,transcrib]'s ,note ,sup]script lett]s are prec$$ by c>et symbols 774 ,italics are indicat$ by und]scores1 & bold text by at symbols4 ,,h[ ,,to ,,tea* ,a ,,=eign ,,language ,,progress ,,9 ,,language ) special ref]5ce to ,engli%4 ,by ,,otto ,,jesp]s51 ,ph4,d41 ,pr(essor ( ,engli% at ! ,univ]sity ( ,cop5hag54 #gs4 #f;d4 ,,"s ,,op9ions ,,( ,,! ,,press4 8,x appeals n only to speciali/s1 b to all :o conc]n !mselves ) t mo/ fasc9at+ ( mod]n que/ions1 ! orig9 & developm5t ( spee*4 ,! op5+ *apt] %[s u ! indep5d5t ?9k] & orig9al inve/igator4 ,?r\gh\t1 ! de/ructive criticism is cle>1 incisive1 & cog5t4 ,x _c fail to affect 9 "t ev5 ! manual-mong]s & ! exam9]s :o expect ! innoc5t s*ool to reproduce ! fictions ( ! cram-books4 ,a philologi/1 :o sees ) 8 own eyes & sees /raight1 is a r>e comb9ation40--,j\rnal ( ,education4 8,mr4 ,jesp]s51 :o is /ill "y1 has long ago ga9$ a high reputation z a phonetician4 ,! introductory essay prefix$ to ! tracts be=e u w1 we believe1 secure = him a di/+ui%$ position among philological ?9k]s4 ,x is long s9ce we read s brilliant a p]=mance ( its k9d40--,academy4 8,our read]s w f9d ! book z in/ructive z x is f> remov$ f ! dryness *>act]i/ic ( mo/ philological treatises4 ,x furni%es mat]ial = deep ?\ght & may almo/ be call$ a new />t+-po9t 9 philology40--,asiatic ,qu>t]ly ,review4 8,! book is hi/orical 9 its me?od1 & attempts to %[1 by an exam9ation ( ! typical *>act]i/ics ( languages 9 all /ages ( developm5t1 :at ! g5]al drift ( language has be540--,gu>dian4 ,,london3 ,,swan ,,sonn5s*e9 ,,co41 ,,ltd4 ,,h[ ,,to ,,tea* ,a ,,=eign ,,language ,by ,,otto ,,jesp]s51 ,ph4,d4 ,pr(essor ( ,engli% 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,cop5hag5 ,,translat$ ,,f ,,! ,,dani% ,,orig9al ,,by ,,sophia ,,yhl5-,,ols5 ,,b]tels5 ,m4,a4 8,?is 0 sometime a p>adox1 b n[ ! "t gives x pro(e40--,hamlet4 ,colophon ,,london ,,swan ,,sonn5s*e9 ,,co4 ,,ltd ,,new ,,york3 ,,! ,,macmillan ,,co4 #aijd ,,preface ,:51 9 accordance ) a wi% express$ by ,engli% & ,am]ican fri5ds1 ,i det]m9$ to h my ,sprogund]visn+ translat$ into ,engli%1 ,i f\nd x difficult to decide :at to reta9 & :at to leave out ( ! orig9al4 ,s mu* ( :at ,i _h writt5 appe>$ to me to apply m or less exclusively to ,dani% s*ools & ,dani% me?ods1 & ,i _h too little p]sonal exp]i5ce ( ! practice ( ,engli% tea*]s or ( ,engli% s*ool-books to be q sure ( ! advisability 9 ea* case ( includ+ or exclud+ ?is or t rem>k4 ,i h1 h[ev]1 made my *oice to ! be/ ( my ability1 & if "s p>ts ( my criticism are n altoge!r applicable to ,engli% me?ods1 ,i hope ,i may be excus$ on ! plea t :at is n[ ! really important ?+ is less ! de/ruction ( bad old me?ods ?an a positive indication ( ! new ways to be foll[$ if we are to h ?or\ghly effici5t tea*+ 9 mod]n languages4 ,,otto ,,jesp]s54 ,,g5t(te1 ,ne> ,,cop5hag54 ,i ,ab\t tw5ty ye>s ago1 :5 ,i began to be int]e/$ 9 a re=mation ( ! tea*+ ( mod]n languages1 !re 7 n1 z !re are n[1 num]\s books & articles on ! subject1 b m]ely scatt]$ h9ts1 especially 9 ! works ( ,sweet & ,/orm4 ,x 0 n long1 h[ev]1 be=e ! movem5t f\nd itself well "u headway1 especially 9 ,g]many4 ,9 ,sc&9avia x began at ! appe>ance ( ! adaptation :i* ,i _h made ( ,felix ,franke's capital little pamphlet1 8,die praktis*e spra*]l]nung auf grund d] psy*ologie und d] physiologie d] spra*e40 ,at j ab\t ! same "t1 ,we/]n 9 ,norway & ,lundell 9 ,sw$5 came =w>d ) simil> ideas1 & at ! ,philological ,congress 9 ,/ockholm 9 #ahhf we ?ree /ruck a bl[ = re=m4 ,we f\nd$ a society1 ( c\rse1 & we gave x ! "n ,qu\sque t&em 7:i* = ! b5efit ( ^? n acqua9t$ ) ,lat9 may be r5d]$ 8,_c we soon put an end to ?is8071 t ,cic]onian fl\ri% ) :i* ,vitor _h %ortly be=e h]ald$ 8 p[]ful little pamphlet1 8,d] spra*unt]ri*t muss umkehr540 ,our ,sc&9avian society publi%$ "s small pamphlets1 & = a "t ev5 a little qu>t]ly pap]4 ,b ! movem5t soon rea*$ t second & m important /age :5 ! tea*]s began to put ! re=m into practice & :5 ! editors ( s*ool-books began to give x m & m consid]ation1 until at pres5t x may be said t ! re=m$ me?od is well on ! way to p]man5t fav\r1 at lea/ z f> z y\ng] tea*]s h any?+ to say 9 ! matt]4 ,:at is ! me?od1 !n1 t ,i allude to8 ,well1 if ! "q means1 :at is x call$1 ,i f9d myself 9 "s emb>rassm5t1 = ! me?od resembles o!r pet *ildr5 9 ?is respect1 t x has _m names4 ,?\gh none ( ^! are q adequate1 yet if ,i m5tion !m all1 ,i c p]haps give a little prelim9>y notion ( :at ! matt] is all ab\t4 ,! me?od is by "s call$ ! 8new0 or 8new]02 9 ,engl& (t5 8die neu]e ri*tung02 by o!rs ! 8re=m-me?od10 aga9 ! 8natural10 ! 8rational10 ! 8correct10 or 8s5sible0 7:y n praise "o's w>es z all deal]s d 9 _! adv]tisem5ts872 ! 8direct0 comes a little ne>]1 ! 8phonetical0 indicates some?+ ( its "*1 b n ne>ly en\gh1 likewise ! 8phonetical transcription me?od10 = phonetics & phonetical transcription is n all2 ! 8imitative0 aga9 emphasizes ano!r po9t2 ! 8analytical0 7z contra/$ ) ! con/ructive7 c\ld p]haps also be appli$ to o!r me?ods2 ! 8concrete0 calls att5tion to some?+ ess5tial1 b s does ! ,g]man 8ans*auungsme?ode0 too2 8! conv]sation-me?od0 rem9ds u p]haps too mu* ( ,b]litz s*ools2 words ) 8anti10 l ! 8anticlassical10 8antigrammatical10 or 8antitranslation0 me?od1 are clumsy & /upidly negative--s !re is no?+ left = u b to give up ! attempt to f9d a "n1 & recognize t ?is difficulty is due to ! fact t x is n "o ?+1 b _m ?+s t we h to re=m1 & t is ( c\rse ! reason :y ! re=m]s !mselves fall into s _m sub-p>ties3 ! "o lays all ! /ress on "o po9t1 ! o!r on ano!r po9t4 ,h[ev]1 !re is c]ta9ly en\gh to d = any "o :o wants to get bett] results out ( ! tea*+ ( =eign languages ?an h hi!rto be5 ! rule4 ,x also speaks mu* 9 fav\r ( ! re=m t x is impossible to "n ! 8new0 me?od aft] "s f\nd]1 j z 9 old5 days we _h ,lanca/]'s1 ,hamilton's1 ,jacotot's me?ods2 lat]1 ,rob]tson's1 ,oll5dorff's1 ,ahn's1 ,t\ssa9t-,lang5s*eidt's1 ,pltz's1 ,li/ov's me?ods1 & z we ( lat] ye>s h ,b]litz's & ,g\9's me?ods = ! tea*+ ( =eign languages4 ,if 9 old ,norse my?ology1 ! god ,heimdall _h n9e mo!rs1 our re=m-me?od has at lea/ sev5 wise fa!rs4 ,9 ?is respect x diff]s ess5tially f all ! me?ods j m5tion$3 ea* "o ( !m is nam$ aft] a s+le man1 & he 9 return is z a rule only rememb]$ z ! orig9ator ( 8 me?od4 ,our me?od1 on ! o!r h&1 owes its orig9 to m5 :o1 = o!r reasons1 may claim a place among ! mo/ em95t l+ui/ic s*ol>s ( ! la/ decades 7,sweet1 ,/orm1 ,siev]s1 ,sayce1 ,lundell1 & o!rs71 & ! ideas :i* !y h conceiv$ h be5 adopt$ & appli$ to life ) _m practical innovations & *anges by a l>ge numb] ( educators & s*oolma/]s 7,i may m5tion almo/ at r&om ,kl+h>dt1 ,walt]1 ,khn1 ,drr1 ,quiehl1 ,rossmann1 ,w5dt1 ,widg]y1 ,we/]n1 ,brekke72 on ! b\nd>y betwe5 bo? gr\ps /& especially ,vitor & ,paul ,passy4 ,t %[s t x is n ) !oretical sophi/ries t we h to d2 x is n ! :im ( "o man1 b ! sum ( all ! be/ l+ui/ical & p$agogical ideas ( our times1 :i*1 com+ f _m diff]5t s\rces1 h f\nd ea* o!r1 & h made a beautiful alliance = ! purpose ( ov]turn+ ! old r\t9e4 ,mod]n languages1 :i* 7 =m]ly treat$ l ,c9d]ella 9 our s*ools & univ]sities1 beg9 to feel ( age1 & want to h a ^w to say1 because !y _c put up ) v>i\s arrangem5ts :i* may h be5 m or less satisfactory = ! classical languages1 b d n suit mod]n languages at all4 ,^! want to be treat$ z liv+1 & ! me?od ( tea*+ !m mu/ be z ela/ic & adaptable z life is re/less & v>iable4 ,:at is ! object 9 ! tea*+ ( mod]n languages8 ,well1 :y h we our native tongue8 ,c]ta9ly 9 ord] to get ! mo/ out ( a life liv$ 9 a community ( our fell[-c\ntrym51 9 ord] to ex*ange ?\ghts1 feel+s & wi%es ) !m1 bo? by receiv+ some?+ ( _! psy*ical cont5ts & by communicat+ to !m some?+ ( :at dwells 9 u4 ,language is n an end 9 itself1 j z little z railway tracks2 x is a way ( connection betwe5 s\ls1 a means ( communication4 ,& x is n ev5 ! only "o2 expression ( c\nt5ance1 ge/ure1 etc41 yes1 ev5 a =cible box on ! e> c tell me :at is tak+ place 9 ! m9d ( "o ( my fell[-creatures4 ,b language is ! mo/ complete1 ! ri*e/1 ! be/ means ( communication2 x bridges ! psy*ical *asm betwe5 individuals 9 manifold cases :5 !y o!rwise w\ld w&] ab\t isolat$ & cut (f f all intellig5t sympa?y4 ,! purpose 9 le>n+ =eign languages1 !n1 mu/ be 9 ord] to get a way ( communication ) places :i* our native tongue _c rea*1 = !re too may be p]sons ) :om ,i1 = "s reason or o!r1 desire to ex*ange ?\ghts1 or at lea/ f :om ,i wi% to receive ?\ghts4 ,& h]e9 really lies already ! answ] to ! "q3 :i* languages %all we give ! pref]5ce8 ,comp>e ! advantage ( be+ able to talk ) ! inhabitants ( ! ,fiji ,isl&s 9 _! own language ) ! advantage ( be+ conv]sant ) ,fr5* or ,g]man4 ,if all t we desire or all t we c ev] hope to atta9 9 any "o language is to receive ?\ghts1 to acqua9t ourselves ) ! works ( =eign au?ors1 :ile we ourselves nei!r expect nor wi% to be able to imp>t our own ?\ghts 9 x1 x is always a "q if x is n bett] to use translations ?an to le>n ! language itself1 especially 9 ! case ( ! dead languages4 ,a translation is1 to be sure1 no p]fect sub/itute = ! orig9al1 b on ! o!r h& "o has to "k ! =eign language pretty well 9 ord] to get m out ( ! orig9al ?an out ( ! translation4 ,!n h[ does ! balance /& betwe5 ! debit-side--! "w ( le>n+ ! language--& ! cr$it-side--! extra pr(it ?us to be got f ! au?ors' works8 ,x is ( c\rse a "q :i* mu/ be decid$ sep>ately = e individual case1 & !re are _m circum/ances :i* may h to be consid]$2 b mo/ p w n lose any?+ if !y read ,tol/oi or ,om> ,khayym 9 ,engli%4 ,! objection may be rais$ t !re are also o!r reasons = le>n+ =eign languages4 ,a /ud5t ( comp>ative philology1 = in/ance1 /udies languages = _! own sake1 )\t c>+ if !y c s]ve him z a means ( le>n+ any?+ t he did n "k be=e1 or t he c\ld le>n mu* m conv5i5tly 9 "s o!r way2 he may (t5 be v mu* int]e/$ 9 languages :i* h no lit]ature at all1 or :i* are spok5 by peoples ) :om he nev] comes into contact4 ,b ?is /udy1 :i* may be comp>$ to ! /udy ( o!r means ( communication = _! own sake1 locomotive-con/ruction1 railway signal-s]vice1 etc4--only t x is probably mu* m int]e/+--is cle>ly a special /udy1 :i* has no?+ to d ) ! reasons :y p g5]ally le>n languages4 ,al?\gh x und\bt$ly is an advantage = e educat$ p]son to "k some?+ ab\t ! life ( language1 yet ,i ?9k x w suffice = me m]ely to t\* ^u ! !oretical /udy ( languages "h & !re 9 ! foll[+ pages1 s mu* ! m z x is nev] ) ?is end 9 view t any language is plac$ on ! s*ool programme4 ,nei!r 7 ,lat9 & ,greek introduc$ into our s*ools = ! sake ( tra9+ ! pupils 9 logic1 no matt] h[ mu* x may occasionally be insi/$ ^u t exactly ?is is _! real value4 ,b x is n necess>y to wa/e _m words on ?is matt]1 especially s9ce all compet5t classical s*ol>s--also ^? :o insi/ ^u a privileg$ position = ! classical languages 9 our s*ools--h long ago giv5 up z uns*ol>ly ! idea t ! ,lat9 7or ,greek7 language %\ld be m logical 9 con/ruction ?an1 = in/ance1 ,fr5* or ,engli%4 ,& !re is no d\bt mu* tru? 9 :at ,rob]t ,br[n+ says3 8,le>n+ ,greek tea*es ,greek1 & no?+ else2 c]ta9ly n common s5se1 if t h fail$ to prec$e ! tea*+60#a ,b on ! o!r h& x mu/ n be ov]look$ t ev]y?+ :i* is le>n$ ) a s5sible end 9 view1 & accord+ to a s5sible me?od1 t5ds 9 itself m or less directly to develop valuable faculties1 & t especially ! tea*+ ( languages1 9 addition to ! actual results :i* x gives ?r\gh ! cont5ts ( :at "o reads 9 =eign languages1 is an excell5t means ( tra9+ su* important faculties z-- ! faculty ( obs]v+ 7( obs]v+ correctly1 ( obs]v+ indep5d5tly71 ! faculty ( classify+ "u diff]5t po9ts ( view t :i* has be5 obs]v$1 ! faculty ( d$uc+ g5]al laws f ! mat]ial collect$ by obs]vation1 ! faculty ( draw+ conclusions & apply+ !m to o!r cases ?an ! ones hi!rto met )1 --all1 ( c\rse1 faculties t are ne>ly relat$--also ! ability to read 9 g5]al1 to read intellig5tly1 & ) reflection4 ,9 ! con/ruction ( our me?od ( tea*+1 especially if x is to be us$ 9 s*ools1 we mu/ also take ^! ?+s into consid]ation4 ,any in/ruction 9 languages :i* m]ely consi/$ 9 a p>rot-l repetition ( ! words ( ! tea*] or ! book1 if inde$ su* a me?od is conceivable1 w\ld n be 9 place 9 our s*ools1 & besides1 no "o1 s f> z ,i "k1 has ev] tri$ to introduce su* a pure p>rot-me?od !re4 ,! tea*] mu/ make ! pupils feel int]e/$ 9 ! subject2 !y mu/ h a vivid conception ( ! rew>d t _! "w w br+ !m1 s t x w seem wor? :ile = !m to ex]t !mselves4 ,!y mu/ feel t _! in/ruction 9 languages gives !m a key1 & t !re are pl5ty ( treasures t x w op5 = !m2 !y mu/ see t ! lit]ature to :i* !y h ga9$ access conta9s num]\s works :i* also h messages = !m2 & !y mu/1 to s great an ext5t z possible 9 ! c\rse ( ! in/ruction 9 a c]ta9 language1 also h got an int]e/ 9 ! l& & p conc]n$1 s t !y !mselves w make an ef=t to ext5d _! k ab\t ^! ?+s4 ,!re is ?us laid a good f\ndation = _! :ole life--& ! say+ 8non s*ol s$ vit0 ought n to be int]pret$1 z too _m 7especially p>5ts7 d3 le>n n = ! s*ool1 b 9 ord] to pass a good exam9ation1 s t y may prosp] 9 life1 & by virtue ( y\r exam9ation get a good position4 ,! s*ool ought to equip its y\? 9 ! v be/ mann] = life1 & ! tea*] ought n out ( consid]ation = exam9ation requirem5ts to neglect or h9d] any?+ :i* o!rwise is good4 ,a ^w ab\t exam9ations lat]2 "h ,i simply want to w>n ! tea*] aga9/ tr\bl+ ! exam9ation until ! exam9ation tr\bles him4 ,_m ( ! ?+s :i* ,i h to recomm5d 9 ! foll[+ pages1 ,i h "t & aga9 he>d tea*]s recognize z really s5sible1 b !y are only afraid ( !m on acc\nt ( ! exam9ation = :i* !y h to prep>e _! pupils4 ,! answ] to t is1 tea* 9 ! "r way1 !n !re w be life & love 9 x all1 & :5 ! exam9ation comes y\r pupils w "k m ?an if y\r tea*+ f ! v beg9n+ _h be5 fett]$ by exam9ation requirem5ts4 ,! pupils really le>n mo/ :5 !y cont9ually h a feel+ t x is all some?+ useful & valuable1 & t x is n too f> elevat$ above t actual life :i* !y ei!r "k or are beg9n+ to get "s notion (4 ,we le>n languages1 !n 7our native tongue z well z o!rs71 s z to be enabl$ to get s5sible fir/-h& communications ab\t ! ?\ghts ( o!rs1 & s z to h = ourselves too 7if possible7 a means ( mak+ o!rs p>tak]s ( our own ?\ghts2 & if we consid] :at k9d ( communications we may be m likely to get ?r\gh a =eign language ?an ?r\gh our own1 ! highe/ purpose 9 ! tea*+ ( languages may p]haps be said to be ! access to ! be/ ?\ghts & in/itutions ( a =eign nation1 its lit]ature1 culture--9 %ort1 ! _s ( ! nation 9 ! wide/ s5se ( ! ^w4 ,b at ! same "t we mu/ rememb] t we _c rea* ! goal ) "o b\nd1 & t !re are _m o!r ?+s on ! way :i* are also wor? tak+ 94 ,we d n le>n our native tongue m]ely s z to be able to read ,%akespe>e & ,br[n+1 & nei!r d we le>n x = ! sake ( giv+ ord]s to ! %oemak] or mak+ out ! wa%]woman's bill4 ,s likewise 9 ! case ( =eign languages1 we ought n exclusively to so> above ! e>?1 nor on ! o!r h& exclusively to grovel on ! gr\nd2 betwe5 ^? two sph]es !re are l>ge fields 9 manifold %ades :]e x might be ( great value = u to /& 9 direct communication ) o!r nations4 ,,footnote3 #a ,preface to 8 translation ( ! ,agamemnon ( s*ylus4 ,,ii ,we may already f :at has be5 said draw "s conclusions z to ! me?od :i* we ought to use4 ,we ought to le>n a language ?r\gh s5sible communications2 !re mu/ be 7& ?is z f> z possible f ! v fir/ day7 a c]ta9 connection 9 ! ?\ghts communicat$ 9 ! new language4 ,disconnect$ words are b /ones = bread2 "o _c say any?+ s5sible ) m]e li/s ( words4 ,inde$ n ev5 disconnect$ s5t5ces ought to be us$1 at all ev5ts1 n 9 su* a mann] & to su* an ext5t z 9 mo/ books accord+ to ! old me?od4 ,= !re is g5]ally j z little connexion betwe5 !m z !re w\ld be 9 a newspap] if ! same l9e 7 read all ! way across f column to column4 ,i %all take a few specim5s at r&om f a ,fr5* read] t is mu* us$3 8,my aunt is my "m's fri5d4 ,my de> fri5d1 y are speak+ too rapidly4 ,t is a good book4 ,we are too old4 ,?is g5tleman is q sad4 ,! boy has dr[n$ _m dogs40 ,:5 p say t in/ruction 9 languages ought to be a k9d ( m5tal gymna/ics1 ,i d n "k if "o ( ! ?+s !y h 9 m9d is su* sudd5 & viol5t leaps f "o range ( ideas to ano!r4 ,9 ano!r ,fr5* s*oolbook we f9d3 8,n\s sommes ,p>is1 v\s tes ,londres4 ,l\ise et ,amlie1 o tes-v\s8 ,n\s avons tr\v la lettre sur la table4 ,avez-v\s pris le livre8 ,avons-n\s t ,b]l98 ,amlie1 v\s tes tri/e4 ,l\is1 avez-v\s vu ,philippe8 ,sommes-n\s ,londres80 ,! speak]s seem to h a /range s5se ( locality4 ,fir/1 !y say t !y !mselves are 9 ,p>is1 b ! "o 7! ones87 t !y are speak+ ) are 9 ,london 7conv]sation by telephone872 !n !y _c rememb] if !y !mselves h be5 9 ,b]l92 & at la/ !y ask if !y !mselves are 9 ,london4 ,un=tunately1 !y get no answ]1 = ! next s5t5ce is1 8,pi]re1 v\s avez pris la canne40 ,or take "s ( ! books :i* are suppos$ to help ,danes le>n ,engli%4 ,!y are no bett]4 ,9 "o 7:i* appe>$ 9 #ahhi7 we f9d3 8,! jo9] has made ?is *air4 ,:at a f9e sun%9e6 ,= :om d y make ?is b$8 ,:i* ( y w h ?is box8 ,i %\ld l to h x4 ,( :om h y got ?is cake8 ,i am v fond ( cakes4 ,i h borr[$ a great deal ( books f a public libr>y40 ,f a 8practical0 prim] 9 ,engli%1 :i* appe>$ 9 its second edition 9 #ahic1 ,i take ! foll[+ specim5s3 8,are ! k+'s horses v old8 ,no2 b ! duke's c>riage is old4 ,is x old] ?an y\r fri5d's8444 ,has ! nobleman told y ! news8 ,no1 sir2 b ! lady has told me ! news ab\t ! bus9ess & ! w$d+4 ,:y d y n give ! negro a h\se8 ,no1 sir2 b ,i c tell y t ! ,g]man has giv5 ea* ( ! negroes a pretty little h\se4 ,has ! lady a knife8 ,yes1 ! lady has two knives4 ,:y d y n give ! ladies ! ,g]man's keys to ! *ur*8 ,! noblem5 h ! ,g]man's keys40 ,i c\ld give y almo/ any numb] ( t k9d ( specim5s4 ,! ones ,i h *os5 are n ev5 ( ! v wor/ type1 s9ce !re is 7"s sort (7 mean+ 9 ea* s5t5ce by itself4 ,b :at %all we say :51 9 a ,g]man read]1 to ! "q ,wo seid ihr8 we f9d ! answ]1 ,wir s9d ni*t hi]6 ,! au?or ( t book also seems to h _h a v vivid imag9ation :5 x came to ! use ( plup]fects4 8,y\r book _h n be5 l>ge4 ,_h y be5 s5sible8 ,y\r horse _h be5 old40 ,we ask ourselves 9 surprise1 :5 did ?is wond]ful horse !n cease to be old8 ,b t k9d ( mat]ial in=mation is n giv5 9 ! book2 x /ops at ! sph9x-l rem>k3 ,de9 ,pf]d w> alt gewes54 ,c\ld x really h be5 t k9d ( s*oolbooks t ! ,dani% writ]1 ,sr5 ,ki]kega>d1 allud$ to :5 he wrote t language _h be5 giv5 to man1 n 9 ord] to conceal 8 ?\ghts1 z ,talleyr& ass]t$1 b 9 ord] to conceal ! fact t he _h no ?\ghts8 ,n[ x mu/ imm$iately be admitt$ t !re may be a big diff]5ce 9 ! s*oolbooks made1 ev5 accord+ to ?is s+le-s5t5ce sy/em4 ,x nev] seems to h occurr$ to ! au?ors ( "s ( !m t !re might be a limit to ! am\nt ( rubbi% t c be (f]$ *ildr5 "u ! pretext ( tea*+ !m gramm>4 ,o!rs aga9 try to give s5t5ces :i* are bo? s5sible & 9 accordance ) a *ild's natural range ( ideas4 ,) respect to ! latt] pr9ciple1 !re has be5 /eady progress f ! times :5 ! s5t5ces ei!r 7 moral rules ( conduct & philosophical pr(undities1 or selections ab\t ,greek h]oes1 etc4 ,b ev5 9 ! be/ mod]n books ! ex]cises are (t5 /rangely disjo9t$ 7cf41 = in/ance1 ?is ex]cise f "o ( ! bett] books3 8,my bro!r _h n _m lessons ye/]day4 ,:]e _h y be58 ,! wea!r _h be5 f9e = a long "t4 ,?is boy _h only be5 9 our h\se ?ree or f\r weeks4 ,has y\r uncle _h _m tulips ?is ye>8 ,h[ long _h y _h ?is frock8071 & ev5 if !y are n s gl>+ly nons5sical z "s o!rs1 yet _! v disconnect$ness makes !m bad en\gh4 ,x is easy en\gh1 h[ev]1 to f9d some?+ to make fun ( 9 all su* books4 ,let u !n r ask ! reason :y ?is sy/em has s long be5 dom9ant4 ,its def5d]s w1 ( c\rse1 ref] to ! difficulties 9 all connect$ read+ ex]cises2 ev5 ! simple/ /ories conta9 s _m grammatical =ms1 & s _m words1 t ! beg9n] w\ld be ov]:elm$ & confus$ by hav+ !m all ?r[n at him at once4 ,!re mu/ be gradual progress 9 difficulty1 t is1 ! mat]ial = in/ruction mu/ be arrang$ 9 /ages f v easy to m & m difficult ?+s1 & ?is is suppos$ to be atta9able only by means ( disconnect$ s5t5ces4 ,! pr9ciple is s\nd1 b x is uns\nd to put x into practice 9 su* a mann] t o!r p$agogical pr9ciples :i* are j z s\nd are neglect$4 ,%\ld p$agogy n also dem& "s s5se 9 :at "o treats ! *ildr5 to8 ,b1 z we h se51 x is n always s easy to f9d ! s5se4 ,& %\ld x n also be ( "s significance to attract ! int]e/ ( ! pupils8 ,no?+ seems h>d to a will+ m9d4 ,t :i* is associat$ ) pleasant recollections has a firm] place 9 ! memory ?an dry /uff4 ,b ex]cises :]e x alt]nates betwe5 ! ,fr5*man :o has tak5 ! ,engli%man's hat & ! ,engli%man :o has tak5 ! ,fr5*man's cane1 or :]e ei!r ,m>ie sees ,l\ise's dog or ,pet] sees ,h5ry's horse--!y _c be any?+ b bor+1 ev5 if !y give ! pupils ev] s gradual practice 9 ! use ( ! g5itive4 ,gr[n p]sons c1 ( c\rse1 put up ) a little bor$om1 if !y ?9k !y c atta9 any?+ by x2 b 9 _! he>t ( he>ts !y f9d su* ?+s kill+1 & s !y are2 yes1 ev5 kill+ = ! l+ui/ic s5se4 ,*ildr5 c1 ( c\rse1 put up ) a good deal1 too1 :5 !y h a tea*] :o c w9 _! respect & affection2 !y also put up ) _m ?+s only = ! sake ( gett+ good m>ks1 or :5 !y are /imulat$ by o!r equally uns\nd means4 ,b /ill1 x is bett] to avoid bor+ !m4 ,i suppose x is also ( p$agogical importance = ! tea*+ to be correct4 ,b "h we h j "o ( ^? po9ts :]e we see :at evil results may come ( ! sy/em ( disconnect$ s5t5ces3 x is s extremely easy = !m to become /ilt$2 inde$1 ev5 incorrect4 ,"s examples may be f\nd 9 ! ex]cise already cit$ on p4 #ab1 :]e ! s5t5ce1 8,= :om d y make ?is b$80 is n good ,engli%1 at any rate1 & :]e 8a great deal ( books0 is a bad blund] = 8a great _m books40 ,x is really easi] to write a long connect$ piece 9 a =eign language ab\t some?+ t "o is int]e/$ 9 ?an to con/ruct m]ely eight disconnect$ s5t5ces = ! illu/ration ( a c\ple ( grammatical rules1 & )\t us+ o!r words ?an ^? ! pupils already h _h4 ,z impossible1 ev5 if n positively incorrect1 ,i consid] su* s5t5ces z ! foll[+1 to :i* any "o c f9d _m p>allels3--8,tie4 ,d n tie4 ,fet*4 ,d n fet*4444 ,give4 ,d n give40444 ,judg$ z ?\ghts !y are unf9i%$ or half-f9i%$ ideas4 ,judg$ z language1 !y are also v problematical4 ,su* que/ions1 z 8,d ,i take80 require ! necess>y in=mation z to :at & :54 ,su* fragm5ts ( s5t5ces are nev] he>d 9 real life4 ,f9ally1 s5t5ces ( ?is k9d give ! pupil q an errone\s notion ( :at language is on ! :ole1 & ( ! relation betwe5 diff]5t languages4 ,he is too apt to get ! impression t language means a collection ( words :i* are isolat$ & indep5d5t1 & t !re mu/ be a correspond+ ^w 9 8 native tongue = ea* new =eign ^w t he le>ns4 ,^! words are !n %ov$ ab\t )\t any real purpose accord+ to c]ta9 giv5 rules1 some:at aft] ! mann] ( a puzzle t 0 popul> "s ye>s ago4 ,! mi/ake ?us made is by ,sweet call$ ! ari?metical fallacy1 because languages are tak5 z collections ( units :]e ! ord] ( ! add5ds & ! factors is immat]ial4 ,ev]y?+ t is idiomatic 9 ! languages is q set aside1 at all ev5ts = ! "t be+1 )\t consid]ation = ! fact t ! mo/ indisp5sable expressions (t5 are ^? irrational gr\ps :i* _c be con/ruct$ m]ely ( words & grammatical rules1 expressions l 8,:at's ! matt]8 ,i c\ldn't help laugh+4 ,s]ve y "r4 a va sans dire4 a y e/4 ,voil qui e/ drle4 ,wie spt hab5 ,sie8 ,w] i/ jetzt an d] ,reihe8 ,sie s9d dran4 ,0 i/ d5n los80 ,:]e ! ,engli%man circum/antially says 8r+ ! bell10 ! ,fr5*man has ! %ort 8sonnez10 etc41 etc4 ,:5 ! pupil does n get a good deal ( t k9d ( ?+ z soon z possible1 b = ye>s cont9ues translat+ ^w-gr\ps ( ! ari?metical k9d until he is well drill$ 9 all ! rules ( ! gramm>1 ! result is t :5 he is left to 8 own res\rces he takes ea* ^w ( ! ,engli% phrase t happ5s to occur to him & translates x lit]ally into ! language :i* he is try+ to speak4#b ,t is h[ we come to he> su* ridicul\s ?+s z 8,i* konnte ni*t helf5 zu la*540 ,x is gramm> t plays ! *ief rle4 ,a *>act]i/ic tea*]'s report is3 8,9 ! c\rse ( ! s*ool-ye> we h gone ?r\gh accid5ce z f> z ! ?ird class ( v]bs40 ,! raison d'tre ( ea* s5t5ce lies m]ely 9 its value = ! grammatical ex]cises1 s t by read+ s*oolbooks "o (t5 gets ! impression t ,fr5*m5 mu/ be /rictly sy/ematical be+s1 :o "o day speak m]ely 9 futures1 ano!r day 9 pass df9is1 & :o say ! mo/ disconnect$ ?+s only = ! sake ( be+ able to use all ! p]sons 9 ! t5se :i* = ! "t be+ happ5s to be ! subject = conv]sation1 :ile !y c>efully po/pone ! use ( ! subjunctive until next ye>4 ,n[1 z mis=tune w h x1 al?\gh ! :ole sy/em is plann$ = drill+ 9 gramm>1 ?is end is by no means atta9$ by ^! too sy/ematical ex]cises4 ,! pupils get ! sc5t ( :at is to be us$ 9 a c]ta9 ex]cise1 & !y use x me*anically !re1 b !y d n le>n h[ to transf] x to o!r connexions1 s if !y sudd5ly h to use a future 9 an ex]cise on ! plup]fect ! future =m is apt to be> a suspici\s resemblance to ! plup]fect =m2 :5 ! pupils are be+ drill$ 9 ! end+s ( ! f\r? decl5sion1 & a ^w belong+ to ! ?ird decl5sion happ5s to h crept 91 x is v difficult to get x correctly decl9$ )\t any rem9isc5ce ( f\r?-class end+s1 etc4 ,i once read a p$agogical article by a ,g]man s*oolma/]1 ,i ?9k x 01 :o _h discov]$ t ! reason :y !re 7 s _m poor ,lat9 ex]cises writt5 0 t ! pupils (t5 _h to apply sev]al rules ( syntax 9 "o & ! same s5t5ce2 if ! s5t5ces 7 only s made t ea* "o ( !m conta9$ b "o grammatical ph5om5on1 x w\ld soon be se5 h[ clev] ! pupils c\ld be4 ,yes1 h[ pleasant x w\ld be if life too c\ld be s arrang$ z to h ! difficulties come "o at a "t4 ,z previ\sly rem>k$1 !re is too little att5tion paid to :at is idiomatical1 & s5t5ces con/ruct$ by non-natives are apt to be ( ! k9d t nev] w\ld occur to a native1 ev5 if x may be difficult en\gh to f9d positive 8mi/akes0 9 !m4 ,_m ( ! ,fr5* & ,g]man s5t5ces 9 our s*oolbooks mu/ surely h ! same air ( unreality = a native z n a few ( ^? f\nd 9 ,engli% prim]s publi%$ abroad h = an ,engli%man4 ,v closely connect$ ) ! idiomatical elem5ts ( a language are its *>act]i/ics ( /yle1 & 9 ?is respect too our s*oolbooks are clumsy en\gh1 = words :i* belong m]ely to elevat$ or specially poetical /yle are bundl$ toge!r ) e-day words 9 ! v beg9n+ ( ! fir/ prim] )\t any caution to ! pupil aga9/ us+ !m4 ,a =eign] :o wants to le>n ,engli% has fir/ ( all use = words l 8grief1 sorr[10 b he _h bett] po/pone acqua9tance ) 8woe10 o!rwise he is z likely z n to make himself ridicul\s by say+ 8x 0 a great woe to me40 8,unwill+0 is m necess>y ?an 8lo?10 8wa%0 ?an 8lave10 8lonely0 or 8=sak50 ?an 8=lorn10 etc4 ,b on "o ( ! v fir/ pages ( ,li/ov's ,engli% ,read] :i* is writt5 = beg9n]s1 we f9d 8,i bid him g10 :i* is altoge!r old-fa%ion$1 /iff & booki% 7=3 ,i told him to g1 ,i ask$ him to g1 or ,i ord]$ 44471 & 9 ! same book 8foe0 is pref]r$ to ! ord9>y1 indisp5sable 8enemy40 ,& 9 sev]al ,engli% prim]s ! unnatural 8comm5ce0 is us$ all ! way ?r\gh in/ead ( ! natural 8beg902 likewise ! r>e 8pur*ase0 = ! ev]yday 8buy0--! only reason :i* ,i c ?9k ( is t ! ord9>y1 indisp5sable words foll[ irregul> decl5sions & inflexions4 ,! beg9n] has only use = ! mo/ ev]yday words2 he ought to h no?+ to d ) ! vocabul>y ( poetry or ev5 ( m elevat$ prose2 l ev]y?+ sup]flu\s1 x is detrim5tal1 because x burd5s ! memory & h9d]s p]fect famili>ity ) t :i* is mo/ necess>y4 ,x w1 moreov]1 be impossible = him to get a prop] conception ( ! l+ui/ic effectiv5ess ( poetry & elevat$ prose1 :5 he is s f> advanc$ z to read ! good writ]s1 because f 8 v fir/ lesson 9 ! language he has le>n$ ! lit]>y expressions side by side ) ! phrases ( normal prose & ev]yday conv]sation4 ,b ev5 among words n belong+ to ! language ( lit]ature1 _m may )\t scruple be po/pon$ 9 ord] to make room = ! mo/ necess>y words1 :i* mu/ be le>n$ 9 su* a mann] t "o always may h !m on h& )\t ! slighte/ hesitation4 ,9 ,miss ,golds*midt's picture-me?od 7:i* is n[ us$ a good deal outside ( its native l&1 ,d5m>k1 & also 9 l>ge "p des]ves ! popul>ity & praise :i* x has won71 ,i f9d1 = in/ance1 n less ?an #eh words = t _m m or less intimate articles ( wom5's clo?+2 & :5 ,i 9 ! same book "u ! head+ 8cuis9e0 f9d #df words1 among o!rs1 8b\illoire tamis1 passoire1 pelle ma91 puisoire1 lavette1 canelle vi]1 coqueti]1 cumoire1 entonnoir1 pilon1 rteli]1 rpe1 billot1 manne10 ,i _c help feel+ ?ankful t no "o ev] torm5t$ me ) le>n+ !m2 x seems to me ,i h got along pretty well 9 ,p>is & else:]e 9 ,fr5* conv]sations1 j z ,i h read _m ,fr5* books1 )\t kn[+ all ^! te*nical words4 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 ,i h a /rong notion t ,i %\ld n h got along s well 9 conv]sation1 & %\ld n h be5 able to read ,fr5* s well1 if my vocabul>y _h be5 limit$ to ! "o 9 ,miss ,golds*midt's pictures4 ,! usual treatm5t ( gramm>1 too1 involves ! le>n+ ( a numb] ( words t "o has no use =4 ,!re are few words :i* ev5 ! /upide/ pupils 9 ,fr5* & ,engli% h s pat z 8l\se10 & ! reason is t ! plural ( bo? 8p\0 & 8l\se0 happ5s to be some?+ out ( ! ord9>y4 ,= z soon z a ^w is decl9$ diff]5tly f ! usual p>adigms1 x has to be le>n$ = ! sake ( s-call$ complet5ess4 ,?us we _h to le>n 9 s*ool ! rigm>ole3 8amussis1 ravis1 sitis1 tussis1 vis0 & usually also 8febris1 pelvis1 puppis1 re/is1 turris1 securis10 :]e 8vis vim0 7p]haps also 8sitis sitim07 w\ld h suffic$2 ! o!rs 7) mean+s l rul]1 ho>s5ess1 rope71 ,i am sure1 nev] occurr$ 9 :at we read ( ,lat9 lit]ature1 & z f> z ! la/ words are conc]n$1 :y x w\ld n h made any diff]5ce anyway if we _h let ! accusative end 9 8--em10 if we _h to use ! ^w 9 a cat* ex]cise4 ,& !n !re 0 ! 8long rigm>ole0 :i* x 0 our pride to be able to run ?r\gh )\t w9k+3 8amnis1 axis10 etc41 & :i* d\btless has co/ u all "s h\rs ( drudg]y be=e we c\ld q make x /ick4 ,( ! words 9 x1 8scrobis1 s5tis1 torris1 vectis10 at lea/1 7 entirely sup]flu\s = u--aside f ! fact t if by "s wond]ful *ance we %\ld come across "o ( ! words 9 ! c\rse ( our read+1 we 7 sure en\gh to rememb] t ! ^w /ood 9 ! long rigm>ole1 b :y x /ood !re or :at ! ^w meant1 t 0 apt to be q =gott54 ,well1 x did n make mu* diff]5ce 9 s f> z ! *ances 7 a ?\s& to "o t = und]/&+ ! passage 9 "q x 0 absolutely ( no consequ5ce if we _h rememb]$ t ! ^w 0 mascul9e4 7,x may be ( "s com=t to add t "s ( !m may also be fem99e3 ! old ,romans 7 n always z big p$ants z ,lat9 tea*]s w\ld l to make !m out to be47 ,sweet writes3 8,9 ! ,g]man gramm> ,i began ) ! ^w ,hornung1 #8,febru>y1' 0 giv5 z an exception to ! rule t n\ns 9 -ung are fem99e1 & = _m ye>s no ,g]man ^w 0 m famili> to me1 except p]haps pets*aft1 #8seal1' ^: acqua9tance ,i made at ! same "t & 9 ! same way4 ,b to ! pres5t day ,i _c rememb] hav+ met ) ei!r ( !m 9 any mod]n ,g]man book1 /ill less ( ev] hav+ he>d !m 9 conv]sation1 ,hornung be+ n[ entirely obsolete except 9 "s ,g]man dialects4 ,at la/1 :5 ,i began ,middle ,high ,gramm>1 ,i met ) x = ! fir/ "t 9 my life 9 a poem ( ,wal!r von d] ,vogelweide1 b by ?is "t ,i _h =gott5 all ab\t x40#c ,9 mo/ ,engli% gramm>s = =eign]s1 ! ^w caiman plays su* an important "p t ! *ildr5 nev] c =get x1 & ?is is j because x is n caim5 9 ! plural2 likewise x is c>efully inculcat$ on ! pupils t die mean+ 8a /amp us$ = co9+ money0 has ! plural dies1 b x is sc>cely probable t "o 9 a ?\s& w ev] h any use = ! ^w 9 ?is s5se2 cf4 ,/orm's rem>k on travail quot$ bel[4 ,mu* ( t k9d ( ?+ has =tunately be5 remov$ f ! s*oolbooks ( lat] ye>s1 b !re is no d\bt /ill "s we$+ to be done4 ,,footnotes3 #b ,a funny in/ance ( ! ari?metical fallacy is ! foll[+ sign 9 ,cop5hag53 ,/vle--og skomag]4 ,boot--& %oemak]4 ,botte--et cordonni]4 #c ,sweet1 ,practical ,/udy ( ,languages1 p4 #aaj4 ,,iii ,on ! basis ( ! above negative criticism1 we may p]haps =mulate ! foll[+ positive requirem5ts = ^? read+ selections :i* are to be ! f\ndation = in/ruction 9 languages1 namely t z f> z possible !y mu/ 7#a7 be connect$1 ) a s5sible mean+1 7#b7 be int]e/+1 lively1 v>i$1 7#c7 conta9 ! mo/ necess>y mat]ial ( ! language fir/1 especially ! mat]ial ( ev]yday language1 7#d7 be correct ,fr5* 7,g]man1 etc471 7#e7 pass gradually f t :i* is easy to t :i* is m difficult1 7#f7 yet )\t too mu* consid]ation = :at is m]ely grammatically easy or difficult4 ,?is ord] does n indicate ! relative importance or value ( ! requirem5ts1 :i* might be difficult to det]m9e4 ,if !re %\ld be any disagreem5t betwe5 !m1 ,i suppose x is g5]ally be/ to try to f9d "s practical compromise4 ,we mu/ n[ pass on to exam9e "s ( ^! requirem5ts m closely4 ,! use ( connect$ texts 9 ! elem5t>y tea*+ ( languages has already previ\sly be5 tri$1 b x seems z if 9 ! ef=t to avoid ! ,scylla ( disconnect$ s5t5ces x has be5 impossible to escape ! ,*>ybdis ( su* texts z ,*ateaubri&'s ,atala1 ,dick5s' ,*ri/mas ,c>ol 7,m?ode ,t\ssa9t-,lang5s*eidt71 ! ,new ,te/am5t1 or ,cs>'s ,gallic ,w>1 etc4 ,h[ (t5 aft] su* exp]im5ts1 :5 ! pupil 0 ov]:elm$ & did n le>n any?+ because he 0 to le>n ev]y?+ at once1 has n ! tea*] return$ 9 despair to ! disconnect$ s5t5ces4 ,b betwe5 ! two extremes !re is no d\bt room = ! gold5 mean ( beg9n+ ) q %ort connect$ pieces1 & !n gradually1 z ea* lesson may be l5g!n$1 pass+ ov] to long] texts--( c\rse ?is does n necess>ily mean t a :ole piece mu/ always be tak5 = ea* lesson2 ! breaks 9 ! lessons d n ne$ to correspond to ! breaks 9 ! text-book4 ,anecdotes meet ! requirem5ts 9 s f> z !y are %ort connect$ pieces1 & !re=e !y play su* an important "p 9 _m read]s4 ,b yet !y are n q ! ?