,,the ,,latin ,,hymn-,,writers ,,and ,,their ,,hymns4 ,,by ,,the ,,late ,,samuel ,,willoughby ,,duffield1 ,author of 8,the ,heavenly ,land10 8,warp and ,woof10 8,the ,burial of the ,dead10 and 8,english ,hymns3 ,their ,authors and ,history40 ,,edited ,,and ,,completed ,,by ,,prof4 ,r4 ,e4 ,,thompson1 ,d4,d41 ,of the ,university of ,pennsylvania4 8,et semper in hunc studiorum quare munitissimum portum ex hujus temporis tempestatibus lubenter confugissem40--,h4 ,a4 ,daniel4 8,in diesem ,sinne betrachte ich diese1 uns von der ,vorzeit berlieferten ehrwrdigen und erhabenen ,kirchlichen ,dichtungen als ein geistiges ,gemeingut40--,g4 ,a4 ,konigsfeld4 ,,funk ,,wagnalls1 ,,new ,,york3 #ahhi4 ,,london3 #ah #bj ,,astor ,,place4 #dd ,,fleet ,,street4 ,all ,rights ,reserved4 ,entered1 according to ,act of ,congress1 in the year #ahhi1 by ,,funk ,,wagnalls1 ,in the ,office of the ,librarian of ,congress at ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,,table ,,of ,,contents ,editor's ,preface iii ,introduction viii ,i ,the ,praise ,service of the ,early ,church xi ,,ii ,the ,study of the ,latin ,hymns #ab ,,iii ,hilary of ,poitiers and the ,earliest ,latin ,hymns #ai ,,iv ,pope ,damasus and the ,beginning of ,rhyme #ce ,v ,ambrose #dg ,,vi ,prudentius1 the ,first ,christian ,poet #fc ,,vii ,ennodius1 ,bishop of ,pavia #gc ,,viii ,caelius ,sedulius and his ,alphabet ,hymn #hc ,,ix ,venantius ,fortunatus the ,troubadour #hh ,x ,gregorius ,magnus #edj-fjd #ig ,,xi ,the ,venerable ,bede #aji ,,xii ,rabanus ,maurus1 ,author of the 8,veni1 ,creator0 #aad ,,xiii ,notker of ,st4 ,gall1 ,called ,balbulus #acb ,,xiv ,walafrid ,strabo #adc ,,xv ,hermannus ,contractus and the 8,veni ,sancte ,spiritus0 #adi ,,xvi ,peter ,damiani1 ,cardinal and ,flagellant #afi ,,xvii ,hildebert and his ,hymn #agi ,,xviii ,bernard of ,clairvaux #ahf ,,xix ,abelard #aid ,,xx ,peter the ,venerable #bad ,,xxi ,bernard of ,cluny #bbb ,,xxii ,adam of ,st4 ,victor #bbg ,,xxiii ,thomas of ,celano #bdj ,,xxiv ,thomas ,aquinas and ,john ,bonaventura #bee ,,xxv ,jacoponus and the 8,stabat ,mater0 #bgb ,,xxvi ,thomas ,kempis #bhc ,,xxvii ,francis ,xavier1 ,missionary to the ,indies 7#aejf-eb7 #bih ,,xxviii ,the ,hymn-,writers of the ,breviary #caf ,,xxix ,the ,unknown and the ,less ,known ,hymn-,writers ,fourth to ,tenth ,century #cdg ,,xxx ,the ,unknown and the ,less ,known ,hymn-,writers ,tenth to ,sixteenth ,century #cgj ,,xxxi ,latin ,hymnology and ,protestantism #dja ,,xxxii ,,bibliographical ,,notes4 #daf ,,xxxiii ,index to ,translated ,hymns #ddf ,appendix #dhe ,appendix ,i ,,bernardi ,,morlanensis ,,de ,,vanitate ,,mundi ,,et ,,appetitu ,,aeternae ,,vitae1 ,,libellus ,,aureolus4 #dhe ,appendix ,,ii ,the ,carmina ,burana #die ,appendix ,,iii ,the ,four ,crazed ,brothers #dig ,general ,index #dii ,index to ,latin ,hymns ,quoted or ,mentioned #ejg ,,editor',s ,,preface4 ,some months before the death of my true hearted friend1 ,rev4 ,s4 ,w4 ,duffield1 he wrote to express his wish that ,i should complete this work1 if he did not live to finish it4 ,as ,i was not aware how grave1 and even hopeless1 was his illness1 ,i did not feel that ,i was undertaking a serious responsibility in assenting to his wish4 ,but his untimely death brought to me the duty of discharging a wish which 8the emphasis of death0 made imperative4 ,in our conferences over the book and its subject1 which we had had for three years past1 ,i had come to appreciate ,mr4 ,duffield's ideas as to its form and content1 and read with much interest his preliminary studies in the ,christian ,intelligencer1 the ,sunday-,school ,times1 and the ,new ,englander4 ,on coming into possession of his manuscript and notes1 ,i found that the greater part of the book had been carried almost to the point of readiness for the printer1 although several chapters had not been written and all needed careful revision4 ,i have revised throughout the chapters ,mr4 ,duffield left1 but in doing so ,i have been embarrassed by the very vitality and personal quality in ,mr4 ,duffield's style4 ,he reminds one of what ,archdeacon ,hare says of the freshness and living force in a page of ,luther's4 ,this has constrained me to leave intact many a phrase or expression ,i should not have used1 but which was natural and even inevitable in him4 ,it is my hope that ,i have not sacrificed this admirable quality of his writing to any pedantry of judgment4 ,the chapters on ,pope ,damasus 7,chapter ,,iv47 ,i have rewritten throughout4 ,that on ,bernard of ,cluny ,i have rearranged1 but without much alteration4 ,that on ,thomas of ,celano ,i have rewritten to the top of page #beb4 ,that on ,hermann of ,reichenau ,i should have liked to rewrite2 but as ,i dissented from some of its arguments1 ,i feared to more than retouch it4 ,it stands as a monument of its author's vehement conviction that in ,hermann he had found the true author of the ,veni ,sancte ,spiritus4 ,the later chapters1 from ,thomas ,aquinas1 with the exception of those on ,jacoponus and ,xavier1 are the work of the editor alone4 ,in preparing them ,i have followed the author's own plan for the book1 except 7#a7 in treating of the less-known as well as the unknown hymn-writers in ,chapters ,,xxx4 and ,,xxxi42 7#b7 in inserting a chapter on the relations of ,protestantism to ,latin hymnology2 and 7#c7 in giving in the last chapter only a selection from ,mr4 ,duffield's great ,index of the ,latin ,hymns1 which ,i hope to see published complete in a separate book4 ,translations not credited to any other person are the work of ,mr4 ,duffield4 ,mr4 ,duffield's own idea of his book is well expressed in the ,introduction which follows this ,preface4 ,i give it as he left it1 although he had noted his purpose to prepare another which would cover the ground more fully4 ,it now remains to say something of the man personally1 and in this ,i am indebted much to the assistance of his faithful coworker in his hymnological studies1 ,miss ,lilian ,b4 ,day of ,bloomfield1 who copied his great ,index of the ,latin ,hymns1 and who prepared the indexes to both his ,english ,hymns and the present volume4 ,samuel ,augustus ,willoughby ,duffield was born at ,brooklyn1 on ,september #bdth1 #ahdc4 ,his family was of ,french ,huguenot extraction 7,du ,field71 and found a home in the ,north of ,ireland after the ,revocation of the ,edict of ,nantes4 ,between #agbe and #agcj ,george ,duffield1 his ancestor by five removes1 settled in ,lancaster ,county1 as one of the great ,ulster emigration which was flowing into ,pennsylvania4 ,his son ,george graduated at ,princeton1 and after several pastorates was settled in ,philadelphia in the ,pine ,street church4 ,he was an ardent patriot1 chaplain in ,washington's army1 and ,bishop ,white's associate in the chaplaincy of the ,continental ,congress4 ,of two sons who survived him1 one became a minister1 while the other took a prominent part in public life4 ,his grandson1 ,rev4 ,george ,duffield1 ,d4,d4 7#agif-ahfh7 was a leader of the ,new ,school division of the ,presbyterian ,church1 both before and after the separation of #ahcg1 and while pastor at ,carlisle was arraigned for unsound teaching in his work on ,regeneration4 8,barnes1 ,beman1 and ,duffield0 were the three names most offensive to the ,aristarchuses of orthodoxy in that time4 ,he was married to a sister of ,dr4 ,george ,w4 ,bethune4 ,his son1 generally known in our times as ,dr4 ,george ,duffield1 ,jr41 to distinguish him from his father1 was born in #ahah at ,carlisle1 graduated at ,yale ,college in #ahcg1 and at ,union ,theological ,seminary4 ,one of his pastorates was in ,brooklyn1 from #ahdj to #ahdg1 during which his son1 ,samuel ,augustus ,willoughby1 was born4 ,he is best known as a hymn-writer1 two of his hymns being known and loved wherever the ,english language is spoken4 ,they are1 8,blessed ,saviour1 ,thee ,i love10 and 8,stand up1 stand up for ,jesus10 the latter being suggested by the dying words of ,dudley ,tyng in #aheh4 ,samuel ,w4 ,duffield was of the sixth ,american generation of his family4 ,from his youth he was a young giant1 with an inborn love of active sports1 quick in movement1 and apparently incapable of fatigue4 ,his mind showed equal vigor and freshness1 and he early developed a passion for poetry4 ,by his tenth year he had mastered ,chaucer1 in spite of difficulties much more serious to beginners in those days than in our own4 ,and he very early began to find expression for his own ideas in verse4 ,he united with the ,church at the age of thirteen1 when his father was a pastor in ,philadelphia1 being the only one who did so at the time1 so that the act was the result of personal decision and not of a revival excitement4 ,he graduated at ,yale in #ahfc2 and after teaching for a while1 he began the study of theology under the care of his grandfather and his father4 ,not until after he had been licensed to preach1 and had had charge of a mission in ,chicago1 did he present himself as a student in ,union ,theological ,seminary4 ,his first pastorate was from #ahfg to #ahgj at ,tioga1 one of the northern suburbs of ,philadelphia4 ,as he frequently came to the office of the ,american ,presbyterian1 on which ,i was assisting the late ,dr4 ,john ,w4 ,mears1 ,i then formed an acquaintance with him1 which ripened into a friendship that was to be lifelong1 and ,i hope even longer4 ,he was an impressive figure1 of more than the ordinary height1 and yet so massively built that he was seen to be tall only when beside another person4 ,his manner was cheerful1 affectionate and buoyant1 giving evidence in various ways of his ,french descent4 ,his character was winning and attractive by its openness1 and its entire freedom from selfishness4 ,he was a man out of whose heart the child never died1 and he carried the freshness of his boyhood's years into the mature pursuits of his manhood4 ,our common love of poetry and our dawning interest in ,latin hymnology--he had translated ,bernard of ,cluny and was trying his hand on the ,dies ,irae in those days--drew us closer together and gave our friendship an intellectual interest4 ,when he left ,tioga for ,jersey ,city our intercourse became more fragmentary1 but during his pastorate at ,ann ,arbor 7#ahga-gd7 it was renewed by correspondence4 ,he felt himself especially at home in the university city of ,michigan1 with a congregation composed largely of the students4 ,here he had the delight of welcoming ,dr4 ,george ,macdonald to his pulpit1 when the poet visited ,america in #ahgc4 ,he worked hard to have me called to the ,chair of ,english ,literature in the ,university of ,michigan1 but did not succeed4 ,chicago1 #ahgd1 ,auburn1 #ahgf1 ,altoona1 #ahgh1 and ,bloomfield1 #ahhb1 were his subsequent pastorates2 and in ,bloomfield he remained until his death4 ,in this ,new ,jersey suburb of ,new ,york ,city he seemed to find himself especially at home4 ,it was indeed the home of his early boyhood1 for his father had been pastor of the same church from #ahdg to #aheb2 he well remembered his playmates and schoolmates1 and kept up his acquaintance by correspondence and visits1 until he came among them as their pastor4 ,he was near enough to the great city to find easy access to its libraries1 especially the ,astor ,library and that of ,union ,seminary1 and to enjoy the friendship of scholars of tastes similar to his own1 especially that of ,dr4 ,charles ,s4 ,robinson4 ,he found a congenial people in his congregation4 ,he took a lively interest in matters relating to the welfare of the town1 was an active member of the ,village ,improvement ,association1 labored hard to establish a public library1 and helped to set on foot a good weekly paper4 ,he became ,chaplain of the ,fire ,company1 and preached a special sermon every year to its members4 ,he spoke always with enthusiasm of his new environment1 and seemed to look forward to many happy and useful years there4 ,his home life1 ,i shall only say1 was especially happy and helpful to him4 ,among his delights was to watch the dawning powers of a daughter1 who inherits all her father's poetic gifts4 ,his best poetical work is still unpublished1 except such parts of it as have appeared in the ,sunday-,school ,times and other weeklies4 ,his first venture was ,the ,heavenly ,land1 from the ,rhythm of ,bernard of ,morlaix 7,new ,york1 #ahfg74 ,his second and most characteristic book was ,warp and ,woof3 ,a ,book of ,verse 7#ahfh71 in which 8,undergraduate ,orioles0 and some other pieces at once attracted attention by their felicitous beauty and genuineness4 ,along with his father1 he prepared ,the ,burial of the ,dead 7#ahhb71 a manual for use at funerals4 ,in the long interval between these two dates he was already laboring at his book on the ,latin hymn-writers4 8,during the years #ahhb-he10 writes ,miss ,day1 8those of us who saw him most frequently on his way to and from the ,new ,york libraries came to recognize a large1 square note-book and a green cloth bag as his inseparable ,monday companions4 ,something of their contents we knew1 for with his genial disposition he could not refrain from quoting snatches of the old ,latin hymns with translations into musical ,english4 ,but no one could appreciate the real worth of the knowledge concealed between cloth and board as did the student himself1 who had spent the hours of leisure snatched from professional labors in the libraries1 and among ,latin quartos and folios1 in search of the materials for his book4 ,during the latter part of #ahhe the ,latin hymn-writers were laid aside for a while to give time for his work on ,english ,hymns3 ,their ,authors and ,history 7,new ,york3 ,funk ,wagnalls1 #ahhf710 which was suggested by the appearance of ,dr4 ,robinson's ,laudes ,domini in #ahhd1 and is mainly an account of the hymns included in that work1 and of their authors4 ,when this was finished he returned to his opus magnum1 in the expectation of having it soon ready for the press4 ,from our conferences and correspondence ,i was led to hope for its early appearance4 ,but this was not to be4 ,a failure of the vessels of the heart1 evidently from some constitutional weakness1 as he had been making no special exertion when it showed itself1 was the beginning of the end4 ,twelve weary months of illness1 spent partly in ,bloomfield and partly at a watering-place1 to which he had gone for change of air1 were followed by his death on ,may #abth1 #ahhg4 ,he died as he had lived1 in the full assurance of the ,gospel1 and looking for life everlasting in ,jesus ,christ4 ,the news of his death was received with grief by the whole community1 especially by the young people1 with whom he had so lively a sympathy4 ,the ,bloomfield ,fire ,company displayed their flag at half-mast1 placed a guard of honor over his remains during the forty hours they lay at the church1 and attended his funeral in a body4 ,signs of the general mourning were seen everywhere1 and the town felt it had lost a public-spirited citizen1 while his church had lost a faithful and devoted pastor4 ,mingled with memoranda for his book1 ,i find in his note-books other indications of the breadth and energy of his work for the spiritual and intellectual improvement of his people1 especially through his lectures before the ,young ,people's ,society of the ,westminster ,church4 ,in the city of the dead at ,detroit1 where his kindred lie buried1 there stands a memorial stone1 which bears the inscription3 ,,dilectissimus ,,eheu ,,praemissus ,,est ,,quanquam ,e ,,vitae ,,integrae ,,medio ,,raptus ,,aevum ,,longissimum ,,peregit ,,beato ,,illi ,,pater ,,uxor ,,multis ,,cum ,,lacrimis ,,hoc ,,marmor ,,dedicavere ,beside him lies now the mortal part of the much-loved father who wrote these words4 ,dr4 ,george ,duffield the younger died ,july #f1 #ahhh4 ,,introduction4 ,the study of the ,latin hymns is so much a thing of its own kind that one owes it to himself as well as to his readers to begin at the beginning4 ,this beginning in the present instance happened to be on the ,north ,river1 on a bright1 fresh ,april morning in the year of grace #ahhb4 ,it was at that time1 with the clear sky overhead and the hearty breeze coming full in our faces from the ,narrows1 that my friend1 the ,rev4 ,f4 ,n4 ,zabriskie1 ,d4,d41 broached the following proposition3 ,it was1 he said1 a matter of great surprise to him that no one had done for the ,latin hymn-writers what had been done for those of later date4 ,we had their hymns1 but for his part he confessed to a love for the personality of the poets themselves1 and for the circumstances which conspired to produce their poems4 ,now1 if it seemed good to myself1 who had already given time and study to the hymns1 he would gladly open the columns of the ,christian ,intelligencer 7the organ of the ,reformed ,church in ,america7 to a series of articles bearing such a character4 ,and there and then the book began4 ,but my original ideas modified greatly as ,i went on4 ,in place of my mastering the subject1 the subject mastered me4 ,my previous studies went for but very little1 and my confidence in my ability to prepare the articles without taking much time from regular and important duties diminished with every number4 ,i found myself on new ground and was perpetually referred back to the original authorities4 ,french and ,german and ,latin--,i had to investigate them all in order to satisfy that insatiate creature1 a scholar's conscience4 ,i discovered that1 except for rare and slight notices1 this sort of work had neither been done nor was likely to be done1 and conferences with our best hymnologists only made me more interested in doing it1 and doing it as well as ,i could4 ,doubtless those whose specialities lie in mediaeval days will find much to criticise1 but no one can be a severer critic than myself according to my means of information4 ,these chapters1 like this ,introduction1 will be found to be written in the ,american language4 ,their purpose is to reach the popular desire for better knowledge1 and it would be absurd to offer these facts in any dry or pedantic style4 ,yet the scholar and the hymnologist will both find that a positive value and a careful accuracy attach to the work that has been done4 ,i found ,i could take nothing for granted1 and ,i took nothing for granted4 ,even the ,archbishop of ,dublin and the principal of ,sackville ,college have their idiosyncrasies and predilections1 and a quite easy way of writing on these topics is to copy what has been said already4 ,a very notable case to the contrary is ,lord ,selborne's splendid article on 8,hymns0 in the new ,encyclopaedia ,britannica4 ,therefore life and song and color are not absent1 ,i trust1 from these pages4 ,i should not like to give all the authorities consulted or rummaged through2 for1 indeed1 ,i have kept no record of them4 ,like the famous sun-dial ,i have registered none but the serene hours1 and many a time the scarce and long-sought volume before me has been jejune enough4 ,while1 on the other hand1 a book like ,morison's ,life of ,st4 ,bernard has turned out to be precisely the help ,i was seeking1 bright in its style and careful and original in its researches4 ,i have verified its quotations too often not to pay it at least this faint tribute of approval4 ,it would be also beyond measure ungrateful in me if ,i did not here acknowledge the kindnesses ,i have received in this quest after the ,sangreal of a true psalmody4 ,let me name1 then1 the ,astor ,library4 ,its superintendent1 ,mr4 ,little1 and its librarians1 ,mr4 ,frederick ,saunders 7author of ,evenings with the ,sacred ,poets71 and his assistant1 ,mr4 ,bierstadt1 have been uniformly courteous and obliging4 ,so has been the ,rev4 ,professor ,charles ,a4 ,briggs1 ,d4,d41 in whose care is the fine theological library of ,union ,seminary4 ,so have been the authorities of the ,society ,library 7,new ,york71 and of the ,philadelphia ,library1 and of the ,boston ,athenaeum and ,public libraries4 ,personally1 ,i am deeply indebted to the culture and friendship of ,miss ,marion ,l4 ,pelton1 ,assistant ,professor of ,literature in ,wellesley ,college1 who has made for me many valuable notes2 and to the assistance and counsel of ,professor ,f4 ,a4 ,march1 ,,ll4,d41 ,professor ,f4 ,m4 ,bird1 ,professor ,philip ,schaff1 ,d4,d41 and ,judge ,w4 ,h4 ,arnoux4 ,it will be readily seen that ,i have not concerned myself with the matter of the host of ,english translations1 or with that of the comparison and criticism of the text of the hymns4 ,these branches of hymnology are in a scientific sense the most valuable1 but in a popular sense they are the least interesting4 ,and ,i could not hope to rival1 far less to equal1 such illustrious scholarship as that of ,daniel or ,mone4 ,i have therefore been content to pipe to a lesser reed1 and in a more familiar and gossiping way to attempt the history of the hymns4 ,and for the rest ,i can only add what ,master ,robert ,burton saith in his ,anatomy of ,melancholy3 8,if through weakness1 folly1 passion1 ignorance1 ,i have said amiss1 let it be forgotten and forgiven4444 ,i earnestly request every private man1 as ,scaliger did ,cardan1 not to take offence4444 ,if thou knewest my modesty and simplicity1 thou wouldest easily pardon and forgive what is here amiss1 or by thee misconceived40 ,samuel ,willoughby ,duffield4 ,bloomfield1 ,n4 ,j41 ,u4 ,s4 ,a4 ,,latin ,,hymns4 ,,chapter ,i4 ,,the ,,praise ,,service ,,of ,,the ,,early ,,church4 ,when our ,lord and ,his disciples 8had sung an hymn0 they left the place where they had observed the passover1 and went out to the ,mount of ,olives4 ,this hymn was the 8,great ,hallel10 consisting of ,psalms #aac to #aah inclusive4 ,the #aacth and #aadth were sung previous to the feast2 the others1 after it4 ,we thus know1 with singular accuracy1 what was the first hymn of praise in the ,christian ,church4 ,the essence of this 8,hallel0 is the essence of all true psalmody--trust and thanksgiving and praise4 ,it may be said1 and with truth1 that the ,magnificat of ,mary1 the ,nunc ,dimittis of old ,simeon1 and1 above all1 that the ,gloria in ,excelsis ,deo of the angels at ,bethlehem1 antedate this hymn of our ,lord and ,his apostles4 ,it may also be said1 and with the same truth1 that these furnished to the early ,christians their earliest expressions of praise4 ,but it appears that the ,last ,supper1 with its pathetic union of ,jewish and ,christian ideas1 was also the place at which the ,psalms of ,david and the spiritual songs of primitive ,christianity were united4 ,the thought that this reveals is larger than these limits will permit us to discuss4 ,it is in brief that as ,jesus ,christ came1 8not to destroy1 but to fulfil10 ,he designed to show to ,his ,church that gratitude1 love1 trust1 and adoration were to be combined in all future psalmody4 ,the t'hillim of the ,jew were to become the hymni of the ,christian4 ,the noticeable fact remains that the early ,church only caught the simplest and most fervent forms of this worship4 ,their pure veneration of the ,lord led ,pliny to write 7,ep4 #aj3ig7 that they 8sung alternately among themselves a hymn to ,christ as ,god0--carmen ,christo quasi ,deo1 dicere secum invicem4 ,it is this loving devotion which charms us as we read those verses which have been preserved4 ,for the most part the subjects are limited4 ,we could naturally expect that1 being largely drawn from ,jewish sources1 they would express gratitude and adoration--and this is correct4 ,chrysostom declared that the early ,christians sung at prayers in the morning1 at their work1 and very usually at their meals4 ,jerome1 writing to ,marcellus1 says--and we quote ,cave's translation for its quaintness--8,you could not go into the field but you might hear the ,ploughman at his ,hallelujahs1 the ,mower at his ,hymns1 and the ,vine-dresser singing ,david's ,psalms40 ,in fact1 ,christian song was a notable feature of primitive ,christianity4 ,the language of these hymns was either ,syriac or ,greek4 ,by degrees the ,greek obtained the precedence2 and as the ,latin hymns did not arise until ,hilary of ,poitiers 7fourth century71 the period between the ,ascension and that era belongs to the ,greek language rather more than to any other4 ,we also know from the ,new ,testament writers some very important facts1 which may properly be classified at this point4 #a4 ,there were three terms for the sacred song4 ,it might be a psalm1 or a hymn1 or a spiritual song1 as we discover from ,ephesians #e3ai and ,colossians #c3af4 #b4 ,from #a ,corinthians #ad3bc-cc1 it seems plain that the composition1 as well as the singing of these hymns and songs1 might be the result of sudden emotion or inspiration4 ,in any case1 there is no doubt 7for ,tertullian decisively states it7 that the 8extempore10 or1 more strictly1 8private0 authorship of such psalmody was not uncommon4 ,the council of ,laodicea 7circa ,a4,d4 #cfj7 interdicted private persons from this privilege4 ,even in ,paul's time it would appear to have produced an effect akin to the 8spirituals0 of our own freedmen--much of it being exquisite in its simple devotion1 while a certain share offended good taste1 and hindered the propriety and solemnity of worship4 #c4 ,the alternation of prayer with praise was never better illustrated than when ,paul and ,silas 7,acts #af3be7 sent up their midnight anthems from that 8inner prison10 while their feet were 8made fast in the stocks40 ,this alternation was--as the ,fathers assure us--the order in public worship also4 #d4 ,we have received in the very pages of the ,new ,testament some of these earliest hymns4 ,to say nothing1 at present1 of those great leading chants which bear the names of the angels1 and of ,mary1 and of ,zacharias1 and of ,simeon--and to pass over all those of ,jewish origin--we have still left us such a strain as that in ,acts #d3bd-cj4 ,here we have an impulse which expresses itself in reply to ,peter and ,john by sacred song4 ,ephesians #e3ad has also been considered to be such a fragment3 8,awake1 ,o thou that sleepest6 ,arouse thee from the dead6 ,and ,christ shall give to thee ,enlightenment60 ,so too #a ,timothy #c3af has been arranged by some scholars as though it were a well-known strophe the ,apostle quoted3 8,who--for the mystery is great-- ,was manifest in body1 ,was justified in spirit1 ,was visible to angels1 ,was heralded to heathen1 ,was trusted on the earth1 ,was taken up to glory40 ,nor is this the only instance in this very ,epistle1 for #a ,timothy #f3ae1 #af1 reads3 8,the king of all the kingly ones1 ,the lord of all the lordly ones1 ,who only hath the power of life immortal2 ,inhabiting the unapproachable light2 ,whom never any one of men hath seen1 ,nor ever can behold2 ,let glory and eternal strength be his6 ,amen60 #e4 ,when1 now1 we complete our ,new ,testament mention of this praise--which clings like incense to the temple-curtains and sweetly perfumes the place--we have only to add the earliest received anthems4 ,these are the ,magnificat 7,luke #a3df-ee72 the ,benedictus 7,luke #a3fh-gi72 the ,gloria in ,excelsis ,deo 7,luke #b3ah72 and the ,nunc ,dimittis 7,luke #b3bi-cb74 ,it will be observed that all these are derived from a single gospel1 wherein1 more than in any other1 the 8sweet1 sad music of humanity0 can most readily be found4 ,it is natural1 too1 that the painter and physician1 ,luke1 should have a poetic ear which could catch--as in the ,acts of the ,apostles--this faintest and earliest praise4 ,there were1 indeed1 in the primitive church1 eight of these classic expressions of worship4 ,these are3 7#a7 ,the ,lesser ,doxology 7,gloria ,patri71 8,glory be to the ,father1 and to the ,son1 and to the ,holy ,ghost40 7#b7 ,the ,greater ,doxology 7,gloria in ,excelsis71 8,glory be to ,god on high1 and on earth peace10 etc4 ,this was also called the ,angelical ,hymn4 7#c7 ,the ,ter ,sanctus 7the cherubical hymn71 8,holy1 holy1 holy1 ,lord ,god ,almighty40 7#d7 ,the ,hallelujah4 ,this 8,alleluia1 ,amen60 was the response of the church4 7#e7 ,the ,evening ,hymn 7containing the ,nunc ,dimittis74 7#f7 ,the ,benedicite4 ,the 8,song of the ,three ,children10 which is taken from the ,apocrypha1 and which appears in the service of the ,episcopal ,church 7,order for ,morning ,prayer7 as1 8,o all ye works of the ,lord10 etc4 7#g7 ,the ,magnificat4 ,named--as these are all named--from the first word of the ,latin ,vulgate version4 7#h7 ,the ,te ,deum1 8,we praise ,thee1 ,o ,god1 we acknowledge ,thee to be the ,lord10 etc4 ,we can feel quite sure that the ,latin ,church merely borrowed these hymns from the earliest forms of the ,greek4 ,the ,te ,deum was probably translated from that language1 either by ,hilary of ,poitiers or by an unknown author of that date4 ,it is1 undoubtedly1 a close rendering of many phrases and expressions which are common to the ,greek hymns1 and1 if the learned hymnologist ,h4 ,a4 ,daniel is to be credited 7,thesaurus ,hymnologicus ,,ii4 #bhi71 it is a real and literal translation of an actual chant of praise of great antiquity4 ,his words are these3 8,to give you my opinion briefly1 the ,te ,deum1 equally with the ,angelic ,hymn 7to which it is very similar in form and expression71 was born in the ,eastern ,church1 whence it has been translated into the ,latin tongue40 ,he then proceeds to cite an ancient ,greek hymn1 five lines of which are exact with the ,latin4 ,in #b ,timothy #b3aa-ac the 8faithful saying0 has been interpreted to be a similar quotation from one of these ancient hymns3 8,for if we are dead together1 ,we shall live together2 ,if we serve together1 ,we shall reign together2 ,if we should deny ,him1 ,he will deny us too2 ,if we should be faithless1 ,he is faithful still40 ,it does not1 of course1 absolutely follow that these are really such fragments of hymns as scholars have supposed4 ,the late ,dr4 ,lyman ,coleman--a man of great practical good judgment--comments upon these citations thus3 8,the argument is not conclusive2 and all the learned criticism1 the talent1 and the taste1 that have been employed on this point1 leave us little else than uncertain conjecture on which to build an hypothesis40 7,primitive ,church1 p4 #cff47 ,yet the latest scholarship tends so strongly in this direction1 and the internal evidence is so good and fair1 that it may be regarded as pretty well affirmed and accepted4 ,no one1 for example1 would think of comparing such passages as these with the antithetic prose of ,romans #c3ba-bc2 or with the magnificent unrhythmic utterance in ,romans #h3ch1 #ci2 or with the careful particularity of #b ,corinthians #f3d-aj4 ,they are seen and felt to be different both in tone and in form4 ,in the ,apocalypse1 where the language is naturally exalted and poetic1 several such instances have been noted4 ,they are3 ,revelation #a3d-h2 #e3i1 #aj1 #ab-ad2 #aa3ae1 #ag1 #ah2 #ae3c1 #d2 #ba3aj-ad1 and #bb3ag4 ,of one of these--the 8,song of ,moses and of the ,lamb0--we may be reasonably certain3 8,great are ,thy works and strange1 ,lord ,god1 ,thou ,ruler of all6 ,and just are ,thy ways1 and true1 ,thou ,king of the nations of earth4 ,for who shall not fear ,thee1 ,lord1 ,and give to ,thy name the praise1 ,for holy art ,thou alone6-- ,to ,thee shall the nations come ,and worship before ,thy face2 ,for all of ,thy righteous acts ,shall then be openly known60 ,in the same manner may be written the stanza from ,revelation #bb3ag3 8,and the ,spirit and the ,bride-- ,are saying1 #8,come6' ,and he that heareth-- ,let him say1 #8,come6' ,and he that thirsteth-- ,let him come6 ,and he that willeth-- ,let him receive1 ,freely1 the water of life60 ,we have also a positive acquaintance with the order of religious worship in the early ,church1 dating back one hardly knows how far1 but definitely leading us into the custom of the first three centuries4 ,public services began1 and were continued1 as follows3 ,first1 ,prayer--or1 possibly1 a ,salutation or ,invocation1 such as is in common use to-day4 ,then the ,reading of ,scripture4 ,the ,old ,testament and ,new ,testament were both employed3 the one being expounded to apply to the case of the ,christian ,church2 and the other for her comfort1 encouragement1 and edification4 ,then followed the ,hymns and ,psalms4 ,the distinction appears to have been that the psalms were those of ,david2 the hymns1 such as the song of ,mary1 or of the angels2 and the spiritual songs1 such as were composed by private persons1 or which sprang up spontaneously in a kind of chant4 ,that this was liable to abuse1 and might cause confusion1 is made evident by ,paul's advice to the ,corinthians4 ,between these acts of praise was interpolated some brief ,scripture lesson4 ,and1 very likely1 a considerable portion of time was taken up by this part of the service4 ,then came the ,sermon1 which was succeeded by a ,prayer4 ,another question now meets us1 and one of some importance3 ,did the early ,christians employ any musical instruments8 ,in reply1 it can be noted that 1 8to make melody0 7,eph4#e3ai71 is usually taken to refer to a musical accompaniment4 ,in ,romans #ae3i it is a quotation from ,psalm #ah3ej1 where it means1 8,i will sing psalms40 ,in #a ,corinthians #ae3ae 78,i will sing with the spirit1 and ,i will sing with the understanding also07 and in ,james #e3ac 78,is any merry8 let him sing psalms07 we have nothing decisive except that we know that the ,jewish method of 8singing psalms0 was to the accompaniment of musical instruments4 ,thus1 with all these texts before us1 we are not able either to affirm or deny the fact4 ,the reference of ,paul 7#a ,cor4 #ad3g7 to the pipe 71 flute7 and harp 71 lute7 gives us no assistance4 ,the 8harp0 of ,revelation #e3h1 #ad3b1 and #ae3b1 is the cithara or lute again2 but neither does this tell us what the early ,christians did or did not do4 ,the inference is pretty strong that they avoided some things that were ,jewish--and instrumental music was a marked feature in the ,jew's worship--but it is plain that 7as with the ,sabbath question7 there was a great deal of blending at the edges between the two dispensations4 ,we are told1 moreover1 that the ,syriac ,church has always been rich in tunes1 having fully two hundred and seventy-five1 while the ,greek was confined to about eight4 ,there is another fact which comes in just here1 however1 to explain what we would otherwise find it hard to unriddle4 ,it is the matter of the very language of the hymns themselves4 ,when we observe the places where these fragments occur1 or where singing in the church is mentioned1 we find that the language naturally is ,greek4 ,no one doubts that ,luke and the other ,new ,testament writers employed the tongue which was the educated and flexible medium of conveying the loftiest truth2 nor that ,ephesians or ,corinthians chanted in ,greek4 8,the ,greek tongue10 say ,conybeare and ,howson 7,st4 ,paul1 #a3aj71 8became to the ,christian more than it had been to the ,roman or the ,jew40 ,it lends itself most readily to that dithyrambic shape in which highly emotional natures could best express their praise4 ,so the irregularity of the verse2 its utter lack of metrical form 7as ,dr4 ,neale found when he examined eighteen quarto volumes of it71 and its simplicity of diction1 all combined to put the instrumental accompaniment aside4 ,perhaps there was a prejudice--as ,archbishop ,trench affirms--against a distinctively ,jewish method4 ,perhaps there was a disposition in this1 as in other matters where art had perverted the morals of men1 to oppose whatever looked toward a possible laxity4 ,music and banqueting1 music and luxury1 music and profligacy1 went together so much that the early ,church reacted to the extreme of ,puritanism--forgetting that her ,lord and ,master had often worshipped in the full-choired temple itself4 ,in the catacombs1 where every manner of ordinary symbol may be found1 there is neither pipe nor harp1 nor any sort of musical instrument--the lyre alone excepted4 ,but neither is there any condescension to beauty in form or color4 ,everything betokens a rude1 uncultivated simplicity--a piety which contented itself with the barest and meagerest representations4 ,it rose high enough to portray the face of ,christ1 in the ancient cemetery of ,domitilla1 and in one carving on a sarcophagus of the fourth century4 ,and1 remembering how repugnant anything heathenish was to the souls of those who associated pipe and tabret and harp with the bloody arena and the wild revelry of ,rome1 can we doubt why they mingled only their unassisted voices in these chants of praise8 ,it can be positively added that ,ambrose1 ,basil1 and ,chrysostom do not include instrumental music in their eulogies of the ,church's practice upon this theme4 ,we are justified1 however1 in going one step beyond this bald statement1 that the early ,christians sang together4 ,they sang secum invicem1 alternately4 ,the quotations already given show the adaptation of their hymns to this use4 ,in this1 at least1 they were following the ,jewish habit of responses and part-singing1 whatever other changes their poverty or prejudices or principles or persecutions might have produced4 ,it remains for us to speak of the ancient hymns which have come down to our day4 ,we have some information as to ,harmonius and ,bardesanes1 who wrote ,syriac hymns in the first century1 but the hymns themselves are either lost or unidentified4 ,ephrem ,syrus 7died #cgh7 furnishes the earliest authentic hymns in that language4 ,one of these 7,daniel1 ,thesaurus ,hymnologicus1 ,,iii4 #ade7 is on the ,nativity of our ,lord1 and may be thus rendered1 following ,zingerle's ,german version3 8,into his arms with tender love ,did ,joseph take his holy son1 ,and worshipped him as ,god1 and saw ,the babe like any little one4 ,his heart rejoiced above him there1 ,for now the only ,good had birth2 ,and pious fear upon him came ,before this ,judge of all the earth4 ,oh1 what a lofty wonder6 8,who gave me then this precious ,son ,of highest ,god1 to be my child8 ,for ,i against thy mother here ,had almost been by zeal beguiled2 ,and ,i had thought to cast her off-- ,alas1 ,i saw not truly then ,how in her bosom she should bear ,the costliest treasure known to men1 ,to make my poverty1 so soon1 ,the richest lot in mortal ken6 8,david1 that king of ancient days1 ,my ancestor1 had placed the crown ,on his own head1 and there it lay2 ,but ,i sank deep and further down3 ,i was no king1 but in its stead ,a carpenter1 and that alone4 ,but now may crown my brow again ,that which befits a kingly throne1 ,for here upon my bosom lies ,the ,lord of lords1 my very own60 ,there is a trifle of doubt as to which is the very oldest ,greek hymn4 ,one cited by ,basil 7died #cgi71 8 0--4 4 4 has been by some considered the most ancient1 and is known to us as1 8,hail1 gladdening ,light40 ,it is wrongly credited to ,athenagenes 7died #afi71 for ,basil explicitly denies that authorship4 ,that which it is safest for us to receive is one found in the works of ,clement of ,alexandria1 and by him ascribed to an earlier author4 ,it was probably composed about #bjj ,a4,d42 and while it is too long to quote1 it may be characterized as dithyrambic1 and almost ,anacreontic1 in rhythm4 ,it begins3 8 40--4 4 4 and is known as 8,shepherd of ,tender ,youth10 from its best ,english version1 by the ,rev4 ,dr4 ,h4 ,m4 ,dexter1 of ,boston4 ,the is also accessible in ,longfellow's beautiful translation in the ,golden ,legend1 commencing1 8,o gladsome light40 ,as we turn the pages on which ,daniel and ,mone have recorded these hymns of the earliest age of the ,church1 we observe that they are either in praise of ,christ or of ,god1 or are songs of worship for the morning or the evening4 ,their simplicity is admirable4 ,here is one called --an 8,echo0--literally rendered3 8,we who have risen from our sleep ,worship before thee1 ,o ,good ,one4 ,and1 of the angels the hymn ,we cry aloud to thee1 thou ,mighty ,one2 ,holy1 holy art thou1 ,o ,god1 ,and of thy mercy have pity on us6 8,from my couch and from my sleep ,thou hast raised me1 ,o ,lord2 ,enlighten my mind and my heart1 ,and open thou my lips ,to praise thee1 ,holy ,trinity1 ,holy1 holy1 holy art thou6 8,suddenly shall come the ,judge1 ,and the deeds of each shall be laid bare2 ,but guard us from fear in the midst of the night1 ,holy1 holy1 holy art thou60 ,another of these unplaced1 anonymous1 and possibly very ancient hymns1 may be given in full for comparison3 8 1 1 1 2 1 2 8 1 1 40 8,o soul of mine1 ,o soul of mine1 ,arise1 why sleepest thou8 ,the end of earth is drawing near ,and art thou fearful now8 ,be sober therefore1 ,o my soul1 ,that ,he who filleth space ,and filleth time1 our ,saviour1 ,god1 ,may spare thee by ,his grace40 ,and this beautiful little doxology3 8,my hope is ,god1 ,my refuge is the ,lord1 ,my shelter is the ,holy ,ghost2 ,be thou1 ,o ,holy ,three1 adored60 ,in such sweet and simple language did the early ,christians sing their 8praise to ,christ1 as ,god40 ,they understood the true meaning of a hymn as ,ambrose and ,st4 ,bernard also understood it--and as ,gregory ,nazianzen and ,adam of ,st4 ,victor never knew it at all4 ,in #ahff ,professor ,coppe could truly declare that there was no collection of sacred verse in which this thought of adoration and of worship was 8the leading feature40 ,it is better now2 but even to-day there is an honored place for any book of praise in which the formal and didactic shall be done away1 and where nothing shall be found but the pure reverence of a loving and trusting soul4 ,of old1 in the temple1 there was kept--said the rabbins--a flute of reed1 plain and straight and simple1 but of marvellous sweetness4 ,it came down from ,moses' day4 ,but the king commanded his goldsmiths to cover and adorn it with gold and gems4 ,and1 lo1 the sweetness of the reed flute was forever gone6 ,thus1 perchance1 in our later art and our foolish wisdom1 it may be we have often spoiled the ancient hymns6 ,,chapter ,,ii4 ,,the ,,study ,,of ,,the ,,latin ,,hymns4 ,the genealogy of the song of praise in the mediaeval and modern ,christian ,church is both simple and beautiful4 ,it begins far back1 as we have seen1 in the chants and psalms of the ,hebrew4 ,then it changes to the ,syriac and the ,greek4 ,then it emerges into the ,latin4 ,next it is caught up in the old ,high-,german poetry1 and at length it becomes the modern ,english hymn4 ,the line of direct descent is like that of some high and puissant family whose inheritance is transferred now to one branch and now to another1 but whose noble lineage is never lost4 ,when the reader or the worshipper is attracted to-day by some ancient hymn-writer's name1 he naturally asks for information4 ,he is aware that hymnology is called a branch of study1 like any other scholastic pursuit4 ,he is also aware that the more usual ,english and ,german hymns have their historians1 and1 to a limited degree1 that they have been analyzed1 classified1 compared1 and their text settled4 ,even their impelling causes and surroundings are known1 as in the case of the touching lyrics of ,george ,neumark and ,paul ,gerhardt1 or the pathetic strains of ,cowper1 or the stirring notes of ,charles ,wesley4 ,but occasionally a bird of strange plumage flies across this peaceful sky or perches and sings in these religious groves4 ,the name of some ,greek father--an ,anatolius or a ,john of ,damascus--appears as the original author4 ,the hymn-horizon widens out to an earlier age4 ,when one sings the ,te ,deum ,laudamus1 he discovers that it has its antecedent in the ,greek liturgy4 ,and when he employs that fine version of ,bishop ,patrick1 8,o ,god1 we praise ,thee and confess10 he is put upon a track of inquiry by which he discerns an even earlier rendering in the oldest prayer-books1 beginning-- 8,we praise ,thee1 ,god1 we knowledge ,thee ,the only ,lord to be40 ,these little hints and stray gleams of outlook through the mists of uninformation are intensely alluring4 ,and when by some happy chance it is learned that this old ,latin sequence is traditionally ascribed to ,ambrose1 ,bishop of ,milan2 when it is accredited to the spontaneous utterance of ,augustine and his great preceptor at the time of ,augustine's baptism2 when it is noted as a derivative from that ,greek psalmody whence the holy ,ambrose obtained so many of his hymns2 and when it opens thus a door into the heaven of the earlier worship of the ,church1 then indeed the reader is proportionately stimulated to further question4 ,for the most part it will be found that the ,latin language contains the best of the ,greek1 and the inspiration of the majority of the first ,german hymns4 ,in the dead ark of the ,middle ,ages was kept this rod that budded and this golden pot with its sacred heavenly food4 ,it is amazing that this treasure has been so well preserved1 but it is none the less certain that we now have it safely1 never to be lost again4 ,there are no ,latin hymns--let us here say--earlier than ,hilary of ,poitiers 7died #cff74 ,his ,hymnarium has perished1 and all but one of the compositions attributed to himself are doubtful4 ,the 8evening-song0 which he sent to his daughter ,abra1 while he was in exile among the followers of the ,eastern ,church1 forms the connecting link between ,greek and ,latin hymnody4 ,the true hymn--a different thing from the rhythmic but unmetrical sequence--here takes its rise4 ,in this small1 pure fountain-head reappear the percolating praises of the two previous centuries4 ,the short lines drop with a gentle tinkling melody upon the ear4 ,as yet there is no rhyme1 although there is an occasional lightening of the lyric by some such verbal art4 ,but with ,ambrose the full stream begins to sweep along4 ,there can be no doubt that many ungathered and traditional stanzas were in his time discoverable in the ,church--much as it can be observed that phrases in prayer or in exhortation are the inheritance of our own generation from days of struggle and of trial among our ,christian ancestors4 ,and what better could a beleaguered bishop do1 when he was shut up in a church 8for the word of ,god and the testimony of ,jesus ,christ10 than to collate these old hymns8 ,twelve possibly--eight1 or less1 with moderate certainty--can be regarded as of his own composition4 ,the rest of the ninety or a hundred are commonly received as 8,ambrosian10 since they share his spirit and partake in some degree of his method4 ,the rules of the ,venerable ,bede are not infallible1 and modern criticism frequently rejects what the early collectors are disposed to assign to this single illustrious source4 ,augustine wrote no actual hymns1 but he was the cause of hymns in others--as1 notably1 in the case of ,cardinal ,peter ,damiani4 ,the ,ambrosian music and the ,augustinian theology served for inspiration to many later men4 ,yet the assignment of these ,latin hymns to their proper authors is1 at the best1 a most precarious undertaking4 ,a few1 quoted or mentioned by competent witnesses--as when ,augustine quotes ,ambrose--seem duly authentic4 ,this is1 however1 a rare occurrence4 ,generally we proceed upon the mere dictum of the first compilers--especially of ,thomasius1 ,george ,fabricius1 and ,clichtove4 ,these early compilations are sufficiently scarce4 ,professor ,dr4 ,h4 ,ad4 ,daniel gives a list of some which1 except for the books of 8the venerable ,thilo0 in the ,yale ,library1 are beyond the reach of ,american students4 ,dating from #adib and running into the first decade of the sixteenth century there were many 8,expositions0 of hymns1 of which the work of ,clichtove 7,basle1 #aeag7 remains to us in the greatest number of editions4 ,up to the middle of the present century this book was practically indispensable to any correct knowledge of the original texts4 ,since that time it1 as well as every similar work1 has received attention1 and its contents have been often reproduced4 ,other and later laborers are such as ,cardinal ,thomasius 7,rome1 #agda71 who follows upon the traces of ,george ,cassander1 the ,liberal ,catholic 7,paris1 #afaf74 ,we are possibly more indebted to ,cassander than to ,thomasius for the correct designation of a good deal of the authorship4 ,both of these editors collate the text with other versions1 and thus prepare the way for later and more accurate work4 ,both depend to a notable degree upon the book of ,george ,fabricius 7,basle1 #aefd71 which is quite rare2 although ,thomasius' works are said by ,daniel to be sufficiently uncommon in ,germany1 as they certainly are in ,america4 ,the recent republication of the ,mozarabic ,breviary in ,j4 ,p4 ,migne's ,patrologia brings this volume1 however1 within easy reach4 ,thus we are naturally led to speak of the sources of the hymns themselves--sources from which these editors have secured them4 ,as a part of religious worship they were incorporated into the various breviaries1 of which hundreds must have been in use before the unification begun by the ,church of ,rome in the sixteenth century4 ,besides these church books1 there were collections of hymns alone made by mediaeval schools1 whose manuscripts still exist in ,european libraries4 ,the only method by which to ascertain the number and extent of these treasures was to gather and classify them4 ,and strangely enough this labor has been performed by ,protestants rather than by ,catholics4 ,cassander's book was forbidden at ,rome1 as he was what now would be called an ,old ,catholic2 ,luther1 ,george ,fabricius1 and ,hermann ,bonn were in no better odor of sanctity2 and for our own times the standard work is that of ,herman ,adelbert ,daniel1 who was a ,lutheran professor at ,halle1 while close behind him come several others of the same religious belief4 ,the necessary and highly difficult task of getting the materials together has been exhaustively performed4 ,professor ,daniel's investigations extended to the original copies in monasteries and abbeys almost without number4 ,but ,f4 ,j4 ,mone enlarged even upon this4 ,daniel's ,thesaurus in five volumes was completed in #ahef--;having been several years in course of publication--and it stands as yet unrivalled4 ,mone's ,lateinische ,hymnen des ,mittelalters appeared in #ahec-ee1 and was therefore available for the conclusion of ,daniel's great work4 ,its value consists in the fact that it is derived exclusively from manuscripts and from material hitherto untouched4 ,the ,germans1 indeed1 have made ,latin hymnology a special branch of study1 considering that it is profitable to them for its value religiously and historically4 ,from old ,flacius ,illyricus' appendix to the ,catalogus ,testium ,veritatis has been recovered the original of ,bernard of ,cluny's 8,jerusalem the ,golden0--a poem which would never have been known by us if this same ,matthias ,flacius had not preserved it as a testimony against the corrupt state of the ,church4 ,we must then add the ,german names of ,schlosser1 and ,simrock1 and ,fortlage1 and ,stadelmann1 and ,jacob ,grimm1 and ,knigsfeld1 and ,bssler1 and ,kayser1 and ,kehrein1 and ,morel4 ,wackernagel and ,koch1 the great historians of ,german hymnology1 have also done admirable service in prefixing the ,latin hymns to the earlier part of their collections and histories of ,german praise4 ,there is a host of lesser names1 and there have been some separate discoveries worthy of note4 ,thus the ,english ritualists1 under the lead of ,newman and ,neale1 unearthed some capital lyrics4 ,the ,hymni ,ecclesiae of ,cardinal ,j4 ,h4 ,newman1 being half derived from the ,paris ,breviary1 contain hymns which are scarcely to be found elsewhere--many of them1 as our ,index will show1 being accessible only in those pages4 ,the ,sequentiae ,medii ,aevii of ,dr4 ,john ,mason ,neale also bring to us texts which are extremely scarce4 ,archbishop ,trench1 in his collection of eighty hymns1 has avoided anything like ,romanism even to the occasional expurgation of a phrase2 but he has given us a few hymns which are difficult to procure4 ,knigsfeld's selection of one hundred is admirable2 and ,bssler's and ,simrock's little books have made a very good choice4 ,more recently still ,professor ,f4 ,a4 ,march1 of ,lafayette ,college1 has prepared a selection of one hundred and fifty of these hymns for the use of institutions of learning2 and this1 for every purpose1 is the finest and most satisfactory series of texts at our command4 ,the ordinary student can learn much from this before he needs to attempt the larger and more expensive works4 ,in making an exhaustive index of all the originals before us1 these collections soon dwindle into a very diminutive form4 ,there are about three thousand five hundred hymns in the various books4 ,and they are of all sorts--good1 bad1 and indifferent4 ,the good are the pure and true utterance of pious spirits--such lyrics as the ,veni1 ,redemptor1 and the ,veni1 ,sancte ,spiritus1 and the ,vexilla ,regis4 ,the positively bad are those which are either poor in execution--a common fault--or decidedly defective in religious tone4 ,many so-called 8hymns0 are nothing but plagiaries or parodies upon older compositions4 ,some are debased into mere patchwork4 ,there are a few which are macaronic1 and a great many in which poverty of phrase is helped out by wholesale pilfering4 ,moreover1 it is easy to find those which are highly objectionable in point of taste and theology1 to say nothing of prosody or ,protestantism4 ,and if ,protestants are principally energetic in restoring and editing these hymns1 to the frank and generous extent of overlooking what is unpleasant in them1 it ought to follow that they should not be blamed for preferring only those lyrics in which the broad and ,christian fervor of devout souls can be observed4 ,of those hymns which are upon the border line1 the pathetic ,stabat ,mater may stand as an example4 ,it would be bigotry to reject it from the list--as one compiler has done--while it would certainly not be fair to ,protestants to utilize it1 in any close translation1 for the worship of the ,church universal4 ,perhaps there are not less than from four to five hundred of these hymns1 then1 to which no cause of blame can attach--which are as dear to the ,church of the ,roman ,catholics as to that of the ,catholic ,protestants4 ,on such common ground the heartiest sympathy and co-operation can develop the riches which yet remain4 ,already it is ,caswall1 the priest1 and ,newman1 the cardinal1 and ,neale1 the ritualist1 who have given to our daily praise the happiest versions4 ,it is ,ozanam who has discovered several unknown hymns2 and ,gautier and ,digby ,s4 ,wrangham who have brought out ,adam of ,st4 ,victor2 and the ninety-seven pieces of ,abaelard are reprinted from ,cousin's text in ,migne's ,patrologia4 ,the study of these sacred verses has been comparatively limited in range and nationality1 but it has had the incomparable advantage of being thorough4 ,thus we are to-day possessed of the text of every really fine sacred ,latin lyric4 ,somewhere or other it has bloomed and has been gathered by some acute hymnologist4 ,the text1 too1 is tolerably clarified4 ,translations into our own tongue have been made by such men as ,caswall and ,newman and ,neale 7who have rendered all the hymns of the ,roman ,breviary71 and by ,mant1 ,chandler1 ,pearson1 ,kynaston1 and many others4 ,in ,america the ,rev4 ,dr4 ,washburn1 ,dr4 ,coles1 and ,chancellor ,benedict have been as prolific as any4 ,scattered renderings have obtained place in various hymnals4 ,and we are now prepared at last for the general and popular interest which should be taken in this vast treasure of the ,latin tongue4 ,nothing is more surprising than the utter misinformation which prevails4 ,a few scholars1 like ,dr4 ,schaff and ,dr4 ,william ,r4 ,williams1 have endeavored to illuminate our ,american darkness4 ,but1 speaking only now of the ,latin hymns1 the story of their authors remains obscure and the romantic history of their origin remains for the most part untouched4 ,yet ,prudentius1 the ,spaniard1 was a classic survival in ,spain4 ,and ,damasus1 the pope1 was associated with certain dramatic scenes4 ,and ,venantius ,fortunatus1 troubadour and bishop1 furnishes us with a most striking portrait of the times in his attachment to the abbess-queen1 ,radegunda4 ,the list presumably includes ,elpis1 the wife of ,boethius1 the 8last of the ,romans20 and ,coelius ,sedulius1 the ,briton2 and ,gregory the ,great and the great archbishop1 ,rabanus ,maurus1 and perhaps ,robert ,,ii4 of ,france4 ,it calls into fresh life the histories of the ,venerable ,bede and of ,alcuin2 of the two ,bernards1 the one of ,clairvaux and the other of ,cluny2 of ,peter the ,venerable and of ,abaelard and ,heloise2 of ,adam of ,st4 ,victor1 and ,thomas of ,celano2 of ,bonaventura and ,aquinas and ,kempis and ,xavier4 ,it shows us that mad ,solomon1 poor ,jacoponus2 and it leaves us with verses from ,john ,huss1 the martyr1 to be read by the light of the ,reformation's dawn4 ,thus largely does the subject of the ,latin hymns traverse the ages4 ,from the fourth to the sixteenth centuries of the ,christian era it is the one stream which was fed from ,alpine or from ,pyrenean snows--a 8river of ,god that is full of water10 which expands into the stately movement of the ,notkerian and ,gottschalkian sequence1 or gently murmurs its song of trust with the missionary ,xavier as he writes the exquisite melody of that hymn1 ,o ,deus1 ego amo te6 ,to understand and to love these lyrics is to be better fitted for this nineteenth century of praise4 ,not the persecutors and the injurious1 not the cruel and the cold-hearted will then remain to us2 but the ,dies ,irae will utter its trumpet-voice above the dead phrases of a formal service1 and the ,salve caput cruentatum will call us afresh to the foot of the cross4 ,,chapter ,,iii4 ,,hilary ,,of ,,poitiers ,,and ,,the ,,earliest ,,latin ,,hymns4 ,when ,master ,peter ,abaelard was preparing his own hymns for use in the ,abbey of the ,paraclete1 he prefaced them with a brief treatise4 ,there were ninety-three of them1 arranged for all the services of ,heloise and her nuns1 and he answers the request of his abbess-wife by sending them1 somewhere in the neighborhood of the year #aace4 8,at the instance of thy requests1 my sister ,heloise10 he writes1 8formerly dear in the world and now most dear in ,christ1 ,i have composed what are called in ,greek1 #8hymns1' and in ,hebrew1 #8tillim4'0 ,for it is plain that she has a vivid recollection of his 8wild1 unhallowed rhymes1 writ in his unbaptized times10 and she would now have him tune his lyre1 as ,robert ,herrick did1 to a loftier strain4 ,hence he made for these gentle sisters a hymn-book of their own1 and so became the ,watts or ,wesley of their matins and vespers4 ,with characteristic self-confidence he only included what he had himself prepared2 but this introduction casts a great deal of light upon the knowledge and piety of the time respecting hymns4 8,i remember10 continues ,abaelard1 8that you asked me for an explanation4 #8,we know1' you said1 #8that the ,latin1 and especially the ,french ,church1 have in psalms1 and also in hymns1 followed more a custom than an authority4'0 ,this was quite true2 and the remark is eminently characteristic of ,heloise1 whose scholarship was admirable1 and whose disposition was of a sort to crave for and cling to a stronger nature4 ,he then quotes for her the decree of the fourth ,council of ,toledo 7,a4,d4 #fcc71 by which ,hilary of ,poitiers and ,ambrose of ,milan are established as the great fathers of ,christian song in the ,western ,church1 and by which the praise of ,god in hymns is sanctioned and commended4 ,to much the same effect are the words of ,augustine of ,hippo1 centuries earlier4 ,his beloved mother1 ,monica1 had died1 and nothing appeared to comfort him so much as one of these same holy songs4 8,then ,i slept1 and woke up again and found my grief not a little softened2 and as ,i was alone in my bed1 ,i remembered those true verses of thy ,ambrose4 ,for thou art the 8#8,maker of all1 the ,lord ,and ,ruler of the height1 ,who1 robing day in light1 hast poured ,soft slumbers o'er the night1 ,that to our limbs the power ,of toil may be renewed1 ,and hearts be raised that sink and cower1 ,and sorrows be subdued4'0 ,this is the ,deus creator omnium of the great bishop of ,milan2 and this1 in consequence of ,augustine's quotation1 is among the best authenticated and earliest hymns of the ,latin ,church4 ,but there were more ancient hymns than the ,ambrosian or ,augustinian4 ,they bear the name of ,hilary1 and with them ,latin hymnology really begins4 ,it is true that in the previous century--the third--,cyprian of ,carthage had written religious poetry1 but he composed nothing which could be sung4 ,there is1 indeed1 nothing previous to ,hilary4 ,and now let us go back to the creation of this first and noblest light4 ,for ,hilary had been a heathen--a heathen of the heathen--in ,roman ,gaul4 ,he was born in ,poitiers 7,pictavium7 about the beginning of the fourth century4 ,his father's name was ,francarius1 whose tomb--although he must at first have lived as an idolater--is said by ,bouchet to have been 8for upward of fifteen hundred years0 in the parish church of ,clissonium 7,clisson1 near ,nantes74 ,we are indebted to ,jerome for the main facts of ,hilary's life1 and to ,fortunatus for a large share in the filling up of the outlines4 ,hilary was so celebrated a man that contemporary references are more abundant and helpful in his career even than in that of ,shakespeare4 ,in those days he was at the summit of renown1 a notable exception to the case of the prophet1 8not being without honor save in his own country40 8,for who10 says ,augustine1 8does not know ,hilary the ,gallic bishop80 ,and ,jerome wrote to ,st4 ,eustacia that ,hilary and ,cyprian were the 8two great cedars of the age40 ,he was doubtless well educated4 ,his ,latin was good and copious1 without possessing very great polish4 ,his ,greek was sufficient to fit him to translate the creeds of the ,eastern ,church1 and to become familiar with their hymns4 ,we have his own testimony that he lived in comfort1 if not in luxury2 and the inference is plain that his family were of consequence in the place4 ,it was in his leisure that he took up ,moses and the prophets2 and there1 in that famous old town of his birth1 the mists of his idolatry thinned away4 ,we do not know that any external pressure was brought to bear upon his mind1 or that he was led by anything except a natural curiosity into this new learning4 ,poitiers itself is a noble situation for such an intellect4 ,it is perched on a promontory1 and surrounded on all sides by gorges and narrow valleys4 ,the isthmus1 which joins it back to the ridge1 was once walled and ditched across4 ,the ,pictavi1 and afterward the ,romans1 understood the military advantages of the spot4 ,it has always been the abode of scholars and of warriors4 ,here ,francis ,bacon once studied4 ,here ,clovis1 founder of the ,merovingian dynasty1 beat ,alaric ,,ii41 in #ejg1 in fair battle4 ,here ,radegunda the ,holy lies buried4 ,here ,fortunatus1 the poet-bishop1 dwelled4 ,here ,charles ,martel hammered the ,saracens in #gcb4 ,here1 in the ,cathedral of ,st4 ,pierre1 rest the ashes of ,richard ,coeur de ,lion4 ,here1 beneath these walls1 fought ,edward the ,black ,prince against ,king ,john of ,france1 in #acef1 when the ,english had the best of the day4 ,for they had learned--as ,bishop ,hugh ,latimer says that he himself was taught--how to draw the cloth-yard shaft to a head1 and let it fly with a deadly aim4 8,in my tyme10 said ,latimer1 8my poore father was as diligent to teach me to shote as to learne anye other thynge1 and so ,i thynke other menne dyd theyr children4 ,hee taughte me how to drawe1 how to laye my bodye in my bowe1 and not to drawe with strength of armes as other nacions do1 but with strength of the bodye4 ,i had my bowes boughte me accordyng to my age and strength2 as ,i encreased in them1 so my bowes were made bigger and bigger2 for men shall never shoot well excepte they be broughte up in it40 7,sixth sermon before ,edward ,,vi47 ,it was such archery as this that laid the flower of ,france in the dust1 and put ,john1 their king1 into prison4 ,poitiers is thus a noble and appropriate birthplace for one who before the time of ,charles the ,hammerer was called the 8,hammer of the ,arians0 7,malleus ,arianorum71 and who combined fighting with praying all through his life4 ,places and circumstances and the untamable blood of heroes have more to do with the making of men than we suppose2 and ,hilary was so distinctly a son of ,caesar's ,gaul that he became its large1 true1 and free expression1 appropriate to its landscape and harmonized to its atmosphere4 ,and as to his emergence from heathenism1 there can be nothing more satisfactory to us than his own story4 ,he has recorded that when he found1 in ,exodus1 how ,god was called 8,i am that ,i am10 and when he read in ,isaiah 7#dj3ab7 of a deity who 8held the wind in ,his fists10 and again 7#ff3a7 of ,him who said1 8,heaven is ,my throne and earth is ,my footstool10 then this ,deus immensus surpassed all his heathen conceptions of grandeur and power4 ,and when he read 7in ,ps4 #ach3g7 how this great ,god loved and cared for ,his children1 so that one could say1 8,though ,i walk in the midst of trouble1 ,thou wilt revive me2 ,thou shalt stretch forth ,thine hand against the wrath of mine enemies1 and ,thy right hand shall save me0--then he was drawn toward this mighty being by a sentiment of confidence and trust4 ,he also--turning the pages of the ,wisdom of ,solomon 7#ac3e7 in the ,apocrypha--found it written that 8by the greatness and beauty of the creatures proportionately the ,maker of them is seen40 ,and then1 encountering the ,gospel of ,john1 its opening sentences clarified his mind4 ,all became plain4 ,he accepted with calmness1 firmness1 and dignity the great doctrines of the ,christian faith4 ,he was imbued with ,john's conception of that ,word1 8which was in the beginning0 and 8which was ,god40 ,from that moment he had a theology which was as pure as crystal and as indestructible as adamant4 ,there is no muddiness about his ideas from this time onward1 though ,arians buzz and sting1 and calamities rain upon him1 and the path of duty is deep with mire and the future is dark4 ,every one of these things passes away4 ,his own language as to this great change in his belief is as characteristic as it is beautiful3 8,i extended my desires further1 and longed that the good thoughts ,i had about ,god1 and the good life which ,i built on them1 might have an eternal reward40 ,like one of his own favorite saints in the ,gospel and the ,apocalypse of ,john1 he was thus 8led by the ,spirit of ,god0 to become one of the chanting choir before the throne4 ,it matters very little1 therefore1 to us of to-day1 that1 in #ahea1 ,pius ,,ix41 himself a man of sweet and gentle temper1 made ,hilary a 8,doctor of the ,church0--a distinction reserved for those greatest ones1 like ,augustine and ,chrysostom1 whose learning and eloquence are world-renowned4 ,the dead bishop did not need this posthumous distinction4 ,he has long been recognized--to quote ,professor ,dorner--as 8one of the most original and profound10 albeit not the easiest to understand at all times1 of the great teachers of the ,christian ,church4 ,we may hereafter attach more value to his work even than we do at present4 ,this then was the man who had determined to enter upon a ,christian life4 ,he was already married and had one daughter--,abra by name--and possessed a certain repute as a man of reading and of affairs4 ,his origin protected him from a contempt of pagan learning2 and his marriage protected him from that one-sided development which has ,romanized the once ,catholic ,church4 ,the period in which he lived was one of transition--from classic literature to ,christian literature1 and from the ,latin of far-off ,virgil and ,cicero to the ,latin which was to become the uniting tongue of all scholars in that ,babel of the ,middle ,ages4 ,this language was now shaping itself to its new work and becoming1 like ,english under the genius of ,chaucer1 a living speech4 ,in the moulding hands of these first ,christian writers it became flexible1 not always fluent or graceful or even strictly grammatical1 but capable at least to carry what would otherwise have been lost4 ,greek was gone1 and ,french and ,german and ,english had not yet appeared4 ,as a ,gallo-,roman1 then--a post-classic ,latinist--,hilary gives in his allegiance to ,christianity1 and his wife and daughter are baptized with him into the true faith4 ,so far much is conjectural2 and more is vague and to be derived from the shadows cast upon the screen of history by the 8spirit of the years to come yearning to mix itself with life40 ,we emerge1 however1 into historical certainty about the year #cea4 ,then1 on the death of their bishop--who is thought to have been ,maxentius1 the brother of ,st4 ,maximin of ,trier--his townspeople clamored for ,hilary4 ,the ,histoire ,litteraire de la ,france sets this election down for the year #cej2 but that authority1 in this and a great many other instances1 is profuse and multitudinous and not absolutely safe4 ,we are certainly not far out from the correct date in saying #cea4 ,it illustrates a condition of things which are suggestive of the simplicity of the early ,church1 when we find that in spite of his being a married man and a father--and in spite of ,cyprian's and of ,tertullian's praises of celibacy--,hilary was heartily chosen and almost forced into the episcopate4 ,in this position he exhibited 8all the excellent qualities of the great bishops40 ,we are told that he was 8gentle and peaceable1 given particularly to an ability to persuade and to influence40 ,with these he joined 8a holy vigor which held him firm against rising heresies40 ,and ,cassian says that ,hilary 8had all the virtues of an incomparable man40 ,the fact1 after all1 speaks for itself more loudly than these commendations4 ,he was so much one of themselves that the people of ,poitiers would not have selected him1 if they had not known him to be the best man for the mitre4 ,from this time began that career of stainless honor which has outlasted the very walls which echoed his voice4 ,he was known from ,great ,britain to the ,indies4 ,he ranks second only to ,athanasius as a defender of the faith2 and--as we already noted--he is classed by ,jerome with the great bishop of ,hippo whose portrait is given to us so vividly in ,charles ,kingsley's ,hypatia4 ,and to us of our century and of our convictions in favor of charity and culture1 it is particularly praiseworthy that he never gave up his secular scholarship1 and that he never flagged or faltered in defending opinions which were as large and liberal as they were undeniably orthodox4 ,he was an oak which stood against the blast unshaken1 and which yet held1 in the heart of its great branches1 sweet nests of singing birds and leafy coverts of shade and peace4 ,hilary was not suffered to be inactive4 ,it was the period at which the ,arian heresy was in full incandescence4 ,no one holding the opinions of the ,bishop of ,poitiers could well remain neutral4 ,he had--in conformity with a custom soon to become a law--separated his life from that of his home2 but he appears always to have cherished a warm love for his wife and child4 ,this placed him1 however1 in perfect freedom from other cares1 and at liberty to devote himself to the eradication of false doctrine4 ,constantius1 the ,emperor1 was an ,arian1 and this made the perplexity of the position very great4 ,an honest man might ruin all by his blunt independence--but an honest man dare not be silent4 ,and1 besides1 ,hilary had neither attended the ,synod of ,arles 7#cec7 nor that of ,milan 7#cee71 and was somewhat out of the ecclesiastical tide4 ,that he was no coward was soon shown to everybody's satisfaction4 ,he prepared a letter to the ,emperor as brave as it was keen1 and which touched up with a vigorous lash the cringing sycophants and shuffling hypocrites about the court4 ,hilary is notably strong when he denounces the substitution of force for reason--and perhaps his doctorate came to him only in #ahea 7when he could not well care much for it7 because this doctrine of his was not altogether what ,mother ,church has been in the habit of teaching and practising6 ,i may refer to the recent work of the ,rev4 ,r4 ,t4 ,smith upon ,the ,church in ,roman ,gaul as fully confirming this statement4 ,st4 ,martin of ,tours is there called to bear testimony that the ,bishop of ,poitiers held such opinions just as sturdily in his days of power as in these times of trial and persecution4 ,he was1 in short1 a thoroughly sincere man1 and it took him only a few years--until #cee--to get into the hottest bubbling spot of all the caldron4 ,at that date1 in company with other leaders of the church in ,gaul1 he drove out a very pestilent fellow--,saturninus1 the ,bishop of ,arles--as a seditious and irreconcilable element in their midst4 ,with him was cast out ,valens1 and with ,valens was cast out ,ursacius4 ,but of all these1 ,bishop ,saturninus was the angriest and the most revengeful4 ,a year of something like good order followed1 when lo1 the ,arians came to the front with a synod of their own complexion at ,beziers4 ,here ,hilary found himself in the vocative case altogether4 ,the tables were turned upon him1 and it was he who must now go forth a banished man4 ,the power was against him1 and he set out with bowed head and sad heart upon one of those pride-humbling journeys which have not seldom brought the greatest results to religion1 and which not a few of the best men have taken in their day4 ,in this manner ,bernard went to meet ,abaelard2 ,martin ,luther went to the diet at ,worms2 and ,john ,bunyan took his way to ,bedford jail4 ,principal among the causes of his sadness was that he was snatched away from his constant and congenial duty of explaining the ,scriptures to the people of his diocese4 ,still he had nothing for it but to go2 and so1 somewhere about #cef1 we find him in ,phrygia4 ,he is accompanied by ,rodanius1 ,bishop of ,toulouse1 who had plucked up considerable courage by seeing how well ,hilary took his defeat4 ,in #ceg the ,church in ,roman ,gaul sent him their greeting1 from which that of his own ,poitiers people was not absent4 ,and the ,gallic bishops1 having perceived him to be capable of much good service in his enforced residence abroad1 bade him inform himself and them upon the creeds and customs of the ,eastern ,church4 ,this he had already1 to a degree1 undertaken4 ,and in #cei1 whom do we find entering a convocation of bishops at ,seleucia but our very ,hilary1 opposing with a strong and unflinching philosophic power all those--and there were many there--who denied the consubstantiality of the ,word4 ,there were one hundred and sixty of these bishops at ,seleucia1 of whom one hundred and five--a very handsome majority--were 8semi-,arians40 ,of the remaining fifty-five there were nineteen classed as ,anomoeans--those who held that the ,son was unlike the ,father in essence1 or --and the rest were heretics of different grades of badness4 ,it was the natural outcome of the difficulties with ,athanasius1 where the royal authority was on the side of the ,arians4 ,the ,roman ,catholic historians are therefore not complimentary to this synod--or rather 8double council0 of ,seleucia and ,rimini--and this was assuredly no very comfortable body of ,christians for a banished bishop to exhort4 ,but he did it with effect1 and proceeded to the council at ,constantinople 7#cfj7 and did it again2 and presently 7#cfa7 ,constantius died and the ,nicene ,creed was victorious4 ,so was ,hilary1 who--in #cfj-fa--returned to ,poitiers1 where1 as soon as his crozier was once more well in hand1 he levelled ,saturninus and compelled him to abandon his diocese4 ,he then turned upon ,auxentius of ,milan1 who only escaped the same or a worse fate by clinging to ,valentinian1 the reigning ,emperor1 and was denounced by ,hilary as a hypocrite for his pains4 ,our bishop appears in these days to have been decidedly a member of the ,church ,militant2 and perhaps it was natural enough when one had survived the reigns of ,constantius1 ,julian the ,apostate1 and ,jovian1 for him to be as he was4 ,i am not commenting upon these exciting scenes2 ,i desire rather to go back and show how they produced the hymns of which we are to speak4 ,it was in #ceg--;at the same date with the letters from the bishops and from the churches--that ,abra1 his daughter1 wrote to him herself4 ,from this epistle we learn that her mother still lived1 and we observe the dutiful and loving daughter apparent in every line4 ,in reply ,hilary sends a well-composed and even imaginative letter4 ,under the figures of a pearl and a garment he charges her to keep her soul and her conduct pure4 ,he rather recommends a single life1 but not in any such extravagant eulogy of celibacy as some would have us suppose4 ,it is more after the style of what ,grynaeus affirmed of him--that he was so moderate in these opinions as to suffer his canons to marry--since it would be hard for an unbiassed mind to draw any harsh conclusions from the language2 yet all this is of small consequence compared with the enclosure--two ,latin hymns1 one for the morning and one for the evening1 which she may use in the worship of ,god4 ,the first of these is the ,lucis largitor splendide2 but the second is probably lost4 ,it is said that it was the hymn1 ,ad coeli clara non sum dignus sidera--8,to the clear stars of heaven ,i am not worthy10 etc4 ,this is very doubtful indeed1 so much so that we may decline to receive it on several grounds4 ,it is to be found in the superb folio edition of ,hilary's works 7,paris1 #afic7 prepared by the ,benedictines of ,st4 ,maur4 ,yet if internal evidence is to weigh at all we must reject it without scruple4 ,it is not a hymn in any true sense1 and certainly has no reference to the evening hour of worship4 ,it contains a gross phrase or two1 which are not suggestive of ,hilary1 who would scarcely have said that he would 8despise ,arius0 by 8modulating a hymn0 against him1 nor would he have spoken of the 8barking ,sabellius0 or the 8grunting ,simon40 ,the verses are unpleasantly flavored with earthliness1 and to think that a young girl would be inclined to sing ninety-six lines of an abecedary--or 8alphabet-hymn0--is absurd4 ,moreover1 the editors of the edition of #afic only print four stanzas1 and express their own disbelief that ,hilary wrote it1 based upon these facts and upon their no less important criticism of the style1 which is masculine throughout1 and refers to ideas highly inappropriate to the use intended4 ,mone is nearer to the correct doctrine when he assigns it to a period between the sixth and eighth centuries4 ,daniel 7#d3acj7 prints it in full and quotes ,mone's remark that an ,irish monk is likely to have been its author4 ,it is in the metre familiar to modern eyes in the ,integer vitae of ,horace1 but it displays neither taste nor poetry nor any religious fervor4 ,that it begins each stanza with a consecutive letter of the alphabet is no proof of anything except wasted ingenuity4 ,so that1 ,i repeat1 we do well to reject it and to leave it rejected4 ,all1 then1 that is left us is the ,lucis largitor splendide--8,thou splendid giver of the light40 ,the letter went back from ,seleucia to ,poitiers and carried this hymn1 at least1 with it4 ,hilary had sent this and its companion1 ut memor mei semper sis--8that you may always remember me40 ,and we may fancy the lovely high-born daughter of that earnest and scholarly man as1 daily and nightly1 she sits at her window--perchance with her gaze wistfully turned to the eastward4 ,there she sang these simple1 beautiful hymns--she the first singer of the new hymns of the ,latin ,church4 ,among the themes for ,christian art yet left to us there is hardly one more suggestive than this--for ,abra doubtless sang her father's hymns to her father's loyal people4 ,it may even be supposed that he gave her the tunes as well as the words1 and that1 by morning and by night1 the battle-scarred ,poitiers re-echoed this voice of the exiled bishop4 ,of the hymn itself as much can be said in favor as we have just said against its pretended and ill-matched companion4 ,it breathes the ,johannean sentiments throughout4 ,it celebrates the ,light1 the ,son of ,god1 the glory of the ,father1 8clearer than the full sun1 the perfect light and day itself40 ,to one who is acquainted with the ,greek hymns it is instantly suggestive of those pellucid songs--its atmosphere is all peace and its trust is as restful to the tired spirit as the quiet coming of the rising day4 ,it may easily have been a translation from the ,greek1 or1 even more easily1 the natural up-gush of melody which was touched into life by the frequent hearing of the ,eastern hymns4 ,hilary never learned it in an ,arian church1 nor did he find it among controversialists4 ,its nest1 where it was first reared1 was in some corner of a catacomb or in some nook of the ,holy ,land4 ,this hymn1 then1 we may safely accept as the oldest authentic original ,latin 8song of praise to ,christ as ,god40 ,whether the ,bishop of ,poitiers had much or little learning1 he wrote a valuable book on ,synods1 and translated for us many useful and otherwise inaccessible confessions of faith and statements of doctrine4 ,erasmus--himself no brave man1 nor one likely to estimate moral courage properly--calls this letter to ,abra 8nugamentum hominis otiose indocti0--the trifling production of a man lazily uneducated6 ,well1 perhaps it would have been as well if some of that same 8luxurious ignorance0 of ,hilary could have secured the 8laborious learning0 of ,erasmus from exhibiting1 at the end of life1 its own inefficiency4 ,jerome said that whoever found fault with ,hilary's knowledge was compelled to concede his philosophic skill2 and it reminds one of the remark of ,dante ,rossetti1 who said that nothing in our age could stand comparison with a sonnet of ,shakespeare1 for1 rough as it might seem1 ,shakespeare wrote it4 ,it was this manhood behind the ,latin which went for more than all ,rotterdam6 ,hilary is credited with a great deal1 doubtless1 that he never wrote4 ,so he is1 by ,fortunatus1 with miracles which he never performed4 ,alcuin and others assign to him the ,gloria in ,excelsis1 but this was certainly more ancient than ,hilary1 being quoted by ,athanasius in his treatise on ,virginity4 ,he could at best merely have translated it4 ,this he might also have done for the ,te ,deum laudamus4 ,and since we know that he prepared a ,liber ,hymnorum--the first actual hymn-book of the ,western ,church--we have some reason to think that he would not have altogether forgotten the greatest chants of the early ,christians4 ,this hymn-book is utterly lost to us4 ,this is not the same as the ,liber ,mysteriorum--the book of the mysteries--and its existence1 like that of its companion work1 rests upon the testimony of ,jerome4 ,doubtless in it there were other poems and songs from which the ,hilarian authorship has been broken or lost4 ,it was not the ancient custom either to preserve the author's name1 or even to retain the precise form of his hymn4 ,he threw his little lyric--as the ,israelites did their jewelry--into the common treasury of the ,church2 and in the ,breviaries1 where so many of these hymns are to be discovered1 a later and more critical scholarship may identify some of them hereafter4 ,as delicate insects are preserved in amber1 we there find much that we should otherwise have lost2 but1 like that very amber1 when its electricity is excited1 his was that sort of reputation which attracted many anonymous trifles--as1 for example1 the ,ad coeli clara--to itself4 ,of ,hilary's other writings1 with exception of his work on the ,councils of ,ariminum and ,seleucia1 we have the full text4 ,his commentaries on the ,psalms and on ,matthew2 his controversial pamphlets against ,constantius2 his book of ,synods2 his twelve books ,de ,trinitate--these are accessible in the ,patrologia of ,migne4 ,it was undoubtedly believed at the time of the fourth ,council of ,toledo that he had written many pieces 8in favor of ,god1 and of the triumphs of apostles and martyrs20 and both ,jerome and ,isidore of ,seville declare him to have been the first among the ,latins to write ,christian verse4 ,but to show how uncertain is the conjecture that is thus started1 ,i may mention that the ,ut queant laxis of ,paul ,winfrid1 the 8,deacon10 is credited to ,hilary by the ,histoire ,litteraire4 ,the same authority also claims for him the first ,pange lingua 7,pange lingua gloriosi1 praelium certaminis71 which is sometimes assigned to ,claudianus ,mamertus1 but is the well-authenticated composition of ,venantius ,fortunatus1 the troubadour and friend of ,radegunda1 the wife of ,clotaire4 ,we may as well admit that a great man did not necessarily do all the great things of his day4 ,besides1 the search after truth in this matter is complicated marvellously by the trade of the hymn-tinkers1 who put new bottoms and tops and sides to a great many religious lyrics4 ,here is a case in point in ,mone 7vol4 iii41 p4 #fcc74 ,the hymn begins ,christum rogemus et patrem--8,we call on ,christ and on the ,father40 ,it has seven stanzas4 ,the first stanza is from a morning hymn1 supposed to be by ,hilary4 ,the second is from an ,ambrosian hymn4 ,the third and fourth are from another ,ambrosian hymn to the ,archangel ,michael4 ,the fifth is from a very noble ,ambrosian hymn--the ,aeterna ,christi munera--of which ,daniel says that it itself has been 8wretchedly torn to pieces by the ,church0 7ab ecclesia miser e dilaceratum74 ,the sixth and seventh stanzas are also ,ambrosian--from the ,jesu corona virginum4 ,thus this single hymn of seven stanzas is mere patchwork1 gathered from that ,ambrosian hymnody which the ,breviaries supply4 ,and finding all the rest of it credited to ,ambrose and to his century1 we are inclined to doubt that ,hilary should be considered as the author of any portion at all4 ,indeed the identification of ,hilary's hymns--except the ,lucis largitor--is purely conjectural4 ,it rests mainly on the hymnological acumen of ,cardinal ,thomasius1 which may or may not be liable to error4 ,kayser refuses1 on one ground or another1 to positively endorse any1 except the one which all now concede4 ,next to this in probability stands the ,beata nobis gaudia 7though it is doubted by ,professor ,march71 and then the ,deus pater ingenite1 which is taken from the ,mozarabic ,breviary4 ,the ,jam meta noctis transiit1 the ,in matutinis surgimus1 and the ,jesu refulsit omnium1 have only the authority of ,thomasius4 ,the ,jesu quadragenariae1 ,daniel says1 is an old hymn1 but very certainly composed later than the time of ,hilary4 ,the ,ad coeli clara we have already rejected4 ,thus we have one authentic and five conjectural ,hilarian hymns4 ,there is1 however1 great doubt resting on the ,jesu refulsit omnium2 and if ,i consulted merely my own judgment1 ,i should declare against it1 if only in view of the rhymes--a characteristic which it would scarcely possess if it were genuinely of the fourth century4 ,and while we are upon this somewhat ungrateful duty of trying to set matters right1 shall we pass over the slip which ,mrs4 ,charles makes in her capital little book8 7,christian ,life in ,song4 ,am4 ed41 p4 #gd47 ,for she says that 8,the ,hilary who wrote the hymns was the canonized ,bishop of ,arles40 ,there was1 much later1 a ,hilary of ,arles2 and there was another ,hilary of ,rome1 and there were also others of the same name2 but none of them wrote hymns4 ,he of ,arles assuredly did not4 ,of our own ,hilary it may be added that the rest of his life was earnest1 but comparatively quiet4 ,we shall find ,gregory of ,tours and ,fortunatus asserting that he raised the dead and healed the sick1 and cast out devils 7some of them in the shape of snakes7 from a boy's stomach2 but these stories belong naturally to a credulous and superstitious age4 ,more to the purpose is it to find that the bishop had entered upon the composition of tunes for his hymns1 and had taken up calligraphy and the ornamentation of manuscripts4 ,there was a book of the ,gospels found1 on which was indorsed1 8,quem scripsit ,hilarius ,pictavensis quondam sacerdos0--8which ,hilary of ,poitiers1 formerly a priest1 wrote40 ,a similar book was left by ,st4 ,perpetuus1 ,bishop of ,tours1 to ,bishop ,euphronius1 ,fortunatus's friend4 ,this is attested by his will1 executed in #dgd4 8,i saw10 says ,christian ,druthmar 7ninth century71 8a book of the ,gospels1 written in ,greek1 which was said to have been ,st4 ,hilary's1 in which were ,matthew and ,john10 etc4 ,but whether ,hilary wrote this is naturally an open question4 ,the good bishop died at ,poitiers--as ,jerome and ,gregory of ,tours declare--but the date is still a matter of some uncertainty4 ,valentinian and ,valens were upon the throne1 and it is safe to say that #cfg-fh was the year4 ,january #adth has also been assigned by some authorities1 but with no better reason than a generally received tradition to this effect1 and the fact that this is his day in the ,roman calendar4 ,his body was1 however1 scattered rather widely4 ,it was removed from its tomb in the time of ,clovis--a bone of his arm was in ,belgium1 and some other portions of his anatomy were in ,limoges4 ,about the year #fch1 ,dagobert is stated to have placed his remains in the ,church of ,st4 ,dionysius1 and so confident of this fact were the people of ,poitiers1 in #acid1 that they vehemently asserted that they had his relics there in perfect safety4 8,calvinistic heretics0 were said to have burned the mortal remnants of the great 8hammer of the ,arians10 and the ,pictavians took this method to meet the calumny4 ,for aught we know to the contrary they were perfectly right1 and the dust of their bishop is still resting peacefully in their midst4 ,for his works1 the ,paris edition of #afic is the best2 but the ,patrologia of ,j4 ,p4 ,migne contains all that any one can need or care to see4 ,it is the full reprint of the ,paris volumes1 together with biographical and critical notes1 in ,latin1 prepared with great diligence and research2 but1 of course1 from the ,roman ,catholic point of view4 ,,the ,,hymns ,,of ,,hilary4 ,i4 ,,hymnus ,,matutinus4 #a4 ,lucis largitor splendide1 ,cujus sereno lumine ,post lapsa noctis tempora ,dies refusus panditur2 #b4 ,tu verus mundi ,lucifer1 ,non is1 qui parvi sideris ,venturae lucis nuntius ,angusto fulget lumine1 #c4 ,sed toto sole clarior1 ,lux ipse totus et dies1 ,interna nostri pectoris ,illuminans praecordia3 #d4 ,adesto1 rerum conditor1 ,paternae lucis gloria1 ,cujus admota gratia ,nostra patescunt corpora2 #e4 ,tuoque plena spiritu1 ,secum ,deum gestantia1 ,ne rapientis perfidi ,diris patescant fraudibus1 #f4 ,ut inter actus seculi ,vitae quos usus exigit1 ,omni carentes crimine ,tuis vivamus legibus4 #g4 ,probrosas mentis castitas ,carnis vincat libidines1 ,sanctumque puri corporis ,delubrum servet ,spiritus4 #h4 ,haec spes precantis animae1 ,haec sunt votiva munera1 ,ut matutina nobis sit ,lux in noctis custodiam4 ,i4 ,a ,,morning ,,hymn4 #a4 ,thou splendid giver of the light1 ,by whose serene and lovely ray ,beyond the gloomy shades of night ,is opened wide another day6 #b4 ,thou true ,light-bearer of the earth1 ,far more than he whose slender star1 ,son of the morning1 in its dearth ,of radiance sheds its beams afar6 #c4 ,but clearer than the sun may shine1 ,all light and day in ,thee ,i find1 ,to fill my night with glory fine ,and purify my inner mind4 #d4 ,come near1 ,thou maker of the world1 ,illustrious in thy ,father's light1 ,from whose free grace if we were hurled1 ,body and soul were ruined quite4 #e4 ,fill with ,thy ,spirit every sense1 ,that ,god's divine and gracious love ,may drive ,satanic temptings hence1 ,and blight their falsehoods from above4 #f4 ,that in the acts of common toil ,which life demands from us each day1 ,we may1 without a stain or soil1 ,live in ,thy holy laws alway4 #g4 ,let chastity of mind prevail ,to conquer every fleshly lust2 ,and keep ,thy temple without fail1 ,o ,holy ,ghost1 from filth and dust4 #h4 ,this hope is in my praying heart-- ,these are my vows which now ,i pay2 ,that this sweet light may not depart1 ,but guide me purely through the day4 ,,ii4 ,,hymnus ,,matutinus4 #a4 ,deus1 ,pater ingenite1 ,et ,fili unigenite1 ,quos ,trinitatis unitas ,sancto connectit ,spiritu4 #b4 ,te frustra nullus invocat1 ,nec cassis unquam vocibus ,amator tui luminis ,ad coelum vultus erigit4 #c4 ,et tu suspirantem1 ,deus1 ,vel vota supplicantium1 ,vel corda confitentium ,semper benignus aspice4 #d4 ,nos lucis ortus admonet ,grates deferre debitas1 ,tibique laudes dicere1 ,quod nox obscura praeterit4 #e4 ,et diem precamur bonum1 ,ut nostros1 ,salvator1 actus ,sinceritate perpeti ,pius benigne instruas4 ,,ii4 ,a ,,morning ,,hymn4 #a4 ,eternal ,father1 ,god1 ,and sole-begotten ,son1 ,who with the ,holy ,ghost ,art ever ,three in ,one4 #b4 ,none calleth ,thee in vain1 ,nor yet with empty cry ,doth he who seeks ,thy light ,lift up his gaze on high4 #c4 ,do ,thou1 ,o ,god1 behold ,with mercy them that pray2 ,receive their earnest vows ,and take their guilt away4 #d4 ,the kindling sky forewarns ,our souls what praise we owe ,to ,him at whose command ,the night has ceased below4 #e4 ,we ask a happy day1 ,that ,thou shouldst guide our ways ,in constant faithfulness1 ,o ,saviour1 to ,thy praise6 ,,iii4 ,,hymnus ,,pentecostalis4 #a4 ,beata nobis gaudia ,anni reduxit orbita1 ,cum ,spiritus paraclitus ,illapsus est discipulis4 #b4 ,ignis vibrante lumine ,linguae figuram detulit1 ,verbis ut essent proflui1 ,et charitate fervidi4 #c4 ,linguis loquuntur omnium2 ,turbae pavent gentilium3 ,musto madere deputant1 ,quos ,spiritus repleverat4 #d4 ,patrata sunt haec mystice1 ,paschae peracto tempore1 ,sacro dierum circulo1 ,quo lege fit remissio4 #e4 ,te nunc1 ,deus piissime1 ,vultu precamur cernuo3 ,illapsa nobis coelitus ,largire dona ,spiritus6 #f4 ,dudum sacrata pectora ,tua replesti gratia1 ,dimitte nostra crimina1 ,et da quieta tempora6 ,,iii4 ,,whitsunday ,,hymn4 #a4 ,what blessed joys are ours1 ,when time renews our thought ,of that true ,comforter ,on the disciples brought4 #b4 ,with light of quivering flame ,in fiery tongues ,he fell1 ,and hearts were warm with love ,and lips were quick to tell4 #c4 ,all tongues were loosened then1 ,and fear1 in men1 awoke ,before that mighty power ,by which the ,spirit spoke4 #d4 ,achieved in mystic sign ,has been that paschal feast1 ,whose sacred list of days ,the soul from sin released4 #e4 ,thee then1 ,o holiest ,lord1 ,we pray in humble guise ,to give such heavenly gifts ,before our later eyes4 #f4 ,fill consecrated breasts ,with grace to keep ,thy ways2 ,show us forgiveness now1 ,and grant us quiet days4 ,,iv4 ,,hymnus ,,matutinus4 #a4 ,jam meta noctis transiit1 ,somni quies jam praeterit ,aurora surgit fulgida ,et spargit coelum lux nova4 #b4 ,sed cum diei spiculum ,cernamus1 hinc nos omnium ,ad te1 superne ,lucifer1 ,preces necesse est fundere4 #c4 ,te lucis sancte ,spiritus ,et caritatis actibus ,ad instar illud gloriae ,nos innovatos effice4 #d4 ,praesta ,pater piissime ,patrique compar unice1 ,cum ,spiritu paraclito ,nunc et per omne saeculum4 ,,iv4 ,a ,,morning ,,hymn4 #a4 ,the limit of the night is passed1 ,the quiet hour of sleep has fled2 ,far up the lance of dawn is cast2 ,new light upon the heaven is spread4 #b4 ,but when this sparkle of the day ,our eyes discern1 then1 ,lord of light1 ,to ,thee our souls make haste to pray ,and offer all their wants aright4 #c4 ,o ,holy ,spirit1 by the deeds ,of ,thine own light and charity1 ,renew us through our earthly needs ,and cause us to be like to ,thee4 #d4 ,grant this1 ,o ,father ever blessed2 ,and ,holy ,son1 our heavenly friend2 ,and ,holy ,ghost1 ,thou comfort best6 ,now and until all time shall end4 ,,chapter ,,iv4 ,,pope ,,damasus ,,and ,,the ,,beginning ,,of ,,rhyme4 ,contemporary with ,hilary of ,poitiers1 but probably a younger man1 as he survived him by seventeen years1 was ,damasus of ,rome4 ,like many other ,romans of the imperial period1 he was a ,spaniard by birth2 or1 at least1 he was the son of a ,spaniard who had removed to ,rome and had become a deacon or presbyter of the church dedicated to the memory of the ,roman martyr1 ,st4 ,lawrence4 ,of his own earlier life we know very little4 ,an extant epitaph records the fact that he had a sister who became a nun and died in her twentieth year4 ,he himself served in the ,church of ,st4 ,lawrence until his sixtieth year1 when he was chosen ,bishop of ,rome2 and in the accepted catalogue1 which begins with the ,apostle ,peter1 he ranks as the thirty-sixth bishop of the see4 ,he was chosen bishop in ,a4,d4 #cff1 because of the position he had taken with reference to the controversy which then agitated the diocese1 and because of the firmness and weight of character he had displayed in the troubles of the years before his election4 ,the great ,christological controversy was agitating the ,church of both ,east and ,west4 ,the ,west was substantially in agreement with ,athanasius1 against both the ,arians and the semi-,arians1 and would have been entirely so but for the influence exerted by semi-,arian or ,arian emperors and the courtly bishops of their party4 ,constantius1 the last surviving son of ,constantine the ,great1 was exceedingly zealous for the semi-,arian doctrine1 which rejected the statement of our ,lord's substantial identity with ,his ,father1 but was willing to assert ,his substantial likeness4 ,it was only the difference of an iota in a ,greek word-- or --but if there ever was a case in which neither jot nor tittle must be allowed to pass away1 it was this4 ,liberius1 who was elected ,bishop of ,rome in #ceb1 was the victim of ,constantius's policy4 ,in #cec the ,east and ,west were united under his rule1 and that year at ,arles1 as in #cee at ,milan1 councils were called1 in which the condemnation of ,athanasius was procured by imperial blandishments4 ,in the former the presbyter sent by ,liberius to represent the ,roman see subscribed with the majority4 ,but in the second his three representatives obeyed their instructions1 and accepted disfavor and exile rather than subscribe4 ,then ,liberius himself was summoned to ,milan1 and the weight of imperial threats and persuasions was brought to bear upon him4 ,he withstood both manfully1 and demanded as a preliminary to any discussion of the charges against ,athanasius1 that the ,nicene ,creed should be subscribed by all parties1 and the banished bishops returned to their sees4 ,when given his choice between submission and exile1 he chose the latter4 ,the ,emperor now sought among the ,roman clergy for a man to put into ,liberius's place4 ,in ,rome1 as in most of the cities of the ,west1 ,arians were not to be found4 ,but in the ,deacon ,felix the court party obtained a candidate who1 while himself a ,trinitarian1 was willing to hold communion with the ,arians1 and presumably to condemn ,athanasius4 ,of the details of his election and ordination little is known1 but we find him installed in the ,roman see with the vigorous support of the civil authority1 although not with the assent of the ,roman people4 ,the great body of the ,christians in ,rome are said to have refused communion with him because he was tainted by communion with heretics2 and when ,constantius came to visit the city1 he was besieged by the ,christian ladies of the city with appeals for the restoration of ,liberius4 ,in the mean time three years of exile to ,thrace1 where he was thrown of set purpose into constant association with bishops of the semi-,arian party1 and isolated from his friends1 had broken the spirit of ,liberius4 ,he was not a man of strong character1 and1 unfortunately for the theory of papal infallibility1 he yielded4 ,he signed a creed compiled for the occasion1 which described ,christ as of like substance with the ,father1 and condemned ,athanasius4#a ,he then was allowed to return to ,rome1 although ,felix ,,ii4 was still the recognized bishop4 ,constantius seems to have foreseen the difficulties which would attend the presence of the two bishops in the city1 and he consented to the return of ,liberius unwillingly4 ,the body of the people and of the clergy at once rallied around ,liberius1 and rejected ,felix altogether2 and of this party was ,damasus4 ,but while they were willing to condone his weakness in the matter of condemning ,athanasius1 there was a party of more determined ,athanasians who refused to do so1 and the diocese now was divided between the three factions4 ,that of ,felix disappeared with his own death in #cfj and the death of ,constantius in #cfa4 ,but the extreme ,athanasians1 although they did not attempt to set up a rival bishop while ,liberius lived1 perpetuated their party1 and they probably received aid and comfort from a similar party which had arisen in the ,east1 in opposition to the wiser and more charitable policy of ,athanasius himself4 ,this party was called the ,luciferians1 from ,lucifer1 ,bishop of ,cagliari1 in ,sardinia1 who was in exile in the ,east at the time when this question was raised there after the death of ,constantius4 ,in #cfg ,liberius died1 and the schism at once showed itself in ,rome4 ,damasus was chosen and ordained bishop in the regular form by the friends of ,liberius1 who were the great majority4 ,but the ,deacon ,ursicinus was chosen by the ,luciferian party1 and ordained by bishops of that party in the basilica of ,st4 ,sicinus4 ,unfortunately the prefect of the city was a weak and ineffective man1 who was quite unable to preserve peace between the two factions4 ,it soon came to blows between them1 and the pagan historian1 ,ammianus ,marcellinus1 tells us with what result3 8,damasus and ,ursinus being eager beyond measure to secure possession of the bishop's seat1 carried on the conflict most bitterly and with divisive partisanship1 their supporters carrying their quarrels to the point of inflicting death and wounds4 ,as ,juventius was unable either to suppress or abate these evils1 he yielded to the violence and withdrew to the suburbs4 ,and in the struggle ,damasus overcame1 as his party was the more determined of the two4 ,it is admitted that in the basilica of ,sicinus1 which is a place of assemblage for ,christian worship1 there were found in one day one hundred and thirty-seven corpses of those who had been done to death2 and also that the excitement of the populace abated slowly and with difficulty after the affair was over40 8,see how these ,christians love one another60 was a comment made by pagans on the spirit which had prevailed in the earlier ,church4 ,they now might have said it ironically4 ,it is impossible to acquit ,damasus of all responsibility in the matter1 as he was a man of eminent ability and influence1 and might have put an end to these scenes of violence if he had exerted his authority4 ,it is equally impossible to believe that he took any part in them4 ,then1 as in the ,reformation times1 what ,john ,knox calls 8the raskill multitude0 greatly enjoyed an opportunity to show how great their zeal for religion1 in any other shape but that of obeying its precepts4 8,set ,jehu to pulling down idols10 said an old ,puritan1 8and see how zealous he can be40 ,the schism did not end with the bloody struggle around the basilica of ,st4 ,sicinus4 ,it is true that the civil authority now interposed and banished the bishop of the ,luciferian party4 ,but he afterward was allowed to return1 and again the troubles revived and ceased only with his second banishment4 ,even when the ,emperor ,gratian gave ,damasus the entire jurisdiction over the bishops and priests involved in the schism1 with a view to the final suppression of these disputes1 the extremists lingered on4 ,after ,ursicinus there was yet another ,luciferian bishop of ,rome2 and by a curious freak of controversial zeal the memory of ,felix was consecrated as that of an opponent of ,liberius1 and a mythical account of their relations was given currency1 which has resulted in the elevation of ,felix to the rank of 8pope and martyr10 on the ground that ,constantius had him beheaded for his loyalty to the ,nicene faith6#b ,damasus made an excellent record in his see1 after the abating of the troubles which attended his accession to it4 ,he left no room for doubt as to his orthodoxy4 ,for the first time since the great controversy broke out in ,alexandria1 the whole weight and influence of the great ,roman see was thrown unreservedly and effectively on the ,athanasian side4 ,the accession of ,valentinian 7#cfd-ge7 to the imperial authority in the ,west once more threw the weight of court influence on the other side2 but intolerance was not carried to the same extent as by ,constantius4 ,at every stage of the discussion we find ,damasus outspoken on behalf of the ,nicene faith1 and in support of ,athanasius4 ,in #cfh he held a synod at ,rome1 in which the ,illyrian bishops ,ursacius and ,valens1 who were trying to ,arianize the ,west1 were condemned as heretics2 and in #cgj another in which the same condemnation was meted out to ,auxentius1 the ,bishop of ,milan4 ,before he died he saw the second ,general ,council meet at ,constantinople and lay the ban of the ,church on all the compromises with ,arianism4 ,the see of ,rome already had become a place of great splendor and influence4 8,make me ,bishop of ,rome10 the pagan senator ,praetextatus said to him1 8and ,i will be a ,christian to-morrow40 ,damasus seems to have enjoyed the pomp and show and opportunities for outlay and for influence which his position secured him4 ,but there was much in his administration of his diocese which commends him to our sympathies and even our admiration4 ,he seems to have been the first to have taken a genuine interest in the ,catacombs--the great underground burial-places which are so rich in memorials of the ,church's primitive and martyr ages4 ,he fostered their use as places of pilgrimage and reunion for the people of his own diocese and pilgrims from others4 ,he constructed the staircases which made them accessible1 the well-lights for their illumination and ventilation1 and the chapels for collective worship4 ,here ,christendom1 in the day of its triumph1 gathered to commemorate those who had been faithful when the ,church was under the cross1 and ,prudentius in his ,peristephanon has left us a lively picture of the eager multitudes who resorted thither on the festival days1 some from ,rome itself1 others from the ,etrurian and ,sabine villages1 thronging even the great roads to the city to their utmost capacity3 8,from early morn they press thither to greet the saints4 ,the multitude comes and goes until evening4 ,they kiss the polished plates of silver which cover the grave of the martyr4 ,they offer incense1 and tears of emotion stream from the eyes of all40 ,when1 after long centuries of forgetfulness1 the ,catacombs were reopened in #aegh by ,antonio ,bosio1 traces of these pilgrimages were found in the graffiti or rude chalk-inscriptions left on the walls of the passages by the ,italian peasants of the fourth and fifth centuries4 ,there also were found the inscriptions in verse1 composed by ,damasus1 and cut in stone by his friend1 ,furius ,filocalus1 who devised an ornamental alphabet for the purpose4 ,in one of these ,filocalus describes himself as one who 8reverenced and loved ,pope ,damasus0 7,damasi papae cultor atque amator74 ,another side of his activity has been brought into light by more recent researches in ,rome4 ,professor ,lanciani says that to ,damasus belongs also the honor of having founded the first public library of ,christendom3 8,the finest libraries of the first centuries of ,christendom were1 of course1 in ,rome4444 ,such was the importance attributed to books in those early days of our faith that1 in ,christian basilicas1 or places of worship1 they were kept in the place of honor--next to the episcopal chair4 ,many of the basilicas which we discover from time to time1 especially in the ,campagna1 have the apse trichora--that is1 divided into three small hemicycles4 ,the reason of this peculiar form was long sought in vain2 but a recent discovery made at ,hispalis proves that of the three hemicycles the central one contained the tribunal or episcopal chair1 the one on the right the sacred implements1 the one on the left the sacred books4 8,the first building erected in ,rome1 under the ,christian rule1 for the study and preservation of books and documents1 was the ,archivum 7,archives7 of ,pope ,damasus4 ,this just and enterprising pope1 the last representative of good old ,roman traditions as regards the magnificence and usefulness of his public structures1 modelled his establishment on the pattern of the typical library at ,pergamos2 of which the ,palatine ,library in ,rome had been the worthy rival4 ,he began by raising in the centre a hall of basilical type1 which he dedicated to ,st4 ,lawrence10 and which 8was surrounded by a square portico1 into which opened the rooms or cells containing the various departments of the archives and of the library40 ,a commemorative inscription1 composed by ,damasus himself1 in hexameters1 seven in number1 was set in front of the building above the main entrance4 ,the text has been discovered in a ,,ms4 formerly at ,heidelberg1 now in the ,vatican4 ,the first four hexameters do not bring out in a good light the poetical faculties of the worthy pontiff--in fact their real meaning has not yet been ascertained2 but the last three verses are more intelligible3 #8,archibis1 fateor1 volui nova condere tecta2 ,addere praeterea dextra laevaque columnas1 ,quae ,damasi teneant proprium per saecula nomen4' 8,around the apse of the inner hall there was another distich of about the same poetical value1 the text of which has been discovered in a ,,ms4 at ,verdun3 #8,haec ,damasi tibi1 ,christe ,deus1 nova tecta levavi ,laurenti saeptus martyris auxilio4' 8,mention of ,damasus's ,archives is frequently made in the documents of the fourth and fifth centuries4 ,jerome calls them chartarium ecclesiae ,romanae40#c ,but a still more lasting monument of his fame is the ,latin ,vulgate1 which he incited ,jerome--as the ,english-speaking world calls ,sophronius ,eusebius ,hieronymus--to prepare for the ,church of the ,west4 ,from a very early time ,latin translations of the ,scriptures from the ,greek version of the ,old ,testament and the ,greek original of the ,new ,testament had been in existence4 ,but although there were two well recognized types of these early versions--the ,italian and the ,african--there was so little uniformity that there were 8almost as many versions as copies40 ,jerome was a man of classical culture and a close student of the ,scriptures1 which he could read in ,hebrew as well as in ,greek and ,latin4 ,he came to ,rome from ,syria in #chb1 to ask the aid of ,damasus in behalf of the ,luciferian schism at ,antioch--a matter in which the ,bishop of ,rome hardly could meddle4 ,even before his arrival he had been in correspondence with ,damasus and had written for him an exposition of the vision of the ,seraphim in ,isaiah #f4 ,damasus called a synod in which the schism at ,antioch was discussed1 but no result reached4 ,it is said that in this synod he exhorted ,jerome to take up the work of giving the ,church a good ,latin version of the ,bible4 ,a ninth-century writer says he put him in charge of the ,archivum1 or public library1 described by ,professor ,lanciani4 ,later writers speak of him1 without much warrant1 as ,damasus's secretary4 ,it seems probable that ,damasus regarded him as a desirable man for the bishopric when his own death should leave it vacant4 ,but when his death came in #chd1 the ,dalmatian scholar was passed over1 perhaps because he was not a ,roman1 and a much smaller man than either ,damasus or ,jerome was chosen instead4 ,so ,jerome went back to the ,east and established himself at ,bethlehem4 ,between #chb and #djd he completed his version of the ,scriptures1 which is of especial importance to the student of ,latin hymnology1 as it stands in much the same relation to the ,latin hymns of the fifth and later centuries as does the ,english ,bible to the ,english hymn-writers4 ,it controls their vocabulary and explains their allusions4 ,as a poet ,damasus does not take very high rank4 ,we have seen ,professor ,lanciani's opinion of his inscriptions4 ,some forty poems are attributed to him1 but only a very few of these concern us here4 ,in the ,cottonian ,,mss4 there is a copy of rhymed 8,verses of ,damasus to his ,friend0 7,versus ,damasi ad ,amicum suum71 which would be interesting to us if we were sure that ,sir ,alexander ,croke is right in assuming that this is our ,damasus4 ,but the name 8,rainalde0 in the first line would hardly occur in a ,latin poem by a ,roman author of the fourth century4 ,there is no reason1 however1 to call in question the two hymns--one to the ,martyr ,agatha and the other to the ,apostle ,andrew--which are ascribed to him in the collections4 ,and the former is especially remarkable as being the oldest hymn in which rhyme is employed intentionally and throughout4 ,of course if it were true that ,hilary wrote the ,jesu refulsit omnium or the ,jesu quadrigenariae1 which sometimes are printed as his1 we should be obliged to assign to him the honor thus claimed for ,damasus4 ,but the preponderance of evidence and of presumption is against ascribing these hymns to him4 ,koch assigns the latter to the fifth century and not to the fourth4 ,mone ascribes the former to one of the early ,irish hymn-writers1 whose name is lost to us4 ,he finds in it a tendency to alliterative construction1 which indicates either ,celtic or ,teutonic authorship2 and he is decided for the former by the mixture of ,greek words1 which was a favorite practice with the ,irish hymn writers4 ,also the metrical form is one affected by them4 ,on these grounds it is fair to claim that the hymn of ,damasus marks the introduction of end-rhymes into the ,latin hymns4 ,rhyme was by no means unknown in the poetry of the ,greeks and the ,romans4 ,but in languages which occupied that stage of grammatical development in which the relations of words are expressed by terminations1 the resemblances in these were so numerous and so constant that rhyme must have appeared rather a cheap form for poetry4 ,so in this stage we find the ,southern ,aryans of ,europe employing the quantity of syllables and those of ,northern ,europe the coincidences of initial sounds 7stabreim or alliteration7 and assonance in their verse4 ,it was when the development of languages substituted auxiliary and connecting words for terminations that the coincidences of final sounds became so much a source of pleasure to the ear as to justify their continuous employment for that purpose4 ,but besides the occasional occurrence of rhyme in classic poetry--as in ,virgil's famous jeu d' esprit1 8,sic vos non vobis edificatis aves10 etc4-- there seems to have existed forms of popular ,latin verse in which rhyme and accent held the place which quantity held in classic poetry4 ,it is this popular form of verse which the ,church's hymns began to reproduce1 just as they also in many cases are written in that lingua rustica1 or countrified speech of the peasantry of ,italy and ,france1 which was to become the basis of the ,romance languages4 ,it is a matter of dispute whether the ,saturnian verse-form1 to whose early prevalence and prolonged existence among the classes not pervaded by ,greek culture ,horace alludes1 was based on an accentual scansion or merely on a numbering of syllables and a rude approach to quantity4 ,the general consensus of scholars is that the ,saturnian metres were based on accent1 and that rhyme1 which is the natural and invariable product of the accentual scansion1 was also in use4#d ,so this hidden current of rhymed and accented poetry of the common people rose to light again after many ages in the hymns of the ,western ,church4 ,thus ,damasus brings us to the parting of the ways4 ,in ,hilary1 ,ambrose and his school1 ,prudentius1 ,ennodius1 ,fortunatus1 ,elpis1 ,gregory1 and ,bede we have the perpetuation of the classic tradition of quantitative verse in the service of ,christendom and for the ear of the cultivated classes4 ,and while that tradition expires in the ,middle ,ages1 we see it revive again in the sacred poets of the ,renaissance--in ,zacharius ,ferrari1 ,george ,fabricius1 ,marcus ,antonius ,muretus1 ,famiano ,strada and the other revisers of the ,roman ,breviary1 the two ,santeuls in the ,breviary of ,clugny1 and ,charles ,coffin in the ,paris ,breviary4 ,but ,damasus stands at the head of a still more illustrious line4 ,catching1 perhaps1 from the ,etruscan and ,sabine peasants1 who thronged the ,catacombs on the day when the ,martyr ,agatha was commemorated1 the accents of the popular poetry1 he became the founder of the tradition which lives in the broader current of ,latin sacred song4 ,in this line of succession we find already a few of the ,ambrosian hymns1 and then a long series in which the two ,bernards1 ,adam of ,st4 ,victor1 ,thomas of ,celano1 ,thomas ,aquinas1 and ,bonaventura are the most illustrious names4 ,and as indeed the tradition of accent and rhyme seems to have made its way into the literature of the modern world through the ,latin hymns1 ,dante and all the great poets who have illustrated its power to give pleasure might be said to belong here4 ,the hymn in commemoration of the ,martyr ,agatha--whose story of suffering and triumph had seized on the imagination of the people as did those of the martyrs ,cecilia and ,sebastian--we give with the ,english version of the ,rev4 ,j4 ,anketell1 which he has kindly permitted us to use4 ,martyris ecce dies ,agathae ,virginis emicat eximiae1 ,christus eam ,sibi qua sociat1 ,et diadema duplex decorat4 ,stirpe decens1 elegans specie1 ,sed magis actibus atque fide3 ,terrea prospera nil reputans ,jussa ,dei sibi corde ligans4 ,fortior haec trucibusque viris ,exposuit sua membra flagris1 ,pectore quam fuerit valido ,torta mamilla docet patulo4 ,deliciae cui carcer erat1 ,pastor ovem ,petrus hanc recreat1 ,laetior inde magisque flagrans ,cuncta flagella cucurrit ovans4 ,ethnica turba rogum fugiens1 ,hujus et ipsa meretur opem3 ,quos fidei titulus decorat1 ,his ,venerem magis ipsa premat4 ,jam renitens quasi sponsa polo1 ,pro misero rogitet ,damaso1 ,sic sua festa coli faciat1 ,se celebrantibus ut faveat4 ,gloria cum ,patre sit ,genito1 ,spirituique proinde sacro1 ,qui ,deus unus et omnipotens ,hanc nostri faciat memorem4 ,fair as the morn in the deep blushing ,east1 ,dawns the bright day of ,saint ,agatha's feast2 ,christ who has borne her from labor to rest1 ,crowns her as ,virgin and ,martyr most blest4 ,noble by birth and of beautiful face1 ,richer by far in her deeds and her grace1 ,earth's fleeting honors and gains she despised1 ,god's holy will and commandments she prized4 ,braver and nobler than merciless foes1 ,willing her limbs to the scourge to expose2 ,weakly she sank not by anguish oppressed1 ,when cruel torture destroyed her fair breast4 ,then her dark dungeon was filled with delight1 ,peter the shepherd refreshed her by night2 ,forth to her tortures rejoicing she went1 ,thanking her ,god for the trials he sent4 ,barbarous pagans1 escaping their doom1 ,honor her virtues that brighten their gloom2 ,they whom the title of faith hath adorned1 ,like her1 earth's possessions and pleasures have scorned4 ,radiant and glorious1 a heavenly bride1 ,she to the ,lord for the wretched hath cried2 ,so in her honor your praises employ1 ,that ye too may share in her triumph and joy4 ,praise to the ,father and praise to the ,son1 ,praise to the ,spirit1 the blest ,three in ,one2 ,god of all might in ,heaven's glory arrayed1 ,praise for thy grace in thy servant displayed4 ,it will be observed that ,mr4 ,anketell1 in the second line of the sixth verse1 follows the reading preferred by ,daniel3 ,pro miseris supplica ,domino1 which omits the ,pope's name4 ,but it seems much more unlikely that this line should be altered to the line as given above1 than that the contrary change should have been made4 ,emendators generally pass from the concrete to the vague1 from the specific to the general4 ,,chapter ,v4 ,,ambrose4 ,it would appear that the ,ambrosian hymns obtained much of their earliest recognition in ,spain4 ,at least so runs the statement of ,cardinal ,thomasius1 who edited the ,mozarabic 7,spanish7 ,breviary4 ,he says3 8,it is not doubtful that in the seventh century of the ,church1 when the ,spanish ,church especially flourished1 the ,ambrosian hymns were everywhere in vogue40 ,the ,concilium ,agathense 7,council of ,agde in ,southern ,france1 ,a4,d4 #ejf71 which concerned itself chiefly with matters of discipline1 ordained that hymns should be sung morning and evening1 and at the conclusion of matins1 vespers1 and masses4 ,these and similar enactments had reference to the body of hymns which had received the name of the ,bishop of ,milan4 ,then1 as now1 they formed the true fragrant cedar-heart of the old psalmody1 and it is from their structure that the ,council of ,toledo 7#fcc7 drew its famous definition4 ,the ,council said3 8,proprie autem hymni sunt continentes laudem ,dei4 ,si ergo sit laus1 et non sit ,dei1 non est hymnus4 ,si sit et laus ,dei laus sic et non cantatur non est hymnus4 ,si ergo laudem ,dei dicitur et cantatur1 tunc est hymnus40 ,that is to say3 8,hymns properly contain the praise of ,god4 ,if therefore there be praise1 but not of ,god1 this is no hymn4 ,if there be praise1 praise of ,god1 but not capable of being sung1 this is no hymn4 ,if therefore the praise of ,god be both composed and sung1 it is then a hymn40 ,the author who is thus honored as the first great leader of the ,church's praise was born at ,treves1 in ,gaul1 about the year #cdj 7or1 as some say1 #ccd74 ,his father was a ,roman noble who became praetorian prefect of the province of ,gallia ,narbonensis2 and as ,hither ,gaul was an important region1 it can be easily seen that the young ,ambrose was reared in the midst of wealth and power4 ,his mother was a learned woman and he naturally imbibed letters as he grew up4 ,a tradition1 which is probably based on fact1 assures us that even in his cradle he was marked for fame4 ,a swarm of bees came down upon him1 and the amazed nurse saw them clustered about his very mouth without harming him4 ,this was the same prodigy which had been related of ,plato1 and hence his parents imagined a high destiny for the lad4 ,it was indeed a singular and suggestive commentary on his future life4 ,he preserved his equanimity amid a great deal of buzzing2 and the sweetness of his speech won to him no less a convert than the great ,augustine4 ,his entire career was worthy of the sainted ,sotheria1 his ancestress1 who was martyred for the faith under ,diocletian4 ,he appears to us a man of both character and conscience4 ,his education was given him at ,rome1 and his brother ,satyrus and himself went to ,milan to practice at the bar4 ,his success as a pleader was great4 ,he became first assessor to the prefect with the rank of ,consularis1 whose headquarters were now at ,milan2 and subsequently he took charge of ,liguria and ,emilia4 ,for in #cfi we find him1 by appointment of the ,emperor ,valentinian1 prefect of ,upper ,italy and ,milan4 ,his position is sometimes styled that of 8consular10 sometimes that of 8governor10 and sometimes that of 8praetor0 or imperial president1 which last perhaps the easiest designation for modern ears and carries the plainest meaning with it4 ,now ,milan was the capital of ,liguria and it was the business of the praetor to preside in the stead of the ,emperor over the choice of a bishop4 ,auxentius1 an ,arian1 who had held this office1 died in #cgd and a new election was necessary4 ,this was not an easy matter1 for the feud between the ,catholics and the ,arians was at fever-heat1 and rioting and bloodshed were very certain to occur4 ,the praetor called to mind the advice of ,probus1 prefect of ,italy1 who had once charged him to administer the affairs of his region 8like a bishop40 ,he therefore tried to cast oil upon the waters4 ,his genial gravity and calm serenity of spirit aided the impression he meant to produce4 ,both factions gazed upon him with delight4 ,his attitude was so unpartisan as to charm everybody1 and it was very natural that this eloquent representative of the ,emperor should carry the suffrages of the throng4 ,and just when the interest was most intense and the confidence greatest1 a child cried out1 8,let ,ambrose be bishop10 and the crowd caught the contagion at once4 ,in later days it was maliciously said that ,ambrose had himself contrived this scene with an eye to the stage effect--that for all his apparent humility the coming bishop set store by the office and wanted to obtain it--that1 in short1 his reluctance to receive it and even his precipitate flight from the city were prearranged6 ,more than this1 it has been asserted that the various schemes and subterfuges to avoid becoming bishop were known to and abetted by his friends1 who were of the orthodox party and desired to have their candidate elected4 ,the best reply that can be given is the character of the man himself4 ,such a person must have entertained the highest reverence for such an office4 ,in his administration of its cares and duties he showed a conscious supremacy over every worldly consideration4 ,in his final acceptance of it he evinced no less of self-denial than of sincerity4 ,and it is incredible that so mighty a mind as that of ,augustine could have been caught by the glittering emptiness of a hypocritical or self-seeking nature4 ,we may well charge these calumnies to their proper sources--those1 namely1 of disappointed ambition or of envious malignity4 ,the record of this endeavor to escape office reads singularly enough4 ,he first put some criminals to the torture1 hoping by this means to shock the people through his hard-hearted justice4 ,when this would not do he avowed philosophic rather than ,christian sentiments4 ,having again failed1 he welcomed some very profligate persons--men and women--to his palace in a way to invite scandal4 ,this expedient being also detected he actually escaped from the city by night1 but lost his way and found himself in front of the gates when morning dawned4 ,this being his fourth unavailing effort1 he fled to a friend's house in the country1 begging that he might lie hidden there until the first rush of feeling had been stemmed and he could hope for calmer consideration of his refusal4 ,but the friend immediately betrayed him for his own good1 and this well-meant treachery fastened the mitre firmly on his brow4 ,basil the ,great gloried in this new coadjutor2 and at the age of thirty-four or thereabouts1 he himself became convinced that he could struggle no longer against his fate4 ,it was thus that ,ambrose finally assumed the episcopate1 and it was soon evident that this catechumen--for he had not even been previously baptized--respected its dignities and meant that others should be of the same mind as himself4 ,he gave up his private fortune1 selling his large estates and personal property1 and reserving from them only a proper allowance to his sister ,marcellina1 who had early taken the vow of virginity4 ,he associated with this proceeding the most strict method of living4 8,he accepted no invitations to banquets2 took dinner only on ,sunday1 ,saturday1 and the festivals of celebrated martyrs2 devoted the greater part of the night to prayer1 to the hitherto necessarily neglected study of the ,scriptures and the ,greek fathers and to theological writing2 preached every ,sunday and often in the week2 was accessible to all1 most accessible to the poor and needy2 and administered his spiritual oversight1 particularly his instruction of catechumens1 with the greatest fidelity40 ,this is the character1 admirably condensed1 of a model bishop4 ,to its fulfilment it requires the fervent piety of a true ,christian and the constant zeal of an acute student together with the large prudence of a man of affairs4 ,all these are abundantly found in ,ambrose4 ,and if it happened that in other and worse times his assertion of the spiritual independence of a bishop gave a foundation for what became the authority of the pope1 it may be properly retorted that for him not to have done so then would have prevented many another better thing in later ages4 ,he was a more polished scholar than ,hilary1 and a more devout ,christian than ,damasus4 ,hence it was that his energy and skill contributed largely to the success of the ,nicene orthodoxy in the ,west4 ,those times were troublous1 and a cheerful and sunshiny temper like that of ,ambrose was a vast auxiliary to the cause4 ,he had been consecrated in #cgd1 eight days after his election2 and in #chb he presided at the synod in ,aquileia which deposed ,palladius and ,secundianus1 the ,arian bishops4 ,by so doing1 and by his general attitude1 he incurred the anger of ,justina1 whose son1 the younger ,valentinian1 he always upheld and shielded4 ,the ,empress1 however1 determined to deal with him a good deal as ,ahab's wife dealt with ,elijah4 ,this comparison takes additional point from the use which ,ambrose himself made of the story of ,naboth in his defence of the ,portian ,church4 ,he had already encountered the smouldering idolatry of old ,rome1 headed by the rhetorician1 ,symmachus2 but the eloquence of ,ambrose had borne down all opposition and that conflict was now at an end4 ,a vindictive woman was1 however1 a greater danger than a clever orator1 and he found this true when ,justina1 the ,empress-mother1 allied herself with the heretical ,arians4 ,his pious zeal was kindled in a moment4 ,give up churches to such a schismatic set as these8 ,never6 ,it was at ,easter in the year #chf that the ,portian ,church and its holy vessels were demanded for the use of the other party4 ,then stood up both the old ,roman and the new ,christian in the single person of the ,bishop of ,milan4 ,he compared the demand to that of ,ahab for ,naboth's vineyard2 and it may well be supposed that with the rush of such a torrent of speech a current of inference was also borne along which involved ,justina herself4 ,the sermon1 which has survived to us1 was preached on ,palm ,sunday1 and in it he said that he would hold every religious edifice against heresy to the very death4 ,let them take his property2 let them depose or destroy himself2 let them do their worst--but for his part he would stand there unshaken for the truth4 ,he would not incite riot and confusion1 but he would not yield4 ,it was the anticipation of ,luther's 8,hier stehe ich1 ich kann nicht anders6 ,gott helfe mir60 ,for ,ambrose proclaimed1 almost in these actual words1 8,here ,i stand1 ,i cannot do otherwise4 ,god help me60 ,he made one magnificent point in this discourse--the focal centre it was of the entire outburst of eloquent declamation4 ,it was when he quoted what our ,lord ,himself had said4 8,yes10 cries ,ambrose1 8give to ,caesar what is ,caesar's1 but give to ,god what is ,god's4 ,is the ,church the property of ,caesar8 ,never6 ,it belongs unalterably to ,god4 ,for ,god1 then1 it shall be kept4 ,it shall never be surrendered to ,caesar40 ,the fight was really a siege4 ,the sacred character of the churches protected their defenders4 ,ambrose invigorated the multitude who flocked to help him1 and who organized relief parties to keep possession by day and by night4 ,to relieve the monotony of their watches1 he frequently addressed them words of encouragement4 ,his fine equanimity triumphed over the impending disaster4 ,he taught the people there and then the hymns of the early ,church4 ,he composed tunes and instructed them in singing4 ,and when at last he was able to discover the bodies of ,gervasius and ,protasius1 the ancient martyrs1 he kindled in the spirits of his hearers such a fire that the popular voice was heeded even by the throne itself1 and ,justina was defeated and gave up the struggle4 ,the court actually retreated before the authority of the ,church4 ,and from that moment1 and that other memorable moment when he arraigned ,theodosius1 ,ambrose delivered the power of the bishop's crozier from any interference coming from the ,emperor's sceptre4 ,those were the days when the pastoral staff might be of wood1 but the man who wielded it was of pure gold4 ,this account needs the story of ,theodosius to be immediately attached to it in order to make it stand out in its true relation to the character of ,ambrose4 ,the bishop met three great enemies during his career4 ,first appeared ,idolatry1 championed by ,symmachus2 then followed ,heresy1 championed by ,justina2 and now came ,despotism1 behind which stood the beloved ,theodosius1 the ,emperor-pupil1 with his hands red from the massacre of ,thessalonica4 ,the facts were these3 a tumult had arisen in the circus at that place2 ,botheric1 an imperial officer1 had been killed2 and the ,emperor had in revenge put very many people to death4 ,some have even run the figures up to the incredible altitude of thirty