,,prelim9>y ,,disc\rse on ! ,/udy ( ,,natural ,,philosophy ,,by ,,sir ,,john ,f4 ,w4 ,,h]s*el1 ,,b>t4 ,k4,h4 ,m4,a4--,d4,c4,l4--,f4,r4,s4,l,e4--,m4,r 4,i4,a4--,f4,r4,a4,s4 ,f4,g4,s4--,m4,c4,u4,p4,s4--c4 c4 ,,new ,,edition4 #ahea4 ,illu/ration3 ,h4 ,corb\ld del4 ,e4 ,f9d54 sculp4 ,,natur ,,m9i/] ,,et ,,int]pres4 ,,new ,,edition4 ,london3 ,,pr9t$ ,,= ,,longman1 ,,br[n1 ,,gre5 ,,longmans1 ,,pat]no/] ,,r[ ,,cont5ts4 ,page ,,"p ,i4 ,,( ,,! ,,g5]al ,,nature ,,& ,,advantages ,,( ,,! ,,/udy ,,( ,,! ,,physical ,,sci5ces4 ,,*ap4 ,i4 ,( ,man reg>d$ z a ,creature ( ,in/9ct1 ( ,reason1 & ,speculation4--,g5]al ,influ5ce ( ,sci5tific ,pursuits on ! ,m9d4 #a ,,*ap4 ,,ii4 ,( ab/ract ,sci5ce z a ,prep>ation = ! ,/udy ( ,physics4-- ,a pr(\nd ,acqua9tance ) x n indisp5sable = a cle> ,und]/&+ ( ,physical ,laws4--,h[ a ,conviction ( _! ,tru? may be obta9$ )\t x4--,in/ances4-- ,fur!r ,division ( ! ,subject4 #ah ,,*ap4 ,,iii4 ,( ! ,nature & ,objects1 imm$iate & collat]al1 ( ,physical ,sci5ce1 z reg>d$ 9 itself1 & 9 its ,application to ! practical ,purposes ( ,life1 & its ,influ5ce on ! ,well-be+ & ,progress ( ,society4 #ce ,,"p ,,ii4 ,,( ,,! ,,pr9ciples ,,on ,,:i* ,,physical ,,sci5ce ,,relies ,,= ,,its ,,successful ,,prosecution1 ,,& ,,! ,,rules ,,by ,,:i* ,a ,,sy/ematic ,,exam9ation ,,( ,,nature ,,%\ld ,,be ,,conduct$1 ,,) ,,illu/rations ,,( ,,_! ,,influ5ce ,,z ,,exemplifi$ ,,9 ,,! ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,its ,,progress4 ,,*ap4 ,i4 ,( ,exp]i5ce z ! ,s\rce ( our ,k4--,( ! ,dismissal ( ,prejudices4--,( ! ,evid5ce ( our ,s5ses4 #ge ,,*ap4 ,,ii4 ,( ! ,analysis ( ,ph5om5a4 #he ,,*ap4 ,,iii4 ,( ! ,/ate ( ,physical ,sci5ce 9 ,g5]al1 previ\s to ! ,age ( ,galileo & ,bacon4 #ajd ,,*ap4 ,,iv4 ,( ! ,obs]vation ( ,facts & ! ,collection ( ,in/ances4 #aah ,,*ap4 ,v4 ,( ! ,classification ( ,natural ,objects & ,ph5om5a1 & ( ,nom5clature4 #ace ,,*ap4 ,,vi4 ,( ! ,fir/ ,/age ( ,induction4--,! ,discov]y ( ,proximate ,causes1 & ,laws ( ! l[e/ ,degree ( ,g5]ality1 & _! ,v]ification4 #add ,,*ap4 ,,vii4 ,( ! high] ,degrees ( ,inductive ,g5]alization1 & ( ! ,=mation & ,v]ification ( ,!ories4 #aij ,,"p ,,iii4 ,,( ,,! ,,subdivision ,,( ,,physics ,,into ,,di/9ct ,,bran*es1 ,,& ,,_! ,,mutual ,,relations4 ,,*ap4 ,i4 ,( ! ,ph5om5a ( ,=ce1 & ( ! ,con/itution ( ,natural ,bodies4 #bba ,,*ap4 ,,ii4 ,( ! ,communication ( ,motion ?r\gh ,bodies4--,( ,s\nd & ,light4 #bdf ,,*ap4 ,,iii4 ,( ,cosmical ,ph5om5a4 #bfe ,,*ap4 ,,iv4 ,( ! ,exam9ation ( ! mat]ial ,con/itu5ts ( ! ,_w4 #bij ,,*ap4 ,v4 ,( ! ,impond]able ,=ms ( ,matt]4 #caj ,,*ap4 ,,vi4 ,( ! ,causes ( ! actual rapid ,advance ( ! ,physical ,sci5ces comp>$ ) _! ,progress at an e>li] ,p]iod4 #cdg 8,9 primis1 hom9is e/ propria ,,v]i inquisitio atque inve/igatio4 ,itaque cum sumus negotiis necess>iis1 curisque vacui1 tum avemus aliquid vid]e1 audire1 ac dic]e1 cognitionemque r]um1 aut occult>um aut admirabilium1 ad b5 beatque viv5dum necess>iam ducimus2--ex quo intelligitur1 quod ,,v]um1 simplex1 s9c]umque sit1 id esse nature hom9is aptissimum4 ,huic v]i vid5di cupiditati adjuncta e/ appetitio qudam pr9cipats1 ut nem9i p>]e animus b5 a natur in=matus velit1 nisi prcipi5ti1 aut doc5ti1 aut utilitatis causa j et legitim imp]anti3 ex quo animi magnitudo exi/it1 et human>>um r]um contemtio40 ,,cic]o1 ,,de ,,(ficiis1 ,lib4 #a4 #ac4 ,be=e all o!r ?+s1 man is di/+ui%$ by 8 pursuit & inve/igation ( ,,tru?4 ,& h5ce1 :5 free f ne$ful bus9ess & c>es1 we delight to see1 to he>1 & to communicate1 & consid] a k ( _m admirable & ab/ruse ?+s necess>y to ! good conduct & happ9ess ( our lives3 :5ce x is cle> t :atsoev] is ,,true1 simple1 & direct1 ! same is mo/ cong5ial to our nature z m54 ,closely alli$ ) ?is e>ne/ long+ to see & "k ! tru?1 is a k9d ( dignifi$ & pr9cely s5tim5t :i* =bids a m9d1 naturally well con/itut$1 to submit its faculties to any b ^? :o ann\nce x 9 precept or 9 doctr9e1 or to yield ob$i5ce to any ord]s b su* z are at once j1 lawful1 & f\nd$ on utility4 ,f ?is s\rce spr+ greatness ( m9d & contempt ( worldly advantages & tr\bles4 ,,prelim9>y ,,disc\rse ,,on ,,! ,,/udy ,,( ,,natural ,,philosophy4 ,,"p ,i4 ,,( ,,! ,,g5]al ,,nature ,,& ,,advantages ,,( ,,! ,,/udy ,,( ,,! ,,physical ,,sci5ces ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,( ,,man ,,reg>d$ ,,z ,a ,,creature ,,( ,,in/9ct1 ,,( ,,reason1 ,,& ,,speculation4--,,g5]al ,,influ5ce ,,( ,,sci5tific ,,pursuits ,,on ,,! ,,m9d4 7#a47 ,! situation ( man on ! globe he inhabits1 & ov] :i* he has obta9$ ! control1 is 9 _m respects exce$+ly rem>kable4 ,comp>$ ) its o!r d5iz5s1 he seems1 if we reg>d only 8 physical con/itution1 9 almo/ e respect _! inf]ior1 & equally unprovid$ = ! supply ( 8 natural wants & 8 def5ce aga9/ ! innum]able enemies :i* surr\nd him4 ,no o!r animal passes s l>ge a portion ( its exi/5ce 9 a /ate ( absolute helplessness1 or falls 9 old age into su* protract$ & lam5table imbecility4 ,to no o!r w>m-blood$ animal has nature d5i$ t indisp5sable cov]+ )\t :i* ! vicissitudes ( a temp]ate & ! rig\rs ( a cold climate are equally insupportable2 & to sc>cely any has %e be5 s sp>+ 9 ext]nal weapons1 :e!r = attack or def5ce4 ,de/itute alike ( spe$ to avoid & ( arms to repel ! aggressions ( 8 voraci\s foes2 t5d]ly susceptible ( atmosph]ic influ5ces2 & unfitt$ = ! co>se alim5ts :i* ! e>? af=ds spontane\sly dur+ at lea/ two ?irds ( ! ye>1 ev5 9 temp]ate climates1--man1 if ab&on$ to m]e in/9ct1 w\ld be ( all creatures ! mo/ de/itute & mis]able4 ,di/ract$ by t]ror & goad$ by fam9e2 driv5 to ! mo/ abject exp$i5ts = concealm5t f 8 enemies1 & to ! mo/ c[>dly devices = ! seizure & de/ruction ( 8 nobl] prey1 8 exi/5ce w\ld be "o cont9u$ subt]fuge or /ratagem2--8 dwell+ w\ld be 9 d5s ( ! e>?1 9 clefts ( rocks1 or 9 ! holl[s ( trees2 8 food worms1 & ! l[] reptiles1 or su* few & crude productions ( ! soil z 8 organs c\ld be br\ght to assimilate1 v>i$ ) occasional relics1 mangl$ by m p[]ful bea/s ( prey1 or contemn$ by _! m pamp]$ *oice4 ,rem>kable only = ! abs5ce ( ^? p[]s & qualities :i* obta9 = o!r animals a degree ( security & respect1 he w\ld be disreg>d$ by "s1 & hunt$ d[n by o!rs1 till aft] a few g5]ations 8 species w\ld become altoge!r ext9ct1 or1 at be/1 w\ld be re/rict$ to a few isl&s 9 tropical regions1 :]e ! w>m? ( ! climate1 ! paucity ( enemies1 & ! abundance ( vegetable food1 might p]mit x to l+]4 7#b47 ,yet man is ! undisput$ "l ( ! creation4 ,! /ronge/ & fi]ce/ ( 8 fell[-creatures1--! :ale1 ! elephant1 ! eagle1 & ! tig]1--are slaught]$ by him to supply 8 mo/ caprici\s wants1 or tam$ to d him s]vice1 or imprison$ to make him sport4 ,! spoils ( all nature are 9 daily requisition = 8 mo/ common uses1 yield$ ) m or less read9ess1 or wre/$ ) reluctance1 f ! m9e1 ! =e/1 ! ocean1 & ! air4 ,su* are ! fir/ fruits ( reason4 ,7 !y ! only or ! pr9cipal ones1 7 ! m]e acquisition ( p[] ov] ! mat]ials1 & ! less gift$ animals :i* surr\nd u1 & ! consequ5t increase ( our ext]nal com=ts1 & our means ( pres]vation & s5sual enjoym5t1 ! sum ( ! privileges :i* ! possession ( ?is faculty conf]r$1 we %\ld aft] all h little to plume ourselves ^u4 ,b ?is is s f> f be+ ! case1 t e "o :o passes 8 life 9 tol]able ease & com=t1 or r ^: :ole "t is n anxi\sly consum$ 9 provid+ ! absolute necess>ies ( exi/5ce1 is consci\s ( wants & crav+s 9 :i* ! s5ses h no "p1 ( a s]ies ( pa9s & pleasures totally di/9ct 9 k9d f any :i* ! infliction ( bodily mis]y or ! gratification ( bodily appetites has ev] af=d$ him2 & if he has exp]i5c$ ^! pleasures & ^! pa9s 9 any degree ( int5sity1 he w readily admit !m to hold a mu* high] rank1 & to des]ve mu* m att5tion1 ?an ! =m] class4 ,indep5d5t ( ! pleasures ( fancy & imag9ation1 & social conv]se1 man is con/itut$ a speculative be+2 he contemplates ! _w1 & ! objects ar\nd him1 n ) a passive1 indiff]5t gaze1 z a set ( ph5om5a 9 :i* he has no fur!r int]e/ ?an z !y affect 8 imm$iate situation1 & c be r5d]$ subs]vi5t to 8 com=t1 b z a sy/em dispos$ ) ord] & design4 ,he approves & feels ! highe/ admiration = ! h>mony ( its p>ts1 ! skill & effici5cy ( its contrivances4 ,"s ( ^! :i* he c be/ trace & und]/& he attempts to imitate1 & f9ds t to a c]ta9 ext5t1 ?\gh rudely & imp]fectly1 he c succe$1--9 o!rs1 t al?\gh he c compreh5d ! nature ( ! contrivance1 he is totally de/itute ( all means ( imitation2--:ile 9 o!rs1 aga91 & ^? evid5tly ! mo/ important1 ?\gh he sees ! effect produc$1 yet ! means by :i* x is done are alike beyond 8 k & 8 control4 ,?us he is l$ to ! conception ( a ,p[] & an ,intellig5ce sup]ior to 8 own1 & adequate to ! production & ma9t5ance ( all t he sees 9 nature1--a ,p[] & ,intellig5ce to :i* he may well apply ! t]m inf9ite1 s9ce he n only sees no actual limit to ! in/ances 9 :i* !y are manife/$1 b f9ds1 on ! contr>y1 t ! f>!r he enquires1 & ! wid] 8 sph]e ( obs]vation ext5ds1 !y cont9ually op5 ^u him 9 increas+ abundance2 & t z ! /udy ( "o prep>es him to und]/& & appreciate ano!r1 ref9em5t foll[s on ref9em5t1 wond] on wond]1 till 8 faculties become bewild]$ 9 admiration1 & 8 intellect falls back on itself 9 utt] hopelessness ( arriv+ at an end4 7#c47 ,:5 f ext]nal objects he turns 8 view ^u himself1 on 8 own vital & intellectual faculties1 he f9ds t he possesses a p[] ( exam9+ & analys+ 8 own nature to a c]ta9 ext5t1 b no f>!r4 ,9 8 corporeal frame he is s5sible ( a p[] to communicate a c]ta9 mod]ate am\nt ( motion to himself & o!r objects2 t ?is p[] dep5ds on 8 w1 & t its ex]tion c be susp5d$ or increas$ at pleasure )9 c]ta9 limits2 b h[ 8 w acts on 8 limbs he has no consci\sness3 & :5ce he d]ives ! p[] he ?us ex]cises1 !re is no?+ to assure him1 h[ev] he may long to "k4 ,8 s5ses1 too1 in=m him ( a multitude ( p>ticul>s respect+ ! ext]nal _w1 & he p]ceives an app>atus by :i* impressions f )\t may be transmitt$1 z a sort ( signals to ! int]ior ( 8 p]son1 & ultimately to 8 bra91 :]e9 he is obscurely s5sible t ! ?9k+1 feel+1 reason+ be+ he calls himself1 m especially resides2 b by :at means he becomes consci\s ( ^! impressions1 & :at is ! nature ( ! imm$iate communication betwe5 t inw>d s5ti5t be+1 & t ma*9]y1 8 outw>d man1 he has n ! slighte/ conception4 7#d47 ,aga91 :5 he contemplates /ill m att5tively ! ?\ghts1 acts1 & passions ( ?is 8 s5ti5t intellig5t self1 he f9ds1 inde$1 t he c rememb]1 & by ! aid ( memory c comp>e & discrim9ate1 c judge & resolve1 &1 above all1 t he is irresi/ibly impell$1 f ! p]ception ( any ph5om5on )\t or )9 him1 to inf] ! exi/5ce ( some?+ prior :i* /&s to x 9 ! relation ( a cause1 )\t :i* x w\ld n be1 & t ?is k ( causes & _! consequ5ces is :at1 9 almo/ e in/ance1 det]m9es 8 *oice & w1 9 cases :]e he is nev]!less consci\s ( p]fect fre$om to act or n to act4 ,he f9ds1 too1 t x is 9 8 p[] to acquire m or less k ( causes & effects accord+ to ! degree ( att5tion he be/[s ^u !m1 :i* att5tion is aga9 9 great measure a volunt>y act2 & (t5 :5 8 *oice has be5 decid$ on imp]fect k or insuffici5t att5tion1 he f9ds reason to correct 8 judgm5t1 ?\gh p]haps too late to influ5ce 8 decision by aft] consid]ation4 ,a _w )9 him is ?us op5$ to 8 intellectual view1 ab\nd+ ) ph5om5a & relations1 & ( ! highe/ imm$iate int]e/4 ,b :ile he _c help p]ceiv+ t ! insight he is enabl$ to obta9 into ?is int]nal sph]e ( ?\ght & feel+ is 9 reality ! s\rce ( all 8 p[]1 ! v f\nta9 ( 8 pr$om9ance ov] ext]nal nature1 he yet feels himself capable ( ent]+ only v imp]fectly into ^! recesses ( 8 own bosom1 & analys+ ! op]ations ( 8 m9d1--9 ?is z 9 all o!r ?+s1 9 %ort1 8a be+ d>kly wise20 see+ t all ! longe/ life & mo/ vigor\s intellect c give him p[] to discov] by 8 own rese>*1 or "t to "k by avail+ himself ( t ( o!rs1 s]ves only to place him on ! v fronti] ( k1 & af=d a di/ant glimpse ( b\ndless realms beyond1 :]e no human ?\ght has p5etrat$1 b :i* yet he is sure mu/ be no less famili>ly kn[n to t ,intellig5ce :i* he traces ?r\gh\t creation ?an ! mo/ obvi\s tru?s :i* he himself daily applies to 8 mo/ trifl+ purposes4 ,is x wond]ful t a be+ s con/itut$ %\ld fir/ enc\rage a hope1 & by degrees ackn[l$ge an assurance1 t 8 intellectual exi/5ce w n t]m9ate ) ! dissolution ( 8 corporeal frame1 b r t 9 a future /ate ( be+1 dis5cumb]$ ( a ?\s& ob/ructions :i* 8 pres5t situation ?r[s 9 8 way1 end[$ ) acut] s5ses1 & high] faculties1 he %all dr9k deep at t f\nta9 ( b5efic5t wisdom = :i* ! slight ta/e obta9$ on e>? has giv5 him s ke5 a reli%8 7#e47 ,no?+1 !n1 c be m unf\nd$ ?an ! objection :i* has be5 tak51 9 lim9e1 by p]sons1 well mean+ p]haps1 c]ta9ly n>r[-m9d$1 aga9/ ! /udy ( natural philosophy1 & inde$ aga9/ all sci5ce1--t x fo/]s 9 its cultivators an undue & ov]we5+ self-conceit1 leads !m to d\bt ! immortality ( ! s\l1 & to sc(f at reveal$ religion4 ,its natural effect1 we may confid5tly ass]t1 on e well con/itut$ m9d is & mu/ be ! direct contr>y4 ,no d\bt1 ! te/imony ( natural reason1 on :atev] ex]cis$1 mu/ ( necessity /op %ort ( ^? tru?s :i* x is ! object ( revelation to make kn[n2 b1 :ile x places ! exi/5ce & pr9cipal attributes ( a ,deity on su* gr\nds z to r5d] d\bt impossible1 x unque/ionably opposes no natural or necess>y ob/acle to fur!r progress3 on ! contr>y1 by *]i%+ z a vital pr9ciple an unb\nd$ _s ( enquiry1 & ard5cy ( expectation1 x unfett]s ! m9d f prejudices ( e k9d1 & leaves x op5 & free to e impression ( a high] nature :i* x is susceptible ( receiv+1 gu>d+ only aga9/ en?usiasm & self-deception by a habit ( /rict inve/igation1 b enc\rag+1 r ?an suppress+1 e ?+ t c (f] a prospect or a hope beyond ! pres5t obscure & unsatisfactory /ate4 ,! "* ( ! true philosoph] is to hope all ?+s n impossible1 & to believe all ?+s n unreasonable4 ,he :o has se5 obscurities :i* appe>$ imp5etrable 9 physical & ma!matical sci5ce sudd5ly dispell$1 & ! mo/ b>r5 & unpromis+ fields ( enquiry conv]t$1 z if by inspiration1 into ri* & inexhau/ible spr+s ( k & p[] on a simple *ange ( our po9t ( view1 or by m]ely br++ to be> on !m "s pr9ciple :i* x nev] occurr$ be=e to try1 w surely be ! v la/ to acquiesce 9 any dispirit+ prospects ( ei!r ! pres5t or future de/9ies ( mank9d2 :ile1 on ! o!r h&1 ! b\ndless views ( intellectual & moral z well z mat]ial relations :i* op5 on him on all h&s 9 ! c\rse ( ^! pursuits1 ! k ( ! trivial place he occupies 9 ! scale ( creation1 & ! s5se cont9ually press$ ^u him ( 8 own weakness & incapacity to susp5d or modify ! slighte/ movem5t ( ! ma*9]y he sees 9 action ar\nd him1 mu/ effectually conv9ce him t humility ( pret5sion1 no less ?an confid5ce ( hope1 is :at be/ becomes 8 "*4 7#f47 ,b :ile we ?us v9dicate ! /udy ( natural philosophy f a *>ge at "o "t =midable1 ow+ to ! p]t9acity & acrimony ) :i* x 0 urg$1 & /ill occasionally br\ght =w>d to ! di/ress & disgu/ ( e well con/itut$ m9d1 we mu/ take c>e t ! te/imony af=d$ by sci5ce to religion1 be its ext5t or value :at x may1 %all be at lea/ indep5d5t1 unbiass$1 & spontane\s4 ,we d n "h allude to su* reason]s z w\ld make all nature b5d to _! n>r[ int]pretations ( obscure & difficult passages 9 ! sacr$ writ+s3 su* a c\rse might well become ! p]secutors ( ,galileo & ! o!r bigots ( ! fifte5? & sixte5? c5turies1 b c only be adopt$ by dream]s 9 ! pres5t age4 ,b1 )\t go+ ^! l5g?s1 x is no uncommon ?+ to f9d p]sons1 e>ne/ly atta*$ to sci5ce & anxi\s = its promotion1 :o yet manife/ a morbid s5sibility on po9ts ( ?is k9d1--:o exult & applaud :5 any fact />ts up explanatory 7z !y suppose7 ( "s scriptural allusion & :o feel pa9$ & disappo9t$ :5 ! g5]al c\rse ( discov]y 9 any dep>tm5t ( sci5ce runs wide ( ! notions ) :i* p>ticul> passages 9 ! ,bible may h impress$ !mselves4 ,to p]sons ( su* a frame ( m9d x ought to suffice to rem>k1 on ! "o h&1 t tru? c nev] be oppos$ to tru?1 &1 on ! o!r1 t error is only to be effectually conf\nd$ by se>*+ deep & trac+ x to its s\rce4 ,nev]!less1 x 7 mu* to be wi%$ t su* p]sons1 e/imable & excell5t z _m ( !m are1 be=e !y ?r[ ! weight ( _! applause or discr$it into ! scale ( sci5tific op9ion on su* gr\nds1 w\ld reflect1 fir/1 t ! cr$it & respectability ( any evid5ce may be de/roy$ by tamp]+ ) its hone/y2 &1 secondly1 t ?is v disposition ( m9d implies a lurk+ mi/ru/ 9 its own pr9ciples1 s9ce ! gr& & inde$ only "* ( tru? is its capability ( endur+ ! te/ ( univ]sal exp]i5ce1 & com+ un*ang$ out ( e possible =m ( fair discussion4 7#g47 ,b if sci5ce may be vilifi$ by repres5t+ x z oppos$ to religion1 or trammell$ by mi/ak5 notions ( ! dang] ( free enquiry1 !re is yet ano!r mode by :i* x may be degrad$ f its native dignity1 & t is by plac+ x 9 ! light ( a m]e app5dage to & cat]] = our pamp]$ appetites4 ,! "q 8cui bono0 to :at practical end & advantage d y\r rese>*es t5d8 is "o :i* ! speculative philosoph] :o loves k = its own sake1 & enjoys1 z a rational be+ %\ld enjoy1 ! m]e contemplation ( h>moni\s & mutually dep5d5t tru?s1 c seldom he> )\t a s5se ( humiliation4 ,he feels t !re is a l(ty & dis9t]e/$ pleasure 9 8 speculations :i* ought to exempt !m f su* que/ion+2 communicat+ z !y d to 8 own m9d ! pure/ happ9ess 7aft] ! ex]cise ( ! b5evol5t & moral feel+s7 ( :i* human nature is susceptible1 & t5d+ to ! injury ( no "o1 he might surely allege ?is z a suffici5t & direct reply to ^? :o1 hav+ !mselves little capacity1 & less reli% = intellectual pursuits1 are con/antly repeat+ ^u him ?is enquiry4 ,b if he c br+ himself to desc5d f ?is high b fair gr\nd1 & ju/ify himself1 8 pursuits1 & 8 pleasures 9 ! eyes ( ^? ar\nd him1 he has only to po9t to ! hi/ory ( all sci5ce1 :]e speculations1 app>5tly unpr(itable1 h1 9 innum]able in/ances1 be5 ^? f :i* great practical applications h emanat$4 ,:at1 = in/ance1 c\ld be m s ?an ! dry speculations ( ! anci5t geomet]s on ! prop]ties ( ! conic sections1 or ?an ! dreams ( ,kepl] 7z !y w\ld naturally appe> to 8 contempor>ies7 ab\t ! num]ical h>monies ( ! univ]se8 ,yet ^! are ! /eps by :i* we h ris5 to a k ( ! elliptic motions ( ! planets & ! law ( gravitation1 ) all its spl5did !oretical consequ5ces1 & its ine/imable practical results4 ,! ridicule atta*$ to 8,sw+-swangs0 9 ,hooke's "t#a did n prev5t him f reviv+ ! proposal ( ! p5dulum z a /&>d ( measure1 s9ce s effectually wr\ght into practice by ! g5ius & p]sev]ance ( ,capta9 ,kat]2--nor did t :i* ,boyle enc\nt]$ 9 8 rese>*es on ! ela/icity & pressure ( ! air act z any ob/acle to ! tra9 ( discov]y :i* t]m9at$ 9 ! /eam-eng9e4 ,! dreams ( ! al*emi/s l$ !m on 9 ! pa? ( exp]im5t1 & drew att5tion to ! wond]s ( *emi/ry1 :ile !y br\ght _! advocates 7x mu/ be admitt$7 to m]it$ contempt & ru94 ,b 9 ?is case x 0 moral d]eliction :i* gave to ridicule a weight & p[] n necess>ily or naturally belong+ to x3 b among ! al*emi/s 7 m5 ( sup]ior m9ds1 :o reason$ :ile !y work$1 & :o1 n cont5t to grope always 9 ! d>k1 & blund] on _! object1 s\ght c>efully 9 ! obs]v$ nature ( _! ag5ts = guides 9 _! pursuit4 ,to ^! we owe ! creation ( exp]im5tal philosophy4 7#h47 ,n t x is meant1 by any ?+ above said1 to ass]t t !re is no su* ?+ z a great or a little 9 speculative philosophy1 or to place ! solution ( an enigma on a level ) ! developem5t ( a law ( nature1 /ill less to adopt ! homely def9ition ( ,smi?#b1 t a philosoph] is a p]son ^: trade x is to d no?+1 & speculate on e ?+4 ,! speculations ( ! natural philosoph]1 h[ev] remote !y may = a "t lead him f beat5 tracks & e-day uses1 be+ gr\nd$ 9 ! realities ( nature1 h all1 ( necessity1 a practical application1--nay m1 su* applications =m ! v crit]ions ( _! tru?1 !y af=d ! readie/ & complete/ v]ifications ( 8 !ories2--v]ifications :i* he w no m neglect to te/ !m by ?an an ari?metician w\ld omit to prove 8 sums1 or a cauti\s geomet] to try 8 g5]al !orems by p>ticul> cases4#c 7#i47 ,aft] all1 h[ev]1 x mu/ be confess$1 t to m9ds unacqua9t$ ) sci5ce1 & unus$ to consid] ! mutual dep5d5cies ( its v>i\s bran*es1 !re is some?+ nei!r unnatural nor altoge!r blamable 9 ! ready occurr5ce ( ?is "q ( direct advantage4 ,x requires "s habit ( ab/raction1 "s p5etration ( ! m9d ) a t9cture ( sci5tific enquiry1 "s conviction ( ! value ( ^? e/imable & treasur$ pr9ciples :i* lie conceal$ 9 ! mo/ common & homely facts1--"s exp]i5ce1 9 f9e1 ( success 9 develop+ & plac+ !m 9 evid5ce1 ann\nc+ !m 9 precise t]ms1 & apply+ !m to ! explanation ( o!r facts ( a less famili> "*1 or to ! accompli%m5t ( "s obvi\sly useful purpose3--to cure ! m9d ( ?is t5d5cy to ru% at once ^u its object1 to und]value ! means 9 ov]-e/imation ( ! end1 & :ile gaz+ too int5tly at ! goal :i* alone x has be5 accu/om$ to desire1 to lose sight ( ! ri*ness & v>iety ( ! prospects t (f] !mselves on ei!r h& on ! road4 7#aj47 ,we mu/ nev] =get t x is pr9ciples1 n ph5om5a1--! int]pretation1 n ! m]e k ( facts1--:i* are ! objects ( enquiry to ! natural philosoph]4 ,z tru? is s+le1 & consi/5t ) itself1 a pr9ciple may be z completely & z pla9ly elucidat$ by ! mo/ famili> & simple fact1 z by ! mo/ impos+ & uncommon ph5om5on4 ,! col\rs :i* glitt] on a soap-bubble are ! imm$iate consequ5ce ( a pr9ciple ! mo/ important f ! v>iety ( ph5om5a x expla9s1 & ! mo/ beautiful1 f its simplicity & comp5di\s neatness1 9 ! :ole sci5ce ( optics4 ,if ! nature ( p]iodical col\rs c be made intelligible by ! contemplation ( su* a trivial object1 f t mom5t x becomes a noble in/rum5t 9 ! eye ( correct judgm5t2 & to bl[ a l>ge1 regul>1 & durable soap-bubble may become ! s]i\s & praisewor?y endeav\r ( a sage1 :ile *ildr5 /& r\nd & sc(f1 or *ildr5 ( a l>g] gr[? hold up _! h&s 9 a/oni%m5t at su* wa/e ( "t & tr\ble4 ,to ! natural philosoph] !re is no natural object unimportant or trifl+4 ,f ! lea/ ( nature's works he may le>n ! greate/ lessons4 ,! fall ( an apple to ! gr\nd may raise 8 ?\ghts to ! laws :i* gov]n ! revolutions ( ! planets 9 _! orbits2 or ! situation ( a pebble may af=d him evid5ce ( ! /ate ( ! globe he inhabits1 myriads ( ages ago1 be=e 8 species became its d5iz5s4 7#aa47 ,& ?is is1 9 fact1 "o ( ! great s\rces ( delight :i* ! /udy ( natural sci5ce imp>ts to its vot>ies4 ,a m9d :i* has once imbib$ a ta/e = sci5tific enquiry1 & has le>nt ! habit ( apply+ its pr9ciples readily to ! cases :i* occur1 has )9 itself an inexhau/ible s\rce ( pure & excit+ contemplations3--"o w\ld ?9k t ,%akspe>e _h su* a m9d 9 view :5 he describes a contemplative man z f9d+ all nature eloqu5t--! v trees1 ! brooks1 & ! /ones read+ to him lessons ( deep & s]i\s import4 ,accu/om$ to trace ! op]ation ( g5]al causes1 & ! exemplification ( g5]al laws1 9 circum/ances :]e ! un9=m$ & un5quir+ eye p]ceives nei!r novelty nor beauty1 he walks 9 ! mid/ ( wond]s3 e object :i* falls 9 8 way elucidates "s pr9ciple1 af=ds "s in/ruction1 & impresses him ) a s5se ( h>mony & ord]4 ,nor is x a m]e passive pleasure :i* is ?us communicat$4 ,a ?\s& que/ions are cont9ually aris+ 9 8 m9d1 a ?\s& subjects ( enquiry pres5t+ !mselves1 :i* keep 8 faculties 9 con/ant ex]cise1 & 8 ?\ghts p]petually on ! w+1 s t lassitude is exclud$ f 8 life1 & t crav+ aft] artificial excitem5t & dissipation ( m9d1 :i* leads s _m into frivol\s1 unwor?y1 & de/ructive pursuits1 is altoge!r eradicat$ f 8 bosom4 7#ab47 ,x is n "o ( ! lea/ advantages ( ^! pursuits1 :i*1 h[ev]1 !y possess 9 common ) e class ( intellectual pleasures1 t !y are altoge!r indep5d5t ( ext]nal circum/ances1 & are to be enjoy$ 9 e situation 9 :i* a man c be plac$ 9 life4 ,! highe/ degrees ( worldly prosp]ity are s f> f be+ incompatible ) !m1 t !y supply ine/imable advantages = _! pursuit1 & t sort ( fre% & r5ew$ reli% :i* arises p>tly f ! s5se ( contra/1 p>tly f exp]i5ce ( ! peculi> pre-em95ce !y possess ov] ! pleasures ( s5se 9 _! capability ( unlimit$ increase & cont9ual repetition )\t satiety or di/a/e4 ,!y may be enjoy$1 too1 9 ! int]vals ( ! mo/ active bus9ess2 & ! calm & dispassionate int]e/ ) :i* !y fill ! m9d r5d]s !m a mo/ delightful retreat f ! agitations & diss5sions ( ! _w1 & f ! conflict ( passions1 prejudices1 & int]e/s 9 :i* ! man ( bus9ess f9ds himself involv$4 ,!re is some?+ 9 ! contemplation ( g5]al laws :i* p[]fully induces & p]suades u to m]ge individual feel+1 & to commit ourselves unres]v$ly to _! disposal2 :ile ! obs]vation ( ! calm1 en]getic regul>ity ( nature1 ! imm5se scale ( h] op]ations1 & ! c]ta9ty ) :i* h] ends are atta9$1 t5ds1 irresi/ibly1 to tranquillize & re-assure ! m9d1 & r5d] x less accessible to rep9+1 selfi%1 & turbul5t emotions4 ,& ?is x does1 n by debas+ our nature into weak compliances & abject submission to circum/ances1 b by fill+ u1 z f an inw>d spr+1 ) a s5se ( nobl5ess & p[] :i* enables u to rise sup]ior to !m2 by %[+ u our /r5g? & innate dignity1 & by call+ ^u u = ! ex]cise ( ^? p[]s & faculties by :i* we are susceptible ( ! compreh5sion ( s mu* greatness1 & :i* =m1 z x 71 a l9k betwe5 ourselves & ! be/ & noble/ b5efactors ( our species1 ) :om we hold communion 9 ?\ghts & p>ticipate 9 discov]ies :i* h rais$ !m above _! fell[-mortals1 & br\ght !m ne>] to _! ,creator4 ,,*ap4 ,,ii4 ,,( ,,ab/ract ,,sci5ce ,,z ,a ,,prep>ation ,,= ,,! ,,/udy ,,( ,,physics4--,a ,,pr(\nd ,,acqua9tance ,,) ,,x ,,n ,,indisp5sable ,,= ,a ,,cle> ,,und]/&+ ,,( ,,physical ,,laws4--,,h[ ,a ,,conviction ,,( ,,_! ,,tru? ,,may ,,be ,,obta9$ ,,)\t ,,x4--,,in/ances4--,,fur!r ,,division ,,( ,,! ,,subject4 7#ac47 ,sci5ce is ! k ( _m1 ord]ly & me?odically dige/$ & arrang$1 s z to become atta9able by "o4 ,! k ( reasons & _! conclusions con/itutes ab/ract1 t ( causes & _! effects1 & ( ! laws ( nature1 natural sci5ce4 7#ad47 ,ab/ract sci5ce is indep5d5t ( a sy/em ( nature1--( a creation1--( e ?+1 9 %ort1 except memory1 ?\ght1 & reason4 ,its objects are1 fir/1 ^? prim>y exi/5ces & relations :i* we _c ev5 conceive n to be1 su* z space1 "t1 numb]1 ord]1 c42 &1 secondly1 ^? artificial =ms1 or symbols1 :i* ?\ght has ! p[] ( creat+ = itself at pleasure1 & sub/itut+ z repres5tatives1 by ! aid ( memory1 = comb9ations ( ^? prim>y objects & ( its own conceptions1--ei!r to facilitate ! act ( reason+ respect+ !m1 or z conv5i5t deposits ( its own conclusions1 or = _! communication to o!rs4 ,su* are1 fir/1 language1 oral or writt52 its conv5tional =ms1 :i* con/itute gramm>1 & ! rules = its use 9 argum5t1 9 :i* consi/s ! logic ( ! s*ools2 secondly1 notation1 :i*1 appli$ to numb]1 is ari?metic1--&1 to ! m g5]al relations ( ab/ract quantity or ord]1 is algebra2 &1 ?irdly1 t high] k9d ( logic1 :i* tea*es u to use our reason 9 ! mo/ advantage\s mann] = ! discov]y ( tru?2 :i* po9ts out ! crit]ions by :i* we may be sure we h atta9$ x2 & :i*1 by detect+ ! s\rces ( error1 & expos+ ! haunts :]e fallacies are apt to lurk1 at once w>ns u ( _! dang]1 & %[s u h[ to avoid !m4 ,?is great] logic may be t]m$ rational#d2 :ile1 to t inf]ior dep>tm5t :i* is conv]sant ) words alone1 ! epi!t v]bal#e may1 = di/9ction1 be appli$4 7#ae47 ,a c]ta9 mod]ate degree ( acqua9tance ) ab/ract sci5ce is highly desirable to e "o :o w\ld make any consid]able progress 9 physics4 ,z ! univ]se exi/s 9 "t & place2 & z motion1 velocity1 quantity1 numb]1 & ord]1 are ma9 elem5ts ( our k ( ext]nal ?+s & _! *anges1 an acqua9tance ) ^!1 ab/ract$ly consid]$1 7t is to say1 indep5d5t ( any consid]ation ( ! p>ticul> ?+s mov$1 measur$1 c\nt$1 or arrang$17 mu/ evid5tly be a useful prep>ation = ! m complex /udy ( nature4 ,b !re is yet ano!r recomm5dation ( su* sci5ces z a prep>ation = ! /udy ( natural philosophy4 ,_! objects are s def9ite1 & our notions ( !m s di/9ct1 t we c reason ab\t !m ) an assurance1 t ! words & signs us$ 9 our reason+s are full & true repres5tatives ( ! ?+s signifi$2 &1 consequ5tly1 t :5 we use language or signs 9 argum5t1 we nei!r1 by _! use1 introduce extrane\s notions1 nor exclude any "p ( ! case be=e u f consid]ation4 ,= example3 ! words space1 squ>e1 circle1 a hundr$1 c41 convey to ! m9d notions s complete 9 !mselves1 & s di/9ct f e ?+ else1 t we are sure :5 we use !m we "k & h 9 view ! :ole ( our own mean+4 ,x is widely diff]5t ) words express+ natural objects & mix$ relations4 ,take1 = in/ance1 iron4 ,diff]5t p]sons atta* v diff]5t ideas to ?is ^w4 ,"o :o has nev] he>d ( magnetism has a widely diff]5t notion ( iron f "o 9 ! contr>y pr$icam5t4 ,! vulg>1 :o reg>d ?is metal z incombu/ible1 & ! *emi/1 :o sees x burn ) ! utmo/ fury1 & :o has o!r reasons = reg>d+ x z "o ( ! mo/ combu/ible bodies 9 nature2--! poet1 :o uses x z an emblem ( rigidity2 & ! smi? & eng9e]1 9 ^: h&s x is pla/ic1 & m\ld$ l wax into e =m2--! jail]1 :o prizes x z an ob/ruction1 & ! electrician1 :o sees 9 x only a *annel ( op5 communication by :i* t mo/ impassable ( ob/acles1 ! air1 may be trav]s$ by 8 imprison$ fluid1 h all diff]5t1 & all imp]fect1 notions ( ! same ^w4 ,! mean+ ( su* a t]m is l a ra9b[--e body sees a diff]5t "o1 & all ma9ta9 x to be ! same4 ,s x is ) ne>ly all our t]ms ( s5se4 ,"s are indef9ite1 z h>d or s(t1 light or heavy 7t]ms :i* 7 at "o "t ! s\rces ( innum]able mi/akes & controv]sies72 "s excessively complex1 z man1 life1 in/9ct4 ,b1 :at is wor/ ( all1 "s1 nay mo/1 h two or ?ree mean+s2 suffici5tly di/9ct f ea* o!r to make a proposition true 9 "o s5se & false 9 ano!r1 or ev5 false altoge!r2 yet n di/9ct en\gh to keep u f conf\nd+ !m 9 ! process by :i* we arriv$ at x1 or to enable u imm$iately to recognise ! fallacy :5 l$ to x by a tra9 ( reason+1 ea* /ep ( :i* we ?9k we h exam9$ & approv$4 ,surely ^? :o ?us atta* two s5ses to "o ^w1 or sup]add a new mean+ to an old "o1 act z absurdly z coloni/s :o di/ribute !mselves ov] ! _w1 nam+ e place !y come to by ! names ( ^? !y h left1 till all di/9ctions ( geographical nom5clature are conf\nd$1 & till we are unable to decide :e!r an occurr5ce /at$ to h happ5$ at ,w9dsor took place 9 ,europe1 ,am]ica1 or ,au/ralia4#f 7#af47 ,x is1 9 fact1 9 ?is d\ble or incomplete s5se ( words t we mu/ look = ! orig9 ( a v l>ge portion ( ! errors into :i* we fall4 ,n[1 ! /udy ( ! ab/ract sci5ces1 su* z ari?metic1 geometry1 algebra1 c41 :ile !y af=d scope = ! ex]cise ( reason+ ab\t objects t are1 or1 at lea/1 may be conceiv$ to be1 ext]nal to u2 yet1 be+ free f ^! s\rces ( error & mi/ake1 accu/om u to ! /rict use ( language z an in/rum5t ( reason1 & by famili>iz+ u1 9 our progress t[>ds tru?1 to walk uprightly & /raight-=w>d on firm gr\nd1 give u t prop] & dignifi$ c>riage ( m9d :i* c\ld nev] be acquir$ by hav+ always to pick our /eps among ob/ructions & loose fragm5ts1 or to /eady !m 9 ! reel+ tempe/ ( conflict+ mean+s4 7#ag47 ,b !re is yet ano!r po9t ( view "u :i* "s acqua9tance ) ab/ract sci5ce may be reg>d$ z highly desirable 9 g5]al education1 if n indisp5sably necess>y1 to impress on u ! di/9ction betwe5 /rict & vague reason+1 to %[ u :at demon/ration really is1 & to give u !reby a full & intimate s5se ( ! nature & /r5g? ( ! evid5ce on :i* our k ( ! actual sy/em ( nature1 & ! laws ( natural ph5om5a1 re/s4 ,= ?is purpose1 h[ev]1 a v mod]ate acqua9tance ) ! m elem5t>y bran*es ( ma!matics may suffice4 ,! *a9 is laid be=e u1 & e l9k is submitt$ to our unres]v$ exam9ation1 if we h pati5ce & incl9ation to ent] on su* detail4 ,hundr$s h gone ?r\gh x1 & w cont9ue to d s2 b1 = ! g5]ality ( mank9d1 x is en\gh to satisfy !mselves ( ! solidity & adamant9e texture ( its mat]ials1 & ! unres]v$ exposure ( its weake/1 z well z its /ronge/1 p>ts4 ,if1 h[ev]1 we cont5t ourselves ) ?is g5]al view ( ! matt]1 we mu/ be cont5t also to take on tru/1 t is1 on ! au?ority ( ^? :o h exam9$ deep]1 e conclusion :i* _c be made app>5t to our s5ses4 ,n[1 among ^! !re are _m s v surpris+1 inde$ app>5tly s extravagant1 t x is q impossible = any enquir+ m9d to re/ cont5t$ ) a m]e he>say /atem5t ( !m1--we feel irresi/ibly impell$ to enquire fur!r into _! tru?4 ,:at m]e ass]tion w make any man believe1 t 9 "o second ( "t1 9 "o beat ( ! p5dulum ( a clock1 a ray ( light travels ov] #aib1jjj miles1 & w\ld !re=e p]=m ! t\r ( ! _w 9 ab\t ! same "t t x requires to w9k ) our eyelids1 & 9 mu* less ?an a swift runn] occupies 9 tak+ a s+le /ride8 ,:at mortal c be made to believe1 )\t demon/ration1 t ! sun is almo/ a million times l>g] ?an ! e>?8 & t1 al?\gh s remote f u1 t a cannon ball %ot directly t[>ds x1 & ma9ta9+ its full spe$1 w\ld be tw5ty ye>s 9 rea*+ x1 x yet affects ! e>? by its attraction 9 an inappreciable in/ant ( "t8--a clos5ess ( union ( :i* we c =m b a feeble1 & totally inadequate1 idea1 by comp>+ x to any mat]ial connection2 s9ce ! communication ( an impulse to su* a di/ance1 by any solid int]m$ium we are acqua9t$ )1 w\ld require1 n mom5ts1 b :ole ye>s4 ,& :51 ) pa9 & difficulty we h /ra9$ our imag9ation to conceive a di/ance s va/1 a =ce s int5se & p5etrat+1 if we are told t ! "o dw9dles to an ins5sible po9t1 & ! o!r is unfelt at ! ne>e/ ( ! fix$ />s1 f ! m]e effect ( _! remot5ess1 :ile among ^? v />s are "s ^: actual spl5d\r exce$s by _m hundr$ times t ( ! sun itself1 al?\gh we may n d5y ! tru? ( ! ass]tion1 we _c b feel ! ke5e/ curiosity to "k h[ su* ?+s 7 ev] made out4 7#ah47 ,! =ego+ are among ^? results ( sci5tific rese>* :i*1 by _! magnitude1 seem to transc5d our p[]s ( conception4 ,!re are o!rs1 aga91 :i*1 f _! m9ut5ess1 w\ld appe> to elude ! grasp ( ?\ght1 mu* m ( di/9ct & accurate measurem5t4 ,:o w\ld n ask = demon/ration1 :5 told t a gnat's w+1 9 its ord9>y flight1 beats _m hundr$ times 9 a second8 or t !re exi/ animat$ & regul>ly organiz$ be+s1 _m ?\s&s ( ^: bodies laid close toge!r w\ld n ext5d an in*8 ,b :at are ^! to ! a/oni%+ tru?s :i* mod]n optical enquiries h disclos$1 :i* tea* u t e po9t ( a m$ium ?r\gh :i* a ray ( light passes is affect$ ) a succession ( p]iodical movem5ts1 regul>ly recurr+ at equal int]vals1 no less ?an five hundr$ millions ( millions ( times 9 a s+le second6 t x is by su* movem5ts1 communicat$ to ! n]ves ( our eyes1 t we see3--nay m1 t x is ! diff]5ce 9 ! frequ5cy ( _! recurr5ce :i* affects u ) ! s5se ( ! div]sity ( col\r2 t1 = in/ance1 9 acquir+ ! s5sation ( r$ness our eyes are affect$ f\r hundr$ & eighty-two millions ( millions ( times2 ( yell[ness1 five hundr$ & =ty-two millions ( millions ( times2 & ( violet1 sev5 hundr$ & sev5 millions ( millions ( times p] second4#g ,d n su* ?+s s\nd m l ! rav+s ( madm51 ?an ! sob] conclusions ( p 9 _! wak+ s5ses8 7#ai47 ,!y are1 nev]!less1 conclusions to :i* any "o may mo/ c]ta9ly arrive1 :o w only be at ! tr\ble ( exam9+ ! *a9 ( reason+ by :i* !y h be5 d$uc$2 b1 9 ord] to d ?is1 some?+ beyond ! m]e elem5ts ( ab/ract sci5ce is requir$4 ,wav+1 h[ev]1 su* in/ances z ^!1 :i*1 aft] all1 are r calculat$ to surprise & a/\nd ?an = any o!r purpose1 x mu/ be obs]v$ t x is n possible to satisfy ourselves completely t we h arriv$ at a true /atem5t ( any law ( nature1 until1 sett+ out f su* /atem5t1 & mak+ x a f\ndation ( reason+1 we c %[1 by /rict argum5t1 t ! facts obs]v$ mu/ foll[ f x z necess>y logical consequ5ces1 & ?is1 n vaguely & g5]ally1 b ) all possible precision 9 "t1 place1 weight1 & measure4 7#bj47 ,to d ?is1 h[ev]1 z we %all pres5tly see1 requires 9 _m cases a degree ( k ( ma!matics & geometry altoge!r unatta9able by ! g5]ality ( mank9d1 :o h n ! leisure1 ev5 if !y all _h ! capacity1 to ent] into su* enquiries1 "s ( :i* are inde$ ( t degree ( difficulty t !y c be only successfully prosecut$ by p]sons :o devote to !m _! :ole att5tion1 & make !m ! s]i\s bus9ess ( _! lives4 ,b !re is sc>cely any p]son ( good ord9>y und]/&+1 h[ev] little ex]cis$ 9 ab/ract enquiries1 :o may n be readily made to compreh5d at lea/ ! g5]al tra9 ( reason+ by :i* any ( ! great tru?s ( physics are d$uc$1 & ! ess5tial be>+s & connections ( ! sev]al p>ts ( natural philosophy4 ,!re are :ole bran*es too & v ext5sive & important ones1 to :i* ma!matical reason+ has nev] be5 at all appli$2 su* z *emi/ry1 geology1 & natural hi/ory 9 g5]al1 & _m o!rs1 9 :i* x plays a v subord9ate "p1 & ( :i* ! ess5tial pr9ciples1 & ! gr\nds ( application to useful purposes1 may be p]fectly well und]/ood by a /ud5t :o possesses no m ma!matical k ?an ! rules ( ari?metic2 s t no "o ne$ be det]r$ f ! acquisition ( k1 or ev5 f active orig9al rese>* 9 su* subjects1 by a want ( ma!matical in=mation4 ,ev5 9 ^? bran*es :i*1 l a/ronomy1 optics1 & dynamics1 are almo/ exclusively "u ! dom9ion ( ma!matics1 & 9 :i* no effectual progress c be made )\t "s acqua9tance ) geometry1 ! pr9cipal results may be p]fectly und]/ood )\t x4 ,to "o incapable ( foll[+ out ! intricacies ( ma!matical demon/ration1 ! conviction af=d$ by v]ifi$ pr$ictions mu/ /& 9 ! place ( t pur] & m satisfactory reliance :i* a v]ification ( e /ep 9 ! process ( reason+ c alone af=d1 s9ce e "o w ackn[l$ge ! validity ( pret5sions :i* he is 9 ! daily habit ( see+ br\ght to ! te/ ( practice4 7#ba47 ,among ! v]ifications ( ?is practical k9d :i* ab\nd 9 e dep>tm5t ( physics1 !re are none m impos+ ?an ! precise pr$iction ( ! great] ph5om5a ( a/ronomy2 none1 c]ta9ly1 :i* c>ry a broad] conviction home to e m9d f _! notoriety & unequivocal "*4 ,! pr$iction ( eclipses has accord+ly f ! e>lie/ ages excit$ ! admiration ( mank9d1 & be5 "o gr& in/rum5t by :i* _! allegiance 7s to speak7 to natural sci5ce1 & _! respect = its pr(essors1 has be5 ma9ta9$2 & ?\gh /rangely abus$ 9 un5light5$ ages by ! sup]natural pret5sions ( a/rolog]s1 ! cr$5ce giv5 ev5 to _! absurdities %[s ! =ce ( ?is k9d ( evid5ce on m5's m9ds4 ,! pr$ictions ( a/ronom]s are1 h[ev]1 n[ f> too famili> to endang] ! j equipoise ( our judgm5t1 s9ce ev5 ! return ( comets1 true to _! pa?s & exact to ! h\r ( _! appo9tm5t1 has ceas$ to amaze1 ?\gh x mu/ ev] delight all :o h s\ls capable ( be+ p5etrat$ by su* beautiful in/ances ( accordance betwe5 !ory & facts4 ,b ! age ( m]e wond] 9 su* ?+s is pa/1 & m5 pref] be+ guid$ & enlight5$1 to be+ a/oni%$ & dazzl$4 ,eclipses1 comets1 & ! l1 af=d b r>e & transi5t displays ( ! p[]s ( calculation1 & ( ! c]ta9ty ( ! pr9ciples on :i* x is gr\nd$4 ,a page ( 8lun> di/ances0 f ! ,nautical ,almanack is wor? all ! eclipses t h ev] happ5$ = inspir+ ?is necess>y confid5ce 9 ! conclusions ( sci5ce4 ,t a man1 by m]ely measur+ ! moon's app>5t di/ance f a /> ) a little portable in/rum5t held 9 8 h&1 & appli$ to 8 eye1 ev5 ) s un/able a foot+ z ! deck ( a %ip1 %all say positively1 )9 five miles1 :]e he is1 on a b\ndless ocean1 _c b appe> to p]sons ignorant ( physical a/ronomy an approa* to ! miracul\s4 ,yet1 ! alt]natives ( life & dea?1 weal? & ru91 are daily & h\rly /ak$ ) p]fect confid5ce on ^! m>vell\s computations1 :i* might almo/ seem to h be5 devis$ on purpose to %[ h[ closely ! extremes ( speculative ref9em5t & practical utility c be br\ght to approximate4 ,we h be=e u an anecdote communicat$ to u by a naval (fic]#h1 di/+ui%$ = ! ext5t & v>iety ( 8 atta9m5ts1 :i* %[s h[ impressive su* results may become 9 practice4 ,he sail$ f ,san ,blas on ! we/ coa/ ( ,mexico1 & aft] a voyage ( #hjjj miles1 occupy+ #hi days1 arriv$ (f ,rio de ,janeiro1 hav+1 9 ?is int]val1 pass$ ?r\gh ! ,pacific ,ocean1 r\nd$ ,cape ,horn1 & cross$ ! ,s\? ,atlantic1 )\t mak+ any l&1 or ev5 see+ a s+le sail1 ) ! exception ( an ,am]ican :al] (f ,cape ,horn4 ,arriv$ )9 a week's sail ( ,rio1 he set s]i\sly ab\t det]m9+1 by lun> obs]vations1 ! precise l9e ( ! %ip's c\rse & its situation 9 x at a det]m9ate mom5t1 & hav+ asc]ta9$ ?is )9 f five to t5 miles1 ran ! re/ ( ! way by ^? m ready & comp5di\s me?ods1 kn[n to navigators1 :i* c be safely employ$ = %ort trips betwe5 "o kn[n po9t & ano!r1 b :i* _c be tru/$ 9 long voyages1 :]e ! moon is ! only sure guide4 ,! re/ ( ! tale we are enabl$ by 8 k9dness to /ate 9 8 own words3--8,we /e]$ t[>ds ,rio de ,janeiro = "s days aft] tak+ ! lun>s above describ$1 & hav+ arriv$ )9 fifte5 or tw5ty miles ( ! coa/1 ,i hove to at f\r 9 ! morn+ till ! day %\ld break1 & !n bore up2 = al?\gh x 0 v hazy1 we c\ld see be=e u a c\ple ( miles or s4 ,ab\t eight o'clock x became s foggy t ,i did n l to /& 9 f>!r1 & 0 j br++ ! %ip to ! w9d aga9 be=e s5d+ ! p to breakfa/1 :5 x sudd5ly cle>$ (f1 & ,i _h ! satisfaction ( see+ ! great ,sug> ,loaf ,rock1 :i* /&s on "o side ( ! h>b\r's m\?1 s ne>ly "r ahead t we _h n to alt] our c\rse above a po9t 9 ord] to hit ! entrance ( ,rio4 ,?is 0 ! fir/ l& we _h se5 = ?ree mon?s1 aft] cross+ s _m seas & be+ set backw>ds & =w>ds by innum]able curr5ts & f\l w9ds40 ,! effect on all on bo>d might well be conceiv$ to h be5 electric2 & x is ne$less to rem>k h[ ess5tially ! au?ority ( a comm&+ (fic] ov] 8 crew may be /r5g!n$ by ! occurr5ce ( su* incid5ts1 indicative ( a degree ( k & consequ5t p[] beyond _! rea*4 7#bb47 ,b ev5 su* results z ^!1 /rik+ z !y are1 yet fall %ort ( ! =ce ) :i* conviction is urg$ ^u u :51 ?r\gh ! m$ium ( reason+ too ab/ract = common appreh5sion1 we arrive at conclusions :i* outrun exp]i5ce1 & describe be=eh& :at w happ5 "u new comb9ations1 or ev5 correct imp]fect exp]im5ts1 & lead u to a k ( facts contr>y to receiv$ analogies drawn f an exp]i5ce wrongly int]pret$ or ov]ha/ily g5]alis$4 ,to give an example3--e body kn[s t objects view$ ?r\gh a transp>5t m$ium1 su* z wat] or glass1 appe> di/ort$ or displac$4 ,?us1 a /ick 9 wat] appe>s b5t1 & an object se5 ?r\gh a prism or w$ge ( glass seems to be ?r[n aside f its true place4 ,?is effect is ow+ to :at is call$ ! refraction ( light2 & a simple rule discov]$ by ,willebrod ,snell enables any "o to say exactly h[ mu* ! /ick w be b5t1 & h[ f>1 & 9 :at direction1 ! app>5t situation ( an object se5 ?r\gh ! glass w deviate f ! real "o4 ,if a %ill+ be laid at ! bottom ( a bas9 ( wat] & view$ obliquely1 x w appe> to be rais$ by ! wat]2 if in/ead ( wat] spirits ( w9e be us$ x w appe> m rais$2 if oil1 /ill m3--b 9 none ( ^! cases w x appe> to be ?r[n aside to ! "r or left ( its true place1 h[ev] ! eye be situat$4 ,! plane1 9 :i* are conta9$ ! eye1 ! object1 & ! po9t 9 ! surface ( ! liquid at :i* ! object is se51 is an upright or v]tical plane2 & ?is is "o ( ! pr9cipal *>act]s 9 ! ord9>y refraction ( light1 viz4 t ! ray by :i* we see an object ?r\gh a refract+ surface1 al?\gh x und]goes a b5d+1 & is1 z x 71 brok5 at ! surface1 yet1 9 pursu+ its c\rse to ! eye1 does n quit a plane p]p5dicul> to ! refract+ surface4 ,b !re are aga9 o!r sub/ances1 su* z rock-cry/al1 & especially ,icel& sp>1 :i* possess ! s+ul> prop]ty ( d\bl+ ! image or appe>ance ( an object se5 ?r\gh !m 9 c]ta9 directions2 s t in/ead ( see+ "o object we see two1 side by side1 :5 su* a cry/al or sp> is int]pos$ betwe5 ! object & ! eye2 & if a ray or small sunbeam be ?r[n ^u a surface ( ei!r ( ^! sub/ances1 x w be split into two1 mak+ an angle ) ea* o!r1 & ea* pursu+ its own sep>ate c\rse1--?is is call$ d\ble refraction4 ,n[1 ( ^! images or d\bly refract$ rays1 "o always foll[s ! same rule z if ! sub/ance 7 glass or wat]3 its deviation c be correctly calculat$ by ,snell's law above m5tion$1 & x does n quit ! plane p]p5dicul> to ! refract+ surface4 ,! o!r ray1 on ! contr>y1 7:i* is !re=e said to h und]gone extraord9>y refraction7 does quit t plane1 & ! am\nt ( its deviation f its =m] c\rse requires = its det]m9ation a mu* m complicat$ rule1 :i* _c be und]/ood or ev5 /at$ )\t a pretty intimate k ( geometry4 ,n[1 rock-cry/al & ,icel& sp> diff] f glass 9 a v rem>kable circum/ance4 ,!y affect naturally c]ta9 regul> figures1 n be+ f\nd 9 %apeless lumps1 b 9 det]m9ate geometrical =ms2 & !y are susceptible ( be+ cleft or split mu* easi] 9 c]ta9 directions ?an 9 o!rs--!y h a gra9 :i* glass has n4 ,:5 o!r sub/ances hav+ ?is peculi>ity 7& :i* are call$ cry/alliz$ sub/ances7 7 exam9$1 !y 7 all1 or by f> ! great] "p1 f\nd to possess ?is s+ul> prop]ty ( d\ble refraction2 & x 0 v natural to conclude1 !re=e1 t ! same ?