,,prolegom5a ,,to ,,! ,,/udy ,,( ,,hegel',s ,,philosophy ,,& ,,especially ,,( ,,8 ,,logic ,,by ,,william ,,wallace1 ,m4,a41 ,,ll4,d4 ,,fell[ ,,( ,,m]ton ,,college ,,& ,,:yte',s ,,pr(essor ,,( ,,moral ,,philosophy ,,9 ,,! ,,univ]sity ,,( ,,ox=d ,,second ,,edition1 ,,revis$ ,,& ,,augm5t$ ,,ox=d ,,at ,,! ,,cl>5don ,,press #ahid ,,9 ,,remembrance ,,( ,b4 ,,j[ett ,,late ,,regius ,,pr(essor ,,( ,,greek ,,& ,,ma/] ,,( ,,balliol ,,college ,,ox=d ,,preface ,! pres5t volume ( ,prolegom5a completes ! second edition ( my ,,logic ,,( ,,hegel :i* orig9ally appe>$ 9 #ahgd4 ,! translation1 :i* 0 issu$ z a sep>ate volume 9 ! autumn ( #ahib1 _h be5 subject$ to revision ?r\gh\t3 su* faults z ,i c\ld detect _h be5 am5d$1 & _m *anges made 9 ! =m ( expression ) ! hope ( r5d]+ ! int]pretation cle>] & m adequate4 ,b1 ) a subject s ab/ruse & complicat$ z ,hegel's ,logic1 & a /yle s abrupt & cond5s$ z t adopt$ 9 8 ,encyclopa$ia1 a satisfactory translation c h>dly fall )9 ! range ( possibilities4 ,only ! en?usiasm ( y\? c\ld h ?r[n itself ^u su* an ent]prise2 & lat] ye>s h b to d :at !y may to fulfil ! obligations ( a task ^: difficulties h come to seem ne>ly insup]able4 ,! translation volume 0 introduc$ by a sket* ( ! gr[? ( ! ,encyclopa$ia ?r\gh ! ?ree editions publi%$ 9 its au?or's lifetime3 & an app5dix ( notes suppli$ "s lit]>y & hi/orical elucidations ( ! text1 ) quotations be>+ on ! philosophical developm5t betwe5 ,kant & ,hegel4 ,! ,prolegom5a1 :i* h gr[n to m ?an twice _! orig9al ext5t1 are two-?irds ( !m new matt]4 ,! lapse ( tw5ty ye>s c\ld n b involve a *ange 9 ! writ]'s attitude1 at lea/ 9 details1 t[>ds bo? facts & problems4 ,! g5]al purpose ( ! "w1 h[ev]1 /ill rema9s ! same1 to supply an introduction to ! /udy ( ,hegel1 especially 8 ,logic1 & to philosophy 9 g5]al4 ,b1 9 ! "w ( alt]+ & ins]t+1 ,i c h>dly imag9e t ,i h succe$$ 9 adju/+ ! additions to ! old] "w ) t artful juncture :i* w\ld simulate ! cont9uity ( organic gr[?4 ,to p]=m t feat w\ld require a ma/] :o survey$ f an imp]ial outlook ! :ole sy/em ( ,hegelianism 9 its hi/ory & mean+2 & ,i at lea/ d n pr(ess su* a ma/]y4 ,probably !re=e a critical review w disc]n inequalities 9 ! gr\nd1 & ev5 discrepancies 9 ! /atem5t1 ( ! sev]al *apt]s4 ,to remove ^! /ra9s ( inconsi/5cy w\ld 9 any case h be5 a "w ( "t & tr\ble3 &1 aft] all1 m]e diff]5ces 9 dep? or bread? ( view may h _! uses4 ,! writ] _c always compel ! read] to und]/& him1 z he himself has n always ! same faculty to p5etrate & compreh5d ! problems he deals )4 ,9 ^! ardu\s pa?s ( rese>* x may well happ5 t ! cle>e/ & true/ p]ceptions are n always ^? :i* communicate !mselves ) fulle/ p]suasion & gift ( insight4 ,s*op5hau] has some:]e comp>$ ! /ructure ( 8 philosophical "w to ! hundr$-gat$ ,!bes3 s _m1 he says1 are ! po9ts ( access x (f]s = ! pilgrims aft] tru? to rea* its c5tral dogma4 ,s--if "o may p>allel little ?+s ) 8 adv5tur\s que/--ev5 ! less speculative *apt]s1 & ! less consecutive disc\rse1 ( ^! ,prolegom5a may prove helpful to "s individual mood or phase ( m9d4 ,if--z ,i suspect--! ,second ,book %\ld elicit ! compla9t t ! read] has be5 kept w&]+ too long & too devi\sly 9 ! ,por*es ( ,philosophy1 ,i w hope t sometimes 9 ! c\rse ( ^! rov+s he may come across a wicket-gate :]e he c ent]1 &--:i* is ! ma9 ?+--ga!r tru? fre% & fruitful = himself4 ,f\rte5 *apt]s1 viz4 ,,ii1 ,,xxiv1 & ! gr\p f ,,vii to ,,xviii inclusive1 are 9 ?is edition almo/ entirely new4 ,?ree *apt]s ( ! fir/ edition1 numb]$ ,,xix1 ,,xxii1 ,,xxiii1 h be5 dropp$4 ,= ! re/1 ,*aps4 ,,iii-,,vi 9 ! pres5t correspond to ,*aps4 ,,ii-,v 9 ! fir/ edition3 ,*ap4 ,,xix to p>ts ( ,,vii1 ,,viii3 ,*aps4 ,,xx-,,xxiii to ,*aps4 ,,ix-,,xii3 ,*aps4 ,,xxv-,,xxx to ,*aps4 ,,xiii-,,xviii3 & ,*aps4 ,,xxxi1 ,,xxxii to ,*aps4 ,,xx1 ,,xxi4 ,b "s ( ^? nom9ally reta9$ h be5 l>gely rewritt54 ,! new *apt]s pres5t1 among/ o!r ?+s1 a synopsis ( ! progress ( ?\ght 9 ,g]many dur+ ! half-c5tury :i* is bisect$ by ! ye> #ahjj1 ) "s indication ( ! g5]al conditions ( ! intellectual _w1 & ) "s ref]5ce to ! int]connexion ( speculation & actuality4 ,jacobi & ,h]d]1 ,kant1 ,fi*te1 & ,s*ell+ h be5 especially br\ght "u succ9ct review4 ,9 ! fir/ edition ,i did ,kant less ?an ju/ice4 ,i h n[1 s f> z my limits all[$1 tri$ to rectify ! impression2 & ev5 m p]haps1 by a cle> pal9ode1 to t5d] my apology = ! meagre & some:at inappreciative notice ,i gave to ! great names ( ,fi*te & ,s*ell+4 ,= l reasons1 & f a gr[+ p]ception h[ mu* po/-,kantian ?\ght ow$ to ! pre-,kantian ?9k]s1 ,sp9oza & ,leibniz h be5 p>tly br\ght )9 my range4 ,if1 fur!rmore1 ,i may seem to h transgress$ ! due am\nt ( allusions & comp>isons drawn f ,plato & ,ari/otle1 ,bacon & ,mill1 ! excuse mu/ be s\ght 9 t fixture ( philosophical horizon :i* c h>dly b creep on aft] a qu>t] ( a c5tury sp5t 9 tea*+ philosophy "u ! cu/oms & ord9ances ( ! ,ox=d ,s*ool ( ,classical ,philology4 ,x w\ld be to mi/ake ! scope ( ?is survey to seek 9 x a hi/ory ( ! philosoph]s ( ! p]iod ,i h nam$4 ,!y h be5 pres5t$1 n 9 & = !mselves1 b z mom5ta or con/itu5t6 factors 9 produc+ ,hegel's conception ( ! aim & me?od ( philosophy4 ,to d ?is x 0 necess>y to lay /ress on _! inn] purport & implications3 to treat ! individual ?9k] 9 subord9ation to ! g5]al movem5t ( ideas3 to give1 z f> z 0 possible1 a con/ructive conception ( !m r ?an an analysis & *ronicle4 ,yet z ! picture _h to be done1 s to say1 ) a few vigor\s t\*es1 & made *>act]i/ic r ?an descriptive1 x _c h t fairness & complet5ess :i* only pati5t /udy ( e feature & untir+ exp]im5t 9 recon/ruction c enable ev5 ! arti/ to produce4 ,i may h seem$ to conf9e ! environm5t too exclusively to cont95tal ?9k]s3 b ?is is n1 ,i ?9k1 due to any anti-patriotic bias4 ,engli% 7by :i* t]m1 ,i may expla9 to my c\ntrym51 ,i mean ,engli%-writ+7 ?\ght1 if x has its own intr9sic value1 has aft] all be5 only an occasional influ5ce1 ( sugge/ion & modification1 9 ,g]many4 ,x is n !re=e an integral portion ( my !me4 ,ev5 9 ,kant's case1 too mu* may be made ( ! /imulus he receiv$ f ,hume4 ,ev5 tw5ty ye>s ago1 my translation c\ld h>dly be describ$ lit]ally z a voice cry+ 9 ! wild]ness4 ,b s9ce t "t !re has be5 a consid]able out-put ( hi/ory1 translation1 & criticism ref]r+ to ! great age ( ,g]man philosophy1 & a comp>atively num]\s gr\p ( writ]s1 m or less famili> ) ! aims & pr9ciples ( t p]iod1 h treat$ v>i\s p>ts ( philosophy ) notable indep5d5ce & orig9ality4 ,to ^! writ]s x has sometimes be5 f\nd conv5i5t to give ! title ( ,neo-,kantians1 or ,neo-,hegelians4 ,! prefix sugge/s t !y d n 9 all po9ts reproduce ! ideal or ! c>icature :i* vulg> tradition fanci$1 & p]haps /ill fancies1 to be impli$ 9 ,g]man 'transc5d5talism4' ,& t = ! good reason t ! spr+s ( ! movem5t lie 9 ! natural & national revulsion ( ,engli% habits ( m9d4 ,sl[ly1 b at l5g?1 ! /orms ( ! great ,european revolution f\nd _! way to our intellectual _w1 & %ook *ur* & /ate1 society & lit]ature4 ,! homeless _s ( ! age _h to reconsid] ! task ( rebuild+ its h\se ( life4 ,x may h be5 t "s ( ! seek]s1 9 ! f]v\r ( a fir/ impression1 spoke unadvis$ly1 z if salvation c\ld & w\ld come to ,engli% philosophy only by ,kant & ,hegel4 ,yet1 !re 0 a real f\ndation = ! belief t ! insul>ity--h[ev] necess>y 9 its season1 & h[ev] admirable 9 "s ( its results--:i* _h seclud$ & n>r[$ ! ,briti% m9d s9ce ! middle ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 ne$$ some?+ deep] & /rong] ?an ,fr5* 'ideology' to br+ x abrea/ ( ! requirem5ts ( ! age4 ,:atev] may be ! drawbacks ( transc5d5talism1 !y are virtues :5 set beside ! vulg> ideals ( enlight5m5t by sup]ficialisation4 ,mill has well po9t$ out h[ ! _s ( ,col]idge 0 = ! high] intellectual life a ne$ful complem5t to ! _s ( ,b5?am4 ,yet ! _s ( ,col]idge _h b caught "s ( ! side-lights & romantic illum9ations3 x _h n d>$ to face ! c5tral sun ei!r 9 lit]ature or philosophy4 ,! s*ol> :o has giv5 u excell5t v]sions ( ,fi*te's light] works1 ^? :o h translat$ & exp\nd$ ,kant1 & ! great au?or :o op5$ ,g]man lit]ature to ! ,briti% public1 h br\ght u ne>] ! high] tea*+ ( ,g]many4 ,9 ,g]many itself x has always be5 ! possession only ( ! few4 ,ev5 at ! height ( ! classical p]iod !re 7 litt]ateurs :o v5d$ ?\s&s ( _! books = ,goe!'s hundr$s1 & ! great philosoph]s _h t5 oppon5ts to "o foll[] ev5 among/ ! tea*]s ( _! day4 ,yet ,goe! & n ,kotzebue gave ! p]man5t law to lit]ature2 ,hegel1 & n ,krug or ,fries1 has influ5c$ philosophy4 ,to h _h ! resolution to le>n 9 ?is s*ool is ! m]it ( ',neo-,hegelianism4' ,x has probably n f\nd ,kant free f puzzles & contradictions1 or ,hegel always intelligible4 ,b ! example ( ! ,g]mans has s]v$ to wid5 & deep5 our ideas ( philosophy3 to make u ?9k m highly ( its function1 & to realise t x is ess5tially sci5ce1 & ! sci5ce ( supreme reality4 ,& x has at lea/ famili>is$ _m ) ! h]esy t dilettantism & occasional fits ( speculativ5ess are wor? z little 9 philosophy z else:]e4 ,to h /riv5 = dignity 9 its scope1 & sci5tific security 9 its me?od1 is some?+4 ,if ! ,neo-,hegelian has n giv5 philosophy a settl$ language1 x may be urg$ t a philosophical language _c be creat$ by ! easy device ( inv5t+ a few ,hell5i/ic-seem+ vocables4 ,i c\ld h wi%$ to make ^! volumes a wor?i] contribution to ! "w :]eby ^! & o!r writ]s h rec5tly enri*$ our isl& philosophy4 ,n lea/ because ( ! hon\r$ "n ,i h v5tur$ to write on ! d$ication-page4 ,if1 z ,epicurus said1 we %\ld above all be grateful to ! pa/1 ! fir/ me$ is f ! s*ol> due to ! tea*]s ( e>li] ye>s1 & n lea/ ^? :o h n[ ent]$ into _! re/4 ,i d n =get :at ,i1 & o!rs1 ow$ to ,t4 ,h4 ,gre51 my pr$ecessor 9 ! ,*air ( ,moral ,philosophy2 t example ( high-s\l$ devotion to tru?1 & ( e>ne/ & intrepid ?9k+ on ! deep ?+s ( et]nity4 ,b at ?is season ! memory ( my ,ox=d tutor & fri5d is naturally mo/ prom95t4 ,! late ,ma/] ( ,balliol ,college 0 m ?an a m]e s*ol> or a m]e philosoph]4 ,he seem$ s ideali/ & yet s practical3 s reali/ & yet s full ( high ideals3 s delicately k9d & yet s sev]ely reasonable4 ,y felt he saw life m /eadily & saw x m :ole ?an o!rs3 z "o reality 9 :i* religion & philosophy1 art & bus9ess1 ! sci5ces & !ology1 7 sev]ally b elem5ts & aspects4 ,to ! amateurs ( novelty1 to ! slaves ( specialisation1 to ! devotees ( any n>r[ way1 su* l>g5ess might1 ) ! impati5ce natural to limit$ m9ds1 h seem$ indiff]5ce4 ,s mu/ appe> ^? :o on high] planes he> all ! p>ts 9 ! h>mony ( humanity1 & ) ! ju/ice ( a wise love ma9ta9 an intellectual ,sprosyn4 ,on 8 pupils ?is secret p[] ( an o!r-_w s]5ity laid an irresi/ible spell1 & bore 9 ^u !m ! conviction t beyond s*ol>%ip & logic !re 0 ! full] tru? ( life & ! all-embrac+ duty ( do+ _! be/ to fulfil ! ample/ requirem5ts ( _! place4 ,9 e>li] days ,j[ett _h be5 ke5ly int]e/$ 9 ,g]man philosophy1 & _h made a v]sion 7mo/ ( :i* 0 /ill extant 9 #ahfh7 ( ! ,logic ,i h translat$4 ,b ,greek lit]ature1 & above all ,plato1 drew him to m cong5ial fields4 ,x 0 on 8 sugge/ion1--or %all ,i say injunction--at t date1 t ! "w ,i _h casually begun 0 "s ye>s lat] prosecut$ to completion4 ,x 0 8 words1 aga91 two ye>s ago1 t bade me sp>e no lab\r 9 ! "w ( revision4 ,,ox=d1 ,decemb]1 #ahic4 ,,f ,,! ,,preface ,,to ,,! ,,fir/ ,,edition ,! ',logic ( ,hegel' is a "n :i* may be giv5 to two sep>ate books4 ,"o ( ^! is ! ',sci5ce ( ,logic' 7,wiss5s*aft d] ,logik71 fir/ publi%$ 9 ?ree volumes 7#ahab-ahaf71 :ile its au?or 0 s*oolma/] at ,nremb]g4 ,a second edition 0 on its way1 :5 ,hegel 0 sudd5ly cut (f1 aft] revis+ ! fir/ volume only4 ,9 ! ',secret ( ,hegel1' ! e>li] "p ( ?is ,logic has be5 translat$ by ,dr4 ,hut*ison ,/irl+1 ) ^: "n ,g]man philosophy is *iefly associat$ 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,! o!r ,logic1 ( :i* ! pres5t "w is a translation1 =ms ! ,fir/ ,"p 9 ! ',encyclopa$ia ( ! ,philosophical ,sci5ces4' ,! fir/ edition ( ! ,encyclopa$ia appe>$ at ,heidelb]g 9 #ahag2 ! second 9 #ahbg2 & ! ?ird 9 #ahcj4 ,x is well to be> 9 m9d t ^! dates take u back =ty or fifty ye>s1 to a "t :5 mod]n sci5ce & ,inductive ,logic _h yet to w9 _! laurels1 & :5 ! _w 0 9 _m ways diff]5t f :at x is n[4 ,! e>lie/ edition ( ! ,encyclopa$ia conta9$ ! pi? ( ! sy/em4 ,! subsequ5t editions br\ght "s new mat]ials1 ma9ly int5d$ to smoo? ov] & expla9 ! transitions betwe5 ! v>i\s sections1 & to answ] ! objections ( critics4 ,! "w conta9$ a synopsis ( philosophy 9 ! =m ( p>agraphs1 & 0 to be supplem5t$ by ! viva voce rem>ks ( ! lectur]4 ,! pres5t volume is translat$ f ! edition ( #ahdc1 =m+ ! ,six? ,volume 9 ,hegel's ,collect$ ,works4 ,x consi/s ( two ne>ly equal portions4 ,"o halt "h pr9t$ 9 m op5 type1 conta9s ,hegel's ,encyclopa$ia1 ) all ! au?or's own additions4 ,! fir/ p>agraph "u ea* numb] m>ks ! e>lie/ & simple/ /atem5t ( ! fir/ edition4 ,! o!r half1 "h pr9t$ 9 clos] type1 is made up ( ! notes tak5 9 lecture by ! editor 7,h5n+7 & by ,pr(essors ,ho?o & ,mi*elet4 ,^! notes = ! mo/ "p connect ! sev]al sections1 r ?an expla9 _! /atem5ts4 ,_! g5u95ess is v\*$ = by _! be+ almo/ v]bally ! same ) o!r p>ts ( ,hegel's own writ+s4 ,! translation has tri$ to keep z closely z possible to ! mean+1 )\t always adh]+ v rigor\sly to ! words ( ! orig9al4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 mu* m lit]al 9 ! lat] & sy/ematic "p1 ?an 9 ! e>li] *apt]s4 ,! ,prolegom5a :i* prec$e ! translation h n be5 giv5 9 ! hope or ) ! int5tion ( exp\nd+ ! ,hegelian sy/em4 ,!y m]ely seek to remove c]ta9 ob/acles1 & to r5d] ,hegel less tantaliz+ly h>d to ^? :o approa* him = ! fir/ "t4 ,h[ f> !y w accompli% ?is1 rema9s to be se54 ,,ox=d1 ,septemb]1 #ahgc4 ,,cont5ts ,,book ,i4 ,,outlooks ,,& ,,approa*es ,,to ,,hegel4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,:y ,,hegel ,,is ,,h>d ,,to ,,und]/& #c ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,:y ,,translate ,,hegel8 #ad ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,engli% ,,philosophy ,,& ,,hegel #ba ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,hegel ,,& ,,!ology #cj ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,pseudo-,,idealism3 ,,jacobi #cg ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,! ,,sci5ces ,,& ,,philosophy #eg ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,anticipatory ,,sket* ,,( ,,! ,,scope ,,( ,,philosophy #gb ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,! ,,sceptical ,,d\bt3 ,,hume #hh ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,,! ,,attempt ,,at ,a ,,critical ,,solution3 ,,kant #ih ,,*apt] ,x4 ,,! ,,critical ,,solution 7cont9u$73 ,,kant #aab ,,*apt] ,,xi4 ,,syn!sis ,,& ,,recon/ruction3 ,,fi*te #abd ,,*apt] ,,xii4 ,,! ,,beg9n+s ,,( ,,s*ell+ #acf ,,*apt] ,,xiii4 ,,! ,,philosophy ,,( ,,nature ,,& ,,idealism #adg ,,*apt] ,,xiv4 ,,transition ,,to ,,hegel #afc ,,book ,,ii4 ,,9 ,,! ,,por*es ,,( ,,philosophy4 ,,*apt] ,,xv4 ,,! ,,two ,,ages ,,( ,,reason #age ,,*apt] ,,xvi4 ,,! ,,new ,,idealism #ahi ,,*apt] ,,xvii4 ,,me?ods1 ,,artificial ,,& ,,natural #bjb ,,*apt] ,,xviii4 ,,! ,,range ,,( ,,p]sonality #bcj ,,*apt] ,,xix4 ,,g5esis ,,9 ,,m5tal ,,life #bfa ,,*apt] ,,xx4 ,,g5]al ,,law ,,( ,,! ,,philosophy ,,( ,,hi/ory #bgg ,,*apt] ,,xxi4 ,,ab/ract ,,& ,,concrete3 ,,& ,,! ,,ord9>y ,,logic #bib ,,*apt] ,,xxii4 ,,f ,,s5se ,,to ,,?\ght #cjg ,,*apt] ,,xxiii4 ,,figurate ,,or ,,repres5tative ,,?\ght #cbc ,,*apt] ,,xxiv4 ,,f ,,sub/ance ,,to ,,subject #cce ,,*apt] ,,xxv4 ,,reason ,,& ,,! ,,dialectic ,,( ,,und]/&+ #cdh ,,book ,,iii4 ,,logical ,,outl9es4 ,,*apt] ,,xxvi4 ,,?\ght ,,pure ,,& ,,entire #cfe ,,*apt] ,,xxvii4 ,,absolute ,,& ,,relative3 ,,or ,,! ,,categories #chc ,,*apt] ,,xxviii4 ,,! ,,?ree ,,p>ts ,,( ,,logic #cid ,,*apt] ,,xxix4 ,,! ,,se>* ,,= ,a ,,fir/ ,,pr9ciple #djd ,,*apt] ,,xxx4 ,,! ,,logic ,,( ,,description3 ,,natural ,,realism3 ,,be+ #dae ,,*apt] ,,xxxi4 ,,! ,,logic ,,( ,,explanation ,,& ,,reali/ic ,,metaphysics3 ,,ess5ce #ddj ,,*apt] ,,xxxii4 ,,! ,,logic ,,( ,,compreh5sion ,,& ,,idealism3 ,,! ,,notion #dei ,,prolegom5a ,book ,i ,,outlooks ,,& ,,approa*es ,,to ,,hegel ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,:y ,,hegel ,,is ,,h>d ,,to ,,und]/&4 ',! condemnation1' says ,hegel1 ':i* a great man lays ^u ! _w1 is to =ce x to expla9 him#a4' ,! greatness ( ,hegel1 if x be measur$ by ?is /&>d1 mu/ be some?+ f> above common4 ,int]pret]s ( 8 sy/em h contradict$ ea* o!r1 almo/ z v>i\sly z ! sev]al comm5tators on ! ,bible4 ,he is claim$ z _! head by widely diff]5t s*ools ( ?\ght1 all ( :i* appeal to him z ! orig9al s\rce ( _! l9e ( argum5t4 ,! ,"r w+1 & ! ,left1 z well z ! ,c5tre1 pr(ess to be ! g5u9e desc5dants ( ! prophet1 & to inh]it ! mantle ( 8 inspiration4 ,if we believe "o side1 ,hegel is only to be rightly appreciat$ :5 we dive/ 8 tea*+ ( e %r$ ( religion & or?odoxy :i* x reta9s4 ,if we believe ano!r class ( expositors1 he 0 ! *ampion ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,^! contradictory views may be safely left to aboli% ea* o!r4 ,b div]sity ( op9ion on su* topics is nei!r unnatural1 nor unusual4 ,! mean+ & ! be>+s ( a great ev5t1 or a great "*1 or a great "w ( reason$ ?\ght1 w be e/imat$ & expla9$ 9 diff]5t ways1 accord+ to ! effect !y produce on diff]5t m9ds & diff]5t levels ( life & society4 ,^? effects1 p]haps1 w n pres5t !mselves 9 _! true "*1 until long aft] ! orig9al excitem5t has pass$ away4 ,to "s m9ds1 ! *ief value ( ! ,hegelian sy/em w lie 9 its v9dication ( ! tru?s ( natural & reveal$ religion1 & 9 ! agreem5t ( ! elaborate reason+s ( ! philosoph] ) ! simple aspirations ( mank9d t[>ds high] ?+s4 ,to o!rs t sy/em w h mo/ int]e/ z a philosophical hi/ory ( ?\ght1--an exposition ( t organic developm5t ( reason1 :i* und]lies & con/itutes all ! v>i$ & complex movem5t ( ! _w4 ,to a ?ird class1 aga91 x may seem at be/ an in/rum5t or me?od ( inve/igation1 /at+ ! true law by :i* k proce$s 9 its endeav\r to compreh5d & assimilate exi/+ nature4 ,:ile ^! v>i\s mean+s may be giv5 to ! ,hegelian s*eme ( ?\ght1 ! majority ( ! _w ei!r pron\nce ,hegel to be altoge!r un9telligible1 or bani% him to ! limbo ( a priori ?9k]s1--t b\rne f :i* no philosoph] returns4 ,to argue ) ^? :o />t f ! latt] conviction w\ld be an ungrateful1 & probably a sup]flu\s task4 ,wisdom is ju/ifi$1 we may be sure1 ( all h] *ildr54 ,b x may be possible to admit ! exi/5ce ( difficulties1 & agree to "s ext5t ) ^? :o compla9 t ,hegel is imp5etrable & h>d z adamant4 ,!re c be no d\bt ( ! =bidd+ aspect ( ! mo/ prom95t features 9 8 sy/em4 ,he is h>d 9 himself1 & 8 read]s f9d him h>d4 ,8 /yle is n ( ! be/1 & to =eign eyes seems unequal4 ,at times he is eloqu5t1 /irr+1 & /rik+3 aga9 8 turns are h>%1 & 8 clauses tiresome to dis5tangle3 & we are always com+ ^u t *ildlik5ess ( lit]>y mann]1 :i* ,engli% ta/e fancies x c detect 9 "s ( ! greate/ works ( ,g]man g5ius2 ,!re are faults 9 ,hegel1 :i* obscure 8 mean+3 b m ob/acles are due to ! nature ( ! "w1 & ! pre-occupations ( our m9ds4 ,!re is some?+ 9 him :i* fasc9ates ! ?9k]1 & :i* inspires a sympa!tic /ud5t ) ! vig\r & ! hopefulness ( ! spr+-"t4 ,p]haps ! ma9 h9drance 9 ! way ( a cle> vision is ! contra/ :i* ,hegelian philosophy (f]s to our ord9>y habits ( m9d4 ,g5]ally speak+1 we re/ cont5t$ if we c get tol]ably ne> our object1 & =m a g5]al picture ( x to set be=e ourselves4 ,x might almo/ be said t we h nev] ?\ght ( su* a ?+ z be+ 9 e>ne/ ei!r ) our words or ) our ?\ghts4 ,we get into a way ( speak+ ) an unc]ta9 latitude ( mean+1 & leave a good deal to ! fell[-feel+ ( our he>]s1 :o are expect$ to m5d :at is defective 9 our utt]ances4 ,= mo/ ( u ! place ( exact ?\ght is suppli$ by metaphors & pictures1 by m5tal images1 & figures g5]alis$ f ! s5ses4 ,& ?us x happ5s t1 :5 we come ^u a s+le precise & def9ite /atem5t1 nei!r exce$+ nor fall+ %ort 9 its mean+1 we are ?r[n out ( our reckon+4 ,our fancy & memory h no?+ left = !m to d3 &1 z fancy & memory make up ! great] "p ( :at we loosely call ?9k+1 our p[]s ( ?\ght seem to be br\ght to a /&/ill4 ,^? :o crave = flu5t read+1 or pref] easy writ+1 some?+ )9 ! pale ( our usual m5tal l9es1 are m likely to f9d :at !y seek 9 ! t5 p>tially correct & approximate ways commonly us$ to give expression to a tru?1 ?an 9 ! "o simple & accurate /atem5t ( ! ?\ght4 ,we pref] a famili> "n1 & an accu/om$ image1 on :i* our faculties may "w4 ,b 9 ! atmosph]e ( ,hegelian ?\ght1 we feel v mu* z if we _h be5 lift$ into a vacuum1 :]e we _c brea!1 & :i* is a fit habitation = unrecognisable gho/s only4 ,nor is ?is all4 ,! travell]1 z 8 tra9 climbs ! heights ( ,alps or ,ap5n9es1 occasionally1 aft] circl+ 9 gr& curve ^u ! m\nta9-side1 & p]haps aft] hav+ be5 dragg$ my/]i\s di/ances ?r\gh ! gloom ( a tunnel1 f9ds himself z x w\ld seem back at ! same place z he look$ =? f "s m9utes be=e2 & x is only aft] a brief comp>ison t he realises he n[ comm&s a wid] view f a po9t "s hundr$s ( feet high]4 ,s ! /ud5t ( ,hegel--7& x might be ! case ) ,fi*te also7 z ! ma*9]y ( ! dialectical me?od1 ) its !sis1 anti!sis1 & syn!sis1 c>ries him r\nd & r\nd f t]m to t]m ( ?\ght--l ! ,logos & ! ,_s1 :i* bl[ u :i!rsoev] !y li/--beg9s to suff] f dizz9ess at ! appreh5sion t he has be5 ! victim ( phantasmagoria & has n really mov$ at all4 ,x is only lat]--if ev]--t he recognises t ! sc5e1 ?\gh simil>1 is yet n altoge!r ! same4 ,x is only lat]--if ev]--t he und]/&s t ! pa? ( philosophy is no w&]+ f l& to l& m remote 9 se>* ( a lo/ ,absolute1 a vani%$ ,god2 no sett+ =? ( new & /range facts1 ( new ,gods1 b ! revelation 9 full] & full] tru? ( ! imman5t reality 9 :om we live1 & move1 & h our be+1--! manife/ation 9 m closely-knit unity & m amply-detail$ significance ( t ,inf9ite & ,et]nal1 :i* 0 always pres5t among u1 ?\gh we saw b few1 p]haps ev5 no1 traces ( its p[] & glory4 ,to read ,hegel (t5 rem9ds u ( ! process we h to g ?r\gh 9 try+ to answ] a riddle4 ,! t]ms ( ! problem to be solv$ are all giv5 to u3 ! features ( ! object are1 x may be1 fully describ$3 & yet someh[ we _c at once tell :at x is all ab\t1 or add up ! sum ( :i* we h ! sev]al items4 ,we are wait+ to le>n ! subject ( ! proposition1 ( :i* all ^! /atem5ts may be reg>d$ z ! pr$icates4 ,some?+1 we feel1 has und\bt$ly be5 said3 b we are at a loss to see :at x has be5 said ab\t4 ,our m9d w&]s r\nd f "o famili> object to ano!r1 & tries !m 9 succession to see :e!r any "o satisfies ! sev]al po9ts 9 ! /atem5t & includes !m all4 ,we grope "h & !re = some?+ we are acqua9t$ )1 9 :i* ! bits ( ! description may coh]e1 & get a unity :i* !y _c give !mselves4 ,:5 once we h hit ^u ! "r object1 our tr\bles are at an end3 & ! empty m$ium is n[ peopl$ ) a creature ( our imag9ation4 ,we h rea*$ a fix$ po9t 9 ! range ( our conception1 ar\nd :i* ! giv5 features may clu/]4 ,all ?is tr\ble caus$ by ! ,hegelian !ory ( :at philosophy involves--viz4 really beg9n+ at ! beg9n+1 is sav$ by a device well kn[n to ! sev]al bran*es ( ,sci5ce4 ,x is ! way ) !m to assume t ! /ud5t has a r\gh g5]al image ( ! objects :i* !y exam9e2 & "u ! guidance1 or ) ! help ( ?is g5]alis$ image1 !y g on to expla9 & describe its outl9es m completely4 ,!y />t ) an approximate conception1 su* z anybody may be suppos$ to h2 & ?is !y seek to r5d] m def9ite4 ,! geologi/1 = example1 c\ld sc>cely tea* geology'1 unless he c\ld pre-suppose or produce "s acqua9tance on ! "p ( 8 pupils ) :at ,hume w\ld h call$ an 'impression' or an 'idea' ( ! rocks & =mations ( :i* he has to treat4 ,! geomet] gives a %ort1 &1 z x 71 popul> explanation ( ! s5se 9 :i* angles1 circles1 triangles1 c4 are to be und]/ood 3 & !n by ! aid ( ^! provisional def9itions we come to a m sci5tific notion ( ! same t]ms4 ,! ?ird book ( ,euclid1 = example1 br+s be=e u a cle>] notion ( :at a circle is1 ?an ! nom9al explanation 9 ! li/ ( def9itions4 ,by means ( ^! tempor>y aids1 or1 z we may call !m1 lead+-/r+s = ! intellect1 ! progress ( ! ord9>y sci5tific /ud5t is made tol]ably easy4 ,b v 9 philosophy1 z x is f\nd 9 ,hegel1 !re is q ano!r way ( work+4 ,! helps 9 "q are abs5t3 & until x be se5 t !y are n ev5 ne$$1 ! ,hegelian !ory w rema9 a seal$ my/]y4 ,= t :i* ! fir/ glance seem$ to %[ z an enigma1 is only ! pla9 & unambigu\s /atem5t ( ?\ght4 ,in/ead ( ca/+ ar\nd = images & accu/om$ names1 we h only to accept ! sev]al t]ms & articles 9 ! developm5t ( ?\ght z !y pres5t !mselves4 ,^! t]ms m]ely require to be appreh5d$4 ,!y /& 9 no imm$iate ne$ ( illu/ration f our exp]i5ce4 ,:at we h to br+ to ! "w1 is pati5ce1 self-re/ra9t1 ! sacrifice ( our *]i%$ habits ( m9d1 ! surr5d] ( ! natural wi% to see at once :at x all comes to1 :at x is good =1 h[ x squ>es ) o!r convictions4 ,z ,bacon rem9d$ 8 age1 ,into ! k+dom ( philosophy1 z into ! k+dom ( heav51 none c ent]1 nisi sub p]sona infantis3 i4 e4 unless he at lea/ /eadfa/ly resolve to r5\nce t _w :i* lie? 9 ! ,evil4 ,ord9>y k consi/s 9 ref]r+ a new object to a class ( objects1 t is to say1 to a g5]alis$ image ) :i* we are already acqua9t$4 ,x is n s mu* cognition z re-cognition4 ',:at is ! tru?8' ask$ ,lady ,*ettam ( ,mrs4 ,cadwallad] 9 ,middle-m>*4 ,! tru? he is z bad z ! wrong physic--na/y to take1 & sure to disagree4 ,!re c\ld n be any?+ worse ?an t1 said ,lady ,*ettam1 ) s vivid a conception ( ! physic t %e seem$ to h le>n$ some?+ exact ab\t ,mr4 ,casaubon's 'disadvantages4' ,once we h ref]r$ ! new individual to a famili> category or a conv5i5t metaphor1 once we h giv5 x a "n1 & introduc$ x into ! society ( our m5tal draw+-room1 we are satisfi$4 ,we h put a fre% object 9 its appropriate draw] 9 ! cab9et ( our ideas3 & h5ce1 ) ! pride ( a collector1 we c calmly call x our own4 ,b su* acqua9tance1 proce$+ f a m+l+ ( memory & nam+1 is n ! same ?+ z k 9 ! /rict s5se ( ! t]m4#b ',:at is he8' ',d y "k him8' ,^! are our que/ions3 & we are satisfi$ :5 we le>n 8 "n & 8 call+4 ,we may nev] h p5etrat$ into ! inn] nature ( ^? objects1 ) ^: t\t ensemble1 or r\gh outl9es1 we are s mu* at home1 t we fancy ourselves ?or\ghly cognisant ( !m4 ,classifications are only ! fir/ /eps 9 sci5ce3 & we d n und]/& a ?\ght because we c view x "u ! guise ( "s ( its illu/rations4 ,9 ! case ( ! ,engli% read] ( ,hegel "s peculi> h9drances spr+ f ! =eign language4 ,9 /rong contra/ to mo/ ( ! well-kn[n ,g]man philosoph]s1 he may be said to write 9 ! popul> & national dialect ( 8 c\ntry4 ,( c\rse !re are tones & %ades ( mean+ giv5 to 8 words by ! g5]al context ( 8 sy/em4 ,b ^u ! :ole he did :at he promis$ to ,j4 ,h4 ,voss--! translator ( ,hom]1 & ! poet ( ! ,luise1 9 a lett] writt5 f ,j5a 9 #ahje4 ,he !re says ( 8 projects3 ',lu!r has made ! ,bible1 & y h made ,hom] speak ,g]man4 ,no great] gift ?an ?is c\ld be giv5 to ! nation4 ,s long z a nation is n acqua9t$ ) a noble "w 9 its own language1 x is /ill b>b>ian1 & does n reg>d ! "w z its own4 ,=get ^! two examples1 & ,i may describe my own ef=ts z an attempt to tea* philosophy to speak 9 ,g]man4#c ,yet1 9 ?is matt] ( nationalis+ or ,g]manis+ philosophy1 he only c>ri$ a /ep fur!r :at ,wolff & ev5 ,kant _h begun2 j z1 on ! o!r h&1 he falls a long way %ort ( :at ,k4 ,c4 ,f4 ,krause1 8 contempor>y1 attempt$ 9 ! same direction4 ,su* an attempt1 by its v nature1 c\ld nev] comm& a popul> success4 ,x runs directly c\nt] to t t5d5cy already not$1 to escape ! requirem5t to ?9k & ?9k = ourselves1 by tak+ refuge "u ! %ad[ ( a famili> t]m1 :i* conceals 9 its app>5t simplicity a great complex ( ill-appreh5d$ elem5ts4 ,! ord9>y m9d--& ! m readily p]haps ! m vulg> x is--flees = ease & safety to a cosmopolitan t]m1 to ! d5ationalis$ vocable ( le>n$ orig91 to ! language ( g5]al ,european culture4 ,to su* an ord9>y m9d--& up at lea/ to a c]ta9 ext5t we all at times come "u t head+--! ef=t to rema9 9 ! pellucid air ( our unadult]at$ "m-tongue is too emb>rass+ to be long cont9u$4 ,nor1 aft] all1 is x m ?an p>tially practicable4 ,! well ( ,g]man undefil$ is apt to run dry4 ,hegel himself nev] %r9ks :5 x is ne$ful to appropriate non-,teutonic words1 & is 9 ! habit ( employ+ ! synonym\s t]ms ( native & ( classical orig9 ) a sy/ematic diff]5ce ( mean+ #d ,hegel is unque/ionably p> excell5ce ! philosoph] ( ,g]many1--,g]man ?r\gh & ?r\gh4 ,= philosophy1 ?\gh ! common bir?right ( full-gr[n reason 9 all ages & c\ntries1 mu/ l o!r univ]sal & cosmopolitan int]e/s1 su* z ! ,/ate1 ! ,arts1 or ! ,*ur*1 submit to ! limits & peculi>ities impos$ ^u x by ! natural divisions ( race & language4 ,! subtl] nuances1 z well z ! co>s] diff]5ces ( national spee*1 make !mselves vividly felt 9 ! sy/ems ( philosophy1 & defy translation4 ,if ,greek philosophy _c1 no m c ,g]man philosophy be turn$ into a body ( ,engli% ?\ght by a /roke ( ! translator's p54 ,!re is a diff]5ce 9 ?is matt]1 a diff]5ce at lea/ 9 degree1 betwe5 ! special sci5ces & philosophy4 ,! sev]al sci5ces h a de-nationalis$ & cosmopolitan "*1 l ! trades & indu/ries ( v>i\s nations2 !y are pretty mu* ! same 9 "o c\ntry & ano!r1 especially :5 we consid] ! details1 & neglect ! g5]al subdivisions4 ,b 9 ! political body1 9 ! works ( high art1 & 9 ! sy/ems ( philosophy1 ! :ole ( ! "* & temp]am5t ( ! sev]al peoples f9ds its expression1 & /&s di/9ctly m>k$1 9 a %ape ( its own4 ,if ! =m ( ,g]man polity be n transf]able to ?is side ( ! ,*annel1 no m w ,g]man philosophy4 ,direct utilisation = ,engli% purposes is out ( ! "q3 ! circum/ances are too diff]5t4 ,b ! /udy ( ! great works ( =eign ?\ght is n on t acc\nt useless1 any m ?an ! /udy ( ! great works ( =eign /atesman%ip4 ,hegel did good s]vice1 at lea/1 by free+ philosophy f t aspect ( an import$ luxury1 :i* x usually _h1--z if x 7 an exotic plant remov$ f ! bright air ( ,greece into ! melan*oly mi/s ( ,we/]n ,europe4 ',we h /ill1' he says1 'to break d[n ! p>tition betwe5 ! language ( philosophy1 & t ( ord9>y consci\sness3 we h to ov]come ! reluctance aga9/ ?9k+ :at we are famili> )#e4' ,philosophy mu/ be br\ght face to face ) ord9>y life1 s z to draw its /r5g? f ! actual & liv+ pres5t1 & n f ! memories or traditions ( ! pa/4 ,x has to become ! organis$ & complet$ ?9k+ ( :at is conta9$ bl9dly & vaguely 9 ! v>i\s levels ( popul> intellig5ce1 z ^! are m or less educat$ & ord]$4 ,x mu/ gr[ naturally1 z 9 anci5t ,greece1 f ! necessities ( ! social situation1 & n be a product ( artificial introduction & nurture3 ! revelation by ! m9d's own en]gy ( an implicit tru?1 n ! communication ( a my/]y sacram5tally receiv$4 ,to suppose t a m]e *ange ( words c give ?is grace1 w\ld be absurd4 ,yet :]e ! national life pulses /rong1 z t ( ,g]many 9 ^? days did at fir/ 9 lett]s & !n 9 social re=m1 ! dom9ant note w make itself felt ev5 9 ! neutral regions ( speculation4 ,x 0 a /ep on ! "r road to bani% a pomp\s & ari/ocratic dialect f philosophy1 & to lead x back to ^? words & =ms ( spee*1 :i* are at lea/ 9 sil5t h>mony ) ! national feel+4 ,footnote #a3 ,hegel's ,leb5 7,ros5kranz71 p4 #eee4 ,footnote #b3 ',das ,bekannte b]haupt i/ d>um1 weil es bekannt i/1 ni*t erkannt4' ,ph5om5ologie des ,gei/es1 p4 #bd4 ,footnote #c3 ,v]mis*te ,s*rift51 vol4 ii4 p4 #dgd4 ,footnote #d3 e4 g4 ,dase9 & ,exi/5z3 ,wirkli*keit & ,realitt3 ,wes5 & ,sub/anz4 ,x is ! same habit ( curi\sly pond]+ ov] ! tones & %ades ( language :i* leads him to some?+ v l play+ on words1 & to etymologis+1 z "o may call x1 on unetymological pr9ciples3 e4 g4 ! play on ,me9 & ,me9ung 7vol4 ii4 #cb3 cf4 ,w]ke1 ii4 #ge73 ! lit]al r5d]+ ( ,er9n]ung 7,encycl4 #bcd & #dej72 & ! abrupt transitions1 z x w\ld seem1 f lit]al to figurative use ( su* a t]m z ,grund4 ,at ! same "t x is well n to be prosaically c]ta9 t a free play ( ?\ght does n foll[ ! app>5tly =tuit\s assonance ( words4 ,footnote #e3 ,hegel's ,leb5 7,ros5kranz71 p4 #eec4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,:y ,,translate ,,hegel8 ',b1' x is urg$1 '?\gh x be well to let ! /ream ( =eign ?\ght irrigate "s ( our philosophical pa/ures1 ?\gh we %\ld n = ev] entr5* ourselves 9 our insul>ity--:y try to introduce ,hegel1 ( all philosoph]s confess$ly ! mo/ obscure8 ,:y n be cont5t ) ! /udy & ! exploitation ( ,kant1 :om ,g]mans !mselves /ill ?9k s important z to exp\nd him ) endless comm5t & criticism1 & :o has at l5g? f\nd1 aft] "s skirmi%es1 a recognis$ place 9 ! ,engli% philosophical curriculum8 ,:y seek = m ,teutonic ?9k+ t c be f\nd 9 ,s*op5hau]1 & f\nd !re 9 a cle> & noble /yle1 lum9\s 9 ! highe/ degree1 & t\*+ ) no m]ely academic ab/rus5ess ! problems ( life & dea?8 ,or--z t song is sweete/ to m5 :i* is ! newe/ to r+ 9 _! e>s--:y n r5d] accessible to ,engli% read]s ! num]\s & sugge/ive works ( ,edu>d von ,h>tmann1 & ( ,fri$ri* ,nietzs*e--n to m5tion ,rob]t ,ham]l+#a8 ,or1 f9ally1 :y n give u m & ev] m translations ( ! works 9 logic1 e?ics1 psy*ology1 or metaphysics1 ( ^? _m admirable tea*]s 9 ! ,g]man univ]sities1 :om x w\ld be invidi\s to try to s+le out by "n8 ,z = ,hegel1 8 sy/em1 9 ! native l& ( ! philosoph]1 is utt]ly discr$it$2 its influ5ce is ext9ct2 x is dead z a door-nail4 ,x is a pity to wa/e lab\r & di/ract att5tion1 & t 9 ,engli% l&s1 :]e !re are pl5ty ( problems ( our own to solve1 by an attempt1 :i* mu/ p]=ce be futile1 to resuscitate ^! defunctitudes8' ,t ,hegelianism has be5 utt]ly discr$it$1 9 c]ta9 qu>t]s1 is no discov]y res]v$ = ^! lat] days4 ,b on ?is matt] p]haps we may borr[ an analogy4 ,if ! read] w be at ! tr\ble to take up two ,engli% newspap]s ( opposite p>tisan%ip & comp>e ! reports f _! =eign correspond5ts on "s "q ( home politics1 he may1 if a novice1 be surpris$ to le>n t accord+ to "o1 ! op9ion e4 g4 ( ,vi5na is :olly adv]se to ! measure1 :ile1 accord+ to ! o!r1 t op9ion entirely approves4 ,x is no new ?+ to f9d ,hegelianism 9 g5]al obloquy4 ,ev5 9 #ahcj ! ,ca?olic philosoph] & !ologian ,gn!r#b--;an admir]1 b by no means a foll[] ( ,hegel--wrote t1 '= "s ye>s x _h be5 ! fa%ion 9 le>n$ ,g]many to look ^u philosophy1 & above all ,hegelian philosophy1 z a door-mat on :i* ev]ybody clean$ 8 muddy boots be=e ent]+ ! sanctu>y ( politics & religion4' ,:at is true z reg>ds ! alleg$ surcease ( ,hegelianism is t 9 ! reaction :i* f v>i\s causes turn$ itself aga9/ philosophy 9 ! two dec5nia aft] #ahdh1 t sy/em1 z ! mo/ deeply committ$ "p ( ! 'metaphysical' ho/1 suff]$ mo/ sev]ely4 ,hi/ory & sci5ce seem$ to triumph along ! :ole l9e4 ,b x may be p]haps p]missible to rem>k t ,hegelianism _h pr$ict$ = itself ! fate t x prov$ _h fall5 on all o!r philosophies4 ,aft] ! age ( ,idealism comes ! turn ( ,realism4 ,! ,idea _h to die--_h to s9k z a g]m 9 ! fields ( nature & hi/ory be=e x c\ld be> its fruit4 ,above all x is n to be expect$ t su* a sy/em1 s ambiti\s 9 aim & conc5trat$ 9 expression1 c\ld f9d imm$iate response & at once disclose all its mean+4 ,8 fir/ disciples are n !--true/ int]pret]s ( any great tea*]4 ,:at he saw 9 ! "o compreh5sive glance ( g5ius1 8 successors mu/ (t5 be cont5t to ga!r by ! sl[ accumulation ( ye>s1 & p]haps c5turies1 ( exp]i5ce4 ,x is n to ,!ophra/us t we g = ! true/ & fulle/ conception ( ,ari/otelianism2 nor is ,plato to be measur$ by :at 8 imm$iate successors 9 ! ,academy manag$ to make out ( him4 ,x is n[ m ?an a c5tury s9ce ,kant gave 8 lesson to ! public1 & we are /ill try+ to get him focuss$ 9 a s+le view3 x may be ev5 long] till ,hegel comes fully )9 ! range ( our hi/orians ( ?\ght4 ,ari/otelianism too _h to wait c5turies till x fully ent]$ ! consci\sness ev5 ( ! ?9k+ _w4 ,x is to be said too t )\t ,hegel x w\ld be difficult to imag9e :at ev5 tea*]s1 l ,lotze1 :o 7 v unlike him1 w\ld h _h to say4 ,x does n ne$ a v wide s\l1 nor ne$ "o be a m]e dilettanti/ eclectic1 to f9d mu* ( ,s*op5hau]'s "w f> f incompatible ) 8 great1 & z "s h said1 complem5t>y opposite4 ,x is n inde$ prud5t z yet = a writ] 9 ,g]many :o wi%es to cat* ! g5]al e> to affix too op5ly a pr(ession ( ,hegelian pr9ciples1 & he w d well to w>d (f suspicion by "s disp>ag+ rem>ks on ! fanta/ic me?ods1 ! ov]fondness = sy/em1 ! contempt = common s5se & sci5tific results :i*1 z he decl>es1 vitiate all ! speculations ( ! p]iod f #agid to #ahcj4 ,b "u ! names ( ,sp9oza & ( ,leibniz ! leav5 ( ,hegelian pr9ciples has be5 at "w3 & if ! ,phili/9es solve ! riddle ( ! intellectual ,samson1 x is because !y h pl\gh$ ) 8 heif]1--because 8 ideas are "p ( ! mod]n /ock ( ?\ght1--n f :at !y lit]ally read 9 ! great ?9k]s at ! close ( ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,la/ ye> saw appe> 9 ,g]many two excell5t treatises describable z popul> introductions to philosophy#c1 "o by a ?9k] :o has nev] disguis$ 8 obligations to ,hegel1 ! o!r by a tea*] 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,b]l9 :o may 9 _m ways be consid]$ z ess5tially k9dr$ ) our g5]al ,engli% /yle ( ?\ght4 ,b bo? treatises are m alli$ 9 "* to ! _s ( ! ,hegelian attempts to compreh5d man & ,god ?an to ! =mali/ic & philological disquisitions :i* h = "s ye>s =m$ ! /aple ( ,g]man pr(essorial activity4 ,&1 la/ly1 ! vigor\s ?9k]1 :o a qu>t] ( a c5tury ago />tl$ ! read+ public by ! port5t ( a new metaphysic :i* %\ld be ! syn!sis ( ,s*ell+ & ,s*op5hau]1 has lately in=m$ u#d t 8 aff9ity to ,hegel is1 tak5 all 9 all1 great] ?an 8 aff9ity to any o!r philosoph]'2 & t t aff9ity ext5ds to all t 9 ,hegel has ess5tial & p]man5t value4 ,b x is n on ,edu>d von ,h>tmann's comm5dation t we ne$ re/ our e/imate ( ,hegelianism4 ,we %all r say t1 till m ( ,hegel has be5 assimilat$1 he mu/ /ill block ! way4 ,?+s h alt]$ greatly 9 ! la/ tw5ty ye>s1 x is true2 & ideas ( m or less ,hegelian orig9 h tak5 _! place 9 ! common /ock ( philosophic commodities4 ,b x w probably be admitt$ by ^? be/ qualifi$ to speak on ! subject1 t ! %[] has n z yet p5etrat$ v deeply into ! case-h>d5$ soil1 /ill less saturat$ x 9 ! measure mo/ likely to cause fruitful %oots to gr[ =?4 ,we h to g back to ,hegel 9 ! same _s z we g to ,kant1 &1 = t matt]1 to ,plato or ,desc>tes3 or1 z ! mod]ns may g back--to borr[ f ano!r sph]e--to ,dante or ,%akespe>e4 ,we d n want ! mod]n poet to resuscitate ! /yle & matt] ( ,k+ ,le> or ( ! ,inf]no4 ,yet z ! ,greek trag$ian /eep$ 8 s\l 9 ! language & ! leg5d ( ,hom]ic epic1 z ,dante nurtur$ 8 _s on ! noble melodies ( ,mantua's poet2 s philosophy1 if x is to g =? /rong & effective1 mu/ m\ld into its own sub/ance ! liv+ ?\ght ( =m] times4 ,x w\ld be z absurd1 & z impossible to be lit]ally & simply a ,hegelian1--if t means "o = :om ,hegel sums up all philosophy & all tru?--z x is to be at ! pres5t day 9 ! lit]al s5se a ,platoni/ or an ,ari/otelian4 ,! _w may be sl[1 ! _w ( op9ion & ?\ght may l+]3 e pur si muove4 ,we too h our own problems--! same1 no d\bt1 9 a s5se1 f age to age1 & yet inf9itely v>y+ & nev] 9 two ages alike4 ,new />s h appe>$ on ! spiritual sky2 & :e!r !y h 9 !m ! et]nal light or only ! fla% & gl>e ( a pass+ meteor1 !y alt] ! aspects ( ! night 9 :i* we are /ill wait+ = ! dawn4 ,a new language1 born ( new relations ( ideas1 or ( new ideas1 is p]=ce = our g5]ation ! vehicle ( all utt]ances1 & we _c aga9 speak ! dialect1 h[ev] impos+ or h[ev] qua9t1 ( a vani%$ day4 ,& = t reason !re mu/ always be a new philosophy1 c\*$ 9 ! language ( ! age1 sympa!tic ) its hopes & fe>s1 consci\s ( its beliefs1 m or less s5sible ( its problems--z inde$ we may be confid5t !re always w be4 ,b1 p]haps1 ! w>rior 9 t battle aga9/ illusion & prejudice1 aga9/ ! slo? :i* takes ?+s z !y are & ! poorness ( _s :i* is satisfi$ ) fir/ appe>ances1 w n d wisely to disda9 ! pa/4 ,he w n inde$ equip himself ) ru/y swords & clumsy artill]y f ! old ars5als4 ,b he w n disda9 ! lessons ( ! pa/1--its me?ods & pr9ciples ( tactics & /rategy4 ,recognis+ p]haps "s defects & inequalities 9 ! me?ods & aims ( ?\ght mo/ famili> to him & curr5t 9 8 vic9ity1 he may g abroad = o!r samples1 ev5 ?\gh !y be n 9 all respects wor? 8 adoption4 ,& s )\t tak+ ,hegel z omnisci5t1 or pl$g+ himself to e ^w ( ! ma/]1 he may ?9k f 8 own exp]i5ce t !re is mu* 9 ! sy/em t w be helpful1 :5 duly e/imat$ & assimilat$1 to o!rs4 ,!re is--& few c be s bigot$ or s positive-m9d$ z to regret x--!re is unque/ionably a gr[+ int]e/ 9 ,engli%-speak+ c\ntries 9 :at may be r\ghly call$ philosophy--! attempt1 unprejudic$ by political1 sci5tific1 or ecclesia/ical dogma1 to solve ! que/ions z to :at ! _w really is1 & :at man's place & function is4 ',! bur!n ( ! my/]y1 ! heavy & ! we>y weight ( all ?is un9telligible _w' is felt--felt widely & sometimes felt deeply4 ,to ! direct light5+ ( t bur!n & t my/]y x is ! privilege ( our pr(\nde/ ?9k]s & our f>-see+ poets & arti/s to contribute4 ,to ! translator ( ,hegel !re falls ! humbl] task ( mak+ accessible1 if x may be1 some?+ ( "o ( ! lat] attempts at a solution ( ! enigma ( life & exi/5ce1--an attempt :i* = a "t dazzl$ "s ( ! ke5e/ intellects ( its age1 & :i* has at lea/ impress$ _m o!rs ) ! conviction1 born ( mom5t>y fla%es f x ( va/ illum9ant p[]1 t--si sic omnia--!re 0 "h conceal$ a key to _m puzzles1 & a gu>d aga9/ _m illusions likely to beset ! inquir] aft] tru?4 ,footnote #a3 ,a book by ,v4 ,knau] publi%$ la/ ye> 7,hauptprobleme d] ,philosophie71 a s]ies ( popul> lectures1 gives "o-six? ( its space to ! ',atomi/ic ( ,w' by ! ,au/rian poet ,ham]l+4 ,footnote #b3 ,hegel's ,briefe1 ii4 #cdi4 ,footnote #c3 ,j4 ,volkelt1 ,vortrge zur ,e9fhrung 9 die ,philosophie d] ,geg5w>t 7,mn*5 #ahib73 ,f4 ,pauls51 ,e9leitung 9 die ,philosophie 7,b]l9 #ahib74 ,footnote #d3 ,e4 v4 ,h>tmann1 ,kritis*e ,w&]ung51 p4 #gd4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,engli% ,,philosophy ,,& ,,hegel4 ,al?\gh we ne$ n take too s]i\sly ,hegel's rem>k 7vol4 ii4 p4 #ac7 on ! ,engli% conception ( philosophy1 x may be admitt$ t1 by ! dom9ant s*ool ( ,engli% ?\ght1 philosophy1 tak5 9 ! wide s5se x has pr$om9antly born abroad1 01 n s v long ago1 all b entirely ignor$4 ,causes ( v>i\s k9ds _h turn$ ! en]gy ( ! ,engli% m9d into o!r directions1 n less ess5tial to ! common welf>e4 ,practical ne$s & an e/abli%$ social sy/em help$--to b9d d[n /udies to def9ite & p>ticul> objects1 & to exclude :at seem$ vague & g5]al inve/igations ) no imm$iate be>+ on ! bus9ess ( life4 ,h5ce philosophy 9 ,engl& c\ld h>dly exi/ except :5 x 0 r$uc$ to ! level ( a special bran* ( sci5ce1 or :5 x c\ld be us$ z a receptacle = ! pr9ciples & me?ods common to all ! sci5ces4 ,! g5]al t]m 0 (t5 us$ to d5ote ! wisdom ( ?is _w1 or ! practical exhibition ( self-control 9 life & action4 ,= ^? rese>*es1 :i* are direct$ to ! objects once consid]$ prop] to philosophy1 ! m def9ite & *>act]i/ic t]m came to be ,m5tal & ,moral ,sci5ce4 ,! old "n 0 9 c]ta9 circles re/rict$ to d5ote ! vague & irregul> speculations ( ^? ?9k]s1 :o ei!r liv$ be=e ! rise ( exact sci5ce1 or :o act$ 9 defiance ( its precepts & its example4 ,"o l>ge & influ5tial class ( ,engli% ?9k]s incl9$ to sweep philosophy altoge!r away1 z equival5t to metaphysics & obsolete =ms ( error2 & ^u ! empty site ?us obta9$ !y s\ght to con/ruct a psy*ological !ory ( m9d1 or !y tri$ to arrange & codify ^? g5]al rem>ks ^u ! g5]al proc$ure ( ! sci5ces :i* are kn[n "u ! "n ( ,inductive ,logic4 ,a small]1 b n less vigor\s1 s*ool ( philosophy look$ ^u _! bus9ess z an ext5sion & r\nd+ (f ( sci5ce into a complete unification ( k4 ,! fir/ is illu/rat$ by ! names ( ,j4 ,s4 ,mill & ,mr4 ,ba93 ! second is ! doctr9e ( ,mr4 ,h]b]t ,sp5c]4 ,! encyclopa$ic aggregate ( biological1 psy*ological1 e?ical & social inve/igation :i* ,mr4 ,sp5c] pursues1 "u ! g5]al guidance ( ! =mula ( evolution by diff]5tiation & integration1 /ill proce$s on its c\rse3 b ?\gh its popul>ity--z su* popul>ity goes--is va/ & m ?an national1 x does n & probably _c f9d _m imitators4 ,v diff]5tly /& matt]s ) ! movem5t 9 psy*ology & logic4 ,"h ! initiative has l$ to div]g5t & unexpect$ developm5ts4 ,psy*ology1 :i* at fir/ 0 p>tly an ampl] & a m progressive logic1 a !ory ( ! orig9 & nature ( k1 p>tly a propa$eutic to ! m te*nical logic & e?ics1 & pursu$ 9 a loosely introspective way1 has gravitat$ m & m t[>ds its exp]im5tal & physiological side1 ) occasional velleities to assume ! ab/ractly-ma!matical "* ( a psy*o-physical sci5ce4 ,logic1 on ! o!r h&1 has also *ang$ its scope4 ,n cont5t to be a m]e tool ( ! sci5ces or a m]e crit]ion = ! e/imation ( evid5ce1 x has 9 "o direction gr[n into a sy/ematic ef=t to become an epi/emology--a sy/em ( ! fir/ pr9ciples ( k & reality--a metaphysic ( sci5ce2 & 9 ano!r x has s\ght to realise ! mean+ ( ^? old =ms ( inf]5ce :i* ! logicians ( half a c5tury ago 7 incl9$ to pooh-pooh z obsolete4 ,mo/ rem>kable--& mo/ novel ( all--is ! va/ increase ( int]e/ & rese>* 9 ! problems ( e?ics & v ( :at is call$ ! philosophy ( religion--subjects :i* at t date 7 lit]ally burn+ que/ions1 apt to scor* ! f+]s ( ^? :o t\*$ !m4 ,9 all ( ?is1 b especially m>k$ 9 "s lead+ ?9k]s1 ! rul+ feature is ! critical--! sceptical1 i4 e4 ! eag]1 wat*ful1 b self-re/ra9$--attitude t[>ds its !mes4 ,ev] driv+ on to f9d a deep] unity ?an %[s on ! surface1 & to get at pr9ciples1 ! mod]n ?9k]--& 9 ?is we see ! p]man5t & almo/ ov]:elm+ influ5ce ( ,kant ^u him--recoils f ! dogmatism ( sy/em1 at ! v mom5t x seems to be )9 8 grasp4 ,?us ! rec5t products ( ,engli% ?\ght h be51 z ,mr4 ,sp5c] has taught u to say1 p>tly 9 ! l9e ( diff]5tiation1 p>tly ( integration4 ,at "o mom5t x seems z if ! anci5t que5 ( ! sci5ces sat l ,hecuba1 exul1 inops1 :ile h] y\ng] daught]s enjoy$ ! fre$om & progress ( specialisation4 ,! wood seems lo/ beh9d ! trees4 ,& at ano!r1 aga91 ! c5tripetal =ce seems to prepond]ate3 e dep>tm5t1 logic1 e?ics1 psy*ology1 sociology1 rapidly c>ries its /ud5ts on & up to fundam5tal que/ions1 if n to fundam5tal pr9ciples4 ,philosophy--! "o & undivid$ tru? & que/ ( tru?s--em]ges fre%1 vigor\s1 & z yet r indet]m9ate1 f ! mass ( detail$ inve/igations4 ,t ! position is n[ alt]$ f :at x 0 9 times :5 k _h few] dep>tm5ts1 is obvi\s4 ,! task ( ! 'synoptic' m9d--:i* ,plato claims = ! philosoph]--gr[s increas+ly difficult3 b t is h>dly a reason = p]=m+ x 9 a m p]functory way4 ,x seems r z if 9 su* a crisis "o ( ! great recon/ructive sy/ems ( a prec$+ age might be 9 "s measure helpful4 ,if we consult hi/ory1 x is at once cle> t philosophy1 or ! pursuit ( ultimate reality & p]man5t tru?1 w5t h& 9 h& ) sci5tific rese>*es into facts & _! p>ticul> explanations4 ,9 _! e>li] /ages ! two t5d5cies ( ?\ght 7 sc>cely di/+ui%able4 ,! philosoph]s ( ,ionia & ,magna ,graecia 7 also ! sci5tific pione]s ( _! "t4 ,_! fragm5t>y rema9s rem9d u at times ( ! mod]n !ories ( geology & biology1--at o!r times ( ! tea*+s ( idealism4 ,! same ?+ is comp>atively true ( ! e>li] philosoph]s ( ,mod]n ,europe4 ,! sev5te5? & eighte5? c5turies1 9 spite ( ,bacon & ,newton1 endeav\r$ to /udy ! m5tal & moral life by a me?od :i* 0 a /range mixture ( empiricism & metaphysics4 ,9 words1 inde$1 ! ?9k]s f ,desc>tes to ,wolff duly emphasise1 p]haps ov]-emphasise1 ! anti!sis betwe5 ! ext5d$ & ! intellectual4 ,b 9 practice _! c\rse is n s cle>4 ,_! m5tal philosophy is (t5 only a prelim9>y m$ic9a m5tis to set ! individual m9d 9 good ord] = und]tak+ ! v>i\s tasks await+ a special rese>*4 ,!y are really eag] to get on to bus9ess1 & only1 z x 71 ) regret sp5d "t 9 ?is cle>ance ( m5tal faculty4 ,& :5 !y d deal ) objects1 ! mat]ial & ext5d$ t5ds to become ! dom9ant conception1 ! basis ( reality4 ,! human m9d1 t nobilissima sub/antia1 is treat$ only z an aggregate1 or a receptacle1 ( ideas1 & ! m5s1--) !m all ne>ly z ) ,sp9oza1--is only an idea corporis1 & t phrase n tak5 s highly z ,sp9oza's p]haps %\ld be tak54 ,9 ! works ( ^! ?9k]s1 z ( ! pre-,socratics1 !re is "o elem5t :i* may be /yl$ philosophical1 & ano!r elem5t :i* maybe /yl$ sci5tific1--if we use bo? words vaguely4 ,b ) ,socrates 9 ! anci5t1 & ) ,kant 9 ! mod]n epo* ( philosophy1 an attempt 0 made to get ! b\nd>y betwe5 ! two regions def9itively drawn4 ,! di/9ction 0 9 ! fir/ place accompani$ by some?+ l turn+ ! back ^u sci5ce & popul> conceptions4 ,socrates )drew ?\ght f disquisitions conc]n+ ! nature ( all ?+s1 & fix$ x ^u man & ! /ate ( man4 ,kant left ! broad fields ( actually-atta9$ k1 & inquir$ into ! c5tral pr9ciple on :i* ! acquisition ( sci5ce1 ! laws ( human life1 & ! ideals ( art & religion1 7 f\nd$4 ,! *ange ?us begun 0 n unlike t :i* ,cop]nicus effect$ 9 ! !ory ( ,a/ronomy4 ,human p]sonality1 ei!r 9 ! actualis$ =ms ( ! ,/ate1 or 9 ! ab/ract %ape ( ! ,reason1--t intellectual lib]ty1 :i* is a man's true _w1--01 at lea/ by implication1 made ! pivot ar\nd :i* ! sy/em ( ! sci5ces might turn4 ,9 ! conte/1 :i* accord+ to ,reid prevails betwe5 ,common ,s5se & ,philosophy1 ! presumptions ( ! =m] h be5 di/9ctly rev]s$1 & ,kant1 l ,socrates1 has %[n t x is n ! sev]al items ( fact1 b ! humanity1 ! moral law1 ! ?\ght1 :i* und]lies ^! doctr9es1 :i* give ! real re/+-po9t & true c5tre ( movem5t4 ,b ?is negative attitude ( philosophy to ! sci5ces is only ! beg9n+1 ne$$ to secure a /&+-gr\nd4 ,9 ! anci5t _w ,ari/otle1 & 9 ! mod]n ,hegel 7z ! inh]itor ( ! lab\rs ( ,fi*te & ,s*ell+71 exhibit ! movem5t outw>ds to reconqu] ! univ]se1 proce$+ f t pr9ciple :i* ,socrates & ,kant _h emphasis$ 9 its fundam5tal wor?4 ,mr4 ,mill1 9 ! clos+ *apt] ( 8 ,logic1 has briefly sket*$ ! ideal ( a sci5ce to :i* he gives ! "n ( ,teleology1 correspond+ 9 ! e?ical & practical sph]e to a ,philosophia ,prima1 or ,metaphysics1 9 ! !oretical4 ,?is ideal & ultimate c\rt ( appeal is to be valid 9 ,morality1 & also 9 ,prud5ce1 ,policy & ,ta/e4 ,b ! conception1 al?\gh a desirable "o1 falls %ort ( ! "w :i* ,hegel assigns to philosophy4 ,:at he int5d$ to accompli% ) detail & regul> evolution 0 n a sy/em ( pr9ciples 9 ^! dep>tm5ts ( action only1 b a !ory :i* w\ld give its prop] place 9 our total ,idea ( reality to ,art1 ,sci5ce1 & ,religion1 to all ! consci\sness ( ord9>y life1 & to ! evolution ( ! physical univ]se4 ,philosophy ranges ov] !--:ole field ( actuality1 or exi/+ fact4 ,ab/ract pr9ciples are all v well 9 _! way2 b !y are n philosophy4 ,if ! _w 9 its hi/orical & its pres5t life develops into endless detail 9 regul> l9es1 philosophy mu/ equally develop ! n>r[ness ( its fir/ pr9ciples into ! pl5itude ( a ,sy/em1--into :at ,hegel calls1 ! ,idea4 ,8 po9t ( view may be ga!r$ f ! foll[+ rem>ks 9 a review ( ,hamann1 an erratic fri5d & fell[-citiz5 ( ,kant's4 ,hamann w\ld n put himself to ! tr\ble1 :i* 9 an high] s5se ,god und]took4 ,! anci5t philosoph]s h describ$ ,god "u ! image ( a r\nd ball4 ,b if t be ,8 nature1 ,god has unfold$ x2 & 9 ! actual _w ,he has op5$ ! clos$ %ell ( tru? into a sy/em ( ,nature1 into a ,/ate-sy/em1 a sy/em ( ,law & ,morality1 into ! sy/em ( ! _w's ,hi/ory4 ,! %ut fi/ has become an op5 h&1 ! f+]s ( :i* rea* out to lay hold ( man's m9d1 & draw x to ,himself4 ,nor is ! human m9d a self-involv$ intellig5ce1 bl9dly mov+ )9 its own secret recesses4 ,x is no m]e feel+ & grop+ ab\t 9 a vacuum1 b an intellig5t sy/em ( rational organisation4 ,( t sy/em ,?\ght is ! summit 9 po9t ( =m3 & ,?\ght maybe describ$ z ! capability ( go+ beyond ! m]e surface ( ,god's self-expansion1--or r z ! capability1 by means ( reflection ^u x1 ( ent]+ into x1 & !n :5 ! entrance has be5 secur$1 ( retrac+ 9 ?\ght ,god's expansion ( ,himself4 ,to take ?is tr\ble is ! express duty & end ( ends set be=e ! ?9k+ m9d1 ev] s9ce ,god laid aside ,8 roll$-up =m1 & reveal$ ,himself#a4' ,en?usia/ic admir]s h (t5 spok5 z if ! salvation ( ! "t c\ld only come f ! ,hegelian philosophy4 ',grasp ! secret ( ,hegel1' !y say1 '& y w f9d a cure = ! delusions ( y\r own m9d1 & ! rem$y :i* w set "r ! wrongs ( ! _w4' ,^! high claims to be a panacea 7 nev] made by ,hegel himself4 ,accord+ to him1 z accord+ to ,ari/otle1 philosophy z su* c produce no?+ new4 ,practical /atesm51 & !oretical re=m]s1 may d _! be/ to correct ! inequalities ( _! "t4 ,b ! v t]ms 9 :i* ,bacon scornfully depreciat$ "o great concept ( philosophy are to be accept$ 9 _! lit]al tru?4 ,l a virg9 consecrat$ to ,god1 %e be>s no fruit#b4 ,%e repres5ts ! _s ( ! _w1 re/+1 z x 71 :5 "o /ep 9 ! progress has be5 accompli%$1 & survey+ ! advance :i* has be5 made4 ,philosophy is n1' says ,fi*te1 'ev5 a means to %ape life3 = x lies 9 a totally diff]5t _w1 & :at is to h an influ5ce ^u life mu/ itself h sprung f life4 ,philosophy is only a means to ! k ( life4' ,nor has x ! vocation to edify m51 & take ! place ( religion on ! high] levels ( intellect4 ',! philosoph]1' ,fi*te boldly cont9ues1 'has no ,god at all & c h no ,god3 he has only a concept ( ! concept or ( ! ,idea ( ,god4 ,x is only 9 life t !re is ,god & religion3 b ! philosoph] z su* is n ! :ole complete man1 & x is impossible = any "o to be only a philosoph]#c4' ,philosophy does n pr(ess to br+ into be+ :at ought to be1 b is n yet4 ,x sets up no m]e ideals1 :i* mu/ wait = "s future day 9 ord] to be realis$4 ,en\gh = x if x %[ :at ! _w is1 if x 7 :at x pr(esses to be1 & :at 9 a way x mu/ be1 o!rwise x c\ld n be ev5 :at x is4 ,! subject-matt] ( philosophy is t :i* is always realis+ & always realis$--! _w 9 its :ol5ess z x is & has be54 ,x seeks to put be=e u1 & embody 9 p]man5t outl9es1 ! univ]sal law ( spiritual life & gr[?1 & n ! local1 tempor>y1 & individual acts ( human w4 ,^? :o ask philosophy to con/rue1 or to d$uce a priori a s+le blade ( grass1 or a s+le act ( a man1 mu/ n be griev$ if _! reque/ s\nds absurd & meets ) no answ]4 ,! sph]e ( philosophy is ! ,univ]sal4 ,we may say1 if we l1 t x is retrospective4 ,x is ! spectator ( all "t & all exi/5ce3 x is its duty to view ?+s sub specie aet]nitatis4 ,to compreh5d ! univ]se ( ?\ght 9 all its =mations & all its features1 to r$uce ! solid /ructures1 :i* m9d has creat$1 to fluidity & transp>5cy 9 ! pure m$ium ( ?\ght1 to set free ! fossilis$ intellig5ce :i* ! great magician :o wields ! de/9ies ( ! _w has hidd5 "u ! mask ( ,nature1 ( ! ,m9d ( man1 ( ! works ( ,art1 ( ! in/itutions ( ! ,/ate & ! ord]s ( ,society1 & ( religi\s =ms & cre$s3--su* is ! complicat$ problem ( philosophy4 ,its special "w is to compreh5d ! _w1 n try to make x bett]4 ,if x 7 ! purpose ( philosophy to re=m & improve ! exi/+ /ate ( ?+s1 x comes a little too late = su* a task4 ',z ! ?\ght ( ! _w1' says ,hegel1 'x makes its fir/ appe>ance at a "t1 :5 ! actual fact has consummat$ its process ( =mation1 & is n[ fully matur$4 ,?is is ! doctr9e set =? by ! notion ( philosophy2 b x is also ! tea*+ ( hi/ory4 ,x is only :5 ! actual _w has rea*$ its full fruition t ! ideal rises to confront ! reality1 & builds up1 9 ! %ape ( an intellectual realm1 t same _w grasp$ 9 its sub/antial be+4 ,:5 philosophy pa9ts its grey 9 grey1 "s "o %ape ( life has mean:ile gr[n old3 & grey 9 grey1 ?\gh x br+s x into k1 _c make x "y aga94 ,! owl ( ,m9]va does n />t ^u its flight1 until ! ev5+ twilight has begun to fall#d4' ,footnote #a3 ,v]mis*te ,s*rift51 vol4 ii4 p4 #hg4 ,footnote #b3 ,de ,augm4 ,sci5t4 iii4 #e4 ,footnote #c3 ,! passages occur 9 "s notes 7writt5 d[n by ,f4 9 ref]5ce to ! *>ge ( ,a!ism7 publi%$ 9 8 ,w]ke1 v4 pp4 #cdb1 #cdh4 ,footnote #d3 ,philosophie des ,re*ts1 p4 #bj 7,w]ke1 viii74 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,hegel ,,& ,,!ology4 ,ev5 an incid5tal glance into ,hegel's ,logic _c fail to discov] ! frequ5t recurr5ce ( ! "n ( ,god1 & ! discussion ( matt]s n g5]ally t\*$ ^u1 unless 9 works be>+ ^u religion4 ,!re 7 two que/ions :i* seem to h _h a c]ta9 fasc9ation = ,hegel4 ,"o ( !m1 a r unpromis+ problem1 ref]r$ to ! di/ances betwe5 ! sev]al planets 9 ! sol> sy/em1 & ! law regulat+ ^! int]vals#a4 ,! o!r & m intimate problem turn$ ^u ! value ( ! pro(s usually (f]$ 9 support ( ! be+ ( ,god4 ,t ,god is ! supreme c]titude ( ! m9d1 ! basis ( all reality & k1 is :at ,hegel no m put 9 "q1 ?an did ,desc>tes1 ,sp9oza1 or ,locke4 ,:at he (t5 repeat$ 0 t ! matt] 9 ^! pro(s mu/ be di/+ui%$ f ! imp]fect mann] 9 :i* ! argu]s pres5t$ x4 ,aga9 & aga9 9 8 ,logic1 z well z 9 o!r discussions m especially devot$ to x1 he exam9es ?is problem4 ,8 p]si/5ce 9 ?is direction might e>n = him t title ( ',knight ( ! ,holy ,gho/1' by :i* ,he9e1 9 "o ( ! delightful poems ( 8 ',reisebild]1' describes himself to ! maid ( ,klau/hal 9 ! ,h>z4 ,! poet ( ,love & ( ,fre$om _h und\bt$ rights to rank among ! sacr$ b&3 b s also _h ! philosoph]4 ,l ! ,socrates :om ,plato describes to u1 he seems to feel t he has be5 commission$ to reveal ! tru? ( ,god1 & quick5 m5 by an insight into ! "r wisdom4 ,n[h]e 9 ! mod]n p]iod ( philosophy has high] _s brea!d 9 ! utt]ances ( a ?9k]4 ,! same !me is claim$ z ! common h]itage ( philosophy & religion4 ,a lett] to ,duboc#b1 ! fa!r ( a mod]n ,g]man noveli/1 lets u see h[ important ?is aspect ( 8 sy/em 0 to ,hegel himself4 ,he _h be5 ask$ to give a succ9ct explanation ( 8 /&+-gr\nd3 & 8 answ] beg9s by po9t+ out t philosophy seeks to appreh5d 9 reason$ k ! same tru? :i* ! religi\s m9d has 9 its fai?4 ,words l ^! may at fir/ sight sugge/ ! bold so>+ ( anci5t speculation 9 ! times ( ,plato & ,ari/otle1 or ev5 ! !ories ( ! m$ieval ,s*oolm54 ,!y s\nd z if he propos$ to d = ! mod]n _w1 & 9 ! full light ( mod]n k1 :at ! ,s*oolm5 tri$ to accompli% )9 ! some:at n>r[ conceptions ( m$ieval ,*ri/ianity & ,greek logic4 ,/ill !re is a diff]5ce betwe5 ! two cases4 ,:ile ! ,doctors ( ! ,*ur*1 9 appe>ance at lea/1 d]iv$ ! =m ( exposition1 & ! matt] ( _! sy/ems1 f two indep5d5t & app>5tly het]og5e\s s\rces1 ! mod]n ,s*ola/ic ( ,hegel claims to be a h>moni\s unity1 body f9d+ s\l1 & s\l giv+ itself body4 ,& :ile ! ,hegelian sy/em has ! all-embrac+ & encyclopa$ic "* by :i* ,s*ola/ic sci5ce ?rew its arms ar\nd heav5 & e>?1 x has also ! untrammel$ lib]ty ( ! ,greek ?9k]s4 ,hegel1 9 %ort1 %[s ! union ( ^! two modes ( speculation3 free z ! anci5t1 & compreh5sive z ! mod]n4 ,8 !ory is ! explication ( ,god2 b ( ,god 9 ! actuality & pl5itude ( ! _w1 & n z a transc5d5t ,be+1 su* z an ov]-rev]5t philosophy has sometimes suppos$ him1 9 ! solitude ( a _w beyond4 ,! greatness ( a philosophy is its p[] ( compreh5d+ facts4 ,! mo/ *>act]i/ic fact ( mod]n times is ,*ri/ianity4 ,! g5]al ?\ght & action ( ! civilis$ _w has be5 alt]nately fasc9at$ & repell$1 b always influ5c$1 & to a high degree p]meat$1 by ! ,*ri/ian !ory ( life1 & /ill m by ! fai?ful vision ( t life display$ 9 ! ,son ( ,man4 ,to pass t great cl\d ( witness & leave x on ! o!r side1 is to admit t y\r sy/em is no key to ! secret ( ! _w1--ev5 if we add1 z "s w pref]1 ( ! _w z x is & has be54 ,& !re=e ! ,hegelian sy/em1 if x is to be a philosophy at all1 mu/ be 9 ?is s5se ,*ri/ian4 ,b x is nei!r a critic1 nor an apologi/ ( hi/orical ,*ri/ianity4 ,! voice ( philosophy is z t ( ! ,jewi% doctor ( ! ,law3 ',if ?is c\ncil or ?is "w be ( m51 x w come to n\ght3 b if x be ( ,god1 ye _c ov]?r[ x1 ,philosophy exam9es :at is1 & n :at1 accord+ to "s op9ions1 ought to be4 ,su* a po9t ( view requires no discussion ( ! ',h[' or ! ',:y' ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,x involves no inquiry into hi/orical docum5ts1 or into ! belief 9 miracles3 = to x ,*ri/ianity re/s only incid5tally on ! evid5ce ( hi/ory2 & miracles1 z vulg>ly expla9$1 c f9d no reception 9 a philosophical sy/em4 ,= x ,*ri/ianity is 'absolute religion'3 religion i4 e4 :i* has fully become & realis$ all t religion meant to be4 ,t religion has1 ( c\rse1 its hi/orical side3 x appe>$ at a def9ite epo* 9 ! annals ( our race3 x reveal$ itself 9 a unique p]sonality 9 a rem>kable nation4 ,& at an e>ly p]iod ( 8 life ,hegel _h tri$ to ga!r up 9 "o conception ! traits ( t augu/ figure1 9 8 life & spee* & dea?4 ,b1 9 ! light ( philosophy1 ?is hi/orical side %rivels up z comp>atively unimportant4 ,n ! p]sonality1 b ! 'revelation ( reason' ?r\gh man's _s3 n ! annals ( a life once sp5t 9 s]v+ ,god & m51 b ! words ( ! ',et]nal ,gospel are h5ce=? ! ess5ce ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,?us ! controll+ & c5tral conception ( life & actuality1 :i* is ! f9al explanation ( all t man ?9ks & does1 has a tw(old aspect4 ,!re is1 z x 71 a d\ble ,absolute--= "u ?is "n philosophy has :at 9 religion corresponds to ,god4 ,x is true t 9 ! f9al =m ( 8 sy/em ! ,absolute ,_s has ?ree phases--ea* z x 7 pass+ on into & incorporat$ ) ! next--,art work+ out its implications till x appe>s z ,religion1 & ,religion call+ = its p]fection 9 ,philosophy4 ,b 9 ! ,ph5om5ology1 8 fir/ "w1 ! religion ( ,art only int]v5es z a grade f 'natural' religion to religion manife/ or reveal$2 & 9 ! fir/ edition ( ! ,encyclopa$ia :at is subsequ5tly call$ ,art is entitl$ ! ,religion ( ,art4 ,x is 9 entire accordance ) ^! indications :5 9 ! ,lectures on ,ae/hetics#c x is said '! true & orig9al position ( ,art is to be ! fir/-come imm$iate self-satisfaction ( ,absolute ,_s'2 ?\gh 9 our days 7x is add$7 'its =m has ceas$ to be ! highe/ ne$ ( ! _s4' ,x is h>dly too mu* !n to say t1 = ,hegel1 ! ,absolute has two phases1 ,religion & ,philosophy4 ,! ,hegelian view pres5ts itself mo/ decisively1 ?\gh p]haps ) a little lecture-l ov]-insi/ance1 9 ! ,philosophy ( ,religion#d4 ',! object ( religion z ( philosophy is ! et]nal tru? 9 its v objectivity1--,god & no?+ b ,god1--& ! explication ( ,god4 ,philosophy is n a wisdom ( ! _w1 b cognition ( ! non-worldly3 n a cognition ( ! ext]nal mass ( empirical exi/5ce & life1 b cognition ( :at is et]nal1 :at is ,god1 & :at fl[s f ,8 nature4 ,= ?is nature mu/ reveal & develop itself4 ,h5ce philosophy explicates itself only :5 x explicates religion2 & 9 explicat+ itself x explicates religion4444 ,?us religion & philosophy co9cide3 9 fact1 philosophy is itself a div9e s]vice1 is a religion3 = x is ! same r5unciation ( subjective fancies & op9ions1 & is engag$ ) ,god alone4' ,aga91 x may be ask$ 9 :at s5se philosophy has to deal ) ,god & ) ,tru?4 ,^! two t]ms are (t5 synonyms 9 ,hegel4 ,all ! objects ( sci5ce1 all ! t]ms ( ?\ght1 all ! =ms ( reality1 lead out ( !mselves1 & seek = a c5tre & re/+-po9t4 ,!y are sev]ally inadequate & p>tial1 & !y crave adequacy & complet5ess4 ,!y t5d to organise !mselves2 to call out m & m di/9ctly ! full] reality :i* !y presuppose1--:i* mu/ h be51 o!rwise !y c\ld n h be53 !y r$uce _! fir/ appe>ance ( complet5ess to its due grade ( inadequacy & br+ out _! complem5t>y side1 s z to con/itute a sy/em or univ]se2 & 9 ?is t5d5cy to a self-correct+ unity consi/s _! progress to tru?4 ,_! untru? lies 9 isolation & pret5d$ indep5d5ce or f9ality4 ,?is complet$ unity1 9 :i* all ?+s receive _! entir5ess & become adequate1 is _! ,tru?3 & t ,tru?1 z kn[n 9 religi\s language1 is ,god4 ,rightly or wrongly1 ,god is ?us int]pret$ 9 ! ,logic ( ,hegel4 ,su* a position mu/ seem v /range to "o :o is famili> only ) ! sob] /udies ( ,engli% philosophy4 ,9 :atev] else ! lead]s ( ! sev]al s*ools 9 ?is c\ntry disagree1 !y are ne>ly all at "o 9 bani%+ ,god & religion to a _w beyond ! pres5t sublun>y sph]e1 to an inscrutable region beyond ! scope ( sci5tific inquiry1 :]e /atem5ts may be made at w1 b :]e we h no p[] ( v]ify+ any /atem5t :atev]4 ,?is is ! common doctr9e ( ,sp5c] & ,mansel1 ( ,hamilton & ,mill4 ,ev5 ^? ,engli% ?9k]s1 :o %[ "s anxiety to support :at is at pres5t call$ ,!ism1 g5]ally re/ cont5t ) v9dicat+ = ! m9d ! vague p]ception ( a ,be+ beyond u1 & diff]+ f u incomm5surably4 ,god is to !m a residual ph5om5on1 a m>g9al exi/5ce4 ,outside ! realm ( exp]i5ce & k !re is n-no?+--a some?+--beyond def9ite circumscription3 incalculable1 & !re=e an object1 possibly ( fe>1 possibly ( hope3 ! reflection 9 ! utt] d>kness ( a great ,:at-may-x-n-be8 ,he is ! ,unkn[n ,p[]1 felt by :at "s ( ^! writ]s call intuition1 & o!rs call exp]i5ce4 ,!y d n h[ev] all[ to k any capacity ( appreh5d+ 9 detail ! tru?s :i* belong to ! k+dom ( ,god4 ,n[ ! :ole tea*+ ( ,hegel is ! ov]?r[ ( ! limits ?us set to religi\s ?\ght4 ,to him all ?\ght1 & all actuality :5 x is grasp$ by k1 is f man's side1 an exaltation ( ! m9d t[>ds ,god3 :ile1 :5 reg>d$ f ! div9e /&+-po9t1 x is ! manife/ation by ,god ( ,8 own nature 9 its inf9ite v>iety4 ,x is only :5 we fix our eyes cle>ly on ^! g5]al features 9 8 speculation1 t we c und]/& :y he places ! maturity ( anci5t philosophy 9 ! "t ( ,plot9us & ,proclus4 ,n t ^! ,neo-,platoni/s are1 z ?9k]s1 ( p[] equal to _! ma/] ( ,a!ns4 ,b1 9 ! realm ( ! bl9d ! "o-ey$ may be k+4 ,! lat] ?9k]s set _! vision m di/9ctly & p]si/5tly on ! l& t is et]nal--'on ! fur!r side ( be+1' to quote ,plato's phrase4 ,x is = ! same reason ,hegel gives s mu* att5tion to ! religi\s or semi-religi\s !ories ( ,jacob ,bhme & ( ,jacobi1 ?\gh ^! m5 7 9 _m ways s unlike himself4 ,footnote #a3 ,hegel's ,leb51 p4 #aee4 ,x 0 9 8 diss]tation de ,orbitis ,planet>um1 t ! notori\s contretemps occurr$1 :]eby1 :il/ ! philosoph]1 lean+ to a ,py?agorean proportion1 h9t$--9 a l9e--t x 0 unnecess>y to expect a planet betwe5 ,m>s & ,jupit]1 a/ronom]s 9 ! same ye> discov]$ ,c]es1 ! fir/-detect$ ( ! ,planetoids4 ,a good deal has be5 made out ( ?is trifle2 b x has n yet be5 %[n t ! corroboration 0 any?+ b ! luck ( ! o!r hypo!sis4 ,footnote #b3 ,v]mis*te ,s*rift51 vol4 ii4 p4 #ebj4 ,duboc 0 a retir$ hatt]1 ( ,fr5* orig91 :o _h settl$ at ,hamburg 7,hegel's ,briefe1 ii4 #gf seqq474 ,footnote #c3 ,w]ke1 x4 ,i1 p4 #aca4 ,footnote #d3 ,w]ke1 xi4 p4 #ba4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,pseudo-,,idealism3 ,,jacobi4 ,x is haz>d\s to try to sum up ! net result ( a philosophy 9 a few p>agraphs4 ,s9ce ,ari/otle sep>at$ ! pure 'en]gy' ( philosophy f ! activities :i* leave works made & de$s done beh9d !m1 x ne$ sc>cely be repeat$ t ! result ( a philosophical sy/em is no?+ palpable or tangible1--no?+ on :i* y c put y\r f+]1 & say def9itely3 ,"h x is4 ,! _s ( a philosophy always refuses to be inc>c]at$ 9 a =mula1 h[ev] deftly y may try to *>m x !re4 ,! /atem5t ( ! pr9ciple or t5d5cy ( a philosophical sy/em tells n :at t sy/em is1 b :at x is n4 ,x m>ks (f ! position f contigu\s po9ts ( view2 & on t acc\nt nev] gets beyond ! bord]l&1 :i* sep>ates t sy/em f some?+ else4 ,! me?od & process ( reason+ is z ess5tial 9 k1 z ! result to :i* x leads3 & ! me?od 9 ?is case is ?or\ghly b\nd up ) ! subject-matt]4 ,a m]e analysis ( ! me?od1 !re=e1 or a m]e record ( ! purpose & outcome ( ! sy/em1 w\ld be1 ! "o z well z ! o!r1 a fruitless lab\r1 & come to no?+ b words4 ,?us any attempt to convey a glimpse ( ! tru? 9 a few s5t5ces & 9 l>ge outl9es seems =eclos$4 ,! !ory ( ,hegel has an abhorr5ce ( m]e g5]alities1 ( ab/ractions ) no life 9 !m1 & no gr[? out ( !m4 ,8 pr9ciple has to prove & v]ify itself to be true & adequate3 & t v]ification fills up ! :ole circle ( circles1 ( :i* philosophy is said to consi/4 ,x seems z if !re 7 9 ,hegel two di/9ct habits ( m9d :i* ! _w--! outside obs]v]--r>ely sees except 9 sep>ation4 ,on "o h& !re is a sympa?y ) my/ical & intuitional m9ds1 ) ! uphold]s ( imm$iate k & ( innate ideas1 ) ^? :o f9d t sci5ce & demon/ration r t5d to di/ract f ! "o ?+ ne$ful--:o w\ld 'lie 9 ,abraham's bosom all ! ye>1'--^? :o w\ld fa9 lay _! grasp ^u ! :ole be=e !y h gone ?r\gh ! drudg]y ( details4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !re is )9 him a /rongly 'rationalis+' & non-vision>y intellect1 ) a practical & reali/ic b5t1 & ! full sci5tific _s4 ,s*ell+1 9 an angry mood1 c\ld describe him z '! qu9tess5ce ( all t is prosaic1 bo? outside & 9#a4' ,yet1 se5 f o!r po9ts ( view1 ,hegel has be5 accus$ ( dream9ess1 pietism1 & my/ical !ology4 ,8 m]g+ ( ! ord9>y contra/s ( ?\ght 9 a complet] tru?1 & :at w\ld popul>ly be describ$ z 8 mix+ up ( religi\s ) logical que/ions1 & ! g5]al unfa?omabl5ess ( 8 doctr9e1--all seem to support su* a *>ge4 ,yet all ?is is n inconsi/5t ) a r\gh & incisive vig\r ( und]/&+1 a pla9ness ( reason1 & a c]ta9 h>dness ( temp]am5t4 ,?is philosoph] is 9 _m ways n di/+ui%able f ! ord9>y citiz51 & !re are n unfrequ5t mom5ts :5 8 wife he>s him groan ov] ! provid5ce t condemn$ him to be a philosoph]#b4 ,he is contemptu\s t[>ds all weakly s5tim5talism1 & almo/ brutal 9 8 emphasis on ! reasonabl5ess ( ! actual & on ! folly ( dream+ ! might-h-be52 & keeps 8 h\sehold acc\nts z c>efully z ! av]age head ( a family4 ,&1 p]haps1 ?is conv]g5ce ( two t5d5cies ( ?\ght may be notic$ 9 ! gradual matur+ ( 8 ideas4 ,9 ! p]iod ( 8 ',lehrjahre1' or appr5tice%ip1 f #agic to #ahjj1 we c see ! /udy ( religion 9 ! e>li] "p ( t "t at ,b]n succe$$ by ! /udy ( politics & philosophy at ,frank=t-on-!-,ma94 ,8 purpose on ! :ole may be t]m$ an attempt to comb9e bread? ) dep?1 ! int5sity ( ! my/ic :o craves = union ) ,tru?1 ) ! ext5d$ range & explicitness ( ^? :o multiply k4 ',! dep? ( ! m9d is only s deep z its c\rage to exp& & lose itself 9 its explication#c4 ,x mu/ prove its pr(undity by ! ord]$ fullness ( ! k :i* x has realis$4 ,! position & ! "w ( ,hegel w n be intelligible unless we keep 9 view bo? ( ^! antagoni/ic po9ts4 ,! purpose ( philosophy--z has be5 po9t$ out--is1 = ,hegel--to "k ,god1 :i* is to "k ?+s 9 _! ,tru?--to see all ?+s 9 ,god--to compreh5d ! _w 9 its et]nal significance4 ,suppos+ ! purpose capable ( be+ a*iev$1 :at me?od is op5 to its atta9m5t8 ,!re is on "o h& ! me?od ( ord9>y sci5ce 9 deal+ ) its objects4 ,^! are ?+s1 f\nd z x 7 project$ into space be=e ! obs]v]1 ly+ outside "o ano!r 9 prima facie indep5d5ce1 ?\gh connect$ 7by a fur!r f9d+7 ) ea* o!r by c]ta9 'accid5ts' call$ qualities & relations4 ,among ! objects ( k1 !re are includ$1 by ! some:at nave intellect t accepts tradition l a physical fact1 c]ta9 '?+s' ( a r peculi> "*4 ,"o ( ^! is ,god3 ! o!rs1 :i* a hi/orical criticism has subjo9$1 are ! ,s\l & ! ,_w4 ,& :atev] may be said ( ! ?+hood1 reality1 or exi/5ce ( ! ,_w1 !re is no d\bt t ,god & ! ,s\l figure1 & figure l>gely1 9 ! consci\sness ( ! human race z entities1 diff]+ probably 9 _m respects f o!r ?+s1 b /ill possess$ ( c]ta9 fundam5tal features 9 common1 & ?us play+ a "p z di/9ct realities among/ o!r realities4 ,giv5 su* objects1 x is natural = a reflect+ m9d to attempt to make out a sci5ce ( ,god & a sci5ce ( ! ,s\l1 j z ( o!r '?+s4' ,& to ^!1 a sy/em-lov+ philosoph] might add a sci5ce ( ! _w 7,cosmology7#d4 ,x 0 felt1 inde$1 t ^! objects 7 peculi> & unique4 ,?us1 = example1 z reg>ds ,god1 x 0 held necess>y by ! logician :o saw tradition 9 its true light to prove ,8 exi/5ce'3 & v>i\s argum5ts to t end 7 at diff]5t times devis$4 ,) reg>d to ! human ,s\l1 simil>ly1 x 0 consid]$ ess5tial to e/abli% its indep5d5t reality z a ?+ really sep>ate f ! bodily organism ) :i* its ph5om5a 7 obvi\sly connect$1--to prove1 9 %ort1 its sub/antial exi/5ce1 & its emancipation f ! bodily fate ( dissolution & decay4 ,) ref]5ce to ! ,_w1 ! problem 0 r diff]5t3 x 0 felt t ! "n sugge/$ problems = ?\ght r ?an d5ot$ reality4 ,h[ c we pr$icate ( ! :ole :at is pr$icable ( its p>ts8 ,?is or t may h a beg9n+ & a cause1 may h a limit & an end3 b c ! totality be pres5t$ "u ^! aspects1 )\t lead+ to self-contradiction8 ,& ! result ( ^! que/ions 9 ! case ( ',cosmology' 0 to %$ 9 ! long run simil> d\bts on ',rational' ,!ology & ',rational' ,psy*ology4 ,practically ?is metaphysical sci5ce--:i* is s call$ z deal+ ) a prov9ce or prov9ces ( be+ beyond ! ord9>y or natural 7physical7 realities--treat$ ,god & ! ,s\l by ! same t]ms 7or categories7 z x us$ 9 deal+ ) 'mat]ial' objects4 ,god e4 g4 0 a =ce1 a cause1 a be+2 s1 too1 0 ! ,s\l4 ,! ma9 butt ( ,kant's de/ructive ,criticism ( p>e ,reason is to *all5ge ! ju/ice ( includ+ ,god & ! ,s\l among ! objects ( sci5ce1--among ! ?+s we c "k z we may "k plants or />s4 ,to make an object ( k 79 ! /rict s5se71 to make a ?+1 ! pr]equisite1 ,kant urges1 is p]ception 9 space & "t4 ,)\t a s5sation--& t s5sation1 z x 71 laid out 9 place & duration--an object ( sci5ce is impossible4 ,no m]e demon/ration w conjure x into exi/5ce4 ,& ) t requirem5t ! old !ology & psy*ology1 :i* pr(ess$ to exp\nd ! object-,god & ! object-s\l1 7 rul$ out-(-ord] 9 ! li/ ( sci5ces1 & r$uc$ to m]e dialectical ex]cises4 ,! circle ( ! sci5ces1 !re=e1 does n lead beyond ! condition$1' beyond ! regions ( space & "t4 ,x has no?+ to say ( a 'fir/ cause' or ( an ultimate end4 ,su* 0 ! result t might fairly be read f ,kant's ,criticism ( p>e ,reason1--especially if read )\t its supplem5t>y sequels1 &1 above all1 if read by ^? 9 :om feel+ 0 /rong] ?an ?\ght1 or :o 7 by nature m end[$ ) ! crav+ = fai? ?an ) ! m9d ( philosophy4 ,su* a p]sonality appe>$ 9 ,j4 ,h4 ,jacobi1 ! y\ng] bro!r ( a poet n undi/+ui%$ 9 8 day4 ,amid ! duties ( public (fice & ! c>es ( bus9ess1 he f\nd "t to /udy ,sp9oza1 ! ,engli% & ,scot* morali/s1 & above all to foll[ ) int]e/ ! developm5t ( ,kant f ! ye> #agfc onw>ds4 ,8 h\se at ,dsseldorf 0 ! sc5e ( _m lit]>y reunions1 & ,jacobi himself ma9ta9$ famili> int]c\rse ) ! lead]s ( ! lit]>y & intellectual _w1 su* z ,less+1 ,hamann1 ,goe!4 ,8 fir/ consid]able works 7 two novels1 9 lett]s1--,allwill1 begun 9 a s]ial magaz9e 9 #agge1 & ,woldem>1 begun 9 ano!r magaz9e 9 #aggg2 bo? be+ issu$ z complete works 9 #agha4 ,bo? turn on a moral anti!sis1 & bo? leave ! anti!sis z !y f\nd x4 ,"h pleads ! advocate ( ! he>t3 'x is ! he>t :i* alone & directly tells man :at is good'3 'virtue is a fundam5tal in/9ct ( human nature'3 ! true basis ( morals is an imm$iate c]ta9ty2 & ! supreme /&>d is an 'e?ical g5ius' :i* z x 7 discov]$ virtue & :i* /ill is a p>am\nt au?ority 9 ^? exceptional situations 9 life :5 ! 'gramm> ( virtue' fails to supply adequate rules1 & :]e1 !re=e1 ! imm$iate voice ( consci5ce mu/ 9 a 'lic5ce ( sublime poesy#e' d>e1 z ,burke says1 to 'susp5d its own rules 9 fav\r ( its own pr9ciples4' ,!re1 on ! o!r h&1 is ! *ampion ( reason1 :o decl>es all ?is s5tim5talism 'a v]itable my/icism ( ant9omianism & a quietism ( immorality#f'3 ',to humanity1' he says1 '& to e man 7e complete man7 pr9ciples1 & "s sy/em ( pr9ciples1 are indisp5sable4' ,woldem> concludes ) ! pair ( mottoes3 ',:osoev] tru/s to 8 own he>t is a fool1' & ',tru/ love3 x takes ev]y?+1 b x gives ev]y?+4' ,9 #aghj ,jacobi _h 8 hi/oric conv]sation ) ,less+ at ,wolf5bttel#g4 ,! talk turn$ on ,sp9oza4 ,= _m ye>s ! philosophy ( ,sp9oza _h seem$ to vani% f ! _w4 ,8 "n 0 only he>d 9 a ref]5ce ( obloquy1 z if x 7 dang]\s to be ev5 suspect$ ( infection ) ! ta9t ( ,a!ism4 ,b bo? ,less+ & ,jacobi _h f\nd him out4 ,! =m] saw 9 him an ally 9 t /ruggle = high] light & wid] views :i* he und]took 9 a _s & ) a scope h>dly surmis$ by ^? he usually wr\ght )4 ,jacobi1 on ! contr>y1 saw 9 him p]sonifi$ ! conjunction ( all ^? irreligi\s t5d5cies :i* all philosophy 9 "s degree exhibit$3 ! t5d5cy to veil or set aside ,god & p]sonality4 ',i believe1' says ,jacobi1 z he began ! conv]sation '9 an intellig5t p]sonal cause ( ! _w4' ',!n ,i am go+1' repli$ ,less+1 'to he> some?+ q new'3 & he dryly put aside ! o!r's rhapsody on ! 'p]sonal extra-mundane deity ) ! rem>k ',words1 my de> ,jacobi1 words4' ,jacobi's "w ,lett]s on ! doctr9e ( ,sp9oza 7x appe>$ 9 #aghe7 0 ! beg9n+ ( a controv]sy 9 :i* ,m5delssohn & ,h]d] took "p1 & 9 :i* ,goe! took an int]e/ "u ,h]d]s tutor%ip4 ,to ! exact philological /udy ( ,sp9oza x did n contribute mu*3 = ! ,sp9oza :om ,h]d] & ,goe! saw z _! spiritual =efa!r 0 transfigur$ 9 _! ?\ght to a figure to :i* ,leibniz _h almo/ an equal "r to give 8 "n4 ,he upheld to !m ! symbol ( ! imman5ce ( ! div9e 9 nature3 he 0 ! lead] 9 ! battle aga9/ 'phili/9e' deism & utilit>ianism4 ,) ! ,kantian criticism ( ! pseudo-sci5ce ( !ology ,jacobi _h 9 "o way no fault to f9d4 ,t reason+ by its demon/ration _c f9d out ,god1 0 to him an axiomatic belief4 ,b ! 'man ( feel+' felt uneasy at ! tr5*ant me?ods ( ! ,knigsb]g man ( logic4 ,he seem$ to see ! _w ( m5 & ?+s pass+ "u ,kant's manipulation into a m]e collection ( ph5om5a & ideas ( ! m9d4 ,/ill m 0 he s5sible to ! loss ( 8 ,god4 ,t surrogate ( an argum5t = !ism :i* ,kant seem$ to (f] 9 ! implications ( ! ,moral ,law did n give :at ,jacobi want$4 ,m]e morality is a cold & me*anical pr9ciple--he ?9ks--comp>$ ) t inf9ite life & love :i* we deem we h 9 ,god4 ,! son ( man1 he felt1 01 9 virtue ( an indwell+ g5ius ( consci5ce1 supreme ov] ! moral law3 h[ mu* m1 !n1 ! ,absolute & ,et]nal on a high] grade ( be+ ?an its me*anical regul>ities6 ,if ! way ( reason+ w n c>ry u to ! ,absolute1 /ill less 7& t is :i!r ,jacobi wi%es to rea*7 to ,god1 !re mu/ be ano!r way3 = some?+ 9 him1 :i* may be call$ ,fai? or ,feel+1 ,spiritual ,s5se or ,reason1 proclaims itself c]ta9 ( ! reality bo? ( ,god & ,nature4 ,!re is an objective reality--outside & beyond him--yet someh[ to be rea*$ by a d>+ leap1--:]eby1 out ( %e] =ce ( w1 he1 %utt+ 8 eyes to ! temporal & ! me*anical1 f9ds himself c>ri$ ov] ! divid+ gulf into ! l& ( et]nal life & love4 ',i appeal' he says 9 8 late/ utt]ances#h 'to an imp]ative1 an inv9cible feel+ z ! fir/ & und]iv$ gr\nd ( all philosophy & all religion1--to a feel+ :i* lets man become aw>e ( & alive to ! fact t he has a s5se = ! sup]s5su\s4' ',z x is religion :i* makes man man1' he cont9ues1 '& :i* alone lifts him above ! animals1 s x also makes him a philosoph]4' ,su* an organ = ! sup]s5su\s is :at 9 8 lat] writ+s he calls ,v]nunft 7,reason7 & di/+ui%es f ,v]/& 7,und]/&+74 ',?is reason1' says ,col]idge 7to :om we owe ?is use ( ! t]ms 9 ,engli%7 9 ! ,fri5d1 'is an organ be>+ ! same relation to spiritual objects z ! eye be>s to mat]ial ph5om5a1' ,x is 't intuition ( ?+s :i* arises :5 we possess ourselves z "o ) ! :ole & is oppos$ to t 'sci5ce ( ! m]e und]/&+' 9 :i* 'transf]r+ reality to ! negations ( reality 7to ! ev]-v>y+ framework ( ! uni=m life7 we ?9k ( ourselves z sep>at$ be+s1 & place nature 9 anti!sis to ! m9d1 z object to subject1 ?+ to ?\ght1 dea? to life4' ,b ?is ,reason is ev5 m ?an ?is4 ,x is ! direct contact ) reality1 :i* x affirms & ev5 is4 ,x appreh5ds ! me & ! !e1 x appreh5ds above all ! great ,!e1 ,god3 appreh5ds1 & we may ev5 say appropriates#i4 ,& x appreh5ds !m at "o b\nd--9 "o salto mortale--because x is really 9 implicit possession ( !m4 ,call ! /ep a miracle1 if y w3 y mu/ admit1 he adds1 t '"s "t or o!r e philosophy mu/ h rec\rse to a miracle#aj4' ,& yet ! assev]ation r+s false--x %[s a womani% wilfulness & weakness 9 its reit]ation4 ,he has ! reality2 yet he has x n4 ',7 a ,god kn[n1' he says 9 "o place1 ',he w\ld n be ,god4' ,he ye>ns ) passionate long+ to f9d ! liv+ & true3 he feels himself & ! ,et]nal clasp$ 9 "o3 8 fai? effects ! reality ( ?+s hop$ =4 ,b1 he adds1 ',we nev] see ! ,absolute'3 ! primal light ( reason is b fa9t4 ,x is b a presage--a pre-supposition--( ! ,ev]la/+4 ,?is reason1 9 %ort1 ne$s discipl9e & developm5t1 x ne$s ! e?ical life to raise x3 ')\t morality no religiosity1' he says4 ',light1' he compla9s1 'is 9 my he>t1' b at ! mom5t ,i want to br+ x into ! und]/&+1 ! light goes out4' ,& yet he kn[s--& ,col]idge repeats--'! consci\sness ( reason & ( its revelations is only possible 9 an und]/&+4' ',!re seem to be "o or two motives act+ ^u ,jacobi4 ,! 'pla9 man1' especially if he be ( high "* & ( 'noble' religiosity1 has a feel+ t ! lu/ ( philosophis+ di/urbs ! security ( life1 & endang]s ?+s :i* are des]v$ly de> to him4 ,9 su* an "o ! 'en?usiasm ( logic'--! calm pursuit ( tru? at all co/s1 s *>act]i/ic ( ,less+--is inf]ior to ! 'en?usiasm ( life1'--a passion 9 :i* ! t]re/rial & ! cele/ial are inextricably bl5d$1 :]e "o cl+s to ,god z ! /ronghold ( self1 & sets p]sonality--our human p]sonality--9 ! ?rone ( ! ,et]nal4 ,he w be all t is noble & good1 if only he be n ask$ utt]ly to surr5d] self4 ,s1 too1 ,jacobi's ,god--or ,absolute 7= he leaves 8 'non-philosophy' s f> z to use bo? names71 is r ! f9al aim ( a gr&1 ov]p[]+ ye>n+1 ?an a calm1 self-c5tr$1 self-exp&+ life :i* c>ries man along ) x4 ,x w\ld be1 he feels1 s v t]rible1 if at ! la/ !re 7 no ,god to meet u--to f9d ! ?rone ( ! univ]se vacant4 ,avaunt philosophy1 !re=e6 ,let u cl+ to ! fai? ( our nature & our *ildhood1 & refuse h] trea*]\s consolations6 ,) ! c5tral proposition ( ,jacobi1 ,hegel1 = "o1 is n incl9$ to qu>rel4 ,he too1 z he asks & answ]s ! "q z to ! issues ( ?is & ( ! bett] life1 might say ',"q1 answ] presuppose ,two po9ts3 t ! ?+ itself :i* que/ions1 answ]s1--is1 x kn[s2 ,z x also kn[s ! ?+ p]ceiv$ outside itself--a =ce ,actual ere its own beg9n+1 op]ative ?r\gh its c\rse1 ,unaffect$ by its end1--t ?is ?+ likewise ne$s mu/ be2 ,call ?is--,god1 !n1 call t--,s\l1 & bo? ! only facts = me4 ,prove !m facts8 t !y o'erpass my p[] ( prov+ proves !m su*3 ,fact x is1 ,i "k1 ,i "k n some?+ :i* is fact z mu*4' ,b :5 ,jacobi goes on to say t x is ! supreme & f9al duty ( ! true sage 'to unveil reality1'--mean+ !reby t1 giv5 ! feel+1 he has only to ',def9e x well ,= fe> div9e ,philosophy ,%\ld pu% beyond h] m>k & be ,procuress to ! ,lords ( ,hell1' ,hegel )draws4 ,x is ! duty ( philosophy to lab\r to make ! p]ception--! fleet+1 unc]ta91 trembl+ p]ception--( fai?1 a cle>1 sure1 inw>dly consi/5t k3 to %[1 & n m]ely to ass]t1 t '! pa? ( 7?is _w's7 duty is ! way to 7t _w's7 glory4' ,!re is1 ,hegel himself has said m ?an once1 some?+ oppos$ to ord9>y ways ( ?9k+ 9 ! proc$ure ( ! philosoph]4 ,to ! outsid]1 x seems l /&+ on y\r head4 ,x involves some?+ l :at1 9 religi\s language1 is t]m$ conv]sion--a new bir?--becom+ a new man4 ,b ?\gh su* a *ange always seems to culm9ate 9 a mom5t ( sudd5 trans=mation1--z if ! cont9uity ( old & new 7 disrupt$1 ! process has a hi/ory & a prep>ation4 ,( t pilgrim's progress ( ! _w-di/ract$ s\l to its discov]y ( its true be+ 9 ,god1 philosophy is ! record3 a record :i* ,hegel has writt5 bo? 9 ! ,ph5om5ology ( ,m9d1 &1 m me?odically1 9 8 ,encyclopa$ia4 ,! passage f nature to ,god--or f man's limitations to ! div9e fullness--mu/ be made1 he urg$1 9 ! op5 day & n 9 ! secret vision :5 sleep falls ^u m54 ,:5 ! ag$ ,jacobi read ^! requirem5ts ( ,hegel1 he wrote to a fri5d3 ',he may be "r1 & ,i %\ld l once aga9 to exp]im5t ) him all t ! p[] ( ?9k+ c d alone1 7 n ! old man's head too weak = x#aa4' ',= a philosophy l ?is1' says ,hegel#ab1 'individual man & humanity are ! ultimate /&po9t3--z a fix$ inv9cible f9itude ( reason1 n z a reflection ( ! et]nal beauty1 or z a spiritual focus ( ! univ]se1 b z an ultimate s5se-nature1 :i* h[ev] ) ! p[] ( fai? c daub itself ov] "h & !re ) an ali5 sup]s5sible4 ,let u suppose an arti/ re/rict$ to portrait-pa9t+2 he might s f> idealise z to introduce 9 ! eye ( a commonplace c\nt5ance a ye>n+ look1 & on its lips a melan*oly smile1 b he w\ld be utt]ly deb>r$ f depict+ ! ,gods1 sublime ov] ye>n+ & melan*oly--z if ! del9eation ( et]nal pictures 7 only possible at ! co/ ( humanity4 ,s too ,philosophy--on ?is view--mu/ n portray ! ,idea ( man1 b ! ab/raction ( a humanity empirical & m+l$ ) %ort-com+s1 & mu/ be> a body impal$ on ! /ake ( ! absolute anti!sis2 & :5 x cle>ly feels its limitation to ! s5sible1 x mu/ at ! same "t b$eck itself ) ! surface col\r ( a sup]s5sible1 & po9t ! f+] ( fai? to a some?+ ,high]4 ',b ! tru? _c be defraud$ by su* a consecration if f9itude be /ill left subsi/+2 ! true consecration mu/ annihilate x4 ,! arti/1 :o fails to give actuality ! true tru? by lett+ fall ^u x ! e!real illum9ation & tak+ x completely 9 t light1 & :o c only depict actuality 9 its b>e ord9>y reality & tru? 7a reality h[ev] :i* is nei!r true nor real7 may apply ! pa!tic rem$y to actuality1 ! rem$y ( t5d]ness & s5tim5tality1 ev]y:]e putt+ te>s on ! *eeks ( ! commonplace1 & an ,o ,god6 9 _! m\?4 ,no d\bt 8 figures 9 ?is way direct _! look ov] ! actual heav5w>ds1 b l bats !y belong nei!r to ! race ( birds nor bea/s1 nei!r to e>? nor heav54 ,_! beauty is n free f ugl9ess1 nor _! morals )\t weakness & meanness3 ! intellig5ce !y haply may %[ is n )\t banality3 ! success :i* ent]s into x is n )\t vulg>ity1 & ! mis=tune n )\t c[>dice & t]ror2 & bo? success & mis=tune h some?+ contemptible4 ,s too philosophy1 if x takes ! f9ite & subjectivity z absolute tru? 9 ! logical =m habitual to h]1 _c purify !m by br++ !m into relation ) an inf9ite3 = t inf9ite is n itself ! true1 because x is unable to consume f9itude4 ,b :]e a philosophy consumes ! temporal z su* & burns up reality1 its action is pron\nc$ a cruel dissection1 :i* does n leave man complete1 & a =cible ab/raction :i* has no tru?1 above all no tru? = life4 ,& su* an ab/raction is treat$ z a pa9ful amputation ( an ess5tial piece f ! complet5ess ( ! :ole3 t ess5tial piece1 & absolute sub/antiality be+ believ$ to consi/ 9 ! temporal & empirical1 & 9 privation4 ,x is z if a p]son1 :o sees only ! feet ( a "w ( art1 7 to compla91 %\ld ! :ole "w be unveil$ to 8 eyes1 t he 0 depriv$ ( ! privation1 t ! incomplete 0 decomplet$4' ,jacobi has be5 spok5 ( z ! lead] ( ?is ',un-philosophy' ( fai?4 ,z su* 8 allies lie on "o side among philosoph]s :o hold by ! deliv]ances ( 'common s5se1' by ! consci\sness ( ! unsophi/icat$ man %r9k+ f ! wayw>dness ( an idealism t deprives him ( 8 solide/ realities4 ,! type ( su* a philosoph] has be5 drawn by ,hegel#ac 9 ,krug4 ,b1 on ! o!r side1 ,jacobi t\*$ h&s--?\gh n 9 a sympa!tic _s--) a some:at motley b& :i* also _h set its face to g to ! ev]la/+ gates1 b _h turn$ aside to aimless w&]+ on ! ,hill ,difficulty1 or s\ght too soon ! repose ( ! ,delectable ,m\nta9s1 )\t due soj\rn 9 ! valley ( ,humiliation or desc5t "u ! ,%ad[ ( ,dea?4 ,l ,wordswor?1 !y felt t ! _w is too mu* ) u3 t our true self is fritt]$ away into fragm5ts & pass+ /ages1 9 :i* we are n ourselves1--:]eby we also lose ! true p]ception ( ! ess5tial life ( nature4 ,gradually we h sunk into ! dead5+ arms ( habit1 r$uc$ ourselves to pr(essional & conv5tional types1 & lo/ ! fre] & l>g] mobility ( spiritual be+4 ,we h gr[n into v]/ndige ,leute--p ( practical s5se & worldly wisdom4 ,to su*1 philosophy w\ld come--if x c\ld come--z ! great brea? ( life--( 'reason' 7,v]nunft7 :i* transc5ds ! sep>ations inevitable 9 practical w & k4 ,b to ?is b&--:i* has be5 /yl$ ! ,romantic ,s*ool ( ,g]many--! lib]ation came 9 ways m analog\s to t crav$ = by ,jacobi4 ,_! way 0 ! way ( ,romance & ,imag9ation4 ,! pr9ciple ( ,romance is ! prote/ aga9/ conf9+ man & nature to ! dull r\nd ( uni=mities :i* cu/om & exp]i5ce h imprison$ !m 94 ,b\ndless life1 inf9ite spontaneity is surg+ )9 u & ! _w1 ready to break d[n ! dams conv5tion & in]tia h e/abli%$4 ,t inn] p[] is an ev]-fre%1 ev]-re/less ,irony1 :i* sets up & ov]?r[s1 :i* refuses to be b\nd or /]eotyp$1 :i* is nev] we>y1 nev] exhau/$1--free 9 ! absolute s5se4 ,x is ! my/ic =ce ( ,nature1 :i* !y seem$ to see ev] on ! spr+ to "w its magic trans=mations1 & bur/ ! bulw>ks ( empirical law4 ,x is ! pr9cely jus aggrati&i1 ! sportive sov]eignty ( ! true arti/1 :o is able at any mom5t to ent] into direct communion ) ! he>t ( ?+s4 ,! beg9n+ ( ! n9ete5? c5tury 9 ,g]many1 z well z 9 ,engl&1 0 a p]iod ( eff]vesc5ce3--!re 0 a good deal ( fire1 & naturally !re 0 also a good deal ( smoke4 ,g5ius 0 exultant 9 its aspirations aft] ,fre$om1 ,tru?1 & ,wisdom4 ,! ,romantic ,s*ool1 :i* _h gr[n up "u ! /imulus ( ,fi*te's resolve to enact ?\ght1 & _h = a "t be5 closely alli$ ) ,s*ell+1 c\nt$ among/ its lit]>y *iefs ! names ( ! ,s*legels1 ( ,tieck1 ,novalis1 & p]haps ,ri*t]4 ,! _w1 z t g5]ation dream$1 0 to be made "y aga91--fir/ by dr9k+1 :]e ,wordswor? l$1 f ! fre% spr+s ( nature1--aft]w>ds :51 z (t5 has happ5$1 d\bts arose z to :]e ,nature 0 really to be f\nd1 by an elixir di/ill$ f ! )]$ fl[]s ( m$ieval ,ca?olicism & *ivalry1 ',s9ce ! ,mid-,age 0 ! ,h]oic ,"t' & ev5 f ! old roots ( primeval wisdom4 ,! good old times ( fai? & h>moni\s beauty 7 to be br\ght back aga9 by ! jo9t lab\rs ( ideas & poetry4-- ',s1 all t ! old ,dukes _h be51 )\t kn[+ x1 ,?is ,duke w\ld fa9 "k he 0 )\t be+ x4' ,to t p]iod ( incipi5t & d>kl+ en]gy ,hegel /&s 9 v mu* ! same position z ,lu!r did to ! pre-,re=mation my/ics1 to ,mei/] ,eckh>t1 & ! unkn[n au?or ( ! ',g]man ,!ology4' ,x 0 f ?is side1 f ! s*ool ( ,g5ius & ,romance 9 philosophy1 t ,hegel 0 proximately driv51 n into %e] re-action1 b into sy/em1 developm5t1 & sci5ce4 ,to elevate philosophy f a love ( wisdom into ! possession ( real wisdom1 into a sy/em & a sci5ce1 is ! aim :i* he di/9ctly set be=e himself f ! beg9n+4 ,9 almo/ e "w1 & e c\rse ( lectures1 :atev] be _! subject1 he _c let slip ! *ance ( an attack ^u ! mode ( philosophis+ :i* sub/itut$ ! /r5g? ( belief or conviction = ! int]v5tion ( reason+ & argum5t4 ,!re may h be5 a /rong sympa?y 9 him ) ! end :i* ^! ,g]man contempor>ies &1 9 "s ways1 analogues to ,col]idge1 ,%elley1 ,wordswor?1 & ,byron _h 9 view4 ,no "o :o reads 8 criticism ( ,kant c miss p]ceiv+ 8 b5t t[>ds ! ,inf9ite4 ,b he utt]ly rejects ! vision ( feel+1 :e!r z long+ fai? or dev\t enjoym5t1 z an adequate exposition ( ! means to ?is end4 ,:]eas ^! fanta/ic se]s & s5tim5tali/s ei!r disp>age sci5ce z a limitation to ! _s1 9 ! calm tru/ ( _! life 9 ,god1 or ye>n ?r\gh\t life = a peace :i* !y nev] q rea*1 ,hegel is b5t ^u %[+ m5 t ! ,inf9ite is n unkn[able1 z ,kant w\ld h x1 & yet t man c n1 z ,jacobi w\ld h x1 naturally & )\t an ef=t enjoy ! ?+s ( ,god#ad4 ,he w prove t ! way ( ,tru? is op51 & prove x by describ+ 9 detail e /ep ( ! road4 ,philosophy = him mu/ be reason$ tru?4 ,%e does n visit fav\r$ ones 9 visions ( ! night1 b comes to all :o w9 h] by pati5t /udy4 ',= ^?1' he says1 ':o ask = a royal road to sci5ce1 no m conv5i5t directions c be giv5 ?an to tru/ to _! own s\nd common s5se1 &1 if !y wi% to keep up ) ! age & ) philosophy1 to read ! reviews criticis+ philosophical works1 & p]haps ev5 ! prefaces & ! fir/ p>agraphs 9 ^! works !mselves4 ,! introductory rem>ks /ate ! g5]al & fundam5tal pr9ciples2 & ! reviews1 besides _! hi/orical in=mation1 conta9 a critical e/imate1 :i*1 f ! v fact t x is su*1 is beyond & above :at x criticises4 ,?is is ! road ( ord9>y m53 & x may be trav]s$ 9 a dress+-g[n4 ,! o!r way is ! way ( intuition4 ,x requires y to don ! ve/m5ts ( ! high-prie/4 ,along t road /alks ! ennobl+ s5tim5t ( ! ,et]nal1 ! ,true1 ! ,inf9ite4 ,b x is wrong to call ?is a road4 ,^! gr& s5tim5ts f9d !mselves1 naturally & )\t tak+ a s+le /ep1 c5tr$ 9 ! v sanctu>y ( tru?4 ,s mighty is g5ius1 ) its deep orig9al ideas & its high fla%es ( wit4 ,b a dep? l ?is is n en\gh to lay b>e ! s\rces ( true be+1 & ^! rockets are n ! empyrean4 ,true ?\ghts & sci5tific insights are only to be ga9$ by ! lab\r :i* compreh5ds & grasps its object4 ,& t ?or\gh grasp alone c produce ! univ]sality ( sci5ce4 ,contra/$ ) ! vulg> vagu5ess & scant9ess ( common s5se1 t univ]sality is a fully-=m$ & r\nd$ intellect2 &1 contra/$ ) ! un-vulg> g5]ality ( ! natural gift ( reason :5 x has be5 spoilt by ! laz9ess & self-conceit ( g5ius1 x is tru? put 9 possession ( its native =m1 & ?us r5d]$ ! possible prop]ty ( e self-consci\s reason#ae4' ,^! words :i* 7 tak5 to he>t 7unnecess>ily1 p]haps7 by ! patron ( ! ,intellectual ,intuition rung ! knell to ! fri5d%ip ( ,hegel ) 8 great contempor>y ,s*ell+4 ,yet ?is h>d say+ is also ! keynote to ! subsequ5t "w ( ! philosoph]4 ,9 ,hegel we ne$ expect no brilliant ap]gus ( g5ius1 no intellectual leg]dema91 b only ! pati5t unravel+ ( ! clue ( ?