thousand1 and the massacre has been always regarded as involving seven thousand victims at the lowest estimate4 ,it was a brutal and a horrible act1 and ,ambrose came out as ,nathan did before ,david and denounced it with the most withering reproaches4 ,the ,emperor cowered and bent before this sirocco of the truth4 ,the speaker was poised so high above him in the assured calm of a steady rectitude that ,theodosius could do nothing except yield4 ,and yield he did2 and for eight months he paid penance before he was restored4 ,it was the penance of the ,german ,henry which hastened the ,reformation2 it was the humiliation of ,theodosius which preserved both rights and dignities to the ,church4 ,there is another side of ,ambrose1 and one on which ,protestants will love to dwell4 ,while his great disciple ,augustine lent the weight of his authority to the doctrine that civil constraint might be used to bring men to orthodox beliefs1 ,ambrose always denounced that4 ,when ,valentinian ,,ii4 sent him to ,trier to negotiate with the rebel ,maximus1 in the winter of #chc-hd1 ,ambrose--like his contemporary1 ,martin of ,tours--refused to have any communion with the bishops who recognized ,maximus as ,emperor1 not on political grounds1 but because they had obtained the execution of certain ,spanish ,priscillianists for heresy4 ,this was the first blood-stain on the white garments of the ,church--the first in the long line of such sins against the ,word and ,spirit of ,christ4 ,yet ,adrian ,,vi4 appealed to it as a precedent against ,luther1 and described the usurper as one of 8the ancient and pious emperors40 ,in this he followed the example of his infallible predecessor1 ,leo ,i41 who1 in #ddg1 declared there would be an end of all law1 human and divine1 if such heretics were allowed to live6 ,as an orator and writer1 ,ambrose's strength lay in the simple direct plunge of his sentences1 wide and grand and forceful as the launching of a great bowlder down a mountain path4 ,and ,mr4 ,simcox has noticed that the words which are used to describe his rhetorical power are almost all derived from eloqui4 ,the other assemblage of expressions1 drawn from disertus and the like1 refer to the logical or learned weight of an argument4 ,but what struck every one in the case of ,ambrose was that he let the truth come mightily1 just as he felt and believed it1 with a swing and a vigor which was the outburst of his own majestic soul4 ,it was this which won his victories4 ,it was this power of sincerity which made him the counsellor of ,theodosius and the instructor of ,gratian as well as the guardian of ,valentinian ,,ii4 ,it was this unshrinking forwardness of movement which led him to oppose the rebuilding of the ,jews' synagogue2 they had denied the ,lord ,jesus--let their house burn6 ,but a victory more ,christian was gained when thirty days of respite were fixed by his intercession between the sentence and execution of criminals4 ,and although the defence of 8,virginity10 as ,ambrose conducted it1 was the mainspring of the conventual idea1 and was afterward vigorously used for that purpose1 it is again plain that he advocated what he believed and what he himself devoutly practised4 ,he shines upon us1 from every angle of vision1 as a character most pure1 serene1 and brave4 ,the siege in the basilica at ,milan had an important bearing on the whole future of the ,christian ,church4 ,augustine tells us how his mother ,monica had followed him to ,milan1 and how when there 8she hastened the more eagerly to the church and hung upon the lips of ,ambrose40 7,aug4 ,conf41 ,b4 vi47 8,that man10 he continues1 8she loved as an angel of ,god because she knew that by him ,i had been brought to that doubtful state of faith ,i now was in40 ,she evidently anticipated that so eloquent a preacher would complete the work that he had been permitted to begin4 ,as for ,augustine himself1 he felt 8shut out both from his ear and speech by multitudes of busy people whose weaknesses he served40 ,how finely1 by the way1 this very expression illustrates the greatness of ,ambrose's character and the unselfishness of his life6 ,we get also a picture of the man as a student--one whose voice would become worn by any extended public speaking1 and who therefore read to himself in his private studies in a manner unusual apparently in that age--namely1 as we do now1 without opening his lips or articulating the words4 ,the effect of ,justina's persecution is also given most graphically4 7,aug4 ,conf41 ,b4 ix47 ,for ,augustine1 having first told us how these heavenly voices fell upon his ear1 says that his mother 8bore a chief part of those anxieties and watchings0 and 8lived for prayer40 ,at this date1 he emphatically declares1 8it was first instituted that after the manner of the ,eastern churches1 hymns and psalms should be sung lest the people should wax faint through the tediousness of sorrow2 and from that day to this the custom is retained1 divers 7yea1 almost all7 congregations throughout other parts of the world following herein40 ,it is he1 moreover1 who tells us that the two martyrs' bodies were transferred to that ,ambrosian church erected in #chg1 and where afterward were placed the bones of its great founder2 which was spared by ,barbarossa in #aafb1 and which1 as the church of ,san ,ambrogio1 still occupies its old site in ,milan4 ,thus we have the most important of contemporary testimony to some of these troublous scenes4 ,of the ,ambrosian hymns themselves a great deal may be said4 ,it is better to confine one's self rather1 therefore1 to results than to the long processes which have led thither4 ,but it is impossible to agree with ,dr4 ,neale and ,archbishop ,trench1 who say of them that 8there is a certain coldness in them--an aloofness of the author from his subject40 ,this is one of those bits of critical misapprehension which lead us to doubt the infallibility of even so admirable a judgment as that of the warden of ,sackville ,college4 ,the truth is that ,dr4 ,neale admired gorgeousness and the splendor of ritual4 ,he praises the ,pange lingua of ,aquinas altogether too much and he praises ,ambrose altogether too little4 ,a simple and reverent spirit cannot be said to experience1 as he does1 a 8feeling of disappointment0 before this which he calls 8an altar of unhewn stone40 ,this single phrase exposes the delusion4 8,unhewn stone0 is not to ,dr4 ,neale's nor to ,archbishop ,trench's churchly taste1 while it is precisely upon such an altar as that 7,ex4 #bj3be7 that ,god was ready to let ,his flame descend4 ,the latest judgment--that of ,mr4 ,simcox--7,latin ,literature1 vol4 ii41 #dje7 is decidedly preferable3 8,they all have the character of deep1 spontaneous feeling1 flowing in a clear1 rhythmical current1 and show a more genuine literary feeling than the prose works40 ,to any one who is at all familiar with the ,ambrosian hymns this will at once commend itself as the better criticism4 ,we may pause a moment to inquire about the chants which bear his name1 but we shall have slight enough information4 ,four tunes are traditional3 the ,dorian1 ,phrygian1 ,lydian1 and ,mixed ,lydian4 ,what these were and how they were sung1 we do not accurately know4 ,we do know1 however1 that ,ambrose employed but four notes 7the tetrachord7 where we have subdivided the various tones into the octave4 ,the ,germans do not profess to tell us anything more definite than this4 ,the actual hymns are to be reckoned up in several ways4 ,first comes the mass of ,ambrosiani1 including hymns of ,gregory the ,great and of other and much later authors4 ,many have been foisted into this category because they were found in old breviaries and manuscripts4 ,then from these we may separate the presumed originals--of which a large proportion are now known to belong to other writers4 ,these misapprehensions are due to such compilers as ,fabricius1 ,cassander1 ,clichtove1 and ,thomasius1 who were not invariably correct and who perpetuated their designations through later works4 ,still a third class are the possible originals1 selected by the judicious but not always accurate zeal of the ,benedictines of ,st4 ,maur when they edited the collected works of the great bishop4 ,and last of all can be placed the probable originals--those hymns which are authenticated by ,augustine and by ,st4 ,caelestin 7,a4,d4 #dcj71 together with those in structure closely resembling them4 ,for our own purposes a fifth class can even yet be formed from the last named group--the undoubted originals1 which will comprise only those attested by contemporary authority4 ,the list would stand then in the order of authenticity1 about as follows3 ,i4 ,attested by ,st ,augustine4 ,deus ,creator omnium1 ,aeterne rerum conditor1 ,jam surgit hora tertia1 ,qua ,referred to directly by ,st4 ,caelestin4 ,veni ,redemptor gentium4 ,these are the undoubted hymns and the only hymns to be safely assigned to ,ambrose4 ,,ii4 ,aeterna ,christi numera1 et martyrum1 ,illuminans altissimus1 ,orabo mente dominum1 7from ,bis ternas horas17 ,splendor paternae gloriae4 ,these are the probable hymns4 ,,iii4 ,apostolorum passio1 ,conditor alme siderum1 ,consors paterni luminis1 ,hic est dies verus ,dei1 ,jam lucis orto sidere1 ,nunc sancte nobis ,spiritus1 ,o lux beata ,trinitas1 ,obduxere polum nubila coeli1 ,o rex aeterne domine1 ,rector potens1 verax ,deus1 ,rerum ,deus tenax vigor1 ,somno refectis artubus1 ,squalent arva soli pulvere multo1 ,summae ,deus clementiae1 ,tristes erant apostoli4 ,these have1 for one reason or another1 been assigned to ,ambrose4 ,it is to be remembered that the ,tristes erant is a part of the ,aurora lucis rutilat1 and that in many cases the hymns are very much intermingled4 ,a rigid designation is therefore impossible4 ,the fourth class comprehends what may be called ,ambrosiani--the ,sedulian and ,gregorian and other hymns being simply excluded from the list4 ,,iv4 ,aeternae lucis conditor1 ,agnis beatae virginis1 ,apostolorum supparem1 ,a solis ortus cardine ,et usque1 ,aurora lucis rutilat1 ,bis ternas horas explicans1 ,certum tenentes ordinem1 ,christe coelorum conditor1 ,christe cunctorum dominator alme1 ,christe qui lux es et dies1 ,christe rex coeli domine1 ,christe redemptor gentium1 ,cibis resumptis congruis1 ,coeli ,deus sanctissime1 ,convexa solis orbita1 ,dei fide1 qua vivimus1 ,deus aeterni luminis1 ,deus qui certis legibus1 ,deus qui claro lumine1 ,deus qui coeli lumen es1 ,dicamus laudes ,domino1 ,diei luce reddita1 ,fulgentis auctor aetheris1 ,gesta sanctorum martyrum1 ,grates tibi ,jesu novas1 ,hymnum dicamus ,domino1 ,immense coeli conditor1 ,jam cursus horae sextae1 ,jam lucis splendor rutilat1 ,jam sexta sensim volvitur1 ,jam surgit hora tertia1 ,et nos1 ,jam ter quaternis trahitur1 ,jesu corona celsior1 ,jesu corona virginum1 ,jesu nostra redemptio1 ,magnae ,deus potentiae1 ,magni palmam certaminis1 ,mediae noctis tempus est1 ,meridie orandum est1 ,miraculum laudabile1 ,mysteriorum signifer1 ,mysterium ecclesiae1 ,nox atra rerum contegit1 ,optatus votis omnium1 ,perfectum trinum numerum1 ,plasmator hominis ,deus1 ,post matutinas laudes1 ,rerum creator optime1 ,sacratum hoc templum ,dei1 ,saevus bella serit barbarus horrens1 ,stephano primo martyri1 ,telluris ingens conditor1 ,te lucis ante termium1 ,tempus noctis surgentibus1 ,ter hora trina volvitur1 ,ternis ter horis numerus1 ,tristes nunc populi1 ,christe redemptor1 ,tu ,trinitatis unitas1 ,verbum supernum prodiens1 a ,patre1 ,victor1 ,nabor1 ,felix pii1 ,vox clara ecce intonat4 ,while these are often known to be mere paraphrases of ,ambrose's own homilies1 or imitations of his hymns1 they are as frequently found to possess his spirit and almost the very forms of his verse4 ,thus ,daniel says of the ,ter hora trina that it is 8not unworthy of ,ambrose himself40 ,we also find many cases where the ,roman ,breviary has altered the first line as well as changed the arrangement of the stanzas4 ,the last class are those hymns1 formerly called ,ambrosian1 but now known to be the work of other hands4 ,they are given with their authors' names appended4 ,v4 ,ad coenam ,agni providi47,ad ,an ancient hymn1 older possibly than regias ,agni47 ,ambrose or ,hilary4 ,aeterna ,christi unmera nos4 ,a mediaeval patchwork4 ,aeterna coeli gloria4 ,an ,abcedary of later date4 ,agathae sanctae virginis4 ,found at ,milan among ,ambrosian hymns4 ,almi prophetae progenies4 ,time of ,ennodius1 sixth century4 ,amore ,christi nobilis4 ,versification of ,ambrose on the ,incarnation1 cap4 #c4 ,a solis ortus cardine1 ,ad 8,an ,abcedary arranged by usque4 ,sedulius40--,neale4 ,aurora jam spargit polum4 8,incognitus auctor40--,cassander4 ,bellator armis inclytus4 8,ein altes ,lied40--,mone4 ,ex more docti mystico4--,gregory4 ,fit porta ,christi pervia4 ,part of ,a solis ortus4--,sedulius4 ,jam ,christus astra ascenderat4 --,gregory4 ,lucis creator optime4 --,gregory4 ,here1 then1 we have what may be called substantially the earliest hymn-book of the ,latin ,church4 ,of course there were other hymns which were very soon separated and properly assigned1 but not until the fifteenth century was any intelligent analysis attempted1 and it is even now--as can be easily seen--a matter not of dogmatic certainty1 but of scholarly authority and inherent probability4 ,it may not be improper to add1 however1 that in these hymns we find some of the purest and most pious of praises4 ,the honor of the ,virgin ,mother and of the saints has not yet been attempted4 ,the martyrs1 ,stephen and ,agnes and ,agatha1 are alone mentioned1 if we except an occasional and somewhat doubtful tribute to others4 ,these are hymns of worship and of prayer--of adoration and of fellowship4 ,as a handful of grain from a great granary1 here are four versions of hymns counted as among ,ambrose's best3 ,,deus ,,creator ,,omnium4 ,maker of all1 the ,lord1 ,and ruler in the height1 ,thy care doth robe the day in peace1 ,thou givest sleep by night4 ,let rest refresh our limbs ,for toil1 though wearied now1 ,and let our troubled minds be calm1 ,and smooth the anxious brow4 ,we sing our thanks1 for day ,is gone and night appears2 ,our vows and prayers in contrite hope ,are lifted to thine ears4 ,to thee the deepest soul1 ,to thee the tuneful voice1 ,to thee the chaste affections turn1 ,in thee our minds rejoice4 ,that when black depths of gloom ,have hid the day from sight1 ,our faith may tread no darkening path1 ,and night by faith be bright4 ,and let no slumber seize ,that mind which must not sleep1 ,whose faith must keep its virtue fresh1 ,whose dreams may not be deep4 ,when sensual things are done ,our loftiest thought is thine1 ,nor fear of unseen enemies ,can break such peace divine4 ,to ,christ and to the ,father now1 ,and to the ,spirit equally1 ,we pray for every favoring gift1 ,one ,god supreme1 a ,trinity4 ,,splendor ,,paternae ,,gloriae4 ,o splendor of the ,father's face1 ,affording light from light1 ,thou ,light of light1 thou fount of grace1 ,thou day of day most bright4 ,o shine upon us1 perfect ,sun1 ,with lasting brightness shine2 ,let radiance from the ,spirit run1 ,our senses to refine4 ,to thee1 our ,father1 do we pray1 ,whose glory endeth not1 ,that thine almighty favor may ,remove each sinful spot4 ,he fills our deeds with heavenly strength1 ,he blunts the look of hate1 ,he ends our weary lot at length1 ,or gives us grace to wait4 ,,hic ,,est ,,dies ,,verus ,,dei4 ,this is the very day of ,god1 ,serene with holy light1 ,on which the pure atoning blood ,has cleansed the world aright4 ,restoring hope to lost mankind1 ,enlightening darkened eyes1 ,relieving fear in us who find ,the thief in ,paradise4 ,who1 changing swiftly cross for crown1 ,by one brief glance of trust1 ,beheld ,god's ,kingdom shining down1 ,and followed ,christ the ,just4 ,the very angels stand amazed1 ,beholding such a sight1 ,and such a trusting sinner raised ,to blessed life and light4 ,o mystery beyond our thought1 ,to take earth's stain away1 ,and lift the burden sin hath brought1 ,and cleanse this coarser clay4 ,what deed can more sublime appear8 ,for sorrow seeks for grace1 ,and love releases mortal fear1 ,and death renews the race4 ,death seizes on the bitter barb1 ,and binds herself thereto1 ,and life is clad in deathly garb1 ,and life shall rise anew4 ,when death through earth has made her path1 ,then all the dead shall rise1 ,and death1 consumed by heavenly wrath1 ,in groans1 and lonely1 dies4 ,o ,,lux ,,beata ,,trinitas4 ,o blessed light1 the ,trinity1 ,in ,unity of primal love-- ,now that the burning sun has gone1 ,our hearts illumine from above4 ,thee1 in the morn with songs of praise1 ,thee1 at the evening time1 we seek2 ,thee1 through all ages we adore1 ,and1 suppliant of thy love1 we speak4 ,to ,god the ,father be the praise1 ,and to his sole-begotten ,son1 ,and to the ,blessed ,comforter1 ,both now and while all time shall run4 ,the closing scenes in the life of the great bishop were such as became his past4 ,his funeral address over his brother ,satyrus is like that of ,bernard over his brother ,gerard1 or like that of ,melanchthon above the dead ,luther4 ,his eulogy of ,theodosius1 whom he survived but two years1 is conceived in a strain of lofty poetry1 several paragraphs opening with the repeated phrase ,dilexi virum illum4 ,i loved that man6 ,ambrose died on the night after ,good ,friday1 ,a4,d4 #cig4 ,paulinus1 his biographer1 was taking notes of the commentary pronounced by his dying master on the #dc;d psalm4 ,it was a scene like that at the deathbed of the ,venerable ,bede4 ,the failing bishop said that he heard angelic voices and saw the smiling face of ,christ2 and the reverent scribe avows that the face which looked on his own was bright1 and that around that aged head shone until the very last an aureole of glory4 ,let us allow much charity to the miracles and to the superstition of that time1 but let us also remember the gravity and sweetness of the poet-bishop4 ,for it is no wonder that when he lay in state in the great cathedral with quiet1 upturned face1 little children were moved by his gentle dignity of countenance and men and women1 affected by this holy presence1 put away their sins1 and were baptized as followers of the dead man's faith4 ,,chapter ,,vi4 ,,prudentius ,,the ,,first ,,christian ,,poet4 ,aurelius ,prudentius ,clemens has received rather more than his due share of renown4 ,his works have been edited by the most careful scholars4 ,there is a beautiful little 8,elzevir0 upon which ,heinsius expended his labor and which was printed at ,amsterdam in #affg4 ,there is an 8,aldine10 #dto1 ,venice1 #aeja4 ,but the most elegant is that of ,parma 7#aghh1 #b vols41 #dto71 edited by ,teoli2 and the best is regarded as that of ,faustinus ,arevalus1 the ,spaniard1 ,rome #aghh-hi1 also in #b vols4 #dto4 ,if to these we add the most accessible collection of his writings1 we shall find it in the fifty-ninth and sixtieth volumes of ,migne's ,patrologia4 ,the text of these various editions is derived from what is called the ,codex ,puteanus1 now in the ,paris ,library--a manuscript dating into the fifth or sixth century4 ,in all1 there have been nearly a dozen of them1 of which that of ,r4 ,langius 7#adij1 #dto7 is the true princeps--the very earliest4 ,and in the matter of editorship1 it is worthy of note that ,erasmus did not disdain to expend his fine classical skill upon the hymns for ,christmas and the ,epiphany4 ,if we ask ,bentley his opinion of ,prudentius he tells us that he is 8the ,horace and ,virgil of the ,christians40 ,milman declares that he was 8the great popular author of the ,middle ,ages10 and that 8no work but the ,bible appears with so many glosses commentaries in ,high ,german40 8,t4 ,d410 away back in #ahba1 when dear old ,kit ,north was editing ,blackwood1 furnished that periodical with some poetical translations and remarked that ,prudentius was 8the ,latin ,dr4 ,watts40 ,in ,la ,rousse he obtains the credit of being 8the first ,christian poet40 ,among the earlier contemporaneous1 or slightly subsequent references his name is preceded by the magic letters1 8,v4 ,c410 standing not1 as some have thought1 for ,vir ,consularis1 a man who had enjoyed the consulship1 but for ,vir ,clarissimus1 a person of high distinction4 ,it is reserved for the 8worthy and impartial0 ,du ,pin to formulate a judgment more in accord with the true facts of the case4 8,prudentius10 saith ,du ,pin1 8is no very good poet1 he often useth expressions not reconcilable to the purity of ,augustus's ,age40 ,the value of his poetry turns largely upon its theological and historical merits--both of which are considerable4 ,it is not structurally perfect by any means1 and yet it has furnished several very lovely hymns to the ,church--graceful and delicate1 rather than strong or inspiring4 ,in giving him his name it is safe to take that which is usually adopted3 ,aurelius ,prudentius1 surnamed ,clemens or the ,merciful4 ,to this has occasionally been prefixed ,quintus or ,marcus1 but neither has sufficient authority in its favor4 ,he was a ,spaniard1 and the main facts concerning his life are learned from his own metrical preface to his poems4 ,probably few questions have been more closely discussed by the learned than this of his birthplace4 ,the internal evidence is heaped up on either side until it is seen that ,calahorra ,calagurris is probably where he was born1 while ,saragossa ,caesarea-,augusta was 8his city0 and the place with which he was most identified4 ,he was doubtless of good family4 ,those industrious and microscopic editors who have devoted themselves to his fame have laid great stress upon the names ,aurelius and ,clemens4 ,the ,aurelii1 they say1 were distinguished and well-born people4 ,the ,clementes were also of notable memory4 ,and there were two ,prudentii beside himself who obtained rather more than ordinary distinction4 ,indeed1 there were some five ,prudentii1 early and late1 and one of them1 ,prudentius ,amoenus1 tried1 indifferently badly1 to climb to fame by an abridgment of his predecessor's history of the ,old and ,new ,testaments4 ,in this he was so successful that the original is now lost1 the condensation alone remains1 and our ,prudentius is often known as ,prudentius ,major1 to differentiate him from this troublesome ,minor1 who was a preceptor of ,walafrid ,strabo4 ,in regard to two other hymns--the ,corde natus and the ,vidit anguis--an element of doubt has been introduced by this same person4 ,faustinus ,arevalus was nothing if not a hymn-tinker 7see ,christian ,remembrancer1 vol4 xlvi41 p4 #abe ff471 and it is possible that these by such careless editorship have been incorporated into the text of the true ,prudentius from the pages of his namesake and imitator4 ,the hymn ,virgo ,dei genitrix 7of the fifteenth century7 is ascribed to another of the five ,prudentii4 ,this sort of blunder is by no means unusual4 ,we have an instance in point with reference to the very ,consul ,salia in whose consulship our poet tells us that he was born4 ,a similarity between ,coss4 ,salia and ,massalia misled the learned4 ,they saw in this a proof that ,massilia 7,marseilles7 was his birthplace1 and ,prudentius was at once claimed for ,france4 ,but we have now unravelled and disentangled the greater part of this obscure coil4 ,flavius ,philippus and ,flavius ,salia are known to have served conjointly in the year #cdh1 and hence the industry of ,aldus ,manutius and ,labbeus 7,labbe7 has been thrown away and their false conjecture has been abandoned4 ,prudentius himself tells us nothing about his family1 beyond what we derive by inference4 ,the deeper that we plunge into this labyrinth of guesses the further we are from being settled in opinion4 ,the exhaustive--and1 let us add1 the exhausting--editor of the latest edition finally calls a halt in the middle of his complicated ,latin sentences and avows himself utterly at a loss about the truth4 ,there is then some comfort left to us in cutting and untying these knots2 for whatever view we may advance has found distinguished and earnest championship already6 ,on the whole1 ,teoli appears a reliable leader1 and him we have mostly followed1 as later authors1 such as ,professors ,fiske and ,teuffel1 seem to have done before us4 ,let us say1 then1 that he was born in #cdh1 ,philippus and ,salia being consuls1 at ,calahorra1 which lies up the ,ebro and to the northwest of ,saragossa4 ,to-day ,calahorra is a small place of a few thousand inhabitants1 but it furnishes two other notable facts to history in addition to its claim to be the birthplace of ,prudentius4 ,it was this little fighting town which resisted ,afranius1 whom ,pompey sent to take it in #gh ,b4,c41 and it was then that the citizens ate their wives and children sooner than surrender4 ,besides this somewhat doubtful glory it produced ,quinctilian2 while ,tudela1 which is between it and ,saragossa1 gave a name to the learned ,jew1 ,benjamin of ,tudela1 whose ideas about the ,tower of ,babel have become as classic as ,prudentius's hymns or as the ,maid of ,saragossa herself4 ,it may be added that paganism was very early abandoned in all this region4 ,the parents of ,prudentius gave him a good education4 ,he possessed1 says ,teoli1 ingenium acre1 disertum1 ferax--talent that was keen1 eloquent1 and fruitful4 ,but at the rhetoricians' schools1 which he attended about the age of seventeen1 he found little that was commendable in manners or morals4 ,it would appear that he gave the rein to his vices and that his life was not very rapidly turned into the ways of ,christianity4 ,he was at first called to the bar and made judge in two towns of considerable size1 which may perhaps have been ,toledo and ,cordova4 ,about the year #djj he is supposed to have gone to ,rome and to have been favorably received by ,honorius the ,emperor1 who then promoted him to some sort of honorable office in his native country4 ,at fifty-seven years of age1 as he himself tells us1 he began to cultivate literature4 ,he had retired from active life1 much as ,chaucer did in later days4 ,from this period onward he lived in quiet2 he 8fled fro' the presse and dwelt in soothfastnesse10 like the father of ,english verse4 ,he gave himself to sacred things--to hymns in honor of ,god and of the saints1 and to poems against paganism and in favor of ,christian duty4 ,his poems have ,greek titles4 ,first comes the ,psychomachia 7the ,battles of the ,soul7--in hexameter--treating of the conflict in a ,christian soul between virtue and vice4 ,the contrasts are arranged somewhat like those of ,plutarch between the ,greek and ,roman leaders1 only1 of course1 the antithesis is decidedly against the vices4 ,here stand ,faith opposed to ,idolatry1 and ,chastity facing ,impurity1 and ,patience resisting ,anger1 and ,humility contrasted with ,pride1 and ,sobriety pre-eminent over ,excess1 and ,liberality vanquishing ,covetousness1 and ,concord healing the wounds caused by ,dissension4 ,there are nine hundred and fifteen lines in the poem4 ,the ,peristephanon 7,concerning ,crowns7 has twelve hymns in honor of various martyrs4 ,mr4 ,simcox notes that these are almost idyllic in form1 and that there is much made of the white dove which flies from the burning pile about ,st4 ,eulalia and of the violets which the girls should bring to the tombs of the virgin martyrs4 ,it may be interesting to name the martyrs thus celebrated4 ,there were two from ,calahorra2 then ,laurentius and ,eulalia2 eighteen who suffered at ,saragossa2 ,vincentius1 and finally ,fructuosus and ,quirinus1 bishops both4 ,then comes a poem on the ,baptistery at ,calahorra 7translated in ,blackwood1 vol4 ix41 p4 #aib71 with a description of the deaths of ,cassian1 ,romanus1 ,hippolytus1 ,peter and ,paul the apostles1 ,cyprian and ,agnes4 ,these poems1 it should be said1 are various in metre and some are quite long4 ,the ,cathemerinon 7a ,book of ,hours7 is the real mine whence the most of the hymns which were composed by ,prudentius are taken4 ,in this we have hymns for cock-crowing and morning2 before and after food2 at the lighting of the lamp2 and before retiring to rest4 ,with these are joined others for the use of those who are fasting1 and at the conclusion of the fast2 for all hours and at the burial of the dead2 the work ending with hymns for ,christmas and ,epiphany4 ,the ,apotheosis consists of poems relating to the errors of all the heretics that can be named--,patripassians1 ,arians1 ,sabellians1 ,manichaeans1 ,docetae1 etc4 ,the value of this to ecclesiastical history is easily perceived4 ,it has more than a thousand hexameters and it treats additionally of the nature of the soul and of sin and of the resurrection4 ,the ,hamartigenia 7the ,origin of ,evil7 takes up original sin as against ,marcion2 and the ,dittochaeon 7which possibly means ,double ,food7 is the abridgment of ,old and ,new ,testaments4 ,this last is a sort of religious picture gallery ranging from ,adam to the ,apocalypse in hexametrical epigrams4 ,there is reason to doubt whether it be what ,prudentius originally composed4 ,if he followed his usual vein of abundant verse1 there is no question but that these half a hundred epigrams would be more popular than his very extensive poetical treatment of such subjects4 ,it is left us to mention the two books against ,symmachus1 the ,roman senator1 whom ,ambrose so earnestly and successfully opposed4 ,symmachus had purposed to restore the idols1 revive the revenues of the pagan temples1 and generally to cast out ,christianity from ,rome4 ,the poetry of ,prudentius is again valuable here1 for it plunges into the origin and baseness of idolatry1 describing the conversion of ,rome1 and presenting a picture of the times which is invaluable to the historian4 ,it is from the pages of ,prudentius that we learn the cruelty of the purest of the ,roman women1 when 8,the modest vestal1 with her down-turned thumb ,urges the gladiator to his stroke ,lest life may lurk in any vital place60 ,one line in our author's hymn in honor of ,st4 ,lawrence preserves an historical fact which was not appreciated in its full significance until our own times4 ,he says1 ,aedemque ,laurenti tuam ,vestalis intrat ,claudia--8,claudia1 the ,vestal ,virgin1 enters ,thy ,house40 ,in #ahhc there was discovered in the ,atrium of the ,vestals a pedestal of a statue dedicated to one of the heads of the order1 from which her name had been effaced purposely4 ,nothing of it was left except the initial ,c41 while there still remained the praise of 8her chastity and her profound knowledge in religious matters0 7,ob meritvm ,castitatis ,pvdicitiae adq4 in ,sacris ,religionibusqve ,doctrinae ,mirabilis74 ,the statue was erected in the year #cfd1 and the order was abolished by the younger ,theodosius in #cid1 so that her conversion must have taken place between those two dates4 ,the conversion of a person filling a place of such high honor in pagan eyes1 of a ,vestalis maxima1 must have been a severe blow to the pagan party1 which in ,rome was making a fierce but hopeless fight for the old worship4 ,yet we find no other reference to it in literature1 unless the letter of ,symmachus to a ,vestal1 of whom he had heard that she meant to withdraw from her order1 was addressed to ,claudia4 ,see ,professor ,lanciani's ,ancient ,rome in the ,light of ,recent ,discoveries1 pp4 #agj-gb 7,boston1 #ahhh74 ,it is uncertain in what year or in what part of ,spain ,prudentius died4 ,conjecture varies between #daj and #dbd ,a4,d4 ,this infinitude of filmy particulars causes one to feel as if he were walking through spider-webs of a morning in the country4 ,this hard1 practical nineteenth century only experiences a sense of annoyance as it encounters the elaborate nothings of that strangely laborious1 all-gathering scholarship which prevailed in the sixteenth and seventeenth4 ,to create any intensity of interest to-day requires an imagination which would sacrifice truth to attractiveness4 ,but certainly1 from what we can see of the man in his works1 we can have no hesitation in pronouncing a verdict highly favorable both to his poetry and his piety4 ,as governor of important towns he merited--or he would scarcely have received--his title of 8the ,merciful40 ,as a close observer of his time and a student of its thought1 he has preserved for us what we cannot spare4 ,it is he who in the ,jam moesta quiesce querela struck the first notes which were to vibrate in the ,dies irae4 ,it is he again who in the ,ales die nuntius anticipated ,henry ,vaughan and his 8,father of lights1 what sunny seed1 ,what glance of day hast thou confined ,into this bird60 ,the hymn is as follows3 8,the bird1 the messenger of day1 ,cries the approaching light2 ,and thus doth ,christ1 who calleth us ,our minds to life excite4 8,bear off1 he cries1 these beds of ease ,where lie the sick and dumb2 ,and let the chaste and pure and true ,watch1 for ,i quickly come4 8,we haste to ,jesus at his word1 ,earnest to pray and weep1 ,such fervent supplication still ,forbids pure hearts to sleep4 8,disturb our dream1 thou holy ,christ1 ,break off the night's dark chain2 ,forgive us all our sin of old1 ,and grant us light again40 ,and so it is still he who casts the ray of his fancy upon ,bethlehem and upon the ,transfigured ,christ4 ,here is the ,quicumque ,christum quaeritis in proof of his real genius3 8,o ye who seek your ,lord to-day1 ,lift up your eyes on high1 ,and view him there1 as now ye may1 ,whose brightness cannot die4 8,how gloriously it shineth on ,as though it knew no dearth3 ,sublime and lofty1 never done1 ,older than heaven and earth4 8,thou art the very ,king of men1 ,thy people ,israel's ,king1 ,promised unto our fathers when ,from ,abraham all should spring4 8,to thee the prophets testified1 ,in thee their hearts rejoice-- ,our ,father bids us seek thy side ,to hear and heed thy voice40 ,i have changed the two last stanzas into the second person instead of the third4 ,otherwise the rendering is a faithful and literal version of the hymn4 ,this1 then1 is a good proof of the genuine ring of true metal to be found in ,prudentius4 ,the variety and flexibility of his measures1 in spite of archaic or post-classical words and phrases1 deserves our highest praise4 ,he is a writer of the 8,brazen ,age10 but he has not sunk far from the 8,silver10 nor exactly into the falchion sweep of the more brutal 8,iron0 time4 ,here is another of his hymns1 the ,nox et tenebrae et nubila1 which has obtained a place in the ,roman ,breviary3 8,night1 clouds and darkness1 get you gone6 ,depart1 confusions of the earth6 ,light comes2 the sky so dark and wan ,brightens--it is the ,saviour's birth6 8,the gloom of earth is cleft in twain ,struck by that sudden1 solar ray2 ,color and life return again ,before the shining face of day4 8,thee1 ,christ1 alone we seek to know1 ,thee1 pure in mind1 and plain in speech2 ,we seek thee in our worship1 so ,that thou canst through our senses teach4 8,how many are the dreams of dread ,which by thy light are swept apart6 ,thou1 ,saviour of the sainted dead1 ,shine with calm lustre in the heart60 ,the same leading idea of the analogy of the natural light with the spiritual runs through the following3 8,lo the golden light appears1 ,lo the darkness pales away ,which has plunged us long in fears1 ,wandering in a devious way4 8,now the light brings peace at last1 ,holds us purely as its own2 ,all our doubts aside are cast1 ,and we speak with holy tone4 8,so may all the day run on ,free from sin of hand or tongue1 ,and our very glances shun ,every form and shape of wrong4 8,high above us ,one is set ,all our days to know and mark1 ,and our acts he watches yet ,from the dawning to the dark40 ,prudentius undoubtedly exhibits the early traces of observances which are peculiar to the ,roman ,catholic ,church4 ,in one of his hymns 7the ,cultor ,dei memento7 he advises that the sign of the cross be made upon the forehead and above the heart3 8,frontem locumque cordis ,crucis figura signet40 ,but we have not the space1 nor is this the proper occasion1 to follow him through those matters which belong to the church historian more than to the hymnologist4 ,we must leave him to end his days in undisturbed quiet1 a good deal after the manner of ,chaucer1 as indeed we have already hinted4 ,he is said to have died in the neighborhood of the year #dje in ,spain4 ,our information is largely conjectural and affords us no certainty about his closing years4 ,that a poet who still dwelt amid the sculptured coldness of the pagan past should have written such hymns1 is a proof of what ,christianity was then achieving4 ,she had banished from the chilly apartments of literature the ancient focus with its feeble charcoal and its mephitic smoke4 ,instead of this she had created the cheerful hearth1 on which a pure fire of devotion was kindled and whose ascending flame swept off the immoral vapors of the time4 ,prudentius1 in a word1 made scholarship and religion companions instead of enemies2 and brightened classic prosody by the presence of a living faith4 ,to ,prudentius also more hymns have been ascribed than he ever wrote1 but after these have been weeded out1 there are left3 ,ales diei nuntius1 ,nox et tenebrae et nubila1 ,sol ecce surgit igneus1 ,intende nostris sensibus1 ,o crucifer bone1 lucisator1 ,pastis visceribus1 ciboque sumpto1 ,inventor rutili dux bone luminis1 ,ades pater supreme1 ,cultor ,dei memento1 ,o ,nazarene lux ,bethlem verbum ,patris1 ,in ,ninivitas se coactus percito1 ,christe servorum regimen tuorum1 ,da puer plectrum1 ,corde natus ex parentis1 ,deus ignee fons animarum1 ,jam moesta quiesce querela1 ,quid est quod arctum circulum1 ,quicumque ,christum quaeritis1 ,o sola magnarum urbium1 ,audit tyrannus anxius1 ,salvete flores martyrum1 ,qui ter quaternus denique1 ,felix terra quae ,fructuoso vestiris1 ,lux ecce surgit aurea1 ,en martyris ,laurentii1 ,beate martyr prospera1 ,noctis terrae primordia1 ,obsidionis obvias1 ,hymnum ,mariae ,virginis1 ,germine nobilis ,eulalia1 ,scripta sunt coelo duorum1 ,innumeros cineres sanctorum4 ,,chapter ,,vii4 ,,ennodius1 ,,bishop ,,of ,,pavia4 ,rambach says1 in his ,anthology1 that none of the hymns of ,ennodius have been adopted by the ,church4 8,nor have ,i10 adds ,daniel1 8found in any breviary a verse of ,ennodius4 ,yet10 he continues1 8since there are many of them in the collection of ,thomasius1 which have been taken from the ,mozarabic ,breviary1 it seems to me certain that in some countries they were formerly employed by the ,church40 ,some corruption has also taken place in the text4 ,and1 in short1 these hymns have never appeared either devout or original enough to secure the suffrages of the faithful4 ,the reason for their emptiness is not far to seek4 ,their author was a man of great celebrity but of little piety4 ,his reputation1 too1 is that of an ardent ecclesiast1 who managed to climb the heights of saintship by working in the interest of the ,roman pontiff4 ,he labored to maintain the supremacy of the ,pope--upon whom1 it is said1 on good authority1 that he was the first to bestow the world-wide appellation of ,papa 7,pope7--and to effect the union under this one religious head of both ,greek and ,roman churches4 ,to this single cause1 with its double aspect1 ,ennodius gave his talents and his zeal4 ,he was so far successful that he gained honor and position for himself1 however he was prospered in his other plans4 ,he was a person of sufficient prominence for ,italy and ,gaul to contest the honor of his birth4 ,it would appear1 however1 that ,gaul has the best title to whatever credit his nationality may give4 ,the works on hymnology do not mention him1 and the only notices of his life and writings are to be found in out-of-the-way corners of books on ,latin literature and in the controversial pages of ,church historians4 ,those who attack and those who defend the papal claims1 are in the habit of mentioning the two embassies of ,ennodius as notable points in their argument2 but the man is lost from sight in the paramount importance of his mission4 ,it cannot be so with us1 to whom his personal character is the topic of interest1 and who care only for his circumstances as these develop him to us upon his hymnologic side4 ,ennodius has himself informed us that he regarded ,arles as his native place4 ,we also know that he was born in #dgc1 because he died in #eba at the age of forty-eight4 ,his family was highly respectable1 if1 indeed1 it was not actually illustrious4 ,our poet always shows a familiarity with the affairs of good society2 and in those times good society had only one meaning4 ,it was a society which educated its scions in the polite learning of ,greece and ,rome1 and which made much of the ability to speak and write the ,latin tongue4 ,it is scarcely to be questioned that this was the theory on which the early education of ,ennodius proceeded4 ,he was sent to ,milan in order to become versed in what was called humane learning4 ,if he is himself to be believed he acquired both bad and good in this school4 ,he laments with a mock humility 7for so it would appear by his later literary derelictions7 that he had obtained a great deal of wicked and ungodly information2 and really no one can read some of his nasty epigrams and doubt his assertion4 ,for1 whether it was permissible to a saint or not1 it is a fact1 that the editors of his works have not scrupled to print some exceedingly profane and improper pieces which are undoubtedly the product of his pen4 ,his aunt1 who was bearing the cost of this admirable instruction1 died in #dhi--that is1 when he was sixteen--and he was left without means to proceed with his studies4 ,he avows that he had come to detest the very name of liberal education1 and this1 under the circumstances1 cannot well be regarded as anything very surprising4 ,we soon after find him married to a lady who is described as of a 8most noble0 and therefore highly appropriate family4 ,she was1 moreover1 8very rich0--another satisfactory point4 ,with this wealthy and fashionable wife1 ,ennodius rapidly obtained a view of earth1 and what earth can give1 which was so far limited in that the money did not equal the desires of the married pair4 ,it ran low and the bitterness of financial perplexities mingled with the cup of their happiness4 ,judging the husband by his epigrams he was pretty fairly exhausted by the speed of their career1 and was quite ready to shake off the encumbrance of a family and devote himself to the lofty purpose of being supported by somebody else4 ,an unprejudiced mind fails to see in this any particular 8admonition0 or 8example0 to his age4 ,it is merely the selfish escape of a worldly but embarrassed man4 ,divorces were not available then with the ease with which a less scrupulous and more intellectual generation can now procure them4 ,the proper1 and1 indeed1 the meritorious way1 was to slip into a cloister and become one of that vast army which was soon to be the tower of strength of the ,pope4 ,he himself ascribes this step to a serious illness in which he had been healed through the miraculous interposition of ,st4 ,victor1 after the doctors had given up his case4 ,ennodius now attached himself to the person and fortunes of ,epiphanius1 the ,bishop of ,pavia4 ,he was placed under the tutelage of one ,servilio1 who taught him theology according to the methods and opinions then in vogue4 ,his wife meanwhile had made the best of it after the same fashion1 and had gone into a convent1 where all trace of her vanishes in that monotone of gray walls1 chanted services1 and ceaseless devotion4 ,at least no individuality resembling her ever henceforth emerges from that uniform procession which passes by us1 in this and later centuries1 as the long line of hooded figures moves athwart ,dante and ,virgil in the 8,purgatorio40 ,but the career of ,ennodius now begins4 ,he is the bishop's chosen companion1 the associate of his expedition to ,brianon in ,burgundy in behalf of certain prisoners2 for in those days the spiritual hand was often laid with a mighty grip on the secular arm4 ,the poet was by this time a deacon1 having been ordained thereto by his kind friend the bishop4 ,and the duties of this private secretaryship were so pleasant that it is evident no one would willingly surrender them for a cold cell and matins early in the morning4 ,the glimpses which we get of ,ennodius do not encourage us to esteem him an ascetic1 or to think him lacking in zeal for personal comfort4 ,he was the literary adjunct of a remarkably amiable prelate1 with whom he was on terms of intimacy which made his own life no care at all1 and his meat and drink no problem whatever6 ,from #did1 then1 he continued still to occupy this post of trust and ease4 ,we are told that the bishop persuaded him to it1 but there can be no reasonable objection to our believing that the bishop had no unwilling listener4 ,the literary capacity of ,ennodius next attracts attention4 ,his patron 7who must not be confused with the great ,bishop of ,salamis1 the author of the famous ,heresies1 who belongs to the previous century7 died before #eaj4 ,maximus ,,iii4 had succeeded ,epiphanius1 and after his death our ,ennodius1 in #eaj or #eaa1 was selected for the vacant diocese4 ,the name of this episcopate was ,ticinum1 or1 as we now style it1 ,pavia4 ,it is plain that the bestowal of this dignity was hastened by the fact that our scholar while still a deacon had defended ,pope ,symmachus before the ,roman synod called 8,palmare10 and so effectually that the discourse was entered on the acts of the council1 where it still appears4 ,the ,pope had been charged with crimes1 and a synod convoked by the heretical ,theodoric was to decide the case4 ,the date was ,october1 #eja4 ,the place was a portico of the church of ,st4 ,peter at ,rome to which this name of ,palmare was usually given4 ,and the speech is historic inasmuch as it is the earliest recorded instance of that assertion of supremacy on the part of the ,roman pontiff which frees him from any responsibility to earthly rulers4 ,ennodius thus became the advocate of this dogma1 and upon the broad wings of papal favor he soared to the high station which his patron ,epiphanius had quitted4 ,this burst of declamatory eloquence did not come without preparatory training4 ,ennodius had been exercised in the art of declamation in his youthful days and1 as a deacon1 he was able to utilize his knowledge4 ,in #eaj or #eaa1 not long after his elevation to the mitre1 he wrote the life of his friend and predecessor4 ,and this he followed with divers performances of a literary character which were generously applauded4 ,he became a sort of hero in the world of letters1 and whatever he was pleased to compose was heartily commended4 ,in #eae it was natural that such an advocate of the absolute domination of the ,roman pontiff should be selected to help in the effort to reunite the ,eastern ,church to the ,western4 ,the ambassadors were himself1 the ,bishop of ,pavia2 ,fortunatus1 ,bishop of ,catania2 ,venantius1 a presbyter2 ,vitalis1 a deacon1 and ,hilarius1 a notary and scribe4 ,these names themselves reveal a not infrequent source of confusion to students of that distressingly barren period1 when it was regarded as a very pleasant compliment to call the son of a nobody by the distinguished appellation of some great person in the ,church4 ,in this manner ,hilary and ,fortunatus suffered then1 and modern scholars have been often vexed and perplexed since1 especially when dates come near together4 ,it hardly needs to be added that these wearers of illustrious names have only that meed of renown1 such as it is4 ,the purpose of the embassy was to obtain from the ,byzantine ,emperor ,anastasius1 at that time a man of great age1 the recognition of ,hormisdas1 the ruling ,pope1 as the supreme religious head of both empires4 ,it was a delicate negotiation1 and it demanded a perfectly incorruptible adherence to the interests of ,rome4 ,in this respect ,ennodius stood pre-eminent as what ,mosheim styles an 8infatuated adulator of the ,roman pontiff10 and as a master of the style then required in a diplomat4 ,he had 7in #ejc7 eulogized ,pope ,symmachus1 calling him 8one who judged in the place of ,god0 7vice ,dei judicare7 and again 7in #ejg7 he had published a panegyric on ,theodoric1 the ,gothic ,king of ,italy1 which had all the absurd flattery of that species of composition4 ,to crown these he was the obedient occupant of the see of ,pavia4 ,he was therefore just the man to do the work of the relentless and uncompromising ,pope4 ,caelius ,hormisdas was a man who never yielded1 never forgot1 and never relaxed a purpose4 ,such men1 backed by a sufficient power1 wring from a reluctant world about all that they have determined to secure4 ,but to the obstinate will of the ,pope was opposed the no less obstinate will of the old ,emperor--now fully eighty-five years of age--and quite as grim in his methods as any ,hormisdas4 ,it was to be a battle of giants and the intermediates might look for little favor4 ,the opportunity for the negotiation itself happened to occur in an unusual way4 ,vitalianus1 commander of the ,imperial ,byzantine cavalry1 had taken arms against the ,emperor2 had defeated and put to death ,cyril1 the opposing general1 and had then marched to the very gates of ,constantinople4 ,the victor was proposing to color his rebellion by a pleasant pretext of helping the orthodox2 and the old ,emperor1 therefore1 turned the edge of his own humiliation by agreeing to a correspondence with the ,pope4 ,anastasius began to carry out his share of this unpleasant business by appointing a council to meet at ,heraclea1 in ,thrace1 on ,july #aeth1 #eae1 and asking for commissioners to be sent from ,rome4 ,the venerable fox knew perfectly well that he had not allowed time enough for the proper instruction of these delegates1 nor for them to make the long journey4 ,but ,pope ,hormisdas appointed them1 and they proceeded to the imperial court1 utterly indifferent as to the time of the council1 and without any apologies for their delay which history deigns to record4 ,they went1 indeed1 in a very haughty spirit1 and did not even commence their expedition before ,august #abth4 ,when they reached the ,emperor they asked1 or rather demanded1 that he should assent to the letter of ,pope ,leo1 who was the first to claim this submission from the ,east4 ,they insisted1 furthermore1 that this heterodox monarch should accept the definitions of the famous ,council of ,chalcedon1 ,a4,d4 #dea1 which relate to the nature and personality of ,christ4 ,the schism between ,east and ,west had now lasted for thirty-one years1 and a certain ,acacius1 ,bishop of ,constantinople1 who had been a most persistent opponent of the demands of ,leo the ,great1 was still a thorn in the ,roman pontiff's side4 ,but ,anastasius received the ambassadors with just as proud a spirit as they had shown to him4 ,he would neither yield to ,leo nor to ,chalcedon1 nor would he anathematize ,acacius4 ,ennodius and his companions returned to ,rome without accomplishing their mission1 and the ,emperor sent letters after them by ,theopompus and ,severianus1 principal men of his court4 ,when these reached ,rome they were badly received by ,hormisdas1 and found that nothing would answer except the excommunication of ,acacius4 ,with this ultimatum they got back1 somewhat crestfallen2 and poor ,acacius 7who was not half so bad as his papal foe7 was once more threatened with banishment to eternal fires4 ,anastasius1 however1 was not at all inclined to hand over his bishop to the mercies of ,hormisdas4 ,he stoutly refused and continued to refuse throughout the ensuing correspondence4 ,about two hundred monks and archimandrites 7heads of monasteries7 sent from ,syria a letter to the ,pope which was directed against the patriarch of ,antioch1 ,severus by name1 and which gave in their own allegiance to the ,western ,church4 ,nevertheless1 the ,emperor still maintained the cause of ,acacius1 although he must have seen that the ,pope was as determined as ever to carry his point and that there was now a great deal which was working in favor of the papal plans4 ,when the ,syrians addressed their letter to the 8,most holy and blessed ,hormisdas1 ,patriarch of the whole earth1 holding the see of ,peter the prince of the apostles10 it spoke volumes for what the ,pope had been able to effect by his agents and representations in the ,east4 ,but the ,emperor would not yield the point and act upon the conciliatory policy of the heretical ,theodoric of ,italy1 which was that they might settle religious matters in their own fashion1 provided they honored absolutely his temporal sway4 ,a second embassy was set on foot consisting of ,ennodius and ,peregrinus1 ,bishop of ,misenum4 ,by these ambassadors letters were sent renewing the old conditions and avowing that nothing would be satisfactory short of the complete banishment of that pestilent wretch ,acacius4 ,this was too much for the ,emperor to bear4 ,he angrily dismissed the legates1 shipping them off in an old and leaky vessel1 and giving a special order to ,demetrius and ,heliodorus to see that they did not set foot in his dominions after they had once sailed for home4 ,behind the flying ambassadors followed a document which expressed the royal mind with force and vigor4 ,after comparing the conduct of the ,pope very unfavorably with that of ,jesus ,christ1 the ,emperor proceeds to say3 8,we shall give you no further trouble1 it being in vain for us to pray or entreat you1 since you are obstinately determined not to hearken to our prayers and entreaties4 ,we can bear to be despised and affronted1 but we will not be commanded40 ,this was dated ,july #aath1 #eag1 and reveals an unexpected dignity in the old ,emperor1 and it makes us glad to record that1 while he lived1 the ,bishop of ,constantinople was at least preserved in a salvable state4 ,but when ,anastasius died1 then ,hormisdas began again upon ,justin1 his successor1 and never stopped until ,acacius was struck from the roll of bishops and until the ,east acknowledged the spiritual supremacy of the ,west4 ,that the victory was of no long continuance or of any enormous value1 does not prevent us from noticing that it gave to ,magnus ,felix ,ennodius his permanent place in the ,roman calendar1 and did everything for his literary and ecclesiastical comfort4 ,he was well rewarded for his devotion to the cause4 ,anastasius reigned #dia-eah1 and ,hormisdas1 who had once been married and had a son1 who also became ,pope1 ruled in his sphere from #ead to #ebc4 ,thus he had nearly five years wherein to rejoice over his obstinate dead enemy4 ,and ,ennodius possessed his soul in peace and turned his attention once more to polite literature4 ,of the writings which he has left to us1 the principal are the life of ,epiphanius2 another of ,antonius of ,pannonia1 a hermit at ,lake ,como and then a monk at ,lerins2 together with a ,eucharisticum de ,vita sua and the apology and panegyric mentioned above4 ,add to these nine books of letters1 8weighed down with emptiness10 and various itineraries1 declamations1 and poetical pieces1 and you have all he did4 ,the letters are most unsatisfactory when we remember that he was the friend1 and perhaps the relative1 of men like ,boethius1 ,faustus1 ,avienus1 ,caesar of ,arles1 ,aurelian1 and of bishops and other prelates without number1 and lived in ,italy under the great ,theodoric4 ,he is utterly lacking in contemporary portraits1 and his accounts of his three journeys give us nothing valuable4 ,all is stilted1 unnatural1 and dull4 ,he was not much of a traveller at best4 ,a trip into ,burgundy1 another across the ,po to see his sister1 and one from ,rome by sea1 make up the list of which he kept any trace in his writings4 ,he is in no haste to detail the sayings and doings at ,constantinople6 ,but it should be said that these performances with the pen were previous to his elevation to the mitre4 ,afterward he doubtless composed only hymns and epigrams--the hymns being decent and the epigrams very much the reverse4 ,the ,german scholar ,teuffel looks upon his productions as an 8important source of history0 for some enigmatic reason of his own1 but ,simcox very justly scouts them2 and the ,romanist ,berington asserts that he rises 8with weariness0 from their perusal4 ,i must personally declare that they exhibit neither skill1 taste1 nor information4 ,they are jejune and empty to a marvellous degree2 and for complication of sentences and unclassical phraseology1 they are equal to the stupidest books of a later day4 ,and nothing worse than this can be said by any critic4 ,the ,eucharisticum is an insincere sort of thanksgiving for his restoration to health1 and very far behind the style of ,augustine which it copies4 ,it gives us a few particulars of his personal history1 but it is prosaic and ,pharisaic1 and full of a mock humble glorification of the blessed ,victor the ,martyr1 by whose intercession he is now convalescent4 ,the hymns are a trifle more hopeful1 and really merit our notice4 ,they are by no means the 8dozen tame hymns0 of which ,simcox speaks so contemptuously4 ,there are sixteen of them and three are quite good4 ,here1 for instance1 is the ,christe lumen perpetuum3 8,o ,christ1 the eternal light ,of every sun and sphere1 ,illumine thou our mortal night ,and keep our spirits clear4 8,let nothing evil smite1 ,nor enemy invade2 ,and let us stainless be1 and white1 ,by nothing base betrayed4 8,guard thou the hearts of all1 ,but chiefly of thine own2 ,and hold us1 that we may not fall1 ,through thy great might alone4 8,that so our souls may sing1 ,when favoring light they see2 ,and every vow and tribute bring ,to ,god in ,trinity40 ,the ,christe precamur is quite as good3 8,to thee ,o ,christ we ever pray ,and blend our prayer with tears2 ,thou pure and holy ,one1 alway ,protect our night of years6 8,our hearts shall be at rest in thee2 ,in sleep they dream thy praise1 ,and to thy glory1 faithfully1 ,they hail the coming days4 8,give us a life that shall not fail2 ,refresh our spirits then2 ,let blackest night before thee pale1 ,and bring thy light to men6 8,our vows in song we pay thee still1 ,and1 at the evening hour1 ,may all that we have purposed ill ,be right through sovereign power60 ,there is yet one more hymn which seems worthy of a place in our regard4 ,it is the ,christe salvator omnium3 8,o ,christ1 the ,saviour of all1 ,thou ,lord of the heavens above2 ,we ask thy glorious aid ,before the day shall remove4 8,the sun is hastening down2 ,his light is sunk in the west2 ,he hideth the world in gloom1 ,according to ,god's behest4 8,do thou1 most excellent ,lord1 ,as we thy followers pray1 ,to us1 all weary with toil1 ,grant quiet night on our way4 8,that day1 from our darkening hearts1 ,may never withdraw her light2 ,but1 safe in thy guardian grace1 ,thy love illumine our night40 ,the poetical and spiritual range of these lyrics is not extensive1 of course1 but it is a vast improvement on those 8uncleanly imitations of ,martial10 or such involved and heartless tricks of verse as he sometimes essays4 ,but he became a saint1 and that must suffice6 ,his life has been written by ,sirmond2 and his times and life together have occupied the attention of ,fertig 7,passau1 #ahee74 ,he died at ,padua1 as we are credibly informed1 on ,july #agth 7,,xvi4 ,kal4 ,aug471 #eba1 and this date is assigned to him in the ,roman ,catholic calendar of saints4 ,his epitaph1 according to ,despont1 who wrote in #afgg1 was still to be found in the church of ,st4 ,michael1 and testimonies to his services are among the acts of the ,fifth ,synod of ,rome1 and are included in the public papers of ,hormisdas4 ,when you break open the important historical facts with which he was identified1 then like the toad from the stone1 comes forth ,ennodius4 ,and like that toad1 though 8ugly and venomous10 he yet 8wears a precious jewel in his head40 ,,chapter ,,viii4 ,,caelius ,,sedulius ,,and ,,his ,,alphabet ,,hymn4 ,latin hymnology gives a distinguished place to a hymn of twenty-three stanzas1 each stanza containing four lines and beginning with a letter of the alphabet in regular order4 ,thus from ,a to ,z all the letters appear except ,j1 ,u1 and ,w4 ,caterva is spelled ,katerva1 to answer for ,k4 ,y is represented by ,ymnis1 which is another form of ,hymnis4 ,and at last ,zelum concludes the list4 ,the author struggles with a difficulty when he takes ,xeromyrrham to answer for ,x1 but otherwise the ideas and versification are so excellent as to have made the hymn classic4 ,the ,roman ,breviary uses two selections from it4 ,one commences ,a solis ortus cardine1 ad usque1 and the other1 ,hostis ,herodes impie4 ,the general subject is the ,nativity1 but the poem soon proceeds to the ,miracles of our ,lord1 and closes with an ascription of praise for ,his ,resurrection4 ,there can be no doubt about the authorship4 ,old manuscript codices1 and the tradition of the ,church1 assign it definitely to ,caelius ,sedulius--sometimes called ,caius ,caelius ,sedulius--who flourished near the middle of the fifth century4 ,but his personal history is much harder to come at1 and the few facts which we possess only stimulate our curiosity to know more4 ,and besides1 he is so entangled with another ,sedulius--also a poet1 also a celebrated author1 also a ,scot1 and also involved in much obscurity--that nearly every notice of his name contains more or less of error4 ,this second ,sedulius1 however1 wrote no hymn which has survived1 and therefore needs no further mention4 ,he is always named ,sedulius ,scotus1 to distinguish him from our ,sedulius1 who is invariably called ,caelius ,sedulius4 ,he flourished somewhere between #gba and #hah1 while the best ascertained date of his predecessor's life appears to be #dcd4 ,our sources of information regarding ,sedulius are ,isidore of ,seville and ,fortunatus of ,poitiers4 ,jerome 7,hieronymus7 left a catalogue of authors from the time of ,st4 ,peter to his own day4 ,this was continued by ,gennadius1 as ,notker of ,st4 ,gall tells us1 and then it was still further extended by ,isidore4 ,neither ,jerome nor ,gennadius mention our poet2 the first because he died in #dbj1 before ,sedulius had achieved distinction1 and the second possibly for the same reason1 as his death occurred about #dif at ,marseilles4 ,isidore 7who died #fcf7 then undertook to supply the deficiencies of the catalogue and inserted a brief note respecting ,sedulius4 ,earlier than ,isidore1 however1 is ,fortunatus 7#ecj-fji71 who names our author as one of the five first ,christian poets4 ,juvencus he dates at #ccj ,a4,d42 ,sedulius flourished in the first half of the fifth century2 ,prudentius was converted in #dje2 ,paulinus died in #deh1 and ,arator was at his zenith in #efj4 ,this would seem to fix pretty closely the period to which ,sedulius belongs4 ,references in the manuscripts are of no additional value4 ,they tell us that he was a 8,gentile layman10 or1 in other words1 a person not of ,italian birth2 that he learned philosophy in ,italy2 was converted and baptized by ,macedonius1 a presbyter2 and that he wrote his theological works in ,arcadia1 or1 as some say1 ,achaia4 ,the ,vatican 8,codex of the ,queen of ,sweden0 calls him a 8verse-maker0 and 8teacher of the art of heroic metre40 ,another codex adds that he also taught other varieties of metrical composition1 and that all this happened in the days of the younger ,theodosius1 son of ,arcadius1 and of ,valentinian1 son of ,constantine4 ,of his specific writings still another codex states that he 8put forth in ,achaia this book against error and composed in verse a commendation of the ,christian faith40 ,some ,sedulius1 8notable for his writings10 appears to have found his way into ,spain where1 in the year #dbh1 ,isicius1 a ,palestine monk1 who had become ,bishop of ,toledo1 detained him for his good fellowship at ,toledo4 ,with him is said to have tarried a certain ,bishop ,oretanus1 and the inference is that these three worthies held numerous symposia upon theology and literature4 ,but the story is denied by ,nicolaus ,antonius1 the historian of old ,spanish scholarship4 ,those minute and laborious investigators1 the ,benedictines1 have1 with ant-like patience1 threaded every corner of the labyrinth in which these stray facts are gathered4 ,they assert that ,macedonius probably received him after he had been baptized by some one else4 ,and while we do not know under what master he studied theology1 nor even where the school was located1 we know that ,sedulius became presbyter in a church whose bishop's name was ,ursinus1 and where ,ursicinus1 ,laurentius1 and ,gallicanus were his co-presbyters4 ,ussher relates that the epithet ,scotigena--the ,scot--was frequently applied to him4 ,trithemius gives us to understand that he was led by love of learning to visit ,france1 then ,italy1 then ,asia1 and then ,achaia1 and that his reputation was gained in the city of ,rome4 ,sixtus ,senensis compares him to ,apollonius of ,tyana in his zealous pursuit of wisdom2 and enlarges the list of countries which he traversed by adding ,britain and ,spain4 ,under ,theodosius and at ,rome1 he too declares ,sedulius to have been famous in prose and verse4 ,but ,ussher first claimed him for ,britain2 and ,ussher it was who maintained that he was a pupil of that ,hildebert who ranks among the earliest of the ,irish bishops4 ,it must not be forgotten that somewhere in ,britain in those days there was the light of ,christianity1 for in #dcb ,st4 ,patrick set out from ,scotland 8to convert ,ireland40 ,nor can we omit to notice that ,ussher styles ,sedulius 8,scotus ,hybernensis10 thus originating the expression 8,scotch-,irishman10 but using it in exactly the reverse of its modern sense4 ,so far as these partial facts and conjectures go we are safe in affirming that ,sedulius was a learned and studious person1 probably an ,irishman--for at that time ,scot and ,irishman were synonymous--and that he gained renown about the year #dcd1 having studied in ,italy1 travelled extensively1 and been a resident in ,achaia4 ,the temptation is1 however1 irresistible to make him ,irish rather than ,scotch1 upon the strength of the most ancient 8bull0 on record4 ,it is found in the ,alphabet ,hymn and reads thus3 8,quarta die jam foetidus ,vitam recepit ,lazarus1 ,cunctisque liber vinculis ,factus superstes est sibi40 8,upon the fourth day ,lazarus ,revived1 though all malodorous2 ,and freed from the enchaining ground ,himself his own survivor found60 ,the writings of ,sedulius are more numerous than might be supposed4 ,those which have been preserved are nine1 two in verse and the rest in prose4 ,the most elaborate is a commentary on the four ,gospels1 dedicated to the abbot ,macedonius and to which he prefixed his ,carmen ,paschale4 ,he also wrote on the ,pauline ,epistles1 as did his namesake of the ninth century4 ,to ,theodosius he addressed a book4 ,he wrote treatises on the books of ,priscian and ,donatus1 the grammarians4 ,he also treated of the miracles of ,christ in prose and sent out many 8epistles of ,sedulius ,scotigena40 ,his poetry is comprised in the ,alphabet ,hymn2 in the ,carmen ,paschale whence we get nothing for hymnology except the hexameter ,salve ,sancta ,parens enixa 7puerpera regem72 and in the ,elegy1 from which comes the ,cantemus socii4 ,the ,carmen ,paschale is an epic in the ,virgilian style4 ,the ,elegy is an exhortation to the faithful4 ,but the ,alphabet ,hymn has enriched the ,church with two lyrics1 one on the ,nativity and one on the ,slaughter of the ,innocents4 ,by placing the first stanza side by side with the first stanza of the famous ,ambrosian hymn1 it is easily seen that they are the same4 ,ambrosian4 8,a solis ortus cardine ,et usque terrae limitem ,christum canamus principem ,natum ,mariae virginis40 ,sedulian4 8,a solis ortus cardine ,ad usque terrae limitem ,christum canamus principem ,natum ,maria virgine40 ,but this is no unusual occurrence in days when the language of the ,psalms was employed in the ,ambrosian hymns1 and when the ,ambrosian hymns themselves furnished a convenient foundation for the later praises of the ,church4 ,not only did ,sedulius imitate them closely1 but ,ennodius1 ,fortunatus1 ,gregory1 ,bede1 ,rabanus1 and ,damiani--with many other unknown writers--studied and copied their metre and expression4 ,a curious instance of this same copying and following can be found in our own hymn4 ,in it the stanza1 ,ibant magi quam viderant1 contains two lines which have been inserted bodily in a production of the fourteenth or fifteenth century4 ,it is true that they are very suggestive and beautiful1 but when ,sedulius wrote 8,stellam sequentes praeviam ,lumen requirunt lumine10 he wrote what was original with him1 but which was sheer theft in the hands of the author of ,hymnis laudum preconiis1 who nevertheless takes the couplet to grace the feast of the ,three ,kings4 ,latin hymns are by no means all beautiful or all graceful4 ,the earlier pieces appear and reappear--fragments from the better workmanship of the past--throughout the ,dark ,ages4 ,and here we must leave ,sedulius4 ,if he was indeed the companion of ,hildebert1 his story belongs to that fabulous age of the ,british ,church when bishops were but simple pastors and when great purity and truth prevailed4 ,in the ,alphabet ,hymn there are references to the direct ,scripture narrative2 to the 8enclosed ,john0 who greets the ,saviour2 to ,him fed with a little milk1 who ,himself feeds the birds2 to the great ,shepherd revealed to shepherds2 to ,herod who seems to fear a ,king who does not covet earthly dignities2 to the ,magi who seek their ,light from the light2 to the healing of the sick and the raising of the dead2 to the water that blushes into wine1 as perhaps ,crashaw had read2 to ,peter who fears by nature and walks the wave by faith2 to ,lazarus 8his own survivor20 to ,judas the carnifex who professed peace by his kiss which was not in his soul2 to ,him who triumphing over ,tartarus returned of ,himself to heaven4 ,such is the hymn1 and upon reading it one is not surprised that ,fortunatus called its author ,sedulius dulcis--the sweet ,sedulius4 ,nay1 ,rudolph of ,dunstable goes so far as to perpetrate a pun1 and declares that ,sedulius sedulously sings of things that are old and new4 ,and the dear man of ,god1 ,dr4 ,martin ,luther of blessed memory1 who had no relish for ,ambrose's hymns1 called our ,irishman a poeta ,christianissimus1 and translated into his massive ,german both the hymns the ,breviary had extracted from his chief poem4 ,,chapter ,,ix4 ,,venantius ,,fortunatus ,,the ,,troubadour4 ,venantius ,honorius ,clementianus ,fortunatus was a man not satisfied with four names4 ,in jest or earnest he assumed another1 ,theodosius4 ,in point of time he had an interesting position2 in regard to residence his story becomes really valuable2 and when we add that he gave to the ,church several of her best-known hymns1 he appears before us as a person unfamiliar1 but highly attractive4 ,if1 as we have reason to think1 he came into ,france in #eff or #efg1 at the age of thirty-five or thirty-six1 we must suppose him to have been born about #eca4 ,he was an ,italian of ,treviso1 which is not far northwest of ,venice and northeast of ,padua4 ,of his parentage and early education 7except the fact that he was trained at ,ravenna7 we are ignorant2 but he is said to have been acquainted with ,boethius1 a thing hard to believe1 for the philosopher perished in #ebd4 ,we are left in some doubt whether he had set forth from ,italy because the ,lombards were about to invade his part of it1 or whether religious motives were at the bottom of this 8exile10 as he is very ready to call it4 ,judging his unknown past by his better-known later history1 he was a man of affable and genial character1 who could pay for all favors in the small coin of panegyric1 and whose pen filled his pocket and procured him the hospitality of the rich and the great of the earth4 ,we know he could sing1 for he says so himself2 and he could also turn verses so sweet and mellow that even the poorest of them were learned by his admirers and recited again with much delight4 ,now it happened that his eyes were affected1 and his friend ,gregory of ,tours sent him some of the blessed ,st4 ,martin's holy lamp-oil4 ,when this was rubbed upon them--and it was doubtless good oil1 and therefore not an objectionable ointment--he was greatly helped4 ,he consequently showed his gratitude in two ways3 by making a pilgrimage to the blessed ,st4 ,martin's own town1 and by writing the blessed ,st4 ,martin's biography4 ,this last he accomplished to the extent of four books of verse1 employing1 without any apparent scruple1 the much more classic and elaborate treatise of ,sulpicius ,severus as the groundwork of his own4 ,it was this journey which raises the question whether he was avoiding the ,lombards or performing a pious vow when he entered ,france4 ,perhaps in this1 as in other events of his life1 the religious garment covered the secular desire4 ,from his native country1 then1 he made his way into another and less cultivated region4 ,there was a ,gallo-,roman society at the time1 very much as there now are groups of educated persons in ,siberia1 or in the seaboard cities of ,china4 ,a certain freemasonry of intelligence passed a literary man along from castle to cloister and from cloister to court4 ,it was a period when classic learning was at its lowest ebb1 and when the ,romance tongues1 like the second growth of a forest1 were thickly clustering in upon the few survivors of the ancient groves of literature4 ,the sixth century was removed from the past1 but had not attained to much on its own account4 ,yet we must not think that this century was barren of beginnings4 ,the ,merving kings--,clovis1 and ,childebert1 and ,clotaire the ,first1 and ,charibert--had now given place to ,chilperic on the throne of ,france4 ,indeed1 some writers are inclined to make this sixth century the true commencement of the ,middle ,ages1 and it is very certain that we can see a great deal in the story of ,fortunatus which is mediaeval4 ,moreover1 ,mohammed was born in #egj1 at ,mecca1 while our future bishop was traversing ,gaul4 ,and nearly contemporary with our author's birth--that is1 in #ecc--;comes the announcement of the supremacy of the ,roman bishop1 which culminated in #eij in the strong administration of ,gregory the ,great4 ,fortunatus lived1 therefore1 in days when ,latin ,christianity was taking shape1 and when the most aggressive of false religions was springing up4 ,we have indeed said1 in effect1 that the ,western ,empire was at an end1 and that the ,monarchy of ,france had begun in #dgf4 ,thus1 as he looked backward1 the ,italian refugee could recall the successive blows of barbarian swords--the swords of ,alaric1 and ,genseric1 and ,attila1 and ,odoacer--under which ,rome had fallen4 ,when ,alboin started his raid from ,pannonia in #efh1 with ,lombards 7,longobardi7 and ,gepidae and twenty thousand ,saxons1 it was surely enough to make a troubadour take refuge at ,tours4 ,our materials for the biography of ,fortunatus from this point in the story become more available4 ,he kept an itinerary1 which was lost2 but he wrote often to ,gregory of ,tours1 and this seems to be the only correspondence which he conducted in a natural and ordinary manner4 ,from it we learn that he crossed the mountains in a 8snowy ,july10 and had written either 8on horseback or half asleep40 ,he passed some time at ,metz and ,rheims4 ,his days and nights were spent in travelling and feasting and in preparing songs and odes1 to the consternation of his modern biographer1 ,luchi1 who does not find much evidence of piety in these proceedings4 ,fortunatus is his own exponent1 and his language1 literally translated1 gives us a vivid picture of the way in which he made friends with everybody4 8,travelling among the barbarians0 7he writes to ,gregory71 8on a long journey1 either weary of the way or drunk beneath the icy chill1 at the exhortation of the muse 7,i know not whether more cold or sober71 a new ,orpheus ,i gave voices to the wood1 and the wood replied40 ,the sentence illustrates not merely his experience but also his style of composition1 which is turgid and frequently obscure4 ,his panegyrics1 for example1 abound in the most fulsome flattery1 arrayed bombastically in a string of nouns1 verbs1 and adjectives half a page long4 ,the real idea walks within much of his ,latin1 like a pigmy in a great court train1 ridiculously small and ridiculously pretentious4 ,sometimes these same expressions of our poet betoken a convivial familiarity with his friend ,gregory of ,tours1 which is not precisely canonical4 ,many post-classical words appear1 and phrases which no grammarian would easily justify4 ,the man is full of sly hints of good eating and drinking1 and has a high-flown style of compliment1 as when he writes to ,lupus1 8,as often as ,i put together the parts of your discourse1 ,i thought that ,i reclined upon ambrosial roses40 ,to ,sigismund and ,aregesles1 two brothers1 he declares that1 8,this sweet letter reveals to me the names of friends4 ,here is the brilliant ,sigismund1 and here is the modest ,aregesles4 ,after ,italy1 ,o ,rhine1 thou givest me parents1 and by the coming of these brothers ,i shall be no longer a stranger40 ,in fact1 he picked up 8brothers0 and 8parents0 with charming facility1 and had a dexterity in drawing a corner of the mantle of royal favor over him which any courtier might covet4 ,thus he went--we cannot well detect in what order or by what method1 but pretty conclusively as a troubadour might have done--all through ,france4 ,like ,chamisso1 he proposed to 8,take his harp in his hand ,and wander the wide world over1 ,singing from land to land40 ,with ,sigebert1 ,king of ,austrasia1 he contracted quite a friendship1 and being at ,poitiers when ,gelesuintha was put to death1 he lamented her in verses which pleased ,sigebert1 her brother-in-law and avenger1 greatly4 ,he also became well acquainted with ,euphronius of ,tours1 nephew of ,st4 ,gregory1 the bishop1 and thus laid a good foundation for ecclesiastical preferment4 ,but it was to ,poitiers that he gradually drifted1 and there circumstances fixed him for the most of his life4 ,we may safely conclude that ,tours1 which is not a great distance off1 first attracted his wandering feet4 ,he had a duty to the blessed ,st4 ,martin's holy lamp and to the blessed ,st4 ,martin's holy memory1 and these devout proceedings were more than sufficient to commend him to a hospitable bishop4 ,contemporary accounts of him are lacking1 if we except the brief notice of ,paul the ,deacon1 which cannot properly be called contemporary1 as it is in his history of the ,lombards1 which was prepared in the first half of the eighth century4 ,but ,fortunatus again comes to our rescue with quite a goodly supply of verses and with some epistles which show that the life of that period was a curious resultant between the ,roman and barbarian ideas4 ,it ought in honesty to be added that ,brunehilda was no saint1 and that the court of the ,merovingians was so barbaric that it stood by and saw her torn to death1 at eighty1 at the heels of a wild horse2 and this was later even than ,fortunatus's day4 ,by this time ,treviso 7,trevisium7 had been regularly attacked by the ,lombards1 and the pilgrimage1 which had changed to a pleasure-trip1 changed again to a residence4 ,he speaks of himself later as having been 8for nine years an exile from ,italy10 and his only reference to his family that is discoverable is when he tells the ,abbess ,agnes that she is as dear to him as his own sister ,titiana4 ,he is a poet driven like a leaf before the storm1 and he is whirled first into ,tours and then into the safe eddy of ,poitiers1 which he celebrates reverently in song as the home of the great ,hilary4 ,his royal friendships are made apparent by epithalamia--especially that on the marriage of ,sigebert and ,brunehilda--and by various odes4 ,but now comes the real romance of our poet's life4 ,clotaire the ,first had married a fair woman named ,radegunda1 whose piety gave him not a little trouble4 ,she was determined to keep all her vigils and fasts and to exert herself in works of charity1 even to the scrubbing of the base of the altar with her own hands4 ,it was one of her greatest pleasures to take leprous women in her arms and kiss them1 and when one of the lepers said to her1 8,who will kiss you after you embrace us80 she 8answered benevolently1 that if others will not kiss me1 it is truly no affair of mine40 ,it would be beneath the dignity of this narrative1 if it were not a portion of her own life in the ,latin1 for us to record the incident which helped to cause her separation from her husband4 ,she had arisen at night and came back thoroughly chilled1 and with her feet properly cold4 ,clotaire growled out that he would sooner have a nun for a wife 7jugalem monacham7 than such a queen4 ,so she took him at his word1 founded a convent at ,poitiers1 and distinguished herself to later generations by many noble works4 ,over this convent she placed her maid ,agnes1 and served her former servant with profound humility and obedience1 albeit she must always have been herself the ruling spirit of the place4 ,with ,fortunatus she formed a close friendship4 ,and as this is the beginning of the conventual and ecclesiastical side of his career1 we may as well bring the story up to its parallel point in current history4 ,gregory1 ,archbishop of ,tours and historian of ,france1 always addresses his friend ,fortunatus as presbyter ,italicus4 ,that ,fortunatus embraced the monastic life at ,aquileia 7about #eeh-ei7 has been maintained1 and the opinion is also fairly defended that he was enrolled as a 8cleric0 at ,poitiers1 although he was novus1 or a 8new-comer10 there4 ,he had evidently some quasi ecclesiastical connection1 and those were days when the celibacy of the clergy was much mooted1 but when the wandering monks had not yet been held to the stringencies of the monastic orders4 ,if we ask ,fortunatus why he remained in ,gaul1 he replies that ,radegunda retained him there 8by her prayers and vows40 ,it is conjectural that he was first chaplain to the convent1 and it is certain that then he was elevated to the rank of ,bishop of ,poitiers4 ,to this daughter of ,berthar1 ,king of the ,thuringi1 our troubadour now paid his devoirs4 ,often at 8the convivial banquets of the barbarians0 he had 8poured forth his verses40 ,he was now to become the devoted cavalier of a queen and an abbess1 and to furnish literature with some very unique specimens of religio-amatory verse4 ,the life of ,radegunda1 written by ,fortunatus and amplified by the nun ,bandonivia1 furnishes many interesting facts about this holy woman4 ,she took her final resolution to separate from her husband after he had unjustly put her brother to death4 ,on this she went to ,st4 ,medard and declared her intention of celibacy1 and thence to the church of ,st4 ,martin1 at ,tours1 where she made her formal vows4 ,from this she retired to her villa called ,suedas1 near ,poitiers1 which she turned into a convent4 ,thither in #efi the ,emperor ,justinus 7,justin ,,ii47 sent rich presents1 one being a portion of the true cross4 ,this inspired ,fortunatus with a new song1 and he broke out in the ,vexilla ,regis1 which is surely one of the most stirring strains in our hymnology4 ,the following version expresses literally and without modification the ideas set forth in the ,latin3 8,,vexilla ,,regis ,,prodeunt40 ,the royal banners forward fly2 ,the cross upon them cheers the sky2 ,that cross whereon our ,maker hung1 ,in human form1 by anguish wrung4 ,for he was wounded bitterly ,by that dread spear-thrust on the tree1 ,and there1 to set us free from guilt1 ,his very life in blood he spilt4 ,accomplished now is what was told ,by ,david in his psalm of old1 ,who saith1#e 8,the heathen world shall see ,god as their ,king upon the tree40 ,o tree1 renowned and shining high1 ,thy crimson is a royal dye6 ,elect from such a worthy root ,to bear those holy limbs1 thy fruit4 ,blessd upon whose branches then ,hung the great gift of ,god to men2 ,whose price1 of human life and breath1 ,redeemed us from the thrall of death4 ,thy bark exhales a perfume sweet ,with which no nectar may compete2 ,and1 joyful in thine ample fruit1 ,a noble triumph crowns thy root4 ,hail1 altar6 and thou1 ,victim1 hail6 ,thy glorious passion shall not fail2 ,whereby our life no death might lack1 ,and life from death be rendered back4 ,o ,cross1 our only hope1 all hail6 ,in this the time when woes assail1 ,to all the pious grant thy grace1 ,and all the sinners' sins efface6 ,at this time ,fortunatus also composed a long poem of thanks to ,justin and ,sophia for gifts sent to himself1 by which it would appear that he was tolerably well identified with the interests of ,radegunda and her convent4 ,from this date onward his friendship with ,agnes and ,radegunda exposed both him and them to very considerable comment4 ,he even refers to it in one of his poems1 addressed to the abbess1 in which he protests the purity of his conduct4 ,but it is not hard to see how his expressions might be misunderstood4 ,they are frequently fervid beyond the courtesies of compliment1 and they remind us all the while of those singers of the eleventh and twelfth centuries who begin with ,william1 ,count of this very city of ,poitiers 7#ajga-aabg71 and who have made the name of 8troubadour0 synonymous with the praise of love and beauty4 ,fortunatus calls on ,christ1 and ,peter1 and ,paul1 and ,mary to witness the entire propriety of his love for ,agnes and ,radegunda1 but he follows it with lines which ,bertrand de ,born or ,alain ,chartier might have composed4 ,really there is a great deal of this exuberant poetry in the worthy chaplain4 ,he wrote every sort of odd acrostic on the holy cross1 reminding us in more ways than one of ,damasus1 or of the later cavalier poets of ,england4 ,he tells ,radegunda1 who seems his principal star1 that everything is alike when he does not see her2 that although the sky is cloudless1 yet1 if she is absent1 8the day stands without a sun40 ,he excuses himself in other verses for sending her violets instead of lilies and roses4 ,any incident in which ,radegunda plays a part is enough to turn the poetic stream upon the mill-wheel of his verse4 ,if there are flowers on the altar2 if there are flowers sent by her to himself2 if she has retired from the world to perform her vows2 if she has returned again to the public gaze1 and especially if he has been at a little dinner or has received some agreeable little dishes--then the bard strings his harp6 ,it is quite amusing to read some of these effusions4 ,he advises ,radegunda1 as ,paul did ,timothy1 to drink wine on occasion4 ,and when the queen and the abbess conspire to make his life pleasant he has plenty of metrical gratitude to offer4 ,they send him butter 7butyr7 in a lordly dish2 they furnish chestnuts in baskets woven by their own hands2 they provide milk1 and prunelles1 and olives1 and eggs4 ,for all these he renders thanks in kind4 ,never were eggs and butter sung in a loftier strain6 ,but sometimes the poet descends a trifle from his elevated phrases4 ,he says pathetically in one of these effusions that they sent him 8various delicacies for his full stomach0 7tumido ventre71 and that he got asleep after it and failed to furnish the appropriate verses4 ,he laments this in proper metre1 declaring that he had opened his mouth and shut his eyes 7the old gormandizer67 and had eaten on1 regardless of his duty4 ,and for this he craves forgiveness from his beata domnia it ought to be domina filia--his blessed queen-daughter4 ,but be good enough to observe that his own gifts in return are very small1 and that he is always apologizing and hoping that they may not be rejected4 ,truly this was such a man as ,sir ,walter ,scott has sung1 for 8,the best of good cheer and the seat by the fire ,was the undenied right of the barefooted friar40 ,only it may be safely questioned whether our ,fortunatus was any more of an ascetic than ,damasus himself4 ,one almost wishes for an historical picture--and it should be a good theme1 by the way--in which ,fortunatus and his two friends appear4 ,it should be that celebrated feast which he describes ,j4 ,p4 ,migne3 ,patrologia2 ,opera ,fortunati1 ,lib4 xi41 cap4 ii41 where ,agnes had adorned the tables and the apartment with 8every species of blossoming plant20 where the rich wines1 and the generous fare1 and the crystal1 and the gold1 and the flowers should brighten the fine hall of the chateau2 and where1 perhaps1 the ecclesiastic should take his small harp and strike its strings with a delicate hand1 while the fair face of ,agnes and the darker beauty of ,radegunda should inspire his song4 ,one traces to this mellow undercurrent of human life the swing of his best lyrics--the ,pange lingua gloriosi praelium certaminis and those hymns to the ,virgin of which he was the earliest promoter4 ,no ene can doubt the influence of these women upon the ,ave maris stella or the ,quem terra pontus aethera4 ,say what we please about his piety1 he has written what will live with the best4 ,and to compare him to the melancholy ,cowper1 as ,mrs4 ,charles has done1 can only be characterized as a most amusing misconception4 ,we know nothing of him as bishop further than the fact that the office became vacant in #eii1 and he was an available as well as distinguished candidate4 ,surviving ,radegunda1 who passed away in #ehg1 he died about #fji1 full of years and honors--the last of the classics and the first of the troubadours2 the connecting link between ,prudentius and the ,middle ,ages2 the biographer of some of the saints and the interested collector of many legends of their miracles2 and1 finally1 the first of ,christian poets to begin that worship of the ,virgin ,mary which rose to a passion and sank to an idolatry4 ,venantius ,fortunatus was neither a bad man nor1 in the highest sense1 a holy man4 ,but he was a poet in spite of his barbaric ,latin1 and a writer of hymns which live to-day1 long after the particulars of his career are forgotten4 ,,chapter ,x4 ,,gregorius ,,magnus #edj-fjd4 ,the materials which are at hand for the life of ,gregory the ,great are1 if anything1 too numerous4 ,in their original form they include all that ,paul the ,deacon 7quoted by the ,venerable ,bede7 and ,john the ,deacon 7quoted by everybody7 have chosen to relate4 ,and these have been so anxious to do entire justice to the great ,pope that they fill their pages with miracles1 wonders1 and signs1 as well as with the authentic facts of history4 ,but ,gregory carved for himself such a niche in the temple of fame that we are not likely to go very far astray in searching for the proper estimate of his work4 ,it may be safely assumed that from this pontificate dates the supremacy of the ,roman see4 ,it was ,gregory whose missionary spirit opened the doors of ,britain to the truth4 ,it was he who1 without asserting any superior claim1 opposed successfully the encroachments of the ,greek patriarchs4 ,and it was again he who gave to the ,church her sacred melodies4 ,he was born1 says ,paul the ,deacon1 in the city of ,rome1 of a father named ,gordianus and a mother named ,sylvia4 ,these people were of the ,anician family and were also of distinguished religious descent4 ,felix--fourth of the name and ,pope under the title of ,felix ,,iii4--was his atavus1 or great-great-great-grandfather4 ,the very name ,gregorius our worthy deacon declares to be the ,greek equivalent of the word 8,watchful40 ,the child of such a house would be well nurtured in all the learning of the time4 ,hence1 he was trained in grammar1 rhetoric1 and dialectics--the ancient trivium or complete course of liberal education4 ,naturally1 too1 he became an excellent scholar4 ,and when he grew up he was called to an important post in ,roman civil affairs4 ,he became praetor of the city--a city which was subject to ,byzantium and exposed to incursions of various barbarian invaders4 ,the ,lombards1 indeed1 attacked it during his praetorship4 ,at this period of his life his love for display was as remarkable as his subsequent simplicity4 ,he delighted in rich attire and surrounded himself with the pomp and circumstance of his position4 ,a rich man and a rich man's son1 he was thoroughly in sympathy with passing affairs1 and as ,rome bloomed the more vigorously above her own decay1 he was himself one of those 8flowers of evil0 whose gaudy hues brightened the scene4 ,but at the same time he became accustomed to the management of large affairs1 and his administration secured to him the good will of his associates and subordinates4 ,it can often be noticed that these early ,fathers came to their power in the ,church after having been strictly and carefully trained in the world4 ,hilary and ,ambrose were as conspicuous examples of this foreordination as was ,gregory the ,great4 ,not long previous to this time--for it had been about the year of ,gregory's birth--,benedict had reformed the monastic order4 ,his work1 to put it briefly1 consisted in guarding the entrance to monasticism and in regulating the hours1 habits1 and customs of those celibates who professed such a vocation for the religious life4 ,from his wise and systematic arrangements1 which have been but little improved upon though often reinforced by 8reformations10 monasticism derived that adaptation to the active and practical life of the ,west1 which it had lacked in the preceding centuries4 ,indeed1 he so far reacted against the contemplative idleness of the ,east1 as to aim rather at an industrial than a learned order4 ,but his successors corrected this defect1 and gave the order the literary and educational character which has been its greatest claim to the gratitude of ,christendom4 ,thus it came to be that the ,benedictine ,fathers became the order of scholars1 the editors of the ,fathers1 of the ,acta ,sanctorum1 and of the ,histoire ,litteraire de ,france4 ,the permanent revenues1 the fixity and quiet of these monastic lives1 the slow coral-building of these unknown workers1 have resulted in gathering for us all that the mediaeval historian can desire upon the religious side4 ,and it is here that1 delving amid the dust of these mountainous masses of literature1 the student of ,latin hymnology will find his rarest delight4 ,for these acute scholars have literally picked up and printed1 yea1 and what is more to the purpose1 they have indexed and classified--whatever he can wish in the way of productions in prose and verse by any known author4 ,the old ,,mss4 are strained through into readable type4 ,their contents are sorted and sifted4 ,and he who pores over these pages will rise from them at length with a profound conviction that the scholarship of the ,latin ,church1 and particularly the ,benedictine ,order1 deserves well from the world of letters and merits the admiration of the ,church ,universal4 ,into such an order as this--an order of which he was to be one of the most illustrious lights--a divine impulse was pressing ,gregory4 ,he grew more closely attached to the ,benedictines of ,monte ,cassino4 ,his religious relatives encouraged his evident zeal4 ,and thus after vibrating like a bee between the odorous rose and the honey-giving clover1 he settled upon the humbler and sweeter flower and let the world go by4 ,the ,arian ,lombards had encamped upon that region which we after their name now call ,lombardy4 ,the ,roman bishops were already the prop of the heathen state against the semi-,christian invaders2 but with ,lombards1 and those whose religion was only a fiction1 their influence was deplorably slight4 ,yet as ,christianity increased1 according to ,george ,herbert's simile1 8,like to those trees whom shaking fastens more10 the ,church became doubly influential through the skill of ,gregory4 ,he felt religion to be the source of the truest strength and thus he turned his wealth and his life into its treasury4 ,in the year #ege he took his great revenues and endowed six new monasteries in ,sicily4 ,then he established a seventh1 devoting it to the honor of ,st4 ,andrew2 and this was at ,rome1 in his own palace on the ,coelian hill4 ,the populace who had seen him in silk and jewels now beheld him1 a poor monk of the ,benedictine ,order1 serving the beggars at the gate4 ,in humility of demeanor and in simplicity of food he became a model to his fellow-monks4 ,he attended the sick in his new hospital4 ,he ate only the dried corn1 or pulse1 which his mother sent to him already moistened in a silver bowl4 ,this bowl or porringer was the only relic of his departed splendor1 and we are told that he did not keep even this1 but gave it at last to a shipwrecked sailor for whom he had no money1 and who begged importunately from him when he was writing in his cell4 ,the intensity of his devotion led him into great austerities of fasting and prayer and study of the ,scriptures4 ,he outdid the others in his abstinence from food and ended by ruining his health1 so that he entered the papacy with a broken constitution4 ,when he most needed the support of a vigorous body it was therefore denied to him4 ,the history of his gradual elevation is suggestive4 ,pope ,benedict ,i4 made him one of the seven cardinal deacons1 and gave him charge of one of the seven principal divisions of the city4 ,pelagius ,,ii4 chose him to head an embassy to ,constantinople in #egh to congratulate ,tiberius on his accession to the throne4 ,for six years he remained abroad on this and similar service1 and returned to ,rome to be elected abbot of ,st4 ,andrew's monastery4 ,here he was perfectly happy4 ,in his ,dialogues he speaks of the serene life and death of several of his brethren1 and his latest biographer 7,rev4 ,j4 ,barmby7 is never tired of relating how the great ,pope perpetually looked back with regretful love to those quiet and happy days of peace with ,god and man4 ,it was then that the famous incident occurred which has made historic his missionary zeal1 and has handed down three ,latin puns as a proof that a man can be witty as well as earnest4 ,the slave market at ,rome had received some new captives--alas6 when was it not the scene of fresh wretchedness in those awful times8 ,but these were of remarkable beauty and fairness of skin1 and ,john the ,deacon shall tell us of them in his own words3#f 8,perceiving among the rest certain boys for sale1 white of body1 fair in form1 and handsome in face1 distinguished moreover by the brightness 7nitore7 of their hair1 he asked the merchant from what country he had brought them4 ,he answered1 #8,from the island of ,britain1 whose inhabitants all display a similar beauty 7candore7 of face4' ,gregory said1 #8,are those islanders ,christians or do they yet hold to their pagan errors8' ,the merchant replied1 #8,they are not ,christians1 but are entangled in their pagan delusions' 7laqueis74 ,then ,gregory1 groaning deeply1 said1 #8,alas6 for shame6 that the prince of darkness should own those splendid faces2 and that such glorious foreheads 7tantaque frontis species7 should express a mind vacant of the inward grace of ,god6' ,then he asked the name of their tribe4 ,the merchant responded1 #8,they are called ,angli4' ,then he said1 #8,they are well called ,angli1 as though they were angels 7angeli7 for they have angelic faces2 and such as these should be fellow-citizens of the angels in heaven4' ,again1 therefore1 he inquired what was the name of their province4 ,the merchant told him #8,those provincials are called ,deiri4' ,then ,gregory said1 #8,they are well called ,deiri1 for they must be snatched from wrath 7de ira7 and gathered to the grace of ,christ4 ,the king of that province1' he continued1 #8how is he named8' ,the merchant replied1 #8,he is called ,aelle4' ,and ,gregory1 alluding to the name1 said1 #8,it is well that the king is called ,aelle4 ,for ,alleluia in praise of the ,creator must be sung in those parts4'0 ,such was the commencement of that ,christianizing process which eventually brought ,anglo-,saxon monks to ,rome for education--not that ,rome was the chief source and centre from which the work of ,christianizing the ,english was effected4 ,that strangely organized ,church1 which ,patrick had established in ,ireland and ,columcille 7,columba7 had propagated to ,celtic ,scotland1 was the missionary ,church of that age4 ,its zeal carried the faith to ,scandinavia in the person of its royal converts1 the two ,olafs1 besides ,christianizing the ,norsemen of ,ireland and the lesser islands4 ,its missionaries poured southward across the lines that sundered ,saxon from ,celt1 and co-operated mightily with the more languid efforts of the ,kentish ,church established by ,augustine4 ,and up to the ,synod of ,whitby in #ffd1 ,patrick rather than ,peter was the saint who stood the highest in the esteem of ,english ,christians4 ,yet it would be unfair to rob ,gregory and ,augustine of the honor of having begun the work1 and begun it on a higher and more permanent level than was possible to the ,irish ,church4 ,after all1 ,rome stood for a wider conception of ,church and social order and a broader ,christian culture4 ,it is to her victory that we owe ,bede and the great ,churchmen1 who adapted the learning and lore of the ,latin world to the needs of ,english ,christendom4 ,and so in ,augustine's mission we may see the apostolic succession1 in a broader sense of the word than the technical1 carried to ,england1 to be transmitted in turn to ,america4 ,england acknowledged the gift in the establishment of the tax called 8,peter's ,pence0 for the care and support of pilgrims to ,rome1 and the support of clerics1 who went to study in the ,saxon school established in ,rome4 ,to this we may trace1 perhaps1 the spread of hymn-writing from ,rome to ,england1 whose results are gathered into the ,missals and ,breviaries of ,sarum1 ,york1 and ,hereford1 and that elaborate compilation1 8,the ,hymns of the ,anglo-,saxon ,church10 which ,rev4 ,j4 ,stevenson edited for the ,surtees ,society4 ,the mission of ,augustine led to far-reaching consequences4 ,one was that the higher classes of ,great ,britain turned toward ,rome as the centre of the world1 and one of the remoter consequences of this missionary expedition was the recognition of the papal supremacy4 ,but in his highest flight of authority ,gregory the ,first never assumed nor felt the consciousness of power which caused ,gregory the ,second to write to ,leo1 the ,isaurian3 8,all the lands of the ,west have their eyes directed upon our humility2 by them we are considered as a ,god upon earth40 ,no1 nor did he press his claims as did his other successor1 ,gregory ,,vii41 some times known as ,hildebrand4 ,indeed1 ,gregory ,i4 in his desire to save these beautiful captives offered himself to ,pope ,pelagius as a missionary1 and even obtained his consent to the expedition4 ,but we are informed that the people surrounded the pontiff on his way to ,st4 ,peter's and begged him to recall their favorite4 ,so that ,gregory had gone but three days' journey before he was overtaken and brought back1 almost forcibly1 to his monastic home4 ,the scheme of saving ,britain was thus deferred but not given up2 and when the cardinal-deacon became ,pope it was again revived1 and with success4 ,in the year #eij ,pelagius ,,ii4 died of the plague4 ,his chair was no sooner empty than ,gregory was seen to be the choice of everyone--senate and people and clergy4 ,he was accordingly elected1 and then--for such was the feeling in those days--he resisted the honor with all his might4 ,like ,ambrose he fled from the city2 he disguised himself2 he even wandered in the woods4 ,but it was one of the old principles that the more the elect refused the more their calling and election were to be made sure to them4 ,and therefore1 he was found at last1 after a thorough search1 and was led1 literally in tears1 back to ,rome4 ,he had begged the ,emperor ,maurice not to confirm this appointment1 but it was to no effect that he pleaded for release4 ,his quiet1 peaceful days were over1 and he was placed at the helm of the ship of the ,church to steer her1 and the commonwealth which was her freight1 through floods of barbarians and into safer seas4 ,i am using his own figure3 8,i am so beaten by the waves of this world10 he wrote1 to his friend ,leander1 8that ,i despair of being able to guide to port this rotten old vessel with which ,god has charged me4 ,i weep when ,i recall the peaceful shore which ,i have left and sigh in perceiving afar what ,i cannot now attain40 ,he took his seat in the midst of the plague4 ,eighty persons in the processions which he organized at seven points in the city to pray at the church of ,santa ,maria-,maggiore for its cessation1 died of the disease during their very progress4 ,each procession met the others at this church of ,st4 ,mary4 ,one consisted of secular clergy2 another of abbots and monks2 a third of abbesses and nuns2 a fourth of children2 a fifth of laymen2 a sixth of widows1 and a seventh of matrons4 ,and thus arose the story about the angel whom ,gregory believed that he saw above the summit of the ,mole of ,hadrian1 and who there stood and sheathed his sword4 ,this legend gave to that structure the name of the ,castello di ,san ,angelo1 the ,castle of the ,holy ,angel4 ,the ,lombards were ,gregory's first care4 ,he corresponded with ,theodolinda1 their queen1 and she became his constant friend and his advocate with the king4 ,he finally obtained from ,king ,agilulf 7her second husband7 a special truce for ,rome and its neighboring territory--a most delightful relief from the terrors of the last thirty years4 ,moreover1 he directed his attention--as ,hormisdas had done before him--to the struggle which was never at rest between the ,greek and ,roman churches4 ,the ,patriarch of ,constantinople was determined to assert his own superior claims to the veneration of the faithful4 ,hormisdas had avowed--but never vindicated--the supremacy of the ,pope4 ,but his title of ,papa was the result of mere adulation and never of general consent4 ,and the patriarch happened to be at this time the strong-willed ,john the ,faster--an austere and pugnacious man4 ,it was natural therefore that he should claim the title of ,universal ,bishop1 and it was equally natural that ,gregory1 without demanding anything especial for himself1 should resist ,john4 ,in this controversy--and in those others where his works bear testimony to his literary and political skill--we see ,gregory at his best4 ,he is not deficient in satire2 occasionally he indulges in playful humor2 but he never forgets principle nor flinches from the prosecution of his cause4 ,it cannot be said of him that he proposes to overrule the civil authorities1 but he unquestionably tells them some exceedingly plain truths4 ,to the ,emperor ,maurice he wrote remonstrating against his refusal to allow a soldier to become a monk3 8,to this by me1 the last of ,his servants and yours1 will ,christ reply1 #8,from a notary ,i made thee a count of the body-guard2 from a count of the body-guard ,i made thee a ,caesar2 from a ,caesar ,i made thee an emperor2 nay1 more1 ,i have made thee also a father of emperors2 ,i have committed ,my priests into thy hand2 and dost thou withdraw thy soldiers from ,my service8' ,answer thy servant1 most pious lord1 ,i pray thee1 and say how thou wilt reply to thy ,lord in the judgment1 when ,he comes and thus speaks40 ,in this style he alternately appealed and remonstrated in his dealing with the powers that be4 ,to ,john the ,faster1 however1 he administered gall and honey--sometimes separately and sometimes mixed together4 8,your holy ,fraternity10 he says1 on one occasion1 8has replied to me1 as appears from the signature of the letter1 that you were ignorant of what ,i had written about4 ,at which reply ,i was mightily astonished1 pondering with myself in silence1 if what you say is true1 what can be worse than that such things should be done against ,god's servants and he who is over them should be ignorant80 ,two monks had in fact been beaten with cudgels for heresy and finally resorted to ,rome in defiance of ,john1 where ,gregory pardoned and restored them4 ,the ,pope continues3 8,but1 if your holiness did know both what subject ,i wrote about and what had been done1 either against ,john1 the ,presbyter1 or against ,athanasius1 monk of ,isauria and a presbyter1 and have written to me1 #8,i know not1' what can ,i reply to this1 since ,scripture says1 #8,the mouth that lies slays the soul8' ,i ask1 most holy brother1 has all that great abstinence of yours come to this1 that you would1 by denial1 conceal from your brother what you know to have been done80 ,if we are1 in spite of this plainness1 disposed to be severe upon ,gregory's subservience to the civil power of the ,byzantine ,court1 we shall find an instance in his behavior toward ,phocas4 ,this man had murdered the ,emperor ,maurice1 gouty and helpless as he was2 and had previously put his six sons to death before his eyes4 ,the good old emperor died like a hero1 repeating the words of the psalm1 8,thou1 ,o ,lord1 art just1 and all ,thy judgments are right40 ,and we need only to turn to ,gregory's writings to prove that the dead man was his friend and had done him many a kindness4 ,notwithstanding these gracious and excellent memories of the late emperor1 the ,senate and people had hailed the advent of ,phocas with rapturous delight4 ,his image and that of his wife had been sent to ,rome1 and now1 with the uproar rising to his windows1 ,gregory descended to the common level of detestable approbation1 and caused these images to be carried into the oratory of the ,lateran palace4 8,this10 says one of his biographers1 8is the only stain upon the life of ,gregory4 ,we do not attempt either to conceal it or to excuse it40 ,true1 ,maurice had been a vexatious old man1 and his piety1 while it was undeniable1 was nevertheless somewhat acrid4 ,but the ,bishop of ,rome should have had sufficient strength at least to repress any tumultuous joy over an act of murderous ambition and hateful selfishness4 ,this1 however1 is the weakness of many a prelate4 ,in the hour of trial he bends like a reed to the blast1 when we should expect him to be an oak1 and trust to his roots to grapple him safely down to the firm earth of principle4 ,this great blot1 conceded by all candid historians1 remains upon his memory4 ,it is a better picture for us to view when1 forsaking his trust in the mercy of barbarians or the senility of despotic power1 ,gregory looked outward to the new nations and sought to furnish the ,roman ,church with fresh vigor and vital help from this unwasted source of strength4 ,he corresponded with ,childebert ,,ii41 the unfortunate young ,king of ,austrasia1 the son of the notorious but intellectual ,brunehilda4 ,with him and with the ,french bishops he labored to secure the destruction of 8simony10 by which was meant the bargain and sale of ecclesiastical positions4 ,he also strove to prevent laymen from being elevated to the episcopate1 though he should have remembered that ,hilary of ,poitiers was a notable argument against his fears4 ,he also attended to the religious matters of ,spain4 ,this province had ceased to be ,arian in #ehg with the accession of ,recared2 and with it and with ,istria he was entirely successful in his methods of unity and peace4 ,he also overcame the ,donatist party in ,africa1 who had for years been ordaining their own bishops side by side with the regular succession1 and sometimes in actual alternation with them4 ,to crown all1 he organized a mission to the distant island of the fair-faced ,angli in #eif1 the very date at which the young ,childebert perished by poison in the twenty-sixth year of his age4 ,then it was that ,augustine1 after one recoil which showed that he was not quite up to the mark of ,gregory's zeal1 finally set out in earnest with forty companions4 ,the month was ,july4 ,the mission was almost an embassy4 ,it went through the intervening kingdoms endorsed to and by their kings4 ,and it went to cheer the little feeble remnant of the ,celtic ,christians who had escaped the ,saxon sword1 and to draw from the ,venerable ,bede his grateful tribute to the man who had already well deserved the title of great4 8,for10 says ,bede1 8if ,gregory be not to others an apostle1 he is one to us1 for the seal of his apostleship are we in the ,lord40 ,when we remember1 also1 his secular services in saving ,rome from sack and pillage1 we cannot but perceive that he was laying1 broad and deep1 the foundations of that temporal authority which the ,pope of ,rome was soon to claim4 ,the revenues of the ,roman bishop were growing enormously4 ,he had in ,sicily and elsewhere his agents and stewards 7defensores74 ,he was rapidly arising to a position of almost independent dignity4 ,his deference to kings was only that of ,christian courtesy and love4 ,in another man some of this might have been disfigured by self-seeking and moral obliquity of purpose4 ,in ,gregory we find1 throughout his career1 a noble integrity which was certainly austere enough1 but which was in the main pure and free from spot4 ,his weakness was that of overconciliation1 of which the case of ,phocas is a flagrant example4 ,but his strength was in his just judgment and in his masterful manipulation of the materials before him4 ,in his way1 too1 he saved ,christian art as well as ,christian music4 ,he condemns the ,bishop of ,marseilles 7,massilia7 for having broken some statues of the saints4 ,and while his remonstrance may perhaps be quoted in favor of image-worship1 it certainly cannot be quoted for that blind iconoclasm which would destroy pagan beauty before the shrine of ,christian ugliness4 ,in the association of his name with the ,gregorian chant he did almost as great a kindness to the ,church as did ,ambrose when he brought to her services the ,greek hymns of the ,east4 ,he was a sick man while he labored at these matters of devotion and duty4 ,rheumatic gout attacked him and crippled his joints4 ,we must add to this that he was not without enemies1 and not without many a little sting and thrust of vicious tongues and pens4 ,but he endured to the end1 and he probably was sincere when he wrote himself down as ,servus servorum--though there have been other popes since his day to follow the custom1 and who were the 8servants of servants0 only according to the 8devil's darling sin1 the pride that apes humility40 ,thirteen years he held the keys of ,st4 ,peter4 ,busy until the last moment1 he wrote or dictated the correspondence which was required4 ,but the disease which was upon him steadily increased until1 on ,march #abth1 #fjd1 he was released from suffering and from care4 ,his portrait shows him as a man with high and wrinkled forehead2 a thin beard around the cheeks and chin2 large1 deep-set eyes2 straight and manly nose1 and a singular lock--almost like that in the conventional portrait of ,father ,time--upon his brow4 ,there are a great many doctors of divinity who do not a little resemble him to-day4 ,it is a good face1 but a somewhat stern and severe one--of the sort to make credible the story that he had a special whip for his choristers1 and used it when it was needed4 ,his works fill several volumes in the ,patrologia4 ,his ,morals1 a commentary upon ,job1 is the very best of his books2 but he was probably ignorant of both ,hebrew and ,greek1 and hence his comments on ,scripture are rather more homiletical and practical than scholarly4 ,the ,pastoral ,rule was translated into ,saxon by ,king ,alfred1 who admired its practical wisdom1 and sent a copy to every bishop in his kingdom2 under ,charles the ,great also it was much esteemed in ,france4 ,his ,letters are the great mine of information upon his personal opinions and methods4 ,the ,dialogues were addressed to ,theodolinda1 and in these we find some superstition2 and indeed a fondness for saints' miracles and a weakness for relics were characteristic of his otherwise sensible conduct4 ,he wrote but nine hymns which are authentically traceable to his pen4 ,they are the ,primo dierum omnium2 the ,nocte surgentes vigilemus2 the ,ecce jam noctis2 the ,lucis ,creator optime2 the ,clarum decus jejunii2 the ,audi benigne ,conditor2 the ,magno salutis gaudio1 the ,jam ,christus astra ascenderat1 and the ,rex ,christe1 factor omnium4 ,with a lesser degree of probability he has been named as the author of the ,aeterne ,rex altissime2 the ,en more docti mystico2 the ,lignum crucis mirabile2 the ,noctis tempus jam praeterit2 the ,nunc tempus acceptabile2 and the ,summi largitor praemii4 ,of these the ,rex ,christe1 factor omnium delighted ,luther so much that he declared it in his impetuous way 8the best hymn ever written0--an opinion which he would find few nowadays to endorse4 ,gregory disliked pagan literature and cultivated the style and prosody of ,ambrose4 ,it is possible1 therefore1 that among the ,ambrosian hymns there may be those which he has written and which are credited to an earlier date4 ,but the cause of hymnology suffers little by the loss4 ,he was not a poet2 but as the man who made the papacy a thing and not a name--as the man who evangelized ,britain--and as the man who gave the ,gregorian tones to the praises of the ,church1 he will be held in kindly and lasting remembrance4 ,there was in him a vein of peculiar sarcasm as well as of deep earnestness and of great sagacity1 yet his literary merits are not to be weighed against those words and actions written viewlessly on the air1 but which still effectually vibrate through the polity of the ,roman ,catholic ,church4 ,,chapter ,,xi4 ,,the ,,venerable ,,bede4 ,it happened with ,bede as with some other ,latin hymn-writers--there were several persons who had the same name as himself4 ,hilary and ,fortunatus and ,notker are not the only cases of confusion1 for there were certainly three ,bedes1 and they were not long removed from each other in point of time4 ,beda ,major--the elder or greater ,bede--was a presbyter and monk of ,lindisfarne1 commemorated by his more celebrated namesake4 ,another was a holy man of the time of ,charles the ,great4 ,but our own ,beda or ,bedan was a presbyter and monk of ,jarrow1 and is distinguished from the rest by the title of 8,venerable10 which he shares with ,peter the ,venerable of ,cluny4 ,there are few finer figures in early ,english history4 ,sprung from pagan and utterly illiterate ancestry1 he has taken his place as an historian1 a scholar1 a natural philosopher1 and a poet2 and in every department of this varied knowledge he has shown his ability and industry4 ,english literature recalls him2 ,english history praises him2 ,english scholarship has elaborately edited his writings1 and ,english patriotism has affectionately honored his memory4 ,cuthbert1 his disciple1 who wrote his life1 begins his narration in the following words3 8,the presbyter ,beda1 venerable and beloved of ,god1 was born in the province of ,northumbria1 in the territory of the monasteries of the ,apostles ,peter and ,paul1 which is in ,wearmouth and at ,jarrow1 in the year of our ,lord's incarnation the six hundred and seventy-seventh1 which is the second year of the solitary life of ,st4 ,cuthbert40 ,it also was the ninth year after the reduction of ,saxon ,england to the ,roman obedience at the ,synod of ,whitby4 ,bede himself relates that when he was seven years of age the care of his education was committed by his relatives to the ,abbot ,benedict and afterward to the ,abbot ,ceolfrid4 ,he adds that from that date to the time at which he prepared the accompanying list of his works he had spent his days in the same place4 ,his existence was passed in meditating upon the ,holy ,scriptures2 and he 8found it sweet10 in the midst of his observance of the conventual discipline and daily chanting in the church1 8either to learn1 or to teach1 or to write40 ,the choice of this word 8sweet0 7dulce7 is significant1 for no man could more carefully have mingled the sweet with the useful4 ,a gentle spirit breathes across his studious pages1 as over the rough beards of the yellow grain a breeze moves and sways them1 harsh though they are1 in graceful waves4 ,for he loved learning with a perfect avidity4 ,his works reveal his desire to accumulate it--to teach it again in plain and simple fashions--and this benevolent desire redeems many a tedious discourse4 ,this life of his was devoid of personal incident4 ,he includes nothing of his individual history in the little notices which he makes of contemporary events1 and he is singularly silent even about the affairs of which we should think he would naturally speak4 ,the light which we get upon his surroundings and circumstances we must1 therefore1 derive from other sources1 but fortunately these are at hand4 ,we know1 for example1 that ,benedict ,biscop1 who founded those twin monasteries in which ,bede dwelled all his life1 was himself a remarkable person4 ,he was of noble birth1 and gave up place and ambition in the court of the king to proceed to ,rome1 there to be trained as a monk1 and then to return and found ,wearmouth in #fgd and ,jarrow in #fhb4 ,to the second of these religious establishments1 situated upon the ,tyne1 ,bede was transferred under ,ceolfrid1 its first abbot1 and there thenceforth he remained4 ,we are even able to determine his usual food as a school-boy1 for1 says his latest biographer1 ,rev4 ,g4 ,f4 ,browne1 8we have a colloquy in which a boy is made to describe his daily food in his monastery4 ,he had worts 7i4e41 kitchen herbs71 fish1 cheese1 butter1 beans1 and flesh meats4 ,he drank ale when he could get it1 and water when he could not2 wine was too dear40 ,there is1 indeed1 in these ,saxon monasteries the honest and hearty food which belonged to their age and people4 ,cedric the ,saxon1 in ,sir ,walter ,scott's novel of ,ivanhoe1 represents very fairly the popular feeling on the subject4 ,chaucer1 too1 can be quoted upon this same profusion and the generosity of the time4 ,of the ,franklin he says3 8,it snowed in his house of meat and drink40 ,with such a patron as ,biscop the monasteries never lacked any good thing4 ,he brought back from the ,continent the best matters of the period--books1 pictures1 relics1 skilled mechanics1 makers of stained glass1 and choir-masters4 ,he saw before him a land in which the monk was to be the conservator and promoter of learning4 ,and in carrying out this purpose he did more than plant a monastery1 for he planted and reared a man4 ,we have the word of that historian whose life and death so nearly approach those of his favorite author1 when we declare that 8prose took its first shape in the ,latin history of ,baeda40 ,for ,john ,henry ,greene closed his history of the ,english people much as ,bede ended his own career1 weary with his labor and yet completing what he had begun4 ,that which lies before us is what ,greene finely styles 8the quiet grandeur of a life consecrated to knowledge40 ,it was no hoarding1 avaricious1 trilobite life to be fossilized for future ages in the dead strata of ecclesiastical records4 ,instead1 it concerned itself with all learning2 and though it perished in the blackness of a general ignorance1 it is a source of light and force to-day4 ,but let us return to ,bede's brief points of change4 ,while he was still a boy1 the monastery was desolated by one of the great plagues which followed the ,synod of ,whitby1 and every monk who knew how to sing in the choir1 except the ,abbot and ,bede1 were among the victims4 ,unaided these two struggled with the double task of teaching the others to sing and keeping up the monastic services in the mean time4 ,the antiphons they had to abandon1 but they struggled through the ,psalms1 often weeping and sobbing as they sang4 ,at nineteen--six years before the usual age--he became a deacon2 at thirty he was a priest2 at fifty-nine he died4 ,he acquired his ,greek through the agency of ,archbishop ,theodore1 who had come from ,paul's city of ,tarsus in ,cilicia4 ,there were many in ,england who actually spoke in that tongue1 owing to his encouragement of it4 ,and ,bede was no mean nor small factor in its diffusion1 for he taught at ,jarrow a school of six hundred monks1 besides an uncounted number of strangers who sought his instruction4 ,the genealogy of school masters is truly suggestive4 ,from ,bede to ,alcuin1 from ,alcuin to ,rabanus ,maurus1 from ,rabanus and his liberal methods on to the times of ,abelard and the free inquiry2 so the torch of learning passes down the generations4 ,and when we remember ,alcuin's commendation of ,bede and ,rabanus ,maurus's instruction by ,alcuin1 we cannot doubt the close connection of these three earliest names4 ,abelard really revived the bolder and broader style which had been opposed at first in the ,abbey of ,fulda4 ,how the monk ever found time for his accomplishment of study and writing among his constant labors--his chanting and his teaching and his frequent preparation of homilies--it is indeed hard to discover4 ,but he wore away the thin scabbard of the body by the keen edge of his sheathed and unsheathed mind1 until he died before his days were truly done4 ,how often must we lament the incredible monotony and weary routine of these noble lives6 ,how much more1 we say to ourselves1 they could have achieved under better and freer conditions6 ,but perhaps not4 ,perhaps this very constriction was a source of strength2 and perhaps the severe stress which finally broke this noble student was1 after all1 the creator of his best powers and the director of his finest energy4 ,did he ever visit ,rome8 ,monks from the ,anglo-,saxon monasteries went on pilgrimage back and forth1 but if he went with them neither he nor they have mentioned it4 ,yet there is a letter of ,pope ,sergius to ,ceolfrid which hints at such a journey1 and might easily furnish a ground for the opinion4 ,on the whole1 we must consider ,bede as an unflickering light1 burning itself away at ,jarrow1 but illuminating all ,england with its rays4 ,it is not because of deficiency in acquirement that we deny these traditions4 ,he knew all that was then current4 ,his writings are an encyclopaedia of universal learning4 ,honorius of ,autun says of him1 scripsit infinita--he wrote incalculably much4 ,lanfranc cites his ,ecclesiastical ,history of the ,english ,nation4 ,alcuin compares him to the ,younger ,pliny1 and quotes him with great delight as 8,magister ,beda40 ,the hymns ascribed to the ,venerable ,bede1 on what appears to be good authority1 are the following3 ,adesto1 ,christe1 vocibus1 ,apostolorum gloriam1 ,emitte1 ,christe1 ,spiritum1 ,hymnum canamus gloriae1 ,hymnum canentes martyrum1 ,illuxit alma seculis1 ,nunc ,andreae sollemnia1 ,praecessor almus gratiae1 ,praecursor altus luminis1 ,primo ,deus coeli globum1 ,salve tropaeum gloriae4 ,also1 but more doubtfully3 ,apostolorum passio1 ,inter florigeras4 ,his ,ascension hymn1 ,hymnum canamus gloriae1 in its abbreviated form1 spread beyond the bounds of ,english use1 and found favor with the ,churches of the ,continent4 ,it has simplicity and directness1 if not much poetic force and is too prolix for ,church use in its original form4 ,mrs4 ,charles's version1 8,a hymn of glory let us sing10 is well known4 ,next to it stands his ,hymnum canentes martyrum1 known to ,english readers by the admirable version in ,hymns ,ancient and ,modern1 which begins1 8,a hymn for martyrs sweetly sing40 ,a third notable hymn is that to the ,cross3 ,salve tropaeum gloriae1 in which he embodies the beautiful legend of ,st4 ,andrew's death4 ,the notable thing about all ,bede's hymns is the influence which the old forms of ,teutonic poetry--the alliterative staff-rhyme--have exerted on their construction4 ,we can even trace an approximation to alliteration in his verses1 while rhyme is rather an accident than an object4 ,the verses of ,beowulf and of ,caedmon were in his mind when he wrote4 ,that he could use the classic metres also1 we see from his poem in hexameters on the life of ,cuthbert of ,lindisfarne1 the great ,scoto-,irish saint1 whose deeds still filled the ,north with their echoes4 ,,chapter ,,xii4 ,,rabanus ,,maurus1 ,,author ,,of ,,the 8,,veni1 ,,creator40 ,none of the great ,latin hymns is more regarded than the ,veni1 ,creator ,spiritus4 ,the ,dies ,irae may be grander2 the ,veni1 ,sancte ,spiritus may be sweeter2 the ,ad perennis vitae fontem may be lovelier2 the ,stabat mater may be more pathetic1 but1 after all1 the ,veni1 ,creator holds a place of equal honor in the estimation of the ,church4 ,the ,church of ,england1 while rejecting every other ,latin hymn from her services1 nevertheless retained this in the offices for the ordering of priests and consecration of bishops4 ,this is only the carrying out1 indeed1 of the account given by the famous but unknown monk of ,salzburg who rendered so many of the ,latin hymns into the old ,high-,german tongue4 ,he says1 8,whoever repeats this hymn by day or by night1 him shall no enemy visible or invisible assail40 ,this has always been the repute of the hymn1 and there is no doubt that this attended it on its journey down the ages in the worship of the ,church4 ,its authorship1 however1 has been less carefully preserved than its text1 which is notably free from mutilation and obscurity4 ,it is really singular to find a hymn which has been so universally employed1 and which has escaped in such a marvellous manner from the profane meddling of prosaic or bigoted revisers4 ,its doxologic final stanza is one which is not often to be found elsewhere--as though the hymn had taken and maintained a place apart4 ,if it were the product of the ,ambrosian age this would not be likely to have occurred1 for all those doxologies are formal and interchangeable to a marked degree4 ,but this is the appropriate conclusion of a unique ascription of praise to the third person of the ,trinity4 ,its date is thus1 to some extent1 fixed for us4 ,we cannot refer it to the days of ,ambrose1 and1 since it is found in nearly all the twelfth to fourteenth-century breviaries1 we are unable to attribute it to the period of the ,renaissance4 ,its very verse would prevent this1 if nothing else did4 ,the word spiritalis is a barbarism--an altogether post-classical expression4 ,the true usage is that in which the genitive case is employed1 thus 8spiritual delight0 would be animi felicitas1 not spiritalis 7or spiritualis7 felicitas4 ,perpetim is also a word which purists of the new classic revival would avoid if they could4 ,so1 too1 there is a certain amount of stress to be put upon the scanning of ,paraclitus--where the i is long1 though ,prudentius in the fifth century and ,adam of ,st4 ,victor in the twelfth both make it short4 ,it has therefore been said that the hymn was composed by a person who was skilled in the ,greek language4 ,this altogether depends on the question whether he pronounced the word by accent or by quantity4 ,but still it is not to be denied that the prosody of the poet gives us reason to think that he did pronounce the word with the accent on the 4 ,if this be so1 it would follow that he was a man of rare and fine scholarship in comparison with the contemporaneous learning4 ,another criticism is purely theological and aids in fixing the date by the history of doctrine itself4 ,at the ,council of ,toledo ,a4,d4 #ehi1 the word filioque was added to the ,creed to indicate the faith of the ,church in the procession of the ,holy ,spirit from both the ,father and the ,son4 ,this hymn preserves this point of the orthodox belief with such care that there can be no doubt of its being subsequent in time to the date of that council4 ,in coming more particularly to the various authors who have been credited with its composition1 it may be well to attend to each claim as it is put forward in some sort of chronologic order4 ,george ,fabricius of ,chemnitz 7#aefd7 was ready enough to ascribe it to ,ambrose himself4 ,the only ground for this conjecture is the structure of the verse4 ,and this is no more a proof of authorship than that a hymn written in what we call 8long metre0 must be1 because of that fact alone1 the production of ,isaac ,watts4 ,on the other hand1 it is plain that the theological allusion and the doxology1 when taken together1 remove the hymn far enough away from the days of the great ,bishop of ,milan4 ,in later times of more critical scholarship the learned and accurate ,professor ,hermann ,adalbert ,daniel has devoted much study to the hymn1 and has reached the conclusion that it belongs to that king whom the ,germans are never tired of praising--,charles the ,great 7,karl der ,grosse71 by the ,french called ,charlemagne4 ,led by his illustrious opinion the compilers and translators have1 without another question1 set it down for ,charles's work4 ,so it has gone2 the minor ,german collators1 like ,knigsfeld and others1 following peacefully in the rear of an original investigator4 ,this was not true1 however1 of men who hunted for proof on their own account1 as1 for instance1 ,mone and ,wackernagel4 ,but it is distinctly true of the ,english scholars1 among whom ,archbishop ,trench appears to carry the most prevalent influence4 ,they usually assent without