+1 especially :5 !y are us$ 9 too great numb]s4 ,a po9t$ anecdote c only be really funny once2 if x is to be repeat$ _m times1 x soon becomes /ale & inde$ m tiresome ?an mo/ o!r ?+s4 ,& j ! v quality :i* makes x amus+ makes x less valuable = tea*+ purposes2 t is1 an anecdote mu/ by its v nature conta9 z few words z possible2 b x is bett] = beg9n]s to get a little broad] col\r+1 s t ! mo/ necess>y words & phrases may recur frequ5tly4 ,if _m anecdotes foll[ "o ^u ! o!r1 x is n easy to avoid frequ5t jumps betwe5 totally diff]5t sph]es ( ?\ght & accord+ly betwe5 totally diff]5t worlds ( words2 ?is increases ! difficulty1 & ! result is apt to be t words & expressions once le>n$ are soon =gott54 ,anecdotes dep5d+ ^u puns _c be appreciat$ at all )\t full famili>ity ) ! words resembl+ ea* o!r1 & t c only 9 a m9ority ( cases be assum$ = our pupils4 ,! be/ way to use anecdotes 9 tea*+ languages is to let !m s]ve z spice 9 or 9 connection ) o!r pieces1 especially descriptive pieces1 s t ! words us$ 9 ! anecdotes may !re appe> 9 _! natural surr\nd+s4 ,?is c be/ be done 9 %ort /ories ab\t animals2 9 my own books = beg9n]s 9 ,engli%1 ,i h tak5 sev]al su* pieces f purely sci5tific works by ,sir ,john ,lubbock1 ,romanes1 ,tylor1 etc4 ,i m5tion ^! z examples ( a k9d ( texts :i* seem to me to be especially attractive 7b :i* are nei!r s easy to get hold ( nor to concoct71 because !y give ent]ta9+ & s5sible in=mation ab\t ?+s :i* are (t5 neglect$ 9 ! natural sci5ce in/ruction itself1 & at ! same "t !y give an opportunity ( le>n+ a good deal ( useful language-mat]ial )\t be+ too difficult4 ,! pieces :i* are m]ely descriptive ( nature1 & :i* ,sweet lays s mu* /ress ^u1 h ! advantage t !y 9 a /ill great] degree all[ ( ! employm5t ( ! mo/ indisp5sable mat]ial ( language1 & t a numb] ( ! s5t5ces may be made self-explanatory 7v4 bel[74 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 b relatively few subjects t c be dealt ) 9 ?is way--! mo/ elem5t>y natural ph5om5a--& :5 !y are n writt5 9 su* a ma/]ly mann] z 9 ,sweet's ,elem5t>bu* des gespro*55 ,englis*1 !re are apt to be s _m well-kn[n tru?s told 9 ^! pieces t ! int]e/ flags4 ,9 decid+ on :at w be ( int]e/ z a selection = read+1 diff]5ces 9 age mu/ ( c\rse to a great ext5t be tak5 into consid]ation4 ,b x is an exp]i5ce :i* ,i myself h _h1 & 9 :i* _m tea*]s be> me out1 t beg9n]s 9 a =eign language may v well be int]e/$ 9 c]ta9 read+ matt] ev5 if !y are beyond ! age :5 correspond+ ?+s w\ld int]e/ !m 9 _! native language4 ,s "o mu/ n be afraid ( *ildi% texts2 b by ?is ,i d n mean to recomm5d a c]ta9 k9d ( juv5ile lit]ature :i* fl\ri%es 9 all c\ntries1 & :i* aunts1 especially ! unm>ri$ ones1 (t5 ?9k t *ildr5 appreciate1 & s !y !mselves also proce$ to produce x 9 l>ge quantities1 t is1 milk-&-wat] /ories & v]ses ab\t ! rew>d ( good *ildr5 & ! frightful puni%m5t ( ! naughty ones2 bo? "y & old f9d su* 8lit]ature0 nauseat+1 & x 7 be/ to avoid x 9 text-books 9 =eign languages4 ,b !re is ano!r class ( lit]ature1 t collect$ by folklori/s1 :i* is orally transmitt$ f g5]ation to g5]ation1 & :i* %[s its vig\r by be+ cont9ually amus+ & by cont9ually %oot+ new %oots4 ,mu* ( x c successfully be us$ 9 tea*+ languages2 & t :i* amuses a ,fr5* *ild ( five or six ye>s may (t5 amuse an ,engli% *ild ( t5 or elev5 or ev5 m1 because 9 ! =eign language x gets ! *>m t always is connect$ ) ! unkn[n4 ,mu* ( ?is mat]ial--& ( o!r mat]ial1 :i*1 )\t belong+ to popul> tradition1 is relat$ to x--is 9 v]se-=m1 :i* has ! great advantage = our purpose1 t rhy?m & rhyme naturally rivet ! words & expressions fa/ to ea* o!r1 s t ! memory gets hold ( !m l an unbreakable *a94 ,x is only ) great difficulty & ) mu* repetition t prose s5t5ces c be inculcat$ 9 a c]ta9 giv5 =m2 b to le>n v]se is l play--x le>ns itself4 ,if !re=e ! poetry ( art1 ) its m or less unnatural language1 is unsuitable = ! beg9n]1 ! little witty natural v]ses ( ! g5u9e *ildr5's lit]ature are1 on ! o!r h&1 excell5t4 ,b ( c\rse n ev5 ^! are always pure pe>ls1 & !re are _m ( !m to be reject$ z conta9+ imp]t95ces1 nons5se-words1 fragm5ts ( antiquat$ language1 or words :i* beg9n]s h no use =2 x seems to me1 = in/ance1 t ,vitor & ,drr %\ld n h transf]r$ ! nurs]y rhymes :olesale 7ev5 ! old =ms ) --? 9 ! ?ird p]son1 & mu* m7 into _! o!rwise excell5t ,engli% read]4 ,) respect to ! requirem5t t ! read+ mu/ be easy--or r t !re mu/ be gradual progress f easy to difficult--x mu/ be recogniz$ t difficulty may dep5d ^u sev]al diff]5t ?+s4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! subject-matt] may be too difficult2 x ought nev] to be beyond ! horizon ( ! pupils4 ,z previ\sly rem>k$1 9 ! v beg9n+1 "o may ev5 take some?+ simpl] ?an :at w\ld o!rwise be suitable = p]sons ( t age4 ,b lat]1 on ! o!r h&1 ! subject-matt] ought n to be too light2 x is well1 z soon z possible1 to use matt] :i* really has a p]man5t value ( its own4 ,a l>ge "p ( ! read+ w no d\bt always be tak5 f light] lit]ature1 & mo/ ( x w n cause any real difficulty z f> z ! compreh5sion ( ! subject-matt] is conc]n$4 ,b 9 addition to t1 !re ought surely to be read to a f> great] ext5t ?an has hi!rto be5 ! case 9 mod]n language in/ruction1 matt] :i* _c be und]/ood )\t "s s]i\s ?9k+1 articles on natural sci5ce & on human relations 9 ! wide/ s5se ( ! ^w1 political spee*es1 etc4 ,_m tea*]s seem to be afraid to read any?+ else ) _! pupils ?an ! mo/ insignificant novel-lit]ature ^: cont5ts furni% />vation food4 ,a little fri5d ( m9e sev5 ye>s old once said to 8 "m3 8,i l t be/ :i* ,i c sc>cely und]/&40 ,he !reby express$ ! same ?\ght z ,dante :5 he said t man is n happy unless he /ra9s e n]ve1 or ,/u>t ,mill 9 8 rem>k3 8,a pupil :o is nev] requir$ to d :at he _c d nev] does :at he c d40 ,all in/ruction mu/ spur ! pupil on ) problems t are n too easy2 9 ! fir/ /age ( in/ruction 9 languages1 !re are problems en\gh 9 ! purely l+ui/ic difficulties2 lat] on ! cont5ts ( ! read+1 too1 ought to require "s indep5d5t p[]s ( assimilation4 ,sometimes x may ev5 be be/ to *oose selections :]e ! language is v easy1 b ! matt] r weighty--especially 9 tea*+ accord+ to ! re=m-me?od1 :]e subject-matt] is necess>ily assign$ a m important "p ?an hi!rto1 & :]e ev5 an easy text c 9 v>i\s ways be advantage\sly employ$ z a means ( tra9+ 9 purely l+ui/ic skill4 ,ev5 l+ui/ic eas9ess or difficulty may dep5d ^u diff]5t ?+s4 ,difficulties 9 pronunciation ought n to be pil$ up1 a caution apply+ especially to selections = ! v fir/ beg9n]s4 ,"s tea*]s try to beg9 ) words :i* may be almo/ or :olly pron\nc$ ) s\nds occurr+ 9 ! native language ( ! pupils4 ,aside f ! fact t 9 mo/ cases x only leads to disappo9tm5t to exagg]ate ! resemblance betwe5 ! =eign & native s\nds1 ?is pr9ciple may easily lead to slov5l9ess at a /age :5 x might involve ! mo/ dang]\s consequ5ces4 ,! pupil ought f ! v fir/ lesson to h ! cle>e/ s5sation ( be+ on =eign gr\nd1 & he ought to realize t ! =eign s\nds _c be le>n$ )\t "w4 ,b ! difficult s\nds ought n to occur too _m 9 succession or 9 too difficult comb9ations4 ,x is p]haps be/ to beg9 ) words ( "o syllable1 b ?is ne$ n be /rictly c>ri$ ?r\gh4 ,i d n1 h[ev]1 atta* s mu* importance to m]e difficulties 9 pronunciation t ,i w\ld advise an o!rwise suitable op5+ selection 9 a ,fr5* read] = beg9n]s to be disc>d$ because x conta9$ su* difficult words z mang] & *i54 ,x _c be long1 anyway1 be=e ! pupils mu/ make acqua9tance )1 &1 :at is m1 ma/] all ! s\nds 9 ! language !y are ab\t to le>n4 ,by difficulties 9 pronunciation "h ,i mean ! real ones1 & n su* app>5t difficulties z are due to freaks ( or?ography2 x is equally tr\blesome = a ,g]man to pron\nce ,engli% pe> & pair2 su* difficulties z are f\nd 9 ,engli% sc>ce1 fatigue1 victuals1 ,fr5* eut1 pupille1 piti1 balbuti]1 etc41 may be ov]come by a panacea :i* ,i %all come to lat]1 namely1 phonetical transcription4 ,fur!rmore l+ui/ic difficulty may be due to ! use ( too _m new words1 & 9 ?is respect ! be/ pr9ciple at all /ages is3 z few new words z possible4 ,e "o :o has read su* pages z (t5 occur 9 ,zola or ,daudet1 :]e te*nical expressions are abundantly pil$ up1 w h _h ! exp]i5ce t ev5 ) ! mo/ c>eful read+ or /udy x did n take long be=e all ! new words 7 j z unfamili> z be=e ! selection 0 read4 ,likewise1 :5 "o sets to "w to le>n sy/ematic vocabul>ies l ,pltz's ,vocabulaire ,sy/matique1 x requires enorm\s ex]tion & a long "t to le>n !m1 & x takes an amaz+ly %ort "t to unle>n !m aga94 ,b if1 9 ! c\rse ( "o's read+1 ! new words turn up occasionally at relatively l>ge int]vals1 !n ! m9d is able to absorb ! "o be=e ! next appe>s2 ! int]v5+ passages1 :i* conta9 only famili> ?+s1 manure ! soil1 z x 71 = ! new ?+s t are to be s[n 9 x4 ,t5 or twelve new words are m easily & m ?or\ghly le>n$ :5 !y are scatt]$ ov] five pages ?an :5 !y are cr[d$ into t5 l9es1 & !n besides !re is ! b5efit to be d]iv$ f ! recurr5ce ( a numb] ( usual words1 to say no?+ ( s5t5ce-con/ructions1 etc41 s t he :o has read ^? five pages has _h m opportunity to famili>ize himself ) ! idiosyncrasies ( ! =eign language ?an he w\ld h _h 9 t5 l9es2 ! app>5t wa/e ( "t 9 read+ ! long] piece has really be5 pr(itable1 = ! capital :i* _h already be5 acquir$ 9 ! language has 9 t "t borne int]e/ & comp\nd int]e/4 ,n[ s9ce x is also bett]1 z we h said1 to le>n five absolutely necess>y words ?an tw5ty-five ( less importance1 x is ( c\rse ! duty ( ! editors ( text-books 9 l>ge "p to revise ! selections :i* !y repr9t1 s t t :i* is ( l+ui/ic value = ! pupils may be cultivat$ at ! exp5se ( ev]y?+ t is unusual or odd4 ,texts ^: subject-matt] is good1 b ^: language makes !m impossible = our purpose1 may (t5 be made p$agogically practicable by means ( curtail+1 p>aphras+1 & adaptation 9 v>i\s ways2 _m popul> fairy-tales 9 ! collections ( folklori/s may be us$ if "o only w take ! tr\ble to translate !m f ! dialect 9 :i* !y are writt54 ,su* a spl5did little /ory z ,mrs4 ,ew+'s ,jackanapes1 :i* is frequ5tly read z x /&s 9 ,g]man & ,sw$i% s*ools1 is1 accord+ to my judgm5t1 too full ( lit]>y expressions & unnecess>y words to be easily compreh5d$ by our little pupils4 ,9 ! passage :i* ,i h select$ = my own prim]1 ,i h !re=e 9 sev]al places made consid]able omissions1 & ! /yle has ?r\gh\t be5 made m colloquial & direct1 by means ( corrections l ^! = in/ance3 hav+ ceas$ to ent]ta9 7giv5 up7 any hopes ( 8 own recov]y4 ,tony tumbl$ (f dur+ ! fir/ revolution 7be=e he _h gone r\nd once74 ,& :at bright eyes peep$ out ( 8 d>k =elock z x 0 bl[n by ! w9d6 7he _h67 told him t he mu/ be on 8 v be/ behavi\r 7behave prop]ly7 dur+ ! visit4 ,if x _h be5 feasible 7possible7 to leave (f call+ him ,jackanapes & to get us$ to 8 baptismal 7real ,*ri/ian7 "n ( ,!odore be=e ! day aft] to-morr[ x w\ld h be5 satisfactory 7%e w\ld h done x7 said ,j41 %ak+ 8 yell[ mop 7hair71 & lean+ back 9 8 "o ( ! two ,*ipp5dale arm*airs 9 :i* !y sat 7! italiciz$ words left out7 took _! e>ly prom5ade 7w5t out = _! walk7 e>li] ?an usual ,8 gold5 hair flew out1 an aureole f :i* 8 *eeks %one r$ & di/5d$ ) trumpet+ 7left out74 ,x is v probable t on comp>+ ! orig9al ) ! revis$ text1 x w be f\nd t "s ( ! col\r+ has be5 lo/2 ,i m]ely ma9ta9 t ! pupils ga9 !reby4 ,! m x is insi/$ ^u 7z accord+ to ! re=m-me?od7 t ! selections are n only to be read b also to be ma/]$1 s t _! language becomes ! m5tal prop]ty ( ! pupil1 ! m necess>y is su* revision4 ,x is cle> t z ! pupil progresses1 ! texts may become m & m lit]>y1 & = v>i\s reasons ! advisability ( su* curtail+ & adaptation becomes m que/ionable4 ,z a sample ( su* revision1 ,i %all repr9t a "p ( an anecdote1 7,a7 z x ought n to be giv5 9 a book = beg9n]s 7b z x /&s 9 a c]ta9 ,engli% read] = =eign]s7 & 7,b7 z x /&s 9 ,sweet's excell5t edition3-- 7,a7 ,8 table1 h[ev]1 is con/antly set out ) a doz5 cov]s1 & s]v$ by suitable att5dants4 ,:o1 !n1 are 8 privileg$ gue/s8 ,no less ?an a doz5 ( fav\rite dogs1 :o daily p>take ( my "l's d9n]1 seat$ v gravely 9 arm*airs1 ea* ) a napk9 r\nd 8 neck1 & a s]vant beh9d to att5d to 8 wants4 ,^! hon\rable quadrup$s1 z if grateful = su* delicate att5tions1 comport !mselves dur+ ! repa/ ) a dec5cy :i* w\ld d m ?an hon\r to a p>ty ( g5tlem52 b if by any *ance "o ( !m %\ld1 )\t due consid]ation1 obey 8 natural in/9ct1 & transgress any ( ! rules ( good mann]s1 8 puni%m5t is at h&4 7,b7 ,e day he us$ to h d9n] laid = twelve gue/s besides himself2 b no "o 0 ev] invit$ to ! h\se4 ,:o 7 ! twelve cov]s laid = !n1 d y ?9k8 ,= twelve dogs4 ,ea* dog _h a velvet *air to sit up 91 & a napk9 r\nd 8 neck1 & a footman beh9d 8 *air to wait on him4 ,! old] dogs always behav$ 9 ! mo/ g5tlemanly mann]1 b x sometimes happ5$ t "o ( ! y\ng] dogs =got 8 mann]s1 & snat*$ a *op or a piece ( pudd+ (f ! plate ( ! dog t 0 sitt+ next to him4 ,f9ally ! difficulties may be grammatical4 ,^! are ! difficulties t tea*]s h be5 mo/ afraid ( accord+ to ! old me?ods1 s t !y h ev5 pref]r$ to give up almo/ all s5se & connection 9 ! subject-matt] r ?an make a break 9 ! sy/ematical progress 9 gramm>4 ,su* a =m z pu 0 n all[$ to occur be=e ! pupils _h le>n$ ! :ole conjugation ( p\voir p\vant pu je peux1 etc42 ^! =ms mu/ be le>n$ connect$ly1 x 0 said4 ,b ! irony ( x all is t ?is 8connect$ly0 means t !y are le>n$ out ( all connection--& !re=e to little pr(it4 ,:5 ! pupil is requir$ to 8und]/&0 ! =ms :i* occur 9 8 read]1 x w be f\nd on clos] exam9ation t ?is means m]ely t1 = in/ance1 il a is und]/ood by ! "o :o kn[s t x is #c p]s4 s+4 pres4 ( avoir1 or :o at lea/ kn[s ! =mula j'ai1 tu z1 etc42 t yeux is 8und]/ood0 by ! "o :o has le>n$ t x is an irregul> plural belong+ to ! s+ul> il1 etc42 9 %ort1 to 8und]/&0 means "h to "k :]e ! =m 9 "q belongs 9 ! grammatical sy/em2 & ! =ms mu/ be giv5 9 exactly ! same ord] 9 :i* !y are arrang$ 9 ! gramm>1 ! pres5t be=e ! pa/ t5se1 etc4 ,b :at has ! beg9n] got to d ) all ?is sy/em8 ,! idea is n c>ri$ out consi/5tly ei!r1 = :5 all ! ex]cises on accid5ce h be5 gone ?r\gh1 x is g5]ally ! rule to pass ov] to connect$ 7unrevis$7 texts1 :]e su* a =m z puisse may occur1 b ! only ?+ t ! pupils get to "k ab\t x is t x is subjunctive1 = x may easily take a ye> or two be=e !y le>n :y ! subjunctive is us$4 ,:y is syntax less important ?an accid5ce8 ,to be q consi/5t1 x ought no m to be p]missible = a syntactical ph5om5on ?an = a =m 9 accid5ce to occur be=e ! correspond+ grammatical section has be5 le>n$4 ,b s9ce x seems to be inevitable t we mu/ be inconsi/5t on "s po9t or o!r1 x is no use beat+ ab\t ! bu%2 9 o!r words1 we mu/ n be afraid ( us+ irregul> =ms 9 ! v fir/ selection4 ,grammatical irregul>ities1 view$ f a p$agogical po9t ( view1 fall into two entirely diff]5t classes1 :i* are too apt to be treat$ z if !y 7 co-ord9ate4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 all languages conta9 a numb] ( irregul>ities :i* play a mo/ insignificant "p bo? 9 life & 9 lit]ature1 because !y occur s seldom4 ,:5 ! us]s ( ! language produce !m at long int]vals1 x is g5]ally ) ! utmo/ caution1 because !y m]ely h a hazy conception ( :at ! prop] =m ( ! expressions ought to be4 ,b !y are tak5 up 9 ! gramm>s1 & z soon z "o gramm>ian has caught sight ( "o ( !m1 x is c>efully copi$ 9 all succe$+ gramm>s = ! sake ( complet5ess4 ,=eign gramm>ians are ev5 m incl9$ ?an ! natives to pay att5tion to ev]y?+ ( t k9d because !y h no in/9ctive feel+ ( :at is r>e & :at is common4 ,9 "s ,engli% gramm>s :i* are us$ on ! ,cont95t1 !re may /ill be f\nd ,i cat*$1 ,i digg$1 ,i %9$1 ,i writ1 z ! pret]ite =ms ( ,i cat*1 ,i dig1 ,i %9e1 ,i write2 9 "o1 ,i f9d giv5 z two diff]5t v]bs ,i weet1 wit or wot1 pa/ t5se wot1 & ,i wis1 pa/ t5se ,i wi/4 ,:at a big mi/ake x is to include su* mu/y & impracticable =ms1 we c be/ judge f our own language--b 9 ^? ,fr5* & ,g]man gramm>s :i* we ourselves write !re are ?+s :i* are j z bad z ! above (f5ces 9 ,engli%4 ,:5 ,i w5t to s*ool1 ,i le>n$ ! foll[+ rule ab\t ! plural ( travail1 8,travail has travails 9 ! plural :5 x means a report f a m9i/] to ! k+ or f a subord9ate (ficial to ! m9i/]2 likewise :5 x means a ma*9e to hold unruly horses1 :ile !y are be+ %o$40 ,?is rule is ?us criticiz$ by ,/orm3 8,n[ ,i mu/ say ,i h read _m hundr$s ( ,fr5* books 9 my day1 b s f> z ,i rememb]1 ,i h nev] come across travails 9 mod]n lit]ature6 ,9 ! s5se ( report1 x occurs 9 ,mme4 de ,svign4 ,an educat$ ,fr5*man1 :5 ask$ if ! ^w 0 us$ ) t mean+1 answ]$ me t he ?\ght x 0 no long] us$4 ,s "o w\ld expect t ! ^w _h long ago ceas$ to h any %[ 9 mod]n gramm>s1 b x seems to be cont9ually creep+ 9 aga940 ,h[ev]1 x is easy en\gh to take a position ) respect to ?is fir/ k9d ( irregul>ities2 !y ought to be remov$ f ! in/ruction z radically z possible2 !y ought to be we$$ out root & all to a f> great] ext5t ?an has yet be5 done 9 mo/ text-books1 ev5 if x mu/ be admitt$ t some?+ has be5 done 9 ?is direction ( late ye>s4 ,x is q ano!r matt] :5 we come to ! o!r k9d ( irregul>ities1 :i* are f\nd 9 ! v commone/ words1 9 words l ,g]man i/ w>1 kann konnte1 geht g+1 i* me91 mann mnn]4 ,^? irregul>ities ! pupil mu/ le>n1 & le>n ?or\ghly--!re is no d\bt ab\t t4 ,! only "q is1 at :at /age8 be=e or aft] ! regul> inflections8 ,mo/ tea*]s w answ]1 aft]4 ,t a sy/ematic gramm> fir/ gives :at is normal1 t :i* c be express$ 9 g5]al1 compreh5sive rules1 & !n aft]w>ds m5tions ! exceptions1 ! isolat$ ph5om5a1 t ( c\rse is all "r4 ,b x does n necess>ily foll[ t ! pupils ought to famili>ize !mselves ) ! =ms 9 ! same ord]4 ,:at is won !reby8 ,p]haps "s advantage = ! !oretical k ab\t ! language4 ,b ! loss incurr$ by ?is me?od ( proc$ure is und\bt$ly f> great]4 ,= x w be f\nd to be absolutely impossible to arrange texts :i* are ! lea/ bit suitable )\t us+ irregul>ly inflect$ words1 s indisp5sable are !y4 ,! dread ( be+ unsy/ematic by tak+ up exceptions imm$iately is "o ( ! causes ( ! preval5ce ( ! di%e>t5+ s]ies ( deta*$ s5t5ces )\t any s5sible mean+4 ,x is only by free+ ourselves f ?is pr9ciple :i* requires rules fir/ & exceptions lat] t we %all be able to get good texts = ! tea*+ ( beg9n]s4 ,fur!rmore1 by beg9n+ ) ! regul> =ms1 we p]haps run ! risk t ! pupils w analogically apply ! rule ev5 to ! exceptional words1 :]eas ! irregul> =ms g5]ally deviate s mu* t !y preclude ! possibility ( su* mi/akes4 ,^? :o h le>n$ t ! plural 9 ,engli% is =m$ by add+ s1 may p]haps con/ruct su* improp] =ms z mans1 *ilds1 b ! plural =ms m5 & *ildr5 are n apt to tempt ! pupils to inflect o!r words aft] ! same patt]n4 ,b ! moral ( ?is is n t we are to turn ! cu/om>y me?od ( proc$ure upside d[n1 & sy/ematically le>n ! exceptions fir/4 ,"h1 too1 nature mu/ be our guide2 j z p]sons talk+ )9 a *ild's he>+ nev] /op to consid] if ! words !y are us+ are regul> or n1 s we ought n to be too pa9fully c>eful 9 select+ or arrang+ ! fir/ read+-ex]cises 9 a =eign language2 we ought to *oose :at is o!rwise good & take ! =ms z !y come1 wa/+ no words at ?is /age to expla9 _! place 9 ! sy/em4 ,9 o!r words1 ! deviat+ =ms mu/ be le>n$ z if !y 7 m]ely matt]s ( vocabul>y4 ,if 9 "o ( ! fir/ pieces !re /&s ,il y avait une fois un roi et une re9e1 x is en\gh = ! "t be+ if ! pupil is told t il y avait !re 02 ! =ms = 8!re is0 & 8!re has be50 he c le>n ano!r "t :5 he has use = !m1 & !n ! tea*] c ref] back to ?is e>ly piece & rem9d ! pupil ab\t ! relat$ =m :i* he le>n$ be=e4 ,= beg9n]s 9 ,fr5*1 peux--8c0 is j z difficult 7or easy7 z peu--8little10 & faire--8make1 d10 z f]--8iron10 & x makes no diff]5ce if ! "o is regul> & ! o!r irregul>4 ,inde$1 an irregul> plural l geese is ev5 easi] = ,danes ?an ! regul> bees 7on acc\nt ( ! z-s\nd72 likewise1 x is easi] = an ,engli%man to le>n ! ,g]man irregul> =ms ( comp>ison bess] be/ ?an regul> =ms l sss] ssse/4 ,lat] :5 ! "t has come = a m sy/ematic /udy ( ! gramm>1 x w be r an advantage t a numb] ( ! 8exceptions0 already h occurr$ at s e>ly a /age t !y are n at all felt to be /range & unusual4#d ,on ! o!r h&1 ! beg9n] ought to be sp>$ su* grammatical difficulties z are due to complicat$ s5t5ce-/ructure4 ,all s5t5ces ought f ! v beg9n+ to be con/ruct$ z ev5ly1 simply & cle>ly z possible2 co-ord9ate indep5d5t clauses ought to be1 if n ! only1 at lea/ ! pr$om9at+ type ( s5t5ce4 ,n ev51 = in/ance1 9 ! second ye> ( ,lat9 in/ruction1 al?\gh !re are j z _m h\rs devot$ to ,lat9 9 a ye> z g5]ally fall to ! %>e ( mod]n languages 9 ! c\rse ( two or ?ree ye>s1 is x ju/ifiable to let ! pupils read ! long passages ( indirect disc\rse 9 ,cs>2 !y ought n to occur until ! pupils are s f> advanc$ t !y c\ld easily und]/& ! same matt] :5 directly pres5t$4 ,?is is also a po9t to be kept 9 m9d = any "o :o und]takes to revise ! selections = read+ accord+ to ! sugge/ions giv5 above4 ,,footnote3 #d ,x w be notic$ t 9 ! :ole ( ?is argum5t ,i agree ) ,sweet4 ,,iv ,s mu* = ! read+ selections--n[ = ! way 9 :i* !y ought to be us$ 9 ! classroom4 ,i h a v vivid recollection ( h[ mo/ ( ! language lessons 7 conduct$ :5 ,i w5t to s*ool1 & ,i h a suspicion t ?is me?od ( proc$ure has n yet q di$ out1 ev5 if 9 _m places x has m or less felt ! influ5ce ( ! law ( *ange4 ,fir/ ! 8old lesson0 is gone ?r\gh1 & t mu/ take z little "t z possible1 !re=e ! pupil is requir$ to be able to translate x flu5tly )\t read+ x al\d fir/4 ,!n we come to ! 8new lesson40 ,a boy /&s up & reads a little piece out ( ! read]--/utt]+2 ! words are sep>at$ f ea* o!r by pauses & v>i\s unae/hetic hm- & er- s\nds1 & sometimes by ! tea*]'s corrections1 or 8n[ hurry10 8:at a t]rible pronunciation60 8h[ d y pron\nce g be=e e8 well1 y "k t j z well z ,i d1 y blockhead10 etc4 ,all t ! boy ?9ks ab\t1 :5ev] he gets an opportunity1 is1 :at 9 ! _w c be ! mean+ ( t ^w ,i am com+ to4 ,!n he translates1 int]rupt$ by ! tea*]'s corrections1 or 8look out10 8:]e is ! v]b10 8b :at case is x10 etc4 ,!n !re are1 p]haps1 "s grammatical que/ions2 he is to give ! pr9cipal p>ts ( a v]b or two1 expla9 ! use ( a subjunctive1 etc42 ! que/ions are n ask$ 9 ! =eign language & are n to be answ]$ 9 t tongue4 ,! next boy is call$ ^u to recite 9 ! same way1 & s on until ! lesson has be5 gone ?r\gh2 if !re is "t en\gh1 p]haps we g ?r\gh x once m1 b t mu/ be 9 a hurry1 s we d n /op to read x fir/ ?is "t4 ,! la/ five or six m9utes are devot$ to look+ ?r\gh ! lesson = next "t2 ! tea*] translates x :ile ! pupils foll[ x 9 _! books1 & p]haps ex]t !mselves to write d[n ! mean+ ( "s difficult ^w 9 ! m>g9 ( ! read] or 9 a note-book4 ,! mo/ prom95t feature ( ! tea*+ is ha/e2 !re is mu* to be done1 especially z exam9ation draws on4 ,x seems to be an e/abli%$ cu/om t ! exam9ation m>ks are det]m9$ by ! quality ( ! translation1 & x is 9 ord] to get practice 9 translat+ t ! read+ selections are gone ?r\gh z _m times z possible4 ,!re is n mu* "t = read+ al\d2 :y1 :5 "o has only le>n$ ! ma9 pr9ciples ( pronunciation1 "o c g5]ally inf] ! pronunciation ( any ^w f ! spell+1 especially 9 ,g]man1 b also 9 ,fr5*4 ,i suppose x is m or less 9 ?is confid5ce t ! tea*]s let a piece be translat$ ?ree or f\r times = e "t x is read al\d 9 ! orig9al4 ,h[ mu* ( ! =eign language does ! pupil he> 9 ! c\rse ( su* a lesson8 ,! tea*] says a ^w n[ & !n--= in/ance1 :5 a pupil translates incorrectly2 b !n ! att5tion is n direct$ to ! pronunciation2 besides1 x is g5]ally only "o ^w t he says1 & t ^w occurs mo/ likely 9 a s5t5ce 9 ! pupils' own language4 ,n[1 x is a matt] ( fact t ev5 "o :o pron\nces v well _c get ! prop] ,fr5* sw+ ( a ,fr5* ^w :5 x occurs 9 company ) words ( ano!r language4 ,! basis ( articulation is diff]5t 9 ! two languages1 & x is n easy to %ift f ! "o to ! o!r 9 a mom5t4 ,s x is b little t ! pupil he>s f 8 tea*]4 ,f 8 classmates he he>s a little m1 no d\bt2 b !irs is n exactly exempl>y pronunciation1 & besides1 x does n int]e/ him to pay att5tion to x4 ,if he only c manage to keep ! place 9 ! book :]e ! o!rs are = ! mom5t1 he c v well ?9k ab\t o!r ?+s :ile ! o!rs are recit+2 he c1 = in/ance1 review ! difficult words 9 ! next piece1 if he does n pref] to dream ab\t 8 /amp collection or 8 bicycle4 ,f9ally1 on r>e occasions1 he is p]mitt$ to read a c\ple ( l9es al\d 9 class1 b x is consid]$ m]ely z a sort ( introduction to ! ma9 bus9ess 9 h&1 translation4 ,he nev] gets an opportunity to say any?+ himself 9 ! =eign language outside ( :at /&s 9 ! book1 & he v seldom he>s o!rs say any?+ t he is n foll[+ 9 pr9t4 ,s x is no wond] t su* in/ruction sc>cely cultivates at all ! pupil's ability to und]/& a =eign language z x is rapidly & naturally spok5 by a native4 ,if he %\ld he> ! simple/ e-day s5t5ce 9 a =eign language1 correctly & naturally pron\nc$1 & he %\ld be ask$ m]ely to repeat x1 he w\ld 9 n9e cases out ( t5 betray ! /range/ p]plexity1 al?\gh he w\ld h _h no tr\ble :atev] ) a f> m difficult piece :i* he happ5$ to meet ) 9 pr9t4 ,b t is n all2 ?is me?od has o!r disadvantages4 ,! =eign words gallop pa/ ! pupil's eye2 8 ma9 object is to be able to recognize !m 9 a vague sort ( way s t !y may give him ! clue to ! translation4 ,(t5times "o ^w ?us vaguely rememb]$ ev5 gives him ! clue to ! translation ( a :ole s5t5ce :i* he kn[s by he>t because !re 0 some?+ special ab\t x4 ,:at he gets hold ( is ! translation1 & ! :ole translation (t5 comes to 8 m9d :5 he has only look$ at ! beg9n+ ( ! s5t5ce 9 ! orig9al--sometimes1 h[ev]1 only on condition t x /&s 9 ! same place on ! page 7at ! top to ! left1 etc471 :]e he is us$ to see+ x4 ,!re is n ! same inducem5t to rememb] ! =ms ( ! =eign expressions exactly4 ,if y take a clev] boy :o has be5 taught accord+ to ! usual me?od &1 aft] he has translat$ a little piece ( 8 lesson1 close 8 book & ask him to give ! orig9al ( ! la/ s5t5ce :i* he has translat$1 x w 9 _m cases be impossible = him to d x4 ,i report$ an example ( ?is at ! congress 9 ,/ockholm 9 #ahhf2 a clev] pupil 0 translat+ a piece ( ,mrime's ,colomba at sight1 & 0 do+ x v well1 :5 ,i made ! exp]im5t4 ,he app>5tly rememb]$ ! s5t5ce well en\gh 9 ! translation1 b x 0 sl[ly & ) difficulty t he v5tur$ ! ,fr5*3 ,et il pleurait comme le fils de ,pietri pleurait4 ,b 9 ! book !re /ood3 ,et il pleura comme pleurait le fils de ,pietri4 ,x is cle> t x is impossible = a pupil to get a correct conception ( ! radical diff]5ce betwe5 pass df9i & imp>fait1 or ( ! effect ( ! ord] ( words1 :5 he pays s little att5tion to ! ,fr5* =ms t he meets )4 ,"o c nev] get any real appreciation ( ! idiosyncrasies ( a =eign language z long z ! translation is ! ma9 object4 ,let u consid] = a mom5t ! work+s ( a boy's m9d :5 x is 8 turn to recite & he has to translate su* a s5t5ce z1 = in/ance3 cet homme1 dont elle ne voyait jamais les enfants4 ,cet1 ?is1 homme1 man1 dont1 ^:--n[ he discov]s t x w n be ,engli% if he cont9ues to take "o ^w aft] ! o!r 9 ! ,fr5* ord]1 s he looks ahead1 tries e ^w hurri$ly2 f9ally he f9ds les enfants1 ! *ildr52 no1 ,i =got1 we mu/ n h ! article !re 9 ,engli%1 s m]ely *ildr52 back to elle1 %e2 n[ he sees t ne jamais mu/ be tak5 fir/3 nev]2 voyait1 saw4 ,s in/ead ( tak+ ! ,fr5* words 9 ! natural ord]1 #a1 #b1 #c1 #d1 #e1 #f1 #g1 #h1 #i1 he has to skip backw>ds & =w>ds 9 ord] to get !m 9 ! ord] #a1 #b1 #c1 7#h71 #i1 #d1 #e1 #g1 #f4 ,9 an ,engli% text-book = ,g]man s*ools ! foll[+ s5t5ce#e is giv5 = translation ) numb]s indicat+ ! ord] 9 :i* ! words are to be tak5 9 ,engli%3 #a,wrd5 #b,sie #cni*t #fviel #gzeit #e;gehabt #d;hab5 #hw5n #i,sie #aani*t #ae;j55 #af;brief #aczu #ads*reib5 #ab;gehabt #aj;htt54 ,9 o!r cases1 x is ! pupils !mselves :o by means ( numb]s & lett]s 78pav+ lett]s07 smoo? ! difficulty ( translation4 ,anyone :o is accu/om$ to translate ,g]man at sight kn[s h[ :5 he has translat$ ! subject ( a dep5d5t clause he sil5tly runs ?r\gh :at foll[s1 (t5 sev]al l9es1 9 ord] to f9d ! v]b1 :i* accord+ to ,engli% usage mu/ n be too f> sep>at$ f its subject1 & h[ 9 ha/ily try+ ea* s+le ^w 8 att5tion is drawn to a numb] ( subord9ate ?\ghts :ile ! ma9 ?\ght /&s & waits1 z x 74 ,?is m5tal process is made ev5 m complicat$ by ! fact t only 9 a m9ority ( cases does e ^w 9 a s5t5ce 7l ! simple s5t5ce giv5 above7 9 any way correspond to an ,engli% ^w2 z a rule ! translator also has to ?9k ab\t su* que/ions z1 does si* "h mean him1 or h]1 or himself1 or h]self1 or itself1 or oneself2 does si mean s1 or z1 or if2 is il fait to be tak5 z he does1 he makes1 he has 7some?+ done71 or x does1 or x is1 or 9 /ill ano!r way1 etc41 etc4 ,?is m5tal process1 :i* is mu* m complicat$ ?an w\ld g5]ally be suppos$1 is f> beyond ! ability ( ! *ildr54 ,!re=e !y (t5 rema9 cont5t$ ) ! text-book's1 ! tea*]'s or ! p>5t's translation1 :i* is le>n$ p>tly or entirely by he>t2 o!rwise ! translation is apt to sw>m ) ! well-kn[n (f5ces aga9/ ! "m-tongue1 ^w-=mations1 phrases1 expressions1 ord] ( words1 etc41 :i* are n ,engli%4 ,s9ce ! tea*] ( c\rse _c put up ) ?is murd]+ ( ! ,k+'s ,engli%1 a l>ge "p ( e lesson 9 ! =eign language has to be sp5t 9 ! tr\blesome task ( root+ out ^! b>b>isms4 ,t is :y x is s (t5 said t in/ruction 9 =eign languages always is1 or ought to be1 at ! same "t in/ruction 9 "o's native language1 or1 z ! matt] is sometimes m po9t$ly put1 t ! ma9 object 9 le>n+ o!r languages is to get a correct k ( "o's own4 ,( c\rse !re is mu* tru? 9 ?is la/ /atem5t1 if x is ! !oretical und]/&+ ( languages t we are ?9k+ ab\t2 = x is only natural t we _c appreciate ! ri*ness ( our "m-tongue1 or h any op9ion ab\t its /ructural advantages or disadvantages1 or ev5 give a correct description ( its /ructure or und]/& its hi/orical developm5t1 :5 we h no o!r languages to comp>e x )4#f ,yet all ?is ought n to close our eyes to ! fact t z soon z x is a "q ( ! practical comm& ( ! "m-tongue1 ! ass]tion is utt]ly false4 ,9 ?is respect in/ruction 9 =eign languages does n help u1 & x is n ! p :o are mo/ accompli%$ 9 o!r languages :o are ! be/ /yli/s 9 _! own4 ,on ! contr>y6 ,only comp>e ! language us$ by ! same pupil 9 8 ,engli% essays & 9 8 translations f ! ,lat92 9 ! latt]1 y w f9d a numb] ( (f5ces aga9/ good ,engli% usage :i* c\ld n possibly h occurr$ 9 ! =m]4 ,s ! errors are 9 reality n due to a defici5t comm& ( ! "m-tongue1 b solely & alone to ! re/ra9+ & confus+ influ5ce br\ght to be> ^u ! pupil's ?\ghts by ! =eign =ms ( expression2 ! /range language lures him 9 ^u l+ui/ic pa?s :]e he w\ld nev] set 8 foot o!rwise1 & :i* only lead him into a mire4 ,x is ! s*ool ) its translation-me?od t has s[n ! dragon's tee?1 & x mu/ n[ reap ! consequ5ces4 ,in/ruction 9 =eign languages1 accord+ to ! prevail+ me?od1 is s f> f be+ a help to ! pupils 9 _! treatm5t ( ,engli%1 t1 on ! contr>y1 9 spite ( all ! en]gy :i* is put 9 on combat+ ,g]manisms1 ,lat9isms1 etc41 9 ! translations1 x (t5 makes !m unc]ta9 & vacillat+ 9 _! feel+ = :at is good ,engli%4#g ,! acquirem5t ( a c]ta9 intuition = good usage 9 a =eign language _h be/ be left out ( ! discussion "h2 a really ?or\gh k ( ,fr5* or ,g]man habits ( expression is1 ( c\rse1 n to be obta9$ z long z we are unable to see any?+ 9 ^! languages )\t /raightway turn+ all our att5tion to some?+ q diff]5t1 namely1 ! ,engli% r5d]+4#h ,we get no fur!r ?an to a 8nodd+ acqua9tance0 ) ! compon5t p>ts ( ! =eign language1 s t we "k !m pretty well by sight & c repeat _! names1 b we d n become q intimate ) !m1 we d n live toge!r ) !m1 !y d n become fle% ( our fle% & blood ( our blood4 ,if some?+ difficult is to be le>n$1 ! v fir/ ess5tial is to be mu* occupi$ ) x2 !re=e ! fir/ condition = good in/ruction 9 =eign languages w\ld seem to be to give ! pupil z mu* z possible to d ) & 9 ! =eign language2 he mu/ be /eep$ 9 x1 n only get a spr9kl+ ( x n[ & !n2 he mu/ be duck$ d[n 9 x & get to feel z if he 7 9 8 own elem5t1 s t he may at la/ disport himself 9 x z an able swimm]4 ,b :at is mo/ *>act]i/ic = ! prevail+ me?ods is t ! translation ) its accessories swall[s up s mu* "t1 t !re is none left = ?is free disport+ 9 ! =eign elem5t4 ,!n :y does translation play su* an important "p8 ,we mu/ fir/ f9d an answ] to ?is "q be=e we proce$ to ask if x c & ought to be ?ru/ into ! backgr\nd1 & by :at means4 ,n[ ! ability to translate may ei!r be consid]$ ! end ( in/ruction 9 =eign languages1 or translation may be reg>d$ m]ely z a means ( in/ruction 7"o ( sev]al means or p]haps ! only means74 ,n[ is x "r to say t ! purpose ( in/ruction 9 a =eign language is t ! pupils may le>n to translate flu5tly & exactly 7f & into ! language78 ,! answ] mu/ be an emphatic ,no4 ,! popul> op9ion among ^? :o h n ?