\ght ?r\gh all knots & intricacies3 a delib]ate trac+ & work+-out ( ! contradictions & my/]ies 9 ?\ght1 until ! contradiction & ! my/]y disappe>4 ,p]sev]ance is ! secret ( ,hegel4 ,?is *>act]i/ic ( pati5t "w is se51 = example1 9 ! incessant prosecution ( h9ts & glimpses1 until !y grew into sy/ematic & r\nd$ outl9e4 ,in/ead ( vague anticipations & guesses at tru?1 fragm5ts ( insight1 8 ye>s ( philosophic /udy are occupi$ ) writ+ & re-writ+1 9 ! ,v endeav\r to cle> up & arrange ! masses ( 8 ideas4 ,essay aft] essay1 & sket* aft] sket* ( a sy/em1 succe$ ea* o!r among/ 8 pap]s4 ,8 fir/ great "w 0 n publi%$ be=e 8 #cg? ye>1 aft] six ye>s sp5t 9 univ]sity "w at ,j5a1 foll[+ z _m sp5t 9 prelim9>y lucubration4 ,! notes :i* he us$ to dictate "s ye>s aft]w>ds to ! boys 9 ! ,gymnasium at ,nrnb]g be> evid5ce ( con/ant remodell+1 & ! same is true ( 8 pr(essorial lectures4 ,su* insi/ance 9 trac+ e sugge/ion ( tru? to its place 9 ! univ]se ( ?\ght is ! peculi> "* & difficulty ( ,hegelian argum5t4 ,o!r obs]v]s h n[ & aga9 notic$1 acc5tuat$1 &1 x may be1 popul>is$ "s "o po9t or "s "o law 9 ! evolution ( reason4 ,"h & !re1 z we reflect1 we are =c$ to recognise :at ,hegel t]m$ ! dialectical nature 9 ?\ght1--! t5d5cy1 by :i* a pr9ciple1 :5 made to be all t x impli$1 :51 z ! phrase is1 x is c>ri$ to extremes1 recoils & leaves u confront$ by its anti!sis4 ,we _c1 = example1 /udy ! hi/ory ( anci5t ?\ght )\t not+ ?is ph5om5on4 ,?us1 ! p]si/5ce ) :i* ,plato & ,ari/otle taught & en=c$ ! doctr9e t ! community 0 ! guide & safegu>d ( ! sev]al citiz5s1 v soon issu$ 9 ! s*ools ( ,z5o & ,epicurus1 tea*+ ! rights ( self-seek+ & ( ! indep5d5t self-realisation ( ! individual4 ,b ! pass+ glimpse ( an indwell+ discord 9 ! t]ms1 by :i* we argue1 is soon =gott51 & is set aside "u ! head ( accid5ts1 in/ead ( be+ ref]r$ to a g5]al law4 ,mo/ ( u take only a s+le /ep to avoid :at has turn$ out wrong1 & :5 we h ov]come ! seem+ absolut5ess ( "o idea1 we are cont5t & ev5 eag] to ?r[ ourselves "u ! yoke ( ano!r1 n less "o-sid$ ?an its pr$ecessor4 ,sometimes "o feels tempt$ to say t ! c\rse ( human ?\ght z a :ole1 z well z t bran* ( x t]m$ sci5ce1 exhibits no?+ b a succession ( illusions1 :i* enclose u 9 ! belief t "s idea is all-embrac+ z ! univ]se1--illusions1 f :i* ! m9d is "t aft] "t lib]at$1 only 9 a little :ile to s9k "u ! sway ( "s p>tial correction1 z if x & x only 7 ! complete tru?4 ,or1 aga91 ! ,positive ,philosophy exhibits z "o ( its features an emphatic & popul> /atem5t ( a fallacy mu* discuss$ 9 ,hegel4 ,"o ( ! be/ de$s ( t s*ool has be5 to prote/ aga9/ a delusive belief 9 c]ta9 words & notions2 p>ticul>ly by po9t+ out ! insuffici5cy ( :at x calls metaphysical t]ms1 i4 e4 ^? ab/ract entities =m$ by reflective ?\ght1 :i* are little else ?an a d\ble ( ! ph5om5on !y are int5d$ to expla94 ,to acc\nt = ! exi/5ce ( insanity by an assum$ basis = x 9 ! 'insane neurosis1' or to attribute ! sleep :i* foll[s a dose ( opium to ! soporific virtues ( ! drug1 are "s exagg]at$ examples ( ! metaphysical intellect :i* is s rampant 9 mu* ( our popul>1 & ev5 ( our esot]ic sci5ce4 ,positivism by its logical precepts ought at lea/ to h in/ill$ g5]al di/ru/ ( ab/ract talk ab\t ess5ces1 laws1 =ces & causes1 :5ev] !y claim an inh]5t & indep5d5t value1 or pr(ess to be m ?an a reflex ( s5sation4 ,b all ?is is only a desultory p]ception1 ! reflection ( an intellig5t obs]v]4 ,:5 we come to ,hegel1 ! ,comtian p]ception ( ! dang] ly+ 9 ! t]ms ( metaphysics is replac$ by ! ,second ,"p ( ,logic1 ! ,!ory ( ,ess5tial ,be+1 :]e sub/ances1 causes1 =ces1 ess5ces1 matt]s1 are confront$ ) :at ,mr4 ,ba9 has call$ _! 'suppress$ correlative#af4' ,footnote #a3 ,aus ,s*ell+s ,leb5 7,plitt471 ii4 #afa4 ,footnote #b3 ,hegel's ,briefe1 ii4 #cgg4 ,footnote #c3 ,ph5om5ologie des ,gei/es1 p4 #i4 ,footnote #d3 ,cf4 ,notes & ,illu/rations 9 vol4 ii4 #cif1 & *apt] iii4 ( ! ,logic4 ,footnote #e3 ,jacobi's ,w]ke1 v4 #gi1 ,,iii1 #aae1 #dag4 ,footnote #f3 ,ibid41 i4 #agh4 ,footnote #g3 ,jacobi's ,w]ke1 iv4 i4 ,ab?4 p4 #ee seqq4 ,footnote #h3 ,jacobi's ,w]ke1 iv4 i1 p4 xxi4 ,footnote #i3 ,jacobi's ,briefwe*sel1 i4 #ccj4 ,footnote #aj3 ,jacobi's ,w]ke1 iii4 #ec4 ,footnote #aa3 ,jacobi's ,briefwe*sel1 ii4 #dfh4 ,footnote #ab3 ,hegel's ,w]ke1 i4 #ae4 ,footnote #ac3 ,hegel's ,v]mis*te ,s*rift51 i4 #ej4 ,footnote #ad3 ,comp>e pages #aba-adb ( ! ,logic4 ,footnote #ae3 ,ph5om5ologie des ,gei/es1 p4 #ed 7,w]ke1 ii74 ,footnote #af3 ,practical ,essays1 p4 #dc4 ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,! ,,sci5ces ,,& ,,philosophy4 ,by ass]t+ ! rights ( philosophy aga9/ ! dogmatism ( self-inspir$ 'unphilosophy1' & by ma9ta9+ t we mu/ n feel ! tru?1 ) our eyes z x 7 clos$1 b mu/ op5 !m full ^u x1 ,hegel does n r$uce philosophy to ! level ( "o ( ! f9ite sci5ces4 ,! "n 'f9ite1' l ! "n 'empirical1' is n a title ( :i* ! sci5ces h any cause to be a%am$4 ,!y are call$ empirical1 because x is _! glory & _! /r5g? to f\nd ^u exp]i5ce4 ,!y are call$ f9ite1 because !y h a fix$ object1 :i* !y mu/ expect & _c alt]2 because !y h an end & a beg9n+1--presuppos+ some?+ :]e !y beg91 & leav+ some?+ = ! sci5ces :i* come aft]4 ,botany re/s ^u ! rese>*es ( *emi/ry3 & a/ronomy h&s ov] ! record ( cosmical movem5ts to geology4 ,sci5ce is int]l9k$ ) sci5ce2 & ea* ( !m is a fragm5t4 ,nor c ^! fragm5ts ev]1 9 ! /rict s5se ( ! ^w1 make up a :ole or total4 ,!y h brok5 (f1 sometimes by accid5t1 & sometimes = conv5i5ce1 f "o ano!r4 ,! sci5ces h budd$ =? "h & !re ^u ! tree ( popul> k & ord9>y consci\sness1 z ! int]e/ & ne$s ( ! "t drew att5tion clos] to v>i\s po9ts & objects 9 ! _w surr\nd+ u4 ,prosecute ! popul> k ab\t any po9t f> en\gh1 sub/itut+ complet5ess & accuracy = vagu5ess1 & especially giv+ num]ical def9it5ess 9 weight1 size1 & figure1 until ! little drop ( fact has gr[n into an ocean1 & ! m]e g]m has exp&$ into a /ructure ) complex int]connexion1--& y w h a sci5ce4 ,by its po9t ( orig9 ?is lum9\s body ( facts is unit$ to ! great circle ( human k & ignorance4 ,ea* special sci5ce is a "p1 :i* presupposes a total ( mu* l[] organisation1 b mu* wid] range ?an itself3 ea* bran* ( sci5tific k gr[s out ( ! already exi/5t tree ( acqua9tance ) ?+s4 ,b ! "p v soon assumes an indep5d5ce ( its own1 & adopts a ho/ile or negative attitude t[>ds ! g5]al level ( unsci5tific op9ion4 ,?is process ( :at we may1 f ! vulg> po9t ( view1 call abnormal developm5t1 is repeat$ irregul>ly at v>i\s po9ts along ! surface ( ord9>y consci\sness4 ,at "o "t x is ! cele/ial movem5ts call+ = ! sci5ce ( a/ronomy3 at ano!r ! problem ( divid+ ! soil call+ = ! geometrician4 ,ea* ( ^! outgr[?s naturally re-acts & modifies ! :ole range ( human k1 or :at we may call popul> sci5ce2 & ?us1 :ile keep+ up its own life1 x quick5s ! p>5t /ock ) an infusion ( new vig\r1 & raises ! g5]al intellig5ce to a high] level & into a high] elem5t4 ,! ord] ( ! outcome ( ! sci5ces 9 "t1 !re=e1 & _! connexions ) "o ano!r1 _c be expla9$ or und]/ood1 if we look only to ! sci5ces !mselves4 ,we mu/ fir/ ( all desc5d into ! dep?s ( natural ?\ght1 or ( g5]al culture1 & trace ! l9es :i* unite sci5ce ) sci5ce 9 t g5]al m$ium4 ,! sy/ematic int]dep5d5ce ( ! sci5ces mu/ be *iefly s\ght = 9 ! work+s ( ?\ght z a :ole 9 its popul> phases1 & 9 ! action & reaction ( t g5]al human ?\ght ) ! sci5ces1 ^? def9ite organisations ( k :i* =m sporadically r\nd ! nuclei "h & !re pres5t$ 9 :at w\ld sup]ficially be describ$ z ! inorganic mass & m$ium ( popul> k4 ,?us1 by means ( ! sci5ces 9 _! aggregate action1 ! mat]ial ( common consci\sness is exp&$ & develop$1 at lea/ 9 c]ta9 p>ts1 ?\gh ! expansion may be nei!r consi/5t nor sy/ematic4 ,b s long z ?is "w is incomplete1 s long1 t is to say1 z e po9t 9 ! l9e ( popul> k has n receiv$ its due elaboration & equal /udy1 ! sci5ces m]ely succe$ ea* o!r 9 a c]ta9 imp]fect sequ5ce1 or exi/ 9 juxtaposition3 !y d n =m a total4 ,! :ole ( sci5tific k w only be =m$1 :5 sci5ce %all be z completely r\nd$ & unifi$1 z 9 its l[] sph]e & m inadequate elem5t ! ord9>y consci\sness ( ! _w is n[4 ,up to a c]ta9 po9t ! me?od ( sci5ce is b ! me?od ( ord9>y consci\sness pursu$ kn[+ly & /eadily4 ,b ere long ! me?od acquires a di/9ctive "* ( its own4 ,x %akes (f ! pressure ( t imm$iate subs]vi5ce 9 :i* ord9>y k /&s to man's ne$s1 wi%es & int]e/s4 ,k is pursu$--)9 a wide range--= its own sake1 & by a class m or less def9itely set ap>t by humanity = its sci5tific s]vice1--:i* is ?us p]=m$ m sy/ematically & cont9u\sly4 ,b ! great /ep :i* c>ries ord9>y k into its high] region is ! discov]y1 due to reflection & comp>ison1 t !re is a d\ble grade ( reality-a p]man5t1 ess5tial1 uni=m1 sub/antial be+1 :i* is contra/$ ) an evanesc5t1 app>5t1 v>y+ & accid5tal4 ,to "k a ?+ is 9 all cases to relate x to some?+ else3 to "k x 9 ! high] s5se--v]e scire--is to relate x to its ess5ce1 its sub/antial or univ]sal =m1 its p]man5t self4 ,ord9>y k1 e4 g41 fixes a ?+ by ref]r+ to its antec$5ts3 sci5tific k ref]s x to its 'inv>iable1 'unconditional' or 'ess5tial' antec$5t1--to some?+ :i* conta9s x implicitly1 & necess>ily1 & is n m]ely by accid5t or juxtaposition associat$ ) x4 ,to discov] ?is p]man5t1 und]ly+ sub/ance or reality comes to be ! problem ( sci5ce--a problem :i* may be tak5 9 ! wide/ g5]ality1 or re/rict$ to "s "o gr\p ( exi/5ces4 ,:at is ask$ =1 e4g41 may be ! uni=mity & ess5ce 9 ! appe>ance ( ! diurnal j\rney ( ! sun1 or x may be ! und]ly+1 invisible1 nature :i* displays itself 9 all ! v>iety ( m9]als1 & 9 animal & plant life4 ,! "o-&-!-same 9 a div]sity ( _m2 ! type-=m 9 individuals3 ! cause :i* is ! key to und]/&+ an effect t always & unconditionally foll[s x2 ! =ce :i* f9ds diff]5t expression 9 actions--are :at ,sci5ce seeks4 ,9 t se>* two po9ts em]ge z reg>ds ! me?od4 ,! fir/ is ! importance ( quantitative /atem5ts or num]ical appreciations1 & ! g5]al law t v>iations 9 ! qualitative are 9 "s ratio concomitant ) v>iations 9 ! quantitative4 ,ma!matics1 9 a ^w1 is f\nd to be an invaluable in/rum5t = record+ ) accuracy ! m9ute/ z well z ! mo/ imm5se diff]5ces ( quality4 ,fir/1 x is se5 t qualitative diff]5ces )9 a giv5 range1 e4g4 v>i\s col\rs or v>i\s musical notes1 c be accurately express$ by a num]ical ratio4 ,b1 secondly1 x soon appe>s t ev5 great] div]g5ces ( quality1 e4g4 ^? ( col\r & ( *emical quality1 may possibly be r$uc$ to /ages on "o quantitative scale4 ,x is n unnatural t su* exp]i5ces %\ld give rise to a hope--& 9 sangu9e m9ds1 an assurance--t all ! ph5om5a ( nature are ultimately phases ( "s common nature--"s elem5t>y be+--:i* runs ?r\gh an inf9ite gamut ( num]ically def9$ adju/m5ts4 ,b ! num]ical prepossession--z we may call x--creates ano!r assumption4 ,e numb] consi/s ( units3 e cube c be reg>d$ z an aggregation ( small] cubes1 & 9 measurem5t is 7implicitly at lea/7 s reg>d$4 ,transf]r+ ?is to ! physical _w1 e object is reg>d$ z a composite--a ,l>ge1 made up by ! addition & juxtaposition ( _m 7relatively7 ,littles4 ,! ess5tials ( ! composite are "h ! elem5ts t compose x3 ^!1 by a natural t5d5cy1 we proce$ to conceive z rema9+ always un*ang$1 & giv+ rise by _! peculi> juxtaposition to c]ta9 p]ceptions 9 ! human be+4 ,y :irl rapidly a blaz+ piece ( wood1 & in/ead ( a discont9u\s s]ies ( fla%es y see "o orbit ( lum9\s matt]3 or1 let fall+ ra9-drops take up a p>ticul> position 9 ref]5ce to y\r eyes & ! sun1 & a ra9b[ is visible4 ,9 bo? cases !re is :at may be call$ an illusion--! illusion1 above all1 ( unity & cont9uity4 ,n[ :at is 9 ^! cases obvi\sly & demon/rably se51 is1 z ,leibniz 9 p>ticul> has rem9d$ u1 ! g5]al law ( all matt] z su*4 ,9 ! ext5d$ & mat]ial _w !re is n[h]e a real unity discov]able4 ,! small is made up ( ! small] ad inf9itum#a4 ,b ! conclusion 7:i* ,leibniz drew7--t unity belongs only to v1' ,monads & nev] by any possibility to a mat]ial sub/ance1 0 n t commonly rea*$ or accept$4 ,!re are--or !re mu/ be1--said ! preval5t cre$1 ultimates1 indivisibles1 indecomposables1 simples1 atoms4 ,^! are ! f9al bricks ( reality1 out ( :i* ! app>5t univ]se is built3 ea* ) a maximum1--a ne plus ultra--( resi/ibility1 h>dness1 fullness1 & unsqueezable bulk4 ,into fur!r details ( ^! ultimate irr$ucibles we ne$ n ent]4 ,x is suffici5t to d5ote ! g5]al purport ( ! conception1 & ! t5d5cy x implies4 ,9 ^! ultimates supreme reality is und]/ood to lie2 & on !m at la/1 & inde$ always1 re/s :atev] reality truly exi/s 9 any object4 ,all else is second>y--&1 comp>atively speak+1 illusory1--unreal4 ,any ph5om5a t may be not$ only affect ! surface or %[ ( ^! reals3 ! inn] reality cont9ues "o & un*ang$4 ,outside !m1 ar\nd !m1 is ! void--empt9ess1 non-entity4 ,yet null & void z x may be1 we may1 9 pass+1 reply1--?is circumambi5t is ! s\rce ( all t gives ^! masses ( atoms any di/9ctive reality--any "* ( true be+4 ,space may be empty en\gh1--a m]e spectre-%ell2 & yet x is _! diff]5ces 9 spatial circum/ance t br+ out & actualise :at !y implicitly are4 ,^! 'individua' ^! units ( reality1 ^! atoms1 are real & kn[able only 9 _! relations4 ,s too ,"t may be contemptu\sly treat$ z a passive receptacle3 yet x is only by its connexions 9 ! pa/ & ! future t ! pres5t mom5t has any actuality x may claim4 ,& "t & space are pot5t ag5cies--9 popul> mode ( utt]ance--:atev] ! me*anical philosophy may say4 ,b all ( ^! relations are 9 ! realm ( unreality4 ,! atoms alone are3 & yet ! void1 :i* ought n to be1 9 an unmi/akable way is also4 ,to ?is my/]i\s vacuum :i* lies outside 7& yet n outside7 reality1 to ?is n-be+ :i* is1 !re c only be giv5 a half-negative & baffl+ "n4 ,let x be call$ ,*ance--or let x be call$ ,necessity2 let x be call$ inexplicable ,law ( co-exi/5ce & sequ5ce1--! ,=ce :i* is ! beg9n+ ( motion4 ,x is ! ultimate key to ! my/]y--b x is at lea/ a key :i* no human h& c use1 or ev5 lay hold (4 ,x is en\gh = sci5ce if1 leav+ ?is ultimate inexplicability unt\*$1 x trace 9 ea* sep>ate in/ance ! exact equation betwe5 ! sum ( ! con/itu5ts & ! total :i* !y compose1--if x prove t ! sev]al items :5 put toge!r exactly give ! sum propos$4 ,id5tification--! e/abli%m5t ( quantitative equations--is ! "w ( sci5ce4 ,id5tity is its canon1 work+ on ! presumption or axiom t !re c be no?+ 9 ! result :i* 0 n 9 ! antec$5ts or conditions4 ,ex nihilo nihil fit4 ,! quantity ( en]gy mu/ always be ! same1 ?\gh its phases may v>y1 or tempor>ily avoid detection4 ,matt]1 i4e4 ! ultimate reality1 is inde/ructible4 ,9 %ort1 ! me?od ( analysis & syn!sis1 z t ( addition & subtraction1 is a calculus :i* takes ! =m ( an equation4 ,s f> ! inorganic1 inanimate _w has be5 ma9ly 9 view4 ,if we n[ turn to ! organisms1 we f9d ! popul> cre$ express$ 9 ! adage ,omne vivum e vivo4 ,no eye has ev] se5--?\gh fanatical obs]v]s h sometimes s delud$ !mselves z to ?9k !y saw--a liv+ be+ directly em]ge f inorganic /uff4 ,! san] /ud5t ( physiology cont5ts himself ) leav+ = ! :ile ! crux ( ! g5esis ( ,life1 & exam9+ only ! build+ up ( ! liv+ creature out ( its con/itu5ts4 ,"h ! atom is call$ ! cell3 e organism is a syn!sis ( cells1 & 9 ! cell we h ! prim>y elem5t ( organic reality3 ,omnis cellula e cellula1 ,9 ! atom we h ! ultimate elem5t2 9 ! cell a relative elem5t1--! absolute beg9n+ ( a new ord] ( ?+s1--:i* we may1 if we l1 *oose to treat 7?\gh only = logical simplicity's sake7 z a gradual developm5t f ! o!r & m primitive1 b :i*1 s f> z exp]i5ce & hi/ory tea*1 is equally ultimate 9 its k9d4 ,b be ! f9al con/itu5t 7physical7 atom1 or 7physiological7 cell1 ! relation ( ^! con/itu5ts is at fir/ conceiv$ by sci5ce only z composition1 or me*anical syn!sis4 ,x is only gradually t sci5ce beg9s to h d\bts z to ! inviolability & unalt]abl5ess ( ! elem5ts4 ,:5 ! idea--n altoge!r new--( a 'lat5t meta-s*ematism' & lat5t process )9 ! con/itu5ts is ent]ta9$ & c>ri$ out 9 e>ne/1 sci5ce has pass$ on to a new /age3 f me*anical atomism to a dynamic & organic !ory ( exi/5ce4 ,& ! gov]n+ ideas ( sci5tific logic h !n ceas$ to be co-exi/5ce1 & sequ5ce1 correlation & composition3 ! new category is intus-susception1 developm5t1 adaptation n only ext]nal b int]nal4 ,divide et imp]a is ! motto ( ,sci5ce4 ,to isolate "o ?+ or "o gr\p ( facts f its context1--to p5etrate b5ea? ! app>5t simplicity1 :i* "t & cu/om h taught ord9>y eyes to see 9 ! concrete object1 to ! multitude ( und]ly+ simple elem5ts1--to leave ev]y?+ extrane\s out ( sight1--to aboli% ! teleology :i* imposes ^u ,nature a p]man5t tribute 7direct or indirect7 t[>ds ! supply ( human wants1--& to take1 z x 71 "o ?+ at a "t & /udy x = itself dis9t]e/$ly2 t is ! problem ( ! sci5ces4 ,& to accompli% t end !y d n hesitate to break ! *>m$ l9ks :i* 9 common vision hold ! _w toge!r1--to disreg>d ! spiritual h>mony :i* ! s5se ( beauty f9ds 9 ! sc5e1--to /rip (f ! relations ( means & end1 :i* reflection has ?r[n f ?+ to ?+1 & ! s5su\s atmosph]e ( s-call$ 'second>y' qualities 9 :i* human s5se has envelop$ ea*2 & f9ally to sev] its connexion by :i* '! :ole r\nd _w is e way ,b\nd by gold *a9s ab\t ! feet ( ,god4' ,9 ^? days :5 reflection _h n set 91--:5 humanity _h n yet f\nd itself a /rang] 9 ! h\se ( ,nature1 & _h n yet d>$ to reg>d h] z a m]e automatic slave1 m5 _h no d\bts z to ! mean+ ( ?+s4 ,!y liv$ sympa!tically h] life4 ',man1 once descri$1 impr9ts = ev] ,8 pres5ce on all lifeless ?+s3 ! w9ds ,are h5ce=? voices1 wail+ or a %\t1 ,a qu]ul\s mutt]1 or a quick gay laugh4' ,to ! ext5t ( 8 abilities & 8 culture1 inde$ man has 9 all ages read himself into ! ph5om5a ext]nal to him4 ,su* read+s1 9 times :5 he fe>$ & lov$ 8 k9sfolk ( ,nature1 7 feti*ism & an?ropomorphism4 ,gradually1 h[ev]1 =gett+ 8 community1 he claim$ to be ! measure & ma/] ( all ?+s3 to decree _! use & function4 ,b 9 c\rse ( "t1 :5 ! sci5ces _h emancipat$ !mselves f ! yoke ( philosophy1 !y refus$ to borr[ any su* help 9 read+ ! riddle ( ! univ]se1 & resolv$ to beg91 ab ovo1 f ! atom or cell1 & leave ! elem5ts to "w out _! own explanation4 ,mod]n sci5ce 9 s do+ practises ! lessons le>n$ f ,sp9oza & ,hume4 ,! =m] tea*es t all conception ( ord]1 i4 e4 ( adaptation & h>mony 9 nature1 & inde$ all ! me?ods by :i* nature is popul>ly expla9$1 are only modes ( our emotional imag9ation1 betray+ h[ imp]fect has be5 9 mo/ ( u ! emancipation ( human intellect f ! s]vitude to ! affections#b4 ,! latt] po9ts out t all connexions betwe5 ?+s are solely m5tal associations1 +ra9$ habits ( expectation1 ! "w ( "t & cu/om1 accr$it$ only by exp]i5ce#c4 ,!re mu/ be no pre-suppositions all[$ 9 ! /udies ( sci5ce1 no help d]iv$ prematurely f ! lat] t]ms 9 ! process to elucidate ! e>li]4 ,let man1 x is said1 be expla9$ by ^? laws1 & by ! action ( ^? prim>y elem5ts :i* build up e o!r "p ( nature3 let molecules by me*anical union con/ruct ! ?9k+ organism1 & !n con/ruct society4 ,! elem5ts :i* we f9d by analysis mu/ be all t is requir$ to make ! syn!sis4 ,?us 9 mod]n times sci5ce c>ries out1 fully & ) ! details ( actual k 9 sev]al bran*es1 ! pr9ciples ( ! atom & ! void1 :i* ,democritus sugge/$4 ,! sci5tific _s1 h[ev]1 ! _s ( analysis & ab/raction 7or ( ',m$iation' & ',reflection'71 is n conf9$ 9 its op]ations to ! physical _w4 ,! criticism ( ord9>y beliefs & conv5tions has be5 appli$--& appli$ at an e>li] p]iod--to :at has be5 call$ ! ,spiritual _w1 to ,art1 ,religion1 ,morality1 & ! in/itutions ( human ,society4 ,"u ^! names ! ag5cy ( ages1 act+ by _! individual m9ds1 has creat$ organic sy/ems1 unities :i* h claim$ to be p]man5t1 inviolable1 & div9e4 ,su* unities or organic /ructures are ! ,family1 ! ,/ate1 ! works ( ,art1 ! =ms1 doctr9es1 & sy/ems ( ,religion1 exi/+ & recognis$ 9 ord9>y consci\sness4 ,b 9 ^! cases1 z 9 ,nature1 ! reflective pr9ciple may come =w>d & ask :at "r ^! unities h to exi/4 ,?is is ! "q :i* ! ',encyclopa$ic1' ! ',aufklrung1' ! ',rationali/' & ',free?9k+' !ories1 raise & h rais$ 9 ! la/ c5tury & ! pres5t4 ,:at is ! ,family1 x is said1 b a fiction or conv5tion1 :i* is us$ to give a dec5t1 b some:at transp>5t cov]+ to a c]ta9 animal appetite1 & its probable consequ5ces8 ,:at is ! ,/ate1 & :at is ,society1 b a fiction or compact1 by :i* ! weak try to make !mselves seem /rong1 & ! unju/ seek to %elt] !mselves f ! consequ5ces ( _! own inju/ice8 ,:at is ,religion1 x is said1 b a delusion spr++ f ! fe>s & weakness ( ! cr[d1 & ! cunn+ ( ! few1 :i* m5 h fo/]$ until x has wrapp$ humanity 9 its snaky coils8 ,& ,poetry1 we are assur$1 l its si/] ,arts1 w p]i% & its illusions fade away1 :5 ,sci5ce1 n[ 9 ! cradle1 has become ! full-gr[n ,h]cules4 ,z = ,morality & ,law1 & ! l1 ! same condemnation has be5 prep>$ f ( old4 ,all ( !m1 x is said1 are b ! inv5tions ( p[] & craft1 or ! phantoms ( human imag9ation1 :i* ! /r5g? ( positive sci5ce & b>e facts is de/9$ 9 no long "t to dispel4 ,:5 !y insi/$ ^u a sev]ance ( ! elem5ts 9 ! vulg>ly-accept$ unities ( ! _w1 ,sci5ce & ,free?9k+1 l ,epicurus 9 an old] day1 h believ$ t !y 7 lib]at+ ! _w f its v>i\s sup]/itions1 f ! bonds :i* in/9ct & cu/om _h fa/5$ ^u ?+s s z to comb9e !m into sy/ems m or less arbitr>y4 ,!y d5i$ ! supremacy & reality ( ^? ideas :i* insi/ on ! ess5tial unity & self-sam5ess 9 ?+s t visibly & tangibly h a sep>ate exi/5ce ( _! own1 & br&$ ^! ideas compreh5sively z my/icism & metaphysics4 ,!y s\ght to disabuse u ( spirits1 vital =ces1 div9e "r ( gov]nm5ts1 f9al causes1 et hoc g5us omne4 ,!y 7 exce$+ly jeal\s = ! indep5d5ce ( ! individual1 & = 8 "r to dem& satisfaction = ! que/ion+1 gr\nd-seek+ faculty ( 8 nature4 ,b :ile !y did s !y h>dly realis$ h[ entirely ! spectator is ! "p1 ! product ( :at he surveys1 & :ile survey+ treats z if x 7 b a spot or m>k on ! circumf]5ce ( ! circle t lies--"s way (f--ar\nd him4 ',ph5om5alism1' z ?is mode ( look+ at ?+s has be5 call$1 is false to life1 & w\ld cut away ! gr\nd f philosophy4#d ,to "s ext5t philosophy returns to ! position ( ! wid] consci\sness1 to ! g5]al belief 9 h>mony & symmetry4 ,x rev]ts to ! unity or connexion1 :i* ! natural presumptions ( mank9d f9d 9 ! picture ( ! _w4 ,! nolo philosoph>i ( ! intuitivi/1 9 reaction f ! suppos$ excesses ( ! sci5ces1 simply rev]t$ to ! b>e re-/atem5t ( ! popul> cre$4 ,if sci5ce1 e4 g41 _h %[n t ! p]ception ( an ext]nal _w pre-suppos$ = its accompli%m5t an unsuspect$ s]ies ( int]m$iate /eps1 ! m]e intuitivi/ simply d5i$ ! int]m$iation by appeal+ to ,common ,s5se1 or to ! natural in/9cts & prim>y beliefs ( mank9d4 ,conviction & natural in/9ct 7 decl>$ to c\nt]balance ! ab/ractions ( sci5ce4 ,b philosophy :i* seeks to compreh5d exi/5ce _c take ! same gr\nd z ! intuitional s*ool1 or neglect ! te/imony ( sci5ce4 ,if ! spiritual unity ( ! _w has be5 d5i$ & lo/ to sight1 m]e ass]tion t we feel & own its p]vad+ p[] w n d mu* good4 ,x is necess>y to reconcile ! contra/ betwe5 ! :ol5ess ( ! natural vision1 & ! fragm5t>y1 b 9 its fragm5ts elaborat$1 result ( sci5ce4 ,! sci5ces break up ! r\gh g5]alisations or vulg> concepts ( ev]yday use1 & make _! fix$ di/9ctions yield to analysis4 ,!y ?us r5d] cont9u\s ?+s :i* 7 look$ at z only sep>ate4 ,b !y t5d aga9 to sub/itute ! results ( _! analysis z a new & p]man5t di/9ction & pr9ciple ( ?+s4 ,!y are l revolutioni/s :o upset & p]turb an old ord]1 & set up a new & m9ut] tyranny 9 its place4 ,gradually1 ! g5]al culture1 ! av]age educat$ intellig5ce ga!rs up ! fruit ( sci5tific rese>* into ! total developm5t ( humanity3 & uses ! "w ( sci5ce to fill up ! lacunae1 ! gaps1 :i* make popul> consci\sness s irregul> & disconnect$4 ,a sort ( popul> philosophy comes to sum up & e/imate :at sci5ce has accompli%$3 & !re9 is z x 7 ! _s ( ! _w tak+ into 8 own h& ! acquisitions won by ! m audaci\s & self-will$ ( 8 sons1 & inve/+ !m 9 ! common /ore4 ,!y are set aside & pres]v$ !re1 at fir/ 9 an ab/ract & te*nical =m1 b de/9$ soon to pass into ! possession ( all1 & =m t mass ( belief & in/9ctive or implant$ k :5ce a new g5]ation w draw its m5tal supplies4 ,ea* great sci5tific discov]y is 9 its turn r$uc$ to a "p ( ! common /ock4 ,x leaves ! te*nical field1 & spreads into ! common life ( m51 becom+ embodi$ 9 _! daily beliefs1--a se$ ( ?\ght1 f :i*1 by ! ag5cy ( intellig5t exp]i5ce1 new increm5ts ( sci5ce w "o day spr+4 ,philosophy prop]ly s call$ is also ! unification ( sci5ce1 b 9 a new sph]e1 a high] m$ium n recognis$ by ! sci5ces !mselves4 ,! reconciliation :i* ! philosoph] believes himself to accompli% betwe5 ord9>y consci\sness & sci5ce is id5tifi$ by ei!r side ) a phase ( its antagoni/ error4 ,sci5ce w t]m philosophy a modifi$ =m ( ! old religi\s sup]/ition4 ,! popul> consci\sness ( tru?1 & especially religion1 w see 9 philosophy only a repetition or an aggravation ( ! evils ( sci5ce4 ,! attempt at unity w n approve itself to ei!r1 until !y ent] ^u ! gr\nd :i* philosophy occupies1 & move 9 t elem5t4 ,& t elevation into ! philosophic e!r calls = a t5sion ( ?\ght :i* is ! /]ne/ lab\r impos$ ^u man3 s t ! cont9u\s action ( philosophis+ has be5 (t5 /yl$ sup]human4 ,if any:]e1 x is 9 pure philosophy t pro( becomes impossible1 unless = ^? :o are will+ to ?9k = !mselves#e4 ,! philosophic lesson _c be h&$ on to a m]e recipi5t3 ! result1 :5 cut (f f ! process :i* produc$ x1 vani%es l ! palace 9 ! fairy tale4 ',! :ole ( philosophy is no?+ b ! /udy ( ! specific =ms or types ( unity4#f ,!re are _m species & grades ( ?is unity4 ,!y are n m]ely to be enum]at$ & ass]t$ 9 a vague way1 z !y "h & !re =ce !mselves ^u ! notice ( ! popul> m9d4 ,philosophy sees 9 t unity nei!r an ultimate & unanalysable fact1 nor a deception1 b a gr[? 7:i* is also a /ruggle71 a reveal+ or unfold+1 :i* issues 9 an organism or sy/em1 con/ruct+ itself m & m completely by a =ce ( its own4 ,?is sy/em =m$ by ^! types ( ! fundam5tal unity is call$ ! ',idea1' ( :i* ! highe/ law is developm5t4 ,philosophy essays to d = ?is connective & unify+ nature1 i4 e4 = ! ?\ght 9 ?+s1 some?+ l :at ! sci5ces h done or w\ld l to d = ! facts ( s5se & matt]1--to d = ! spiritual b9d+-elem5t 9 its integrity1 :at is be+ done = ! sev]al facts :i* are m or less comb9$4 ,x retraces ! univ]se ( ?\ght f its g]m9al =m1 :]e x seems1 z x 71 an indecomposable po9t1 to ! fully matur$ sy/em or organism1 & %[s n m]ely t "o phase ( pure ?\ght passes into ano!r1 b h[ x does s1 & yet is n lo/1 b subsi/s susp5d$ & depriv$ ( its n>r[ness 9 ! matur] phase4 ,footnote #a3 ,leibniz1 ed4 ,g]h>dt1 iii4 #ejg3 ',les atomes sont l'effet de la foiblesse de no/re imag9ation1 qui aime se repos] et se hat] v5ir une f9 dans les s\s-divisions et analyses3 il n'en e/ pas a9si dans la nature qui vi5t de l'inf9i et va l'inf9i4' ,footnote #b3 ,sp9oza1 ,e?ica1 i4 #cf1 ,app4 ',quoniam ea nobis prae cet]is grata sunt quae facile imag9>i possumus1 ideo hom9es ord9em confusioni praef]unt2 quasi ordo aliquid 9 natura praet] respectum ad no/ram imag9ationem esset444 ,videmus itaque omnes rationes quibus vulgus solet naturam explic>e modos esse tantummodo imag9&i4' ,cf4 ,e?4 iv4 praef43 ,epi/4 xxxii4 ,footnote #c3 ',?is transition ( ?\ght f ! ,cause to ! ,effect proce$s n f ,reason4 ,x d]ives its orig9 altoge!r f ,cu/om & ,exp]i5ce4' ,hume1 ,essay ,v4 7,enquiry conc]n+ ,human ,und]/&+47 ',all inf]5ces f ,exp]i5ce !re=e are effects ( ,cu/om4' 7,ibid47 ,footnote #d3 ,j4 ,grote1 ,exploratio ,philosophica4 ,footnote #e3 ,cf4 vol4 ii4 p4 #d4 ,footnote #f3 ,philosophie d] ,religion1 i4 p4 #ig3 ',die ganze ,philosophie i/ ni*ts ,&]es als das ,/udium d] ,be/immung5 d] ,e9heit4' ,see especially ,encycl4 #egc 7,philosophy ( ,m9d1 pp4 #aib seqq474 ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,anticipatory ,,sket* ,,( ,,! ,,scope ,,( ,,philosophy4 ,! psy*ology ( ! ,greeks has to all appe>ance giv5 ! m]e intellect an undue pre-em95ce1 if x has n ev5 treat$ x z man's ess5tial self4 ,:e!r ! appe>ance is altoge!r s\nd might be a pr(itable inquiry = ^? :o mo/ criticise x4 ,at any rate1 a lat] psy*ology has taught u to reg>d man z at once a cognitive1 an emotional1 & a volitional be+4 ,x has arriv$ at ?is conclusion z x look$ at ! division t p>t$ (f ! sy/ems ( sci5ce f ! sph]e ( conduct & social life1 & bo? f ! inn] life ( s5tim5t1 ( love1 admiration & rev]5ce4 ,& ! inf]5ce 0 ju/ifiable1 9 ! same way z ,plato's :51 z he survey$ ! triple sph]e into :i* ! outw>d _w ( 8 contempor>y society 0 divid$1 he conclud$ a triplicity ( ! s\l4 ,if x 0 ju/ifiable1 x 0 also1 z 9 8 case1 some:at mislead+4 ,9 ! outw>d manife/ation1 :]e ! lett]s are po/$ up on a gigantic scale1 "o t5ds to =get t !y only spell "o ^w4 ,_! diff]5ce & di/ance seem increas$1 & we fail to note t1 ?\gh !re are ?ree aspects1 yet !re is only "o p[] or s\l1 :i* exhibits itself "u "o or o!r ( ! ?ree tones or modes4 ,9 ! actual human be+1 cognition is always ( "s emotional int]e/ & always leads up to "s practical result4 ,f diff]5t po9ts ( view "o or o!r is occasionally decl>$ to be prim>y & orig9al2 ! o!rs d]ivative & second>y4 ,at any rate we may say t 9 ! ord9>y human be+ :o is /ill 9 ! g>d5 ( prep>ation & has n yet /epp$ =? on "o ( ! sep>ate r\tes ( life1 8 k1 8 emotional & 8 active life are 9 a tol]able h>mony1 & t ea* 9 its little developm5t is con/antly foll[$ by ! o!r4 ,b ) ! outw>d diff]5tiation an inw>d w5t h& 9 h&4 ,9 "s cases ! intellectual or sci5tific1 9 o!rs ! emotional1 9 o!rs ! active faculties became pr$om9ant4 ,human nature 9 ord] to atta9 all its complet5ess _h fir/ ( all1 z x 71 to lose its life 9 ord] to ga9 x4 ,! individual _h to sacrifice "p ( 8 all-sid$ developm5t 9 ord] t he might ga9 x aga91 & 9 a l>g] measure1 ?r\gh ! m$ium ( society4 ,?is process is ! process ( civilisation3 ! long &1 z x (t5 seems1 we>y road by :i* man c only realise himself by self-sacrifice3 c only rea* unity ?r\gh ! way ( div]sity1 & mu/ die to live4 ,x is a process 9 :i* x is b too easy to notice only "o /age & speak ( x z if x 7 ! :ole4 ,x is possible sometimes to id5tify civilisation ) ! mat]ial increase 9 ! means ( produc+ enjoym5t1 or ) ! progress ( sci5tific tea*+ z to ! laws ( ^? mat]ial ph5om5a on :i* mat]ial civilisation is l>gely dep5d5t4 ,x is possible sometimes to take z its te/ ! /ores ( arti/ic works1 & ! ext5sion ( a lively & delicate love ( all t is beautiful & ta/eful4 ,"o may id5tify x ) a high-ton$ moral life1 & ) an ord]ly social sy/em4 ,or "o may ma9ta9 t ! real civilisation ( a c\ntry presupposes a l(ty conception & rev]5t attitude to ! supreme s\rce ( all t is good1 & true1 & beautiful4 ,! "q is important z be>+ on ! relation ( philosophy to ! special sci5ces4 ,philosophy is sometimes id5tifi$ ) ! sum ( sci5ces3 sometimes ) _! complete unification4 ,philosophy1 says a mod]n1 is k completely unifi$4 ,x is ( c\rse to "s ext5t a "q ( words 9 :at s5se a t]m is to be def9$4 ,& no "o w dispute t ! sci5tific elem5t is 9 po9t ( =m ! mo/ conspicu\s aspect ( philosophy4 ,yet if we look at ! hi/orical use ( ! t]m1 "o or two consid]ations sugge/ !mselves4 ,philosophy1 said an anci5t1 is ! k ( ?+s human & div9e4 ,aga9 & aga91 x has claim$ = its task to be a guide & *>t ( human life--to reveal ! =m ( good & ( beauty4 ,b to d ?is1 x mu/ be m ?an a m]e sci5ce1 or ?an a m]e sy/em ( ! sci5ces4 ,aga91 x has be5 urg$ by mod]n critics t ,kant at la/ discov]$ = philosophy h] true prov9ce--! /udy ( ! conditions & pr9ciples ( human k4 ,b ?\gh epi/emology is all-important1 ! sci5ce ( k is n id5tical ) philosophy3 nor did ,kant himself ?9k x 04 ,r 8 view is on ! :ole 9 accord ) :at he has call$ ! '_w's 7z oppos$ to ! s*ol>'s7 conception ( philosophy#a1' z ! sci5ce ( ! be>+ ( all asc]ta9able tru?s on ! ess5tial aims ( human reason--teleologia humanae rationis1--9 accord1 too1 ) ! _w's conception ( ! philosoph] z no m]e logician1 b ! legislator ( human reason4 ,?is1 x ne$ h>dly be add$1 is ! conception ( philosophy :i* is implicitly ! basis ( ,hegel's use4 ,let u he> ,s*ell+4 ',a philosophy :i* 9 its pr9ciple is n already religion is no true philosophy#b4' ,or aga91 z to ! place ( ,e?ics3 ',morality is ,godlike disposition1 an uplift+ above ! influ5ce ( ! concrete into ! realm ( ! utt]ly univ]sal4 ,philosophy is a l elevation1 & = t reason intimately "o ) morality1 n ?r\gh subord9ation1 b ?r\gh ess5tial & inn] lik5ess#c4' ,b1 aga91 x has m ?an once be5 felt t philosophy is k9dr$ ) ,art4 ,x has be5 said--n z a complim5t--t philosophy is only a =m ( gratify+ ! ae/hetic in/9cts4 ,s*op5hau] has sugge/$--z a novelty--t ! true way to philosophy 0 n by sci5ce1 b ?r\gh ,art4 ,& ,s*ell+ be=e him _h--:ile ass]t+ ! inn] id5tity ( ! two--ev5 gone s f> z to ass]t#d t ',art is ! sole1 true & et]nal organon z well z ! o/5sible evid5ce ( philosophy4' ,philosophy1 !re=e1 is "o ( a triad 9 :i* ! human _s has tri$ to raise itself above its limitations & to become god-l4 ,& philosophy is ! climax2 ,art ! l[e/2 ,religion 9 ! mean4 ,b ?is does n mean t ,religion sup]s$es ,art1 & t ,philosophy sup]s$es religion2 or1 if we reta9 ! t]m 'sup]s$e1' we mu/ add t ! sup]s$$ is n left beh9d & pass$ aside3 x is r an integral con/itu5t ( :at takes its place4 ,philosophy is true & adequate only z x has giv5 expression to all t religion _h or aim$ at4 ,s1 too1 ,religion is n ! de/ruction ( ,art3 ?\gh "h ! attitude may (t5 seem to be m obvi\sly negative4 ,a religion :i* has no place = art is1 aga91 no true religion4 ,& ?us aga91 ,philosophy becomes a reconcil] ( ,art & ,religion3 ( ! visible ideal & ! invisible ,god4 ,art1 on ! o!r h&1 is a =eta/e & a prophecy ( religion & philosophy4 ,b ,art1 ,religion1 & ,philosophy1 aga91 re/ ^u1 gr[ out (1 & are ! fulfilm5t ( an e?ical society-a /ate ( human life :]e an ord]$ commonweal? 9 outw>d visibility is animat$ & su/a9$ by ! _s ( fre$om & self-realisation4 ,& t public objective exi/5ce ( social humanity 9 its turn reposes on ! w & intellig5ce ( human be+s1 ( s\ls :i* 9 v>i\s relations ( discipl9e & int]action ) _! environm5t h become free-ag5ts1 & h ris5 to be m ?an portions ( ! physical _w1 sympa!tic ) its *anges1 & become awake to !mselves & _! surr\nd+s4 ,su* is ! m5tal or spiritual life z x rises to full s5se ( its p[]1 recognises its k9dr$ ) ! g5]al life1 c>ries out t k9dr$ 9 its social organisation1 & at l5g? ?r\gh ! /r5g? social union gives floats boldly 9 ! empyrean ( spiritual life1 9 art1 religion1 & philosophy4 ,b1 :at ab\t ! special relation%ip ( philosophy to ! sci5ces8 ,und\bt$ly ! philosoph]s ( ! e>ly ye>s ( ! c5tury h us$ lordly language 9 ref]5ce to ! sci5ces4 ,!y h ass]t$--f ,fi*te d[nw>ds--t ! philosophical con/ruction1 ( ! univ]se mu/ ju/ify itself to itself--mu/ be consi/5t1 cont9u\s1 & coh]5t--& t x _h n to wait = exp]i5ce to give x confirmation4 ,ev5 ! cauti\s ,kant#e _h gone s f> z to ass]t t ! 'und]/&+ gives u nature'--i4 e4 z he expla9s1 natura =malit] spectata1 viz41 ! ord] & regul>ity 9 ! ph5om5a--t x is ! s\rce ( ! laws ( nature & ( its =mal unity4 ,! s-call$ pro(s ( natural laws are only in/ances & exemplifications1 :i* no m prove !m1 ?an we prove t #f x #d #bd1 because #f y>ds ( clo? at #ds4 mu/ be paid = by #bd %ill+s4 ,to ass]t t ?is in/ance is no pro(1 is n to reject exp]i5ce--/ill less to refuse respect to ! new discov]ies ( sci5ce4 ,b x is unque/ionably to ass]t t !re is some?+ prior to ! sci5ces--prior1 i4 e4 9 ! s5se t ,kant speaks ( ! a priori1 some?+ :i* is fundam5tal to !m1 & con/itutes !m :at !y are--some?+ :i* is assum$ z real if _! syn!ses 7& e sci5tific tru? is a syn!sis7 are to be possible4 ,! analysis & exhibition 9 its organic complet5ess ( ?is ,kantian a priori is ! !me ( ! ,hegelian ,logic4 ,! ,philosophy ( ,nature /&s 9 ! ,hegelian sy/em betwe5 ,logic & ,m5tal or ,spiritual ,philosophy4 ,man--intellig5t1 moral1 religi\s & arti/ic man--re/s ^u ! basis ( natural exi/5ce3 he is ! *ild ( ! e>?1 ! (fspr+ ( natural organisation4 ,b ,nature itself--su* is ! hypo!sis ( ! sy/em--is only intelligible z ! reflex ( t a priori :i* has be5 exhibit$ 9 ,logic4 ,! :ole s*eme by :i* ! natural _w is sci5tifically held toge!r1 appreh5d$ by ord9>y consci\sness & elaborat$ by ma!matical analysis1 presupposes ! organism ( ! categories--^! fundam5tal habits ( ?\ght or =m ( conception :i* are ! framework ( ! exi/5ce we "k4 ,yet ,nature nev] %[s ?is intelligible _w--! ,idea--9 its purity & entirety4 ,9 ! half-lit]al1 half-figurative phrases ( ,hegel1 ,nature %[s ! ,idea beside itself1 out ( its m9d1 ali5at$1 non compos m5tis4 ',x is a mad _w1 my ma/]s1' ',! impot5ce ( nature--,ohnma*t d] ,natur#f--;is a frequ5t phrase1 by :i* he indicates ! a-logical1 if n illogical1 "* ( ! physical _w4 ,"h we come across ! negation ( m9d3 *ance plays its "p3 cont+5cy is ev]y:]e4 ,if y expect t ! physical univ]se w display unque/ion+ ob$i5ce to ! laws ( reason & ( ! high] logic1 y w be disappo9t$4 ,:at y see is fragm5t>y1 *aotic1 irregul>4 ,to ! bodily s5se--ev5 :5 t s5se has be5 r5d]$ m p5etrat+ by all ! _m mat]ial & me?odical aids ( advanc$ civilisation--! ,idea is 9 ! natural _w pres5t$ only 9 traces1 indications1 portions1 :i* x requires a well-prep>$ m9d to descry1 /ill m to unite4 ,yet at ! same "t ! indications ( t unity are ev]y:]e1 & ! hypo!sis ( ! logical s*eme or organisation ( ! ,idea is ! only !ory :i* seems fully to correspond ) ! data4 ,nature#g1 says ,hegel1 is ! ,idea z x %[s itself 9 s5se-p]ception1 n z x %[s itself 9 ?\ght4 ,9 ?\ght a cle> all-compreh5d+ total2 9 s5se a baffl+ fragm5t4 ,! ,idea--! unity ( life & k--is ev]y:]e 9 nature1 b n[h]e cle>ly1 or :ole1 or o!rwise ?an a glimpse2 n a logical s*eme or compact !ory4 ,nature is ! s5sible 9 :i* ! intelligible is b\nd--! reality :i* is ! vehicle ( ! ideal4 ,b ! ideal treasure is held 9 r\gh & fragile receptacles :i* half disclose & half conceal ! light )94 ,nature 9 %ort conta9s1 b disguis$1 ! idea1 9 fa9t] & cle>] evid5ces3 x is ! function ( man1 by 8 sci5tific intellig5ce & e?ical "w1 build+ up a social organisation1 to provide ! gr\nd on :i* ! ultimate significance & true f\ndation ( ! _w may be deciph]$1 guess$1 or believ$1 or imag9atively pres5t$4 ,! v]ification ( ! guess or deciph]+1 ( c\rse1 lies 9 its adequacy to expla9 & colligate ! facts4 ,! true me?od & true conception is t :i* ne$s no subsequ5t adju/m5ts--no epicycles to make x "w--:i* is no m]e hypo!sis useful = subjective arrangem5t1 b issues ) uncontrollable =ce & self-evid5ce f ! facts4 ,:at ,hegel has call$ ! 'impot5ce ( nature1' ,s*op5hau] has /yl$ ! irrational ,w1 & x is f t end1 s to speak1 t ,s*op5hau]'s philosophy beg9s4 ,nature--! basis ( all ?+s--! fundam5tal prius--is an irresi/ible & irregul> appetite or crav+ to be1 to d1 to live1--b an appetitus or nisus :i* asc5ds f grade to grade--f m]e me*anical =ces act+ 9 movem5t up to ! highe/ =m ( animal activity4 ,b z ?is ',w' or bl9d lu/ ( be+ & in/9ct ( life gets above ! inorganic _w1 & manife/s itself 9 ! animal organism1 !re em]ges a new ord] ( exi/5ce--! intellect1 or ! ideal _w4 ,se5 f ! und]side1 inde$1 all t has appe>$ n[ 9 ! animal is a bra9 & a n]ve-sy/em--a new species ( matt]4 ,b !re is ano!r side to ! ,m9d :i* has ?us awak5$ out ( ! sleep ( natural =ces4 ,?is intellect is unaw>e & c nev] be made aw>e t x is a *ild ( nature3 x ackn[l$ges no sup]ior1 & no beg9n+ or end 9 "t4 ,its natal day is inf9itely beyond ! age :5 ! cosmic process began its race2 be=e />s ga!r$ _! masses ( lum9osity1 & ! e>? receiv$ ! fir/ g]ms ( life4 ,z ! g5ius ( ,art1 x arre/s ! toil+ /ruggle ( exi/5ce to produce new =ms & de/roy old ones2 x sets free 9 typical =ms ( et]nal beauty ! great ideas t nature va9ly seeks to embody1 & z moral & religi\s life its aim is to annihilate ! crav+ & ! lu/ = m & ev] m be+ & to ent] 9 passionless & calm union ) ! ,"o-&-,all4 ,?us x is1 if n absurd1 at lea/ mislead+1 to speak ( ,hegel's sy/em z ,panlogism4 ,/rictly speak+1 x is only ( ! ,logic t ?is is ! prop] "n3 !re1 unque/ionably1 reason is all & 9 all4 ,yet to hold t reason is ! v life & c5tre ( ?+s is = philosophy ! c>d9al article--! po/ulate :i* mu/ inspire h] fir/ & la/ /eps & guide h] ?r\gh\t4 ,b ! ,logical ,idea1 if put at ! beg9n+1 is at fir/ only put z a presupposition1 :i* x is ! task ( human intellig5ce to "w out & organise4 ,if x be ! key :i* is to expla9 nature & r5d] x intelligible1 x is a key :i* has only be5 ga9$ 9 ! process--! long process--by :i* man has ris5 f 8 natural orig9--nev] h[ev] p>t+ company ) x--to survey & compreh5d himself & 8 sett+4 ,! faculty ( 'pure ?9k+1' :i* is ! pre-condition ( ,logical /udy1 is ! result ( a gradual developm5t 9 :i* animal s5se has gr[n1 & metamorphos$1 & work$ itself up to be a free intellig5ce & a good w capable ( disc]n+ & fulfill+ ! univ]sal & ! et]nal4 ,?us 9 ! ,logic ! sy/em con/ructs ! pure ,idea--! ideal timeless organisation ( ?\ghts or on :i* all k ( reality re/s--! diamond net :i* suff]s no?+ to escape its me%es3 9 ! ,philosophy ( ,nature x tries to put toge!r 9 unity & cont9uity ! phases & p>tial aspects :i* ! physical univ]se pres5ts 9 graduat$ exemplification ( ! c5tral tru?3 & 9 ! ,philosophy ( ,m9d x traces ! /eps by :i* a m]ely natural be+ becomes ! moral & ae/hetic ideali/ 9 :om man approa*es deity4 ,x is inde$ ,hegel's fundam5tal axiom t actuality is reasonable4 ,b ! actuality is n ! appe>ance--! tempor>y phases--! succession ( ev5t3 x is ! appe>ance root$ 9 its ess5ce--! succession conc5trat$ 7yet n lo/7 9 its unity4 ,!re is room = mu* s-call$ irrationality )9 ^! ranges4 ,=1 :5 human be+s pron\nce some?+ irrational1 !y only mean t _! practical intellig5ce w\ld h adopt$ o!r me?ods to arrive at c]ta9 conclusions4 ,!y judge1 9 fact1 by _! limit$ und]/&+s & n ex ord9e univ]si4 ,hegel's doctr9e is aft] all only ano!r way ( /at+ ! ma9t5ance ( ! fitte/2 & x is liable to ! v same misconception by ^? :o employ _! p]sonal aims z ! /&>ds ( judgm5t4 ,s too !re is reason--!re is ! ,idea--9 ,nature4 ,b x is !re only = ! arti/1 ! religi\s man1 & ! philosoph]2 & !y see x respectively by ! eye ( g5ius1 by ! p[] ( fai?1 by ! ?\ght ( reason4 ,!y see x f ! /&po9t ( ! absolute--sub specie quadam aet]nitatis4 ,x is !re=e a recalcitrant matt] 9 :i* ,nature pres5ts ! ,idea3 or1 if recalcitrant sugge/s a positive opposition1 let u say r a realm 9 :i* ! ,idea fails to come out :ole & cle>1 :]e unity has to be =c$ ^u & read into ! facts4 ,sci5ce1 says "o writ]1 is an ideal con/ruction3 x implies an ab/raction f irregul>ities & inequalities3 x smoo!s & sublimates ! r\gh & imp]fect mat]ial into a m r\nd$ & p]fect :ole4 ,its object1 :i* x t]ms a reality1 is a non-s5sible1 imp]ceptible reality3 :at "o might z well call an ideality1 7 x n t "h aga9 ! popul> imag9ation twi/s ! ^w into a subjective s5se to mean ! private & p]sonal ideas ( ! /ud5t4 ,b ! obvi\s individual reality nev] q 9 its obvi\sness equals ! 'gold5 m$iocrity' ( ! ideal4 ,its myriad grapes mu/ be cru%$ to yield ! w9e ( ! _s4 ',x's a lifelong toil till our lump be leav5$' --till ! ore be trans=m$ into ! f9e gold4 ,b ! gold is !re1 & 9 ! great laboratory ( natura naturans is ! pr9ciple & ag5t ( its own purification4 ',nature is made bett] by no mean1 b nature makes t mean'--= nature is _s 9 disguise4 ,x is on ?is side t a c]ta9 analogy ( ,hegel's & ,s*ell+'s philosophy ( nature ) ! ,romantic s*ool comes out4 ,nature is felt1 z x 71 to be _s-haunt$1 to give glimpses ( a solid>ity1 a design1 a provid5tiality1 :i* runs c\nt] to t g5]al outw>d indiff]5ce 9 :i* "p seems to h settl$ beside "p1 ea* utt]ly indiff]5t to ! o!r4 ,romance is ! unexpect$ co9cid5ce1 ! sudd5 jump+ toge!r ( :at seem$ set worlds ap>t & utt]ly ali54 ,x 0 ! s5se ( ?is ,romance :i* wove its wild leg5ds ( nymph & cobold1 ( faun & riv]-god1 ( imp & fairy1 wield+ ! p[]s ( ! elem5ts & guid+ ! life ( ev5 ! s-call$ inanimate _w4 ,b x is no less ! !me ( ! fairy tale ( sci5ce4 ,ev5 9 ! au/]e demon/rations ( geometry1 & ! con/ructions ( me*anics1 ! un-look$-= slips ^u u ) gipsy tread4 ,:o has n--9 8 e>ly /udies ( ma!matics--be5 fa9 to m>vel at ! almo/ unexpect$ consili5ce ( prop]ty ) prop]ty 9 a figure1 sudd5ly plac+ 9 almo/ 'e]y' relief ! conjunction ( :at 0 app>5tly poles asund]8 ,x is n a m]e =m ( words to speak ( beautiful prop]ties ( a conic section or a curve4 ,cu/om p]haps has blunt$ our s5se = ! symmetries ( cele/ial dynamics1 b !y are none ! less admirable1 because we are o!rwise engross$4 ,to ! fir/ g5]ation ( our c5tury ! ph5om5a ( *emi/ry1 magnetism & electricity appeal$--z !y h nev] s9ce done--) a tangible demon/ration ( t appetitus ad invicem1 t in/9ct ( union ,bacon speaks (2 & ?is "t 9 a high] =m ?an 9 m]e me*anism4 ,pol>ity--! bifurcation ( reality into a pair ( opposites :i* yet s\ght _! complem5t 9 ea* o!r--et]nally divid+ only et]nally to unite1 & ?us only to exi/--became a process press$ into g5]al s]vice4 ,la/ly1 :at m admirable ?an t adaptation ( ! individual to ! environm5t--& ( ! environm5t to ! individual--( ! organs 9 him to 8 total1 & ( 8 total to 8 organs4 ,"o 9 all & ,all 9 "o3 "o life 9 p]petual trans=mation1 animals1 plants1 & e>? & air2 "o organism1 develop+ 9 absolute coh]5ce4 ,?is 0 ! vision :i* ! g5ius ( ,s*ell+ & 8 contempor>ies saw--! same vision :i*1 by accumulation ( facts & pictorial hi/ory1 ,d>w9 & 8 disciples h impress$ 9 "s measure ev5 on ! dulle/4 ,b !re is a pr(\nd diff]5ce betwe5 ! _s ( a ,philosophy ( ,nature & ! aggregate ( ! physical sci5ces4 ,ea* sci5ce takes ! p>ticul> qu>ry :i* accid5t or provid5ce has assign$ to x1 & does its be/ to 'put out' e piece ( rock x conta9s4 ,b x seldom goes1 unless by con/ra9t1 & 9 ^! days ( specialisation x does s less & less1 to exam9e ! neighb\r+ excavation1 & see if !re be any connexion betwe5 ! /rata4 ,ev5 )9 its own doma9 x is a%am$ to put =w>d too mu* p>ade ( sy/em4 ,its me?od is (t5 l t ( ! %[man 9 ! travell+ m5ag]ie3 ',& n[1 please pass to ! next c>riage4' ,x respects ! comp>tm5tal arrangem5t into :i* x f9ds ! _w brok5 up1 & (t5 ?9ks x has des]v$ well if x has fill$ ! comp>tm5t full] ?an be=e1 or succe$$ 9 creat+ a few sub-comp>tm5ts )9 ! old b\nds4 ,ev5 ! s-call$ m5tal & moral sci5ces :5 !y lose _! philosophical "* t5d to imitate ^! features4 ,yet 9 e sci5ce !re is an outlook & an outlet1 = :osoev] has ! w & ! p[]1 to em]ge f 8 n>r[ doma9 on ! op5 fields & free prospect into ! fir/ f\nta9s & la/ great ocean ( be+4 ,always1 & n lea/ 9 our own day1 ! physici/1 ! *emi/1 ! physiologi/1 ! psy*ologi/1 ! sociologi/1 & ! economi/1 h made _! special field a plat=m :]e !y might disc\rse de omnibus rebus1 & become = ! nonce philosoph]s & metaphysicians4 ,x w\ld be a silly intol]ance & a misconception ( ! situation to exclaim ,ne sutor ultra crepidam4 ,9 ! organic sy/em ( ?+s 'ea* mom5t ev5 indep5d5t ( ! :ole is ! :ole2 & to see ?is is to p5etrate to ! he>t ( ! ?+4' ,we ne$ h>dly g to ,hegel to be told t to "k "o ?+ ?or\ghly well is to "k all ?+s4 ,! f9ite1 :i* we in]tly re/ cont5t )1 w\ld1 if we 7 9 full sympa?y ) x1 op5 up its he>t & %[ u ! inf9ite4 ,& yet if ! speciali/ :5 he rises f 8 %oe-mak+1 ) a he>t full ( ! fai? t '!re is no?+ l lea!r1' %\ld proclaim 8 discov]y ( x 9 regions :]e x 0 hi!rto unsurmis$1 "o may smile incr$ul\s & be no cynic4 ,philosophy !n keeps op5 eye & e>--z f> z may be no d\bt = ! f9] %ades & delicate details--b ess5tially = ! music ( humanity & ! music ( ! sph]es--= ! g5]al purpose & drift ( all sci5ces--f ma!matics to sociology--z !y help to make cle> ! life ( nature & fur!r ! emancipation ( man4 ,x w seem occasionally to ov]-emphasise ! cont9uity ( sci5ce & to make light ( its di/9ctions3 x w seem occasionally m anxi\s z to ! ord] ?an z to ! cont5ts ( ! sci5ces3 x w rem9d ! sci5ces ( ! hypo!tical & =mal "* ( mu* ( _! me?od & "s ( _! pr9ciples3 & sometimes w treat z unimportant1 results on :i* ! m]e s*ol> or dogmati/ ( sci5ce lays great weight4 ,f 8 habit ( deal+ ) ! limitations & mutual implication ( pr9ciples & conceptions1 ! philosoph] w (t5 be able--& p]haps only too will+--to po9t out cases :]e ! m]e speciali/ has all[$ himself to attribute reality to 8 ab/raction4 ,he w tell ! analy/ ( ! a/ronomical motions t he mu/ n take ! di/9ction ( c5trifugal & c5tripetal =ce1 into :i* me*anics dis9tegrate ! planet>y orbit1 z if x really meant t ! planet 0 pull$ inw>d by "o =ce & s5t on sp9n+ =w>d by ano!r#h4 ,& ! sci5ti/1 pr\d ( 8 ma!matics1 w res5t & laugh at ! philosoph] :o lets fall a ^w ab\t ! planets mov+ 9 gr& indep5d5ce l 'bless$ gods4' ,! philosoph] w h9t to ! *emi/ t 8 =mulae ( composition & decomposition ( bodies are1 z he uses !m1 some:at my?ological1 pictur+ wat] z atom ( oxyg5 lock$ up ) atom ( hydrog52 & ! *emi/ w g away mutt]+ some?+ ab\t a fool :o does n believe 9 ! well-asc]ta9$ *emical tru? t wat] is compos$ ( ^! two gases4 ,if ! philosoph] fur!r h9ts t x is n ! highe/ ideal ( a *emical sci5ce to be cont5t ) enum]at+ fifty or sixty elem5ts1 & detect+ _! sev]al prop]ties & aff9ities#i2 t x w\ld be well to f9d "s pr9ciple ( gradation1 "s unity or law :i* br\ght mean+ into mean+less juxtaposition1 ! m]e dogmati/1 ^: *emi/ry is 8 liv+ & :o %r9ks f dis5d[m5t1 w sc5t a prop5sity t[>ds ! h]esy :i* s9ks all elem5ts 9 "o4 ,& yet1 ev5 among *emi/s1 ! in/9ct = law & unity beg9s to dem& satisfaction4 ,a /ill ri*] /ore ( amaz+ p>adox & p]plex+ analogies awaits anyone :o w turn ov] ! volume 9 ,hegel's ,w]ke 7vii4 i7 & select ! plums :i* lie ?ick 9 ! lecture-notes4 ,he w f9d a great deal--& probably m1 ! less he really kn[s ( any ( ! subjects "u discussion--t he _c make head or tail (3 language :]e he _c guess :e!r x %\ld be tak5 lit]ally or figuratively4 ,= ,hegel s]i\sly insi/s on ! ess5tial unity & id5tity ( all ! comp>tm5ts ( ! physical univ]se2 he w n keep "t & space on "o level1 matt] & motion on ano!r1 & s5ses1 suns1 plants1 passions1 all 9 _! prop] prov9ce4 ,go+ f> beyond ! !ory :i* supposes t all ! complex diff]5ce ( organisation has gr[n up 9 endless1 endless ages f a primitive indi/9ctness1 s t ! gap ( "t acts z a wall to keep e>ly & late ap>t1 ,hegel insi/s ^u _! ess5tial unity to-day4 ,& t s\nds h>d--! h]ald ( an>*y1 ( ! collapse ( ! ord]$ polity ( ! sci5tific /ate4 ,x is no d\bt probable t ,hegel1 l o!r m51 made mi/akes2 t he ov]-e/imat$ ! suppos$ discov]ies ( ! day3 t he indulg$ 9 false analogies1 & t he 0 attract$ by a d>+ p>adox4 ,all ?is has no?+ to d ) 8 ma9 !sis3 :i* is1 t ! natural realm is z x /&s an a-logical realm :]e reason has gone beside itself1 & yet conta9+ an in/rum5t--man1 & t is m9d--by :i* its rationality may be realis$ & re/or$4 ,9 t po9t at lea/ he & ,s*op5hau] are at "o4 ,footnote #a3 ,kant's ,kritik d4 r4 ,v]nunft3 ,me?od5l4 ,ar*itektonik d4 r4 ,v]n4 ,footnote #b3 ,s*ell+'s ,w]ke1 v4 #aaf4 ,footnote #c3 ,ibid4 v4 #bgf4 ,footnote #d3 ,ibid4 iii4 #bfg4 ,footnote #e3 ,kant1 ,kritik d4 r4 ,v]n41 ,d$uction ( ! ,categories1 ,sect4 ,,iii4 ,footnote #f3 ,encyclopa$ie1 #bej4 ,footnote #g3 ,encycl4 ,sect4 #bdd 7,logic1 p4 #cgi74 ,footnote #h3 ,encyclop4 #bff1 #bfi2 cf4 ! lecture-note z giv5 9 ,w]ke vii i4 p4 #ig4 ,a l>ge numb] ( p>adoxical analogies f ,hegel's ,naturphilosophie has be5 collect$ by ,riehl 9 8 ,philosophi%] ,criticismus1 ii4 #b1 #abj4 ,footnote #i3 ,see notes & illu/rations 9 vol4 ii4 #dai4 ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,! ,,sceptical ,,d\bt3 ,,hume4 ,we h se5 t an innate t5d5cy leads ! human m9d to connect & set 9 relation1--to connect1 x may be errone\sly1 or )\t prop] scrut9y1 or "u ! influ5ce ( passions or prejudices1--b at any rate to connect4 ,criticism occasionally has impati5tly bann$ ?is t5d5cy z a m]e f\nta9 ( errors4 ,! human m9d1 says ,francis ,bacon1 always assumes a great] uni=mity 9 ?+s ?an x f9ds2 x expects symmetry1 is bold 9 neglect+ exceptional cases1 & w\ld fa9 g beyond all limits 9 its ev]la/+ cry1 ,:y & ,to :at end4 ,x v>ies 9 individuals betwe5 a passion = discov]+ simil>ities & an int5t acut5ess to e %ade ( unlik5ess4 ,b not)/&+ ^! w>n+s ( ! h51 ! ugly duckl+ ,reason w g beyond :at is giv53 x kn[s no insup]able limitation4 ,x may be guilty ( :at ,bacon calls 'anticipation'--an induction on evid5ce insuffici5t--or x may subdue itself to ! duty ( 'int]pretation' ( nature by prop] me?ods3 9 ei!r case1 x is an act ( association1 syn!sis1 unification4 ,= ,n\s is ar*1 & kn[s t x is3 x w n yield to clam\r or m]e rebuke3 x1 too1 _c be comm&$1 unless by fir/ obey+ x3 & ,bacon1 hav+ duly objurgat$ ! 'm9d left to itself1' is oblig$ to let x g to ga!r ! grapes be=e !y are q ripe1 & to indulge x ) a 'pr]ogative' ( in/ances4 ,z ,mr4 ,h]b]t ,sp5c] & _m o!rs are nev] we>y ( tell+ u3 ',we ?9k 9 relations4 ,?is is truly ! =m ( all ?\ght3 & if !re are any o!r =ms !y mu/ be d]iv$ f ?is#a4' ,man us$ to be def9$ z a ?9k+ or rational animal3 :i* means t man is a connect+ & relation-giv+ animal2 & f ?is1 ,ari/otle's def9ition1 mak+ him out to be a 'political' animal1 is only a coroll>y1 mo/ applicable 9 ! region ( ,e?ics4 ,"h is ! ultimate po9t1 f :i* ! natural consci\sness1 & ! en]gies ( sci5ce1 art1 & religion equally />t ^u _! special missions4 ,9 ord9>y life we atta* b little importance to ?is ma*9]y ( cognition4 ,we incl9e to let ! fact ( syn!sis drop out ( sight1 z if x requir$ no fur!r /udy or notice1 & we reg>d ! ?+s connect$ z exclusively wor? att5d+ to4 ,! int]e/ c5tres on ! object--on ! matt]3 ! =mal elem5t--! connective tissue--is only an in/rum5t ( no importance1 except 9 view ( ! end x helps u to4 ,we use g5]al & half-expla9$ t]ms1 su* z developm5t1 evolution1 cont9uity1 z bridges f "o ?+ to ano!r1 )\t giv+ any reg>d to ! means ( locomotion on _! own acc\nt4 ,"s "o ?+ is ! product ( some?+ else3 we let ! t]m 'product' slip out ( ! proposition z unimportant3 & !n read ! /atem5t s z to expla9 ! "o ?+ by turn+ x into ! o!r4 ,?+s1 accord+ to ?is op9ion1 are all-important3 ! re/ is m]e words4 ,^! relations betwe5 ?+s are n op5 to fur!r inve/igation or def9ition3 !y are ea* sui g5]is1 or peculi>3 & ev5 if ! logician 9 8 analysis ( inf]5ce f9ds x advisable to deal ) !m1 he w be cont5t1 if he c classify !m 9 "s approximate way1 z a basis = 8 subdivision ( propositions4 ,?is is c]ta9ly "o way ( gett+ rid ( ,metaphysics--= ! "t4 ,b !re are epo*s 9 life1 & epo*s 9 univ]sal hi/ory1 :5 ! m9d )draws f its imm]sion 9 active life1 & reflects ^u its own behavi\r z on ! proce$+s ( "s /range creature1 ( :i* x is a m]e spectator4 ,at su* seasons :5 we /op to reflect ^u ! p>tial sc5e1 & close our eyes to ! totality1 d\bts beg9 to arise1 :e!r our proc$ure is ju/ifi$ :5 we unify & comb9e ! isolat$ ph5om5a4 ,h we any "r to ?r[ our own subjectivity1 ! laws ( our imag9ation & ?\ght1 into ! natural _w8 ,w\ld x n be m prop] to refra9 altoge!r f ! use ( su* conceptions8 ,philosophy1 said "o ( ! anci5ts#b1 beg9s 9 wond]1 & ends 9 wond]4 ,x beg9s f ! surprise t some?+ c\ld be :at x purports to be3 x ends 9 ! m>vel ( our hav+ ?\ght any?+ else possible4 ,su* a phrase well becomes ! naive age 9 :i* ! s\l goes freely =?1 w&]+ f "o novelty to ano!r1 curi\s to f9d out all t c be kn[n1--l ! "y w&]] on ! sea-%ore :om fre% pebbles & new %ells tempt endlessly to fill 8 basket4 ,b z ! ages roll on1 & ! accumulations ( ! pa/ gr[ heavi] 9 ! receptacle1 ! ne$ ( a re-exam9ation ( ! /ores becomes imp]ative4 ,! bright col\rs h fad$--& g5]ally !y fade soon3 !re has be5 mu* pick$ up 9 ! inexp]i5ce ( y\?ful en?usiasm :i* matur] reflection h>dly c ?9k wor? c>ry+ fur!r4 ,! duty ( d\bt & ( re-exam9ation ( :at tradition has bequea!d has be5 en=c$ by philosophy 9 all ages4 ,= x is ! c>d9al pr9ciple ( philosophy to be free--to possess its s\l--nev] to be a m]e ma*9e or m]e *annel ( tradition4 ,b1 9 "s ages1 ?is ass]tion ( its fre$om has _h = ! s\l a pre-em95tly negative aspect4 ,x has meant only fre$om f--& n also fre$om 9 & ?r\gh--its environ+1 or r con/itut+1 sub/ance4 ,su* an epo* 0 se5 9 ! anci5t _w :5 ! ,new ,academy1 ) its sceptical ab/5tion f all objective ass]tions1 _h to prote/ aga9/ ! dogmatism ( ! ,/oic & ,epicurean s*oolm54 ,9 mod]n times ! initial %udd] be=e plung+ 9 has be5 a recurr5t crisis4 ,ea* ?9k]--z he p]sonally resolv$ to ?read 8 way ?r\gh ! wild]ness ( curr5t op9ion to ! realm ( c]tifi$ tru?--has _h to rem9d himself 7& 8 contempor>ies7 t 9 k at lea/ no possessions are secur$ prop]ty unless !y h be5 e>n$ by ! sweat ( _! own]'s br[4 ,?is is ! common !me ( ,bacon's aphorisms 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! ,novum ,organum1 ( ,desc>tes' ,disc\rse ( ,me?od1 & ( ,sp9oza's unf9i%$ essay on ! ,em5dation ( ! ,intellect4 ,!re is inde$ a discrepancy 9 ^! utt]ances z to ! measure 9 :i* !y sev]ally ?9k x ne$ful to insi/ z prelim9>y on a k9d ( moral & religi\s consecration ( life to ! s]vice ( tru?4 ,b a m compell+ division arises4 ,! maxim may be und]/ood to say1 ',dive/ ?y m9d ( its ill-gott5 ga9s1 its evil habits1 prejudices1 & sy/em1 & 9 *ildlike simplicity prep>e ?9e eye & e> to receive 9 pure vessels ! /ores ( tru? :i* are ready to /ream 9 f ! _w4' ,or x may r be held to say1 ',rememb] t ?\ art a consci\s1 wak+ m9d1 & t e idea ?\ ha/ is ?9e by ?9e own ass5t3 insi/ ^u ?y "r ( free intellig5ce1 & give no place to any belief :i* ?\ ha/ n rais$ into full light ( consci\sness1 & f\nd to be completely consi/5t ) ! :ole p[] & cont5t ( ?y cle>e/ ?\ght4' ,&1 we may add1 if ! maxim be obey$ too exclusively 9 ei!r way1 x w be obey$ amiss4 ,) ,locke ! "q comes into ev5 great] prom95ce4 ,on :at conditions c ,i h k8 ,h[ c ,i be c]tifi$ t my ideas--! subjective images 9 my m9d--h a ref]5ce to some?+ objective & real8 ,locke's answ] is1 n unnaturally p]haps1 some:at prolix1 & want+ 9 fundam5tal precision ( pr9ciples4 ,aft] dismiss+ ! view t1 ev5 be=e exp]i5ce1 !re are c]ta9 common ideas spontane\sly & by orig9al end[m5t pres5t 9 all human be+s1 he goes on to %[ h[ we c suffici5tly acc\nt = ! ideas we actually f9d by suppos+ 9 u an almo/ unlimit$ p[] ( jo9+ & disjo9+1 ( comp>+1 relat+1 & unify+ ! v>i\s elem5t>y 'ideas' :i* make _! way into ! empty *amb]s ( our m9d by ! s5ses4 ,z to ! s\rce1 ! *annel1 & ! nature ( ^! s5se-ideas1 ,locke is obscure & app>5tly inconsi/5t3 ?\gh cle>ly x %\ld be all important to "k h[ an idea c be caus$ by1 or spr+ f1 a mat]ial ?+4 ,:5 9 8 f\r? book he comes to ! "q ( :at is ! reality1 or ! mean+ ( our ideas1 he does n really get beyond a few--r dubi\sly reason$-out--conclusions t1 al?\gh /rictly we _c g beyond '! pres5t te/imony ( our s5ses employ$ ab\t ! p>ticul> objects t d affect !m1' we may = practical purposes all[ a good deal to ! presumptions ( g5]al probability4 ,b ,locke _h also begun to criticise our ideas1 9 8 acc\nt ( _! =mation out ( ! 'simple ideas'-- 7:i* nei!r ,locke nor any o!r atomi/ ( m9d has succe$$ 9 mak+ cle>7--:i* ! sev]al s5ses give1 & by obs]v+ or reflect+ on :at goes on or is pres5t 9 our m9ds1 we '=m1' he says1 v>i\s ideas4 ,9 a /yle ( discussion :i* is on ! bord]l& betwe5 vulg> & philosophical analysis-- 7nev] q false1 b ne>ly always inadequate1 because x almo/ inv>iably assumes :at x o/5sibly proposes to expla917 ,locke tells u h[ we get "o idea by 'enl>g+1' ano!r by 'repeat+1' z we please1 ! b\nte\s data ( ! t\* & sight4 ,b among/ ! comp\nds !re are "s ( m disputable orig94 ,!re are "s--e4g4 ideas ( puni%able acts or legalis$ /ates--:i* are 'volunt>y collections ( ideas put toge!r 9 ! m9d indep5d5t f any orig9al patt]ns 9 nature1' ,^!1 ?\gh entirely subjective1 are entirely real1 because !y only s]ve z patt]ns by :i* we may judge or designate ?+s s & s4 ,x is worse ) ! idea ( p[]1 :i* we only 'collect' or 'inf]1' & t n f matt]1 :]e x is invisible1 b only 9 a cle> light :5 we consid] ,god & spirits4 ,/ill worse1 p]haps1 is x ) ! idea ( sub/ance1 :i* is a 'collection' ( simple ideas ) ! 'supposition' ( an 'incompreh5sible' some?+ 9 :i* ! collection 'subsi/s4' ,hump put all ?is r m po9t$ly4 ,we h 'impressions1' i4 e4 lively p]ceptions by s5se4 ,we h also 'ideas1' i4 e4 fa9t] images ( ^!1 b o!rwise id5tical4 ,an idea %\ld be a copy ( an impression4 ,if y _c po9t out any su* impression1 y may be c]ta9 y are mi/ak5 :5 y imag9e y h any su* idea4 ,!re is preval5t 9 ! m5tal _w a k9d ( association2 a 'g5tle =ce' connects ideas 9 our imag9ation accord+ to c]ta9 relations !y possess4 ,?is 'm9d' or ?is 'imag9ation' is only a bundle or collection ( impressions & ideas2 b a collection :i* is cont9ually & rapidly *ang+ 9 its con/itu5ts1 & 9 ! scale ( livel9ess possess$ by ea* con/itu5t4 ,:5 an idea is p>ticul>ly fre% & =cible1 x is a belief or x is believ$ 93 :5 fa9t1 n s4 ,or1 o!rwise put1 ! object ( an idea is said to exi/1 :5 ! idea itself is vividly felt#c4 ,really !re is no su* ?+ z 'ext]nal exi/5ce' tak5 lit]ally4 ',our univ]se is ! univ]se ( ! imag9ation'3 all exi/5ce is = a consci\sness4 ,impressions arise 9 c]ta9 ord]s ( sequ5ce or co-exi/5ce4 ,:5 two impressions frequ5tly recur & always 9 ! same ord]1 ! cu/om b9ds !m s closely toge!r1 t1 %\ld "o ( !m only be giv5 z impression1 we _c help hav+ an idea ( ! o!r1 :i*1 gr[+ m vivid by ! contagion ( ! contigu\s impression1 creates1 or is1 a belief 9 its reality4 ,betwe5 ! p]ceptions z su*1 !re is no connexion2 !y are di/9ct & indep5d5t exi/5ces4 ,!y only get a connexion ?r\gh our feel+2 we feel a 'det]m9ation' ( our ?\ght to pass f "o to ano!r4 ,! "o impression has no p[] to produce ! o!r2 ! "o ?+ does n cause ! o!r4 ',we nev] h any impression t conta9s any p[] or efficacy#d1' ,h5ce ! p[] & necessity we attribute to ! s-call$ causal ag5t & to ! connexion are an illegitimate transf]5ce f our feel+1 & a mi/ranslation ( our incapacity to resi/ ! =ce ( habitual association into a real bond betwe5 ! two impressions !mselves1 ,! necessity is 9 ! m9d--z a habit-caus$ compulsion--n 9 ! objects4 ,z ) ! relation ( cause & effect1 s x is ) o!rs4 ,! id5tity ( cont9u$ exi/5ce is only ano!r "n--an objective transcript--( ! feel+ ( smoo? un9t]rupt$ succession ( impressions 9 :i* our ?\ght glides along f "o 9 easy transition to ano!r4 ,& "h ! coh]5ce & cont9uity ( p]ceptions ne$ n be absolute4 ,a vivid impression ( unbrok5 connexion 9 a "p w1 if pr$om9ant1 by association fill up ! gaps & weak po9ts1 & beh9d ! admitt$ breaks 9 ! l9e ( our ideas w suppose--inv5t--or create an imp]ceptible b real cont9uity 9 ! suppos$ ?+s4 ,& by ?is fiction ( a cont9u\s exi/5ce ( our p]ceptions1 we easily lapse into ! doctr9e t our p]ceptions h an indep5d5t exi/5ce z objects or ?+s 9 !mselves3--a doctr9e :i* accord+ to ,hume is contr>y to ! pla9e/ exp]i5ce4 ,b if ! _w is always ! _w ( imag9ation--( ,vor/ellung--( m5tal repres5tation1 ,hume is aw>e t we mu/ admit two ord]s or grades ( su* repres5tation4 ,we mu/ di/+ui%1 he rem>ks#e1 '9 ! imag9ation betwixt ! pr9ciples :i* are p]man5t1 irresi/ible & univ]sal 7su* z ! cu/om>y transition f causes to effects & f effects to causes71 & ! pr9ciples :i* are *angeable1 weak & irregul>4 ,! =m] are ! f\ndation ( all our ?\ghts & actions1' ,!re are1 9 o!r words1 normal & g5]al laws ( association--su* z ! relation ( cause & effect--:i* p]suade u ( real exi/5ce4 ,by its own laws1 !re=e1 )9 ! realm ( ,vor/ellung or ,m5tal idea1 !re gr[s up a p]man5t1 objective _w = all1 contra/$ ) ! tempor>y1 accid5tal p]ception ( ! individual & ( ! mom5t2 & ?is s]ves z ! /&>d or ! "o common measure by :i* occasional p]turbations are to be measur$4 ,)9 ! limits ( ! subjective 9 g5]al !re arises a subjective ( high] ord]1 :i* is truly objective4 ,?is same *ange ( front--z x may be call$--,hume makes 9 morals4 ,!re ! m9d c modify & control its passions accord+ z x c feel ! objects ( !m ne> or f>2 & ?\gh ea* ( u has 8 'peculi> position1' we c--s creat+ ! e?ical basis--'fix on "s /eady & g5]al po9ts ( view1 & always 9 our ?\ghts place ourselves 9 !m1 :atev] may be our pres5t situation#f'3 we c '*oose "s common po9t ( view1' & f ! vantage-gr\nd ( a p]man5t pr9ciple1 h[ev] di/ant1 we h a *ance ( ga9+ ! victory ov] our passion1 h[ev] ne>4 ,?us f> ,hume _h gone 9 ! developm5t ( idealism1' ,:e!r 8 !ory is consi/5t f end to end1 ne$ n be "h discuss$4 ,b x is evid5t t ,hume 0 n lo/ 9 ! quagmire ( subjective idealism4 ,! objective & ! subjective are ) him ak93 ! objective is ! subjective1 :i* is univ]sal1 p]man5t1 & normal4 ,! causal relation has1 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 only a subjective necessity2 b ?r\gh t subjective necessity or its irresi/ible belief1 x g5]ates an objective _w4 ,b x has be5 & is ! =tune ( philosoph]s to be kn[n 9 ! philosophical _w by "s conspicu\s r$ rag ( _! sy/em :i* fir/ caught ! eye ( ! bull-l lead]s ( ! human h]d4 ,x 0 s notably ) ,hobbes & ,sp9oza2 & mo/ ( ! ?9k]s ^: names appe> 9 ! pages ( ,kant suff] f ?is curtailm5t4 ,desc>tes1 ,locke1 ,leibniz1 ,b]keley1 ,hume1 are !re n ! real philosoph]s1 discov]able 9 _! works1 b ! creatures ( hi/oric reputation & ( popul> simplification :o d duty = !m4 ,kant's ,hume is !re=e a some:at imag9>y be+3 ! product1 p>tly ( imp]fect k ( ,hume's writ+s1 p>tly ( prepossessions d]iv$ f a long previ\s tra9+ 9 ,g]man rationalism4 ,su* a ,hume 0--or w\ld h be51 _h he exi/$--a philosoph] :o 'took ! objects ( exp]i5ce = ?+s 9 !mselves1' :o 'treat$ ! conception ( cause z a false & deceptive illusion1' :o did n inde$ v5ture to assail ! c]ta9ty ( ma!matics1 b held--z reg>ds all k ab\t ! exi/5ce ( ?+s-- 'empiricism to be ! sole s\rce ( pr9ciples1' f\nd+ 8 conclusion ma9ly on an exam9ation ( ! causal nexus#g4 ,?is 'note ( w>n+' s\nd$ aga9/ ! claims ( pure reason--z he calls ,hume's ,enquiry 0 :at ab\t #agfb broke ,kant's dogmatic slumb] & =c$ him to give 8 rese>*es 9 speculative philosophy a new direction4 ,8 fir/ /ep 0 to g5]alise ,hume's problem f an inquiry into ! orig9 ( ! causal idea into a g5]al /udy ( ! syn!tic pr9ciples 9 k4 ,8 next 0 to attempt to fix ! numb] ( ^! concepts & syn!tic pr9ciples4 ,& 8 ?ird 0 to 'd$uce' !m3 i4 e41 to prove ! reciprocal implication betwe5 exp]i5ce or k & ! concepts or categories ( intellig5ce4 ,footnote #a3 ,fir/ ,pr9ciples1 p4 #afb4 ,x may be z well to rem>k t ,relation is sc>cely an adequate description ( ! nature ( ?\ght z a :ole4 ,we %all see :5 we come to ! !ory ( logic1 t ! t]m is applicable--& !n some:at imp]fectly--only to ! second phase ( ?\ght1 ! categories ( reflection1 :i* are ! fav\rite categories ( sci5ce & popul> metaphysics4 ,footnote #b3 ,ari/4 ,metaph4 i4 #b4 #bf4 ,footnote #c3 ,treatise ( ,human ,nature 7,und]/&+71 iii4 #g & ii4 #f4 ,footnote #d3 ,ibid4 iii4 #ad4 ,footnote #e3 ,treatise ( ,human ,nature 7,und]/&+ iv4 #d47 ,footnote #f3 ,treatise ( ,human ,nature 7,morals71 iii4 i4 ,footnote #g3 ,kant1 ,prolegom5a to ,metaph4 ,introduction & ,crit4 ( ,practical ,reason 7on ! ,claim ( ,pure ,reason1 ,w]ke1 viii4 #afg74 ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,,! ,,attempt ,,at ,a ,,critical ,,solution3 ,,kant4 ,! ,criticism ( ,pure ,reason has be5 describ$ by its au?or z a g5]alisation ( ,hume's problem4 ,hume1 he ?\ght1 _h treat$ 8 "q on ! 'relations ( ideas' 9 _! be>+ ^u 'matt]s ( fact' ma9ly ) ref]5ce to ! isolat$ case ( cause & effect4 ,kant ext5d$ ! inquiry s z to comprise all ^? connective & unify+ ideas :i* =m ! subject-matt] ( metaphysics4 ,9 8 own te*nical language--:i* has lo/ its mean+ = ! pres5t day--he ask$1 ',are ,syn!tic judgm5ts a priori possible8'--a "q :i* 9 ano!r place he has translat$ into ! =m1 ',is ! metaphysical fai? ( m5 s\nd1 & is a metaphysical sci5ce possible8' ,by a metaphysics he meant 9 ! fir/ in/ance ! belief 9 a m ?an empirical reality1 & secondly ! sci5ce :i* %\ld give real k ( ,god1 ,fre$om & ,immortality1--a sci5ce ^: objects w\ld be ,god1 ! ,_w1 & ! ,s\l4 ,f a comp>atively e>ly date 7#agfb-d7 ,kant _h be5 incl9$ to suspect & di/ru/ ! claims ( metaphysics to replace fai?1 & to give k ( spiritual reality2 & he _h tri$ to v9dicate = ! moral & religi\s life an indep5d5ce ( ! conclusions & me?ods ( ! metaphysical !ology & psy*ology ( ! day4 ,b x 0 n till "s ye>s lat]--9 #aggj--t he =mulat$ any v def9ite views z to ! ess5tial conditions ( sci5tific k3 & x 0 n till #agha t 8 !ory on ! subject 0 put toge!r 9 a provisionally complete %ape4 ,:at !n are ! crit]ia ( a sci5ce8 ,:5 is our ?\ght k1 & ( objective reality8 ,9 ! fir/ place1 !re mu/ be a giv5 some?+--a s5s-datum--an 'impression' z ,hume might h said4 ,if !re be no impression1 !re=e1 !re c be no sci5tific idea1 no real k4 ,!re mu/ be ! prim>y t\*--! feel+--! affection--! je ne sais quoi ( contact ) reality4 ,secondly1 :at is giv5 c only be receiv$ if tak5 up by ! recipi5t1 & 9 su* measure z he is able to appropriate x4 ,! giv5 is receiv$ 9 a c]ta9 mode4 ,9 ! pres5t case1 ! s5sation is appreh5d$ & p]ceiv$ "u ! =ms ( space & "t4 ,p]ception1 9 o!r words1 :atev] may be its special quality or its s5su\s mat]ial1 is always an act ( dat+ & localisation4 ,! di/9ction betwe5 ! m]e lump ( feel+ or s5sibility & ! p]ception is t ! latt] implies a field ( ext5d$ & mutually exclud+ p>ts ( space1 & a s]ies ( po9ts ( "t1 bo? field & s]ies be+ cont9u\s1 &1 s f> z inexhau/ibility goes1 inf9ite4 ,?irdly1 ev5 9 ! reception ( ! giv5 !re is a piece ( action & spontaneity4 ,if ! m passive recipi5cy be call$ ,s5se1 ?is active elem5t 9 ! adaptation may be t]m$ ,intellect4 ,intellect is a p[] or process ( *oice1 selection1 comp>ison1 di/+ui%+ & divid+1 analysis & syn!sis1 affirmation & negation1 num]ation1 ( judgm5t & d\bt1 ( connexion & disjunction1 diff]5tiation & integration4 ,its g5]al aspect is by ,kant sometimes describ$ z ,judgm5t--! act ( ?\ght :i* correlates by di/+ui%+2 sometimes z ,app]ception1 & ! unity ( app]ception4 ,x is1 i4 e41 an active unity & a syn!tic en]gy2 x unifies1 & always unifies4 ,x l9ks p]ception to p]ception1 correlat+ "o ) ano!r--int]pret+ "o by ano!r2 e/imat+ ! k-value ( "o by ! re/4 ,x ?us 'app]ceives4' ,x is a faculty ( association & consociation ( ideas4 ,b ! association is inw>d & 'ideal' union3 ! "o idea int]p5etrates & fuses ) ! o!r1 ev5 :ile x rema9s di/9ct4 ,kant's "w may be describ$--9 its fir/ /age--z an analysis & a criticism ( exp]i5ce4 ,! t]m ,exp]i5ce is an ambigu\s "o4 ,x sometimes means :at has be5 call$ ! 'raw mat]ial' ( exp]i5ce3 ! crude1 indige/$ mass ( p\r$-9 matt]-(-k4 ,if !re be su* a %apeless lump any:]e1--:i* has to be consid]$ pres5tly--x1 at any rate1 is n on ,kant's view prop]ly entitl$ to ! "n ( ,exp]i5ce4 ,! ,giv5 mu/ be felt & appreh5d$3 &--to put ! po9t p>adoxically--to be felt x mu/ be m ?an felt1--x mu/ be p]ceiv$4 ,x mu/1 9 o!r words1 be project$--set 9 space & "t3 let out ( ! m]e dull inn] subjectivity ( feel+ into ! cle> & di/9ct out] subjectivity ( p]ception4 ,b1 aga91 to be p]ceiv$1 x mu/ be app]ceiv$3 to be set 9 "t & space1 x mu/ fir/ ( all be 9 ! h&s ( ! unify+ consci\sness1 :i* is ! "l ( "t & space4 ,= 9 s f> z space & "t mean a place & an ord]--9 s f> z !y mean m ?an an empty inconceivable receptacle = bulks ( s5sation1 9 ! same degree d !y presuppose an intellectual1 syn!tic g5ius1 :i* is 9 all its p]ceptions "o & ! same1--! fundam5tal1 orig9al unity ( consci\sness4 ,& ?is analysis ( exp]i5ce is transc5d5tal4' ,beg9n+ ) ! assum$ datum--! object ( or 9 exp]i5ce--x %[s t ?is object :i* is suppos$ to be !re--to exi/ by itself & wait = p]ception--is creat$ by & 9 ! v act :i* appreh5ds x4 ,climb+ up & ris+ above its habitual absorption 9 ! ?+1 consci\sness 7t ( ! philosophic obs]v] & analy/7 sees ! ?+ 9 ! act ( mak+1 & wat*es its gr[?4 ,we h se5 t ,kant made free use ( ! metaphor ( giv+ & receiv+4 ,b x is h>dly possible to use su* metaphors & reta9 indep5d5ce ( judgm5t4 ,! associations cu/om>ily atta*$ to ! figurative language c>ry "o away easily1 & (t5 = a long way1 on ! famili> pa?s ( imag9ation4 ,! analogy is us$ ev5 :]e--if all 7 look$ into--its t]ms become mean+less4 ,no read] ( ,locke c h fail$1 e4 g41 to notice h[ he is misl$ by 8 own images ( ! d>k room & ! empty cab9et3--images1 useful & p]haps ev5 necess>y1 b requir+ con/ant re/ra9t 9 him :o w\ld ply !m wisely & to 8 read]'s good4 ,f :at has be5 said above x w be cle> t ! acquisition ( exp]i5ce1 ! gr[? ( k1 is a unique species ( gift & acceptance4 ,! consci\sness :i* ,kant describes may be ! consci\sness ( ,john ,doe or ,ri*>d ,roe3 b z ,kant describes x1 ! limitations ( _! p]sonality1 i4e4 ( _! individual body & s\l1 h be5 neglect$4 ,x is consci\sness 9 g5]al :i* is ,kant's !me1 j z x is granite 9 g5]al--& n ! block 9 yond] field1--:i* is ! !me ( ! geologi/4 ,once get t cle>1 & y w also see cle>ly t consci\sness is at once giv] & recipi5t--nei!r or bo?3 at once receptivity & spontaneity4 ,b--y may reply--does n ! mat]ial object act 7*emically1 optically1 me*anically1 c47 on ! s5se-organ on ! p]iph]y ( my body1 does n ! n]ve-/r+ convey ! impression to ! bra92 & is n p]ception ! effect ( t process1 9 :i* ! mat]ial object is ! initial cause8 ,9 ?is exposition--:i* is n unkn[n 9 vulg> philosophy--!re is a mon/r\s1 almo/ inextricable1 complication ( fact ) inf]5ce1 ( tru? ) error4 ,s long z !re is an unc]ta9ty--& metaphysicians !mselves1 we may be rem9d$1 are n agre$ ^u ! matt]--z to :at we are to und]/& by cause1 effect1 & act1 :at an impression is1 & h[ bra9 & intellig5ce mutually /& to ea* o!r1 x is h>dly possible to pron\nce judgm5t ^u ?is mode ( /atem5t4 ,yet p]haps we may g s f> z to say t :ile ! t]ms quot$ be> an intelligible mean+ :5 appli$ )9 ! physiological process !y are va9 :5 us$ ( relations ( m9d to body4 ,!re is a s5se 9 :i* we may speak ( ! action ( m9d on body1 & ( body on m9d3 b :at we mean w\ld p]haps be m unmi/akably express$ by say+ t ! high] intellectual & volitional en]gies are nev] 9 our exp]i5ce entirely indep5d5t ( ! influ5ces ( ! l[] s5sitive & emotional nature4 ,9 ! metaphysical s5se :i* ! t]ms are "h made to be>1 !y mislead4 ,action & re-action c only take place 9 ! sep>at5ess ( space1 :]e "o is "h & ano!r !re3 7?\gh1 be x add$1 !y _c take place ev5 on ^! t]ms1 unless ! "h & ! !re be someh[ unifi$ 9 a m$ium :i* embraces bo?74 ,m5s1 said ,sp9oza1 is ! idea corporis#a3 he w\ld h>dly h said ,corpus habet ideam4 ,:at he meant w\ld sc>cely h be5 well describ$ by call+ x a p>allelism or mutual indep5d5ce1 yet ) h>mony or id5tity1 ( body & m9d4 ,ap>t f body1 no d\bt1 m9d is = him a nullity3 = body is :at gives x reality4 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 ,m9d is ! envelop+ & includ+ ',attribute' ( ! two3 idealism ov]laps realism4 ,?is 0 ! fundam5tal proposition :i* ,kant cont5d$ =2 :at he spoke ( z 8 own ,cop]nican discov]y3 ?\gh1 9 reality1 = ! /ud5t ( ! hi/ory ( philosophy x 0 only ! re-/atem5t1 9 "s respects ! cle>] /atem5t1 ( ! idealism :i* ev5 ,hume1 n to m5tion ,sp9oza & ,leibniz1 _h ma9ta9$4 ,! _w ( exp]i5ce--! empirical1 objective1 & real _w--is a _w ( ideas1 ( repres5tations :i* h place only 9 m9d1 ( appe>ances4 ,space & "t are subjective3 ! =ms ( ?\ght are subjective3 & yet !y con/itute ph5om5al or empirical or real objectivity4 ,su* language is--x w\ld seem inevitably--misund]/ood3 & 9 8 second edition1 ,kant--besides _m o!r m9or modifications ( /atem5t1--_h to def5d himself by ins]t+ a 'confutation ( idealism1' i4e4 ( ! !ory :i* holds t ! exi/5ce ( objects outside u 9 space is d\btful1 if n ev5 impossible4 ,b no end ( argum5t w ev] confute ! view t ,kant's doctr9e is su* idealism3 until p c be got to rise to a new view ( :at is subjectivity--:at is an idea--& :at is exi/5ce outside u4 ,by 'subjective' ! _w is 9 ! way ( und]/&+ :at is due to p]sonal prepossession1 void ( g5]al acceptability1 a product ( individual feel+1 peculi> & inexplicable ta/es4 ,by subjective ,kant means :at belongs to ! subject or kn[+ m9d z su* & 9 its g5]ality3 :at is con/itutive ( intellig5ce 9 g5]al1 :at s5se & intellect are semp] et ubique4 ,into ! "q h[ ! human be+ came to h su* an intellectual end[m5t--! "q :i* ,nativi/ psy*ology is suppos$ to settle 9 "o way2 & ,evolutionism 9 ano!r--,kant does n ent]2 he m]ely says :]e !re is k1 !re is a kn[]1--a kn[+ subject s con/itut$4 ,x comes aft] all to ! tautology t ! reality we "k is a kn[n reality3 t k is a gr[? 9 ! kn[]1 & n an accid5tal product due to ?+s o!rwise unkn[n4 ,! pr$icate 7or category7 'is' is conta9$1 implicit1 9 ! pr$icate 'is kn[n1' or :at 'is' puts implicitly1 'is kn[n' puts explicitly & truly4 ,by 'appe>ance' ! _w und]/&s a %am1 or at lea/ some:at %ort ( reality4 ,by appe>ance ,kant und]/&s a reality :i* has appe>$3 or1 z t is go+ too f>1 a some?+ :i* is real s f> z x goes 7a prima facie fact71 b only a c&idate = admission into ! circle ( reals4 ,& su* reality dep5ds on no?+ m ?an its ?or\gh-go+ coh]5ce ) o!r appe>ances1 its expla9+ ! re/1 & be+ 9 turn expla9$ by !m1--its absolute adaptation to its environm5t4 ,& ?is environm5t all lies 9 ! common field ( consci\sness1 & 9 ! "o correlat+ & unify+ app]ceptivity ( ! ego1--t ,ego :i* is ! insep>able comrade1 vehicle1 & judge1 ( all our p]ceptions4 ,x is ! appe>ance--b z yet n ! appe>ance ( some?+1--b r an appe>ance to or = some?+4 ,by an 'idea' ! _w 9 g5]al und]/&s :at x is sometimes ready to call a m]e idea4 ,& by a m]e idea is meant some?+ :i* is n reality1 b a peculi>ity ( an individual m9d1 or gr\p ( m9ds-a fancy1 )\t objective tru?3--some?+1 we may ev5 add1 :i* = _m p is locat$ 9 _! own head or bra91 cut (f by blank bone-walls f ! op5 air ( real be+4 ,by idea 7repres5tation1 ,vor/ellung7 ,kant meant t an object is always & ess5tially ! object ( a m9d3 always relative to a subject consci\sness1 & imply+ x1 j z a subject consci\sness always implies an object4 ,& by 'exi/5ce outside u' ! _w probably means--= x is imprud5t to def9e & ref9e too mu* 9 ?is hazy m$ium ( words :]e we all dr[se--exi/5ce ( ?+s on an indep5d5t foot+ beyond ! limits ( our p]sonal1 i4 e4 bodily & s5ti5t1 self4 ,z reg>ds our own trunk & limbs1 mo/ ( u1 except 9 "s mo/ /range insanity1 are n likely ev] to be 9 d\bt1 & are inde$ m likely1 aft] ,s*op5hau]'s model1 to take ! k ( ^! p]sonalia z ! "o ?+ imm$iately & intuitively c]ta94 ,we talk freely en\gh1 x is true1 ab\t exi/5ce outside our own m9ds2 b x is only a dra/ic me?od ( /at+ ! diff]5ce betwe5 a fancy & a fact4 ,& probably we lab\r "u a half-unconsci\s halluc9ation t our m9ds are localis$ 9 "s mat]ial 'seat1' some:]e 9 our bodily limits1 & m especially 9 ! c5tral n]ve-organs4 ,b1 z has be5 said else:]e#b1 ! po9t ( view "u :i* ,m9d is reg>d$ by ,kant is t ( ,consci\sness1 & especially p]ceptive consci\sness4 ,he describes1 z we h put x above1 ! /eps or conditions "u :i* ! s+le s5se-obs]vation is elevat$ into ! rank ( an exp]i5ce claim+ univ]sality & necessity4 ,b ! :ole ma*9]y ( consci\sness--! =m ( s5sibility & ! category ( intellect--is orig9ally set 9 motion by an impetus f )\t3 or at lea/ ! manipulat+ ma*9]y requires a raw mat]ial on :i* to op]ate4 ,consci\sness1 or ! obs]v] :o takes ?is po9t ( view1 feels t x is be+ play$ ^u by an unkn[n p]=m]--or t x is attempt+ to appreh5d some?+1 :i*1 because ! act ( appreh5sion is also to "s ext5t 7& to :at ext5t1 :o c say87 a transmutation1 x mu/ = ev] fail to appreh5d truly4 ,x is haunt$ by ! phantom ( a real1--a ?+ 9 its own "r1 :i* c only appe> 9 =ms ( s5se & intellect1 nev] 9 its own ess5tial be+4 ,x is only a %ort /ep fur!r--& ,kant1 if "o may judge him by sev]al isolat$ passages1 has m ?an once cross$ ! int]val1--to treat1 aft] ! mann] ( un$ucat$ consci\sness & ( popul> sci5ce1 ! ?+ 9 its indep5d5t be+ z ! cause :i* produces ! s5sation1 or z ! orig9al :i* ! m5tal idea reproduces "u ! di/ortions or modifications r5d]$ necess>y by ! s5su\s-intellectual m$ium4 ,=1 if "u ! t]ms ( "o analogy ! p]ception is an effect ( ! ?+1 "u ^? ( ano!r x is an image or copy ( ext]nal reality4 ,if ?is be ,kantian philosophy--& x c quote *apt] & v]se 9 its fav\r--,kantian philosophy is "o v]sion ( ! great dogma ( ! relativity ( k4 ,t unhappy phrase seems to h _m mean+s1 b none ( absolutely ca?olic acceptation4 ,x may mean t k ( ?+s /ates _! relations--! way !y behave 9 ref]5ce to ?is or t1 9 ^! or ^? circum/ances2 & t ( an utt]ly unrelat$ & absolutely isolat$ ?+1 our k is & mu/ be nil4 ,( a ?+-9-itself we c "k no?+2 = !re is no?+ to "k4 ,x may mean t k is relative to ! recipi5t or ! kn[]1--t x is n a product :i* c /& by itself1 b ne$s a vehicle & an object 9 close relation4 ,9 ?is way1 too1 k is relative to age & circum/ances3 gr[s f p]iod to p]iod1 & may ev5 decay4 ,& ?irdly1 ! relativity ( k may be tak5 to mean t we 7& all human be+s7 c nev] "k ! reality2 because we c only "k ! ph5om5on1 i4 e4 ! modifi$1 transmut$1 reflect$ ?+ :i* has recon/itut$ an image ( itself aft] pass+ ! int]f]+ m$ium4 ,=1 fir/ ( all1 we mu/ /rip x--?is 'image' s-call$ 7! vulg> call x ! '?+'7--( ! second>y qualities 7s\nd1 col\r1 ta/e1 resi/ance7 :i* x has 9 ! consci\sness ( a be+ dep5d5t on 8 s5se-organs3 & !n1 we mu/ get rid also ( ^? quantitative attributes 7figure1 numb]1 size7 :i* x has 9 ! consci\sness ( a spatially & temporally p]ceptive be+2--& !n2--b ! prospect is too horrible to cont9ue fur!r & face ! ,gorgon's head 9 ! out] d>kness1 :]e man d5udes appe>ance 9 ! hope to meet reality4 ,! fact is1 !re are too _m /r&s 9 ! web :i* ,kant is weav+1 = him or p]haps = any man to keep !m all well 9 h& & lose none ( ! symmetry ( ! patt]n he designs4 ,to be j1 we mu/1 9 deal+ ) him z ) any o!r philosoph]1 try to keep 9 view ! unity ( t design in/ead ( insi/+ too m9utely & too def9itely ^u its occasional defects4 ,x is easy to "w ! pun t a 'critical' philosophy mu/ itself expect to be criticis$2 x is m important to rememb] t by a criticism ,kant meant an attempt to /e] a c\rse betwe5 ! always entic+ extremes ( dogmatism & scepticism1--an attempt to be fair1 i4 e4 j to bo? sides1 & yet nei!r to s9k into ! sy/ematis$ placidity ( ! =m]1 nor to rove 9 a m]e gu]illa w>f>e ) ! latt]4 ,& x is ! m]e private] :o 9 ! popul> s5se ( ! ^w is ! m]e critic4 ,( ,kant we mu/ rememb] t he has ! defects ( 8 qualities4 ,he prides himself on 8 di/9ctions ( s5se & intellect1 ( imag9ation & und]/&+1 ( und]/&+ & reason2 & ) ju/ice3 b 8 di/9ctions are sometimes s decisive t x is h>d "w bo? = him & = 8 read] to recon/itute _! unity4 ,he is fond ( utilis+ old classifications to embody 8 new doctr9e3 & occasionally ! result is l :at we h be5 taught to expect f p\r+ new w9e into old bottles4 ,he draws h>d & fa/ l9es1 & !n has to create1 z x seems1 supplem5t>y l9ks ( connexion1 :i*1 if !y op]ate1 c only d s because !y are ! v unity he began by ignor+4 ,"o gets p]fectly lo/ 9 ! multitude ( syn!ses1 9 ! labyr9? ( categories1 s*emata1 & pr9ciples1 ( p>alogisms1 ant9omies1 & ideals ( pure reason4 ,"o "p ( ?is =malism may be set d[n to ! p$antry & pipeclay ( ! age ( ! ,great ,fr$]ick--p$antry1 f :i*1 z we console ourselves1 our mod]n s\ls are fre$4 ,b x arises r f ! necessity ( pursu+ ! battle betwe5 tru? & error ?r\gh e complicat$ passage 9 t great =tress :i* ages ( s*ola/icism _h--on v>i\s plans--gradually con/ruct$4 ,kant is always a little ( ! m>t9et & ! s*oolma/]2 b x is because he kn[s t true lib]ty _c be secur$ )\t =ms & mu/ capture ! old be=e x c plant ! new4 ,! =ms z !y /& 9 8 gr\p+ may (t5 appe> /iff & lifeless3 b a m c>eful /udy1 m sympa!tically int5t1 w f9d t !re is lat5t life & undisplay$ connexion 9 ! t]ms4 ,un=tunately ! classifi$ cut-&-dri$ specim5s are m welcome to ! collector1 & c m easily be put 9 evid5ce 9 ! exam9ation-room4 ,?us ! orig9al "q1 ,are syn!tic judgm5ts a priori possible8 is answ]$--some:at piecemeal--9 a way t leads ! read] to suppose x is a "q ( psy*ology4 ,he he>s s mu* ( s5se1 imag9ation1 intellect1 9 ! discussion1 t he fancies x is an acc\nt ( a process c>ri$ on by ! faculties ( an individual m9d4 ,& ( c\rse nobody ne$ suppose ^! processes are ev] c>ri$ on o!rwise ?an by individual ?9k]s1 human be+s ) prop] names4 ,b sci5tific inve/igation is conc]n$ only ) ! ess5tial & univ]sal4 ,= x1 really1 s5se1 imag9ation1 c4 are n s _m faculties 9 a ?9k+ ag5t3 !y are grades & aspects ( consci\sness1-- 'p[]s' 9 a process ( gradual m5tal complication 7involution74 ,kant is really deal+ ) a 'normal' ?\ght ) its di/+ui%able con/itu5t aspects4 ,only--he fails to 'make ?is explicit & cle>4 ,! individualism--! un-hi/orical prepossession--( 8 age is ^u 8 phraseology1 if n ^u 8 ?\ght3 & "o h>dly realises t he is really engag$ on human ?\ght & k z a sub/antial subject ( itself ap>t f its individual vehicles1--on t ?\ght1 :i* lives & gr[s 9 social in/itutions & products1--9 language1 sci5ce1 lit]ature1 & moral usage1--! common /ock :i* "o age bequea!s to ! next1 b :i* ! lat]-com] c only inh]it if he works = & creates x afre%4 ,if x be a psy*ology1 !re=e1 x is a psy*ology :i* does n assume a s\l ) qualities1 b :i* exp\nds ! /eps 9 ! con/itution ( a normal intellig5ce4 ,"o may note1 )\t insi/+ on !m too mu*1 ! defects ( 8 treatm5t ( ! =ms ( ?\ght4 ,x may be said t1 9 ! fir/ place1 ! table ( ! categories 0 incomplete4 ,x _h be5 borr[$1 z ,kant himself tells u1 f ! old logical subdivision ( judgm5ts1 d]iv$ m or less directly f ,ari/otle & ! ,s*oolm54 ,n[ _m ( ! relations occurr+ 9 ord9>y ?\ght c\ld n be r$uc$ to any ( ! twelve =ms1 )\t do+ viol5ce to !m4 ,b ,kant expressly disclaims exhau/iv5ess 9 detail4 ,he c\ld1 if he w\ld3 b t is = ano!r season4 ,9 ! second place1 ! classification did n expressly put =w>d any pr9ciple or reason1 & gave gr\nd = no developm5t4 ,t !re %\ld be f\r fundam5tal categories1 ea* ) ?ree divisions1 mak+ twelve 9 all1 seems z inexplicable z t !re %\ld be f\r ,a!nian tribes 9 e>ly times & twelve ,phratriai4 ,! twelve patri>*s ( ?\ght /& z if 9 equal au?ority1 ) little or no be>+ ^u "o ano!r4 ,we h "h1 9 %ort1 :at seems an artificial & n a natural classification ( ! types ( ?\ght4 ,b ,kant himself has giv5 "s explanation ( ! triad1 & a sympa!tic int]pretation has %[n h[ ! f\r ma9 gr\ps are /eps 9 ! solution ( "o problem#c ,9 ! ?ird place1 ! "q z tak5 up seems l>gely psy*ological1 or subjective1 conc]n+ ! con/itution ( ! human m9d z a p]cipi5t & cognitive faculty4 ,b ?is is necess>y1 p]haps1 to ! re/rict$ nature ( ,kant's problem4 ,he is deal+ ) ! elem5ts t =m our objective or sci5tific consci\sness ( ! physical _w4 ,! deep] "q ( ! place & "w ( m9d 9 life 9 g5]al1 9 law & morality & religion1 does n at ?is /age come be=e him4 ,t problem 9 fact only gradually em]ges ) ! ,criticism ( ! ,moral ,faculty & ! ,ae/hetic ,judgm5t4 ,logic--z ! doctr9e ( ! ,logos :i* is ! pr9ciple ( all ?+s1 ev5 ( its own ,o!r--_h to wait = its prep>ation till x c\ld be matur$4 ,9 ,hegel1 ! "q assumes a wid] scope1 & receives a m ?or\gh-go+ answ]4 ,9 ! fir/ place ! "q ab\t ! ,categories is transf]r$ f :at we h call$ ! epi/emological or psy*ological1 to :at ,hegel t]ms ! logical1 sph]e4 ,x is transf]r$ f ! ,reason subjectively consid]$ z a m]e receptive & syn!tic human consci\sness to ! ,reason :i* is 9 ! _w & 9 hi/ory1--a ,reason1 :i* our ,reason1 z x 71 t\*es1 & s becomes possess$ ( k4 ,9 ! second place1 ! ,categories become a va/ multitude4 ,! intellectual telescope discov]s new />s beh9d ! con/ellations nam$ 9 anci5t lore4 ,!re is no long]1 if !re ev] 01 any my/ic virtue suppos$ to inh]e 9 ! numb] twelve3 :ile ! triadic arrangem5t is made radical & ev]y:]e recurs4 ,! mod]n *emi/ ( ?\ght va/ly amplifies ! numb] ( its elem5t>y types & factors1 & proves t _m ( ! old ,categories are nei!r simple nor indecomposable4 ,?irdly1 !re is a sy/ematic developm5t or process :i* l9ks ! ,categories toge!r1 & %[s h[ ! mo/ simple1 ab/ract1 & inadequate1 inevitably lead up to ! mo/ complex & adequate4 ,ea* t]m or memb] 9 ! organism ( ?\ght has its place condition$ by all ! o!rs3 ea* ( !m is ! g]m1 or ! ripe fruit ( ano!r4 ,footnote #a3 ,sp9oza1 ,e?4 ii4 #g-ac4 ,footnote #b3 ,encyclopa$ia1 #dae1 #dbj4 ,consci\sness is only z x 7 ! surface ( ! ocean ( m9d2 & reflects only ! lights & %ad[s 9 ! sky above x4 ,footnote #c3 ,x is n ! lea/ ( ! m]its ( ! exposition 9 ,caird's ,critical ,philosophy ( ,immanuel ,kant1 vol4 i4 to h br\ght out ?is4 ,,*apt] ,x4 ,,! ,,critical ,,solution1 ,,cont9u$3 ,,kant4 ,kant's answ] to 8 "q 0 briefly ?is4 ,intellig5ce is ess5tially syn!tic1 always supplem5t+ ! giv5 by some?+ beyond1 in/itut+ relation%ips1 unify+ ! _m1 & ?us build+ up concrete totalities4 ,9 pure ma!matics ?is is obvi\s3 ! process ( num]ation %[s x creat+ numb] out ( units1 & geometry %[s elem5t>y propositions lead+ on to complicat$ !orems4 ,9 ab/ract physics x is h>dly less obvi\s3 !re1 e4g41 ! pr9ciple ( reason & consequ5t or ! p]si/5ce ( sub/ance are rational & legitimate /eps beyond ! m]e datum4 ,! m important "q foll[s4 ,h[ are ^! 'pure' syn!ses applicable to real fact8 ,to t ,kant replies3 ,!y apply1 because 9 all t we call real or objective fact !re is a subjective elem5t or con/itu5t4 ,:at appe>s to be purely giv51 & indep5d5t ( our p]ceptions1 is a product ( p]ceptual & conceptual conditions1--is con/itut$ by a syn!sis 9 p]ception1 imag9ation1 conception4 ,our _w is a m5tal gr[?--n our individual product1 b ! "w ( t common m9d 9 :i* we live & ?9k1 & :i* lives & ?9ks 9 u4 ,anyh[ x is n an isolat$ self-exi/+ un-intellig5t _w = ev] mat]ially outside u--an o!r _w1 et]nally sep>ate f u2 b bone ( our bone1 fle% ( our fle%1 ! "w realis$ by our great 'eld] bro!r1'--! ,idea ( human collectivity--! ,reason or ,_s 9 :i* we are all "o s\l4 ,x is !re=e no unw>rant$ /ep on to a =eign prop]ty :5 we apply ! categories ( ?\ght & =ms ( s5se to det]m9e objective reality3 = objective reality has be5 = ev] made1 & is n[ mak+1 objective & reality by ! consci\s or unconsci\s syn!ses ( p]ception & imag9ation4 ,!re rema9s ! answ] to ! same "q z reg>ds ! objects ( ,metaphysics4 ,^! objects are accord+ to ,kant inf]5ces1 & illegitimate inf]5ces4 ,!y are n necess>y elem5ts or factors 9 ! con/itution ( exp]i5ce4 ,9 ord] t !re %\ld be exp]i5ce1 k1 sci5ce1 !re mu/ be an endless hold ( space & "t 9 :i* to /[ x cle>ly & di/9ctly away3 & !re mu/ also be ties & relations b9d+ x "p to "p1 l9ks ( ref]5ce & correlation1 a sort ( logical ela/ic b& t w /ret* to include inf9itely copi\s mat]ials4 ,b ea* real k atta*es to a def9ite assignable p]ception1 9 a s+le place & "t4 ,f ?is po9t we c travel--by means ( l po9ts--practically )\t limit 9 any direction4 ,b ?\gh ! old m>g9 fades =ev] & =ev] z we move1 a new m>g9 takes its place3 ! limitation & f9itude rema93 & new acquisitions are always balanc$ 9 "p by ! loss ( ! old4 ,yet ! he>t & ! imag9ation are clamor\s1 & ! intellect is ready to s]ve !m4 ,su* an intellect ,kant has call$ ,reason1 & its products 7,platonic7 ',ideas4' ,! 