a murmur to this conjecture of ,daniel indorsing ,thomasius1 who was1 so far as can be discovered1 the parent of the opinion4 ,the only real exception is the ,scotch hymnologist1 ,dr4 ,h4 ,m4 ,mac,gill1 who doubts1 but conforms to the opinion which is in vogue4 ,the grounds of this general confidence in ,charles's authorship it may be proper to mention here in brief4 ,we know it is said that he was a patron of learning1 a friend of scholars1 and a devout believer in the orthodox theology4 ,in the year #hji he took an active part in a synod at ,aquisgranum which affirmed the doctrine that the ,holy ,spirit proceeded from both the ,father and the ,son4 ,there is1 furthermore1 a statement1 quoted by ,cardinal ,thomasius from the ,acta ,sanctorum1 which goes in the direction of a positive assertion4 ,in the life of the ,blessed ,notker it is said that this hymn was composed by ,carolus ,magnus4 ,now it has never been established that ,charles was even a ready writer of prose1 to say nothing of verse4 ,berington1 following ,einhard1 ,charles's secretary1 says in his ,history of the ,literature of the ,middle ,ages 7#ahad71 that ,charles was not a literary man4 8,he seems never to have acquired the easy practice of writing10 is his strong language 7p4 #ajb74 ,the hymn1 on the contrary1 bears the evident marks of accustomed skill and practice in the art of verse as well as the accuracy of a mind trained in theologic discriminations4 ,moreover1 if ,maitland 7he of the ,dark ,ages7 is to be credited1 then this life of the ,blessed ,notker1 by ,ekkehard ,junior1 is full of errors1 of ignorance1 and wilful design4 ,it naturally celebrates whatever is likely to add to the credit of ,st4 ,gall4 ,hence we need not be astonished when it tells us that ,notker composed the sequence1 ,spiritus ,sancti adsit nobis gratia1 and sent it to ,charles the ,great1 receiving in return his composition the ,veni1 ,creator ,spiritus4 ,nor should we be surprised when this turns out 7as it is now conceded to be7 a mere legend without any historic basis4 ,when ,thomasius follows this story1 and ,daniel follows ,thomasius1 and ,trench follows ,daniel1 and the compilers follow ,trench1 it really appears that but little independent judgment has been exercised on the subject4 ,notker died in #iab1 and as ,charles the ,great was dead in #had1 the absurd anachronism of the ,ekkehard legend is clear to a glance4 ,it should perhaps be added that ,trench1 although allowing ,charles as author1 believes the hymn to be possibly of earlier date4 ,mone takes a new departure when he gives up the common opinion and announces that the hymn ought to be assigned to ,gregory the ,great 7#edj-fjf74 ,in his first volume he taxes ,daniel with having been altogether too prompt to agree to the cardinal's dictum4 ,he finds no reason to give the hymn to ,charles1 but he regards the classical style of its composition to be very fitting to the culture and well-known powers of ,gregory4 ,he rejects the doxology ,sit laus1 etc41 and considers1 very justly1 that the stanza ,per te sciamus1 etc41 is the true conclusion of the hymn4 ,wackernagel agrees with ,mone4 ,he thinks that the only way in which ,charles could have secured the authorship would have been by getting the composition effected by the intervention of ,alcuin4 ,he therefore believes that ,gregory was the poet of the ,veni1 ,creator1 and so publishes it in his exhaustive work upon the ,german church hymns4 ,professor ,march1 always careful and scholarly in his assignments1 adopts this opinion also4 ,against the ,gregorian authorship1 supported as it is by such eminent and independent scholars1 one must be slow to contend4 ,but in fact there is no great similarity between the hymn before us and those of ,gregory4 ,the great ,pope is not a great poet4 ,he has not written one hymn which has really endured4 ,the ,audi benigne ,conditor is quoted freely1 and the ,rex ,christe1 factor omnium received ,luther's highest approbation4 ,but these and other hymns from his pen are imitations of ,ambrose--almost slavish imitations4 ,the lofty and grand largeness of the ,veni1 ,creator is wanting to them all4 ,the argument1 good as it may seem1 is only negative4 ,the inference is that the hymn was written by him--nothing more4 ,on the same grounds we might as well go back to old ,george ,fabricius and give it into the hands of ,ambrose as he did4 ,the truth is that ,gregory's writings do not contain it1 and why they should not1 if he were its actual author1 it is hard for any one to understand4 ,but we are not at the end of the inquiry yet4 ,we positively know certain facts4 ,these are3 ,that the earliest mention of the hymn is in the ,delatio ,s4 ,marculfi1 ,a4,d4 #hih2 that it is found in the breviaries of the twelfth to fourteenth centuries2 that its author was a skilled theologian and probably a master of the ,greek language2 that he was a poet in the true sense and therefore quite certain to have written other hymns and poems2 that it was so soon and so generally adopted as to prevent any corruption of its text2 that all these ascriptions of it to this or that person are nothing but tradition2 and1 finally1 that the hymn has such spiritual worth and power as to mark it for the production of a devout as well as scholarly mind4 ,all these requirements are met in ,rabanus ,maurus1 ,bishop of ,mainz1 pupil of ,alcuin1 and laureate after ,alcuin and ,theodulphus4 ,there was a certain ,christopher ,brower1 a ,jesuit and a profoundly learned scholar1 who was born in #aeei at ,arnhem in ,gelderland4 ,in the year #aehj he went to ,cologne in pursuit of his studies4 ,then he studied philosophy at ,trier1 and eventually became rector of the college at ,fulda4 ,here he wrote four books upon antiquarian topics4 ,his diligent1 exhaustive style can be judged by the fact that he spent thirty years upon a history of ,trier4 ,his ,antiquitates were printed in #afab1 but in #afjc he had edited the writings of ,fortunatus1 and this book was reissued in #afag1 the year of his death1 by ,joannes ,volmar at ,cologne4 ,this edition has an appendix of #aej pp4 #dto41 in which is contained the entire series of hymns and other poetical compositions which were due to the aforesaid ,bishop of ,mainz1 ,rabanus ,maurus4 ,it was edited from a very old ,,ms4 of undoubted veracity1 and it contains the ,veni1 ,creator in the precise text which we now employ4 ,it is to be noticed that it does not recognize the doxology ,sit laus1 etc41 and this ,mone assures us was composed at a later period by ,hincmar of ,rheims1 and is1 as we have said1 unique4 ,but it accents ,paraclitus upon the second a and not upon the i4 ,the stanza ,da gaudiorum1 etc41 was rejected some time ago by the best scholars4 ,it is from a hymn of later date4 ,and we therefore find the version which appears in ,brewer's editions of the poems of ,rabanus ,maurus to be consonant with the most intelligent criticism of the text of the ,veni1 ,creator4 ,the hymn itself we can assign with very considerable certainty to the author in whose pages it again is apparent1 and we may believe in the accuracy and scholarly acuteness of the ,jesuit antiquarian4 ,it will not be amiss if we set our reasons in order1 for a long-established delusion is as hard to overthrow sometimes as the stubbornest fact4 ,they are such as the following3 #a4 ,the hymn is found in the writings of ,rabanus ,maurus1 in a codex which ,brower calls 8very ancient and well approved40 #b4 ,it is the precise paraphrase of the learned bishop's chapter on the ,holy ,spirit4 ,thus he begins the chapter with an assertion of the procession of the ,holy ,spirit from both the ,father and the ,son4 ,he then calls this ,spirit donum ,dei1 and several times repeats the phrase4 ,he argues that the ,spirit is coequal and coeternal ,god4 ,he then discusses the term ,paraclete1 and proceeds to speak of the septiformis nature of ,his power4 ,next follows a most significant and unusual expression--namely1 that the ,holy ,spirit is digitus ,dei--the finger of ,god4 ,and the consecution and coincidence of thought is still further increased by an allusion to the grace which bestowed the gift of tongues4 ,he then speaks of the ,spirit as fire--which accords with the word accende--and then he explains the simile of water1 which corresponds with the word infunde and with the previous phrase fons vivus4 ,he also quotes from the ,gospel of ,john to show that this 8living water0 means no more nor less than the ,holy ,spirit4 ,these coincidences are doubly remarkable1 for they not only exhibit the same ideas--some of which1 by the way1 are quite uncommon--but they also set them forth in the precise order in which the good bishop employs them in his hymn4 ,it is as if1 being aroused and animated by his great and noble theme1 he had turned to verse as an appropriate medium of lofty praise and had sung from his heart this immortal hymn4 #c4 ,to these reasons we may add a third--that the internal structure of the hymn shows its author to have been a person of theological soundness1 spiritual insight1 scriptural knowledge1 genuine scholarship1 and a natural poetical capacity4 ,these facts again agree with what we know to have been the talents and learning of ,rabanus ,maurus4 #d4 ,if ,gregory had written this hymn it would have appeared at an earlier date and would have been undoubtedly attributed to its illustrious author2 whereas it is not in his carefully compiled writings nor is it accredited to him by ,thomasius or any hymnologist before the time of ,mone and ,wackernagel4 #e4 ,charles the ,great had not the learning1 and both he and his grandson1 ,charles 8the ,bald10 are named on the strength of a long-exploded and always anachronistic tradition4 #f4 ,ambrose is out of the question by the theological limitation of the stanza ,per te sciamus1 etc4 #g4 ,finally1 we have the right to believe that a man whose other hymns have been so extensively1 though anonymously1 introduced into the worship of the ,church1 was entirely competent to frame this present hymn4 ,this last point is worthy of more than this terse remark4 ,rabanus composed the hymns1 ,adest dies sanctus ,dei1 ,festum nunc celebre1 ,fit porta ,christi pervia1 ,tibi ,christe splendor ,patris1 ,christe ,redemptor omnium1 and ,jesu ,salvator saeculi1 all of which display great powers of sacred poetry and two of which are beyond any possible doubt his authentic productions4 ,of the twenty-nine hymns found in ,brewer's codex there are two which have been credited to ,ambrose beside the ,veni1 ,creator1 and there are seven which are classed by ,daniel and ,fabricius as belonging between the tenth and fourteenth centuries and to unknown authorship4 ,the codex adds to our previous list eight entirely new poems1 and two others which raise a question on which we may pause for a moment before conceding the current opinion4 ,the first of these hymns is the ,altus prosator1 of which the codex gives us a much fuller and longer version4 ,it is called ordinarily the 8,hymn of ,st4 ,columba10 and was reprinted by ,dr4 ,todd from the ,liber ,hymnorum of old ,irish hymns in the library of ,trinity ,college1 ,dublin4 ,our present line of inquiry would lead us to assign it to ,rabanus1 and thus do away with the mere conjecture which makes ,columba its author4 ,the second hymn is that usually credited to ,elpis1 the wife of ,boethius4 ,but the designation of this hymn is as fanciful as the other4 ,brower in his loyalty to the ,church will not impugn the authorship which is commonly received1 but he is constrained to admit that a stanza is appended which the popular version entirely omits4 ,it seems far more reasonable to think that ,rabanus composed the whole hymn than that he only added a few verses at the end4 ,what ,rabanus ,maurus really did was to construct an hymnodia which had an appropriate sacred song for every season4 ,he was a poet and he lauded the verses of ,hilary and of ,ambrose4 ,had he intended to make selections he would not have omitted them4 ,but he has certainly put his own compositions into this list4 ,therefore it follows that he may well have included more than was at first supposed4 ,and when it is plain--for the index of hymns makes it plain--that not one single hymn of the twenty-nine is the undoubted and absolute property of any other poet1 we are safe in assuming that they all are what the codex declares them to be--the actual productions of the ,bishop ,rabanus4 ,the hymn ,fit porta ,christi pervia occurs in the midst of the ,ambrosian ,a solis ortus cardine1 et usque1 and was there inserted by the ,benedictines of ,st4 ,maur4 ,daniel says it is an entire hymn as it stands4 ,and so say we who find it standing alone in the codex of ,brower4 ,at once1 then1 ,rabanus ,maurus ascends from comparative obscurity to a front rank among hymn-writers4 ,and we are ready for all the light upon his personal history which we can obtain4 ,,veni1 ,,creator ,,spiritus4 ,veni1 ,creator ,spiritus1 ,mentes tuorum visita1 ,imple superna gratia ,quae tu creasti pectora4 ,qui ,paraclitus diceris1 ,donum ,dei altissimi1 ,fons vivus1 ignis1 charitas1 ,et spiritalis unctio4 ,tu septiformis munere1 ,dextrae ,dei tu digitus1 ,tu rite promissum ,patris1 ,sermone ditans guttura4 ,accende lumen sensibus1 ,infunde amorem cordibus1 ,infirma nostri corporis1 ,virtute firmans perpetim4 ,hostem repellas longius1 ,pacemque dones protinus1 ,ductore sic te praevio ,vitemus omne noxium4 ,per te sciamus da ,patrem ,noscamus atque ,filium1 ,te utriusque ,spiritum1 ,credamus omni tempore4 ,o ,holy ,ghost1 ,creator1 come6 ,thy people's minds pervade2 ,and fill with thy supernal grace ,the souls which thou hast made4 ,thou who art called the ,paraclete1 ,the gift of ,god most high2 ,thou living fount1 and fire1 and love1 ,our spirit's pure ally2 ,thou sevenfold ,giver of all good2 ,finger of ,god's right hand2 ,thou promise of the ,father1 rich ,in words for every land2 ,kindle our senses to a flame1 ,and fill our hearts with love1 ,and through our bodies' weakness1 still ,pour valor from above6 ,drive farther off our enemy1 ,and straightway give us peace2 ,that1 with thyself as such a guide1 ,we may from evil cease4 ,through thee may we the ,father know1 ,and thus confess the ,son2 ,for thee 7from both the ,holy ,ghost71 ,we praise while time shall run4 ,rabanus ,maurus1 teacher and ,abbot of ,fulda and ,archbishop of ,mayence 7,mainz71 was commonly called the 8foremost ,german of his time40 ,though the centuries have somewhat obscured the lustre of his renown1 they have not deprived him of his place in history1 nor have they dissociated his name from that of his instructor1 prototype1 and model1 the great pedagogue ,alcuin4 ,of the birthplace of ,rabanus we have no certain knowledge4 ,some have said that he was ,scotch or ,english1 others that he was ,french2 but the more reliable authorities are convinced that he was a ,german1 born either at ,fulda or ,mainz4 ,the epitaph written by himself affords probably the solution of the question4 ,it was composed at ,mainz while its author was archbishop1 and contains these words3 8,urbe quidem hac genitus sum1 ac sacro fonte renatus1 ,in ,fulda post haec dogma sacrum didici40 ,that is1 he was born at the place where he was writing these verses--most likely ,mainz--and there he was baptized4 ,afterward he was educated in ,fulda4 ,an additional reason for this belief is that his father was of a family known in the records of ,mainz4 ,trithemius says that ,rabanus was born in #ghh quarto nonas ,februarii1 the second of ,february4 ,mabillon adds1 8,i do not know whence he got the day2 the year is probably pretty close40 ,but the year itself1 on the strength of internal evidence found in the man's writings and in the monastic rules regarding the holding of office before the attainment of a fixed age1 ,mabillon places at #ggf4 ,this extension of twelve years is a very important affair since it makes ,rabanus a monk of thirty-three at the date of the ,council of ,aquisgranum 7,aix-la-,chapelle or ,aachen71 called by ,charlemagne to reannunciate the doctrine of the procession of the ,holy ,spirit4 ,the name of ,rabanus's father was ,ruthard and his mother was christened ,aldegunde4 8,she was a woman of the most honest conversation10 as ,trithemius declares1 the fit helpmeet of a man 8rich and powerful1 who for a long time served in the wars under the ,frank princes40 ,there was a brother1 doubtless an elder brother1 called ,tutin1 a person 8noble among the first10 and perhaps the father of a nephew1 ,gundram1 whom ,rabanus mentions as the royal chaplain of ,lewis of ,germany4 ,the lad ,raban--8the raven0--took on his dark garments at nine years of age and went to be a little shaveling monk at ,fulda4 ,there he continued1 patiently toiling on at his studies according to the methods of a benighted time1 and it is plain that he progressed so well as to get the favor of his abbot1 ,ratgar4 ,since ,ratgar took office in #hja or #hjb1 and ,alcuin died in ,may1 #hjd1 it must have been at or about the twenty-fifth year of his age that ,rabanus was directed to put himself under the care of ,alcuin4 ,a record which has been preserved shows that in #hja our poet had been made a deacon at ,fulda1 and it is natural for us to look upon this journey to the monastic school of ,st4 ,martin at ,tours as an honor given to one who had already earned some distinction in scholarship4 ,be this as it may it is certain that nearly the latest work of ,alcuin's life was the preparation of the successor to his own ideas who should hold high the torch of knowledge to his land and generation4 ,to him--though the old eyes at ,tours should not see it--was to succeed ,walafrid ,strabo1 and to ,walafrid ,strabo were to be added the scholars of ,st4 ,gall1 and notably the marvellous cripple ,herman of ,reichenau4 ,ratgar now was busy building a great church1 and architectural notions befogged his brain4 ,but he had built better than he was aware when he sent off ,rabanus and ,hatto to sit at the feet of the man who had brought the system of ,bede the ,venerable into ,gaul1 and who was to commit his own enthusiasm for learning to a greater scholar than ,paul ,winfrid1 the ,deacon4 ,this ,hatto was not the infamous bishop of the ,rat ,tower whom ,southey has immortalized in blood-curdling verses4 ,that notorious prelate was indeed ,abbot of ,fulda and ,bishop of ,mainz1 but he died in #ifi or #igj1 and the swarming rats which devoured him for his avarice in keeping the corn from the poor owe their original celebrity to those curious volumes1 the ,centuries of ,magdeburg4 ,so far as we can discover1 the ,hatto who accompanied ,rabanus became neither famous nor infamous1 unless it be something to have obtained the abbacy of ,fulda when his friend laid it down4 ,in #hjd ,rabanus returned to ,fulda4 ,he had profited by the instruction he had received1 and was now the fittest person to be put at the head of the school in the cloisters4 ,to his original name the old teacher had affixed the honorable title ,maurus1 and to this again ,rabanus himself added the descriptive adjective ,magnentius4 ,so that ,rabanus ,maurus ,magnentius is the full appellation of the man henceforth to be styled with the largest truth1 ,primus ,germaniae preceptor4 ,this giving of names was one of the features of those times4 ,alcuin was called ,albinus ,flaccus1 ,paul ,winfrid was known as ,bonifacius1 and ,ratbert1 the advocate of transubstantiation1 became ,paschasius4 ,besides this1 the spelling of proper names was very much at sea4 ,thus1 to the ,r of ,rabanus there was prefixed or suffixed a ,greek 8rough breathing10 making it ,h,rabanus or ,rhabanus1 precisely as we some times find ,h,ludovicus or ,h,lotharius4 ,it is at this time that the true skill and ability of ,rabanus appear before us4 ,he was the first person to establish a school in ,germany which had in it the promise of modern education4 ,he allowed pupils to attend and be trained in the cloisters who had no vocation for a monastic life4 ,in point of fact he was the real founder of the school system of ,germany1 and his fellow-countrymen have not been slow to accredit him with the achievement4 ,his life and accomplishments have employed the pens of ,buddeus1 ,schwarz1 ,dahl1 ,bach1 ,kunstmann1 ,spengler1 ,khler1 ,richter1 and other writers on the history of paedagogik4#g ,it is beyond debate that the school at ,fulda was a most remarkable place4 ,rabanus was not the only teacher in the school4 ,he was assisted by his faithful friend ,samuel of ,worms1 a fellow pupil under ,alcuin4 ,together these men developed and enlarged the minds of many of the future nobles of ,germany1 and laid in ,bible study and in the advanced opinions which they announced1 the foundations for a nation the most scholarly of any on the earth4 ,in these classes were to be seen such disciples of the new learning as ,walafrid ,strabo1 ,servatus ,lupus1 ,einhard 7who subsequently sent thither his son ,wussin71 and ,rudolf who wrote the life of his preceptor4 ,leaving the manner of that ancient school life for the present1 we are struck with astonishment at the broad and liberal tone of the instruction4 ,rabanus followed ,bede in providing an encyclopaedia of human knowledge for his pupils4 ,he entitled it ,de ,universis and based it on the previous work of ,isidore of ,seville4 ,additionally he abridged the grammar of ,priscian1 a treatise which furnished1 even as late as the days of ,richard ,braythwaite and his ,drunken ,barnabee1 the suggestive line1 8,fregi frontem ,prisciani40 8,i've broke ,priscian's forehead mainly40 ,he also furnished a text-book in arithmetic1 drawn mostly from ,boethius1 and an etymology in which he depends to some extent on ,isidore4 ,he utilized ,bede for chronology1 and ,gregory for ecclesiastical forms1 and ,augustine for doctrine1 and ,cassiodorus for commentary and exegesis4 ,moreover1 he was free from much of the superstition of his age4 ,he objected to giving the liver of a mad dog to one who had been bitten by it--that being then held a perfect cure4 ,his letters show an independent and almost an audacious mind4 ,in all religious discussion his motto was1 8,when the cause is ,christ's1 the opposition of the bad counts for naught40 ,in statecraft--for ecclesiastics were chief movers in these affairs--he held with ,ludwig the ,pious4 ,he wrote a great deal in the way of ,scripture commentary1 and his intellect was of a mystical order4 ,he delighted in allegories1 in enshrining the bones of saints and confessors1 and in making the most marvellous and intricate anagrams and arrangements of verses and letters upon the subject of the ,holy ,cross1 whose praise he has elaborately set forth4 ,wimpfeling may well style this production a 8wonderful and highly elaborate work40 ,it dates from the year #hae1 and no modern reader can view it without dismay at its enormous expenditure of labor4 ,a man like this in the teacher's seat of ,fulda would not be long in obscuring by his manifest talents the feebler light of his abbot4 ,so ,ratgar found1 and devoted himself and his monks with mistimed zeal to the erection of a great addition to the cloister church4 ,he grudged the time given to the studies of the school4 ,he would much prefer to have had the full control of all that was passing in the cloisters1 but this was plainly impossible4 ,so he devised a very satisfactory way of interrupting the success of ,rabanus4 ,he took the books from the scholars and he even forbade them to the teacher4 ,this was the cause of some pathetic verses in which ,rabanus sets forth his petition for their return4 8,let thy clemency10 he exclaims1 8concede me books1 for the poverty of knowledge suffocates me40 ,one grates his teeth in reading farther on the words1 8,whether you do this or not1 yet let the divine power of the ,omnipotent always afford you all good things and complete a good fight with an honest course1 that you may ever be with ,christ in the height of heaven40 ,ratgar was a tyrant2 there was no doubt of that4 ,the only question was how long this tyranny would survive the loss of students and the defection of the monks1 who had already begun to complain and resist4 ,there was not any hope1 however1 that this line of conduct would be materially altered1 and here again we have verses of ,rabanus1 lamenting in moving terms the loss of scholars and the demoralization of the school4 ,it is not at all unlikely that the praises of the ,holy ,cross were the solace of the poor pedagogue who had lost his favorite volumes4 ,he could scarcely otherwise have found the leisure for this elegant trifling4 ,the poem just mentioned is imperfect4 ,it breaks off abruptly and the conclusion is missing4 ,what it may have had to do with the outcome of ,ratgar's tyranny we therefore cannot say1 but the times upon which the monastery had fallen were very grievous2 and in #hjg there was a pestilence which depleted the list of monks from four hundred down to one hundred and fifty1 and these must1 of course1 have been more pressed by the manual labor than ever4 ,they toiled as did ,israel in bondage1 and yet the end had not come4 ,it was a period of the worst sort of misrule1 paralleled later at ,cluny and not unknown in other conventual establishments4 ,in #had ,rabanus was ordained priest on ,december #bc;d1 and1 as is supposed1 after his withdrawal for a time from the monastery to the refuge offered by a friend's house4 ,from a passage in one of his commentaries it has been inferred that he used this suspense of his labors to make a journey to ,palestine4 ,in #haa there was1 says ,dahl1 a great confusion 7,verwirrung7 in the cloister4 ,a libel was sent to ,charles the ,great criticising the conduct of ,ratgar--8libel0 being used in its old sense of 8little treatise40 ,nothing1 as it would seem1 was done about this1 although the ordination of ,rabanus may have been a link in the chain4 ,but when ,ludwig the ,pious 7,ludwig der ,fromme7 came to the kingdom ,ratgar was summarily deposed1 and ,egil1 a kindly1 book-loving man1 created abbot in his stead4 ,this occurred in #hag1 three years after ,ludwig began to reign4 ,all difficulties were now over4 ,the school was reopened with greater prosperity than before4 ,the library was increased4 ,the secular scholars were taught outside the walls1 for the number of students surpassed the accommodation4 ,and1 in a word1 ,ratgar had merely held back a constantly augmenting torrent which now poured itself in in an intrepid tide4 ,when ,martin ,luther1 centuries later1 cries out for intelligent instruction and for the extension of the school system of ,germany1 he is but repeating the cry which swelled in the ears of ,ratgar and drove him before it with execration from his abbacy4 ,in #hbb1 when ,egil died1 by common consent ,rabanus was invested with the dignity of abbot4 ,for a time things went smoothly enough1 and such scholars as ,walafrid ,strabo1 ,servatus ,lupus1 and ,otfried of ,weissenberg were the glory of the ,fulda schools4 ,but the pendulum swung too far in the rebound from ,ratgar's illiterate policy4 ,the monks were kept at writing and teaching with too little discrimination as to their tastes and capacities4 ,they began to grumble that the material interests of the monastery were neglected1 and that ,fulda might be growing rich in books and in bookworms1 but was in danger of becoming poor in everything else4 ,the disaffection found a support in ,archbishop ,otgar of ,mainz1 a busy political prelate1 who seems to have become jealous of the prominence of ,rabanus4 ,as a supporter of ,lothar and of the policy of imperial unity1 he was in politics on the other side from ,rabanus4 ,our abbot was a ,nationalist and a ,home ,ruler4 ,he wished to foster the cultivation of the ,german tongue and to maintain the distinctness of the ,german nation4 ,he had stood by poor1 weak ,ludwig the ,pious1 whose sorrow it was to have succeeded to the work of ,charles the ,great4 ,he addressed to him a letter of consolation in his troubles1 and wrote a treatise3 ,de ,reverentia ,filiorum erga ,patres et ,subditorum erga ,reges1 to recall his unfilial children to a sense of their duty4 ,in ,ludwig the ,german he recognized the most dutiful of the three4 ,so when the ,emperor ,ludwig died in #hdj1 he supported the younger ,ludwig in the demand for virtual ,german independence against the high-handed imperialism of his elder brother ,lothar4 ,he thus shared in the triumph of the victory at ,fontanetum1 followed by the ,compact of ,verdun 7#hdc71 which practically put an end to ,karling imperialism1 and secured the national independence of ,france and ,germany4 ,but in the mean time ,otgar enabled the illiterate party at ,fulda to drive ,rabanus into exile1 and when he came back he found the brethren had chosen another abbot1 ,hatto1 in his stead4 ,waiving his own rights1 and laying aside all grudges1 he betook himself to his books in a priory or something of the sort on ,mount ,st4 ,peter1 not far off1 and resumed the work of teaching4 ,here he is thought to have composed his great philosophical treatise on the ,all1 which marks a distinct advance in the development of mediaeval metaphysics and logic4 ,indeed1 there was but one thinker of the ninth century who surpassed him in penetration and learning--the wonderful ,irish monk1 ,john ,scotus ,erigena1 who wrote ,latin but thought in ,greek and was filled with all the wisdom of the ,hellenes1 from ,plato to ,dionysius the ,areopagite4 ,in #hdg ,archbishop ,otgar died1 and ,ludwig the ,german elevated his friend ,rabanus to the see of ,mainz1 the metropolitan see of ,germany4 ,since ,boniface1 the ,anglo-,saxon 8,apostle of ,germany10 who had succeeded to this dignity a century earlier1 there had been no man of such eminence at the head of the ,german ,church1 nor have any of his successors surpassed him4 ,his first care was the restoration of the discipline1 which had decayed under the confusions of those dark days of civil war4 ,a great synod met at ,mainz in ,october1 ,rabanus having been consecrated in ,june4 ,besides the prelates1 abbots and monks of all orders attended1 and the canons adopted had reference to stricter life as the obligation of the clergy4 ,the year was not over before news of fresh trouble reached him4 ,one of his own pupils at ,fulda1 the monk ,gottschalk1 a man of restless intellect1 was reported as spreading an exaggerated version of ,augustine's doctrine of absolute predestination1 and one which threatened to overturn the very idea of human responsibility4 ,gottschalk evidently was one of the people who love to walk on the fence rather than in the road--to carry every principle with ruthless logic to its remotest conclusion4 ,the first news of his extravagances reached ,rabanus in a letter from ,italy setting forth the doctrines his former pupil was teaching4 ,he at once responded in a letter 7or rather a treatise7 taking the same ground as the semi-,pelagians had done in the controversy with the school of ,augustine1 ground sanctioned by ,gregory the ,great1 ,beda1 and ,alcuin1 although thought unsafe when first defended by ,gennadius and ,john ,cassian4 ,gottschalk seems to have accepted the reply as a sort of challenge4 ,the next year1 #hdh1 he made his way to ,mainz1 and when ,rabanus called together an assembly of churchmen and laymen--not a regular synod--he appeared before it with a confession of his faith in which he replied to the arguments of ,rabanus4 ,the assembly failed to convince him of his being in error1 and at the king's suggestion a pledge was exacted of him that he would never return to ,germany4 ,hincmar of ,rheims1 the metropolitan of the ,church of ,france1 made sure of his keeping this pledge4 ,as ,gottschalk was handed over to him by ,king ,ludwig1 with a letter of explanation from ,rabanus1 he had him condemned by the ,synod of ,quiercy 7#hec7 to deposition from the priesthood1 corporal chastisement until he should burn his confession with his own hands1 and lifelong imprisonment4 ,so ended1 in #hfg1 this ,calvinist of the ninth century1 without much credit to anybody who had a hand in his fate1 but with least of discredit to ,rabanus4 ,in #heb1 by order of ,king ,ludwig1 another synod convened at ,mainz1 to discuss1 it is supposed1 the doctrine of transubstantiation1 which ,paschasius ,radbertus of ,corbie had been setting forth in his treatise1 ,de ,corpore et ,sanguine ,christi4 ,our ,rabanus resisted the new dogma1 declaring that the participation of the ,lord's body and blood in the sacrament is 8not carnal but spiritual40 ,nor is this the only point of his agreement with ,protestant teaching4 ,especially in his assertion that the ,bible is a book for every ,christian1 and clear and intelligible as a rule of faith1 he anticipates ,luther4 ,in #hej a great famine desolated ,germany1 in whose course people were driven to the terrible deeds which sometimes characterize such times4 ,rabanus did his possible to relieve the terrible needs of his flock4 ,three hundred of these poor people were fed daily from his resources as archbishop1 and his heart went out in pity to the multitudes he could not aid4 ,pitiful scenes he must have witnessed4 ,one poor woman fell dead as she staggered to his threshold1 with a babe at her breast4 ,his charity was too late to save her1 but her child was rescued4 ,he lived six years more1 seeing his diocese recover from the desolation of that terrible winter1 cherishing the literary and educational work of the monasteries on the lines laid down in his ,de ,institutione ,clericorum1 keeping his clergy up to the ideal of the priestly life as defined in his ,de ,disciplina ,ecclesiastica1 and civilizing the rude people of his great diocese4 ,he died in #hef1 in his eightieth year1 and was buried in ,st4 ,alban's church in ,mainz4 ,in the era of the ,reformation his bones were transferred to ,st4 ,maurice's church in ,halle4 ,as ,rome has not inscribed the opponent of transubstantiation in the list of her saints1 they are allowed to rest together in peace1 instead of being distributed through a long series of churches as relics4 ,he had composed for himself an epitaph1 as was the fashion of those days1 but it is pleasanter to read than some of those exaggeratedly humble and prosaic treatises concerning which we hardly know whether most to stand amazed at the badness of the ,latin or the meanness of the piety4 ,rabanus avoids these objectionable features4 ,his language is that of a poet and his sentiments those of a sincere ,christian4 ,particularly there are two lines which are notable because they give us a glimpse of his personality3 8,promptus erat animus1 sed tardans debile corpus2 ,feci quod poteram1 quodque ,deus dederat40 8,quick was my mind1 but slow was my body through weakness2 ,that which ,i could ,i have done1 and what the ,lord gave me40 ,one of his latest bequests was that of his books1 which he devised1 like a true scholar1 partly to his old abbey of ,fulda and partly to the monastery of ,st4 ,alban at ,mainz4 ,john ,trithemius eulogizes him in words which may1 perhaps1 be transferred into our pages from their original ,latin as a specimen of the praise which ,rabanus has always received--praise that is indeed worthy of the man who wrote the ,veni1 ,creator4 8,rabanus was first among the ,germans2 a scholar universally erudite2 profound in science2 eloquent and strong in discourse2 in life and conversation he shone as most learned1 religious1 and holy2 he was always a prelate dignified1 affable1 and acceptable before ,god40 ,this same ,trithemius gives us a little notion of the bishop's appearance4 ,in body1 he says that he was tolerably robust2 of a sanguine1 bilious temperament2 rather fleshly in person than inclined to meagreness 7macilentus72 with a 8courageous and great0 head2 and of a well-proportioned figure4 ,of the other writings of ,rabanus it is sufficient for us to name his compendium of the grammar of ,priscian2 his great work upon ,the ,universe2 his treatise upon the ,praises of the ,holy ,cross1 and his elaborate commentaries upon the various books of the ,bible4 ,he also prepared homilies and sundry compositions relative to ecclesiastical matters4 ,in the ,patrologia of ,migne it requires six closely-printed volumes to cover his contributions to sacred literature4 ,especially we have occasion to note his theological writings1 as it is in these that his spiritual character is most apparent4 ,his works mostly are dead enough to modern interest1 but not all4 ,german philology honors in him a great churchman who shared ,charles the ,great's respect for ,german speech and culture1 and at whose feet ,otto of ,weissenburg1 the poet of the ,krist1 sat4 ,german pedagogics recognizes in him the first ,praeceptor ,germaniae1 who transplanted to ,fulda the generous plans of education which ,charles conceived1 and which ,alcuin executed at ,tours4 ,german philosophy recognizes in him the first forerunner of the great series of her metaphysicians4 ,but to us he is ,rabanus the poet1 who acquired the art of verse under ,alcuin1 who used it at times to little purpose as in his ,de ,laudibus ,sanctae ,crucis1 but who in a happy hour wrote the ,veni1 ,creator ,spiritus4 ,,chapter ,,xiii4 ,,notker ,,of ,,st4 ,,gall1 ,,called ,,balbulus4 ,in the life of ,notker1 written by ,ekkehard 7,eckhardt7 the ,younger1 who was ,dean of ,st4 ,gall in #abbj1 we have a perfect mine of garrulous gossip and of chattering1 pleasant romance4 ,it has been called 8one of the most delightful of mediaeval memoirs20 though we are very little disposed to accept a large share of it as solid fact4 ,there is in it much confusion1 both of dates and names4 ,from one of its stories came the designation of ,charles the ,great 78the ,emperor ,charles07 as the author of the ,veni ,creator1 a point which we have treated more fully in the chapter upon ,rabanus ,maurus4 ,the copyist is mainly accountable for these blunders1 some of which are so grossly anachronistic as to be at once corrected by their reader2 and others are so puerile that no one can easily be deceived4 ,since it is to ,notker that we owe the 8sequence0 in its full development1 it may be as well for us to let ,ekkehard sketch his character at full length4 ,the biography is in one of the ,april volumes of the ,acta ,sanctorum of the ,bollandist ,fathers--a great white-covered folio which displays the immense research of its editors4 ,for those who are less inclined to the ,latin language in its monkish form1 there is the admirable abridgment by ,baring-,gould1 known as the ,lives of the ,saints--a compilation which must be always distinguished from the work of the same title by ,alban ,butler4 ,from these sources a great deal of truth and falsehood1 fact and fiction1 real record and unreal romance1 have flowed forth upon the world4 ,we cannot but speak reverently and kindly of such noble endeavors as those of ,dr4 ,neale1 but here1 at the very outset1 it must be understood that he has been altogether too much swayed by peculiar opinions for his ideas upon sequences--and upon ,notker also--to have the weight of absolute authority4 ,notker himself is to be discriminated from another ,notker of the same religious house of ,st4 ,gall1 who is generally known as 8the ,physician40 ,this one is ,balbulus1 or 8the ,stammerer10 who is sometimes called 8,vetustior10 the ,elder1 to distinguish him from his nephew1 ,notkerus ,junior4 ,he came1 ,ekkehard asserts1 of noble and even royal parentage1 being probably born about the year #hej4 ,at an early age he entered the monastery of ,st4 ,gall1 in ,switzerland1 which had been founded by ,gallus1 the ,irish saint1 a disciple of ,columbanus1 in the seventh century4 ,this celebrated man died1 ,a4,d4 #fdj1 at the age of ninety-five1 and his life was written by ,walafrid ,strabo in two books2 the martyrology recording his death upon ,october #afth4 ,st4 ,gall itself is now a town of some fifteen thousand inhabitants1 and the capital of the canton to which it has given its own name4 ,but the abbey was suppressed in #ahje1 though the library1 filled with valuable manuscripts1 still remains4 ,from these ancient parchments ,p4 ,gall ,morel1 ,librarian at ,einsiedeln1 has resuscitated many sequences and hymns formerly employed in their services4 ,the ,sangallensian poets are not1 however1 very numerous4 ,hartmann was probably the earliest composer of a 8sequence0--a style of sacred poem which we shall consider presently4 ,then came ,notker ,balbulus1 who has the greater renown4 ,tutilo and ,ratpert and ,walafrid ,strabo complete the list4 ,st4 ,gall was for years a noted centre of learning4 ,it is well situated1 and from its towers the waters of the ,boden-,see 7from which it is distant but a few miles7 can be readily discerned4 ,here1 then1 ,notker began his religious life4 ,he had probably seen the light in the green and fertile ,thurgau not far away from ,st4 ,gall4 ,and his talents were soon so noticeable that he rapidly advanced in the esteem of his associates4 ,meanwhile--for the ,irish and ,scottish monks made this a thoroughfare on their pilgrimages to ,rome--there came along an ,irish bishop named ,mark1 whose nephew1 ,maengal1 strongly aroused the admiration of ,notker4 ,maengal's music especially affected him1 and he devoutly prayed ,god to let the ,irishman tarry with them at ,st4 ,gall4 ,this indeed happened1 and ,maengal1 rechristened ,marcellus1 remained in ,switzerland4 ,this good tutor now undertook the musical training of ,notker1 ,ratpert1 and ,tutilo4 ,and from this beginning arose the choral school of ,st4 ,gall4 ,ekkehard's history of it is most suggestive4 ,it was originally begun1 he says1 for the study of the ,gregorian tones1 but these ,swiss people had by degrees lost the sweetness of the old ,pope's music4 ,and he borrows the language of ,john the ,deacon1 in his life of ,gregory1 to satirize the 8thundering voices0 with which such 8,alpine bodies0 failed to secure the proper modulation4 ,i borrow ,baring-,gould's idiomatic rendering of this significant passage4 ,it runs as follows3 8,the barbarous hugeness of those tippling throats1 when endeavoring to utter a soft song full of inflections and diphthongs1 makes a great roar1 as though carts were tumbling down steps headlong2 and so1 instead of soothing the minds of those who listen1 it agitates and exasperates them beyond endurance40 ,such was the character of church music when the song school of ,st4 ,gall was started4 ,the monks had already been so fortunate as to secure one of the two ,gregorian antiphonaries sent by ,pope ,adrian to the ,emperor ,charles the ,great4 ,the occurrence was curious enough to be chronicled1 and the story merits our own repetition4 ,metz had been the ,german music centre1 but when the ,french music clashed with that which was considered the correct and ,gregorian method1 ,charles again solicited from the ,pope two priests who were thorough musicians1 and should put ,metz and her school above criticism4 ,these two men1 by name ,peter and ,romanus1 set out thereupon1 but took a heavy cold between them at ,lago ,maggiore 7aere ,romanis contrario quaterentur74 ,peter soon recovered1 but ,romanus advanced from a mere cold into an actual fever1 and remained at ,st4 ,gall with one of the antiphonaries1 while the disgusted ,peter1 who claimed both copies1 was forced to proceed alone and with a single manuscript to ,metz4 ,st4 ,gall was sufficiently attractive to ,romanus for him to make no effort to leave it when he grew convalescent4 ,and these compositions and melodies of his were the foundation upon which1 in later years1 ,notker and ,hartmann and the others built their sequences4 ,that which ,maengal now effected was the real beginning of that system of music which is so elaborately treated by ,dr4 ,neale in his preface to the second volume of ,daniel's ,thesaurus4 ,perhaps more has been made of it there than it really deserves4 ,it is certainly too far out of the line of this inquiry of ours for us to discuss the point technically4 ,one of the best definitions of the sequence is1 however1 that of ,mabillon1 who calls such compositions 8rhythmical prayers0 7rythmicae preces74 ,notker became easily--so ,ekkehard asserts--the finest musician about the abbey4 ,he was also a bright and rather witty man4 ,when ,augustine was asked what ,god was doing before ,he created the world1 he replied that ,he 8was building hell for such vain and frivolous spirits0 as that of his questioner4 ,the chaplain of ,charles the ,fat put a similar inquiry to ,notker1 and got quite as brief a retort4 ,he asked1 8,what is ,god doing now80 ,and ,notker stammered out1 8,just what ,he has always done and always will do2 ,he is putting down the proud and exalting the humble60 ,there is another of these queer anecdotes which will serve to show that the old monks were by no means destitute of a sense of humor4 ,a certain young ,salomon1 son of the ,count of ,ramsweg1 was a student of the abbey school1 and something of a snob among his fellow-scholars4 ,notker1 ,ratpert1 ,tutilo and ,hartmann were of as good family as he1 and they did not enjoy his behavior4 ,finally1 through favoritism1 ,salomon came to be abbot of six monasteries and ,bishop of ,constance in addition4 ,but in spite of these dignities he had a singular predilection for the ,abbey of ,st ,gall1 and was accustomed to put on a surplice and go about the place attending the offices like a regular monk--which1 by the way1 he had no right to do4 ,his old friends found this out1 and raised so much of a stir about it that he ceased from the practice4 ,but at night he still persisted in entering the abbey and aiding in the services4 ,rudiger1 one of the confederates1 was therefore set to watch for the coming of the intruding bishop1 and when ,salomon slipped along toward the church in the darkness the watcher suddenly thrust a light in his face and saw who it was4 ,then this valiant ,rudiger swore the largest oath permitted in those sacred precincts1 for he asseverated 8by ,st4 ,gall0 that no stranger in their conventual habit should be around the cloisters at night4 ,salomon offered endless apologies1 and promised to secure permission from the abbot before he wore the surplice again4 ,and he even turned his discomfiture into a partial victory by begging ,rudiger to present this request in his behalf4 ,the petition1 so voiced1 came duly before the 8senate0 of that monkish republic1 which happened1 unfortunately for the avaricious and rapacious ,salomon1 to include his four opposers--8,hartmann1 who composed the melody to the ,sanctus humili prece2 ,notker the ,stammerer1 who made ,sequences2 ,ratpert1 who wrote ,ardua spes mundi1 and ,tutilo1 who was the author of ,hodie cantandus40 ,these men finally allowed him to come in as usual1 provided he would entirely demit his canon's raiment1 and be nothing but a ,benedictine monk while within the walls4 ,somehow ,salomon conceded even this1 and one day brought a splendid gift--a gold box encrusted with jewels and containing relics--which he offered to the abbey4 ,all this looked in the direction that the monks feared2 and they therefore rejected his present with some scorn4 ,but it did not take long to lift ,salomon the ,simonist to the ,abbacy of ,reichenau1 and then ,archbishop ,sfortto contrived at length to secure the wealthy ,st4 ,gall for his favorite4 ,thus ,salomon1 the detested1 became1 in spite of all opposition1 the abbot of that celebrated cloister4 ,but ,st4 ,gall itself had always prospered1 apparently as the sun does according to the theories of some astronomers1 for it had been continually receiving cometary accessions that dropped into it unexpectedly4 ,one such was an antiphonary1 which1 on the principle that 8to him that hath shall be given10 fell into the hands of these musical monks through the burning of the ,abbey of ,jumieges in #hea4 ,this was the true origin of the 8sequence40 ,it solved the problem of ,notker in a novel manner when he finally examined it1 for he had been puzzled at the immense prolongation of the final syllable ia in the ,alleluia1 which was sung to cover the retreat of the deacon as he ascended to the rood-loft to chant the ,gospel4 ,this ,alleluia came between the ,epistle and the ,gospel1 and as the deacon had some space to traverse1 the ia was nearly interminable2 for even a very few seconds became on such an occasion a most perceptible and wearisome interval of time4 ,this ,jumieges antiphonary1 in which words were fitted to the ,gregorian tones1 suggested another treatment of the difficulty4 ,notker consequently composed the ,laudes ,deo concinat1 and afterward the ,coluber ,adae male suasor4 ,iso1 his master1 approved of them1 and ,maengal afterward gave him considerable help4 ,the 8sequence0 in its standard form had a 8note to each syllable10 as in modern church music4 ,and this was the beginning of that ,book of ,sequences perfected by him in #hhg1 and which has gained a merited prominence for the name of ,notker ,balbulus4 ,ekkehard tells certain legends 7which may or may not be trustworthy7 regarding the suggestion whence some of these sprung4 ,the droning rotation of a slow mill-wheel gave rise1 he says1 to the sequence ,sancti ,spiritus adsit nobis gratia2 and this is far more credible than the additional information that ,notker sent it to 8the ,emperor0 ,charles and got back the famous ,veni ,creator ,spiritus--a story which ,mabillon utterly confutes4 ,this ,emperor was certainly not ,charles the ,great--who was long ago dead--and it might have been ,charles 8the ,bald0 or ,charles 8the ,fat0 7the usurper71 or ,charles 8the ,simple10 but there seems an antecedent improbability that any such nickname could belong to the grave and great poet of that splendid hymn4 ,and1 indeed1 we are now positive that it is the composition of ,rabanus ,maurus1 ,bishop of ,mayence 7,mainz71 who died in #hef4 ,there is probably some show of reason in the idea that the groaning machinery of a mill should have helped to originate the extended notes of the sequence4 ,the picturesqueness of the story is really its best claim to our notice4 ,i well remember a mill by which ,i used often to pause in the stillness of night1 listening to the wailing protracted cadences of the huge wheel which slowly turned in its bed as the buckets successively filled from the shut1 but leaky gates4 ,hearing this1 and comparing it with the 8sequence0 of the ,catholic service1 or with the long-drawn tones of a ,german choral1 it is impossible not to be struck by the resemblance4 ,then there is another story--indeed1 there are several in the ,latin which could scarcely be inserted here--but there is certainly one other which both ,baring-,gould and ,maitland have had sufficient geniality to extract4 ,it refers to the manner in which ,notker1 ,ratpert1 and ,tutilo--8the three inseparables0--attended to the eavesdropping of one of ,abbot ,salomon's spies4 ,this spy was ,sindolf1 the refectorarius1 or steward1 a sour-visaged1 crab-appleish kind of man1 who was never so happy as when he had an evil speech to retail4 ,he particularly delighted in fretting the temper of the abbot with reference to these poets and musicians1 but they suspected his design and 8set a watch because of him40 ,one evening after 8lauds0 the three were in the 8writing-room0 7scriptorium7 where the manuscripts were prepared and kept1 busy with their conversation and having thereto the permission of the prior4 ,sindolf sniffed scandal in the air1 and flattened his ear against the opaque glass1 where a convenient crack suffered him to listen to their words4 ,it was night1 and ,tutilo1 a shrewd1 lively fellow 7homo pervicax71 was glad enough to get this occasion against the slinking traitor4 ,in the ,acta ,sanctorum1 and again in ,mabillon1 copied into the one hundred and thirty-first volume of ,migne1 we have old ,ekkehard's grim report of this monkish fun4 8,there he is with his ear to the glass10 cried ,tutilo4 8,do you1 ,notker1 because you are a timid little chap 7timidulus71 go away into the church4 ,but ,ratpert1 my friend1 take down the whip that hangs in the chimney corner and run out-doors4 ,and then comfort my heart 7cor meum confortare7 by laying on to him with all your might 7esto robustus74 ,for ,i1 when you get close enough1 will throw open the window in a hurry1 catch him by the hair and hang on with a will0 7ad me pertractum violenter tenebo74 ,off went the timorous ,notker2 out slipped the cheerful ,ratpert2 open went the window1 and the vigorous ,tutilo clutched ,sindolf by ears and hair together6 ,then ,ratpert rained on the lashes 7a dorso ingrandinat71 and ,sindolf twisted and howled and kicked1 and lights began to fly around1 and the brethren came running4 ,but ,tutilo held on and called for a light and shouted that he had caught the devil2 while ,ratpert vanished into the night and ,notker had entirely disappeared in the church4 8,where are ,notker and ,ratpert80 was the first question4 8,oh1 they smelled the devil and ran away to ask succor from heaven10 said ,tutilo4 8,and here was ,i1 left to do the best ,i could with this thing that walks in darkness4 ,and ,i believe an angel has been sent to chastise him in the rear60 ,the sneaky ,sindolf was completely abashed1 but his temper did not improve under the chastisement4 ,even ,salomon1 his patron1 laughed at him along with the others1 which made the matter worse4 ,so one day1 finding a beautiful copy of the ,canonical ,epistles in ,greek which ,liutward1 ,bishop of ,vercelli1 had sent as a present to ,notker1 what does the malicious wretch do but cut it to pieces with his knife6 ,ekkehard adds that the mutilated copy could still be seen in the library of ,st4 ,gall4 ,these two worthies1 ,ratpert and ,tutilo1 heartily deserve the place which ,ekkehard accords them in his life of ,notker4 ,ratpert walked usually between ,notker and ,tutilo2 a very punctual1 studious man who 8wore out two pairs of shoes in the year20 a man who seldom left the abbey walls1 and who regarded 8expeditions0 as being to the full 8as dangerous as kisses20 a negligent fellow about the offices and masses1 claiming that he taught them often enough to his pupils2 and finally1 a composer of good litanies2 dying ,october #beth1 ,a4,d4 #ijj4 ,tutilo was a capital companion2 genial and ingenious2 capable of music on all sorts of pipes and fiddles2 who told a good story and made many a good joke2 active and agile in his figure1 and withal a fine carver1 painter1 and goldsmith4 ,some of his ivory carving still exists in the town library of ,st4 ,gall--so one historian records in a foot-note--and he was evidently a most skilful musician1 whose hymn tunes1 composed on the rota1 or small harp 7the minstrel's instrument in those days71 were always acceptable4 ,he wrote ,hodie cantandus1 ,omnium virtutum gemmis1 and ,viri ,galilaei4 ,this last he sent to 8,king ,charles10 who himself composed a tune to which ,tutilo set words called ,quoniam ,dominus4 ,his royal patron liked him well4 8,curse the man10 he said one day1 8he is altogether too good a fellow to be a monk60 ,ekkehard adds to this list of compositions the sequence ,gaudete et cantate as a specimen of ,tutilo's ability in a slightly different direction of music1 declaring that 8any one who understands music0 will notice and appreciate the distinction4 ,hartmann was abbot after ,salomon2 a most learned man1 and one who perhaps contributed more to the development of the 8sequence0 than we are now able to prove4 ,of ,notker it is only fair to say that he gave to himself the name ,balbus1 or ,stammerer1 which was changed1 owing apparently to his small stature1 into the diminutive1 ,balbulus4 ,when ,innocent ,,iii4 asked ,uadalric1 then ,abbot of ,st4 ,gall1 what rank ,notker had held in the convent1 the abbot replied that he was only 8a simple monk10 but was born of noble parents and was thoroughly holy and well educated4 ,on which the ,pope declared that they were wretched and wicked people 7nequissimi71 and would suffer for it 7infelices eritis7 if they did not celebrate the festival of this man who had been 8so full of the ,holy ,spirit40 ,julius ,,ii4 commanded ,hugo1 ,bishop of ,constance1 to inquire into the matter4 ,the result established him as a beatified confessor1 and so distinguished him by the prefix 8,blessed0 from ,notker 8the ,abbot10 who was his nephew1 and died #igc2 ,notker 8the ,physician10 who died #ajcc2 ,notker 8of ,liege10 who died #ajjg1 and ,notker 8,labeo10 who died #ajbb4 ,b4 ,notker ,balbulus himself died in #iab4 ,salomon1 who was then his abbot1 died in #iai1 and in #iba ,hartmann succeeded to the dignity4 ,it would not be difficult to add to this account several superstitious stories2 how ,notker broke his staff over a dog-devil which went howling through the church2 how he had some difficulty with another demon who intermeddled with pen and ink2 how he severely handled a flagitious monk2 and1 generally1 how he proved to be a moderate worker of miracles and a pleasant colleague to the other cenobites4 ,but we turn with a peculiar interest to that little sequence which has made his name immortal4 ,this ,media vita in morte sumus is the one which meets us in the ,burial ,service of the ,protestant ,episcopal ,church3 8,in the midst of life we are in death3 ,of whom may we seek for succor ,but of thee1 ,o ,lord1 ,who for our sins art justly displeased80 ,it is there found in connection with a passage from the ,book of ,job1 and is followed by the ,sancte ,deus2 ,sancte fortis2 ,sancte et misericors ,salvator1 ,amarae morti ne tradas nos2 which is in our translation1 8,yet1 ,o ,lord most holy1 ,o ,lord most mighty1 ,o holy and most merciful ,saviour1 deliver us not into the bitter pains of eternal death40 ,all that ,notker originally composed is that which is first mentioned above4 ,the rest came about as we shall presently see4 ,the ,rev4 ,f4 ,proctor1 in his ,history of the ,book of ,common ,prayer1 states that this brief sequence--of which he does not appear to know the origin--8was formed from an antiphon which was sung at ,compline during a part of ,lent40 ,there is also a singular misapprehension by which the 8samphire gatherers0 hanging over the cliffs of ,england at their 8dreadful trade0 were credited with the suggestion4 ,it was formerly supposed that ,notker watched them during their dangerous toil1 and so1 by another equally strange inadvertence1 the fact was taken as a proof that he must have been himself a native or resident of ,britain4 ,this1 like the other legend of the twenty-year debate upon sequences1 proves on inquiry to have no foundation in fact4 ,the story itself is a sufficient explanation without any coloring whatever4 ,it reveals to us the poetic spirit of the devout man who beheld his fellow-creatures poised between life and death1 and wrote this short and exquisite meditation thereon4 8,the holy ,notker10 says ,canisius1 8made the #8prose' of the following lament when the bridge over the chasm at ,martinstobel was being constructed in a precipitous and most dangerous place4 ,but who added the #8verses' ,i do not know4 ,i have quoted it from a most ancient codex1 where it is set to modern notes40 ,he then proceeds to give it in the ordinary form4 ,it is1 as he says1 a prose1 and must be distinguished from verses of regular metre3 8,media vita in morte sumus1 quem quaerimus adjutorem1 nisi te1 ,domine1 qui pro peccatis nostris juste irasceris40 ,thus far ,notker4 ,then occur the 8verses0 in three stanzas3 8,ah homo1 perpende fragilis1 ,mortalis1 et instabilis1 ,quod vitare non poteris ,mortem1 quocunque ieris4 ,aufert te1 saepissime1 ,dum vivis libentissime4 ,sancte deus4 8,vae calamitas inediae1 ,vermis fremit invidiae1 ,dum audit flentem animam ,mortalis esse utinam6 ,nec ,christi fati gladius1 ,transiret1 et non alius1 ,sancte fortis4 8,heu nil valet nobilitas ,neque sedis sublimitas1 ,nil generis potentia1 ,nil rerum affluentia1 ,plus pura conscientia ,valet mundi scientia4 ,sancte et misericors ,salvator1 ,amarae morti ne tradas nos40 ,it is perfectly plain1 then1 that this 8third sequence0--the ,media vita being the second--is derived from the 8verses0 whose authorship ,canisius cannot discover1 and the date of which cannot be far from the fourteenth century4 ,but when we imagine the good monk watching the workmen from the brink of the ,goldach1 which hurries down through ,st4 ,gall toward the ,boden-,see1 we can bring to mind the whole picture4 ,the present bridge is one hundred and sixteen feet long and fully one hundred in height from the swift little stream4 ,it is of wood1 and was constructed in #adfh4 ,here1 dizzily balancing in mid-air1 tradition says that a man1 even as ,notker gazed1 lost his footing and plunged into the abyss4 ,the eternities came together6 ,a spark from the infinite kindled within the poet's soul4 ,heaven from on high beheld this single life suddenly hurled to ruin4 ,earth from beneath reached up and seized upon the thing of earth4 ,and thus it was with us every moment6 ,in the midst of life we were in death1 and from none could we seek for help save from ,god alone--that ,god1 displeased at sinners1 who is the sinner's only hope6 ,standing once before the graves at ,gettysburg1 the tall gaunt figure of ,abraham ,lincoln paused upon such an eternal edge4 ,his soul took in at one sweep the heroic past and the historic future4 ,and those words which came1 so men assure us1 almost without premeditation from his lips are the noblest utterance of our time4 ,that compact1 terse1 brief expression is the essence of national strength4 ,the phrases are vivid with a supernatural brightness3 8,government of the people1 for the people1 by the people must not perish from the earth40 ,it was so with ,notker2 and now1 wherever that beautiful service is uttered above the dead1 the forgotten monk of ,st4 ,gall speaks with a voice which touches unaltering humanity1 and utters that grave1 great thought1 preciously protected in its small casket of language1 that death is beneath and ,god is above1 and that all our hope must come from ,him6 ,,chapter ,,xiv4 ,,walafrid ,,strabo4 ,among the pupils of ,rabanus ,maurus was a boy afflicted with strabismus4 ,he was cross-eyed1 or crooked-eyed in some manner1 and this fixed upon him the name of ,strabo the 8squinter40 ,like many another monk in that age1 he has so sunk himself into his service as to have become a man without a country and almost without parentage4 ,some therefore contend that he was an ,anglo-,saxon1 once a monk in ,london and afterward educated at ,st4 ,gall1 ,reichenau1 and ,fulda4 ,an obscure tradition even makes him a relative of the ,venerable ,bede4 ,another story assigns him to ,haymo's family4 ,now1 ,haymo was a monk of ,fulda about #hej1 a man of very liberal opinions1 learned1 and truly catholic1 especially in his denial of the universal authority of the ,pope and the doctrine of transubstantiation4 ,it is something of an honor to have been this man's brother1 and it is no discredit to have been related to ,bede4 ,at any rate these guesses--for they are little else--serve to show us the repute in which ,walafrid ,strabo was held4 ,more accurate investigation reveals a sentence in the preface to the life of ,st4 ,gall which seems conclusive4 ,in it ,walafrid speaks of 8us ,germans or ,suabians40 ,suabia is thus designated as his birthplace1 and we find his name among the list of those scholars who did credit to their teacher ,rabanus4 ,his period is the middle of the ninth century1 for in #hdb he became ,abbot of ,reichenau in the diocese of ,constance1 and he died in #hdi4 ,dates like these are not hard to verify1 for we have many chronicles and records in which the ,dark ,ages laid the foundations of authentic history4 ,here lie away in their narrow niches of brief reference many illustrious people4 ,and the work of the hymnologist consists often enough in the same sort of research as secular history demands4 ,now and then on the dead breast there is a little withered flower ready to crumble into dust4 ,that curious1 peering ,trithemius--to whom we are indebted for such laborious inquiries concerning the men of this time--maintains that ,walafrid was 8rector0 of the school in the monastery of ,hirschfeld4 ,if this be so it only confirms what we note again and again1 that ,alcuin and ,rabanus were the real instigators of ,german scholarship4 ,and the work from which we shall presently quote becomes more interesting to us for this reason4 ,walafrid left a long catalogue of works behind him4 ,he wrote a valuable antiquarian treatise on the divine offices and usages of the ,church4 ,besides1 he is accredited as the author of the lives of ,st4 ,gall1 ,st4 ,othmar1 ,st4 ,blaithmac1 ,st4 ,mamma1 and ,st4 ,leudegaris4 ,he also composed various poems2 a preface to the ,life of ,ludwig the ,pious1 and a condensation of ,rabanus ,maurus's ,commentary on ,leviticus4 ,he compiled the famous ,glossa ,ordinaria1 which remained the standard commentary on the ,bible throughout the ,middle ,ages4 ,he began the annals of ,fulda1 which have since been continued by competent hands1 notably those of ,christopher ,brower4 ,he has been called a 8pretty good poet for his age0--by which is meant that there was a scanty supply of poetry in the ninth century--a fact which no one is competent to dispute4 ,it goes without saying that his life was the life of an ecclesiast1 restricted to a ,chinese minuteness of ritual1 and permitting only such visits and journeys as religious business justified4 ,his death occurred on one of these infrequent expeditions4 ,it was in ,france1 whither he had gone--as we are expressly told--in order to hasten some ecclesiastical affair4 ,these are the meagre and unentertaining facts connected with the name of ,walafrid ,strabo4 ,he would not have deserved1 nor would he have received our notice if two of his hymns 7the ,laudem beatae martyris and the ,gloriam nato cecinere7 had not been preserved4 ,these entitle him to mention1 and he promptly rises to genuine importance if we can agree with ,kellner 7see ,bibliotheca ,sacra1 ,january1 #ahhc1 p4 #aed71 that a recently discovered 8diary0 is from his pen4 ,it is probable that1 whether it be authentic or not1 it is strictly accurate in its relation of the studies pursued in those schools4 ,and if we assume it to be credible we can revise our dates to correspond4 ,thus his school life began in #haf1 and after its close he went to ,fulda1 thence to return to his old monastery in #hdb as its abbot4 ,these dates are afforded by the document itself1 which was originally published in #aheg1 as a part of the educational report of the ,benedictine school of ,st4 ,maria of ,einsiedeln in ,switzerland4 ,it appears to me that its tone and composition are not such as to justify the value which ,kellner sets upon it4 ,walafrid's name was a convenient one1 and this is doubtless no more nor less than a clever historical romance4 ,but it has been composed in the very neighborhood of the scenes it depicts1 and the advantages of all the ancient ,,mss4 and traditions have been incalculably great4 ,the narrative is introduced by a modern preface which speaks of ,st4 ,meinrad1 the founder of ,einsiedeln1 as a contemporary of ,walafrid4 ,then we have a statement which tersely exhibits the plan and purpose of the story3 8,in the dark hour when the ,roman imperial throne collapsed on which ,theodoric the ,goth had just seated his teacher ,avitus1 ,manlius ,boethius committed his spiritual wealth to the ,goth ,cassiodorus1 who transmitted it to the sons of ,st4 ,benedict10 etc4 8,the seed of ,christian instruction had been inherited by the sons of ,st4 ,benedict from the age of martyrs and holy fathers4 ,great seminaries were opened at ,fulda1 ,weissenberg in the bishopric of ,speyer1 ,st4 ,alban in ,mainz1 ,st4 ,gall1 ,reichenau in the bishopric of ,constance1 ,st4 ,maximin1 and ,st4 ,matthias in ,trier1 etc4 ,to these establishments the sons of the nobility resorted1 while the ,benedictines were their teachers and fathers4 ,whoever saw one of these schools saw them all as to everything essential4 ,accordingly1 it is our purpose to describe one of them--namely1 the school of ,reichenau1 from which came the founder of ,einsiedeln1 ,st4 ,meinrad1 and ,walafrid ,strabo1 who was his schoolmate in ,reichenau1 and who1 four years after him1 assumed the ,benedictine dress40 ,then follows an assurance to the 8intelligent reader0 that this account 8is not mere poetry10 but is 8sustained by authoritative documents10 among which are named the writings of ,walafrid himself1 of ,bede1 ,alcuin1 ,rabanus1 and the collections of ,pez1 ,metzler1 and others4 ,it is plain1 then1 that ,kellner has been misled1 and that ,professor ,j4 ,d4 ,butler1 of ,madison1 ,wis41 who has made this clever translation from the ,german1 has been likewise deceived4 ,yet the historical importance of the 8diary0 remains1 and the writings of ,alcuin1 ,bede1 and ,rabanus1 with those of ,walafrid1 give the original particulars and can be cited in proof4 ,professor ,butler adds a few pleasant details about ,reichenau4 ,it was founded in #gbd1 earlier than any neighboring convent except ,st4 ,gall4 ,it is on an island in the ,lake of ,constance1 whose lake-girt limits are about two miles by three4 ,it became so rich that it acquired many other properties1 and its abbot could journey to ,rome and never sleep a night outside of his own domain4 ,the old tower1 built by ,henry the ,black1 is still standing1 and among the cherished relics of the abbey is a piece of green glass weighing twenty-eight pounds given by ,charlemagne1 who thought it to be an emerald4 ,there is also a supposititious water-pot from ,cana of ,galilee1 which evidently came from ,palestine and shows the mediaeval intercourse with the ,holy ,land4 ,the revenues of the abbey were not sequestrated until the year #agii4 ,such is a brief sketch of this religious house which we shall again encounter in the story of ,hermannus ,contractus4 ,walafrid's narrative begins with the year #hae4 ,he saw the vast buildings with surprise and was greeted by a throng of future schoolmates4 ,his teacher had several boys under his care to teach them to read4 ,this he did by the help of a wax tablet--the old ,roman method4 ,the letters were scratched on the wax and erased by the blunt end of the pointed 8style40 ,along with this elementary work came ,latin1 together with a ,german primer--in both of which the boys were expected to read4 ,at harvest time there was a short vacation4 ,the boys rambled through the fields and picked fruit and enjoyed themselves generally4 ,the second year's work was the learning of conversational ,latin4 ,this was the language of daily intercourse and was employed to express all wants4 ,the grammar of ,donatus was studied under a pupil-teacher1 and the cases and tenses were rigidly committed to memory4 ,the rod was the penalty for misbehavior4 ,german phrases were translated into ,latin and some portion of biblical history was repeated to the scholars at night1 which they were obliged to tell again in the morning4 ,then follows a description of the dedication of the minster and of the solemn effect of the great ,high ,mass1 at which time ,walafrid resolves to become a monk4 ,the year #hag was occupied with grammar and orthography1 and the use of ,latin was compulsory4 ,hitherto there had been a trifle of laxity and a few lapses into ,german were forgiven4 ,now there was no exception to scholars of this advancement4 ,they wrote from dictation upon their tablets1 and the ,psalter was in this manner transcribed and memorized4 ,the fourth year 7#hah7 was signalized by the planting of the first grape-vine on the island4 ,doubtless the fact itself is authentic1 and is here introduced owing to its date4 ,and in this year the scholars attack prosody4 ,they study ,alcuin 7who wrote many verses71 and the distichs of ,cato1 and ,bede's ,de ,arte ,metrica4 ,the earlier ,christian poets--,prosper and ,juvencus and ,sedulius--are mentioned4 ,it is strange that the author does not name ,prudentius1 who was far more of a classic than any or all of these three4 ,but it is quite correct to mention ,virgil as a permitted book1 and the exercises in poetry in which all were engaged4 ,in #hai1 the fifth year1 the boys became pupil-teachers themselves4 ,they were further instructed in rhetoric1 with illustrations from the ,bible to be paralleled from ,statius and ,lucan1 whose works they were studying4 ,other scholars again were set to work as scribes and copyists4 ,the amusements were the running of foot-races1 quarter-staff playing1 and 8dice10 by which we are probably to understand the very ancient game of backgammon4 ,and again1 it is strange that no mention is made of the games of ball1 which were decidedly common in those days4 ,the year #hbj is consumed with rhetoric--with ,cicero1 ,quintilian1 and the histories of ,bede1 ,eusebius1 ,jerome1 and others4 ,the classic authors were ,sallust and ,livy1 with ,virgil and 7at last7 ,prudentius and ,fortunatus4 ,in #hba comes ,boethius1 attended by more of ,cassiodorus1 and the pleasant pastime of 8dialectics10 or debating4 ,in these debates the enthusiasm was kindled for future controversies4 ,and in other lines--as1 for example1 in studies of the current legal codes1 of the ,salic and ,ripuarian ,franks and ,lombards--those who were to be rulers were diligently trained4 ,here 7for this is the exact account of that ancient instruction7 we see how the ,church held sway over her former pupils1 and how the pupils became by and by the exponents of religious opinions and subservient to ecclesiastical decrees4 ,with #hbb we have mention of rhetoric and logic1 with oral and written exercises1 and in #hbc the scholars took up and pursued the studies of geometry and geography according to the light of that period4 ,then came music with the various instruments1 as organ1 harp1 flute1 or trombone4 ,finally1 ,walafrid is supposed to record his initiation into the reading of ,greek4 ,from the ,,ms4 of ,homer the boys were instructed1 and the account closes abruptly with a reference to the study of astronomy4 ,subsequent to this year1 #hbe1 ,walafrid is believed to have passed considerable time at ,fulda with ,rabanus ,maurus4 ,these were the ideas and educational methods of that period4 ,outside of the monasteries and abbeys there was nothing that went on in the way of learning4 ,it needed special establishments1 with great wealth1 the protection of kings and nobles1 and the indefinable terrors of religious authority to perpetuate scholarship4 ,we may despise1 as some writers freely do despise1 the bigotry and intolerance which obliterated fine manuscripts of the classics to make room for monkish trifles4 ,but we cannot fail to discover the germs of the new poetry of the ,church in these unpromising times4 ,fortunatus and ,prudentius were no bad preceptors after all4 ,and even if ,walafrid ,strabo was not much of a poet1 he has served our occasion as a pupil when he might not have gained notice as a writer of hymns4 ,,chapter ,,xv4 ,,hermannus ,,contractus ,,and ,,the 8,,veni ,,sancte ,,spiritus40 ,one of the surprises of history is the long-delayed honor which comes to the modest and the meek4 ,the notable and prominent attract to themselves much of the repute of any age4 ,they even gain the credit of achievements to which they never put a finger4 ,but by and by the 8whirligig of time brings in his revenges10 and they that were last become first4 ,thoughts like these are sure to come to us when we encounter such a name as this of the poor cripple of ,reichenau4 ,whatever fame he had in his own day gradually disappeared and he has been only a shadowy figure for many years4 ,it is true that ,ersch and ,gruber1 in their great encyclopaedia1 say of him that he is 8one of the most meritorious men of the eleventh century40 ,it is also true that ,ussermann--himself an almost forgotten authority--has labored to give ,hermann his proper meed of praise2 and that the ,benedictines have patiently collated many little particulars concerning him4 ,yet he still remains locked up in ,latin or in ,german or in ,french2 and ,english readers can be pardoned for being utterly ignorant of him and of his works4 ,this man merits no small share of our notice4 ,he came of good blood1 for his father was the ,count of ,vhringen in ,suabia4 ,he traced his kinship to the famous ,st4 ,udalric1 whose sister1 named ,leutgarde1 is mentioned 7#iga7 in the saintly bishop's pages4 ,her son was ,reginbald1 slain in battle against the ,hungarians in #iee4 ,this ,reginbald had a daughter ,bertha1 who married ,wolfrad1 ,count of ,vhringen1 and died in #ajcb4 ,wolfrad1 dying in #ajaj1 had a son ,wolfrad1 who married a lady named ,hiltrude and became the father of fifteen children--one of whom was ,hermann4 ,this is the simplest form of a genealogy1 which the learned chronicler protracts in a marvellous manner1 to the great confusion of the modern mind4 ,i have not cared to follow him into the remoter affinities and alliances which add distinction to the poor little paralytic child1 who at seven years of age was carried to the great school at ,st4 ,gall4 ,i have said that ,hermann was a cripple4 ,he was so completely helpless1 indeed1 that he could not move without assistance2 and his days and nights were full of pain4 ,he was 8hump-backed and bow-breasted1 crippled and lame40 7,gibosus ante et retro1 et contractus1 claudus4 ,pertz3 ,monumenta3 ,scriptores3 ,v41 #bfh47 ,but his mind triumphed over these infirmities4 ,a pathetic legend concerning him assures us that in the visions of the night the ,virgin stood before him1 radiant and beautiful4 ,as in the old story about the choice of ,hercules--which was probably the origin of this--she offers him strength of body combined with ignorance and weakness of mind2 or wisdom and ability in a body which should be deficient and sickly to the day of his death4 ,this 8second ,hercules0--as the chronicler admiringly calls him--promptly chose the last4 ,he had been born 7for his ancestral records and his own ,chronicon help us to exactness7 on ,july #ahth1 #ajac4 ,he was admitted to school1 probably1 though not certainly1 at ,st4 ,gall1 on ,september #aeth1 #ajbj4 ,hitherto his education had been absolutely neglected4 ,he could not go about alone nor even speak intelligibly 7,annales ,augustani #ajdb-ee4 ,in ,pertz3 ,mon4 ,ger41 ,,vii41 #abf7 owing to his paralysis4 ,but he had a devouring desire for knowledge1 and rapidly mastered ,latin1 ,greek1 ,arabic1 and 7probably7 ,hebrew1 so that he possessed them equally well with his vernacular speech4 ,the convent was the only place for such a poor little waif as he1 and thus1 within the learned cloisters of ,st4 ,gall1 he followed reverently upon the shining path of ,notker and ,tutilo and ,ratpert and ,hartmann1 and added his name to theirs in the development of the sequences and antiphons of the ,church4 ,nor was this all4 ,he became an excellent historian1 a distinguished musician1 and a renowned philosopher and theologian4 ,in mathematics he was equally skilled and ingenious4 ,he is considered by some to have invented the astrolabe1 the first instrument by which the height and distances of stars were calculated4 ,assuredly he wrote an exhaustive treatise upon its use1 whether he originated it or not2 and it is said that he added to his scientific studies the making of clocks and watches4 ,he has left us essays upon the monochord1 on the squaring of the circle1 on computation and physiognomy and metrical rules and astronomy4 ,these are marked by the inferior attainments of the age1 as we might expect1 but they display an amount of original research for which we are unprepared4 ,he was also an excellent scribe1 and the library of ,st4 ,gall still contains a copy of a work ascribed to ,anselm of ,canterbury written by him in the fulfilment of a vow4 ,he resembled the ,venerable ,bede in the universality of his knowledge1 and1 like ,alcuin and ,rabanus ,maurus1 he is one of the great teachers of his time4 ,always1 during these darkening years1 there appears to have been some ministering priest in the temple of education--some self-devoted1 ,god-fearing man1 who patiently kept the altar-fire burning1 and spent his life1 to the utmost verge1 in climbing those altar-steps with fresh fuel for the flame4 ,we do not know how much of this work was begun or completed during his life at ,st4 ,gall4 ,we are able to say that he translated ,aristotle's ,poetics and ,rhetoric from the ,arabic language1 and this of itself should award to him the very highest renown4 ,it is impossible in a single sentence to do justice to this achievement and we must take it more at large4 ,the dictator ,sylla brought the works of the great ,greek philosopher1 together with his library1 to ,rome1 in the year ,b4,c4 #adg4 ,this was on the capture of ,athens1 and these writings were still comparatively unknown in ,greece4 ,the philosophy of the ,peripatetic school was1 of course1 familiar to their countrymen2 but it was by and through the ,latin race and not the ,greek1 that the 8,master of ,syllogisms0 was to become most potent4 ,aristotle's was the controlling system of the ,middle ,ages4 ,his rules of logic were imperative4 ,they governed theology1 and indeed every other form of metaphysics4 ,they restrained with an iron grip the expanding ideas of men4 ,it was against ,aristotle1 in the person of ,william of ,champeaux1 future ,bishop of ,chalons and founder of the school of ,st4 ,victor1 that ,peter ,abelard laid his lance in rest4 ,even to the days of ,dean ,swift these ideas bore sway1 and when that brilliant man sought his degree from ,trinity ,college1 ,dublin1 he was met by the question whether he reasoned according to ,aristotle4 ,and his reply1 that he did well enough in his own fashion1 was held to be little less than atheism4 ,nor is this the only comparison which might be aptly instituted between ,swift and ,abelard4 ,so ,aristotle had his authority and held his sceptre down almost to our own time4 ,but at the commencement his writings were either used in the ,greek language or in the ,arabic4 ,in the twelfth century the schools of the ,moors in ,spain were the true centre of philosophy4 ,they first applied his teachings to theology1 and to these schools resorted many scholars from other parts of the continent4 ,but such translations as these travelling students brought home were probably of a sort to make intricacy and subtlety more intricate and subtle4 ,a fog had gathered over ,europe1 and the ,dark ,ages are indeed no myth4 ,there were few points of light anywhere1 and among these few were the bright spots called ,st4 ,gall and ,reichenau4 ,charles ,jourdain asserts that only a part of ,aristotle was known before #abjj ,a4,d41 and that this was through the translation of ,boethius4 7,see ,ueberweg3 ,hist4 ,philos41 ,i41 #cfg47 ,so that if ,hermannus ,contractus translated ,aristotle at so early a date1 it shows that his rendering was in advance of most1 if not of nearly all those which were used in the ,western schools4 ,he had a brother1 or uncle1 ,manegold1 who died in ,palestine4 ,he had another brother ,werner1 who afterward became a legate to ,gregory ,,vii4 7,hildebrand7 in the fierce struggle between ,pope and ,emperor in #ajgg4 ,and he was further well placed both by his family connections and his situation at a centre of learning1 to secure the best manuscripts and the best ,arabic instruction4 7,see an elaborate dissertation in ,wegelin3 ,thes4 ,rerum ,suevicarum1 ,,ii41 p4 #abj47 ,it evinces decided wisdom and toil on his part to have undertaken and completed this translation2 and there is no doubt that the humble paralytic from his bed of suffering influenced materially the scholastic movements of the coming centuries4 ,could he have seen the swarming thousands who built the abbey of the ,paraclete2 could he have witnessed in vision the uprising of such schools as ,st4 ,victor in ,france and ,oxford in ,england2 could he have heard ,roger ,bacon confess his indebtedness to those pages2 could he have foreseen the infinite consequences both to the preservation and the hindrance of human thought1 with what strange zeal he would have traced each painful line6 ,but he could not know it4 ,he had removed at thirty years of age to his perpetual celibacy at ,reichenau--,augia the ,rich1 as it is called in the ,latin tongue4 ,it is built on an island in the western arm of the ,lake of ,constance4 ,and there1 with great mountains to gaze upon and fair waters to catch for him the rosy light of evening2 with the brethren of the convent laboring cheerfully in their fields or toiling in their cells1 ,hermann of ,vhringen1 ,hermann of ,reichenau1 ,hermannus ,contractus1 ,hermann der ,gebrechliche1 ,hermann the ,cripple1 spent his uneventful life4 ,here he wrote the legends of some of the saints1 and here he prepared his valuable compendium of universal history4 ,he calls it a ,chronicon1 and condensed into its records the story of the world from ,a4,d4 #a to the year #ajed1 the date of his own death4 ,it is very brief through the first portion of its account of 8the ,six ,ages40 ,then its statements are fuller4 ,when it reaches contemporaneous events it becomes exceedingly important to the historical student1 for it is in the nature of a chronicle4 ,here also the man's own personality occasionally appears4 ,he speaks of ,reichenau as ,augia nostra and mentions the basilica which ,henry ,,iii4 78the ,black07 has erected to 8our patron1 ,st4 ,mark the ,evangelist40 ,this establishes the fact that ,reichenau was his true residence1 and gives us the standpoint of the little isle in ,lake from which to look out across the dark-green and sometimes stormy waters upon the confusions of the time4 ,these were the days when the ,truce of ,god 7#ajda ,a4,d47 was necessary in order to prevent the bloody feuds of the barons during ,advent1 ,lent1 and from ,wednesday evening of each week until the following ,monday morning4 ,yet amid all these conflicts ,hermann the ,paralytic remained secure1 guarded by religion and surrounded by the peaceful lake4 ,and like that lake the ,rhine stream of secular affairs flowed always through his life clear and undisturbed4 ,it is during these closing scenes that a touching entry is made in the pages of the ,chronicon4 ,under the year #ajeb the crippled hand slowly traces these words3 8,at the same time1 on ,january #ith1 my mother ,hiltrude1 the wife of the ,count ,wolfrad1 a pious1 meek1 generous1 and religious woman1 and one who was as devoted to and happy in her husband and her seven surviving children as any person could be1 closed the last day of her life in about the sixty-first year of her age and the forty-fourth of her marriage1 and was buried at the ,villa of ,altshausen1 in a sepulchre under the chapel of ,st4 ,udalric which she had herself constructed40 ,and then follows a brief poem in which the merits and the love of this dear mother are affectionately told4 ,hermann1 on the best of testimony1 was a person of just this amiable and beautiful spirit4 ,he is called hilarissimus1 as if to show his great cheerfulness4 ,he was always a strict vegetarian in his diet4 ,he hated injustice2 scorned every sort of vice--and ,heaven alone knows how much there then was of nameless wickedness6--and finally1 he was thoroughly free from all envy and malice4 ,it is a curious testimony to his breadth of mind that one of his biographers says of him 7quoting the old adage71 that he regarded nothing human as alien to his search4 ,he preserved this calmness and sweetness of temper to the farthest limit of his days4 ,not long before he died he said to his faithful friend1 ,berthold of ,constance1 8,do not1 ,i say1 do not ask me about this2 but rather attend to what ,i will tell you1 for in you ,i do not a little confide4 ,i shall die doubtless in a very short time4 ,i shall not live4 ,i shall not get well40 ,he added that he was so 8seized with an ineffable desire and delight toward that intransitory world and that eternal and immortal life10 that all things of this passing existence seemed empty and vain and dropped like motes 7flocci7 from him1 in the breath of that heavenly air4 ,and then he proceeded to detail a vision in which he fancied himself reading and rereading the ,hortensius of ,cicero4 ,his mind was clear2 his hopes for religion and for education were high2 but all was now over and he must depart4 ,therefore he quietly and pathetically ends by saying1 8,taedet quidem me vivere0--indeed it is wearisome to me to live4 ,and thus1 on ,september #bdth1 #ajed1 he ceased from earth--in his forty-second year1 and having carried the story of the world down to the end of his own career4 ,but his works follow him4 ,i do most firmly believe him--and not ,robert the ,second--to have been the author of the ,veni ,sancte ,spiritus4 ,the first person to attribute this hymn to the ,king of ,france is ,durand1 7,rationale ,divinorum ,officiorum1 ,lib4 ,,iv47 ,his book treats of ceremonial observances and is among the rarest of printed volumes4 ,the splendid copy upon vellum in the ,astor ,library is not only beautiful in itself1 but it is extremely valuable as the third specimen of typography in existence4 ,only two works--one of them the ,bible and another the ,psalter of ,mainz--had been previously printed from movable types4 ,i have personally verified the reference and its ,english rendering is as follows3 8,notker1 ,abbot of ,st4 ,gall1 in ,germany1 first composed sequences with notes of his own in the ,alleluia4 ,and ,nicholaus the ,pope ,nicholas ,,ii41 #ajei-ajfa granted that they should be sung at masses4 ,but ,hermannus ,contractus1 a ,german1 inventor of the astrolabe1 composed these sequences3 ,rex omnipotens and ,sancti ,spiritus and ,ave ,maria and the antiphons ,alma redemptoris mater and ,simon ,barjona4 ,peter1 ,bishop of ,compostella1 made the ,salve regina4 ,and the ,king of ,france1 ,robert by name1 composed the sequence1 ,veni ,sancte ,spiritus and the hymn ,chorus novae ,hierusalem40 ,it is hard to crowd into a paragraph more errors than are in this4 ,notker was not ,abbot of ,st4 ,gall4 ,innocent ,,iii4 was very severe upon ,udalric of ,st4 ,gall1 because such a spiritual and able man had lived and died unhonored among them2 a simple monk whose labors and death received no special attention in their religious year4 ,nor did ,hermann write the ,sancti ,spiritus adsit2 for this1 on the best of testimony1 was ,notker's4 ,it was so sung at ,rome under ,innocent ,,iii42 and ,ekkehard the ,younger1 in his history of ,notker1 pointedly claims it for him4 ,it is very doubtful whether ,hermann invented the astrolabe for measuring the distances of stars4 ,his two treatises are upon its use1 and he is evidently very familiar with it4 ,but it was first made serviceable in navigation by the ,portuguese--if we are to believe ,evelyn 7in his ,navigation7--and the study of astronomy was greatly cultivated by the ,arabic schools in ,spain and elsewhere about this period4 ,j4 ,a4 ,fabricius indeed mentions that the astrolabe was 8commonly employed in the days of ,ptolemy40 ,the ,ave ,maria is supposed by ,koch to belong to the thirteenth century and some have ascribed it to ,adam of ,st4 ,victor4 ,it is1 perhaps1 by ,heribert of ,eichstettin 7died #ajdb74 ,hermann wrote the ,ave praeclara maris stella1 which might have been mistaken for this other4 ,the ,salve regina is assigned by ,durand to ,peter of ,compostella4 ,gerbert names several possible authors1 but evidently follows the leadership of ,durand4 7,de ,cantu1 etc41 ,,ii41 #bg47 ,and yet ,trithemius1 with every really critical scholar1 credits it to ,hermann4 ,it is exhaustively considered by ,wegelin and definitely conceded to him4 7,thes4 ,rerum ,suevicarum1 ,,ii41 p4 #abj ff47 ,robert the ,second cannot claim the ,chorus novae ,hierusalem4 ,it is the production of ,fulbert of ,chartres 7died #ajbi71 and is included without question in every complete edition of his works4 ,thus the absolute authority of ,durand is much shaken4 ,he was a lawyer in the thirteenth century1 who studied at ,bologna and taught at ,modena2 a legate of ,pope ,martin ,,iv42 dean of the church at ,chartres1 and ,bishop of ,mende4 ,the fact that he was dean of ,chartres1 and yet ascribes the ,chorus ,novae1 not to ,fulbert but to ,hermannus1 is suggestive1 but not convincing4 ,so ,durand was the first person to affix the name of ,robert ,,ii4 to the ,veni ,sancte4 ,trithemius comes next in order2 the ,abbot of ,spanheim2 historian and scholar2 indefatigable in researches1 but erratic and prejudiced2 born #adfb and dying #aeaf4 ,his true name is ,johann von ,trittenheim and we derive this1 and other information about authors and their works1 from his ,liber de ,scriptoribus ,ecclesiasticis--a biographical dictionary like those of ,jerome1 ,gennadius1 and ,isidore1 to whose works he really furnishes an ,appendix4 ,egon 7sometimes known as ,ego7 in his account of ,reichenau's distinguished men 7,de ,viris illustribus ,augiae divitis1 quoted by ,pez3 ,thesaurus ,anecdotorum1 ,i41 #c2 #fh4 ,cf4 ,migne1 #adc7 declares that ,trithemius was 8unjustly hostile to the monks of ,reichenau0 in asserting that 8our ,hermannus0 was from ,st4 ,gall1 when even ,metzler conceded1 on behalf of his own convent1 that ,hermann had changed his residence from ,st4 ,gall to ,reichenau4 ,be this as it may1 the positive statement of ,trithemius1 which gives the ,veni ,sancte to ,robert ,,ii4 instead of to ,hermann1 has been generally accepted4 ,cardinal ,bona 7#afgg71 ,louis ,archon 7#agjd-aa71 and others agree with him4 ,but there is a break in the continuity of faith4 ,clichtove--an authority much esteemed--expresses no opinion about the author of the ,veni ,sancte further than to say quisquis is fuerit--whoever he was4 ,rambach1 in his ,anthology1 comes now to the rescue4 7,anthologie1 ,i41 #bbg47 ,he says it is 8ganz unstreitig von ,robert20 and all the ,german critics1 with the single exception of ,daniel1 have followed this authority blindly4 ,whatever the ,germans said has usually been enough for the ,english4 ,therefore the ,veni ,sancte is in every collection attributed1 without a shadow of doubt1 to ,robert the ,king4 ,there should have been less positiveness about this if the accurate ,daniel had been noticed more carefully4 ,he praises the language of ,clichtove1 who says that the author1 8whoever he was10 must have been 8inwardly filled with light10 and he italicizes the quisquis is fuerit4 ,but as ,robert1 with only three others1 appears to have escaped the wreck of the sequences in the sixteenth century1 even ,daniel allows the ,veni ,sancte to him2 and ,archbishop ,trench finds that 8there exists no good reason why we should question0 that ,robert wrote it4 ,we may dismiss any conjectures about ,innocent ,,iii4 having been its author1 although great efforts have been made to credit this hymn to his pen4 ,dom ,remy ,cellier and ,migne seem the most strongly partisan1 but their remarks and references are weak4 7,scriptores ,ecclesiastici1 vol4 xiii41 p4 #aji1 note4 ,also ,patrologia1 #ada2 #ija47 ,a sample of the general looseness of citation can be found in ,kehrein 7,no4 #abe71 who announces that ,gerbert 8holds ,hermannus ,contractus to be the author0 of the ,veni ,sancte4 ,gerbert does nothing of the kind4 ,he names ,hermann with others4 ,it is quite true1 though1 that he does not name ,robert4 ,setting aside ,innocent ,,iii4 for cause--although ,brander of ,st4 ,gall1 in his ,index ,sequentiarum1 grants this to him--the authorship of the hymn rests between the king and the monk4 ,i say 8for cause10 since ,innocent was at the summit of temporal power1 and his position was a very tempting one to posthumous flattery4 ,he is credited with the ,ave mundi spes ,mariae4 ,he did not write the ,stabat ,mater1 nor did he compose the ,veni ,sancte4 ,let any one examine the ,ave mundi and he will renounce all hope that the man who prepared this could ever have written the others1 or either of them4 ,besides1 ,wrangham is likely to be correct when he assigns this latter sequence to ,adam of ,st4 ,victor4 ,it is precisely in ,adam's style of metrical composition2 it is not found before the fourteenth century1 and its tone is modern4 ,it can therefore be said that ,innocent deserves no place among the ,latin hymn-writers4 ,now1 ,robert ,,ii4 is much in the same condition as ,innocent ,,iii4 ,his is a shining name to which to affix popular hymns4 ,he has been credited with the ,ave maris stella--the parent of all hymns to the ,virgin4 ,the sequence ,sancti ,spiritus adsit is not his1 on the testimony already adduced2 but in the year #aaaj the 8ancient customs of ,cluny10 collected by ,st4 ,udalric 7,hermann's ancestor7 gives us this 8at ,pentecost0 7,d',achery3 ,spicilegium1 ,i41 #fda71 with the 8response10 ,spiritus sanctus4 ,this would serve to show that such praise to the ,holy ,spirit was usual4 ,with the ,chorus ,novae we have already dealt4 ,and the ,rex omnipotens belongs to ,hermann though it is ascribed to ,robert--another instance of inaccuracy1 which casts a ray of light upon the present problem4 ,those sequences of which ,robert was the possible author are printed in ,migne's ,patrologia 7#ada1 #iei ff474 ,only one of them merits a word of notice4 ,it is the ,te lucis auctor personent4 ,daniel assigns this to the fourteenth or fifteenth century1 but ,mone and ,koch to the fifth4 ,these last are probably right4 ,it is early found in the ,anglo-,saxon ,church and is among the old ,vatican ,,mss4 and the hymns collected by ,g4 ,cassander4 ,it is scarcely possible that it comes down as late as the eleventh century4 ,robert's other sequences are six in number and of no importance4 ,his personal history is pathetic enough4 ,he was the son of ,hugh ,capet2 born at ,orleans in #igj and died at ,melun1 ,july #bjth1 #ajca1 having been sole king since #iif1 though he had been crowned in #ihh4 ,his first wife was ,susanne1 an ,italian princess2 and we learn from his contemporary1 ,richer of ,rheims1 that one of his first public acts was to repudiate her on the plea that she was too old for him1 and that he refused to restore her dowry4 ,his next marriage was with his distant cousin ,bertha--a cousin four times removed--the widow of the ,count of ,blois4 ,this marriage was inconvenient to the ,emperor ,otho1 as it would have brought the ,house of ,capet into the line of succession to certain lordships in the old ,kingdom of ,burgundy4 ,so ,pope ,gregory ,v41 the kinsman of ,otho1 required ,robert to give up ,bertha1 not because ,susanne was still alive1 but because the ,church forbade the marriage of cousins in even the fourth degree4 ,at first ,robert refused1 but when his kingdom was laid under an interdict1 he showed as little manhood in standing by his second wife as he had shown humanity and justice to his first4 ,such a ban was too severe to be borne and the king yielded1 though ,baronius says he tried to take back his wife ,bertha in spite of it all4 ,his life and kingship belong to ,french history1 and can be found there4 ,his disposition was that of a monk and not of a monarch4 ,he founded four monasteries and built seven churches4 ,he supported three hundred paupers entirely and a thousand in part4 ,his reign lasted--thanks to ecclesiastical influence--for thirty-four years4 ,it was troubled and not especially pleasant2 and for his third wife the king had married the handsome shrew ,constance1 the daughter of ,william ,count of ,arles4 ,pious and excellent man that he is reputed to have been1 he had a natural son1 ,amauri1 who was great-great-grandfather to ,simon de ,montfort4 ,truly1 when all is said and done1 ,robert ,,ii4 is hardly the author in whom we would like to believe with all our hearts when we sing-- 8,holy ,spirit1 come and shine ,sweetly in this heart of mine40 ,per contra1 ,hermann of ,reichenau grows more interesting the more he is studied4 ,he has been so unfortunate as to be confused with other persons in two or three cases4 ,by ,brander he is identified with ,hartmann of ,st4 ,gall1 and the sequence ,rex omnipotens is taken from him4#h ,the pretty little sequence1 ,veni ,sancte ,spiritus et reple1 which ,knigsfeld thinks to be his1 is doubtless no earlier than the fourteenth century and by some anonymous composer who has merely imitated the great masters4 ,beside the ,rex omnipotens he composed the ,ave praeclara maris stella1 where his name gains another misprint and becomes 8,heinricus1 monachus ,san ,gallensis40 ,this poem was thought worthy of the authorship of ,albertus ,magnus 7,albert von ,regensburg71 and to him accordingly ,wackernagel and ,koch credit it4 ,mone has vindicated the claim of ,hermann which is set forth in ,migne4 7,patrologia1 #adc2 #bj ff47 ,so that we are again sure of a piece which has been meritorious enough to be coveted4 ,then comes the antiphon ,simon ,barjona1 which ,du ,meril calls ,simon ,baronia and of which no trace remains4 ,two other sequences are1 however1 extant1 and are beyond any question or debate4 ,they are the ,salve regina1 which ,daniel calls a 8most celebrated antiphon10 and the ,alma redemptoris mater1 the refrain of which ,chaucer used in that 8,prioress's ,tale10 which ,wordsworth has modernized4 ,in addition we must observe that the ,veni ,sancte is attributed to ,hermann simultaneously and by the same authority as that which credits him with the other sequences4 ,two pieces--,vox haec melos pangat and ,gratus honos hierarchia--are lost4 ,but the ,salve regina was worth contending for2 and ,gerbert names ,gregory ,,ii41 ,peter of ,compostella1 ,st4 ,bernard1 and 8,adhemar1 ,episcopus ,podiensis0 7,bishop of ,puy and his own candidate7 together with ,hermannus ,contractus4 ,nevertheless1 ,trithemius1 ,gerbert1 and1 indeed1 everybody are heard to declare that ,hermann was 8the marvel of the age10 the best man of his time in music and the author of a work on metrical rules4 ,he is known as ,doctor ,egregius1 and it is beyond any peradventure that he was capable of writing the ,veni ,sancte4 ,the only arguments that are employed to prove that ,robert was the author are very weak4 ,the first is that there was no sufficient competitor4 ,but surely ,hermannus ,contractus is now a competitor of real merit and importance4 ,then1 too1 the king was a kind of religious pet1 and such persons receive more than their due4 ,but the second argument is weaker still4 ,it amounts in brief to the harmony displayed in the poem between the king's life and his lovely verses4 ,it strikes one1 however1 that an invalid like ,hermann might have had fully as deep a religious experience as any such king4 ,moreover--and this is a vital fact--the ,veni ,sancte is found in the ,german hymnaries almost exclusively4 ,this point was insisted upon in the controversy about the ,veni1 ,creator2 and ,charles the ,great in this respect had the advantage over ,gregory the ,great1 until the claim of ,rabanus ,maurus1 another ,german1 was thoroughly examined4 ,but among all the sources carefully edited by ,kehrein from ,daniel1 ,mone1 and elsewhere1 the ,french collections do not present themselves4 ,on the contrary1 in this elaborate list we find ,st4 ,gall1 ,kreuzlingen1 ,freiburg1 ,karlsruhe1 ,mainz1 ,ebersberg1 ,rome 7#adha71 ,venice 7#adig71 with later examples printed at ,cologne1 ,prague1 ,eichstettin1 ,lubeck1 and ,basel4 ,brander also found the hymn in the earliest codices of the three great neighboring cloisters of ,st4 ,gall1 ,einsiedeln1 and ,reichenau4 ,meanwhile the only notice of it in ,france comes from the ,paris ,breviary1 which is of recent date4 ,there is but one consideration further4 ,i trust that ,i have established the perfect possibility that ,hermannus ,contractus might have been the author equally as well as ,robert4 ,the men lived in the same period to which1 on the testimony of the best critics1 the hymn is considered to belong4 ,they were alike in possibilities of ,christian experience and of musical and poetical temperament4 ,but here they begin to diverge2 and the preference is decidedly in favor of ,hermann1 whose hymn is found in the three oldest codices of his own neighborhood2 of ,st4 ,gall1 where he studied2 of ,einsiedeln1 where it is possible that he was a resident2 and of ,reichenau1 where he certainly lived from the age of thirty until his death4 ,he could scarcely have gone about very much in his helpless and crippled condition2 and these three conventual establishments are within a moderate distance of each other4 ,from his seventh year he was to be discovered always somewhere in that vicinity1 and the historians of ,st4 ,gall and of ,reichenau positively claim the ,veni ,sancte as his4 ,it is only left for us to lay the ,salve regina side by side with the ,veni ,sancte4 ,a man who wrote upon metre ought to possess some excellence in the art of which he wrote1 and these pieces placed together display a graceful and ingenious versification which is not at all usual in that century4 ,it is not claimed that either ,robert or ,hermann wrote other hymns in the identical stanza form of the ,veni ,sancte4 ,therefore nothing is available for direct comparison4 ,but as to the spirit of each there can be no debate4 ,robert never composed anything else like the ,veni ,sancte1 and it certainly seems as if ,hermann did compose a sequence which bears a passing resemblance2 and which ,i have endeavored to translate with its occasional rhymes and assonances3 ,salve regina1 mater misericordiae ,vita1 dulcedo et spes nostra1 salve4 ,ad te clamamus exules filii ,hevae4 ,ad te suspiramus gementes et flentes in hac lacrimarum valle4 ,eia ergo advocata nostra1 illos tuos misericordes oculos ad nos converte ,et ,jesum benedictum fructum ventris tui nobis post hoc exilium ostende1 ,o clemens1 ,o pia1 ,o dulcis virgo ,maria4 ,hail ,o queen1 mother of pitifulness6 ,life and delight and our confidence1 hail6 ,to thee we exiles1 children of ,eve1 are crying4 ,to thee we aspire1 groaning and moaning in this the vale of our sorrow4 ,lo1 thou therefore1 our advocate1 turn upon us those pitiful eyes of thine1 ,and after this exile show us ,jesus1 the blessed fruit of thy womb1 ,o merciful1 ,o pious1 ,o sweet ,virgin ,maria4 ,this is another of his sequences1 the ,rex regum ,dei agne1 found by ,brander among the antiquities of ,st4 ,gall3 ,king of kings1 ,lamb of ,god1 mighty ,lion of ,judah1 ,the death of sin by the merit of the cross and the life of justice2 giving the fruit of the tree of life for the taste of wisdom2 the medicine of grace for the loss of glory1 ,since thy blood restrained the might of the sword of flame1 opening the garden of paradise1 the seed of obedience1 the medicine of grace4 ,this day is illustrious to the ,lord2 peace is on the earth1 lightning to the shades below and light to the saints above2 the day of the double baptism of law and gospel4 ,christ is the passover to man2 while the old passes the new arises2 rejoice my heart1 freed from ferment1 full of the bread unleavened4 ,since the enemy are overwhelmed1 with stained door-posts eat the sacrifice on the paschal night1 at home1 with the bitter herb of the field1 ,let your loins be girt and your shoes bound on1 have the staff in the hand1 and eat the head with the legs and the purtenance thereof4 ,wash us this day1 ,o ,christ1 cleansing us with hyssop2 and make us worthy of this mystery1 drying the sea1 boring the jaw of ,leviathan with a mighty hook4 ,rejoice us with the cup and fill us2 arouse us1 drinking from the brook in the way1 thou our propitiation1 thou priest and sacrifice1 thou wine-press and stone of offence and grape6 ,o fragrant flower of the virgin rod1 ,o light full of sevenfold dew1 ,fairer in beauty than the juice of the grape1 ,the blush of the rose1 the candor of the lily4 ,how camest thou with such pity to bend to the help of this little world2 that thou mightest share our sorrows and be our ,redeemer from the birthmark of sin1 bearing the curse of sin8 ,o ,lord1 ,kinsman of thy servants1 ,the hope of the first and of the last resurrection1 ,confirm thy covenant to the seed of ,abraham1 and us1 ,o ,leader immortal1 reviving with thyself1 who are dead with thee to our old father ,adam1 strengthen1 joining us to thy mightier members4 ,give us the paschal feast of the life eternal1 thou ,paschal ,lamb6 ,the question before us is not one of theology but of literature4 ,did the man who wrote those verses write these also8 ,veni1 ,sancte ,spiritus1 ,et emitte coelitus ,lucis tuae radium4 ,veni1 pater pauperum1 ,veni1 dator munerum1 ,veni1 lumen cordium2 ,consolator optime1 ,dulcis hospes animae1 ,dulce refrigerium3 ,in labore requies1 ,in aestu temperies1 ,in fletu solatium4 ,o lux beatissima1 ,reple cordis intima ,tuorum fidelium6 ,sine tuo numine ,nihil est in homine1 ,nihil est innoxium4 ,lava quod est sordidum1 ,riga quod est aridum1 ,sana quod est saucium2 ,flecte quod est rigidum1 ,fove quod est frigidum1 ,rege quod est devium6 ,da tuis fidelibus ,in te confidentibus ,sacrum septenarium2 ,da virtutis meritum1 ,da salutis exitum1 ,da perenne gaudium6 ,come ,holy ,spirit1 ,and send forth the heavenly ,ray of thy light4 ,come1 ,father of the poor2 ,come1 giver of gifts2 ,come1 light of hearts4 ,thou best consoler1 ,sweet guest of the soul1 ,sweet coolness2 ,in labor1 rest2 ,in heat1 refreshment2 ,in tears1 solace4 ,o blessedest light1 ,fill the inmost parts ,of the heart of thy faithful6 ,without thy divinity ,nothing is in man1 ,nothing is harmless4 ,wash what is base2 ,bedew what is dry2 ,heal what is hurt2 ,bend what is harsh2 ,warm what is chilled2 ,rule what is astray4 ,give to thy faithful1 ,in thee confiding1 ,thy sevenfold gift4 ,give the reward of virtue2 ,give the death of safety2 ,give eternal joy4 ,this very singular construction of clauses is apparent to the eye at once4 ,let it be remembered that ,robert uses it nowhere else1 and that the most of ,hermann's writings are gone4 ,this chance for the 8higher criticism0 is therefore taken from us4 ,if it could be shown1 however1 that this was a method employed by the monk of ,reichenau in his prose works1 the case might be regarded as absolutely proven1 in so far as it demonstrates that the bulk of the presumptive evidence is in his favor4 ,but here we are at fault4 ,we can only add probability to probability and leave all absolute demonstration alone4 ,pez has preserved not merely ,egon's account of ,hermann's life1 but he has edited ,hermann's treatises on the astrolabe 7,thes4 ,anecdot4 ,tom41 ,,iii41 pt4 #b1 p4 #id7 from a ,,ms4 codex in the monastery of ,st4 ,peter at ,salzburg4 ,his musical treatise is reprinted by ,gerbert4 7,scriptores ,eccl4 de ,musica1 vol4 ii41 p4 #abd47 ,the didactic poem reciting the combat of the ,sheep and the ,flax--always recognized as the production of ,hermann--is in ,migne's ,patrologia and also in ,du ,meril's ,poesies ,populaires4 ,unfortunately none of these writings are of a sort to help us4 ,we cannot by their assistance make any headway in critical analysis4 ,it is noticeable that ,j4 ,a4 ,fabricius in his great work on the ,middle ,age and later ,latin writers1 allows ,hermann to be the author of the ,veni ,sancte1 following the testimony of ,egon and ,metzler4 ,and it is more than noticeable that ,du ,meril--himself a ,frenchman--should also apparently concede the hymn to this ,german4#i ,i have made an exhaustive search for everything bearing upon the life and writings of ,hermannus ,contractus4 ,i have pursued him and ,robert through the ,quellen of ,german history2 through the writings and compilations of ,canisius and ,despont and ,urstitius and ,martene and ,mabillon and ,d',achery and ,pertz and the ,monumenta ,germaniae ,historica of the 8,society for ,opening the ,sources of ,german ,history40 ,in these and in the encyclopaedias of ,la ,rousse and ,ersch-,gruber and the great ,patrologia of ,migne1 ,i have investigated every by-path and blind alley4 ,it is abundantly clear that he was the most distinguished man of his region1 and1 likely1 of his period4 ,usserman and ,possevin have devoted attention to him4 7,prodromus ,germ4 ,sacr4 ,tom4 ,i41 p4 #ade sqq41 ,de ,apparatu47 ,his didactic poem on the 8,eight ,principal ,vices0 is in ,haupt's ,zeitschrift1 vol4 xiii4 ,his lives of ,conrad and of ,henry ,,iii4 have not been preserved4 ,that he was a very voluminous writer is also evident4 ,after giving the names of some of his sequences ,metzler adds that there were cetera mille alia--a thousand more4 ,so also speaks ,trithemius2 and indeed this testimony is universal4 ,a single line of inquiry has been left to the ,american student4 ,we have lists of the ,,mss4 in the various libraries of ,europe4 ,if it were only possible to examine these with reference to the ,veni ,sancte the matter could be definitely settled4 ,the ,rheinau 7,reichenau7 library is rich in hymnaries4 ,haenel's 8,no4 #ec0--whose library number is #ia--;is1 for instance1 a ,liber hymnorum of the tenth to the twelfth centuries4 ,there are several others--breviaries and collections of hymns--dating to the twelfth century2 and one book1 8,no4 #abd0 7,lib4 ,no4 #ge71 which is marked ,sequentiae propriae1 etc41 and which is likely to have the ,veni ,sancte4 ,in the eleventh century at ,st4 ,gall they have 8,no4 #cha0 7,st4 ,gall ,no4 #dhf7 which is a codex insignis--a very beautiful ,,ms4--containing the 8earliest collection of hymns and poems of writers dwelling at ,st4 ,gall40 ,in this same century appears the ,anselm1 which is noted as a codex nobiliter scriptus ab ,herimanno1 qui se hoc libri decus ex voto perfecisse testatur 7pag4 #f71 a manuscript elegantly written by ,hermann 8,herimann0 is his own spelling of his name in the ,chronicon1 by the way1 who says on page #f that he has accomplished this excellent volume in pursuance of a vow4 ,among these ,st4 ,gall ,,mss4 can be found the ,salve regina1 bearing the date #adcg4 ,if it were made a point of investigation it might be discovered that in both ,reichenau and ,st4 ,gall the ,veni1 ,sancte ,spiritus is in codices which utterly remove it from the perplexity of its authorship1 and positively join it to the name of ,hermann4 ,one can sum up the whole discussion in a few sentences4 ,robert wrote no other valuable hymns2 ,hermann did write several4 ,robert was not specially skilled in metrical science2 ,hermann was the author of a treatise on the subject4 ,robert was a poet and a musician2 ,hermann was his superior in both departments4 ,robert had trouble and sorrow and ,christian experience2 ,hermann must certainly have had as much as he1 and more4 ,robert has had poems attributed to him which have failed of proof1 and none of his own verses seem ever to have been misappropriated or missing2 ,hermann has had more taken from him than given to him4 ,in the matter of authority we are to note3 #a4 ,that the historians of ,st4 ,gall and of ,reichenau claim for ,hermann the ,veni ,sancte4 #b4 ,that the hymn is found in the earliest codices of both places2 and of ,einsiedeln1 which is in the neighborhood4 #c4 ,that ,clichtove is in doubt and ,daniel is in doubt2 that ,j4 ,a4 ,fabricius and ,du ,meril incline toward ,egon's statement2 that ,trithemius is not entirely unprejudiced2 and that ,migne1 gathering nearly everything 7as ,i have verified from the originals71 leaves a strong presumption in ,hermann's favor4 ,i may appear to make a good deal too much of this matter of mediaeval jealousy4 ,but no student of those times needs to be told that the jealousy between the various cloisters was excessive4 ,there is a letter of the ,reichenau monk ,gunzo1 written in #ifj4 7,martene1 ,i41 #bif47 ,it is addressed to the 8holy congregation at ,reichenau0 and describes his journey to ,st4 ,gall4 ,the distance was great enough to exhaust the learned brother2 he was lifted off of his beast and carried in by hospitable hands4 ,notwithstanding which he vents his indignation upon their methods and their lack of scholarship4 ,they are self indulgent2 they are a fraud on the face of the earth4 ,nihil inde sed fraudis molamina parabantur--they do nothing there except contrive a great mass of deception1 says the angry ,gunzo4 ,they attacked him on his grammar2 and he attacked them in turn on their loquacity4 ,the epistle is grimly humorous at this distance of time2 but the bitterness was altogether too genuine to be pleasant4 ,far away from the most of these noises--separated by the waters of the lake from the trampling pilgrim-bands who went to and fro between the ,east and ,west--,hermann of ,reichenau passed his quiet hours4 ,his convent was rich4 ,its abbot was said to be able to journey to ,rome and not sleep anywhere on the way except upon his own soil4 ,it had been founded in #gbd under the auspices of ,charles ,martel4 ,such was the admirable situation of this religious house--sufficient to itself in the midst of all changes4 ,they buried ,hermann in his ancestral tomb at ,altshausen4 ,in #afca 8three bones0 of him were exhumed and carried 8by force0 to the monastery of ,ochsenhausen1 but who took them and who resisted the taking of them1 we are not told4 ,these are the meagre particulars of a life gentle1 patient1 and unassuming--the life of a scholar and of a poet--who mastered great obstacles by the genius of faith4 ,three hundred years before ,christ there came into ,ceylon the ,buddhist missionary ,mahinda4 ,the king received him kindly and built for him and his monks a convent on the hill ,mihintale1 to the east of the royal city4 ,on the western face of this hill ,mahinda had his own retreat cut out from the living rock4 ,still can be seen--though after two thousand years--this study in which the great teacher of ,ceylon 8sat and thought and worked through the long years of his peaceful and useful life40 ,under the cool shadow of his rock1 with his stone couch on which to repose1 and with the busy plain1 so far removed from him1 sending its faint noises up from below1 there wrought the sage4 ,and there he died at last and was buried in the neighboring ,dagba4 ,modern times have nearly forgotten him1 but no story of that valley or that island is complete without his name4 ,and so1 in this later manner1 lived and died ,hermann ,count of ,vhringen1 who laid down earthly honors to take up the pursuit of heavenly glory2 who overcame peevishness of mind and weakness of body by faith and hope and love2 who looked out upon his times from this serene distance1 and who went to his last sleep beneath the shadow of the rock4 ,note4--,i am not ignorant that ,jourdain 7,recherches critiques sur l',age et l',origine des ,traductions latines d',aristote4 ,paris1 #ahai and #ahdc7 has attacked the ascription of translations of ,aristotle from the ,arabic to our ,hermann1 denying that the cripple of ,reichenau possessed any knowledge of that tongue4 ,briefly stated his arguments are these3 #a4 ,that ,trithemius followed ,jacobus of ,bergamo in ascribing to ,h4 ,contractus a knowledge of ,arabic4 #b4 ,that ,metzler 7whom he calls ,mezler7 has added the statement about the ,poetics and ,rhetoric4 #c4 ,that every one else has followed these two authorities4 #d4 ,that 8,h4 ,alemannus0 wrote in ,toledo1 to which the other ,hermann could not have journeyed4 #e4 ,that the translations were by this 8,h4 ,alemannus0 7,hermann the ,german7 who flourished in the first half of the thirteenth century4 ,it is enough of a reply to say3 #a4 ,that the concluding words of a manuscript relate1 not to its author1 but to its transcriber4 ,the ,,ms4 mentioned by ,jourdain and the other ,,ms4 in the ,bibliotheque ,royale of the fifteenth century 7viz41 ,doctrina ,matumeti1 quae apud ,saracenos magnae auctoritatis est1 ab ,hermanno latine translata4 ,cod4 ,,ms41 ,no4 #fbbe7 are both later than their original date4 ,this second ,,ms4 may be by ,hermann de ,schildis1 a monk of the thirteenth century4 #b4 ,every one has not 8followed0 the authority of ,metzler and ,trithemius4 ,the 8,anonymus ,mellicensis0 7twelfth century7 enumerates treatises by ,hermannus ,contractus upon ,computation1 ,astronomy1 ,physiognomy and ,poetry1 which at least imply that ,aristotle had largely affected his studies4 #c4 ,it is notable also to find ,h4 ,alemannus quoting ,cicero in his two introductions1 when we know ,h4 ,contractus to have been very fond of ,cicero4 #d4 ,h4 ,alemannus says that he has met great 8impediments0 and 8difficulties0 in accomplishing this translation1 and that the difference between ,latin and ,arabic poetry forbade a poetical rendering4 ,which would coincide with ,h4 ,contractus's personal obstacles and with his natural desire as a poet to attempt a rendering in verse4 #e4 ,h4 ,alemannus refers to 8,johannes ,burgensis0 7,john of ,burgau1 in ,suabia7 as a bishop and the king's chancellor and his personal friend and the promoter of this work4 ,i cannot find 8,john of ,burgau20 but ,h4 ,contractus was a ,suabian1 and ,suabia is very near to ,reichenau4 ,h4 ,contractus was also closely associated with ,conrad and ,henry ,,iii41 whose lives he wrote4 ,it is a curious question this4 ,it is only another proof of the neglect into which a great man has fallen4 ,for ,hermann is called 8nostri miraculum seculi0 by the next generation who came after him4 ,and there is no absolute proof that1 8without lexicon or grammar0 7for so ,jourdain puts it71 he could not have mastered ,arabic4 ,observing the topics of his other writings cognate to those of ,aristotle1 ,i am therefore not in the least inclined to yield to even ,m4 ,charles ,jourdain4 ,,chapter ,,xvi4 ,,peter ,,damiani1 ,,cardinal ,,and ,,flagellant4 ,it is not every poet who begins by keeping the swine and ends by wearing the red hat and purple robe of a cardinal-bishop4 ,nor is it every poet who commences as a forlorn and deserted foundling1 to whom it is a great mercy to have even swine to keep by way of getting his daily bread4 ,but all this and more befell ,damiani4 ,we are not informed about his parentage1 except that he had a mother who abandoned him1 and a brother 7or1 more probably1 an uncle7 who took pity on him4 ,he was born in ,ravenna4 ,some authorities say it was in #ihh2 others that it was in #ajjg4 ,a modern hymnologist1 anxious to be right 7though he is frequently wrong71 sets it at #ajjb4 ,but #ajjg has the greatest weight of evidence4 ,this brother1 or uncle1 had compassion on the lad1 and poor little outcast ,peter was sent by him 8into his fields to feed swine10 a much more honorable employment of course in ,italy than in ,palestine1 and one which he shared with ,nicholas ,brakespeare1 the ,english pope1 ,hadrian ,,iv4 ,what was his previous history we cannot discover1 though the ,acta ,sanctorum for ,february #bc;d is full of legendary accounts4 ,we only know that his natural abilities attracted the notice of another relative 7brother1 some say71 who was an archdeacon at ,ravenna4 ,he it was who advanced ,peter to the opportunities of education1 and who proved so fast a friend that the boy took his patron's name for his own4 ,as ,eusebius called himself ,eusebius ,pamphili 7,pamphilus's ,eusebius71 so ,peter became ,peter ,damiani1 8,damian's ,peter10 and this designation has adhered to him ever since4 ,it is amusing to read now and then of ,peter ,damianus1 as if ,damiani were an ,italian nominative case instead of a ,latin genitive4 ,his birth was too obscure to lead any person to interfere with him4 ,he therefore quietly studied and improved1 to the edification of his fellow-pupils and the admiration of his teachers4 ,his school-training was1 first of all1 in ,faenza4 ,thence he was sent to ,parma1 and eventually he returned to ,ravenna1 where he taught with distinction and popular approval1 until he was nearly or quite thirty years old4 ,the age was barbarous and good professors were scarce4 ,it seems to have been expected that brilliant minds would go on shining like those exhaustless lamps which are fabled to have been found in the tombs of the old magicians4 ,if such was the case1 with the intense intellect of ,damiani he must have tapped some source of real spiritual power early in his course1 for he burns brightly even now as we read his vivid truthfulness and peruse some of his lovely verses1 out from which leap1 nevertheless1 tongues of flaming scorn for hypocrites and simonists4 ,yes1 the age was barbarous1 and therefore ,peter ,damiani was soon a professor1 with many students and an abundance of fees4 ,knowledge in those days not only meant power but wealth1 and he was fast growing rich in ,ravenna4 ,it was a delightful life1 but it did not suit him4 ,he was1 in fact1 the 8spiritual kinsman1 and in many respects the pioneer0 of ,gregory ,,vii4 ,hildebrand came to be1 after awhile1 his personal friend1 his sanctus ,sathanas1 his ,mephistopheles1 his instigator and stimulant4 ,of a sudden1 then1 he departed from ,ravenna to take up his abode with the hermits of ,fonte ,avellana1 near ,gubbio4 ,here he was known by the name of ,frater ,honestus1 and surely he deserved the title1 for he was a swift witness against every sort of sin4 ,guy1 the abbot1 persuaded him to undertake the instruction of the brethren1 and thus he found himself back at his old work of teaching once more4 ,it was not long before the new monk became prior of the convent4 ,then1 in #ajda1 he rose to be abbot4 ,and then1 in #ajdg1 he indited to ,pope ,leo ,,ix4 his famous ,liber ,gomorrhianus4 ,this ,gomorrah ,book is just what its name implies4 ,it is one of the earliest protests uttered within the ,church against the awful wickedness which was everywhere prevalent4 ,the subject is far too unpleasant for me to deal with it at any length4 ,and yet this disagreeable topic forces itself upon the notice of the student of that period wherever he may turn4 ,most ingenious and sophistical distinctions were made in those days relative to sin4 ,this thing1 for instance1 was wrong2 but that other was not half so wrong as this was4 ,such an offence was to be condoned by a trifling penance1 and such another was to be only met by years of contrition4 ,against all this hypocritical nastiness ,damiani set his pen4 ,no more scathing book was ever written4 ,and the only wonder is that it has evaded the vigilance of the men who suffered by it1 and has made its escape into type1 never again to be in peril of its existence4 ,bayle--who may be safely accounted unapproachable in such abstruse inquiries--has given us the whole story of this book4 ,it was a terrible scourge to the vices of the clergy1 and even ,baronius allows that it was not written one moment too soon4 ,the pope to whom this remarkable document was addressed was a man of appropriate spirit4 ,he was the third in the series of five able ,german popes1 who labored so hard in the cause of disciplinary reform4 ,at ,hildebrand's advice1 he had laid aside the papal insignia1 which he donned at his election1 and came to ,rome as a barefooted pilgrim in #ajdh4 ,he aimed to put down simony1 to stop the barter and sale of benefices1 and to secure the celibacy of the clergy4 ,to this end he used the synods with vigor1 and was ready for almost any proposed reform which fell in with his line of operations4 ,he was of the ,german1 not the ultramontane party1 and therefore was quite liberal in his construction of the great text1 8,thou art ,peter10 and went so far as to say that the ,church should first of all be built upon the true rock1 which was ,christ4 ,to him1 then1 the ,gomorrah ,book went1 and it made a stir4 ,the next four popes occupied among them no longer period of ecclesiastical rule than from the year #ajed to the year #ajfa4 ,matters were unsettled4 ,no one continued in office4 ,but the finger of ,hildebrand the cardinal was mightier than the hand of any pope4 ,nicholas ,,ii4 was guided by him1 and ,alexander ,,ii41 who came forward in #ajfa1 was unquestionably under his control4 ,and when ,alexander appeared1 it seemed that the ,gomorrah ,book was still an element of unrest and disturbance1 at a time when the claims of an ,antipope 7,honorius ,,ii47 had been set up by the ,imperialist party1 and it was necessary for even ,hildebrand's friends to give as little offence as possible to the clergy4 ,for the election of ,alexander was clearly irregular1 because it was in defiance of the rules laid down by ,nicholas ,,ii4 at a ,lateran ,synod in #ajei4 ,with a genial and suave manner the new pontiff now borrowed the work for the ostensible purpose of having it copied by the help of the ,abbot of ,st4 ,saviour4 ,that was the last that ,damiani saw of it for some little while4 ,if ,alexander thought that the hermit abbot of ,fonte ,avellana would submit to this method of suppression he flattered his soul in vain4 ,damiani1 after a reasonable delay1 appealed to his friend ,hildebrand4 ,the book was like a part of himself1 and he had no desire to have it treated with neglect4 ,one cannot here follow the windings of the story further than to say that ,damiani got his book again1 and now we have it too4 ,i am surprised at the blindness which prevents some writers from seeing in this ,peter de ,honestis a most noble and consistent character4 ,morheim only pays him a merited compliment when he says that his 8genius1 candor1 integrity1 and writings of various kinds1 entitle him to rank among the first men of the age1 although he was not free from the faults of the times40 ,but how could one easily avoid the extreme of severity who was confronted by the grossest sins that ever carried a hissing sibilant in front of their names6 ,flagellation was a natural reaction from those fleshly lusts that warred against the soul4 ,somehow ,hildebrand took a great fancy to this genuine reformer4 ,his own great schemes were ripening1 and ,damiani was just the man to be made of value in the office of cardinal4 ,in #ajeg1 then1 the abbot had been created cardinal-bishop of ,ostia by ,pope ,nicholas ,,ii41 and in the year following deacon of the holy college4 ,at first he strenuously resisted the honor1 but was forced to assume it by the ,pope's command4 ,in #ajei he had acted as papal legate to the semi-independent ,ambrosian ,church of ,milan4 ,here he obtained pledges from them that they would conduct their affairs with purity and agree to receive the authority of the ,roman pontiff4 ,he did not remain among the cardinals very long4 ,his convent allured him1 and the display requisite to his proper duties was both irksome and repugnant to him4 ,therefore he went home again1 ardently devoted to ,hildebrand1 but devoid of all ambition1 and ready to denounce the ,pope or anybody else when it appeared that the rights of the ,church were infringed4 ,in #ajfb ,alexander ,,ii4 found use for him as legate to ,france1 and he influenced ,cluny in favor of ,alexander ,,ii4 ,in #ajfh-fi we find him again a legate in ,germany1 impressing on young ,henry ,,iv4 the importance of submission to ,rome4 ,this1 too1 he effected2 and in #ajgb--the last year of his life--he appears in the same capacity at the age of sixty six1 busy with the reform of the ,church in his native ,ravenna4 ,this is the outline of his story1 and it bears no great marks of difference from others which have been commemorated in ecclesiastical history4 ,upon these services1 and upon his relations to ,hildebrand1 a claim to considerable repute might be established for him4 ,these facts1 however1 would not keep him in mind to-day so well as his doctrine of flagellation and the melody of his two grand hymns4 ,this matter of flagellation was older than ,damiani's time4 ,it was permitted in the convents to give five 8disciplinary strokes40 ,starting at this point ,peter the ,honest asks1 8,why may we not give the sixth1 for the same reason80 ,if these five have been inflicted on the unwilling victim1 why should he not secure some credit to himself by taking a sixth1 a seventh1 an eighth8 ,the ice once broken1 it is easy to see how the new custom would be seized upon by the ascetic hermits of ,fonte ,avellana4 ,the argument is curious1 as a specimen of that specious reasoning to which the ecclesiastic mind was tending1 and which1 later on1 comes into full bloom among the ,jesuit fathers4 ,damiani inquires 8if our ,saviour was not beaten2 if ,paul did not receive1 on several occasions1 forty stripes save one2 if all the apostles were not scourged2 and whether the martyrs had not received the same punishment4 ,did not ,st4 ,jerome say that these were scourged by order of ,god8 ,and who dares deny that they were scourged for others and not for themselves8 ,hence1 if one undertakes this discipline1 willingly1 for himself1 he must be doing a good thing40 7,see ,fleury3 ,hist4 ,ecclesiastique1 ,,xii41 p4 #ajg1 ,anno #ajfb47 ,he then adds the example of ,guy1 his predecessor1 who died #ajdf1 and of ,poppo1 a contemporary1 who had died in #ajdh4 ,the date of his own advocacy of this doctrine is about #ajef4 ,monte ,cassino took up the practice with vigor2 but in ,peter's own convent the most consummate example of flagellation was speedily developed1 and his disciple1 ,dominic of the ,cuirass 7,dominicus ,loricatus71 carries off the palm from all posterity4 ,the method proposed by ,damiani was that the psalter should be recited to the accompaniment of the blows of the scourge4 ,every psalm called for one hundred strokes2 the whole psalter for fifteen thousand4 ,by this spiritual arithmetic three thousand equalled one year of purgatory1 and therefore the complete psalter answered for five years