\ght ! matt] ov]1 or :o h n giv5 suffici5tly c>eful att5tion to _! own m5tal processes1 is t a =eign language c be und]/ood only by transpos+ x into "o's "m-tongue2 b ?is is n s4 ,^? :o read =eign au?ors 9 ! orig9al ) real advantage d n actually fir/ translate ea* ^w1 /ill less ea* s5t5ce or ea* p]iod1 into ,engli% be=e !y proce$ fur!r4 ,^? :o are li/5+ to a ,fr5* lecture or see+ a play 9 ,p>is h no "t to translate to !mselves1 b x is n necess>y = !m to d x ei!r4 ,& f9ally1 x goes )\t say+ t ! ,engli%man :o really speaks ,fr5* & ,g]man well does n fir/ con/ruct 8 s5t5ces 9 ,engli% & !n translate !m 9 ! same way z a s*oolboy translates 8 ex]cises4 ,no2 9 all ^! m5tal processes1 ,engli% occupies a place 9 ! backgr\nd & is j z sup]flu\s z = in/ance ,g]man is = me :ile ,i am read+ or talk+ ,fr5*4 ,h[ (t5 are we n ask$ ! mean+ ( "s =eign ^w or expression :i* we "k v well & w\ld nei!r pay any special att5tion to 9 a book nor hesitate to use 9 conv]sation b yet we _c give any ,engli% equival5t = x )\t resort+ to "s vague unc]ta9 circumlocution2 !n sudd5ly1 aft] a good deal ( speculation1 we hit ^u ! correct ,engli% expression4 ,or ! que/ion] may sugge/ fir/ "o & !n ano!r translation ( some?+ ,fr5* or ,lat92 we d n feel satisfi$1 b _c m5tion any?+ bett]2 !n he attempts a new sugge/ion & in/antly x fla%es ^u u t ?is is ! be/4 ,9 all ^! cases1 !n1 we h cle>ly & di/9ctly und]/ood ! =eign expressions )\t be+ able to translate !m 7or be=e we c\ld translate !m74 ,( c\rse ! ,g]man ^w fall is only "o & ! same ^w = me :e!r x be us$ 9 su* a mann] z to be be/ r5d]$ by ,engli% case1 in/ance1 or by fall1 decl9e1 desc5t1 or 9 /ill ano!r way 7unglcksfall1 accid5t2 s*limm/5 falles1 if ! wor/ come to ! wor/2 auf ke95 fall1 on no acc\nt1 etc474 ,:5 ,i come across ! ^w geg51 ,i d n consci\sly /op to decide if x 8means0 t[>ds1 to1 ab\t or aga9/2 nor 9 ! case ( bleib51 if x is to be r5d]$ by rema91 /ay1 /op1 cont9ue1 keep1 or survive4 ,il a d se taire2 elle a le cur s]r2 il traite le sujet avec la compt5ce qu'on lui connat--%\ld ,i really h to hunt = ! prop] translation e "t su* an idiom occurs8 ,%\ld ,i /op at e p]spicu\s ,g]man comp\nd until ,i _h f\nd ! cumb]some ,engli% circumlocution t is (t5 ne$$ to r5d] x8 ,no2 9 all ( ^! cases1 ,i directly & spontane\sly connect ! idea ) ! language 9 :i* x is express$ )\t go+ any r\ndab\t way ?r\gh ! words ( my native language4 ,any "o :o introduces a =eign ^w into 8 ,engli% ei!r because !re is no exact equival5t 9 ,engli% or1 at lea/1 because he _c recall x = ! mom5t1 also !reby %[s t p really c1 & v frequ5tly d1 le>n words 9 o!r languages )\t gett+ at _! mean+ ?r\gh _! "m-tongue4 8,il tr\va la pauvre fille dans un tat faire piti40 8,on a v\lu tr\v] dans ses uvres un pessimisme de p>ti pris40 8,p\r lui1 il y allait de la gloire de cette maison qu'il s]vait depuis sa jeunesse40 ,h[ _m a man w und]/& )\t difficulty su* s5t5ces z ^! & a hundr$ o!rs1 & yet hesitate at once :5 ask$ to translate !m6 ,we mu/ on ! :ole make a di/9ction betwe5 ! ability to feel at home 9 a language & skill 9 translat+ f or into x2 ev5 if ^! two accompli%m5ts may be f\nd 9 "o & ! same p]son1 yet !y are n seldom to be se5 sep>at$4 ,if ,i may be all[$ to talk ab\t myself1 ,i may say t my ability to translate quickly & well is s decid$ly inf]ior to my ability to und]/& & to express my ?\ghts 9 ^? languages :i* ,i h /udi$1 t ,i %\ld sc>cely l to h my l+ui/ic atta9m5ts judg$ by my skill 9 translation4 ,! lately deceas$ art-critic1 ,p4 ,g4 ,ham]ton1 ! au?or ( t int]e/+ book ,fr5* & ,engli%1 says ab\t himself3 8,z my wife 0 a ,p>isian ) a /rong ta/e = ! classical lit]ature ( h] own c\ntry1 ,i became h] pupil 9 ,fr5* & %e became m9e 9 ,engli%4 ,we made x a rule 9 our private conv]sation nev] to all[ a fault 9 ei!r language to pass uncorrect$1 & we read al\d to ea* o!r a great deal4444 ,9 ! use ( languages ,i h "o faculty :i* seems to be r uncommon3 t ( keep+ !m entirely sep>at$4 ,:5 speak+ or writ+ ,fr5* ,i am1 = ! "t be+1 l "o totally ignorant ( ,engli%1 z ,engli% words d n occur to me1 & ,i nev] translate any?+1 n ev5 weights & measures1 or money1 or ! !rmomet]1 f "o language to ! o!r1 b ?9k 9 ea*1 indep5d5tly40 ,:5 ,ham]ton "h says t ?is ability is unusual1 he no d\bt means t x is unusual 9 s high a degree z he _h x4 ,p]haps x is n all p :o get s f> t dix-huit degrs1 = in/ance1 awak5s 9 !m j z precise a conception z ! correspond+ degrees ( heat 9 t]ms ( ,fahr5heit2 & yet1 no d\bt1 by habit1 ?is too w become q natural = ^? :o c>e v mu* to h ! temp]ature express$ 9 degrees4 ,x is j l ! =eign] 9 ,france :o1 aft] a v %ort "t1 involunt>ily beg9s to calculate ) ,fr5* money1 s t he does n h to transpose deux francs c9quante into ,engli% %ill+s & p5ce be=e he c judge z to :e!r ! price ( an article is high or l[4 ,?\gh ,i may admit1 h[ev]1 t ?is ability to feel at home 9 a /range language is n altoge!r common 9 s high a degree1 yet ,i ?9k x may be said t ! same ability only 9 a less degree is n unusual4 ,i mean t x is r ! exception ?an ! rule = p :o read =eign books to any ext5t at all to h to translate to !mselves 9 ord] to und]/& :at !y are read+1 ) ! exception1 p]haps1 ( "s difficult l9es "h & !re4 ,& ev5 9 ! difficult places1 :]e !y h to resort to _! "m-tongue 9 ord] to und]/& ! mean+1 x is g5]ally only "o or two words :i* h to be look$ up1 s !y g5]ally d n ev5 pause to translate ! :ole clause 9 :i* ^? words h occurr$2 /ill less frequ5tly d !y /op m]ely to untangle "s involv$ s5t5ce con/ruction4 ,:5 a :ole population has to make con/ant use ( two languages1 ! circum/ances are no d\bt always ! same z among ! ,w5ds 9 ,lusatia3 8,!y speak bo? ,w5di% & ,g]man ) equal flu5cy2 yet ! common p g5]ally refuse :5 !y are ask$ to translate some?+ f "o language to ano!r3 #8he _c d x1' or1 z "o ( my in=mants express$ himself1 #8he is afraid to4' ,he c1 h[ev]1 )\t difficulty repeat 9 ,g]man a tale :i* he has he>d 9 ,w5di%1 & vice v]s1 & likewise he c give ! exact translation ( s+le words40#i ,:ile !re are c\ntless p]sons :o h use = ! ability to und]/& a =eign language directly1 & :ile !re is at all ev5ts a con/antly increas+ numb] ( p :o ne$ to express _! ?\ghts 9 a =eign language1 !re are really v few :o w ev] h any occasion to ex]cise skill 9 translation4 ,!re are _m :o write private lett]s 9 ,g]man1 etc41 b !y d n compose an ,engli% text fir/ :i* !y !n proce$ to translate ) exactness4 ,ev5 ^? :o h =eign bus9ess lett]s to write = someone else are n g5]ally giv5 e ^w t is to /& 9 !m1 b m]ely a r\gh draft ( ! cont5ts1 :i* !y are to clo! 9 a =eign language z be/ !y c4 ,!re rema91 !n1 ! few translators connect$ ) ! law-c\rts1 ! provid]s ( translat$ novels1 & f9ally ! v small numb] ( *oice spirits :o h ! c\rage to grapple ) ! valuable & *>m+ art ( transplant+ poetry 9 a poetical r5d]+4 ,b !y may all f9d com=t 9 ! fact t skill 9 translation at ! v bottom re/s on t same direct comm& ( language t we all ne$1#aj s !re is no ne$ = !m to feel dissatisfi$ if we refuse to recognize skill 9 translation z ! end & aim ( all in/ruction 9 languages4 ,our ideal mu/ r be ! ne>e/ possible approa* to ! native's comm& ( ! language1 s t ! words & s5t5ces may awak5 ! same ideas 9 u z 9 ! native--& ^! ideas1 z we well "k1 are n ! same z ^? call$ =? by ! correspond+ words 9 our own language4 ,! relations betwe5 languages are n l ! relations betwe5 ma!matical equival5ts2 cur1 h]z1 he>t d n all cov] ! same gr\nd1 to say no?+ ( ! diff]5ce betwe5 s5s1 s9n1 s5se1 etc4 ,ev5 :5 ! lit]al mean+ may be said to be ! same1 ! sugge/ions associat$ ) ! words v>y 9 ! diff]5t languages1 sugge/ions aris+ f relat$ words1 f words t are simil> 9 s\nd or simil> 9 "s o!r way1 f frequ5t comb9ations 9 :i* ! words occur1 etc4 ,! same animal is 9 ,engli% call$ bat1 9 ,fr5* *auves\ris1 9 ,g]man fl$]maus1 9 ,lat9 vesp]tilio1 9 ,dani% flag]mus1 b :at a diff]5ce 9 ! sugge/ions6 ,! ,fr5*1 ! ,g]man & ! ,dani% words call att5tion to ! animal's resemblance to a m\se1 ! ,dani% ^w besides to its flapp+ movem5t 7a sugge/ion :i* mu/ be lo/ = ! ,g]mans s9ce flatt]n has tak5 ! place ( fl$]n71 b ! ,fr5* ^w to its bald appe>ance2 ! ,lat9 ^w makes u ?9k ( ! "t ( day :5 ! animal is abroad1 b ! ,engli% ^w bat is r an ab/ract expression )\t any sugge/iv5ess1 & we c und]/& :y ,t5nyson decl>$ t ! prov9cial ^w flitt]m\se 0 f> m suitable = poetical use ?an bat4 ,^! 8und]tones0 ( ! words s\nd m di/9ctly 9 puns1 rhymes1 etc41 b /ill !y always lie lurk+ 9 ! backgr\nd ( our consci5ce4 ,x is all su* ?+s z ^!1 toge!r ) ! fact t "s languages c>efully di/+ui% betwe5 c]ta9 %ades ( gramm> or mean+ :i* are ( no consequ5ce 9 o!r languages1 :]e ! f9esses seem to be ext5d$ to totally diff]5t po9ts1 & fur!rmore toge!r ) diff]5t habits z to ord] ( words1 etc41 etc41 :i*1 tak5 all 9 all1 make x impossible = any translation ev] to be a p]fect reproduction ( ! orig9al3 traduttore traditore6 ,= all ^! reasons1 x is n translation 7or skill 9 translation7 t we are aim+ at 9 tea*+ =eign languages4 ,,footnotes3 #e ,quot$ 9 ,englis*e ,/udi5 ,,viii41 #age4 #f ,w] fremde spra*5 ni*t k5nt1 weiss ni*ts von se9] eign54 ,j4 ,,grimm4 #g ,*4 ,d>w9 _h ! /ronge/ disbelief 9 ! common idea t a classical s*ol> mu/ write good ,engli%2 inde$ he ?\ght t1 ! contr>y 0 ! case4 7,life & ,lett]s1 i4 #aee47 ,see also ! /rong expressions to ! same effect 9 ,h4 ,sp5c]'s ,facts & ,comm5ts1 #aijb1 p4 #gj4 #h ,d] gei/ des s*l]s muss e9e ganz wund]li*e turn]ei treib51 imm] h9- und h]hpf5 zwis*5 d5 beid5 spra*51 9 ke9] re*t zur ruhe komm54 ,das mag e9e treffli*e bung se9 zu man*]lei &]5 v]/&eslei/ung5 78 ,o4 ,j471 nur g]ade fr die spra*]l]nung i/ d] gew9n zweifelhaft4--,g4 v4 d4 ,gabel5tz1 ,die ,spra*wiss5s*aft1 #ahia1 #gc4 #i ,f4 ,polle1 ,wie d5kt das volk b] die spra*e4 ,leipzig1 #ahhi1 p4 #ce4 ,! languages are z diff]5t f ea* o!r z ,engli% & ,russian4 #aj ,only by und]/&+ ! connexion 9 :i* !y occur is x possible to "k :at is meant by ,engli% light1 or b[1 ,fr5* montre or f91 ,g]man ?or or lieb54 ,s ! language mu/ be und]/ood be=e x c be translat$4 ,v ,b = all t translation might /ill be a useful & indisp5sable means 9 ! s]vice ( language in/ruction4 ,9 ord] to judge ( ?is we mu/ h a cle> conception ( ! diff]5t ways 9 :i* translation c be & really is us$3 7a7--,translation into ,engli% is a means ( gett+ ! pupil to und]/& ! =eign language1 z = in/ance1 :5 ,i tell him t *eval means 8horse10 or :5 ,i translate a :ole s5t5ce = him2 7b7--,translation into ,engli% is a means ( te/+ :e!r ! pupil und]/&s1 z1 = in/ance1 :5 ,i ask him :at *eval means 9 ,engli%1 or :5 ,i let him translate a :ole s5t5ce2 7c7--,translation f ,engli% is a means ( giv+ ! pupil practice 9 produc+ some?+ 9 ! =eign language2 7d7--,translation f ,engli% is a means ( te/+ :e!r ! pupil c express himself 9 ! =eign language4 ,x is really a subdivision ( ?is :5 ! tea*] lets a pupil translate an ,engli% s5t5ce 9 ord] to see if he und]/&s "s grammatical rule 9 ! =eign language4 ,x is cle> t a & b are "r closely connect$1 likewise c & d2 yet x w be se5 lat] t ! "o does n necess>ily presuppose ! o!r1 z is no d\bt g5]ally assum$4 ,advocates ( ! r\t9e-me?od w ?r[ a1 b1 c1 & d toge!r indiscrim9ately & say ab\t !m all t translation is an excell5t & inde$ ! only practical means4 ,b _! oppon5ts1 n[1 ma9ta9 t 9 none ( ^! f\r cases is translation ! only means--v f> f x6--& t besides x is n equally valuable 9 all in/ances4 7a7--,!re is always dang] 9 translation2 b 9 spite ( ?is !re are _m :o 9 c]ta9 cases w use ?is means z be+ ! sure/ & quicke/ way ( gett+ ! pupils to und]/&1 b 9 o!r cases w try to d )\t x2 "s tea*]s ev5 ?9k t 9 all cases !y c f9d o!r & bett] means ( gett+ ! pupils to compreh5d ! mean+ ( =eign expressions4 7b7--,z a means ( te/+ :e!r ! pupil und]/&s ! =eign language1 x is a tol]ably good ?+ to let him translate1 b only tol]ably good2 x is n always reliable1 & ought 9 _m cases to be a la/ resort4 7c7--,translation f ,engli% is1 = beg9n]s at lea/1 an extremely poor means 9 comp>ison ) ! _m o!r hi!rto g5]ally neglect$ ways 9 :i* ! tea*] may get a pupil to say 7or write7 some?+ 9 ! =eign language4 8,das b]setz5 9 die fremdspra*e zum zwecke d] erl]nung d]selb5 gehrt e9fa* 9 das gebiet pdagogis*] snd5 und v]irrung50 7,bi]baum1 ,die neu]5 spra*51 i4 #eg74 7d7--,z a te/ ( :e!r ! pupil c express himself 9 ! o!r language1 an oral or writt5 ex]cise 9 translation is ei!r illusory or is at lea/ suitable only = ! mo/ advanc$ pupils4 ,^! ass]tions mu/ n[ be made good1 especially by ! sugge/ion ( o!r means :i* may be sub/itut$ = translation4 ,i %all n cont9ue /rictly to obs]ve ! di/9ctions betwe5 ! f\r categories1 a1 b1 c1 d4 ,9 ord] to avoid t$i\s repetitions ( expressions l 8! =eign language 9 "q10 ,i %all 9 ! foll[+ pages say 9 %ort 8! language0 9 contra/ to ,engli%4 ,are !re o!r means by :i* ,i c get ! pupil to compreh5d ! mean+ ( =eign words & s5t5ces8 ,yes2 9 ! fir/ place by means ( direct obs]vation or imm$iate p]ception 7:at ! ,g]mans call ans*auung74 ,?is applies to sub/antives :i* designate objects1 etc41 to be f\nd 9 ! s*ool-room3 f5tre1 porte1 banc1 *aise1 tableau 7noir71 craie1 livre1 plume1 crayon1 montre1 lve1 matre 7pr(esseur71 etc4 ,all t is necess>y is to po9t to ! objects ) su* rem>ks z c'e/ 7or voil7 la craie1 on appelle a le tableau noir1 etc41 & ! pupil _c mi/ake ! mean+ ( ea* ^w4 ,fur!rmore1 ?is is ! be/ way to tea* ! mo/ necess>y words relat+ to ! human body3 tte1 *eveux1 nez1 yeux1 b\*e1 lvres1 b>be1 j\e1 oreille1 bras1 ma91 doigt1 etc4 ,b 9 addition to ! _m sub/antives !re are also a numb] ( words ( o!r classes :i* c be le>n$ 9 ?is mann]3 voil une f5tre1 et voil une autre f5tre2 ,pi]re e/ un lve1 ,paul e/ un autre lve2 words l ici1 l2 especially a numb] ( v]bs ( action3 j'cris2 ,victor crit4 je pr5ds la craie2 ,jean pr5d la craie4 je me lve2 ,pi]re se lve4 je m'assi$s1 je m>*e 7v]s la porte71 j'ouvre la porte1 je f]me la porte2 je donne le livre ,pi]re1 ,pi]re me donne le livre1 etc4 ,at ! same "t z ! tea*] or ! pupil says some?+ or o!r1 ! tea*] illu/rates ! action4 ,9 t mann]1 already 9 ! fir/ /age1 be=e ! pupils h any ,fr5* vocabul>y to op]ate )1 a numb] ( words & s5t5ces may be le>n$ )\t ! use ( a s+le ,engli% ^w4 ,yes1 ev5 ! v>i\s t5ses ( ! v]bs c be expla9$ by ?is me?od4 ,if1 = in/ance1 9 ! c\rse ( _! read+1 ! pupils come across il a pris & !y d n und]/& x1 ! tea*] c %[ :at x means--?is ( c\rse does n apply to ! v fir/ lessons--by fir/ tak+ ! *alk & say+3 je pr5ds la craie1 !n a book3 je pr5ds le livre de ,jean1 !n 8 h&3 je pr5ds sa ma91 & !n say+3 d'abord j'ai pris la craie1 puis j'ai pris le livre de ,jean1 et enf9 j'ai pris sa ma94 ,) a little +5uity a good deal c be br\ght 9 9 ?is way2 "s mat]ial 9 ,fr5* has be5 well arrang$ 9 ,p4 ,passy & ,t4 ,to/rup1 ,leons de *oses4 ,i %all lat] come to ! "q z to :e!r & h[ ! pupils are to repeat :at ! tea*] says 9 ?is way1 z likewise to ! objection t ! pupils 9 reality und]/& ^! words 9 ,engli%4 ,"h ,i %all m]ely caution aga9/ tak+ too mu* mat]ial ( ?is k9d at a /ret*2 x is be/ to int]sp]se x ) o!r ?+s4 ,9 ! second place1 ! mean+ ( ! words may be communicat$ ?r\gh m$iate p]ception1 ?r\gh pictures4 ,?is is :at ,miss ,golds*midt ) s mu* en]gy has put into practice 9 h] 8picture-words0 & 9 o!r books on ! same plan1 :i* h be5 edit$ p>tly by h] & p>tly by o!rs4 ,ea* page conta9s a collection ( pictures repres5t+ a s]ies ( objects belong+ to ! same sph]e ( ideas4 ,sometimes !y are jo9$ toge!r to make a :ole sc5e2 sometimes ! objects rema9 sep>at$1 )\t be+ br\ght into connection ) ea* o!r2 "s ( ! pictures are well put toge!r2 o!rs pres5t sev]al curiosities1 z1 = in/ance1 a telescope freely hov]+ 9 a ra9b[4 ,ea* object is suppli$ ) a numb] ref]r+ to li/s :]e ! correspond+ ,fr5* 7,engli%1 etc47 words are giv54 ,9 _m ,g]man s*ools1 & 9 sev]al places 9 ,d5m>k n[ too1 l>ge picture-*>ts are us$ to hang ^u ! s*oolroom wall1 especially ! ,hlzel *>ts1 :]e1 = in/ance1 on a w9t]-picture are collect$ repres5tations ( ! mo/ important ?+s belong+ to w9t]4 ,!n ! tea*] c po9t to "o ( ^! ?+s & at ! same "t expla9 x 9 ! language :i* is be+ /udi$4 ,f9ally pictures c also be us$ to illu/rate a n>rative or descriptive text1 z 9 ! ,engli% prim]s publi%$ by ,s>auw & myself4 ,!re h be5 sev]al objections rais$ aga9/ ! p]ception-me?od4 ,?us ,sweet says t ! idea is n s %>ply def9$ z 9 ! case ( translation4 ,if we see *apeau by ! side ( 7! picture (7 a silk hat1 we d n "k if x m]ely designates t k9d ( hat or o!r k9ds too1 s t ! translation 8hat0 is m apt to sugge/ ! correct idea4 ,or if ! tea*] po9ts to 8 m\? & says b\*e1 ! pupils might j z well ?9k t x means lip1 etc4 ,! objection comes f a closet philosoph]1 :o has n se5 ! ?+ 9 practice2 !re is almo/ no dang] except = "o :o w\ld try to le>n a language by himself & exclusively ?r\gh pictures4 ,9 oral in/ruction1 su* mi/akes are sc>cely frequ5t en\gh to be wor? m5tion+1 ev5 if x might be a good ?+ p]haps = tea*]s to realize t !y are possible--!y ev5 occur n[ & !n 9 a *ild's appreh5sion ( 8 native language1 :i* 9 l>ge "p foll[s exactly ^! same pa?s4 ,if ! tea*] und]/&s 8 bus9ess1 no mi/ake at all occurs or else x is soon correct$1 = ( c\rse he w nev] /op at m]ely po9t+ to ! object & giv+ ! ^w1 b he w imm$iately use x 9 s5t5ces & connections 9 :i* ! mean+ becomes p]fectly cle>2 = in/ance1 if he only says tu z une b\*e et deux lvres1 or1 aft] hav+ po9t$ to 8 m\? & said b\*e1 he asks "o ( ! boys3 ,combi5 z-tu de b\*es8 !re w be no dang] ( su* mi/akes2 inde$ all dang] is g5]ally preclud$ f ! v beg9n+1 = :5 ! tea*] po9ts to 8 m\?1 he is n apt to say m]ely b\*e1 b voil la b\*e or voil ma b\*e1 :]e ! s+ul> =m la1 ma unmi/akably indicates ! correct mean+4 ,su* misund]/&+s z 9 ! case ( *apeau are no d\bt ( r>e occurr5ce1 b at all ev5ts1 ! tea*] may prev5t !m too by talk+ ab\t 8 own & ! pupils' hats ) ! use ( ! same ^w4 ,ano!r oppon5t ( ! p]ception-me?od has said t x causes di/urbance 9 ! class :5 ! tea*]s 9 mod]n languages n[ get up1 n[ sit d[n1 op5 ! door1 close ! door1 bl[ _! noses1 pull _! boots (f & on 787 etc4 ,a ?ird oppon5t c>efully depicts all ! asides a pupil w ?9k ( :5 ! tea*]1 9 ord] to tea* him ! ^w gants1 pulls 8 gloves out ( 8 pocket3 8,!y are pretty bad specim5s10 or 8,oho6 he has br\ght 8 be/ ones along to-day because he knew he 0 go+ to use !m10 etc4 ,( c\rse ! me?od c be driv5 to c>icature1 & ( c\rse ! discipl9e c become lax if ! tea*] goes ?r\gh ! v>i\s actions ) too mu* re/lessness1 b 9 g5]al ! me?od does n require v diff]5t or m di/urb+ movem5ts ?an ^? :i* take place 9 e or e o!r lesson3 a pupil goes to ! blackbo>d or ! door or op5s a w9d[4 ,& if !re is any _s 9 ! tea*+1 ! pupils indulge 9 no m irrelevant asides ?an 9 o!r lessons4 ,!re seems to be great] weight 9 ! objection t only app>5tly is ! =eign ^w directly atta*$ to ! idea by means ( ! p]ception-me?od1 s9ce ei!r a real hat or a picture ( "o imm$iately sugge/s to ! pupil ! ,engli% ^w hat1 s t aft] all we d n avoid ! r\ndab\t way ?r\gh ! native language1 z we desire2 ! hobgobl9 moves ) u4 ,well1 if we ?9k x is possible entirely to prev5t ,engli% words f turn+ up 9 ! *ildr5's consci\sness1 we c]ta9ly deceive ourselves4 ,b if we are m mode/ 9 our dem&s & simply want ! =eign language to be kept z mu* z possible 9 ! =egr\nd & ,engli% 9 ! backgr\nd1 !n x _c be d5i$ t x mu/ make = ?is end :5 x is n necess>y = ei!r ! tea*] or ! pupil to m5tion ! ,engli% ^w4 ,& ! m !y bo? become accu/om$ to ?is me?od ( tea*+1 ! m previ\sly le>n$ words !re are = ! new ones to be associat$ )1 & ! m +5i\s ! tea*] is to v>y ! :ole1 ! m seldom d ! ,engli% words occur to ! pupil4 ,) ! pictures z a basis ( sugge/ion1 !re c & ought to be conduct$ talks 9 ! language1 at lea/ aft] ! v fir/ lessons are pa/4 ,x is b seldom necess>y to resort to ! native language1 & ! "t is almo/ exclusively occupi$ 9 he>+ & say+ some?+ 9 ! language4 ,b ?is c be/ be done :5 ! pictures n only sugge/ s+le words b are ri* 9 cont5t4 ,?us ,mrs4 ,freud5?al1 9 ,f9l&1 has to a l>ge ext5t 9 h] tea*+ us$ reproductions ( g5re pa9t+s1 :i* give occasion = sp9n+ out :ole n>ratives sugge/$ by ! pictures4 ,p]haps x is /ill bett]1 z ,s>auw & ,i h done 9 our book = beg9n]s 9 ,engli%1 to supply ! tales 7or o!r selections7 ) little illu/rations2 !y may occasion conv]sations :i* h m or less to d ) ! text & :i* c be conduct$ ) ess5tially ! same vocabul>y2 & ! tea*] ought also to return n[ & !n to previ\sly discuss$ pictures1 :i* may be treat$ m fully ?an be=e on acc\nt ( ! progress made by ! pupils 9 ! mean:ile4 ,pictures1 !n1 are ( und\bt$ significance 9 ! tea*+ ( languages1 ev5 if _! scope mu/ n be ov]rat$ & !y mu/ n be us$ z ! only means ( explanation--all "o-sid$ness is hurtful4 ,b ! pictures ought to be *>act]i/ic ( ! =eign l& & p1 especially :5 !y are to be us$ beyond ! beg9n] /age4 ,i am n ! fir/ "o to reproa* ,miss ,golds*midt because %e gives pictures %[+1 = in/ance1 a ,dani% sitt+-room1 a ,dani% po/man1 etc41 & lets ! pupils use ! same pictures 9 le>n+ all ?ree =eign languages1 some?+ :i* is n exactly calculat$ to w9 int]e/ b mu/ be pretty monoton\s :]eas exactly :at %\ld be done is to op5 ! pupil's eyes to ! manifold & *>act]i/ic diff]5ces exi/+ betwe5 ! v>i\s nations4 ,s*ools ought to be well suppli$ ) pictures on ! walls & illu/rat$ works :i* may s]ve to give ! pupils "s enlight5m5t ab\t ,fr5* & ,g]man conditions ( life1 natural sc5]y1 build+s1 art1 in/itutions4 ,=eign illu/rat$ pap]s w be f\nd to conta9 mu* useful mat]ial1 & ! tea*] ought frequ5tly to use #e-aj m9utes or m ( ! lesson to discuss su* a picture 9 ! language ) ! pupils4 ,t w\ld be an excell5t way 9 :i* to supplem5t ! tea*+ bas$ on ! text-book4 ,b n only su* ready-made pictures may be us$ 9 tea*+ languages4 ,! tea*] c (t51 by means ( r\gh *alk-draw+s on ! blackbo>d1 illu/rate v>i\s ?+s 9 ! text :i* is be+ read & base 8 explanations 79 ! language7 on !m4 ,! few times ,i h done x1 ! pupils imm$iately took to x1 s t ,i began to deplore my great lack ( skill 9 draw+4 ,if !re 0 any subject t 0 neglect$ :5 ,i w5t to s*ool1 x 0 draw+4 ,n[ p h1 =tunately1 begun to get _! eyes op5 to ! importance ( ?is bran*1 fir/ & =emo/ = tea*]s ( all subjects z a help 9 _! tea*+1 &1 secondly1 = ! pupils z ! good ?+ x is f an educational po9t ( view = !m to le>n to see an object correctly & to reproduce :at !y see 9 a draw+4 ,& j z 9 ! case ( natural hi/ory & geography1 ! draw+s ( ! pupils n[ are an important feature ( ! in/ruction1 s !y might play a simil> "p 9 ! tea*+ ( languages4 ,x is a spl5did idea t has be5 put into practice 9 8,det danske selskabs skole40 ,i %all quote f its 8,b]etn+10 #aijj3 8,ex]cises 9 draw+ h also play$ an important "p4 ,be=e ! lesson beg9s !re is writt5 on ! blackbo>d "o subject = ea* pupil to illu/rate by a draw+4 ,ea* "o has a c]ta9 am\nt ( space apportion$ to him4 ,! pupil is ord]$ to draw only su* ?+s z he c m5tion & expla9 9 ,g]man4 ,b ( c\rse ! int5tion is t mu* m is to be drawn4 ,= in/ance1 if ! subject is a wagon1 ! pupil naturally draws bo? :eels1 wagon-pole1 /ud-/ave1 side pieces1 seat1 driv] ) :ip1 horses1 h>ness1 etc4 ,! pupil has to expla9 8 draw+ to ! class1 & ( c\rse he gets into a tight place2 ! result is t 8 int]e/ is ar\s$ = :at all ! ?+s are call$1 & he pays close att5tion to ! words :5 ! tea*] says !m4 ,f\rte5 boys 9 a class c f9i% _! draw+s 9 #aj m9utes1 & x takes #cj m9utes to g ?r\gh ! #ad draw+s40 7,c4 ,lambek47 ,"h x looks z if ! subject 7 giv5 9 ,dani%2 & p]haps ! words le>n$ 9 ! ex]cise h be5 tak5 up too mu* 9 detail4 ,i %\ld ?9k x might be /ill bett] to ann\nce ! subject orally & r fully 9 ! language1 to say1 = in/ance1 to a ,dani% pupil :o is le>n+ ,engli%--,y draw a picture ( a two-/ori$ h\se ) ?ree w9d[s 9 ea* /ory & "o door2 outside ! h\se a man is to /& smok+ 8 pipe2 or1 y draw a c>riage & pair1 inside ! c>riage is a g5tleman1 b y see only ! tip ( 8 nose2 a dog is runn+ fa/ beh9d ! c>riage4 ,if !re is--z !re always ought to be--blackbo>d space en\gh = sev]al pupils to execute _! draw+s at ! same "t1 s mu* ! bett]2 ! re/ ( ! class c be occupi$ ) some?+ else until ! draw+s are f9i%$2 !n !y are fir/ expla9$ by ! draw]1 !reupon by "o or sev]al ( ! o!r pupils2 ( c\rse bo? ! tea*] & ! pupils call att5tion to any?+ t has be5 =gott5 9 ! draw+1 & new po9ts are br\ght up1 z sugge/$ by ,mr4 ,lambek4 ,also 9 connection ) little /ories1 ! pupils may be ask$ to make draw+s to %[ t !y h und]/ood :at !y h be5 read+4 ,9 speak+ ab\t ! use ( pictures1 ,i h w&]$ a little f my po9t ( dep>ture1 namely1 ! ways 9 :i* 7aside f translation7 ! pupil may be taught ! mean+ ( a =eign ^w4 ,all ( u :o are fur!r advanc$ mu/ confess to ourselves t 9 read+ =eign books we h (t5 omitt$ to look up an unfamili> ^w 9 ! diction>y1 because its mean+ 0 p]fectly cle> f ! context4 ,& we h all le>n$ ?\s&s ( words 9 our "m-tongue 9 ! same way4 ,!n :y n use ?is exp]i5ce 9 ! tea*+ ( =eign languages8 ,because x leads to guesswork1 to c>elessness 9 /udy+1 to an approximate & unc]ta9 compreh5sion1 is ! answ] we get4 ,grant$--z f> z "s cases are conc]n$6 ,!re are _m comb9ations :]e ! mean+ ( a ^w may be 8sc5t$0 ?r\gh ! context1 & :]e a consci5ti\s tea*] _c rema9 satisfi$ )\t "s pro( t ! pupil really und]/&s ! ^w2 & !re are cases :]e ! tea*] imag9es t ! pupils _c help see+ ! mean+ imm$iately1 & yet _! guesses are all wrong4 ,b /ill ! ability to arrive at ! mean+ ( an unfamili> ^w ?r\gh ! text is valuable & does n des]ve to be neglect$1 b %\ld1 on ! contr>y1 be cultivat$--"u control1 ( c\rse4 ,at all ev5ts1 !re c be no dang] 9 us+ really self-int]pret+ s5t5ces :]e ! mean+ ( an unfamili> ^w may be assum$ ) unfail+ c]ta9ty & )\t guesswork4 ,9 a s5t5ce l 8,il y a d\ze mois dans l'anne10 ! pupil :o is acqua9t$ ) any two ( ! ?ree italiciz$ words w be able to reason out ! mean+ ( ! ?ird ) z great accuracy z 9 ! equation a b c ! unkn[n quantity may be f\nd :5 ! two are giv54 ,& if y cont9ue3 le premi] s'appelle janvi]1 le second s'appelle fvri]1 le troisime s'appelle m>s1 etc41 !n x is no guesswork at all if ! pupils ga!r bo? ! ord9al num]als & ! names ( ! mon?s4 ,! same may be said ( ! foll[+ s5t5ces-- ,le j\r se divise en v+t-quatre heures2 l'heure se divise en soixante m9utes1 et la m9ute en soixante secondes4 ,soixante secondes font une m9ute2 soixante m9utes font une heure2 v+t-quatre heures font un j\r2 sept j\rs font une sema9e2 c9quante-deux sema9es et quelques j\rs font une anne2 c5t annes font un sicle4 ,"h ! pupil c inf] ! mean+ ( a numb] ( words )\t ne$+ ! tea*]'s translation4 ,s x is only a wa/e ( "t to let ! pupil himself translate su* pieces--= he c d t half-asleep )\t look+ v mu* at ! ,fr5*1 & he does n le>n mu* t way4 ,no2 let him repeat !m 9 ,fr5* until he c say !m flu5tly1 !n let him isolate ! ord9als3 le premi]1 le second 4441 !reupon ! names ( ! mon?s3 janvi]1 fvri] 4442 !reupon g ?r\gh bo? s]ies backw>ds1 & !n f9ally answ] que/ions at r&om3 ,comm5t s'appelle le troisime mois8 ,quel e/ le dixime mois8 etc4 ,or 9 connexion ) ! second selection1 let him g ?r\gh all ! divisions ( "t1 fir/ beg9n+ ) ! smalle/ & !n ) ! l>ge/ 7) ! use ( ! article un1 une72 !n ask3 ,comm5t se divise l'heure8 ,comm5t se divise le j\r8 ,combi5 de secondes a une m9ute8 ,trois heures1 combi5 de m9utes8 ,deux annes1 combi5 de mois8 etc41 etc4 ,9 ?is way x seems z if a tea*] c ) complete confid5ce cont9ue = a long "t to keep ev5 ^? pupils occupi$ :o d n "k mu* ,fr5*1 )\t ne$+ to m5tion a s+le ,engli% ^w4#aa ,n[ ( c\rse !re are only few subjects :i* c ?us be talk$ ab\t 9 "o self-int]pret+ s5t5ce aft] ! o!r3 ,sweet has1 9 8 ,elem5t>bu*1 got hold ( m ( t sort ( ?+ ?an any o!r au?or ( simil> text-books t ,i "k (2 b almo/ any text w be f\nd to conta9 s5t5ces :]e ! g5]al s5se unmi/akably indicates ! mean+ ( ! new words2 ! m ( t k9d ( comb9ations ! pupil commits to memory ! bett] = him4 ,! ability to inf] ! mean+ f ! context ought r to be enc\rag$ & practis$ ?an ought ! t5d5cy to g by resemblances to words 9 ! "m-tongue or 9 o!r languages2 ev5 if mu* may be le>n$ 9 ?is way 7,eng4 s5d1 ,g]man s5d52 ,eng4 ru91 ,g]4 ,fr5* ru9e1 etc471 yet !re is /ill reason to caution aga9/ too mu* confid5ce 9 resemblances1 = !y (t5 lead u a/ray 7ev5 9 ! case ( 8etymologically id5tical words074 ,mo/ ( ! really valuable associations ( ?is k9d come ( _! own accord4 ,b to cont9ue1 ! new words may simply be expla9$ 9 ! language to ! pupil--?is ( c\rse really means t ! tea*] puts ! ^w into a self-int]pret+ s5t5ce1 s x is m]ely a subdivision ( :at we h j be5 speak+ ab\t4 ,anyone :o has be5 accu/om$ to use ! excell5t ,fr5* & ,engli% diction>ies1 l>ge or small1 all ! way f ,littr & ,murray to ! little ,l>\sse or ,ann&ale's ,concise1 kn[s h[ (t5 he has be5 able to f9d 9 !m q suffici5t explanations ( unfamili> words4 ,:y n use ?is exp]i5ce too 9 ! tea*+ ( =eign languages8 ,?us1 = in/ance1 expla9 veuf3 ,un veuf e/ un homme dont la femme e/ morte2 une veuve e/ une femme dont le m>i e/ mort4 ,?is explanation1 to be sure1 conta9s no m in=mation ?an is to be got out ( ! simple translation 8wid[]0 78wid[072 b !re are cases :]e an explanation gives bett] in=mation ?an a translation4 ,x is n improbable t _m ,engli%m51 :5 giv5 ! translation primage or hat-money = ,g]man kapplak51 w rema9 j z wise z !y 7 be=e1 b !y w imm$iately und]/& x if x is expla9$ 9 ,g]man3 prmi5geld1 das frh] dem s*iffskapitn auss] d] fra*t gezahlt wurde1 ursprngli* freiwilliges ges*5k1 dann v]tragsmssig be/immt4 ,! ,engli% ^w d5til is 9 ,engli%-,g]man diction>ies translat$ by klb]zahn1 b ,i suppose t mo/ ,g]mans w\ld get m out ( ,ann&ale's def9ition3 8! "n ( ! little cubes or squ>e blocks (t5 cut = ornam5t on ,greek cornices10 or ,funk-,wagnalls' def9ition3 8,"o ( a s]ies ( small squ>e too?-l ornam5tal blocks 9 ! b$-m\ld+ ( ! cornices ( "s ,ionic & o!r entablatures0 7"h ev5 an in/ructive illu/ration74 ,well1 su* te*nical words1 :]e we d n ev5 "k ! ,engli% t]m1 we %all sc>cely h mu* use = 9 s*ool2 b sometimes on acc\nt ( ! *ance vag>ies ( language a translation does n give z exact an idea z an explanation4 ,if ,i say t /ockw]k means floor1 ,i run ! risk ( gett+ an ex]cise ) /ockw]k us$ :]e !re ought to be fussbod52 b if ,i expla9 x z 8e9e d] horizontal5 e9teilung5 e9es hauses10 or some?+ l t1 !re is no dang] ( any misund]/&+4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x mu/ ( c\rse be admitt$ t !re are _m words :]e an ,engli% translation gives ! in=mation requir$ m quickly & m cle>ly ?an x c\ld be giv5 9 a long explanation 9 ! =eign language2 & ! tea*] ought to consid] 9 ea* sep>ate case :i* ( ! two ways ( help+ ! pupil is to be pref]r$4 ,/ill he mu/ n let laz9ess influ5ce him to give ! translation1 :i* ( c\rse is always easie/ = him1 b he mu/ rememb] t an explanation 9 ! language always has ! great advantage t ! pupil1 9 addition to ! new words1 he>s a numb] ( o!rs :i* he !reby reviews1 z x 71 & t ! pupil is = ! "t be+ :olly occupi$ ) ! =eign language4 ,besides1 ^! explanations amuse ! pupils because !y get m intellectual "w out ( !m ?an out ( translations1 :i* are giv5 to !m gratis4 ,h[ev]1 su* explanations ought p]haps n to be us$ to any great ext5t 9 ! gloss>ies ( text-books1 especially 9 read]s = beg9n]s2 "h x is be/ to weave !m into ! text itself4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 9 su* gloss>ies or notes1 ! explanations naturally become dri] & m l def9itions ?an is necess>y2 9 ! second place1 ! pupil :o does n feel incl9$ to read ^? few l9es ?r\gh is tempt$ to get "s comrade1 a p>5t1 or a si/] to tell him 9 %ort ! mean+ ( ! ^w3 t is1 to translate x4 ,to c\nt]act ?is by always requir+ ! pupil to commit ! giv5 explanation to memory is n exactly a wise plan1 s9ce x may easily lead to m]e ?\ghtless memory-"w4 ,= ! gloss>y ought to play no m important "p 9 really good tea*+ = beg9n]s ?an z a help to ! =getful pupil 9 8 home-prep>ation1 :]e he c look up ! mean+ 7& pronunciation7 ( a ^w :i* he _c rememb]1 ,i d n hesitate to use translation !re4#ab ,! explanations 9 ! =eign language are especially 9 place :5 ! tea*] assigns ! lesson & goes ?r\gh x orally4 ,?is mu/ be done ) ! greate/ c>e & ) a view to giv+ ! pupils a really full & all r\nd insight into ! new selection to be read--) z mu* life & z few ,engli% words & s5t5ces z possible4 ,mu* dep5ds ^u ! way 9 :i* ! tea*] reads ! piece2 _m pieces c be read 9 su* a way t ! pupils _c help und]/&+ !m3 = in/ance1 by ! use ( /ress1 emphasis ( contra/s1 *ange ( voice1 etc4 ,& !n he c po9t to v>i\s ?+s by way ( illu/ration--& x does no h>m to po9t at ! w9d[1 = in/ance1 on com+ across ! ^w f5tre1 ev5 if ! class has _h t ^w be=e4 ,_m words c be made cle> by means ( ge/ures1 etc42 scie1 = in/ance1 c be illu/rat$ by a saw+ movem5t accompani$ by a :eez+ s\nd2 = taill]1 x is only necess>y to cut = half a second ) an imag9>y knife2 ?us ! mean+ ( boire1 *ant]1 c\p de pi$1 grimp]1 joyeux1 mcont5t1 pleur]1 dormir1 tap]1 & _m o!r words c be giv52 z a rule1 m]ely little 7n noisy67 sugge/ions are necess>y = ! class to und]/& imm$iately4 ,f9ally !re are circumlocutions 9 ! language1 n /raight=w>d def9itions z 9 ! diction>ies1 b also o!r explanations2 (t5 x is only necess>y to lead ! ?