ ( ! v>i\s m9or propositions br\ght 9 illu/ration ( ! g5]al argum5t4 ,su* an assumption w\ld be s manife/ly absurd1 t x seems sc>cely ne$ful to disclaim x4 ,b ! tru? ( ! doctr9e z a :ole1 is unaffect$ by errors 9 ! details ( its pres5tation4 ,z ! fir/ pr9ciples ( ma!matics are n invalidat$ by mi/akes made 9 work+ out p>ticul> equations2 s ! fir/ pr9ciples set =? 9 ! =ego+ pages1 d n /& or fall ) ea* special /atem5t made 9 !m4 ,if x c be %[n t ! ,p]si/5ce ( ,=ce is n a datum ( consci\sness2 or if x c be %[n t ! sev]al laws ( =ce above specifi$ are n coroll>ies f x2 !n1 inde$1 x w be %[n t ! !ory ( ,evolution has n ! c]ta9ty "h claim$ = x4 ,b no?+ %ort ( ?is c invalidate ! g5]al conclusions arriv$ at4 99 99 99 99 99 #adc4 ,if ^! conclusions be accept$--if x be admitt$ t !y inevitably foll[ f ! tru? transc5d+ all o!rs 9 au?ority--if x be agre$ t ! ph5om5a go+ on ev]y:]e are p>ts ( ! g5]al process ( ,evolution1 save :]e !y are p>ts ( ! rev]se process ( ,dissolution2 !n x mu/ be inf]r$ t all ph5om5a receive _! complete int]pretation1 only :5 recogniz$ z p>ts ( ^! processes4 ,reg>d$ f ! po9t ( view "h rea*$1 ea* *ange t takes place1 is an incid5t 9 ! c\rse ( ! ev]-complicat+ di/ribution ( ,matt] & ,motion1 except :]e x is an incid5t 9 ! c\rse ( ! rev]se di/ribution2 & ea* su* *ange is fully und]/ood1 only :5 br\ght "u ^? univ]sal pr9ciples ( *ange1 to :i* ^! trans=mations necess>ily con=m4 ,:5ce1 inde$1 x appe>s to be an unavoidable conclusion1 t ! limit t[>ds :i* ,sci5ce is advanc+1 mu/ be rea*$ :5 ^! =mul are made all-compreh5sive4 ,manife/ly1 ! p]fection ( ,sci5ce1 is a /ate 9 :i* all ph5om5a are se5 to be necess>y implications ( ! ,p]si/5ce ( ,=ce4 ,9 su* a /ate1 ! dep5d5ce ( ea* ph5om5on on ! ,p]si/5ce ( ,=ce1 mu/ be prov$ ei!r directly or indirectly--ei!r by %[+ t x is a coroll>y ( ! ,p]si/5ce ( ,=ce1 or by %[+ t x is a coroll>y f "s g5]al proposition d$uc$ f ! ,p]si/5ce ( ,=ce4 ,& s9ce all ph5om5a are incid5ts 9 ! re-di/ributions ( ,matt] & ,motion2 & s9ce !re are c]ta9 g5]al pr9ciples1 d$ucible f ! ,p]si/5ce ( ,=ce1 to :i* all ^! re-di/ributions con=m2 x seems inf]rable t ultimately all ph5om5a1 :]e n class$ z consequ5ces ( ! ,p]si/5ce ( ,=ce1 mu/ be class$ z consequ5ces ( ^! d]ivative pr9ciples4 99 99 99 99 99 #add4 ,( c\rse ?is developm5t ( ,sci5ce into an organiz$ aggregate ( direct & indirect d$uctions f ! ,p]si/5ce ( ,=ce1 c be a*iev$ only 9 ! remote future2 & inde$ _c be completely a*iev$ ev5 !n4 ,sci5tific progress1 is progress 9 t equilibration ( ?\ght & ?+s :i* we saw is go+ on1 & mu/ cont9ue to g on2 b :i* _c arrive at p]fection 9 any f9ite p]iod1 because x advances m sl[ly ! fur!r x advances4 ,b ?\gh ,sci5ce c nev] be entirely r$uc$ to ?is =m2 & ?