of purgation removed from either one's self or one's neighbor4 ,but ,dominic was an inebriate in his flogging and set himself tasks of stupendous size4 ,he also improved the art in several respects4 ,he used both hands with dreadful facility1 and frequently lashed his face until it was covered with blood1 singing his psalms the while in a harsh1 cracked1 and terrible voice4 ,in the forty days of one ,lent he recited the psalter two hundred times1 and inflicted what one reckless calculator calls 8sixty million stripes0 upon himself4 ,the true number is three million1 which is clearly sufficient4 ,at another occasion he literally flogged himself 8against time10 apparently just to see what could be done by a determined man in twenty-four hours4 ,at the end of that period he had gone through the psalter twelve times and a fraction over1 and had given himself one hundred and eighty-three thousand stripes1 working away with both hands 7as a caustic writer suggests7 8in the interest of the great sinking fund of the ,catholic ,church40 ,flagellation1 like the dancing mania and the strange parades of the ,turlepins and ,anabaptists in the ,middle ,ages1 has its root in nervous excitement and morbid devotion4 ,under ,anthony of ,padua1 about #abaj1 all ,perugia lashed themselves through the streets4 ,justin of ,padua relates that great disorders and indecency attended the processions4 ,the madness spread like wildfire through ,rome and ,italy4 ,in #abfj and in #abfa the custom was again revived after some decadence1 in the same town of ,perugia and under one ,rainer4 ,and at this date thousands went out into ,germany led by priests with banners and crosses4 ,again fading from public notice1 the flagellants reappeared during the progress of the plague in #acdi4 ,hecker and ,cooper supplement the account given by ,boileau4 ,the affair was itself an epidemic4 ,the company marched and sang hymns--among which was the ,stabat ,mater--and bore tapers and magnificent banners4 ,they finally became a regular nomadic tribe1 separating into two portions1 one of which went to the south and the other to the north4 ,the ,church was powerless1 and those pro and anti flagellationists1 who happened to be in ecclesiastical authority1 solemnly excommunicated each other6 ,the wild license of these scenes was far from aiding either morality or religion4 ,clement ,,vi4 7#accb-eb7 issued his bull against them4 ,and1 inasmuch as these fanatics had failed to restore a dead child to life in ,strasburg1 the malediction of ,rome had some effect1 and once more the harsh custom died out4 ,then there was another upheaval under ,venturinus1 a ,dominican of ,bergamo1 and ten thousand persons joined the order4 ,like a perennial plant it again perished and again sprang up in #adad1 when these awful orgies were renewed under the leadership of a person named ,conrad4 ,but now the ,inquisition interfered1 and among the testimony taken to show the lengths to which the fanaticism went is the sworn evidence of a citizen of ,nordhausen who1 in #addf1 asserted that his wife wanted to have the children scourged just as soon as they had been baptized6 ,once more1 in the sixteenth century the ,black and ,gray ,penitents appeared in ,france4 ,in #aegd the ,queen-mother put herself at the head of the black band in ,avignon1 and the disorders1 indecency1 and general depravity of manners which followed would scarcely be believed even if it was proper to mention them4 ,from that date to the present time more or less of this old insanity occasionally reappears4 ,it affords a singular commentary on our boasted advance beyond those dark ages1 for us to know that the ,penitentes of our own ,californian coast do precisely every year what ,dominic of the ,cuirass and ,anthony of ,padua and ,conrad and ,rainer all did centuries ago4 ,and this frightful enginery of fanaticism was set in motion by the man who wrote one of the loveliest hymns in the ,latin language6 ,i make no attempt to analyze the feelings that have prompted this strange austerity4 ,isaac ,taylor has already done this in a most masterly fashion in his ,fanaticism4 ,but the essence of it is that wild delusion which leads men 7and even women7 to fancy that they can vicariously atone for others' sins and 8make merit10 as the heathen do1 for those who are less bold than themselves4 ,they have fastened themselves down like the poor wretched geese doomed to furnish pattes-de-fois-gras4 ,they are before the hot fire of zeal and gorged upon indigestible dogmas4 ,hence their charity becomes as abnormal as the livers of the geese1 and the moral epicure1 alas1 finds in them dainties suitable for his depraved taste6 ,it would be a grievous injustice to a good man if ,damiani should only bear with us the character of an ardent zealot and not of a ,christian poet4 ,in this last guise he is at his best4 ,doubtless he often offends by his ,mariolatry1 but he will as often charm by the music of his verse4 ,he may serve also as a convenient example of this worship of ,mary1 for in one of his prayers he has given us the pith and core of that peculiar devotion4 ,it runs thus3 8,o queen of the world1 stairs of heaven1 throne of ,god1 gate of paradise1 hear the prayers of the poor and despise not the groans of the wretched4 ,by thee our vows and sighs are borne to the presence of the ,redeemer1 that whatsoever things are forbidden to our merits may obtain1 through thee1 place in the ears of divine piety4 ,erase sins1 relieve crimes1 raise the fallen1 and release the entangled4 ,through thee the thorns and shoots of vice are cut down1 and the flowers and ornaments of virtue appear4 ,appease with prayers the ,judge1 the ,saviour1 whom thou didst produce in unique childbirth1 that ,he who through thee has become partaker of our humanity1 through thee may also make us partakers of ,his divinity4 ,who with ,god the ,father and the ,holy ,spirit liveth and reigneth1 world without end4 ,amen40 ,i have given this as an example of his prose4 ,here is a petition 8against a stormy time10 composed in that 8leonine and tailed rhyme0 in which ,bernard of ,cluny1 a century later1 wrote the ,de ,contemptu mundi4 ,it commences1 8,o miseratrix1 ,o dominatrix1 praecipe dictu6 ,o thou that pitiest1 ,o thou the mightiest1 hark to our crying2 ,lest we be beaten down1 lest we be smitten down when hail is flying4 ,thine is a priestly breast1 ,o thou that succorest1 mother eternal ,therefore we pray to thee1 lest we be stayed from thee1 by storm infernal4 ,quiet the tempest-wrack6 ,give us the sunshine back for our fair weather6 ,lend us clear light again1 make the stars bright again where the clouds feather6 ,virgin1 oh cherish thy friends lest we perish by sickness or anger2 ,drive all these ills away1 thou whose love stills away thunder's mad clangor60 ,by far the greater part of his hymns are addressed to the ,virgin and to the saints1 but there are some others--the ,paule doctor ,egregie1 the ,paschalis festi gaudium1 the ,christe sanctorum gloria1 and the two powerful judgment hymns1 ,gravi me terrore and ,o ,quam dira1 quam horrenda--which are worthy of note4 ,this ,gravi me terrore of the eleventh century ranks with the ,apparebit repentina of the seventh century4 ,these1 together with the ,dies ,irae of the fourteenth century1 form the great judgment triad of ,latin psalmody4 ,yet of all the hymns of that or any later time1 nothing approaches the beauty of the ,ad perennis vitae fontem1 of which this ,peter ,damiani sings4 ,it is born of ,augustine's thoughts and dreams of the heavenly land1 and some of its phrases are exquisite beyond the possibility of translation4 ,when ,frater ,honestus on ,february #bc;d1 #ajgb1 forever left that convent of ,fonte ,avellana1 whither ,dante went upon his last recorded journey1 then that noble landscape might preserve these sixty-one lines of ,latin verse among the choicest treasures of its dell and grove4 ,this was no lark that sang against the sun with clarion notes calling us to such praise as rings through the ancient morning hymn of ,hilary4 ,it was the nightingale of ,faenza1 sending out those thrilling tones from the midst of the walls which beheld the eager scholar and to which the weary cardinal had returned to die4 ,upon his fame it is set therefore not like the lark's song1 but the nightingale's1 not as the flashing diamond1 but 7in ,daniel's very words7 8as a precious pearl for our treasury40 ,mrs4 ,charles has rendered it into ,english with grace and success4 ,mr4 ,morgan appends this autograph note to the version in the copy of his book which is in my possession3 8,n4 ,b4--,this hymn was printed without revision4 ,if reprinted the metres will be made equal40 ,he has not attempted to follow the versification of the original4 ,i know of no other translation except that of ,r4 ,f4 ,littledale in ,lyra ,mystica4 ,another beautiful hymn which was suggested by the prose of ,augustine1 and is ascribed to ,peter ,damiani by ,anselm of ,canterbury1 who was his younger contemporary1 is the ,quid tyranne1 quid minaris4 ,it is commonly called ,,the ,,antidote ,,of ,,st4 ,,augustine ,,against ,,the ,,tyranny ,,of ,,sin4 ,what are threats of thine1 ,o tyrant1 ,how can any torture move1 ,when1 for all of thy contriving1 ,nothing yet can equal love4 ,sweet it is to suffer sorrow1 ,futile is the force of pain2 ,i had sooner die than borrow ,any spot that love to stain4 ,heap the fagots as thou pleasest1 ,do what evil hearts approve1 ,add the sword and cross together1 ,nothing yet can equal love4 ,pain itself is quite too gentle1 ,one poor death too brief must be1 ,i would suffer thousand tortures-- ,every woe is light to me6 ,,chapter ,,xvii4 ,,hildebert ,,and ,,his ,,hymn4 ,those who love the 8,golden ,legend0 of ,longfellow will remember how effectively he has there used the ,latin songs and hymns4 ,friar ,paul is so very like the famous ,friar ,john of ,rabelais1 that he is probably copied from that worthy4 ,indeed his ,epistolae ,obscurorum ,virorum1 with its dog-,latin and its broad satire on the habits of the monks1 was a most effective weapon in the hands of the reformers4 ,there were a great many learned men who were by no means equally as pious1 and who found their bodily contentment in the cloister4 ,against these and all like them came the constant shafts of ridicule or reproach4 ,but now1 when this same ,friar ,paul 8tunes his mellow pipe0 to a bacchanalian solo in the refectory1 we can almost forgive him1 forasmuch as he sings in such capital measure4 ,there is a ,gaudiolum--a regular merry-making of monks--down in the cellar2 in which1 by the way1 ,lucifer1 disguised in the gray habit1 takes his appropriate place4 ,and when ,friar ,paul begins on the praise of good liquor1 he parodies the metre and rhyme of the current religious sequences4 ,listen to him3 8,felix venter quem intrabis1 ,felix guttur quod rigabis1 ,felix os quod tu lavabis1 ,et beata labia60 ,or1 as we may express it in our own language3 8,blessed stomach which thou warmest1 ,blessed throat which thou reformest1 ,blessed mouth whose thirst thou stormest1 ,blessed lips to taste of thee60 ,here and there ,professor ,longfellow introduces also into this 8,golden ,legend0 his own renderings from the ,latin1 in little transcriptions which are exquisitely felicitous4 ,but presently1 in sharp contrast to the ribald ,paul and the dissolute ,cuthbert and the rest of the noisy crew in the refectory1 he allows us to hear the song of the pilgrims4 ,they are chanting the ,hymn of ,hildebert of ,lavardin1 ,archbishop of ,tours3 ,me receptet ,sion illa1 ,sion ,david1 urbs tranquilla1 ,cujus faber auctor lucis1 ,cujus portae lignum crucis1 ,cujus claves lingua ,petri1 ,cujus cives semper laeti1 ,cujus muri lapis vivus1 ,cujus custos ,rex festivus40 ,it is the hope of the ,holy ,city of which they are telling3 8,me1 that ,sion soon shall pity-- ,david's ,sion1 peaceful city6 ,whose designer made the morning2 ,whose are gates1 the cross adorning2 ,whose keys are to ,peter given2 ,whose glad throng are saints in heaven2 ,whose are walls of living splendor2 ,whose a royal1 true ,defender60 ,these pilgrims1 every now and then1 break in with some snatch of melody from this fine old anthem4 ,and yet there are doubtless those who never have gone back to see for themselves whence all this beauty has been taken4 ,but the ,hymn of ,hildebert would well repay them if they did4 ,it is the composition of a man who was the ,admirable ,crichton of his time--,hildebert of ,lavardin1 a student under ,berenger and ,hugo of ,cluny4 ,this is the same poet who1 with ,wichard of ,lyons1 is mentioned by ,bernard of ,cluny in his preface to the ,hora ,novissima4 ,he says there1 that even these eminent versifiers had never dared to attempt the measure of his own three thousand lines4 ,and we have abundant other testimony that ,hildebert was an accomplished orator1 a successful controversialist1 a brilliant rhetorician1 a poet of ten thousand lines1 and the author of this majestic and beautiful composition4 ,he was born in the year #ajeg 7or #ajee7 at ,lavardin1 near ,vendme1 in ,france1 was first head-master of a school1 then an archdeacon1 then instructor in theology and ,bishop of ,le ,mans 7#ajig71 and finally 7#aabe71 ,archbishop of ,tours1 from which he derives his name of 8,turonensis40 ,he was of humble origin and not connected with the celebrated family of ,lavardia1 except through the accident of his birthplace being in their vicinity4 ,perhaps--if we follow one scurrilous old biographer--we may fancy the holy ,hildebert to have been very little of a saint in his early days4 ,baronius indeed lends color to the assertion 7made originally by ,godfrey1 the ,dean of ,le ,mans7 that the vices which ,hildebert afterward attacked were matters of personal experience with himself4 ,a certain coarse assault was undoubtedly made upon him2 but envy and malignity went even to greater lengths then than now--and they are not noticeably moderate or truthful at present4 ,he was a 8wise and gentle prelate10 says ,trench1 8although not wanting in courage to dare1 and fortitude to endure1 when the cause of truth required it40 ,neander's estimate of his character 7,the ,life of ,st4 ,bernard7 is also kind4 ,i doubt1 therefore1 whether any such statements can be maintained4 ,but we all know too well what that age was1 for us to be over-enthusiastic in the defence of our favorites4 ,and still it can truly be said that ,hildebert established his innocence there and then4 ,he finally died in #aacd1 and his works1 with those of ,marbod1 were collected and published in ,paris by the ,benedictines1 at the comparatively recent date of #agjh4 ,his hymn1 ,oratio devotissima ad tres ,personas ,sanctissimae ,trinitatis1 first appeared in the ,appendix to ,archbishop ,ussher's ,de ,symbolis 7#affj71 and again was published by the ,norman ,jacques ,hommey in #afhd4 ,the poem is1 as ,chancellor ,benedict has well said1 almost epic in its completeness4 ,and ,i can do no better than to summarize it in his own words--for he linked his name to it by a translation which he published in #ahfg3 8,its beginning is the knowledge of ,god--,fides orthodoxa--the true creed1 as to the ,three ,persons of the ,holy ,trinity1 exhibiting their attributes as the foundation of the ,christian character2 its middle1 the weakness1 the trials1 and the temptations of the ,christian life1 in its progress to perfect trust and confidence in ,god and assurance of ,his final grace2 its end1 the joys and glories of the heavenly home of the blessed40 ,it has been greatly neglected1 as any one will find who looks for it outside of the most recent collections of sacred ,latin poetry4 ,why this has been so1 except because the praise of ,mary and of the saints was more congenial to collectors than a lofty and pure spiritual fervor1 it is not easy to discern4 ,hugo of ,st4 ,victor--,hildebert's contemporary--does actually quote six lines1 but calls the author quidam1 or1 as we would say1 8somebody10 in referring to these half dozen verses extracted to give point to his own discourse4 ,yet ,hildebert was in his day a most important personage1 not below the persecution of a king of ,england1 and not above a quarrel with a king of ,france4 ,but he and the king were reconciled at last1 and with honor4 ,that ,professor ,longfellow is not indebted to ,trench's text for his little quotations1 is shown by a curious fact4 ,the ,sacred ,latin ,poetry of ,archbishop 7then ,dean7 ,trench was first published in #ahdi1 and the 8,golden ,legend0 appeared in ,boston in #ahea--the time seeming to indicate that the poet had been reading in the small book of the prelate4 ,but ,professor ,march has very acutely noticed that the ,church of ,england1 in the person of its editor1 did a great deal of expurgation1 and that the lines 8,cujus claves lingua ,petri1 ,cujus cives semper laeti10 are not included by ,trench at all6 ,it was not proper1 the ,dean thought1 to encourage ,romish superstitions1 and so ,peter and his keys were omitted4 ,it is not impossible that ,longfellow took his text from a little volume published at ,auburn1 ,n4 ,y41 in #ahdd1 which contains 8,the ,hymn of ,hildebert and the ,ode of ,xavier1 with ,english ,versions10 probably by ,dr4 ,henry ,mills1 professor in the ,theological ,seminary at ,auburn1 who also published a volume of translations of ,german hymns 7#ahde and #ahef74 ,dr4 ,mills reprints the entire hymn from ,ussher1 but ignores in his translation the lines 8,deus pater tantum ,dei ,virgo mater est1 sed ,dei40 ,the book is memorable as the first ,american publication in this field4 ,besides the ,american translations by ,dr4 ,mills and ,chancellor ,benedict1 there are ,english versions by ,crashaw1 by ,john ,mason ,neale1 and1 best of all1 by ,herbert ,kynaston in the ,lyra ,mystica 7,london1 #ahfi71 copied from his ,occasional ,hymns4 ,further to speak of ,hildebert1 it can be said that he1 like others1 took his share of imprisonments1 confiscations1 and exiles4 ,trench quotes from his poetry two compositions in hexameter and pentameter--classic in language1 but not always classic in prosody2 and two complete poems1 one of which is the famous hymn1 and which commences 8,a et magne ,deus40 ,the other is a vision and lament over the ,church of ,poitiers4 ,of this the editor says3 8,i know of no nobler piece of versification1 nor more skilful management of rhyme in the whole circle of ,latin rhymed poetry40 ,it begins 8,nocte quadam1 via fessus0-- an important hint for a person who wishes to find anything in the ,german anthologies1 where1 as a rule1 the indexing is hideous and the arrangement is heartrending1 and the poems are designated1 hit-or-miss1 by their initial line4 ,the poem ,de ,exilio ,suo1 beginning 8,nuper eram locuples1 multisque beatus amicis10 is an example of the classic measures into which ,i have tried to shape my own rendering1 although ,i have copied ,hildebert even in his inaccuracies and repetitions3 ,,upon ,,his ,,exile4 ,once ,i was rich and blessed with friends beyond measure1 ,and1 for awhile1 ,fortune was prosperous too4 ,you would have said that the gods had heard my petition1 ,and that success had taught me to conquer anew4 ,often ,i said to myself3 8,what means this wealthy condition8 ,what does it claim1 this swift great store of my gain80-- ,woe to myself6 for faith and confidence perish2 ,even my property teaches how ,i have heaped it in vain6 ,lightly the wing sweeps men and the things that they cherish1 ,and from the highest station ruin pours down to the plain4 ,what you possess to-day1 perchance you will lose by to-morrow1 ,or1 indeed1 as you speak1 it ceases perhaps to be yours4 ,these are the tricks of our fate2 and haughtiest kings to their sorrow1 ,and humblest slaves shall find that no future endures4 ,lo1 what is ,man6 and what has he right to inherit8 ,what is the thing that his wretchedness claims as its own8 ,this1 this only is man2 the years press down on his spirit ,always in saddest condition to utter his final groan4 ,it is man's lot to have nothing--in nakedness coming2 and going ,back to his mother's breast to bear her no riches again4 ,it is man's lot to decay1 his dust on the desert bestowing1 ,and by sad steps to climb to the pyre of his pain4 ,such is his heirship of good1 and here upon earth he may gather ,nothing more certain than these1 the spoils of a vanishing fate4 ,riches and honor may greet him1 yea1 be his servants the rather2 ,wealthy at morn though his station1 poor shall at night be his state4 ,nor can a man discern the permanent law of possession ,save as he seeks to discover the nature of mortal affairs4 ,yet does ,god give them their law1 conferring them through his concession ,unto the weak by his grace2 and their going and coming he shares4 ,he by himself alone provides for and manages solely1 ,nor does he doubt to provide nor vary in management still4 ,for what he sees to be done he does1 and his ruling is wholly ,laborless1 fixing the form and the time and the bounds of his will4 ,yea1 through his zeal for our growth he places our limits and changes ,these by his occult laws1 himself remaining the same4 ,himself remaining the same1 while sickness and health he arranges1 ,swaying the world and showing how hope must be set on his name4 ,if it be right to trust thee1 then1 all that thou doest or takest ,he is behind it1 ,o ,fortune1 and he is the source of thy strength4 ,nay1 ,i affirm1 ,o ,fortune1 however thou fixest or shakest ,thou canst not grieve me1 nor overmuch cheer me at length4 ,he is almighty and tender1 the concord and trust of my treasure2 ,i shall be his forever1 when all his purpose is through6 ,it may perhaps be well for us to observe the characteristics of ,hildebert as we discover them in his hymn4 ,they will be found to be those of an oratorical repetition1 and indeed of that 8fatal octosyllabic0 fluency1 demonstrated in later times by ,skelton1 by ,butler1 and by ,scott4 ,to a certain degree the verse is incapable of anything large or exultant4 ,but it is admirable for the purpose to which he puts it4 ,indeed1 ,i knew no better way1 when ,hildebert's best admirer passed from this to a nobler world1 than to express my own sadness in similar ,latin2 and ,i venture to close this chapter with the closing lines of that tribute4 ,mr4 ,e4 ,c4 ,benedict made it his happiest recreation to turn the strains of these ancient singers into modern verse4 ,and it seemed fitting that he should be commemorated in the very rhythm he loved so well3 8,vir honeste1 vir praeclare6 ,tibi quidvis possim dare ,his versiculis confeci2 ,hic1 coronam superjeci4 ,autem1 illic1 lux perennis ,proferet floresque pennis ,aves pictis puro die2-- ,nihil deest1 ,o tu pie6 ,tu qui terra serus abis ,christum unice laudabis4 ,vale6 quia non moraris2 ,ave6 quia nunc laetaris60 8,unto thee sincere and worthy ,here ,i bring a tribute earthy4 ,in these verses ,i have pressed it2 ,here upon thy tomb ,i rest it4 ,but thyself1 in light eternal ,seest flowers2 and birds supernal ,brightly flit through sunny portals-- ,thou dost lack no joy of mortals6 ,thou who late from us dost sever ,there shall praise the ,lord forever6 ,farewell6 for thou wilt not linger2 ,hail6 for thou art there a singer60 ,yes1 when once these old monks 8soared beyond chains and prison0--when they dreamed by night and talked by day of the land that is very far off--they drew to them all loving hearts from the most distant ages4 ,doubtless ,hildebert knew--and rejoiced in knowing--that his aspirations had been caught in a modern city and by a weary lawyer1 who found rest and peace in their strain4 ,and doubtless in the perfectness of the present rejoicing they both see and love what they once sighed to obtain4 ,,chapter ,,xviii4 ,,bernard ,,of ,,clairvaux4 ,there is no lack of material for a copious account of ,bernard of ,clairvaux4 ,he was a man to become distinguished in any age of the world1 and he took and maintained the highest place of his time4 ,his faults are as patent as his virtues4 ,but1 if he had not these faults1 he would never have enjoyed certain kinds of success4 ,his very austerity was a merit when it held his keen intellect steadily to its mark4 ,and his intolerance1 narrowness1 ambition1 and love of dialectics1 were themselves a part of the great demand which his generation made upon him4 ,i shall be responsible here simply for a condensation and compilation of facts1 a very different proceeding from that which is usually needed4 ,in the case of almost all these hymn-writers the materials are so slight and meagre as to require large research2 in this case one is overwhelmed with riches4 ,i do not profess to say how many lives of ,bernard have been written1 but ,i know of a goodly number2 and no history of his time has failed to give attention to so prominent a figure in religion and in statecraft4 ,he was singularly situated in point of time and place4 ,born in ,burgundy1 not far from ,dijon1 of a fighting family1 who owned a castle and were well represented in the wars1 he saw the light in #ajia4 ,his father ,tesselin was a man who had learned in the school of ,christ to be more careful not to wrong his neighbor than not to be wronged by him4 ,his mother ,alith was the model chatelaine of the times1 full of kindness to the poor and helpfulness to the needy4 ,he was born at the omphalos and centre of the ,middle ,ages4 ,peter the ,hermit whirled along his wild battalions almost beside his very cradle4 ,the little lad of four years must have seen the strange excited throngs1 with their red crosses and their banners1 and in the dust of their passing and in the chants of their praise1 he must have been conscious of a certain enthusiasm which was to run throughout his life4 ,for several years this news was to men the staple of all conversation4 ,the body of their own duke was finally brought back from ,palestine to his ancient heritage1 and laid1 by his own desire1 in the cemetery of the poor monks of ,citeaux4 ,there1 in this comparatively recent monastery near ,dijon1 he had selected his last home1 in preference to many more opulent and renowned establishments4 ,the son of ,burgundy's vassal ,tesselin beheld this and other incidents4 ,his brothers went to the wars with the next duke1 but he himself grew less and less inclined toward such pursuits4 ,books formed his world4 ,his cell was afterward said to be stored with them2 and he obtained easily the credit of being the best instructed person of his time in the ,bible and in the works of the fathers of the ,church4 ,and already these tendencies were aroused in the youth of eighteen or nineteen years who had begun the old-fashioned austerities on his own account4 ,we are not surprised to find him neck-deep in ice-water2 stung into intellectual vigor by the recent victory of ,abelard over ,william of ,champeaux2 aroused into an actual preaching fervor1 in which he denounces the sins of the age2 continually mindful of his dead mother ,alith's prayers1 and finally resolved upon entering the monastic order and upon carrying all his friends and relations with him4 ,that singular mastery of other minds1 which was his at every period henceforth1 now displayed itself4 ,it did not matter that his brother ,guido had a wife and family2 nor that his brother ,gerard loved to fight a good deal better than he loved to pray4 ,into the cloister they must go6 ,gerard indeed was something after the manner of ,lot's wife1 disposed to look back4 ,but his brother touched him on the side1 and by some strange prescience or happy guess1 predicted to him a spear-wound1 which actually happened4 ,on being thus remarkably warned1 the soldier relented as they carried him wounded off the field1 and cried1 8,i turn monk1 monk of ,citeaux40 ,this was the ,gerard over whom1 long afterward1 ,bernard delivered that touching sermon1 where he branched out from the ,song of ,solomon 7#a3e7 to declare that this body 8is not the mansion of the citizen1 nor the house of the native1 but either the soldier's tent or the traveller's inn20 and then poured forth his full heart in a tide of uncontrollable and lofty grief4 ,so the youth marched into the poor monastery of ,citeaux1 where scanty food1 rough clothing1 harsh surroundings and occasional epidemic disorders had nearly disheartened and broken up the company of monks4 ,stephen ,harding1 their ,english abbot1 was proudly indifferent to all patronage2 but he was not so blind as not to perceive that ,bernard1 with thirty captives of the bow and spear of his eloquence1 was a valuable addition to a depleted community4 ,these ,cistercians1 then and always1 were rigidists4 ,up they got at two in the morning to prayer and 8matins20 and for full two hours were busy1 in a cold dark chapel1 over them4 ,then1 with the first dawn of light1 out again to 8lauds40 ,before this service1 and after it1 the monk's time was fairly his own2 but at two o'clock he dined1 at nightfall he had 8vespers10 and at six or eight 7according to the season7 came 8compline10 and then immediately the dormitory and bed4 ,such was the life1 with a little more of it on ,sundays1 and with sermons interspersed at intervals4 ,there is no mention of breakfast or supper6 ,and in such a life the ecstatic1 mystical character of ,bernard rose into visions and prophecies4 ,his body was nearly subjugated1 and his taste1 and1 indeed1 all his senses1 appeared to have deserted him4 ,he watched1 he dug1 he hewed and carried wood2 he kept the very letter1 and more than the letter of his monastic rule4 ,and yet1 as ,morison acutely observes1 this very abstraction from people and things gave him that delight in nature from which1 so often in the future1 he was to catch the illustration or the inspiration of his discourse4 8,beeches and oaks10 he said1 8had ever been his best teachers in the ,word of ,god40 ,but now ,citeaux 7suddenly become prosperous7 must colonize2 and who so fit to lead the swarm from the gates and found the new hive as this same ,bernard8 ,into his hands ,abbot ,stephen puts the cross1 and he and his twelve companions march solemnly across the interdicted boundaries of their little ,cistercian home1 and nearly a hundred miles to the northward4 ,there he chooses a place which exhibits1 as ,bernard's actions generally do1 the far-sighted sagacity which takes mean and worthless matters and makes them what1 with right handling1 they are able to become4 ,it is a valley--the 8,valley of ,wormwood40 ,it is grown up with underbrush and is a haunt of robbers4 ,but here1 with the river ,aube winding down between the hills1 with the hills themselves capable of culture1 and with the future of this little vale revealed to his prophetic eye1 he sets his cloister and calls it ,clairvaux--8,fair ,valley10 or 8,brightdale40 ,i wish that ,i could quote the beautiful picture that ,vaughan 7,hours with the ,mystics1 ,book ,v41 chap4 #a7 has given of this fine enterprise4 ,we should see ,bernard and his monks chopping and binding fagots2 planting vines and trees of goodly fruit2 rearing their cloistral buildings1 when the time arrived1 out of the very materials about them1 and so steadily transforming purgatory into paradise4 ,there should we see the river bending its great shoulders to the wheels that drive fulling-mill and grist-mill2 or toiling for them in their tannery1 or filling their caldarium4 ,we should see the monks at vintage or at harvest2 pressing the clusters from yonder hill1 or gathering the hay from yonder meadow4 ,and everywhere throughout this busy1 energetic life1 we should behold the wasted figure of their chief--austere1 sincere1 severe4 ,and we should feel that unaccountable personality--that intrinsic1 magnetic1 controlling quality which made this the man above all others to be the opposer of schismatics1 the counsellor of kings1 the establisher of popes1 and the preacher of the ,second ,crusade4 ,clairvaux was his kingdom1 and from ,clairvaux he ruled the mediaeval world4 ,his personal appearance was in keeping with this idea--it was the evident cause of an evident effect4 ,he was taller than the middle height and exceedingly thin4 ,his complexion was 8clear1 transparent1 red-and-white20 and always he had some color in his wasted face4 ,his beard was reddish1 and--according to his ancestral derivation1 called ,sorus or 8yellow-haired0--his own hair was light and perhaps tawny4 ,this beard grows whiter in the course of years1 and these hollow cheeks glow with the enthusiasm of the orator as he speaks4 ,then he is at his best6 ,he flings aside all feebleness2 he disregards every consideration except the truth2 he flashes and glitters as the tremendous squadrons of his brilliant logic1 or still more brilliant exhortation1 press down upon the listening soul4 ,he had indeed a perfect confidence in himself1 in his methods1 and in his ultimate success4 ,he was like a modern ocean steamer1 iron-hulled1 steam-driven1 sharp-prowed1 cutting through all storms without detention1 and riding the wildest waves in his triumphant course to victory4 ,there is in ,bernard of ,clairvaux a most singular combination of the dreamer and the man of affairs4 ,vaughan has too admirably condensed the story of these interruptions and occupations1 for me to avoid quoting1 at least this much1 from his capital monograph3 8,struggling ,christendom10 he says1 8sent incessant monks and priests1 couriers and men-at-arms to knock and blow horns at the gate of ,clairvaux ,abbey2 for ,bernard1 and none but he1 must come out and fight that audacious ,abelard2 ,bernard must decide between rival popes1 and cross the ,alps1 time after time1 to quiet tossing ,italy2 ,bernard alone is the hope of fugitive ,pope and trembling ,church2 he only can win back turbulent nobles1 alienated people1 recreant priests1 when ,arnold of ,brescia is in arms at ,rome1 and when ,catharists1 ,petrobrusians1 ,waldenses and heretics of every shade1 threaten the hierarchy on either side the ,alps2 and at the preaching of ,bernard the ,christian world pours out to meet the disaster of a new crusade40 ,yet with all this he is a profound scholar1 and his comments on ,scripture are of a mystical1 and often of a serenely spiritual and thoughtful kind1 as though no intrusion could jar the harmony and poise of his soul4 ,his was that strange contradiction of nature which found its calm in tumult and its ecstasy in conflict4 ,obstructions pass away4 ,like that later mystic1 ,novalis 7,friedrich von ,hardenberg71 there are no hindrances in his communion with the unseen world2 he could1 perhaps1 do as ,novalis did when ,sophie ,khn died4 ,for the poor fellow records in his diary3 8,much noise in the house4 ,i went to her grave and had a few wild moments of joy40 ,and of him also ,just declares3 8,no spirit-dream was too high1 no business detail too low20 for ,novalis in #agii was 8,assessor and ,law-adviser to the ,salt ,mines of ,thuringia40 ,pegasus in harness appears no worse a contradiction than a mystic in a salt-pan1 or a ,bernard epistolizing the ,count of ,champagne about a drove of stolen pigs4 ,prose and poetry1 poetry and prose6 ,and yet the brain and soul that can do good work in the one are by no means disqualified for the other2 and your truest mystics are not likely to wear long hair and talk raving nonsense among impractical neologists4 ,for ,bernard1 even though he made converts wherever he went1 and drew increasing numbers into cloister walls1 exerted a potent and prevalent influence upon his time4 ,he is one of the lighthouses1 as we sail down the coast of the ,middle ,ages2 and not until we pass him and his compeers1 do the real darkness and the dull ignorance1 the shoals and the unmarked rocks appear1 ready to wreck the ventures of the mind4 ,how gladly one would linger over these fascinating incidents in this remarkable career6 ,the man's life was expressed in some of his own aphorisms4 ,they are such as these3 8,there is no truer wretchedness than a false joy40 8,he does not please who pleases not himself40 8,you will give to your voice the voice of virtue if you have first persuaded yourself of what you would persuade others40 8,hold the middle line unless you wish to miss the true method40 ,these are the maxims of an orator as well as of a statesman4 ,and the junction of imagination1 analysis1 logic1 fervor1 and faith1 made this man what he was4 ,already he had tried his wings in preaching to his own monks at morning and evening2 and they had listened to him as though he had come from another world4 ,he dealt with the great and vital questions of the moral nature4 ,like the best of our modern preachers1 he aimed to sustain the soul1 to arouse and to cheer it1 and to bid it press forward to a victory which he himself foresaw4 ,he might have said of such aspiring saints as surrounded him what ,roscoe says3 8,i see1 or the glory blinds me ,of a soul divinely fair1 ,peace after great tribulation ,and victory hung in the air40 ,he felt1 with ,lacordaire1 that the ,gospel had a new meaning1 when he discovered that it was intended for the comfort of the human heart4 ,he was at one with his monks2 and as he reached out toward the social life about him1 and toward the turbid torrents of politics and ecclesiasticism over which he must throw the bridge of charity or of faith1 he simply transferred the ,clairvaux method into the affairs of men4 ,it was an age of destruction1 and into it he was casting the salt of the ,gospel1 hoping at least to make it salvable4 ,around his life needless legends and superstitious traditions have combined to cluster1 but the real ,bernard is distinct from both4 ,he never relaxed his grip upon himself or upon others4 ,and while this is not yet the place to speak of the famous controversy with ,abelard1 it may be properly said that ,bernard saw tendencies in that philosophy which were genuinely dangerous2 and that he defeated them because truth 7however narrow and selfishly employed7 is always stronger than error4 ,such was also his power in preaching the crusade in #aade1 when he was about fifty-five years of age4 ,it sprang from the quenchless fire of his zeal1 as when at ,vezelai1 standing by the side of ,louis ,,vii41 he caused such enthusiasm in the crowd beneath1 that he did nothing so long as he remained in the town but make crosses for them to wear in sign of their holy purpose4 ,he had lived to see the ,knights ,templars1 which had received his own especial approval1 become one of the most famous orders on the globe4 ,the ,knights ,hospitallers had been incorporated in #aaac1 and the ,templars were founded in #aaah by ,hugo de ,paganis and others4 ,but in #aabh1 at the ,council of ,troyes1 there were but nine of them1 all told1 to keep their vow of 8chastity1 obedience1 and poverty10 to 8guard the passes and roads against robbers10 and to 8watch over the safety of pilgrims40 ,hugo then appealed to ,bernard1 and by his influence the council recognized this weak thing1 destined so soon to be a mighty force1 and which combined two of the strongest of our instincts--that to fight and that to pray4 ,and now as in his old age he saw the corruption which was creeping into it and into other agencies on which his heart had been set1 he relaxed no atom of his vigilance4 ,he had seen the failure of his crusade1 but it did not much affect him4 ,his thoughts were now of heaven1 and his watching was that he might be prepared to enter its gates4 ,his principal friends had all died2 ,suger1 in #aaej1 ,theobald of ,champagne1 in #aaeb1 and ,pope ,eugenius1 his loved disciple1 in #aaec4 ,it was in this year that ,bernard also made himself ready to go4 ,on ,january #abth he said the ,lord's ,prayer1 and then1 raising up what his admirers were wont to call his 8dove-like0 eyes1 he prayed that ,god's will might be done4 ,and so1 quietly and peacefully1 he passed away4 ,he has left behind him much as an ecclesiast1 but more as a poet4 ,i hold ,bernard to be the real author of the modern hymn--the hymn of faith and worship4 ,the poetry of ,faber1 which is now so near to the heart of the ,church1 is peculiarly in this key4 ,the ,salve ,caput cruentatum came to us through ,paul ,gerhardt1 and has become 7through the translation of ,dr4 ,j4 ,w4 ,alexander1 a man of kindred spirit with ,bernard7 our 8,o sacred head1 now wounded40 ,gerhardt's own hymn-writing--the most efficient1 except ,luther's1 in the ,german tongue--is wonderfully affected by ,bernard4 ,the ,jesu dulcis memoria was rendered by ,count ,zinzendorf and became famous among those spiritual souls1 the ,moravians4 ,and ,edward ,caswell's translations--as ,i have already noticed--are supremely fine in spirit and in expression4 ,i shall not attempt here what has been so capitally done already4 ,the ,church universal has made ,bernard her own2 and the very translations of his verses have been half-inspired4 ,and while we sing1 8,jesus1 the very thought of thee ,with sweetness fills my breast10 we shall sing 8with the spirit and with the understanding10 the very strain that the ,abbot of ,clairvaux was sent on earth to teach6 ,they canonized him in #aagd--;but it is better to have written a song for all saints than to be found in any breviary4 ,,chapter ,,xix4 ,,abelard4 ,from the foreground of the waving banners and the flashing arms of the ,crusaders1 of the dark throng of the chanting monks1 and of feudal pageantry and glitter--and from that background of dead uniformity which equally characterized those mediaeval times--emerges a figure unique and notable4 ,it is that of a man in the prime and pride of life--lofty in stature1 handsome in face1 captivating in address4 ,he is already a tried debater and an unsurpassed logician4 ,he has ,aristotle at the tip of his tongue2 he has read much and thought a little1 and his ambition is great4 ,such a man came one day into the lecture hall of ,william of ,champeaux at ,paris4 ,it was in the early part of the twelfth century1 and ,william was the most celebrated teacher of the period1 his 8doctrine of universals0 being accepted almost as though it were inspired4 ,but this morning1 while the master lectured and the disciples drank in his words without criticism or debate1 the visitor stirred uneasily in his place4 ,when the lecture closed he availed himself of the usual freedom to ask some questions4 ,to ,william's dogmatic answers the stranger in his turn proposed shrewd difficulties4 ,it was no longer the harmony of teacher and taught1 but the clash of two rival minds maintaining opposite systems of logic4 ,and in that short struggle ,william the ,archdeacon went down before the free lance of ,peter ,abelard1 the rustic challenger from ,palais 7,le ,pallet7 in ,brittany4 ,and from that agitation went out the widening circles whose story we are now to note1 and whose latest ripples break faintly on a tomb in ,pre-la-,chaise visited by thousands of modern tourists4 ,few tales are sadder or more suggestive4 ,the name of ,abelard is variously spelled4 ,it appears in divers authorities as ,abelard1 ,abaelard1 ,abaielardus1 ,abailard1 ,abaillard1 ,abelhardus1 and ,abeillard4 ,the true name 7on the authority of ,ch4 de ,rmusat7 was1 however1 not ,abelard1 but ,beranger or ,berenger2 and the future controversialist was christened ,pierre or ,peter4 ,his birthplace is near ,nantes1 the house being represented a few years ago by a square brier-grown ruin back of the church4 ,the date of his birth is given as #ajgi--;a period when the world was feudal and military4 ,but this lad was born for debate and not for battle4 ,it may even be seriously doubted if he ever possessed much physical courage of a sort to stand the rough shock of actual warfare4 ,he preferred the method of those who intermeddle among metaphysical subtleties to those who must keep sword edges sharp and armor furbished4 ,his delight was to dispute1 to be engaged in undertakings 8,whose chief devotion lies ,in odd perverse antipathies2 ,in falling out with that or this ,and finding somewhat still amiss40 ,in those days not to be a warrior was to be--almost of compulsion--a monk4 ,but ,abelard's independence forbade the second as his disputatious spirit had forbidden the first4 ,he would neither risk his neck in the wars nor his opinions in the cloister4 ,instead of these he preferred the irregular combats of the scholar1 and ,bayle--with a touch of poetry--beholds him as he comes shining out of ,brittany 8darting syllogisms on every side40 ,such was ,peter ,abelard--vain1 handsome1 opinionated1 bound to swear by no master1 a mighty voice crying in the desert of the ,dark ,ages for 8free speech and free thought40 ,the expedition to ,paris hurt neither his reputation nor his purse4 ,he arrived at perihelion as quickly as a comet4 ,william of ,champeaux--having first pushed him off and forced him to lecture on his own account at ,melun and ,corbeil--found that he returned like a cork thrust under water4 ,the man's buoyant1 aggressive self-reliance1 not to say self-conceit1 was never contented with an inferior place4 ,and while ,alberic and ,littulf and some of the older and more staid of his pupils held with ,william1 it was plain that the popular favor inclined to the other side4 ,the younger men were all for ,abelard4 ,the 8doctrine of universals0 was exploded as if with some of ,friar ,bacon's 8villainous saltpetre10 and doubtless the loss was small enough to mankind4 ,his principal fort being taken1 there was nothing left for the opposing general but a masterly retreat4 ,hence1 by a convenient arrangement1 combining several advantages1 ,guillaume des ,champeaux became ,bishop of ,chalons-sur-,marne4 ,and it was1 of course1 beneath the dignity of a bishop to hold lectures or to engage in logical controversies6 ,but1 as generally happens1 a sand-bag substitute was put in the bishop's place2 and ,abelard came back to open a school on ,mt4 ,st4 ,genevieve and to bombard this professor4 ,the battle was short and decisive1 for the next we learn of this nameless champion of a defeated cause1 he is absolutely enrolled as a humble follower of the great logician4 ,this is but a fair sample of the general success which attended the new ideas4 ,everywhere they gained currency1 attracting inquiry1 arousing envy1 awaking ecclesiastical suspicion1 and inflaming the hatred of his defeated opponents4 ,about this time of inception and premonition1 say #aaac1 ,abelard undertook to examine the instruction given by ,william's teacher1 ,anselm of ,laon1 who there vegetated as dean of the cathedral church4 ,we must not confuse his name with that of the great ,archbishop of ,canterbury1 whose method and science have outlasted the most of his contemporaries1 and whom ,neander styles 8the ,augustine of the twelfth century40 ,had he been the teacher and ,abelard the pupil1 history might have made a different record4 ,a profounder and a more reverent line of thought might have affected the acute and daring mind of the rising dialectician4 ,and1 above every other consideration1 the new philosophy might have contained those elements of religion whose absence neutralized for centuries that wholesome independence which held mere dogmatism cheap as compared to the sacred light of truth4 ,it would1 indeed1 have been well if such an ,anselm had been at ,laon1 but the dean was a weak and futile person4 ,and so it was inevitable that ,abelard should again be in trouble and almost in disgrace1 but even in his pathetic ,historia ,calamitatum the pupil did not forget to satirize his master4 8,he was that sort of a man10 he says1 8that if any went to him being uncertain he returned more uncertain still4444 ,when he lit a fire he filled his house with smoke1 but he did not brighten it with light40 ,he adds1 sarcastically1 that ,anselm's philosophy always suggested to his mind the story of the fig-tree that our ,lord cursed because it bore plenty of leaves and no fruit4 ,abelard himself1 however1 was a genuine educator1 and many bishops and other ecclesiastics1 with nineteen cardinals and two popes1 came from the ranks of his pupils4 ,he loved liberty1 although he loved it to that extent to which his own will--and no other authority1 human or divine--restricted it4 ,in this he differed from ,anselm of ,canterbury1 who loved liberty1 not according to license but according to law4 ,mere freedom to inquire1 to complain1 or to theorize1 does not invariably carry with it profitable results4 ,and ,abelard--whose very freedom was in itself a noble revelation to the shackled intellects of his age--committed the grave error of supposing that the sweep of a free hand would certainly give lines of beauty and forms of grace4 ,something deeper than the mere distaste of false opinions is needful for this4 ,art1 meditation1 truth--all must lie beneath the ,o of ,giotto or the masterly strokes of ,apelles4 ,and our rhetorician would have done well to have confined himself to the ,trivium--grammar1 rhetoric1 and dialectics4 ,when he undertook theology he first quarrelled with ,anselm of ,laon1 and next he encountered all ,christendom and ,bernard of ,clairvaux4 ,his was the fatal blunder of every 8free inquirer0 who forgets reverence1 and who1 in his pride of intellect1 may likely fall as the angels fell4 ,surely no ,lucifer ever plunged more swiftly down from heaven's battlements than did poor ,peter ,abelard from the dizzy height of his sudden success4 ,this is no place to criticise his 8system10 if system it can be properly called4 ,the ,sic et ,non--8,yes and ,no0--his most famous work1 is really a mere challenge4 ,he quotes the ,bible against the ,fathers and the ,fathers against the ,bible1 touching on deep tideways and bogs and quicksands which he never attempts to ford1 fathom1 or bridge4 ,the ,arians1 ,sabellians1 ,nestorians and ,pelagians are resuscitated in these pages4 ,he flings their doubts before us like a gauntlet cast into the arena of debate4 ,one may choose which side he will take4 ,such a man1 arising in the nineteenth century and claiming sympathy with ,christianity1 would be by some suspected as a secret enemy and his vanity would loosen his armor for the entrance of many a venomed shaft4 ,his genuine ardor would be misunderstood and his opinions would be heavily attacked before they could deploy at their full strength4 ,if this be true to-day how infinitely more true must it have been of an age narrower1 more illiterate1 and with an arm which wielded not in vain the sword of excision against heretics6 ,this1 then1 was the man who in the prime of manhood and at the topmost peak of prosperity found himself with money in his pocket1 in ,paris1 and his own master4 ,he had not yet said of the dogmas of ,mother ,church as ,luther said of ,tetzel1 8,by ,god's help ,i will go down and beat a hole in your drum40 ,hitherto he had safely kept to ,aristotle--at once the blessing and the bane of ,middle-,age reasoners--and he had the vainglorious sense that five thousand students hung breathless on his words4 ,he considered himself upon the firmest footing that one could desire1 and behold1 he fell6 ,the 8damned spot0 of ,abelard's character is that which1 after all1 has insured his fame4 ,and1 since it is indispensable1 a few sentences must exhibit it in its repulsive ugliness4 ,fortunately1 or unfortunately1 we do not need the help of any other biographer than his own bitter soul4 ,his ,historia ,calamitatum is the sufficient history4 ,in this he tells us that his life had been previously irreproachable and of the strictest moral correctness4 ,now1 however1 he began to 8let himself go0--how far1 or how fast1 it is of no use for us to investigate4 ,but ,fulbert1 the ,canon of the ,cathedral of ,notre ,dame1 had a perfect ,hypatia for a niece1 and to this lady ,abelard's gaze was turned4 ,she was eighteen1 and there was an irresistible charm about her1 as of some fragrant white lily4 ,she was a woman fit to lend grace and beauty to prosaic surroundings4 ,and ,abelard has the unspeakable audacity to declare that he1 a man of thirty-eight1 deliberately selected this pure and perfect flower and meant to take it for himself4 ,not to marry2 for the truth demands that we should perceive his own thorough appreciation of the fact that marriage would sink him out of the ranks of scholars into those of tradesmen and would be the death-blow to his ambition4 ,not to marry2 for it was a bad age1 and sin sometimes clothed itself in the cowl of the monk and the robe of the prelate1 and such a sin was better forgiven than such a blunder4 ,let all contemporaneous history bear witness6 ,for every account of the lives of ,heloise and ,abelard reveals the impossibility of passing these unpleasant facts without notice or comment4 ,on this pivot turns the golden world of that deathless love4 ,so the avaricious ,fulbert took ,abelard to dwell in his own house1 and gave his niece's education entirely into his care1 and1 as her teacher himself expresses it1 delivered her 8like a lamb to a hungry wolf40 ,heloise was probably the better educated of the two4 ,she was the child of unknown parents4 ,bayle asserts that she was the daughter of a priest1 and his facilities and laboriousness respecting such abstruse particulars no one will question4 ,the authority from which he is possibly quoting1 says that this priest was ,john 8,somebody0 7nescio cujus7 and a canon of the same cathedral with ,fulbert at ,paris4 ,doubtless the trace of her ancestry is utterly lost to us beyond these meagre items4 ,even ,fulbert's alleged relationship has been questioned4 ,but the scholarship of ,heloise speaks for itself in a terse1 sparkling ,latin style1 which is as pleasant beside ,abelard's lumbering sentences as a bright mountain brook beside a turbid and turbulent stream4 ,count de ,bussy-,rabutin--no mean critic--has put on record that he never read more elegant ,latin4 ,she also understood ,greek and ,hebrew1 with neither of which1 strange to say1 was ,abelard acquainted4 ,and at first blush it would seem that the teacher should have been the pupil4 ,absolute justice requires that the ugly and disgraceful slurs in the ,historia ,calamitatum1 and even in the correspondence1 should not be overlooked4 ,here is what will serve for a fair example4 ,he says of her1 ,quae cum per faciem non esset infima1 per abundantiam litterarum erat suprema--while she was not exactly the worst-looking of them1 she was the best educated2 and therefore he selected her6 ,the spretae injuria formae never went further than this4 ,but this is by no means the solitary instance of that low snarl in which the currish nature of the ,breton rustic now and then indulged4 ,what1 then1 could have been the spell by which this charming woman drew ,christendom after her8 ,popes and bishops called her 8beloved daughter10 priests entitled her 8sister10 and all laymen laid claim to her as 8mother40 ,if she were not so beautiful as some authorities positively state1 she must certainly have been marvellously captivating4 ,but chiefest of her many graces was her crowning loyalty and love4 ,it showed itself in perfect sympathy1 in entire self-devotion4 ,michelet1 indeed1 has observed that the legend of ,abelard and ,heloise is all that has survived in ,france out of the story of the ,middle ,ages4 ,nor has the unanimity of literary judgment upon these lovers been less remarkable than the interest which they have inspired4 ,with one voice ,abelard is condemned and with one voice ,heloise is extolled4 8,she was10 says a brilliant writer1 8a great1 heroic woman1 one of those formed out of the finest clay of humanity40 8,with the ,grecian fire10 says another1 8she had the ,roman firmness40 ,and even the rude picture which the mechanical touch of ,alexander ,pope has painted1 leaves to us in the 8,epistle of ,heloise0 a trace of the same beauty1 and affords one line-- 8,and graft my love immortal on thy fame0-- which only needs to be reversed in order to be prophetic4 ,morison's tribute is both nobler and more acute1 for he testifies1 8,she walked through life with ever-reverted glances on the glory of her girlish love40 ,it was the same thought which ,dante--after ,boethius--puts into the lips of ,francesca-- 8,there is no greater sorrow ,than to be mindful of the happy time ,in misery1 and that thy ,teacher knows40 ,nay1 it is even the very cameo out of ,tennyson3 8,as when a soul laments1 which hath been blessed1 ,desiring what is mingled with past years1 ,in yearnings that can never be expressed ,by sighs1 or groans1 or tears40 ,this is the heart which ,abelard won4 ,winning it he won1 and forever held1 the woman whose it was4 ,from that moment she merged her whole existence in his with a complete and utter abandonment of self1 to the perfectness of which let her epistles from the ,paraclete bear testimony4 ,across this story of undeviating devotion ,abelard's vanity1 pride1 and coarseness are written with smears and stains1 like an illiterate monk who blots his comments upon a precious missal full of saints and angels4 ,for1 first of his offences1 he revealed this love of his by really becoming a troubadour4 ,he composed verses in the ,romance tongue1 recounting their loves1 and set them to such stirring tunes that all the world was soon singing them4 ,hence grew the legend that the 8,romance of the ,rose0 7,roman de la ,rose7 was his composition4 ,it undoubtedly contains their story1 but it was not his work2 it belongs to ,william de ,loris and ,jean de ,meung4 ,but1 as for ,heloise1 she was delighted4 ,what would have been a crown of sorrow to other women was to her a crown of joy4 ,she even announced to ,abelard 8with the utmost exultation0 the advent of that unhappy being christened ,astrolabe and destined to pass his forsaken and lonely existence shut up in a cloister4 ,that people sang of this love2 that it went to the ends of the earth2 that nothing could prevent its being known--these were the happinesses of ,heloise4 ,of the merit of the songs we cannot ourselves decide4 ,they were originally anonymous1 and only those familiar with the crabbed ,french of that period may hope to find them again4 ,meanwhile1 though the lectures suffered1 and the students saw1 and all ,paris smiled1 ,fulbert was totally in the dark4 ,this condition of affairs was predestined to come to an end1 and it came in storm and anger4 ,abelard saw himself forced1 against his will1 to marry secretly4 ,it was a sting to his egotism that ever rankled4 ,it served1 though1 to pacify ,fulbert and the rest of the relations2 and being too glad and too loose-tongued to keep this handsome alliance from the public they presently told everybody4 ,heloise1 thereupon1 fearing for ,abelard's ambitious schemes1 did not shrink from a point-blank falsehood4 ,she denied the marriage4 ,she had been in ,brittany and was now at ,argenteuil1 of which she was by and by to become the abbess4 ,and she added to her denial the self-abnegating sentiment that ,abelard1 who was created for all mankind1 ought not to be sacrificed by 8bondage to a woman40 ,it was worthy of her who so admired the 8philosophic ,aspasia10 and whose tutor and lover had done what he could to make her as 8free from superstition0 as himself4 ,her moral ideas were what he taught her1 and he could not unteach them4 ,among the complaisant and agreeable nuns of ,argenteuil she now resided4 ,it was but a few miles from ,paris4 ,her husband frequently went thither1 and in a short time thereafter she was enrolled as a novice4 ,the fact aroused her relatives1 and their mutterings became ominous2 ,fulbert1 especially1 taking this act in high dudgeon1 as though it meant the premeditated repudiation of his niece4 ,their anger did not stop at words1 but1 knowing ,abelard's popularity1 and fearing to attack him during the day1 they bribed his valet and assaulted him by night in his own apartment4 ,it was this blow which flung ,abelard from heaven to hell4 ,his hitherto impregnable attitude2 his fierce zeal for his opinions2 his hopes of a new philosophy which should make his name immortal1 all vanished before it as spider-webs break before a sword4 ,and when1 conscious that he was no more a god and a hero1 but an insulted and defeated man1 he rose from his bed of pain1 the prospect was not improved4 ,the outpoured indignation of bishops and canons and clergy--the lamentations of the women and the students--did not appease him4 ,a whisper was in his soul like that of ,haman's wife4 ,mordecai1 the despised1 was coming to the kingdom and the ,agagite was doomed4 ,there were reasons which led him to think of seeking aid from the ,pope against his enemies4 ,but ,fulk of ,deuil1 his good friend1 advised him not to try it4 8,you have no money10 said honest1 plain spoken ,fulk1 8and what can you do at ,rome without money80 ,it was bitter truth4 ,yet the ,abb ,migne1 forgetting the much worse things ,bernard had said of the ,roman ,curia in the treatise ,de ,consideratione1 exscinds the passage from ,fulk's letter on the ground that it would cause 8scandal to ,catholic ears40 ,edification first1 truth afterward1 if at all6 ,therefore1 with a poisoned soul1 he sought the ,abbey of ,st4 ,denis to hide himself from the gaze of the world4 ,to a man so proud a life without imperial power was a living death4 ,yet from those walls he issues his edict that ,heloise shall take the veil4 ,his vanity led him to carry out the original cause of hostility even to its unalterable result4 ,but ,heloise1 whatever she might have thought or felt1 marched with lofty resignation to her fate4 ,quoting aloud--as his confession pitifully recalls--the words of ,cornelia to ,pompey from the 8,pharsalia0 of ,lucan1 she takes the vows4 ,never was there less of religion in such a ceremony6 ,henceforth she walks like the moon in distant brightness1 coming to meet us down the ages as comes the ,queen ,louise of ,gustav ,richter's superb picture4 ,she is transfigured by her self-forgetting love1 and 8all that is left of her10 in the best and truest sense1 is now 8pure womanly40 ,for ,abelard at ,st4 ,denis the case was different4 ,he found the monks worldly and dissolute and he reproved them4 ,the effect was similar to the case of ,lot--the reformer departed with all his belongings4 ,he then renewed his old lectures4 ,his scholars followed him to ,maisoncelle1 where1 in their avidity of knowledge1 they overcrowded every resource of shelter and food4 ,he offered them that fascinating combination1 dialectics and divinity4 ,like the saltpetre and the charcoal these were harmless when apart and explosive when together1 particularly if you add the sulphurous heart which now smoked in his bosom4 ,a harsh and vindictive tone was given to his disposition1 and it was natural that he should be1 at least tentatively1 a heretic4 ,these moral bruises are worse than any or all physical injuries2 the man who has felt them can never be again what he was before4 ,and now ,anselm and ,william and ,fulbert and everybody that he had bullied or taunted or threatened turned upon him4 ,the gates to the black cavern of the winds were open and the blasts of fate were icy cold4 ,the papal legate ,conan held a council at ,soissons in #aaba4 ,the opinions of ,abelard were received with disfavor4 ,they humiliated the poor wretch among them and made him burn his own book1 and then mumble through a credo amid his 8sobs and sighs and tears40 ,these words are his own1 and his is also the statement that he was put into the custody of the ,abbot of ,st4 ,medard and there he was lectured1 and even lashed by the convent whip1 until he exhibited proper submission4 ,poetical justice had befallen him4 ,for he confesses1 to his shame1 that he had coerced and even struck ,heloise4 ,now he1 too1 was coerced1 and he1 too1 was struck4 ,then back again to ,st4 ,denis1 with more hatred and hard speeches than ever4 ,but ,suger1 the new abbot1 an easy-going lover of bric--brac and good living1 set him free1 a 8masterless man0 past forty years of age1 with ,heloise out of reach and the spears of exultant enemies bristling in every hedge4 ,is it a wonder that he took to the banks of the ,ardusson near ,troyes1 wattled himself a rude hut and resolved to be a hermit8 ,but even there in the desert the people thronged him and built a village of huts about his own4 ,his misfortunes became a portion of his strength4 ,and there they erected for him a church and a cloister which he dedicated to the ,paraclete1 a daring innovation1 since it was then considered highly heterodox thus to distinguish one person of the ,trinity from the other two4 ,under such storms and heat the nature of the man had been seriously warped4 ,he became suspicious1 gloomy1 and weakly unstable4 ,his correspondence with ,heloise had been completely broken off4 ,he went into the monotonous ,champagne1 then out into the bleak ,brittany1 and finally 7#aabe7 he received the abbacy of ,st4 ,gildas4 ,his friends1 perhaps1 desired to save him from homelessness and so from the dangers which the relentless malice of his old enemies was constantly piling up4 ,but their choice of a refuge reveals how little their ecclesiastical influence was worth4 ,the monks of ,st4 ,gildas lived in open sin1 and the people around the cloister were semi-barbarians4 ,it may be that they were ready to welcome ,abelard because they supposed he would be charitable to their peccadilloes1 but if they fancied this1 their mistake was great4 ,he really measured himself against their vices and suffered a predestined defeat4 ,at ,st4 ,gildas he touched the nadir of his fate as at ,paris he had reached its zenith4 ,the monks conspired against him4 ,they sought to poison him1 contaminating with their drugs even the cup of the ,eucharist4 ,when his life was not fear it was horror1 and when it was not horror it was despair4 ,at this time1 too1 for calamity never comes singly1 ,suger had succeeded in routing from ,argenteuil the ,abbess ,heloise with all her nuns4 ,he had complained to ,rome that the lands of ,argenteuil were the chartered right of ,st4 ,denis and that the nuns were very scandalous4 ,so ,abelard roused himself sufficiently to hand the deserted abbey of the ,paraclete over to his wife2 to confirm it by every possible act and deed against invasion2 and to secure1 in the despite of ,bernard of ,clairvaux1 who was his presumptive enemy1 a special bull of ,innocent ,,ii4 to make all this permanent4 ,to these walls ,heloise therefore removed4 ,they were doubly dear to her for ,abelard's sake4 ,she had no true 8vocation0 for her office1 but the ,pope called her and her sisterhood his 8dear daughters10 and it was the best that they could do4 ,abelard prepared their forms of service for them1 and thus again1 after all these years1 communication existed and letters passed between them4 ,these forms brought on a controversy with ,bernard1 who did not like them4 ,the letters also are still extant1 often translated1 but never in anything except the original ,latin1 speaking out the real nature of the writers4 ,on the part of ,heloise they reveal the depth of an unending love4 ,on the part of ,abelard they are as cold and occasionally as cruel as anything to which a translator can turn his pen4 ,after a careful survey of their contents the conclusion is irresistible that ,heloise is a woman whose lofty love carries with it unhesitatingly the mind1 the will1 the senses--everything4 ,her faults are the faults of her time and of her teaching1 not of her soul4 ,but1 by the survival of its most forcible elements1 ,abelard's character has been developed into a selfish coldness both unnatural and ungrateful4 ,as a man1 at this stage of his career1 one abhors and pities him4 ,presently upon the dead colorlessness of this 8burned-out crater healed with snow10 the red light of a new controversy is cast4 ,in this final struggle the redoubtable force of the splendid debater flashed up once more4 ,but he was defeated by ,bernard at ,sens 7#aadj71 and whether this defeat was by fair logic or by the hostile spirit of the age it does not matter4 ,defeated he was1 and he rushed out declaring that he would appeal to ,rome4 ,happily his way led him through ,cluny1 and there good1 large-hearted1 and large-bodied ,peter the ,venerable took him in4 ,for the first time1 perhaps1 in all his life he came into close relations with a man genuinely great4 ,and ,peter of ,cluny himself wrote to the ,pope2 detaining ,abelard meanwhile by kind assiduities1 in that genial cloister whose humanity cherished neither bigotry nor license4 ,later he even reconciled the two disputants1 and the broken and weary debater died at last 7,april #bast1 #aadb7 at ,st4 ,marcel1 whither he had been sent for change of climate by the care of his hospitable friend4 ,there is a painting--a true artist's conception1 but a mere daub in fact--which hangs in a ,new ,york village and which represents a dead knight stretched upon the ground4 ,he lies upon his back on the sodden earth in the melting snow4 ,the sky above him is of a dull and awful gray1 and the carrion birds are flying in a long1 hurrying line to join those already at the feast4 ,a broken sword is strained in his right hand1 his armor is hacked and darkly spotted with mire and blood1 and his feet have fallen into a little stream4 ,so would have fallen ,abelard but for the charity and mercy of ,peter the ,venerable4 ,remembering all that he had been it is somewhat comforting to read of his last days4 ,for certain letters passed between ,peter of ,cluny and ,heloise1 and these1 too1 are extant and accessible4 ,the abbot says to her1 after describing the daily life of ,abelard1 8,how holily1 how devoutly1 in what a catholic spirit he made confession1 first of his faith and then of his sins6 444 ,thus ,master ,peter finished his days1 and he who for his knowledge was famed throughout the world1 in the discipleship of ,him who said1 #8,learn of ,me1 for ,i am meek and lowly in heart1' persevered1 in meekness and humility1 and1 as we may believe1 passed to the ,lord40 ,it is in such language that this benevolent man addresses his 8venerable and very dear sister10 concerning1 as he tenderly puts it1 her 8first husband in the ,lord40 ,and doubtless this same ,abelard became1 at the last1 a little child1 who through much tribulation had unlearned his haughty and selfish temper1 and had gone back from subtleties and logic to say in all simplicity1 ,abba1 ,father6 ,and it is not less interesting for us to discover in the second epistle of ,heloise to ,peter of ,cluny1 that the mother's heart yearns over her boy1 and that she commends ,astrolabe to the care and protection of his father's benefactor1 a trust which1 in his next letter1 ,peter accepts and promises to discharge4 ,of the poetry of ,abelard much has unquestionably been lost4 ,his troubadour ballads may have been conveniently suppressed2 it is often the fate of wise men's lighter productions4 ,and his hymns were for long years untraced1 except in the instance of the ,mittit ad virginem and of another upon the ,trinity1 which was ascribed to him1 but is now accredited to ,hildebert4 ,a very pretty poem1 ,ornarunt terram germina1 preserved by ,du ,meril 7,poesies ,populaires ,lat41 p4 #ddd7 is given in the collection of ,archbishop ,trench and again in that of ,professor ,march4 ,even in ,english its grace and daintiness do not entirely escape us1 and they show how possible it was for him to have written the love-songs which celebrated ,heloise4 ,the earth is green with grasses2 ,the sky is filled with lights-- ,sun1 moon1 and stars4 ,there passes ,vast use through days and nights4 ,on either hand upbuilded1 ,arouse1 ,o man1 and see6 ,those heavenly realms are gilded ,by help which shines for thee4 ,the suns of winter cheer thee ,for lack of fire below2 ,while the bright moon draws near thee1 ,with stars1 thy path to show6 ,leave pride her ivory spaces2 ,the poor man on the grass ,looks up1 from fragrant places ,by which the song-birds pass4 ,the rich1 with wasteful labor1 7,for vaulted domes shall fall17 ,mocking his poorer neighbor1 ,paints heaven within his hall4 ,but in that open chamber ,where all things fairest are1 ,let the poor man remember ,how ,god paints sun and star4 ,so vast a work and splendid ,is nature's more than man's6 ,no pains nor cost attended ,those age-enduring plans6 ,the rich man keeps his servant1 ,an angel guards the poor1 ,and ,god sends stars observant ,to watch above his door6 ,at length the adage of ,buddha was fulfilled that 8,hatred does not cease by hatred2 hatred ceaseth by love40 ,this is an old rule4 ,for in #ahcf his romantic story secured an editor for the scholar's works in the person of ,monsieur ,victor ,cousin1 who at that date1 and again in #ahdi1 republished them4 ,they had been issued in #afaf by ,francis d',amboise at ,paris1 and the city of his fame and sorrow appropriately witnessed their reappearance4 ,but even then there were no more verses1 and the editors of the twelfth volume of the ,histoire ,litteraire de la ,france also regarded those productions as hopelessly lost4 ,yet they had been in ,paris1 and when the ,patrologia of ,migne reached 8,tom4 #agh0 they had been actually recovered4 ,the story is of the same pattern as the author's life--the man and his works had infinite vicissitudes4 ,when ,belgium was occupied by the ,french1 these ninety-three hymns1 written for the abbey of the ,paraclete between #aabe and #aacd1 were lying hid in codice quincunciali1 whatever this may mean4 ,the account seems to require a box of about five inches in height1 rather than an ordinary codex or bound volume4 ,this codex was brought to ,paris and there remained during the days of ,napoleon ,bonaparte4 ,when his ,empire fell1 the box and its contents returned to ,belgium4 ,they bore the seals of the ,republic and of the ,empire and they also had the stamp of the ,royal ,library of ,brussels4 ,they were indeed a catalogued part of that library's treasures1 but their value was unguessed4 ,one day1 after their return1 a ,german student named ,oehler1 while rummaging through the codex found in it the libellus1 or little book1 which contained these three series of hymns4 ,like the 8hymnarium0 of ,hilary they were known to have been in existence1 and hence he immediately inferred their authorship4 ,they embraced1 to his delight1 a complete collection for all the religious hours and for the principal festivals of the ,church4 ,it is strikingly characteristic of the superficial nature of many studies in ,latin hymnology1 that ,oehler apparently thought of nothing else that might be in the codex1 but proceeded at once to publish eight of the recovered hymns4 ,these1 attracting the notice of ,monsieur ,cousin1 he purchased a full transcript of the libellus at a 8fair price0 from the discoverer4 ,it was1 however1 reserved for mile ,gachet1 a ,belgian1 to 8give a not unlucky day to paleography0 in the course of which he lighted upon this same codex and found it still to contain the larger part of an epistle treating of ,latin hymnology1 addressed to ,heloise1 and announcing the hymns of which it was the preface4 ,thus the identification was perfect1 and the introductions and the hymns are again joined with the other works of their authors4 ,in #ahch a set of ,planctus--8,lamentations0--had been found in the ,vatican ,library4 ,they are moderate in merit1 and these new pieces were therefore invaluable in determining ,abelard's rank as a poet4 ,in the main1 his hymns are didactic and cold4 ,but there is at least one which has held its place anonymously in the service of the ,church and upon this his reputation may safely rest4 ,it was translated by ,dr4 ,neale from the imperfect text of a ,toledo breviary1 and it can be found in ,hymns1 ,ancient and ,modern 7,no4 #cdc71 and in ,mone 7,lat4 ,hym4 des ,mittelalters1 ,i41 #chb74 ,in the ,paraclete ,breviary it is 8xxviii41 ,ad ,vesperas40 ,o quanta1 qualia sunt illa sabbata1 ,quae semper celebrat superna curia6 ,quae fessis requies1 quae merces fortibus1 ,cum erit omnia ,deus in omnibus4 ,vere ,jherusalem illic est civitas ,cujus pax jugis est summa jucunditas1 ,ubi non praevenit rem desiderium1 ,nec desiderio nimis est praemium4 ,quis rex6 quae curia6 quale palatium6 ,quae pax6 quae requies6 quod illud gaudium6 ,hujus participes exponant gloriae ,si1 quantum sentiunt1 possint exprimere4 ,nostrum est interim mentem erigere1 ,et totis patriam votis appetere1 ,et ad ,jherusalem a ,babilonia1 ,post longa regredi tandem exilia4 ,illic1 molestiis finitis omnibus1 ,securi cantica ,syon cantabimus1 ,et juges gratias de donis gratiae ,beata referet plebs tibi1 ,domine4 ,illic ex sabbato succedet sabbatum1 ,perpes laetitia sabbatizantium1 ,nec ineffabiles cessabunt jubili1 ,quos decantabimus et nos et angeli4 ,oh what shall be1 oh when shall be1 that holy ,sabbath day1 ,which heavenly care shall ever keep and celebrate alway2 ,when rest is found for weary limbs1 when labor hath reward1 ,when everything1 forevermore1 is joyful in the ,lord8 ,the true ,jerusalem above1 the holy town1 is there1 ,whose duties are so full of joy1 whose joy so free from care2 ,where disappointment cometh not to check the longing heart1 ,and where the soul in ecstasy hath gained her better part4 ,o glorious ,king1 ,o happy state1 ,o palace of the blest6 ,o sacred peace and holy joy and perfect heavenly rest4 ,to thee aspire thy citizens in glory's bright array1 ,and what they feel and what they know they strive in vain to say4 ,for while we wait and long for home1 it shall be ours to raise ,our songs and chants1 and vows and prayers1 in that dear country's praise2 ,and from these ,babylonian streams to lift our weary eyes1 ,and view the city that we love descending from the skies4 ,there1 there1 secure from every ill1 in freedom we shall sing ,the songs of ,zion1 hindered here by days of suffering1 ,and unto thee1 our gracious ,lord1 our praises shall confess ,that all our sorrow hath been good1 and thou by pain canst bless4 ,there ,sabbath day to ,sabbath day sheds on a ceaseless light1 ,eternal pleasure of the saints who keep that ,sabbath bright2 ,nor shall the chant ineffable decline1 nor ever cease1 ,which we with all the angels sing in that sweet realm of peace4 ,the rhythm of the ,trinity1 previously mentioned1 is so good that it is usually1 and1 it may be1 correctly1 ascribed to ,hildebert of ,lavardin2 and the ,planctus ,varii have really something more than that 8inconsiderable merit0 which ,archbishop ,trench allows to them4 ,they are irregular in form and metre1 and their subjects 7which evidently reflect their author's feelings7 are3 ,the ,wail of ,dinah2 ,jacob's ,lament over ,joseph and ,benjamin2 ,the ,sorrow of the ,virgins over ,jephthah's ,daughter2 ,the ,israelites' ,dirge over ,samson2 ,the ,grief of ,david over ,abner and his ,elegy upon ,saul and ,jonathan4 ,abelard also composed a long poem to ,astrolabe1 giving him plenty of good counsel in fair pentameter1 but in rather prosaic phrases4 ,some of it sounds like ,lord ,chesterfield's worldly wisdom1 and there are portions of the production which are plainly affected by the soured and saddened spirit of the author4 8,there is nothing10 he tells the poor1 forsaken lad1 8better than a good woman1 and nothing worse than a bad one10 and1 8as in all species of rapacious birds10 the female is the most to be dreaded6 ,thus the poems which we possess number one hundred and two all told4 ,but for ordinary readers not more than five--if we exclude the present correct ,latin form of the ,o quanta qualia--are available in the original1 and these are scattered through three or four collections4 ,an unkind fate has still pursued these poor relics of the man who took shelter under the broad wing of ,peter the ,venerable1 and who1 by having escaped into such sanctuary1 has barred out from thenceforth all uncharitable thoughts4 ,it may be added that of ,heloise also we have a reputed hymn1 ,requiescat a labore1 but ,knigsfeld and ,daniel both deny the authorship4 ,in this they are doubtless correct4 ,we may best remember the great controversialist when he is lying dead in his new-found peace and childlikeness4 ,at the request of ,heloise1 ,peter of ,cluny delivered up his body to be buried within the walls of the ,paraclete1 in defiance of any misconstruction or of any sneer4 ,he accompanied the act with the absolution which she asked4 ,it reads thus3 8,i1 ,peter1 ,abbot of ,cluny1 who received ,peter ,abelard as a ,cluniac monk1 and who have granted his body to be delivered secretly furtim delatum1 wrote the big-hearted bishop to ,heloise1 the abbess1 and to the nuns of the ,paraclete1 by the authority of the ,omnipotent ,god and of all saints1 do absolve him in virtue of my office from all his sins40 ,this was to have been engraved upon a metal plate and fastened above the tomb of the dead rhetorician1 but for some reason--perhaps connected with the furtim delatum--the plan was never carried out4 ,but the absolution was probably attached to the tomb for a short time in order to make it effective4 8,women10 says ,mrs4 ,browning1 8are knights-errant to the last40 ,for a score of years1 ,heloise went each evening to that tomb to weep and pray4 ,she remembered and observed nothing of those unpleasant traits which later times have noticed4 ,if she ever cursed any one it must have been ,fulbert1 or others of the dead man's enemies1 and 8,a curse from the depths of womanhood ,is very salt and bitter and good40 ,at length1 like every watching and every waiting1 this1 too1 came to an end1 and she died on ,may #agth1 #aafd1 precisely at his age of sixty-three years4 ,and they laid her beside him in the same grave1 as was meet and right4 ,but evil fate still flapped a raven wing above the pair4 ,even in death they have scarcely rested in peace4 ,in #adig the tomb was opened from religious motives and the bodies were removed and placed in separate vaults4 ,in #afcj the ,abbess ,marie de ,rochefoucauld placed them in the chapel of the ,trinity4 ,in #agib they were again removed to ,nogent1 near ,paris4 ,in #ahjj1 by order of ,lucien ,bonaparte1 they were transferred to the garden of the 8,muse des ,monumens ,franais40 ,this being destroyed in #ahae1 they were again entombed in ,pre-la-,chaise4 ,m4 ,lenoir1 keeper of the ,museum1 had constructed the present ,gothic sepulchre out of the ruins of the abbey of the ,paraclete1 uniting with these an ancient tomb from ,st4 ,marcel in which ,abelard had at first been laid4 ,pugin says that this was transferred from the ,muse grounds4 ,the monument reared at the ,paraclete and ornamented with a figure of the ,trinity1 perished in #agid during the confusion of the ,revolution4 ,general ,pajol1 the subsequent owner of the grounds1 placed a marble pillar above the stone sarcophagus which yet existed1 but the lead coffin had already been taken to ,paris4 ,the tomb in ,pre-la-,chaise has been recently repaired1 and there the sentimental of all nations have brought flowers and scrawled names and scribbled verses4 ,even at the present day a curious collection of wire crosses1 immortelles1 and visiting-cards can be seen constantly upon it4 ,the principal inscription was composed by the ,academie des ,inscriptions in #agff1 at the instance of ,marie de ,roucy de ,rochefoucauld1 ,abbess of the ,paraclete1 like her namesake of #adig2 and it was carved at her cost upon the stone4 ,nor is this all4 ,the story of ,abelard and ,heloise has a literature of its own4 ,we have no authentic portraits1 if we except the fine pictures of ,robert ,lfbvre engraved by ,desnoyers1 which rest upon ,i know not what of possible likeness4 ,but the ,englishman1 ,berington2 the ,germans1 ,brucker and ,carriere and ,fessler and ,schlosser and ,feuerbach2 the ,frenchmen1 ,de ,rmusat and ,cousin and ,guizot and ,delepierre and ,lamartine and ,dom ,gervaise2 the ,italian1 ,tsti2 the ,americans1 ,w4 ,w4 ,newton1 ,wight1 and ,abby ,sage ,richardson1 and a host of other authors and essayists and reviewers1 have in one form or another told the sad1 sweet legend of this love4 ,it has never lacked its audience1 and its perpetual charm has been the character of ,heloise4 ,like the fair and unfortunate maid of ,astolat1 who so pathetically loved ,launcelot1 it may be said of her devotion that she 8gave such attendance upon him1 there was never a woman did more kindlyer for man than shee did40 ,it was a rare exhibition of that precious jewel1 an unselfish1 loyal1 and flawless heart6 ,,chapter ,,xx4 ,,peter ,,the ,,venerable4 ,it serves to illustrate the meshes which held the highest men of the twelfth century together1 when we encounter ,peter the ,venerable1 ,abbot of ,cluny4 ,his true name was ,pierre ,maurice de ,montboisier and he was from ,auvergne--8one of the noblest and most genial natures10 says ,morison1 8to be met with in this or in any time40 ,what a fine old man he was6 ,under him as abbot1 ,bernard of ,cluny was prior1 and the loving care of ,peter prepared an epitaph for that bravest and sweetest of singers4 ,it was he who bearded the other ,bernard in his very den1 and who came out of many contests against that almost invincible ecclesiast with more honor than before4 ,few could say this of a battle with the ,abbot of ,clairvaux2 and to no one but ,peter does ,morison1 the biographer of ,bernard1 concede any such victory4 ,it was also this admirable ,peter who took ,peter ,abelard under his protection4 ,with a large and patient generosity he developed the better nature of that headstrong1 conceited1 unhappy man2 and when ,abelard died he wrote to ,heloise the really warmhearted and tender letter1 with a great deal of humanity about it1 which ,i have quoted already4 ,and thus1 to whomsoever it may fall to consider the history of ,france in the twelfth century2 or of ,abelard and the new philosophy2 or of ,bernard and ecclesiastical polity2 or of the other ,bernard and the ,latin hymns1 it is inevitable that the name of ,peter the ,venerable shall arise and stand high above the throng of those by which he is surrounded4 ,his mother's name was ,raingarde1 and her death1 long after he had attained his wide reputation1 was deeply felt by him as that of one of the best of women and dearest of mothers4 ,for ,pierre de ,montboisier1 in those days when the stagnation and corruption of thought and morals were not felt as they were felt later on1 was a man as well as a monk4 ,but when1 at last1 the religious people became monks and not men2 when they were stupid1 uninteresting1 fat-fleshed and gross in life2 when they had no courage or piety2 then they neither did the world any good nor made their own souls ripe for heaven4 ,and as sportsmen tell us that the mellow 8bob-o-link0 ceases to sing and is only fit for slaughter when he becomes the 8rice bird0 of the ,south1 so it was with them4 ,latin hymnology almost ceases to be interesting after this century4 ,and ,peter the ,venerable1 while he wrote but little himself1 is too fine a factor in the arousing of others for us to forget him and his work4 ,he must have been born in #ajib or #ajid--the earlier date being more probable2 and when he was sixteen or seventeen 7#aaji7 he became a monk of ,cluny4 ,these were the 8black0 monks2--as the ,cistercians of ,citeaux and ,clairvaux were the 8white40 ,he had six brothers1 most of whom took similar vows4 ,what else indeed was there to do8 ,you must either hack and hew your way with a battle-axe1 and risk your neck and your castle1 or you must become a monk4 ,there was no middle course4 ,peace-loving1 studious people--those who aimed to help the world up toward ,god--had no other choice4 ,nowadays we should find plenty of room for ,peter2 but he did what was then best1 and entered ,cluny4 ,at thirty years of age he was its abbot4 ,this was in #aabb4 ,it happened by reason of ,pontius1 the former abbot1 a self-sufficient and imperious man1 being forced to resign his office and go on pilgrimage to ,palestine2 he even promised not to come back at all4 ,then the monks of ,cluny elected another abbot2 and as he died almost immediately1 they were compelled to choose a third1 namely ,peter4 ,but it was in a hard seat that they placed him2 he had a mismanaged property1 and a body of men who needed a good deal of attention4 ,let us picture him to us in the fashion and habit of his appearance4 ,he had a 8happy face10 a 8majestic figure10 and 8plenty of those other unfailing signs of virtues0 which justified his name 8,the ,venerable40 ,it was such a big-hearted1 big-bodied style of man who now undertook this reformation4 ,by the help of ,matthew1 ,prior of ,st4 ,martin in the ,fields1 near ,paris1 he effected it in about three months4 ,then there was a period of peace4 ,but1 all of a sudden1 here comes ,pontius1 with soldiers at his heels1 when ,peter is absent1 wanting his old place again4 ,he bursts in the gates1 forces the monks who remain to swear allegiance1 carries off crosses and candlesticks and whatever was worth anything for melting down into money1 and plays robber-baron over all the neighborhood4 ,peter himself tells the story3 8,he came in my absence4444 ,with a motley crowd of soldiers and women rushing in together1 he marched into the cloisters4 ,he turned his hand to the sacred things4444 ,he raided the villages and castles around the abbey1 and1 trying to subdue the religious places in a barbaric way1 he wasted with fire and sword all that he could40 ,it was certainly a very serious matter4 ,peter did the best he could with it--this resulting in ,honorius ,,ii4 despatching a legate from ,rome with a great curse1 ready-baked and smoking-hot1 for the soul's benefit of that 8sacrilegious1 schismatic1 and excommunicate usurper10 ,pontius4 ,i have not read the curse2 but ,i am positively certain that ,pontius and ,pontius ,pilate must have been elaborately compared in its sentences4 ,such anathemas were supposed to dry the blood and wither the brain4 ,pontius trembled and restored his ill gotten gains and vanished to his own place4 ,and ,peter had peace at last4 ,there had already been a controversy with ,st4 ,bernard about ,robert1 ,bernard's cousin1 who liked the cordiality of ,cluny a good deal better than the thin-visaged and almost fierce zeal of ,clairvaux4 ,for this reason he changed his allegiance4 ,consequently ,bernard wanted him sent home4 ,and by this time he was1 according to strict rule1 actually restored4 ,however1 ,clairvaux chuckled very much at the confusion in ,cluny2 and ,bernard was ungenerous enough to take this time1 of all others1 to publish quite an elaborate and even brilliant disparagement of the ,cluniac rule4 ,i shall let this also pass for the present1 for it will meet us again1 only saying that ,peter seems to have gone on wisely about his own business and avoided any reply--a quite unusual proceeding in a controversial age4 ,in #aabf he had taken up again his previous line of administration2 and when this 8apology0 came out in #aabg he was practically meeting its objections in the best manner4 ,as ,frederick ,maurice says of him1 8,the ,abbot of ,cluny would have wished the monk to be rather an example to men of the world of what they might become1 than the type of a kind of life which was in opposition to theirs4 ,he feared that a grievously stringent rule would lead ultimately to a terrible laxity40 ,in #aacj ,pope ,honorius died4 ,pierre de ,leon 7,peter ,leonis71 calling himself ,anacletus1 got himself illegally elected1 and seized the control at ,rome4 ,cardinal ,gregory of ,san ,angelo1 who was the rightful but weaker claimant1 assumed the title of ,innocent ,,ii41 and forthwith set out to secure the help of the great abbeys of ,france4 ,now ,anacletus had been a ,cluniac2 and ,bernard1 ,peter's and ,cluny's opponent1 favored ,innocent4 ,but when ,innocent1 in #aacb1 appeared at ,cluny1 he was hailed as the true and genuine ,pope--a piece of magnanimity which he had no right to expect4 ,and from this time ,peter's allegiance was undoubted2 although1 like a great many persons in the world1 ,innocent ,,ii4 conceded more to the stern will of ,bernard than to the generous conduct of the ,abbot of ,cluny4 ,indeed1 he did but very little in the way of privilege for ,peter's abbey2 and he turned nearly all his gifts and favors toward ,bernard4 ,this so exalted the ,cistercians that ,peter protested4 ,it is a blot upon ,innocent that such a protest was needed4 ,for ,peter had been the first to welcome him1 sending him 8sixty horses and mules1 with everything which could be wanted by a pope in distress40 ,many a man would have wheeled around and left the ingrate4 ,but ,peter's revenge was handsome and characteristic4 ,he summoned a general chapter of his order2 and it was held at the time that ,innocent1 recognized at length1 was going away to ,rome4 ,there were 8two hundred priors and a thousand ecclesiasts10 delegates from ,france1 ,england1 ,spain1 ,germany1 and ,italy4 ,these cheerfully and promptly agreed to accept a more stringent rule in all their religious houses4 ,and thus ,innocent1 and his ,warwick of a ,bernard1 could see for themselves the strength and the charity1 and the sincere purpose of the man whom they were setting aside4 ,i feel that ,i must here add the exact words in which ,morison1 ,st4 ,bernard's best biographer1 justifies this estimate of the character of ,peter the ,venerable4 8,the relations between ,peter and ,bernard throughout their lives10 he says 7p4 #bbb1 note71 8give rise to contrasts little favorable to the latter4 ,peter nearly always is gentle1 conciliating1 and careful not to give offence1 even when as here 7in the case of the ,bishop of ,langres7 sorely provoked4 ,bernard too often made return by hard and even violent language and conduct40 ,with such a stately and well-balanced person in our mind's eye1 we cannot be surprised to find that he had plenty of solid pluck1 that he was 8mild as he was game1 and game as he was mild40 ,in #aacd1 returning from the ,council of ,pisa against ,anacletus1 he and his followers were attacked by robbers4 ,the abbot tucked up his sleeves1 and took the sword of the ,church militant on the spot4 ,perhaps he was glad to let his big thews and sinews have full play4 ,at all events he so dashed and smote these ungodly men1 that he beat them actually back1 and had therefrom considerable glory4 ,i never read that he or his abbey was much meddled with afterward4 ,about this date his visits to ,spain drew his attention to the ,koran4 ,he was struck by the religious efficiency of it1 and in order to meet it better he prepared for a full translation of it4 ,peter of ,toledo1 ,hermann of ,dalmatia1 and an ,englishman named ,robert ,kennet1 or perhaps 7says the ,histoire ,litteraire7 de ,retines1 were selected for this duty4 ,to them were added an ,arab scholar and ,peter of ,poitiers1 the abbot's favorite private secretary4 ,they were to render the ,koran into ,latin directly2 and at it they went1 accomplishing their task between #aada and #aadd1 at the time of an epidemic in the monastery4 ,then ,peter himself joined with them in a refutation of its errors--albeit his ,latinity was not first-rate1 being rather that of a man of affairs than of a student4 ,there was another ,latin refutation of the ,koran by ,brother ,richard1 a ,dominican who lived in the thirteenth and into the fourteenth century4 ,luther translated that into ,german in #aedb4 ,what a warm-blooded1 good1 hearty fellow ,peter must have been6 ,he had only found three hundred monks at ,cluny in #aabb2 but ,hugo of ,cluny1 his successor1 was entitled to take rule1 there and elsewhere1 over ten thousand4 ,mount ,tabor1 the ,valley of ,jehoshaphat1 and ,constantinople were among the places where the 8black0 monks were well established4 ,and a large share of this was due to the sagacity and statesmanship of ,peter4 ,in proof of this fine humanity1 take his behavior to ,abelard4 ,the full story comes properly in another place2 for ,abelard himself was a writer of hymns1 and worthy of more than transient reference4 ,but when poor ,abelard was repudiated1 disgraced1 shamefully mutilated1 and nearly at despair's edge1 wearied out with ,st4 ,gildas and his refractory monks1 and finally defeated by the purer and higher logic of ,bernard1 then1 indeed1 do we see ,peter of ,cluny at his best4 ,he received the disappointed and broken man with 8the welcome of an unutterably guileless and sympathetic heart40 ,cluny's gates opened wide to take him in4 ,cluny's genial1 restful spirit closed in about his own like the feathers of the mother bird around her callow1 shivering brood4 ,and when he dies1 it is ,cluny's abbot who details with the loving particularity1 which would most help the sore heart of ,heloise1 all his last doings4 ,he speaks even to the kinship of every age when1 after this long and tender letter1 whose ,latin glows with a deep fervency1 he closes in this wise3 8,may ,god1 in your stead1 comfort him in his bosom2 comfort him as another you2 and guard him till through grace he is restored to you at the coming of the ,lord1 with the shout of the archangel and the trump of ,god descending from the heavens40 ,it is time that we speak of his writings1 of which a full edition was published at ,paris in #aebb1 one of the ,cluniac monks being its compiler4 ,frequently1 during the next two hundred years1 they are republished in whole or in part4 ,they are thus by no means inaccessible1 though their merit is not so great4 ,one of the important works is directed against the ,jews1 for whom he had a most pious dislike4 ,others are in the nature of epistles or of controversial replies1 valuable only for their time and their spirit4 ,of his verse1 however1 we have left us but about fourteen specimens4 ,one of these is against the detractors of the poetry of ,peter of ,poitiers1 who were nearer right than he supposed them to be4 ,another is a rhymed epistle to a certain ,raimond1 of some sixty-four lines4 ,then we have a 8prose10 the word being cognate to prosody1 in honor of ,jesus ,christ4 ,its structure1 except for the additional short syllable1 is identical with the 8leonine and tailed rhyme0 of ,bernard of ,morlaix1 his prior3 8,a patre mittitur1 in terris nascitur1 ,deus de virgine ,humana patitur1 docet et moritur1 libens pro homine40 ,it celebrates ,him1 sent from the ,father1 born on the earth1 ,god from a virgin1 wearing our mortal shape1 teaching and tarrying with us1 and atoning for our sins4 ,the best1 perhaps1 of all his poems is what ,trench and ,march quote3 8,mortis portis fractis1 fortis ,fortior vim sustulit10-- the real original of those splendid lines3 8,now broken are the bars of ,death1 ,and crushed thy sting1 ,despair60-- which we find in ,bishop ,heber's resurrection hymn1 commencing1 8,god is gone up with a merry noise40 ,there is a life to these verses which one must understand their author in order to appreciate4 ,they follow1 in the best attire that ,i can give them4 ,they are exultant rather than illustrious4 ,it is the man and not his measures whom we celebrate6 ,daniel does not think it worth his while to include him at all4 ,archbishop ,trench takes his own text from the ,bibliotheca ,cluniacense1 ,paris1 #afad3 ,,on ,,the ,,resurrection ,,of ,,our ,,lord4 ,the gates of death are broken through1 ,the strength of hell is tamed1 ,and by the holy cross anew ,its cruel king is shamed4 ,a clearer light has spread its ray ,across the land of gloom ,when he who made the primal day ,restores it from the tomb4 ,for so the true ,creator died ,that sinners might not die1 ,and so he has been crucified ,that we might rise on high4 ,for ,satan then was beaten back ,where he1 our ,victor stood2 ,and that to him was deathly black ,which was our vital good4 ,for ,satan1 capturing1 is caught1 ,and as he strikes he dies4 ,thus calmly and with mighty thought ,the ,king defeats his lies1 ,arising whence he had been brought1 ,at once1 to seek the skies4 ,thus ,god ascended1 and returned ,again to visit man2 ,for having made him first1 he yearned ,to carry out his plan4 ,to that lost realm our ,saviour flew1 ,the earliest pioneer1 ,to people ,paradise anew ,and give our souls good cheer4 ,peter the ,venerable died on ,december #beth1 #aaef2 but how or with what surroundings we are not told4 ,he was buried beside his old comrade1 ,henry of ,blois1 ,bishop of ,winchester1 within the walls of the church which ,innocent ,,ii4 consecrated upon his memorable visit to ,cluny4 ,and the ,histoire ,litteraire breaks out into an unusual eulogy2 and declares that in his case the title of 8,venerable0 was no less honorable than that of 8,saint40 ,they did not make 8saints0 out of such men as ,peter--and ,i don't quite see why they should4 ,there was too much flesh-and-blood reality about him1 too little of musty theology and altogether too little bigotry4 ,but somehow the broad-faced happy sun proves himself to be the 8greater light20 while the moon goes palely on1 a ghost in an unaccustomed sky4 ,,chapter ,,xxi4 ,,bernard ,,of ,,cluny4 ,in the twelfth century--the time of the great ,crusades--we find the noblest and purest of ,latin hymns4 ,it is the age of ,hildebert1 ,abelard1 ,bernard of ,clairvaux1 ,peter of ,cluny1 and ,adam of ,st4 ,victor4 ,but among them all ,i find no one who has inspired a deeper and more lovely desire for the heavenly land than ,bernard of ,cluny4 ,the information about him is very meagre4 ,he was born at ,morlaix in ,brittany1 of ,english parents4 ,he seems to have attained to no ecclesiastical dignity--such men seldom care for baubles and trinkets4 ,but his is as true a soul as ever burned like a star on a summer night1 against the warm1 obscure1 palpitating heaven of eternal hope4 ,the date of his prominence is fixed by the fact that ,peter the ,venerable was his abbot1 and it is therefore included between #aabb and #aaef4 ,i have 7in ,the ,heavenly ,land7 myself assigned the ,laus ,patriae ,coelestis--his famous and only poem1 which is addressed to ,abbot ,peter1 to #aade or thereabouts4 ,his single up-gush of melody is a lamentation over the evil condition of the times in which he lives4 ,they were indeed days to sadden the soul of the saint2 and he called his poem ,de ,contemptu ,mundi2 for he despised the immundus mundus--the foul world in which he was forced to remain4 ,it consists of some three thousand lines of dactylic hexameter1 and was first published 7so says ,trench1 who is its step-parent7 by ,matthias ,flacius ,illyricus in his scarce and little known supplement to the ,catalogus ,testium ,veritatis4 ,in this 8,catalogue of ,witnesses to the ,truth0 he gathers all those who have testified against the papacy1 and the supplement1 ,varia doctorum piorumque ,virorum de ,corrupto ,ecclesiae ,statu ,poemata 7#aeef71 is made up of hymns and poems in which the pious within the ,church1 as well as without her walls1 sorrowed over her corruption4 ,bernard's poem is sometimes known1 therefore1 by his own title1 ,de ,contemptu ,mundi1 and sometimes by that given by ,trench to his cento of about one hundred lines1 ,laus ,patriae ,coelestis1 the 8,praise of the ,heavenly ,land40 ,from this cento one would derive altogether an erroneous idea of the whole2 but ,dr4 ,neale1 who wrote with the full text before him1 although he paraphrased but part of it1 tells us that the poem1 in great part1 is a bitter satire on the fearful wickedness of the times4 ,it was the part ,trench passed by for which ,matthias ,flacius ,illyricus1 its first editor1 cared the most4 ,the sins and greediness of the ,court of ,rome are the theme of the eighty-five lines he has embodied in the text of the ,catalogus itself4 ,by both that and the poems of his supplement1 he sought to justify the ,protestant ,reformation on the side of ,christian discipline and morals4#aj ,the translators have had a hard problem in ,bernard's poem1 and but few have attempted to 8bend the bow of ,ulysses40 ,dr4 ,neale has achieved the most popular and useful result1 in the version from which 8,jerusalem the ,golden0 has been extracted1 but he does not pretend to literalness4 8,my own translation10 he says1 8is so free as to be little more than an imitation40 ,dr4 ,coles has gone straight away from the dactyls and made a version in anapests--a metre which does not do justice to ,bernard4 ,archbishop ,trench has rendered a few lines in the same measure as the original4 ,i have myself followed 7in #ahfg7 the exact metre and rhyme of the original poem2 but such a version is rather curious than useful4 ,the translation signed by 8,o4 ,a4 ,m41 ,cherry ,valley10 is in its typography1 while fine and clear1 affectedly antique4 ,the metrical power of this version is inferior4 ,it is dactylic but not fluent1 and does not at all represent the original4 ,that by ,mr4 ,gerard ,moultrie is praised by ,dr4 ,trench as metrically close and poetically beautiful4 ,i have no hesitation in saying it is the best version which has appeared in ,english4 ,it seems to keep both to the spirit and the letter of the original1 and is in all respects a remarkable achievement4 ,it1 however1 omits the double rhyme1 and thus avoids the chief difficulty of a reproduction of the form of the original4 ,that by ,rev4 ,jackson ,mason 7#ahhj7 will not stand a comparison with ,mr4 ,moultrie's1 as it halts and breaks in its measure and produces an effect on the ear far from pleasant4 ,the difficulty of translation is due entirely to the character of the verse4 ,bernard himself declares 8unless that spirit of wisdom and understanding had been with me1 and flowed in upon so difficult a metre1 ,i could not have composed so long a work40 ,not that this form of verse was original with him4 ,peter ,damiani has used it in one of his hymns to our ,lord's mother3 8,o miseratrix1 ,o dominatrix1 praecipe dictu ,ne devastemur1 ne lapidemur1 grandinis ictu40 ,and1 to go farther back still1 a certain ,theodulus1 who lived in the reign of the ,emperor ,zeno 7#dgd-ia7 wrote a poem of nine hundred lines on ,bernard's own theme1 ,de ,contemptu ,mundi1 in the same metre3 8,pauper amabalis et venerabilis est benedictus ,dives inutilis insatiabilis1 est maledictus4 ,qui bona negligit et mala diligit intrat abyssum2 ,nulla pecunia1 nulla potentia liberat ipsum40 ,a glance will show the nature of this trouble which the patient ,bernard encountered4 ,take the two lines3 8,hora novssima1 tempora pssima sunt1 vigilmus6 ,ecce minaciter1 imminet rbiter1 ille suprmus40 ,that is3 8,these are the ltter times1 ,these are not btter times1 ,let us stand waiting6 ,lo1 how with wfulness1 ,he1 first in lwfulness1 ,comes1 arbitrating60 ,of course it is infinitely harder to the translator who is restricted1 than to the composer who can eddy around his subject--led by the rhyme as much and as freely as he will4 ,and this is what ,bernard always does4 ,his verses are ejaculations1 desires1 lamentations1 longings--measured out by the 8leonine hexameter0 which he employs4 ,to show the beauty still untranslated1 as well as to exhibit more of the structure of the poem1 ,i append four of these lines3 8,pax ibi florida1 pascua vivida1 viva medulla1 ,nulla molestia1 nulla tragoedia1 lacryma nulla4 ,o sacra potio1 sacra refectio1 pax animarum ,o pius1 ,o bonus1 ,o placidus sonus1 hymnus earum40 ,thus ,englished1 closely3 8,peace is there flourishing1 ,pasture-land nourishing1 ,fruitful forever4 ,there is no aching breast1 ,there is no breaking rest1 ,tears are seen never4 ,o sacred draught of bliss6 ,peace1 like a waft of bliss6 ,sustenance holy6 ,o dear and best of sounds1 ,heard in the rest of sounds1 ,hymned by the lowly60 ,or thus1 less closely and more according to the spirit of the poem3 8,peace doth abide in thee2 ,none hath denied to thee ,fruitage undying4 ,thou hast no weariness2 ,naught of uncheeriness ,moves thee to sighing4 ,draught of the stream of life1 ,joy of the dream of life1 ,peace of the spirit6 ,sacred and holy hymns1 ,placid and lowly hymns1 ,thou dost inherit60 ,so strange and subtle is the charm of this marvellous poem1 with its abrupt and startling rhythm1 that it affects me even yet1 though ,i have but swept my fingers lightly over a single chord4 ,i seem to myself to have again taken into my hand the old familiar harp1 whose strings ,i have often struck in times of darkness or of depression of soul1 and to be tuning it once more to the heavenly harmony which the old monk tried to catch4 ,perhaps some day1 when the clouds are removed1 ,i shall see him1 and understand even better than now the glory that lit his lonely cell1 and made him feel that 8,earth looks so little and so low ,when faith shines full and bright40 ,,chapter ,,xxii4 ,,adam ,,of ,,st4 ,,victor4 ,the school of ,st4 ,victor1 in ,paris1 was founded by ,william of ,champeaux1 the teacher and rival of ,abelard1 at the commencement of the twelfth century4 ,it is known to history as having been the abode of three distinguished scholars1 ,hugo1 ,richard1 and ,adam4 ,hugo and ,richard of ,st4 ,victor were mystics1 and ,vaughan1 in ,hours with the ,mystics1 has set them before us4 ,from this and other sources1 we grow more and more amazed to find the immense influence of such a school4 ,a century from its foundation showed ,st4 ,victor to be the parent of thirty abbeys and of more than eighty priories4 ,here in these cells1 like bees in a hive1 the busy monks were laying up the only honey of the ,dark ,ages--multiplying manuscripts1 delving into remote philosophies1 muddling their brains over abstruse questions1 but now and then leaving behind them something to benefit mankind4 ,theology and dialectics were their great and indeed their only pursuits4 ,like the swirls of a sluggish stream beneath its banks1 they occasionally caught and kept fresh some broken flower from the shore4 ,thus1 one may1 for example's sake1 put a certain pretty idea of ,hugo of ,st4 ,victor into modern verse3 8,hugo1 ,st4 ,victor's prior--a man ,gentle and sweet1 contemplative and wise1 ,makes mention in his fine and mystic plan ,of three great steps by which our spirits rise3 ,first1 ,cogitation--when we turned our eyes2 ,then1 ,meditation--when our minds began ,with hovering wing the kindled thought to scan2 ,last1 ,contemplation--which all doubt defies4 ,yea1 and he saith that1 in the greenest wood ,of stubborn souls1 this glory kindleth so ,that the pure flame against the sap will glow ,and be by nothing finally withstood-- ,the smoke itself be parted to and fro1 ,until clear light shall shine in constant good40 ,richard was the disciple and successor of this gentle-spirited ,hugo4 ,in #aaad the priory became an abbacy1 and when ,richard was prior in #aafb1 he had for abbot no very godly person1 since under ,ervisius all discipline was relaxed1 and scandal and sensuality began to rule4 ,but ,richard stood out stoutly and with good judgment2 and he lived to see the old harmony and glory return again4 ,in his day and in that of ,adam1 which was contemporaneous with his1 the school represented the dialectical and theologic1 rather than the spiritual and mystical side of religion2 and yet it did good work1 as a peacemaker1 for the truth4 ,it gives us little enough1 however1 with which to fall in love4 ,massive it may be1 and intricate in its curious ability respecting useless pieces of chop-logic1 but the profound piety which belongs to every age and clime did not find much to comfort it at ,st4 ,victor4 ,these men dug shafts and tunnels1 they did not open foundations and sink wells down to living streams4 ,adam of ,st4 ,victor1 as ,i have said1 lived in those days1 and they produced their natural effect upon his mind and upon his writings4 ,he died somewhere between #aagb and #aaib2 and while he was celebrated as the expositor of ,st4 ,jerome's prefaces to the books of the ,bible1 and was known as the composer of 8sequences1 rhythms1 and other writings10 his fame rests upon his modern rediscovery by ,monsieur ,gautier4 ,the history of the preservation of his hymns is itself a suggestive commentary on the difficulties of ,latin hymnology1 and so ,i give it entire4 ,clichtove1 a ,flemish theologian of the period between #aejj and #aeej1 undertook to help his brethren to comprehend the offices of the ,church4 ,his ,elucidatorium ,ecclesiasticum was first published in ,paris in #aeae1 and then at ,basle in #aeag and #aeai4 ,there were four subsequent editions--that of ,paris 7#aeef7 being the best1 and that of ,cologne 7#agcb7 being the latest4 ,now this book was the great mine for ,latin hymns before ,daniel1 ,trench1 ,mone1 ,knigsfeld1 ,march1 and others made them accessible4 ,and of ,adam of ,st4 ,victor he gives thirty-six specimens1 which were supposed to be all that had remained1 with one or two possible exceptions4 ,in #ahee ,j4 ,p4 ,migne published in his ,patrologiae ,cursus1 in volume #aif1 these thirty-six hymns of ,adam of ,st4 ,victor4 ,archbishop ,trench1 who is such an admirer of our poet1 has doubtless been indebted to the many helpful ,latin notes1 with which the excellent editor of the ,patrologia has enriched the obscurity of his author4 ,at least so it seems to a person who compares ,trench's own notes with that ,latin4 ,monsieur ,gautier1 however1 determined to look further1 the result being that he published the ,oeuvres ,poetiques d' ,adam de ,st4 ,victor in #aheh at ,paris4 ,this gives us one hundred and six hymns--of which ,trench says that some of them were well known but anonymous2 and others are strictly new1 and fully equal to his best compositions4 ,from this source1 then1 the two great admirers of ,adam of ,st4 ,victor--,archbishop ,trench and ,dr4 ,neale--have drawn their originals4 ,i am not surprised that theologians should enjoy such a poet as ,adam4 ,he is so terse1 so dialectically subtle1 so metaphysically accurate1 so allegorically copious4 ,in a line he often makes a reference which his editor struggles to catch in a foot-note a page long4 ,and you must comprehend the reference in order to comprehend the poem6 ,as ,i read the eulogy of ,trench1 ,i find him saying that when we remember ,adam of ,st4 ,victor's theologic lore1 his frequent and admirable use of ,scripture1 his art and variety in versification1 his 8skill in conducting a story10 and his own personal feeling which permeates his poems1 we must put him 8foremost among the sacred ,latin poets of the ,middle ,ages40 ,dr4 ,neale1 too1 calls him 8the greatest of mediaeval poets40 ,and so1 8what shall he do that cometh after the ,king80 ,for1 in spite of this mighty commendation1 and in spite of the praise which these didactic hymns have obtained1 we cannot and do not sing any of them4 ,even ,dr4 ,neale cannot make them singable1 though he would probably do it if he could4 ,i must confess--and take the risk of being charged with stupidity and ignorance--that ,i cannot place ,adam of ,st4 ,victor where they have set him4 ,southey's ballads and poems are legion1 as we know1 and they are learned beyond all cavilling2 but they will not live like the two or three little things of ,motherwell4 ,and ,adam's vast congeries of sequences1 composed for all the saints and festivals of the calendar1 cannot stand an instant against the sweetness of ,bernard of ,clairvaux1 or the grandeur of ,peter ,damiani's judgment hymn4 ,these others1 it is true1 wrote less1 but they wrote subjectively1 and hence they appealed to the heart of the ,christian in every age4 ,for verse alone1 however skilful1 is not poetry2 and the celebration of saints and angels1 however beautifully accomplished1 ministers nothing to 8a mind diseased40 ,we need to feel a genius which kindles its watch-fire in the line of signal--as did ,helena's watchers between ,jerusalem and ,constantinople4 ,then1 as this flame flares up into the night1 we know that it speaks to us of the discovery of the true cross4 ,i am thus compelled to dissent from the cultus which has grown up about this brilliant1 epigrammatic1 and altogether admirable ,adam4 ,for he attracts by his obscurity and he surprises by his intricacy2 and the interest excited is that of the scholar and of the translator1 rather than that of the popular approval of the ,christians of to-day4 ,and ,i am glad to support this opinion1 not merely by the rather caustic comment of ,professor ,march1 but by the word of ,mrs4 ,charles1 where she speaks of 8his elaborate system of ,scriptural types occasionally chilling the genuine fire of his verse into a catalogue of images40 ,and ,i must add1 for my own justification1 that this 8fire0 is the fire of the orator1 and not altogether that of the poet4 ,it is objective and not subjective2 for though there be two kinds of poetry in the world1 we cannot doubt which kind it is that 8permanently pleases and takes commonly with all classes of men0--for this was ,aristotle's unequalled definition4 ,it is time that we should take a glance at this laureate of ,st4 ,victor1 whose monumental plate of copper remained1 down to the date of the first ,revolution1 near the door of the choir in that ancient cloister4 ,the epitaph upon it was mainly drawn from his own work4 ,it breathes the same contempt of earth and derision of its vanities1 which we find so common in that age4 8,vana salus hominis1 vanus decor1 omnia vana2 ,inter vana nihil vanius est homine40 8,vain is the welfare of man and his fashion1 for all things are vanity2 ,and1 in the midst of vanity1 nothing is vainer than man40 ,it was a later hand than his own which1 after selecting those ten lines from ,adam's own writings1 added four very inferior verses to complete the inscription4 ,these state that3 8,i who lie here1 the unfortunate and wretched 7miser et miserabilis7 ,adam1 ask one prayer as my highest reward3 ,i have sinned2 ,i confess2 ,i seek pardon2 spare the contrite4 ,spare me1 father2 spare me1 brethren2 spare me1 ,god40 ,he was born in ,brittany1 to the best of our information4 ,he studied in ,paris1 and finally entered the walls of ,st4 ,victor1 never to leave it4 ,it is a very brief record1 but it illustrates the monotony and dead sameness of that mediaeval monastic life4 ,the ,dark ,ages were mud-flats1 from which the tide had gone out4 ,and yet ,i think that ,adam of ,st4 ,victor had another side to him1 which ,trench and ,neale might well have developed--a power of livelier rhythm than is often suspected4 ,the little stranded fish perchance gambolled a trifle in its small sea-water pool4 ,the poem which ,i quote is found in ,migne and ,gautier4 ,it differs from another sequence upon a similar theme--one which ,dr4 ,neale has translated4 ,it is 8,the ,praise of the ,cross40 ,this poem1 it will be seen1 is abrupt1 irregular1 and altogether inferior1 in some features1 to the usually finished and elegant diction of its author4 ,for this very reason ,i have selected it2 it exhibits ,adam of ,st4 ,victor when he dashes off the stanzas without revision1 fired by the glow of his theme4 ,only on this account do ,i render it1 trying merely to carry its dash and spirit into the ,english version4 ,salve1 ,crux1 arbor ,vitae praeclara4 ,vexillum ,christi1 ,thronus et ara4 ,o ,crux1 profanis ,terror et ruina1 ,tu ,christianis ,virtus es divina ,salus et victoria4 ,tu properantis ,contra ,maxentium ,tu praeliantis ,juxta ,danubium ,constantini gloria4 ,favens ,heraclio ,perdis cum filio ,chosroe profanum4 ,in hoc salutari ,ligno gloriari ,decet ,christianum4 ,crucis longum1 latum1 ,sublim1 profundum1 ,sanctis propalatum ,quadrum salvat mundum ,sub quadri figura ,medicina vera4 ,christus in statera ,crucis est distractus1 ,pretiumque factus1 ,solvit mortis jura4 ,crux est nostrae ,libra justitiae ,sceptrum regis1 ,virga potentiae4 ,crux1 coelestis ,signum victoriae4 ,belli robur ,et palma gloriae4 ,tu scala1 tu vatis ,tu crux desperatis ,tabula suprema4 ,tu de membris ,christi ,decorem traxisti ,regum diadema4 ,ter te nobis ,crux beata ,crux1 cruore consecrata ,sempiterna gaudia ,det superna gratia4 ,amen6 ,hail1 thou ,cross1 splendid ,tree1 of life's own place2 ,christ's very standard1 ,altar and throne-place4 ,thou to the heathen ,ruin and terror2 ,thou to the ,christian ,bringing joy nearer-- ,health and success6 ,thou when ,maxentius ,swiftly defied-- ,thou when the ,danube ,flowed at his side-- ,gavest to ,constantine ,glory no less6 ,yea1 and ,heraclius' ,fight thou hast won ,when the proud ,chosroes ,fell1 with his son4 ,so should a ,christian tongue ,boast of the worth ,of this most wonderful ,tree of the earth4 ,this the true medicine ,of the whole land ,four-square and perfect ,as it shall stand2 ,four-square in breadth and height1 ,depth and length1 ever2 ,shown to the saints of ,god1 ,cure for life's fever4 ,christ in such balances1 ,poised on the cross1 ,maketh death lightest1 ,saveth from loss6 ,yea1 the cross truly-- ,justest of scales6-- ,for a king's sceptre ,and priest's rod avails4 ,cross thou art surely ,our heavenly sign1 ,strength of our battle ,and guerdon divine4 ,ladder and life-raft ,and plank on the wave-- ,those that are drowning1 ,o cross1 thou canst save6 ,thou that hast carried ,the ,saviour of men1 ,hadst the best honor ,of royalty1 then4 ,blessed cross1 may there be given1 ,through that blood1 our way to heaven-- ,unto us eternal place ,unto us celestial grace6 ,adam's peculiarities are very marked in this production4 ,he alludes1 as you perceive1 to the ,cross in the air which ,constantine took as his sign in which to conquer4 ,he refers to ,chosroes1 ,king of ,persia1 who1 after great successes and the conquest of ,jerusalem itself1 was finally overcome by ,heraclius1 the ,eastern ,emperor1 about #fbb-bi ,a4,d42 and he also drags in a piece of mystical imagery about the 8four-squareness0 of the earth1 which is hard enough to understand without a key4 ,the key is one with many wards4 ,it includes the 8breadth1 depth1 length1 and height0 of the love of ,christ2 it suggests the appearance of the heavenly city of ,john's vision2 it reminds us of the temple in ,ezekiel's prophecy1 and of the account of the actual structure in #a ,kings2 it recalls the classical geographers' notions about the shape of the earth and about the 8four quarters10 which we still call east1 west1 north1 south2 it finally symbolizes all these things by the four arms of the ,cross6 ,is it any wonder that ,adam of ,st4 ,victor is a difficult poet to translate1 and that his verses are not fitted to be sung8 ,yet it must not be forgotten that the ,heri mundus exultavit 7,st4 ,stephen's ,day7 and the ,veni1 ,creator ,spiritus1 ,spiritus ,recreator1 are both his4 ,nor must it escape notice that ,dr4 ,neale's ,mediaeval ,hymns contains eleven versions of ,adam of ,st4 ,victor2 while ,dr4 ,washburn1 ,chancellor ,benedict1 and other translators have quite made the old schoolman's 8sequences0 and 8proses0 familiar to the most careless eye4 ,recently also we have the three volumes of ,mr4 ,digby ,s4 ,wrangham 7,london1 #ahha7 in which our poet is translated entire1 the ,latin and ,english being placed upon opposite pages4 ,he has attained such an eminence as ,drummond of ,hawthornden1 who has come back to us because he knew ,ben ,jonson and had kept and stratified the spirit of his age4 ,to me the man is always fascinating1 always suggestive4 ,he appears to challenge the best that we moderns can do4 ,his very terseness is a defiance4 ,and here1 in this strange symmetry1 ,i fancy that ,i see the alertness and skill of that wise insect which takes hold with her hands in kings' palaces4 ,the web of this precise and unvarying artisan often sparkles with the morning dew of a pure devotion4 ,the lines and stays and braces and fashioning of these illustrious verses are as accurate as the spider's spinning4 ,i look up toward the light and1 yonder1 upon some ,corinthian capital of the song of songs--or over there in a corner of the gate called ,beautiful through which ,ezekiel walks--or again1 high amid the wisdom of that ,solomon's ,porch of the ,apocalypse where stands the serene ,john--there ,i see how ,adam of ,st4 ,victor has stretched his web4 ,and if1 now and then1 some dead fly of an obscure allusion1 or some desiccated bit of monasticism1 offends the sight1 ,i strive to think only of the art that has spread the fabric--and ,god's glorious sunshine brightens1 upon ,his own temple1 ,his little creature's toil6 ,,verbum ,,dei1 ,,deo ,,natum4 ,he1 the ,word of ,god1 the fated ,son1 unmade and uncreated ,came from heaven to be with men4 ,john beheld him1 touched him truly1 ,brought him in this gospel newly ,back to dwell with us again4 ,where those early streams were flowing1 ,purely from pure fountains going1 ,john breaks forth in fuller tides1 ,pouring for the thirsty nations ,those life-giving1 sweet libations ,which the throne of ,god provides4 ,heaven he trod1 wherein the golden ,sun of truth by him beholden ,filled his soul's most secret space4 ,dreaming1 with his spirit lifted ,to the seraphim1 whose shifted ,wings revealed ,god's very face4 ,there he heard in circle seated ,harpers harp their oft-repeated ,praise1 with elders near the throne3 ,by the seal of ,godhead placing ,on our very speech the tracing ,of the thoughts of ,god alone4 ,as an eagle1 unmolested ,where each seer and prophet rested1 ,far he flies above them all3 ,never yet was mortal smitten ,by such secret truths unwritten1 ,truths which never fail or fall4 ,there the ,king1 in vesture splendid ,seen1 but yet uncomprehended1 ,passes to his palace gate2 ,to his bride1 from his dominion1 ,he has sent on eagle's pinion ,tidings of that mystic state4 ,speak thou then her bridegroom's splendor1 ,tell of rest most deep and tender1 ,bear thy message to the bride4 ,tell what angels' food resembles1 ,at what feasts all heaven assembles1 ,where their ,king shall still abide4 ,tell again what bread is given1 ,purchased by that side once riven-- ,christ's own bread1 himself alone4 ,how that company upraises ,to the ,lamb its lofty praises1 ,when we sing before the throne4 ,,simplex ,,in ,,essentia4 ,single in essential place1 ,but of sevenfold power and grace1 ,may the ,spirit shine on us3 ,may the light divinely shown ,for all gloom of heart atone1 ,and temptations perilous4 ,law in symbols went before us1 ,dark with threats of judgment o'er us1 ,ere we saw the gospel rays3 ,may the spirit of the sages ,hidden in their lettered pages ,venture forth in open ways6 ,law1 men heard from mountain peaks2 ,unto few the ,new ,grace speaks ,softly1 in a room above3 ,thus the spot itself is teaching ,which are best within our reaching-- ,works of law or words of love4 ,flame and trumpet sounding loud ,thunder through the smoky shroud3 ,sudden-flashing lightnings--those ,strike a terror to the soul2 ,nourishing no sweet control ,which the ,spirit's gift bestows4 ,thus the sundered ,sinai thundered1 ,fixing law and guilty man4 ,law most fearful ,and uncheerful1 ,crushing sin by rigid plan4 ,but the fathers long selected1 ,and to power divine directed ,how they loose the bonds of sin6 ,words refreshing1 threats astounding ,through new tongues in concord sounding ,thus their miracles begin4 ,showing care for them that languish1 ,sparing man they spare not anguish ,in pursuit of evil things4 ,smiting sinners1 and reminding1 ,only loosing1 only binding ,by the power which freedom brings4 ,type of ,jubilee returning ,is that day 7if thou art learning ,mysteries of holy time7 ,on the which three thousand hearing1 ,came in faith1 no longer fearing1 ,and the ,church sprang up sublime4 ,jubilee1 for so they knew it1 ,who were changed and succored through it1 ,since it freely called unto it ,debts and doubts1 and set them right4 ,may the loving kindness spoken ,unto us distressed and broken1 ,give release1 and as a token ,make us worthy of the light4 ,,zyma ,,vetus ,,expurgetur4 ,purge away the ancient leaven1 ,let a paschal joy be given1 ,for our ,lord is risen again4 ,this the day of better vision1 ,this the day of vast decision1 ,by the ,word of ,god to men4 ,this despoiled ,egyptian spoilers1 ,this set free the ,hebrew toilers ,from the bonds in which they lay1 ,where1 in iron furnace fastened1 ,tyrants all their labor hastened ,in cement and straw and clay4 ,now in praise of holy living1 ,holy triumph1 godlike giving1 ,let the free voice sound its strain4 ,this the day the ,lord created1 ,this our grief has terminated1 ,comfort bringing to our pain4 ,things to come let law betoken1 ,christ shows promises unbroken1 ,still appearing all in all4 ,through his blood the sword though awful ,blunted droops--our way is lawful1 ,and the prohibitions fall4 ,he who gave us cause of laughter1 7,since the rescue followed after7 ,glad of heart is ,isaac still2 ,joseph from the pit is lifted1 ,as from death our ,lord1 through rifted ,clouds that veiled the heavenly will4 ,thus that serpent-rod1 surprising ,malice in its worst devising1 ,swallowed all the other rods4 ,thus the brazen serpent vying ,with the poison1 when the dying ,trusted ,god instead of gods4 ,through the jaw1 with hook and cable ,christ to seize the foe is able2 ,on the cockatrice's den ,he1 the weand child1 is sitting1 ,while afar in fear is flitting ,that old enemy of men4 ,they who laughed at good ,elias ,feel the cursing of the pious ,struck by vengeance undeferred2 ,while ,king ,david feigning madness1 ,and the goat that bears our sadness ,flee as does the sacred bird4 ,samson with a jawbone merely ,slays a thousand foes1 and clearly ,spurns alliance to their name4 ,samson breaking ,gaza's portal1 ,bears it off1 as life immortal ,bursts the gate of deathly shame4 ,thus does ,judah's ,lion ever ,burst the bonds that none may sever1 ,when the third day glimmers on2 ,at his ,father's voice awaking1 ,to the ,church's bosom taking ,many a dear and ransomed son4 ,jonah stayed when he was flying-- ,this true ,jonah signifying-- ,marks a day when safe1 through dying1 ,christ from depth of earth arose4 ,now the cypress blossom brightens1 ,now the cluster spreads and heightens1 ,now the churchly lily whitens1 ,waving over ,jewish foes4 ,death and life together striving ,hinder not the ,christ reviving1 ,and with him are saints deriving ,resurrection through his blood4 ,morning new and full of gladness1 ,how it cheers our every sadness2 ,god hath conquered ,satan's madness ,in this time of joy and good6 ,jesus1 victor1 who hast given ,life2 our ,only ,way to heaven2 ,who by death our death hast shriven1 ,bid us to thy feast1 nay1 even ,grant us faith with which to come4 ,living bread1 fount unabated1 ,vine of truth1 with fruit unsated1 ,feed thou us thy new-created1 ,that from death reanimated ,by thy grace we gain our home6 ,,plausu ,,chorus ,,laetebunde4 7,translated by ,dr4 ,a4 ,r4 ,thompson47 ,with abounding joy applauding1 ,now1 the men our songs are lauding1 ,who rung out the gospel sound4 ,like the sun's outstreaming glory ,chasing night away1 their story ,carries life the world around4 ,for his flock the ,shepherd careth1 ,and his law for them prepareth1 ,in a fourfold gift of love4 ,all the world shall know the healing ,of his law of life1 revealing ,strength and beauty from above4 ,toward the truth1 complete in splendor1 ,each a service has to render1 ,given to him specially4 ,this is shown from forms created1 ,as it were anticipated ,in a vivid prophecy4 ,piercing through the clouds low lying1 ,john1 upon an eagle flying1 ,looks the very sun upon4 ,rising to the height of heaven1 ,in the ,father's bosom even1 ,he beholds the ,eternal ,one4 ,face and form of man betoken ,matthew1 for by him are spoken ,words1 which tell that to our race ,god himself has now descended1 ,and the ,god and ,man1 now blended1 ,takes in ,david's line his place4 ,ox with open mouth1 assigns he ,unto ,luke1 by him designs he ,christ a ,victim to display4 ,cross for altar he receiveth1 ,there our peace his death achieveth1 ,olden rites have passed away4 ,face of rugged1 roused up lion ,is for ,mark--'tis his to cry on ,with an all-pervading sound1 ,of the ,christ1 raised up victorious ,by the ,father's power all-glorious1 ,with immortal splendor crowned4 ,in this fourfold way of wonder ,to the world ,god cometh2 under ,vestments such the ark is borne4 ,forth from paradise are flowing ,these new streams of mercy1 going ,to refresh the world forlorn4 ,never will the house fall1 surely1 ,built on fourfold wall securely1 ,thus the house of ,god doth rest4 ,in this house1 oh wondrous story6 ,dwells the ,blessed in his glory1 ,god with man in union blessed4 ,,chapter ,,xxiii4 ,,thomas ,,of ,,celano4 ,hymnologists have their favorites among the sacred singers of the ,middle ,ages1 but all concede the first place to the poet who gave the world the ,dies ,irae1 the great sequence or 8prose0 sung in the service for the dead of the ,latin ,church4 ,it has attracted more attention than any other single hymn4 ,whole books have been written about it4 ,it is indissolubly associated in the history of music with ,mozart's wonderful 8,requiem10 and in that of literature with the concluding scenes of the first part of 8,faust40 ,more translations have been made of it than of any other poem in the ,latin language1 or perhaps in any language4 ,all ,christendom rejoices in it as a common treasure1 the gift of ,god through a devout ,italian monk of the thirteenth century4 ,it was in an age full of vitality that this 8hymn of the giants0 was written--the most interesting century in the history of ,christendom1 ,matthew ,arnold says4 ,in all directions we encounter the play or collision of great forces4 ,the ,papacy1 the ,empire1 the ,crusades1 the ,mendicant ,orders1 and even1 in its way1 the ,inquisition1 give evidence of the working of a spirit of energy and movement1 which places the century in sharp contrast to the less explicit development which had preceded1 and the age of comparative