+ took place 9 all ( !m1 viz4 t ( ! two rays1 into :i* any beam ( light fall+ on ! surface ( su* a sub/ance 0 split1 or ( ! two images ( an object se5 ?r\gh x1 "o only 0 turn$ aside out ( its plane & extraord9>ily refract$1 :ile ! o!r foll[$ ! ord9>y rule4 ,accord+ly ?is 0 suppos$ to be ! case2 & n only s1 b f "s trials & measurem5ts purposely made by a philosoph] ( great em95ce1 x 0 consid]$ to be a fact suffici5tly e/abli%$ by exp]im5t4 7#bc47 ,p]haps we might h rema9$ long "u ?is impression1 = ! measurem5ts are delicate1 & ! subject v difficult4 ,b x has lately be5 demon/rat$ by an em95t ,fr5* philosoph] & ma!matician1 ,m4 ,fresnel1 t1 grant+ c]ta9 pr9ciples or po/ulates1 all ! ph5om5a ( d\ble refraction1 includ+ p]haps ! greate/ v>iety ( facts t h ev] yet be5 arrang$ "u "o g5]al head1 may be satisfactorily expla9$ & d$uc$ f !m by /rict ma!matical calculation2 & t1 :5 appli$ to ! cases fir/ m5tion$1 ^! pr9ciples give a satisfactory acc\nt ( ! want ( ! extraord9>y image2 t :5 appli$ to su* cases z ^? ( rock-cry/al or ,icel& sp>1 !y also give a correct acc\nt ( bo? ! images1 & agree 9 _! conclusions ) ! rules be=e asc]ta9$ = !m3 b s f> f co9cid+ ) t "p ( ! previ\s /atem5t1 :i* w\ld make ^! conclusions ext5d to all cry/allis$ sub/ances1 ,m4 ,fresnel's pr9ciples lead to a conclusion q opposite1 & po9t to a fact :i* _h nev] be5 obs]v$1 viz4 t 9 by f> ! great] numb] ( cry/alliz$ sub/ances :i* possess ! prop]ty ( d\ble refraction1 nei!r ( ! images foll[s ! ord9>y law1 b bo? und]go a deviation f _! orig9al plane4 ,n[ ?is _h nev] be5 obs]v$ to be ! case 9 any previ\s trial1 & all op9ion 0 aga9/ x4 ,b :5 put to ! te/ ( exp]im5t 9 a great v>iety ( new & +5i\s me?ods1 x 0 f\nd to be fully v]ifi$2 & to complete ! evid5ce1 ! sub/ances on ^: imp]fect exam9ation ! fir/ errone\s conclusion 0 f\nd$1 hav+ be5 lately subject$ to a fre% & m scrupul\s exam9ation1 ! result has %[n ! insuffici5cy ( ! =m] measurem5ts1 & prov$ 9 p]fect accordance ) ! newly discov]$ laws4 ,n[ x w be obs]v$ 9 ?is case1 fir/1 t1 s f> f ! pr9ciples assum$ by ,m4 ,fresnel be+ at all obvi\s1 !y are extremely remote f ord9>y obs]vation2 &1 secondly1 t ! *a9 ( reason+ by :i* !y are br\ght to ! te/ is "o ( su* l5g? & complexity1 & ! purely ma!matical difficulty ( _! application s great1 t no m]e good common s5se1 no g5]al tact or ord9>y practical reason+1 w\ld af=d ! slighte/ *ance ( ?read+ _! mazes4 ,cases l ?is are ! triumph ( !ories4 ,!y %[ at once h[ l>ge a "p pure reason has to p]=m 9 our exam9ation ( nature1 & h[ implicit our reliance ought to be on t p[]ful & me?odical sy/em ( rules & processes :i* con/itute ! mod]n ma!matical analysis1 9 all ! m difficult applications ( exact calculation to h] ph5om5a4 7#bd47 ,to take an in/ance m )9 ord9>y appreh5sion4 ,an em95t liv+ geomet] _h prov$ by calculations1 f\nd$ on /rict optical pr9ciples1 t 9 ! c5tre ( ! %ad[ ( a small circul> plate ( metal1 expos$ 9 a d>k room to a beam ( light emanat+ f a v small brilliant po9t1 !re ought to be no d>kness1--9 fact1 no %ad[ at t place2 b1 on ! contr>y1 a degree ( illum9ation precisely z bright z if ! metal plate 7 away4 ,/range & ev5 impossible z ?is conclusion may seem1 x has be5 put to ! trial1 & f\nd p]fectly correct4#i 7#be47 ,we %all n[ proce$ to consid] m p>ticul>ly1 & 9 detail1-- ,i4 ,! nature & objects imm$iate & collat]al ( physical sci5ce1 z reg>d$ 9 itself1 & 9 its application to ! practical purposes ( life1 & its influ5ce on ! well-be+ & progress ( society4 ,,ii4 ,! pr9ciples on :i* x relies = its successful prosecution1 & ! rules by :i* a sy/ematic exam9ation ( nature %\ld be conduct$1 ) examples illu/rative ( _! influ5ce4 ,,iii4 ,! subdivision ( physical sci5ce into di/9ct bran*es1 & _! mutual relations4 ,,*ap4 ,,iii4 ,,( ,,! ,,nature ,,& ,,objects1 ,,imm$iate ,,& ,,collat]al1 ,,( ,,physical ,,sci5ce1 ,,z ,,reg>d$ ,,9 ,,itself1 ,,& ,,9 ,,its ,,application ,,to ,,! ,,practical ,,purposes ,,( ,,life1 ,,& ,,its ,,influ5ce ,,on ,,! ,,well-,,be+ ,,& ,,progress ,,( ,,society4 7#bf47 ,! fir/ ?+ impress$ on u f our e>lie/ infancy is1 t ev5ts d n succe$ "o ano!r at r&om1 b ) a c]ta9 degree ( ord]1 regul>ity1 & connection2--"s con/antly1 &1 z we are apt to ?9k1 immutably1--z ! alt]nation ( day & night1 summ] & w9t]1--o!rs cont+5tly1 z ! motion ( a body f its place1 if pu%$1 or ! burn+ ( a /ick if ?ru/ into ! fire4 ,! k t ! =m] class ( ev5ts has gone on1 un9t]rupt$ly1 = ages beyond all memory1 impresses u ) a /rong expectation t x w cont9ue to d s 9 ! same mann]2 & ?us our notion ( an ord] ( nature is orig9at$ & confirm$4 ,if e ?+ 7 equally regul> & p]iodical1 & ! succession ( ev5ts liable to no *ange dep5d+ on our own w1 x may be d\bt$ :e!r we %\ld ev] ?9k ( look+ = causes4 ,no "o reg>ds ! night z ! cause ( ! day1 or ! day ( night4 ,!y are alt]nate effects ( a common cause1 :i* _! regul> succession alone gives u no suffici5t clue = det]m9+4 ,x is *iefly1 p]haps entirely1 f ! o!r or cont+5t class ( ev5ts t we ga9 our notions ( cause & effect4 ,f !m alone we ga!r t !re are su* ?+s z laws ( nature4 ,! v idea ( a law includes t ( cont+5cy4 8,si quis mala c>m9a condidisset1 fu/e f]ito20 if su* a case arise1 su* a c\rse %all be foll[$1--if ! mat* be appli$ to ! gunp[d]1 x w explode4 ,e law is a provision = cases :i* may occur1 & has relation to an inf9ite numb] ( cases t nev] h occurr$1 & nev] w4 ,n[1 x is ?is provision1 priori1 = cont+5cies1 ?is contemplation ( possible occurr5ces1 & pr$isposal ( :at %all happ51 t impresses u ) ! notion ( a law & a cause4 ,among all ! possible comb9ations ( ! fifty or sixty elem5ts :i* *emi/ry %[s to exi/ on ! e>?1 x is likely1 nay almo/ c]ta91 t "s h nev] be5 =m$2 t "s elem5ts1 9 "s proportions1 & "u "s circum/ances1 h nev] yet be5 plac$ 9 relation ) "o ano!r4 ,yet no *emi/ c d\bt t x is already fix$ :at !y w d :5 ! case does occur4 ,!y w obey c]ta9 laws1 ( :i* we "k no?+ at pres5t1 b :i* mu/ be already fix$1 or !y c\ld n be laws4 ,x is n by habit1 or by trial & failure1 t !y w le>n :at to d4 ,:5 ! cont+5cy occurs1 !re w be no hesitation1 no consultation2--_! c\rse w at once be decid$1 & w always be ! same if x occur ev] s (t5 9 succession1 or 9 ev] s _m places at "o & ! same in/ant4 ,?is is ! p]fection ( a law1 t x includes all possible cont+5cies1 & ensures implicit ob$i5ce1--& ( ?is k9d are ! laws ( nature4 7#bg47 ,?is use ( ! ^w law1 h[ev]1 our read]s w ( c\rse p]ceive has relation to u z und]/&+1 r ?an to ! mat]ials ( :i* ! univ]se consi/s z obey+1 c]ta9 rules4 ,to obey a law1 to act 9 compliance ) a rule1 supposes an und]/&+ & a w1 a p[] ( comply+ or n1 9 ! be+ :o obeys & complies1 :i* we d n admit z belong+ to m]e matt]4 ,! ,div9e ,au?or ( ! univ]se _c be suppos$ to h laid d[n p>ticul> laws1 enum]at+ all individual cont+5cies1 :i* 8 mat]ials h und]/ood & obey1--?is w\ld be to attribute to him ! imp]fections ( human legislation2--b r1 by creat+ !m1 endu$ ) c]ta9 fix$ qualities & p[]s1 he has impress$ !m 9 _! orig9 ) ! _s1 n ! lett]1 ( 8 law1 & made all _! subsequ5t comb9ations & relations inevitable consequ5ces ( ?is fir/ impression1 by :i*1 h[ev]1 we w\ld no way be und]/ood to d5y ! con/ant ex]cise ( 8 direct p[] 9 ma9ta9+ ! sy/em ( nature1 or ! ultimate emanation ( e en]gy :i* mat]ial ag5ts ex]t f 8 imm$iate w1 act+ 9 con=mity ) 8 own laws4 7#bh47 ,! discov]ies ( mod]n *emi/ry h gone f> to e/abli% ! tru? ( an op9ion ent]ta9$ by "s ( ! anci5ts1 t ! univ]se consi/s ( di/9ct1 sep>ate1 indivisible atoms1 or individual be+s s m9ute z to escape our s5ses1 except :5 unit$ by millions1 & by ?is aggregation mak+ up bodies ( ev5 ! smalle/ visible bulk2 & we h ! /ronge/ evid5ce t1 al?\gh !re exi/ great & ess5tial diff]5ces 9 individuals among ^! atoms1 !y may yet all be arrang$ 9 a v limit$ numb] ( gr\ps or classes1 all ! individuals ( ea* ( :i* are1 to all int5ts & purposes1 exactly alike 9 all _! prop]ties4 ,n[1 :5 we see a great numb] ( ?+s precisely alike1 we d n believe ?is simil>ity to h orig9at$ except f a common pr9ciple indep5d5t ( !m2 & t we recognise ?is lik5ess1 *iefly by ! id5tity ( _! deportm5t "u simil> circum/ances1 /r5g!ns r ?an weak5s ! conclusion4 ,a l9e ( sp9n+-j5nies#aj1 or a regim5t ( soldi]s dress$ exactly alike1 & go+ ?r\gh precisely ! same evolutions1 gives u no idea ( indep5d5t exi/5ce3 we mu/ see !m act out ( conc]t be=e we c believe !m to h indep5d5t wills & prop]ties1 n impress$ on !m f )\t4 ,& ?is conclusion1 :i* w\ld be /rong ev5 7 !re only two individuals precisely alike 9 all respects & = ev]1 acquires irresi/ible =ce :5 _! numb] is multipli$ beyond ! p[] ( imag9ation to conceive4 ,if we mi/ake n1 !n1 ! discov]ies allud$ to effectually de/roy ! idea ( an et]nal self-exi/5t matt]1 by giv+ to ea* ( its atoms ! ess5tial *>act]s1 at once1 ( a manufactur$ article1 & a subord9ate ag5t4 7#bi47 ,b to asc5d to ! orig9 ( ?+s1 & speculate on ! creation1 is n ! bus9ess ( ! natural philosoph]4 ,an humbl] field is suffici5t = him 9 ! endeav\r to discov]1 z f> z our faculties w p]mit1 :at are ^! prim>y qualities orig9ally & unalt]ably impress$ on matt]1 & to discov] ! _s ( ! laws ( nature1 :i* includes gr\ps & classes ( relations & facts f ! lett] :i*1 z be=e obs]v$1 is pres5t$ to u by s+le ph5om5a3 or if1 aft] all1 ?is %\ld prove impossible2 if su* a /ep be beyond our faculties2 & ! ess5tial qualities ( mat]ial ag5ts be really occult1 or incapable ( be+ express$ 9 any =m intelligible to our und]/&+s1 at lea/ to approa* z ne> to _! compreh5sion z ! nature ( ! case w all[2 & devise su* =ms ( words z %all include & repres5t ! greate/ possible multitude & v>iety ( ph5om5a4 7#cj47 ,n[1 9 ?is rese>* !re w\ld seem "o great "q to be dispos$ ( be=e our enquiries c ev5 be comm5c$ ) any ?+ l a prospect ( success1 :i* is1 :e!r ! laws ( nature !mselves h t degree ( p]man5ce & fixity :i* c r5d] !m subjects ( sy/ematic discussion2 or :e!r1 on ! o!r h&1 ! qualities ( natural ag5ts are subject to mutation f ! lapse ( "t4 ,to ! anci5ts1 :o liv$ 9 ! infancy ( ! _w1 or r1 9 ! infancy ( man's exp]i5ce1 ?is 0 a v rational subject ( "q1 & h5ce _! di/9ctions betwe5 corruptible & incorruptible matt]4 ,?us1 accord+ to "s among !m1 ! matt] only ( ! cele/ial spaces is pure1 immutable1 & incorruptible1 :ile all sublun>y ?+s are 9 a con/ant /ate ( lapse & *ange2 ! _w becom+ p>alys$ & effete ) age1 & man himself det]iorat+ 9 "*1 & dim9i%+ at once 9 intellectual & bodily /ature4 ,b to u1 :o h ! exp]i5ce ( "s additional ?\s&s ( ye>s1 ! "q ( p]man5ce is already1 9 a great measure1 decid$ 9 ! affirmative4 ,! ref9$ speculations ( mod]n a/ronomy1 gr\nd+ _! conclusions on obs]vations made at v remote p]iods1 h prov$ to demon/ration1 t "o at lea/ ( ! great p[]s ( nature1 ! =ce ( gravitation1 ! ma9 bond & support ( ! mat]ial univ]se1 has und]gone no *ange 9 int5sity f a high antiquity4 ,! /ature ( mank9d is j :at x 0 ?ree ?\s& ye>s ago1 z ! specim5s ( mummies :i* h be5 exam9$ at v>i\s times suffici5tly %[4 ,! intellect ( ,newton1 ,laplace1 or ,lagrange1 may /& 9 fair competition ) t ( ,ar*im$es1 ,ari/otle1 or ,plato2 & ! virtues & patriotism ( ,wa%+ton ) ! brighte/ examples ( anci5t hi/ory4 7#ca47 ,aga91 ! rese>*es ( *emi/s h %[n t :at ! vulg> call corruption1 de/ruction1 c41 is no?+ b a *ange ( arrangem5t ( ! same +r$i5t elem5ts1 ! disposition ( ! same mat]ials into o!r =ms1 )\t ! loss or actual de/ruction ( a s+le atom2 & ?us any d\bts ( ! p]man5ce ( natural laws are disc\nt5anc$1 & ! :ole weight ( appe>ances ?r[n into ! opposite scale4 ,"o ( ! mo/ obvi\s cases ( app>5t de/ruction is1 :5 any ?+ is gr\nd to du/ & scatt]$ to ! w9ds4 ,b x is "o ?+ to gr9d a fabric to p[d]1 & ano!r to annihilate its mat]ials3 scatt]$ z !y may be1 !y mu/ fall some:]e1 & cont9ue1 if only z +r$i5ts ( ! soil1 to p]=m _! humble b useful "p 9 ! economy ( nature4 ,! de/ruction produc$ by fire is m /rik+3 9 _m cases1 z 9 ! burn+ ( a piece ( *>coal or a tap]1 !re is no smoke1 no?+ visibly dissipat$ & c>ri$ away2 ! burn+ body wa/es & disappe>s1 :ile no?+ seems to be produc$ b w>m? & light1 :i* we are n 9 ! habit ( consid]+ z sub/ances2 & :5 all has disappe>$1 except p]haps "s trifl+ a%es1 we naturally en\gh suppose x is gone1 lo/1 de/roy$4 ,b :5 ! "q is exam9$ m exactly1 we detect1 9 ! invisible /ream ( heat$ air :i* asc5ds f ! gl[+ coal or flam+ wax1 ! :ole pond]able matt]1 only unit$ 9 a new comb9ation ) ! air1 & dissolv$ 9 x4 ,yet1 s f> f be+ !reby de/roy$1 x is only become aga9 :at x 0 be=e x exi/$ 9 ! =m ( *>coal or wax1 an active ag5t 9 ! bus9ess ( ! _w1 & a ma9 support ( vegetable & animal life1 & is /ill susceptible ( runn+ aga9 & aga9 ! same r\nd1 z circum/ances may det]m9e2 s t1 = aught we c see to ! contr>y1 ! same id5tical atom may lie conceal$ = ?\s&s ( c5turies 9 a lime/one rock2 may at l5g? be qu>ri$1 set free 9 ! limekiln1 mix ) ! air1 be absorb$ f x by plants1 &1 9 succession1 become a "p ( ! frames ( myriads ( liv+ be+s1 till "s concurr5ce ( ev5ts consigns x once m to a long repose1 :i*1 h[ev]1 no way unfits x f aga9 resum+ its =m] activity4 7#cb47 ,n[1 ?is absolute inde/ructibility ( ! ultimate mat]ials ( ! _w1 9 p]iods comm5surate to our exp]i5ce1 & _! ob/9ate ret5tion ( ! same prop]ties1 "u :atev] v>iety ( circum/ances we *oose to place !m1 h[ev] viol5t & seem+ly contradictory to _! natures1 is1 ( itself1 en\gh to r5d] x highly improbable t "t alone %\ld h any influ5ce ov] !m4 ,all t age or decay c d seems to be includ$ 9 a wa/+ ( p>ts :i* are only dissipat$1 n de/roy$1 or 9 a *ange ( s5sible prop]ties1 :i* *emi/ry demon/rates to arise only f new comb9ations ( ! same +r$i5ts4 ,b1 aft] all1 ! "q is "o entirely ( exp]i5ce3 we _c be sure1 priori1 t ! laws ( nature are immutable2 b we c asc]ta91 by enquiry1 :e!r !y *ange or n2 & to ?is enquiry all exp]i5ce answ]s 9 ! negative4 ,x is n1 ( c\rse1 int5d$ "h to d5y t great op]ations1 productive ( ext5sive *anges 9 ! visible /ate ( nature1--su* z1 = in/ance1 ^? contemplat$ by ! geologi/s1 & embrac+ = _! completion va/ p]iods ( "t1--are con/antly go+ on2 b ^! are consequ5ces & fulfilm5ts ( ! laws ( nature1 n contradictions or exceptions to !m4 ,no !ori/ reg>ds su* *anges z alt]ations 9 ! fundam5tal pr9ciples ( nature2 he only endeav\rs to reconcile !m1 & %[ h[ !y result f laws already kn[n1 & judges ( ! correctness ( 8 !ory by _! ultimate agreem5t4 7#cc47 ,b ! laws ( nature are n only p]man5t1 b consi/5t1 intelligible1 & discov]able ) su* a mod]ate degree ( rese>*1 z is calculat$ r to /imulate ?an to we>y curiosity4 ,if we 7 set d[n1 z creatures ( ano!r _w1 9 any exi/+ society ( mank9d1 & began to speculate on _! actions1 we %\ld f9d x difficult at fir/ to asc]ta9 :e!r !y 7 subject to any laws at all3 b :51 by degrees1 we _h f\nd out t !y did consid] !mselves to be s2 & w\ld !n proce$ to asc]ta91 f _! conduct & its consequ5ces1 :at ^! laws 71 & 9 :at _s conceiv$2 ?\gh we might n p]haps h mu* difficulty 9 discov]+ s+le rules applicable to p>ticul> cases1 yet1 ! mom5t we came to g5]alize1 & endeav\r f ^! to asc5d1 /ep by /ep1 & discov] any /eady p]vad+ pr9ciple1 ! mass ( incongruities1 absurdities1 & contradictions1 we %\ld enc\nt]1 w\ld ei!r di%e>t5 u f fur!r enquiry or satisfy u t :at we 7 9 se>* ( did n exi/4 ,x is q ! contr>y 9 nature2 !re we f9d no contradictions1 no incongruities1 b all is h>mony4 ,:at once is le>nt we nev] h to unle>n4 ,z rules advance 9 g5]ality1 app>5t exceptions become regul>2 & equivoque1 9 h] sublime legislation1 is z unhe>d ( z maladm9i/ration4 7#cd47 ,liv+1 !n1 9 a _w :]e su* laws obta91 & "u _! imm$iate dom9ion1 x is manife/ly ( ! utmo/ importance to "k !m1 7 x = no o!r reason ?an to be sure1 9 all we und]take1 to h1 at lea/1 ! law on our side1 s z n to /ruggle 9 va9 aga9/ "s insup]able difficulty oppos$ to u by natural causes4 ,:at pa9s & exp5se w\ld n ! al*emi/s1 = in/ance1 h be5 sp>$ by a k ( ^? simple laws ( composition & decomposition1 :i* n[ preclude all idea ( ! atta9m5t ( _! decl>$ object6 :at an am\nt ( +5uity1 ?r[n away on ! pursuit ( ! p]petual motion1 might h be5 turn$ to bett] use1 if ! simple/ laws ( me*anics _h be5 kn[n & att5d$ to by ! inv5tors ( innum]able contrivances de/9$ to t end6 ,:at tortures1 inflict$ on pati5ts by imag9>y cures ( incurable diseases1 might h be5 disp5s$ )1 _h a few simple pr9ciples ( physiology be5 e>li] recognis$6 7#ce47 ,b if ! laws ( nature1 on ! "o h&1 are inv9cible oppon5ts1 on ! o!r1 !y are irresi/ible auxili>ies2 & x w n be amiss if we reg>d !m 9 ea* ( ^? *>act]s1 & consid] ! great importance ( a k ( !m to mank9d1-- ,i4 ,9 %[+ u h[ to avoid attempt+ impossibilities4 ,,ii4 ,9 secur+ u f important mi/akes 9 attempt+ :at is1 9 itself1 possible1 by means ei!r inadequate1 or actually oppos$1 to ! end 9 view4 ,,iii4 ,9 enabl+ u to accompli% our ends 9 ! easie/1 %orte/1 mo/ economical1 & mo/ effectual mann]4 ,,iv4 ,9 induc+ u to attempt1 & enabl+ u to accompli%1 objects :i*1 b = su* k1 we %\ld nev] h ?\ght ( und]tak+4 ,we %all !re=e proce$ to illu/rate by examples ! effect ( physical k "u ea* ( ^! heads3-- 7#cf47 ,ex4 #a4 7#ce47 ,i4 ,x is n _m ye>s s9ce an attempt 0 made to e/abli% a colli]y at ,bexhill1 9 ,sussex4 ,! appe>ance ( ?9 seams & %eets ( fossil-wood & wood-coal1 ) "s o!r indications simil> to :at occur 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ! great coal-b$s 9 ! nor? ( ,engl&1 hav+ l$ to ! s9k+ ( a %aft1 & ! erection ( ma*9]y on a scale ( va/ exp5se1 n less ?an eighty ?\s& p\nds are said to h be5 laid out on ?is project1 :i*1 x is almo/ ne$less to add1 prov$ completely abortive1 z e geologi/ w\ld h at once decl>$ x mu/1 ! :ole assemblage ( geological facts be+ adv]se to ! exi/5ce ( a regul> coal-b$ 9 ! ,ha/+s' s&2 :ile ?is1 on :i* ,bexhill is situat$1 is sep>at$ f ! coal-/rata by a s]ies ( int]pos$ b$s ( su* enorm\s ?ickness z to r5d] all idea ( p5etrat+ ?r\gh !m absurd4 ,! hi/ory ( m9+ op]ations is full ( simil> cases1 :]e a v mod]ate acqua9tance ) ! usual ord] ( nature1 to say no?+ ( !oretical views1 w\ld h sav$ _m a sangu9e adv5tur] f utt] ru94 7#cg47 ,ex4 #b4 7#ce47 ,,ii4 ,! smelt+ ( iron requires ! application ( ! mo/ viol5t heat t c be rais$1 & is commonly p]=m$ 9 tall furnaces1 urg$ by great iron bell[s driv5 by /eam-eng9es4 ,in/ead ( employ+ ?is p[] to =ce air into ! furnace ?r\gh ! int]v5tion ( bell[s1 x 01 on "o occasion1 attempt$ to employ ! /eam itself 91 app>5tly1 a mu* less circuit\s mann]2 viz4 by direct+ ! curr5t ( /eam 9 a viol5t bla/1 f ! boil] at once into ! fire4 ,f "o ( ! kn[n +r$i5ts ( /eam be+ a highly inflammable body1 & ! o!r t ess5tial "p ( ! air :i* supports combu/ion1 x 0 imag9$ t ?is w\ld h ! effect ( increas+ ! fire to t5fold fury1 :]eas x simply blew x out2 a result :i* a slight consid]ation ( ! laws ( *emical comb9ation1 & ! /ate 9 :i* ! +r$i5t elem5ts exi/ 9 /eam1 w\ld h enabl$ any "o to pr$ict )\t a trial4 7#ch47 ,ex4 #c4 7#ce47 ,,ii4 ,aft] ! inv5tion ( ! div+-bell1 & its success 9 subaque\s processes1 x 0 consid]$ highly desirable to devise "s means ( rema9+ = any l5g? ( "t "u wat]1 & ris+ at pleasure )\t assi/ance1 s z ei!r to exam9e1 at leisure1 ! bottom1 or p]=m1 at ease1 any "w t might be requir$4 ,"s ye>s ago1 an +5i\s individual propos$ a project by :i* ?is end 0 to be accompli%$4 ,x consi/$ 9 s9k+ ! hull ( a %ip made q wat]-tight1 ) ! decks & sides /rongly support$ by %ores1 & ! only entry secur$ by a /\t trap-door1 9 su* a mann]1 t by dis5gag+1 f )91 ! weights employ$ to s9k x1 x might rise ( itself to ! surface4 ,to r5d] ! trial m satisfactory1 & ! result m /rik+1 ! projector himself made ! fir/ essay4 ,x 0 agre$ t he %\ld s9k 9 tw5ty fa?oms wat]1 & rise aga9 )\t assi/ance at ! expiration ( tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,accord+ly1 mak+ all secure1 fa/5+ d[n 8 trap-door1 & provid$ ) all necess>ies1 z well z ) ! means ( mak+ signals to indicate 8 situation1 ?is unhappy victim ( 8 own +5uity ent]$ & 0 sunk4 ,no signal 0 made1 & ! "t appo9t$ elaps$4 ,an imm5se conc\rse ( p _h assembl$ to witness 8 ris+1 b 9 va92 = ! vessel 0 nev] se5 m4 ,! pressure ( ! wat] at s great a dep? _h1 no d\bt1 be5 completely "u-e/imat$1 & ! sides ( ! vessel be+ at once cru%$ 91 ! un=tunate projector p]i%$ be=e he c\ld ev5 make ! signal conc]t$ to indicate 8 di/ress4 7#ci47 ,ex4 #d4 7#ce47 ,,iii4 ,9 ! granite qu>ries ne> ,s]+apatam ! mo/ enorm\s blocks are sep>at$ f ! solid rock by ! foll[+ neat & simple process4 ,! workman hav+ f\nd a portion ( ! rock suffici5tly ext5sive1 & situat$ ne> ! edge ( ! "p already qu>ri$1 lays b>e ! upp] surface1 & m>ks on x a l9e 9 ! direction ( ! int5d$ sep>ation1 along :i* a groove is cut ) a *isel ab\t a c\ple ( in*es 9 dep?4 ,above ?is groove a n>r[ l9e ( fire is !n k9dl$1 & ma9ta9$ till ! rock bel[ is ?or\ghly heat$1 imm$iately on :i* a l9e ( m5 & wom51 ea* provid$ ) a pot full ( cold wat]1 sudd5ly sweep (f ! a%es1 & p\r ! wat] into ! heat$ groove1 :5 ! rock at once splits ) a clean fracture4 ,squ>e blocks ( six feet 9 ! side1 & upw>ds ( eighty feet 9 l5g?1 are sometimes deta*$ by ?is me?od1 or by ano!r equally simple & efficaci\s1 b n easily expla9$ )\t ent]+ into p>ticul>s ( m9]alogical detail4#aa 7#dj47 ,ex4 #e4 7#ce47 ,,iii4 ,h>dly less simple & efficaci\s is ! process us$ 9 "s p>ts ( ,france1 :]e mill-/ones are made4 ,:5 a mass ( /one suffici5tly l>ge is f\nd1 x is cut into a cyl9d] sev]al feet high1 & ! "q !n arises h[ to subdivide ?is into horizontal pieces s z to make z _m mill-/ones4 ,= ?is purpose horizontal ind5tations or grooves are *isell$ out q r\nd ! cyl9d]1 at di/ances correspond+ to ! ?ickness int5d$ to be giv5 to ! mill-/ones1 into :i* w$ges ( dri$ wood are driv54 ,^! are !n wett$1 or expos$ to ! night dew1 & next morn+ ! diff]5t pieces are f\nd sep>at$ f ea* o!r by ! expansion ( ! wood1 consequ5t on its absorption ( moi/ure2 an irresi/ible natural p[] ?us accompli%+1 almo/ )\t any tr\ble1 & at no exp5se1 an op]ation :i*1 f ! peculi> h>dness & texture ( ! /one1 w\ld o!rwise be impracticable b by ! mo/ p[]ful ma*9]y or ! mo/ p]sev]+ lab\r4 7#da47 ,ex4 #f4 7#ce47 ,,iii4 ,to accompli% our ends quickly is (t5 (1 at lea/1 z mu* importance z to accompli% !m ) little lab\r & exp5se4 ,!re are innum]able processes :i*1 if left to !mselves1 i4 e4 to ! ord9>y op]ation ( natural causes1 are done1 & well done1 b ) extreme sl[ness1 & 9 su* cases x is (t5 ( ! highe/ practical importance to accel]ate !m4 ,! blea*+ ( l951 = in/ance1 p]=m$ 9 ! natural way by exposure to sun1 ra91 & w9d1 requires _m weeks or ev5 mon?s = its completion2 :]eas1 by ! simple imm]sion ( ! clo? 9 a liquid1 *emically prep>$1 ! same effect is produc$ 9 a few h\rs4 ,! :ole circle ( ! arts1 inde$1 is no?+ b "o cont9u$ comm5t ^u ?is head ( our subject4 ,! in/ances above giv5 are select$1 n on acc\nt ( _! sup]ior importance1 b = ! simplicity & directness ( application ( ! pr9ciples on :i* !y dep5d1 to ! objects int5d$ to be atta9$4 7#db47 ,b s con/itut$ is ! m9d ( man1 t 8 views enl>ge1 & 8 desires & wants increase1 9 ! full proportion ( ! facilities af=d$ to _! gratification1 &1 inde$1 ) augm5t$ rapidity1 s t no soon] has ! successful ex]cise ( 8 p[]s accompli%$ any consid]able simplification or improvem5t ( processes subs]vi5t to 8 use or com=t1 ?an 8 faculties are aga9 on ! /ret* to ext5d ! limits ( 8 newly acquir$ p[]2 & hav+ once exp]i5c$ ! advantages :i* are to be ga!r$ by avail+ himself ( "s ( ! p[]s ( nature to accompli% 8 ends1 he is l$ !nce=w>d to reg>d !m all z a treasure plac$ at 8 disposal1 if he h only ! art1 ! indu/ry1 or ! good =tune1 to p5etrate ^? recesses :i* conceal !m f imm$iate view4 ,hav+ once le>n$ to look on k z p[]1 & to avail himself ( x z su*1 he is no long] cont5t to limit 8 ent]prises to ! beat5 track ( =m] usage1 b is con/antly l$ onw>ds to contemplate objects :i*1 9 a previ\s /age ( 8 progress1 he w\ld h reg>d$ z unatta9able & vision>y1 _h he ev5 ?\ght ( !m at all4 ,x is "h t ! inve/igation ( ! hidd5 p[]s ( nature becomes a m9e1 e ve9 ( :i* is pregnant ) inexhau/ible weal?1 & ^: ramifications appe> to ext5d 9 all directions :]ev] human wants or curiosity may lead u to explore4 7#dc47 ,betwe5 ! physical sci5ces & ! arts ( life !re subsi/s a con/ant mutual int]*ange ( good (fices1 & no consid]able progress c be made 9 ! "o )\t ( necessity giv+ rise to correspond+ /eps 9 ! o!r4 ,on ! "o h&1 e art is 9 "s measure1 & _m entirely1 dep5d5t on ^? v p[]s & qualities ( ! mat]ial _w :i* x is ! object ( physical enquiry to inve/igate & expla92 &1 accord+ly1 abundant examples might be cit$ ( cases :]e ! rem>ks ( exp]i5c$ arti/s1 or ev5 ord9>y workm51 h l$ to ! discov]y ( natural qualities1 elem5ts1 or comb9ations :i* h prov$ ( ! highe/ importance 9 physics4 ,?us 7to give an in/ance71 a soap-manufactur] rem>ks t ! residuum ( 8 ley1 :5 exhau/$ ( ! alkali = :i* he employs x1 produces a corrosion ( 8 copp] boil] = :i* he _c acc\nt4 ,he puts x into ! h&s ( a sci5tific *emi/ = analysis1 & ! result is ! discov]y ( "o ( ! mo/ s+ul> & important *emical elem5ts1 iod9e4 ,! prop]ties ( ?is1 be+ /udi$1 are f\nd to occur mo/ appositely 9 illu/ration & support ( a v>iety ( new1 curi\s1 & in/ructive views !n ga9+ gr\nd 9 *emi/ry1 & ?us ex]cise a m>k$ influ5ce ov] ! :ole body ( t sci5ce4 ,curiosity is excit$3 ! orig9 ( ! new sub/ance is trac$ to ! sea-plants f ^: a%es ! pr9cipal +r$i5t ( soap is obta9$1 & ultimately to ! sea-wat] itself4 ,x is !nce hunt$ ?r\gh nature1 discov]$ 9 salt m9es & spr+s1 & pursu$ into all bodies :i* h a m>9e orig92 among ! re/1 into sponge4 ,a m$ical practition]#ab !n calls to m9d a reput$ rem$y = ! cure ( "o ( ! mo/ griev\s & unsightly disord]s to :i* ! human species is subject--! gtre--:i* infe/s ! inhabitants ( m\nta9\s di/ricts to an ext5t t 9 ?is fav\r$ l& we h happily no exp]i5ce (1 & :i* 0 said to h be5 orig9ally cur$ by ! a%es ( burnt sponge4 ,l$ by ?is indication he tries ! effect ( iod9e on t compla9t1 & ! result e/abli%es ! extraord9>y fact t ?is s+ul> sub/ance1 tak5 z a m$ic9e1 acts ) ! utmo/ promptitude & en]gy on gtre1 dissipat+ ! l>ge/ & mo/ invet]ate 9 a %ort "t1 & act+ 7( c\rse1 l all m$ic9es1 ev5 ! mo/ approv$1 ) occasional failures17 z a specific1 or natural antagoni/1 aga9/ t odi\s de=mity4 ,x is ?us t any accession to our k ( nature is sure1 soon] or lat]1 to make itself felt 9 "s practical application1 & t a b5efit conf]r$ on sci5ce by ! casual obs]vation or %rewd rem>k ( ev5 an unsci5tific or illit]ate p]son infallibly repays itself ) int]e/1 ?\gh (t5 9 a way t c\ld nev] h be5 at fir/ contemplat$4 7#dd47 ,x is to su* obs]vation1 reflect$ ^u1 h[ev]1 & matur$ into a rational & sci5tific =m by a m9d deeply imbu$ ) ! be/ pr9ciples ( s\nd philosophy1 t we owe ! practice ( vacc9ation2 a practice :i* has effectually subdu$1 9 e c\ntry :]e x has be5 introduc$1 "o ( ! mo/ frightful sc\rges ( ! human race1 & 9 "s extirpat$ x altoge!r4 ,happily = u we "k only by tradition ! ravages ( ! small-pox1 z x exi/$ among u h>dly m ?an a c5tury ago1 & z x w\ld 9 a few ye>s infallibly exi/ aga91 7 ! b>ri]s :i* ?is practice1 & t ( inoculation1 oppose to its progress ab&on$4 ,h>dly inf]ior to ?is t]rible sc\rge on l& 01 )9 ! la/ sev5ty or eighty ye>s1 ! scurvy at sea4 ,! suff]+s & de/ruction produc$ by ?is horrid disord] on bo>d our %ips :51 z a matt] ( c\rse1 x broke out aft] a few mon?s' voyage1 seem n[ almo/ incr$ible4 ,dea?s to ! am\nt ( eight or t5 a day 9 a mod]ate %ip's company2 bodies sewn up 9 hammocks & wa%+ ab\t ! decks = want ( /r5g? & spirits on ! "p ( ! mis]able survivors to ca/ !m ov]bo>d2 & e =m ( loa?some & excruciat+ mis]y ( :i* ! human frame is susceptible3--su* are ! pictures :i* ! n>ratives ( nautical adv5ture 9 ^? days cont9ually (f]4#ac ,at pres5t ! scurvy is almo/ completely eradicat$ 9 ! navy1 p>tly1 no d\bt1 f increas$ & increas+ att5tion to g5]al cleanl9ess1 com=t1 & diet2 b ma9ly f ! con/ant use ( a simple & palatable prev5tive1 ! acid ( ! lemon1 s]v$ out 9 daily rations4 ,if ! gratitude ( mank9d be all[$ on all h&s to be ! j me$ ( ! philosophic physician1 to ^: disc]nm5t 9 seiz+1 & p]sev]ance 9 =c+ x on public notice we owe ! great safegu>d ( infant life1 x ought n to be d5i$ to ^?#ad ^: skill & discrim9ation h ?us /r5g!n$ ! s9ews ( our mo/ p[]ful arm1 & oblit]at$ "o ( ! d>ke/ features 9 ! mo/ glori\s ( all pr(essions4 7#de47 ,^! la/1 h[ev]1 are in/ances ( simple obs]vation1 limit$ to ! po9t imm$iately 9 view1 & assum+ only s f> ! "* ( sci5ce z a sy/ematic adoption ( good & rejection ( evil1 :5 gr\nd$ on exp]i5ce c>efully weigh$1 ju/ly entitle x to d4 ,!y are n on t acc\nt less appositely cit$ z in/ances ( ! importance ( a k ( nature & its laws to our well-be+2 ?\gh1 l ! great inv5tions ( ! m>9]'s compass & ( gunp[d]1 !y may h /ood1 9 _! orig91 unconnect$ ) m g5]al views4 ,!y are r to be look$ ^u z ! spontane\s produce ( a t]ritory ess5tially f]tile1 ?an z =m+ "p ( ! succession ( h>ve/s :i* ! same b\ntiful soil1 dilig5tly cultivat$1 is capable ( yield+4 ,! hi/ory ( iod9e above relat$ af=ds1 h[ev]1 a p]fect specim5 ( ! mann] 9 :i* a k ( natural prop]ties & laws1 collect$ f facts hav+ no ref]5ce to ! object to :i* !y h be5 subsequ5tly appli$1 enables u to set 9 array ! res\rces ( nature aga9/ h]self2 & delib]ately1 ( a=e-?\ght1 to devise rem$ies aga9/ ! dang]s & inconv5i5ces :i* beset u4 ,9 ?is view we might in/ance1 too1 ! conductor1 :i*1 9 c\ntries :]e ?und]-/orms are m frequ5t & viol5t ?an 9 our own1 & at sea 7:]e !y are att5d$ ) peculi> dang]1 bo? f ! great] probability ( accid5t1 & its m t]rible consequ5ces :5 x does occur17 =ms a mo/ real & effici5t pres]vative aga9/ ! effects ( lightn+#ae3--! safety-lamp1 :i* enables u to walk ) light & security :ile surr\nd$ ) an atmosph]e m explosive ?an gunp[d]3--! life-boat1 :i* _c be sunk1 & :i* (f]s relief 9 circum/ances ( all o!rs ! mo/ di/ress+ to humanity1 & ( :i* a rec5t inv5tion promises to ext5d ! pr9ciple to %ips ( ! l>ge/ class3--! ligh?\se1 ) ! capital improvem5ts :i* ! l5ses ( ,brew/] & ,fresnel1 & ! elegant lamp ( lieut5ant ,drummond1 h conf]r$1 & promise yet to conf] by _! wond]ful p[]s1 ! "o ( produc+ ! mo/ int5se light yet kn[n1 ! o!rs ( convey+ x undisp]s$ to great di/ances3--! discov]y ( ! dis9fectant p[]s ( *lor9e1 & its application to ! de/ruction ( miasma & contagion3--t ( qu99e1 ! ess5tial pr9ciple 9 :i* reside ! febrifuge qualities ( ! ,p]uvian b>k1 a discov]y by :i* po/]ity is yet to b5efit 9 its full ext5t1 b :i* has already begun to diffuse comp>ative com=t & heal? ?r\gh regions almo/ desolat$ by pe/if]\s exhalations#af2--;&1 if we desi/1 x is n because ! li/ is exhau/$1 b because a sample1 n a catalogue1 is int5d$4 7#df47 ,"o in/ance m1 h[ev]1 we w add1 to illu/rate ! mann] 9 :i* a mo/ famili> effect1 :i* seem$ de/9$ only to amuse *ildr51 or1 at be/1 to furni% a philosophic toy1 may become a safegu>d ( human life1 & a rem$y = a mo/ s]i\s & di/ress+ evil4 ,9 ne$le manufactories ! workm5 :o po9t ! ne$les are con/antly expos$ to excessively m9ute p>ticles ( /eel :i* fly f ! gr9d/ones1 & mix1 ?\gh imp]ceptible to ! eye1 z ! f9e/ du/ 9 ! air1 & are inhal$ ) _! brea?4 ,! effect1 ?\gh imp]ceptible on a %ort exposure1 yet1 be+ con/antly repeat$ f day to day1 produces a con/itutional irritation dep5d5t on ! tonic prop]ties ( ! /eel1 :i* is sure to t]m9ate 9 pulmon>y consumption2 insomu*1 t p]sons employ$ 9 ?is k9d ( "w us$ sc>cely ev] to atta9 ! age ( =ty ye>s4#ag ,9 va9 0 x attempt$ to purify ! air be=e its entry into ! lungs by gauzes or l95 gu>ds2 ! du/ 0 too f9e & p5etrat+ to be ob/ruct$ by su* co>se exp$i5ts1 till "s +5i\s p]son be?\ght him ( t wond]ful p[] :i* e *ild :o se>*es = its "m's ne$le ) a magnet1 or admires ! motions & arrangem5t ( a few /eel fil+s on a %eet ( pap] held above x1 sees 9 ex]cise4 ,masks ( magnetiz$ /eel wire are n[ con/ruct$ & adapt$ to ! faces ( ! workm54 ,by ^! ! air is n m]ely /ra9$ b se>*$ 9 its passage ?r\gh !m1 & ea* obnoxi\s atom arre/$ & remov$4 7#dg47 ,p]haps !re is no result :i* places 9 a /rong] light ! advantages :i* are to be d]iv$ f a m]e k ( ! usual ord] ( nature1 )\t any attempt on our "p to modify x1 & ap>t f all consid]ation ( its causes1 ?an ! in/itution ( life-assurances4 ,no?+ is m unc]ta9 ?an ! life ( a s+le individual2 & x is ! s5se ( ?is insecurity :i* has giv5 rise to su* in/itutions4 ,!y are1 9 _! nature & objects1 ! precise rev]se ( gambl+ speculations1 _! object be+ to equalize vicissitude1 & to place ! pecuni>y relations ( num]\s masses ( mank9d1 9 s f> z !y ext5d1 on a foot+ indep5d5t ( individual casualty4 ,to d ?is ) ! greate/ possible advantage1 or inde$ ) any advantage at all1 x is necess>y to "k ! laws ( mortality1 or ! av]age numb]s ( individuals1 out ( a great multitude1 :o die at e p]iod ( life f infancy to extreme old age4 ,at fir/ sight ?is w\ld seem a hopeless enquiry2 to "s1 p]haps1 a presumptu\s "o4 ,b x has be5 made2 & ! result is1 t1 abat+ extraord9>y causes1 su* z w>s1 pe/il5ce1 & ! l1 a rem>kable regul>ity does obta91 q suffici5t to af=d gr\nds n only = g5]al e/imations1 b = nice calculations ( risk & adv5ture1 su* z infallibly to insure ! success ( any su* in/itution f\nd$ on good computations2 & ?us to conf] su* /ability on ! =tunes ( families dep5d5t on ! ex]tions ( "o individual z to con/itute an important feature 9 mod]n civilization4 ,! only ?+ to be fe>$ 9 su* in/itutions is _! too great multiplication & consequ5t competition1 by :i* a _s ( gambl+ & und]bidd+ is liable to be g5]at$ among _! conductors1 & ! v mis*ief may be produc$1 on a scale ( frightful ext5t1 :i* !y are especially int5d$ to prev5t4 7#dh47 ,we h hi!rto consid]$ only cases 9 :i* a k ( natural laws enables u to improve our condition1 by c\nt]act+ evils ( :i*1 b = its possession1 we mu/ h rema9$ =ev] ! helpless victims4 ,let u n[ take a simil> view ( ^? 9 :i* we are enabl$ to call 9 nature z an auxili>y to augm5t our actual p[]1 & capacitate u = und]tak+s1 :i* )\t su* aid might seem to be hopeless4 ,n[1 to ?is end1 x is necess>y t we %\ld =m a j conception ( :at ^? hidd5 p[]s ( nature are1 :i* we c at pleasure call into action2--h[ f> !y transc5d ! measure ( human =ce1 & set at naught ! ef=ts n only ( individuals b ( :ole nations ( m54 7#di47 ,x is well kn[n to mod]n eng9e]s1 t !re is virtue 9 a bu%el ( coals prop]ly consum$1 to raise sev5ty millions ( p\nds weight a foot high4 ,?is is actually ! av]age effect ( an eng9e at ?is mom5t work+ 9 ,cornwall4#ah ,let u pause a mom5t1 & consid] :at ?is is equival5t to 9 matt]s ( practice4 7#ej47 ,! asc5t ( ,mont ,blanc f ! valley ( ,*am\ni is consid]$1 & ) ju/ice1 z ! mo/ toilsome feat t a /rong man c execute 9 two days4 ,! combu/ion ( two p\nds ( coal w\ld place him on ! summit4#ai 7#ea47 ,! ,m5ai ,bridge1 "o ( ! mo/ /up5d\s works ( art t has be5 rais$ by man 9 mod]n ages1 consi/s ( a mass ( iron1 n less ?an f\r millions ( p\nds 9 weight1 susp5d$ at a m$ium height ( ab\t #abj feet above ! sea4 ,! consumption ( sev5 bu%els ( coal w\ld suffice to raise x to ! place :]e x hangs4 7#eb47 ,! great pyramid ( ,egypt is compos$ ( granite4 ,x is #gjj feet 9 ! side ( its base1 & #ejj 9 p]p5dicul> height1 & /&s on elev5 acres ( gr\nd4 ,its weight is1 !re=e1 #ab1gfj millions ( p\nds1 at a m$ium height ( #abe feet2 consequ5tly x w\ld be rais$ by ! ef=t ( ab\t #fcj *aldrons ( coal1 a quantity consum$ 9 "s f\nd]ies 9 a week4 7#ec47 ,! annual consumption ( coal 9 ,london is e/imat$ at #a1ejj1jjj *aldrons4 ,! ef=t ( ?is quantity w\ld suffice to raise a cubical block ( m>ble1 #bbjj feet 9 ! side1 ?r\gh a space equal to its own height1 or to pile "o su* m\nta9 ^u ano!r4 ,! ,monte ,nuovo1 ne> ,pozzuoli1 7:i* 0 erupt$ 9 a s+le night by volcanic fire17 might h be5 rais$ by su* an ef=t1 f a dep? ( #dj1jjj feet1 or ab\t eight miles4 7#ed47 ,x w be obs]v$1 t1 9 ! above /atem5t1 ! inh]5t p[] ( fuel is1 ( necessity1 greatly "u-rat$4 ,x is n pret5d$ by eng9e]s t ! economy ( fuel is yet pu%$ to its utmo/ limit1 or t ! :ole effective p[] is obta9$ 9 any application ( fire yet devis$2 s t 7 we to say #ajj millions in/ead ( #gj1 we %\ld probably be ne>] ! tru?4 7#ee47 ,! p[]s ( w9d & wat]1 :i* we are con/antly impress+ into our s]vice1 c sc>cely be call$ lat5t or hidd51 yet x is n fully consid]$1 9 g5]al1 :at !y d effect = u4 ,^? :o w\ld judge ( :at advantage may be tak5 ( ! w9d1 = example1 ev5 on l& 7n to speak ( navigation71 may turn _! eyes on ,holl&4 ,a great portion ( ! mo/ valuable & popul\s tract ( ?is c\ntry lies mu* bel[ ! level ( ! sea1 & is only pres]v$ f inundation by ! ma9t5ance ( embankm5ts4 ,?\gh ^! suffice to keep out ! abrupt influx ( ! ocean1 !y _c oppose t law ( nature1 by :i* fluids1 9 seek+ _! level1 ins9uate !mselves ?r\gh ! pores & subt]rane\s *annels ( a loose s&y soil1 & keep ! c\ntry 9 a con/ant /ate ( infiltration f bel[ upw>ds4 ,to c\nt]act ?is t5d5cy1 z well z to get rid ( ! ra9 wat]1 :i* has no natural outlet1 pumps work$ by w9dmills are e/abli%$ 9 great numb]s1 on ! dams & embankm5ts1 :i* p\r out ! wat]1 z f a leaky %ip1 & 9 effect pres]ve ! c\ntry f subm]sion1 by tak+ advantage ( e w9d t bl[s4 ,to dra9 ! ,ha>lem lake#bj w\ld seem a hopeless project to any speculators b ^? :o _h ! /eam-eng9e at _! comm&1 or _h le>nt 9 ,holl& :at might be accompli%$ by ! con/ant ag5cy ( ! desultory b unwe>i$ p[]s ( w9d4 ,b ! ,dut* eng9e] measures 8 surface1 calculates ! numb] ( 8 pumps1 &1 tru/+ to "t & 8 exp]i5ce ( ! op]ation ( ! w9ds = ! success ( 8 und]tak+1 boldly =ms 8 plans to lay dry ! b$ ( an inl& sea1 ( :i* ^? :o /& on "o %ore _c see ! o!r4#ba 7#ef47 ,to gunp[d]1 z a s\rce ( me*anical p[]1 x seems h>dly necess>y to call att5tion2 yet x is only :5 we endeav\r to conf9e x1 t we get a full conception ( ! imm5se en]gy ( t a/oni%+ ag5t4 ,9 c\nt ,rum=d's exp]im5ts1 tw5ty-eight gra9s ( p[d] conf9$ 9 a cyl9drical space1 :i* x j fill$1 tore asund] a piece ( iron :i* w\ld h resi/$ a /ra9 ( #djj1jjj lbs4#bb1 appli$ at no great] me*anical disadvantage4 7#eg47 ,b *emi/ry furni%es u ) means ( call+ into sudd5 action =ces ( a "* inf9itely m trem5d\s ?an t ( gunp[d]4 ,! t]rific viol5ce ( ! diff]5t fulm9at+ compositions is su*1 t !y c only be comp>$ to ^? untameable animals1 ^: f]oci\s /r5g? has hi!rto defi$ all useful managem5t1 or r to spirits evok$ by ! spells ( a magician1 manife/+ a de/ructive & unapproa*able p[]1 :i* makes him b too happy to close 8 book1 & break 8 w&1 z ! price ( escap+3 unhurt f ! /orm he has rais$4 ,su* p[]s are n yet subdu$ to our purposes1 :atev] !y may h]eaft] be2 b1 9 ! expansive =ce ( gases1 lib]at$ sl[ly & manageably f *emical mixtures1 we h a ho/ ( inf]ior1 yet /ill mo/ p[]ful1 en]gies1 capable ( be+ employ$ 9 a v>iety ( useful ways1 accord+ to em]g5cies4#bc 7#eh47 ,su* are ! =ces :i* nature l5ds u = ! accompli%m5t ( our purposes1 & :i* x is ! prov9ce ( practical ,me*anics to tea* u to comb9e & apply 9 ! mo/ advantage\s mann]2 )\t :i* ! m]e comm& ( p[] w\ld am\nt to no?+4 ,practical ,me*anics is1 9 ! mo/ pre-em95t s5se1 a sci5tific art2 & x may be truly ass]t$1 t almo/ all ! great comb9ations ( mod]n me*anism1 & _m ( its ref9em5ts & nic] improvem5ts1 are creations ( pure intellect1 gr\nd+ its ex]tion ^u a mod]ate numb] ( v elem5t>y propositions 9 !oretical me*anics & geometry4 ,on ?is head we might dwell long1 & f9d ample matt]1 bo? = reflection & wond]2 b x w\ld require n volumes m]ely1 b libr>ies1 to enum]ate & describe ! prodigies ( +5uity :i* h be5 lavi%$ on e ?+ connect$ ) ma*9]y & eng9e]+4 ,by ^! x is t we are enabl$ to diffuse ov] ! :ole e>? ! productions ( any "p ( x2 to fill e corn] ( x ) miracles ( art & lab\r1 9 ex*ange = its peculi> commodities2 & to conc5trate ar\nd u1 9 our dwell+s1 app>el & ut5sils1 ! skill & workman%ip n ( a few exp]t individuals1 b ( all :o1 9 ! pres5t & pa/ g5]ations1 h contribut$ _! improvem5ts to ! processes ( our manufactures4 7#ei47 ,! trans=mations ( *emi/ry1 by :i* we are enabl$ to conv]t ! mo/ app>5tly useless mat]ials into important objects 9 ! arts1 are op5+ up to u e day s\rces ( weal? & conv5i5ce ( :i* =m] ages _h no idea1 & :i* h be5 pure gifts ( sci5ce to man4 ,e dep>tm5t ( art has felt _! influ5ce1 & new in/ances are cont9ually />t+ =? ( ! unlimit$ res\rces :i* ?is wond]ful sci5ce developes 9 ! mo/ /]ile p>ts ( nature4 ,n to m5tion ! impulse :i* its progress has giv5 to a ho/ ( o!r sci5ces1 :i* w come m p>ticul>ly "u consid]ation 9 ano!r "p ( ?is disc\rse1 :at /range & unexpect$ results has x n br\ght to light 9 its application to "s ( ! mo/ common objects6 ,:o1 = in/ance1 w\ld h conceiv$ t l95 rags 7 capable ( produc+ m ?an _! own weight ( sug>1 by ! simple ag5cy ( "o ( ! *eape/ & mo/ abundant acids8#bd--t dry bones c\ld be a magaz9e ( nutrim5t1 capable ( pres]vation = ye>s1 & ready to yield up _! su/5ance 9 ! =m be/ adapt$ to ! support ( life1 on ! application ( t p[]ful ag5t1 /eam1 :i* ent]s s l>gely into all our processes1 or ( an acid at once *eap & durable8#be--t sawdu/ itself is susceptible ( conv]sion into a sub/ance be>+ no remote analogy to bread2 & ?\gh c]ta9ly less palatable ?an t ( fl\r1 yet no way disagreeable1 & bo? :olesome & dige/ible z well z highly nutritive8#bf ,:at economy1 9 all processes :]e *emical ag5ts are employ$1 is introduc$ by ! exact k ( ! proportions 9 :i* natural elem5ts unite1 & _! mutual p[]s ( displac+ ea* o!r6 ,:at p]fection 9 all ! arts :]e fire is employ$1 ei!r 9 its m viol5t applications1 7z1 = in/ance1 9 ! smelt+ ( metals by ! introduction ( well adapt$ fluxes1 :]eby we obta9 ! :ole produce ( ! ore 9 its pure/ /ate17 or 9 its mild] =ms1 z 9 sug>-ref9+ 7! :ole mod]n practice ( :i* dep5ds on a curi\s & delicate rem>k ( a late em95t sci5tific *emi/ on ! nice adju/m5t ( temp]ature at :i* ! cry/allization ( syrup takes place72 & a ?\s& o!r arts :i* x w\ld be t$i\s to enum]ate6 7#fj47 ,arm$ ) su* p[]s & res\rces1 x is no wond] if ! ent]prise ( man %\ld lead him to =m & execute projects :i*1 to "o un9=m$ ( _! gr\nds1 w\ld seem altoge!r disproportionate4 ,7 !y to h be5 propos$ at once1 we %\ld1 no d\bt1 h reject$ !m z su*3 b develop$1 z !y h be51 9 ! sl[ succession ( ages1 !y h only taught u t ?+s reg>d$ impossible 9 "o g5]ation may become easy 9 ! next2 & t ! p[] ( man ov] nature is limit$ only by ! "o condition1 t x mu/ be ex]cis$ 9 con=mity ) ! laws ( nature4 ,he mu/ /udy ^? laws z he w\ld ! disposition ( a horse he w\ld ride1 or ! "* ( a nation he w\ld gov]n2 & ! mom5t he presumes ei!r to ?w>t h] fundam5tal rules1 or v5tures to measure 8 /r5g? ) h]s1 he is at once r5d]$ sev]ely s5sible ( 8 imbecility1 & meets ! des]v$ puni%m5t ( 8 ra%ness & folly4 ,b if1 on ! o!r h&1 he w cons5t to use1 )\t abus+1 ! res\rces ?us abundantly plac$ at 8 disposal1 & obey t he may comm&1 !re seems sc>cely any conceivable limit to ! degree 9 :i* ! av]age physical condition ( great masses ( mank9d may be improv$1 _! wants suppli$1 & _! conv5i5ces & com=ts increas$4 ,)\t adopt+ su* an exagg]at$ view1 z to ass]t t ! meane/ inhabitant ( a civiliz$ society is sup]ior 9 physical condition to ! lordly savage1 ^: en]gy & uncultivat$ ability gives him a natural pr$om9ance ov] 8 fell[ d5iz5s ( ! =e/1--at lea/1 if we comp>e l ) l1 & consid] ! multitude ( human be+s :o are enabl$1 9 an advanc$ /ate ( society1 to subsi/ 9 a degree ( com=t & abundance1 :i* at be/ only a few ( ! mo/ =tunate 9 a less civiliz$ /ate c\ld comm&1 we %all n be at a loss to p]ceive ! pr9ciple on :i* we ought to re/ our e/imate ( ! advantages ( civilization2 & :i* applies ) h>dly less =ce to e degree ( x1 :5 contra/$ ) t next inf]ior1 ?an to ! broad di/9ction betwe5 civiliz$ & b>b>\s life 9 g5]al4 7#fa47 ,! diff]5ce ( ! degrees 9 :i* ! individuals ( a great community enjoy ! good ?+s ( life has be5 a !me ( declamation & discont5t 9 all ages2 & x is d\btless our p>am\nt duty1 9 e /ate ( society1 to alleviate ! pressure ( ! purely evil "p ( ?is di/ribution z mu* z possible1 &1 by all ! means we c devise1 secure ! l[] l9ks 9 ! *a9 ( society f dragg+ 9 di%on\r & wret*$ness3 b !re is a po9t ( view 9 :i* ! picture is at lea/ mat]ially alt]$ 9 its expression4 ,9 comp>+ society on its pres5t imm5se scale1 ) its infant or less develop$ /ate1 we mu/ at lea/ take c>e to enl>ge e feature 9 ! same proportion4 ,if1 on comp>+ ! v l[e/ /ates 9 civiliz$ & savage life1 we admit a difficulty 9 decid+ to :i* ! pref]5ce is due1 at lea/ 9 e sup]ior grade we _c hesitate a mom5t2 & if we in/itute a simil> comp>ison 9 e diff]5t /age ( its progress1 we _c fail to be /ruck ) ! rapid rate ( dilatation :i* e degree upw>d ( ! scale1 s to speak1 exhibits1 & :i*1 9 an e/imate ( av]ages1 gives an imm5se prepond]ance to ! pres5t ov] e =m] condition ( mank9d1 &1 = aught we c see to ! contr>y1 w place succe$+ g5]ations 9 ! same degree ( sup]ior relation to ! pres5t t ?is holds to ^? pass$ away4 ,or we may put ! same proposition 9 o!r words1 &1 admitt+ ! exi/5ce ( e inf]ior grade ( advantage 9 a high] /ate ( civilization :i* subsi/$ 9 ! prec$+1 we %all f9d1 fir/1 t1 tak+ /ate = /ate1 ! proportional numb]s ( ^? :o enjoy ! high] degrees ( advantage increases ) a con/antly accel]at$ rapidity z society advances2 &1 secondly1 t ! sup]ior extremity ( ! scale is con/antly enl>g+ by ! addition ( new degrees4 ,! condition ( a ,european pr9ce is n[ z f> sup]ior1 9 ! comm& ( real com=ts & conv5i5ces1 to t ( "o 9 ! middle ages1 z t to ! condition ( "o ( 8 own dep5dants4 7#fb47 ,! advantages conf]r$ by ! augm5tation ( our physical res\rces ?r\gh ! m$ium ( increas$ k & improv$ art h ?is peculi> & rem>kable prop]ty1--t !y are 9 _! nature diffusive1 & _c be enjoy$ 9 any exclusive mann] by a few4 ,an ea/]n despot may extort ! ri*es & monopolize ! art ( 8 subjects = 8 own p]sonal use2 he may spread ar\nd him an unnatural spl5d\r & luxury1 & /& 9 /range & prepo/]\s contra/ ) ! g5]al p5ury & discom=t ( 8 p2 he may glitt] 9 jewels ( gold & raim5t ( ne$lework2 b ! wond]s ( well contriv$ & execut$ manufacture :i* we use daily1 & ! com=ts :i* h be5 inv5t$1 tri$1 & improv$ ^u by ?