7,platonic7 ,idea expresses n s mu* an object ( k z a po/ulate1 a problem1 an act ( fai?4 ,! ',vault+ ambition' ,intellig5ce 'o'erleaps itself & falls on t'o!r1' ,unsatisfi$ ) a bundle ( s5sations & ideas1 x dem&s _! abid+ unity 9 a sub/antial ,s\l4 ,to simplify ! endlessness ( physical ph5om5a1 x sums !m up 9 a ,univ]se4 ,to ga!r all m5tal & physical div]sities & divisions into "o life1 x creates ! ideal ( ,god4 ,ea* s+le exp]i5ce1 & ! collect$ aggregate ( ^! exp]i5ces1 is felt to fall %ort ( a complete total3 & yet ?is complete total1 ! ultimate unity1 is itself n an exp]i5ce at all4 ,b1 if x be no object ( exp]i5ce1 x is /ill an idea on :i* reason is inevitably driv53 & ! attempt to appreh5d x1 9 ! abs5ce ( exp]i5ce1 gives rise to ! !ories ( ,metaphysics4 ,ev]y?+1 h[ev]1 :i* c be 9 ! /rict s5se ( ! ^w kn[n1 mu/ be p]ceiv$ 9 space & "t1 or1 9 o!r words1 mu/ lie op5 to exp]i5ce4 ,:]e exp]i5ce ends1 human reason meets a b>ri] :i* *ecks any effici5t progress1 b refuses to recognise ! *eck z due to a natural limit :i* x is really impossible to pass4 ,! idea ( complet5ess1 ( a r\nd$ sy/em1 or unconditional unity1 is /ill left1 aft] ! categories ( ! und]/&+ h done _! be/3 & is n de/roy$ al?\gh its realisation or explication is decl>$ to be impossible4 ,!re is ?us left unexpla9$ a totality :i* encompasses all ! s+le memb]s ( exp]i5ce--a unity comp>$ to :i* ! sev]al categories are only a collection ( fragm5ts--an inf9ite :i* comm&s & regulates ! f9ite concepts ( ! exp]i5tial intellect4 ,b 9 ! region ( rational ?\ght !re is no objective & indep5d5t /&>d by :i* we c v]ify ! conclusions ( ,reason4 ,!re are no def9ite objects1 ly+ beyond ! bord]s ( exp]i5ce1 t[>ds :i* x might un]r+ly turn2 & its sole au!ntic use1 accord+ly1 is to see t ! und]/&+ is ?or\gh & exact1 :5 x deals 9 ! co-ord9ation ( exp]i5ces4 ,9 ?is want ( def9ite objects1 ,reason1 :5ev] x acts = itself1 c only fall into p]petual contradictions & sophi/ries4 ,pure ,reason1 !re=e1 ! faculty ( ideas1 ! organ ( ,metaphysics1 does n ( itself 'con/itute' k1 b m]ely 'regulates' ! action ( ! und]/&+4 ,by ?is rig\r ( demon/ration ,kant dealt a deadly bl[1 z x seem$1 to ! dogmatic ,metaphysics1 & ! ,deism ( 8 "t4 ,hume _h %ak5 ! c]ta9ty ( ,metaphysics & ?r[n d\bt ^u ,!ology3 b ,kant app>5tly made an end ( ,metaphysics1 & annihilat$ ,dei/ic !ology4 ,! ,g]man philosoph]1 z ,hegel has said & ,he9e has repeat$1 did ?or\ghly & ) sy/ematic demon/ration :at ,voltaire did ) lit]>y graces & n )\t ! witticisms ) :i* ! ,fr5* execution] gives ! c\p de grce4 ,:5 a great idea _h be5 degrad$ into a vulg> doctr9e & trave/i$ 9 common reality1 ! ,fr5*man met its inadequacies ) graceful satire1 & %[$ t ^! half-tru?s 7 n et]nal v]ities4 ,! ,g]man made a !ory & a sy/em ( :at 0 only a sally ( criticism2 & r5d]$ ! criticism wrong1 by mak+ x too consi/5t & too logical#a4 ,sci5ce--su* is ,kant's conclusion--is ( ! def9ite & detail$1 ( ! condition$4 ,x goes f po9t to po9t1 )9 ! envelop+ unity ( :at we call exp]i5ce1 & :i* re/s ^u ! transc5d5tal & orig9al unity ( consci\sness4 ,b a k ( ! :ole--( ! envelop+ unity--is a contradiction 9 t]ms4 ,to "k is to syn!tise3 y _c syn!tise syn!sis4 ,k is ( ! relative3 b an absolute & unconditional totality has no relations4 ,we may !re=e1 possibly1 feel1 believe 91 presuppose ! absolute3 b "k x 9 ! /rict] s5se1 we _c4 ,x may be ! object ( a rational fai?4 ,b z = k1 we c get on 9 psy*ology )\t ! invisible & immortal s\l3 we c c>ry out sci5ces ( ! physical univ]se1 )\t tr\bl+ ourselves ab\t ! 'cosmological' que/ions ( ultimate atoms or ultimate void1 ( fir/ beg9n+ & f9al end3 & no pro(s w ev] prove ! exi/5ce ( t 'ideal' ( reason--briefly t]m$ ,god--:i* transc5ds & completes & creates all exi/5ce4 ,n t su* ,ideas are useless ev5 9 sci5ce4 ,!y repres5t--if n )\t risks--! fai? & ! presupposition :i* und]lie ! _s ( sci5tific progress1 & set be=e x an ideal p]fection :i* x w d well to /rive aft]1 ?\gh x c nev] get beyond approximations4 ,:at is p]haps m important3 ?is fai? ( reason sci5ce is z little compet5t to disprove1 z x is incompet5t to prove x4 ,sci5ce is n all 9 all3 we are m ?an m]e !oretical & cognitive be+s4 ,! logic ( sci5ce is n ! sole code ( our spiritual or high] intellectual life2 ',we live by admiration1 hope1 & love4' ,! sequel & developm5t ( ! fir/ ,criticism are f\nd 9 ,kant's works on e?ics1 ae/hetics1 teleology & religion4 ,only 9 "o supplem5t>y *apt]1 & 9 casual indications z ne$ arises1 has ,kant made any pron\ncem5t on 8 view ( ,philosophy z a :ole & z a sy/em4 ,t x is & c only be a sy/em1 :5 x really engages on recon/ruction 9 !ory1 0 ( c\rse 8 fundam5tal insight4 ,b 9 8 /age ( ,zetesis#b1 ( te/+ & sift+ ! s\nd f ! pr(ess$1 he has conf9$ himself to break+ up ! mass piecemeal1 & leav+ ea* result 9 its turn to corroborate & correct ! o!r4 ,s5se & intellect may spr+ f a common /em2 b let u1 he says1 deal ) !m 9 _! app>5t sep>at5ess4 ,reason practical mu/ no d\bt be id5tical at bottom ) reason !oretical3 all ! m conv9c+ w be ! undesign$ co9cid5ce betwe5 ! results ( an inquiry into ! pr9ciples ( sci5ce1 & "o into ! pr9ciples ( morals4 ,we h se5 t sci5ce ultimately re/s--?\gh x does n discuss x & w\ld inde$ be incompet5t to d s--on a fai?1 a hope1 a po/ulate ( ! ultimate supremacy ( intellig5ce1--! fai? ( reason 9 its own p[] 7n v]ifiable inde$ by an exhau/ive li/ ( actual results7--or 9 ! rationality ( ! _w4 ,= sci5ce--?\gh a k9d ( action & a "p ( conduct--is a sort ( inactive action3 an enclave 9 ! busy _w1 a p]iod ( prep>ation = ! battle ( life4 ,9 ! field ( conduct ! ultimate presupposition1 :i* 0 = ! luxury ( sci5ce call$ a reasonable fai? or fai? ( reason1 makes itself felt 9 ! m =cible =m ( a categorical imp]ative4 ,or1 at lea/1 s x seems on fir/ acqua9tance4 ,! comm& ( duty1 address$ to ! s5su\sly-condition$ nature1 brooks no opposition & condesc5ds to no reasons 9 explanation or promises by way ( attraction4 ,! moral law claims unconditional au?ority3 t[>ds its sublime aspect rev]5ce & %e] obeisance is due1 utt] loyalty to duty = duty's sake4 ,no?+ %ort ( ?is absolute id5tification ) ! ,ought & a will+ly will$ self-surr5d] ( ! :ole self to x c entitle an ag5t to ! full rank ( moral goodness4 ,su* is ! =m--! syn!tic l9k :i* jo9s ! s5su\s w indissolubly ) ! w reasonable ( moral law4 ,n[ = its explanation4 ,humanity1 ?\gh 9 ! _w ( appe>ance & exp]i5ce always subject to s5su\s conditions1 is also a p[] ( transc5d+ ^! conditions4 ,man is m ?an he c ev] %[ 9 visibly s+le act4 ,he has 9 him ! hope1 ! fai?1 ! vision ( absolute p]fection & complet5ess3 b has x n z positive atta9$ vision1 b z ! p]petual unre/ ( unsatisfi$ endeav\r1 z ! feel+ & ! anticipation ( an una*iev$ idea4 ,& t p]fection1 t complet5ess he believes himself to be2 he ev5 9 "s s5se is4 ,lapses & ill-success _c qu5* ! fai?3 = s long z !re is life1 !re is hope4 ,z he pictures out ?is invisible self1 x may assume v>i\s =ms m or less imag9ative4 ,at times x may seem a f> away1 & yet intimately ne>1 be+ ( be+s1--! common fa!r ( all s\ls1 ! et]nal self-exi/5t c5tre ( life & love1 ! omnipres5t bond ( nature1 ! omnisci5t he>t ( he>ts1--on :om he c lean 9 close/ communion2 ?\gh he is only too well aw>e h[ (t5 he lives z if ,god 7 n1 & human be+s 7 roam+ specks 9 *aos4 ,at o!r times1 he looks up to x z to an inn] & bett] self1 8 consci5ce1 ! true & p]man5t be+1 :i* controls 8 *oices & avoidances1 :i* approves & disapproves1 comm&s & condemns3 8 s\l ( s\l1 g5ius1 & gu>dian _s4 ,9 su* a mood to be true to 8 own self--to foll[ ! v voice ( 8 nature--is to realise 8 law ( life4 ,8 ,ego is ! absolute ego--! reason :i* is all ?+s4 ,& la/ly1 !re are times :5 he conceives ?is bett] self & true ess5ce z ! community ( ! fai?ful1 z ! congregation ( reasonable be+s1 ( all p]fect$ humanity4 ,9 ,kantian phraseology1 man "u "o visible =m is ! union ( an intellig5ce & a s5sibility1 ( a nom5al ) a ph5om5al be+4 ,he is1 inde$1 says ,kant1 ! =m] only 9 idea3 x is only a /&po9t :i* he assumes4 ,b x is a /&po9t he always does assume1 if he is to be practical1 i4 e4 if he is to move & modify ! _w he f9ds ar\nd him4 ,& :at /&po9t is t8 ,:at is ! law t has to gov]n 8 action1 ! law ( ! spiritual _w8 ,its supreme law is ! law ( lib]ty2 & t law is autonomy4 ,action--always "u law--b t law a self-impos$ "o4 ,s act t ?y w may be ?y law1 & ) ?y w ! law ( all o!rs :atsoev]2 s act t no o!r human be+ may by ?y act be depriv$ ( full fre$om & treat$ m]ely z a ?+3 s act z to respect ! dignity ( e human be+ z implicitly a sov]eign legislative4 ,9 o!r words1 ,morality is a /age ( /ruggle & ( progress :i* be>s witness to some?+ beyond4 ,! ',i ought' repres5ts a transition /age t[>ds ! ',i w1' or r x is ! translation ( x into ! language ( ! ph5om5al _w4#c ,morality1 9 a s5se-be+1 always pres5ts itself z a conte/ betwe5 ! good & ! evil pr9ciple3 b 9 ! transc5d5t & nom5al be+ :i* su* a be+ ess5tially is1--9 ! reasonable or good w1 ! victory is already won by ! good4 ,good is ! law :i* gov]ns ! _w1 & :i* is ! /r5g? ( ! individual life4 ,to ! s5su\s imag9ation1 inde$1 :i* "h is apt to usurp ! place ( reason1 ?+s appe> "u a some:at diff]5t aspect4 ,!re ! c]ta9ty ( self-conque/ is =c$ by ! difficulties ( app>5t failure to veil itself "u ! picture ( a p]petual approximation ?r\gh endless ages t[>ds ! /&>d ( p]fect goodness3 ! confid5ce t ! _w is reasonable is pres5t$ "u ! conception ( a ,god :o makes all ?+s "w toge!r = good to ! righte\s3 & ! autonomy ( reason pres5ts itself z ! po/ulate ( fre$om to beg9 afre%1 absolutely untrammel$ by all t has gone be=e4 ,?us ! k+dom ( reason is repres5t$ z hav+ its times & seasons2 z mak+ det]m9ate />ts1 & work+ up to a consummation 9 ! end ( ages4 ,b implicitly ,kant's idea ( reason's autonomy1--( ! ',i ought' z 9 its supreme tru? an ',i w1'--is an et]nal tru?4 ,! '/&po9t1' s to call x aft] ,kant1 is ! /&po9t :i* expla9s life & conduct & :i* makes conduct possible4 ,x is ! ass]tion t ! complet5ess is1 & is my inmo/ be+1 ! s\rce ( my action1 my *ief good1 & t *ief good n a gratification or satisfaction to be look$ =w>d to z rew>d1 b ess5tial life & self-realisation4 ,& ?is joy is :at is hidd5 "u ! au/]e gravity ( ! categorical imp]ative4 ,! ,criticism ( ! ,judgm5t-faculty is ,kant's next /ep t[>ds provid+ a complet] philosophy4 ,o/5sibly x owes its orig9 to ! ne$ ( supplem5t+ ! treatm5t ( ,und]/&+ & ,reason by a discussion ( ,judgm5t1 & ( consid]+ our emotional z well z our cognitive & volitional appreciations4 ,:at x really does is to m9imise /ill fur!r ! gulf left betwe5 ! intellect & nature--betwe5 ! natural & ! spiritual _w4 ,! intellect1 said ! fir/ criticism1 makes nature3 x makes possible ! g5]al outl9es ( our conception ( ! _w ar\nd u z a causally-connect$ sy/em1 9 :i* a p]man5t be+ und]goes p]petual alt]ation1 & manife/s ph5om5a subject to ma!matical conditions4 ,intellect1 9 %ort1 has /ak$ out ! _w :i* is ! object ( ! practical man1 & ( 8 advis] ! sci5ti/4 ,b !re is ano!r _w--! _w ( beauty & sublimity--! _w :i* art imitates & realises4 ,! int]pretation ,kant gives to ! ae/hetic _w is z foll[s4 ,! fact ( beauty is a witness to ! pres5ce 9 ! m]e copi\sness ( s5sible exi/5ce ( a sub-consci\s symmetry or _s ( h>mony :i* realises )\t compulsion & z if by free grace all ! proportion & coh]5ce :i* intellect requires4 ,nature itself has some?+ :i* does ! "w t intellect 0 *>g$ )1 & does x ) a subtle secret h& :i* does n sugge/ ! artific]4 ,! fact ( sublimity1 on ! o!r h&1 indicates ! pres5ce ( an ev5 great] _s4 ,= beauty may seem--f :at has be5 said--to be only an unb\ght accrem5t to ! commodities ( life--facilitat+ ! task ( ! practical intellect4 ,b ! sublime 9 nature speaks ( some?+ :i* is great] ?an human utilities & practical conv5i5ces4 ,x reveals a some?+ :i* is 9 sympa?y ) our ess5tial & high] self1 & !re=e /irs )9 u ! ke5 rapture ( ! travell] :o sees f af> 8 home 9 'rocky ,i?aca1' b a some?+ :i* is cold to daily wants & vulg> satisfactions1 & !re=e /rikes ^u u a gelid awe4 ,ano!r _w yet rema9s1 :i* appeals nei!r to our utilit>ian sci5ce1 nor to our high] s5tim5ts ( arti/ic p]fection4 ,?is is ! _w z ! home ( organic life1 & p]haps itself an organism4 ,! organism is apt to be a pos] = ! ord9>y categories ( me*anical sci5ce4 ,"h ! "p conta9s ! :ole1 n less ?an ! :ole conta9s ! "p3 ! cause is an effect1 z well z cause1 ( its effect4 ,"o ?+ is 9 ano!r1 & ! o!r 9 x3 '! pres5t is *>g$ ) ! pa/1 & pregnant ( ! future1'--z ! great f\nd] ( mod]n teleology (t5 said4 ,9 ! plant & ! animal ! natural _w has to a c]ta9 degree rea*$ an ideal unity :i* is also real4 ,reason--! syllogism--is "h n m]ely introduc$ f )\t1 z :5 man manipulates1 b is ! imman5t law ( a natural life1--! end work+ out itself by its own means & act4 ,! fact admitt$ 9 ^! creatures sugge/s ext5d+ ! conception ( organism 7or teleology7 to nature z a :ole4 ,f ?is po9t ( view ,nature may almo/ be said to h a hi/ory--because x is almo/ conceiv$ z hav+ "o abid+ self :i* 9 app>5t unconsci\sness wond]fully simulates ! purposive adaptation ( consci\s life4 ,! old] vulg> teleology 0 some:at me*anical3 x reg>d$ ! natural _w outside (--or z x said1 bel[--man z hav+ no end ( its own1 b 9 its s]ies subs]v+ man's commodities4 ,9 ! teleology ( ,kant ! supreme end is /ill 9 a way man1 & /ill !re is a little ( ! me*anical ab\t x3 b x is n to promote man's happ9ess1 und]/ood z t probably mu/ be 9 a selfi% s5se1 b to produce 9 him ! wor?ie/ ag5t to c>ry on to its highe/ ! rational process ( developm5t4 ,! /ruggles & pa9s ( natural exi/5ce1 ! laws ( life1 ! competition ( rivals1 are all means 9 ! h&s ( nature to produce an autonom\s be+4 ,kant says1 a moral ag5t4 ,b a moral ag5t has be5 already expla9$ z an intellig5ce c]tifi$ unto tru? & a self-c5tr$ w ^: law is ! law ( ! cosmos1--^: plan ( life1 if we s put ( x1 is ess5tially a conc5tration 9 m9iature & 9 individuality ( ! sy/em orda9$ by ! all-pres5t ,god4 ,x is true t ,kant1 aft] all ^! so>+s1 *ecks en?usiasm by ! words 'n t we c "k ?is1 or t x is s3 b our nature ) unmi/akable t5d5cy bids u act z if x 7 s4 ,logic w h>dly ju/ify x--b life seems to dem& x4' ,& "s h repli$3 'let u tru/ ! l>g] hope4' ,footnote #a3 ,hegel's ,w]ke1 vol4 i4 p4 #adj4 ,footnote #b3 ,kant f #agfb onw>ds cont9ues to insi/ on ! necessity = philosophy tak+ up an analytic & critical attitude to curr5t conceptions3 see especially ,w]ke1 i4 #ie & #bib4 ,footnote #c3 ,f\ndation ( ,metaph4 ( ,e?4 7,w]ke1 viii4 #hb1 #hi73 ',dieses ,soll5 i/ eig5tli* e9 ,woll54' ,,*apt] ,,xi4 ,,syn!sis ,,& ,,recon/ruction3 ,,fi*te4 ,to get ! full effect ( a new doctr9e x mu/ be br\ght into contact ) a m9d un%ackl$ by ^? traditional prepossessions :i* clung to its orig9al au?or4 ,kant1 ess5tially by tra9+ a man ( ! s*ool1 0 by he>t & "* ess5tially a seek] aft] ! wid] ends ( ! l>g] _w4 ,8 lesson is on "o h& ! s*ol>'s dispro( ( pret5d$ sci5ce1 & on ano!r an appeal & an example to ! m]e s*ol> to make 8 philosophy ample = ! :ole life1 & co-ext5sive ) ! :ole field ( reality4 ,8 fir/ disciples :o /& =w>d z tea*]s caught only ! fir/ "p ( 8 message1 & s\ght to set !oretical philosophy on a s\nd] basis4 ,johann ,gottlieb ,fi*te--p]haps ! lea/ pr(essional ( great philosophical pr(essors--) a resolute w1 a passion = logical ?or\ghness1 & great impulse to =ce mank9d to be free & to realise lib]ty 9 an in/itution--0 ! fir/ :o really grappl$ ) ! se>*+ que/ions t arose out ( ,kant's message to 8 age4 ,8 0 a ,kantism1 n c]ta9ly always ( ! lett]1 nor inde$ always ( ! _s3 yet = all t1 !re 0 sub/antial ju/ice 9 8 claim t 8 sy/em suppli$ ! presupposition :i* gives mean+ & int]connexion to ,kant's utt]ances#a4 ,x is1 says ! prov]b1 ! fir/ /ep t co/s4 ,& ,fi*te took t /ep4 ,be=e 8 impetuosity ! cautel\s clauses :i* besmir*$ ! great purpose ( ,criticism %runk away1 ! c5tral tru? 0 dis5gag$ f its old-fa%ion$ swaddl+ clo!s1 & op5ly ann\nc$ itself z a r5ovat+1 almo/ a revolution>y pr9ciple4 ,b1 z 0 to be expect$1 ! unity & =ce are paid = by a consid]able surr5d] ( ca?olicity4 ,if ,kant's utt]ances are fus$ into comp>ative simplicity1 ! unification does n embrace ! :ole ( ! ,kantian gospels4 ,:at ,fi*te did 9 8 e>li] /age--! /age by :i* he c\nts 9 ! hi/ory ( philosophy--0 to emphasise & exhibit 9 8 sy/ematic /atem5t t priority or supremacy ( ! 'practical' ov] ! '!oretical' reason :i* ,kant _h enunciat$1 & to put 9 ! v =egr\nd t self or ,ego :i* ,kant _h indicat$1 "u ! title ( 'transc5d5tal unity ( app]ception1' z ! focus :i* gives coh]5ce & objectivity to exp]i5ce4 ,b to put ! f9al presupposition at ! head & front ( all1 z a pr9ciple orig9at+ & gov]n+ ! :ole l9e ( proc$ure1 is really to modify 9 a ?or\gh-go+ way ! :ole aspect ( a doctr9e & its inn] con/itution4 ,kant's way is quiet analysis3 f ! giv51 or :at is suppos$ giv51 up regressively to its f9al presuppositions1 its lat5t prius4 ,he %[s y ! ?+ is s1 app>5tly )\t ef=t1 by judici\s application ( ! prop] re-ag5t1 z x 74 ,fi*te1 on ! contr>y1 p\rs =? a /rong curr5t ( d$uction3 ,let x be assum$ t s & s is1 !n mu/1 or !n %all1 some?+ else be2 & s onw>ds4 ,in/ead ( a glance at ! secret sub/ructure ( ! _w1 y see x1 at a magician's m&ate1 build+ itself up2 /one call+ to /one1 & beam to beam1 to fill up ! gaps & b9d ! walls toge!r4 ,& y mu/ n m]ely read or li/54 ,y are summon$ z a p>tn] 9 ! "w2 a "w ! au?or feels1 only half-consci\sly1 he has n yet q accompli%$1 & :]e !re=e he compla9s ( ! by/&]'s dullness4 ,?is1 "o may say1 0 a new conception1 c]ta9ly a new practice1 ( philosophy4 ,kant _h inde$ h9t$ t ! pupil 9 philosophy mu/ 'symphilosophise'2 b practically1 ev5 8 aim _h be5 to describe or n>rate a process ( ?\ght ) su* quasi-hi/orical vividness & detail t ! li/5] 0 sympa!tically c>ri$ ?r\gh ! succession ( ideas :i* 7 call$ up be=e him4 ,:at _h be5 g5]ally giv5 9 philosophical lit]ature 0 a sort ( hi/orical acc\nt ( h[ ?\ghts happ5$3 a succession ( pictures pres5t$ ) ! int]position "h & !re ( a little reason+1 expository ( connexions4 ,y enli/$ y\r read]'s sympa?y3 y set 8 imag9ation to "w by translat+ ! logical process into a hi/orical ev5t--! ,logos into a ,my?os--& bl5d+ ) y\r n>rative a little explanation z to g5]al drift & relations1 y left him to himself to enjoy ! ,!oria4 ,! ne>e/ approa* ,fi*te makes to ?is polite & easy me?od is 9 ! ',sun-cle> ,/atem5t1' :]e he1 z he says1 attempts to '=ce ! read] to und]/&' him4 ,b probably ^! ?+s _c be =c$4 ,& = ! re/ ,fi*te's *>act]i/ic attitude is to reque/1 or comm&1 8 read] 7or pupil7 to ?9k ) him1 to put himself 9 ! po/ure requir$1 to p]=m ! act ( ?\ght describ$4 ,he has n m]ely to be pres5t at ! lecture1 b p]sonally to p]=m ! exp]im5t4 ,x is n a m]e /ory to be he>d & admir$ & =gott54 ,de te ,o pupil6 fabula n>ratur4 ,if x be a play1 y are ! actor z well z ! onlook]3 & ! play is n a play1 b ! drama--! nameless drama--( ! s\l transact$ 9 ! unse5 sub-consci\s dep?s :i* be> up its visible life4 ,y d n !re=e beg9 by gett+ a fact put be=e y4 ,y\r fact1 9 philosophy1 mu/ be y\r own act3 n some?+ done & dead1 passive1 a ?+1 b some?+ do+1 alive1 active3 y\r introspection mu/ be1 let u say1 an exp]im5t 9 ! gr[+1 responsive1 quick life1 n anatomy ( ! m]e cadav]4 ,?9k1 !re=e1 & cat* y\rself 9 ! act ( ?9k+4 ,get some?+ be=e y\r m9d's eye1 & see :at x involves4 ,x matt]s n :at y p]ceive or feel3 only realise x fully & p5etrate its mean+ & implications4 ,x is ( c\rse ! p]ception ( some?+ "h & n[4 ,& y w\ld be1 9 ord9>y life1 eag] to get on to some?+ else--to associate ! pres5t fact to some?+ p]ceiv$ else:]e1 to draw conclusions ab\t ?+s yet to come4 ,b if y philosophise1 y mu/ *eck ?is practical-m9d$ impati5ce & conc$e y\rself leisure to pond] deeply all t ! s+le p]ception involves4 ,be cont5t to sit a:ile ) ,m>y1 by ! side ( ,ra*el ( old4 ,let ,m>?a bu/le ab\t4 ,fi*te tells y t y\r p]ception re/s1--& y1 y see t x re/s1 on ! ',i am t ,i am1'--on ! ,i ,i1 i4 e4 on ! cont9uity1 id5tity1 & unity ( ! p]cipi5t self4 ,make ! /atem5t ( :at y p]ceive1 believe x1 t is1 ass]t x3 & y h--done :at8 ,y h pl$g$ y\r :ole self--falsus 9 uno1 falsus 9 omnibus--to its tru?3 its backgr\nd is y\r :ole & "o m5tal life4 ,& is t all8 ,y h also call$ ! _w to witness3 y\r /atem5t--if1 z x pr(esses1 x =m an item h[ev] slight 9 ! realm ( k--reque/s & expects e o!r ',i' to ackn[l$ge y\r p]ception4 ,y\r c]ta9ty ( ! fact re/s on ! c]ta9ty ( y\r self3 & y\r self is a self c]tifi$ by its ev]-po/ulat$ id5tity ) o!r selves1 s on ad inf9itum4 ,9 affirm+ ?is 7:atev] be y\r /atem5t7 y affirm ! ,absolute ,inf9ite ,ego4 ,heav5 & e>? are at /ake 9 e jot & tittle#b4 ,at :i* pla9 frankness !re 0 mu* ca*9nation & ev5 mutt]+ among ! bas] sort4 ,ev5 wis] heads =got--if !y ev] knew--t ,leibniz a c5tury be=e _h />tl$ ! _w ( 8 day by a view t '! ,ego or some?+ l x#c 01 "u ! "n ( monad1 ! presupposition ( ea* & e detail ( exi/5ce 9 any organic total4 ,x 0 useless = ,fi*te to repeat#d t 8 philosophical ,ego 0 n ! empirical or individual ego :i* he 9 ?is e-day _w _h to provide clo!s & company =4 ,x is h>d to p]suade ! _w t x does n "k t ',i am ,i1' & :at t means4 ,lat]1 !re=e1 ,fi*te1 go+ along ) ! movem5t ( contempor>y speculation1 & will+ to avoid "o s\rce ( confusion1 t5d$ to keep (f ! "n ( ,ego f ! absolute basis ( all k & exp]i5c$ reality4 ,b unque/ionably ! absolutis+ ( ! ,ego is ! *>act]i/ic note ( 8 fir/ p]iod 9 philosophy3 & x r+s ) ! _s ( ! heav5-/orm+ ,titan4 ,x means t ! c>d9al pr9ciple & f\ndation ( man's consci\s moral & intellectual life is id5tical ) ! pr9ciple ( ! ,univ]se1 ev5 if ! ,univ]se seem n to "k x4 ,x means t self-consci\sness--! c]ta9ty t ,i am ,i & "o 9 all my manife/ations--is ! highe/ ^w yet utt]$4 ,91 or "u1 ! surface ( human k & belief 9 reality1 !re is a transc5d5tal ,ego--a self id5tical ) all o!r selves1-- inf9ite1 unlimit$1 unconditional1 absolute4 ,! c]ta9ty ( human k--& !re=e ( all reality 9 consci\sness--is ! ,absolute1--an absolute c]ta9ty & k--b an absolute ) :i* ,i id5tify myself1--:i* ,i am1 & :i* is me4 ,?is is ! absolute !sis--! n]ve & utt] basis-lay+--at ! gr\nd1 or r "u ! gr\nd1 ( all ,i "k1 feel1 & w4 ,?is1 !n1 is ! !sis at ! v f\ndation ( all ,wiss5s*aft3 & !re=e figures at ! head ( ! ,wiss5s*aftslehre1--! "n ,fi*te gives 8 fundam5tal philosophy4 ,b alone x is p[]less4 ,a f\ndation is only a f\ndation1 by be+ built ^u4 ,! position mu/ be def9$ by c\nt]position3 !sis by anti!sis3 ego by non-ego4 ,ego1 9 fact1 is fir/ made su*1 z set aga9/ y4 ,9 o!r words1 ! p]ception we assum$ to />t ) does n m]ely suppose & inde$ pre-suppose ! absolute ,ego2 b x sets 9 ! absolute ,ego an ego & a non-ego1--sets aga9/ ! less] ego1 some?+ limit+ & limit$1 some?+ def9+ x 9 "o p>ticul> direction2 or1 if ! orig9al consci\sness we />t$ to exam9e 0 an act ( w1 !n1 x may be said1 ! non-ego appe>s z ab\t to be limit$ & def9$ by ! ,ego4 ,be our consci\sness1 !re=e1 practical or !oretical1 ( action or ( k1 its fundam5tal *>act]i/ic is ! conjunction 7correlation ) subjugation7 ( an ego & a non-ego4 ,x is always a syn!sis ( an orig9al anti!sis#e2 ( self & n-self4 ,b e su* syn!sis :i* br+s toge!r into "o a self & a n-self1 is possible only 9 ! orig9al !sis ( a great] self--an absolute ,ego--:i* includes ! n-self & ! self x contra/s )9 its l>g] self4 ,! unity ( ! fir/ pr9ciple#f 7,a ,a1 or ,i ,i7 p>t+ or di/+ui%+ itself into ! opposition ( ,a v]sus n-,a1 ,ego set aga9/ non-ego1 re-ass]ts itself aga9 9 consci\sness 7p]ception ( objects1 & action ^u !m by w7 z syn!sis1 i4 e4 a conjunction 7n a real union74 ,& ?is syn!sis is ei!r ! limitation ( ! ,ego by ! non-ego or ! limitation ( ! non-ego by ! ,ego4 ,! =m] gives ! =mula ( !oretical1 ! latt] t ( practical consci\sness4 ,we beg9 ) ! absolute ,ego4 ,x is absolute activity1 utt] fre$om4 ,x is ! s\rce ( all action1 all life4 ,yet if ?us implicitly ev]y?+1 x is actually no?+4 ,to be some?+1 x mu/ re/rict itself1 set up 9 itself an anti!sis3--by ! sett+ up ( a n-self1 at once limit & realise itself3 translate itself f ideal absolut5ess & unconditionality into a reality :i* is also limit$ & p>tial4 ,all consci\sness & action exhibit ?is anti!sis ( a limit$ self & an outside & adv]sative o!r-be+2 b ! anti!sis re/s ^u ! m$ium ( a l>g] life1 a !sis :i* transc5ds & includes ! anti!sis1 & :i* leads to t alt]nat+ adaptation ( ! two sides to "o ano!r 7_! syn!sis7 :i* actual exp]i5ce pres5ts z its recurr+ phase#g4 ,! ,wiss5s*aftslehre leav+ ! absolute ,ego 9 ! backgr\nd deals ) ! play t goes on 9 human exp]i5ce betwe5 ! correlatives to :i* x has r$uc$ itself2--! antagonism1 b ! mod]at$ & ov]rul$ antagonism1 ( ,ego & non-ego4 ,obs]ve ! contra/ to ! ord9>y me?ods ( expression4 ,popul> language--if ! popul> philosoph]s are to be tru/$ z its expon5ts--says 'an impression is produc$ by an ext]nal object on ! s5ses1 & causes an idea 9 ! m9d4' ,! 'object' works a s]ies ( m>vell\s effects on a m9d1 :i*--to beg9 )--is h>dly describable z any?+ m ?an an imag9$ po9t ( resi/ance1 gett+ reality by be+ repeat$ly imp+$ ^u4#h ,fi*te's /atem5ts are r int]pret]s ( ! vulg> phrases1 :i* say ',i he>1 ,i see'2--z if1 =soo?1 ! ',i' did x all4 ,accord+ to ,fi*te1 ! ',i1'--! absolute ',i1' is ! real 7b secret7 s\rce ( ! position 9 :i* consci\sness f9ds itself limit$ by a non-ego4 ,b )9 ! f9ite ego & its consci\sness !re is no rem9isc5ce or aw>5ess ( ?is its great co-p>tn]'s--! absolute ego's--act4 ,= ! f9ite consci\sness1 ! beg9n+ ( its activity--i4 e4 ( all empirical consci\sness1 lies 9 an impulse or /imulus f )\t--a m]e some:at ( :i* we c pr$icate ! v m9imum ( attributes4 ,x is only felt z oppos+3 & ?is is ! fir/ /age or grade ( !oretical consci\sness3 ,s5sation4 ,b 9 ! p]petual anti!sis--9 ! self-opposition :i* is ! radical act ( consci\sness--! m]e limitation ( ,ego by non-,ego is confront$ by ! und]ly+ activity ( ! ,ego :i* re-ass]ts ! limitation z its own act4 ,?us :ile we are1 z x 71 impress$1 we re-act aga9/ t impression--we set x =? be=e u1 z ours1 & free ourselves f its imm$iate incumb5cy & oppression4 ,in/ead ( m]e s5ti5cy or feel+1 we h a p]ception 7or intuition7 ( x4 ,x w\ld be out ( place1 "h1 to try to write ! int]pretation ( t m>vell\s & difficult piece ( dialectic--! ,wiss5s*aftslehre2--a !me to :i* ,fi*te return$ aga9 & aga9 up to 8 dea?1 ev] modify+ details1 select+ new modes ( exposition1 & gradually1 p]haps1 *ang+ ! c5tre ( gravity ( 8 sy/em4 ,x w be suffici5t to note ! two purposes :i* x keeps 9 view4 ,on ! "o h& x is a sy/ematic !ory ( ! categories4 ,x beg9s1 z we h se51 ) ! ?ree co-ord9ates ( all reflection1--id5tity1 diff]5ce1 & reason :y2 x proce$s to ! co-relative pr9ciples ( activity & passivity2 to condition1 quantity1 c4 ,& its "w is to %[ h[ ^! =ms naturally em]ge 9 ! recurr5t anti!sis :i* arises 9 consci\sness1 & h[ aga9 !y are br\ght toge!r by ! ov]ma/]+ ,absolute !sis into a syn!sis1 f :i* ! same process re-appe>s4 ,h[ mu* ?is corresponds 9 g5]al conception to ! ,hegelian ,logic is obvi\s1 & ,fi*te has ! m]it ( ! orig9al sugge/ion4 ,) ?is h[ev] he conjo9s--:at ,hegel has relegat$ to 8 ,psy*ology--an evolutional or developm5tal !ory ( ! m5tal p[]s4 ,we h already se5 h[ s5sation is =c$ by ! lat5t intellig5ce to rise into p]ception 7,ans*auung73 ! l9e ( psy*ological developm5t is c>ri$ on by ,fi*te ?r\gh imag9ation to und]/&+ & reason4 ,hegel's "w is f> m complete1 def9ite1 & detail$3 b t ne$ n keep u f giv+ due homage to ! sugge/ive sket* ( ! orig9ator ( ! conception#i4 ,b ! !oretical consci\sness is n all2 & z we already "k1 ! practical ,ego is supreme ov] x4 ,9 x lies ! key to ! my/]y ( ! /imulus--! %ock f ! unkn[n--:i* awak5$ ! activity ( ! ,ego4 ,! non-ego is only a mass ( resi/ance creat$ by ! ,ego s t x may be active2 only a /epp+-/one on :i* x may walk2 a spr+-bo>d f :i* x may b\nd4 ,only s mu* reality has ! non-ego2 ! reality ( some?+ :i* may be %ap$1 made1 made use (4 ,call ! some?+ :i* ! /imulus 7,an/oss7 pre-supposes1 ! ?+-9-itself 7aft] ,kant73 & if y ask ,h[ are ?+s-9-!mselves con/itut$1 y get f ! ,wiss5s*aftslehre ! answ]3 ',!y are z we %\ld make !m#aj1' ,or1 z x is said 9 ano!r place3 ',my _w is--object & sph]e ( my duties & absolutely no?+ else#aa3' if y ask :e!r !re is really su* a _w1 ! only s\nd reply ,i c give is3 ',i h c]ta9ly & tru?fully ^! def9ite duties1 :i* take ! =m ( duties t[>ds su*1 & 9 su*1 objects2 & x is only 9 a _w su* z ,i !re repres5t & n else:]e t ,i c p]=m ^! duties :i* ,i _c conceive o!rwise1' ,?is is a gr& ^w3 & yet we feel t1 9 ! int5sity ( intellectual consecutiv5ess & moral inflexibl5ess1 we h lo/ "s elem5ts to :i* ,kant _h giv5 _! place 9 ! philosophy ( life4 ,! ?ird ( ,kant's ?ree ,criticisms is conspicu\s by its abs5ce f ! ,fi*tean field ( view1 & has no recognition 9 ?is s*eme ( ! univ]se3 & ! great conception ( ! natural _w z an organism1 9 :i* natural man is only a "p1 & all is controll$ by an autonom\s pr9ciple ( life1 has be5 = ! :ile all[$ to drop4 ,ev5 m ?an 9 ,kant religion t5ds to be an epilogue or app5dix to morality3 & ,god is id5tifi$ ) ! moral ord] ( ! _w4 ,x is cu/om>y to speak ( ,fi*te's idealism z e?ical1 or z subjective3 & s long z ^! words are und]/ood1 no h>m is done4 ,b to call x subjective does n mean t ,fi*te 0 s f> beside himself z to believe ! _w 0 only a picture or a function ( 8 individual bra94 ,x means t he ?r[s ! weight too mu* on ! side ( subjectivity4 ,! ,absolute is1 = him 9 8 fir/ /age1 describ$ z an ,absolute ,ego--& !reby ! natural _w seems to be left )\t ,god3 & subjective duty has too exclusively ?r[n on x ! weight ( c]tify+ objective exi/5ce4 ,! _w1 z we %all see1 & h inde$ indirectly ga!r$ f ,kant1 is too good & wor?y to be ! m]e block ( /one out ( :i* our duties are to be hewn4 ,& simil>ly1 to call ,fi*te an e?ical ideali/ is only to "n him "r1 :5 we add t 8 7 ideali/ e?ics4 ,! _w is n "h m]ely t social decorum may be ma9ta9$1 & t puritanical virtue may pron\nce t all is s well1 t !nce=? !re %all be no cakes & ale1 nor g+] be hot 9 ! m\?4 ,! fri5d ( ! two bro!rs ,s*legel1 & _! rem>kable wives1 ,doro!a & ,c>ol9e1 t\*$ h&s ) a social gr\p#ab :i*1 = good & = ill1 _h emancipat$ itself f all codes except t :i* bids ',to ?9e own self be true3 ,?\ can/ n !n be false to any man4' ,to him1 z to ,kant1 morality pres5t$ itself z autonomy1 z ! dignity & grace ( human nature 9 free/ developm5t2 b to him1 m ?an to ,kant1 !re comm5d$ itself ! ideal ( a city ( reason1 a ?or\ghly socialis$ community#ac1 9 :i* ! welf>e ( ea* w\ld be an obligation on all1 & ! ma*9]y ( gov]nm5t w\ld be s m>vell\sly self-corrective t all w\ld d "r & all f>e well4 ,fi*te's place 9 ! annals ( philosophy dep5ds on 8 academic treatises ( #agid-ih1 & on 8 m popul> works f ! fir/ date d[n to #ahjh4 ,9 a /udy ( ! philosoph] z a :ole x w\ld be necess>y to g beyond ^! dates1 & take acc\nt ( ! displacem5t :i* a developm5t ( ?\ght1 :i* !re is no good reason to suppose o!r ?an gradual1 made 9 ! scale ( 8 e>li] views4 ,b = our purposes t is out ( ! "q4 ,9 ju/ice1 h[ev]1 x mu/ be add$ t "s ?+s t seem inadequately treat$1 "s %ortcom+s 9 ca?olicity ( m9d1 w\ld appe> 9 ano!r light if ! lat] writ+s--n publi%$ till aft] ,hegel's dea?--7 duly tak5 into acc\nt4 ,b ev5 at ! close ( ! c5tury ! advanc+ ?\ght ( ,g]many 0 seek+ o!r lead]s4 ,footnote #a3 ,cf4 notes & illu/rations 9 vol4 ii4 p4 #cii4 ,footnote #b3 ,cf4 notes & illu/rations 9 vol4 ii4 p4 #chg4 ,footnote #c3 ,leibniz1 ,w]ke1 ed4 ,g]h>dt1 iv4 p4 #cib4 ,footnote #d3 ,cf4 notes & illu/rations 9 vol4 ii4 p4 #cic4 ,footnote #e3 ,! anti!sis has two memb]s3 ! p>tial ego1 & ! non-ego1 :i* confronts4 ,! syn!sis is a putt+ toge!r two sep>ate ?+s1 s z to correlate !m2 b x falls %ort ( :at w\ld be und]/ood 9 "s pres5t usage by 'syn!tic unity' :i* has a c]ta9 my/ical r+4 ,x is important = a /ud5t ( ,s*ell+ or ,hegel to rememb] ?is di/9ction ( syn!sis f 'absolute unity e4g4 ,s*ell+1 ,w]ke1 v4 #dc4 ,footnote #f3 ,a ,a is ! m purely logical =mula3 ,i,i pres5ts x z a p]sonal & metaphysical id5tity4 ,! ,a1 :i* is -,a1 is to be di/+ui%$ f ! ,a :i* is oppos$ to n-,a4 ,b x is ,fi*te's /&po9t to insi/ on _! be+ "o ,ego4 ,footnote #g3 ,to give ?is int]pretation ( ! l>g] ,ego z ,life & ,bless$ness is to assume t ! tea*+1 e4 g4 ( ! ,anweisung zum ,selig5 ,leb51 is ! logical deep5+ ( ! e>li] language ab\t ! ,ego4 ,footnote #h3 ,cf4 ! description ( m9d z #d a bundle ( impressions4' ,footnote #i3 ,especially giv5 9 ! ,grundriss des ,eig5?mli*5 d] ,wiss4 7,w]ke1 i4 #cca74 ,( c\rse ,fi*te goes ?r\gh a correspond+ 'd$uction' ( ! emotional or moral nature4 ,s*ell+ 7,sy/em des transc5d4 ,idealismus7 works out ! 'd$uction' /ill m at l5g?4 ,footnote #aj3 ,fi*te1 ,w]ke1 i4 #bhf4 ,footnote #aa3 ,ibid4 ii4 #bfa4 ,footnote #ab3 ,x is p]haps h>dly necess>y to say t ! /ate ( affairs allud$ to1 :i* has its lit]>y memorials 9 ,f4 ,s*legel's ,luc9de1 & 9 ! w>m def5se ( t book by ,s*ei]ma*]1 0 only a pass+ exp]im5t 9 :i* a high-/rung idealism amid a lax society s\ght = tru? at all co/s & d>$ a noble lie4 ,footnote #ac3 ,9 ! ,ges*loss5] ,h&el/aat 7( #ahjj71 ! 'classical' docum5t ( *>act]i/ic ,g]man ,socialism 9 its e>li] & ideali/ phase4 ,,*apt] ,,xii4 ,,! ,,beg9n+s ,,( ,,s*ell+4 ,s*ell+ & ,hegel _h be5 fell[-/ud5ts at ,tb+51 :]e1 besides ! o/5sible lessons ( ! class-room1 !y _h drunk gladly ( ! spr+s ( ?\ght ,less+ _h set runn+1 _h felt ! hopes & ! fe>s ( ! /ruggle republican ,france wag$ aga9/ ! ,g]man p[]s1 & _h se5 t ,kantian criticism conta9$ )9 x a fire :i* w\ld burn up ! hay & /ubble ( old !ology4 ,hegel1 five ye>s ! eld] ( ! two1 _h pass$ ?r\gh 8 college c>e] 9 a v cr$itable b by no means brilliant way4 ,among 8 fell[s he _h ga9$ ! reputation ( a quiet1 & r reflective m9d1 :i*1 h[ev]1 "u an old-fa%ion$ ext]ior1 brea!d a deep impassion$ zeal = t high] life ( :i* ! nobl] spirits among ! "y !n1 z n[1 long$ to accel]ate ! adv5t4 ,s*ell+1 s+ul>ly gift$ ) speculative ability1 lit]>y art1 & ! receptivity ( g5ius to cat* & /r+ toge!r ! !ories t rose to ! top 9 sci5ce & lett]s1 _h already made 8 m>k z a philosophic writ]1 :ile 8 s5ior compatriot1 lead+ ! inconspicu\s life ( a private tutor1 0 only work+ up & wid5+ 8 ideas4 ,s*ell+'s fir/ essays 9 metaphysics trod ! same l9es z ,fi*te2 b 9 #agig 7:5 he 0 ag$ #bb7 appe>$ 8 ,ideas t[>ds a ,philosophy ( ,nature4 ,a ye> lat] he 0 lectur+ at ,j5a1 9 fri5dly association ) ! ,s*legels1 & ) ,fi*te1 :o1 h[ev]1 soon quitt$ ! place4 ,9 #ahjj appe>$ ! ,sy/em ( ,transc5d5tal ,idealism1 & 9 #ahja ! ,exposition ( my ,sy/em2 foll[$ 9 #ahjb by ,bruno1 & 9 #ahjc by ! ,lectures on ,univ]sity ,/udies4 ,brief p]iods ( academic tea*+ at ,wrzburg1 ,erlang51 & ,muni*1 & aft] #ahda at ,b]l91 broke ! sil5ce :i* set 9 aft] 8 ,inquiries into ! nature ( human lib]ty 9 #ahji2 b little c]ta9 0 kn[n to ! outside public ( ! f9al /&po9t till ! publication ( 8 collect$ works 7#ahef-fa74 ,an involunt>y t\* ( sadness falls ^u !y hi/orian z he surveys ,s*ell+'s c>e]4 ,seldom _h a ?9k]'s life begun ) bett] promise1 & m di/+ui%$ p]=mance2 seldom _h a nobl] inspiration1 a m lib]al ca?olicity ( mood1 guid$ & propell$ ! intellectual int]e/2 seldom _h expectation ( great] ?+s yet to come foll[$ a writ]'s traces ?an 0 ! lot ( ,s*ell+4 ,on "o h&1 a lively & active appropriation ( ! results ( sci5tific discov]y1 at lea/ 9 its m sugge/ive advances3 on ! o!r1 a ma/]y ( words & /yle :i* fitt$ him to hold 8 own among/ ! lit]>y lead]s2 &1 aga91 a sympa?y1 t seem$ to be religi\s1 ) ! movem5t :i* s\ght lucem ex ,ori5te1 & wisdom f ! treasures ( ! _w's pur] y\?4 ,& yet--9 ! ma9--! net result1 oblivion m complete ?an has ev] befall5 a great ?9k]4 ,at fir/1 "o is incl9$ to pass on ) ! rem>k t ev5 books & ?9k]s h _! fates1 & t "s mom5t>y =getfulness let ! tide slip unus$4 ,b x is possible to be less oracul>ly-obscure3 & )\t detract+ f ! spl5did faculty & great a*ievem5t ( ,s*ell+ to note "s ( ! causes ( 8 lapse into a m]e episode4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ?\gh 8 conception is ( a sy/em1 8 p]=mance is only a succession ( fragm5ts4 ,! ne>e/ approa* to an encyclopa$ic exposition ( 8 ideas is f\nd 9 8 popul> ,lectures on ! ,/udies ( ,univ]sity4 ,m ?an once he />ts on ! task ( exposition1 b lets x break (f ab\t ! middle4 ,aga91 at ea* new occasion1 ! features ( 8 s*eme ( ?\ght h slightly alt]$1 & n m]ely does 8 philosophy pr(ess at fir/ to pres5t two di/9ct sides1 b ^! two sides ( ! %ield v>y4 ,?irdly1 ! int]e/ 9 sci5tific novelties1 always dispos$ to seek ! curi\s1 ! f>-rea*+ & sugge/ive1 m ?an ! s\nd] g5]alisations1 t5ds z "t goes on to fa/5 too gre$ily on ! miracul\s & my/]i\s night-side ( nature1 on magic p[]s & my/ic disc]nm5ts--a pa? :i* desc5ds to ! abyss ( a 'positive1' i4e4 a quasi-mat]iali/ic1 !osophy4 ,! matt]-(-fact rationali/s 7bo? ! ,ca?olics 9 ,bav>ia1 & ! ,prote/ant !ologian ,paulus1 once a fri5d1 b latt]ly 8 bitt]e/ foe7 reg>d him z a crypto-ca?olic1 ! advocate ( m$ieval obscurantism s hateful to true enlight5m5t4 ,ev5 8 lit]>y art r5d]s him suspect$3 = !re is an old qu>rel betwe5 philosophy & fiction2 & grave-ey$ wisdom is jeal\s ( h] gipsy rival4 ,ill-advis$ indications ( a s5se ( l(ty sup]iority to ! av]age tea*] increas$ ! numb]s & ! v5om ( 8 oppon5ts4 ,nor is x p]haps b5ea? ! dignity ( hi/ory to sugge/ t 8 fir/ wife1 ,c>ol9e1 ) all h] wond]ful attractions ( intellect & "*1 & not)/&+ all t %e _h be5 to ,s*ell+ 9 enc\ragem5t & c\nsel1 0 too clev] & too critical n to s[ _m jeal\sies1 & to add ?r\gh ! female l9e to ! ranks ( ^? ) :om he /ood suspect4 ,b p]haps ! real reason ( ,s*ell+'s failure 0 a c]ta9 excess ( objectivity4 ,fi*te _h drawn attacks d[n by an abnormal subjectivity :i* w\ld fa9 re=m ! surr\nd+s :]ev] he w5t4 ,s*ell+ /ood m ap>t--animat$ by an imm5se curiosity1 a b\ndless int]e/ 9 all ! expanse ( objective exi/5ce2 b )al he seem$ n to h 8 he>t1 deeply set & pl$g$ to a di/9ctively human int]e/4 ,8 fir/ love is ! ,romance 9 nature2 & :5 he turns to hi/ory x is by pref]5ce to ages f> remote4 ,8 ideal ( philosophy is to see x a*ieve its "w by ! in/rum5tality ( ,art4 ,religion seems to culm9ate = him 9 a my?ology4 ,reflection & speculation are to him always some:at ( a disease--:5ce philosophy is to c>ry u--almo/ magically if possible--to re/ aga9 9 ! primeval unity ( life4 ,x is only an in/rum5t t[>ds a great end--& t end a godlike1 ev5 if y l a religi\s1 ,epicurean life4 ,f su* a /&po9t x w\ld be easy1 9 y\?1 to relapse into naturalism2 x w\ld be equally easy1 9 lat] life1 to fall into sup]naturalism4 ,philosophy--at lea/ z ,hegel und]/ood x--is m]ely nei!r3 b ! life1 :i* nev] c q cease to be an ef=t1 ( idealism4 ,& s ,s*ell+ c\ld n e>n ! confid5ce :i* only goes to ^? :o are felt to be fell[-fight]s ) ^? !y lead4 ,) ,s*ell+ occurs ! conflu5ce1 into ! ma9 curr5t ( philosophy1 ( /reams ( idea & rese>* :i* _h already ex]cis$ a /imulative effect on ! tone & products ( ! high] lit]ature ( ,g]many4 ,z e>ly z #agfc 7at ! v date ,kant let ! ,engli% & ,scot* 'empirici/s' %ake him out ( 8 'rationali/' dogmatism7 ,less+--9 a c\ple ( pages ,on ! reality ( ?+s outside ,god--?rew d\bts on ! t5ability ( ! ord9>y dei/ic arrangem5t ( 8 day1 :i* set ,god !re & man & 8 surr\nd+s "h1 ea* side1 = ! "t at lea/1 undi/urb$ly enjoy+ 8 own4 ,less+ read ,leibniz by ! light ( ,sp9oza1 & ,sp9oza by ! light ( ,leibniz3 &1 if he emphasis$ ! absolute "r to ! complete/ individual self-developm5t on "o h&1 he no less decl>$ on ! o!r t 'no?+ 9 ! _w is insulat$1 no?+ )\t consequ5ces1 no?+ )\t et]nal consequ5ces4' ',i ?ank ! ,creator t ,i mu/1--mu/ ! be/1' he adds 7#aggd74 ,( 8 conv]sations on ^! high topics ) ,jacobi1 we h already spok54 ,:ile ,sp9oza & ,leibniz 7 ei!r decri$1 or--:at is worse--misund]/ood1 by ! e/abli%$ ma/]s ( in/ruction1 !y 7 welcom$ by a m sympa!tic &1 ) all its drawbacks1 m appreciative /udy f ! non-academic lead]s ( ?\ght4 ,among/ ^! "o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ & influ5tial 0 ,h]d]4 ,h]d]1 :o _h be5 among/ ,kant's /ud5ts 9 #agfc1 & :o has express$ 8 admiration ( 8 !n tea*]1 came z ye>s pass$-by to consid] himself ! appo9t$ antagoni/ ( ! ,kantian sy/em4 ,! two m5 7 m5tally & morally ( diff]5t types3 & 9 ,h]d]'s case1 a s5se ( injury1 9 ! end1 positively bl9d$ him to ! mean+ no less ?an to ! m]its ( a doctr9e he _h decre$ to be p]nici\s4 ,9 ,h]d]'s op9ion1 ! ,kantian sy/em lab\r$ ?r\gh\t f ! fault ( a dead logical =malism & ab/ractness3 x inhabit$ a sort ( limbo1 cut (f alike f ! fre% brea? ( nature & ! gr[+ life ( hi/ory1 & f ! et]nal _s ( div9e tru?3 x und]m9$ 7s 8 exp]i5ce at ,weim>#a indicat$7 ! traditional fai?1 & inspir$ its 'adepts' ) a revolution>y sup]cili\sness to all dogma4 ,its cut-&-dri$ logicality1 its tr5*ant divisions & analyses 7 obnoxi\s to 8 poetically-f]vid1 l>gely-en?usia/ic1 & ess5tially-hi/orical s\l4 ,man--9 8 concrete complet5ess1 9 8 physical surr\nd+s & 8 corporeal /ructure1 9 8 social organisation1 9 8 lit]>y & arti/ic life1 above all 9 8 poetry & traditions ( religion--0 ! !me ( 8 /udies2 & he look$ ) di/ru/ on e attempt to analyse & dis9tegrate ! total unity ( humanity by a criticism fir/ ( ?is1 & !n a criticism ( t side ( x1 c>ri$ on sep>ately4 ,ossian _h be5 an e>ly fav\rite ( 82 & ! twilight t hov]s ) ! haze ( p5sive my? ar\nd ! figures ( t vision>y _w hangs ) a *>m & a confusion ar\nd ! ultimate horizon ( ,h]d]'s ideas4 ,9 #aggd & #agge ,h]d] wrote & wrote aga9 an essay 7publi%$ #aggh7 = a prize (f]$ by ! ,b]l9 ,academy on ! subject ( ',s5sation & ,cognition 9 ! human ,s\l4' ,its fundam5tal po9ts are t 'no psy*ology is possible1 :i* is n at e /ep a di/9ct physiology'3 t 'cognition & volition are only "o en]gy ( ! s\l'3 t 'all our ?\ght has aris5 out ( & ?r\gh s5sation1 & 9 spite ( all di/illation /ill conta9s copi\s traces ( x'3 t !re are n sep>ate faculties ( ?\ght1 b "o div9e p[]1 :i* unifies all ! broad /ream ( infl[+ s5sation1--'"o en]gy1 & ela/icity ( ! s\l1 :i* rea*es its height ?r\gh ! m$ium ( language4' ',:at is mat]ial1 :at non-mat]ial 9 man1 ,i "k n1' he says2 'b ,i am 9 ! fai? t nature has n fa/5$ iron plates betwe5 !m1' ',man is a slave ( me*anism 7b a me*anism disguis$ 9 ! g>b ( a lucid cele/ial reason7 & fancies himself free1' ',self-feel+ & fell[-feel+ 7a new phase ( expansion & contraction7 are ! two expressions ( ! ela/icity ( our w'3 !y v>y directly ) ea* o!r3 & 'love !re=e is ! highe/ reason'--a proposition1 adds ,h]d]1 = :i* 'if we w n tru/ ,/4 ,john1 we may tru/ ! und\bt$ly m div9e ,sp9oza1 ^: philosophy & e?ics turn :olly ^u ?is axis4' ,h]d]'s great "w1 h[ev]1--:i*1 side by side ) ,less+'s ,education ( ! ,human ,race1 & ) ,kant's ,idea = a ,univ]sal ,hi/ory1 help$ to con/itute t conception ( hi/ory1 z philosophy 9 concrete =m1 :i* appe>s 9 ,s*ell+1 ,s*legel1 & ,hegel1--0 ! ,ideas = a ,philosophy ( ,hi/ory4 ,x is ! p5dant & contra/ to ,kant's ?ree ,criticisms1 ) :i* x is ne>ly contemporane\s 7#aghd-ia74 ,ev5 9 hi/ory ,kant emphasises ! "w ( intellig5ce1 ( reason3 & puts ! intellig5tly-organis$ /ate--if possible1 ! _w-commonweal?1 :5 w> %all be trans=m$ into m]ely /imulat+ competition1--z ! f9al triumph ( ! reason4 ,to ,h]d]1 :ile on ! "o h& ! nature-basis is all-ess5tial1 & mu/ =m ! f\ndation ( any g5etic explanation ( spiritual ph5om5a1 ! ideal ( humanity pres5ts itself r z a free developm5t ( ! _m-sid$ individual--a developm5t temp]$ by ! association ( ! family & ! claims ( fri5d%ip4 ,9 ,kant's view ( civilisation1 natural reason by its indwell+ presuppositions works out ! end ( culture3 ,h]d]1 on ! contr>y1 all[s himself to introduce--b only 9 & f ! dim backgr\nd--a sup]natural aid to actualise ! g]ms ( rationality lat5t 9 man's nature4 ,yet1 ?\gh at ! fir/ /ep into hi/ory ! ,godhead appe>s1 & a deifi$ humanity looms ahead z ! consummation ( ! process ( evolution1 ! developm5t betwe5 ^! two extreme poles is homog5e\s & inde$ "o4 ,! same law gov]ns x ?r\gh\t3 ',e?ics is only a high] physics ( ! m9d4' ,man is f ! fir/ end[$ ) t5d5cies :i*1 ?r\gh ! m$ium ( society & tradition1 c>ry him on to ! d\ble end1 s h>d to comb9e1 ( 'humanity & happ9ess1' 'humanity & religion4' ,b1 = ?is tra9+ ( ! _s he is prep>$ by a special natural end[m5t ( ! body3 & ,h]d] c g s f> z to say t '9 ord] to del9eate ! duties ( man1 we ne$ only del9eate 8 =m4' ,develop+ "u ! influ5ce ( cosmic & geographical conditions1 & =m$ ( ! same protoplasm & on ! same type z o!r animals1 man possesses an unique organisation1 a def9itely proportion$ me*anism1 :i* is 8 di/9ctive & p]man5t specific "*4 ,g5]al id5tity ( plan & condition prevails = man & animals2 b ,h]d] keeps back f ! ,d>w9ian inf]5ce :i* int]prets ! graduat$ div]sity ( type z indicat+ t man is ! phase rea*$ pro tempore 9 ! gradual slide along :i* ! cont9u\s *ange ( environm5t c>ries ! un/able types :i* e>li] environm5ts h help$ to =m4 ,= ,h]d]'s conception ( nature !re are fix$ diff]5ces beyond :i* rese>* _c g2 & we %all see t bo? ,s*ell+ & ,hegel accept ?is res]vation4 ,h]d]1 f9ally1 /ruck a bl[ 9 ! w> t 0 wag$ aft] ,less+'s dea? betwe5 ! fri5ds & foes ( ,sp9ozism4 ,8 little book ,god 7#aghg7 is a v9dication v ( ,sp9oza aga9/ ,jacobi's attack4 ,antiqu>ian accuracy x c lay no claim to3 ! picture ( ,sp9ozism1 "o-sid$ at ! be/1 is fur!r vitiat$ by an int]pretation ( ! doctr9e :i* leav5s x to indi/9ctness ) ! ideas ( ,leibniz & ,%aftesbury4 ,x 0 a gr&--b x 0 also an audaci\s--vision ( ,sp9ozism :i* f\nd x n inconsi/5t ) a fundam5tal !ism on "o side & ) ! poetry ( nature on ! o!r4 ,yet ,h]d] _h ! m]it ( be+ p]haps ! fir/ to pi]ce ! h>d logical %ell ( rationalism "u :i* ,sp9oza _h la9 hidd51 & to reveal ! my/ic passion = ,god :i* s qua9tly call$ itself amor erga rem inf9itam et aet]nam4 ',sp9oza1' says ,h]d]1 '0 an en?usia/ = ! be+ ( ,god1' ,ev5 :]e he translates ,sp9oza's t]ms into ample equival5ts1 he does s]vice by tea*+ m5 t ! vapid inanities !y associate ) t]ms l sub/ance1 mode1 cause1 are inadequate to int]pret ! int5sity ( mean+ !y _h = ! philosoph]4 ,to remove ! seals :i* r5d]$ bo? ,leibniz & ,sp9oza a my/]y = ! _w 0 to prep>e ! way = ,s*ell+ & ,hegel#b4 ,x is "u ! aegis ( ,sp9oza & ,leibniz t ,s*ell+ beg9s 8 fir/ *>act]i/ic "w1--! ,ideas t[>ds a philosophy ( ,nature4 ,9 ^! ?9k]s he f\nd fir/ proclaim$ z ! fundam5tal /&po9t ( philosophy ! unity ( ! f9ite & ! inf9ite1 ( ! real & ! ideal1 ( ! absolutely active & ! absolutely passive4 ,!y diff]$ inde$ 9 ?is1 t :]eas ?is unity is pre-suppos$ by ,sp9oza z inf9ite & absolute sub/ance1 ( :i* all sep>ate exi/5ce1 body or m9d1 is only a modus1 x is tak5 by ,leibniz z ! univ]sal *>act]i/ic ( e individual be+4 ,e monad--& ! human s\l is ! typical monad--is at once f9ite & inf9ite1 real & ideal1 active & passive4 ,b--:e!r z und]ly+ sub/ance1 or z unity ( reality--bo? hold ! c>d9al doctr9e t ! absolute 7! ',object' ( philosophy7 is ! unity & unification--! id5tity--( :at outside x appe>s z two sides or ord]s ( be+1 ! real & ! ideal4 ,to philosophise1 !re=e--or to see ?+s 9 ! absolute--is 7n z ,hegel's malici\s joke puts x#c1 to look at !m '9 ! night :5 all c[s are d>k1'--b7 to see !m 9 ! int5se light t proce$s f ! id5tity ( ! ,_s )9 u ) ! ,nature )\t u4 ,fi*te _h caught hold ( ?is /&po9t4 ,he _h se5 t ! orig9al anti!sis :i* confronts u1 & ! conjunction 7syn!sis7 ( its memb]s1 presuppos$ a /ill m fundam5tal & inde$ absolute !sis1--an aborig9al & active unity4 ,t anti!sis is ! opposition ( ego & n-ego2 t syn!sis is e act ( k & w1 by :i* ea* ( ^! p[]s is 9 turn limit$ by ! o!r4 ,su* a syn!sis 7volition or cognition7 w\ld be impossible unless on ! fundam5tal !sis 7or hypo!sis7 ( a unity1 or id5tity1 :i* gives rise to ! anti!sis & has ! p[] ( ov]com+ x4 ,su* an orig9al unity is :at he calls ! absolute ,ego4 ,i am :at ,i "k & w1 & :at ,i "k & w is ,me4 ,su* is ! equation 7briefly writt51 ,i ,i7 :i* id5tifies subject & object 7( k & w74 ,b ! associations cl++ to ! t]ms ,fi*te us$ gave ?is ?\ght a "o-sid$ direction4 ,! ',i' is oppos$ to ! ',!e1' & ! ',!m1' & ! ',x4' ,! '?+'--or non-ego--is depreciat$ z comp>$ ) ! ?9k] & will]4 ,x is po/ulat$ ad majorem gloriam ( ! ,ego3 9 ord] t ,i may "w out ! full fruition ( my be+4 ,x is :at ,i ought to make out ( x4 ,x is no?+ b :at x w be--or w be if ,i d :at ,i ought to d4 ,! id5tity ( ! two sides !re=e is left z '! object ( an endless task1 an absolute imp]ative4' ,! ,absolute is n yet3--x is only ! =eca/ ( a po/ulat$ result4 ',if ?is be :at ,fi*te tea*es1 & be call$ subjective idealism1 !n = ,s*ell+ ! fir/ ?+ is to quit ! h\se ( bondage4 ,let u leave out ( view ! ,ego1 ) its mislead+ associations1 & beg9 ) ! two fields :i* are kn[n to u1 ! fields ( ,nature & ,_s4 ,nature--n ,matt]--is ! "o side3 ,m9d or ,_s ! o!r4 ,ea* ( !m furni%es ! object ( "o bran* ( philosophy--a philosophy ( ,nature1 on "o h&1 & a transc5d5tal idealism on ! o!r4 ,! =m] is new1 & m especially ,s*ell+'s own prop] cont9uation ( ,kant3 ! o!r p>tly a cont9uation ( ,fi*te's "w4 ,b z !y are bo? philosophy1 !y mu/ co9cide or meet4 ,! :ole philosophy may !re=e call itself a philosophy ( ,id5tity2 b1 = ! :ile1 x w pres5t itself "u ! two aspects ( a philosophy ( ,nature1 conceiv$ z ! bl9d & unconsci\s1 a philosophy ( ,m9d & hi/ory1 z ! free & consci\s product ( intellig5ce4#d ,footnote #a3 ,he held po/s ( l>ge g5]al sup]9t5d5ce ov] *ur* & s*ool affairs at ,weim>4 ,footnote #b3 ,see notes & illu/rations 9 vol4 ii4 p4 #dbj4 ,footnote #c3 ,hegel1 ,w]ke1 ii4 #ac4 ,footnote #d3 ,see notes & illu/rations 9 vol4 ii4 p4 #cib4 ,,*apt] ,,xiii4 ,,! ,,philosophy ,,( ,,nature ,,& ,,idealism4 ,:at is meant by a 'philosophy ( ,nature'8 ',to philosophise on ,nature1' says ,s*ell+1 'means to lift x up out ( ! dead me*anism 9 :i* x appe>s imm]s$1--to inspire x1 s to speak1 ) lib]ty1 & to set x 9 free process ( evolution3 x means1 9 o!r words1 to te> ourselves away f ! vulg> view :i* sees 9 ,nature only occurr5ces1 or at ! be/ sees ! action z a fact1 n ! action itself 9 ! action#a4' ,!re is 9 %ort a process 9 nature p>allel 9 "* to :at ,fi*te _h exhibit$ = consci\sness4 ,! natural _w is no long] subord9at$1 b to appe>ance co-ord9ate3 & evolution or developm5t1 exhibit$ "u ! logical title ( a 'd$uction1' is ! common law ( bo?4 ,! real ord] & ! ideal ord] ( ! _w are equally ! "w ( an inf9ite & uncondition$ activity1 ':i* nev] q exhau/s itself 9 any f9ite product1 & ( :i* ev]y?+ individual is only z x 7 a p>ticul> expression4' ,! nature :i* we see brok5 up 9 gr\ps & masses1 & individual objects1 is to be expla9$ z a s]ies ( /eps 9 a process ( developm5t3 ! /eps 9 a s+le cont9u\s product :i* has be5 arre/$ at sev]al /ages1--:i* pres5ts di/9ct epo*s1 b nev]!less all approximations1 ) div]g5ces1 to a s+le orig9al ideal4 ,9 ,nature1 z 9 ,m9d1 ! mo/ typical ph5om5on is an orig9al het]og5eity1 duplicity1 or diff]5ce1 :i*1 h[ev]1 po9ts back to a /ill m fundam5tal homog5eity1 unity1 or id5tity4 ,?is prim>y unity or gr\nd ( unification does n inde$ appe> to sight2 ! 's\l ( ,nature1' ! anima mundi1 n[h]e pres5ts itself z su* 9 its undivid$ simplicity2 b only z ! p]petually recurr+ re-union ( :at has be5 divid$4 ,b ?\gh unapp>5t1 ! absolute id5tity is ! necess>y presupposition ( all life & exi/5ce1 z ( all k & action4 ,x is ! l9k or 'copula' :i* p]petually r$uces ! anti!sis to unity1 & ! het]og5eity to homog5eity1 & ! diff]5t to r$9tegration4 ,to ?is fact ( anti!sis1 presuppos+ & cont9ually rev]t+ to an orig9al unity1 ,s*ell+ gives ! "n ',pol>ity1' ',x is impossible to con/rue ! ma9 physical ph5om5a )\t su* a conflict ( opposite pr9ciples4 ,b ?is conflict only exi/s at ! in/ant ( ! ph5om5on itself4 ,ea* natural =ce awakes its opposite4 ,b t =ce has no indep5d5t exi/5ce3 x only exi/s 9 ?is conte/1 & x is only ?is conte/ :i* gives x = ! mom5t a sep>ate exi/5ce4 ,z soon z ?is conte/ ceases1 ! =ce vani%es1 by retreat+ into ! sph]e ( homog5e\s =ces#b4' ,pol>ity1 !re=e1 is a g5]al law ( ! cosmos4 ,a ceaseless1 limitless activity1 !re=e1 z ! basis or gr\ndwork ( all1 = ev] cross+1 arre/+1 & limit+ itself3 an et]nal w>1 :i*1 h[ev]1 is always be+ l$ back to peace1--a process ( diff]5tiation :i* re/s ^u1 is ! product (1 & is = ev] =c$ back to integration1 is ! p]petual rhy?m ( ! natural univ]se4 ,x is a process 9 :i* c be trac$ ?ree grades1 /ages1 or 'p[]s' 7fir/1 second1 & ?ird1 c474 ,by its m g5]ally descriptive "n x is call$ ,organisation4 ',organism1' says ,s*ell+1 'is ! pr9ciple ( ?+s4 ,x is n a prop]ty ( s+le natural objects2 b1 on ! contr>y1 s+le natural objects are s _m limitations1 or s+le modes ( appreh5d+ ! univ]sal organism#c4' ',! _w is an organisation2 & a univ]sal organism itself is ! condition 7& to t ext5t ! positive7 ( me*anism#d4' ',me*anism is to be expla9$ f organism3 n organism f me*anism4' ',! ess5tial ( all ?+s is life3 ! accid5tal is only ! k9d ( _! life3 & ev5 ! dead 9 ,nature is n utt]ly dead1--x is only ext9ct life4' ,b if ! conception ( an organism be ?us ! adequate or complete idea ( ,nature z a :ole1 t idea is only realis$ z a ?ird 'p[]' sup]v5+ on1 & by means ( two subord9ate or inf]ior ranges or 'p[]s4' ,! fir/ /age is t occupi$ by ! ma!matical & me*anical conception ( ! _w1--! b>e skeleton or framework :i* has to be clo!d ^u & in=m$ ) life & gr[?4 ,?is fir/ 'p[]' 9 ! _w-process ( anti!tical =ces1 "u ! control (1 & on ! basis suppli$ by1 ! orig9al !tic unity :i* syn!tises !m1 is ,matt]4 ,9 ,matt] we h ! equilibrium & /atical indiff]5ce ( two oppos+ =ces--"o c5trifugal1 accel]at+1 repulsive1 ! o!r contripetal1 ret>d+1 attractive--:i*1 work+ "u ! syn!tis+ unity suppli$ by ! =ce ( univ]sal gravitation1 build up 9 _! mom5t>y arre/s or epo*s ! v>i\s mat]ial =ms4 ,9 ?is fir/ 'p[]' we h z x 7 ! s*eme or ma*9]y ?r\gh :i* organisation w "w3 ! outw>d & 'ab/ract1 organism4 ,& ! ess5tial feature ( ?is 'con/ruction' or 'd$uction' ( matt] is t x does n take mat]ial atoms & build !m into a _w1 b 'd$uces' ! prop]ties ( matt] z issu+ f ! play ( oppos+ =ces1 & z due to ! tempor>y syn!ses result+ f ! pres5ce ( unity mak+ itself felt 9 ! opposites4 ,a second & high] 'p[]' is se5 9 ! physical univ]se z x pres5ts1 itself to ! sci5ces ( electricity1 magnetism1 & *emi/ry4 ,if ! =m] briefly be d5om9at$ ! me*anical1 ?is is ! *emical _w4 ,! law ( pol>ity is "h especially prom95t3 ! neutrality or indiff]5ce ( p>ts is replac$ by an int5s] anti!sis & aff9ity3 & ! return f het]og5eity to homog5eity takes place ) m /rik+ & ev5 sudd5 effect4 ,"h1 matt]1 ev5 z inorganis$1 has a c]ta9 simulacrum ( life & s5sibility3 !re is 9 x ! trace ( a _s :i* em]ges above ! m]e contiguity & juxtaposition ( me*anical atoms4 ,! atomic !ory %[s itself less & less adequate z an attempt to repres5t ! :ole ph5om5a ( inanimate matt]1 & ! mat]ial univ]se is already *>g$ ) sympa?ies & antipa?ies :i* are full ( ! promise & ! pot5cy ( ! organic _w4 ,! me*anical !ory ( ! univ]se1 9 ! ord9>y s5se1 :i* deals ) ! ma!matical =mulation ( ! laws ( planet>y movem5t1 _h be5 ! "w ( ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,! eighte5? c5tury _h se5 attempts to expla9 ! /atus quo ( ! planet>y sy/em z a resultant f ! evolution ( an elem5t>y molecul> /ate ( ! cosmic mass4 ,) ! close ( ! eighte5? c5tury !re appe>$ a gr\p ( new sci5ces deal+ ) subtl] en]gies ( matt]1--) electricity1 galvanism1 & above all ) ! connexions ( *emical1 electric1 & magnetic sci5ce4 ,! ideas ?us sugge/$--embrac$ ) "s g5]ality "u ! title ,pol>ity--?rew light backw>d ^u ! old me*anical conceptions1 & gave !m a decid$ly dynamic "*4 ,ev5 ! tranquil re/ ( geometrical figures came to be expla9$ z a meet+ po9t & transition mom5t ( opposite =ces4 ,b ^! ideas produc$ an ev5 great] effect on biology4 ,"h1 too1 ! ne$ ( a special 'vital =ce' to expla9 life & organisation disappe>$3 organism 0 b a high] /age1 a complet] tru? ( me*anism3 & bo? f\nd _! explanation 9 ! anti!sis & syn!sis ( =ces1 or 9 diff]5tiation & integration ( :at has rec5tly be5 t]m$ an 'ide-=ce4' ,9 ?is direction1 s f> z ,s*ell+ 0 conc]n$1 ! obvi\s /imulus came f ! programme sket*$ by ,kielmey] at ,/uttg>t 9 #agic1 9 a lecture 'on ! proportions ( organic =ces1' ,accord+ to ,kielmey] !re are ?ree types ( =ce 9 ! animal organisation1 s5sibility1 irritability & reproduction#e4 ,! la/ ( ^! is ! basic =ce :i* builds up & propagates ! animal sy/em4 ,) irritability1 or contraction 9 response to ext]nal /imuli--mat]ial adaptation to environm5t--a high] level ( animal life is rea*$4 ,b ! highe/ ( all =ces 9 ! liv+ be+ is s5sibility4 ,9 ?is same ord] may we reasonably conceive t ! 'plan ( nature' proce$s4 ,h] fir/ products %[ little beyond t reproductive p[] :i* makes broad & high ! pyramid ( life4 ,b z ! creature acquires increas+ het]og5eity & a comp>atively indep5d5t position1 x plays ! "p ( a re-ag5t aga9/ /imuli1 & a s\rce ( movem5ts4 ,la/ly1 x n m]ely responds to1 b assimilates & appropriates ! impression into a s5sation3 x int]nalises ! ext]nal1 & c>ries )9 itself by means ( ! s5sibility an ev]-increas+ picture ( ! _w ar\nd x4 ,! idea ( ,evolution or ,developm5t1 ?us introduc$ by ,s*ell+ into philosophy z a gov]n+ pr9ciple 9 ! /udy ( matt] & ( m9d1 is n to be confus$ ei!r ) ! old] use ( ^! t]ms or ) _! curr5t applications to-day#f4 ,by evolution 7or developm5t7 & involution 7or envelopm5t7 ! e>li] speculation on biology _h d5ot$ ! view t ! organic g]m conta9$ 9 p>vo all t ! matur$ organism %[$ 9 l>ge4 ,z ! mature bulb ( ! heal?y hyac9? %[s1 :5 cut op51 to ! nak$ eye1 ! /em & fl[]s t w issue f x next spr+2 s 9 g5]al ! se$ c be treat$ z a m9iature organism ne$+ only an increase ( bulk to make x fully visible 9 details4 ,gr[? is ?us n accretion1 b explication & enl>gem5t ( a microscopic organism subsi/+ 9 ! g]m4 ,evolution1 9 ! pres5t "t1 & especially s9ce ,d>w91 means some?+ m ?an ?is4 ,x implies a !ory ( desc5t ( ! v>iety ( exi/+ organisms f o!r organisms ( a previ\s age1 less individualis$ 9 =ms & functions4 ,f comp>atively simple & homog5e\s creatures !re h issu$ 9 ! c\rse ( ages creatures ( m complex1 m highly diff]5tiat$ /ructure2 & ?is process ( gradual diff]5tiation may be conceiv$ z go+ on ?r\gh an all b inf9ite p]iod4 ,at "o end we may conceive matt]1 j end[$ ) ! faculties ( life & organisation1 b 9 a m9imal degree2 at ! o!r end ( ! developm5tal process1 creatures :i* h organis$ )9 !mselves p[]s1 maximal bo? 9 range & v>iety4 ,! result 7s f> z we at pres5t g7 is a g5ealogy ( organism :i*1 to quote ,d>w91 pictures be=e u a 'great tree ( life :i* fills ) its dead & brok5 bran*es ! cru/ ( ! e>? & cov]s ! surface ) its ev] bran*+ & beautiful ramifications4' ,ev5 ,bugon1 see+ h[ naturally he c\ld reg>d '! wolf1 ! fox1 & ! jackal' z 'deg5]ate species ( a s+le family1' conclud$ we c\ld n g wrong 9 suppos+ t 'nature c\ld h ) "t drawn f a s+le be+ all o!r organis$ be+s4' ,erasmus ,d>w9 7#agid7 _h insi/$ on ! p[] ( 'appet5cy' 9 ! organs ( a liv+ creature to create & acquire new /ructures :i* x h&$ d[n to its po/]ity4 ,g4 ,r4 ,treviranus#g 9 8 ,biology 7#ahjb-e7 _h not$ ! influ5ce ( environm5t1 & ,jean ,lam>ck 9 8 ,philosophie ,zoologique 7#ahji7 _h--aft] assum+ t 'nature creat$ none b ! l[e/ organisms'--ma9ta9$ t ne$ & use 7or disuse7 c s effectively modify a creature t x may ev5 produce new organs1 & give rise by imp]ceptible degrees to a v>iety ( creatures z widely div]g5t z !y n[ appe>4 ,e4 g4 ',! giraffe owes its long neck to its cont9u$ habit ( br[s+ ^u trees4' ,& gradually x _h become recognis$ by speculators on ?is subject t1 z ,mr4 ,h4 ,sp5c] wrote 9 #aheb1 'by small increm5ts ( modification any am\nt ( modification may 9 "t be g5]at$4' ,f9ally1 9 #ahei1 ,d>w91 ) an ample res\rce ( illu/rative examples1 en=c$ ! doctr9e t ! exi/+ fauna & flora ( ! e>? repres5t ! result ( a /ruggle = exi/5ce1 protract$ dur+ va/ ages1 9 :i* ^? creature's h be5 pres]v$ 7select$ to live7 :i*1 among all ! v>i\sly-end[$ (fspr+ ( any k9d1 7 be/ fitt$ to appropriate ! means ( subsi/5ce 9 ! circum/ances 9 :i* !y = ! "t f\nd !mselves plac$4 ,! circum/ances ( life on ! globe are p]petually v>y+ f place to place & "t to "t3 prog5y nev] exactly reproduce _! p>5ts1 & div]ge widely f ea* o!r3 h5ce ea* =m ( life is p]petually slid+ on f phase to phase1 & only ^? survive :i* are be/ adapt$ to ! new conditions ( life4 ,s f> z ,d>w9ism is an attempt to %[ t ! classes ( plants & animals are n a m]e juxtaposition & aggregation1 b are to be expla9$ by ref]5ce to a s+le g5etic pr9ciple1 x is 9 h>mony ) ! ,evolution taught by ,s*ell+ & ,hegel4 ,bo? alike ov]?r[ ! h>d & fa/ l9es ( division :i* semi-popul> sci5ce insi/s ^u1 & re/ore ! cont9uity ( exi/5ce4 ,bo? reg>d ,nature z an organic realm1 develop+ by action & re-action )9 itself1 liv+ a common life 9 ?or\gh sympa?y & solid>ity1 & n a m]e ma*9e 9 :i* ! sev]al p>ts reta9 )\t *ange ! features & functions impress$ ^u !m at creation by "s sup]nal ar*itect4 ,b !y diff] 9 o!r po9ts4 ,ord9>y ,d>w9ism1 at lea/1 talks z if circum/ances & organism 7 indep5d5t orig9ally1 & only br\ght z x 71 incid5tally1 9 contact & correlation4 ,x fails to keep hold ( ! fact--( :i* x is ab/ractly aw>e--t ! two act ^u & modify ea* o!r because !y are memb]s ( a l>g] organism4 ,x =gets1 9 %ort1 :at ,s*ell+ s ?or\ghly realis$1 t ! organic & inorganic1 ord9>ily s call$1 are bo? 9 a wid] s5se organic4 ,x wants ! c\rage ( recognis+ its own tacit presuppositions4 ,b ! *>act]i/ic diff]5ce betwe5 ! evolution !ory ( to-day & t meant by ! philosoph]s is diff]5t f ?is1 ?\gh connect$ ) x4 ',! ass]tion1' says ,s*ell+1 't ! v>i\s organisms h =m$ !mselves by gradual developm5t f "o ano!r1 is a misconception ( an ,idea :i* really lies 9 reason#h4' ,& ,hegel no less decid$ly ass]ts t ',metamorphosis' 7z ! t]m 0 !n appli$1 e4 g4 by ,goe!1 to :at we n[ call ,evolution7 really exi/s z a fact only 9 ! case ( ! liv+ individual1--n 9 ! suppos$ or !oretical cont9uity ( ! species4 ',x is an awkw>d way bo? anci5t & mod]n speculative biology h _h ( pres5t+ ! developm5t & transition ( "o physical =m & sph]e into a high] "o z an outw>dly-actual production1--:i*1 h[ev]1 9 ord] to make x cle>]1 has be5 ?r[n back into ! d>kness ( ! pa/4'#i ,yet not)/&+ ^! & ev5 lat] prote/s1 !re is a great *>m = _m m9ds 9 ! evolutioni/ picture1 e4 g41 ( ! horse ( to-day z ! lit]al desc5dant ?r\gh ne>ly fifty great /ages 7call$ species7 f "s creature ( ! eoc5e age1 :i* gradually trans=m$ itself 9 consequ5ce ( innate in/ability or v>iability ( con/ruction & 9 ob$i5ce to *anges 9 its environm5t4 ,b :atev] value !re may be 9 ^! z yet hypo!tical aids to ! imag9ation 9 grasp+ & unify+ ! v>iety ( organic life1 !y run on ano!r l9e f ! philosophical evolution4 ,t evolution is 9 ! ,idea1 ! ,notion4 ,x is ! 'fluidity' ( t]ms ( ?\ght t is "h s\ght1 n ( ! k9ds ( ?+s1--except 9 a second>y way4 ,& above all1 philosophy does n deal ) a problem 9 "t1 ) a m]e sequ5ce2 if x deals ) a hi/ory ( nature1 ! ag5ts ( t hi/ory are p[]s & =ces--& p[]s :i* are ideal no less ?an real4 ,a ne>] approa* to ! philosophic conception is to be f\nd 9 ! views :i* mod]n physiology takes ( ! nature ( organic /ructure & function#aj4 ,9 ! simple/ phases ( protoplasm1 ! app>5tly homog5e\s mass is really und]go+ a s]ies ( *anges1 & inde$ only exi/s z su*1 because x is ! ev]-r5ew$ resultant ( two correlat$ processes1--a movem5t up 7anabolic *ange7 by :i* dead matt] is assimilat$ & built into x1 & a movem5t d[n 7katabolic *anges7 by :i* its compos+ elem5ts are dis9tegrat$ & left beh9d1 ) accompany+ lib]ation ( en]gy4 ,protoplasm or 'liv+ matt]' is ! incessantly =m$ & re-=m$ ?9 l9e on :i* ^! two curr5ts = ! mom5t conv]ge1-a tempor>y cre/ ( :ite foam1 z x 71 rais+ itself on ! ,h]aclitean wave ( vicissitude1 :]e all ?+s fl[ on & no?+ abides4 ,b :]ev] protoplasm arises & ma9ta9s itself on ?is bord]l9e ( asc5d+ & desc5d+ /ates1 x exhibits ! ?ree well-kn[n prop]ties ( assimilation1 contractility1 & s5sitiv5ess4 ,protoplasm1 plac$ z x 7 9 ! mean betwe5 ^! two processes1 is or has ! syn!tic p[] :i* gov]ns !m & keeps !m 9 "o4 ,x is no m]e *emical sub/ance1 und]go+ composition & decomposition1 b r1 if look$ at f ! some:at speculative /&po9t ( molecul> physics1 a k9d ( intricate movem5t or dance ( p>ticles1 a %ape or '=m' in/9ct ) ! p[] ( produc+ & reproduc+ itself1 &1 ultimately1 9 "s highly diff]5tiat$ phases 7n]ve-sy/em71 ) a p[] ( produc+ & reproduc+ a _w ( imag9ation4 ,a philosophy ( ,nature is only half a philosophy4 ,its purport is to set free ! _s 9 nature1 to release intellig5ce f its imprisonm5t 9 mat]ial encasem5ts :i* hide x f ! ord9>y view1 & to ga!r toge!r ! disjecta membra ( ! div9e into ! outl9es ( "o cont9u\s organisation4 ,x seeks to spiritualise nature1 i4 e4 to pres5t ! inn] idea1 unity1 & g5etic int]dep5d5ce ( all its ph5om5a3 to del9eate natura =malit] spectata n z a logical skeleton ( ab/ract categories1 b 9 its organisation & cont9u\s life4 ,!re rema9s ! problem ( :at ,s*ell+ calls ',transc5d5tal ,idealism'3--call$ 'transc5d5tal' to avoid confusion ) ! vulg> idealism :i* supposes ! _w to be :at x calls a m]e 'idea' or phantom ( ! m9d4 ,s*ell+'s is on ! contr>y an ',ideal-,realism'3 x 'mat]ialises ! laws ( intellig5ce to laws ( nature#aa4' ,we ne$ n 9 details consid] ! g5esis ( ,reality f ! action ( ! ,ego4 ,sub/antially x is ! same z t giv5 by ,fi*te4 ,an activity1 :i* is at once self-limit+ & sup]ior to all limit1 rises ?r\gh /age to /age1 f s5sation & intuition1 to reflection & intellig5ce1 till x becomes ! consci\sness ( a _w ( ob2 ective reality4 ',give me1' says ! transc5d5tal philosoph]1 'a nature ) oppos+ activities1 ( :i* ! "o goes to inf9ity1 & ! o!r endeav\rs to behold itself 9 ?is inf9ity1--& f t ,i w %[ y intellig5ce aris+ ) ! :ole sy/em ( its ideas#ab4' ,9 ! fir/ phase ! 'ideal-real' _w arises by ! syn!tic action ( ! 'productive intuition1' ,ideas1 z x 71 live & move3 !y gr[ & build up3 causality is nei!r a category nor a s*ema1 b an intellig5t '=m' :i* is also a =ce--an 'ide-=ce1' ,!y are 79 ! ,hegelian s5se7 ',ideas1' i4e4 nei!r m]ely objective nor m]ely subjective1 b bo? at once4 ,b su* an ideal _w is outside & beyond consci\sness3 x belongs to ! same region z t high] ,ego :]e !re is no di/9ction betwe5 ! ,ego ,i am & ! ,ego ,i "k4 ,to foll[ ! movem5t 9 ?is region ne$s a comb9ation ( m5tal vision & visual intellect1 :i* ,s*ell+ has call$ ! ',intellectual ,intuition4' ,x is a p[] :i* ris+ above ! mat]ialism ( s5se yet reta9s its realism2 :i*1 :ile intellectual1 is free f ab/ractness4 ,x is syn!tic1 & widely diff]5t f m]e logical analysis4 ,x is1 9 %ort1 analog\s to ! arti/ic g5ius3 x creates a quasi-objectivity1 an ideal-reality1 )\t :i* ! m]e words ( ! speculator are mean+less4 ,by means ( ?is 'organ1' philosophy c 'freely imitate & repeat ! orig9al s]ies ( actions 9 :i* ! "o act ( self-consci\sness is evolv$#ac4 ,b ! 'productive intuition' is1 z ,kant w\ld say1 bl9d3 x is unconsci\s 9 its op]ation3 & x is only aft] an arre/1 a ,sabba? :5 x surveys & judges its "w1 t x beg9s to realise itself ?r\gh a process ( analysis & reflection :i* elicits & fixes ! categories t h be5 op]ative 9 x4 ,by ?is ab/raction intellig5ce rises out ( m]e production to intellig5t & consci\s production1 i4e4 to volition1 :]e x has an ideal & realises x4 ,) volition & volunt>y action1 objectivity is to appe>ance fur!r c]tifi$ & =tifi$4 ,x is z active1 i4 e4 z free1 & ev5 moral1 ag5ts1 t we set =w>d categorically ! reality ( ! _w4 ,s1 too1 ,fi*te _h decl>$4 ,b1 z ,s*ell+ rem9ds u1 ) ?is int5sifi$ ass]tion ( a law & an ideal to :i* ! real mu/ & %all correspond1--) ! decl>ation t ! realm ( absolute consi/5cy & ideal tru? ( reason is ! true & real = ev] & ev]--we come across ! fundam5tal anti!sis ( ! ',is' & ! ',ought1#e ( ! objective & subjective1 ( unconsci\s necessity & self-consci\s fre$om4 ,) an attempt to get a philosophy ( hi/ory1--i4 e4 ( man & m9d z ! culm9at+ tru? ( ?+s1 we see ourselves confront$ ) ! opposition ( fatalism & *ance4 ,on "o h& hi/ory is only possible = be+s :o h an ideal 9 view1--"o p]si/5t aim & pr9ciple :i* _! "w & w is ! means ( realis+4 ,& yet x is an ideal :i* only ! s]ies ( g5]ations1 only ! :ole race1 c realise4 ,man's lic5se to d or to refra9 re/s ^u a l>g]1 lat5t1 div9e necessity :i* con/ra9s x4 ,:at human ag5ts by _! free *oice det]m9e & c>ry out1 is c>ri$ out1 9 ! long run1 by ! =ce ( an ev]la/+ & un*ang+ ord]1 to :i* _! wills seem b a m]e play?+4 ,b t man's free ag5cy %\ld ?us h>monise ) ! con/ra9$ uni=mities ( nature is only possible on ! assumption t bo? are ph5om5a ( a common gr\nd1 or basis ( id5tity1 ( an 'absolute id5tity1 9 :i* !re is no duplication1 & :i* = t reason1 because ! condition ( all consci\sness is duplication1 c nev] rea* consci\sness4 ,?is ev]-,unconsci\s1 :i*1 z x 7 ! ev]la/+ ,sun 9 ! _s-k+dom1 is hidd5 9 its own undimm$ light1 & :i*1 ?\gh x is nev] an object1 /ill impresses its id5tity on all free objects1 is simultane\sly ! same = all intellig5ces1 ! invisible root ( :i* all intellig5ces are only ! p[]s1 & ! ev]la/+ m$iator betwe5 ! self-det]m9+ subjective 9 u & ! objective or p]cipi5t1--simultane\sly ! gr\nd ( ! uni=mity 9 fre$om1 & ( ! fre$om 9 uni=mity ( ! objective#ad4' ,to rise to ! s5se ( ?is ,absolute ,id5tity1 z common basis ( h>mony betwe5 ! ',ought' & ! ',is1' is to recognise ,provid5ce3 x is ,religion4 ,b ?is ',absolute' is nev] 9 hi/ory completely reveal$--we _c see free action co9cide ) pr$et]m9ation4 ,?us if ,hi/ory z a :ole be conceiv$ z a 'cont9u\s & gradual self-revelation2 ( ! ,absolute1' ',god nev] is1 if is means exhibition2 9 ! objective _w3 if ,god 71 we %\ld n be#ae4' ,nor is ! ,absolute s reveal$ 9 ,nature4 ,yet1 ev5 z ! app>5t cont+5cy ( human action ?r[s u back on an ev]la/+ necessity :i* is yet fre$om1 s ! app>5t uni=mity ( natural ord] %[s u 9 organic life ! traces ( a free self-regulat+ developm5t4 ,to appreh5d ! tru? at :i* bo? seem to po9t we want an organ ( intellig5ce :i* %all unite 9 itself ! consci\s activity ( free production ) ! unconsci\s in/9ct ( natural creation4 ,su* an organ is f\nd 9 !y ae/hetic p[] ( g5ius1 9 ! ,arti/4 ,! arti/ic product is ! "w ( two intimately-conjo9$ pr9ciples3--( ! art 79 ! n>r[] s5se7 :i* c be taught & le>n$1 & is ex]cis$ consci\sly & ) reflection1 & ( t 'poesy 9 ,art1' ! unconsci\s grace ( g5ius :i* c nei!r be h&$ d[n nor acquir$1 b c only be inborn by free gift ( nature4 ,9 ! "w ?us br\ght to bir? !re is some?+ def9ite1 precise1 & capable ( exposition 9 f9ite =mulae3 !re is also some?+ :i* no 'prose' c ev] explicate1 some?+ :i* tells u ( ! inf9ite & et]nal1 :i* ev] reveals & yet conceals ! ,absolute & ,p]fect4 ,art1 ?us spr++ f 'imag9ation1 ! "o sole p[] by :i* we c ?9k & conjo9 ev5 ! contradictory1' gives objectivity & outw>d %ape to t 'intellectual intuition' by :i* ! philosoph] subjectively 79 8 own consci\sness7 s\ght to realise to himself ! unity ( ?\ght & exi/5ce4 ',to ! philosoph]1' ,s*ell+ concludes1 ',art is supreme1 because x z x 7 op5s to him ! ,holy ( ,holies1 :]e 9 ev]la/+ & orig9al unity !re burns1 z x 7 9 "o flame1 :at is p>t$ asund] 9 nature & hi/ory1 & :at 9 life & conduct1 no less ?an 9 ?9k+1 mu/ = ev] flee ap>t4 ,! view ! philosoph] artificially makes = himself ( nature is = ,art ! orig9al & natural4 ,:at we call nature is a poem :i* is lock$ up 9 /range & secret *>act]s4 ,yet c\ld ! riddle be disclos$1 we %\ld recognise 9 x ! ,odyssey ( ! m9d1 :i*1 /rangely deceiv$1 9 seek+ itself1 flees f itself3 = ?r\gh ! s5se-_w !re is a glimpse1 only z ?r\gh words ( ! mean+1 only z ?r\gh half-transp>5t mi/ ( ! l& ( imag9ation1 aft] :i* we ye>n4 ,t spl5did picture em]ges1 z x 71 by ! removal ( ! invisible p>tition-wall :i* sund]s ! actual & ! ideal _w1 & is only ! op5+ by :i* ^? figures & regions ( ! _w ( imag9ation1 t b imp]fectly glimm] ?r\gh ! actual1 come =w>d 9 all _! fulness4 ,nature is to ! arti/ no m ?an x is to ! philosoph]1 viz4 ! ideal _w z x appe>s "u con/ant limitations1 or only ! imp]fect reflex ( a _w :i* does n exi/ outside him1 b )9 him4' ',if x is ,art alone1 !n1 :i* c succe$ 9 mak+ objective & univ]sally accept$ :at ! philosoph] c only exhibit subjectively1 x may also be expect$ t philosophy1 z x 0 9 ! infancy ( sci5ce born & n\ri%$ by poetry1 & ) x all ^? sci5ces :i* 7 by x c>ri$ on t[>ds p]fection1 w aft] _! completion fl[ back z s _m s+le /reams into ! univ]sal ocean ( poetry f :i* !y issu$4 ,nor is x 9 g5]al h>d to say :at w be ! means = ! return ( sci5ce to poetry3 = su* a means has exi/$ 9 my?ology be=e ?is1 z x n[ seems1 irrevocable sep>ation took place4 ,b z to h[ a new my?ology1--:i* _c be ! inv5tion ( ! s+le poet1 b ( a new g5]ation1 z x 7 repres5t+ only a s+le poet1--c itself arise1 is a problem1 ! solution ( :i* is to be expect$ only f ! future de/9ies ( ! _w & ! fur!r c\rse ( hi/ory#af4' ,footnote #a3 ,s*ell+1 ,w]ke1 iii4 #ac4 7,ref]5ces always to ! fir/ s]ies47 ,footnote #b3 ,s*ell+1 ,w]ke1 ii4 #dji4 ,footnote #c3 ,s*ell+1 ,w]ke1 ii4 #ejj4 ,footnote #d3 ,ibid4 ii4 #cej4 ,footnote #e3 ,comp>e vol4 ii4 #cfj & #dbi4 ,footnote #f3 ,see notes & illu/rations 9 vol4 ii4 p4 #dbd4 ,footnote #g3 ',e inquiry into ! influ5ce ( g5]al nature on liv+ be+s1' says ,treviranus1 'mu/ />t f ! pr9ciple t all liv+ =ms are products ( physical influ5ces :i* /ill g on at ! pres5t "t & are alt]$ only 9 degree & direction4' ,footnote #h3 ,s*ell+1 ,w]ke1 iii4 #fc4 ,footnote #i3 ,hegel1 ,encyclopa$ie1 #bdi4 ,footnote #aj3 ,see e4 g4 ,pr(essor ,mi*ael ,fo/]s article on ,physiology 9 ! ,encyclopa$ia ,britannica4 ,footnote #aa3 ,s*ell+1 iii4 #ceb1 #chf4 ,footnote #ab3 ,ibid4 iii4 #dbg4 ,footnote #ac3 ,s*ell+1 iii4 #cig4 ,footnote #ad3 ,s*ell+1 iii4 #fjj4 ,footnote #ae3 ,ibid4 iii4 #fjc4 ,footnote #af3 ,s*ell+1 iii4 #fbh4 ,,*apt] ,,xiv4 ,,transition ,,to ,,hegel4 ,?us f> ,s*ell+ 7aetat4 #be7 _h gone 9 #ahjj4 ,two sides ( philosophy _h be5 alt]nately pres5t$ z complem5t>y to ea* o!r2 & n[ ! task lay be=e him to publi% ! ,sy/em itself :i* =m$ ! basis ( ^? complem5t>y views4 ,to t task ,s*ell+ set himself 9 #ahja 79 8 ,j\rnal = ,speculative ,physics73 b ! ,d>/ellung me9es ,sy/ems rema9$ a torso4 ,! ,absolute 0 abruptly '%ot f ! pi/ol'3 b little foll[$ save a re/atem5t 9 new t]ms ( ! ,philosophy ( ,nature4 ,mean:ile ,hegel1 :o _h inh]it$ "s little means by 8 fa!r's dea?1 began to ?9k t ! h\r _h /ruck = 8 entrance into ! lit]>y & philosophical ar5a1 & wrote 9 ! end ( #ahjj to ,s*ell+ ask+ 8 aid 9 f9d+ a suitable place & desirable surr\nd+s f :i* to laun* himself into action4 ,:at answ] or advice he receiv$ is unkn[n3 at any rate 9 ! e>ly days ( #ahja he took up 8 qu>t]s at ,j5a1 & 9 ! autumn he gave 8 fir/ lectures at ! ,univ]sity4 ,gossip sugge/$ t ,s*ell+1 left alone 7s9ce ,fi*te's dep>ture7 to su/a9 ! onset ( respectability & or?odoxy ^u ! extravagances ( ! new ,transc5d5talism1 _h summon$ 8 c\ntryman & old fri5d to be> a "p 9 ! fray4 ,& ! rum\r seem$ to receive corroboration4 ,! two fri5ds issu$ conjo9tly a ,critical ,j\rnal ( ,philosophy1 :i* ran ?r\gh two ye>s4 ,s closely 7 ! two editors associat$ t 9 "o article x seems z if ! y\ng] _h suppli$ 8 m flu5t p5 to exp\nd ! ideas ( 8 s5ior4 ,! influ5ce ( ,hegel is to be se5 9 ! ,bruno1 or on ! ,div9e & ,natural ,pr9ciple ( ,?+s1 publi%$ 9 #ahjb4 ,x is a dialogue1 9 =m closely modell$ aft] ! ,timaeus ( ,plato1 deal+ ) ! old !me ( ! relation ( art 7poesy7 & philosophy1 & ) ! et]nal creation ( ! univ]se4 ,x pres5ts philosophy z a high] ?an ,art2 = :ile ,art a*ieves only an individual tru? & beauty1 philosophy cognises tru? & beauty 9 its ess5ce & actuality 7an und fr si*74 ,philosophy itself ,bruno 7! *ief speak] ( ! dialogue7 does n pr(ess to set =?1 b 'only ! gr\nd & soil on :i* x mu/ be built up & c>ri$ out'3 & t soil is '! ,idea ( some?+ 9 :i* all anti!ses are n s mu* comb9$1 z r "o1 & n s mu* sup]s$$1 z r n at all p>t$1'--'a unity1 9 :i* unity & anti!sis1 ! self-simil> ) ! dissimil>1 are "o#a4' ,f su* a /&po9t x is n wond]ful t '9 ! f9ite und]/&+ 7,v]/&17 comp>$ ) ! supreme ,idea & ! way 9 :i* all ?+s are 9 x1 ev]y?+ seems rev]s$1 & z if /&+ on its head1 exactly l ! ?+s we see mirror$ on ! surface ( wat]#b4' ,?is supreme ,unity is ess5tially a tr9ity3 an ,et]nal1 embrac+ inf9ite & f9ite2 an et]nal & invisible fa!r ( all ?+s1 :o1 nev] issu+ =? f 8 et]nity1 compreh5ds inf9ite & f9ite 9 "o & ! same act ( div9e k4 ,! inf9ite1 aga91 is ! ,_s1 :o is ! unity ( all ?+s2 :ile ! f9ite1 ?\gh pot5tially equal to ! inf9ite#c1 is by its own w a ,god suff]+ & made subject to ! conditions ( "t#d4 ,?is tr9ity 9 unity 7:i* is ! ,absolute7 is by logic--a m]e sci5ce ( und]/&+--r5t asund]3 & ! "o ,subject-object ( philosophy becomes = reflection & und]/&+ ! ?ree indep5d5t objects :i* su* a 'logical' philosophy calls respectively ! ,s\l 7ere:ile ! inf9ite71 ! _w 7once ! f9ite71 & ,god 7! et]nal unity74 ',oppos+ & sep>at+ ! _w ( intellig5ce f ! _w ( nature1 m5 h le>n$ to see nature outside ,god1 & ,god outside nature1 & )draw+ nature f ! holy necessity1 h subord9at$ x to ! unholy :i* !y "n me*anical1 :ile by ! same act !y h made ! ideal _w ! sc5e ( a lawless lib]ty4 ,at ! same "t z !y def9$ nature z a m]ely passive entity1 !y suppos$ !y _h ga9$ ! "r ( def9+ ,god1 :om !y elevat$ above nature1 z pure activity1 utt] actuosity1 z if ! "o ( ^! concepts did n /& & fall ) ! o!r1 & none _h tru? by itself#e4' ,! problem !re=e ( philosophy is on "o h& to 'f9d ! expression = an activity :i* is z reposeful z ! deepe/ repose1 = a re/ :i* is z active z ! highe/ activity#f4' ,on ! o!r h&2 'to f9d ! po9t ( unity is n ! greate/ ?+1 b f x also to develop its opposite1 ?is is ! prop] & deepe/ secret ( art#g4' ,! _w z x fir/ pres5ts itself lab\rs "u a radical anti!sis3 x (f]s a d\ble face1 body & s\l1 f9ite & inf9ite4 ,b to an absolute philosophy1 or t high idealism :i* sees all ?+s 9 ! light ( ! ,et]nal1 ! two sides are n s sep>ate z !y fir/ appe>$4 ,ea* is also ! :ole & "o1 b "u a phase1 a ',diff]5z' a prepond]at+ aspect :i* disguises ! ess5tial id5tity ( bo?4 ,beh9d m9d1 z x 71 looms body3 ?r\gh body %9es m9d4 ,! ideal is b a co-aspect ) ! real4 ,! diff]5ce ( nature & _s presupposes & leads back to ! indiff]5ce ( ! ,absolute ,"o4 ',:]ev] 9 a ?+ s\l & body are equat$1 9 t ?+ is an impr9t ( ! ,idea1 & z ! ,idea 9 ! ,absolute is also itself be+ & ess5ce1 s 9 t ?+1 its copy1 ! =m is also ! sub/ance & ! sub/ance ! =m#h4' ',?us1' s ,bruno concludes1 'we %all1 fir/ 9 ! absolute equality ( ess5ce & =m1 "k h[ bo? f9ite & inf9ite /ream =? f its he>t1 & h[ ! "o is necess>ily & = ev] ) ! o!r1 & compreh5d h[ t simple ray1 :i* issues f ! ,absolute & is ! v ,absolute1 appe>s p>t$ into diff]5ce & indiff]5ce1 f9ite & inf9ite4 ,we %all precisely def9e ! mode ( p>t+ & ( unity = ea* po9t ( ! univ]se1 & prosecute ! univ]se to t place :]e t absolute po9t ( unity appe>s p>t$ into two relative unities4 ,we %all recognise 9 ! "o ! s\rce :5ce spr+s ! real & naturals _w2 9 ! o!r1 ( ! ideal & div9e _w4 ,) ! =m] we %all celebrate ! inc>nation ( ,god f all et]nity2 ) ! latt] ! necess>y deification ( man4 ,& :ile we move freely & )\t resi/ance up & d[n on ?is spiritual ladd]1 we %all1 n[1 z we desc5d1 see ! unity ( ! div9e & natural pr9ciple p>t$1 n[1 z we asc5d & aga9 dissolve ev]y?+ into "o1 see nature 9 ,god & ,god 9 nature#i4' ,su* 0 ! programme :i* ,s*ell+ (f]$4 ,hegel accept+ x1--or p]haps help+ to frame x--made two n unimportant *anges4 ,he attempt$ 9 8 ,ph5om5ology to lead up /ep by /ep to1 & s w>rant1 t /range position ( idealism u :i* claims to be ! image ( ! ,absolute4 ,he tri$ 9 8 ,logic to give = ?is po9t ( view a sy/ematic basis & a fill+ out ( ! b>e ,idea ( a ,unity1 nei!r objective nor subjective1 nei!r =m nor sub/ance1 nei!r real nor ideal1 b includ+ & absorb+ ^!4 ,he tri$1 9 %ort1 to trace 9 ! ,absolute itself ! inh]5t diff]5ce :i* issu$ 9 two diff]5t worlds1 & to %[ its unity & id5tity !re4 ,a ,sy/em ( philosophy1 & a philosophy ( ! ,absolute6 ,! project to ! sob] judgm5t ( common s5se /&s self-condemn$1 palpably beyond ! te!r ( humanity4 ,= if !re be any?+ agre$ ^u1 x is t ! k ( f9ite be+s l u c nev] be m ?an a--comp>atively poor--collection ( fragm5ts1 & c nev] rea* to t :i*--& su* is ! suppos$ "* ( ! ,absolute--is utt]ly un-relat$1 rank non-relativity4 ,b 9 ! fir/ place1 let u n be ! slaves ( words1 & let u n be t]rifi$ by unfamili> t]ms4 ,aft] all1 a ,sy/em is only our old fri5d ! unity ( k1 & ! ,absolute is n some?+ let q loose1 b ! consummation & int]-connexion ( all ties4 ,x is no d\bt an audaci\s ent]prise to set =? on ! que/ ( ! unity ( k1 & ! completion ( all def9ition & *>act]isation4 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 x may p]haps claim to be m truly mode/ ?an ! self-complac5t mode/y ( its critics4 ,= ord9>y belief & k re/ ^u presuppositions :i* !y d>e n or w n subject to revision4 ,!y too are sure t ?+s on ! :ole1 or t ! sy/em ( ?+s1 or t nature & hi/ory1 are a realm ( uni=mity1 subject to unv>y+ law1 9 ?or\gh int]dep5d5ce4 ,!y are good en\gh1 occasionally1 to urge t !y hold ^! beliefs on ! w>ranty ( exp]i5ce1 & n z1 :at !y are pleas$ to call1 intuitions1 a priori ideas1 & :at n4 ,b to base a tru? on exp]i5ce is a loose mann] ( talk+3 n "o :it bett] ?an ! alleg$ ,indian f\ndation ( ! e>? on ! elephant1 & ! elephant erect$ on ! tortoise4 ,= by ,exp]i5ce x means exp]i5ces2 & ^! re/ "o ^u ano!r1 "o ^u ano!r1 till at l5g?1 if ?is be all t holds !m toge!r1 ! la/ hangs unsupport$1 7& ) its sup]9cumb5t load71 ready to drop 9 ! abyss ( ,n\ght4 ,?is 'transc5d5tal1' 'absoluti/1' 'a priori' philosophy1 :i* /&s s /range & m5ac+ on ! ?re%old ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 is aft] all only1 z ,kant sometimes call$ x1 an essay to compreh5d & see ! true measures & dim5sions ( ?is mu*-quot$ ,exp]i5ce4 ,all k re/s 9 7n on7 ! unity ( ,exp]i5ce4 ,all ! sev]al exp]i5ces re/ 9 ! totality ( "o exp]i5ce1--ultimate1 all-embrac+1 absolute1 inf9ite1 uncondition$2 univ]sal & yet individual1 necess>y & yet free1--et]nal1 & yet fill+ all ! nooks ( "t1--ideal1 & yet ! "m ( all reality1--unext5d$1 & yet spread ?r\gh ! spaces ( ! univ]se4 ,call x1 if y l1 ! exp]i5ce ( ! race1 b rememb] t t app>5tly m reali/ic & sci5tific phrase connotes nei!r m nor less 7if rightly und]/ood7 ?an normal1 ideal1 univ]sal1 inf9ite1 absolute exp]i5ce4 ,?is is ! ,uncondition$1 :i* is ! basis & ! build] ( all conditions3 ! ,absolute1 :i* is ! home & ! p>5t ( all relations4 ,exp]i5ce is no d\bt y\rs & m9e1 b x is also mu* m ?an ei!r y\rs or m9e4 ,he :o builds on & 9 ,exp]i5ce1 builds on & 9 ! ,absolute1 9 ! ,sy/em--a sy/em :i* is n m]ely 84 ,9 8 e utt]ance he claims to speak z ! m\?-piece ( ! ,absolute1 ! ,uncondition$2 8 words expect & require ass5t1 belief1 acceptance2--!y are c&idates 7n necess>ily1 or always successful7 = ! rank ( univ]sal & necess>y tru?3 !y are dogmatic ass]tions1 & ev5 9 _! humble/ tones1 none ! less infect$ ) ! f]v\r ( c]ta9ty4 ,=1 inde$1 o!rwise1 x w\ld be a %ame & an insult to let !m cross ! lips4 ,x is ! aim ( ! ,absolute a priori philosophy to raise ?is c]ta9ty to tru?3 or1 z "o may r say1 to r$uce ?is c]ta9ty to its k]nel ( tru?4 ,x seeks to det]m9e ! limits--n ( ?is absolute & basic exp]i5ce 7= x has no ext]nal limits7--b 9 ?is exp]i5ce3 ! anatomy & physiology ( ! ,absolute1--! correlations & inclusions1 ! di/9ctions & syn!ses 9 ! uncondition$ field4 ,x exam9es ! f\ndation ( all k4 ,b--if ?is be ! phrase--we mu/ be on our gu>d aga9/ a misappreh5sion ( its t]ms4 ,! f\ndations are also k3 !y are 9 all k & exp]i5ce1 its syn!tic l9k & its analytic di/9ctions4 ,we mu/ n %r9k f p>adoxes 9 expression4 ,! h\se ( k1 ! _w ( exp]i5ce1 is z self-c5tr$ & self-su/a9+1 & ev5 m s1 ?an ! planet>y sy/em4 ,x is a totality 9 :i* ea* "p hangs ^u & helps to hold up ! o!rs1 b :i* ne$s no ext]nal help1 re/+ & yet mov+1 self-pois$ & free4 ,we may be sp>$1 !re=e1 v]bal criticism on ! ,absolute & ,uncondition$4 ,! ,absolute1 & ,inf9ite1 & ,et]nal is no m]e negation3--! only pure negation is ,,n1 & ev5 t has a flaw 9 its claim4 ,x is p]fectly true--& x c only be babes & suckl+s t ne$ to be rem9d$ ( ! fact--t none ( u realises & atta9s ! ne plus ultra ( k & t all our sy/ems h _! day1--h _! day & cease to be4 ',! coa/s ( ! ,happy ,isles ( philosophy :]e we w\ld fa9 arrive are cov]$ only ) fragm5ts ( %att]$ %ips1 & we behold no intact vessel 9 _! bays#aj4' ,s too ! :ole e>? is full ( graves2 & yet humanity lives on1 *>g$ ) ! atta9m5ts ( ! pa/ & full ( ! promise ( ! future4 ,let u by all means be critical & n dogmatic3 let u nev] entirely =get t ea* utt]ance1 ea* sci5ce1 ea* sy/em ( ours falls %ort ( :at x want$ to be1 & = a mom5t at lea/ ?\ght x 04 ,b let u n c>ry our critical ab/95ce into dogmatic non-int]v5tion3 or1 if s1 let u sil5tly accept ! great r5unciation ( all utt]ance h5ce=?4 ,sy/em we all presuppose 9 our words & de$s1 & %\ld be mu* hurt if our defect 9 x 7 s]i\sly alleg$3 ! ,absolute we all re/ 91 ?\gh amid s _m self-impos$ & o!r di/ractions we feel & see x n4 ,! philosoph] proposes = 8 task--or r ! philosoph] is "o on :om ?is task =ces itself z = him ! "o ?+ inevitable--to det]m9e :at is t sy/em & :at t ,absolute1 or1 if ! phrase be pref]r$1 ! philosoph] traces to its unity1 & retraces into its diff]5ces t ,exp]i5ce--t felt1 kn[n1 & will$ syn!sis ( ,reality1--t realis$ ideal _w--on :i* & 9 :i* we live & move4 ,he does n make ! sy/em1 nor does he set up ! ,absolute4 ,he only tries to discov] ! sy/em1 & to con/rue ! ,absolute4 ,x may be said t ! be/ ( philosoph]s c d no m ?an give u a ,sy/em & an ,absolute4 ,und\bt$ly t is s4 ,ea* philosophy is f "o po9t ( view a /rictly individuali/ p]=mance4 ,x is n1 9 "o way1 ! ,absolute tru?1 :i* x promises or hopes to disclose4 ,! tru? is se5 ?r\gh "o be+'s eyes2 & 8 'measure1' z ,protagoras might h said1 is ^u x4 ,yet x is /ill ! ,absolute1 z se5 ?r\gh ^? eyes2 x is /ill 9 a m>vell\s measure t tru?1 t absolute tru?1 ':i* ! actual g5]ations g>ble4' ,= bo? ! arti/ & ! philosoph]1 if !y create1 only re-create or imitate2 if !y are mak]s1 !y are /ill m se]s3 & _! p[] ( 'imitation' & ( 'vision' re/s on _! capacity to de-individualise !mselves ( _! ecc5tricities & idiosyncrasies1 & to br+ out only t 9 !m :i* is ! common tru? ( all ess5tial ?\ght & vision4 ,9 proportion z !y purge !mselves ( ?is evil subjectivity are !y true arti/s & philosoph]s4 ,!y are bo?--& s1 too1 is ! religi\s g5ius--ideali/s3 b ! te/ ( ! value ( _! idealism is its p[] ( includ+ & syn!tis+ reality4 ,t is _! v]ification3 t1 & n _! concord ) ?is or t op9ion1 ?is or t !ory ( individuals or ( gr\ps4 ,n t ! views ei!r ( gr\ps or individuals are unimportant4 ,b (t5 !y are b froz5 lumps 9 ! /ream1 tempor>y isl&s :i* h lo/ _! fluidity1 & :i* imag9e !mselves cont95tal & p]man5t4 ,tru?1 !n1 reason$ tru?1 h>moni\s exp]i5ce1 absolute sy/em1 is ! !me ( philosophy4 ,or1 9 ,hegelian language1 its !me is ! ,tru?1 & t ,tru?1 ,god4 ,n alum1 an aggregate1 or ev5 :at is ord9>ily /yl$ a sy/em1 ( tru?s3 b ! "o & yet div]se pulse ( tru?1 :i* beats ?r\gh all3 ! supreme po9t ( view 9 :i* all ! p>ts & diff]5ces1 occasionally /&+ out z if indep5d5t1 s9k into _! due relation & are se5 9 _! "r proportion4 ,footnote #a3 ,s*ell+1 iv4 #bca1 #bce1 #bcf4 ,footnote #b3 ,ibid4 #bdd4 ,footnote #c3 ',9 ?+s ?\ see/ n\ght b ! misplac$ images ( t absolute unity2 & ev5 9 k1 s f> z x is a relative unity1 ?\ see/ n\ght b an image--only drawn amiss 9 ano!r direction--( t absolute cognition1 9 :i* be+ is z little det]m9$ by ?\ght z ?\ght by be+4' ,footnote #d3 ,s*ell+1 iv4 #beb4 ,see fur!r1 iv4 #cbg3 ',! pure subject1 t absolute k1 ! absolute ,ego1 ! =m ( all =ms1 is ! only-begott5 ,son ( ! ,absolute1 equally et]nal ) him1 n div]se f 8 ,ess5ce1 b "o ) x4' ,footnote #e3 ,s*ell+1 iv4 #cjf4 ,cp4 = actuosity1 notes 9 vol4 ii4 #cif4 ,sp9oza1 ,cogit4 ,met4 ii4 #aa1 speaks ( ! actuosa ess5tia ( ,god4 ,footnote #f3 ,s*ell+1 iv4 #cje4 ,footnote #g3 ,ibid4 iv4 #cbh4 ,footnote #h3 ,ibid4 iv4 #cjf4 ,footnote #i3 ,s*ell+1 iv4 #cbh4 ,footnote #aj3 ,hegel1 ,w]ke1 i4 #aff4 ,,prolegom5a ,,book ,,ii ,,9 ,,! ,,por*es ,,( ,,philosophy ,,*apt] ,,xv4 ,,! ,,two ,,ages ,,( ,,reason4 ,! eighte5? c5tury--x has be5 (t5 said--0 a rationalis+1 unhi/orical1 age3 &1 9 contra/1 ! n9ete5? has be5 decl>$ to be p> excell5ce ! f\nd] & ! patron ( ! hi/orical me?od4 ,9 ! "o1 ! t5d5cy gov]n+ ! ma9 movem5t ( ,european civilisation 0 t[>ds cosmopolitan & univ]sal enlight5m5t4 ,a common ideal1 &1 because common1 necess>ily r g5]al & ab/ract1 p]haps ev5 some:at vulg>ly utilit>ian1 p]vad$ ,we/]n ,europe1 & ?rew its influ5ce = good & evil on lit]ature & art1 on religion & polity4 ,x grew out ( a revulsion1 9 _m ways natural1 f ! religi\s extravagances ( ! c5tury-&-a-half prec$+1 :i* _h l$ prud5t ?9k]s to r$uce religion to a 'reasonable' m9imum1 & to reject all ?+s t sav\r$ ( or sugge/$ en?usiasm1 fanaticism1 & sup]/ition4 ,9 politics ! same "o type or sy/em ( gov]nm5t & laws 0 aim$ at1 m or less1 9 all advanc+ /ates4 ,national peculi>ities & patriotism 7 look$ at askance1 z unwor?y ( ! free 'humanity' :i* 0 set =w>d z ! end ( all tra9+4 ,to simplify1 to level1 to r5d] intelligible1 & self-consi/5t 0 ! task ( enlight5m5t 9 deal+ ) all in/itutions4 ,to remove all anomalies & inequalities1 to give security = lib]ty & to facilitate ! "r to pursue happ9ess#a1 0 ! *ief wat*word ( ?is movem5t4 ,its que/ions 7--,is religion1 ,is art & sci5ce1 ,is political organisation1 a s\rce ( happ9ess8 ,are poetry1 & a belief 9 div9e ?+s1 & ab/ruse k1 ^u ! :ole = human advantage & b5efit8 ,only su* civilisation c be ju/ifi$ z1 tak5 all 9 all1 is a bless+2 if n 7cri$ "s7 we may z well cl+ to ! happ9ess ( ! b>b>ian4 ,t ^! are important que/ions1 & t ! purposes above-m5tion$ are 9 _m ways good1 is cle>4 ,b be=e we c answ] ! que/ions1 or decide z to ! feasibility ( ! aims1 !re are "s ?+s to be br\ght & to be kept 9 view4 ,& ^! ?+s 7 n z a rule br\ght & kept 9 view4 ,x 0 assum$ t ! /&>d ( adjudication 0 f\nd 9 ! av]agely educat$ & g5]ally cultur$ individual among ! class ( m or less 'advanc$ ?9k]s' :o ask$ ! que/ions & set up ! aims4 ,t class1 already d5ationalis$ by function1 =m+ a commonweal? or r a fri5dly frat]nity ?r\gh\t ! capitals ( ,europe1 _h cut itself (f f ! n>r[] & ! deep] sympa?ies ( ! national life4 ,=m+ a sort ( mean or middle /ratum 9 ! social organisation1 !y t5d$ to ignore or despise equally ! dep?s bel[ !m & ! heights above4 ,!y took !mselves z ! types ( humanity1 & :at _! und]/&+s f\nd acceptable !y dubb$ rational3 all else 0 a survival f ! ages ( d>kness4 ,!y =got utt]ly t !y 7 only a "p1 a class1 a memb] 9 ! social body3 & t !y c\ld only be & d :at !y 7 & did1 because :at !y 7 n & did n d 0 o!rwise suppli$4 ,x takes all sorts ( p to make a _w3 b ea* class--& ! ord] ( lit]ature & intellig5ce is no exception--t5ds to set itself up z ! corn]-/one 7if n some?