\gh only at a f> di/ant "t c x be br\ght ne>ly to ?is =m2 yet mu* may ev5 n[ be done 9 ! way ( rude approximation4 ,^? :o are famili> ) ! pres5t aspects ( ,sci5ce1 mu/ recognize 9 !m ! brok5 outl9es ( a g5]al organization4 ,! possibility ( arrang+ ! facts already accumulat$1 into ! ord] rudely exhibit$ 9 ! =ego+ pages1 w itself incl9e !m to ! belief t our k may be put into a m connect$ %ape ?an x at pres5t has4 ,!y w see ! probability t _m n[ isolat$ inductions1 may be r$uc$ to ! =m ( d$uctions f fir/ pr9ciples4 ,!y w suspect t inf]5ces drawn f ! ultimate laws ( =ce1 w lead to ! inve/igation & g5]alization ( classes ( facts hi!rto unexam9$4 ,& !y w feel1 n only t a great] degree ( c]ta9ty mu/ be acquir$ by ,sci5ce1 z fa/ z its propositions are directly or indirectly d$uc$ f ! highe/ ( all tru?s2 b also t x mu/ s be r5d]$ a m effici5t ag5t ( fur!r inquiry4 ,to br+ sci5tific k to su* degree ( logical coh]5ce z is at pres5t possible1 is a task to be a*iev$ only by ! comb9$ ef=ts ( _m4 ,no "o man c possess t encyclop$ic in=mation requir$ = rightly arrang+ ev5 ! tru?s already e/abli%$4 ,b z progress is effect$ by increm5ts--z all organization1 beg9n+ 9 fa9t & blurr$ outl9es1 is complet$ by successive modifications & additions2 advantage may accrue f an attempt1 h[ev] rude1 to r$uce ! facts already accumulat$--or r c]ta9 classes ( !m--to some?+ l co-ord9ation4 ,su* mu/ be ! plea = ! sev]al volumes :i* are to succe$ ?is4 99 99 99 99 99 #ade4 ,a few clos+ words mu/ be said1 conc]n+ ! g5]al be>+s ( ! doctr9es t are n[ to be fur!r develop$4 ,be=e proce$+ to int]pret ! detail$ ph5om5a ( ,life1 & ,m9d1 & ,society1 9 t]ms ( ,matt]1 ,motion1 & ,=ce1 ! read] mu/ be rem9d$ 9 :at s5se ! int]pretations are to be accept$4 ,9 spite ( ev]y?+ said at ! outset1 !re are probably "s :o h ga9$ ! impression t ^? mo/ g5]al tru?s set =? 9 ! prec$+ *apt]s1 toge!r ) ! tru?s d$ucible f !m1 claim to be some?+ m ?an relative tru?s4 ,&1 not)/&+ all evid5ce to ! contr>y1 !re w probably h aris5 9 n a few m9ds1 ! conviction t ! solutions :i* h be5 giv51 along ) ^? to be d]iv$ f !m1 are ess5tially mat]iali/ic4 ,let none p]si/ 9 ^! misconceptions4 ,z repeat$ly %[n 9 v>i\s ways1 ! deepe/ tru?s we c rea*1 are simply /atem5ts ( ! wide/ uni=mities 9 our exp]i5ce ( ! relations ( ,matt]1 ,motion1 & ,=ce2 & ,matt]1 ,motion1 & ,=ce are b symbols ( ! ,unkn[n ,reality4 ,t ,p[] ( :i* ! nature rema9s = ev] inconceivable1 & to :i* no limits 9 ,"t or ,space c be imag9$1 works 9 u c]ta9 effects4 ,^! effects h c]ta9 lik5esses ( k9d1 ! mo/ g5]al ( :i* we class toge!r "u ! names ( ,matt]1 ,motion1 & ,=ce2 & betwe5 ^! effects !re are lik5esses ( connection1 ! mo/ con/ant ( :i* we class z laws ( ! highe/ c]ta9ty4 ,analysis r$uces ^! sev]al k9ds ( effect to "o k9d ( effect2 & ^! sev]al k9ds ( uni=mity to "o k9d ( uni=mity4 ,& ! highe/ a*ievem5t ( ,sci5ce is ! int]pretation ( all ord]s ( ph5om5a1 z diff]5tly-condition$ manife/ations ( ?is "o k9d ( effect1 "u diff]5tly-condition$ modes ( ?is "o k9d ( uni=mity4 ,b :5 ,sci5ce has done ?is1 x has done no?