\s&s1 9 e =m ( dome/ic conv5i5ce1 & = e ord9>y purpose ( life1 c nev] be enjoy$ by him4 ,to produce a /ate ( ?+s 9 :i* ! physical advantages ( civiliz$ life c exi/ 9 a high degree1 ! /imulus ( increas+ com=ts & con/antly elevat$ desires1 mu/ h be5 felt by millions2 s9ce x is n 9 ! p[] ( a few individuals to create t wide dem& = useful & +5i\s applications1 :i* alone c lead to great & rapid improvem5ts1 unless back$ by t aris+ f ! spe$y diffusion ( ! same advantages among ! mass ( mank9d4 7#fc47 ,if ?is be true ( physical advantages1 x applies ) /ill great] =ce to intellectual4 ,k c nei!r be adequately cultivat$ nor adequately enjoy$ by a few2 & al?\gh ! conditions ( our exi/5ce on e>? may be su* z to preclude an abundant supply ( ! physical necessities ( all :o may be born1 !re is no su* law ( nature 9 =ce aga9/ t ( our intellectual & moral wants4 ,k is n1 l food1 de/roy$ by use1 b r augm5t$ & p]fect$4 ,x acquires n1 p]haps1 a great] c]ta9ty1 b at lea/ a confirm$ au?ority & a probable duration1 by univ]sal ass5t2 & !re is no body ( k s complete1 b t x may acquire accession1 or s free f error b t x may receive correction 9 pass+ ?r\gh ! m9ds ( millions4 ,^? :o admire & love k = its own sake ought to wi% to see its elem5ts made accessible to all1 7 x only t !y may be ! m ?or\ghly exam9$ into1 & m effectually develop$ 9 _! consequ5ces1 & receive t ductility & pla/ic quality :i* ! pressure ( m9ds ( all descriptions1 con/antly m\ld+ !m to _! purposes1 c alone be/[4 ,b to ?is end x is necess>y t x %\ld be dive/$1 z f> z possible1 ( artificial difficulties1 & /ripp$ ( all su* te*nicalities z t5d to place x 9 ! light ( a craft & a my/]y1 inaccessible )\t a k9d ( appr5tice%ip4 ,sci5ce1 ( c\rse1 l e ?+ else1 has its own peculi> t]ms1 &1 s to speak1 its idioms ( language2 & ^! x w\ld be unwise1 7 x ev5 possible1 to rel9qui%3 b e ?+ t t5ds to clo! x 9 a /range & repulsive g>b1 & especially e ?+ t1 to keep up an appe>ance ( sup]iority 9 its pr(essors ov] ! re/ ( mank9d1 assumes an unnecess>y guise ( pr(undity & obscurity1 %\ld be sacrific$ )\t m]cy4 ,n to d ?is1 is to delib]ately reject ! light :i* ! natural un5cumb]$ good s5se ( mank9d is capable ( ?r[+ on e subject1 ev5 9 ! elucidation ( pr9ciples3 b :]e pr9ciples are to be appli$ to practical uses x becomes absolutely necess>y2 z all mank9d h !n an int]e/ 9 _! be+ s famili>ly und]/ood1 t no mi/akes %all arise 9 _! application4 7#fd47 ,! same rem>k applies to arts4 ,!y _c be p]fect$ till _! :ole processes are laid op51 & _! language simplifi$ & r5d]$ univ]sally intelligible4 ,art is ! application ( k to a practical end4 ,if ! k be m]ely accumulat$ exp]i5ce1 ! art is empirical2 b if x be exp]i5ce reason$ ^u & br\ght "u g5]al pr9ciples1 x assumes a high] "*1 & becomes a sci5tific art4 ,9 ! progress ( mank9d f b>b>ism to civilis$ life1 ! arts necess>ily prec$e sci5ce4 ,! wants & crav+s ( our animal con/itution mu/ be satisfi$2 ! com=ts1 & "s ( ! luxuries1 ( life mu/ exi/4 ,some?+ mu/ be giv5 to ! vanity ( %[1 & m to ! pride ( p[]3 ! r\nd ( bas] pleasures mu/ h be5 tri$ & f\nd insuffici5t1 be=e intellectual ones c ga9 a foot+2 & :5 !y h obta9$ x1 ! delights ( poetry & its si/] arts /ill take prec$5ce ( contemplative enjoym5ts1 & ! sev]] pursuits ( ?\ght2 & :5 ^! 9 "t beg9 to *>m f _! novelty1 & sci5ces beg9 to arise1 !y w at fir/ be ^? ( pure speculation4 ,! m9d delights to escape f ! trammels :i* _h b\nd x to e>?1 & luxuriates 9 its newly f\nd p[]s4 ,h5ce1 ! ab/ractions ( geometry--! prop]ties ( numb]s--! movem5ts ( ! cele/ial sph]es--:atev] is ab/ruse1 remote1 & extramundane--become ! fir/ objects ( infant sci5ce4 ,applications come late3 ! arts cont9ue sl[ly progressive1 b _! realm rema9s sep>at$ f t ( sci5ce by a wide gulf :i* c only be pass$ by a p[]ful spr+4 ,!y =m _! own language & _! own conv5tions1 :i* none b arti/s c und]/&4 ,! :ole t5d5cy ( empirical art1 is to bury itself 9 te*nicalities1 & to place its pride 9 p>ticul> %ort cuts & my/]ies kn[n only to adepts2 to surprise & a/oni% by results1 b conceal processes4 ,! "* ( sci5ce is ! direct contr>y4 ,x delights to lay itself op5 to enquiry1 & is n satisfi$ ) its conclusions1 till x c make ! road to !m broad & beat53 & 9 its applications x pres]ves ! same "*2 its :ole aim be+ to /rip away all te*nical my/]y1 to illum9ate e d>k recess1 & to ga9 free access to all processes1 ) a view to improve !m on rational pr9ciples4 ,x w\ld seem t a union ( two qualities almo/ opposite to ea* o!r--a go+ =? ( ! ?\ghts 9 two directions1 & a sudd5 transf] ( ideas f a remote /ation 9 "o to an equally di/ant "o 9 ! o!r--is requir$ to />t ! fir/ idea ( apply+ sci5ce4 ,among ! ,greeks1 ?is po9t 0 atta9$ by ,ar*im$es1 b atta9$ too late1 on ! eve ( t great eclipse ( sci5ce :i* 0 de/9$ to cont9ue = ne>ly eighte5 c5turies1 till ,galileo 9 ,italy1 & ,bacon 9 ,engl&1 at once dispell$ ! d>kness3 ! "o1 by 8 inv5tions & discov]ies2 ! o!r1 by ! irresi/ible =ce ( 8 argum5ts & eloqu5ce4 7#fe47 ,f9ally1 ! improvem5t effect$ 9 ! condition ( mank9d by advances 9 physical sci5ce z appli$ to ! useful purposes ( life1 is v f> f be+ limit$ to _! direct consequ5ces 9 ! m abundant supply ( our physical wants1 & ! increase ( our com=ts4 ,great z ^! b5efits are1 !y are yet b /eps to o!rs ( a /ill high] k9d4 ,! successful results ( our exp]im5ts & reason+s 9 natural philosophy1 & ! incalculable advantages :i* exp]i5ce1 sy/ematically consult$ & dispassionately reason$ on1 has conf]r$ 9 matt]s purely physical1 t5d ( necessity to impress some?+ ( ! well weigh$ & progressive "* ( sci5ce on ! m complicat$ conduct ( our social & moral relations4 ,x is ?us t legislation & politics become gradually reg>d$ z exp]im5tal sci5ces2 & hi/ory1 n1 z =m]ly1 ! m]e record ( tyrannies & slaught]s1 :i*1 by immortaliz+ ! execrable actions ( "o age1 p]petuates ! ambition ( committ+ !m 9 e succe$+ "o1 b z ! ar*ive ( exp]im5ts1 successful & unsuccessful1 gradually accumulat+ t[>ds ! solution ( ! gr& problem--h[ ! advantages ( gov]nm5t are to be secur$ ) ! lea/ possible inconv5i5ce to ! gov]n$4 ,! celebrat$ apoph!gm1 t nations nev] pr(it by exp]i5ce1 becomes ye>ly m & m untrue4 ,political economy1 at lea/1 is f\nd to h s\nd pr9ciples1 f\nd$ 9 ! moral & physical nature ( man1 :i*1 h[ev] lo/ sight ( 9 p>ticul> measures--h[ev] ev5 tempor>ily controv]t$ & borne d[n by clam\r--h yet a /rong] & /rong] te/imony borne to !m 9 ea* succe$+ g5]ation1 by :i* !y mu/1 soon] or lat]1 prevail4 ,! idea once conceiv$ & v]ifi$1 t great & noble ends are to be a*iev$1 by :i* ! condition ( ! :ole human species %all be p]man5tly bett]$1 by br++ into ex]cise a suffici5t quantity ( sob] ?\ght1 & by a prop] adaptation ( means1 is ( itself suffici5t to set u e>ne/ly on reflect+ :at ends are truly great & noble1 ei!r 9 !mselves1 or z conducive to o!rs ( a /ill l(ti] "*2 because we are n n[1 z h]et(ore1 hopeless ( atta9+ !m4 ,x is n n[ equally h>mless & insignificant1 :e!r we are "r or wrong2 s9ce we are no long] sup9ely & helplessly c>ri$ d[n ! /ream ( ev5ts1 b feel ourselves capable ( buffett+ at lea/ ) its waves1 & p]haps ( rid+ triumphantly ov] !m3 = :y %\ld we despair t ! reason :i* has enabl$ u to subdue all nature to our purposes1 %\ld 7if p]mitt$ & assi/$ by ! provid5ce ( ,god7 a*ieve a f> m difficult conque/2 & ultimately f9d "s means ( enabl+ ! collective wisdom ( mank9d to be> d[n ^? ob/acles :i* individual %ort-sight$ness1 selfi%ness1 & passion1 oppose to all improvem5ts1 & by :i* ! highe/ hopes are cont9ually blight$1 & ! faire/ prospects m>r$4 ,,"p ,,ii4 ,,( ,,! ,,pr9ciples ,,on ,,:i* ,,physical ,,sci5ce ,,relies ,,= ,,its ,,successful ,,prosecution1 ,,& ,,! ,,rules ,,by ,,:i* ,a ,,sy/ematic ,,exam9ation ,,( ,,nature ,,%\ld ,,be ,,conduct$1 ,,) ,,illu/rations ,,( ,,_! ,,influ5ce ,,z ,,exemplifi$ ,,9 ,,! ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,its ,,progress4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,( ,,exp]i5ce ,,z ,,! ,,s\rce ,,( ,,our ,,k4--,,( ,,! ,,dismissal ,,( ,,prejudices4--,,( ,,! ,,evid5ce ,,( ,,our ,,s5ses4 7#ff47 ,into ab/ract sci5ce1 z we h be=e obs]v$1 ! notion ( cause does n ent]4 ,! tru?s x is conv]sant ) are necess>y ones1 & exi/ indep5d5t ( cause4 ,!re may be no su* real ?+ z a "r-l9$ triangle m>k$ out 9 space2 b ! mom5t we conceive "o 9 our m9ds1 we _c refuse to admit ! sum ( its ?ree angles to be equal to two "r angles2 & if 9 addition we conceive "o ( its angles to be a "r angle1 we _c !nce=? refuse to admit t ! sum ( ! squ>es on ! two sides1 includ+ ! "r angle1 is equal to ! squ>e on ! side subt5d+ x4 ,to ma9ta9 ! contr>y1 w\ld be1 9 effect1 to d5y its be+ "r angl$4 ,no "o causes or makes all ! diamet]s ( an ellipse to be bisect$ 9 its c5tre4 ,to ass]t ! contr>y1 w\ld n be to rebel aga9/ a p[]1 b to d5y our own words4 ,b 9 natural sci5ce cause & effect are ! ultimate relations we contemplate2 & laws1 :e!r impos$ or ma9ta9$1 :i*1 = aught we c p]ceive1 might h be5 o!r ?an !y are4 ,?is di/9ction is v important4 ,a clev] man1 %ut up alone & all[$ unlimit$ "t1 might reason out = himself all ! tru?s ( ma!matics1 by proce$+ f ^? simple notions ( space & numb] ( :i* he _c dive/ himself )\t ceas+ to ?9k4 ,b he c\ld nev] tell1 by any ef=t ( reason+1 :at w\ld become ( a lump ( sug> if imm]s$ 9 wat]1 or :at impression w\ld be produc$ on 8 eye by mix+ ! col\rs yell[ & blue4 7#fg47 ,we h ?us po9t$ out to u1 z ! great1 & inde$ only ultimate s\rce ( our k ( nature & its laws1 ,,exp]i5ce2 by :i* we mean1 n ! exp]i5ce ( "o man only1 or ( "o g5]ation1 b ! accumulat$ exp]i5ce ( all mank9d 9 all ages1 regi/]$ 9 books or record$ by tradition4 ,b exp]i5ce may be acquir$ 9 two ways3 ei!r1 fir/1 by notic+ facts z !y occur1 )\t any attempt to influ5ce ! frequ5cy ( _! occurr5ce1 or to v>y ! circum/ances "u :i* !y occur2 ?is is ,,obs]vation3 or1 secondly1 by putt+ 9 action causes & ag5ts ov] :i* we h control1 & purposely v>y+ _! comb9ations1 & notic+ :at effects take place2 ?is is ,,exp]im5t4 ,to ^! two s\rces we mu/ look z ! f\nta9s ( all natural sci5ce4 ,x is n int5d$1 h[ev]1 by ?us di/+ui%+ obs]vation f exp]im5t1 to place !m 9 any k9d ( contra/4 ,ess5tially !y are mu* alike1 & diff] r 9 degree ?an 9 k9d2 s t1 p]haps1 ! t]ms passive & active obs]vation might bett] express _! di/9ction2 b x is1 nev]!less1 highly important to m>k ! diff]5t /ates ( m9d 9 inquiries c>ri$ on by _! respective aids1 z well z _! diff]5t effects 9 promot+ ! progress ( sci5ce4 ,9 ! =m]1 we sit /ill & li/5 to a tale1 told u1 p]haps obscurely1 piecemeal1 & at long int]vals ( "t1 ) our att5tion m or less awake4 ,x is only by aft]-rum9ation t we ga!r its full import2 & (t51 :5 ! opportunity is gone by1 we h to regret t our att5tion 0 n m p>ticul>ly direct$ to "s po9t :i*1 at ! "t1 appe>$ ( little mom5t1 b ( :i* we at l5g? appretiate ! importance4 ,9 ! latt]1 on ! o!r h&1 we cross-exam9e our witness1 & by comp>+ "o "p ( 8 evid5ce ) ! o!r1 :ile he is yet be=e u1 & reason+ ^u x 9 8 pres5ce1 are enabl$ to put po9t$ & se>*+ que/ions1 ! answ] to :i* may at once enable u to make up our m9ds4 ,accord+ly x has be5 f\nd inv>iably1 t 9 ^? dep>tm5ts ( physics :]e ! ph5om5a are beyond our control1 or into :i* exp]im5tal enquiry1 f o!r causes1 has n be5 c>ri$1 ! progress ( k has be5 sl[1 unc]ta91 & irregul>2 :ile 9 su* z admit ( exp]im5t1 & 9 :i* mank9d h agre$ to its adoption1 x has be5 rapid1 sure1 & /eady4 ,= example1 9 our k ( ! nature & causes ( volcanoes1 e>?quakes1 ! fall ( /ones f ! sky1 ! appe>ance ( new />s & disappe>ance ( old ones1 & o!r ( ^? great ph5om5a ( nature :i* are altoge!r beyond our comm&1 & at ! same "t are ( too r>e occurr5ce to p]mit any "o to repeat & rectify 8 impressions respect+ !m1 we "k little m n[ ?an 9 ! e>lie/ times4 ,"h our tale is told u sl[ly1 & 9 brok5 s5t5ces4 ,9 a/ronomy1 aga91 we h at lea/ an un9t]rupt$ n>rative2 ! opportunity ( obs]vation is con/antly pres5t1 & makes up 9 "s measure = ! impossibility ( v>y+ our po9t ( view1 & call+ = in=mation at ! precise mom5t x is want$4 ,accord+ly1 a/ronomy1 reg>d$ z a sci5ce ( m]e obs]vation1 arriv$1 ?\gh by v sl[ degrees1 to a /ate ( consid]able maturity4 ,b ! mom5t t x became a bran* ( me*anics1 a sci5ce ess5tially exp]im5tal1 7t is to say1 "o 9 :i* any pr9ciple laid d[n c be subject$ to imm$iate & decisive trial1 & :]e exp]i5ce does n require to be wait$ =17 its progress sudd5ly acquir$ a t5fold accel]ation2 nay1 to su* a degree1 t x has be5 ass]t$1 & we believe ) tru?1 t 7 ! records ( all obs]vations f ! e>lie/ ages annihilat$1 leav+ only ^? made 9 a s+le obs]vatory#bg1 dur+ a s+le lifetime#bh1 ! :ole ( ?is mo/ p]fect ( sci5ces might1 f ^? data1 & z to ! objects includ$ 9 !m1 be at once recon/ruct$1 & appe> precisely z x /ood at _! conclusion4 ,to take ano!r in/ance3 m9]alogy1 till mod]n times1 c\ld h>dly be said to exi/4 ,! description ( ev5 ! preci\s /ones 9 ,!ophra/us & ,pl9y are1 9 mo/ cases1 h>dly suffici5t to id5tify !m1 & 9 _m fall %ort ev5 ( t humble object2 m rec5t obs]v]s1 by att5d+ m c>efully to ! obvi\s *>act]s ( m9]als1 _h =m$ a pretty ext5sive catalogue ( !m1 & made v>i\s attempts to arrange & me?odize ! k ?us acquir$1 & ev5 to d$uce "s g5]al conclusions respect+ ! =ms !y habitually assume3 b f ! mom5t t *emical analysis 0 appli$ to resolve !m into _! con/itu5t elem5ts1 & t1 l$ by a happy accid5t1 ! g5ius ( ,b]gmann discov]$ ! g5]al fact1 t !y c\ld be clov5 or split 9 su* directions z to lay b>e _! peculi> primitive or fundam5tal =ms1 7:i* lay conceal$ )9 !m1 z ! /atue might be conceiv$ encru/$ 9 its m>ble envelope17--f t mom5t1 m9]alogy ceas$ to be an unmean+ li/ ( names1 a m]e labori\s catalogu+ ( /ones & rubbi%1 & became1 :at x n[ is1 a regul>1 me?odical1 & mo/ important sci5ce1 9 :i* e ye> is br++ to light new relations1 new laws1 & new practical applications4 7#fh47 ,exp]i5ce once recogniz$ z ! f\nta9 ( all our k ( nature1 x foll[s t1 9 ! /udy ( nature & its laws1 we ought at once to make up our m9ds to dismiss z idle prejudices1 or at lea/ susp5d z premature1 any preconceiv$ notion ( :at might or :at ought to be ! ord] ( nature 9 any propos$ case1 & cont5t ourselves ) obs]v+1 z a pla9 matt] ( fact1 :at is4 ,to exp]i5ce we ref]1 z ! only gr\nd ( all physical enquiry4 ,b be=e exp]i5ce itself c be us$ ) advantage1 !re is "o prelim9>y /ep to make1 :i* dep5ds :olly on ourselves3 x is ! absolute dismissal & cle>+ ! m9d ( all prejudice1 f :atev] s\rce aris+1 & ! det]m9ation to /& & fall by ! result ( a direct appeal to facts 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 & ( /rict logical d$uction f !m aft]w>ds4 ,n[1 x is necess>y to di/+ui% betwe5 two k9ds ( prejudices1 :i* ex]cise v diff]5t dom9ion ov] ! m9d1 &1 moreov]1 diff] extremely 9 ! difficulty ( dispossess+ !m1 & ! process to be gone ?r\gh = t purpose4 ,^! are1-- #a4 ,prejudices ( op9ion4 #b4 ,prejudices ( s5se4 7#fi47 ,by prejudices ( op9ion1 we mean op9ions ha/ily tak5 up1 ei!r f ! ass]tion ( o!rs1 f our own sup]ficial views1 or f vulg> obs]vation1 & :i*1 f be+ con/antly admitt$ )\t dispute1 h obta9$ ! /rong hold ( habit on our m9ds4 ,su* 7 ! op9ions once ma9ta9$ t ! e>? is ! greate/ body 9 ! univ]se1 & plac$ immovable 9 its c5tre1 & all ! re/ ( ! univ]se creat$ = its sole use2 t x is ! nature ( fire & ( s\nds to asc5d2 t ! moonlight is cold2 t dews fall f ! air1 c4 7#gj47 ,to combat & de/roy su* prejudices we may proce$ 9 two ways1 ei!r by demon/rat+ ! falsehood ( ! facts alleg$ 9 _! support1 or by %[+ h[ ! appe>ances1 :i* seem to c\nt5ance !m1 are m satisfactorily acc\nt$ = )\t _! admission4 ,b x is un=tunately ! nature ( prejudices ( op9ion to adh]e1 9 a c]ta9 degree1 to e m9d1 & to "s ) p]t9aci\s ob/9acy1 pigris radicibus1 aft] all gr\nd = _! reasonable ent]ta9m5t is de/roy$4 ,aga9/ su* a disposition ! /ud5t ( natural sci5ce mu/ cont5d ) all 8 p[]4 ,n t we are s unreasonable z to dem& ( him an in/ant & p]emptory dismission ( all 8 =m] op9ions & judgm5ts2 all we require is1 t he w hold !m )\t bigotry1 reta9 till he %all see reason to "q !m1 & be ready to resign !m :5 fairly prov$ unt5able1 & to d\bt !m :5 ! weight ( probability is %[n to lie aga9/ !m4 ,if he refuse ?is1 he is incapable ( sci5ce4 7#ga47 ,our resi/ance aga9/ ! de/ruction ( ! o!r class ( prejudices1 ^? ( s5se1 is commonly m viol5t at fir/1 b less p]si/5t1 ?an 9 ! case ( ^? ( op9ion4 ,n to tru/ ! evid5ce ( our s5ses1 seems1 inde$1 a h>d condition1 & "o :i*1 if propos$1 none w\ld comply )4 ,b x is n ! direct evid5ce ( our s5ses t we are 9 any case call$ ^u to reject1 b only ! errone\s judgm5ts we unconsci\sly =m f !m1 & ?is only :5 !y c be %[n to be s by c\nt] evid5ce ( ! same sort2 :5 "o s5se is br\ght to te/ify aga9/ ano!r1 = in/ance2 or ! same s5se aga9/ itself1 & ! obvi\s conclusions 9 ! two cases disagree1 s z to compel u to ackn[l$ge t "o or o!r mu/ be wrong4 ,= example1 no?+ at fir/ c seem a m rational1 obvi\s1 & incontrov]tible conclusion1 ?an t ! col\r ( an object is an inh]5t quality1 l its weight1 h>dness1 c4 & t to see ! object1 & see x ( its own col\r1 :5 no?+ int]v5es betwe5 our eyes & x1 are "o & ! same ?+4 ,yet ?is is only a prejudice2 & t x is s1 is %[n by br++ =w>d ! same s5se ( vision :i* l$ to its adoption1 z evid5ce on ! o!r side2 =1 :5 ! diff]5tly col\r$ prismatic rays are ?r[n1 9 a d>k room1 9 succession ^u any object1 :atev] be ! col\r we are 9 ! habit ( call+ its own1 x w appe> ( ! p>ticul> hue ( ! light :i* falls ^u x3 a yell[ pap]1 = in/ance1 w appe> sc>let :5 illum9at$ by r$ rays1 yell[ :5 by yell[1 gre5 by gre51 & blue by blue rays2 its own 7s call$7 prop] col\r n 9 ! lea/ degree mix+ ) t x s exhibits4 7#gb47 ,to give "o or two m examples ( ! k9d ( illusion :i* ! s5ses practise on u1 or r :i* we practise on ourselves1 by a mis9t]pretation ( _! evid5ce3 ! moon at its ris+ & sett+ appe>s mu* l>g] ?an :5 high up 9 ! sky4 ,?is is1 h[ev]1 a m]e errone\s judgm5t2 = :5 we come to measure its diamet]1 s f> f f9d+ our conclusion borne out by fact1 we actually f9d x to measure mat]ially less4 ,"h is eyesight oppos$ to eyesight1 ) ! advantage ( delib]ate measurem5t4 ,9 v5triloquism we h ! he>+ at v>iance ) all ! o!r s5ses1 & especially ) ! sight1 :i* is sometimes contradict$ by x 9 a v extraord9>y & surpris+ mann]1 z :5 ! voice is made to seem to issue f an inanimate & motionless object4 ,if we plunge our h&s1 "o into ice-cold wat]1 & ! o!r into wat] z hot z c be borne1 &1 aft] lett+ !m /ay a:ile1 sudd5ly transf] !m bo? to a vessel full ( wat] at a blood heat1 ! "o w feel a s5sation ( heat1 ! o!r ( cold4 ,& if we cross ! two fir/ f+]s ( "o h&1 & place a pea 9 ! =k betwe5 !m1 mov+ & roll+ x ab\t on a table1 we %all 7especially if we close our eyes7 be fully p]suad$ we h two peas4 ,if ! nose be held :ile we are eat+ c9namon1 we %all p]ceive no diff]5ce betwe5 its flav\r & t ( a deal %av+4 7#gc47 ,^!1 & innum]able in/ances we might cite1 w conv9ce u1 t ?\gh we are nev] deceiv$ 9 ! s5sible impression made by ext]nal objects on u1 yet 9 =m+ our judgm5ts ( !m we are greatly at ! m]cy ( circum/ances1 :i* ei!r modify ! impressions actually receiv$1 or comb9e !m ) adjuncts :i* h become habitually associat$ ) diff]5t judgm5ts2 &1 !re=e1 t1 9 e/imat+ ! degree ( confid5ce we are to place 9 our conclusions1 we mu/1 ( necessity1 take into acc\nt ^! modify+ or accompany+ circum/ances1 :atev] !y may be4 ,we d n1 ( c\rse1 "h speak ( d]ang$ organization2 su* z1 = in/ance1 a di/ortion ( ! eye1 produc+ d\ble vision1 & /ill less ( m5tal delusion1 :i* absolutely p]v]ts ! mean+ ( s5sible impressions4 7#gd47 ,z ! m9d exi/s n 9 ! place ( s5sible objects1 & is n br\ght into imm$iate relation ) !m1 we c only reg>d s5sible impressions z signals convey$ f !m by a wond]ful1 &1 to u1 inexplicable me*anism1 to our m9ds1 :i* receives & reviews !m1 &1 by habit & association1 connects !m ) correspond+ qualities or affections 9 ! objects2 j z a p]son writ+ d[n & comp>+ ! signals ( a telegraph might int]pret _! mean+4 ,z1 = in/ance1 if he _h con/antly obs]v$ t ! exhibition ( a c]ta9 signal 0 sure to be foll[$ next day by ! ann\ncem5t ( ! arrival ( a %ip at ,portsm\?1 he w\ld connect ! two facts by a l9k ( ! v same nature ) t :i* connects ! notion ( a l>ge wood5 build+1 fill$ ) sailors1 ) ! impression ( h] outl9e on ! ret9a ( a spectator on ! bea*4 7#ge47 ,9 capta9 ,head's amus+ & vivid description ( 8 j\rney across ! ,pampas ( ,s\? ,am]ica occurs an anecdote q 9 po9t4 ,8 guide "o day sudd5ly /opp$ him1 &1 po9t+ high into ! air1 cri$ out1 8,a lion60 ,surpris$ at su* an exclamation1 accompani$ ) su* an act1 he turn$ up 8 eyes1 & ) difficulty p]ceiv$1 at an immeasurable height1 a flight ( condors so>+ 9 circles 9 a p>ticul> spot4 ,b5ea? t spot1 f> out ( sight ( himself or guide1 lay ! c>cass ( a horse1 & ov] t c>cass /ood 7z ! guide well knew7 ! lion1 :om ! condors 7 eye+ ) envy f _! airy height4 ,! signal ( ! birds 0 to him :at ! sight ( ! lion alone c\ld h be5 to ! travell]1 a full assurance ( its exi/5ce4 ,,*ap4 ,,ii4 ,,( ,,! ,,analysis ,,( ,,ph5om5a 7#gf47 ,ph5om5a1 !n1 or appe>ances1 z ! ^w is lit]ally r5d]$1 are ! s5sible results ( processes & op]ations c>ri$ on among ext]nal objects1 or _! con/itu5t pr9ciples1 ( :i* !y are only signals1 convey$ to our m9ds z a=esaid4 ,n[1 ^! processes !mselves may be 9 _m in/ances r5d]$ s5sible2 t is to say1 analys$1 & %[n to consi/ 9 ! motions or o!r affections ( s5sible objects !mselves4 ,= in/ance1 ! ph5om5on ( ! s\nd produc$ by a musical /r+1 or a bell1 :5 /ruck1 may be %[n to be ! result ( a process consi/+ 9 ! rapid vibratory motion ( its p>ts communicat$ to ! air1 & !nce to our e>s2 ?\gh ! imm$iate effect on our organs ( he>+ does n excite ! lea/ idea ( su* a motion4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !re are innum]able in/ances ( s5sible impressions :i* 7at lea/ at pres5t7 we are incapable ( trac+ beyond ! m]e s5sation2 = example1 9 ! s5sations ( bitt]ness1 sweetness1 c4 ,^!1 accord+ly1 if we 7 incl9$ to =m ha/y decisions1 might be reg>d$ z ultimate qualities2 b ! in/ance ( s\nds1 j adduc$1 alone w\ld tea* u caution 9 su* decisions1 & incl9e u to believe !m m]e results ( "s secret process go+ on 9 our organs ( ta/e1 :i* is too subtle = u to trace4 ,a simple exp]im5t w s]ve to set ?is 9 a cle>] light4 ,a solution ( ! salt call$ by *emi/s nitrate ( silv]1 & ano!r ( ! hyposulphite ( soda1 h ea* ( !m sep>ately1 :5 tak5 into ! m\?1 a disgu/+ly bitt] ta/e2 b if !y be mix$1 or if "o be ta/$ be=e ! m\? is ?or\ghly cle>$ ( ! o!r1 ! s5sible impression is t ( int5se sweetness4 ,aga91 ! salt call$ tung/ate ( soda :5 fir/ ta/$ is sweet1 b spe$ily *anges to an int5se & pure bitt]1 l quassia4#bi 7#gg47 ,h[ f> we may ev] be enabl$ to atta9 a k ( ! ultimate & inw>d processes ( nature 9 ! production ( ph5om5a1 we h no means ( kn[+2 b1 to judge f ! degree ( obscurity :i* hangs ab\t ! only case 9 :i* we feel )9 ourselves a direct p[] to produce any "o1 !re seems no great hope ( p5etrat+ s f>4 ,! case allud$ to is ! production ( motion by ! ex]tion ( =ce4 ,we are consci\s ( a p[] to move our limbs1 & by _! int]v5tion o!r bodies2 & t ?is effect is ! result ( a c]ta9 inexplicable process :i* we are aw>e (1 b c no way describe 9 words1 by :i* we ex]t =ce4 ,& ev5 :5 su* ex]tion produces no visible effect1 7z :5 we press our two h&s viol5tly toge!r1 s z j to oppose ea* o!r's ef=t17 we /ill p]ceive1 by ! fatigue & exhau/ion1 & by ! impossibility ( ma9ta9+ ! ef=t long1 t some?+ is go+ on )9 u1 ( :i* ! m9d is ! ag5t1 & ! w ! det]m9+ cause4 ,?is impression :i* we receive ( ! nature ( =ce1 f our own ef=t & our s5se ( fatigue1 is q diff]5t f t :i* we obta9 ( x f see+ ! effect ( =ce ex]t$ by o!rs 9 produc+ motion4 ,7 !re no su* ?+ z motion1 _h we be5 f infancy %ut up 9 a d>k dungeon1 & e limb encru/$ ) pla/]1 ?is int]nal consci\sness w\ld give u a complete idea ( =ce2 b :5 set at lib]ty1 habit alone w\ld enable u to recognize its ex]tion by its signal1 motion1 & t only by f9d+ t ! same action ( ! m9d :i* 9 our conf9$ /ate enables u to fatigue & exhau/ ourselves by ! t5sion ( our muscles1 puts x 9 our p[]1 :5 at lib]ty1 to move ourselves & o!r bodies4 ,b h[ obscure is our k ( ! process go+ on )9 u 9 ! ex]cise ( ?is important privilege1 9 virtue ( :i* alone we act z direct causes1 we may judge f ?is1 t :5 we put any limb 9 motion1 ! seat ( ! ex]tion seems to u to be 9 ! limb1 :]eas x is demon/rably no su* ?+1 b ei!r 9 ! bra9 or 9 ! sp9al m>r[2 ! pro( ( :i* is1 t if a little fibre1 call$ a n]ve1 :i* =ms a communication betwe5 ! limb & ! bra91 or sp9e1 be divid$ 9 any "p ( its c\rse1 h[ev] we may make ! ef=t1 ! limb w n move4 7#gh47 ,?is "o in/ance ( ! obscurity :i* hangs ab\t ! only act ( direct causation ( :i* we h an imm$iate consci\sness1 w suffice to %[ h[ little prospect !re is t1 9 our inve/igation ( nature1 we %all ev] be able to arrive at a k ( ultimate causes1 & w tea* u to limit our views to t ( laws1 & to ! analysis ( complex ph5om5a by :i* !y are resolv$ into simpl] ones1 :i*1 appe>+ to u incapable ( fur!r analysis1 we mu/ cons5t to reg>d z causes4 ,nor let any "o compla9 ( ?is z a limitation ( 8 faculties4 ,we h "h 8ample room & v]ge en\gh0 = ! full ex]cise ( all ! p[]s we possess2 &1 besides1 x does s happ51 t we are actually able to trace up a v l>ge portion ( ! ph5om5a ( ! univ]se to ?is "o cause1 viz4 ! ex]tion ( me*anical =ce2 inde$1 s l>ge a portion1 t x has be5 made a matt] ( speculation :e!r ?is is n ! only "o t is capable ( act+ on mat]ial be+s4 7#gi47 ,:at we mean by ! analysis ( complex ph5om5a into simpl] ones1 w be/ be und]/ood by an in/ance4 ,let u1 !re=e1 take ! ph5om5on ( s\nd1 &1 by consid]+ ! v>i\s cases 9 :i* s\nds ( all k9ds are produc$1 we %all f9d t !y all agree 9 ^! po9ts3--#a/1 ,! excitem5t ( a motion 9 ! s\nd+ body4 #b;dly1 ,! communication ( ?is motion to ! air or o!r int]m$ium :i* is int]pos$ betwe5 ! s\nd+ body & our e>s4 #c;dly1 ,! propagation ( su* motion f p>ticle to p>ticle ( su* int]m$ium 9 due succession4 #d?ly1 ,its communication1 f ! p>ticles ( ! int]m$ium adjac5t to ! e>1 to ! e> itself4 #e?ly1 ,its conveyance 9 ! e>1 by a c]ta9 me*anism1 to ! auditory n]ves4 #f?ly1 ,! excitem5t ( s5sation4 ,n[1 9 ?is analysis1 we p]ceive t two pr9cipal matt]s mu/ be und]/ood1 be=e we c h a true & complete k ( s\nd3--#a/1 ,! excitem5t & propagation ( motion4 #b;dly1 ,! production ( s5sation4 ,^!1 !n1 are two o!r ph5om5a1 ( a simpl]1 or1 x w\ld be m correct to say1 ( a m g5]al or elem5t>y ord]1 into :i* ! complex ph5om5on ( s\nd resolves itself4 ,b aga91 if we consid] ! communication ( motion f body to body1 or f "o "p to ano!r ( ! same1 we %all p]ceive t x is aga9 resolvable into sev]al o!r ph5om5a4 #a/1 ,! orig9al sett+ 9 motion ( a mat]ial body1 or any "p ( "o4 #b;dly1 ,! behavi\r ( a p>ticle set 9 motion1 :5 x meets ano!r ly+ 9 its way1 or is o!rwise imp$$ or influ5c$ by its connection ) surr\nd+ p>ticles4 #c;dly1 ,! behavi\r ( ! p>ticles s imp$+ or influ5c+ x "u su* circum/ances2 besides :i*1 ! la/ two po9t out ano!r ph5om5on1 :i* x is necess>y also to consid]1 viz4 ! ph5om5on ( ! connection ( ! p>ts ( mat]ial bodies 9 masses1 by :i* !y =m aggregates1 & are enabl$ to influ5ce ea* o!r's motions4 7#hj47 ,?us1 !n1 we see t an analysis ( ! ph5om5on ( s\nd leads to ! enquiry1 #a/1 ( two causes1 viz4 ! cause ( motion1 & ! cause ( s5sation1 ^! be+ ph5om5a :i* 7at lea/ z human k /&s at pres5t7 we are unable to analyse fur!r2 &1 !re=e1 we set !m d[n z simple1 elem5t>y1 & ref]able1 = any ?+ we c see to ! contr>y1 to ! imm$iate action ( _! causes4 #b;dly1 ,( sev]al que/ions relat+ to ! connection betwe5 ! motion ( mat]ial bodies & its cause1 su* z1 ,:at w happ5 :5 a mov+ body is surr\nd$ on all sides by o!rs n 9 motion8 ,:at w happ5 :5 a body n 9 motion is advanc$ ^u by a mov+ "o8 ,x is evid5t t ! answ]s to su* que/ions z ^! c be no o!r ?an laws ( motion1 9 ! s5se we h above attribut$ to laws ( nature1 viz4 a /atem5t 9 words ( :at w happ5 9 su* & su* propos$ g5]al cont+5cies4 ,la/ly1 we are l$1 by pursu+ ! analysis1 & consid]+ ! ph5om5on ( ! aggregation ( ! p>ts ( mat]ial bodies1 & ! way 9 :i* !y influ5ce ea* o!r1 to two o!r g5]al ph5om5a1 viz41 ! cohesion & ela/icity ( matt]2 & ^! we h no means ( analys+ fur!r1 & mu/1 !re=e1 reg>d !m 7till we see reasons to ! contr>y7 z ultimate ph5om5a1 & ref]able to ! direct action ( causes1 viz4 an attractive & a repulsive =ce4 7#ha47 ,( =ce1 z c\nt]balanc$ by oppos+ =ce1 we h1 z already said1 an int]nal consci\sness2 & ?\gh x may seem /range to u t matt] %\ld be capable ( ex]t+ on matt] ! same k9d ( ef=t1 :i*1 judg+ alone f ?is consci\sness1 we might be l$ to reg>d z a m5tal "o2 yet we _c refuse ! direct evid5ce ( our s5ses1 :i* %[s u t :5 we keep a spr+ /ret*$ ) "o h&1 we feel our ef=t oppos$ exactly 9 ! same way z if we _h ourselves oppos$ x ) ! o!r h&1 or z x w\ld be by t ( ano!r p]son4 ,! enquiry1 !re=e1 into ! aggregation ( matt] resolves itself into ! g5]al "q1 ,:at w be ! behavi\r ( mat]ial p>ticles "u ! mutual action ( oppos+ =ces capable ( c\nt]balanc+ ea* o!r8 & ! answ] to ?is "q c be no o!r ?an ! ann\ncem5t ( ! law ( equilibrium1 :atev] law t may be4 7#hb47 ,) reg>d to ! cause ( s5sation1 x mu/ be reg>d$ z mu* m obscure ?an t ( motion1 inasmu* z we h no consci\s k ( x1 i4 e4 we h no p[]1 by any act ( our m9ds & w1 to call up a s5sation4 ,x is true1 we are n de/itute ( an approa* to x1 s9ce1 by an ef=t ( memory & imag9ation1 we c produce 9 our m9ds an impression1 or idea1 ( a s5sation :i*1 9 peculi> cases1 may ev5 approa* 9 vividness to actual reality4 ,9 dreams1 too1 &1 9 "s cases ( disord]$ n]ves1 we h s5sations )\t objects4 ,b if =ce1 z a cause ( motion1 is obscure to u1 ev5 :ile we are 9 ! act ( ex]cis+ x1 h[ mu* m s is ?is o!r cause1 ^: ex]cise we c only imitate imp]fectly by any volunt>y act1 & ( ^: purely int]nal action we are only fully consci\s :5 9 a /ate t incapacitates u f reason+1 & almo/ f obs]vation6 7#hc47 ,dismiss+1 !n1 z beyond our rea*1 ! enquiry into causes1 we mu/ be cont5t at pres5t to conc5trate our att5tion on ! laws :i* prevail among ph5om5a1 & :i* seem to be _! imm$iate results4 ,f ! in/ance we h j giv51 we may p]ceive t e enquiry into ! intimate nature ( a complex ph5om5on bran*es out into z _m diff]5t & di/9ct enquiries z !re are simple or elem5t>y ph5om5a into :i* x may be analys$2 & t1 !re=e1 x w\ld greatly assi/ u 9 our /udy ( nature1 if we c\ld1 by any means1 asc]ta9 :at are ! ultimate ph5om5a into :i* all ! composite ones pres5t$ by x may be resolv$4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 cle>ly no way by :i* ?is c be asc]ta9$ priori4 ,we mu/ g to nature itself1 & be guid$ by ! same k9d ( rule z ! *emi/ 9 8 analysis1 :o acc\nts e +r$i5t an elem5t till x c be decomp\nd$ & resolv$ into o!rs4 ,s1 9 natural philosophy1 we mu/ acc\nt e ph5om5on an elem5t>y or simple "o till we c analyse x1 & %[ t x is ! result ( o!rs1 :i* 9 _! turn become elem5t>y4 ,?us1 9 a modifi$ & relative s5se1 we may /ill cont9ue to speak ( causes1 n int5d+ !reby ^? ultimate pr9ciples ( action on ^: ex]tion ! :ole frame ( nature dep5ds1 b ( ^? proximate l9ks :i* connect ph5om5a ) o!rs ( a simpl]1 high]1 & m g5]al or elem5t>y k9d4 ,= example3 we may reg>d ! vibration ( a musical /r+ z ! proximate cause ( ! s\nd x yields1 receiv+ x1 s f>1 z an ultimate fact1 & wav+ or def]r+ enquiry into ! cause ( vibrations1 :i* is ( a high] & m g5]al nature4 7#hd47 ,moreov]1 z 9 *emi/ry we are sometimes compell$ to ackn[l$ge ! exi/5ce ( elem5ts diff]5t f ^? already id5tifi$ & kn[n1 ?\gh we _c insulate !m1 & to p]ceive t sub/ances h ! *>act]s ( comp\nds1 & mu/ !re=e be susceptible ( analysis1 ?\gh we d n see h[ x is to be set ab\t2 s1 9 physics1 we may p]ceive ! complexity ( a ph5om5on1 )\t be+ able to p]=m its analysis4 ,= example3 9 magnetism1 ! ag5cy ( electricity is cle>ly made out1 & !y are %[n to /& to "o ano!r 9 ! relation ( effect & cause4 ,b ! analysis ( magnetism1 9 its relation to p>ticul> metals1 is n yet q satisfactorily p]=m$2 & we are compell$ to admit ! exi/5ce ( "s cause1 :e!r proximate or ultimate1 ^: pres5ce 9 diff]5t metals1 or 9 diff]5t /ates ( ! same metal1 det]m9es t peculi> electric condition :i* con/itutes p]man5t magnetism4 ,cases l ^!1 ( all :i* sci5ce pres5ts1 (f] ! highe/ int]e/4 ,!y excite enquiry1 l ! ne> approa* to ! solution ( an enigma2 !y %[ u t !re is light1 c\ld only a c]ta9 veil be drawn aside4 7#he47 ,9 pursu+ ! analysis ( any ph5om5on1 ! mom5t we f9d ourselves /opp$ by "o ( :i* we p]ceive no analysis1 & :i*1 !re=e1 we are =c$ to ref] 7at lea/ provisionally7 to ! class ( ultimate facts1 & to reg>d z elem5t>y1 ! /udy ( t ph5om5on & ( its laws becomes a sep>ate bran* ( sci5ce4 ,if we enc\nt] ! same elem5t>y ph5om5on 9 ! analysis ( sev]al composite ones1 x becomes /ill m int]e/+1 & assumes additional importance2 :ile at ! same "t we acquire in=mation respect+ ! ph5om5on itself1 by obs]v+ ^? ) :i* x is habitually associat$1 t may help u at l5g? to its analysis4 ,x is ?us t sci5ces increase1 & acquire a mutual relation & dep5d5cy4 ,x is ?us1 too1 t we are at l5g? enabl$ to trace p>allels & analogies betwe5 great bran*es ( sci5ce !mselves1 :i* at l5g? t]m9ate 9 a p]ception ( _! dep5d5ce on "s common ph5om5on ( a m g5]al & elem5t>y nature ?an t :i* =m ! subject ( ei!r sep>ately4 ,x 0 ?us1 = example1 t1 previ\s to ,or/$'s great discov]y ( electro-magnetism1 a g5]al resemblance betwe5 ! two sci5ces ( electricity & magnetism 0 recognis$1 & _m ( ! *ief ph5om5a 9 ea* 7 asc]ta9$ to h _! p>allels1 mutatis mut&is1 9 ! o!r4 ,x 0 ?us1 too1 t an analogy subsi/+ betwe5 s\nd & light has be5 gradually trac$ into a clos5ess ( agreem5t1 :i* c h>dly leave any reasonable d\bt ( _! ultimate co9cid5ce 9 "o common ph5om5on1 ! vibratory motion ( an ela/ic m$ium4 ,if x be all[$ to pursue our illu/ration f *emi/ry1 & to gr\nd its application n on :at has be51 b on :at may "o day be1 done1 x is ?us t ! g5]al family resemblance betwe5 c]ta9 gr\ps ( bodies1 n[ reg>d$ z elem5t>y1 7z nickel & cobalt1 = in/ance1 *lor9e1 iode1 & brome17 w1 p]haps1 lead u h]eaft] to p]ceive relations betwe5 !m ( a m intimate k9d ?an we c at pres5t trace4 7#hf47 ,on ^? ph5om5a :i* are mo/ frequ5tly enc\nt]$ 9 an analysis ( nature & :i* mo/ decid$ly resi/ fur!r decomposition1 x is evid5t t ! greate/ pa9s & att5tion ought to be be/[$1 n only because !y furni% a key to ! greate/ numb] ( enquiries1 & s]ve to gr\p & classify toge!r ! greate/ range ( ph5om5a1 b by reason ( _! high] nature1 & because x is 9 ^! t we mu/ look = ! direct action ( causes1 & ! mo/ ext5sive & g5]al enunciation ( ! laws ( nature4 ,^!1 once discov]$1 place 9 our p[] ! explanation ( all p>ticul> facts1 & become gr\nds ( reason+1 indep5d5t ( p>ticul> trial3 ?us play+ ! same "p 9 natural philosophy t axioms d 9 geometry2 conta9+1 9 a ref9$ & cond5s$ /ate1 & z x 7 9 a qu9tess5ce1 all t our reason has occasion to draw f exp]i5ce to enable x to foll[ out ! tru?s ( physics by ! m]e application ( logical argum5t4 ,inde$1 ! axioms ( geometry !mselves may be reg>d$ z 9 "s sort an appeal to exp]i5ce1 n corporeal1 b m5tal4 ,:5 we say1 ! :ole is great] ?an its "p1 we ann\nce a g5]al fact1 :i* re/s1 x is true1 on our ideas ( :ole & "p2 b1 9 ab/ract+ ^! notions1 we beg9 by consid]+ !m z subsi/+ 9 space1 & "t1 & body1 & aga91 9 l9e>1 & sup]ficial1 & solid space4 ,aga91 :5 we say1 ! equals ( equals are equal1 we m5tally make comp>isons1 9 equal spaces1 equal times1 c42 s t ^! axioms1 h[ev] self-evid5t1 are /ill g5]al propositions s f> ( ! inductive k9d1 t1 indep5d5tly ( exp]i5ce1 !y w\ld n pres5t !mselves to ! m9d4 ,! only diff]5ce betwe5 ^! & axioms obta9$ f ext5sive induction is ?is1 t1 9 rais+ ! axioms ( geometry1 ! in/ances (f] !mselves spontane\sly1 & )\t ! tr\ble ( se>*1 & are few & simple2 9 rais+ ^? ( nature1 !y are inf9itely num]\s1 complicat$1 & remote2 s t ! mo/ dilig5t rese>* & ! utmo/ acut5ess are requir$ to unravel _! web1 & place _! mean+ 9 evid5ce4 7#hg47 ,by f> ! mo/ g5]al ph5om5on ) :i* we are acqua9t$1 & t :i* occurs mo/ con/antly1 9 e enquiry into :i* we ent]1 is motion1 & its communication4 ,dynamics1 !n1 or ! sci5ce ( =ce & motion1 is ?us plac$ at ! head ( all ! sci5ces2 &1 happily = human k1 x is "o 9 :i* ! highe/ c]ta9ty is atta9able1 a c]ta9ty no way inf]ior to ma!matical demon/ration4 ,z its axioms are few1 simple1 & 9 ! highe/ degree di/9ct & def9ite1 s !y h at ! same "t an imm$iate relation to geometrical quantity1 space1 "t1 & direction1 & ?us accommodate !mselves ) rem>kable facility to geometrical reason+4 ,accord+ly1 _! consequ5ces may be pursu$1 by argum5ts purely ma!matical1 to any ext5t1 insomu* t ! limit ( our k ( dynamics is det]m9$ only by t ( pure ma!matics1 :i* is ! case 9 no o!r bran* ( physical sci5ce4 7#hh47 ,b1 x w n[ be ask$1 h[ we are to proce$ to analyse a composite ph5om5on into simpl] ones1 & :e!r any g5]al rules c be giv5 = ?is important process8 ,we answ]1 ,none2 any m ?an 7to pursue ! illu/ration we h already _h rec\rse to7 g5]al rules c be laid d[n by ! *emi/ = ! analysis ( sub/ances ( :i* all ! +r$i5ts are unkn[n4 ,su* rules1 c\ld !y be discov]$1 w\ld include ! :ole ( natural sci5ce2 b we are v f>1 inde$1 f be+ able to prop\nd !m4 ,h[ev]1 we are to recollect t ! analysis ( ph5om5a1 philosophically speak+1 is pr9cipally useful1 z x enables u to recognize1 & m>k = special inve/igation1 ^? :i* appe> to u simple2 to set me?odically ab\t det]m9+ _! laws1 & ?us to facilitate ! "w ( rais+ up g5]al axioms1 or =ms ( words1 :i* %all include ! :ole ( !m2 :i* %all1 z x 71 transplant !m out ( ! ext]nal into ! intellectual _w1 r5d] !m creatures ( pure ?\ght1 & enable u to reason !m out priori4 ,& :at r5d]s ! p[] ( do+ ?is s em95tly desirable is1 t1 9 ?us reason+ back f g5]als to p>ticul>s1 ! propositions at :i* we arrive apply to an imm5se multitude ( comb9ations & cases1 :i* 7 nev] individually contemplat$ 9 ! m5tal process by :i* our axioms 7 fir/ discov]$2 & t1 consequ5tly1 :5 our reason+s are pu%$ to ! utmo/ limit ( p>ticul>ity1 _! results appe> 9 ! =m ( individual facts1 ( :i* we might h _h no k f imm$iate exp]i5ce2 & ?us we are n only furni%$ ) ! explanation ( all kn[n facts1 b ) ! actual discov]y ( su* z 7 be=e unkn[n4 ,a rem>kable example ( ?is has already be5 m5tion$ 9 ,fresnel's priori discov]y ( ! extraord9>y refraction ( bo? rays 9 a d\bly refract+ m$ium4 ,to give ano!r example3--,! law ( gravitation is a physical axiom ( a v high & univ]sal k9d1 & has be5 rais$ by a succession ( inductions & ab/ractions drawn f ! obs]vation ( num]\s facts & subord9ate laws 9 ! planet>y sy/em4 ,:5 ?is law is tak5 = grant$1 & laid d[n z a basis ( reason+1 & appli$ to ! actual condition ( our own planet1 "o ( ! consequ5ces to :i* x leads is1 t ! e>?1 in/ead ( be+ an exact sph]e1 mu/ be compress$ or flatt5$ 9 ! direction ( its pol> diamet]1 ! "o diamet] be+ ab\t ?irty miles %ort] ?an ! o!r2 & ?is conclusion1 d$uc$ at fir/ by m]e reason+1 has be5 s9ce f\nd to be true 9 fact4 ,all a/ronomical pr$ictions are examples ( ! same ?+4 7#hi47 ,9 ! important bus9ess ( rais+ ^! axioms ( nature1 we are n1 z 9 ! analysis ( ph5om5a1 left :olly )\t a guide4 ,! nature ( ab/ract or g5]al reason+ po9ts out 9 a great measure ! c\rse we mu/ pursue4 ,a law ( nature1 be+ ! /atem5t ( :at w happ5 9 c]ta9 g5]al cont+5cies1 may be reg>d$ z ! ann\ncem5t1 9 ! same words1 ( a :ole gr\p or class ( ph5om5a4 ,:5ev]1 !re=e1 we p]ceive t two or m ph5om5a agree 9 s _m or s rem>kable po9ts1 z to lead u to reg>d !m z =m+ a class or gr\p1 if we lay out ( consid]ation1 or ab/ract1 all ! circum/ances 9 :i* !y disagree1 & reta9 9 our m9ds ^? only 9 :i* !y agree1 & !n1 "u ?is k9d ( m5tal conv5tion1 frame a def9ition or /atem5t ( "o ( !m1 9 su* words t x %all apply equally to !m all1 su* /atem5t w appe> 9 ! =m ( a g5]al proposition1 hav+ s f> at lea/ ! "* ( a law ( nature4 7#ij47 ,= example3 a great numb] ( transp>5t sub/ances1 :5 expos$1 9 a c]ta9 p>ticul> mann]1 to a beam ( light :i* has be5 prep>$ by und]go+ c]ta9 reflexions or refractions1 7& has !reby acquir$ peculi> prop]ties1 & is said to be 8pol>iz$107 exhibit v vivid & beautiful col\rs1 dispos$ 9 /reaks1 b&s1 c4 ( great regul>ity1 :i* seem to arise )9 ! sub/ance1 & :i*1 f a c]ta9 regul> succession obs]v$ 9 _! appe>ance1 are call$ 8p]iodical col\rs40 ,among ! sub/ances :i* exhibit ^! p]iodical col\rs occur a great v>iety ( transp>5t solids1 b no fluids & no opake solids4 ,"h1 !n1 !re seems to be suffici5t community ( nature to enable u to use a g5]al t]m1 & to /ate ! proposition z a law1 viz4 transp>5t solids exhibit p]iodical col\rs by exposure to pol>iz$ light4 ,h[ev]1 ?is1 ?\gh true ( _m1 does n apply to all transp>5t solids1 & !re=e we _c /ate x z a g5]al tru? or law ( nature 9 ?is =m2 al?\gh ! rev]se proposition1 t all solids :i* exhibit su* col\rs 9 su* circum/ances are transp>5t1 w\ld be correct & g5]al4 ,x becomes necess>y1 !n1 to make a li/ ( ^? to :i* x does apply2 & ?us a great numb] ( sub/ances ( all k9ds become gr\p$ toge!r1 9 a class l9k$ by ?is common prop]ty4 ,if we exam9e ! individuals ( ?is gr\p1 we f9d among !m ! utmo/ v>iety ( col\r1 texture1 weight1 h>dness1 =m & composition2 s t1 9 ^! respects1 we seem to h fall5 ^u an assemblage ( contr>ies4 ,b :5 we come to exam9e !m closely1 9 all _! prop]ties1 we f9d !y h all "o po9t ( agreem5t1 9 ! prop]ty ( d\ble refraction1 7see page #cj47 & !re=e we may describe !m all truly z d\bly refract+ sub/ances4 ,we may1 !re=e1 /ate ! fact 9 ! =m1 8,d\bly refract+ sub/ances exhibit p]iodical col\rs by exposure to pol>iz$ light20 & 9 ?is =m x is f\nd1 on fur!r exam9ation1 to be true1 n only = ^? p>ticul> in/ances :i* we _h 9 view :5 we fir/ prop\nd$ x1 b 9 all cases :i* h s9ce occurr$ on fur!r enquiry1 )\t a s+le exception2 s t ! proposition is g5]al1 & entitl$ to be reg>d$ z a law ( nature4 7#ia47 ,we may !re=e reg>d a law ( nature ei!r1 #a/1 z a g5]al proposition1 ann\nc+1 9 ab/ract t]ms1 a :ole gr\p ( p>ticul> facts relat+ to ! behavi\r ( natural ag5ts 9 propos$ circum/ances2 or1 #b;dly1 z a proposition ann\nc+ t a :ole class ( individuals agree+ 9 "o "* agree also 9 ano!r4 ,= example3 9 ! case be=e u1 ! law arriv$ at includes1 9 its g5]al ann\ncem5t1 among o!rs1 ! p>ticul> facts1 t rock cry/al & saltpetre exhibit p]iodical col\rs2 = ^! are bo? ( !m d\bly refract+ sub/ances4 ,or1 x may be reg>d$ z ann\nc+ a relation betwe5 ! two ph5om5a ( d\ble refraction1 & ! exhibition ( p]iodical col\rs2 :i* 9 ! actual case is "o ( ! mo/ important1 viz4 ! relation ( con/ant association1 inasmu* z x ass]ts t 9 :atev] individual ! "o "* is f\nd1 ! o!r w inv>iably be f\nd also4 7#ib47 ,^! two lights1 9 :i* ! ann\ncem5t ( a g5]al law may be reg>d$1 ?\gh at bottom !y come to ! same ?