+ m7 ( ! social edifice4 ,:at is m3 9 su* a loose aggregate z ! intellig5t upp]-middle class1 ! individual t5ds m & m to c\nt z some?+1 deta*$ & by himself1 to be an equal & free unit ( judgm5t & *oice1 to be emancipat$ f all ! bonds :i* hold 9 close aff9ity memb]s ( a gr\p ^: functions are unlike ea* o!r's1 & yet decid$ly complem5t>y4 ,su* a class1 aga9--?\gh !re are ( c\rse conspicu\s exceptions--is1 by ! /ress ( special int]e/s1 remov$ f direct contact ) nature & reality1 & lives :at 9 ! ma9 may be /yl$ an artificial life4 ,:5 su* a class ask$ :at 7 ! b5efits ( art or religion1 x ?\ght fir/ ( itself2 & x look$ ^u art & religion--& ! same w\ld be true ( philosophy & sci5ce1 or ( political sanctions--z m]ely objective & outw>d entities1 =eign to ! individual1 yet by "s me*anical influ5ces br\ght into connexion ) him1--z "o might apply to him a drug or a vi&4 ,b cle>ly to a p]son ( practical aims1 b5t on convey+ in=mation & enlight5m5t1 b5t on mak+ all m5 z l ea* o!r z possible 9 ! m$ium range ( cultivation :i* he ?9ks desirable1 ! utility ( "s ( ^! ?+s is que/ionable & limit$4 ,x is only a little modicum ( religion1 ( art & ( sci5ce1 :i* c be ju/ifi$ by its obvi\s pleasure-giv+ p[]2 & x is easy to po9t ! !sis aga9/ en?usiasm 9 ^! regions1 by ref]5ce to ! disa/r\s w>s fann$ by religion1 to ! lic5se t has foll[$ ! /eps ( art1 & to ! lives wa/$ 9 ! zeal = increas+ k4 ,9 8 ideal ( human life su* a practical re=m] w t5d to suppress all t be>s too cle> a trace ( natural1 infra-rational1 non-intellig5t k9dr$1--all t ties u too closely to "m e>? & univ]sal nature4 ,b if ?is 0 ! dom9ant tone ( ! lit]>y tea*]s :o _h *ief audi5ce f ! public e>1 !re 0 no lack ( diss5ti5t voices :o appeal$ to nature1 :o lov$ ! pa/1 :o set s5tim5t & imag9ation above intellect1 & :o nev] b[$ ! knee to ! great idols ( enlight5$ middle-class utilit>ianism4 ,ev5 9 ! lead]s ( ! enlight5+ ho/--among/ ! *iefs ( ! ,aufklrung--!re is a bread? & a dep? ( human int]e/ :i* sets !m f> above _! av]age foll[]s1 & :i* %\ld prev5t u f jo9+ )\t discrim9ation 9 ! depreciatory judgm5ts s (t5 pass$ on ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,! pione]s 9 ! great emancipatory movem5t ( mod]n times %\ld n be all[$ to suff] f ! exagg]ations & ha/e ( _! m vulg> imitators--/ill less refus$ ! me$ ( gratitude we owe !m4 ,b :5 _! ideas 7 viol5tly translat$ into reality1 :5 ! levell+1 un%ackl+ process 0 set at "w by vulg> h&s1 ! %ortcom+s ( _! !ories 7 made to %[ ev5 great] ?an !y 73 & inevitable reaction set 94 ,ev5 ! revolutioni/ himself has come to admit t frat]nity at t "t came badly (f 9 comp>ison ) lib]ty & equality#b4 ,b ^! drawbacks 7 acc5tuat$ :5 ! cosmopolitan re=m-movem5t1 by its ha/e & intol]ance1 awak5$ ! _s ( national jeal\sy4 ,! deep] in/9cts ( life rose 9 prote/ aga9/ ! suppos$ sup]iority ( intellect3 ! he>t claim$ its rights aga9/ ! head3 ! man ( nature & feel+ 0 r\s$ up to meet ! man ( reason+ & criticism4 ,! _s ( w> evok$ ^? en]gies ( human nature--"s ( !m n its lea/ valuable--:i* _h slumb]$ 9 times ( easy-go+ peace4 ,! days ( adv]sity & humiliation taught m5 t ! m>* ( lit]>y culture is n ! all-9-all ( life & hi/ory4 ,x 0 made app>5t1 practically at lea/1 t intellig5ce1 ) its h>d & fa/ =mulae1 its logical pr9ciples1 its ke5 analysis1 0 n deep en\gh or wide en\gh to ju/ify its claim to ! augu/ title ( reason4 ,to be reasonable implies a m compreh5sive1 pati5t1 _m-sid$ obs]vation ?an is necess>y to prove ! claim to m]e intellig5ce4 ,to be intellig5t is to seize ! "r means to execute a giv5 or accept$ end--x is to be quick & correct 9 ! practice ( life1 to c>ry out 9 detail :at has be5 det]m9$ on 9 g5]al4 ,und]/&+ plays ^u ! surface ( life & deals ) ! mom5t>y case3 & its greate/ praise is to be fleet 9 ! application ( pr9ciples1 apt to detect ! po9t on :i* to direct action1 correct 9 its e/imate ( means to ends4 ,cle>sight$1 prud5t1 & direct1 x is ! supreme virtue 9 a giv5 sph]e3 b ! sph]e mu/ be giv51 & its end con/itut$ 9 ! measur$ r\nd ( practical life1 its sy/em complete3 or1 und]/&+ is bewild]$ be=e a hopeless puzzle4 ,und]/&+ is--! improvid5t cynic might say--a c]ta9 animal-l sagacity--7su* cynical philosoph]s 7 p]haps ,hobbes & ,s*op5hau]#c7--;a m]e p[] ( c>ry+ out a giv5 rule 9 a new b simil> case1 & ( do+ s1 p]haps1 ?r\gh a long *a9 ( int]m$iate l9ks & means4 ,b !re are m ?+s 9 heav5 & e>? ?an are he>d ( 9 ! philosophy ( ! logical intellect4 ,! subtilitas naturae#d f> surpasses ! ref9em5ts ( ! practical intellect3 & if ! latt] is ev] to ov]come or be equal to ! =m]1 x mu/1 s to speak1 wait pati5tly ^u x1 z a h&maid5 ^u ! h&s ( h] mi/ress4 ,su* a tra9$ & discipl9$ intellect :i* has conqu]$ nature by ob$i5ce is :at ! philosoph]s at ! beg9n+ ( ?is c5tury call$ reason#e4 ,x is 9 life z mu* z 9 our m9d4 ,x comes n by self-ass]tion1 by ! attempt to =ce our ends & views on nature1 b by feel+ & ?9k+ ourselves 9 & along ) nature4 ,or1 briefly1 x breaks d[n ! middle wall ( p>tition by :i* man _h treat$ nature z a m]e _w ( objects--?+s to be us$ & to m9i/] to 8 pleasure--b always ali5 to him1 always m]e matt] to be manipulat$ ab extra4 ,yet ev5 to get full use & enjoym5t out ( a ?+ x is well to be 9 clos] community ) x1 & on t]ms ( fri5dly acqua9tance4 ,! function ( ?is full] reason _c be p]=m$ )\t some?+ analog\s to sympa?y & imag9ation4 ,sympa?y1 :i* realises ! inn] unity ( ! s-call$ '?+' ) ourselves3 imag9ation1 :i* sets x 9 ! full circum/ances ( ^? relation%ips :i* ! practical intellig5ce is incl9$ to ab/ract f & to neglect4 ,yet only some?+ analog\s to sympa?y & imag9ation3 if1 z may well be ! case1 we atta* to ^! t]ms any association ( irregul> or m]e emotional op]ation4 ,! imag9ation 9 "q is ! 'sci5tific' imag9ation--! p[] ( wide l>ge vision :i* sets ! object fully 9 reality1 & is n cont5t ) a m]e "n or ab/ract face ( a fact--a "n :i* repres5ts a fact no d\bt1 b repres5ts x1 z _m su* 'ag5ts' or deputies d1 9 a h>d & wood5 _s4 ,! sympa?y 9 "q is ! transc5d+ ( ! anti!sis betwe5 subjective & objective2 n a fanta/ic or =tuit\s *oice ( "o or a few out ( _m on :om to lavi% lock$-up /ores ( affection1 b ! full recognition ( unity z p]vad+ diff]5ces1 & r$uc+ !m to no m ?an aspects 9 correlation4 ,:at has be5 said ( sympa?y & imag9ation1 z ! allies & m9i/]s ( reason1 might be ext5d$ & appli$ to hum\r1 to wit1 to irony4 ,^! also x may be said--& ) ! same qualifications--are ess5tial to a philosoph] 9 ! highe/ s5se4 ,! hum\r1 viz41 :i* /rides ov] ! b>ri]s set up by in/itution & conv5tion betwe5 ! high & ! humble1 & sees man's sup]ficial di/9ctions ov]p[]$ by a half-grim1 half-jubilant ,ananke1--:i* notes h[ human proposal is ov]come1 n )\t grace1 by div9e & natural disposal1 h[ ! deep inn] id5tity 9 all e/ates breaks triumphantly ?r\gh ! f5ces ( cu/om & delib]ate int5tion4 ,! wit1 :i* upsets ! h>d5$ fixity ( classes & gr\ps1 flits f "o to ano!r1 %[s glimpses ( aff9ity betwe5 remote prov9ces ( idea1 & all ?is1 )\t lab\r$ & artificial se>* = analogies1 ?\gh to ! sl[]-foll[+ practical m9d1 hamp]$ by its solid limits1 ^! leaps f prov9ce to prov9ce seem p>adoxical & :imsical4 ,! irony1 :i* notes ! tragicom$y ( life "u its app>5t regul>ity ( prose1--:i* detects ! vanity ( all ef=ts to *eck ! flux ( vitality & make ! volatile p]man5t2 :i* contra/s ! app>5t ) ! real1 ! obvi\sly & (fici\sly meant ) ! truly desir$ & will$1 & %[s h[ diplomatically-close design is dissipat$ 9 a je/1 or ! s\l b5t on _m ye>s ( enjoym5t is plung$ into torm5t4 ,?us1 9 a way1 imag9ation1 sympa?y1 wit1 hum\r1 irony & p>adox are elem5ts t g to ! mak+ ( a philosoph]3 b 9 ! s]5ity ( reason$ wisdom !y lose _! frolicsome & fanta/ic mood1 & fill _! m9or place ) sob] *e]4 ,w$d$ to ! "l ( wisdom1 ! ,muse ( poesy & wit loses h] sprightly laugh & h] danc+ /ep1 becom+ a subdu$1 yet graci\s matron1 :o1 ) h] (fspr+1 %$s gleams ( brightness & w>m? & col\r 9 ! some:at au/]e h\sehold4 ,yet /ill ! free maid5 ( poesy1 9 ! op5 fields :]e ! %ad[ ( reflective ?\ght has n yet fall51 has ! great] *>m2 & a c]ta9 jeal\sy n unfrequ5tly reigns betwe5 ! m>ri$ si/] & ! virg9 yet untam$4 ,b ?\gh poetry & ! alli$ arts ( words 7 v helpful to philosophy--witness ! s]vices :i*1 ?\gh 9 widely diff]5t ways1 ,goe! & ,s*ill] r5d]$ to ! high] ?9k+ ( ,g]many--ev5 m /imulative & fruitful 0 ! rese>* into nature & hi/ory4 ,nature & hi/ory3 b !y lie clos] toge!r ?an ! conjunction sugge/s4 ,x is true t 9 rec5t times we h be5 =cibly taught to sep>ate civil f natural hi/ory1 if we h n ev5 be5 fur!r taught t ! latt] is an improp] application ( ! t]m4 ,b :5 ,ari/otle said t ',poetry is m philosophical ?an ,hi/ory' he 0 probably n re/rict+ 8 rem>k to ! /ory ( nations & /ates2 ev5 z :5 ,bacon set hi/ory z ! field ( memory beside ! fields ( imag9ation & reason+1 he 0 n solely ref]r+ to ! records ( ! human pa/4 ,! di/9ction betwe5 natural & civil hi/ory is no d\bt = practical education a di/9ction ( supreme importance4 ,b x is s1 because 9 ?is s*ola/ic phase ! conception ( bo?1 "u ^! compreh5sive names1 0 sup]ficial & ab/ract4 ,natural hi/ory meant only ! classificatory description ( animals1 plants1 & m9]als3 civil hi/ory ! tale compos$ to /r+ toge!r ! succession ( human actions on ! public & national field ( life4 ,we h se5 9 an e>li] *apt] ! advances :i* ,less+1 ,kant1 & above all ,h]d]1 made 9 ?is direction#f4 ,emphasis+ 9 _! sev]al ways ! great dictum ( ,sp9oza t human passions1 & ! :ole s*eme ( human life1 are res naturales1 quae communes naturae leges sequuntur1 !y gave to hi/ory a high]1 m philosophical1 m sci5tific scope ?an :at ! "n us$ to connote4 ,nei!r 9 ,sp9oza himself1 nor 9 ^! 8 foll[]s1 did ?is insi/5ce on ! unity ( nature at all lead !m to neglect ! diff]5ce--almo/ equival5t1 x may be said1 9 ! end to an ,imp]ium 9 imp]io--by :i* rational man m>ks himself (f to a special k9dr$ ) ! div9e#g4 ,we h se5 too :at ,s*ell+ did to %[ t hi/ory1 if 9 "o aspect x be ! product ( free human volitions1 is1 9 ano!r & z he ?\ght a sup]ior aspect1 ! realm subject to a div9e or natural necessity4 ,! :ole t5d5cy ( ?is epo* ( ?\ght--! t5d5cy :i* entitles x above all to ! "n ( speculative--is its impulse to ov]-ride ?is di/9ction betwe5 ,nature & ,hi/ory2 to ov]-ride x1 h[ev]1 n 9 ! s5se ( simply ignor+ or d5y+ x1 b ( c>ry+ x up into a unity :i* w\ld d ju/ice to bo?1 )\t exclusively fav\r+ ei!r1 & h>dly )\t clipp+ bo? ( any extravagant claims4 ,! di/9ction rema9s1--no long] an abrupt division1 b n[ temp]$ & mell[$ by ! pres5ce ( a p>am\nt unity4 ,nature n[ has a real hi/ory3 no long] a m]e factiti\s aggregate ( classifi$ facts1 x is ! ph5om5on ( a 'lat5t process1' due to a 'lat5t s*ematism1' & a '=m' or pr9ciple ( organisation4 ,classification does n cease3 b x ceases to be an end 9 itself1 & becomes only subord9ate or auxili>y to a high] sci5tific end4 ,! ma9 !me is to con/rue ! complete cycle ( life-*ange & ! complete organisation ( life-/ate f ! evid5ce piec$ out & put toge!r f ! v>i\s ord]s1 classes1 & species ( liv+ creatures4 ,& on ! o!r side ! m]e tale or n>rative ( hi/ory1 ) its gossip ( p]sonalities1 & its accid5ts ( w> & intrigue1 t5ds to become insignificant 9 ! pres5ce ( ! great popul> life1 9 its deep & subtle connexion ) ag5cies ( nature hi!rto unsurmis$1 9 its dep5d5ce ^u necessities & uni=mities :i* envelope or r p]meate & con/itute ! human w4 ,x is n inde$ t ! =ce ( great p]sonalities has come to be treat$ z a quantity we may neglect4 ,! =ce ( ! great lead]1 ( ! g5ius1 ( ! h]o1 is n less admirable to ! wise philosophical hi/orian to-day ?an x ev] 0 to 8 /ory-tell+ pr$ecessor4 ,b he flatt]s himself t he und]/&s bett]1 & c bett] take acc\nt (1 ! conditions :i* make ! g5ius & ! h]o possible4 ,a*illes /ill c\nts = m ?an a ?\s& common soldi]s1 & ,hom] himself is n m]ely ! composite image by :i* a long tradition has fus$ into a dim pictorial unity ! c\ntless b>ds :o sang = ages on ! isles ( ,greece & ! coa/s ( ,ionia4 ,yet we feel sure t ,a*illes did :at he did1 because ( ! race he sprang f1 ! inspiration he felt ar\nd him1 ! companion%ip 9 body & _s ( 8 pe]s4 ,we feel t ! h]o d]ives 8 /r5g? f e>? & air1 f ! spiritual & mat]ial sub/ance 9 :i* he draws 8 brea?4 ,true1 we _c expla9 him1 z if he & 8 h]oisms 7 a m]e product ( ma!matical & me*anical =ces4 ,b :]e we once recognise t beh9d ! s+le visible de$ & ag5t !re is a spiritual nature--an und]ly+ ag5cy--:i*1 unp]ceiv$1 keeps ! he>?-fire ( public life burn+ 9 ! cele/ial temple ( ,ve/a1 we c at lea/ see t ?\gh g5ius is a m>vel & a my/]y1 yet x is accord+ to law1 & no m]e w-o'-!-wisp4 ,b :5 we say t ! actions & say+s ev5 ( ! =emo/ individuals are to be compreh5d$ only 9 ! light ( univ]sal =ces & laws1 !re is an error :i* is only too ready to sub/itute itself = ! tru?4 ,x soon appe>s = example t1 among ! g5]al causes :i* control ! developm5t ( civilisation & ! acts ( individuals1 ! economical condition is ( great & prom95t effect4 ,&1 above all1 x is easily measurable1 & subject to palpable /&>ds 7su* z /ati/ics ( exports & imports1 c474 ,x 0 natural !re=e t a s*ool ( hi/orico-social philosoph]s %\ld arise :o ma9ta9$ t ! economical /ate ( a giv5 society 0 ! fundam5tal pr9ciple or =m ( its life1 ( :i* all o!r phases ( its civilisation1 religi\s1 ae/hetic1 c41 7 only v>iable dep5d5t functions4 ,?is view1 :i* comes out 9 ! sociali/ !ory ( ,m>x1 is cle>ly ! exagg]ation or ab/ract /atem5t ( a p>tial tru? into a pseudo-complete !ory4 ,! tru? is "o :i* f\nd expression z e>ly z ,plato4 ,x is ?is3 t 9 ! economical sy/em ( a society we f9d ! fir/ & some:at ext]nal or me*anical sugge/ion ( ! organism to :i* ! /ate is yet to gr[4 ,9 ! economic law ( reciprocity !re is a 'c]ta9 fa9t image' ( ! pr9ciple ( social organisation or political life4 ,b :5 we g beyond1 & int]pret ?is fir/ phase to mean ! orig9al f\ndation1 we are /at+ a figm5t :i* has a plausibility only :5 by ! economic /ate we mean a great deal m ?an ab/ractly economic facts include4 ,& ?is aga9 arises because x is really impossible to c>ry out ?or\ghly ! ab/raction ( "o aspect ( social life f ! o!rs4 ,!re are no purely economic facts :i* are indep5d5t ( o!r social influ5ces1--( ideals1 e4 g4 moral or ae/hetic1--ideals :i* nobody w\ld call economic1 ?\gh !y nev] q "p company f economical conditions4 ,s aga9 !re is occasionally a t5d5cy to magnify ! influ5ce ( :at 9 ! n>r[e/ s5se may be t]m$ political sy/ems4 ,=ms ( gov]nm5t1 & titles ( sov]eignty are reg>d$ z =ces to :i* individuals--ev5 ! highe/--mu/ b[4 ,b "h aga9 ! exagg]ation ( a pr9ciple ne$ n tempt u to ru% ) ,tom ,pa9e into ! opposite extravagance t gov]nm5t & /ate-p[] are sup]fluities1 or quasi-ornam5tal additions to a social fabric1 :i* c d )\t !m &1 l o!r bea/s ( l[ organisation1 c1 :5 %orn ( !m1 reproduce !m ) ease4 ,& ?us ?\gh we may diss5t f ! view t laws & con/itutions are omnipot5t1 we may admit t 9 !m ! c5tral unity & controll+ pr9ciple ( social life f9ds its dom9ant expression 9 great outl9es4 ,we %all n agree ) him :o said ',let :o w make ! laws ( a nation if ,i may make its ballads'3 because we "k t ! nation w 9 ! end h ! *ief voice 9 det]m9+ :at are to be its ballads no less ?an its laws4 ,we %all n q accept ! dictum t ! intellectual class :i* =mulates ideas & sets up programmes ( ideals gives ! real lead to ! process ( civilisation2 = we %all rememb] t real ideas are n =m$ by individuals1 b are ! sl[ "w ( concrete exp]i5ce 9 ! s-call$ inorganic masses1 f9d+ at l5g? utt]ance ?r\gh ! lips ( ^? appo9t$ to t end by ! natural & div9e ord]4 ,yet we %all1 on ! o!r h&1 see t ! high ?+s ( ! _w are dep5d5t on ! l[ly3 t a song-mak] is sometimes n less pot5t ?an a legislature3 t pecuni>y conditions are effective 9 ! sanctu>ies ( religion & ! high places ( art3 & t ! noble/ ideas ( great ?9k]s draw _! /r5g? & life ?r\gh roots t run unse5 ?r\gh v humble gr\nd4 ,la ,raison1 says ,leibniz1 e/ l'en*a9em5t des vrits4#h ,tru? l9k$ into tru?1 & s made tru]3 tru?1 ) :i* all ?+s h>monise & no?+ cries diss5t3 tru?1 :i* is nei!r ! pr]ogative ( ! m]e demos1 nor ( ! intellectual ari/ocracy1 b ( t r>] unity :i*1 :5 !y c ex]cise sev]al & mutually-t5d]$ self-abnegation1 is ! real _s ( bo?3 tru?1 ?us conceiv$1 is t k+ ( life1 t sun ( ,reason :i* lighte? e man4 ,tru?--to use aga9 ! language ( ,leibniz1--:i* is n m]ely ! aggregate ( monads1--b ! monad ( monads1 _! mutual p5etration & corrective completion1 9 t ,idea-reality :]e !y reta9 _! individuality1 b reta9 x 9 ! fullness & fruition ( ! absolute :i* ea* ess5tially or implicitly is4 ,?is k+dom ( suff]+ & yet triumphant tru? is ! true age ( ,reason--n outw>dly-critical1 individuali/ically-re=m+1 m]e intellectual & ab/ract intellig5ce1--b intellig5ce1 *>g$ ) emotion1 full ( rev]5ce1 rev]5t above all to ! maje/y ( t div9ity :i*1 mu* disguis$1 & wea!r-beat51 l ,glaucus ( ! sea1 resides 9 common & natural humanity4 ,?is is ! ,reason ( ,g]man idealism at ! comm5cem5t ( ! c5tury4 ,to ! cle>-cut dogmas ( ! ab/ract intellect x sav\rs ( my/icism4 ,if x is fri5dly to di/9ctions & con/antly makes !m1 x is ! pron\nc$ enemy ( h>d & fa/ sep>ations4 ,beg9 :]e y l1 ! reason ( ?+s1 if y all[ x to "w1 c>ries y r\nd till y also see id5tity :]e y only saw diff]5ce1 or effects :]e y only look$ = causes4 ,y beg91 z ! inductive logician1 ) ! belief t ! process is f ! kn[n to ! unkn[n4 ,y />t ) y\r basis ( fact1 z y call$ x4 ,! nemesis ( ?+s =ces y to admit t y\r facts 7 p>tly fictions :i* wait$ = ! unkn[n to give !m a tru] & full] reality4 ,y talk at fir/ ( induction1 z if x 7 a s+le & simple process1 :i* out ( facts builds up g5]alities & uni=mities4 ,y le>n z y g on t ! only induction t op]ates1 except 9 cases :i* h be5 artificially simplifi$ by suppos+ half ! task done be=e y apply y\r exp]im5tal me?ods1 is an induction ( :i* ! major "p is d$uctive1 & :]e y\r conclusion w be recurr5tly made y\r premiss4 ,y\r induction only works on ! basis ( a hypo!sis1 & mu/ itself be l9k$ 9 ! 'concat5ation ( tru?s1'--a concat5ation :i* is also a criticism & a correction4 ,footnote #a3 ',we hold1' says ! ,am]ican ,decl>ation ( ,indep5d5ce 7#aggf71 '^! tru?s to be self-evid5t2 t all m5 are creat$ equal3 t !y are end[$ by _! ,creator ) c]ta9 inali5able rights3 t among ^! are life1 lib]ty1 & ! pursuit ( happ9ess1' c4 ,footnote #b3 ,l\is ,blanc1 ,hi/ory ( ! ,revolution1 vol4 i4 ,footnote #c3 ,hobbes1 ,levia?an1 ,"p ,i4 *aps4 #b & #c2 & else:]e4 ,s*op5hau]1 ,welt als ,wille1 ,book ,i4 #f4 ,footnote #d3 ,bacon1 ,novum ,organum1 i4 #aj4 ,footnote #e3 ,see notes & illu/rations 9 vol4 ii4 p4 #djj4 ,footnote #f3 ,see ,*apt] ,,xii4 ,footnote #g3 ,cf4 ,e?ica1 iv4 #cg1 ,s*ol4 ,i4 contra/+ r]um ext]n>um communis con/itutio ) ipsa hom9is natura1 9 se sola consid]ata4 ,footnote #h3 ,see ! ,disc\rs prlim9aire to ! ,!odicee4 ,,*apt] ,,xvi4 ,,! ,,new ,,idealism4 ,?is new idealism :i* conjures by ! "n ( ,reason is a diff]5t ?+ f ! pseudo-idealism ( ,jacobi1 z x is f ! 'rationalism1' s-call$1 ( ! m]e intellectuali/4 ,its ideal is n a desp]ate refuge f ! h>d & bitt] reality1 only to be rea*$ by ! plunge ( fai?1--:i* seems r ! leap ( despair3 n a m]e o!r-_w1--always o!r1 long$ =1 presag$1 beheld 9 dreamy vision1 b unp]ceiv$ by ! cle> light ( intellig5ce3 clut*$ at1 b elusive ( e ef=t4 ,x is n won by turn+ ! back on reality & fly+ on ! w+s ( morn+ fai? to ! bett] l& & ! pres5ce ( ! div9e3 b by p]si/5ce 9 unfold+1 exp&+1 adju/+1 re-comb9+1 & =tify+ ^? p>tial glimpses ( ! unse5 :i* occur 9 e vision ( ! se54 ,x is true ! ideal is1 9 a way1 always an o!r _w3 b n a m]e o!r _w2 x is ano!r1 & yet n ano!r1 b ! same1 se51 if y l to say1 transfigur$1 idealis$4 ,b idealisation1 if s appli$1 means n an addition "h & a subtraction !re made 9 reality1 f "s s\rce outside--f "s indet]m9able ,:5ce 7,:5ce inde$ %\ld su* additions come874 ,x does n mean a correction ( faults & failures 9 ! real1 at ! w ( an arti/ :o is dissatisfi$ ) 8 subject-model & w\ld m5d x out ( o!r faces & =ms /or$ up 9 memory or sket*-book4 ,?is idealism does n 9 t s5se idealise 7s z to falsify74 ,x means complete reality2 absolute1 sy/ematic1 uncondition$ reality3 n[h]e fragm5t>y1 n[h]e ref]r+ outside1 b complet+ itself 9 all its memb]s4 ,x means--to quote ! ,hegelian t]m--see+ all ?+s 9 ! ,idea--_! notion 7or ideality71 i4 e4 _! unify+ 'grip1' reflect+ itself 9 _! objectivity1 & _! reality complet+ itself 9 art1 religion1 & philosophy to t ideal :i* to ! non-arti/ic1 non-religi\s1 non-philosophic mood is only dimly sugge/$ & p>tially suppos$4 ,/ill less is x an idealism :i*1 z popul>ly und]/ood1 turns reality & hi/oric fact into m]e ideas4 ,b1 z p]haps may h be5 app>5t1 to call ?is way ( ?\ght idealism ne$ n keep u f ackn[l$g+ t ! same philosophy is also realism4 ,if x insi/s1 s to say1 on ! idealism (--:at we sometimes call mat]ial--nature1 x no less insi/s on ! realism (--:at is suppos$ immat]ial--m9d4 ,! m5tal or spiritual _w loses its unsub/antial intangibl5ess1 its m]e suppos$ness1 its 'ideal' or m]ely-ideal "*4 ,to ! old]1 & we may say vulg>1 view ! m9d or s\l 0 a m]e '?\ght1' some?+ ( :i* all t c\ld be se5 7 c]ta9 acts or ph5om5a4 ,x 0 a m]e idea1 :i* "o c\ld pretty well get on )\t--s long z he kept1 z ! phrase 01 to ! ph5om5a--ph5om5a )\t reality4 ,h[ vague & a]y aga9 0 ! subject-matt] ( morals6 ,a few virtues & vices1 confess$ly g5]al descriptive titles1 a talk ab\t w & consci5ce1--all ( !m m]ely sev]al pr$icates ( an unkn[n1 spok5 (1 po/ulat$1 b unproducible4 ,comp>$ ) ?is m]e suppos$ness ! spiritual _w 9 ,s*ell+ & ,hegel acquires ! reality ( a quasi-organism 7really supra-organic71 gr[+ & con/itut+ itself1 & mak+ room 9 x = a ho/ ( human relation%ips4 ,! ab/ract faculties ( m9d get reality 7n inde$ s5sible73 ! intangible notions ( morals become almo/ palpable3 ! k+dom ( m9d becomes a real p5dant to ! k+dom ( nature4 ,&1 on ! o!r h&1 ! k+dom ( nature gets its ideality recognis$3 its unity & cont9uity made effective 9 an ,idea :i* embraces1 co-ord9at$ & sy/ematis$1 its disp>ate & unconnect$ portions4 ,?is new ,idealism1 if x l$ m5 back f ! hi/orical _w to nature1 0 yet h>dly 9 all respects a pupil ( ,r\sseau4 ,n ',back f civilisation & artificiality to nature & ! fre$om ( ! woodl&1' 0 its cry3 b r ',rememb] t man always re/s on & gr[s out ( nature1 always has 8 ideals made directly or indirectly visible 9 physical 7s5sible7 /ructures2 & t1 :5 culture turns away f s5se & nature to "s suppos$ high]1 x is really ent]+ on a pa? :i* leads to abysses1' ,its voice1 9 fact1 0 mu* l ! long+ express$ 9 ,s*ill]'s ,gods ( ,greece2 x wi%$ man m godlike & ! div9e m human4 ,b in/ead ( backw>d1--its motto 0 =w>d3 or back to nature1 only to resume ! true />t+-po9t1 & retreat f a pa? ( civilisation ^: end is p]dition4 ,man also 0 nature#a--;if he is nev] m]e nature1 i4 e4 ! nature unexalt$ to its tru?--b he br\ght to expression1 & might br+ to ev] cle>] & full] expression1 a some?+ :i* 0 9 infra-human nature1 b :i* nature else:]e _h fail$ adequately to pres5t4 ,?us ! relation ( ,man to ,nature 0 app>5tly tw(old4 ,on "o h&1 ! physical _w 0 ess5tially a _w ( reason & intellig5ce--?\gh ( intellig5ce petrifi$#b4 ,s f> ,hegel agre$ ) ,s*ell+4 ,b1 on ! o!r h& 7& "h ,hegel took up ! great p>adox ( ,fi*te71 man's place 9 ! univ]se is to fulfil ! promise & implication ( ,nature to ! full reality ( ,_s1 to fulfil x by law & morality2 b 7"h he completes ,fi*te by ! help ( ,s*ell+7 also 9 high] measure1 by art1 religion1 & sci5ce4 ,! _w ( intellig5ce & reason :i* man con/ructs z an e?ical1 arti/ic1 & religi\s be+1 is ! full tru? ( ! natural _w1--! high] mean+1 & full]1 m consi/5t1 & complete reality ( ! s5sible3 & x is s1 because ! "l ( ,nature is "o ) ! "l ( ! human s\l4 ,! new way ( philosophy !re=e1 if x c\ld be ev] *>g$ ) say+ t ! s-call$ real ?+s ( ord9>y life 7 only ideas1 or m5tal images1 meant t1 z tak5 by ! un?9k+ or imp]fectly ?9k+ p]ception1 !y 7 some?+ ( :i* all t c\ld be said 0 to describe _! relations to some?+ else1 ( :i* 9 turn ! same rem>k might be made2 s t--z f> z !y w5t--reality 0 nev] ) u1 b only an assurance 7soon to be prov$ va97 t x 0 next door#c4 ,on ! contr>y--9 its use ( ! t]m ,idea--:at ?is idealism ass]t$ r 0 t ! objects ( ,nature 9 _! prima facie appreh5sion 7 n yet an ,idea3 if1 i4e41 an ,idea is a m5tal or spiritual reality :i* expla9s & completes itself1 in/ead ( s5d+ u on endless fool's err&s else:]e--1 is a concept :i* is exactly adequate to reality1 & has ga!r$ 9 x ! p[] ( reality4 ,! new idealism is n subv]sive ( realism1 b includes x & makes x ! reality x pr(ess$ to be4 ,x may !re=e1 z ,s*ell+ propos$#d1 be call$ an ideal-realism1 or a real-idealism4 ,if any body likes1 he may ev51 if he is no ,greek s*ol>1 call x ,monism2 b 9 t case he _h bett] beg9 by admitt+ to himself t any ,monism1 :i* c /& its gr\nd & s]ve = an explanation ( ! univ]se1 w n exclude ,dualism4 ,all is inde$ "o life1 "o be+1 "o ?\ght2 b a life1 a be+1 a ?\ght1 :i* only exi/s z x opposes itself )9 itself1 sets itself ap>t f itself1 projects its mean+ & relations outw>ds & upw>ds1 & yet reta9s & c>ries out ! p[] ( reunit+ itself4 ,! ,absolute may be call$ ,"o3 b x is also ! ,all2 x is a ,"o :i* makes & ov]comes diff]5ce3 x is1 & x ess5tially is1 9 ! anti!sis ( ,nature & ,_s1 ,object & ,subject1 ,matt] & ,m9d2 b "u & ov] ! anti!sis x is fundam5tal & complet$ unity4 ,monism1 lit]ally und]/ood1 is absurd--= x ignores1 :at _c be ignor$1 ! _m3 & ,dualism1 :i* is (f]$ sometimes z a competitive s*eme1 is n mu* bett]2 unless we und]/& ! ,dualism to be no fix$ bisection1 b an ev]-appe>+ & ev]-sup]s$$ anti!sis :i* is ! witness to ! p[] & ! fre$om ( ! ,"o1--:i* is n alone1 b ,"o & ,all1 ,"o 9 ,all1 & ,all 9 ,"o4 ,! c5tral or c>d9al po9t ( ,idealism is its refusal to be kept /&+ at a fix$ disruption betwe5 ,subject & ,object1 betwe5 ,_s & ,nature4 ,its ,idea is ! id5tity or unity 7n )\t ! diff]5ce7 ( bo?4 ,9 its purely logical or epi/emological aspect "o c easily see t1 z ,s*op5hau] 0 s fond ( repeat+1 ,!re is no ,object )\t a ,subject & no ,subject )\t an ,object#e4 ,! difficulty arises 9 rememb]+ ^! excell5t truisms :5 "o ( ! correlatives is out ( sight1 & ! o!r seems to be indep5d5t & to come be=e u ) a title to recognition app>5tly all its own4 ,:5 ! ,subject figures z ! individual consci\sness1 encas$1 x may p]haps be add$1 9 an individual body1 & ! ,object z a ?+ app>5tly out !re 9 a _w beyond all by itself1 !n ! lapse f ?is rudim5t>y idealism becomes easy4 ,9 ! practice ( life & bus9ess1 ea* ( u1 self-consci\s & autonom\s subject z he may be1 comes to rank 9 ! e/imate ( o!rs1 & ere long to "s ext5t 9 8 own1 z also a "p ( ! aggregate ( objects4 ,all reality & sub/ance seem z x 7 to slide ov] into ! object-side4 ,! consci\s subject c\nts z a m]e onlook] or ! passive spectator ( a p]=mance t goes on 9 an outside field ( ev5t1--yet t outside is 8 own object-m9d2 8 m9d c\nts z a m]e idea1 or r z a succession ( ideas1 i4 e4 ( m5tal pictures ) a c]ta9 mean+ 9 !m4 ,a little /ep m & ! v subject-m9d itself is turn$ into an object4 ,!re /&s inde$--accord+ to ! ord9>y introspective psy*ology--z x 7 9 "o corn]1 or at "o loop-hole ( vision1 a m9d look+ on1 obs]v+ & criticis+ ano!r ?+ :i* is also call$ a m9d2 b ! m9d obs]v+ c only reflect or regi/]1 & ! m9d :i* is obs]v$ is v mu* ?+-l1 app>5tly act$ ^u by o!r ?+s1 & act+ ^u !m 9 turn4 ,?is object-m9d1 a real among o!r reals1 9 relations ( cause & effect ) !m1 does n1 if we c tru/ ! words ( ^? :o tell ab\t x1 see itself1 b lies op5 to ! inspection ( ?is o!r m9d1 repres5t$ by ! psy*ological obs]v]1 :o is good en\gh to report to u some?+ ( its bl9d & d>k e/ate4 ,its re-actions1 he in=ms u1 exhibit a rem>kable peculi>ity4 ,!y are equival5t to /ates ( consci\sness3 & ev5 to acts ( w & k4 ,z :5 a viol9 is t\*$ 9 c]ta9 ways by ! b[1 y get a musical note1 s :5 c]ta9 ag5ts come 9 contact ) ?is peculi> real1 !y elicit a re-action1 t]m$ s5se or idea4 ,to di/+ui% 9 ?is mann] betwe5 m5tal passivity & activity is natural & "r4 ,! basis ( all consci\sness & m5tal activity is an orig9al division1 a 'judgm5t' or dijudication ( self f self4 ,b1 once ! dijudication made = su* ends1 x is a mi/ake to =get its initiation & lose sight entirely ( ! fact t ! obs]v+ m9d is also ! active1 & t ! object-self is n m]ely 9 relation to ! subject-self1 b 9 a high] unity is id5tifiable !re)4 ,/ill ! ?+ is done1 habitually done4 ,we all pr(ess ?is fai? ( ord9>y realism 9 our fir/ reflections ^u ourselves4 ,& ! effect ( ! oblivion is t we seek else:]e = ! initial activity1 :i* we h ab/ract$ f & lo/ sight (4 ,! receptive passive m9d1--call$ subject /ill1 b n[ become a subject 9 ! s5se ( ! anatomi/1--has to be set 9 motion1 to be imp+$ ^u or impress$4 ,! psy*ical ev5t :i* y call k1 & :i* no d\bt means k1--! m5tal '/ate' :i* y obs]ve--or1 x may ev51 if y\r au?ority is a p>ticul>ly ob/9ate & intransigcant reali/1 be ! molecul> *ange 9 bra9 cells1--requires an antec$5t ev5t to acc\nt = x4 ,! orig9 ( ! movem5t :i* issu$ 9 ! giv5 psy*ical or molecul> *ange is s\ght 9 a self-subsi/5t ?+ :i* out !re gives rise to a s]ies ( movem5ts :i* 9 "h result 9 a s5sation4 ,or1 a ?+ someh[ produces an att5uat$ image ( itself 9 ! bra91 or 9 ! m9d2 =1 9 ?is my?ological tale ( psy*ical occurr5ce1 accuracy is unatta9able1 & "o mu/ n seek to be too precise4 ,9 any case ! relation%ip betwe5 ?+ & idea is conceiv$ aft] ! analogy ( ! nexus ( cause & effect1 or orig9al & copy2 & ! v]bal imag9ation ( ! analogical reason] is satisfi$4 ,:at ,hegel1 aft] ,s*ell+1 tea*es1 on ! o!r side1 is t ! process ( s5se-impression & ! manipulations to :i* x is subject$ by intellect presuppose1 = _! exi/5ce & _! objective tru?1 a ,reason :i* is ! unity ( subject & object1 an orig9al id5tity unit+ k to be+4 ,b ! same defect ( unphilosophic consci\sness has ano!r phase :i* philosophy has to rememb]4 ,popul> language speaks ( ?+s1--( ?+s "h & ?+s !re1 :i* act ^u ea* o!r & ^u ! s-call$ m9d3 i4 e4 on ?is imag9$ & suppos$ passive m9d4 ,= ?+s1 a m 'sci5tific' conception has be5 sub/itut$--t ( =ces2 :i*1 :e!r atta*$ to atoms or n1 are ass]t$ to be ! real s\rces ( ! *ange & ev5t :i* fill ! _w ( our exp]i5ce4 ,& z1 accord+ to "s psy*ologi/s1 ! m9d is only a vacant gr\nd or space ) m or less n>r[ limits ( room1 on :i* ! entities call$ ideas are = t reason =c$ into m or less close relation%ips1 )\t any ne>] or m ess5tial tie2 s1 too1 ! m9d is apt to be treat$ by o!rs only z a battle-field or wre/l+-gr\nd ( oppos+ =ces4 ,"h ! atom-=ces1 z 9 ! o!r case ! atom-ideas1 are1 x is assum$1 m]ely & purely indep5d5t3 & yet su* is ! =ce ( a limit$ environm5t--%all we say1 9 m popul> language1 ! =ce ( space & "t8--t !y mu/ meet ) "o ano!r1 mu/1 z x 71 =m associations1 connexions1 relation%ips4 ,great1 v]ily1 is ! =ce ( juxtaposition4 ,space & "t1 because !y are ess5tially limit+1 correlat+1 def9+1 weld l9ks :i* ! great prophet ( ?is empirical s*ool has n scrupl$ to call insoluble1 in]adicable1 insep>able4 ,space & "t1 says 8 great successor1 are inf9ite4 ,b !y are inf9ite only 9 ! s5se t !y c nev] be exhau/$3 !y are ev]y:]e1 & = ev]3 b z real !y are only "h & n[4 ,"t c prec$e "t1 & space fade away into remot] space3 b e space & e "t is f9ite1 def9+1 limit+1 relative1 & syn!tic4 ,&1 if we look clos]1 space & "t may come to seem ! visible1 gho/ly1 ab/ract outl9e--on "o h& /iff5+ & body+-out ! ideal syn!sis ( ?\ght & intellig5ce1 on ! o!r1 fa9tly reproduc+ or =e-ca/+ ! real syn!sis ( organisation & liv+ nature4 ,9 say+ ?is we give ! reasonable int]pretation ( 'association'3--s f> at lea/ z association is suppos$ to be br\ght ab\t by juxtaposition 9 "t & space4 ,"t & space1 z ,kant might say1 give ! s*ema--! s5sible & visible reflex ( ! et]nal & univ]sal ?\ght-relation3 !y are a priori because !y are 9 ! physical _w ! primitive1 ! fir/ phase & ! l[e/ manife/ation ( t unity :i* z we "k x 9 nature & m9d always bl5ds ) s5se1 or displays itself 9 s5sible =ms4 ,!y are ! fir/ /amp ( reality1 ( real ,nature3 ) !m we are 9 ,nature1 b x is an ab/ract %ad[y nature4 ,!y m>k ! asc5t 7:i* only f ! m]e logician's /&po9t %all we call ! desc5t7 ( ! ab/ract 7pure7 idea into ! elem5t ( multiplicity1 ( opposition1 ( life & consci\sness4 ,9 ! psy*ical & intellectual _w1 aga91 z x rises to m p]fect ideality 7z x elicits m mean+ f crude fact7 !y lose _! prom95ce2 !y s9k into ! p[]s ( memory & imag9ation1 :i* build up pa/ & future into ! unity ( ! ev] pres5t1 until 9 _! consummation !y leave z _! residual product ! ab/ract elem5t ( pure ?\ght3 a ?\ght :i* claims ! attributes ( univ]sality & et]nity1 :i* claims1 i4 e41 to m]ge or subm]ge 9 x all space & all "t#f4 ,x is evid5t !re=e t if an associationi/ !ory1 l t ( ,hume1 proposes to expla9 ! actual field ( m5tal life by elem5ts giv5 9 x1 & by no o!r1 x c only d s on c]ta9 assumptions1 :i* may be summ$ up 9 ! proposition t ! m9d--! real m5tal space & "t ev5 7& n its suppos$ 'image'7--is at once subjective & objective1 at once real & ideal1 at once ! field ( op]ation1 ! =ce :i* directs op]ations1 & ! m9d :i* is aw>e ( itself & its acts4 ,to say1 z ,hume appe>s to d1 t an un9t]mitt5t long-e/abli%$ cu/om bre$s 9 u c]ta9 irresi/ible & ess5tial habits ( ?\ght1 c only ref] to an unexpla9$ & unnotic$ duplication ( ! self4 ,!re is "h1 "o self1 :i* is only a bundle ( fragm5ts1 ( ideas intr9sically sep>ate & only incid5tally connect$ by outside pressure1 :i* ent] into ties1 p]adv5ture necess>y or indissoluble1 ?\gh n due to inn] aff9ity4 ,& !re is ano!r self :i* is a self-same unity1 divid+ & gr[+1 or assimilat+1 act$ ^u b only because x solicits action1 & 9 a way controll+ ! process go+ on )9 x4 ,! difficulty = ! inve/igator is to realise t ^! two selves are "o4 ,no am\nt ( +5uity w ev] succe$ 9 hone/ly %[+ unity to be ! m]e resultant--ev5 %\ld x be a fictiti\s or ph5om5al unity--( ! collisions & =tuit\s atta*m5ts or deta*m5ts ( diff]5t & indep5d5t reals4 ,! reals :i* behave 9 su* a way z to eng5d] unities1 to cause syn!ses1 are reals 9 a m9d2 & ! m9d mu/ n m]ely1 z x 71 fl[ ar\nd !m1 b h !m fluid memb]s ( itself4 ,if !y are reals1 !y are ideal-reals4 ,y mu/ beg9 ) an ideal-unity :i* is also a real-unity1 9 :i* v>iety c play & by :i* x is controll$4 ',=ces1' no less ?an '?+s1' are t]ms ( ?\ght1 names ( reality inde$1 b inadequate because due to an ab/raction & leav+ _! correlatives out ( sight--names ( mom5t>y elem5ts seiz$ 9 ! flux1 & made ) m or less success to indicate 'mom5ts' & 'factors' or 'aspects' 9 ! total sum & p[] ( reality4 ,explanation by p]man5t & sep>ate =ces lab\rs "u ! same disadvantages z t by ?+s4 ,sci5ce1 gr[n m self-critical1 beg9s to see t 9 =ces1 c41 x has names & =mulae :i* are n ! full reality1 b only useful 7if useful7 ab/ractions4 ,nei!r ?+s nor =ces1 ?\gh call$ real1 are s 9 ! full s5se4 ,hume said1--& said n untruly1 ?\gh ) "s reli% ( p>adox1--t we nev] _h any real impression or idea ( p[] & =ce4 ,! /atem5t %\ld be tak5 along ) ano!r t :at we mi/ake = p[] 9 ?+s is only our own want ( p[] to ov]come a sugge/$ association1 or to break a cu/om>y tra9 ( ideas4 ,lotze1 aga91 has rem>k$ t ! suppos$ consci\sness ( p[] ex]t$ 9 volunt>y movem5t is confus$ ) a feel+ ( "w done1 or in]tia ov]come4 ,:atev] may be ! tru? ab\t ! psy*ological exp]i5ce1 !re c be no d\bt = ! epi/emologi/ t ! s-call$ p]ception ( =ce is an int]pretation ( "o aspect ( exp]i5ce :i*1 ) a c]ta9 am\nt ( arbitr>y arre/ & simplification1 r5d]s x intelligible & real by means ( an anti!sis & correlation4 ,=ce 9 fact only exi/s1 or arises1 9 relation or opposition to a c\nt]-=ce3 action & re-action are always equal & opposite1 says ! ma!matical =mula4 ,two =ces are z little indep5d5t z an up & a d[n1 or z a we/ & a nor?2 =ce solicits =ce1 & =ce only is 9 s f> z x is solicit$4 ,! solicit+ c only solicit because x is solicit$4 ,9 o!r words1 x is n en\gh to say t ! =ces :i* ?us confront ea* o!r are correlatives4 ,! relation%ip mu/ be c>ri$ up a /age high]3 ! =ces !mselves get _! pseudo-real "*1 only s long z !y are kept ap>t =cibly or by in]tia4 ,c>ry out _! implications3 & !y re-unite 7n h[ev] to ! loss ( all di/9ction7 9 a high] idea1 an intelligible unity :i*1 by its division & return to unity1 makes possible & real _! cont5tion4 ,x is ?is c>ry+-out ( implications to _! explicit tru? :i* is at ! root ( ,s*op5hau]'s play+ fa/ & loose ) ! di/9ction betwe5 =ce & w4 ,b ) him ! two t]ms are tak5 up vague & indef9ite1 9 ! haze ( popul> conception or want ( conception1 & are )\t ef=t or ju/ification id5tifi$3 :]eas 9 ,hegel1 !re is1 on ! l[e/ e/imate1 an attempt made to trace ! some:at intricate /eps :i* m$iate ! metamorphosis4 ,! new idealism ?us ma9ta9s ! organic & ev5 supra-organic nature ( ?\ght & be+4 ,! _w ( exp]i5ce1 :5 tak5 9 its reality & fullness1 is an organism :i* lives & kn[s & wills1 & :i* is life1 action1 k2 its own means & its own end4 ,! subject act+1 liv+1 kn[+ is action1 k1 life4 ,9 ! ord9>y organism !re is a subject ( functions1 a be+ 9 relation to an inorganic _w4 ,9 ! _w-organism 7if ! inadequate "n is /ill to be reta9$7 !re is no outside _w1 no inorganic or extra-organic ?+4 ,9 ! _w-organism ! organ & its environm5t is comb9$ 9 "o1 re-unit$3 ! plant or animal is n )\t its place1 & its place is n )\t plant or animal4 ,!y are n m]ely 9 correlation1 b ess5tially & actually "o4 ,quid prosunt leges s9e moribus8 asks ! morali/3 b 9 ! ,absolute or ! supra-organic ,idea1 law & morality are n ap>t3 ! necessity is also fre$om3 ! law is n sev]$ f its ph5om5on4 ,su* an organism :i* is life1 ?9k+1 w1 is :at ,hegel calls ! ,idea3 an organism :i* is completely organic1 ) no m]e matt]3 & t ,idea is ! f\ndation ( 8 ,idealism4 ,conceiv$ "u its conditions1 ! =ces :i* are sometimes repres5t$ z /ruggl+ ) ea* o!r on ! field ( man's life1 are no long] indep5d5t2 /ill less completely sep>able =ces4 ,!y are ! inn] division by :i* ! _s re-e/abli%es & makes secure its unity3 _! antagonisms are ! brea? ( life4 ,& !y h _! relations 9 _! common s]vice1 build+ up "o life4 ,!y =m a c]ta9 hi]>*y ( organisation2 9 :i* h[ev] ! high] or m develop$ does n m]ely sup]v5e ^u ! crud]1 b 9 a way sup]s$es x1 & yet contrives to reta9 its wor? & its real tru?4 ,footnote #a3 ,cf4 ,sp9oza's rem>k on ,body1 ,e?4 ,,iii4 pr4 #b ,s*ol43 ',et5im quod corpus possit1 nemo hucusque det]m9avit2 hoc e/ nem9em hucusque exp]i5tia docuit quid corpus ex solis legibus naturae quat5us corporea tantum consid]atur possit ag]e1' c4 ,footnote #b3 ,see vol4 ii1 notes & illu/rations1 p4 #cib4 ,footnote #c3 ,s*op5hau]s well-kn[n description ( ?is recurr5t ?r[+ back ( ! responsibility ( reality on some?+ else is "h sugge/$ 7',_w z ,w & ,idea1' #ag74 ,footnote #d3 ,see p4 #aeg 7*ap4 xiii74 ,footnote #e3 ,satz vom ,grunde1 #af3 ,welt als ,wille und ,vor/ellung3 ,ergnzung54 ,cap4 i4 ,footnote #f3 ,see lat]1 *apt] xxvi4 ,,*apt] ,,xvii4 ,,me?ods1 ,,artificial ,,& ,,natural4 ,:5 mod]n philosophy took its fir/ /eps1 x 0 disda9ful & depreciatory to ! pa/1 bo? ,m$ieval & ,old-,greek4 ,bacon & ,hobbes1 ,desc>tes & ,sp9oza1--be _! o!r diff]5ces :at !y may--all e*o ! same disp>agem5t4 ,l ,wordswor?'s ,rob ,roy1 !y cry-- ',:at ne$ ( books8 ,burn all ! /atutes & _! %elves4 ,we'll %[ t we c help to frame ,a _w ( o!r /uff4' ,on ?is iconocla/ic age sup]v5es ! attempt ( ,leibniz to comb9e 9 "o all t 0 good 9 ! new corpuscul> philosophy ) all t 0 preci\s 9 ! old ,platonic idealism z exp&$ by ,ari/otle4 ,s1 at ! lat] philosophic crisis t[>ds ! close ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 ! some:at de/ructive & revolution>y t5d5cies ( ,kant & ,fi*te lead up by a natural revulsion & complem5t to ! recon/ructive sy/ems ( ,s*ell+ & ,hegel4 ,9 !m ! cons]vative in/9ct comes to supplem5t ! defects ( ! radical g-ahead4 ,in/ead ( toss+ ! pa/ away to ! w9ds1 & cry+ out crasez l'infme1--in/ead ( ?r[+ m$ievalism beh9d1 break+ all ! re/rictions on individual lib]ty :i* feudal ,europe _h creat$ to secure & safegu>d ! communities t h\s$ its e>ly fre$om1 ! new _s ( ! "t saw t ! problems ( mod]n life 7 n solv$ by m]ely ?r[+ ov]bo>d z encumbrances & refuse all *ecks & =ms4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! reflective m9d saw t =ms & *ecks s-call$ !re mu/ be1 & t ! art ( /atesman%ip1 ?\gh x c\ld n entirely consi/ 9 copy+ ! old1 _h /ill to "w 9 "s way aft] ! analogy ( ! old me?ods3 i4 e4 to d "u new circum/ances :at w\ld solve ! same requisites1 z ! old con/itution _h done = its "t4 ,! *ange is well illu/rat$ by ! attitude t[>ds /ate organisation %[n by ,william von ,humboldt at diff]5t epo*s ( 8 life4 ,p talk glibly ( ! ,hi/orical ,me?od1 & :at x has done = u4 ,to he> :at is sometimes said x might be suppos$ t ?is 0 ! me?od t _h be5 always habitual 9 hi/ory1 b :i* 9 ^! latt] days _h be5 appli$ to o!r topics1 & _h prov$ its value on ! new gr\nd by a*iev+ results t _h hi!rto be5 m]e desid]ata4 ,?is h[ev] is pretty ne>ly to rev]se ! true /ate ( ! case4 ,x 0 long till hi/ory came to h any me?od wor?y ( ! "n4 ,9 mo/ ( ^? :o figure z great hi/orians ! object _h be5 to tell a good tale1 to keep ! ?read ( ev5ts di/9ct1 to subord9ate incid5ts to ! ma9 issue1 to portray p]sonal & public "* & its influ5ce on ev5ts4 ,hi/ory 0 practis$--we may ev5 say--m z an art ?an z a sci5ce4 ,if x dealt ) causes1 x dealt ) individual1 concrete1 liv+ causes1 n ) cold1 dead ab/ractions ( =ces1 laws1 or t5d5cies4 ,if x did n altoge!r ignore ! sugge/ions ( a que/ = pr9ciples to be f\nd 9 ,?ucydides & ,polybius1 x 0 mu* m enam\r$ ( ! art ( ,livy & ,tacitus1 or ev5 ( ! navet ( ,h]odotus4 ,( su* hi/ory :o has n felt ! p[]2 :o has n admir$ ! g5ius t recon/ructs ! m5 & circum/ances ( ! pa/1 & makes !m live ov] aga9 _! de$s1 & aga9 9 ! end yield ! palm to inevitable fate6 ,b x 0 n f su* hi/ory t ! hi/orical me?od arose4 ,! hi/orical me?od 0 ! product ( ! new conception ( nature & m9d 9 _! mutual relations :i* has be5 already not$4 ,to e/imate ! lab\rs ( ?9k]s t[>ds ?is view ( hi/ory w\ld be an int]e/+ b complex inquiry4 ,leibniz 9 p>ticul> by 8 pr9ciples ( developm5t1 ( cont9uity1 ( g5]al analogy1 %\ld h made two ?+s = ev] cle>4 ,& ^! two results t might h be5 suppos$ secure 71 fir/1 t ! pres5t exi/5ce 7:i* at fir/ seems to be alone real7 is only a n>r[ transition l9e betwe5 a pa/ & a future1--a l9e ( po9ts int]sect+ a complex movem5t or developm5t2 & secondly1 t all developm5t is ( some?+ :i* is ess5tially inf9ite1 :i* requires no?+ ext]nal1 no fillip f circum/ances or f an ext]nal provid5ce1 to set x go+1 b is 9 itself a syn!sis ( active & passive =ce 9 a some?+ at lea/ analog\s to an ,ego4 ,! fir/ pr9ciple is embalm$ 9 ,leibniz's maxim3 ',! pres5t is lad5 ) ! pa/1 & full ( ! future'3 & ! second1 9 ! maxim '! ,monads h no doors or w9d[s4' ,9 virtue ( ! fir/1 ! exi/5t 7( ?is in/ant7 is only a /age or grade1 root$ 9 :at has be51 & insignificant unless 9 ref]5ce to :at is to come4 ,9 virtue ( ! second1 all developm5t is f )91 & presupposes !re=e t ! develop+ individual includes )9 x a great deal :i* a cursory view w\ld at fir/ sight assume to be )\t x1 & only accid5tally 9 contact ) x4 ,x might inde$ be well to add a ?ird pr9ciple--:at ,leibniz has sometimes call$ ! ,law ( ,cont9uity--! law t1 z he says1 di/9ct & noticeable p]ceptions are ! resultants ( an inf9ite numb] ( ins5sible or little p]ceptions4 ,b cont9uity prop] is n ?is3 cont9uity prop] or id5tity is a pure idea4 ,! visible or s5sible discont9uity reposes on1 & is to be expla9$ by1 an invisible or ideal cont9uity4 ,ea* body1 = in/ance1 9 nature1 appe>+ to h a sep>ate exi/5ce ( its own1 is only a /age isolat$ or insulat$ 9 a cont9u+ process3 & t process1 b9d+1 z x does1 pa/ to future1 is ! process ( a ,m9d4 ,omne ,corpus1 wrote ,leibniz 9 #afga1 e/ m5s mom5tanea seu c>5s recordatione4 ,e physical & mat]ial object is an intellig5ce1 b an intellig5ce :i* nei!r looks be=e nor aft]1 b is limit$ = itself to ! m]e in/ant3 an intellig5ce :i* has no hi/ory4 ,yet to ! intellig5t obs]v] x has a pa/1--x has a memory1 x be>s 9 x ! traces ( its antec$5t4 ,yet to read t book ( memory1 to deciph] ! 'ins5sible p]ceptions' :i* are buri$ b5ea? ! mom5t>y pres5t1 b5ea? its unspiritual reality1 & to knit pres5t ) pa/ & future1 is ! "w ( an intellig5ce1 9 & to :om ! mat]ial discloses its /ore ( mean+1 or 9 :om x is re-spiritualis$4 ,9 o!r words1 ! presupposition ( ?is hi/orical me?od is ! ideal cont9uity ( be+1 transc5d+ & absorb+ ! diff]5ces ( "t4 ,b ! tea*+ ( ,leibniz--ev5 m p]haps ?an t ( ,sp9oza--fell on an evil age3 if x 0 n actually *ok$ ) ?orns1 x f\nd a soil ) little dep?1 & its brief v]dure 0 soon foll[$ by a fe>ful )]+4 ,anxi\s z ,leibniz 0 to comm5d 8 !ories to all m51--& n lea/ p]haps to w9 ! suffrages ( "s illu/ri\s & intellig5t wom5--he 0 l$ to pres5t !m "u =ms & phrases :i* 7 to ea* correspond5t specially famili>4 ,& ! natural consequ5ce 0 n abs5t4 ,! =ms ( accommodation 7 :at told3 !y /uck1 & ! tru? !y 7 meant to convey slipp$ away3 ! ,leibnitian !ory 0 re-int]pret$ into ! doctr9es x _h be5 meant to sup]s$e4 ,z ) ,sp9oza1 s ) ,leibniz1 a ke5 appreh5sion ( 8 mean+ came fir/ to ! ?9k]s on ! bord]l& ( lit]ature & philosophy1 to ,less+ & ,h]d]1 & f\nd an appreciative welcome 9 ! m academic sy/ems fir/ f ,s*ell+ & ,hegel4 ,above all1 ?is !ory ( 'petites p]ceptions' s closely b\nd up 7z 0 to be expect$7 ) 8 ma!matical discov]ies 9 ! ,calculus1 is :at m>ks him z hav+ a f9] e> = ! secret h>monies & pr9ciples ( exi/5ce ?an ! co>s] organs ( popul> philosophy c\ld cat* up or appreciate4 ',9 ord]1' says ,leibniz1 'to get a cle>] idea ( ! little p]ceptions :i* we _c di/+ui% 9 ! cr[d1 ,i am accu/om$ to employ ! example ( ! ro> or noise ( ! sea :i* /rikes u ^u ! %ore4 ,to he> ?is s\nd1 z we d he> x1 we mu/ he> ! p>ts :i* compose ?is total1 i4 e4 ! s\nds ( ea* wave1 ?\gh ea* ( ^! little s\nds only makes itself p]ceptible 9 ! confus$ assemblage ( all ! o!rs toge!r1 7t is to say1 9 t same ro>17 & w\ld n be notic$ if ?is wave :i* causes x 7 alone4 ,= we mu/ be a little affect$ by ! movem5t ( t wave1 & we mu/ h "s p]ception ( ea* ( ^! s\nds1 h[ev] small !y may be2 o!rwise we %\ld nev] h ! p]ception ( a hundr$ ?\s& waves1 s9ce a hundr$ ?\s& z]os w\ld nev] make any?+4444 ,^! little p]ceptions are ( great] effici5cy by _! consequ5ces ?an we suppose4 ,x is !y :i* =m t ,je ne sais quoi1 ^? ta/es1 ^? images ( s5sible qualities1 cle> 9 ! assemblage1 b confus$ 9 ! p>ts2 ^? impressions made ^u u by surr\nd+ bodies :i* envelop ! inf9ite1 t nexus :i* ea* be+ has ) all ! re/ ( ! univ]se4 ,x may ev5 be said t 9 virtue ( ^! little p]ceptions ! pres5t is big ) ! future & lad5 ) ! pa/1 t ev]y?+ conspires toge!r3 & t 9 ! lea/ ( sub/ances1 eyes z pi]c+ z ^? ( ,god c\ld read ! :ole sequel ( ! ?+s ( ! univ]se4 ',^! ins5sible p]ceptions1 fur!r1 m>k & con/itute ! same individual1 :o is *>act]is$ by ! traces or expressions :i* !y pres]ve ( ! prec$+ /ates ( t individual1 ?us =m+ ! connexion ) 8 pres5t /ate4 ,^! may be kn[n by a sup]ior _s1 ?\gh t individual himself %\ld n feel !m1 i4 e4 ?\gh express memory %\ld no long] be !re4 ,b ^! p]ceptions also supply ! means ( r$iscov]+ t memory1 at ne$1 by p]iodic developm5ts1 :i* may "o day happ54444 ,x is also by ^! ins5sible p]ceptions t ,i expla9 t admirable pre-e/abli%$ h>mony ( m9d & body1 & ev5 ( all monads or simple sub/ances1--:i* takes ! place ( ! impossible influ5ce ( "o ^u ano!r4444 ,aft] ?is1 ,i %\ld add b little if ,i said t x is ^! small p]ceptions :i* det]m9e u 9 _m conjunctures )\t our ?9k+ ( x1 & :i* deceive ! vulg> by ! appe>ance ( an indiff]5ce ( equilibrium1 z if we 7 entirely indiff]5t :e!r we turn$1 e4 g41 to "r or to left4 ',i h rem>k$ also t 9 virtue ( ins5sible v>iations two individual ?+s c\ld nev] be p]fectly alike1 & t !y ought always to diff] m ?an num]o4 ,& ) ?is we h done once = all ) ! empty tablets ( ! m9d1 a s\l )\t ?\ght1 a sub/ance )\t action1 ! void ( space1 ! atoms1 & ev5 p>cels n actually divid$ 9 matt]2 we h done ) pure repose1 entire uni=mity 9 a portion ( "t1 ( place or ( matt]1444 & a ?\s& o!r fictions ( philosoph]s :i* come f _! incomplete notions1 fictions :i* ! nature ( ?+s does n suff]1 & :i* our ignorance & ! little att5tion we h = ! ins5sible lets pass1 b :i* c\ld nev] be r5d]$ tol]able1 unless we conf9e !m to ab/ractions ( ! m9d :i* prote/s t x does n d5y :at x puts aside & consid]s out ( place 9 any pres5t consid]ation4 ,o!rwise1 if we took x q 9 e>ne/1 to mean t ?+s :i* we d n p]ceive d n exi/ 9 ! s\l or body1 we %\ld fail 9 philosophy z 9 politics by neglect+ 1 ins5sible /eps ( progress3--:]eas an ab/raction is n an error provid$ we "k t :at we put out ( sight is /ill !re4' ,?is 0 ! conception :i* ,bacon _h %ad[$ out1 :i* ,leibniz _h pres5t$ "u _m names & ) _m applications1 z ! olive-bran* betwe5 ,plato & ,democritus2 x n[ became ?r\gh philosophical & extra-philosophic acceptance a curr5t maxim 9 ! g5]al field ( k4 ,nature assimilat$ to hi/ory1 & hi/ory assimilat$ to nature3 fre$om built ^u necessity1 & effici5t causes r\nd$ (f1 ?\gh n entirely m]g$1 9 f9al4 ,x is ! recognition ( law1 ord]1 causality 9 ! psy*ical _w1 yet n ( m]e s-call$ natural law2 & !re=e )\t r$uc+ x to a m]ely physical & mat]ial _w4 ,x is 9 fact ! new me?od :i* is inevitable & necess>y1 z soon z x is manife/ t life1 organisation1 developm5t is ! und]ly+ tru? & c5tral notion ( ?+s4 ,y look at ! _w at fir/1 let u say1 z a m]e collection ( sep>ate ?+s 9 v>y+ degrees ( juxtaposition3 & all t y ?9k ( do+ to !m1 ei!r by way ( !ory or practice1 is to put !m toge!r1 to l9k !m clos]1 or sep>ate !m m widely4 ,y d s f outside by an arrang+ =ce2 = !y are assum$ to be purely passive1 wait+ to be t\*$1 ea* set 9 its place--f :i* x c only be mov$ by a pu% or a pull4 ,?is is ! me?od ( ma!matics or me*anics4 ,x %[s ! dext]ity ( ! ag5t or ( ! expositor3 b y feel t x is artificial1 & arbitr>y4 ,x is analytic or syn!tic--b n auto-analysis or auto-syn!sis4 ,! director ( ! movem5t 7we may call x 'con/ruction'7 may no d\bt h ! real secret3 he may "w ! ?+s well & fairly1 & unite or divide !m accord+ to inn] aff9ities2 b we _c1 z matt]s /&1 be sure ( ?is4 ,! ?+s1 9 fact1 he deals ) h be5 already empti$ ( all life & peculi>ity ( _! own3 !y are alike 9 quality1 only diff]+ by a m or less1--a diff]5ce :i* at any mom5t may be alt]$ by an act ( subtraction or addition4 ,no d\bt y c build up :at are call$ sy/ems--comp\nds ( a k9d--9 ?is way3 b !y d n really hang & gr[ toge!r2 !y are only prev5t$ f break+ up by ! abs5ce ( any empty place to :i* ! p>ts may )draw4 ,bit holds up bit2 b h[ all ! bits h f\nd !mselves s cag$ up )\t exit is a my/]y4 ,absolute neutrality or indiff]5ce ( ea* "p to o!rs1 & yet absolute equilibrium#a 9 ! total composite1--su* is ! situation4 ,! *emical me?od 7tak+ *emi/ry z a type ( ! sci5ces l optics1 electricity1 c47 is a revelation ( a diff]5t /ate ( affairs4 ,! elem5ts ( ?+s are "h se5 to be unique & incomp>able2 yet 9 ea* !re is a lat5t sympa?y ready to break out :5 ! prop] occasion arrives4 ,br+ two ?+s toge!r1 & _! aff9ity sudd5ly1 9 ! prop] circum/ances1 leads to _! complete fusion3 a product arises :i*1 :5 =m$1 h>dly betrays its orig9 & composition4 ,9 a way ?is is ! conv]se ( ! me*anical or ma!matical me?od4 ,9 x 0 no fusion1 no inn] mixture3 ea* "p aft] composition lay beside ! o!r1 & _! union 0 only 9 ! ideas ( ! onlook]4 ,x 0 m]e juxtaposition /ill1--?\gh n[ clos]3 an abnormally ke5 eye w\ld /ill h be5 able to descry ! divid+ l9es & measure ! gaps4 ,at lea/ m]e me*anical physics t5ds s to conceive x4 ,"h1 on ! contr>y1 !re is union--b only at ! mom5t ( fusion3 once t is accompli%$1 ! result is app>5tly simple1 & be>s no sugge/ion ( be+ a comp\nd4 ,9 ! me*anical union ! result is exactly equal to ! sum ( ! elem5ts :i* g to make x3 9 ! *emical !re is some?+ positively new1 some?+1 i4 e41 ( :i* ! premises gave no indication & made no promise4 ,ei!r ( ^! me?ods1--( ^! conceptions ( exi/5ce--works well 9 a c]ta9 region4 ,b bo? ( !m only d _! "w on a c]ta9 hypo!sis1 or ) a c]ta9 ab/raction4 ,! me*anical me?od supposes t objects are all qualitatively alike1 diff]+ only 9 quantity or weight3 all !re=e entirely comp>able ) ea* o!r1 & capable ( be+ sub/itut$ = ea* o!r 9 an equation4 ,:]e ?is assumption holds good1 ! me?od ( addition & division1 ! me?od ( ! calculus does its "w#b4 ,! *emical me?od works on ano!r assumption1--! assumption ( a numb] ( qualitatively-diff]5c$ elem5ts1 ( elem5ts :i* also are1 s to speak1 set on edge aga9/ "s1 & ready to leap into ! arms ( o!rs4 ,if ! obs]v] 9 ! fir/ case _h ! game entirely 9 8 own h&1--c\ld build up & sep>ate at 8 pleasure1 c\ld det]m9e results a priori3 he is "h baffl$ by ! unexpect$1 & c only wait & wat* to le>n a po/]iori ! behavi\r ( ! bodies possess$ ( ?is occult & non-pr$ictable aff9ity4 ,at ! be/ he c only =mulate :at he obs]ves1 try to classify x1 asc]ta9 any common pr9ciples runn+ ?r\gh x1 any s]ial recurr5ces1 or ! l3 & t is all t *emical philosophy c a*ieve4 ,*emical aff9ity--! fact t c]ta9 elem5ts comb9e 9 c]ta9 ways1 & refuse to ent] into c]ta9 alliances--is a great fact3 b to a priori reason+ or ab/ract syllogis+ x is an entire inexplicability1 "o ( ! accid5ts 9 ! univ]se :i* mu/ be reckon$ )1 b _c be und]/ood4 ,x is probably evid5t t1 if we want to get a compreh5sion ( ! life & concrete reality ( ?+s1 nei!r ( ^! me?ods w q answ] ! purpose4 ,) ! fir/ alone1 if x c\ld be univ]sally c>ri$ out1 ! univ]se w\ld be ?or\ghly expla9$3 ev]y?+ w\ld be exactly equival5t to "s sum or multiple ( e o!r3 !re w\ld be no my/]y1 no?+ unique1 & /rictly individual4 ,giv5 "t1 we c\ld f9d a =mula = e reality1 & a pr$icate exactly fitt$ to any subject4 ,yet ev5 ma!matics has to confess ! exi/5ce ( irrationals1 surds1 inf9ite s]ies1 & ! l4 ,= our unities & /&>ds are always arbitr>y1 artificial1 & "o-sid$1 & fall %ort ( ! subtlety ( nature4 ,ev5 our simpl] types ( surfaces--! circle & ! squ>e--rema9 irr$ucible to ea* o!r3 & we only avoid ! collision by ! rem>k t practically & ) any requir$ am\nt ( exactness ! discrepancy betwe5 ! two c be adju/$4 ,if we turn to ! *emical me?od1 aga91 !re is a ne>] approa* to actuality 9 ! recognition ( ! pres5ce ( some?+ m ?an m]e composition & juxtaposition4 ,x is n t !re is some?+ :i* is n juxtaposition3 b r x is mu* m ?an m]e juxtaposition4 ,!re may be degrees ( ?is some?+ m3 b x is only to a gross or ab/ract view t x is n pres5t at all4 ,m]e cohesion ev5 %[s a unity 9 ?+s juxta-pos$4 ,m]e contact is contagi\s3 x infects4 ',:5 a viol9 has be5 play$ on frequ5tly by a tyro1' says ,g4 ,h4 ,lewes1 'its tone det]iorates1 its molecules become re-arrang$1 s t "o mode ( vibration is m ready ?an ano!r#c4' ',t\te impression1' he quotes f ,delboeuf1 'laisse une c]ta9e trace ineffaable4' ,s-call$ *emical composition is only a conspicu\s in/ance1 ) peculi>ities1 ( ?is alt]ation 9 /ate produc$ by :at1 f ! me*anical /&po9t1 are call$ inn] molecul> displacem5ts4 ,b to recognise a fact is "o ?+3 to give its explanation is ano!r4 ,yet1 on ! o!r h&1 to recognise ! fact is to note an important po9t :i* _h be5 omitt$ by ! me*anical con/ruction ( ?+s4 ,!re ! result c\ld h>dly be call$ new3 x 0 exactly equal to its con/itu5t elem5ts3 & ! equation 0 transp>5t4 ,& x 0 transp>5t because ! :ole process1 analysis & syn!sis1 0 n a "w or process ( ! obs]v$ ?+1 b ! "w ( ! obs]v+ m9d3 x makes ! 7artificial7 unities1 numb]s !m1 & adds !m or subtracts4 ,b ) ! *emical result1 ?\gh x also is equal to its elem5ts1 !re is some?+ new4 ,wat]1 no d\bt1 is oxyg5 & hydrog51 b "h1 at lea/1 !re is no d\bt t ! plus sign unduly simplifies ! relation%ip1 & r indicates or repres5ts a nexus ?an accurately def9es x4 ,& yet1 !re is no?+ 9 wat] :i* 0 n1 9 "s--%all we say my/]i\s8--way1 9 ! oxyg5 & ! hydrog54 ,*emical physics1 !re=e1 br+s out cle>ly1 or comp>atively cle>ly1 some?+ :i* ! ord9>y & co>s] simplicity-lov+ !ory is oblig$ & is able to neglect3 x realises ! virtue t lies 9 juxtaposition1 & %[s t ! m]e out] *ange ( quantity goes ) a deep] inw>d & qualitative "o4 ,! result does m ?an sum up & cond5se :at 0 spread out 9 ext5sion & disp]s$ 9 p>ts be=e3 x br+s out or reveals some?+ :i* previ\sly 0 unsurmis$4 ,always1 9 a lib]al int]pretation ( ! maxim1 x is true t ,ex nihilo nihil fit3 b "h1 especially1 ! effect actually discloses :at 0--b 0 lat5t or unp]ceiv$--9 ! premises4 ,! maxim1 to be fairly treat$1 mu/ be read backw>ds z well z =w>ds4 ,b we mu/ g a /ep fur!r if we wi% ! full explanation4 ,if ! premises are to be adequate to support ! conclusion1 !y mu/ be re/at$ 9 t]ms :i* h9t at ! conclusion--:i* 9 a way conta9 x1 b conta9 x 9 pot5tiality & promise1 n 9 act4 ,?is is ! me?od ( developm5t1 :i* is ! me?od t is applicable to full concrete reality1 n l ! o!rs to p>ts ab/ract$ f or insulat$ 9 reality4 ,s long z y deal ) ^! select$ bits ( fact--ab/ract$ f _! surr\nd+s1 subject to /rict obs]vation or /rict exp]im5t1 y c apply a comp>atively simple & /raight=w>d me?od4 ,y are deal+ ) ab/ract$1 mutilat$1 prep>$ fact4 ,y are guid$ 9 ^! cases by ! canons ( id5tity & diff]5ce3 y add & subtract1 or subtract & add2 & t is all4 ,y use :at are call$ ! rules ( exp]im5tal me?od4 ,b ^! canons d n directly apply--except by happy accid5t--to ! real _w1 :]e antec$5t & consequ5ts are n sep>ate & tabulat$1 z ! logical canons1 ! rules ( =mal logic1 require4 ,9 deal+ ) ?is concrete reality1 a mu* m complex me?od is ne$$1 a me?od :i* has to bl5d induction ) d$uction1 & to />t f bo? ends 9 ! s]ies ( causation at once4 ,y c apply obs]vation or exp]im5t1 only :5 ! issues h already be5 extremely simplifi$ & n>r[$ d[n3 :5 ! "q has be5 r5d]$ s def9ite t x is next-door to ! answ]1 & ! removal ( a slight p>tition-wall w z x 7 make ! two "o cle> space4 ,:]e obs]vation & exp]im5t are available1 inde$1 is :]e ! g5]al outl9es & pr9ciples ( ! subject are settl$1 :]e ! s*eme ( reality is def9$ 9 l>ge1 b a v>iety ( m9or issues /ill rema9s to be settl$4 ,unless ?is g5]al framework is fix$1 nei!r obs]vation nor exp]im5t1 ) _! canon ( id5tity & diff]5ce1 are ( any avail4 ,^! me?ods1 !re=e1 only apply 9 sci5ces :i* are 9 pr9ciple or sub/antially complete1 ?\gh admitt+ ( possibly inf9ite ext5sion 9 details & p>ticul>s4 ,:]e ! sci5ce is yet to con/itute1 i4 e4 9 deal+ ) ! k9ds ( real ?+s 9 _! complet5ess1 & n z view$ 9 "s def9ite aspect1 induction & d$uction mu/ g h& 9 h& & help ea* o!r at e /ep3 & if !y1 z !y mu/1 h rec\rse to exp]im5t & obs]vation1 x w be at fir/ 9 a v unsatisfactory & t5tative way4 ,su* is ! way ! contra/ betwe5 ! simplicity belong+ to an artificial me?od deal+ ) pick$ in/ances1 & ! complexity t real concrete organic nature dem&s1 pres5t$ itself to ,j4 ,s4 ,mill z he advanc$ 9 8 inquiry4 ,! only complete me?od = ! inve/igation ( unsophi/icat$ nature1 n yet mapp$ out & def9$ 9 g5]al dep>tm5ts1 is ! d$uctive-inductive me?od 9 :i* induction & d$uction sep>ately h a subord9ate place1--us+ induction 9 ! n>r[ s5se ! t]m has be5 hi!rto all[$ to be>4 ,& t s5se1 x may be add$1 is1 z 9 "s passages ( ,ari/otle1 little else ?an a rev]se ( syllogism1 or to speak m accurately1 x is a syllogism :i* goes up to g5]als in/ead ( desc5d+ f !m4 ,x is l ! syllogi/ic d$uction =mal & ab/ract 9 "*4 ,! 7d$uctive7 syllogism assumes ! exi/5ce ( major premises--( g5]al propositions :i* 9 ! la/ resort1 if !y are real bases1 mu/ be prim>y & true1 or self-evid5t facts4 ,b a critic1 l ,mill1 _h little difficulty 9 %[+ t a g5]al tru? re/s ^u & presupposes ! v p>ticul> conclusions :i* x is us$ to e/abli%4 ,unless e s+ul> is true1 ! univ]sal :i* embraces or unifies !m _c really be true4 ,!re=e ! conclusion is really impli$ & presuppos$ 9 ! pr9ciples ( its premises4 ,b1 un=tunately = ! application & suppos$ sequel ( ?is n unju/ rem>k1 a simil> rem>k may be made on ! ord9>y exposition ( ! inductive me?od4 ,induction1 x is said1 inf]s f or on a basis ( s+le facts4 ,b if a s+le tru? is really1 i4 e4 unconditionally true1 x is indi/+ui%able f ! univ]sal4 ,if x is really true once1 x is true = ev]4 ,! ass]tion ( ! individual proposition z true1 if x c be support$--7& unless x be true1 :at basis c x af=d = ! g5]al conclusion87--implies ! tru? ( ! univ]sal x is sometimes us$ to e/abli%4 ,! inductive logician tells u to build on s+ul> & def9ite facts1 on tru?s ( def9ite & individual exp]i5ce3 b a def9ite or det]m9ate tru? re/s ^u univ]sality 7inde$ is a univ]sal71 & _c be f\nd unless we h already f\nd ! special total or organism ( tru? 9 :i* x =ms a "p4 ,individuals & univ]sals presuppose ea* o!r1 & d n1 z ! fir/ impression leads u to ?9k1 /& ap>t z two unconnect$ t]m9i1 f ei!r ( :i*1 if we happ5 to be s locat$1 we c )\t road or railway make a legitimate passage to ! o!r4 ,if x be urg$1 z x may naturally be1 t on ?is %[+ !re is no solid or 'absolute' />t+-po9t at all1 ! cont5tion may be conc$$4 ,! only fix$ & /eady po9ts 9 k are po9ts hypo!tically fix$1--c]tifi$1 t is1 = ! "t & 9 ! circum/ances we employ !m4 ,b 9 ! op5 field--or r 9 ! wild]ness--( k1 :]e ! gr\nd ( fact is n /ak$ (f1 & ! unexpect$ may always turn up1 ! only te/ ( tru? is ! corroboration giv5 by ! consili5ce ( pa?s initiat$ f diff]5t po9ts3 x is only by an undesign$ co9cid5ce 9 ! results ( indep5d5t op]ations t y c succe$ 9 ori5t+ y\rself4 ,y beg9 y\r road at two ends1 & y meet3 y locate or fix y\r po9t by draw+ its co-ord9ates to two direction-l9es tak5 anyh[ at fir/1 & only 9 =m$ sci5ce div]g+ at a fix$ angle4 ,& 9 ! absolute y\r direction-l9es _c be suppos$ fix$3 y c only gradually adju/ !m to ea* o!r z y proce$4 ,intellig5ce1 says ,ari/otle1 is a pr9ciple1 a beg9n+2 & intellig5ce1 he says aga91 supplies beg9n+s#d4 ,sci5ce1 9 ! te*nical s5se1 only comes into op]ation1--or1 9 o!r words1 d$uction & 79 ! n>r[] s5se us$ by ,mill1 & proce$+ by pure obs]vation & exp]im5t7 induction only f9d a way1--:]e beg9n+s & pr9ciples h be5 set up1 :]e an approximate ord] or provisional sy/em has be5 e/abli%$4 ,& if logic1 9 its /rict] s5se1 is ! me?od ( sci5ces already made & 9 _! ess5tials con/itut$1 !n logic c be ask$ to d no m ?an to provide a !ory ( su* =mal processes4 ,if x traces ! pa? :i* leads 'f ! kn[n to ! unkn[n1' if x always proce$s on ! hypo!sis ( a giv5 k1 !n su* induction or d$uction 7f c]ta9 & approv$ s+ul> facts1 or f c]ta9 & approv$ g5]al tru?s7 fully satisfies ! practical ne$ ( ! sci5tific reason]4 ,b if ,logic be1 z x sometimes is1 & may v reasonably be1 tak5 9 ! wid] s5se ( an epi/emology1--a !ory ( ! nature & orig9 ( k z a :ole1 & n ( m]e inf]5ce or syllogism2--if x does n m]ely ask h[ we c satisfactorily get f "o piece ( k 7we are suppos$ to h7 to ano!r 7n yet suppos$ to be71 b h[ we come to h k at all2 !n its problem mu/ g beh9d ! rudim5ts ( vulg> induction & d$uction4 ,x mu/ ask--:at1 s f> z "o c see1 ,mill & 8 m]e foll[]s h nev] s]i\sly ask$ at all--:at induction is1 :at are its relations ) d$uction1 & :at is ! place ( ei!r 9 ! process ( k4 ,& z ! process ( k is ! pa? to reality1 x mu/ also ask ab\t ! nature ( ?is goal1--reality & tru?4 ,x is all v well = ! n>r[] ,logic to =mulate 9 t]ms ! me?ods actually employ$ 9 sci5ces3 to /ate 9 ab/ract canons :at is !re se5 9 life & action4 ,b a ,sci5ce ( ,logic--an epi/emology--7& a g5u9e epi/emology _c claim to be any?+ %ort ( an ontology7 mu/ face ! fact ( sci5ce itself--mu/ ask h[ ! ideas ( ! kn[] mu/--or o!rwise !y are n k--embrace & conta9 ! reality ( ! kn[n4 ,! o!r & n>r[] ,logic is & w rema9 a !ory ( =ms ( reason+-a transcript 9 fa9t] t]ms ( ! proc$ure ( sci5ce 9 any giv5 /ep x takes upw>d to g5]als or d[nw>d to p>ticul>s3 b ! logic :i* deals ) k z su*1 9 its sy/ematic entirety1--! transc5d5tal ,logic1 9 %ort1 mu/ h a real value1 an inv9cible relation to reality4 ,! =mal ,logic--! logic ( ,mill & ,hamilton--mu/ be c>ri$ back to its pr9ciples1 to its fir/ /ep3 & t fir/ /ep :i* w also be ! la/ /ep1 & ! inspir+ pr9ciple ( e int]m$iate /ep1 is t ( ,intellig5ce 7,ari/otle's 71 ( :i* ! products or manife/ations are 1 i4 e4 def9ite conceptions1 categories1 =mulations ( rules & pr9ciples ( def9ite range1--det]m9ations or special types ( unity4 ,mill really fac$ ! problem ( me?od to bett] effect :5 he came to deal ) a class ( que/ions 9 :i* he 0 really int]e/$1 & :i* moreov] h = epi/emological purposes ! advantage ( be+ z yet unr$uc$ into ! rank & file ( discipl9$ sci5ce4 ,^! que/ions are ^? deal+ ) man1 8 m5tal & moral nature1 & hi/ory4 ,ev5 its advocates or patrons occasionally admit t !re is no accept$ idea ( :at ,sociology is or does4 ,its "n at lea/ expresses a long+ t[>ds a unity1 or a pres5tim5t t !re is "s und]ly+ unity & common me?od 9 ! gr\p ( :at are loosely call$ ! moral1 or ! hi/orical1 or ! social & political sci5ces4 ,b sociology is1 z mo/ p w all[1 ! "n ( a sci5ce unrealis$--! felt & consci\sly-appreh5d$ ne$ ( a sci5ce1 & ! dissatisfaction ) ! exi/+ /ate ( k 9 c]ta9 dep>tm5ts4 ,& und\bt$ly x 0 ) problems ( social sci5ce1--problems ( politico-economic & socio-e?ical or socio-religi\s matt]s1 t ,mill's int]e/s 7 ma9ly engag$4 ,l 8 ma/] 9 ?is dep>tm5t1 ,augu/e ,comte1 he want$ to c>ry into ! topics :i* he 0 *iefly b5t ^u t 'sci5tific' precision :i* !y by pretty g5]al admission lack$1 & :i* revolution>y movem5ts _h %[n !y greatly ne$$4 ,b he c\ld n help see+ t ! 'induction' ( dynamics & physics 0 n exactly ! in/rum5t he 0 9 se>* (4 ,!ory & hypo!sis "h dem&$ a mu* l>g] %>e 9 ! process ?an 9 ! m ma!matical sci5ces4 ,causes & effects 9 reality "h roll$ r\nd into ea* o!r1 in/ead ( rema9+ calmly fix$1 "o set "h1 & ! o!r !re4 ,( c\rse ev5 "h--i4 e4 9 organic & concrete sci5ces--x is possible to introduce obs]vation & exp]im5t1--no d\bt1 ) great] ef=t & con/ra9t1 b /ill n altoge!r impracticable4 ,b ! artificial & mutilative "* ( su* exp]im5tation is felt "h 9 a way diff]5t f its pressure 9 o!r cases4 ,& :at is m important1 to in/itute an exp]im5t or set on foot a sci5tific obs]vation 7& to obs]ve means to wat* a def9itely re/rict$ natural process ) a view to answ] "s "q ab\t x71 presupposes--z we h already se5--a tol]ably def9ite provisional !ory z to ! g5]al lie ( ! c\ntry to be inve/igat$4 ,only :5 ! c\ntry has be5 reasonably well mapp$ out 9 prov9ces & provid$ ) "s sy/em ( roads1 c ^! problems ( detail--que/ions to be answ]$ ,yes or ,no--be pr(itably put4 ,& x is--9 "s p>ts ( ! hi/orical sci5ces at lea/--some:at premature to put que/ions requir+ a categorical reply4 ,!re is only ! vague malaise ( felt difficulty to guide u4 ,we d n1 9 _m cases1 "k :at x is t we want to "k2 =1 x dem&s a good deal ( wisdom & tra9$ art to put ! prop] or reasonable "q1--s mu* s1 inde$1 t to succe$ 9 =mulat+ y\r "q fully is equival5t or ne>ly equival5t to be+ able to answ] x4 ,! value ( obs]vations & exp]im5ts--:i* are ways ( putt+ nature to ! "q & x may be to ! torture--dep5ds entirely ^u ! k & ! comm& ( g5]al ideas possess$ by ! obs]v] & exp]im5t]4 ,& ! same may be said ( ! r$uc$ & tabulat$ conspectuses ( ! results ( _m obs]vations & exp]im5ts :i* are call$ ,/ati/ics4 ,_! value dep5ds on ! tru? & bread? ( view :i* presid$ at _! collection & arrangem5t#e4 ,! hi/orical or g5etic me?od is ! me?od ( ,sci5ce 9 g5]al1 b consid]$ & employ$ "u a limit$ aspect4 ,& "u its m compreh5sive aspect x may be call$--?\gh no "n is unimpea*able--! me?od ( developm5t4 ,n[ ! ess5ce ( ! idea ( developm5t--z 0 cle>ly %[n by ,leibniz--is ! refusal to admit ext]nal int]f]5ce1 & ! resolve to let a ?+ expla9 itself by itself4 ,x does n1 l ! me*anical me?od1 manipulate ! ?+ f outside--try to add x up out ( factors or items fa%ion$ & fabricat$ aft] "s ext]nal /&>d4 ,nor does x1 l ! *emical1 look at ! result z an inexplicable alt]ation1 due app>5tly to a m]e /roke ( comb9ation or dis9tegration--yet n obvi\sly r$ucible to a m]e equival5t ( its elem5ts4 ,on ! contr>y1 x recognises 9 ! object a c]ta9 indep5d5ce or orig9ality1 yet also ! pres5ce ( an imman5t law :i* does n wait = ! outsid] to put x toge!r1 b con/ructs itself1 z x 71 aft] a plan ( its own4 ,!re is 9 ! s-call$ object1 ?\gh we d n at fir/ sight recognise x1 ! same orig9ative pr9ciple bo? analytic & syn!tic1 z we own 9 ?\ght4 ,! object is--9 a true logic--a process1 a self-complet+ process1 & n m]ely an object1 me*anical1 or o!r object4 ,x *anges1 gr[s or decays1 :ile we obs]ve1 unless = brief in/ants we cut x (f f its connexions & arre/ its developm5t4 ,& our obs]vation1 if truly sci5tific1 mu/ be sympa!tic ) its process ( *ange4 ,x is nei!r a m]e ?+ to be expla9$ & con/ru$ ab extra3 nor a my/]y ( sudd5 trans=mation to be passively accept$2 b a gr[?1 a hi/ory1 to be sympa!tically wat*$ & und]/ood1--und]/ood1 because x foll[s ! same ord] z ! movem5t ( our own ?\ght 9 ! process ( k4 ,similia similibus cognoscuntur#f4 ,"o sometimes he>s x ask$ by p>adoxical critics at :i* end a hi/ory %\ld beg94 ,& to ord9>y dogmatic recklessness1 p>adoxical ! "q may well seem4 ,beg9 at ! beg9n+1 no d\bt1 is ! vulg> reply2 :i* 9 ?is case is und]/ood to mean f ! e>lie/ po9t 9 date 7t1 ( c\rse1 be+ easily asc]ta9$1 & a ?+ kn[n to all m574 ,b1--s ,plato long ago well rais$ ! difficulty :i* w always confront u1--are we to g f ! beg9n+s1 or t[>ds ! beg9n+s8 ,& x does n q solve ! "q to say t we are to beg9 ) :at is kn[n3 = "u t ^w ! same difficulty re-appe>s4 ,c y really "k "o end )\t ! o!r8 ,to ! vulg> p>tisan ( hi/orical me?od1 its precept means ,g to ! e>li]1 if y wi% to und]/& ! mean+1 ! value1 & ! elem5ts con/itutive ( ! lat] & subsequ5t4 ,beg9 ) orig9s1 ) ! e>lie/ elem5ts1 ! phases t fir/ appe>2 & ?us y w get light to see ! lat] z !y really /&4 ,t ?is is a common int]pretation ( ! hi/orical me?od is notori\s4 ,to expla9 ,homo sapi5s1 "o is told to /udy ! ape1--! ne>e/ analogue ( 8 lo/ or miss+ prog5itor3 to und]/& ! contempor>y horse1 g to eohippus1 or hipp>ion1 or h[ev] 8 e>ly prototype may be at pres5t nam$ & recognis$4 ,& 9 all ?is !re is a tru?--or lea/ a half-tru?4 ,b let u equally recognise ! o!r half ( ! tru?4 ,if pa/ ?r[s light on pres5t1 pres5t ?r[s n less light on pa/4 ,y propose1 let u say1 to write a hi/ory ( ,greece4 ,a wordy philosophy1 wise 9 its own conceit & 9 f9e phrases1 w advise y to approa* ! subject )\t prepossession or prejudice4 ,s f>1 good4 ,b :at is meant by ! abs5ce ( prepossession or prejudice8 ,n a blank op5ness to impression1 n a m]e passivity2 b if passivity at all1 a wise passivity3 if op5ness1 ! op5ness ( ! tra9$ judge4 ,! advice1 s (t5 associat$ ) ,francis ,bacon1 to get rid ( all false pre-conceptions1 ( all idola1 is "o :i* x is easy to mi/ake 9 an ov]-zeal to foll[ x4 ,t m]e negation ( prejudices :i* we call *ildi% innoc5ce is no mat* = ! craft by :i* ,nature seeks to keep or disguise h] secrets4 ,! free consci\sness1 ! unbiass$ m9d1 is n ! easy result ( "o great act ( r5unciation1 b ! "w ( cont9u$ self-discipl9e1 self-conque/1 self-realisation4 ,if y are n to impose ^u ! ?+ a pre-conception ali5 to x1 nei!r mu/ y ra%ly give y\rself away to ! ?+1 or to ! fir/ :ims :i* accid5t puts ^u y z ! ?+4 ,:at seems a fact or ?+ is only a c&idate = ! po/ ( ?+ or fact3 & its cr$5tials ne$ to be exam9$1 & comp>$ ) o!r evid5ces4 ,to detect a fact1 !re=e1 is only possible = a tri$ & te/$ consci\sness :i* by pati5ce & self-ma/]y has won ! key ( int]pretation4 ,:at ,bacon app>5tly meant--?\gh1 z (t5 happ5s1 9 8 eag]ness to combat a prevail+ folly1 he sometimes ov]%ot himself 9 /atem5t--0 to insi/ on ! et]nal w$lock ( ! m9d & ?+s1 ( ?+s & ! m9d1 z ! sole & suffici5t condition = ! reality ( k & tru?4 ,! m9d may n presume to d )\t ?+s1 or ?+s to dom9e] ! m9d2--or ! result is a w9dy & fro?y vanity4 ,& ! w$lock is et]nal3 9 8 own eloqu5t words1 '! m9d itself is b an accid5t to k#g1' & he might h add$1 s also are ?+s3 =1 z he says1 '! tru? ( be+ & ! tru? ( kn[+ is all "o'3 only 9 ! bond ( k are ?+s true & real1--be+ o!rwise only 'p]man5t possibilities1' or possibilities b>ely ev5 p]man5t--or n ev5 possibilities4 ,yet he sc>cely realis$ t 8 'due rejections & exclusions' & negations 7 a fundam5tal con/itutive elem5t 9 ^? facts ( :i* he habitually emphasises only ! positive side4 ,he !re=e :o w\ld und]/&--or w\ld write--! hi/ory ( ,greece mu/ really 9 8 /udies beg9 at bo? ends--bo? at ! ,greece ( to-day1 & at ! ,greece ( ,solon1 or :at e>li] p]iod may be tak5 z ! />t ( ,greek hi/ory4 ,) p]haps ! lea/ qualifi$ dogmatism1 "o may ass]t t he w beg9 ) ! ,greece ( to-day2 or if he deals solely ) ,anci5t ,greece he w beg9 ) ! full blaze ( ,hell5ic civilisation :i* /ill has a pale reflection 9 ! mod]n _w1 & gradually "w back to ! beg9n+s4 ,x is no d\bt cu/om>y to beg9 ,greek hi/ory1 say1 ) ! ,hom]ic ,age1 & "w d[nw>ds1 z x is cu/om>y to beg9 a =mal treatise on geography ) ! g5]al features ( ! e>?'s %ape & surface4 ,b t beg9n+ repres5ts really ! tempor>ily accr$it$ & accept$ result ( a process :i*1 />t+ f ! o!r end1 has work$ backw>ds to comm5cem5ts or orig9s4 ,& ! tea*]1 9 p>ticul>1 w d well n to imitate too slavi%ly ! me?od ( ! =mal treatise4 ,a day may come--or may h come--= example1 = ,greek hi/ory to />t f p]iods long ant]ior to ! suppos$ or traditional date ( ! w>s ar\nd ! wall ( ,troy4 ,b :5 x does s1 x w h done s by m ?or\ghly ransack+ ! ,greece ( to-day3 & s disclos+ ! secrets ( :at is t]m$ pre-hi/oric ,greece4 ,!n1 conv]sely1 :5 mod]n digg+s on ,greek soil reveal ! features ( an e>li] ?an :at 0 ere:ile to old] hi/orians its e>lie/ pa/1 ! recon/ruction ( t e>ly p's life reflects a new light on ! directions & ! limitations ( its subsequ5t civilisation4 ,we see bett] into ! reality ( ,hom]1 & ev5 ( ,demo/h5es--into _! ideal glory & _! hi/orical limitations1 :5 we explore ! cradle 9 :i* _! race's life 0 er/ fo/]$1 & ! rock out ( :i* !y & nature hew$ !m4 ,& ?is is no peculi>ity ( ,greece4 ,! deepe/ rese>* into ! social in/itutions :i* control ! ,engl& ( to-day is ! be/ propa$eutic = ! /udy ( ,anglo-,saxon times2 & ! same is true vice v]sa4 ,nor1 aga91 is ! tru? ( ! proposition conf9$ to :at we ord9>ily mean by hi/ory4 ,! ,greek poet has said ',art _h to wait on & welcome *ance1 & *ance to wait on ,art'3 or z we may p>aphrase x1 if e inv5tion & discov]y is 9 a measure a lucky *ance1 x is a luck t only falls to ! wisely prep>$ head & h&4 ,! casual ev5t falls z a g]m ( new con/ruction or !ory only on an intellig5ce ready to welcome x1--prep>$ ) its complem5t 9 ! _s ( an idea1 eag] to take %ape4 ,! means aga91 9 ! arts & crafts1 is n only a means to some?+ else2 x is also a means to its own end1 to realise or p]fect itself4 ,! rude tool ( ! savage1 = in/ance1 is n m]ely a means to supply 8 wants3 x is also a means t[>ds complet+ & improv+ itself1 & t[>ds p]fect+ itself by con/ruct+ an ampl] tool1 :i* sup]s$es x1 because x c d all & m ?an all ! "w ( ! e>li]1 or c d x m economically4 ,all progress t des]ves ! "n is an incessant & cont9u\s revision ( a fir/ /ep3 a re-adaptation ( an old in/rum5t3 a repeat$ & un5d+ self-correction4 ,x is only a p>tially-true symbol ( human advance to speak ( x z a l9e3 unless we add1 by ano!r piece ( symbolism1 t ! l9e is only ! protract$ or ext5d$ phase 9 :i* ! =m ( "t drags out = u ! magnifi$ & organis$ po9t-nucleus4 ,x is a tru?--:i* we are only too ready to =get or disc\nt--t ! savage 7& he be>s ) ju/ice bo? epi!ts1 '! noble savage1' & '! brute b>b>ian'7 is n some?+ left happily beh9d u1 9 ! onw>d m>* ( civilisation2 b t he is1 h[ev] mu* we may fancy him suppress$ & sup]s$$1 /ill pres5t1 at lea/ 'ideally' 9 ! f9e/ products ( humanity1 & may hap only too likely--z ! ,russian is said1 :5 scrat*$1 to betray 8 orig9al ,t>t> bre$--to bur/ put on provocation into a grim reality4 ,! ,pullman c> ( to-day reta9s )9 x = ! ar*aeologically-tra9$ eye ! rudim5ts ( ! primitive wa9 ( ! primitive nomade3 & ! c>eful /udy ( ei!r end ( ! scale w n m]ely ?r[ a m>vell\s light on ! excell5cies or ! defects ( ! o!r1 b w probably also t5d 9 ! imp>tial obs]v] to mod]ate ! self-gratulations ( mod]n advance4 ,= x is only ^? ^: view ranges )9 n>r[ limits t are ov]-impress$ by ! magnitude ( ! advance made 9 ! 'la/ new ?+4' ,if progress 7 b ! addition ( bit to bit1 ( new bits to :at is already !re1 or if we c\ld *ange ?is1 & leave t un*ang$1--z ! ^w p]haps v]bally means1 & z _m p at any rate seem to und]/& x1 progress might inde$ seem an easy ?+1 & to be und]tak5 ) a light he>t4 ,=1 x w\ld appe> z if we c\ld lose no?+1 & might probably 7inde$1 z en?usiasm & =getfulness ( ! m]its ( ! pa/ are 9 c]ta9 p]iods ready to urge1 mu/ c]ta9ly7 ga94 ,b x is a m s]i\s matt] :5 we realise t we mu/ move altoge!r1 if we really are to move at all2 i4 e4 really are to make progress1 & n m]ely *ange1 s to speak1 f "o foot to re/ on ano!r4 ,= progress1--if x be :at x is expect$ to be1 & :at x mu/ be if x does :at x is expect$ to d--is an organic1 & n m]ely a me*anical or *emical *ange4 ,a me*anical *ange is only a nom9al or =mal *ange3 a *emical is m ?an *ange2 b 9 organic *ange1 t :i* *anges also abides1 & ! new is n m]ely o!r ?an ! old1 & n m]ely a re-arrangem5t ( ! old1 b ! old transmut$1--! same yet n ! m]e same#h4 ,progress 9 %ort is always ! unity ( diff]5tiation & integration4 ,x mu/ n be an ext]nality1 nor a m]e dead product ( a trans=mation sc5e1 b a cont9u\s gr[?1 inw>dly dige/$1 made "p & p>cel ( ! collective life1 :i* x has !reby r5d]$ m full1 real1 & n m]ely made less int5se at ! co/ ( "s ext5sion4 ,9 true progress1 :i* is only ano!r "n = true gr[?1 no?+ is q lo/1 b only *ang$1 reta9$ 9 a ri*] %ape & a full] reality4 ,h[ f> su* progress is possible1 except 9 limit$ & f9ite sph]es3 h[ f> progress 9 "o involves necess>ily det]ioration 9 ano!r & h[1 !re=e1 progress is n attributable to ! ,absolute1 are que/ions we ne$ n "h discuss4 ,b s f> at lea/ we may g z to say t a progress :i* does n foll[ ! natural law ( developm5t & c>ry on into ! future ! wor? & sub/ance ( ! pa/1 is n a progress :i* any g5]al en?usiasm ought to be sp5t ^u4 ,developm5t !n has two faces1 "o to ! future & ano!r to ! pa/4 ,& :at is call$ ! hi/orical me?od is apt to emphasise only "o ( ! two aspects1 j z1 x may be add$1 practical consid]ations are (t5 likely to produce an opposite b equally p>tial bias 9 fav\r ( ! future4 ,! hi/orical me?od 9 incapable h&s is liable to lead to unpr(itable sighs1--n unaccompani$ by a c]ta9 luxury ( te>s--ov] ! l[ly hole ( ! pit--x may ev5 be ! fil? & bruti%ness1 out ( :i* s mu* ( noble humanity 7= ?i!r ! int]e/ ( developm5t always rev]ts7 has be5 dug2 & 9 empty heads ! practical1 ! vulg>ly-utilit>ian satisfaction is liable to equally va9 fits ( self-applause on our magnific5t progress4 ,b bo? ! self-depreciation ( him :o loit]s regretfully r\nd ! begg>ly rudim5ts1 & ! self-laudation ( glori\s 'improvem5ts' look+ d]isively on less glori\s days1 are unwor?y ( ! reasonable & sci5tific _s4 ,! philosophical me?od does n all[ itself to be impos$ ^u by ! lapse ( "t1 & insi/s t 9 a s5se ! pa/ conta9$ ! pres5t--t1 z ! poet says1 ! *ild is fa!r ( ! man4 ,n inde$ conta9$ 9 any gross] or m delicate me*anical way4 ,! com+ developm5t does n necess>ily lie prefigur$--if we _h ! prop] microscope to see x--z a g]m 9 ! fir/ & orig9al /ate4 ,t may be1 or may n be4 ,yet prefigur$ x is by ! law ( its /ructure1 or 9 ! intelligible unity by :i* only c its exi/5ce be und]/ood & con/ru$4 ,b if ?is be ! me?od ( real developm5t1 9 ! gr[? ( nature1 & ! progress ( hi/ory1 x is also ! me?od ( t supreme product ( hi/orical progress1 ! _s & sy/em ( philosophy4 ,?\ght1 also1 ! culm9at+ /age 9 :i* ! _s ( man becomes consci\s ( itself & ( its univ]se1 w move or gr[ on ! same l9es z t ( :i* x is ! compreh5sion & !ory4 ,x w beg9 at ! two ends1 & ea* beg9n+ w complete & presuppose ! o!r4 ,nature w suppose & yet lead up to ,_s or ,m9d3 ,_s or ,m9d w ?r[ light on ! my/]y ( ,nature3 ,be+ w po9t to k or ,idea2 & ,idea %[ itself ! basis ( ,be+4 ,or1 if we consid] ! triple division ( ! philosophic sy/em1 z x runs 9 ,hegel's ,encyclopa$ia1 we c see h[ mislead+ x may be to take t "o ord] z absolute4 ,to und]/& x ?or\ghly we mu/ beg9 ) ea* ( ! ?ree 9 turn3 s z ?us to realise t ea* does n except figuratively succe$ ! o!r1 b t 9 ea* an aspect ( ! :ole tru? is pres5t$ :i* _h be5 put by ! o!r p>ts some:at 9 ! backgr\nd4 ,9 ea* "p !re is a def9ition & a revelation ( ! ,absolute4 ,b ea* is also1 z x 71 a projection1 a p]spective view1 a cond5s$ or exp&$ image ( ! o!r4 ,9 ea* ! ,absolute is "o & :ole1 9 "s m veil$1 m re/rict$1 & m meagre ?an 9 o!rs2 b ! veil1 & ! re/riction1 & ! empty+1 are self-impos$3 & = t reason ! veil is really transp>5t1 ! re/riction is negativ$1 & ! empty+ is n only a self-humiliat+ b a self-ennobl+ irony--! irony ( ! ,absolute4 ,footnote #a3 ,( c\rse ! t]m 'equilibrium' may be us$ loosely to mean a great deal m ?an ?is1--h[ mu* w dep5d on ! context4 ,^! quasi-ma!matical analyses h great fasc9ation3 _! app>5t simplicity imposes ^u u4 ,footnote #b3 ,! di/9ction1 x w be obs]v$1 lies betwe5 ! me?od ( ma!matical physics & t ( physics :i* has le>n$ some?+ f ! rese>*es ( electricity or *emi/ry4 ,if ! me?od or pr9ciples ( *emi/ry are ?us said to be r$uc$ to ^? ( physics1 ?is is because ! conceptions ( physics h be5 revolutionis$ f ! side ( *emi/ry1 c41 & ev5 ( biology4 ,?is t5d5cy ( mod]n sci5ce is precisely 9 ! l9e indicat$ by ,s*ell+ & ,hegel4 ,footnote #c3 ,problems ( ,life & ,m9d1 iii4 p4 #eh4 ,footnote #d3 ,e?4 vii4 #g 3 #f4 #f 4 ,footnote #e3 ,/ati/ics only def9e--& prim>ily = ! imag9ation--! g5]al laws & pr9ciples on :i* !y re/4 ,! cle>-cut ma!matical =m /rikes & 'cat*es on1' :]e a m univ]sal /atem5t s\nds vague & glides (f4 ,h5ce1 z "o says1 !y may prove any?+4 ,! fact is1 !y prove no?+4 ,!y only illu/rate 9 diagrammatic =m ! !ory :i* presid$ at _! collection4 ,to emphasise ! fundam5tal nature ( e?ics = human developm5t y ne$ only say t conduct is ?ree-f\r?s or 7z to "s m9ds ! precision rises ) ! d5om9ator ( ! fraction #ag_/bj7 ( human life4 ,footnote #f3 ,! resolute mis9t]pretation--z x (t5 seems--( ! maxim t l is kn[n by l1--is a curi\s *apt] 9 ! hi/ory ( ,logic4 ,all k is bas$ ^u1--or1 to speak m simply1 is--! id5tity ( diff]5ts3 ( diff]5ts1 :i* 9 k are id5tifi$1--( id5tity :i* 9 k is put "u diff]5ce4 ,& yet ! ord9>y mean+less talk on ?is matt] seems to assimilate kn[] & kn[n to two sep>ate ?+s 7or p]sons71 :o casually &1 we may add1 inexplicably "k ea* o!r3 :i* is my?ology1 p]haps1 b n epi/emology4 ,footnote #g3 ,bacon3 ',9 ,praise ( ,k' 7a m]e leaflet ( mu* significance t[>ds e/imat+ 8 true gr&eur74 ,on ! ,conjugium ( ,m5s & ,univ]sus see ,novum ,organum1 di/rib4 op4 ,footnote #h3 ,! said m]e same is n really ! same at all4 ,nobody 9 8 s5ses pr$icates sam5ess except :]e he also sees diff]5ces3 or1 ! t]m always implies relation4 ,,*apt] ,,xviii4 ,,! ,,range ,,( ,,p]sonality4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ! conceptions ( reality held by ,ari/otle & ,plato respectively is t :]e ,plato said ,be+1 ,ess5ce or ,sub/ance 771 ,ari/otle said ,activity 774 ,to be is to act1 to be active4 ,to ! outsid]--! pla9 man ( philosophic leg5d1 x seems at fir/ t a ?+ mu/ be be=e x c d3 t y mu/ h an ag5t be=e y get an action4 ,&1 9 a way1 ,ari/otle admits ?is n q satisfactory criticism4 ,e activity presupposes1 he all[s1 a p[] to act1 a pot5tiality3 e actual presupposes an implicit or a m]e possibility4 ,exi/5ce seems1 z x 71 to be d\bl$2 or ! m]e surface-be+ is turn$ into a subject :i* has a pr$icate4 ,b if ! exi/5ce is to be real1 x has to include bo? elem5ts1 & ) ! latt] or ! actuality1 z its cr[n4 ,nor is ?is all4 ,! possibility :i* issues =? 9 action may be fairly call$ self-realisation4 ,t is to say3 ,a--! hypo!tical ag5t--acts1 does some?+3 & 9 s do+1 seems to g =? & beyond itself1 to ext]nalise itself4 ,or1 ,a is act$ ^u1 & ?us seems to be dim9i%$4 ,b :at x ext]nalises1 or puts =?1 is aft] all :at x is3 x puts =? itself3 &1 on ! o!r h&1 if x be a pati5t1 x is no less an ag5t & self-limitative4 ,:at a ?+ really is1 is :at x makes itself be3 :at x all[s itself to be made1 t x really is4 ,yet fur!r1 if ! ^w self-realisation be tak5 9 its fullness ( mean+1--if !re be really a self1 & x be realis$1 !n ?is self-realisation1 :i* is ! tru? or m develop$ conception ( be+1 seems to imply or po/ulate 9 x a self-consci\sness1 an aw>5ess ( ! process ( complet$ be+1--complet$ 9 its return f utt]ance ( possibility to self-fruition or 9 its re-assumption ( itself4 ,to u1 ( c\rse1 z be+s aw>e ( :at we d & a*ieve1 ?is is simple en\gh3 b x is also true ( ?+s1 t we only und]/& !m1 9 s f> z we put !m 91 or inve/ !m )1 ! same activity & app]ception ( activity z we are famili> ) 9 our own exp]i5ce4 ,! v]ie/ mat]iali/ _c help speak+ ( ?+s z ag5ts1 z behav+1 z hav+ a function4 ,he w\ld1 no d\bt1 if he 7 to be cross-exam9$1 refuse to id5tify himself ) ! primitive an?ropomorphism1 or at lea/ zomorphism ( ! natural man :o sees ! riv] run & ! cl\ds sweep ! sky2 & he w\ld probably mutt] some?+ ref]r+ to p :o _c see :5 !y ride a metaphor to dea?4 ,/ill less1 p]haps1 w\ld he be incl9$ to adopt ! spirituali/ic or animi/ic hypo!sis ( philosophis+ physici/s1 l ,fe*n]1 :o w\ld accr$it ev5 ! plants at our feet1 & ! />s 9 ! sky1 ) s\ls1 or s\l-l c5tres ( _! life4 ,b1 h[ev] he may %r9k f :at we may call ! ontological consequ5ces ( 8 language1 !re is no d\bt t = him ! mean+ ( ! _w1 its reality & tru?1 is obta9$ by an int]pretation 9 t]ms :i*1 rigidly employ$1 imply _! environm5t by a self-consci\sness to :i* !y are relative4 ,take f him ! tacit assumption 7:i* he (t5 f9ds x difficult to realise j because x is ! f\ndation ( all 8 language7 t reality is 9 ! la/ resort a self-consci\s reality1 & 8 words become mean+less1 or :at he might ?9k worse1 metaphorical4 ,to ,bacon1 :o1 ?\gh n )\t a /rong speculative impulse1 approa*$ philosophic dicta f ! /&po9t ( an av]age intellig5t ,engli%man 7& x is on t acc\nt t 8 rem>ks are (t5 s in/ructive71 x seem$ a grave fault ( ! ,/agirite to def9e ! s\l1 t 'mo/ noble sub/ance1' by words ( ! second int5tion4 ,)\t sub/ance--a solid some?+ z basis ( act & ev5t--! reality ( ! s\l seem$ likely to f>e badly4 ,beh9d consci\sness he1 l _m o!rs1 felt !re mu/ be a some?+ ( :i* consci\sness is ! /ate1 act1 or pr$icate & attribute4 ,! ?9k+ mu/ come f a ?9k]4 ,!re mu/ be a p]man5t subject ( ?\ght--a p]si/5t sub/ance :i* does n disappe> :5 ?9k+ = ! nonce /ops4 ,& ?9k+ is accord+ to common exp]i5ce v liable to /ops & int]ruptions4 ,bo? ,bacon & ,locke felt t )\t ?is refuge to fall back ^u1 p]sonal id5tity 0 9 a bad way1 or p]sonality itself little bett] ?an a delusion4 ,& !re=e :5 ,ari/otle1 & 8 mod]n foll[]s1 treat$ s\l & m9d z ess5tially def9able by ! t]ms activity1 self-realisation1 x has be5 freely urg$ aga9/ !m t !y are tamp]+ ) ! pe>l ( great price :i* all our hopes & aspirations fondly gu>d4 ,& ?is is a subject on :i* !re is inevitably a good deal ( misund]/&+4 ,& ! misund]/&+ w probably la/ s long z "o set ( writ]s flaunts ov] x t bless$ ^w ,p]sonality z a holy1 a sacrosanct ?+1 l ! vision>y cross ) its inscription ,9 hoc signo v9ces3 & z ano!r set treats x z a m]e feti%1 "u :i* is hidd5 no?+ bett] ?an /ock or /one1 or a heap ( old bones4 ,p]haps "s concessions might well be made on bo? sides4 ,& ! fir/ ( !m w\ld be to try to come to "s cle>] und]/&+ :at ! t]m 9 "q means4 ,&1 on t po9t1 if we foll[ ! example ( ,ari/otle & exam9e popul> usage1 to see if x c help u to any consi/5t use ( ! t]m1 we %all f9d t by p]sonal z oppos$ to real we mean some?+ peculi>ly atta*$ to ! individual1 ( :i* he _c dive/ himself z ( o!r outw>d ?+s1 ?\gh x also is an outw>d ?+#a ,! p]son 9 ?is n>r[e/ s5se means ! body2 & if ! epi!t is fur!r ext5d$ x /ill expresses :at is directly manipulat$ ?r\gh ! memb]s ( ! liv+ ag5t1 & is m or less closely atta*$ to x4 ,yet if x means ! body1 we mu/ be c>eful to add t x is ! body1 reg>d$ n z su* b z ! repres5tative1 ! outw>d manife/ation1 ! insep>able sign or symbol ( a _s1 an intellig5ce & a w4 ,! p]son is ! visible or tangible ph5om5on ( some?+ inw>d1--! phase or function by :i* an individual ag5t takes 8 place 9 ! common _w ( human int]c\rse & int]action--8 peculi> & def9ite "p 9 ! g5]al or univ]sal _w & field4 ,p]sonality ?us m+les or unifies 9 x an univ]sal & an individual aspect or elem5t3 x h9ts t ! univ]sal "w always has 9 reality an individually-det]m9ate tone1--t no?+ 9 ! _w1 ev5 if x be call$ ! same1 is really & actively ! same4 ,si duo idem faciunt1 non e/ idem quod faciunt4 ,?us1 :at sep>ates p]sonality f individuality is simply t 9 ! n>r[] or ab/ract] use ( ! latt] t]m !re is an abs5ce ( ! due subord9ation ( all individuality to univ]sality1 & ( all univ]sality to individuality4 ,p]sonality1 9 %ort1 is an individuality :i* is n a m]e freak1 n m]ely diff]5t f o!r ?+s1 b also 9 itself *>g$ ) a univ]sal mean+ or function4 ,yet ev5 ?is is n en\gh to describe x4 ,x is ! individuality ( an intellig5ce3 ! fle% & blood1 &1 9 a second>y degree1 ! outw>d ?+s1 /amp$ ) intellig5ce4 ,e memb] ( a k9d1 e natural exi/5ce1 has ?is d\ble "*2 ?is conv]g5ce or union ( univ]sal & individual4 ,9 be+ ?is individual object1 x is at ! same "t a univ]sal1 & vice v]sa4 ,b 9 ! attribution ( p]sonality !re is involv$ some?+ beyond :at is common to all creatures4 ,& t some?+1 we may fir/ ( all say1 is ?is4 ,:]eas 9 ! case ( o!r ?+s ! individuality is di/9ctly subord9ate1 & ea* is reckon$ prim>ily by its k9d1 9 ! case ( p]sons we c almo/ decl>e t ! univ]sality is subord9ate to ! individuality4 ,?is union ( individuality & univ]sality 9 a s+le manife/ation1 ) ! implication t ! individuality is ! ess5tial & p]man5t elem5t to :i* ! univ]sality is almo/ 9 ! nature ( an accid5t1 is :at =ms ! c>d9al po9t 9 ,p]sonality4 ,& "o c und]/&1 :5 ! di/9ction is ?us put1 ! obvi\s & palpable antagonism 9 :i* ! view /&s to ! c5tral pr9ciples ( ,sp9oza#b ,we speak ( a man z a ,p]sonality :5 we wi% to note ! fact t he is no m]e manufactur$ article1 ! repres5tative ( a common type1 ) no?+ to *oose betwe5 him & a ?\s& o!rs1 b t he is1 z x 71 "o ( a ?\s&1 "o ',:om nature pr9t$ & !n broke ! type1' t he has 9 ! highe/ s5se 'di/9ction1' ! nobility ( nature's own pat5t4 ,o!r ?+s exi/1 s to speak1 = ! sake ( _! k9d1 & = ! sake ( o!r ?+s2 a p]son1 9 ! /ricte/ s5se1 is nev] a m]e means to some?+ beyond1 b always at ! same "t an end 9 itself or himself4 ,o!r ?