exhaustion which followed4 ,nowhere was this more visible than in the characters of the great ,churchmen of the thirteenth century4 ,popes like ,innocent ,,iii4 and ,gregory ,,ix41 founders of orders like ,dominic and ,francis1 theologians like ,aquinas and ,bonaventura1 may excite our admiration or our censure1 but they are men of such magnitude as are not to be found in other centuries in the same number4 ,they were live men1 and they have made a lasting impression upon the world by the force of their vitality4 ,two of these1 ,aquinas and ,bonaventura1 we shall meet again as hymn-writers4 ,but first we have to deal with one whose chief claim to recollection is a single great hymn4 ,thomas of ,celano was an ,italian at a time when ,italy was stirred by the great battle of ,pope with ,emperor into an intellectual life1 which was to culminate in ,dante at the close of the century4 ,exactly in its last year the writing of the ,divina ,commedia was to begin4 ,the troubles of his time must have come very close to ,thomas4 ,his native city of ,celano1 a town of the old ,marsians1 was one of the first to suffer under the hand of ,frederick ,,ii4 ,in #abbc it was forced to capitulate by the ,count of ,acerra1 ,thomas of ,aquinas1 the warlike uncle and namesake of the great theologian4 ,the inhabitants were compelled to leave their houses1 taking all their movables1 and the place was burned to the ground1 only the church of ,st ,john being left standing among the ruins4 ,the people1 to punish their disloyalty to the ,emperor1 were transported to ,sicily1 ,malta1 and ,calabria1 whence they returned to rebuild their town after their enemy's death4 ,how old ,thomas was at the time of this calamity1 and whether it had anything to do with his becoming a monk of the ,order of ,francis of ,assisi1 we do not know4 ,but certainly it is not impossible that the spectacle of this dies irae1 when the sanctities of his boyhood's home were left desolate1 or even the news of its occurrence in his absence1 may have left a permanent impression upon his mind1 and may have suggested more or less directly his great hymn4 ,celano lay in the northern end of the ,kingdom of ,naples1 as it was afterward called1 across the ,apennines from ,rome and slightly north of it4 ,it was not far from the northern boundary of ,frederick's hereditary dominions1 across which lay the ,umbrian region1 where ,assisi is situated4 ,at some time and in some way ,thomas made his way to ,assisi1 and came under the influence of the wonderful man whose personality has made the mountain town a place of pilgrimage even for those who are not of the ,latin communion4 ,francis of ,assisi is one of the strangest1 if also one of the most beautiful figures in the history of ,christendom4 ,protestants vie with ,catholics1 ,karl ,hase and ,margaret ,oliphant with ,frederic ,ozanam and ,joseph ,goerres1 in depicting this devout and childlike spirit1 who took poverty for his bride and set himself to realize in the utmost literalness the command to go forth to preach repentance and forgiveness of sins1 taking neither scrip nor purse1 and possessing no more than the absolute necessaries of human existence4 ,at first he had no thought of founding an order1 but only of helping the poor and the suffering for ,christ's sweet sake4 ,but the divine fire of loving humility and childlike simplicity in the man drew others inevitably to his side1 until there arose in his mind the sense of a great vocation to gather men into a new form of brotherhood4 8,fear not10 he said to his earliest disciples1 8in that ye seem few and simple-minded4 ,preach repentance to the world1 trusting in ,him who hath overcome the world1 that ,his ,spirit speaks through you4 ,you will find some to receive you and your word with joy1 if still more to resist and mock you4 ,bear all that with patience and meekness4 ,take no heed for your simplicity or mine4 ,in a short time the wise and the noble will come to preach with you before princes and people1 and many will be turned to the ,lord4 ,he has shown it to me1 and in mine ears there is a sound of the multitude of disciples who are to come to us out of every people4 ,the ,french are on the way2 the ,spaniards are hurrying2 the ,germans and ,english run2 and a multitude of other tongues hasten hither40 ,so ,thomas of ,celano records his words in his biography of the saint1 which is the freest from exaggerations and the most trustworthy of them all4 ,as ,thomas survived ,francis some thirty years1 there is no reason to regard him as one of the group of the first disciples who began to gather around the founder as early as #abji4 ,he is not named among 8the twelve apostles0 who came first4 ,but the relation between the two men seems to have been more than usually close and intimate4 ,perhaps it was the more so as being founded on contrasts rather than on resemblances in their characters4 ,for ,francis was distinguished from other teachers of his age by the bright and cheerful views he entertained of ,god and ,his love to mankind4 ,this was the theme of his sayings and his songs2 this he preached to the poor when they streamed out of the ,italian cities to welcome him as one who brought comfort and joy to the downcast4 ,they emphasized their sense of the difference between him and the ordinary preachers by saying1 8,he hears those whom even ,god will not hear60 ,thomas1 on the other hand1 seems to have been constitutionally predisposed to look at the darker side of things1 to sing of judgment rather than of mercy4 ,but he1 too1 found comfort in the heart-sunshine of his master4 8,his words were like fire10 he says1 8penetrating the heart40 8,how lovely1 splendid1 glorious he appeared in innocence of life1 in simplicity of speech1 in purity of heart1 in divine delight1 in brotherly love1 in constant obedience1 in loving harmony1 in angelic aspect40 ,he found in ,francis the most perfect realization of the ,christian ideal that he or his century could conceive of2 and shall we not admit with ,george ,macdonald that a perfect monk is a very fine thing in his way1 although much less so than a perfect man8 ,their sympathies as poets must have drawn them together4 ,francis1 as ,joseph ,goerres well says1 was a troubadour as well as a saint4 ,in his youth he had won distinction as a singer of worldly songs in the provenal ,french1 which was then the language of literature in ,northern ,italy4 ,after his conversion he burst out singing the praises of ,god in this same foreign and exotic tongue4 ,but as he became more directly interested in the welfare of his fellow-men1 he began to use his gift of song in his native ,italian4 ,how many of the poems that are printed under his name are really his own1 and how many are the work of his disciple1 ,jacopone da ,todi1 is matter of dispute4 ,but even ,father ,affo 7#aggg71 the most negative of critics on this point1 does not deny his authorship of the wonderful 8,song of the ,sun10 also called the 8,song of the ,creatures10 in which the childlike delight of the saint in ,god's works finds such charming expression1 that ,matthew ,arnold has singled it out as the utterance of what is most exquisite in the spirit of his century4 ,thomas1 too1 it was known1 had the poetic gift1 and indeed was recognized by his brethren as the man of most literary power in the order4 ,upon him they laid the duty of compiling the founder's biography1 and of writing the 8legend0 of his life1 which should be read in the breviary service on the day of his commemoration4 ,yet he also was recognized as possessing practical gifts4 ,the order had spread into ,germany as well as in the other directions of which ,francis had prophesied4 ,the first attempts to establish it north of the ,alps1 made in #abaf1 were not happy4 ,the ,italians sent on this mission knew only one ,german word1 8,ja60 8,are you heretics80 7,sind ,sie ,ketzer87 was the first question put to them on ,teutonic soil2 and knowing nothing else to say1 they said 8,ja60 ,so they were marched across the frontier again in disgrace4 ,but brethren better provided in the matter of their ,ollendorff had been sent five years later1 and now ,thomas of ,celano was one of those who had been selected for the ,german mission1 to give stability and unity to the work there4 ,he was made 8custos0 of the monasteries at ,mainz1 ,worms and ,koeln 7,cologne71 and even took charge of the whole province when its head returned to ,assisi4 ,we find ,thomas himself back in ,assisi by #abcj1 where ,jordan1 the 8custos0 of the ,thuringian monasteries1 came to see him4 ,francis had died in #abbf1 but whether ,thomas was actual witness of his last days1 or derived his knowledge of them from others1 his is recognized as the authentic account of the saint's departure4 ,his own death is said to have occurred in #abee1 but what events filled up the meantime1 besides the biographic labors we have mentioned1 is not known4 ,perhaps it was in those years that he composed his great sequence1 as his mind1 when less directly brightened by the influence of his master1 would be more likely to revert to those trains of thought which corresponded to his natural disposition4 ,possibly it was as his own life was drawing to a close1 and the shadows of the ,great ,day gathered nearer him1 that he poured out his soul in his great hymn--the greatest of all hymns1 unless we except the ,te ,deum4 ,besides the ,dies ,irae1 there are ascribed to ,thomas two other sequences-- ,fregit victor virtualis and ,sanctitatis nova signa1 both in commemoration of ,francis4 ,as the founder of the ,minor ,friars was canonized two years after his death by ,gregory ,,ix41 there was a demand very early for the hymns of this character4 ,and as there was no one better fitted to write them than the poet who had known ,francis so well1 and whom the ,pope had directed to prepare a life of the saint1 there is no inherent improbability in the tradition which ascribes them to him4 ,but they do not take rank beside the ,dies ,irae4 ,they are poems written to order1 not the spontaneous outpouring of the mind of the singer in the presence of the overwhelming realities of the spiritual universe4 ,there are no less than nine persons for whom the honor of the authorship of the ,dies ,irae has been claimed4 ,two of these are excluded as having lived too early to have written a poem of its structure and metrical character2 they are ,gregory the ,great and ,bernard of ,clairvaux4 ,two others1 ,augustinus ,bugellensis 7ob4 #adij7 and ,felix ,hammerlein 7ob4 #adeg7 are excluded by the fact that the hymn is mentioned in a work written in #abhe4 ,this leaves four rivals to ,thomas of ,celano in his own century1 viz41 ,john ,bonaventura 7ob4 #abgd71 his brother ,cardinal1 ,latino ,frangipani1 a ,dominican 7ob4 #abid71 ,humbert1 a ,french ,franciscan1 who became the fifth general of his order 7ob4 #abgg71 and ,matthew of ,acqua-,sparta in ,umbria1 a ,franciscan1 who became ,bishop of ,albano and cardinal 7ob4 #acjb74 ,but it is to be noticed that for not one of these is there a witness earlier than the sixteenth century4 ,the first and last are named as having had the authorship ascribed to them by ,luke ,wadding1 the historian of the ,franciscans in #afbe2 but he ascribes it to ,thomas of ,celano4 ,the other two are named by the ,jesuit1 ,antonio ,possevino 7#aecd-afaa7 and the ,dominican1 ,leandro ,alberti 7#adgi-aeeb71 the latter1 of course1 claiming the hymn for the ,dominican cardinal1 as to whom there is not the smallest evidence that he ever wrote any poetry whatever4 ,besides this1 the ,dies ,irae is a ,franciscan1 not a ,dominican poem4 ,it deals with the practical and the devotional1 not the doctrinal elements in religion4 ,had a ,dominican written it1 he would have been anxious only for correct doctrinal statement4 ,thomas's claim to its authorship does not rest on the weakness of rival pretensions4 ,in the year #abhe1 when ,thomas had been dead about thirty years and ,dante was twenty years old1 the ,franciscan ,bartholomew of ,pisa wrote his ,liber ,conformitatum1 in which he drew a labored parallel between the life of ,francis of ,assisi and that of our ,lord4 ,having occasion to speak of ,celano in this work1 he goes on to describe it as 8the place whence came ,brother ,thomas1 who by order of the ,pope wrote in polished speech the first legend of ,st4 ,francis1 and is said to have composed the prose which is sung in the ,mass for the ,dead3 ,dies irae1 dies illa40#aa ,this testimony out of ,thomas's own century is confirmed by parallel evidence4 ,wadding1 whose big folios in clumsy ,latin give us the tradition which prevailed within the order1 says3 8,brother ,thomas of ,celano sang that once celebrated sequence1 ,sanctitatis nova signa1 which now has gone out of use1 whose work also is that solemn one for the dead1 ,dies irae1 dies illa1 although others wish to ascribe it to ,brother ,matthew of ,acqua-,sparta1 a cardinal taken from among the ,minorites40 ,elsewhere ,wadding says3 8,thomas of ,celano1 of the province of ,penna1 a disciple and companion of ,st4 ,francis1 published 444 a book about the ,life and ,miracles of ,st4 ,francis 444 commonly called by the brethren the ,old ,legend4 ,another shorter legend he had published previously which used to be read in the choir4442 three sequences1 or rhythmic proses1 of which the first1 in praise of ,st4 ,francis1 begins1 ,fregit victor virtualis4 ,the second begins1 ,sanctitatis nova signa4 ,the third concerning the dead1 adopted by the ,church1 ,dies irae1 dies illa4 ,and this ,benedict ,gonon1 the ,coelestine in #afbe rendered into ,french verse and ascribed to ,st4 ,bonaventura4 ,others ascribe it to ,brother ,matthew1 of ,acqua-,sparta1 the cardinal2 and others yet to other authors40#ab ,these direct testimonies are confirmed by local tradition in the province of ,abruzzi1 in which ,celano is situated1 and the ,franciscan origin of the hymn by its existence as an inscription on a marble tablet in the church of ,st4 ,francis at ,mantua1 where it was seen by ,david ,chytraeus1 a ,german ,lutheran1 who visited ,italy in #aefe4 ,that the author was an ,italian is indicated by the peculiar three-line stanza1 which approximates to the terza-rima structure of their poetry1 but is not found in poetry of the ,northern nations1 except in later imitations4 ,the statement of ,bartholomew of ,pisa1 that already in #abhe the ,dies ,irae was employed in the service for the dead1 shows how early it made its way into church use4 ,in earlier times there was no sequence in that service1 for the reason that the 8,hallelujah10 which the sequence always followed1 being a song of rejoicing1 was not sung in the funeral service4 ,this enables us to form an opinion on the controversy as to whether it was written directly for church use1 or adapted for that after being written as a meditation on the ,day of ,judgment for private edification4 ,it would seem most probable that it was the wonderful beauty and power of the hymn which led the ,church to break through its rule as to the sequence following a ,hallelujah necessarily4 ,the ,dies ,irae was not written to fill a place1 but when written it made a place for itself4 ,this controversy connects itself with another as to the genuineness of certain verses which are prefixed or added to the eighteen of the text in the ,missal4 ,there are1 in fact1 three texts of the hymn3 7#a7 ,that of the ,missal1 which is generally followed1 and will be found at the end of this chapter4 7#b7 ,that of the ,mantuan marble tablet1 which prefixes four verses3 #a4 ,cogita1 anima fidelis1 ,ad quid respondere velis ,christo venture de coelis4 #b4 ,cum deposcit rationem ,ob boni omissionem1 ,ob mali commissionem4 #c4 ,dies illa1 dies irae1 ,quam conemur praevenire ,obviamque ,deo ire4 #d4 ,seria contritione1 ,gratiae apprehensione1 ,vitae emendatione4 ,after these come in the ,mantuan text the first sixteen verses of the ,missal text1 with slight and unimportant variations1 but the seventeenth and eighteenth are omitted1 and the following conclusion substituted3 #ag4 ,consors ut beatitatis ,vivam cum justificatis1 ,in aevum aeternitatis4 ,amen4 7#c7 ,the ,hammerlein text1 so called because found among the manuscripts of ,felix ,hammerlein after his death1 which occurred about #adeg4 ,this also contains the first sixteen verses of the ,missal text1 but with far more variations than the ,mantuan text shows1 although not such as commend themselves by their merits4 ,then it proceeds1 altering and expanding the seventeenth and eighteenth into three and adding five more3 #ag4 ,oro supplex a ruinis1 ,cor contritum quasi cinis2 ,gere curam mei finis4 #ah4 ,lacrymosa die illa1 ,cum resurget ex favilla ,tanquam ignis ex scintilla1 #ai4 ,judicandus homo reus1-- ,hinc ergo parce ,deus1 ,esto semper adjutor meus4 #bj4 ,quando coeli sunt movendi1 ,dies adsunt tunc tremendi1 ,nullum tempus poenitendi4 #ba4 ,sed salvatis laeta dies2 ,et damnatis nulla quies1 ,sed daemonum effigies4 #bb4 ,o tu ,deus majestatis1 ,alme candor ,trinitatis1 ,nunc conjunge cum beatis4 #bc4 ,vitam meam fac felicem1 ,propter tuam genetricem1 ,jesse florem et radicem4 #bd4 ,praesta nobis tunc levamen1 ,dulce nostrum fac certamen1 ,ut clamemus omnes3 ,amen6 ,that neither of these additions at the beginning and end are parts of the original sequence1 will be evident to any one who feels the terseness and power of the original4 ,they are feeble1 lumbering excrescences1 and are fastened to it in such an external way as to destroy the unity of the poem1 if left as they stand4 ,the text in the ,missal gives us a new conception of the powers of the ,latin tongue4 ,its wonderful wedding of sense to sound--the u assonance in the second stanza1 the o assonance in the third1 and the a and i assonances in the fourth1 for instance--the sense of organ music that runs through the hymn1 even unaccompanied1 as distinctly as through the opening verses of ,lowell's 8,vision of ,sir ,launfal10 and the transitions as clearly marked in sound as in meaning from lofty adoration to pathetic entreaty1 impart a grandeur and dignity to the ,dies ,irae which are unique in this kind of writing4 ,then the wonderful adaptation of the triple-rhyme to the theme--like blow following blow of hammer upon anvil1 as ,daniel says--impresses every reader4 ,but to all this the supplementary verses add nothing4 ,of the use of the hymn in literature ,i have spoken already4 ,sir ,walter ,scott introduces a vigorous and characteristic version of a portion into his 8,lay of the ,last ,minstrel0 7#ahje74 ,lockhart1 writing of the great ,wizard's death-bed1 says of his unconscious and wandering utterances3 8,whatever we could follow him in was some fragment of the ,bible1 or some petition of the ,litany1 or a verse of some psalm in the old ,scotch metrical version1 or some of the magnificent hymns of the ,romish ritual4 ,we very often heard distinctly the cadence of the ,dies ,irae40 ,so the ,earl of ,roscommon1 in the previous century1 died repeating his own version of the seventeenth stanza3 8,prostrate1 my contrite heart ,i rend2 ,my ,god1 my ,father1 and my ,friend1 ,do not forsake me in my end60 ,dr4 ,samuel ,johnson never could repeat the tenth stanza without being moved to tears--the stanza ,dean ,stanley quotes in his description of ,jacob's ,well4 ,goethe makes ,gretchen in 8,faust0 faint with dismay and horror as she hears it sung in the cathedral1 and from that moment of salutary pain she becomes another woman4 ,meinhold in his 8,amber-,witch0 7,die ,bernsteinhexe71 represents the very same verses as bringing comfort and assurance to a more stainless heroine in the hour of her sorest distress4 ,carlyle shows us the ,romanticist tragedian ,werner quoting the eighth stanza in his strange 8last testament10 as his reason for having written neither a defence nor an accusation of his life3 8,with trembling ,i reflect that ,i myself shall first learn in its whole terrific compass what ,i properly was1 when these lines shall be read by men2 that is to say1 in a point of time which for me will be no time2 in a condition in which all experience will for me be too late3 #8,rex tremendae majestatis1 ,qui salvandos salvas gratis1 ,salva me1 fons pietatis666'0 ,justus ,kerner1 in his ,wahnsinnige ,brder1 depicts the overwhelming power of the hymn upon minds hardened by long continuance in sin1 but suddenly awakened to reflection by its thunders of the ,day of ,reckoning4 ,daniel well compares it to the picture of the ,day of ,judgment1 which was the means of converting the ,king of the ,bulgars to ,christianity4 ,the translations of our hymn into modern languages1 especially into ,german and ,english1 have been numbered by the hundred4 ,partly no doubt this is due to the entirely ,evangelical type of its doctrine1 its freedom from ,mariolatry1 its exaltation of divine mercy above human merit1 and its picture of the soul's free access to ,god without the intervention of ,church and priest4 ,lisco 7#ahdj and #ahdc7 was able to specify eighty-seven ,german versions4 ,michael 7#ahff7 brought this number up to ninety1 of which sixty-two are both complete and exact2 and ,dr4 ,philip ,schaff says he can increase the list beyond a hundred without exhausting the number4 ,among the ,german translators are ,andreas ,gryphius 7#afej71 ,a4 ,w4 ,schlegel 7#ahjb71 ,j4 ,g4 ,fichte 7#ahac71 ,a4 ,l4 ,follen 7#ahai71 ,j4 ,f4 von ,meyer 7#ahbd71 ,claus ,harms 7#ahbh71 ,j4 ,emmanuel ,veith 7#ahbi71 ,c4 ,j4 ,c4 ,bunsen 7#ahcc71 ,h4 ,a4 ,daniel 7#ahci71 ,f4 ,g4 ,lisco 7#ahdj71 besides partial versions by ,j4 ,g4 von ,herder 7#ahjb7 and ,j4 ,h4 von ,wessenberg 7#ahbj74 ,the translations into ,english begin with one by ,joshua ,sylvester in #afba1 that of ,richard ,crashaw in #afdf coming second4 ,there are four of that century and two of the next1 the most notable being the ,earl of ,roscommon's in #agag4 ,in the first thirty years of the nineteenth century there are but four1 the notable being the partial version by ,sir ,walter ,scott in #ahje1 and ,macaulay's in #ahbf4 ,since ,isaac ,williams published his in #ahca1 there has been a steady succession of versions1 bringing the number for the ,united ,kingdom in this century up to fifty-one4 ,of these the most noteworthy are by ,john ,chandler 7#ahcg71 ,henry ,alford 7#ahdd71 ,richard ,c4 ,trench 7#ahdd71 ,william ,j4 ,irons 7#ahdh71 ,edward ,caswall 7#ahdi71 ,frederick ,g4 ,lee 7#ahea71 ,john ,mason ,neale 7#ahea71 ,william ,bright 7#aheh71 ,elizabeth ,r4 ,charles 7#aheh71 ,herbert ,kynaston 7#ahfb71 ,richard ,h4 ,hutton 7#ahfh71 ,dean ,stanley 7#ahfh71 ,william ,c4 ,dix 7#ahga71 and ,hamilton ,mc,gill 7#ahgf74 ,in point of numbers at least ,america surpasses ,england and approaches ,germany4 ,since #ahda1 when two anonymous versions appeared in this country1 there have been at least ninety-six complete versions by ,american translators1 bringing the total of enumerated versions in the language up to one hundred and fifty-four4 ,of ,american translators may be named ,william ,r4 ,williams 7#ahdc71 ,h4 ,h4 ,brownell 7#ahdg71 ,abraham ,coles 7#ahdg and later71 ,william ,g4 ,dix 7#aheb71 ,s4 ,dryden ,phelps 7#ahee71 ,john ,a4 ,dix 7#ahfc and #ahge71 ,marshall ,h4 ,bright 7#ahff71 ,edward ,slosson 7#ahff71 ,e4 ,c4 ,benedict 7#ahfg71 ,margaret ,j4 ,preston 7#ahfh71 ,philip ,schaff 7#ahfh71 ,samuel ,w4 ,duffield 7#ahgj and later71 ,john ,anketell 7#ahgc71 ,charles ,w4 ,elliot 7#ahha71 ,henry ,c4 ,lea 7#ahhb71 ,m4 ,w4 ,stryker 7#ahhc71 ,h4 ,l4 ,hastings 7#ahhf71 and ,w4 ,s4 ,mc,kenzie 7#ahhg74 ,this certainly1 both by the length of the list and the weight of many of the names1 constitutes a tribute to the power of the ,dies ,irae such as never has been offered to any other hymn6 ,only ,luther's ,ein' feste ,burg1 of which there are eighty-one versions in ,english alone1 can compare with it4#ac ,of these ,english versions1 those by ,rev4 ,w4 ,j4 ,irons and ,dean ,stanley in ,england1 and those of ,general ,john ,a4 ,dix and ,mr4 ,edward ,slosson in ,america1 have enjoyed the most popularity4 ,they certainly are excellent1 but every translator seems somewhere to fail of complete success4 ,nor do those who have returned again and again to the attempt seem to accomplish their own ideal of a perfect translation4 ,dr4 ,abraham ,coles1 who has made some sixteen or seventeen renderings1 is no better off than when he began4 ,nor do ,i think my own sixth version has carried me one inch beyond my first4 ,the truth is that not even the ,pange lingua gloriosi1 which ,dr4 ,neale calls the most difficult of poems1 is in this respect the equal of this alluring and baffling hymn4 ,but the reader1 who has had no access to the hymn except through the poorest version1 has the means to discern the fact that in it a great mind utters itself worthily on one of the greatest of themes4 ,it happened to me once to enter a crowded church1 where presently a distinguished ,german divine arose to speak4 ,others had addressed the audience in ,english2 but he1 turning to his fellow-countrymen1 began to pour forth a trumpet-strain of lofty eloquence in his native tongue4 ,he spoke of the 8better valley10 of a happy and peaceful land4 ,he seemed to see its broad and gentle river and to hear the chiming of its ,sabbath bells4 ,he peopled the air with its lovely citizens and created about us the presence of its glorious joy4 ,faintly and brokenly1 as now and then he uttered some familiar words1 ,i could catch glimpses of that besseres ,thal1 and its brightness and beauty1 and the awe of its holy calmness came upon me--upon me1 the stranger and the foreigner1 in whose speech no word was said4 ,but they who were of the lip and lineage of the land1 they whose country was brought so near and whose hopes were raised on such strong and familiar wings--they truly were moved to the soul4 ,i saw tears in their eyes2 ,i heard their suppressed and laboring breath2 ,i beheld their eager faces2 and the glory of that land fell on them even as ,i gazed4 ,so1 though we cannot here perceive the fulness of the ,franciscan's hymn1 yet do we discern the stately splendor of ,messiah's throne1 and 8,catch betimes1 with wakeful eyes and clear ,some radiant vista of the realm before us40 ,this alone can justify another attempt--the resultant of four previous versions--to express something of the grandeur of this majestic hymn3 #a4 ,dies irae1 dies illa ,solvet saeclum in favilla1 ,teste ,david cum ,sybilla4 #b4 ,quantus tremor est futurus1 ,quando judex est venturus1 ,cuncta stricte discussurus6 #c4 ,tuba mirum sparget sonum ,per sepulcra regionum1 ,coget omnes ante thronum4 #d4 ,mors stupebit et natura1 ,quum resurget creatura1 ,judicanti responsura4 #e4 ,liber scriptus proferetur1 ,in quo totum continetur1 ,unde mundus judicetur4 #f4 ,judex ergo cum sedebit1 ,quidquid latet1 apparebit1 ,nil inultum remanebit4 #g4 ,quid sum miser tunc dicturus1 ,que1 patronum rogaturus1 ,dum vix justus sit securus8 #h4 ,rex tremendae majestatis1 ,qui salvandos salvas gratis1 ,salva me1 fons pietatis6 #i4 ,recordare1 ,jesu pie1 ,quod sum causa tuae viae2 ,ne me perdas ill die6 #aj4 ,quaerens me sedisti lassus1 ,redemisti cruce passus3 ,tantus labor non sit cassus6 #aa4 ,juste judex ultionis1 ,donum fac remissionis ,ante diem rationis6 #ab4 ,ingemisco tanquam reus1 ,culpa rubet vultus meus3 ,supplicanti parce1 ,deus6 #ac4 ,qui ,mariam absolvisti1 ,et latronem exaudisti1 ,mihi quoque spem dedisti #ad4 ,preces meae non sunt dignae4 ,sed tu bonus fac benigne1 ,ne perenni cremer igne4 #ae4 ,inter oves locum praesta1 ,et ab haedis me sequestra1 ,statuens in parte dextr4 #af4 ,confutatis maledictis1 ,flammis acribus addictis1 ,voca me cum benedictis4 #ag4 ,oro supplex et acclinis1 ,cor contritum quasi cinis1 ,gere curam mei finis4 #ah4 ,lachrymosa dies illa1 ,qua resurget ex favilla ,judicandus homo reus2 ,huic ergo parce1 ,deus6 #a4 ,day of wrath1 thy fiery morning ,earth consumes1 no longer scorning ,david's and the ,sibyl's warning4 #b4 ,then what terror of each nation ,when the ,judge shall take his station ,strictly trying his creation6 #c4 ,when that trumpet tone amazing1 ,through the tombs its message phrasing1 ,all before the throne is raising4 #d4 ,death and ,nature he surprises ,who1 a creature1 yet arises ,unto those most dread assizes4 #e4 ,there a written book remaineth ,whose sure registry containeth ,that which all the world arraigneth4 #f4 ,therefore when the ,judge is seated ,each deceit shall be defeated1 ,vengeance due shall then be meted4 #g4 ,with what answer shall ,i meet him1 ,by what advocate entreat him1 ,when the just may scarcely greet him8 #h4 ,king of majesty appalling1 ,who dost save the elect from falling1 ,save me6 on thy pity calling4 #i4 ,be thou mindful1 ,lord most lowly1 ,that for me thou diedst solely2 ,leave me not to perish wholly6 #aj4 ,seeking me thy love outwore thee1 ,and the cross1 my ransom1 bore thee2 ,let not this seem light before thee6 #aa4 ,righteous ,judge of my condition1 ,grant me1 for my sins1 remission ,ere the day which ends contrition4 #ab4 ,in my guilt for pity yearning1 ,with my shame my face is burning-- ,spare me1 ,lord1 to thee returning6 #ac4 ,mary's sin thou hast remitted ,and the dying thief acquitted2 ,to my heart this hope is fitted4 #ad4 ,poorly are my prayers ascending ,but do thou1 in mercy bending1 ,leave me not to flames unending6 #ae4 ,give me with thy sheep a station ,far from goats in separation-- ,on the right my habitation4 #af4 ,when the wicked meet conviction ,doomed to fires of sharp affliction1 ,call me forth with benediction4 #ag4 ,prone and suppliant ,i sorrow1 ,ashes for my heart ,i borrow2 ,guard me on that awful morrow6 #ah4 ,o1 that day so full of weeping ,when1 in dust no longer sleeping1 ,man must face his worst behavior6 ,therefore spare me1 ,god and ,saviour6 ,,chapter ,,xxiv4 ,,thomas ,,aquinas ,,and ,,john ,,bonaventura4 ,in ,southern ,italy1 about midway between ,rome and ,naples1 the road which connects these two cities passes near the site of the ancient city of ,aquinum4 ,it was a stronghold of the ,volscians1 although not mentioned in the account of their wars with the ,romans4 ,as a ,roman municipality it rose to greater importance than the other cities of the district1 and became the birthplace of the satirist ,juvenal and other eminent men4 ,but in the seventh century it was destroyed by the ,lombards1 and the site never re-occupied4 ,what were left of its inhabitants found another site1 more capable of defence in those wild days1 and built ,aquino on a mountain slope4 ,it runs along the cliff in a single street1 like our own ,mauch ,chunk1 and the remains of its oldest buildings show that its mediaeval architects drew freely upon still earlier structures for their materials4 ,in one of these old structures1 still known as the ,casa ,reale or royal house1 lived the noble family who were the lords of ,aquino4 ,here ,thomas ,aquinas was born in the year #abbe1 being one of the five children of ,count ,landulf of ,aquino1 and his wife1 ,theodora ,caraccioli1 ,countess of ,teano4 ,the family was not a royal house1 but it was connected by intermarriage with the royal caste of ,europe4 ,it is said1 but ,i have not been able to verify the statement1 that ,thomas's grandfather had married a sister of the ,emperor ,barbarossa4 ,his mother was descended from the ,tancred of ,hauteville1 whose sons1 ,roger and ,robert ,guiscard1 effected the ,norman conquest of the two ,sicilies4 ,sibylla1 ,queen of the ,tancred who ended the first line of ,norman sovereigns1 is said to have been a daughter of the family4 ,but the real importance of the lords of ,aquino was due to their strategic position on the northern frontier of ,apulia and to their military spirit4 ,richard of ,aquino1 the grandfather of ,thomas1 was the mainstay of ,tancred's cause on the mainland of ,italy1 and merited1 by his treachery and barbarity1 the cruel death the ,emperor ,henry ,,vi4 inflicted on him after the final conquest of the two ,sicilies4 ,his father1 ,landulf1 seems to have been a man of less warlike character2 but his uncle1 ,thomas of ,aquinas1 who succeeded ,richard in the countship of ,acerra1 was the ablest of the ,ghibelline chiefs of ,southern ,italy1 and one of ,frederic the ,second's most trusted captains4 ,that emperor enlarged the dominions of the family1 and gave ample scope to their fighting propensities in his wars with the popes4 ,and ,thomas's two brothers1 who were older than himself1 embraced the opportunity of a military life4 ,his sisters formed illustrious alliances with the noble families of ,southern ,italy4 ,pope ,honorius ,,iii4 is said to have been his godfather4 ,thomas's youth seems to have been uneventful1 with the exception of the calamity by which he lost a younger sister1 who was killed by lightning while sleeping by his side4 ,in his fifth year his education began4 ,less than five miles away1 as the bird flies1 lay the ,monte ,casino1 the greatest and first of the monasteries of the ,benedictine order4 ,here it was that ,benedict of ,nursia in #ebi laid the foundation of the first great order of ,western ,christendom4 ,and although ,monte ,casino had shared in the calamity of ,aquino at the hands of the ,lombards1 and had lain desolate for a hundred and fifty years1 it had been rebuilt with new splendor1 and was at this time the grandest ecclesiastical establishment outside the city of ,rome4 ,and here1 in #abbg1 ,landulf ,sinibald1 himself of the ,aquino family1 had become abbot1 thus attaining one of the highest dignities open to a ,churchman4 ,to his care the young ,thomas was intrusted1 and on ,monte ,casino he spent the next seven years of his life1 undergoing the discipline and receiving the instruction for which the schools of the ,benedictine fathers had always been famous4 ,probably it was the hope of the family of ,aquino that the young man would enter the order and rise to the same dignity as his uncle1 becoming a prince of the ,church1 and thus more powerful and wealthy than any of his uncles or brothers4 ,in #abci the second outbreak of hostilities between the ,pope and the ,emperor led to the conversion of ,monte ,casino into a great fortress1 in which were left but eight monks to carry on the routine of monastic services4 ,the rest found a home in other ,benedictine houses1 the schools were suspended1 and ,thomas returned home4 ,but the same year he seems to have proceeded to ,naples to study in the university which ,frederic had established in #abbd1 and amply endowed with wealth and privileges1 and had revived in #abcd1 after its suspension during his first war with the papacy4 ,he had forbidden his ,italian subjects to leave the kingdom to attend foreign universities1 and he had used every available means to make them contented with that of ,naples1 one of these being the employment of the ablest teachers he could secure in all the sciences then recognized as belonging to the higher education4 ,we are told that ,thomas pursued his studies two years in ,naples1 when the influence of his ,dominican teachers led him to form the purpose to become a ,dominican friar1#ad and to put on the garb of a novice4 ,this step was a most momentous one4 ,whether his family looked forward to his becoming a ,benedictine monk and abbot1 or contemplated his embracing the offers of promotion in the civil service of the kingdom1 which ,frederic ,,ii4 had held out to the graduates of his pet university1 they could not but regard his adoption of the life of a mendicant friar with indignation and disgust4 ,to be a ,benedictine ,pater was to be a gentleman and a scholar1 to have a share in the influence1 wealth1 and power of the order1 and possibly to rise to the dignity of the ,dux et ,princeps omnium ,abbatum et ,religiosorum1 the ,abbot of ,monte ,casino4 ,but the ,mendicant orders were affairs of yesterday1 with all the rawness if also the effusive enthusiasm of youth4 ,francis of ,assisi died within a year of ,thomas's birth2 ,dominic1 five years earlier4 ,and the mendicant mode of life was most offensive to the proud ,italian nobles1 who must have recoiled from the idea that one of their race should carry the beggar's wallet in his turn1 and live always upon alms4 ,in this respect the requirements of the orders were far stricter and more humiliating than in later times1 when the practice1 if not the rule1 was relaxed4 ,those who were unaffected by their enthusiasm thought of the ,mendicants as the average man thinks of the ,salvation ,army1 or thought of the ,methodists at the middle of the last century4 ,no notice was sent to ,aquino of the step ,thomas had taken4 ,the monks always had their share of the wisdom of the serpent1 and they were to show it in this case4 ,but some of the vassals of the family had recognized the young novice under his ,dominican garb on the streets of ,naples or in the church2 and through them the news reached his family4 ,landulf seems to have been dead2 ,i can find no mention of him later than #abbi4 ,but the ,countess ,theodora hastened1 with all a man's energy1 to rescue her son from the career of a mendicant4 ,the friars learned of her coming and hurried their novice off to ,rome1 and to ,rome his mother pursued him4 ,to avoid her he was sent forward to ,france1 but he had to pass the lines of the imperial army then engaged in the war with the ,lombards4 ,the influence of the powerful ,ghibelline family roused the vigilance of the imperial authorities4 ,at ,acquapendente1 on the frontiers of ,tuscany1 ,thomas and the friars who escorted him were arrested1 and the young noble was sent back to his family at ,aquino4 ,every means1 foul as well as fair1 seems to have been used to break him from his purpose to join the ,dominicans1 while he remained a prisoner at ,aquino1 or in some of the mountain castles of the family4 ,but ,thomas was assured of his vocation1 and he had a fund of obstinacy in his character which showed to good purpose4 ,it is said that the ,pope interfered in his behalf1 but this is hardly probable1 as the ,pope was waging war at the time on the ,emperor and his vassals1 the ,lords of ,aquino4 ,at last the countess and her children abandoned the attempt to influence him1 and at least connived at his escape to ,naples1 where he took the vows of obedience1 celibacy1 and poverty1 which sealed his connection with the ,dominican order1 in #abdc4 ,we have looked at this step through the eyes of his family1 and seen its offensiveness4 ,but if we regard it more impartially1 we are impressed with its wisdom4 ,it was among the ,dominicans1 not the ,benedictines1 that ,thomas could serve his day and generation the best4 ,the ,benedictines1 in the new age which the era of the ,crusades opened to ,europe1 had fallen behind the times4 ,it was because of this that that century saw the rise of the two great orders founded by ,dominic and by ,francis1 and their rapid growth1 until 8a handful of corn on the top of the mountains0 shook like the forests which clothe ,lebanon4 ,the ,dominican order was still in the blossom of youth2 the ,benedictine had rather 8gone to seed40 ,thomas felt the difference when he met the ,dominicans as professors of theology in the ,studium at ,naples4 ,scholarship rather than thought had been the strong point with the ,benedictines4 ,they would be apt to meet the questions which welled up in the mind of the eager youth by an inapposite quotation from some ,church father1 or to repress them altogether1 as tending to vanity4 ,what1 indeed1 could ,abbot ,landulf and his brethren on the hill-top do with a deep-eyed boy1 who went from one to another with the question1 8,what is ,god80 ,but at ,naples1 and in contact with the more lively intellectual life of his age1 his acute and alert intellect found a satisfaction and an encouragement which the ,benedictines could not give him4 ,he was encouraged to ask questions instead of being snubbed4 ,there were opened to him vistas of research and speculation1 which could not but attract a hungry and active mind like his4 ,the ,dominicans were the order which had undertaken to face and answer the questions of the age1 and in ,thomas these questions were craving a solution4 ,what wonder if he fell in love with the preachers1 and they with him6 ,they discovered what capacity lay in the young noble1 and knew that they had better use for him than his hum-drum uncle on the hills and among the hawks4 ,and any scruples as to his admission to the novitiate without the consent or against the will of his family were set aside by the belief that his 8vocation0 was directly from ,god1 and therefore set aside all merely human authority4 ,having secured their prize1 the ,dominicans showed that they knew how to use it4 ,the order was1 on one side of it1 a great educational institution to select and train young men to fight the intellectual battles of the ,church4 ,the young ,dominican at once put on the yoke of the 8course of study0 7,ordo ,studiorum71 which had been prescribed by the ,general ,chapter1 and proceeded as far toward the highest dignities and responsibilities of learning as his abilities were thought to warrant4 ,the decision on this point rested with the ,general of the ,order1 who at this time was ,john of ,germany1 the fourth in the succession begun by ,dominic4 ,he selected for ,thomas as his best teacher1 ,albert of ,bollstadt1 better known as ,albert the ,great 7,magnus71 who was teaching in the monastic school at ,koeln 7,cologne71 and who had the reputation of having absorbed all that ,aristotle knew1 and worked up his teaching into a harmony of ,christian theology with ,greek philosophy4 ,according to his biographers generally1 ,thomas was sent at once to ,koeln in #abde1 and accompanied ,albert when he proceeded to ,paris in that same year to take his degree as ,doctor of ,theology1 returning with him in #abdh4 ,dr4 ,heinrich ,denifle1 however1 assigns #abdh as the year when ,thomas came to ,koeln from ,italy1 and limits their intercourse as master and scholar to the two years required by the rules of the order4 ,whether their relations as such extended over five years or were limited to two1 they were enough for the formation of a life-long friendship based on mutual respect and admiration4 ,strangely enough the young ,italian from the garrulous ,south was noted more for silence than for speech among the students at ,koeln4 ,he had found a teacher whom he thought worth hearing in silence1 and he heard to better purpose than his associates4 ,bos mutus1 a dumb ox1 they called him4 ,albert foretold that 8the sound of his bellowing in doctrine would yet go through the whole world40 ,in #abej1 the year when ,frederic ,,ii4 died1 ,thomas proceeded to ,paris by direction of the ,general of the ,order4 ,in that mother university of ,christendom the ,dominicans were allowed by their rule to receive the doctorate--in that and no other4 ,for one year the candidate must hear and dispute in the ,dominican school on ,st4 ,jacques ,street2 for another he must teach1 but without ascending the cathedra1 from which authoritative decisions were expected4 ,but in ,thomas's case these two years of his ,parisian apprenticeship were prolonged to seven4 ,the university quarrelled with the representatives of the ,mendicant orders just as ,thomas was about to take his degree1 and in the five years' struggle which ensued all ordinary relations and procedures were suspended4 ,for some time1 indeed1 the university itself was dissolved1 to evade the bull of excommunication which the ,pope aimed at it in the interest of the ,mendicants4 ,in #afef ,william of ,st4 ,amour sent the ,pope his treatise ,concerning the ,dangers of these ,last ,times 7,de ,periculis ,novissimorum ,temporum71 in which he pleaded the cause of the university against the ,mendicants1 and told some home-truths about the greediness1 the lawlessness1 and the encroachments of the friars1 but in an angry and excited tone1 which harmed his cause4 ,both the assailed orders put forward their ablest men to make answer4 ,for the ,franciscans spoke ,john ,fidanza1 better known as ,john ,bonaventura1 who had come to ,paris in the heat of the conflict1 and had been delayed1 as ,thomas was1 in obtaining his degree4 ,john was older than ,thomas by several years1 having been born in #abba4 ,he had been recovered from an apparently mortal illness through the prayers of ,francis of ,assisi in his third year1 and then received the name ,bonaventura from the good man's own lips4 ,he entered the order in his twenty-second year1 and studied in ,paris under ,alexander of ,hales and ,john of ,rochelle4 ,the devout humility of the man1 and his purity of character1 produced as deep an impression upon his teachers as ,thomas had produced upon his by the force and keenness of his intellect4 ,alexander used to say that 8in ,brother ,bonaventura ,adam seems not to have sinned40 ,john was probably the most perfect exemplar of the spirit of ,francis of ,assisi that was to be seen in the second generation of the order4 ,not by intellectual force1 but by humble ministry to the commonest human needs1 by the infection of an all-embracing love and the close imitation of our ,lord's humanity1 he would save the world from its wanderings4 ,thomas and he were the best possible representatives of their respective orders1 and it speaks well for both men that their differences only bound them more intimately in friendship4 ,each reverenced what was strongest in the other4 ,when ,thomas asked to see the books by whose help ,john had acquired his ,christian erudition1 the ,franciscan pointed him to a crucifix1 and said that from that he had learned all that he ever knew4 ,their answers to ,william of ,st4 ,amour reflect the character of the men4 ,bonaventura defended the mendicant form of the monastic life as an ideal2 but without admitting the truth of the dark picture ,william had drawn1 he conceded that serious abuses had crept in1 and that already there was need of a reformation unless matters were to be let grow worse4 ,thomas makes no concessions whatever4 ,he entitles his book ,against those who ,assail the ,worship of ,god and the ,monastic ,life 7,contra ,impugnantes ,dei ,cultum et ,religionem74 ,william and all who hold with him are the enemies of ,god and of ,his ,church4 ,the critics of the ,mendicant rule are standing in the way of the forces which are sent of ,god to win the world to ,christ4 ,the monk1 and especially the mendicant friar1 is the only thorough ,christian who keeps to the 8counsels of perfection0 our ,lord gave ,his disciples1 as well as to the precepts of obedience obligatory upon all4 ,william uttered false and damnable doctrine when he tried to limit them to a purely ascetic life4 ,they have the right to teach as well as to pray and mourn1 and the ,pope has power to open to them the doors of every secular college by his mandate4 ,the controversy was brought to an end in #abeg1 when ,pope ,alexander ,,iv4 at ,anagni formally condemned the book of ,william of ,st4 ,amour1 and bound the plenipotentiaries of the university by an oath to admit the ,mendicants to their former footing in the university4 ,and to signalize the victory of the friars1 ,thomas and ,bonaventura were admitted to the doctorate on the same day1 ,october #bc;d1 #abeg4 ,from the masters the head of the school in ,st4 ,jacques ,street was chosen by the ,general of the ,order1 and naturally the choice fell on ,thomas4 ,usually the place was held for a year only1 and its occupant then transferred to some other field of labor4 ,thomas held it for four years1 lecturing1 preaching at least every ,lent in the adjacent church1 and exercising the discipline of the order over its students4 ,the number who heard his lectures must have been great4 ,the school at ,paris1 unlike that at ,koeln1 being a branch of the university1 its lectures were open to all comers1 and the renown of the ,italian who had been more than a match for the ablest of the secular doctors would draw hearers4 ,and those who came once1 if they had any love for the play of pure intelligence and the fearless handling of great questions1 would come again4 ,thomas1 with all his orthodoxy1 was a pretty thorough rationalist4 ,he had full faith in the capacity of the human understanding to deal fruitfully and safely with the deepest mysteries4 ,if his conclusions always are with the ,church1 it is not because he has shrunk from attending to1 and even suggesting1 what might be said against the doctrine under consideration4 ,it is because he has satisfied himself that the balance of logical argument1 after all objections have been weighed1 is on the side of orthodoxy4 ,in this respect his writings represent the highest point reached by the rationalistic tendency in the ,middle ,ages1 just as ,abelard represents its initiation4 ,we find ,duns ,scotus1 his great ,franciscan rival1 shrinking from his rationalism1 and removing some of the mysteries of theology out of the field of logical discussion4 ,of course1 his most devoted hearers were the young men of the order4 ,of these some ninety were sent up every year from the schools in the provinces outside ,france2 and in addition to these picked men1 who came for the master's degree1 ,paris had the training of all the students of ,northern ,france4 ,some of the former were from ,spain1 where the order was engaged in combatting the ,mohammedan doctors4 ,their needs drew ,thomas's attention to the subject of his first systematic work1 the ,summa contra ,gentiles4 ,thomas puts himself upon the level of one who has no ,christian convictions1 but argues simply from principles of philosophic truth and of natural religion accepted by both parties4 ,besides these and other literary labors he attended the annual ,general ,chapters of his order at ,valenciennes in #abei1 where he and ,albrecht drew up the new order of studies for the young ,dominicans4 ,in #abfa ,michael ,palaeologus1 the ,greek ,emperor of ,nicea1 conquered ,constantinople1 and thus put an end to the ,latin ,empire established by the ,fourth ,crusade4 ,but the wily ,greek feared a general movement in ,latin ,christendom to recover the city from him1 and to gain time by diplomacy he opened negotiations for the reconciliation of ,eastern and ,western ,christendom with ,urban ,,iv41 then newly chosen to the papacy4 ,the ,pope summoned ,thomas ,aquinas from ,paris to ,rome1 to aid in these negotiations by his erudition and acuteness4 ,the subject was one into which his previous studies had not conducted him1 but a scholastic philosopher must be prepared to write on any topic4 ,de omni scibili was his scope4 ,so ,thomas wrote his ,treatise against the ,errors of the ,greeks 7,opusculum contra ,errores ,graecorum7 by the papal order4 ,in its preparation he became at once the victim and the instrument of one of the most memorable forgeries in ecclesiastical literature4 ,the ,dominicans had followed the ,latin ,empire into the ,east1 but found themselves at a loss for authorities to prove to the ,greeks that the autocratic papacy was a venerable1 much less a primitive institution1 of the ,christian ,church4 ,one of them conceived the bright thought of manufacturing a supply4 ,so he sent to ,urban ,,iv4 a long catena of quotations from the ,greek fathers1 especially the two ,cyrils and the ,council of ,chalcedon1 in which the papal authority and infallibility were set forth with a boldness never used even in the ,west4 ,the ,pope fully believed in their genuineness and handed them over to ,thomas1 who incorporated many of them into his opusculum1 besides using them in his greater work4 ,he knew too much about the teachings of the ,greek fathers not to be staggered by the quotations as to the ,procession of the ,holy ,spirit from the ,father and the ,son1 and he expressed his doubts in a letter to ,urban4 ,but he was not staggered by the forger's showing that the ,greeks accepted the universal jurisdiction and infallible authority of the papacy4 ,in this way the notion of a universal episcopate and an infallibility in the ,bishop of ,rome1 from being the audacious whim of a few canonists1 passed into the dogmatic theology of the ,church1 and came to be made an article of faith in our own time4 7,see ,acton-,dllinger-,huber's book1 ,janus1 or the ,pope and the ,council1 chap1 iii41 section #ah47 ,urban ,,iv4 having brought ,thomas to ,italy1 ,clemens ,,iv4 kept him there as long as he lived1 making him a professor in the university established by ,innocent ,,iv4 within the ,roman ,curia1 and as such carried him about from city to city as the ,papal ,court removed1 and had him lecture on theology wherever the ,court was staying4 ,he also set him to the work of writing commentaries on part of the ,scripture3 ,job1 the ,psalms1 ,canticles1 ,isaiah1 ,jeremiah1 and ,paul's ,epistles1 besides his catena of comments on the ,gospels gathered from the ,latin fathers4 ,most important of all for our purposes1 he asked him to prepare the service for ,corpus ,christi ,day--a festival established in #abfd4 ,it was for this that ,thomas wrote four of the hymns which have given him his place in the annals of hymnology1 and those are his finest4 ,and it is said that he also began his ,summa in these years1 but that ,i doubt4 ,but in #abfi ,clemens died1 and it was two years before another ,pope was elected4 ,thomas took the opportunity to escape out of the throng and noise of the ,curia1 and made his way back to ,france and to his old manner of life4 ,he came back to ,paris and lectured in ,st4 ,jacques ,street1 but not as the head of the school4 ,at ,paris he now found critics as well as admirers4 ,his doctrine that individuality is dependent upon matter was censured as involving a denial of immortality1 and in #abfi he wrote a treatise1 ,contra ,averroistas1 to show that this was not a necessary or even a fair inference4 ,in the same year we find him in ,london attending a ,chapter ,general of his order4 ,in #abga the vacancy in the papacy ended with the selection of ,gregory ,x41 one of the best of the popes4 ,thomas was recalled to ,italy and offered the ,archbishopric of ,naples1 doubtless at the suggestion of ,charles of ,anjou1 whose hands were red with the blood of the young ,conradin4 ,thomas wisely declined it1 and when1 in #abgb1 he agreed to go to ,naples as a teacher of theology1 it was with the reservation that this should not bring him into close relations with the ,court4 ,enough of his ,ghibelline traditions clung to him to make him abhor the murderer of his kinsman4 ,so in ,naples he taught1 and wrote at his ,summa1 and prayed and saw visions--his biographers say--until one day the ,pope summoned him to a ,general ,council at ,lyons1 with the view of proclaiming a new crusade4 ,he obeyed the summons1 but when he reached the ,cistercian monastery of ,fossa ,nuova1 on the hills above the ,pontine ,marshes1 below ,rome1 he fell ill and died1 ,march #gth1 #abgd4 ,of course the ,italians knew he was poisoned1 and even ,dante countenances the report4 ,the ,pontine ,marshes in spring are so wholesome that no other hypothesis could account for his death6 ,his friend ,bonaventura reached ,lyons1 but died during the sessions of the council4 ,his earlier friend and master1 ,albert the ,great1 although his senior by thirty years1 outlived him by six1 dying in #abhj4 ,the position of ,thomas ,aquinas in history is determined by the fact that he is the greatest of the scholastic philosophers4 ,what his master and other earlier thinkers had attempted1 he more nearly did than ever has been done by any one else4 ,he took the two great bodies of knowledge1 secular and sacred1 and fused them into a system more nearly consistent with itself than any other4 ,on the one side was the encylopaedic philosophy of ,aristotle1 and the parallel but less perfect tradition of ,platonic speculation2 on the other the ,scriptures1 the dogmatic decisions of the councils and popes1 and the teachings of the recognized authorities among the ecclesiastical writers1 especially as these had been summarized by ,peter ,lombard4 ,to blend these into one great system of theology1 to subsidize the weapons of the ,greek philosophy in defence of ,christian truth1 and to draw the line with accuracy between what reason can prove and faith accepts without proof--this was what he undertook in the ,summa4 ,and never was a more acute intellect employed on the great task of reconciling faith with reason4 ,if he failed1 it is not because he shrank from anticipating any and every kind of objection to the truths he was defending2 his works are a perfect storehouse of such objections4 ,if he failed1 it was not from any want of confidence in the powers of the human mind to deal with the highest subjects of thought4 ,no modern rationalist ever surpassed him in that respect4 ,he failed because neither then nor now do the materials exist for such a work1 and because his truths lost and his errors gained force by being worked into a system4 ,it would take a whole chapter even to describe the ,summa4 ,of its three parts1 the first1 concerning ,god1 and the second concerning man1 were completed in the four years he gave to the work4 ,in the third1 which treats of the ,god-,man1 he got no farther than the ninetieth question1 and the discussion was completed by extracts from his commentary on ,peter ,lombard4 ,but the completed part contains nearly two million ,latin words1 or with the supplement1 two million one hundred thousand4 ,it is six times as large as ,calvin's ,institutio1 or four times as large as the ,latin ,bible6 ,and the ,summa fills only two of the seventeen folios of his works1 all written within the space of twenty-six years by a man actively engaged in teaching1 lecturing1 and advising popes and princes4 ,that so much of the formative period of his life was spent in a controversy1 in which he was the applauded spokesman of a party whose cause he regarded as the cause of ,god1 could not but affect his intellectual character4 ,professor ,maurice thinks the delay in obtaining the master's degree worked in the same direction4 ,the master in those days was expected to pronounce decisions2 those who had not attained that rank were occupied in disputations only4 8,thus our author was a trained arguer10 and 8the old habits remained with him when his decisions were most accepted as authorities4 ,from first to last he was thinking of all that could be said on both sides of the question he was discussing40 ,i believe that he was conscious of the narrowing and dwarfing tendency of this habit of mind1 even though he did not detect the source of the evil4 ,we read of his seeking to prepare himself for his work by humble devotion4 ,but to the last line of his last work the controversial habit and attitude of mind clings to him4 ,it is only in his catechetical expositions1 written before he left ,koeln for ,paris1 that you find a different atmosphere1 and escape the heretic-crushing ,aristotelian dialectic of the scholastic disputant4 ,even in his few hymns1 which constitute his title to rank among the sacred poets1 he is the great scholastic doctor1 with his eye on the heresies which may distract the believer4 ,he writes with the full panoply under his singing robes4 ,all his hymns are concerned with the greatest of the ,christian sacraments4 ,it was in #abae1 a year before the confirmation of the ,dominican ,order1 and twelve years before ,thomas was born1 that the fourth ,lateran ,council made the transubstantiation of the elements into the body and blood of ,christ an article of faith4 ,but a ,belgian ecstatic1 ,juliana of ,liege1 had a vision which called for a special annual festival in honor of the mystery4 ,urban ,,iv4 complied with this request in #abfa1 by requiring that the ,thursday next after ,trinity ,sunday should be observed as ,corpus ,christi ,day4 ,this involved the preparation of an additional services for the ,missal and ,breviary1 with suitable prayers and hymns1 and the work was laid upon ,thomas4 ,for the ,missal he wrote the sequence ,lauda1 ,sion1 ,salvatorem2 and for the ,breviary the three hymns ,pange1 lingua1 gloriosi ,corporis mysterium1 ,sacris solemniis juncta sint gaudia1 and ,verbum supernum prodiens1 ,nec ,patris4 ,the ,paris ,breviary connects a fifth hymn of his with the same festival1 the ,adoro ,te devote1 latens ,deitas1 assigning it for late 7serotinas7 services in the octave of ,corpus ,christi4 ,so ,newman2 but ,daniel declares he finds it in none of the breviaries of modern use1 and in the missals only as a part of the priest's private preparation for saying ,mass4 ,even this rank has not been attained by the sixth hymn ascribed to him1 the beautiful ,o ,esca viatorum1 which ,dr4 ,ray ,palmer has made familiar to ,american worshippers by his exquisite version1 first published in the ,andover ,sabbath ,hymn-,book3 ,o ,bread to pilgrims given4 ,moll denies that ,thomas wrote this1 and says it is by a ,jesuit poet1 which is most probable4 ,march calls it 8a happy echo0 of the undisputed hymns of ,thomas ,aquinas4 ,but the echo is softened2 the hymn is less masculine4 ,lympha fons alone would serve as a note to show that ,aquinas never wrote it4 ,it has been said by ,dr4 ,neale that the ,pange1 lingua1 gloriosi 8contests the second place among those of the ,western ,church1 with the ,vexilla ,regis1 the ,stabat ,mater1 the ,jesu dulcis memoria1 the ,ad ,regias ,agni ,dapes1 the ,ad ,supernam1 and one or two others1 leaving the ,dies ,irae in its unapproachable glory40 ,but this judgment is the prejudiced one of a ,high ,churchman1 sufficiently in sympathy with the ,roman doctrine of the sacraments to relish keenly ,thomas's concise and vigorous statement of that doctrine1 and to mistake the relish for critical appreciation of the poetry4 ,dr4 ,neale even praises ,thomas's treatise ,on the ,venerable ,sacrament of the ,altar as the finest devotional treatise of the ,middle ,ages1 finer therefore than the ,imitation itself6 ,a calmer estimate will put the hymn decidedly below ,bernard's exquisite ,jesu dulcia memoria1 or the ,veni1 ,creator ,spiritus of ,rabanus ,maurus1 or the ,veni1 ,sancte ,spiritus of ,hermann ,contractus4 ,it is true that it excels all these in its peculiar qualities1 its logical neatness1 dogmatic precision1 and force of almost argumentative statement2 but these qualities are not poetical4 ,in this respect it is not altogether unlike ,toplady's 8,rock of ,ages10 a hymn in which the intellect has cut a channel for the emotions to flow4 ,that was written as a tail-piece to a controversial article in which ,toplady discussed ,john ,wesley's doctrines in the matter of faith and works1 and is a terse statement of theological discriminations on that point4 ,the ,lauda1 ,sion1 ,salvatorem1 as it is a much longer hymn1 gives more scope for the exposition of the ,roman doctrine4 ,for this reason ,martin ,luther abhorred it1 probably also because he had no good opinion of ,thomas himself4 ,he accuses him of perverting the ,scripture in this hymn1 8as though he were the worst enemy of ,god1 or else an idiot40 ,but this harsh judgment did not succeed in expelling the hymn from the use of the ,lutheran churches1 and since the ,oxford revival it has found its way into other ,protestant churches4 ,but the sixth1 seventh and eighth verses express the doctrine of transubstantiation so distinctly1 that one must have gone as far as ,dr4 ,pusey1 who avowed that he held 8all ,roman doctrine10 before using their words in any but a non-natural sense4 ,in the fine version made by ,dr4 ,a4 ,r4 ,thompson1 first published in the ,sunday-,school ,times in #ahhc1 and included in ,dr4 ,robinson's ,laudes ,domini1 only half the hymn is given1 those verses being taken which deflect least from the general current of ,christian thought about the sacrament4 ,by the author's kind permission1 we give it here with his latest revision3 8,sion1 to thy ,saviour singing1 ,to thy ,prince and ,shepherd bringing ,sweetest hymns of love and praise1 ,thou wilt never reach the measure ,of his worth1 by all the treasure ,of thy most ecstatic lays4 8,of all wonders that can thrill thee1 ,and with adoration fill thee1 ,what than this can greater be1 ,that himself to thee he giveth8-- ,he that eateth1 ever liveth-- ,for the bread of life is he4 8,fill thy lips to overflowing ,with sweet praise1 his mercy showing1 ,who this heavenly table spread4 ,on this day so glad and holy1 ,to each longing spirit lowly ,giveth he the living ,bread4 8,here the ,king hath spread his table1 ,whereon eyes of faith are able ,christ our ,passover to trace4 ,shadows of the law are going1 ,light and life and truth inflowing1 ,night to day is giving place4 99 99 99 99 99 8,lo1 this angels' food descending ,heavenly love is hither sending1 ,hungry lips on earth to feed6 ,so the paschal lamb was given1 ,so the manna came from heaven1 ,isaac was his type indeed4 8,o good ,shepherd1 ,bread life-giving1 ,us1 thy grace and life receiving1 ,feed and shelter evermore6 ,thou on earth our weakness guiding1 ,we in heaven with thee abiding1 ,with all saints will thee adore40 ,thomas's ,franciscan friend1 ,john ,fidenza1 better known by his nickname of ,john ,bonaventura1 was a hymn-writer also1 but he did a good many other things better4 ,to many ,protestants his name has been made offensive through its association with the ,psalter of ,our ,lady1 a travesty of the ,book of ,psalms1 with which he had nothing to do1 and which was made in a later century4 ,indeed1 as ,martin ,chemnitz pointed out three centuries ago1 ,bonaventura protested against the excessive reverence for the ,virgin1 which had already become common1 as likely to lead to idolatry4 ,that he was called the ,seraphic ,doctor shows that men felt in him a warmth of heart and a tenderness of devotion1 which they missed in his greater contemporary1 ,thomas ,aquinas1 the ,angelical ,doctor4 ,indeed he was the incarnation of the ,franciscan spirit of love and helpfulness1 as ,thomas of the ,dominican spirit of theological research and orthodox defence4 ,yet ,bonaventura's ,breviloquium has been praised by good judges as the best compend of ,christian doctrine that the ,middle ,ages have left us4 ,bonaventura's ,latin poems are rather devout meditations than hymns4 ,they are not the voice of the ,christian congregation in song1 but of the monk meditating before his crucifix4 ,to him is sometimes ascribed the ,christmas hymn1 ,adeste fideles1 but not on sufficient authority4 ,his best known hymns are the ,christum ,ducem1 qui per crucem1 and ,recordare sanctae crucis1 of which latter we have ,english versions by ,dr4 ,henry ,harbaugh1 ,dr4 ,j4 ,w4 ,alexander1 and ,e4 ,c4 ,benedict4 ,five other hymns are ascribed to him in the collections4 ,they all have the ,franciscan note2 they turn on our ,lord's human sympathy and sufferings4 ,this explains the ascription to him of a long hymn on the members of our ,lord's body as affected by the passion1 which is found in ,mone 7,i41 #aga-gd71 but which is more frequently and quite as erroneously ascribed to ,bernard of ,clairvaux4 ,it is not worthy of either1 although ,mone thinks the ascription to ,bonaventura 8worthy of attention40 ,the hymn furnishes the point of contact of the ,latin hymnology with that of the later ,moravians1 the ,franciscans of ,protestantism4 ,so we leave the two great scholars1 thinkers1 doctors1 and poets1 each representing one of the two chief streams of spiritual influence in the ,church of the thirteenth century4 8,they were lovely and pleasant in their lives1 and in death they were not divided40 ,,chapter ,,xxv4 ,,jacoponus ,,and ,,the 8,,stabat ,,mater40 ,jacoponus1 known to us sometimes as ,jacobus de ,benedictis1 and sometimes as ,jacopo di ,benedetto1 or as ,giacopone da ,todi from his ,italian birthplace1 is a most quaint and singular singer4 ,the name ,jacoponus is a mere title of reproach1 and signifies either 8,big ,james0 or 8,silly ,james40 ,it was called after him on the street and he adopted it in a spirit of humility and as a badge of self abnegation4 ,the man himself was an ,italian jurist and nobleman1 who lived in the thirteenth century4 ,he led a wild life1 lost his property1 and eventually regained it by industry and ability4 ,evidently he neither cared nor scrupled about his ways of making money4 ,a crisis came in his life in consequence of his wife's sudden death4 ,she was killed at the city games of ,todi in the year of grace #abfh1 where with other women she had been watching the sports from a scaffold of wood4 ,it was insecure and fell1 killing her instantly4 ,poor ,benedetto1 on hurrying to the spot1 found that beneath her garments she had been wearing a hair girdle next to the skin--according to the harsh custom of the time--and he was deeply affected by this evidence of her anxiety to please ,god4 ,in those days such an action spoke volumes for the victim's piety1 and no one was more open to conviction than this erratic1 sensitive1 and brilliant man4 ,but it would seem that for a long time he struggled against his feelings1 since we have a record that by #abih he had been a religious person about twenty years4 ,indeed1 there is a story that he was not received at once by the ,minorites1 and that he finally produced certain poems before they grew satisfied to take him in4 ,however1 when he was fairly within their walls he outdid all the other ,franciscans in austerity4 ,he had given up his position as ,doctor of ,laws and had surrendered his property2 now it would appear that he was determined to advance beyond the rest in ascetic devotion4 ,his penances and prayers were greatly in excess of prescribed rules1 and he must have proved as sore a trial to any easy-going brother1 as ,simeon ,stylites was when he too led the whole convent to denounce his ascetic habits4 ,there is small doubt that the brain of ,jacoponus was decidedly off its balance1 even in these earliest days1 and his subsequent conduct gave full evidence of his insanity4 ,still1 we find in this self-abasement of his nothing that looks like pride or egotism4 ,where others display a complacency which is very ,pharisaic1 he only shows the monomania of a gifted soul4 ,some of his expressions are remarkable for their spiritual depth and power4 ,thus when he was pressed to explain how a ,christian can be sure that he loves ,god1 he replied1 8,i have the sign of charity2 if ,i ask ,god for something1 and ,he refuses me1 ,i love ,him notwithstanding2 and when ,he opposes me ,i love ,him twice as much40 8,i would10 he says1 8for the love of ,christ1 suffer with a perfect resignation all the toils of this life1 every grief1 anguish1 pain1 which word can express or thought conceive4 ,i would also readily consent that1 on leaving life1 the demons should bear my soul into the place of tortures1 there to endure all the torments due to my sins2 to those of the just who suffer in purgatory1 and even of the reprobates and demons if this could be2 and that until the day of the last judgment1 and longer still1 according to the good pleasure of the ,divine ,majesty4 ,and1 above all1 it would be to me a great pleasure and supreme satisfaction that all those for whom ,i should have suffered should enter heaven before me1 and1 finally1 if ,i came after them that all should agree to declare to me that they owe me nothing40 ,surely no modern theologian has ever stated the doctrine of 8self-emptiness0 in any shape which at all compares with this6 ,nor was he deficient in wit4 8,i enjoy the realm of ,france10 he once said1 8more than does the ,king of ,france2 for ,i take part in all the happiness that comes to him and ,i haven't the care of his business40 ,at another time he entered the market-place on all fours naked1 a saddle on his back and a bit between his teeth1 for what symbolic purpose no one has ever explained4 ,again1 he literally tarred and feathered himself1 covering his body with a sticky oil and then rolling in feathers of various colors and kinds4 ,in this elegant wedding attire he made his appearance at his brother's house to honor the marriage of his niece4 ,the guests1 as might be expected1 departed in confusion and disgust4 ,but to all remonstrances upon his conduct he retorted1 8,my brother thinks to illumine our name by his magnificence2 ,i shall do it by my folly40 ,he was really a leaf taken out of ,rabelais or ,boccaccio--a jester whose folly and wisdom were mingled unequally1 much in the fashion of that ,wamba son of ,witless1 immortalized for us in the pages of ,ivanhoe4 ,the man's great mind had doubtless been shaken by his affliction and by the gloomy theology of his time4 ,otherwise these performances1 so inconsistent with his genius1 could never have taken place4 ,the irregularity of his productions1 sometimes delicate as the most graceful stanzas of the troubadours1 and some times as coarse and rough as ,villon at his worst1 are in exact proof of this assertion4 ,in theology he was1 to quote ,ozanam1 8no longer a dogmatic but a mystic40 ,he really became the leader of a band of pure and elevated minds which continued1 by direct genealogy1 through ,hugo and ,richard of ,st4 ,victor1 and ,tauler down to ,st4 ,theresa1 ,madame ,guyon1 ,fnelon1 and our own ,thomas ,c4 ,upham4 ,it is an honor of no slight consequence to have inspired so much of the spirit of the ,apostle ,john into that turbid current of mediaeval religion4 ,and it does not surprise us1 therefore1 to find the ,cur mundus militat of ,jacoponus credited to ,bernard of ,clairvaux1 nor the ,jesu1 dulcis memoria of ,bernard attributed to ,jacoponus4 ,the two men were very similar1 but the opportunities of the ,french abbot were infinitely superior to those of the ,italian monk4 ,and after a very careful inquiry ,i remain convinced1 like other hymnologists1 that these two great hymns have already been properly assigned4 ,it is certainly a staggering piece of testimony when the latter is found in an old ,,ms4 of ,jacoponus's poems1 precisely in the form in which it appears in the most critical edition of the writings of ,bernard4 ,and it is equally unsettling for us to come upon the ,cur mundus militat in the works of the saint1 when we know1 on no doubtful evidence1 that this was the passport of the sinner into his ,franciscan convent4 ,once more it is worth our while to repeat the warning that any positive designation of ,latin hymns by their authors' names must rest upon a firmer foundation than the mere fact that they can be discovered in this man's or that man's printed works4 ,jacoponus also interests us in view of his ,protestant spirit4 ,he never fancied ,boniface ,,viii41 and when that pope had a dream in which he saw a great bell without a tongue1 and consulted the keen-witted friar upon its meaning1 he received the reproof valiant1 8,know1 your holiness10 said the undaunted monk1 8that the great size of the bell signifies the pontifical power which embraces the world4 ,but take heed lest the tongue be that good example which you will not give40 ,for this and other liberties which he took it is no wonder that he presently found himself in prison1 where he suffered everything patiently1 and announced that he would go out when ,boniface was ready to come in4 ,and this1 indeed1 actually occurred4 ,he was excommunicated1 too1 but from this sentence ,benedict ,,xi4 released him on ,december #bc;d1 #acjc4 ,i cannot refrain from quoting some more of his religious aphorisms and meditations which instinctively suggest to us the pious musings of ,kempis4 ,here is one3 8,i have always thought1 and ,i think now1 that it is a great thing to know how to enjoy ,god4 ,why8 ,because in these hours of joy1 humility is exercised with respect4 ,but ,i have thought1 and ,i think now1 that the greatest thing is to know how to rest deprived of ,god4 ,why8 ,because in these hours of trial1 faith is exercised without evidence1 hope without attempt at fulfilment1 and charity without any sign of the divine benevolence40 ,and here is a fragment from his last poem3 8,love1 ,i see that thou art transfiguring me1 and making me become ,love like thee1 so that ,i dwell no longer in my own heart and that ,i know no longer how to find myself again4 ,if ,i perceive in a man any evil1 or vice1 or temptation1 ,i am transformed and ,i enter into him2 ,i am penetrated with his pain40 ,it must not be supposed that these poems were in the ,latin language in every instance4 ,very few of the entire number are truly within our own sphere of research1 and all those composed in ,italian are accessible to us only through a ,french prose translation4 ,but his 8,praise of ,poverty0 deserves a place even in these pages1 for it reveals the nature of the poet and helps us to comprehend the pathos and tenderness of his unregulated genius3 8,sweet ,poverty1 how much in truth ,should we love thee6 ,for1 child1 thou hast a sister named ,humility4 ,a common bowl1 for food and drink1 ,is all thy need2 ,bread1 water1 and a few poor herbs1 ,suffice indeed4 8,and1 if a guest should come1 she adds ,a pinch of salt2 ,she travels fearless1 and no foe ,can bid her halt2 ,thieves do not plunder her2 she dies ,at length in peace2 ,she makes no will2 no grasping hands ,clutch her increase4 8,poor little thing6 ,behold thou art ,heaven's citizen2 ,no vulgar earthly wishes draw ,thee down to men2 ,thine is the greatest sceptre1 thine ,the kingdom here1 ,for what thou carest not to seek ,still crowdeth near4 8,o science most profound and deep6 ,for thus we rise1 ,and gain our freedom by the things ,we most despise6 ,o gracious ,poverty1 supplied ,with joy and rest1 ,thine is the plenty of the heart1 ,and that is best60 ,it is strangely incongruous with this almost idyllic gentleness for us to find such a man hanging a coveted bit of meat in his cell until the odor of its putrefaction disgusted the rest of the monks1 as well as put an end to his own craving for the forbidden dainty4 ,then1 too1 we have several other anecdotes of his grim humor and bold denunciation of sin4 ,take1 for example1 the story told of his peculiar half-satirical conduct in an instance which ,wadding1 the historian of the ,franciscan ,order1 relates with great gusto4 ,a citizen of ,todi1 a relative of the poet1 had bought a pair of chickens1 and not wishing to be inconvenienced by them1 he said to ,jacoponus1 8,take them and carry them for me1 if you please2 ,i don't care to burden myself with them40 ,to which ,jacoponus answered1 8,trust me6 ,i'll carry your chickens home40 ,he then went direct to the church of ,fortunatus1 in which his own monument was afterward placed1 and pulling up a gravestone he thrust the chickens in and replaced the slab4 ,the worthy citizen on his return of course found no chickens1 and therefore at once hunted out ,jacoponus in the public square and reproached him4 8,i took them to your house10 retorted the ,franciscan4 8,but ,i have just come from it and my wife says she has not seen you10 the ,tudescan asserted4 ,thereupon ,jacoponus took him to the church and having removed the stone1 said to him3 8,friend1 isn't that your home80 ,the citizen1 says ,wadding1 took his chickens1 being a man evidently of frugal mind1 and1 8not without fear1 went his way absorbed in thought40 ,this mad ,solomon is at times so keen in his denunciations of the corruption of the ,church1 and so evidently sincere in his own religion1 that more than one hymnologist has thought that his folly was largely assumed as a guise under which he had greater freedom4 ,the court fool was a 8chartered libertine0 as to his language1 and when we read the epitaph of ,jacoponus it seems as if he had reversed the saying of ,shakespeare and had stolen ,satan's livery to serve ,heaven in4 ,there is no question but that this satirical freedom actually cost the poor jester some considerable share of imprisonment1 and this heightens the likelihood that he was playing ,brutus in order to abolish ,caesar4 ,boniface ,,viii41 whom he had very plainly rebuked1 was the one who imprisoned him1 and he was not released before the case--as he had indeed predicted--was precisely reversed4 ,let me record my own conviction1 based upon the poem of which ,i append a translation1 and upon the other facts of his life1 that this view of his career has much in its favor4 ,those days and these are not to be compared in respect to liberty4 ,where ,bernard of ,cluny swung his sling about his head and let the pebbles fly to right and left with no very tangible result1 ,jacoponus took bow and arrows and drove his shaft into the target4 ,no one meddled with ,bernard2 but ,jacoponus1 a century later1 was a ,tell for the ecclesiastical ,gessler4 ,of the ,stabat ,mater ,dolorosa1 carried by the ,flagellants into every corner of ,europe as they flogged themselves in public to its anthem1 it can be said that it is one of the very greatest hymns--if not actually the greatest--of the ,roman ,catholic ,church4 ,the ,dies ,irae1 the ,veni1 ,sancte ,spiritus1 and the ,hymn of ,bernard of ,cluny1 are catholic rather than ,roman4 ,this is ,roman rather than catholic4 ,it is full of ,mariolatry4 ,take a stanza from a prose translation by way of example3 8,virgin of virgins1 illustrious1 be not now bitter to me1 make me mourn with thee1 make me carry about the death of ,christ1 make me a sharer in ,his passion1 adoring ,his suffering40 ,and again3 8,o ,christ1 when ,i go hence1 give me1 through ,thy mother1 to attain the palm of victory10 etc4 ,for this reason the ,protestant metrical versions of the ,stabat ,mater are few in number and generally accompanied by disclaimers of one kind or another4 ,of course the music1 on whose wings the hymn has now flown world-wide1 will need no word of mine4 ,if the ,stabat ,mater itself receives commonly the second rank among hymns1 it follows that ,rossini1 ,pergolesi1 ,palestrina and ,haydn have not detracted from its glory4 ,and though in the terse language of one of our best hymnologists1 we say1 8,it is simple ,mariolatry1 most of it10 the human pathos of the verses appeals strongly to those who refuse the added errors of the poem4 ,of the ,stabat ,mater ,speciosa ,i confess to a decided doubt4 ,it is in the nature of a paraphrase1 almost of a parody4 ,it is unworthy of the brain that formed the ,mater ,dolorosa1 and the jester must have gone beyond common folly if he descended to this imitation of himself4 ,it is more likely--and there is good ground for the opinion--that it is the work of some later hand4 ,archbishop ,trench1 by the way1 will not include either of them in his collection4 ,of the other writings of ,jacoponus it may be interesting to say that he composed hymns and satires in great abundance1 both in ,latin and in ,italian1 which were collected by ,franciscus ,tressatus1 a ,minorite brother1 and published in seven books4 ,the ,cur mundus militat 7which ,wadding quotes at length7 meets this editor's highest praise4 ,of the ,italian poems we can say that they are now regarded by ,symonds and others as the fountain-head of ,italian literature1 and that they contained many of the crude expressions of the common people mixed with an elegance of phraseology to which ,dante and ,petrarch were accustoming their mother tongue4 ,indeed1 ,i know no other similar poet1 unless it be ,john ,skelton1 rector of 8gloomy ,dis0 in ,england1 who about a century later shot the same kind of shafts at the same manner of target and with much the same bitter1 gibing wit4 ,but of all the compositions of our mad monk which ,i have seen1 ,i am most especially interested in this ,cur mundus militat4 ,its attractiveness consists1 first of all1 in its dactylic measure and in its singular adaptation to the character of ,jacoponus4 ,it is hard1 in the translation1 to catch that strange jingle of the cap and bells and that tossing of the fool's bauble which accompany the exhortation4 ,only in the last stanza does it appear as if he deigned to be serious4 ,all that precedes this is the quaint world-weariness of the man too wise for his time1 and who is therefore well pleased to be stultus propter ,christum--a 8fool for ,christ's sake40 ,,the ,,vanity ,,of ,,earth4 ,why should this world of ours strive to be glorious ,since its prosperity is not victorious8 ,swiftly its power and its beauty are perishing ,like to frail vases which once we were cherishing4 ,trust more to letters carved fair on some frostiness ,than to this brittle world's empty untrustiness4 ,false in her honors1 in semblance of purity1 ,never as yet had she time for security4 ,more should be trusted to glass1 which is treacherous1 ,than to ,earth's happiness wretched and venturous-- ,filled with false vanities1 lured by false madnesses1 ,worn with false knowledges1 sick of false gladnesses4 ,where now is ,solomon1 once so pre-eminent8 ,where is that ,samson1 so valiantly prominent8 ,where the fair ,absalom1 stalwart and beautiful8 ,where the sweet ,jonathan1 lovely and dutiful8 ,whither went ,caesar1 that monarch illustrious8 ,or the proud ,dives1 at table industrious8 ,tell me of ,tullius1 lofty in eloquence2 ,or ,aristoteles1 first in grandiloquence4 ,so many heroes1 such spacious activity1 ,dancers and mountebanks1 kingdoms and levity2 ,rulers of earth who were tyrannous o'er us all-- ,swift as a glance they are gone from before us all6 ,what a short holiday this of ,earth's best estate6 ,joys1 which to man are like dreams that attest his fate2 ,which1 the rewards of eternity banishing1 ,lead him through paths where his comfort is vanishing4 ,food of the worm thou art--clod of the common clay6 ,o dew6 ,o vanity6 ,why praise thy common way8 ,thou who art ignorant whether the morrow come6 ,do good to all ere the time of thy sorrow come4 ,much though we value this glory of earthiness1 ,scripture declareth1 as grass1 its unworthiness2 ,like the light leaf1 by the mighty wind hurried off1 ,so is this life1 by the darkness soon carried off4 ,nothing is thine which thy spirit may lose again-- ,what this world gave it intendeth to choose again2 ,lift up thy thought where the heart hath its treasure-house-- ,happy art thou to despise this ,earth's pleasure-house6 ,we are not to imagine that these stirring verses1 whether in ,latin or in ,italian1 went unnoticed4 ,in the various productions of his muse the humble monk enjoyed a popularity like that of ,abelard4 ,numerous manuscripts of his writings were scattered through ,italy1 ,france1 and ,spain1 and translations in these different languages helped to increase his fame4 ,between the fifteenth and seventeenth centuries at least eight editions appeared4 ,but for critical purposes they are not so valuable as might be supposed1 since there are interpolations by other hands which confuse and deter the investigator4 ,they were supplemented in #ahai by the publication of a number hitherto unknown1 which were edited by ,alessandro da ,mortara4 ,of the ,latin poetry ascribed to him the ,jesu dulcis memoria is certainly ,bernard's1 for ,morel discovered it in an ,einsiedeln ,,ms4 8older than #abhh40 ,there are two hymns--,crux te1 te volo conqueri and ,ave regis angelorum--of which we merely know the opening lines and have no accessible originals4 ,the ,verbum caro factum est1 the ,ave fuit prima salus1 and the ,cur mundus militat are doubtless his own4 ,the ,mater ,speciosa ,i take the liberty to discredit because of its gross ,latinity--a point which ,ozanam concedes in spite of his belief in its genuine character4 ,the ,mater ,dolorosa itself has not escaped question1 for ,benedict ,,xiv4 declared it to be the work of ,innocent ,,iii41 to whom1 with about the same amount of truth1 has also been attributed the ,veni1 ,sancte ,spiritus4 ,in the year #acjf1 after imprisonment and excommunication had both passed over his head and spent their force harmlessly1 the aged ,jacoponus drew near his end4 ,his companions urged him to ask for the final sacrament1 but he was in no haste4 ,he would wait1 he said1 for ,john of ,alvernia1 his true friend1 and from his hands only would he receive it4 ,they considered this another proof of his untamed and rebellious nature1 and loudly lamented around his bed4 ,but the dying man gave no heed to their weakness4 ,he raised himself upon his arm and with lifted face began to chant the ,anima benedetta--the song of a blessed soul4 ,scarcely had his voice uttered the closing words ere two men were seen hastening across the field4 ,one was that very ,john of ,alvernia1 moved by some strange presentiment to visit his friend4 ,he entered the room and greeted ,jacoponus with a kiss of peace4 ,then he administered the sacrament of the ,eucharist4 ,and thereupon the failing singer1 his desire being at last fulfilled1 sang the ,jesu nostra fidanza and relapsed into silence for a time4 ,then he exhorted those about him to live holy lives1 and1 lifting his hands toward heaven1 gently expired4 ,it was on ,christmas eve and1 in the neighboring church1 the choir had just begun to chant the ,gloria in ,excelsis4 ,two hundred and ninety years after his death his tombstone and its inscription were placed4 ,the words1 when rendered from ,latin into ,english1 are these3 8,the bones of the blessed ,jacoponus de ,benedictis of ,todi1 who1 a fool for ,christ's sake1 deluded the world by a new art and took heaven by force40 ,there is in the ,lenox ,gallery a small picture by ,zamacois1 which represents a jester leaning against a head of ,pan4 ,the rude1 broken bust stands on an antique pedestal1 its mouth1 in its half-tragic1 half-comic curves1 appearing to whisper into the ear of its companion4 ,he1 scarlet-clad and with his bauble swinging idly in his hands1 inclines his head toward it and seems in a sad gravity to listen to its words4 ,there1 indeed1 do ,i see ,jacoponus6 ,the eager heart of the great misunderstood1 inconsistent1 vain1 and empty ,world tells him of its nothingness--a broken and abandoned deity deserted in its garden of ,eden4 ,an inexpressible sadness comes over me4 ,quietly ,i put by the ,stabat ,mater2 ,i do not love it6--but ,i close the page softly over the poor mad prophet who rests his weary head on the steps of ,solomon's throne4 ,,chapter ,,xxvi4 ,,thomas ,,kempis4 ,the contributions of ,holland to the devotional poetry of ,christendom have not been extensive2 but in the ,middle ,ages she could show several ,latin hymn-writers4 ,the best known of these1 however1 is by far more famous for his prose works4 ,thomas ,hemerken1 called afterward ,thomas ,kempis1 was not by birth a ,hollander4 ,he was born in #acgi or #achj at ,kempen1 a small city in the diocese of ,koeln 7,cologne71 not far from what became the boundary line between the two nations4 ,but in those days1 and1 indeed1 until the ,peace of ,westphalia1 ,holland1 like ,switzerland1 was reckoned a part of ,germany4 ,his father1 ,john ,hemerken1 was an artisan of the poorer class1 probably a silversmith2 and both his parents were devout and ,god-fearing people4 ,his elder brother ,john had gone to ,deventer to obtain an education1 after the fashion of the times1 when boys wandered from city to city in search of instruction1 and supported themselves by singing1 begging1 and sometimes by thieving4 ,but at ,deventer ,john had fallen in with some good people who had pity upon these wandering scholars1 and had made arrangements to furnish them lodgings and copying-work in addition to what they would earn by singing in the choir4 ,the chief person in this group was ,gerard ,groote1 a man of wealthy family and some strange vicissitudes in life4 ,he had studied at the universities of ,paris and ,prague1 and had taken minor orders to qualify himself to hold the two canonries family influence secured to him1 but without giving any indication of a vocation to the sacred office4 ,he seems even to have led a dissolute life4 ,then a great change came over him1 chiefly through the influence of a friend of his youth named ,henry ,eger1 now the prior of a ,cistercian convent at ,munkhuisen4 ,gerard resigned his benefices1 and spent five years in a monastic retreat1 from which he emerged as a zealous preacher of the ,gospel to the clergy and people of what now is ,holland1 using both ,latin and ,dutch as occasion served4 ,he especially dwelt on the utter worldliness of that dreary time1 when priests1 nobles1 and tradesmen alike had lost all idea of serving ,god and men1 and had set up gain and pleasure as the recognized ends of life4 ,his sharp rebukes1 and his exaltation of humility1 simplicity1 and poverty1 attracted the lower classes1 but roused the opposition of both the burghers and the ,mendicants against him4 ,after a brief and stormy career he was silenced by the ,archbishop of ,utrecht1 and was obliged to find vent for his zeal in some other channel4 ,his purity and unworldliness had gathered around him1 in his native ,deventer1 men and women like-minded with him1 who1 according to the tendency of the time1 drifted naturally into a kind of monastic life4 ,brother-houses and sister-houses were organized1 and they became known as the ,brethren and ,sisters of the ,common ,life4 ,they took no vows1 and yet practised celibacy1 common ownership and labor1 and obedience to the rector of the house4 ,they adopted no common dress1 but came to wear the simplest gray robe of the same cut4 ,both laymen and clergy lived together in the brother-houses1 and each took his turn in the common services of the brotherhood4 ,they observed no canonical hours beyond what the ,church exacted of the priests among them4 ,they assumed none of the professions of the monks1 and yet they realized the monkish ideal better than did the monks themselves4 ,the four principles which governed ,gerard's own life and became the four corner-stones of this fraternity1 were 8contempt of the world and of self1 imitation of the lowly life of ,christ1 good-will1 and the grace of devoutness0 7contemptus mundi et sui ipsius1 imitatio humilis vitae ,christi1 bona voluntas1 gratia devotionis74 ,all this was summed up in the phrase moderna devotio1 used both by the brethren and the outside world to designate the distinctive character of the order4 ,the experience ,christendom had had of the results of mendicancy led ,groote and his associates to base the new brotherhood on honest labor4 ,the shape this took reflects his own character4 ,he was a great book-lover--semper avarus et peravarus librorum1 he says himself4 ,when in peril of his life in a storm by sea1 he managed to save the six books he had with him4 ,he possessed a considerable library1 and when the brotherhood came to adopt the principle of community of goods1 he and the rest put their books into the common stock4 ,and all who were able to write were to labor in copying books for sale--the clergy in ,latin1 the laymen in ,dutch4 ,it was this employment he extended to the poor scholars of the ,deventer school4 ,indeed1 it seems not improbable that he began it with them1 and that the first brotherhood was composed of young friends of this class1 who had grown to manhood in this employment4 ,it is certain that in ,deventer1 in ,zwolle1 and for all we know in the other cities where the brotherhood took root1 near by the brother-house stood a poor-scholars' house1 in which the boys attending the school of the city were lodged1 kept under discipline1 and to some degree given work also4 ,but the ,brethren of the ,common ,life were not an educating body1 as has been very generally supposed4 ,they aimed only at saving boys from the moral injury which too often attended their homeless life1 at keeping good discipline over them1 and at imparting moral and religious training4 ,they aimed to do for the school-boys what the founders of colleges in the universities of ,oxford1 ,cambridge1 and ,paris tried to do for the myriads of students who lived like vagrants in those seats of learning4 ,but before ,gerard ,groote died the question was raised whether it would not be advisable to establish a strictly monastic order of life for those of the brethren who felt a vocation to it4 ,to this he agreed1 but dissuaded his friends from adopting the severe rules of the ,cistercians and the ,carthusians for the new order4 ,rather he suggested that of the ,canons ,regular under the rule of ,st4 ,augustine as preferable1 since it would be more in keeping with the spirit of the brotherhood1 and would bind on no one too heavy burdens4 ,this advice marks an advance upon ,dominic1 ,francis1 and the 8reformers0 of the ,benedictine and ,mendicant orders1 in an evangelical direction4 ,they all sought progress to perfection in deeper austerity4 ,in his case the preference perhaps was caused by his friendship for the monastery of ,canons ,regular at ,groenendal1 in ,flanders1 whose prior was ,jan ,rusbroek1 the great ,flemish mystic4 ,gerard made several visits to ,groenendal after his conversion1 and translated two of his friend's books into ,latin4 ,gerard ,groote was carried off by the great pestilence of #achd1 in his forty-fourth year4 ,but he left the work in good hands1 for a ,deventer priest named ,florens ,radewinzoon succeeded him as rector of the brother-house1 and proceeded with the building of the new monastery at ,windesheim1 near ,deventer4 ,it was opened in #achf1 and ,john ,kempis1 who had become a member of the brotherhood1 was one of the six who first assumed the monastic vows4 ,it was six years later1 in #acib1 that ,thomas set out to seek his brother at ,deventer2 for although the distance was not much over a hundred miles1 he had heard nothing of ,john's profession at ,windesheim1 so uncertain and irregular were the means of communication4 ,on learning what had happened1 he proceeded to ,windesheim1 where his brother welcomed him warmly4 ,but there was no school at ,windesheim1 and ,john advised him to return to ,deventer to attend the city school and place himself under the care of ,florens4 ,he did so and became an inmate of the poor-scholars' house1 which had been given to the brotherhood by a devout matron of the city4 ,here he lived for six years1 attending school under ,master ,johann ,boehme1 singing in the choir of the church of which ,florens was vicar1 and earning a little money by copying books for him4 ,the good rector showed him very great kindness1 and in #acih1 when his school studies were complete1 he received him into the brotherhood4 ,the year before this another pestilence had visited ,deventer1 carrying off ,johann ,kessel1 the saintly cook of the brother-house1 and prostrating ,thomas himself1 who recovered with difficulty4 ,indeed1 it seemed as though the brotherhood would become extinct1 and ,florens and six others withdrew for a time from the plague-smitten city to guard against this catastrophe4 ,in #acii ,thomas1 at ,florens's instance1 decided to assume the monastic vows4 ,a second house of the order had been established at ,agnietenberg 7or ,mount ,st4 ,agnes7 near the city of ,zwolle4 ,of this ,john ,kempis had been made the second prior in #acih1 and held that office until #adjh4 ,thither ,thomas proceeded in #acii1 stopping at ,zwolle to obtain the indulgence lately proclaimed by the ,pope for the benefit of a new church in that city4 ,after a novitiate of seven years he took the vows in #adjf1 and in #adad was ordained to the priesthood4 ,the monastic life is studiously and intentionally monotonous4 ,it aims at the exclusion of all that gives zest and interest to ordinary existence1 and at the reduction of life's employments to a routine4 ,its variety and color are to be sought in the inner life of its members1 and that of ,thomas was not wanting in these elements4 ,if his inner experience be reflected in his ,soliloquy of the ,soul1 he passed through those shifting seasons of gloom and gladness which characterize the experience of an introverted religion4 ,his religious character was formed on the lines of the modern devotion1 as defined by ,gerard ,groote1 and as reflected in the lives and the writings of ,florens ,radewinzoon1 ,gerard ,zerbolt1 ,johann ,mande1 ,gerlach ,peterszoon1 and ,johann ,brinckerinck1 the earlier notable men of the brotherhood or of the ,windesheim congregation4 ,his was not a bold and originative mind to strike out new paths for himself4 ,he had not even those gifts of practical administration for which ,florens1 ,john ,kempis1 and others of the order were notable4 ,even when he had attained recognition as the most eminent man at ,agnietenberg1 his brethren twice passed him by in selecting their prior1 and never gave him any dignity higher than the sub-priorate1 which probably was a sinecure4 ,an early biographer goes so far as to describe him as sitting silent whenever ordinary and worldly matters were discussed1 because of his ignorance of the very terms used at such times4 ,but this is an exaggeration4 ,his ,chronicle of the ,monastery of ,mt4 ,st4 ,agnes shows him taking a mild and not unintelligent interest in the secular side of the monastic life1 and sharing the joy of his brethren in the fine apple-crop or the large take of fish1 and the like4 ,but this ,chronicle shows how limited his range of vision and interest4 ,he lived through the ,papal ,schism1 the ,asiatic conquests of ,timour1 the ,council of ,constance1 the ,hussite wars1 ,henry the ,fifth's invasion of ,france1 the exploits of ,jeanne d',arc1 the ,council of ,basle1 the rise of the ,medici in ,florence1 and of the ,duchy of ,burgundy1 the ,council of ,florence1 the exploits of ,scanderberg and ,hunyadi ,janos1 the ,wars of the ,roses1 the revival of letters1 the invention of printing1 the fall of ,constantinople1 the ,florentine ,academy1 the ,portuguese discoveries in the ,atlantic1 and much more that might be thought likely to be discussed even within the walls of a ,dutch monastery4 ,but the record is silent as to all these things2 for the most part they are part of the doings of that 8world0 which the disciples of the modern devotion trained themselves to despise4 ,no doubt the great question of the ,papal ,schism was of interest at ,agnietenberg1 and also the two great councils which brought it to an end4 ,at the ,council of ,constance the ,brethren of the ,common ,life were arraigned by a zealous ,mendicant as violating ,church law by observing the three rules of the monastic life without belonging to any recognized order4 ,but this ,mendicant notion was declared heretical1 thanks to two great ,french doctors1 ,pierre d',ailly and ,john ,gerson1 the second of whom was to be associated so closely with ,thomas in a famous controversy4 ,in #adbg the troubles of the outside world did reach the convent at ,agnietenberg and its associates4 ,there had been a disputed election to the princely diocese of ,utrecht1 then one of the largest and wealthiest in ,latin ,christendom4 ,the ,pope recognized one candidate and the people of the cities another4 ,to break down their obstinacy the diocese was laid under an interdict1 which put an end to every act of public worship4 ,thereupon the brotherhood and the order were given their choice by the citizens1 either to go on with their services as usual in church and chapel1 or to leave the diocese4 ,with one consent they chose the latter alternative1 and in #adbi they distributed themselves among the associated brother-houses and monasteries outside the diocese4 ,the twenty-four clerical and lay brethren of ,agnietenberg found a home at ,luvenkerk in ,friesland1 in a disordered monastery which had been placed under the rule of the ,windesheim congregation1 and which they used this opportunity to reform4 ,after three years of exile they were allowed to return1 a new ,pope having yielded to the people4 ,but ,thomas did not return so soon1 for he had been called away to ,arnheim to the death-bed of his brother ,john1 the brother he had found at ,windesheim instead of ,deventer1 and under whose priorship at ,agnietenberg he took the vows4 ,in #adea ,deventer was visited by a great ,churchman and notable thinker1 the ,cardinal ,nicolas of ,cusa1 who1 like ,thomas1 was born east of what is now the ,german frontier1 but had received his schooling in ,deventer1 where he learned to love and honor the ,brethren of the ,common ,life4 ,he came now as papal legate to reform the abuses which had arisen in the churches of ,germany during the great schism2 and when he came to his loved ,deventer he hastened to indicate his especial regard for his old friends4 ,he granted a special indulgence to both the brotherhood and the order1 and permitted the ,windesheim congregation to establish a second congregation1 with equal privileges1 to accommodate the rapidly increasing number of convents of ,canons ,regular4 ,thomas survived his brother by nearly forty years4 ,his cloister life moved on through three decades with the external monotony of an existence subjected to rule4 ,five years of the forty were years of pestilence and popular distress1 which he duly chronicles4 ,but the only real interruption of his routine which still has a living interest was his acquaintance with young ,johan ,wessel1 who came to pursue his studies in ,zwolle1 being drawn by the charm of the ,imitation into the neighborhood of its author4 ,this probably was about #adfj1 when he sought and made ,thomas's acquaintance1 and often conversed with him upon the greatest of themes4 ,but the earliest biography of ,wessel belongs to the next century1 and is by a ,protestant pastor in ,bremen2 so the statements that ,wessel found ,thomas and his brother monks all too superstitious1 and rebuked the ,mariolatry of the author of the ,imitation1 are open to doubt4 ,that ,wessel1 the forerunner of ,luther1 influenced ,thomas in the writing of the ,imitation is a palpable absurdity4 ,for a short time he was procurator or steward of the monastery1 a task which must have been uncongenial to him1 but which he would discharge with his best diligence1 as his first biographer1 ,jodocus ,badius ,ascensius1 says he did4 ,then he was sub-prior a second time in #addh4 ,the chronicle of ,mount ,st4 ,agnes ends with ,january #agth1 #adga2 its author died ,july #bfth of the same year4 ,his health had been singularly good1 but toward the close of his life he suffered from dropsy4 ,his eyesight never failed him1 and he retained all his faculties in full vigor to the last4 ,as the end drew near1 the sense of all he had been to his brethren as a friend and counsellor deepened in them at the prospect of losing him4 ,all that their love could do and his ascetic principles would permit1 they did to lighten the burdens and relieve the pains of his illness4 ,he died in his ninety-second year1 after having been sixty-three years in the order and fifty-eight in the priesthood4 ,he was buried within the cloisters of the monastery4 ,there his bones continued to rest even after the dissolution of the monastery at the ,reformation in #aegc1 and thence they were disinterred in #afgb and placed in a shrine4 ,but no miracles were wrought at his grave or by his bones4 ,whatever the faults of the ,brethren of the ,common ,life1 it was not in the atmosphere of the modern devotion that men learned to crave after such evidence of sanctity in the servants of ,god4 ,so the brotherhood and its affiliated order have made no contributions to the list of ,roman ,catholic saints4 ,there is room in that long and motley list for ,giovanni da ,capistrano1 the cruel and implacable inquisitor1 whose path across ,europe was marked with blood and fire4 ,but none has been found for the gentle and loving ,thomas ,kempis1 who has wooed millions of souls to a closer communion with his ,master1 and whose own life preached humility1 patience1 gentleness1 renunciation of the world1 conformity to the will of ,god1 and likeness to ,christ1 as distinctly as does his great book4 ,well1 he is content4 ,ama nesciri--love to be unknown--was a precept often on his lips and illustrated in his life4 ,of small matter to him would have been the attempt to deny his authorship of the ,imitation1 and the controversy of two centuries' duration it provoked4 ,of no greater moment the refusal of the name of saint to one whose only miracles were wrought upon the spirits of his brethren4 ,but the ,church catholic says of him1 8,surely this was a holy man of ,god40 ,while the copying of books was the general employment of the brotherhood and of the order1 there was from the first a good deal of independent authorship among them1 and always on the lines of the 8modern devotion40 ,groote himself labored chiefly by preaching and correspondence4 ,but some of his letters are tracts in that form1 and had a wide circulation as such4 ,florens was not much even of a letter-writer1 but he wrote one devotional tract which has been discovered4 ,it was in ,gerard ,zerbolt of ,zutphen1 his altera manus1 that he found a fit organ for the expression of his ideas in writing4 ,to us ,protestants ,zerbolt is memorable as the author of a treatise asserting the right and duty of unlearned men to have good books--the ,bible and their prayer-books included--in their own tongue4 ,but he was much better known by his writing certain widely circulated books of devotion--modern1 of course4 ,hendrik ,mande1 the ,seer1 was a ,windesheim monk whose mysticism took the bolder and more ecstatic flight of ,rusbroek1 and like ,rusbroek he found his native tongue more suitable than ,latin4 ,lastly1 ,gerlach ,peterszoon1 sometimes called 8the second ,thomas ,kempis10 although he died in #adaa1 before ,thomas himself had become an author1 wrote in both ,latin and ,dutch sundry works1 one of which still is reprinted for edification even by ,protestants4 ,through all this literature runs the same strain of thought and feeling1 in spite of personal differences4 ,they all insist on a deeper renunciation of the world than is satisfied by any external monastic compliances4 ,they all hold forth the imitation of ,christ's humility and meekness as the essence of the ,christian life4 ,they all insist on devotion to the will of ,god and good-will to men as the two essential channels in which the ,christian life must run4 ,thomas ,kempis's works as a whole fit into the writings of this group of disciples of ,gerard ,groote1 just as his ,imitation of ,christ fits into the rest of his works4 ,he simply is the best writer they had1 as the ,imitation is the best thing he ever wrote4 ,if none of the many manuscripts of the ,imitation bore his name1 as nearly all of them do2 and if none of the contemporaries who knew him had certified to his authorship of it1 as so many of them do2 and if none of the printed editions bore his name1 as twenty-one of the fifteenth century and forty of the sixteenth do1 we still would have been obliged to ascribe it to him4 ,no other century than his could have produced it4 ,it reflects the ideas of no other group than that of the disciples of ,gerard and ,florens4 ,the very title1 ,de ,imitatione ,christi1 et de ,contemptu ,omnium ,vanitatum ,mundi1 expresses the twofold aspect of the moderna devotio of which ,gerard and ,florens were the sponsors4 ,among those disciples there is no one but the author of the ,soliloquy of the ,soul and the ,valley of ,lilies1 to whom we could give it4 ,it differs no more in point of worth from ,thomas's other books than does the ,pilgrim's ,progress from ,bunyan's other writings1 ,grace ,abounding always excepted4 ,while it is by his formal hymns ,thomas ,kempis acquires his right to a place here1 it is true at the same time that the ,imitation itself is a great ,christian poem1 not only in substance but in form4 ,a ,belgian1 who was his contemporary1 says he had written the book metrice1 or in rhythm and rhyme4 ,as it was printed always as prose until our own times1 this statement was somewhat puzzling1 as was the title1 ,musica ,ecclesiastica1 found in some of the manuscripts4 ,but ,rev4 ,karl ,hirsche1 ,lutheran pastor in ,hamburg1 has vindicated both expressions by showing that ,thomas has followed such models as the sequence1 ,victimae paschali1 in the composition of his work4 ,and he has given us an edition based on ,thomas's autograph of the year #adda1 in which this peculiarity is made visible4#ae ,it is true that this way of writing what we may call rhymed and rhythmical prose is not confined to ,thomas or to the ,imitation among his works4 ,among others ,jan van ,schoonhooven1 a ,belgian disciple of ,jan ,rusbroek's1 uses this form frequently2 and ,pastor ,hirsche has pointed out its frequency in others of ,thomas's works4 ,but in no other book approaching the ,imitation in length is the restriction of rhythm and rhyme so steadily accepted4 ,as an instance1 take this brief passage from the fifth chapter of the third book3 8,amans volat1 currit1 et laetatur2 ,liber est1 et non tenetur ,dat omnia pro omnibus1 ,et habet omnia in omnibus2 ,quia in uno summo super omnia quiescit ,ex quo omne bonum fluit et procedit4 ,non respecit ad dona ,sed ad donantem se convertit super omnia bona4 ,amor modo saepe nescit1 ,sed super omnem modum fervescit4 ,amor onus non sentit1 ,labores non reputat2 ,plus affectat quam valet2 ,de impossibilitate non causatur ,quia cuncta sibi posse et licere arbitrator40 ,or in ,rev4 ,w4 ,benham's admirable version3 8,he who loveth flyeth1 runneth1 and is glad2 he is free and not hindered4 ,he giveth all things for all things1 and has all things in all things1 because he resteth in ,one who is high above all1 from whom every good floweth and proceedeth4 ,he looketh not for gifts1 but turneth himself to the ,giver1 above all good things4 ,love oftentimes knoweth no measure1 but breaketh out above all measure2 love feeleth no burden1 reckoneth not labors1 striveth after more than it is able to do1 pleadeth not impossibility1 because it judgeth all things which are lawful for it to be possible40#af ,the ,imitation has obtained a place next to the ,bible in the devotional literature of ,christendom4 ,the fact that the author was a ,roman ,catholic and that the fourth book is a preparation for the devout reception of the ,eucharist in accordance with the ,roman ,catholic theory of its nature1 has not prevented stanch ,protestants from translating and commending it4 ,dr4 ,chalmers wrote a commendatory preface to a ,scotch reprint of ,john ,payne's translation4 ,and in ,germany1 ,holland1 and ,england the ,protestant versions have far exceeded those made by ,roman ,catholics4 ,the first ,protestant version was that from the mediaeval into ,ciceronian ,latin1 by ,sebastian ,castellio 7,basle1 #aeef72 the second was into ,german by the great and good ,john ,arndt4 ,but the book has achieved a still more notable conquest than this4 ,in ,corneille's metrical version 7#afea7 it was a favorite with ,auguste ,comte1 who recommended it to the ,benthamist1 ,sir ,william ,molesworth1 as well worth reading4 ,it has obtained a sort of recognition among ,comtists as a canonical work1 and selections from it often are read at the ,positivist services4 ,and ,english readers will remember the passage in which ,george ,eliot1 writing in ,comte's spirit1 describes its effect on the sensitive spirit of ,maggie ,tulliver3 8,she knew nothing of doctrines and systems--of mysticism or quietism2 but this voice out of the far-off ,middle ,ages was the direct human communication of a human soul's belief and experience1 and came to ,maggie as an unquestioned message4 8,i suppose that is the reason why the small1 old-fashioned book1 for which you need pay only sixpence at a book-stall1 works miracles to this day1 turning bitter waters into sweetness1 while expensive sermons and treatises1 newly issued1 leave all things as they were before4 ,it was written down by a hand that waited for the heart's prompting2 it is the chronicle of a solitary hidden anguish1 struggle1 trust1 and triumph--not written on velvet cushions to teach endurance to those who are treading with bleeding feet on the stones4 ,and so it remains to all time a lasting record of human needs and consolations2 the voice of a brother who1 ages ago1 felt and suffered and renounced1 in the cloister1 perhaps1 with serge gown and tonsured head1 with much chanting and long fasts1 and with a fashion of speech different from ours1 but under the same silent1 far-off heavens1 and with the same passionate desires1 and with the same strivings1 the same failures1 the same weariness40--,the ,mill on the ,floss1 ,book ,,iv41 chap4 #c4 ,all true2 but less than the truth2 for ,thomas's power lies not in these negations1 but in his personal relation to 8the supreme1 invisible ,teacher1 the pattern of sorrow1 the source of all strength10 from whom ,marian ,evans turned away to fill up her life with 8yearnings and strivings and failures10 while her only comfort was in the consideration that she had stilled her pain by no 8false anodynes40 ,it is a little uncertain at what time the ,imitation was written4 ,it seems not improbable that it was begun in ,thomas's youth1 when he had assumed or was about to assume the responsibilities of the priesthood4 ,a lofty regard for the sanctity of that office was one of the traditions of the brotherhood4 ,groote himself1 in view of the stains of his earlier life1 never would assume it1 although his ordination would have enabled him to resume his work of preaching through the ,archdiocese of ,utrecht4 ,he never was more than deacon1 and the order which silenced him merely forbade deacons to preach without especial permission4 ,it is not impossible that in the case of ,thomas1 as in that of ,luther1 the responsibility seemed greater than he could bear1 and that it drove him into a closer and more consecrated fellowship with his ,master1 which bore fruit in the first book of this wonderful manual4 ,he was ordained priest in #adad2 there seems good reason to believe that this first book--the ,imitation proper--was known and read at ,windesheim1 and even translated into ,dutch by ,jan ,scutken1 as early as the year #adbj2 and that the other three were written1 each as an independent work1 before #adbe1 and then united as one manual of devotion4#ag ,the oldest manuscript of the ,latin still in existence bears the date #adbe1 and testifies to his authorship4 ,the oldest in ,thomas's own handwriting was made in #adda1 and forms part of a series of his works1 which he then collected probably for the first time4 ,of ,thomas's purely poetical works1 besides a few hortatory poems and anagrams on the names of the saints1 there were known until recently sixteen ,cantica ,spiritualia1 to wit3 ,adversa mundi tolera1 ,agnetis ,christi virginis1 ,ama ,jesum cum ,agnete1 ,ave florens rosa1 ,christe ,redemptor omnium1 ,vere salus1 ,christe sanctorum gloria1 ,et piorum1 ,cives coeli attendite1 ,en virginis ,caeciliae1 ,gaude1 mater ,ecclesia1 ,de praecursoris1 ,jesu ,salvador seculi1 ,o dulcissime ,jesu1 ,o ,jesu mi dulcissime1 ,spes et solamen1 ,o qualis quantaque laetitia1 ,o vera summa ,trinitas1 ,tota vita ,jesu ,christi1 ,vitam ,jesu stude imitari4 ,in #ahhb ,father ,o4 ,a4 ,spitzen found in a manuscript in ,zwolle ten other ,cantica ,spiritualia1 which he published that year as the work of ,thomas ,kempis1 to wit3 ,angelorum si haberem1 ,creaturarum omnium merita1 ,cum sub cruce sedet moerens1 ,jerusalem gloriosa1 ,mirum est si non lugeat1 ,nec quisquam oculis vidit1 ,o quid laudis1 quis honoris1 ,quanta ,mihi cura de te1 ,serve meus noli metuere1 ,ubi modo est ,jesus1 ubi est ,maria4 ,six of these had already appeared in ,mone's collection1 and credited to a fifteenth century manuscript found at ,carlsruhe1 a fact which does not militate against ,spitzen's view of their authorship4 ,the latter found them along with the hymns generally ascribed to ,thomas in a ,,ms4 which had belonged to the brother-house in ,zwolle1 and had been written in the latter half of that century1 probably between #adgg and #adhc4 ,most of them bear the ear-marks of ,thomas's style1 and have a congruity with the matter of his works which lends probability to ,father ,spitzen's conjecture4 ,of all these hymns two only have attained any recognition as contributions to the sacred songs of ,christendom4 ,these two are the ,adversa mundi tolera1 which is rather an exhortation in the tone of the ,imitation than a hymn2 and the ,o qualis quantaque laetitia1 better known1 through the general omission of its first verse1 as the ,adstant angelorum chori4 ,dr4 ,trench well says that the whole of our author's poetry will not yield a second passage at all to be compared in beauty with this4 ,indeed1 most of ,thomas's poetry lacks the inspiration which characterizes his best prose4 ,he is a poet in prose and a prosy poet1 and writes in verse because he has been required to fill up some empty place in the hymn-list of his monastery4 ,his acquaintance with the hymn-writer's art is bounded by his daily familiarity with the hymns of his breviary1 and he betrays the fact by starting from the first lines of well-known hymns in his own work4 ,but in this hymn on the joys of heaven he for once struck the right key1 although even here he shows some stiffness of the joints1 like a monk more used to a seat in the ,scriptorium than to the saddle of ,pegasus4 ,the hymn is known to ,english readers by the admirable version of ,mrs4 ,charles3 8,high the angel choirs are raising ,heart and voice in harmony40 ,,chapter ,,xxvii4 ,,francis ,,xavier1 ,,missionary ,,to ,,the ,,indies 7#aejf-eb74 ,no man1 since the days of the ,apostles1 has been more commended for his zeal than ,xavier4 ,he has been the moon of that 8,society of ,jesus0 of which ,ignatius ,loyola was the guiding sun4 ,his privations1 heroism1 and success have been the constant theme of the ,roman ,catholic ,church4 ,and it is impossible to study his life without a conviction that there was in it a devout and gallant purpose to bless the world4 ,our limits and our line of thought alike demand of us that we shall not attempt1 in any exhaustive form1 to treat of ,francis ,xavier from the theologic or controversial side4 ,he interests us1 apart from his personal character1 simply because two ,latin hymns have been accredited to his pen4 ,these have the same opening line1 8,o ,deus ego amo ,te10 but1 after this exordium1 they proceed quite differently4 ,the second of them1 as we find it placed in ,daniel's collection1 has received the greatest share of esteem1 and is known to the entire world of ,english-speaking ,christians by the admirable translation of ,mr4 ,caswall3 8,my ,god1 ,i love thee1 not because ,i seek for heaven thereby10 etc4 ,there is good reason to discredit its authorship1 if this be a question of accuracy with us4 ,schlosser's language 7,vol4 i41 p4 #djg7 would indicate that he regarded it as 8generally conceded0 to be the 8love-sigh ,liebesseufzer of the holy ,francis ,xavier40 ,but no proof has yet been offered which positively identifies this hymn with its reputed composer4 ,its spirit--and that of its companion lyric--is precisely his own4 ,but so1 it may be added1 is the spirit of that touching poem1 8,i am old and blind-- ,men point to me as stricken by ,god's frown10 the same as that of ,john ,milton1 its once reputed author4 ,no true student of ,milton's times or of ,milton's language was ever deceived by it2 and the innocent and amiable ,quaker lady of our own century1 who wrote it1 was perfectly guileless in this impersonation of his grief4 ,but1 nevertheless1 it passed current for a long time on the strength of some one's literary sagacity4 ,this species of argument is a very common inheritance to the editors of ,latin hymns1 from ,thomasius and ,clichtove downward4 ,but it is quite as unsafe as to assign 8,i am dying1 ,egypt1 dying10 to the actual ,mark ,antony when we know it to have been written by ,william ,henry ,lytle1 an ,american1 born in #ahbi and dying in #ahfc4 ,therefore1 it is scarcely proper authoritatively to accredit these hymns to ,xavier1 or1 indeed1 to any other poet4 ,the utmost that we can say for them is that no one can prove the converse of the proposition1 and that their style and form are appropriate to the period at which he lived4 ,he is not known to have written other verses4 ,these may have been the only exudations of that bruised and wounded spirit which have hardened into amber and thus have become precious to us4 ,and we would prefer to believe that he truly appears in these lines in such an exquisite mystic apotheosis rather than to intermeddle with lower questions1 and so1 perhaps1 prevent any discussion of himself in these pages at all4 ,we have been prohibited by much the same destructive analysis from treating of ,augustine1 who never wrote a hymn1 and to whom the ,ad perennis vitae fontem has been wrongly ascribed1 for we know it now to be the undoubted composition of ,st4 ,peter ,damiani4 ,in this and in other similar cases where there is any literary question concerned1 it may be worth our while to investigate with great carefulness4 ,as a rule1 however1 the internal evidence offered in the hymns themselves will set us on the true path4 ,they range in structure from the lowest corundum up to the choicest diamond1 and are as various as any gems in their prosodic form and spiritual color4 ,like these gems1 also1 they are notable for varieties of crystallization--the ,dark ,ages showing imperfect angles and crude attempts1 and the ,renaissance exhibiting again the old sharp-cut classicism of a time anterior even to ,hilary and ,ambrose4 ,from the higher critical standpoint1 then1 these hymns are not unacceptable as ,xavier's own work4 ,they feel as if they belonged to his age and to his life4 ,they are transfused and shot through by a personal sense of absorption into the divine love1 which has fused and crystallized them in its fiercest heat4 ,it is proper to inquire1 moreover1 if ,xavier did not write them1 who did8 ,their author must have been as much superior to his own circumstances and surroundings as ,xavier was to his2 and he must also have been as much possessed by this same holy zeal4 ,it is absolutely incredible that1 with these qualities given1 he should not have been known to us in other relations1 and1 sooner or later1 identified as the true source of their being4 ,the sixteenth century was a time when literary knowledge was closer and keener than it had been in the twelfth1 and a hymn of that period could not be attributed to ,heloise without exposing its own fallacy2 for in the ,requiescat a labore we have such a comparatively modern lyric1 which ,daniel rightly tests and finds wanting4 8,it seems to me10 he says1 8that this song is the production of a later age40 ,and he might well say it1 for its crystallization1 so to speak1 is too accurate1 too many-sided1 for it to belong in the twelfth century and to the sad ,abbess of the ,paraclete4 ,one cannot1 however1 declare this so positively of ,xavier's two hymns4 ,in style and composition the first is inferior to the second2 but both have a simplicity and directness of utterance which may easily secure that pardon which their rhythm is faulty enough to require4 ,if one were to assign any special date to them1 it would naturally be in the neighborhood of that pathetic little petition which comes from the prayer-book of ,mary ,queen of ,scots4 ,the ,domine ,deus1 speravi in ,te is pitched in the same key with these4 ,and as ,mary lived from #aedb to #aehg1 and ,xavier from #aejf to #aeeb1 there is certainly room for these two compositions to have been prepared by another hand1 in the days of enthusiasm over his triumphant successes and of sorrow over his early death4 ,with these arguments for and against the authenticity of the hymns1 we must rest content4 ,bartoli and ,maffei1 in their ,life of ,xavier1 are silent upon the subject2 and the careful ,knigsfeld enters the better hymn in his collection as anonymous4 ,if we retain the reputed authorship ourselves1 it must be1 therefore1 rather as ,christians than as scholars4 ,but1 having done so1 we are entitled to speak of ,francis ,xavier1 and of his life and his work4 ,the date of his birth is apparently fixed by a manuscript note in ,spanish in a family record possessed by the ,xaviers1 which places it upon ,april #gth1 #aejf4 ,his father was ,don ,john ,giasso1 a man of legal acquirements and of good social position4 ,he was at one time auditor of the royal council under ,king ,john ,,iii4 ,for a wife he chose ,donna ,maria d',azpilqueta y ,xavier1 and the child ,francis was born at the castle of ,xavier1 a few miles distant from ,pampeluna in ,navarre1 on the southern slope of the ,pyrenees4 ,he was the youngest of a large family1 and the castle where he saw the light gave to him the patronymic by which he is always known4 ,the family were originally called ,asuarez1 but altered their name to ,xavier when ,king ,theobald gave them this property4 ,the mother's title was thus perpetuated in one of her sons1 but there seems to be some confusion still remaining1 for a brother of the missionary was ,captain ,john ,azpilqueta1 who also apparently had exchanged his father's name of ,giasso for one of the designations borne by his mother4 ,the biographies of ,francis ,xavier are naturally of a kind to excite the critical instincts of a scholar4 ,they are1 from the original life by ,torsellini1 to the latest ,jesuit compilation1 remarkable for their enthusiasm and unlimited credulity4 ,it is only in such calmer treatises as those of ,nicolini1 ,stephen1 ,venn1 and others1 that we get the more just conception of his character4 ,but to be entirely fair to him we should take him from the picture painted by his co-religionists1 refusing only those things which are manifestly incongruous or absurd4 ,the work of ,bartoli and ,maffei may1 for example1 be regarded as entirely safe in its general statements4 ,from the portraits left to us and preserved in the pages of ,nicolini and ,mrs4 ,jameson1 we derive a vivid impression of the man's personal intensity4 ,his eyes are deep and thoughtful2 his nose strong1 rather blunt1 and withal sagacious2 and his face is that of a mystic4 ,he is usually represented as gazing upward in religious rapture and his lips are parted4 ,his features are more rugged and forcible than refined4 ,they indicate a rude strength of body and of will rather than a delicate and sensitive nature4 ,should we have met him personally1 he would have given us the impression of an enthusiast1 deeply affectionate and profoundly loyal to anything like a military organization4 ,these opinions would have been approved by the fact4 ,we read that his parents desired to educate him as a cavalier1 and that he was at first instructed at home in the usual topics4 ,but as he showed zeal and intelligence he was sent1 in his eighteenth year1 to the ,college of ,ste4 ,barbe at ,paris4 ,here he completed the study of philosophy1 received the degree of ,master1 and began to give instruction to others4 ,his most intimate friend was ,peter ,faber1 afterward to become one of the earliest adherents of ,ignatius ,loyola4 ,and the biographers are unwearied in their eulogy of ,xavier's and ,faber's purity of life and morals in the midst of the great temptations of a corrupt city4 ,to these two young men1 ardent of mind and eager in their ambition1 now enters the influence which shapes their destiny4 ,faber was a ,savoyard1 poor and of humble birth1 while ,xavier was well-to-do and possessed the haughty spirit of a ,spanish grandee4 ,they were1 however1 kindling each other up to some scheme of future glory when ,ignatius ,loyola made his way to ,paris4 ,he had been converted a few years before this and had already begun to gather proselytes to his opinions4 ,his purpose in visiting ,paris was not merely to avail himself of better facilities for study1 but also to secure more followers4 ,it is not strange to us that ,loyola1 with his great sagacity1 should have singled out the two companions and have set himself to win them4 ,faber's allegiance1 indeed1 it was an easy matter to obtain4 ,but ,xavier did not so readily fall in with the wishes of the great general of the ,jesuits4 ,faber's conversion was rapidly accomplished4 ,he was supplied with the ,spiritual ,exercises1 which is1 of all books1 the best adapted to produce the proper self-abandonment and plastic condition of soul which befit the neophyte of the ,society of ,jesus4 ,and this work1 composed1 say the ,roman ,catholic authorities1 in the cavern of ,manresa with the help of the ,virgin ,mary1 may be regarded as the keenest instrument by which men's lives were ever carved into the patterns designed by a superior will4 ,we have no space for a discussion of ,jesuitism further than to indicate its methods when they affect the subject before us1 but ,faber's behavior undoubtedly had its weight upon ,xavier4 ,the ,savoyard took to fasting with a perfect fury4 ,in his debilitated condition he was the fit vehicle for spiritual impressions1 for ecstasies1 and for mystical dreams4 ,he would kneel in the open court in the snow1 and sometimes allow himself to be covered with icicles4 ,his bundle of fuel he made into a bed and slept upon it for the few hours of what one biography 8scarcely knows whether to call torture or repose40 ,in fact1 he so outran the instruction of ,loyola1 that that keen observer checked him and prevented what would have reacted against his own designs4 8,for10 saith quaint ,matthew ,henry1 speaking of another subject1 8there is a great deal of doing which1 by overdoing1 is altogether undone40 ,xavier was1 however1 more important to ,loyola than ,faber4 ,and ,xavier was of tougher material and harder to reach4 ,upon him the intense ,loyola bent the blow-pipe flame of his own spirit4 ,he had failed to touch him by texts or by austerities4 ,he therefore changed