\ghts ( ! pupils 9 ^u ! "r track4 ,on com+ across ,g]man haupt/adt1 = in/ance1 ! tea*] c say3 ,london i/ die haupt/adt ,engl&s1 ,p>is i/ die haupt/adt ,frankrei*s1 und ,kop5hag5 i/ die haupt/adt ,dnem>ks--& !n ask "o ( ! pupils3 ,he9ri*1 weis/ du jetzt 0 haupt/adt b$eutet8 ,p]haps he w answ]1 8,capital10 b !n ! tea*] c say3 ,ganz ri*tig1 ab] kann/ du ni*t das wort auf deuts* erklr58 ,! pupil3 ,ja1 die haupt/adt i/ die grs/e /adt e9es l&es4 ,! tea*]3 ,ja wohl1 es i/ die er/e /adt1 die grs/e /adt1 die wi*tig/e od] b$eut5d/e /adt e9es l&es4 ,!n he may add3 ,nun1 ,johan1 kann/ du &]e haupt/dte ,europas anfhr51 & :5 he has m5tion$ a few1 ! tea*] says3 ,s*n1 das g5gt1 & passes on4 ,ev5 if _m words are us$1 yet !y are n sup]flu\s because !y are =eign words1 & !re=e a few m9utes' conv]sation 9 ?is mann] is ab\t j z useful z if a :ole page _h be5 read 9 ! language4 ,& ! pupils w ev] aft] rememb] ! mean+ ( ! ^w haupt/adt mu* bett] ?an if ! tea*] _h simply told !m ! translation & !n cont9u$ ) ! read+4 ,9 e sep>ate case1 ! tea*] mu/ feel 8 way to decide :]e !re yet rema9s some?+ t is n und]/ood1 & :]e fur!r explanation w\ld be sup]flu\s or tiresome2 t is also "o ( ! reasons :y su* circumlocutions _h bett] be left to ! tea*] ?an includ$ 9 ! text-book4 ,( c\rse x is necess>y to h practice & a good deal ( tact 9 ord] to give ?is k9d ( explanations naturally & well1 & c>efully adapt$ to ! ne$s & /&po9t ( ! class2 ! tea*] mu/ h a pretty good idea ( :at ! class kn[s be=eh&1 & !reby :i* words & expressions he may use ) c]ta9ty2 ! easi] & ! m colloquial ! words are :i* are us$ 9 ! circumlocution1 & ! m concretely x is express$1 ! bett]4 ,x is bett] to expla9 too mu* ?an too little1 & "o mu/ n be afraid ( us+ a numb] ( words :5 !y only are 9 ! =eign language4 ,!re is "s tru? 9 ,gabel5tz' rem>k3 8,gespr*ige leute von engem g$ank5kreise s9d fr d5 anfang die be/5 lehrmei/]0#ac2 ! tea*] mu/ n exactly make himself /upid1 b he mu/ admit t no matt] h[ high he himself /&s intellectually1 he c v well le>n some?+ f ! nurs]y-me?od ( tea*+ languages3 = in/ance1 t taciturnity or concis5ess ( expression d n lead to ! goal4 ,x pays to give "s att5tion to ?is =m ( in/ruction & to f9d out :at k9d ( explanations are ( ! greate/ l+ui/ic b5efit to ! pupils4 ,x is n difficult1 z a rule--ev5 )\t direct que/ions1 :i*1 h[ev]1 ! tea*] ought n to be sp>+ (#ad--to feel :at is und]/ood & :at is n1 j z ! boys c easily be tra9$ to say s imm$iately :5 !re is some?+ t !y d n und]/&4 ,all t is necess>y is to make !m feel confid5t t _! tea*] is always will+ & glad to answ] _! que/ions1 & t !y w nev] be made fun ( = ask+4 ,sometimes1 ( c\rse1 he may also make ano!r pupil answ] ! "q if x is an easy "o4 ,! foll[+ may s]ve z a connect$ specim5 ( ! me?od ( proc$ure1 ev5 if ,i h1 p]haps1 expla9$ a ^w or two :i* = an ,engli% class w\ld ne$ no explanation4 ,devant la porte d'une maison =e/ire c'e/ dire une maison situe dans une =t4 ,v\s ne savez pas ce que c'e/ qu'une =t8 ,eh1 bi51 c'e/ plus gr& qu'un bois1 une trs gr&e collection d'arbres1 a s'appelle une =t4 ,adolphe1 peux-tu me nomm] une =t en ,anglet]re8 ,la maison dont n\s allons p>l]1 tait situe dans le milieu d'une =t1 et devant la porte une jeune femme1 les bras nus1 cassait du bois c\ps de ha*e sur une pi]re4 ,elle avait les bras nus1 il n'y avait ri5 p\r c\vrir ses bras1 elle n'avait pas de man*es4 ,pi]re1 dis-moi si ,jean a les bras nus8 ,elle cassait du bois 7%[n by a ge/ure7 et elle employait p\r a une ha*e 7if ! ^w is n kn[n1 & is n und]/ood at once1 y may give ! translation72 *aque fois qu'elle fait un c\p de ha*e elle casse un morceau de bois4 ,elle tait gr&e et bi5 faite1 une fille de =t1 fille et femme de =e/i]s son pre et son m>i tai5t des =e/i]s1 ils avai5t des emplois dans la =t2 et elle avait t leve dans la =t de sorte qu'elle app>t5ait t\t fait la =t4 ,c'e/ ce qu'on a exprim en l'appelant fille de =t4 ,une voix cria de l'intrieur de la maison3 ,n\s sommes seules ce soir1 ,b]?9e1 il faut r5tr] il faut que tu r5tres1 voil la nuit il comm5ce se faire t>d2 il y a peut-tre des ,prussi5s les ,prussi5s sont les habitants de la ,prusse2 ceci se passe p5dant la gu]re entre les ,allem&s et les ,franais--il y a peut-tre des ,prussi5s et des l\ps qui rd5t qui vont et l2 le mot rd] s'emploie trs s\v5t en p>lant de btes froces4 ,j'ai f9i1 maman1 rpond la jeune femme1 n'aie pas peur2 il fait encore j\r4 ,elle dit que la nuit n'e/ pas encore arrive2 elle y voit encore1 et elle n'a pas peur1 elle2 mais1 du re/e1 elle a f9i son travail2 il n'y a plus de bois cass]4 ,puis elle f]ma les volets les volets1 ce sont les pices de bois qu'on applique sur les f5tres p\r les protg]4 ,paul1 dis-moi s'il y a des volets sur les f5tres de cette salle-ci8 ,il y en avait dans la maison dont n\s p>lons dans l'hi/oire2 ,b]?9e les f]ma1 r5tra1 et p\ssa les l\rds v]r\s de la porte un v]r\ e/ fait de f]1 on le p\sse p\r emp*] d'ouvrir la porte4 ,sa mre filait auprs du feu4 ,to expla9 fil]1 a ge/ure & ! imitation ( ! s\nd ( ! :eel may be employ$1 or else ! translation supplem5t$1 p]haps1 by3 fil]1 a vi5t de fil puisqu'en filant on fait des fils4 ,je ne suis pas tranquille1 dit-elle1 qu& le pre e/ dehors4 ,v\s voyez que la mre a plus peur1 elle1 que la fille4 ,c'e/ que son m>i n'e/ pas l4 ,deux femmes1 a n'e/ pas =t4 ,ce n'e/ pas beauc\p2 c'e/ si peu de *ose que deux femmes si les ,prussi5s vi5n5t4 ,la jeune rpondit3 ,oh6 je tu]ais bi5 un l\p ou un ,prussi5 t\t de mme4 ,et elle montrait du doigt un gros revolv] susp5du au-dessus de la *em9e4 ,la *em9e1 c'e/ l o on fait du feu4 ,son m>i s'tait engag dans l'arme il s'tait fait soldat au comm5cem5t de la gu]re1 et les deux femmes tai5t demeures seules avec le pre1 le vieux ,nicolas ,pi*on1 qui avait refus de quitt] sa demeure p\r r5tr] en ville refus8 ,si tu dis ,alfr$ de te prt] son canif1 il refuse s'il dit3 8,non1 je ne veux pas te prt] mon canif40 ,on avait dit ,pi*on d'all] en ville1 mais il avait dit3 8,non1 je ne veux pas quitt] ma maison02 donc il avait refus4 ,la ville pro*a9e1 c'tait ,re!l4 ,on y tait patriote v\s savez que celui qui aime sa patrie1 e/ nomm patriote2 et les b\rgeois les habitants de la ville avai5t dcid de rsi/] l'ennemi4 ,t\s--b\lang]s1 pici]s1 b\*]s1 m5uisi]s1 libraires1 ph>maci5s1 manuvrai5t des heures rgulires ,t\t le monde s'tait fait soldats2 le b\lang]1 c'e/ celui qui v5d du pa92 l'pici] v5d des pices1 du ?1 du caf1 du *ocolat1 et mille autres *oses2 le m5uisi] fait des tables et des *aises2 le libraire v5d des livres2 le ph>maci5 v5d t\t ce dont on a beso9 qu& on e/ malade--donc v\s voyez que t\s les hommes1 de t\tes occupations et de t\tes classes1 allai5t manuvr] t\s les j\rs une heure fixe s\s les ordres de ,m4 ,lavigne1 anci5 s\s-(fici] de dragons il n'tait plus s\s-(fici]1 mais il l'avait t2 c'e/ ce qui e/ indiqu p> le mot anci51 etc41 etc4 ,x is be/ to g ?r\gh ! lesson = ! next "t 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! h\r1 :5 bo? ! tea*]'s & ! pupils' p[]s are fre%e/1 & :5 !re is sure to be pl5ty ( "t = x2 at ! end ( ! h\r ! tea*] may be too hurri$ & n]v\s 9 8 anxiety to get ?r\gh ! prop] am\nt be=e ! bell r+s4 ,9 go+ ?r\gh x1 ! tea*] may ei!r let ! pupils look at _! books or require all books to be clos$4 ,! latt] is ! bett] way1 s9ce !n ! pupils c give m undivid$ att5tion to ! tea*]2 = !y mu/ dr9k 9 all 8 words & foll[ 8 slighte/ movem5ts4 ,9 t case x is no d\bt always be/ = him to write d[n on ! blackbo>d ea* new ^w z he expla9s x1 & aft] ev]y?+ has be5 expla9$ he may close ei!r by read+ ! piece al\d himself 7)\t int]polations7 or by lett+ "o ( ! pupils read x4 ,yet x is n well to foll[ "o me?od ( proc$ure all ! "t2 & if ! piece is easy1 s t !re are only a few new words1 x may imm$iately be read al\d by "o ( ! pupils 7sl[ly1 n 9 a =c$ way671 :o may /op & ask :5ev] !re is any?+ t he does n und]/&4 ,if a s5t5ce conta9s two or ?ree unfamili> words or "s o!r difficulty :i* has giv5 occasion = a "q1 x mu/ by all means be read aga9 connect$ly )\t int]ruption z soon z a p]iod has be5 rea*$4 ,f9ally ! tea*] c1 if x seems necess>y1 z a fur!r gu>antee1 let "o ( ! pupils give a free r5d]+ ( ! cont5ts 9 8 native language2 t is a sort ( control1 at all ev5ts until ! class has become q accu/om$ to hav+ ! lesson gone ?r\gh 9 ?is way4 ,let me sugge/ "h t1 9 go+ ?r\gh ! new lesson1 ! tea*] c also c\nt]act ! injury :i* an unusual ord] ( words or expression occurr+ 9 a selection ( poetry might d to ! pupil's in/9ct = ! natural language1 by giv+ ! prose ord] ( words & expla9+ x4 ,= in/ance1 ! l9es3 8,& ev]ybody 9 ! h\se ,on tip-toe has to creep0 c fir/ be expla9$ z if !y ran3 8,& ev]ybody 9 ! h\se has to creep on tip-toe02 aga91 su* an expression z at eve may be alt]$ to 9 ! ev5+4 ,!n :5 ! pupil sees ! *ang$ ord] ( words & ! unusual expression 9 8 book1 he w und]/& t !y are due to ! poetical =m4 ,!re=e he w n be tempt$ to imitate !m2 if he %\ld d s 9 lat] ex]cises1 ! tea*] mu/ correct him1 s9ce !re is no e>?ly reason :y ! pupil %\ld practise us+ any?+ else b ev]yday language4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 a matt] ( c\rse t :5ev] ,i h us$ v]ses 9 my own books = beg9n]s 9 ,engli%1 ,i h tri$ to f9d su* z conta9$ v few deviations f ! usual =m ( ! language4 ,,footnotes3 #aa ,see bel[ ab\t ex]cises 9 c\nt+4 #ab ,x is q a diff]5t matt] if ! 7lit]>y7 texts :i* m advanc$ /ud5ts c read are to a l>ge ext5t annotat$ 9 ! language itself4 ,b ! annotat$ editions prep>$ = native /ud5ts 9 _m cases assume too mu* = our pupils1 & on ! o!r h& are apt to give a good deal ( in=mation :i* is n s valuable = !m2 s x 7 be/ z soon z possible to prep>e editions ( works ( =eign lit]ature ) comm5t>ies 9 ! language1 :i* especially meet ! requirem5ts ( our pupils4 #ac ,die ,spra*wiss5s*aft1 #gj4 #ad ,b :i*1 ( c\rse1 ought n to be ask$ 9 ! =m 8,d y und]/&80 ) ! obligatory answ] 8,yes10 :i* too (t5 means no?+4 ,,vi ,we h !n come to ! foll[+ result ) respect to translation z a means ( int]pret+ a =eign language to ! pupils 7p4 #ef a73 x is n ! only & ! be/ means2 x ought to be us$ sp>+ly2 & at all ev5ts x is n necess>y to translate :ole connect$ pieces1 b m]ely a ^w or1 at ! v mo/1 a s5t5ce n[ & !n4 ,b ?is inve/igation has already ?r[n "s light ^u our next po9t1 namely1 translation z a means ( te/+ :e!r ! pupils und]/& ! =eign language 7p4 #ef b74 ,"h1 too1 obs]vation may take ! place ( translation4 ,! pupil :o obeys ! tea*]'s comm&1 montre-moi la f5tre1 by po9t+ at ! w9d[ %[s t he und]/&s ! ^w j z well z ! "o :o 9 answ] to ! "q3 :at is ! mean+ ( f5tre8 answ]s1 w9d[4 ,likewise ! "o :o c po9t to ! "r ?+ :5 ! tea*] %[s him a picture & says2 o e/ le *apeau du g>on8 o sont ses s\li]s8 vois-tu le toit de la maison8 etc41 or ! "o :o c>ries out a comm& l pr5ds la craie1 lve-toi1 assi$s-toi1 donne-moi ton livre1 pr5ds le livre de ,jean et donne-le ,h5ri--especially :5 he at ! same "t says3 voil la f5tre1 voil le *apeau du g>on1 voil la craie1 je me lve1 etc41 ) a correct application ( ! words desir$4 ,nor c !re be any d\bt t a boy has und]/ood a ,fr5* "q :5 he c give a s5sible answ] 9 ! same language1 or t he has und]/ood a n>rative :i* has be5 told or read to him :5 he c retell x 79 ,engli%1 or /ill bett] 9 ,fr5*74 ,! tea*] is no d\bt mo/ tempt$ to let ! pupils translate :5 he wants to make sure t !y "k ! new selection :i* has be5 assign$ to !m = home-/udy4 ,b ev5 9 ?is case1 if ! tea*] has only gone ?r\gh ! lesson on assign+ x 7z indicat$ above7 9 a detail$ & lively way1 & ) cont9ual appeal to ! pupils1 s t ! :ole does n become a m]e monologue by ! tea*]1 ! translation te/ is n z necess>y z x w\ld h be5 if ! lesson _h ei!r n be5 gone ?r\gh at all or if ! tea*] _h m]ely translat$ x rapidly4 ,he w (t5 f9d x suffici5t to ask a "q n[ & !n ab\t "s s+le po9t 9 ! selection1 especially if ! selection is us$ = su* ex]cises z w be describ$ bel[1 :i* directly & indirectly %[ :e!r ! pupils h und]/ood x all or n4 ,b /ill1 let u assume t ! tea*] insi/s on hav+ ! selection translat$--& ( c\rse ?is may always be a good ?+ once 9 a :ile by way ( a *ange1 mo/ s p]haps :5 ! tea*] has n be5 q able to dige/ & absorb ! new me?ods4 ,!n ! be/ ?+ = him to d is to require ! translation imm$iately1 be=e ! pupil has read ! piece al\d4 ,?is is ! mo/ reliable te/ z to :e!r ! lesson really has be5 le>n$ 9 "t1 = ! pupil has n ! *ance :ile he is read+ al\d to speculate ab\t h[ x is to be translat$1 &1 on ! o!r h&1 :5 he comes to read x 9 ! =eign language1 he is n di/urb$ by irrelevant ?\ghts 9 8 native language4 ,besides1 ! tea*] mu/ und]/& t ?is translation is n ! mo/ important ev5t ( ! h\r2 x ought !re=e to occupy z little "t z possible4 ,! pupil mu/ be requir$ to deliv] 8 translation quickly1 & x is n necess>y to criticise ! ,engli% expressions ) p$antic exactitude4 ,z soon z x is cle> t ! pupil und]/&s p]fectly1 x is bett] = ! tea*] himself to give ! correct ,engli% expression 9 pass+1 ?an to wa/e "t 9 lett+ him f9d x out = himself4 ,a little turn ( expression1 a ^w-=mation1 or an ord] ( words :i* is n q ,engli% c v well be all[$ to pass unnotic$2 x is j :5 !re is no att5tion paid to ^! ?+s t !y are less apt to be injuri\s to ! pupil's ,engli% ?an :5 ! translation is treat$ z if x 7 ! only ?+4 ,9 case ( any unusually awkw>d expression1 ! tea*] c indulge 9 a he>ty laugh toge!r ) ! pupils & say3 8,well1 t is n ! v be/ ,engli% y are giv+ u1 b ! mean+ is cle> en\gh1 & all t we are conc]n$ ) "h is if y und]/& ! ,fr5*1 & t y d4 ,( c\rse we "k t y w\ld nev] s]i\sly say or write any?+ l t 9 y\r "m-tongue40 ,no m att5tion ?an ?is1 x seems to me1 ought to be paid to ! ,engli% 9 ^! oral translations--! less we occupy ourselves ) our native language dur+ ! ,fr5* or ,g]man lessons1 ! less w x become contam9at$2 good ,engli% is n to be le>n$ 9 ^? lessons1 & poor ,engli% ! tea*] mu/ give bo? himself & 8 pupils z little occasion z possible to use4 ,x is a diff]5t matt] :5 advanc$ pupils c get bo? pleasure & b5efit out ( occasional ex]cises 9 translation4 ,!n ^! mu/ be *os5 s t !re are consid]able deviations betwe5 ! =eign language & ,engli%1 :i* ( c\rse does n mean t ! select$ specim5 ( ! =eign language itself ne$ be difficult to und]/&4 ,:5 ! pupils are n daily occupi$ ) translation1 b move freely 9 ! =eign language1 x w\ld j be great sport = !m = a *ange to h a conte/ z to :o c\ld f9d ! be/ & mo/ exact ,engli% equival5ts = =eign expressions4 ,?us !re is no little diff]5ce betwe5 ?is k9d ( ex]cise & ^? n[ preval5t sight translations ^: *ief object seems to be to te/ ! vocabul>y ( ! pupils4 ,! translation ex]cise t ,i h 9 m9d %\ld be conduct$ on ab\t ^! l9es3 ! selection %\ld be read al\d to ! class2 if x conta9s any unfamili> words1 !y %\ld be expla9$ 9 ! mann] describ$ above1 or1 if !y are translat$ in/ead1 !re %\ld be giv5 7z 9 a diction>y7 p]haps five or six ,engli% equival5ts to *oose betwe52 !reupon ! pupils 79 class "u sup]vision7 write _! translations1 :i* ! tea*] aft]w>ds reads al\d & comp>es1 s t ! pupils !mselves may judge z to ^: translation has come ne>e/ to ! orig9al & z to :e!r t r5d]+ is to be pref]r$ :]e e little elem5t 9 ! orig9al has be5 tak5 into acc\nt b :]e ! ,engli% has ?us become a little bit long drawn out1 or t r5d]+ :i* 9 pi? & euphony c /& comp>ison ) ! orig9al1 b :]e e detail has n be5 /rictly includ$1 etc4 ,9 %ort1 ! ex]cise is n to te/ ! pupils' k 9 ! =eign language1 b to give !m "s idea ( ! difficulties :i* ! art ( translation has to cont5d )2 & = ! same reason ! pupils might also be ask$ sometimes to try _! skill 9 a metrical translation ( a piece ( poetry1 b p]haps only 9 su* a way t all p>ticipation 9 ! conte/ is q volunt>y4 ,su* selections might be *os5 :]e we h good poetical translations 9 our lit]ature1 :i* c\ld !n be comp>$ ) ! ef=ts ( ! pupils4#ae ,"s few ex]cises 9 arti/ic translation1 :i* ! tea*] c>efully goes ?r\gh ) !m1 w help to give ! m advanc$ pupils a vivid p]ception ( "s ( ! mo/ delicate %ades ( v>iation 9 ! languages z means ( expression = human ?\ght--b z ! daily bread ( language in/ruction t k9d ( ex]cise is n to be recomm5d$1 especially n = beg9n]s4 ,9 ! daily tea*+ ( languages x is 9 a numb] ( cases q sup]flu\s to let ! pupils translate4 ,if ! read+ selections are z easy z is desirable1 !re w be "s s5t5ces 9 ea* lesson :]e nei!r ! vocabul>y nor ! con/ruction pres5ts ! slighte/ difficulty4 ,9 o!r s5t5ces1 ! difficulty is simply due to a new ^w1 b if ! tea*] j devotes a few m9utes "r away to he>+ ! new words1 x is n necess>y to h ^? s5t5ces translat$ ei!r4 ,!re are1 z we "k1 _m s5t5ces :i* c be und]/ood )\t any difficulty at all1 b :i* are /ill difficult to translate2 if ! pupil kn[s ! mean+ ( s*wr51 he w readily und]/& 8er hat ho* und teu] ges*wor510 b x w n be s easy = him to f9d ! be/ way ( r5d]+ ! adv]bs1 & x is really purposeless to wa/e "t ov] !m4 7,see also above1 p4 #ej74 ,!n f9ally !re rema9s "o or ano!r really complicat$ s5t5ce1 :i* c be sep>at$ out f ! re/ & translat$ by ! pupils--if ! tea*] 9 ord] to save "t does n pref] to translate ! :ole ( x himself4 ,to te/ ! pupil's compreh5sion ( s+le words by lett+ him expla9 !m 9 ! language is n v practical except to a limit$ ext5t2 x might only be useful 9 deal+ ) clev] advanc$ pupils :]e x w\ld n necess>ily deg5]ate into a m]e committ+ ( def9itions to memory4 ,x is !re=e m prop]ly 9 place 9 univ]sity in/ruction ?an 9 s*ools4 ,if any "o n[ says t ?is me?od ( proc$ure by :i* translation z a te/ ( ! pupils' compreh5sion ( :at !y h read is limit$ to ! lea/ possible1 & 9 _m lessons ev5 ! v la/ remnant ( x is done away )1 is f> less satisfactory ?an ! old-fa%ion$ translat+ ov] & ov] aga9 ( ! :ole lesson1 & t ! tea*] ?us has no means ( kn[+ :at ! pupils und]/& & :at n1 ,i answ] t1 9 ! fir/ place1 ! pupils' compreh5sion ( a piece :i* !y h ev5 translat$ sev]al times 9 ! old way is (t5 poor en\gh2 ! mo/ incr$ible ?\ghtlessness c ?rive "u ! %elt] ( rehe>s$ translations4 ,9 ! second place 7& ?is is m important7 ! new me?od1 :5 appli$ 9 ! "r way1 (f]s su* an abundant v>iety ( means by :i* to s\nd ! pupils & te/ h[ deeply !y are p5etrat+ into bo? ! language & cont5ts ( _! read+1 t ! tea*] c easily feel sure ( all ess5tials4 ,?is w be made p]fectly pla9 9 ! foll[+ description ( ! mann] 9 :i* ! lessons ought to be conduct$4 ,! selection mu/ be read al\d4 ,?is _h be/ be done--at all ev5ts z a rule--by ! tea*] fir/2 ( c\rse he read x ye/]day :5 he w5t ?r\gh x = ! fir/ "t1 b he did x m sl[ly1 int]rupt+ himself ) explanations1 etc41 = x 0 new = ! pupils1 & x 0 necess>y = !m to compreh5d ! mean+4 ,b n[ ! tea*] may read x quickly1 flu5tly1 ) ! prop] 8expression10 9 %ort1 9 a lively & natural mann]4 ,!n ! pupil 7! pupils7 reads ! same4 ,at ! beg9n]-/age1 ! tea*] mu/ read ea* s5t5ce by itself & !n get ! pupils to repeat x :ile !y h ! tea*]'s pronunciation fre% 9 m9d4 ,lat] on ! tea*] may take l>g] sections1 :i* may be p>cel$ out to ! pupils 9 n too small portions4 ,& "o _c be too p>ticul> ) ! way 9 :i* ?is read+ is done2 su* /utt]+1 ) pauses betwe5 words belong+ closely toge!r1 & neglect ( natural & necess>y pauses1 :i* us$ to be ! rule1 ought nev] to be tol]at$1 n ev5 z an exception4 ,ev5 ! fir/ beg9n]s ought to be requir$ to read ea* s5t5ce connect$ly ) natural expression2 ! tea*] w n regret any tr\ble tak5 on ?is acc\nt1 ev5 if x involves ev] s mu* repetition4 ,! m att5tion t is paid to ?is 9 ! fir/ few mon?s1 ! easi] w x be lat] to require ! pupils to read well--t is1 intelligibly & intellig5tly4 ,?is read+ al\d1 besides be+ an ex]cise 9 pronunciation1 also has its o!r advantages = tea*+ purposes4 ,milton1 already1 said t x is easy to he> only f ! way 9 :i* a piece is read1 if ! read] und]/&s x or n4 ,a really good read] c 9 ! mo/ delicate mann] lay b>e 8 appreciation1 & vice v]s x is n difficult = a tea*] quick ( he>+ to detect1 ?r\gh a pupil's unc]ta9ty1 false emphasis1 etc41 :at he has n und]/ood 7or le>n$7 9 ! piece he is read+--& !n he c p\nce on him & get him to disclose ! gap 9 8 k4 ,:5 ?is is fill$ up1 ( c\rse he mu/ read ! piece aga9 bett] ?an ! fir/ "t4 ,! read+ 7or recit+7 ( dialogues1 ) ! p>ts assign$ to v>i\s memb]s ( ! class1 is always amus+1 & c easily be us$ z a means ( enc\rag+ natural emphasis & expression4 ,read+ 9 unison ought n to be neglect$2 x has ! advantage ( occupy+ ! :ole class at once1 s t ! pupils get m practice 9 produc+ ! =eign s\nds ?an :5 ea* "o reads sep>ately4 ,( c\rse ! tea*] _c ex]cise s %>p a control z :5 he he>s "o at a "t1 b yet he has by no means lo/ 8 control2 by practice1 he c le>n to detect s+le mi/akes ?r\gh ! :ole *orus1 & c ev5 be tol]ably c]ta9 z to :]e !y come f1 & !n he c get ! suspect$ pupil 7or pupils7 to read ! difficult "p alone4 ,a help ( a simil> nature 9 language-in/ruction is s++4 ,:5 a tea*] kn[s h[ to get 8 pupils to le>n to s+ "s ( ! v]ses 9 ! read]1 su* class-s++ w be f\nd to be bo? b5eficial & enliv5+2 ! words are m easily rememb]$ & ! pronunciation is improv$4 ,s++ 9 a =eign language z a factor 9 tea*+ 0 already a numb] ( ye>s ago us$ by ,paul ,passy2 x plays an important "p 9 ! well-kn[n 8,palmgr5ske samskola0 9 ,/ockholm & 9 sev]al ,g]man s*ools1 & has n[ ( late ye>s also be5 put into practice by "s ,dani% tea*]s 9 a v enjoyable mann]2 on sev]al occasions1 ! pupils h ev5 giv5 up a "p ( _! recess 9 ord] to s+ =eign songs1 :5 ! tea*]s 9 adjo9+ classes h look$ askance at ! s++ dur+ ! lesson-h\rs4 ,! (t5] a piece is recit$ by a pupil1 ! m firmly are ! s+le words & especially ! ^w-comb9ations root$ 9 8 memory2 inde$ x has ev5 be5 attempt$ to base a :ole sy/em ( in/ruction on ?is exp]i5ce1 z = in/ance 9 v4 ,pfeil's highly int]e/+ pamphlet3 8,wie l]nt man e9e spra*e am lei*te/5 und be/580 7,breslau1 #ahhd71 & 9 sev]al o!r works by ! same au?or1 especially 8 8,e9s1 ,beitrge zur erziehung im hause0 7#crd ed4 ,leipzig1 #ahgi71 :i* is also valuable = o!r p$agogical sugge/ions4 ,8 me?od ( proc$ure is simple3 no gramm>2 no translation f ! "m-tongue2 only "o language at a "t1 :i* !n is pursu$ at full spe$ 7z a rule1 six or m h\rs a week7 9 ! foll[+ mann]4 ,f ! v beg9n+1 an au?or is tak5 up2 ! same piece 7a c\ple ( l9es to beg9 )7 is fir/ read al\d by ! tea*]1 !n by ! pupil 7if necess>y1 sev]al times71 is !reupon translat$ ^w by ^w by ! tea*] 78to ! complete neglect ( ,g]man s5t5ce-con/ruction2 ,i w\ld n tol]ate hav+ turns ( expression r5d]$ into good ,g]man07 & aft]w>ds 9 ! same way by ! pupil1 is !n read al\d by ! pupil twice m 9 ! c\rse ( ! same lesson & once aga9 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! next2 f9ally e ,monday1 ! pupil reads al\d all t has be5 gone ?r\gh 9 ! prec$+ week1 &1 n /opp+ at t1 :ole books or l>ge sections ( books may be read ?r\gh connect$ly aft] !y h 9 ?is mann] be5 /udi$ 9 in/alm5ts4 ,translation is omitt$ z soon z !re is no dang] ( miscompreh5sion1 & c soon be q disp5s$ ) 9 deal+ ) easy s5t5ces1 :i* !n are only read ?r\gh ! /at$ numb] ( times4 ,dur+ ?is repeat$ recitation ( ! =eign s5t5ces--at lea/ f\r times aft] ! pupil has und]/ood _! mean+--! "m-tongue /eps into ! backgr\nd ( its own accord1 z x 71 & ! idioms ( ! =eign language take firm hold ^u ! memory4 ,s f> v4 ,pfeil1 :o1 z he himself ass]ts--& :y %\ld we n believe ! man8--has _h good results 9 ! c\rse ( a %ort "t1 bo? 9 tak+ & giv+ in/ruction accord+ to ?is me?od1 :i*1 to be sure1 he has only employ$ 9 private in/ruction1 nev] hav+ tri$ x 9 a class4 ,! impulse to make indep5d5t use ( ! language-mat]ial ?us le>n$ makes its appe>ance v e>ly4 ,?us v4 ,pfeil tells ab\t a pupil ?irty-two ye>s old1 :o 0 br\ght up 9 a c\ntry s*ool & :o _h nev] be=e le>n$ any =eign language1 b :o aft] t5 lessons wrote him an ,italian lett] fill+ f\r octavo pages1 :i*1 if n q correct1 0 /ill q intelligible4 ,b ! me?od is t]ribly spiritless & me*anical1 p]haps y w say4 ,oh1 yes--b is x really m spiritless to read some?+ al\d _m times 9 :i* !re is "s mean+--& "s mean+ :i* y und]/&--?an to translate some?+ j z _m times 9 :i* !re is no mean+ at all1 to say no?+ ( all ! o!r inane ?+s :i* our old me?ods br+ 9 _! tra91 su* z grammatical rigm>oles1 etc4 ,h[ev]1 x is by no means my int5tion to give ! v4 ,pfeil me?od an unqualifi$ recomm5dation1 at all ev5ts n = s*ool purposes2 x is too monoton\s1 & a m v>i$ me?od ( in/ruction may surely h ! same or great] advantages4 ,already1 9 ! prec$+ sugge/ions1 x w h be5 notic$ t !re 7 sev]al deviations f v4 ,pfeil's me?od ( proc$ure2 "h ,i %all m]ely call att5tion to "s ?+s :i* we c le>n f x3 fir/1 t we mu/ z soon z possible disp5se ) translation :]e x is decid$ly sup]flu\s2 & secondly1 t our mo/ important object1 namely1 t ! =eign turns ( expression %all make su* an impression ^u our pupils t !y !mselves c use !m on occasion1 _c be atta9$ )\t mu* repetition4 ,dur+ ! fir/ lessons1 x is ( s mu* importance = ! pupils to cat* & reproduce ! s\nds t ! repetitions :i* are necess>y = practice 9 pronunciation also s]ve to impress ! s5t5ces on _! memory2 ! tea*] mu/ only make sure t ! pupils "k ! mean+ ( ea* s5t5ce be=e !y beg9 to practise pron\nc+ x1 & t !y d n =get x1 s t ! words become m]ely mean+less s\nds4 ,su* a selection z ! "o introduc+ my ,fr5* prim] 7,la *vre7#af l5ds itself well to ?is purpose2 x occasions _m repetitions ( ! same s5t5ces1 /ill )\t becom+ tiresome1 & ! rhy?m enc\rages natural1 flu5t & non-/utt]+ recitation4 ,lat] on1 ( c\rse1 !re is no necessity = s mu* repetition m]ely = ! sake ( ! pronunciation4 ,!n "o might require ! texts to be committ$ to memory2 b ?is involves ! dang] t !y might be le>n$ & rememb]$ z lifeless s]ies ( words )\t any reg>d = _! mean+1 especially if ! tea*] makes a r\t9e ( x4 ,b x might be q useful e half-ye>1 = in/ance1 or p]haps a little (t5]1 = ! pupils to be assign$ ea* a piece to commit to memory2 !y may !mselves *oose "o ( ! pieces :i* h be5 read1 & !n !y mu/ be expect$ to recite x ) a v good pronunciation & correct expression2 no p>rot-p]=mance6 ,b o!rwise ! ma9 po9t is = ! pupils to be occupi$ ) ! text repeat$ly 9 su* a way t !y d n lose sight ( ! mean+1 s t !y may ?us become s famili> ) x t at la/ !y "k x almo/ or entirely by he>t )\t hav+ be5 directly requir$ to commit x to memory4 ,& ?is c at ! same "t be done 9 su* a way t ! pupils are l$ to say a numb] ( ?+s )\t foll[+ !m 9 ! pr9t$ text1 s t imp]ceptibly !y are be+ prep>$ to be able to say some?+ 9 ! language q ( _! own accord4 ,! tea*] c divide ! day's lesson into s5t5ces1 :i* he pron\nces & ! pupils repeat aft] him4 ,!y h all clos$ _! books1 & :5 ! tea*] says a s5t5ce1 no "o kn[s :o is to repeat x4 ,by ?is mann] ( tea*+1 :i* is also practicable 9 connection ) ! ex]cises :i* ,i %all sugge/ lat]1 ! tea*] makes sure t a pupil's att5tion _c w&] 9 ! confid5ce t x is "s "o else's turn2 x is e "o's turn all ! "t4 ,?us ! tea*] says1 = in/ance3 ,les abeilles ressembl5t aux m\*es2 ,pi]re1 rpte4--,pet]3 ,l4 a4 r4 a4 m4--,tea*]3 ,jean1 rpte a encore4--,john3 ,l4 a4 r4 a4 m4--,tea*]3 ,mais elles ont un aiguillon2 rpte1 ,*>les4--,*>les3 m4 e4 o4 u4 ai4--,tea*]3 ,et elles piqu5t trs =t qu& elles sont en colre2 rpte t\t a1 ,adolphe1 etc4 ,or1 by way ( a *ange1 ! tea*] c let ! fir/ "o :o repeats ! s5t5ce m5tion "o ( 8 comrades1 :o is to repeat x aga94 ,let me rem>k 9 pass+ t ,i h always giv5 my pupils ,fr5* names imm$iately 9 "o ( ! fir/ lessons2 !y are writt5 on ! blackbo>d 79 phonetical transcription ( c\rse1 see bel[71 & are v quickly le>n$2 z a rule1 !y are simply translations ( _! fir/ names1 occasionally ( a nickname1 etc4 ,x amuses ! pupils1 & ! tea*] has ! advantage ( be+ able to use _! names 9 ! middle ( a ,fr5* s5t5ce )\t m>r+ ! run ( ! language4 ,o!r simil> me?ods3 pupil ,a reads al\d2 aft] e s5t5ce1 ei!r ! tea*] or he himself appo9ts someone to repeat4--,or3 ! tea*] reads a s5t5ce al\d1 !n says3 traduis1 ,jules2 & aft] ,julius' translation3 rpte a en franais1 ,paul4 ,?is is bett] ?an to let ! same pupil fir/ translate & !n say x 9 ,fr5*1 = ?us nei!r "o has to make a sudd5 *ange f "o basis ( articulation to ano!r4--,or3 :5 a piece has be5 read al\d z a :ole1 ! tea*] may r5d] x into ,engli%1 a s5t5ce at a "t1 & get ! pupils to express ! same ?\ght 9 ,fr5*4 ,?is is1 ( c\rse1 ! mo/ difficult ( ^! me?ods & ought to be employ$ ) caution1 = ! pupils may easily be tempt$ to translate f ,engli% 7t is1 to con/ruct _! ,fr5* aft] ! ,engli%7 in/ead ( reproduc+ ! ,fr5* :i* has be5 giv51 s t we ?us risk all ! dang]s :i* are commonly associat$ ) ! old-fa%ion$ me?od ( translation f ! native to ! =eign language 7cf4 bel[74 ,!re=e x 7 be/ t ?is k9d ( ex]cise m]ely be us$ occasionally1 & only :5 ! selection employ$ is o!rwise s famili> to ! pupils t !y almo/ h x by he>t 9 its ,fr5* =m4 ,a v>iation ( all ^! ex]cises is1 in/ead ( a s+le pupil1 to let ! :ole class repeat ! s5t5ce 9 unison4 ,if ! pupils %\ld beg9 to lag1 x indicates t ! class is n yet suffici5tly famili> ) ! text1 & !n ! be/ ?+ to d is to say3 ,well1 n[ y read ! piece ?r\gh ?ree times 9 *orus & !n we %all beg9 f ! beg9n+ 9 ! same way z be=e ) repetition )\t ! book4 ,x does n take long be=e ! tea*] c to advantage ent] ^u little deviations f :at ! pupils "k f ! book2 ?us he secures himself aga9/ ?\ghtless patt]+ out ( :at has be5 committ$ to memory at home--:i* ( c\rse ! att5tive tea*] easily c detect ?r\gh ! mann] 9 :i* ! pupil reads4 ,b too great deviations are sc>cely advisable2 !y easily lead to confusion & to ! dang] ( w&]+ too f> f ! matt] 9 h&1 :i* is ( c\rse to make ! pupils ?or\ghly famili> ) ! text4 ,z examples ( p]missible *anges ( ! s5t5ces :i* h j be5 employ$1 ,i %all m5tion3 ,une abeille ressemble une m\*e 7,l'abeille ressemble la m\*e7 mais elle a un aiguillon et elle pique trs =t qu& elle e/ en colre--or3 ,les abeilles ressembl5t beauc\p aux m\*es1 mais elles ont un petit aiguillon1 et elles piqu5t =t4444 ,or "o may int]polate3 les m\*es ressembl5t aux abeilles1 mais elles n'ont pas d'aiguillon1 et elles ne piqu5t pas comme les abeilles4 ,x is be/ n to ent] ^u great] deviations1 because !n x w too frequ5tly be necess>y to let a pupil translate ! s5t5ce con/ruct$ by ! tea*]1 s9ce o!rwise x is n c]ta9 :e!r ! :ole class has und]/ood x or n#ag4 ,! mo/ important ?+ 9 ^! ex]cises1 z also 9 ! ex]cises ) que/ions 7see bel[71 is n to let ! pupil get beyond 8 dep? s t he w become fright5$ & lose confid5ce1 = !n he w nev] le>n to swim4 ,we h hi!rto assum$ t ! pupils repeat :at has be5 said orally2 if ! repetition is writt51 we h dictation--an ex]cise :i* mu/ n be neglect$ & :i* c be conduct$ 9 diff]5t ways1 p>tly p>allel ) ^? j m5tion$4 ,! tea*] c ei!r say a s5t5ce or "o ( ! boys c read x al\d2 once may be en\gh1 b ! tea*] may also say x twice1 or else say x himself fir/ & !n let "o ( ! pupils repeat x be=e x is writt5 d[n2 x may be a s5t5ce tak5 f ! read] 7fir/ /age71 a s5t5ce tak5 f ! read] b slightly *ang$ 7second /age71 or an entirely new piece 7only = advanc$ /ud5ts72#ah ! dictation may be writt5 on ! blackbo>d or 9 copy-books 7on slates72 "o pupil may be occupi$ 9 ! fir/ way :ile ! re/ ( ! class is occupi$ 9 ! second way2 sometimes ! class itself may correct ! mi/akes2 if !re is blackbo>d space en\gh1 sev]al pupils c be writ+ ! same or diff]5t ?+s at ! same "t4 ,! dictation may be requir$ to be writt5 ) phonetical transcription 7see bel[7 or or?ographically1 or "o pupil may write 9 "o way1 ano!r 9 ! o!r way1 ! two be+ aft]w>ds comp>$4 ,f9ally1 dictation may be us$ 9 connection ) sev]al ( ! ex]cises :i* ,i %all sugge/ lat]4 ,a "q is dictat$1 & ! pupils are requir$ to write bo? ! "q & ! answ]2 a s5t5ce is dictat$ 9 ! fir/ p]son1 :i* is !n to be inflect$ 9 all p]sons1 etc4 ,! advantages ( dictation are1 t x tra9s ! pupils 9 rapid & %>p compreh5sion ( spok5 words1 t x gives ! tea*] an effective means ( te/+ :at ea* pupil has compreh5d$1 & t ! pupils g5]ally rememb] pretty well :at !y h once writt5 d[n4 ,b ! disadvantage ( dictation1 z ( all writt5 class "w1 is t x consumes m "t ?an oral ex]cises4 ,dictation ) 8cat*es0 is ( c\rse b5ea? ! dignity ( a mod]n language tea*]4 ,,footnotes3 #ae ,z an introduction to ^! ex]cises1 ! tea*] might comp>e sev]al diff]5t translations ( a "p ( ,goe!1 = in/ance1 ) ea* o!r1 & ) ! orig9al4 #af ,some:at simil> to 8,! ,h\se t ,jack ,built40 ,biquette veut pas sortir des *\x4 #ag ,! text-books may sometimes conta9 a :ole piece 9 two v]sions2 p]haps ! tea*] himself may occasionally und]take to re-write 7on ! blackbo>d7 or re-tell a selection4 #ah ,& ev5 = !m only 9 small measure1 s9ce x mu/ be rememb]$ t no?+ is le>n$ !reby1 b x is m]ely a te/ 9 :at has be5 le>n$1 & t ! mi/akes made by ! pupils1 z we "k f exp]i5ce1 easily take root 9 _! memory because !y h writt5 !m1 & are n effac$ by ! tea*]'s corrections4 ,,vii ,i %all "h deal ) v>i\s k9ds ( ex]cises 9 :i* ! pupils h to say some?