+s are m]e examples 9 illu/ration ( a law t rides sup]ior to !m & ov]rules !m3 ! p]son is a law unto himself4 ,he has ! royal & div9e "r ( creat+ law--( />t+ by 8 exception a new law :i* %all h5ce=? be a canon & a /&>d4 ,= 9 su* a p]sonality :5 he claims 8 full rights !re is ! visible imman5ce ( ! div9e & univ]sal--or !re is ! visible unity ( ! et]nal & ! temporal4 ,he rules z ! natural k+1 ! great rul] ^: judgm5t & au?ority are bett] ?an ! complex code ( common laws3 he guides z ! arti/ic g5ius :o sees tru? /eadily 9 a s+le intuition & 9 t s+le picture sees x :ole#c4 ,b :5 we ask if su* a p]sonality is f\nd 9 ! field ( actual exp]i5ce & hi/ory1 !re arises a div]g5ce ( op9ions4 ,x is at any rate matt] ( common exp]i5ce t !re is a good deal ( unju/ifi$ id5tification ( ! self ) ! univ]sal--id5tification 9 :i* ! univ]sal suff]s viol5ce & is tak5 by =ce4 ,!re are only too (t5 cases :]e ! p]sonal int]e/ is all[$ to disguise itself "u a semblance ( zeal = ! common good1 & t ev5 )\t consci\s int5t or act ( deception4 ,no good & noble de$1 ,hegel has said1 c ev] be done )\t fai? 9 its goodness1 & zeal = its atta9m5t3 )\t a holy passion & f]v\r ( devotion1 :i* exce$s ! cold s]vice ( duty r5d]$ = duty's sake#d4 ,b x is equally true & equally to be rememb]$ t ?is int]f]5ce ( p]sonal passion & dis9t]e/$ int]e/ has defac$ ! noble/ causes & made fl[ endless torr5ts ( fanaticism & p]secution4 ,a p]sonality 9 :i* ! univ]sal 0 p]fectly inc>nat$ 9 ! individual w\ld be 9 tru? a ,god among/ m54 ,& x is probably a m likely occurr5ce t :]e ! individual z su* arrogates to himself ! privilege ( ! univ]sal1 !re %\ld be se5 n ! de$s ( ! god1 b ! ebullitions ( ! bea/ t is 9 man4 ,a p]sonality1 !n1 9 popul> language1 & p]haps also 9 popul> philosophy1 is ! liv+ & consci\s individual 9 :om g5]al =ces1 tru?s1 or ideas become real1 active1 effici5t =ces1 tru?s1 & ideas4 ,& ! importance ( ! conception resides 9 ! safegu>d ?us suppos$ to arise1 :i* w prev5t ! realities ( ! _w f be+ dissipat$ away into ! endless & re/less flux ( ! t]ms ( ?\ght1 ',la buf]a inf]nal *e mai non re/a4' ,to su* a common frame ( m9d ideas1 tru?s1 =ces are vacant1 gho/ly =ms1 devoid ( true life & reality3 to get su* !y ne$ blood & fle% to clo! !m1 to give !m sub/ance & p[]4 ,n[ ,hegel1 no less ?an ^? :o (f] ?is criticism1 reg>ds ideas 79 ! ord9>y s5se ( t t]m71 tru?s & =ces1 also z ab/ractions :i* ne$ some?+ to make !m p[]s 9 ! real _w ( nature & ! ideal _w ( m9d4 ,hegel1 l ,s*ell+1 has a sublime contempt = m]e univ]sals4 ,b z to ! some?+ else1 !re is a div]g5ce ( view4 ,two well-kn[n answ]s are giv5 by ! popul> philosophy kn[n z mat]ialism or spiritualism3 two sy/ems :i* are probably n s wide ap>t z ! contra/ ( _! names might imply4 ,accord+ to ! =m]1 ?9k+1 ideas1 tru?s1 goodness & beauty are special functions 7! gross] mat]iali/s say secretions7 ( a special k9d ( matt]--( some?+ :i* is accessible to ord9>y me*anical & *emical te/s1 b :i* exhibits also1 9 c]ta9 cases1 ! exceptional ph5om5a ( consci\sness4 ,"h ! ess5tial reality is a some?+1 p]man5t & ess5tially inde/ructible1--some?+ :i* no man has se51 nor inde$ c see1--b :i* is call$ ,matt]4 ,! spirituali/ic philosoph] 7z di/+ui%$ f ! ideali/7 reg>ds z ! ess5tial realities 9 ! univ]se :at he calls spirits4 ,:at ^! are1 also1 nobody has z yet 7any m ?an 9 ,kant's "t#e7 giv5 any v au?oritative acc\nt1 b s f> z ! quasi-sci5tific expositions 9 reg>d to !m ?r[ any g5]al light on ! subject1 we may say t !y sugge/ only a diff]5tly-con/itut$ matt]1 a matt] e4 g4 ( less or m dim5sions ?an t we are mo/ famili> )4 ,n[ ! advocate ( spiritual reality1 :o prote/s mo/ /rongly aga9/ ! injury done to p]sonality by r$uc+ x to some?+ fluid & n fix$1 some?+ 9 process & n 9 p]si/5t sub/ance1 seems mo/ly to lean to a quasi-spirituali/ic hypo!sis1 or to !--s-call$--high] mat]ialism4 ,he is an advocate ( :at we may describe z ! s\l-?+1 ( a p]man5t1 7he w\ld ev5 hold1 an absolutely p]man5t7 sub/ance or sub/ratum ( psy*ical reality :i*1 no d\bt1 exhibits c]ta9 prop]ties1 b is always m ?an any "o1 or any m]e s]ies ( its ph5om5a4 ,x has be5 said1 inde$1 by "o :o spoke ) au?ority t he t w save 8 s\l %all lose x1 & he t w lose x %all f9d x4 ,b ?is has always be5 a h>d say+1 :i* has be5 z f> z possible expla9$ away by exegesis4 ,yet its moral import is n s v f> remov$ f its philosophical equival5t4 ,! true life is n t ( self-seek+ pleasure1 b ! life sp5t 9 ! s]vice ( tru? & love1 ! life d$icat$ to imp]sonal int]e/s1 & ideal good4 ,s also ! reality ( ! human s\l z we fir/ "k x lies n 9 itself1 b 9 its transfiguration1 its purification1 & lib]ation to high] =ms ( be+4 ,! ,s\l1 9 its fir/ avat> 9 ea* ( u1 is aft] all ( ! e>?1 e>?y1 unless x cont9ue on t pa? ( gr[? & developm5t on :i* x has ent]$4 ,x is z ,ari/otle said1 & said well1 ! fir/ actualisation#f--! proximate ideality ( an organic body4 ,9 s\l organic body c>ries out its promise3 9 s\l we1 ! obs]v]s1 or untra9$ psy*ologi/s1 note our fir/ aw>5ess ( m5tal life 9 its organic environm5t4 ,b !re are o!r grades1 o!r heights ( a*ievem5t1 yet set be=e ! pr9ciple ( life1 :i* is m ?an m]e life & m]e s\l3 or s\l conta9s a g]m :i* mu/ be> high] fruit4 ,to be itself1 or to become all t x 9 promise & pot5cy conta9s1 x mu/ dispossess itself ( :at cl+s to x & possess itself ( :at is its own2 & s transmute its fir/ phase into "o m adequate4 ,! s\l is1 z ,hegel has said1 ! awak5+ ( m9d f ! sleep ( nature#g3 x is nature ga!r+ itself out ( its absorption 9 its disp]sion1 ! brea? ( life & feel+ /riv+ ?r\gh ! scatt]$ memb]s ( ! mat]ial _w1 & f9d+ itself at fir/ half-asleep1 a p]vad+1 unify+ curr5t t fl[s ?r\gh & makes cont9u\s ! v>i\s portions ( ! univ]se4 ,x is ! e>lie/ real1 felt unity 9 :i* ! logical or syn!tic pulse--z yet purely pot5tial 9 ,nature1 & only surmis$ by sci5ce--re-appe>s 9 ! actual concrete _w4 ,& z ! e>lie/1 x is1 l fir/ loves1 :at "o cl+s to h>de/ z our prime & fundam5tal diff]5tia4 ,"h at lea/ we are some?+--a c5tre ( be+1 & n a m]e c5treless expanse ( ext5sion3 some?+ em]g+ f ! _w ( sil5ce & ( night--some?+ 9 :i* ea* feels ',i am n :at ,i see1 ,& o!r ?an ! ?+s ,i t\*4' ,& t some?+ we w\ld n lose1 at any co/4--,b ! only way n to lose x1 is to use x z a /epp+-/one to high] ?+s4 ,! metaphor1 inde$1 l metaphors 9 g5]al1 mu/ n be press$ too f>4 ,= x is m ?an a /epp+-/one & x is nev] left beh9d z a m]e dead self3 !re is ',no?+ ( x t do? fade ,b do? suff] a sea-*ange ,into some?+ ri* & /range4' ,& t ri*] result into :i* x is trans=m$ is ! consci\sness ( a self1 & ! intellig5ce :i* wills & kn[s4 ,if x be ask$ 9 :at respects ! result is ri*]1 ! answ] is z foll[s4 ,! s\l1--?is 'fir/ entele*y--is exclusive1 & x is imm]s$ 9 its natural limits ( organic life4 ,x has yet to g ?r\gh ! s*ool ( self-deta*m5t1 ! process ( 'erect+ itself above itself'2 & ( ?us ext5d+ its view & its range ( control ov] a wid] field ( objects4 ,gradually x atta9s to ! rank ( a consci\sness be=e :i* is unroll$ ! spectacle ( a _w ( objects set ov] aga9/ x1 & ev5 ( a _w )9 x2 itself z an object depos$ to ! rank ( some?+ to be survey$4 ,z su*1 x seems almo/ to h left all imm]sion 9 corporeity completely beh9d1 & to h completely dive/$ itself ( any limitation4 ,x floats freely above ! real psy*ical life out ( :i* x em]g$--a deta*$ b some:at %ad[y self1 n burd5$ by any re/rictions ( nature or circum/ance4 ,z su* a m]e ,ego1 or logical self--z ! m]e !atre on :i* ! play ( ideas takes place1 x surveys its real psy*ical self f> bel[2 x f9ds itself z a /range sort ( ?+1 & says ,?is 0 me 7:i* h[ev] is n exactly ! same z ,i am ,i1 ,i ,i74 ,yet x 0 a great /ep to h ?us ceas$ to be absorb$ 9 its qualities1 to be ! m]e brea? ( life & feel+1 /irr+ 9 its sev]al affections & modifications4 ,9 ord] to get =w>d1 x 0 necess>y to recoil a little3 to save itself--& t mu/ mean to get itself 9 full] & ri*] be+--! m9d _h1 z x 71 to measure & realise ! full dep? ( its non5tity1 & to surr5d] all t x _h hi!rto clung to z its own4 ,9 an attitude ( reflection ^u itself x fancies t x is ! empty room1 ! tabula rasa1 on :i* exp]i5ce is to write itself3 b 9 its secret he>t x reta9s ! fai? & acts ^u x1 t x is ! p[] ( intellig5t & intelligible unity :i* makes ! writ+ intelligible1 if x does n ev5 itself play ! writ]4 ,:at x n[ seems to f9d--:at fills up its consci\sness1 presum$ empty & m]ely receptive1--x gradually recognises to be its v & orig9al own4 ,?r\gh lab\r & exp]im5t x fills up ! vacant =m 7! passive half ( itself to :i* x depos$ itself7 ( consci\sness2 & ?us1 z an intellig5t self1 a true m9d1 x has = itself & realises z 9 itself all ! life & reality :i* 9 its e>li] /age ( s\l x only 0 & felt itself naturally to be4 ,b on ?is /age ( free intellig5ce x is no long] b\nd up ) its natural be+ 9 su* a way z to feel itself a fix$ & re/rict$ c5tre1 sunk 9 ! liv+ environm5t s z to see no fur!r1 & to deem itself 9 its seclusion ! p]man5t reality1 ! exclusive fact4 ,x is no long] exclusive & self-conc5trat$1 b inclusive & all-embrac+4 ,x is no long] a m]e consci\sness--a m]e receptive & syn!tic unity ( app]ception--b a reason & a m9d4 ,& a reason & a m9d already refuse to be n>r[$ & conf9$ by ! same limits z seem appropriate to ! s\l4 ,9 ! prov9ce ( free self-realis$ intellig5ce we at lea/ seem to occupy a gr\nd on :i* o!rs c equally come1--to h no?+ peculi> or m]ely individual4 ,9 ,k1 :i* is reason$ p]ception1 & 9 ,w1 :i* is reason$ impulse1 !re is a k+'s highway1 a public =um1 :]e s\ls meet & conv]se & p]=m a collective "w2--& 9 bo? m]e1 i4 e4 ess5tially re/rict$1 individuality is at a disc\nt#h4 ,su* w\ld be ! c\rse ( developm5t if we look$ at x only 9 ! inw>dness or subjectivity ( psy*ical1 consci\s1 & intellig5t life4 ,b an analog\s or p>allel developm5t may be obs]v$ if we look at man z an active1 i4 e4 a practical & moral be+1 a be+ :o makes ,nature 8 own1 /amps x ) 8 title ( possession1 & :o gives to 8 fell[%ip ) o!r s\ls an objective1 outw>d exi/5ce 9 ! =ms & in/itutions ( social life4 ,"h too 8 fir/ a*ievem5t is ! affirmation ( 8 individuality1 ! di/9ction 9 outw>d & tangible %ape ( ! ,m9e f ! ,?9e3 ! creation ( prop]ty1 & ! projection ( himself 9 a _w ( mutually-recognis$ p]sonalities4 ,z ! individual s\l 9 ! inn] life1 s ! p]sonal be+ ) its prop]ty is ! solid1 insoluble basis ( ! life 9 public--! field ( social e?ics4 ,! same in/9ct1 :i* 9 its dread ( dissolution cl+s to ! p]petuity ( ! inn] nucleus ( s\l1 upholds ! o!r z conta9+ ! /able & et]nal security ( all social well-be+4 ,! immortality ( s\l 9 ! inn] _w3 ! sacro-sanctity ( prop]ty 9 ! out]4 ,b if ^! po/ulates are to be p]mitt$1 if individuality & p]sonality are to abide1 !y mu/1 9 ! "o case z 9 ! o!r1 b[ to ! law ( developm5t1 ! law ( hi/ory & ( life4 ,!y mu/ correct !mselves1 re-adju/ !mselves1--include :at !y exclud$1 & re-comb9e _! elem5ts1 transmute !mselves into :at we h1 aft] ,hegel1 call$ _! tru?3 mu/ r$9tegrate !mselves ) suppress$ correlatives1 & c>ry out _! implications ( l>g] unity4 ,! s\l1 exclusive & fa/-clad 9 its m]e organic ve/m5t1 9 :i* x is z yet only ! "n & =m ( intellectual life1 has fir/ ( all to retract itself into ! b>e ab/ract consci\sness1 or m]e self1 on :i* ! masses ( reality /ream1 to fill its vacant rooms & empty =ms up ) ideas4 ,s too ! p]son--t close concretion or coalesc5ce ( m9d ) mat]ial--t id5tification ( self ) its 'clo!s1' its prop]ty & all x c vulg>ly be said to own1 is only an aspect ( tru? :i* t5ds to be ov]-e/imat$ :5 x is reflect$ ^u1 & mu/ not)/&+ be ov]-ridd5 & m]g$4 ,)draw+ itself f its clo?+ ( e>? & wat]1 & ev5 p]haps f its inn] mansion ( fle% & bone1 p]sonality floats 9 ! free air z ! imp]sonal p]sonality ( consci5ce1--! e!real realm :]e pure practical reason rules4 ,9 t e!r :]e morals reign absolutely is ! home ( ! categorical imp]ative1 ( ! ,/oical law ( duty1 ( ! consci5ce :i*1 "h at lea/1 has might z x has "r4 ,x too1 l its p>allel1 consci\sness1 9 ! inn] m5tal life1 has1 or seems to h1 all its fulfilm5t f )\t4 ,z ev5 ,kant admits1 x is itself a vacant =m2 yet a =m ( su* influ5ce z to impress on :atev] comes )9 its range an obligation to be univ]sal & to be uni=m4 ,"h too1 z 9 ! p>allel /age1 x 0 ( ine/imable importance t m9d %\ld1 9 ! socio-e?ical sph]e1 see itself supreme 9 its inn]mo/ dignity & p]sonality1--! p]sonality :i* lies )91--ev5 ?\gh t supremacy 7 at fir/ no bett] ?an z a law1 a =m1 a category1 recognis$ z au?oritative & imp]ative4 ,= consci5ce1 l ! field ( consci\sness1 is aft] all only a quasi-passive self--a rem>kable prop]ty or end[m5t1 a sort ( innate pr9ciple or idea by :i* ! m9d 0 se5 to be di/+ui%$ 9 a unique way f all ?+s else4 ,to realise once = all ! fact t consci\sness & consci5ce =m an absolute tribunal f :i* !re c be no appeal3 t ! 'syn!tic unity ( app]ception' 9 ! !oretical1 & ! 'autonomy ( ! rational w' 9 ! practical sph]e1 are ! ultimate & f9al a priori3 ?is is a great ?+ to d1--ev5 ?\gh x only exp&s & def9es ! ,c>tesian pr9ciple ( cle> & di/9ct ideas1 & w rema9 z ,kant's title ( hon\r 9 ! hi/ory ( philosophy4 ,he ?us f5c$ (f or consecrat$ ! sanctu>y ( ! m5tal & moral life4 ,b x 0 n en\gh to set ap>t ! sacr$ pr9ciple1 ! c5tral he>?-fire ( tru? & goodness4 ,if at an e>li] /age1--e>li]1 i4e4 9 ?is logical analysis1--! =mal 0 :olly sunk 9 ! mat]ial1 if i4 e4 ! m]e s]ies ( legal =mulae 9 _! h>d & brittle outl9es 7 absolutely id5tifi$--)\t d\bt or hesitation--) ! morally & socially good2 ! =mal side1 or m]e _s & w ( good1 ! ab/ract pr9ciple ( morality1 is n[ inve/$ ) an equally undue prom95ce4 ,! actual or concrete e?ical community--be x family or /ate1 or o!r social organisation--is animat$ & ma9ta9$ by a _s :i* transc5ds & includes alike ! outw>d %ell ( civil law & ! inw>d law ( consci5ce4 ,=1 curi\sly en\gh1 z x may seem at fir/1 bo? consci5ce & civil legislation assume ! =m ( imp]ative & def9ite comm&s--laws political or civil1 & laws moral4 ,bo? fall !re=e into an inflexibility1 a rigor\s & me*anical h>dness 9 _! en\ncem5ts4 ,bo? wor%ip ! "l ( :at m5 call logic1 i4 e4 ( =mal consi/5cy & =mal uni=mity1 to an excess :i* sometimes issues 9 fanta/ic irregul>ities4 ,_! sev]al maxims ( legal con=mity & ( duty = duty's sake are 9 fir/ appe>ance excell5t3 b a fur!r reflection %[s t ! ,law cov]s a good _m inconsi/5t or at lea/ unrelat$ laws )9 its code1 & ,duty is (t5 sadly to seek 9 pres5ce ( ! collisions betwe5 :at (f] !mselves z prima facie duties 9 any giv5 case4 ,! ample/ code ( laws t ev] exi/$ w always leave lots ( loop-holes = neglig5ce & villa9y1 & w\ld nev] "w = an in/ant1 7 x n = ev] supplem5t$ by ! _s ( fai? & love1 by social piety & political loyalty1 by ! ?\s& ties ( s5tim5t & feel+ :i* really vivify its dry bones4 ,s too ! ab/ractions ( ! consci5ti\s imp]ative1 ( ! law ( duty1 ( ! moral tribunal1 ( ! man )9 ! brea/1 & ( ! dignity & beauty ( human nature1 w\ld effect no?+ unless !y c\ld always tacitly c\nt on ! support ( recognis$ & au?oritative social law & usage4 ,outw>d re/s ^u inw>d2 & rules direct feel+s4 ,"h1 aga91 z 9 ! purely intellectual or cognitive sph]e1 x is evid5t t ! _s ( man has its s\rce ( life nei!r 9 its ab/ract self-hood 79 consci\sness & consci5ce7 nor 9 its m]e natural environm5t & organic end[m5t 79 s5se-affections1 & social law & usage71 b 9 ! unity ( bo?1--a unity :i* transc5ds ei!r4 ,bo? individual & society live & gr[1 because !y are cont9u\s & "o3 because !y presuppose an ideal unity or a liv+ ,idea at ! root ( _! be+1 z _! inn] & ess5tial guid+-pr9ciple1 at once con/itutive & regulative ( _! action4 ,! ma*9]y ( language supplies to ! intellectual sph]e a sort ( s5sible meet+-gr\nd & common field 9 :i* ! developm5t ( k becomes possible3 & ! same purpose is subs]v$ 9 ! social sph]e by ! ma*9]y ( e?ical & political =ms & in/itutions4 ,^! are ! field1 ! home ( fre$om1 z ! o!r are ( k4 ,x is 9 ^! collective & objective /ructures t we get ! expression ( ! law ( human developm5t3 ! visible sign1 viz4 ( ! ess5tially univ]sal nature ( ! individual4 ,! individual 9 ^! atta9s 8 relative tru?3 = !y %[ ! weakness ( ! individuality ( ! m]e individual4 ,!y %[ t 8 exclusiv5ess1 8 quasi-orig9ality1 is only an appe>ance3--confront$1 no d\bt1 by an appe>ance ( an opposite "*1 z if ! orig9ality & ! reality lay 9 ! environm5t & ! collective body4 ,!y po9t !re=e beyond & beh9d bo? foci to a common c5tre or inclusive unity ( life4 ,b !y d n de/roy p]sonality & individuality3 !y only trans=m x & made x a m adequate & consi/5t repres5tation ( reality1 by giv+ 9 x a place to factors or 'mom5ts' :i*1 ?\gh always effective1 7 n recognis$ z con/itutive elem5ts1 & treat$ only z ext]nally int]f]+ ag5cies4 ,x may be a "q1 ( c\rse1 h[ f> x is wise to reta9 ! t]m aft] its mean+ has ?us be5 alt]$ by expansion & r$i/ribution ( elem5ts4 ,on ! :ole x seems impracticable--& x w\ld be undesirable1 p]haps1 ev5 if x 7 m feasible--to be too h>d & fa/ 9 our use ( d5otations4 ,x is h>dly ! prov9ce ( philosophy to co9 new t]ms 9 :i* to deposit ! results ( h] rese>*es4 ,a t]m no d\bt--p>ticul>ly if1 z ! phrase runs1 x be luckily discov]$1 or judici\sly select$--may save ! exp5diture ( ?\ght4 ,b x is h>dly ! bus9ess ( philosophy to enc\rage economy 9 ?is direction4 ,mu* m is x ! p]petual task ( philosophy to c\nt]act ! ossification t sets 9 9 t]ms1--to re9t]pret ! mean+ :i* is absorb$ 9 ^! 'c\nt]s ( ?\ght1' & make !m once m /]l+ money = ! m>ket ( life4 ,:at1 = in/ance1 is ! "w ( ,ari/otle's ,e?ics1 b to set free ! g5ii :i* ! black magic ( e-day int]c\rse has inc>c]at$ 9 ! non-significant ,greek t]m 8 ,l our own ,happ9ess1 x flits f lip to lip1 little bett] ?an a m]e "n1 :i* is /ill priz$1 b--except = a few synonyms t are equally vague ) itself--is atta*$ to ?+s :i* a little reflection %[s x _c truly d5ote4 ,ari/otle seeks--we may say--to def9e x4 ,b ! phrase 'def9ition' seems b>ely applicable to ! complex process ?us impli$1--a process ( :i* def9ition1 z ord9>ily und]/ood1 is only "o small portion4 ,= to def9e happ9ess1 is to recon/ruct ! conception4 ,or1 to be m accurate1 x is really to con/ruct x or reproduce 9 consci\sness its con/ruction4 ,z x /&s1 ! ?+ to be def9$ is a "n & a ?+1 ( :i* c]ta9 relations to o!r ?+s soon beg9 to %[ !mselves1 :i* is m or less simil> to "o ?+1 & m or less to be di/+ui%$ f ano!r4 ,to m>k x (f f ^! co-t]m9\s ?+s1 & to %[ h[ !y are relat$ to x on diff]5t sides1--?is w\ld be :at we may p]haps call /rict1 or =mal1 or nom9al1 or m]e def9ition4 ,n[ :atev] be ! o!r uses ( su* def9itions--& !y are s]viceable at ! outgo+ 9 any bran* ( enquiry1--!y are n precisely ! "w we expect a philosoph] to d = u4 ,& assur$ly x is n ,ari/otle :o w\ld /op %ort at t sort ( def9itions4 ,we f9d accord+ly t = ! purpose ( realis+ :at happ9ess--! common "n = human good--means1 he is oblig$ to br+ into ! field ! :ole sy/em ( 8 ?\ght 9 its c>d9al notions ( ,en]gy1 ,s\l1 c4 ,ari/otle "h z else:]e retraces ! pa? ( ?\ght :i* c>ries u f m]e1 vulg>1 inadequately-appreh5d$ happ9ess 7he foll[s ! same process 9 8 treatm5t ( pleasure1 fri5d%ip c4--to take only e?ical examples7 to true1 ess5tial & completely-appreh5d$ happ9ess1--or1 to use ,hegel's te*nical phrases1 f happ9ess z x is an-si* 79 or at itself7 or z x is fr-si* 7= or to itself71 to happ9ess z x is an-und-fr-si*4 ,9 s 'def9+' happ9ess ,ari/otle is ?us oblig$ to br+ 9 8 conceptions ( man & ( society1 ( human life & its p[]s1 ( natural & acquir$ faculty1 ( m9d 9 its relations to nature2 & if n to exp\nd1 at lea/ to employ1 8 fundam5tal categories ( philosophical ?\ght4 ,su* a ma*9]y c h>dly be call$ less ?an a con/ruction1 i4 e4 a re-con/ruction by consci\s ef=t ( ! lat5t b actual concat5ation ( ! elem5ts 9 ! fact4 ,9 ?is case we trav]se ! di/ance :i* sep>ates m]e happ9ess f true happ9ess1 f happ9ess imp]fectly or ab/ractly conceiv$ to happ9ess adequately & concretely conceiv$4 ,( c\rse :5 we say real or true happ9ess1 we use ^! t]ms z !y are us$ )9 ! ord9>y range ( human spee*4 ,an ultimate & absolute 9 tru? & reality is = u at any giv5 "t only a comp>atively or relatively ultimate & absolute4 ,x is t :i*1 s f> z we c see & ?9k 7all philosophis+ presumably goes on "u ?is /ipulation1 tacit or express71 gives an expression1 an int]pretation1 a mean+ & a con/ruction to reality :i* leaves no feature unrecognis$1 no contradiction unsolv$1 no discord unreconcil$1 :i* leaves no?+ outside & ali5 to x1 & suppresses )\t ackn[l$gm5t no?+ t has ev] be5 recognis$ )9 x4 ,x is1 if y l s to call x1 ! complete/1 or 7if y are really 9 e>ne/ ) y\r philosophis+ & h c>ri$ x on to :at = y is ! end7 ! complete =mula ( ! ,absolute--( t :i* 9 a transc5d5t s5se is1 is all1 is ! inf9ite & et]nal "o4 ,yet1 aft] all1 x is a =mula4 ,b "h t undy+ adv]s>y ( all ?\ght /eps 9 & says ,a m]e =mula4 ,& to t we mu/ "h z else:]e rejo93 ,no1 n a m]e =mula4 ,a m]e =mula w\ld be n ev5 a =mula1--a =mula only 9 "n--& ) no reality :i* x s]v$ to =mulate4 ,x is a real & true =mula1 if x be a =mula at all1 & n some?+ :i* m]ely swagg]s ab\t "u t title4 ,nay m1 if x be a true & real =mula1 x is ! tru? & ! reality 9 its day & g5]ation1 until at lea/ a tru] tru? & a m real reality %all h be5 discov]$4 ,let u by all means be mode/3 b !re is a false humility :i* becomes no man & is ! guise ( hypocrisy or ins9c]e s9c]ity4 ,let u--9 o!r words--nev] assume t 'we are ! m51 & t wisdom w die ) u'3 b equally let u hold fa/ ! fai? ( reason t :at we "k z true & real c nev] be false1 i4 e4 utt]ly false1 h[ev] mu* x may turn out "o day to be surm\nt$4 ,&1 on ! o!r h&1 let u equally rememb] t 9 ! m]e & ab/ract comm5cem5t--! unreal & ! untrue1 z we mu/ p]=ce /yle x by contra/ ) ! 7pro tempore7 tru? & reality--!re is no utt] & %e] error or unreality4 ,x has always be5 felt to be "o ( ! mo/ loveable sides ( ,ari/otelianism--?is recognition ( ! reasonabl5ess ( all actual fact1 or ( ! tru? lat5t 9 ! hone/1 ?\gh n>r[ & ill-def9$ judgm5ts ( ! mass4 ,?us1 com+ back to p]sonality1 let u admit t ! m]e p]sonality :i* at fir/ sight seem$ only wor? reject+1 is an elem5t1 at lea/1 9 true p]sonality1--or is a "p :i*1 because an organic memb] & no m]e me*anical "p1 is full ( traces & indications :i* involve & po/ulate ! :ole4 ,! true p]sonality & ! true individuality ( be+ is some?+ :i* presupposes = its complet5ess ! social /ate--! organic community4 ,x is no d\bt famili> to u t1 accord+ to an old b nev] q dormant view1 ! collective community is b ! aggregate or cong]ies ( individuals4 ,b ! individuals ^: aggregation makes ! community are !mselves products ( ! social union4 ,complete1 all-r\nd1 h>moni\s p]sonality1 x is sometimes said1 is ! highe/ fruit to be yield$ by social developm5t4 ,or1 z ! la/ c5tury w\ld h pref]r$ to put x1 ! ma9 or sole aim ( ! ,/ate is fur!rance t[>ds ,humanity--to ! /ature ( ! p]fect man4 ,& ^! are true say+s1--b p]haps only half true4 ,if all mu/ gr[ s t "o & ea* may gr[1 s & n less mu/ ea* "o gr[ s t ! all--! commonweal? ( reason & ! k+dom ( ,god--may be m & m pres5t1 'may come4' ,& t k+dom only comes :5 ,all is 9 ,ea*1 & ,ea* is 9 ,all3 & :51 )\t loss or dim9ution1 ea* is ea* & all is all4 ,!n & n till !n does p]sonality become true & inf9ite1 free & h>moni\s individuality1 :i* is 9 ! same in/ant univ]sality4 ,! monad--to use ! language ( ! great ,ideali/ :o did n f9d individuality at all incompatible ) univ]sality--nev] ceases to be a monad3 x is et]nal & inde/ructible1 an absolute c5tre ( be+4 ,! monad 9 its individual measure 'expresses' or 'envelops' ! ,inf9ite or ,absolute3 x is1 i4 e4 "u a subjective limitation1 id5tical ) ! absolute1 a conc5tration or cond5sation ( x into an imp5etrable1 i4 e4 lit]ally an individual1 po9t1--b a po9t :i* is 9 ! psy*ical or intellectual _w nev] entirely c>5s recordatione1 or oblivi\s ( its ess5tial totality4 ,b if ! monad 'expresses' ! ,absolute1 x no less concords or sympa?ises 9 h>moni\s developm5t ) all its cong5]s1 ! o!r monads3 s t :ile x nei!r int]f]es ) !m1 nor suff]s viol5ce f !m1 x yet exi/s & acts 9 an ideal id5tity1 t is1 9 a real fell[%ip1 ) !m4 ,aga91 ! monad has :at may be call$ its side ( passivity1 b passivity "h does n mean m]e passivity1 b r ! ess5tial limitation due to its special & peculi> /&-po9t--a limitation :i* 9 ! high] ord]s ( be+ becomes transp>5t or is transc5d$4 ,h[ f> ,leibniz succe$s 9 reconcil+ ?is app>5t contradiction--h[ f> ev5 any "o c reveal ! my/ic indwell+ ( univ]sal & individual 9 ea* o!r1 ?is is a s]i\s "q 9 its place3 b x is only b>e ju/ice to ,leibniz to say t he at lea/ nev] fail$ to emphasise bo? aspects ( reality1 & t if "o 'mom5t' is pr$om9ant & fundam5tal 9 8 "w x is n ! monad1 b ! ,monad ( ,monads4 ,if necessity be ! "r ^w to express ! relation ( ! ,univ]sal ,law to ! individual be+ & to affirm t ! individual is n a loose self-support+ unit 7& ,leibniz1 f> f ?9k+ s1 always uses 9 its /ead ! phrase incl9at1 non necessitat#i1 to emphasise ! imman5ce ( law1 or ! autonomy ( e complet$ be+71 !n ,leibniz is n less1 b m necessit>ian ?an ,sp9oza4 ,8 diff]5ce f ,sp9oza1 9 fact1 lies ma9ly1 if n solely1 9 8 cle>] recognition ( ! transc5d5ce1 no less ?an ! imman5ce1 ( ! ,absolute1 :i* ,sp9oza has some:at veil$ "u ! app>5t insignificance ( ! diff]5ce betwe5 natura naturans & natura naturata4 ,yet ! ,monad ( ,monads is no supra-mundane1 or m]ely transc5d5t ,god4 ,b if we fur!r ask :e!r su* p]sonality is atta9able 9 ! _w ( exp]i5ce & describable 9 t]ms ( ?\ght--:e!r !re be any actual & visible ag5t possess$ ( ?is true p]sonality1 z we h agre$ to call x1 we are 9 face ) a high] /age ( ! problem ( p]sonality4 ,& t "q 9 o!r words br+s u back to :]e we began4 ,a true & real p]sonality1 a complete individuality is some?+ :i* s transmutes all t we are mo/ accu/om$ to call by t "n t x is h>dly any use cl++ to x1 unless to prote/ aga9/ ! dang] ( mi/ak+ su* expansion & transmutation to be only a blank negation4 ,yet to cl+ to x too mu* involves a dang] = ! true recognition ( t transc5d5t's univ]sality4 ,all human p]sonality1 all natural individuality is1 z ,lotze has eloqu5tly po9t$ out#aj1 some?+ :i* falls f> %ort ( :at x pr(esses to be4 ,b 9 ! g5]al failure to unite ! univ]sal ) ! p>ticul>1 or ! fact ) ! idea1 !re are degrees2 & we c at lea/ affirm s mu* z ?is t ! true/ individuality & ! mo/ real p]sonality is n t :i* is lea/ p]meat$ by ?\ght1 b t 9 :i* ?\ght has _h ! l>ge/ %>e4 ,individuality is some?+ m ?an a m]e sum ( g5]al qualities2--t is c]ta9ly ! fact2 b x is n less ! fact1 t = u an individuality & p]sonality is m p]fect & true 9 proportion z m g5]al function & univ]sal "* coalesce into h>mony & p[] 9 x4 ,ass]t !n ! initial pres5ce & virtue ( individuality & p]sonality 9 ! human s\l3 b rememb] t x has ?is virtue1 n = :at x is1 b = :at x promises & may reasonably be expect$ to be1 & t1 to realise ! promise1 x has to behave inclusively1 r ?an exclusively1 ga!r up into itself & make its own all cont5t1 r ?an set itself up 9 res]ve & isolation4 ,we h se5 t ! social organisation1 animat$ z x is by ! moral idea1 is r ! ar5a on :i* ! true union ( m9d & matt]1 ( idea & nature1 ( ?\ght & fact may be work$ =1 ?an itself ! fruition ( su* an ef=t4 ,all-important is ! ,/ate2 all-important ! e?ical idea :i* p]vades x4 ,b ! _w ( fre$om--! ideal _w s f> made actual--is n :at x promis$ to be4 ',is x n1' said ,plato1 '! nature ( ?+s t ! actual %\ld always lack ! p]fection ( !ory8' ,9 ! visible _w ! ,/ate1 inde$1 rules supreme3 'x is1' z ,hegel might say 9 ! words ( 8 great pr$ecessor 9 political !ory1 't ,levia?an or mortal ,god to :om "u ! immortal ,god we owe our welf>e & safety4' ,b !re is some?+ 9 ! ,/ate :i* ! ,/ate 9 its palpable reality _c adequately express4 ,if x is highe/ 9 ! hi]>*y ( ?is _w1 ! l[e/ 9 ! ideal k+dom ( ! ,absolute is high] ?an x4 ,above ! ,/ate z ! embodim5t & ! gu>antee ( ! moral life1 !re is ! realm ( ,art1 ,religion1 & ,philosophy4 ,9 !m man's crav+ = individuality & p]sonality f9ds a satisfaction x c\ld nev] hope = bel[ !m3 !y at lea/ re/ore ! tru? & reality ( man's life & ( ! univ]se 9 a measure f> exce$+ :at ev5 morality c\ld d4 ,if we ask !n :at ,art1 ,religion1 & ,sci5ce h to %[ ( ,p]sonality or true realis$ individuality1 ! answ] is briefly z foll[s4 ,_h x n be5 t augu/ names h spok5 ( imitation z ! ess5ce ( ,art-"w1 we %\ld h>dly h deem$ x possible t m5 %\ld speak ( ,reali/ic ,art4 ,yet "h1 z 9 ,religion & 9 ,sci5ce1 ! epi!t is introduc$ to gu>d aga9/ a misconception ( ! prov9ce ( ,idealism4 ,all ,art1 all ,religion1 all ,sci5ce1 are & mu/ be ideali/ic3 b !y c nev] be--z ! famili> phrase puts x--m]ely ideali/ic1 i4 e4 vision>y1 fanta/ic1 unreal4 ,all ( !m1 9 o!r words1 may be said to %[ u '! light t nev] 0 on sea or l&'--! heav5ly city--! et]nal tru? ( ?+s4 ,b !y mu/1 on _! p]il1 %[ x "h & n[1 & n 9 a pret5d$ or o!r _w4 ,!y mu/--no less ?an law & morality--"w 9 t]re/rial mat]ials1 & n ) sup]f9e cele/ialities4 ,m5tem mortalia tangunt4 ,x is out ( ! olde/ & commone/ realities ( life & dea? t ! poet & ! pa9t] make ! melodies ( heav5 s\nd 9 our e>s1 & gladd5 u ) ! rays ( ! empyrean4 ,x is out ( ! h>d rock ( ! real t ! arti/'s rod mu/ /rike ! well-spr+ ( ! ideal4 ,s too1 9 l mann]1 a religion mu/ %[ ! ,div9e1 b %[ ,him imman5t3 an imman5ce :i*1 on "o h&1 %all n drag ,godhead d[n to ! level ( casual reality1 nor on ! o!r set ,him f> (f 9 lonely transc5d5ce4 ,! ae/hetic faculty1 awak5$ z x is by ! natural response ( man's p]ceptions to ! h>monies ( exi/5ce1 to ! spontane\s coh]5cy ( its _m p>ts 9 a unit$ :ole1 & /imulat$ by ! creative "w ( human art1 :i* m\lds ev5 ! naturally discordant or unconnect$ into a concordant expression 7sometimes x may be1 z 9 h&icraft1 only to satisfy human ne$s71 lifts u above ! imp]fections & fragm5t>9ess ( ?+s1 above our selfi% int]e/ 9 !m1 into a frame ( m9d :]e !y are se5 :ole & p]fect1 & yet "o & v]itably individual4 ,9 its supreme or compreh5sive phase x does n deal m]ely ) ! beautiful1 nor m]ely ) ! beautiful & sublime4 ,all true art1 :e!r x awakes awe or admiration1 laught] or te>s1 :e!r x melts ! s\l1 or /eels x to endurance1 has a common *>act]i/ic2 & t is to raise ! s+le in/ance1 ! prosaic or commonplace fact1 into its univ]sal1 et]nal1 inf9ite significance4 ,x frees ! fact f ! limitations :i* our di/ractions1 our practicality1 our tempor>y hopes & fe>s1 h deeply /amp$ ^u x4 ,x is /ill1 aft] art has dealt ) x1 to all appe>ance a s+le fact3 b x n[ has ! univ]se beh9d x & )9 x4 ,x c>ries u away f ! incomplet5ess1 ! pressure ( ext]nals1 ! solicitude = ! future & ! regrets = ! pa/1 into a self-conta9$1 self-satisfy+ totality1 into fre$om & leisure1 re/ :i* is n /olid1 & action :i* involves no toil4 ,su* a result is p>tly1 z 0 said1 ! gift ( common nature1 :i* speaks peace1 com=t1 joy1 self-possess$ fruition = all h] *ildr5 :5 _! s5se is op5 & free3 p>tly x comes ?r\gh ^? select ones among ^! *ildr5 :o h a l>g] p]ception ( ! mean+ & inn] tru? ( h] works1 & :o c by a s5sible recon/ruction1 :i* if x is fair & successful w only br+ out m cle>ly ! unity & h>mony :i* deep] insight detects1 help o!rs to see & enjoy :at !y h felt & rejoic$ ov]4 ,su* are ! poets--9 ! wide/ s5se--! mak]s1 ! se]s1 :o 9 v]se1 9 music1 9 picture & sculpture--:o1 9 human lives1 x may be ev5 9 ! conduct ( _! own1 %[ u h[ div9e a ?+ is nature & humanity3 %[ u ! secret & unhe>d h>monies t to ! full-op5$ e> absorb & transmute ! l[] discords ( life & vulg> reality4 ,x is !y :o give immortality & div9ity1 :o make h]oes & demigods#aa4 ,or1 if !y may n be said to make !m1 !y half-reveal & half-con/ruct ! ideal figures :i* /& high & b5efic5t 9 ! hi/ory ( ! _w4 ,& by ^? :o ?us half-con/ruct1 & half-reveal1 are meant n m]ely ! s+le arti/s 9 :om ! process culm9ates to f9al outl9e & publicity1 b ! _m-voic$ poesy ( ! collective human he>t :i* out ( its myriad elem5tal spr+s con/itutes ! total figure1 ! augu/ image ( ! h]o1 & ! sa9t1 l5d+ him f its pl5itude all t 8 ab/ract self seem$ to want4 ,x is on ! tide ( national & human en?usiasm t ! individual arti/ is lift$ up to realise ! full significance ( 8 ideal figure1 & 8 imag9ative craft c only be inspir$ by ! vig\r & w>m? ( ! collective passion = noble ends & high action4 ,n[h]e x w\ld seem is ! ideal ( p]sonality & _m-sid$ individuality m adequately realis$4 ,"h1 at la/1 ! :ole tru? ( life1 ! indwell+ ( individual & univ]sal 9 "o body1 seems to be realis$4 ,b x is realis$ 9 an ideal4 ,x is--if we analyse x--a syn!sis ( ?ree elem5ts2 p>tly 9 ! mat]ial reality :i* s]ves z bodily vehicle2 p>tly 9 ! conception & te*nique ( ! arti/2 p>tly 9 ! g5]al m9d :i* inspires bo? ! mat]ial & ! =m ) its own l>g] life4 ,x is--z its "n implies--an artificial product--a syn!sis ( elem5ts :i* t5d to fall ap>t4 ,te*nique v>ies1 conceptions lose _! int]e/1 ! tone ( g5]al culture alt]s1 & mat]ials are dep5d5t on locality4 ,:5 t happ5s1 ! "w ( art is left high & dry3 no long] a liv+ ,god1 b a dead idol1 /ill wondr\s1 b speak+ no m its human language4 ,s x is ) ! h]oic figures :o rise into ! pur] air ( univ]sal hi/ory4 ,!y also--s f> z !y live ) a p]sonal p[]--are works ( art3 works ( real-idealism4 ,= all hi/ory :i* des]ves ! "n1 & is n m]e ab/ract dry-z-du/ *ronicle 7z to ! possibility ( :i* utt] aridity !re may be legitimate d\bts71 is a "w ( fiction or inv5tion1 ( recon/ruction4 ,x seeks to und]/& its *>act]s4 ,b to und]/& !m x is n 7& z hi/orical art _c be7 cont5t ) a m]e ref]5ce to motives act+ on !m f outside4 ,x seeks to und]/& !m ) & 9 _! times--to see 9 !m ! full measure ( contempor>y life & ?\ght :i* else:]e has f\nd s meagre expression4 ,su* is ! arti/ic completion ( p]sonality 9 ! ideal1--:e!r 9 :at is call$ hi/ory1 or :at is call$ art4 ,x exagg]ates a tru?1 because x loses sight ( ! backgr\nd4 ,& t backgr\nd1 :i* helps to con/itute su* ideal p]sonality1 is no con/ant elem5t4 ,! c5turies & g5]ations z !y roll contribute _! v>y+ quota to set1 z !y say1 ! hi/orical "* 9 its true light1 9 its fulness & tru? ( reality4 ,& ?us ?is p]sonality ( ! great lead]s ( human life is only an image & a sign--a fruit ( developm5t1 no b>e fact :i* rema9s un*ang$ & always ! same4 ,x is r a p]sonification ?an a p]sonality4 ,x inc>nates ! liv+ _s :o is univ]sal & et]nal 9 ! limits ( a s5su\sly-def9$ individual1 & inde$ inc>nates !re only s mu* z ! g5]ation x speaks to c see ( complete tru?4 ,x is only aft] all a vehicle ( tru?2 ?\gh a nobl] vehicle ?an social & p]sonal e?ics c af=d4 ,z x is felt t ! treasure ( ! idea--t ! full p[] ( spiritual life--_c be adequately /or$ 9 ! e>!n vessels ( mortality1 ! consummation ( p]sonality is =c$ to rec$e into ! invisible if x w\ld be /ill conceiv$ z atta9able4 ',true p]sonality1' says ,lotze1 'is ) ! ,inf9ite1' ,:at "h is fragm5t>y1 is !re a r\nd$ total1 a p]fect unity3 ,he alone is absolutely self-det]m9+1 self-expla9+3 is all t ,he means to be1 & means all t ,he is4 ,9 a s5se1 philosophy does n hesitate to c\nt]sign all ?is4 ,b1 9 adopt+ x1 philosophy mu/ res]ve ! "r ( not+ ! dang] & ! ambiguity ( su* language4 ,religion does well1 philosophy may say1 9 ?us insi/+ ^u ! dep5d5ce ( all appe>ance on "o ,absolute reality2 b x is well also n to =get t all appe>ance is also ! appe>ance ( t reality or ,absolute4 ,& 9 s say+1 be x add$1 philosophy assumes no ess5tial sup]iority to religion4 ,religion 9 its fulness1 & ap>t f any !ories t may gr[ up "u its w+1 is m ?an !ory1 m ?an m]e philosophy3 x is ! consummat+ unity ( life--! en?usiasm & supreme p[] ( life1 its consecration & div9isation by its assur$ imman5ce 9 ! et]nal & univ]sal4 ,x is1 9 %ort1 z 0 long ago said ( x1 ! true life1 ! light :i* is ! light & life ( m52 & its inspir+ pr9ciples are fai?1 hope1 & love4 ,b :5 unassi/$ religion proce$s to set be=e itself ! mean+ & lesson ( its life1 :5 x proce$s to =mulate a !ory ( ! _w & set out a s*eme ( _w-hi/ory1 x trespasses on ! field ( k1 & is am5able to ! criticisms ( ! reflective _s--! _s ( philosophy4 ,& t criticism briefly is to ! effect t ! religi\s !ory 9 its ord9>y =m is an imp]fect int]pretation ( ! religi\s exp]i5ce4 ,nor is ?is to d]ogate f ! pr]ogative ( ! fri5ds ( ,god4 ,x is only to criticise ! =mulae & phrases ( dogmatic !ology--a !ology1 h[ev]1 :i* is z old z religion itself1 & :i* takes diff]5t =ms f age to age1 & f "o level ( ?\ght to ano!r1 always 9 its measure translat+ religi\s reality1 tru?1 or exp]i5ce into ! categories1 naive or artificial1 simple or complex1 ( ! sci5ce 7x may be ! pseudo-sci5ce7 ( ! "t4 ,philosophy1 !re=e1 is ! criticism ( ! sci5ce ( ,god--t is ( !ology--z x is ! criticism ( o!r sci5ces4 ,= criticism philosophy always is3 always ! reflection ^u fix$ dogma1 & ! discussion ( x till x becomes s5sible ( its defects1 & /&s ^u ano!r & high] plane4 ,& to "s x may seem t ?is is ! sole function :i* philosophy c legitimately und]take4 ',yet1' z ,ari/otle rem>k$1 '! good critic mu/ "k :at he criticises4' ,he mu/ n m]ely reflect ^u x f outside1 b deal ) x f ! pl5itude ( exp]i5ce1 f ! abundance ( ! he>t4 ,if he be a critic !n1 he _c be a m]e critic1 b also an ag5t 9 ! "w ( recon/ruction4 ,or1 if we put ! ?+ o!rwise2 ?\gh1 z ,fi*te said 7p4 #bh71 philosophy is a diff]5t ?+ f life1 ! true philosoph] c nev] be a m]e philosoph]1 b mu/1 if he is to rea* ! height ( 8 vocation1 h also ent]$ into ! full exp]i5ce ( reality1 into ! :ole tru? ( life4 ,8 philosophy w !n n be outside ( religion & ae/hetic p]ception4 ,9 its compreh5sion ( all grades & =ms ( reality & tru?1 goodness1 hol9ess1 beauty1 w h _! place4 ,he also w be among ! !ologians4 ,& :5 ! philosoph] deals ) p]sonality 9 ?is high1 ?is supreme sph]e1 he w submit t ! tru? ( p]sonality is subord9ate to ! tru? ( spirituality4 ,he w argue t by /ick+ too closely & fix$ly to p]sonality we are runn+ a risk ( br++ d[n ! div9e to ! level ( ! human4 ,if1 ) ,dante1 he c say t 9 its v he>t ! ,light ,et]nal ',mi p>ve p9ta della no/ra effige2' he w und\bt$ly add ) ,dante ',oh quanto corto 'l dire e come fioco ,al mio concetto2' or1 ) ! fir/ philosophical !ologian :o int]pret$ ! exp]i5ce ( ,*ri/ian life1 he w rise f ! hi/orical ,jesus to ! inw>d witness ( ! ,_s4 ,footnote #a3 ,! legal use ( ! di/9ction betwe5 'real' & 'p]sonal' is only p>tly 'logical1' & l>gely reta9s traces ( ! l>g] logic ( life & hi/ory4 ,yet1 r\ghly speak+1 p]sonal prop]ty is :at we c1 s to speak1 c>ry on our backs or 9 our pockets4 ,footnote #b3 ,see ,sp9oza1 ,cogitata ,metaph41 ,p>s ,,ii4 cap4 #h3 ',nec fugit nos vocabulum 7,p]sonalitatis scilicet7 quod !ologi passim usurpant ad rem explic&am3 v]um quamvis vocabulum non ignoremus eius tam5 significationem ignoramus3 quamvis con/ant] cr$amus1 9 visione ,dei beatissima ,deum hoc suis revelaturum4' ,= ,hegel1 x may be not$1 ,p]son1 s f> z he uses ! t]m at all1 be>s its re/rict$ legal & juridical s5se4 ,a p]son is a free intellig5ce1 :i* realises t indep5d5ce by appropriat+ an ext]nal ?+ z its sign & prop]ty4 ,x probably belongs !re=e to a _w 9 :i* p c\nt r by :at !y h ?an by :at !y are2 ! _w ( law :]e rights & duties t5d to oppose ea* o!r4 ,?is is n ! highe/ k9d ( _w = human be+s4 ,footnote #c3 ,?is "o may call ! ,platonic ideal ( ! ,/ate1 :]e ,equity rules supreme 9 ! inc>nate _s ( wisdom1--a guide adapt+ its measures to circum/ances1 n ti$ d[n to ! inflexible lett] ( "o law 9 an incoh]5t & imp]fect code4 ,see ! ,politicus1 p4 #bid2 ,pha$rus1 p4 #bge2 & comp>e ,ari/otle's ,wise man ^: conduct is n b 4 ,footnote #d3 ,see e4 g4 ,encyclopa$ia1 #dge4 ,footnote #e3 ,see 8 ',dreams ( a ,_s-se]1 illu/rat$ by ,dreams ( ,metaphysics4' 7,w]ke1 ed4 ,ros4 und ,s*ub4 ,bd4 ,,vii4 p4 #ch sqq47 ,footnote #f3 ,x is p]il\s & mislead+ 7said ! anci5t ,graiae1 :o dwell on ! way to ! ,hesp]ides ( philosophy7 to int]pret an old sy/em by ! language ( mod]n 7& especially ,g]man7 idealism4 ,x is mu* worse1 repli$ ,p]seus1 n to int]pret x at all1 b to repeat its magic ipsissima v]ba1--c>efully ,lat9is$1 z if !y belong$ to a cab9et ( fossils4 ,footnote #g3 ,encyclopa$ia1 #chg1 #chi4 ,footnote #h3 ,! above is an attempt to give a v cond5s$ synopsis ( ,hegel's ,philosophy ( ,m9d 7,encyclopa$ia74 ,footnote #i3 ,see especially 9 ! ,!odicee1 "p ,i4 #dc seqq4 ,cf4 ,n\v4 ,ess4 ,,ii4 #i1 incl9e sans necessit]3 ,i4 #ac1 ,la ncessit ne doit pas tre confondue avec la dt]m9ation4 ,footnote #aj3 ,microcosmus1 ,book ,,ix4 *ap4 #d4 ,footnote #aa3 ,see ! well-kn[n passage 9 ,wilhelm ,mei/]s ,lehrjahre1 ,book ,,ii4 *ap4 a4 ,,*apt] ,,xix4 ,,g5esis ,,9 ,,m5tal ,,life4 ,ari/otle1 :o saw into ! nature ( ab/ract entities1 rem>k$ t ! m9d 0 no?+ be=e x ex]cis$ itself#a4 ,! m9d1--& ! same w turn out true ( _m ?+s else :]e x is at fir/ unsurmis$1--is n a fix$ ?+1 a sort ( exce$+ly ref9$ sub/ance1 :i* we c lay hold ( )\t fur!r tr\ble4 ,x is :at x has become1 or :at x makes itself to be4 ,?is po9t1 t ',to be' ',to h become1' or r to h made itself1 is an axiom nev] to be lo/ sight ( 9 deal+ ) ! m9d4 ,x is easy to talk ( & ab\t consci5ce & freewill1 z if ^! 7 exi/+ ?+s 9 a sort ( m5tal space1 z h>d to miss or mi/ake z a /one & an orange1 or z if !y 7 palpable organs ( m9d1 z sep>ately obs]vable z ! eye or e>4 ,"o asks if ! w is free or n1 z glibly z "o might ask :e!r an orange is sweet2 & ! answ] c be giv5 ) equal ease1 affirmatively or negatively1 9 bo? cases4 ,ev]y?+ 9 ^! cases dep5ds on :e!r ! w has made itself free or n1 :e!r inde$ we are speak+ ( ! w at all1 & on :at we mean by fre$om4 ,to ask ! "q 9 an ab/ract way1 tak+ no acc\nt ( circum/ances1 is "o ( ^? temptations :i* lead ! intellect a/ray & produce only confusion & wordy w>--z a good deal ( s-call$ popul> metaphysics has done4 ,! m9d & its ph5om5a1 z !y are call$1 _c be dissect$ ) ! same calmness ( analysis z o!r sub/ances :i* adapt !mselves to ! scalpel3 nor is dissection aft] all m ?an a "p ( ! sci5tific process1 subject to ! control ( ! syn!sis 9 physiology4 ,! ord9>y metaphysician makes 8 own task easy & 8 ?\ghtful read]'s a burd51 by plung+ too lightly 9 m$ias res4 ,he wants pati5ce--(t51 p]haps1 because he ?9ks too mu* ( 8 read]'s impati5ce at analysis--to unravel ! tangl$ mass :i* human exp]i5ce1 :5 fir/ look$ at1 pres5ts4 ,he is apt to cat* at any end :i* promises to effect a tempor>y cle>ance4 ,true philosophy1 on ! contr>y1 mu/ %[ t x has got hold ( :at x means to discuss3 x has to con/ruct its subject-matt]3 & x con/ructs x by trac+ e /ep & movem5t 9 its con/ruction %[n 9 actual hi/ory4 ,! m9d is :at x has be5 made & has made itself2 & to see :at x is we mu/ consid] x n z an ,alpha & ,omega ( rese>*1 z popul> conception & language t5d to repres5t x1 b 9 ! /ages con/itut+ its process1 9 ! fluidity ( its developm5t1 9 ! elem5ts out ( :i* x results4 ,we mu/ p5etrate ! app>5t fixity & simplicity "u :i* x comes =w>d1 & see ?r\gh x into ! process :i* be>s x into be+4 ,=1 o!rwise1 ! object ( our inve/igation is tak51 z if x 7 ! mo/ unmi/akable ?+ ( s5se & fancy1--z if ev]ybody 7 agre$ t ?is & no o!r 7 ! po9t 9 "q4 ,b 9 ?is matt] ( /ability & ! rev]se1 !re is a broad di/9ction betwe5 ! natural & ! spiritual _w4 ,9 ,nature e /ep 9 ! organisation1 by :i* ! ,cosmos is develop$1 has an indep5d5t exi/5ce ( its own3 & ! l[e/ =mation confronts ! highe/1 ea* /&+ by itself beside ! o!r4 ,matt] & motion1 = example1 are n m]ely f\nd z subord9ate elem5ts ent]+ into ! mak+ ( a plant or an animal4 ,!y h a free exi/5ce ( _! own3 & ! free exi/5ce ( matt] 9 motion is se5 9 ! %ape ( ! planet>y sy/em4 ,s1 too1 *emical or electrical ph5om5a c be obs]v$ by !mselves1 op]at+ 9 sph]es :]e !y are untrammel$ by ! influ5ce ( biological conditions4 ,x seems1 at lea/ at fir/ sight1 to be diff]5t 9 ! case ( m9d4 ,!re ! specific types or sev]al /ages 9 ! integrat+ process ( m5tal developm5t seem to h no sub/antive exi/5ce 9 ! e>li] "p ( ! range1 & to appe> only z /ates or factors ent]+ into1 & m]g$ 91 ! high] grades ( developm5t4 ,?is causes a peculi> difficulty 9 ! /udy ( m9d4 ,we _c seize a =mation 9 an indep5d5t %ape ( its own3 we mu/ trace x 9 ! gr[? ( ! :ole4 ,m5tal fusion & coalesc5ce ( elem5ts is peculi>ly close1 & h>dly leaves any traces ( its con/itu5t factors#b4 ,s5sation1 = in/ance1 9 its purity1 z m]e s5sation1 is app>5tly some?+ :i* we c nev] /udy 9 isolation4 ,all ! s5sation :i* we c1 9 ! /rictly psy*ological 7z oppos$ to ! physiological7 mode ( /udy1 exam9e1 i4 e4 :i* we c reproduce 9 ourselves1 is m ?an m]e s5sation3 x includes elem5ts ( ?\ght1 & probably ( desire & w4 ,?is1 ( c\rse1 makes ! difficulties ( s-call$ introspection3 difficulties s great & real t !y h provok$ 9 natural reaction a set aga9/ introspection altoge!r1 & ! adoption ( ! ext]nal obs]vation 7physiological or s-call$ psy*o-physical7 employ$ 9 ! 'objective' sci5ces4 ,& h5ce :5 we accept ! "n1 su* z intellect1 consci5ce1 w1 c41 z if x express$ some?+ specially exi/5t 9 a deta*$ %ape ( its own1 we make an assumption :i* x is impossible to ju/ify4 ,we are reckon+ ) pap]-money :i* belongs to no recognis$ curr5cy1 & may be /amp$ z ! deal] wills4 ,! consequ5ce is t ! ?+ ) :i* we beg9 our exam9ation is an opaque po9t1--a m]e t]m9us a quo1 f :i* we />t on our j\rney ( explication1 leav+ ! t]m9us itself beh9d u unexpla9$4 ,! con/itu5ts ( m9d d n lie side by side tranquilly co-exi/5t1 l ! %eep beside ! h]bage on :i* x br[ses4 ,_! exi/5ce is ma9ta9$ 9 an inw>d movem5t1 by :i*1 :ile !y diff]5tiate !mselves1 !y /ill keep up an id5tity4 ,9 our inve/igations we _c beg9 ) :at is to be def9$4 ,! botani/1 if he is to give u a sci5ce ( ! plant1 mu/ beg9 ) some?+ ^: indwell+ aim x is to be itself & to realise its own possibility4 ,he mu/ beg9 ) :at is n ! plant1 & end ) :at is2 beg91 let u say1 ) ! g]m :i* has ! t5d5cy to pass into ! plant4 ,! speculative sci5ce ( biology beg9s ) a cell1 & builds ^! cells up into ! tissues & /ructures out ( :i* vegetables & animals are con/itut$4 ,! object ( ! sci5ce appe>s z ! result ( ! sci5tific process3 or1 a sci5ce is ! ideal con/ruction ( its object4 ,z 9 ^! cases1 s 9 ! case ( ?\ght4 ,we mu/ see x gr[ up f its simple/ elem5t1 f ! b>e po9t ( be+1 ! m]e speck ( be+ :i*1 if actually no bett] ?an no?+1 is yet a g]m :i* 9 ! air ( ?\ght w gr[ & spread2 & see x appe> z a result due to ! +r[+ & outgr[+ union ( _m elem5ts1 none ( :i* satisfies by itself1 b leads onw>d f ab/ractions to ! meet+ ( ab/ractions 9 :at is m & m concrete4 ,! w & consci5ce1 und]/&+ & reason1 ( man are n matt]-(-fact units to be pick$ up & exam9$4 ,y mu/1 fir/ ( all1 make sure :at y h 9 h&3 & to be sure ( t is to see t ! m9d is ! necess>y outcome ( a c\rse ( developm5t4 ,! m9d is n an imm$iate datum1 ) no?+ beh9d x1 com+ ^u ! field ( m5tal vision ) a div9ely-be/[$ array ( faculties2 b a m$iat$ unity1 i4 e4 a unity :i* has gr[n up ?r\gh a complex int]action ( =ces1 & :i* lives 9 diff]5ces ?r\gh compreh5d+ & reconcil+ antagonisms4 ,if ! m9d be n ?us exhibit$ 9 its process1 9 ! sum & context ( its relations1 we may mean :at we l ) ea* m5tal object t comes "u our obs]vation3 b ) z mu* "r ano!r obs]v] may mean some?+ else4 ,we may1 ( c\rse1 def9e z we please3 we may build up successive def9itions into a consi/5t total3 b su* a successful arrangem5t is n a real sci5ce4 ,unless we %[ h[ ?is special =m ( m9d is con/itut$1 we are deal+ ) ab/ractions1 ) names :i* we may analyse1 b :i* rema9 z !y 7 :5 our analysis is ov]1 & :i* seem l unsub/antial gho/s defy+ our co>se eng9es ( dissection4 ,!y are n de/roy$3 l immat]ial & a]y be+s !y elude ! sword :i* smites !m1 & "p b to re-unite4 ,! "n1 & ! conception bodi$ =? 9 x1 is inde$ /agnant1 & w to all appe>ance become ! ready prey ( analysis3 b !re is some?+ beh9d ?is mat]ialis$ & solidifi$ conception1 ?is worn-out c\nt] or sign1 :i* m]e analysis _c ev5 rea*4 ,& t und]ly+ nature is a process or movem5t1 a meet+ ( elem5ts1 :i* x is ! bus9ess ( philosophy to unfold4 ,! analy/ 9 ?is case has dealt ) ideas z if !y 7 a f9] sort ( mat]ial product1 a fix$ & assailable po9t3 & ?is is p]haps ! "* ( ! g5]alis$ images1 :i* take ! place ( ?\ghts 9 our cu/om>y habits ( m9d4 ,b ideas1 :5 !y h real =ce & life1 are n h>d & solid1 b1 z x 71 fluid & transp>5t1 & c easily escape ! divisions & l9es :i* ! analytical intellect w\ld impose4 ,p]haps "s may ?9k t x is unwise to fight ) gho/s l ^!1 & t ! be/ plan w\ld be to disreg>d ?is w> ( words altoge!r4 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 x may be urg$ t su* unsub/antial =ms h a decid$ reality 9 life3 t m5 w talk ( !m & conjure by _! means1 ) or )\t intellig5ce2 & t ! be/ c\rse is to und]/& !m4 ,x w !n be se5 t x is our prop] "w z philosoph]s to wat* ! process1 by :i* ! spiritual unity divides & yet reta9s its divid$ memb]s 9 unity4 ,ev5 9 ! fir/ /eps we take to get a real hold ( an object we see ?is4 ,to und]/& x1 we mu/ deprive x ( its seem+ indep5d5ce4 ,e individual object is decl>$ by ! logician to be ! meet+ ( two curr5ts1 ! co9cid5ce ( two movem5ts4 ,x conc5trates into an undecomp\nd$ unit1--at lea/ su* x appe>s to repres5tative or mat]ial ?\ght1--two elem5ts1 ea* ( :i* x is 9 turn id5tifiable )4 ,! "o ( ^! elem5ts has be5 call$ ! self-same 7or id5tity71 ! univ]sal1 ! g5us1 ! :ole3 :ile ! second is call$ ! diff]5ce1 ! p>ticul>1 ! "p4 ,& by ^! two po9ts ( ref]5ce x is fix$1--by two po9ts :i* are = ! mom5t accept$ z /ation>y4 ,:at has ?us be5 /at$ 9 ! te*nical language ( ,logic is (t5 repeat$ 9 ! sci5tific p>lance ( ! day1 b ) m mat]ialis$ conceptions & 9 m concrete cases4 ,! dynamic !ory ( matt] repres5ts x z a unity ( attraction & repulsion4 ,a di/+ui%$ ,d>w9ian rem>ks t 'all ! v>i\s =ms ( organisms are ! necess>y products ( ! unconsci\s action & reaction betwe5 ! two prop]ties ( adaptability & h]$ity1 r$ucible z ^! are to ! functions ( nutrition & reproduction#c4 ,! t]ms 'action & reaction' are h>dly suffici5t1 x may be1 to express ! sort ( unity :i* is call$ =3 b ! /atem5t at lea/ %[s ! r$uction ( an actual fact to ! int]action ( two =ces1 ! meet+ ( two curr5ts4 ,! "o ( ^! is ! p[] ( ! k9d1 or univ]sal1 :i* t5ds to keep ?+s always ! same3 ! o!r ! p[] ( localis$ circum/ances & p>ticul> conditions1 :i* t5ds to r5d] ?+s m & m div]sifi$4 ,! "o may be call$ a c5tripetal1 ! o!r a c5trifugal =ce4 ,if ! "o be syn!tic1 ! o!r is analytic4 ,b su* names are ( little value1 save = tempor>y di/9ction1 & mu/ nev] be treat$ z p]man5t diff]5ces :i* expla9 !mselves4 ,! c5tre is relative1 & s is ! totality4 ,?us x is t ! s-call$ ,evolutioni/ expla9s ! orig9 ( natural k9ds4 ,!y are :at !y sev]ally are by reason ( a process1 a /ruggle1 by alliances & divisions1 by re-unions & selections4 ,!y are n indep5d5t ( ! inorganic _w ar\nd !m3 x has ent]$ into _! blood & /ructure1 & made !m :at !y are4 ,to und]/& !m we mu/ le>n all we c ( ! simpl] & e>li] =ms1 :i* h left traces 9 _! /ructure3 traces :i*1 )\t ! exi/5ce ( su* m primitive =ms1 we might h misund]/ood1 or h pass$ by unp]ceiv$4 ,&1 aga91 we le>n t our h>d & fa/ di/9ctions are b>ely ju/ifi$ by ,nature4 ,!re1 k9d 9 its extreme examples seems to run into k9d1 & we d n f9d ! logically-exact type accurately embodi$ any:]e4 ,our classifications into g5]a & species turn out to be 9 ! fir/ in/ance prompt$ by a practical ne$ to embrace ! v>iety 9 a simple %ape4 ,b ?\gh p]fectly valid1 s f> z we use !m = su* ends1 !y t5d to lead u false1 if we press !m too f>4 ,& :5 we h se5 s mu*1 we may le>n ! fur!r lesson t ! v>iety ( organisation1 animal & vegetable1 is only ! exhibition 9 an endless detail by s+le pictures1 m or less complem5t>y1 m or less inclusive ( ea* o!r1 ( t "o vital organisation 9 pr9ciple & con/ruction :i* we c\ld n o!rwise h _h pres5t$ to u4 ,9 a million lessons f ! va/ ranges ( contempor>y & ( ext9ct life !re is impress$ ^u ! biological obs]v] ! idea ( t sy/em ( life-function & life-/ructure :i* is ! goal ( biological sci5ce4 ,! int]e/ 9 ! m]e v>iety :e!r ( mod]n or ( primeval =ms ( life is z su* m]ely hi/orical2 its tru] use is to enable ! sci5tific imag9ation to rise above local or tempor>y limitations4 ,& ?us 9 ! end ! records & guesses ( evolution 9 "t & place s]ve to build up a !ory ( ! timeless univ]sal nature ( life & organisation4 ,& :at is true ( ,nature is equally true ( ! ,m9d4 ,= ^! two1 z we h already se51 are n isolable f ea* o!r4 ,nei!r ! m9d nor ! s-call$ ext]nal _w are ei!r ( !m self-subsi/5t exi/5ces1 issu+ at once & ready-made out ( no?+4 ,! m9d does n come =?1 ei!r equipp$ or un-equipp$1 to conqu] ! _w3 ! _w is n a prey prep>$ = ! spid]1 wait+ = ! m9d to compreh5d & appropriate x4 ,! m9d & ! _w1 ! s-call$ 'subject' & s-call$ 'object1' are equally ! results ( a process3 & x is only :5 we isolate ! t]m9al aspects ( t process1 & 9 ! practical bus9ess ( life =get ! high] !oretical po9t ( view1 t we lose sight ( _! orig91 & h two worlds fac+ ea* o!r4 ,z ! "o side or aspect ( ! process ga!rs feature & =m1 s does ! o!r4 ,z ! dep? & int5sity ( ! intellect increases1 ! limits ( ! ext]nal _w ext5d also4 ,= ! psy*ical life is j ! p[] :i* ma9ta9s a cont9u+ correlation betwe5 ! body & its environm5t1 & betwe5 ! v>i\s elem5ts 9 t environm5t4 ,x is ! unity 9 :i* t correlation lives & is aw>e ( itself4 ,x is ! subject-object1 :i* sets "o elem5t aga9/ ano!r1 & gives x quasi-indep5d5ce4 ,! m9d ( ! savage is exactly measur$ by ! _w he has ar\nd him4 ,! dull1 almo/ animal1 s5sation & feel+1 :i* is :at we may call 8 m5tal action1 is j ! obv]se ( ! n>r[ circumf]5ce t girdles 8 ext]nal _w4 ,! beauty & int]e/ ( ! gr&] ph5om5a ( t]re/rial nature1 & ( ! cele/ial movem5ts1 are ideally non-exi/5t = a be+1 ^: :ole s\l is swall[$ up 9 ! crav+ = food1 ! fe> ( attack1 & ! l[] enjoym5ts ( s5se4 ,9 ! c\rse ( hi/ory we c see ! intellect gr[+ deep] & broad]1 & ! limits ( ! _w rec$e simultane\sly ) ! advance ( ! m9d4 ,?is process or movem5t ( culture takes place 9 ! sequ5ce ( g5]ations1 & 9 ! v>iety ( races & civilisations spread ov] ! face ( ! _w4 ,b "h too1 ! high] sci5ce1 n re/+ 9 ! m]ely hi/orical inquiry1 takes no int]e/ 9 ! m$ium ( "t1 & m]ely uses x to supply mat]ial = ! rational sequ5ce ( ideas#d4 ,! objective _w ( k is really at "o ) ! subjective _w3 !y spr+ f a common s\rce1 :at ,kant call$ ! 'orig9al syn!tic unity ( app]ception4' ,! di/9ction betwe5 !m fl[s f ab/raction1 f failure to keep 9 view ! :ole r\nd ( life & exp]i5ce4 ,! subjective _w--! m9d ( man--is really con/itut$ by ! same =ce z ! objective _w ( nature3 ! latt] has be5 translat$ f ! _w ( ext5sion1 ) its ext]nality ( p>ts 9 "t & space1 into an inn] _w ( ?\ght :]e unity1 ! fusion or coalesc5ce ( all types & =ms1 is ! lead+ feature4 ,! difficulty ( pass+ f ! _w ( be+ to ! _w ( ?\ghts1 f notion to ?+1 f subject to object1 f ,ego to ,non-ego1 is a difficulty :i* m5 h unduly all[$ to gr[ ^u !m4 ,x gr[s by talk+ ( & analys+ m]e be+1 m]e ?\ght1 m]e notion1 or m]e ?+4 ,& x w be dispell$ :5 x is se5 t !re is no m]e be+1 & no m]e ?\ght3 t ^! two halves ( ! unity ( exp]i5ce--! unity we divide & ! division we unify 9 e judgm5t we make--are cont9ually lean+ out ( !mselves1 ea* t[>ds ! o!r4 ,b m51 beg9n+ z !y mu/ f !mselves1 & fail+ to revise & correct _! /&-po9t till x became an 1 argu$ f a belief t ! individual m9d 0 a fix$ & absolute c5tre1 f :i* ! univ]se _h to be evaluat$4 ,9 ,hegel's words1 !y made man & n ,god ! object ( _! philosophy#e4 ,s t ,kant really %[$ ! outcome ( a sy/em :i* act$ on ! hypo!sis t man 9 8 individual capacity 0 all 9 all4 ,hegel1 on 8 own %[+1 came to prove t ! real scope ( philosophy 0 ,god2--t ! ,absolute is ! 'orig9al syn!tic unity' f :i* ! ext]nal _w & ! ,ego h issu$ by diff]5tiation1 & 9 :i* !y return to unity4 ,if ?is be s1 !n !re is beh9d ! ext]nal _w & beh9d ! m9d an organism ( pure types or =ms ( ?\ght1--an organism :i* pres5ts itself1 9 a long array ( fragm5ts1 to ! s5ses 9 ! _w ( nature1 :]e all ?+s lie outside ( "o ano!r1 & :i* !n is1 z x 71 reflect$ back into itself s z to con/itute ! m9d1 or spiritual _w1 :]e all p>ts t5d to coalesce 9 a m ?an organic unity4 ,! deepe/ crav+ ( ?\ght1 & ! fundam5tal problem ( philosophy1 w accord+ly be to discov] ! nature & law ( t totality or primeval unity1--! totality :i* we see appe>+ 9 ! d\ble aspect ( nature & m9d1 & :i* we fir/ become acqua9t$ ) z x is manife/$ 9 ?is /ate ( dis-union4 ,to satisfy ?is want is :at ! ,logic ( ,hegel seeks4 ,x lays b>e ! k+dom ( ^? pot5t %ades1--! phases ( ! ,idea--:i* embodies itself m concretely 9 ! ext]nal _w ( body1 & ! inw>d _w ( m9d4 ,! psy*ological or individuali/ conditions1 :i* ev5 9 ! ,kantian criticism sometimes seem to set up m9d z an entity p>allel to ! objects ( nature1 & anti!tic to nature z a :ole1 h fall5 away4 ,reason has to be tak5 9 ! :ole ( its actualisation z a _w ( reason1 n 9 its b>e possibility1 n 9 ! n>r[ gr\nd ( an individual's level ( developm5t1 b 9 ! realis$ =mations ( reasonable k & action1 z %[n 9 ,art & ,life1 ,sci5ce & ,religion4 ,9 ?is way we come to a reason :i* might be 9 u or 9 ! _w1 b :i*1 be+ to a c]ta9 ext5t diff]5t f ei!r1 0 ! focus ( two ord]s ( manife/ations4 ,to asc]ta9 t ultimate basis ( ! _w & m9d 0 ! *ief ?+ philosophy _h to see to4 ,b 9 ord] to d ?is1 a good deal ( prelim9>y "w 0 necess>y4 ,! "w ( ,logic1 z und]/ood by ,hegel1 involves a /&-po9t :i* is n t ( e-day life or reflection on exp]i5ce4 ,x presupposes ! :ole process f ! provisional />t+-po9t :i* seems at fir/ sight simple/ & univ]sally acceptable1 upw>ds to ! unhypo!tical pr9ciple :i*--?\gh at a long di/ance--x involves & leads up to1 or presupposes4 ,we all "k ,ari/otle's dictum 3 ,nihil 9 intellectu quod non prius 9 s5su4 ,! fact ( s5se & feel+ is ! fact ( exp]i5ce3 or r ! fact & reality ( exp]i5ce is ! und]ly+ tru? :i* ! expression ( x 9 t]ms ( s5se & p]ception inadequately int]prets4 ,ev5 9 ! pr9ciples ( s5sation !re is judgm5t1 ?\ght1 reason+3 b x ne$s elicit+1 re-/atem5t1 op5+ up1 & explanation4 ,! ,ph5om5ology ( ,m9d is1 z ,hegel himself has said1 8 voyage ( discov]y4 ,x traces ! pa?1 & ju/ifies ! "w ( trav]s+ x1 f ! ill-f\nd$ & imp]fect c]ta9ties ( s5se & common-s5se1 up ?r\gh v>i\s sci5tific1 moral1 & religi\s modes ( int]pret+ exp]i5ce & express+ its net sum ( reality1 till x culm9ates 9 ! /&-po9t ( 'pure ?\ght1' ( supreme or 'absolute' consci\sness4 ,x is c]ta9ly n a hi/ory ( ! individual m9d3 & equally little is x a hi/ory ( ! process ( ! intellectual developm5t ( ! race4 ,9 a way x mixes up bo?4 ,= its ma9 int]e/ is n on ! purely hi/orical side4 ,x indulges 9 bold transitions1 9 sudd5 *anges ( sc5e f anci5t ,greece & ,rome to mod]n ,g]many1 f public facts & phases ( national life to works ( fiction 7comp>e its use ( ,goe!'s ,fau/ & 8 v]sion ( ,rameau's ,nephew74 ,x l+]s--= hi/orical accuracy & proportion unduly--ov] ! p]iod ( ,kant & ,fi*te1 & reads ,s5eca by ! light ( ! ,sorr[s ( ,w]!r4 ,= its aim is to ga!r f ! inspection ( all ways 9 :i* m5 h attempt$ to rea* reality ! indication ( _! sev]al cont5t ( tru?1 & ( ! sev]al defects f x1 s z to %[ ! "o necess>y pa? on :i* ev5 all _! errors conv]ge & :i* !y s]ve to set out 9 cle>] light4 ,hegel's philosophy is und\bt$ly ! outcome ( a va/ am\nt ( hi/orical exp]i5ce1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! anci5t _w1 & implies a some:at exhau/ive /udy ( ! products ( art1 sci5ce1 politics1 & religion4 ,by exp]i5ce he 0 l$ to 8 philosophy1 n by :at is call$ a priori reason+4 ,x is curi\s inde$ to obs]ve ! preval5t delusion t ,g]man philosophy is ! 'high priori road1'--to he> its pr(undity admir$1 b its audacity & neglect ( obvi\s facts deplor$4 ,! fact is t )\t exp]i5ce nei!r ,hegel nor anybody else w come to any?+4 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 exp]i5ce is 9 "o s5se only ! yet undeciph]$ mass ( feel+ & reality1 ! yet unexp\nd$ psy*ical cont5t ( 8 life2 or1 tak5 9 ano!r acceptation1 x is only a =m :i* 9 "o man's case means a c]ta9 p[] ( vision1 & 9 ano!r a diff]5t degree4 ,"o man sees ! idea :i* expla9s & unifies exp]i5ce z actuality3 to ! o!r man x is only a subjective notion4 ,& ev5 :5 x is se51 !re are diff]5ces 9 ! subsequ5t developm5t4 ,"o man sees x1 ass]ts x on all h&s1 & !n closes4 ,ano!r sees x1 & asks if ?is is all1 or if x is only "p ( a sy/em4 ,an appeal to 'my exp]i5ce' is v mu* l an appeal to 'my s5tim5ts' or 'my feel+s'3 x may prove z mu* or z little z c be imag9$3 9 o!r words1 x c prove no?+4 ,! same is true ( ! appeal to consci\sness1 t oracle on ^: dicta x has sometimes be5 propos$ to f\nd a sy/em ( philosophy4 ,by t "n seems meant ! deliv]ances ( "s primal & un]r+ nucleus ( m9d1 "s real & c5tral self1 ^: voice c be cle>ly di/+ui%$ f ! m]e div]g5t cries ( self-int]e/ & casual op9ion4 ,t su* disc]nm5t is possible no philosophy w seek to d5y3 b x is a disc]nm5t :i* involves comp>ison1 exam9ation1 & reason+4 ,& 9 t case ! appeal to consci\sness is ! exhortation to cle> & delib]ate ?9k+4 ,:ile1 on ano!r side1 x h9ts t philosophy does n--9 ! end--deal ) m]e ab/ractions1 b ) ! real concrete life ( m9d4 ,& if an appeal to o!r p's exp]i5ce is meant1 t is only an argum5t f au?ority4 ,:at o!r p exp]i5ce is _! bus9ess1 n m9e4 ,exp]i5ce means a great deal = :i* x is n ! "r "n3 & to give an explanation ( :at x is1 & :at x does1 w\ld r5d] a great s]vice to ,engli% me?odologi/s4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 two modes 9 :i* ^! /udies to discov] ! tru? may appe>4 ,9 ! "o case !y are reproduc$ 9 all _! fragm5t>y & pat*-"w "*4 ,!y are suppos$ to possess a value ( _! own1 & are enunciat$ ) all ! detail ( hi/oric incid5t4 ,! common-place books ( a man are1 z x 71 publi%$ to in/ruct ! _w & give "s h9t ( ! ext5t ( 8 read+4 ,b1 9 ! o!r case1 ! scaffold+ ( incid5t & ext]nality may be remov$4 ,! s+le facts1 :i* gave ! p]suasion ( ! idea1 are dismiss$1 z int]e/+ only = ! individual /ud5t on 8 way to tru?3 or1 if ! hi/orical vehicle ( tru? be reta9$ at all1 x is translat$ into ano!r & intellectual m$ium4 ,su* a hi/ory1 ! qu9tess5ce ( ext5sive & deep rese>*1 is pres5t$ 9 ! ,ph5om5ology4 ,! names ( p]sons & places h fad$ f ! record1 z if !y _h be5 writt5 9 evanesc5t inks1--dates are want+1--individualities & _! biographies yield up _! place to univ]sal & timeless pr9ciples4 ,su* typical =ms are ! conc5trat$ ess5ce ( endless hi/ories4 ,!y rem9d "o ( ! descriptions :i* ,plato 9 8 ,republic gives ( ! sev]al =ms ( temporal gov]nm5t4 ,or1 to take a mod]n in/ance1 ! ,hegelian panorama ( ?\ght :i* pres5ts only ! univ]sal evolution ( ?\ght1--t evolution 9 :i* ! :ole m9d ( ! _w takes ! place ( all 8 *ildr51 :e!r !y belong to ! common level1 or /& among/ repres5tative h]oes1--may be p>allel$ to ,engli% read]s by ,br[n+'s poem ( ,sordello4 ,!re c be no "q t su* a me?od is expos$ to criticism1 & likely to excite misconception4 ,if x t5d to give arti/ic complet5ess to ! "w1 x also tantalises ! outsid] :o has a desire to rea* 8 famili> /&+-gr\nd4 ,he wi%es a backgr\nd ( "t & space1 :]e ! =ms ( ! ab/ract ideas may be embodi$ to 8 m9d's eye4 ,9 mo/ ages1 & ) good gr\nd1 ! _w has be5 sceptical1 :5 x p]ceiv$ no ref]5ce to au?orities1 no foot-notes1 no details ( exp]im5ts made3 nor is x bett] dispos$ to accept provisorily1 & f9d1 z ! process goes on1 t x v]ifies itself to intellig5ce4 ,footnote #a3 ,de ,anima1 iii4 #d4 ,footnote #b3 ,a philological p>allel may make ?is cle>]4 ',! ,indo-,g]man1' says ,mi/eli 7,typ5 des ,spra*baues1 p4 #cfc71 'embraces or cond5ses sev]al categories 9 a s+le idea 9 a way :i* ?\gh less logical is m fruitful2 = 9 ?is way he procures graspable totals ) :i* he c "w fur!r1 & n pat*-"w :i* w\ld crumble away 9 8 h&s4 ,our ,he includes f\r grammatical categories1 :i* "w n sep>ately1 b z a :ole3--?ird p]son1 mascul9e g5d]1 s+ul>1 nom9ative2 :]eas ! ,magy> is ! vehicle only ( "o category1 ! ?ird p]son1 :i* is ei!r det]m9$ z s+ul> by ! context1 or z plural by ! addition ( k3 g5d] 9 ^! languages does n exi/3 & z subject aga9 is specially int]pret$ f ! context4 ,! unification ( ! f\r categories makes ,he an individual & a ^w2 ! g5]ality & isolation ( "o category makes an ab/ract & a /em4' ,footnote #c3 ,hckel1 ,natrli*e ,s*pfungs-,ges*i*te1 p4 #aeg4 ,footnote #d3 ,see above1 pp4 #aee1 #aih4 ,footnote #e3 ,hegel's ,w]ke1 vol4 i4 p4 #ae4 ,,*apt] ,,xx4 ,,g5]al ,,law ,,( ,,! ,,philosophy ,,( ,,hi/ory4 ',! ord] & concat5ation ( ideas1' says ,sp9oza1 'is ! same z ! ord] & concat5ation ( ?+s#a4' ,! objective _w at lea/ ( acts & in/itutions develops p>allel ) ! gr[? & sy/em ( m5's ideas4 ,9 ! tangl$ ske9 :i* human life & reality pres5t to ! obs]v]1 ! only promis+ clue is to be f\nd 9 ! process by :i* 9 hi/ory ! pa/ ?r[s light on ! pres5t & gets light 9 return4 ,!re 9 ! /ream ( "t & 9 ! expanses ( space ! cond5s$ results1 ! h>d knots1 :i* pres5t life (f]s = explanation1 are brok5 up into a va/ numb] ( problems1 ea* pres5t+ a diff]5t aspect1 & "o help+ t[>ds a fair] & cle>] appreciation ( ano!r4 ,! pres5t m$ium ( g5]al intellig5ce & !ory 9 :i* we live embraces 9 a way ! results ( all t has prec$$ x1 ( all ! /eps ( culture ?r\gh :i* ! _w has ris54 ,b 9 ?is body ( intellectual beliefs & ideas ) :i* our s+le s\l is clad1--9 ?is common soil ( ?\ght1--! sev]al contributions ( ! pa/ h be5 half or ev5 :olly oblit]at$1 & are only ! %ad[s ( _! old selves4 ,:at 9 a =m] day 0 a "q ( all-engross+ int]e/ has left b a trace3 ! complete & detail$ =mations ( anci5t ?\ght h lo/ _! di/9ctness ( outl9e1 & h %runk into m]e %ad+s 9 ! cont\r ( our intellectual _w4 ,que/ions1 f :i* ! anci5t philosoph]s c\ld nev] %ake !mselves loose1 are n[ only a b>ely p]ceptible nuance 9 ! complex que/ions ( ! pres5t day4 ,discussions ab\t ! be>+s ( ! '"o' & ! '_m1' puzzles l ^? ( ,z5o1 & ! casui/ry ( /atesman%ip su* z is f\nd 9 ! ,politics ( ,ari/otle1 h = mo/ p little else ?an an antiqu>ian int]e/4 ,we sc>cely detect ! fa9t traces !y h left 9 ! 'burn+ que/ions' ( our own age4 ,we are too ready to =get t ! pa/ is nev] altoge!r annihilat$1 & t e /ep1 h[ev] slight x may seem1 :i* has once be5 tak5 9 ! movem5t ( intellect1 mu/ be trav]s$ aga9 9 ord] to und]/& ! con/itution ( our pres5t intellectual _w4 ,to outw>d appe>ance ! life & "w ( pa/ g5]ations h s completely lo/ _! organic nature1 ) its unifi$ & vital v>iety1 t 9 _! pres5t phase !y h turn$ into h>d & opaque atoms ( ?\ght4 ,! liv+ =ces ( gr[?1 z geologi/s tell u1 :i* puls$ ?r\gh ! vegetables ( "o p]iod are susp5d$ & put 9 abeyance3 & ^! vegetables turn into :at we call ! inorganic & inanimate /rata ( ! e>?4 ,simil>ly1 :5 all vitality has be5 qu5*$ or r5d]$ torpid 9 ! /ructures ( ?\ght1 !y s9k into ! mat]ial f :i* individuals draw _! means ( intellectual support4 ,?is inorganic mat]ial ( ?\ght /&s to ! m9d1 almo/ 9 ! same way z ! e>? & its products /& to ! body ( a man4 ,if ! "o is our mat]ial1 ! o!r is our spiritual sub/ance4 ,9 ! "o our m9d1 z 9 ! o!r our body1 lives1 moves1 & has its be+4 ,b 9 ea* case besides ! practical ne$1 :i* bids u consume ! sub/ance z dead matt]1 & apply x to use1 !re is ! !oretical b5t :i* seeks to reproduce ideally ! pa/ z a liv+ & fully develop$ organism4 ',?is pa/1' says ,hegel1 'is trav]s$ by ! individual1 9 ! same way z "o :o beg9s to /udy a m advanc$ sci5ce repeats ! prelim9>y lessons ) :i* he _h long be5 acqua9t$1 9 ord] to br+ _! in=mation once m be=e 8 m9d4 ,he recalls !m3 b 8 int]e/ & /udy are devot$ to o!r ?+s4 ,9 ! same way ! individual mu/ g ?r\gh all t is conta9$ 9 ! sev]al /ages 9 ! gr[? ( ! univ]sal m9d3 b all ! :ile he feels t !y are =ms ( :i* ! m9d has dive/$ itself1--t !y are /eps on a road :i* has be5 long ago complet$ & levell$4 ,?us1 po9ts ( le>n+1 :i* 9 =m] times task$ ! mature intellects ( m51 are n[ r$uc$ to ! level ( ex]cises1 lessons1 & ev5 games ( boyhood3 & 9 ! progress ( ! s*oolroom we may recognise ! c\rse ( ! education ( ! _w1 drawn1 z x 71 9 %ad[y outl9e#b4' ,! scope ( hi/orical inve/igation !re=e is ?is4 ,x %[s h[ e %ad+ 9 ! pres5t _w ( ?\ght1 :i* makes our spiritual environm5t1 has be5 once liv+ & actual ) an indep5d5t be+ ( its own4 ,b x also reveals ! pres5ce ( %ades & elem5ts 9 ! pres5t :i* if our eyes _h look$ on ! pres5t alone we %\ld sc>cely h suspect$3 & x ?us enables u to int]polate /ages 9 developm5t ( :i* ! result pres]ves only rudim5t>y traces4 ,&1 :5 c>ri$ out 9 a philosophical _s1 x %[s fur!r1 t 9 ^? =mations1 :i* are produc$ 9 ea* p]iod ( ! /ructural developm5t ( reason1 ! univ]se ( ?\ght1 or ! ,idea1 is always :ole & complete1 b *>act]is$ 9 "s special mode :i* = t p]iod seems absolute & f9al4 ,ea* =m or 'dim5sion' ( ?\ght1 9 :i* ! totality is grasp$ & unifi$1 is !re=e n s simple or elem5t>y z x may seem to casual obs]v]s reg>d+ only ! simplicity ( language3 x is a total1 embrac+ m or less ( simpl] elem5ts1 ea* ( :i* 0 once an inf]ior total1 ?\gh 9 ?is l>g] sph]e !y are r$uc$ to unity4 ,?us ea* t]m or p]iod 9 ! process is really an individualis$ :ole1 ) a complex int]connexion & contra/ includ$ 9 x3 x is concrete4 ,no s+le ^w or phrase expla9s x3 yet x is "o totality1--a r\nd$ life1 f :i* its sev]al sph]es ( life mu/ be expla9$4 ,b :5 t p]iod is pass+ away1 ! =m ( its idea is sep>at$1 & reta9$1 ap>t f ! life & mass ( ! elem5ts :i* con/itut$ x a real totality2 & !n ! m]e %ad+ or %ell1 ) only "p ( its context ( ?\ght1 is left ab/ract4 ,:5 t "t has come1 a special =m1 a :ole act 9 ! drama1 ( humanity has be5 trans=m$ into an empty husk1 & is only a "n4 ,! s5su\s reality ( life1 z x is limit$ 9 space & "t1 & made palpable 9 matt] & motion1 is h[ev] ! e>lie/ cradle ( humanity4 ,! environm5t ( s5se is prior 9 ! ord] ( "t to ! environm5t ( ?\ght4 ,:o1 x may be ask$1 fir/ wr\ght _! way out ( t atmosph]e ( s5se into an e!r ( pure ?\ght8 ,:o fir/ saw t 9 s5se !re 0 yet pres5t some?+ m ?an s5sation1--t ! deliv]ances ( s5se-p]ception re/ ^u & involve relations1 ties1 di/9ctions1 :i* contradict its self-confid5ce & c>ry u beyond its simple indications84 ,:o laid ! fir/ f\ndations ( t _w ( reason 9 :i* ! civilis$ nations ( ! mod]n p]iod live & move8 ,! answ] is1 ! ,greek philosoph]s3 & 9 ! fir/ place ! philosoph]s ( ,elea4 ,= ,hegel ! hi/ory ( ?\ght beg9s ) ,greece4 ,all t prec$$ ! beg9n+s ( ,greek speculation1 & mo/ t lies outside x1 has only a second>y int]e/ = ! culture ( ! ,we/4 ,b '_m h]oes liv$ be=e ! days ( ,agamemnon1' ,! records ( culture no long] beg9 ) ,greece4 ,ev5 9 ,hegel's own day1 voices1 l ^? ( ! poet ,rck]t 79 8 'habilitation'-ex]cise71 7 he>d decl>+ t ! true f\nta9 ( ,european ?\ght1 ! real philosophy1 0 to be s\ght 9 ! remot] ,ea/4 ,s9ce ! "t ( ,hegel1 ! /udy ( primitive life1 & ( ! rise ( primitive ideas 9 morals & religion1 has enabl$ u to "s ext5t to trace ! e>ly grop+s ( b>b>ian fancy & reason4 ,! comp>ative /udy ( languages has1 on ! o!r h&1 p>tly reveal$ ! contrivances by :i* human reason has ris5 f "o grade ( consci\sness to ano!r4 ,! sci5ces ( language & ( primitive culture h reveal$ new dep?s 9 ! developm5t ( ?\ght1 :]e ?\ght is /ill envelop$ 9 nature & s5se & symbols1--dep?s :i* 7 sc>cely dream$ ( 9 ! e>li] "p ( ! pres5t c5tury4 ,"h & !re1 inve/igators h ev5 suppos$ t !y _h f\nd ! cradle ( "s elem5ts 9 art1 religion1 & society1 or1 x may be1 ( humanity itself4 ,^! rese>*es h accompli%$ mu*1 & !y promise to accompli% m4 ,!y help u p]haps to take a ju/] view ( ! e>ly ,greek ?9k]s1 & %[ h[ mu* !y /ill lab\r$ "u conditions ( ?\ght & spee* f :i* _! /ruggles h p>tly fre$ u4 ,b = ! pres5t1 & ) c]ta9 explanations to be giv5 lat]1 x may /ill be said t ! bir?day ( our mod]n _w is ! mom5t :5 ! ,greek sages began to con/rue ! facts ( ! univ]se4 ,be=e _! "t ! _w lay1 z x 71 9 a dream-life4 ,unconsci\sly 9 ! womb ( "t ! _s ( ! _w 0 gr[+1--its faculties =m+ 9 secresy & sil5ce1--until ! day ( bir? :5 ! prep>ations 7 complet$1 & ! "y _s drew its fir/ brea? 9 ! air ( ?\ght4 ,a new & to u all-important epo* 9 ! hi/ory ( ?\ght beg9s ) ! ,greeks3 & ! utt]ances ( ,p>m5ides m>k ! fir/ h>d1 & /ill some:at mat]ial1 outl9es ( ! spiritual _w 9 :i* we live4 ,o!r nations ( an old] day _h ga!r$ ! mat]ials3 9 _! languages1 cu/oms1 religions1 c41 !re 0 an unconsci\s deposit ( reason4 ,x 0 res]v$ = ! ,greeks to recognise t reason3 & ?us 9 !m reason became consci\s4 ,= u1 !n1 x 0 ! ,greek philosoph]s :o di/9ctly drew ! di/9ction betwe5 s5se & ?\ght1 & :o fir/ translat$ ! actual =ms ( our natural life into _! abbreviat$ equival5ts 9 t]ms ( logic4 ,! /ruggle to c>ry ?r\gh ?is transition1 ?is elevation into pure ?\ght1 is :at gives ! dramatic int]e/ to ! ,dialogues ( ,plato & keeps ! sympa?y ( 8 read]s always fre%4 ,socrates1 we are told1 fir/ taught m5 to seek a g5]al def9ition3 n to be cont5t ) hav+--l ,py?agoreans--_! mean+ wrapp$ up insep>ably 9 psy*ical images & quasi-mat]ial symbols4 ,he taught !m to ref] ^w to fell[ ^w1 to elicit ! und]ly+ idea by ! collision & comp>ison ( in/ances1 to get at ! 'cont5t' :i* 0 id5tical 9 all ! multiplicity ( =ms4 ,he taught !m1 9--brief1 to ?9k3 & ,plato c>ri$ out widely & deeply ! lesson4 ,! endeav\r to create an ideal _w1 :i*1 at its v creation1 seems (t5 to be trans=m$ into a ref9$ & att5uat$ copy ( ! s5se-_w1 meets u 9 almo/ e page ( 8 ,dialogues4 ,9 ,ari/otle ?is ef=t1 ) its concomitant t5d5cy to give 's5sible' =m to ! ideal1 is s f> ov] & pa/2 & "s sort ( intellectual _w1 p]haps n>r[ & inadequate1 is rea*$1--! logical s*eme 9 :i* imm$iate exp]i5ce 0 express$ & codifi$4 ,:at ^! ?9k]s began1 succe$+ ages h inh]it$ & promot$4 ,9 ! environm5t ( reason1 !re=e1 :i* encompasses ! consci\sness ( our age1 are conta9$ "u a g5]alis$ =m & ) elim9ation ( all ! p>ticul> circum/ances1 ! results won 9 ! developm5t ( m9d & morals4 ,^! results n[ con/itute ! famili> jo9ts & supports 9 ! framework ( ord9>y ?\ght3 ar\nd & ^u !m clu/] our beliefs & imag9ations4 ,dur+ ea* epo* ( hi/ory1 ! consci\sness ( ! _w1 at fir/ by ! m\? ( its great m51 its illu/ri\s /atesm51 arti/s1 & philosoph]s1 has explicitly recognis$1 & translat$ into t]ms ( ?\ght1--into logical language1--t syn!sis ( ! _w :i* ! p]iod _h practically secur$ by ! action ( its *ildr54 ,t activity w5t on1 z is ! way ( natural activities1 spontane\sly1 ?r\gh ! pressure ( ne$1 by an imman5t adaptation ( means to ends1 n 9 consci\s /ra9+ aft] a result4 ,= ! consci\s or reflective ef=t ( l>ge bodies ( m5 is (t5 9 a direction contr>y to ! ,_s ( ! ,"t4 ,?is ,_s ( ! ,"t1 ! absolute m9d1 :i* is nei!r religi\s nor irreligi\s1 b inf9ite & absolute 9 its season1 is ! real motive pr9ciple ( ! _w4 ,b t ,_s ( ! ,"t is n always ! voice t is mo/ effective at ! poll1 or r+s l\de/ 9 public rhetoric4 ,x is (t5 a /ill small voice1 :i* only ! wise1 ! self-re/ra9$1 ! unselfi% he>4 ,& he :o he>s x & obeys x1 n he :o foll[s ! blatant cr[d1 is ! h]o4 ,x is only to a mi/ak5 or an exagg]at$ h]o-wor%ip1 !re=e1 t ,hegel c be said to be a foe4 ,great m5 are great3 b ! ,_s ( ! ,"t is great]3 _! greatness lies 9 und]/&+ x & br++ x to consci\sness4 ,! man1 :o w\ld act indep5d5tly ( 8 "t & 9 antagonism to x1 is only ! expon5t ( its lat5t t5d5cies4 ,nor ne$ ! syn!sis be always =mulat$ by a philosoph] 9 ord] to leav5 ! m9ds ( ! next g5]ation4 ,! :ole sy/em ( ?\ght1--! !ory ( ! "t1--its _w1 9 %ort1 influ5ces m9ds1 al?\gh x is n explicitly =mulat$ & /at$3 x becomes ! nurs]y ( future ?\ght & speculation4 ,philosophy 9 its articulate utt]ances only gives expression to ! sil5t & half-consci\s grasp ( reason ov] its objects4 ,b :5 ! adaptation is n m]ely rea*$ b se5 & felt1 :5 ! syn!sis or _w ( t "t is made an object ( self-consci\sness1 ! exposition has made an advance ^u ! p]iod :i* prec$$4 ,= t p]iod />t$ 9 its gr[? f ! la/ exposition1 ! prec$+ sy/em ( philosophy1 aft] x _h become ! common prop]ty ( ! age1 & tak5 its place 9 _! m5tal equipm5t4 ,ea* exposition or p]ception ( ! syn!sis by ! philosoph] re/ores or re-affirms ! unity :i* 9 ! divid$ en]gies ( ! p]iod1 9 its progressive1 re=m+1 & reaction>y aspects1 9 its diff]5tiat+ "t1 _h to a great ext5t be5 lo/4 ,by ! re=m+1 progressive1 & sci5tific movem5t ( :i* ea* p]iod is full1 ! unity or totality ) :i* x began is %[n to be defective4 ,! value ( ! initial syn!sis is impair$2 its =mula is f\nd inadequate to compreh5d ! totality3 & ! diff]5ces :i* t unity involv$1 or :i* 7 implicitly 9 x1 are n[ explicitly affirm$4 ,b ! b5t t[>ds unity is a natural law mak+ itself felt ev5 9 ! p]iod ( diff]5tiation4 ,& x makes itself felt 9 ! pa9 ( contradiction1 ( discord1 ( brok5 h>mony4 ,& t pa9--:i* is ! sign ( an ev]-pres5t life t refuses to succumb to ! encroa*+ elem5ts--is ! /imulus to re-con/ruction4 ,only s f> z pa9 ceases to be pa91 z x b5umbs1 & dead5s1 does x involve /agnation3 z pa9 prop]1 felt z resi/ance to an inn] implicitly victori\s pr9ciple1 x /imulates & quick5s to ef=ts to make life :ole aga94 ,! integrat+ pr9ciple is pres5t & active4 ,!re is !n an ef=t1 a re-action2 ! feel+ has to d some?+ to make itself outw>dly felt3 ! implicit has to be actually put 9 its place1 =c$ z x 7 into action & set =?#c3 & ! exi/+ contra/s & diff]5ces :i* ! re-=m+ ag5cy has call$ into vigor\s life are lift$ f _! isolation1 & %[ ( indep5d5ce1 & kept1 z x 71 susp5d$ 9 ! unity#d4 ,! diff]5ces are n lo/ or annihilat$3 b !y come back to a c5tre1 !y f9d !mselves1 z x 71 at home3 !y lose _! unfair prom95ce & self-ass]tion1 & s9k into _! places z con/itu5ts 9 ! embrac+ organism#e4 ,! unity :i* comes is n h[ev] ! same z ! unity :i* disappe>$1 h[ev] mu* x may seem s4 ,! m]e notion--! inn] s5se & inn] unity--has put itself =w>d into ! real _w3 x is no long] a m]e subjective pr9ciple1 b z m\ld$ into actuality1 into ! objective _w1 x has become an ,idea4 7,begriff is n[ ,idee47 ,= ! ,idea is always m ?an a notion3 x is a notion translat$ into objectivity1 & yet 9 objectivity n s9k+ into a m]e cong]ies ( indep5d5t p>ts1 b reta9+ !m 'ideally'--unit$ by l9ks ( ?\ght & s]vice--9 its l>g] ideal-reality4 ,x is all t ! object ought to be 7& :i* 9 a s5se x mu/ be1 if x is at all71 & all t ! subject s\ght to be & look$ =w>d to4 ,! m9d ( ! _w moves1 z x 71 9 cycles1 b ) ea* new cycle a diff]5ce sup]v5es1 a new tone is p]ceptible4 ,hi/ory1 :i* reflects ! *ang+ aspects ( reality1 does & does n repeat itself4 ,! di/9ctions & ! unity are nei!r ( !m ! same aft] ea* /ep z !y 7 be=e x3 !y h bo? suff]$ a *ange3 x is a new sc5e t comes above ! horizon1 h[ev] l ! la/ x may seem to ! casual obs]v]4 ,?us :5 ! process ( diff]5tiation is repeat$ anew1 x is repeat$ 9 high] t]ms1 multipli$1 & ) a high] p[] or wid] range ( mean+#f4 ,ea* unification h[ev] is a p]fect _w1 a complete :ole3 x is ! same sum ( be+2 b 9 ea* successive level ( advance x receives a full] expression1 & a m complexly-gr\p$ type ( features#g4 ,su* is ! rhy?mic movem5t1--! ebb & fl[ ( ! _w1 always recurr+ ) ! same burd5 b1 z we _c b hope1 ) ri*] v>iety ( tones1 & full] s5se ( itself4 ,! sum ( actuality1 ! ,absolute1 is nei!r increas$ nor dim9i%$4 ,! _w1 ! ultimate reality ( exp]i5ce & life1 0 z mu* a r\nd$ total to ! ,hebrew ,patri>*s z x is to u3 )\t advanc+1 x has be51 we may say1 9 its expression deep5$1 develop$1 & organis$4 ,9 "o "p ( ! sway ( ?\ght1 h[ev]1 !re is a h>d]1 n>r[]1 insi/ance 7by practical & bus9ess m9ds7 on ! suffici5cy ( a def9ite pr9ciple to satisfy all wants & to make all my/]ies pla91 & a disposition to ignore all o!r elem5ts ( life3 at ano!r1 !re is a full] recognition ( ! diff]5ces1 gaps1 & contradictions1 involv$ 9 ! la/ syn!sis1--:i* recognition x is ! t5d5cy ( sci5tific inquiry1 ( re=m+ ef=ts1 ( innovation1 to produce3 & 9 ! la/ p]iod ( ! sway1 !re is a /rong] & m ext5d$ grasp tak5 by ! unity p]vad+ ^! diff]5ces1--:i* is ! "w appo9t$ to philosophy ga!r+ up ! results ( sci5ce & practical am5dm5ts4 ,to ?is rhy?mical movem5t ,hegel has appropriat$ ! "n ( ,dialectic4 ,! "n came 9 ! fir/ in/ance f ,kant1 b ultimately f ,plato1 :]e x d5otes ! process :i* br+s ! '_m' "u ! '"o1' & divides ! '"o' into ! '_m4' ,b h[1 x may be ask$1 does diff]5ce spr+ up1 if we beg9 ) unity1 & h[ d ! diff]5ces return into ! unity8 ,9 o!r words1 giv5 a univ]sal1 h[ are we ev] to get at p>ticul>s1 & h[ w ^! p>ticul>s ev] give rise to a real individual8 ,su* is ! problem1 9 ! te*nical language ( ! ,logic ( ! ',notion4' ,& we may answ]1 t ! unity or univ]sal 9 "q is ei!r a true & adequate or an imp]fect unity4 ,9 ! latt] case x is a m]e unit1 amid o!r units1 b\nd to !m & s]v+ to recall !m by relations ( contra/1 complem5t1 simil>ity4 ,x is "o ( _m1--a subord9ate memb] 9 a cong]ies1 & n ! ,"o4 ,if1 on ! contr>y1 x be a true ,unity1 x is a concrete univ]sal1--! p>5t ( p]petual v>iety4 ,! unity1 if x be its g5u9e %ape :i* is =mulat$ by philosoph]s1 is n m]e monotony )\t diff]5ces4 ,if x is a liv+ & real ,idea1 conta9+ a complex int]-action ( pr9ciples3 x is n a s+le l9e ( action1 b ! organic conflu5ce ( sev]al4 ,no "o s+le pr9ciple by itself is en\gh to /ate a life1 a "*1 or a p]iod4 ,b z ! unity comes be=e ! eye ( ! s+le ?9k]1 x is seldom or nev] grasp$ ) all its fulness ( life & diff]5ce4 ,! :ole syn!sis1 al?\gh x is implicitly pres5t & und]lies exp]i5ce & life z its ess5tial basis1 is n consci\sly appreh5d$1 b = ! mo/ "p tak5 on "o side only1 "o emphatic aspect into :i* x has conc5trat$ itself4 ,& ev5 if ! ma/] c\ld grasp ! :ole1 c\ld see ! unity ( actuality 9 all its diff]5ces1 7& we may d\bt :e!r any man or any philosoph] c ?us inc>nate ! pr]ogative ( reason17 8 foll[]s & ! popul> m9d w\ld n imitate him4 ,:ile 8 grasp ( compreh5sion may possibly h be5 ?or\gh1 ?\gh he may h se5 life :ole ?r\gh all its diff]5ces1 inequalities1 & s*isms1 & ) all ^! r$uc$ or idealis$ to _! due proportions1 into ! unity beyond1 ! cr[d :o foll[ him are soon compell$ to lay exclusive /ress on "s "o side ( 8 !ory4 ,"s ( !m see ! totality f "o aspect1 "s f ano!r4 ,x is inde$ ! :ole :i* 9 a c]ta9 s5se !y see3 b x is ! :ole n>r[$ d[n to a po9t4 ,:ile 8 !ory 0 a compreh5sive & concrete grasp1 includ+ & h>monis+ _m ?+s :i* seem o!rwise wide ap>t1 !irs is ab/ract & inadequate3 x fixes on a s+le po9t1 :i* is ?us )drawn f its liv+ & mean+-giv+ context1 & left z an empty "n4 ,n[ x is ! v nature ( popul> reason+ to t5d to ab/ractions1 9 ?is s5se ( ! ^w4 ,popul> ?\ght wants ! "t & p]sev]ance necess>y to reta9 a :ole tru?1 & s is cont5t$ ) a p>tial image4 ,x seeks = simple & %>p precision3 x likes to h some?+ di/9ctly be=e x1 visible to ! eye ( imag9ation1 & capable ( be+ /at$ 9 a cle> & unambigu\s =mula = ! intellect4 ,& popul> ?\ght--! dogmatic insi/5ce on "o-sid$ tru?--is n conf9$ to ! s-call$ non-philosophic _w3 j z1 on ! o!r h&1 ! inclusive & compreh5sive unity ( life & reality is se5 & felt & recognis$ by _m--& felt by !m fir/--:o h no claim to ! te*nical rank ( philosoph]s4 ,popul> ?\ght is ! ?\ght :i* skims ! surface ( reality1 :i* addresses itself to ! level ( op9ion preval5t 9 all memb]s ( ! mass z su*1 & does n g beyond t into ! ultimate & complex dep?s ( exp]i5ce4 ,?us x comes ab\t t ! concrete or adequate syn!sis :i* %\ld h appe>$ 9 ! self-consci\s ?\ght ( ! p]iod1 :5 x reflect$ ^u :at x 01 has be5 replac$ by a n>r[ & "o-sid$ =mula1 an ab/ract & =mal univ]sal1 a univ]sal :i* does n express all ! p>ticul>s4 ,"o pr$om9ant side ( ! syn!sis /eals ! place ( ! total3 :at %\ld h be5 a compreh5sive univ]sal has l[]$ itself into a p>ticul>4 ,n inde$ ! same p>ticul> z exi/$ be=e ! union3 because x has be5 influ5c$ by ! syn!sis1 s z to issue ) a new col\r+1 z if x _h be5 /eep$ 9 a fre% liquid4 ,b /ill x is really a p>ticul>3 & z su*1 x evokes a new p>ticul> 9 antagonism to x & exhibit+ an elem5t lat5t 9 ! syn!sis4 ,if ! fir/ side ( ! anti!sis :i* claims unduly to be ! total1 or univ]sal1 be call$ ,cons]vative1 ! second mu/ be call$ ,re=m+ or ,progressive4 ,if ! fir/ /ep is ,dogmatic1 ! second is ,sceptical4 ,if ! "o side assumes to be ! :ole1 ! o!r practically refutes ! assumption4 ,if ! "o ag5cy cl+s bl9dly to ! unity1--z :5 pi\s m5 rally r\nd ! c5tral idea ( religion1 ! o!r z t5aci\sly & n>r[ly holds to ! diff]5ce1--z :5 sci5ce displays ! /ruggle = exi/5ce & ! empire ( *ance among ! myriads ( aimless organisms4 ,!y are two w>r+ ab/ractions1 ea* 9 a diff]5t direction4 ,b z !y are ! (fspr+ ( "o p>5t1--z !y h ea* 9 _! own way n>r[$ ! :ole d[n to a po9t1 x _c b be t :5 !y evolve or develop all t is 9 !m1 !y w ultimately co9cide1 & complete ea* o!r4 ,! contradiction w n disappe> until x has be5 p]si/5tly work$ out1--:5 ea* oppos+ memb] :i* 0 pot5tially a total has become :at x 0 by its own nature de/9$ to be4 ,& ?is disappe>ance ( ! anti!sis is ! reappe>ance ( ! unity 9 all its /r5g?1 re9=c$ ) all ! weal? ( new di/9ctions4 ,?us on a l>ge scale we h se5 ! law ( gr[?1 ( developm5t1 ( life4 ,x may be call$ gr[? by antagonism4 ,b ! antagonism "h is ov]-rul$1 & subject to ! guidance ( an indwell+ unity4 ,m]e antagonism--if !re be su* a ?+--w\ld lead to no?+4 ,a m]e positive or affirmative po9t ( be+ w\ld lead to no anti!sis1 7 x n1 s to speak1 a po9t float+ 9 an e!r ( l>g] life & be+1 :5ce x draws an outside elem5t :i* x ov]comes1 assimilates & absorbs4 ,a b>e national m9d only gr[s to ri*] culture1 because x lives 9 a univ]sal human life1 & c say ,nihil humani a me ali5um puto4 ,s too ! m]e unit is always ta9t$ ) a dep5d5ce on outside3 or x is always implicitly m ?an a m]e unit3 & :at seems to come ^u x f outside1 is really an enemy f )91 & x falls because !re is treason )9 its walls4 ,! revolution succe$s because ! p>ty ( cons]vative ord] is n s h>d & homog5e\s z x appe>s4 ,s1 too1 x is ! imman5t pres5ce ( ! complete ?\ght1 ( ! ,idea1 :i* is ! he>t & mov+ spr+ t sets go+ ! pulse ( ! univ]sal movem5t ( ?\ght1 & :i* reappe>s 9 e "o ( ^! categories to :i* ! actualis$ ?\ght ( an age has be5 r$uc$4 ,9 e t]m ( ?\ght !re are ?ree /ages or elem5ts3 ! orig9al n>r[ def9it5ess1 claim+ to be self-suffici5t1--! antagonism & criticism to :i* ?is gives rise1--& ! union :i* results :5 ! two supplem5t & modify ea* o!r4 ,9 ! full life & organic unity ( e notion !re is a def9ite k]nel1 ) rigid outl9es z if x 7 immovable3 !re is a revulsion aga9/ su* exclusiv5ess1 a que/ion+ & critical attitude3 & !re is ! complete notion1 :]e ! two fir/ /ages int]p5etrate4 ,footnote #a3 ,e?4 ii #g4 ,footnote #b3 ,ph5om5ologiedes ,gei/es1 p4 #bb4 ,footnote #c3 ,gesetzt4 ,footnote #d3 ,aufgehob54 ,footnote #e3 ,idee3 ,ideell] ,weise4 ,footnote #f3 ,pot5z4 ,footnote #g3 ',ni*t nur die ,e9si*t 9 die ,abhngigkeit des ,e9zeln5 vom ,ganz5 i/ alle9 das ,wes5tli*e2 eb5so dass j$es ,mom5t selb/ unabhngig vom ,ganz5 das ,ganze i/1 und dies i/ das ,v]tief5 9 die ,sa*e4' 7,hegels ,leb51 p4 #edh47 ,,*apt] ,,xxi4 ,,ab/ract ,,& ,,concrete ,i ,,& ,,! ,,ord9>y ,,logic4 ,! ord9>y logic-books h made u all famili> ) ! popul> di/9ction betwe5 ,ab/ract & ,concrete4 ,by a concrete t]m !y mean ! "n ( an exi/5ce or reality :i* is obvi\s to ! s5ses1 & is f\nd 9 "t & place2--or !y mean ! "n ( an attribute :5 we expressly or tacitly recognise its dep5d5ce ^u su* a ?+ ( ! s5ses4 ,:51 on ! contr>y1 ! attribute is =cibly )drawn f its context & made an indep5d5t entity 9 ! m9d1 ! t]m express+ x becomes 9 ! usual phraseology ab/ract4 ,any t]m !re=e :i* d5otes a non-s5sible or intelligible object w\ld probably be call$ ab/ract4 ,& !re is some?+ to be said = ! di/9ction1 :i*1 ?\gh unsuccessful 9 its expression1 has "s feel+ ( ! radical anti!sis betwe5 m]e be+ & m]e ?\ght4 ,x is true1 t 9 ! totality ( s5se & feel+1 9 ! full s5se-exp]i5ce1 !re is a concrete fulness1 z x 71 an inf9ite /ore ( features & phases wait+ = subsequ5t analysis to detect4 ,9 ! real k9d ( actual nature !re is an inexhau/ible m9e ( prop]ties1 :i* no artificial classification & description c ev] come to ! end (4 ,e quality :i* we /ate1 e relation :i* we pr$icate1 is a p>tial & incomplete elem5t 9 ?is presuppos$ reality1 ?is implicit concrete2 & z su* is ab/ract1 & comp>atively unreal4 ,x is some?+ =cibly torn out ( & held ap>t f its context4 ,b on ! o!r h& ! concrete reality is n at fir/ real1 b implicit3 x becomes really concrete only z x re-embraces1 & re-con/itutes 9 its totality ! elem5ts detect$ by analysis4 ,b ! popul> di/9ction =gets ?is1 & gives ! title & rank ( concrete to :at v poorly des]ves ! "n1 viz4 to ! yet undisc]n$ reality d5ot$ by a sub/antive "n4 ,yet !re c be little d\bt t ! popul> use ( ^! t]ms1 or ! popul> appreh5sion ( :at con/itutes reality1--= t is :at x comes to1--is suffici5tly repres5t$ by ! ord9>y logic-books4 ,s t1 if ! :ole bus9ess ( ! logician lies 9 =mulat+ ! di/9ctions preval5t 9 popul> ?\ght1 ! ord9>y logic is correct4 ,n[ ! popul> logic ( ! day1--! logic :i* has long be5 taught 9 our s*ools & univ]sities--has ?ree s\rces4--,9 ! fir/ place1 b 9 a slight degree1 x tr5*es ^u ! prov9ce ( psy*ology1 & gives "s acc\nt ( ! op]ation by :i* concepts or g5]al ideas are suppos$ to be =m$1 & ( ! errors or fallacies :i* naturally creep into ! process ( reason+4 ,?is is ! m /rictly mod]n1 ! descriptive "p ( our logic-books4--,b1 secondly1 ! logic ( our y\? re/s 9 a mu* high] degree ^u ! v5]able au?ority ( ,ari/otle4 ,t logic1 )9 its own compass1 0 a ma/]piece ( analysis1 & = _m c5turies ma9ta9$ an asc5d5cy ov] ! m9ds ( m51 :i* x well des]v$4 ,b x 0 n an analysis ( ?\ght or k z a :ole1 & x treat$ its subject 9 fragm5ts4 ,x gave 9 "o place an analysis ( sci5ce & 9 ano!r an analysis ( c]ta9 me?ods1 :i* c\ld be obs]v$ 9 popul> discussions & practical oratory4 ,z ,"l ,bacon rem>k$1 x did little else ?an /ate &1 x may be1 exagg]ate ! rationale ( argum5tation4 ,a high level ( popul> ?\ght x unque/ionably 01 :i* ,ari/otle _h to inve/igate1--a level :i* _m g5]ations ( less fav\r$ races 7 unable to rea*4 ,b !re 7 defects 9 ?is ,logic :i* fatally m>r$ its g5]al usefulness1 :5 ! limit$ scope ( its orig9al int5tion _h be5 lo/ sight (4 ,! ?\ghts ( ,greece1 x has be5 said1 7 greate/ & mo/ active 9 ! l9e ( popul> action = ! city & ! public int]e/1 9 ! discussions1 ! quibbles1 ! fallacies1 & rhetorical arts ( ! b>b]'s %op & ! 'agora4' ,! aim ( su* ex]cises 0 to conv9ce1 to demon/rate1 to p]suade1 to ov]come2--x might be = good & tru?1 b also x might n4 ,& accord+ly ! ,logic ( ,ari/otle has be5 said to h = its end & canon ! p[] to conv9ce & to give demon/rative c]ta9ty4 ,!re is "s gr\nd1 x may be1 = ?is *>ge4 ,! anci5t logician seems to luxuriate 9 a rank gr[? ( =ms ( sophism1 & 9 an almo/ *ildlike fondness = v>iety ( argum5tative me?od4 ,he seems resolv$ to trace ! wayw>d tricks ( ?\ght & its phases ?r\gh e nook & cranny1 to exhau/ all ! p]mutations & complications ( its elem5ts4 ,b let u be j1 & rememb] t all ?is 0 9 ! ma9 a speculative inquiry--= ! sake ( !ory4 ,x develop$ ! p[]s ( judgm5t & inf]5ce1 j z ! mod]n rese>* = new metals1 new plants1 or new planets1 develops ! p[]s ( obs]vation4 ,bo? h "s value 9 ! mat]ial results !y discov]3 b1 aft] all1 ! m5tal culture !y give is ! ma9 ?