his tactics altogether and began to soften him by praise1 by judicious cultivation of his sympathies1 by procuring new scholars for him1 and even by attending his lectures and feigning a deep interest in whatever he did4 ,in short1 he applied flattery and deference in such a way that he insinuated himself very soon into the confidence of ,xavier1 and allowed the haughty ,don to recognize the high birth and good breeding which he could also claim4 ,this was a master stroke4 ,faber was after all only a ,savoyard2 but ,loyola was born in a castle1 had been a page at the court of ,ferdinand1 and had led soldiers into the deadliest places of battle4 ,he had also the advantage of being ,xavier's senior by fully fourteen years1 for his birth had been contemporaneous with ,columbus's expedition in search of the new world4 ,here1 then1 the influence of this strong1 undaunted1 unflinching spirit began to focus itself upon the young teacher of philosophy4 8,resistance to praise10 says the bitter ,la ,rochefoucauld1 8is a desire to be praised twice40 ,and to so acute a student of human nature as ,loyola it soon grew evident that he was making progress4 ,this was proved even by the modesty of ,xavier4 ,therefore he redoubled his energies and utilized that marvellous power of adaptation1 which was his chief legacy to his order1 in obtaining a definite result4 ,he gained ground so fast that ,michael ,navarro1 a faithful servant of the young scholar1 became determined to break off this dangerous fascination1 and even attempted to kill ,loyola in his private apartments4 ,but he1 too1 was dealing with a brain which never relaxed its vigilance and with a magnetic personality which felt a danger1 and moved safely1 cat-like1 through the dark4 ,he was halted and challenged by the man he came to kill1 and being crushed down in confusion was thereupon treated with magnanimity1 and went away revolving many things in his mind4 ,this was the power of ,loyola--a power which sprang1 first of all1 from his peculiar constitution1 and1 second1 from his fanatical ambition4 ,it has been the key by which the ,jesuit has ever since unlocked the doors of palaces and contrived to whisper in the ears of kings4 ,its extent has been that of the civilized and uncivilized world4 ,in the matter of organization no human fraternity has ever equalled the ,society of ,jesus4 ,the germs which we behold at ,ste4 ,barbe in ,paris have grown into a tree whose roots have taken hold on every soil1 and whose fruit has dropped in every clime4 ,the order has invariably employed strategy1 intrigue1 ingenuity1 and perfect combination to secure its ends4 ,it is1 as a system1 far from being either dead or insignificant4 ,and its real vitality has always sprung from its maxim that its associated members1 vowed to celibacy and to the accomplishment of its purposes1 should be ,perinde ac si cadavera--absolutely subordinate and dead to any other will--in the hands of the 8general0 who is at the head of its affairs4 ,it has worked1 first for itself1 second for the ,roman ,catholic ,church1 and third for the proselytizing of the heathen and the heretics4 ,it has never neglected to procure in every manner the information it needed to the full extent or to employ its principle that the end to be gained justifies the means that are taken to gain it4 ,thus it is the legitimate outgrowth of the soldier-courtier-fanatic mind of its founder4 ,and this was the mind which was now spending its splendid resources upon ,xavier1 playing with him like a trout upon the hook1 until it should land him1 a completely surrendered man1 within its own control4 ,in another sphere and under other influences1 ,xavier might have been a far different person4 ,he1 at least1 was sincere in his devotion to the cause4 ,he identified ,jesuitism with ,christianity and ,loyola with ,jesus ,himself4 ,hence his character and labors have blinded many persons to the methods which he used and to the results which he sought4 ,it must be sufficient for us that ,ignatius ,loyola had now gotten the mastery of ,francis ,xavier so perfectly that he could be 8applied to the ,spiritual ,exercises1 the furnace in which he ,loyola was accustomed to refine and purify his chosen vessels40 ,a sister of the future missionary had become one of the ,barefooted ,clares1 and had aided in dissuading her father from interference4 ,and now we behold ,xavier praying with hands and feet tightly bound by cords2 or journeying with similar cords about his arms and the calves of his legs until inflammation and ulceration ensued4 ,there were now nine of these converts1 but this man outdid the others in his austerities1 and finally travelled on foot with them to meet ,loyola at ,venice in #aecg4 ,the society had really been formed on ,august #aeth1 #aecd1 at ,montmartre near ,paris1 and this was but its natural outward movement4 ,at ,venice1 on ,january #hth1 #aecg1 they again met their leader and were assigned for duty to the two hospitals of the city4 ,that of the 8,incurables0 fell to ,xavier's share1 and we read that with the morbid devotion characteristic of a devout student of the ,exercises1 he determined now to conquer his natural repugnance to disease4 ,in the course of his duties he had an unusually hideous ulcer to dress for one of the patients4 ,and the authentic history relates that 8encouraging himself to the utmost1 he stooped down1 kissed the pestilent cancer1 licked it several times with his tongue1 and finally sucked out the virulent matter to the last drop40 7,bartoli and ,maffei1 p4 #ce47 ,there could be nothing worse than that certainly4 ,and a man who had resolutely sounded this deepest abyss of self-abandonment was marked for the highest honor that the new society could bestow4 ,we cannot doubt ,xavier's sincerity1 but the gigantic horror of this performance is of a sort to place the man who has achieved it upon an eminence apart from less daring minds4 ,it was ,loyola's way of facing human nature and forcing it to concede the supreme self-devotion of his followers4 ,the world looks with amazement upon such actions1 but when it sees them1 it yields a kind of stupefied allegiance to those who have thus rushed beyond the bounds4 ,and to a close analysis there is as much concealed spiritual pride about this nastiness as there is an unnecessary shock given to the sense of decency4 ,thus1 as ,mozoomdar says1 in his ,oriental ,christ1 8,instead of abasing self1 in many cases it serves the opposite end40 ,it 8imposes a sort of indebtedness upon ,heaven0 7p4 #ff74 ,yet the poor wretch who felt those lips upon his awful wound could not but worship the frightful hero who plunged into such nauseous contact with his loathsomeness4 ,yes1 this was and is the power of it all4 ,it was and it is the key-note of much that is potent with the world4 ,when ,victor ,hugo pictures ,jean ,valjean in the toils of the ,thenardiers laying that white1 hot1 hissing bar of iron upon his arm and calmly standing before them while they shrink--ogres as they are--from the stench and the sight1 he merely uses this same element4 ,whatever1 in short1 among us brings out the old savage nature2 whatever plunges outside of the conventionalities1 the proprieties1 or even the common decencies of life2 whatever defies the lightning1 or dares the volcano1 or tramples upon the coiled serpent1 that is the thing which controls the world4 ,it is worthy of note that this is not a ,christian but a ,jesuit act4 ,it is born of that exaggerated sentimentalism which chooses to go beyond ,christ and ,his apostles in its fallacious abnegation of self4 ,but wherever such acts are performed they rank as the marks of saintship and as the stigmata of a crucifixion which proudly places itself on the same ,golgotha with another and nobler cross4 ,the records1 not merely of ,xavier's life1 but of the lives of the saints1 swarm with these creeping1 slimy frogs of ,egypt1 raised up by enchanters of the human mind to make ,pharaoh believe them to be equal to a far higher ,providence4 ,and if we say little in these pages about such strange developments and morbid growths of piety1 it need not be forgotten that they existed1 and that they have been fostered and encouraged by the ,roman ,church4 ,the ,breviary1 for instance1 commends a roll of self-flagellators who used the whip upon their naked backs1 and ,xavier heads the list with his iron flail4 ,cardinal ,damiani1 who wrote one of our loveliest hymns1 introduced this fashion of scourging in #ajef1 and the holy nun1 ,st4 ,theresa1 after such exercises and an additional repose upon a bed of thorns1 was 8accustomed to converse with ,god40 ,aliquando inter spinas volutaret sic ,deum alloqui solita4 ,this topic1 with its allied suggestions1 is altogether out of our present scope2 but in order to see ,xavier as he was1 we must appreciate to what extent his spirit was subdued before his belief4 ,this was the man1 tested and edged and tempered1 to whom was now committed the 8salvation of the ,indies40 ,it was during the papacy of ,paul ,,iii41 the same ,pope who excommunicated ,henry ,,viii4 of ,england4 ,and ,xavier1 who had practised many austerities both in life and in behavior1 was at first sent to ,bologna1 while ,loyola1 with ,faber and ,laynez1 went to ,rome4 ,it was subsequently at ,rome that ,xavier had his famous vision1 in which he awoke crying1 8,yet more1 ,o ,lord1 yet more60 for he fancied that--as the ,apostle ,paul once did--he had beheld his future career and was glorying in trials and persecutions4 ,especially did he often have a dream in which he seemed to be carrying an ,indian on his shoulders and toiling with him over the roughest and hardest roads4 ,and when at last ,govea1 the ,rector of the ,college of ,ste4 ,barbe1 happened to be in ,rome1 ,ignatius and his companions were brought by him to the notice of ,john ,,iii4 of ,portugal1 and the king desired to have six of them for use in ,india4 ,the ,pope did not show any special desire to secure their services1 and when the question came up he referred it to ,ignatius to decide it as he pleased4 ,that sagacious general objected to taking six from ten and leaving only four to the rest of the world1 for his ambition now extended to the orb of the earth4 ,he accordingly chose ,rodriguez and ,bobadilla for ,india1 men who were evidently well selected1 for the first became a great propagandist in ,portugal1 and the other was a decided obstacle to the ,reformation in ,germany4 ,when ,rodriguez1 however1 fell ill with an intermittent fever ,xavier naturally occurred to ,loyola as the proper substitute4 ,he therefore commissioned him for the service1 and the worn and wasted ascetic patched up his old coat1 said farewell to his friends1 and having craved the ,pope's blessing1 set off from ,rome with the ,portuguese ,ambassador1 ,mascarenhas1 on ,march #afth1 #aedj4 ,he started in such poverty that ,loyola took his own waistcoat and put it upon him1 and he left behind him a written paper of consecration to the society1 expressing in it his desire that ,loyola should be its head1 with ,faber as alternate1 and in which he took the vows of poverty1 chastity1 and obedience to the order under whose auspices he was going forth4 ,at the ,portuguese ,court in ,lisbon1 both ,xavier and his companion were diligent in their religious work4 ,the morals of the capital were quite reformed1 and when it came time for the ships to sail to the ,east the king would only spare ,xavier and detained ,rodriguez1 by the advice of ,loyola1 further to improve the affairs at home4 ,xavier now sailed as ,nuncio with papal commendation and with a poverty of outfit which had its due effect upon his companions on board the ship4 ,the vessel itself was one of those great galleons of ,spanish or ,portuguese origin1 carrying often a thousand persons1 and having from four to seven decks4 ,they were huge1 unwieldy constructions and were generally freighted with large amounts of rich merchandise4 ,the course was that pursued by ,vasco da ,gama--around the ,cape of ,good ,hope and into the ,indian ,ocean--and the voyage often lasted beyond eight months4 ,it is quaintly related of travellers by these precarious sea-paths that they used to take their shrouds and winding-sheets with them in case they died by the way4 ,the company on shipboard was as bad as the provisions1 which were often execrable4 ,the peninsular sailors never had the art either of discipline or of storing a ship and supplying what was needful for a voyage1 as the ,english sea-kings had it4 ,hence their vessels were great floating caravansaries of human beings1 full of the scum and offscouring of society--with lords and ladies on the quarter-deck1 and robbers and murderers1 harlots and gamblers down below4 ,the crew was as prompt as that of ,jonah's ship to cry upon their gods whenever the wind blew4 ,such inventions as the ship's pump1 the chain-cable1 and the bowsprit were not known to them4 ,and when we see ,sir ,richard ,grenville in the little ,revenge fighting fifteen great ,dons for as many hours1 or ,sir ,john ,hawkins beating his way out of the harbor of ,vera ,cruz when the ,jesus of ,lubec was lost by ,spanish treachery1 we see how utterly cumbrous and awkward these galleons were when compared with ,english vessels4 ,sickness also1 in the form of fevers and scurvy1 was very frequent4 ,and there was such laxity of discipline that a six months' voyage generally turned the great hulk into a hell of misery and riot4 ,here1 therefore1 ,xavier was in his element4 ,he slept on the deck2 he begged his own bread1 and the delicacies pressed upon him by the captain he divided among the neediest of the poor sufferers2 he invented games to amuse those who were inclined toward amusement2 and by degrees he commingled his sympathy and friendly offices with the necessities of the crew and passengers until they called him the 8holy father40 ,he constantly preached1 taught1 and labored in this manner until he finally succumbed to an epidemic fever which broke out when they were not far from ,mozambique4 ,here he was landed and for a time was in hospital1 at length completing his voyage to ,india in a different ship from that in which he had first embarked4 ,scattered through his story1 both then and afterward1 we have accounts of various miracles1 of his exhibition of a spirit of prophecy1 and eventually of his raising the dead4 ,these demand a moment's consideration4 ,he is said1 for instance1 to have predicted the loss of the ,san ,jago1 in which he sailed from ,portugal and which was wrecked after he left her4 ,he did the same with one or two other vessels and assured several persons of their own impending death or misfortune4 ,sometimes he was observed to speak as though he were holding conversation with unseen companions1 and he was apparently conscious of events which were afterward found to have occurred at the very time in distant places4 ,there is also a series of phenomena connected with the 8gift of tongues0 in his case1 by which this power appears to have been intermittent1 or at least dependent to a great degree upon a remarkable intensity of scholarship and keenness of analysis combined with a powerful memory4 ,it is not claimed that he exercised this gift in such a manner as 8to converse in a foreign tongue the moment he landed in this foreign country40 ,and then there is a further class of remarkable experiences connected with fevers and diseases and the raising of the dead4 ,of these latter miracles it may be well to treat first4 ,he is said to have raised up ,anthony ,miranda1 an ,indian1 who had been bitten by a cobra2 to have restored four dead persons at ,travancore2 to have resuscitated a young girl in ,japan and a child in ,malacca1 and to have actually brought to the ship1 alive and well1 a lad who had fallen overboard and been apparently lost4 ,these incidents are related with great gravity by the biographers and are accepted by the faithful as being strictly true4 ,to impugn them is as if one impugned the ,scriptures4 ,nevertheless there is an opening for scepticism in sundry cases1 and it may be that we shall do well to agree with the saint's own statement made to ,doctor ,diego ,borba4 8,ah1 my ,jesus60 he answered1 8can it be said that such a wretch as ,i have been able to raise the dead8 ,surely1 my dear ,diego1 you have not believed such folly8 ,they brought a young man to me whom they supposed to be dead2 ,i commanded him to arise1 and the common people1 who make a miracle of everything1 gave out the report that a dead man had been raised to life40 ,for the rest1 we may well believe that the same exaggeration and lack of scientific attention to details have accompanied the various accounts1 in some such manner as appears in the little sketch of his personal characteristics which a young ,coquimban named ,vaz has given to us4 ,this enthusiastic admirer describes his going afoot with a patched and faded garment and an old black cloth hat4 ,he took nothing from the rich or great unless he applied it to the uses of the poor4 ,he spoke languages fluently without having learned them1 and the crowds which flocked to hear him often amounted to five or six thousand persons4 ,he celebrated ,mass in the open air and preached from the branches of a tree when he had no other pulpit4 ,but of this healing of the sick and raising of the dead we are not offered any better testimonials than the 8,acts of his ,canonization40 ,moreover1 in a manner quite contrary to the experiences recorded in the ,gospels1 these various miracles seem to be looked upon as the decisive stroke of ,christian policy4 ,upon their occurrence tribes and kingdoms bow before the truth--a thing which did not happen at the tomb of ,lazarus1 or before the walls of ,nain1 or within the house of ,jairus4 ,in those cases the evangelists are content to tell us that the influence was limited and confined to a very moderate area4 ,yet when we come to the cures of sick people1 to the singular predictions1 and to the exalted condition into which ,xavier must often have been lifted1 we must allow to the man a very high degree of mystical and mesmeric and even clairvoyant power4 ,we are wise enough nowadays to observe the influence of a devoted personality1 as when ,florence ,nightingale traverses the hospital wards at ,scutari1 or ,david ,livingstone moves through savage tribes1 to his dying hour at ,lake ,lincoln4 ,and when profound ,church historians will not altogether discredit the miracles of the ,nicene ,age which ,ambrose and ,augustine relate1 it causes us to be charitable even toward the miracles of ,bernard of ,clairvaux1 who recorded at large his own sense of uneasiness respecting his power of curing the sick4 ,but it somewhat relieves the mind when the very chapters which relate these experiences of ,st4 ,francis ,xavier1 mention also that a crab came out of the sea and brought him his lost crucifix1 and that after he had lived in a certain house two children and a woman fell out of the window at different times and received not so much as a single bruise1 though they dropped from an immense height upon the sea-wall4 ,the credulity which includes such palpable absurdities must surely have exposed itself to misstatements and exaggerations in other directions4 ,it is far pleasanter for us to follow ,xavier from his arrival at ,goa1 ,may #fth1 #aedb1 to the fisheries of ,cape ,comorin2 thence to ,malacca1 and so to the ,banda ,islands1 ,amboyna1 and the ,moluccas in #aedf2 again to ,malacca in #aedg2 to ,ceylon and back to ,goa in #aedh1 and finally to ,japan4 ,in #aeea he planned a visit to ,china1 but was disappointed1 and at the moment when he was hoping to accomplish a great purpose he died on the island of ,san ,chan1 ,december #bb;d1 #aeeb1 at the early age of forty-six years4 ,closely studying himself and his methods we find him greatly and always devout1 his breviary1 however1 being his ,bible4 ,he prayed much and labored incessantly4 ,his charity to small and great was untiring4 ,he would go through the streets ringing a little bell and calling people to come to religious worship1 being frequently attended by a throng of children who seem to have loved him and been beloved by him4 ,he had noble and sweet and modest traits in his character4 ,but we often notice the reliance he places on baptism--sometimes conferring this rite until his arm dropped from weariness4 ,and we observe how much of the wisdom of the serpent can be discerned in his ways with the people whom he desired to secure4 ,the indefatigable exertions of ,xavier are above all praise4 ,he never appears to have slackened in his zeal1 nor does he ever show hesitation1 doubt1 or uncertainty of any kind4 ,on one occasion when roused by a great crisis he displayed a military authority worthy of ,loyola himself4 ,he stood once in front of an invading host of ,badages and forbade them to attack the ,paravans1 shouting to them1 8,in the name of the living ,god ,i command you to return whence you came40 ,no wonder that the semi-barbarous people were affected by this fearless and singular presence1 and spoke of ,xavier as a person of gigantic stature dressed in black and whose flashing eyes dazzled and daunted them4 ,but upon other occasions he was gentle and amenable to every agreeable trait in his companions4 ,he could even take the cards from a broken gamester1 shuffle them to give him good fortune1 and send him back to try his luck with fifty reals borrowed from another passenger4 ,the man's success is thereupon made a basis for his penitence4 ,and so with the wicked cavalier of ,meliapore1 whose friendship he gained by being unconscious of his vices until the time for exhortation arrived4 ,in these and similar instances we cannot fail to observe a thorough knowledge of human nature1 and a ,jesuit's keen power of using it for his own purposes4 ,he was not always prospered in his enterprises4 ,once at least he literally shook off the dust from his shoes against an offending tribe4 ,at another time he was wounded by an arrow4 ,but1 as a rule1 he had a complete moral victory in whatever he undertook4 ,in one of his letters he speaks of the people being maliciously disposed and ready to poison both food and drink4 ,but he will take no antidotes with him1 and is determined to avoid all human remedies whatsoever4 ,it is in such superb examples of his absolute trust in ,god that he presents to us the really grand side of his character4 ,he did not know what fear was1 and as for death1 he was too familiar with daily dying to be concerned at it4 ,his personal faith was such as to beget faith in others1 as when an earthquake interrupted his preaching upon ,st4 ,michael's ,day1 and he announced that the archangel was then driving the devils of that unhappy country back to the pit4 ,this was said so earnestly as to produce a profound conviction of its truth and to remove all alarm from his audience4 ,but when we are asked to believe that the two ,pereiras ever beheld him elevated from the earth and actually transfigured1 or when it is stated that he lifted a great beam as though it had been a lath1 we must be excused for being doubtful of the statement4 ,there is nothing more destructive of religion than superstition1 and nothing which kills faith like credulity4 ,xavier1 with all his false notions1 was a most sincere and even majestic figure--a hero of the faith1 who shows us the power of a thoroughly devoted spirit unencumbered by any earthly tie and unobstructed by any earthly want4 ,the entire self-immolation of this career constitutes its amazing power4 ,it is the missionary spirit carried to its loftiest height4 ,perhaps one of his most ingenious ways to secure the good-will of his companions was by endeavoring to excite their benevolence4 ,he would encourage them to little acts of kindness and would repay these by similar favors and services4 ,particularly he used persuasion rather than denunciation1 and personal efforts rather than general harangues4 ,he was 8all things to all men10 going 8privately to those of reputation10 as ,paul1 his great model1 was wont to do4 ,he once wrote3 8,it is better to do a little with peace than a great deal with turbulence and scandal40 ,on ,april #adth1 #aeeb1 he set sail from ,goa for ,malacca where a pestilence was raging4 ,this delayed him awhile from ,china1 and he was held back still longer by the envious quarrellings of those who aspired to the honor of attending him on his voyage4 ,xavier was reduced to the necessity of producing the papal authority which constituted him ,nuncio1 and of threatening with excommunication ,don ,alvaro ,atade1 the most troublesome person4 ,in addition to this difficulty he found himself insulted and reviled in the open street1 but accepted everything with meekness and patience2 which1 however1 did not prevent his finally excommunicating ,atade in the regular form4 ,the vessel on which he embarked was manned mostly by those in the pay of ,atade1 but he did not shrink from the voyage4 ,the voyage itself is decorated with many legends1 as might be expected4 ,the saint is reported to have changed salt water into fresh2 to have rescued a child from death in a miraculous manner1 and to have become suddenly so much taller and larger than those about him as to have been compelled to lower his arms when he baptized the converts4 ,they sailed from ,chinchoo to ,san ,chan1 an island in which the ,portuguese had some trading privileges4 ,it was here that ,xavier uttered a prediction which may serve to explain other singular occurrences4 ,he would seem to have possessed more than an ordinary amount of medical skill in diagnosis1 and looking earnestly upon an old friend named ,vellio1 he bade him prepare for death whenever the wine he drank tasted bitter4 ,this might easily be from either of two causes--poison1 or a disorganized state of the system4 ,and it is recorded that the result fulfilled the prophecy4 ,nor is there much doubt that ,vellio's entire faith in the prediction helped on his death4 ,from ,san ,chan ,xavier now proposed to cross to ,china4 ,he arranged to be smuggled thither in a small boat1 but the residents of ,san ,chan1 ,english as well as ,portuguese1 became alarmed at the consequences which they foresaw from this desperate scheme of intrusion into the forbidden empire4 ,and to crown all his woes he fell sick with a fever1 from which1 however1 he convalesced in a fortnight4 ,he was now more anxious than ever to go on with his project4 ,but all the ,portuguese ships had sailed back again except the ,santa ,cruz1 on which he had arrived4 ,and now he was truly deserted and neglected4 ,he had scarcely the bare necessaries of life1 sometimes being deprived entirely of food4 ,the sailors were mostly in ,atade's pay and inimical to his purpose4 ,at length he became convinced that he would himself soon die1 and so would often walk in meditation and prayer by the seashore gazing toward the prohibited coast4 ,at this time the young ,chinese ,anthony was his only hope as an interpreter2 and he was now deprived of the services of the merchant and his son who had agreed to row him over to ,canton4 ,they had deserted him1 and only ,anthony and one more young lad remained true to the dying missionary4 ,on ,november #bjth the fever again seized him after he had celebrated ,mass4 ,he was taken to a floating hospital1 but being disturbed by its motion he begged to be landed4 ,this was done and he was left upon the beach in the bleak wind4 ,a poor ,portuguese named ,george ,alvarez then took pity on him and removed him to his own hut of boughs and straw4 ,rude medical care was given him1 but on ,december #b;d1 about two o'clock in the afternoon1 he had reached the limit of his life4 ,his latest words were1 ,in te1 ,domine1 speravi--non confundar in aeternum--,o ,lord1 ,i have trusted in ,thee1 ,i shall never be confounded1 world without end4 ,thus died ,francis ,xavier1 for ten years and seven months a missionary in the most dangerous and deadly regions of the earth4 ,at the date of his death he was of full and robust figure in spite of his privations1 with eyes of a bluish-gray1 and hair that had changed its dark chestnut color somewhat through his toils and sufferings4 ,his forehead was broad1 his nose good1 and his expression pleasant and affable4 ,his beard1 like his hair1 was thick1 and his temperament was nearly a pure sanguine4 ,they buried him first at ,san ,chan1 then removed him to ,goa1 where in solemn procession they conducted his mortal body to its final rest4 ,but his right arm was taken off and it is to be observed that 8the saint seems not to have been pleased at the amputation of his arm10 which1 however1 did not prevent the ,jesuit1 ,general ,claude ,acquaviva1 from insisting upon the mutilation4 ,down to the present time his memory has received many honors4 ,churches have been erected1 prayers have been offered1 and much religious worship has been transacted in his name4 ,but to us who are looking upon him from another angle altogether1 there are apparent in him a piety1 a zeal1 a courage1 and a 8hot-hearted prudence0 7to quote ,f4 ,w4 ,faber's words7 which arouse our admiration4 ,and in the two hymns which bear his name we are able to discover that fine attar which is the precious residuum of many crushed and fragrant aspirations1 which grew above the thorns of sharp trial and were strewn at last upon the wind-swept beach of that poor ,pisgah island from which he truly beheld the distant ,land4 ,o ,,deus1 ,,ego ,,amo ,,te4 ,o ,lord1 ,i love thee1 for of old ,thy love hath reached to me4 ,lo1 ,i would lay my freedom by ,and freely follow thee6 ,let memory never have a thought ,thy glory cannot claim1 ,nor let the mind be wise at all ,unless she seek thy name4 ,for nothing further do ,i wish ,except as thou dost will2 ,what things thy gift allows as mine ,my gift shall give thee still4 ,receive what ,i have had from thee ,and guide me in thy way1 ,and govern as thou knowest best1 ,who lovest me each day4 ,give unto me thy love alone1 ,that ,i may love thee too1 ,for other things are dreams2 but this ,embraceth all things true4 ,,chapter ,,xxviii4 ,,the ,,hymn-,,writers ,,of ,,the ,,breviary4 ,there are three principal liturgical books in use in the ,roman ,catholic ,church4 ,originally there were two3 the ,ritual1 which contained all the sacramental offices1 and the ,breviary1 which contained the rest4 ,but for convenience the eucharistic office in its various forms now has a book to itself called the ,missal1 and the other six sacraments recognized in the ,church of ,rome make up the ,ritual4 ,it is with the ,breviary1 however1 that hymnology is especially concerned1 as it is in it that the hymns of the ,church are mostly to be found1 while the sequences belong to the ,missal4 ,it contains the prayers said in the ,church's behalf every day at the canonical hours by the priests and the members of the religious orders4 ,originally there were only three of these canonical hours1 and they were based on ,old ,testament usage4 ,these were at the third1 sixth1 and ninth hour of the ,scriptures 7nine o'clock1 noon1 and three in the afternoon71 and in the ,western ,church are called ,tierce1 ,sext1 and ,nones1 for that reason4 ,the number afterward was increased to five and then to seven4 ,to these three day hours were added three night hours1 with two at the transition from night to day 7,prime71 and from day to night 7,vespers74 ,but to get up thrice in the night was too much for even monastic discipline1 so they said two night services together at midnight1 and then they slept till dawn4 ,as this daily service differs in its contents according to the seasons of the ,church year1 and also is adapted to the commemoration of the saints of the ,calendar1 the ,breviary is the most voluminous prayer-book known to ,christendom4 ,it generally is published in four substantial volumes1 one each for the four natural seasons4 ,it is used in such public services as are not accompanied by a celebration of any sacrament and in the choir service of the religious houses4 ,in theory1 however1 the ,church is present even at the solitary recitation of the hours by a secular priest2 and when two say them in company they must say them aloud4 ,hymns were not in the services of the ,breviary from the beginning4 ,as late as the sixth century there was a controversy as to admitting anything but the words of ,scripture to be sung4 ,we find a ,gallic synod sanctioning their use1 and a ,spanish synod taking common ground with our ,psalm-singing ,presbyterians4 ,but in the next century even ,spain1 through the ,council of ,toledo 7,a4,d4 #fcc71 appeals to early precedent in behalf of hymns1 and decides that if people may use uninspired words in prayer1 they may do the same in their praises--,sicut ergo orationes1 ita et hymnos in laudem ,dei compositos nullus vestrum ulterius improbet--which went to the core of the question and silenced the exclusive ,psalm-singers4 ,twenty years later another ,council of ,toledo required of candidates for orders that they should know both the ,psalter and the hymns by heart4 ,yet in the ,roman ,breviary no hymns were introduced before the thirteenth century1 when ,haymo1 the ,general of the ,franciscan ,order1 reformed it in #abdd with the sanction of ,gregory ,,ix4 and ,nicholas ,,iii4 ,in the view of ,roman ,catholic liturgists1 the ,psalms set forth the praise of ,god in general1 while hymns are written and used with reference to some single mystery of the faith1 or the commemoration of some saint4 ,this harmonizes with their use in the ,breviary1 and their division into hymns de tempore for the festivals of the ,church year1 or the days of the week1 or the hours of the day2 and hymns de sanctis for the days of commemoration in the ,church ,calendar4 ,even when the same hymn is used on a series of days1 its conclusion is altered to give it a special adaptation to each of these days4 ,this classification1 of course1 does not describe the whole body of the ,latin hymns4 ,some few even of those in the ,breviary1 as1 for instance1 the ,te ,deum1 have to be classed as psalms1 and are called ,canticles 7,cantica72 and many outside it will not fit into any such definition of what a hymn is4 ,but it illustrates the general character and purpose of the hymns of the ,roman and other breviaries1 as designed for a special temporal or personal application by way of supplement to the ,psalter4 ,at present the ,roman ,breviary1 prepared with the sanction of the ,council of ,trent1 has driven nearly all the others out of use4 ,but at the era of the ,reformation there was a great number of breviaries1 every diocese and religious order having a right to its own4 ,panzer enumerates no less than seventy-one which were printed before #aecf1 some of them in several editions4#ah ,even now the ,roman ,breviary is supplemented by special services in honor of the saints of each order or country1 and by services of a more general kind which are peculiar to some localities4 ,but in ,luther's time the endless variety in breviaries and missals formed a striking feature of the confusion which to his mind characterized the ,church of ,rome4 ,with the development of a more fastidious taste1 through the study of the ,latin classics as literary models1 there arose in the sixteenth century1 and even before the ,reformation1 a demand for a reformation of the ,breviary4 ,besides its defects of form1 such as violations of ,latin grammar1 the constant use of terms which grated on the ears of the humanists1 and the use of hymns in which rhyme rather added to the offence of want of correct metre1 the contents of the ,breviary were found faulty by a critical age4 ,the selections from the ,fathers to be read by way of homily were in some cases from spurious works2 and the narratives of saints' lives for the days dedicated to them were not always edifying1 and in some cases palpably untrue4 ,it became a proverbial saying that a person lied like the second nocturn office of the ,breviary1 that being the service in which these legends are found4 ,but the badness of the ,latin and the metrical faults of the hymns counted for quite as much with the critics of that day4 ,we hear of a cardinal warning a young cleric not to be too constant in reading his ,breviary1 if he wished to preserve his ear for correct ,latinity4 ,as might have been expected1 it was the elegant ,medicean ,pope ,leo ,x4 who first put his hand to the work of reform4 ,he selected for this purpose ,zacharia ,ferreri1 ,bishop of ,guarda-,alfieri1 a man of fine ,latin scholarship and some ability as a poet4 ,by #aebe ,ferreri had the hymns for a new ,breviary ready1 and published them with the promise of the ,breviary itself on the title-page4#ai ,clement ,,vii41 also of the house of ,medici1 was ,pope when the book appeared1 and he authorized the substitution of these new hymns for the old1 but did not command this4 ,the book is furnished with an introduction by ,marino ,becichemi1 a forgotten humanist1 who was then professor of eloquence at ,padua4 ,it is worth quoting as exhibiting the attitude of the ,renaissance to the earlier ,christian literature4 ,he praises ,ferreri as a shining light in every kind of science1 human and divine1 prosaic and poetical4 ,he cannot say too much of the beauty of his style1 its gravity and dignity1 its purity1 its spontaneity and freedom from artificiality4 8,that his hymns and odes1 beyond all doubt1 will secure him immortality1 ,i need not conceal4 ,certainly ,i have read nothing in ,christian poets sweeter1 purer1 terser1 or brighter4 ,how brief and how copious1 each in its place--how polished6 ,everywhere the stream flows in full channel with that antique ,roman mode of speech1 except where of full purpose it turns in another direction40 ,that means how ,ciceronian ,ferreri's speech1 except where he remembers that he is a ,christian poet and bishop writing for ,christian worshippers4 8,more than once have ,i exhorted him that it belonged to the duty and dignity of his episcopal 7pontificii7 office to make public these ,church hymns40 8,you know1 my reader1 what hymns they sing everywhere in the temples1 that they are almost all faulty1 silly1 full of barbarism1 and composed without reference to the number of feet or the quantity of the syllables1 so as to excite educated persons to laughter1 and to bring priests1 if they are men of letters1 to despise the services of the ,church4 ,i say men of letters4 ,as for those who are not1 and who are the gluttons of the ,roman curia1 or who have no wisdom1 it is enough for them to stand like dragons close by the sacred ark1 or to drift about like the clouds1 to live like idle bellies1 given over to the pursuit of sleep1 good living1 sensual pleasures1 and to gather up the money by which they make themselves hucksters in religion and plunderers of the ,christian people and practice their deceits upon both gods and men equally1 until the vine of the ,lord degenerates into a wild plant40 ,the ,italianized ,greek would see no difference between a ,tetzel and a ,ferreri4 ,but there still were sincerely good people who relished the old hymns better than the polished paganism of the ,bishop of ,guarda-,alfieri4 ,ferreri's hymns struck no root in spite of the favor of two ,medicean popes4 ,they seem never to have reached a second edition4 ,their frankly pagan vocabulary for the expression of ,christian ideas seems to have been too much for even the humanists4 ,bishop ,ferreri does not seem to have lived to prepare his shorter and easier ,breviary after the same elegant but unsuitable fashion as his hymns4 ,so ,clement ,,vii4 put the preparation of a new ,breviary into the hands of another and a better man1 ,cardinal ,francesco de ,quionez4 ,he was a ,spanish ,franciscan1 had been general of his order1 and was made ,cardinal by ,clement in acknowledgment of diplomatic services4 ,he enjoyed the confidence of the ,emperor ,charles ,v41 and used it to rescue the ,pope from his detention in the ,castle of ,san ,angelo1 when he was besieged there after the taking of ,rome by the ,imperial troops in #aebi4 ,this is hardly the kind of record which would lead us to look for a reformer under the red hat of our cardinal4 ,but1 so far as the ,breviary was concerned1 he proved himself too rigorous a reformer1 if anything4 ,his work was governed by two leading principles4 ,the first was to simplify the services by dropping out those parts which had been added last4 ,the second was to use the space thus obtained to insert ampler ,scripture lessons and more ,psalms1 so that1 as in earlier times1 the ,bible might be read through once a year and the ,psalter once a week4 ,it is this last feature which has elicited the praise of ,protestant liturgists1 and it is known that the ,breviary of ,quionez furnished the basis for the services of the ,anglican ,book of ,common ,prayer1 excepting1 of course1 the ,communion ,service4 ,but unfortunately hymnologists are not able to join in this praise4 ,to get the ,psalms said or sung through once a week1 he dealt nearly as ruthlessly with the hymns as if he were a ,seceder4 ,his ,breviary appeared in #aece1bj and for thirty-three years its use was permitted to ecclesiastics in their private recitation of the hours4 ,it appeared in a large number of editions in different parts of ,europe1 so that its use must have been extensive4 ,but it did not pass unchallenged4 ,the doctors of the ,sorbonne at ,paris hurried into the arena with their condemnation of it before the ink was fully dry on the first copies4 ,they declared it a thing unheard of to introduce into ,church use a book which was the production of a single author1 and he--as they wrongly alleged--not even a member of any religious order4 ,furthermore1 he had so shortened and eviscerated the legends for the saints' days1 besides omitting many1 that nobody could tell what virtues and what miracles entitled them to commemoration4 ,above all he had omitted ,peter ,damiani's ,little ,office of the ,blessed ,virgin6 ,much better founded was the objection to the omission of parts long established in use1 such as the antiphons and many of the hymns4 ,here we must side with the ,sorbonne against ,quionez4 ,it was not until #aefh that the present ,roman ,breviary appeared4 ,when the ,council of ,trent met in its final session in #aefb1 the first drafts of a reformed ,breviary and ,missal were transmitted to the ,fathers by ,pius ,,iv42 but they were too busy with questions of discipline to do more than return these with their approbation4 ,the work was published by ,pius ,v4 in ,july1 #aefh1 and its use was made obligatory upon all dioceses which had not had a ,breviary of their own in use for two hundred years previously4 ,this is in substance the ,breviary now in use throughout the ,roman ,catholic ,church4 ,it underwent1 however1 two further revisions4 ,that under ,clement ,,viii41 finished in #afjb1 was by a commission in which ,cardinals ,bellarmine1 ,baronius1 and ,silvius ,antonianus were members4 ,that under ,urban ,,viii41 completed in #afca1 concerns us more directly1 and especially the part of it which was effected by three learned ,jesuits3 ,famiano ,strada1 ,hieronimo ,petrucci1 and ,tarquinio ,galucci1 who had in their hands the revision of the hymns4 ,the three revisers1 all of them poets of some distinction1 and the first famous for his history of the wars in the ,low ,countries1 had to steer a middle course in the matter of revision4 ,none of them were radical humanists after the fashion of ,zacharia ,ferreri2 that fashion1 indeed1 had gone out with the rise of the counter-reformation and of the great order to which they belonged4 ,yet in the matter of 8metre and ,latinity10 of which ,ferreri boasted on his title page a hundred years before1 the revival of classical scholarship had established a standard to which the old hymns even of the ,ambrosian period did not conform4 ,the revisers profess their anxiety to make as few changes as possible2 but ,pope ,urban1 in his bull ,psalmodiam sanctam prefixed to the book1 announces that all the hymns--except the very few which made no pretension to metrical form--had been conformed to the laws of prosody and of the ,latin tongue1 those which could not be amended in any milder way being rewritten throughout4 ,bartolomeo ,gavanti1 a member of the ,commission of ,revision1 but laboring in another department1 tells us that more than nine hundred alterations were made for the sake of correct metre1 with the result of changing the first lines of more than thirty of the ninety-six hymns the ,breviary then contained2 that the three by ,aquinas on the sacrament1 the ,ave ,maris stella1 the ,custodes hominum1 and a very few others1 were left as they were4 ,this1 then1 is the genesis of the class of hymns designated in the collections as traceable no farther back than the ,roman ,breviary4 ,some of them are original1 being the work of ,silvius ,antonianus1 ,bellarmine1 or ,urban ,,viii4 himself1 or of authors of that age whose authorship has not been traced4 ,but the greater part are recasts of ancient hymns to meet the demands of the humanist standards of metre and ,latinity4 ,it is not easy to give a merely ,english reader any adequate idea of the sort of changes by which ,strada and his associates adapted the old hymns to modern use4 ,but for those who can read ,latin some specimens are worth giving4 ,take first the great sacramental hymn of the eighth or ninth century3 ,ad coenam ,agni providi ,et stolis albis candidi1 ,post transitum maris ,rubri ,christo canamus principi1 ,cujus corpus sanctissimum ,in ara crucis torridum1 ,cruore ejus roseo ,gustando vivimus ,deo ,protecti paschae vespero ,a devastante angelo ,erepti de durissimo ,pharaonis imperio4 ,jam pascha nostrum ,christus est ,qui immolatus agnus est1 ,sinceritatis azyma ,caro ejus oblata est4 ,o vera digna hostia ,per quam fracta sunt tartara ,redempta plebs captivata1 ,reddita vitae praemia ,cum surgit ,christus tumulo ,victor redit de barathro1 ,tyrannum trudens vinculo1 ,et reserans paradisum ,quaesumus1 auctor omnium ,in hoc paschali gaudio3 ,ab omni mortis impetu ,tuum defende populum4 ,ad regias ,agni dapes ,stolis amicti candidis ,post transitum maris ,rubri ,christo canamus principi3 ,divina cujus charitas ,sacrum propinat sanguinem1 ,almique membra corporis ,amor sacerdos immolat ,sparsum cruorem postibus ,vastator horret angelus3 ,fugitque divisum mare ,merguntur hostes fluctibus4 ,jam ,pascha nostrum ,christus est ,paschalis idem victima1 ,et pura puris mentibus ,sinceritatis azyma ,o vera coeli victima ,subjecta cui sunt tartara1 ,soluta mortis vincula1 ,recepta vitae praemia ,victor subactis inferis ,trophaea ,christus explicat1 ,coeloque aperto1 subditum ,regem tenebrarum trahit4 ,ut sis perenne mentibus ,paschale1 ,jesu1 gaudium3 ,a morte dira criminum ,vitae renatos libera4 ,now it is impossible to deny to the revised version merits of its own4 ,not only does it use the ,latin words which classic usage requires--as dapes in poetry for coena1 recepta for reddita1 inferis for barathro--but it brings into clearer view the facts of the ,old ,testament story which the hymn treats as typical of the ,christian passover4 ,the 7imperfect7 rhyme of the original is everywhere sacrificed to the demands of metre1 which probably is no loss4 ,but the gain is not in simplicity1 vigor1 and freshness4 ,in these the old hymn is much superior4 ,the last verse but one1 for instance1 presents in the old hymn a distinct and living picture--the picture ,luther tells us he delighted in when a boy chorister singing the ,easter songs of the ,church4 ,but in the recast the vividness is blurred1 and classic reminiscence takes the place of the simple and direct speech the early ,church made for itself out of the ,latin tongue4 ,take again the first part of the dedication hymn1 of which ,angulare fundamentum is the conclusion3 ,urbs beata ,hierusalem ,dicta pacis visio ,quae construitur in coelis ,vivis ex lapidibus ,et angelis coronata ,ut sponsata comite ,nova veniens e coelo ,nuptiali thalamo ,praeparata1 ut sponsata ,copulatur domino1 ,plateae et muri ejus ,ex auro purissimo ,portae nitent margaritis ,adytis patentibus1 ,et virtute meritorum ,illuc introducitur ,omnis1 qui pro ,christi nomine ,hoc in mundo premitur ,tunsionibus1 pressuris ,expoliti lapides ,suis coaptantur locis ,per manum artificis1 ,disponuntur permansuri ,sacris aedificiis4 ,coelestis urbs ,jerusalem ,beata pacis visio ,quae celsa de viventibus ,saxis ad astra tolleris1 ,sponsaeque ritu cingeris ,mille angelorum millibus4 ,o sorte nupta prospera1 ,dotata ,patris gloria1 ,respersa ,sponsi gratia ,regina formosissima1 ,christo jugata principi ,coelo corusca civitas4 ,hic margaritis emicant ,patentque cunctis ostia1 ,virtute namque praevia ,mortalis illuc ducitur ,amore ,christi percitus ,tormenta quisquis sustinent4 ,scalpri salubris ictibus ,et tunsione plurima1 ,fabri polita malleo ,hanc saxa molem construunt1 ,aptisque juncta nexibus ,locantur in fastidia4 ,daniel in his first volume prints fifty-five of these recasts in parallel columns with the originals1 and to that we will refer our readers for further specimens4 ,it is gratifying to know that not all the scholarship of that age was insensible to the qualities which the revisers sacrificed4 ,henry ,valesius1 although only a layman and a lover of good ,latin--as his versions of the historians of the early ,church show--uttered a fierce but ineffectual protest in favor of the early and mediaeval hymns4 ,and the ,marquis of ,bute1 a convert to ,catholicism1 who published an ,english translation of the ,breviary in #ahgi1 says that the revisers of #afjb 8with deplorable taste made a series of changes in the texts of the hymns1 which has been disastrous both to the literary merit and the historical interest of the poems40 ,he hopes for a further revision which shall undo this mischief1 but in other respects return to the type furnished by the ,breviary of ,quionez4 ,the translations from the hymns of the ,roman ,breviary have been very abundant4 ,those by ,protestants have been due to the fact that the texts even of ancient hymns were so much more accessible in their ,breviary version than in their original form4 ,among ,roman ,catholics1 of course1 other considerations have weight2 and in ,mr4 ,edward ,caswall's ,lyra ,catholica and ,mr4 ,orby ,shipley's ,annus ,sanctus will be found some very admirable versions4 ,the latter book is an anthology from the ,roman ,catholic translators from ,john ,dryden to ,john ,henry ,newman4 ,from the ,breviary text ,mr4 ,duffield has made the following translations of two hymns by ,gregory the ,great3 ,,jam ,,lucis ,,orto ,,sidere4 ,now with the risen star of dawn1 ,to ,god as suppliants we pray1 ,that he may keep us free from harm1 ,and guide us through an active day4 ,may he1 restraining1 guard the tongue1 ,lest it be found to strive and cry1 ,and1 lest it drink in vanities1 ,may he protect the wayward eye4 ,let all our inmost thoughts be pure1 ,and heedlessness of heart be gone2 ,let self-denying drink and food ,hold pride and flesh securely down1 ,that when the day at length is past1 ,and night in turn has come to men1 ,through abstinence from earth1 we may ,give thee the only glory then4 ,to ,god the ,father be the praise1 ,and to his sole-begotten ,son1 ,and to the ,holy ,paraclete1 ,now and until all time be done4 ,,ecce ,,jam ,,noctis ,,tenuatur ,,umbra4 ,lo1 now1 the shadows of the night are breaking1 ,while in the east the rising daylight brightens1 ,therefore with praises will we all adore thee1 ,lord ,god ,almighty6 ,how doth our ,god1 commiserating mortals1 ,drive away sorrow1 offering them safety1 ,since he shall give us1 through paternal kindness1 ,rule in the heavens6 ,this let the blessed ,deity afford us1 ,father and ,son and equal ,holy ,spirit1 ,whose through the earth be glory in all places ,ever resounding4 ,also this translation of the ,breviary recast of the ,urbs beata ,hierusalem of the seventh or eighth century3 ,,coelestis ,,urbs ,,jerusalem4 ,o heavenly town1 ,jerusalem1 ,thou blessed dawn of peace1 ,how lofty from the living rock ,thy starry walls increase1 ,where thousand1 thousand angels stand1 ,and praises never cease4 ,o bride1 whose lot is aye serene1 ,the ,father's state is thine2 ,thou art the ever-fairest queen ,adorned with grace divine2 ,united unto ,christ1 thy ,head1 ,thy heavenly form doth shine4 ,how softly gleam thy pearly gates ,which open wide to all1 ,here virtue entered long ago1 ,and unto men doth call1 ,who loved the ,lord through mortal pain1 ,and fought and did not fall4 ,thy beauty came by chisel stroke ,and many a hammer-blow2 ,the workman's hammer wrought the stone ,which buildeth thee below2 ,and joined with bonds of aptest skill ,thy splendid turrets glow4 ,then honor unto ,god most high ,as it was due of yore2 ,and thus the ,father's only ,son ,and ,spirit we adore1 ,to whom be glory1 power1 and praise ,through ages evermore4 ,to these ,dr4 ,a4 ,r4 ,thompson permits us to add1 as a specimen of the later hymns of the ,latin ,church1 his translation of ,,cur ,,relinquis1 ,,deus1 ,,coelum4 ,o ,god1 why didst thou put aside ,for this vile earth thy heaven above8 ,didst thou expect there would betide ,thee here the ministry of love8 ,that earth had honor1 ,lord1 for thee8 ,honor and love6 nay1 verily1 ,lying in wickedness1 earth knows ,not how to love thee1 but thy foes4 ,bethlehem proved what love for thee ,this present evil world hath1 when ,she shut against thee cruelly ,the doors left wide for other men1 ,and forced thee to the hovel1 where-- ,wide open to the winter air-- ,the very beasts could scarcely live2 ,no other shelter would she give4 ,come1 ,jesus1 from that hovel cold1 ,exposed to all the winds that blow1 ,chilled by discomfort manifold1 ,from the poor couch all wet with snow4 ,my all a couch for thee ,i make1 ,my heart the shelter thou shall take4 ,i give it all1 ,i give my best1 ,that were for thee a better rest4 ,my heart to love thee1 ,lord1 desires1 ,and1 loving1 proffers love's warm kiss4 ,the kiss1 to give which she aspires1 ,honor and adoration is4 ,take thou from me this honor true2 ,take thou the love which is thy due2 ,for this1 my loyal offering1 ,out of my very heart ,i bring4 ,my heart1 all burning with the fire ,of love to thee1 would cherish thine2 ,but thou that love canst kindle higher1 ,and thou wilt rather cherish mine4 ,for thou art ,love1 and canst inflame ,the hearts of them that love thy name ,with thine own self1 and not with wood2 ,thou art the very ,fire of ,god4 ,come1 then1 ,o ,fire of ,god1 to me6 ,come1 ,love1 and never more depart6 ,enter the place prepared for thee1 ,the shelter of my loving heart6 ,i'll spread thee there a couch of rest1 ,and deem myself supremely blest1 ,if ,i may evermore abide ,loving1 belovd1 at thy side4 ,while we have to treat rather of hymns than of hymn-writers in dealing with the ,roman ,breviary1 there is much of personal interest attaching to the ,breviary of ,paris1 its great rival in hymnological interest4 ,a slight revision of the hymns of this ,breviary was effected in #aebg--of which the ,urbs ,jerusalem beata is a type--and only with the idea of correcting corruptions of the text4 ,but the ,roman revision of #aefh-afca affected the ,gallican ,church's services very slightly4 ,in no part of the ,roman ,catholic world were the rights of the national ,church guarded so carefully as in ,france1 until ,napoleon bargained them away by the ,concordat of #ahja4 ,the ,french bishops and monastic orders continued to retain their old service-books long after uniformity had been established1 under plea of unity1 in other parts of the ,church2 and they made such alterations in them as they thought necessary to the edification of their people4 ,it was the ,order of ,cluny which first took steps toward the substitution of new hymns for those whose use had been sanctioned by long tradition4 ,the general chapter of that branch of the great ,benedictine family in #afgf-gh charged ,paul ,rabusson and ,claude de ,vert with the preparation of a new ,breviary4 ,on ,rabusson1 who was teaching theology in the monastery of ,st4 ,martin des ,champs in ,paris1 the labor chiefly fell4 ,he applied to ,claude ,santeul1 a pensioner of the ecclesiastical seminary attached to the ,abbey of ,st4 ,magloire1 asking him to prepare the new hymns4 ,claude ,santeul 7,santolius ,maglorianus7 agreed to do so1 and made some progress in the work4 ,he finished six hymns1 which were inserted in the new ,breviary1 and at his death 7#afhd7 he left two manuscript volumes of unfinished hymns among his papers4 ,but he found that his being selected had excited the jealousy of his younger brother1 ,jean ,santeul1 a canon of the monastery of ,st4 ,victor 7,santolius ,victorinus71 who already was recognized as the finest1 but by no means the most edifying of the ,latin poets of the ,france of his time4 ,claude gladly gave place to his brother--who was accepted by the ,cluny ,fathers--in the hope that the work of writing hymns would divert him from the pagan poetizing1 which was regarded as unbecoming to his cloth4 ,jean ,santeul is the oddest figure in the annals of ,latin hymnology1 which is saying a good deal4 ,he is 8a man of whom it is hard to speak without falling into caricature10 ,sainte-,beuve says 7,causeries de ,lundi1 ,,xii41 #bj-ef74 ,he combined the talent of a poet of nature's making with the simplicity of a child and the vanity and wit of a genuine ,frenchman4 ,he recalls ,la ,fontaine by many of his traits1 and1 under the name of 8,theodas10 he has furnished ,la ,bruyre with the materials for one of the cleverest portraits in the ,caractres 7#afhg74 ,his mode of life was a scandal to ,de ,rance and other severe ,churchmen1 who were laboring for the restoration of strict monastic discipline4 ,his love of good living and the charm of his society and his talk carried him off from his monastery and his hours1 sometimes for weeks together4 ,his ,latin inscriptions1 which adorned the fountains1 bridges1 and public monuments of ,paris1 at once gave him recognition as the poet laureate and pensioner of the grande monarque1 and as a priest whose poetry dealt more in the pagan deities than in any distinctively ,christian references4 ,he was not an immoral man in any gross sense4 ,even as a bon vivant1 he does not seem to have transgressed what were recognized as the bounds of sobriety1 and his poetry is as free as was his life from licentiousness4 ,but he was frivolous1 gay1 reckless1 and as worldly as was consistent with his being a grown-up child4 ,everybody1 even severe and silent ,de ,rance at ,la ,trappe1 liked him1 but everybody shook his head over the inconsistency of his life with his monastic vocation1 and none more sorrowfully than his good brother ,claude at ,st4 ,magloire4 ,now at last there seemed to be the opportunity to reclaim him by occupying his mind and his art with serious subjects1 and by bringing him into edifying associations with good men4 ,that he was not enough of a theologian to discharge the task satisfactorily of himself1 was rather an advantage from this point of view4 ,the eloquent and learned ,jansenist1 ,nicolas le ,tourneux1 undertook the work of coaching him4 ,the partnership worked reasonably well4 ,of course hymns produced by this kind of division of labor1 in which one took care of the sense and another of the expression1 have the defects of their method4 ,but ,le ,tourneux was as careful of the poet as of his verse4 ,his severe eye detected the play of ,santeul's vanity even in the work of writing hymns4 8,reflect1 my dear brother10 he wrote1 8that while in the visible and militant ,church one may sing the praises of ,god with an impure heart and defiled lips1 it will not be so in heaven4 ,you have burnt incense in your verse1 but there was strange fire in the censer4 ,vanity furnishes your motive where it ought to be charity40 ,he objects to ,santeul's calling himself 8the poet of ,jesus ,christ10 while he admits that vain glory leads him to write hymns4 8,if you and ,i were all we ought to be10 wrote the severe ,jansenist1 8we would quake with fear at having dared1 you to sing and ,i to preach of the holiness of ,god1 without a right sense of it4 ,we shall be only too happy if ,he pardon our sermons and our verses40 ,perhaps the severity was needed and did good4 ,so ,le ,tourneux suggested and all but wrote the prayer in which ,santeul dedicated his hymns to our ,lord3 8,receive what is ,thine2 forgive what is mine4 ,thine is whatever ,i have uttered that is good and holy4 ,mine that ,i have handled ,thy good things unworthily1 and not from desire to please ,thee1 but from an undue pride of poetry1 of which ,i am ashamed4 ,thou hast given me songs to praise ,thee4 ,give me prayers1 give me tears to wash away the stains of a life less than ,christian40 ,his hymns must have circulated in manuscript before their publication1 for we find ,de ,rance in #afhc praising those in commemoration of ,st4 ,bernard1 while noticing that the old hymns1 if less excellent as literature1 had a more reverential spirit4 ,in #afhe1 a year in advance of the new ,breviary1 ,santeul published them in the first collection he made of them4#ba ,their merits made a much deeper impression than their defects4 ,scholars and ,churchmen alike were struck by their rhetorical vigor1 the frequent boldness of their conception1 the beautiful succession of sentiments and images1 the exquisite clearness of the sense1 and not by the factitious character of their enthusiasm1 as ,sainte-,beuve puts it1 or the frequent monotony in the treatment of cognate themes4 ,the ,breviary1 in fact1 had ceased to be the voice of the ,christian congregation4 ,the supersession of ,latin by the national languages of ,western ,europe had made it the prayer-book of a class educated to relish only the classic forms of ,latin verse1 and to regard the simplicity of the early hymn-writers as barbarous4 ,santeul wrote for priests whose tastes had been formed on ,horace and ,virgil1 and he brought into these rigid forms as much of genuine ,christian feeling and doctrine as the age required4 ,he was all the happier in these respects1 as ,le ,tourneux1 who himself contributed to the new ,breviary1 was of that ,jansenist school in which religion1 belittled by the pettiness and the casuistry of the ,jesuits1 once more presented itself in its grandeur and its severity4 ,the excellence of ,santeul's hymns at once created a demand for their introduction in other churches and dioceses1 and for his services as a hymn-writer4 ,several of the best were introduced by ,archbishop ,harlay into the later editions of his revised ,paris ,breviary1 which had appeared in #afhj4 ,so the bishops of many other ,french dioceses--,rouen1 ,sens1 ,narbonne1 ,massillon of ,clermont1 and others--adopted his hymns into their breviaries after his death4 ,and as he gallantly said1 he had the pleasure while still living of hearing them 8sung by the angels at ,port ,royal40 ,other orders begged him to commemorate their founders and their especial saints2 dioceses and churches in other parts of ,france invoked his good offices4 ,hence it is that of his two hundred and twenty-eight hymns not one in five is occupied with the great festivals of the ,church year1 but are specific or general hymns to the honor of the saints1 martyrs1 and doctors of the ,church of ,france especially4 ,the rush of popularity--not unaccompanied by solid rewards1 for the good fathers of the ,cluny ,order gave him a pension--seems to have turned ,santeul's not very well-balanced head4 ,le ,tourneux's admonitions were forgotten4 ,he ran from church to church to hear his hymns sung1 and scandalized congregations by his demonstrations of delight or disgust as the music was appropriate or otherwise2 he declaimed them in all sorts of places1 suitable and unsuitable1 to extort the admiration he loved so dearly4 ,he did not forget to tell that even the severe ,de ,rance had written from ,la ,trappe to thank him for his hymn on ,st4 ,bernard1 but that for his own part he valued the general hymn on the ,doctors of the ,church above any other4 ,naturally he had little good to say of the hymns his were to displace4 ,if anything could make a pagan of him1 it would be the bad grammar of those old monkish poets1 who sacrificed sense and grammar alike to their stupid rhymes4 ,and so he would run on by the hour to anybody who would listen1 with an egotism whose very childishness and frankness made it inoffensive4 ,of course he claimed the distinction of being the best ,latin poet in ,france4 ,french poetry he despised1 as being written in a language incapable of the terse elegance of ,latin4 ,but in ,latin verse he would hear of no rival4 ,du ,prier1 who had quite as much vanity1 with only a fraction of his genius1 challenged his pretensions4 ,the two poets wrote verses on the same theme1 and then set out to find an arbiter4 ,the first friend to whom they appealed was ,mnage1 who evaded the responsibility by declaring them equally excellent4 ,the next they met was ,racine4 ,he first got possession of the stakes and deposited them in the poor's box at the door of a church near by1 and then gave the poets a round scolding for their absurd rivalry6 ,the hymns of ,santeul are best known to ,english readers through ,hymns ,ancient and ,modern1 which contain some very fine versions1 original and selected4 ,not included there is that which ,sainte ,beuve pronounces his finest hymn1 and for whose retention in the ,breviary he pleads against the crusaders1 who in the name of antiquity insist on replacing ,santeul and ,coffin by ,strada and ,galucci4 ,out of respect for the greatest of modern critics1 we reprint it1 with a translation from the pen of ,dr4 ,a4 ,r4 ,thompson4 ,it commemorates the ,presentation of our ,lord in the ,temple4 ,stupete gentes1 fit ,deus hostia3 ,se sponte legi ,legifer obligat3 ,orbis ,redemptor nunc redemptus3 ,seque piat sine labe mater4 ,de more matrum1 ,virgo puerpera ,templo statutos abstinuit dies4 ,intrare sanctam quid pavebas1 ,facta ,dei prius ipsa templum8 ,ara sub una se vovit hostia ,triplex3 honorem virgineum immolat ,virgo sacerdos1 parva mollis ,membra puer1 seniorque vitam4 ,eheu6 quot enses transadigent tuum ,pectus6 quot altis nata doloribus1 ,o ,virgo6 ,quem gestas1 cruentam ,imbuet hic sacer ,agnus aram4 ,christus futuro1 corpus adhuc tener1 ,praeludit insons victima funeri3 ,crescet2 profuso vir cruore1 ,omne scelus moriens piabit4 ,sit summa ,patri1 summaque ,filio1 ,sanctoque compar gloria ,flamini3 ,sanctae litemus ,trinitati ,perpetuo pia corda cultu4 ,wonder1 ye nations6 divine is the sacrifice4 ,lo1 his own law the ,lawgiver obeys6 ,now the ,redeemer redeemed is1 and purifies ,herself the mother pure4 ,look with amaze6 ,all the days set by the law for a mother1 ,she from the temple of ,god hath delayed4 ,why should she stay without1 as might another1 ,she who the temple of ,god hath been made8 ,at the one altar threefold is the sacrifice4 ,mother1 who offers her pure virgin heart2 ,babe1 his fair body that in her fond arms lies2 ,aged saint1 life1 ready now to depart4 ,oh but what sword through her heart shall be going6 ,oh to what sorrow is born her fair child6 ,over what altar his blood will be flowing6 ,he whom she bears1 the ,lamb holy and mild4 ,christ1 in his infantile body so tender1 ,spotless in purity1 here hath foreshown1 ,sign of the sacrifice he shall yet render1 ,dying the sin of the world to atone4 ,now to the ,father in glory supernal1 ,now to the ,son1 and the ,spirit above1 ,now to the ,triune1 all holy1 eternal1 ,worship be ever in faith and in love6 ,as a poet ,santeul fell from grace in #afhi1 when he fell back on his pagan divinities in a poem addressed to the keeper of the royal gardens4 ,bossuet made a great ado over it1 but ,fnelon and others judged him more gently4 ,next year he goes to see ,la ,trappe1 and writes a fine poem on ,holy ,solitude 7,sancta ,solitudo71 which extorted fresh praise from ,de ,rance1 and afterward from ,sainte-,beuve4 ,but four years later he got into the worst scrape of his life by a flattering epitaph on the great ,arnauld1 who died in #afid4 ,santeul always had been more or less associated with the ,jansenist party1 a fact which was not forgotten when his hymns were expelled from the churches of ,france in our own century4 ,there is preserved an account of a visit he paid to ,port ,royal1 in which he chattered to the nuns with equal freedom of his own hymns and of their virtues4 ,but he was not of the stuff of which martyrs are made4 ,the ,jesuits had the king's ear1 and he was a pensioner of the king's bounty4 ,they assailed him for his eulogy of the arch-,jansenist1 and threatened him with the disfavor of ,louis ,,xiv42 and he hastened to make amends in a poetical epistle1 of which he made two copies4 ,by the adroit change of the tense of a single word he made the copy for the ,jesuits retract his praises of his great friend1 while that for the general public did nothing of the sort4 ,as a consequence he came off with no credit on either side4 ,both ,jesuits and ,jansenists resented his duplicity1 and a fine shower of squibs and pamphlets fell on him from both the hostile forces1 until he was forced to cry for quarter1 and ,bourdaloue made his peace4 ,he died in #afig in ,burgundy1 whither he had accompanied the younger ,cond to the meeting of the ,estates4 ,st4 ,simon has told a very unpleasant story of the cause of his death4 ,he ascribes it to ,cond's having made him drink a bowl of wine into which he had emptied his snuff-box1 8just to see what would come of it40 ,but the prince of scandalmongers has been disproven on this point4 ,santeul's death was due to no such cause1 but to an inflammation of the bowels and to the malpractice of his doctors1 who gave him emetics under the false impression that he was suffering from a surfeit4 ,he made a good end1 dying with resignation1 and begging pardon for the scandal his life had caused4 ,his hymns were not without their critics in his own age4 ,jean ,baptiste ,thiers1 a parish priest of great learning and bad temper1 assailed the ,breviary of ,cluny 7in his ,commentarii de novo ,breviario ,cluniacensi1 ,brussels1 #agjb71 and did not spare ,santeul's hymns1 which he declared to be much inferior to those which had come down from the earlier days of the ,church4 ,he declared that ,santeul had a greater abundance of words than of sense1 that he had almost no powers of thought1 and that some of his images1 such as that in which he wreathes a garland of stones for the martyr ,stephen1 were simply ridiculous4 ,he was answered not by ,rabusson1 but by his associate1 ,claude de ,vert1 after what fashion ,i do not know4 ,it was in #agcf that the ,breviary of the ,diocese of ,paris was published in its third and final revision by a commission of three ecclesiastics3 ,franois-,antoine ,vigier1 ,franois-,philippe ,mesengui1 and ,charles ,coffin4 ,it is a significant fact that the second belonged to that ,jansenist party in the ,church which the relentless efforts of the ,pope1 the hierarchy1 and the kings of ,france had not been able to exterminate4 ,archbishop de ,vintimille was as eager to accomplish that as his predecessors had been1 and he was ably seconded by that pious and orthodox prince1 ,louis ,,xv4 ,but this revision1 like that of #afgj-hj1 was a concession to the historical criticism which the ,jansenists had brought to bear upon the ,church books both as to the legends of the saints and the extravagances of the growing devotion to the ,mother of our ,lord4 ,mesengui had been dismissed from the post ,coffin had given him in the ,university of ,paris for his opposition to the bull ,unigenitus1 which condemned ,quesnel's ,jansenist ,reflections on the ,new ,testament4 ,coffin's sympathies lay in the same direction4 ,charles ,coffin is the man of the three who chiefly concerns us here4 ,born at ,buzancy1 hard by ,rheims1 in #afgf1 he very early distinguished himself as a ,latin poet and an educator4 ,he graduated at ,paris in #agja1 and became a teacher in the ,college of ,dormans-,beauvais1 and then its principal in #agac4 ,five years later he was chosen to succeed ,rollin as ,rector of the ,university of ,paris4 ,he at once showed his force of character by revolutionizing the relation of the university to the public through abolishing the fees exacted of the students4 ,to replace them he extended and developed the system of posts and messages1 which the university had established in the thirteenth century and which coexisted with the post-office system of the government1 of which it was the forerunner4 ,he devoted its revenues to the support of the colleges4 ,he must have been a character of great administrative capacity1 as his plans had entire success1 and probably did much to foster the development of the post-office system of ,france4 ,after remaining rector for three years1 he went back to his place at the head of the ,dormans-,beauvais ,college1 and remained there till his death4 ,it was in #agbg that ,charles ,coffin published his first volume of ,latin poetry4 ,the most notable piece in the collection was a fine ode in praise of ,champagne4 ,so much were the people of the ,champagne country pleased with it1 that they sent him a hamper of every vintage as long as he lived1 which was twenty-two years4 ,he also had a hand in carrying ,cardinal de ,polignac's great poem1 ,anti-,lucretius1 to the state of completeness in which it was given to the public in #agde1 three years after its author's death4 ,he undertook the work of revising the old hymns and preparing new with great reluctance1 yielding only to the entreaties of the archbishop4 ,it was in #agcf that the ,breviary ,commission finished their labors and the archbishop gave to the diocese the new ,breviary1 which was adopted by more than fifty ,french dioceses4 ,its general character does not concern us here4 ,it is with its hymns alone we have to do4 ,about seventy of the primitive and mediaeval hymns still held their place in the ,breviary of #afhj1 nearly half of them the work of ,ambrose and his school4 ,the revisers spared very few of these4 ,only twenty-one hymns of the earlier period were left1 while eighty-five of ,jean ,santeul's1 nearly a hundred by ,coffin himself--including some recasts of old hymns--and ninety-seven by other authors1 chiefly ,frenchmen of later date1 were inserted4 ,there were eleven by ,guillaume de la ,brunetire1 a friend of ,bossuet's2 six each by ,claude ,santeul1 ,nicolas le ,tourneux1 and ,sebastian ,besnault1 a priest of ,sens2 five by ,isaac ,habert1 ,bishop of ,vabres2 four by the ,jesuit ,jean ,commire2 two each by the ,jesuit ,francis ,guyet and ,simon ,gourdan of the ,abbey of ,st4 ,victor2 one each by ,marc ,antoine ,muretus1 ,denis ,petau1 and ,guillaume du ,plessis de ,geste2 one 7or three7 by ,m4 ,combault1 a young friend of ,charles ,coffin's4 ,this was modernism with a vengeance6 ,new hymns were nearly thirteen to one in proportion to those from the great storehouse of the ages before the ,reformation4 ,it is not wonderful that so extreme a policy called forth a reaction as soon as the ,romanticist movement1 with its juster appreciation of the ,middle ,ages1 had reached ,france4 ,but by the end of the eighteenth century the old ,latin hymns were banished practically from ,france4 ,as compared with ,jean ,santeul1 ,charles ,coffin displays much less poetic audacity than his predecessor4 ,you do not feel that poetry filled the same place in his intellectual existence1 or that he was under the same necessity to write it4 ,he has less genius1 but a great talent for verse4 ,and--what the critics of that age valued the most--he was more correct in his handling of the vocabulary and the metre of ,latin versification4 ,santeul found classic ,latin1 much as he admired it1 something of a fetter to the free movement of his genius4 ,it was a dead language he was trying to put intense life into--an old bottle for his new wine--and at times the bottle burst4 ,just because ,charles ,coffin's wine is not so new1 his inspiration not so fresh1 the bottle holds out better4 ,and then he had the greater advantage of a closer familiarity with the ideas he wished to embody in his hymns1 and with their sources in the ,scriptures1 and a more practical capacity for the application of his powers to the object in hand4 ,his hymns are always in place2 they are hymns of the ,breviary1 not brilliant poems on ,breviary subjects by a poet writing for glory4 ,i do not say that ,charles ,coffin was the better man2 ,god only knows2 and ,i must confess to a liking for 8the gay canon of ,st4 ,victor0 which the rector of the university does not inspire in me4 ,there is a ,burns-like humanity in him and his harmless vanities which wins our love still1 as it did that of his contemporaries4 ,but ,charles ,coffin had a certain suitableness to his work which ,jean ,santeul lacked4 ,he was an eminently dignified1 respectable1 and useful character1 who impressed himself upon a whole generation of young ,frenchmen1 many of whom rose to eminence at the bar1 in the public service1 and even in the army4 ,they all looked back to him with great respect4 ,i wonder if they loved him as ,mark ,hopkins and ,george ,allen are loved by those who studied under them4 ,and in ,charles ,coffin's hymns you meet the same admirable traits as in his public work4 ,he is a man of enlightenment1 dignity1 devoutness1 and eminent usefulness1 without a touch of ,rabelaisian abandon to remind you of ,branger's saying3 8,all we ,franais are children of the great ,franois40 ,of that he reminds you only in his sparkling1 effervescent ode to ,champagne1 in reply to ,bnigne ,grenan's overpraise of ,burgundy4 ,it was to be expected that when the advocates of liturgical uniformity made their attack upon the ,paris ,breviary1 beginning with ,gueranger's ,institutions ,liturgiques 7#ahdj-db71 it was ,santeul whom they especially attacked1 although not he but ,coffin was responsible for its hymnology4 ,charles ,coffin's hymns have a high level of excellence1 which makes it difficult to anthologize among them4 ,certainly not the worst are the four ,advent hymns 7,instantis adventum ,dei2 ,jordanis oras praevia2 ,statuta decreto ,dei2 and ,in noctis umbra desides72 that for ,christmas 7,jam desinant suspiria7 and the ,vesper hymn 7,o luce qui mortalibus72 the ,passion hymn 7,opprobriis ,jesu satur72 the fine series of seven hymns for the nocturn services throughout the week1 based on the seven days of ,creation2 and the hymn for ,epiphany 7,quae stella sole pulchrior74 ,these and most of his acknowledged hymns are known to us in the translations of ,williams1 ,chandler1 and ,mant1 and several of these are in ,hymns ,ancient and ,modern4 ,as an editor he altered and even tinkered1 as well as adapted and wrote hymns4 ,even ,jean ,santeul did not escape his hand4 ,one of the hymns ascribed to him in the ,paris ,breviary is a cento from no less than twelve of his own hymns4 ,from the wrath he showed when such changes were made in his lifetime1 we may infer that he would have liked this as little as did ,john ,wesley4 ,and the older hymns were handled in the same way4 ,a good example of ,charles ,coffin's method of recasting old hymns is furnished by his version of the ,ad coenam ,agni providi1 which already has been given in its original shape and in that of the ,roman ,breviary4 ,with these the reader may compare ,coffin's revision1 which will be seen to vary very widely from the old text of the ninth century3 ,forti tegente brachio1 ,evasimus ,rubrum mare1 ,tandem durum perfidi ,jugum tyranni fregimus4 ,nunc ergo laetas vindici ,grates rependamus ,deo2 ,agnique mensam candidis ,cingamus ornati stolis4 ,hujus sacrato corpore1 ,amoris igne fervidi1 ,vescamur atque sanguine3 ,vescendo1 vivimus ,deo4 ,jam ,pascha nostrum ,christus est1 ,hic agnus1 haec est victima ,cruore cujus illitos ,transmittit ultor angelus4 ,o digna coelo victima1 ,mors ipsa per quam vincitur1 ,per quam refractis inferi ,praedam relaxant postibus4 ,christi sepulchri faucibus ,emersus ad lucem redit2 ,hostem retrudit tartaro1 ,coelique pandit intima4 ,da ,christe1 nos tecum mori ,tecum simul da surgere3 ,terrena da contemnere2 ,amare da coelestia4 ,it will be observed that while the ideas1 and even to some extent the phraseology of the old hymn are retained in the first six verses1 their order is so changed as to suggest that we have an original hymn before us1 if we do not look closely4 ,but the last verse is altogether different4 ,the old poet prayed that the paschal joy might be made unending through the deliverance of the regenerate from the death eternal4 ,the modern prays that we may share mystically in the death and resurrection of ,christ1 and learn thereby to set our affections on things above4 ,similar are his recasts of the ,salvete flores ,martyrum of ,prudentius1 and the ,ambrosian ,jam lucis orto sidere4 ,mr4 ,duffield has left only one completed version of a hymn from the ,paris ,breviary1 and that one whose authorship ,i am unable to determine4 ,it attracted him as one of the surprisingly few hymns in which the comparison of the ,christian life to a warfare1 so frequently used by our ,lord and the ,apostle ,paul1 is employed as a leading idea4 ,his interest in such hymns no doubt was first awakened by his father's admirable and popular one3 8,stand up1 stand up for ,jesus10 suggested by the dying words of ,dudley ,tyng4 ,we give both the ,latin and his ,english version3 ,pugnate1 ,christi milites1 ,fortes fide resistite3 ,immensa promisit ,deus ,pio labori praemia4 ,non ille fluxas ac leves ,palmas dabit vincentibus2 ,sed lucis aeternae decus1 ,et pura semper gaudia4 ,mentes beatas excipit ,formosa coelitum domus3 ,hic turba1 coelis altior1 ,subjecta calcat sidera4 ,caduca vobis praemia ,offert levis mundi favor3 ,vultus ad astra tollite2 ,hic ipse fit merces ,deus4 ,qui nos coronat1 laus ,patri1 ,laus qui redemit1 ,filio2 ,alma juvans nos gratia1 ,sit par tibi laus1 ,spiritus4 ,fight on1 ye ,christian soldiers1 ,and bravely keep the faith1 ,for great reward shall follow1 ,as ,god's own promise saith4 ,not palms that wave and flutter ,shall be the victor's crown1 ,but grace of light eternal1 ,and joy of pure renown4 ,that blessed heavenly mansion ,shall take each happy soul2 ,their throng1 high raised in glory1 ,shall tread the starry pole4 ,earth's honor is but failing1 ,her gifts are light as air2 ,lift up your eyes to heaven1 ,for ,god's reward is there4 ,praise ,god1 who crowns the battle1 ,and ,christ1 who comes to save1 ,and praise the ,holy ,spirit1 ,whose grace our spirits crave4 ,by kindness of ,dr4 ,a4 ,r4 ,thompson we add two translations from ,charles ,coffin's hymns3 ,,qua ,,stella ,,sole ,,pulchrior4 ,what star is this whose glorious light ,outshines the morn1 ,the herald of the ,king new-born6 ,its radiance bright1 ,a heavenly sign1 ,streams o'er the cradle of the ,babe divine4 ,faith1 standing with the prophets old1 ,sees down the skies ,the promised ,star from ,jacob rise4 ,the sign foretold ,she knows full well1 ,and straightway seeks the wondrous spectacle4 ,the lustrous star gives warning fair ,to all the earth1 ,but chiefly men of ,eastern birth1 ,with pious care1 ,the warning heed1 ,and seeking ,christ upon their journey speed4 ,their eager love knows no delay2 ,danger nor toil ,their purpose resolute can foil4 ,they haste away ,from home and kind1 ,and country1 at ,god's call1 the ,christ to find4 ,o ,christ our ,lord1 thy star of grace ,leads us to thee6 ,help these dull hearts of ours to be ,first at the place1 ,intent to prove ,to thee1 ,o ,lord1 our faith and hope and love4 ,,labente ,,jam ,,solis4 ,now with the declining sun1 ,day to night is passing on4 ,so doth mortal life descend ,swiftly to its destined end4 ,from the cross1 thine arms spread wide ,fold the world1 ,o ,crucified6 ,help us love the cross4 ,in thy ,dear embrace help us to die6 ,glory to the ,eternal ,one1 ,glory to the only ,son1 ,glory to the ,spirit be1 ,now and through eternity4 ,of the other writers of the ,breviary only a few need detain us4 ,most of them are poets of the conventional sort1 whose verse evidences the care taken with their education rather than their possession of any native genius1 although ,jean ,commire 7#afbe-agjb7 was of wide reputation in his day4 ,even of good ,claude ,santeul the best that can be said is that several of his hymns have passed for the composition of his brother1 and that the two ,trinity hymns 7,ter sancte1 ter potens ,deus and ,o luce quae tua lates7 and the three on ,lazarus 7,redditum luce1 ,domino vocante1 ,panditur saxo tumulus remoto1 and ,intrante ,christo ,bethanicam domum7 deserve the honor4 ,they make us regret the loss of these two manuscript volumes4 ,an unfinished translation of one of these1 left by ,mr4 ,duffield1 has been completed for us by ,dr4 ,a4 ,r4 ,thompson4 ,the asterisk marks the transition from the one translator to the other-- ,o ,,luce ,,quae ,,tua ,,lates4 ,o hidden by the very light1 ,o ever-blessed ,trinity1 ,thee we confess1 and thee believe1 ,with pious heart we long for thee6 ,o ,holy ,father of the saints1 ,o ,god of very ,god1 the ,son1 ,o ,bond of ,love1 the ,holy ,ghost1 ,who joinest all the ,three in ,one6 ,that ,god the ,father might behold ,himself1 99coeval was the ,son2 ,also the ,love that binds them both2 ,so1 ,god of ,god1 the perfect ,one4 ,complete the ,father in the ,son1 ,the ,son1 the ,father in complete1 ,and the full ,spirit in them both2 ,the ,father1 ,son1 and ,paraclete4 ,as is the ,son1 the ,spirit is4 ,each as the ,father1 verily4 ,the ,three1 ,one all transcendent ,truth1 ,one all transcendent ,love1 the ,three4 ,father1 and ,son1 and ,holy ,ghost ,eternally1 let all adore2 ,who liveth and who reigneth1 ,god1 ,ages on ages1 evermore6 ,next we have ,nicolas le ,tourneux 7#afdj-afhf71 the severe ,jansenist1 whose preaching drew such crowds in ,paris that the ,king asked the reason4 8,sire10 replied ,boileau1 8your ,majesty knows how people run after novelty2 this is a preacher who preaches the ,gospel4 ,when he mounts the pulpit1 he frightens you by his ugliness1 so that you wish he would leave it2 and when he begins to speak1 you are afraid that he may40 ,it was his ,anne ,chrtienne which suggested the ,christian ,year to ,john ,keble4 ,we have seen how he coached ,jean ,santeul both as to the matter of his hymns and the right spirit for a ,christian poet4 ,but the great preacher's own hymns are sermoni propriores1 8properer for a sermon10 to borrow ,lamb's mistranslation4 ,verse was a fetter to him1 not a wing4 ,his best are the ,ascension hymn1 ,adeste1 ,coelitum chori1 and that on the ,baptist1 ,jussu tyranni pro fide4 ,the former we give in the excellent translation of ,rev4 ,a4 ,r4 ,thompson1 ,d4,d43 ,,adeste ,,coelitum ,,chori4 ,hither come1 ye choirs immortal1 ,singing joyful canticles6 ,christ hath passed the grave's dark portal1 ,with the dead no more he dwells4 ,all in vain doth malice station ,watchful guards the tomb before1 ,all in vain the faithless nation ,sets the seal upon the door4 ,fruitless terror1 from this prison ,none have stolen him away1 ,but by his own strength arisen1 ,victor1 ends he death's dread fray4 ,prisoned1 and the seal unbroken1 ,he can leave at will the tomb1 ,as at first--behold the token-- ,he could leave the ,virgin's womb4 ,when he on the tree hung dying1 ,raving men1 who round him stood1 8,come down from the cross10 were crying1 8,then we own thee ,son of ,god40 ,but1 his ,father's will obeying ,even unto death1 he dies2 ,priest and ,victim1 'tis the slaying ,of the world's great ,sacrifice4 ,nay1 the cross was not forsaken2 ,dead1 yet greater thing did he1 ,by himself1 his life retaken ,proved him ,son of ,god to be4 ,with thee dying1 with thee rising1 ,grant1 ,o ,christ1 that we may be1 ,earthly vanities despising1 ,choosing heaven all lovingly6 ,praise be to the ,father given1 ,to the ,son1 our ,leader4 ,he ,calleth us with him to heaven2 ,spirit1 equal praise to thee6 ,a man of very different powers is the ,abb ,sebastian ,besnault1 of whom nothing is told us except that he was chaplain of the parish of ,st4 ,maurice in ,sens1 and died in #agbf4 ,the six hymns ascribed to him in the ,paris ,breviary are among the finest in that collection4 ,three are hymns on the ,circumcision 7,debilis cessent elementa legis2 ,felix dies1 quam proprio2 and ,noxium ,christus simul introivit72 one is an ,ascension hymn 7,promissa1 tellus1 concipe gaudium71 and two are ,dedication hymns 7,ecce sedes hic ,tonantis and ,urbs beata1 vera pacis71 the latter being a recast of the ,urbs beata ,hierusalem4 ,quite justly does ,a4 ,gazier 7in his thesis ,de ,santolii ,victorini ,sacris ,hymnis1 ,paris1 #ahge7 say that if ,besnault equalled ,jean ,santeul in the volume of his hymns1 he would not rank below him as a sacred poet1 since he quite equals him in his ,latinity and is his superior as a spiritual writer4 ,we give ,dr4 ,a4 ,r4 ,thompson's version of his recast of the ,urbs beata ,hierusalem3 ,,urbs ,,beata1 ,,vera ,,pacis4 ,blessed city1 vision true ,of sweet peace1 ,jerusalem1 ,how majestic to the view ,rise thy lofty walls1 in them ,living stones in beauty stand1 ,polished1 set1 by ,god's own hand4 ,every several gate of thine ,of one pearl effulgent is1 ,golden fair thy wall doth shine1 ,blended lustrously with this1 ,and thy wall doth rest alone ,upon ,christ the ,corner-stone4 ,thy sun is the martyred ,lamb1 ,god thy temple4 ,angels vie ,with the saints1 a joyful psalm ,ever lifting up on high1 ,and the ,holiest worshipping1 ,holy1 ,holy1 ,holy sing4 ,evermore stand open wide1 ,heavenly city1 all thy gates4 ,but1 who would in thee abide1 ,who thy walls to enter waits1 ,must1 that meed of life to win1 ,agonize to conquer sin4 ,to the ,father1 to the ,son1 ,endless adoration be6 ,spirit1 binding both in ,one1 ,endless worship unto thee6 ,hallowed by thy chrism divine1 ,we become thy living shrine4 ,along with ,coffin should be named one of his friends1 a young advocate named ,combault1 who possessed something of the spirit and energy of ,jean ,santeul4 ,how far he contributed to the ,breviary of #agcf ,i am unable to say1 but a well-founded tradition designates him as the author of a splendid rhetorical hymn in commemoration of the ,apostles ,peter and ,paul 7,tandem laborum gloriosi ,principes71 which has been much admired4 ,combault died in #aghe4 ,the whole impression which this school of hymn-writers makes upon us is like that of the ,greco-,french architecture of our own age4 ,both reflect the critical and useful1 but somewhat exclusive spirit of the ,renaissance4 ,both are capable of fine effects1 great structural beauty1 and a certain grandeur not of the highest order4 ,but a ,greco-,french church will not bear comparison with ,notre ,dame2 and the hymns of ,santeul and ,coffin will hardly better endure a comparison with the ,christian singers who wrote when ,notre ,dame was new4 ,,chapter ,,xxix4 ,,the ,,unknown ,,and ,,the ,,less ,,known ,,hymn-,,writers4 ,fourth to ,tenth ,century4 ,the known is but a fragment broken from the unknown4 ,this is eminently true as regards the authorship of the ,latin hymns4 ,when we have dealt as tenderly as the historical conscience will permit with the traditions which assign hymns to this and that author1 we still find ourselves unable to affix any name to the great majority4 ,and while it is true that the most part of the very great hymns are not left in this plight of anonymity1 it is true that no small number of the best are on the record like ,melchizedek--8without father or mother10 and many of them also 8without beginning of years10 for we can determine only approximately the century of their origin4 ,nor is this at all surprising4 ,fame was neither the object nor the expectation of the writers of the ,latin hymns of the early and ,middle ,ages4 ,their utmost expectation1 probably1 was to be valued a little by their brethren in their own and their sister monasteries as the author of a fine sequence or an appropriate hymn for a yearly festival4 ,it was enough for that purpose that the report of their authorship passed from mouth to mouth in the choir1 without any record made of it4 ,the love of glory as a literary motive1 came in1 as ,mr4 ,symonds reminds us1 with the ,renaissance1 which borrowed it from the old pagans4 ,many a devout singer of the centuries before that practised the wisdom of ,kempis's saying1 ,ama nesciri1 8,love to be unknown40 ,they wrote not for gain in renown1 but for use in the edification of their brethren and of the ,church4 ,and to live for use rather than gain is to live ,christianly1 for1 as ,swedenborg says1 8,the kingdom of heaven is a kingdom of uses40 ,this and the next chapter we shall give partly to some of these orphaned hymns1 touching only on the greatest4 ,and as we come down the centuries we shall speak also of the less notable hymn-writers1 some of them not less notable as men or as ,churchmen1 but such as have made less of a mark in hymnology4 ,at the outset we are met by two of the greatest of the sacred songs of the ,church1 which are none the less hymns although classed technically as canticles4 ,who wrote the ,gloria in ,excelsis and the ,te ,deum laudamus8 ,as everybody knows1 the opening words of the former are the song of the angels who brought the good news to the shepherds--words which authenticate their heavenly origin by their simplicity1 beauty1 and force--8a master-song10 as ,luther says1 8which neither grew nor was made on earth1 but came down from heaven40 ,but the much longer supplement1 which evidently reflects the situation of the ,church in the days of the ,arian controversy1 must either have originated in the fourth century and in the ,east1 or must have been altered to adapt it to that time4 ,the original still exists in ,greek1 but in three forms1 which differ somewhat2 and the ,latin version is defective in that it follows a later form than that which is given in the so-called ,apostolical ,constitutions2 and1 of course1 the ,english follows the ,latin1 except in the part taken from the ,gospel1 where 8good will to men0 takes the place of 8to men of good will0 7hominibus bonae voluntatis71 the latter being the reading adopted by the ,english translators of #afaa1 but rejected by the revisers of #ahhc4bb ,who made the ,latin version8 ,an untrustworthy tradition ascribes it to ,telesphorus1 who was ,bishop of ,rome in #abh-ch4 ,it is possible that he prescribed the chanting of the ,scripture words in the ,church service2 but the whole hymn is of later date in ,latin4 ,there is much more likelihood that it was1 according to a tradition recorded by ,alcuin in the ninth century1 the work of ,hilary of ,poitiers1 the first ,latin hymn-writer4 ,the ,te ,deum laudamus has some claims to be regarded as the greatest of ,christian hymns4 ,like the ,gloria in ,excelsis it belongs to that first period of ,christian hymn-writing1 when the ,hebrew psalms still furnished the models for ,christian poets1 and the same free movement of rhythmical prose was all that was required or even tolerated4 ,there is no mention of it in ,church literature before the sixth century1 when the monastic rules of both ,caesarius of ,arles 7c4 #ebg7 and of ,benedict of ,nursia 7c4 #ecj7 prescribe its use1 and the ,council of ,toledo mentions it4 ,as it uses the words of the ,vulgate in verses #bb-be and #bg to the end1 it cannot1 as it now stands1 be much more than a century older than this1 as the date of the ,vulgate is #chb-djd4 ,yet a tradition recorded by ,abbot ,abbo of ,fleury in the ninth century1 ascribes this hymn also to ,hilary of ,poitiers1 who died fifteen years before ,jerome put his hand to the work of revising the ,latin ,bible4 ,daniel thinks to reconcile the discrepancy by ascribing it to ,hilary of ,arles1 who was born the year before ,jerome had finished his work1 and by regarding it as a translation from the ,greek1 as verses #bb-bf certainly are4 ,they are found in the ,appendix to the ,alexandrian manuscript of the ,greek ,new ,testament1 where they follow the ,gloria in ,excelsis with the interruption only of an ,amen4 ,but is it not possible to regard the last eight verses as a separate hymn1 made up1 with the exception of the strong verse-- #bf4 ,dignare1 ,domine1 die isto sine peccato nos custodire-- of verses from the ,scriptures8 ,these last verses have no internal connection with the first twenty-two1 and they differ decidedly in style1 form1 and source4 ,those contain no ,scripture quotations1 except the ,ter-,sanctus in verses #e and #f1 which is not taken from the ,vulgate version1#bc but apparently from the ,itala4 ,if1 therefore1 we consider those twenty-two verses as a hymn by themselves1 this may have been the work of ,hilary of ,poitiers1 and there is no necessity for assuming that it was not an original ,latin hymn4 ,this becomes more probable if we drop out verse #ac1 which interrupts the flow of the ,christological thought1 and evidently was interpolated to make the hymn complete from a ,trinitarian point of view4 ,when the ,gloria in ,excelsis and the ,te ,deum were composed1 it was the relation of the ,son to the ,father which occupied the mind of the ,church4 ,both hymns are the expression of 8the present truth0 on that subject2 the mention of the ,holy ,spirit in both is probably by interpolation at a later date4 ,as the form1 and in some places the meaning of the ,te ,deum is misrepresented in the current version1 it may be worth while to reproduce the original in a more literal version3 #a4 ,thee as ,god we praise1 ,thee as ,lord we own1 #b4 ,thee as eternal ,father all the earth doth worship1 #c4 ,thee all the angels-- ,to thee heaven and all its powers1 #d4 ,to thee cherubim and seraphim with unceasing voice cry aloud1 #e4 ,holy1 holy1 holy1 ,lord ,god of ,sabaoth1 #f4 ,the heavens and the earth are full of the majesty of thy glory6 #g4 ,thee the glorious choir of the apostles1 #h4 ,thee the praiseworthy company of the prophets1 #i4 ,thee the white-robed army of the martyrs praiseth4 #aj4 ,thee1 through the circle of the lands1 the ,holy ,church confesseth #aa4 ,father of unbounded majesty2 #ab4 ,thy adorable1 true and only ,son4 #ac 7#ad74 ,thou ,king of glory1 ,o ,christ1 #ad 7#ae74 ,thou of the ,father art the ,son eternal4 #ae 7#af74 ,thou1 to deliver us1 tookest manhood1 ,thou didst not dread the ,virgin's womb4 #af 7#ag74 ,thou1 since thou hast overcome the sting of death1 ,hast opened to believers the kingdom of heaven4 #ag 7#ah74 ,thou1 at the right hand of ,god1 sittest in the glory of the ,father2 #ah 7#ai74 ,as our judge thou art believed to be coming4 #ai 7#bj7 ,thee therefore we beg1 ,assist thy servants whom thou hast redeemed with precious blood4 #bj 7#ba74 ,cause us to be gifted1 among thy saints1 with eternal glory4 ,amen4 ,there are no other unfathered hymns known to be of this century1 and few less notable hymn-writers4 ,to ,jerome is ascribed a hymn1 ,te ,bethlehem celebrat1 which is not in any of the collections4 ,his great contemporary1 ,augustine of ,hippo1 has had more than one fine hymn assigned to him1 probably because his works have furnished the suggestion for so many4 ,notably ,peter ,damiani and ,hildebert of ,tours drew upon him4 ,but the great theologian was not a poet1 as we can see from his one essay in that form1 viz41 his 8psalm0 against the ,donatists1 in which he gives a popular and metrical exposition of the parable of the net 7,matt4 #ac3dg-ej74 ,it is quite enough to prove that he did not write the ,ad perennis vitae fontem 7,damiani71 or the ,quid1 tyranne1 quid minaris 7,damiani71 or the ,o gens beata coelitum1 or even the ,domine ,jesu1 noverim me1 all of which have been given to him at times4 ,to the fifth century--the century of ,prudentius and ,ennodius--we may ascribe the earlier in the large group of hymns classed as ,ambrosian1 which are the work of a series of writers who may be described as constituting a school4 ,it is one of the hardest problems in ,latin hymnology to distinguish between ,ambrose's own work and that of his imitators1 and to arrange the hymns composed by the latter between the fifth and the eighth century in any chronological order4 ,what can be said positively has been shown in ,chapter ,v4 ,the chief authorities on the subject are the early collectors1 ,clichtove1 ,cassander1 and ,thomasius4 ,of considerable importance is the ,,ms4 given by ,francis ,junius in the seventeenth century to the ,university of ,oxford1 and published in #ahcj by ,jacob ,grimm4 ,it contains a collection of twenty-six hymns by ,ambrose and the ,ambrosians1 with a translation into old ,high ,german1 probably made at ,st4 ,gall in the ninth century4 ,but these do not exhaust the list4 ,others have been pointed out by ,mone and other collectors1 as proving their kinship to the school by their metrical form or their contents and style4 ,schletterer enumerates ninety hymns of the school1 and of these he assigns fifteen to ,ambrose himself4 ,closely related to the group1 and yet not assigned to it1 are several hymns to which a very early date is assigned by ,mone at least4 ,to this fifth century he gives the ,unam duorum gloriam1 which he also claims as of ,german origin1 and describes as one of the oldest hymns of the ,german ,church4 ,it is in commemoration of two martyrs1 to whose honor a church near ,mnster was dedicated1 and is strictly classic in metre4 ,here also he assigns the ,christi caterva clamitat1 an ,advent hymn of classic metre and primitive tone4 ,he probably would agree with ,wackernagel in selecting the same century for the hymn on ,stephen1 the protomartyr1 ,primatis aulae coelicae1 in which he finds reminders of the style of ,prudentius4 ,lastly1 he assigns this date to the ,paschal hymn1 ,te lucis auctor personat1 which became obsolete when its special reference to ,easter as the time of the baptism of adult catechumens lost its significance4 ,it was used in ,france and probably other countries4 ,to the same fifth century belongs ,paulinus1 ,bishop of ,nola 7#cec-dca71 who has many better claims to remembrance than his hymns4 ,he was one of those men of whom their contemporaries cannot speak without enthusiasm1 and as ,augustine1 ,jerome1 and ,ambrose are among his eulogists we may assume that the praise was not undeserved4 ,he came of a noble ,gallic stock2 he inherited wealth and acquired from the teaching of the poet ,ausonius all the culture of his time2 he filled high office in ,italy and ,spain2 he spent the last twenty-two years of his life in administering with a faithful laboriousness the affairs of a ,campanian bishopric4 ,he did not receive baptism until his thirty-fifth year1 so that he may have been brought up a pagan1 although the inference is not necessary4 ,in #cgh he was made ,roman consul to fill an unexpired term 7consul suffectus71 and was sent into ,campania at the end of the year4 ,there he was so deeply impressed by a festival in honor of the martyr ,vincent of ,nola1 that his affections were drawn strongly to the city4 ,but soon after he married a ,spanish wife and went to live first at ,bordeaux and then at ,barcelona4 ,at the former in #chi he was received into the membership of the ,church2 at the latter he and his wife1 after the death of their infant son1 resolved to renounce the 8secular0 life and to give themselves to asceticism and charity4 ,he was ordained to the priesthood in response to a general demand of the people during the ,christmas festivities4 ,he removed to ,nola1 where he and his wife lived in the service of the poor1 in an age when the incursions of ,goths and ,vandals were producing frightful wretchedness4 ,he seems to have held right views of the responsibility of property1 and instead of divesting himself of it at once1 he kept it to use for his brethren4 ,nor did he separate from his wife after the fashion of ,ennodius and others of the age4 ,they labored together to the end4 ,about #dji he was elected ,bishop of ,nola1 and occupied that see until his death4 ,among his gifts to his people was a new aqueduct to supply their town with pure water1 an evidence of his breadth of mind and genuine humanity4 ,when he died he was added to the list of the recognized saints1 and few with better right4 ,his literary achievement was not great1 although everything he has written has its interest4 ,his epistles and poems are reflections of both his excellence and his faults4 ,they show at once the good heart of the man and his proneness to superstition4 ,but his contemporaries thought his poems wonderful1 and even some of the moderns have re-echoed this estimate4 ,erasmus calls him 8the ,christian ,cicero10 a title more frequently assigned to ,lactantius4 ,caspar ,barth1 in his ,adversaria 7#afbd71 declines to rank any other ,christian poet above him4 ,his poems exhibit the decadence of ,latin verse1 in that quantity is often neglected and accent used to replace it4 ,only a few of them are hymns in any sense1 and these are narrative or reflective rather than lyric4 ,bjorn gives two of them in his collection4 ,this fifth century also brings us the first woman among the ,christian singers4 ,elpis1 identified by a somewhat doubtful tradition with ,helpes1 the first wife of the pagan philosopher ,boethius1 has left a florid hymn in honor of the ,apostles ,peter and ,paul1 which holds its place in modified form in the ,roman ,breviary1 and is divided into two hymns4 ,she employs accentuated verse1 while the verses in ,boethius's classic work1 ,de ,consolatione ,philosophiae1 conform to the quantitative prosody of classic poetry4 ,another hymn on the same ,apostles1 ,felix per omnes festum mundi cardines1 is ascribed to her and also to ,paulinus of ,nola4 ,the ,breviary hymn1 ,miris modis repente liber1 is a recast of part of it4 ,there are several poems and chronicles which are ascribed to ,prosper ,tyro1 whom some identify with ,prosper of ,aquitaine 7#djc-fe71 the ,gallic champion of strict ,augustinian orthodoxy against the semi-,pelagian party in that province--,john ,cassian1 ,vincent of ,lerins1 etc4 ,this is the more likely1 as ,prosper loved to 8drop into poetry0 even in his controversial treatises4 ,george ,cassander includes a hymn from ,prosper ,tyro's works in his collection4 ,many of the finest of ,ambrosian hymns1 which have taken rank among the favorites of ,western ,christendom1 as sharing the noble spirit and the torrent-like power of utterance of the great ,bishop of ,milan1 are credited by the hymnologists to the sixth century--the age of ,benedict of ,nursia1 ,caesarius of ,arles1 ,belisarius1 and ,gregory the ,great4 ,we give ,mr4 ,duffield's translation of two of the finest1 regretting that he did not live to translate others which he had marked with that view in his ,index3 ,,christe ,,qui ,,lux ,,et ,,dies4 ,christ who art the light and day1 ,drive the shades of night away1 ,thou1 who art the ,light of light1 ,make our pathway glad and bright4 ,now we pray thee1 holy ,lord1 ,keep us safely by thy word2 ,night and day at peace in thee ,may our spirits rested be4 ,let no evil dream appear1 ,let no enemy draw near1 ,let us bow to thee alone1 ,thou who pitiest thine own6 ,while in sleep we close our eyes1 ,may our hearts forever rise ,unto thee1 whose mighty hand ,keeps thine own in every land4 ,look upon us1 our ,defence6 ,drive all lurking traitors hence1 ,rule thy children1 ,o most ,good1 ,who are purchased with thy blood4 ,be thou mindful of our state1 ,in this body profligate2 ,guard our minds1 and ever be ,near us1 ,lord1 as we to thee4 ,,telluris ,,ingens ,,conditor4 ,thou mighty ,maker of earth's frame1 ,who gavest land and sea their name1 ,hast swept the waters to their bound1 ,and fixed for aye the solid ground4 ,that soon upspringing should be seen ,the herb with blossoms gold and green1 ,and fruit which ripely hangeth there1 ,and grass to which the herds repair4 ,relieve the sorrows of the soul6 ,our wounded spirits make thou whole1 ,that tears may sinful deeds allay1 ,and cleanse all baser lusts away4 ,let us be swayed by thy decree1 ,from many evils set us free2 ,with goodness fill the waiting heart1 ,and keep all fear of death apart6 ,to the same sixth century belong some notable hymns which have not even a school to which to assign their paternity4 ,the most famous of these is the ,ad coenam ,agni providi1 which has been twice rewritten in conformity with the laws of classic prosody1 reappearing in the ,roman ,breviary as the ,ad regias ,agni dapes1 and in the ,paris ,breviary as the ,forti tegente brachio4 ,in ,english there have been at least twelve versions since #agaj4 ,the great merit of the hymn is the vigorous and terse way in which the mystical correspondence of the ,christian sacrament to the ,jewish passover1 and of our deliverance from the yoke of ,satan to the ,jewish deliverance from the ,egyptian bondage1 are worked out4 ,as ,daniel suggests1 its first stanza refers to the old usage that the catechumens1 who had received baptism just before ,easter1 partook of the other sacrament on the first ,sunday after ,easter 7,dominicus in albis71 wearing the white robes of their baptism 7stolis albis candidi74 ,another notable but fatherless hymn of this age is the ,sanctorum meritis inclyta gaudiis--a beautiful commemoration of the martyrs whose sufferings were still so vividly remembered by the ,church4 ,quite worthy of mention also is the ,lenten hymn1 ,jam ,christe1 sol justitiae1 which expresses the early ,christian attitude toward ,god's works1 connecting the looked-for ,easter with the renewal of the world by the spring-- 8,dies venit1 dies tua ,in qua reflorent omnia40 ,the hymn for ,all ,saints ,day1 ,psallat plebis sexus omnis voce corde carmina1 is notable not only for its own vigor1 but as being one of the oldest in which the alliterative principle of the early ,celtic and ,teutonic verse is employed in ,latin4 ,it therefore comes from the ,north of ,europe1 with the chances in favor of ,ireland4 ,of known but less important hymn-writers of the sixth century we have only two1 ,columba and ,flavius4 ,the former is the great ,irish missionary known to his countrymen as ,columcille 7the ,dove1 or the ,dove of the ,church71 who lived ,a4,d4 #eba to #eig4 ,he was one of the ,o',donnells of ,donegal1 whose chiefs1 something more than seventy years before his birth1 had offered especial opposition to ,patrick's preaching4 ,he studied in the great school founded at ,clonard1 on the upper waters of the ,boyne1 by ,finnian1 the first of those teachers who made the ,ireland of this and the following centuries 8the land of schools10 to which students flocked from ,great ,britain and even the ,continent4 ,finnian sent him to ,clonfad to obtain ordination as a bishop2 but the bishop1 who was ploughing in the field when he came1 made a mistake and gave him ordination as a priest4 ,and he never rose higher than this in hierarchical dignity4 ,not that it mattered much in the very elastic system of ,church government ,patrick had established in ,ireland4 ,the tribal or sept system was copied in the ,church arrangement4 ,at the head of each church sept stood a coarb1 who might be a woman1 and frequently was a priest or deacon4 ,under this jurisdiction the bishops took the same relative place that the bards held to the chiefs in the civil tribes4 ,sometimes there would be a dozen of these right reverend fathers in ,god in one small ,irish town1 all under the direction of a female coarb1 miscalled an abbess by later authors1 as the ,church sept has been miscalled a monastery4 ,as a penance for having been the cause of a faction fight or civil war--one hardly knows which to call it--over the ownership of a psalter1 ,columba banished himself from ,ireland and took up his abode at ,iona 7or ,hy71 from which centre he preached the ,gospel to the ,scots 7i4e41 ,irish7 and ,picts 7i4e41 ,welsh7 of the ,highlands and the ,western ,islands4 ,the former had conquered this region in the fifth century and were yet to give their name to the whole country1 although up to ,a4,d4 #aaih there is no instance of ,scotus meaning ,scotchman rather than ,irishman4 ,but while ,christianity had penetrated even the wilds of ,donegal in ,ireland1 these ,irish of ,scotland and their ,cymric subjects still were pagans4 ,so as ,patrick was ,scotland's gift to ,ireland1 ,columcille was ,ireland's to ,scotland4 ,he was the type of those persuasive and successful missionaries which the ,church of ,patrick sent through ,great ,britain and to the ,continent4 ,he used the power of song very freely in his missionary labors1 confounding the ,druids and attracting the people by the grave1 sweet melody of the ,church's chants4 ,like ,whitefield and ,summerfield1 he had a wonderful1 because pure voice and could sing so as to be heard a mile away4 ,he1 too1 was a poet of no mean merit4 ,the sorrows of his voluntary exile from the land of his birth--the land which exercises such a weird fascination over her children that all other lands are to her what prose is to poetry or water to wine--seem to have wakened in him the gift of song4 ,less beautiful than these patriotic elegies is the abecedarian hymn on the spiritual history of our world1 ,altus prositor1 vetustus dierum1 et ingenitus1 which is given in the ,appendix to the ,lyra ,sacra ,hibernica 7,belfast1 #ahgi7 and in the second part of ,dr4 ,j4 ,h4 ,todd's ,liber ,hymnorum4 ,it is written in a very rude ,latinity1 and is intended for instruction and edification rather than lyric expression4 ,but it is an interesting monument of the faith of the great missionary1 as it brings us nearer him than does the wonderful biography by ,abbot ,adamnan1 his seventh successor at ,iona4 ,it was first printed in #afeg by the ,irish scholar ,colgan1 and with it two other and shorter hymns 7,in ,te1 ,christe1 credentium and ,noli1 ,pater1 indulgere71 which also may be ,columcille's4 ,flavius was ,bishop of ,chalons in the year #ehj1 and has left one hymn1 ,tellus et aeth'ra jubilent1 which ,daniel calls an excellent poem 7carmen eximium74 ,its theme is our ,lord's washing the feet of the ,apostles1 and for this reason it was commonly sung after meals in some monasteries4 ,of the seventh century1 the century of ,heraclius and ,mahomet1 there is not one great hymn-writer known as such1 but there are some great hymns4 ,the greatest is the ,urbs beata ,hirusalem1 dicta pacis visio1 of which the ,angulare fundamentum is a part1 and which is of the seventh or eighth century4 ,daniel1 however1 with the support of ,schlosser1 regards this hymn as not certainly older than the tenth century1 and has ,neale's support in asserting that the last two verses are a later addition to give it suitableness for singing at a dedication of a church4#bd ,the earliest mention of its use in the tenth century is in the church of ,poitiers at the annual blessing of the font on ,easter ,sunday1 which tends to confirm the supposition that two verses have been added4 ,he thinks it of ,spanish origin1 as the metrical form is one usual in the ,mozarabic ,breviary4 ,in later days it underwent three revisions4 ,in the old ,paris ,breviary of #aebg it becomes the ,urbs ,jerusalem beata2 in the new ,breviary of #agcf it becomes the ,urbs beata1 vera pacis visio under the hands of ,abb ,besnault 7ob4 #agbf74 ,in the ,roman ,breviary of #afca it is the ,coelestis ,urbs ,jerusalem1 the form1 as usual1 best known to modern readers and translators1 but not the best worth knowing4 ,along with the ,urbs beata we may place the ,gloriosa ,jerusalem1 probably of ,spanish origin1 and of the same century as well as similar in contents1 but unequal in beauty and poetic worth4 ,next in worth is the abecedarian judgment hymn1 ,apparabet repentina dies magna ,domini1 which ,neale speaks of as containing the germ of the ,dies ,irae4 ,it is little more than a rehearsal in a trochaic metre of our ,lord's prediction of the ,day of ,judgment4 ,it follows the ,scripture text much more closely than does ,thomas of ,celano4 ,bede mentions it in the next century4 ,mrs4 ,charles has translated it4 ,to this seventh century or the next ,mone refers the ,salvator mundi1 ,domine1 which is most probably an ,anglo-,saxon hymn1 although of the ,ambrosian school4 ,it reappears in the ,anglican ,orarium of #aefj and the ,preces ,privatae of #aefd1 and is said to have been familiar to ,sir ,thomas ,browne and ,bishop ,ken through its use at ,wykeham's school in ,winchester4 ,it1 along with the ,te lucis ante terminum1 also sung at ,winchester1 may have suggested both ,bishop ,ken's 8,glory to thee1 my ,god1 this night10 and ,browne's 8,the night is come1 like to the day10 given in his ,religio ,medici4 ,to the seventh century we also may refer the ,quicunque vultesse salvus1 a hymn better known as the ,athanasian ,creed4 ,besides these there are two groups of hymns whose temporal limits do not lie within the seventh century on either side1 but which may be as well discussed here as anywhere4 ,the first are the early ,spanish hymn-writers4 ,we know by name three of the seventh century4 ,the first is ,isidore1 ,archbishop of ,seville 7#egj-fcf71 the scholar of encyclopaedic range1 who did so much to adapt the learning of the ,romans to the wants of the ,gothic community in ,spain4 ,to him are ascribed1 somewhat doubtfully1 three ballad-hymns in honor of as many martyrs and two abecedarian poems on repentance4 ,more certainly authentic are three or four ascribed to his contemporary ,eugenius1 who was ,archbishop of ,toledo from #fdf to #feg4 ,he has left us thirty-two ,latin poems in classic metres1 none of which1 strictly speaking1 are hymns1 but his ,rex ,deus immense has found its way into the collections4 ,in his day he worked hard to improve the singing and other services of the ,church4 ,lastly1 there is the ,spanish magistrate ,cyxilla1 who built a church in honor of the martyr ,thyrsus of ,toledo1 and wrote a hymn for the dedication1 though some say he got ,isidore to do it for him4 ,daniel 7,i41 #aij7 gives it in full from the ,mozarabic#be ,breviary4 ,but far more important are the anonymous hymns of that ,breviary1 which constituted the hymnary of the old ,spanish ,church at the date of the conquest of the country by the ,saracens 7#gaa-ad71 and which through the temporary prostration of the ,church's energy was preserved from additions and alterations4 ,the collection therefore is interesting as containing nothing of later date than the eighth century1 and probably very little that is later than the seventh4 ,besides a large number of hymns traceable to other authors1 from ,hilary to ,gregory--most of them from ,ambrose and his school--there are forty-eight hymns peculiar to this ancient ,breviary4 ,of these the best known are the ,alleluia piis edite laudibus1 the ,cunctorum rex omnipotens1 the ,jesu defensor omnium1 the ,o ,dei perenne ,verbum of ,bishop ,arturus ,serranus of ,toledo1 the ,sacer octavarum dies1 the ,sacrata ,christi tempora1 and the ,surgentes ad ,te1 ,domine4 ,it is well known that the hymns of ,ambrose and his school enjoyed great repute in ,spain4 ,these unnamed writers evidently have studied at his feet1 their mode of dealing with the great themes of ,christian praise having much in common with his4 ,the country1 however1 which gave ,seneca1 ,lucan1 and ,quinctilian to ,latin literature was under no necessity merely to imitate an ,italian model2 and we find these ,spanish poets departing widely from ,ambrose's school as regards the form of their verse4 ,the four-lined stanza1 with four iambic feet 7u -7 in each line--a line used by the tragedian ,seneca before it was adopted by the ,christian poets--is the form of verse employed almost exclusively by the ,ambrosian school4 ,the ,mozarabic writers also use it 7,convexa solis orbita71 but they also employ as a substitute a trochaic verse of eleven syllables 7,lucis auctor clemens1 lumen immensum7 and more complex choriambic forms 7,alleluia piis edite laudibus1 etc474 ,but their hymns1 as a whole1 lack pith and force2 not one of them has earned a place by itself in the affections of ,latin ,christendom4 ,the second national group is that of the early ,irish writers of ,latin hymns4 ,there are not so many of these1 and still fewer names have been preserved4 ,but they deserve notice as monuments of that aggressive ,church whose missionary labors rendered such grand service in the ,christianization of ,western ,europe4 ,of ,caelius ,sedulius there is enough said in the chapter devoted to him and his acrostic hymn4 ,of ,columcille and the ,altus ,deus prositor we have spoken above4 ,the next name which meets us is that of ,ladkenus or ,lathacan1 an ,irishman of the seventh century1 to whom is ascribed a hymn of the class called in ,irish ,luireach 7or lorica71 meaning a shield4 ,there are two hymns of this class ascribed to ,patrick and to ,columcille4 ,the former1 best known by ,james ,clarence ,mangan's version1 8,at ,tara to-day1 in this awful hour1 ,i call on the holy ,trinity60 is probably not the work of the ,apostle of ,ireland2 but as it1 like that of ,columcille1 is in ,irish1 it need not detain us here4 ,the latter begins1 8,alone am ,i upon the mountain1 ,o ,king of heaven1 prosper my way1 ,and then nothing need ,i fear1 ,more than if guarded by six thousand40 ,that of ,lathacan1 while possessing the same general character1 as aiming at a ,christian substitute for the ,druidical charms of the pagans1 is on a lower level both religiously and poetically4 ,no less than eleven of its twenty-three quatrains are occupied with the enumeration of the parts of the human body1 which are placed under divine protection1 and these may be not without interest to the students of the history of physiological knowledge4 ,many of the early ,irish hymns are in the national language1 which was at that time the vehicle of a vigorous native poetry4 ,of those in ,latin the most beautiful is the ,communion hymn1 8,sancti venite1 ,christi corpus sumite10 which both ,daniel and ,neale praise for its noble simplicity4 ,an old ,irish legend1 to which we need not pin our faith1 represents ,patrick and his nephew ,sechnall as hearing the angels sing it first1 during the offertory before the communion1 and adds1 8,so from that time to the present that hymn is chanted in ,erinn when the body of ,christ is received40 ,singing at the communion was not unusual in the early ,church1 and ,gregory of ,tours has preserved an antiphon used at that sacrament which closely resembles the ,irish hymn4 ,but it is now disused4 ,the hymn is found in the ,bangor ,antiphonary1 an old ,irish manuscript of the seventh century1 first published by ,muratori in his ,anecdota 7#afig-ih74 ,from ,bangor it had been carried to ,bobbio1 the famous monastery founded on ,italian soil by the ,irish missionary ,columbanus after he had been driven out of ,burgundy by the reigning powers4 ,from ,bobbio it made its way to the ,ambrosian ,library at ,milan1 where ,muratori found it4 ,it is one of the most interesting monuments of the early ,irish ,church1 and its hymns are given or indicated by ,daniel in his fourth volume4 ,the first is a series of quintains1 each for one of the canonical hours4 ,then the ,hymnum dicat turba fratrum1 which already ,beda described as hymnus ille pulcherrimus1 is found in a mutilated form in the ,antiphonary1 and ascribed to ,hilary4 ,it is a terse rehearsal of the facts of our ,lord's birth1 life1 passion1 and resurrection4 ,daniel suggests that it is one of the primitive hymns of the martyr-ages of the ,church to which ,pliny refers1 and brought into ,latin from the original ,greek by some scholarly ,briton or ,irish man4 ,then a hymn in commemoration of the ,apostles 7,precamur ,patrem71 of which also ,daniel thinks that ,irish scholarship may have rendered from the ,greek4 ,then a morning hymn based on the ,constantinopolitan creed 7,spiritus divinae lucis gloriae72 and another in honor of the martyrs 7,sacratissimi ,martyres summi ,dei72 the ,lorica of ,lathacan2 and two hymns in honor of ,st4 ,patrick1 one by ,sechnall and the other by ,fiacc4 ,daniel gives only the former1 which is an abecedary hymn4 ,both are full of the marvellous--an element not wanting even in the contemporary documents of ,patrick's life1 and quite abundant in those of later date4 ,besides these there are four other hymns which ,mone has shown to be of ,irish authorship4 ,the first is the ,jesus refulsit omnium1 which has been ascribed to ,hilary1 but is shown not to be his not only by the rhyme1 but by the alliteration which marks it as originating in the ,north of ,europe4 ,it is found in manuscripts1 ,german and ,english1 of the eleventh century2 but ,mone ascribes it to an ,irish author both because of the strophe employed and because of the mixture of ,greek words with the ,latin1 the ,irish being the best ,greek scholars of the ,west1 and being not disinclined to show off their erudition in this way4 ,another is an abecedary hymn1 ,ad coeli clara non sum dignus sidera1 famous as having been supposed by some stupid critic to be the lost evening hymn which ,hilary sent from the ,east to his daughter along with the ,lucis largitor splendide4 ,it probably is as old as the sixth or seventh century1 both the structure of the verse and the allusions to pagan beliefs and ,christian heresies indicating that antiquity4 ,the use of alliteration and other peculiarities indicate an ,irish author1 but probably a monk of ,bobbio1 as the accentuated ,sapphic verse was in use in that country4 ,here are seven of its most characteristic stanzas3 ,to the clear stars of heaven ,i am not worthy ,the base eyes of my most sad behavior ,even to lift3 weighed down with sorrows earthy1 ,spare me1 ,o ,saviour4 ,boon which ,i ought to show ,i have neglected1 ,evil ,i did3 no limit might resist me2 ,crime by no secret conscience was rejected2 ,o ,christ1 assist me4 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,leave me1 ,o ,lord1 alone with my repenting1 ,me from my birth all evil who inherit1 ,give me but tears from depths of my consenting ,penitent spirit4 ,mine1 as ,i think1 are vices so appalling ,that the worst torments still will not withhold me1 ,save as thy pity on a wretch is calling1 ,glad to enfold me4 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,rescue of earth1 the only hope of mortals1 ,equal with ,father and with ,holy ,spirit ,three1 and yet one beyond those viewless portals ,save by thy merit4 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,xrist have ,i ever1 in the faith most holy1 ,praised with my lips and made a true confession2 ,purely ,i spurned all heresy1 nor slowly ,wrought my profession4 ,h,ymns have ,i sung in ,arius's derision1 ,barking ,sabellian dog ,i have not favored1 ,simon the swine1 whose covetous base vision ,mine never favored4 ,s4 ,w4 ,d4 ,besides this we have the ,cantemus omni die concenentes variae1 which furnishes a remarkable combination of sustained rhyme with a free use of alliteration2 and two hymns in honor of ,michael the ,archangel1 of which the first is an abecedary1 and has the same structural peculiarity4 ,besides these there are other hymns in the ,leabhur ,jomann1 or 8,book of ,hymns10 in honor of ,st4 ,brigid 7often confounded with the ,st4 ,birgitta of ,sweden7 and other ,irish saints--some in ,latin and some in ,irish4 ,they have been edited for the ,irish ,archaeological ,society by ,dr4 ,j4 ,h4 ,todd 7,dublin1 #ahee-fi74 ,to the eighth century1 the age of the ,iconoclasts1 of ,john of ,damascus and of ,beda1 we trace but few anonymous hymns4 ,as we have said1 the ,urbs beata ,hirusalem 7with the ,angulare fundamentum7 may belong here1 and so may some in the ,mozarabic ,breviary4 ,but as only the manuscripts we have named and the 8,psalter of the ,queen of ,sweden0--so called because it once was the property of ,queen ,christine--go back to this time1 we can only guess which of the hymns marked as 8very old0 in manuscripts of the eleventh and later centuries date back to this4 ,niebuhr found in a tenth-century manuscript the pilgrim hymn ,o ,roma nobilis1 orbis et domina1 and published it in the ,rheinisches ,museum 7#ahbi71 and traced its accentual form of verse back to the old folk-songs of ,rome1 such as the ,roman soldiers may well have sung at the triumph of ,camillus1 and certainly did so behind the golden triumphal chariots of ,caesar and ,aurelian4 ,to this century some ascribe the hymn for martyrs1 ,sanctorum meritis inclyta gaudia1 which holds its place in a recast in the ,roman ,breviary1 and has occupied the attention of at least four ,english translators4 ,in the history of theology it is memorable as giving ,gottschalk a point by its use of the phrase trina deitas1 to which ,archbishop ,hincmar strongly objected4 ,of the less notable hymn-writers of this century three belong to the group of literary men whom ,charles the ,great gathered at his court or employed in his administration4 ,that ,charles himself was a poet in any sense we have no evidence1 much less that he wrote the ,veni1 ,creator ,spiritus4 ,his biographer1 ,eginhard1 tells us that although he spoke ,latin fluently--his native language1 of course1 being ,german--he never fully acquired the art of writing1 although he kept a tablet under his pillow for the sake of practising4 ,he was a keen lover of learning and a generous patron of education4 ,in one of his trips to ,italy he encountered at ,parma an ,englishman1 chief of the ,cathedral school at ,york1 and then on his way to ,rome to obtain the pallium for ,archbishop ,eanbald4 ,charles offered him sufficient inducement to remove to the ,continent1 and for fourteen years 7#ghb-if7 ,alcuin of ,york 7#gce-hjd7 was ,charles's minister of education and head of the palace school1 in which both the king and his children studied4 ,he was rewarded with various abbacies1 and in #gif he retired to one of them--that of ,st4 ,martin at ,tours--withdrawing from the not very admirable court of his patron to spend his eight last years in study and devotion4 ,he was succeeded by an ,irishman named ,clemens1 who brought over the ,irish preference for ,greek philosophy1 especially that of ,plato1 to ,alcuin's keen annoyance4 ,in the collections there are some half-dozen hymns ascribed to ,alcuin1 none of which have made any marked impression4 ,he was an honest1 plodding1 unimaginative ,englishman1 such as still writes ,latin verses at ,eton or ,harrow1 invit ,minerv1 and as a matter of duty1 not of necessity4 ,more notable for personal qualities was the ,lombard1 ,paul ,warnefried 7#gcj-if71 better known as ,paul the ,deacon 7,paulus ,diaconus71 who had witnessed the overthrow of the ,lombard kingdom by ,charles in #ggd1 and then withdrew to ,monte ,casino1 where he became a ,benedictine monk4 ,he attracted ,charles's attention in #gha by a poetical petition in behalf of his brother ,arichis1 who had been carried beyond the ,alps as a prisoner2 and the king invited him to his court4 ,he returned to ,monte ,casino in #ghg4 ,his most important work1 the ,de ,gestis ,longobardorum ,libri ,sex1 is marked by a lively and patriotic interest in the legends1 habits1 and fortunes of his own people4 ,he has preserved for us much early ,teutonic lore1 such as the poetical explanation of the origin of the name 8,lombard10 which ,kingsley has worked into a poem in ,hypatia4 ,a ,frank he never became1 and the rough soldiers of ,charles's court proposed to cut off his hands and put out his eyes by way of resenting this4 8,god forbid10 replied ,charles1 8that ,i should thus treat so excellent a poet and a historian40 ,there are but two hymns which bear ,paul ,warnefried's name3 one in commemoration of ,john the ,baptist1 and the other on the miracles of ,benedict of ,nursia4 ,the former1 which frequently is divided into three parts for different services on ,st4 ,john's day1 is a hymn of much merit1 and still holds its place in the ,roman ,breviary4 ,its widest fame is in connection with the history of music1 as from its first verse we derive the ordinary names of our musical notes4 ,the verse runs1 ,ut queant laxis ,resonare fibris ,mira gestorum ,famuli tuorum1 ,solve polluti ,labii reatum1 ,sancte ,johannes4 ,the tune composed for the hymn in the ,middle ,ages1 or adapted to it1 had the peculiarity that each half verse began on one of the bars of the staff1 and each a note higher than the last4 ,this suggested1 possibly to ,guido of ,arezzo in the eleventh century1 the possibility of using these first syllables as a mnemonic device to fix the pitch of each note on the memory of those who were learning to sing4 ,guido1 in a letter to his friend ,michael1 describes the device in terms which suggest that it was his own4 ,but there is no warrant for the assumption often made in this connection that he devised the musical staff4 ,that was in use in ,england as early as #ajaf1 while ,guido wrote about #ajfg4 ,a third of ,charles's protgs was ,paulinus1 whom he made patriarch of ,aquileia 7#gbf-hjd71 and who is specified by ,george ,cassander as the author of three extant hymns4 ,one of these1 the ,refulgit omnia luce mundus aurea1 is thought by ,mone to belong to the sixth or seventh century4 ,it is in the ornate style of his namesake of ,nola and his imitator ,elpis1 so that it may be the work of the older ,paulinus4 ,it possesses a philological interest as being written in the lingua rustica1 or