+1 yet diff] widely 9 _! influ5ce on our m9ds4 ,! =m] exhibits a law z little m ?an a k9d ( artificial memory2 b 9 ! latt] x becomes a /ep 9 philosophical inve/igation1 lead+ directly to ! consid]ation ( a proximate1 if n an ultimate1 cause2 inasmu* z1 :5ev] two ph5om5a are obs]v$ to be inv>iably connect$ toge!r1 we conclude !m to be relat$ to ea* o!r1 ei!r z cause & effect1 or z common effects ( a s+le cause4 7#ic47 ,!re is /ill ano!r light 9 :i* we may reg>d a law ( ! k9d 9 "q1 viz4 z a proposition ass]t+ ! mutual connection1 or 9 "s cases ! entire id5tity1 ( two classes ( individuals 7:e!r individual objects or individual facts72 & ?is is1 p]haps1 ! simple/ & mo/ in/ructive way 9 :i* x c be conceiv$1 & t :i* furni%es ! readie/ h&le to fur!r g5]alization 9 ! rais+ ( yet high] axioms4 ,= example3 9 ! case above m5tion$1 if obs]vation _h enabl$ u to e/abli% ! exi/5ce ( a class ( bodies possess+ ! prop]ty ( d\ble refraction1 & obs]vations ( ano!r k9d _h1 indep5d5tly ( ! =m]1 l$ z to recognize a class possess+ t ( ! exhibition ( p]iodical col\rs 9 pol>iz$ light1 a m]e comp>ison ( li/s w\ld at once demon/rate ! id5tity ( ! two classes1 or enable u to asc]ta9 :e!r "o 0 or 0 n includ$ 9 ! o!r4 7#id47 ,x is ?us we p]ceive ! high importance 9 physical sci5ce ( j & accurate classifications ( p>ticul> facts1 or individual objects1 "u g5]al well consid]$ heads or po9ts ( agreem5t 7= :i* !re are none bett] adapt$ ?an ! simple ph5om5a !mselves into :i* !y c be analys$ 9 ! fir/ in/ance72 = by s do+ ea* ( su* ph5om5a1 or heads ( classification1 becomes n a p>ticul> b a g5]al fact2 & :5 we h amass$ a great /ore ( su* g5]al facts1 !y become ! objects ( ano!r & high] species ( classification1 & are !mselves includ$ 9 laws :i*1 z !y dispose ( gr\ps1 n individuals1 h a f> sup]ior degree ( g5]ality1 till at l5g?1 by cont9u+ ! process1 we arrive at axioms ( ! highe/ degree ( g5]ality ( :i* sci5ce is capable4 7#ie47 ,?is process is :at we mean by induction2 &1 f :at has be5 said1 x appe>s t induction may be c>ri$ on 9 two diff]5t ways1--ei!r by ! simple juxta-position & comp>ison ( asc]ta9$ classes1 & m>k+ _! agreem5ts & disagreem5ts2 or by consid]+ ! individuals ( a class1 & ca/+ ab\t1 z x 7 to f9d 9 :at p>ticul> !y all agree1 besides t :i* s]ves z _! pr9ciple ( classification4 ,ei!r ( ^! me?ods may be put 9 practice z "o or ! o!r may af=d facilities 9 any case2 b x w naturally happ5 t1 :]e facts are num]\s1 well obs]v$1 & me?odically arrang$1 ! =m] w be m applicable ?an 9 ! contr>y case3 ! "o is bett] adapt$ to ! maturity1 ! o!r to ! infancy1 ( sci5ce3 ! "o employs1 z an eng9e1 ! division ( lab\r2 ! o!r ma9ly relies on individual p5etration1 & requires a union ( _m bran*es ( k 9 "o p]son4 ,,*ap4 ,,iii4 ,,( ,,! ,,/ate ,,( ,,physical ,,sci5ce ,,9 ,,g5]al1 ,,previ\s ,,to ,,! ,,age ,,( ,,galileo ,,& ,,bacon4 7#if47 ,x is to our immortal c\ntryman ,bacon t we owe ! broad ann\ncem5t ( ?is gr& & f]tile pr9ciple2 & ! developem5t ( ! idea1 t ! :ole ( natural philosophy consi/s entirely ( a s]ies ( inductive g5]alizations1 comm5c+ ) ! mo/ circum/antially /at$ p>ticul>s1 & c>ri$ up to univ]sal laws1 or axioms1 :i* compreh5d 9 _! /atem5ts e subord9ate degree ( g5]ality1 & ( a correspond+ s]ies ( inv]t$ reason+ f g5]als to p>ticul>s1 by :i* ^! axioms are trac$ back into _! remote/ consequ5ces1 & all p>ticul> propositions d$uc$ f !m2 z well ^? by ^: imm$iate consid]ation we rose to _! discov]y1 z ^? ( :i* we _h no previ\s k4 ,9 ! c\rse ( ?is desc5t to p>ticul>s1 we mu/ ( necessity enc\nt] all ^? facts on :i* ! arts & works t t5d to ! accommodation ( human life dep5d1 & acquire !reby ! comm& ( an unlimit$ practice1 & a disposal ( ! p[]s ( nature co-ext5sive ) ^? p[]s !mselves4 ,a noble promise1 inde$1 & "o :i* ought1 surely1 to animate u to ! highe/ ex]tion ( our faculties2 especially s9ce we h already su* conv9c+ pro( t x is nei!r va9 nor ra%1 b1 on ! contr>y1 has be51 & cont9ues to be1 fulfill$1 ) a promptness & lib]ality :i* ev5 its illu/ri\s au?or 9 8 mo/ sangu9e mood w\ld h h>dly v5tur$ to anticipate4 7#ig47 ,previ\s to ! publication ( ! ,novum ,organum ( ,bacon1 natural philosophy1 9 any legitimate & ext5sive s5se ( ! ^w1 c\ld h>dly be said to exi/4 ,among ! ,greek philosoph]s1 ( ^: atta9m5ts 9 sci5ce alone1 9 ! e>li] ages ( ! _w1 we h any positive k1 & t b a v limit$ "o1 we are /ruck ) ! rem>kable contra/ betwe5 _! p[]s ( acute & subtle disputation1 _! extraord9>y success 9 ab/ract reason+1 & _! intimate famili>ity ) subjects purely intellectual1 on ! "o h&2 &1 on ! o!r1 ) _! loose & c>eless consid]ation ( ext]nal nature1 _! grossly illogical d$uctions ( pr9ciples ( sweep+ g5]ality f few & ill-obs]v$ facts1 9 "s cases2 & _! reckless assumption ( ab/ract pr9ciples hav+ no f\ndation b 9 _! own imag9ations1 9 o!rs2 m]e =ms ( words1 ) no?+ correspond+ to !m 9 nature1 f :i*1 z f ma!matical def9itions1 po/ulates1 & axioms1 !y imag9$ t all ph5om5a c\ld be d]iv$1 all ! laws ( nature d$uc$4 ,?us1 = in/ance1 hav+ settl$ x 9 _! own m9ds1 t a circle is ! mo/ p]fect ( figures1 !y conclud$1 ( c\rse1 t ! movem5ts ( ! heav5ly bodies mu/ all be p]=m$ 9 exact circles1 & ) uni=m motions2 & :5 ! pla9e/ obs]vation demon/rat$ ! contr>y1 in/ead ( d\bt+ ! pr9ciple1 !y saw no bett] way ( gett+ out ( ! difficulty ?an by hav+ rec\rse to endless comb9ations ( circul> motions to pres]ve _! ideal p]fection4 7#ih47 ,und\bt$ly among ! ,greek philosoph]s 7 _m m5 ( transc5d5t tal5ts & virtues1 ! ornam5ts ( _! species1 & ju/ly entitl$ to ! v5]ation ( all po/]ity2 b reg>d$ z a body !y c h>dly be consid]$ o!rwise ?an z a knot ( disputati\s c&idates = popul> fav\r1 too busy 9 ma9ta9+ _! asc5d5cy ov] _! foll[]s & admir]s1 by an o/5tati\s display ( sup]ior k1 to h ! leisure 7_h !y always ! incl9ation7 to base _! pret5sions on a deep & sure f\ndation1 & yet too s5sible ( ! disgrace & inconv5i5ce ( failure1 n to def5d _! dogmas1 h[ev] %all[1 :5 once promulgat$1 aga9/ _! ke5 & sagaci\s oppon5ts1 by e art ( sophism or appeal to passion4 ,h5ce ! crudities & *im]ical views ) :i* _! sy/ems ( philosophy1 bo? natural & moral1 7 ov]load$2 _! endless disputes ab\t v]bal subtleties1 &1 la/ & wor/1 ! pr\d assumption ) :i* !y %elt]$ ignorance & indol5ce "u ! scre5 ( un9telligible j>gon or dogmatical ass]tion4 ,p]haps1 h[ev]1 ?is "* applies r to ! lat] ?an to ! e>li] ( ! ,greek philosoph]s4 ,! _s ( rational enquiry into nature seems1 if we c judge f ! unc]ta9 & (t5 contradictory notices h&$ d[n to u ( _! t5ets1 to h be5 f> m alive1 & less w>p$ by ?is va9 & arrogant turn1 !n ?an at a lat] p]iod4 ,we "k n n[ :at 0 ! precise mean+ atta*$ by ,?ales to 8 op9ion1 t wat] 0 ! orig9 ( all ?+s2 b mod]n geologi/s w n be at a loss to conceive h[ an obs]vant travell] might become impress$ ) ?is notion1 )\t hav+ rec\rse to ! my/ic records ( ,egypt or ,*aldea4 ,8 ideas ( eclipses & ( ! nature ( ! moon 7 s\nd2 & 8 pr$iction ( an eclipse ( ! sun1 9 p>ticul>1 0 att5d$ ) circum/ances s rem>kable z to h made x a matt] ( important inve/igation to mod]n a/ronom]s4 ,anaxagoras1 among a numb] ( crude & imp]fectly expla9$ notions1 speculat$ rationally en\gh on ! cause ( ! w9ds & ( ! ra9b[1 & less absurdly on e>?quakes ?an _m mod]n geologi/s h done1 & appe>s g5]ally to h _h 8 att5tion alive to nature1 & 8 m9d op5 to j reason+ on its ph5om5a2 :ile ,py?agoras1 :e!r he reason$ x out = himself1 or borr[$ ! notion f ,egypt or ,india1 _h atta9$ a j conception ( ! g5]al disposition ( ! p>ts ( ! sol> sy/em1 & ! place held by ! e>? 9 x2 nay1 accord+ to "s acc\nts1 _h ev5 rais$ 8 views s f> z to speculate on ! attraction ( ! sun z ! bond ( its union4 7#ii47 ,b ! successors ( ^! bon fide enquir]s into nature debas$ ! /&>d ( tru?2 &1 tak+ advantage ( ! cr$it ju/ly atta*$ to _! discov]ies1 r5\nc$ ! mode/ "* ( le>n]s1 & erect$ !mselves into tea*]s1 &1 to ma9ta9 _! pret5sions to ?is "*1 adopt$ ! tone ( m5 :o _h no?+ fur!r to le>n4 ,un=tunately = true sci5ce1 ! national "* gave e enc\ragem5t to pret5sions ( ?is k9d4 ,t re/less crav+ aft] novelty1 :i* di/+ui%$ ! ,greeks 9 _! civil & political relations1 pursu$ !m into _! philosophy4 ,:atev] speculations 7 only +5i\s & new _h irresi/ible *>ms2 & ! tea*] :o c\ld embody a clev] ?\ght 9 elegant language1 or at once save 8 foll[]s & himself ! tr\ble ( ?9k+ or reason+1 by bold ass]tion1 0 too (t5 induc$ to acquire *eaply ! reputation ( sup]ior k1 snat* a few sup]ficial notions f ! mo/ ord9>y & obvi\s facts1 envelope !m 9 a p>ade ( ab/ruse words1 decl>e !m ! prim>y & ultimate pr9ciples ( all ?+s1 & d5\nce z absurd & impi\s all op9ions oppos$ to 8 own4 7#ajj47 ,9 ?is w> ( words ! /udy ( nature 0 neglect$1 & an humble & pati5t enquiry aft] facts altoge!r despis$1 z unwor?y ( ! high priori gr\nd a true philosoph] ought to take4 ,x 0 ! radical error ( ! ,greek philosophy to imag9e t ! same me?od :i* prov$ s em95tly successful 9 ma!matical1 w\ld be equally s 9 physical1 enquiries1 & t1 by sett+ out f a few simple & almo/ self-evid5t notions1 or axioms1 e ?+ c\ld be reason$ out4 ,accord+ly1 we f9d !m con/antly /ra9+ _! inv5tion to discov] ^! pr9ciples1 :i* 7 to prove s pregnant4 ,"o makes fire ! ess5tial matt] & orig9 ( ! univ]se2 ano!r1 air2 a ?ird1 discov]s ! key to e difficulty1 & ! explanation ( all ph5om5a1 9 ! 8 0 or inf9itude ( ?+s2 a f\r?1 9 ! & ! 1 t is to say1 9 entity & non5tity2--till at l5g? an au?ority1 :i* 0 de/9$ to comm& op9ions = ne>ly two ?\s& ye>s1 settl$ ?is important po9t1 by decid+1 t matt]1 =m1 & privation1 7 to be consid]$ ! pr9ciples ( all ?+s4 7#aja47 ,x 7 to d inju/ice to ,ari/otle1 h[ev]1 to judge ( him by su* a sample ( 8 philosophy4 ,he1 at lea/1 saw ! necessity ( hav+ rec\rse to nature = some?+ l pr9ciples ( physical sci5ce2 &1 z an obs]v]1 a collector & record] ( facts & ph5om5a1 /ood )\t an equal 9 8 age4 ,x 0 ! fault ( t age1 & ( ! p]v]se & flimsy /yle ( v]bal disputation :i* _h infect$ all le>n+1 r ?an 8 own1 t he all[$ himself to be cont5t$ ) vague & loose notions drawn f g5]al & vulg> obs]vation1 9 place ( seek+ c>efully1 9 well arrang$ & ?or\ghly consid]$ in/ances1 = ! true laws ( nature4 ,8 volum9\s works1 on e dep>tm5t ( human k exi/+ 9 8 "t1 h ne>ly all p]i%$4 ,f 8 "w on animals1 :i* has desc5d$ to u1 we are1 h[ev]1 enabl$ to appreciate 8 p[]s ( obs]vation2 & a p>allel drawn by an em95t ,ox=d pr(essor betwe5 8 classifications & ^? ( ! mo/ illu/ri\s ( liv+ naturali/s1 %[s him to h atta9$ a view ( animat$ nature 9 a rem>kable degree compreh5sive1 & :i* contra/s /rik+ly ) ! confusion1 vagu5ess1 & assumption ( 8 physical op9ions & dogmas4 ,9 ^! x is easy to recognize a m9d n at home1 & an impression ( ! necessity ( say+ some?+ le>n$ & sy/ematic1 )\t kn[+ :at to say4 ,?us he divides motions into natural & unnatural2 ! natural motion ( fire & light bodies be+ upw>ds1 ^? ( heavy d[nw>ds1 ea* seek+ its k9dr$ nature 9 ! heav5s & ! e>?4 ,?us1 too1 ! imm$iate impressions made on u by ext]nal objects1 su* z h>dness1 col\r1 heat1 c4 are ref]r$ at once1 9 ! ,ari/otelian philosophy1 to occult qualities1 9 virtue ( :i* !y are z !y are1 & beyond :i* x is useless to enquire4#cj ,( c\rse !re w occur a limit beyond :i* x is useless = m]ely human faculties to enquire2 b :]e t limit is plac$1 exp]i5ce alone c tea* u2 & at lea/ to ass]t t we h atta9$ x1 is n[ univ]sally recogniz$ z ! sure crit]ion ( dogmatism4 7#ajb47 ,9 ! e>ly ages ( ! *ur* ! writ+s ( ,ari/otle 7 condemn$1 z all[+ too mu* to reason & s5se2 & ev5 s late z ! twelf? c5tury !y 7 s\ght out & burn$1 & _! read]s excommunicat$4 ,by degrees1 h[ev]1 ! extreme inju/ice ( ?is impea*m5t ( _! "* 0 ackn[l$g$3 !y became ! fav\rite /udy ( ! s*oolm51 & furni%$ ! ke5e/ weapons ( _! controv]sy1 be+ appeal$ to 9 all disputes z ( sov]eign au?ority2 s t ! slighte/ diss5t f any op9ion ( ! 8great ma/]10 h[ev] absurd or un9telligible1 0 at once dr[n$ by clam\r1 or sil5c$ by ! /ill m effectual argum5t ( bitt] p]secution4 ,if ! logic ( t gloomy p]iod c\ld be ju/ly describ$ z 8! art ( talk+ un9telligibly on matt]s ( :i* we are ignorant10 its physics might1 ) equal tru?1 be summ$ up 9 a delib]ate pref]5ce ( ignorance to k1 9 matt]s ( e day's exp]i5ce & use4 7#ajc47 ,9 8?is opake ( nature & ( s\l10 ! p]v]se activity ( ! al*emi/s f "t to "t /ruck out a d\btful sp>k#ca2 & our illu/ri\s c\ntryman1 ,rog] ,bacon1 %one out at ! obscure/ mom5t1 l an e>ly /> pr$ict+ dawn4 ,x 0 n1 h[ev]1 till ! sixte5? c5tury t ! light ( nature began to break =? ) a regul> & progressive increase4 ,! vaunts ( ,p>acelsus ( ! p[] ( 8 *emical rem$ies & elixirs1 & 8 op5 condemnation ( ! anci5t ph>macy1 back$ z !y 7 by _m surpris+ cures1 conv9c$ all rational physicians t *emi/ry c\ld furni% _m excell5t rem$ies1 unkn[n till t "t#cb1 & a numb] ( valuable exp]im5ts began to be made by physicians & *emi/s1 desir\s ( discov]+ & describ+ new *emical rem$ies4 ,! *emical & metallurgic arts1 ex]cis$ by p]sons empirically acqua9t$ ) _! secrets1 began to be s]i\sly /udi$ ) a view to ! acquisition ( rational & useful k1 & regul> treatises on bran*es ( natural sci5ce at l5g? to appe>4 ,george ,agricola1 9 p>ticul>1 devot$ himself ) ard\r to ! /udy ( m9]alogy & metallurgy 9 ! m9+ di/ricts ( ,bohemia & ,s*emnitz1 & publi%$ copi\s & me?odical acc\nts ( all ! facts )9 8 k3 & our c\ntryman1 ,dr4 ,gilb]t ( ,col*e/]1 9 #aeij1 publi%$ a treatise on magnetism1 full ( valuable facts & exp]im5ts1 +5i\sly reason$ on2 & he likewise ext5d$ 8 enquiries to a v>iety ( o!r subjects1 9 p>ticul> to electricity4 7#ajd47 ,b1 z ! decisive m>k ( a great comm5c+ *ange 9 ! direction ( ! human faculties1 a/ronomy1 ! only sci5ce 9 :i* ! anci5ts _h made any real progress1 & asc5d$ to any ?+ l l>ge & g5]al conceptions1 began once m to be /udi$ 9 ! be/ _s ( a c&id philosophy2 & ! ,cop]nican or ,py?agorean sy/em arose or reviv$1 & rapidly ga9$ advocates4 ,galileo at l5g? appe>$1 & op5ly attack$ & refut$ ! ,ari/otelian dogmas respect+ motion1 by direct appeal to ! evid5ce ( s5se1 & by exp]im5ts ( ! mo/ conv9c+ k9d4 ,! p]secutions :i* su* a /ep drew ^u him1 ! record ( 8 p]sev]ance & suff]+s1 & ! ultimate triumph ( 8 op9ions & reason+s1 h be5 too lately & too well relat$#cc to require repetition "h4 7#aje47 ,by ! discov]ies ( ,cop]nicus1 ,kepl]1 & ,galileo1 ! errors ( ! ,ari/otelian philosophy 7 effectually ov]turn$ on a pla9 appeal to ! facts ( nature2 b x rema9$ to %[ on broad & g5]al pr9ciples1 h[ & :y ,ari/otle 0 9 ! wrong2 to set 9 evid5ce ! peculi> weakness ( 8 me?od ( philosophiz+1 & to sub/itute 9 its place a /rong] & bett]4 ,?is important task 0 execut$ by ,francis ,bacon1 ,"l ,v]ulam1 :o w1 !re=e1 ju/ly be look$ ^u 9 all future ages z ! great re=m] ( philosophy1 ?\gh 8 own actual contributions to ! /ock ( physical tru?s 7 small1 & 8 ideas ( p>ticul> po9ts /rongly t9ctur$ ) mi/akes & errors1 :i* 7 ! fault r ( ! g5]al want ( physical in=mation ( ! age ?an ( any n>r[ness ( view on 8 own "p2 & ( ?is he 0 fully aw>e4 ,x has be5 attempt$ by "s to less5 ! m]it ( ?is great a*ievem5t1 by %[+ t ! inductive me?od _h be5 practis$ 9 _m in/ances1 bo? anci5t & mod]n1 by ! m]e in/9ct ( mank9d2 b x is n ! introduction ( inductive reason+1 z a new & hi!rto untri$ process1 :i* *>act]izes ! ,baconian philosophy1 b 8 ke5 p]ception1 & 8 broad & _s-/irr+1 almo/ en?usia/ic1 ann\ncem5t ( its p>am\nt importance1 z ! alpha & omega ( sci5ce1 z ! gr& & only *a9 = ! l9k+ toge!r ( physical tru?s1 & ! ev5tual key to e discov]y & e application4 ,^? :o w\ld d5y him 8 j glory on su* gr\nds w\ld refuse to ,j5n] or to ,h[>d _! civic cr[ns1 because a few f>m]s 9 a remote prov9ce _h1 "t out ( m9d1 be5 acqua9t$ ) vacc9ation1 or philan?ropi/s1 9 all ages1 _h occasionally visit$ ! prison] 9 8 dungeon4 7#ajf47 ,an imm5se impulse 0 n[ giv5 to sci5ce1 & x seem$ z if ! g5ius ( mank9d1 long p5t up1 _h at l5g? ru%$ eag]ly ^u ,nature1 & comm5c$1 ) "o accord1 ! great "w ( turn+ up h] hi!rto unbrok5 soil1 & expos+ ! treasures s long conceal$4 ,a g5]al s5se n[ prevail$ ( ! pov]ty & insuffici5cy ( exi/+ k 9 matt]s ( fact2 &1 z in=mation fl[$ fa/ 91 an era ( excitem5t & wond] comm5c$1 to :i* ! annals ( mank9d _h furni%$ no?+ simil>4 ,x seem$1 too1 z if ,nature h]self second$ ! impulse2 &1 :ile %e suppli$ new & extraord9>y aids to ^? s5ses :i* 7 h5ce=? to be ex]cis$ 9 h] inve/igation1--:ile ! telescope & ! microscope laid op5 ! inf9ite 9 bo? directions1--z if to call att5tion to h] wond]s1 & signalize ! epo*1 %e display$ ! r>e/1 ! mo/ spl5did & my/]i\s1 ( all a/ronomical ph5om5a1 ! appe>ance & subsequ5t total ext9ction ( a new & brilliant fix$ /> twice )9 ! lifetime ( ,galileo himself4#cd 7#ajg47 ,! imm$iate foll[]s ( ,bacon & ,galileo ransack$ all nature = new & surpris+ facts1 ) some?+ ( t crav+ = ! m>vell\s1 :i* might be reg>d$ z a remnant ( ! age ( al*emy & natural magic1 b :i*1 "u prop] regulation1 is a mo/ p[]ful & useful /imulus to exp]im5tal enquiry4 ,boyle1 9 p>ticul>1 seem$ animat$ by an en?usiasm ( ard\r1 :i* hurri$ him f subject to subject1 & f exp]im5t to exp]im5t1 )\t a mom5t's int]mission1 & ) a sort ( undi/+ui%+ appetite2 :ile ,hooke 7! great contempor>y1 & almo/ ! wor?y rival1 ( ,newton7 c>ri$ a ke5] eye ( scrut9iz+ reason into a range ( rese>* ev5 yet m ext5sive4 ,z facts multipli$1 lead+ ph5om5a became prom95t1 laws began to em]ge1 & g5]alizations to comm5ce2 & s rapid 0 ! c>e] ( discov]y1 s signal ! triumph ( ! inductive philosophy1 t a s+le g5]ation & ! ef=ts ( a s+le m9d suffic$ = ! e/abli%m5t ( ! sy/em ( ! univ]se1 on a basis nev] aft] to be %ak54 7#ajh47 ,we %all n[ endeav\r to enum]ate & expla9 9 detail ! pr9cipal /eps by :i* legitimate & ext5sive inductions are arriv$ at1 & ! processes by :i* ! m9d1 9 ! inve/igation ( natural laws1 purges itself by successive degrees ( ! sup]fluities & incumbrances :i* hang ab\t p>ticul>s1 & obscure ! p]ception ( _! po9ts ( resemblance & connection4 ,we %all /ate ! helps :i* may be af=d$ u1 9 a "w ( s mu* ?\ght & lab\r1 by a me?odical c\rse ( proce$+1 & by a c>eful notice ( ^? means :i* h at any "t be5 f\nd successful1 ) a view to _! bett] und]/&+ & adaptation to o!r cases3 a species ( m5tal induction ( no mean utility & ext5t 9 itself2 inasmu* z by pursu+ x alone we c atta9 a m intimate k ?an we actually possess ( ! laws :i* regulate our discov]y ( tru?1 & ( ! rules1 s f> z !y ext5d1 to :i* inv5tion is r$ucible4 ,9 do+ ?is1 we %all comm5ce at ! beg9n+1 ) exp]i5ce itself1 consid]$ z ! accumulation ( ! k ( individual objects & facts4 ,,*ap4 ,,iv4 ,,( ,,! ,,obs]vation ,,( ,,facts ,,& ,,! ,,collection ,,( ,,in/ances4 7#aji47 ,nature (f]s u two sorts ( subjects ( contemplation 9 ! ext]nal _w1--objects1 & _! mutual actions4 ,b1 aft] :at has be5 said on ! subject ( s5sation1 ! read] w be at no loss to p]ceive t we "k no?+ ( ! objects !mselves :i* compose ! univ]se1 except ?r\gh ! m$ium ( ! impressions !y excite 9 u1 :i* impressions are ! results ( c]ta9 actions & processes 9 :i* s5sible objects & ! mat]ial p>ts ( ourselves are directly conc]n$4 ,?us1 our obs]vation ( ext]nal nature is limit$ to ! mutual action ( mat]ial objects on "o ano!r2 & to facts1 t is1 ! associations ( ph5om5a or appe>ances4 ,we ga9 no in=mation by p]ceiv+ m]ely t an object is black2 b if we also p]ceive x to be fluid1 we at lea/ acquire ! k t blackness is n incompatible ) fluidity1 & h ?us made a /ep1 h[ev] trifl+1 to a k ( ! m intimate nature ( ^! two qualities4 ,:5ev]1 !re=e1 we w\ld ei!r analyse a ph5om5on into simpl] ones1 or asc]ta9 :at is ! c\rse or law ( nature "u any propos$ g5]al cont+5cy1 ! fir/ /ep is to accumulate a suffici5t quantity ( well asc]ta9$ facts or record$ in/ances1 be>+ on ! po9t 9 "q4 ,common s5se dictates ?is1 z af=d+ u ! means ( exam9+ ! same subject 9 sev]al po9ts ( view2 & x w\ld also dictate1 t ! m diff]5t ^! collect$ facts are 9 all o!r circum/ances b t :i* =ms ! subject ( enquiry1 ! bett]2 because !y are !n 9 "s sort br\ght into contra/ ) "o ano!r 9 _! po9ts ( disagreem5t1 & ?us t5d to r5d] ^? 9 :i* !y agree m prom95t & /rik+4 7#aaj47 ,! only facts :i* c ev] become useful z gr\nds ( physical enquiry are ^? :i* happ5 uni=mly & inv>iably "u ! same circum/ances4 ,?is is evid5t3 = if !y h n ?is "* !y _c be includ$ 9 laws2 !y want t univ]sality :i* fits !m to ent] z elem5t>y p>ticles into ! con/itution ( ^? univ]sal axioms :i* we aim at discov]+4 ,if "o & ! same result does n con/antly happ5 "u a giv5 comb9ation ( circum/ances1 app>5tly ! same1 "o ( two ?+s mu/ be suppos$1--caprice 7i4 e4 ! arbitr>y int]v5tion ( m5tal ag5cy71 or diff]5ces 9 ! circum/ances !mselves1 really exi/+1 b unobs]v$ by u4 ,9 ei!r case1 ?\gh we may record su* facts z curiosities1 or z await+ explanation :5 ! diff]5ce ( circum/ances %all be und]/ood1 we c make no use ( !m 9 sci5tific enquiry4 ,h5ce1 :5ev] we notice a rem>kable effect ( any k9d1 our fir/ "q ought to be1 ,c x be reproduc$8 ,:at are ! circum/ances "u :i* x has happ5$8 ,& w x always happ5 aga9 if ^? circum/ances1 s f> z we h be5 able to collect !m1 co-exi/8 7#aaa47 ,! circum/ances1 !n1 :i* accompany any obs]v$ fact1 are ma9 features 9 its obs]vation1 at lea/ until x is asc]ta9$ by suffici5t exp]i5ce :at circum/ances h no?+ to d ) x1 & might !re=e h be5 left unobs]v$ )\t sacrific+ ! fact4 ,9 obs]v+ & record+ a fact1 !re=e1 altoge!r new1 we ought n to omit any circum/ance capable ( be+ not$1 le/ "s "o ( ! omitt$ circum/ances %\ld be ess5tially connect$ ) ! fact1 & its omission %\ld1 !re=e1 r$uce ! impli$ /atem5t ( a law ( nature to ! m]e record ( an hi/orical ev5t4 ,= in/ance1 9 ! fall ( meteoric /ones1 fla%es ( fire are se5 proce$+ f a cl\d1 & a l\d rattl+ noise l ?und] is he>d4 ,^! circum/ances1 & ! sudd5 /roke & de/ruction ensu+1 long caus$ !m to be conf\nd$ ) an effect ( lightn+1 & call$ ?und]bolts4 ,b "o circum/ance is en\gh to m>k ! diff]5ce3 ! fla% & s\nd h be5 p]ceiv$ occasionally to emanate f a v small cl\d insulat$ 9 a cle> sky2 a comb9ation ( circum/ances :i* nev] happ5s 9 a ?und] /orm1 b :i* is und\bt$ly intimately connect$ ) _! real orig94 7#aab47 ,record$ obs]vation consi/s ( two di/9ct p>ts3 #a/1 an exact notice ( ! ?+ obs]v$1 & ( all ! p>ticul>s :i* may be suppos$ to h any natural connection ) x2 &1 #b;dly1 a true & fai?ful record ( !m4 ,z our s5ses are ! only inlets by :i* we receive impressions ( facts1 we mu/ take c>e1 9 obs]v+1 to h !m all 9 activity1 & to let no?+ escape notice :i* affects any "o ( !m4 ,?us1 if lightn+ 7 to /rike ! h\se we inhabit1 we ought to notice :at k9d ( light we saw--:e!r a %eet ( flame1 a d>t+ sp>k1 or a brok5 zig-zag2 9 :at direction mov+1 to :at objects adh]+1 its col\r1 its duration1 c42 :at s\nds 7 he>d--explosive1 cra%+1 rattl+1 mom5t>y1 or gradually increas+ & fad+1 c42 :e!r any smell ( fire 0 p]ceptible1 & if sulphure\s1 metallic1 or su* z w\ld arise m]ely f sub/ances scor*$ by ! fla%1 c42 :e!r we felt any %ock1 /roke1 or peculi> s5sation1 or exp]i5c$ any /range ta/e 9 our m\?s4 ,!n1 besides detail+ ! effects ( ! /roke1 all ! circum/ances :i* might 9 any degree seem likely to attract1 produce1 or modify x1 su* z ! pres5ce ( conductors1 neighb\r+ objects1 ! /ate ( ! atmosph]e1 ! b>omet]1 !rmomet]1 c41 & ! disposition ( ! cl\ds1 %\ld be not$2 & aft] all ?is p>ticul>ity1 ! "q h[ ! h\se came to be /ruck8 might ultimately dep5d on ! fact t a fla% ( lightn+ tw5ty miles (f pass$ at t p>ticul> mom5t f ! gr\nd to ! cl\ds1 by an effect ( :at has be5 t]m$ ! return+ /roke4 7#aac47 ,a writ] 9 ! ,ed9burgh ,philosophical ,j\rnal#ce /ates himself to h be5 l$ into a s]ies ( inve/igations on ! *emical nature ( a peculi> acid1 by notic+1 accid5tally1 a bitt] ta/e 9 a liquid ab\t to be ?r[n away4 ,*emi/ry is full ( su* incid5ts4 7#aad47 ,9 transi5t ph5om5a1 if ! numb] ( p>ticul>s be great1 & ! "t to obs]ve !m %ort1 we mu/ consult our memory be=e !y h _h "t to fade1 or refre% x by plac+ ourselves z ne>ly z possible 9 ! same circum/ances aga92 g back to ! spot1 = in/ance1 & try ! words ( our /atem5t by appeal to all rema9+ indications1 c4 ,?is is mo/ especially necess>y :]e we h n obs]v$ ourselves1 b only collect & record ! obs]vations ( o!rs1 p>ticul>ly ( illit]ate or prejudic$ p]sons1 on any r>e ph5om5on1 su* z ! pass+ ( a great meteor1--! fall ( a /one f ! sky1--! %ock ( an e>?quake1--an extraord9>y hail/orm1 c4 7#aae47 ,9 all cases :i* admit ( num]ation or measurem5t1 x is ( ! utmo/ consequ5ce to obta9 precise num]ical /atem5ts1 :e!r 9 ! measure ( "t1 space1 or quantity ( any k9d4 ,to omit ?is1 is1 9 ! fir/ place1 to expose ourselves to illusions ( s5se :i* may lead to ! grosse/ errors4 ,?us1 9 alp9e c\ntries1 we are con/antly deceiv$ 9 heights & di/ances2 & :5 we h ov]come ! fir/ impression :i* leads u to "u-e/imate !m1 we are !n h>dly less apt to run into ! opposite extreme4 ,b x is n m]ely 9 pres]v+ u f exagg]at$ impressions t num]ical precision is desirable4 ,x is ! v s\l ( sci5ce2 & its atta9m5t af=ds ! only crit]ion1 or at lea/ ! be/1 ( ! tru? ( !ories1 & ! correctness ( exp]im5ts4 ,?us1 x 0 entirely to ! omission ( exact num]ical det]m9ations ( quantity t ! mi/akes & confusion ( ! ,/ahlian *emi/ry 7 attributable1--a confusion :i* dissipat$ l a morn+ mi/ z soon z precision1 9 ?is respect1 came to be reg>d$ z ess5tial4 ,*emi/ry is 9 ! mo/ pre-em95t degree a sci5ce ( quantity2 & to enum]ate ! discov]ies :i* h aris5 9 x1 f ! m]e det]m9ation ( weights & measures1 w\ld be ne>ly to give a synopsis ( ?is bran* ( k4 ,we ne$ only m5tion ! law ( def9ite proportions1 :i* fixes ! composition ( e body 9 nature 9 det]m9ate proportional weights ( its +r$i5ts4 7#aaf47 ,inde$1 x is a "* ( all ! high] laws ( nature to assume ! =m ( precise quantitative /atem5t4 ,?us1 ! law ( gravitation1 ! mo/ univ]sal tru? at :i* human reason has yet arriv$1 expresses n m]ely ! g5]al fact ( ! mutual attraction ( all matt]2 n m]ely ! vague /atem5t t its influ5ce decreases z ! di/ance increases1 b ! exact num]ical rate at :i* t decrease takes place2 s t :5 its am\nt is kn[n at any "o di/ance x may be calculat$ exactly = any o!r4 ,?us1 too1 ! laws ( cry/allography1 :i* limit ! =ms assum$ by natural sub/ances1 :5 left to _! own inh]5t p[]s ( aggregation1 to precise geometrical figures1 ) fix$ angles & proportions1 h ! same ess5tial "* ( /rict ma!matical expression1 )\t :i* no exact p>ticul> conclusions c\ld ev] be drawn f !m4 7#aag47 ,b1 to arrive at laws ( ?is description1 x is evid5t t e /ep ( our enquiry mu/ be p]fectly free f ! slighte/ degree ( loos5ess & indecision1 & c>ry ) x ! full =ce ( /rict num]ical ann\ncem5t2 & t1 !re=e1 ! obs]vations !mselves on :i* all laws ultimately re/ ought to h ! same prop]ty4 ,none ( our s5ses1 h[ev]1 gives u direct in=mation = ! exact comp>ison ( quantity4 ,numb]1 inde$1 t is to say1 integ] numb]1 is an object ( s5se1 because we c c\nt2 b we c nei!r weigh1 measure1 nor =m any precise e/imate ( fractional p>ts by ! unassi/$ s5ses4 ,sc>cely any man c\ld tell ! diff]5ce betwe5 tw5ty p\nds & ! same weight increas$ or dim9i%$ by a few ounces2 /ill less c\ld he judge ( ! proportion betwe5 an ounce ( gold & a hundr$ gra9s ( cotton by balanc+ !m 9 8 h&s4 ,to take ano!r in/ance3 ! eye is no judge ( ! proportion ( diff]5t degrees ( illum9ation1 ev5 :5 se5 side by side2 & if an int]val elapses1 & circum/ances *ange1 no?+ c be m vague ?an its judgm5ts4 ,:5 we gaze ) admiration at ! gorge\s spectacle ( ! gold5 cl\ds at sunset1 :i* seem dr5*$ 9 light & gl[+ l flames ( real fire1 x is h>dly by any ef=t we c p]suade ourselves to reg>d !m z ! v same objects :i* at noonday pass unnotic$ z m]e :ite cl\ds bask+ 9 ! sun1 only p>ticipat+1 f _! great horizontal di/ance1 9 ! ruddy t9t :i* lum9>ies acquire by %9+ ?r\gh a great ext5t ( ! vap\rs ( ! atmosph]e1 & !reby ev5 los+ some?+ ( _! light4 ,s x is ) our e/imates ( "t1 velocity1 & all o!r matt]s ( quantity2 !y are absolutely vague1 & inadequate to =m a f\ndation = any exact conclusion4 7#aah47 ,9 ?is em]g5cy we are oblig$ to h rec\rse to in/rum5tal aids1 t is1 to contrivances :i* %all sub/itute = ! vague impressions ( s5se ! precise "o ( numb]1 & r$uce all measurem5t to c\nt+4 ,z a fir/ prelim9>y t[>ds effect+ ?is1 we fix on conv5i5t /&>ds ( weight1 dim5sion1 "t1 c41 & inv5t contrivances = readily & correctly repeat+ !m z (t5 z we please1 & c\nt+ h[ (t5 su* a /&>d unit is conta9$ 9 ! ?+1 be x weight1 space1 "t1 or angle1 we wi% to measure2 & if !re be a fractional "p ov]1 we measure ?is z a new quantity by aliquot p>ts ( ! =m] /&>d4 7#aai47 ,if e sci5tific enquir] obs]v$ only = 8 own satisfaction1 & reason$ only on 8 own obs]vations1 x w\ld be ( little importance :at /&>ds he us$1 or :at contrivances 7if only j ones7 he employ$ = ?is purpose2 b if x be int5d$ 7z x is mo/ important !y %\ld7 t obs]vations once made %\ld rema9 z records to all mank9d1 & to all po/]ity1 x is evid5tly ( ! highe/ consequ5ce t all enquir]s %\ld agree on ! use ( a common /&>d1 & t ?is %\ld be "o n liable to *ange by lapse ( "t4 ,! selection & v]ification ( su* /&>ds1 h[ev]1 w easily be und]/ood to be a matt] ( extreme difficulty1 if only f ! m]e circum/ance t1 to v]ify ! p]man5ce ( "o /&>d1 we mu/ comp>e x ) o!rs1 :i* x is possible may be !mselves inaccurate1 or1 at lea/1 /& 9 ne$ ( v]ification4 7#abj47 ,"h we c only call to our assi/ance ! presum$ p]man5ce ( ! great laws ( ,nature1 ) all exp]i5ce 9 its fav\r1 & ! /rong impression we h ( ! g5]al composure & /ead9ess ( e ?+ relat+ to ! gigantic mass we inhabit--8! great globe itself40 ,9 its uni=m rotation on its axis1 accord+ly1 we f9d a /&>d ( "t1 :i* no?+ has ev] giv5 u reason to reg>d z subject to *ange1 & :i*1 comp>$ ) o!r p]iods :i* ! revolutions ( ! planets ab\t ! sun af=d1 has demon/rably und]gone none s9ce ! e>lie/ hi/ory4 ,9 ! dim5sions ( ! e>? we f9d a natural unit ( ! measure ( space1 :i* possesses 9 p]fection e quality t c be desir$2 & 9 its attraction comb9$ ) its rotation ! rese>*es ( dynamical sci5ce h enabl$ u1 ?r\gh ! m$ium ( ! p5dulum1 to obta9 ano!r inv>iable /&>d1 m ref9$ & less obvi\s1 x is true1 9 its orig91 b possess+ a great advantage 9 its capability ( ready v]ification1 & !re=e easily made to s]ve z a *eck on ! o!r4 ,! =m]1 viz4 direct measurem5t ( ! dim5sions ( ! e>?1 is ! orig9 ( ! mtre1 ! ,fr5* unit ( l9e> measure2 ! latt]1 ( ! ,briti% y>d4 ,!oretically speak+1 !y are equally eligible2 b :5 we consid] t ! quantity directly measur$1 9 ! case ( ! mtre1 is a l5g? a great _m ?\s& times ! f9al unit1 & 9 ! p5dulum or y>d v ne>ly ! unit itself1 !re c be no hesitation 9 giv+ ! pref]5ce z an orig9al measure to ! =m]1 because any error committ$ 9 ! process by :i* t is det]m9$ becomes subdivid$ 9 ! f9al result2 :ile1 on ! o!r h&1 any m9ute error committ$ 9 det]m9+ ! l5g? ( ! p5dulum becomes multipli$ by ! repetition ( ! unit 9 all measurem5ts ( consid]able l5g?s p]=m$ 9 y>ds4 7#aba47 ,! same admirable inv5tion ( ! p5dulum af=ds a means ( subdivid+ "t to an almo/ unlimit$ nicety4 ,a clock is no?+ m ?an a piece ( me*anism = c\nt+ ! oscillations ( a p5dulum2 & by t peculi> prop]ty ( ! p5dulum1 t "o vibration comm5ces exactly :]e ! la/ t]m9ates1 no "p ( "t is lo/ or ga9$ 9 ! juxta-position ( ! units s c\nt$1 s t ! precise fractional "p ( a day c be asc]ta9$ :i* ea* su* unit measures4 7#abb47 ,x is ow+ to ?is peculi> prop]ty by :i* ! juxta-position ( units ( "t & weight c be p]=m$ )\t error1 t ! :ole ( ! accuracy ) :i* "t & weight c be multipli$ & subdivid$ is ow+4#cf ,! same ?+ _c be accompli%$ 9 space1 by any me?od we are yet acqua9t$ )1 s t our means ( subdivid+ space are mu* inf]ior 9 precision4 ,! beautiful pr9ciple ( repetition1 inv5t$ by ,borda1 (f]s ! ne>e/ approa* to x1 b _c be said to be absolutely free f ! s\rce ( error 9 "q4 ,! me?od ( 8d\ble weigh+10 :i* we owe to ! same di/+ui%$ obs]v]1 af=ds an in/ance ( ! direct comp>ison ( two equal weights indep5d5t ( almo/ e s\rce ( error :i* c affect ! comp>ison ( "o object ) ano!r4 ,x has be5 rem>k$ by ,biot1 t previ\s to ! inv5tion ( ?is elegant me?od1 in/rum5ts af=d$ no p]fect means ( asc]ta9+ ! weight ( a body4 7#abc47 ,b x is n en\gh to possess a /&>d ( ?is ab/ract k9d3 a real mat]ial measure mu/ be con/ruct$1 & exact copies ( x tak54 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is n v difficult2 ! great difficulty is to pres]ve x unalt]$ f age to age2 = unless we transmit to po/]ity ! units ( our measurem5ts1 su* z we h ourselves us$ !m1 we1 9 fact1 only half bequea? to !m our obs]vations4 ,?is is a po9t too mu* lo/ sight (1 & x 7 mu* to be wi%$ t "s direct provision = s important an object 7 made4#cg 7#abd47 ,b1 x may be ask$1 if our measurem5t ( quantity is ?us unavoidably liable to error1 h[ is x possible t our obs]vations c possess t quality ( num]ical v]acity :i* is requisite to r5d] !m ! f\ndation ( laws1 ^: di/+ui%+ p]fection consi/s 9 _! /rict ma!matical expression8 ,to ?is ! reply is tw(old4 #a/1 t ?\gh we admit ! necess>y exi/5ce ( num]ical error 9 e obs]vation1 we c always assign a limit :i* su* error _c possibly exce$2 & ! ext5t ( ?is latitude ( error ( obs]vation is less 9 proportion to ! p]fection ( ! in/rum5tal means we possess1 & ! c>e be/[$ on _! employm5t4 ,9 ! great] "p ( mod]n measurem5ts x is1 9 po9t ( fact1 extremely m9ute1 & may be /ill fur!r dim9i%$1 almo/ to any requir$ ext5t1 by repeat+ ! measurem5ts a great numb] ( times1 & "u a great v>iety ( circum/ances1 & tak+ a mean ( ! results1 :5 errors ( opposite k9ds w1 at l5g?1 comp5sate ea* o!r4 ,b1 #b;dly1 !re exi/s a mu* m fundam5tal reply to ?is objection4 ,9 reason+ ^u our obs]vations1 ! exi/5ce & possible am\nt ( quantitative error is always to be all[$ =2 & ! ext5t to :i* !ories may be affect$ by x is nev] to be lo/ sight (4 ,9 reason+ upw>ds1 f obs]vations confess$ly imp]fect to g5]al laws1 we mu/ take c>e always to reg>d our conclusions z conditional1 s f> z !y may be affect$ by su* unavoidable imp]fections2 & :5 at l5g? we %all h arriv$ at our highe/ po9t1 & atta9$ to axioms :i* admit ( g5]al & d$uctive reason+1 ! "q1 :e!r !y are vitiat$ by ! errors ( obs]vation or n1 w /ill rema9 to be decid$1 & mu/ become ! object ( subsequ5t v]ification4 ,?is po9t w be made ! subject ( m di/9ct consid]ation h]eaft]1 :5 we come to speak ( ! v]ification ( !ories & ! laws ( probability4 7#abe47 ,) respect to our record ( obs]vations1 x %\ld be n only circum/antial b fai?ful2 by :i* we mean1 t x %\ld conta9 all we did obs]ve1 & no?+ else4 ,)\t any int5tion ( falsify+ our record1 we may d s unp]ceiv$ by ourselves1 ow+ to a mixture ( ! views & language ( an errone\s !ory ) t ( simple fact4 ,?us1 = example1 if1 9 describ+ ! effect ( lightn+1 we %\ld say1 8,! ?und]bolt /ruck ) viol5ce aga9/ ! side ( ! h\se1 & beat 9 ! wall10 a fact w\ld be /at$ :i* we did n see1 & w\ld lead our he>]s to believe t a solid or pond]able projectile 0 conc]n$4 ,! 8/rong smell ( sulphur10 :i* is sometimes said to accompany lightn+1 is a remnant ( ! !ory :i* made ?und] & lightn+ ! explosion ( a k9d ( arial gunp[d]1 compos$ ( sulphure\s & nitr\s exhalations4 ,!re are "s subjects p>ticul>ly infe/$ ) ?is mixture ( !ory 9 ! /atem5t ( obs]v$ fact4 ,! old] *emi/ry 0 s ov]borne by ?is mis*ief1 z q to conf\nd & nullify ! descriptions ( innum]able curi\s & labori\s exp]im5ts4 ,& 9 geology1 till a v rec5t p]iod1 x 0 (t5 extremely difficult1 f ?is circum/ance1 to "k :at 7 ! facts obs]v$4 ,?us1 ,faujas de ,/4 ,fond1 9 8 "w on ! volcanoes ( c5tral ,france1 describes ) e appe>ance ( m9ute precision crat]s exi/+ no :]e b 9 8 own imag9ation4 ,!re is no great] fault 7direct falsification ( fact except$7 :i* c be committ$ by an obs]v]4 7#abf47 ,:5 p>ticul> bran*es ( sci5ce h acquir$ t degree ( consi/5cy & g5]ality1 :i* admits ( an ab/ract /atem5t ( laws1 & legitimate d$uctive reason+1 ! pr9ciple ( ! division ( lab\r t5ds to sep>ate ! prov9ce ( ! obs]v] f t ( ! !ori/4 ,!re is no acc\nt+ = ! diff]5ce ( m9ds or incl9ations1 :i* leads "o man to obs]ve ) int]e/ ! developem5ts ( ph5om5a1 ano!r to speculate on _! causes2 b 7 x n = ?is happy disagreem5t1 x may be d\bt$ :e!r ! high] sci5ces c\ld ev] h atta9$ ev5 _! pres5t degree ( p]fection4 ,z laws acquire g5]ality1 ! influ5ce ( individual obs]vations becomes less1 & a high] & high] degree ( ref9em5t 9 _! p]=mance1 z well z a great multiplication 9 _! numb]1 becomes necess>y to give !m importance4 ,9 a/ronomy1 = in/ance1 ! sup]ior dep>tm5ts ( !ory are completely disjo9$ f ! r\t9e ( practical obs]vation4 7#abg47 ,to make a p]fect obs]v]1 h[ev]1 ei!r 9 a/ronomy or 9 any o!r dep>tm5t ( sci5ce1 an ext5sive acqua9tance is requisite1 n only ) ! p>ticul> sci5ce to :i* 8 obs]vations relate1 b ) e bran* ( k :i* may enable him to appretiate & neutralize ! effect ( extrane\s di/urb+ causes4 ,?us furni%$1 he w be prep>$ to seize on any ( ^? m9ute indications1 :i* 7su* is ! subtlety ( nature7 (t5 connect ph5om5a :i* seem q remote f ea* o!r4 ,he w h 8 eyes z x 7 op5$1 t !y may be /ruck at once ) any occurr5ce :i*1 accord+ to receiv$ !ories1 ought n to happ52 = ^! are ! facts :i* s]ve z clews to new discov]ies4 ,! deviation ( ! magnetic ne$le1 by ! influ5ce ( an electrifi$ wire1 mu/ h happ5$ a ?\s& times to a p]ceptible am\nt1 "u ! eyes ( p]sons engag$ 9 galvanic exp]im5ts1 ) philosophical app>atus ( all k9ds /&+ ar\nd !m2 b x requir$ ! eye ( a philosoph] su* z ,or/$ to seize ! indication1 ref] x to its orig91 & !reby connect two great bran*es ( sci5ce4 ,! gr& discov]y ( ,malus ( ! pol>ization ( light by reflection orig9at$ 9 8 casual rem>k ( ! disappe>ance ( "o ( ! images ( a w9d[ 9 ! ,luxemb\rg palace1 "o ev5+1 :5 /rongly illum9at$ by ! sett+ sun1 view$ ?r\gh a d\bly refract+ prism4 7#abh47 ,to avail ourselves z f> z possible ( ! advantages :i* a division ( lab\r may af=d = ! collection ( facts1 by ! indu/ry & activity :i* ! g5]al diffusion ( in=mation1 9 ! pres5t age1 br+s into ex]cise1 is an object ( great importance4 ,!re is sc>cely any well-in=m$ p]son1 :o1 if he has b ! w1 has n also ! p[] to add some?+ ess5tial to ! g5]al /ock ( k1 if he w only obs]ve regul>ly & me?odically "s p>ticul> class ( facts :i* may mo/ excite 8 att5tion1 or :i* 8 situation may be/ enable him to /udy ) effect4 ,to in/ance "o or two subjects1 :i* c only be effectually improv$ by ! unit$ obs]vations ( great numb]s widely disp]s$3--,meteorology1 "o ( ! mo/ complicat$ b important bran*es ( sci5ce1 is at ! same "t "o 9 :i* any p]son :o w att5d to pla9 rules1 & be/[ ! necess>y degree ( att5tion1 may d effectual s]vice4 ,:at b5efits has n ,geology reap$ f ! activity ( indu/ri\s individuals1 :o1 sett+ aside all !oretical views1 h be5 cont5t to ex]cise ! useful & highly ent]ta9+ occupation ( collect+ specim5s f ! c\ntries :i* !y visit8 ,9 %ort1 !re is no bran* ( sci5ce :atev] 9 :i*1 at lea/1 if useful & s5sible qu]ies 7 di/9ctly propos$1 an imm5se mass ( valuable in=mation might n be collect$ f ^? :o1 9 _! v>i\s l9es ( life1 at home or abroad1 /ation>y or 9 travel1 w\ld gladly avail !mselves ( opportunities ( be+ useful4 ,no?+ w\ld t5d bett] to atta9 ?is end ?an ! circulation ( pr9t$ skeleton =ms1 on v>i\s subjects1 :i* %\ld be s =m$ z1 #a/1 to ask di/9ct & p]t95t que/ions1 admitt+ ( %ort & def9ite answ]s2 #b;dly1 ,to call = exact num]ical /atem5t on all pr9cipal po9ts2 #c;dly1 ,to po9t out ! att5dant circum/ances mo/ likely to prove influ5tial1 & :i* ought to be obs]v$2 #d?ly1 ,to call = _! transmission to a common c5tre4 ,,*ap4 ,v4 ,,( ,,! ,,classification ,,( ,,natural ,,objects ,,& ,,ph5om5a1 ,,& ,,( ,,nom5clature4 7#abi47 ,! numb] & v>iety ( objects & relations :i* ! obs]vation ( nature br+s be=e u are s great z to di/ract ! att5tion1 unless assi/$ & me?odiz$ by su* judici\s di/ribution ( !m 9 classes z %all limit our view to a few at a "t1 or to gr\ps s b\nd toge!r by g5]al resemblances t1 = ! imm$iate purpose = :i* we consid] !m1 !y may be reg>d$ z individuals4 ,be=e we c ent] into any ?+ :i* des]ves to be call$ a g5]al & sy/ematic view ( nature1 x is necess>y t we %\ld possess an enum]ation1 if n complete1 at lea/ ( consid]able ext5t1 ( h] mat]ials & comb9ations2 & t ^? :i* appe> 9 any degree important %\ld be di/+ui%$ by names :i* may n only t5d to fix !m 9 our recollection1 b may con/itute1 z x 71 nuclei or c5tres1 ab\t :i* in=mation may collect into masses4 ,! imposition ( a "n on any subject ( contemplation1 be x a mat]ial object1 a ph5om5on ( nature1 or a gr\p ( facts & relations1 look$ ^u 9 a peculi> po9t ( view1 is an epo* 9 its hi/ory ( great importance4 ,x n only enables u readily to ref] to x 9 conv]sation or writ+1 )\t circumlocution1 b1 :at is ( m consequ5ce1 x gives x a recogniz$ exi/5ce 9 our own m9ds1 z a matt] = sep>ate & peculi> consid]ation2 places x on a li/ = exam9ation2 & r5d]s x a head or title1 "u :i* in=mation ( v>i\s descriptions may be arrang$2 &1 9 consequ5ce1 fits x to p]=m ! (fice ( a connect+ l9k betwe5 all ! subjects to :i* su* in=mation may ref]4 7#acj47 ,= ^! purposes1 h[ev]1 a tempor>y or provisional "n1 or "o adapt$ = common p>lance1 may suffice4 ,b :5 a v great multitude ( objects come to be ref]r$ to "o class1 especially ( su* z d n (f] v obvi\s & rem>kable di/9ctions1 a m sy/ematic & regul> nom5clature becomes necess>y1 9 :i* ! names %all recall ! diff]5ces z well z ! resemblances betwe5 ! individuals ( a class1 & 9 :i* ! direct relation betwe5 ! "n & ! object %all mat]ially assi/ ! solution ( ! problem1 8giv5 ! "o1 to det]m9e ! o!r40 ,h[ necess>y ?is may become1 w be at once se51 :5 we consid] ! imm5se numb] ( individual objects1 or r species1 pres5t$ by almo/ e bran* ( sci5ce ( any ext5t2 :i* absolutely require to be di/+ui%$ by names4 ,?us1 ! botani/ is conv]sant ) f #hj1jjj to #ajj1jjj species ( plants2 ! entomologi/ )1 p]haps1 z _m1 ( insects3 ! *emi/ has to regi/] ! prop]ties ( comb9ations1 by twos1 ?rees1 f\rs1 & upw>ds1 9 v>i\s doses ( upw>ds ( fifty diff]5t elem5ts1 all di/+ui%$ f ea* o!r by ess5tial diff]5ces2 & ( :i* ?\gh a great _m ?\s&s are kn[n1 by f> ! great] "p h nev] yet be5 =m$1 al?\gh hundr$s ( new ones are com+ to light1 9 p]petual succession1 z ! sci5ce advances2 all ( :i* are to be nam$ z !y arise4 ,! objects ( a/ronomy are1 lit]ally1 z num]\s z ! />s ( heav52 & al?\gh n m ?an "o or two ?\s& require to be express$ by di/9ct names1 yet ! numb]1 respect+ :i* p>ticul> in=mation is requir$1 is n less ?an a hundr$ times t am\nt2 & all ^! mu/ be regi/]$ 9 li/s1 7s z to be at once ref]r$ to1 & s t none %all escape17 if n by actual names1 at lea/ by "s equival5t means4 7#aca47 ,nom5clature1 !n1 is1 9 itself1 und\bt$ly an important "p ( sci5ce1 z x prev5ts our be+ lo/ 9 a wild]ness ( p>ticul>s1 & involv$ 9 inextricable confusion4 ,happily1 9 ^? great bran*es ( sci5ce :]e ! objects ( classification are mo/ num]\s1 & ! necessity = a cle> & conv5i5t nom5clature mo/ press+1 no v great difficulty 9 its e/abli%m5t is felt4 ,! v multitude ( ! objects !mselves af=ds ! p[] ( gr\p+ !m 9 subord9ate classes1 suffici5tly well def9$ to admit ( names1 & ^! aga9 into o!rs1 ^: names may become atta*$ to1 or comp\nd$ )1 ! =m]1 till at l5g? ! p>ticul> species is id5tifi$4 ,! facility ) :i* ! botani/1 ! entomologi/1 or ! *emi/1 ref]s by "n to any individual object 9 8 sci5ce %[s :at may be accompli%$ 9 ?is way :5 *>act]s are !mselves di/9ct4 ,9 o!r bran*es1 h[ev]1 consid]able difficulty is exp]i5c$4 ,?is arises mo/ly :]e ! species to be di/+ui%$ are sep>at$ f ea* o!r *iefly by diff]5ce 9 degree1 ( c]ta9 qualities common to all1 & :]e ! degrees %ade into ea* o!r ins5sibly4 ,p]haps su* subjects c h>dly be consid]$ ripe = sy/ematic nom5clature2 & t ! attempt to apply x ought only to be p>tial1 embrac+ su* gr\ps & p>cels ( individuals z agree 9 *>act]s evid5tly natural & g5]ic1 & leav+ ! rema9d] "u trivial or provisional d5om9ations1 till !y %all be bett] kn[n1 & capable ( be+ sci5tifically gr\p$4 7#acb47 ,inde$1 nom5clature1 9 a sy/ematic po9t ( view1 is z mu*1 p]haps m1 a consequ5ce ?an a cause ( ext5d$ k4 ,any "o may give an arbitr>y "n to a ?