+4 ,& ! tal5ts quick5$ by d$uctive rese>* are no :it less valuable ?an ^? ow$ to ! o!r4 ,=ms are ess5tial1 ev5 if x be possible to make ! t]rible mi/ake ( reg>d+ !m z all-important to ! exclusion ( matt]4 ,& !n1 ?is is n ! :ole tru?4 ,!re is a p]fectly s]i\s ,greek sci5ce--,ma!matics--a sci5ce ( _m bran*es3 a sci5ce :i*1 f ,plato d[nw>ds1 always /ood 9 alliance ) ! /udies ( philosophy4 ,n[1 x might be said1 p]haps ) gr\nd1 t ! conception ( ma!matical me?od too mu* dom9at$ all attempts to get at ! rationale ( sci5ce1 & l$ to ! supremacy ( syllogism4 ,x w\ld be fair] p]haps to put ?is objection 9 ano!r %ape4 ,we %\ld !n say t ! logic ( ,ari/otle1--! ,analytics--is too mu* re/rict$ to deal+ ) ! mo/ g5]al & elem5t>y pr9ciples ( reason+4 ,b ?is is n 9 itself a fault4 ,x becomes a fault only :]e !re is no gr[? 9 philosophy--:5 x is m]ely h&$ on f ma/] to pupil2 & :]e !re is a t5d5cy to put philosophic doctr9e to imm$iate use4 ,to exp5d ! :ole en]gy ( intellect 9 lay+ b>e ! g5]al pr9ciples1 ! fundam5tal me?od1 ( k & inf]5ce1 is precisely :at ! f\nd] ( a sci5ce has a duty to d4 ,b ! beg9n+ ?us made requires developm5t--& developm5t :i* is fruitful mu/ proce$ by correction & anti!sis1 no less ?an by positive additions4 ,x 0 n giv5 to ,ari/otle's logic to be s c>ri$ on4 ,8 logic1 l 8 sy/em 9 g5]al1 _h no real successor to c>ry x on 9 ! foll[+ g5]ation3 & :5 9 ! less orig9al ages ( e>ly ,byzant9e rule x aga9 f\nd /ud5ts1 x _h become a quasi-sacr$ text :i* c\ld only be comm5t$ on1 n modifi$ & develop$4 ,f ! great ,exegetai ( ,greece x pass$ we/w>d to ,boe?ius & ea/w>d to ! ,syrian & ,p]sian comm5tators 9 ! e>ly c5turies ( ! ,caliphate4 ,f ^!1 & f o!r int]m$i>ies1 x may be1 x f9ally culm9at$ 9 ! "w ( ! ,lat9 ,s*oolm5 ( ! lat] ,middle ,ages4 ,b ! v rev]5ce :i* all ^! expositors felt = ! text ( ! ,philosoph] r5d]$ true developm5t impossible4 ,!n1 on ! o!r h&1 ! lu/ ( practical utility caus$ a grave misconception ( :at logic c d4 ,= ,ari/otle1 logic is a sci5tific analysis ( ! modes ( inf]5ce2 its uses are ^? :i* foll[ intr9sically f all noble activity freely & zeal\sly prosecut$4 ,b ) ! dea? ( ,ari/otle ! great days ( k = ! sake ( k & div9e wisdom 7 ov]4 ,! ,/oics into ^: h&s ! *ief sceptre ( philosophy1 directly or indirectly1 pass$ nev] rose above ! conception ( life z a task & a duty1 & ( all o!r ?+s1 lit]ature1 sci5ce1 & art1 z subs]vi5t to ! p]=mance ( t task4 ,! conception is an ennobl+ "o3 b only ) a relative or comp>ative nobility4 ,x ennobles1 if x is set beside & aga9/ ! view t life is a frivol\s play1 a sport ( caprice & selfi%ness4 ,b x d>k5s & n>r[s ! outlook ( humanity1 :5 x loses sight ( life z a joy1 a self-enl>g+ & self-realis+ fre$om1 ( life z 9 its supreme phase --or ! enjoym5t ( ,god4 ,to ! ,/oic1 !re=e1--& to ! dom9ant ,*ri/ian !ory :i* ent]$ to "s ext5t on ! ,/oic inh]itance--logic1 l ! re/ ( philosophy1 0 some?+ only valuable because ultimately x help$ to save ! s\l4 ,x ?us sunk into ! position ( an ,organon or in/rum5t4 ,to ! ,/oic1--= in/ance to ,epictetus--its value 0 its use to e/abli% ! doctr9es ( ! ,/oic fai?1 by confut+ ! ill-arrang$ & futile inf]5ces on :i* 7 f\nd$ ! aims & approvals ( ord9>y worldly life4 ,to ! ,*ri/ian1 aga91 x s]v$ z a me?od = putt+ into sy/ematic %ape 7"u ! guidance ( c]ta9 supreme categories or pr9ciples also borr[$ f ,greek ?\ght7 ! v>iety ( fundam5tal & d]ivative aspects :i* successive m9ds1 pond]+ on ! p[] & my/]y ( ! ,*ri/ian fai?1 _h set =w>d z its ess5tial dogmas4 ,x ?us help$ to build up 7out ( ! lead+ ideas ( ,greek metaphysics1 & ! pr9ciples em]g+ 9 ! e>lie/ attempts to =mulate ! law ( ,*ri/7 t amalgam ( ! p[] ( a div9e life ) ! reflective ?\ght ( ! tea*]s ( successive g5]ations1 :i* con/itutes ! dogmatic cre$ ( ,*ri/5dom4 ,su* a recon/ruction 9 ?\ght ( ! reality :i* und]lies exp]i5ce--79 ?is case ! exp]i5ce ( ! ,*ri/ian life71 is inevitable if man is to be man1 a free intellig5ce1 & n a m]e animal-l feel+4 ,b its success is l>gely1 if n entirely1 dep5d5t on ! value ( ! logic & metaphysics :i* x employs3 & x w\ld be a bold ?+ to say t ! subtle1 ab/ract1 & unreal sy/em ( ,neo-,platoni/ & ,neo-,ari/otelian ?\ght 0 an organon adequate to cope ) ! bread? & dep?1 lat5t if n v explicit1 9 ! fulness & reality ( ! religi\s life4 ,yet ev5 z an ,organon1 ,logic _h to s9k to a l[] rank4 ,z traditionalism grew supreme1 & religion ossifi$ into a /]eotyp$ =m ( belief & practice1 logic _h less to d z an organis] ( dogma4 ,x sank1 or seem$ to s9k 7= x w\ld be ra% to speak too categorically ( an epo* ( ?\ght s f> remov$ f mod]n sympa?y & und]/&+ z ! age ( ! ,s*oolm571 into a futile 7& z x seems occasionally almo/ a vici\sly-despair+7 play ) pro & contra1--into a lu/ ( argum5tation :i* 9 ma/]s l ,ockam comes p]il\sly close to scepticism or agno/icism4 ,m & m1 ,s*ola/ic ?\ght1 :i*1 at "o "t1 _h be5 9 ! c5tre ( su* intellectual life z !re 01 came to be /r&$ on ! %ore1 :ile ! onw>d-fl[+ tide spread 9 o!r directions4 ,^! 7 ! great days ( logical sway1 :5 x seem$ z if logic c\ld create new tru?3 z if =ms c\ld beget matt]4 ,s at lea/ ran an outside rum\r1 :i* 0 probably bas$ on "s am\nt ( real folly4 ,b ! m important po9t 0 t ! old logic _h lo/ t\* ) reality4 ,new problems 7 aris+1 :i* x 0--)\t a pr(\nd recon/ruction--q incapable ( solv+4 ,( ^! !re 7 obvi\sly two--n unconnect$ p]haps1 b aris+ 9 diff]5t sph]es ( life4 ,!re 0 ! revival ( religi\s exp]i5ce1 gr[+ especially s9ce ! ?irte5? c5tury ) an ev]-swell+ /ream 9 ! s\ls ( m5 & wom51 till x bur/ ?r\gh all b\nds ( outw>d organisation 9 ! cata/rophe ( ! ,re=mation4 ,lu!r may h be5 hi/orically unju/ 7z ,bacon aft]w>ds 07 to ! 'bl9d hea!n ma/]1' z he call$ ,ari/otle3 b he 0 gov]n$ by a true in/9ct :5 7unlike ! compromise-lov+ ,melan*?on7 he f\nd ! traditional sy/em ( logic & metaphysics no prop] organon = ! new phase ( fai? & !ory4 ,s1 too1 ! new attempts at an inception & in/auration ( ! sci5ces grew up outside ! walls ( old tradition1 & 7 at fir/ p]haps disc\rag$ & p]secut$ z infidel & h]etical1 & 71 ev5 )\t t burd51 pursu$ at mu* hap-haz>d & ) mu* ignorance bo? 9 aims & me?ods4 ,intellig5t onlook]s1--especially if inspir$ by an en?usiasm = ! signs ( an age happi] = human welf>e--c\ld n b sec h[ ne$ful x 0 to come to "s und]/&+ on ! aims & me?ods ( ! ris+ sci5ces4 ,?is want1 :i* he ke5ly felt1 ,francis ,bacon tri$ to satisfy4 ,he po9t$ out1 vaguely1 b zeal\sly & 9 a noble _s1 ! end :i* t new logic _h to accompli%4 ,bacon1 h[ev]1 c\ld n d m ?an /ate ^! bold sugge/ions3 he _h n ! p[] to execute !m4 ,he imag9$ inde$ t he c\ld display a me?od1 by :i* sci5ce w\ld make incr$ible advances1 & ! k+dom ( tru? 9 a few ye>s come into ! _w4 ,b ?is is a sort ( ?+ :i* no man c d4 ,plato1 if we take 8 ,republic = a political pamphlet1 _h tri$ to d x = ! social life ( ,a!ns4 ,:at ,plato c\ld n d = ! political _w ( ,greece1 ,bacon c\ld n d = ! intellectual _w 9 8 "t3 = z ! ,a!nian work$ "u ! %ad[ ( 8 own /ate1 ov]-ma/]$ ev5 )\t 8 k by ! ord9ances ( ,a!ns1 s ! ,engli%man 0 evid5tly en?rall$ by ! m$ieval conceptions & by ! logic :i* he condemn$4 ,:at ,ari/otle _h = ages be5 suppos$ to d1 no philosoph] c\ld d = ! new _s ( inquiry :i* _h ris5 9 & be=e ! days ( ,bacon4 ,t _s1 z exhibit$ 9 8 great contempor>ies1 ,bacon1 z he has himself %[n1 c\ld n rightly und]/& or appreciate4 ,he fail$1 above all1 to recognise ! self-corrective1 t5tative1 & hypo!tical nature1 ( all op5 inquiry4 ,b "o ne$ n = ?is disp>age 8 "w4 ,x %[$ a new s5se ( ! magnitude ( ! mod]n problem3 x set prom95tly =w>d ! compreh5sive aim ( human welf>e3 & by its conception ( ! '=ma' x kept sci5ce pl$g$ to a high ideal4 ,b ,bacon c\ld only play ! "p ( ! guide-po/3 he c\ld n himself lay d[n ! road4 ,& negatively he c\ld w>n aga9/ ! belief t ma!matics c\ld g5]ate or d m inde$ ?an def9e ! sci5ces4 ,! _s ( free sci5ce1 ( critical inve/igation1 ( inductive inquiry1 mu/ & did con/itute its =ms1 legislation1 & me?ods = itself4 ,= no philosoph] c lay d[n laws or me?ods be=eh& :i* ! sci5ces mu/ foll[4 ,! logician only comes aft]1 &1 appreciat+ & discov]+ ! n always conspicu\s me?ods ( k1 endeav\rs to ga!r !m up & give !m _! prop] place 9 ! gr& total ( human ?\ght1 correct+ its inadequacies by _! aid1 & complet+ _! divisions by its l>g] unities4 ,or r ?is is a picture ( :at ,engli% logic might h done4 ,b x does n d s 9 ! ord9>y & accept$ text-books on ! subject4 ,:at x does d1 is r z foll[s4 ,to ! second & fundam5tal "p :i* x subjects to a few unimportant alt]ations1--i4 e4 to ! doctr9e ( t]ms1 propositions1 & reason+s1--x subjo9s an enum]ation ( ! me?ods us$ 9 ! sci5ces4 ,to ! rude m9ds ( ! ,teutonic peoples ! logical sy/em ( ,ari/otle _h seem$ almo/ a div9e revelation4 ,f ! brilliant intellect ( ,greece a h& 0 /ret*$ to help !m 9 ! arrangem5t ( _! religi\s beliefs4 ,! ,*ur* accept$ ! aid ( logic1 =eign ?\gh logic 0 to its natural b5t1 z eag]ly z ! "y society tri$ = a :ile to draw support f ! anci5t =ms ( ! ,roman ,empire4 ,s ) ! advance ( ! ,sci5ces 9 mod]n times "s hopeful spirits look$ ^u ! ,inductive ,logic ( ,mill 9 ! light ( a new revelation4 ,! vigor\s action ( ! sci5ces hail$ a sy/ematic acc\nt ( its me?ods almo/ z eag]ly z ! /rong1 b untaught intellect ( ! b>b>ian _w welcom$ ! lessons ( anci5t philosophy4 ,= ! fir/ "t ! sci5ces1 :i* _h be5 work+ bl9dly or in/9ctively1 b ) excell5t success1 f\nd _! proc$ure /at$ cle>ly & def9itely1 yet )\t any attempt to r$uce _! v>i$ life to ! ,procru/ean b$ ( ma!matics1 :i* _h once be5 held to possess a monopoly ( me?od4 ,! enorm\s influ5ce ( ! physical sci5ces saw itself reflect$ 9 a di/9ct logical outl9e3 & ! new logic became ! dom9ant philosophy4 ,su* = a :ile 0 ! pr\d position ( ! ,inductive ,logic4 ,en?usia/ic /ud5ts ( sci5ce 9 all c\ntries1 :o 7 n inaccessible to wid] culture1 us$ quotations f ,mill to adorn & au?orise _! attempts at g5]alisation & !ory4 ,a p]iod ( speculation 9 ! sci5tific _w succe$$ ! p]iod ( exp]im5t1 9 :i* facts _h be5 collect$ & regi/]$4 ,a *apt] on ,me?od became a necess>y introduction to all high] sci5tific treatises4 ,9 our univ]sities me?odology 0 prodigally appli$ to ! /udy ( anci5t philosophy4 ,& s long z ! sci5tific epo* la/s 9 its "o-sid$ prom95ce1 s long ! !ory ( inductive & exp]im5tal me?ods may dom9ate ! intellectual _w4 ,b ! ,inductive ,logic h>dly rose to ! due s5se ( its situation4 ,x has n held to ! same high ideal z ,bacon set be=e x4 ,x has plant$ itself beside :at x 0 good en\gh to call ! ,d$uctive ,logic1 & giv5 ! latt] a c]ta9 tol]ation z a h>mless lunatic1 or an old paup] :o _h se5 bett] days4 ,reta9+ ! latt] ) c]ta9 modifications1 al?\gh x has n[ lo/ its mean+ 9 ! *ang$ outl9es ( ! intellectual _w1 ,inductive ,logic adds a me?odology ( ! sci5ces1 )\t h[ev] f\nd+ ?is me?odology ^u a compreh5sive analysis ( k z a :ole1 :5 enl>g$ & enlight5$ by ! "w ( ! sci5ces4 ,h5ce ! two portions1--! old logic1 mutilat$ & sev]$ f ! ,greek _w x grew out (1 & ! new ,inductive or specially-sci5tific logic1 n go+ beyond a m]e classification ( me?ods1--c nev] comb9e1 any m ?an oil & wat]4 ,& ! little psy*ology1 :i* is sometimes add$1 does n facilitate ! h>mony4 ,b ,inductive ,logic %\ld h adopt$ a m ?or\gh policy4 ,!re c only be "o ,logic1 :i* mu/ be bo? inductive & d$uctive1 b exclusively1 & 9 p>ts1 nei!r4 ,to a*ieve t task h[ev] ,logic mu/ n turn its back indiff]5tly on :at x calls metaphysics1 & x mu/ rise to a high] conception ( ! problems ( :at x calls psy*ology4 ,9 ^! circum/ances ! ord9>y logic1 9 its fundam5tal t]ms1 is m on ! level ( popul> ?\ght1 ?an 9 a /rictly sci5tific region1 & does n attempt to unite ! two regions1 & exam9e ! fundam5tal basis ( ?\ght on :i* sci5tific me?ods re/4 ,! case ( ,concrete & ,ab/ract w illu/rate :at has be5 said4 ,to popul> ?\ght ! s5se-_w is concrete3 ! intellectual _w ab/ract4 ,& s x is 9 ! ord9>y logic4 ,to ,hegel1 on ! contr>y1 ! intellectual int]pretation ( ! _w ( reality & exp]i5ce is a tru] & ?us a m concrete description ( x ?an t conta9$ 9 a s]ies ( s5se-t]ms4 ,n[ ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! two uses ( ! t]m is n a m]e arbitr>y *ange ( names4 ,:5 ! philosoph] d5ies ! concret5ess ( ! s5se-_w1 & decl>es t x1 z m]ely s5sible1 is only a mass ( exclud+ elem5ts1 a 'manifold1' & 9 ! second in/ance a s]ies ( ab/ractions1 drawn out ( ?is cong]ies by p]ception1 ! *ange ( language m>ks ! total *ange ( position betwe5 ! philosophic & ! popul> consci\sness4 ,reality & concret5ess z e/imat$ by ! "o l9e ( ?\ght are ! v rev]se ( ^? ( ! o!r4 ,a m]e s5se-_w to ! philosoph] is a _w :i* wants unity1 :i* is made up ( bits imp]fectly adju/$ to ea* o!r1 & always lead+ u to look = an explanation ( !m 9 s\rces outside !m4 ,! s+le ?+s we say we p]ceive1--! "h & ! n[ we p]ceive !m 9--are f\nd1 ^u reflection & analysis1 to dep5d ^u g5]al laws1 on relations t g beyond ! s+le1--on :at is nei!r "h nor n[1 b ev]y:]e & timeless4 ,! reality ( ! ?+ is f\nd to imply a g5]al sy/em ( relations :i* make x :at x is4 ,s5se-p]ception 9 %ort is ! beg9n+ ( k3 & x beg9s by tak+ up its task piecemeal4 ,x re/s ^u a felt totality3 & to raise ?is to an intelligible totality1 x mu/ at fir/ only isolate "o attribute at a "t4 ,! appreh5sion ( a ?+ f "o side or aspect1--! appreh5sion ( "o ?+ ap>t f its connexions1--! ret5tion ( a t]m or =mula ap>t f its context1--is :at ,hegel t]ms 'ab/ract4' ,ord9>y t]ms are ess5tially ab/ract4 ,!y spr+ f ! analysis ( some?+ :i* w\ld1 9 ! fir/ /age ( ! process1 9 /rictness be describ$ n z concrete1 b z *aos3--z ! indef9ite or 'manifold' ( s5sation4 ,b ! fir/ conceptions1 :i* spr+ f ?is gr\p :5 x is analys$1 are ab/ract3 !y are ea* sev]$ f ! cont9uity ( _! reality4 ,to int]pret our feel+1 our exp]i5ce z felt1 we mu/ break x up4 ,b ! fir/ face t pres5ts itself is apt to impress u unduly1 & seems m real1 because ne>] feel+3 on ! o!r x is m unreal1 because less adequate z a total expression ( ! felt unity4 ,9 ! same s5se we call ,political ,economy an ab/ract sci5ce1 because x looks ^u man z a money-mak+ & money-di/ribut+ creature1 & keeps out ( sight 8 o!r qualities4 ,our notions 9 ?is way are m ab/ract or m concrete1 accord+ z our grasp ( ?\ght ext5ds to less or m ( ! relations :i* are necess>ily pre-suppos$ by !m4 ,on ! o!r h&1 :5 a t]m ( ?\ght owns & emphasises its solid>ity ) o!rs1 :5 x is n circumscrib$ to a s+le relation1 b becomes a focus 9 :i* a v>iety ( relations conv]ge1 :5 x is plac$ 9 its "r po/ 9 ! organism ( ?\ght1 its limits & qualifications z x 7 recognis$ & its degree asc]ta9$1--!n t ?\ght is r5d]$ 'concrete4' ,a concrete notion is a notion 9 its totality1 look+ be=e & aft]1 connect$ indissolubly ) o!rs3 a unity ( elem5ts1 a meet+-po9t ( opposites4 ,an ab/ract notion is "o )drawn f ev]y?+ t naturally goes along ) x1 & ent]s into its con/itution4 ,all ?is is no disp>agem5t ( ab/raction4 ,to ab/ract is a necess>y /age 9 ! process ( k4 ,b x is equally necess>y to insi/ on ! dang] ( cl++1 z to an ultimate tru?1 to ! pseudo-simplicity ( ab/raction1 :i* =gets altoge!r :at x is 9 c]ta9 situations desirable = a "t to ov]look4 ,9 a %ort essay1 ) mu* grim hum\r & qua9t illu/rations1 ,hegel tri$ to %[ :at 0 meant by ! "n 'ab/ract1' :i* 9 8 use ( x d5otes ! c>d9al vice ( ! 'practical' habit ( m9d4 ,f ?is essay1 entitl$ ',:o is ! ,ab/ract ,?9k]#a8' x may be int]e/+ to quote a few l9es4 ,a murd]] is1 we may suppose1 l$ to ! scaffold4 ,9 ! eyes ( ! multitude he is a murd]] & no?+ m4 ,! ladies p]haps may make ! rem>k t he is a /rong1 h&some1 & int]e/+ man4 ,at su* a rem>k ! populace is horrifi$4 ,:at6 a murd]] h&some8 ,c anybody's m9d be s l[ z to call a murd]] h&some8 ,y mu/ be little bett] y\rselves4 ,& p]haps a prie/ :o sees into ! he>t1 & kn[s ! reasons ( ?+s1 w po9t to ?is rem>k1 z evid5ce ( ! corruption ( morals prevail+ among ! upp] classes4 ,a /ud5t ( "*1 aga91 inquires into ! antec$5ts ( ! crim9al's up-br++3 he f9ds t he owes 8 exi/5ce to ill-assort$ p>5ts2 or he discov]s t ?is man has suff]$ sev]ely = "s trifl+ (f5ce1 & t "u ! bitt] feel+s ?us produc$ he has spurn$ ! rules ( society1 & _c support himself o!rwise ?an by crime4 ,no d\bt !re w be p :o :5 !y he> ?is explanation w say ,does ?is p]son !n mean to excuse ! murd]]8 ,9 my y\? ,i rememb] he>+ a city magi/rate compla9 t book-writ]s 7 go+ too f>1 & try+ to root out ,*ri/ianity & good morals altoge!r4 ,"s "o1 x appe>$1 _h writt5 a def5ce ( suicide4 ,x 0 horrible6 too horrible6 ,on fur!r inquiry x turn$ out t ! book 9 "q 0 ! ,sorr[s ( ,w]!r4 ',by ab/ract ?9k+1 !n1 is meant t 9 ! murd]] we see no?+ b ! simple fact t he is a murd]]1 & by ?is s+le quality annihilate all ! human nature :i* is 9 him4 ,! poli%$ & s5tim5tal _w ( ,leipsic ?\ght o!rwise4 ,!y ?rew _! b\quets1 & tw9$ _! fl[]s r\nd ! :eel & ! crim9al :o 0 fa/5$ to x4--,b ?is also is ! opposite pole ( ab/raction4--,x 0 9 a diff]5t /ra9 t ,i once he>d a poor old woman1 an inmate ( ! workh\se1 rise above ! ab/raction ( ! murd]]4 ,! sun %one1 z ! sev]$ head 0 laid ^u ! scaffold4 ,h[ f9ely1 said ! woman1 does ,god's graci\s sun light5 up ,b9d]'s head6 ,we (t5 say ( a poor creature :o excites our ang] t he is n wor? ! sun %9+ on him4 ,t woman saw t ! murd]]'s head 0 9 ! sunlight1 & t x _h n become q wor?less4 ,%e rais$ him f ! puni%m5t ( ! scaffold into ! sunlit grace ( ,god4 ,x 0 n by wrea?s ( violets or by s5tim5tal fancies t %e br\ght ab\t ! reconciliation3 %e saw him 9 ! sun above receiv$ into grace4' ,footnote #a3 ',w] d5kt ab/rakt6' 7,v]mis*te ,s*rift51 vol4 ii4 p4 #djb47 ,,*apt] ,,xxii4 ,,f ,,s5se ,,to ,,?\ght4 ,induction & ,exp]i5ce are names to :i* is (t5 assign$ ! hon\r ( be+ ! s\rce ( all our k4 ,b :at induction & exp]i5ce consi/ 91 is :at we are suppos$ to be already aw>e (2 & t is--x may be briefly said--! conc5tration ( ! felt & s5se-giv5 fragm5ts into an intimate unity4 ,! accid5ts & =tunes t h befall5 u 9 lapses ( "t1 ! sc5es t h be5 set be=e & ar\nd u 9 bread?s ( space1 are cond5s$ into a mood ( m9d1 a habitual %ad+ ( judgm5t1 or frame ( ?\ght4 ,! details ( fact re-arrange !mselves into a g5]al concept2 _! ess5ce gets di/ill$ into a conc5trat$ =m4 ,_! mean+ dis5gages itself f its embodim5t1 & floats z a self-su/a9+ =m 9 an ideal _w4 ,?us if we look at ! l>g] process ( hi/ory1 we see e p]iod try+ to translate ! s5su\s fact ( its life into a =mula ( ?\ght1 & to fix x 9 def9ite *>act]s4 ,! v>i\s p>ts ( exi/5ce1 & exi/5ce z a :ole1 are /ripp$ ( _! s5sible or factual nature1 9 :i* we orig9ally feel & come into contact ) !m1 & are r$uc$ to _! simple equival5ts 9 t]ms ( ?\ght4 ,f s5se & imm$iate feel+ !re is1 9 ! fir/ place1 g5]at$ an image or idea :i* at lea/ repres5ts & /&s = reality2 & f t1 9 ! second place1 comes a ?\ght or notion prop]1 :i* holds ! facts 9 unity4 ,! ph5om5on may1 p]haps1 be illu/rat$ by ! case ( numb]s4 ,to ! adult ,european1 numb]s & numb]+ are an obvi\s & ess5tial "p ( our s*eme ( ?+s t seems to ne$ no special explanation4 ,b ! exp]i5ce ( *ildr5 sugge/s its artificiality1 & ! evid5ce f ! hi/ory ( language corroborates t surmise4 ,if numb] be 9 a way describable z "p ( ! s5se-exp]i5ce1 or total impression1 x c]ta9ly does n come ^u u ) ! same passivity on our "p z ! p]ception ( ta/e or col\r1 or ev5 ( %ape4 ,x po/ulates a high] grade ( activity4 ,z ,plato says1 x 'awakes ! intellig5ce'3 x implies a "q & looks =w>d to an answ]3 x is ?us ! fir/ appe>ance ( :at 9 its lat] fullness w be call$ ',dialectic1' ,to put x o!rwise3 ,numb]+ c only proce$ :]e !re is a unit1 & an id5tity3 x implies a "o1 & x implies an inf9ite repetibility ( t "o#a ,x ?us po/ulates ! d\ble m5tal act1 fir/ ( r$uc+ ! v>i\s to its basis ( id5tity1 &1 secondly1 ( p]=m+ a syn!sis ( ! id5tical units ?us creat$4 ,9 ! highly artificial _w 9 :i* we live all ?is seems simple en\gh4 ,! products ( ma*9]y1 articles ( furniture1 dress1 c41 c41 are already uni=m items3 & ! /rokes ( a clock seem almo/ to invite summation4 ,b 9 free nature ?is simil>ity is mu* less obvi\sly /amp$ on ?+s3 & ! products ( primitive art--( lit]al manu-facture--display an individuality1 an elem5t ( p]sonal ta/e1 ev51 :i* is necess>ily lack+ 9 ?+s turn$ out by ma*9]y4 ,?us x 0 necess>y1 be=e we c\ld numb]1 to r$uce ! qualitatively diff]5t to a quantitative equality or comp>ability4 ,!re are inde$ "s in/ances1 9 t ne>e/ ( ?+s to u1 ! human body1 :i* might help4 ,!re is ! obvi\s simil>ity ( organs & limbs :i* g 9 pairs1 & :i* might easily sugge/ a dual1 z1 s to speak1 a s5su\s fact among/ o!r facts4 ,aga91 !re is ! h& & its five f+]s1 or ! two h&s & ! t5 f+]s4 ,! five or t51 z a :ole naturally giv51 sugge/ a gr\p+ ( numb]s 9 natural aggregates4 ,! f+]s1 aga91 7& "h we may keep at fir/ to ! f+]s prop]1 m9us ! ?umb17 may be )\t mu* +5uity said to give u a set ( f\r1 naturally di/9ct1 yet naturally alike1 & ne$+1 s to speak1 ! m9imum ( intellig5ce to create ! num]ical scale f "o to f\r4 ,x is by !m1 inde$1 t ,plato1 x may be unconsci\sly1 illu/rates ! g5esis ( numb]4 ,"h 9 %ort y h ! natural abacus ( ! nations1 b "o re/rict$1 fir/1 p]haps to ! gr\p #a-d1 secondly to ! gr\p #a-aj4 ,we h se5 h[ ! dual 01 9 c]ta9 in/ances1 almo/ a natural p]ceptive fact4 ,b :5 x is s envisag$1 x is h>dly recognis$ z numb] /rictly s call$4 ,x is only a fre% & peculi> s5su\s attribute ( ?+s3 a ?+ :i* has ! quality ( duplication1 n a ?\ght :i* is ! syn!sis ( two id5tical units4 ,x is a sort ( accid5t1 n "p ( a regul> sy/em or s]ies4 ,s aga9 ) ! plural1 :i* may appe> 9 sev]al %apes be=e x is assign$ to its prop] place z a sy/ematic function ( ! s+ul>4 ,if ! ,malay1 9 ord] to say '! k+ ( all apes' has to enum]ate "o aft] ano!r ! sev]al sub-species ( ape1 or if to express 'h\ses' he has to r$uplicate ! s+ul>1 to ins]t a ^w mean+ 'all' or '_m1' we c see t ! conception ( numb] is = him /ill 9 ! bonds ( s5se4 ,x is n a syn!tic category1 b only a mat]ial multitude4 ,b 9 o!r cases ! plural prop] is almo/ conf\nd$ ) ! s-call$ 'collective4' ,x is n an unfamili> fact 9 ,greek & ,lat9 t ! plural has acquir$ a mean+ ( its own1--n ! m]e multiple ( its s+ul>2 z also t ! collective t]m is occasionally us$ z an ab/ract1 occasionally z ! m or less indet]m9ate collection ( ! individuals4 ,su* plurals & su* collectives repres5t a /age ( language & conception :5 ! aggregate ( s+ul>s =m a uniquely-qualifi$ case ( ! object4 ,& ! peculi>ity ( !m is se5 9 ! way ! plurality is imm]s$ 9 & re/rict$ to ! special class ( objects3 z e4 g4 :5 9 ,engli% ! plurality ( a numb] ( %ips is v]bally /]eotyp$ z aga9/ ! plurality ( a numb] ( %eep1 or ( p>tridges 7fleet1 flock1 covey74 ,9 su* in/ances ! category ( numb] is completely p]vad$ & modifi$ by ! quality ( ! objects x is appli$ to4 ,s1 9 ! ,semitic languages1 ! s-call$ 'brok5 plural' is a quasi-collective1 :i* grammatically c\nts z a fem99e s+ul> 7l s _m ,lat9 & ,greek collectives73 & :]eas ! m regul> plural is g5]ally %[n by sep>able affix1 ?is quasi-collective plural ent]s ! v body ( ! ^w by v[el-*ange1 indicat+ z x 7 by ?is absorption ! con/itution ( a specifically new view ( ?+s4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x may be said1 !re is 9 ?is collective a trace ( ! em]g5ce ( ! univ]sal & id5tical elem5t ?r\gh ! g5]alisation due to ! conjunction ( sev]al simil>s all act+ z "o#b ,9 a true plural1 on ! contr>y1 x is requir$ t ! sign ( numb] be cle>ly elim9at$ f any peculi>ities ( its special object1 & be di/9ctly sep>at$ f ! collective4 ,& simil>ly ! true num]al has to be realis$ 9 its ab/ractness1 z a category p] se4 ,& to d ?is requires "s am\nt ( ab/raction4 ,9 ,greek1 = example1 we meet ! di/9ction betwe5 numb]s 9 ! ab/ract1 pure numb]s 7su* z f\r & six71 & bodily or physical numb]s 7su* z f\r m51 six trees7#c4 ,! geometrical aspect "u :i* numb]s 7 reg>d$ by ! ,greeks1 e4 g4 z oblong or squ>e numb]s1 be>s 9 ! same direction4 ,b ano!r ph5om5on 9 language tells ! tale m di/9ctly#d4 ,abundantly 9 ,sanscrit & ,greek1 m r>ely 9 ,z5d & ,teutonic1 & "h & !re 9 ! ,semitic languages1 we meet ) :at is kn[n z ! dual numb]1 a special grammatical =m int5d$ to express a pair ( objects4 ,! witty rem>k ( ,du ,ponceau#e conc]n+ ! ,greek dual1 t x _h app>5tly be5 inv5t$ only = lov]s & m>ri$ p1 may illu/rate its uses1 b h>dly suffices to expla9 its exi/5ce 9 language4 ,b a comp>ison ( b>b>ian dialects s]ves to %[ t ! dual is1 z x 71 a prelude to ! plural1--a fir/ attempt to grasp ! notion ( plurality 9 a def9ite way1 :i* s]v$ its turn 9 primitive society1 b aft]w>ds disappe>$1 :5 ! plural _h be5 develop$1 & ! num]als _h atta9$ a =m ( _! own4 ,if ?is be s1 ! dual is :at physiologi/s call a rudim5t>y organ1 & tells ! same /ory z ^! organs d ( ! processes ( nature4 ,! language ( ! ,melanesian isl& ( ,annatom1 "o ( ! ,new ,hebrides1 may be tak5 z an in/ance ( a /ate ( spee* 9 :i* ! dual is natural4 ,t language possesses a f\rfold di/9ction ( numb] 9 its p]sonal pron\ns1 a diff]5t =m to m>k ! s+ul>1 dual1 trial1 & plural3 & ! pron\n ( ! fir/ p]son plural di/+ui%es 9 addition :e!r ! p]son address$ is or is n includ$ 9 ! 'we-two1' 'we-?ree1' or 'we-_m' ( ! speak]#f4 ,! same language h[ev] possesses only ! fir/ ?ree num]als1 & 9 ! translation ( ! ,bible into ?is dialect x 0 necess>y to introduce ! ,engli% words1 f\r1 five1 c4 ,! two facts mu/ be tak5 toge!r3 ! luxuriance ( ! p]sonal pron\ns & ! scanty developm5t ( num]als 9 su* languages are two ph5om5a ( ! same law4 ,! num]al 'f\r' to ^! tribes is said to be> ! mean+ ( '_m' or 'sev]al1' ,ano!r fact po9ts 9 ! same direction4 ,9 _m languages1 su* z ^? ( ,*9a1 ,fur!r ,india & ,mexico1 x is cu/om>y 9 numb]+ to use :at ,w4 von ,humboldt has call$ class-words4 ,"h x is felt t an artificial unity has to be creat$1 a common d5om9ator f\nd1 & all r$uc$ to x1 be=e any summation c be c>ri$ out4 ,s*ol>s & (ficials1 9 ,*9ese1 c only be class$ "u ! rubric ( 'jewel' or dignity3 & animals or fi% by 'tails1' z if !reby only c\ld "o get a h&le to hold !m & c\nt !m4 7,! idiom /ill l+]s 9 we/]n languages3 z 9 ,engli%1 heads ( cabbage1 or ( cattle3 or ,g]man1 se*s ,mann ,soldat547 ,s 9 ,malay1 in/ead ( 'five boys' ! phrase us$ is 'boy five-man'3 9 o!r words1 ! num]als are suppos$ to inh]e z yet 9 objects ( a special k9d or common occurr5ce#g4 ,& among ! ,s\? ,sea ,isl&]s ! consci\sness ( numb] is decid$ly p]sonal3 t is to say1 ! di/9ction betwe5 "o & two is fir/ conceiv$ z a di/9ction betwe5 ',i' & 'we two4' ,ev5 ?is am\nt ( simplification surpasses :at is f\nd among/ "s ,au/ralian tribes4 ,!re we f9d f\r duals3 "o = bro!rs & si/]s3 "o = p>5ts & *ildr53 "o = husb&s & wives3 & "o betwe5 bro!rs-9-law#h4 ,ea* pair has a diff]5t =m4 ,we ?us seem to see to :at e>ly language is appli$3 n to designate ! objects ( nature1 b ! memb]s ( ! primitive family & _! int]e/s4 ,! consci\sness ( numb]s 0 fir/ awak5$ by ! ne$ ( di/+ui%+ & comb9+ ! ?+s t belong$ to & specially int]e/$ m5 & wom5 9 ! n>r[ circle ( b>b>ian life#i4 ,x is n altoge!r imag9ative 9 pr9ciple1 ?\gh x may be occasionally surmise 9 details1 to connect ! rise ( grammatical =ms ) ! temp]am5t & "* ( ! p1 & !re=e ) its social organisation4 ,if ! ,bantoo or ,caffir languages ( ,s\!rn ,africa in/ead ( a s+le ?ird p]sonal pron\n & ?ird p]sonal t]m9ation to ! v]b use ! sep>ate =ms correspond+ to ! t5 class-prefixes ( ! n\ns1 x mu/ be 9 accordance ) ! g5]al _s & sy/em ( ^! tribes4 ,! v>i\s plural =ms1 if !y p]si/1 w reflect contempor>y modes ( life4 ,numb]s 7 at fir/ imm]s$ 9 ! p]sons1 & !n1 z ?+s came to be consid]$ also1 9 ! ?+s numb]$4 ,! m9d seems to h proce$$ sl[ly f ! vague "o to def9ite numb]s4 ,& ! fir/ decid$ /ep 0 tak5 t[>ds an appreh5sion ( numb]s :5 two 0 di/+ui%$ f "o1 & ! di/9ction 0 made "p ( ! p]sonal t]m9ations4 ,! plural 0 a fur!r /ep 9 ! same direction3 ! real value ( :i*1 h[ev]1 did n become app>5t until ! num]als _h be5 sep>ately e/abli%$ 9 =ms ( _! own4 ,:5 t 0 accompli%$1 ! special =m ( ! dual became useless3 x _h outliv$ its purpose1 & h5ce=? x ceas$ to h1 any b t poetical beauty ( old association :i* (t5 adorns ! once natural1 b n[ obsolete gr[?s ( ! pa/4 ,:5 ! num]als 7 ?us emancipat$ f _! mat]ial & s5su\s environm5t1 quantity 0 translat$ f outw>d be+ 9 its embodim5ts into a =m ( ?\ght4 ,at fir/1 inde$1 x 0 plac$ 9 an e!real or imag9ative space1 ! c\nt]p>t z x 7 ( ! s5su\s space 9 :i* x _h be5 previ\sly imm]s$4 ,x became a d5iz5 ( ! m5tal region1 z x _h be5 be=e a habitant ( ! s5se-_w4 ,! m9d 0 in=m$ ) quantity 9 ! %ape ( numb]3 b x does n foll[ f ?is1 t ! new product 0 compreh5d$1 or ! process ( its production kept 9 view4 ,l all new inv5tions 7& num]ation may fairly be class$ "u t head71 x 0 laid hold (1 & all its consequ5ces1 results1 & uses e/imat$ & realis$ by ! practical & def9+ intellect4 ,9 "o direction1 x became1 l _m new inv5tions 9 ! e>ly days ( society1 a magic *>m1 & 0 inve/$ ) my/]y1 sacr$ness1 & m>vell\s p[]s4 ,b ! intellig5t m9d1--! und]/&+1--resolv$ to make bett] use ( ! new in/rum5t3 & t 9 two ways1 9 practical "w & 9 !ory4 ,on ! "o h& x 0 appli$ practically 9 ! deal+s ( life1--9 comm]ce1 contracts1 legislation1 & religion4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! new conception ( numb]1 :i* common s5se & ! in/9ctive action ( m5 _h evolv$1 0 c>ri$ out 9 all its !ory3 x 0 analys$ 9 all directions1 & its elem5ts comb9$ 9 all possible ways4 ,! result 0 ! sci5ce ( ari?metic1 & ma!matics 9 g5]al4 ,su* consequ5ces did ! reflective und]/&+ d]ive f ! analysis ( its datum1--! fact ( quantity fre$ f its s5su\s envelope4 ,! g5]al action ( und]/&+1 & ( practical ?\ght1 is ( ?is k9d4 ,x accepts ! repres5tative images :i* h em]g$ f s5sation1 z !y occur3 & tries to appreciate !m1 to give !m precision1 to c>ry !m into details1 & to analyse !m until _! utmo/ limits ( mean+ are explor$4 ,:]e !y h come f1 & :]e !y lead to1--! process out ( :i* !y spr+1 & :i* fixes ! ext5t ( _! validity1--are que/ions ( no int]e/ to ! und]/&+#aj4 ,x takes its objects1 z giv5 9 popul> conception1 z fix$ & ultimate entities to be exp\nd$ 9 detail4 ,we h tak5 numb] z "o example ( ! transf]5ce ( a s5sible or s5se-imm]s$ fact into a =m ( ?\ght3 b a =m :i* is /ill plac$ 9 a sup]ior or m5tal space4 ,"o advantage ( tak+ numb] z illu/ration1 is t numb]$ ?+s are di/+ui%$ f numb]s 9 an emphatic & recognis$ way4 ,nobody w dispute t ! ab/raction1 z x is call$1 has an exi/5ce ( its own1 & c be made a legitimate object ( indep5d5t inve/igation4 ,b if ! process be m obvi\s 9 ! case ( ! num]als1 !re mu/ h be5 a simil> c\rse ( developm5t lead+ to ! pron\ns1 ! prepositions1 & ! auxili>y v]bs--to :at has be5 call$ ! '=mal' or 'pronom9al' or 'demon/rative' elem5t1 ! connective & con/ructive tissue ( language4 ,:e!r ^! pronom9al 'roots' =m a special & orig9ally-di/9ct class ( _! own1 or are d]iv$ f a transmutation ( m mat]ial or sub/antial elem5ts1 is a "q on :i* l+ui/ic rese>* ca/s z yet no v c]ta9 light4 ,x is true t on ! "o h& etymology is ma9ly sil5t on ! orig9 ( pron\ns1 num]als1 & ! m fundam5tal prepositions 7i4 e4 _c ref] !m to roots significant ( qualitative be+73 & "o ne$ n lay mu* /ress on rem>ks1 l t ( ,gabel5z#aa1 t 9 ! ,indo-,*9ese languages ! words = ,i1 five1 fi% h a l s\nd1 z d ^? = ?\1 two1 e>1 or t ,i am1 orig9ally means ,i brea!4 ,9 all languages--?\gh ) imm5se div]sities ( degree1 ?is =mal elem5t has atta9$ a c]ta9 indep5d5ce4 ,& 9 _m in/ances we c m or less trace ! process by :i* !re grew up 9 language an indep5d5t _w ( ?\ght3 we c see ! natural exi/5ce pass+ out ( ! range ( ! s5ses into spiritual relations4 ,be=e our eyes a _w ( reason is sl[ly con/itut+ itself 9 ! hi/ory ( culture3 & we1 :o live n[1 ent] ^u ! inh]itance :i* pa/ ages h laid up = u4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 a diff]5ce betwe5 ! way 9 :i* ^! results look to u n[1 & ! way 9 :i* !y orig9ally organis$ !mselves4 ,! *ild :o beg9s to le>n a language 9 ! lesson-books & ! gramm>s f9ds ! memb]s ( x all1 z x 71 ^u "o level3 adjectives1 adv]bs1 prepositions1 & v]bs confront him ) ! same au?ority & rank4 ,?is appe>ance is deceptive3 x may easily sugge/ t ! words are n memb]s 9 an organism1 9 & out ( :i* !y h develop$4 ,& ?is organism ( ?\ght has its individual types1 express$ 9 ! great families ( human spee*4 ,its g5]ic =m 7z drawn out 9 a logical sy/em7 appe>s 9 diff]5t grades1 ) diff]5t degrees ( fullness1 9 ,altaic & ,dravidian f :at x does 9 ,malay1 or 9 ,*9ese1 & ^! aga9 h _! own pr$om9ant categories z comp>$ ) ^? us$ 9 ! ,am]ican or ,african languages1 or 9 ,indo-,g]manic & ,semitic4 ,if ! ,altaic languages e4 g4 are want+ 9 ! v]b prop]1 & manage ) possessive suffixes & n\ns2 if ! ,semitic t5ses display a pov]ty :i* contra/s ) _! weal? 9 ,greek2 & yet ea* gr\p p]=ms its function1 we may inf] t ea* spee* has a complete organism1 ?\gh x does n br+ all its p>ts to adequate expression4 ,all ?is di/9ction ( 'p>ts ( spee*1' ( =ms1 prefixes & suffixes1 c41 is "p ( ! life ( language1 embody+ 9 m or less di/9ct organs ! organisation ( ?\ght 9 ! individual =m x rea*$ 9 t spee*-type4 ,?us 9 ,*9ese !re are /rictly speak+ no isolat$ words1 n\ns1 or v]bs3 !re are only ab/ract p>ts ( a concrete s5t5ce2 & gramm> 9 ,*9ese !re=e has no accid5ce 7no decl5sions1 conjugations1 c47 b only syntax4 ,yet x is ^! ab/ract fragm5ts :i* exi/ & seem to h indep5d5ce & inh]5t mean+3 :]eas ! unity 9 :i* !y coh]e to =m a concrete context is ! fleet+ s5t5ce ( ! mom5t4 ,at ! opposite extreme1 aga91 ! ,mexican family ( languages t5d to incorporate relations to subject & object ) ! v]b1 9 su* a degree t ! ^w almo/ becomes a s5t5ce4 ,facts l ^! sugge/ t a sci5ce ( ! =ms ( language1 9 proportion z x g5]alises1 t5ds to approa* logic2 & t logic w h a conv]se t5d5cy to elevate to an unduly typical position ! grammatical =m ( ! languages ) :i* ! logician is be/ acqua9t$4 ,if ^! po9ts 7 rememb]$1 !re w\ld be less absurd employm5t ( ! grammatical categories ( "o gr\p ( languages to sy/ematise ano!r4 ,greek & ,sanscrit gramm> plays sad havoc ) ! organism ( a ,semitic tongue1 & x is n less out ( place z a s*ema = del9eat+ e4 g4 ,s\? ,african dialect4 ,isolat$ words ev5 9 an ,indo-,g]manic language--ev51 we may say1 9 su* a language z ,engli%--are /ill fractional1 & d n get life & individuality except 9 _! context4 ,& x ne$s b a little exp]i5ce to %[ h[ v>i\s t individuality may be4 ,x ne$s p]haps /ill m m$itation to realise t x is 9 ?is individuality t ! real life ( language lies3 9 ! words said & writt5 to express ! ?\ght ( a p]sonality4 ,b1 fir/1 because language has its mat]ial & me*anical side1 & secondly1 because 9 civilis$ c\ntries x fur!r acquires a m /]eotyp$ me*anism 9 writt5 & pr9t$ language1 its p>ts t5d to ga9 a pseudo-indep5d5ce4 ,x is "o aim ( a philosophical diction>y to re/ore ! organic int]connexion :i* 9 ! m]e sequ5ce ( vocables 9 juxtaposition is apt to be lo/4 ,:at we call ! mean+ ( a ^w is some?+ :i* c>ries u beyond t m]e ^w1--:i* re/ores ! connexions :i* h be5 brok5 (f & =gott54 ,9 ! =m ( a diction>y1 ( c\rse1 ?is c only be done piece-meal3 b if ea* piece is done ?or\ghly1 x c h>dly fail to br+ out c]ta9 compreh5sive connexions4 ,! m]e ^w seems a simple ?+2 & "o is at fir/ dispos$ to get rid ( its difficulty by sub/itut+ a s-call$ synonym4 ,b a deep] /udy reveals ! fact t an exact synonym is a ?+ "o c no m f9d ?an two peas :i* are absolutely indi/+ui%able4 ,a synonym is only a practical pis all]4 ,b e ^w is really z x 7 a po9t 9 an inf9itely complex organic life1 ) its ess5ce or mean+ det]m9$ by ! curr5ts to & fro :i* meet 9 x4 ,words z we see !m prima facie 9 a pr9t$ page d look sep>ate entities4 ,!y /&1 "o "h & ano!r !re1 9 a quasi-ext5sion1 ) m>ks ( direction & connexion po9t+ f "o to ano!r1 b ( connexion app>5tly extrane\s to ! m solid po9ts :i* are repres5t$ by n\ns & v]bs1 or names ( sub/ances1 actions1 & attributes4 ,results1 z !y are1 ( t practical analysis :i* ! ne$ ( writ+ d[n language has l$ to1 !y are treat$ z complete :oles1 :i* by ! speak] are =c$ into c]ta9 tempor>y connexions4 ,b ?is is an illusion :i*1 because a ?+ *anges its relation%ips1 assumes t x c exi/ out ( all relation%ips :atev]4 ,e ^w ( ,language is su* an ab/raction1 isolat$ f its context4 ,b amid ^! contexts !re are c]ta9 simil>ities3 id5tical elem5ts are detect$3 & ^! id5tical elem5ts are ! common names ( language1 ! t]ms ( g5]al significance4 ,9 all cases1 h[ev]1 :at an utt]ance ( language describes or expresses is a def9ite individual ev5t or sc5e1 conceiv$ z a concrete ( sev]al p>ts4 ,ea* sep>ate vocable is a contribution to ! total3 a /ep t[>ds ! real r$9tegration ( ! :ole out ( its sev]al p>ts4 ,b ! total itself--! cont5t ( fact 9 any s+le s5t5ce--is only an ab/raction1--a "p ( ! univ]se :i* human int]e/ & ne$ h isolat$ f ! compreh5sive scope ( ?+s4 ,?us1 9 two degrees1 we may say1 ! picture produc$ 9 ! s5t5ce falls %ort ( ! tru? ( ?+s4 ,ea* /atem5t is an arbitr>y or accid5tal cutt+ out ( ! totality3 ea* elem5t ( ! cutt+ is dep5d5t on t ab/raction1 & relative to x4 ,b--z 9 a giv5 gr\p ( spee*1 ! same sets ( circum/ances w naturally be select$1 & t5d to recur aga9 & aga91--! t]ms :i* describe !m w acquire a c]ta9 association ) ! objects1 & w come to be call$ ! common names ( ^! ag5ts1 acts1 & qualities4 ,!y d5ote or 'repres5t' ! ?+s & acts1 conceiv$ h[ev] 9 c]ta9 aspects & relations1 & n 9 _! entirety & totality ( nature4 ,9 ?is product ( intellectual movem5t above ! limits ( s5sation we h ! 'repres5tation'#ab z ,hegel calls x1 on :i* ! ,und]/&+ turns its =ces4 ,we h "o product ( ! organic :ole ( ?\ght tak5 by itself z if x 7 indep5d5t1 set =? z a settl$ nucleus = fur!r acqua9tance3 & ?is "o po9t discuss$ fully & ) precision1 elaborat$ 9 all detail & consequ5ce1 to ! neglect ( its context1 & ! necess>y limitations involv$ 9 ! notion4 ,! process ( "n-giv+ may illu/rate ?is t5d5cy 9 human ?\ght to t\* its objects only 9 "o po9t4 ,! names giv5 to objects d n embrace ! :ole nature ( ^! objects1 b give expression only to "o /rik+ feature 9 !m4 ,?us ! "n ( ! horse po9ts x out z '! /rong' or '! swift'3 ! moon is '! measur]' or '! %9+ "o'2 & s 9 all cases4 ,! object z express$ 9 ^! names is view$ f "o aspect1 or 9 "o po9t3 & ! "n1 :i* orig9ally at lea/ corresponds to ! conception1 meets ! object1 prop]ly speak+1 on t side only1 or 9 t relation4 ,! object is n /udi$ 9 its own nature1 & 9 its total _w1 b z x specially ent]s ! range ( human int]e/1 & s]ves human utilities4 ,"o c at lea/ guess :y x %\ld be s3 :y a "n %\ld1 9 logical language1 express an 'accid5s' & n ! 'ess5tia' ( ! object4 ,= ! inve/igation ( primitive language seems to %[ t words1 z we "k !m 9 sep>ate exi/5ce1 are a second>y =mation3 & t ! fir/ significant spee* 0 an utt]ance int5d$ to describe a sc5e1 an action1 a ph5om5on1 or complex ( ev5t4 ,9 po9t ( "t1 ! prim>y fact ( language is an agglom]ation or aggregate1--we may call x ei!r ^w or clause 7 9 %ort7--:i* describes 9 "o brea? a highly individualis$ action or ph5om5on4 ,! _s or unify+ pr9ciple 9 ?is gr\p might be ! acc5t4 ,su* a ^w-gr\p d5otes a highly specialis$ =m ( be+3 & if we call x a ^w1 we may say t ! e>lie/ words1 & ! words ( b>b>\s tribes1 are +5i\sly special4#ac ,b x w\ld be m correct to say1 t 9 su* a gr\p ! elem5ts ( ! sc5e ent] only f a s+le aspect or 9 a s+le relation4 ,accord+ly :5 dis9tegration beg9s1 ! result is z foll[s4 ,! elem5ts ( ! gr\p1 hav+ n[ become indep5d5t words held toge!r by ! syntax ( ! s5t5ce1 are adopt$ to d5ote ! sev]al objects :i* ent]$ into ! total ph5om5on4 ,b ^! words1 or fragm5ts ( ! ^w-gr\p1 'repres5t' ! objects 9 "q f a c]ta9 po9t ( view1 & n 9 _! integrity4 ,! names ( ?+s !re=e t\* !m only 9 "o po9t1 & express only "o aspect4 ,& ?us1 al?\gh diff]5t names w arise = ! same ?+1 z x ent]s into diff]5t gr\ps1 9 ea* case ! "n w connote only a g5]al attribute & n ! nature ( ! ?+4 ,^! names are 9 ! ,hegelian s5se ( ! t]m 'ab/ract4' ,9 popul> phraseology1 !y are only 'signs' ( ?+s3 i4 e4 n 'symbols' 7?\gh !y may h be5 9 "s cases symbolic 9 orig971 = 9 a symbol !re is a natural correspond5ce or s5sible analogy to ! ?+ symbolis$1 b some?+ 'in/itut$1' due to an 'und]/&+' or conv5tion4 ,footnote #a3 ,see vol4 ii4 p4 #aij1 7,logic1 #ajb74 ,footnote #b3 ,see ,max ,mll] 9 ,m9d1 vol4 i4 #cde4 ,footnote #c3 ,pure numb] is 3 appli$ numb] is or 4 ,ari/otle1 ,metaph4 ,n4 #e1 speaks ( 4 ,b ?is is only ,greek idiom3 z we say ',greek hi/ory' in/ead ( ',hi/ory ( ,greece3' or vice v]sa1 :5 we translate ,populus ,romanus by 'p ( ,rome4' ,ari/otle is speak+ ( 'proportions' or 'am\nts' ( fire or e>? 9 ! comp\nds ( ^! elem5ts4 ,footnote #d3 ,see ,l4 ,geig]1 ,ursprung und ,entwickelung d] m5s*li*5 ,spra*e und ,v]nunft 7vol4 i4 p4 #chj74 ,& ,gabel5z ',die melanesis*5 ,spra*5' 9 ! ,abh&lung5 d] ,s*sis*5 ,gesells*aft d] ,wiss5s*aft5 7,,viii71 #ahfa1 pp4 #hi-ia4 ,footnote #e3 ,mmoire sur le ,sy/eme grammatical1 c4 p4 #aee4 ,footnote #f3 ,cf4 n\s & n\s autres4 ,! same di/9ction is f\nd 9 "s ,am]ican languages4 ,!re is a dual 9 ! language ( ! ,gre5l&]s2 b x is n1 h[ev]1 us$ :5 a natural duality seems to call = x1 b 9 cases :51 ?\gh !re might h be5 sev]al ?+s1 only two are actually f\nd4 ,footnote #g3 ,w4 von ,humboldt1 ,v]s*i$5heit des m5s*li*5 ,spra*baues1 p4 #dbc 7ed4 #ahda72 ,mi/eli1 ,typ5 des ,spra*baues 7#ahic74 ,footnote #h3 ,capt4 ,grey1 ,vocabul>y ( ! dialects ( ,s4 ,w4 ,au/ralia1 pp4 xxi & #ajd 7#ahdj74 ,footnote #i3 ,! %>p di/9ction betwe5 ! fir/ & second p]sonal pron\ns & ! ?ird3 ! want ( any app>5t connexion 9 ! ,indo-,g]manic languages betwe5 ! fir/ & second p]sons s+ul> & ! plural =m seems to po9t 9 ! same direction4 ,footnote #aj3 ,cf4 vol4 ii4 ,notes & ,illu/rations1 p4 #djj4 ,footnote #aa3 ,die ,spra*wiss5s*aft1 p4 #afh4 ,footnote #ab3 ',vor/ellung1' z di/+ui%$ f ',begriff4' ,footnote #ac3 ,?us 9 ,malay1 !re are ab\t tw5ty words = /rike1 accord+ z x is done ) ?ick or ?9 wood1 d[nw>ds1 horizontally1 or upw>ds1 ) ! h&1 ) ! fi/1 ) ! flat h&1 ) a club1 ) ! %>p edge1 ) a hamm]1 c4 7,see ,mi/eli1 ,typ5 des ,spra*baues1 p4 #bfe47 ,,*apt] ,,xxiii4 ,,figurate ,,or ,,repres5tative ,,?\ght4 ,! comp5sat+ dialectic :]eby reason1 "u ! guise ( imag9ation1 ov]?r[s ! n>r[ness ( popul> e/imates1 makes itself obs]v$ ev5 9 ! popul> use ( ! t]ms ab/ract & concrete4 ,t]ms l /ate1 m9d1 weal?1 may f "o po9t ( view be call$ ab/ract1 f ano!r concrete4 ,at a c]ta9 pit* ^! ab/ractions cease to be ab/ract1 & become ev5 to popul> s5se v concrete realities4 ,9 ! t5d5cy to p]sonification 9 language we see ! same *ange f ab/ract to concrete3 z :5 ,virtue is call$ a goddess1 or ,fa%ion surnam$ ! despot ( womank9d4 ,9 su* in/ances1 imag9ation1 m or less 9 ! s]vice ( art & religion1 upsets ! n>r[ vulg> e/imates ( reality4 ,b x upsets !m1 s to speak1 by giv+ to ! ab/raction 7?r\gh its creative p[]7 t s5su\s concret5ess :i* ! m]e ab/ract lacks & :i* ! ord9>y m9d alone recognises z real4 ,x '/oops to conqu]4' ,su* a repres5tation is1 z ,hegel says#a1 '! syn!tic comb9ation ( ! ,univ]sal & ,individual'3 'syn!tic1' because n _! free1 spontane\s1 & ess5tial unity1 b ! supreme product ( ! arti/ic w & h&1 :i*1 r ?an let ! univ]sal p]i% by neglect1 build = x1 ! et]nal & omnipres5t1 'a temple made ) h&s4' ,9 my?ology we c see ! same process3 by :i*1 z x is phras$1 an ab/ract t]m becomes concrete3 by :i*1 z we may m correctly say1 a ?\ght is trans=m$ into1 or r /ops %ort at1 a repres5tative picture4 ,! _m gods ( poly!ism are ! fix$ & solidifi$ %apes 9 :i* ! sev]al degrees ( religi\s gr[? h tak5 'a local habitation & a "n'3 or !y be> witness to ! failure ( ! great] "p ( ! _w to grasp ! idea ( ,deity 9 its unity & totality ap>t f c]ta9 local & tempor>y conditions4 ,s1 too1 t]ms l =ce1 law1 matt]1--! ab/ractions ( ! m]e popul> m9d--are by c]ta9 p]iods r$uc$ to ! level ( s5su\s ?+s1 & spok5 ( z real entities1 some:]e & someh[ exi/5t1 ap>t f ! ?9k+ m$ium to :i* !y belong4 ,su* t]ms1 aga91 z prop]ty1 weal?1 tru?1 are popul>ly id5tifi$ ) ! objects 9 :i* !y are = ! "t & place manife/$ or embodi$4 ,9 ^! ways ! ab/ract1 9 ! ord9>y mean+1 becomes 9 ! ord9>y mean+ concrete4 ,! di/9ction betwe5 ab/ract & concrete is turn$ into a di/9ction betwe5 und]/&+ & s5se1 in/ead (1 z ,hegel makes x1 a di/9ction 9 ! adequacy & complet5ess ( ?\ght itself4 ,?\ght 7! ,idea71 z has be5 m ?an once po9t$ out1 is ! pr9ciple ( unification or unification itself3 x is organisation plus ! consci\sness ( organisation3 x is ! unifi]1 ! unity1 & ! unifi$1--subject z well z object1 & et]nal copula ( bo?4 ,an attempt is at fir/ made 9 two degrees to repres5t ! ?\ght 9 t]ms ( ! s5ses z a sort ( sup]ior or high]-class s5sible4 ,:5 ! impossibility ( t attempt is se51 common s5se ends by d5y+ :at x has le>n$ to call ! sup]-s5sible altoge!r4 ,^! ?ree plans may be call$ respectively ! my?ological1 ! metaphysical1 & ! positive or nom9ali/ fallacies ( ?\ght4 ,9 ! my?ological1 or /rictly an?ropomorphic fallacy1 ?\ght is conceiv$ "u ! bodily %ape & ! physical qualities ( humanity1 z a sep>ate unify+1 controll+1 syn!tic ag5t1 ?r\gh ^: int]f]5ce ! sev]al ?+s1 o!rwise dead & motionless1 acquire a semblance ( life & action1 ?\gh 9 reality b puppets or m>ionettes3 t is to say1 x is id5tifi$ ) a subject ( l passions ) ourselves1 a repetition ( ! p>ticul> human p]sonality1 ) its n>r[ness & weakness4 ,! action ( ! ,idea is "h replac$ by ! ag5cy ( suppos$ liv+ be+s1 inve/$ ) sup]human p[]s4 ,9 ! metaphysical or reali/ fallacy we h a feeble gho/ly reproduction ( ! my?ological4 ,! liv+ p]sonal deity is replac$ by a fa9t sc>e-cr[ ( ab/ract deity4 ,! cause ( ! *anges t g on 9 nature is n[ attribut$ to indwell+ sympa?ies & animosities1 to ! abhorr5ce ( a vacuum1 to selection1 aff9ity1 & ! l3 to ess5ces & laws conceiv$ ( z someh[ exi/5t 9 a my/ic space & "t4 ,9 ! positive or nom9ali/ fallacy1 ! failure ( ^! two !ories beg9s to be felt3 & ! m9d1 :i* _h only he>d ( unify+ reason "u ^! two phases & is mean:ile sure ( its s5se-p]ceptions1 treats ! objective syn!sis z a dream & a delusion4 ,or1 at be/1 x reg>ds ! syn!sis z ess5tially subjective--z a complem5t>y idealis+ activity ( ours :i* ekes out ! defects ( reality1 & br+s cont9uity into ! discont9u\s4 ,our ?\ght--7x is only our ?\ght7--is b an in/rum5t1 di/9ct f u & f ! reality3 yet act+ z a bridge to connect ^! two oppos+ %ores--a bridge h[ev] :i* does n really rea* ! o!r side1 b only an artificial image1 :i* simulates to u1 & w = ev] simulate1 ! inaccessible reality4 ,?is la/ view is ! utt]ance ( ! popul> matt]-(-fact reason1 :5 9 we>9ess & t$ium x turns f ! attempt to grasp ?\ght pure & simple1 & in/ead ( r$uc+ ! metaphysical anti!ses to ! transp>5t unity ( compreh5sion1 relapses into m]e acceptance ( a giv5 reality4 ,9 "s ( ^! cases ! full /ep into pure ?\ght is nev] made4 ,! creations ( my?ology1 = example1 display an unf9i%$ & baffl$ attempt to rise f ! sep>ation ( s5se to ! unity & organisation ( ?\ght4 ,! gods ( hea!nism are only individuals--& individuals only meant to be1 & by ! act ( fai? & devotion set =? z reality be=e ! wor%ipp]3 b !y are individuals 9 :i* imag9ation embodies a unifi$ & c5tralis$ sy/em ( =ces or pr9ciples4 ,!y mean ! p[]s ( nature & ( m9d1 b ! sceptre 9 _! h&s is only a sign ( p[] attribut$ by ! believ]2 & f> away1 encompass+ alike !m & him1 is ! great rel5tless necessity4 ,9 o!r cases !re is a relapse3 :5 ! high] /age ( ?\ght has be5 atta9$1 x is in/antane\sly lo/4 ,t]ms :i* are really ?\ghts are aga9 r$uc$ to ! level ( ! ?+s ( s5se1 individualis$ 9 "s object1 :i*1 ?\gh x is only a repres5tation or sign1 is all[$ to usurp ! place ( ! ?\ght :i* x b p>tially & by extrane\s in/itution embodies4 ,! intuition ( ! s5su\s imag9ation at e /ep ?r[s its spells on ! products ( ?\ght1 & turns !m into a repres5tative picture1 :i* 9 popul> use & wont occupies ! place ( ! notion4 ,in/ead ( be+ reta9$ 9 _! native timelessness1 ! t]ms ( ! ,idea are br\ght "u ! laws ( ,s5se-p]ception1 "u ! conditions ( space & "t4 ,! t]m 'repres5tation1' :i* ,hegel employs to "n ^! picture-?\ghts or figurate conceptions1 corresponds to ! facts ( _! nature4 ,a 'repres5tation' is "o ( two ?+s3 ei!r a p>ticul> ?+ s5t out accr$it$ ) g5]al functions1 or a univ]sal n>r[$ d[n into a p>ticul> ?+4 ,?us1 z x has be5 se51 a g5]al "n implies or connotes a univ]sal relation or attribute1 b conf9es x to d5ote a p>ticul> object or class4 ',swift1' = example1 0 an epi!t ti$ d[n to express ! horse4 ,9 ! fir/ in/ance we may suppose ! "n to be a sort ( metaphor3 diff]+ only by its simplicity & frequ5cy ( sugge/ion f ^? endless epi!ts1 :i* 9 ,norse or ,arabic poetry veil & adorn ! object :i* !y are meant to designate4 ,t is1 we conceive ! object z an embodim5t or repres5tation ( ! quality1 z an eagle is ! emblem ( /r5g?3 only 9 ! latt] case we di/+ui% betwe5 ! object & its metaphorical signification4 ,9 ! second place1 h[ev]1 ! object ( exp]i5ce is all[$ completely to co9cide ) ! aspect discrim9at$ by ! selective epi!t1 & we c no long] 9 ord9>y ?\ght sep>ate ! imag+ object f ! g5]al relation :i* x images =?4 ,?is is ! level ( ?\ght to :i* ,hegel appropriates ! t]m 'repres5tation4' ,x includes "u x ! ?ree fallacies ( ?\ght already not$ & saves ! tr\ble ( compreh5d+ ! reality4 ,9 ! ,hegelian s5se1 a repres5tation is ab/ract2 because x solidifies1 h>d5s1 & isolates ! t]m ( ?\ght1 makes x a p>ticul>1 & nev] rises above ! s+le case to ! g5]al notion embodi$ 9 x4 ,! _w ( repres5tative ?\ght is a _w ( indep5d5t po9ts 9 juxtaposition1 :i* we arrange z seems be/ to u4 ,x lies 9 an undef9able bord]l& betwe5 u & ?+s4 ,x is a w\ld-be1 b n an actual1 reality4 ,x is n l a true ,idea--! unity ( subjective & objective3 b only a make-believe4 ,we h put x !re1 & yet we cr$it x ) an effective exi/5ce4 ,:5 our m9d moves among/ ^! picture-?\ghts1 x c only in/itute ext]nal relations betwe5 ! t]ms4 ,a judgm5t1 9 t case1 is int]pret$ to mean ! conjunction ( two t]ms1 :i* at once /ep into ! rank ( subject & pr$icate by means ( ! copula4 ,a s5t5ce is an arrangem5t ( words ab extra 9 consci\s or unconsci\s con=mity ) ! rules ( gramm>4 ,! _w ( k1 or ! ,idea1 z a :ole is turn$ into a plane surface ) its typical t]ms1--! memb]s ( ! organism ( reason1--l dots put 9 co-ord9ation & juxtaposition1 n spontane\sly affect$ t[>ds ea* o!r4 ,ev5 if !y are n embodi$ & r$uc$ to a s5su\s level ( exi/5ce1 !y are held to be orig9ally sep>ate & unconnect$4 ,h[ !y all came into be+1 & :e!r !y d n all by gradations & diff]5tiation-proce$ f "o root1 are que/ions nei!r ask$ nor answ]$4 ,! level ( repres5tative ?9k+--?9k+ i4 e4 :i* is n ! grasp 7,begriff7 ( ! reality1 b only ! appreh5sion ( some?+ :i* /&s = & repres5ts x--is ! level on :i* we all come1 m or less1 to /& 9 our non-philosophic mom5ts4 ,x is1 9 ess5tials1 ! realm ( :at ,plato call$ 1--! level ( consci\sness :i* fails to rise to see ! unity ( ess5ce 9 ! _m s+le goods & beauties1 :i* holds its k 7su* at is7 at ! m]cy ( accid5ts1 n b\nd by ! conclusions ( reason+1--! realm :i* is n )\t reality1 b an immature & unc]ta9 reality4 ,x is1 9 ess5tials1 ! same z :at1 z oppos$ to intellectus1 ,sp9oza /yl$ imag9atio4 ,imag9ation1 to ,sp9oza1 is an und]/&+ "u ! bondage ( p>ticul> passions & tempor>y int]e/s1 :i* loses sight ( ! great bond ( be+ or ,sub/antia1 & fixes its glance on ! p>ts 9 subord9ate & infra-ess5tial relation%ips3 :i* is always f9ite1 i4 e4 nev] really compreh5sive & self-su/a9+ 9 its view1 b always limit$ by a tacit ref]5ce to some?+ outside itself4 ,! ',repres5tation' is ! idea1 9 ! loose & inexact use ( t ^w1 :i* goes ) ! phrase m]e idea1--i4 e4 a m]e m5tal image1 :i* is n ! reality1 ?\gh x is believ$ to d duty = & to repres5t x#b4 ,yet x is n a m]e ?\ght3 r its :ole aim & mean+ is to ref] to reality1 to sugge/ x1 to br+ x ne>] u4 ,its fault is t x is an imp]fect1 p>tial1 "o-sid$1 or ev5 "o-po9t$ idea4 ,x is really an in/ance & phase ( ! ignava ratio1 to :i* a date or "n s]ves z a ( explanation4 ',at ,kilne !re 0 no wea!rcock1 ,& t's ! reason :y4' ,su* 'repres5tation1' accord+ to ,hegel1 is1 e4 g41 ! mode ( intellig5ce accessible to ^? :o cl+ to ! m]e1 or ab/ractly1 religi\s mood1 & :o _c or w n rise to ! compreh5sion ( _! cre$4 ,its facts or dogmas pres5t !mselves to su* a re/rict$ conception z ! p>ts ( a picture or ! /ages ( a hi/ory1 9 visible or imag9atively-con/ruable space1 & 9 a succession ( times4 ,! ess5ce ( religion1 ( c\rse1 = ,hegel z = o!r expon5ts ( its inmo/ nature1 is a feel+ ( c]titude or fai? :i* transc5ds ! gulfs & sep>ations ( ! secul> consci\sness1 :i* sees ) ! believ+ s\l ! inn] peace1 ! absolute h>mony ( ! true reality4 ,pectus facit !ologum4 ,! s5se ( utt] dep5d5ce on ,god1 9 complete id5tity ) ! s5se ( absolute indep5d5ce 9 ,god--t /r5g? ( fai? is ! v life ( religion4 ,b :5 religion seeks to give an intellig5t expression ( h] fai?1 :5 %e tries to give a reason acceptable to ! outside _w1 %e is apt1 unless specially tra9$ 9 ! high ?+s ( ! _s1 to base h] cre$ n on ! rock ( ages1 b on ! signs & miracles ( ! times4 ,%e has tri$ to !orise ! fai?3 b1 al?\gh h] fai? may be s\nd & true1 ! religi\s _s1 unless x be also ! _s ( wisdom & reason$ tru?1 runs a risk ( fall+ into ! fallacy ( ,po/ hoc1 ergo propt] hoc4 ,%e desc5ds !re=e to ! region ( repres5tation3 %e uses ! language ( s5se & analogy2 %e pres5ts ! spiritual "u ! guise ( ! natural4 ,yet 9 h] he>t ( he>ts ^! ?+s are only a p>able1--!y are b ',fle% & blood ,to :i* %e l9ks a tru? div9e4' ,hegel--9 ! introduction to 8 lectures on ! ,philosophy ( ,religion--is report$ to h giv5 ! foll[+ *>act]i/ics ( 'repres5tation1' 7a7 ,x is /ill trammel$ by ! s5ses4 ,?\ght & s5sation /rive = ! ma/]y 9 x4 ,?\ght is b\nd fa/ to an illu/ration3 & ( ?is illu/ration x _c z repres5tative ?\ght dive/ itself3--! et]nally liv+ idea is *a9$ to ! transi5t & p]i%able =m ( s5se4 ,x is metaphorical & mat]ial ?9k+1 :i* is helpless )\t ! metaphor & ! matt]4 7b7 ,repres5tative ?\ght envisages :at is timeless & inf9ite "u ! conditions ( "t & space4 ,x loses sight ( ! moral & _s ( hi/orical developm5t "u ! semblance ( ! names1 incid5ts1 & =ms 9 :i* x is display$4 ,! hi/orical & philosophical s5se is lo/ "u ! antiqu>ian4 ,repres5tative ?\ght keeps ! %ell1 & ?r[s away ! k]nel4 7c7 ,! t]ms by :i* su* a mat]ialis$ ?\ght describes its objects are n int]nally connect$3 ea* is indep5d5t ( ! o!r2 & we only br+ !m toge!r = ! occasion by an act ( subjective arrangem5t#c4 ,! ?+--! s-call$ subject ( ! prop]ties1 ( :i* x is really no m ?an ! sub/ratum--af=ds no suffici5t gr\nd = ! unity ( ! prop]ties atta*$ to x4 ,! sub/ratum or subject ( ! proposition is giv51 & we !n look ar\nd to see :at o!r prop]ties accompany ! prim>y *>act]i/ic = :i* ! "n 0 appli$4 ,b ! t]m ( popul> language is n a real unity capable ( support+ diff]5ces2 x is only "o aspect ( a ?+1 a s+le po9t fix$ & isolat$ 9 ! process ( language by ! action ( natural selection4 ,& s1 to ask h[ ! prop]ties are relat$ to ! ?+1 is to ask h[ "o aspect1 tak5 out ( its sett+1 is relat$ to ano!r isolat$ aspect3 :i* is evid5tly an unansw]able "q4 ,sci5ce is "r 9 reject+ ! '?+' ( popul> conception4 ,if a is a1 & no?+ m1 z ! law ( ,id5tity in=ms u1 !n x is = ev] impossible to get on to b1 c1 d1 & ! re/4 ,! union betwe5 ! ?+ divid$ or def9$1 & its divid$ or def9+ memb]s1 is :at is t]m$ extra-logical2 9 o!r words1 x is n evid5t f :at is giv5 or /at$ 9 ! popul> conception4 ,t union mu/ be s\ght else:]e1 & deep]4 ,& :5 we /ep 9 to ov]come ! repugnance :i* ! po9t ( conception1 or :at is suppos$ ! subject1 %[s aga9/ admitt+ a div]sity ( pr$icates1--:5 we =ce x into union ) ^! prop]ties3 or :5 we try to remove ! sep>ation :i* leaves ! cause & effect z two indep5d5t ?+s to fall ap>t2 our action1 by :i* we effect a unification ( diff]5ces1 may1 f ano!r & a univ]sal po9t ( view1 be said to be ! notion1 or grasp ( ?\ght1 com+ to ! consci\sness ( itself4 ,?\ght1 z x 71 recognises itself & its image 9 ^? objects ( repres5tative conception1 :i* seem to be giv5 & impos$ ^u ! intellect4 ,! two worlds1 :i* ! und]/&+ accepts z ea* solid & indep5d5t1--! _w ( ext]nal objects or conceptions1 & ! _w ( self1--meet & co9cide 9 ! free ag5cy ( ?\ght1 develop+ itself "u a d\ble aspect4 ,x is ! 'orig9al syn!tical unity ( app]ception' 7to quote ,kant's words71 f :i* ! ,ego or ?9k+ subject1 & ! 'manifold' or body & _w1 are simultane\sly diff]5tiat$4 ,?us1 on ! "o h&1 we ourselves no long] rema9 a rigid unity1 exi/+ 9 anti!sis to ! objects presuppos$ or ref]r$ to by repres5tative ?\ght3 & on ! o!r h& ! s-call$ ?+ loses its h>dness & fragm5t>y indep5d5ce1 z di/+ui%$ f our appreh5sion ( x4 ,our action1 z we incl9e to call x1 :i* m5ds ! inadequacies ( t]ms1 is f a philosophic po9t ( view1 ! notion itself com+ to ! front & claim+ recognition4 ,! process ( ?\ght is !n se5 to be a totality1 ( :i* our faculties1 on ! "o h&1 & ! exi/+ ?+1 on ! o!r1 are isolat$ ab/ractions1 suppos$ habitually to exi/ on _! own acc\nt4 ,to view ei!r ( ^! sy/ems1 ! m5tal1 on ! "o h&1 & ! objective _w1 on ! o!r1 z self-subsi/5t1 has be5 ! error 9 mu* ( our metaphysics1 & 9 ! popul> conceptions ( :at con/itutes reality4 ,! idealism ( metaphysicians has be5 (t5 z n>r[ & insuffici5t z ! realism ( common s5se4 ,an adequate philosophy1 on ! contr>y1 recognises ! pres5ce ( bo? elem5ts1 9 a subord9ate & =mative position4 ,repres5tations may be comp>$ to ! little pools left "h & !re by ! sea among/ ! rocks & s&3 ! notion1 or grasp ( ?\ght1 is ! tidal wave1 :i* left !m !re to /agnate1 b comes back aga9 to re/ore _! cont9uity ) ! great sea4 ,9 our ?9k+ we are only ! m9i/]s & int]pret]s ( ! ,idea1--( ! organic & self-develop+ sy/em ( ?\ght4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 a repres5tative conception & a ?\ght prop] may be illu/rat$ by ! case ( ! t]m ',money4' ,money may be ei!r a mat]ialis$ ?\ght1 i4 e4 a ,repres5tative ,conception1 or a ,notion ,prop]4 ,9 ! =m] case1 money is id5tifi$ ) a piece ( money4 ,x is probably1 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 embodi$ 9 co9s ( gold1 silv]1 & bronze4 ,9 ! second place1 a wide gulf is plac$ betwe5 x & ! o!r articles = :i* x is giv5 9 ex*ange4 ,if o!r ?+s are reg>d$ z money1 !y are g5]ally treat$ on ! assumption t !y c 9 case ( ne$ be r$uc$ to co9age4 ,! conception ( money by ! unsci5tific vulg> consid]s x sep>ately f o!r commodities3 & ! laws :i* =bade its exportation gave a vigor\s expression to ! belief t x 0 some?+ sui g5]is1 & subject to conditions ( its own4 ,! sci5tific notion ( money modifies ?is belief 9 ! peculi>ity & fixity ( money4 ,sci5ce does s hi/orically1 :5 x c po9t to a "t & a race :]e money 9 our s5se ( ! ^w does n exi/1 & :]e b>t] takes ! place ( buy+ & sell+4 ,sci5ce does s philosophically1 :5 x exp\nds :at may be call$ ! process ( money1--! int]-action or meet+ ( conditions to :i* ! exi/5ce ( money is due4 ,! notion ( money1 z giv5 9 ! ,e?ics ( ,ari/otle1 says t x is ! common measure ( utility or dem&4 ,:5 we leave out ( sight ! specific quality ( an object1 & consid] only its capacity ( satisfy+ human wants1 we h :at is call$ its wor? or value4 ,?is value ( ! ?+1--! psy*ological fact :i* is left1 :5 all ! qualities m>k+ ! objective ?+ are r$uc$ to _! social effici5cy--is ! notion1 ( :i* ! curr5cy is ! repres5tation1 r$uc+ ?\ght to ! level ( ! s5ses1 & embody+ ! 'ideality' ( value 9 a tangible & visible object4 ,s long z ?is 'idea' ( value is kept 9 view1 ! curr5cy is compreh5d$3 b :5 ! p]ception ( ! notion disappe>s1 money is left a m]e piece ( curr5cy1 ! g5]al notion be+ n>r[$ d[n to ! co9age4 ,?us ! notion ( money1 l o!r notions 9 _! ideal tru?1 is n 9 u1 nor 9 ! ?+s m]ely3 x is :at f a m9or po9t ( view1 :5 we & ! ?+s are reg>d$ "u ! head ( want or ne$1 may be call$ ! tru? ( bo?1 ! unity ( ! two sides4 ,?us consid]$1 money falls into its prop] place 9 ! ord] ( ?+s4 ,footnote #a3 ,w]ke1 ii4 #ebi1 #eee4 ,footnote #b3 ,hegel's ,w]ke1 ii4 #dca3 ',wobei das ,selb/ nur reprs5tirt und vorge/ellt i/1 da i/ es ni*t wirkli*3 we es v]tret5 i/1 i/ es ni*t4' ,cf4 ib4 #daf4 ,footnote #c3 ,philosophie d] ,religion1 i4 p4 #acg seqq4 ,,*apt] ,,xxiv4 ,,f ,,sub/ance ,,to ,,subject4 ',x is1 9 my view1 all important1' says ,hegel#a1 'to appreh5d & express ! ,true n z ,sub/ance1 b equally mu* z ,subject4' ,sub/ance1 z ,sp9oza def9es x1 is t :i* is 9 itself & :i* is conceiv$ ?r\gh itself1 some?+ :i* does n ne$ ! conception ( some?+ else by :i* its concept may be =m$#b4 ,sub/ance1 9 o!r words1 is some?+ :i* s]ves to expla9 itself1 :i* is causa sui4 ,! m9d1 look+ out on ! wide _w ( mutable & manifold objects1 f9ds its re/ 9 ! great calm ( a some?+ at _! base1 ! et]nal nature :i*1 itself unmov$1 is ! "o f\ndation1 complete & suffici5t1 ( all ?+s1--a res aet]na et inf9ita1 :i* c fe$ ! m9d ) joy alone#c4 ,^! words sugge/ only an object--a transc5d5t object--! basis ( an objective ord]4 ,!y seem to leave little = ! contemplat+ subject to d save to disc]n x &1 s disc]n+1 to re/ 9 x & to love4 ,!y seem to leave sub/ance a m]e datum1 a f>-(f all-embrac+ end 9 :i* ! v>iety ( human ef=t c f9d a c5tral object & a f9al close4 ,yet1 9 ! end x appe>s#d t ?is ,res aet]na loves himself ) an intellectual love1 & ?is love is id5tifi$ ) ! love ( man to ,god1 s f> at lea/ z man's m9d1 consid]$ sub specie aet]nitatis1 c be said to 'explicate' ,deity4 ,f ?is conclusion x might be said t ,sp9oza rises above ! m]e category ( sub/ance3 ,god is no long] ! m]e f\ndation ( ?+s--! absolute object ( all objects4 ,he rises 9 human _s 7reg>d$ 9 its et]nal significance7 to ! rank ( a true subject4 ,he is n m]ely kn[n z ! ,true2 b ,he himself1 liv+ & mov+ 9 ! ess5tial _s ( man1 kn[s himself & acquiesces 9 8 inf9ite beatitude4 ,b if ?is be ! legitimate inf]5ce to be drawn f ! clos+ sections ( ! ,e?ics1 x is n ! view ord9>ily sugge/$ by ! m5tion ( ,sp9oza's doctr9e4 ,t doctr9e1 on ! contr>y1 seems1 z x fir/ confronts u1 & z x has tak5 its place 9 hi/ory1 to omit ! subjectivity :i* _h f\nd s decid$ a recognition 9 ! comm5cem5t ( ,c>tesianism4 ,9 ! cogito ergo sum s mu* at lea/ is cle>ly /at$3 true be+--! true--is n m]ely kn[n1 b itself kn[s2 n a m]e object1 b a subject3 a subject-object1 or1 an ,idea4 ,x is to be admitt$1 inde$1 t ,desc>tes h>dly rema9s at ?is altitude1 b he t\*es x = a mom5t4 ,ev5 :5 he f9ds 9 ! conception ( ,god a security = tru? & reality1 & ?us seems to base ^! on a "o-sid$ly objective /&>d1 he reg>ds ,god z1 on ! o!r h&1 ! tru? & reality po/ulat$ & presuppos$ by ! /ructural sy/em ( our ideas4 ,god--su* seems ! t5d5cy ( 8 s-call$ 'pro('--is ! inevitable prius & presupposition ( our ?\ght & be+3 ,he makes u "k1 z mu* z ,he is ultimately ! object kn[n3 ,he is ! unity & ! creator ( subject & object4 ,b x is h>dly possible to get 9 philosophy ! full recognition ( ! anti!sis betwe5 subject & sub/ance & ! inclusion ( bo? 9 ! full] ,idea1 till aft] ! "t ( ,kant4 ,kant himself is1 9 ess5tials1 ! anti!sis ( ,sp9oza1 b x is n till ,fi*te t ! full =ce ( t anti!sis is expressly recognis$4 ,) ,hegel1 ! two opposite po9ts ( view are equally insi/$ on3 ! imman5ce & ! transc5d5ce ( ! ,true1 ! ,real1 ! ,absolute3 or1 9 o!r words1 ! unity 9 x ( subject & object1 or ( ?\ght & exi/5ce4 ,or1 9 ! words ( ! religi\s _s1 ?\gh heav5 & ! heav5 ( heav5s _c conta9 ,him1 ,he dwells 9 ! _s ( ! righte\s1 & is n f> f any "o ( u4 ,! tru? is n ! correspond5ce or agreem5t ( an idea ) a fur!r reality :i* x repres5ts4 ,su* an idea or 'repres5tation' is a projection :i* has escap$ f our h&s1 :i* has slipp$ f our grip1 & :i*1 :ile own+ its m]e vic>i\s "*1 at ! same "t beckons u on to seek a reality we c nev] f9d4 ,! 'repres5tation' is 9 a way objective--x is set ov] aga9/ u3 b yet x is n truly objective1 n self-subsi/5t & self-possess$4 ,its objectivity is ! objectivity ( a "n3 a quasi-objectivity1 :i* requires to be dipp$ 9 ! liv+ wat]s ( intellig5ce be=e x c really exi/ & act4 ,x seems1 to ! untra9$ obs]v]1 to po9t only outw>ds to ! real object :i* x copies or designates3 to a deep] reflection1 x is se5 to po9t equally inw>d to ! m9d :i* in=m$ x & project$ x4 ,?us ! kn[+ subject1 & ! kn[n object1 ) ! repres5tation :i* acts z a p]petual m$iator to connect & yet n unify ! "o ( ^! t]ms ) ! o!r1--all at la/ take _! place1 r$uc$ & transfigur$1 9 ! unity ( ! ,idea4 ,accord+ to ! ,sp9ozi/ po9t ( view1 ?\ght1 x might seem by a sort ( miracle1 dispels ! mi/s t envelop & bewild] x1 sees ?r\gh ! multeity ( modes1 & ! isolat$ pictures ( imag9ation1 to ! true reality1 "o1 inf9ite & et]nal4 ,be=e t augu/ vision ( absolute :ol5ess ! only attitude ( a f9ite m9d w\ld seem to be resignation1 wor%ip1 rev]5ce1--deeply %ad+ into ! submission ( absorption4 ,= 9 x intellect & w are decl>$ to h no place#e4 ,) su* a /atem5t1 we get t fir/ aspect ( religion :i* has f\nd its mo/ impos+ repres5tative 9 ! fai? ( ,islam4 ,9 e religion !re mu/1 h[ev]1 be m ?an ?is3 or x w\ld fail to d :at all religion ess5tially does4 ,%e] dep5d5ce--,s*le*?9nige ,abhngigkeit 7z ,s*lei]ma*] has nam$ x7--c nev] be ! :ole burd5 ( a religi\s tea*]'s message4 ,always--at lea/ 9 ! backgr\nd--!re is a contradictory elem5t--9 app>5t discrepancy ) ! fir/--! deification ( ! wor%ipp]4 ,& z ! ,e?ics ( ,sp9oza--l e complete sy/em ( speculative tru?--deals ) a problem p>allel to1 if n ev5 id5tical )1 t ( religion1 its initial def9itions & ma9 programme mu/ nev] let u =get ! tacit presuppositions work$ out to explicitness1 z !y are p>tly1 9 its conclusion4 ,:5 ,intellect & ,w are d5i$ to ! ,deus ,natura ,sub/antia1 x is meant t ! ,absolute is & has m ?an intellect & w c well "n1 & t 9 ,him 7or ,h]1 or ,x1 = ! pronom9al di/9ctions ( g5d] matt] no?+ "h71 ! sep>ation ( w f intellect is a fallacy :i* c h no place4 ,:at ,sp9oza ca/s out are ! l[] passions1 ! affections ( weakness2 ^! z su*1 i4 e4 z elem5ts ( weakness1 c h no place 9 ,him4 ,b 9 ,god1 z 9 ! free man :o mo/ resembles ,god1 & 9 ^: love ,he loves himself1 !re is--b t also 9 t]ms we _c fa?om--abundance ( joy--! joy ( inf9ite self-realisation4 ,p>tly by ! complem5t>y !ory ( ,leibniz1 p>tly by ! antagoni/ !ories ( ,kant1 ! way _h be5 prep>$ = sett+ =?1 & 9 full] outl9e1 ! implications s t>dily admitt$ by ,sp9oza4 ,x 0 only by a misuse or mal-ext5sion ( a ^w t ,h]d]'s ,god--a ,god :o is ,=ce--& ! ,=ce ( ,=ces--c\ld be suppos$ an advance ^u ,sp9oza4 ,!re is 9 ,=ce an analogue ( ,life2 b x is life 9 dep5d5ce1 life n self-c5tr$1 always go+ =?1 & :5 x goes =? dissipat$4 ,x is z x 7 pu%$ f beh9d1 & is lo/ 9 :at comes aft] x4 ,if a ,=ce ( ,=ces means any?+1 x means some?+ m ?an ,=ce3 x means a ma/] ( =ce1 a =ce-controll] & =ce-adju/]1 a unity & pr9ciple ( =ces4 ,& ,sub/ance1 z ,sp9oza und]/ood x1 is m ?an ?is v>iability1 ?is deification ( in/ability4 ,x is ! unity 9 :i* ! v>iety & disp>ity ( exi/5ce1 ! multiplicity ( vicissitude1 is m]g$ & lo/1 only aga9 to issue f x1 & yet n leave x beh9d1 9 ! inf9itely-v>i\s modes ( its two great & conspicu\s attributes ( consci\sness & ext5sionality4 ,if ,hegel !n s\ght to g beyond ,sp9oza1 he s\ght to f9d a =mula :i* w\ld lose no?+ t ,sp9oza _h rea*$1 b w\ld at ! same "t br+ out :at ,sp9oza _h left an implication1 or not$ 9 a p>tial rectification4 ,z 9 religion1 besides ! utt] dep5d5ce on ,god 7s t1 ,god fail+1 ,i p]i%71 !re mu/ be also an absolute union1 complete reconciliation--complete z culm9at+ 9 unity & id5tity 7s t ,god %all n be ,god1 unless ,i am ,i73 s x is 9 philosophy4 ,! ,absolute _c m]ely be1 & be f> away--! la/ goal 9 :i* ! v>iety ( life is made "o1 & ! turmoil ( ! passionate exi/5ces laid to re/4 ,! ,s\l :i* is 7z "s ( ! m$ieval ,*ri/ians w\ld say7 /ill 9 it9]e1 a wayf>]1 is su* because its glance is turn$ on outw>d circum/ances3 b c\ntry is no accid5t3 ! s\l ev5 "h c>ries ) x t patria1 ':i* is ! heav5ly1' 9 its long+s1 & has x1 ev5 :ile yet on pilgrimage1 9 t /rong possession ( all ?+s by itself1 :i* ! !ologian /yles ,fai?4 ,?is goal det]m9es ! pilgrimage1 fixes its direction1 gives progress to its /eps4 ,9 ! my?-lov+ language ( ,plato 7& ( ,wordswor? 9 8 ,platonic ode7 ! ,s\l has 9 o!r sph]es ( be+ dwelt ) ! gods & se5 ! secret ( ! _w3 x is itself "o ( ! immortals1 & z x is "h & n[1 is 9 a l& ( exile4 ,at ! morn+ ( bir?1 ! liv+ sample ( humanity has left 8 orig9al glory beh9d2 & a deep =getfulness--only %ort ( absolute--cuts x (f f 8 e-day consci\sness4 ,9 8 pres5t reality he f9ds himself 9 a l& ( d>kness1 fa/ b\nd 9 a holl[ ( ! rock1 look+ out only on ! gho/ly images t flit across 8 prison wall1 ca/ !re by ! objects t move betwe5 8 back & ! light ( a my/]i\s fire beh9d him & !m4 ,su* is 8 natural e/ate1 z x meets ! bodily eye3 ! e/ate ( ! l[ly savage1 :om sup]/ition & ignorance seem to hold z _! captive = ev]4 ,b1 ?\gh 8 high home & 8 glory ( o!r days h left no consci\s memory 9 ! s\l1 asleep & imbrut$ 9 its fle%ly h\se1 !y h n dep>t$ )\t leav+ a trace beh9d4 ,= =getfulness is n blank non-exi/5ce4 ,! sample ( humanity inh]its ! bir?right ( 8 fa!rs--he has hopes & fe>s1 duties & rights1 :i* are 81 if he c mature himself to take possession ( !m4 ,he suff]s f ! pa9s ( gr[?1 f ! s5se ( disp>ity betwe5 :at he is & :at he may & %\ld be--f ! noble uneas9ess & dissatisfaction ( a be+ :o feels--if he does n "k--8 inf9ite pot5tialities4 ,= ^! pot5tialities--o!rwise !y h no title ev5 to t "n--are also actualities1 yet actualities :i* prote/ _! own incomplet5ess1 & crave imp]i\sly = :at !y lack4 ,:at he has is 8 "r1 b 8 "r only 9 s f> z x is also 8 duty4 ,x is z su*1 & only z su*1 t he /ill reta9s ! s\l 9 all its pr]ogatives3 z ! "r1 :i* is ! duty1 ( k4 ,su* a pre-figur$ & promis$1 b yet to be realis$1 possession is :at ,plato has call$ ,eros1 or ,love4 ,b x is a ,love ^: w+s are at fir/ invisible1 & :o (t5 seems r to crawl among ignoble ?+s ?an to so> 9 ! free fre% air4 ,! process ( exp]i5ce has be5 by ,plato call$ ,anamnesis or ,recollection4 ,b ,recollection is n always an easy1 & nev] a m]ely passive1 process2 & sometimes ! =getfulness seems s deep t no extrane\s /imulus c at all move x4 ,we h se5 already "o ( ^! /imuli :i* r\se ! sleep+ s5se--! my/]y ( numb]s3 & !re are _m o!rs4 ,b1 we h also le>n$1 t 9 ! psy*ical sph]e items ( memory are n1 z reckless fancy puts x1 /or$ up 9 comp>tm5ts1 sort$ & arrang$1 ready to be pull$ out4 ,! process ( recollection is a complicat$ affair3 an affair ( give & take1 ( comp>ison & selection & rejection1 ( con/ruction & recon/ruction4 ,y _c haul up ready-made memories f ! m9e4 ,& ?is p]haps 0 sometimes =gott5 by ,plato2 x c]ta9ly has be5 by m ?an "o ( 8 comm5tators4 ,y may1 no d\bt1 call up ideas f ! va/y deep3 b !y come by laws & pr9ciples ( _! own4 ,ev5 :5 !y come1 :i* !y sometimes d unexpect$ly1 !y come z an e*o ( ! call+ m9d4 ,recollection involves intellectual process3 z ,kant said1 ! syn!sis ( imag9ation reposes ^u ! syn!sis 9 ! concept4 ,yet--& ?is is ! po9t :i* ,plato's title ( ,anamnesis acc5tuates--unless '! s\l _h be5 su* z to be affect$ 9 ?is way' 7! words are ^? ( ,ari/otle71 unless ! s\l _h be5 implicitly intellectual 9 tone & faculty1 x w\ld n h grasp$ ! pres5t$ univ]se "u ! categories :i* x uses4 ,!re is1 says ,ari/otle1 9 ! b>e/ act ( s5sation a cong5ital p[] ( judgm5t2 !re is1 says ,plato1 an eye ( ! s\l--a natural virtue ( intellig5ce1 :i* c nev] be put into x1 & mu/ always be presuppos$ 9 any !ory ( its processes4 ,!re are1 !re=e1 no innate ideas1 says ,cudwor? 9 explanation ( ,plato1 if ^! ideas mean =m$ & complet$ products ( k4 ,all ideas 9 ?is s5se beg9 & gr[ )9 ! range ( exp]i5ce1 & ! hi/ory ( _! gr[? or developm5t 9 lit]ature & art c be at lea/ approximately trac$4 ,we c trace1 t is1 ! successions & connexions ( ! v>i\s types ( beauty1 or goodness3 c %[ h[ ! idea at "o "t dwelt 9 "o ( its aspects1 at ano!r 9 a diff]5t "o4 ,we c obs]ve ! v>iation1 & x may be ! progress1 9 m5's conception ( ,god4 ,b x is ano!r matt] :5 we seek to expla9 ^! ideas !mselves out ( o!r elem5ts1 het]og5e\s to !m4 ,:5 t "q is ask$1 !n ) ,plato we seem1 9 ! abs5ce ( any !ory ( orig9s1 oblig$ to own t x is by ! ,beautiful t beautiful ?+s come to be beautiful4 ,! s--! cross+ ( ess5tial b\nd>ies--:i* ,ari/otle =bids to sci5ce1 /ill raises its et]nal b>ri] 9 ! logical1 if x cease to hold good 7z has be5 sugge/$7 9 ! physical sph]e4 ,9 ! totality :i* we call ! _w & exp]i5ce ( reality !re are1 s to say1 ultimate & irr$ucible prov9ces4 ,! utmo/ t philosophy1 i4 e4 sci5ce1 c d ) ^! is to co-ord9ate !m1--to %[ _! mutual filiations1 adaptations1 & h>monies1--to note _! inadequacies & discrepancies4 ,!y are n all ( equal rank1 p]haps2 !y h to yield to ea* o!r1 x may be 9 turn3 b none ( !m c be arbitr>ily expung$ f ! totality1 & none ( !m %[n to be a m]e phase ( o!rs4 ,to d t is to /rip ! univ]se ( its v>iety &--x may be add$--( its beauty & its int]e/4 ,if x be a false philosophy t does x1 !re is a good deal ( false philosophy abroad4 ,!re is a lu/ ( explanation :i* is nev] cont5t till x has f\nd an equation = ev]y?+1 till x has express$ ev]y?+ 9 t]ms ( ! common-place1 till x has empti$ ev]y?+ ( all t made x individual & real1 & turn$ x into an ab/ract1 id5tical 7z only ab/racts c be7 ) "s o!r ab/ract4 ,su* ab/ractions are ( c\rse useful1 & !re=e ne$ no excuse1 :5 re/rict$ to a special sph]e4 ,s long1 t is1 z we rememb] t x is an ab/raction we are mak+1 & t we are arbitr>ily simplify+ ! real natural problem1 no h>m is done by ^! artificial con/ructions2 & !y are important /eps 9 a l>g] process4 ,b :at is correct & useful )9 a range ^: limits we c def9e1 becomes dang]\s :5 c>ri$ beyond all b\nds4 ,its approximate tru? !n becomes mislead+ error4 ,x is ^! irr$ucible elem5ts--^! great prov9ces 9 human exp]i5ce1 9 reality1 9 ! sy/em ( reason--t correspond to ! m important ( :at are kn[n z ,platonic ideas4 ,z ultimate con/itu5ts ( ! actual _w !y are 9 ! n>r[] s5se inexplicable4 ,"o does n am\nt to an exact sum ( "s o!rs1 nor is "o got f ano!r by ! simple process ( subtraction4 ,b if !y _c be expla9$1 by be+ r$uc$ to multiples ( "s "o basis1 !y c be compreh5d$ 9 ! respective implication & explication !y exhibit ) _! co-realities4 ,!y c be correlat$1 r$uc$1 & unifi$3 we may ev5 say1 !y c be id5tifi$2 b if we use su* a t]m1 we mu/ mean t !re is "s totality beyond & above !m 9 :i* !y all f9d a place & all are h>moni\s2 9 :i* all :5 br\ght to _! ,tru? are really "o & ! same4 ,?is bir?right ( human nature 9 all ages & c\ntries--?is c5tral ess5ce ( man's _s--is ! realm ( ,platonic ideas4 ,!y are ! great elem5ts1 or con/itu5t memb]s1 ( humanity & ( reality3 ! framework ( 8 m9d & ( ! _w4 ,h[ 9 ea* case !y may be wr\ght out 9 detail1 to :at degree !y may "h be evolv$1 & !re /unt$1 is a matt] ( hi/orical rese>*4 ,&1 9 a s5se1 ev5 x is n wrong to try to trace !m "o to ano!r3 to expla9 !m1 z ! phrase is1 "o by ano!r4 ,= !y are ess5tially connect$3 !y are memb]s ( "o sy/em3 !y are unifi$ & h>monis$ 9 a way = :i* ev5 ! ^w 'organism' is :olly insuffici5t4 ,!y are ! poles & l9es on :i* ! t5t ( human life1 ( intellig5t life1 is /ret*$3 b !y are also ! invisible ties :i* b9d toge!r ! e>? & heav5s1 & all t is !re94 ,^! ideas !re=e are imman5t 9 man3 = !y are ! basis ( human nature4 ,b to "n1 to dis5tangle !m1 to measure out _! b\nds & describe _! connexions--t is no easy "w4 ,& t is ! "w ( ,platonic recollection4 ,t is ! process ( hi/orical exp]i5ce4 ,b x is a small ?+ = ,plato to say t ^! ideas are innate 9 man4 ,:at he is m conc]n$ to make cle> is t 9 ! possession or vision ( ^! et]nal =ms1 ! human s\l is a p>tn] ( ! gods1 a citiz5 ( ! heav5s4 ,9 less my?ical language1 man1 z an intellig5t1 arti/ic1 moral1 & religi\s be+1 is n a m]e accid5tal on-look] on ! surface ( ?+s1 b ne> _! c5tral & abid+ tru?4 ,! =ms ( 8 m9d1 to speak aft] ! mann] ( ,kant1 are ! objective ess5ces ( ! real _w ( exp]i5ce4 ,degrees !re may be 9 ! reality :i* !y possess--less or l>g] measures ( tru? to full exp]i5ce--b true & real !y are3 nev] m]e falsity or empt9ess4 ,to e/imate ! am\nts ( t reality is a problem ,plato (t5 tri$4 ,at "o "t x seems z if ! ,good 7 9 8 e/imate ! =m ( =ms1 ! real ( reals3 b :5 we look closely1 we see t x is a goodness :i* is synonym\s ) real reality or p]fect be+4 ,at ano!r "t tru?1 i4 e4 reality1 seems to be "l ( all3 at ano!r1 beauty3 & aga9 he seems to confess 8 inability to lay d[n ! ord] ( prec$5ce 9 ?is hi]>*y4 ,( "o ?+ only he is p]fectly cle>3 & t is ! unreality1 ! non-entity ( ! s5se-_w z m]ely p]ceiv$1 & ! true be+ ( ! _w ( reason4 ,b he has no d\bts z to ! c5tral tru? t 9 ! good1 ! true1 & ! beautiful1 !re is a high] reality--a m f>-rea*+ & deep-pi]c+ influ5ce ?an 9 all ! m]e v>iety ( s5sation1 ! m]e multitude ( s5sible fact4 ,:at ,plato has sometimes call$ ! act ( rem9isc5ce1 :at he has sometimes call$ ! in/9ct ( ,love1 is also kn[n to him z ! process ( ,dialectic4 ,= rem9isc5ce has to wat* & wre/le ) ! in]tia ( oblivion1 has to set ! imag9$ beside ! real1 & to correct p]cepts by concepts1 concepts by p]cepts1 has to brace up its en]gies1 & to advance n by m]e press+ onw>d1 b by tack+ & zigzagg+ ?r\gh contr>y difficulties f9ally realise itself4 ,& love too is a battle1 :]e ! crav+ = union has to measure its =ce ) ! in/9ct ( indep5d5ce1 :]e selfi%ness & self-surr5d] seek a reconciliation1 & :]e 9 ! close1 if ! close be love1 ea* is self-reta9$ only z self-ab&on$1 & ea* rises to a high] union 9 :i* l[] selfhoods are absorb$4 ,ev5 s 9 ! c\rse ( ,dialectic4 ,x is ! art :i* divides & conjo9s1 :i* unifies & di/+ui%es3 ! art ( ask+ & answ]+4 ,to ,plato x appe>s 9 ! ma9 z an action ( ! intellig5t subject3 b an action :i*1 z he h9ts1 is almo/ a natural in/9ct1 :i* ?r\gh discipl9e has become an art4 ,9 ! h&s ( its typical arti/1 x proce$s1 or seems to proce$1 z if unconsci\s ( its pr9ciple & end4 ,socrates has1 z he pr(esses1 no ov]t conception ( ! result3 he has no k ( ! positive conclusion to be rea*$4 ,x is ! ,logos--! logic ( reality--:i* su/a9s ! movem5t4 ,ab&on+ any subjective hum\r ( c>ry+ ! argum5t to a preconceiv$ end1 "o is swept on by ! curr5t ( real logic--! reason 9 ?+s4 ,! dogma we h set up & seem$ to see be=e u1 w1 if we are dispassionate1 c>ry u on beyond itself1 & sugge/ aspects call+ = recognition & acceptance4 ,if only we refra9 f arre/+ ! movem5t ( criticism1--a c\rse to :i* prud5ce1 ease1 cu/om1 & e =m ( ! ignava ratio c\nsel u1--tru? w reveal itself 9 u1 & by u4 ,x is because o!r aims1 p]sonal & p>ticul>1 are s ev]-pres5t ) u1 t speculative free inquiry seems s h>d4 ,x is we :o insi/ on clos+ up ! door1 n ! tru? t is reluctant to %[ itself4 ,tru?1 !n1 is self-revelation or developm5t4 ,n a result :i* is to be accept$1 b[$ to1 & rev]5c$3 b ! result issu+ 7& only valuable z issu+7 f a process 9 :i* we & objectivity are fell[-work]s4 ,! tru? may no d\bt be pres5t$--z ,sp9oza does pres5t x--9 def9itions1 /at+ ! net result z fundam5tal fact4 ,fundam5tal fact x is2 b z s /at$1 z ,sub/ance1 x comes z a /rang]1 almo/ z an enemy3 ! great vision1 sudd5ly (f]$ to untra9$ eyes1 ov]:elms & al>ms ! liv+ s5se ( self1 ( p]sonality4 ,hegel wi%es to %[ x z a fri5d1 z our v own1--z ,subject 7b n m]ely subject74 ,x is = ?is t philosophy runs ?r\gh its cycle & returns into itself4 ,man po9ts to nature & nature to man3 univ]sal to individual3 ?\ght to ?+s3 ! self to ,god1 & ,god to ! human s\l4 ,footnote #a3 ,hegel1 ,w]ke1 ii4 #ad4 ,footnote #b3 ,sp9oza1 ,e?4 ,def4 #c4 ,footnote #c3 ,sp94 ,de inteil4 ,em4 i4 #aj4 ,footnote #d3 ,sp94 ,e?4 v4 #ce4 ,footnote #e3 ,e?4 i4 #ag s*ol4 ,,*apt] ,,xxv4 ,,reason ,,& ,,! ,,dialectic ,,( ,,und]/&+4 ,repres5tative conceptions1 besides be+ ! burd5 ( our ord9>y mat]ialis+ consci\sness1 are also ! data ( sci5ce1 accept$ & develop$ 9 _! consequ5ces4 ,because !y are s accept$1 z giv5 into our h&1 sci5tific reason+ c only in/itute relations betwe5 !m4 ,its bus9ess z ?us conceiv$ is progressive unification1 comp>+ objects ) "o ano!r1 demon/rat+ ! simil>ities :i* exi/ betwe5 !m1 & comb9+ !m ) ea* o!r4 ,! ex]cise ( ?\ght :i* deals ) su* objects is limit$ by _! exi/5ce3 x is only =mal4 ,x is f9ite ?\ght1 because x is only subjective3 x beg9s at a giv5 po9t & /ops some:]e1 & nev] gets q r\nd its mat]ials s z to call !m truly its own4 ,ea* ( ! objects on :i* x is turn$ seems to be outside ( x1 & indep5d5t ( x4 ,ea* po9t ( fact1 aga91 :5 x is c>ri$ out to its utmo/1 meets ) o!r ?\ghts :i* limit x1 & claim to be equally self-c5tr$4 ,su* k creeps on f po9t to po9t4 ,to ?is ?9k+ ,g]man philosophy f ! "t ( ,kant & ,jacobi appli$ a "n1 :i* s9ce ! days ( ,col]idge has be5 translat$ by ',und]/&+'#a4 ,?is degree or mode ( ?9k+ --n a faculty ( ?\ght--is ! sy/ematis$ & ?or\gh ex]cise ( :at 9 ,engl& is call$ ',common ,s5se4' ,9 ! fir/ place1 x is synonym\s ) practical intellig5ce4 ,x takes :at x calls facts1 or ?+s1 z giv51 & aims only at arrang+ & comb9+ !m & draw+ f !m c\nsels ( prud5ce or rules ( art4 ,see+ ?+s on a sup]ficies1 z x 7 s _m unconnect$ po9ts1 "h itself & !re ! v>i\s ?+s ( ! _w1 x tries to br+ !m into connexion4 ,x accepts exi/+ di/9ctions1 & seeks to r5d] !m m precise by po9t+ out & sift+ ! elem5ts ( sam5ess4 ,its greate/ m]it is an abhorr5ce ( vagu5ess1 inconsi/5cy1 & :at x /igmatises z my/icism3 x wi%es to be cle>1 di/9ct1 & practical4 ,9 its prop] sph]e1--& x has an indisp5sable function to p]=m ev5 9 philosophy3 :]ev]1 t is1 x is unnecess>y to g into ! ess5tial tru? ( ?+s1 & "o has only to d good "w 9 a cle>ly def9$ sph]e1--! und]/&+ has an indep5d5t value ( its own#b ,nor is ?is true m]ely ( practical life1 :]e a man mu/ accommodate himself to facts3 x is equally applicable 9 ! high] !oretic life1--9 art1 religion1 & philosophy4 ,if intellig5t def9it5ess does n make itself app>5t 9 ^!1 !re is some?+ wrong ab\t !m4 ,x is only :5 ?is ex]cise ( ?\ght is reg>d$ z a ne plus ultra1 & its m&ates to re/rict inve/igation by ! limits ( =egone conclusions f9d ob$i5ce1 t und]/&+ des]ves ! reproa*ful language :i* 0 lavi%$ ^u x by ! ,g]man philosoph]s at ! close ( ! la/ c5tury4 ,! und]/&+ is ab/ract3 ?is sums up its (f5ces 9 "o ^w4 ,its objects1 t is ! ?+s x deals ) & believes utt]ly real1 are only p>tly s1 & :5 t incomplet5ess is unrecognis$1 are only ab/ractions4 ,bo? 9 its contract$ =ms1 su* z fai? & common s5se1 & 9 its sy/ematic =m1 ! logical or n>r[ly-consi/5t intellect1 x is p>tial & liable to be t5aci\s ( half-tru?s4 ,only t :]eas 9 feel+ & common-s5se !re is (t5 a great deal :i* !y _c express1--:]eas ! he>t is (t5 m lib]al ?an its int]pret+ m9d w all[--! rev]se is true ( ! logically-consi/5t intellect4 ,! n>r[ness ( ! latt] is1 9 its own op9ion1 exactly equal to ! tru? ( ?+s3 & :atev] x expresses is ass]t$ )\t qualification to be ! absolute fact4 ,its bus9ess is1 giv5 ! initial po9t 7:i* is assum$ to be c]ta9 & p]spicu\s71 to see all :i* t po9t w necess>ily involve or lead to4 ,= example1 ,ord] may be suppos$ to be ! *ief end ( ! ,/ate4 ,let u consid]1 says ! intellig5t argu] 7)\t wa/+ "t on ab/ruse inquiries z to :at ,ord] is or means1 & :at sort ( ,ord] we want71 to :at consequ5ces & in/itutions ?is conception w lead u4 ,or1 aga91 ! *ief end ( ! ,/ate is assum$ to be ,lib]ty4 ,to :at special =ms ( organisation w ?is hypo!sis 7also assum$ a self-evid5t conception7 lead8 ,or we may g a /ep fur!r4 ,x is evid5t1 "s w say1 t 9 a ,/ate !re mu/ be a c]ta9 admixture ( ,ord] & ,lib]ty4 ,h[ are we to proce$--:at laws & ord9ances w be necess>y1 to secure ! prop] equilibrium ( ^! two pr9ciples8 ,! two mu/ be bl5d$1 & ea* h its legitimate influ5ce4 ,^! are examples ( ! op]ation ( ,und]/&+4 ,x c only rea* a syn!sis 7or conjunction71 nev] a real unity1 because x believes 9 ! omnipot5ce ( ! ab/ractions ) :i* x began3 b mu/ ei!r c>ry out "o p>tial pr9ciple to its consequ5ces1 or all[ an alt]nate & comb9$ =ce to two opposite pr9ciples4 ,its canon is id5tity3 giv5 some?+1 let u see :at foll[s :5 we keep ! same po9t always 9 view1 & comp>e o!r po9ts ) ! "o :i* we are suppos$ to "k4 ,its me?od is analytic3 giv5 a conception 9 :i* popul> ?\ght supposes itself at home1 & let u see all ! elem5ts ( tru? :i* c be d$uc$ f x4 ,its /atem5ts are ab/ract & n>r[3 or1 9 ! words ( ,anaxagoras1 "o ?+ is cut (f f ano!r ) a hat*et#c4 ,9 its excess x deg5]ates into dogmatism1 :e!r t dogmatism be !ological or naturali/ic4 ,! fact is t ! ,und]/&+1 z ?is analytic1 ab/ract1 & f9ite action ( m9d is call$1--! ?\ght :i* holds objective ideas di/9ct f "o ano!r1 & f ! subjective faculties ( ?\ght z a :ole1--t ?is ,und]/&+ is1 :5 x claims to be he>d & obey$ 9 sci5ce1 n suffici5tly ?or\gh-go+4 ,x beg9s at a po9t :i* is n s isolat$ z x seems1 b is a memb] ( a body ( ?\ght3 nor is x aw>e t ! :ole ( ?is body ( ?\ght is 9 organic1 & ev5 m ?an organic1 union4 ,x errs 9 tak+ too mu* = grant$3 & 9 n see+ h[ ?is giv5 po9t is ! result ( a process1--t 9 x1 9 any ?\ght or idea1 sev]al t5d5cies or elem5ts conv]ge & are held 9 union1 b ) ! possibility ( work+ _! way into a new indep5d5ce4 ,9 o!r words1 ! ,und]/&+ requires1 z ! organon & me?od ( philosophy1 to be replac$ by ! ,reason#d1--;by inf9ite ?\ght1 concrete1 at once analytic & syn!tic4 ,h[ !n1 x may be ask$1 c we make ! passage f ! inadequate to ! adequate8 ,to t "q ! answ] may be giv5 t x is our act ( arbitr>y arre/ :i* halts at ! inadequate3 t 9 complete ,reason1 :i* is ! con/itu5t nature bo? ( u & ( ?+s1 ! ,und]/&+ is only a grade :i* po9ts beyond itself1 & !re=e presupposes & /ruggles up to ! adequate ?\ght4 ,9 o!r words1 x is ,reason :i* creates or lays d[n = beho( ( its own organisation ! aims1 conditions1 & fix$ entities1--! objects1 by :i* x is b\nd & limit$ 9 its analytic ex]cise z und]/&+4 ,reason1 !re=e1 is ! implicit t5d5cy to correct its own inadequacy3 & we h only to *eck self-w & prejudice s f> t ! process may be accompli%$4 ,! movem5t is n at "o /ep3 x has a middle t]m or mean :i* (t5 seems z if x 7 a /ep backw>d4 ,progress 9 k is usually describ$ z produc$ by ! mode ( demon/ration or ! mode ( exp]i5ce4 ,=mal ,logic pref]s ! fir/ mode ( describ+ x3 ,appli$ ,logic pref]s ! second4 ,ei!r mode may s]ve1 if we prop]ly compreh5d :at demon/ration & exp]i5ce mean4 ,& t w n be done unless we keep equally be=e u ! affirmative & ! negative elem5t 9 ! process4 ,! law ( rational progress 9 k1 ( ! dialectical movem5t ( consci\sness1 or 9 "o ^w ( exp]i5ce1 is n simple movem5t 9 a /raight l9e1 b movem5t by negation & absorption ( ! premisses4 ,! conclusion or ! new object ( k is a product into :i* ! prec$+ object is r$uc$ or absorb$4 ,?us ! movem5t f fai? 7:i* is conc5trat$ & :olly p]sonal k7 to op5 & univ]sal k1 :i* is capable ( becom+ ! possession ( a community1--tru? & n m]ely conviction1 mu/ pass ?r\gh d\bt4 ,! premisses f :i* we />t1 & ! orig9al object ) :i* we beg91 are n left 9 /atu quo3 !y are de/roy$ 9 _! own %ape1 & become only mat]ials to build up a new object & a conclusion4 ,x is on ! /epp+-/ones ( disc>d$ ideas t we rise to high] tru?3 & x is on ! abrogation ( ! old objects ( k t ! new objects are f\nd$4 ,n m]ely does a new object come 9 to supplem5t ! old1 & correct its inadequacies by ! new pres5ce3 n m]ely d we add new ranges to our p[]s ( vision1 reta9+ ! old faculties & subjo9+ o!rs4 ,! :ole _w--alike inw>d & outw>d1--! consci\sness & its object--is subject$ to a ?or\gh r5ovation3 e feature is modifi$1 & ! sy/em re-creat$4 ,! old p]i%es3 b 9 p]i%+ contributes to con/itute ! new4 ,?us ! new is at once ! affirmation & negation ( ! old4 ,& su* is ! inv>iable nature ( intellig5t progress1 ( :i* ! old & n a few mod]n logicians fail$ to r5d] a "r acc\nt1 because !y miss$ ! negative elem5t1 & did n see t ! imm$iate premisses mu/ be aboli%$ 9 ord] to secure a conclusion1--ev5 z ! grapes mu/ be cru%$ be=e ! w9e c be obta9$4 ,?is is ! real mean+ ( ,exp]i5ce1 :5 x is call$ ! tea*] ( humanity3 & x 0 = ?is reason t ,bacon describ$ x z 'f> ! be/ demon/ration4'#e ,exp]i5ce is t absolute process1 embrac+ bo? u & ?+s1 :i* displays ! nullity ( :at is imm$iately giv51 or baldly & nak$ly accept$1 & completes x by ! r\gh rem$y ( contradiction4 ,! *ange comes ov] bo? u & ! ?+s3 nei!r ! "o side nor ! o!r is left z x 0 be=e4 ,& x is "h t ! advantage ( ,exp]i5ce ov] demon/ration consi/s4 ,demon/ration t5ds to be look$ ^u z subjective only 7con/r+it ass5sum1 non res73 :]eas ,exp]i5ce is also objective4 ,b ,exp]i5ce is m ?an m]ely objective3 x is ! absolute process ( ?\ght pure & entire2 & z su* x is describ$ by ,hegel z ,dialectic1 or ,dialectical movem5t4 ,?is ,dialectic cov]s ! gr\nd ( demon/ration1--a fragm5t ( x especially describ$ & emphasis$ 9 ! ,=mal ,logic1--& ( ,exp]i5ce1--"u :i* "n x is bett] kn[n 9 actual life1 & 9 ! philosophy ( ! sci5ces#f4 ,dialectic is ! negative or de/ructive aspect ( reason1 z prep>atory to its affirmative or con/ructive aspect4 ,x is ! _s ( diss5t & criticism3 ! outgo+ z oppos$ to ! indwell+3 ! re/less z di/+ui%$ f ! quiet3 ! reproductive z oppos$ to ! nutritive in/9ct3 ! c5trifugal z oppos$ to ! c5tripetal =ce3 ! radical & progressive t5d5cy z oppos$ to ! cons]vative4 ,b no "o ( ^! examples suffici5tly or accurately describes x4 ,= x is ! utt]ance ( an implicit contradiction1--! recognition ( an exi/+ & felt1 b hi!rto unrecognis$ & un=mulat$ want4 ,dialectic does n sup]v5e f )\t ^u ! fix$ ideas ( und]/&+3 x is ! evid5ce ( ! high] nature :i* lies beh9d !m1 ( ! dep5d5ce on a l>g] unity :i* und]/&+ implicitly or explicitly d5ies4 ,t high] nature1 ! notion or grasp ( reasonable ?\ght1 comes =w>d1 & has at fir/1 9 opposition to ! "o-sid$ products ( und]/&+1 ! look ( a de/ructive ag5t4 ,if we reg>d ! und]/&+ & its object1 z ultimate & f9al1--& !y are s reg>d$ 9 ! ord9>y e/imation ( ! _w1--!n ?is negative action ( reason seems utt]ly p]nici\s1 & t5ds to end 9 ! subv]sion ( all fixity :atev]1 ( ev]y?+ def9ite4 ,9 ?is light ,dialectic is :at is commonly kn[n z ,scepticism2 j z ! und]/&+ 9 its excess is kn[n z ,dogmatism4 ,b 9 ! total grasp ( ! rational or speculative notion1 ,dialectic ceases to be ,scepticism1 & ,und]/&+ ceases to be ,dogmatism4 ,/ill !re c be no d\bt t ! ,dialectic ( reason is dang]\s1 if tak5 ab/ractly & z if x 7 a :ole tru?4 ,= ! ?\ghts ( ord9>y m5 t5d to be m ab/ract ?an _! mat]ials w>rant4 ,m5 seek to =mulate _! feel+s1 fai?1 & conduct3 b ! rationale ( _! inmo/ belief1--_! cre$1--is g5]ally n>r[] ?an x might be4 ,out ( ! undecompos$ & massive 'sub/ance1' on :i* _! life & conduct is f\nd$1 !y extract "o or two +r$i5ts3 !y emphasise ) undue /ress "o or two features 9 _! _w1 & atta* to ^! p>tial =mulae a value :i* w\ld be des]v$ only if !y really repres5t$ ! :ole facts4 ,h5ce :5 ! n>r[ outl9es ( _! cre$ are submitt$ to dialectic1--:5 ! inly+ contradictions are expos$1 m5 feel z if ! sy/em ( ! _w _h sunk b5ea? !m4 ,b x is n ! massive /ructure ( _! _w1 ! organic unity 9 :i* !y live1 t is /ruck by dialectic3 x is only ^? lum9\s po9ts1 ! repres5tative t]ms ( mat]ial ?