+ 9 ! =eign language :i* !y h n ei!r se5 9 _! books or he>d f someone else j a mom5t be=e4 ,"s ( ! fir/ & easie/ ( ^! are ari?metical ex]cises4 ,b "h ,i mu/ fir/ /op to make a rem>k ab\t ! num]als 9 g5]al4 ,x is n s seldom t we f9d pupils 9 our s*ools :o h /udi$ ,fr5* = sev]al ye>s )\t hav+ become p]fectly famili> ) ! ,fr5* num]als2 !y h great difficulty ) dates4 ,:at is ! cause ( ?is ph5om5on8 ,( c\rse ! ,fr5* num]als are difficult1 m difficult ?an ! ,g]man2 b ! ,fr5* v]bs are also m difficult ?an ! ,g]man1 s t alone is n ! reason :y ?is class ( words tr\bles ! pupils4 ,no2 ! matt] is q simple4 ,only imag9e a ,fr5* read] s plann$ t !re is n a s+le ,fr5* adjective 9 ! text1 :ile ,engli% words l 8good10 8ugly10 8dazzl+10 8:ite0 are mix$ 9 among ! ,fr5* words4 ,w\ld ! pupils !n be able to le>n ! ,fr5* adjectives8 ,b is n ?is exactly :at is done 9 ! case ( ! num]als8 ,x makes no diff]5ce if ! ,fr5* text has #ahhh or 8eighte5 hundr$ & eighty-eight10 9 bo? cases ! pupil has to translate f ,engli% to ,fr5* :5 he is read+ ! passage al\d4 ,!re are sc>cely any ex]cises at all 9 translat+ num]als f ,fr5* or 9 und]/&+ ,fr5* num]als2 z f> z ?is class ( words is conc]n$1 ! v poore/ me?od ( translation is us$1 ! "o by :i* ! pupil is himself requir$ to con/ruct expressions 9 ! =eign language accord+ to c]ta9 rules1 )\t hav+ previ\sly _h suffici5t opportunity to see & he> h[ ! =eign]s !mselves g ab\t x4 ,9 ! home prep>ation we may be v sure t only ! mo/ consci5ti\s pupils tr\ble !mselves to ?9k ab\t h[ #agic ought to be read4 ,!n "h we h a po9t :]e re=m is necess>y & unusually easy to br+ ab\t4 ,let ! ,arabic num]als disappe> f all text-books = beg9n]s 9 a =eign language1 & !n if !y conta9 en\gh ( num]als writt5 out 9 full--& especially if ! tea*] drills ! pupils a good deal 9 simple ari?metical ex]cises 9 ! =eign language 9 ! mann] n[ to be sugge/$--x w be f\nd t :5 ! pupils are s f> advanc$ z to give up text-books & read lit]>y works1 !y w h no difficulty 9 read+ all ! num]als :i* !y happ5 to come across flu5tly & correctly4 ,already1 at a v e>ly /age1 aft] "o or two mon?s' in/ruction1 ! tea*] c beg9 ) ari?metical ex]cises1 because !y d n require any great comm& ( language2 !y n only give ! pupils practice 9 ! num]als !mselves1 b also 9 cat*+ ! =eign words & s\nds4 ,! "q is direct$1 z sugge/$ above1 to ! :ole class1 & !n ! tea*] po9ts out--by "n or m]ely by a glance--! "o :o is to answ] x2 ! answ] mu/ include ! "q4 ,?us ! tea*]3 ,deux fois six1 combi51 ,h5ri8--,h5ry3 ,deux fois six font d\ze4 7,rpte1 ,jean74 ,trois et neuf font1 ,alfr$8 ,a43 ,trois et neuf font onze4 ,t43 ,c'e/ faux1 n'e/-ce pas1 ,l\is8--,l\is3 ,oui1 trois et neuf font d\ze4 7,or3 ,e/-ce correct1 ,l\is8 or3 ,e/-ce bi5 a1 ,l\is87 ,9 addition to ?is1 sums may be set conta9+ concrete numb]s1 especially su* z may famili>ize ! pupils ) ! =eign co9s3 deux francs1 combi5 de s\s val5t-ils8 trois s\s1 combi5 de c5times84442 or a little rule-(-?ree sum3 si une poire cote trois c5times1 combi5 c9q poires8 ,or1 = in/ance3 deux ufs deux s\s et trois pommes un s\1 combi5 a fait-il8 ,! tea*] mu/ n be afraid ( us+ sev]al :ole lessons = su* ex]cises1 & aft]w>ds he c take a few m9utes ( a lesson n[ & !n 9 ord] to keep ! pupils 9 practice4 ,s9ce ( c\rse x is n ari?metic t is be+ taught1 x is be/ to /ick to easy problems1 mo/ly addition & multiplication4 ,( c\rse1 by way ( a *ange1 "o pupil may be all[$ to give a problem to ano!r to solve4 ,! num]als may also fitt+ly be br\ght 9 :5 ! vocabul>y is to be review$1 ! boys be+ all[$ to c\nt ) concrete numb]s 9 a c]ta9 ord]1 s t ea* boy 9 turn has to ?9k ( "s ^w :i* has n previ\sly be5 us$ dur+ ! lesson2 x is (t5 funny to see h[ eag] !y are to outdo ea* o!r4 ,& x (t5 happ5s t a pupil :o has said ,pass1 sudd5ly recalls a :ole s]ies ( words :5 "o ( 8 comrades m5tions a ^w f a selection :i* has n be5 broa*$ be=e2 ! "o ?\ght sugge/s ano!r t is associat$ ) x4 ,9 ,fr5*1 ! pupils mu/ also pay att5tion to ! =m ( ! num]al1 :i* *anges accord+ z x prec$es a v[el or a consonant4 ,x v seldom happ5s t a boy uses a ^w :i* is impossible aft] a num]al1 z = in/ance1 v5ir or bonsoir or trot1 :i* indicates t he is ignorant ( ! ^w's signification1 b !n ! :ole class laughs ( its own accord4 ,b x is ! easie/ ?+ 9 ! _w to he> f ! mann] 9 :i* ! words are said if !y are really und]/ood2 &1 9 case ( d\bt1 ! tea*] c sudd5ly ask = a translation2 ?is is1 h[ev]1 g5]ally sup]flu\s1 = ! pupils only m5tion words :i* !y und]/&1 b /ill ( c\rse x is good = !m to review !m4 ,"o ( ! mo/ important ex]cises is to transpose a selection :i* has be5 read into que/ions & answ]s4 ,! tea*] c beg9 ?is r e>ly1 b he mu/ f ! v beg9n+ & always /rictly require ! pupil's answ] to be giv5 9 ! =m ( a complete s5t5ce4 ,we h no use = su* an undignifi$ p]=mance 9 :i* ! pupil gets along bravely if only he is able to answ] all 8 tea*]'s que/ions ) ei!r ,oui1 monsieur1 or ,non1 monsieur1 or "s o!r equally intellig5t answ]4 ,z an illu/ration ( ! k9d ( ex]cise ,i mean1 take = in/ance ! foll[+ "o bas$ on "o ( ! v fir/ texts 9 my own ,fr5* ,read]1 :i* runs3 ,enfant gt4 ,veux-tu du pt8 ,non1 maman1 il e/ trop sal6 ,veux-tu du rti8 ,non1 maman1 il e/ trop cuit6 ,veux-tu du jambon8 ,non1 maman1 il n'e/ pas bon6 ,veux-tu du pa98 ,non1 maman1 le pa9 ne vaut ri56 ,enfant gt1 tu ne veux ri5 mang]1 ,enfant gt1 tu s]as f\ett6 ,! foll[+ que/ions may be bas$ on ?is piece4 ,! pupils' answ]s are giv5 9 3--,es-tu un enfant8 ,oui1 monsieur1 je suis un enfant4 ,es-tu un enfant gt8 ,non1 monsieur1 je ne suis pas un enfant gt4 ,l'enfant gt veut-il du pt8 ,non1 monsieur1 il ne veut pas du pt2 or3 l'enfant gt ne4444 ,veut-il du rti8 ,non1 monsieur1 il ne veut pas du rti4 ,veut-il du pa98 ,non1 monsieur1 il ne veut pas du pa94 ,veut-il du jambon8 ,non1 monsieur1 il ne veut pas du jambon4 ,p\rquoi ne veut-il pas du pt8 ,p>ce que le pt e/ trop sal4 ,p\rquoi ne veut-il pas du jambon8 ,il ne veut pas du jambon p>ce qu'il n'e/ pas bon4 ,p\rquoi ne veut-il pas du rti8 ,p>ce qu'il e/ trop cuit4 ,p\rquoi ne veut-il pas du pa98 ,p>ce que le pa9 ne vaut ri54 ,qu'e/-ce qui e/ trop sal8 ,c'e/ le pt qui e/ trop sal4 ,qu'e/-ce qui ne vaut ri58 ,c'e/ le pa9 qui ne vaut ri54 ,qu'e/-ce qui e/ trop cuit8 ,le jambon e/ trop cuit4 ,l'enfant gt s]a-t-il f\ett8 ,oui1 monsieur1 il s]a f\ett4 ,p\rquoi s]a-t-il f\ett8 ,p>ce qu'il ne veut ri5 mang]4 ,va-t-on *]*] le bton p\r tap] l'enfant gt8 ,oui1 monsieur1 on s'en va *]*] le bton p\r v5ir tap] l'enfant4 ,?us x w be se5 t a simple little piece c sugge/ a l>ge numb] ( que/ions1 & x is important1 especially 9 ! beg9n+1 = ! tea*]s to ask ! pupils z _m que/ions z possible 9 ord] to accu/om !m to ! ex]cise1 s t !y may take "p intellig5tly & flu5tly4 ,anyone :o sees all ^! que/ions 9 pr9t may ?9k t !y occupy a long "t 9 a monoton\s way2 b aft] a little practice1 on ! "p ( bo? ! tea*] & ! pupils1 ! ex]cise really proce$s v rapidly4 ,9 deal+ ) beg9n]s1 x 7 be/ = ! tea*] 9 =mulat+ 8 que/ions to deviate z little z possible f ! words ( ! text1 s t !y c be us$ 9 ! answ]s almo/ or entirely )\t any *ange4 ,x is n assum$ 9 ?is ex]cise t ! pupils h committ$ ! piece to memory1 b ( c\rse ! ex]cise itself t5ds to make !m ?or\ghly famili> ) x4 ,9 ord] to give ! pupils confid5ce1 & 9 ord] n to require too mu* ( !m imm$iately1 ! tea*] c 9 ! fir/ few lessons all[ !m to keep _! books op5 :ile ! piece is gone ?r\gh once 9 "q =m1 s t !y c look up _! answ]s :5 !y _c rememb] !m4 ,!n !y c be told to close _! books & answ] ! same or almo/ ! same que/ions )\t ref]r+ to ! text4 ,( c\rse1 ! fir/ few times :5 su* an ex]cise is us$1 x is also well = ! tea*] to direct ! same "q to sev]al boys 9 succession2 & ! v fir/ "t he c also write a few que/ions ) _! correspond+ answ]s on ! blackbo>d1 9 ord] to %[ ! class h[ ! ex]cise is to proce$4 ,ev5 if ! pupils le>n ! piece by he>t 9 ! c\rse ( ! ex]cise1 yet _! answ]+ ! tea*]'s que/ions does n become me*anical1 s9ce !y h to consid] ! =m ( ! "q1 & !n reflect ov] :at is to be includ$ 9 ! answ]1 & h[ x is to be word$ & con/ruct$4 ,( c\rse1 ! tea*] ought to feel gratifi$ if ! pupils ( _! own accord make slight alt]ations 9 ! words ( ! book1 sub/itute a pron\n = a sub/antive1 etc41 only x is be/ n to give too e>ly enc\ragem5t to great deviations f ! text4 ,! la/ "q ( ! above examples1 :i* is bas$ on a piece t has be5 read be=e 9 ! same book1 %[s h[ ! tea*] already at a v e>ly /age c v>y a c]ta9 day's ex]cise by br++ into connection ) x some?+ previ\sly le>n$4 ,! pupils w greet su* a "q ) pleasure1 p>tly ! pleasure ( recognition1 & p>tly ! pleasure ( ! opportunity ?us af=d$ !m to feel at home 9 ! language4 ,z "t goes1 ! tea*] may dep>t m & m f ! mat]ial ( ! book4 ,= in/ance1 he may use its words 9 ask+ ! pupils que/ions ab\t _! own p]sonal affairs1 or ab\t ?+s 9 :i* !y are int]e/$ outside ( _! ,fr5* lessons4 ,if !y are hav+ a selection :i* conta9s ! ^w roi & ! names ( v>i\s c\ntries1 ! tea*] may say3 ,comm5t s'appelle le roi d',anglet]re8 7or1 notre roi87 ,qui e/ roi d',espagne8 etc42 yes1 :y n also ,comm5t s'appelle le roi de ,france8 ,9 ! beg9n+1 x is only ! tea*] t asks que/ions1 b x does n la/ v long be=e ! tea*] by way ( a *ange c all[ ! pupils !mselves to ask ea* o!r que/ions2 ?us !y le>n to con/ruct s5t5ces 9 ! int]rogative =m1 :i*1 :5 !y come to make practical use ( ! language1 is j z important = !m z to be able to answ]4 ,9 ,g]man s*ools1 !y h a regul> sy/em ( ex]cises on ?is plan 9 connection ) grammatical categories2 ( a giv5 s5t5ce 9 ! book ! pupils are to con/ruct fir/ a subject-"q1 !n a v]b-"q1 !n an object-"q1 etc4 ,if1 = in/ance1 ! s5t5ce is ,la mre de ,grib\ille a cass sa m>mite1 & ! tea*] wants a subject-"q1 pupil ,a asks ,b3 ,qui a cass la m>mite8 7or ,qui e/-ce qui a cass la m>mite872 or a v]b-"q3 ,qu'e/-ce qu'a fait la mre de ,gr482 or an object-"q3 ,qu'e/-ce que la mre de ,gr4 a cass8 ,9 ord] to help beg9n]s ) ! grammatical difficulties1 sev]al s5t5ces may be writt5 on ! blackbo>d ) _! v>i\s p>ts diff]5tly und]l9$4 ,lat] on ! tea*] c tell "o ( ! pupils to *ange all ! s5t5ces 9 a piece :i* has be5 read--( c\rse only 9 s f> z !y l5d !mselves to su* a *ange--into1 = in/ance1 object-que/ions4 ,aft] ea* "q1 ! tea*] po9ts out ! "o :o is to answ]4 ,!n ano!r pupil may *ange ! same s5t5ces 7or ^? 9 ! next p>agraph7 into subject-que/ions1 etc4 ,( c\rse ! tea*] mu/ n put up ) a m]e me*anical alt]ation ( ! text1 b mu/ always require ! pupils to ex]cise s mu* common s5se t no que/ions are made :i* w\ld n occur 9 a natural conv]sation4 ,:5 ! pupils !mselves ask que/ions1 !y naturally _c d any?+ else b foll[ ! text slavi%ly z x /&s1 s !re=e x is n advisable always to let !m ask ! "q2 ! tea*] mu/ on ! :ole avoid gett+ into any rut4 ,he himself mu/ d ! ask+ r frequ5tly2 he may ei!r p\nce ^u "s little po9t or ask compreh5sive que/ions1 includ+ ! gi/ ( sev]al s5t5ces4 ,only he mu/ rememb] t s5t5ces :i* are too compreh5sive ei!r require too mu* ( ! pupils1 or are q empty & mean+less2 besides1 ! result may only be t ! ex]cise %r9ks into almo/ no?+1 s9ce !n !re c only be two or ?ree que/ions to correspond to a :ole page ( ! text1 & ?us ! text _c make z /rong & detail$ an impression z x %\ld4 ,&1 above all1 ! que/ions mu/ be ask$ z naturally z possible4 ,if ?is "q-ex]cise is us$ & all its possibilities = v>iation exhau/$ 9 ! "r way--) livel9ess1 tact & con/ant consid]ation = ! pupils' /&po9t--x gives ample & abundant opportunities = ! tea*] n only to talk to1 b )1 ! pupils 9 ! =eign language2 & notice t x is n 8talk+ to ! pupil 9 a language :i* he does n yet und]/&0--?is fe> is (t5 express$ by ^? :o h misgiv+s z to ! advisability ( conv]sational ex]cises at an e>ly /age--b f ! v beg9n+ no?+ is said :i* ! pupil _c be requir$ to und]/& & to answ] intellig5tly 9 ! same language4 ,q imp]ceptibly ! tea*] may pass f ?is ex]cise to r5>ration2 ! "q has m]ely to be =mulat$ 9 su* a way t x _c be answ]$ 9 a s+le s5t5ce b only by an acc\nt ( ! cont5ts ( at lea/ a few l9es or s4 ,?us long] & long] pieces may be requir$ to be retold1 al?\gh dur+ ! fir/ ye>s x %\ld only be su* pieces z h previ\sly be5 le>n$ & gone ?r\gh 9 detail by means ( que/ions & answ]s4 ,lat] on1 ! tea*] c use pieces = r5>ration :i* h n be5 assign$ to ! class = prep>ation2 ! tea*] reads al\d 7or may possibly let "o ( ! pupils d x71 if necess>y1 sev]al times1 & !reupon requires z mu* z possible to be retold ei!r orally or 9 writ+1 or fir/ orally1 !n 9 writ+4 ,or if !re is a suffici5t numb] ( copies ( ! book us$1 ! pupils may be giv5 say t5 or tw5ty m9utes 9 :i* to read ! piece ?r\gh sil5tly to !mselves1 & !n !y c use ! re/ ( ! h\r to write d[n :at !y c rememb] ( x4 ,su* ex]cises are us$ to a l>ge ext5t 9 tea*+ ! "m-tongue1 & x is agre$ t !y are highly b5eficial1 because !y n only %>p5 ! p[]s ( appreh5sion1 especially ! ability to di/+ui% betwe5 ! ess5tial & ! uness5tial1 b !y also develop l+ui/ic te*nique1 t is ! =mal comm& ( means ( expression1 s9ce mu* ( ! language us$ 9 ! orig9al creeps into ! r5>ration & ?us becomes ! possession ( ! retell]4 ,( c\rse ! pupils are e>li] ripe = su* ex]cises 9 _! native language ?an 9 =eign languages1 b t does n less5 _! value 9 ! two respects m5tion$1 ( :i* ! latt] is ! m important "h1 :ile !re is p]haps too great a t5d5cy to atta* ! *ief importance to ! =m] 9 ! tea*+ ( ! native tongue4 ,ev5 :5 ! pupils are f> advanc$1 x is highly b5eficial = !m to give 7,fr5*1 etc47 reports ( some?+ :i* !y h read--n m]ely simple r5>rations ( bits ( fiction or hi/ory1 b also rsums ( ! tr5d ( ?\ght 9 "s philosophical or critical essay1 etc4 ,_m pieces also l5d !mselves to re%ap+ 9 v>i\s ways1 :]eby grammatical relations may be practis$ at ! same "t z ! words & s5t5ces ( ! selection once m pass 9 review ?r\gh ! m9ds ( ! pupils4 ,all ! s+ul>s may be *ang$ to plurals1 z f> z ! plurals make s5se 9 ! connection4 ,aft] ! piece has be5 gone ?r\gh 9 its pr9t$ =m1 ! pupil reads x al\d1 rememb]+ 9 ! case ( ea* ^w to consid] :e!r or n x has to be *ang$ to ! plural & :at x w\ld be 9 ! plural4 ,?us1 accord+ to circum/ances1 !re are ei!r n\ns1 adjectives1 pron\ns or v]bs to be *ang$4 ,or :at is told ab\t a boy may be said ab\t a girl4 ,*anges 9 "t f 8n[0 to 8ye/]day10 f 8to-day0 to 89 a week10 occasion _m alt]ations 9 ! =ms ( ! v]bs1 few] 9 ! adv]bs4 ,! p]son may also be *ang$1 especially 9 su* a way t ! pupil puts himself 9 ! place ( t ,pet] ab\t :om some?+ is told1 & ?us sub/itutes ,i = he1 etc42 if desirable1 ^? fur!r alt]ations may be made :i* make a lett] out ( ! n>rative4 ,a *ange f ! fir/ to ! ?ird p]son c easily be comb9$ ) ! %ift+ ( t5se :i* gives u indirect in/ead ( direct disc\rse4 ,?us ! foll[+ s5t5ce3 8,eh bi51 ,pi]re1 dit ,jean1 qu'e/-ce que tu vas faire dema98 ,je ne sais pas1 dit ,pi]re10 may be *ang$ to3 8,jean a dem& ,pi]re ce qu'il allait faire le l5dema91 et ,pi]re a rpondu qu'il ne savait pas 7qu'il n'en savait ri5740 ,9 ,g]man1 ?is k9d ( transposition involves su* complicat$ *anges 7p]son1 mood1 ord] ( words7 t !y _c be requir$ until at a lat] /age ?an 9 ,fr5*2 b transposition f indirect to direct disc\rse is n v difficult4 ,*anges f ! active to ! passive mu/ be und]tak5 ) a good deal ( c>e1 s9ce !re are comp>atively few s5t5ces :i* c be ?us transpos$ )\t und]go+ a %ift+ ( mean+1 :i* x is n always easy to expla9 or und]/& ! cause (1 & _m s5t5ces d n l5d !mselves to su* transposition at all4 ,likewise !re are relatively few connect$ passages :]e negative s5t5ces c be made affirmative & vice v]s )\t giv+ u %e] nons5se4 ,s ^! la/ two k9ds ( transposition c1 z a rule1 only be appli$ to s+le s5t5ces1 :i* ! tea*] has to pick out ( _! connection2 b :5 c>efully select$ 9 ?is way !y w be f\nd to be v useful1 especially 9 ,fr5*1 :]e ! correct plac+ ( ne & pas is s important2 !y are less useful 9 ,g]man4 ,n[ & !n1 too1 dep5d5t clauses 7= in/ance relative1 adv]bial clauses1 etc47 may be *ang$ to indep5d5t clauses & vice v]s1 & /ill m complicat$ *anges may be und]tak5 by :i* "o may try ! diff]5t ways 9 :i* ! ?\ghts ( a passage may be l9k$ toge!r4 ,( c\rse x is also possible to h mix$ ex]cises ( ?is k9d4 ,= in/ance1 pupil ,a reads al\d2 ! tea*] int]rupts him at ! end ( a s5t5ce1 m5tions :at k9d ( *ange x is to und]go1 & !reupon po9ts out "o ( ! o!r pupils 7^: books are clos$7 :o is to make ! *ange4 ,b ! tea*] mu/ nev] all[ any ( ^! ex]cises to become some?+ m]ely me*anical :i* is turn$ out accord+ to a c]ta9 fix$ =mula2 ! pupils mu/ always be tra9$ to consid] :e!r a newly con/ruct$ s5t5ce makes s5se or n2 !reby bo? _! l+ui/ic intuition & _! p[]s ( logic are %>p5$ at ! same "t4 ,,viii ,by ?is "t we h fairly encroa*$ ^u ! "q z to ! me?od to be us$ 9 tra9+ pupils 9 ! gramm> ( a =eign language4 ,i want to introduce my discussion ( ?is subject ) ! foll[+ quotation f ,n4 ,m4 ,pet]s5 7,sprogkundskab i ,nord51 ,collect$ ,works1 ,cop5hag51 #ahgj1 ii4 #big-h73 8,) respect to me?od1 ! artificial "o mu/ be giv5 up & a m natural "o mu/ take its place4 ,accord+ to ! artificial me?od1 ! fir/ ?+ done is to h& ! boy a gramm> & cram x into him piece by piece1 = ev]y?+ is 9 pieces2 he is fill$ ) p>adigms :i* h no connection ) ea* o!r or ) any?+ else 9 ! _w 444 he is fill$ ) words1 only half ( :i* occur occasionally1 & "s nev] at all 9 :at he reads4 ,h[ old are n ! compla9ts ov] ?is p]v]t$ me?od6 h[ _m sighs x has occasion$1 h[ mu* de=mity x has produc$6 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! natural me?od ( le>n+ languages is by practice4 ,t is ! way "o's native language is acquir$4 ,! pupil becomes acqua9t$ ) ! elem5ts & absorbs !m1 z x 71 into 8 s\l 9 _! entirety be=e he is consci\sly able to sep>ate & acc\nt = ! s+le p>ts & _! special relations2 he =ms :ole complete s5t5ces )\t kn[+ :i* is ! subject & :i* ! object2 he gradually f9ds out t he has to give ea* "p ( ! s5t5ce its correct end+s )\t kn[+ any?+ ab\t t5se or case4444 ,! logical consequ5ce ( ?is1 !n1 is t z a rule "o _c beg9 ) gramm> 9 tea*+ languages to a *ild ( t5 or twelve4 ,8 fir/ ye>s at s*ool ought to give him m]ely mat]ials2 he ought to collect exp]i5ces 7t is a *ild's greate/ delight71 b n speculate ov] !m40 ,x is n[ half a c5tury ago s9ce ,n4 ,m4 ,pet]s5 utt]$ ^! gold5 words1 & /ill ! old gramm>-in/ruction lives & fl\ri%es ) its rigm>oles & rules & exceptions1 t int5sely /upid cu/om1 ! tea*+ ( gramm> to *ildr51 z ,h]b]t ,sp5c] calls x4 ,only few ( ! boys 9 our s*ools :o h /udi$ ,g]man = sev]al ye>s1 are able to connect = in/ance um ) ! prop] case )\t hesitation2 b !re are c]ta9ly /ill few] :o _c run ?r\gh dur* fr geg5 ohne um & wid] l p>rots4 ,b /rangely en\gh ?is ev] pres5t ph5om5on does n yet seem to h l$ to a g5]al ackn[l$gm5t ( ! fact t ^! grammatical rigm>oles z a rule are sc>cely wor? z mu* z ! c\nt+-out rigm>oles ( ! *ildr53 e5y me5y m9y mo4#ai ,&1 ( c\rse1 p>adigms :i* are le>n$ by rote also belong to ! category ( rigm>oles4 8,p>adigms ought by all means to be giv51 b %\ld nev] be le>n$ by he>t 9 rigm>ole-fa%ion40 7,n4 ,m4 ,pet]s547 ,?\ghtlessness & /upidity ?rive excell5tly on ?is cont9ual repetition ( words z words1 t is words )\t any mutual association1 )\t connection 9 s5t5ces4 ,j ?9k ( ! _m ?\s&s ( boys & girls :o "t & aga9 recite3 m\rir1 m\rant1 mort1 je meurs1 je m\rus1 & !n ask h[ _m ( !m1 yes ev5 ( _! tea*]s1 ev] happ5 to ?9k t ! la/ =m 9 reality is impossible 7at all ev5ts 9 conv]sations 9 ?is life74#bj ,! p]c5tage is sc>cely v l>ge4 ,& :5 consci5ti\s philologi/s l ,ay] & ,sa*s give imp]ative =ms l nais1 naissons1 naissez--be born6 let u be born66 be ye born666 x _c be d5i$ t we are tempt$ to use ! exclamation3 8die gelehrt51 die v]kehrt560 ,( c\rse x is n our aim to get rid ( su* =ms z je m\rus2#ba :at is wrong is ! sy/em4 ,i condemn vivre1 vivant1 vcu1 je vis1 je vcus j z /rongly z m\rir1 etc41 ev5 if none ( ^! =ms is really mean+less4 ,& ! reason :y ,i reject ?is me?od ( tea*+ languages is because x does n & _c br+ u to our desir$ goal4 ,! *ief absurdity1 ! "o :i* x is our bus9ess to qu>rel )1 is t use ( disconnect$ words = grammatical purposes1 :i* fl\ri%es 9 all our text-books4 ,x has (t5 amus$ me to exam9e gr[n-up p]sons 7non-philologi/s7 9 :at !y c\ld rememb] ( ! in/ruction !y _h receiv$ 9 s*ool 9 =eign languages4 ,x seems to be extremely common t !y h n ! slighte/ idea z to :at case = in/ance a preposition gov]ns1 b ! rigm>ole 9 :i* x occurs !y g5]ally "k by he>t4 ,!y also "k ev] s _m scraps l d] bu*/abe1 d] fri$e1 d] funke 444 or das amt1 das ass1 das bad1 das bild1 das blatt 444 b :y !y h le>n$ ^! ?+s1 & :at !y 7 suppos$ to be good =1 to ^! que/ions !re is g5]ally no answ] =?com+4 ,s ^? rigm>oles are really ( no practical use :atev]4 ,n[1 ( c\rse1 rigm>oles c\ld easily be s arrang$--?\gh no "o seems to h put x into practice--z to conta9 an indication ( ! object 9 gr\p+ toge!r j ^? words1 = in/ance by say+ dur* das zimm]1 fr1 geg5 444 or dur* fr 444 um wid] mi*1 or das amt1 die mt]1 das ass 444 or das amt1 mt]1 bd]1 bild]4444 ,b ev5 9 ?is improv$ =m x seems to me t grammatical rigm>oles are ( little value j because !y accu/om ! pupils to le>n & say ?+s by rote )\t ?9k+2 !y are remnants ( ! old-fa%ion$ w\ld-be p$agogy :]e a tea*] 9 any subject 0 satisfi$ if ! pupil only 8knew 8 lesson10 t is1 c\ld recite ! words ( ! book1 & :]e no "o ev] ?\ght ab\t und]/&+ or o!r su*-l mod]n inv5tions4 ,! expressions 8liv+0 & 8dead0 are s (t5 us$ ab\t languages & words1 b ^? :o use !m d n always take ! tr\ble to consid] 9 :at s5se ^! expressions really h any mean+4 ,a language only lives1 & c only live1 9 a p]son's m9d1 & t x lives !re means t its compon5t p>ts are = him associat$ ) c]ta9 ideas1 :i* are recall$ :5 he he>s ! words1 & :i* 9 turn summon up ! correspond+ words :5 he wants to express !m1 or :5 he simply wants to make !m cle> = himself4 ,b ideas d n & _c exi/ except 9 comb9ations2 an absolutely isolat$ ?\ght is ! same z no?+4 ,x is ! same ) words2 if !y are tak5 out ( _! natural surr\nd+s1 !y suff] atrophy & at la/ cease to p]=m ! usual function ( words1 namely to produce ideas4 ,s isolat$ words1 su* z are giv5 9 rigm>oles & p>adigms1 are only gho/s or corpses ( words4 ,try to run ?r\gh ! words 8jewel1 /one1 cabbage1 knee1 owl1 toys1 l\se10 & see if a s+le complete picture has be5 produc$ 9 y\r m9d--b y are no bett] (f :5 y say ! ,fr5* rigm>ole bij\1 caill\1 *\1 g5\1 hib\1 j\j\1 p\4 ,t1 z well z amo1 amas1 amat1 amamus1 amatis1 amant & all ! o!rs1 mu/ by virtue ( ! fundam5tal psy*ical law ( ! life ( language become m]ely empty j+le & no?+ else4 ,n[ we see ! psy*ological reason :y s5sible p]sons c write su* s5t5ces 9 _! books z je m\rus or ! entirely p>allel 8,wir s9d ni*t hi]40 ,:5 ! m9d is occupi$ ) a ^w z a grammatical ph5om5on1 ! ^w's normal p[] ( call+ =? ideas is ( c\rse less5$ 9 a consid]able degree4 ,fur!rmore ! isolation ( words = grammatical purposes may ev5 lead u to make positive mi/akes4 ,! pupils are fir/ c>efully taught 9 ! gramm> t 8nobody0 9 ,fr5* is ne p]sonne & 8nev]0 ne jamais1#bb & lat] on x is correct$ z a s]i\s mi/ake :5 !y write ne p]sonne p>lait or il ne jamais p>le1 mi/akes :i* w\ld nev] h occurr$ if ! pupils _h n be5 all[$ to le>n ! false =mulation4 ,9 mod]n ,fr5* 8nobody0 is p]sonne & 8nev]0 jamais1 j z 8n0 is pas1 etc4 ,ne only exi/s 9 connection ) a v]b1 & ought nev] to be se5 or le>n$ by ! pupils except 9 its natural surr\nd+s2 out ( connection x is no m a ^w ?an un 79 unfri5dly1 ungraci\s1 etc474 ,! rule = its employm5t c be ?us /at$ 9 %ort1 t x is plac$ 9 front ( ! v]b1 always1 if ! s5t5ce is :olly negative1 also (t5 if x is only half negative 7by :i* ,i mean ! well-kn[n cases aft] emp*]1 cra9dre1 comp>atives1 etc41 :]e ne is well on ! way to slip out ( ! liv+ ,fr5* language1 & :]e we n[1 aft] ! la/ m9i/]ial decrees1 may all[ ourselves a little laxity 9 tea*+ ^! po9ts74#bc ,likewise x is only injuri\s to tea* ! *ildr5 t 8,i0 is je1 8?\0 tu--a matt] ( fact x is moi1 toi1 :ile ( c\rse 8,i g1 ?\ goe/10 is je vais1 tu vas2 :at usage has jo9$ toge!r1 let no gramm> put asund]4 ,b words1 :5 9 _! natural connections1 %[ _! vitality 9 o!r ways besides 9 summ+ up ! correct ideas2 !y h ano!r p[]1 :i* !y also lose :5 !y are isolat$1 namely ! p[] ( bre$+ new connections 9 ! image ( ! old ones4 ,if ,i h (t5 reproduc$ a c]ta9 type ( ^w-=mation or s5t5ce-con/ruction1 !n ?is becomes a "p ( my m5tal me*anism 9 su* a way t ,i unconsci\sly make some?+ new 7co9 a new ^w1 con/ruct a new s5t5ce7 aft] ! same patt]n1 aft] ! 8analogy0 ( :at ,i "k1 :5ev] ,i ne$ x1 j z ! ,engli% boy :o has (t5 he>d sup]latives l h>de/1 cleane/1 highe/1 etc41 does n ne$ any rule to be able to con/ruct =ms l pure/1 uglie/1 dirtie/1 ( 8 own accord1 & :o1 at ! mom5t :5 he says !m1 w\ld n be able ev5 by means ( ! mo/ scrupul\s analysis to decide if he has he>d ! =m (t5 be=e & is m]ely reproduc+ x1 or if he himself is creat+ x )\t hav+ previ\sly he>d x--&1 if ! latt] is ! case1 if he is creat+ some?+ :i* o!rs also h creat$1 or if x is ! v fir/ "t t ! ^w is us$ 9 ! language--?is is :at takes place e m9ute :]ev] human languages are spok54#bd ,an ,engli%man has s (t5 he>d 7& repeat$7 s5t5ces l 8give ! man y\r h&10 8,i gave ! boy a :ipp+10 8he gave 8 si/] an apple10 t he unconsci\sly =ms 8 s5t5ces accord+ to a s*eme :]e ! indirect object always prec$es ! direct object1 & :i* ev5 )\t ?is grammatical t]m9ology & )\t any rule w\ld lead him q naturally to say1 = in/ance1 8,w y give y\r fa!r ! money80 ,a ,fr5*man w\ld j z in/9ctively say1 8,veux-tu donn] cet arg5t ton pre80 because 9 all ! s5t5ces :i* he has exp]i5c$ he has he>d ! 8dative0 express$ by aft] ! direct object4 ,b s9ce ?is takes place by virtue ( inviolable psy*ical laws1 x applies n only to ! "m-tongue1 b also to ! =eign languages :i* we le>n lat]4 ,we simply _c avoid ?us unconsci\sly =m+ types or patt]ns to g by1 9 us+ a =eign language1 z soon z ! conditions = ^! typical =mations are at h&4 ,if1 on le>n+ ,engli%1 a ,dane has frequ5tly he>d 7read7 & 7especially7 us$ comb9ations l up "h1 9 "h1 9 !re1 out !re1 !n he w q naturally say d[n !re :5 he wants to express ?is ?\ght2 x is n at all necess>y = him previ\sly to h le>n$ a rule to ! effect t 8"h & !re 9 connection ) o!r adv]bs ( place /& la/40 ,z a matt] ( fact1 :5 we speak or write a =eign language1 we employ a numb] ( su* rules :i* we h nev] se5 =mulat$1 &1 :at is m1 also rules :i* h nev] at any "t be5 consci\sly =mulat$ by any gramm>ian4 ,! reason :y we _c atta9 ! same confid5ce 9 all dep>tm5ts ( ! =eign language t we feel 9 our native language is ( c\rse p>tly because ! conditions are n s fav\rable1 & p>tly because our "m-tongue acts z a h9drance on acc\nt ( ! t5d5cy x has to intrude on all occasions & mislead u to con/ruct s5t5ces aft] its patt]n4 ,b ! conditions become ! m fav\rable = ?is unconsci\s m5tal activity 9 our pupils ! m we "k h[ to make ea* s5t5ce 9 ! =eign language h its full effect ^u !m & become _! possession1 & ! m we c keep ! "m-tongue 9 ! backgr\nd4 ,& al?\gh we c nev] br+ x ab\t t our pupils come across ! =ms 9 ! =eign language ev5 approximately z (t5 z t *ild does :o is le>n+ 8 native language1 yet we c to a l>ge ext5t make am5ds = ?is by br++ a bett] sy/em into our tea*+1 s t ! acquir+ ( ! language w n dep5d s mu* ^u *ance z is ! case :5 babies le>n to talk1 j z x is also an advantage t our pupils are old] & m develop$1 & t we c get "s help f ! writt5 & pr9t$ language4 ,_m ( ! transposition ex]cises m5tion$ 9 ! la/ section are ess5tially grammatical1 b we c easily hit ^u /ill m ex]cises by :i* we may 9 a sy/ematic way enc\rage ! natural t5d5cy t[>d type- & s]ies-=mations4 ,to conjugate a v]b all ! way ?r\gh by itself is ! %e]e/ drudg]y1 b ! ex]cise imm$iately becomes bo? m int]e/+ & m b5eficial :5 x is a :ole s5t5ce t is to be tackl$4 ,= in/ance1 ! tea*] c write on ! blackbo>d a s5t5ce l 8,je donne un s\ ,alfr$0 & get ! pupils to conjugate x ?r\gh all ! p]sons4 ,9 ! beg9n+ he might also write d[n all ! =ms ( ! v]b1 "o "u ! o!r2 !y are n to be committ$ to memory1 b m]ely furni% a s*eme1 :i* ! pupils are to fill out by ins]t+ ! correct pron\ns be=e1 & un s\ ,alfr$ aft] ! v]b4 ,!n ! next /ep is to let ! pupils use o!r words in/ead ( un s\ & ,alfr$1 s t pupil ,a says1 = in/ance1 ,je donne un c5time ,paul4 ,b3 tu donnes un franc ,jean4 ,c3 il donne un livre papa4 ,d3 n\s donnons des poires l'pici]1 etc4 ,!n 9 reality ! task :i* ! boys h be=e !m is to hit ^u new words to ins]t 7!y mu/ make s5se672 consequ5tly x becomes a k9d ( game 9 :i* ! vocabul>y is review$ l ! "o m5tion$ above 7p4 #ii71 b at ! same "t ! =ms ( ! v]b are practis$4 ,if a pupil %\ld happ5 to say1 = in/ance1 ils donn5t deux c]ises le matre1 ! tea*] mu/ only say ! s5t5ce himself ) ! correct au & make him repeat x 9 ?is =m )\t scold+ him1--yes1 ev5 )\t /opp+ to give a long explanation ( :y x %\ld be au & n le 9 ?is case4 ,?is k9d ( ex]cise c ( c\rse be v>i$ 9 diff]5t ways2 su* a s5t5ce z mon pre me donne de l'arg5t is writt5 d[n1 & ! pupils are told to inflect x 9 all ! p]sons1 :i* ( c\rse only involves an alt]ation ( mon & me2 or ! s5t5ce is to be recon/ruct$ ) o!r t5ses1 etc4 ,m complicat$ s5t5ces1 too1 may be conjugat$ all ! way ?r\gh1 ei!r )\t *ang+ any?+ b ! pron\ns & ! =ms ( ! v]bs1 z = in/ance1 ,je suis all me prom5] avec mon pre2 ,das habe i* ihm ge/]n v]spro*51 und i* w]de es ihm morg5 geb5--or 9 su* a way t o!r ?+s are *ang$ too3 je m'appelle 444 :]e ! pupil is to ins]t real names 78 own1 a comrade's 444 9 case x is v\s1 ! tea*]'s72 ,i* habe me95 vat] um etwas brot gebet54 ,du ha/ de95 vat] um etwas geld gebet54 ,er hat se95 vat] um e9 /ck papi] gebet54 ,sie hat ihr5 vat] um e95 ku*5 gebet51 etc4 ,( c\rse "o c also assign writt5 ex]cises ( a simil> k9d1 z = in/ance3 con/ruct five s5t5ces l ,le pre de ,jean e/ all la maison de sa sur1 us+ diff]5t words 9 ea* s5t5ce 9 place ( ^? "h italiciz$1 etc41 etc42 b x 7 be/ if ^! s5t5ces 7 sugge/$ by1 or 9 "s way associat$ )1 s5t5ces 9 ! text-book4 ,n[ "s p w say t ?is is only ano!r way ( employ+ ^? grammatical isolat$ s5t5ces :i* ,i h declaim$ aga9/--& !y are "r 9 s f> z ,i admit t ! m ! ex]cises are made to resemble ! old-fa%ion$ ones1 ! poor] !y are = ! purpose1 & if !y are employ$ to too great an ext5t !y may easily deg5]ate into tiresome me*anical r\t9e-"w4 ,b if us$ to mod]ation !y w only be b5eficial1 & !n1 besides1 !y diff] f ! s+le s5t5ces ( ! old me?od 9 be+ associat$ ) a text :i* has be5 read1 s !y are n ?us q isolat$ f a s5sible connection2 !y also diff] because translation is n us$ & is n ne$$ 7except :5 ! tea*] at long int]vals has to make sure t pupil ,a has und]/ood a s5t5ce giv5 by pupil ,c1 :o has us$ an unusual ^w72 !y diff] because1 translation be+ omitt$1 ! :ole ex]cise c proce$ at a rapid pace2 !y diff] because ! s5t5ces are con/ruct$ by ! pupils !mselves1 :o are ?us compell$ all ! "t to pay att5tion bo? to _! =m & cont5ts2 & f9ally !y diff] because1 z a result ( all ?is1 !y are m int]e/+ & amus+ to ! pupils4 ,fur!rmore su* ex]cises incite ! pupils to want to say some?+ ( _! own accord1 & ?us !y get a desire to ext5d _! k2 !y w frequ5tly ask :at ?is or t ^w :i* !y ne$ 9 a s5t5ce is 9 ,fr5* or ,g]man--& 9 t case ! tea*] mu/ always answ]1 b !n he mu/ always require1 too1 t !y le>n ! ^w :i* has be5 giv5 !m 7to prev5t !m f gett+ into ! habit ( ask+ sup]ficially & c>elessly j 8= ! fun ( x074 ,f9ally ! pupils w ?us be br\ght to appreciate ! b5efit ( le>n+ gramm>2 _! grammatical k is n %e] !ory = !m1 b is cont9ually conv]t$ into effective p[] & ?us becomes easi] to rememb]1 = !re is no d\bt t ,goe! is "r :5 he says3 8,/ill all t we c rememb] ( our /udies 9 ! end is only :at we h be5 able to f9d practical use =40 ,( c\rse1 ! s5t5ces con/ruct$ by ! pupils 9 ! c\rse ( any "o ( ! ex]cises recomm5d$ 9 ?is book may conta9 mi/akes1 & ! mo/ s]i\s mi/akes mu/ be correct$1 yet ) z little p>ticul>ity z possible1 if !y h no?+ to d ) ! ph5om5on :i* is be+ or j has be5 c>efully consid]$ & practis$1 & ) z few !oretical reasons z possible4 ,_m ex]cises c be s arrang$ t x is sc>cely possible = ! pupils to make any mi/ake1 & ?is )\t becom+ less valuable2 on ! contr>y1 !y w (t5 be ! be/1 = e s5t5ce :i* a pupil con/ructs or says correctly confirms good habits ( language4 ,b no matt] h[ mu* "o may fav\r ! !ory t 8,prev5tion is bett] ?an cure10 x is n well to be too anxi\s to prev5t mi/akes4 ,"o ( ! able/ advocates ( ! re=m 9 ,g]many1 ,w5dt1 says3 8,x is ( m importance = ! pupil to talk at all ?an to talk correctly10 & al?