+ m ?an sy/ematize our exp]i5ce2 & has 9 no degree ext5d$ ! limits ( our exp]i5ce4 ,we c say no m ?an be=e1 :e!r ! uni=mities are z absolutely necess>y1 z !y h become to our ?\ght relatively necess>y4 ,! utmo/ possibility = u1 is an int]pretation ( ! process ( ?+s z x pres5ts itself to our limit$ consci\sness2 b h[ ?is process is relat$ to ! actual process1 we are unable to conceive1 mu* less to "k4 ,simil>ly1 x mu/ be rememb]$ t :ile ! connection betwe5 ! ph5om5al ord] & ! ontological ord] is = ev] inscrutable2 s is ! connection betwe5 ! condition$ =ms ( be+ & ! uncondition$ =m ( be+1 = ev] inscrutable4 ,! int]pretation ( all ph5om5a 9 t]ms ( ,matt]1 ,motion1 & ,=ce1 is no?+ m ?an ! r$uction ( our complex symbols ( ?\ght1 to ! simple/ symbols2 & :5 ! equation has be5 br\ght to its l[e/ t]ms ! symbols rema9 symbols /ill4 ,h5ce ! reason+s conta9$ 9 ! =ego+ pages1 af=d no support to ei!r ( ! antagoni/ hypo!ses respect+ ! ultimate nature ( ?+s4 ,_! implications are no m mat]iali/ic ?an !y are spirituali/ic2 & no m spirituali/ic ?an !y are mat]iali/ic4 ,any argum5t :i* is app>5tly furni%$ to ei!r hypo!sis1 is neutraliz$ by z good an argum5t furni%$ to ! o!r4 ,! ,mat]iali/1 see+ x to be a necess>y d$uction f ! law ( correlation1 t :at exi/s 9 consci\sness "u ! =m ( feel+1 is trans=mable into an equival5t ( me*anical motion1 & by consequ5ce into equival5ts ( all ! o!r =ces :i* matt] exhibits2 may consid] x !re=e demon/rat$ t ! ph5om5a ( consci\sness are mat]ial ph5om5a4 ,b ! ,spirituali/1 sett+ out ) ! same data1 may argue ) equal cog5cy1 t if ! =ces display$ by matt] are cognizable only "u ! %ape ( ^? equival5t am\nts ( consci\sness :i* !y produce1 x is to be inf]r$ t ^! =ces1 :5 exi/+ out ( consci\sness1 are ( ! same intr9sic nature z :5 exi/+ 9 consci\sness2 & t s is ju/ifi$ ! spirituali/ic conception ( ! ext]nal _w1 z consi/+ ( some?+ ess5tially id5tical ) :at we call m9d4 ,manife/ly1 ! e/abli%m5t ( correlation & equival5ce betwe5 ! =ces ( ! out] & ! inn] worlds1 may be us$ to assimilate ei!r to ! o!r2 accord+ z we set out ) "o or o!r t]m4 ,b he :o rightly int]prets ! doctr9e conta9$ 9 ?is "w1 w see t nei!r ( ^! t]ms c be tak5 z ultimate4 ,he w see t ?\gh ! relation ( subject & object r5d]s necess>y to u ^! anti!tical conceptions ( ,_s & ,matt]2 ! "o is no less ?an ! o!r to be reg>d$ z b a sign ( ! ,unkn[n ,reality :i* und]lies bo?4 ,,! ,,end4 ,,john ,,*ilds ,,& ,,son1 ,,pr9t]s4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,transcrib]',s ,,notes #a4 ,*ang$ 8:i* takes place0 to 8:i* take place0 on p4 #cae4 #b4 ,duplicat$ ! l>ge spaces 9 ! orig9al text4 #c4 ,sil5tly correct$ typographical errors4 #d4 ,reta9$ ana*roni/ic & non-/&>d spell+s z pr9t$4 #e4 ,enclos$ italics font 9 und]scores4