+1 m]ely to be able to talk ( x2 b1 to give a "n :i* %all at once ref] x to a place 9 a sy/em1 we mu/ "k its prop]ties2 & we mu/ h a sy/em1 l>ge en\gh1 & regul> en\gh1 to receive x 9 a place :i* belongs to x1 & to no o!r4 ,x appe>s1 !re=e1 d\btful :e!r x is desirable1 = ! ess5tial purposes ( sci5ce1 t extreme ref9em5t 9 sy/ematic nom5clature %\ld be insi/$ on4 ,7 sci5ce p]fect1 inde$1 sy/ems ( classification might be agre$ on1 :i* %\ld assign to e object 9 nature a place 9 "s class1 to :i* x m rem>kably & pre-em95tly belong$ ?an to any o!r1 & "u :i* x might acquire a "n1 nev] aft]w>ds subject to *ange4 ,b1 s long z ?is is n ! case1 & new relations are daily discov]$1 we mu/ be v cauti\s h[ we insi/ /rongly on ! e/abli%m5t & ext5sion ( classes :i* h 9 !m any ?+ artificial1 z a basis ( a rigid nom5clature2 & especially h[ we mi/ake ! means = ! end1 & sacrifice conv5i5ce & di/9ctness to a rage = arrangem5t4 ,e nom5clature dep5d5t on artificial classifications is necess>ily subject to fluctuations2 & h>dly any ?+ c c\nt]balance ! evil ( di/urb+ well-e/abli%$ names1 :i* h once acquir$ a g5]al circulation4 ,9 nature1 "o & ! same object makes a "p ( an inf9ite numb] ( diff]5t sy/ems1--an individual 9 an inf9ite numb] ( gr\ps1 "s ( great]1 "s ( less importance1 accord+ to ! diff]5t po9ts ( view 9 :i* !y may be consid]$4 ,h5ce1 z _m diff]5t sy/ems ( nom5clature may be imag9$ z !re c be discov]$ diff]5t heads ( classification1 :ile yet x is highly desirable t ea* object %\ld be univ]sally spok5 ( "u "o "n1 if possible4 ,consequ5tly1 9 all subjects :]e compreh5sive heads ( classification d n prom95tly (f] !mselves1 all nom5clature mu/ be a balance ( difficulties1 & a good1 %ort1 unmean+ "n1 :i* has once obta9$ a foot+ 9 usage1 is pref]able to almo/ any o!r4 7#acc47 ,!re is no sci5ce 9 :i* ! evils result+ f a rage = nom5clature h be5 felt to su* an ext5t z 9 m9]alogy4 ,! numb] ( simple m9]als actually recognis$ by m9]alogi/s does n exce$ a few hundr$s1 yet !re is sc>cely "o :i* has n f\r or five names 9 diff]5t books4 ,! consequ5ce is mo/ unhappy4 ,no "n is suff]$ to endure long en\gh to take root2 & e new writ] on ?is int]e/+ sci5ce beg9s1 z a matt] ( c\rse1 by mak+ a tabula rasa ( all =m] nom5clature1 & propos+ a new "o 9 its place4 ,! climax has at l5g? be5 put to ?is mo/ inconv5i5t & bewild]+ /ate ( ?+s by ! appe>ance ( a sy/em support$ by extraord9>y m]it 9 o!r respects1 & !re=e c>ry+ ! highe/ au?ority1 9 :i* names :i* _h acquir$ univ]sal circulation1 & _h hi!rto ma9ta9$ _! gr\nd 9 ! mid/ ( ! g5]al confusion1 & ev5 work$ _! way into common language1 z d5otive ( species too def9ite to admit ( mi/ake1 are actually r5d]$ g5]ic1 & ext5d$ to :ole gr\ps1 compris+ objects agree+ 9 no?+ b ! arbitr>y heads ( a classification f :i* ! mo/ important natural relations are pr(ess$ly & purposely reject$4#ch 7#acd47 ,! classifications by :i* sci5ce is advanc$1 h[ev]1 are widely diff]5t f ^? :i* s]ve z bases = artificial sy/ems ( nom5clature4 ,!y cross & int]sect "o ano!r1 z x 71 9 e possible way1 & h = _! v aim to int]weave all ! objects ( nature 9 a close & compact web ( mutual relations & dep5d5ce4 ,z soon1 !n1 z any resemblance or analogy1 any po9t ( agreem5t :atev]1 is p]ceiv$ betwe5 any two or m ?+s1--be !y :at !y w1 :e!r objects1 or ph5om5a1 or laws1--!y imm$iately & ipso facto con/itute !mselves into a gr\p or class1 :i* may become enl>g$ to any ext5t by ! accession ( su* new objects1 ph5om5a1 or laws1 agree+ 9 ! same po9t1 z may come to be subsequ5tly asc]ta9$4 ,x is ?us t ! mat]ials ( ! _w become gr\p$ 9 natural families1 su* z *emi/ry furni%es examples (1 9 its v>i\s gr\ps ( acids1 alkalies1 sulphurets1 c42 or botany1 9 its euphorbiace1 umbellif]1 c4 ,x is ?us1 too1 t ph5om5a assume _! places "u g5]al po9ts ( resemblance2 z1 9 optics1 ^? :i* ref] !mselves to ! class ( p]iodic col\rs1 d\ble refraction1 c42 & t resemblances !mselves become trac$1 :i* x is ! bus9ess ( induction to g5]alize & include 9 ab/ract propositions4 7#ace47 ,b e class =m$ on a positive resemblance ( *>act]s1 or on a di/9ct analogy1 draws ) x ! consid]ation ( a negative class1 9 :i* t resemblance ei!r does n subsi/ at all1 or ! contr>y takes place2 & aga91 !re are classes 9 :i* a giv5 quality is possess$ by ! diff]5t individuals 9 a desc5d+ scale ( int5sity4 ,n[1 x is ( consequ5ce to di/+ui% betwe5 cases 9 :i* !re is a real opposition ( quality1 or a m]e dim9ution ( int5sity1 9 "s quality susceptible ( degrees1 till x becomes imp]ceptible4 ,= example1 betwe5 transp>5cy & opacity !re w\ld at fir/ sight appe> a direct opposition2 b1 on ne>] consid]ation1 :5 we consid] ! gradations by :i* transp>5cy dim9i%es 9 natural sub/ances1 we %all see reason to admit t ! latt] quality1 in/ead ( be+ ! opposite ( ! =m]1 is only its extreme l[e/ degree4 ,aga91 9 ! arrangem5t ( natural objects "u ! head ( weight or specific gravity1 ! scale ext5ds ?r\gh all nature1 & we "k ( no natural body 9 :i* ! opposite ( gravity1 or positive levity1 subsi/s4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! opposite electricities2 ! nor? & s\? magnetic pol>ities2 ! alkal9e & acid qualities ( *emical ag5ts2 ! positive & negative rotations impress$ by plates ( rock cry/al on ! planes ( pol>ization ( ! rays ( light1 & _m o!r cases1 exemplify n m]ely a negation1 b an active opposition ( quality4 ,bo? ^! modes ( classification h _! peculi> importance 9 ! inductive process3 ! "o1 z af=d+ an opportunity ( trac+ a relation betwe5 ph5om5a by ! obs]vation ( a correspond5ce 9 _! scales ( int5sity2 ! o!r1 by t ( contra/1 z we %all %[ m at l>ge 9 ! next section4 7#acf47 ,!re is a v wide di/9ction1 too1 to be tak5 betwe5 su* classes z turn ^u a s+le head ( resemblance among individuals o!rwise v diff]5t1 & su* z b9d toge!r 9 natural gr\ps1 by a great v>iety ( analogies1 objects :i* yet diff] 9 _m rem>kable p>ticul>s4 ,= example3 if we make col\rless transp>5cy a head ( classification1 ! li/ ( ! class w comprise objects diff]+ mo/ widely 9 _! nature1 su* z wat]1 air1 diamond1 _s ( w9e1 glass1 c4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! *emical families ( alkalies1 metals1 c4 are in/ances ( gr\ps ( ! o!r k9d2 :i*1 ) prop]ties 9 _m respects diff]5t1 /ill agree 9 a g5]al resemblance ( sev]al o!rs1 :i* at once decides u 9 consid]+ !m z hav+ a natural relation4 ,9 ! =m] cases1 our +5uity is ex]cis$ to det]m9e :at c be ! cause ( _! resemblance1 9 ! latt]1 ( _! diff]5ce2 ! =m] belong to ! prov9ce ( inductive g5]alization1 & af=d ! mo/ in/ructive cases = ! inve/igation ( causes2 ! latt] app]ta9 to ! m secret recesses ( nature2 ! v exi/5ce ( su* families be+ 9 itself "o ( ! great & complicat$ ph5om5a ( ! univ]se1 :i* we _c hope to unriddle )\t an intimate & ext5sive acqua9tance ) ! highe/ laws4#ci ,,*ap4 ,,vi4 ,,( ,,! ,,fir/ ,,/age ,,( ,,induction4--,,! ,,discov]y ,,( ,,proximate ,,causes1 ,,& ,,laws ,,( ,,! ,,l[e/ ,,degree ,,( ,,g5]ality1 ,,& ,,_! ,,v]ification4 7#acg47 ,! fir/ ?+ t a philosophic m9d consid]s1 :5 any new ph5om5on pres5ts itself1 is its explanation1 or ref]5ce to an imm$iate produc+ cause4 ,if t _c be asc]ta9$1 ! next is to g5]alize ! ph5om5on1 & include x1 ) o!rs analog\s to x1 9 ! expression ( "s law1 9 ! hope t its consid]ation1 9 a m advanc$ /ate ( k1 may lead to ! discov]y ( an adequate proximate cause4 7#ach47 ,exp]i5ce hav+ %[n u ! mann] 9 :i* "o ph5om5on dep5ds on ano!r 9 a great v>iety ( cases1 we f9d ourselves provid$1 z sci5ce ext5ds1 ) a cont9ually increas+ /ock ( su* antec$5t ph5om5a1 or causes 7mean+ at pres5t m]ely proximate causes71 compet5t1 "u diff]5t modifications1 to ! production ( a great multitude ( effects1 besides ^? :i* orig9ally l$ to a k ( !m4 ,to su* causes ,newton has appli$ ! t]m v] caus2 t is1 causes recogniz$ z hav+ a real exi/5ce 9 nature1 & n be+ m]e hypo!ses or figm5ts ( ! m9d4 ,to exemplify ! di/9ction3--,! ph5om5on ( %ells f\nd 9 rocks1 at a great height above ! sea1 has be5 attribut$ to sev]al causes4 ,by "s x has be5 ascrib$ to a pla/ic virtue 9 ! soil2 by "s1 to f]m5tation2 by "s1 to ! influ5ce ( ! cele/ial bodies2 by "s1 to ! casual passage ( pilgrims ) _! scallops2 by "s1 to birds fe$+ on %ell-fi%2 & by all mod]n geologi/s1 ) "o cons5t1 to ! life & dea? ( real mollusca at ! bottom ( ! sea1 & a subsequ5t alt]ation ( ! relative level ( ! l& & sea4 ,( ^!1 ! pla/ic virtue & cele/ial influ5ce belong to ! class ( figm5ts ( fancy4 ,casual transport by pilgrims is a real cause1 & might acc\nt = a few %ells "h & !re dropp$ on frequ5t$ passes1 b is n ext5sive en\gh = ! purpose ( explanation4 ,f]m5tation1 g5]ally1 is a real cause1 s f> z t !re is su* a ?+2 b x is n a real cause ( ! production ( a %ell 9 a rock1 s9ce no su* ?+ 0 ev] witness$ z "o ( its effects1 & rocks & /ones d n f]m5t4 ,on ! o!r h&1 = a %ell-fi% dy+ at ! bottom ( ! sea to leave 8 %ell 9 ! mud1 :]e x becomes silt$ ov] & imb$d$1 happ5s daily2 & ! elevation ( ! bottom ( ! sea to become dry l& has really be5 witness$ s (t51 & on su* a scale1 z to qualify x = a v]a causa available 9 s\nd philosophy4 7#aci47 ,to take ano!r in/ance1 likewise drawn f ! same des]v$ly popul> sci5ce3--,! fact ( a great *ange 9 ! g5]al climate ( l>ge tracts ( ! globe1 if n ( ! :ole e>?1 & ( a dim9ution ( g5]al temp]ature1 hav+ be5 recognis$ by geologi/s1 f _! exam9ation ( ! rema9s ( animals & vegetables ( =m] ages enclos$ 9 ! /rata1 v>i\s causes = su* dim9ution ( temp]ature h be5 assign$4 ,"s consid] ! :ole globe z hav+ gradually cool$ f absolute fusion2 "s reg>d ! imm5sely sup]ior activity ( =m] volcanoes1 & consequ5t m copi\s communication ( int]nal heat to ! surface1 9 =m] ages1 z ! cause4 ,nei!r ( ^! c be reg>d$ z real causes 9 ! s5se "h int5d$2 = we d n "k t ! globe has s cool$ f fusion1 nor are we sure t su* suppos$ great] activity ( =m] ?an ( pres5t volcanoes really did exi/4 ,a cause1 possess+ ! ess5tial requisites ( a v]a causa1 has1 h[ev]1 be5 br\ght =w>d#dj 9 ! v>y+ influ5ce ( ! di/ribution ( l& & sea ov] ! surface ( ! globe3 a *ange ( su* di/ribution1 9 ! lapse ( ages1 by ! degradation ( ! old cont95ts1 & ! elevation ( new1 be+ a demon/rat$ fact2 & ! influ5ce ( su* a *ange on ! climates ( p>ticul> regions1 if n ( ! :ole globe1 be+ a p]fectly fair conclusion1 f :at we "k ( cont95tal1 insul>1 & oceanic climates by actual obs]vation4 ,"h1 !n1 we h1 at lea/1 a cause on :i* a philosoph] may cons5t to reason2 ?\gh1 :e!r ! *anges actually go+ on are su* z to w>rant ! :ole ext5t ( ! conclusion1 or are ev5 tak+ place 9 ! "r direction1 may be consid]$ z undecid$ till ! matt] has be5 m ?or\ghly exam9$4 7#adj47 ,to ?is we may add ano!r1 :i* has likewise ! ess5tial *>act]s ( a v]a causa1 9 ! a/ronomical fact ( ! actual sl[ dim9ution ( ! ecc5tricity ( ! e>?'s orbit r\nd ! sun2 & :i*1 z a g5]al "o1 affect+ ! mean temp]ature ( ! :ole globe1 & z "o ( :i* ! effect is bo? inevitable1 & susceptible1 to a c]ta9 degree1 ( exact e/imation1 des]ves consid]ation4 ,x is evid5t t ! mean temp]ature ( ! :ole surface ( ! globe1 9 s f> z x is ma9ta9$ by ! action ( ! sun at a high] degree ?an x w\ld h 7 ! sun ext+ui%$1 mu/ dep5d on ! mean quantity ( ! sun's rays :i* x receives1 or1 :i* comes to ! same ?+1 on ! total quantity receiv$ 9 a giv5 inv>iable "t3 & ! l5g? ( ! ye> be+ un*angeable 9 all ! fluctuations ( ! planet>y sy/em1 x foll[s1 t ! total annual am\nt ( sol> radiation w det]m9e1 ct]is p>ibus1 ! g5]al climate ( ! e>?4 ,n[1 x is n difficult to %[ t ?is am\nt is inv]sely proportional to ! m9or axis ( ! ellipse describ$ by ! e>? ab\t ! sun1 reg>d$ z sl[ly v>iable2 & t1 !re=e1 ! major axis rema9+1 z we "k x to be1 con/ant1 & ! orbit be+ actually 9 a /ate ( approa* to a circle1 &1 consequ5tly1 ! m9or axis be+ on ! increase1 ! mean annual am\nt ( sol> radiation receiv$ by ! :ole e>? mu/ be actually on ! decrease4 ,we h "h1 !re=e1 an evid5t real cause1 ( suffici5t univ]sality1 & act+ 9 ! "r direction1 to acc\nt = ! ph5om5on4 ,its adequacy is ano!r consid]ation4#da 7#ada47 ,:5ev]1 !re=e1 any ph5om5on pres5ts itself = explanation1 we naturally seek1 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 to ref] x to "s "o or o!r ( ^? real causes :i* exp]i5ce has %[n to exi/1 & to be efficaci\s 9 produc+ simil> ph5om5a4 ,9 ?is attempt our probability ( success w1 ( c\rse1 ma9ly dep5d1 #a/1 ,on ! numb] & v>iety ( causes exp]i5ce has plac$ at our disposal2 #b;dly1 ,on our habit ( apply+ !m to ! explanation ( natural ph5om5a2 &1 #c;dly1 ,on ! numb] ( analog\s ph5om5a we c collect1 :i* h ei!r be5 expla9$1 or :i* admit ( explanation by "s "o or o!r ( ^? causes1 & ! clos5ess ( _! analogy ) t 9 "q4 7#adb47 ,"h1 !n1 we see ! great importance ( possess+ a /ock ( analog\s in/ances or ph5om5a :i* class !mselves ) t "u consid]ation1 ! explanation ( "o among :i* may naturally be expect$ to lead to t ( all ! re/4 ,if ! analogy ( two ph5om5a be v close & /rik+1 :ile1 at ! same "t1 ! cause ( "o is v obvi\s1 x becomes sc>cely possible to refuse to admit ! action ( an analog\s cause 9 ! o!r1 ?\gh n s obvi\s 9 itself4 ,= in/ance1 :5 we see a /one :irl$ r\nd 9 a sl+1 describ+ a circul> orbit r\nd ! h&1 keep+ ! /r+ /ret*$1 & fly+ away ! mom5t x breaks1 we nev] hesitate to reg>d x z reta9$ 9 its orbit by ! t5sion ( ! /r+1 t is1 by a =ce direct$ to ! c5tre2 = we feel t we d really ex]t su* a =ce4 ,we h "h ! direct p]ception ( ! cause4 ,:51 !re=e1 we see a great body l ! moon circulat+ r\nd ! e>? & n fly+ (f1 we _c help believ+ x to be prev5t$ f s do+1 n inde$ by a mat]ial tie1 b by t :i* op]ates 9 ! o!r case ?r\gh ! int]m$ium ( ! /r+1--a =ce direct$ con/antly to ! c5tre4 ,x is ?us t we are cont9ually acquir+ a k ( ! exi/5ce ( causes act+ "u circum/ances ( su* concealm5t z effectually to prev5t _! direct discov]y4 7#adc47 ,9 g5]al we mu/ obs]ve t motion1 :]ev] produc$ or *ang$1 inv>iably po9ts out ! exi/5ce ( =ce z its cause2 & ?us ! =ces ( nature become kn[n & measur$ by ! motions !y produce4 ,?us1 ! =ce ( magnetism becomes kn[n by ! deviation produc$ by iron 9 a compass ne$le1 or by a ne$le leap+ up to a magnet held ov] x1 z c]ta9ly z by t adhesion to x1 :5 9 contact & at re/1 :i* requires =ce to break ! connection2 & ?us ! curr5ts produc$ 9 ! surface ( a quantity ( quicksilv]1 electrifi$ "u a conduct+ fluid1 h po9t$ out ! exi/5ce & direction ( =ces ( enorm\s int5sity develop$ by ! electric circuit1 ( :i* we %\ld n o!rwise h _h ! lea/ suspicion4#db 7#add47 ,b :5 ! cause ( a ph5om5on nei!r pres5ts itself obvi\sly on ! consid]ation ( ! ph5om5on itself1 nor is z x 7 =c$ on our att5tion by a case ( /rong analogy1 su* z above describ$1 we h !n no res\rce b 9 a delib]ate assemblage ( all ! p>allel in/ances we c mu/]2 t is1 to ! =mation ( a class ( facts1 hav+ ! ph5om5on 9 "q = a head ( classification2 & to a se>* among ! individuals ( ?is class = "s o!r common po9ts ( agreem5t1 among :i* ! cause w ( necessity be f\nd4 ,b if m ?an "o cause %\ld appe>1 we mu/ !n endeav\r to f9d1 or1 if we _c f9d1 to produce1 new facts1 9 :i* ea* ( ^! 9 succession %all be want+1 :ile yet !y agree 9 ! g5]al po9t 9 "q4 ,"h we f9d ! use ( :at ,bacon t]ms 8crucial in/ances10 :i* are ph5om5a br\ght =w>d to decide betwe5 two causes1 ea* hav+ ! same analogies 9 its fav\r4 ,& "h1 too1 we p]ceive ! utility ( exp]im5t z di/+ui%$ f m]e passive obs]vation4 ,we make an exp]im5t ( ! crucial k9d :5 we =m comb9ations1 & put 9 action causes f :i* "s p>ticul> "o %all be delib]ately exclud$1 & "s o!r purposely admitt$2 & by ! agreem5t or disagreem5t ( ! result+ ph5om5a ) ^? ( ! class "u exam9ation1 we decide our judgm5t4 7#ade47 ,:5 we w\ld lay d[n g5]al rules = guid+ & facilitat+ our se>*1 among a great mass ( assembl$ facts1 = _! common cause1 we mu/ h reg>d to ! *>act]s ( t relation :i* we int5d by cause & effect4 ,n[1 ^! are1-- #a/1 ,inv>iable connection1 &1 9 p>ticul>1 inv>iable antec$5ce ( ! cause & consequ5ce ( ! effect1 unless prev5t$ by "s c\nt]act+ cause4 ,b x mu/ be obs]v$1 t1 9 a great numb] ( natural ph5om5a1 ! effect is produc$ gradually1 :ile ! cause (t5 goes on increas+ 9 int5sity2 s t ! antec$5ce ( ! "o & consequ5ce ( ! o!r becomes difficult to trace1 ?\gh x really exi/s4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! effect (t5 foll[s ! cause s in/antane\sly1 t ! int]val _c be p]ceiv$4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ?is1 x is sometimes difficult to decide1 ( two ph5om5a con/antly accompany+ "o ano!r1 :i* is cause or :i* effect4 #b;d1 ,inv>iable negation ( ! effect ) abs5ce ( ! cause1 unless "s o!r cause be capable ( produc+ ! same effect4 #c;d1 ,increase or dim9ution ( ! effect1 ) ! increas$ or dim9i%$ int5sity ( ! cause1 9 cases :i* admit ( increase & dim9ution4 #d?1 ,proportionality ( ! effect to its cause 9 all cases ( direct unimp$$ action4 #e?1 ,rev]sal ( ! effect ) t ( ! cause4 7#adf47 ,f ^! *>act]s we are l$ to ! foll[+ obs]vations1 :i* may be consid]$ z s _m propositions readily applicable to p>ticul> cases1 or rules ( philosophiz+3 we conclude1 #a/1 ,t if 9 our gr\p ( facts !re be "o 9 :i* any assign$ peculi>ity1 or att5dant circum/ance1 is want+ or opposite1 su* peculi>ity _c be ! cause we seek4 7#adg47 #b;d1 ,t any circum/ance 9 :i* all ! facts )\t exception agree1 may be ! cause 9 "q1 or1 if n1 at lea/ a collat]al effect ( ! same cause3 if !re be b "o su* po9t ( agreem5t1 ?is possibility becomes a c]ta9ty2 &1 on ! o!r h&1 if !re be m ?an "o1 !y may be concurr5t causes4 7#adh47 #c;d1 ,t we are n to d5y ! exi/5ce ( a cause 9 fav\r ( :i* we h a unanim\s agreem5t ( /rong analogies1 ?\gh x may n be app>5t h[ su* a cause c produce ! effect1 or ev5 ?\gh x may be difficult to conceive its exi/5ce "u ! circum/ances ( ! case2 9 su* cases we %\ld r appeal to exp]i5ce :5 possible1 ?an decide priori aga9/ ! cause1 & try :e!r x _c be made app>5t4 7#adi47 ,= in/ance3 see+ ! sun vividly lum9\s1 e analogy leads u to conclude x int5sely hot4 ,h[ heat c produce light1 we "k n2 & h[ su* a heat c be ma9ta9$1 we c =m no conception4 ,yet we are n1 !re=e1 entitl$ to d5y ! inf]5ce4 7#aej47 #d?1 ,t contr>y or oppos+ facts are equally in/ructive = ! discov]y ( causes ) fav\rable ones4 7#aea47 ,= in/ance3 :5 air is conf9$ ) moi/5$ iron fil+s 9 a close vessel ov] wat]1 its bulk is dim9i%$1 by a c]ta9 portion ( x be+ ab/ract$ & comb9+ ) ! iron1 produc+ ru/4 ,&1 if ! rema9d] be exam9$1 x is f\nd t x w n support flame or animal life4 ,?is contr>y fact %[s t ! cause ( ! support ( flame & animal life is to be look$ = 9 t "p ( ! air :i* ! iron ab/racts1 & :i* ru/s x4 7#aeb47 #e?1 ,t causes w v frequ5tly become obvi\s1 by a m]e arrangem5t ( our facts 9 ! ord] ( int5sity 9 :i* "s peculi> quality subsi/s2 ?\gh n ( necessity1 because c\nt]act+ or modify+ causes may be at ! same "t 9 action4 7#aec47 ,= example3 s\nd consi/s 9 impulses communicat$ to our e>s by ! air4 ,if a s]ies ( impulses ( equal =ce be communicat$ to x at equal int]vals ( "t1 at fir/ 9 sl[ succession1 & by degrees m & m rapidly1 we he> at fir/ a rattl+ noise1 !n a l[ murmur1 & !n a hum1 :i* by degrees acquires ! "* ( a musical note1 ris+ high] & high] 9 acut5ess1 till its pit* becomes too high = ! e> to foll[4 ,& f ?is correspond5ce betwe5 ! pit* ( ! note & ! rapidity ( succession ( ! impulse1 we conclude t our s5sation ( ! diff]5t pit*es ( musical notes orig9ates 9 ! diff]5t rapidities ) :i* _! impulses are communicat$ to our e>s4 7#aed47 #f?1 ,t su* c\nt]act+ or modify+ causes may subsi/ unp]ceiv$1 & annul ! effects ( ! cause we seek1 9 in/ances :i*1 b = _! action1 w\ld h come into our class ( fav\rable facts2 & t1 !re=e1 exceptions may (t5 be made to disappe> by remov+ or all[+ = su* c\nt]act+ causes4 ,?is rem>k becomes ( ! greate/ importance1 :5 7z is (t5 ! case7 a s+le /rik+ exception /&s out1 z x 71 aga9/ an o!rwise unanim\s array ( facts 9 fav\r ( a c]ta9 cause4 7#aee47 ,?us1 9 *emi/ry1 ! alkal9e quality ( ! alkal9e & e>?y bases is f\nd to be due to ! pres5ce ( oxyg5 comb9$ ) "o or o!r ( a peculi> set ( metals4 ,ammonia is1 h[ev]1 a viol5t out/&+ exception1 su* z "h allud$ to1 be+ a comp\nd ( azote & hydrog53 b !re are almo/ c]ta9 indications t ?is exception is n a real "o1 b assumes t appe>ance 9 consequ5ce ( "s modify+ cause n und]/ood4 7#aef47 #g?1 ,if we c ei!r f9d produc$ by nature1 or produce design$ly = ourselves1 two in/ances :i* agree exactly 9 all b "o p>ticul>1 & diff] 9 t "o1 its influ5ce 9 produc+ ! ph5om5on1 if x h any1 mu/ !reby be r5d]$ s5sible4 ,if t p>ticul> be pres5t 9 "o in/ance & want+ altoge!r 9 ! o!r1 ! production or non-production ( ! ph5om5on w decide :e!r x be or be n ! only cause3 /ill m evid5tly1 if x be pres5t contr>iwise 9 ! two cases1 & ! effect be !reby rev]s$4 ,b if its total pres5ce or abs5ce only produces a *ange 9 ! degree or int5sity ( ! ph5om5on1 we c !n only conclude t x acts z a concurr5t cause or condition ) "s o!r to be s\ght else:]e4 ,9 nature1 x is comp>atively r>e to f9d in/ances po9t$ly diff]+ 9 "o circum/ance & agree+ 9 e o!r2 b :5 we call exp]im5t to our aid1 x is easy to produce !m2 & ?is is1 9 fact1 ! gr& application ( exp]im5ts ( enquiry 9 physical rese>*es4 ,!y become m valuable1 & _! results cle>]1 9 proportion z !y possess ?is quality 7( agree+ exactly 9 all _! circum/ances b "o71 s9ce ! "q put to nature becomes !reby m po9t$1 & its answ] m decisive4 7#aeg47 #h?1 ,if we _c obta9 a complete negative or opposition ( ! circum/ance ^: influ5ce we w\ld asc]ta91 we mu/ endeav\r to f9d cases :]e x v>ies consid]ably 9 degree4 ,if ?is _c be done1 we may p]haps be able to weak5 or exalt its influ5ce by ! introduction ( "s fre% circum/ance1 :i*1 ab/ract$ly consid]$1 seems likely to produce ?is effect1 & ?us obta9 indirect evid5ce ( its influ5ce4 ,b !n we are always to rememb]1 t ! evid5ce s obta9$ is indirect1 & t ! new circum/ance introduc$ may h a direct influ5ce ( its own1 or may ex]cise a modify+ "o on "s o!r circum/ance4 7#aeh47 #i?1 ,complicat$ ph5om5a1 9 :i* sev]al causes concurr+1 oppos+1 or q indep5d5t ( ea* o!r1 op]ate at once1 s z to produce a comp\nd effect1 may be simplifi$ by subduct+ ! effect ( all ! kn[n causes1 z well z ! nature ( ! case p]mits1 ei!r by d$uctive reason+ or by appeal to exp]i5ce1 & ?us leav+1 z x 71 a residual ph5om5on to be expla9$4 ,x is by ?is process1 9 fact1 t sci5ce1 9 its pres5t advanc$ /ate1 is *iefly promot$4 ,mo/ ( ! ph5om5a :i* nature pres5ts are v complicat$2 & :5 ! effects ( all kn[n causes are e/imat$ ) exactness1 & subduct$1 ! residual facts are con/antly appe>+ 9 ! =m ( ph5om5a altoge!r new1 & lead+ to ! mo/ important conclusions4 7#aei47 ,= example3 ! return ( ! comet pr$ict$ by pr(essor ,encke1 a great _m times 9 succession1 & ! g5]al good agreem5t ( its calculat$ ) its obs]v$ place dur+ any "o ( its p]iods ( visibility1 w\ld lead u to say t its gravitation t[>ds ! sun & planets is ! sole & suffici5t cause ( all ! ph5om5a ( its orbitual motion2 b :5 ! effect ( ?is cause is /rictly calculat$ & subduct$ f ! obs]v$ motion1 !re is f\nd to rema9 beh9d a residual ph5om5on1 :i* w\ld nev] h be5 o!rwise asc]ta9$ to exi/1 :i* is a small anticipation ( ! "t ( its reappe>ances or a dim9ution ( its p]iodic "t1 :i* _c be acc\nt$ = by gravity1 & ^: cause is !re=e to be enquir$ into4 ,su* an anticipation w\ld be caus$ by ! resi/ance ( a m$ium dissem9at$ ?r\gh ! cele/ial regions2 & z !re are o!r good reasons = believ+ ?is to be a v]a causa1 x has !re=e be5 ascrib$ to su* a resi/ance4 7#afj47 ,?is #i? obs]vation is ( su* importance 9 sci5ce1 t we %all exemplify x by ano!r in/ance or two4 ,m4 ,arago1 hav+ susp5d$ a magnetic ne$le by a silk ?read1 & set x 9 vibration1 obs]v$1 t x came mu* soon] to a /ate ( re/ :5 susp5d$ ov] a plate ( copp]1 ?an :5 no su* plate 0 b5ea? x4 ,n[1 9 bo? cases !re 7 two v] caus :y x %\ld come at l5g? to re/1 viz4 ! resi/ance ( ! air1 :i* opposes1 & at l5g? de/roys1 all motions p]=m$ 9 x2 & ! want ( p]fect mobility 9 ! silk ?read4 ,b ! effect ( ^! causes be+ exactly kn[n by ! obs]vation made 9 ! abs5ce ( ! copp]1 & be+ ?us all[$ = & subduct$1 a residual ph5om5on appe>$1 9 ! fact t a ret>d+ influ5ce 0 ex]t$ by ! copp] itself2 & ?is fact1 once asc]ta9$1 spe$ily l$ to ! k ( an entirely new & unexpect$ class ( relations4 ,to add "o m in/ance4 ,if x be true 7z ,m4 ,f\rri] consid]s x demon/rat$ to be7 t ! cele/ial regions h a temp]ature indep5d5t ( ! sun1 n greatly inf]ior to t at :i* quicksilv] congeals1 & mu* sup]ior to "s degrees ( cold :i* h be5 artificially produc$1 two causes sugge/ !mselves3 "o is t assign$ by ! au?or above m5tion$2 ! radiation ( ! />s2 ano!r may be propos$ 9 ! e!r or ela/ic m$ium m5tion$ 9 ! la/ section1 :i* ! ph5om5a ( light & ! resi/ance ( comets give u reason to believe fills all space1 & :i*1 9 analogy to all ! ela/ic m$ia kn[n1 may be suppos$ to possess a temp]ature & a specific heat ( its own1 :i* x is capable ( communicat+ to bodies surr\nd$ by x4 ,n[1 if we consid] t ! heat radiat$ by ! sun foll[s ! same proportion z its light1 & reg>d x z reasonable to admit ) respect to /ell> heat :at holds good ( sol>2 ! effect ( /ell> radiation 9 ma9ta9+ a temp]ature 9 space %\ld be z mu* inf]ior to t ( ! radiation ( ! sun z ! light ( a moonless midnight is to t ( an equatorial noon2 t is to say1 almo/ inconceivably small]4 ,all[+1 !n1 ! full effect = ?is cause1 !re w\ld /ill rema9 a great residuum due to ! pres5ce ( ! e!r4 7#afa47 ,_m ( ! new elem5ts ( *emi/ry h be5 detect$ 9 ! inve/igation ( residual ph5om5a4 ,?us1 ,arfw$son discov]$ li?ia by p]ceiv+ an excess ( weight 9 ! sulphate produc$ f a small portion ( :at he consid]$ z magnesia pres5t 9 a m9]al he _h analys$4 ,x is on ?is pr9ciple1 too1 t ! small conc5trat$ residues ( great op]ations 9 ! arts are almo/ sure to be ! lurk+ places ( new *emical +r$i5ts3 witness iod9e1 brome1 sel5ium1 & ! new metals accompany+ plat9a 9 ! exp]im5ts ( ,wolla/on & ,t5nant4 ,x 0 a happy ?\ght ( ,glaub] to exam9e :at e body else ?rew away4 7#afb47 ,f9ally1 we h to obs]ve1 t ! detection ( a possible cause1 by ! comp>ison ( assembl$ cases1 mu/ lead to "o ( two ?+s3 ei!r1 #a/1 ,! detection ( a real cause1 & ( its mann] ( act+1 s z to furni% a complete explanation ( ! facts2 or1 #b;dly1 ,! e/abli%m5t ( an ab/ract law ( nature1 po9t+ out two ph5om5a ( a g5]al k9d z inv>iably connect$2 & ass]t+1 t :]e "o is1 !re ! o!r w always be f\nd4 ,su* inv>iable connection is itself a ph5om5on ( a high] ord] ?an any p>ticul> fact2 & :5 _m su* are discov]$1 we may aga9 proce$ to classify1 comb9e1 & exam9e !m1 ) a view to ! detection ( _! causes1 or ! discov]y ( /ill m g5]al laws1 & s on )\t end4 7#afc47 ,let u n[ exemplify ?is inductive se>* = a cause by "o g5]al example3 suppose dew 7 ! ph5om5on propos$1 ^: cause we w\ld "k4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 we mu/ sep>ate dew f ra9 & ! moi/ure ( fogs1 & limit ! application ( ! t]m to :at is really meant1 :i* is1 ! spontane\s appe>ance ( moi/ure on sub/ances expos$ 9 ! op5 air :5 no ra9 or visible wet is fall+4 ,n[1 "h we h analog\s ph5om5a 9 ! moi/ure :i* b$ews a cold metal or /one :5 we brea! ^u x2 t :i* appe>s on a glass ( wat] fre% f ! well 9 hot wea!r2 t :i* appe>s on ! inside ( w9d[s :5 sudd5 ra9 or hail *ills ! ext]nal air2 t :i* runs d[n our walls :51 aft] a long fro/1 a w>m moi/ ?aw comes on3 all ^! in/ances agree 9 "o po9t 7,rule #b4 #adg471 ! coldness ( ! object dew$1 9 comp>ison ) ! air 9 contact ) x4 7#afd47 ,b1 9 ! case ( ! night dew1 is ?is a real cause--is x a fact t ! object dew$ is cold] ?an ! air8 ,c]ta9ly n1 "o w\ld at fir/ be incl9$ to say2 = :at is to make x s8 ,b ! analogies are cog5t & unanim\s2 &1 !re=e1 7pursuant to ,rule #c4 #adh47 we are n to disc>d _! indications2 &1 besides1 ! exp]im5t is easy3 we h only to lay a !rmomet] 9 contact ) ! dew$ sub/ance1 & hang "o at a little di/ance above x out ( rea* ( its influ5ce4 ,! exp]im5t has be5 !re=e made2 ! "q has be5 ask$1 & ! answ] has be5 inv>iably 9 ! affirmative4 ,:5ev] an object contracts dew1 x is cold] ?an ! air4 ,"h1 !n1 we h an inv>iable concomitant circum/ance3 b is ?is *ill an effect ( dew1 or its cause8 ,t dews are accompani$ ) a *ill is a common rem>k2 b vulg> prejudice w\ld make ! cold ! effect r ?an ! cause4 ,we mu/1 !re=e1 collect m facts1 or1 :i* comes to ! same ?+1 v>y ! circum/ances2 s9ce e in/ance 9 :i* ! circum/ances diff] is a fre% fact2 &1 especially1 we mu/ note ! contr>y or negative cases 7,rule #d4 #aej471 i4 e4 :]e no dew is produc$4 7#afe47 ,n[1 #a/1 no dew is produc$ on ! surface ( poli%$ metals1 b x is v copi\sly on glass1 bo? expos$ ) _! faces upw>ds1 & 9 "s cases ! "u side ( a horizontal plate ( glass is also dew$2 :i* la/ circum/ance 7by ,rule #a4 #adf47 excludes ! fall ( moi/ure f ! sky 9 an invisible =m1 :i* w\ld naturally sugge/ itself z a cause4 ,9 ! cases ( poli%$ metal & poli%$ glass1 ! contra/ %[s evid5tly t ! sub/ance has mu* to d ) ! ph5om5on2 !re=e1 let ! sub/ance alone be div]sifi$ z mu* z possible1 by expos+ poli%$ surfaces ( v>i\s k9ds4 ,?is done1 a scale ( int5sity becomes obvi\s 7,rule #e4 #aeb474 ,^? poli%$ sub/ances are f\nd to be mo/ /rongly dew$ :i* conduct heat wor/2 :ile ^? :i* conduct well resi/ dew mo/ effectually4 ,"h we enc\nt] a law ( ! fir/ degree ( g5]ality4 ,b1 if we expose r\gh surfaces1 in/ead ( poli%$1 we sometimes f9d ?is law int]f]$ ) 7,rule #e4 #aeb474 ,?us1 r\gh5$ iron1 especially if pa9t$ ov] or black5$1 becomes dew$ soon] ?an v>ni%$ pap]3 ! k9d ( surface !re=e has a great influ5ce4 ,expose1 !n1 ! same mat]ial 9 v div]sifi$ /ates z to surface 7,rule #g4 #aef471 & ano!r scale ( int5sity becomes at once app>5t2 ^? surfaces :i* "p ) _! heat mo/ readily by radiation are f\nd to contract dew mo/ copi\sly3 & ?us we h detect$ ano!r law ( ! same g5]ality ) ! =m]1 by a comp>ison ( two classes ( facts1 "o relat+ to dew1 ! o!r to ! radiation ( heat f surfaces4 ,aga91 ! influ5ce asc]ta9$ to exi/ ( sub/ance & surface leads u to consid] t ( texture3 & "h1 aga91 we are pres5t$ on trial ) rem>kable diff]5ces1 & ) a ?ird scale ( int5sity1 po9t+ out sub/ances ( a close firm texture1 su* z /ones1 metals1 c4 z unfav\rable1 b ^? ( a loose "o1 z clo?1 wool1 velvet1 eid]d[n1 cotton1 c4 z em95tly fav\rable1 to ! contraction ( dew3 & ^! are precisely ^? :i* are be/ adapt$ = clo?+1 or = imp$+ ! free passage ( heat f ! sk9 into ! air1 s z to all[ _! out] surfaces to be v cold :ile !y rema9 w>m )94 7#aff47 ,la/ly1 among ! negative in/ances1 7 #aej47 x is obs]v$1 t dew is nev] copi\sly deposit$ 9 situations mu* scre5$ f ! op5 sky1 & n at all 9 a cl\dy night2 b if ! cl\ds )draw1 ev5 = a few m9utes1 & leave a cle> op5+1 a deposition ( dew pres5tly beg9s1 & goes on increas+4 ,"h1 !n1 a cause is di/9ctly po9t$ out by its antec$5ce to ! effect 9 "q 7 #ade474 ,a cle> view ( ! cl\dless sky1 !n1 is an ess5tial condition1 or1 :i* comes to ! same ?+1 cl\ds or surr\nd+ objects act z oppos+ causes4 ,?is is s mu* ! case1 t dew =m$ 9 cle> int]vals w (t5 ev5 evaporate aga9 :5 ! sky becomes ?ickly ov]ca/ 7,rule #d4 #aej474 7#afg47 ,:5 we n[ come to assemble ^! p>tial inductions s z to raise f !m a g5]al conclusion1 we consid]1 #a/1 ,t all ! conclusions we h come to h a ref]5ce to t fir/ g5]al fact--! cool+ ( ! expos$ surface ( ! body dew$ bel[ ! temp]ature ( ! air4 ,^? surfaces :i* "p ) _! heat outw>ds mo/ readily1 & h x suppli$ f )9 mo/ sl[ly1 w1 ( c\rse1 become colde/ if !re be an opportunity = _! heat to escape1 & n be re/or$ to !m f )\t4 ,n[1 a cle> sky af=ds su* an opportunity4 ,x is a law well kn[n to ^? :o are conv]sant ) ! nature ( heat1 t heat is con/antly escap+ f all bodies 9 rays1 or by radiation1 b is z con/antly re/or$ to !m by ! simil> radiation ( o!rs surr\nd+ !m4 ,cl\ds & surr\nd+ objects !re=e act z oppos+ causes by replac+ ! :ole or a great "p ( ! heat s radiat$ away1 :i* c escape effectually1 )\t be+ replac$1 only ?r\gh op5+s into inf9ite space4 ,?us1 at l5g?1 we arrive at ! g5]al proximate cause ( dew1 9 ! cool+ ( ! dew$ surface by radiation fa/] ?an its heat c be re/or$ to x1 by communication ) ! gr\nd1 or by c\nt]-radiation2 s z to become cold] ?an ! air1 & !reby to cause a cond5sation ( its moi/ure4 7#afh47 ,we h purposely select$ ?is !ory ( dew1 fir/ develop$ by ! late ,dr4 ,wells1 z "o ( ! mo/ beautiful specim5s we c call to m9d ( inductive exp]im5tal enquiry ly+ )9 a mod]ate compass4 ,x is n possible 9 s brief a space to d x ju/ice2 b we e>ne/ly recomm5d 8 "w#dc 7a %ort & v ent]ta9+ "o7 = p]usal to ! /ud5t ( natural philosophy1 z a model ) :i* he w d well to become famili>4 7#afi47 ,9 ! analysis above giv51 ! =mation ( dew is ref]r$ to two m g5]al ph5om5a2 ! radiation ( heat1 & ! cond5sation ( invisible vap\r by cold4 ,! cause ( ! =m] is a mu* high] enquiry1 & may be said1 inde$1 to be totally unkn[n2 t ( ! latt] actually =ms a mo/ important bran* ( physical enquiry4 ,9 su* a case1 :5 we reason upw>ds till we rea* an ultimate fact1 we reg>d a ph5om5on z fully expla9$2 z we consid] ! bran* ( a tree to t]m9ate :5 trac$ to its ins]tion 9 ! trunk1 or a twig to its junction ) ! bran*2 or r1 z a rivulet reta9s its importance & its "n till lo/ 9 "s l>g] tribut>y1 or 9 ! ma9 riv] :i* deliv]s x into ! ocean4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 always supposes t1 on a reconsid]ation ( ! case1 we see cle>ly h[ ! admission ( su* a fact1 ) all its att5dant laws1 w p]fectly acc\nt = e p>ticul>--z well ^? :i*1 9 ! diff]5t /ages ( ! induction1 h l$ u to a k ( x1 z ^? :i* we _h neglect$1 or consid]$ less m9utely ?an ! re/4 ,b1 _h we no previ\s k ( ! radiation ( heat1 ?is same induction w\ld h made x kn[n to u1 &1 duly consid]$1 might h l$ to ! k ( _m ( its laws4 7#agj47 ,9 ! /udy ( nature1 we mu/ n1 !re=e1 be scrupul\s z to h[ we rea* to a k ( su* g5]al facts3 provid$ only we v]ify !m c>efully :5 once detect$1 we mu/ be cont5t to seize !m :]ev] !y are to be f\nd4 ,& ?is br+s u to consid] ! v]ification ( inductions4 7#aga47 ,if1 9 our induction1 e individual case has actually be5 pres5t to our m9ds1 we are sure t x w f9d itself duly repres5t$ 9 our f9al conclusion3 b ?is is impossible = su* cases z 7 unkn[n to u1 & h>dly ev] happ5s ev5 ) all ! kn[n cases2 = su* is ! t5d5cy ( ! human m9d to speculation1 t on ! lea/ idea ( an analogy betwe5 a few ph5om5a1 x leaps =w>d1 z x 71 to a cause or law1 to ! tempor>y neglect ( all ! re/2 s t1 9 fact1 almo/ all our pr9cipal inductions mu/ be reg>d$ z a s]ies ( asc5ts & desc5ts1 & ( conclusions f a few cases1 v]ifi$ by trial on _m4 7#agb47 ,:5ev]1 !re=e1 we ?9k we h be5 l$ by induction to ! k ( ! proximate cause ( a ph5om5on or ( a law ( nature1 our next bus9ess is to exam9e delib]ately & s]iatim all ! cases we h collect$ ( its occurr5ce1 9 ord] to satisfy ourselves t !y are explicable by our cause1 or fairly includ$ 9 ! expression ( our law3 & 9 case any exception occurs1 x mu/ be c>efully not$ & set aside = re-exam9ation at a m advanc$ p]iod1 :51 possibly1 ! cause ( exception may appe>1 & ! exception itself1 by all[+ = ! effect ( t cause1 be br\ght ov] to ! side ( our induction2 b %\ld exceptions prove num]\s & v>i\s 9 _! features1 our fai? 9 ! conclusion w be proportionally %ak51 & at all ev5ts its importance less5$ by ! de/ruction ( its univ]sality4 7#agc47 ,9 ! conduct ( ?is v]ification1 we are to consid] :e!r ! cause or law to :i* we are conduct$ be "o already kn[n & recognis$ z a m g5]al "o1 ^: nature is well und]/ood1 & ( :i* ! ph5om5on 9 "q is b "o m case 9 addition to ^? already kn[n1 or :e!r x be "o less g5]al1 less kn[n1 or altoge!r new4 ,9 ! latt] case1 our v]ification w suffice1 if x m]ely %[s t all ! cases consid]$ are pla9ly cases 9 po9t4 ,b 9 ! =m]1 ! process ( v]ification is ( a mu* m sev]e & def9ite k9d4 ,we mu/ trace ! action ( our cause ) di/9ctness & precision1 z modifi$ by all ! circum/ances ( ea* case2 we mu/ e/imate its effects1 & %[ t no?+ unexpla9$ rema9s beh9d2 at lea/1 9 s f> z ! pres5ce ( unkn[n modify+ causes is n conc]n$4 7#agd47 ,n[1 ?is is precisely ! sort ( process 9 :i* residual ph5om5a 7su* z spok5 ( 9 art4 #aeh47 may be expect$ to occur4 ,if our induction be really a valid & a compreh5sive "o1 :atev] rema9s unexpla9$ 9 ! comp>ison ( its conclusion ) p>ticul> cases1 "u all _! circum/ances1 is su* a ph5om5on1 & comes 9 its turn to be a subject ( inductive reason+ to discov] its cause or laws4 ,x is ?us t we may be said to witness facts ) ! eyes ( reason2 & x is ?us t we are cont9ually atta9+ a k ( new ph5om5a & new laws :i* lie b5ea? ! surface ( ?+s1 & give rise to ! creation ( fre% bran*es ( sci5ce m & m remote f common obs]vation4 7#age47 ,physical a/ronomy af=ds num]\s & spl5did in/ances ( ?is4 ,! law1 = example1 :i* ass]ts t ! planets are reta9$ 9 _! orbits ab\t ! sun1 & satellites ab\t _! prim>ies1 by an attractive =ce1 decreas+ z ! squ>e ( ! di/ances increases1 comes to be v]ifi$ 9 ea* p>ticul> case by d$uc+ f x ! exact motions :i*1 "u ! circum/ances1 ought to take place1 & comp>+ !m ) fact4 ,?is comp>ison1 :ile x v]ifies 9 g5]al ! exi/5ce ( ! law ( gravitation z suppos$1 & its adequacy to expla9 all ! pr9cipal motions ( e body 9 ! sy/em1 yet leaves "s small deviations 9 ^? ( ! planets1 & "s v consid]able ones 9 t ( ! moon & o!r satellites1 /ill unacc\nt$ =2 residual ph5om5a1 :i* /ill rema9 to be trac$ up to causes4 ,by fur!r exam9+ ^!1 _! causes h at l5g? be5 asc]ta9$1 & f\nd to consi/ 9 ! mutual actions ( ! planets on ea* o!r1 & ! di/urb+ influ5ce ( ! sun on ! motions ( ! satellites4 7#agf47 ,b a law ( nature has n t degree ( g5]ality :i* fits x = a /epp+-/one to great] inductions1 unless x be univ]sal 9 its application4 ,we _c rely on its enabl+ u to ext5d our views beyond ! circle ( in/ances f :i* x 0 obta9$1 unless we h already _h exp]i5ce ( its p[] to d s2 unless x actually has enabl$ u be=e trial to say :at w take place 9 cases analog\s to ^? orig9ally contemplat$2 unless1 9 %ort1 we h /udi\sly plac$ ourselves 9 ! situation ( its antagoni/s1 & ev5 p]v]sely endeav\r$ to f9d exceptions to x )\t success4 ,x is 9 ! precise proportion t a law once obta9$ endures ?is extreme sev]ity ( trial1 t its value & importance are to be e/imat$2 & our next /ep 9 ! v]ification ( an induction mu/ !re=e consi/ 9 ext5d+ its application to cases n orig9ally contemplat$2 9 /udi\sly v>y+ ! circum/ances "u :i* our causes act1 ) a view to asc]ta9 :e!r _! effect is g5]al2 & 9 pu%+ ! application ( our laws to extreme cases4 7#agg47 ,= example1 a fair induction f a great numb] ( facts l$ ,galileo to conclude t ! accel]at+ p[] ( gravity is ! same on all sorts ( bodies1 & on great & small masses indiff]5tly2 & ?is he exemplifi$ by lett+ bodies ( v diff]5t natures & weights fall at ! same in/ant f a high t[]1 :5 x 0 obs]v$ t !y /ruck ! gr\nd at ! same mom5t1 abat+ a c]ta9 trifl+ diff]5ce1 due1 z he ju/ly believ$ x to be1 to ! great] proportional resi/ance ( ! air to light ?an to heavy bodies4 ,! exp]im5t c\ld n1 at t "t1 be fairly tri$ ) extremely light sub/ances1 su* z cork1 fea!rs1 cotton1 c4 because ( ! great resi/ance exp]i5c$ by ^! 9 _! fall2 no means be+ !n kn[n ( remov+ ?is cause ( di/urbance4 ,x 0 n1 !re=e1 till aft] ! inv5tion ( ! air-pump t ?is law c\ld be put to ! sev]e te/ ( an extreme case4 ,a gu9ea & a d[ny fea!r 7 let drop at once f ! upp] "p ( a tall exhau/$ glass1 & /ruck ! bottom at ! same mom5t4 ,let any "o make ! trial 9 ! air1 & he w p]ceive ! =ce ( an extreme case4 7#agh47 ,9 ! v]ification ( a law ^: expression is quantitative1 n only mu/ its g5]ality be e/abli%$ by ! trial ( x 9 z v>i\s circum/ances z possible1 b e su* trial mu/ be "o ( precise measurem5t4 ,& 9 su* cases ! means tak5 = subject+ x to trial ought to be s devis$ z to repeat & multiply a great numb] ( times any deviation 7if any exi/72 s t1 let x be ev] s small1 x %all at la/ become s5sible4 7#agi47 ,= in/ance1 let ! law to be v]ifi$ be1 t ! gravity ( e mat]ial body is 9 ! direct proportion ( its mass1 :i* is only ano!r mode ( express+ ,galileo's law above m5tion$4 ,! "t ( fall+ f any mod]ate height _c be measur$ ) precision en\gh = our purpose3 b if x c be repeat$ a v great multitude ( times )\t any loss or ga9 9 ! int]vals1 & ! :ole am\nt ( ! times ( fall s repeat$ measur$ by a clock2 & if at ! same "t ! resi/ance ( ! air c be r5d]$ exactly alike = all ! bodies tri$1 we h "h ,galileo's trial 9 a mu* m ref9$ /ate2 & x is evid5t t almo/ unlimit$ exactness may be obta9$4 ,n[1 all ?is ,newton accompli%$ by ! simple & elegant contrivance ( enclos+ 9 a holl[ p5dulum ! same weights ( a great numb] ( sub/ances ! mo/ diff]5t t c\ld be f\nd 9 all respects1 z gold1 glass1 wood1 wat]1 :eat1 c4#dd1 & asc]ta9+ ! "t requir$ = ! p5dulum s *>g$ to make a great numb] ( oscillations2 9 ea* ( :i* x is cle> ! weights _h to fall1 & be rais$ aga9 successively1 )\t loss ( "t1 ?r\gh ! same id5tical spaces4 ,?us any diff]5ce1 h[ev] inconsid]able1 t might exi/ 9 ! "t ( "o su* fall & rise w\ld be multipli$ & accumulat$ till !y became s5sible4 ,& none hav+ be5 discov]$ by s delicate a process 9 any case1 ! law 0 consid]$ v]ifi$ bo? 9 respect ( g5]ality & exactness4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is no?+ to ! v]ifications af=d$ by a/ronomical ph5om5a1 :]e ! deviations1 if any1 accumulate = ?\s&s ( ye>s in/ead ( a few h\rs4 7#ahj47 ,! sure/ & be/ *>act]i/ic ( a well-f\nd$ & ext5sive induction1 h[ev]1 is :5 v]ifications ( x spr+ up1 z x 71 spontane\sly1 into notice1 f qu>t]s :]e !y might be lea/ expect$1 or ev5 among in/ances ( t v k9d :i* 7 at fir/ consid]$ ho/ile to !m4 ,evid5ce ( ?is k9d is irresi/ible1 & compels ass5t ) a weight :i* sc>cely any o!r possesses4 ,to give an example3 ,m4 ,mits*]li* _h ann\nc$ a law to ?is effect--t ! *emical elem5ts ( :i* all bodies consi/ are susceptible ( be+ classifi$ 9 di/9ct gr\ps1 :i* he t]m$ isomorph\s gr\ps2 & t ^! gr\ps are s relat$1 t :5 simil> comb9ations are =m$ ( individuals belong+ to two1 ?ree1 or m ( !m1 su* comb9ations w cry/allize 9 ! same geometrical =ms4 ,to ?is curi\s & important law !re appe>$ a rem>kable exception4 ,accord+ to pr(essor ,mits*]li*1 ! ars5ic & phosphoric acids are simil> comb9ations com+ "u ! mean+ ( 8 law1 & _! comb9ations ) soda & wat]1 =m+ ! salts kn[n to *emi/s "u ! names ( ars5iate & phosphate ( soda1 ought1 if ! law 7 g5]al1 to cry/allize 9 id5tical %apes4 ,! fact1 h[ev]1 0 und]/ood to be o!rwise4 ,b lately1 ,mr4 ,cl>ke1 a ,briti% *emi/1 hav+ exam9$ ! two salts att5tively1 asc]ta9$ ! fact t _! compositions deviate ess5tially f t simil>ity :i* ,m4 ,mits*]li*'s law requires2 & t1 !re=e1 ! exception 9 "q disappe>s4 ,?is 0 some?+3 b1 pursu+ ! subject fur!r1 ! same +5i\s enquir] happily succe$$ 9 produc+ a new phosphate ( soda1 diff]+ f t g5]ally kn[n 9 conta9+ a diff]5t proportion ( wat]1 & agree+ 9 composition exactly ) ! ars5iate4 ,! cry/als ( ?is new salt1 :5 exam9$1 7 f\nd by him to be precisely id5tical 9 =m ) ^? ( ! ars5iate3 ?us v]ify+1 9 a mo/ /rik+ & totally unexpect$ mann]1 ! law 9 "q1 or1 z x is call$1 ! law ( isomorphism4 7#aha47 ,unexpect$ & peculi>ly /rik+ confirmations ( inductive laws frequ5tly occur 9 ! =m ( residual ph5om5a1 9 ! c\rse ( inve/igations ( a widely diff]5t nature f ^? :i* gave rise to ! inductions !mselves4 ,a v elegant example may be cit$ 9 ! unexpect$ confirmation ( ! law ( ! developem5t ( heat 9 ela/ic fluids by compression1 :i* is af=d$ by ! ph5om5a ( s\nd4 ,! enquiry into ! cause ( s\nd _h l$ to conclusions respect+ its mode ( propagation1 f :i* its velocity 9 ! air c\ld be precisely calculat$4 ,! calculations 7 p]=m$2 b1 :5 comp>$ ) fact1 ?