provincial and countrified ,latin1 out of which the ,romance languages were developed4 ,paulinus of ,aquileia was a ,german1 who took an active part in the controversies of his times1 as may be seen from his prose works4 ,walafrid ,strabo in the next century speaks of him as a hymn-writer2 but it is impossible to say how many1 if any1 of the hymns which stand in his name are his work4 ,the ninth century is much more fertile in hymns than either the seventh or the eighth4 ,it is the age of ,charles the ,great as ,emperor1 of ,rabanus ,maurus and ,hincmar1 and of ,john ,scotus ,erigena2 and it witnessed the founding of the school of sequence-singers at ,st4 ,gall4 ,to this century has been traced the beautiful paschal sequence ,victimae paschali laudes immolent ,christiani1 one of the few which hold their place in the ,roman ,missal4 ,kehrein1 on what seems to him good authority1 ascribes the sequence to ,wipo1 the ,burgundian chaplain of the ,emperor ,conrad ,,ii41 and the tutor of ,henry ,,ii41 who has left us several poems on historical events of his time1 besides a prose life of ,conrad and two didactic poems for the edification of ,henry4 ,he was a man of unusual acquaintance with classical literature1 which probably led to his selection as tutor to the young prince4 ,all this makes ,kehrein's ascription of the sequence to him have an air of probability1 which1 however1 is weakened1 if not destroyed1 by a comparison of this with his undoubted poems4 ,these employ both the classic hexameter and the rhymed verse of his own age2 but in neither does he show the fine ear for rhythm which the author of the ,victimae paschali laudes must have possessed4 ,the sequence was one of those ,easter hymns in which ,luther took such delight1 and which he describes in general terms in his ,house-,postill3 8,in the time of popery many fine hymns were sung6 ,he that broke up hell1 and overcame the very ,devil therein1 therewith the ,lord redeemed his ,christendom40 ,elsewhere in the same book he calls this 8a very beautiful hymn10 especially finding delight in the second verse1 ,mors et ,vita duello conflixere mirando3 ,dux vitae mortuus regnat vivus4 8,make it who will1 he must have had a high and ,christian understanding to have painted this picture with such fine gracefulness40 ,in his commentary on ,hosea1 he again quotes it with especial praise4 ,to this ninth century ,koch assigns the ,virginis proles opifexque matris1 which still holds its place in the ,roman ,breviary in a revised form4 ,less offensive to ,protestant ears is the brief and beautiful sequence1 probably of this century1 ,quod chorus vatum1 which ,mr4 ,blew has translated for his ,church ,hymn and ,tune-,book 7#ahee71 and the editor of the ,lyra ,messianica has copied4 ,here also belongs the ,ad ,dominum clamaveram1 which is one of the earliest attempts at a metrical treatment of the ,psalms4 ,it consists largely of extracts from the fifteen ,psalms of ,degrees4 ,here also belongs the ,iste confessor ,domini1 which still holds its place in the ,roman ,breviary4 ,of the less-known hymn-writers we may name the younger ,prudentius1 who1 like his greater namesake1 was a ,spaniard by birth1 his family probably being one of the many which took refuge in ,france from the rule of the ,saracens4 ,indeed1 he assumed the name out of compliment to the elder poet--a practice very reprehensible in the eyes of hymnologists1 as increasing the amply sufficient confusion which hangs around the identity of hymn-writers4 ,he was one of the most learned men of his time1 and had the manliness to defend the ,augustinian doctrine of predestination against ,hincmar of ,rheims1 at the time when ,gottschalk had brought it into ill repute by his paradoxical statement of it4 ,but he and ,hincmar found common ground in opposing ,john ,scotus ,erigena1 who asserted that the whole controversy grew out of the ascription of temporal existence to the divine and eternal mind4 ,his hymns are lost to us1 those ascribed to him being certainly not of his authorship1 unless perhaps the ,virgo ,dei genetrix4 ,servatus ,lupus 7#hje-fc71 abbot of ,ferrires1 was one of the many pupils of ,rabanus ,maurus1 who rose to eminence in the ,church of this age1 and were employed by the ,karling kings in public affairs4 ,his best monument is his letters1 which give us a vivid picture of a time of disorder1 and of a man of genuine capacity and honest purpose4 ,his hymns in praise of ,st4 ,wigbert are of less worth4 ,much more important is ,theodulph of ,orleans 7ob4 #hba71 the author of a single hymn1 which has preserved his memory not less by its own merits than by its association with a beautiful but unhistorical legend of its authorship4 ,he1 too1 was of ,spanish birth and ,gothic stock4 ,he was honored and trusted by ,charles the ,great1 and was one of the witnesses to his will4 ,he was strongly imperialist in his politics1 both before and after ,charles's death opposing the inevitable separation of ,france from ,germany1 especially in his poems to ,charles and his sons1 which are among the best of that age4 ,in #hah1 however1 he was implicated justly or unjustly in the rebellion of ,bernard1 ,king of ,italy1 against his uncle the emperor1 and was imprisoned three years4 ,while in prison he composed1 tradition says1 the hymn for ,palm ,sunday1 ,gloria1 laus et honor1 together with other poems1 as the pastime of weary hours4 ,the story runs that it was to the hymn he owed his liberation4 ,on ,palm ,sunday of #hba the ,emperor ,lewis the ,pious was at ,angers1 where the ,bishop of ,orleans was imprisoned in a monastery4 ,through an open window1 when the emperor was within hearing1 he sang the hymn1 which so moved his heart that he gave orders to set the prisoner at liberty4 ,another version of the story is that he had taught it to the children of the church1 who sang it before the emperor4 ,the legend is discredited by the fact that in #hba there was a general amnesty for political offenders1 which must have given him his liberty4 ,he died within the year1 by poison it is said4 ,to make the list complete we add the names of ,ermanrich 7ob4 #hdj71 abbot of ,ellwangen in ,wrtemberg2 ,drepanius ,florus 7ob4 #hfj71 deacon of the church of ,lyons2 ,eric1 a monk at ,saint-,germain at ,auxerre1 and ,paul ,alvarez of ,cordova 7ob4 #hfa7--;all of whom have left us hymns in commemoration of saints4 ,in the chapter on ,notker a full account has been given of the three principal singers of ,st4 ,gall--,notker ,balbulus1 ,tutilo1 and ,hartmann4 ,there are two lesser sequence-writers of that monastery who belong to the same 7ninth7 century--,ratpert and ,waltram4 ,ratpert 7ob4 #ijj71 like ,notker1 was a pupil of the ,irishman ,mngal4 ,he was of noble family and born in the neighborhood of ,zurich1 and made such proficiency that he was entrusted with the oversight of the outer school at ,st4 ,gall4 ,his 8proses0 were composed especially for processional use and for pilgrimages1 and therefore are not sequences in the strict sense4 ,to adapt them to this use he fitted them with refrains1 which might be caught up by those who had little familiarity with ,latin4 ,the ,rex sanctorum angelorum is the best known of them4 ,but most important is his position as the first in point of time of the ,german hymn-writers4 ,he wrote a ,german hymn in honor of ,st4 ,gall 7fecit carmen barbaricum populo in laude ,sancti ,galli canendum71 of which unfortunately we have only ,ekkehard's ,latin translation1 made a century later4 ,waltram never rose above the rank of deacon at ,st4 ,gall4 ,he was more famous for his poems on secular themes1 written to the music of the sequences1 than for sequences proper4 ,but one of the latter is ascribed to him4 ,,chapter ,,xxx4 ,,the ,,unknown ,,and ,,the ,,less ,,known ,,hymn-,,writers4 ,tenth to ,sixteenth ,century4 ,the tenth century--the century of the ,danes1 of the ,normans1 of the ,othos1 of the ,olafs1 of ,dunstan1 and of ,cordova as a centre of philosophic and scientific culture--saw the general establishment of ,christianity among the ,teutonic peoples of ,northern ,europe4 ,it was not rich in great ,churchmen1 great men of letters1 or great hymn-writers4 ,we find in it no name great enough to deserve a separate chapter4 ,yet ,odo of ,cluny and ,fulbert of ,chartres1 the two ,ekkehards1 and ,rupert of ,st4 ,gall are enough to show that it was not altogether barren4 ,this dark age was a time when the worship of ,mary and the saints1 already on the increase in previous ages1 made rapid advances4 ,the practice of formal canonization of the saints dates from #iic4 ,perhaps the most characteristic hymn of the century is the ,ave ,maris stella1 which has been ascribed to ,venantius ,fortunatus of the sixth century1 but cannot be older than the tenth4 ,daniel's final judgment was that a ,st4 ,gall ,,ms4 proves it to belong here1 although he formerly had thought it might be as early as the sixth century4 ,moll and ,mone1 however1 would put it even later1 on the theory that it borrows from one of ,hermann of ,reichenau's sequences4 ,it is one of the favorite hymns of the ,roman ,catholic ,church1 being found in all the breviaries1 and assigned for use not only at the ,annunciation1 to which it properly belongs1 but to others of the many festivals in honor of our ,lord's mother4 ,in the following version ,mr4 ,duffield has given the easy form of the original3 ,hail1 thou star of ocean1 ,god's own mother mortal1 ,virgin ever perfect1 ,heaven's own blessed portal4 ,bright with such a message1 ,gabriel gave thee greeting2 ,grant us1 then1 thy favor1 ,eve's defeat defeating4 ,loose the prisoner's bondage1 ,give the blind their vision1 ,drive all evils from us1 ,pray for our condition4 ,show thyself our mother1 ,let thy prayer avail us ,with thy ,son1 our ,saviour1 ,born that naught should fail us4 ,virgin pure and only1 ,mild among all others1 ,make us free from sinning1 ,meek beyond our brothers4 ,to this century or later we must assign the ,martyr ,dei qui unicum1 which 7as ,invicte ,martyr unicum7 still holds its place in the ,roman ,breviary2 and the ,jesu ,redemptor omnium1 which is similarly honored4 ,odo of ,cluny 7#hgi-idc7 is the first of the three poets who have adorned that famous monastic house4 ,he was dedicated before his birth to ,st4 ,martin1 by his father1 a courtier of the ,duke of ,aquitaine1 and became a monk at ,tours in fulfilment of this vow4 ,he got such education as the times furnished1 going to ,paris for the sake of finding the best schools4 ,he then joined the congregation of three monasteries recently founded by ,bernon1 who was abbot of them all4 ,at the death of ,bernon he became the second abbot of ,cluny1 and it speaks ill for either ,bernon or the age that he found his work to be that of a monastic reformer even in a young monastery4 ,he was the most considerable figure in the ,french ,church of his time1 and his advice and mediation were sought on all sides4 ,as his name was a very usual one1 a long series of books he did not write has been fathered on him1 what he really left being a collection of addresses to his monks 7,collationes71 some sermons1 and a few hymns1 about four in all4 ,of these ,dr4 ,neale has translated the ,lauda1 mater ecclesiae1 lauda ,christi1 and ,mr4 ,chambers the ,aeterni ,patris unice4 ,they commemorate ,mary ,magdalene1 identifying her1 of course1 with ,mary of ,bethany1 as ,church tradition does4 ,fulbert of ,chartres 7#iej-ajbh7 was to ,france1 in the second half of this century of disorder and transition1 what ,odo was in the first4 ,he also was from ,aquitaine1 and possibly of a noble family1 although he seems to contradict his biographers on that point when he says1 8non opibus nec sanguine fretus ,conscendi cathedram1 pauper1 de sorde levatus40 ,he studied at ,rheims under the great scholar ,gerbert1 afterward ,pope ,sylvester ,,ii4--8a pope10 as ,dr4 ,dllinger says1 8who was held in great honor as the most learned scholar and the most enlightened spirit of his time10 but afterward was regarded as an expert in the black art1 and even as having sold himself to ,satan4 ,from him ,fulbert at least learned no black arts4 ,transferred in #ifh to ,chartres as chancellor of the cathedral1 with charge of its school1 he made the place a centre of attraction to students from three nations4 ,his scholars called him 8the ,frankish ,socrates10 and frequent is the reference in writers of the next generation to the delightful fellowship they had with this bright-minded and devout master1 who taught the science of both natural and divine things1 entering into right human relations with each of them1 and pointing them to that knowledge which is life eternal4 ,even after ,robert ,,ii4 elevated him to the bishopric of ,chartres1 in #ajjg1 he found time to take part in the work of teaching1 which he so much loved4 ,he died in #ajbh4 ,his letters are his chief monument1 and they give us an unattractive picture of his age4 ,one of them denounces bishops who have become soldiers as unworthy of the name4 ,others tell of the murder1 in the very porch of the cathedral1 of a priest he had made the sub-dean of the cathedral at ,sens4 ,the friends of a rival candidate killed him1 with the alleged connivance of the bishop of ,sens6 ,in yet another he takes to task ,constance1 the shrew whom a just ,providence awarded to ,robert ,,ii4 as his last wife4 ,his sermons are less notable1 and much given to ,mariolatry4 ,his hymns are few in number1 but one of them1 the ,chorus novae ,hirusalem1 is a ,whitsunday hymn of much beauty1 yet it has not commended itself to the compilers of the ,roman ,breviary4 ,mone remarks that it unites classic metre with rhyme1 which is true also of his hymn in commemoration of ,martin of ,tours1 ,inter patres monachalis4 ,the fifth abbot of ,cluny1 ,odilo 7#ifb-ajdh71 was a dear friend of ,fulbert's1 and lamented his death4 ,he continued the work of monastic reform begun by ,odo1 which made ,cluny the centre of monastic energy and life in this age4 ,especially was the severity of the restored rule of ,benedict1 as practised at ,cluny1 opposed to the laxer order established by the ,irish monks in ,germany4 ,so absorbed was he in this work that he refused to be made ,archbishop of ,lyons4 ,fulbert called him 8the archangel of the monks40 ,he also wrote hymns1 but there are none that we can attach with certainty to his name4 ,the same is true of ,salvus1 abbot of a cloister in the ,christian kingdom of ,navarre4 ,heriger1 abbot of ,lobbes 7#idj-ajji71 a ,flemish ,benedictine and hagiologist1 of great renown as an educator and a scholar1 has left one hymn1 ,ave per quam1 and two antiphons1 in honor of the ,apostle ,thomas4 ,theodoric of ,monte ,casino wrote a hymn in honor of ,st4 ,maurus4 ,to the eleventh century we owe the beginnings of many things--rag paper1 ,gothic architecture1 our modern musical notation1 the crusades1 the troubadours1 the peace of ,god1 the ,norman rule in ,england4 ,it is the century of ,hildebrand1 of ,peter ,damiani1 of ,anselm of ,canterbury1 of the great struggle to establish the celibacy of the clergy and to abolish lay patronage in the ,church4 ,it is not rich in hymn-writers1 but it has some minor names and anonymous hymns worthy of notice4 ,to this century belongs the manuscript collection of old ,english hymns in ,latin which the ,rev4 ,joseph ,stevenson edited for the ,surtees ,society in #ahea 7,latin ,hymns of the ,anglo-,saxon ,church1 with an ,interlinear ,saxon ,gloss4 ,from a manuscript of the ,eleventh ,century in ,durham ,library74 ,while many of them are found equally in the breviaries and hymnaries of the ,continent1 there is a large number which seem to be peculiar to the ,english ,church1 and have not been traced to any continental source4 ,none of these are very great hymns1 and their importance to us is partly from our interest in the work of our ,english ancestors1 and partly from the preference shown to them by modern ,english translators4 ,but such work as ,annis peractis mensibus and ,nuntium nobis fero de supernis is more than respectable4 ,in this manuscript is found the beautiful hymn for ,septuagesima and succeeding ,sundays1 ,alleluia1 dulce carmen1 which therefore may be an old ,english hymn4 ,it was written in accordance with the old usage that 8,alleluia60 should be sung frequently on that and the following ,sundays in preparation for ,lent4 ,to this century ,koch assigns the abecedarian hymn1 ,a patre unigenitus1 which gets almost through the alphabet in twenty lines1 but is better than this would indicate1 or ,mr4 ,chambers would not have translated it4 ,here belongs the ,audi1 tellus1 audi1 which unfortunately is only partly preserved in its original and unexpanded form4 ,it is a judgment hymn1 but not one of the greatest4 ,the ,lutherans used it for some time after the ,reformation1 and ,dr4 ,washburn has translated it4 ,the enlarged form recalls the ,cur mundus militat of ,jacoponus4 ,du ,mril has published a ,christmas hymn of this century1 ,congaudeat turba fidelium1 whose first six verses indicate its popular use by their refrain1 8,in ,bethlehem60 ,it bears a close resemblance to many of the fifteenth century1 and may have been their model4 ,to the same editor we owe the terse and spirited ,easter hymn of this same century1 ,mitis agnus1 leo fortis1 which has found several ,english translators4 ,to this century or1 at latest1 to the next1 we must assign the very beautiful hymn in commemoration of ,stephen the ,protomartyr1 ,sancte ,dei pretiose1 whose popularity seems to have made it especially tempting to the hymn-tinkers of the ,middle ,ages4 ,it is found in two other forms1 both of them much watered2 8but nobody likes inspiration and water10 as ,lowell says4 ,to ,anselm of ,canterbury1 the great archbishop and theologian1 seven hymns are assigned in the collections4 ,they are so much below the level of the ,cur ,deus ,homo1 the ,monologion1 and the ,prosologion of that great master1 as to suggest that they are the work of one of the lesser ,anselms--for the name was a common one in that age--and that they have been assigned to him by the eagerness of his editors to swell his works1 as has been done with many prose treatises4 ,one of the best is a long 8,prayer to the ,lord and all ,his ,saints10 beginning ,deus1 pater credentium1 of which ,mr4 ,duffield says1 in a manuscript note1 that it 8contains many excellent stanzas40 ,there is another1 8,to ,mary and all the ,saints10 nearly as long1 which shows the author's training in a ,french school by its use of the assonance4 ,yet another on ,mary alone--,lux quae luces in tenebris--which has been broken into eight brief hymns for the canonical hours4 ,christ as the ,son and ,mary herself are invoked in alternate verses4 ,better than any of these is a little hymn which is his in the sense of being based on a fine passage of his prose meditations4 ,this 8second ,augustine10 like the first1 was happier as an occasion of poetry in other men1 than in his own verses4 ,here it is3 ,,to ,,the ,,holy ,,spirit4 ,veni jam veni ,benignissime1 ,dolentis animiae ,consolator1 ,promptissimus ,in opportunatibus ,et tribulationibus ,adjutor6 ,veni fortitude fragilium1 ,relevator labentium ,veni doctor humilium ,destructor superborum1 ,pius pater orphanorum1 ,dulcis vindex viduarum4 ,veni spes pauperum1 ,refocillator deficientium6 ,veni navigantium ,sidus1 ,naufragantium ,portus6 ,veni omnium viventium ,singulare decus1 ,morientium ,unica salus1 ,veni ,sancte ,spiritus6 ,come1 yea and quickly come1 ,thou gentlest guest1 ,to them of sorrowing mind1 ,consoler blest6 ,thou swiftest help and guide ,in every chance1 ,and in our sharp distress ,deliverance4 ,come1 courage of the coward breast1 ,who raisest them that sink oppressed6 ,come1 teacher of the humble1 thou ,who bringest pride to dust1 ,thou ,father of the fatherless1 ,the widow's stay and trust4 ,come1 thou hope of poverty1 ,reviving from despondency4 ,come1 thou of sailing souls ,the ,star2 ,come1 thou the port of them ,which shipwrecked are6 ,come1 thou the one renown ,of all that live2 ,come1 thou the single trust ,which death can give2 ,come1 ,holy ,spirit6 ,another ,anselm of this century is the ,bishop of ,lucca1 who died #ajhf1 and to whom is ascribed a long meditative poem on our ,lord's life1 in a kind of rhymed verse which is much more frequently met in the narrative or humorous poems of the next century1 called ,goliardic4 ,it does not belong to the lyric poetry of the ,church1 although a spirited hymn has been extracted by ,herbert ,kynaston from the passage given by ,trench4 7,see ,lyra ,messianica1 pp4 #bhc1 #bhd47 ,anselm was a weak man caught in the storm of the controversy over investitures1 and would have ended his days as a monk of ,cluny1 if ,gregory ,,vii4 had not forbidden him4 ,it is said that1 although he had written in defence of the claims of ,gregory against the anti-pope ,guibert1 he finally joined ,guibert's party before his death4 ,godefroy or ,geofroy1 ,abbot of ,vendome1 is another hymn-writer who was mixed up in that controversy1 but remained steadfast on the papal side4 ,he belongs both to this and the next century1 having been made abbot in #ajid1 and lived on till #aabi at least4 ,twelve times he crossed the ,alps in the interest of the papacy1 and was rewarded for his zeal by a cardinalate4 ,his letters still preserve for us the picture of a zealous ultramontane churchman2 but his four 8proses0--one about our ,lord's mother and three on ,mary ,magdalene--are of less importance4 ,to ,heribert 7ob4 #ajdb71 ,bishop of ,eichstetten1 in modern ,baden 7anciently part of ,swabia71 ,migne 7,patrologia1 #ada7 ascribes a number of hymns1 which previously had borne no other name in the collections4 ,his dominant tendency as a hymn-writer is shown by the fact that he wrote five hymns beginning ,ave ,maria1 gratia plena1 none of which1 however1 is the well-known hymn beginning with those words4 ,that belongs to a later century4 ,the best of his hymns are that to all saints1 ,omnes superni ordines1 and that to the cross1 ,salve crux sancta1 salve mundi gloria1 of which ,prior ,aylward has furnished a spirited version to ,mr4 ,shipley's ,annus ,sanctus4 ,of the author we can learn nothing more than his date and location4 ,the succession of sequence-writers in ,southern ,germany was kept up through this century by ,gottschalk and the fourth ,ekkehard of ,st4 ,gall4 ,of ,gottschalk we know little more than that he studied under a master1 ,heinrich1 in an unnamed monastery of ,south ,germany1 to whom ,schubiger 7,die ,sngerschule ,st4 ,gallens1 #aheh7 assigns the ,ave praeclara ,maris stella 7see p4 #afc71 on the authority of a manuscript he believes to be older than ,hermann ,contractus4 ,of ,gottschalk's own sequences there are but three which certainly are his1 and they all are prosy4 ,if he and not some ,french ,gottschalk of this century be the author of the ,o ,deus1 miseri misereri servi1 which ,daniel 7,,iv41 #agc7 copies from ,du ,mril1 it is better than any of his sequences4 ,du ,mril inclines to ascribe it to the ,gottschalk of the ninth century1 whom we met in the history of ,rabanus ,maurus4 ,ekkehard ,,iv4 is memorable only for his ,latin version of the ,german hymn by ,ratpert in honor of ,st4 ,gall1 of which the original is lost4 ,the twelfth century is that of the great ,crusades1 of ,bernard and ,abelard1 and ,peter the ,venerable1 and ,hildebert and ,adam of ,st4 ,victor4 ,the age also of ,thomas ,becket1 ,peter ,lombard1 and ,saladin4 ,the ,civil ,law was rediscovered at ,amalfi2 the ,canon ,law digested by ,gratian2 the age-long conflict of ,guelphs and ,ghibellines began1 to end only with the political ruin of ,germany and the dismemberment of the ,empire4 ,it was a time of great intellectual activity in ,western ,europe4 ,the universities took their rise now1 although not known by that name till the next century4 ,in the national literatures of ,france and ,germany it was the springtime of a new age--the age of the troubadours and the trouvres1 of the ,minnesingers1 and the popular romances4 ,in ,latin hymnology no century was more fertile in great things than this4 ,of the anonymous hymns traced to this century there are several of great beauty4 ,the hymn on the ,apostles1 ,exultet coelum laudibus1 holds its place in the ,roman ,breviary in a much diluted revision4 ,it shows a close study of ,scripture and great command of terse expression4 ,the ,easter hymn1 ,finita jam sunt praelia1 generally is given with a double ,alleluia prefixed4 ,daniel refers it to this century2 ,neale to the next4 ,it is known to ,english readers by the versions of ,rev4 ,francis ,pott 78,the strife is o'er1 the victory won607 and of ,dr4 ,neale 78,finished is the battle now071 both of great merit4 ,exactly the same difference of authorities we find as to the date of the ,o filii et filiae1 another ,easter hymn of great beauty and still more honored by the preferences of the translators1 but ignored by the collectors1 ,professor ,march excepted4 ,the ,passion hymn1 ,patris ,sapientia1 veritas divina1 has been bandied about among many supposed authors1 two popes of the fourteenth century included4 ,it is in the 8,goliardic0 metre we find in ,anselm of ,lucca1 which was widely used in the satirical poetry of this century4 ,it therefore probably belongs here1 and may be the work of the 8,egidius ,episcopus0 specified in one copy of the hymn4 ,a third ,easter hymn1 the ,surrexit ,christe hodie1 may be as old as this century1 as there is a ,german hymn of this century which borrows from it1 ,christus ist erstanden4 ,in its ,latin1 indeed1 lies the germ of many later ,easter hymns1 including that of ,charles ,wesley1 8,christ the ,lord is risen to-day40 ,it is itself the simplest and truest expansion of the ,easter morning greeting of the early ,christian ,church1 when its members1 as they met each other on the street on that ,sunday1 substituted 8,christ is risen60 for the usual 8,peace be with you60 ,that was the word of confession by which the ,church's ,easter joy in the triumph of good over evil1 light over darkness1 the spiritual springtide over spiritual winter1 was proclaimed to a joyless and despairing world4 ,to this century also belongs the ,advent sequence1 ,veni1 veni ,emmanuel6 ,so ,dr4 ,neale thinks1 but ,professor ,daniel hesitates4 ,it undoubtedly is based on the eight 8,greater ,antiphons10 which were sung at the ,vesper service on the eight days preceding ,christmas 7,o ,sapientia1 etc471 of which a metrical version by ,lord ,nelson and others is in the ,hymnal of the ,episcopal ,church4 ,at least as old as this century is the very beautiful sequence on the life of ,christ1 ,in sapientia disponens omnia1 which ,mone found in a ,,ms4 of this century1 and ,trend 7,lyra ,mystica7 and ,crippen have translated4 ,the two halves of the sequence differ in a marked way in their metrical structure4 ,of the lesser hymn-writers of the century1 ,marbod is the most productive4 ,like ,fulbert and ,odilo1 he might as well be credited to the last century as to this4 ,he was the son of a fur dealer at ,angers1 named ,robert1 became ,bishop of ,rennes1 and died a monk at ,st4 ,aubin in #aabc4 ,he had the fighting qualities of the ,angevins1 whose churches are full of the tombs not of saints1 but of armed warriors1 ,michelet says4 ,he took such an active and aggressive part in a dispute over the election of a bishop of ,angers that the other party made him their prisoner and carried him out of the mle4 ,but it was his eminence as a ,latin poet for which his age most valued him4 ,when he died the monks of ,st4 ,aubin announced the fact in a circular letter1 and ,ulger1 ,bishop of ,angers1 anticipated the extravagance of ,dryden's epigram on ,milton in his praises of his friend3 8,cessit ei ,cicero1 cessit ,maro ,junctus ,homero40 ,beaugendre in #agjh collected his poems and published them along with those of his contemporary1 ,hildebert of ,tours4 ,they are mostly versified legends of the saints1 with a long poem1 ,de ,gemmis1 interesting and curious as showing the 8mystical0 associations of the mediaeval mind with precious stones4 ,from this ,mone gives the interpretation of the precious stones in the heavenly ,jerusalem1 beginning ,cives coelestis patriae4 ,more hymn like in character is the ,deus-,homo rex coelorum1 which ,chancellor ,benedict has translated from ,trench's anthology3 ,deus-,homo1 ,rex coelorum1 ,miserere ,miserorum2 ,ad peccandum proni sumus1 ,et ad humum redit humus2 ,tu ruinam nostri fulci ,pietate tua dulci4 ,quid est homo1 proles ,adae ,germen necis1 dignum clade4 ,quid est homo nisi vermis1 ,res infirma1 res inermis4 ,ne digneris huic irasci1 ,qui non potest mundus nasci ,noli ,deus1 hunc damnare1 ,qui non potest non peccare2 ,judicare non est equum ,creaturam1 non est tecum2 ,non est miser homo tanti1 ,ut respondeat ,tonanti4 ,sicut umbra1 sicut fumus1 ,sicut foenum facti sumus2 ,miserere1 ,rex coelorum1 ,miserere miserorum4 ,thou ,god-man in heaven above us1 ,look upon us1 ,lord1 and love us4 ,we to sin are always tending1 ,earth with earth is always blending4 ,thou1 ,o ,lord1 from ruin save us ,through the hope thy goodness gave us4 ,what is man from ,adam springing8 ,born of sin1 destruction bringing4 ,what is man but worm degraded1 ,weak and helpless when unaided8 ,make not him thy wrath inherit1 ,who cannot thy favor merit4 ,born to be a sinful being2 ,damn him not1 thou ,god all-seeing4 ,to condemn thy helpless creature ,is not worthy of thy nature2 ,wretched man is not sufficient1 ,lord1 to answer the omniscient4 ,made like smoke and shadow fleeting1 ,like the hay the tempest meeting1 ,pity1 ,lord in heaven above us1 ,wretched sinners6 save and love us4 ,there are two notable sequences attributed to the nun ,hildegard of ,bingen 7#aajd-gh71 a visionary and prophetess who commanded the respect of ,bernard and his pupil1 ,pope ,eugenius1 by her castigations of the disorders of ,christendom1 as did ,birgitta of ,sweden and ,catherine of ,sienna in a later period4 ,there is extant a letter of hers to ,bernard1 written during his visit to ,germany to preach the second crusade1 in which she explains in very imperfect ,latin the nature of her gift4 ,her life was begun by ,gottfried and finished by ,theodorich1 monk of ,trier4 ,a comparison of her works--the ,scivias and the ,liber ,divinorum ,operum--with the letter to ,bernard on the one hand1 and ,theodorich's part of the biography on the other1 makes it very evident that the monk wrote her works as well as her life2 and how much of her genuine prophecies he worked into them we are unable to say4 ,it therefore is not decisive as to her authorship that the ,o ignis ,spirits ,paracliti and the ,o virga ac diadema are found in the manuscripts of her works1 and that ,theodorich vouches for the former4 ,the author of these sequences had no acquaintance with the metrical principles of the school of ,st4 ,gall1 and seems to have taken the ,latin psalter as a model4 ,dr4 ,littledale1 in his version of the former1 substitutes a stricter metrical form4 ,pierre de ,corbeil was successively teacher of theology at ,paris--where he had ,innocent ,,iii4 among his pupils--,bishop of ,cambray1 and in #abjj ,archbishop of ,sens4 ,innocent employed him on important missions1 and he was a man of note in the ,church and ,state of his age4 ,a manuscript still preserved in the ,bibliothque ,nationale of ,paris contains a satire on married men which is ascribed to him 7,satyra adversus eos qui ,uxores ducunt74 ,but it is a very different kind of poem which entitles him to mention here1 his hymn ,,trinitas1 ,,unitas1 ,,deitas4 ,trinity1 unity1 ,deity ,eternal2 ,majesty1 potency1 purity ,supernal6 ,stone and mountain1 rock and fountain1 ,breath and bridge most certain1 ,travelled way2 ,sun and light and brightness1 snowy peak in whiteness1 ,perfect day6 ,thou art lover and giver1 ,creator1 receiver1 ,redeemer1 ,and door unto life2 ,thou art favor and fitness ,and splendor and brightness ,and fragrance1 ,where deadness is rife4 ,thou art highest and nighest2 ,of monarchs the king1 and of statutes the spring1 ,and the judge-- ,whom angels adore3 ,these laud thee1 applaud thee1 ,and chant in their song1 as they praise loud and long1 ,whom they love-- ,thy saints evermore4 ,thou art greatness and oneness-- ,the flower as it shineth1 the rose as it twineth2 ,then rule us and save us ,and bring us before thee ,in glory ,and joy1 we implore thee4 ,thou art ,god in thy justice ,and trueness and goodness2 ,thou art wholly and solely ,the ,lord6-- ,to thee be the glory ,which saints1 in the highest1 accord4 ,pietro ,gonella1 a ,franciscan monk of ,tortona in ,piedmont1 is the reputed author of a long meditative poem on the miseries and follies of life and the certainty of death and judgment1 which ,du ,mril found in a manuscript of this century4 ,if he be not mistaken as to the date of the manuscript1 of course1 ,eug4 de ,levis 7,anecdota ,sacra1 ,turin1 #aghi7 is wrong in ascribing it to ,pietro1 as there were no ,franciscans in the twelfth century4 ,the chronology is important because of the relation of the poem to the ,dies ,irae4 ,in point of metrical form they differ only in this ,heu6 ,heu6 mala mundi vita 7better known as the ,cum revolvo toto corde1 from the opening line of its second part71 having four lines to the verse instead of three4 ,in point of sense the resemblances are so striking as to suggest that ,thomas of ,celano has ploughed with the heifer of his earlier countryman4 ,in proof of this take these stanzas3 ,terret me dies terroris1 ,irae dies et furoris1 ,dies luctus et moeroris1 ,dies ultrix peccatoris4 ,veniet ,judex de coelis1 ,testis verax et fidelis1 ,veniet et non silebit1 ,judicabit nec timebit4 ,expavesco quidem multum ,venturi ,judicis vultum1 ,cui latebit nil occultum1 ,et manebit nil inultum4 ,juste quidem judicabit1 ,nec personam acceptabit1 ,pretio non corrumpetur1 ,sed nec precibus flectetur4 ,et quis nostrm non timebit1 ,quando ,judex apparebit1 ,ante quem ignis ardebit1 ,peccatores qui delebit4 ,judicabit omnes gentes ,et salvabit innocentes1 ,arguet omnes potentes ,et deliciis fluentes4 ,especially notable are the stanzas3 ,dies illa1 dies vitae1 ,dies lucis inauditae1 ,et mors ipsa morietur1 ,qua nox omnis destruetur4 ,jam festinat rex coelestis1 ,judex noster atque testis1 ,festinanter apparebit1 ,omnis caro quem videbit4 ,ecce ,rex desideratus ,et a justis expectatus ,jam festinat exoratus1 ,ad salvandum praeperatus4 ,apparebit nec tardabit1 ,veniet et demonstrabit ,gloriam1 quam praestolantur1 ,qui pro fide tribulantur4 ,if nothing whatever had been known as to the date of the two poems1 we should have pronounced this an expansion of the ,dies irae1 dies illa by a later poet1 who had two objects in view3 the first1 to sharpen to the conscience of his readers the warnings of the impending judgment2 the second1 to complete the poem by bringing the joys of the judgment more prominently into view4 ,and with all respect for ,edelestand du ,mril's judgment1 we would like to have more light on the date of his manuscript4 ,a manuscript still preserved at ,liege in ,belgium contains the letters of ,guido of ,basoches1 which is either ,bas-oha1 a village near that city1 or1 as ,mone thinks1 a place near ,chteaudun in ,france4 ,among these letters are given a number of hymns1 which he sends to his correspondents4 ,they show some power of versification1 but nothing more1 and are defaced by conceits and puns4 ,thus he puts the name of ,stephen through the six cases of the ,latin grammar in as many verses of a hymn4 ,there are five writers of this century1 each of whom is credited with a single hymn4 ,rudolph of ,radegg1 a schoolmaster of ,einsiedeln1 wrote a hymn in honor of ,st4 ,meinrad1 which begins ,nunc devota silva tota4 ,to ,thomas ,becket is ascribed the ,gaude ,virgo1 ,mater ,christi1 ,quia4444 ,it is said to be his in a manuscript of the fifteenth century4 ,to another ,englishman1 ,bertier1 is ascribed the only ,latin hymn in the collections which relates directly to the ,crusades1 ,juxta ,threnos ,jeremiae4 ,it first appears in the chronicle of ,roger of ,hoveden1 with the statement that ,bertier wrote it in #aahh4 ,last is ,aelred 7#aajd-ff71 who seems to have been a lowland ,scotchman by birth1 and to have shared the education of ,henry1 son of ,king ,david of ,scotland4 ,king ,david wished to make him a bishop1 but he preferred the life of a monk4 ,he made his way to the ,cistercian monastery at ,rievaulx in ,yorkshire 7not ,revesby in ,lincolnshire1 as some say71 and there spent his days1 becoming abbot in #aadf4 ,that he was a most lovable man we must infer from his sermons to his monks4 ,he is one of the few preachers in ,dr4 ,neale's ,mediaeval ,preachers and ,preaching 7,london1 #ahef71 of whom we wish for more4 ,his epitaph likens him1 among others1 to ,bernard of ,clairvaux1 and the comparison is apposite4 ,he was an ,english ,bernard1 with less personal force and grasp of intellect1 but with the same gentleness and friendliness4 ,his one hymn is the ,pax concordat universa1 which is found in his works1 but not in any of the collections4 ,the theme is congenial4 ,the thirteenth century1 the century of ,francis and ,dominic1 of ,aquinas and ,bonaventura1 of ,thomas of ,celano and ,jacoponus1 is the age of the giants4 ,its anonymous hymns worthy of special mention are few in number4 ,one of the most beautiful is the ,easter hymn1 ,cedit frigus hiemale1 in which the coincidence of ,easter with spring furnishes the starting-point4 ,it is probably ,french4 ,the ,ave quem desidero is a rosary hymn1 which rehearses our ,lord's life1 with a verse for each of the beads1 which surely is better than the usual ,ave ,marias4 ,the use of rosaries is very ancient--pre-,christian even--but it was with the rise of the ,dominican ,order in this century that it became a sanctioned practice4 ,the ,jesu ,salvator seculi and the ,o ,trinitas laudabilis have been traced no further back than to this age2 but they preserve the tone and style of the school of ,ambrose4 ,so the ,mysteriorum signifer1 in honor of the ,archangel ,michael1 recalls an earlier age1 while the ,jesu dulce medicamen suggests the school of ,bernard4 ,this beautiful hymn has both thoughtfulness and unction to commend it4 ,it represents the sounder tradition of ,christian teaching in the mediaeval ,church1 and has been neglected unduly by ,protestant translators4 ,mr4 ,crippen is the only one who has rendered it1 and also the ,juste judex ,jesu ,christe1 a hymn of the same age and much the same character4 ,notable ,marian hymns are the ,gaude virgo1 stella ,maris1 ,salve porta chrystallina1 and the ,verbum bonum et suave2 with which may be named that to ,st4 ,john1 ,verbum ,dei ,deo natum1 often ascribed to ,adam of ,st4 ,victor1 and certainly of his school4 ,also of that school is the vigorous hymn in commemoration of ,st4 ,paul1 ,paulus ,sion architecta4 ,we add the terse and forceful hymn in commemoration of ,augustine of ,hippo1 ,salve pater ,augustine1 and the still finer in commemoration of the martyrs of the ,church1 ,o beata beatorum martyrum certamina1 which has found translators in both ,dr4 ,neale and ,mr4 ,chambers4 ,it is defective1 as making them and not ,christ the central theme4 ,st4 ,edmund1 the archbishop who gave up the see of ,canterbury because his heart was broken between the demands of the ,pope and the exactions of the king1 and died 7#abdj7 an exile in a ,french monastery1 is credited with two ,marian hymns1 one of which is a 8psalter10 or hymn of one hundred and fifty stanzas4 ,they are not of great importance4 ,another is ascribed to ,robert ,grosstete1 ,bishop of ,lincoln 7died #abec71 one of the great ,churchmen who spoke the truth to the see of ,rome4 ,he was the friend of ,simon de ,montfort and of the ,friars1 and the foremost ,churchman of ,england in his time1 as zealous for the reformation of the clergy of his diocese and the maintenance of the ,church's rights against the ,king as for its relative independence of the ,roman curia4 ,the ,ave ,dei genetrix ascribed to him exists only in a revised and not improved shape4 ,its twelve verses each begin with a word from the angelic salutation4 ,the author seems to have borrowed from a hymn of ,peter ,damiani4 ,to ,hugo1 a ,dominican monk1 who was ,bishop of ,strasburg toward the close of the century1 and had taught theology with success1 is ascribed the ,ave mundi domina1 in which ,mary is greeted as a fiddle--,ave dulcis figella6 ,the fourteenth century1 like the seventh1 furnishes us with the name of not a single hymn-writer of real eminence1 and of very few who are not eminent4 ,yet this century and the next exceed all others in the number of the hymns1 which either certainly were written in this age1 or can be traced no farther back4 ,but the quality falls short as the quantity increases4 ,mary and the saints are the favorite themes2 and those two great repositories of perverted praise1 the second and third volumes of ,mone's collection1 bear emphatic witness to the extent to which the hierarchy of saints and angels had come to eclipse the splendors of the ,white ,throne and even of the ,cross4 ,there is not a single hymn of the highest rank which we can ascribe to these centuries of decay1 when the ,middle ,ages were passing to their death1 to make way for the ,new ,learning and the ,reformation4 ,but the great revival1 which first swept over ,italy and then reached ,germany about #adgj1 which showed its power in the revival of 8strict observance0 in the mendicant orders1 in the multiplication of new devotions and pilgrimages1 and the accumulation of relics--that revival which laid such a powerful grasp on young ,martin ,luther and made a monk of him--bore abundant fruit in hymns both in ,latin and the vernacular languages4 ,it is a sign of the new age that the language consecrated by ,church use no longer has a monopoly of hymn-writing1 but men begin to praise as well as to hear in their own tongues the wonderful works of ,god4 ,the reverence for the ,virgin reaches its height in the ,te ,matrem laudamus and the ,veni1 praecelsa domina1 parodies of the ,te ,deum and the ,veni1 sancte ,spiritus1 which have nothing but ingenuity and offensiveness to commend them to ,protestant readers4 ,of genuine poetical merit are the ,regina coeli laetare and ,stella maris1 ,o ,maria4 ,of the deluge of hymns in commemoration of the saints1 we notice only the ,nardus spirat in odorem1 which indicates the growing worship of our ,lord's grandmother1 by which ,luther was captivated2 the ,collaudemus ,magdalena of the ,sarum ,breviary1 which ,daniel calls 8a very sweet hymn0 7suavissimus hymnus74 ,from it is extracted the ,unde planctus et lamentum1 of which ,mr4 ,duffield has made the following translation4 ,both ,mr4 ,chambers and ,mr4 ,morgan have translated the whole hymn4 ,,unde ,,planctus ,,et ,,lamentum4 ,whence this sighing and lamenting8 ,why not lift thy heart above8 ,why art thou to signs consenting1 ,knowing not whom thou dost love8 ,seek for ,jesus6 ,thy repenting ,shall obtain what none might prove4 ,whence this groaning and this weeping8 ,for the purest joy is thine2 ,in thy breast thy secret keeping ,of a balm1 lest thou repine2 ,hidden there whilst thou art reaping ,barren care for peace divine4 ,in the ,spe mercede et corona we have the ,churchly view of ,thomas ,becket's career and its bloody end2 and the ,o ,rex1 orbis triumphator and ,urbs ,aquensis1 urbs regalis represent the ,german effort to raise ,charles the ,great to a place among the saints of the calendar4 ,hymns which deal with much greater themes are the metrical antiphon1 ,veni1 sancte ,spiritus1 ,reple1 whose early translations hold a high place in ,german hymnology2 the ,recolamus sacram coenam1 which ,mone well characterizes as a side-piece to the great communion hymn of ,thomas ,aquinas1 ,lauda1 ,sion1 ,salvatorem4 ,like that1 it aims at stating the doctrine of ,transubstantiation in its most paradoxical form 7stat esus integer74 ,the century furnishes several pretty ,christmas hymns--,en ,trinitatis speculum1 ,dies est laetitiae1 ,nunc angelorum gloria1 ,omnis mundus jucundetur1 and ,resonet in laudibus--all of ,german origin seemingly and early known to the ,german people by translations4 ,this is the festival which the childlike and child-loving ,teutons always have made the most of2 and these hymns1 with others of the next century1 are among the earliest monuments of the fact4 ,to this1 or possibly the next century1 belongs the mystical prayer-hymn1 ,anima ,christi1 sanctifica me1 which came to be ascribed to ,ignatius ,loyola1 because it was a favorite with him4 ,the most notable hymn-writer of the century is ,conrad1 prior of ,gaming1 a town in ,lower ,austria1 where he lived during the reign of ,charles ,,iv4 7#acej-gh74 ,we have his manuscript collection in a copy made in the next century and preserved at ,mnchen4 ,it contains thirty-seven hymns which probably are his1 and many of them certainly so4 ,some certainly are recasts of earlier hymns4 ,thus he has tinkered ,hildebert's great hymn1 without at all improving it4 ,most of his hymns relate to ,mary1 the apostles1 and the other saints of the ,church4 ,his hymns show a certain facility in the use of ,latin verse1 but no force of original inspiration4 ,they are correct metrically and1 from the standpoint of his ,church1 theologically4 ,the ,o colenda ,deitas is the most notable4 ,from the same quarter of ,germany and the banks of the same ,ems ,river1 ,engelbert1 ,benedictine abbot of ,admont in ,styria 7died #acca71 offers us a ,marian psalter1 which has been ascribed to ,thomas ,aquinas1 but of which two verses content even ,mone4 ,aegidius1 ,archbishop of ,burgos in ,spain1 from #abie to #acae1 has written a hymn to the alleged portrait of ,christ impressed on the handkerchief of ,veronica4 ,it is in the rollicking ,goliardic metre1 but the subject is handled with skill and success4 ,it has been conjectured that he is the author of the ,patris sapientia in the same metre1 which some put back to the twelfth century and others ascribe to ,pope ,benedict ,,xii41 who died in #acdb4 ,this is one of the many hymns to whose recitation an indulgence was attached4 ,that the fifteenth century saw the invention of printing is a cardinal fact for the hymnologist4 ,it was especially in the service of the ,church that the new art found employment1 and more missals1 breviaries1 and other ,church books were printed between its discovery1 in #adeb1 and the beginning of the ,reformation1 than of any other class of books4 ,from this time1 therefore1 we have to deal with both written and printed sources1 and printing was the means of saving a multitude of good hymns and sequences which else might have been lost utterly4 ,the century also witnesses that great revival of learning to whose advancement printing contributed greatly1 and which in its turn prepared men for the ,reformation4 ,we have seen in the chapter on the two breviaries how it affected the editing of old hymns and the writing of new4 ,but this does not begin until the sixteenth century4 ,as in the case of the preceding century1 we are embarrassed by the abundance of bad1 mediocre1 and middling good hymns1 by the fewness of those which are really good1 and the absence of such as would be entitled to take the highest rank4 ,the best of the anonymous which we can trace farther back than to the printed breviaries are the continuation of the series of ,german ,christmas hymns1 whose beginning we noticed in the fourteenth century4 ,such are the ,in natali ,domini1 the ,nobis est natus hodie1 the ,quem pastores laudavre1 the ,puer nobis nascitur1 the ,eia mea anima1 the ,verbum caro factum est1 and the ,puer natus in ,bethlehem4 ,of the last1 ,dr4 ,a4 ,r4 ,thompson's translation is as follows3 ,,puer ,,natus ,,in ,,bethlehem4 ,the child in ,bethlehem is born1 ,hail1 ,o ,jerusalem1 the morn6 ,here lies he in the cattle-stall ,whose kingdom boundless is withal4 ,the ox and ass do recognize ,this ,child1 their ,master from the skies4 ,kings from the ,east are journeying1 ,gold1 frankincense1 and myrrh they bring4 ,who1 entering in turn the place1 ,the new ,king greet with lowly grace4 ,seed of the woman lies he there1 ,and no man's son1 this ,child so fair4 ,unwounded by the serpent's sting1 ,of our own blood comes in the ,king4 ,like us in mortal flesh is he1 ,unlike us in his purity4 ,that so he might restore us men ,like to himself and ,god again4 ,wherefore1 on this his natal day1 ,glad1 to our ,lord1 we homage pay4 ,we praise the ,holy ,trinity1 ,and render thanks1 ,o ,god1 to thee6 ,what ,ruskin remarks of the disposition of the art of the time to dwell on the darker side of things--to insist on the seeming preponderance of darkness over light1 death over life--is seen also in its hymns4 ,the ,advent hymn1 ,veni1 veni1 rex gloriae1 is as gloomy a lucubration as ever was associated with a ,church festival4 ,the ,homo tristis esto1 which is a study of the ,lord's passion apart from ,his resurrection1 is hardly more gloomy4 ,but other poets have more joyful strains4 ,in the ,haec est dies triumphalis we have an ,easter hymn1 and an ,ascension hymn in the ,coelos ascendit hodie1 which are fittingly joyful2 and in the ,spiritus sancte gratia an invocation of the ,comforter more prosaic than its great predecessors1 but with its own place in the presentation of that great theme4 ,a rather fine ,trinity hymn is the ,o ,pater1 sancte1 mitis atque pie1 written in a sort of sapphic verse with iambic feet before the caesura1 and trochaic following it1 the feet in each case being determined by accent1 not quantity4 ,mr4 ,chambers and ,mr4 ,hewett both have translated it4 ,of the innumerable hymns and sequences to the saints1 we notice that our ,lord's grandmother comes in for an increasing share4 ,mone in his third volume gives twenty-five1 of which sixteen belong to this century and eight to the fourteenth4 ,it is significant that one of them1 ,o stella maris fulgida1 is a hymn to ,mary1 which was altered to the new devotion to her mother4 ,she is hailed in others as the 8refuge of sinners0 7peccantibus refugium71 and declared immaculate 7,anna labe carens71 and exalted in a way which suggests that the other members of the genealogical line which connects our ,lord with ,adam have been neglected most unfairly4 ,why stop with ,his grandmother and exclude ,his grandfather8 ,it was in the next century that the cult of ,joseph came to the front4 ,of the ,marian hymns of this time the ,virginis in gremio is about the best1 and the ,ave hierarchia comes next4 ,the ,ave ,martha gloriosa1 in commemoration of ,martha of ,bethany1 is a fine hymn in itself1 and interesting as one of a group of hymns composed in ,southern ,france in honor of this particular saint4 ,a ,church myth brings her to ,provence to kill the monster 77 from which ,tarascon takes its name1 and the ,church at ,arles still bears a sculptured representation of the victory4 ,her real function in ,provence was to take the place of the ,martis or ,brito-,martis1 who was the chief loyal deity1 and from whom ,marseilles probably took its name4 ,she was either of ,cretan or ,phoenician origin1 and corresponded to the ,greek ,artemis1 her name meaning ,blessed ,maiden4 ,so her myth was transferred to the over-busy woman of ,judea ,per te serpens est subversus1 which saved a great deal of trouble4 ,a hymn to the crown of thorns1 ,sacrae ,christi celebremus1 is quite in the manner of ,adam of ,st4 ,victor2 the same marvellous ingenuity of allusion to remote ,scripture facts1 and the same technical mastery of flowing verse4 ,the ,novum sidus exoritur is the oldest ,transfiguration hymn--that being now a ,church festival--and by no means the worst4 ,the sequence on the ,three ,holy ,kings 7or ,magi71 who brought offerings to the infant ,saviour1 which begins ,majestati sacrosanctae1 is referred by some critics to the next century4 ,but as it occurs in the list of sequences which ,joachim ,brander1 a monk of ,st4 ,gall1 drew up in #aejg for ,abbot ,franz von ,gaisberg of that monastery1 it probably belongs to the fifteenth century4 ,brander enumerates three hundred and seventy-eight sequences1 specifying their subjects and authors1 the latter not always successfully1 and closes with that which ,franz von ,gaisberg composed in honor of ,notker ,balbulus4 ,his list will be found in ,daniel's fifth volume4 ,of this1 in commemoration of the three kings1 whose relics are supposed to rest in the cathedral at ,koeln 7,cologne71 he says that it is beautiful and one of the best4 ,mr4 ,duffield has left a translation of part3 8,a threefold gift three kings have brought ,to ,christ1 ,god-man1 who once was wrought ,in flesh and spirit equally2 ,a ,god triune by gifts adored-- ,three gifts which mark one perfect ,lord1 ,whose essence is triunity4 8,they bring him myrrh1 frankincense1 gold2 ,outweighing wealth of kings untold-- ,a type in which the truth is known4 ,the gifts are three1 the emblems three3 ,gold for the king1 incense to deity1 ,and myrrh1 by which his death is shown40 ,of hymn-writers1 the most prolific is ,jean ,momboir1 generally known by his ,latin name ,johannes ,mauburnus4 ,he was born in #adfj and died in #aejc1 and was a ,canon ,regular in the congregation founded by the ,brethren of the ,common ,life in the ,low ,countries4 ,he lived for a time at ,mount ,st4 ,agnes1 which makes his emphatic testimony as to the authorship of the ,de ,imitatione of especial importance4 ,his huge ascetic work1 the ,spiritual ,rosegarden 7,rosetum spirituale7 made him famous1 and he was invited to ,france to reform the ,canons ,regular1 according to the strict observance used in the ,low ,countries4 ,he was thus1 like ,john ,staupitz1 a representative of the current revival of that age1 which tended to greater austerity1 not to faith and joy4 ,he spent the last six years of his life in this labor1 dying at ,paris in #aejc4 ,he was the friend and correspondent of ,erasmus4 ,his hymns generally begin with an ,o1 and seem to be written on a system like that of the scholastic treatises4 ,indeed1 his ,rosegarden1 both by its bulk and its method1 suggests a ,summa of ,christian devotion4 ,from his poem1 ,eia mea anima1 given1 there has been extracted the pretty ,christmas hymn1 ,heu quid jaces stabulo1 which has been translated several times into ,english and ,german4 ,next to him comes ,casimir1 ,crown ,prince of ,poland1 whose ,omni die dic ,mariae is a ,marian hymn in one hundred and twenty six verses4 ,father ,ragey1 however1 asserts in ,les ,annales de ,philosophie ,chretienne for ,may and ,june1 #ahhc1 that ,casimir is not the author but the admirer of these verses1 that they are an extract from a poem in eleven hundred verses1 and that ,anselm of ,canterbury is the probable author4 ,on this he bases an argument for the reconciliation of ,england to the ,church1 which is devoted to the cult of our ,lord's mother4 ,the poem1 whosoever wrote it1 is a fine one--too good1 ,protestants will think1 for the theme1 and too good to take its place among the other verses ascribed to ,anselm of ,canterbury4 ,here also there is room to ask a close examination of the manuscripts to which ,father ,ragey appeals1 with reference to their dates4 ,the controversy over the antiquity of the ,quicunque vult salvus esse and the authorship of the ,imitation suggest caution in taking the ipse dixit of diplomatists4 ,to an unknown ,babo1 and to ,jacob1 schoolmaster of ,muldorf1 are attributed ,marian hymns of no great value4 ,more important is ,dionysius ,ryckel 7#acid-adga71 a ,belgian ,carthusian1 the character of whose multitudinous writings is indicated by his title1 ,doctor ,ecstaticus4 ,he wrote a ,comment on ,certain ,ancient ,hymns of the ,church 7,enarratio in ,hymnos aliquot veteres ecclesiasticos71 which puts him next to ,radulph de ,rivo 7ob4 #adjc7 among the earliest of the hymnologists4 ,to ,dionysius is ascribed also the long poem on the ,judgment1 from which ,mone has given an extract--,homo1 ,dei creatura1 etc4--by way of comparison with the ,dies ,irae and the ,cum revolvo toto corde4 ,it evidently has been influenced by the former1 but is devoted to a picture of eternal torment4 ,to ,john ,huss we owe the beautiful ,communion hymn1 ,jesus ,christus1 noster salus1 which shows that his alleged heresies did not touch the ,church doctrine on this point4 ,to ,peter of ,dresden1 schoolmaster of ,zwickau in #adbj1 and afterward described as a ,hussite or a ,waldensian1 is ascribed the 8,in dulci jubilo ,nu singet und seit fro10 which is the type of the mixed hymns of this age4 ,it was his purpose to secure the introduction of hymns in the vernacular into the ,church services1 as his friend ,jakob of ,misa sought to do in ,bohemia4 ,in mixed hymns of this kind he seems to have tried to find the sharp end of the wedge4 ,some ascribe to him the ,puer natus in ,bethlehem1 which also exists in the mixed form4 ,both hymns long stood in the ,lutheran hymn-books in the mixed form1--for instance1 in the ,marburg ,hymn-,book1 which was used by the ,lutherans of ,colonial ,pennsylvania4 ,the invention of printing from movable types1 about #adeb1 by ,johann ,gutenberg of ,mainz marks an era in ,latin hymnology1 because of the prompt use of the new method to multiply the ,church books in use in the various dioceses4 ,in every part of ,western ,europe1 from ,aberdeen1 ,lund1 and ,trondhjem1 on the north1 to the shores of the ,mediterranean1 the missals1 breviaries1 and hymnaries were given to the early printers1 with the result of bringing to light many fine hymns and sequences whose use had been merely local4 ,the ,sarum ,breviary and ,missal and those of ,rome and ,paris were printed more frequently than any other4 ,to the ,sarum ,breviary we owe the fine ,transfiguration hymns--,coelestis formam gloriae and ,o nata lux de lumine and ,o sator rerum reparator aevi1 which ,anglican translators have made into ,english hymns2 to the ,missal the fine sequence on the crown of thorns1 ,si vis vere gloriari1 of which ,dr4 ,whewell published a translation in ,frazer's ,magazine for ,may1 #ahdi4 ,to the ,york ,processional 7#aecj7 we owe the four 8proses0 which begin ,salve festa dies1 toto venerabilis aevo1 which suggest to ,daniel that 8in ,england also there was no lack of those who celebrated the divine majesty in very sweet hymns40 ,to the ,breviary and ,missal of ,trondhjem 7,drontheim1 anciently ,nidaros7 we owe some of the finest hymns and sequences recovered at this time4 ,of these the ,jubilemus cordis voce is the most characteristic and perhaps the most beautiful--full of local color and characteristic love of nature4 ,mr4 ,morgan has translated it2 but the dedication hymn1 ,sacrae ,sion adsunt encaenia1 has found more favor with ,anglican translators1 and commends itself by scriptural simplicity4 ,of course this breviary has fine hymns to ,st4 ,olaf1 the king who did so much to make ,norway a ,christian country1 although hardly so much as his neglected predecessor1 ,olaf ,tryggveson4 ,similarly the ,swedish missals honor ,king ,eric and ,st4 ,birgitta4 ,the ,german ,church books yield less that is novel probably because the earlier ,german sources have been so much more thoroughly explored4 ,the breviaries of ,lubec1 of ,mainz1 of ,koeln1 and of ,meissen furnish most1 but chiefly in praises of the ,mother of our ,lord and the saints4 ,the ,gloriosi ,salvatoris nominis praeconia of ,meissen is an exception1 and has found many admirers and several translators4 ,from ,mainz comes the fine hymn in honor of the apostles1 ,qui sunt isti1 qui volant1 and that for the martyrs1 ,o beata beatorum1 and the ,passion hymn1 ,laus sit ,regi gloriae1 ,cujus rore gratiae4 ,it is different with the ,french ,church books and those of ,walloon ,belgium4 ,from the ,breton see of ,rennes1 and those of ,angers1 ,le ,mans1 and ,poitiers in the adjacent provinces of ,northwestern ,france come some of the best hymns of this class4 ,from ,rennes comes the pretty and fanciful sequence on the ,saviour's crown of thorns1 ,florem spina coronavit2 from ,angers the ,christmas hymn1 ,sonent ,regi nato nova cantica1 which shows how far the ,french lag behind the ,germans of the same age in handling this theme2 also the ,advent sequence1 ,jubilemus omnes una1 which suggests ,francis's 8,song of the ,creatures10 but lacks its tenderness4 ,from ,le ,mans the ,die parente temporum1 which ,sir ,henry ,baker has made ,english in 8,on this day1 the first of days40 ,from ,poitiers the fine ,advent sequence1 ,prope est claritudinis magnae dies1 translated by ,mr4 ,hewett4 ,from ,noyon1 in ,northeastern ,france1 the two ,christmas hymns1 ,lux est orta gentibus and ,laetare1 puerpera1 whose beauty is defaced by making the ,mother and not the divine ,child the central figure4 ,from the ,missal of ,belgian ,tournay we have the ,easter sequence1 ,surgit ,christus cum tropaeo1 and the transfiguration sequence1 ,de ,parente summo natum1 which have found and deserved translators4 ,from that of ,liege several sequences1 of which the best is that for ,all ,saints ,day1 ,resultet tellus et alta coelorum machina4 ,in the ,south it is the breviaries of ,braga1 in ,portugal1 and ,piacenza1 in ,italy1 which have furnished most new hymns4 ,from the breviaries of the great monastic orders come many hymns1 those of the ,franciscans furnishing the greater number4 ,that of the ,cistercians furnishes the ,domine ,jesu1 noverim me1 noverim ,te1 one of the many hymns suggested by passages in the writings of ,augustine of ,hippo4 ,this notice of the early printed ,church books1 which ,daniel1 ,neale1 ,morell1 and ,kehrein have brought under requisition1 carries us over into the century of the ,reformation1 which also is that in which the ,renaissance began to affect the matter and manner of hymn-writing4 ,already in the fifteenth century we have hymns of the humanist type by ,aeneas ,sylvius 7,pope ,pius ,,ii472 by ,adam ,wernher of ,themar1 a friend of ,johann ,trithemius1 a jurist by profession1 and the instructor of ,philip of ,hesse in the humanities2 and by ,sebastian ,brandt1 the celebrated author of the 8,ship of ,fools40 ,all these give careful attention to classic ,roman models in the matter of both prosody and vocabulary4 ,if we were to put ,brandt's ,sidus ex claro veniens ,olympo alongside the ,puer natus in ,bethlehem1 we should see how little of the life and force of simplicity and reality there was in the new poetry4 ,the sixteenth century begins with the hymns of the humanist ,alexander ,hegius1 a pupil of the school at ,deventer and a protg of the ,brethren of the ,common ,life1 who may have known ,thomas ,kempis1 as he was born in #adcc1 or at latest in #adde4 ,he died in #adih1 but his hymns appeared in #aeja and #aejc4 ,he was the friend of ,rudolph ,agricola and of ,erasmus1 and introduced the new learning1 especially ,greek1 into ,holland4 ,his hymns are pagan in their vocabulary1 although in accord with the orthodoxy of the time4 ,two lines of his1 8,qui te #8,matrem' vocat1 orbis ,regem vocat ille parentem10 might have suggested two of ,keble's1 which have given no small offence1 8,henceforth1 whom thousand worlds adore1 ,he calls thee #8,mother' evermore40 ,to ,zacharias ,ferrari ample reference has been made in the chapter on the ,breviaries4 ,specimens of his work may be found in ,wackernagel's first volume1 as also of the hymns of ,erasmus 7#adfg-aecf71 of ,jakob ,montanus 7#adhe-aehh71 of ,helius ,eobanus ,hessus 7#adhh-aedj71 and ,marc-,antonius ,muretus4 ,to these ,roman ,catholic humanists--,eobanus ,hessus afterward became a ,lutheran--might have been added ,j4 ,ludovicus ,vives 7#adib-aedj71 ,marc-,antonio ,flaminio 7#adih-aeej71 and ,matthias ,collinus 7ob4 #aeff74 ,wackernagel does add ,joste ,clichtove 7ob4 #aedc71 and ,jakob ,meyer 7#adia-aeeb71 who did not attempt original hymns1 but recast in classic forms those already in use4 ,clichtove was a ,fleming1 and one of the earliest collectors4 ,the series of ,protestant hymn-writers joins hard on to that of the ,roman ,catholic humanists4 ,in the main they belong to the same school4 ,their hymns are not1 like the ,protestant ,german hymns1 the spontaneous and inevitable outpouring of simple and natural emotion--a quality which puts ,luther and ,johann ,herrmann beside ,bernard of ,clairvaux and ,thomas of ,celano4 ,they are the scholastic exercises of men singing the praise of ,god in a tongue foreign to their thought4 ,even the best of them1 ,george ,fabricius of ,chemnitz1 whose edition of the early ,christian poets has laid us under permanent obligations1 although the most careful to avoid paganisms in his hymns1 and the most influenced by the earlier ,latin hymns1 never impresses us with the freedom and spontaneity of his verse4 ,the series runs3 ,urbanus ,rhegius 7ob4 #aeda71 ,philip ,melanchthon 7#adig-aegb71 ,wolfgang ,musculus 7#adig-aefc71 ,joachim ,camerarius 7#aejj-gd71 ,paul ,eber 7#aeaa-fi71 ,bishop ,john ,parkhurst of ,norwich 7#aeaa-gd71 ,johann ,stigel 7#aeae-ga71 ,george ,fabricius 7#aeaf-ga71 ,george ,klee1 or ,thymus 7fl4 #aedh-ej71 ,nicholas ,selneccer 7#aecj-ib71 ,ludwig ,helmbold 7#aecb-ih71 ,wolfgang ,ammonius 7#aegi71 and ,theodore ,zwinger 7#aecc-hh74 ,recasts of old hymns both as to literary form and theological content we have from ,hermann ,bonn 7#aejd-dh71 ,urbanus ,rhegius1 ,george ,klee1 and ,andreas ,ellinger 7#aebf-hb74 ,the last-named was a ,german physician who graduated at ,wittemberg in #aedi4 ,his ,hymnorum ,ecclesiasticorum ,libri ,tres 7#aegh7 is described by ,daniel as the most copious collection he has seen1 but worthless as an authority in its first and second books1 as the hymns in these are altered for metrical reasons4 ,hermann ,bonn was a ,westphalian1 who became the first ,lutheran ,superintendent in ,lubeck1 and introduced the ,reformation into ,osnabruck4 ,he published the first hymn-book in ,platt-,deutsch in #aedg4 ,to a later generation belongs ,wilhelm ,alard 7#aegb-afde71 the son of a ,flemish ,lutheran1 who fled to ,germany from the ,inquisition4 ,wilhelm studied at ,wittemberg1 and became pastor at ,crempe in ,holstein1 and published two or perhaps three small volumes of original ,latin hymns4 ,dr4 ,trench has extracted from one of these two hymns4 ,of that to his ,guardian ,angel1 ,chancellor ,benedict1 ,dr4 ,washburn1 and ,mr4 ,duffield have made translations4 ,this is ,mr4 ,duffield's3 ,,cum ,,me ,,tenent ,,fallacia4 ,when specious joys of earth are mine1 ,when bright this passing world doth shine1 ,then in his watchful heavenly place ,my angel weeps and veils his face4 ,but when with tears my eyes o'errun ,deploring sin that ,i have done1 ,then doth ,god's angel1 set to keep ,my soul1 rejoicing1 cease to weep4 ,far hence be gone1 ye fading joys1 ,which spring from earth's too brittle toys6 ,come hither1 tears6 for ,i would show ,that penitence by which ye flow4 ,i would not be in evil glad1 ,lest he1 my angel1 should be sad2 ,rise then1 my true1 repentant voice1 ,that angels even may rejoice4 ,another on the ,eucharist ,mr4 ,duffield alone has translated3 ,,sit ,,ignis ,,atque ,,lux ,,mihi4 ,when ,i behold thy sacred blood1 ,thy body broken for my good2 ,o blessed ,jesus1 may they be ,as flame and as a light to me4 ,so may this flame consume away ,the sins which in my bosom stay1 ,destroying fully from my sight ,all vanity of wrong delight4 ,so may this light which shines from thee ,break through my darkness utterly1 ,that ,i may seek with fervent prayer1 ,thine own dear guidance everywhere4 ,a very different group are the hymn-writers of the ,jesuit ,order1 to whom we owe many hymns which have been ascribed to mediaeval authors1 although they have marked characteristics which betray their authorship4 ,thus the ,eia ,phoebe1 nunc serena has been ascribed to ,innocent ,,iii41 the ,o esca viatorum to ,thomas ,aquinas1 the ,o gens beata coelitum to ,augustine1 the ,pone luctum1 ,magdalena to ,adam of ,st4 ,victor2 while the later ,middle ,ages have been credited with the ,angelice patrone1 the ,ecquis binas columbinas1 the ,jesu meae deliciae1 and the ,plaudite coeli4 ,the ,london ,spectator ascribes a very early origin to the ,dormi1 fili1 dormi4 ,all these are ,jesuit hymns1 collected by ,walraff 7#ahjf7 out of the ,psalteriolum ,cantionum ,catholicarum a ,patribus ,societatis ,jesu4 ,the title of that collection 7,psalteriolum7 is suggestive of the contents4 ,as the critics of the ,society long ago remarked1 there is a mark of pettiness on the literature1 the art1 the architecture1 and the theology of the ,jesuits4 ,in both prose and poetry they tend to run into diminutives4 ,no hymn of theirs has handled any of the greatest themes of ,christian praise in a worthy spirit4 ,the charge made against them by the ,dominicans that in their labors to convert the ,chinese and other pagans they concealed the cross and passion of our ,lord1 and presented ,him as an infant in ,his mother's arms1 whether literally true or not1 is not out of harmony with their general tone4 ,christ in the cradle or on the lap of ,his mother is the fit theme of their praises4 ,in their hands religion loses its severity and ,god ,his awfulness4 ,to win the world they stooped to the world's level1 and weakened the moral force of the divine law by cunning explanations1 until1 through ,arnauld and his fellow-,jansenists1 8,christianity appeared again austere and grave2 and the world saw again with awe the pale face of its crucified ,saviour40 ,some of the ,jesuit hymns are very good of their kind4 ,the ,dormi1 fili1 dormi anticipates the theme of ,mrs4 ,browning's 8,the ,virgin ,mary to the ,child ,jesus10 and of ,dr4 ,george ,macdonald's 8,babe ,jesus ,lay on ,mary's ,lap40 ,it is beautiful in its way1 but betrays its ,jesuit origin by its diminutives4 ,the ,ecquis binas columbinas is a very graceful poem1 and the best passion hymn of the school1 but is below the subject4 ,the ,tandem audite me is a hymn based on the false interpretation of ,solomon's ,song1 but is very pretty4 ,the ,pone luctum1 ,magdalena is perhaps the greatest of all ,jesuit hymns1 and has found nine ,protestant translators to do it into ,english4 ,it is rather a fine poem than a fine hymn4 ,the ,parendum est1 cedendum est is a death-bed hymn whose length and ornateness rob it of a sense of reality4 ,of the ,altitudo1 quid hic jaces and the ,plaudite ,coeli ,mr4 ,duffield has left versions which will enable our readers to judge of their worth for themselves3 ,,altitudo1 ,,quid ,,hic ,,jaces8 ,majesty1 why liest thou ,in so low a manger8 ,thou that kindlest heavenly fires ,here a chilly stranger6 ,o what wonders thou art doing1 ,jesus1 unto men2 ,by thy love to us renewing ,paradise again6 ,strength is made of no account2 ,space is here contracted2 ,he that frees in bonds is bound2 ,time's new birth enacted4 ,yes1 thy little lips may touch ,mary's spotless bosom2 ,yes1 thy bright eyes weep for men ,while heaven's joy shall blossom4 ,,plaudite ,,coeli6 ,lo6 heaven rejoices1 ,the air is all bright1 ,and the earth gives her voices ,from depth and from height4 ,for the darkness is broken1 ,black storm has passed by1 ,and in peace for a token ,the palm waves on high4 ,spring breezes are blowing1 ,spring flowers are at hand1 ,spring grasses are growing ,abroad in the land4 ,and violets brighten ,the roses in bloom1 ,and marigolds heighten ,the lilies' perfume4 ,rise then1 ,o my praises1 ,fresh life in your veins1 ,as the viol upraises ,the gladdest of strains4 ,for once more he sees us ,alive1 as he said2 ,our holy ,lord ,jesus ,escaped from the dead4 ,then thunder ye mountains1 ,ye valleys resound1 ,leap forth1 ,o ye fountains1 ,ye hills echo round4 ,for he alone frees us1 ,he does as he said1 ,our holy ,lord ,jesus ,alive from the dead4 ,the later additions to the stock of ,latin hymns are important only to the student of ,roman ,catholic liturgies1 as connected with the new devotions sanctioned from time to time by the ,congregation of ,sacred ,rites4 ,thus the devotion to the ,sacred ,heart led to the writing of the hymn ,quicunque certum quaeritis1 which the ,roman ,breviary has copied from the ,franciscan1 and whose translation by ,mr4 ,caswall has found its way even into ,protestant hymn-books4 ,and the crowning sanction of the extravagant reverence for our ,lord's mother1 the declaration that she was conceived without sin1 and the institution of the feast of the ,immaculate ,conception1 caused ,archbishop ,john von ,geissel of ,koeln to write1 in #ahee1 a new sequence for the ,missal service1 ,virgo virginum praeclara4 ,last in the series of the ,latin hymn-writers stands the present pope1 ,leo ,,xiii41 who is the third pope in the long series to whom any hymn can be ascribed with any degree of certainty1 the other two being ,damasus and ,urban ,,viii4 ,in his ,latin poems1 published in #ahha1 there are three hymns in honor of two bishops of ,perugia who suffered martyrdom in the early age of the ,church4 ,they are not remarkable for poetical inspiration1 although they show that his ,jesuit masters imbued him with the rules of classic verse and expression4 ,all his poems have been reprinted in this country 7,baltimore1 #ahhf71 with an ,english version by the ,jesuits of ,woodstock ,college4 ,in any other field of ,christian hymnology we should close our account of the past by the expression of confidence in the fertility of the future4 ,but as regards ,latin hymnology1 we feel that the period of greatest value has passed by1 and the record is sealed4 ,while it is true that 8,generations yet unborn ,shall bless and magnify the ,lord10 as ,rouse sings1 we feel that it will not be in the medium of a dead language1 but in the tongues 8understanded of the people40 ,the attempt to maintain ,latin as the language--as the exclusive speech of ,christian worship in ,western ,europe1 is one of those parts of the ,roman ,catholic system which are already condemned by results4 ,the comparative barrenness of ,latin hymnology for the past hundred years is evidence enough that this is not the channel in which ,christian inspiration now flows2 and the attention paid even by ,roman ,catholic poets to hymn-writing in the national languages is fresh evidence of the readiness of that communion to adapt itself to new conditions as soon as this is seen to be inevitable4 ,,chapter ,,xxxi4 ,,latin ,,hymnology ,,and ,,protestantism4 ,it has been asked by both ,roman ,catholics and ,protestants--and not unfairly--whether the interest shown for the last half century by ,protestant writers in the hymns of ,latin ,christendom1 is a legitimate one4 ,it is said by the former3 8,you are poaching on our preserves4 ,all this you admire so much is what your fathers turned their backs upon when they renounced the ,roman obedience4 ,you cannot with any consistency attempt to naturalize in your churches and their services1 hymns which have been written for a worship which differs in idea and principle1 not in details merely1 from your own4 ,at best you can pick out a little here and a little there1 which seems to suit you4 ,but even then you are in danger of adopting what teaches doctrine which your ,protestant confessions and their expositors denounce as idolatry1 as when the compilers of the hymnal in use by ,american ,presbyterians adopted ,mr4 ,caswall's ,english version of ,quicunque certum quaeritis1 ignoring its express reference to the devotion to the ,sacred ,heart4 ,this is a gross instance of what you are doing all the time4 ,if it lead you back to the bosom of the ,catholic ,church we shall be glad of it4 ,but it grates on ,catholic nerves to see you employing the phrase which we regard as a serious statement of doctrinal truth1 as though it were a mere purple patch of rhetoric40 ,this leads us to ask what the ,reformation was in the idea of the ,reformers themselves4 ,they never took the ground that the religious life of ,protestant nations and churches was out of all relation to the life of the nations and churches of ,western ,europe1 as these were before ,luther began his work4 ,with all their regard for the ,scriptures1 they never assumed that out of these could be created a ,christian ,church upon ground previously held by ,antichrist and him alone4 ,luther declared that the elements of the ,church for whose upbuilding he was laboring were just those in which he had been educated4 ,as he expressed it1 these were found in the ,catechism taught to every child in ,germany1 and which embraced the creed1 the commandments1 the sacraments1 and the ,our ,father4 ,what he had learned from study of the ,new ,testament was to give these elements their due prominence1 and to disengage them from the additions and corruptions by which they had been obscured4 ,it was not a destructive revolution1 but a change of doctrinal perspective for which he was contending4 ,he never lost his relish for the good things he had learned in the ,church of his childhood4 ,while he rendered the service into the ,german speech of the people1 he followed in the main the old order of the service in his ,deutsche ,messe4 ,he also rendered into ,german sixteen old hymns1 twelve from the ,latin1 from ,ambrose down to ,huss1 and four from the old ,german of the ,middle ,ages4 ,in his ,house-,postil he speaks with great enthusiasm of the hymns and sequences he had learned to sing in church as a boy2 and in his ,table ,talk1 while he censures ,ambrose as a wordy poet1 he praises the ,patris ,sapientia1 but above all the ,passion hymn of ,pope ,gregory the ,great1 ,rex ,christe factor omnium1 as the best of hymns1 whether ,latin or ,german4 ,melanchthon's gentler spirit more than shared in ,luther's reverence for the good in the mediaeval ,church4 ,the antithesis to ,melanchthon1 the representative of the extreme party among ,protestants1 is ,matthias ,flacius ,illyricus1 a man of ,slavic stock and uncompromising temper4 ,yet he also searched the past for witnesses to the truth which ,luther had proclaimed4 ,he appeals to a hymn in the ,breviary of the ,premonstratensian ,order1 as old1 he thinks1 as the twelfth century1 which testifies against saint worship3 ,adjuvent nos eorum merita1 ,quos propria impediunt scelera8 ,excuset eorum intercessio1 ,quos propria accusat actio8 ,at tu1 qui eis tribuisti ,coelestis palmam triumphi1 ,nobis veniam non deneges peccati4 ,in the same spirit he and his associates edited the first great ,protestant work on ,church history--the ,magdeburg ,centuries 7#aeei-gd1 in thirteen folio volumes74 ,the first ,protestants had no more idea of surrendering the history of the ,church to the champions of the ,roman ,catholic ,church1 than of giving up to them the ,new ,testament4 ,they held that down through all the ages ran a double current of pure ,christianity and scholastic perversion of that1 and that the ,reformation succeeds to the former as the ,tridentine ,church to the latter4 ,this especially as regards the great central point in controversy1 the part of grace and of merit in the justification of the sinner4 ,and they found the proof of this continuity especially in the devotions of the early ,church4 ,they found themselves in that great prayer of the ,franciscan monk1 which the ,roman ,missal puts into the mouth of her holiest members as they gather around the bier of the dead3 ,quid sum miser tunc dicturus1 ,quem patronum rogaturus1 ,quum vix justus sit securus8 ,rex tremendae majestatis1 ,qui salvandos salvas gratis1 ,salve me1 fons pietatis6 8,whenever in the ,middle ,ages10 says ,albrecht ,ritschl1 8devotion1 so far as it has found articulate expression1 rises to the level of the thought that the value of the ,christian life1 even where it is fruitful of good works1 is grounded not upon these as human merits1 but upon the mercy of ,god 444 then the same line of thought is entered upon as that in which the religious consciousness common to ,luther and ,zwingli was able to break through the connection which had subsisted between ,catholic doctrine and the ,church institutions for the application of salvation4444 ,whenever even the ,church of ,rome places herself in the attitude of prayer1 it is inevitable that in the expression of her religious discernment1 in thanksgiving and petition1 all the benefits of salvation should be referred to ,god or to ,christ2 the daily need for new grace1 accordingly1 is not expressed in the form of a claim based upon merits1 but in the form of reliance upon ,god40#bf ,that the ,latin hymns of those earlier centuries show a steadily increasing amount of unscriptural devotion to the mother of our ,lord and to ,his saints1 and of the materializing view of our ,lord's presence with ,his ,church in the ,communion1 is undeniable4 ,but even in these matters the hymns of the primitive and mediaeval ,church are a witness that these and the like misbeliefs and mispractices are a later growth upon primitive faith and usage4 ,the first generation of ,protestants1 to which ,luther1 ,melanchthon1 and ,zwingli belong1 had been brought up on the hymns of the ,breviary and of the ,missal1 and they did not abandon their love for these when they ceased to regard the ,latin tongue as the only fit speech for public worship4 ,they showed their relish for the old hymns1 by publishing collections of them1 by translating them into the national languages1 by writing ,latin hymns in imitation of them1 and even by continuing their use in public worship to a limited extent4 ,as collectors and editors of the old ,latin hymns1 the ,protestants of the sixteenth century surpassed the ,roman ,catholics of that age4 ,over against the names of ,hermann ,torrentinus 7#aeac and #aecf71 ,jacob ,wimpheling 7#aeai71 ,joste ,clichtove 7#aeae-ai71 ,jacob van ,meyer 7#aece71 ,lorenzo ,massorillo 7#aedg71 and ,george ,cassander 7#aeef71 the ,roman ,catholic hymnologists of the half century which followed the ,reformation1 we may place the anonymous collector of ,basel 7#aech71 ,johann ,spangenberg 7#aede71 ,lucas ,lossius 7#aeeb et seq41 with ,preface by ,melanchthon71 ,paul ,eber 7#aefd71 ,george ,fabricius 7#aefd71 ,christopher ,corner 7#aefh71 ,hermann ,bonn 7#aefi71 ,george ,major 7#aegj71 ,andreas ,ellinger 7#aegc71 ,adam ,siber 7#aegg71 ,matthew ,luidke 7#aehi71 and ,francis ,algerman 7#aeif74 ,all these1 with the possible exception of the first1 were ,lutherans1 trained in the humanistic school of ,latin criticism and poetry2 but only two of them found it needful or desirable to alter the hymns into conformity with the tastes of the age4 ,the collections of ,hermann ,bonn1 the first ,lutheran superintendent of ,lubeck1 and that of ,george ,fabricius1 are especially important1 as faithfully reproducing much that else might have been lost to us4 ,the work of translating the old ,latin hymns fell especially to the ,lutherans4 ,roman ,catholic preference was no stronger for the original ,latin than that of the ,reformed for the ,psalms4 ,of the great ,german hymn-writers from ,luther to ,paul ,gerhardt1 nearly all made translations from the storehouse of ,latin hymnody1 ,bernard of ,clairvaux being the especial favorite with ,johann ,heermann1 ,john ,arndt1 and ,paul ,gerhardt4 ,and even in hymns which are not translations1 the influence of the ,latin hymns is seen in the epic tone1 the healthy objectivity of the ,german hymns of this age1 in contrast to the frequently morbid subjectivity of those which belong to the age of ,pietism4 ,more interesting to us are the early translations into ,english4 ,the first are to be found in the ,primer of #aede1 a book of private devotions after the model of the ,breviary1 published in ,henry ,,viii4's time both in ,english in #aede and again in ,latin 7,orarium7 in #aedf4 ,in the next reign a substitute for this in ,english alone was prepared by the more ,protestant authorities of the ,anglican ,church1 in which1 besides sundry doctrinal changes1 the hymns were omitted4 ,but the scale inclined somewhat the other way after ,elizabeth's accession4 ,the ,english ,primer of #aeei and the ,latin ,orarium of #aefj are revised editions of her father's1 not of her brother's publications4 ,the parts devoted to the worship of ,mary are omitted1 but the prayers for the dead and the hymns are retained4 ,these old versions are clumsy enough1 but not without interest as the first of their kind4 ,here is one with the original text from the ,orarium1 differing from any other authority known to us3 ,rerum ,creator omnium1 ,te poscimus hoc vesperi ,defende nos per gratiam ,ab hostis nostri fraudibus4 ,nullo ludamur1 ,domine1 ,vel somnio vel phasmate3 ,in ,te cor nostrum vigilet1 ,nec dormiat in crimine4 ,summe ,pater1 per ,filium ,largire quod ,te poscimus3 ,cui per sanctum ,spiritum ,aeterna detur gloria4 ,amen4 ,o ,lord1 the ,maker of all thing1 ,we pray thee now in this evening ,us to defend1 through thy mercy1 ,from all deceit of our enemy4 ,let us neither deluded be1 ,good ,lord1 with dream nor phantasy4 ,our heart waking in thee thou keep1 ,that we in sin fall not on sleep4 ,o ,father1 through thy blessed ,son1 ,grant us this our petition2 ,to whom1 with the ,holy ,ghost1 always ,in heaven and earth be laud and praise4 ,amen4 ,it is not wonderful that when the ,anglo-,catholics sought to revive the ,primer as 8the authorized book of ,family and ,private ,prayer0 on the same footing as the ,prayer book1 they took the liberty of substituting modern versions of the hymns for these 8authorized0 translations4#bg ,but the ,primer1 whatever its authority1 never possessed that much more important requisite to success--vitality4 ,a very few editions sufficed for the demand1 and ,bishop ,cosin's attempt to revive it in ,charles ,i4's time only provoked a ,puritan outcry against both him and it4 ,rev4 ,gerard ,moultrie has attempted to revive it in our own time1 as 8the only book of private devotion which has received the sanction of the ,english ,church10 and has not achieved even thus much of success4 ,no ,prynne has assailed him4 ,in the ,book of ,common ,prayer1 besides such 8canticles0 as the ,gloria in ,excelsis and the ,te ,deum1 there is but one hymn1 an ,english version of the ,veni1 ,creator ,spiritus in the ,ordination ,service4 ,it is the wordiest of all known versions1 rendering one hundred and five ,latin by three hundred and fifty-seven ,english words1 but is not without its old-fashioned felicities4 ,the revisers of #affa cut it down by omitting just half of it1 and modernized the ,english in a number of places4 ,its very verbosity seems to have suggested ,bishop ,cosin's terse version1 containing but four more words than the original1 which1 however1 it somewhat abridges4 ,this was inserted in #affa as an alternate version4 ,the author of the paraphrase in the ,prayer-,book is unknown4 ,it is not ,bishop ,coverdale1 as his1 although translated at second-hand from ,luther1 as1 indeed1 all his hymns are from some ,german source1 is far closer and less wordy4#bh ,it also was adopted into the old ,scottish ,psalter of the ,reformation1 where it appears in the appendix1 along with a metrical version of the ,apostle's ,creed and other 8uninspired compositions40 ,from the ,reformation until about fifty years ago1 there was among ,english-speaking people no interest in ,latin hymnology worth speaking of4 ,a few ,catholic poets1 like ,crashaw and ,dryden1 honored their ,church versions from the hymns of the ,breviary4 ,but even ,john ,austin1 a ,catholic convert of #afdj1 when he prepared his ,devotions in the ,ancient ,way of ,offices after the model of the ,breviary1 wrote for it hymns of his own instead of translating from the ,latin4 ,some of these 78,blessed be ,thy love1 dear ,lord10 and 8,hark1 my soul1 how everything07 have become a part of our general wealth4 ,of course some versions of a homely sort had to be made for ,catholic books of devotion1 and ,i possess ,the ,evening ,office of the ,church in ,latin and ,english 7,london1 #agbe71 in which the ,vesper hymns of the ,roman ,breviary are closely and roughly versified4 ,it is notable that 8the old hymns as they are generally sung in churches0--i4e41 the hymns as they stood before the revision of #afca1 are printed as an appendix to the book1 showing how slow ,english ,catholics were to accept the modernization of the hymns which the papacy had sanctioned nearly a century before4 ,mr4 ,orby ,shipley1 in his ,annus ,sanctus 7,london1 #ahhd71 gives a large number of these early versions from the ,roman ,catholic ,primers of #afai1 #afhd1 #afhe1 and #agjf2 from the ,evening ,office of #agaj1 #agbe1 and #aghe2 and from the ,divine ,office of #agfc and #aghj4 ,the translations of #afai have been ascribed to ,william ,drummond1 of ,hawthornden1 and those of #agjf to ,dryden4 ,drummond was the first ,scotchman who adopted ,english as the language of literature1 and although a ,protestant1 he belonged to the ,catholicizing party represented by ,william ,forbes1 the first ,protestant bishop of ,edinburgh4 ,three hymns are given in ,sir ,walter ,scott's edition of ,dryden on the authority of ,english ,roman ,catholic tradition1 the best known being his version of the ,veni ,creator ,spiritus4 ,these three are found in the ,primer of #agjf1 along with versions of the other hymns of the ,roman ,breviary sufficiently like them to suggest that they are all by the same hand4 ,but this judgment is disputed4 ,among ,protestants the neglect was as great4 ,so profuse a writer of hymns for the ,christian year as ,george ,wither translated only the ,te ,deum and the ,veni1 ,creator ,spiritus into ,english verse4#bi ,tate and ,brady1 in their ,supplement 7#agjc7 to their ,new ,version of the ,psalms 7#afif71 published a translation of the ,veni1 ,creator ,spiritus4 ,but ,bishop ,symon ,patrick was the only hymn-writer of that age who may be said to have given any special attention to ,latin hymns4 ,his hymns were chiefly translations from that source1 especially ,prudentius1 and ,lord ,selborne mentions that of ,alleluia1 dulce carmen1 as the best4 ,the ,methodist revival1 which did so much to enrich our store of hymns1 and which called attention anew to those of ,germany1 accomplished nothing for us as regards ,latin hymns4 ,the ,earl of ,roscommon's translation of the ,dies ,irae 7#agag71 and ,dr4 ,johnson's affecting reference to the stanza1 ,quaerens me sedisti lassus1 444 stand almost alone in that age4 ,it was not until the ,romantic movement in ,germany and then in ,england broke the bonds of a merely classic culture1 taught the world the beauty of ,gothic art1 and obliged men to revise their estimate of the ,middle ,ages1 that the singers of the praises which sounded through those earlier centuries had a fair chance to be judged at their real worth4 ,the forerunner of that movement was ,johann ,gottfried von ,herder1 who indeed may be said to have anticipated the whole intellectual movement of the past century1 ,darwinism not excepted4 ,from his friend and master ,hamann1 8the ,magus of the ,north10 he had learned 8the necessity for a complete and harmonious expression of all the varied faculties of man10 and that 8whatever is isolated or the product of a single faculty is to be condemned40 ,this made him as much discontented with the eighteenth century and its literature and philosophy of the enlightened understanding1 as ,hamann himself was4 ,it was the foundation for that ,catholic taste which enabled him to appreciate the excellence of all those popular literatures which are the outflow of the life of whole peoples4 ,his ,voices of the ,peoples did for the ,continent what ,bishop ,percy's ,reliques did for ,england1 and did it much better4 ,he saw that 8the people and a common sentiment are the foundations of a true poetry10 and the literature of the schools and that of polite society are equally condemned to sterility4 ,for this reason he had small respect for that classic ,latin literature at whose bar every modern production was impleaded4 ,he found far more genuine life and power in the ,latin poems of the ,jesuit father1 ,jacob ,balde1 and still more in the hymns of the ,latin ,church4 ,his ,letters for the ,promotion of ,humanity 7#agid-if7 contain a passage of classic importance3 8,the hymns which ,christianity introduced had for their basis those old ,hebrew ,psalms which very soon found their way into the ,church1 if not as songs or anthems1 at any rate as prayers4444 ,the songs of ,mary and of ,zacharias1 the ,angelic ,salutation1 the ,nunc ,dimittis of ,simeon1 which open the ,new ,testament1 gave character more immediately to the ,christian hymns4 ,their gentler voice was more suitable to the spirit of ,christianity than even the loud trumpet note of that old jubilant ,hallelujah1 although that note was found capable of many applications1 and was now strengthened with the words of prophet or psalmist1 now adapted to gentler strains4 ,over the graves of the dead1 whose resurrection was already present to the spirit's vision1 in caves and catacombs1 first were heard these psalms of repentance and prayer1 of sorrow and hope1 until after the public establishment of ,christianity1 they stepped out of the dark into the light1 out of solitude into splendid churches1 before consecrated altars1 and now assumed a like splendor in their expression4 ,there is hardly any one who can listen to the ,jam moesta quiesce querula of ,prudentius without feeling his heart touched by its moving strains1 or who can hear the funeral sequence ,dies irae1 dies illa1 without a shudder1 or whom so many other hymns1 each with its own character--e4g41 ,veni1 ,redemptor gentium2 ,vexilla ,regis prodeunt2 ,salvete flores ,martyrum2 ,pange1 lingua1 gloriosi1 etc41 will fail to be carried into that frame of feeling which each seeks to awaken1 and with all its humility of form and its churchly peculiarities1 never fails to command4 ,in one there sounds the voice of prayer2 another could find its accompaniment only in the harp2 in yet another the trumpet rings1 or there sounds the thousand-voiced organ1 and so on4 8,if we seek after the reason of this remarkable effect1 which we feel in hearing these old ,christian hymns1 we find it somewhat peculiar4 ,it is anything but the novelty of the thoughts which here touches and there shakes us4 ,thoughts in these hymns are found but sparingly4 ,many are merely solemn recitations of a well-known story1 or they are familiar petitions and prayers4 ,they nearly all repeat each other4 ,nor is it frequently surprisingly fine and novel sentiments with which they somehow permeate us2 the novel and the fine are not objects in the hymns4 ,what1 then1 is it that touches us8 ,simplicity and ,veracity4 ,here sounds the speech of a general confession of one heart and one faith4 ,most of them are constructed either so as to be fit for use every day of the year1 or so as to be used on the festivals of the various seasons4 ,as these come round there comes with them in constant recurrence their rehearsal of ,christian doctrines4 ,there is nothing superfine in the hymns as regards either emotion1 or duty1 or consolation4 ,there reigns in all of them a general popularity of content1 expressed in great accents4 ,he who seeks novel thoughts in a ,te ,deum or a ,salve ,regina looks for them in the wrong place4 ,it is just what is every day and always known1 which here is to serve as the garb of truth4 ,the hymn is meant to be an ambrosial offering of nature1 deathless like that1 and ever returning4 8,it follows that1 as people in these ,christian hymns did not look for the grace of classic expression or the pleasurable emotion of the instant--in a word1 what we expect from a work of art1 they produced the strangest effects at once after their introduction4 ,just as ,christian hands overthrew the statues and temples of the gods in honor of the unseen ,god1 so these hymns contained a germ which was to bring about the death of the pagan poetry4 ,not only were those hymns to gods and goddesses1 heroes and geniuses1 regarded by the ,christians as the work of unbelievers or misbelievers1 but the germ from which they sprang1 the poetic and sportive fancy1 the pleasure and rejoicing of the peoples in their national festivals1 were condemned as a school of evil demons2 yes1 even the national pride1 to which those songs appealed1 was despised as a perilous though splendid sin4 ,the old religion had outlived its time1 the new had won its victory1 when the absurdity of idol-worship and pagan superstitions1 the disorders and abominations which attended the festivals of ,bacchus1 ,cybele1 and ,aphrodite1 were brought to the light of day4 ,whatever of poetry was associated with these was a work of the devil4 ,there began a new age for poetry1 music1 speech1 the sciences1 and indeed for the whole direction of human thought40 ,as the ,romanticist movement gained ground in ,germany1 attention to the early hymns increased4 ,even ,goethe1 the weltkind among the prophets1 was influenced4 ,hence his use of the ,dies ,irae in the first part of ,faust1 although he was pagan enough to care for nothing at ,assisi except the ,roman remains4 ,a4 ,w4 ,schlegel made a number of translations for the ,musen-,almanach4 ,then came the long series of ,german translators1 of whom ,a4 ,j4 ,rambach1 ,a4 ,l4 ,follen 7brother of ,professor ,charles ,follen of ,harvard71 ,karl ,simrock 7#ahej and #ahff71 and ,g4 ,a4 ,koenigsfeld 7#ahdg and #ahfe7 are the most notable4 ,much more important to us are the ,german collectors3 ,g4 ,a4 ,bjrn 7a ,dane1 #ahah71 ,j4 ,c4 von ,zabuesnig 7#ahbb and #ahcj71 ,h4 ,a4 ,daniel 7,blthenstrauss1 #ahdj2 ,thesaurus1 #ahda-ef71 ,f4 ,j4 ,mone 7#ahec-ee71 ,c4 ,b4 ,moll 7#ahfa and #ahfh71 ,p4 ,gall ,morel 7#ahff71 ,joseph ,kehrein 7#ahgc74 ,to the unwearied thoroughness of these editors1 more than of any other laborers in this field1 we owe our ampler access to the treasures of ,latin hymnody4 ,but what field of research is there in which the scholarship of ,germany has not laid the rest of the world under obligations8 ,in ,english literature the ,romanticist movement begins properly with ,sir ,walter ,scott4 ,himself a ,presbyterian1 he was brought up on the old ,scotch ,psalm-book1 for which he entertained the same affection as did ,burns1 ,edward ,irving1 ,campbell1 ,carlyle1 and ,archdeacon ,hare4 ,he opposed any attempt to improve it1 on the ground that it was1 8with all its acknowledged occasional harshness1 so beautiful that any alterations must eventually prove only so many blemishes40 ,but his literary tastes led him to a lofty appreciation of the ,anglican liturgy--a circumstance which has led many to class him as an ,episcopalian--and equally for the poetry of the mediaeval hymns4 ,his vigorous version of a part of the ,dies ,irae inserted in ,the ,lady of the ,lake 7#ahje7 gives him his smallest claim to mention in the history of hymnody4 ,it was the new atmosphere he carried into the educated world1 his fresh and hearty admiration of admirable things in the ,middle ,ages1 which had been thought barbarous1 that makes him important to us4 ,he gave the ,english and ,scottish people new weights and measures1 new standards of critical judgment1 which emancipated them from narrow1 pseudo-,protestant traditions4 ,he made the great ,church of undivided ,western ,europe intelligible4 ,no doubt many follies resulted from this novel lesson1 the worst of all being contempt for ,luther and his associates in the ,reformation4 ,the negations which attend such revolutions in opinion always are foolish exaggerations4 ,it is the affirmations which are valuable and which remain4 ,and ,romanticism for more than half a century has been affecting the religious1 the social1 the intellectual life of ,great ,britain and ,america in a thousand ways1 and with1 on the whole1 positive and beneficial results4 ,its most powerful manifestation was in the ,oxford movement1#cj but both in its causes and its effects it has transcended the limits which separate the divided forces of ,protestantism4 ,naturally the ,oxford movement was the first to turn attention to the hymns of the ,middle ,ages1 or what it regarded as such4 ,we use this qualified expression because its leaders at the outset were much better poets than hymnological scholars1 and welcomed anything in the shape of a ,latin hymn as 8primitive10 no matter what4 ,isaac ,williams1 in the ,british ,magazine in #ahcj1 published a series of translations of 8primitive hymns0 which he gathered into a volume in #ahci4 ,they were from the ,paris ,breviary1 of whose hymns only one in fourteen were older than #afhe1 and most of them not yet a hundred years old4 ,rev4 ,john ,chandler1 in his ,hymns of the ,primitive ,church 7#ahcg71 drew on ,santeul and ,coffin with equal freedom1 evidently supposing he was going back to the early ages for his originals4 ,bishop ,mant1 in his ,ancient ,hymns from the ,roman ,breviary 7#ahcg71 did a little better1 although not half-a-dozen hymns in that ,breviary are unaltered from their primitive forms1 and many are no older than the fifteenth or sixteenth century4 ,rev4 ,edward ,caswall1 an ,oxford convert to the ,church of ,rome1 naturally confined his ,lyra ,catholica 7#ahdi7 to the ,breviary hymns1 supplementing those of ,rome with some from ,paris4 ,the first collection published by ,dr4 ,newman 7,hymni ,ecclesiae1 ,pars ,i41 #ahci7 was confined to the ,paris ,breviary1 but with the notice that they 8had no equal claim to antiquity0 with 8the discarded collections of the ante-reform era40 ,but he claimed on rather slight ground that they 8breathe an ancient spirit1 and even where they are the work of one pen1 are the joint and indivisible contribution of many ancient minds40 ,this is an opinion of the work of ,santeul and ,coffin in which neither ,cardinal ,newman nor the ,gallican ,church would agree to-day4 ,in fact1 these ,english scholars1 with their constant habit of making ,latin verse after classic models from their school-days1 and their entire want of familiarity with post-classic ,latin1 found what pleased them best in the two ,breviaries of ,rome and ,paris4 ,with that they seemed likely to stop4 ,it was ,dr4 ,john ,mason ,neale 7#ahea-eh7 who1 among translators1 first broke these bounds1 went to the older sources1 and introduced to ,english readers1 both by his collections and his translations1 the great hymns of the ,western ,church4 ,as a translator he leaves much to be desired4 ,his ideas as to faithful reproduction of the form of his originals are vague4 ,his hymns too often might be said to be based on the ,latin text rather than to reproduce it4 ,but they are spirited poems1 whose own vigor and beauty sent readers to the original1 and they were not disappointed4 ,from that time we have had a series of excellent workers in this field--,john ,keble1 ,rev4 ,w4 ,j4 ,blew 7#ahee71 ,mr4 ,j4 ,d4 ,chambers 7#aheg and #ahff71 ,rev4 ,j4 ,w4 ,hewett 7#ahei71 ,sir ,henry ,baker 7#ahfa and #ahfh71 ,rev4 ,herbert ,kynaston 7#ahfb71 ,rev4 ,j4 ,trend 7#ahfb71 ,rev4 ,p4 ,s4 ,worsley 7#ahfc71 ,earl ,nelson 7#aheg and #ahfh71 ,rev4 ,richard ,f4 ,littledale 7#ahfg71 ,r4 ,campbell1 of the ,anglo-,catholic party2 and ,dean ,stanley1 ,mrs4 ,charles 7#aheh and #ahff7 and ,dr4 ,hamilton ,magill 7#ahgf7 outside its ranks4 ,theirs have been no inconsiderable part of those labors which have made the last thirty years the golden age of ,english hymn-writing1 surpassing even the era of the ,methodist revival4 ,in ,america the work was begun in #ahdj with a modest little volume published at ,auburn1 in ,new ,york1 and ascribed by ,mr4 ,duffield to ,dr4 ,henry ,mills of ,auburn ,theological ,seminary1 who in #ahef also published a volume of translations of ,german hymns4 ,his earlier book was ,the ,hymn of ,hildebert and the ,ode of ,xavier1 with ,english ,versions1 and contained thirty-five duodecimo pages4 ,next in order came ,dr4 ,john ,williams1 ,bishop of ,connecticut1 with ,ancient ,hymns of the ,holy ,church 7#ahde74 ,dr4 ,william ,r4 ,williams of ,new ,york1 in his address on 8,the ,conservative ,principle in our ,literature10 delivered in #ahdc1 made a reference to the ,dies ,irae1 which gave him the occasion to publish in an ,appendix the literary history of the great hymn1 giving the text along with ,dr4 ,trench's version and his own4 ,this seems to have given the impulse which has made ,america so prolific in translations of that hymn1 only ,germany surpassing us in this respect4 ,dr4 ,abraham ,coles may be said to have led off with his volume1 containing thirteen translations in #ahdg4 ,but it was not until after the war for the ,union that the productive powers of ,american translators were brought into play4 ,much1 no doubt1 was due to foreign impulse1 especially from ,dr4 ,trench and ,dr4 ,newman2 but it is notable that in ,america far more work has been done outside than inside the ,episcopalian communion4 ,dr4 ,coles again in #ahff1 ,mr4 ,duffield in #ahfg1 ,chancellor ,benedict in #ahfi1 ,hon4 ,n4 ,b4 ,smithers in #ahgi and #ahha1 and ,mr4 ,john ,l4 ,hayes in #ahhg published volumes of translations4 ,but far more numerous are the poets whose versions of ,latin hymns have appeared in various periodicals or in collections like ,professor ,coppe's ,songs of ,praise 7#ahff71 ,dr4 ,schaff's ,christ in ,song 7#ahfi71 ,odenheimer and ,bird's ,songs of the ,spirit 7#ahga71 ,dr4 ,h4 ,c4 ,fish's ,heaven in ,song 7#ahgd71 ,frank ,foxcroft's ,resurgit 7#ahgi71 and ,dr4 ,schaff and ,arthur ,gilman's ,library of ,sacred ,poetry 7#ahha and #ahhf74 ,of these contributing poets we mention ,dr4 ,e4 ,a4 ,washburn1 whose translations have been collected in his posthumous volume1 ,voices from a ,busy ,life 7#ahhc72 ,dr4 ,ray ,palmer1 our chief sacred singer1 whose versions of the ,o esca viatorum and the ,jesu dulcis memoria are as classic as his 8,my faith looks up to ,thee20 ,dr4 ,a4 ,r4 ,thompson1 to whom the present volume is under great obligations2 ,rev4 ,j4 ,anketell1 another of its benefactors2 ,rev4 ,m4 ,woolsey ,stryker1 ,rev4 ,d4 ,y4 ,heisler1 ,rev4 ,franklin ,johnson1 ,d4,d41 and ,rev4 ,w4 ,s4 ,mc,kenzie1 ,d4,d4 ,besides these we may mention the anthology of translations published by the ,rev4 ,f4 ,wilson 7#ahei71 of texts by ,professor ,f4 ,a4 ,march 7#ahgd and #ahhc71 and of both texts and translations by ,judge ,c4 ,c4 ,nott 7#ahfe and subsequent years74 ,it is not1 however1 only as literature1 but in the actual use of the ,american churches1 that the ,latin hymns have made a place for themselves4 ,since #ahei1 when the ,andover professors published the ,sabbath ,hymn and ,tune-,book1 with original translations furnished by ,dr4 ,ray ,palmer1 there has been a peaceful revolution in ,american hymnology4 ,every one of the larger denominations and many of the smaller have provided themselves with new hymn-books1 in which the resources of ,english1 foreign1 and ancient hymnology have been employed freely1 and with more exacting taste as to sense and form1 than characterized the hymn-books of the era before the war4 ,while the compilers have drawn freely upon ,caswall1 ,neale1 ,chandler1 and the ,anglican ,hymns ,ancient and ,modern 7#ahfa71 in many cases original translations were given1 as in ,hymns of the ,church for the 7,dutch7 ,reformed ,church1 of which ,dr4 ,a4 ,r4 ,thompson was one of the editors2 and ,dr4 ,charles ,robinson's ,laudes ,domini 7#ahhd71 to which ,mr4 ,duffield contributed4 ,and there is evidence that the hymns thus brought into ,church use from the storehouse of the earlier ,christian ages have helped thoughtful ,christians to realize more fully the great principle of the ,communion of the saints--to realize that all the faithful of the present are bound in spiritual brotherhood with those who held to the same ,head and walked in the light of the same faith in bygone centuries1 even though it was with stumbling and amid shadows1 from which our path by ,god's good providence has been set free4 ,,chapter ,,xxxii4 ,,bibliographical ,,notes4 ,the first sources of the ,latin hymns and sequences are the manuscript and printed breviaries and missals of the ,western ,church4 ,both these have been explored by the collectors from ,clichtove to ,kehrein1 although it cannot be said that the examination has been exhaustive either as regards the manuscripts or the printed books4 ,the following is an approximate list of the printed breviaries which have been examined by modern collectors3 ,,local ,,breviaries4 ,aberdonense1 ,aberdeen1 #aeji-aj1 ,daniel4 ,ambrosianum1 ,milan1 #aeeg1 ,neale1 ,morel1 ,zabuesnig4 ,argentinense1 ,strasburg1 #aebj1 ,neale4 ,basiliense1 ,basel1 #adic1 ,morel4 ,bracharense1 #adid1 ,neale4 ,caduncense1 ,cahors1 ,neale4 ,coloniense1 ,koeln1 #aeba1 ,zabuesnig4 ,constantiense1 ,konstanz1 #aejd1 #aeaf1 ,morel1 ,daniel4 ,cordubiense1 ,cordova1 #aehc1 ,morel4 ,cracoviense1 ,krakau1 #aebd1 ,morel4 ,curiense1 ,kur1 c4 #aejj1 ,morel4 ,eboracense1 ,york1 ,neale1 ,newman4 ,erfordense1 ,erfurt1 #aeah1 ,daniel4 ,friburgense1 ,freiburg1 ,daniel4 ,gallicum1 ,france1 #aebg1 ,morel4 ,halberstadtense1 ,halberstadt1 #aeae1 ,daniel4 ,havelbergense1 ,havelberg1 #aeah1 ,daniel4 ,herefordense1 ,hereford1 #aeje1 ,neale4 ,lengres1 ,daniel4 ,lundense1 ,lund1 #aeag1 ,daniel4 ,magdeburgense1 ,magdeburg1 #aead1 ,daniel4 ,merseburgense1 ,merseburg1 #aejd1 ,daniel4 ,mindense1 ,minden1 #adij1 ,daniel4 ,misniense1 ,meissen1 #adij1 ,daniel4 ,mozarabicum1 ,old ,spanish1 #agge1 ,daniel4 ,parisiense vet41 ,paris 7old71 #aebg1 ,neale4 ,parisiense1 #agcf1 ,newman1 ,zabuesnig4 ,pictaviense1 ,poitou1 #aeae1 ,daniel4 ,placentinum1 ,piacenza1 #aejc1 ,morel4 ,romanum vet41 ,rome 7old71 #adha1 ,kehrein4 #adhd1 #aebj1 #adig1 ,daniel4 #aedc1 ,morel4 ,romanum1 ,rome 7new71 #afca1 ,zabuesnig1 ,daniel4 ,roschildense1 ,roeskild1 #aeag1 ,daniel4 ,salisburgense1 ,salzburg1 #aeae1 ,neale1 ,daniel4 ,sarisburense1 ,salisbury1 #aeee1 ,neale1 ,daniel1 ,newman4 ,slesvicense1 ,schleswig1 #aeab1 ,daniel4 ,spirense1 ,speier1 #adgh1 ,zabuesnig4 ,tornacense1 ,tournay1 #aedj1 ,neale4 ,tullense1 ,toul1 #aghj1 ,daniel4 ,,monastic ,,breviaries4 ,augustinianorum1 #aeeg1 ,morel1 ,zabuesnig1 ,neale4 ,benedictinorum1 #aeah1 #aedc1 ,daniel1 ,zabuesnig4 ,canonum ,reg4 ,augustini1 ,zabuesnig4 ,carmelitarum1 #agei1 ,daniel1 ,zabuesnig4 ,carthusianorum1 #aejj1 ,daniel1 ,zabuesnig4 ,cisterciensium1 #aeaj1 #ageb1 ,daniel1 ,zabuesnig4 ,franciscanorum1 #adha1 #adhf1 #adie1 ,daniel1 ,zabuesnig4 ,humiliatorum1 #adhc1 ,neale4 ,praemonstratensium1 #agda1 ,daniel1 ,zabuesnig4 ,praedicatorum1 #adhb1 ,daniel1 ,zabuesnig4 ,servorum ,mariae1 #afdc1 ,daniel1 ,zabuesnig4 ,,local ,,missals4 ,aboense1 ,abo1 #adhh1 ,daniel1 ,neale4 ,ambianense1 ,amiens1 #aebi1 ,neale4 ,aquiliense1 ,aquileia1 ,daniel4 ,argentinense1 ,strasburg1 #aebj1 ,neale4 ,athanatense1 ,st4 ,yrieix1 #aeca1 ,morel4 ,atrebatense1 ,arras1 #aeaj1 ,neale4 ,augustense1 ,augsburg1 #aeaj1 ,kehrein4 ,brandenburgense1 ,brandenburg1 ,c41 #aejj1 ,daniel4 ,bursfeldense1 ,bursfeld1 #aeah1 ,kehrein4 ,coloniense1 ,koeln1 #aejd1 #aebj1 ,daniel1 ,kehrein4 ,eychstadense ,eichstdt1 #aejj1 ,daniel4 ,frisingense1 ,freysingen1 #aead1 ,daniel4 ,hafniense1 ,copenhagen1 ,neale4 ,halberstatense1 ,halberstadt1 #aeaa1 ,kehrein4 ,herbipolense1 ,wrzburg1 #aeji1 ,neale1 ,kehrein4 ,leodiense1 ,liege1 #aeac1 ,neale4 ,lubecense1 ,lubeck1 ,c41 #adhj1 ,wackernagel4 ,magdeburgense1 ,magdeburg1 #adic1 ,wackernagel4 ,mindense1 ,minden1 #aeae1 ,daniel1 ,kehrein4 ,moguntinum1 ,mainz1 #adhb1 #adig1 ,mone1 ,wackernagel4 #aejg1 #aeac1 ,kehrein1 ,neale4 ,morinense1 ,neale4 ,narbonense1 ,narbonne1 #aebh1 ,neale4 ,nidriosense1 ,trondhjem1 #aeai1 ,neale4 ,noviemsense1 ,noyon1 #aejf1 ,neale4 ,numburgense1 ,naumburg1 #aeja1 #aejg1 ,wackernagel1 ,daniel4 ,parisiense vet41 ,paris 7old71 #aeaf1 ,neale4 ,parisiense1 #agci1 ,newman4 ,pataviense1 ,padua1 #adia1 ,daniel4 ,pictaviense1 ,poitou1 #aebd1 ,neale4 ,pragense1 ,prag1 #aejg1 #aebb1 ,neale1 ,daniel1 ,kehrein4 ,ratisbonense1 ,regensburg1 #adib1 ,daniel1 ,neale4 ,redonense1 ,rennes1 #aebc1 ,neale4 ,salisburgense1 ,salzburg1 #aeae1 ,neale4 ,sarisburense ,salisbury1 #aeee1 ,neale4 ,spirense1 ,speier1 #adih1 ,neale4 ,strengnense1 ,strengnaes1 #adhg1 ,neale4 ,tornacense1 ,tournay1 #aedj1 ,neale4 ,trajectense1 ,utrecht1 #aeac1 ,neale4 ,upsalense1 ,upsal1 #aeac1 ,neale4 ,verdense1 ,verden1 #aejj1 ,neale4 ,xantonense ,saintes1 #adia1 ,neale4 ,,monastic ,,missals4 ,benedictinorum1 #adih1 ,neale1 ,kehrein4 ,cistercensium1 #aejd1 ,daniel4 ,franciscanorum1 #aebj1 ,kehrein4 ,praemonstratensium1 #aecj1 ,daniel4 ,praedicatorum1 #aejj1 ,zabuesnig4 ,of lesser church-books ,zabuesnig has used the ,processionale of the ,dominicans or ,preachers1 and ,newman that of the ,church of ,york4 ,morel has drawn upon the ,paris ,horae of #aeai1 and ,daniel on the ,cantionale of ,konstanz of #afjg4 ,yet this shows that either only a minority of the printed church-books of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries have been examined1 or else that the majority yielded nothing new in return for such examination4 ,we proceed with the bibliography of the collections and the historical treatises and discussions which bear on ,latin ,hymnology1 together with the most important volumes of translations4 ,these we shall give in chronological order1 and where the initials ,s4 ,w4 ,d4 are appended to the comments1 it will be understood that these are by ,mr4 ,duffield1 not by his editor4 ,the numbers marked with an asterisk 7997 indicate works employed in the preparation of the present volume4 #a4 ,sequentiarum ,textus cum optimo ,commento4 7,s4 l4 e4 a47 ,printed at ,koeln 7,cologne7 by ,henry ,quentell in #adib or #adid4 ,the following is bound up with the early editions of this as a kind of appendix1 but afterward frequently printed by itself4 #b4 ,expositio ,hymnorum cum notabili seu familiari ,commento4 7,s4 l4 e4 a47 ,also printed at ,koeln by ,henry ,quentell in #adib or #adid1 and #aejf4 ,later editions are3 ,hagenau1 #adic2 ,basil1 #aejd2 ,koeln1 #aeif2 and many others4 ,for the full reference1 vide ,daniel1 ,i43 xvii4 ,there were many of these1 and the most famous was long regarded as indispensable to the study of the ,latin hymns4 ,it is that of ,clichtove4 ,s4,w4,d4 #c4 ,liber hymnorum in metra noviter redactorum4 ,apologia et defensio poeticae ac oratoriae maiestatis4 ,brevis expositio difficilium terminorum in hymnis ab aliis parum probe et erudite forsan interpretatorum per ,henricum ,bebelium ,i ustingensem edita poeticam et humaniores litteras publice profitentem in gymnasio ,tubingensi4 ,annotationes eiusdem in quasdam vocabulorum interpretationes ,mammetracti4 ,thubingen1 #aeja4 ,henry ,bebel was a humanist1 and became professor at ,tbingen in #adig4 ,zapf published a biography of him at ,augsburg in #ahja4 #d4 ,hymni et ,sequentiae cum diligenti difficillimorum vocabulorum interpretatione omnibus et scholasticis et ecclesiasticis cognitu necessaria ,hermanni ,torrentini de omnibus puritatis lingue latine studiosis quam optime meriti4--,coloniae1 ,,mcccccxiii4 ,daniel says that a second edition 7#aeej1 #aecf87 has so closely followed ,clichtoveus that the first edition only is worthy of note4 ,hermann ,torrentinus was a native of ,zwolle1 and belonged to the ,brotherhood of the ,common ,life4 ,he was professor at ,groningen about #adij1 and lived until about #aebj4 ,he was one of the group which gathered around ,john ,wessel ,gansfort1 in whom ,luther recognized a kindred spirit4 #e4 ,de tempore et sanctis per totum annum hymnarius in metra ut ab ,ambrosio1 ,sedulio1 ,prudentio ceterisque doctoribus hymni sunt compositi4 ,groningen phrisie iam noviter redactus incipit feliciter4 #f4 ,psalterium ,davidis adiunctis hymnis felicem habet finem opera et impensis ,melchior ,lotters ducalis opidi ,liptzensis concivis ,anno ,milesimo quingentesimo undecimo ,,xviii die ,aprilis #aeaa4 #g499 ,iodoci ,clichtovaei ,elucidatorium ecclesiasticum ad ,officium ,ecclesiae pertinentia planius exponens et quatuor ,libros complectens4 ,primus ,hymnos de ,tempore et ,sanctis per totum ,annum4 ,secundus nonnulla ,cantica1 ,antiphonas et ,responsaria4 ,tertius ea quae ad ,missae pertinet ,officium1 praesertim ,praefationes4 ,quartus ,prosas quae in sancti ,altaris ,sacrificio dicuntur continet4 ,paris1 #aeae2 ,basil1 #aeag and #aeai2 ,venice1 #aeee2 ,paris1 #aeef2 ,koeln1 #agcb4 ,the best book of its time on the subject1 and long indispensable to the hymnologist4 ,josse ,clichtove was a ,flemish theologian4 ,he studied at ,paris under the famous ,lefevre d',etaples1 and enjoyed the friendship of ,erasmus4 ,he was a zealous opponent of ,luther4 ,he died in #aedc4 ,the ,venice edition of his ,elucidatorium--,hymni et ,prosae1 quae per totum ,annum in ,ecclesi leguntur--is much altered1 and contains additional hymns from ,italian1 ,french1 and ,hungarian ,breviaries1 while it also omits others given by ,clichtove4 #h4 ,hymni de tempore et de sanctis in eam formam qua a suis autoribus scripti sunt denuo redacti et secundum legem carminis diligenter emendati atque interpretati4 ,anno ,domini1 ,,mdxix4 ,jacob ,wimpheling is the editor4 ,he was an eminent theologian and humanist of ,strasburg1 and the first to edit ,rabanus ,maurus's ,de ,laudibus ,sanctae ,crucis4 ,already in #adii he had published a tract3 ,de ,hymnorum et ,sequentiarum ,auctoribus ,generibusque ,carminum quae in ,hymnis inveniuntur4 ,one authority gives #aeaa as the date of his ,hymni4 #i4 ,sequentiarum luculenta interpretatio nedum scholasticis sed et ecclesiasticis cognitu necessaria per ,ioannem ,adelphum physicum ,argentinensem collecta4 ,anno ,domini1 ,,mdxix4 #aj4 ,jakob van ,meyer3 ,hymni aliquot ecclesiastici et ,carmina ,pia4 ,louvain1 #aecg4 #aa4 ,liber ecclesiasticorum carminum1 cum alijs ,hymnis et ,prosis exquisitissimis a sanctis orthodoxae fidei ,patribus in usum piorum mentium compositis4 ,basil1 ,b4 ,westhemerus1 #aech4 #ab4 ,laurentius ,massorillus3 ,aureum ,sacrorum ,hymnorum ,opus4 ,foligni1 #aedg4 #ac499 ,hymni ecclesiastici praesertim qui ,ambrosiani dicuntur multis in locis recogniti et multorum hymnorum accessione locupletati4 ,cum ,scholiis opportunis in locis adjectis et ,hymnorum indice ,georgii ,cassandri4 ,et1 ,beda de ,metrorum generibus ex primo libra de re metrica4 ,coloniae ,anno ,,mdlvi4 ,this was reprinted in ,cassander's ,works 7,parisiis1 #afaf74 ,cassander was a ,catholic1 who sympathized with the ,reformation1 and his book was prohibited by the ,roman ,catholic ,church4 8,in ,romana ecclesia liber est vetitus10 says ,daniel4 ,with the drawback that his knowledge and opportunities were limited by the age in which he lived1 it can still be said that this is a very valuable and helpful collection--the scholarly work of an earnest man4 ,s4 ,w4 ,d4 #ad4 ,cantiones ,ecclesiasticae ,latinae ac ,synceriores quaedam praeculae ,dominicis ,festis ,diebus in ,commemoratione ,cenae ,domini1 per totius ,anni ,circulum cantandae ac perlegendae4 ,per ,johannem ,spangenbergium ,ecclesiae ,northusianae inspectorem4 ,magdeburg1 #aedc4 #ae;a4 ,carmina vetusta ante trecentos scripta1 quae deplorant inscitiam ,evangelii1 et taxant abusus ceremoniarum1 ac quae ostendunt doctrinam hujus temporis non esse novam4 ,fulsit enim semper et fulgebit in aliquibus vera ,ecclesiae doctrina4 ,cum ,praefatione ,matthiae ,flacii ,illyrici4 ,wittemberg1 #aedh4 #ae;b4 ,pia quaedam vetustissima ,poemata1 partim ,anti-,christum1 ejusque spirituales ,filiolos insectantia1 partim etiam ,christum1 ejusque beneficium mira spiritus alacritate celebrantia4 ,cum praefatione ,matthiae ,flacii ,illyrici4 ,magdeburg1 #aeeb4 #ae;c4 ,varia ,doctorum ,piorumque ,virorum de ,corrupto ,statu ,ecclesiae ,poemata4 ,ante nostram aetatem conscripta1 ex quibus multa historiae quoque utiliter ac summa cum voluptate cognosci possunt4 ,cum ,praefatione ,matthiae ,flacii ,illyrici4 ,magdeburg1 #aeef4 ,reprinted #aged4 ,these three collections are of importance to the hymnologist4 ,from the first ,wackernagel has extracted a number of fine hymns4 ,the third contains ,bernard of ,cluny's ,de ,contemptu ,mundi4 #af4 ,hymni aliquot sacri veterum ,patrum una cum eorum simplici ,paraphrasi1 brevibus argumentis1 singulis ,carminum generibus1 concinnis ,melodijs 444 ,collectore ,georgio ,thymo4 ,goslar1 #aeeb4 #ag4 ,psalmodia1 hoc est ,cantica ,sacra veteris ,ecclesiae selecta4 ,quo ordine ,melodijs per totius anni curriculum cantari vsitate solent in templis de ,deo1 de filio ejus ,iesv ,christo1 444 ,et de ,spiritv ,sancto4444 ,jam primum ad ,ecclesiarum1 ,scholarum vsum diligenter collecta1 et brevibus et pijs ,scholijs illustrata per ,lucam ,lossium ,luneburgensem4 ,cum ,praefatione ,philippi ,melanthonis4 ,wittemberg1 #aeeb and #aeie2 ,nuremberg1 #aeec and #aeie4 ,die ,hymni1 oder geistlichen ,lobgeseng1 wie man die in der ,cystertienser orden durchs gantz ,jar singet4 ,mit hohem vleis verteutschet durch ,leonhardum ,kethnerum4 ,nurnberg1 #aeee4 #ah4 ,hymni et ,sequentiae1 tam de ,tempore quam de ,sanctis1 cum suis ,melodijs1 sicut olim sunt cantatae in ,ecclesia ,dei1 jam passim correcta1 per ,m4 ,hermannum ,bonnum1 ,superintendentem quondam ,ecclesiae ,lubecensis1 in vsum ,christianae juventutis scholasticae fideliter congesta euulgata4 ,lubeck1 #aeei4 #ai4 ,pauli ,eberi1 ,psalmi seu cantica in ecclesia cantari solita4 ,witteburgiae1 #aefd4 #bj499 ,poetarum ,veterum ,ecclesiasticorum ,opera ,christiana et operum reliquiae atque fragmenta4 ,thesaurus catholicae et orthodoxae ecclesiae et antiquitatis religiosae ad utilitatem iuventutis scholasticae1 collectus1 emendatus1 digestus et commentario quoque expositus diligentia et studio ,georgii ,fabricii ,chemnicensis4 ,basileae per ,ioannem ,oporinum ,,mdlxiiii4 ,a second edition in #aegb4 ,george ,fabricius1 of ,chemnitz1 besides editing this important book1 was the most prolific writer of ,latin hymns the ,lutheran ,church possessed4 #ba4 ,johann ,leisentrit3 ,geistliche ,lieder und ,psalmen der alten ,apostolischer recht und warglaubiger ,christlicher ,kirchen4 #b parts4 ,budissin1 #aefg4 ,used by ,wackernagel4 ,although ,leisentrit was the ,roman ,catholic dean of ,budissin1 his first part seems to have been censured as of ,protestant tendency4 ,the second is made up of hymns to ,mary and the ,saints4 ,this part was reprinted in #aegc and #aehd4 #bb4 ,cantica ,selecta ,veteris ,novique ,testamenti cum ,hymnis et ,collectis seu orationibus purioribus quae in orthodoxa atque catholica ecclesia cantari solent4 ,addita dispositione et familiari expositione ,christophori ,corneri4 ,lipsiae cum privilegio ,,mdlxviii4 ,a second edition in #aega1 and a third in #aegc4 #bc4 ,cantica ex sacris literis in ecclesia cantari solita cum hymnis et collectis1 etc41 recognita et aucta per ,d4 ,georgium ,maiorem4 ,wittemberg1 #aegj4 #bc;b4 ,hymni et ,collectae1 item ,evangelia1 ,epistolae1 etc41 quae diebus dominicis et festivis leguntur4 ,koeln1 #aegc4 #bd4 ,psalterium ,davidis1 etc41 cum lemmatibus ac notis ,adami ,siberi4 ,accesserunt ,hymni festorum dierum insignium4 ,lipsiae1 ,iohannes ,rhamba excudebat ,anno ,,mdlxxvii4 #be4 ,hymnorum ,ecclesiasticorum ab ,andrea ,ellingero ,v4 ,cl4 emendatorum libri ,,iii1 etc4 ,,mdlxxviii4 ,francofurti ad moenum4 ,daniel calls this the most ample of all the collections1 but he criticises the first two volumes severely for their arrangement1 and the changes in text made for metrical reasons4 ,the third volume he was able to use1 but he felt unsafe in the others except when the editor positively stated in his notes what he considered the original and genuine text4 ,s4 ,w4 ,d4 #bf4 ,joh4 ,holthusius3 ,compendium ,cantionum ecclesiasticarum4 ,augsburg1 #aegi4 #bg4 ,in hymnos ecclesiasticos ferme omnes ,michaelis ,timothei ,gatensis brevis elucidatio4 ,venetiae1 #aehb4 #bh4 ,hymni et ,collectae4 ,koeln1 #aehe4 #bi4 ,lorenza ,strozzi3 ,in singula totius ,anni ,solemnia ,hymni4 ,florence1 #aehh4 ,these hymns were adopted into the service-books of several dioceses1 and were translated into ,french by ,pavillon1 and set to music by ,maduit4 ,the author was a ,dominican nun of the famous ,strozzi family4 #cj4 ,collectio ,hymnorum per totum ,annum4 ,antwerp1 ,plantin1 #aeic4 #ca4 ,francis ,algermann3 ,ephemeris ,hymnorum ,ecclesiasticorum ex ,patribus selecta4 ,helmstadt1 #aeif4 ,with ,german translations4 #cb4 ,vesperale et ,matutinale1 hoc est ,cantica1 ,hymni ,collectae1 seu ,precationes ecclesiasticae quae in primis et secundis vesperis1 itemque matutinis ,precibus1 per totius ,anni circulum1 in ecclesiis1 religiosis piorum congressibus cantari solent4 #aeii4 ,the author1 ,matthew ,luidke1 was deacon of the ,church in ,havelberg1 and aimed at the naturalization of the methods of the old church books among ,lutherans4 ,daniel gives this book the palm among the ,lutheran collections of the ,latin hymns4 ,its author also published a ,missale1 and died in #afjf4 #cc4 ,divorum patrum et doctorum ecclesiae qui oratione ligata scripserunt ,paraphrases et ,meditationes in ,evangelia dominicalia e diversis ipsorum scriptis collectae a4 ,m4 ,ioach4 ,zehnero ecclesiae ,schleusingensis pastore et ,superintendente4 ,lipsiae1 #afjb1 sumptibus ,thomae ,schureri4 8,liber utilissimus10 ,daniel4 ,the author was a ,protestant1 and a diligent student of the old hymns4 ,s4 ,w4 ,d4 #cd499 ,bernardi ,morlanensis ,monachi ordinis ,cluniacensis ,de ,vanitate ,mundi1 et ,glori ,caelesti1 ,liber ,aureus4 ,item alij ejusdem ,libri ,tres ,ejusdem ferm ,argumenti1 ,quibus cum primis in ,curiae ,romanae ,cleri horrenda scelera stylo ,satyrico carmine ,rhithmico ,dactylico miro artificio ante annos ferm quingentos elaborato1 gravissime invehitur4 ,editi recens1 et plurimis locis emendati1 studio opera ,eilh4 ,lubini4 ,rostochii1 ,typis ,reusnerianis1 ,anno ,,mdcx4 ,one hundred and twenty unnumbered pages in duodecimo1 of which three are filled by a dedicatory letter to ,matthias ,matthiae1 ,lutheran pastor at ,schwensdorf4 ,professor ,lubinus gives no account of the sources of his edition1 but says of ,bernard3 8,vixit hic ,bernardus ,anno ,christo #aacj4 ,scripsit colloquium ,gabrielis ,mariae4 ,item hosce1 quos jam edimus1 non paucis locis correximus1 libros40 #ce4 ,card4 ,ioannis ,bonae1 de divina ,psalmodia1 tractatus1 sive psallentis ,ecclesiae ,harmonia4 ,rome1 #afec2 ,antwerp and ,koeln1 #afgg2 ,paris1 #afgh2 ,antwerp1 #agbc4 ,also in his ,opera1 ,turin1 #agdg4 #cf4 ,charles ,guyet3 ,heortologia1 sive de ,festis propriis ,locorum et ,ecclesiarum3 ,hymni propriae variarum ,galliae ,ecclesiarum revocati ad ,carminis et ,latinitatis ,leges4 ,folio4 ,paris1 #afeg2 ,urbino1 #agbh2 ,venice1 #agbi4 #cg;a4 ,david ,greg4 ,corner3 ,grosz ,katholisch ,gesangbuch4 ,furth bei ,ge41 #afbe4 #cg;b4 ,d4 ,g4 ,corner3 ,cantionale4 #afee4 #cg;c4 ,d4 ,g4 ,corner3 ,promptuarium ,catholicae ,devotionis4 ,vienna1 #afgb4 #cg;d4 ,d4 ,g4 ,corner3 ,horologium ,christianae ,pietatis4 ,heidelberg1 #afhh4 ,contain many old ,latin hymns4 ,the third is used by ,trench4 #ch4 ,andreas ,eschenbach3 ,dissertatio de ,poetis sacris ,christianis4 ,altdorf1 #afhe4 7,reprinted in his ,dissertationes ,academicae4 ,nuremberg1 #agje47 #ci4 ,c4 ,s4 ,schurzfleisch3 ,dissertatio de ,hymnis veteris ,ecclesiae4 ,wittemberg1 #afhe4 #dj4 ,lud4 ,ant4 ,muratori3 ,anecdota quae ex ,ambrosianae ,bibliothecae ,codicibus nunc primum eruit1 notis et disquisitionibus auxit4 #b vols4 in quarto4 ,milan1 #afig-ih4 ,contains the ,bangor ,antiphonary and the hymns of ,paulinus of ,nola4 #da4 ,hymni spirituales pro diversis ,animae ,christianae ,statibus4 ,paris1 #agac4 #db;a4 ,polycarp ,leyser3 ,dissertatio de ficta ,medii ,aevi ,barbarie1 imprimis circa ,poesin ,latinam4 ,helmstadt1 #agai4 #db;b4 ,pol4 ,leyser3 ,historia ,poetarum et ,poematum ,medii ,aevi4 ,halle1 #agba4 #db;c499 ,j4 ,g4 ,walch3 ,de ,hymnis ,ecclesiae ,apostolicae4 ,jena1 #agcg4 7,reprinted in his ,miscellanea ,sacra3 ,amsterdam1 #agdd47 #dc499 ,josephi ,mariae ,thomasii ,s4,r4,e4 ,cardinalis ,opera omnia4--,rome1 #agda1 in #f vols41 folio1 and #agdg et seq4 in #ab vols41 #dto4 7,the ,hymnarium is found in pages #cea-dcd of ,vol4 ,,ii41 in the #dto edition47 8,this book10 remarks ,daniel1 8is sufficiently rare in ,germany1 but the editor of sacred hymns can by no means do without it40 ,the reason is that ,thomasius had access to the ,vatican ,,mss41 and was therefore able to unearth many rare and valuable texts4 ,he also designated the probable authorship of a goodly number of the hymns--not always correctly1 but usually with considerable truth4 ,s4 ,w4 ,d4 #dd4 ,peter ,zorn3 ,de ,hymnorum ecclesiasticorum ,latinorum ,collectoribus4 ,in his ,opuscula ,sacra1 ,altona1 #agca and #agdc4 #dd;b4 ,d4 ,galle3 ,de ,hymnis ,ecclesiae veteris4 ,wittemberg1 #agcf4 ,pp4 #af1 #dto4 #de4 ,i4 ,h4 a ,seelen1 de poesi ,christ4 non a tertio post4 ,chr4 nat4 seculo1 etc41 deducenda4--,lubecae1 #aged4 #df4 ,j4 ,g4 ,baumann3 ,de ,hymnis et ,hymnopoeis veteris et recentioris ,ecclesiae4 ,bremen1 #agfe4 #dg;a4 ,mart4 ,gerbert3 ,de ,cantu et ,musica ,sacra1 a prima ,ecclesiae aetate usque ad praesens tempus4 #b vols41 #dto4 ,st4 ,blaise1 #aggd4 #dg;b4 ,mart4 ,gerbert3 ,scriptores ,ecclesiastici de ,musica ,sacra1 potessimum ex variis ,italiae1 ,galliae et ,germaniae ,manuscriptis collecti1 et nunc primum public luce donati4 #c vols41 #dto4 ,st4 ,blaise1 #aghd4 ,this product of unwearied research contains1 inter alia1 treatises by ,alcuin1 ,notker ,labeo1 ,odo of ,cluny1 ,guido of ,arezzo1 ,hermann the ,lame1 ,engelbert of ,admont4 ,martin ,gerbert 7#agbj-ic7 was prince-abbot of ,st4 ,blaise in the ,black ,forest4 #dh;a4 ,faustino ,arevalo3 ,hymnodia ,hispanica ad ,cantus ,latinitatis1 ,metrique leges revocata et aucta2 praemittitur ,dissertatio de ,hymnis ecclesiasticis eorumque correctione atque optima constitutione2 ,accedunt ,appendix de festo conversionis ,gothorum instituendo2 ,breviarii ,quignoniani fata1 etc4 ,rome1 #aghf4 #dh;b4 ,faustino ,arevalo3 ,poetate ,christiani3 ,prudentius1 ,dracontius1 ,juvencus1 et ,sedulius4 #e vols41 quarto4 ,rome1 #aghh-id4 ,the former of these works has been much used by ,neale and ,daniel4 #di4 7,walraff37 ,corolla ,hymnorum sacrorum publicae devotioni inservientium4 ,veteres electi sed mendis quibus iteratis in editionibus scatebant detersi1 strophis adaucti4 ,novi adsumpti1 recentes primum inserti4 ,koeln1 #ahjf4 ,taken chiefly from the ,psalteriolum ,cantionum of the ,society of ,jesus1 of which the sixteenth edition had appeared in #agib in the same city4 #ej4 ,f4 ,mnter3 ,ueber die lteste ,christliche ,poesie4--,kopenhagen1 #ahjf4 #ea499 ,anthologie christlicher ,gesnge aus allen ,jahrhunderten der ,kirche nach der ,zeitfolge geordnet und mit geschichtlichen ,bemerkungen begleitet4 ,von ,aug4 ,jak4 ,rambach4 #f vols4 ,altona1 #ahag-cc4 ,the first volume is occupied with the early and ,middle ,ages of the ,church1 especially the ,latin ,hymns1 the texts being given with translations and notes4 ,it merits the high praise ,daniel gives it3 studia praeclara ,rambachii4 ,s4 ,w4 ,d4 #eb4 ,m4 ,f4 ,jack3 ,psalmen und ,gesnge1 nebst den ,hymnen der ltesten ,kirche1 uebersetzt4 #b vols4 ,freiburg1 #ahag4 ,other ,german-,catholic translators are ,george ,witzel 7#aeej71 a ,mnch of ,hildesheim 7#aggf71 ,f4 ,x4 ,jahn 7#aghe71 ,f4 ,j4 ,weinzerl 7#ahag and #ahba71 ,j4 ,aigner 7#ahbe71 ,casper ,ett 7#ahcg71 ,a4 ,a4 ,hnogek 7#ahcg71 ,deutschmann 7#ahci71 ,r4 ,lecke 7#ahdc71 ,m4 ,a4 ,nickel 7#ahde71 ,h4 ,bone 7#ahdg71 ,j4 ,kehrein 7#ahec71 ,g4 ,m4 ,pachtler 7#ahec71 ,h4 ,stadelmann 7#ahee71 a ,priest of the diocese of ,mnster 7#ahee71 ,j4 ,n4 ,stoeger 7#aheg71 ,theodor ,tilike 7#ahfb71 ,g4 ,m4 ,pachtler 7#ahfh71 ,p4 ,j4 ,belke 7#ahfi71 and ,fr4 ,hohmann 7#ahgb74 ,silbert1 ,zabuesnig1 ,simrock1 and ,schlosser are given in their proper places in this list4 #ec499 ,g4 ,a4 ,bjorn3 ,hymni veterum poetarum ,christianorum ecclesiae latinae selecti4 ,copenhagen1 #ahah4 ,bjorn was the ,lutheran pastor of ,vemmetofte1 in ,denmark4 ,his selection is confined to the very early writers3 ,victorinus1 ,damasus1 ,ambrose and his school1 ,prudentius 7the ,kathemerinon71 and ,paulinus of ,nola4 ,he has a good introduction and notes4 #ed499 ,adolf ,ludewig ,follen3 ,alte christliche ,lieder und ,kirchengesnge teutsch und lateinisch1 nebst einem ,anhange4 ,elberfeld1 #ahai4 ,chiefly hymns of the later ,middle ,ages or by the ,jesuits4 ,the author1 who was a brother of ,professor ,follen of ,harvard1 ascribes the ,dies ,irae to ,malabranca1 #abgh1 ,bishop of ,ostia1 and accepts the ,requiescat a labore as a funeral hymn actually sung by ,heloise and her nuns over ,abelard4 ,other ,german-,protestant translators1 besides those given in this list at their proper places1 are ,h4 ,freyberg 7#ahci71 ,ed4 von ,mildenstein 7#ahed71 ,h4 von4 ,loeper 7#ahfi71 ,h4 ,f4 ,mller 7#ahfi71 ,j4 ,linke 7#ahhd71 and ,jul4 ,thikotter 7#ahhh74 #ee4 ,j4 ,p4 ,silbert3 ,dom heiliger ,sanger1 oder fromme ,gesnge der ,vorzeit4 ,mit ,vorrede von ,fr4 von ,schlegel4 ,vienna and ,prague1 #ahbj4 #ef4 ,f4 ,j4 ,weinzerl3 ,hymni sacri ex pluribus ,galliae diocesium ,brevariis collecti4 ,augsburg1 #ahbj4 #eg4 ,poetae ecclesiasticae ,latini4 #d vols41 in #abmo4 ,cambray1 #ahba-bf4 ,embraces ,fortunatus1 ,prudentius1 ,cherius1 ,tertullian1 ,cyprian1 ,juvencus1 ,sedulius1 ,belisarius1 ,liberius1 ,prosper1 ,arator1 ,lactantius1 and ,dracontius4 #eh499 ,johann ,christoph von ,zabuesnig3 ,katholische ,kirchengesnge in das ,deutsche bertragen mit dem ,latein zur ,seite4 #c vols4 ,augsburg1 #ahbb4 ,a second edition1 with a ,preface by ,carl ,egger1 ,augsburg1 #ahcj4 ,the collection is a large one1 made from fourteen breviaries1 three missals1 and other church-books and private collections1 