\gh ,i "k :at criticism ,i h to expect f unsympa!tic oppon5ts ab\t my enc\rag+ sup]ficiality & n c>+ a bit ab\t correctness1 yet ,i _c d5y myself ! pleasure ( quot+ ) approbation a ,slavic prov]b1 ,tko zeli dobro govoriti mora natucati 7:oev] wants to speak well mu/ murd] ! language71 :i* ,s*u*>dt has *os5 z a motto = 8 /imulat+ "w ab\t mix$ languages1#be & :i* he int]prets3 8,w] aus irg5d e9em grunde si* s*eut e9e fremde spra*e zu mis%&eln1 d] w]d sie nie beh]rs*540 ,9 ord] to reassure p :o _c help feel+ anxi\s1 ,i %all add "h ?ree /atem5ts f ! report ( ! n9? ,g]man 8,neuphilolog5tag0 7#aija74 ,kl+h>dt 7p4 #ajj7 confesses t he has be5 conv]t$ to ! re=m1 because1 9 spite ( ye>s ( vigor\s ef=ts1 he _h n succe$$ by means ( ! translation me?od#bf 9 tra9+ ! majority ( 8 pupils to grammatical correctness4 ,headma/]s ( s*ools :]e ! old me?od 0 employ$ _h also told him t !re 7 /ill s]i\s grammatical mi/akes ( =m 9 ! writt5 ex]cises :i* 7 h&$ 9 at ! f9al exam9ations4 ,b1 aft] he _h giv5 up ! translation proc$ure1 all ( 8 pupils1 ev5 ! backw>d ones1 _h atta9$ to grammatical correctness4 ,w5dt 7p4 #aja7 emphatically d5i$ t any?+ c\ld be ga9$ 9 grammatical sur5ess by translation ex]cises4 ,& ,walt] 7p4 #ajb7 repudiat$ ! accusation :i* is always on ! tongue ( _m ( ! oppon5ts ( re=m1 t ! re=m]s entirely d away ) gramm>1 by ref]r+ to _m ( ^! v g5tlem51 :o1 on visit+ 8 s*ool1 _h express$ surprise at ! grammatical sur5ess display$ by 8 pupils4 ,& s9ce ,i n[ seem to be 9 ! mood = quotations1 ,i c also ref] to ,goe!'s words3 8,?us ,i _h le>n$ ,lat91 j l ,g]man1 ,fr5*1 ,engli%1 only ?r\gh practice1 )\t rule & )\t sy/em4 ,anyone :o kn[s :at ! /ate ( s*ool in/ruction 0 at t "t w n f9d x /range t ,i neglect$ ! gramm> z well z ! rhetoric2 ev]y?+ seem$ to come naturally to me4 ,i reta9$ ! words1 _! =mations & trans=mations 9 my e> & 9 my m9d1 & ,i employ$ ! language ) ease = writ+ & talk+40#bg ,9 giv+ ! pupil ,engli% s5t5ces to translate into ! =eign language1 we are only artificially creat+ difficulties4 ,if x is difficult = ! pupil to translate into 8 "m-tongue :]e at lea/ confirm$ habit ought to prev5t him f fall+ into ! wor/ pitfalls1 !n x mu/ be mu* m difficult1 inde$ impossible1 to translate into a =eign language :]e he is n yet q at home4 ,we ourselves lead ! pupil to make mi/akes1 & !n we h to d all we c to prev5t 8 confront+ u ) a too ov]:elm+ numb] ( !m4 ,to ?is end we limit ea* ex]cise to illu/rat+ "o1 or two1 or ?ree1 p>agraphs 9 ! gramm>2 we make !oretical rules to s]ve z a guide 9 translat+1 )\t always rememb]+ h[ difficult x is to make practical use ( su* rules2 we bracket ! words :i* are n to be translat$2 we try to be helpful by plac+ alongside (1 or und]nea?1 ! correct ,engli%1 "s v /range ,engli% inde$1 :i*1 h[ev]1 has ! advantage t x c be translat$ lit]ally1 etc41 etc4 ,& ! result ( all ?is ex]tion8 ,well1 x is a well kn[n fact t !y are n always ?+s ( beauty t we meet ) 9 ! ,fr5* ex]cises :i* are h&$ 9 aft] _m ye>s ( toil1 accord+ to ?is me?od4 ,exp]i5ce is sure to tea* u t ?is is n ! means to our end4 ,joh4 ,/orm is "r :5 he says 7,franske talevels]1 ,preface73 8,! wor/ & mo/ unfruitful torm5t 9 ! s*ool in/ruction ( ! pres5t "t is ! excessive use ( writt5 ex]cises 9 =eign languages40 ,z a bright contra/ to ?is 8con/ructive0 me?od ( proc$ure1 we h ! 8imitative0 me?od1 :i* may be s call$ p>tly because x is an imitation ( ! way 9 :i* a *ild le>ns 8 native language1 p>tly because x dep5ds ^u t invaluable faculty1 ! natural imitative in/9ct ( ! pupils1 to give !m ! prop] l+ui/ic feel+1 if x only has ample opportunity to come into play4 ,z a motto = ?is me?od1 we might p]haps say3 ,away ) li/s & rules4 ,practise :at is "r aga9 & aga96 ,,footnotes3 #ai ,! only ?+ 9 ! gramm> :i* x might be reasonable to le>n by rote is ! num]als4 #bj ,! /ory goes t a ,sw$i% dialectologi/ :o 0 on a t\r to inve/igate h[ ext5sively ! /rong =m dog 7di$7 0 9 use1 ask$ a peasant3 d y p "h say 8jag dog0 or 8jag dde08 ,! peasant 0 n a gramm>ian2 he answ]$ s5sibly3 well1 :5 we are dead we g5]ally d n say any?+4 #ba ,kr4 ,nyrop in=ms me t he has f\nd 8,mais je m\rus hi]0 9 ,mairet1 ,la ,silvanire1 v4 #b1 #age1 & ,i myself h come across x 9 a %ort /ory by ,zola ab\t ! s5sations felt by a p]son :o has be5 buri$ alive aft] 8 app>5t dea?--b t does n make ! =m m 8liv+40 #bb ,! dots :i* are giv5 9 ! pr9t$ book betwe5 ! two words disappe> 9 oral recitation2 s !y play no "p 9 ! m9ds ( ! pupils4 #bc ,! =m] 8r$undant0 words are n[ ! mo/ important ones1 inde$ 9 reality ! only important ones1 s9ce ,pas du t\t etc41 :]e !re is no v]b1 is fully recogniz$1 & s5t5ces l ,je veux pas are becom+ m & m common 9 colloquial language4 #bd ,cf4 my rem>ks on 8s*aff5de und erhalt5de analogiebildung10 9 ,te*m]'s ,int]nat4 ,zeits*r4 f4 allgem4 ,spra*wiss5s*41 iii4 7#ahhg71 p4 #aia ff4 #be ,slawo-deuts*es und ,slawo-itali5is*es1 ,graz1 #ahhe4 #bf i4e4 ,translations f ! "m-tongue1 beg9n+ ) s+le s5t5ces ( ! usual k9d4 #bg ,aus me9em leb51 ,,ii4 vi4 ,goe!s w]ke1 ,cotta's*e bibl4 d4 weltlitt]atur1 #bj4 #bah4 ,,ix 8,b our pupils mu/ n only "k _! =eign languages unconsci\sly & me*anically2 !y mu/ n only le>n h[ to express !mselves1 b !y mu/ also "k :y40 ,:5 ,i ?9k ( ! in/ruction 9 gramm> t has be5 usual hi!rto1 ,i am tempt$ to say z if 9 e*o1 8,:y80 ,9 a s*ool 9 ,cop5hag51 ! /ory goes t a c]ta9 tea*] aft] hav+ ask$ ab\t ! g5d] ( ! ,fr5* sub/antive mort & !n 8,:y80 got ! answ]1 8,because x comes f ,lat9 mors1 :i* is fem99e02 he 0 n satisfi$ ) t1 h[ev]1 b made ! correction3 8,no1 x is because x is an exception40 ,:5 we feel sc&aliz$ at ?is tea*]'s /upidity1 we ought consci5ti\sly to ask ourselves if _m ( ! answ]s giv5 to ! "q 8,:y80 9 gramm> tea*+ are 9 reality mu* m valuable ?an ?is "o2 ! object 9 mo/ cases is m]ely to classify ! s5t5ces or words "u c]ta9 giv5 rubrics & to give _! names & ! respective rules :i* h be5 committ$ to memory1 some?+ :i* c 9 l>ge "p be done ) v little real grammatical und]/&+ ( ! language 9 "q4 ,! usual sup]/ition t !oretical in/ruction 9 gramm> is ! be/ way to tea* pupils h[ to express !mselves grammatically is ( a piece ) ! sev]ity ) :i* grammatical mi/akes are criticiz$ 9 comp>ison ) ! mildness ) :i* mi/akes ( vocabul>y1 etc41 are treat$4 ,t grammatical propositions are ab/ractions1 :i* are (t5 difficult ev5 = exp]ts to und]/&1 & :i* mu/ !re=e be f> beyond ! horizon ( our pupils1 we see f ! way 9 :i* mo/ philologi/s1 on com+ across a rule :i* is ! lea/ bit involv$1 imm$iately h to resort to ! examples to see :at ! po9t is2 we also see x f ! difficulty :i* gramm>ians (t5 f9d 9 express+ _! rules 9 su* a way z to be really cle>4 ,!re=e !re is ev5 among p]sons :o h to any ext5t /udi$ languages !oretically 7& p]haps mo/ among !m7 a great t5d5cy to avoid z mu* z possible ! traditional1 grammatical1 !oretical me?od :5 !y want to take up a new language2 ?is feel+ has be5 cle>ly express$ by ! r5[n$ ,romance s*ol> ,h4 ,s*u*>dt4#bh ,x is true1 z has be5 said1 t "o really _c beg9 to le>n ! gramm> ( a language until "o kn[s ! language itself4 ,9 contra/ to our s*ool-days1 :5 9 all subjects a ready-made sy/em 0 p\nd$ into u1 & x 0 only ?r\gh ! sy/em t we caught sight ( "s ( ! facts ^u :i* x 0 built1 s t we indulg$ 9 only extremely little ( any?+ l indep5d5t obs]vation or classification ( obs]vations1 9 contra/ to all ?is1 ano!r me?od ( proc$ure is com+ to ! front 9 all tea*+1 a me?od :i* />ts out f ! ?+s :i* ! *ild itself c see 9 its surr\nd+s1 a me?od :i* tra9s ! *ild to obs]ve1 to classify its obs]vations1 to draw its own conclusions1 s t f9ally1 :5 ! "t is ripe1 ! sci5tific sy/em w raise itself1 z x 71 9 a natural way on ! f\ndation ( ! obs]vations made4 ,! gold5 rule is3 8,nev] tell ! *ildr5 any?+ t !y c f9d out = !mselves40 ,!oretical gramm> ought n to be tak5 up too e>ly1 & :5 x is tak5 up x is n well to d x 9 su* a way t ! pupil is giv5 ready-made p>adigms & rules4 ,aft] ! mann] ( ,sp5c]'s 8,inv5tional ,geometry10 :]e ! pupil is all ! way ?r\gh l$ to f9d out ! propositions & pro(s = himself1 we ought to get an ,inv5tional ,gramm>4 ,:5 a selection 9 ! read] has be5 read1 ! pupils may be ask$ to g ?r\gh x aga9 7read x al\d71 & pay special att5tion1 = in/ance1 to ! p]sonal pron\ns2 e "t "o occurs1 x is to be writt5 d[n on ! blackbo>d2 !re ! =ms are f9ally classifi$ 7by ! pupils67 accord+ to ! natural associations betwe5 !m1 & ?us ! p>adigms are con/ruct$ q naturally2 !n1 if desir$1 ! pupils c copy !m d[n 9 special note-books = future ref]5ce4 ,= in/ance1 if ! ,fr5* possessive pron\n is f\nd 9 ! two =ms son & sa1 9 ! comb9ations sa ma91 son gant1 son pe1 son ennemi1 sa figure1 sa blessure1 son op9ion1 ! object ( ! pupils mu/ be to discov] ! pr9ciple ( usage4 ,x w n be f\nd difficult to =mulate a rule 9 ^! cases2 b1 if necess>y1 ! tea*] c help ! pupils n a little by means ( ! emphasis ) :i* he reads ! s5t5ces 9 :i* ! =ms are f\nd4 ,!n ! rule once =mulat$ may be te/$ on o!r =ms to see if ! same pr9ciple ( usage %\ld happ5 to apply !re too1 etc4 ,( c\rse ! tea*] mu/ decide be=eh&#bi :at po9ts ( gramm> a c]ta9 text is especially fitt$ to illu/rate 9 ?is mann]4 ,yet x is n necess>y = all ! =ms :i* x is desir$ to gr\p toge!r to occur 9 ! piece :i* is be+ exam9$2 if !re are any empty spaces 9 ! p>adigms1 ! pupils w ( _! own accord desire to get !m fill$ out1 & !y w ?us h an opportunity to le>n some?+ new4 ,x w also frequ5tly happ5 t ! miss+ =ms are already famili> to ! pupils f previ\s read+2 9 t case1 if ! pupils !mselves d n happ5 to ?9k ( !m1 ! tea*] c easily give !m a clue by say+ ! beg9n+ ( ! s5t5ce 9 :i* !y occur4#cj ,x foll[s z a matt] ( c\rse t only ! mo/ elem5t>y ?+s c be s exam9$ 9 a text ( "o or two pages t grammatical rules or a tol]ably adequate p>adigm c be =mulat$4 ,9 deal+ ) beg9n]s ! tea*] mu/ n be too ambiti\s to get1 = in/ance1 all ! =ms ( a v]b collect$ 9 t mann]1 at all ev5ts n all at once2 x is n necess>y2 "o t5se at a "t is q suffici5t4 ,& ( c\rse "o mu/ n be su* a slave ( traditional grammatical sy/ems1 t "o necess>ily mu/ g all ! way ?r\gh "o class ( words be=e beg9n+ ano!r1 etc4 ,!re is no reason :y ^! bits ( sy/em %\ld n be tak5 up q unsy/ematically1 "o day a little ab\t pron\ns1 ano!r day ! pres5t t5se ( v]bs1 a ?ird day ! comp>ison ( adjectives1 etc41 all accord+ to :at comes natural1 or :at ! texts give occasion =4#ca ,& x w n matt] if "s "t is all[$ to pass betwe5 ^! ex]cises4 ,"o ( ! abom9ations ( ! old me?od ( in/ruction 0 t ! tea*]1 z a ,sw$i% au?or has express$ x1 consid]$ x 8 duty on all occasions to feel ! grammatical pulse ( ! pupils4 ,a tea*] 9 ,engli% c1 at a r e>ly /age1 set to "w 9 ?is way to exam9e & =mulate ! use ( ,engli% d z an auxili>y v]b4 ,a r long piece :i* has be5 read is assign$ to ! pupils 9 p>ts1 s t ,a & ,b get ! fir/ page1 ,c & ,d ! next1 etc41 & !y are to f9d & note d[n all ! cases :i* occur4 ,!n ! cases f\nd are gone ?r\gh 9 ! class 9 su* a way t ! tea*] fir/ requires all ^? s5t5ces to be read al\d :]e d occurs & !re is no negation4 ,aft] "s s5t5ces h be5 read1 he may ask :at !y h 9 common2 if no "o answ]s1 m s5t5ces may be tak5 until someone discov]s t all ! s5t5ces are int]rogative1 & !n ?is discov]y may be te/$ 9 ! foll[+ s5t5ces4 ,!reupon ! negative s5t5ces :i* 7 be=e omitt$ are gone ?r\gh4 ,is x !n necess>y to h d 9 all que/ions1 & 9 all negative s5t5ces8 ,well1 g ?r\gh ! same pages aga9 = next "t & note d[n all ! cases ( int]rogative & negative s5t5ces :]e d does n occur4 ,!n 9 ! next lesson we %all f9ally be able to =mulate ! rules4 ,?is takes long] ?an to le>n ! rule 9 a gramm>4 ,yes1 b !n we may also be c]ta9 t x w be f> bett] und]/ood & rememb]$1 to say no?+ ( ! pleasure x always gives to discov] some?+ oneself2 x has all ( x be5 a little prelim9>y practice 9 sci5tific me?ods ( rese>* & draw+ ( conclusions4 ,& !n--:at ,i always return to--! :ole ex]cise has also be5 a review ( a numb] ( s5t5ces1 & !re is n mu* dang] t ! pupils w =get ! words1 turns ( expression & grammatical relations :i* !y h become intimate ) 9 ?is mann]4 ,ev5 if we d n atta9 to any results t c /& comp>ison ) ! rules 9 our text-books1 yet su* lessons 9 grammatical obs]vation & sy/ematization are none ! less valuable4 ,= in/ance1 ! la/ ?ree or f\r days' ,g]man lesson may be gone ?r\gh ) special att5tion giv5 to ! g5d]4 ,"o pupil reads al\d2 e "t he comes to a sub/antive1 he m5tions "o ( 8 class-mates 7or ! tea*] motions to "o ( !m71 :o is to give ! g5d]1#cb z well z ! reasons = 8 inf]5ce 7! =m ( ! article 9 9 d] kir*e1 ! t]m9ation ( ! adjective 9 e9 s*nes md*51 etc472 "o ( ! boys /&s at ! blackbo>d1 :i* is divid$ into ?ree columns1 & writes d[n ea* ^w 9 ! "r column1 aft] its g5d] is det]m9$4 ,:5 ! =m or ! context does n %[ ! g5d]1 ! tea*] asks if ! ^w is famili> f previ\s passages1 & if ! g5d] c\ld be se5 !re2 o!rwise ! tea*] w h to say :at g5d] x is4 ,at la/ 7t[>d ! end ( ! lesson1 or :5 ! blackbo>d is full71 all ! words are repeat$ toge!r ) ! article2 !n1 if x seems fit1 ! tea*] may exam9e "o or ano!r pupil1 lett+ him /& ) 8 back to ! blackbo>d4 ,if !re are1 = in/ance1 two or ?ree words end+ 9 ung or s*aft or "s o!r absolutely c]ta9 end+1 ! pupils may be ask$ to recall o!r words ) ! same end+1 & !n =mulate ! rule = !mselves4 ,a few h\rs employ$ 9 ?is mann] w surely be> mu* m fruit ?an if all ! long rules = g5d] ) _! exceptions & exceptions to exceptions 7 committ$ to memory2 ! att5tion is r\s$ & ! p[]s ( obs]vation are %>p5$1 s t ! pupils w also 9 ! future take note ( ! g5d] ( new words1 :5 !re is any?+ to indicate x1 especially s9ce x is necess>y = !m to "k ! g5d] ( ! words :i* !y ne$ 9 ! conv]sation & transposition ex]cises already describ$ 9 ?is book4 ,difficult1 especially syntactical1 ph5om5a :i* d n occur v frequ5tly1 _c be treat$ exactly 9 ?is way1 b "s ( !m may be tak5 up 9 an analogical mann]4 ,dur+ ! go+ ov] ( a l>ge section ( ! ,fr5* read]1 ! att5tion may1 = in/ance1 be direct$ to ! subjunctive1 s t ea* subjunctive =m is ei!r writt5 d[n 9 a notebook or m>k$ 9 ! m>g9 ( ! read]2 aft] "o or two weeks or s1 all ^! s5t5ces may be collect$ & arrang$ 9 l>ge gr\ps4 ,dur+ ! next week1 simil> cases are frequ5tly met )1 & ! pupil is giv5 an opportunity to recall 8 rec5t obs]vations1 & p]haps supplem5t !m by newly discov]$ v>ieties ( subjunctive clauses1 etc4 ,b x mu/ be cont9ually borne 9 m9d t mu* ( :at is f\nd 9 gramm>s is really ( no value except to ! philological speciali/1 & %\ld nev] be le>n$ by s*oolboys4 ,a sy/ematical gramm> is n sup]flu\s except 9 ! fir/ /age4 ,lat] on its examples may be us$ to supplem5t ^? collect$ 9 ! c\rse ( ! read+2 ! tea*] c1 = in/ance1 read !m al\d1 make sure t !y are und]/ood1 & use !m to help ! pupils to f9d out ! rule4 ,!n1 :5 ! pupils h =mulat$ ! rule z well z !y c1 x may be read z r5d]$ 9 ! gramm>4 ,to g ?r\gh ! gramm> f "o end to ! o!r1 a section at a "t1 ought n to be und]tak5 until mo/ ( ! ph5om5a h be5 treat$ 9 connexion ) ! read+2 x w !n be bo? easi] & m int]e/+ ?an if tak5 up e>li]2 its *ief use w !n be to fill out & confirm :at has already be5 le>n$4#cc ,if gramm> is taught 9 ?is way1 ! pupils w n get t feel+ :i* !y n[ s frequ5tly h1 t !y are j le>n+ a s]ies ( arbitr>ily prescrib$ in/ructions z to h[ !y are to avoid mak+ mi/akes & gett+ 8poor m>ks0 9 _! writt5 ex]cises2 !y are m apt to conceive ( x z some?+ to be comp>$ to ! laws ( nature1 ^? g5]al compreh5sive obs]vations ( :at takes place "u c]ta9 conditions2 = gramm> is made up ( obs]vations ( ! mann] 9 :i* ! natives express !mselves4 ,! pupils no long] say to !mselves3 8,we mu/ h ! subjunctive 9 purpose clauses = x /&s 9 #bce10 b 8we f9d ! subjunctive 9 all purpose clauses40 ,! tea*]'s *ief task is to give ! pupils insight into ! con/ruction ( ! =eign language1 into its peculi>ities & ! *ief po9ts 9 :i* x deviates f o!r languages4 ,z a rule1 text-books dwell too mu* on details1 & (t5 neglect v important features1 su* z = in/ance ! great fre$om all[$ 9 ,engli% 9 ! use ( sub/antives z v]bs & vice-v]s1 ! diff]5t "p play$ by ord] ( words 9 ! diff]5t languages1 ! cause & effect relation%ip betwe5 a fix$ ord] ( words & paucity ( case-end+s1 etc4 ,! usual arrangem5t ( grammatical mat]ial is n z %rewd z x might be4 ,! %>p division betwe5 accid5ce & syntax z we f9d x 9 mo/ ( our text-books is1 f a sci5tific po9t ( view1 unt5able & impracticable#cd2 f a p$agogical po9t ( view x is un=tunate1 because x sep>ates =m & function1 :i* ought to be le>n$ toge!r1 j z well z a ^w's ext]ior 7its s\nds & spell+71 & its mean+ are le>n$ toge!r4#ce ,& )9 ea* ( ^! two p>ts ( ! gramm>1 ! usual ord] ( proc$ure dep5ds ^u a mean+less ord] ( prec$5ce betwe5 ! classes ( words1 :]eby ! adv]bs are plac$ ab\t z f> z possible f ! adjectives1 ?\gh if !re are any two classes ( words :i* ought to belong toge!r1 !y are ^! two1 :i* h comp>ison 9 common4 ,9 ! case ( ! v]bs1 ^? ?+s are (t5 gr\p$ toge!r :i* belong toge!r lexically b n grammatically4#cf ,! translation-me?od is injuri\s "h too1 because x veils cont\rs :i* ought to be %>p4 ,= in/ance1 ! pupils w n get ! prop] conception ( g5d] & its relation to expressions = sex1 if er ref]r+ to d] hut & sie ref]r+ to die bank1 & likewise il ref]r+ to le *apeau1 & elle ref]r+ to la *aise1 are all translat$ by ! ,engli% x1 :ile ! same pron\ns1 :5 us$ ab\t p]sons1 are translat$ by he & %e4 ,comp>isons betwe5 ! languages :i* ! pupils "k1 = ! purpose ( %[+ _! diff]5ces ( economy 9 ! use ( l+ui/ic means ( expression1 w only be a natural outcome ( ?is sy/ematiz$ occupation ) ! !ory ( ! language1 & may (t5 become v int]e/+1 especially = advanc$ /ud5ts4 7,comp>isons betwe5 ! reflexive pron\ns 9 ! diff]5t languages2 du ihr ,sie sie--toi v\s v\s ils elles eux--y y y !y--il y a1 es giebt1 !re is1 etc474 ,! tea*] may call att5tion to ! inconsi/5cy ( ! languages2 :at is di/9ctly express$ 9 "o case is 9 ano!r case n designat$ by any outw>d sign 7haus hus]2 hus*5 hus*5--h\se h\ses2 %eep %eep--*eval *evaux2 v]s v]s--yes 9 reality also maison1 maisons1 etc42 mi* mir1 di* dir1 si* si*2 d] mann1 die frau1 das weib2 e9 gut] mann1 e9e gute frau1 e9 gutes weib2 d] gute mann1 die gute frau1 das gute weib2 die mnn]1 die frau51 die weib]2 die gut5 m41 f41 w41 etc474 ,9 ,fr5* & ,engli%1 !re is ample occasion to po9t out h[ diff]5tly ! grammatical relations pres5t !mselves 9 s\nd & on pap] 7s+ul> & plural alike 9 bon bons1 beau beaux1 hideux hideux1 fur!r am] amre1 clair claire1 rvolutionnaire rvolutionnaire *ur* *ur*es1 judge judges s9 s9n$1 f9e f9$ say said1 lay laid1 etc474 ,t ?is may be a good way to make a beg9n+ 9 comp>ative philology sc>cely ne$s fur!r pro(2 _m ?+s belong+ to ?is field ( /udy c be und]/ood by our advanc$ pupils1 & ought to belong to a good g5]al education4 ,ev]yone :o has receiv$ a little m ?an ! mo/ ord9>y s*ool education ought to und]/& :at is meant by ! relation%ip & developm5t ( languages2 he ought to be acqua9t$ ) su* l+ui/ic ph5om5a z ! loss ( s\nds1 assimilation1 analogical =mations1 diff]5tiations1 etc42 he ought to h notic$ examples ( ^! ph5om5a1 bo? 9 8 "m tongue & 9 ! =eign languages :i* he has le>n$1 j z he ought to realize h[ ^! processes cont9ually influ5ce ! :ole con/ruction ( ! languages1 &1 9 ! c\rse ( "t1 h produc$ su* great diff]5ces z ^? he sees betwe5 ,g]man & ,engli%1 or betwe5 ,lat9 & ,fr5*2 a valuable po9t ( dep>ture w\ld be to take up ! fate ( ,fr5* loan-words 9 ,engli% ) ! frequ5t ret5tion ( ! old ,fr5* s\nds 7* 9 *ase1 j 9 j\rnal1 n 9 c\s9 c\s9e1 s 9 bea/1 fea/1 etc474 ,b h[ev] int]e/+ & valuable ^! ?+s are1 x is sc>cely advisable to devote too mu* "t to !m z long z ! liv+ languages h s few h\rs at _! disposal4 ,h[ mu* or h[ little ( ?is sort ( ?+ ! tea*] takes up w also1 to a great ext5t1 dep5d ^u :e!r ! class on ! :ole is ripe = x1 & if ! pupils %[ suffici5t int]e/ & desire to ask que/ions2 v mu* philology ought n to be =c$ ^u !m4 ,ex]cises 9 sy/ematization ne$ n be limit$ to ! field ( gramm>2 ! lexical side ( ! language may also be tak5 up 9 a simil> mann]1 ev5 if to a less ext5t4 ,sev]al me?ods ( review+ vocabul>y h be5 m5tion$ above1 b !re are /ill m ways2 = in/ance ! tea*] may give ! pupil a c]ta9 subject 7! human body1 w>1 a railway j\rney7 ab\t :i* he is to collect all ! words & expressions :i* he c rememb]--or :i* occurr$ 9 ! la/ n>rative read--& he may also arrange !m 9 v>i\s subdivisions4 ,?is c be/ be done 9 ! =m ( a writt5 ex]cise4 ,! pupils may also be set to sep>ate a complex ev5t or s]ies ( actions1 etc41 into its s+le compon5t p>ts4 ,= in/ance1 !y may describe ! process ( gett+ dress$ 9 all its details1 or ! way to s*ool 9 ! morn+4 ,! m detail$ ! pupils c make _! descriptions1 ! bett]2 !y ?us get use = a numb] n only ( sub/antives b especially ( v]bs 9 _! natural connection1 :i* !y see be=e !m 9 _! 8m9d's eye0--b ,i sc>cely ?9k t ,g\9's ideas#cg ought to be us$ = m ?an su* occasional s]ies4 ,advanc$ /ud5ts may also be in/ruct$ 9 a sy/ematic collect+ ( ! mo/ important synonyms4 ,ea* "o %\ld h a special note-book = ! purpose1 :]e a :ole page is giv5 to ea* gr\p ( synonyms :i* ! tea*] wants !m to treat2 on ?is page !y write d[n all ^? s5t5ces :]e !y come across ! ^w 9 "q4 ,n[ & !n ! tea*] & ! class toge!r may exam9e all ! s5t5ces :i* h be5 collect$ & try to e/abli% ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! synonyms on ! basis ( ! examples f\nd4 ,( especial value are ( c\rse ^? s5t5ces :]e sev]al synonyms occur directly aft] ea* o!r 7,h[ mu* ( hi/ory we h 9 ! /ory ( ,ar?ur is d\btful4 ,:at is n v ?rill+ z /ory may be ( pr(\nd int]e/ z hi/ory4 ,half a loaf is bett] ?an no bread4 ,a nice little loaf ( br[n bread74 ,x w also be ( int]e/ occasionally to draw up comp>ative tabul> li/s f diff]5t languages z = in/ance-- m5s* man homme mann man homme mann husb& m>i to :i* rem>ks may be add$ ab\t ! use ( human be+ & individu :5 indication ( sex is to be avoid$4 ,fur!rmore-- weib woman femme weib1 frau wife femme frau lady dame frau ,mrs4 madame dame lady dame baum tree arbre holz wood bois wald wood1 =e/ bois1 =t ,su* tables w d m ?an long explanations to illu/rate ! diff]5ces betwe5 ! languages1 & to %[ h[ (t5 words are ambigu\s & vague 9 mean+4 ,x is evid5t1 h[ev]1 t _m ( ! subtle & fanciful indications ( %ades ( mean+ f\nd 9 ! diction>ies ( synonyms are entirely beyond ! grasp ( ord9>y pupils4 ,dr4 ,walt]1 9 ,frankfurt1 has /ill ano!r way ( fur!r+ 8 pupils' famili>ity ) ! res\rces ( ! =eign language2 he dictates "s ( ! s5t5ces f :at has be5 read1 & lets ! pupils !mselves f9d z _m diff]5t ways z possible ( express+ ! same ?\ght4 ,i %all repr9t "o ( ! s5t5ces f 8 book1 toge!r ) ! pupils' v>iants 7m>k$ ) lett]s72 !y 7 writt5 d[n 9 ! c\rse ( #be m9utes3 8ohne vorausgegang5e bespre*ung0 79 ! second ye> ( in/ruction1 )1 s f> z ,i "k1 six h\rs a week72 z w be se51 ! v>iations are r consid]able4 ,! advantage ( ! ,engli% %ips lay n 9 bulk1 b 9 con/ruction4 a4 ,! ,engli% 7 ov]:elm+1 n by ! size ( ! %ips1 b _! p[] lay 9 ! con/ruction ( ! %ips4 b4 ,9 con/ruction1 n 9 bulk1 lay ! advantage ( ! ,engli% %ips4 c4 ,! ,engli% %ips 7 sup]ior to ! ,spani% n 9 bulk1 b 9 con/ruction4 d4 ,! advantage ( ! ,engli% fleet 7squadron7 consi/$ n 9 bulk1 b 9 con/ruction4 e4 ,! advantage ( ! ,engli% 0 ! light con/ruction ( _! %ips4 f4 ,! ,engli% _h n l>ge %ips1 b !y 7 bett] con/ruct$4 g4 ,! p[] ( ! vessels ( ! ,engli% 0 n caus$ by ! ext5t1 b by ! con/ruction ( ! %ips4 h4 ,! ,engli% m5-(-w> c\ld d v mu* aga9/ ! enemy1 because !y 7 well con/ruct$1 & n too l>ge4 i4 ,! ,engli% vessels 7 n l>ge1 b well con/ruct$4 k4 ,! advantage ( ! ,engli% m5-(-w> did n consi/ 9 size1 b 9 con/ruction4 l4 ,! advantage ( ! ,engli% m5-(-w> 0 to be f\nd 9 _! con/ruction4 ,i h myself1 9 tea*+ advanc$ pupils1 9 a simil> way1 let !m re-write a half a page or s ( a hi/orical "w4 ,x has always int]e/$ !m1 & ! comp>ison ( ! results1 :i* (t5 pres5t$ ! mo/ v>i$ expressions = ! same ?\ght1 0 always v in/ructive4 ,p>allel ) ! read+ ( a gramm> z a supplem5t to1 & a summ>y ( all ! grammatical k :i* has be5 ga9$ 9 ! ways sugge/$1 x might seem to be a good plan to g ?r\gh a sy/ematical collection ( ! lexical mat]ial--( c\rse n an ord9>y diction>y1 s9ce ! alphabetical arrangem5t is ab\t z unsy/ematical z possible1 b a s5sibly arrang$ vocabul>y1 some?+ 9 ! l9e ( ,roget's ,!saurus4 ,b x ought1 at any rate1 to be mu* small]1 & only include words & expressions :i* are actually necess>y2 ev5 !n1 h[ev]1 ! unavoidable dryness ( su* a book1 & ! abs5ce ( connection betwe5 ! s+le words1 w\ld make x unfit = use 9 tea*+1 ev5 if x 7 n to be employ$ 9 imp>t+ new mat]ial1 b only to recall words :i* h already be5 le>n$4 ,x w\ld be bett] wor? :ile = pupils1 :o h rea*$ a some:at advanc$ /age1 to g ?r\gh a little sy/ematic collection ( phrases1 especially ( su* turns ( expression z play a great "p 9 ord9>y daily int]c\rse1 b :i* are seldom met ) 9 lit]ature4 ,franke's ,phrases de t\s les j\rs is ! be/ specim5 ,i "k (--b ,i h x f ! v be/ s\rce t ?is little book 0 nev] int5d$ z a text-book = beg9n]s4 ,,footnotes3 #bh ,obwohl i* mi* seit g]aum] zeit mit d] !orie d] spra*5 bes*ftige1 hege i* no* heutzutage e9e abneigung geg5 die sy/ematis*5 spra*lehr54--,auf anlass des volapks4 ,b]l91 #ahhh1 p4 #ch4 #bi ,if ! text-book itself does n recomm5d c]ta9 ex]cises = ea* piece4 #cj ,on ! :ole tea*]s :o read connect$ pieces ) _! pupils 9 ! ?or\gh mann] :i* ,i h sugge/$1 w be surpris$ at ! /rong p[]s ( association produc$ by successiv5ess2 "o ^w always recalls ! :ole context 9 :i* x has be5 le>n$4 ,9 "o ( ! ex]cises giv5 by ,walt]1 pupil ,a m5tions "o ( ! words :i* ! class has _h & !n ! "n ( pupil ,b1 :o is !reupon expect$ to give ! :ole s5t5ce 9 :i* ! ^w occurs4 ,( c\rse ?is c be done n[ & !n by way ( recreation2 z a rule x is n necess>y4 ,?is new me?od ( always le>n+ & rememb]+ ! words 9 _! natural context may be comp>$ to ! newe/ me?ods 9 natural hi/ory tea*+1 accord+ to :i* ! pupils mu/ see ! animals & plants z !y are at home 9 _! natural surr\nd+s1 act$ ^u by !m & 9 turn act+ ^u !m4 #ca ,ea* ph5om5on :i* is tak5 up %\ld1 h[ev]1 be treat$ to ! end ) z mu* ?or\ghness z is possible at t /&po9t4 ,gramm> ought n to be tak5 up dur+ ! lesson m]ely z a matt] ( second>y importance1 subord9at$ to o!r ex]cises1 ^: object is to help ! pupils to und]/& ! text1 or to develop _! practical skill 9 ! language4 ,if ! tea*] does n want to devote a :ole h\r to ! gramm>1 he c at lea/ draw a %>p l9e betwe5 ^! ex]cises 9 !ory & ! o!r ex]cises4 ,"o ?+ at a "t1 & t done well6 #cb ,or :5 a p]iod is rea*$1 he may give all ! sub/antives :i* he has f\nd "o at a "t--! re/ z above4 ,! advantage ( ?is is t ! connexion is kept intact4 #cc ,dr4 ,sweet tries to ?r[ ridicule on my sugge/ion z to inv5tional gramm> 7,! ,practical ,/udy ( ,languages1 #ahii1 p4 #aae-aaf72 he seems to =get ! di/9ction betwe5 indep5d5t grammatical rese>* & tea*+ 9 s*ools2 & :5 he speaks ab\t ! boys hav+ to sort 8a hundr$weight or s ( slips10 ,i ?9k 8 exagg]ation ne$s no fur!r refutation ?an ! above /atem5ts1 :i* are no?+ b an amplification ( :at ,i wrote 9 #ahhf4 ,=tunately1 on p4 #aag1 ,dr4 ,sweet recomm5ds practically ! same c\rse z is outl9$ "h1 only c>ri$ out to a less ext5t4 #cd ,! ,fr5* sup]lative is a purely syntactical1 ! comp>ative1 a mix$ ph5om5on4 #ce ,i h treat$ accid5ce & syntax toge!r 9 my own little ,engli% gramm> 7,kortfattet engelsk grammatik = tale- og skriftsproget1 ,cop5hag51 #a/ edition #ahhe1 #d? ed4 #aijc74 #cf ,) ref]5ce to grammatical sy/ematization1 ,i may ref] to my prelim9>y rem>ks 9 ,progress 9 ,language 7,london1 ,sonn5s*e9 #hid71 p4 #ach ff4 #cg ,i am tempt$ "h to enl>ge ^u ,g\9's me?od ( tea*+ languages1 b ,i h nei!r ! space1 nor exactly ! desire1 to d s s9ce ,i h nev] se5 x c>ri$ out 9 practice4 ,i c ref] to ,r4 ,kron's 7c]ta9ly too en?usia/ic7 description 7,die neu]5 spra*51 ,,iii1 also publi%$ sep>ately71 & to ,brekke's 7= me absolutely conv9c+7 criticism3 8,indb]etn+ om en /ip5di]ejse til ,engl& = at /ud]e ,g\9s metode = und]visn+ i sprog0 7,qu\sque ,t&em ,no4 ,norske univ4 og skoleannal]1 #ahid74 ,x ,"h1 la/ b n lea/1 comes ! treatm5t ( ! pronunciation1 :i* = sev]al reasons ,i h n tak5 up fir/1 al?\gh ! que/ions :i* are "h to be discuss$ necess>ily play a "p already f ! v fir/ lesson 9 a =eign language4 ,i h n[ = _m ye>s advocat$ ! use ( phonetics--yes1 ev5 ( phonetical transcription1 9 ! tea*+ ( =eign languages1 & h to a l>ge ext5t put my !ories into practice bo? 9 deal+ ) *ildr5 ( all ages & ) gr[n p]sons4 ,new ?+s always fright5 p2 !y ?9k ) t]ror t "h ! pupils are to be burd5$ ) an entirely new & difficult sci5ce & ) a new k9d ( writ+2 we _h tr\ble en\gh ) ! old k9d1 !y say1 & n[ we are to be bo!r$ ) ?is new alphabet ) its b>b>\s lett]s6 ,e educator mu/ see h[ objectionable x is2 n[ we h le>n$ languages = s _m ye>s )\t su* mod]n inv5tions1 & ! old way ought to be good en\gh = u /ill4 ,t is ab\t ! run ( ! objections rais$4 ,?is ! answ]3 ,phonetics is a sci5ce1 to be sure1 &1 l all o!r sci5ces1 x is n )\t its difficult & moot$ po9ts4 ,yet ! fact t l>ge volumes c be writt5 ab\t botany does n fright5 u f tea*+ our *ildr5 "s botany4 ,9 ma!matics !re are _m ?+s :i* are beyond ! compreh5sion ( ord9>y s*ool-*ildr51 b yet !y h to le>n "s ma!matics4 ,phonetics is n a new /udy t we want to add to ! s*ool curriculum2 we only want to take z mu* ( ! sci5ce z w really be a positive help 9 le>n+ some?+ :i* has to be le>n$ anyway4 ,we mu/ rememb] :at sci5ce is1 & :at "p x plays4 ,( c\rse 9 our days e sci5ce collects m & m mat]ial & requires m & m specialization1 s t p>ts ( x become q inaccessible = all p]sons except ! speciali/s !mselves2 b ! :ole idea ( sci5ce is t x %all be unifi$ k 7,sp5c]71 a summ+ up ( all ! num]\s details ( reality "u l>ge1 compreh5sive po9ts ( view1 ! e/abli%+ ( great1 g5]al laws1 :i* apply to all s+le cases4 ,t is also :y sci5ce c be t]m$ 8konomie des d5k5s10 & t is :y sci5ce c sugge/ means ( facilitat+ ?\ght & ! acquirem5t ( k4 ,we want to h "s phonetics introduc$ into our s*ools1 because !ory has conv9c$ u1 & exp]im5t has prov$ to u1 t by means ( ?is sci5ce we c1 ) decid$ly great] c]ta9ty1 & 9 an ess5tially easi] way1 give an absolutely bett] pronunciation 9 a mu* %ort] space ( "t ?an w\ld be possible )\t phonetics4 ,& z = t hobgobl9 call$ phonetical transcription--well1 x is no 8new alphabet10 n ev5 z new z ! ,go?ic 7,g]man7 lett]s are1 & mu* less s ?an ! ,greek alphabet1 ) :i* ! pupils are burd5$ 7)\t _! be+ ( ! slighte/ use#ch71 to say no?+ ( ! new names = ! lett]s4 ,9 le>n+ ,greek ! pupils h to op]ate ) ?irty odd new symbols2 9 our phonetical transcription = s*ool use1 we d n ne$ m ?an f five to eight new symbols = ea* language2 o!rwise x consi/s ( ! ord9>y lett]s1 & e lett] 9 x reta9s "o ( its famili> values1 :i* is us$ consi/5tly ev]y:]e1 ! new symbols be+ mo/ly modifications ( ! kn[n lett]s2 rem9ds u ( s1 ( z1 & ( e1 ( n4 ,! :ole ?+ is no worse ?an t4 ,if y ref] to y\r exp]i5ce 9 opposition to ^! new ways ( tea*+1 y only invite ! answ]3 ,yes1 y\r exp]i5ce %[s h[ a poor pronunciation may be le>n$6 ,:y mu/ we le>n h[ to pron\nce ! =eign languages at all8 ,well1 9 ! fir/ place1 x mu/ be because !re is ! possibility t we may meet natives "s "t lat]4 ,o!rwise we might1 p]haps1 be satisfi$ ) read+ ! =eign words accord+ to ,engli% pr9ciples ( pronunciation1 ,fr5* pa9 l ,engli% 8pa910 ,w]!r z 8wor? h]10 etc4 ,i h kn[n old p>sons :o h taught !mselves ,engli% s z to be able to read novels1 & :o read ,engli% ) ,dani% v[els1 pron\nc$ ! k 9 knight1 etc4 ,= a sup]ficial 8gett+ ! gi/0 ( %ill+ %ock]s & p5ny dreadfuls1 ?is is suffici5t p]haps1 b ,i ma9ta9 t = a p5etrat+1 delicate compreh5sion ( real works ( lit]ature ?is mann] ( read+ is n en\gh4 ,language _c be sep>at$ f s\nd1 & t is ! sum ( ! matt]2 only he :o he>s ! =eign language )9 himself 9 exactly or approximately ! same way z a native he>s x c really appreciate & enjoy n only poetry1 :]e phonetic effects mu/ ne$s always play an important "p1 b also all ! high] =ms ( prose4 ,!n !re is ! mnemonic b5efit ( a correct pronunciation4 ,x helps ! pupil to keep =eign languages di/9ct f ea* o!r2 = in/ance1 he w nev] be misl$ to ?9k t jeune means 8pretty0 on acc\nt ( its resemblance to s*n1 & he w n be apt to confuse ,fr5* joli1 j\rne1 n\velle ) ,engli% jolly1 j\rney1 novel4 ,9 ! second place1 ,madvig is "r--& ?is applies to ! liv+ languages too--:5 he writes3 8,f9ally !re is sc>cely any d\bt t progress 9 ! dead languages w\ld become m rapid if1 s f> z possible1 = in/ance1 ?r\gh read+ & pron\nc+ di/9ctly & ?r\gh memoriz+ new expressions1 ! language came n only ?r\gh ! eye1 b m ?r\gh ! e> ?an x does 9 mo/ places n[40 ,our pronunciation accord+ to ! old s*ool is extremely poor1 inde$1 mu* m frightful ?an mo/ p imag9e4 ,x has among o!rs ^! two disadvantages1 t we d n und]/& ! natives1 & t we are n und]/ood by !m4 ,! v fir/ lesson 9 a =eign language ought to be devot$ to initiat+ ! pupils into ! _w ( s\nds2 if ! class has already _h su* an elem5t>y c\rse 9 s\nds1 ei!r 9 connection ) ! /udy ( _! "m tongue 7some?