\gh ! agreem5t 0 q suffici5t to %[ ! g5]al correctness ( ! cause & mode ( propagation assign$1 yet ! :ole velocity c\ld n be %[n to arise f ?is !ory4 ,!re 0 /ill a residual velocity to be acc\nt$ =1 :i* plac$ dynamical philosoph]s = a long "t 9 a great dilemma4 ,at l5g? ,laplace /ruck on ! happy idea1 t ?is might arise f ! heat develop$ 9 ! act ( t cond5sation :i* necess>ily takes place at e vibration by :i* s\nd is convey$4 ,! matt] 0 subject$ to exact calculation1 & ! result 0 at once ! complete explanation ( ! residual ph5om5on1 & a /rik+ confirmation ( ! g5]al law ( ! developem5t ( heat by compression1 "u circum/ances beyond artificial imitation4 7#ahb47 ,9 ext5d+ our inductions to cases n orig9ally contemplat$1 !re is "o /ep :i* always /rikes ! m9d ) peculi> =ce1 & ) su* a s5sation ( novelty & surprise1 z (t5 gives x a weight beyond its due philosophic value4 ,x is ! transition f ! little to ! great1 & vice v]s1 b especially ! =m]4 ,x is s beautiful to see1 = in/ance1 an exp]im5t p]=m$ 9 a wat*-glass1 or be=e a bl[pipe1 succe$1 9 a great manufactory1 on _m tons ( matt]1 or1 9 ! bosom ( a volcano1 ^u millions ( cubic fa?oms ( lava1 t we almo/ =get t ^! great masses are made up ( wat*-glassfuls1 & bl[pipe-beads4 ,we see ! enorm\s int]vals betwe5 ! />s & planets ( ! heav5s1 :i* af=d room = innum]able processes to be c>ri$ on1 = light & heat to circulate1 & = curi\s & complicat$ motions to g =w>d among !m3 we look m att5tively1 & we see sid]eal sy/ems1 probably n less va/ & complicat$ ?an our own1 cr[d$ app>5tly into a small space 7f ! effect ( _! di/ance f u71 & =m+ gr\ps resembl+ bodies ( a sub/antial appe>ance1 hav+ =m & outl9e3 yet we recoil ) incr$ul\s surprise :5 we are ask$ :y we _c conceive ! atoms ( a gra9 ( s& to be z remote f ea* o!r 7proportionally to _! sizes7 z ! />s ( ! firmam5t2 & :y !re may n be go+ on1 9 t little microcosm1 processes z complicat$ & wond]ful z ^? ( ! great _w ar\nd u4 ,yet ! /ud5t :o makes any progress 9 natural philosophy w enc\nt] numb]less cases 9 :i* ?is transf] ( ideas f ! "o extreme ( magnitude to ! o!r w be call$ =3 he w f9d1 = in/ance1 ! ph5om5a ( ! propagation ( w9ds ref]r$ to ! same laws :i* regulate ! propagation ( motions ?r\gh ! smalle/ masses ( air2 ^? ( lightn+ assimilat$ to ! m]e communication ( an electric sp>k1 & ^? ( e>?quakes to ! tremors ( a /ret*$ wire3 9 %ort1 he mu/ lay 8 acc\nt to f9d+ ! di/9ction ( great & little altoge!r annihilat$ 9 nature3 & x is well = man t su* is ! case1 & t ! same laws1 :i* he c discov] & v]ify 9 8 own circumscrib$ sph]e ( p[]1 %\ld prove available to him :5 he comes to apply !m on ! greate/ scale2 s9ce x is ?us only t he is enabl$ to become an excit+ cause 9 op]ations ( any consid]able magnitude1 & to v9dicate 8 importance 9 creation4 7#ahc47 ,b ! bus9ess ( induction does n end "h3 its f9al result mu/ be foll[$ out into all its consequ5ces1 & appli$ to all ^? cases :i* seem ev5 remotely to be> ^u ! subject ( enquiry4 ,e new addition to our /ock ( causes becomes a means ( fre% attack ) new vantage gr\nd ^u all ^? unexpla9$ p>ts ( =m] ph5om5a :i* h resi/$ previ\s ef=ts4 ,x c h>dly be press$ =cibly en\gh on ! att5tion ( ! /ud5t ( nature1 t !re is sc>cely any natural ph5om5on :i* c be fully & completely expla9$ 9 all its circum/ances1 )\t a union ( sev]al1 p]haps ( all1 ! sci5ces4 ,! great ph5om5a ( a/ronomy1 inde$1 may be consid]$ exceptions2 b ?is is m]ely because _! scale is s va/ t "o only ( ! mo/ widely ext5d+ =ces ( nature takes ! lead1 & all ^? ag5ts ^: sph]e ( action is limit$ to n>r[] b\nds1 & :i* det]m9e ! production ( ph5om5a ne>] at h&1 are ?r[n into ! back gr\nd1 & become m]g$ & lo/ 9 comp>ative insignificance4 ,b 9 ! m intimate ph5om5a :i* surr\nd u x is f> o!rwise4 ,into :at a complication ( diff]5t bran*es ( sci5ce are we n l$ by ! consid]ation ( su* a ph5om5on z ra91 = in/ance1 or flame1 or a ?\s& o!rs1 :i* are con/antly go+ on be=e our eyes8 ,h5ce1 x is h>dly possible to arrive at ! k ( a law ( any degree ( g5]ality 9 any bran* ( sci5ce1 b x imm$iately furni%es u ) a means ( ext5d+ our k ( innum]able o!rs1 ! mo/ remote f ! po9t we set out f2 s t1 :5 once emb>k$ 9 any physical rese>*1 x is impossible = any "o to pr$ict :]e x may ultimately lead him4 7#ahd47 ,?is rem>k r belongs to ! inv]se or d$uctive process1 by :i* we pursue laws into _! remote consequ5ces4 ,b x is v important to obs]ve1 t ! successful process ( sci5tific enquiry dem&s cont9ually ! alt]nate use ( bo? ! inductive & d$uctive me?od4 ,! pa? by :i* we rise to k mu/ be made smoo? & beat5 9 its l[] /eps1 & (t5 asc5d$ & desc5d$1 be=e we c scale our way to any em95ce1 mu* less climb to ! summit4 ,! a*ievem5t is too great = a s+le ef=t2 /ations mu/ be e/abli%$1 & communications kept op5 ) all bel[4 ,to quit metaphor2 !re is no?+ s in/ructive1 or s likely to lead to ! acquisition ( g5]al views1 z ?is pursuit ( ! consequ5ces ( a law once arriv$ at into e subject :]e x may seem likely to h an influ5ce4 ,! discov]y ( a new law ( nature1 a new ultimate fact1 or "o t ev5 tempor>ily puts on t appe>ance1 is l ! discov]y ( a new elem5t 9 *emi/ry4 ,?us1 sel5ium 0 h>dly discov]$ by ,b]zelius 9 ! vitriol works ( ,fahlun1 :5 x pres5tly made its appe>ance 9 ! sublimates ( ,/romboli1 & ! r>e & curi\s products ( ! ,hung>ian m9es4 ,& ?us x is ) e new law1 or g5]al fact4 ,x is h>dly ann\nc$ be=e its traces are f\nd e :]e1 & e "o is a/oni%$ at its hav+ s long rema9$ conceal$4 ,& h5ce x happ5s t unexpect$ lights are %$ at l5g? ov] p>ts ( sci5ce t _h be5 ab&on$ 9 despair1 & giv5 ov] to hopeless obscurity4 7#ahe47 ,! v]ification ( quantitative laws has be5 already spok5 ( 7#agh472 b _! importance 9 physical sci5ce is s v great1 inasmu* z !y alone af=d a h&le to /rict ma!matical d$uctive application1 t some?+ ought to be said ( ! nature ( ! inductions by :i* !y are to be arriv$ at4 ,9 _! simple/ or lea/ g5]al /ages 7( :i* alone we speak at pres5t7 !y usually express "s num]ical relation betwe5 two quantities dep5d5t on ea* o!r1 ei!r z collat]al effects ( a common cause1 or z ! am\nt ( its effect "u giv5 num]ical circum/ances or data4 ,= example1 ! law ( refraction be=e notic$ 7 #bb47 expresses1 by a v simple relation1 ! am\nt ( angul> deviation ( a ray ( light f its c\rse1 :5 ! angle at :i* x is incl9$ to ! refract+ surface is kn[n1 viz4 t ! s9e ( ! angle :i* ! incid5t ray makes ) a p]p5dicul> to ! surface is always to t ( ! angle made by ! refract$ ray ) ! same p]p5dicul>1 9 a con/ant proportion1 s long z ! refract+ sub/ance is ! same4 ,to arrive inductively at laws ( ?is k9d1 :]e "o quantity dep5ds on or v>ies ) ano!r1 all t is requir$ is a s]ies ( c>eful & exact measures 9 e diff]5t /ate ( ! datum & qusitum4 ,"h1 h[ev]1 ! ma!matical =m ( ! law be+ ( ! highe/ importance1 ! greate/ att5tion mu/ be giv5 to ! extreme cases z well z to all ^? po9ts :]e ! "o quantity *anges rapidly ) a small *ange ( ! o!r4#de ,! results mu/ be set d[n 9 a table 9 :i* ! datum gradually increases 9 magnitude f ! l[e/ to ! highe/ limit ( :i* x is susceptible4 ,x w dep5d !n entirely on our habit ( treat+ ma!matical subjects1 h[ f> we may be able to include su* a table 9 ! di/9ct /atem5t ( a ma!matical law4 ,! discov]y ( su* laws is (t5 rem>kably facilitat$ by ! contemplation ( a class ( ph5om5a to be notic$ fur!r on1 "u ! head ( ,collective ,in/ances1 7see #aid47 9 :i* ! nature ( ! ma!matical expression 9 :i* ! law s\ght is compreh5d$1 is po9t$ out by ! figure ( "s curve br\ght "u inspection by a prop] mode ( exp]im5t+4 7#ahf47 ,aft] all1 unless our induction embraces a s]ies ( cases :i* absolutely include ! :ole scale ( v>iation ( :i* ! quantities 9 "q admit1 ! ma!matical expression s obta9$ _c be dep5d$ ^u z ! true "o1 & if ! scale actually embrac$ be small1 ! ext5sion ( laws s d]iv$ to extreme cases w 9 all probability be exce$+ly fallaci\s4 ,= example1 air is an ela/ic fluid1 & z su*1 if enclos$ 9 a conf9$ space & squeez$1 its bulk dim9i%es3 n[1 f a great numb] ( trials made 9 cases :]e ! air has be5 compress$ into a half1 a ?ird1 c4 ev5 z f> z a fiftie? ( its bulk1 or less1 x has be5 conclud$ t 8! d5sity ( air is proportional to ! compress+ =ce10 or ! bulk x occupies inv]sely z t =ce2 & :5 ! air is r>efi$ by tak+ (f "p ( its natural pressure1 ! same is f\nd to be ! case1 )9 v ext5sive limits4 ,yet x is impossible t ?is %\ld be1 /rictly or ma!matically speak+1 ! true law2 =1 if x 7 s1 !re c\ld be no limit to ! cond5sation ( air1 :ile yet we h ! /ronge/ analogies to %[ t long be=e x _h rea*$ any v enorm\s pit* ! air w\ld be r$uc$ into a liquid1 & ev51 p]haps1 if press$ yet m viol5tly1 into a solid =m4 7#ahg47 ,laws ?us d]iv$1 by ! direct process ( includ+ 9 ma!matical =mul ! results ( a great] or less numb] ( measurem5ts1 are call$ 8empirical laws40 ,a good example ( su* a law is t giv5 by ,dr4 ,"y 7,phil4 ,trans4 #ahbf17 = ! decrem5t ( life1 or ! law ( mortality4 ,empirical laws 9 ?is /ate are evid5tly unv]ifi$ inductions1 & are to be receiv$ & reason$ on ) ! utmo/ res]ve4 ,no confid5ce c ev] be plac$ 9 !m beyond ! limits ( ! data f :i* !y are d]iv$2 & ev5 )9 ^? limits !y require a special & sev]e scrut9y to exam9e h[ ne>ly !y d repres5t ! obs]v$ facts2 t is to say1 :e!r1 9 ! comp>ison ( _! results ) ! obs]v$ quantities1 ! diff]5ces are su* z may fairly be attribut$ to error ( obs]vation4 ,:5 s c>efully exam9$1 !y become1 h[ev]1 mo/ valuable2 & frequ5tly1 :5 aft]w>ds v]ifi$ !oretically by a d$uctive process 7z w be expla9$ 9 our next *apt]71 turn out to be rigor\s laws ( nature1 & af=d ! noble/ & mo/ conv9c+ supports ( :i* !ories !mselves are susceptible4 ,! f9e/ in/ances ( ?is k9d are ! great laws ( ! planet>y motions d$uc$ by ,kepl]1 entirely f a comp>ison ( obs]vations ) ea* o!r1 ) no assi/ance f !ory4 ,^! laws1 viz4 t ! planets move 9 ellipses r\nd ! sun2 t ea* describes ab\t ! sun's c5tre equal areas 9 equal times2 & t 9 ! orbits ( diff]5t planets ! squ>es ( ! p]iodical times are proportional to ! cubes ( ! di/ances2 7 ! results ( inconceivable lab\r ( calculation & comp>ison3 b !y amply repaid ! lab\r be/[$ on !m1 by af=d+ aft]w>ds ! mo/ conclusive & unansw]able pro(s ( ! ,newtonian sy/em4 ,on ! o!r h&1 :5 empirical laws are unduly reli$ on beyond ! limits ( ! obs]vations f :i* !y 7 d$uc$1 !re is no m f]tile s\rce ( fatal mi/akes4 ,! =mul :i* h be5 empirically d$uc$ = ! ela/icity ( /eam 7till v rec5tly71 & ^? = ! resi/ance ( fluids1 & o!r simil> subjects1 h almo/ inv>iably fail$ to support ! !oretical /ructures :i* h be5 erect$ on !m4 7#ahh47 ,x is a rem>kable & happy fact1 t ! %orte/ & mo/ direct ( all inductions %\ld be t :i* has l$ at once1 or by v few /eps1 to ! highe/ ( all natural laws1--we mean ^? ( motion & =ce4 ,no?+ c be m simple1 precise1 & g5]al1 ?an ! enunciation ( ^! laws2 &1 z we h once be=e obs]v$1 _! application to p>ticul> facts 9 ! desc5d+ or d$uctive me?od is limit$ by no?+ b ! limit$ ext5t ( our ma!matics4 ,x w\ld seem1 !n1 t dynamical sci5ce 7 tak5 !nce=w>d out ( ! pale ( induction1 & trans=m$ into a matt] ( absolute priori reason+1 z mu* z geometry2 & s x w\ld be1 7 our ma!matics p]fect1 & all ! data kn[n4 ,unhappily1 ! fir/ is s f> f be+ ! case1 t 9 _m ( ! mo/ int]e/+ bran*es ( dynamical enquiry !y leave u completely at a loss4 ,9 :at relates to ! motions ( fluids1 = in/ance1 ?is is sev]ely felt4 ,we c include our problems1 x is true1 9 algebraical equations1 & we c demon/rate t !y conta9 ! solutions2 b ! equations !mselves are s intractable1 & pres5t su* insup]able difficulties1 t !y (t5 leave u q z mu* 9 ! d>k z be=e4 ,b ev5 7 ^! difficulties ov]come1 rec\rse to exp]i5ce mu/ /ill be _h1 to e/abli% ! data on :i* p>ticul> applications are to dep5d2 & al?\gh ma!matical analysis af=ds v p[]ful means ( repres5t+ 9 g5]al t]ms ! data ( any propos$ case1 & aft]w>ds1 by comp>ison ( its results ) fact1 det]m9+ :at ^? data mu/ be to expla9 ! obs]v$ ph5om5a1 /ill1 9 any mode ( consid]+ ! matt]1 an appeal to exp]i5ce 9 e p>ticul> in/ance ( application is unavoidable1 ev5 :5 ! g5]al pr9ciples are reg>d$ z suffici5tly e/abli%$ )\t x4 ,n[1 9 all su* cases ( difficulty we mu/ recur to our inductive processes1 & reg>d ! bran*es ( dynamical sci5ce :]e ?is takes place z purely exp]im5tal4 ,by ?is we ga9 an imm5se advantage1 viz4 t 9 all ^? po9ts ( !m :]e ! ab/ract dynamical pr9ciples d af=d di/9ct conclusions1 we obta9 v]ifications = our inductions ( ! highe/ & f9e/ possible k9d4 ,:5 we "w our way up inductively to "o ( ^! results1 we _c help feel+ ! /ronge/ assurance ( ! validity ( ! induction4 7#ahi47 ,! necessity ( ?is appeal to exp]im5t 9 e ?+ relat+ to ! motions ( fluids on ! l>ge scale has long be5 felt4 ,newton himself1 :o laid ! fir/ f\ndations ( hydrodynamical sci5ce 7s ?is bran* ( dynamics is call$71 di/9ctly p]ceiv$ x1 & set ! example ( labori\s & exact exp]im5ts on _! resi/ance to motion1 & o!r p>ticul>s4 ,v5turi1 ,b]n\lli1 & _m o!rs1 h appli$ ! me?od ( exp]im5t to ! motions ( fluids 9 pipes & canals2 & rec5tly ! bro!rs ,web] h publi%$ an elaborate & excell5t exp]im5tal enquiry into ! ph5om5a ( waves4 ,"o ( ! greate/ & mo/ successful attempts1 h[ev]1 to br+ an important1 & till !n v obscure1 bran* ( dynamical enquiry back to ! dom9ion ( exp]im5t1 has be5 made by ,*ladni & ,sav>t 9 ! case ( s\nd & vibratory motion 9 g5]al2 & x is greatly to be wi%$ t ! example may be foll[$ 9 _m o!rs h>dly less ab/ruse & impracticable :5 !oretically treat$4 ,9 su* cases ! inductive & d$uctive me?ods ( enquiry may be said to g h& 9 h&1 ! "o v]ify+ ! conclusions d$uc$ by ! o!r2 & ! comb9ation ( exp]im5t & !ory1 :i* may ?us be br\ght to be> 9 su* cases1 =ms an eng9e ( discov]y inf9itely m p[]ful ?an ei!r tak5 sep>ately4 ,?is /ate ( any dep>tm5t ( sci5ce is p]haps ( all o!rs ! mo/ int]e/+1 & t :i* promises ! mo/ to rese>*4 7#aij47 ,x c h>dly be expect$ t we %\ld t]m9ate ?is division ( our subject )\t "s m5tion ( ! 8pr]ogatives ( in/ances0 ( ,bacon1 by :i* he und]/&s *>act]i/ic ph5om5a1 select$ f ! great miscellane\s mass ( facts :i* occur 9 nature1 & :i*1 by _! numb]1 indi/9ctness1 & complication1 t5d r to confuse ?an to direct ! m9d 9 its se>* = causes & g5]al heads ( induction4 ,ph5om5a s select$ on acc\nt ( "s peculi>ly =cible way 9 :i* !y /rike ! reason1 & impress u ) a k9d ( s5se ( causation1 or a p>ticul> aptitude = g5]alization1 he consid]s1 & ju/ly1 z hold+ a k9d ( pr]ogative dignity1 & claim+ our fir/ & especial att5tion 9 physical enquiries4 7#aia47 ,we h already obs]v$ t1 9 =m+ inductions1 x w mo/ commonly happ5 t we are l$ to our conclusions by ! especial =ce ( "s two or ?ree /rongly impressive facts1 r ?an by af=d+ ! :ole mass ( cases a regul> consid]ation2 & h5ce ! ne$ ( cauti\s v]ification4 ,inde$1 s /rong is ?is prop5sity ( ! human m9d1 t !re is h>dly a m common ?+ ?an to f9d p]sons ready to assign a cause = e ?+ !y see1 &1 9 s do+1 to jo9 ?+s ! mo/ incongru\s1 by analogies ! mo/ fanciful4 ,?is be+ ! case1 x is evid5tly ( great importance t ^! fir/ ready impulses ( ! m9d %\ld be made on ! contemplation ( ! cases mo/ likely to lead to good inductions4 ,! mis=tune1 h[ev]1 is1 9 natural philosophy1 t ! *oice does n re/ ) u4 ,we mu/ take ! in/ances z nature pres5ts !m4 ,ev5 if we are furni%$ ) a li/ ( !m 9 tabul> ord]1 we mu/ und]/& & comp>e !m ) ea* o!r1 be=e we c tell :i* are ! in/ances ?us des]v$ly entitl$ to ! highe/ consid]ation4 ,&1 aft] all1 aft] mu* lab\r 9 va91 & grop+ 9 ! d>k1 accid5t or casual obs]vation w pres5t a case :i* /rikes u at once ) a full insight into a subject1 be=e we c ev5 h "t to det]m9e to :at class its pr]ogative belongs4 ,= example1 ! laws ( cry/allography 7 obscure1 & its causes /ill m s1 till ,hay =tunately dropp$ a beautiful cry/al ( calc>e\s sp> on a /one pavem5t1 & broke x4 ,9 piec+ toge!r ! fragm5ts1 he obs]v$ _! facets n to correspond ) ^? ( ! cry/al 9 its entire /ate1 b to belong to ano!r =m2 &1 foll[+ out ! h9t (f]$ by a 8gl>+ in/ance0 ?us casually obtrud$ on 8 notice1 he discov]$ ! beautiful laws ( ! cleavage1 & ! primitive =ms ( m9]als4 7#aib47 ,x has always appe>$ to u1 we mu/ confess1 t ! help :i* ! classification ( in/ances1 "u _! diff]5t titles ( pr]ogative1 af=ds to inductions1 h[ev] j su* classification may be 9 itself1 is yet m app>5t ?an real4 ,! =ce ( ! in/ance mu/ be felt 9 ! m9d1 be=e x c be ref]r$ to its place 9 ! sy/em2 &1 be=e x c be ei!r ref]r$ or appretiat$1 x mu/ be kn[n2 & :5 x is appretiat$1 we are ready en\gh to int]weave x 9 our web ( induction1 )\t greatly tr\bl+ ourselves ) enquir+ :5ce x d]ives ! weight we ackn[l$ge x to h 9 our decisions4 ,h[ev]1 s9ce mu* importance is usually atta*$ to ?is "p ( ,bacon's "w1 we %all "h give a few examples to illu/rate ! nature ( "s ( 8 pr9cipal cases4 ,"o1 ( :at he calls 8gl>+ in/ances10 has j be5 m5tion$4 ,9 ^!1 ! nature or cause enquir$ into1 7:i* 9 ?is case is ! cause ( ! assumption ( a peculi> ext]nal =m1 or ! int]nal /ructure ( a cry/al17 8/&s nak$ & alone1 & ?is 9 an em95t mann]1 or 9 ! highe/ degree ( its p[]40 ,no d\bt1 su* in/ances z ^! are highly in/ructive2 b ! difficulty 9 physics is to f9d su*1 n to p]ceive _! =ce :5 f\nd4 7#aic47 ,! contr>y ( gl>+ are 8cl&e/9e in/ances10 :]e 8! nature s\ght is exhibit$ 9 its weake/ & mo/ imp]fect /ate40 ,( ?is1 ,bacon himself has giv5 an admirable example 9 ! cohesion ( fluids1 z a cl&e/9e in/ance ( ! 8nature or quality ( consi/5ce1 or solidity40 ,yet "h1 aga91 ! same acute discrim9ation :i* enabl$ ,bacon to p]ceive ! analogy :i* connects fluids ) solids1 ?r\gh ! common prop]ty ( cohesive attraction1 w\ld1 at ! same "t1 h enabl$ him to draw f x1 if prop]ly support$1 e consequ5ce necess>y to =m+ j notions ( ! cohesive =ce2 nor does its ref]5ce to ! class ( cl&e/9e in/ances at all assi/ 9 br++ =w>d & matur+ ! f9al results4 ,:51 h[ev]1 ! f9al result is obta9$1--:5 our induction is complete1 & we w\ld v]ify x1--?is class ( in/ances is ( great use1 be+1 9 fact1 frequ5tly no o!r ?an t ( extreme cases1 su* z we h already spok5 ( 79 #agg472 :i*1 by plac+ our conclusions1 z x 71 9 viol5t circum/ances1 try _! temp]1 & br+ _! vig\r to ! te/4 7#aid47 ,bacon's 8collective in/ances0 7in/anti unionis71 are no o!r ?an g5]al facts1 or laws ( "s degree ( g5]ality1 & are !mselves ! results ( induction4 ,b !re is a species ( collective in/ance :i* ,bacon does n seem to h contemplat$1 ( a peculi>ly in/ructive "*2 & t is1 :]e p>ticul> cases are (f]$ to our obs]vation 9 su* numb]s at once z to make ! induction ( _! law a matt] ( ocul> inspection4 ,= example1 ! p>abolic =m assum$ by a jet ( wat] sp\t$ f a r\nd hole1 is a collective in/ance ( ! velocities & directions ( ! motions ( all ! p>ticles :i* compose x se5 at once1 & :i* ?us leads u1 )\t tr\ble1 to recognize ! law ( ! motion ( a projectile4 ,aga91 ! beautiful figures exhibit$ by s& /rew$ on regul> plates ( glass or metal set 9 vibration1 are collective in/ances ( an inf9ite numb] ( po9ts :i* rema9 at re/ :ile ! rema9d] ( ! plate vibrates2 & 9 consequ5ce af=d u1 z x 71 a sight ( ! law :i* regulates _! arrangem5t & sequ5ce ?r\gh\t ! :ole surface4 ,! beautifully col\r$ lemniscates se5 ar\nd ! optic axes ( cry/als expos$ to pol>iz$ light af=d a sup]b example ( ! same k9d1 po9t+ at once to ! g5]al ma!matical expression ( ! law :i* regulates _! production4#df ,( su* collective in/ances z ^!1 x is easy to see ! importance1 & its reason4 ,!y lead u to a g5]al law by an induction :i* (f]s itself spontane\sly1 & ?us furni% advanc$ po9ts 9 our enquiries2 & :5 we />t f ^!1 already 8a ?\s& /eps are lo/40 7#aie47 ,a f9e example ( a collective in/ance is t ( ! sy/em ( ,jupit] or ,saturn ) its satellites4 ,we h "h1 9 m9iature1 & se5 at "o view1 a sy/em simil> to t ( ! planets ab\t ! sun2 ( :i*1 f ! circum/ance ( our be+ involv$ 9 x1 & unfav\rably situat$ = see+ x o!rwise ?an 9 detail1 we are incapacitat$ f =m+ a g5]al idea b by sl[ progressive ef=ts ( reason4 ,accord+ly1 ! contemplation ( ! circumjovial planets 7z !y 7 call$7 mo/ mat]ially assi/$ 9 secur+ ! admission ( ! ,cop]nican sy/em4 7#aif47 ,( 8,crucial in/ances0 we h also already spok51 z af=d+ ! readie/ & secure/ means ( elim9at+ extrane\s causes1 & decid+ betwe5 rival hypo!ses4 ,ow+ to ! disposition ( ! m9d to =m hypo!ses1 & to prejudge cases1 x con/antly happ5s t1 among all ! possible suppositions :i* may occur1 two or ?ree pr9cipal ones occupy u1 to ! exclusion ( ! re/2 or x may be t1 if we h be5 less precipitate1 out ( a great multitude reject$ = obvi\s inapplicability to "s "o or o!r case1 two or ?ree ( bett] claims rema9 = decision2 & ?is su* in/ances enable u to d4 ,"o ( ! in/ances cit$ by ,bacon 9 illu/ration ( 8 crucial class is v rem>kable1 be+ nei!r m nor less ?an ! proposal ( a direct exp]im5t to det]m9e :e!r ! t5d5cy ( heavy bodies d[nw>ds is a result ( "s peculi> me*anism 9 !mselves1 or ( ! attraction ( ! e>? 8by ! corporeal mass !re(1 z by a collection ( bodies ( ! same nature40 ,if x be s1 he says1 8x w foll[ t ! ne>] all bodies approa* to ! e>?1 ! /rong] & ) ! great] =ce & velocity !y w t5d to x2 b ! f>!r !y are1 ! weak] & sl[]30 & 8 exp]im5t consi/s 9 comp>+ ! effect ( a spr+ & a weight 9 keep+ up ! motions ( two 8clocks10 regulat$ toge!r1 & remov$ alt]nately to ! tops ( high build+s & into ! deepe/ m9es4 ,by clocks he c\ld n h meant p5dulum clocks1 :i* 7 n !n kn[n1 7! fir/ made 9 ,engl& 0 9 #affb17 fly-clocks1 s t ! comp>ison1 ?\gh too co>se1 0 n contr>y to s\nd me*anical pr9ciples4 ,9 %ort1 its pr9ciple 0 ! comp>ison ( ! effect ( a spr+ ) t ( a weight1 9 produc+ c]ta9 motions 9 c]ta9 times1 on heights & 9 m9es4 ,n[1 ?is is ! v same ?+ t has really be5 done 9 ! rec5t exp]im5ts ( pr(essors ,airy & ,:ewell 9 ,dolcoa? m9e3 a p5dulum 7a weight mov$ by gravity7 has be5 comp>$ ) a *ronomet] balance1 mov$ & regulat$ by a spr+4 ,9 8 #cg? aphorism1 ,bacon also speaks ( gravity z an incorporeal p[]1 act+ at a di/ance1 & requir+ "t = its transmission2 a consid]ation :i* occurr$ at a lat] p]iod to ,laplace1 9 "o ( 8 mo/ delicate inve/igations4 7#aig47 ,a well *os5 & /rongly m>k$ crucial in/ance is1 sometimes1 ( ! highe/ importance2 :5 two !ories1 :i* run p>allel to ea* o!r 7z is sometimes ! case7 9 _! explanation ( great classes ( ph5om5a1 at l5g? come to be plac$ at issue ^u a s+le fact4 ,a beautiful in/ance ( ?is w be cit$ 9 ! next section4 ,we may add to ! examples above giv5 ( su* in/ances1 t ( ! application ( *emical te/s1 :i* are almo/ univ]sally crucial exp]im5ts4 7#aih47 ,bacon's 8travell+ in/ances0 are ^? 9 :i* ! nature or quality "u inve/igation 8travels10 or v>ies 9 degree2 & ?us 7accord+ to #aeb47 af=d an indication ( a cause by a gradation ( int5sity 9 ! effect4 ,"o ( 8 in/ances is v happy1 be+ t ( 8pap]1 :i* is :ite :5 dry1 b proves less s :5 wet1 & comes ne>] to ! /ate ( transp>5cy ^u ! exclusion ( ! air1 & admission ( wat]40 ,9 read+ ?is1 & _m o!r in/ances 9 ! ,novum ,organum1 "o w\ld almo/ suppose 7_h x be5 writt57 t its au?or _h tak5 !m f ,newton's ,optics4 7#aii47 ,! travell+ in/ances1 z well z :at ,bacon t]ms 8fronti] in/ances10 are cases 9 :i* we are enabl$ to trace t g5]al law :i* seems to p]vade all nature--! law1 z x is t]m$1 ( cont9uity1 & :i* is express$ 9 ! well kn[n s5t5ce1 8,natura non agit p] saltum40 ,! pursuit ( ?is law into cases :]e its application is n at fir/ sight obvi\s1 has prov$ a f]tile s\rce ( physical discov]y1 & l$ u to ! k ( an analogy & intimate connection ( ph5om5a betwe5 :i* at fir/ we %\ld nev] h expect$ to f9d any4 7#bjj47 ,= example1 ! transp>5cy ( gold leaf1 :i* p]mits a blui%-gre5 light to pass ?r\gh x1 is a fronti] in/ance betwe5 ! transp>5cy ( pellucid bodies & ! opacity ( metals1 & x prev5ts a brea* ( ! law ( cont9uity betwe5 transp>5t & opake bodies1 by exhibit+ a body ( ! class g5]ally reg>d$ ! mo/ opake 9 nature1 z /ill possess$ ( "s slight degree ( transp>5cy4 ,x ?us proves t ! quality ( opacity is n a contr>y or antagoni/ quality to t ( transp>5cy1 b only its extreme l[e/ degree4 ,,*ap4 ,,vii4 ,,( ,,! ,,high] ,,degrees ,,( ,,inductive ,,g5]alization1 ,,& ,,( ,,! ,,=mation ,,& ,,v]ification ,,( ,,!ories4 7#bja47 ,z p>ticul> inductions & laws ( ! fir/ degree ( g5]ality are obta9$ f ! consid]ation ( individual facts1 s ,!ories result f a consid]ation ( ^! laws1 & ( ! proximate causes br\ght into view 9 ! previ\s process1 reg>d$ all toge!r z con/itut+ a new set ( ph5om5a1 ! creatures ( reason r ?an ( s5se1 & ea* repres5t+ "u g5]al language innum]able p>ticul> facts4 ,9 rais+ ^! high] inductions1 !re=e1 m scope is giv5 to ! ex]cise ( pure reason ?an 9 sl[ly grop+ out our fir/ results4 ,! m9d is m dis5cumb]$ ( matt]1 & moves z x 7 9 its own elem5t4 ,:at is n[ be=e x1 x p]ceives m intimately1 & less ?r\gh ! m$ium ( s5se1 or at lea/ n 9 ! same mann] z :5 actually at "w on ! imm$iate objects ( s5se4 ,b x mu/ n be !re=e suppos$ t1 9 ! =mation ( !ories1 we are ab&on$ to ! unre/ra9$ ex]cise ( imag9ation1 or at lib]ty to lay d[n arbitr>y pr9ciples1 or assume ! exi/5ce ( m]e fanciful causes4 ,! lib]ty ( speculation :i* we possess 9 ! doma9s ( !ory is n l ! wild lic5ce ( ! slave broke loose f 8 fett]s1 b r l t ( ! freeman :o has le>n$ ! lessons ( self-re/ra9t 9 ! s*ool ( j subord9ation4 ,! ultimate objects we pursue 9 ! highe/ !ories are ! same z ^? ( ! l[e/ inductions2 & ! means by :i* we c mo/ securely atta9 !m be> a close analogy to ^? :i* we h f\nd successful 9 su* inf]ior cases4 7#bjb47 ,! imm$iate object we propose to ourselves 9 physical !ories is ! analysis ( ph5om5a1 & ! k ( ! hidd5 processes ( nature 9 _! production1 s f> z !y c be trac$ by u4 ,an important "p ( ?is k consi/s 9 a discov]y ( ! actual /ructure or me*anism ( ! univ]se & its p>ts1 ?r\gh :i*1 & by :i*1 ^? processes are execut$2 & ( ! ag5ts :i* are conc]n$ 9 _! p]=mance4 ,n[1 ! me*anism ( nature is = ! mo/ "p ei!r on too l>ge or too small a scale to be imm$iately cognizable by our s5ses2 & h] ag5ts 9 l mann] elude direct obs]vation1 & become kn[n to u only by _! effects4 ,x is 9 va9 !re=e t we desire to become witnesses to ! processes c>ri$ on ) su* means1 & to be admitt$ into ! secret recesses & laboratories :]e !y are effect$4 ,microscopes h be5 con/ruct$ :i* magnify m ?an a ?\s& times 9 l9e> dim5sion1 s t ! smalle/ visible gra9 ( s& may be enl>g$ to ! appe>ance ( "o a ?\s& million times m bulky2 yet ! only impression we receive by view+ x ?r\gh su* a magnifi] is1 t x rem9ds u ( "s va/ fragm5t ( a rock1 :ile ! intimate /ructure on :i* dep5d its col\r1 its h>dness1 & its *emical prop]ties1 rema9s /ill conceal$3 we d n seem to h made ev5 an approa* to a clos] analysis ( x by any su* scrut9y4 7#bjc47 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! me*anism ( ! great sy/em ( :i* our planet =ms a "p escapes imm$iate obs]vation by ! imm5sity ( its scale1 nay1 ev5 by ! sl[ness ( its evolutions4 ,! motion ( ! m9ute h& ( a wat* c h>dly be p]ceiv$ )\t ! close/ att5tion1 & t ( ! h\r h& n at all4 ,b :at are ^!1 9 respect ( ! impression ( sl[ness !y produce 9 our m9ds1 comp>$ ) a revolv+ movem5t :i* takes a :ole ye>1 or twelve1 ?irty1 or eighty ye>s to complete1 z is ! case ) ! planets 9 _! revolutions r\nd ! sun4 ,yet no soon] d we come to reflect on ! l9e> dim5sions ( ^! orbs1 7:i* h[ev] we d n see1 nor c we measure !m b by a long1 circuit\s1 & difficult process17 ?an we are lo/ 9 a/oni%m5t at ! swiftness ( ! v motions :i* be=e seem$ s sl[4#dg ,! motion ( ! sails ( a w9dmill (f]s 7on a small scale7 an illu/rative case4 ,at a di/ance ! rotation seems sl[ & /eady--b :5 we /& close to "o ( ! sails 9 its sweep1 we are surpris$ at ! swiftness ) :i* x ru%es by u4 7#bjd47 ,aga91 ! ag5ts employ$ by nature to act on mat]ial /ructures are invisible1 & only to be trac$ by ! effects !y produce4 ,heat dilates matt] ) an irresi/ible =ce2 b :at heat is1 rema9s yet a problem4 ,a curr5t ( electricity pass+ along a wire moves a magnetiz$ ne$le at a di/ance2 b except f ?is effect we p]ceive no diff]5ce betwe5 ! condition ( ! wire :5 x conveys & :5 x does n convey ! /ream3 & we apply ! t]ms curr5t1 or /ream1 to ! electricity only because 9 "s ( its relations x rem9ds u ( some?+ we h obs]v$ 9 a /ream ( air or wat]4 ,9 l mann] we see t ! moon circulates ab\t ! e>?2 & because we believe x to be a solid mass1 & h nev] se5 "o solid sub/ance revolve r\nd ano!r )9 our rea* to h&le & exam9e unless reta9$ by a =ce or unit$ by a tie1 we conclude t !re is a =ce1 & a mode ( connection1 betwe5 ! moon & ! e>?2 ?\gh1 :at t mode c be1 we h no conception1 nor c imag9e h[ su* a =ce c be ex]t$ at a di/ance1 & ) empty space1 or at mo/ an invisible fluid1 betwe54 7,see #adh47 7#bje47 ,yet are we n to despair1 s9ce we see regul> & beautiful results br\ght ab\t 9 human works by means :i* nobody w\ld1 at fir/ sight1 ?9k c\ld h any ?+ to d ) !m4 ,a %eet ( blank pap] is plac$ ^u a frame1 & %ov$ =w>ds1 & aft] w9d+ its way successively ov] & "u half a doz5 roll]s1 & p]=m+ _m o!r /range evolutions1 comes out pr9t$ on bo? sides4 ,&1 aft] all1 ! act+ cause 9 ?is process is no?+ m ?an a few gallons ( wat] boil$ 9 an iron vessel1 at a di/ance f ! sc5e ( op]ations4 ,b :y ! wat] s boil$ %\ld be capable ( produc+ ! active en]gy :i* sets ! :ole app>atus 9 motion is1 & w probably long rema91 a secret to u4 7#bjf47 ,?is1 h[ev]1 does n at all prev5t our hav+ a v p]fect compreh5sion ( ! :ole subsequ5t process4 ,we might frequ5t pr9t+-h\ses1 & =m a !ory ( pr9t+1 & hav+ work$ our way up to ! po9t :]e ! me*anical action comm5c$ 7! boil] ( ! /eam-eng9e71 & v]ifi$ x by tak+ to pieces1 & putt+ toge!r aga91 ! tra9 ( :eels & ! presses1 & by s\nd !oretical exam9ation ( all ! transf]s ( motion f "o "p to ano!r2 we %\ld1 at l5g?1 pron\nce our !ory good1 & decl>e t we und]/ood pr9t+ ?or\ghly4 ,nay1 we might ev5 g away & apply ! pr9ciples ( me*anism we _h le>n$ 9 ?is enquiry to o!r widely diff]5t purposes2 con/ruct o!r ma*9es1 & put !m 9 motion by ! same mov+ p[]1 & all )\t arriv+ at any correct idea z to ! ultimate s\rce ( ! =ce employ$4 ,b1 if we 7 incl9$ to !orize f>!r1 we might d s2 & x is easy to imag9e h[ two !ori/s might =m v diff]5t hypo!ses z to ! orig9 ( ! p[] :i* alt]nately rais$ & depress$ ! pi/on-rod ( ! eng9e4 ,"o1 = example1 might ma9ta9 t ! boil] 7^: cont5ts we w suppose t nei!r !ori/ has be5 p]mitt$ to exam9e7 0 ! d5 ( "s p[]ful unkn[n animal1 & he w\ld n be )\t plausible analogies 9 ! w>m?1 ! supply ( fuel & wat]1 ! brea?+ noises1 ! smoke1 & above all1 ! me*anical p[] ex]t$4 ,he w\ld say 7n )\t a %[ ( reason71 t :]e !re is a positive & wond]ful effect1 & _m /rong analogies1 su* z mat]ials consum$1 & all ! usual signs ( life ma9ta9$1 we are n to d5y ! exi/5ce ( animal life because we "k no animal t consumes su* food4 ,nay1 he might obs]ve ) tru?1 t ! fuel actually consi/s ( ! *emical +r$i5ts :i* con/itute ! *ief food ( all animals1 c42 :ile1 on ! o!r h&1 8 bro!r !ori/1 :o caught a glimpse ( ! fire1 & detect$ ! peculi> s\nds ( ebullition1 might acquire a bett] notion ( ! case1 & =m a !ory m 9 consonance ) fact4 7#bjg47 ,n[1 no?+ is m common 9 physics ?an to f9d two1 or ev5 _m1 !ories ma9ta9$ z to ! orig9 ( a natural ph5om5on4 ,= in/ance1 9 ! case ( heat itself1 "o consid]s x z a really exi/+ mat]ial fluid1 ( su* exce$+ subtlety z to p5etrate all bodies1 & ev5 to be capable ( comb9+ ) !m *emically2 :ile ano!r reg>ds x z no?+ b a rapid vibratory or rotatory motion 9 ! ultimate p>ticles ( ! bodies heat$2 & produces a s+ul>ly +5i\s tra9 ( me*anical reason+ to %[1 t !re is no?+ contradictory to s\nd dynamical pr9ciples 9 su* a doctr9e4 ,?us1 aga91 ) light3 "o consid]s x z consi/+ 9 actual p>ticles d>t$ =? f lum9\s bodies1 & act$ ^u 9 _! progress by =ces ( extreme int5sity resid+ 9 ! sub/ances on :i* !y /rike2 ano!r1 9 ! vibratory motion ( ! p>ticles ( lum9\s bodies1 communicat$ to a peculi> subtle & highly ela/ic e!real m$ium1 fill+ all space1 & convey$ ?r\gh x into our eyes1 z s\nds are to our e>s1 by ! undulations ( ! air4 7#bjh47 ,n[1 are we to be det]r$ f fram+ hypo!ses & con/ruct+ !ories1 because we meet ) su* dilemmas1 & f9d ourselves frequ5tly beyond our dep?8 ,und\bt$ly n4 ,e/ quodam prodire t5us si non datur ultra4 ,hypo!ses1 ) respect to !ories1 are :at presum$ proximate causes are ) respect to p>ticul> inductions3 !y af=d u motives = se>*+ into analogies2 gr\nds ( citation to br+ be=e u all ! cases :i* seem to be> ^u !m1 = exam9ation4 ,a well imag9$ hypo!sis1 if x h be5 sugge/$ by a fair inductive consid]ation ( g5]al laws1 c h>dly fail at lea/ ( enabl+ u to g5]alize a /ep f>!r1 & gr\p toge!r sev]al su* laws "u a m univ]sal expression4 ,b ?is is tak+ a v limit$ view ( ! value & importance ( hypo!ses3 x may happ5 7& x has happ5$ 9 ! case ( ! undulatory doctr9e ( light7 t su* a weight ( analogy & probability may become accumulat$ on ! side ( an hypo!sis1 t we are compell$ to admit "o ( two ?+s2 ei!r t x is an actual /atem5t ( :at really passes 9 nature1 or t ! reality1 :atev] x be1 mu/ run s close a p>allel ) x1 z to admit ( "s mode ( expression common to bo?1 at lea/ 9 s f> z ! ph5om5a actually kn[n are conc]n$4 ,n[1 ?is is a v great /ep1 n only = its own sake1 z lead+ u to a high po9t 9 philosophical speculation1 b = its applications2 because :atev] conclusions we d$uce f an hypo!sis s support$ mu/ h at lea/ a /rong presumption 9 _! fav\r3 & we may be ?us l$ to ! trial ( _m curi\s exp]im5ts1 & to ! imag9+ ( _m useful & important contrivances1 :i* we %\ld nev] o!rwise h ?\ght (1 & :i*1 at all ev5ts1 if v]ifi$ 9 practice1 are real additions to our /ock ( k & to ! arts ( life4 7#bji47 ,9 fram+ a !ory :i* %all r5d] a rational acc\nt ( any natural ph5om5on1 we h fir/ to consid] ! ag5ts on :i* x dep5ds1 or ! causes to :i* we reg>d x z ultimately ref]able4 ,^! ag5ts are n to be arbitr>ily assum$2 !y mu/ be su* z we h good inductive gr\nds to believe d exi/ 9 nature1 & d p]=m a "p 9 ph5om5a analog\s to ^? we w\ld r5d] an acc\nt (2 or su*1 ^: pres5ce 9 ! actual case c be demon/rat$ by unequivocal signs4 ,!y mu/ be v] caus1 9 %ort1 :i* we c n only %[ to exi/ & to act1 b ! laws ( ^: action we c d]ive indep5d5tly1 by direct induction1 f exp]im5ts purposely in/itut$2 or at lea/ make su* suppositions respect+ !m z %all n be contr>y to our exp]i5ce1 & :i* w rema9 to be v]ifi$ by ! co9cid5ce ( ! conclusions we %all d$uce f !m1 ) facts4 ,= example1 9 ! !ory ( gravitation we suppose an ag5t1--viz4 =ce1 or me*anical p[]1--to act on any mat]ial body :i* is plac$ 9 ! pres5ce ( any o!r1 & to urge ! two mutually t[>ds ea* o!r4 ,?is is a v]a causa2 = heavy bodies 7t is1 all bodies1 b "s m1 "s less17 t5d to1 or endeav\r to rea*1 ! e>?1 & require ! ex]tion ( =ce to c\nt]act ?is endeav\r1 or to keep !m up4 ,n[1 t :i* opposes & neutralizes =ce is =ce4 ,& aga91 a plumb-l9e1 :i*1 :5 all[$ to hang freely1 always hangs p]p5dicul>ly2 is f\nd to hang obs]vably aside f ! p]p5dicul> :5 9 ! neighb\rhood ( a consid]able m\nta92 !reby prov+ t a =ce is ex]t$ ^u x1 :i* draws x t[>ds ! m\nta94 ,moreov]1 s9ce x is a fact t ! moon does circulate ab\t ! e>?1 x mu/ be drawn t[>ds ! e>? by a =ce2 = if !re 7 no =ce act+ ^u x1 x w\ld g on 9 a /raight l9e )\t turn+ aside to circulate 9 an orbit1 & w\ld1 !re=e1 soon g away & be lo/ 9 space4 ,?is =ce1 !n1 :i* we call ! =ce ( gravity1 is a real cause4 7#baj47 ,we h next to consid] ! laws :i* regulate ! action ( ^! our prim>y ag5ts2 & ^! we c only arrive at 9 ?ree ways3 #a/1 ,by inductive reason+2 t is1 by exam9+ all ! cases 9 :i* we "k !m to be ex]cis$1 inf]r+1 z well z circum/ances w p]mit1 its am\nt or int5sity 9 ea* p>ticul> case1 & !n piec+ toge!r1 z x 71 ^! disjecta membra1 g5]aliz+ f !m1 & s arriv+ at ! laws desir$2 #b;dly1 ,by =m+ at once a bold hypo!sis1 p>ticul>iz+ ! law1 & try+ ! tru? ( x by foll[+ out its consequ5ces & comp>+ !m ) facts2 or1 #c;dly1 ,by a process p>tak+ ( bo? ^!1 & comb9+ ! advantages ( bo? )\t _! defects1 viz4 by assum+ inde$ ! laws we w\ld discov]1 b s g5]ally express$1 t !y %all include an unlimit$ v>iety ( p>ticul> laws2--foll[+ out ! consequ5ces ( ?is assumption1 by ! application ( su* g5]al pr9ciples z ! case admits2--comp>+ !m 9 succession ) all ! p>ticul> cases )9 our k2 &1 la/ly1 on ?is comp>ison1 s modify+ & re/rict+ ! g5]al enunciation ( our laws z to make ! results agree4 7#baa47 ,all ^! ?ree processes = ! discov]y ( ^? g5]al elem5t>y laws on :i* ! high] !ories are gr\nd$ are applicable ) diff]5t advantage 9 diff]5t circum/ances4 ,we might exemplify _! successive application to ! case ( gravitation3 b z ?is w\ld r lead into a disquisition too p>ticul> = ! objects ( ?is disc\rse1 & c>ry u too mu* into ! doma9 ( te*nical ma!matics1 we %all cont5t ourselves ) rem>k+1 t ! me?od la/ m5tion$ is t :i* ma!maticians 7especially su* z h a consid]able comm& ( ^? g5]al modes ( repres5t+ & reason+ on quantity1 :i* con/itute ! high] analysis17 f9d ! mo/ univ]sally applicable1 & ! mo/ efficaci\s2 & t x is applicable ) especial advantage 9 cases :]e subord9ate inductions ( ! k9d describ$ 9 ! la/ section h already l$ to laws ( a c]ta9 g5]ality admitt+ ( ma!matical expression4 ,su* a case1 = in/ance1 is ! elliptic motion ( a planet1 :i* is a g5]al proposition includ+ ! /atem5t ( an inf9ite numb] ( p>ticul> places1 9 :i* ! laws ( its motion all[ x to be "s "t or o!r f\nd1 & = :i*1 ( c\rse1 ! law ( =ce mu/ be s assum$ z to acc\nt4 7#bab47 ,) reg>d to ! fir/ process ( ! ?ree above enum]at$1 x is 9 fact an induction ( ! k9d describ$ 9 #ahe42 & all ! rem>ks we !re made on t k9d ( induction apply to x 9 ?is /age4 ,! direct assumption ( a p>ticul> hypo!sis has be5 occasionally practis$ v successfully4 ,z examples1 we may m5tion ,c\lomb's & ,poisson's !ories ( electricity & magnetism1 9 bo? :i*1 ph5om5a ( a v complicat$ & int]e/+ nature are ref]r$ to ! actions ( attractive & repulsive =ces1 foll[+ a law simil> 9 its expression to ! law ( gravitation4 ,b ! difficulty & lab\r1 :i*1 9 ! great] !ories1 always att5ds ! pursuit ( a fundam5tal law into its remote consequ5ces1 effectually precludes ?is me?od f be+ commonly resort$ to z a means ( discov]y1 unless we h "s good reason1 f analogy or o!rwise1 = believ+ t ! attempt w prove successful1 or h be5 fir/ l$ by p>tial inductions to p>ticul> laws :i* naturally po9t x out = trial4 7#bac47 ,9 ?is case ! law assumes all ! *>act]s ( a g5]al ph5om5on result+ f an induction ( p>ticul>s1 b n yet v]ifi$ by comp>ison ) all ! p>ticul>s1 nor ext5d$ to all t x is capable ( includ+4 7,see #aga47 ,x is ! v]ification ( su* inductions :i* con/itutes !ory 9 its l>ge/ s5se1 & :i* embraces an e/imation ( ! influ5ce ( all su* circum/ances z may modify ! effect ( ! cause ^: laws ( action we h arriv$ at & w\ld v]ify4 ,to return to our example3 p>ticul> inductions drawn f ! motions ( ! sev]al planets ab\t ! sun1 & ( ! satellites r\nd _! prim>ies1 c4 hav+ l$ u to ! g5]al conception ( an attractive =ce ex]t$ by e p>ticle ( matt] 9 ! univ]se on e o!r accord+ to ! law to :i* we atta* ! "n ( gravitation2 :5 we w\ld v]ify ?is induction1 we mu/ set out ) assum+ ?is law1 consid]+ ! :ole sy/em z subject$ to its influ5ce & implicitly obey+ x1 & no?+ int]f]+ ) its action2 we !n1 = ! fir/ "t1 p]ceive a tra9 ( modify+ circum/ances :i* _h n occurr$ to u :5 reason+ upw>ds f p>ticul>s to obta9 ! fundam5tal law2 we p]ceive t all ! planets mu/ attract ea* o!r1 mu/ !re=e draw ea* o!r out ( ! orbits :i* !y w\ld h if act$ on only by ! sun2 & z ?is 0 nev] contemplat$ 9 ! inductive process1 its validity becomes a "q1 :i* c only be det]m9$ by asc]ta9+ precisely h[ great a deviation ?is new class ( mutual actions w produce4 ,to d ?is is no easy task1 or r1 x is ! mo/ difficult task :i* ! g5ius ( man has ev] yet accompli%$3 /ill1 x has be5 accompli%$ by ! m]e application ( ! g5]al laws ( dynamics2 & ! result 7und\bt$ly a mo/ beautiful & satisfactory "o7 is1 t all ^? obs]v$ deviations 9 ! motions ( our sy/em :i* /ood out z exceptions 7 #aed471 or 7 notic$ z residual ph5om5a & res]v$ = fur!r enquiry 7 #aeh471 9 t imp]fect view ( ! subject :i* we got 9 ! subord9ate process by :i* we rose to our g5]al conclusion1 prove to be ! imm$iate consequ5ces ( ! above-m5tion$ mutual actions4 ,z su*1 !y are nei!r exceptions nor residual facts1 b fulfilm5ts ( g5]al rules1 & ess5tial features 9 ! /atem5t ( ! case1 )\t :i* our induction w\ld be invalid1 & ! law ( gravitation positively untrue4 7#bad47 ,9 ! !ory ( gravitation1 ! law is all 9 all1 apply+ itself at once to ! mat]ials1 & directly produc+ ! result4 ,b 9 _m o!r cases we h to consid] n m]ely ! laws :i* regulate ! actions ( our ultimate causes1 b a sy/em ( me*anism1 or a /ructure ( p>ts1 ?r\gh ! int]v5tion ( :i* _! effects become s5sible to u4 ,?us1 9 ! delicate & curi\s electro-dynamic !ory ( ,amp]e1 ! mutual attraction or repulsion ( two magnets is ref]r$ to a m univ]sal ph5om5on1 ! mutual action ( electric curr5ts1 accord+ to a c]ta9 fundam5tal law4 ,b1 9 ord] to br+ ! case ( a magnet )9 ! range ( ?is law1 he is oblig$ to make a supposition ( a peculi> /ructure or me*anism1 :i* con/itutes a body a magnet1 viz4 t ar\nd ea* p>ticle ( ! body !re %all be con/antly circulat+1 9 a c]ta9 /at$ direction1 a small curr5t ( electric fluid4 7#bae47 ,?is1 we may say1 is too complex2 x is artificial1 & _c be grant$3 yet1 if ! admission ( ?is or any o!r /ructure t5fold m artificial & complicat$ w enable any "o to pres5t 9 a g5]al po9t ( view a great numb] ( p>ticul> facts1--to make !m a "p ( "o sy/em1 & enable u to reason f ! kn[n to ! unkn[n1 & actually to pr$ict facts be=e trial1--we w\ld ask1 :y %\ld x n be grant$8 ,:5 we exam9e ^? in/ances ( nature's workman%ip :i* we c take to pieces & und]/&1 we f9d !m 9 ! highe/ degree artificial 9 our own s5se ( ! ^w4 ,take1 = example1 ! /ructure ( an eye1 or ( ! skeleton ( an animal1--:at complexity & :at artifice6 ,9 ! "o1 a pellucid muscle2 a l5s =m$ ) elliptical surfaces2 a circul> ap]ture capable ( enl>gem5t or contraction )\t loss ( =m4 ,9 ! o!r1 a framework ( ! mo/ curi\s c>p5try2 9 :i* occurs n a s+le /raight l9e1 nor any kn[n geometrical curve1 yet all evid5tly sy/ematic1 & con/ruct$ by rules :i* defy our rese>*4 ,or exam9e a cry/alliz$ m9]al1 :i* we c 9 "s measure dissect1 & ?us obta9 direct evid5ce ( an int]nal /ructure4 ,nei!r artifice nor complication are "h want+2 & ?\gh x is easy to ass]t t ^! appe>ances are1 aft] all1 produc$ by some?+ :i* w\ld be v simple1 if we did b "k x1 x is pla9 t ! same might be said ( a /eam-eng9e execut+ ! mo/ complicat$ movem5ts1 previ\s to any inve/igation ( its nature1 or any k ( ! s\rce ( its p[]4 7#baf47 ,9 e/imat+1 h[ev]1 ! value ( a !ory1 we are n to look1 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 to ! "q1 :e!r x e/abli%es satisfactorily1 or n1 a p>ticul> process or me*anism2 = ( ?is1 aft] all1 we c nev] obta9 m ?an t indirect evid5ce :i* consi/s 9 its lead+ to ! same results4 ,:at1 9 ! actual /ate ( sci5ce1 is f> m important = u to "k1 is :e!r our !ory truly repres5t all ! facts1 & include all ! laws1 to :i* obs]vation & induction lead4 ,a !ory :i* did ?is w\ld1 no d\bt1 g a great way to e/abli% any hypo!sis ( me*anism or /ructure1 :i* might =m an ess5tial "p ( x3 b ?is is v f> f be+ ! case1 except 9 a few limit$ in/ances2 &1 till x is s1 to lay any great /ress on hypo!ses ( ! k9d1 except 9 z mu* z !y s]ve z a scaffold = ! erection ( g5]al laws1 is to 8q mi/ake ! scaffold = ! pile40 ,reg>d$ 9 ?is light1 hypo!ses h (t5 an em95t use3 & a facility 9 fram+ !m1 if att5d$ ) an equal facility 9 lay+ !m aside :5 !y h s]v$ _! turn1 is "o ( ! mo/ valuable qualities a philosoph] c possess2 :ile1 on ! o!r h&1 a bigot$ adh]5ce to !m1 or inde$ to peculi> views ( any k9d1 9 opposition to ! t5or ( facts z !y arise1 is ! bane ( all philosophy4 7#bag47 ,!re is no d\bt1 h[ev]1 t ! safe/ c\rse1 :5 x c be foll[$1 is to rise by inductions c>ri$ on among laws1 z among facts1 f law to law1 p]ceiv+1 z we g on1 h[ laws :i* we h look$ ^u z unconnect$ become p>ticul> cases1 ei!r "o ( ! o!r1 or all ( "o /ill m g5]al1 &1 at l5g?1 bl5d altoge!r 9 ! po9t ( view f :i* we le>n to reg>d !m4 ,an example w illu/rate :at we mean4 ,x is a g5]al law1 t all hot bodies ?r[ out or radiate heat 9 all directions1 7by :i* we mean1 n t heat is an actual sub/ance d>t$ out f hot bodies1 b only t ! laws ( ! transmission ( heat to di/ant objects are simil> to ^? :i* w\ld regulate ! di/ribution ( p>ticles ?r[n =? 