\ght1 :i* float be=e _! consci\sness1 & :i* h be5 =mulat$ 9 h>d & fa/ outl9es by ! und]/&+4 ,^! po9ts1 z s def9$ & exagg]at$1 are :at dialectic %akes4 ,n an ali5 =ce1 b ! inh]5t p[] ( ?\ght1 de/roys ! tempor>y con/ructions ( ! und]/&+4 ,! inf9ite comes to %[ ! inadequacy ( ! f9ite :i* x has made4 ,9 philosophy ?is second /age is z ess5tial z ! fir/4 ,! "o-sid$ness ( ! fir/ ab/raction is correct$ by ! "o-sid$ness ( ! o!r4 ,9 ! ,philosophy ( ,plato1 z has be5 not$1 ! dialectical en]gy ( ?\ght is sometimes spok5 ( "u ! analogy ( sexual passion--! ,love :i*1 9 ! words ( ,sophocles1 'falls ^u possessions' & makes all fix$ ord9ance ( no acc\nt1 & f9ds no ob/acles insup]able to its /rong desire4 ,b ,love1 z ! speak] expla9s1 is a *ild ( ,weal? & ,want3 he is nev] poor1 & nev] ri*3 he is 9 a mean betwe5 ignorance & k#g4 ,?us is describ$ ! active unre/ ( gr[?1 ! 'inquietude p\ssante1' z ,leibniz call$ x1--! quick5+ =ce ( ! negative & ( contradiction4 ,at ! ^w 'contradiction' !re is he>d a murmur ( objection1 p>tly on te*nical1 p>tly on mat]ial gr\nds4 ,!re are1 x is said1 o!r ways ( gett+ f "o idea to ano!r ?an by contradiction3 & x is n "r to give ! title to m]e cases ( contra/ & correlation4 ,n[ x may be ! case t ! relations ( ideas are _m & v>i\s4 ,9 p>ticul> !re is to _m p a decid$ pleasure 9 ! m]e accumulation ( bits ( k4 ,9 _! m5tal /ock !re are only aggregates1--conjunctions due to accid5ts ( "t & place1--associations & fusions :i* d n rea* organis$ unity4 ,9 all ( u1 p]haps1 !re are m or less miscellane\s collections ( beliefs1 p]ceptions1 hopes1 & wi%es1 9 no v obvi\s connexion ) "o ano!r4 ,an unit$ self1 "o1 h>moni\s1 & complete1 is probably r an ideal ( developm5t ?an a fact realis$4 ,!re are 9 ea* two or ?ree discordant selves1--among :i* x might sometimes be difficult to select ! "r & true "o 7= t w dep5d on ! mom5t>y po9t ( view74 ,! deep] consci\sness may g on entirely indep5d5t ( ! tra9 ( ! m sup]ficial ideas3 ! _w ( reality may glide pa/ )\t t\*+ ! _w ( dream or ( fiction3 our bus9ess "p may live 9 a region p>t$ (f f our religion by gulfs inscrutable4 ,9 all ^! cases !re _c be said to be any contradiction4 ,b ,hegel speaks ( ! ess5tial progress ( k1 & ( t true self or real m9d :i* has atta9$ complete h>mony--! self & m9d t is implicitly or explicitly ,absolute4 ,9 su* a m9d :]e ! f9ite has pass$ or is pass+ into ! inf9ite1 9 a m9d t is really becom+ "o & total1 its p>ts mu/ meet & modify ea* o!r4 ,at ea* phase1 if t phase is e>ne/1 self-c]ta91 & real1 x claims to be complete1 & c brook no rival4 ,! br+] ( new ?+s mu/ appe> z an enemy3 = ! old sy/em1 h[ev] imp]fect z a m]e =m1 has beh9d x ! /r5g? ( an inf9ite & p]fect cont5t3 x is m ?an x has explicat$3 b z x 7f its imp]fection & hone/y7 id5tifies itself ) its =m1 x is resolv$ to resi/ *ange4 ,progress !n mu/ be by antagonism3 x _c be real progress o!rwise1 b only ! m]e %ift+ ( dilettante d\bt & dilettante tol]ation4 ,bo? new & old are wor? some?+1 & !y mu/ prove _! value by nei!r be+ lo/1 b bo? recognis$1 9 a complet] s*eme ( ?+s4 ,yet !re is a diff]5ce 9 ! measure ( contradiction at diff]5t /ages ( ?\ght4 ,x is always greate/ :5 !re is lea/ to be oppos$ ab\t4 ,! m meagre an idea1 a cre$1 a t]m ( ?\ght1 ! m viol5t ! anti!ses to x4 ,! m ab/ractly we hold a doctr9e1 ! m readily are we dispos$ to sniff opposition4 ,& z 9 m concrete belief1 s 9 ! m ab/ract t]ms ( ?\ght4 ,!y seem s wide ap>t--l ',is' & ',is n'--& yet1 tak5 alone1 !y are really s ready to recoil into "o ano!r4 ,z ?\ght deep5s1 contradiction takes a m modifi$ =m4 ,! relativity ( ?+s becomes app>5t3 & :at 7 ere:ile oppos$ z contradictory1 turn out z pairs ( correlatives1 nei!r ( :i* is fully :at x pr(ess$ to be1 unless x also is all t seem$ res]v$ = ! o!r4 ,la/ly1 & 9 ! full tru? ( developm5t1 progress is se5 to be n m]ely a sudd5 recoil f "o ab/raction to ano!r1 nor m]ely a cont9ual ref]5ce to an und]ly+ correlative1 b ! movem5t ( "o totality :i* advances by self-opposition1 self-reconciliation1 & self-recon/ruction4 ,9 ?is /age1 ! weight & bulk ( unity keeps ! contradiction 9 its place ( due subord9ation4 ,b bo? elem5ts are equally ess5tial1 & if ! unity is less palpable 9 ! ab/ract beg9n+s1 & ! div]g5ce less wide at ! close1 at nei!r beg9n+ nor close c ei!r be abs5t4 ,b if we m]ely look at ! diff]5tiation or negation involv$ 9 ! action ( reason1 we miss ! half ( its mean+3 & ! new /atem5t is z "o-sid$ z ! old4 ,we h n grasp$ ! full mean+ until we see t :at1 z und]/&+1 affirm$ a f9ite1 d5ies1 z dialectic1 ! absolut5ess or adequacy ( t f9ite4 ,bo? ! p>tial views h a "r to exi/1 because ea* gives its contribution to ! sci5ce ( tru?4#h ,if we p5etrate beh9d ! surface1--if we d n look at ! two /eps 9 ! process ab/ractly & 9 sep>ation1--x w be se5 t ^! two elem5ts co9cide & unite4 ,b we mu/ be c>eful "h4 ,?is co9cid5ce or id5tification ( opposites has n annihilat$ _! opposition or diff]5ce4 ,t diff]5ce subsi/s1 b 9 abeyance1 r$uc$ to an elem5t or 'mom5t' 9 ! unity4 ,ea* ( ! two elem5ts has be5 modifi$ by ! union3 & ?us :5 ea* issues f ! unity x has a ri*] significance ?an x _h be=e4 ,?is unity1 9 :i* diff]5ce is lo/ & f\nd1 is ! rational notion1--! speculative grasp ( ?\ght4 ,x is ! product ( exp]i5ce1--! ampl] affirmative :i* is f\nd$ ^u an inclusion ( negatives4 ,we began ) ! b>e unit1 or simple & unanalys$ po9t1 :i* satisfi$ popul> language & popul> imag9ation z its nucleus3--! repres5tation :i* _h caught & half-idealis$ a po9t1 mom5t1 or aspect 9 ! range ( feel+ & s5sation4 ,9 ?is /age ! notion or ?\ght prop] is yet lat5t4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! nucleus ( imag9ation 0 analys$1 def9$1 &1 z we may surmise1 n>r[$ 9 ! ,intellect4 ,& ?is grade ( ?\ght is kn[n z ! ,und]/&+4 ,9 ! second place1 ! def9ite & precise t]m1 z und]/&+ supposes x1 0 subject$ to criticism3 its contradictions display$2 & ! v opposite ( ! fir/ def9ition e/abli%$ 9 its place4 ,?is is ! action ( ,dialectic4 ,9 ! ?ird place1 by means ( ?is second /age1 ! real nature or tru? 0 se5 to lie 9 a union :]e ! opposites int]p5etrate & m\ld ea* o!r4 ,?us we h z a consci\s unity1--consci\s because x1 z unity1 yet embraces a diff]5ce z diff]5ce--:at we />t$ ) z an unconsci\s unity1 ! tru? ( feel+1 fai?1 & inspiration4 ,! fir/ 0 an imm$iate unity3--t is to say1 we 7 9 ! mid/ ( ! unity1 sunk 9 x1 & mak+ a "p ( x3 ! second is a m$iat$ unity1 :i* has be5 rea*$ by a process ( reflection1 & :i* z a consci\s unity involves t process4 ,reason1 !n1 is inf9ite1 z oppos$ to und]/&+1 :i* is f9ite ?9k+4 ,! limits :i* are f\nd & accept$ by ! analytic intellect1 are limits :i* reason has impos$1 & :i* x c take away3 ! limits are 9 x1 & n ov] x4 ,! l>g] reason has be5 lay+ d[n ^? limits1 :i* our little m9ds at fir/ t5d to suppose absolute4 ,let u put ! same law 9 m concrete t]ms4 ,x is reason1--! ,idea1--or1 to give x an inadequate & ab/ract "n1 ,natural ,selection--:i* has creat$ ! sev]al =ms ( ! animal & vegetable _w3 x is reason1 aga91 :i* 9 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce contradicts ! v inadequacies :i* x has br\ght into be+3 & x is reason1 f9ally1 :i* affirms bo? ^! actions1--! h]$it>y desc5t1 & ! adaptation--9 ! provisionally p]man5t & adequate =ms :i* result f ! /ruggle4 ,! ?ree /ages ?us enum]at$ are !re=e n m]ely /ages 9 our human reason z subjective4 ,!y /ate ! law ( rational developm5t 9 pure ?\ght1 9 ,nature1 & 9 ! _w ( ,m9d1--! _w ( ,art1 ,morals1 & ,sci5ce4 ,!y repres5t ! law ( ?\ght or reason 9 its mo/ g5]al or ab/ract t]ms4 ,!y /ate1 ma9ly 9 ref]5ce to ! me?od or =m ( ?\ght1 t ,triplicity1 :i* w be se5 9 ^? real =mations or phases to :i* ?\ght m\lds itself1--! typical species ( reason4 ,!y reappe> hundr$s ( times1 9 diff]5t multiples1 9 ! sy/em ( philosophy4 ,! ab/ract po9t ( ! ,notion :i* p>ts asund] 9 ! ,judgm5t1 & returns to a unity includ+ diff]5ce 9 ! ,syllogism3--! m]e g5]ality ( ! ,univ]sal1 :i*1 by a disruption into ,p>ticul>s & detail1 gives rise to ! real & actual ,individual3--! ,id5tity :i* has to be comb9$ ) ,diff]5ce 9 ord] to furni% a possible ,gr\nd = ,exi/5ce3--! baldness & nak$ness ( an ,imm$iate belief1 :i* comes to ! full & direct c]ta9ty ( itself1 to true imm$iacy1 only by ga!r+ up ! full s5se ( ! anti!sis :i* c sep>ate conviction f tru?1 or by realis+ ! ,m$iation connect+ !m3--all ^! are illu/rations ( ! same law really appli$ :i* has be5 =mally /at$ z ! necessity = a def9+1 a dialectical1 & a speculative elem5t 9 ?\ght4 ,! ?ree p>ts ( ,logic are an in/ance ( ! same ?+3 & :5 ! ,idea1 or organism ( ?\ght1 appe>s develop$ 9 ! s]ies ( ,natural =ms1 x is only to prep>e ! k+dom ( reason actualis$ 9 ! _w ( ,m9d4 ,! ,und]/&+1 on ! field ( ! _w1 corresponds1 says ,hegel#i1 to ! conception ( ,div9e ,goodness4 ,! life ( nature goes on 9 ! indep5d5ce & self-possession ( all its p>ts1 ea* z fix$ & pr\d ( its own1 z if its %>e ( e>? 7 = ev] assur$4 ,! f9ite be+ !n has 8 season ( self-satisfi$ ease3 :ile ! gods live 9 quiet1 away f ! sight ( man's do+s4 ,! dialectical /age1 aga91 corresponds to ! conception ( ,god z an omnipot5t ,"l3 :5 ! ,p[] ( ! univ]se waxes t]rific1 de/roy+ ! complac5cy ( ! creatures & mak+ !m feel _! insuffici5cy1--:5 ! once b5efic5t appe>s jeal\s & cruel1 & ! joy\s equanimity ( human life is oppress$ by ! t]rors ( ! inscrutable h& ( fate4 ,! easy-m9d$ ,greek liv$ = ! mo/ "p 9 ! =m] _w3 ! uneasy ,hebrew to a great ext5t 9 ! latt]4 ,b ! tru? lay nei!r 9 ! placid wisdom ( ,zeus1 leav+ ! _w to its own devices1 nor 9 ! jeal\s ,jehovah ( ,m\nt ,s9ai3 ! true speculative union is f\nd 9 ! my/ical unity ( ,godhead ) human nature4 ,9 ?is compreh5sive _s did ,hegel treat ,logic4 ,?is ,triplicity runs ?r\gh ,hegel's works4 ,if y op5 "o1 ! ma9 divisions are m>k$ ) ! capitals ,a1 ,b1 ,c4 ,"o ( ^!1 x may be1 is brok5 up into *apt]s head$ by ! ,roman num]als ,i1 ,,ii1 ,,iii4 ,"u "o or m ( ^! probably come sev]ally ! ,arabic num]als #a1 #b1 #c4 ,any "o ( ^! aga9 may be subdivid$1 & gives rise to sections1 head$ by ! small lett]s a1 b1 c4 ,&1 la/ly1 any "o ( ^! may be treat$ to a di/ribution "u ! ?ree titles 1 1 4 ,( c\rse ! division is n 9 ea* case c>ri$ equally f>3 nor does ! subject always p]mit x3 nor is ,hegel's k alike vigor\s1 or 8 int]e/ 9 all directions ! same4 ,footnote #a3 ',v]/&1' ,footnote #b3 ',die ,v]nunft ohne ,v]/& i/ ,ni*ts2 d] ,v]/& do* ,etwas ohne ,v]nunft4' ,hegel's ,leb51 p4 #edf4 ,footnote #c3 v vi 4 ,simplic4 ,phys4 fol4 #ch a 7ed4 ,diels1 p4 #agf74 ,footnote #d3 ',v]nunft4' ,footnote #e3 ,novum ,organum1 ,book ,i4 #gj4 ,footnote #f3 ,ph5om5ologie des ,gei/es1 p4 #fg4 ,footnote #g3 ,plato1 ,symposion1 #bjc4 ,footnote #h3 ,cf4 ,dante1 ,p>ad4 iv4 #acj4 ,footnote #i3 ,see 9 ! ,logic 7vol4 ii4 p4 #ade74 ,,prolegom5a ,,book ,,iii ,,logical ,,outl9es ,,*apt] ,,xxvi4 ,,?\ght ,,pure ,,& ,,entire4 ,! ,engli% read] may probably be tak5 to be famili> ) ! conception ( ,logic z ! ,sci5ce ( ! ,=m ( ,?\ght4 ,he may also h he>d ?is expla9$ z equival5t to ! ,sci5ce ( ,?\ght z ,?\ght1 or ( ,?\ght z ,=m1 or ( ,=mal ,?\ght4 ,b1 probably1 also1 he br+s to ! lesson no v high e/imate ( =m z su*4 ,9 ! old language ( ,greek philosophy1 transmitt$ ?r\gh ! ,s*oolm5 ( ! ,we/1 & /ill l+]+ 9 ! phraseology ( ,bacon & ,%akespe>e#a1 ,=ms & sub/antial =ms 7 p[]s 9 ! _w ( reality4 ,b a g5]ation arose :i* knew !m n3 to :i* !y 7 only belat$ survivals ( ! pa/4 ,! =ms _h lo/ connexion ) matt] & cont5t1 & _h come to seem some?+ occult1 transc5d5t1 & !re=e1 to a practical & reali/ic age1 some?+ fanta/ic & sup]flu\s4 ,yet x may be well to recall t ! same au?or :o has put on record 8 view t =ms are only m5tal figm5ts1 unless !y be fully 'det]m9ate 9 matt]1' has equally laid x d[n t ! s-call$ 'causes' ( vulg> philosophy--! matt] & ! ag5t--are only 'vehicles ( ! =m1' ,?us spontane\sly did ,bacon recon/ruct ! ,ari/otelian !ory ( ! int]dep5d5ce ( =m & matt]1 t =m is always =m ( 7or 97 matt]1 & t matt] is always = =m4 ,! relativity ( =m & matt]1 or ( =m & cont5t1 is inde$ almo/ a commonplace ( popul> discussion on logical subjects4 ,b l o!r uncritical applications ( great tru?s1 ?is is bo? c>ri$ beyond its prop] b\nds1 & is n c>ri$ out ) suffici5t ?or\ghness4 ,!re _c--x is said--be a =mal logic1 because e ex]cise ( ?\ght is int]nally affect$ or modifi$ by ! mat]ial--! subject-matt]--) :i* x deals4 ,x is impli$ 9 su* an argum5t t ! 'subject-matt]' f9ds no difficulty 9 exi/+ by itself1 b t ! '?\ght' is a m]e vacuity or un-*>act]is$ some?+ :i* owes its e "* to ! said matt]4 ,b a subject-matt] :i* has cont5t & "* has !re=e =m3 x is already kn[n1 already ?\ght4 ,& z to ?is ?\ght1 :i* is said to approa* its matt] ) a self s blank1 s imp>tial1 s neutral--:at is x8 ,x is a ?\ght or a ?9k+ :i* has nev] z yet ?\ght1--:i* is only nam$ '?\ght' by "r ( expectation1 b is itself no?+ actual4 ,( su* --fictiti\s--?\ght !re c h>dly be a sci5ce4 ,on ! o!r h&1 t may be easily call$ a =mal logic1 :i* is mu* m ?an =mal3 & t may be call$ mat]ial1 :i* is only a species ( =mal4 ,great inde$ is ! virtue ( names1 to suppress & to replace ?\ght4 ,:5 =ms hang on z my/]i\s names aft] _! day is pass$--:5 !y are reta9$ 9 a c]ta9 hon\r1 :ile ! real work+ me?ods h assum$ o!r titles2 !n ^! =ms become purely =mal & antiquat$4 ,?us ! ,logic ( ,ari/otle seem$ 9 its unfamili> language to a lat] g5]ation to be purely =mal & sup]flu\s4 ,x 0 only ano!r side ( ! same mi/ake :5 ! new =ms--! =ms effici5t & active 9 matt]1--7 n recognis$ z =mal1 b 7 boldly /yl$ mat]ial3 & ! ,logic :i* discuss$ su* matt]-m>k$ =ms 0 call$ a mat]ial ,logic4 ,! phrase ,matt] ( ,?\ght1 l its _m cong5]s1 is a fruitful "m ( misconceptions4 ,caught up by ! pictorial imag9ation1 :i* is always at h& to anticipate ?\ght1 x sugge/s a matt]1 :i* is n ?\ght1 b is !re1 all ! same1 ly+ 9 expectation ( x4 ,x sugge/s two ?+s--7= are !re n two words1 & a preposition or t]m ( relation betwe5 !m874 ,b !re are n two ?+s4 ,?is matt] is j z mu* a non5tity z ! a=esaid ?\ght3 a matt] ( ?\ght is a ?\ght matt]1--matt]1 ?\ght once1 & possibly to be ?\ght aga94 ,all ?is talk ab\t ! ,relativity ( =m & matt] is ins9c]e1 & semi-conv5tional4 ,x is 7l ! well-kn[n anti!sis betwe5 ,matt] & ,m9d1 ( :i* inde$ x is only a v>iation7 a halt+ betwe5 two views4 ,t :i* x *iefly leans to1 is t !re c be no =m )\t matt]1 ?\gh !re may well be matt] :i* is n yet =m$4 ,at ! be/ x goes no fur!r ?an to admit or ass]t t besides ! "o !re is also ! o!r4 ,x e/abli%es a see-saw1 & is pr\d ( x4 ,?is is ,dualism4 ,its maxim is1 ,don't =get t !re is an ,o!r4 ,y h explor$ ! ,"o3 y h p]haps done well4 ,b !re is also & always ! ,o!r4 ,! second view is n ! m]e negation ( ?is dualism4 ,t !re is a dualism is a fact :i* x ackn[l$ges4#b ,all life & reality is manife/$ 9 dualism--9 anti!sis3 b ! life & ! reality is "o4 ,m9d--,gei/--actualis$ & intellig5t exp]i5ce--is ! "o ultimate & ess5tial reality4#c ,9 ! face ( its unity1 m]e matt] is only a half-tru?1 & m]e ?\ght is only ano!r4 ,! reality1 ! unity1 & ! tru?1 is matt] z =m$1 nature z reflect$ 9 m9d4 ,9 ! reality ( exp]i5ce !re is always ! pres5ce ( ?\ght3 & ?\ght is only real :5 x is w$d$ ) nature 9 ! tru? ( man's m9d4 ,s f> ,bacon & ,hegel co9cide4 ,man--9 s f> z he is ,m9d--& ( c\rse ,m9d 9 its fullness is n m]ely subjective nor m]ely objective1 b absolute--is ! measure ( all ?+s1 ! c5tral & compreh5sive reality4 ,su* a man--& su* a m9d--is1 we ne$ h>dly add1 n ! man 9 ! /reet1 nor ! man 9 ! /udy3 b ! inf9ite1 univ]sal1 et]nal m9d 9 :om ^! & all o!rs ess5tially h _! be+4 ,su* tru? ( ,man--su* ,m9d--is ! ,absolute3 x is sometimes nam$ ,god3 x is ! ideal ( all aspiration1 & ! f\nta9 ( all tru?4 ',logic1' says ,hegel#d1 'is ! sci5ce ( ! ,idea 9 ! m$ium ( m]e ?\ght4' ,x exhibits ! tru? 9 "o p>tial aspect1 or %[s "o appe>ance ( ! total unity ( ! _w1--! aspect x w\ld we> if we c\ld = a mom5t suppose ! reality ( ,nature to vani% out ( sight1 & ! ideality ( ,m9d r$uc$ to a gho/4 ,x dissects ! und]ly+ organisation--! s*eme ( unification--:i* ! _w ( m5tal or spiritual exp]i5ce pres5ts 9 all its concret5ess4 ,& x does s because x exhibits ! la/ result ( ! ev] cle>] & cle>] exp]i5ce :i* ,m9d a*ieves z x comes to see & realise itself4 ,! logical skeleton is ! sublimat$ product ( a ri* concrete exp]i5ce4 ,x has be5 a curi\s delusion ( "s :o 7 probably satisfi$ by a casual glance at ,hegel's ,logic1 especially 9 its e>li] *apt]s1 to suppose t ! ,logic 0 meant to be ! absolute beg9n+3 & t pure or m]e ?\ght 0 ! cong5ital end[m5t ( ! heav5-born philosoph]#e4 ,to ,hegel1 on ! contr>y1 ,logic 0 an ab/raction f a full]1 m concrete reality4 ,he did n inde$ suppose t ! symbolical conception ( ,movem5t--9 its popul> pictorialness--w\ld be an adequate sub/itute or repres5tative = ?\ght2 b he knew t ! en]gy ( m5tal developm5t 0 ! fact1 & ! tru?1 ( :i* 'becom+' is a meagre1 ab/ract phase4 ,logic1 !n1 is n ! ,sci5ce ( m]e or pure ?\ght1 b ( ! ,idea 7:i* is co-t]m9\s ) reality7--( ! ,m9d's syn!tic unity ( exp]i5ce--look$ at1 h[ev]1 ab/ractly1 9 ! m$ium ( pure ?\ght4 ,j s1 ,nature-philosophy is ! same ,idea1 z x turns up bit aft] bit di/ract$1 fragm5t>y1 & m or less mutilat$1 9 ! multiplication1 ! "t & space division1 ( physical ph5om5a4 ,b z sci5ce requires u to g f ! simple to ! m complex1 z ! tru? has to prove itself true1 by s]v+ 9 its conclusion z ! corroboration ( all its premisses or presuppositions2 s ! sy/em ( philosophy beg9s ) ! ,logic4 ,yet x c only beg9 !re1 because x has already appreh5d$ itself 9 its complet5ess3 & x c only move onw>d because x is ! conc5trat$ ess5ce--! implicit be+--( all t x actually & explicitly is4 ,x may appe> to em]ge f a po9t3 b t po9t has at its back ! intellectual unity ( a philosophy :i* embraces ! _w4 ,x presupposes ! complete philosoph] :o %all be ! complete organ ( absolute intellig5ce1 ( univ]sal & et]nal ,_s4 ,a satisfactory ,logic !n presupposes or implies a complete sy/em ( philosophy4 ,no d\bt1 = a logic :i* deals ) ! m9or problems ( ratioc9ation or =mal induction1 all t is ne$$ is a c]ta9 g5]al acqua9tance ) popul> conceptions1 & ) ! results or me?ods ( physical sci5ce4 ,b if logic takes its bus9ess s]i\sly1 x mu/ g beh9d ^! presuppositions4 ,x mu/ trace back reason+ to its roots1 fibres1 & fir/ pr9ciples4 ,& to d t x is n en\gh to put at ! front a psy*ological *apt]4 ,f> f help+1 psy*ology 9 ^! matt]s is mu* m 9 ne$ ( be+ help$ itself4 ,till x has le>n$ a little ( ! puzzle ( ! "o & ! _m1 ! same & ! div]se1 be+1 quality1 & ess5ce1 psy*ology w be z little use to ,logic z bl9d guides g5]ally are4 ,nor ne$ ?is prev5t u f say+ t :5 psy*ology has ?or\ghly le>n$ ^! my/]ies1 x w give fre% life & reality to ! logic :i* x t\*es ^u4 ,! pr9ciples ( ,logic lie 9 ano!r field1#f & are deep] 9 ! gr\nd1 ?an obvi\s psy*ological gossip4 ,if ,logic !n deals ) =m1 x deals ) a =m ( =ms--! =m ( ! _w1 ( life1 & ( reality4 ,x is a =m1 :i* is a unity 9 div]sity1 an organism1--a =m :i* is inf9itely manifold1 & yet 9 all its multiplicity "o4 ,logic is ! morphology ( ?\ght1--( t ?\ght :i* 9 ,nature is conceal$ "u ! v>iety & divisions ( ?+s1 & :i* 9 ! !ory ( m5tal & spiritual life is resum$ into a complete biology ( ! _w-organism4 ,! problem ( ,logic !n dem&s an ab/raction--an ef=t ( self-conc5tration--an ef=t by :i* ! :ole ma*9]y ( ! s5sible univ]se %all be left beh9d1 & ! accu/om$ clo?+ ( our ?\ghts be remov$4 ,to move 9 ?is e!r ( pure ?\ght is cle>ly "o ( ! h>de/ ( problems4 ,l ,plato1 we may occasionally feel t we h caught a glimpse ( ! sup]-s5sible _w unveil$2 b x disappe>s z ! s5ses rega9 _! hold4 ,we c probably fix a firm eye on "o t]m ( reason1 & criticise its value3 b x is less easy to survey ! ,bac*ic dance f t]m to t]m#g1 & all[ !m to criticise !mselves4 ,! di/ract+ influ5ce ( our associations1 or ( outside ?+s1 is always lead+ u a/ray4 ,ei!r we incl9e to treat ?\ghts z psy*ological products or species1 ! outcome ( a m5tal process1 :i* are 7a7 giv5 to u f ! beg9n+1 & s a priori or innate1 or :i* 7b7 spr+ up 9 ! c\rse ( exp]i5ce by mutual friction betwe5 our m9d & ! outside _w1 & s are a po/]iori or d]ivative4 ,or disreg>d+ ! subjective side ( ?\ghts1 we act z if !y 7 m correctly call$ ?+s3 we speak ( relations betwe5 ph5om5a3 we suppose ?+s1 & causes1 & quantities to =m "p ( ! s-call$ ext]nal univ]se1 :i* sci5ce explores4 ,! "o e/imate ( ?\ght1 l ! o!r1 keeps 9 view1 ?\gh at "s di/ance1 & s z n to int]f]e ) _! practical discussions1 ! sep>ate & equal exi/5ce ( ?\ghts & ?+s4 ,! psy*ologi/s or subjectivi/s ( logic scrut9ise ! _w )9 u fir/ ( all1 & purpose to accompli% :at c be done = ! m9d z possess+ a faculty ( ?\ght1 be=e !y turn to ! _w ( ?+s4 ,! reali/s or objectivi/s ( logic ?9k x bett] = practical "w to all[ ?\ght only ! =mal or outside lab\r ( survey+ & analys+ ! laws ( ph5om5a out ( ! ph5om5a :i* conta9 !m4 ,nei!r ( !m exam9es ?\ght--'! orig9al syn!tic unity'--9 its own integrity z a movem5t 9 its own self1 an inn] organisation1 ( :i* subject & object1 ! m9d & ! ?+s call$ ext]nal1 are ! vehicles1 or1 9 logical language1 ! accid5ts4 ,if x is possible to treat ! hi/ory ( ! ,engli% ,con/itution z an object ( inquiry 9 itself & = its own sake1 )\t ref]5ce to ! individuals :o 9 c\rse ( "t m>r$ & m5d$ x1 or to ! sett+ ( ev5ts 9 :i* its advance is exhibit$1 :y n treat ! ?\ght1 :i* is ! univ]sal elem5t ( all ?+s1 ( ,engli% ,con/itution1 & ,italian ,art1 & ,greek ,philosophy1 9 ! same way1--absolutely1 i4 e4 9 itself & = its own sake8 ,:5 t is done1 di/9ctions rigidly su/a9$ betwe5 a priori & a po/]iori become mean+less because n[ se5 to belong to a di/9ction ( e>li] & lat] 9 ! hi/ory ( ! individual consci\sness4 ,!re is at be/ only a modifi$ ju/ification = su* mottoes & cries1 z ',art = ,art's sake1' or ',sci5ce mu/ be left free & un*eck$1' or ',! rights ( ! religi\s consci5ce ought always to be respect$'3 b !re c be no demur or limitation to ! cry t ,?\ght mu/ be /udi$ 9 ,?\ght by ,?\ght & = ! sake ( ,?\ght4 ,= ,art1 & ,sci5ce1 & ,religion are specialis$ modes 9 :i* ! totality or tru? ( ?+s pres5ts itself to mank9d1 & none ( !m c claim an uncondition$ sway3 _! claims cla%1 & ea* mu/ be admitt$ to be aft] all a p>tial int]pretation1 a m or less "o-sid$ int]pretation ( ! true reality ( ! _w4 ,?\ght on ! o!r h& is unlimit$3 = x exi/s n m]ely 9 its own ab/ract modes1 b int]p5etrates & rules all ! o!r concrete =ms ( exp]i5ce1 manife/+ itself 9 ,art & ,religion1 n less ?an 9 ,sci5ce4 ,& ?us :5 we /udy ,?\ght1 we /udy t :i* is 9 itself & = itself1--we /udy ,absolute ,be+4 ,on ! o!r side x mu/ be not$ t 9 ,logic x is ,absolute ,be+1 only :5 & z x is ?\ght1 :i* we /udy4 ,! two sides1 ,be+ & ,?\ght1 mu/ bo? come =w>d3 & come 9 unity1 al?\gh 9 "s phases ( ! ,idea ! ?\ght-elem5t1 9 o!rs ! be+-elem5t is m pron\nc$4 ,?\ght1 too1 is ,be+4 ,an old di/9ction ( ! ,/oics1 :i* n inaptly repres5ts popul> views on ?is matt]1 set on "o side 1 exi/5ces 7:i* 7 always corporeal1 :e!r !y 7 ! ?+s we t\* & feel1 or ! words & brea?+s by :i* we utt] !m71 & on ! o!r side ! mean+s or ?\ghts prop] or 7:i* 7 incorporeal74 ,^! 1 z !y 7 o!rwise call$1 7 to ! ,/oics ! prop] sph]e ( ,logic4 ,9 ! s5se !re=e :i* ! ,/oics & popul> consci\sness give to be+1 ! object ( logic does n possess be+4 ,x is n corporeal4 ,x _c h[ev] be said to be 9 ! sph]e ( non-be+4 ,x is r a "p ( reality--( concrete be+--:i* c be consid]$ ap>t1 z if x /ood alone4 ,alone x does n /&4 ,& yet x holds a position s fundam5tal1--is ! same !me aga9 & aga9 repeat$ "u endless v>iations1--is s obvi\sly ! univ]sal ( ?+s--t x may prop]ly =m ! subject ( indep5d5t /udy4 ,x is1 moreov]1 a "p ( ,reality1 :i* may well claim to /& = ! :ole4 ,x is1 s to say1 ! score ( ! musical composition1 roll$ up 9 its b>e1 sil5t1 unadorn$ l9eam5ts2 ! articulat$ !me1 besides1 & n ! m]e g]m9al concept1 ( all ! v>iety ( melody4 ,b x is only laid up !re 9 ab/racto1 because 9 ! s\l ( ! compos] x _h already tak5 concrete =m1 due to 8 capacity & tra9+1 8 m5tal =ce1 8 art & sci5ce4 ,x is !re t ! score has its s\rce4 ,b secondly1 ! musical "w exi/s 9 ! p]=mance ( ! or*e/ra3 9 ! manipulations ( ! sev]al in/rum5ts1 9 ! notes ( ! s+]s1 9 all ! div]sity ( p>ts :i* make up ! me*anism = unfold+ ! mean+ or !me--t unreality1 t m]e ?\ght1 :i* to ! /rict] ,/oic might be said to h no 1 or bodily subsi/5ce4 ,& !re are /ill p :o w be dispos$ to ass]t t x is only 9 ! multitude ( notes ( viol91 trombone1 flute1 c41 t ! music is real3--?\gh p]haps ^! h>dy reali/s d n q mean :at !y say4 ,= :at !y probably mean1 & :at is ! fact1 is t ! music exi/s z a complete reality 9 ^? :o h e>s & m9ds capable ( compreh5d+ & enjoy+ x3 9 ^? :o c reunite mean+ & !me to execution & or*e/ration3 & we may ev5 add t x is m & m real1 9 proportion to ! great] p[] ) :i* !y c br+ ^! two into "o4 ,we %all r say !n t ?\ght po9ts to reality1 & t m]e nature seeks = int]pretation3 t m]e ?\ght & m]e be+ bo? seek = reunion4 ,yet if 9 ! complete reality we ?us di/+ui% two elem5ts1 we may foll[ ,hegel 9 sett+ ! pure ,idea fir/4 ,x is no d\bt 9 a way true t1 z has be5 said1 ,hegel may be (t5 read mo/ easily if we fir/ beg9 ) 8 conclud+ p>agraphs4 ,9 psy*ology & e?ics ! fundam5tal pr9ciples h assum$ a m impos+1 a l>g]1 a m humanly-int]e/+ %ape1 ?an !y be> 9 ! intangible outl9es ( ,logic4 ,!re !y are writt5 9 black] ink & broad] l9es ?an 9 ! grey on grey4 ,b aft] all1 x is only = ^? :o h grasp$ ! fa9t--yet fix$--outl9es t ! full-cont\r$ figure speaks its ample/ tru?4 ,! true sculptor mu/ beg9 ) a ?or\gh /udy ( anatomy4 ,= ^? !re=e :o d n c>e m]ely = results1 x is indisp5sable to beg9--or at lea/ to turn back to ! beg9n+--to ! ,logic4 ,no d\bt ! full tones ( ! he>d & s\nd$ h>mony are ! true & adequate pres5tation ( ! compos]'s purpose3 b !y w be be/ compreh5d$ & appreciat$ by ^? :o h ?or\ghly grasp$ ! score4 ,9 ,logic1 s reg>d$1 ?\ght is no long] m]ely our ?\ght4 ,x is ! con/ructive1 relational1 unify+ elem5t ( reality4 ,)\t x reality w\ld n articulately be any?+ = u3 & su* ?\ghts seem to be its net extract1 its qu9tess5ce1 its conc5trat$ mean+4 ,b really !y are only ! pot5t =m ( reality4 ,or1 m exactly1 9 its limits1 "u its phases1 mu/ come all reality if x is to be "p & p>cel ( our intellig5t possession1 our c]tifi$ prop]ty4 ,su* a ?\ght is ! frame-"w1 ! %ape-giv] ( our _w1 ( our communicable exp]i5ce4 ,x is ! =mative pr9ciple ( our intellig5t life1 z x is ! pr9ciple ?r\gh :i* ?+s h mean+ = u1 & we h mean+ = & fell[%ip ) o!rs4 ,x is n s ri* z religion & art1 p]haps x does n h ! int5sity ( feel+ & fai?3 b x is at ! v basis ( all ( ^!1 or x is ! conc5trat$ ess5ce ( :at 9 !m is explicat$ & develop$4 ,humanity 9 ^! its highe/ en]gies is m ?an m]e ?\ght--m ?an m]e logic3 b x is /ill at ! root ?\ght1 & x is /ill gov]n$ by ! laws & movem5t ( ?is high] logic4 ,= ?is is a logic :i* is no m]e in/rum5t ( te*nical reason+1 = pro( or dispro(3 no m]e code ( rules = ! evaluation ( te/imony4 ,x is a logic :i* deals ) a ?\ght--or an ,idea 9 ?\ght-=m--:i* is ! pr9ciple ( all life & reality3 ! way ( self-criticism :i* leads to tru?3 a ?\ght :i* is at home 9 all ! phases & prov9ces ( exp]i5ce4 ,"u ! same "n1 ,logic1 !re=e1 we f9d some?+ q diff]5t f :at ! example ( ,ari/otle & 8 anci5t & mod]n foll[]s _h accu/om$ u to4#h ,"u ! auspices ( ,kant & 8 ',transc5d5tal logic' !re has em]g$ ! ne$ ( some?+ m correspond+ to ! title4 ,= ! ^w itself 0 n us$ ei!r by ,ari/otle or ! ,/oics4 ,nei!r ! ,analytics & ,topics ( ! "o1 nor ! ,dialectic ( ! o!r1 exhau/ ! conception ( ! sci5ce1 or1 to put x m accurately1 !y are only inceptions ( a sci5ce1 ! fulfilm5t ( :i* 0 res]v$ = a lat] "t4 ,bacon & ,locke1 ,desc>tes & ,sp9oza1 all ! ?9k]s ( mod]n ,europe call = a deep] prob+ ( ! logical problem3 = a grasp ( x :i* %all be m wor?y ( its conv5tional "n1 ,logic1 ! !ory ( ,reason4 ,& we may ev5 say t :at is want$ is a unification ( ! problem ( ! ,organon ) t ( ! fir/ philosophy1 a unification ( ,logic ) ,metaphysics3 a recognition t ! problem ( reason is n m]ely ! me?od ( reason+1 b ! :ole !ory z to ! correlations ( p]ception & conception1 ( ?9k+ & reality4 ,?is conception ( ,logic z ! self-develop+ sy/em ( ,?\ght pure & entire1 is ! di/9ctive a*ievem5t ( ,hegel4 ',i _c imag9e1' he says1 't ! me?od :i* ,i h foll[$ 9 ?is sy/em ( ,logic1 or r ! me?od :i* ?is sy/em foll[s 9 its own self1 is o!rwise ?an susceptible ( mu* improvem5t1 & _m completions ( detail3 b ,i "k at ! same "t t x is ! only g5u9e me?od4 ,?is is evid5t f ! circum/ance t x is no?+ di/9ct f its object & subject-matt]3 = x is ! subject-matt] )9 itself1 or its inh]5t dialectic1 :i* moves x along4'#i ,b h[ is ?is univ]se ( ?\ght to be discov]$1 & its law ( movem5t to be describ$8 ,f times beyond ! rea* ( hi/ory1 f nations & tribes ( :i* we "k only by tradition & vague conjectures1 9 all levels ( social life & action1 ! syn!tic en]gy ( ?\ght has be5 productive1 & its evolution 9 ! field ( "t has be5 go+ on4 ,= ?\s&s ( ye>s ! intellectual city has be5 re>+ its walls3 & mu* ( ! process ( its =mation lies beyond ! scope ( obs]vation4 ,b =tunately !re is a help at h&1 :i* w enable u to discov] at lea/ ! ma9 outl9es 9 ! sy/em ( ?\ght4 ,! key to ! solution 0 f\nd some:at 9 ! same way z l$ to ! ,d>w9ian !ory conc]n+ ! ,orig9 ( ,species4 ,:5 ! "q t\*+ ! causes ( v>iation & p]si/5ce 9 ! natural k9ds ( plants & animals seem$ s complex z to baffle all attempts at an answ]1 ,d>w9 f\nd :at seem$ a clue likely to lead to a !ory ( desc5t4 ,! me?ods adopt$ 9 ord] to keep up1 or to v>y1 a species "u dome/ication 7 op5 to anybody's inspection3 & ^? pr9ciples1 :i* 7 consci\sly pursu$ 9 artificial selection by ! bre$]1 sugge/$ a !ory ( simil> selection 9 free nature4 ,9 /udy+ ! ph5om5a ( ?\ght1 ( :i* ! species or types 7 no less num]\s & int]e/+ ?an ^? 9 organic nature1 x 0 p]haps impossible to survey ! :ole hi/ory ( humanity4 ,b x 0 comp>atively easy to obs]ve ! process ( ?\ght 9 ^? cases :]e its gr[? _h be5 fo/]$ consci\sly & di/9ctly4 ,! hi/ory ( philosophy records ! /eps 9 ! consci\s & artificial manipulation ( :at = ! f> great] "p is transact$ 9 ! sil5t work%ops ( nature4 ,philosophy1 9 %ort1 is to ! g5]al gr[? ( intellig5ce :at artificial bre$+ is to ! v>iation ( species "u natural conditions4 ,9 ! successive sy/ems ( philosophy1 ! ord] & concat5ation ( ideas 01 z x 71 cl>ifi$ out ( ! p]turb$ m$ium ( real life1 & express$ 9 its b>e equival5ts 9 t]ms ( ?\ght1 & ?us fir/ really acquir$4 ,half ( 8 task 0 already p]=m$ = ! logician1 & !re rema9$ ! "w1 c]ta9ly no slight "o--( %[+ ! unity & organic developm5t :i* m>k$ ! consci\s reason+1 & ( connect+ x ) ! g5]al movem5t ( human ?\ght4 ,! logician _h to break d[n ! rigid l9es :i* sep>at$ "o sy/em ( philosophy f ano!r1--to see :at 0 really involv$ 9 ! contradiction ( "o sy/em by its successor1--& to %[ t ! negation ?us giv5 to an antec$5t pr9ciple 0 a def9ite negation1 end+ n 9 m]e z]o or vacuity1 b 9 a di/9ct result1 & mak+ an advance ^u ! previ\s height ( intellig5ce4 ,to say ?is 0 to give a new value to ! hi/ory ( philosophy4 ,= x foll[$ t ea* sy/em 0 no m]e op9ion or p]sonal view1 b 0 9 ! ma9 a g5u9e attempt ( ! ?9k] to give expression to ! tacit or /ruggl+ consci\sness ( 8 age4 ,beh9d ! individual--:o is (t5 unduly reg>dless ( 8 contempor>ies & pr$ecessors1 & :o writes or ?9ks ) little k or sympa?y = !m1 !re is ! g5]al be>+ & int]e/ ( ! age1 its p[]ful solid>ity ( purpose & conception4 ,! philosoph] is ! prophet1 because he is 9 a l>ge "p ! product ( 8 age4 ,he is an organ ( ! m9d ( 8 age & nation2 & bo? he & x play a "p 9 ! g5]al "w ( humanity4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x is dang]\s to insi/ too =cibly on ! rationality ( ! hi/ory ( philosophy4 ,= x may be tak5 to mean--probably only by bl9d$ or wood5 comm5tators--t ea* /ep 9 ! evolution & concat5ation ( ! logical idea is to be id5tifi$ ) "s hi/orical sy/em1 & t ^! sy/ems mu/ h appe>$ 9 ?is precise ord]4 ,& ?is w\ld be to expect too mu* f ! 'impot5ce ( nature' :i* plays its "p 9 ! hi/orical _w also3 z t on "o side =ms "p ( ! ,natural4 ,!re is ,reason 9 ! _w--& 9 ! _w ( hi/ory2 b n 9 ! pellucid brightness & di/9ct outl9es prop] to ! ,idea 9 ! ab/ract elem5t ( ?\ght4 ,x may take sev]al philosoph]s to make "o /ep 9 ?\ght2 & sometimes "o philosoph] ( g5ius may take sev]al /eps at once4 ,!re may ev5 be co-eval philosophies3 & !re may be philosophies :i* appe> to run on 9 indep5d5t or p>allel l9es ( developm5t4 ,x may well be t ,hegel has und]e/imat$ ^! div]g5cies1 & t he has be5 too apt to see 9 all hi/ory ! co-op]ation to "o dom9ant purpose4 ,b ^! errors 9 ! execution ( a philosophy ( hi/ory1 & especially ( ! hi/ory ( philosophy1 %\ld n dim9i% our e/imate ( its pr9ciple4#aj ,at fir/ ?is process 0 se5 9 ! m$ium ( "t4 ,b ! conditions ( "t are ( practical & p>ticul> int]e/ only4 ,! day :5 ! fir/ leaves appe>1 & ! season :5 ! fruit rip5s on a tree1 are que/ions ( importance to practical arboriculture4 ,b botany deals only ) ! g5]al !ory ( ! plant's developm5t1 9 :i* su* consid]ations h to be g5]alis$4 ,s logic leaves out ( acc\nt ^? po9ts ( "t & *ance :i* ! int]e/s ( individuals & nations f9d all-important4 ,& :5 ?is elem5t ( "t has be5 remov$1 !re is left a sy/em ( ! types ( ?\ght pure & entire1--embalm+ ! life ( g5]ations 9 m]e words4 ,! same self-id5tical ?\ght is set =? f its initial n>r[ness & pov]ty on to its f9al amplitude & weal? ( diff]5ces4 ,at ea* /age x is ! ,absolute3 outside ( x !re is no?+4 ,x is ! :ole1 pure & entire3 always ! :ole4 ,b 9 its fir/ totality x is all b a void3 9 its la/ a fully-=m$ & articulat$ _w1--because x holds all t x ev] ?rew out ( itself resum$ into its grasp4 ,9 ^! circum/ances no?+ c s\nd high] & nobl] ?an ! ,!ory ( ,logic4 ,x pres5ts ! ,tru? unveil$ 9 its prop] =m & absolute nature4 ,if ! philosoph] may call ?is absolute totality ( ?\ght ev] /ay+ ! same 9 its et]nal developm5t1--?is adequacy ( ?\ght to its own requirem5ts--by ! "n ( ,god1 !n we may say ) ,hegel t ,logic exhibits ,god z ,he is 9 ,8 et]nal ,be+ be=e ! creation ( ,nature & a f9ite ,m9d4#aa ,b ! logical ,idea is only a phantom ,deity--! b>e possibility ( a ,god or ( absolute reality 9 all ! developm5t ( its details4 ,! fir/ acqua9tance ) ! ab/ract !ory is likely to da% cold wat] on ! en?usiasm ?us awak5$1 & may sob] our views ( ! magic efficacy ( ,logic4 ',! /ud5t on 8 fir/ approa* to ! ,sci5ce1' says ,hegel1 'sees 9 ,logic at fir/ only "o sy/em ( ab/ractions ap>t & limit$ to itself1 n ext5d+ s z to include o!r facts & sci5ces4 ,on ! contr>y1 :5 x is contra/$ ) ! v>iety ab\nd+ 9 our g5]alis$ picture ( ! _w1 & ) ! tangible realities embrac$ 9 ! o!r sci5ces1--:5 x is comp>$ ) ! promise ( ! ,absolute ,sci5ce to lay b>e ! ess5ce ( t v>iety1 ! inn] nature ( ! m9d & ! _w1 or1 9 "o ^w1 ! ,tru?1--?is sci5ce ( ,logic 9 its ab/ract outl9e1 9 ! col\rless cold simplicity ( its m]e t]ms ( ?\ght1 seems z if x w\ld p]=m any?+ soon] ?an ?is promise1 & 9 ! face ( t v>iety seems v empty inde$4 ,a fir/ introduction to ! /udy ( ,logic leads u to suppose t its significance is re/rict$ to itself4 ,its doctr9es are n believ$ to be m ?an "o sep>ate bran* ( /udy engag$ ) ! t]ms or dim5sions ( ?\ght1 besides :i* ! o!r sci5tific occupations h a prop] mat]ial & body ( _! own4 ,^u ^! occupations1 x is assum$1 ,logic may ex]t a =mal influ5ce1 b x is ! influ5ce ( a natural & spontane\s logic = :i* ! sci5tific =m & its /udy may be 9 case ( ne$ disp5s$ )4 ,! o!r sci5ces h ^u ! :ole reject$ ! regulation-me?od1 :i* made !m a s]ies ( def9itions1 axioms1 & !orems1 ) ! demon/ration ( ^! !orems4 ,:at is call$ ,natural ,logic rules 9 ! sci5ces ) full sway1 & gets along )\t any special inve/igation 9 ! direction ( ?\ght itself4 ,! entire mat]ials & facts ( ^! sci5ces h deta*$ !mselves completely f ,logic4 ,besides !y are m attractive = s5se1 feel+1 or imag9ation1 & = practical int]e/s ( e description4 ,& s x comes ab\t t ,logic has to be le>n$ at fir/1 z some?+ :i* is p]haps und]/ood & se5 into1 b ( :i* ! compass1 ! dep?1 & fur!r import are 9 ! e>lie/ /ages unp]ceiv$4 ,x is only aft] a deep] /udy ( ! o!r sci5ces t logical !ory rises be=e ! m9d ( ! /ud5t into a univ]sal1 :i* is n m]ely ab/ract1 b embraces )9 x ! v>iety ( p>ticul>s4--,! same moral tru? on ! lips ( a y\?1 :o und]/&s x q correctly1 does n possess ! significance or ! burd5 ( mean+ :i* x has 9 ! m9d ( ! vet]an1 9 :om ! exp]i5ce ( a lifetime has made x express ! :ole =ce ( its import4 ,9 ! same way1 ,logic is n appreciat$ at its "r value until x has gr[n to be ! result ( sci5tific exp]i5ce4 ,x is !n se5 to be ! univ]sal tru?1--n a special /udy beside o!r matt]s & o!r realities1 b ! ess5ce ( all ^! o!r facts toge!r4#ab ,footnote #a3 ,e4 g4 '=mal' 9 ,hamlet1 iv4 #e4 #bae2 'in=mal' 9 ,measure = ,measure1 v4 #bcf4 ,footnote #b3 ,encycl4 #egd 7,philosophy ( ,m9d1 p4 #aif74 ,footnote #c3 ,encycl4 #cgg4 ,footnote #d3 ,logic1 vol4 ii4 p4 #cj4 ,footnote #e3 ,! criticisms ( ,a4 ,tr5del5burg1 9 8 ,logis*e ,unt]su*ung51 re/ on su* assumptions4 ',tr5del5burg1' says ,h>tmann1 'means l[-wat] m>k 9 ,g]man philosophy4' ,footnote #f3 ,see above all ,bradley's ,pr9ciples ( ,logic1 & ,bosanquet's ,logic1 c4 ,footnote #g3 ',das ,wahre i/ d] bac*antis*e ,taumel1 an dem ke9 ,gli$ ni*t trunk5 i/2 und weil j$es1 indem es si* absond]t1 eb5so unmittelb> si* aufl/1--i/ es eb5so die dur*si*tige und e9fa*e ,ruhe4' ,ph5om4 des ,gei/es1 p #ce4 ,footnote #h3 ,prantl1 ,ges*i*te d] ,logik1 i4 #hg4 ,footnote #i3 ,wiss5s*aft d] ,logik1 i4 p4 #ci4 ,footnote #aj3 ,see ,encyclop4 #edi 7,philosophy ( ,m9d1 pp4 #adh seqq474 ,x is1 ( c\rse1 q ano!r "q--to be answ]$ by intellig5t rese>*--h[ f> 9 p>ticul> cases ,hegel has accurately /udi$ a ?9k]1 & fai?fully int]pret$ him4 ,"s ( 8 critics 9 ?is l9e appe> to mi/ake philology--:i* is a highly important au?ority 9 its own field--= philosophy3 & w no d\bt g on do+ s4 ,footnote #aa3 ,hegel's ,w]ke1 iii41 #cc4 ,footnote #ab3 ,wiss5s*aft d] ,logik1 i4 p4 #dc4 ,,*apt] ,,xxvii4 ,,absolute ,,& ,,relative3 ,,or ,,! ,,categories4 ,accord+ to ! /rict reason+s ( ,kant 9 8 ,criticism ( ,pure ,reason1 & ! some:at loos] discussions ( ,mr4 ,sp5c] 9 8 ,fir/ ,pr9ciples a sci5ce ( ,metaphysics or !ory ( ! ,inf9ite1 ,absolute1 or ,uncondition$ is impossible4 ,z a result ( ! criticism by ,kant1 ,jacobi claim$ ! ,absolute = ,fai?3 & ,sp5c] bani%es ! ,absolute or ,unkn[able to ! sph]e ( ,religion to be wor%ipp$ or ignor$1 b 9 ei!r case bl9dly4 ,z we h already se51 ,hegel does n accept ?is di/ribution ( prov9ces betwe5 religion & philosophy4 ,!re is only "o _w1 "o reality3 b x is kn[n m or less fully1 m or less truly & adequately4 ,x is pres5t$ 9 "o way to ! s5su\s imag9ation3 9 ano!r to ! sci5tific analy/3 9 a ?ird to ! philosoph]4 ,to ! fir/ x is a m]e succession or expanse ( pictures1 facts1 appe>ances3 & outside x--some:]e1 b n "h1--!re is a l&1 a be+ ( p]fect :ol5ess & h>mony4 ,to ! second x is an un5d+ *a9 ( causes & effects1 ( "o ?+ simplifi$ by be+ ref]r$ to ano!r till at la/ a mighty all-expla9+ nullity1 call$ an ',ultimate ,cause1' is presum$ to l+]1 et]nally unp]ceiv$ at ! inf9itely-di/ant end ( ! s]ies4 ,to ! ?ird ev]y?+ is se5 9 connexion1 b n a m]e uni-l9e> connexion3 ea*1 :5 /udi$1 m & m completes itself by includ+ ^? relations :i* seem$ to /& outside3 ea* fully realis$1 or completely inve/$ ) its ideal implications1 is se5 no long] to be an incid5t or isolat$ fact1 b an implicit inf9ite1 & a vice-g]5t ( ! et]nal4 ,philosophy ?us releases bo? ord9>y & sci5tific k f _! limitations2 x %[s ! f9ite pass+ into ! inf9ite4 ,& ,hegel1 accord+ly1 purposes to %[ t ?is unfa?omable ,absolute is v ne> u1 & at our v door3 9 our h&s1 z x 71 & especially pres5t 9 our e-day language4 ,if we are ev] to ga9 ! ,absolute1 we mu/ be c>eful n to lose "o jot or tittle ( ! ,relative#a4 ,! ,absolute--?is t]m1 :i* is to "s s (f5sive & to o!rs s preci\s--always pres5ts itself to u 9 ,relatives3 & :5 we h p]si/5tly trac$ ! ,proteus ?r\gh all its manife/ations1--:5 we h1 s to speak1 se5 ! ,absolute ,relativity ( ,relation1 !re is v little m ne$$ 9 ord] to appreh5d ! ,absolute pure & entire4 ,"o may say ( ! ,absolute :at ,goe!#b says ( ,nature3 ',%e lives entirely 9 h] *ildr53 & ! "m1 :]e is %e8' ,x is a great /ep1 :5 we h detect$ ! ,relativity ( :at _h hi!rto seem$ ,absolute1--:5 a new aspect ( ! inf9ite fullness ( ! _w1 ! tru? ( ?+s1 dawns ^u u4 ,b x is ev5 a great] /ep :5 we see t ! ,relativity :i* we h ?us discov]$ is itself ,relative4 ,& ?is is "o advantage ( fir/ /udy+ ! value ( ! categories ( e?ics & physics on ,logical gr\nd4 ,on ! concret] region ( ,nature & ,m9d1 ! sev]al grades & species into :i* reality is divid$ h a port5t\s firmness & gr&eur ab\t !m1 & ! intr9sic dialectic seems sc>cely adequate to %ak+ ! f\ndations ( _! /ability4 ,!y sev]ally /& z indep5d5t self-su/a9+ entities1 sep>ate f ea* o!r1 & /]eotyp$ 9 _! sev]al =mations4 ,b 9 ! e!r ( ab/ract ,idea1 9 ! fluid & transp>5t =m ( m]e ?\ghts1 ! sev]al /ages 9 ! developm5t ( ! ,absolute1 ! v>i\s grades ( category1 cle>ly betray _! ,relativity1 & by ! negation ( ?is ,relativity lead on to a high] ,absolute4 ,to ! practical man1--s long z 8 reflection does n g deep1--! concepts on :i* 8 k & fai? are built seem et]nal1 un%ift+ rock1 p>ts ( ! inmo/ fabric ( ?+s4 ,he accepts !m z ultimate validities4 ,to him matt] & =ce1 cause & effect1 di/9ctions betwe5 =m & cont5t1 :ole & "p1 quantity & quality1 belong to ! f9al con/itution ( ! _w4 7,& s1 9 a s5se1 !y d47 ,if he ev] ov]come ! absolut5ess :i* popul> ?\ght attributes to ! individual ?+s ( s5se & imag9ation1 & %[ _! relativity1 he does s only to fall "u ! glam\r ( a new deception4 ,causes & matt]s1 =ces & atoms1 become new ultimates1 new absolutes1 ( ano!r ord]4 ,fictions or po/ulates ( ! und]/&+ take ! place ( ! figm5ts ( imag9ation4 ,! ord9>y sci5tific man lab\rs especially "u ! 'metaphysical' fallacy3 he realises ab/ractions 9 _! ab/ractness4 ,z aga9/ ?is x is ! bus9ess ( ! logician to %[ h[ su* t]ms are to be int]pret$ z /eps 9 a process ( int]pretation--conta9+ s mu* t o!rs ( simpl] /ructure h h&$ on1 & !mselves presuppos+ by implication a great deal !y fail prop]ly to explicate4 ,?us1 ! logician ev9ces at "o bl[ ! relativity ( ea* t]m 9 its m]5ess1 ab/ractness1 or false absolut5ess1 & ! ideal absolut5ess :i* always c>ries x beyond itself1 & makes x mean m ?an x says4 ,! natural m9d always ha/5s to sub/antiate ! t]ms x employs4 ,x makes !m a fix$1 solid f\ndation1 an hypo/asis1 on :i* fur!r build+ may be rais$4 ,if su* pseudo-absolutis+ ( concepts is to be call$ metaphysics1 !n logic has to free u f ! illusions ( metaphysics1 to de-absolutise !m1 to disabuse u ( a false ,absolute4 ,! false ,absolute is :at ,hegel calls ! ,ab/ract3 x is ! "p :i*1 because x succe$$ 9 los+ sight ( its dep5d5ce1 _h believ$ itself to be a :ole4 ,logic %[s--9 ! phrase ( ,hegel--t ea* su* t]m or concept is only an attempt to express1 explicate1 or def9e ! ,absolute#c3 a pr$icate ( ! ,absolute1 b fall+ %ort ( its subject1 or only utt]+ "p ( ! :ole tru? ( reality4 ,b :ile ,logic %[s x only to be an attempt1 & !re=e 9 an aspect relative1 x equally %[s its +ra9$ t5d5cy to complete itself1 to c>ry out to realisation its ideal implication1--%[s1 9 %ort1 t e4 g4 =ce is m ?an m]e =ce1 t ?+-9-itself is n prop]ly ev5 a ?+2 t a v]itable notion 7,begriff7 or grasp ( a ?+ is m ?an a m]e 7subjective7 notion1 c4 ,?us ! true ,absolute is n ! emptie/ & mo/ meagre ( ab/ractions1--:at is left z a residual aft] ! relative 9 all its bread? & l5g? has be5 cut out ( x2 x is ! concrete/ ( all be+1 ! :ole :i* includes )\t de/roy+ all p>tial aspects4 ,yet z x includes !m1 x %[s itself _! ma/] & m ?an ma/]3 mak+ ea* lose & w9 9 ! o!r1 till all are satisfi$ 9 unity1 & no %ade ( individuality is utt]ly lo/ 9 ! totality ( ! ,univ]sal4 ,accord+ly1 ,metaphysics & ,logic t5d to =m "o body4 ,= ! di/ant & transc5d5t ,absolute1 :i* 0 ! object ( old] ,metaphysics1 0 sub/itut$ an ,absolute1 self-reveal+ 9 ! t]ms ( ?\ght4 ,be+ is depos$ f its absolut5ess1 & made ! fir/ po/ulate ( ?\ght4 ,=m] ,metaphysics _h da%$ itself 9 va9 aga9/ ! reefs t girdle ! isl& ( ! sup]s5sible & nom5al1 ! suppos$ _w ( true ,be+3 & ! /ruggle at la/ grew s disa/r\s t ,kant gave ! signal to retreat1 & to leave ! _w ( true ,be+1 ! impregnable ,?+-9-itself1 to its repose4 ,8 advice to metaphysicians#d 0 t1 :ile sci5tific rese>* cont9u$ to conc5trate ! attack ( analysis ^u s+le exp]i5ces con=m+ to c]ta9 conditions1 !y %\ld inve/igate ^!' conditions ( possible exp]i5ce or f\ndations ( objectivity4 ,9 o!r words1 he turn$ obs]vation to :at he call$ ,transc5d5tal ,logic4 ,x 0 by means ( ?is sugge/ion1 und]/ood 9 ! wide/ s5se1 t ,hegel 0 l$ to treat ,logic z ! sci5ce ( ultimate reality4 ,he _h to %[ h[ ^! conditions :5 c>ri$ out 9 full gave ! ,uncondition$4 ,he attack$ ! ,absolute1 if we may say s1 9 detail4 ,! ,absolute1 z ! totality1 univ]se or sy/em ( ,relativity1 lays itself op5 to obs]vation by depos+ itself to a ,relative4 ,x possesses ! diff]5tiat+ p[] ( sep>at+ itself z an object 9 passivity1 f itself z a subject 9 action1--( depos+ itself to appe>ance1 ( be+ = itself1 & also 9 & = itself4 ,& ?us ,?\ght is ! active univ]sal1--:i* actualises itself m & m out ( ab/raction into concret5ess4 ,hegel1 !n1 solv$ ! problem ( ,metaphysics by turn+ x into ,logic4 ,! same pr9ciple1 ,?\ght1 appe>$ 9 bo?3 9 ! =m] z a fix$ & passive result1 %[+ no traces ( spontaneity1--9 ! latt] z an activity1 ) a m]e p[] ( pass+ f object to object1 discov]+ & e/abli%+ connexions & relations4 ,! two sci5ces 7 fragm5ts1 un9telligible & unt5able1 :5 tak5 9 ab/ract isolation4 ,?is is ! ju/ification1 if ju/ification be requir$1 = ,hegel's unification ( ,logic & ,metaphysics4 ,! ,hegelian ,logic falls into ?ree p>ts3 ! !ory ( ,transitory ,be+3 ! !ory ( ,relative ,be+3 & ! !ory ( ! ,notion4 ,! fir/ & second ( ^! 9 8 ,sci5ce ( ,logic are call$ ,objective ,logic2 !y also might be describ$ z ,metaphysics4 ,! ?ird "p is m /rictly on ,logical gr\nd4 ,or p]haps x is be/ to describe ! :ole z ! ,metaphysics ( ,logic4 ,! ,logic ( ,hegel is ! ,sci5ce ( ,?\ght z an organic sy/em ( its *>act]i/ic =ms1 :i* 9 _! entirety con/itute ! ,idea4 ,^! =ms or types ( ?\ght1 ! m\lds 9 :i* ! ,idea conf9es itself 9 its evolution1 are n unlike :at h be5 o!rwise call$ ! ,categories4 7,( c\rse ! =eign ^w ',categories' does n comm5d itself to ,hegel74#e ,!y are ! modifications or def9ite =ms1 ! articulat$ & di/9ct %apes1 9 :i* ! process ( ,?\ght ev] & anon culm9ates 9 ! c\rse ( its movem5t4 ,! ,inf9ite & ,absolute at ^! po9ts conditions itself1 & z s condition$ or diff]5tiat$ is appreh5d$ & /amp$ ) a "n4 ,!y specify ! unspecifi$1 & give utt]ance to ! ineffable4 ,!y are ! names by :i* reason grasps ! totality ( ?+s1--! names by :i* ! tru? 7or ,god7 reveals itself1 h[ev] inadequately4 ,f "o po9t ( view !y con/itute a s]ies1 ea* evolv$ f ! o!r1 a m completely detail$ t]m or utt]ance ( ?\ght result+ by innate contradiction f a less detail$4 ,f ano!r po9t ( view ! total rema9s p]petually ! same2 & ! *ange seems only on ! surface4 ,! "o aspect ( ! movem5t conceals ! ,absolute3 ! o!r puts ! ,relative into ! backgr\nd4 ,:at !n are ! ,categories8 ,we may answ]3 ,!y are ! ways 9 :i* expression is giv5 to ! unify+ influ5ce ( ?\ght3 & we h to consid] !m z po9ts or /ations 9 ! progress ( ?is unification1 & 9 ! light ( ?is influ5ce4 ,^! ,categories are ! typical /ructures m>k+ ! def9ite grades 9 ! gr[? ( ?\ght1--! m\lds or =ms :i* ?\ght assumes & places itself 91--^? in/ants :5 ! process ( ?\ght takes a det]m9ate =m1 & admits ( be+ grasp$4 ,! gr[? ( ?\ght1 l o!r gr[?s1 is (t5 imp]ceptible & impalpable4 ,& !n1 unexpect$ly1 a cond5sation takes place1 a =m is precipitat$ out ( ! transp>5t m$ium4 ,a new concept1 a new grasp ( reality1 em]ges f ! solution ( elem5ts3 & a "n is creat$ to realise ! new %ade ( ! ,idea4 ,^! ?\ght-t]ms are ! _w ( ,platonic =ms1 if we consid] 8 '=m ( ,good' z correspond+ to ! ',idea' ( ,hegel4 ,= if we look c>efully into ?is my/ic ^w ',good' :i* plays s brilliant a "p 9 anci5t philosophy1 we %all see t x only expresses 9 a m concrete & less analytic =m1 z anci5t ?\ght (t5 does1 ! same ?+ z s _m mod]ns love to speak ( z ,relativity1 & :i* is also impli$ 9 ,ari/otle's conception ( an ,end4 ,to see ?+s sub specie boni--:i* ,plato describes z ! supreme quality ( ! tru?-seek] :o is to guide m5 into uprightness1 or into con=mity ) ! true nature ( ?+s1--is to see !m elevat$ above _! p>tial self-subsi/5ce into ! h>mony & totality ( t :i* is always & unv>y+ly its real self4 ,! ,good is ! sun-light 9 :i* ?+s lose _! e>li] "* 7:i* !y _h 9 ! days ( our bondage & ignorance7 ( my/]i\s & p]plex+ spectres ( ! night4 ,9 ! light ( ! ,good1 ?+s are %orn ( _! false pret5ce ( self-subsi/5ce & sub/antiality1 depos$ by comp>ison ) ! p]fect & unspott$1 & z x 7 /ung into seek+ a high] =m ( be+ by /ruggle4 ,& ?is is ! ab/ract moral way ( look+4 ,b to see !m 9 ! =m ( ,good means also t !y are se5 to be m & bett] ?an we ?\ght1 t !y are n condemn$ to inadequacy1 b be> 9 !m ! witness & revelation ( inf9ity & absolut5ess4 ,& ?is is r ! fai? ( religion & ! vision ( art4 ,& ! '=m ( ,good' is only a brief & undevelop$ vision ( an ,absolute1 :i* is ! '=m ( ,relativity1'--,relativity elevat$ into an ,absolute4 ,a ,category is (t5 spok5 ( z if x 7 ! highe/ extreme ( g5]alisation1 ! mo/ ab/ract & mo/ widely applicable t]m possible4 ,if we climb suffici5tly f> & high up ! ,porphyry's tree ( ?\ght1 we may expect1 ?\ght ! old logicians1 to rea* ! 'summa g5]a' or highe/ species ( human ?\ght4 ,nor h mod]n logicians always refra9$ f ?is byway4 ,b ^! quantitative di/9ctions ( great] & less1 9 :i* ! ,=mal ,logic revels1 are n v suitable to any ( ! t]ms or processes ( ?\ght1 & !y c]ta9ly give an imp]fect description ( ! ,categories4 ,! ess5tial function :i* ! ,categories p]=m 9 ! fabric ( ?\ght & language is1 9 ! fir/ place1 to comb9e1 affirm1 demon/rate1 relate1 & unify1--& n to g5]alise4#f ,_! action may be bett] comp>$ to t fulfill$ by ^? symbols 9 an algebraical expression1 :i* l plus & m9us d5ote an op]ation to be p]=m$ 9 ! way ( comb9+ or relat+1 ?an to ! (fice ( ! symbols :i* 9 ^! expressions d5ote ! magnitudes !mselves4 ,to ! /ud5t ( language ! ,categories sometimes pres5t !mselves z pronom9al1 or =mal roots1--^? roots :i*1 z x is said1 d n d5ote ?+s1 b relations betwe5 ?+s4 ,he meets !m 9 ! inflections ( n\ns & v]bs2 9 ! signs ( numb]1 g5d]1 case1 & p]son3 b1 z ?us pres5t$1 _! influ5ce is subord9ate to ! ?+s ( :i* !y are1 z x 71 ! accid5ts4 ,he meets !m 9 a m indep5d5t & tangible %ape 9 ! articles1 pron\ns1 prepositions1 conjunctions1 & num]als1 & 9 :at are call$ ! auxili>y v]bs4 ,9 ^! app>5tly trifl+1 & 9 "s languages almo/ non-exi/5t words or p>ts ( words1 we h ! symbols ( relations1--! means ( connexion betwe5 s+le words1--! cem5t :i* b9ds significant spee* toge!r4 ,!re are languages1 su* z ! old] & classical =ms ( ,*9ese1 :]e ^! categoris+ t]ms are1 z x 71 9 ! air3 :]e !y are only felt 9 acc5t & position1 & h no sep>ate exi/5ce ( _! own4 ,b 9 ! languages ( ! ,indo-,european family !y gradually appe>1 at fir/ 9 comb9ation1 p]haps1 ) ! m mat]ial roots1 & only 9 ! c\rse ( "t ass]t+ an indep5d5t =m4 ,orig9ally !y appe> to d5ote ! relations ( space & "t1--! g5]alis$ or typical l9ks betwe5 ! p>ts ( our s5se-p]ceptions3 b f !re !y are aft]w>ds1 & 9 a little :ile1 transf]r$ into ! s]vice ( intellect4 ,^! little words are ! v life-blood ( a language1--its _s & =ce4 ,x is 9 ^! categories1 z !y %[ !mselves 9 ! diff]5t l+ui/ic families1 t a nation betrays its mode & tone ( ?\ght4 ,! language ( ! ,altaic races1 e4 g41 expresses activity only z a piece ( prop]ty1 an appropriation ( a sub/ance1 & kn[s no true di/9ction ( n\n & v]b3 ! ,semitic ,tongues 9 _! t5se-sy/em p]haps betray ! int5se inw>dness ( ! race3 :]eas ! imm5se inflectionalism ( ! ,indo-,european seems n unconnect$ ) 8 great] v]satility & en]gy4 ,complete ma/]y 9 ! manipulation ( ^! p>ticles & =ms is :at makes an idiomatic k ( a language1 z di/9ct f a m]e remembrance ( ! vocabul>y4 ,& philosophy is ! recognition ( _! import & significance4 ,?us 9 ,greek philosophy ! c5tral que/ions turn ^u su* words z ,be+ & n-,be+3 ,becom+3 t out ( :i*3 t = ! sake ( :i*3 ! :at-0-be+3 ! :at is3 ! o!r3 ! "o3 ! great & small3 t :i* is ^u ! :ole3 :at is accord+ to ea*3 ?is some:at3 c4#g ,& aga9 9 ,mod]n ,philosophy1 h[ (t5 has ! battle rag$ ab\t ! mean+ ( su* words z ,i3 w3 c3 mu/3 because3 same & diff]5t3 self3 c46 ,footnote #a3 ,cf4 ,h]b>t's maxim1 ',wie viel ,s*e91 s viel ,h9deutung auf ,se94' 7,hauptpunkte d] ,metaphysik47 ,footnote #b3 ,die ,natur 7#aghj73 ',sie lebt 9 laut] ,k9d]n3 und die ,mutt]1 wo i/ sie84444 ,sie i/ ganz und do* imm] unvoll5det4444 ,sie v]birgt si* 9 taus5d ,nam5 und ,t]m51 und i/ imm] dieselbe4' ,footnote #c3 ,logic 7,encyclop47 #he1 #hg1 #aab1 #aid1 c4 ,footnote #d3 ,metaphysic is1 9 ,kant's usage1 ambigu\s4 ,x means 7a7 a suppos$ sci5ce ( ! sup]s5sible or uncondition$ reality2 7b7 a /udy ( ! conditions or presuppositions--! ,kantian a priori--( "s aspect ( ,exp]i5ce1 e4 g4 a ,metaphysic ( ,moral rules4 ,footnote #e3 ,8 usual t]m is ,d5kbe/immung51 ! sev]al expressions or specific =ms ( ! unification :i* ?\ght is4 ,! t]m ,categories has be5 id5tifi$ by ,kant ) 8 li/ ( ,/ammbegriffe4 & by ,mill ) 8 classes ( nameable ?+s1--) "s critical rem>ks on ,ari/otle's use ( ! ^w4 ,t use--to d5ote ! elem5ts ( pr$icable reality1 :at ,grote call$ ens--is probably n s 'rhapsodical' z ,kant1 ) 8 new-born zeal = ! contra/ ( s5sibility & intellect1 0 incl9$ to suppose4 ,a real hi/ory ( ! ,category-!ory w\ld be almo/ a hi/ory ( philosophy4 ,p]haps ! "n might be m sp>+ly us$4 ,footnote #f3 ,g5]alisation is only "o small aspect ( ?\ght1 ) specialisation z its1 at lea/ z important1 p5dant4 ,to read c]ta9 logics1 "o might ?9k ! all-compreh5sive virtue ( tru?s 7 to be g5]al1--n to be true4 ,footnote #g3 & 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 ' 3 ' 3 4 ,,*apt] ,,xxviii4 ,,! ,,?ree ,,p>ts ,,( ,,logic4 ,logic1 z x is und]/ood 9 ^! pages1 is ! critical hi/ory ( ! t]ms ( ?\ght by :i* reality1 ! sum ( exp]i5ce1 ! _w1 is describ$ or express$4 ,x is ! philosophical criticism ( ! concepts1 or elem5ts ( conception1 by :i* we def9e or develop ! ,totality1 ! ,absolute4 ,x describes ! con/itution ( ! intellectual realm1 by & 9 :i* we give body1 coh]5ce1 unity1 & sy/em to reality4 ,x is ! self-develop+ organisation ( ! ?\ghts by :i* we ?9k ?+s1 & by :i* ?+s are :at !y are4 ,x is ! ripe fruit ( ! exp]i5ce ( ! ages ( humanity1 & x !re=e be>s 9 itself a pr9ciple ( gr[?4 ,b if x be a fruit1 x is a fruit :i* c wat* its own gr[?1 :i* reflects ^u its own life4 ,its ?ree p>ts %[ ! ma9 /ages ( its developm5t1 beg9n+ ) ! lea/ adequate & mo/ ab/ract or g5]al description ( reality4 ,! fir/ "p ( ,logic1 ! !ory ( ,be+#a1 may be call$ ! !ory ( unsupport$ & freely-float+ ,be+4 ,we d n mean some?+ :i* is1 b ! m]e 'is1' ! b>e fact ( ,be+1 )\t any sub/ratum4 ,! degree ( cond5sation or developm5t1 :]e sub/antive & attribute1 or n\n & v]b1 co-exi/1 has n yet come4 ,! t]ms or =ms ( ,be+ float z x 7 freely 9 ! air1 & we g f "o to ano!r1 or--to put x m correctly--"o passes into ano!r4 ,! t]ms 9 "q are ,is & ,n3 ,become3 ,!re is3 ,"s & ,o!r3 ,ea*3 ,"o3 ,_m3 & s on ?r\gh ! t]ms ( numb] to degree & num]ical specificality4 ,?is ,be+ is imm$iate3 i4e4 x conta9s no ref]5ce b9d+ x ) any?+ beyond itself1 b /&s =w>d baldly & nak$ly1 z if alone2 &1 if h>d press$1 x turns ov] into some?+ else4 ,x includes ! ?ree /ages ( ,quality1 ,quantity1 & ,measure4 ,! e!r ( ',is' presumes no sub/ratum1 or fur!r connexion ) any?+3 & we only meet a s]ies ( po9ts z we travel along ! surface ( ?\ght4 ,to "n1 to numb]1 to measure1 are ! ?ree grades ( our ord9>y & natural ?\ght3 s simple1 t "o is sc>cely dispos$ to look ^u !m z grades ( ?\ght at all4 ,& yet if ?\ght is self-specification1 :at m obvi\s =ms ( specify+ x are !re ?an to "n 7s po9t+ x out1 or qualify+ x71 to numb] 7s quantify+ x1 or /at+ its dim5sions71 & to measure x8 ,^! are ! ?ree prim>y specificates by :i* we ?9k1--! ?ree prim>y dim5sions ( ?\ght4 ,?\ght1 9 s det]m9+1 plays ^u ! surface1 & has no s5se ( ! int]dep5d5ce ( its t]ms4 ,& if we c\ld imag9e a natural /ate ( consci\sness 9 :i* s5sations _h n yet h>d5$ into p]man5t ?+s1 & into connexions betwe5 ?+s1 we %\ld h some?+ l ! range ( ,imm$iate ,be+4 ,col\rs & s\nds1 a s]ies ( float+ qualities1 pass be=e ! eye & ! e>3 ^! col\rs & s\nds are 9 c\rse ( "t c\nt$3 & !n1 by apply+ ! numb]s to ^! qualities1 we get ! proportions or limits asc]ta9$4 ,:5 ?is process 9 actual life1--! advance f ! vague feel+s :i* tell u ( sweet1 cold1 c41 by means ( a def9ite enum]ation ( _! ph5om5a1 to ! rules guid+ _! op]ation1--is r$uc$ to its mo/ ab/ract t]ms1 we h ! process ( ,be+4 ,x w\ld be ! p]iod :5 a di/9ction betwe5 ?+s & _! actions or prop]ties has n aris54 ,! demon/rative pron\ns & ! num]als are among ! l+ui/ic expressions ( ,be+ 9 its sev]al /ages4 ,p]haps too we may illu/rate x by ! s-call$ 'imp]sonal' v]b--:i* has h>dly rea*$ ! /age ( v]b prop]1 hav+ no subject3 or by ! "n :i* /ill fluctuates betwe5 ! /age ( sub/antive or adjective4 ,! fir/ sph]e 0 t ( ,be+ directly confront+ u1 & us+ ! demon/rative pron\ns fir/ ( all4 ,! second is ,relative or ,reflective ,be+3 & 9 ?is we h to deal ) ! relative pron\ns4 ,! surface ( ,be+ is n[ se5 to exhibit a second>y =mation1 to involve a sort ( p]man5t /&>d 9 itself1 & to be ess5tially relative4 ,! m]e quality1 :5 r$uc$ to numb]1 is se5 to be subject$ to a c]ta9 measure1 rule1 sort1 or /&>d3 & ?is reflex ( itself always haunts x1 modify+ & det]m9+ x4 ,?us in/ead ( qualities1 we beg9 to speak ( ! prop]ties ( a ?+3 we h1 z x 71 two levels ( ,be+1 9 intimate & necess>y connexion1 :]e !re 0 only "o be=e4 ,at fir/ x 0 b a m]e surface-picture1 "o ?+ "h & ano!r !re3 a ?is & a t2 "o1 n[1 & ano!r1 !n4 ,?is1 x might be1 0 r\nd1 & t squ>e3 n[1 x 0 bright1 & !n1 x 0 dull3 "h 0 a head1 & !re 0 a limb4 ,b ! comp>ison ( quality ) quantity1 measur+ "o by ! o!r1 gave rise to ! conception ( some?+ p]man5t1 a true nucleus amid ! *anges4 ,! fact1 previ\sly s+le1 is n[ become d\ble3 ! m]e ev5t is n[ a ph5om5on1 a tempor>y & outw>d manife/ation ( some?+ inn]4 ,we n[ see ea* t is1 9 ! halo ( :at x has be51 or w be3 ! pass+ modification 9 ! light ( ! p]man5t type4 ,b z yet ! p]man5t & ! pass+ are sep>ate1 & only ?r[ light on ea* o!r3 ,a expla9+ itself by ,b & ,b by ,a4 ,we h app>5tly two facts2 nei!r ( :i* c h[ev] /& by itself & !re=e ref]s u to ! o!r4 ,b to get a real re/ 9 ?is incessant r\nd ( mutual ref]5ce ( "o to ano!r we mu/ take a high] /&-po9t4 ,9 ?is sph]e ( ,relativity ! t]ms expressive ( ?+s come 9 pairs3 su* z ,same & ,diff]5t1 ,l & ,unlike3 ,true ,be+ & ,%[ or ,semblance3 ,cause & ,effect3 ,sub/ance & ,accid5t3 ,matt] & ,=m3 & ! l4 ,if we comp>e m]e ,be+ to ! cell 9 its simple /ate1 we may say t 9 ! second sph]e ( ,logic a nucleus has be5 =m$1--t a di/9ction has sprung up betwe5 two elem5ts1 :i* are /ill 9 close/ int]connexion4 ,we h p5etrat$ beh9d ! seem+ simplicity ( ! surface3 & 9 fact discov]$ x to be m]e seem+ 9 ! light ( ! sub/ratum1 cause1 or ess5ce1 ^u :i* x is n[ reflect$4 ,9 imm$iate ,be+ "o category1 or specificate1 or dim5sion ( ?\ght passes ov] into ano!r1 & !n disappe>s3 b 9 m$iat$ ,be+ "o category has a mean+ only by its relation to ano!r1--only by its reflection on ano!r1--only by ! light :i* ano!r ca/s ^u x4 ,?us a cause has no mean+ except 9 connexion ) its effect3 a =ce implies or po/ulates an ex]tion ( t =ce3 an ess5ce is con/itut$ by ! exi/5ce :i* issues f x4 ,in/ead ( 'is1' !re=e1 :i* d5otes re/+-^u-self1 or connexion-)-self1 ! v]b ( ! second sph]e is 'has1' d5ot+ ref]5ce1 or connexion-)-some?+-else3 e4g4 ! cause has an effect3 ! ?+ has prop]ties4 ,in/ead ( num]als1 come ! prepositions & pron\ns ( relation1 su* z :i*1 same1 l1 z1 by1 because4 ,! only conjunction 9 ! fir/ /age or ,be+ 0 ',&1'--m]e juxtaposition2 & ev5 t conjunction 0 p]haps premature1 & due to reflective ?\ght1 go+ beyond :at 0 imm$iately be=e x1 & trac+ out connexions ) o!r ?+s4 ,! fir/ /age1 z we h se51 treat$ ( ! t]ms ( natural ?\ght pres5t 9 ! action ( ! s5ses3 ! second /age--t ( ,ess5tial ,be+--deals ) sci5tific1 reflective1 or m$iate ?\ght4 ,:at1 :y1 are ! que/ions3 comp>ison & connexion ! me?ods3 ! e/abli%m5t ( relations ( simil>ity1 causation1 & co-exi/5ce1 ! purpose 9 ?is range ( logical me?od4 ,its categories are ^? mo/ famili> to sci5ce 9 its reflective & comp>ative /age4 ,x is ! peculi> home ( :at are kn[n z ,metaphysical subtleties4 ,! natural b delusive t5d5cy ( reason+ is to ?r[ ! emphasis on "o side ( ! relation1 & to reg>d ! o!r z access>y & second>y4 ,contra/s betwe5 ess5tia & exi/5tia3 sub/antia & modi3 cause & effect3 real & app>5t3 con/antly occur4 ,if ! fir/ bran* ( ,logic 0 ! sph]e ( simple ,be+ 9 a po9t or s]ies ( po9ts1 ! second is t ( diff]5ce & discordant ,be+1 brok5 up 9 itself4 ,! progress 9 ?is second sph]e--( ,ess5tia or ,relative be+--consi/s 9 gradually ov]com+ ! anti!sis & discrepancy betwe5 ! two sides 9 x--! ,p]man5t & ! ,ph5om5al4 ,at fir/ ! /ress re/s ^u ! ,p]man5t & true ,be+ :i* lies beh9d ! seem+--^u ! ess5ce or sub/ratum 9 ! backgr\nd1 on :i* ! %[ ( imm$iate ,be+ has be5 prov$ by ! process 9 ! fir/ sph]e really to re/4 ,!n1 secondly1 ,exi/5ce comes to ! front1 & ,appe>ances or ,ph5om5a are reg>d$ z ! only realities ) :i* sci5ce c deal4 ,& yet ev5 9 ?is case we _c b di/+ui% betwe5 matt] & =m1 betwe5 ! ph5om5a & _! laws1 betwe5 =ce & its ex]cises3 & ?us repeat ! relativity1 ?\gh bo? t]ms 9 x are n[ on ! :ole transf]r$ into ! range ( ! ,ph5om5al _w4 ,! ?ird range ( ,ess5tial ,be+ is kn[n z ,actuality1 :]e ! two elem5ts 9 relation rise to ! level ( indep5d5t exi/5ces1 ess5ces 9 ph5om5al guise--b\nd toge!r1 & d]iv+ _! v *>act]i/ics f t close union4 ,relativity or correlation is n[ cle>ly app>5t 9 actual =m1 & comprises ! ?ree heads ( ,sub/antial ,relation1 ,causal ,relation1 & ,reciprocal ,relation4 ,9 ?is case :ile ! two memb]s ( ! relation are n[ indissolubly l9k$ toge!r1 !y are no m submitt$ to ea* o!r ?an !y are indep5d5t4 ,accord+ to ,reciprocity ev]y?+ actual is at once cause & effect3 x is ! meet+-po9t ( relations3 a :ole ) indep5d5t elem5ts 9 mutual int]connexion4 ,su* a total is ! ,notion4 ,?is br+s u to ! ?ird bran* ( ,logic1--! !ory ( ! ,notion1 or ,grasp ( ,?\ght4#b ,! !ory ( ,causality1 ) :i* ! second bran* clos$1 cont9u$ to let ! ?\ght fall asund] into two unequal halves--always h[ev] 9 relation or connexion ) ea* o!r4 ,b 9 ! pres5t "p ( ! ,logic ! two halves are re-unit$1 or 9 _! diff]5ce _! id5tity is also recognis$4 ,in/ead ( a cause ( a ?+ 7:i* is sep>ate f x 9 ord]71 we h a concept :i* is its pr9ciple ( unity1 its univ]sal 9 :i* x is individualis$4 ,in/ead ( incessant & endless ,relativity1 we h ,developm5t4 ,by developm5t is meant self-specification1 or self-actualisation3 ! ?+ is :at x becomes1 or :ile x *anges x rema9s id5tical ) itself4 ,! ,category or ,developm5t is ! category or me?od ( philosophic or speculative sci5ce3 j z ,be+ correspond$ to natural ?\ght1 & ,relativity or ,reflection to metaphysical & reali/ic sci5ce4 ,accord+ to ! law ( ,developm5t div]sity & unity bo? receive _! due4 ,m]e unity or ,be+ reappe>s n[ z ,univ]sality or ,g5]ality4 ,m]e div]sity1 or ! relativity ( ess5ce1 re-appe>s z ,p>ticul>ity1 or ! speciality ( details4 ,& ! union ( ! two is se5 9 ! ,individualis$ notion or real object4 ,9 o!r words1 ! true ?\ght :i* really grasps & gets all r\nd its object1 :i* is a real :ole1 is a ,triplicity3 x is fir/ se5 all z ! gr\nd or self-same1 ! possibility--secondly1 all z ! exi/5ce 9 details1 & diff]5ce1 ! actuality or cont+5cy--& ?irdly1 all z ! self-same 9 diff]5ce1 & ! possible 9 actuality4 ,e object 9 its full reality is an innate movem5t2 & to grasp x :olly we mu/ appreh5d x z su* a self-evolv+ & self-involv+ unity ( elem5ts1 9 ea* ( :i* h[ev] x is :ole & entire4 ,?us ! ,notion embraces ! ?ree elem5ts or factors ( univ]sal1 p>ticul> & individual4 ,^! ?ree elem5ts fir/ rise to indep5d5ce & get _! full significance or explication 9 ! syllogism1 ) its ?ree t]ms & judgm5ts1 exhibit+ ! v>i\s ways 9 :i* any two ( ^! elem5ts 9 ?\ght are br\ght into unity by means ( ! ?ird4 ,?is adequate =m is a sy/em or organic unity :i* conta9s 9 itself ! premisses ( its conclusion or ! means to its realisation1--:i* is a process )9 itself1 & :5 complete & self-support+ p]=ce gives itself reality4 ,! ,notion or ,begriff is :]e ,hegel makes 8 special m>k on ,logic4 ,s*ell+1 ev51 foll[+ on ,kant1 _h 7l ,s*op5hau] aft] him7 laud$ ! m]it ( ! ,intuition at ! exp5se ( ! m]e notion#c & express$ himself surpris$ at ,hegel's use ( ! ^w4 ,b :at ,hegel wants fir/ to insi/ ^u is t ! ,intuition or ,p]ception 7,ans*auung7 is built ^u ! ,notion--t x is only because !re is a univ]sal pr9ciple 9 its details t ! individual reality ( ! p]cept is assur$4 ,t we c elicit a notion f a p]ception is only possible because x is implicitly dom9at$ by a univ]sal4 ,secondly1 ,hegel wi%es to note 7z else:]e7 t ! full adequate notion1 ! notion z self-expla9+ & self-con/itut+1 is all t is meant by ! object4 ,?us ! ,notion or ,subject--,causa ,sui--:5 x is fully realis$ 9 ! pl5itude ( its elem5ts or diff]5ces1--:5 ea* elem5t has scope ( its own1 is ! ,object--! actual & individualis$ total ( ?\ght1 or syllogism 9 reality4 ,?is objective _w or ,object appe>s 9 ?ree =ms4 ,an ,object is ei!r a me*anical1 a *emical1 or a teleological object4 ,! t]ms me*anical & *emical are n to be und]/ood 9 ! n>r[ s5se ( a ma*9e or *emical comp\nd4 ,!y are to be tak5 9 an analogical s5se1 j z ,j4 ,s4 ,mill speaks ( a *emical or geometrical me?od ( treat+ social problems4 ,! object or realis$ notion is me*anical1 :5 ! unification ( ! memb]s 9 ! totality comes or seems to come f )\t1 s t ! :ole or univ]sal !y =m is ext]nal & almo/ indiff]5t to ! p>ticul>s1 & only arranges !m4 ,an object is *emical1 :5 ! connexion or g5esis ( ! comp\nd f its factors is n evid5t3 :5 ! elem5ts are z x 7 lo/1 & only give rise to a fre% p>ticul>4 ,an object is teleological1 :5 ! univ]sal is1 ?\gh n di/9ctly conceiv$ z realis$1 /ill always z t5d+ to be realis$ by ! p>ticul>s4 ,& 9 ea* ( ^! grades ! object comes m & m to be se5 to be a self-enact+1 self-legislat+ be+2 m & m a due p5dant to ! subject-notion4 ,mod]n sci5ce is a vehem5t oppon5t ( teleology3 & ) ju/ice1 s f> z 9 teleology1 means & end fall ap>t4 ,b x is mi/ak5 9 suppos+ itself to return to ! me*anical po9t ( view4 ,on ! contr>y its success is mo/ g5]ally secur$ by ris+ to ! po9t ( view giv5 by ! ,idea ( ,life1 & by look+ ^u ! objective _w z an ,organism1 t is1 z ! notion 9 objectivity1 s\l indissolubly unit$ ) body4 ,b ev5 ! ,idea ( ,life1 9 :i* we ent] ! ?ird /age ( ! notion1 is defective z a repres5tation ( ! tru? ( ,objectivity3 = body & s\l mu/ "p4 ,! conception ( an ,organism or liv+ be+ is too crude4 ,reality is no d\bt well describ$ z alive3 ! ,absolute well def9$ z ,life4 ,b "h aga9 ,life is tak5 9 a high] ?an its s5se ( m]e ,life3 x is life z intellig5t & volitional en]gy4 ,if ! univ]se--! ,absolute--c be said to be liv+1 x mu/ be said also t x is m ?an ,liv+4 ,su* a life--su* exi/5ce--is :at ,ari/otle has call$ & ( ! highe/ 9 man4 ,x is m5tal & spiritual life4 ,9 its consummation x is ! ,idea--! absolute ,idea--! totality :i* is & is aw>e ( itself1--! develop$ unity ( ! ,notion ) ,objectivity4 ,?is unity ?us pres5t$ is :at lies implicit to our p]ception 9 ,nature3 & ?us ! ,idea1 z develop$ 9 ,logic1 =ms ! prologue & presupposition to ! ,philosophy ( ,nature4 ,footnote #a3 ,be+ 7das ,seyn7 probably conveys mu* m to an ,engli% read] ?an is "h meant or want$4 ,x is ,be+1 :]e ! di/9ction betwe5 ess5ce & appe>ance has n yet em]g$ or be5 ?\ght (4 ,if be+ 1 !n ess5ce 7,wes57 1 ! be+ :i* und]lies & yet includes appe>ance4 ,wes5 has m "r to ! sub/antival vocable ( ,be+3 ,seyn is little bett] ?an an ',is' or ',be4' ,9 writ]s ( ,locke's "t1 ',be+ seems to mean a reality1 an actually exi/+ object1 e4g4 ,cl>ke3 ',!re has exi/$ f et]nity "s "o un*angeable & indep5d5t ,be+4' ',:at ! sub/ance or ess5ce ( t ,be+ is1 we h no idea4' ',ess5ce1' says ,locke1 'may be tak5 = ! v be+ ( any?+1 :]eby x is :at x is4' ,( c\rse ,ari/otle long ago not$ ,be+ z "o ( ! t]ms ) v>iety ( implication2 & 8 own fluctuation ab\t is an obvi\s illu/ration ( ?is4 ,9 ! translation ( ! ,logic1 ,wes5 is occasionally r5d]$ by ,be+ 7e4 g4 ,supreme ,be+72 ,seyn1 by exi/5ce4 ,seyn "h means s little t "o c h>dly f9d any ^w ( suffici5tly m9imal cont5t = x4 ,footnote #b3 ,no d\bt1 z ,dr4 ,w4 ,t4 ,h>ris rem>ks1 ,notion 7us$ by ,dr4 ,/irl+7 is a q insignificant r5d]+ ( ,hegel's ,begriff3--= :i* he proposes ,self-activity4 ,b1 z he admits1 t is j ,hegel's way3 he co9s br&-new ! old t]ms1 & =ces u1 if we w foll[ him1 to ?9k full mean+ into !m4 ,footnote #c3 ,see vol4 ii1 ,notes & ,illu/rations1 p4 #djh4 ,,*apt] ,,xxix4 ,,! ,,se>* ,,= ,a ,,fir/ ,,pr9ciple4 ,if !re be "o ?+ :i*1 m ?an ano!r1 di/+ui%es ,mod]n ,philosoph]s f ! ,anci5t ,philosophy ( ,a!ns1 x is ! desire to discov] a ,fir/ ,pr9ciple ( c]ta9ty1 a h&le by :i* !y may get hold ( & set 9 due ord] ! p]plex$ mass ( reality4 ,!y f9d !mselves born to an inh]itance ( tradition1 a mass ( belief & lore :i* ov]:elms :]e x does n support4 ,! long wat*es ( ! ,middle ,ages _h be5 a "t ( prep>ation--ev5 if ! 'c]ebration' _h be5 some:at unconsci\s4 ,! m9d _h be5 by discipl9e tra9$ to fre$om4 ,z x work$ amid ! mat]ial & tri$ to ord] x & def5d x1 ! intellect grew to recognise its lord%ip ov] ! load ( au?ority4 ,ov]t revolts inde$ aga9/ co]cion by decrees & by canons ( dogma _h nev] be5 want+ ev5 9 ! quiete/ ( ! s-call$ 'ages ( fai?4' ,b x is n 9 ! l\de/ outcry or ! mo/ rampant diss5t t progress %[s its mo/ effective c\rse4 ,! 'ca?olic' & 'or?odox' tradition equally be>s witness to a movem5t to emancipation1 to self-c5tr$ intellig5ce4 ,su* an emancipation h[ev] _c be complete & self-realis$ )\t a %>p & pa9ful wr5* at ! mom5t ( m5tal bir?4 ,! great ^w ( disruption1 ( self-ass]tion1 ( defiance to ! pa/ & to ! dom9ant1 mu/ be said3 &1 z human be+s are con/itut$1 x w be said 9 a tone ( ac]bity = :i* nei!r ! revolutioni/ nor ! reaction>y are sev]ally alone responsible4 ,?us to he> ! brave words & ! bold defiance hurl$ out by ! ?9k]s ( ! sixte5? & sev5te5? c5turies1 "o might fancy !y1 l ,ar*im$es1 s\ght a sup]nal vantage-gr\nd f :i* !y c\ld move ! _w4 ,yet1 unlike ! mat]ial e>?1 ! intellectual globe is a burd5 we ea* c>ry ) u1--:i* we f9d ^u u :5--if ev]--we beg9 to %ake ourselves out ( ! slo?ful unconsci\sness ( our m]ely vegetative life4 ,= ?\gh we all c>ry x1 we d n all feel its weight4 ,9 "s individuals & 9 "s ages !re is s accurate a proportion betwe5 ! inn] p[] & ! out] pressure t ! load ( belief & cu/om is b a well-fitt+ g>b1 almo/ a second nature4 ,to o!rs !re is a felt disproportion1 a s5se ( sup]9cumb5t clo!s & uncong5ial1 unnatural trapp+s4 ,out ( su* /ruggles to be free1 gr[1 occasionally1 philosoph]s1 & re=m]s4 ,to ! =m] ! burd5 is ! burd5 ( ! un9telligible3 to ! latt] ! burd5 ( ! unbe>able & intol]able4 ,to ! philosoph] ! removal ( ! burd5 consi/s 9 su* a re-adju/m5t ( ! intellectual _w t x %all be no long] a =eign ?+1 b bone ( 8 bone & fle% ( 8 fle%4 ,b1 to re-adju/ & to re-organise1 "o mu/ /& back f ! objective3 "o mu/ ca/ x =?1 & look ab\t = a clue to an exit f ! maze ( confusion4 ,! giv5 & subsi/5t is put on probation3 n reject$1 b = ! mom5t decl9$3 n d5i$1 b ask$ to pres5t its cr$5tials4#a ,?is is ! ( ! sceptical s*ools ( lat] ,greece2 ! invitation to d\bt address$ by ,desc>tes to 8 own s\l4 ,x is ! prote/ aga9/ t vulg> precipitancy :i* 9 primitive & mod]n cr$ulity is ready to give itself away to any doctr9e :i* has ! voice & ! g>b ( outw>d au?ority4 ,or is x ! ass]tion6 ( ! royal & inali5able sov]eignty ( ! ,subjectivity to be c]ta9 ( :atev] claims to be objective & true3 ! ass]tion t :at is true mu/ be se5 & exp]i5c$ to be true4 ,or x is1 9 ano!r way1 ! pr9ciple ( ,socrates3 t ! beg9n+ ( k1 ! fir/ /ep 9 ! way ( wisdom1 is to "k t y "k no?+--to realise ! absolute supremacy ( self-consci\sness4 ,x is 9 %ort ! same dem& z ,augu/9e's4 ,!re is inde$ a wide gulf ( temp]am5t & circum/ances divid+ ! bi%op ( ,hippo f ! ma!matician ,desc>tes & ! rationali/ ,sp9oza4 ,b 9 ! cry = ! k ( ',god & my ,s\l' z ! fir/1 ! indisp5sable1 ! sole k3 z ! "o k :i* b9ds ! f9ite & ! inf9ite toge!r1--! k on :i* turns ! tru? ( sci5ce1 & ! reality ( exp]i5ce1 ! great ?9k]s ( ^! div]se ages are at "o4#b ,!y turn _! backs ^u ! ext]nal t !y may f9d re/ 9 ! truly int]nal1 on ! inn] c]ta9ty1 :i* is n a m]e subjective b a v objective also3 n a m]e anima mea1 b 9 close unity !re) ,deus meus4 ,?is is p]haps m explicit 9 ,sp9oza1 9 "s po9ts1 ?an 9 ,desc>tes1 & 9 _m respects m decisively put by ,augu/9e ?an by ei!r4 ,b ?is is :at is really meant by ! initial conc5tration ( susp5se3 ?is is :at is s\ght :5 a ,pr9ciple is s\ght4 ,no?+ %ort ( ?is unity ( subjective & objective 9 an ,absolute--we may say--,ego1 is a pr9ciple4 ,b 'pr9ciples' l o!r t]ms are sometimes lightly tak52 & c be 9 ! plural--j z 9 l[] levels ( religion & society !re c be gods _m & lords _m4 ,nor 9 a way wrongly4 ,=1 z has be5 be=e po9t$ out1 a pr9ciple is ! unity ( beg9n+ & end3 x is only caught hold ( by approa*+ f diff]5t directions3 x loses its life & p[] :5 cut (f f ! _m organs by :i* x di/ributes itself s z to grasp reality4 ,if x be ess5tially "o1 x is n a b>e unit3 x _c1 )\t injury1 be r$uc$ to utt] simplicity1 & accept$ 9 ! %ape ( a s+le t]m4 ,& yet ?is is :at almo/ inevitably happ5s to e s-call$ pr9ciple4 ,l a deus ex ma*9a1 or a trick ( ! trade1 x is appli$ to unloose e knot1 & to cle> any difficulties t arise4 ,b a pr9ciple ( ?is /amp possesses no intimate connexion or organic solid>ity ) ! !ory :i* x helps to prop4 ,x is always at h& z a ready-made s*ema or head+1 & c be atta*$ to ! mo/ incongru\s ord]s ( fact4 ,?us 9 ! works ( ,ari/otle1 ! pr9ciple ( ',end' or ',activity' has sometimes seem$ to be appli$ to :atev] subject comes =w>d1 & l a h]$it>y (ficial ve/m5t to suit all its we>]s equally well or equally ill4 ,:at is true 'on ! :ole' is n always true '( ea*'3 ! nev] q equals ! ' 4 ,! mod]n pr9ciple ( ,utility is equally flexible 9 its application to ! problems ( moral & social life4 ,x co/s no tr\ble to pron\nce ! magic ^w1 & ev5 'su* z are ( weak] capacity' may make some?+ out ( su* a =mula4 ,b an ab/ract =mula1 :i* is equally applicable to ev]y?+1 is n p>ticul>ly applicable to any?+4 ,:ile x seems to save tr\ble1 & is s pla9 z to be almo/ tautological 7z :5 ! wor? ( a ?+ or act is expla9$ to mean its utility71 x really sugge/s fre% que/ions 9 e case1 & multiplies ! difficulty4 ,hav+ an outw>d adaptability to e k9d ( fact1 ! pr9ciple has no true sympa?y ) any3 x becomes a m]e =m1 :i* we use z we d a measur+-rod1 mov+ x along f "o ?+ to ano!r4 ,we are always rev]t+ to fir/ pr9ciples z our la/ pr9ciples also4 ,ev5 ,ari/otle1 :5 he rem>k$ t an object _h to be criticis$ f its own pr9ciples & n f g5]al =mulae1 saw ?r\gh ! fallacy ( ?is /yle ( argum5t4 ,?is is l ask+ = bread & gett+ a /one4 ,! philosoph]1 :o ought to take u ?r\gh ! %ut *amb]s ( ! _w1 m]ely h&s u a key at ! gate1 tell+ u t x w unlock e door1 & !n ! insides w speak = !mselves4 ,b we w\ld h our philosoph] d a little m ?an ?is4 ,n be+ ourselves omnisci5t1 we %\ld be glad ( a guide-book at ! lea/1 & p]haps ev5 ( ! s]vices ( an int]pret] to expla9 "s peculi>ities1 "s />tl+ ph5om5a1 & sights ev5 m unpleasant ?an ^? :i* appall$ ! sp\se ( ! notori\s ,bluebe>d4 ,or1 dropp+ metaphor1 we wi% ! =mula to be appli$ sy/ematically & ?or\ghly4 ,:5 t is done ! =mula loses its ab/ractness2 x ga9s ^? necess>y amplifications & qualifications1 z we call !m1 )\t :i* no !ory expla9s mu* or gives mu* in=mation4 ,& ?us1 in/ead ( fancy+ t our initial =mula conta9s ! tru? 9 a nut%ell1 we %all f9d t x is only "o /ep to be tak5 on ! way to tru?1 & t its n>r[ /atem5t s9ks m & m into insignificance1 z its amplifi$ !ory ga9s 9 significance4 ,b an adequate pr9ciple mu/ h o!r qualities4#c ,:at has be5 said up to ?is po9t1 only am\nts to a condition1 t our pr9ciple mu/ cease to be ab/ract & =mal1 & mu/ become concrete & real4 ,:at we want1 x may be said1 is a ,beg9n+4 ,b a beg9n+ is n exactly ! same ?+ z a pr9ciple3 a beg9n+ is to a l>ge ext5t a matt] ( *oice & conv5i5ce1--a matt] dep5d+ on ! /ate & prospects ( ! beg9n]2 & ! ma9 po9t is n :]e we %\ld beg91 b t we %\ld be ?or\gh 9 our treatm5t4 ,x is o!rwise1 h[ev]1 9 ! pres5t case4 ,= ! skill ( ! expositor simply lies 9 ! exactitude ) :i* he reproduces ! spontane\s movem5t ( gr[? 9 8 object4 ,8 art is cel>e artem3 to retire1 z x 71 into ! backgr\nd1 & seem to leave ! object to exp\nd itself4 ,9 a dramatic "w x is no d\bt ! h& ( ! dramati/ t seems to set ! :ole ( ! *>act]s 9 motion1 t weaves de/9ies & snips ! ?read ( life4 ,& yet 9 a p]fect "w ( dramatic art ev]y?+ mu/ seem to fl[ on by a necessity ( "*1 a consecution ( inn] fate4 ,! true arti/ d>e n act or all[ ! deus ex ma*9a4 ,s e g5u9e "w ( sci5ce--:i* is m ?an a compilation1 a s*ool-book1 a bundle ( notes1 & contributions t[>d a subject--mu/ be a self-det]m9$ unity--a self-ju/ify+ s*eme 9 :i* ! p]sonality ( ! work] ent]s into & is absorb$ 9 ! sy/em ( 8 "w4 ,if ?is is g5]ally true1 x is above all a canon to rule ! logician4 ,he at lea/ mu/ foll[ ! ,logos & ! ,logos alone4 ,8 !me mu/ be a law unto itself3 all its movem5ts mu/ be freely & nobly objective4 ,= 8 subject-matt] is at lea/ an organism1 & develops accord+ to an inw>d law4 ,b x is ev5 m ?an an organism3 x mu/ n m]ely develop1 z organisms d1--n m]ely live & gr[--b "k t x develops & z x 7 w its own developm5t--& 9 t h>mony ( be+1 will+1 & kn[+1 be ess5tially "o4 ,9 ,hegelian language x mu/ n m]ely be implicit--an si* or fr uns--! subject ( a *ange :i* x und]goes & feels1 b )\t def9itely realis+1--! subject ( a *ange :i* we 7! hi/orians7 p]ceive4 ,x mu/ also be fr si*3 aw>e ( its modifications1 an ag5t 9 br++ !m ab\t3 & yet )al 9 s look+ =? & will+1 be self-possess$1 & self-enjoy+4 ,! pr9ciple ( ,hegelianism is ! pr9ciple ( ,developm5t1 ! pr9ciple ( ! ,notion--b a ,notion :i* is objective z well z subjective--! ,idea4 ,t pr9ciple !n det]m9es ! beg9n+ ( ,logic4 ,we mu/ "k ! :ole c\rse ( gr[? & hi/ory be=e we c say :]e is ! true comm5cem5t4 ,x mu/ be t out ( :i* ! end c obvi\sly & spontane\sly issue4 ,9 a s5se1 x mu/ implicitly conta9 ! end4 ,x mu/ %[ u ! v beg9n+ ( ?\ght1 be=e x has yet come to ! full consci\sness ( itself1--:5 ! tru? ( :at x is /ill lurks 9 ! backgr\nd & has to be develop$4 ,we mu/ see ?\ght 9 its fir/ & fundam5tal call+4 ,z ! biologi/1 :5 he describes ! /ructure ( a plant1 re/s ^u ! assumption ( a previ\s developm5t ( p>ts1 9 an exi/+ plant1 :i* has result$ 9 a se$1--b beg9s ) ! se$ f :i* ! plant is d]iv$3 s ! logician mu/ beg9 ) a po9t :i* 9 a way presupposes ! sy/em to :i* x leads4 ,b 9 its beg9n+ ?is presupposition is n app>5t3 & 9 fact1 ! presupposition w only appe> :5 ! developm5t ( ! sy/em is complete4 ,! fir/ /ep 9 a process1 j because x is a /ep1 may be said to presuppose ! complet$ process4 ,?us ! beg9n+ ( ,logic presumes ! fulle/ realisation ( ,m9d1 z ! beg9n+ ( botany c only be told by "o :o kn[s ! :ole /ory ( ! plant4 ,x is f ?is circum/ance t ,hegel describes philosophy z a circle r\nd$ 9 itself1 :]e ! end meets ) ! beg9n+1 or says t philosophy has to grasp its orig9al grasp or conceive its concept4 ,9 o!r words1 x is n till we rea* ! conclusion t we see1 9 ! light ?us %$ ^u ! beg9n+1 :at t beg9n+ really 04 ,f ! g5]al analogy ( ! sci5ces we %\ld n expect t ! beg9n+ ( ?\ght w\ld be full-gr[n ?\ght1 or inde$ seem to ! undisc]n+ eye to be ?\ght at all4 ,9 _m cases1 ! embryonic organism %[s b little simil>ity to ! adult1 & occasionally a viol5t abruptness seems1 on cursory glance1 to m>k (f "o /age ( a creation's gr[? f ! next4 ,:o t knew n ! result c\ld 9 ! se$ prefigure to himself ! tree8 ,! beg9n+ is n usually id5tifiable ) ! f9al issue1 except by "s ef=t to trace ! process ( connexion4 ,! object ( sci5ce only appe>s 9 its tru? :5 ! sci5ce has done its "w4 ,! beg9n+ ( philosophy mu/ hold a g]m ( developm5t1 h[ev] dead & motionless x may seem4 ,b x mu/ also to "s ext5t be a result1--! result ( ! developm5t or conc5tration ( consci\sness2--( ! o!r =ms ( :i* x is ! hypo!tical f\ndation1 or1 ( :i* x is 7o!rwise view$7 ! fir/ appe>ance4 ,! v>iety ( imag9ative conception1 & ! *aos ( s5se1 mu/ vani% 9 a po9t1 by an act ( ab/raction1 :i* leaves out all ! v>iety & ! *aos1--or r by an act ( di/illation1 :i* draws out ( !m _! real ess5ce & conc5trat$ virtue4 ,?is v>iety1 :5 ?or\ghly exam9$ & te/$1 %rivels up into a po9t3--x only is4 ,ev]y?+ def9ite z we call x1 ! endless repetitions ( exi/5ce1 h disappe>$1 & h left only ! en]gy ( conc5tration1 ! unit>y po9t ( ,be+4 ,we may describe ! process 9 two ways4 ,we may say t we h left out ( sight all exi/+ diff]5ces1--t we h /ripp$ (f e ve/ige ( empirical conceptions1 & left a residue ( pure ?\ght4 ,! ?\ght is pure1 p]haps1 b x is n entire4 ,9 ?is way ( describ+ x1 pure ?\ght is ! mo/ ab/ract ?\ght1--! la/ outcome ( ^? op]ations :i* h dive/$ our conceptions ( ev]y?+ real & concrete ab\t !m4 ,b ?us to speak ( ! process z ,ab/raction w\ld be to express half ( ! tru? only3 & w\ld really leave u a m]e z]o1 or gulf ( vacuity4 ,9 ! beg9n+ !re w\ld !n be no?+--! m]e annihilation ( all possible & actual exi/5ce4 ,& x is c]ta9ly true t 9 ! beg9n+ !re c be no?+4--,on ! o!r h&1 & secondly1 !re is affirmation z well z negation involv$ 9 ! ultimate action by :i* s5se & imag9ation pass into ?\ght4 ,!y are n left beh9d1 & ! empt9ess only reta9$3 !y are c>ri$ into _! prim>y consequ5ce1 or into _! proximate tru?4 ,!y are r$uc$ to _! simple/ equival5t or _! l[e/ t]m 9 ! vocabul>y ( ?\ght3 :i* is ,be+4 ,! process :i* creates ! initial po9t ( pure ?\ght is at once an ab/raction f ev]y?+1 & a conc5tration ^u itself 9 a po9t3-- :i* po9t1 accord+ly1 is a unity or int]-p5etration ( positive & negative4 ,?is absolute self-conc5tration into a po9t is ! prim>y /ep by :i* ,m9d comes to "k itself1--! fir/ /ep 9 ! ,absolute's process ( self-cognition--t process :i* x is ! purpose ( ,logic to trace1 s f> z x is conduct$ 9 ! range ( m]e ?\ght4 ,! b>e po9t ( ,be+ & no?+ m is ! beg9n+ 9 ! process ( ! ,absolute's self-cognition3 x is1 9 o!r words1 our fir/ & rudim5t>y appreh5sion ( reality1--! n>r[ edge by :i* we come 9 contact ) ! univ]se ( ,reason4 ,= ^! are two aspects ( ! same4 ,! process ( ! self-cognition or manife/ation ( ! ,absolute ,idea is ! v process by :i* philosoph]s 7n philosoph]s only7 h built up ! edifice ( ?\ght4 ,:at ! "o /atem5t views f ! univ]sal side or ! totality1 ! o!r views 9 connexion ) ! sev]al a*ievem5ts ( individual ?9k]s4 ,( c\rse ! evolution ( ! sy/em ( ?\ght1 z x is br\ght ab\t by individuals1 leaves pl5ty ( room = ! play ( :at is kn[n z ,*ance4 ,! ,natural ,hi/ory ( ,?\ght or ! ,hi/ory ( ,philosoph]s has to reg>d ! action ( national "* ^u individual m9ds1 & ! reciprocal action ( ^! m9ds ^u "o ano!r4 ,! ,hi/ory ( ,organic ,nature simil>ly pres5ts ! dep5d5ce ( ! species ^u _! surr\nd+s1 & ( "o species ^u ano!r 9 ! m$ium ( its conditions4 ,gradually ,physical ,sci5ce r$uces ^! conditions to _! univ]sal =ms1 & may try to exhibit ! evolution ( ! animal ?r\gh its species 9 all grades ( developm5t4 ,s 9 ! ,sci5ce ( ! developm5t ( ?is ,idea ! accid5ts1 z we may call !m1 disappe>3 & ! tempor>y & local que/ions1 :i* once engross$ ! deepe/ att5tion1 fade away into g5]alis$ =ms ( univ]sal application4 ,philosophy1 z x hi/orically pres5ts itself 9 ! _w1 is n an accid5tal production1 or dep5d5t on ! arbitr>y *oice ( m54 ,! accid5t1 if su* !re be1 is t ^! p>ticul> m5 %\ld h be5 ! philosoph]s1 & n t su* %\ld h be5 _! philosophy4 ,!y 71 accord+ to _! sev]al capacity = utt]ance1 only ! m\?-pieces ( ! ,_s ( ! ,times1--( ! absolute m9d "u ! sup]ficial limitations ( _! p]iod4 ,!y saw ! ,idea ( _! _w m cle>ly & di/9ctly ?an o!r m52 & !re9 lies _! title to fame3 b really _! words 7 only a reflex1--an almo/ involunt>y & necess>y movem5t1 due to ! pressure ( ! cosmical reason4 ,! great philosoph]s are1 l all m5 9 all e/ates1 & accord+ to _! measure1 ! m9i/]s ( ! ,tru?1--apo/les *>g$ to br+ ab\t t consummation ( ! times 9 :i* reality is m fully appreh5d$ & m adequately e/imat$4 ,necessity is laid ^u !m to consecrate !mselves to ! s]vice ( ! ,idea1 & to devote _! lives to ! noble b au/]e "w ( speculation--! "w :i* seeks s9e ira et /udio to recon/ruct t city ( ,god :i* is ! p]man5t1 if x (t5 be ! hidd51 f\ndation ( human life4 ,footnote #a3 ,cf4 p4 #ij4 ,footnote #b3 ,augu/94 ,soliloq4 i4 #g4 ',deum et animam scire cupio4 ,nihilne plus8 ,nihil omn9o4' ,footnote #c3 ',a ,pr9ciple1' says ,h]b>t 7,psy*ologie als ,wiss5s*aft1 ,e9l47 '%\ld h ! d\ble prop]ty ( hav+ orig9ally a c]ta9ty ( its own1 & ( g5]at+ o!r c]ta9ty4 ,! way & mann] 9 :i* ! second comes ab\t is ! ,me?od4' ,,*apt] ,,xxx4 ,,! ,,logic ,,( ,,description3 ,,natural ,,realism3 ,,be+4 ,! anti!sis betwe5 ?\ght & be+1 betwe5 idea & actuality1 betwe5 notion & object1 is almo/ a commonplace ( criticism4 ,betwe5 ! ideas ( ! subject & objectivity a great gulf seems to yawn fix$ & impassable4 ,?9k]s1 l ,anselm & ,desc>tes1 h 7x is ass]t$7 attempt$ by a trick :i* *eat$ !mselves to get f ! notion to ! object4 ,b--z ,kant is suppos$ to h = ev] %[n--^! decepti deceptores are n[ univ]sally discr$it$4#a ,yet ! same ,kant _h %[n t ! '?+s' ( ord9>y exp]i5ce are only ideas or appe>ances 9 consci\sness4 ,^! latt] ideas1 h[ev]1 7 v]ifi$ by ! necessity ( int]dep5d5ce 9 :i* !y /ood1 z giv5 by s5se4 ,f ! notions :i* ,anselm & ,desc>tes propos$ to inve/ ) objectivity1 !re 0 abs5t ! feature ( s5se-p]ception4 ,!y 7 n limit$ & real ideas1 b syn!tic laws1 g5]al & ab/ract aspects ( reality1 modes ( conception4 ,!y 7 n def9ite & individualis$ ?+s1 b t]ms or conditions = all concepts & realities4 ,!y 7 =ms1--=ms ess5tial to ! explication ( reality--& nev] m]e p>ts ( reality4 ,) su* '=ms' or '?\ght-t]ms1' su* ab/ractions1 ,logic 7 la mode de ,hegel7 has to deal4 ,& 9 deal+ ) !m x has to c\nt]act ?is popul> di/9ction 7:i* ,kant incl9es t[>d7 :i* sets up an insup]able division betwe5 ?\ght & be+1 betwe5 reality & syllogism1 betwe5 is & is kn[n4 ,c]ta9 ( ^! d5om9ators :i* ?9k+ employs to describe reality ! popul> m9d :olly id5tifies ) reality4 ,t be+ is a ?\ght1 t =ce & ?+ are only modes ( conception1 s\nds to ! untra9$ intellect only a v]bal quibble4 ,?+s1 be+s1 are !re--out !re1 x says3 =ce is 'ultimate reality4' ,x is p]haps ready to all[ t sub/ances are only m5tal figm5ts3 b x is m d\btful ab\t causes1 & incl9es to assume !m to be 9 outside nature1 & to g5]ate a real necessity 9 ?+s4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x has little d\bt t concepts & syllogism are only our ways ( look+ at reality1--! reality ( sub/ances & ph5om5a1 ) quality & quantity3 t 'f9al cause' is a m]e subjective pr9ciple ( explanation3 & t ideas & k are altoge!r additions sup]9duc$ on a real _w4 ,n[ :at ! ,logic %[s is t1 on "o h&1 all ^! t]ms are ideal & regulative2 & on ! o!r t !y are real1 because con/itutive ( reality4 ,%[+--or %all we say1 rem9d+ u--t be+ is aft] all a =m ( ?\ght1 x %[s u t k1 at ! o!r end1 conta9s or implies reality4 ,x is ! bus9ess ( logic z a fundam5tal philosophy to dispel ! illusion t s5sations are fix$ reality3 t causes & effects are an absolutely real ord]2 :]eas concepts & sci5ces & /ill m ae/hetic & moral pr9ciples are n4 ,its doctr9e is t all ,our ?\ght-t]ms1 ! mo/ vulg> & ! mo/ delicate1 are1 z we may put x1 symbolical ( reality3 explications & manife/ations ( x4 ,absolutely real--if t means utt]ly unideal--none ( !m are4 ,on ! o!r h&1 absolutely ideal1--if t means utt]ly unreal--none ( !m are ei!r4 ,if y call !m real1 _! reality is t ( ?\ght4 ,if y call !m ideal1 x is an ideality ( a real4 ,be+ is n a fix$ & solid sub/ratum1 a h>d rock ( reality1 on :i* we may build our relations & fur!r det]m9ations4 ,x also is a ?\ght3 x also lives 9 relation1 & becomes m real by fur!r det]m9ation4#b ,b ! habit comes natural to ! majority to attribute ess5tial & indep5d5t reality 7total reality7 to ! ?\ght-modes x is famili> ) 9 practice3 :]eas ! modes famili> to m advanc$ intellig5ce are put aside z m]ely ideal4 ,?us 9 proportion z ,logic insi/s on ! reality ( idea1 x insi/s also on ! ideality ( be+4 ,be+ is aft] all a ?\ght3 :5 sep>ate f ! relations ( exp]i5ce1 a v poor ?\ght4 ,a 'supreme be+' ev5 is a ?\ght4 ,& ! "q ( que/ions = ,logic is :at degree ( reality1 :at am\nt ( tru? does ea* result ( unification express4 ,is x self-consi/5t & complete1 or does x imply fur!r elem5ts1 & if s1 9 :at direction does x sugge/ & receive completion8 ,b at ! be/ ! reality ( a logical t]m is an ab/ract or =mal reality1 & consi/s 9 its p[] to int]pret1 to exp\nd1 to def9e ! ,absolute4 ,its m concrete & mat]ial reality x has 9 ,nature & 9 ,m9d4 ,!re h[ev] ,philosophy has 9 a fur!r measure to repeat its e>li] lesson & %[ t ,nature is n )\t its ideal aspect1 & t ,m9d is f\nd$ on physical reality4 ,all sci5ce t5ds to c>ry u ov] ! h>d l9es ( sep>ation :i* practical int]e/s treat z if ultimate disruptions4 ,! sci5ces ( ,nature1 = in/ance1 9 _! complet$ circle mu/ c>ry u f ! inorganic to ! organic3 mu/ 9 "s way make a pa? f ! lifeless to ! alive4 ,! sci5ce ( ?\ght has a correspond+ task4 ,x has to %[ t ! incomm5surability betwe5 ?\ght & be+1 or betwe5 ! idea & actuality1 disappe>s on clos] exam9ation4 ,:5 we trace ! developm5t ( ?\ght suffici5tly f>1 we see t ,be+ is an imp]fect or inadequate ?\ght1--c]ta9ly n adequate to ! ,idea1 b n = t reason g5]ically diff]+ f x4 ,! fixity ( ,be+ z m ?an1 & sup]ior to1 m]e ,?\ght is a habit ( m9d1 due to ! same worldly-m9d$ immobility z leads u all to believe 7&1 )9 ! limit$ practical range1 to believe rightly7 t ! e>? is solidly at re/1 not)/&+ all ! demon/rations ( ! ,cop]nicans4 ,b ,?