+ we ought to come to 9 ! c\rse ( "t at any rate71 or 9 connection ) ano!r =eign language1 x c ( c\rse be made brief]2 x is sc>cely safe to omit x entirely4 ,! conv]sation may be =m$ z simply z ! foll[+ "o1 :]e all sci5tific t]ms are avoid$2 n ev5 ! ^w 8organ0 is necess>y4 7,( c\rse ! answ]s w n always be z prompt & decid$ z "h1 & mu* w ne$ to be repeat$ sev]al times ) diff]5t pupils47 ,tea*]3 ,john1 c y say papa8 ,papa4--,h[ d y g ab\t x8 ,say x once m4--,papa4 ,fir/1 ,i op5 my m\?1 & !n ,i op5 x once aga94--,yes1 & 9 ! meantime y mu/1 ( c\rse1 h clos$ x4 ,look at me1 all ( y1 & see if ,i too g ab\t x 9 t way--,papa4 ,:at did ,i d1 ,william8--,fir/ y op5$ y\r m\?1 !n clos$ x1 !n op5$ x aga94--,:at did ,i close x )8--,) ! lips4--,n[1 :5 ,i say op1 ap1 ep1 :at d ,i d8--,close ! lips e "t1 & !n op5 !m aga94--,!n ,i d t e "t ,i say p4 ,rob]t1 c y f9d any o!r s\nds :]e ,i also close my lips8 ,no4--,try ! ^w mama4--,yes1 9 m4--,n[1 say baby & bib4--,also 9 b4--,good2 !n we h ?ree s\nds n[ :]e ! lips are clos$1 p1 b1 m4 ,let u write !m 9 a r[ on ! blackbo>d4 ,is x necess>y to close ! lips 9 all s\nds8--,no4--,:at is y\r "n8--,john ,gordon ,hunt]4--,all ( y look at him :ile he says x4 ,john ,gordon ,hunt]4--,did he close 8 lips at all8 ,no4--,!n all ! s\nds :i* are 9 ! :ole ( 8 "n mu/ be said ) o!r p>ts ( ! m\? ?an ! lips4 ,:at else h we t we use to speak )8--,! tongue4--,n[1 :5 we say n1 = in/ance1 ,john1 ,anna1 :at d we d8--,close ) ! tongue beh9d ! tee?4--,:at "p ( ! tongue8--,! po9t4--,n[ try t 9 atta4--,!re we also close ) ! po9t ( ! tongue beh9d ! tee?4 ,& d 9 adda4--,likewise4--,!n we use ! po9t ( ! tongue = t1 d1 n4 ,let u write !m d[n "u p1 b1 m4 ,n[ k 9 akka8--,look into my m\?4 ,:at d ,i d8--,y close ) ! tongue f>!r back 9 ! m\?4--,yes1 we call t ! back ( ! tongue4 ,h[>d1 look into ,edw>d's m\? :ile he says akka4 ,n[ g 9 agga 7! s\nd g1 ( c\rse1 n ! "n di ( ! lett]74 ,!n we c write !m d[n 9 a ?ird r[4 p1 b1 m 7 :at k9d ( s\nds8--,lip-s\nds4--,& t1 d1 n1 7 :at k9d8 ,po9t-(-!-tongue s\nds4--,& ! ?ird r[8--,back-(-!-tongue s\nds4--,yes1 we might also say simply po9t-s\nds & back-s\nds4 ,"h "s "o w ask3 ,:y are !re n ?ree !re8--,yes1 !re are ?ree s\nds !re too1 b we h no lett] = ! ?ird4 ,say t9k]1 & !n t9-kettle4 ,is !re no diff]5ce8 ,yes1 9 t9-kettle we h a pure n1 b n 9 t9k]2 "h we h ano!r s\nd be=e k4--,n[ try f+]4--,!re we h ! same be=e g4--,& 9 s+]8--,! same )\t a real g4--,look into my m\? :5 ,i say 7s7+] )\t s4 ,we c make a lett] = ?is new s\nd by writ+ an n1 ) ! la/ /roke l5g!n$ bel[ ! l9e & slightly curl$1 z 9 g3 4--,james1 come up "h & write d[n ! f\r words z !y s\nd1 mak+ use ( ! new lett]4--7,he writes fir/ t9-kettle74--,no1 d y he> m ?an "o t8 & c y he> any e aft] l8--,no4--,:at !n8 t9ketl4 7,x is n wor? :ile at ?is /age to require great] phonetical exactness ?an t9ketl1 tik]1 fig]1 sier1 pass+ ov] ! fact t ! f9al er 9 ! words does n really s\nd l e r74 ,y see1 if y 7 a ,fr5*man try+ to le>n ,engli%1 y w\ld n "k t n 9 t9-kettle & 9 ! o!r words 7 diff]5t s\nds1 & t ! e 0 sil5t1 & y w\ld pron\nce ! words incorrectly2 b if ! "o 7 writt5 t9ketl & ! o!r tik]1 x w\ld be mu* easi] = y to le>n h[ to pron\nce !m4 ,& !n take fr+e2 x looks z if x 7 simply f+] ) ! r 9 ano!r place1 & yet x is q a diff]5t s\nd1 s we see t ! two lett]s ng may /& = ?ree entirely diff]5t s\nds4 ,we also write knight1 & say 8nait02 we write busy & say 8bizi40 ,c y f9d any o!r words :i* we spell diff]5tly f ! way 9 :i* we pron\nce !m8 ,v>i\s examples are f\nd & analyz$4 ,:5 we write ! words exactly z !y s\nd1 we call x phonetical transcription4 ,n[1 9 ! beg9n+1 we %all write all ,fr5* words phonetically1 s t y c m easily le>n h[ to pron\nce !m4 ,b y saw 9 ! case ( t9k] t we occasionally ne$ a new symbol 9 ?is transcription1 :i* we d n use o!rwise4 ,y w le>n a few m ( !m 9 ! c\rse ( "t4444 ,!n we h se5 t 9 ord] to say diff]5t s\nds1 we c use ! lips & ! po9t ( ! tongue & ! back ( ! tongue4 ,is !re no?+ else t we ne$ to speak )8--,! nose8 ,yes1 t is all "r 9 a way1 b--c y move y\r nose8 ,look at my nose2 d ,i move x :5 ,i speak8--,no4--,b is x n possible to use x )\t mov+ x8 ,n[1 see if ,i use my nose :5 ,i say a v long drawn out4#ci ,n[1 ,i sudd5ly hold my nose ) two f+]s1 & press ! no/rils toge!r4 ,does t make ! s\nd diff]5t8--,no4--,b n[ ,i say m 9 ! same way m & p9* ! no/rils toge!r 9 ! same way4 ,did any?+ happ58--,yes1 !re 0 no s\nd4--,n[ y c try x y\rselves4 ,fir/ y1 ,george2 say a1 & !n ! boy next to y c sudd5ly p9* y\r nose toge!r ) two f+]s4 ,& !n say m1 & let ,fr$ p9* y\r nose aga94 ,c y say m :ile y\r no/rils are clos$8--,no1 at any rate ! s\nd soon disappe>s4 ,all ( y try x2 say a j z long z ,i d1 & p9* ! nose toge!r sev]al times ) y\r f+]s :5ev] y see me d x2 & n[ likewise ) m4 ,t is because ! air has to escape ?r\gh ! nose 9 ord] t ! s\nd m may be made4 ,x is ! s(t palate t y use 9 ord] to op5 ! inn] entrance to ! nose1 s t ! air c escape ?r\gh ! no/rils4 ,y c feel ! palate beh9d ! tee?1 !re x is h>d2 b if y pass y\r f+]s f>!r back1 y w soon feel t x becomes s(t & flexible4 ,see h[ x c g up & d[n 9 my m\?4 ,look 9 ! mirror#dj1 & see h[ y\r own palate is4 ,fir/ try brea?+ 9 & out sil5tly1 & !n say a2 !n y w see h[ y\r s(t palate sudd5ly jumps up2 t is because x has to close ! entrance to ! nose1 s t no air c get out t way4 ,b :5 y say m x rema9s hang+ d[n1 s t ! air c come out ?r\gh ! nose1 ! passage ?r\gh ! m\? be+ clos$ by ! lips4 ,at ?is po9t1 y might make a r\gh sket* on ! blackbo>d1 %[+ a cross-section ?r\gh ! m\?1 ) ! s(t palate 9 ! two positions4 ,9 produc+ n & 1 y h ! same position ( ! s(t palate z 9 ! case ( m4 ,try to p9* ! nose toge!r4 ,n[ we h se5 h[ we use ! nose & ! m\? :5 we speak1 b are !y ! only ?+s t are necess>y 9 speak+8 ,if ! pupils _c ?9k ( 8voice0 ( _! own accord1 ! tea*] may put !m on ! track by say+3 :5 someone speaks 7or s+s7 v well1 we say t he has a good444--,voice4--,:]e is ! voice8--,9 ! vocal *ords4--,& :]e are !y8--,9 ,adam's apple4--,"h x might be a good ?+ n to despise ! anecdote ab\t ! apple :i* /uck 9 ,adam's ?roat4 ,n[ we also call t ! l>ynx4 ,9 !re1 !re are two vocal *ords /ret*$ p>allel to ea* o!r1 & :5 !y vibrate a tone is produc$1 & t is :at we call voice4 ,x is j z :5 a /r+ ( a viol9 is br\ght into vibration & gives =? a tone2 or a bell or a w9e-glass1 :i* is made to quiv] viol5tly4 ,n[ d we always use ! voice :5 we speak8 ,y d n "k2 well1 !n we c exp]im5t4 ,:isp] a s5t5ce4 ,did ,i use my voice !n8--,no4--,n[ try fir/ to say an a q l\dly & =cibly 7or s+ x71 & take firm hold ( ,adam's apple ) y\r ?umb & =ef+]2 !n y w feel x quiv]4 ,h y nev] tri$ to t\* a piano ) y\r f+] tips :ile someone 0 play+ on x8 ,!n y w h felt ! same k9d ( delicate1 rapid1 quiv]+ movem5ts z y feel on t\*+ ! l>ynx :ile ! voice is 9 activity4 ,9 bo? cases y c feel ^? movem5ts ) y\r f+]s :i* y he> ) y\r e> z a tone4 ,b n[ :isp] an a & feel y\r l>ynx2 d y feel any?+8--,no1 !re are no vibrations4--,& try to say s by no means ! "n ( ! lett]1 es1 b ! hiss+ s\nd itself4 ,is !re voice 9 t8 ,d y feel any vibration8--,no4--,!n s is a voiceless s\nd1 b a is a voic$ s\nd4 ,n[1 try m n em6 ,is x voic$8 & n8 ,notice t y c s+ ! voic$ s\nds te/ sev]al ( !m1 b n ! voiceless s\nds4#da ,t f is voiceless1 & t v 7) /rong buzz+67 is voic$1 is easily discov]$4 ,9 ! same way1 we h = e voiceless s\nd a correspond+ voic$ s\nd4 ,say s1 & n[ produce ! correspond+ voic$ s\nd ) ! buzz+ elem5t4 ,!y are ! s\nds we h 9 s & zoo1 seal & zebra4 ,we h also a ?ird correspond+ pair & 2 is ! s\nd 9 %ill+1 %all1 etc42 is ! s\nd 9 measure1 pleasure1 etc4 ,!n we may write d[n3 f s voiceless v z voic$4 ,n[ pron\nce ea* s\nd 9 *orus z ,i po9t to ! lett]1 & cont9ue draw+ x out until ,i take ! *alk away f ! lett]4#db ,!reupon ! pupils may be te/$ s+ly1 ! tea*] skipp+ f "o s\nd to ! o!r4 ,ex]cises may also be giv5 ) ! consonants betwe5 two v[els3 afffa1 avvva1 asssa1 azzza2 afa1 ava1 asa1 aza4 ,n[ ! pupils h already _h a little c\rse 9 elem5t>y phonetics2 x int]e/s !m & conta9s no?+ t !y _c und]/&1 & no?+ t is n useful = !m4 ,nor does x ev] really fright5 ! *ildr52 b ! v ?\ght ( x has actually fright5$ a numb] ( old] tea*]s1 :o app>5tly live 9 holy t]ror ( trespass+ beyond ! l9es laid out = !m 9 _! *ildhood1 & :o unfail+ly ?9k t ev]y?+ new mu/ be j z useless1 dry & p$antical z mo/ ( :at !y le>n$ 9 _! own s*ooldays1 s !y are n incl9$ to h ! bo!r ( mak+ !mselves famili> ) any?+ new4#dc ,9 ! ,dani% orig9al ( ?is book1 ,i repr9t$ z a curiosity a description ( ! activity ( ! organs ( spee* 9 ! production ( spee*-s\nds1 :i* a boy #ad ye>s old1 :o _h nev] be5 told any?+ ab\t ! =mation ( s\nds1 _h writt5 all by himself1 )\t ! lea/ in/ruction or help ( any k9d 7:i* c easily be se51 among o!r ?+s1 f ! fact t he /icks to & analyzes ! names ( ! lett]s72 x %[s t ?is dread$ phonetical sci5ce is n s t]ribly f> beyond ! horizon ( ord9>y *ildr5 aft] all4 ,! *ildr5 always 8foll[0 ! tea*] s well 9 ^! phonetical ex]cises t x is r necess>y to put a damp] on _! eag]ness to try to produce ! s\nds ?an to spur !m on4 ,or1 9 o!r words1 ! tea*] has b to organize _! natural impulse to imitate ! s\nds by say+ to !m1 :5 !y beg9 to :i/le & hum3 8,y may say ! s\nds y\rselves directly1 j wait a mom5t10 & !reupon1 aft] ! explanation has be5 giv51 by all[+ !m ample opportunity to pron\nce ! s\nds1 bo? 9 *orus & s+ly4 ,!n1 bo? dur+ recess & at home1 !y w revel to _! he>ts' cont5t 9 ! new s\nds1 & ! :ole new & amus+ _w t has be5 op5$ to !m4 ,aft] ! introductory c\rse :i* ,i h j sket*$1#dd ,i imm$iately beg9 ) texts 9 ! =eign language4 ,if ! tea*] w at ?is po9t read "o or two pages al\d rapidly 7or give a little talk7 9 z *>act]i/ically a ,fr5* or ,g]man mann] z possible1 ?is is a v good way to give ! pupils a prelim9>y notion ( ! =eignness ( ! new language4 ,?is impression may be fur!r emphasiz$ by means ( a little trick :i* ,i may recomm5d4 ,! tea*] practises an ,engli% s5t5ce pron\nc$ z a ,fr5*man 7or ,g]man respectively7 w\ld pron\nce x1 ) ,fr5* v[els1 ,fr5* acc5t1 etc4 ,he may ref] to ?is s5t5ce n[ & !n 9 speak+ ( ! s+le s\nds1 & x w s]ve to w>n ! /ud5ts aga9/ ! k9d ( mi/akes t !y !mselves are to avoid4 ,!n ,i take up ! new s\nds 9 ! m accid5tal ord] 9 :i* !y occur 9 ! selection = read+2 ,i repeat e ^w1 toge!r ) its mean+1 write x d[n on ! blackbo>d 9 phonetical transcription1 & expla9 e symbol z x occurs1 at ! same "t articulat+ ! correspond+ s\nd isolat$ 7?is is ( great importance6 also ! consonants alone )\t any v[el1 ei!r be=e or aft]71 & draw+ x out v long4#de ,9 n a few cases1 ! pupils w be able to imitate ! s\nd ) suffici5t exactness1 :5 x has be5 produc$ isolat$2 at all ev5ts1 !y d x f> bett] ?an :5 !y only he> x among o!r s\nds4 ,b 9 _m o!r cases _! imitation is n successful1 or1 at lea/1 x is n sure en\gh to be q satisfactory2 !n x is necess>y to resort to phonetics = help1 on ! basis ( ! introductory c\rse4 ,( c\rse1 x is n easy = a ,dane to give detail$ directions = phonetical in/ruction1 z x is to be conduct$ :5 an ,engli% tea*] is tea*+ ,engli% *ildr5 ,fr5* or ,g]man4 ,!re=e1 ! foll[+ section is necess>ily %ort] ?an ! correspond+ section 9 ! ,dani% orig9al1 :]e ,i c\ld treat ! subject exhau/ively on ! basis ( my p]sonal exp]i5ce1 z to h[ good results are to be obta9$4 ,b "s few rem>ks may p]haps s]ve to po9t out ! "r way1 & any tea*] :o has ?or\ghly ma/]$ ! fir/ pr9ciples ( phonetics !oretically1 & especially practically1 w himself be able to supplem5t my sugge/ions4 ,9 ! v fir/ ,fr5* or ,g]man s5t5ce 9 ! read] w probably be f\nd "o ( ! s\nds y 7,fr4 sur1 ,g]4 b]71 or 7,fr4 veut1 ,g]4 hhe74 ,x is be/ = ^! two s\nds to be practis$ toge!r1 &1 9 ! beg9n+1 9 _! long =m4 ,z exp]i5ce %[s1 x is n suffici5t = ! tea*] m]ely to say ^! s\nds2 !y g5]ally cause ,engli% p mu* tr\ble1 & all imitations bas$ on ! diph?ong 9 ,eng4 few1 etc41 ought to be /rictly disc\nt5anc$ f ! v fir/ lesson4 ,t x is n impossible to le>n ! correct s\nds 0 br\ght home to me 9 a /rik+ mann] a few ye>s ago4 ,^! s\nds are also f\nd 9 ,dani%2 an ,engli% lady :o _h be5 9 ,d5m>k = "s ye>s _h n be5 able1 9 spite ( unceas+ ef=ts1 to le>n !m by imitation4 ,!n ,i made a bet t ,i c\ld tea* h] !m 9 less ?an t5 m9utes1 & ,i won ! bet ?r\gh five m9utes' !oretical explanation ( r\nd$ & unr\nd$ v[els1 & two m9utes' practical ex]cises4 ,! directions 7 ab\t z foll[s3 say u 7or uw7 9 too v l\dly1 & hold x z long z y c )\t tak+ brea?4 ,once m3 obs]ve 9 ! h&-mirror ! position ( ! lips4 ,!n say tea ti1 tij 9 ! same way2 draw ! v[el out until y c hold x no long]2 cont9ue all ! "t to obs]ve ! position ( ! lips 9 ! mirror4 ,n[ u aga92 !n i4 ,! lips are r\nd$ = "s v[els1 slit-%ap$ = o!rs4 ,try to p\t !m r m ?an y d usually4 ,pron\nce u a c\ple ( times ) ! lips z r\nd$ & close to ea* o!r z possible1 & conc5trate y\r att5tion on ! lips4 ,!n say i a c\ple ( times1 pay+ att5tion to ! position ( ! tongue2 y w feel t ! sides ( ! tongue t\* ! ro( ( ! m\? or ! tee?4 ,n[ look 9 ! mirror2 say i aga91 & n[ sudd5ly1 tak+ c>e to keep ! tongue 9 ! same position1 let y\r lips take ! r\nd$1 p\t$ position !y _h be=e4 ,x may be t ! pupil is /ill unable to produce any y1 because1 despite ! tea*]'s w>n+1 he involunt>ily %ifts 8 tongue-position back aga9 to ! famili> u position4 ,9 t case1 h[ev]1 ! tea*] mu/ n be disc\rag$1 b pass on to ! second "p ( ! exp]im5t1 :i* is sur]1 & :i* might !re=e h be5 tak5 fir/3 place y\r lips 9 ?is p\t$ u position1 )\t produc+ any s\nd1 look 9 ! mirror1 & be v c>eful t ! position ( ! lips rema9s un*ang$1 & !n try to say i4 ,if ! tongue is plac$ 9 ! correct i-position1 ! result _c be any?+ b an y4 ,?is s\nd is reta9$ & repeat$ until ! pupil is p]fectly sure ( bo? ! articulation & ac\/ic effect4 ,!n ! s\nd may be tak5 up4 ,x may be produc$ ) y z a />t+-po9t1 ! l[] jaw be+ l[]$ s t bo? ! und]lip & ! tongue foll[ x1 :ile ! tea*] takes c>e to /op ! d[nw>d movem5t 9 ! "r place4 ,! result may be controll$ by />t+ ) e & r\nd+ ! lips1 t is1 by go+ ?r\gh a process correspond+ to ! transition f i to y4 ,"o ( ! mo/ unbecom+ mi/akes :i* ,engli%m5 make 9 _! pronunciation ( =eign languages is _! diph?ongiz+ ( long v[els1 s9ce long v[els1#df 9 ord9>y ,engli%1 are pron\nc$ ) an upw>d glide1 s t ! jaw & ! tongue are rais$ high] 9 ! la/ "p ( ! v[els 9 see1 two1 hay1 "k1 = in/ance1 ?an 9 ! fir/ "p4 ,9 vulg> ,london pronunciation1 ?is ,engli% peculi>ity is c>ri$ fur!r1 ! beg9n+ ( ! s\nd be+ l[]$1 at all ev5ts 9 ! la/ two s\nds m5tion$1 s t lace s\nds l lice1 & pay l pie4 ,b ev5 if ! be/ pronunciation does n g to ?is extreme1 yet ! glide is !re1 & ?is glide is = ! native ,fr5*man or ,g]man "o ( ! mo/ /rik+ faults 9 ! ,engli%man's pronunciation ( ! respective languages1 s ! ,engli%man _h be/ be on 8 gu>d 9 ?is p>ticul>4 ,if ! tea*]1 aft] a little !oretical explanation1 says ! ,engli% ei & ! ,g]man e alt]nately a numb] ( times1 ev5 ! dulle/ pupils _c help b get _! e>s tra9$ to detect ?is diff]5ce1 b long & pati5t tra9+ is c]ta9ly necess>y1 bo? ) ! class 9 *orus & ) ! pupils s+ly1 be=e ?is deeply root$ t5d5cy to diph?ongize c be *eck$4 ,ano!r difficulty is met ) 9 ! %ort 7n>r[7 v[els4 ,fr5* t mu/ be pron\nc$ ) two %ort clos$ e's2 ,engli%m5 h a t5d5cy to pron\nce two long or half-long glide-s\nds1 :i* beg9 ) a great] di/ance betwe5 ! jaws ?an !y ought to1 & close ) a small] di/ance betwe5 ! jaws ?an ! g5u9e ,fr5* s\nds h4 ,anyone :o has become accu/om$ to ! undiph?ongiz$ long e1 h[ev]1 c use ?is z a />t+-po9t = le>n+ ! correct %ort s\nd1 ! be/ way be+ ! frequ5t repetition ( ttt ,likewise ! %ort s\nds 9 f9i1 dodo1 fr\fr\1 etc4 ,nor d ! ,fr5* nasal v[els occur 9 ,engli%2 9 phonetical transcription1 !y are indicat$ by means ( ov] ! v[el-symbol1 = in/ance 9 son1 etc4 ,"h ! tea*] mu/ imm$iately make e ef=t to *eck ! t5d5cy to say z 9 ,eng4 long1 & my exp]i5ce ) ,dani% pupils has be5 t x is n suffici5t = ?is purpose m]ely to let ! pupils repeat ! s\nd aft] me4 ,x is necess>y to make x p]fectly cle> to !m :]e9 ! diff]5ce consi/s4 ,fir/ ! tea*] draws out 8 & e/abli%es 7by means ( que/ions7 t x is only "o s\nd1 ! same f fir/ to la/4 ,!n "o ( ! pupils is to try to draw out ! s\nd 1 & x ?us becomes cle> t x is only ! la/ ( ! two s\nds t is prolong$4 ,on ! basis ( :at has be5 previ\sly le>n$ 7p4 #adi71 ! tea*] %[s ! diff]5ce ( effect caus$ 9 clos+ ! no/rils ) ! f+]s1 & expla9s t x is due to ! fact t 9 we h fir/ a s\nd :]e ! air escapes only ?r\gh ! m\?1 !n ano!r s\nd :]e ! air only passes out ?r\gh ! nose2 b 9 1 bo? passages are op5 at ! same "t4 ,if a p5cil is laid 9 ! m\? s t x re/s on ! tongue 7tol]ably f> back71 x w rema9 ly+ quietly :5 is pron\nc$1 b n 9 ! case ( 4 ,9 connection ) 1 ! pupils may practise ! s\nd 9 tant1 or1 m correctly1 1 ! s\nd 9 te9t & ! r\nd$ s\nd 9 1 un4 ,! s\nd 9 tu] te1 lui li is easily le>n$ ) suffici5t exactness z a y :i* is quickly pass$ ov] s t ! ma9 /ress is all[$ to fall on ! foll[+ s\nd1 ! relation betwe5 w & u be+ br\ght 9 by way ( comp>ison4 ,) respect to ! consonants1 c>e mu/ be tak5 to pron\nce t1 d1 n 9 su* a way t ! po9t ( ! tongue t\*es ! upp] tee?2 x mu/1 at all ev5ts1 n be held z f> back z 9 ,engli%2 ! same applies to l1 :]e ?is diff]5ce is /ill m important2 ! holl[ s\nd ( ! ,engli% l is also to be avoid$ by keep+ ! :ole tongue m flat & n holl[+ x out l a spoon4 ,! voiceless s\nds r & l 9 fntr f5tre & tabl table c easily be d$uc$ f :at has be5 le>n$ ab\t ! voice 7p4 #aej-aea72 x is necess>y to gu>d aga9/ mak+ r into ! v[el f\nd at ! end ( ,engli% words l mi/]1 etc4 ,! pupils w easily und]/& t ) ! correct unvoic$ pronunciation1 ^! s\nds are apt to disappe> 9 rapid spee*4 ,f9ally we take up ! s\nd 9 kpa campagne2 x is expla9$ z ly+ betwe5 nj & 2 x is be/ pron\nc$ ) ! po9t ( ! tongue re/+ 9 ! l[] "p ( ! m\? beh9d ! l[] tee?1 b 9 us+ ! ^w 8be/0 ,i int5d to h9t t x is n /rictly necess>y to require ?is me?od ( =mation2 !re are also ,fr5*m5 :o 7at all ev5ts be=e a v[el7 pron\nce x l ,engli% nj 9 onion4 ,) respect to p1 t1 k1 x is well kn[n t 9 ,fr5* !y h n ! aspiration t !y h 9 ,engli%2 s9ce ! diff]5ce is n s great1 h[ev]1 ! ,engli% s\nds may p]haps be us$ un*ang$ 9 ! beg9n+4 ,!n if "o ( ! pupils notices ! diff]5ce1 :i* he p]haps w express by say+ t ! tea*] pron\nces b :5 !re /&s p 9 ! book1 or possibly by m]ely try+ to imitate ! tea*]'s s\nd by means ( 8 own ,engli% b1 8 att5tion may be call$ to ! little brea? :i* !re always is betwe5 ! op5+ ( ! ,engli% p & ! v[el itself2 ?is is n f\nd 9 ,fr5*1 :]e ! v[el aft] p1 t1 k comes exactly at ! same mom5t z ! op5+ takes place 7ei!r by ! lips or ! tongue71 & !re=e !y s\nd to u l b1 d1 g 7capita9e z if x 7 gabidn74 ,try a p )\t a v[el aft] x1 fir/ ) a /rong brea? 7some:at l :5 y pooh-pooh some?+1 b )\t any voice71 !n )\t any brea? l a man puff+ at 8 pipe 7ab\t ! same s\nd z :5 soap bubbles bur/72 & !n try to place a v[el aft] x#dg2 x mu/ come imm$iately1 j z quickly z ! movem5ts ( a soldi] aft] ! drill-ma/]'s comm&4 ,!n t & k may be tak5 up 9 ! same mann]4 ,! ,fr5* division into syllables 7il a i la1 *aque coli] a ke k lje1 etc47 is be/ le>n$ by pure imitation1 likewise ! di/ribution ( /ress 7acc5t72 by recit+ or read+ connect$ly to ! pupils & by always requir+ !m to say ! :ole s5t5ce toge!r )\t any pause1 ! tea*] c c\nt]act _! t5d5cy to pron\nce ea* ^w sep>ately 9 t monotone :i* is intol]able4 ,?us il a t ici is said all toge!r 9 "o ) ! v[els glid+ ov] into ea* o!r1 a s\nd+ some:at simil> to ai 9 lie1 & i to ei 9 lay4 ,g]man s\nds are some:at easi] = ,engli%m5 ?an ,fr5* s\nds1 b yet !re are sev]al po9ts to be notic$4 ,9 ! case ( "s s\nds1 any skill$ tea*] w be able to foll[ ! sugge/ions giv5 = ,fr5*1 mutatis mut&is2 9 ! case ( o!rs1 l ! two *- s\nds1 he mu/ 9 an analog\s mann] adapt 8 !oretical k 9 phonetics to ! practical ne$s ( tea*+4 ,"s p h f\nd x inconsi/5t t ,i h no p>tiality = didactic !oriz+ 9 que/ions ( gramm>1 b myself employ !oretical explanations 9 que/ions ( phonetics4 ,! explanation is n f> to seek4 ,!oretical gramm>1 z x is g5]ally /udi$1 is m ab/ract1 x is difficult1 x is v compreh5sive1 & /ill x does n lead to ! desir$ goal1 :i* is grammatical correctness2 ! !ory ( s\nd :i* we want introduc$ is m concrete & x is easy1 x is m limit$1 & x actually leads to ! desir$ goal1 :i* is a good pronunciation4 ,?is la/ ass]tion is prov$ by ! exp]i5ces ( num]\s tea*]s 9 v>i\s l&s4 ,( late ye>s1 x has become m & m usual 9 s*ools to use a s\nd-*>t 9 connection ) ! in/ruction 9 languages4 ,on ?is *>t1 all ! s\nds ( ! language :i* is be+ /udi$ are arrang$ 9 sy/ematic ord]1 & are indicat$ ) su* l>ge lett]s t !y c be se5 by ! :ole class2 v>i\s f9esses are (t5 us$1 z = in/ance to give ! voic$ & voiceless s\nds diff]5t col\rs4#dh ,i myself h n us$ ?is contrivance1 b ,i h he>d f sev]al =eign tea*]s1 & n[ f a c\ple ( ,dani% tea*]s too1 t !y are v well satisfi$ ) x4 ,! tea*] po9ts to a lett] & gets ei!r ! :ole class or "o ( ! pupils to say ! correspond+ s\nd2 or ! tea*] may let ,a m5tion "s s\nd or o!r1 & ,b1 :o is /&+ at ! blackbo>d1 %[s t he has caught x by repeat+ x & at ! same "t po9t+ at ! symbol2 or if ,c makes a mi/ake 9 ! pronunciation ( a ^w :i* he is read+ 7or say+7 ,d is to po9t1 fir/ to ! symbol = ! wrong s\nd1 & !n to ! "r "o1 etc4 ,9 ?is way1 mu* writ+ on ! blackbo>d1 :i* w\ld o!rwise be necess>y1 is sav$2 & besides1 x may be ( great b5efit = ! pupils always to h all ! s\nds 9 a connect$ sy/em be=e _! eyes 7ev5 if ! tea*] ( c\rse nev] int5ds to exam9e !m 9 ! :ole phonetical sy/em ( ! language z su*74 ,! elem5ts ( phonetical transcription are le>n$1 z we h se51 toge!r ) ! correspond+ s\nds !mselves4 ,n[ :at is ! use ( ! phonetical transcription itself8 ,x seems to be commonly suppos$ t its vot>ies claim by its help to h 8giv5 ! pupils a bett] compreh5sion ( ! s+le s\nds & to h taught !m m easily to produce !m20 its oppon5ts attack ?is ass]tion & /rike x d[n ) true ,quixotic zeal )\t /opp+ to ?9k t x has nev] be5 set up by ! advocates ( phonetical transcription at all4 ,^! advocates !mselves "k z well z anyone :at is b natural1 namely1 t a boy does n ( 8 own accord pron\nce a ,fr5* nasal correctly m]ely because he has be5 %[n ! symbol 4 ,! pronunciation ( ! s+le s\nds mu/ be le>n$ 9 o!r ways1 z has be5 %[n above1 & = t purpose alone1 all writ+ c\ld v well be entirely disp5s$ ) )\t result+ 9 any ess5tial *ange 9 ! "* ( ! in/ruction4 ,:51 h[ev]1 we use phonetical transcription already at ! fir/ /age1 x is p>tly on acc\nt ( ! excell5t help :i* x w af=d lat] = q a diff]5t purpose1 :i* ,i %all come to imm$iately1 p>tly because x really is ( "s help 9 ! tea*+ ( ! s\nd-=mation prop]4 ,x saves ! tea*] a great deal ( repetition1 s9ce in/ead ( always say+ ! s\nd himself1 he c po9t to ! symbol & get "o ( ! clev] pupils to say x = ! o!rs2 x makes ! pupils see m cle>ly h[ _m diff]5t s\nds !re are = !m to pay att5tion to 7:ile 9 exclusively oral in/ruction1 p]haps "o pupil w be incl9$ to he> & z "o s\nd1 ano!r pupil1 & z "o s\nd72 f9ally1 ! homog5e\sness ( ! symbols w help ! pupils m easily to compreh5d ! nature ( ! s\nds !mselves2 :5 !y h le>n$ to pron\nce 1 !y w get ! run ( all ! o!r nasal v[els m quickly :5 !y see ! same fl\ri% ov] !m all2 ! d\ble p>allelism 9 ! f\r symbols s z w aid !m 9 le>n+ ! correspond+ relations betwe5 ! s\nds !mselves4 ,h[ev]1 9 ord] to und]/& ! greate/ & ! prop] value ( phonetical transcription1 x is necess>y to h well 9 m9d ! fact t !re are two ess5tially diff]5t k9ds ( mi/akes 9 pronunciation-- ,a4 ,mi/akes 9 ! =mation ( ! s\nds1 & ,b4 ,mi/akes 9 ! employm5t ( ! s\nds4 ,we h mi/akes belong+ to ,class ,a1 = in/ance1 :5 ,engli%m5 use ! ng comb9ation 9 place ( ! ,fr5* nasals1 or :5 !y diph?ongize ! ,fr5* long1 pure v[els1 :5 !y pron\nce or k in/ead ( ,g]man *1 or z or s = ,g]man z ts1 1 z 9 cur1 in/ead ( r 9 ,fr5* cur1 :5 !y pron\nce ,fr5* d l ! ,engli% due1 etc4 ,mi/akes belong+ to ,class ,b arise if y pron\nce ,fr5* g5t l gant1 peut l put1 or vice v]s eut l 1 ,g]man frass or fuss ) a %ort1 or nass or nuss ) a long v[el1 bis*5 ) 1 etc4 ,bo? k9ds ( mi/akes may occur 9 ! same ^w1 z :5 ,mn*5 is pron\nc$ m9kn or mjukn in/ead ( mynen4 ,! mi/akes belong+ to class ,a are n due to ! or?ography2 ^? mi/akes we c also make 9 languages ^: spell+ corresponds to ! pronunciation2 !y are l>gely due to our native habits ( articulation1 & !y are to be c\nt]act$ by means ( ! phonetical tra9+ :i* has be5 describ$ above4 ,if ! =eign s\nds h once be5 well le>n$ 9 ! introductory c\rse1 ?is k9d ( mi/akes c only occur ?r\gh c>elessness or ?r\gh ! lack ( cont9u$ practice4 ,mi/akes 9 ! employm5t ( ! s\nds 7class ,b7 h[ev]1 are z a rule due to disagreem5t betwe5 ! pronunciation & ! or?ography ( ea* language2 !y are n caus$ by our native habits ( articulation1 & ev5 ^? t h le>n$ all ! =eign s\nds p]fectly 7inde$ ev5 ! natives !mselves7 are liable to make !m 9 e new ^w :i* !y see writt51 b h nev] he>d4 ,x is ?is la/ k9d ( mi/ake t phonetical transcription helps u to avoid1 x protects u aga9/ ! mi/akes :i* ! diff]5t national or?ographies actually s$uce u to make4 ,phonetical transcription is necess>y 9 ! tea*+ ( all languages1 b ( c\rse1 x may deviate f ! ord9>y or?ography 9 great] or less degree 9 ! diff]5t languages4 ,9 ,f9ni% & ,spani%1 ! or?ography is s ne>ly phonetical t only relatively few *anges are necess>y 9 ord] to indicate ! pronunciation2 9 ,italian1 almo/ all t is ne$$ is to indicate if e & o are op5 or clos$1 if s & z are voic$ z1 dz or voiceless s1 ts1 & :i* s+le consonants are to be pron\nc$ d\ble 7long74 ,9 ,g]man1 ! or?ography is already mu* m caprici\s1 b 9 languages l ,fr5*1 ,dani%1 & ,engli%1 ! numb] ( conflict+ rules ) all _! exceptions is s great t ! phonetical transcription necess>ily has q a diff]5t appe>ance f ! traditional spell+4 ,max ,mll] once said t ! ,engli% or?ography is a national mis=tune1 & ,vitor has improv$ ^u ?is obs]vation by decl>+ t x is an int]national mis=tune1 s9ce x is n only ,engli%m5 b also all educat$ p]sons 9 o!r l&s :o h to be bo!r$ ) x4 ,n[1 by means ( phonetical transcription ! words ( ! =eign language are pres5t$ to u 9 a k9d ( normal or ideal or?ography1 :]e e lett] always signifies ! same s\nd1 & e s\nd is always indicat$ 9 ! same mann]4 ,"s p]sons urge ! objection aga9/ ! use ( phonetical transcription t x c nev] be made s p]fect t x c %[ all ! %ades ( intonation1 etc41 9 ! spok5 language1 s t x _c take ! place ( a tea*]'s oral in/ruction4 ,b we h nev] ma9ta9$ t x c\ld2 aside f private /udy )\t a tea*]1 :i* mu/ ne$s always be m or less imp]fect1 we h always emphasiz$ ! exce$+ly great importance ( ! tea*] pron\nc+ ! words = ! pupils1 & we h n recomm5d$ phonetical transcription z some?+ to replace1 b z some?+ to support1 ! tea*]'s oral in/ruction 9 pronunciation4 ,ev5 if x misses "s ( ! v f9e/ %ades1 x may /ill be ( b5efit1 j z a table ( log>i?ms c be v useful ev5 if ! numb]s are n c>ri$ out f>!r ?an to ! f\r? decimal place4 ,o!r oppon5ts aga9 h exactly ! rev]se objection to make1 t our sy/em ( s\nd-symbols is too delicately detail$ = s*ool use4 ,ev5 if _m p only say ?is because !y confuse ! phonetical transcription :i* is us$ 9 sci5tific works ) ! f> simpl] transcription :i* we want to introduce = s*ool use1 & :i* is by no means beyond ! p[]s ( compreh5sion ( an ord9>y pupil1 /ill we h an answ] "r at h&4 ,we are aim+ at 7& atta9+7 great] exactness ?an our pr$ecessors c>$ =1 b ?is is v necess>y too1 = ! old s*ool pronunciation 0 too un9telligible to ! native4 ,besides1 our sy/em is con/ruct$ on su* simple pr9ciples1 t we atta9 to a high] degree ( exactness ) less tr\ble ?an y d ) f> m difficult means4 ,:5 ma!maticians began to designate ! value ( 9 decimal =m 7#cadaf7 in/ead ( ! fractional =m #bb_/g1 !y n only atta9$ great] exactness b also great] ease 9 us+ ! quantity 9 long calculations1 s9ce ! decimal is easi] to h&le ?an ! fraction4 ,our phonetical transcription may pride itself on exactly correspond+ advantages4 ,x has already be5 tri$ 9 _m old read]s 7to say no?+ ( ! diction>ies7 to c\nt]act ! injuri\s influ5ce ( ! or?ography on ! pronunciation by means ( diff]5t sy/ems ( designat+ ! pronunciation1 su* z numb]s ov] ! v[els1 /rokes d5ot+ l5g? & curves d5ot+ %ortness1 italiciz+ ( ! s's :i* ought to be voic$1 or 9 o!r places italiciz+ ( ! sil5t lett]s1 dots & fl\ri%es above & "u ! lett]s4 ,all su* sy/ems1 j because !y try to deviate z little z possible f ! or?ography1 necess>ily adopt a numb] ( its caprices & ?us become too complicat$ to be ( any real b5efit to ! pupils4 ,b ! phoneticians1 by />t+ out f rational pr9ciples1 h succe$$ 9 creat+ sy/ems ( phonetical transcription :i* really meet all reasonable dem&s 9 ! way ( exactness & simplicity4#di ,t !y really are simple & easy to le>n has be5 prov$ to me m ?an once 9 /rik+ ways2 9 sev]al s*ools :]e my books are us$ b :]e ! tea*] has be5 afraid ( ! phonetical transcription1 ! *ildr5 h resort$ to x ( _! own accord1 :5 !y came to a ^w t !y did n "k h[ to pron\nce2 sev]al p>5ts h also told me t !y h famili>iz$ !mselves ) ! phonetical transcription 9 ! books :i* _! *ildr5 us$ & !y did n f9d x at all difficult4 ,p]haps x is wor? :ile "h to consid] ! f\r ways 9 :i* x is possible to communicate ! mat]ial ( a =eign language to pupils4 ,ei!r 7#a7 ! tea*] may n let !m use any writ+ at all1 b give !m ev]y?+ orally2 or 7#b7 he may give !m ! or?ography alone2 or 7#c7 he may give !m or?ography & phonetical transcription toge!r2 or f9ally 7#d7 he may give !m phonetical transcription alone4 7#a7 ,! fir/ way obvi\sly has ! advantage t !re is no s\nd-symbol :atev] to confuse ! cle> appreh5sion ( ! pupils2 x resembles ! mann] 9 :i* a *ild le>ns its "m tongue4 ,x w also be ! m 9 place ! m ! in/ruction c be br\ght to resemble ! way 9 :i* a *ild fir/ acquires language1 t is1 :]e !re is only "o pupil1 or at lea/ v few2 :]e ! pupil 7pupils7 is 7are7 n v old1 & especially n yet q famili> ) ! secrets ( writ+2 :]e ! tea*] is a native2 & above all1 :]e !re is ample "t4 ,= we mu/ n %ut our eyes to ! fact t ?is exclusively oral in/ruction 9 languages takes exce$+ly mu* "t2 mu* repetition is necess>y1 & ! tea*] has to h great pati5ce4 ,9 s*ools x is only possible to h purely oral in/ruction z a %ort prelim9>y c\rse ( a c\ple ( mon?s at ! mo/1 be=e pass+ ov] to ! use ( writ+ 9 "s =m or o!r4 ,walt]1 :o has tri$ bo?1 is emphatically ( ! op9ion t 9 class in/ruction phonetical transcription is mu* to be pref]r$ to purely oral in/ruction1 because ! latt] wa/es an enorm\s am\nt ( "t1 & ! tea*] _c feel ne>ly s sure t ! :ole class is able to foll[4 7#b7 ,! pupils are imm$iately all[$ to see ! traditional or?ography1 & ! tea*] gives !m ! pronunciation orally4 ,! et]nal repetition & ! pa9ful small corrections :i* ?is me?od craves make ! lessons bo!rsome = bo? ! tea*] & ! pupils1 :o almo/ always become slov5ly out ( %e] disc\ragem5t ov] ! prodigi\s task be=e !m4 ,( c\rse !re are "s rules = ! relations betwe5 or?ography & pronunciation1 b un=tunately !re are s few )\t exceptions t c]ta9ty _c be atta9$ by _! means4 7#c7 ,! pupils are taught ! traditional spell+ f ! v beg9n+1 b at ! same "t !y are giv5 an antidote 9 ! %ape ( phonetical transcription1 ei!r 9 ! =m t e new ^w is phonetically transcrib$ 9 ! gloss>y1 or t 79 addition7 ! read+ selections !mselves are transcrib$4 ,to be sure ! advantages ( phonetical transcription are made use ( by ?is me?od2 sev]al tea*]s h express$ _! satisfaction at ! results ?us obta9$1 & ,i h no d\bt t !y are bett] ?an :5 phonetical transcription is disp5s$ )4 ,h[ev]1 ,i am conv9c$ t by ?is me?od x is difficult sometimes to prev5t ! less intellig5t pupils f confus+ ! two sy/ems ( spell+1 s t !y nei!r le>n ! pronunciation nor ! or?ography v well4 7#d7 ,!re=e ,i h always 7l ! majority ( ! advocates ( phonetical transcription7 pref]r$ to let beg9n]s be employ$ only ) phonetical transcription = "s "t1 s t !y may become q famili> n only ) ! sy/em ( s\nd-symbols1 b also ) a good deal ( ! mat]ial ( ! language be=e !y pass on to see+ ! words 9 _! or?ographical %ape too4 ,! pr9ciple to be foll[$ "h is t ( n all[+ ! difficulties to pile up1 b ov]com+ !m "o by "o4 ,:5 ! pupils "k ! symbols aft] ! fir/ few lessons1 x causes !m no difficulty :atev] to read ! texts2 ^! !mselves 7toge!r ) ! mean+ ( ! words1 ! grammatical =ms1 etc47 are !re=e f> m easy to le>n ?an if ! caprices ( ! or?ography _h to be ma/]$ at ! same "t4 ,= ?is me?od1 connect$ texts 9 phonetical transcription are ( c\rse necess>y1 b su* texts are also to be recomm5d$ to ^? :o foll[ me?od ,no4 #c1 s9ce !re are _m po9ts ( pronunciation :i* _c come up at all 9 ! transcriptions ( ! s+le words 9 ! gloss>y1 su* po9ts z appe> only 9 comb9ations ( words1 9 connect$ disc\rse4 ,!re is1 = in/ance1 ,fr5* 9 le1 de1 dem&e1 dev5ir1 quatre1 etc41 etc41 :i* is sometimes pron\nc$ & sometimes omitt$1 accord+ to ! numb] ( consonants com+ imm$iately be=e or aft] ! 