9 all directions17 & t o!r cold] bodies plac$ 9 _! neighb\rhood become hot1 z if !y receiv$ ! heat s radiat$4 ,aga91 all solid bodies :i* become heat$ 9 "o "p conduct1 or diffuse1 ! heat f t "p ?r\gh _! :ole sub/ance4 ,"h we h two modes ( communicat+ heat1--by radiation1 & by conduction2 & bo? ^! h _! peculi>1 &1 to all appe>ance1 v diff]5t laws4 ,n[1 let u br+ a hot & a cold body 7( ! same sub/ance7 gradually ne>] & ne>] toge!r1--z !y approa*1 ! heat w be communicat$ f ! hot to ! cold "o by ! laws ( radiation2 & f ! ne>] to ! f>!r "p ( ! cold] "o1 z x gradually gr[s w>m1 by ^? ( conduction4 ,let _! di/ance be dim9i%$ till !y j lightly t\*4 ,h[ does ! heat n[ pass f "o to ! o!r8 ,d\btless1 by radiation2 = x may be prov$1 t 9 su* a contact !re is yet an int]val4 ,let !m !n be =c$ toge!r1 & x w seem cle> t x mu/ n[ be by conduction4 ,yet _! int]val mu/ dim9i% gradually1 z ! =ce by :i* !y are press$ toge!r increases1 till !y actually coh]e1 & =m "o4 ,! law ( cont9uity1 !n1 ( :i* we h be=e spok5 7 #aii471 =bids u to suppose t ! intimate nature ( ! process ( communication is *ang$ 9 ?is transition f light to viol5t contact1 & f t to actual union4 ,if s1 we might ask1 at :at po9t does ! *ange happ58 ,especially s9ce x is also demon/rable1 t ! p>ticles ( ! mo/ solid body are n1 really1 9 contact4 ,!re=e1 ! laws ( conduction & radiation h a mutual dep5d5ce1 & ! =m] are only extreme cases ( ! latt]4 ,if1 !n1 we w\ld rightly und]/& :at passes1 or :at is ! process ( nature 9 ! sl[ communication ( heat ?r\gh ! sub/ance ( a solid1 we mu/ gr\nd our enquiries ^u :at takes place at a di/ance1 & !n urge ! laws to :i* we h arriv$1 up to _! extreme case4 7#bah47 ,:5 two !ories run p>allel to ea* o!r1 & ea* expla9s a great _m facts 9 common ) ! o!r1 any exp]im5t :i* af=ds a crucial in/ance to decide betwe5 !m1 or by :i* "o or o!r mu/ fall1 is ( great importance4 ,9 ?us v]ify+ !ories1 s9ce !y are gr\nd$ on g5]al laws1 we may appeal1 n m]ely to p>ticul> cases1 b to :ole classes ( facts2 & we !re=e h a great range among ! individuals ( ^! = ! selection ( "s p>ticul> effect :i* ought to take place oppositely 9 ! ev5t ( "o ( ! two suppositions at issue be+ "r & ! o!r wrong4 ,a curi\s example is giv5 by ,m4 ,fresnel1 z decisive1 9 8 m9d1 ( ! "q betwe5 ! two great op9ions on ! nature ( light1 :i*1 s9ce ! "t ( ,newton & ,huygh5s1 h divid$ philosoph]s4 7,see #bjg47 ,:5 two v clean glasses are laid "o on ! o!r1 if !y be n p]fectly flat1 b "o or bo? 9 an almo/ imp]ceptible degree convex or prom95t1 beautiful & vivid col\rs w be se5 betwe5 !m2 & if ^! be view$ ?r\gh a r$ glass1 _! appe>ance w be t ( alt]nate d>k & bright /ripes4 ,^! /ripes are =m$ betwe5 ! two surfaces 9 app>5t contact1 z any "o may satisfy himself by us+1 in/ead ( a flat plate ( glass = ! upp] "o1 a triangul>-%ap$ piece1 call$ a prism1 l a ?ree-corn]$ /ick1 & look+ ?r\gh ! incl9$ side ( x next ! eye1 by :i* arrangem5t ! reflection ( light f ! upp] surface is prev5t$ f int]mix+ ) t f ! surfaces 9 contact4 ,n[1 ! col\r$ /ripes ?us produc$ are explicable on bo? !ories1 & are appeal$ to by bo? z /rong confirmatory facts2 b !re is a diff]5ce 9 "o circum/ance accord+ z "o or ! o!r !ory is employ$ to expla9 !m4 ,9 ! case ( ! ,huygh5ian doctr9e1 ! int]vals betwe5 ! bright /ripes ought to appe> absolutely black2 9 ! o!r1 half bright1 :5 s view$ ?r\gh a prism4 ,?is curi\s case ( diff]5ce 0 tri$ z soon z ! oppos+ consequ5ces ( ! two !ories 7 not$ by ,m4 ,fresnel1 & ! result is /at$ by him to be decisive 9 fav\r ( t !ory :i* makes light to consi/ 9 ! vibrations ( an ela/ic m$ium4 7#bai47 ,!ories are be/ arriv$ at by ! consid]ation ( g5]al laws2 b mo/ securely v]ifi$ by comp>+ !m ) p>ticul> facts1 because ?is s]ves z a v]ification ( ! :ole tra9 ( induction1 f ! l[e/ t]m to ! highe/4 ,b !n1 ! comp>ison mu/ be made ) facts purposely select$ s z to include e v>iety ( case1 n omitt+ extreme ones1 & 9 suffici5t numb] to af=d e reasonable probability ( detect+ error4 ,a s+le num]ical co9cid5ce 9 a f9al conclusion1 h[ev] /rik+ ! co9cid5ce or important ! subject1 is n suffici5t4 ,newton's !ory ( s\nd1 = example1 leads to a num]ical expression = ! actual velocity ( s\nd1 diff]+ b little f t af=d$ by ! correct !ory aft]w>ds expla9$ by ,lagrange1 & 7:5 c]ta9 consid]ations n contemplat$ by him are all[$ =7 agree+ ) fact2 yet ?is co9cid5ce is no v]ification ( ,newton's view ( ! g5]al subject ( s\nd1 :i* is defective 9 an ess5tial po9t1 z ! great geomet] la/ nam$ has v satisfactorily %[n4 ,?is example is suffici5t to inspire caution 9 re/+ ! v]ification ( !ories ^u any ?+ b a v ext5sive comp>ison ) a great mass ( obs]v$ facts4 7#bbj47 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 :5 a !ory w be> ! te/ ( su* ext5sive comp>ison1 x matt]s little h[ x has be5 orig9ally fram$4 ,h[ev] /range &1 at fir/ sight1 inadmissible its po/ulates may appe>1 or h[ev] s+ul> x may seem t su* po/ulates %\ld h be5 fix$ ^u1--if !y only lead u1 by legitimate reason+s1 to conclusions 9 exact accordance ) num]\s obs]vations purposely made "u su* a v>iety ( circum/ances z fairly to embrace ! :ole range ( ! ph5om5a :i* ! !ory is int5d$ to acc\nt =1 we _c refuse to admit !m2 or if we /ill hesitate to reg>d !m z demon/rat$ tru?s1 we _c1 at lea/1 object to receive !m z tempor>y sub/itutes = su* tru?s1 until ! latt] %all become kn[n4 ,if !y suffice to expla9 all ! ph5om5a kn[n1 x becomes highly improbable t !y w n expla9 m2 & if all _! conclusions we h tri$ h prov$ correct1 x is probable t o!rs yet untri$ w be f\nd s too2 s t 9 reject+ !m altoge!r1 we %\ld reject all ! discov]ies to :i* !y may lead4 7#bba47 ,9 all !ories :i* pr(ess to give a true acc\nt ( ! process ( nature 9 ! production ( any class ( ph5om5a1 by ref]r+ !m to g5]al laws1 or to ! action ( g5]al causes1 ?r\gh a tra9 ( modify+ circum/ances2 be=e we c apply ^? laws1 or trace ! action ( ^? causes 9 any assign$ case1 we require to "k ! circum/ances3 we mu/ h data :]eon to gr\nd _! application4 ,n[1 ^! c be le>n$ only f obs]vation2 & x may seem to be argu+ 9 a vici\s circle to h rec\rse to obs]vation = any "p ( ^? !oretical conclusions1 by ^: comp>ison ) fact ! !ory itself is to be tri$4 ,! consid]ation ( an example w enable u to remove ?is difficulty4 ,! mo/ g5]al law :i* has yet be5 discov]$ 9 *emi/ry is ?is1 t all ! elem5t>y sub/ances 9 nature are susceptible ( ent]+ into comb9ation ) ea* o!r only 9 fix$ or def9ite proportions by weight1 & n arbitr>ily2 s t :5 any two sub/ances are put toge!r ) a view to unite !m1 if _! weights are n 9 "s c]ta9 det]m9ate proportion1 a complete comb9ation w n take place1 b "s "p ( "o or ! o!r +r$i5t w rema9 ov] & above1 & uncomb9$4 ,suppose1 n[1 we h f\nd a sub/ance hav+ all ! outw>d *>act]s ( a homog5e\s or unmix$ body1 b :i*1 on analysis1 we discov] to consi/ ( sulphur1 & lead 9 ! proportion ( #bj p>ts ( ! =m] to #acj ( ! latt] +r$i5t2 & we w\ld "k :e!r ?is is to be reg>d$ z a v]ification ( ! law ( def9ite proportions or an exception to x4 ,! "q is r$uc$ to ?is1 :e!r ! proportion #bj to #acj be or be n t fix$ & def9ite proportion1 7or "o ( !m1 if !re be m ?an "o proportion possible17 9 :i*1 accord+ to ! law 9 "q1 sulphur & lead c comb9e2 n[1 ?is c nev] be decid$ by m]ely look+ at ! law 9 all its g5]ality4 ,x is cle>1 t :5 p>ticul>iz$ by re/rict+ its expression to sulphur & lead1 ! law %\ld /ate :at are ^? p>ticul> fix$ proportions 9 :i* ^! bodies c comb9e4 ,t is to say1 !re mu/ be c]ta9 data or numb]s1 by :i* ^! are di/+ui%$ f all o!r bodies 9 nature1 & :i* require to be kn[n be=e we c apply ! g5]al law to ! p>ticul> case4 ,to det]m9e su* data1 obs]vation mu/ be consult$2 & if we 7 to h rec\rse to t ( ! comb9ation ( ! two sub/ances 9 "q ) ea* o!r1 no d\bt !re w\ld be gr\nd = ! logical objection ( a vici\s circle3 b ?is is n done2 ! det]m9ation ( ^! num]ical data is d]iv$ f exp]im5ts purposely made on a great v>iety ( diff]5t comb9ations1 among :i* t "u consid]ation does n ( necessity occur1 & all ^! be+ f\nd1 indep5d5tly ( ea* o!r1 to agree 9 giv+ ! same results1 !y are !re=e safely assum$ z "p ( ! sy/em4 ,?us1 ! law ( def9ite proportions1 :5 appli$ to ! actual /ate ( nature1 requires two sep>ate /atem5ts1 ! "o ann\nc+ ! g5]al law ( comb9ation1 ! o!r p>ticul>iz+ ! numb]s appropriate to ! sev]al elem5ts ( :i* natural bodies consi/1 or ! data ( nature4 ,among ^! data1 if arrang$ 9 a li/1 !re w be f\nd opposite to ! elem5t sulphur ! numb] #af1 & opposite to lead1 #ajddh2 & s9ce #bj is to #acj 9 ! exact proportion ( #af to #ajd1 x appe>s t ! comb9ation 9 "q af=ds a satisfactory v]ification ( ! law4 7#bbb47 ,! great importance ( physical data ( ?is description1 & ! advantage ( hav+ !m well det]m9$1 w be obvi\s1 if we consid]1 t a li/ ( !m1 :5 tak5 9 comb9ation ) ! g5]al law1 af=ds ! means ( det]m9+ at once ! exact proportion ( ! +r$i5ts ( all natural comp\nds1 if we only "k ! place !y hold 9 ! sy/em4 ,9 *emi/ry1 ! numb] ( admitt$ elem5ts is betwe5 fifty & sixty1 & new ones are add$ cont9ually z ! sci5ce advances4 ,n[1 ! mom5t ! numb] correspond+ to any new sub/ance add$ to ! li/ is det]m9$1 we h1 9 fact1 asc]ta9$ all ! proportions 9 :i* x c ent] into comb9ation ) all ! o!rs1 s t a c>eful exp]im5t made ) ! object ( det]m9+ ?is numb] is1 9 fact1 equival5t to z _m diff]5t exp]im5ts z !re are b9>y1 t]n>y1 or yet m complicat$ comb9ations capable ( exi/+1 into :i* ! new sub/ance may ent]1 z an +r$i5t4 7#bbc47 ,! importance ( obta9+ exact physical data c sc>cely be too mu* insi/$ on1 = )\t !m ! mo/ elaborate !ories are little bett] ?an m]e inapplicable =ms ( words4 ,x w\ld be ( little consequ5ce to be in=m$1 ab/ract$ly1 t ! sun & planets attract ea* o!r1 ) =ces proportional to _! masses1 & inv]sely z ! squ>es ( _! di/ances3 b1 z soon z we "k ! data ( our sy/em1 z soon z we h an accurate /atem5t 7no matt] h[ obta9$7 ( ! di/ances1 masses1 & actual motions ( ! sev]al bodies :i* compose x1 we ne$ no m to enable u to pr$ict all ! movem5ts ( its sev]al p>ts1 & ! *anges t w happ5 9 x = ?\s&s ( ye>s to come2 & ev5 to ext5d our views backw>ds into "t1 & recov] f ! pa/1 ph5om5a1 :i* no obs]vation has not$1 & no hi/ory record$1 & :i* yet 7x is possible7 may h left indelible traces ( _! exi/5ce 9 _! influ5ce on ! /ate ( nature 9 our own globe1 & ^? ( ! o!r planets4 7#bbd47 ,! pro(1 too1 t our data are correctly assum$1 is involv$ 9 ! g5]al v]ification ( ! :ole !ory1 ( :i*1 :5 once assum$1 !y =m a "p2 & ! same comp>ison ) obs]vation :i* enables u to decide on ! tru? ( ! ab/ract pr9ciple1 enables u1 at ! same "t1 to asc]ta9 :e!r we h fix$ ! values ( our data 9 accordance ) ! actual /ate ( nature4 ,if n1 x becomes an important "q1 :e!r ! assum$ values c be correct$1 s z to br+ ! results ( !ory to agree ) facts8 ,?us x happ5s1 t z !ories approa* to _! p]fection1 a m & m exact det]m9ation ( data becomes requisite4 ,deviations f obs]v$ fact1 :i*1 9 a fir/ or approximative v]ification1 may be disreg>d$ z trifl+1 become important :5 a high degree ( precision is atta9$4 ,a diff]5ce betwe5 ! calculat$ & obs]v$ places ( a planet1 :i* w\ld h be5 disreg>d$ by ,kepl] 9 8 v]ification ( ! law ( elliptic motion1 w\ld n[ be consid]$ fatal to ! !ory ( gravity1 unless x c\ld be %[n to arise f an errone\s assumption ( "s ( ! num]ical data ( our sy/em4 7#bbe47 ,! obs]vations mo/ appropriate = ! ready & exact det]m9ation ( physical data are1 !re=e1 ^? :i* x is mo/ necess>y to h p]=m$ ) exactness & p]sev]ance4 ,h5ce x is1 t _! p]=mance1 9 _m cases1 becomes a national conc]n1 & obs]vatories are erect$ & ma9ta9$1 & exp$itions despat*$ to di/ant regions1 at an exp5se :i*1 to a sup]ficial view1 w\ld appe> mo/ disproportion$ to _! objects4 ,b x may v reasonably be ask$ :y ! direct assi/ance af=d$ by gov]nm5ts to ! execution ( cont9u$ s]ies ( obs]vations adapt$ to ?is especial end %\ld cont9ue to be1 z x has hi!rto almo/ exclusively be51 conf9$ to a/ronomy4 7#bbf47 ,physical data int5d$ to be employ$ z elem5ts ( calculation 9 ext5sive !ories1 require to be kn[n ) a mu* great] degree ( exactness ?an any s+le obs]vation possesses1 n only on acc\nt ( _! dignity & importance1 z af=d+ ! means ( repres5t+ an indef9ite multitude ( facts2 b because1 9 ! v>iety ( comb9ations t may arise1 or 9 ! *anges t circum/ances may und]go1 cases w occur :5 any trifl+ error 9 "o ( ! data may become enorm\sly magnifi$ 9 ! f9al result to be comp>$ ) obs]vation4 ,?us1 9 ! case ( an eclipse ( ! sun1 :5 ! moon ent]s v obliquely ^u ! sun's disc1 a trifl+ error 9 ! diamet] ( ei!r ! sun or moon may make a great "o 9 ! "t :5 ! eclipse %all be ann\nc$ to comm5ce4 ,x ought to be rem>k$1 t ^! are1 ( all o!rs1 ! conjunctures :]e obs]vations are mo/ available = ! det]m9ation ( data2 =1 by ! same rule t a small *ange 9 ! data w1 9 su* cases1 produce a great "o 9 ! ?+ to be obs]v$2 s1 vice v]s1 any mod]ate am\nt ( error1 committ$ 9 an obs]vation und]tak5 = asc]ta9+ its value1 c produce b a v trifl+ "o 9 ! rev]se calculation f :i* ! data come to be det]m9$ by obs]vation4 ,?is rem>k ext5ds to e description ( physical data 9 e dep>tm5t ( sci5ce1 & is nev] to be ov]look$ :5 ! object 9 view is ! det]m9ation ( data ) ! la/ degree ( precision4 7#bbg47 ,b h[1 x may be ask$1 are we to asc]ta9 by obs]vation1 data m precise ?an obs]vation itself8 ,h[ are we to conclude ! value ( t :i* we d n see1 ) great] c]ta9ty ?an t ( quantities :i* we actually see & measure8 ,x is ! numb] ( obs]vations :i* may be br\ght to be> on ! det]m9ation ( data t enables u to d ?is4 ,:atev] error we may commit 9 a s+le det]m9ation1 x is highly improbable t we %\ld always err ! same way1 s t1 :5 we come to take an av]age ( a great numb] ( det]m9ations1 7unless !re be "s con/ant cause :i* gives a bias "o way or ! o!r17 we _c fail1 at l5g?1 to obta9 a v ne> approximation to ! tru?1 &1 ev5 all[+ a bias1 to come mu* ne>] to x ?an c fairly be expect$ f any s+le obs]vation1 liable to be influ5c$ by ! same bias4 7#bbh47 ,?is useful & valuable prop]ty ( ! av]age ( a great _m obs]vations1 t x br+s u ne>] to ! tru? ?an any s+le obs]vation c be reli$ on z do+1 r5d]s x ! mo/ con/ant res\rce 9 all physical enquiries :]e accuracy is desir$4 ,& x is surpris+ :at a rapid effect1 9 equaliz+ fluctuations & de/roy+ deviations1 a mod]ate multiplication ( individual obs]vations has4 ,a bett] example c h>dly be tak5 ?an ! av]age height ( ! quicksilv] 9 ! common b>omet]1 :i* measures ! pressure ( ! air1 & ^: fluctuations are prov]bial4 ,nev]!less1 if we only obs]ve x regul>ly e day1 &1 at ! end ( ea* mon?1 take an av]age ( ! obs]v$ heights1 we %all f9d ! fluctuations surpris+ly dim9i%$ 9 am\nt2 & if we g on = a :ole ye>1 or = _m ye>s 9 succession1 ! annual av]ages w be f\nd to agree ) /ill great] exactness4 ,?is equaliz+ p[] ( av]ages1 by de/roy+ all su* fluctuations z are irregul> or accid5tal1 frequ5tly enables u to obta9 evid5ce ( fluctuations really regul>1 p]iodic 9 _! recurr5ce1 & s mu* small] 9 _! am\nt ?an ! accid5tal ones1 t1 b = ?is mode ( proce$+1 !y nev] w\ld h become app>5t4 ,?us1 if ! height ( ! b>omet] be obs]v$ f\r times a day1 con/antly1 = a few mon?s1 & ! av]ages tak51 x w be se5 t a regul> daily fluctuation1 ( v small am\nt1 takes place1 ! quicksilv] ris+ & fall+ twice 9 ! f\r-&-tw5ty h\rs4 ,x is by su* obs]vations t we are enabl$ to asc]ta9--:at no s+le measure 7unless by a =tunate co9cid5ce71 c\ld give u any idea1 & nev] any c]ta9 k (--! true sea level at any "p ( ! coa/1 or ! height at :i* ! wat] ( ! ocean w\ld /&1 if p]fectly undi/urb$ by w9ds1 waves1 or tides3 a subject ( v great importance1 & ^u :i* x w\ld be highly desirable to possess an ext5sive s]ies ( obs]vations1 at a great _m po9ts on ! coa/s ( ! pr9cipal cont95ts & isl&s ov] ! :ole globe4 7#bbi47 ,9 all cases :]e !re is a direct & simple relation betwe5 ! ph5om5on obs]v$ & a s+le datum on :i* x dep5ds1 e s+le obs]vation w give a value ( ?is quantity1 & ! av]age ( all 7"u c]ta9 re/rictions7 w be its exact value4 ,we say1 "u c]ta9 re/rictions2 =1 if ! circum/ances "u :i* ! obs]vations are made be n alike1 !y may n all be equally fav\rable to exactness1 & x w\ld be do+ inju/ice to ^? mo/ advantage\s1 to class !m ) ! re/4 ,9 su* cases z ^!1 z well z 9 cases :]e ! data are num]\s & complicat$ toge!r1 s z n to admit ( s+le1 sep>ate det]m9ation 7a ?+ ( cont9ual occurr5ce71 we h to ent] into v nice1 & (t5 n a little intricate1 consid]ations respect+ ! probable accuracy ( our results1 or ! limits ( error )9 :i* x is probable !y lie4 ,9 s do+ we are oblig$ to h rec\rse to a ref9$ & curi\s bran* ( ma!matical enquiry1 call$ ! doctr9e ( probabilities1 ! object ( :i* 7z its "n imports7 is to r$uce our e/imation ( ! probability ( any conclusion to calculation1 s z to be able to give m ?an a m]e guess at ! degree ( reliance :i* ought to be plac$ 9 x4 7#bcj47 ,to give "s g5]al idea ( ! consid]ations :i* su* computations involve1 let u imag9e a p]son fir+ ) a pi/ol at a waf] on a wall t5 y>ds di/ant3 we might1 9 a g5]al way1 take x = grant$1 t he w\ld hit ! wall1 b n ! waf]1 at ! fir/ %ot2 b if we w\ld =m any ?+ l a probable conjecture ( h[ ne> he w\ld come to x1 we mu/ fir/ h an idea ( 8 skill4 ,no bett] way ( judg+ c\ld be devis$ ?an by lett+ him fire a hundr$ %ots at x1 & m>k+ :]e !y all /ruck4 ,suppose ?is done1--suppose ! waf] has be5 hit once or twice1 t a c]ta9 numb] ( balls h hit ! wall )9 an in* ( x1 a c]ta9 numb] betwe5 "o & two in*es1 & s on1 & t "o or two h be5 "s feet wide ( ! m>k4 ,/ill ! "q arises1 :at e/imate are we !nce to =m ( 8 skill8 h[ ne> 7or ne>]7 may we1 aft] ?is exp]i5ce1 safely1 or at lea/ n unfairly1 bet t he w come to ! m>k ! next subsequ5t %ot8 ,?is ! laws ( probability enable u on su* data to say4 ,aga91 suppose1 be=e we 7 all[$ to measure ! di/ances1 ! waf] 7 to h be5 tak5 away1 & we 7 call$ ^u1 on ! m]e evid5ce ( ! m>ks on ! wall1 to say :]e x _h be5 plac$2 x is cle> t no reason+ w\ld enable any "o to say ) c]ta9ty2 yet !re is assur$ly "o place :i* we may fix on ) great] probability ( be+ "r ?an any o!r4 ,n[1 ?is is a v simil> case to t ( an obs]v]--an a/ronom] = example--:o w\ld det]m9e ! exact place ( a heav5ly body4 ,he po9ts to x 8 telescope1 & obta9s a s]ies ( results disagree+ among !mselves1 b yet all agree+ )9 c]ta9 limits1 & only a comp>atively small numb] ( !m deviat+ consid]ably f ! mean ( all2 & f ^! he is call$ ^u to say1 def9itively1 :at he %all consid] to h be5 ! mo/ probable place ( 8 /> at ! mom5t4 ,j s 9 ! calculation ( physical data2 :]e no two results agree exactly1 & :]e all come )9 limits1 "s wide1 "s close1 :at h we to guide u :5 we w\ld make up our m9ds :at to conclude respect+ !m8 ,x is evid5t t any sy/em ( calculation t c be %[n to lead ( necessity to ! mo/ probable conclusion :]e c]ta9ty is n to be _h mu/ be valuable4 ,h[ev]1 z ?is doctr9e is "o ( ! mo/ difficult & delicate among ! applications ( ma!matics to natural philosophy1 ?is slight m5tion ( x mu/ suffice at pres5t4 7#bca47 ,9 ! =ego+ pages we h endeav\r$ to expla9 ! _s ( ! me?ods to :i*1 s9ce ! revival ( philosophy1 natural sci5ce has be5 indebt$ = ! great & spl5did advances x has made4 ,:at we h all along mo/ e>ne/ly desir$ to impress on ! /ud5t is1 t natural philosophy is ess5tially unit$ 9 all its dep>tm5ts1 ?r\gh all :i* "o _s reigns & "o me?od ( enquiry applies4 ,x _c1 h[ev]1 be /udi$ z a :ole1 )\t subdivision into p>ts2 &1 9 ! rema9d] ( ?is disc\rse1 we %all !re=e take a summ>y view ( ! progress :i* has be5 made 9 ! diff]5t bran*es into :i* x may be mo/ advantage\sly s subdivid$1 & endeav\r to give a g5]al idea ( ! nature ( ea*1 & ( its relations to ! re/4 ,9 ! c\rse ( ?is1 we %all h frequ5t opportunity to po9t out ! influ5ce ( ^? g5]al pr9ciples we h above endeav\r$ to expla91 on ! progress ( discov]y4 ,b ?is we %all only d z cases arise1 )\t ent]+ into any regul> analysis ( ! hi/ory ( ea* dep>tm5t ) t view4 ,su* an analysis w\ld1 inde$1 be a mo/ useful & valuable "w1 b w\ld f> exce$ our pres5t limits4 ,we are n1 h[ev]1 )\t a hope t ?is great desid]atum 9 sci5ce w1 ere long1 be suppli$ f a qu>t] e way calculat$ to d x ju/ice4 ,,"p ,,iii4 ,,( ,,! ,,subdivision ,,( ,,physics ,,into ,,di/9ct ,,bran*es1 ,,& ,,_! ,,mutual ,,relations4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,( ,,! ,,ph5om5a ,,( ,,=ce1 ,,& ,,( ,,! ,,con/itution ,,( ,,natural ,,bodies4 7#bcb47 ,natural ,hi/ory may be consid]$ 9 two v diff]5t lights3 ei!r1 #a/1 z a collection ( facts & objects pres5t$ by nature1 f ! exam9ation1 analysis1 & comb9ation ( :i* we acquire :atev] k we are capable ( atta9+ bo? ( ! ord] ( nature1 & ( ! ag5ts %e employs = produc+ h] ends1 & f :i*1 !re=e1 all sci5ces arise2 or1 #b;dly1 z an assemblage ( ph5om5a to be expla9$2 ( effects to be d$uc$ f causes2 & ( mat]ials prep>$ to our h&s1 = ! application ( our pr9ciples to useful purposes4 ,natural hi/ory1 !re=e1 consid]$ 9 ! "o or ! o!r ( ^! po9ts ( view1 is ei!r ! beg9n+ or ! end ( physical sci5ce4 ,z x (f]s to u1 9 a confus$ & int]wov5 mass1 ! elem5ts ( all our k1 our bus9ess is to dis5tangle1 to arrange1 & to pres5t !m 9 a sep>ate & di/9ct /ate3 & to ?is end we are call$ ^u to resolve ! important b complicat$ problem1--,giv5 ! effect1 or assemblage ( effects1 to f9d ! causes4 ,! pr9ciples on :i* ?is enquiry relies are ^? :i* con/itute ! relation ( cause & effect1 z x exi/s ) ref]5ce to our m9ds2 & _! rules & mode ( application h be5 attempt$ to be sket*$ out1 7?\gh 9 f> less detail ?an ! intr9sic int]e/ ( ! subject1 bo? 9 a logical & practical po9t ( view1 w\ld dem&17 9 ! =ego+ pages4 ,x rema9s n[ to br+ toge!r1 9 a summ>y /atem5t1 ! results ( ! g5]al exam9ation ( nature1 s f> z x has be5 prosecut$ to ! discov]y ( natural ag5ts1 & ! mode 9 :i* !y act4 7#bcc47 ,! fir/ great ag5t :i* ! analysis ( natural ph5om5a (f]s to our consid]ation1 m frequ5tly & prom95tly ?an any o!r1 is =ce4 ,its effects are ei!r1 #a/1 to c\nt]act ! ex]tion ( oppos+ =ce1 & !reby to ma9ta9 equilibrium2 or1 #b;dly1 to produce motion 9 matt]4 7#bcd47 ,matt]1 or t1 :atev] x be1 ( :i* all ! objects 9 nature :i* manife/ !mselves directly to our s5ses consi/1 pres5ts u ) two g5]al qualities1 :i* at fir/ sight appe> to /& 9 contradiction to ea* o!r--activity & in]tness4 ,its activity is prov$ by its p[] ( spontane\sly sett+ o!r matt] 9 motion1 & ( itself obey+ _! mutual impulse1 & mov+ "u ! influ5ce ( its own & o!r =ce2 in]tness1 9 refus+ to move unless oblig$ to d s by a =ce impress$ ext]nally1 or mutually ex]t$ betwe5 itself & o!r matt]1 & by p]si/+ 9 its /ate ( motion or re/ unless di/urb$ by "s ext]nal cause4 ,yet 9 reality ?is contradiction is only app>5t4 ,=ce be+ ! cause1 & motion ! effect produc$ by x on matt]1 to say t matt] is in]t1 or has in]tia1 z x is t]m$1 is only to say t ! cause is exp5d$ 9 produc+ its effect1 & t ! same cause _c 7)\t r5ewal7 produce d\ble or triple its own prop] effect4 ,9 ?is po9t ( view1 equilibrium may be conceiv$ z a cont9ual production ( two opposite effects1 ea* undo+ at e in/ant :at ! o!r has done4 7#bce47 ,h[ev]1 if ?is %\ld appe> too metaphysical1 at all ev5ts ?is diff]5ce ( effects gives rise to two great divisions ( ! sci5ce ( =ce1 :i* are commonly kn[n by ! names ( ,,/atics & ,,dynamics2 ! latt] t]m1 :i* is g5]al1 & has be5 us$ by u be=e 9 its g5]al s5se1 be+ usually conf9$ to ! doctr9e ( motion1 z produc$ & modifi$ by =ce4 ,ea* ( ^! great divisions aga9 bran*es out into di/9ct subdivisions1 accord+ z we consid] ! equilibrium or motion ( matt] 9 ! ?ree di/9ct /ates 9 :i* x is pres5t$ to u 9 nature1 ! solid1 liquid1 & ari=m /ate1 to :i*1 p]haps1 ought to be add$ ! visc\s1 z a /ate int]m$iate betwe5 t ( solidity & fluidity1 ! consid]ation ( :i*1 ?\gh v obscure & difficult1 (f]s a high degree ( int]e/ on a v>iety ( acc\nts4 ,/atics & ,dynamics4 7#bcf47 ,! pr9ciples h be5 def9itively fix$ by ,galileo & 8 successors1 d[n to ,newton1 on a basis ( s\nd induction2 & z !y are p]fectly g5]al1 & apply to e case1 !y are compet5t1 z we h already be=e obs]v$1 to ! solution ( e problem t c occur 9 ! d$uctive processes1 by :i* ph5om5a are to be expla9$1 or effects calculat$4 ,h5ce1 !y include e "q t c arise respect+ ! motions & re/ ( ! smalle/ p>ticles ( matt]1 z well z ( ! l>ge/ masses4 ,b ! mode ( reason+ f ^! g5]al pr9ciples diff]s mat]ially1 :e!r we consid] !m z appli$ to masses ( matt] ( a s5sible size1 or to ^? excessively m9ute1 & p]haps indivisible1 molecules ( :i* su* masses are compos$4 ,! inve/igations :i* relate to ! latt] subject are extremely intricate1 z !y necess>ily involve ! consid]ation ( ! hypo!ses we may =m respect+ ! intimate con/itution ( ! sev]al sorts ( bodies above enum]at$4 7#bcg47 ,on ! o!r h&1 ^? :i* respect ! equilibrium & motions ( s5sible masses ( matt] are happily capable ( be+ s manag$ z to r5d] unnecess>y ! adoption ( any p>ticul> hypo!sis ( /ructure4 ,?us1 9 reason+ respect+ ! application ( =ces to a solid mass1 we suppose its p>ts indissolubly & unalt]ably connect$2 x matt]s n by :at tie1 provid$ ?is condition be satisfi$1 t "o po9t ( x _c be mov$ )\t sett+ all ! re/ 9 motion1 s t ! relative situation ( ! p>ts "o among ano!r be n *ang$4 ,?is is ! ab/ract notion ( a solid :i* ! me*anician employs 9 8 reason+s4 ,& _! conclusions w apply to natural bodies1 ( c\rse1 only s f> z !y con=m to su* a def9ition4 ,9 /rictness ( speak+1 h[ev]1 !re are no bodies :i* absolutely con=m to x4 ,no sub/ance is kn[n ^: p>ts are absolutely incapable ( yield+ "o among ano!r2 b ! am\nt by :i* !y d yield is s excessively small z to be demon/rably incapable1 9 mo/ cases1 ( hav+ any influ5ce on ! results3 & 9 ^? :]e x has su* influ5ce1 an especial inve/igation ( its am\nt c always be made4 ,?is gives rise to two subdivisions ( ! application ( me*anical reason+s to solid masses4 ,^? :i* ref] to ! action ( =ces on flexible or ela/ic1 & on inflexible or rigid1 bodies1 compreh5d+ "u ! latt] all su* ^: resi/ance to flexure or fracture is s v great z to p]mit our adoption ( ! language & ideas ( ! extreme case )\t fe> ( mat]ial error4 7#bch47 ,9 l mann]1 :5 we reason respect+ ! action ( =ces on a fluid mass1 all we h occasion to assume is1 t its p>ts are freely moveable "o among ! o!r4 ,if1 besides ?is1 we *oose to reg>d a fluid z incompressible1 & d$uce conclusions on ?is supposition1 !y w hold good only s f> z !re may be f\nd su* fluids 9 nature4 ,n[1 9 /rictness1 !re are none su*2 b1 practically speak+1 9 ! great] numb] ( cases _! resi/ance to compression is s v great t ! result ( ! reason+ s c>ri$ on is n s5sibly vitiat$2 &1 9 ! rema9+ cases1 ! same g5]al pr9ciples enable u to ent] on a special enquiry direct$ to ?is po9t3 & h5ce ! division ( fluids1 9 me*anical language1 into compressible & incompressible1 ! latt] be+ only ! extreme or limit+ case ( ! =m]4 7#bci47 ,z we propose "h1 h[ev]1 only to consid] :at is ! actual con/itution ( nature1 we %all reg>d all bodies1 z !y really are1 m or less flexible & yield+4 ,we "k = c]ta91 t ! space :i* any mat]ial body appe>s to occupy is n entirely fill$ by x2 because !re is none :i* by ! application ( a suffici5t =ce may n be compress$ or =c$ into a small] space1 & :i*1 ei!r :olly1 z 9 air or liquids1 or 9 "p1 z 9 ! great] numb] ( solids1 w n recov] its =m] dim5sions :5 ! =ce is tak5 (f4 ,9 ! case ( air1 ?is cond5sation may be urg$ to almo/ any ext5t2 & n only does a mass ( air s cond5s$ completely recov] its orig9al bulk1 :5 ! appli$ pressure is remov$1 b if t ord9>y pressure "u :i* x exi/s at ! e>?'s surface 7& :i* arises f ! weight ( ! atmosph]e7 be also remov$ by an air-pump1 x w /ill fur!r dilate itself )\t limit s f> z we h yet be5 able to try x4 ,h5ce we are l$ to ! conclusion t ! p>ticles ( air are mutually ela/ic1 & h a t5d5cy to rec$e f "o ano!r1 :i* c only be c\nt]act$ by =ce1 & !re=e is itself a =ce ( ! repulsive k9d4 ,nev]!less1 z air is heavy1 & z gravitation is a univ]sal prop]ty ( matt]1 !re is no d\bt t ?is repulsive t5d5cy mu/ h a limit1 & t !re is a di/ance to :i*1 if ! p>ticles ( ! air c\ld be remov$ f ea* o!r1 _! mutual repulsion w\ld cease1 & an attraction take its place4 ,?is limit is probably atta9$ at "s v great height above ! e>?'s surface1 beyond :i*1 ( c\rse1 its atmosph]e _c ext5d4 7#bdj47 ,:at1 h[ev]1 we c only conclude by ?is or simil> reason+ respect+ air1 we see di/9ctly 9 liquids4 ,!y are all1 ?\gh 9 a small degree1 compressible1 & recov] _! =m] dim5sions completely :5 ! pressure is remov$2 b !y _c be dilat$ 7by me*anical means71 & h no t5d5cy1 :ile !y rema9 liquids1 to enl>ge !mselves beyond a c]ta9 limit1 & !re=e !y assume a det]m9ate surface :ile at re/1 & _! p>ts actually resi/ fur!r sep>ation ) a consid]able =ce1 ?us giv+ rise to ! ph5om5on ( ! cohesion ( liquids4 7#bda47 ,bo? 9 air & 9 liquids1 h[ev]1 ! mo/ p]fect fre$om ( motion ( ! p>ts among ea* o!r subsi/s1 :i* c\ld h>dly be ! case if !y 7 n sep>ate & indep5d5t ( ea* o!r4 ,& f ?is1 comb9$ ) ! =ego+ consid]ations1 x has be5 conclud$ t !y d n actually t\*1 b are kept asund] at det]m9ate di/ances f ea* o!r1 by ! con/ant action ( ! two =ces ( attraction & repulsion1 :i* are suppos$ to balance & c\nt]act ea* o!r at ! ord9>y di/ances ( ! p>ticles1 b to prevail1 ! "o1 or ! o!r1 accord+ z !y are =cibly urg$ toge!r or pull$ asund]4 7#bdb47 ,9 solids1 h[ev]1 ! case is v diff]5t4 ,! mutual free motion ( _! p>ts int] se is p[]fully imp$$1 & 9 "s almo/ de/roy$4 ,9 "s1 a sl[ & gradual *ange ( figure may be produc$ to a great ext5t1 by pressure or bl[s1 z = in/ance 9 ! metals1 clay1 butt]1 c42 9 o!rs1 fracture is ! consequ5ce ( any attempt to *ange ! figure by viol5ce beyond a c]ta9 v small limit4 ,9 solids1 !n1 x is evid5t1 t ! consid]ation ( _! intimate /ructure has a v great influ5ce 9 modify+ ! g5]al results ( ! action ( su* attractive & repulsive =ces z may be assum$ to acc\nt = ! ph5om5a !y pres5t2 yet ! g5]al facts t _! p>ts coh]e ) a c]ta9 en]gy1 & t !y resi/ displacem5t or intrusion on ! "p ( o!r bodies1 are suffici5t to demon/rate at lea/ ! exi/5ce ( su* =ces1 :atev] obscurity may subsi/ z to _! mode ( action4 7#bdc47 ,?is division ( bodies into airs1 liquids1 & solids1 gives rise1 !n1 to ?ree di/9ct bran*es ( me*anical sci5ce1 9 ea* ( :i* ! g5]al pr9ciples ( equilibrium & motion h _! peculi> mode ( application2 viz4 pneumatics1 hydro/atics1 & :at might1 )\t impropriety1 be t]m$ /]eo/atics4 ,pneumatics4 7#bdd47 ,pneumatics relates to ! equilibrium or movem5ts ( arial fluids "u all circum/ances ( pressure1 d5sity1 & ela/icity4 ,! weight ( ! air1 & its pressure on all ! bodies on ! e>?'s surface1 7 q unkn[n to ! anci5ts1 & only fir/ p]ceiv$ by ,galileo1 on ! occasion ( a suck+-pump refus+ to draw wat] above a c]ta9 height4 ,be=e 8 "t x _h always be5 suppos$ t wat] rose by suction 9 a pipe1 9 consequ5ce ( a c]ta9 natural abhorr5ce ( a vacuum or empty space1 :i* oblig$ ! wat] to ent] by way ( supply+ ! place ( ! air suck$ out4 ,b if any su* abhorr5ce exi/$1 & _h ! =ce ( an act+ cause1 :i* c\ld urge wat] a s+le foot into a pipe1 !re is no reason :y ! same pr9ciple %\ld n c>ry x up two1 ?ree1 or any numb] ( feet2 none :y x %\ld sudd5ly /op %ort at a c]ta9 height1 & refuse to rise high]1 h[ev] viol5t ! suction might be1 nay1 ev5 fall back1 if purposely =c$ up too high4 7#bde47 ,galileo1 h[ev]1 at fir/ cont5t$ himself ) ! conclusion1 t ! natural abhorr5ce ( a vacuum 0 n /rong en\gh to su/a9 ! wat] m ?an ab\t ?irty-two feet above its level2 &1 al?\gh ! true cause ( ! ph5om5on at l5g? occurr$ to him1 9 ! pressure ( ! air on ! g5]al surface1 x 0 n satisfactorily demon/rat$ till 8 pupil1 ,torricelli1 conceiv$ ! happy idea ( in/itut+ an exp]im5t on a small scale by ! use ( a mu* heavi] liquid1 m]cury1 in/ead ( wat]1 &1 9 place ( suck+ out ! air f above1 employ+ ! mu* m effectual me?od ( fill+ a long glass tube ) m]cury1 & inv]t+ x into a bas9 ( ! same metal4 ,x 0 !n at once se51 z by a gl>+ in/ance1 t ! ma9t5ance ( ! m]cury 9 ! tube 7:i* is no?+ else ?an ! common b>omet]7 0 ! effect ( a p]fectly def9ite ext]nal cause1 :ile its fluctuations f day to day1 ) ! v>y+ /ate ( ! atmosph]e1 /rongly corroborat$ ! notion ( its be+ due to ! pressure ( ! ext]nal air on ! surface ( ! m]cury 9 ! res]voir4 7#bdf47 ,! discov]y ( ,torricelli 01 h[ev]1 at fir/ mu* misconceiv$1 & ev5 disput$1 till ! "q 0 f9ally decid$ by appeal to a crucial in/ance1 "o ( ! fir/1 if n ! v fir/ on record 9 physics1 & = :i* we are indebt$ to ! celebrat$ ,pascal4 ,8 acut5ess p]ceiv$ t if ! weight ( ! incumb5t air be ! direct cause ( ! elevation ( ! m]cury1 x mu/ be measur$ by ! am\nt ( t elevation1 & !re=e t1 by c>ry+ a b>omet] up a high m\nta91 & s asc5d+ into ! atmosph]e above a l>ge portion ( ! incumb5t air1 ! pressure1 z well z ! l5g? ( ! column su/a9$ by x1 mu/ be dim9i%$2 :ile1 on ! o!r h&1 if ! ph5om5on 7 due to ! cause orig9ally assign$1 no diff]5ce c\ld be expect$ to take place1 :e!r ! obs]vation 7 made on a m\nta9 or on ! pla94 ,p]haps ! decisive effect ( ! exp]im5t :i* he caus$ to be in/itut$ = ! purpose1 on ! ,puy de ,dme1 a high m\nta9 9 ,auv]gne1 :ile x conv9c$ e "o ( ! tru? ( ,torricelli's views1 t5d$ m p[]fully ?an any ?+ :i* _h previ\sly be5 done 9 sci5ce to confirm1 9 ! m9ds ( m51 t disposition to exp]im5tal v]ification :i* _h sc>cely yet tak5 full & secure root4 7#bdg47 ,imm$iately on ?is discov]y foll[$ t ( ! air-pump1 by ,otto von ,gu]icke ( ,magdeburgh1 ^: aim seems to h be5 to decide ! "q1 :e!r a vacuum c\ld or c\ld n exi/1 by endeav\r+ to make "o4 ,! imp]fection ( 8 me*anism enabl$ him only to dim9i% ! arial cont5ts ( 8 receiv]s1 n entirely to empty !m2 b ! curi\s effects produc$ by ev5 a p>tial exhau/ion ( air spe$ily excit$ att5tion1 & induc$ our illu/ri\s c\ntryman1 ,rob]t ,boyle1 to ! prosecution ( ^? exp]im5ts :i* t]m9at$ 9 8 h&s1 & 9 ^? ( ,hauksbee1 ,hooke1 ,m>iotte1 & o!rs1 9 a satisfactory k ( ! g5]al law ( ! equilibrium ( ! air "u ! influ5ce ( great] or less pressures4 ,^! discov]ies h s9ce be5 ext5d$ to all ! v>i\s descriptions ( arial fluids :i* *emi/ry has %[n to exi/1 & to ma9ta9 _! ari=m /ate "u artificial pressure1 & ev5 to ^? :i* may be produc$ f liquids r$uc$ to a /ate ( vap\r by heat1 s long z !y reta9 t /ate4 7#bdh47 ,! mann] 9 :i* ! obs]v$ law ( equilibrium ( an ela/ic fluid1 l air1 may be consid]$ to orig9ate 9 ! mutual repulsion ( its p>ticles1 has be5 inve/igat$ by ,newton1 & ! actual /atem5t ( ! law itself1 z ann\nc$ by ,m>iotte1 8t ! d5sity ( ! air1 or ! quantity ( x conta9$ 9 ! same space1 is1 ct]is p>ibus1 proportional to ! pressure x supports10 has rec5tly be5 v]ifi$ )9 v ext5sive limits by direct exp]im5t1 by a committee ( ! ,royal ,academy ( ,p>is4 ,?is law conta9s ! pr9ciple ( solution ( e dynamical "q t c occur relative to ! equilibrium ( ela/ic fluids1 & is !re=e to be reg>d$ z "o ( ! highe/ axioms 9 ! sci5ce ( pneumatics4 ,hydro/atics4 7#bdi47 ,! pr9ciples ( ! equilibrium ( liquids1 und]/&+ by ?is ^w su* fluids z d n1 ?\gh q at lib]ty1 attempt to dilate !mselves beyond a c]ta9 po9t1 are at once few & simple4 ,! fir/ /eps t[>ds a k ( !m 7 made by ,ar*im$es1 :o e/abli%$ ! g5]al fact1 t a solid imm]s$ 9 a liquid loses a portion ( its weight equal to t ( ! liquid x displaces4 ,x seems v a/oni%+1 aft] ?is1 t x %\ld n h be5 at once conclud$ t ! weight ?us said to be lo/ is only c\nt]act$ by ! upw>d pressure ( ! liquid1 & t1 !re=e1 a portion ( any liquid1 surr\nd$ on all sides by a liquid ( ! same k9d1 does really ex]t its weight 9 keep+ its place4 ,yet ! prejudice t 8liquids d n gravitate 9 _! natural place0 kept its gr\nd1 & 0 only dispell$ ) ! mass ( error & absurdity :i* ! introduction ( a rational & exp]im5tal philosophy by ,galileo swept away4 7#bej47 ,! hydro/atical law ( ! equal pressure ( liquids 9 all directions1 ) its tra9 ( curi\s & important consequ5ces1 is an imm$iate conclusion f ! p]fect mobility ( _! p>ts among "o ano!r1 9 consequ5ce ( :i* ea* ( !m t5ds to rec$e f an excess ( pressure on "o side1 & ?us be>s ^u ! re/1 & di/ributes ! pressure among its neighb\rs4 ,9 ?is =m x 0 laid d[n by ,newton1 & has prov$ "o ( ! mo/ useful & f]tile pr9ciples ( physico-ma!matical reason+ on ! equilibrium ( fluid masses1 z af=d+ a means ( trac+ ! action ( a =ce appli$ at any po9t ( a liquid ?r\gh its :ole ext5t4 ,x applies1 too1 )\t any modification1 to expansible fluids z well z to liquids2 &1 9 ! applications ( geometry to ?is subject1 enables u to disp5se ) any m9ute & intricate enquiries z to ! mode 9 :i* individual p>ticles act on ea* o!r4 7#bea47 ,9 a practical po9t ( view1 ?is law is rem>kable = ! directness ( its application to useful purposes4 ,! imm$iate & p]fect di/ribution ( a pressure appli$ on any "o "p1 h[ev] small1 ( a fluid surface ?r\gh ! :ole mass1 enables u to communicate at "o in/ant ! same pressure to any numb] ( su* p>ts by m]ely increas+ ! surface ( ! fluid1 :i* may be done by enl>g+ ! conta9+ vessel2 & if ! vessel be s con/ruct$ t a l>ge portion ( its surface %all be moveable toge!r1 ! pressures on all ! simil> p>ts ( ?is portion w be unit$ into "o cons5ti5t =ce1 :i* may ?us be increas$ to any ext5t we please4 ,! hydraulic press1 inv5t$ by ,bramah1 7or r appli$ by him aft] a mu* m anci5t inv5tor1 ,/ev917 is con/ruct$ on ?is pr9ciple4 ,a small quantity ( wat] is driv5 by suffici5t pressure into a vessel already full1 & provid$ ) a moveable surface or pi/on ( great size4 ,"u su* circum/ances some?+ mu/ give way2 ! great surface ( ! pi/on accumulates ! pressure on x to su* an ext5t t no?+ c resi/ its viol5ce4 ,?us1 trees are torn up by ! roots2 piles extract$ f ! e>?2 wooll5 & cotton goods compress$ into ! mo/ portable dim5sions2 & ev5 hay1 = milit>y s]vice1 r$uc$ to su* a /ate ( co]cion z to be easily pack$ on bo>d transports4 7#beb47 ,liquids diff] f ari=m fluids by _! cohesion1 :i* may be reg>d$ z a k9d ( approa* to a solid /ate1 & 0 s reg>d$ by ,bacon 7#aic474 ,inde$1 !re c be little d\bt t ! solid1 liquid1 & ari=m /ates ( bodies are m]ely /ages 9 a progress ( gradual transition f "o extreme to ! o!r2 & t1 h[ev] /rongly m>k$ ! di/9ctions betwe5 !m may appe>1 !y w ultimately turn out to be sep>at$ by no sudd5 or viol5t l9e ( dem>cation1 b %ade into ea* o!r by ins5sible gradations4 ,! late exp]im5ts ( ,b>on ,cagn>d de la ,t\r may be reg>d$ z a fir/ /ep t[>ds ! full demon/ration ( ?is 7#aii474 ,b ! cohesion ( liquids is n1 l t ( solids1 s modifi$ by _! /ructure 9 o!r respects z to de/roy ! mobility ( _! p>ts "o among ano!r 7unless 9 ^? cases ( ne>] approa* to ! solid /ate :i* obta9 9 viscid or gummy liquids74 ,on ! contr>y1 ! two qualities co-exi/1 & give rise to a numb] ( curi\s & intricate ph5om5a4 7#bec47 ,"o ( ! mo/ rem>kable ( ^! is capill>y attraction1 or capill>ity z x is sometimes call$4 ,e body has rem>k$ ! adhesion ( wat] to glass4 ,! elevation ( ! g5]al surface ( ! liquid :]e x is 9 contact ) ! conta9+ vessel2 ! =m ( a drop susp5d$ at ! "u side ( a solid3 ^! are in/ances ( capill>y attraction4 ,if a small glass tube ) a bore z f9e z a hair be imm]s$ 9 wat]1 ! wat] w be obs]v$ to rise 9 x to a c]ta9 height1 & to assume a concave surface at its upp] extremity4 ,! attraction ( ! glass on ! wat]1 & ! cohesion ( ! p>ts ( ! wat] to ea* o!r1 are no d\bt ! jo9t causes ( ?is curi\s effect2 b ! mode ( action is at once obscure & complex2 & al?\gh ! rese>*es ( ,laplace & ,"y h ?r[n great light on x1 fur!r inve/igation seems necess>y be=e we c be said di/9ctly to und]/& x4 7#bed47 ,z ! capill>ity & cohesion ( ! p>ts ( liquids %[s !m to possess ! p[] ( mutual attraction1 s _! ela/icity demon/rates t !y also possess t ( repulsion :5 =cibly br\ght ne>] ?an _! natural /ate4 ,f ! extremely small ext5t to :i* ! compression ( liquids c be c>ri$ by any =ce we c employ1 comp>$ ) t ( air1 we mu/ conclude t ?is repulsion is mu* m viol5t 9 ! =m] ?an 9 ! latt]1 b c\nt]act$ also by a m p[]ful =ce ( attraction4 ,s mu* m p[]ful1 inde$1 is ! resi/ance ( liquids to compression1 t !y 7 usually reg>d$ z incompressible2 an op9ion corroborat$ by a celebrat$ exp]im5t made at ,flor5ce1 9 :i* wat] 0 =c$ ?r\gh ! pores 7z x 0 said7 ( a gold5 ball4 ,m rec5t exp]im5ts by ,canton1 & s9ce by ,p]k9s1 ,or/$1 & o!rs1 h demon/rat$ h[ev] ! contr>y1 & assign$ ! am\nt ( compression4 7#bee47 ,! consid]ation ( ! motions ( fluids1 :e!r liquid or expansible1 is inf9itely m complicat$ ?an t ( _! equilibrium4 ,:5 _! motions are sl[1 x is reasonable to suppose t ! law ( ! equable di/ribution ( pressure obta9s2 b 9 v rapid displacem5ts ( _! p>ts "o among ! o!r1 x is n easy to see h[ su* an equable di/ribution c be accompli%$1 & "s ph5om5a exi/ :i* seem to indicate a contr>y conclusion4 7#bef47 ,indep5d5t ( ?is1 !re are difficulties ( an almo/ insup]able nature to ! regul> d$uctive application ( ! g5]al pr9ciples ( me*anics to ?is subject1 :i* arise f ! excessive intricacy ( ! pure ma!matical enquiries to :i* its inve/igation leads4 ,x 0 ,newton :o set ! example ( a fir/ attempt to draw any conclusions respect+ ! motion ( fluid masses by direct reason+ f dynamical pr9ciples1 & ?us laid ! f\ndation ( ,,hydrodynamics2 b x 0 n till ! "t ( ,d',alemb]t t ! me?od ( r$uc+ any "q respect+ ! motions ( fluids "u ! action ( =ces to /rict ma!matical inve/igation c\ld be said to be completely und]/ood4 ,b ! cases ev5 n[ 9 :i* ?is mode ( treat+ su* que/ions c be appli$ ) full satisfaction are few 9 comp>ison ( ^? 9 :i* ! exp]im5tal me?od ( enquiry z already obs]v$ 7#ahi47 is pref]able4 ,su*1 = example1 is t ( ! resi/ance ( fluids to bodies mov+ ?r\gh !m2 a k ( :i* is ( great importance 9 naval ar*itecture & 9 gunn]y1 :]e ! resi/ance ( ! air acts to an enorm\s ext5t4 ,su*1 too1 among ! practical subjects :i* dep5d ma9ly on ?is bran* ( sci5ce1 are ! use ( sails 9 navigation2 ! con/ruction ( w9dmills1 & wat]-:eels2 ! transmission ( wat] ?r\gh pipes & *annels2 ! con/ruction ( docks & h>b\rs1 c4 ,nature ( ,solids 9 g5]al4 7#beg47 ,! intimate con/itution ( solids is1 9 all probability1 v complicat$1 & we _c be said to "k mu* ( x4 ,by "s rec5t delicate exp]im5ts on ! dim5sions ( wires viol5tly /ra9$1 x has be5 %[n t !y are to a c]ta9 small ext5t capable ( be+ dilat$ by t5sion1 z !y are also ( be+ compress$ by pressure1 b )9 limits ev5 n>r[] ?an ^? ( liquids4 ,usually1 :5 /ra9$ too f>1 !y break1 & refuse to re-unite2 or1 if compress$ too =cibly1 take a p]man5t contraction ( dim5sion4 ,?us1 wood may be ind5t$ by a bl[1 & metals r5d]$ d5s] & heavi] by hamm]+ or roll+4 ,!re is a c]ta9 degree ( confusion preval5t 9 ord9>y language ab\t ! h>dness1 ela/icity1 & o!r simil> qualities1 ( solids1 :i* x may be well to remove4 ,h>dness is t disposition ( a solid :i* r5d]s x difficult to displace its p>ts among !mselves4 ,?us1 /eel is h>d] ?an iron2 & diamond almo/ inf9itely h>d] ?an any o!r sub/ance 9 nature3 b ! compressibility ( /eel1 or ! ext5t to :i* x w yield to a giv5 pressure & recov] itself1 is n mu* less ?an t ( s(t iron1 & t ( ice is v ne>ly ! same ) t ( wat]4 7#beh47 ,aga91 we call ,indian rubb] a v ela/ic body1 & s x is2 b 9 a diff]5t s5se f /eel4 ,its p>ts admit ( great mutual displacem5t )\t p]man5t dislocation2 h[ev] di/ort$1 x recov]s its figure readily1 b ) a small =ce4 ,yet1 if ,indian rubb] 7 to be enclos$ 9 a space t x j fill$1 s z n to p]mit its p>ts to yield lat]ally1 d\btless x w\ld resi/ actual compression ) great viol5ce4 ,"h1 !n1 we h an in/ance ( two k9ds ( ela/icity 9 "o sub/ance2 a feebl] ef=t ( recov]y f di/ort$ figure1 & a m viol5t "o f a /ate ( alt]$ dim5sion4 ,bo?1 h[ev]1 orig9ate 9 ! same causes1 & are ref]able to ! same pr9ciples2 ! =m] be+ 9 fact only a modifi$ case ( ! latt]1 z ! ef=t ( a /eel spr+1 :5 b5t1 to recov] its =m] %ape1 is ref]able to ! same =ces :i* give to /eel its h>dness & /r5g? to resi/ actual compression & fracture4 7#bei47 ,! t\ghness ( a solid1 or t quality by :i* x w endure heavy bl[s )\t break+1 is aga9 di/9ct f h>dness ?