\ght has n deposit$ all its burd51 or utt]$ all its mean+ 9 ,be+4 ,be+ is ! v]ie/ ab/raction1--! v rudim5t ( ?\ght--meagre z meagre c be4 ,x is on "o side ! b>e position or affirmation ( ?\ght3 on ! o!r h& x is ! v negation ( ?\ght1--if ?\ght be only possible "u diff]5ce4 ,= a m]e ',is' is a m]e indescribable )\t-diff]5ce4 ,!re is no su* ?+ z m]e ,be+3 or m]e ,be+ is m]e no?+3 m]e ,be+ is n4 ,! fir/ category ( ,ontology is t ( ,be+4 ,x is ! m]e/ simplicity & meagr5ess1 ) no?+ def9ite 9 x at all3 & = t v reason con/antly liable to be confus$ ) categories ( m concrete burd54 ,x d5otes all ?+s1 & connotes next to no?+4 ,x does n h[ev] mean some?+ :i* has be+2 x does n mean def9ite be+3 /ill less does x mean p]man5t & sub/antial be+4 ,ord9>y language c]ta9ly uses be+ 9 all ^! s5ses4 ,b if we are to be logical1 we mu/ n mix up categories ) "o ano!r3 we mu/ take t]ms at _! precise value4 ,m]e ,be+ !n is ! m]e ',is1' :i* c give no explanation or analysis ( itself3 :i* indescribable 9 itself3 :i* is an ',is' & no?+ m4 ,! simple/ answ] to ^? :o inve/ ,be+ ) s mu* signification1 is to ask !m to consid] ! logical copula4 ',e s*ool-boy kn[s' t ! ',is' ( ! copula disappe>s 9 sev]al languages3 t x is f> f indisp5sable 9 ,lat93 t 9 ,greek e4 g4 ! demon/rative article s]ves ! same purpose4 ,9 ,hebrew too ! pron\ns (ficiate = ! s-call$ sub/antive v]b3 & ! same v]b probably does n exi/ 9 ! ,polynesian family ( languages1 :]e its place is suppli$ by :at we call ! demon/rative pron\n4#c ,9 ! copula1 :i* accord+ to ,m4 ,l>omigui]e1 z quot$ by ,mr4 ,mill1 expresses only 'un rapport spcial entre le sujet et l'attribut1' we enc\nt] ! m]e undevelop$ & unexpla9$ unify+ ( ?\ght1 ! v ab/raction ( relativity#d4 ,9 ! beg9n+1 !n1 !re is no?+ & yet t no?+ is4 ,su* is ! fundam5tal anti!sis ( ?\ght3 or ! discrepancy :i* makes itself felt betwe5 ea* sev]al t]m ( ?\ght & ! :ole ,idea ( :i* !y are ! expression4 ,be+ is ! t]m emphasis$ z absolute by und]/&+3 !n ! dialectical p[]1 or ! consci\sness ( ! :ole1 /eps 9 to c\nt]act ! "o-sid$ elem5t4 ,9 o!r words1 ?\ght1 ! total ?\ght1 asks :at is ,be+1 m]e & simple2 & answ]s m]e no?+4#e ,! "o aspect ( ! po9t is z ju/ifiable z ! o!r4 ,9 o!r words ! two aspects are indissoluble3 !y are 9 "o4 ,! t]m ',unity1' appli$ to ! relation ( ,be+ & ,n1 may p]haps mislead3 & x is !re=e bett] to say t ! two po9ts ( view are 7z ,mr4 ,sp5c] puts x7 at once 'anti!tical & insep>able1' ,an unrelat$ be+1 an 'absolute' 7i4 e4 sep>ate & transc5d5t7 reality is an ,unkn[able1 i4 e4 an ineffable1 an unspeakable ( :i* we c legitimately pr$icate a n- 1 leav+ imag9ation to fill up ! blank aft] ! hyph54 ,a m]e ,n1 ) no sub/ratum :i* x negatives1 is m]e ,be+3 & a m]e ,be+1 :i* has no sub/ratum1 is a m]e ,n4 ,! movem5t upw>d & ! movem5t d[nw>d are "h illu/rat$3 & x is evid5t t !y are ! same movem5t#f1--! same unre/1 only diff]5tiat$ z up & d[n by "s t]m9i n yet explicitly br\ght into view4 ,ea*--,is & ,n--z x seeks to diff]5tiate itself1 to make itself cle>1 passes into ! o!r4 ,9 fact1 ! v vocation1 call+1 or notion ( ,be+ & ,no?+1 is n ,be+ & ,no?+1 b ! t5d5cy ( ea* to pass into ! o!r4 ,_! tru?1 9 %ort1 is n 9 !mselves1 b 9 _! process1--& t process by :i* ! "o passes into ! o!r is ',to become4' ,try to get at m]e ,be+ & y are left ) ,n\ght3 ( m]e ,n\ght y c only say x is4 ,! two ab/ractions h no tru? except 9 ! passage into "o ano!r3 & ?is passage or transition is ',to become4' ,take reality ap>t f :at x leads on to1 & f :at x has come f1 ap>t f its end or purpose & f its cause1 take x z m]e be+3 !n ?is be+ 9 its suppos$ s+l5ess & self-subsi/5ce is really annihilat$3 /at magni nom9is umbra3 b x is ! "n ( no?+4 ,true be+ is always on ! way to or f be+3 to /op is fatal4 ,?is unity or insep>ability ( opposite elem5ts 9 a tru? or real notion is ! /umbl+-block to ! incipi5t ,hegelian4 ,! respectable citiz5s ( ,g]many 7 amaz$1 says ,he9e1 at ! %amelessness ( ,j4 ,g4 ,fi*te1 :5 he proclaim$ t ! ,ego produc$ ! _w1 z if t _h ca/ d\bts on _! reality2 & ! ladies 7 curi\s to "k :e!r ,madame ,fi*te 0 includ$ 9 ! g5]al d5ial ( sub/antial exi/5ce#g4 ,if easy-go+ critics treat$ ,fi*te 9 ?is way1 !y _h ev5 bett] s\rce = amusem5t 9 ,hegel4 ,t ,be+ & ,no?+ is ! same 0 a p]petual fund = jokes1 too tempt+ to be miss$4 ,n[1 9 ! baldness1 & occasionally p>adoxical /yle1 ( ,hegel's /atem5ts1 !re is "s excuse = su* exagg]ations4 ,be+ & ,no?+ are n m]ely ! same3 !y are also diff]5t3 !y at lea/ t5d to pass into ea* o!r4 ,9 ! te*nical language ( logicians1 ! "q is n :at be+ d5otes1 b :at x connotes4 ,! ^w 'is' _h1 x may be1 orig9ally a 'demon/rative' mean+1 a 'pronom9al' =ce1 :i* 9 c\rse ( "t pass$ f a local or s5su\s mean+ to express a ?\ght4 ,no d\bt 'is' & 'is n' are wide en\gh ap>t 9 our application ( !m z copula ( a proposition3 b if we subtract ! two t]ms & leave only ! copula /&+1 ! diff]5ce ( ! two becomes inexpressible & unanalysable4 ,9 bo? !re is ! same /atem5t ( imm$iacy or face-to-fac5ess3 t two ?+s are br\ght to confront ea* o!r1--unit$1 z x 71 )\t produc+ any real or specific sort ( union4 ,if ,?\ght be unify+1 ,be+ is ! m9imum ( unification3 if ,?\ght be relat+1 ,be+ is ! mo/ ab/ract ( relations4 ,s ab/ract1 inde$1 t its relativity is completely lo/ sight (3 s utt]ly "o1 t x vani%es 9 a po9t4 ,& j because x is 7z x seems7 out ( relations1 x mu/ be no?+4 ,no d\bt1 betwe5 ! two t]ms ,be+ & n-,be+ a diff]5ce is meant2 :5 !y are employ$1 a diff]5ce is ?r[n into !m2 & !n !y are n ! same3 b if we keep out ( sight :at is meant1 & /ick to ! ultimate po9t :i* is said1 we %all f9d t m]e be+ & m]e no?+ are alike inappreh5sible by !mselves1 & t to in/itute a diff]5ce we mu/ g out ( & beyond !m4 ,p]haps "s approa* to ! "r po9t ( compreh5sion may be made1 if we note t :5 two p qu>rel & c give no reason or fur!r developm5t to _! opposite ass]tions1 ! "o p]son's 'is' is exactly equal 7ap>t f subsequ5t explanations7 to ! o!r's 'is n4' ,! m]e ',is' & ',is n' h precisely ! same am\nt ( cont5t3 a m]e affirmation or ass]tion1 :i* is m]e no?+1--because connect+1 :]e !re is no?+ to connect4 ,! tru? ( 'is' !n turns out 'become'3 no?+ is3 all ?+s are com+ to be & pass+ out ( be+4 ,?is illu/rates ! mean+ ( ! ^w 'tru?' 9 ,hegel4 ,x is p>tly synonym\s ) 'concrete1' p>tly ) ! 'notion4' ,) concrete3 because to get at ! tru?1 we mu/ take into acc\nt a new elem5t1 kept out ( sight 9 ! m]e affirmation ( be+4 ,) notion3 because if we wi% to compreh5d be+1 we mu/ grasp x z 'becom+4' ,= tru? lies 9 transc5d+ ! fir/ or m]ely giv54 ,we h to g =w>d1 & to g backw>d1 z x 73 =w>d f be+1 backw>d to be+3 we look be=e & aft]4 ,! attempt to isolate ! m]e po9t ( be+ is impossible 9 ?\ght3 x w\ld only lead to ! 'repres5tation' ( be+1--i4 e4 ! notion ( be+ w\ld be arre/$ 9 its developm5t1 & id5tifi$ probably ) a s5sible ?+1 i4 e4 ) some?+1 & "s concrete ?+ said to be4 ,if be+1 h[ev]1 is truly appreh5d$ z a passage f ! unkn[n to ! kn[n1 or z em]g5ce f b>e vacuity1 !n x implies a def9it5ess1 :i* we miss$ be=e4 ,some:at has become3 or ! indet]m9ate be+ has be5 inve/$ ) def9it5ess & di/9ct "*4 ,m]e be+ 7m]e ,is7 is no?+3 to be some?+ is mu/ be n some?+ else4 ,! second /ep 9 ! process to self-realisation !re=e is rea*$3 ,be+ has become ,some:at2 :i* is m1 because x pr(esses less4 ,! fluid unity or movem5t f 'is' to 'is n1' & vice v]sa1 has cry/allis$3 & ',!re is' is ! /ill imp]fectly unifi$ result precipitat$4 ,by ?is t]m we imply ! f9itude ( be+1--imply t a portion has be5 cut (f f ! vague1 & contra/$ ) some?+ else4 ,9 ! ord9>y application ( ! ^w1 ,be+ is especially employ$ to d5ote ?is /age ( def9ite be+#h4 ,?us we speak ( br++ some?+ into be+3 by :i* we mean1 n m]e be+1 b a def9ite be+1 or1 9 %ort1 reality4 ,reality is det]m9at5ess1 z opposite to m]e vagu5ess4 ,to be real1 x is necess>y to be some:at1--to limit & def9e4 ,:atev] is any?+ or is real1 is eo facto f9ite4 ,ev5 an inf9ite !re=e to be real mu/ submit to self-limitation4 ,?is is ! necessity ( f9itude3 9 ord] to be any?+ m & high]1 !re mu/ come1 fir/ ( all1 a det]m9ate be+ & reality4 ,b reality1 z we h se51 implies negation3 x implies limit+1 di/9ction1 & dep5d5ce4 ,ev]y?+ f9ite1 e 'some:at1' has some:at else to c\nt]act1 n>r[1 & ?w>t x4 ,to be some:at 7esse aliquid7 is an object ( ambition1 z ,juv5al implies3 b x is only an unsatisfactory goal aft] all4 ,= some:at always implies some?+ else1 by :i* x is limit$3 :]eas m]e be+1 j because x is no?+1 is free f ! *eck ( an o!r4 ,?is1 !n1 is ! price to be paid = ris+ into reality1 & com+ to be some:at3 !re is always some:at else to be m9d$4 ,! v po9t :i* makes a 'some:at1' z above a m]e 'no?+1' is its det]m9at5ess3 & det]m9at5ess1 z at fir/ det]m9at5ess f outside1 a giv5 & passive det]m9at5ess1 is also a negation & limit4 ,n[ ! limit ( a ?+ is t po9t :]e x beg9s to be some:at else3 :]e x passes out ( itself & yields to ano!r4 ,accord+ly 9 ! v act ( be+ det]m9$1 some:at is pass+ ov] into ano!r3 x is alt]+1 & becom+ some:at else4 ,?us a "s-?+' implies = its be+ ! be+ ( some:at else3 its be+ is z x 7 only to be beside some?+ else1--x is f9ite1 & alt]able1 a ?is ) a t always 9 ! neighb\rhood4 ,su* is ! "* ( det]m9ate be+4 ,x leads to an endless s]ies f "s to an o!r1 & s on ad inf9itum3 ev]y?+ z a some:at1 z a det]m9ate be+1 9 reality1 presupposes a some?+ else1 & t aga9 has "s ?ird ?+2 & s ! *a9 is ext5d$ ) its ev]la/+ ,&1 ,&1 ,&1 7z 9 ! *ildr5's way ( tell+ a /ory74 ,some:at-ness is always vex$ by ! fact t x is n some:at else3 & = t v reason1 ceas+ to be ! prim>y object1 x becomes some:at else itself2 & ! o!r t]m becomes ! some:at4 ,& s ! same /ory is repeat$ 9 endless progression1 till "o gets we>i$ ) ! repetition ( f9itude :i* is held out z inf9ite4 ,?us 9 det]m9ate be+ z 9 m]e be+ we see ! app>5t fixity resolv$ into a d\ble movem5t--! alt]ation f "s to some:at else1 & vice v]sa4 ,b a movem5t l ?is implies aft] all t !re is a some?+ :i* alt]s3 :i* is alt]able1 b :i* alt]s into some:at4 ,?is some:at :i* alt]s into some:at1 & ?us reta9s itself1 is a be+ :i* has ris5 above alt]ation1 :i* is indep5d5t ( x because includ+ x3 :i* is = itself1 & n = some:at else4 ,?us 9 ord] to advance a /ep fur!r f det]m9ate & alt]able be+1 we h only to keep a firm grasp on bo? sides ( ! process1 & n suff] ! "o to slip away f ! o!r4 ,we mu/ n m]ely say1 b en]gise ! unity ( ! two 'anti!tical yet insep>able' elem5ts we are naturally dispos$ to take & leave only z ,"o & an ,o!r4 ,some?+ becomes some?+ else3 9 %ort1 ! "o side passes on to ! o!r side ( ! anti!sis1 & ! limitation is absorb$4 ,! new result is some?+ 9 some?+ else3 ! limit is tak5 up )93 & ?is be+ :i* results is its own limit1 i4 e4 no re/rictive limit at all1 b self-impos$ *>act]i/ic & def9it5ess4 ,x is ,be+-=-self3--! ?ird /ep 9 ! process ( ?\ght "u ! g5]al category ( ,be+4 ,! range ( ,be+ :i* began 9 a vague nebula1 & pass$ into a s]ies ( po9ts1 is n[ r$uc$ to a s+le po9t1 self-complete & :ole4 ,?is ,be+-=-self is a k9d ( true inf9ite1 :i* results by absorption ( ! f9ite4 ,! false inf9ite1 :i* has already come be=e u1 is ! endless range ( f9itude1 pass+ f "o f9ite to ano!r1 f some:at to some:at else1 until satiety sets 9 ) we>9ess4 ,! true inf9ite is satisfaction1--! inclusion ( ! o!r be+ into self1 s t x is no long] a limit1 b a con/itu5t "p 9 ! be+4 ,su* inclusion 9 ! unity ( an idea1 ( elem5ts :i* are reali/ically sep>ate1 is t]m$ 'ideality4' ,! anti!sis is r$uc$ to become an organic & dep5d5t "p4 ,x /ill exi/s1 b z no long] outside & indep5d5t4 ,?us 9 det]m9ate be+ ! det]m9at5ess is f\nd 9 some:at else3 9 be+-=-self ! det]m9at5ess is self-realisation4 ,be+-=-self may be %ortly express$ by '"o' or 'ea*'3 z det]m9ate be+ a1 or an1 or by '"s'3 & ,be+ simple has no nom9al equival5t4 ,z '"s' is always fractional or p>tial1 'ea*' is always a :ole or unit4 ,m]e ,be+ has n ! consi/5cy ( any n\n or pron\n3 x is ! b>e 7imp]sonal7 v]b4 ,b 'ea* = self' expresses ! s5tim5t ( an arm$ neutrality ) implicit lean+s to univ]sal w>1--! bellum omnium contra omnes4 ,ea* is self-c5tr$1 indep5d5t1 re/+ ^u self1 & n m9d+ any?+ else1--:i* is n[ ?r[n out z indiff]5t into ! backgr\nd4 ,ea* is c5tripetal2 any?+ else is = x a matt] ( no mom5t4 ,if det]m9ate be+ 0 some?+ to be expla9$ by some?+ o!r1 ?is is or pr(ess$ to be self-explanatory1 & re/s ^u itself4 ,x seems purely affirmative1 & promises to give a def9ite unity4 ,b we _c free ?\ght f negation 9 ?is sph]e1 any m ?an 9 ! e>li]4 ,we may1 if we l1 ass]t ! absolute self-suffic+ness1 prim>9ess1 & unalt]ability ( ea*2 b a v little reflection %[s ! opposite to be true4 ,! v notion ( ea* is exclusiv5ess t[>ds ! re/3 a negative &1 z x 71 polemical attitude t[>ds o!rs is ! v basis ( ,be+-=-self4 ,"o aft] "o1 !y ea* rise to confront ea*1 ea* exclud+ ea*1 until _! self-importance is r$uc$ to be a m]e po9t 9 a s]ies ( po9ts1 "o among/ _m4 ,:5 t is cle>ly se51 _! qualitative "* has disappe>$3 & !re is left only _! quantity4#i ,! negative attitude ( ea* to ea* =ms a sort ( bond connect+ !m4 ,if to ! ref]5ce :i* connects we give ! "n ( attraction1 !n we may say t ! repulsion ( ea* aga9/ ea* is exactly equal to _! mutual attraction4 ,& ?us1 9 ! language ( ,hobbes1 ! univ]sal qu>rel is only ! o!r side ( ! g5]al union 9 ! great ,levia?an3 repulsion1 9 ! %ape ( mutual fe>1 is ! pr9ciple ( attraction4 ,?us ea* = self is repeat$ endlessly3 in/ead ( ! atom or unit we h a multitude1 utt]ly indiff]5t to :at ea* is = itself4 ,! m]e fact t x is1 entitles x to c\nt1 & s con/itutes quantity4 ,"h we may %ortly recapitulate ! categories ( ,quality or ,be+ ,prop]4 ,x =ms ?ree /eps or grades3 ^? ( indet]m9ate be+3 det]m9ate be+3 self-det]m9$ be+3 or if we speak ( !m z processes1 we h becom+3 alt]ation3 attraction & repulsion#aj4 ,f ! extreme ( ab/raction & conc5tration ?\ght1 "u ! =m ( ,be+1 passes on to great] det]m9at5ess & developm5t4 ,! fixity ( m]e ,be+ is se5 to imply a di/9ction ( elem5ts1 & a dep5d5ce ( "o ^u ! o!r3 :]e ! 'is' & 'is n' "p f ea* o!r suffici5tly to let u di/+ui% !m4 ,?is is ! /age ( f9itude3 :5 we say t !re is some:at1 b !re are o!rs1 & imply t any "o has an end1 a limit1 a negation 9 its nature4 ,^! words describe ! f9ite sc5e1--a fragm5t>y be+ :i* makes an advance ^u indet]m9at5ess1 b loses its :ol5ess & is always & necess>ily lead+ on to some?+ else4 ,x is ! revulsion f ! vague & yet unspecifi$ univ]sal to def9ite & limit$ p>ticul>s4 ,9 ! ?ird /age ! limit is uplift$ & includ$ 9 ! p>ticul>1 :i* n[ conta9s its negation 9 itself1--is 7by accept+ its dep5d5ce7 indep5d5t1 is its own gr\nd1 & may be call$ an individual4 ,b an individual1 aga91 implies an aggregate ( ones1 or a multitude4 ,?is be+-=-self is an individual or atom3 x is ! basis ( ^? high] developm5ts kn[n z subjectivity & p]sonality4 ,^! are1 z x 71 high] multiples ( x4 ,?is fir/ sph]e ( ?\ght1 app>5tly s ab/ruse & unreal 9 its ab/ractions1 _h to be ?us n>r[ly discuss$ because x pres5ts all ! difficulties & peculi>ities ( ,hegel 9 _! elem5t>y =m4 ,!y are cle>ly ! fundam5tal problems ( anci5t ,greek philosophy--( t fir/ or fundam5tal philosophy :i* discusses ,be+ & its intr9sic attributes or accid5ts4 ,mod]n sup]ficiality has sometimes reproa*$ ^! old ?9k]s 7:o1 =soo?1 'knew no language b _! own'7 = _! tiresome insi/5ce on ?is problem ( ,is & ,is n4 ,comp>$1 inde$1 ) :at are call$ topics ( int]e/1 e4 g4 ! ,s\l & ! ,h]eaft]1 or ! orig9s ( ! ,cosmic process1 tiresome su* inquiry is4 ,b x is ! bitt] lesson ( exp]i5ce t till su* fundam5tals are at lea/ critically survey$1 ! int]e/+ topics w /ill 7& 9 m ?an "o s5se7 belong to ! ,unkn[able4 ,h]b>t n less ?an ,hegel sees x is ! prime bus9ess ( philosophical criticism 7i4 e4 ( philosophy7 to exam9e ?or\ghly ^? prim>y notions on :i* ! :ole /ructure ( ?\ght re/s4 ,x is on ! compreh5sion ( ! radical limitations lat5t 9 ! seem+ly simple/ t]ms ( ?\ght1 t ! pr(\nde/ problems ( human int]e/ ultimately turn4 ,?us1 9 ! fir/ place1 ! process ( ,be+1 z se5 9 ! light ( ! :ole sy/em ( ,logic1 %[s t reality is truly kn[n only z a tr9ity1--or p]haps r z a duality 9 unity4 ,?is is ! ',notion' or ',grasp' ( ,be+4 ,fir/1 reality seems an unspecialis$ & self-c5tr$ be+1--& t by itself is m]e no?+3 a m]e univ]sal4 ,second1 x appe>s a specialis$ & diff]5tiat$ be+ ( "s & o!r3 a m]e p>ticul>1 limit$ by o!r p>ticul>s1 & s f9ite4 ,?ird1 z a comb9ation ( ! two e>li] /ages3 z :ol5ess ) det]m9at5ess1 z unity2 & s an individual :i* is ! true or complete & au!ntic "* ( all be+4 ,9 ! metaphysics ( ,be+ ^! ?ree elem5ts foll[1 "o aft] ano!r3 b 9 ! logic ( ! notion !y int]p5etrate1 & ea* ( !m is ! o!rs & ! total4 ,! tru? or ! notion ( be+ takes x 9 ,be+-=-self z a univ]salis$ p>ticul> or z an individual4--,9 ! second place3 ! sph]e ( m]e ,be+ is t ( m]e id5tity3 t ( det]m9ate be+ is ! sph]e ( o!rness1 diff]5ce3 t ( self-det]m9$ be+ is ! sph]e ( well-gr\nd$ exi/5ce4--,?irdly3 ! fir/ sph]e may be illu/rat$ by ! fre$om ( indet]m9at5ess1 express$ by ! ^w 'may'3 ! second by necessity or det]m9at5ess1 express$ by ! ^w 'mu/'3 & ! ?ird1 by ! fre$om :i* ev5 9 its det]m9at5ess is self-det]m9+1 express$ by ! ^w 'w4'--,f\r?ly3 ^! /eps illu/rate ! mean+ ( ! ,hegelian te*nical t]ms setz53 aufheb53 an si*3 fr si*3 ,idealitt3 ,realitt4 ,?us ,det]m9ate ,be+ or some:at is an si* or implicitly 7by implication7 some:at else3 & ! process ( det]m9ate be+ is to lay x d[n or express 7setz57 x z su*4 ,:5 ?is explicitly-/at$ 'o!r' or limit is includ$ 9 ! ,be+1 & r$uc$ into a unity ) some:at 9 ea* ,be+-=-self1 x is said to be 'aufgehob5'--uplift$1 z x 71 s t x is no long] a sep>ate exi/5t1 b is /ill an effici5t elem5t4 ,z be+ p>tly ?is1 & p>tly t1 n[ "o1 & n[ an o!r1 :i* limits & is limit$1 det]m9ate be+ is ,realitt4 ,! *>act]i/ic ( reality is ext]nality ( its p>ts1 :i* are ?us left side by side quasi-indep5d5t3 t ( ideality is unity & solid>ity ( function4 ,:5 ! mutual dep5d5ce ( elem5ts is tight5$ till x becomes equival5t to unity & totality1 ^! elem5ts are se5 9 _! ,ideality 7,idealitt74 ,su* a total has ! o!rs 9 x z elem5ts 7,mom5te72 !y are !re ideally 7idell] ,weise17 z x 7 79 ! loose analogical use ( t t]m7 organically3 t is1 !y are d5i$ ! privilege1 :i* _! total has1 ( be+-=-!mselves4 ,!y d n enjoy ! b5efit ( _! own be+1 ?\gh _! pres5ce is felt4--,fif?ly3 ,be+-=-self is absolute negativity2 i4e4 ! negation ( negation4 ,det]m9ate be+ 0 a negation ( ,be+ m]e & simple3 ,be+-=-self is ! negation ( ?is1 & s a return to true affirmation1 z includ+ ! elem5t ( negation4 ,be+ seem$ to describe a complete reality4 ,b its lat5t limitation has become explicit4 ,x only reta9s itself by a self-ass]tion :i* leaves x a m]e ab/ract unit1 or atom1--a unit ) no?+ 9 x to be unit$1-& :]e x matt]s n :e!r x be some:at or o!r4 ,! quality ( ,be+1 9 :i* all qualitative attributes are lo/ & sunk1 is ,quantity3 ! *>act]i/ic ( :i* is to be a matt] ( no importance to ,be+1 z x orig9ally pres5ts itself4 ,9 o!r words1 :il/ ,quality is id5tical ) ,be+1--:ile ,be+ means qualitativ5ess1 & ! ,be+ ( a ?+ means its quality1 or con/itution2 ,quantity is ext]nal to ,be+1 & a ?+ is1 :ile its quantity und]goes all sorts ( v>iation4 ,at lea/ ?is is true )9 c]ta9 limits3 = quantity is n an ultimate category any m ?an quality4 ,b = ! pres5t ! tru? ( quality is quantity2 or1 9 o!r words1 if a ?+ is to be any?+ def9ite x mu/ ultimately re/ on a solid atom3 mu/ be a unit & am5able to measurem5t4 ,fir/ come qualities1 su* z sweet1 gre51 & ! l3 ^! seem to be tru? & reality to ! s5ses & ! natural m9d3 & 9 _! univ]sality are repres5t$ by ! ab/ract t]ms ( qualitative be+4 ,! fir/ /ep 9 ! progress ( k consi/s 9 see+ t quality presupposes quantity4 ,numb]1 9 %ort1 is ! proximate tru? to :i* ! vague qualitative di/9ction ( a1 "s1 & ea* is to be r$uc$4 ,! qualitative diff]5ces ( s\nds are r$uc$ to relations or ratios ( numb]3 & s are ! o!r data ( s5sation4 ,we see ?is tru? recognis$ 9 ! ,atomic ,s*ool1 :i* may be tak5 to repres5t ! summ+-up ( t p]iod ( ?\ght :i* beg9s ) ! ',be+' ( ,p>m5ides1 & ! ',becom+' ( ,h]aclitus4 ,:5 ,democritus says t1 al?\gh bitt] & sweet are conv5tional di/9ctions1 yet 9 reality !re is only atoms & void#aa1 he is introduc+ a di/9ction betwe5 real & app>5t4 ,b aga9 ! irregul> & sporadic appe>ances ( species ( quality are replac$ by a gradual & regul> s]ies ( quantities4 ,) m]e ,be+ y h a conception q unfit = describ+ ! manifold reality4 ,b by break+ up ! :ole ,be+ into a c\ntless numb] ( atoms ( be+1 y get ! means ( e/abli%+ an equation betwe5 a giv5 s5sible & "s multiple ( ! atomic unit4 ,?us ,atomism1 ) its _m bits ( be+ & its int]flu5t non-be+ 9 :i* !y c unite1 replaces ! total & complete univ]se ( be+ & its att5dant %ad[ ( unreality1 ! _w ( op9ion4 ,/ill ! ,is n cl+s to ! ,is3 if ea* atom seems complete1 !y are subject to a necessity :i* =ces !m by negation1 i4 e4 by ! void 7z ,atomism figuratively calls ! repulsion ( ! atoms7 to meet ea* o!r & =m app>5t unities4 ,be=e a /ep c\ld be made to high] problems1 x 0 necess>y to see t ! proximate tru? ( ! qualitative _w1--or _w ( s5se prop] 7 7 is 9 its simple/ t]ms a quantitative _w1 or _w ( common s5sibles 7 71 univ]salis$ s5sibles1 numb] & quantity4 ,! sph]e ( quantity ne$ only be briefly sket*$4 ,x has its ?ree heads3 7#a7 quantity 9 g5]al1--! univ]sal & vague notion ( quantitativ5ess1 ! m]e conception ( reality z ! ,great & ! ,little1 or ! ,m & ,less#ab3 7#b7 ,quantum1 or def9$ quantity1 express$ 9 ! %ape ( a numb]3 & 7#c7 ! quantitative ratio or degree1 :i* is ! individualisation or self-det]m9ation ( numb]s1 or _! application to "o ano!r1--:i* gives ! real mean+ & value ( numb]s4 ,! fundam5tal anti!sis1 :i* we f\nd 9 quality1 comes be=e u "h m def9itely z ! opposition ( _m ones 9 "o numb]4 ,9 e quantity !re are ! two elem5ts3 ! '"o1' unity or solid>ity1 :i* r5d]s a total numb] possible1 & ! '_m' or multiplicity1 :i* gives x real body & "*4 ,by ?is quantitative law1 reality mu/ always be bo? ,cont9u\s & ,discrete4 ,?us :5 ,i reg>d a l9e z consi/+ ( a numb] ( po9ts ,i treat x z a discrete quantity3 z _m 9 "o4 ,:51 on ! o!r h&1 ,i reg>d ! l9e z ! unity ( ^! po9ts1 x becomes a cont9u\s quantity4 ,^! di/9ctions are n s trivial z !y may appe>3 !y lie at ! bases ( p>adoxes l ^? by :i* ,z5o disprov$ ! ord9>y repres5tations ( motion1 & :5 a ,m4,p4 in=ms ! ,h\se ( ,commons t x is impossible to divide #gcl4 #as4 #f;d4 by #al4 #bs4 #f;d41 he is1 l ,z5o1 & p]haps m unconsci\sly1 =gett+ t ^! quantities are n m]ely cont9u\s b discrete4 ,! ,py?agoreans1 accord+ to ! tradition ( antiquity1 philosophis$ numb]4 ,9 x !y f\nd ! reality1 or ! pr9ciple ( ?+s1--! *>act]i/ic feature :i* dom9at$ exi/5ce1 & by :i* ! _w 9 all its multiplicity c\ld be made coh]5t & intelligible4 ,!y saw x compos$ ( two elem5ts3 a limit or limit+1 & an unlimit$3 ! latt] z x 7 a d>k gr\nd1 measureless & endless1 on :i* def9it5ess 0 gradually m>k$ out4 ,su* a limit+ pr9ciple w\ld be e4 g4 ! unit ( numb]4 ,b ! full def9it5ess ( numb] only comes out :5 a num]ical scale is fix$ on1 9 :i* ea* numb] be>s a def9ite ratio to :at goes be=e & :at comes aft]4 ,ea* numb] 9 su* a scale is really a multiple ( its unit3 a product ( its unity into its multeity1 ( ! monad into ! indef9ite duad4 ,x is ?is view ( ea* numb]1 z ! product ( its prime unit ) ! ratio1 :i* comes explicitly to ! =e 9 ,degree1 or quantitative ratio4 ,ea* s-call$ quantitative /atem5t is ?us a ratio betwe5 a giv5 quantity 9 ! object & an assum$ /&>d or unit ( numb]4 ,^! implications lat5t 9 quantitative ord] or det]m9ation come out 9 m5suration4 ,if quantitative or num]ical precision is to h a real basis1 x presupposes ! exi/5ce ( a qualitative atom or unit :i* %all be ! ,measure4 ,measure is !re=e ! tru? & ! unity ( quantity & quality3 ea* ref]s =w>d & backw>d to ! o!r1 & bo? lead up to or imply a modulus1 or /&>d unit4 ,su* a /&>d unit may seem1 at fir/ sight1 to be a matt] ( arbitr>y *oice & imposition4 ,!re seems to be no ultimate reason = tak+ ! foot or ! cubit z unit ( measurem5t3 & if ! orig9al foot or cubit be ! k+'s limb1 x is easy to say t ! :ole ?+ is conv5tional & artificial4 ,b x is evid5t on fur!r reflection1 fir/ t ! foot or ! pace is ! natural & primitive measur] ( l5g?s ( space = ! human be+1 & secondly t ! p>ticul> foot :i* is impos$ z ! measure is tak5 z be+ normal & typical4 ,s too x is p>tly arbitr>y *oice :i* fixes ^u ! />t+-po9t = ! scale ( temp]atures3 b "h also ! range f freez+-po9t to boil+-po9t ( ! commone/ ( liquids af=ds a suffici5t /&>d f :i* naturally to c>ry on ! scale above or bel[ x4 ,:at happ5s is !re=e t :at is ! rule1 ! /&>d1--we may also say1 ! te/ ( be+1 is ! natural mean or av]age4 ,! measure pres5ts itself z ! p]man5t & regul> proportion ( quantity & quality4 ,x is ! am\nt or quantity at :i* ?+s settle d[n 9 equilibrium & produce ! quality or *>act]i/ic feature ( ! object4 ,to say t ,measure is ! supreme category or ! tru? ( be+--( t sup]ficial be+ :i* m]ely is--( ! m]e fact ( p]ception--is to say t ! prime or gov]n+ feature ( reality1 its obvi\sly dom9ant *>act]i/ic 9 ?is sph]e1 is a self-impos+ h>mony & proportion4 ,x naturally arranges itself--def9es & describes itself 9 rhy?mic s]ies1 9 regul> scales1 9 symmetrical s*emes4 ,all ?+s are 9 geometrical proportion1 self-def9$ & uni=mly grad$4 ,su* a conception & category ( reality may be said to be peculi>ly ,greek4 ,! doctr9e ( ! ,mean is well kn[n z a pr9ciple ( _! popul> ,e?ics4 ,b ! ,mean is an av]age :i* is reg>d$ z a ,normal1--a regul> & p]man5t mode ( be+ :i* is equival5t to a /&>d4 ,! rule is giv5 by ! logic ( facts & ( nature4 ,!re is 9 x an app>5t optimism--a belief t :at is pr$om9ant & fundam5tal is "r3 a doctr9e ( imman5t symmetry & ord]4 ,! m]e habitual cu/om is z su* held to be ! "r & good4 ,x is true1 no d\bt1 t ,protagoras came to po9t out t ?is ,measure 0 n inh]5t 9 ?+s1 b came f ,man1 ! measure ( all ?+s3 & t ! lat] philosophy _h to %[ h[ ! conception ( reality %\ld be re-con/ru$1 if ! objectivity ( ,measure & symmetry 9 ! univ]se 7 /ill to be ma9ta9$4 ,/ill ev5 ) ?is correction ! belief rema9$ d[n to ! ,/oic ,s*ool t be+ is ess5tially self-ord]+3 t ,nature is imman5t proportion4 ,! ,measure ?us em]g+ z ! ,mean1 :i* /&s out z ! p]man5t backgr\nd or recurr5t same amid/ v>y+ extremes1 is set aga9/ ^! div]g5cies & us$ to measure !m4 ,x has to s]ve z a d5om9ator = all ( ^!3 or ea* ( ^! diff]5ces has a def9ite ratio to x4 ,= t purpose x mu/ be s grad$ or pres5t su* a scale t ! smalle/ diff]5ce f x t exi/s may be measur$1 e/imat$ & def9$ 9 t]ms ( x4 ,x is "h out ( place to consid] h[ ?is c be accompli%$1--h[ m5suration 9 any case is solv$ z a problem ( sci5tific det]m9ation4 ,:at is m important is to note ! fact t appe>ances ev]y:]e />t up to te/ify to ! incompatibility ( ! two elem5ts 9 measure1--to _! t5d5cy to fly away f ea* o!r4 ,x is only )9 c]ta9 ranges t quantity & quality *ange proportionately to ea* o!r4 ,! col\r spectrum1 ! scale ( musical notes1 ! s]ies ( *emical comb9ation1 ! ord] ( ! planets1 all are f\nd 9 exp]i5ce up to "s po9t to foll[ a symmetrical ord]1 & exhibit a measure4 ,b aft] t po9t is rea*$1 a sudd5 *ange or transition occurs4 ,!re is a break 9 ! cont9uity ( be+3 )\t w>n+1 a new s]ies ( physical manife/ation1 hav+ a new rule or measure1 em]ges by a sort ( cata/rophe4 ,s also1 x is only to a c]ta9 portion ( ! process ( physical ord] 9 ! human body t psy*ical *anges are f\nd to correspond4 ,ev]y:]e ! correspond5ce or h>mony or proportion ( imm$iate fact has its breaks1--its sudd5 em]g5cies into a new range ( be+4 ,x is on ! repeat$ evid5ce ( ?is fact--! discont9uity ( imm$iate be+1 ! inexplicable gulfs :i* sep>ate its ord]$ prov9ces f "o ano!r1 t we rise to ! di/9ction ( two ord]s or grades ( be+3 a d\ble aspect ( reality4 ,! primitive consci\sness is1 we may suppose1 conf9$ to "o level ( be+1 "o _w4 ,& s long z ! facts rema9 )9 limits !re is no ne$ to g fur!r4 ,! measure is ! rule4 ,b ! uni=mity breaks d[n abruptly#ac3 ! rule has its inevitable exceptions3 x is no law or pr9ciple1 b only ! factual majority )9 a fix$ range4 ,?us ! measure1 to fulfil all t is expect$ ( x1 & be a full expression or def9ition ( reality1 mu/ g beyond a m]e measure3 mu/ become ! ess5ce1 or r give place to ! ess5ce4 ,9 ord] to expla9 ! irregul>ity & want ( measure :i* turns up if we exce$ ! n>r[ prov9ces ( be+1 we are =c$ on ! conception ( a be+1 "o p]man5t & ! same1 set 9 relation1 anti!tical b insep>able1 to an o!r be+1 manifold1 *ang+1 & diff]5t4 ,! undy+ rhy?m1 ! ceaseless symmetry retreat into ! fur!r region--! _w beyond3 :ile ! old] surface-be+1 z set aga9/ x1 comes to be a m]e ph5om5on or appe>ance1 a d]ivative & dep5d5t some?+1 :i* has its roots ( be+ 9 ! und]ly+ law & ess5tial reality4 ,b ! two planes are /ill 9 intimate connexion1 9 a correlation :i* becomes m & m palpable z its implications are disclos$ & realis$4 ,?is *ange f ,measure to ,ess5tial ,be+ is "o :i* ,greek philosophy seems to exhibit 9 ! /ep f ,py?agoreanism to ,platonism4 ,plato himself has not$ ! passage f :at h be5 call$ ! ma!matical to ! metaphysical categories1 & insi/$ on ! ess5tial & high] tru? to :i* ma!matics only po9t4 ,ma!matical t]ms give ! supreme def9it5ess to ! _w ( be+2 !y %[ x z 9 its sev]al comp>tm5ts a _w imman5tly ord]$ & measur$4 ,z 9 ,greek ,art1 all seems to be fully br\ght to ! surface3 z ! image sugge/s no fur!r & deep] mean+1 b af=ds an absolute id5tity ( aspect & purport2 s ! natural & semi-popul> philosophy ( ,greece 0 satisfi$ = its e?ics ) ! proportionate1 ! becom+1 ! beautiful4 ,plato h[ev] passes beyond ! surface1 & reflects ! app>5t fact on a deep] p]man5t reality beh9d4 ,t reality is /ill1 9 "n1 only ! '=m' or '%ape'-- only ! regul> & p]man5t type--only ! measure4 ,b x is call$ ! really real1 ! 1--! be+ ( be+4 ,9 x ! tru? is cle>1 transp>5t1 "o & sy/ematic1 :i* 9 ! s5sible or imm$iate _w is obscure1 confus$1 multiple4 ,x is ! key to expla9 ! difficulties & irregul>ities ( ! fir/ & visible sc5e4 ,yet ev5 ,plato nev] = a mom5t =gets ! ess5tial correspond5ce ( ! two realms1 h[ev] he may insi/ ^u _! sep>ation1 & h[ev] h>d he may f9d x to expla9 h[ be+ c be duplicat$1 h[ ! "o c be _m & yet n cease to be "o1 h[ appe>ance has "p 9 reality4 ,?is inde$ is n a difficulty conf9$ to ,plato4 ,x is1 aft] all1 ! same anti!sis z we f\nd 9 ! beg9n+3 ! ,is :i* lapses into ! ,is n4 ,x n[ becomes ! play ( positive & negative--( p]petual relativity3 ( a kn[n dep5d5t on an unkn[n1 & an unkn[n int]pret$ by a kn[n3 an ess5ce gu>ante$ by its %[ or seem+ & a ,s*e9 :i* supposes p]man5t ,se94 ,h[ c a ?+ be1 & yet n be true8 ,h[ c pleasures seem & n be real8 ,ari/otle1 tak+ up ! ,platonic anti!sis ( true & app>5t be+1 c>ries x on into great] detail4 ,matt] & =m3 possibility & actuality3 are among/ 8 c>d9al pairs ( correlatives4 ,b he is anxi\s to ma9ta9 _! ess5tial relativity3 to %[ t reality only is & ma9ta9s itself z ! unity ( ! two poles ( univ]sal & p>ticul>1 reason & s5se1 or z a syllogism & a developm5t4 ,s f> z he succe$s 9 do+ ?is1 ,ari/otle rises above ! correlational view ( reality into ! compreh5sion ( x z a unity1 :i* c>ries itself ?r\gh diff]5ce into self-realisation4 ,footnote #a3 ,:at he did %[ 0 t ^! ,ideas 7 n objects 9 ! vulg> s5se ( reality1 or ?+s4 ,footnote #b3 ,cf4 ! controv]sy betwe5 ,s*ill] & ,goe! z to idea & obs]vation1 quot$ by ,:ewell1 ,sci5tific ,ideas1 i4 #cf4 ,footnote #c3 ,! use ( ! sub/antival =m ,be+ = ! v]bal 7p>ticiple1 inf9itive1 or indicative7 sugge/s an idea ( p]man5ce & sub/ance1 or ess5ce4 ,s pot5tiality seems mu* m real ?an may or c4 ,& yet ! phrase ,he kn[s is only equival5t to ,he c or may "k 7 or 74 ,footnote #d3 ,:5 x is said t3 ',x is /range t s pr(\nd a ?9k] z ,hegel %\ld n h se5 t ! conception ( def9ite objects1 su* z a dog & cat1 is prior no less 9 nature ?an 9 k to ! conception ( ab/ract relations1 su* z is & is n1' x is difficult to say :at ! writ] meant4 ,_h he ev] he>d ( geometry8 ,bo? 9 nature & 9 k 7i4 e4 9 ! natural process f s5se to ?\ght7 *airs & tables are prior to l9es & surface4 ,! ma!matical po9t & l9e are ab/ractions1 i4 e4 ?\ghts1 & no image ( s5su\s reality4 ,x is also true t ! ord9>y conception ( ! sun's movem5ts 0 'prior no less 9 nature ?an 9 k' to ! !ory ( ! e>?'s rotation4 ,& no d\bt ,hegel1 s$ate ?\gh 8 boyhood 01 _h made ! acqua9tance ( dog & cat 9 8 pre-logical days3 z ( balls & w9d[s be=e he 0 turn$ ^u ,euclid4 ,see ,mansel's ,lett]s1 ,lectures1 c41 p4 #bji4 ,footnote #e3 ,z ,be+ to ord9>y un?9k+ness seems to mean a great deal x _c exp\nd1 s ! m9d full ( ! my/ic dep?s ( "t & space is disgu/$ to f9d !m turn s empty & %all[ :5 x w\ld set =? its weal?4 ,see ,augu/94 ,confess4 xi4 #ad4 ,footnote #f3 ,?is may be illu/rat$ by say+ t to affirm is ! same en]gy ( ?\ght z to d5y1 & t ! diff]5ce lies 9 ! t]ms relat$ by ! judgm5t4 ,9 !mselves1 ! "o act is z empty or mean+less z ! o!r4 ,footnote #g3 ,he9e1 ,ueb] ,deuts*l& 7,w]ke71 v4 #bac4 ,footnote #h3 7,ar4 ,cat4 #e74 ,footnote #i3 ,h5ce ! disp>ag+ s5se 9 :i* ! t]m 'individual' may be us$4 ,footnote #aj3 ,^! latt] t]ms be+ us$ 9 a metaphorical s5se4 ,footnote #aa3 4 ,democritus ap4 ,sext4 ,empir4 adv4 ,ma?4 vii4 #ace4 ,footnote #ab3 ,ari/otle's 3 see ,metaph4 i4 #f a 4 ,footnote #ac3 ,?us1 ! %>p break at dea? sugge/s ! ref]5ce ( vital ph5om5a to a sub/antial s\l4 ,,*apt] ,,xxxi4 ,,! ,,logic ,,( ,,explanation ,,& ,,reali/ic ,,metaphysics3 ,,ess5ce4 ,! coh]5ce & consi/5cy ( be+ 01 x appe>$ 9 ! la/ *apt]1 only to be ma9ta9$ by assum+ x to fall into two planes1 or ord]s1 always h[ev] relative to ea* o!r4 ,! ne$ ( a measure =c$ itself ^u ev5 ! sup]ficial /ud5t4 ,9 ! ord9>y bus9ess ( economical life "o commodity ( common use or ( g5]al acceptability /eps into ! place ( a common measure4 ,at fir/ x is no m ?an "o among/ _m1 a m suitable & conv5i5t means ( dis*>g+ ! task ( m5suration4 ,b gradually x draws away into a _w ( its own1 & acquires 9 common e/imation a unique & peculi> dignity4 ,x becomes a commodity ( a high] ord] ?an ! common1 & is ev5 treat$ z if x _h intr9sic & inh]5t wor?1 ap>t f all relations ( ex*ange4 ,9 a fur!r /age x rises to rank z an inv>iable & almo/ sup]s5sible /&>d1 :i* amid all ! fluctuations ( curr5cy t5ds to rema9 un*ang$4 ,"o loses sight ( ! movem5t out ( :i* x grew & 9 :i* x exi/s--! social give & take1 ! int]action ( individual ne$s & g5]al op9ion4 ,! *>act]i/ic feature ( ?is sph]e ( ?\ght is ! p]petual anti!sis ( t]ms4 ,& its trag$y is ! result ( ! t5d5cy to sep>ate ! t]ms1 & treat !m z indep5d5tly real4 ,x matt]s n h[ (t5 ?is error may be detect$4 ,ea* side ( ! anti!sis no d\bt reflects itself ^u ! o!r4 ,b we z con/antly fail to note t reflection4 ,ev5 ! philosoph] :o mo/ l\dly prea*es relativity falls into ! common trap1 & speaks ( relatives z ultimate & absolute4 ,he talks ( an ,unkn[able1 z if x c\ld be )\t a ,kn[n 7or ,kn[able73 :]eas no su* t]m fully manife/s itself4 ,ea* t]m owes its di/9ct exi/5ce to its correlative3 ea* gives itself ov] to ! o!r1 & inve/s x ) mean+ & au?ority4 ,accord+ly :5 ev5 ! ord9>y m9d1 :i* takes ^! categories z !y are giv51 is ask$ :at ea* means1 x c only reply by ref]r+ to ! o!r4 ,a cause is t :i* has an effect4 ,! dialectic 9 ! nature ( ?\ght1--its self-revis+ self-consci\s nature--:i* 0 conceal$ 9 ! ,fir/ ,"p ( ,logic1 :]e "o t]m1 :5 c>ri$ to its extreme1 pass$ ov] into ano!r1 is made obvi\s 9 ! ,second ,"p1 :]e ea* t]m po/ulates & ev5 po9ts to its correlative1 &1 h[ev] x may be contra-di/+ui%$1 _c be ?\ght )\t x4 ,?us1 =ce is a mean+less ab/raction )\t ! correlative expression or utt]ance ( =ce3 & matt] means no?+ except 9 its di/9ction f1 & yet reflection on1 =m4 ,^!1 x may be said1 are simple & tautological /atem5ts4 ,!y are pr9ciples1 h[ev]1 :i* e day sees disreg>d$4 ,h !y1 = example1 be5 rememb]$ by ^? !ori/s :o tell u t ev]y?+ is ultimately r$ucible to matt]1 or :o propose to improve ^u t !ory by expla9+ t matt] is aft] all only ano!r "n = =ce8 ,=gett+ h[ ?is r$uction is made1 !y are deal+ ) ab/ractions or m5tal figm5ts1 & los+ _! way 9 an endless maze ( metaphysics4 ,d ^? :o speak s confid5tly ( laws ( nature z some?+ real & effective ev] reflect t ! two t]ms are m or less relative to ea* o!r1 & t !re is "s lat5t metaphor 9 ! phrase8 ,or if !y pref] to speak ( laws ( ph5om5a1 on :i* ^w is ! acc5t to be laid8 ,^? :o ?us speak ( matt] & =ce1 really speak ( a matt] :i* is =m$ & =m-possess$1 capable ( det]m9+ its own =m1 & ( a =ce :i* c rule its own ex]tions3 & = su* conceptions ! words 9 "q are sc>cely adequate repres5tatives4 ,!y use ! language ( ! ,second1 to express notions :i* prop]ly belong to ! ,?ird bran* ( ,logic4 ,! :ole range ( ,ess5ce or ,relativity exhibits a sort ( see-saw3 :ile "o t]m goes up 9 importance1 ! o!r t]m goes d[n4 ,! sev]al anti!ses1 too1 h _! day ( fa%ion1 & give place to o!rs4 ,^? inquir]s :o speak ( ! ph5om5a ( nature %rug _! %\ld]s at ! v m5tion ( ess5ces3 & ! practical man1 ^: field is actuality1 acquires a v pron\nc$ contempt = bo? ab/ractions4 ,"o class ( inve/igators glories 9 ! p]petual discov]y ( diff]5ces1 & /igmatises ! seek]s aft] id5tity & simil>ity z dream]s3 :ile ! latt] retort1 & "n ! specialis]s empirici/s4 ,"o intellect consid]s an action almo/ solely by its gr\nds or motives3 ano!r almo/ solely by its consequ5ces4 ,"s console !mselves = _! degradation by piqu+ !mselves on :at !y might h be53 o!rs despise ^! 'w\ld-be' m9ds = :at !y practically are4 ,:at a weal? !re lies 9 ea* ( u1 :i* our ne>e/ fri5ds "k no?+ (1 & :i* has nev] be5 made outw>d6 ,b 9 ?is mode ( ?\ght1 x is ! p]si/5t delusion1 mislead+ sci5ce no less ?an metaphysics & ! reflective ?9k+ ( ord9>y life1 to suppose t ei!r ( two relative t]ms has an exi/5ce & value ( its own4 ,9 ,g]many pap]-money is sometimes kn[n z ',s*e9' or ,%[4 ,t t]m m>ks its relativity to ! gold or silv] curr5cy ( ! realm3 & x w\ld be z absurd to pay ) ,au/rian pap]-money 9 ,p]sia1 z to take "o t]m ( ,ess5ce ap>t f its correlative4 ,! disputes ab\t ess5ces1 ab\t matt]s & =ces1 ab\t sub/ance1 ab\t fre$om & necessity1 or cause & effect1 are g5]ally aggravat$ by a =c$ ab/raction ( "o t]m f ano!r on :i* its mean+ & exi/5ce dep5d4 ,! ess5ce may be r\ghly def9$ z t measure or /&>d :i* corresponds to ! v>iation ( imm$iate be+1 & yet rema9s id5tical 9 all v>iation4 ,or1 if we l1 we may say t ?is imm$iate be+1 :i*1 z d]ivative1 may n[ be call$ exi/5ce#a1 has its gr\nd 9 ! ess5ce4 ,! ess5ce is ! gr\nd ( exi/5ce3 & ess5ce :i* exi/s is a '?+1' ,su* an exi/+ ess5ce or ?+ subsi/s 9 its prop]ties2 & ^! prop]ties are only f\nd 9 ! ?+4 ,?us ! ess5ce1 :5 x comes into exi/5ce z a ?+1 turns out to be a m]e ph5om5on or appe>ance4--,su* briefly /at$ is ! developm5t ( ess5ce prop] into appe>ance4 ,) ! idea ( ess5tial be+--a p]man5t :i* yet *anges1 !re em]ge ! problems connect$ ) ! d\ble aspect ( relation z id5tity & diff]5ce1--! fav\rite categories ( reflection4 ,^! t]ms inde$ ! popul> logician w\ld fa9 avoid z sav\r+ ( p$antic accuracy1 & pref]s ! psy*ological titles ( simil>ity & contra/4 ,^!1 he t5ds to ins9uate1 are unique exp]i5ces1 direct feel+s1 beyond :i* x is impossible to g 9 analysis4 ,! logician1 on ! o!r h&1 mu/ insi/ on deal+ ) ! m radical phase ( ! t]ms4 ,& he mu/ note _! ess5tial int]dep5d5ce & _! intr9sic contradictor9ess4 ,ab/ract sam5ess1 or sam5ess :i* does n presuppose a t+e ( diff]5ce1 is a fiction ( weak ?\ght1 :i* wi%es to simplify ! subtlety ( nature4 ,id5tity is a relative t]m1 & = t v reason presupposes diff]5ce3 & = ! same reason diff]5ce presupposes id5tity & is mean+less )\t x4 ,! :ole dispute ab\t ',p]sonal ,id5tity1' z x desc5ds f "o ,engli% psy*ologi/ to ano!r1 is envelop$ 9 ! obscurity :i* spr+s f failure to grasp ! logical ant9omy on :i* ! "q turns4 ,:5 ,i feel t my fri5d :om ,i h n met = ye>s is /ill ! same1 %\ld ,i take ! tr\ble to express myself 9 ?is mann]1 unless ) ref]5ce to ! diff]5ce betwixt ,!n & ,n[8 ,if ,i rem>k t two m5 are diff]5t1 w\ld ! rem>k be wor? mak+ or he>+ unless !re 0 "s id5tity :i* made t diff]5ce all ! m /rik+8 ,! ess5ce is1 9 %ort1 ! unity ( sam5ess & diff]5ce3 & :5 s appreh5d$1 x is ! gr\nd by :i* we expla9 exi/5ce4 ,! ess5ce1 gr\nd1 or possibility1 is at once itself & n itself3 if x is self-id5tical1 x is = ! same reason self-di/+ui%+4 ,if x is to be itself1 x c only be s by negativ+ :at 9 x is o!r ?an itself4 ,! affirmation ( self implies ! negation ( ! o!r ( self1--! r$9tegration 7?\gh n ! blank absorption7 ( ! o!r 9 x4 ,?is is ! crux :i* lies 9 ,ex nihilo nihil fit3 :at exi/s mu/ n be o!r ?an ! ess5ce 7! effect n m ?an ! cause71 & yet unless x is o!r & diff]5t1 !re has be5 no passage f ess5ce to exi/5ce4 ,! t5d5cy to id5tify1 & ! t5d5cy to di/+ui%1 alt]nate bo? 9 sci5tific ?\ght & 9 g5]al culture4 ,b :i*ev] prevail = ! mom5t1 x is only z a re-action & a prote/ aga9/ ! "o-sid$ pr$om9ance ( ! o!r4 ,& ?us bo? ultimately re/ ^u & presuppose a gr\nd ( exi/5ce :i* is nei!r m]e sam5ess nor m]e diff]5ce4 ,x is only :5 ! two t5d5cies meet & int]p5etrate t sci5ce accompli%es its end1 & discov]s ! gr\nd ( exi/5ce4 ,9 ! fir/ in/ance ! _w pres5ts to incipi5t sci5ce ! aspect ( m]e id5tity & ( m]e diff]5ce4 ,lik5ess is conf\nd$ ) sam5ess1 & unlik5ess ) div]sity4 ,! popul> & ! infant m9ds d n draw f9e di/9ctions4 ,?+s to !m are ei!r ! same or diff]5t3 "o po9t ( sam5ess may 9 c]ta9 conditions oblit]ate :ole bread?s ( diff]5ce2 & t9y div]g5ce may make z no?+ all ! _m po9ts ( agreem5t1 purely & simply1 i4 e4 ab/ractly4 ,b ! process ( comp>ison1 sett+ ?+s beside ea* o!r1 tea*es u to ref9e a little1 & speak ( ?+s z ,l or ,unlike4 ,"o ?+ is l ano!r :5 ! elem5t ( id5tity prepond]ates3 x is unlike1 :5 ! diff]5ce is upp]mo/4 ,?us :ile we di/+ui% ?+s f "o ano!r1 we connect !m4 ,f m]e v>iety1 & m]e sam5ess1 we h ris51 secondly1 to di/9ctions ( l & unlike4 ,b1 ?irdly1 ?is di/9ction ( same & diff]5t is 9 ! ?+ itself4 ,ev]y?+ includes an anti!sis or contradiction 9 x3 x is at once positive & negative4 ,"o c only be virtu\s1 s long z "o is n utt]ly virtu\s4#b ,to be a philosoph]1 implies t y are n :olly or m]ely a philosoph]4 ,! rational animal is s1 because ( an inh]5t irrationality1 & is s1 only z ris+ ^u & sup]s$+ x4 ,e epi!t1 s to speak1 by :i* y describe any reality1 presupposes 9 x ! negative ( ! quality4 ,n only does e negation presuppose an attempt$ or surmis$ affirmation1 b an affirmation is always1 x may be said1 a re-affirmation aga9/ an incipi5t d\bt4 ,e /age ( reality involves ! pres5ce ( anti!tical b insep>able elem5ts3 e light implies a %ad[ to set x =?4 ,! epi!t ( ea* real is only a potiori4 ,:ile x reta9s itself1 x mu/ lose itself4 ,its positivity is only secur$ by its self-negation & its id5tity is bas$ ^u its self-di/9ction4 ,e proposition :i* conveys real k is a /atem5t t self-sam5ess is comb9$ ) diff]5ce4 ,e su* proposition is syn!tical3 x unites or id5tifies :at is suppos$ to be implicitly diff]5t1 or diff]5tiates :at seem$ only id5tical4 ,"h we h t co9cid5tia oppositorum1 :i* is ! tru? ( ess5ce4 ,?us1 e4 g4 ! ess5ce ( ! ,self is ! contradiction betwe5 its self-c5tr$ unity & its exi/5ce by self-diff]5tiation into elem5ts4 ,ess5ce1 ?us compreh5d$ z ! unity ( id5tity & diff]5ce1 z t :i* is & is n ! same1 is ! ,gr\nd1 f :i* an ,exi/5ce comes z ! ,consequ5t4 ,or1 o!rwise express$1 ! gr\nd is ! s\rce ( ! diff]5ces1--! po9t :]e !y conv]ge into unity1 & :5ce !y div]ge into exi/5ce4 ,ev]y?+ 9 exi/5ce has su* a gr\nd3 or1 z x is some:at tautologically /at$ 9 ! common =mula1 a suffici5t gr\nd4 ,on t acc\nt1 x is no great matt] to give reasons or gr\nds = a ?+1 & no am\nt ( !m c r5d] a ?+ ei!r "r or wrong1 unless 9 ref]5ce to "s giv5 & suppos$ly fix$ po9t4 ,= ! gr\nd only /ates ! same ?+ ov] aga9 9 a m$iate or reflect$ =m4 ,x c>ries back ! actual fact to its antec$5t3 & ?us deprives x ( its abruptness or inexplicability1 by %[+ y x 0 !re implicitly2 & !re=e z y accept$ ! gr\nd y _c compla9 ( :at b s]ves to cont9ue x4 ,to ref] to ! gr\nd is to say !re is really no?+ new3 & z y rais$ no objection be=e1 y ne$ raise none n[4 ,! ,exi/5t _w--a _w ( exi/5ts1 ea* condition+ & condition$--is popul>ly describ$ z a _w ( ,?+s4 ,^! ,?+s are ! solid h+es on :i* turns our ord9>y conception ( *ange & action4 ,!y act1 & exhibit prop]ties4 ,be+ is p>tly sub/antive1 p>tly adjective4 ,! ,?+ itself is ! gr\nd ( its prop]ties3 i4 e4 ea* ?+ is look$ ^u z a unity 9 :i* diff]5t relations conv]ge1 or an id5tity :i* subsi/s ?r\gh its *ang+ /ates4 ,?is is ! side emphasis$ 9 ord9>y life1 :5 a ?+ is reg>d$ z ! p]man5t & endur+ subject1 :i* has c]ta9 prop]ties4 ,b a little sci5ce or a little reflection soon turns ! tables ^u ! ?+1 & %[s t ! prop]ties are indep5d5t matt]s1 :i*1 tempor>ily x may be1 conv]ge or comb9e into a factiti\s unity :i* we t]m a ?+4 ,b ^! v matt]s _c be indep5d5t or :ole1 j because !y int]p5etrate ea* o!r 9 ! ?+4 ,! ?+1 :i* f "o po9t ( view seem$ p]man5t1 & ! prop]ties1 :i* f ano!r po9t ( view seem$ self-subsi/5t matt]s1 are nei!r ( !m m ?an appe>ance4 ,= !y mu/ be at "o1 & at "o !y _c be4 ,& if we r$uce ! v>i\s matt]s to "o1 & speak ( ,matt] 9 g5]al1 we h a m]e ab/raction--a some?+ :i* only becomes real by be+ /amp$ ) a special =m4 ,m]e ,matt] l m]e ,?+ 7?+ 9 itself7 is a kn[able ,unkn[able4 ,9 ?is way we pass f ! talk ab\t ess5ce1 ?+s1 & matt] into an o!r range ( ! sph]e ( relativity4 ,we no long] h "o ord] ( be+ beh9d or 9 ! dep?1 & ano!r ref]r+ back to x4 ,we n[ speak 7z ,mill does7 ( ,ph5om5a3--n ph5om5a ( an unkn[n1 b1 simply disreg>d+ ! backgr\nd1 we f9d all we want ^u ! surface4 ,= nei!r is ?+ m real ?an prop]ty1 nor ess5ce ?an exi/5ce4 ,ea* is exactly equal 9 reality to ! o!r1 & t reality is its relation to ! o!r4 ,! ?+ & ! ess5ce ) _! claim to tru? disappe>4 ,no?+ truly is3 b only appe>s to be4 ,! semblance 7,s*e97 may ref] to an ess5tial4 ,b ! appe>ance 7,ers*e9ung7 only ref]s to ano!r appe>ance1 & s on4 ,! ph5om5al _w is all on "o level3--z 0 ! _w ( imm$iate be+4 ,b1 !re1 ea* t]m ( be+ pres5t$ itself z indep5d5t3 "h1 no?+ is indep5d5t--no?+ ev] really is1 b only repres5ts some?+ else1 :i* is 9 its turn repres5tative4 ,yet ev5 "h !re is a pret5ce ( hi]>*y 9 exi/5ce4 ,9 ! ph5om5on a c]ta9 sup]iority is attribut$ to its ,law4 ,b ! conception ( ,law is h>d to keep 9 its prop] place4 ,ei!r x assumes a p]man5cy--ev5 7 x b a p]man5t possibility--z contra/$ ) ! com+ & pass+ ph5om5on3 & !n x is apt to be conf\nd$ ) a real ,ess5ce4 ,or1 on ! o!r h&1 x comes to be look$ on z a m]e way ( colligat+ ph5om5a1--z a m]e appe>ance 9 ! v>iety ( appe>ance 7z x 7 an iris 9 ! ra9-drops7--a ph5om5on ( a ph5om5on4 ,su* a di/9ction betwe5 ! ph5om5on & its law2 !re=e1 is & mu/ be illusory1 or itself only an appe>ance4 ,z su* x is describ$ z ! diff]5ce ( ,=m & ,cont5t3 two t]ms1 :i* are incessantly oppos$1 b :i* m ?an mo/ anti!ses reveal :5 press$ ! holl[ness ( _! opposition4 ,= true or develop$ ,=m is ,cont5t1 & vice v]sa4 ,in/ead h[ev] ( ?is practical id5tification ( ! law ( ! ph5om5on ) ! duly-=mulat$ ph5om5on itself1 x is m natural to emphasise ! discordance ( ! two aspects ( reality1 & yet to ackn[l$ge _! ess5tial relativity4 ,?is ess5tial relativity 9 ! ph5om5on has a ?reefold aspect3 ! relation ( :ole & p>ts2 ( =ce & ! ex]tion ( =ce2 ( inw>d & outw>d4 ,! relation ( :ole & p>ts t5ds to expla9 by /atical composition3 ! relation ( =ce & its ex]tion1 by dynamical con/ruction4 ,accord+ to ! =m] ! p>ts are con/itut$ by _! dep5d5ce ^u & 9 ! :ole1 & yet ! :ole is compos$ by ! addition ( ! sev]al p>ts toge!r4 ,ea* extreme is :at x is only ?r\gh ! o!r4 ,only ^? p>ts c make up a :ole1 :i* someh[ h ! :ole 9 !m3 & to become ! :ole1 !y mu/ contrive to :olly oblit]ate _! p>titional "*4 ,a bett] exhibition ( ! inn] unity & ! diff]5ce betwe5 =m & cont5ts is se5 9 ! relation ( a =ce to its ex]tion4 ,"h ! cont5ts appe> "u a d\ble =m3 fir/1 "u ! =m ( m]e id5tity1 z =ce1--secondly1 "u ! =m ( m]e di/9ction1 z ! manife/ation ( t =ce4 ,yet a =ce is only su* 9 its utt]ance or manife/ation1 :ile 9 t utt]ance1 if ab/ract$ f ! =ce x c>ries =?1 all en]gy has be5 sup]s$$4 ,?is sep>ation ( cont5t & =m1 or ( cont5t z develop$ 9 two =ms1 appe>s /ill m cle>ly 9 ! ?ird relation3 t ( outw>d & inw>d4 ,?is is a popul> di/9ction ( v wide application 9 ref]5ce to ph5om5a4 ,b nei!r outside nor inside is any?+ ap>t f its correlative4 ,if ! elem5ts impli$ 9 ! conception ( ph5om5a are to h full ju/ice done !m1 x mu/ be exp&$ s z to give expression to ^! two phases1 to include ! outw>d & ! inw>d4 ,b at fir/ only by rev]t+ to some?+ l ! old di/9ction ( ess5ce & exi/5ce1--an ess5ce h[ev] :i* is exi/5t or ph5om5al1 & an exi/5ce :i* /&s indep5d5t1 ?\gh 9 correlation4 ,su* be+ is ,actuality--be+1 i4 e4 :i* is :at x mu/ be1 & mu/ be :at x is4 ,actuality1 ?\gh x comes "u ! g5]al head ( ,ess5ce1 t5ds to pass away into ano!r sph]e4 ,"h1 z else:]e1 we see t ! g5]al rubric ( a sph]e is only p>tially applicable to "s ( its subord9ate sections4 ,9 ess5ce prop] !re 71 or 7 assum$ to be1 two grades ( be+--a real or ess5tial1 & an uness5tial or seem+3 or be+ 0 reg>d$ 7contradictorily7 bo? z ideal 7z "o ?+7 & real 7z hav+ sev]al prop]ties74 ,9 ,appe>ance or ,manife/ation ! aspects ( be+ are suppos$ to lie on a level2 b !y are always a pair ( aspects1 "o side ( :i* is entirely dep5d5t = its explanation on a reflection f ! o!r1 e4 g4 :ole & p>ts1 ! fav\rite category = expla9+ ! l>g] unities4 ,b 9 ! category ( actuality !re is no?+ s m]ely pot5tial1 s uness5tial z m]e ess5ce recognis$3 & ea* actual is some?+ firm & self-support+ :i* does n1 l a ph5om5on1 m]ely borr[ its reality f its anti!sis or correlative4 ,?us we h1 9 a way1 got back to ! *>act]i/ics ( imm$iate be+3 only1 z we f9d x1 we h ?is affirmation ( ! self-subsi/5ce ( reals contradictorily accompani$ ) ! conviction ( _! necess>y int]dep5d5ce4 ,x is a reflective 7or correlat$71 n an imm$iate reality4 ,!re is no o!r _w ( be+ to h rec\rse to = explanation n[3 nor c we play back & =w>d f aspect to aspect ( a reality :i* nev] comes =w>d itself1 b only z a reflection on or f ano!r4 ,! _w ( reality is a self-conta9$ _w3 its p>ts & phases are ea* h>d realities3 & = t reason !y be> h>d ^u ea* o!r 9 ! bond ( necessity4 ,! total actuality falls naturally 9 our conception into ?ree elem5ts4 ,we sep>ate fir/ ! c5tral fact--! nucleus ( ! bus9ess1 ! conc5trat$ reality 9 reality3 ! fact 9 its m]e id5tity & inn] ab/ractness3 ! ultimate drift or inn] possibility ( ?+s4 ,!n we turn to ! re/ ( ! concrete fact--all )\t :i* ! fact w\ld n be itself--! detail & p>ticul>ity3 ?is we treat z a sort ( mat]ials or passive conditions f :i* ! real fact is to be produc$1 on :i* x is dep5d5t & :i* prec$e x 9 "t4 ,la/ly1 9 ord] to get back ! unity ( ! fact f ^! two unconnect$ elem5ts1 we ref] to "s ag5cy :i* puts !m toge!r4 ,! ,end--or ?+ to be realis$--7s to speak7 has to be br\ght out by a motive ag5cy 7effici5t cause7 :i* imposes ! =m 7or g5]al "*7 on ! matt] & makes ^! "o4 ,by ?is analysis1 h[ev]1 we h only put asund] :at is "o exp]i5ce & introduc$ a me*anical 7ext]nal7 unifi] ne$lessly4 ,! "n ( conditions is giv5 to ! p>ticul>s or details1 consid]$ ap>t f ! re/ ( ! fact1 & hypo!tically inve/$ ) an exi/5ce ant]ior to x1 ) ! implication1 fir/1 t !y are self-subsi/5t1 & secondly1 t !y to "s ext5t involve ! re/ ( x4 ,aga91 ! g5]al fact1 ! fact 9 its m]e nom9al or ab/ract g5]ality or ess5ce1 its m]e possibility1 does n exi/ sep>ately3 e fact :5 9 ?\ght complet$ has its s-call$ conditions n outside x1 b z con/itu5t elem5ts1 aspects1 or factors 9 x4 ,la/ly1 ! s-call$ ag5cy is ! active elem5t itself 9 ! act1 an aspect or factor 9 ! totality3 ! aspect :i* keeps actuality toge!r z a self-en]gis+ fact--a ,?a?&lung & n a m]e ,?atsa*e 7to quote ,fi*te's phrase74 ,our practical & te*nical habits1 :]e ! ag5t is o!r ?an 8 mat]ials & aims1 lead u to draw ! same di/9ctions 9 ! realm ( total ,nature3 !y are aspects useful 9 ord9e ad hom9em :i* we1 )\t due modification1 apply 9 ord9e ad ,univ]sum4 ,x is orig9ally 9 our practical op]ations t ! di/9ctions ( necess>y & possible em]ge1--) a view to ! accompli%m5t ( our desires & purposes4 ,t is necess>y :i* is requir$ & ne$$ if "s b>e plan is project$ & is to be actualis$3 x is ! condition or conditions )\t :i* ! end _c be atta9$4 ,x is an epi!t ( ! means4 ,possible1 on ! contr>y1 is an epi!t ( ! end or plan1 & d5otes t !re are means = its atta9m5t1 )\t h[ev] always specify+ t ?is is kn[n ( ! pres5t or giv5 in/ance4 ,x is cle> t ev]y?+ z reg>ds ! application ( ^! t]ms w dep5d on ! def9it5ess ) :i* ! plan is conceiv$1 bo? 9 itself s to speak & 9 its relations ) ! re/ ( ! circum/ances4 ,on ! o!r h&1 :5 a result em]ges )\t be+ includ$ 9 ! purpose1 & )\t any means hav+ be5 employ$ = atta9+ x1 x is said to be a *ance1 accid5t1 or cont+5cy4 ,^! t]ms are appli$ by analogy to ! uses ( !oretical explanation4 ,j z 9 w y h a g5]al aim to beg9 )1 :i* becomes m & m det]m9ate z x moves =w>d 9 ! volitional process to execution2 s 9 ! attempt to und]/& ! _w y suppose x fir/ ( all ! m]e %ad[ or phantom ( itself1 a promise & pot5tiality ( ?+s to come3 a next-to-no?+1 :i* h[ev] y cr$it ) a magic weal? ( pot5tial be+4 ,s mu* inde$ may ?is possibility be emphasis$ t no?+ m is ne$$3 x is possible1 &1 )\t a ?\ght ( difficulties & c\nt]actives1 y c\ld swe> t x is actual#c4 ,be+ remov$ above ?is solid l& ( actuality1 cut (f f ! ties & bonds ( conditions1 x fancies itself mov+ 9 its vacuum2 & be+ free f all bonds ( actuality fancies itself actually free1 or self-dispos+1 :]eas x c only claim ?is lib]um arbitrium indiff]5tiae1 s long z x rema9s b>e & p[]less possibility--a m]e may-be1 :i*1 ap>t f all conditions1 w\ld exi/ only by a m]e cont+5cy1 or freak ( *ance4 ,?is m]e pot5tiality--be+ only an ante-dat$1 presuppos$1 & hypo!tical actuality--be+ only a sub/ance or sub/ratum--mu/ be rais$ out ( its supposititi\s exi/5ce into reality by means ( appropriate conditions4 ,^! conditions are necess>y to its resum+ its place or rea*+ a place 9 actuality4 ,?us ea* object becomes actual or real f a presuppos$ possibility by means ( an ext]nal necessity4 ,z 9 ! =m] case ! possibility 0 id5tifi$ ) p[]1 & conditions 7 left out ( sight z comp>atively unimportant3 s "h ! possibility--tak5 to lie at ! root ( ! ?+--is made a m]e susceptibility1 :i* w\ld be no?+ actual unless /imulat$ & necessitat$ f outside4 ,?is necessity 9 ! v he>t ( actuality 7:i* is its *>act]i/ic to ! reflectional mode ( m9d7 ?us arises f ! sep>ation & hypo/atisation ( its elem5ts into indep5d5t p[]s :i* are s f> 9 /ress & opposition4 ,?is is ! climax ( metaphysics--if metaphysics be ! inve/iture ( ! dynamic factors ( ! notion ) ! p[] & "* ( suppos$ ag5ts or =ces4 ,x appe>s 9 ?ree phases1 ) ! ?ree categories ( sub/ance1 cause1 & reciprocity4 ,to ! fir/1 reality is reg>d$ z dom9at$ by its m]e und]ly+ pot5tiality3 ! reality ( ! m]e sup]ficial cont+5ts is controll$ by ! necessity ( its lat5t or sub/antial be+4 ,to expla9 ev5t or incid5t1 "h1 is m]ely to b9d x to ! g5]ic nature or ! intr9sic doom1 :i*--unexpla9$ & inexplicable--manife/s itself 9 an extr9sically fluctuat+ appe>ance ( facts3 e4 g4 ! s+le crime is expla9$ z ! product ( social conditions4 ,"u ! conception ( ,causality1 ea* ?+ is a m]e might-be :i* owes all its actuality to a def9ite antec$5t or cause1--an antec$5t t]m$ = ! mom5t unconditional1 b anon r$uc$ to dep5d5ce on fur!r conditions4 ,! effect is z a fact3 b w\ld n h be5 s unless = an e>li] fact--i4 e4 unless ! effect 9 a suppos$ e>li] /age ( its gr[? _h be5 help$ on by c]ta9 conditions or circum/ances to acquire actual & full be+ 9 ! effect4 ,& cause & conditions c *ange places1 accord+ to :at we happ5 to reg>d z ! c5tral nucleus or inn] possibility ( ! effect4 ,la/ly1 ! conception ( reciprocity recognises t causality is r an arbitr>y simplification ( reality into /r&s ( rectil9e> ev5t2 x rememb]s t ,sub/ance emphasises ! dep5d5ce ( ea* non-indep5d5t elem5t on ! suppos$ totality :i* !y gr[ f1 & do+ s1 x lays d[n ! rev]sibility & ess5tial ela/icity ( ! causal relation4 ,! cause 9 caus+ re-acts ^u itself1 & ! effect is itself a cause ( ! effect1 active z well z passive4 ,! dep5d5ce 9 %ort is all-environ+3 n[h]e is !re any loop-hole to escape f necessity4 ,motives act on purpose1 & purpose acts on motives3 ! /one hurls back ! h& t hurl$ x4 ,explanation is ?us baffl$ & ?us =c$ to recognise its own limitations4 ,! simple/ fact is beyond all ! p[]s ( explanatory sci5ce to d full ju/ice to3 = to "k fully ! 'fl[] 9 ! cranni$ wall' aft] ?is me?od ( explanation w\ld involve endless multiples ( action & re-action4 ,! ant9omy betwe5 necessity & cont+5cy arose by foll[+ out ! anti!sis1 s natural to u1 betwe5 selfsame & diff]5t1 ess5ce & exi/5ce1 sub/ance & accid5ts1 till !y 7 inve/$ ) a "r to indep5d5t place & function4 ,b ! sep>ation ( ! ab/ract receptacle ( possibility1 self-same & ess5tial1 f ! equally ab/ract conditions :i* fill x up & make x actual1 is only ! great human in/rum5tality ( compreh5sion1 :i* h[ev] is n rea*$ until ea* ?+ is realis$ & idealis$ z an individual1 :i* has univ]sality & has p>ticul>ity1 b nev] ei!r alone4 ,its univ]sality is possibility--its p>ticul>ity ! aspect ( cont+5cy3 b ^! aspects are 9 submission to an inclusive unity4 ,! real :5 ill kn[n seems cont+5t2 :5 some:at bett] kn[n x seems necess>y by ext]nal 7physical7 compulsion2 9 its tru? to intellig5ce1 ! real is a self-active1 a causa sui1 or x is necess>y by t self-det]m9ation :i* is ! fre$om ( autonomy4 ,! view ( ! _w "u ! category ( actuality 7,reality71 & z dom9at$ by ! law ( causality1 is ! culm9at+ /&-po9t ( sci5tific or reflective realism4 ,x began ) a m]e descriptive sci5ce1 nam+ & qualify+ ! successive aspects ( be+1--) description :i* pass$ ?r\gh num]ation into ! def9it5ess ( measurem5t4 ,b all su* det]m9ation 0 f\nd to imply ! exi/5ce ( a p]man5t reality1 or at lea/ to involve ! ref]5ce ( "o reality to ano!r1 outside ( x1 & yet n indep5d5t ( relations to x1 :i* _h to make "p ( its nature4 ,to ! sci5tific reali/ ! sum ( fact pres5ts itself indep5d5t ( consci\sness1 z a complicat$ mass ( real elem5ts gov]n$ by laws & subject to necessities4 ,ea* ?+ or /ate ( a ?+ is expla9$ by ref]5ce to some?+ outside x1 :i* is its cause1 & measur$ by some?+ inside x :i* is its unit or atomic /&>d4 ,alt]nately ! ref]5ce1 & ! unit are designat$ arbitr>y 7cont+5t7 & necess>y 7ess5tial73 i4 e4 !y are sometimes consid]$ z only a way ( look+ at reality#d--;& sometimes z inevitable implications & conditions ( reality4 ,all ?is is ,objective ,logic3 or1 s f> z x does n realise its implications1 x is ,metaphysics4 ,its t]ms ( ?\ght#e are 9 practice treat$ z elem5ts ( a reality :i* is :at x is1 ap>t f ?\ght-conditions1 ap>t f consci\sness4 ,z ,hegel exhibits !m 9 _! int]dep5d5ce1 !y h9t _! und]ly+ ?\ght-nature1 :i* 9 _! empirical applications is h>dly app>5t4 ,= to ! reali/ic /&-po9t m9d & subjectivity are left out ( acc\nt z only passive onlook]s4 ,! reali/ may no d\bt speak ( a ,subject3 b he means a real1 a corporeal self1 an actual among/ o!r actuals4 ,if he speaks ( m9d & w1 su* m9d & w are p>ts & +r$i5ts 9 a g5]al s*eme ( causes & effects2 !y are po9ts ( transition ?r\gh :i* passes ! mov+ /ream ( ev5t4 ,!y also are ?+s & sub/ances4 ,!y are ag5ts & pati5ts1 always bo?1 no d\bt b ! *ief circum/ance to note is t !y are actuals1 & t ev5 k & w are reg>d$ z species ( action & motion4 ,:5 ,protagoras laid d[n 8 maxim t ,man is ! measure ( all ?+s1 he /at$1 app>5tly 9 an ambigu\s mann]1 t ! fact ( measure 7& all t m5suration implies71 & 7we may add7 ! exi/5ce ( correlation 9 actuality1 presuppos$ = _! explanation ! assumption ( ,m9d & subjectivity4 ,m9d ?us became ! basis ( all actuality :i* claim$ to be objective--claim$1 9 %ort1 to be actual4 ,! tru? & objectivity ( ! objective lies 9 ! subjective2 ,m9d is its own measure1 i4 e4 ! absolute measure1 & x is self-relation4 ,s ,kant _h taught & ,fi*te en=c$4 ,! basis ( objectivity is ! subjective2 b a subjective diff]5t f t s-call$ by ! pla9 man or by ! naive psy*ologi/4 ,by ! subjective he does n1 z ! pla9 man1 und]/& ! comp\nd ( body & s\l1 ! liv+ & brea?+ organism amid out] objects--nor1 z ! psy*ological ideali/ does1 a psy*ical process1 a s]ies or bundle ( /ates ( consci\sness1 always contra/$ ) a reality1 ! reality outside consci\sness4 ,x is true t 8 language resembles ! language ( psy*ology3 z ,h]b>t & o!rs h said1 t is to be expect$1 = he talks ( m9d & consci\sness4 ,b ! consci\sness he speaks ( is a unity t includes all space & all "t3 x is "o & all-embrac+1 inf9ite1 because n z individual 7psy*ological7 consci\sness set 9 anti!sis to reality1 z ! o!r half ( ! duality ( exi/5ce4 ,x is consci\sness g5]alis$--,bewus/se9 b]haupt-- an et]nal1 i4 e4 a timeless consci\sness1 an univ]sal i4 e4 n a localis$1 m9d3--a necess>y ,idea1 b ) an inw>d self-regulat+ necessity4 ,su* a consci\sness ,fi*te call$ ! ,absolute ,ego3 b z we saw be=e1 ! adjective trans=ms ! sub/antive4 ,su* a consci\sness1 :i* is absolute self-consci\sness1 is ! ,idea3--no psy*ical ev5t1 b ! logical condition & explanation ( reality :e!r physical or psy*ical4 ,! ,idea is ! presupposition ( epi/emology1 b ( an epi/emology :i* claims to occupy ! place ( old usurp$ by metaphysics4 ,metaphysics has no high] category ?an actuality3 transc5d5tal logic %[s t actuality re/s 9 ! ,idea1--reality conceiv$ & conception realis$4 ,footnote #a3 ,exi/5ce1 z oppos$ to ,dase91 %\ld ?us imply ! em]g5ce into effici5t be+ f a /ate ( quietude or passive lat5cy 7,wes574 ,footnote #b3 ,z ,ari/otle says1 ,! brave man /&s 8 gr\nd1 yet fe>+3 7cf4 ,tol/oi3 ,siege ( ,seva/opol74 ,if he does n fe>1 brave is n ! ^w = him4 ,footnote #c3 ,put into ,greek1 ! m]e 7licet1 or =sitan7 is tak5 z equival5t to 7possum74 ,footnote #d3 ,h]b>t's ,zufllige ,ansi*t1 or cont+5t aspect4 ,footnote #e3 ',d5kbe/immung54' ,,*apt] ,,xxxii4 ,,logic ,,( ,,compreh5sion ,,& ,,idealism3 ,,! ,,notion4 ,! di/9ction betwe5 ! psy*ical or psy*ological idea & ! logical concept has be5 m ?an once allud$ to4 ,! idea or repres5tation is "u psy*ical =m exactly equival5t to ! undige/$ & passively accept$ ?+ to :i* we give ! title ( physical or ext]nal4 ,x is ! ideal1 9 ! s5se ( ! psy*ical1 p5dant to ! real3 & hangs up 9 ! m5tal view 9 ! same way z ! real object to ! physical p]ception4 ,x is 9 brief ! crude object1 consid]$ n z exi/+1 b z a /ate ( consci\sness--x is a r$uplication 9 inn] space ( ! ?+ 9 out] space4 ,if we _c say x is altoge!r my?ological1 we mu/ h[ev] note t x is simply a psy*ical reflex1 :i* has an exi/5ce only ?r\gh ab/raction1 & is nei!r m or less ?an ! object appreh5d$ )\t compreh5sion4 ,! concept or notion is m ?an an image1 & less ?an an image4 ,an idea-image is symbolical ( ! unanalys$ totality ( ! ?+4 ,b ! notion is 9 ! fir/ in/ance due to an analysis1 & secondly1 a recon/ruction ( ! ?+4 ,x takes up ! ?+ 9 its relations3 x ?9ks x1 i4 e4 x ab/racts & mutilates x1 & artificially recomb9es4 ,x implies analysis & syn!sis4 ,x produces a sort ( manufactur$ ?+3 a m5tal con/ruction4 ,b ! con/ruction--z contra/$ ) ! passivity t says fir/ ,a & !n ,b & a connexion ( !m--has ! traces ( subjective or m5tal viol5ce ab\t x3 = viol5ce !re is 9 ! act ( compreh5sion4 ,we h h[ev] got toge!r 9 unity :at actuality 9 ! process ( hi/ory let fall asund]1 & c\ld only1 at ! be/1 %[ z indep5d5t reals held aga9/ _! w 9 ubiquit\s relations ( reciprocity4 ,b ! unity 9 :i* ! individual sets ! univ]sal & ! p>ticul> is an import$ unity1 :i* ?\gh x gives place & explanation to ! elem5ts ( reality1 seems to impose its syn!sis ^u reality4 ,s f> ! concept is subjective only4 ,x is an ample explanation includ+ ! facts1 b n q self-explanatory4 ,we conceive1 & judge1 & reason3 b all ?is is ali5 to ! object4 ,b !re is a c\nt]p>t almo/ 9 antagonism to ?is4 ,!re is a concept1 i4 e4 a gr\p+ ( exi/5ce into totals m$iat$ by necess>y l9ks1 :i* pres5ts itself z embodi$ 9 ?+s3 & ?is embodi$ concept is ! objective _w4 ,t _w1 ap>t f our int]pretation & conception1 (f]s itself z a syn!sis ( univ]sal1 p>ticul> & individual4 ,x gr\ps itself into sy/ems1 me*anical1 *emical1 & teleological4 ,b 9 all ( ^! !re is lack+ ! evid5ce ( ! inw>d & subjective pr9ciple ( unification4 ,! unity is ext]nal1 ! memb]s are held 9 a vice3 _! unity is giv5 z a fact3 x foll[s ?r\gh c]ta9 laws & does n reveal itself4 ,!re is a want ( p]spicuity ( connexion3 logic--! ne$ ( inn] explanation--9 %ort1 is n satisfi$ by ?is logic ( facts4 ,x is r a realm ( necessity ?an ( fre$om4 ,x wants life2 wants true self-activity4 ,z 9 ! subjective notion1 ! facts res5t$ ! h& ( ! logician 7= "h is ! sph]e ( logic prop] 9 ! old ,ari/otelian s5se71 & refus$ to %[ !mselves 9 ! simple & transp>5t transitions ( 8 argum5t3 s ! objective syn!sis ( ! memb]s ( a me*anical sy/em1 or ( a k+dom ( means & ends1 lacks ! fre$om & lucidity ( inn] movem5t :i* logical insight dem&s4 ,objectivity--! logic ( fact--is a syllogism ( necessity1 s h>d5$ & fix$ t ! necessity ( ! conclusion is m obvi\s ?an ! self-det]m9ation by ! syllogism4 ,! ?ird /age ( ! ,notion %[s ! union ( ! pellucidity & ideality ( ! syllogi/ic progress ) ! necessity & reality ( ! objective ord]4 ,"h actuality & ! concept are at "o4 ,at fir/ z a m]e fact--or m fact ?an idea4 ,life1 organic life1 is no d\bt developm5t3 a totality :i* is 9 all its p>ts1 & :]e p>ts h _! be+ 9 ! total4 ,b life z su*1 ! s-call$ vital pr9ciple1 does n emancipate itself to a true univ]sal3 x is imm]s$ 9 its p>ticul>s4 ,intellectual life1 on ! contr>y1--! =m ( consci\sness--rises indep5d5t & di/9ct f ! totality ( life4 ,psy*ology foll[s ,biology4 ,b z su*--"u ! =m ( intellect & w--x has an anti!sis no less fatal to its absolut5ess ?an ! opposite "o-sid$ness ( life4 ,!re is--to put x 9 language m famili> to ! pres5t day--!re is an analogue ( life 9 all nature2 & all reality1 ev5 ! rock & ! cry/al1 has its life-hi/ory4 ,!re is1 prop]ly speak+1 no m]e inorganic reality3 organic life is univ]sal4 ,& !n1 go+ a /ep fur!r1 we attribute to all reality some?+ analog\s to a s\l1 or a consci\sness4 ,we talk1 9 ra% moods1 ( m9d-/uff & feel+s1 ev5 9 molecules4 ,b z ,sp9oza has rem9d$ u1 t]ms l ,w & ,intellect h ab\t !m some?+ f9ite1 because !y imply an antagonism to an object3 !y are pr$om9antly subjective4 ,! reality 9 its f9al tru? mu/ be a subject-object3 ! adequacy ( ?\ght & be+1 ! equation ( real & ideal1 ! intellection :i* is life4 ,& ?is is call$ ,absolute ,idea4 ,x is natural to translate su* an equation1 :5 made a result1 into a m]e blank4 ,& a blank x w\ld be1 if we suppose all t has gone be=e oblit]at$1 & only ! result left4 ,!n1 9 ! co9cid5ce ( opposites1 we h only a z]o ( a gulf ( negation4 ,a life :i* is consci\sness may seem to fade away l a vague ideal ) no reality4 ,a consci\sness :i* is life c be no consci\sness at all4 ,! is & ! is kn[n d>e n co9cide or !y p]i% bo?4 ,a categorical proposition1 says ,hegel1 c nev] express a speculative tru?4 ,t is to say3 ! subject ov]-rides ! pr$icate1 or ! pr$icate makes y ignore ! subject4 ,! affirmation keeps out ( sight ! negation4 ,to say t life is consci\sness makes u =get t ! v ass]tion w\ld n & c\ld n be made1 unless also life 7 o!r ?an consci\sness4 ,9 its full proportion ( mean+1 !re=e1 ! proposition mu/ imply a return to unity ?r\gh diff]5ce1 to id5tity ?r\gh o!rness4 ,affirmation1 fully realis$1 is re-affirmation ?r\gh negation4 ,cognition is b recognition deep5$ by contra/4 ,?is law :i* gov]ns--or r :i* is--logic2 ! pr9ciple ( id5tity ?r\gh contradiction--mu/ n be lo/ sight ( 9 ! supreme /ruggle ( ?\ght4 ,! ,idea is ! unity ( life & consci\sness3 b x is a unity 9 :i* !y are 7aufgehob57--n a z]o 9 :i* !y utt]ly collapse4 ,we may illu/rate 9 two ways4 ,9 ! fir/ we may comp>e ! ' ( ,ari/otle4 ,t is 8 =mula ( reality4 ,nom9ally x only means activity & actuality3 & sums up ! metaphysical =mula = :at really is1--! h>d fact ( be+4 ,b ?r\gh x !re glimm]s ! mean+ ( consci\sness4 ,x n m]ely is1 b x means :at x is4 ,en]gy ( ,s\l is ! end ( life--! supreme fulfill+ ( desire1 & consummation ( t5d5cy4 ,z su* x is1 & feels t x is4 ,x is ! virtu\s de$1 :i* is its own rew>d4 ,b ,ari/otle seems sometimes to fall f t id5tification ( be+ & consci\sness4 ,! _w ( praxis p>ts f ! _w ( ,!oria4 ,9 t case ! activity is a m]e activity--! outw>d %ell ( action3 & !n1 z a supplem5t or complem5t to ! ab/ract result ( ! activity ! consci\sness ( a*ievem5t gets a di/9ct position z ,pleasure3 & ! activity1 n[ no consummation1 b only a means to an end1 get its completion f ?is arbitr>ily ab/ract$ %ad[ ( reality4#a ,! second illu/ration may come f ,mr4 ,sp5c]4 ',we c ?9k ( ,matt] only 9 t]ms ( ,m9d4 ,we c ?9k ( ,m9d only 9 t]ms ( ,matt]4 ,:5 we h pu%$ our explorations ( ! fir/ to ! utt]mo/ limit we are ref]r$ to ! second = a f9al answ]3 & :5 we h got ! f9al answ] ( ! second we are ref]r$ back to ! fir/ = an int]pretation ( x4' ,beyond ?is see-saw inde$ we _c g1 s z to leave x beh9d3 b 9 reality we transc5d x4 ,! ,m9d t is 9 t]ms ( ,matt] is p>tly ! region ( psy*ic ev5t1 p>tly ! _w ( sci5ce1 art & religion4 ,& psy*ic ev5t is always anti!tical to physical reality4 ,b ! spiritual _w already includes ! anti!sis ( psy*ical & physical1 & includ+ x keeps x z a pr9ciple ( life & consci\sness4 ,! supreme or absolute m9d does n inde$ rise above ,physis & ,psy*e s z to h no antagonism3 b x is ! unity ( anti!ses4 ,:at ^? :o crave = some?+ high] ?an ?is re/ 9 unre/1 ?is life 9 consci\sness & consci\sness 9 life1 want1 w\ld de/roy ! v condition ( reality4 ,/ill philosophis+1 !y w\ld be above philosophy4 ,!y want an objective reality 9 :i* !y may /ill _! beat+ he>ts1--a 'repose :i* ev] is ! same' & yet is n annihilation3--to s9k into ! great sea ( be+1 & leave consci\sness ) its radical division beh9d4 ,su* a crav+ philosophy1 9 ,heg]s h&s1 has no p[] ( satisfy+4 ,x _c1 9 ! s5se 9 :i* ,jacobi & ,s*ell+ us$ ! words1 reveal ,be+4 ,x _c get at ! ,t except by means ( ! ,:at1 & is ! et]nal anti!sis & correlation ( ^! two4 ,x w always be rational & logical--= x is its function to ?9k be+3 & x w re-affirm t an un?\ght & a-logical be+ is a m]e "n1 :i* 9 ! language ( humanity at lea/ has no mean+1 :atev] x may /& = 9 ! ,volapk ( imag9$ gods4 ,to g beyond ?is correlation ( ,be+ & ,?\ght is !re=e no advance1 b a relapse into ! ,natura ,naturans1 :i*1 9 its ab/ract complet5ess1 is1 b d>e n be any?+4 ,philosophy !re=e 9 its supreme ,idea is /ill ! ' ( 1 & n b>e 4 ,= x m]e ,be+ is always ,no?+4 ,& to be actual x mu/ live 9 anti!sis & live victori\s ov] anti!sis4 ,x foll[s ! law ( humanity 7,und das heis/ e9 ,kmpf] se97--:i* c only exi/ 9 w>f>e z a *ur* militant1 b = cont9u\s exi/5ce mu/ also be a *ur* triumphant4 ,l religion & art1 x sometimes craves = utt] union 9 ! fullness ( ,be+4 ,su* a fullness is ! unspeakable & ! va91--:i* we may picture z ! apa?y ( ,nirvana2 b :i* is ! absorption ( ,art1 ,religion & ,philosophy1--! cease ( consci\sness & an abyss4 ,we may call x--x matt]s n--,be+4 ,^! /ages ( ! ,notion mu/ be exam9$ 9 some:at full] detail4 ,! subjective notion is ! ef=t at ! compreh5sion 7at fir/ subjective7 ( ! two correlat$ elem5ts into :i* actuality z su* has be5 se5 to fall--& to fall aga9 & aga9 )\t end4 ,x br+s out1 or explicates 7& ) "s opposition to ! divisions ( reality7 ! unity :i* 0 presuppos$ by ! antagoni/ & insep>able reals4 ,hi!rto we h _h two ?+s or aspects 9 relation & move f "o to ! o!r by an act ( reflection4 ,b to get two po9ts 9 relation1 !y mu/ belong to or exi/ 9 a unity4 ,! divid$ reality ( cause & effect mu/1 if x is to be intelligible1 submit to a unification ( its elem5ts4 ,x is comp>atively easy to get on if we are always all[$ to h "o foot on solid gr\nd1 & c move ! o!r4 ,give u a /&+-po9t1 & explanation is simplifi$4 ,b to get a notion ( ?+s is1 x may seem1 to transc5d !m1 or get b5ea? !m1 & take a /&-po9t outside actuality :i* %all unify !m4 ,if we add$ to imm$iate be+ a fur!r elem5t to expla9 x1 x may be said we n[ sup]add a ?ird to expla9 ! two o!rs4 ,ov] & above ! diff]5t & relat$ elem5ts1 !re is assum$ to be a unity4 ,& at fir/ x is c]ta9ly su* a sup]impos$ elem5t1 add$ to ! facts1 & reg>d$ z our way ( look+ at !m1 z a subjective notion or grasp1 hold+ toge!r :at is 9 itself reluctant to be unifi$4 ,! ?ree aspects or factors 9 a ,concept are ! ,univ]sal1 ! ,p>ticul>1 & ! ,individual4 ,^! are :at ,hegel calls ! 'mom5ts' or 'vani%+ factors' ( ! notion4 ,!y are 'vani%+1' because 9 _! logical mobility !y =m a pellucid union3 if !y are di/9ct1 yet !y refuse to be indep5d5t ( "o ano!r4 ,or1 we may say1 ea* 9 its tru? is ! meet+-gr\nd & unification ( ! two o!rs1 ?us =m+ a sort ( cycle ( p]petual movem5t4 ,& 9 ?is way we may see t ! addition ( ! ?ird has really be5 a simplification3 x has made two "o4 ,= ! ,unit :i* welds toge!r is n a t]tium quid1 b simply ! explicit /atem5t & ass]tion ( ! tru? impli$ 9 ! anti!sis1 :i* 0 yet insep>ability1 ( ! two o!rs4 ,& = ! same reason1 nei!r m]e univ]sal nor m]e p>ticul> nor m]e individual are full reality1 :5 tak5 ap>t4 ,"o c und]/& h[ ,hegel c\ld speak ( ! ',bac*antelike intoxication' ( ! concept4 ,x may be illu/rat$ by ! foll[+ utt]ances 9 :i* a mod]n psy*ologi/ lab\rs to express ! complex unity ( m5tal fact4 ,fir/ we are told t a 'n]v\s %ock1' e4 g4 ! awak5+ caus$ by a sudd5 bl[1 or a simple s5sation 7s-call$71 is ! ultimate unit ( consci\sness4 ,& if ?is 7 all1 x w\ld correspond to ! qualities ( imm$iate be+1 :i* we c suppose measurable3 we %\ld get a sci5ce ( purely empirical psy*ology bas$ on psy*ical atoms4 ,b1 imm$iately aft]1 x appe>s t ! 'relational elem5t' is nev] abs5t f ! l[e/ /age ( consci\sness4 ,accord+ly1 besides feel+s1 !re mu/ be relations betwe5 feel+s4 ,& t means a good deal3 especially if we also note ! proposition t1 9 tru?1 'nei!r a feel+ nor a relation is an indep5d5t elem5t ( consci\sness1' ,evid5tly y _c h ei!r )\t bo?1 & x seems difficult to h bo? :5 nei!r is indep5d5t4 ,nor does x m5d matt]s to le>n t 'a relation is a mom5t>y feel+'3 = t only seems a way ( imply+ t x is1 & yet is n1 a feel+4 ,su* are ! difficulties t beset ! s9c]e attempt to compreh5d4 ,! fix$ po9ts ( explanation /agg] "u ! burd5 ( tru?2 & _! un/ead9ess %[s t !y lack ! full f\ndation4 ,yet t f\ndation--x mu/ be repeat$--is n some?+ extra3 x is ! und]ly+ unity :i* gives life to ! relativity ( ! sep>ates4 ,= ! peculi>ity ( ! ,notional /&-po9t is t x insi/s on ?or\gh compreh5sion4 ,! usual explanation ref]s u f a lat] to an e>li]1 f a /range to a famili>1 f a complex to a simple1 f comp\nd to elem5ts4 ,x keeps analysis & syn!sis1 induction & d$uction ap>t4 ,to compreh5d is1 on ! o!r h&1 to light up e>li] by lat] & lat] by e>li]1 & c>ry bo? into _! unity4 ,x does n m]ely ref] exi/5ce to its gr\nd1 ph5om5on to law1 or effect to cause2 because beyond ^! x has /ill to reveal ! unity ( nature :i* c>ries on "o ( ^! into ! o!r4 ,?us1 ! explanatory me?od 9 ,social ,sci5ce may ei!r ref] u to ! simple elem5ts or p>ts out ( :i* ! total is compos$1 or to an e>li] /age 9 ! same in/itution's life4 ,! analytical sociologi/ does ! =m]3 ! hi/orical ! latt]4 ,nei!r really faces ! problem4 ,= if ! :ole is made up ( p>ts1 x is made up ( p>ts :i* h be5 *>act]is$ by ! :ole4 ,if ! lat] has come f ! e>li]1 t only %[s t ! nature ( ! e>li] 0 inadequately asc]ta9$4 ,developm5t--:i* implies a p]man5t :i* *anges1 an id5tity :i* is also diff]5t1--is ?us m ?an m]e ref]5ce to an antec$5t2 because ! antec$5t mu/ also figure z a simultane\s4 ,cessante causa1 cessat et effectus4 ,b "h1 9 ! concept 7or 7 or syllogism1 ! p]man5t exi/s z !--may we call x--consci\sness :i* b9ds toge!r ! elem5ts ( reality1 z ! life & ! hi/ory1 :i* is ideally cont9u\s ?r\gh real *anges1 & is a real unity ?r\gh ! di/9ctions ( appe>ance4 ,su* a compreh5sion e4 g4 ( ! ,/ate w\ld %[ t ?\gh x mu/ h a univ]sal aspect1 a p>ticul>1 & an individual1 yet ^! are n sev]ally id5tifiable ) ! divisions ( sov]eign1 executive1 & p1 b t 9 ea* ( ! latt] ! ?ree mom5ts ( ! notion mu/ appe>1 & t e4 g4 ! p is n m]e p1 b also executive & sov]eign1 j z ! sov]eign is no m]e sov]eign1 b also executive & ( ! p4 ,! same may be illu/rat$ 9 ! s-call$ individual4 ,a man 9 8 special dep>tm5t & sph]e ( action may v likely lose ! s5se ( 8 :ol5ess & 8 integrity1--p]haps 9 m s5ses ?an "o6 ,he may r$uce himself to ! limits ( 8 pr(ession4 ,b 9 s do+ he becomes untrue1 or1 9 ,hegelian p>lance1 ab/ract3 he fails to recognise ! univ]sality ( 8 position4 ,all "w1 h[ev] petty1 :i* is done 9 ! "r _s1 is holy4 ',"o place p]=ms1 l any o!r place1 ,! prop] s]vice e place on e>? ,0 fram$ to furni% man )3 s]ves alike ,to give him note1 t ?r\gh ! place he sees ,a place is signifi$ he nev] saw4' ,x is a false patriotism1 = example1 :i* is inconsi/5t ) ! _s ( univ]sal bro!rhood3 & !re is some?+ radically wrong ) ! religion1 on ! o!r h&1 :i* _c be c>ri$ into act amid ! pett9ess ( ord9>y practical int]e/s4 ,! univ]sal1 aga91 is n a _w beyond ?is _w ( s5se & individuals3 if x 7 s1 x w\ld itself be a m]e p>ticul>4 ,x is r ! _w ( s5se unifi$1 organis$1 &1 if we may say s1 spiritualis$4 ,& an individual :i* is m]ely & simply individual is an utt] ab/raction1 :i* is q mean+less1 & 9 ! real _w impossible4 ,or1 if we pref] to express ! same ?+ 9 connexion ) ! m9d1 s5sation ap>t f ?\ght is an inconceivable ab/raction4 ,s5sation is always alloy$ ) ?\ght1 & we c at ! mo/ suppose pure s5sation to exi/ among/ ! brutes4 ,! m]e individual op5s out & exp&s3 & 9 t expansion we see ! univ]sal3 7s5sation is ?\ght 9 embryo74 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 ! develop$ univ]sal conc5trates itself into a po9t3 7?\ght returns into ! c5tre ( feel+74 ,! same process ( p>ticul>1 individual & univ]sal1 :i* ?us goes on "u ! app>5t po9t ( ! notion1 is m di/9ctly & explicitly se51 ) due emphasis on ! sev]al memb]s1 9 ! evolution ( ! notion into ! ,judgm5t & ! ,syllogism4 ,! judgm5t is ! /atem5t ( :at ea* individual notion implicitly is1 viz4 a univ]sal or inw>d nature 9 itself1 or t x is a univ]sal :i* individualises itself4 ,! judgm5t may1 !re=e1 9 its simple/ t]ms be =mulat$ z3 ,! ,individual is ! ,univ]sal4 ,! connective l9k1--! copula 'is1' expresses h[ev] at fir/ no m ?an a m]e po9t-l contact ( ! two t]ms1 n _! complete id5tity4 ,by a graduat$ s]ies ( judgm5ts ?is id5tity betwe5 ! two t]ms is drawn clos]1 until 9 ! ?ree t]ms & propositions ( a syllogism ! unity ( ! ?ree factors ( ! notion f9ds its mo/ adequate expression 9 7subjective7 ?\ght4 ,x may be a "q h[ f> syllogisms z !y are ord9>ily f\nd are calculat$ to impress ?is syn!sis ( ! ?ree elem5ts ^u ! obs]v]4 ,! ?ree elem5ts !re t5d to bid ea* o!r good-bye1 & are only kept toge!r by ! awkw>d means ( ! middle t]m1 & ! conjunction '!re=e4' ,9 ^! circum/ances x becomes easy to %[1 t ! major premiss is a sup]fluity1 n add+ any?+ to ! cog5cy ( ! argum5t4 ,b "u ! prom95ce ( ?is criticism ( =m1 we are apt to let slip ! real "q t\*+ ! nature ( ! syllogism4 ,& t nature is to give _! due place to ! ?ree elem5ts 9 ! notion3 :i* 9 ! syllogism h ea* a quasi-indep5d5ce & diff]5ce z sep>ate t]ms1 :ile !y are also r$uc$ to unity4 ,! syllogism expresses 9 def9ite outl9es t ev]y?+ :i* we ?9k1 or ! compreh5sion :i* con/itutes an object1 is a p>ticul> :i* is individualis$ by means ( its univ]sal nature4 ,z always1 ?\ght ref]s to reality2 & a notion has to be c>ri$ out into objectivity4 ,b z ,ari/otle compla9$1 matt] is recalcitrant to =m4 ,! objective appe>s at fir/ only z an opposite1 & in/ead ( reveal+1 x r obscures & cond5ses ! features ( subjectivity4 ,objectivity1 or ! ?\ght :i* has =gott5 its orig9 & /&s out z a _w1 may be tak5 9 ?ree aspects3 ,me*anical1 ,*emical1 & ,teleological4 ,t is to say1 ! mode 9 :i* gr\ps or sy/ems naturally pres5t !mselves 9 ! objective _w1 is ?reefold4 ,! contradiction :i* /&s 9 ! way ( compreh5d+ objectivity comes f ! fact t x conta9s subjectivity absorb$ 9 x4 ,9 o!r words1 ! object is at once active & passive2 z ?\ght & subjectivity x %\ld be its own syn!tis]1 z objectivity x is necessitat$ to int]dep5d5ce1 & ! subjectivity1 at ?is /age1 is 9 abeyance4 ,consequ5tly1 ei!r ! two attributes co-exi/1 or !y cancel ea* o!r1 or !y are 9 mutual connexion4 7#a7 ,9 ! fir/ case ! objects are indep5d5t1 & yet are connect$ ) "o ano!r4 ,su* connexion is an ext]nal "o1 due to =ce1 impulse1 & outw>d au?ority4 ,! pr9ciple ( union is impli$3 b ! objects are mutually det]m9$ f )\t4 ,! m1 = example1 an object acts ^u ! imag9ation1 ! m vehem5t is ! reaction ( ! m9d t[>ds x4--7#b7 ,b if ! object is indep5d5t1 z has be5 all[$1 !n ! det]m9ation f )\t mu/ really come f )94 ,?us desire is a turn+ or b5t t[>ds ! object :i* draws x4 ,! desir+ s\l leans out ( itself4 ,x gravitates t[>ds a c5tre3 & x is its own nature to be ?us c5tripetal4 ,! less] objects ( !mselves draw clos] ar\nd ! m prom95t object4--7#c7 ,b if ?is gravitation 7 absolute1 ! objects w\ld lose _! indep5d5ce altoge!r1 & s9k into _! c5tre4 ,accord+ly if ! indep5d5ce ( ^! objects is to rema91 !re mu/ be1 z x 71 a d\ble c5tre1 ! relative c5tre ( ea* object1 & ! absolute c5tre ( ! sy/em to :i* x belongs4 ,9 ea* ( ^! ?ree =ms ( me*anical comb9ation1 ! objects cont9ue ext]nal & indep5d5t4 ,a me*anical !ory ( ! /ate reg>ds classes z indep5d5t1 seeks to produce a balance betwe5 !m1 sep>ates individuals & associations f ! /ate1 &1 9 %ort1 conceives ! /ate z "o l>ge c5tralis+ =ce ) a numb] ( m9or sph]es dep5d+ ^u x1 b ) a great] or less am\nt ( self-c5tr$ action 9 ea* ( !m4 ,! fact is t an object _c really be ?\ght z ?us indep5d5tly subsi/5t4 ,its real nature is r aff9ity1--a t5d5cy to comb9e ) ano!r3 x requires to receive its complem5t4 ,e object is naturally 9 a /ate ( un/able equilibrium1 ) a t5d5cy to quit its isolation & =m a union4 ,?is !ory1 :i* is call$ ! ,*emical !ory ( an object1 reg>ds x z ! rev]se ( indiff]5t3 z 9 a p]man5t /ate ( susceptibility4 ,:5 objects ?us op5 & eag] = =eign influ5ces comb9e1 !re results a new product1 9 :i* bo? ! con/itu5ts are lo/1 s f> z _! qualities g4 ,! qualities ( ! con/itu5ts are neutralis$4 ,a man's m9d1 = example1 prep>$ by c]ta9 culture1 meets a new /imulus 9 "s /range doctr9e1 & ! result is a new =m ( intellectual life4 ,b at ?is po9t ! process1 :i* su* a =m ( objectivity repres5ts1 is clos$3 all t rema9s is = ! product to break up "o day into its con/itu5t factors4 ,!re is no provision made = c>ry+ x on fur!r4 ,h5ce if we are to h a self-regulat+ sy/em ( objectivity1 we mu/ rise above ! ,*emical !ory ( objects4 ,& to d t1 ! fir/ c\rse is to look at ! objective _w z regulat$ 7?\gh n imman5tly con/itut$7 by ! ,notion4 ,! ,notion z regulative ( objectivity1--z indep5d5t & self-subsi/5t1 b z 9 necess>y connexion ) ,objectivity1--is ! ,end1 ,aim1 or ,f9al ,cause4 ,accord+ to ?is1 ! ,teleological & practical !ory ( ! ,univ]se#b1 ! object is consid]$ z b\nd to reproduce & c>ry out ! notion1 & ! notion is look$ ^u z meant to execute itself 9 reality4 ,! two sides1 subjective & objective1 are1 9 o!r words1 9 necess>y connexion ) ea* o!r1 b n id5tical4 ,?is is ! contra/ ( ! ,end & ! ,means4 ,by ! ',means' is meant an object :i* is det]m9$ by an ,end1 & :i* op]ates ^u o!r objects4--7#a7 ,! ,end is orig9ally subjective3 an in/9ct or desire aft] some?+-- a feel+ ( want & ! wi% to rem$y x4 ,x is confront$ by an objective mass1 :i* is indiff]5t to ^! wi%es3 & manife/s itself z a t5d5cy outw>ds1--an appetite t[>ds action4 ,x seizes & uses up ! objective _w4--7#b7 ,b ! ,end 9 ! second place r$uces ?is indiff]5t mass to be an in/rum5t or ,means3 makes x ! middle t]m betwe5 itself & ! object4--7#c7 ,b ! means is only valuable z a prep>ation to ! ,end reg>d$ z ,realis$1 :i* ?us c\nts z ! tru? ( ! ?+4 ,^! are ! ?ree t]ms ( ! ,syllogism ( ,teleology3 ! ,subjective ,end1 ! ,means1 & ! ,end ,realis$4 ,x is ! process ( adaptation by :i* ea* ?+ is conceiv$ z ! means to "s end1 & :i* actively trans=ms ! ?+ into some?+ by :i* t end is realis$4 ,9 ! la/ resort x pres5ts u ) an objective _w 9 :i* utility or design is ! pr9ciple ( sy/ematisation3 & 9 :i* !re=e !re is an endless s]ies ( ends :i* become means to o!r & high] ends4 ,aft] all is done1 ! object rema9s =eign to ! notion1 & is only subsum$ "u x1 & adapt$ to x4 ,we want a notion :i* %all be id5tifiable ) objectivity--:i* %all p]meate x ?r\gh & ?r\gh1 z s\l does body4 ,su* a unity ( ,subjective & ,objective--! ,motion 9 7& n m]ely 9 relation to7 ,objectivity--is :at ,hegel t]ms ! ,idea4 ,! fir/ =m ( ! ,idea is ,life1 tak+ t z a logical category1 or z equival5t to self-organisation4 ,! liv+1 z organisms1 are contra/$ ) m]e me*anisms4 ,! ess5tial progress ( mod]n sci5ce lies 9 its emphasis on ?is aspect ( ! ,idea3 :i* includes all t ! teleological p]iod taught ab\t adaptation1 & only sets aside ! ext]nality ( means to ends !re f\nd4 ,! savant ( ! la/ c5tury & ! beg9n+ ( ! pres5t dealt ) ! object ( 8 inquiries z a me*anical1 *emical1 or teleological object4 ,! mod]n !ori/ t5ds to see ! _w z "o self-evolv+ ,life4 ,accord+ to ! naturali/ ( la/ c5tury1 k9ds ( animals & plants 7 view$ z conv5i5t1 & p]haps arbitr>y arrangem5ts3 accord+ to ! mod]ns1 ^! k9ds repres5t ! grades or /eps 9 ! life ( ! natural _w4 ,:at1 !n1 is ! nature ( ! process :i* we call ,life8 ,is x adequately or def9itely def9$ z 'a cont9u\s adju/m5t ( int]nal to ext]nal relations'8 ,or is x a good deal m ?an any?+ ! ^w 'correspond5ce' implies8 ,accord+ to ,hegel x is no?+ s simple1 b a syllogism ) ?ree t]ms1 & a syllogism moreov] :i* p]mutates its t]ms & premisses4 ,!re is1 9 ! fir/ place1 ! t]m1 :i* is also a process1 ( self-production4 ,! liv+ mu/ articulate itself1 create = itself limbs & memb]s1 & keep up a p]petual re-creation ( morphological & /ructural sy/em ( p>ts4 ,secondly1 !re is ! assimilation ( :at is ext]nal to ! liv+ individual4 ,if !re is to be life1 spiritual or bodily1 !re mu/ be a physiological intus-susception ( =eign elem5ts4 ,)\t ?is ! fir/ t]m or process is impossible4 ,?irdly1 !re mu/ be a t]m or process ( ,reproduction or g5]ation by :i* ! liv+ be+ passes itself on z a new unit4 ,all life1 m5tal or bodily1 involves ,reproduction4--,^! are ! ?ree t]ms ( ! process ( vitality4 ,b su* a life1 consid]$ z m]ely organic1 ! life /udi$ 9 ,biology1 is only a fragm5t4 ,! tru] life is 9 ! g5us1 n 9 ! individual3 ! consci\sness1 ! s5sation :i* inw>dly unifies ! div]sity ( organic processes4 ,! univ]sal has become ! m$ium 9 :i* ! ,idea exi/s3 x exi/s no long] 9 imm$iacy4 ,! m]e natural life gives place to ! life ( ! ,_s4 ,! life ( ! ,_s has ! d\ble =m ( ,cognition & ,w3--! !oretical & ! practical action ( ! ,idea3 or ,tru? & ,goodness4 ,9 %ort1 ! ,idea divides into two halves1 :i* yet rema9 ! same at bottom3 ,reason & ! ,_w3 b yet !re is reason 9 ! _w4 ,! action ( ! ,idea1 or its process at ?is /age1 is to br+ ^! two t]ms into connexion1 & %[ _! ideal unity4 ,beg9n+ ) ,reason1 x goes on to discov] reason 9 ! ,_w4 ,tru? consi/s 9 ! adequacy ( object to notion4 ,su* adequacy is ! ,idea3 & an object :i* ?us corresponds ) its notion is an ideal object4 ,! ideal man is ! ,true ,man4 ,tru? is ! revelation ( rationality f ! objective _w3 & ,cognition is ! "n = t process4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,goodness is ! realisation ( rationality 9 ! objective _w3 & ! ,w is ! "n = t process4 ,tru? proce$s f ! ,objectivity3 ,goodness f ! ,subjectivity4 ,b tru? c only proce$ 7analytically7 f ! objective _w1 9 s f> z x is produc$ 7syn!tically7 by ! subjectivity4 ,&1 on ! o!r h&1 :5 ! good is realis$ 9 objectivity1 x is submitt$ to ! process ( ,cognition4 ,) ! unity ( ,life & ,consci\sness1 ! ,absolute ,idea1 we rea* ! supreme ef=t ( ,logic4 ,9 ,bacon's words1 '! tru? ( be+ & ! tru? ( kn[+ is all "o' 7cf4 p4 #bbd74 ,t is ! absolute condition ( compreh5d+ reality3 ! pr9ciple ( ,absolute ,idealism1 s f> ap>t f its psy*ological wrai?1 & yet compell$ to employ ! same language4 ,b aft] all x is ,logic1 i4 e41 only ! supreme logical condition ( ! reality ( ! physical & psy*ical _w4 ,& x ga9s reality at ! co/ ( ! disruption ( its elem5ts3 x lets ! ,is slip f ! ,is kn[n-- ! e/ f ! cogitatur--,be+ f consci\sness4 ,or1 9 less my/]i\s language1 fundam5tal philosophy1 or ,logic1 gives place to ! concret] sy/em ( ,philosophy--! ,philosophy ( ! ,outw>d & ( ! ,inw>d actuality1--( ,nature & ,m9d4 ,! read] ( ! ,div9a ,comm$ia may h>dly ne$ to be rem9d$ t1 at ea* ( ! gr&] *anges ( sc5e & grade 9 8 pilgrimage1 ,dante sudd5ly f9ds himself )\t obvi\s means transport$ into a new region ( exp]i5ce4 ,!re are cata/rophes 9 ! process ( developm5t3 n unprep>$1 b summ+ up1 z 9 a fla% ( insight1 ! gradual & unp]ceiv$ process ( gr[?4 ,!re is bir? & dea? 9 ! spiritual _w3 & su* are mom5ts ( sudd5 lapse1 abrupt conv]sion1 :5 ! wat]s ( ,le! close ar\nd1 & !reaft] all ?+s are new4 ,!re are su* mom5ts ( accumulat$ & abnormal int5sity also 9 ! ,hegelian philosophy :5 a new cycle ( idea sudd5ly appe>s4 ,su* are ! epo*s ( *ange at ! great crises f ,be+ to ,ess5ce1 & f ,ess5ce to ,notion4 ,!re is a revulsion1 a %>p turn ( ! pa? :i* dialectic c en=ce b _c smoo? away1--on t pa? :i* dialectic inde$1 z oppos$ to ! old logic ( id5tity1 %[s n to be a m]e smoo? cont9uity4 ,all developm5t is by breaks1 & yet makes = cont9uity4 ,?is is aga9 exemplifi$ 9 ! passage f ,logic to ,physics4 ,! reality :i* pres5ts itself to ! philosoph] z ,nature is a _w ( reason--b1 z x /&s1 x only lives z "s spee*less "w ( art4 ,x is1 s to speak1 ! picture on ! wall--! reflection t is ca/ by ! full] reality ( exp]i5ce4 ,reason "h is 9 ! g>b ( s5se-p]ception4 ,nature is ! sil5t image--! tableau vivant--:i* becomes intellig5t1 speak+1 & real1 9 ! obs]v+ & compreh5d+ m9d4 ,x is ! /atue ( ,condillac1 n yet inve/$ ) ! m9imum ( s5sibility & consci\sness4 ,nature is or %[s all t ! ,idea conta9$1 b conta9$ only 9 possibility1 z a logical condition ( reality4 ,x %[s x 9 reality--& t is a reality spread ?r\gh endless times & spaces4 ,its unity1 its mean+1 its cont9uity are brok5 up into fragm5ts4 ,yet z ,nature1 i4 e4 9 its /ructural unity1 & n 9 ! disp]sion ( ?+s & elem5ts1 x is all a unity ( developm5t & has a life-hi/ory writt5 9 its organism = intellig5ce to read & to recon/itute1 on ! assumption t all its accid5t & irregul>ity is b ! inevitable imp]fection ( reality z giv5 9 p>ts & successions4