3 dev5ir advnir1 p\r dev5ir purdvnir1 etc42 !re is ! v>y+ treatm5t ( ! ,engli% r2 !re are d\ble =ms due to ! influ5ce ( s5t5ce-/ress1 su* z kn & kn 7 c71 & _m o!r ph5om5a ( t k9d1 :i* x is really necess>y to pay att5tion to1 s9ce no s5t5ce c be pron\nc$ naturally )\t consid]ation = ^! po9ts1 & s9ce we _c und]/& ! natives )\t be+ famili> ) !m#ej--;= we _c require ! ,fr5* to make _! language /iff & d viol5ce to all _! natural habits ( spee* to suit u4 ,only by us+ connect$ texts 9 phonetical transcription c ! tea*] require ! pupils f ! v beg9n+ to read ! =eign language connect$ly1 intellig5tly1 & ) "s expression4 ,9 conv]sations on ! subject1 ,i h s (t5 _h to answ] ! "q z to :e!r ,i also want ! pupils to le>n to write phonetical transcription1 t ,i mu/ devote a few l9es to t "q "h too4 ,( c\rse !y mu/ write phonetical transcription1 b le>n x--well1 t is sc>cely necess>y1 = x w n entail ! lea/ bit ( extra "w or tr\ble = !m4 ,!y le>n ! symbols1 & :5 !y "k !m !y c write any ^w :atev] 9 phonetical transcription1 if !y only "k h[ to pron\nce x2 ?is is a ?+ :i* foll[s ( its own accord f ! v nature ( phonetical transcription4 ,dictation1 9 :i* ! pupils are to write 9 phonetical transcription :at ! tea*] says to !m1 presupposes only a correct appreh5sion ( ! s\nds1 & is a v good te/ z to :e!r !y h he>d accurately 7cf4 p4 #ie74 ,h[ long is a tea*] to cont9ue to use exclusively phonetical transcription8 ,t is "o ( ! mo/ difficult que/ions1 & ,i _c v5ture to give a decid$ answ]4 ,! answ] w surely always dep5d p>tly ^u ! age & maturity ( ! pupils & ^u h[ mu* "t c be sp5t ^u ! language on ! :ole4 ,i myself h ev5 d>$ to g s f> t 9 tea*+ a class 9 ,engli%1 :5 ,i only _h two h\rs a week = two ye>s be=e ! f9al exam9ation1 ,i sp5t ! :ole ( ! fir/ ye> on phonetical transcription 7,sweet's ,elem5t>bu*71 & ,i did n regret x4 ,9 ,fr5* 9 ! l[] classes1 ,i once at lea/ us$ phonetical transcription m ?an a ye>1 & ! only difficulty arose :5 "s boys came 9 9 ! c\rse ( ! ye> f o!r s*ools4 ,at o!r times1 aga91 ,i h made ! c\rse 9 phonetical transcription %ort]1 & on ! :ole ,i h exp]im5t$ 9 v>i\s ways )\t com+ to any c]ta9 result--except ?is3 cont9ue ) phonetical transcription z long z possible4 ,= !re is relatively s mu* m ( ! language itself le>n$ 9 ?is way1 t ,i h n ! slighte/ d\bt t ! pupil :o1 ) ! same numb] ( lessons a week1 & at ! same age1 has read phonetical transcription = two ye>s & or?ography = half a ye> kn[s m ( ! language 7n only ( ! pronunciation67 ?an ! pupil :o has us$ phonetical transcription = half a ye> & !reupon or?ography = two & a half ye>s 79 all half a ye> m ?an ! fir/ boy74 ,& !n ! phonetical transcription itself is su* a f9e means ( tra9+ ! pupils to m9ute exactness1 because !y really h to be con/antly on ! look\t 9 ord] to read nei!r m nor less ?an ea* symbol indicates2 !re=e ,i atta* great educational significance to phonetical transcription4 ,b ( c\rse we h to beg9 to le>n ! or?ography "s "t2 & ,i suppose x is ?is transition m ?an any?+ else t has fright5$ p away f us+ phonetical transcription1 because !y imag9e t x mu/ be extremely difficult4 ,b n[ all ^? :o h d>$ to try phonetical transcription unanim\sly decl>e t !y 7 surpris$ at ! ease ) :i* ! transition took place2 !re 0 no tr\ble wor? m5tion+ ei!r = ! tea*] or ! pupils2 & !y 7 surpris$ at ! accuracy 9 or?ography display$ by pupils :o _h be5 taught 9 ?is way4 ,! psy*ological reason = ?is is probably to be f\nd 9 ! %>p] p]ception :i* ^! pupils necess>ily get ( ! diff]5ce betwe5 s\nd & writ+1 toge!r ) ! fact t !y are n compell$ l ! o!rs to le>n _m ?+s at a "t 7spell+1 pronunciation1 mean+1 inflection71 b ! or?ography is sep>at$ out z some?+ :i* is to be le>n$ by itself ab\t words ) ^: pronunciation & mean+ !y h already become q famili>4 ,! be/ way ( mak+ ! transition seems to be 9 go+ ov] "s ( ! selections :i* h already be5 read & le>n$4 ,fir/1 ! tea*] says a few words ab\t or?ography 9 g5]al1 bas+ 8 rem>ks on ,engli% spell+2 he may call att5tion to ! sil5t lett]s 9 night1 "k1 ! ambiguity ( ! v[els 9 home1 hone/1 etc4 ,!n a ,fr5* piece ! pupils "k already is %[n to !m 9 or?ographical dress2 x is gone ?r\gh ^w by ^w 9 su* a way t ! pupils !mselves may be guid$ to f9d out ! mo/ important relations betwe5 ! lett]s & _! s\nd-values4 ,"h !y = ! fir/ "t h some?+ to d ) ! acc5ts & ! c$illa1 ^: "n !y le>n4#ea ,9 ! foll[+ lessons ! comp>ison betwe5 spell+ & s\nd is conduct$ 9 ! same mann] z indicat$ above = grammatical obs]vations2 sometimes />t+ f a c]ta9 s\nd1 ! /ud5ts may po9t out all ! words 9 :i* x occurs on a page or s2 sometimes />t+ f ! or?ography1 !y may note & classify all ! phonetical values ( a c]ta9 lett]4 ,a few lessons w be suffici5t = ^! prelim9>ies4 ,ought ! tea*] to require ! pupils to le>n ! or?ography f ! v beg9n+1 t is1 ought he to exam9e !m 9 spell+ or let !m write dictation8 ,no--t is n g5]ally ! practice accord+ to ! non-phonetical me?od ei!r4 ,fir/ let !m become accu/om$ to see+ ! spell+1 & 9 ! ex]cises j sugge/$ let !m copy out ( ! book2 lat] on !y may be requir$ to le>n h[ to spell ! words 9 ! fir/ l9e ( e lesson1 & 9 ! c\rse ( a few mon?s ! pupils w be j z mu* at home 9 _! ,fr5* & ,g]man or?ography z any p$ant c\ld require--& mu* m at home ?an !y g5]ally are n[ aft] a long "t4#eb ,phonetical transcription ought by no means to be giv5 up on beg9n+ ) ! or?ography3 x is too good an aid to be disp5s$ ) at ?is po9t4 ,n only ought :ole pieces to be read1 occasionally at lea/1 9 phonetical transcription1 b x ought to be us$ 9 connection ) all new words 7?us especially 9 ! gloss>y7 9 ord] to prev5t all guesswork4 ,!reby is also obta9$ ano!r important result at a lat] /age1 namely1 ! tea*] may be j z /rict 9 requir+ ! pronunciation to be le>n$ z ! mean+1 :]eas )\t phonetical transcription he _c expect ! pronunciation to be prep>$ at home4 ,by /eadily keep+ up _! practice 9 transpos+ phonetical transcription into practical pronunciation ! pupils h some?+ ( value = _! :ole life1 =1 :5 !y no long] h a tea*] to ask ab\t ! pronunciation ( a new ^w1 !y c obta9 in=mation ab\t x !mselves4 ,t :i* 0 only a few ye>s ago a possibility res]v$ = ! di/ant future1 namely1 t all ,fr5* & ,engli% diction>ies %\ld give ! pronunciation accord+ to rational pr9ciples1 is n[1 z we "k1 well "u way to become a reality at any "t4#ec ,! use ( phonetics & phonetical transcription 9 ! tea*+ ( mod]n languages mu/ be consid]$ z "o ( ! mo/ important advances 9 mod]n p$agogy1 because x ensures bo? consid]able facilitation & an exce$+ly l>ge ga9 9 exactness4 ,b ^! means mu/ be employ$ imm$iately f ! v beg9n+2 j z easy z x is to get a good pronunciation 9 ?is way1 j z difficult is x to root out ! bad habits :i* may become invet]ate dur+ a v %ort p]iod ( in/ruction accord+ to a wrong or antiquat$ me?od4 ,timo!us1 an old well-kn[n music-tea*]1 us$ to dem& d\ble paym5t ( all ^? pupils :o _h tak5 in/ruction ) o!r tea*]s be=e !y came to him2 ! reason t he gave 0 t he _h mu* m tr\ble 9 tea*+ ^! pupils ?an ^? :o _h n already acquir$ bad habits = him to break !m (4 ,g ye & d likewise1 ye tea*]s ( languages6 ,i %all add a few words on ! use ( ! phonograph4 ,! app>atus has be5 v mu* p]fect$ ( late ye>s & r5d]s beautifully mo/ v[els & all ! g5]al features ( /ress1 intonation1 etc4 ,b ! r5d]+ ( mo/ consonants is /ill f> f p]fect2 y _c always tell :e!r y he> a p or an f1 etc41 & x is impossible to rely on a phonographic record = m9ute %ades ( s-s\nds & ! l4 ,x is cle>1 too1 t ev5 if ! app>atus 7 ne>] ! ideal ?an x is n[1 x c\ld n replace ! tea*]4 ,b 9 ! h&s ( an able tea*] ,i h no d\bt t x w prove a valuable help3 x is pati5t & w repeat ! same s5t5ces scores ( times1 if requir$1 )\t tir+ or *ang+ a s+le s\nd or intonation2 y may also h diff]5t records ( ! same %ort piece z pron\nc$ by "o man f ,b]l91 ano!r man f ,hanov]1 a ?ird f ,muni*1 & a f\r? f ,vi5na1 :i* may be v useful = comp>isons1 ev5 if1 z a matt] ( c\rse1 9 y\r ord9>y tea*+ y /ick to "o p>ticul> /&>d ( pronunciation--& 9 v>i\s o!r ways phonographic records may be us$ to /imulate ! pupils4 ,b ev]y?+ !y he> 9 ?is way %\ld at ! same "t be pres5t$ to !m 9 phonetic writ+--ei!r 9 _! read]s or on ! blackbo>d4 ,p]haps1 at "s future day1 ! 8telegraphone0 inv5t$ by my c\ntryman ,v4 ,p\ls5 w supplant ,edison's phonograph 9 ?is z well z 9 o!r respects4 ,,footnotes3 #ch ,greek c\ld j z well be read ) ,lat9 lett]s1 = !y are almo/ z mu* l ! lett]s :i* ,demo/h5es us$ z ! late black-lett]s are :i* we pr9t z ,greek4 #ci ,a dot aft] ! lett] & above ! l9e is ! be/ indication ( l5g?4 a is "h tak5 phonetically1 ! v[el 9 arm4 #dj ,a h&-mirror is a useful ?+ to h 9 ^! prelim9>y phonetical ex]cises4 ,9 sev]al places1 ! tea*] requires ea* pupil to br+ 8 own along4 #da ,"h also ! exp]im5t 9 he>+ ! voice di/9ctly by hold+ ! h&s flat aga9/ ! e>s4 #db ,i h (t5 also conduct$ ! ex]cise 9 su* a way t ! class _h to voice ! s\nd :5 ,i rais$ my h&1 & unvoice x :5 ,i l[]$ my h&2 ?us ,i h made !m articulate fffvvvffvvvff1 ssszzsss1 etc41 )\t any pauses4 #dc ,t ,i am n exagg]at+ 7z p c]ta9ly w suspect 9 ab\t t5 ye>s f n[71 ,i c\ld easily prove by means ( a long s]ies ( op9ions f p$agogical meet+s1 articles 9 p$agogical p]iodicals1 newspap] reviews1 etc4 #dd ,i h sometimes made ! introduction long]1 sometimes %ort] ?an "h indicat$2 "s tea*]s make x m complete1 s t !y get a :ole sy/em ( s\nds tabulat$ be=e !y pass on to ! read+4 #de ,b /opp$ consonants1 l p1 t1 k1 are exceptions to ^! in/ructions to isolate ! s\nds--e phonetician kn[s ! reason :y4 ,!y %\ld be utt]$ ) a v[el be=e & "o aft]1 e4g4 ata4 #df ,) ! exception ( ! v[els a 9 alms1 9 w>1 & 9 sir4 #dg ,?is me?od ( proc$ure foll[s 9 ! ma9 ! sugge/ions ( ,kl+h>dt4 #dh ,if ! tea*] does n c>e to prep>e su* *>ts himself1 he c use ,vitor's ,lauttafeln4 #di ,besides1 ! diff]5t sy/ems ( mod]n phoneticians all resemble ea* o!r v mu*--f> m ?an did ! e>li] arbitr>y me?ods ( designat+ ! pronunciation 7= in/ance1 ,walk]'s1 ,flgel's1 ,t\ssa9t-,lang5s*eidt's1 ,tang]'s1 etc474 ,any "o :o has le>n$ ,sweet's phonetical transcription c easily read ,passy's or my own1 & vice v]s2 ! diff]5ces are h>dly wor? speak+ (4 #ej ,i rememb] a lady's dismay :5 a ,fr5*man us$ ! comb9ation /ane 9 a s5t5ce2 %e c\ld n und]/& ! s5t5ce until ,i repeat$ x1 ins]t+ stane4 8,o well10 %e rejo9$1 8if he _h only said stane2 we always said x t way 9 s*ool40 7,cette anne47 #ea ,! use ( ! ,fr5* or ,g]man names ( ! lett]s ( ! alphabet :5 words are be+ spell$ 9 ,engli% is m]ely affectation1 & des]ves only a %rug ( ! %\ld]s1 especially s9ce1 z a rule1 x is n consi/5tly c>ri$ ?r\gh1 b is appli$ only to "s few lett]s1 y be+ call$ igrk or ypsilon1 *1 sea or tseha1 accord+ to circum/ances1 & ?is 9 ! mid/ ( o!r lett]s :i* are all[$ to reta9 _! ,engli% names ) diph?ongs & ev]y?+4 ,x is q a diff]5t ?+ :5 ! tea*+ is :olly conduct$ 9 ! =eign language2 !n x is necess>y to practise ! =eign names ( ! lett]s1 b !n x mu/ be c>ri$ ?r\gh consi/5tly4 #eb ,w] jemals 9 d] s*ule die lauts*rift als hilfsmittel zur erzielung e9] bess]5 ausspra*e b5utzt hat1 d] weiss1 wel*] nutz5 aus ihr entspr+t2 d] weiss ab] au*1 dass d] s*ad51 wel*5 sie bezgli* d] or?ographie anri*t5 kann1 si* nur auf w5ige wo*5 er/reckt und uss]/ g]+ i/1 j$5falls viel g]+] als d] s*ad51 wel*5 e9e s*le*te ausspra*e 9 d] or?ographie anri*tet4 ,h4 ,p4 ,junk]1 ,die neu]5 spra*51 v4 #ii4 #ec ,see especially ,murray1 ,bradley1 & ,craigie's ,new ,engli% ,diction>y1 ,a4 ,s*rer's edition ( ,grieb's ,englis*-deuts*es wrt]bu*1 & ,rangel-,niels5's ,fransk-danske ordbog4 ,i am myself transcrib+ ! ,engli% words 9 ,brynilds5's ,engelsk-dansk-norske ordbog1 two-?irds ( :i* h already appe>$4 ,edgr5's ,fr5* ,diction>y %\ld p]haps also be m5tion$1 b ,i h nev] se5 x myself4 ,,xi ,l mo/ works on p$agogy1 ?is "o too has be5 mo/ly conc]n$ ) ! tea*+ ( beg9n]s4 ,b n[ & !n !re has be5 a ^w ab\t ! in/ruction ( advanc$ pupils1 & n[ ,i %all add a few m sugge/ions ab\t x4 ,x is be/ to cont9ue on ! same l9es z dur+ ! fir/ ye>s1 only mak+ ^? *anges :i* circum/ances necess>ily dem&4 ,! pupils mu/ read--read m & m1 read bett] & bett] books1 books ^: cont5ts are ( a nature to hold _! att5tion & to give !m z mu* all r\nd in=mation & developm5t z possible--accord+ly1 z has be5 previ\sly sugge/$1 n solely works ( lit]ature4 ,t sort ( read+ is especially good :i* gives ! pupils "s insight into ! =eign nation's peculi>ity 9 ! wide/ s5se ( ! ^w1 & be/ ( all is t read+ :i* is apt to make ! pupils love :at is be/ 9 ! =eign p4 ,t5nyson is "r :5 he says1 8,x is ! au?ors1 m ?an ! diplomats1 :o make nations love "o ano!r02#ed & tea*]s ( mod]n languages %\ld ev] rememb] t x is _! mission to make _! c\ntrym5 "k & und]/& =eign nations4 ,by mak+ _! pupils read good lit]ature z well z by capacitat+ ! y\ng] g5]ations ( diff]5t c\ntries = intellig5t int]c\rse ) "o ano!r1 language-tea*]s all ov] ! _w may ultimately prove m efficaci\s 9 e/abli%+ good p]man5t relations betwe5 ! nations ?an ,peace ,congresses at ! ,hague4 ,"s read+ mu/ be tak5 ?or\ghly1 "s may be cursory2 x is p]haps be/ to h sev]al gradations4 ,:]eas 9 ! beg9n+ x is necess>y to *ew well 9 ord] to get all ! l+ui/ic n\ri%m5t out ( ! read+1 lat] on x may ( c\rse be tak5 9 l>g] & l>g] bites4 ,already r e>ly 9 ! c\rse ( in/ruction1 ^? pieces may be m lightly pass$ ov] ^: cont5ts are sc>cely fit to be tak5 too s]i\sly or :i* conta9 words :i* x is n absolutely necess>y to rememb]4 ,! tea*] may simply let ! pupils read su* pieces al\d1 expla9+ e ^w :i* !y d n und]/&1 b )\t bas+ any que/ions on !m1 & )\t requir+ !m to be /udi$ = ! next "t4 ,lat] on1 9 ! mid/ ( m s]i\s "w1 a mon? or two may be tak5 = read+ a light novel ?r\gh 9 ! same easy mann]4 ,! pupils may also h private read+ to d at home 9 addition to :at !y read 9 s*ool4 ,! tea*] t ,i _h 9 ,fr5* & ,engli% 9 ! upp] classes 9 ,fr$]iksborg ,s*ool 7,h4 ,ma?ies57 _h an excell5t way ( mak+ u desire ( our own accord to read novels 9 ! language /udi$2 ea* "o ( u 0 ambiti\s to give 9 ! longe/ li/ ( volumes read :5 ! tea*] call$ = ! li/s at ! fir/ lesson 9 e mon?1 & ev5 if we ( c\rse read v rapidly & nev] look$ up any words1 yet we le>n$ a good deal1 & ,i consid] ! habit ( read+ :i* ,i ?us acquir$ to be "o ( ! mo/ valuable acquisitions t ,i got dur+ my la/ ye>s 9 s*ool4 ,9 ord] to te/ :e!r we really _h read ! books z /at$1 our tea*] sometimes talk$ to u ab\t _! cont5ts1 b he talk$ 9 ,dani%1 sometimes he only made u op5 ! books at r&om & translate a little piece4 ,x is no d\bt bett] to organize ?is practice1 z x is n[ done 9 "s p>ts ( ,g]many1 :]e ! :ole class reads ! same book at home & mu/ h read a c]ta9 am\nt by a c]ta9 day 7aft] a =tnight's or a mon?'s int]val74 ,!n !y mu/ be able to give an acc\nt ( ! cont5ts 9 ! =eign language1 mu/ also ask ea* o!r que/ions ab\t ! book1 & may ev5 occasionally be requir$ to write d[n ! cont5ts z a writt5 ex]cise2 aft] ! tea*] has look$ ?r\gh ^! acc\nts1 ! pupils may deliv] !m orally & m freely1 & ?is w give occasion = fur!r conv]sation--all 9 ! =eign language4 ,mo/ important1 h[ev]1 is ! read+ :i* is done ?or\ghly1 s ?or\ghly t ! pupils completely ma/] bo? cont5ts & language1 & :i* !re=e 9 bo? ^! respects ought to be z good z possible4 ,9 ex]cises ) que/ions & answ]s1 ! cont5ts naturally play an important "p1 & ev5 if ! pupils feel x is "o aim1 & a v important "o1 to acquire skill 9 ! language1 yet ?is aim is n always directly kept 9 view z su*2 nei!r does a *ild talk 9 ord] to practise us+ its "m-tongue1 b 9 ord] to get "s in=mation & 9 ord] to communicate itself to o!rs--& !reby x le>ns ! language4 ,?is feel+ ( reality becomes m & m prom95t z ! pupils become m advanc$2 9 ! conv]sations1 ! pupils %[ directly1 t !y und]/& ! cont5ts1 indirectly t !y und]/& ! language4 ,! pupils mu/ talk--ab\t :at !y h read1 & t ! talks are n m]e f>ces ) conv5tional 8p>leur0 phrases1 z our oppon5ts w\ld l to make out1 ,i hope t ,i h %[n suffici5tly well4#ee ,:5 a c]ta9 tea*] wrote some:]e t all ! conv]sation t !re is "t = consi/s ( ! foll[+ five que/ions1 :i* are ask$ ( ! monitor 7& only ( him7 at ! beg9n+ ( e lesson3 8,:o is ! monitor8 ,:at date is x to-day8 ,:at day ( ! week is x8 ,:o is abs5t8 ,:at h y prep>$ = to-day801 & t he owes x to ! tru? to confess t x is only ! m9ority ( ! pupils :o at ! end ( ! ye> are able to answ] ^! que/ions correctly )\t hesitation1 !n ?is deplorable result is prim>ily due to ! fewness ( ! que/ions2 he :o only gets ! tip ( 8 f+] dipp$ 9 ! wat] ?ree times 9 tw5ty weeks w nev] le>n h[ to swim4 ,x is second>ily due to ! fact t ! que/ions are /]eotyp$ & h no connection ) :at ! class is read+4 ,fur!rmore ?is same tea*] says t he g5]ally _c sp5d m ?an a few m9utes ( ea* lesson on ^! 8elem5t>y ex]cises10 s9ce ! read+1 translation & gramm> requires ! re/ ( ! "t1 9 ! middle classes1 inde$1 all ! "t1 s t at ?is /age !re is no "t at all = any conv]sation4 ,b if ! talks are us$ = int]pret+ ! text1 two big birds are kill$ ) "o /one1 & !n x w soon be se5 t skill 9 speak+ increases l weal?2 if y h only rea*$ a c]ta9 po9t1 ! re/ comes ( its own accord2 ! accumulat$ capital multiplies surpris+ly fa/ & will+ly4 ,! pupils mu/ write--orig9al pap]s 9 ! =eign language1 n translations--t is1 ! =m ( language us$ mu/ be z little z possible sugge/$ by ,engli% turns ( expression4 ,b ! subject mu/ be concrete & limit$4 ,! *ief dang] t !re may be 9 su* orig9al writt5 ex]cises1 namely t ! pupils avoid all ! difficulties & only use a sl5d] supply ( expressions1 :i* !y feel sure (1 ?is dang] is great] ! vagu] or m compreh5sive ! subject is4 ,= in/ance1 x is be/ n to give broad lit]>y subjects1 su* z 8,die romantis*e s*ule10 etc4 ,a m limit$ subject is f> bett]1 bo? z an ex]cise & z a te/2 = in/ance1 an acc\nt ( a little anecdote or ( ! newspap] report ( "s ev5t1 :i* ! tea*] has read to ! class2 a description ( :at is to be se5 on a picture1 a r5>ration ( "s episode 9 ! novel or 9 ! hi/orical selection :i* is be+ read 9 class1 possibly 9 ! =m ( a lett]2#ef a summ+ up ( ev]y?+ relat+ to "o ( ! *>act]s 9 ! text read2 a review ( ! l9e ( ?\ght 9 7a section (7 "s essay :i* has be5 read2 a p>aphrase ( "s poem4 ,/ill m limit$ are su* ex]cises 9 :i* a c]ta9 numb] ( que/ions h to be answ]$1 or su* ex]cises 9 ! use ( synonym\s words & expressions z h be5 describ$ on p4 #aci4 99 99 99 99 99 ,b c su* a me?od ( in/ruction z has "h be5 describ$ really be c>ri$ out "u exi/+ circum/ances8 ,are !re n ob/acles to be enc\nt]$ on e h&8 ,yes2 un=tunately !re are ?+s :i* /& 9 ! way & make a good deal ( tr\ble1 b luckily !y d n make x q impossible = ! new sy/em to be us$4 ,z h9drances may be m5tion$ ! %ortness ( ! "t1 ! apportionm5t ( ! "t1 ! exam9ations1 ! tea*]s4 ,! "t :i* is n[ set ap>t = mod]n languages is too brief4 ,!re=e all tea*]s ( mod]n languages ought to unite1 &1 toge!r ) all ! p>5ts :o are dissatisfi$ ) ! arrangem5ts 9 our gramm> s*ools 7& !y are n few71 !y ought to agitate = ! removal ( t burd5 :i* weighs heavily on ! s*ool & :i* prev5ts ! gr[+ g5]ation f gett+ an education :i* c meet ! urg5t dem&s ( our times1 ,i mean1 ! s*ool mu/ be deliv]$ f ! classical languages2 !n !re w be air & space = all t is n[ %ov$ into ! backgr\nd1 among o!r ?+s ! mod]n =eign languages4#eg ,b--ev5 9 ! scanty "t :i* is n[ at disposal1 !re is mu* t c be done diff]5tly & bett] ?an hi!rto1 & ! m ! tea*]s 9 mod]n languages %[ ?is1 & ! m !y c keep out ( ! old jogtrot way1 ! m w _! subject be respect$1 & ! m will+ness w !re be to ext5d ! "t :5 future re=ms dem& x4 ,! apportionm5t ( ! "t is poor4 ,:5 w p f9ally realize t ev]y?+ _c be le>n$ at once8 ,_m subjects1 & ) s few h\rs a week = ea* t ! pupils =get :at !y h le>n$ f "o lesson to ! next--t is a frightful wa/e ( "t4 ,no1 le>n a few ?+s or "o ?+ at a "t1 le>n ev]y?+ well & le>n x to ! end be=e pass+ on to ! next4#eh ,& especially ) respect to languages1 !re c be no d\bt t x is be/ to take !m up "o aft] ! o!r1 n side by side2 to e language t is tak5 up %\ld be devot$ _m h\rs a week1 & z a rule two ye>s ought to be all[$ to pass be=e comm5c+ a new language2 !n ! fir/ is s firmly root$ 9 ! m9ds ( ! pupils t m]ely a v few lessons a week w be suffici5t = keep+ x up & ext5d+ x1#ei & !n ! two languages d n injure ea* o!r ne>ly z mu* z if !y 7 /udi$ side by side be=e ! pupils h ma/]$ ei!r "o ( !m4 ,z to ! "q at :at age ! *ildr5 ought to beg9 to le>n =eign languages1 ,i d>e n express any decid$ op9ion2 ,i ?9k ,i %\ld be afraid to beg9 too e>ly r ?an too late2 fir/ let ! "m tongue h "t en\gh to take a firm & la/+ hold ( ! *ild's m9d be=e o!r languages are admitt$4 ,! wor/ cank] 9 our s*ool-sy/em#fj is ! exam9ations4 ,ev]y?+ is arrang$ ) a view to exam9ations2 ! p>5ts1 ! *ildr51 & un=tunately also a numb] ( ! tea*]s c>e = no?+ b ! results atta9$ 9 ! exam9ations2 ! daily in/ruction is left to %ift = itself1 b ! au?orities w take ample c>e to gu>d aga9/ ! lea/ bit ( neglig5ce :i* might be %[n by ! exam9]s4 ,exam9ations compel ! tea*]s to lay undue /ress on cramm+4 8,cram may be def9$ z ! accumulation ( undige/$ facts & second-h& !ories to be reproduc$ on pap]1 h&$ 9 to ! exam9]1 & !n =gott5 = ev]4 ,a cramm$ exam9ee diff]s f a cramm$ ,/rasburg goose 9 n assimilat+ 8 nutrim5t1 & ?is w\ld be a real advantage 7 x n t ! process leaves him ) a nauseat$ appetite1 enfeebl$ reason+ p[]s1 ?\gh abnormally enl>g$ memory1 & a g5]al di/a/e = dis9t]e/$ /udy40#fa ,exam9ations cause ! m5tal & physical ru9 ( _m m "y m5 ?an we c af=d4 ,z a te/ ( :at a "y man is wor? 9 life1 an exam9ation is )\t any value :atev]2 z a te/ ( h[ mu* really valuable k he has1 x is n wor? mu*2 & ev5 z a te/ ( h[ mu* he kn[s ( :at happ5s to be ask$ him on su* an occasion1 an exam9ation is n ne>ly z reliable z p l to imag9e4#fb ,& !n exam9ations t5d 9 s _m ways to imp$e in/ruction :i* w\ld o!rwise be really pr(itable4 ,! "q 8w t be requir$ = ! exam9ation80 is always1 ei!r consci\sly or unconsci\sly1 pres5t 9 ! s*oolroom2 x smo!rs ! tea*]'s en?usiasm = communicat+ to 8 pupils :at int]e/s himself mo/2 & x disc\rages ! pupils' natural ?ir/ = k = its own sake4 ,j be=e ! exam9ations1 ! :ole s*ool is seiz$ ) its ye>ly attack ( its *ronic exam9ation-cat>rh4 ,9 all dep>tm5ts1 x is consid]$ necess>y to recapitulate = exam9ations2 = a c\ple ( mon?s1 ! pupils are trans=m$ into m5tal rum9ants2 !y receive no new m5tal su/5ance :atev]1 b h to be satisfi$ ) go+ ?r\gh ! :ole ye>'s "w once or twice m at z rapid a pace z possible4 ,! matt] :i* !y h be5 giv5 does n become m sav\ry on be+ s]v$ aga92 all ! juice & /r5g?1 all t makes x tempt+ is lo/1 & no?+ rema9s b :at is t\ghe/ & drye/4 ,b ev5 if !re is mu* fault to be f\nd ) ! sy/em ( exam9ations1 yet x is n necess>y to re=m t be=e we c beg9 to improve ! in/ruction4 ,! exam9ation requirem5ts are n s great t we _c meet !m ev5 if we d n f ! v beg9n+ plan all our in/ruction exactly ) !m 9 view4 ,al?\gh ! *ief /ress 9 ! exam9ation may be laid on ! translation & n on speak+1 yet t is no reason :y ! latt] %\ld be entirely disp5s$ )4 ,if by a receptive comm& ( a =eign language is meant ! ability to und]/& x1 & by a productive comm&1 ! p[] to express oneself 9 ! language1 !n ,i am fully conv9c$ t anyone :o m]ely conc]ns himself ) ! receptive side ( x injures himself & acquires f> less ability to und]/& x ?an if he _h f ! v beg9n+ also aim$ at a productive comm& ( ! language4 ,!re=e our all r\nd ex]cises w give our pupils at lea/ j z mu* receptive k ( ! language z is atta9$ by ! pupils ( o!rs2 & ev5 if x is r provok+ = a tea*] :o has tak5 a good deal ( tr\ble to tea* 8 pupils to speak to see t ?is c\nts = little or no?+ at ! exam9ation1 he c com=t himself ) a good consci5ce at any rate--beside ! pleasure :i* he & 8 pupils h _h 9 _! daily "w toge!r4 ,nor ought any consid]ation = exam9ations to prev5t anyone f ! be/ k9d ( recapitulation1 :i* is1 n to wait until ! approa* ( exam9ations1 :5 mu* t has be5 read is =gott51 s t ! tea*] has to be on ! look\t all ! "t to make sure t ! pupils und]/& ev]y?+1 b to take x up :ile ! matt] is /ill fre% 9 ! memory1 s t x is n necess>y to s\nd ! pupils on e little po9t4 ,e *apt] ought to be revis$ :5 x is f9i%$1 & e section or book ought to be gone ov] z a :ole4 ,!n ! ?\ghts :i* 7 =m]ly occupi$ ) details may be turn$ to ! connect$ :ole1 & s9ce ! "w c be conduct$ 9 ! =m ( almo/ un9t]rupt$ intellig5t read+ al\d1 ! pupils w be enabl$ to get approximately ! same impression & ! same enjoym5t out ( ! matt] read z a native gets4#fc ,if ! read+ has ?us be5 gone ov] a section at a "t at ea* natural break1 x w be se5 at ! exam9ation t ^! %ort revisions di/ribut$ ?r\gh\t ! ye> are m advantage\s ?an a long1 t$i\s recapitulation j be=e ! exam9ation1 & besides ! pupils h be5 kept fre% by read+ some?+ new up to ! v end4 ,z ! la/ possible imp$im5t 9 ! way ( ! re=m me?od1 ,i m5tion$ ! tea*]s4 ,^? times are n[ pa/ :5 x 0 consid]$ suffici5t = a tea*] ( mod]n languages to h tak5 a degree 9 law or !ology--to h /udi$ ,tacitus & ,plato1 & !n by way ( amusem5t to h read by himself a few volumes ( ,revue des deux mondes or "s novels by ,*]buliez & ,freytag4 ,b ev5 ! y\ng] g5]ation ( tea*]s :o are bett] prep>$ w v (t5 f9d t x is n s v easy to give good in/ruction 9 mod]n languages4 ,x is a %ame h[ little is done to give high-s*ool tea*]s opportunities = fur!r improvem5t2 !y ought to h abundant access to c\rses 9 advanc$ "w1 b especially to _m & lib]al travell+ s*ol>%ips1 s t no consci5ti\s tea*] 9 =eign languages ne$ d )\t a tol]ably long /ay among ! p ^: language he 7%e7 tea*es4 ,poor pay & long h\rs1 too1 naturally lead to a tea*]'s look+ m]ely to exam9ation results4 ,b /ill ,i cont9ue to hope t m & m tea*]s w avoid ! old rut1 & !y w surely f9d t x pays to get out ( x1 ev5 if1 especially 9 ! beg9n+1 !y h to exp5d m "t & en]gy on _! tea*+1 & on _! prep>ation = e lesson1 9 ord] to meet ! great] dem&s ( ! new me?ods4 ,9 ,g]many & ! ,sc&9avian c\ntries1 exce$+ly great ef=ts are be+ made to re=m ! in/ruction 9 languages2 9 ,norway1 mu* ( :at has be5 recomm5d$ 9 ?is book has ev5 be5 adopt$ 9 ! (ficial s*ool-plans issu$ 9 #ahig2fd & =tunately ! movem5t is also on ! way to becom+ /rong 9 ,engl&4 ,if ?is book by a =eign] c contribute ev] s little to ! enc\ragem5t & support ( ,engli% language-tea*]s 9 _! zeal\s & able ef=ts to introduce new] & bett] me?ods1 !n ,i am glad to h be5 enabl$ 9 ?is mann] to pay (f a little ( ! debt t ,i owe to ,engl& & to _m ,engli%m54 ,9 clos+ let me try to sum up4 ,! old-fa%ion$ disconnect$ s5t5ces prov$ to be a failure = _m reasons1 & "o reason 0 because !re 0 no?+ else to d ) !m b to translate !m4 ,!y c\ld ar\se no int]e/2 !y c\ld n ev5 be read al\d intellig5tly2 !y c\ld n be rememb]$ 9 t def9ite =m :i* !y happ5$ to h1 s !y c\ld n be us$ z patt]ns = ! con/ruction ( o!r s5t5ces2 !re=e ! rules ( ! gramm>1 :i* 0 committ$ to memory1 came to play su* an important "p4 ,x all became monoton\s & lifeless4 ,our me?od tries to employ _m means :i* mutually support ea* o!r4 ,! pronunciation is n le>n$ m]ely by ! tea*]'s say+ ! ^w & ! pupils repeat+ x1 or by ! pupil's guess+ at x ?r\gh ! or?ography & ! tea*]'s correct+ him4 ,! latt] plan we reject entirely2 ! =m]1 h[ev]1 we use ev5 to a l>g] ext5t ?an be=e1 & we adopt 9 addition to x a rational description & indication ( s\nds4 ,! improv$ pronunciation ?us acquir$ also helps 9 a high degree 9 ! acquir+ ( ! o!r 7signification7 side ( ! language4 ,:]e =m]ly !re 0 no o!r way ( communicat+ ! mean+ ( words b ?r\gh translation1 we h 9 addition !reto direct & indirect obs]vation1 explanations 9 ! =eign language1 etc4 ,:]e ! pupils =m]ly _h to commit to memory p>adigms1 rigm>oles & rules1 :i* all _h to be tak5 on fai?1 we let !m inve/igate = !mselves & ?us get an insight into ! con/ruction ( ! language4 ,& :]eas =m]ly ! only ex]cises 7 translation f ! "m tongue into ! =eign language1 we n[ h a :ole scale ( v>y+ ex]cises1 namely3 direct reproduction 7repetition ( ! tea*]'s words2 answ]s to que/ions :i* are bas$ directly ^u ! words ( ! book7--modifi$ reproduction 7repetition ( s5t5ces ) *anges ( t5se1 p]son1 etc42 answ]s to fre] que/ions2 ask+ ( que/ions7--free reproduction 7r5>ration7 & f9ally--free production 7lett]s1 etc474 ,& s9ce !re is a s5sible mean+ 9 all t is read or said or done1 ! int]e/ is awak5$ & held1 & ! in/ruction becomes n only v>i$1 b :at especially beseems liv+ languages1 x becomes 9 ! deepe/ & be/ s5se ( ! ^w really liv+4 ,,footnotes3 #ed ,alfr$ ,"l ,t5nyson3 a ,memoir by 8 ,son4 7,tau*nitz ed41 ,,iv4 p4 #hd74 #ee ,^? :o h _! d\bts may also read ! acc\nts giv5 by natives :o h visit$ ,g]man s*ools :]e ! in/ruction 0 conduct$ accord+ to ! re=m$ sy/em1 & :o h _h long talks ) ! pupils1 9 ,walt]1 ,englis* na* dem ,frankfurt] re=mplan1 pp4 #aeb-afe1 & ,miss ,brebn]1 ,! ,me?od ( ,tea*+1 etc4 #ef ,! lett]-=m is on ! :ole t =m ( composition :i* mo/ p]sons h mo/ use =1 & :i* !re=e ought to be practis$ mo/ frequ5tly4 ,! int]national /ud5ts' lett]-ex*ange1 :i* has j be5 />t$ a few ye>s ago1 w be ( great b5efit--= ^? :o happ5 to get good correspond5ts & :o !mselves are n afraid ( tak+ a little tr\ble4 #eg ,b ( c\rse ! "m-tongue too2 ! /udy ( nature1 plants1 animals1 ! human race2 draw+ & manual "w1 out-door life4 #eh ,an eloqu5t recomm5dation ( ?is pr9ciple is to be f\nd 9 v4 ,pfeil's previ\sly m5tion$ "w 8,e9s10 b ! same ?\ght is also ga9+ gr\nd else:]e4 #ei ,lessons :i* may be devot$ n only to ! language itself1 b also to ! acquisition ( useful in=mation 9 o!r dep>tm5ts z well2 :y n le>n ! geography & hi/ory ( ,france 9 ,fr5* dur+ ! ,fr5* lessons1 etc4 #fj ,i am "h speak+ ( ! ,dani% s*ool-sy/em1 b ,i h a suspicion t ?is cank] is n unkn[n 9 o!r c\ntries4 #fa ,a4 ,h4 ,sayce1 ,=tnightly ,review1 ,june #ahge4 #fb ,a c]tificate f ! s*ool w\ld be q suffici5t1 if ! in/ruction 0 "u good control dur+ ! ye>4 #fc ,x has be5 previ\sly sugge/$ t v>i\s ex]cises 9 l+ui/ic obs]vation & classification may be giv5 9 connection ) ! revision1 & t by means ( su* ex]cises ! revision may be mask$1 z x 71 & ?us receive "s ( ! fre% int]e/ t atta*es to some?+ new4 #fd ,simil>ly n[ 9 ,france4 ,,select ,,li/ ,,( ,,books4 ,m4 ,,br,,al1 ,de l'enseignem5t des langues vivantes4 ,p>is #ahic4 ,m4 ,,brebn]1 ,! ,me?od ( ,tea*+ ,mod]n ,languages 9 ,g]many4 ,london #ahih4 ,k4 ,,breul1 ,! ,tea*+ ( ,mod]n ,=eign ,languages4 ,cambridge #ahih4 ,h4 ,,breymann1 ,die neuspra*li*e ,re=m-litt]atur4 ,leipz4 #ahie4 ,f4 ,,franke1 ,die praktis*e ,spra*]l]nung auf ,grund d] ,psy*ologie und d] ,physiologie d] ,spra*e4 #c4 ,aufl4 ,leipzig #ahif4 ,,otto ,,jesp]s51 ,fransk ,begynd]bog4 #c4 ,udg4 ,cop5hag5 #aija4 ---- ,kortfattet engelsk ,grammatik4 #d4 ,udg4 ,cop5h4 #aijc4 ---- ,! ,engl& & ,am]ica ,read]4 ,cop5h4 #aijc4 ---- ,fonetik4 ,cop5hag5 #ahig-ii4 ---- ,lehrbu* d] ,phonetik4 ,leipzig #aijd4 ,o4 ,,jesp]s5 & ,,*r4 ,,s>auw1 ,engelsk ,begynd]bog1 ,i4 & ,,ii4 #c4 ,udg4 ,cop5hag5 #aijb1 #aijc4 ,h4 ,,kl+h>dt1 ,e9 ,jahr ,erfahrung5 mit d] neu5 ,me?ode4 ,m>b4 #ahhh4 ---- ,drei weit]e ,jahre ,erfahrung54 ,m>b4 #ahib4 ,p4 ,,passy1 ,la m?ode directe dans l'enseignem5t des langues vivantes4 ,p>is #ahii4 ,k4 ,,quiehl1 ,franzsis*e ,ausspra*e und ,spra*f]tigkeit4 #c4 ,aufl4 ,m>burg #ahii4 ,j4 ,,/orm1 ,om en =b$ret ,und]visn+ i lev5de ,sprog4 ,norske univ]sitets- og skoleannal] ,,ii4 ,h4 ,,sweet1 ,! ,practical ,/udy ( ,languages4 ,london #ahii4 ,w4 ,,vi,,tor1 ,d] ,spra*unt]ri*t muss umkehr54 #b4 ,aufl4 ,heilbronn #ahhf4 ,m4 ,,walt]1 ,englis* na* dem ,frankfurt] ,re=mplan4 ,m>burg #aijj4 ,w4 ,h4 ,,widg]y1 ,! ,tea*+ ( ,languages 9 ,s*ool4 #b4 ed4 ,london #aijc4 ,butl] ,tann]1 ,! ,selwood ,pr9t+ ,works1 ,frome1 & ,london4 ,transcrib]'s ,note ,! foll[+ app>5t errors h be5 correct$3 p4 #ai g1 *ang$ to g10 p4 #bh *ose *ang$ to *oose p4 #dh translalation *ang$ to translation p4 #eb he is *ang$ to #8he is p4 #ge sav] *ang$ to savez p4 #gf v\t *ang$ to vont p4 #hh 8,e9s1 ,beitrge zur erziehung im hause *ang$ to 8,e9s1 ,beitrge zur erziehung im hause p4 #ii rule-( ?ree *ang$ to rule-(-?ree p4 #aja pat *ang$ to pt p4 #aaj foll[ *ang$ to foll[+ p4 #aaj conci\sly *ang$ to consci\sly p4 #aaa n[ n[ *ang$ to n[ p4 #add ?+is *ang$ to ?+ is p4 #adg m\? *ang$ to m\?4 p4 #aeh *ang$ to p4 #aeh que/ions *ang$ to que/ions7 p4 #afj sugge/ions o *ang$ to sugge/ions ( p4 #afg ) ) *ang$ to ) p4 #agj 7#c74 *ang$ to 7#c7 p4 #aga le de *ang$ to le1 de p4 #agd !p upils *ang$ to ! pupils p4 #aid ,spra*f]tigkeit *ang$ to ,spra*f]tigkeit4 p4 #aid ,sprog *ang$ to ,sprog4 ,spell+ & punctuation h o!rwise be5 kept z pr9t$4 ,! foll[+ are us$ inconsi/5tly 9 ! text3 classmates & class-mates ev]yday & e-day "m tongue & "m-tongue notebook & note-book retell & re-tell s*oolbooks & s*ool-books s*ooldays & s*ool-days s*oolroom & s*ool-room