besides one manuscript antiphonary4 ,although a ,catholic priest1 ,zabuesnig selects 7from ,christopher ,corner1 #aegc7 and translates hymns by ,melanchthon and ,camerarius4 #ei;a4 ,gottl4 ,ch4 ,fr4 ,mohnike3 ,kirchen- und ,literar-historische ,studien und ,mittheilungen4 ,stralsund1 #ahbd4 #ei;b4 ,gottl4 ,chr4 ,fr4 ,mohnike3 ,hymnologische ,forschungen4 #b vols4 ,stralsund1 #ahca-cb4 #fj499 ,ludwig ,buchegger3 ,de ,origine sacrae ,christianorum ,poeseos ,commentatio4 ,freiburg1 #ahbg4 #fa499 ,sir ,alexander ,croke3 ,an ,essay on the ,origin1 ,progress1 and ,decline of ,rhyming ,latin ,verse2 with many ,specimens4 ,oxford1 #ahbh4 #fb499 ,jakob ,grimm3 ,hymnorum veteris ,ecclesiae ,,xxvi ,interpretatio ,theotisca nunc primum edita4 #dto1 pp4 #ahcj4 ,grimm's 8,habilitationsschrift0 on entering on his professorship at ,gttingen4 ,it is from the manuscript presented in the seventeenth century by ,francis ,junius to the ,university of ,oxford1 which contains twenty-six hymns by ,ambrose and his school1 with a prose version in ,old ,high ,german of the eighth or ninth century4 ,four of the hymns had never appeared in any previous collection4 #fc;a4 ,rev4 ,isaac ,williams3 ,thoughts in ,past ,years4 ,london1 #ahca4 ,a sixth edition in #ahcb4 ,contains twelve versions of ,ambrosian and other primitive hymns4 #fc499 ,hoffmann von ,fallersleben3 ,geschichte des deutschen ,kirchenliedes bis auf ,luther's ,zeit4 ,hannover1 #ahcb4 ,second edition1 #ahed2 third edition1 99#ahfa4 ,shows the transition from ,latin to ,german in popular use1 and discusses the history of forty-five ,latin hymns in this connection4 #fd4 ,f4 ,martin3 ,specimens of ,ancient ,hymns of the ,western ,church1 transcribed from an ,,ms4 in the ,university ,library of ,cambridge1 with ,appendix of other ,ancient ,hymns4 ,pp4 #cf1 octavo4 ,norwich1 #ahce4 ,privately printed in fifty-six copies4 #fe499 ,j4 ,c4 ,f4 ,bhr3 ,die ,christlichen ,dichter und ,geschichtschreiber ,roms4 ,eine literrhistorische ,uebersicht4 ,carlsruhe1 #ahcf4 ,new edition1 #ahgb4 #ff;a499 ,rev4 ,john ,chandler3 ,the ,hymns of the ,primitive ,church1 now first collected1 translated1 and arranged4 ,london1 #ahcg4 ,contains #ajh ,latin hymns with ,chandler's translation1 several of which were adopted by the editors of ,hymns ,ancient and ,modern4 ,mr4 ,chandler died1 ,july #ast1 #ahgf4 #ff;b499 ,bishop ,richard ,mant3 ,ancient ,hymns from the ,roman ,breviary4 ,london1 #ahcg4 ,new edition1 #ahga 7#bgb pages74 ,dr4 ,mant was ,bishop of ,down and ,connor in the ,irish ,established ,church1 and died ,november #b;d1 #ahdh4 ,he was an original ,latin poet of some note1 and a writer of ,english hymns4 #fg499 7,j4 ,h4 ,newman37 ,hymni ,ecclesiae4 ,pars ,i41 e ,breviario ,parisiensi2 ,pars ,,ii41 e ,breviariis ,romano1 ,sarisburiensi1 ,eboracensi et aliunde4 ,oxford1 #ahch4 ,a new edition1 ,london1 #ahfe4 ,this collection1 sometimes known as the ,oxford ,hymns1 was prepared by ,cardinal ,newman while he was still a presbyter of the ,anglican ,church1 and exhibits everywhere his cultivated taste4 ,many of the hymns it includes are not to be found in other collections4 ,this is especially true of the hymns from the ,paris ,breviary of #agcf1 which make up half the book4 ,s4 ,w4 ,d4 #fh499 ,rev4 ,isaac ,williams3 ,hymns translated from the ,paris ,breviary4 ,london1 #ahci4 ,these translations had already appeared in ,the ,british ,magazine about #ahcj4 ,mr4 ,williams takes rank next after ,keble among the poets of the ,tractarian movement4 ,he died in #ahfe4 #fi499 ,ioseph ,kehrein3 ,lateinische ,anthologie aus den christlichen ,dichtern des ,mittelalters4 ,fr ,gymnasien und ,lyceen herausgegeben und mit ,anmerkungen begleitet4 ,erster ,theil4 ,die acht ersten christlichen ,jahrhunderte4 ,frankfurt a4 ,m41 #ahdj4 ,an anthology prepared with great labor and small judgment by a prosaic scholar4 ,s4 ,w4 ,d4 #gj;a499 ,friedrich ,gustav ,lisco3 ,dies ,irae1 ,hymnus auf das ,weltgericht4 ,als ,beitrag zur ,hymnologie4 ,pp4 #aef4 ,great #dto4 ,berlin1 #ahdj4 #gj;b4 ,friedrich ,gustav ,lisco3 ,stabat ,mater4 ,hymnus auf die ,schmerzen ,mari4 ,nebst einem ,nachtrage zu den ,uebersetzungen des ,hymnus ,dies ,irae4 ,zweiter ,beitrag zur ,hymnologie4 ,great #dto4 ,pp4 #eh4 ,berlin1 #ahdc4 #ga499 7,professor ,henry ,mills37 ,the ,hymn of ,hildebert1 and the ,ode of ,xavier1 with ,english ,versions4 ,auburn1 #ahdj4 #gb499 ,hermann ,adalbert ,daniel3 ,hymnologischer ,blthenstrauss aus dem ,gebiete alt-lateinischer ,kirchenpoesie4 #abmo4 ,halle1 #ahdj4 ,professor ,daniel's first appearance in a field in which he still is the highest authority4 ,besides his ,thesaurus and this little precursor to it1 and the dissertation mentioned below1 he labored in ,german hymnology1 editing an ,evangelisches ,kirchen-,gesangbuch in #ahdb1 and ,zinzendorf's hymns in #ahea4 ,he also took part in the preparation of the standard ,german hymn-book of the ,eisenach ,conference1 which is intended to put an end to the unlimited variety of hymn-books in the local churches of ,germany4 ,for ,ersch and ,gruber's huge ,encyclopdie1 he wrote the article 8,gesangbuch10 which is reprinted in his ,zerstreute ,bltter 7,halle1 #ahdj74 ,and besides all this he published in #ahdg-ec a ,codex ,liturgicus ,ecclesiae ,universae1 and was a leading authority in ,pedagogics and in ,geography4 #gc499 ,ferdinand ,wolf3 ,ueber die ,lais1 ,sequenzen und ,leiche4 ,ein ,beitrag zur ,geschichte der ,rhythmischen ,formen und ,singweisen der ,volkslieder und der ,volksmssigen ,kirchen- und ,kunstlieder im ,mittelalter4 ,mit ,,viii ,facsimiles und ,,ix ,musikbeilagen4 ,heidelberg1 #ahda4 #gd499 ,hermann ,adalbert ,daniel3 ,thesaurus ,hymnologicus sive hymnorum canticorum sequentiarum circa annum ,,md usitatarum collectio amplissima4 ,carmina collegit1 apparatu critico ornavit1 veterum interpretum notas selectas suasque adiecit4 ,v ,tomi4 ,leipzig1 #ahda-ef4 ,still the chief text-book for the student of ,latin hymnology4 ,vols4 ,i4 7#ahda7 and ,,iv4 7#ahee7 contain the ,hymns4 ,vols4 ,,ii4 7#ahdd7 and ,v4 7#ahef71 the ,sequences4 ,vol4 ,,iii4 7#ahdf71 ,hymns of the ,greek and ,syrian ,churches4 ,to ,vol4 ,v4 ,dr4 ,neale contributes a ,latin introduction on the nature of the ,sequence4 ,in the two last volumes ,daniel uses freely and with acknowledgment the labors especially of ,mone and ,neale4 ,the fifth volume contains also indices to all five volumes by first lines1 and also a topical index4 ,the worst defect of the book is the poorness of this latter4 ,next to that is its author's very insufficient preparation for his work when he published his two first volumes2 but that probably was unavoidable4 ,vols4 ,,iv4 and ,v4 show how much he had grown in his mastery of his field of labor4 ,but his learning and his care give his book a place inferior to none4 #ge499 ,k4 ,e4 ,p4 ,wackernagel3 ,das ,deutsche ,kirchenlied von ,martin ,luther bis auf ,nicolaus ,herman und ,ambrosius ,blaurer4 ,stuttgart1 #ahda4 ,wackernagel's first and shorter work4 ,recognizing in the ,latin hymns the starting-point of ,german hymnology1 he begins his book with thirty-seven pages of ,latin hymns and sequences1 taken mostly from ,lossius and ,rambach1 with some from the ,hymni et ,collectae of #aehe4 #ge;b4 ,a4 ,d4 ,wackerbarth3 ,lyra ,ecclesiastica3 a ,collection of ,ancient and ,godly ,latin ,hymns1 with an ,english ,translation4 ,two series4 ,london1 #ahdb-dc4 #gf;a499 ,edlestand du ,meril3 ,poesies populaires latines anterieures au douzime sicle4 ,paris1 #ahdc4 ,this book1 like the similar work of ,thomas ,aldis ,wright1 contains the popular ,latin poetry of the ,middle ,ages previous to the twelfth century4 ,but it also contains the first part of the hymns of ,abelard1 and it is from this volume that ,trench and ,march took their examples of his poetry4 ,the later discovery of the entire hymnarium prepared for the ,abbey of the ,paraclete emphasizes the importance of ,de ,meril's researches4 ,s4 ,w4 ,d4 #gf;b4 ,edlestand du ,meril3 ,poesies populaires latines du ,moyen ,age4 ,paris1 #ahdg4 ,a continuation of his first work of #ahdc4 ,both are used freely by ,daniel in his later volumes and by ,mone4 #gg499 ,jacques ,paul ,migne3 ,patrologiae ,cursus ,completus1 sive ,bibliotheca ,universalis1 ,integra1 ,uniformis1 ,commoda1 ,oeconomica omnium ,patrum1 ,doctorum ,scriptorumque ,ecclesiasticorum qui ab ,aevo ,apostolico ad ,innocentii ,,iii ,tempora floruerunt4 ,,ccxxi ,tomi ,paris1 #ahdd-ee4 ,new edition begun in #ahgh4 ,for the ,christian ,poets1 see the following volumes3 ,abelard1 #afh2 ,adam of ,st4 ,victor1 #aif2 ,alan of ,lisle1 #baj2 ,ambrose1 #af and #ag2 ,anselm of ,canterbury1 #aeh2 ,bede1 #id2 ,bernard of ,clairvaux1 #ahd2 ,damasus1 #ac2 ,drepanius ,florus1 #fa2 ,elpis1 #fc2 ,ennodius1 #fc2 ,eugenius1 #hg2 ,florus1 #aaj3 ,venantius ,fortunatus1 #hh2 ,fulbert1 #ada2 ,godeschalk1 #ada2 ,gregory the ,great1 ----2 the ,emperor ,henry1 #adj2 ,heribert of ,eichstetten1 #ada2 ,hilary1 #aj2 ,hildebert1 #aga2 ,hincmar1 #abe2 ,innocent ,,iii41 #bag2 ,isidore1 #hc2 ,john ,scotus ,erigena1 #abb2 ,juvencus1 #ai2 ,claudianus ,mamertus1 #ec2 ,marbod1 #aga2 ,notker1 #aca2 ,odo of ,cluny1 #adb2 ,paulinus of ,nola1 #fa2 ,peter ,damiani1 #ade2 ,peter of ,cluny1 #ahi2 ,prudentius1 #ei2 ,rabanus ,maurus1 #aab2 ,robert ,,ii1 #ada2 ,ratpert of ,st4 ,gall1 #hg2 ,coelius ,sedulius1 #ai2 ,walafried ,strabo1 #aad2 ,tutilo of ,st4 ,gall1 #hg2 ,paul ,warnefried1 #ie4 ,anonymous poems as follows3 ,i,id and ,i,i,id centuries1 #b2 ,i,vth century1 #g2 ,vth century1 #fa2 ,v,i,ith century1 #hg2 ,i,xth century1 #ih2 ,x,ith century1 #aea2 ,x,i,ith century1 #aij4 #gh499 ,c4 ,fortlage3 ,gesnge ,christl4 ,vorzeit4 ,auswahl der vorzglichsten aus den ,griechischen und ,lateinischen bersetzt4 ,berlin1 #ahdd4 #gh;a499 7,john ,williams73 ,ancient ,hymns of ,holy ,church4 ,pp4 #abh1 #abmo4 ,hartford1 #ahde4 ,contains original translations of forty ,latin hymns1 mostly ,ambrosian and other early hymns in the abbreviated versions of the ,roman ,breviary4 ,twenty-two of ,isaac ,williams's translations of hymns from the ,paris ,breviary are appended4 ,the author was at the time rector of ,st4 ,george's church in ,schenectady1 and in #ahea became bishop of ,connecticut4 #gi499 ,k4 ,i4 ,simrock3 ,lauda ,syon1 altchristliche ,kirchenlieder und geistliche ,gedichte1 lateinisch und deutsch4 ,kln1 #ahdf4 ,a second edition in #ahfh4 ,one of the most eminent ,germanists1 and an extremely felicitous translator 7#ahjb-gf74 #hj499 ,g4 ,a4 ,knigsfeld3 ,lateinische ,hymnen und ,gesnge aus dem ,mittelalter1 deutsch1 unter ,beibehaltung der ,versmasse4 ,nebst ,einleitung und ,anmerkungen2 unter brieflicher ,bemerkungen und ,uebersetzungen von ,a4 ,w4 ,schlegel4 ,bonn1 #ahdg4 ,an admirably done piece of work4 ,specimens from twenty-five authors1 with twenty anonymous hymns chiefly of the ,jesuit school4 ,a second series in #ahfe4 #ha499 ,richard ,chenevix ,trench3 ,sacred ,latin ,poetry4 ,london1 #ahdi4 ,second edition1 #ahfd2 third edition1 #ahgh4 ,archbishop ,trench's little book has had a wide popularity1 and many persons have been induced by it to take a deeper interest in the subject4 ,but it is disfigured by its arrangement1 which excludes everything that cannot be safely employed by ,protestants4 ,lines are omitted from ,hildebert2 the ,stabat ,mater of ,jacoponus is absent1 and the ,pange lingua of ,aquinas is also missing4 ,moreover the notes1 which have been easily prepared from ,latin sources1 are scarcely satisfactory4 ,yet1 take it for all in all1 it is a volume that may be highly commended1 for the archbishop is a poet1 and has a poet's appreciation of the beautiful4 ,we are indebted to him for hymns from ,marbod1 ,mauburn1 ,w4 ,alard1 ,balde1 ,pistor1 and ,alan of ,lisle1 which are not readily found4 ,s4 ,w4 ,d4 ,there is much in the recent biography of ,archbishop ,trench which is of interest to hymnologists1 especially his correspondence with ,dr4 ,neale4 #hb;a499 ,edward ,caswall3 ,lyra ,catholica3 containing all the ,hymns of the ,roman ,breviary and ,missal1 with others from various ,sources4 ,london1 #ahdi2 ,new ,york1 #ahea4 ,new edition1 ,london1 #ahhd4 ,mr4 ,caswall was one of the clergymen who left the ,church of ,england for the ,roman communion with ,dr4 ,newman4 ,some of his translations1 especially of ,bernard of ,clairvaux1 are among the most felicitous in the language4 ,the ,american edition has an ,appendix of 8,hymns1 ,anthems1 etc41 appropriate to particular occasions of devotion40 ,it is this edition which has been abridged in the first volume of the ,hymns of the ,ages 7#aheh74 #hb;b4 ,j4 ,r4 ,beste3 ,church ,hymns in ,english1 that may be sung to the old church music4 ,with approbation4 ,london1 #ahdi4 #hc499 ,d4 ,ozanam3 ,documents inedits pour servir a l',histoire litteraire de l',italie depuis le ,v,i,i,ie ,siecle jusq'au ,x,i,i,ie4 ,paris1 #ahej4 ,pages #bba-eg is an account of a collection of two hundred and forty-three ,latin hymns found in a ,vatican manuscript1 which he assigns to the ninth century1 and to the ,benedictines of ,central ,italy4 ,he prints those not found in ,daniel4 ,reprinted in ,migne's ,patrologia3 #aea2 #hac;ff4 #hd4 ,hymnale secundum ,usum insignis et praeclarae ,ecclesiae ,sarisburiensis4 ,littlemore1 #ahej4 #he499 ,hymnarium ,sarisburense1 cum ,rubricis et ,notis ,musicis4 ,variae inseruntur lectiones ,codicum ,,mss4 ,anglicorum1 cum iis quae a ,geo4 ,cassandro1 ,j4 ,clichtoveo1 ,j4 ,m4 ,thomasio1 ,h4 ,a4 ,daniel1 e ,codd4 ,germanis1 ,gallicis1 ,italis1 erutae sunt4 ,accedunt etiam ,hymni et ,rubricae e ,libris secundum usus ,ecclesiarum ,cantuariensis1 ,eboracensis1 ,wigornensis1 ,herefordensis1 ,gloucestrensis1 aliisque ,codd4 ,,mss4 ,anglicanis excerpti4 ,pars prima4 ,london and ,cambridge1 #ahea4 ,gives hymns and various readings from twenty-six ,english manuscripts4 #hf499 ,joseph ,stevenson3 ,latin ,hymns of the ,anglo-,saxon ,church2 with an ,interlinear ,anglo-,saxon ,gloss1 from a ,manuscript of the ,eleventh ,century in ,durham ,library4 ,edited for the ,surtees ,society4 ,london and ,durham1 #ahea4 ,of some value as showing what hymns were used in the early ,english ,church1 before the ,norman ,conquest4 ,the gloss is not ,northumbrian1 as might be supposed from its being found in the ,library of the ,dean and ,chapter of ,durham1 but ,west-,saxon1 probably from ,winchester4 #hf;b4 ,boetticher3 ,hymns of the old ,catholic ,church of ,england4 ,halle1 #ahea4 #hg499 ,joh4 ,f4 ,h4 ,schlosser3 ,die ,kirche in ihren ,liedern durch all ,jahrhunderte4 #b vols4 ,mainz1 #ahea-eb4 ,second edition4 ,freiburg1 #ahfc4 ,translations without texts1 but some valuable notes1 especially to later hymns4 ,the first volume is devoted to the ,latin hymns1 and contains the beautiful fragment of a lost sequence which ,schlosser heard from his brother in #ahab4 ,it represents the ,apostle ,paul weeping over the grave of ,virgil at ,puteoli3 ,ad ,maronis mausoleum ,ductus1 fudit super eum ,piae rorem lachrymae3 ,quantum1 inquit1 te fecissem1 ,vivum si te invenissem1 ,poetarum maxime4 ,dean ,stanley has translated it4 #hh;a499 ,j4 ,m4 ,neale3 ,hymni ,ecclesiae e ,brevariis et ,missalibus ,gallicanis1 ,germanis1 ,hispanis1 ,lusitanis1 desumpti4 ,oxford1 #ahej4 #hh;b499 ,j4 ,m4 ,neale3 ,mediaeval ,hymns and ,sequences1 translated into ,english4 ,london1 #ahea4 ,a second edition in #ahfc4 #hh;c499 ,j4 ,m4 ,neale3 ,sequentiae ex ,missalibus ,germanicis1 ,anglicis1 ,gallicis1 aliisque ,mediaei ,aevi collectae4 ,london1 #aheb4 #hh;d499 ,j4 ,m4 ,neale and ,thos4 ,helmore3 ,a ,hymnal ,noted2 or ,translations of the ,ancient ,hymns of the ,church set to their proper ,melodies4 ,london1 #aheb4 ,these four volumes are the first of ,dr4 ,neale's2 but in the pages of the ,ecclesiologist1 both before and after this1 he was collecting and publishing unnoticed sequences from ,english and ,continental sources4 #hi499 ,card4 ,angelo ,mai3 ,nova ,patrum ,bibliotheca4 #f vols4 ,rome1 #aheb-ec4 ,vol4 ,i4 7,part ,,ii1 pp4 #aii et seq47 contains unpublished hymns supplementary to ,thomasius4 #ij499 ,f4 ,j4 ,mone3 ,lateinische ,hymnen des ,mittelalters1 aus ,handschriften herausgegeben und erklrt4 ,in ,drei ,bnde3 ,i1 ,gott und die ,engel2 ,,ii1 ,marienlieder2 ,,iii1 ,heiligenlieder4 #c ,vols4 ,freiburg1 #ahec4 ,mone's book appeared while ,daniel's ,thesaurus was in process of publication4 ,the value of it is in its arrangement1 for it groups the hymns1 8,to ,god and the ,angels10 8,to ,mary10 and 8,to the ,saints10 in three separate volumes1 and with some regard to dates4 ,it also furnishes many hymns and sequences never previously published4 ,it is deficient in taste1 and very ,roman ,catholic in its ideas4 ,several of the best known hymns--for example1 the ,dies ,irae--are not found in it4 ,daniel #e3e gives in a footnote a list of these delinquencies1 embracing sixty of the most ancient and celebrated hymns and sequences4 ,aside from this1 ,mone is a careful and admirable editor4 ,his pages are well printed1 and the notes are in ,german instead of ,latin4 ,mone was 8,director of ,archives0 at ,carlsruhe1 and died ,march #abth1 #ahga4 ,s4 ,w4 ,d4 #ia499 ,cl4 ,frantz3 ,geschichte der geistlichen ,liedertexte vor der ,reformation mit besonderer ,beziehung auf ,deutschland4 ,halberstadt1 #ahec4 #ib499 ,felix ,clment3 ,carmina e ,poetis ,christianis excerpta4 ,parisiis 7,gaume ,fratres71 #ahed4 #efd pp4 ,latin texts from the fourth to the fourteenth century1 with ,french notes4 #ic499 ,kauffer3 ,jesus ,hymnen4 ,sammlung altkirchlicher lateinischer ,gesnge mit freier deutscher ,uebersetzung4 ,leipzig1 #ahed4 ,small1 but good4 ,the selections are admirable4 ,s4 ,w4 ,d4 #id499 ,h4 ,n4 ,oxenham3 ,the ,sentence of ,kaires1 and other ,poems4 ,london1 #ahed4 ,contains important translations1 as does the following3 #ie4 ,w4 ,j4 ,blew3 ,a ,church ,hymn and ,tune ,book4 ,london1 ,rivingtons1 #ahee4 #if499 ,j4 ,h4 ,todd3 ,leabhar ,imnuihn4 ,the ,book of ,hymns of the ,ancient ,church of ,ireland4 ,edited from the original ,manuscript in the ,library of ,trinity ,college1 ,dublin1 with ,translation and ,notes4 ,dublin 7,irish ,archaeological and ,celtic ,society71 #ahee and #ahfi4 #ig499 ,john ,david ,chambers 7,recorder of ,new ,sarum73 ,lauda ,syon3 ,ancient ,latin ,hymns of the ,english and other ,churches1 translated into corresponding metres4 ,,ii4 ,parts4 ,london1 #aheg4 ,new edition1 #ahff4 #ig;a499 ,earl ,nelson and others3 ,the ,salisbury ,hymn-,book4 ,london1 #aheg4 #ih499 ,a4 ,f4 ,c4 ,vilmar3 ,spicilegium ,hymnologicum1 continens ,i1 ,hymnos veteres ineditos et editorum lectionis varietatem2 ,,ii1 ,hymnorum veterum qui apud ,evangelicos in ,linguam ,germanicam versi usu venerunt ,delectum4 ,marburg1 #aheg4 #ii499 7,mrs4 ,e4 ,r4 ,charles37 ,the ,voice of the ,christian ,life in ,song2 or ,hymns and ,hymn-,writers of ,many ,lands and ,ages4 ,london1 #aheh2 ,new ,york1 #ahei4 ,very interesting--and not always accurate4 ,there are no ,latin texts4 ,several of the translations are excellent4 ,six of the fourteen chapters are given to the ,latin hymns4 ,s4 ,w4 ,d4 #ajj499 ,ferd4 ,bssler3 ,auswahl altchristlicher ,lieder vom #b-aesten ,jahrh4 ,berlin1 #aheh4 ,well chosen and good4 ,s4 ,w4 ,d4 #aja4 ,ans4 ,schubiger3 ,die ,sngerschule ,st4 ,gallens vom achten bis zwlften ,jahrhundert4 ,ein ,beitrag zur ,gesanggeschichte des ,mittelalters4 ,mil vielen ,facsimile und ,beispielen4 ,einsiedeln und ,new ,york1 #aheh4 ,sixty texts with the old music and fac-similes4 #ajb4 ,gautier3 ,oeuvres poetiques de ,adam de ,st4 ,victor4 ,paris1 #aheh-ei4 #ajc499 ,john ,mason ,neale3 ,the ,rhythm of ,bernard de ,morlaix1 ,monk of ,cluny1 on the ,celestial ,country4 ,london1 #aheh4 ,sixth edition1 #ahff4 ,the translation is reprinted by ,judge ,mott1 and by ,schaff and ,gilman in the ,library of ,religious ,poetry4 #ajd499 ,ebenezer ,thomson3 ,a ,vindication of the ,hymn ,te ,deum ,laudamus from ,errors and ,misrepresentations of a ,thousand ,years4 ,with ,translations into various ,languages1 ancient and modern4 ,and a ,paraphrase in ,old ,english1 now first printed from the original ,,ms4 ,london1 #aheh4 #aje499 ,frederick ,wilson3 ,sacred ,hymns2 chiefly from ,ancient ,sources4 ,arranged according to the ,seasons of the ,church4 ,philadelphia1 #ahei4 #ajf499 ,dies ,irae in ,thirteen ,original ,versions by ,abraham ,coles1 ,m4,d41 ,ph4,d4 ,new ,york1 #ahei4 ,fourth edition1 #ahff4 ,dr4 ,coles is a practising physician of ,newark1 ,n4 ,j41 who has translated the ,dies ,irae some sixteen or seventeen times1 and has also given versions of the ,stabat ,mater1 the ,rhythm of ,bernard of ,cluny1 and other hymns4 ,the merit of these translations is slight2 but one of the renderings of the ,dies ,irae was introduced into the ,plymouth ,collection of ,hymns and ,tunes1 and two stanzas gained currency through ,mrs4 ,stowe's novel of ,uncle ,tom's ,cabin4 ,dr4 ,coles has also compared the ,mantuan and ,roman texts of the ,dies ,irae1 and has given the results of his investigation4 ,his book has passed through four or five editions4 ,s4 ,w4 ,d4 #ajg499 7,john ,william ,hewett37 ,verses4 ,by a ,country ,curate4 ,ashby-de-la-,zouche and ,london1 #ahei4 #ajh499 ,rev4 ,sir ,henry ,w4 ,baker and others3 ,hymns ,ancient and ,modern for use in the ,services of the ,church4 ,london1 ,novello 7#ahfa74 ,new edition in #ahfh1 with an ,appendix1 which increased the number of hymns from two hundred and seventy-three to three hundred and eighty-six4 ,revised and enlarged edition in #ahgd4 ,an edition annotated by ,rev4 ,l4 ,c4 ,biggs in #ahfg499 ,see ,no4 #acb4 #aji499 7,c4 ,b4 ,moll37 ,hymnarium4 ,blthen lateinischer ,kirchenpoesie4 ,halle1 #ahfa4 ,an improved edition1 with biographical notices of the authors1 in #ahfh499 #aaj;a4 ,eucharistic ,hymns3 now first translated4 ,edited by a ,committee of ,clergy4 ,london1 #ahfb4 #aaj;b4 ,prayers and ,meditations on the ,passion4 ,edited by a ,committee of ,clergy4 ,london1 #ahfb4 ,contain translations of ,latin hymns by ,l4 #aaa4 ,h4 ,trend3 ,a ,hymnal for ,use in the ,services of the ,church of ,england4 ,london1 ,rivington1 #ahfb4 ,translations from the ,latin by ,dr4 ,trend and ,mr4 ,i4 ,c4 ,smith4 #aab4 ,herbert ,kynaston3 ,occasional ,hymns4 ,london1 #ahfb4 #aac;a4 ,the ,divine ,liturgy4 ,edited by the ,rev4 ,orby ,shipley4 ,london1 ,masters1 #ahfc4 #aac;b499 ,lyra ,eucharistica3 ,hymns and ,verses on the ,holy ,communion1 ,ancient and ,modern2 with other ,poems4 ,edited by the ,rev4 ,orby ,shipley4 ,london1 #ahfc4 #aac;c499 ,lyra ,messianica3 ,hymns and ,verses on the ,life of ,christ1 ,ancient and ,modern2 with other ,poems4 ,edited by the ,rev4 ,orby ,shipley4 ,london1 #ahfd4 ,a second edition1 revised and enlarged1 in #ahfe499 #aac;d499 ,lyra ,mystica3 ,hymns and ,verses on ,sacred ,subjects1 ,ancient and ,modern4 ,edited by the ,rev4 ,orby ,shipley4 ,london1 #ahfi4 ,these four books1 compiled while ,mr4 ,shipley was still a clergyman of the ,english ,church1 contain many original translations1 besides selections from other authors4 ,some are excellent1 but many are mediocre4 ,s4 ,w4 ,d4 #aad4 ,p4 ,s4 ,worsley3 ,poems and ,translations4 ,edinburgh1 ,blackwood1 #ahfc4 #aae499 ,philipp ,wackernagel3 ,das deutsche ,kirchenlied von der ltesten ,zeit bis zu ,anfang des siebenzehnten ,jahrhunderts4 #e vols4 ,leipzig1 #ahfd-gg4 ,this is the greatest work except ,koch's 7which is more recent7 upon ,german hymns4 ,in the first volume1 which contains ,latin hymns only1 we find many originals1 and some texts which have been printed from ,,mss4 sources4 ,hymns by ,protestants are included4 ,the order is chronological4 ,the notes are extremely valuable4 ,s4 ,w4 ,d4 #aaf499 ,edward ,hobein3 ,buch der ,hymnen4 ,aeltere ,kirchenlieder1 aus dem ,lateinischen bertragen4 ,schwerin1 #ahfd4 ,the ,latin text 7sixty-seven hymns7 at the foot of the page4 ,the order is chronological4 ,a second edition in #ahgj4 #aag499 ,g4 ,a4 ,knigsfeld3 ,lateinische ,hymnen und ,gesnge aus dem ,mittelalter4 ,bonn1 #ahfe4 ,this1 with the selection of #ahdg1 contitutes a most admirable anthology of texts translated into ,german verse1 and with notes and brief biographies4 ,knigsfeld is substantially accurate1 but he does not attempt anything very deep or original4 ,the second volume contains a commendatory letter from the ,emperor of ,germany4 ,s4 ,w4 ,d4 #aah;a499 ,abraham ,coles3 ,stabat ,mater3 ,hymn of the ,sorrows of ,mary1 translated4 ,new ,york1 #ahfe4 #aah;b499 ,abraham ,coles3 ,old ,gems in new ,settings1 comprising the choicest of the ,mediaeval ,hymns1 with original ,translations4 ,new ,york1 #ahff4 ,contains ,dr4 ,trench's cento from ,bernard of ,cluny1 the ,veni1 sancte ,spiritus1 the ,veni1 ,creator ,spiritus1 the ,apparebit repentina1 and the ,cur ,mundus militat1 with versions4 ,these two books and the author's versions of the ,dies ,irae appeared in one volume in ,new ,york1 #ahfg4 #aai499 ,seven ,great ,hymns of the ,mediaeval ,church4 ,new ,york1 #ahfe4 ,this collection1 made by ,judge ,noyes1 includes ,dr4 ,neale's translation from ,bernard of ,cluny1 ,english versions of the ,dies ,irae1 the ,mater ,speciosa1 the ,stabat ,mater1 the ,veni ,sancte1 the ,veni ,creator1 and the ,vexilla ,regis4 ,the originals are given4 ,the book1 though quite small1 has been extremely popular1 and there have been some seven editions4 ,s4 ,w4 ,d4 #abj;a4 ,th4 ,j4 ,michael3 ,dissertatiuncula de ,hymno 8,te ,deum laudamus10 praemissis paucis de ,poeseos hymnicae veteris ,histori4 ,zittau1 #ahfe4 #abj;b499 ,th4 ,j4 ,michael3 ,dissertatio de ,sequentia ,mediae ,aetatis 8,dies ,irae1 ,dies ,illa40 ,quarto4 ,zittau1 #ahff4 #aba499 ,songs of ,praise and ,poems of ,devotion in the ,christian ,centuries4 ,with an introduction by ,henry ,coppe1 ,professor of ,english ,literature in the ,university of ,pennsylvania4 ,philadelphia1 ,e4 ,h4 ,butler ,co41 #ahff4 ,notable for translations made by the late ,rev4 ,e4 ,a4 ,washburn1 ,d4 ,d41 an accomplished and elegant scholar1 whose versions are among the best4 ,s4 ,w4 ,d4 #abb499 ,john ,mason ,neale3 ,hymns on the ,glories and ,joys of ,paradise4 ,translated or edited4 ,london1 #ahfe4 ,second edition1 #ahff4 #abc499 ,h4 ,n4 ,schletterer3 ,uebersichtliche ,darstellung der ,geschichte der kirchlichen ,dichtung und geistlichen ,musik4 ,nrdlingen1 #ahff4 #abd4 ,j4 ,kayser3 ,beitrge zur ,geschichte und ,erklrung der ,kirchenhymnen4 ,drei ,hefte4 ,paderborn1 #ahff-fi4 #abe499 ,ed4 ,emil ,koch3 ,geschichte des ,kirchenlieds und ,kirchengesangs der christlichen1 inbesonders der deutschen evangelischen ,kirche4 ,third edition4 #h vols4 ,stuttgart1 #ahff-fi4 ,it is in this last edition that ,koch gives considerable space to the ,latin hymns1 which got about fifty pages in his second edition1 in #d volumes1 #aheb-ec4 #abf499 ,samuel ,w4 ,duffield3 ,the ,heavenly ,land1 from the ,de ,contemptu ,mundi of ,bernard de ,morlaix1 monk of ,cluny 7,x,i,ith century71 rendered into corresponding ,english verse4 ,new ,york1 #ahfg4 ,this was the first attempt to render the cento prepared by ,trench into the rhythm of the original4 #abg499 ,erastus ,c4 ,benedict3 ,the ,hymn of ,hildebert and other ,mediaeval ,hymns1 with ,translations4 ,new ,york1 #ahfg4 ,chancellor ,benedict 7ob4 #ahgh7 was a judge in ,new ,york1 equally respected for his attainments as a jurist and his character as a man and a ,christian4 ,this volume contains seventeen hymns1 with translations1 including three of the ,dies ,irae4 ,he contributed many others to the columns of the ,christian ,intelligencer1 including a translation of the long hymn1 or rather series of hymns1 on the ,epiphany by ,prudentius4 #abh499 ,hermann ,adalbert ,daniel3 ,die ,kirchweih-,hymnen ,christe cunctorum ,dominator alme4 ,urbs beata ,hirusalem4 ,pp4 #bd1 great quarto4 ,halle1 #ahfg4 ,a defence of his view that the former hymn was not written for a church dedication1 but had been converted to that use by adding three verses4 ,it is in reply to a dissertation by ,professor ,hugo ,lmmer1 who had published a dissertation3 ,coelestis ,urbs ,ierusalem3 ,aphorismen nebst ,beilage4 ,breslau1 #ahff4 #abi499 ,p4 ,gall ,morel3 ,lateinische ,hymnen des ,mittelalters1 grsstentheils aus ,handschriften ,schweizerischer ,klster1 als ,nachtrag zu ,hymnensammlungen von ,mone1 ,daniel und ,andern herausgegeben4--,einsiedeln1 ,new ,york und ,cincinnati1 ,benzigers1 #ahfh4 ,based on an examination of one hundred and thirty-six manuscripts1 chiefly from ,rheinau1 ,einsiedeln1 and ,engelberg4 ,edited in the style of ,mone1 who indeed suggested the work1 but without annotations of any extent4 #abi;b4 ,p4 ,baur3 ,cantiones selectae ex vetere ,psalteriola ,rev4 ,patrum ,societatis ,jesu1 cum ,modis musicis4 ,aachen1 #ahfh4 #abi;c4 ,j4 ,pauly3 ,hymni ,breviarii ,romani4 ,zum gebrauche fr ,kleriker bersetzt und erklrt4 #c parts4 ,aachen1 #ahfh-gj4 #acj499 ,t4 ,g4 ,crippen3 ,ancient ,hymns and ,poems4 ,chiefly from the ,latin4 ,translated and ,imitated4 ,london1 #ahfh4 #aca4 ,karl ,bartsch3 ,die lateinische ,sequenzen des ,mittelalters in musicalischer und rhythmischer ,beziehung dargestellt4 ,rostock1 #ahfh4 ,karl ,friedrich ,bartsch was a philologist equally eminent in the ,germanic and the ,romance fields1 and was professor at ,rostock4 ,he died in #ahhh4 #acb499 ,rev4 ,sir ,henry ,baker and others3 ,hymns ,ancient and ,modern1 for use in the ,services of the ,church2 with ,annotations1 ,originals1 ,references1 ,authors' and ,translators' ,names1 etc4 ,re-edited by ,rev4 ,louis ,coutier ,biggs4 ,london1 #ahfh4 #acc499 ,a4 ,thierfelder3 ,de ,christianorum ,psalmis et ,hymnis usque ad ,ambrosii ,tempora4 ,leipzig1 #ahfh4 #acd499 ,philip ,schaff3 1 ,christ in ,song4 ,hymns of ,immanuel4 ,selected from all ,ages1 with ,notes4 ,new ,york1 #ahfi4 ,contains translations of seventy-three ,latin hymns by various authors1 some of them by the editor4 #ace499 ,h4 ,m4 ,schletterer3 ,geschichte der geistlichen ,dichtung und kirchlichen ,tonkunst vom ,beginne des ,christenthums bis zum ,anfange des elften ,jahrhunderts4 ,mit einer ,einleitung ber die ,poesie und ,musik der alten ,vlker4 ,hannover1 #ahfi4 ,meant to be the first part of a history coming down to our own times1 but not continued4 ,the author was a musician by profession--,kapellmeister at ,augsburg--so his interest is chiefly in the musical history4 ,but he gives a good deal of information about the hymns and their writers1 and appends translations of one hundred and twenty-seven by various ,german authors4 #acf499 ,j4 ,keble3 ,miscellaneous ,poems4 ,london and ,new ,york1 #ahfi4 #acg499 ,lateinische ,hymnen aus angeblichen ,liturgien des ,tempelordens4 ,kritisch und exegetisch bearbeitet von ,dr4 ,hermann ,hoefig4 ,parchim1 #ahgj4 ,a curiosity4 ,the eleven hymns are partly church hymns1 adapted to the alchemico-mystical ideas which pervaded the order of the ,templars in its last years1 and partly lamentations over the fall of ,jerusalem and other calamities of the kingdom of ,jerusalem4 #ach499 ,david ,t4 ,morgan3 ,hymns of the ,latin ,church4 ,translated2 with the originals appended4 ,privately printed 7,london71 #ahga4 ,my own copy was presented by the author in autograph to ,james ,appleton ,morgan1 and bears the latter's book-plate4 ,the range of selections is moderate2 the execution of the versions is fair1 and the text is well edited4 ,there are numerous corrections and improvements made in the author's handwriting4 ,s4 ,w4 ,d4 #aci499 ,charles ,buchanan ,pearson3 ,sequences from the ,sarum ,missal4 ,london1 #ahga4 ,in the preface is a good description of the ,sequence and its origin4 ,the book is useful and well edited4 ,s4 ,w4 ,d4 #adj4 ,cl4 ,brockhaus3 ,aurelius ,prudentius ,clemens in seiner ,bedeutung fr die ,kirche seiner ,zeit4 ,nebst ,uebersetzung des ,gedichtes ,apotheosis4 ,leipzig1 #ahgb4 #ada499 ,w4 ,h4 ,odenheimer and ,fred4 ,m4 ,bird3 ,songs of the ,spirit4 ,new ,york1 #ahga4 ,twenty-three translations of ,latin hymns1 with a much larger number of ,english4 #adb499 ,joseph ,kehrein3 ,lateinische ,sequenzen des ,mittelalters aus ,handschriften und ,drucken4--,mainz1 #ahgc4 ,this latest collection of the original texts of the hymns is prepared by one of the most patient and laborious of scholars4 ,but there is scarcely to be found in it a single spark of the divine fire4 ,it is filled1 on the contrary1 with the scoriae and ashes of monastic illiteracy4 ,it contains eight hundred and ninety-five hymns--few of which are familiar and many of which are strictly unnecessary4 ,the classification and especially the glossary of mediaeval ,latin words can be highly commended4 ,it is confined to 8sequences10 but this word is used in so loose a sense as to include many regularly formed hymns along with the rhythmical proses4 ,s4 ,w4 ,d4 #adc499 ,edward ,caswall3 ,hymns and ,poems1 ,original and ,translated4 ,second edition1 #ahgc4 #add4 ,s4 ,g4 ,pimont3 ,les ,hymnes du ,brvaire romaine4 tudes critiques1 littraires et mystiques4 ,,iii4 ,tomes4 ,paris1 #ahgd-hd4 #ade499 ,ad4 ,ebert3 ,allgemeine ,geschichte der ,literatur des ,mittelalters im ,abendlande4 #c vols4 ,leipzig1 #ahgd-hg4 ,see especially the third book of ,vol4 ,i42 and ,vol4 ,,ii41 which embraces the age of ,charles the ,great and his successors4 ,s4 ,w4 ,d4 #adf499 ,f4 ,a4 ,march3 ,latin ,hymns1 with ,english ,notes4 ,for use in schools and colleges4 ,new ,york1 #ahge and #ahhc4 ,this is the first volume of the 8,douglass ,series of ,christian ,classics for ,schools and ,colleges40 ,professor ,march's text is carefully edited2 his selections are wisely made1 and his notes are judicious4 ,this is the cheapest1 fullest1 and best work1 if the ,latin texts are desired4 ,it contains no translations1 and it so far mistakes its scope and purpose as to give space to ,mr4 ,gladstone's version of ,rock of ,ages1 and ,philip ,buttmann's rendering of ,luther's ,ein' feste ,burg4 ,s4 ,w4 ,d4 #adg4 ,j4 ,hmer3 ,untersuchungen ber den iambischen ,dimeter bei den christlichen-lateinischen ,hymnendichtern4 ,vienna1 #ahgf4 #adh499 7,rich4 ,f4 ,littledale37 ,the ,people's ,hymnal4 ,london1 #ahgg4 #adi499 ,lyra ,sacra ,hibernica1 compiled and edited by ,rev4 ,w4 ,mac,ilwaine1 ,d4,d4 ,belfast 7#ahgh74 ,second edition1 #ahgi4 ,an unusually poetic and capital volume4 ,it embraces several translations of early hymns1 and contains the ,latin of the ,hymn of ,columba1 the ,lorica ,s4 ,patricii in a ,latin version1 the ,sancti ,venite1 and the ,hymn of ,sedulius4 ,s4 ,w4 ,d4 #aej499 ,frank ,foxcroft3 ,resurgit3 ,a ,collection of ,hymns and ,songs of the ,resurrection4 ,edited with ,notes4 ,with an ,introduction by ,andrew ,preston ,peabody1 ,d4,d4 ,boston and ,new ,york1 #ahgi4 #aea4 ,j4 ,hmer3 ,untersuchungen ber die ltesten lateinischen christlichen ,rhythmen4 ,vienna1 #ahgi4 #aeb;a4 ,e4 ,dummler3 ,poetae ,latini ,aevi ,carolini4 ,berlin1 #ahhj-hd4 #b vols4 ,contains also hymns4 ,,ii41 p4 #bdd-eh4 #aeb;b4 ,e4 ,dummler3 ,rythmorum ,ecclesiasticorum ,aevi ,carolini ,specimen4 ,berlin1 #ahha4 #aec499 ,philip ,schaff and ,arthur ,gilman3 ,a ,library of ,religious ,poetry4 ,a ,collection of the best ,poems of all ,ages and all ,tongues4 ,with ,illustrations4 ,pp4 #ajcf1 lexicon octavo4 ,new ,york1 #ahhj4 ,contains many of the finest translations of the ,latin hymns4 #aed499 ,digby ,s4 ,wrangham3 ,the ,liturgical ,poetry of ,adam of ,st4 ,victor4 #c vols4 ,london1 #ahha4 ,mr4 ,wrangham has compiled--principally from ,gautier--the various poems attributed to this author4 ,he has given translation and text upon opposite pages1 but adds nothing to our knowledge by any special scholarship4 ,s4 ,w4 ,d4 #aee499 ,joh4 ,kayser3 ,beitrge zur ,geschichte und ,erklrung der ltesten ,kirchenhymnen4 ,second edition4 ,paderborn1 #ahha 7#dgg pp474 ,this is the latest ,german contribution to the criticism of the earliest hymns4 ,it is a series of monographs on these and their authors4 ,it comes down only to the sixth century1 and closes with ,fortunatus4 ,see also his article1 8,der ,text des ,hymnus ,stabat ,mater ,dolorosa10 in the ,tbingen ,theologische ,quartalschrift for #ahhd1 ,no4 ,i41 pp4 #he-ajc4 ,s4 ,w4 ,d4 #aef499 7,n4 ,b4 ,smithers37 ,translations of eight ,latin ,hymns of the ,middle ,ages4 ,dover1 ,del41 #ahha4 #aeg499 ,josef ,sittard3 ,compendium der ,geschichte der ,kirchenmusik mit besonderer ,berchsichtigung des kirchlichen ,gesanges4 ,von ,ambrosius zur ,neuzeit4 ,stuttgart1 #ahha4 #aeg4 ,o4 ,zardetti3 ,die kirchliche ,sequenz4 ,freiburg1 #ahhb4 #aeh;a4 ,j4 ,b4 ,haureau3 ,melanges potiques d',hildebert de ,lavardin4 ,paris1 #ahhb4 #aeh;b4 ,j4 ,b4 ,haureau3 8,pomes latines attribues a ,st4 ,bernard40 ,in the ,journal des ,savants1 ,febr4-,juli1 #ahhb4 #aei;a4 8,mediaeval ,hymns0 in the ,quarterly ,review for #ahhb4 ,reprinted in ,littell's ,living ,age of same year4 #aei;b4 ,n4 ,mac,neil3 8,latin ,hymns of the ,celtic ,church10 in the ,catholic ,presbyterian for #ahhc4 #afj4 ,anselm ,salzer3 ,die christliche rmische ,hymnenpoesie4 ,brnn1 #ahhc4 #afa499 7,w4 ,w4 ,newton37 ,voices from a busy ,life2 or ,selections from the ,poetical ,works of the late ,edward ,a4 ,washburn1 ,d4,d4 ,new ,york1 #ahhc4 ,pp4 #abb-hf3 8,ancient ,christian ,hymns40 #afb499 ,johannes ,linke3 ,die ,hymnen des ,hilarius und ,ambrosius verdeutscht4 ,bielefeld und ,leipzig1 #ahhd4 ,this little volume of #aid pages1 #abmo1 is intended to be the first of a series furnishing translations 7with the ,latin texts en regard7 of the hymns of the ,early ,church4 ,in the preface ,dr4 ,linke announces his purpose to bring out a new ,thesaurus ,hymnorum1 based on the labors of ,daniel1 ,neale1 ,mone1 and ,morel1 and on an examination of about a hundred unused manuscripts4 ,he regards ,wackernagel as the best editor of the texts1 and as characterized by the finest critical instinct in determining authorship4 ,as he and ,wackernagel agree in assigning the ,ad coeli clara to ,hilary1 there is room for a difference of opinion4 #afc499 ,annus ,sanctus4 ,hymns of the ,church for the ,ecclesiastical ,year4 ,translated from the ,sacred ,offices by various ,authors1 with ,modern1 ,original and other ,hymns1 and an ,appendix of ,earlier ,versions4 ,selected and ,arranged by ,orby ,shipley1 ,m4,a4 ,vol4 ,i4 ,seasons of the ,church3 ,canonical ,hours3 and ,hymns of our ,lord4 ,pp4 #ddc1 #abmo4 ,london and ,new ,york1 #ahhd4 ,important for the translations by ,english ,roman ,catholics from the ,reformation to our own times4 #afd499 ,the ,catholic ,hymnal2 containing ,hymns for ,congregational and ,home ,use1 and the ,vesper ,psalms1 the ,office of the ,compline1 the ,litanies1 ,hymns at ,benediction1 etc4 ,the ,tunes by the ,rev4 ,alfred ,young1 priest of the ,congregation of ,st4 ,paul4 ,the ,words original and selected4 ,new ,york ,catholic ,publication ,co41 #ahhd4 #afe499 ,the ,roman ,hymnal4 ,a ,complete ,manual of ,english ,hymns and ,latin ,chants for the ,use of ,congregations1 ,schools1 ,colleges and ,choirs4 ,compiled and arranged by ,rev4 ,j4 ,b4 ,young1 ,s4 ,j4 ,new ,york and ,cincinnati1 ,fr4 ,pustet ,co41 #ahhd4 #aff4 ,a4 ,meiners3 ,die ,tropen1 ,prosen und ,prfationsgesnge des feierlichen ,hochamtes im ,mittelalter4 ,aus drei ,handschriften der ,abteien ,prm und ,echternach4 ,luxemburg1 #ahhd4 #afg4 ,bonif4 ,wolff and others3 ,studien und ,mittheilungen aus dem ,benedict4-,orden4 ,since #ahhd4 #afh;a4 ,leo ,,xiii3 ,carmina4 ,rome1 #ahhe4 #afh;b499 ,leo ,,xiii3 ,latin ,poems done into ,english ,verse1 by the ,jesuits of ,woodstock ,college4 ,published with the ,approbation of his ,holiness4 ,baltimore1 #ahhf4 #afi4 ,j4 ,linke3 ,specimen hymnologicum de ,fontibus ,hymnorum ,latinorum ,festum ,dedicationis ,ecclesiae celebrantium4 ,pp4 #bd1 great #hvo4 ,leipzig1 #ahhf4 #agj4 ,j4 ,hmer3 8,zur ,geschichte der mittellateinischen ,dichtung0 in the ,romanische ,forschungen for #ahhf4 #aga4 ,p4 ,ragey3 ,sancti ,anselmi ,mariale seu ,liber ,precum ,metricarum ad beatam ,virginem1 primum ex manuscriptis codicibus typis manadatum4 ,london1 #ahhf4 #agb4 ,aug4 ,rsler3 ,der katholischer ,dichter ,aurelius ,prudentius ,clemens4 ,ein ,beitrag zur ,kirchen- und ,dogmengeschichte des vierten und fnften ,jahrhunderten4 ,freiburg1 #ahhf4 #agc4 ,g4 ,e4 ,klemming3 ,hymni1 sequentiae et piae cantiones in ,regno ,sueciae olim usitatae4 ,pp4 #ahf1 #hvo4 ,stockholm1 #ahhf4 #agd4 ,guido ,maria ,dreves3 ,analecta hymnica ,medii ,aevi4 ,i4 ,cantiones ,bohemicae3 ,leiche1 ,lieder und ,rufe des #ac41 #ad41 und #ae4 ,jahrhunderts1 nach ,handschriften aus ,prag1 ,jistebnicz1 ,willingau1 ,hohenfurt und ,tegernsee4 ,,ii4 ,hymnarius ,moissiacensis3 ,das ,hymnar der ,abtei ,moissac im #aj4 ,jahrhundert1 nach einer ,handschrift der ,rossiana4 ,im ,anhang3 7a7 ,carmina scholarium ,campensium1 7b7 ,cantiones ,vissegradenses4 ,,iii4 ,conradus ,gemnicensis3 ,konrads von ,haimburg und seiner ,nachamer1 ,alberts von ,prag und ,ulrichs von ,wessobrun1 ,reimgebete und ,leselieder4 ,,iv4 ,liturgische ,hymnen des ,mittelalters aus handschriftlichen ,brevarien1 ,antiphonalien und ,processionalien4 ,four volumes4 ,leipzig1 #ahhf-ahhh4 #age499 ,corolla ,hymnorum ,sacrorum1 being a ,selection of ,latin ,hymns of the ,early and ,middle ,ages4 ,translated by ,john ,lord ,hayes1 ,,ll4,d4 ,pp4 #baa4 ,boston1 #ahhg4 7,with the texts en regard47 #agf4 ,h4 ,breidt3 ,de ,aurelio ,prudentio ,clemente ,horatii ,imitatore4 ,heidelberg1 #ahhg4 #agg4 ,ad4 ,meiners3 ,unbekannte ,tropen-gesnge des feierlichen ,messamtes im ,mittelalter1 nebst einigen ,melodien der ,kyrientropen4 ,gesammelt aus ungefhr fnfzig ,handschriften des #aj-acten ,jahrhunderten in den ,bibliotheken zu ,paris1 ,brssel1 ,london1 und ,a4 ,luxemburg1 #ahhg4 #agh4 ,n4 ,gihr3 ,die ,sequenzen des rmischen ,messbuches dogmatisch und ascetisch erklrt4 ,freiburg1 #ahhg4 #agi499 ,f4 ,w4 ,e4 ,roth3 ,lateinische ,hymnen des ,mittelalters4 ,als ,nachtrag zu den ,hymnensammlungen von ,daniel1 ,mone1 ,vilmar und ,g4 ,morel1 aus ,handschriften und ,incunabeln herausgegeben4 ,pp4 #age1 great #hvo4 ,augsburg1 #ahhh4 #ahj4 ,j4 ,linke3 8,rundschau auf dem ,gebiete der ,lateinischen ,hymnologie0 in four articles in his and ,dr4 ,a4 ,f4 ,w4 ,fischer's periodical1 ,bltter fr ,hymnologie4 ,leipzig1 #ahhh4 ,,chapter ,,xxxiii4 ,,index ,,to ,,translated ,,hymns4 ,among the labors of preparation which ,mr4 ,duffield undertook as preliminary to this book1 the most unique was his manuscript 8,list of the ,latin ,hymns10 as found in all the collections accessible to him1 from ,clichtove to ,kehrein1 with references to the authorship1 the age1 and the sources of each2 together with notes of the names of ,english translators4 ,it was his intention that the list should form an integral part of his book2 but as it contains between four and five thousand references by first lines1 it would make a book of itself1 and it is the hope of the editor to secure its separate publication in that form4 ,the work cost so much patient labor1 and is in itself so valuable to hymnological students1 that it would be a pity if it were not made still more complete1 and given to the public at an early date4 ,it seemed best not to include the list in all its bulk in this work1 but to make from it a selection of those hymns which have found favor in the eyes of ,english translators1 and to print them with the names of the translators4 ,these are not one in five of the whole number of ,latin hymns1 but they constitute the best of them1 and they are those which are most likely to be of use and interest to our readers4 ,these eight hundred and seventy hymns1 recasts of hymns1 and portions of hymns which translators have treated as wholes1 are a body of sacred song which will bear comparison with any other in the world1 either as regards loftiness of devotion1 weight of thought1 or excellence as poetry4 ,and in no respect has our ,english hymnody been more enriched during the last fifty years than by the felicitous versions made by ,british and ,american translators1 from ,chandler's to our own days4 ,it will be observed that the name of the author1 or the source1 or at least the date of each hymn1 is given on the left side of the list4 ,this is followed by the first line of the hymn1 and where several hymns begin nearly alike1 enough is given to identify each4 ,after this comes the reference to the source where the hymn is to be found1 if this be known to the editor4 ,where it is given in any volume of ,daniel's great work1 that is referred to by ,roman and ,arabic numerals simply1 without repetition of his name4 ,in every case where it is to be found in ,newman's ,hymni ,ecclesiae1 or ,trench's ,sacred ,latin ,poetry1 or ,march's ,latin ,hymns1 this is indicated1 as these are the collections most accessible to ,american students generally4 ,then follow in ,italics the names of the translator or translators1 either on the same line1 or on the lines below4 ,the use of an asterisk 7997 indicates that this is a recast of an older hymn4 ,the chapter of 8,bibliographical ,notes0 will furnish the proper reference to the sources of the translations in most cases4 ,it is necessary to specify a few which are not given there4 ,rev4 ,john ,anketell's translations are given mostly in ,the ,church ,review for #ahgf and #ahgg4 ,for those of ,dr4 ,benson1 ,h4 ,r4 ,b41 ,c4 ,i4 ,black1 ,e4 ,l4 ,blenkinsopp1 ,w4 ,c4 ,c41 ,j4 ,m4 ,h41 ,dr4 ,littledale1 ,m41 ,a4 ,m4 ,m41 ,o4 ,c4 ,p41 ,j4 ,g4 ,smith1 ,h4 ,thompson1 ,j4 ,s4 ,tute1 ,r4 ,e4 ,e4 ,w41 see ,mr4 ,orby ,shipley's three ,lyras4 ,for translations by ,prior ,aylward1 ,mr4 ,j4 ,r4 ,beste1 ,lord ,braye1 ,john ,dryden 7871 and other versions from the old ,catholic ,primers and ,evening ,offices1 ,j4 ,c4 ,earle1 ,provost ,husenbeth1 ,charles ,kent1 ,cardinal ,newman1 ,professor ,potter1 ,father ,ryder1 ,a4 ,d4 ,wackerbarth1 and ,dr4 ,wallace1 see ,mr4 ,shipley's ,annus ,sanctus4 ,for translations by ,dr4 ,littledale1 ,b41 ,f41 ,d4 ,l41 ,a4 ,l4 ,p41 ,f4 ,r41 and ,b4 ,t41 see ,the ,people's ,hymnal 7#ahgg72 for those of ,mr4 ,singleton1 see ,the ,anglican ,hymn-,book 7#ahfh72 for those of ,mr4 ,blew1 see his ,church ,hymn and ,tune ,book 7#ahea and #ahee72 for those of ,rev4 ,w4 ,j4 ,copeland1 see his ,hymns for the ,week and for the ,seasons 7#ahdh74 ,for ,mr4 ,a4 ,j4 ,b4 ,hope's1 see his ,hymns of the ,church ,literally ,translated 7#ahdd71 an attempt to substitute classic metre for rhyme4 ,h4 ,a4 ,m4 stands for ,hymns ,ancient and ,modern1 which is specified where the translation is materially altered by the compilers1 as well as where an original version has been supplied4 ,h4 ,a4 stands for the ,hymnarium ,anglicanum1 or the ,ancient ,hymns of the ,church of ,england ,translated from the ,salisbury ,breviary 7#ahdd74 ,of ,dr4 ,a4 ,r4 ,thompson's hymns several were contributed to ,dr4 ,schaff's 8,christ in ,song10 but they have not appeared separately in book form4 ,the same is true of ,dr4 ,w4 ,s4 ,mc,kenzie's1 which have appeared chiefly in the columns of two ,boston weeklies--,the ,beacon and ,the ,watchman4 ,we are glad to learn that they are to be collected4 ,to ,mr4 ,anketell1 ,dr4 ,thompson1 ,dr4 ,mc,kenzie1 ,professor ,s4 ,hart1 of ,hartford1 ,mr4 ,stryker and ,mr4 ,c4 ,h4 ,a4 ,esler1 ,i am indebted for lists of their translations4 ,early ,irish ,ad coeli clara non sum ,,iv4 #abg1 #cfh4 dignus4 ,march4--,duffield 7part71 ,hart4 ,ambrosian ,ad coenam ,agni providi4 ,i4 #hh1 ,,iv4 #gc1 #cec4 ,march4--,chambers1 ,neale1 ,h4 ,a4 ,m41 ,charles1 ,morgan1 ,anketell4 ,prudentius ,ades1 ,pater supreme4 ,bjorn4--,bp4 ,patrick1 ,neale4 ,nic4 le ,tourneux ,adeste coelitum chori4 ,newman4--,chambers1 ,campbell1 ,blew1 ,a4 ,r4 ,thompson1 ,littledale1 ,chandler1 ,i4 ,williams4 ,x,vth or ,x,v,ith ,adeste fideles4 ,briggs4--,caswall1 ,campbell1 ,century4 ,oakeley1 ,mercer1 ,neale1 ,earle1 ,anketell1 ,schaff1 ,chandler1 ,h4 ,a4 ,m41 ,esling4 ,jean ,santeul ,adeste sanctae conjuges4 ,newman4--,chambers1 ,i4 ,williams4 ,x,i,vth ,century ,adesto sancta ,trinitas4 ,,iv4 #bcd4--;,chambers1 ,neale1 ,pott4 ,paris ,breviary ,adeste sancti plurimo4 ,zabuesnig4--,caswall4 ,x,i,i,ith ,century ,ad laudes ,salvatoris4 ,v4 #adi4--,s4 ,m4 ,guill4 de la ,ad nuptias ,agni ,pater4 ,newman4--,chambers1 ,i4 ,brunetire4 ,williams4 ,thos4 ,aquinas ,adoro ,te devote1 latens ,i4 #bee4 ,march4--,caswall1 ,deitas4 ,chambers1 ,neale1 ,woodford1 ,hewett1 ,aylward1 ,o',hagan1 ,walworth1 ,william ,palmer1 ,i4 ,williams1 ,anketell4 ,peter ,damiani ,ad perennis vitae fontem4 ,i4 #aaf1 ,,iv4 #bjc4 ,march1 ,trench4--,anon4 #afca1 ,anon4 #afgi1 ,sylvester1 ,caswall1 ,neale1 ,kynaston1 ,charles1 ,littledale1 ,morgan1 ,hayes1 ,wackerbarth1 ,anketell1 ,banks1 ,j4 ,dayman4 ,roman ,breviary99 ,ad regias ,agni dapes4 ,i4 #hh4 ,newman1 ,march4--,bp4 ,williams1 ,caswall1 ,oxenham1 ,campbell1 ,h4 ,a4 ,m41 ,potter1 ,husenbeth1 ,a4 ,r4 ,thompson1 ,esling1 ,benedict1 ,mant1 ,copeland1 ,singleton4 ,paris ,breviary ,adsis superne ,spiritus4 ,newman4--,blenkinsopp1 ,i4 ,williams4 #ddi ,thos4 ,kempis ,adstant angelorum chori4 ,trench1 ,march4--,charles1 ,washburn1 ,mc,gill1 ,h4 ,m4 ,c41 ,anon4 ,v,ith-,i,xth ,century4 ,adsunt tenebrae primae4 ,i4 #aii1 ,,iv4 #eg4--;,blew4 ,chas4 ,coffin ,ad templa nos rursus vocat4 ,newman4--,i4 ,williams1 ,wm4 ,palmer1 ,chandler1 ,caswall1 ,chambers4 ,thos4 ,kempis ,adversa mundi tolera4 ,,ii4 #cgi4 ,march4--,benedict1 ,anketell1 ,duffield1 ,caswall4 ,x,i,vth ,century ,aestimavit ortolanum4 ,i4 #cab4 ,newman4--,neale4 ,roman ,breviary99 ,aeterna ,christi munera1 ,i4 #bg4--;,caswall1 ,f4 ,r41 ,apostolorum4 ,hope1 ,chambers1 ,neale1 ,mant1 ,woodford4 ,ambrosius ,aeterna ,christi munera1 ,et ,i4 #bg4 ,march1 martyrum4 ,trench4--,chambers1 ,mc,gill1 ,copeland1 ,campbell1 ,washburn4 ,ambrosian ,aeterna coeli gloria4 ,i4 #ee1 ,,iv4 #dj4--,primer1 #aede and #aeei1 ,mant1 ,caswall1 ,campbell1 ,newman1 ,h4 ,a41 ,bp4 ,williams4 ,acta ,sanctorum ,aeterna coeli gloria4 --,chambers1 ,copeland1 ,caswall4 ,aeterna lux1 divinitas4 ,,ii4 #cfi4--;,caswall1 ,l4 ,rob4 ,bellarmine ,aeterne ,rector siderum4 ,,iv4 #cjf4--,mant1 ,caswall1 ,copeland1 ,morgan4 ,ambrose ,aeterne rerum ,conditor4 ,i4 #ae1 ,,iv4 #c4 ,march4--,mant1 ,caswall1 ,chambers1 ,charles1 ,hewett1 ,mc,gill1 ,copeland1 ,h4 ,a41 ,bp4 ,williams4 ,gregory ,aeterne ,rex altissime4 ,i4 #aif1 ,,iv4 #gi1 #cec4--;,dryden 7871 ,mant1 ,neale1 ,chambers1 ,caswall1 ,h4 ,a4 ,m41 ,copeland1 ,p4 ,c4 ,e4 ,odo of ,cluny ,aeterni ,patris unice4 ,i4 #bhg1 ,,iv4 #bdd4--;,chambers4 ,fortunatus ,agnoscat omne saeculum4 ,i4 #aei1 ,,iv4 #agf4--;,chambers1 ,neale4 ,copenhagen ,missal ,agnus ,dei collaudetur4 ,v4 #bcj4--,moultrie4 ,prudentius ,ales diei nuntius4 ,i4 #aai1 ,,iv4 #ci4 ,march4--,primer1 #aede and #aeei1 ,mant1 ,caswall1 ,chambers1 ,campbell1 ,duffield1 ,copeland1 ,banks1 ,bp4 ,patrick1 ,h4 ,a41 ,morgan1 ,mc,gill1 ,anketell4 ,x,i,ith ,century ,alleluia6 alleluia6 finita ,,ii4 #cfc4--,neale1 ,pott 7,h4 jam sunt praelia4 ,a4 ,m471 ,hewett1 ,bp4 ,williams4 ,x,ith ,century ,alleluia dulce carmen4 ,i4 #bfa1 ,,iv4 #aeb1 ,v4 #ea4 ,march4--,patrick1 ,neale1 ,keble1 ,chambers1 ,campbell1 ,singleton1 ,chandler1 ,h4 ,a4 ,m41 ,edersheim1 ,h4 ,b41 ,morgan1 ,anketell4 ,x,vth ,century ,,ms4 ,alleluia nunc decantet4 ,v4 #cce4--;,d4 ,l4 #dej ,mozarabic ,breviary ,alleluia piis edite ,,iv4 #fc4 ,march4--,chambers1 laudibus4 ,neale1 ,ellerton1 ,crippen1 ,anketell4 ,hermann ,contr4 ,alma ,redemptoris mater4 ,,ii4 #cah4--,wordsworth1 ,caswall1 ,oxenham1 ,esling4 ,old ,roman ,missal ,alma virgo ,christum regem4 ,neale4--,h4 ,r4 ,b4 ,almo supremi numinis in --,caswall4 sinu4 ,almum flamen1 vita mundi4 ,,ii4 #cfh4--;,caswall4 ,hildebert ,alpha et ,o1 magne ,deus4 ,trench1 ,march4--,crashaw1 ,mills1 ,neale1 ,kynaston1 ,mc,gill1 ,mc,kenzie1 ,benedict4 ,jesuit ,altitudo1 quid hic jaces4 ,,ii4 #cda4--,washburn1 ,mc,gill1 ,morgan1 ,hayes1 ,mc,kenzie1 ,duffield1 ,edersheim4 ,roman ,breviary99 ,alto ex ,olympo vertice4 ,i4 #bdj4--,mant1 ,caswall4 ,,xii-,x,vth ,century ,amorem sensus erige4 ,i4 #bgd1 ,,iv4 #bfa4--,morgan4 ,bernard of ,amor ,jesu dulcissimus4 ,wackernagel4--,caswall1 ,h4 ,a4 ,clairvaux ,m4 ,x,i,vth ,century ,,ms4 ,amor ,patris et ,filii1 ,v4 #bjc4--,littledale4 totius4 ,french ,breviary ,a morte qui ,te suscitans4 ,neale4--,chambers1 ,j4 ,g4 ,smith4 ,angele qui meus es custos4 --,chambers4 ,jesuit ,angelice patrone4 ,,ii4 #cgf4--;,caswall1 ,morgan4 ,,vii-,v,i,i,ith ,century ,angulare ,fundamentum4 ,i4 #bci4--;,benson1 ,neale1 ,hewett1 ,chandler1 ,h4 ,a4 ,m41 ,i4 ,williams1 ,singleton1 ,a4 ,r4 ,thompson4 ,,xiv-,x,vth ,century ,anima ,christi1 sanctifica ,i4 #cde4--,o4 ,c4 ,p4 7,lyra 7,spanish7 me4 ,euch471 ,chadwick1 ,anon4 ,anglo-,saxon ,anni peractis mensibus4 ,stevenson4--,chambers4 ,,xiv-,x,vth ,century ,annue ,christe1 saeculorum ,i4 #bgc4 ,newman4--,chambers1 ,domine4 ,neale1 ,f4 ,k4 ,paul ,warnefried ,antra deserti teneris4 ,i4 #bji4--;,chambers1 ,caswall4 ,x,ith ,century 7,k47 ,a ,patre unigenitus4 ,i4 #bcd4 ,newman4--,chambers1 ,a4 ,l4 ,p4 ,v,i,ith ,century ,apparebit repentina magna ,i4 #aid1 ,,iv4 #aa4 ,march1 dies ,domini4 ,trench4--,neale1 ,charles1 ,benedict1 ,morgan1 ,mc,kenzie1 ,anketell1 ,banks1 ,hart1 ,bp4 ,williams4 ,pietro ,gonella ,appropinquet enim dies4 ,,iv4 #bjj4--;,f4 ,r4 ,jean ,santeul ,ardet ,deo quae femina4 ,newman4--,i4 ,williams1 ,chandler4 ,c4 ,sedulius ,a solis ortu cardine ,ad ,i4 #adc1 ,,iv4 #add4 usque4 ,march4--7,luther71 ,dryden 7871 ,chambers1 ,caswall1 ,esling1 ,bp4 ,williams1 ,schaff1 ,copeland1 ,mac,ilwaine1 ,a4 ,l4 ,p4 ,ambrosian ,a solis ortu cardine ,et ,i4 #ba1 ,,iv4 #eh4 ,march4--,mant1 usque4 ,schaff1 ,copeland4 #dea ,roman ,breviary ,aspice infami ,deus ipse --,caswall1 ,wallace1 ,blew4 ligno4 ,roman ,breviary ,aspice ut ,verbum ,patris a --,caswall1 ,wallace4 supernis4 ,roman ,breviary ,athleta ,christi nobilis4 ,,iv4 #cja4--;,caswall4 ,,xvi-,x,v,i,ith ,century ,attolle paulum lumina4 ,,ii4 #cde4--,neale1 ,pott1 ,h4 ,a4 ,m4 ,roman ,breviary ,auctor beati saeculi4 ,,iv4 #caa4--;,caswall1 ,potter1 ,husenbeth1 ,sarum ,hymnal4 ,anglo-,saxon ,auctor salutis unice4 ,i4 #bcf4 ,stevenson4--,chambers4 ,i,xth ,century ,audax es1 vir juvenis4 ,,iv4 #acb4--;,crippen4 ,gregory ,audi1 benigne ,conditor4 ,i4 #agh1 ,,iv4 #aba4 ,march4--,primer of #afhe1 ,caswall1 ,campbell1 ,kent1 ,husenbeth1 ,mant1 ,potter1 ,hewett1 ,chambers1 ,anketell1 ,chandler1 ,copeland1 ,neale1 ,h4 ,a4 ,m41 ,bp4 ,williams1 ,i4 ,williams4 ,chas4 ,coffin ,audimur3 almo ,spiritus4 ,newman4--,chambers1 ,calverley1 ,chandler1 ,wm4 ,palmer1 ,i4 ,williams4 ,x,ith ,century ,audi nos1 ,rex ,christe4 ,,iv4 #aga4--,neale4 ,anglo-,saxon ,audi1 ,redemptor gentium4 ,stevenson4--,chambers4 ,x,ith ,century ,,ms4 ,audi1 tellus1 audi4 ,i4 #cej1 ,,iv4 #bia4--,washburn4 ,prudentius ,audit tyrannus anxius4 ,i4 #abd4 ,newman4--,caswall1 ,copeland1 ,mc,gill1 ,esling1 ,benedict4 ,elpis ,aurea luce et decore roseo4 ,i4 #aef4 ,march4--,chambers4 ,roman ,breviary99 ,aurora coelum purpurat4 ,i4 #hc4--;,dryden 7871 ,caswall1 ,chandler1 ,mant1 ,campbell1 ,a4 ,r4 ,thompson1 ,esling1 ,mc,gill1 ,copeland4 ,adam of ,st4 ,v4 ,aurora diem nuntiat4 ,wrangham4--,wrangham4 ,ambrosian ,aurora jam spargit polum4 ,i4 #ef1 ,,iv4 #dj4--,mant1 ,caswall1 ,campbell1 ,chambers1 ,copeland1 ,h4 ,a41 ,bp4 ,williams1 ,neale4 ,nic4 le ,tourneux ,aurora lucis dum novae4 ,newman4--,chambers1 ,cooke1 ,i4 ,williams4 ,ambrosian ,aurora lucis rutilat4 ,i4 #hc1 ,,iv4 #gb4 ,march4--,chambers1 ,neale1 ,van ,buren1 ,braye1 ,tute1 ,washburn1 ,charles1 ,anketell1 ,bp4 ,williams1 ,h4 ,a4 ,m41 ,hope4 ,jean ,santeul ,aurora quae solem paris4 ,,iv4 #cci4--;,caswall4 ,gregory ,,xi ,ave caput ,christi gratum4 ,mone1 #aba4--;,chambers4 ,x,v,ith ,century ,ave caro ,christi4 --,a4 ,m4 ,m4 ,x,i,vth ,century ,,ms4 ,ave caro ,christi cara4 ,i4 #cdd4--;,chambers1 ,m4 ,prague ,missal ,ave caro ,christi ,regis4 ,v4 #baa4--;,a4 ,m4 ,m4 ,ave1 ,carole sanctissime4 --,caswall4 #deb ,x,i,vth ,century ,,ms4 ,ave ,christi corpus verum4 ,mone1 #bai4--,l4 ,anglo-,saxon ,ave colenda ,trinitas4 ,stevenson4--,chambers1 ,h4 ,a4 ,m4 ,ave crucis dulce lignum4 ,v #ahc4--,morgan1 ,m4 ,,xiv-,x,v,ith ,century ,ave ,jesu1 qui mactaris4 ,koenig4--,ryder4 ,xth ,century ,ave1 maris stella4 ,i4 #bjd1 ,,iv4 #acf4 ,march4--,caswall1 ,chambers1 ,hewett1 ,duffield1 ,charles1 ,anketell1 ,oxenham1 ,walworth4 ,paris ,missal ,ave1 plena grati1 ,cujus4 ,newman4--,copeland4 ,franciscan ,ave regina coelorum4 ,,ii4 #cai4--;,caswall4 ,breviary ,x,i,vth ,century ,,ms4 ,ave ,rex1 qui descendisti4 ,mone1 #bjf4--,l4 ,x,vth ,century ,,ms4 ,ave rosa spinis puncta4 ,mone1 #acf4--,washburn4 ,ave solitudines4 --,caswall4 ,,ms4 of #addj ,ave ,verbum incarnatum4 ,,ii4 #cbh4--;,a4 ,m4 ,m4 ,x,i,vth ,century ,,ms4 ,ave verum corpus natum4 ,,ii4 #cbg4--;,caswall4 ,ave vulnus lateris nostri --,chambers4 ,salvatoris4 ,bonaventura ,beata ,christi passio4 ,,iv4 #bbj4 ,march4--,chambers1 ,charles4 ,ambrosian ,beata nobis gaudia4 ,i4 #f1 ,,iv4 #afj4 ,march4--,dryden 7871 ,caswall1 ,campbell1 ,aylward1 ,chambers1 ,anketell1 ,blew1 ,esling1 ,bp4 ,williams1 ,hope1 ,duffield4 ,roman ,breviary99 ,beate pastor ,petre4 ,i4 #aef4--;,caswall4 ,belli tumultus ingruit4 --,caswall4 ,ambrosian ,bis ternas horas explicans4 ,i4 #bc1 ,,iv4 #ac4--;,copeland4 ,cantant hymnos coelites4 --,caswall4 ,notker ,cantemus cuncti melodum ,,ii4 #eb4 ,march4--,neale4 nunc ,alleluia4 ,old ,french 7,,xiv7 ,cedant justi signa luctus4 ,,ii4 #cfb4--,kynaston1 ,kennedy4 ,hereford ,hymnal ,celsorum civium inclyta ,,iv4 #bhg4--,neale4 gaudia4 ,fulbert ,chorus novae ,jerusalem4 ,i4 #bbb1 ,,iv4 #ahj4--,neale1 ,keble1 ,chambers1 ,campbell1 ,braye1 ,hewett1 ,thompson1 ,h4 ,a4 ,m41 ,anketell1 ,copeland1 ,d4 ,l41 ,singleton4 ,mozarabic ,breviary ,christe1 coelestis ,i4 #aih4--,priest's medicina4 ,prayer-,book4 ,ambrosian ,christe1 cunctorum ,i4 #ajg4 ,march4--,chambers4 dominator4 ,jean ,santeul ,christe1 decreto ,patris ,newman4--,i4 ,williams1 institutus4 ,hewett4 ,v,ith ,century ,christe fili ,jesu summi4 ,,iv41 #ahd4--,moultrie4 7,mone7 ,innocent ,,iii ,christe1 fili summi ,patris4 --,g4 ,w4 ,cox41 ,m4 ,anglo-,saxon ,christe1 hac hora tertia4 ,stevenson4--,chambers4 #dec ,ennodius ,christe1 lumen perpetuum4 ,i4 #aea4--;,duffield4 ,guill4 de la ,christe1 pastorum caput4 ,newman4--,chambers1 ,i4 ,brunetire ,williams4 ,ennodius ,christe1 precamur annue4 ,i4 #aea4--;,duffield4 ,ambrosian ,christe1 qui lux es et ,i4 #cc1 ,,iv4 #ed4 dies4 ,march4--,chambers1 ,aylward1 ,mc,gill1 ,duffield1 ,mc,kenzie1 ,charles1 ,wedderburn1 ,a4 ,l4 ,p41 ,copeland1 ,h4 ,a4 ,m4 ,jean ,santeul ,christe1 qui sedes ,olympo4 ,newman4--,woodford 7871 ,cooke and ,webb's ,hymnary1 ,chandler1 ,h4 ,a4 ,m41 ,wm4 ,palmer1 ,i4 ,williams4 ,ambrosian ,christe1 ,redemptor gentium4 ,i4 #gh4--;,chambers4 ,rabanus ,maurus ,christe1 ,redemptor omnium1 ,i4 #bef1 ,,iv4 #adc1 ,conserva4 #cfi4--;,chambers1 ,baker1 ,f4 ,r41 ,hewett4 ,ambrosian ,christe1 ,rex coeli4 ,i4 #df4--,woodford 7871 ,charles4 ,mozarabic ,brev4 ,christe rex1 mundi creator4 ,,iv4 #aag4--;,f4 ,ennodius ,christe ,salvator omnium4 ,i4 #aeb4--;,duffield4 ,rabanus ,maurus ,christe1 sanctorum decus ,i4 #bah1 ,,iv4 #afe1 #cga4--,mant1 angelorum4 ,caswall 7bis71 ,chambers1 ,hewett1 ,copeland1 ,anketell4 ,vth ,century 7,mone7 ,christi caterva clamitat4 ,,iv4 #aai4--,onslow4 ,anselm 787 ,christi corpus1 ave4 ,,ii4 #cbh4--;,a4 ,m4 ,m41 ,l4 ,chas4 ,coffin ,christi martyribus debita4 ,newman4--,i4 ,williams1 ,chambers4 ,x,vth ,century ,,ms4 ,christi miles gloriosus4 ,newman4--,chambers4 ,christi nam resurrectio4 --,trend4 ,jean ,santeul ,christi perennes nuntii4 ,newman4--,mant1 ,caswall1 ,chandler1 ,h4 ,a4 ,m41 ,i4 ,williams4 ,roman ,breviary99 ,christo profusum sanguinem4 ,i4 #bg4--;,caswall4 ,bonaventura 7,ko7 ,christum ducem1 qui per ,i4 #cdj1 ,,iv4 #bai4 crucem4 ,march4--,chambers1 ,oakeley1 ,anketell1 ,edersheim4 ,x,vth ,century ,,ms4 ,christus lux indeficiens4 ,mone1 #bjd4--;,chambers1 ,l4 ,christus pro nobis passus ,wackernagel1 est4 #dgf4--,wedderburn1 in 8,guid and ,godlie ,ballatis40 ,jean ,santeul ,christus tenebris obsitam4 ,newman4--,chambers1 ,chandler1 ,i4 ,williams1 ,campbell4 ,marbod ,cives coelestis patriae4 ,mone1 #fcg4--,neale4 ,nic4 le ,tourneux ,clamantis ecce vox sonans4 ,newman4--,chambers1 ,chandler1 ,i4 ,williams4 ,cisterc4 ,brev41 ,clarae diei gaudiis4 ,zabuesnig4--,caswall4 #afgh ,ambrosian ,claro paschali gaudio4 ,i4 #hd4--,neale4 ,gregory 787 ,clarum decus jejunii4 ,i4 #agh1 ,,iv4 #ahj4--;,chambers1 ,hewett1 ,copeland1 ,p4 ,c4 ,e4 ,fr4 ,lorenzini ,coelestis ,agni nuptias4 ,,iv4 #cjc4--;,caswall4 ,jean ,santeul ,coelestis ales nuntiat4 ,newman4--,i4 ,williams1 ,a4 ,c4 ,c41 ,chambers4 #ded ,jean ,santeul ,coelestis aulae principes4 ,newman4--,chambers1 ,i4 ,williams1 ,baker1 ,chandler4 ,jean ,santeul ,coelestis aula panditur4 ,newman4--,chambers1 ,i4 ,williams4 ,sarum ,breviary ,coelestis formam gloriae4 ,i4 #bij1 ,,iv4 #bgi4--;,chambers1 ,neale1 ,h4 ,a4 ,m41 ,calverley4 ,paris ,breviary ,coelestis1 ,o ,jerusalem4 ,newman4--,i4 ,williams4 ,roman ,breviary99 ,coelestis urbs ,jerusalem4 ,i4 #bci4--;,dryden 7871 ,caswall1 ,copeland1 ,duffield4 ,coeli choris perennibus4 ,neale4--,onslow4 ,ambrosian ,coeli ,deus sanctissime4 ,i4 #fj1 ,,iv4 #ea4 ,march4--,mant1 ,caswall1 ,chambers1 ,benedict1 ,bp4 ,williams1 ,h4 ,a41 ,copeland1 ,hope4 ,godeschalk ,coeli ennarant gloriam ,dei4 ,,ii4 #dd4--,neale4 ,roman ,breviary ,coelitum ,joseph decus ,,iv4 #bif4--;,caswall4 atque nostrae4 ,jean ,santeul ,coelo datur quiescere4 ,newman4--,chambers1 ,i4 ,williams1 ,a4 ,l4 ,p4 ,jean ,santeul ,coelo quos eadem gloria4 ,newman4--,i4 ,williams1 ,pott4 ,roman ,breviary ,coelo ,redemptor praetulit4 ,,iv4 #cjh4--;,caswall1 ,h4 ,m4 ,c4 ,x,vth ,century ,coelos ascendit hodie4 ,i4 #cdc4 ,march4--,neale1 ,hewett1 ,anketell4 ,peter the ,coelum gaude1 terra plaude4 ,trench4--,onslow4 ,venerable ,peter ,damiani ,coelum1 terra1 pontus1 ,migne4--,neale4 aethera4 ,x,i,ith ,century ,coenam cum discipulis4 ,,ii4 #bcj1 ,v4 #aei4--,neale4 ,coetus parentem ,carolum4 --,caswall4 ,x,i,vth ,century ,collaudemus ,magdalena4 ,i4 #caa1 ,,iv4 #bde1 #cga4--;,chambers1 ,morgan1 ,moultrie1 ,duffield 7part74 ,ambrosius ,conditor alme siderum4 ,i4 #gd1 ,,iv4 #aah1 #cfh4--;,chambers1 ,hewett1 ,aylward1 ,braye1 ,neale1 ,h4 ,a4 ,m41 ,h4 ,a41 ,edersheim1 ,f41 ,copeland1 ,anketell4 ,italian ,congregavit ,deus aquas4 ,,iv4 #cdb4--;,hayes4 ,ambrosius ,consors paterni luminis4 ,i4 #bg1 ,,iv4 #cg4--,primer1 #aede and #aeei1 ,mant1 ,caswall1 ,newman1 ,copeland1 ,h4 ,a41 ,chambers4 ,roman ,breviary ,cor arca legem continens4 ,,ii4 #cfa4--;,caswall1 ,mulholland1 ,anon4 ,prudentius ,corde natus ex parentis4 ,i4 #abb1 ,,iv4 #agf4 ,march4--,chambers1 ,neale1 ,keble1 ,baker1 ,schaff1 ,hope1 ,h4 ,a4 ,cor meum ,tibi dedo4 ,,ii4 #cgj4--,palmer1 ,priest's ,prayer-,book4 ,roman ,breviary ,corpus domas jejuniis4 ,,iv4 #caj4--;,caswall4 #dee ,roman ,breviary99 ,creator alme siderum4 ,i4 #gd4--,primer1 #afhe1 ,mant1 ,caswall1 ,newman1 ,potter1 ,husenbeth1 ,campbell1 ,copeland1 ,bp4 ,williams1 ,wm4 ,palmer4 ,bonaventura ,crucem pro nobis subiit4 ,,iv4 #bbj4 ,march4--,charles1 ,chambers4 ,roman ,breviary99 ,crudelis ,herodes ,deum4 ,i4 #adg4--,primer1 #afhe1 ,mant1 ,husenbeth1 ,potter1 ,aylward1 ,caswall1 ,esling1 ,copeland1 ,hope1 ,singleton1 ,bp4 ,williams4 ,jesuit ,crux1 ave benedicta4 ,,ii4 #cdi1 ,,iv4 #cbb4 ,march1 ,trench4--,benedict1 ,worsley1 ,anketell4 ,fortunatus ,crux benedicta nitet4 ,i4 #afh1 ,,iv4 #aeb4 ,march4--,charles1 ,washburn1 ,mc,kenzie4 ,fortunatus ,crux fidelis inter omnes4 ,i4 #afd4--;,caswall1 ,oakeley4 ,braga ,breviary ,crux fidelis1 terras ,,iv4 #bgf4--;,hewett4 coelis4 ,peter ,damiani ,crux mundi benedictio4 ,neale4--,neale4 ,jean ,santeul ,crux1 sola languorum ,dei4 ,zabuesnig4--,m4 7,lyra ,euch47 ,prudentius ,cultor ,dei memento4 ,i4 #abi1 ,,iv4 #bjg4--;,chambers1 ,keble1 ,copeland1 ,h4 ,a41 ,anketell4 ,wm4 ,alard ,cum me tenent fallacia4 ,trench4--,washburn1 ,benedict1 ,duffield4 ,pietro ,gonella ,cum revolvo toto corde4 ,,iv4 #aii4 ,trench4--,crippen1 ,husenbeth4 ,mozarabic ,breviary ,cunctorum ,rex omnipotens4 ,,iv4 #eg4--;,i4 ,g4 ,smith4 ,jacoponus ,cur mundus militat4 ,,ii4 #cgi1 ,,iv4 #bhh4 ,march1 ,trench4--,tusser1 ,washburn1 ,hayes1 ,duffield1 ,stone 7,catholic ,world71 ,banks4 ,cur relinquis1 ,deus1 ,,iv4 #cdg4--;,a4 ,r4 ,thompson1 coelum4 ,hayes4 ,rob4 ,bellarmine ,custodes hominum psallimus ,,ii4 #cge4--;,caswall1 ,i4 787 angelos4 ,williams4 ,prudentius ,da1 puer1 plectrum2 ,bjorn4 ,march4--,bp4 ,patrick4 choreis4 ,seb4 ,besnault ,debilis cessent elementa ,newman4--,chambers1 ,h4 ,a4 ,m41 legis4 ,i4 ,williams4 ,roman ,breviary99 ,decora lux aternitatis ,i4 #aef4--;,caswall1 ,esling4 auream4 ,charles ,coffin ,dei canamus gloriam4 ,newman4--,chambers1 ,whytehead1 ,chandler1 ,h4 ,a4 ,m41 ,i4 ,williams4 ,ambrosian ,dei fide qu vivimus4 ,i4 #ga4--;,chambers4 ,dei1 qui gratiam impotes4 --,caswall4 ,tournay ,missal ,de ,parente summo natum4 ,v4 #bhg4--;,j4 ,m4 ,h4 ,liege ,missal ,de profundis exclamantes4 ,v4 #cbj4--;,a4 ,l4 ,p4 ,anselm of ,lucca ,desere jam anima4 ,trench1 ,march4--,charles4 #def ,jean ,santeul ,deserta1 valles1 lustra1 ,zabuesnig4--,caswall4 solitudines4 ,prague ,missal ,de superna hierarchia4 ,v4 #baa4--;,a4 ,m4 ,m4 ,ambrose ,deus ,creator omnium1 ,i4 #ag1 ,,iv4 #a4 ,polique4 ,march4--,primer1 #aede and #aeei1 ,parker1 ,chambers1 ,hewett1 ,mc,gill1 ,morgan1 ,wrangham1 ,copeland1 ,h4 ,a41 ,bp4 ,williams1 ,duffield4 ,marbod ,deus-,homo1 ,rex coelorum4 ,trench1 ,march4--,benedict4 ,hilary 787 ,deus1 ,pater ingenite4 ,i4 #b4 ,march4--,duffield4 ,worcester ,breviary ,deus1 ,pater piissime4 ,sarum ,hymnary4--,chambers4 ,ambrosian ,deus1 tuorum militum4 ,i4 #aji1 ,,iv4 #bjh4--;,caswall1 ,chambers1 ,copeland1 ,oxenham1 ,beadon1 ,neale1 ,hewett4 ,charles ,coffin ,die dierum principe4 ,newman4--,chambers1 ,mc,gill1 ,i4 ,williams1 ,h4 ,a4 ,m41 ,chandler1 ,singleton4 ,ambrosian ,diei luce reddita4 ,i4 #fh4--;,i4 ,williams4 ,le ,mans ,breviary ,die parente temporum4 ,neale4--,baker1 ,d4 ,l4 ,x,i,i,ith ,century ,dies absoluti praetereunt4 ,,iv4 #agi4--;,bp4 ,williams4 7,k47 ,benno of ,meissen ,dies est laetitiae ,in ortu4 ,i4 #ccj1 ,,iv4 #bed4--,neale1 ,husenbeth4 ,pietro ,gonella ,dies illa1 dies vitae4 ,,iv4 #bjj4--;,charles4 ,thos4 of ,celano ,dies ,irae1 dies illa4 ,,ii4 #ajc1 ,v4 #aaj4--,march1 ,trench4 7,see ,mr4 ,john ,edmands's ,bibliography4 ,with his help1 ,i am able to supplement his list of translations as follows2 ,john ,murray 7#ahfj71 ,anon4 7#ahfb71 ,john ,s4 ,hagar 7#ahff71 ,joseph ,w4 ,winans 7#ahgi71 ,edwin ,s4 ,hawley 7#ahhf71 ,h4 ,l4 ,hastings 7#ahhf74 ,s4 ,v4 ,white1 ,john ,lord ,hayes 7#ahhg71 ,george ,w4 ,pierce 7#ahhg71 ,w4 ,s4 ,mc,kenzie 7twice71 #ahhg1 ,h4 ,a4 ,sawtelle1 ,rev4 ,mr4 ,fairbanks1 ,john ,d4 ,meeson1 ,a4 ,b4 ,k4 in ,the ,presbyterian2 and in ,the ,boston ,advertiser for ,may #c;d1 #ahhg1 four versions signed ,j4 ,a4 ,chambliss1 ,fr4 ,sargent1 ,e4 ,c4 ,c4 and ,s47 ,dignare me1 ,o ,jesu1 rogo ,,ii4 #cga4--;,baker1 ,a4 ,l4 ,p4 ,te4 ,chas4 ,coffin ,dignas quis1 ,o ,deus1 ,tibi4 ,newman4--,chambers1 ,i4 ,williams1 ,chandler4 ,jean ,santeul ,divine crescebas1 puer4 ,newman4--,chambers1 ,i4 ,williams1 ,chandler1 ,keble4 ,urban ,,viii ,domare cordis impetus4 ,,iv4 #cjd4--;,caswall4 ,jesuit ,dormi1 fili1 dormi4 ,,iv4 #cah4--,mc,carthy1 ,trend1 ,moultrie4 #deg ,milan ,breviary ,duci cruento martyrum4 ,neale4--,dayman4 ,bernard of ,dulcis ,jesu1 spes pauperis4 ,mone1 #ib4 ,march4--,charles1 ,clairvaux ,crippen1 ,colegrove1 ,mc,kenzie1 ,heisler4 ,chas4 ,coffin ,dum1 ,christe1 confixus ,newman4--,chambers1 ,chandler1 cruci4 ,i4 ,williams4 ,chas4 ,coffin ,dum morte victor obruta4 ,newman4--,chambers1 ,chandler1 ,i4 ,williams4 ,roman ,breviary ,dum nocte pulsa ,lucifer4 ,,iv4 #cja4--;,caswall4 ,adam of ,st4 ,v4 ,ecce dies celebris4 ,v4 #aid4--,neale1 ,wrangham4 ,gregory ,ecce jam noctis tenuatur ,i4 #agg1 ,,iv4 #agf1 umbra4 ,march4--,mant1 ,caswall1 ,chambers1 ,crippen1 ,hewett1 ,newman1 ,hayes1 ,hedge 7871 ,esling1 ,anketell1 ,duffield1 ,copeland1 ,anon41 #ahec1 ,h4 ,a4 ,thomas ,aquinas ,ecce panis angelorum4 --,caswall1 ,trappes4 ,jean ,santeul ,ecce saltantis pretium ,newman4--,i4 ,williams4 puellae4 ,seb4 ,besnault ,ecce sedes hic tonantis4 ,newman4--,i4 ,williams4 ,x,ith ,century ,,ms4 ,ecce sollemni hoc die4 ,mone1 #cda4--;,d4 ,l4 ,x,i,i,ith ,century ,ecce tempus est vernale4 ,,iv4 #bcc4--,neale1 ,trend4 ,gregory ,ecce tempus idoneum4 ,i4 #ahb4 ,newman4--,chambers1 ,campbell1 ,neale1 ,h4 ,a4 ,m41 ,wm4 ,palmer1 ,hewett4 ,jesuit ,ecquis binas columbinas4 ,,ii4 #cdd4 ,trench1 ,march4--,trend1 ,morgan1 ,anketell1 ,benedict1 ,mason1 ,hayes4 ,roman ,breviary99 ,egregie doctor ,paulus4 ,i4 #aef4 ,newman4--,caswall4 ,pietro ,gonella ,eheu6 ,eheu6 mundi vita4 ,trench4--,onslow1 ,duffield4 ,x,i,ith ,century ,,ms4 ,eja1 carissimi1 laudes ,mone1 #fia4--;,d4 ,l4 hymnite4 ,x,vth ,century ,eia6 dulcis anima4 ,mone1 #bca4--;,chambers4 ,x,vth ,century ,electum ,o frumentum4 ,,iv4 #cbg4--;,a4 ,m4 ,m4 ,paris ,breviary ,emergit undis et ,deo4 ,newman4--,chambers1 ,chandler1 ,i4 ,williams1 ,pott4 ,roman ,breviary99 ,en clara vox redarguit4 ,i4 #gf4--;,dryden 7871 ,mant1 ,newman1 ,caswall1 ,bp4 ,williams1 ,copeland1 ,hope1 ,singleton4 ,x,vth ,century ,,ms4 ,en dies est dominica4 ,mone1 #bdg4--,trench1 ,neale1 ,h4 ,a4 ,m4 ,prudentius ,en ,persici ex orbis sinu4 ,mc,gill1 ,bjorn4--,kynaston1 ,mc,gill1 ,benedict4 ,roman ,breviary ,en ut superba crimina4 ,,ii4 #cfj4--;,caswall1 ,anon4 ,francisc4 ,missal ,epiphaniam ,domini canamus ,kehrein4--,a4 ,l4 ,p4 gloriosam4 ,erumpe tandem juste dolor4 ,,ii4 #cff4--;,caswall4 ,f4 ,m4 ,victorinus ,est locus ex omni medium4 ,trench1 ,bjorn4--,trench4 #deh ,hereford ,breviary ,excelsorum civium inclyta4 --,chambers4 ,chas4 ,coffin ,exiit cunis pretiosus ,newman4--,i4 ,williams4 infans4 ,roman ,breviary ,exite ,sion filiae1 ,regis4 ,,ii4 #cfj4--;,caswall1 ,neale1 ,wallace4 ,exite ,sion filiae1 ,videte4 ,,ii4 #cdh4--;,chambers4 ,gregory 7,mone7 ,ex more docti mystico4 ,i4 #if1 ,,iv4 #aba4--;,dryden 7871 ,mant1 ,caswall1 ,chambers1 ,hewett1 ,copeland1 ,neale1 ,h4 ,a4 ,m4 ,jean ,santeul ,ex quo salus mortalium4 ,newman4--,chambers1 ,h4 ,a4 ,m41 ,i4 ,williams4 ,hildebert ,extra portam jam delatum4 ,trench4--,neale4 ,hereford ,breviary ,exultet coelum gaudiis4 --,chambers4 ,x,i,ith ,century 7,k47 ,exultet coelum laudibus4 ,i4 #bdg4--;,chambers4 ,exultet cor praecordiis4 --,chambers1 ,hewett1 ,h4 ,a4 ,m41 ,f4 ,r4 ,roman ,breviary99 ,exultet orbis gaudiis4 ,i4 #bdg4--,mant1 ,oxenham1 ,caswall4 ,jean ,santeul ,fac1 ,christe1 nostri ,newman4--,campbell1 ,i4 gratia4 ,williams4 ,chas4 ,coffin ,fando quis audivit ,dei4 ,newman4--,chambers1 ,campbell1 ,i4 ,williams1 ,pott1 ,wm4 ,palmer1 ,chandler4 ,jean ,santeul ,felices nemorum pangimus ,newman4--,chambers1 ,caswall1 incolas4 ,i4 ,williams4 ,jean ,santeul ,felix dies mortalibus4 ,newman4--,chambers1 ,campbell1 ,i4 ,williams1 ,littledale1 ,calverley1 ,chandler4 ,seb4 ,besnault ,felix dies quam proprio4 ,newman4--,chambers1 ,chandler1 ,h4 ,a4 ,m41 ,singleton1 ,i4 ,williams1 ,wm4 ,palmer1 ,campbell4 ,jean ,santeul ,felix morte tua1 qui ,newman4--,chambers1 ,i4 cruciatibus4 ,williams4 ,paulinus 787 ,felix per omnes festum4 ,i4 #bdc4--;,chambers4 ,prudentius ,ferunt vagantes daemones4 ,mc,gill4--,mc,gill4 ,jean ,santeul ,festis laeta sonent4 ,zabuesnig4--,chambers4 ,roman ,breviary ,festivis resonent compita ,,ii4 #ced4--;,caswall1 ,potter4 vocibus4 ,durham ,hymnal ,festivis saeclis colitur4 --,chambers4 ,x,vth ,century ,festum matris gloriosae4 ,i4 #caj4--;,chambers4 ,paris ,breviary ,flagrans amore perditos4 ,newman4--,caswall1 ,i4 ,williams4 ,rennes ,missal ,florem spina coronavit4 ,v4 #ahg4--;,j4 ,m4 ,h4 ,silvio ,antoniano ,fortem virili pectore4 ,,iv4 #caa4--;,caswall1 ,h4 ,a4 ,m4 ,jean ,santeul ,fortes cadendo martyres4 ,newman4--,chambers1 ,i4 ,williams4 #dei ,chas4 ,coffin99 ,forti tegente brachio4 ,newman4--,chambers1 ,littledale1 ,chandler1 ,i4 ,williams1 ,wm4 ,palmer4 ,x,i,ith ,century ,,ms4 ,fregit ,adam interdictum4 ,mone1 #cg4--;,crippen4 ,jean ,santeul ,fumant ,sabeis templa ,newman4--,chambers1 ,i4 vaporibus4 ,williams4 ,gaude1 mater ecclesia4 7,st4 ,edward47--,a4 ,l4 ,p4 ,roman ,breviary ,gentis ,polonae gloria4 ,,iv4 #caj4--;,caswall4 ,theodulph ,gloria1 laus et honor4 ,i4 #bae1 ,,iv4 #aec4 ,march4--,evening ,office1 #agjc1 ,caswall1 ,neale1 ,h4 ,a4 ,m41 ,hewett1 ,anketell4 ,roman ,breviary ,gloriam sacrae celebremus ,fabricius4--,caswall1 ,anon4 omnes4 ,meissen ,breviary ,gloriosi ,salvatoris4 ,i4 #cae4--,neale1 ,h4 ,a4 ,m41 ,singleton1 ,morgan4 ,notker 787 ,grates nunc omnes reddamus4 ,,ii4 #e1 ,v4 #da4 ,march4--7,luther71 ,schaff4 ,chas4 ,coffin ,grates peracto jam die4 ,newman4--,chambers1 ,chandler1 ,wm4 ,palmer4 ,peter ,damiani ,gravi me terrore pulsas4 ,i4 #bbd1 ,,iv4 #bia4 ,march1 ,trench4--,neale1 ,worsley1 ,washburn1 ,morgan1 ,benedict1 ,bp4 ,williams1 ,caswall1 ,anketell4 ,hildebert ,haec est fides orthodoxa4 ,trench4--,w4 ,crashaw1 #afaa1 ,mc,gill4 ,urban ,,viii ,haec est dies qua candidae4 ,,iv4 #cji4--;,caswall4 ,saintes ,missal ,haec est dies summe grata4 ,v4 #bhi4--;,black4 ,x,vth ,century ,haec est dies triumphalis4 ,,iv4 #bgj4 ,trench4--,worsley4 ,notker 787 ,haec est sancta ,v4 #ef4--;,hewett4 sollemnitas4 ,jean ,santeul ,haec illa sollemnis dies4 ,newman4--,chambers1 ,chandler1 ,neale1 ,st4 ,ninian's ,hymns1 ,i4 ,williams4 ,adam of ,st4 ,v4 ,harum laudum praeconia4 ,,ii4 #bea4--,neale4 ,adam of ,st4 ,v4 ,heri mundus exultavit4 ,,ii4 #fd1 ,v4 #agf4 ,march1 ,trench4--,neale1 ,charles1 ,morgan4 ,joh4 ,mauburn ,heu6 quid jaces stabulo4 ,i4 #cce4 ,march1 ,trench4--,charles1 ,mc,gill1 ,kynaston1 ,mc,kenzie4 ,bernard of ,cluny ,hic breve vivitur4 ,trench1 ,march4--,neale1 ,moultrie1 ,duffield4 ,mozarabic ,breviary ,hic est dies verus ,dei4 ,i4 #di4 ,march4--,charles1 ,j4 ,m4 ,h41 ,duffield4 ,his reparandum generator4 --,caswall4 ,jean ,santeul ,hoc1 jussa quondam ,newman4--,i4 ,williams4 rumpimus4 ,trondhjem ,missal ,hodiernae lux diei ,v4 #bac4--;,a4 ,m4 ,m4 sacramenti4 ,roman ,breviary99 ,hominis superne ,conditor4 ,i4 #fa4 ,march4--,dryden 7871 ,mant1 ,caswall1 ,copeland1 ,hope1 ,bp4 ,williams4 #dfj ,dion4 ,ryckel ,homo ,dei creatura4 ,,iv4 #bej4--;,caswall4 ,anglo-,saxon ,hora nona qua canimus4 ,stevenson4--,chambers4 ,bernard of ,cluny ,hora novissima1 tempora ,trench1 ,march4--,neale1 pessima4 ,moultrie1 ,duffield1 ,coles1 ,mason1 ,o4 ,a4 ,m4 ,bonaventura ,hora qui ductus tertia4 ,,iv4 #bbj4 ,march4--,charles1 ,chambers4 ,charles ,coffin ,horres superbos1 nec tuam4 ,newman4--,i4 ,williams1 ,chandler1 ,chambers4 ,hoste dum victo triumphans4 --,caswall4 ,c4 ,sedulius ,hostis ,herodes impie4 ,i4 #adg1 ,,iv4 #adh1 #cgj4 ,march4--7,luther71 ,caswall1 ,chambers1 ,neale1 ,h4 ,a4 ,m41 ,anketell4 ,x,vth or ,x,v,ith ,huc ad jugum ,calvariae4 ,,ii4 #cec4--,neale1 ,kynaston4 ,cent4 ,chas4 ,coffin ,huc vos1 ,o miseri6 surda ,newman4--,chambers1 ,i4 relinquite4 ,williams4 ,x,i,ith ,century ,,ms4 ,hujus diei gloria4 ,i4 #bhg1 ,,iv4 #agf4--;,a4 ,l4 ,p4 ,paris ,missal ,humani generis cessent4 ,newman4--,neale4 ,jean ,santeul ,hymnis dum resonat4 ,newman4--,i4 ,williams4 ,bede ,hymnum canamus gloriae4 ,i4 #bjf4 ,march4--,chambers1 ,charles1 ,thompson1 ,copeland1 ,anketell4 ,bede ,hymnum canentes martyrum4 ,i4 #bjg4 ,march4--,neale1 ,charles 7part71 ,h4 ,a4 ,m41 ,anketell4 ,ambrosian ,hymnum dicamus ,domino4 ,i4 #ha4 ,march4--,charles4 ,chas4 ,coffin ,iisdem creati fluctibus4 ,newman4--,chambers1 ,wm4 ,palmer1 ,i4 ,williams1 ,chandler1 ,h4 ,a4 ,m4 ,isaac ,habert ,illaesa te puerpera4 ,newman4--,i4 ,williams4 ,ambrosian ,illuminans altissimus4 ,i4 #ai1 ,,iv4 #fa4 ,march4--,copeland4 ,gregory 787 ,immense coeli ,conditor4 ,i4 #eh1 ,,iv4 #ej4 ,march4--,dryden 7871 ,mant1 ,caswall1 ,chambers1 ,gould1 ,bp4 ,williams1 ,copeland1 ,hope1 ,h4 ,a4 ,sarum ,breviary ,impleta gaudent viscera4 --,a4 ,l4 ,p4 ,charles ,coffin ,impune vati non erit3 ,newman4--,i4 ,williams1 ,w4 impotens4 ,palmer4 ,prudentius ,inde est quod omnes ,mc,gill4--,mc,gill4 credimus4 ,x,vth ,century ,,ms4 ,in diebus celebribus4 ,mone1 #bdh4--,trend4 ,x,vth ,century ,,ms4 ,in domo ,patris4 ,mone1 #cjb4--;,h4 ,r4 ,b41 ,neale4 ,peter of ,dresden ,in dulci jubilo4 ,wackernagel4--,wedderburn4 ,hildebert ,infecunda mea ficus4 ,trench4--,w4 ,crashaw1 ,mc,gill4 ,jacoponus 787 ,in hoc anni circulo4 ,i4 #cca4--,neale4 ,adam of ,st4 ,v4 787 ,in natale ,salvatoris4 ,wrangham4--,a4 ,m4 ,m41 ,wrangham4 ,x,vth ,century ,in natali ,domini4 ,i4 #cbi4--,washburn1 ,littledale4 #dfa ,chas4 ,coffin ,in noctis umbra desides4 ,newman4--,chambers1 ,i4 ,williams1 ,chandler1 ,h4 ,a4 ,m4 ,bonaventura 7,mone7 ,in passione ,domini4 ,,iv4 #bai4--;,chambers1 ,oakeley4 ,x,i,ith ,century ,,ms4 ,in sapientia disponens ,mone1 #bh4--;,crippen1 ,trend1 omnia4 ,hewett4 ,chas4 ,coffin ,instantis adventum ,dei4 ,newman4--,chambers1 ,i4 ,williams1 ,chandler1 ,h4 ,a4 ,m41 ,moultrie4 ,columcille 787 ,in ,te1 ,christe1 credentium4 ,lyra ,hibernica4--,cusack4 ,peter the ,inter aeternas superm ,zabuesnig4--,caswall4 ,venerable coronas4 ,adam of ,st4 ,v4 ,interni festi gaudia4 ,,ii4 #bej4--,neale4 ,abelard ,in terris adhuc positam4 ,migne1 #agh4--,washburn4 ,chas4 ,coffin ,inter sulphurei fulgura ,newman4--,i4 ,williams1 ,blew4 turbinis4 ,simon ,gourdan ,intrante ,christo ,newman4--,i4 ,williams4 ,bethanicam domum4 ,le ,puy ,missal ,in triumphum mors mutatur4 ,moll4--,morgan4 ,prudentius ,inventor rutili dux4 ,i4 #aca4 ,newman4--,bp4 ,patrick1 ,chambers4 ,roman ,breviary99 ,invicte martyr unicum4 ,,iv4 #ach4--,mant1 ,caswall4 ,roman ,breviary ,ira justa ,conditoris4 ,,ii4 #cee4--;,caswall4 ,roman ,breviary99 ,iste confessor ,domini1 ,i4 #bdi4--;,caswall4 colentes4 ,i,xth ,century ,iste confessor ,domini ,i4 #bdh4--;,chambers1 ,d4 ,l4 sacratus4 ,roman ,breviary ,iste quem laeti colimus ,,iv4 #big4--;,caswall4 fideles4 ,ite moesti cordis luctus4 ,,iv4 #cba4--;,hayes4 ,modern ,ite noctes1 ite nubes4 ,,iv4 #cbe4--;,hayes1 ,anketell4 ,chas4 ,coffin ,jactamur heu6 quot ,newman4--,chambers1 ,chandler1 fluctibus4 ,i4 ,williams4 ,vth or ,v,ith ,jam1 ,christe1 sol ,i4 #bce1 ,,iv4 #bah4--;,chambers1 ,century justitiae4 ,crippen4 ,ambrosian ,jam ,christus astra ,i4 #fd1 ,,iv4 #hc4--;,dryden ascenderat4 7871 ,caswall1 ,chambers1 ,trend1 ,aylward1 ,blew1 ,copeland1 ,l41 ,dayman1 ,esling4 ,chas4 ,coffin ,jam desinant suspiria4 ,newman4--,i4 ,williams1 ,chambers1 ,wm4 ,palmer1 ,chandler1 ,woodford1 ,h4 ,a4 ,m41 ,a4 ,l4 ,p41 ,braye4 ,ambrosian ,jam lucis orto sidere 7iv4 ,i4 #ef1 ,,iv4 #db4--,primer1 verses74 #aede and #aeei1 ,mant1 ,caswall1 ,chambers1 ,keble1 ,newman1 ,mc,gill1 ,duffield1 ,anketell1 ,cosin1 ,neale1 ,singleton1 ,hope1 ,wm4 ,palmer1 ,bp4 ,williams1 ,anon41 #ahdg1 ,h4 ,a4 ,m41 ,h4 ,a4 ,chas4 ,coffin99 ,jam lucis orto sidere 7vi4 ,newman4--,chambers1 ,chandler1 verses74 ,i4 ,williams1 ,copeland4 #dfb ,hilary ,jam meta noctis transiit4 ,i4 #c1 ,,iv4 #cf4--;,duffield4 ,prudentius ,jam moesta quiesce querula4 ,i4 #acg4 ,march1 ,trench4--,caswall1 ,i4 ,williams1 ,hewett1 ,charles1 ,morgan1 ,mc,gill1 ,davis1 ,winkworth1 ,washburn1 ,anketell1 ,bp4 ,patrick1 ,a4 ,l4 ,p4 ,m4 ,a4 ,flaminius ,jam noctis umbras lucifer4 ,preces ,privatae1 #aefd4--,rickards4 ,jean ,santeul ,jam non te lacerant4 ,newman4--,chambers1 ,i4 ,williams4 ,jean ,santeul ,jam nunc quae numeras4 ,newman4--,chambers1 ,i4 ,williams4 ,x,i,ith ,century 787 ,jam pulsa cedant nubila4 ,neale4--,neale4 ,chas4 ,coffin ,jam sanctius moves opus4 ,newman4--,chambers1 ,wm4 ,palmer1 ,chandler1 ,h4 ,a4 ,m41 ,i4 ,williams4 ,paris ,breviary ,jam satis fluxit cruor ,newman4--,i4 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,abp4 ,manning's ,collection1 ,esling1 ,benedict4 ,paris ,breviary ,victis sibi cognomina4 ,newman4--,chambers1 ,braye1 ,i4 ,williams1 ,singleton1 ,chandler4 ,monk of ,st4 ,gall ,virgines castae1 virgines ,neale4--,s4 ,m4 summae4 ,x,vth ,century ,,ms4 ,virginis in gremio4 ,v4 #beb4--;,a4 ,m4 ,m4 ,i,xth ,century 7,ko7 ,virginis proles opifexque ,i4 #bej1 ,,iv4 #adj1 matris4 #cfh4--;,caswall1 ,chambers4 ,virgo vernans velut rosa4 --,caswall4 ,joh4 von ,geissel ,virgo virginum praeclara4 ,v4 #cdi4--;,caswall4 ,alain de ,lisle ,vita nostra plena bellis4 ,march4--,washburn1 ,hayes4 ,charles ,coffin ,vos ante ,christi tempora4 ,newman4--,chambers1 ,i4 ,williams1 ,chandler4 ,paris ,breviary ,vos1 ,o virginei cum ,newman4--,chambers1 ,i4 citharis4 ,williams4 ,jean ,santeul ,vos sancti proceres4 ,zabuesnig4--,i4 ,williams4 ,jean ,santeul ,vos succensa ,deo splendida4 ,newman4--,chambers1 ,i4 ,williams4 ,ambrosian ,vox clara ecce intonat4 ,i4 #gf1 ,,iv4 #adc4--,keble1 ,chambers1 ,hewett1 ,braye1 ,anketell4 ,noyon ,breviary ,vox clara terris nos gravi4 ,neale4--,ryder4 ,adam of ,st4 ,v4 ,vox sonora nostri chori4 ,neale4--,morgan4 ,adam of ,st4 ,v4 ,zyma vetus expurgetur4 ,,ii4 #fi1 ,v4 #afa4 ,trench4--,neale1 ,morgan1 ,plumptre4 ,this list shows how much of the attention of ,english translators has been occupied by the hymns of the ,paris ,breviary of #agcf1 which for the most part are contemporary with the ,english hymns of ,watts and ,doddridge4 ,there are #ahj translated hymns taken from that breviary1 and of these there are #ecf translations--the largest group furnished by any one source4 ,next comes the ,roman ,breviary1 chiefly through the labors of ,mr4 ,caswall and other ,roman ,catholic translators4 ,then come the versions of ,ambrosian and other primitive hymns1 ,prudentius standing next to ,ambrose and his school4 ,of the mediaeval writers1 ,adam of ,st4 ,victor would be seen to stand first1 if all the versions of ,mr4 ,wrangham had been catalogued1 but this seemed unnecessary4 ,,appendix4 ,mr4 ,duffield had copied for insertion the introduction which ,bernard of ,morlaix wrote for his poem1 ,de ,contemptu ,mundi4 ,it is here given from the text of #afaj4 ,the reader will find little difficulty in distinguishing u and v1 i and j in the orthography1 and in recognizing q3 as the enclitic que4 ,it will be observed that the introduction is not written throughout in the ,leonine verse of the poem1 but varies into two easier forms of verse4 ,,bernardi ,,morlanensis ,,de ,,vanitate ,,mundi ,,et ,,appetitu ,,aeternae ,,vitae1 ,,libellus ,,aureolus4 ,chartula nostra tibi mandat dilecte salutes1 ,plura vides ibi si modo non mea dona refutes4 ,dulcia sunt animae solatia quae tibi mando4 ,sed prosunt minim1 si non serves operando4 ,quae mea verba monent tu noli tradere vento1 ,cordis in aure sonent1 et sic retinere memento1 ,vt tibi grande bonum nostri monitus operentur1 ,perq3 dei donum tibi caelica regna parentur4 ,menti sincerae possunt haec verba placere1 ,haeciter ostendunt1 hortantur1 non reprehendunt4 ,vox diuina monet quod nemo spem sibi ponet ,in rebus mundi1 quae causam dant pereundi4 ,si quis amat ,christum mundum non diligat istum ,sed quasi faetorem spernens illius amorem1 ,aestimet obscaenum1 quod mundus credit amaenum4 ,totum huic vilescit iam quidquid in orbe nitescit1 ,vitat terrenum decus vt mortale venenum4 ,abiectoq3 foris caeno carnalis amoris1 ,ad regnum caeli suspirat mente fideli1 ,atq3 fide plena paradisi speret amaena4 ,tu quoq3 frater ita carnis contagia vita ,vt placeas ,christo1 mundo dum vivis in isto4 ,nec tibi sint curae res ad nihilum rediturae4 ,quae cito labuntur1 multoq3 labore petuntur4 ,cur homo laetaris quia forsan cras moriaris8 ,per nullam sortem poteris depellere mortem4 ,cur caro laetaris quia vermibus esca pararis8 ,hic1 locus est flendi1 sed ibi est peccata luendi4 ,postea gaudebunt qui nunc sua crimina flebunt4 ,iam non laetetur qui gaudia summa meretur4 ,gaudia stultorum cumulant tormenta dolorum4 ,talia prudentes fugiunt1 ea despicientes4 ,cur caro non spernis quae pretereuntia cernis8 ,nonne vides mundum miserum1 et pariter moribundum ,sub gladio dirae mortis languendo perire8 ,mors resecat1 mors omne necat quod in orbe creatur1 ,magnificos premit et modicos1 cunctis dominatur4 ,nobilium tenet imperium1 nullumq3 veretur ,tam ducibus quam principibus communis habetur4 ,mors juuenes rapit atq3 senes1 nulli miseretur1 ,illa fremit1 genus omne tremit quod in orbe mouetur ,illa ferit1 caro tota perit dum sub pede mortis ,conteritur1 nec eripitur vir robore fortis4 ,cur igitur qui sic moritur vult magnificari8 ,diuitias sibi cur nimias petit ille parari8 ,instabiles sumus et fragiles1 multisq3 ruinis ,atterimur1 dum sic trahimur sub tempore finis4 ,pretereunt et non redeunt mortalia quaeque ,naec statio manet in dubio sic nocte dieque ,vita breuis velut vmbra levis sic annihilatur4 ,sic vadit1 subitoq3 cadit dum stare putatur4 ,quis redimit cum mors perimit1 quia munera nunquam ,nec pretium nec seruitium mors accipit vnquam8 ,sed quid plura loquar8 nulli mors invida parcit1 ,non euadit inops1 nec qui marsupia farcit4 ,non igitur cesses ea quae bona sunt operari1 ,nam mors non cessat tibi nocte dieq3 minari4 ,amplius in rebus noli sperare caducis4 ,sed cupiat tua mens aeternae gaudia lucis4 ,falliter insipiens vitae praesentis amore1 ,sed nouit sapiens quanto sit plena dolore ,quidquid formosum mundus gerit et speciosum4 ,floris habet morem cui dat natura colorem4 ,mox vt siccatur totus color annihilatur1 ,postea nec florem monstrat1 nec spirat odorem4 ,regia majestas1 omnis terrena potestas1 ,prosperitas rerum1 series longinqua dierum ,ibit1 et absq3 mor cum mortis venerit hora4 ,mundi quid sit honor ego nunc tibi scribere conor4 ,nosti quippe satis quam nil ferat vtilitatis4 ,praedia terrarum1 possessio diuitiarum1 ,fabrica murorum1 grandis structura domorum1 ,gloria mensarum1 cum deliciis epularum1 ,insignesq3 thori pariterq3 scyphiq3 decori1 ,resplendens vestis quae moribus obstat honestis1 ,grex armentorum1 spaciosus cultus agrorum1 ,fertile vinetum diuers vite repletum1 ,gratia natorum1 dilectio dulcis eorum1 ,cuncta relinquentur1 nec post haec inuenientur4 ,quod breuiter durat quis prudens quaerere curat8 ,non metuens hominem faciet mors aspera finem ,rebus mundanis mendacibus1 et mal sanis4 ,causa gravis scelerum cessabit amor mulierum4 ,colloquium quarum non est nisi virus amarum1 ,praebens sub mellis dulcedine pocula fellis4 ,nam decus illarum laqueus fallax animarum1 ,cum verbis blandis mendacibus atq3 nephandis ,illaqueant1 stultosq3 ferunt ad tartara multos4 ,omnia transibunt1 et gaudia vana peribunt1 ,et faciunt fructum tristem per faecula luctum4 ,omnibus hoc dico ne se subdent inimico4 ,ne supplantentur qui subditi in his retinentur4 ,noli confundi miser dulcedine mundi4 ,nam sua dulcedo dilabitur ordine faedo4 ,quae trepidas mentes et mollia quaeq3 sequentes ,fallit mulcendo carnem1 blandeq3 fovendo4 ,postea finitur1 nec dulcis tunc reperitur1 ,sed fit amara nimis nec adaequans vltima primis1 ,et grauiter pungit miseros1 quos primitus vngit4 ,nam sic illusus et semper mollibus vsus4 ,damnatos dign post mortem torret in igne4 ,atq3 voluptatem conuertit in anxietatem1 ,et fit flamma furens illos sine fine perurens4 ,talia lucra ferent studiis qui talibus haerent4 ,sed qui saluari vult perpetuoq3 beari ,christo deuotum studeat se tradere totum ,hujus inhaerendo praeceptis1 et faciendo ,quae scripturarum monstrant documenta sacrarum4 ,accipiet ver qui vult haec jussa tenere ,sedibus in laetis aeternae dona quietis4 ,quae cunctis dantur qui corde ,deo famulantur1 ,atq3 ea qui spernunt quae praetereuntia cernunt ,hic est seruorum requies1 et vita suorum1 ,gaudia quae praestat1 tribulatio nulla molestat1 ,gloria solennis manet illic1 paxq3 perennis4 ,semper honoratos facit hos ,deus atq3 beatos ,quos recipit secum4 ,sed quamuis judicet aequum1 ,plura tamen dantur sanctis1 qum promereantur4 ,omnia dat gratis fons diuinae pietatis1 ,proq3 labore breui bona confert perpetis aeui4 ,his qui salvantur semper bona multa parantur4 ,sic mala multa malis properat mors exitialis4 ,isti gaudebunt1 isti sine fine dolebunt4 ,nemo potest fari1 nec scribere1 nec meditari ,gaudia justorum1 nec non tormenta malorum4 ,heu mal fraudatur1 vah6 stult ludificatur1 ,qui propter florem mundi1 vanumq3 decorem1 ,qui prius apparet quasi flos1 et protinus aret1 ,vadit ad infernum perdens diadema supernum1 ,quod dominus donat cunctis1 quos ipse coronat4 ,errat homo ver qui cum bona possit habere1 ,sponte subit paenas1 infernalesq3 catenas4 ,huius amor mundi putei petit ima profundi1 ,protinus extinctus1 moritur qui mittitur intus1 ,semper ad ima cadit1 semper mors obuia vadit1 ,nec venit ad metas mortis miserabilis aetas1 ,nescit finiri1 semperq3 videtur oriri1 ,semper vexando1 semper gemitus provocando1 ,ingerit ardores1 infinitosq3 dolores4 ,sunt ibi serpentes flammas ex ore vomentes1 ,fumosos dentes1 et guttura torva gerentes1 ,a flatu quorum pereunt animae miserorum4 ,sunt ibi tortores serpentibus horridiores1 ,difformes1 nigri1 sed non ad verbera pigri1 ,nunquam lassantur1 sed semper ad hoc renouantur1 ,et male feruentes sunt ad tormenta recentes4 ,semper tristati sunt ad tormenta parati4 ,semper et ardescunt1 nec cessant1 nec requiescunt1 ,non exstirpantur nec parcunt nec miserantur1 ,qum mal damnatur1 qum fortiter excruciatur ,qui fert tantorum feritatem suppliciorum4 ,quid tunc thesauri1 quid acervus proderit auri1 ,cum peccatores mittuntur ad inferiores ,inferni latebras1 imas pariterq3 tenebras1 ,semper passuri1 nec ab his vnquam redituri8 ,tunc flens et tristis qui poenis traditur istis1 ,mallet praeteritae quod in omni tempore vitae ,pauper vixisset1 quam diuitias habuisset4 ,stat mal securus qui protinus est moriturus4 ,non bene laetatur cui paena dolorq3 paratur4 ,non igitur cures gazas acquirere plures1 ,gazas fallaces incertas atque fugaces1 ,quae magis optantur cum plenius accumulantur4 ,haec faciunt mentes semper majora petentes4 ,divitiae tales sunt omnibus exititiales1 ,nam sibi credentes faciunt miseros1 et egentes4 ,post carnis vitam per blandimenta nutritam1 ,expertesque boni traduntur perditioni1 ,nemo tamen credat quod ab ista luce recedat1 ,ignibus arsurus1 vel propter opes periturus1 ,si proprium servet1 si divitias coacervet4 ,quamvis sit rarum1 poterit possessor earum4 ,juste salvari1 fugiat si nomen avari1 ,vivat prudenter1 gazas habeat sapienter1 ,non abscondendo1 sed egenis distribuendo4 ,sed satis est notum quod plus dimittere totum ,prodest1 quam temer quae sunt nocitura tenere4 ,tutius est ver mortem fugiendo cavere1 ,quam prope serpentem procumbere virus habentem4 ,sic est in mundo1 quar tibi consilium do ,quatenus hoc spreto te tradas pectore laeto ,servitio ,christi1 cui traditus ipse fuisti4 ,hic tibi praebebit regnum quod fine carebit4 ,huic si servieris celsis opibus potieris1 ,tollere quas fures nequeunt1 nec rodere mures4 ,collige thesaurum qui gemmas vineat et aurum4 ,quaere bonos mores1 thesauros interiores4 ,gazas congestas mentis praecellit honestas4 ,nam miser est et erit qui mundi prospera quaerit4 ,est dives vere qui non ea poscit habere1 ,qui bonus est intus fidei quoq3 numine tinctus1 ,semper honestatis studium tenet et probitatis4 ,cum bona quis tractat tunc se virtutibus aptat ,si nihil est sordis quod polluat intima cordis4 ,his delectatur ,dominus qui cor speculatur1 ,thesaurus talis preciosus spiritualis4 ,comparat aeternam vitam1 patriamq3 supernam1 ,congregat in coelis thesaurum quisq3 fidelis1 ,perq3 bonos mores ad summos tendit honores1 ,nec modo vult fieri locuples1 nec major haberi4 ,sed semper minimus semper despectus et imus4 ,plus paupertatem cupiens quam prosperitatem1 ,hancq3 libens tolerat quia caeli gaudia sperat4 ,pauper amabilis et venerabilis et benedictus4 ,dives inutilis et miserabilis et maledictus4 ,pauper laudatur cum dives vituperatur4 ,qui bona negligit et mala diligit intrat abyssum1 ,nulla potentia nulla pecunia liberat ipsum4 ,est miserabilis insatiabilis illa vorago4 ,ast ubi mergitur horrida cernitur omnis imago4 ,haec cruciamina enim ob sua crimina promeruerunt1 ,vir miserabilis ,evaq3 stebilis haec subierunt4 ,jussa ,dei pia quiq3 salubria si tenuissent1 ,vir necq3 famina1 nec quoq3 semina morte ruissent4 ,sed quia spernere jussaq3 solvere non timuerunt ,mors gravis irruit1 hoc merito fuit1 et perierunt4 ,janua mortis laesio fortis crimen eorum ,attulit orbi semina morbi totq3 malorum4 ,illa parentes atq3 sequentes culpa peremit1 ,atq3 piarum deliciarum munus ademit4 ,flebile fatum dans cruciatum dansq3 dolorem4 ,illa mereri1 perdere veri regis amorem4 ,tam lachrimos tamque peros morte perire4 ,atq3 ferorum suppliciorum claustra subire4 ,est data saevam causa per ,evam perditionis1 ,dum meliorem sperat honorem voce ,draconis4 ,haec malens credens1 nos quoq3 laedens crimine magno ,omnia tristi subdidit isti saecula damno4 ,stirps miserorum paena dolorum postea crevit4 ,his quoq3 damnis pluribus annis subdita flevit4 ,tunc ,deus omnipotens qui verbo cuncta creavit4 ,sic cecidisse dolens hominem1 quem semper amavit1 ,ipse suum verbum transmisit ad infima mundi ,exulibus miseris aperire viam redeundi4 ,filius ergo ,dei descendit ab arce superna4 ,nunquam descendens majestate paterna4 ,qui corpus cum anim sumens e numine salvo ,processit natus sacro de virginis alvo1 ,verus homo verusq3 ,deus pius et miserator1 ,verus ,salvator nostraeq3 salutis amator4 ,vivendiq3 volens nobis ostendere normam1 ,se dedit exemplum rectamq3 per omnia formam1 ,insuper et multos voluit sufferre labores1 ,atq3 dolore suo nostros auferre dolores ,sponte sua moriens mortem moriendo peremit1 ,et sic perpetua miseros morte redemit4 ,succurrens miseris mortali peste gravatis4 ,quod non debebat persolvit fons pietatis4 ,pondera nostra ferens penitus nos exoneravit1 ,et quidquid crimen vetus abstulerat reparavit4 ,nam de morte su redivivus uti leo fortis ,restituit vitam prostrato principe mortis4 ,sic ,domini pietas mundum non passa perire1 ,fecit nos miseros d gaudia prima venire4 ,jam satis audisti frater quae gratia ,christi ,sic nos salvavit1 nostrumq3 genus raparavit4 ,si sapis hoc credas1 nec ab hc ratione recedas4 ,sed quid lucratur credens qui non operatur8 ,hic male se laedit4 ,male vivens non bene credit4 ,crede mihi magnum facit illa fides sibi damnum1 ,morteque mactatur1 quia mortua jure vocatur4 ,hunc facit ipsa mori sub judicio graviori ,quam si nescisset fidei quid dogma fuisset4 ,quod loquor est notum retinentibus utile totum1 ,frater id ausculta1 veniunt tibi commoda multa ,si retinere velis1 quia sic eris ipse fidelis4 ,hanc per virtutem poteris sperare salutem4 ,atque beatus eris si quae bona sunt opereris4 ,ergo verborum semper memor esto meorum4 ,cura tuae mentis semper sit in his documentis4 ,si vis salvari semper studeas imitari ,vitam justorum1 fugiens exempla malorum4 ,illis jungaris quorum pia facta sequaris4 ,elige sanctorum consortia1 non reproborum4 ,o quam ditantur qui caelica regna lucrantur6 ,sic exaltantur qui sanctis associantur1 ,vivunt jocundi qui spernunt gaudia mundi1 ,qui carnis miserae norunt vitium omne cavere4 ,sub pedibus quorum victus jacet hostis eorum4 ,his dabitur ver ,dominum sine fine videre1 ,angelicusq3 chorus divin laude sonorus1 ,cum quibus ante ,deum referunt cum laude tropaeum4 ,quod tibi nunc dico si serves corde pudico ,hos inter caetus vives sine tempore laetus4 ,sed miseri flebunt quia gaudia nulla videbunt4 ,nunquam cum reprobis tribuatur portio nobis4 ,ad paenas ibunt1 et sic sine fine peribunt4 ,mundus ad hanc partem per daemonis attrahit artem1 ,isti haec dona ferent qui sordibus ejus adhaerent4 ,sensu discreto quae sunt nocitura caveto1 ,pervigili cura semper meditare futura4 ,quam fera quam fortis veniet destructio mortis6 ,quae via pandetur1 cum spiritus egredietur6 ,quid sit facturus1 vel quos comites habiturus6 ,qum miser infernus1 qum nobilis ordo supernus6 ,quae mala damnatis1 quae sunt bona parta beatis6 ,quantum gaudebunt quos gaudia summa replebunt6 ,quos illustrabit quos semper laetificabit ,visio sancta ,dei1 splendorq3 ,dei faciei6 ,talia quaerenti venient nova gaudia menti4 ,cum studio tali dulcedine spirituali ,mens tua pascetur1 si jugiter haec meditetur4 ,hoc studium mentem ,domino facit esse placentem4 ,curas terrenas magno cruciamine plenas4 ,funditus expellit1 vitiorum germina vellit4 ,sic terrenorum mens tacta timore dolorum4 ,deserit errorem1 mundiq3 repellit amorem4 ,postea summorum flagrescit amore bonorum4 ,confert tale bonum ,domini durabile donum4 ,nam cum mutatur mala mens ,deus hoc operatur4 ,virtutum munus praestare potest ,deus unus4 ,qui sic servorum docet intus corda suorum4 ,qui bona sectantur1 vel qui pur meditantur4 ,sic ,dominus mores levat illos ad meliores1 ,quos penitentes videt auxiliumque petentes1 ,ergo fide pur ,christo te subdere cura4 ,auxilio cujus fugias mala temporis hujus ,atria sunt caeli ver patefacta fideli4 ,semper ibi vives divino munere dives ,si vis sincer ,domini praecepta tenere4 ,christo junguntur sua qui praecepta sequuntur4 ,nam decus aeternum datur his regnumque supernum4 ,gloria caelestis ,paradisi1 caelica vestis ,hos faciet laetos1 et pax aeterna quietos4 ,num delectaris cum talia praemeditaris1 ,ista libens audis1 et ad haec pia gaudia plaudis8 ,nec tamen ignores per magnos ista labores ,sanctis adquiri1 nec fortuit reperiri4 ,sed quamvis gratis tribuat ,deus ista beatis1 ,nemo tamen segnis vitae fert dona perennis1 ,ni melior factus1 proprios correxerit actus4 ,quem satis his dignum ,dominus vult esse benignum4 ,promptum ferventem non otia vana sequentem4 ,de regno caeli non credit mente fideli ,insipiens et hebes1 sed tu bene credere debes4 ,christo dicenti1 rapiunt illud violenti4 ,scilicet austeri1 sed distinguendo severi1 ,mollia spernentes1 et carni vim facientes1 ,semper et intenti ,domino1 parere jubenti4 ,est caro nota satis1 quod habet nihil vtilitatis4 ,spiritus inde perit si corpus dulcia quaerit4 ,et dum vexatur caro1 ,spiritus alleviatur3 ,cumq3 relaxatur mortaliter ille gravatur4 ,omne quod ostendo potes ipse videre legendo4 ,indice scriptur poteris cognoscere plura4 ,vitam quaerenti dat iter sacra lectio menti4 ,accipe scriptorum frater documenta meorum1 ,quae sibi monstravi1 quae dulciter insinuavi4 ,non ea corde gravi teneas1 sed pectore suavi1 ,si te virtutis delectat1 iterq3 salutis4 ,quicquid enim scripsi multum tibi proderit ipsi4 ,nam rex caelestis1 quem nil latet1 est mihi testis1 ,nil tibi narravi nisi quod prodesse putavi4 ,nec ratio veri debet tibi dura videri1 ,namq3 per angustum dixi tibi currere justum4 ,sic probus ascendit1 dum semper ad ardua tendit4 ,hunc facias cursum si vis ascendere sursum4 ,fortassis puero tibi frustra dicere quaero ,justum sermonem1 quia non capis hanc rationem4 ,sed pater immensus det perspicuos tibi sensus1 ,roboret aetatem1 tribuatq3 tibi probitatem4 ,filius ergo ,dei1 spes nostrae progeniei1 ,autor honestatis1 fons perpetuae bonitatis1 ,virtutum flores1 et honestos det tibi mores4 ,spiritus amborum1 qui tangit corda piorum1 ,et sine verborum sonitu1 sit doctor eorum1 ,ipse tuam mentem regat1 et faciat sapientem1 ,recte credentem1 monitus veros retinentem4 ,ut bene vivendo1 mandataq3 sancta tenendo ,laetitiam ver lucis merearis habere4 ,quae tenebras nescit1 miroq3 decore nitescit1 ,et cuicunq3 datur sine fine is laetificatur4 ,hoc tibi det munus qui regnat1 trinus et unus4 ,,appendix ,,ii4 ,,the ,,carmina ,,burana4 ,the investigations of ,grimm1 ,schmeller1 ,edelestand du ,meril1 ,thomas ,wright1 and ,h4 ,hagen1 together with the translations of ,mr4 ,j4 ,a4 ,symonds 78,wine1 ,women1 and ,song071 are familiarizing us with the fact that ,latin verse had other than churchly and edifying uses in the ,middle ,ages4 ,one of the most important of the mediaeval collections in this department is a manuscript of the thirteenth century1 long preserved in the monastery of ,brauburen ,benedictbeure1 in ,bavaria1 but now in ,mnchen4 ,it was edited by ,j4 ,andreas ,schmeller1 in #ahdg1 at ,stuttgardt1 and his edition was reprinted at ,breslau1 in #ahhc4 ,from it ,mr4 ,symonds draws most of his material for his volume of translations4 ,i find among ,mr4 ,duffield's papers some specimens of these poems of the ,bavarian collection1 which ,i think fitted to illustrate the literary relations of the ,latin hymns1 and therefore they are inserted here4 ,,gaude3 ,,cur ,,gaudeas ,,vide4 ,iste mundus ,furibundus ,falsa praestat gaudia1 ,quae defluunt ,et decurrunt ,ceu campi lilia4 ,res mundana1 ,vita vana ,vera tollit praemia1 ,nam inpellit ,et submergit ,animas in tartara4 ,quod videmus ,vel tacemus ,in praesenti patria1 ,dimittemus ,vel perdemus ,quasi quercus folia4 ,res carnalis1 ,lex mortalis ,valde transitoria1 ,frangit1 transit ,velut umbra1 ,quae non est corporea4 ,conteramus ,confringamus ,carnis desideria1 ,ut cum iustis ,et electis ,celestia nos gaudia ,gratulari ,mercamur ,per aeterna secula4 ,lo6 this our world ,to wrath is hurled1 ,its joys are false and silly2 ,which pass away1 ,and never stay1 ,as on the plain the lily4 ,this mundane strife1 ,this empty life1 ,yet offers honors truly2 ,it onward drives1 ,and sinks our lives ,in ,hades most unduly4 ,and when we see1 ,or silent be1 ,wherever we are stopping1 ,we put it by1 ,or let it fly1 ,as oaks their leaves are dropping4 ,this carnal fact1 ,this mortal act1 ,will glide away before us2 ,it breaks and flakes ,as darkness makes ,a shadow-region o'er us4 ,we try in vain1 ,we use with pain ,the pleasures which are carnal2 ,for with the just ,and blest we must ,care more for joys supernal4 ,to song and praise ,we give our days1 ,through ages still eternal4 ,exul ego clericus ,ad laborem natus ,tibulor multociens ,paupertati datus4 ,literarum studiis ,vellem insudare ,nisi quod inopia ,cogit me cessare4 ,ille meis tenuis ,nimis est amictus1 ,saepe frigus patior ,calore relictus4 ,interesse laudibus ,non possum divinis1 ,nec missae nec vesperae1 ,dum cantetur finis4 ,i'm an exile clerical1 ,born to toil and troubles1 ,and while ,i am1 ,poverty redoubles4 ,in a literary line ,i should wish to travel ,if a lack of wordly goods ,didn't always cavil4 ,by that cloak--too thin at best-- ,i am scarce defended2 ,and ,i suffer cold enough ,when the fire is ended4 ,how can ,i sing praises1 then1 ,where ,i may be wanted1 ,staying mass and vespers out ,till the amen's chanted8 ,monachi sunt nigri ,et in regula sunt pigri ,bene cucullati ,et male coronati4 ,quidam sunt cani ,et sensibus prophani1 ,quidam sunt fratres1 ,et verentur ut patres1 ,dicuntur 8,norpertini0 ,et non ,augustini1 ,in cano vestimento ,novo gaudent invento4 ,the monks are all black1 ,in their rules they're a lazy pack2 ,mightily well gowned1 ,and wretchedly crowned4 ,some are dirty whelps1 ,whose senses are no helps2 ,but some1 indeed1 are brothers1 ,like fathers are some others4 ,they are called ,norpertines ,and not ,augustines2 ,in raiment of white1 ,in new things they delight4 ,,appendix ,,iii4 ,in the account of the ,dies ,irae1 on page #bej1 there is a reference to the following poem by ,jsu-,justus ,kerner1 the ,swabian poet and mystic1 which ,i find translated among ,mr4 ,duffield's papers3 ,,the ,,four ,,crazed ,,brothers4 ,shrivelled into corpselike thinness ,four within the madhouse sit2 ,from their pallid lips no sentence ,tells of either sense or wit4 ,starkly there they face each other1 ,each more gloomy than his brother4 ,hark6 the hour of midnight striking ,lifts their very hair with fright2 ,then at last their lips are open1 ,then they chant with muffled might3 ,dies irae1 dies illa1 ,solvet saeclum in favilla6 ,once they were four evil brothers1 ,drunk and clamorous withal1 ,who with lewd and ribald ditties ,through the holy night would brawl1 ,heeding not their father's warning1 ,even friend's remonstrance scorning4 ,gape their mouths for very horror1 ,but no word will issue thence2 ,god's eternal vengeance strikes them1 ,chilled they stand without defence2 ,white their hair and pale their faces1 ,madness every mind erases6 ,then the old man1 dying1 turned him ,to his wicked sons1 and said3 ,doth not that cold form affright you ,which shall lead us to the dead8 ,dies irae1 dies illa1 ,solvet saeclum in favilla6 ,thus he spoke and thence departed1 ,but it moved them not at all2 ,though he passed to peace unending1 ,while for them should justice call1 ,as their lives to strife were given1 ,near to hell and far from heaven4 ,thus they lived and thus they revelled1 ,until many a year had fled2 ,others' sorrow cost them nothing1 ,blanched no hair upon the head2 ,jolly brothers6 they were able ,to hold ,god and sin a fable6 ,but at last1 as midnight found them ,drunkly reeling from the feast1 ,hark6 the song of saints was lifted ,through the church1 and high increased2 8,cease your barking1 hounds60 they shouted1 ,as with ,satan's mouth undoubted4 ,then they rushed1 those wicked brothers1 ,roughly through the holy door2 ,but1 as though at final judgment1 ,down they heard that chorus pour4 ,,footnotes #a,of course the champions of papal infallibility are at great pains to deny this4 ,but all the contemporary writers1 such as ,athanasius1 ,hilary1 and ,jerome1 assert it1 and against it there is nothing but a priori assumptions and the assertion that the third ,sirmian formula signed by ,liberius has been mistaken for the first1 which was ,arian4 ,in ,dr4 ,newman's ,arians of the ,fourth ,century1 pp4 #dcc-dj1 there is a careful account of the three ,sirmian formulas4 ,the main fact never was denied until the necessities of the infallibility theory compelled the rewriting of history4 ,even the old ,roman ,breviary declares that 8,liberius assented to the ,arian mischief40 #b,see ,dr4 ,dollinger's ,fables respecting the ,popes in the ,middle ,ages 7,new ,york1 #ahgb71 pp4 #ahc-bji4 ,in #aehb ,gregory ,,xiii4 was on the point of expunging his name from the ,roman ,martyrology1 as ,baronius had proven that he was neither a pope nor a martyr1 but had died peaceably on his own estate near ,rome4 ,but the discovery of a stone with an inscription asserting his martyrdom turned the scale the other way4 ,modern scholarship stigmatizes the inscription as a fraud1 and it is notable that the stone has disappeared4 #c;,condensed from ,ancient ,rome in the ,light of ,modern ,discoveries1 by ,professor ,rodolfo ,lanciani4 ,boston1 #ahhh4 #d,see ,sir ,alexander ,croke's ,history of ,rhyming ,verse4 ,oxford1 #ahbh2 ,ferdinand ,wolf's standard treatise1 ,ueber die ,lais1 ,sequenzen und ,leiche4 ,heidelberg1 #ahda2 ,august ,fuchs's ,die ,romanischen ,sprachen in ihrem ,verhltnisse zum ,lateinischen1 ,halle1 #ahdi2 ,w4 ,corssen's ,ueber die ,aussprache1 ,vokalismus und ,betonung der ,lateinischen ,sprache4 ,leipzig1 #ahfh4 ,also ,niebuhr's article1 ,ueber das ,alter des ,lieds ,lydia bella puella1 in the third volume of the ,rheinisches ,museum1 ,bonn1 #ahbi2 and ,mr4 ,s4 ,v4 ,cole's paper on 8,the ,development of ,form in the ,latin ,hymns10 in the ,andover ,review for ,october1 #ahhh4 #e,this is a passage not discernible in the ,psalms4 ,justin ,martyr says that the ,jews expunged it4 ,tertullian 7,contra ,marcion1 ,,iii47 mentions it--and in two other places4 ,daniel1 ,thesaurus1 ,i43 #afb1 has a learned note on the subject4 #f,the same story1 but not so well related1 is in the life by ,paul of ,monte ,cassino and is repeated in ,bede 7,hist4 ,angl4 ,lib4 ,,ii4 cap4 #a74 ,john's ,latin is a trifle cumbrous1 but this is the literal translation of it4 #g,recently there has been a most admirable summary of these matters prepared by the ,rev4 ,samuel ,m4 ,jackson for the fourteenth chapter of ,dr4 ,philip ,schaff's ,history of the ,christian ,church4 #h,the full inquiry can be pursued through ,dan4 ,v41 #ff and ,,ii41 #aha2 ,neale1 ,sequentiae1 p4 #eh2 ,du ,meril1 ,poesies ,populaires1 p4 #chj1 in ,pearson's ,sarum ,sequences1 and in ,kehrein4 #i,poesies ,populaires3 ,anterieures au ,douxieme ,sicle1 p4 #chj4 ,the language is worth quoting as it stands4 ,he is speaking of ,hermann4 8,il avail fait1 en outre1 un grand nombre d'hymnes et de proses qui sauf le ,veni1 ,sancte ,spiritus que lui attribue ,ego1 semblent toutes perdues40 #aj;,his ,varia de ,corrupto ,statu ,ecclesiae ,poemata was reprinted in #aged1 but even this is very scarce4 ,there was an earlier publication of his of the same nature1 ,carmina ,vetusta 7#aedh71 but whether it contained ,bernard1 ,i cannot say4 ,flacius was an unwearied searcher of the libraries of ,europe for material to use on the ,lutheran side of the great controversy4 ,the poem was then reprinted at least six times3 8by ,david ,chytraeus at ,bremen1 #aeig2 at ,rostock1 #afaj2 at ,leipzig1 #afbf2 by ,eilhard ,lubinus1 at ,lunenburg1 #afdj2 in ,wachler's ,new ,theological ,annals1 ,december1 #ahbj2 and in ,g4 ,ch4 ,f4 ,mohnike's ,studien 7,stralsund1 #ahbd7 ,i41 #ah40 ,yet it had become so scarce that when ,i made my version of ,dr4 ,trench's cento1 ,i could not find a complete copy in ,america4 ,since then ,i have received a copy of the edition of #afdj from a friend4 ,also the ,boston ,public ,library has secured a copy of the ,varia ,poemata1 which was once ,theodore ,parker's1 and bears the inscription1 8,a rare and curious book4 ,t4 ,p40 ,the ,english translations are3 7#a7 ,dr4 ,trench has rendered a few lines in the metre of the original4 7#b7 ,dr4 ,john ,m4 ,neale's 8,rhythm of ,bernard of ,morlaix0 7#aheh74 7#c7 ,judge ,noyes in the 8,seven ,great ,hymns of the ,latin ,church40 7#d7 ,dr4 ,abraham ,coles4 7#e7 8,the ,heavenly ,land1 from the ,de ,contemptu ,mundi of ,bernard of ,morlaix1 rendered into corresponding ,english ,verse10 by ,s4 ,w4 ,duffield 7#ahfg74 7#f7 ,a privately printed translation by 8,o4 ,a4 ,m410 of ,cherry ,valley1 ,n4 ,y4 7,albany1 #ahfg74 7#g7 ,gerard ,moultrie in ,lyra ,mystica 7#ahfi74 7#h7 ,rev4 ,jackson ,mason 7,london1 #ahhj74 ,besides this1 an ,english clergyman has perpetrated the folly of rendering ,dr4 ,neale's paraphrase into ,horatian ,latin verse1 which would puzzle ,bernard himself to recognize as derived from him4 #aa;,custodia ,pennensis habet locum ,celani1 de quo fuit frater ,thomas1 qui mandato apostolico scripsit sermone polito legendam primam beati ,francisci et prosam de mortuis1 quae decantatur in missa1 scilicet 8,dies irae1 dies illa10 etc41 fecisse dicitur4 #ab,sequentiam illam olim celebrem1 quae nunc excidit3 8,sanctitatis nova signa10 cecinit frater ,thomas de ,celano1 cujus et illa solemnis mortuorum3 8,dies irae1 dies illa0 opus est1 licet alii eam tribuere velint fratri ,matthaeo ,aquaspartano1 cardinali ex minoritis desumpto4--,annales ,minorum1 ,tom4 ,,ii41 p4 #bjd 7,lyons1 #afbe47 ,thomas de ,celano1 provinciae ,pennensis1 ,s4 ,francisci discipulas et socius1 edidit 444 librum de vita et miraculis ,s4 ,francisci 444 communiter vocatum a fratribus legenda antiqua4 ,alteram legendam minorem prius ediderat1 quae legebatur in choro4442 sequentias tres1 seu ,prosas ,rhythmicas1 quarum prima in laudem ,s4 ,francisci incipit3 8,fregit victor virtualis40 ,secunda incipit3 8,sanctitatis nova signa40 ,tertia de ,defunctis ab ,ecclesi recepta3 8,dies irae1 dies illa40 ,quam in versus ,gallicos transtulit ,benedictus ,gononus ,coelestinus et sancto ,bonaventurae attribuit4 ,alii adscribunt ,fr4 ,matthaeo cardinali ,aquaspartano1 et demum alii aliis auctoribus4--,syllabus ,scriptorum et ,martyrum ,franciscanorum1 p4 #cbc 7,rome1 #afej47 #ac;,for the literature of the ,dies ,irae consult ,g4 ,c4 ,f4 ,mohnike's 8,kirchen- und literarhistorische ,studien und ,mittheilungen4 7#a7 ,thomas von ,celano1 oder ,geschichte des kirchlichen ,hymnus ,dies irae1 dies illa40 ,stralsund1 #ahbd4 7#b7 ,additions and corrections to this in ,tzschirner's 8,magazin fr ,prediger10 #ahbf1 by ,g4 ,w4 ,fink1 who also wrote the article on ,thomas of ,celano in ,ersch and ,gruber's 8,encyclopdie10 ,band ,,xvi41 ,leipzig1 #ahbg4 7#c7 ,f4 ,g4 ,lisco's 8,dies ,irae1 ,hymnus auf das ,weltgericht40 ,berlin1 #ahdj4 ,also his 8,stabat ,mater1 ,hymnus auf die ,schmerzen der ,maria4 ,nebst einem ,nachtrage zu den ,uebersetzungen des ,hymnus ,dies ,irae40 ,berlin1 #ahdc4 7#d7 ,h4 ,a4 ,daniel's 8,thesaurus ,hymnologicus10 ,tomus ,,ii4 ,leipzig1 #ahdd4 7,pp4 #ajc-ca and #che-hg47 7#e7 ,dr4 ,william ,r4 ,williams's 8,the ,conservative ,principle in our ,literature40 ,new ,york1 #ahdc and #ahdd1 and again in his 8,miscellanies40 ,new ,york1 #ahej1 and ,boston1 #ahfj4 7#f7 ,dr4 ,abraham ,coles's 8,dies ,irae in ,thirteen ,original ,versions40 ,new ,york1 #ahei4 ,fifth edition4 #ahfh4 7#g7 ,subrector ,michael's 8,de ,sequentia ,mediae ,aetatis ,dies ,irae1 ,dies ,illa ,dissertatio40 ,zittau1 #ahff4 7#h7 ,john ,edmands's 8,bibliography of the ,dies ,irae0 in the 8,bulletin of the ,mercantile ,library40 ,philadelphia1 #ahhd4 ,also articles by ,dr4 ,philip ,schaff in 8,hours at ,home10 ,,vii41 #ci and #bfa2 by ,r4 ,h4 ,hutton in 8,the ,london ,spectator0 for #ahfh2 by ,rev4 ,john ,anketell in 8,the ,american ,church ,review0 for #ahgc2 and by ,rev4 ,orby ,shipley in 8,the ,dublin ,review0 for #ahhc4 #ad,there is a serious difficulty connected with the chronology of his history1 which ,i have not been able to overcome4 ,unfortunately this greatest of ,catholic dogmatists never seems to have inspired enough of personal interest in any disciple or contemporary to lead to the preparation of a biography of him4 ,so the earliest in existence were written long after his death1 when the ,neapolitans asked for his canonization4 ,and a comparison of their statements with those of contemporary chronicles1 like that of ,richard of ,san ,germano1 does not inspire confidence in their veracity4 ,the second papal war broke out in #abci4 ,both the orders of friars1 ,dominicans and ,franciscans1 were believed to be partisans of the ,pope1 and in #abci such as were not natives of the kingdom were commanded to leave it4 ,richard of ,san ,germano mentions this order sub anno #abci1 and adds1 sub anno #abdj1 that by ,november of the latter year all the ,mendicants1 except two of each monastery and those natives of the kingdom1 had been expelled by order of the ,emperor4 ,what ,dominicans were there left in ,naples to win the affections of ,thomas and receive him into the novitiate8 ,the difficulty would be met by assuming #abbe as the date of ,thomas's birth1 and his stay at ,monte ,casino as terminating with his tenth year1 so that he might have been at ,naples in #abce and formed the purpose to enter the order in #abci4 ,or if he went to ,naples in his twelfth year 7#abcg71 he might have become a ,dominican novice after two years of study under professors of that order4 ,it is true that novices were not to be received before their fifteenth year2 but at any date after ,march of #abci ,thomas would be in his fifteenth year4 ,it was ,march #bdth of that year that saw the ,emperor excommunicated1 and some interval would elapse before the expulsion of the ,mendicants4 #ae,see his ,prolegomena zu einer neuen ,ausgabe der 8,imitatio ,christi10 nach dem ,autograph des ,thomas von ,kempen4 ,zugleich eine ,einfhrung in smmtliche ,schriften des ,thomas1 sowie ein ,versuch zu endgltiger ,feststellung der ,thatsache1 dass ,thomas und kein ,anderer der ,verfasser der 8,imitatio0 ist4 ,band ,i4 ,berlin1 #ahgc4 ,also ,thomae ,kempensis 8,de ,imitatione ,christi0 libri quatuor4 ,textum ex autographo ,thomae nunc primum accuratissime reddidit1 distinxit1 novo modo disposuit2 capitulorum argumenta1 locos parallelos adjecit ,carolus ,hirsche4 ,berlin1 #ahgd4 ,also his exhaustive article on the ,brder gemeinsamen ,lebens in ,herzog ,plitt's ,real-,encyclopdie3 ,,ii41 #fgh-gfj4 7,leipzig1 #ahgg74 #af,the ,imitation of ,christ4 ,four books4 ,translated from the ,latin by ,w4 ,benham1 ,b4,d41 ,vicar of ,margate4 ,london1 #ahgd4 ,it is to be regretted that the author of this1 the best ,english version1 speaks of the ascription of the ,imitation to ,thomas ,kempis as 8a mistake10 and ascribes it to ,john ,gersen1 ,abbot of ,vercelli1 in ,italy1 who never existed4 #ag,see ,o4 ,a4 ,spitzen3 ,thomas ,kempis als schrijver der ,navolging van ,christus gehandhaafd4 ,utrecht1 #ahha4 ,also his ,nalezing op mijn 8,thomas ,kempis als schrijver der ,navolging van ,christus gehandhaafd10 benevens tien nog onbekende cantica spiritualia van ,thomas ,kempis4 ,utrecht1 #ahhb4 ,also his ,les ,hollandismes de l',imitation de ,jsus-,christ et trois anciennes versions du livre4 ,rponse ,m4 le ,chevalier ,b4 ,veratti1 professeur ,modne4 ,utrecht1 #ahhc4 ,and his ,nouvelle ,dfense de ,thomas ,kempis specialement en ,rponse a ,r4 ,p4 ,denifle1 sous-archiviste du ,vatican4 ,utrecht4 #ahhd4 #ah;,annales ,typographici1 ,vol4 ,x41 pp4 #aia-id4 #ai,zachariae ,ferrerii1 ,vincent4 ,pont4 ,gardien4 ,hymni novi ,ecclesiastici juxta veram ,metri et ,latinitatis normam a ,beatiss4 ,patre ,clemente ,,vii4 ,pont4 ,max4 ut in ,divinis quisque eis uti possit approbate4444 ,sanctum et neccessarium opus4 ,breviarium ecclesiasticum ab eodem ,zach4 ,pont4 longe brevius ac facilius redditum et ab omne errore propiedem exibit4 ,impressum hoc divinum ,opus ,romae4444 ,kal4 ,febru4 ,,mdxxv4 7,,cxv4 leaves1 quarto47 #bj;,breviarium ,romanum ex ,sacra potissimum ,scriptura et probatis ,sanctorum ,historiis nuper confectum4 ,scrutamini ,scripturas1 quoniam illa sunt1 quae testimonium perhibent de ,me4 ,ioannis ,v4 ,romae ,,mdxxxv4 7,new ,edition2 denuo per eundem ,auctorem recognitum in #aecg47 ,ten editions in all are recorded1 of which the last consisted of a single copy manufactured at ,paris in #afgi for the library of the great ,colbert 7,breviarium ,colbertinum74 #ba;,hymni ,sacri1 ,paris1 #afhe and #afid4 ,a second series in #afih4 ,the two collections together in #agbc4 ,they are included in the editions of his works which appeared in #afih and #agbi1 but not in that of #afid4 ,between sixty and seventy of them will be found in ,j4 ,h4 ,newman's ,hymni ,ecclesiae1 ,part ,first 7,london1 #ahch and #ahfe71 but without the author's name4 ,as ,newman omits the hymns in honor of the saints not mentioned in the ,scriptures1 the fine hymns to ,st4 ,bernard1 ,st4 ,augustine1 and ,st4 ,judocus are not included4 ,there are ,french translations by ,abb ,saurin1 #afia 7third edition1 #afih71 and by ,j4 ,p4 ,c4 ,d41 in #agfj4 ,for ,english translations see especially ,rev4 ,isaac ,williams's ,hymns of the ,parisian ,breviary 7#ahci71 and ,j4 ,d4 ,chambers's ,lauda ,syon 7#aheg71 and the ,lyra ,messianica 7#ahfd74 #bb,see note on ,luke #b3ad in the second volume of ,westcott and ,hort's ,new ,testament in the ,original ,greek4 ,london and ,new ,york1 #ahhb4 #bc,the ,te ,deum has it1 #e4 ,sanctus1 ,sanctus1 ,sanctus1 ,dominus ,deus ,sabaoth1 #f4 ,pleni sunt coeli et terra majestatis gloriae tuae4 ,in the ,vulgate1 ,isaiah #f1 it reads1 ,sanctus1 ,sanctus1 ,sanctus1 ,dominus ,deus exercitum1 ,plena est omnis terra gloriae ejus4 ,the ,septuagint1 from which the older ,latin version was made1 retained the ,hebrew word ,sabaoth1 instead of translating it4 ,verse #f is an expansion of the ,scripture text4 #bd;,die ,kirchweih-,hymnen3 ,christe ,cunctorum dominator alme4 ,urbs beata ,hirusalem4 #dto4 ,halle1 #ahfg4 #be;,from ,mostarab 7participle of the ,arabic verb ,estarab71 ,arabized1 conformed to ,arabic modes of life4 ,a misnomer in this case4 ,it is the old ,spanish liturgy as arranged by ,isidore of ,seville1 and long upheld by the ,spanish clergy against the attempt to introduce that of ,rome4 ,the ,missal and ,breviary were first published by ,cardinal ,ximenes in #aejj2 then carefully edited by ,alexander ,lesley1 a ,scottish ,jesuit 7,rome1 #agee74 ,his edition1 with its learned apparatus1 is reprinted in ,volumes ,,lxxxi4-,,ii4 of ,abb ,migne's ,patrologia ,latina4 #bf;,a ,critical ,history of the ,doctrine of ,justification and ,reconciliation4 ,by ,albrecht ,ritschl1 ,professor ,ordinarius of ,theology in the ,university of ,gttingen4 ,edinburgh1 #ahgb4 ,professor ,ritschl sustains his view of the devotional ,protestantism of the ,roman ,catholic ,church by a passage from the ,missal1 in which ,god is invoked as non aestimator meriti1 sed veniae largitor1 and by the remarkable exhortation to the dying prescribed for the use of her priests4 ,he also quotes six passages from the mediaeval hymns edited by ,george ,cassander4 #bg,see ,private ,prayers put ,forth by ,authority ,during the ,reign of ,queen ,elizabeth4 ,edited for the ,parker ,society by ,rev4 ,william ,k4 ,clay1 ,b4,d4 ,cambridge1 #ahea4 ,it contains the ,english ,primer and the ,latin ,orarium1 and also the ,preces ,privatae of #aefd4 ,this last omits four of the eight hymns previously authorized and substitutes another4 ,it also contains an appendix of ,latin sacred poetry by writers of that century4 ,besides nine fine hymns by ,marc-,antonio ,flaminio1 the selections are from ,fabricius1 ,melanchthon1 and other ,german ,lutherans1 with some by ,bishop ,john ,parkhurst1 of ,norwich4 #bh,see his ,ghostly ,psalms and ,spiritual ,songs in ,remains of ,myles ,coverdale1 ,bishop of ,exeter4 ,edited for the ,parker ,society by ,rev4 ,george ,pearson1 ,b4,d4 ,cambridge1 #ahdf4 ,with this may be compared the ,scotch versions of ,german hymns1 some of them based on ,latin originals in ,gude and ,godlie ,ballates4 ,edinburgh1 #aegh4 ,reprinted with ,introduction and ,glossary by ,david ,laing4 ,edinburgh1 #ahfh4 ,the queerest book in the annals of hymnology4 #bi,see his ,hymns and ,songs of the ,church1 ,london1 #afbc and #ahef4 ,lord ,selborne1 in the ,encyclopaedia ,britannica 7sub voce 8,hymns071 observes that ,wither anticipates ,charles ,coffin in basing a series of hymns for the days of the week upon the days' works of the ,creation4 #cj;,john ,henry ,newman1 in his ,letter to ,dr4 ,jelf in vindication of his ,tract ,no4 ,,xc41 wrote3 8,i always have contended1 and will contend1 that it the religious revival is not satisfactorily accounted for by any particular movements of individuals upon a particular spot4 ,the poets and philosophers of the age have borne witness to it for many years4 ,those great names in our literature1 ,sir ,walter ,scott1 ,mr4 ,wordsworth1 ,mr4 ,coleridge1 though in different ways1 and with essential differences one from another and perhaps from any ,church system1 still all bear witness to it4 ,the system of ,mr4 ,irving is another witness to it4 ,the age is moving toward something1 and1 most unhappily1 the one religious communion which has of late years been practically in possession of that something1 is the ,church of ,rome40 ,,general ,,index4 ,names of hymn-writers in small capitals2 translators in italics4 ,kempis1 ,thomas1 #bhc-ig4 ,references3 #ah1 #cid4 ,hymn3 #bie4 ,abecedary1 #bg1 #eh1 #hc1 #hf1 #ceg1 #ceh1 #cfb1 #cfc1 #cgd4 ,abelard1 ,peter1 #aid-bac4 ,references3 #ag1 #ah1 #ai1 #be1 #aab1 #aea1 #ahg1 #aij1 #aib1 #bad1 #bah1 #bbb1 #bbg1 #bhj1 #cgg4 ,hymn3 #bjh4 ,abra1 #ac1 #bc1 #bg1 #bh4 ,accent1 #dc4 ,adam of ,st4 ,victor1 #bbg-ci4 ,references3 #aa1 #ag1 #ah1 #dd1 #aae1 #aee1 #aeg1 #bbb1 #cgg1 #chc1 #chi1 #cig1 #ddb-dc4 ,hymn3 #bbi4 ,adhemar1 #afj4 ,adrian1 ,pope1 #acd4 ,aegidius1 #chf4 ,aelred1 #chb4 ,agatha1 ,martyr1 #dd4 ,alard1 ,wilhelm1 #cie4 ,albert the ,great1 #aei1 #bfj1 #bfe4 ,alcuin 7,albinus ,flaccus71 #cfd4 ,references3 #ah1 #bi1 #aab1 #aag1 #aah1 #abc1 #abd1 #aca1 #ade1 #aea1 #cdh4 ,alexander1 ,j4 ,w41 #aic1 #bga4 ,alford1 ,henry1 #bea4 ,alfred1 ,king of ,england1 #ajg1 #dfe4 ,alliteration1 #dc1 #aac1 #cee1 #cfb4 ,alvarez1 ,paul1 #cfh4 ,ambrose1 #dg-fb4 ,references3 #h1 #aa1 #ac1 #ad1 #ai1 #cj1 #dd1 #fg1 #hg1 #ajb1 #ajg1 #ajh1 #aad1 #aag1 #abj1 #bii1 #caj1 #ccg1 #cea1 #cei1 #djb1 #dbh1 #ddc4 ,hymn3 #ef4 8,ambrosian0 hymns1 #ee-fa1 #cea1 #cec-ee4 ,ammonius1 ,wolfgang1 #cie4 ,anastasius1 #gg-gi4 ,anatolius1 #ab4 ,anglo-,saxon ,hymnary1 #cgc-gd1 #dcc4 ,anketell1 ,john1 #de1 #bea1 #dae1 #ddg4 ,anselm of ,canterbury1 #cgd1 #cia4 ,references3 #aea1 #agg1 #aig1 #ddd4 ,anselm of ,laon1 #aif4 ,anselm of ,lucca1 #cge4 ,reference3 #cgg4 ,antonianus1 ,silvius1 #cbb4 ,antiphons1 #aaa1 #acd1 #acf1 #adj1 #aej1 #cfa1 #cgh1 #chf4 ,aquinas1 ,thomas1 #bef-ga4 ,references3 #ah1 #dd1 #ee1 #bdj1 #cbb1 #chc1 #cig4 ,hymn3 #bfe1 #bfg4 ,arator1 #hd4 ,arians1 #bd1 #ce1 #dh1 #fg1 #ajf1 #ajg4 ,arndt1 ,john1 #dje4 ,arnold1 ,matthew1 #bdc4 ,aristotle1 #aea1 #aid1 #aih1 #bfj1 #bff4 ,arturus1 ,serranus1 #cei4 ,athanasius1 #bd1 #bf1 #bi1 #ce1 #cf1 #ci1 #ajd4 ,athenagenes1 #i4 ,augustine1 #ac1 #ad1 #ai1 #bj1 #bc1 #dh1 #di1 #eb1 #ec1 #ee1 #hj1 #abe1 #bhe1 #bii1 #caj1 #cej1 #cic1 #cig4 ,auxentius1 #bf1 #ci1 #dh4 ,aylward1 ,prior1 #cgf1 #ddg4 ,babo1 #cia4 ,bacon1 ,francis1 #ba4 ,bacon1 ,roger1 #aeb1 #aie4 ,balde1 ,jacob1 #dji4 ,baker1 ,sir ,henry1 #cic1 #dac1 #dcf1 #ddj4 8,bangor ,antiphonary10 #cfa-fb1 #dbe4 ,barbarians1 #hi4 ,barbarossa1 #ed1 #bee4 ,bardesanes1 #h4 ,basil1 #h1 #i4 ,basil the ,great1 #di4 ,bssler1 ,ferd41 #af1 #dce4 ,bebel1 ,henry1 #dai4 ,becket1 ,thomas 1 #chb4 ,references3 #cgg1 #chf4 ,bede1 the ,venerable1 #ajj-ac4 ,references3 #ad1 #ah1 #dd1 #fb1 #hf1 #ig1 #aja1 #ajf1 #abc1 #abe1 #adc1 #ade1 #aea1 #ceh1 #cfe4 ,hymn3 #aac4 ,beda1 ,major1 #aji4 ,belisarius1 #cec4 ,bellarmine1 #cba1 #cbb4 ,benedict ,,xii41 #chg4 ,benedict1 ,e4 ,c41 #ag1 #aha1 #ahd1 #bcc1 #bea1 #bga1 #cgi1 #cif1 #dad1 #dci4 ,benedict ,biscop1 #aaj4 ,benedict of ,nursia1 #ih1 #ade1 #bef1 #cdi1 #cec4 8,benedicite10 #d4 ,benedictines1 #hd1 #ih1 #adi1 #aha1 #bef1 #bei4 of ,st4 ,maur1 #ee1 #aba4 ,benedictine ,mss41 #ii4 ,beowulf1 #aac4 ,bernard of ,clairvaux1 #ahf-ic4 ,references3 #aa1 #ah1 #be1 #dd1 #afj1 #aig1 #bjd1 #bad1 #baf1 #bbb1 #bbi1 #bde1 #bfi1 #bga1 #bgd1 #caj1 #cgg1 #cgi1 #chc1 #cie1 #dje1 #ddc4 ,hymn3 #aic4 ,bernard of ,cluny1 #bbb-bf4 ,references3 #ae1 #ah1 #dd1 #agf1 #ahj1 #bad1 #bgg1 #dbd4 ,rhyme3 #bbd4 ,bertier1 #chb4 ,besnault1 ,sebastian1 #cdd4 ,references3 #ccg1 #ceh4 ,bibliographical ,notes1 #daf-de4 ,bjorn1 ,g4 ,a41 #dbf4 ,blew1 ,w4 ,j41 #dac4 ,boethius1 #ah1 #hj1 #hh1 #abe1 #ade1 #adg1 #bjj1 #cec4 ,bonaventura1 ,john1 #bfa-fe4 ,references3 #ah1 #dd1 #bdj1 #bde1 #bgj1 #chc4 ,hymn3 #bga4 ,boniface1 #abh4 ,bonn1 ,hermann1 #cie4 ,bossuet1 #ccd1 #ccg4 ,brander1 ,joachim1 #chi-ij4 ,brandt1 ,sebastian1 #cid4 ,breviaries1 #caf-df4 ,references3 #bi1 #cic1 #daf4 ,breviary of ,angers1 #cic4 ,braga1 #cic4 ,cluny1 #dd1 #cbh1 #cce4 ,hereford1 #ajb4 ,koeln1 #cic4 ,le ,mans1 #cic4 ,liege1 #cic4 ,lbec1 #cic4 ,mainz1 #cic4 ,meissen1 #cic4 ,mozarabic1 #ae1 #ca1 #dg1 #gc1 #ceh1 #cei-fj4 ,noyon1 #cic4 ,paraclete1 #bji4 ,paris1 #cbh-df4 ,references3 #af1 #dd1 #afa1 #bfh1 #cee1 #ceh1 #dab1 #dac4 ,poitiers1 #cic4 ,rennes1 #cic4 ,roman1 #cag-bh4 ,references3 #ag1 #dd1 #eh1 #gj1 #hc1 #cee1 #ceh1 #cfd1 #cfe1 #cfg1 #cga1 #cgb1 #cgg1 #cii1 #djh1 #dab1 #ddj1 #dda4 ,sarum1 #ajb1 #che1 #cib1 #dcc4 ,toledo1 #bji4 ,trondhjem1 #cib4 ,york1 #ajb4 ,bright1 ,marshall ,h41 #bea4 ,william1 #bea4 ,britain1 #he1 #ig1 #ajf4 ,brower1 ,christopher1 #aah4 ,browne1 ,sir ,thomas1 #ceh4 ,brownell1 ,h4 ,h41 #bea4 ,brunehilda1 #ia1 #ib1 #aje4 ,bugellensis1 ,augustinus1 #bde4 ,bunsen1 ,c4 ,j4 ,c41 #bej4 ,bunyan1 ,john1 #be4 ,bute1 ,marquis of1 #cbd4 ,caedmon1 #aac4 ,caesar of ,arles1 #hj1 #cdi1 #cec4 ,camerarius1 ,joachim1 #cie4 ,campbell1 ,r41 #dac4 ,canticles1 #d1 #cag1 #djf4 ,canonical ,hours1 #caf4 ,carlyle1 ,thomas1 #bdi4 ,carthusians1 #bhe4 ,casimir1 #cia4 ,cassander1 ,george1 #ad1 #cea1 #dba4 ,cassiodorus1 ,caius1 #abe1 #adg4 ,caswall1 ,edward1 #ag1 #aic1 #bea1 #bih1 #cbe1 #cii1 #dja1 #dac1 #dcb1 #dda4 ,catacombs1 #ci1 #dj1 #dd4 ,ceolfrid1 #aaj4 ,chambers1 ,j4 ,d41 #cga1 #cgd1 #chd1 #che1 #chh1 #dac1 #dce4 ,chandler1 ,john1 #ag1 #bea1 #cch1 #dab1 #dbh4 ,charles1 ,mrs4 ,e4 ,r41 #ca1 #aac1 #agg1 #bcj1 #bea1 #big1 #ceh1 #dad1 #dce4 ,charles the ,bald1 #abj4 ,charles the ,great 7,charlemagne71 #aae1 #abg1 #acb1 #acd1 #aci1 #afj1 #cfd1 #chf4 ,choral ,school of ,st4 ,gall1 #acc1 #dcf4 ,christian ,poets1 ,five first1 #hd4 8,christian ,year1 ,the10 #cdc4 ,chrysostom1 #h1 #bc4 ,cistercians1 #ahh1 #bae1 #bhe1 #cic4 ,citeaux1 #ahg1 #ahh4 ,clairvaux1 #ahi4 ,claudianus ,mamertus1 #cj4 ,clement of ,alexandria1 #i4 ,clichtove1 ,joste1 #cid4 ,references3 #ad1 #bbh1 #cea1 #dbj4 ,cluny1 ,dispute at1 #baf4 ,coeur de ,lion1 ,richard1 #ba4 ,coffin1 ,charles1 #cce-ci4 ,references3 #dd1 #ccc1 #dab4 ,hymns3 #cch4 ,coles1 ,abraham1 #ag1 #bbc1 #bea1 #dad1 #dcf1 #dch4 ,collinus1 ,matthias1 #cid4 ,columba 7,columcille71 #cee-eg1 #cfj4 ,references3 #aja1 #abj1 #acc4 ,combault1 ,m41 #cde4 ,reference3 #ccg4 ,commire1 ,jean1 #cdb4 ,reference3 #ccg4 ,common ,life1 ,brethren and ,sisters of the1 #bhd-ij1 #cid4 ,common ,prayer1 ,book of1 #cbj1 #djf4 ,compilers of ,latin hymns1 #ad1 #ae1 #af1 #cia1 #djd1 #daa4 ,conrad1 #chf4 ,corbeil1 ,pierre de1 #chj4 ,corpus ,christi1 ,festival of1 #bfe1 #bfg4 ,cosin1 ,bishop1 #djf4 ,cousin1 #ag4 ,coverdale1 ,bishop ,miles1 #djg4 ,cowper1 ,wm41 #ab1 #if4 ,crashaw1 ,richard1 #ahb1 #bej1 #djg4 ,crippen1 ,t4 ,g41 #cgh1 #ddj4 ,crusades1 #aid1 #bbb1 #bdj1 #cgg4 ,cuthbert1 #aji1 #aac4 ,cyprian of ,carthage1 #bj1 #bd4 ,cyxilla1 #cei4 ,damasus1 ,pope1 #ce-df4 ,references3 #ej1 #if1 #cii4 ,poems3 #db4 ,damiani1 ,peter1 #afi-gh4 ,references3 #ad1 #hf1 #bbd1 #bbi1 #bii1 #cjf1 #cba1 #cej1 #cgc1 #chd4 ,hymns3 #agg4 ,daniel1 ,h4 ,a41 #ad1 #bej1 #dbi1 #dcj1 #dci4 ,dante1 #agg1 #bjj1 #bda1 #bgi4 8,de ,contemptu ,mundi10 #bbb4 8,de ,imitatione10 #bij-ie1 #cij4 ,versions of1 #bic4 ,de la ,brunetire1 #ccg4 ,de ,rance1 #cbi1 #ccj1 #ccd4 ,dexter1 ,h4 ,m41 #i4 8,dies ,irae10 #bdj-ed1 #dbi1 #dcf1 #dch1 #def4 ,translations1 #bej4 ,dix1 ,j4 ,a41 #bea4 ,wm4 ,c41 #bea4 ,wm4 ,g41 #bea4 ,dominic1 #agc1 #bdj1 #beh1 #bei1 #bhe1 #chc4 ,dominicans1 #beg-fd4 ,drepanius ,florus1 #cfh4 ,drummond1 ,wm41 #bcc1 #djh4 ,dryden1 ,john1 #djg1 #djh1 #ddg4 ,duffield1 ,dr4 ,geo41 #cdj4 ,duffield1 ,s4 ,w41 #bj1 #cj1 #cb1 #cc1 #cd1 #ei1 #fj1 #fa1 #fi1 #ga1 #ha1 #hb1 #aba1 #agf1 #agg1 #ahj1 #bji1 #bbj1 #bbc1 #bca1 #bcc1 #bce1 #bcf1 #bch1 #bec1 #bgi1 #cae1 #cbe1 #cbf1 #cdj1 #cdb1 #ced1 #cfb1 #cgj1 #cge1 #chj1 #che1 #cij1 #cie1 #cih1 #dad4 ,du ,meril1 ,ed41 #cha-hb1 #dcj-ca4 ,du ,perier1 #cbb4 ,early ,church1 ,order of worship in1 #f4 ,praise service of1 #a ,eber1 ,paul1 #cie4 ,edmund1 #chd4 8,ein' feste ,burg10 #bea4 ,ekkehard1 #acb1 #cgj1 #cgf4 ,elliot1 ,c4 ,w41 #bea4 ,elpis1 #cec4 ,references3 #ah1 #dd1 #abj1 #cff4 ,ellinger1 ,andreas1 #cie4 ,engelbert1 #chf4 ,ennodius1 #gc-hg4 ,reference3 #cea4 ,hymns3 #ha4 ,ephrem ,syrus1 #h4 ,epiphanius1 #ge1 #gf1 #hj4 ,erasmus1 #cid4 ,references3 #bi1 #fc1 #cec1 #cij4 ,eric1 #cfh4 ,ermanrich1 #cfh4 ,eugenius1 #cei4 ,eusebius1 #adg1 #afi4 ,faber1 ,f4 ,w41 #aic1 #cae4 ,peter1 #cjb-jg4 ,fabricius1 ,georg1 #cie4 ,references3 #ad1 #dbb4 8,faust10 #bdj1 #bdi1 #daa4 ,faustinus ,arevalus1 #fc1 #fd4 ,faustus1 #hj4 ,felix ,,ii41 #cf4 ,fnelon1 #ccd4 ,ferreri1 ,zacharia1 #cah-bj4 ,references3 #dd1 #cbb1 #cid4 ,fiacc1 #cfb4 ,fichte1 ,j4 ,g41 #bej4 ,flacius1 ,matthias1 #ae1 #bbb1 #bbc1 #djb1 #dba4 ,flagellants1 #agc1 #bgh4 ,flaminio1 ,marc-,antonio1 #cid4 ,flavius1 #ceg4 ,reference3 #cee4 ,follen1 ,a4 ,l41 #bej1 #daa1 #dbg4 ,fortlage1 ,c41 #ae1 #dca4 ,fortunatus1 ,venantius1 #hh-if4 ,references3 #ah1 #bj1 #ba1 #bi1 #cj1 #ca1 #dd1 #gg1 #hc1 #hf1 #aah1 #adg1 #cgj4 ,hymns3 #ic1 #if4 ,francis of ,assisi1 #bda1 #beh1 #bfa1 #bhe1 #chc4 ,franciscans1 #bgb1 #cha1 #cic4 ,frangipani1 ,cardinal ,latino1 #bde4 ,fulbert of ,chartres1 #cgb4 ,references3 #aef1 #cgj1 #cgh4 ,gaisberg1 ,franz von1 #cij4 ,galucci1 ,tarquinio1 #cba1 #ccc4 ,gaul1 #gc4 ,gautier1 #ag1 #bbi1 #dcf4 ,geissel1 ,john von1 #cii4 ,gerhardt1 ,paul1 #ab1 #aic1 #dje4 ,german translators1 #bej1 #daa1 #dbf4 ,geste1 ,guillaume du ,plessis de1 #ccg4 8,gloria in ,excelsis10 #a1 #d1 #cdh4 8,gloria ,patri10 #d4 8,glossa ,ordinaria10 #add4 ,godefroy1 #cgf4 ,goethe1 #bdi1 #daa4 8,golden ,legend10 #agi4 8,gomorrah ,book10 #agj4 ,gonella1 ,pietro1 #cha4 ,gottschalk1 #cgf4 ,references3 #abh1 #cfg4 ,gourdan1 ,simon1 #ccg4 ,greek and ,roman ,churches1 #ce1 #gc1 #gf4 ,gregory of ,tours1 #ca1 #cb1 #ij1 #ib1 #cfa4 ,gregory the ,great1 #ig-ajh4 ,references3 #aa1 #ah1 #dd1 #ee1 #eh1 #hf1 #aag1 #acd1 #afj1 #bde1 #cec1 #djb4 ,hymns1 #ajh4 ,gregory ,,ii41 #afj4 ,gregory ,,ix41 #bdj4 ,gregorian chant1 #ajg4 ,grimm1 ,jacob1 #ae1 #dbg4 ,groote1 ,gerard1 #bhc-he1 #bij4 ,grosstete1 ,robert1 #chd4 ,gryphius1 ,andreas1 #bej4 ,gueranger1 #cch4 ,guido of ,arezzo1 #cfe-ff4 ,guido of ,basoches1 #chb4 ,guyet1 ,francis1 #ccg4 ,guyon1 ,madame1 #bgd4 ,habert1 ,isaac1 #ccg4 8,hallel10 ,great1 #a4 ,hammerlein1 ,felix1 #bde4 ,harmonius1 #h4 ,harms1 ,claus1 #bej4 ,hastings1 ,h4 ,l41 #bea4 ,harbaugh1 ,henry1 #bga4 ,hartmann1 #acc-ci4 ,references3 #aei1 #cfh4 ,hatto1 #abc1 #abh4 ,hayes1 ,john ,l41 #dad4 ,heber1 ,reginald1 #bbj4 ,heermann1 ,johann1 #dje4 ,hegius1 ,alexander1 #cid4 ,heisler1 ,d4 ,y41 #dae4 ,helmbold1 ,ludwig1 #cie4 ,heloise1 #aih-bac4 ,references3 #ai1 #bad1 #cjj4 ,herder1 ,j4 ,g4 von1 #bej1 #dji4 ,heriger1 #cgc4 ,hermann1 ,johann1 #cie4 ,hermannus ,contractus1 #adi-fh4 ,references3 #abc1 #bfi1 #cgj1 #cgf4 ,sequences3 #afa4 ,writings3 #afa4 ,heribert of ,eichstetten1 #cgf4 ,reference3 #aee4 ,hessus1 ,helius ,eobanus1 #cid4 ,hewett1 ,j4 ,w41 #chh1 #cic1 #dac4 ,hilary of ,arles1 #ca1 #cdi4 ,hilary of ,poitiers1 #ai-cd4 ,references3 #b1 #d1 #ac1 #db1 #dd1 #ej1 #gg1 #aba1 #bii1 #cdh1 #cfa1 #cfb1 #ddc4 ,hymns3 #cb4 ,hildebert1 #agi-he4 ,references3 #bjf1 #baj1 #bbb1 #cej1 #cgc1 #cgg1 #cgh1 #chf1 #dbi1 #dci1 #ddc4 ,hymn3 #agi-he4 ,hildebrand1 #ajb1 #agj1 #aga1 #agb4 ,hildegard of ,bingen1 #cgi4 ,hincmar1 #aah1 #abi1 #cfd1 #cff4 ,holland1 #bhc4 ,horace1 #bh1 #ddd4 ,hugo1 #chd4 ,hugo of ,st4 ,victor1 #bbg1 #bgd4 ,humbert1 #bde4 ,huss1 ,john1 #cia4 ,reference3 #ah4 ,hutton1 ,r4 ,h41 #bea4 ,hymn and psalm singing1 #ed4 ,hymn1 ,advent1 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gremio1 #chi4 ,virginis proles opifexque matris1 #cfg4 ,virgo ,dei genitrix1 #fd1 #cfg4 ,virgo virginum praeclara1 #cii4 ,viri ,galilaei1 #aci4 ,vitam ,jesu stude imitari1 #bie4 ,vox clara ecce intonat1 #eg4 ,vox haec melos pangat1 #afj4 ,zyma vetus expurgetur1 #bcf4 ,notes to the ,electronic ,edition ,for the sake of the e,book format1 these changes were made from the printed book3 --,added a 8,table of ,contents0 --,in this ,,ascii-based text1 8ae0 and 8oe0 ligatures 7which represent a mere typographical convention1 not authorial intent7 are expanded4 --,silently corrected several inconsistently indented lines of poetry4 --,expanded material which was in two columns only for the sake of compression4