\gh (t5 conf\nd$ ) x4 ,x consi/s 9 a c]ta9 yield+ ( p>ts ) a p[]ful g5]al cohesion1 & is compatible ) v>i\s degrees ( ela/icity4 ,malleability is aga9 ano!r quality ( solids1 especially metals1 q di/9ct f t\ghness1 & dep5ds on _! capability ( be+ depriv$ ( _! figure )\t an ef=t to recov] x & )\t fracture4 7#bfj47 ,t5acity1 aga91 is a prop]ty ( solids m directly dep5d+ on ! cohesion ( _! p>ts ?an t\ghness4 ,x consi/s 9 _! p[] ( resi/+ sep>ation by a /ra9 /eadily appli$1 :ile ! quality ( t\ghness is mat]ially influ5c$ by _! disposition to communicate ?r\gh _! sub/ance ! j>r+ effect ( a bl[4 ,accord+ly1 ! t5acity ( a solid is a direct measure ( ! cohesive attraction ( its p>ts1 & is ! be/ pro( ( ! exi/5ce ( su* a p[]4 ,cry/allography4 7#bfa47 ,x _c be suppos$ t ^! & _m o!r tangible qualities1 z !y may be call$1 %\ld subsi/ 9 solids )\t a correspond+ me*anism 9 _! int]nal /ructure4 ,t !y h su* a me*anism1 & t a v curi\s & intricate "o1 ! ph5om5a ( cry/allography suffici5tly %[4 ,?is int]e/+ & beautiful dep>tm5t ( natural sci5ce is ( comp>atively v mod]n date4 ,t _m natural sub/ances affect$ c]ta9 =ms mu/ h be5 kn[n f ! e>lie/ times4 ,pl9y appe>s to h be5 acqua9t$ ) ?is fact1 at lea/ 9 "s in/ances1 z he describes ! =ms ( qu>tz & diamond4 ,b till ! "t ( ,l9nu no mat]ial att5tion seems to h be5 be/[$ on ! subject4 ,he1 h[ev]1 obs]v$1 & describ$ ) c>e1 ! cry/all9e =ms ( a v>iety ( sub/ances1 & ev5 reg>d$ !m z s def9ite a "* ( ! solids :i* assum$ !m1 t he suppos$ e p>ticul> =m to be g5]at$ by a p>ticul> salt4 ,rom de l',isle pursu$ ! /udy ( ! cry/all9e =ms ( bodies yet f>!r4 ,he fir/ asc]ta9$ ! important fact ( ! con/ancy ( ! angles at :i* _! faces meet2 & obs]v+ fur!r t _m ( !m appe> 9 sev]al diff]5t %apes1 fir/ conceiv$ ! idea t ^! %apes might be r$ucible to "o1 appropriat$ 9 a peculi> mann] to ea* sub/ance1 & modifi$ by /rict geometrical laws4 ,b]gmann1 reason+ on a fact imp>t$ to him by 8 pupil ,gahn1 made a yet great] /ep1 & %[$ h[ at lea/ "o species ( cry/al might be built up ( ?9 lam9 rang$ 9 a c]ta9 ord]1 & foll[+ c]ta9 rules ( sup]position4 ,he fail$1 h[ev]1 9 d$uc+ j & g5]al conclusions f ?is rem>k1 :i*1 correctly view$1 is ! f\ndation ( ! mo/ important law ( cry/allography1 t :i* connects ! primitive =m ) o!r =ms capable ( be+ exhibit$ by ! same sub/ance1 by a c]ta9 fix$ relation4 ,an idea may be =m$ ( :at is meant by ?is sort ( connection ( "o =m ) ano!r1 by consid]+ a po9t$ pyramid built up ( cubic /ones1 dispos$ 9 lay]s1 ea* ( :i* sep>ately is a squ>e plate ( ! ?ickness ( a s+le /one4 ,^! lay]s1 laid horizontally "o on ! o!r1 & decreas+ regul>ly 9 size f ! bottom to ! top1 produce a pyramidal =m ) a r\gh or *annel$ surface2 & if ! lay]s are s extremely ?9 t ! *annels cease to be visible to ! eye1 ! pyramid w seem smoo? & p]fect4 7#bfb47 ,v %ortly aft] ?is1 & )\t k ( :at _h be5 done by ,gahn & ,b]gmann1 ! ,abb ,hay1 in/ruct$ by ! accid5tal fracture ( a f9e gr\p ( cry/als1 made ! rem>k notic$ already 79 #fg471 & reason+ on x ) m caution & success1 & pursu+ x into all its detail1 develop$ ! g5]al laws :i* regulate ! sup]position ( ! lay]s ( p>ticles ( :i* he supposes all cry/als to be built up1 & :i* enable u1 f kn[+ _! primitive =ms1 to discov]1 previ\s to trial1 :at o!r =ms !y are capable ( assum+2 & :i*1 accord+ to ?is idea1 are call$ d]ivative or second>y =ms4 ,mohs & o!rs h s9ce imag9$ processes & sy/ems by :i* ! d]ivation ( =ms f ea* o!r is facilitat$1 & h correct$ "s errors ( ov]-ha/y g5]alization into :i* _! pr$ecessors _h fall51 z well z advanc$1 by an extraord9>y dilig5ce ( rese>*1 our k ( ! =ms :i* ! v>i\s sub/ances :i* occur 9 nature & art actually d assume4 7#bfc47 ,9 :at mann] a v>iety 9 po9t ( ext]nal =m may orig9ate 9 a v>iety ( figures 9 ! ultimate p>ticles ( :i* a solid is compos$1 may v readily be imag9$ by consid]+ :at w\ld happ5 if ! bricks ( :i* an edifice is con/ruct$ _h all a c]ta9 lean+ or bias 9 "o direction out ( ! p]p5dicul>4 ,suppose e brick1 = in/ance1 :5 laid flat on its face1 ) its long] edges nor? & s\?1 _h its ea/]n & we/]n faces upright1 b its nor!rn & s\!rn ones lean+ s\?w>ds at a c]ta9 incl9ation ! same = ea* brick2 a h\se built ( su* bricks w\ld lean ! same way1 if ! bricks fitt$ well toge!r4 ,if1 besides ?is1 ! ea/]n & we/]n faces ( ! bricks1 in/ead ( be+ truly upright1 _h an incl9ation ea/w>d1 ! h\se w\ld h a simil> "o1 & all its f\r corn]s1 in/ead ( be+ upright1 w\ld lean to ! s\?-ea/4 ,suppose1 in/ead ( a h\se1 a pyramid 7 built ( su* oblique bricks1 ) ! sides ( its base direct$ to ! f\r po9ts ( ! compass2 !n its po9t1 in/ead ( be+ situat$ v]tically ov] ! c5tre ( its base1 w\ld /& p]p5dicul>ly ov] "s po9t to ! s\?-ea/ ( t c5tre1 & ! pyramid itself w\ld h its sides fac+ ! s\? & ! ea/1 m highly incl9$ to ! horizon ?an ^? t[>ds ! nor? & we/4 7#bfd47 ,:atev] conception we may =m ( ! mann] 9 :i* ! p>ticles ( a cry/al coh]e & =m masses1 x is next to impossible to dive/ ourselves ( ! idea ( a det]m9ate figure common to !m all4 ,any o!r supposition1 inde$1 w\ld be incompatible ) t exact simil>ity 9 all o!r respects :i* ! ph5om5a ( *emi/ry may be consid]$ z hav+ demon/rat$4 ,h[ev]1 x mu/ be borne 9 m9d t ?is idea1 plausible z x may appe>1 is yet 9 "s degree hypo!tical1 & t ! laws ( cry/allography1 z det]m9$ f inductive obs]vation1 are q indep5d5t ( any supposition ( ! k9d1 or ev5 ( ! exi/5ce ( su* ?+s z ultimate p>ticles or atoms at all4 7#bfe47 ,/ill1 t peculi> int]nal con/itution ( solid bodies1 :atev] x be1 :i* is indicat$ by ! assumption ( det]m9ate figures1 by _! splitt+ easi] 9 "s directions ?an 9 o!rs1 & by _! pres5t+ glitt]+ plane surfaces :5 brok5 into fragm5ts1 _c b h an important influ5ce on all _! relations to ext]nal ag5ts1 z well z to _! int]nal movem5ts & ! mutual actions ( _! p>ts on "o ano!r4 ,accord+ly1 ! division ( bodies into cry/alliz$ & uncry/alliz$1 or imp]fectly cry/alliz$1 is "o ( ! mo/ univ]sal importance2 & almo/ all ! ph5om5a produc$ by ^? m intimate natural causes :i* act )9 small limits1 & z x 7 on ! imm$iate me*anism ( solid sub/ances1 are rem>kably modifi$ by _! cry/all9e /ructure4 ,?us1 9 transp>5t solids1 ! c\rse tak5 by ! rays ( light1 9 trav]s+ !m1 z well z ! prop]ties impress$ ^u !m 9 s do+1 are intimately connect$ ) ?is /ructure4 ,! rec5t exp]im5ts ( ,m4 ,sav>t1 too1 h prov$ t ?is is also ! case ) _! p[] ( resi/ance to ext]nal =ce1 on :i* dep5ds _! ela/icity4 ,cry/alliz$ sub/ances1 accord+ to ! results ( ^! exp]im5ts1 resi/ compression ) diff]5t degrees ( ela/ic =ce1 accord+ to ! direction 9 :i* x is attempt$ to compress !m2 & all ! ph5om5a dep5d5t on _! ela/icity are affect$ by ?is cause1 especially ^? :i* relate to _! vibratory movem5ts & _! conveyance ( s\nd4 7#bff47 ,!re c be little d\bt t modifications1 simil>ly dep5d+ on ! int]nal /ructure ( cry/als1 w be trac$ ?r\gh e dep>tm5t ( physics4 ,9 t int]e/+ "o :i* relates to ! action ( heat 9 exp&+ ! dim5sions ( sub/ances1 a beg9n+ has already be5 made by ,pr(essor ,mits*]li*4 ,x _h long be5 kn[n t all sub/ances are dilat$ by heat1 & no exception to ?is law has be5 f\nd1 s long z we reg>d ! bulk ( ! heat$ body4 ,?us1 an iron rod :5 hot is bo? long] & ?ick] ?an :5 cold2 & ! diff]5ce ( dim5sion1 ?\gh b trifl+ 9 itself1 is yet capable ( be+ made s5sible1 & is ( consid]able consequ5ce 9 eng9e]+4 ,?us1 too1 ! quicksilv] 9 a common !rmomet] occupies a l>g] space :5 hot ?an :5 cold2 & be+ conf9$ by ! glass ball1 7:i* also exp&s1 b n s mu* 9 proportion17 x is =c$ to rise 9 ! tube4 ,^! & simil> facts _h long be5 kn[n2 & accurate measures ( ! total am\nt ( dilatation ( a v>iety ( diff]5t bodies1 "u simil> accessions ( heat1 _h be5 obta9$ & regi/]$ 9 tables4 ,b no "o _h suspect$ ! important fact1 t ?is expansion 9 cry/alliz$ bodies takes place "u totally diff]5t circum/ances f :at obta9s 9 uncry/alliz$ ones4 ,m4 ,mits*]li* has lately %[n t su* sub/ances exp& diff]5tly 9 diff]5t directions1 & has ev5 produc$ a case 9 :i* expansion 9 "o direction is actually accompani$ ) contraction 9 ano!r4 ,?is /ep1 ! mo/ important beyond a d\bt :i* has yet be5 made 9 pyrometry1 c h[ev] only be reg>d$ z ! fir/ 9 a s]ies ( rese>*es :i* w occupy ! next g5]ation1 & :i* promises to af=d an abundant h>ve/ ( new facts1 z well z ! elucidation ( "s ( ! mo/ obscure & int]e/+ po9ts 9 ! doctr9e ( heat4 7#bfg47 ,f :at has be5 said1 x is cle> t if we look ^u solid bodies z collections ( p>ticles or atoms1 held toge!r & kept 9 _! places by ! p]petual action ( attractive & repulsive =ces1 we _c suppose ^! =ces1 at lea/ 9 cry/alliz$ sub/ances1 to act alike 9 all directions4 ,h5ce arises ! conception ( pol>ity1 ( :i* we see an in/ance1 on a great scale1 9 ! magnetic ne$le1 b :i*1 "u modifi$ =ms1 !re is no?+ to prev5t u f conceiv+ to act among ! ultimate atoms ( solid or ev5 fluid bodies1 & to produce all ! ph5om5a :i* !y exhibit 9 _! cry/alliz$ /ate1 ei!r :5 act+ on ea* o!r1 or on light1 heat1 c4 ,x is n difficult1 if we give ! re9s to imag9ation1 to conceive h[ attractive & repulsive atoms1 b\nd toge!r by "s unkn[n tie1 may =m little ma*9es or comp\nd p>ticles1 :i* %all h _m ( ! prop]ties :i* we ref] to pol>ity2 & accord+ly _m +5i\s suppositions h be5 made to t effect3 b 9 ! actual /ate ( sci5ce x is c]ta9ly safe/ to wave ^! hypo!ses1 )\t h[ev] absolutely reject+ !m1 & reg>d ! pol>ity ( matt] z "o ( ! ultimate ph5om5a to :i* ! analysis ( nature leads u1 & ( :i* x is our bus9ess fully to inve/igate ! laws1 be=e we endeav\r to asc]ta9 its causes1 or trace ! me*anism by :i* x is produc$4 7#bfh47 ,! mutual attractions & repulsions ( ! p>ticles ( matt]1 !n1 & _! pol>ity1 :e!r reg>d$ z an orig9al or a d]ivative prop]ty1 are ! =ces :i*1 act+ ) great en]gy1 & )9 v conf9$ limits1 we mu/ look to z ! pr9ciples on :i* ! intimate con/itution ( all bodies & _m ( _! mutual actions dep5d4 ,^! are :at are und]/ood by ! g5]al t]m ( molecul> =ces4 ,molecul> attraction has be5 attempt$ to be conf\nd$ by "s ) ! g5]al attraction ( gravity1 :i* all matt] ex]ts on all o!r matt]2 b ?is idea is refut$ by ! pla9e/ facts4 ,,*ap4 ,,ii4 ,,( ,,! ,,communication ,,( ,,motion ,,?r\gh ,,bodies4--,,( ,,s\nd ,,& ,,light4 7#bfi47 ,! propagation ( motion ?r\gh all sub/ances1 :e!r ( a s+le impulse1 z a bl[ or ?ru/1 or ( "o frequ5tly & regul>ly repeat$1 su* z a j>r+ or vibratory movem5t1 dep5ds :olly on ^! molecul> =ces2 & x is on su* propagation t s\nd & v probably light dep5d4 ,to conceive ! mann] 9 :i* a motion may be convey$ f "o "p ( a sub/ance to ano!r1 :e!r solid or fluid1 we may att5d to :at takes place :5 a wave is made to run along a /ret*$ /r+1 or ! surface ( /ill wat]4 ,e "p ( ! /r+1 or wat]1 is 9 succession mov$ f its place1 & agitat$ ) a motion simil> to t ( ! orig9al impulse1 leav+ its place & return+ to x1 & :5 "o "p ceases to move ! next receives z x 7 ! impression1 & =w>ds x onw>d4 ,?is may seem a sl[ & circuit\s process 9 description2 b :5 s\nd1 = example1 is convey$ ?r\gh ! air1 we are to consid]1 #a/1 t ! air1 ! sub/ance actually 9 motion1 is extremely light & act$ ^u by a v p[]ful ela/icity1 s t ! =ce :i* propagates ! motion1 or by :i* ! p>ticles adjac5t act on1 & urge =w>d1 ea* o!r1 is v great1 comp>$ ) ! quantity ( mat]ials set 9 motion by x3 & ! same is true1 ev5 9 a great] degree1 9 liquids & solids2 = 9 ^! ! ela/ic =ces are ev5 great]1 9 proportion to ! weight1 ?an 9 air4 7#bgj47 ,a g5]al notion ( ! mode 9 :i* s\nds are convey$ ?r\gh ! air 0 n altoge!r defici5t among ! anci5ts2 b x is to ,newton t we owe ! fir/ attempt to analyze ! process1 & %[ correctly :at takes place 9 ! communication ( motion f p>ticle to p>ticle4 ,reason+ on ! prop]ties ( ! air z an ela/ic body1 he %[$ ! effect ( an impulse on any portion ( x to consi/ 9 a cond5sation ( ! air imm$iately adjac5t 9 ! direction ( ! impulse1 :i* !n1 re-act+ by its spr+1 drives back ! portion :i* _h advanc$ to its orig9al place1 & at ! same "t urges =w>d ! portion be=e x1 9 ! direction ( ! impulse1 s t e p>ticle alt]nately advances & retreats4 ,b1 9 pursu+ ?is idea into its details1 ,newton fell into "s errors :i* 7 po9t$ out by ,cram]1 ?\gh _! orig9 0 n trac$1 nor ! reason+ correct$1 till ! subject 0 resum$ by ,lagrange & ,eul]2 nor is ?is any impea*m5t ( ! p5etration ( our immortal c\ntryman4 ,! ma!matical !ory ( ! propagation ( s\nd1 & ( vibratory & undulatory motions 9 g5]al1 is "o ( ! utmo/ intricacy2 &1 9 spite ( e ex]tion on ! "p ( ! mo/ exp]t geomet]s1 cont9ues to ?is day to give cont9ual occasion = fre% rese>*es2 :ile ph5om5a are con/antly pres5t+ !mselves1 :i* %[ h[ f> we are f be+ able to d$uce all ! p>ticul>s1 ev5 ( cases comp>atively simple1 by any direct reason+ f fir/ pr9ciples4 7#bga47 ,:5ev] an impulse ( any k9d is convey$ by ! air1 to our e>s1 x produces ! impression ( s\nd2 b :5 su* an impulse is regul>ly & uni=mly repeat$ 9 extremely rapid succession1 x gives u t ( a musical note1 ! pit* ( ! note dep5d+ on ! rapidity ( ! succession 7see art4 #aec474 ,! s5se ( h>mony1 too1 dep5ds on ! p]iodical recurr5ce ( co9cid5t impulses on ! e>1 & af=ds1 p]haps1 ! only in/ance ( a s5sation = ^: pleas+ impression a di/9ct & intelligible reason c be assign$4 7#bgb47 ,ac\/ics1 !n1 or ! sci5ce ( s\nd1 is a v consid]able bran* ( physics1 & "o :i* has be5 cultivat$ f ! e>lie/ ages4 ,ev5 ,py?agoras & ,ari/otle 7 n ignorant ( ! g5]al mode ( its transmission ?r\gh ! air1 & ( ! nature ( h>mony2 b z a bran* ( sci5ce1 indep5d5t ( its delightful application 9 ! art ( music1 x c\ld be h>dly said to exi/1 till its nature & laws became a matt] ( exp]im5tal enquiry to ,bacon & ,galileo1 ,m]s5ne & ,wallis2 & ( ma!matical inve/igation to ,newton1 & 8 illu/ri\s successors1 ,lagrange & ,eul]4 ,f t "t its progress1 z a bran* bo? ( ma!matical & exp]im5tal sci5ce1 has be5 con/ant & accel]at$4 ,a curi\s & beautiful me?od ( obs]vation1 due to ,*ladni1 consi/s 9 ! happy device ( /rew+ s& ov] ! surfaces ( bodies 9 a /ate ( sonor\s vibration1 & m>k+ ! figures x assumes4 ,?is has made _! motions susceptible ( ocul> exam9ation1 & has be5 lately mu* improv$ on1 & v>i$ 9 its application1 by ,m4 ,sav>t1 to :om we also owe a succession ( in/ructive rese>*es on e po9t connect$ ) ! subject ( s\nd1 :i* may rank among ! f9e/ specim5s ( mod]n exp]im5tal enquiry4 ,b ! subject is f> f be+ exhau/$2 &1 inde$1 !re are few bran*es ( physics :i* promise at once s mu* amus+ int]e/1 & su* important consequ5ces1 9 its be>+s on o!r subjects1 & especially1 ?r\gh ! m$ium ( /rong analogies1 on t ( light4 ,light & ,vision4 7#bgc47 ,! nature ( light has always be5 involv$ 9 consid]able d\bt & my/]y4 ,! anci5ts c\ld sc>cely be said to h any op9ion on ! subject1 unless1 inde$1 x c\ld be consid]$ su* to affirm t di/ant bodies c\ld n be put into communication )\t an int]m$ium2 & t1 !re=e1 !re mu/ be some?+ betwe5 ! eye & ! ?+ se54 ,:at t some?+ is1 h[ev]1 !y c\ld only =m crude & vague conjectures4 ,"o suppos$ t ! eyes !mselves emit rays or emanations ( "s unkn[n k9d1 by :i* di/ant objects are z x 7 felt2 a s+ul>ly un=tunate idea1 s9ce x gives no reason :y objects %\ld n be equally well se5 9 ! d>k--no acc\nt1 9 %ort1 ( ! "p p]=m$ by light 9 vision4 ,o!rs imag9$ t all visible objects are con/antly ?r[+ out f !m1 9 all directions1 "s sort ( resemblances or spectral =ms ( !mselves1 :i*1 :5 receiv$ by ! eyes1 produce an impression ( ! objects4 ,vague & clumsy z ?is hypo!sis obvi\sly is1 x assigns to ! object a p[]1 & to light a diffusive propagation 9 all directions1 :i* are1 ! "o & ! o!r1 indep5d5t ( our eyes1 & !re=e goes to sep>ate ! ph5om5a ( light f ^? ( vision4 7#bgd47 ,! hypo!sis ( ,newton is a ref9em5t & improvem5t on ?is idea4 ,in/ead ( spectra or resemblances1 he supposes lum9\s objects actually to d>t out f !m 9 all directions1 p>ticles1 ( inconceivable m9ut5ess 7z inde$ !y mu/ be1 hav+ su* an enorm\s velocity 7see #ag471 n to da% 9 pieces e ?+ !y /rike ^u74 ,^! p>ticles he supposes to be act$ ^u by attractive & repulsive =ces1 resid+ 9 all mat]ial bodies1 ! latt] ext5d+ to "s v small di/ance beyond _! surfaces2 & by ! action ( ^! =ces to be turn$ aside f _! natural /raight-l9$ c\rse1 )\t ev] com+ 9 actual contact ) ! p>ticles !mselves ( ! bodies on :i* !y fall1 b ei!r be+ turn$ back & reflect$ by ! repulsive =ces be=e !y rea* !m1 or p5etrat+ betwe5 _! int]vals1 z a bird may be suppos$ to fly ?r\gh ! bran*es ( a =e/1 & und]go+ all _! actions1 to take at quitt+ !m a direction f9ally det]m9$ by ! position ( ! surface at :i* !y em]ge ) respect to _! c\rse4 7#bge47 ,?is hypo!sis1 :i* 0 discuss$ & reason$ ^u by ,newton 9 a mann] wor?y ( himself1 af=ds1 by ! application ( ! same dynamical laws :i* he _h appli$ ) s mu* success to ! explanation ( ! planet>y motions1 n m]ely a plausible1 b a p]fectly reasonable & fair explanation ( all ! usual ph5om5a ( light kn[n 9 8 "t4 ,8 own beautiful discov]ies1 too1 ( ! diff]5t refrangibilities ( ! diff]5tly col\r$ rays1 7 p]fectly well repres5t$ 9 ?is !ory1 by simply admitt+ a diff]5ce ( velocity 9 ! p>ticles1 :i* produce 9 ! eye ! s5sations ( diff]5t col\rs4 ,& _h ! prop]ties ( light rema9$ conf9$ to ^!1 !re w\ld h be5 no occasion to h resort$ to any o!r mode ( conceiv+ x4 7#bgf47 ,a v diff]5t hypo!sis _h1 h[ev]1 be5 sugge/$ ab\t ! same p]iod by ,huygh5s1 :o suppos$ light to be produc$ 9 ! same mann] ) s\nd1 by ! communication ( a vibratory motion f ! lum9\s body to a highly ela/ic fluid1 :i* he imag9$ z fill+ all space1 & z be+ less cond5s$ )9 ! limits ( space occupi$ by matt]1 & t to a great] or less ext5t1 accord+ to ! nature ( ! occupy+ sub/ance4 ,?us1 9 place ( any ?+ actually ?r[n (f1 he sub/itut$ waves1 or vibrations1 propagat$ 9 all directions f lum9\s bodies1 ?r\gh ?is m$ium1 or e!r1 z he call$ x4 ,huygh5s1 be+ himself a consummate ma!matician1 0 enabl$ to trace _m ( ! consequ5ces ( ?is hypo!sis1 & to %[ t ! ord9>y laws ( reflection & refraction 7 repres5t$ or acc\nt$ = by x1 z well z by ,newton's4 ,b ! hypo!sis ( ,huygh5s has n be5 fully successful 9 acc\nt+ = :at may be consid]$ ! *ief ( all optical facts1 ! production ( col\rs 9 ! ord9>y refraction ( light by a prism1 ( :i* ! !ory ( ,newton gives a complete & elegant explanation2 & ! discov]y ( :i* by him m>ks "o ( ! greate/ epo*s 9 ! annals ( exp]im5tal sci5ce4 ,?is1 :i* has be5 (t5 urg$ 9 objection to x1 rema9s /ill1 if n q unansw]$1 at lea/ only imp]fectly remov$4 7#bgg47 ,o!r ph5om5a1 h[ev]1 7 n want+ to af=d a fur!r trial ( ! explanatory p[]s ( ei!r hypo!sis4 ,! diffraction or inflection ( light1 discov]$ by ,grimaldi1 a ,jesuit ( ,bologna1 seem$ to indicate t ! rays ( light 7 turn$ aside f _! /raight c\rse by m]ely pass+ ne> bodies ( e description4 ,^! ph5om5a1 :i* are v curi\s & beautiful1 7 m9utely exam9$ by ,newton1 & ref]r$ by him to ! action ( repulsive =ces ext5d+ to a s5sible di/ance f ! surfaces ( bodies2 & 8 explanation1 s f> z ! facts kn[n to him are conc]n$1 appe>s z satisfactory z c\ld reasonably be !n expect$2 & mu* m s ?an any ?+ :i* c\ld at t "t be produc$ on ! side ( ! hypo!sis ( ,huygh5s1 :i*1 9 fact1 seem$ incapable ( giv+ any acc\nt :atev] ( !m4 7#bgh47 ,ano!r class ( delicate & spl5did optical ph5om5a1 :i* _h begun to attract att5tion some:at previ\s to ,newton's "t1 seem$ to leave bo? hypo!ses equally at a loss4 ,^! 7 ! col\rs exhibit$ by v ?9 films1 ei!r ( a liquid 7su* z a soap-bubble71 or ( air1 z :5 two glasses are laid toge!r ) only air betwe5 !m4 ,^! col\rs 7 exam9$ by ,newton ) a m9ut5ess & c>e altoge!r unexampl$ 9 exp]im5tal philosophy at t "t1 & ) :i* few rese>*es und]tak5 s9ce w be> to /& 9 competition4 ,_! result 0 a !ory ( a v s+ul> nature1 :i* he gr\nd$ on an hypo!sis ( :at he t]m$ fits ( easy transmission & reflection2 & :i* suppos$ ea* ray ( light to pass 9 its progress p]iodically ?r\gh a succession ( /ates su* z w\ld alt]nately dispose x to p5etrate or be reflect$ back f ! surface ( a body on :i* x might fall4 ,! simple/ way 9 :i* ! read] may conceive ?is hypo!sis1 is to reg>d e p>ticle ( light z a sort ( little magnet revolv+ rapidly ab\t its own c5tre :ile x advances 9 its c\rse1 & ?us alt]nately pres5t+ its attractive & repulsive pole1 s t :5 x arrives at ! surface ( a body ) its repulsive pole =emo/1 x is repell$ & reflect$2 & :5 ! contr>y1 attract$1 s z to ent] ! surface4 ,newton1 h[ev]1 v cauti\sly avoid$ ann\nc+ 8 !ory 9 ?is or any simil> =m1 conf9+ himself entirely to g5]al language4 ,9 consequ5ce1 x has be5 confid5tly ass]t$ by all 8 foll[]s1 t ! doctr9e ( fits ( easy reflection & transmission1 z laid d[n by him1 is sub/antially no?+ m ?an a /atem5t ( facts4 ,7 x s1 x is cle> t any o!r !ory :i* %\ld (f] a j acc\nt ( ! same ph5om5a mu/ ultimately involve & co9cide ) t ( ,newton4 ,b ?is1 z we %all pres5tly see1 is n ! case2 & ?is in/ance ought to s]ve to make u extremely cauti\s h[ we employ1 9 /at+ physical laws d]iv$ f exp]im5t1 language :i* involves any ?+ 9 ! slighte/ degree !oretical1 if we w\ld pres5t ! laws !mselves 9 a =m :i* no future rese>* %all modify or subv]t4 7#bgi47 ,a ?ird class ( optical ph5om5a1 :i* 7 likewise discov]$ :ile ,newton 0 yet engag$ 9 8 optical rese>*es1 0 t exhibit$ by d\bly refract+ cry/als4 ,9 :at ! ph5om5on ( d\ble refraction consi/s1 we h already _h occasion to expla94 ,! fact itself 0 fir/ notic$ by ,erasmus ,b>tol9 9 ! cry/al call$ ,icel& sp>2 & 0 /udi$ ) att5tion by ,huygh5s1 :o asc]ta9$ its laws1 & ref]r$ x ) rem>kable +5uity & success to 8 !ory ( light1 by ! additional hypo!sis ( su* a con/itution ( 8 e!real m$ium )9 ! cry/al z %\ld enable x to convey an impulse fa/] 9 "o direction ?an ano!r3 z if1 = example's sake1 we %\ld suppose a s\nd convey$ ?r\gh ! air ) diff]5t degrees ( rapidity 9 a v]tical & horizontal direction4 7#bhj47 ,"s rem>kable facts accompany+ ! d\ble refraction produc$ by ,icel& sp>1 :i* ,b>tol91 ,huygh5s1 & ,newton1 _h obs]v$1 l$ ! latt] to conceive ! s+ul> idea t a ray ( light aft] its em]g5ce f su* a cry/al acquires sides1 t is to say1 di/9ct relations to surr\nd+ space1 :i* x c>ries ) x ?r\gh its :ole subsequ5t c\rse1 & :i* give rise to all ^? curi\s & complicat$ ph5om5a :i* are n[ kn[n "u ! "n ( ! pol>ization ( light4 ,^! results1 h[ev]1 appe>$ s extraord9>y1 & (f]$ s little h&le = fur!r enquiry1 t _! exam9ation dropp$1 z if by common cons5t2 ,newton himself re/+ cont5t ) urg+ /rongly ! app>5t incompatibility ( ^! prop]ties ) ! ,huygh5ian doctr9e1 b )\t mak+ any attempt to expla9 !m by 8 own4 7#bha47 ,f ! p]iod ( ,newton's optical discov]ies to ! comm5cem5t ( ! pres5t c5tury1 no great accession to our k ( ! nature ( light 0 made1 if we except "o1 :i*1 f its invaluable practical application1 mu/ ev] hold a prom95t place 9 ! annals bo? ( art & sci5ce3 we mean1 ! discov]y ( ! pr9ciple ( ! a*romatic telescope1 :i* orig9at$ 9 a discussion betwe5 ! celebrat$ geomet] ,eul]1 ,kl+5/i]na1 an em95t ,sw$i% philosoph]1 & our own c\ntryman1 ! admirable optician ,dollond1 on ! occasion ( c]ta9 ab/ract !oretical inve/igations ( ! =m]1 :i* l$ him to speculate on its possibility1 & :i* ultimately t]m9at$ 9 its complete & happy execution by ! latt]2 a memorable case 9 sci5ce1 ?\gh n a s+ul> "o1 :]e ! speculative geomet] 9 8 *amb]1 ap>t f ! _w1 & exi/+ among ab/ractions1 has orig9at$ views ( ! noble/ practical application4#di 7#bhb47 ,! explanation :i* our k ( optical laws af=ds ( ! me*anism ( ! eye1 & ! process by :i* vision is p]=m$1 is z complete & satisfactory z t ( he>+ by ! propagation ( motion ?r\gh ! air4 ,! cam]a obscura1 inv5t$ by ,bapti/a ,porta 9 #aefj1 gave ! fir/ idea h[ ! actual images ( ext]nal objects might be convey$ into ! eye1 b x 0 n till aft] a consid]able int]val t ,kepl]1 ! immortal discov]] ( ^? great laws :i* regulate ! p]iods & motions ( ! planets1 po9t$ out di/9ctly ! (fices p]=m$ by ! sev]al p>ts ( ! eye 9 ! act ( vision4 ,f ?is to ! inv5tion ( ! telescope & microscope !re w\ld seem b a small /ep1 b x is to accid5t r ?an design t x is due2 & its re-inv5tion by ,galileo1 on a m]e description ( its effects1 may s]ve1 among a ?\s& simil> in/ances1 to %[ t ine/imable practical applications lie op5 to u1 if we c only once br+ ourselves to conceive _! possibility1 a lesson :i* ! inv5tion ( ! a*romatic telescope itself1 z we h above relat$ x1 n less /rongly exemplifies4 7#bhc47 ,! little in/rum5t ) :i* ,galileo's spl5did discov]ies 7 made 0 h>dly sup]ior 9 p[] to an ord9>y f9d] ( ! pres5t day2 b x 0 rapidly improv$ on1 & 9 ! h&s ( ,huygh5s atta9$ to gigantic dim5sions & v great p[]4 ,x 0 to obviate ! necessity ( ! enorm\s l5g? requir$ = ^! telescopes1 & yet secure ! same p[]1 t ,gregory & ,newton devis$ ! reflect+ telescope1 :i* has s9ce become a mu* m p[]ful in/rum5t ?an its orig9al inv5tors probably ev] contemplat$4 7#bhd47 ,! telescope1 z x exi/s at pres5t1 ) ! improvem5ts 9 its /ructure & execution :i* mod]n arti/s h effect$1 mu/ assur$ly be rank$ among ! highe/ & mo/ ref9$ productions ( human art2 t 9 :i* man has be5 able to approximate mo/ closely to ! workman%ip ( nature1 & :i* has conf]r$ ^u him1 if n ano!r s5se1 at lea/ an exaltation ( "o already possess$ by him t m]its almo/ to be reg>d$ z a new "o4 ,nor does x appe> yet to h rea*$ its ultimate p]fection1 to :i* inde$ x is difficult to assign any b\nds1 :5 we take into consid]ation ! wond]ful progress :i* workman%ip ( e k9d is mak+1 & ! delicacy1 f> sup]ior to t ( =m] times1 ) :i* mat]ials may n[ be wr\ght1 z well z ! +5i\s inv5tions & comb9ations :i* e ye> is br++ =? = accompli%+ ! same ends by means hi!rto unattempt$4#ej 7#bhe47 ,aft] a long torpor1 ! k ( ! prop]ties ( light began to make fre% progress ab\t ! end ( ! la/ c5tury1 advanc+ ) an accel]at$ rapidity1 :i* has cont9u$ unabat$ to ! pres5t "t4 ,! example 0 set by our late admirable & lam5t$ c\ntryman1 ,dr4 ,wolla/on1 :o re-exam9$ & v]ifi$ ! laws ( d\ble refraction 9 ,icel& sp> ann\nc$ by ,huygh5s4 ,att5tion be+ ?us drawn to ! subject1 ! geometry ( ,laplace soon f\nd a means ( expla9+ at lea/ "o portion ( ! my/]y ( ?is s+ul> ph5om5on1 by ! ,newtonian !ory ( light1 appli$ "u c]ta9 suppos$ conditions2 & ! reason+ :i* l$ him to ! result 7at t "t q unexpect$71 may ju/ly be reg>d$ z "o ( 8 happie/ ef=ts4 ,! prosecution ( ! subject1 :i* _h n[ acquir$ a high degree ( int]e/1 0 enc\rag$ by ! (f] ( a prize on ! "p ( ! ,fr5* ,academy ( ,sci5ces2 & x 0 9 a memoir :i* receiv$ ?is hon\rable rew>d on t occasion1 9 #ahaj1 t ,malus1 a retir$ (fic] ( eng9e]s 9 ! ,fr5* army1 ann\nc$ ! great discov]y ( ! pol>ization ( light by ord9>y reflection at ! surface ( a transp>5t body4 7#bhf47 ,malus f\nd t :5 a beam ( light is reflect$ f ! surface ( su* a body at a c]ta9 angle1 x acquires precisely ! same s+ul> prop]ty :i* is impress$ ^u x 9 ! act ( d\ble refraction1 & :i* ,newton _h be=e express$ by say+ t x possess$ sides4 ,?is 0 ! fir/ circum/ance :i* po9t$ out a connection betwe5 t hi!rto my/]i\s ph5om5on & any ( ! ord9>y modifications ( light2 & x prov$ ultimately ! means ( br++ ! :ole )9 ! limits1 if n ( a complete explanation1 at lea/ ( a highly plausible !oretical repres5tation4 ,s true is1 9 sci5ce1 ! rem>k ( ,bacon1 t no natural ph5om5on c be adequately /udi$ 9 itself alone1 b1 to be und]/ood1 mu/ be consid]$ z x /&s connect$ ) all nature4 7#bhg47 ,! new class ( ph5om5a ?us disclos$ 7 imm$iately /udi$ ) dilig5ce & success1 bo? abroad by ,malus & ,arago1 & at home by our c\ntryman ,dr4 ,brew/]1 & _! laws inve/igat$ ) a c>e proportion$ to _! importance2 :5 ano!r & app>5tly /ill m extraord9>y class ( ph5om5a pres5t$ itself 9 ! production ( ! mo/ vivid & beautiful col\rs 7e way resembl+ ^? obs]v$ by ,newton 9 ?9 films ( air or liquids1 only inf9itely m develop$ & /rik+17 9 c]ta9 transp>5t cry/alliz$ sub/ances1 :5 divid$ into flat plates 9 p>ticul> directions1 & expos$ 9 a beam ( pol>iz$ light4 ,! att5tive exam9ation ( ^! col\rs by ,wolla/on1 ,biot1 & ,arago1 b m especially by ,brew/]1 spe$ily l$ to ! disclosure ( a s]ies ( optical ph5om5a s v>i\s1 s brilliant1 & evid5tly s closely connect$ ) ! mo/ important po9ts relat+ to ! intimate /ructure ( cry/alliz$ bodies1 z to excite ! highe/ int]e/1--t sort ( int]e/ :i* is rais$ :5 we feel we are on ! eve ( "s extraord9>y discov]y1 & expect e mom5t t "s lead+ fact w turn up1 :i* w ?r[ light on all t appe>s obscure1 & r$uce into ord] all t seems anomal\s4 7#bhh47 ,?is expectation 0 n disappo9t$4 ,s long be=e ! "t we are speak+ ( z ! fir/ ye> ( ! pres5t c5tury1 our illu/ri\s c\ntryman1 ! late ,dr4 ,?omas ,"y1 _h e/abli%$ a pr9ciple 9 optics1 :i*1 reg>d$ z a physical law1 has h>dly its equal = beauty1 simplicity1 & ext5t ( application1 9 ! :ole circle ( sci5ce4 ,consid]+ ! mann] 9 :i* ! vibrations ( two musical s\nds arriv+ at once at ! e> affect ! s5se ) an impression ( s\nd or sil5ce accord+ z !y conspire or oppose ea* o!r's effects1 he 0 l$ to ! idea t ! same ought to hold good ) light z ) s\nd1 if ! !ory :i* makes light analog\s to s\nd be ! true "o2 & t1 !re=e1 two rays ( light1 sett+ (f f ! same orig91 at ! same in/ant1 & arriv+ at ! same place by diff]5t r\tes1 ought to /r5g!n or :olly or p>tially de/roy ea* o!r's effects accord+ to ! diff]5ce 9 l5g? ( ! r\tes describ$ by !m4 ,t two lights %\ld 9 any circum/ances comb9e to produce d>kness may be consid]$ /range1 b is lit]ally true2 & x _h ev5 be5 notic$ long ago z a s+ul> & unacc\ntable fact by ,grimaldi1 9 8 exp]im5ts on ! inflection ( light4 ,! exp]im5tal means by :i* ,dr4 ,"y confirm$ ?is pr9ciple1 :i* is kn[n 9 optics by ! "n ( ! int]f]5ce ( ! rays ( light1 7 z simple & satisfactory z ! pr9ciple itself is beautiful2 b ! v]ifications ( x1 drawn f ! explanation x af=ds ( ph5om5a app>5tly ! mo/ remote1 are /ill m s4 ,newton's col\rs ( ?9 films 7 ! fir/ ph5om5a to :i* its au?or appli$ x ) full success4 ,its next rem>kable application 0 to ^? ( diffraction1 ( :i*1 9 ! h&s ( ,m4 ,fresnel1 a late em95t ,fr5* geomet]1 x also furni%$ a complete explanation1 & t1 too1 9 cases to :i* ,newton's hypo!sis c\ld n app>5tly be made to apply1 & ?r\gh a complication ( circum/ances :i* might af=d a v sev]e te/ ( any hypo!sis4 7#bhi47 ,a simple & beautiful exp]im5t on ! int]f]5ces ( pol>iz$ light due to ,fresnel & ,arago enabl$ !m to br+ ,dr4 ,"y's law to be> on ! col\rs produc$ by cry/alliz$ plates 9 a pol>iz$ beam1 & by s do+ af=d$ a key to all ! intricacies ( ^! magnific5t b complex ph5om5a4 ,no?+ n[ 0 want+ to a rational !ory ( d\ble refraction b to frame an hypo!sis ( "s mode 9 :i* light might be conceiv$ to be propagat$ ?r\gh ! ela/ic m$ium suppos$ to convey x 9 su* a way z n to be contradictory to any ( ! facts1 nor to ! g5]al laws ( dynamics4 ,?is ess5tial idea1 )\t :i* e ?+ t _h be5 be=e done w\ld h be5 incomplete1 0 also furni%$ by ,dr4 ,"y1 :o1 ) a sagacity :i* w\ld h done hon\r to ,newton himself1 _h decl>$1 t to accommodate ! doctr9e ( ,huygh5s to ! ph5om5a ( pol>iz$ light x is necess>y to conceive ! mode ( propagation ( a lum9\s impulse ?r\gh ! e!r1 diff]5tly f t ( a sonor\s "o ?r\gh ! air4 ,9 ! latt]1 ! p>ticles ( ! air advance & rec$e2 9 ! =m]1 ^? ( ! e!r mu/ be suppos$ to tremble lat]ally4 7#bij47 ,tak+ ?is z ! gr\ndwork ( 8 reason+1 ,fresnel succe$$ 9 erect+ on x a !ory ( pol>ization & d\ble refraction1 s happy 9 its adaptation to facts1 & 9 ! co9cid5ce ) exp]i5ce ( results d$uc$ f x by ! mo/ intricate analysis1 t x is difficult to conceive x unf\nd$4 ,if x be s1 x is at lea/ ! mo/ curi\sly artificial sy/em t sci5ce has yet witness$2 & :e!r x be s or n1 s long z x s]ves to gr\p toge!r 9 "o compreh5sive po9t ( view a mass ( facts almo/ inf9ite 9 numb] & v>iety1 to reason f "o to ano!r1 & to e/abli% analogies & relations betwe5 !m2 on :atev] hypo!sis x may be f\nd$1 or :atev] arbitr>y assumptions x may make respect+ /ructures & modes ( action1 x c nev] be reg>d$ z o!r ?an a mo/ real & important accession to our k4 7#bia47 ,/ill1 x is by no means impossible t ! ,newtonian !ory ( light1 if cultivat$ ) equal dilig5ce ) ! ,huygh5ian1 might lead to an equally plausible explanation ( ph5om5a n[ reg>d$ z beyond its rea*4 ,m4 ,biot is ! au?or ( ! hypo!sis we h already m5tion$ ( a rotatory motion ( ! p>ticles ( light ab\t _! axes4 ,he has employ$ x only = a v limit$ purpose2 b x might d\btless be c>ri$ mu* f>!r2 & by admitt+ only ! regul> emission ( ! lum9\s p>ticles at equal int]vals ( "t1 & 9 simil> /ates ( motion f ! %9+ body1 :i* does n seem a v =c$ supposition1 all ! ph5om5a ( int]f]5ce at lea/ w\ld be readily en\gh expla9$ )\t ! admission ( an e!r4 7#bib47 ,! optical exam9ation ( cry/alliz$ sub/ances af=ds "o among _m f9e examples ( ! elucidation :i* e bran* ( sci5ce is capable ( af=d+ to e o!r4 ,! indefatigable rese>*es ( ,dr4 ,brew/] & o!rs h %[n t ! ph5om5a exhibit$ by pol>iz$ light 9 its transmission ?r\gh cry/als af=d a c]ta9 indication ( ! mo/ important po9ts relat+ to ! /ructure ( ! cry/als !mselves1 & ?us become mo/ valuable *>act]s by :i* to recognise _! int]nal con/itution4 ,x 0 ,newton :o fir/ %[$ ( :at importance z a physical "*1--z ! indication ( o!r prop]ties1--! action ( a body on light might become2 b ! *>act]s af=d$ by ! use ( pol>iz$ light z an in/rum5t ( exp]im5tal enquiry are s m>k$ & intimate1 t !y may almo/ be said to h furni%$ u ) a k9d ( intellectual s5se1 by :i* we are enabl$ to scrut9ize ! int]nal arrangem5t ( ^? wond]ful /ructures :i* ,nature builds up by h] ref9$ & invisible ar*itecture1 ) a delicacy elud+ our conception1 yet ) a symmetry & beauty :i* we are nev] we>y ( admir+4 ,9 ?is po9t ( view ! sci5ce ( optics has r5d]$ to m9]alogy & cry/allography s]vices n less important ?an to a/ronomy by ! inv5tion ( ! telescope1 or to natural hi/ory by t ( ! microscope2 :ile ! relations :i* h be5 discov]$ to exi/ betwe5 ! optical prop]ties ( bodies & _! cry/all9e =ms1 & ev5 _! *emical habitudes1 h af=d$ num]\s & beautiful in/ances ( g5]al laws conclud$ f labori\s & pa9ful induction1 & curi\sly exemplify+ ! simplicity ( nature z x em]ges sl[ly f an entangl$ mass ( p>ticul>s 9 :i*1 at fir/1 nei!r ord] nor connection c be trac$4 ,,*ap4 ,,iii4 ,,( ,,cosmical ,,ph5om5a4 ,a/ronomy & ,cele/ial ,me*anics4 7#bic47 ,a/ronomy1 z has be5 obs]v$ 9 ! =m] "p ( ?is disc\rse1 z a sci5ce ( obs]vation1 _h made consid]able progress among ! anci5ts3 inde$1 x 0 ! only bran* ( physical sci5ce :i* c\ld be reg>d$ z hav+ be5 cultivat$ by !m ) any degree ( assiduity or real success4 ,! ,*aldean & ,egyptian records _h furni%$ mat]ials f :i* ! motions ( ! sun & moon c\ld be calculat$ ) suffici5t exactness = ! pr$iction ( eclipses2 & "s rem>kable cycles1 or p]iods ( ye>s 9 :i* ! lun> eclipses return 9 v ne>ly ! same ord]1 _h be5 asc]ta9$ by obs]vation4 ,consid]+ ! extreme imp]fection ( _! means ( measur+ "t & space1 ?is 01 p]haps1 z mu* z c\ld h be5 expect$ at t e>ly p]iod1 & x 0 foll[$ up = a :ile 9 a philosophical _s ( j speculation1 :i*1 if cont9u$1 c\ld h>dly h fail$ to lead to s\nd & important conclusions4 7#bid47 ,un=tunately1 h[ev]1 ! philosophy ( ,ari/otle laid x d[n z a pr9ciple1 t ! cele/ial motions 7 regulat$ by laws prop] to !mselves1 & be>+ no aff9ity to ^? :i* prevail on e>?4 ,by ?us draw+ a broad & impassable l9e ( sep>ation betwe5 cele/ial & t]re/rial me*anics1 x plac$ ! =m] altoge!r out ( ! pale ( exp]im5tal rese>*1 :ile x at ! same "t imp$$ ! progress ( ! latt] by ! assumption ( pr9ciples respect+ natural & unnatural motions1 ha/ily adopt$ f ! mo/ sup]ficial & cursory rem>k1 undes]v+ ev5 ! "n ( obs]vation4 ,a/ronomy1 !re=e1 cont9u$ = ages a sci5ce ( m]e record1 9 :i* !ory _h no "p1 except 9 s f> z x attempt$ to conciliate ! inequalities ( ! cele/ial motions ) t assum$ law ( uni=m circul> revolution :i* 0 alone consid]$ consi/5t ) ! p]fection ( ! heav5ly me*anism4 ,h5ce arose an unwieldy1 if n self-contradictory1 mass ( hypo!tical motions ( sun1 moon1 & planets1 9 circles1 ^: c5tres 7 c>ri$ r\nd 9 o!r circles1 & ^! aga9 9 o!rs )\t end1--8cycle on epicycle1 orb on orb10--till at l5g?1 z obs]vation grew m exact1 & fre% epicycles 7 cont9ually add$1 ! absurdity ( s cumbr\s a me*anism became too palpable to be borne4 ,d\bts 7 express$1 to :i* ! s>casm ( a mon>*#ea gave a curr5cy !y might n h obta9$ 9 a p]iod :5 m5 sc>cely d>$ tru/ !mselves to ?9k2 & at l5g? ,cop]nicus1 promulgat+ 8 own1 or reviv+ ! ,py?agorean doctr9e1 :i* places ! sun 9 ! c5tre ( our sy/em1 gave to a/ronomy a simplicity :i*1 contra/$ ) ! complication ( ! prec$+ views1 at once comm&$ ass5t4 7#bie47 ,an elegant writ]#eb1 :om we h be=e _h occasion to quote1 has briefly & neatly acc\nt$ = ! confus$ notions :i* s long prevail$ respect+ ! con/itution ( our sy/em1 & ! difficulty exp]i5c$ 9 acquir+ a true notion ( ! disposition ( its p>ts4 8,we see x10 he obs]ves1 8n 9 plan1 b 9 section40 ,! reason ( ?is is1 t our po9t ( obs]vation lies 9 its g5]al plane1 b ! notion we aim at =m+ ( x is n t ( its section1 b ( its plan4 ,?is is z if we %\ld attempt to read a book1 or make out ! c\ntries on a map1 ) ! eye on a level ) ! pap]4 ,we c only judge directly ( ! di/ances ( objects by _! sizes1 or r ( _! *ange ( di/ance by _! *ange ( size2 nei!r h we any means ( asc]ta9+1 o!rwise ?an indirectly1 ev5 _! positions1 "o among ! o!r1 f _! app>5t places z se5 by u4 ,n[1 ! v>iations 9 app>5t size ( ! sun & moon are too small to admit ( exact measure )\t ! use ( ! telescope1 & ! bodies ( ! planets _c ev5 be di/+ui%$ z hav+ any di/9ct size ) ! nak$ eye4 7#bif47 ,! ,cop]nican sy/em once admitt$1 h[ev]1 ?is difficulty ( conception1 at lea/1 is effectually got ov]1 & x becomes a m]e problem ( geometry & calculation to det]m9e1 f ! obs]v$ places ( a planet1 its real orbit ab\t ! sun1 & ! o!r circum/ances ( its motion4 ,?is ,kepl] accompli%$ = ! orbit ( ,m>s1 :i* he asc]ta9$ to be an ellipse hav+ ! sun 9 "o ( its foci2 & ! same law1 be+ ext5d$ by inductive analogy to all ! planets1 0 f\nd to be v]ifi$ 9 ! case ( ea*4 ,?is ) ! o!r rem>kable laws :i* are usually cit$ 9 physical a/ronomy by ! "n ( ,kepl]'s laws1 con/itute und\bt$ly ! mo/ important & beautiful sy/em ( geometrical relations :i* h ev] be5 discov]$ by a m]e inductive process1 indep5d5t ( any consid]ation ( a !oretical k9d4 ,!y comprise )9 !m a comp5dium ( ! motions ( all ! planets1 & enable u to assign _! places 9 _! orbits at any in/ant ( "t pa/ or to come 7disreg>d+ _! mutual p]turbations71 provid$ c]ta9 purely geometrical problems c be num]ically resolv$4 7#big47 ,x 0 n1 h[ev]1 till long aft] ,kepl]'s "t t ! real importance ( ^! laws c\ld be felt4 ,reg>d$ 9 !mselves1 !y (f]$1 x is true1 a f9e example ( regul> & h>moni\s disposition 9 ! greate/ ( all ! works ( creation1 & a /rik+ contra/ to ! cumb]some me*anism ( ! cycles & epicycles :i* prec$$ !m2 b !re _! utility seem$ to t]m9ate1 &1 inde$1 ,kepl] 0 reproa*$1 & n )\t a semblance ( reason1 ) hav+ r5d]$ ! actual calculation ( ! places ( ! planets m difficult ?an be=e1 ! res\rces ( geometry be+ !n inadequate to resolve ! problems to :i* ! /rict application ( 8 laws gave rise4 7#bih47 ,! fir/ result ( ! inv5tion ( ! telescope & its application to a/ronomical purposes1 by ,galileo1 0 ! discov]y ( ,jupit]'s disc & satellites1--( a sy/em (f]+ a beautiful m9iature ( t great] "o ( :i* x =ms a portion1 & pres5t+ to ! eye ( s5se1 at a s+le glance1 t disposition ( p>ts :i* 9 ! planet>y sy/em itself is disc]n$ only by ! eye ( reason & imag9ation 7see #aie474 ,kepl] _h ! satisfaction ( see+ x asc]ta9$1 t ! law :i* he _h discov]$ to connect ! times ( revolution ( ! planets ) _! di/ances f ! sun1 holds good also :5 appli$ to ! p]iods ( circulation ( ^! little att5dants r\nd ! c5tre ( _! pr9cipal2 ?us demon/rat+ x to be some?+ m ?an a m]e empirical rule1 & to dep5d on ! intimate nature ( planet>y motion itself4 7#bii47 ,x _h be5 object$ to ! doctr9e ( ,cop]nicus1 t1 7 x true1 ,v5us %\ld appe> sometimes horn$ l ! moon4 ,to ?is he answ]$ by admitt+ ! conclusion1 & av]r+ t1 %\ld we ev] be able to see its actual %ape1 x w\ld appe> s4 ,x is easy to imag9e ) :at =ce ! application w\ld /rike e m9d :5 ! telescope confirm$ ?is pr$iction1 & %[$ ! planet j z bo? ! philosoph] & 8 objectors _h agre$ x ought to appe>4 ,! hi/ory ( sci5ce af=ds p]haps only "o in/ance analog\s to ?is4 ,:5 ,dr4 ,hutton exp\nd$ 8 !ory ( ! consolidation ( rocks by ! application ( heat1 at a great dep? bel[ ! b$ ( ! ocean1 & especially ( t ( m>ble by actual fusion2 x 0 object$ t1 :atev] might be ! case ) o!rs1 ) calc>e\s or m>ble rocks1 at lea/1 x 0 impossible to grant su* a cause ( consolidation1 s9ce heat decomposes _! sub/ance & conv]ts x into quicklime1 by driv+ (f ! c>bonic acid1 & leav+ a sub/ance p]fectly infusible1 & incapable ev5 ( agglut9ation by heat4 ,to ?is he repli$1 t ! pressure "u :i* ! heat 0 appli$ w\ld prev5t ! escape ( ! c>bonic acid2 & t be+ reta9$1 x might be expect$ to give t fusibility to ! comp\nd :i* ! simple quicklime want$4 ,! next g5]ation saw ?is anticipation conv]t$ into an obs]v$ fact1 & v]ifi$ by ! direct exp]im5ts ( ,sir ,james ,hall1 :o actually succe$$ 9 melt+ m>ble1 by reta9+ its c>bonic acid "u viol5t pressure4 7#cjj47 ,kepl]1 among a numb] ( vague & ev5 wild speculations on ! causes ( ! motions ^: laws he _h develop$ s beautifully & ) s mu* pati5t lab\r1 _h obta9$ a glimpse ( ! g5]al law ( ! in]tia ( matt]1 z applicable to ! great masses ( ! heav5ly bodies z well z to ^? ) :i* we are conv]sant on ! e>?4 ,aft] ,kepl]1 ,galileo1 :ile he gave ! f9i%+ bl[ to ! ,ari/otelian dogmas :i* erect$ a b>ri] betwe5 ! laws ( cele/ial & t]re/rial motion1 by 8 p[]ful argum5t & cau/ic ridicule1 contribut$1 by 8 inve/igations ( ! laws ( fall+ bodies & ! motions ( projectiles1 to lay ! f\ndation ( a true sy/em ( dynamics1 by :i* motions c\ld be det]m9$ f a k ( ! =ces produc+ !m1 & =ces f ! motions !y produce4 ,hooke w5t yet f>!r1 & obta9$ a view s di/9ct ( ! mode 9 :i* ! planets might be reta9$ 9 _! orbits by ! sun's attraction1 t1 _h 8 ma!matical atta9m5ts be5 equal to 8 philosophical acum51 & 8 sci5tific pursuits be5 less v>i\s & desultory1 x c h>dly be d\bt$ t he w\ld h arriv$ at a k ( ! law ( gravitation4 7#cja47 ,b e ?+ :i* _h be5 done t[>ds ?is great end1 be=e ,newton1 c\ld only be reg>d$ z smoo?+ "s fir/ ob/acles1 & prep>+ a /ate ( k1 9 :i* p[]s l 8 c\ld be effectually ex]t$4 ,8 wond]ful comb9ation ( ma!matical skill ) physical rese>* enabl$ him to inv5t1 at pleasure1 new & unhe>d-( me?ods ( inve/igat+ ! effects ( ^? causes :i* 8 cle> & p5etrat+ m9d detect$ 9 op]ation4 ,:atev] dep>tm5t ( sci5ce he t\*$1 he may be said to h =m$ afre%4 ,asc5d+ by a s]ies ( close-compact$ inductive argum5ts to ! highe/ axioms ( dynamical sci5ce1 he succe$$ 9 apply+ !m to ! complete explanation ( all ! great a/ronomical ph5om5a1 & _m ( ! m9ut] & m enigmatical ones4 ,9 do+ ?is1 he _h e ?+ to create3 ! ma!matics ( 8 age prov$ totally inadequate to grapple ) ! num]\s difficulties :i* 7 to be ov]come2 b ?is1 s f> f disc\rag+ him1 s]v$ only to af=d new opportunities = ! ex]tion ( 8 g5ius1 :i*1 9 ! inv5tion ( ! me?od ( fluxions1 or1 z x is n[ m g5]ally call$1 ! diff]5tial calculus1 has suppli$ a means ( discov]y1 be>+ ! same proportion to ! me?ods previ\sly 9 use1 t ! /eam-eng9e does to ! me*anical p[]s employ$ be=e its inv5tion4 ,( ! optical discov]ies ( ,newton we h already spok52 & if ! magnitude ( ! objects ( 8 a/ronomical discov]ies excite our admiration ( ! m5tal p[]s :i* c\ld s famili>ly grasp !m1 ! m9ut5ess ( ! rese>*es into :i* he !re set ! fir/ example ( ent]+1 is no less calculat$ to produce a correspond+ impression4 ,:i*ev] way we turn our view1 we f9d ourselves compell$ to b[ be=e 8 g5ius1 & to assign to ! "n ( ,,newton a place 9 our v5]ation :i* belongs to no o!r 9 ! annals ( sci5ce4 ,8 era m>ks ! accompli%$ maturity ( ! human reason z appli$ to su* objects4 ,e ?+ :i* w5t be=e might be m prop]ly comp>$ to ! fir/ imp]fect attempts ( *ildhood1 or ! essays ( inexp]t1 ?\gh promis+1 adolesc5ce4 ,:atev] has be5 s9ce p]=m$1 h[ev] great 9 itself1 & wor?y ( s spl5did & auspici\s a beg9n+1 has nev]1 9 po9t ( intellectual ef=t1 surpass$ t a/oni%+ "o :i* produc$ ! ,pr9cipia4 7#cjb47 ,9 ?is great "w1 ,newton %[s all ! cele/ial motions kn[n 9 8 "t to be consequ5ces ( ! simple law1 t e p>ticle ( matt] attracts e o!r p>ticle 9 ! univ]se ) a =ce proportional to ! product ( _! masses directly1 & ! squ>e ( _! mutual di/ance inv]sely1 & is itself attract$ ) an equal =ce4 ,sett+ out f ?is1 he expla9s h[ an attraction arises betwe5 ! great sph]ical masses ( :i* our sy/em consi/s1 regulat$ by a law precisely simil> 9 its expression2 h[ ! elliptic motions ( planets ab\t ! sun1 & ( satellites ab\t _! prim>ies1 accord+ to ! exact rules inductively arriv$ at by ,kepl]1 result z necess>y consequ5ces f ! same g5]al law ( =ce2 & h[ ! orbits ( comets !mselves are only p>ticul> cases ( planet>y movem5ts4 ,!nce proce$+ to applications ( great] difficulty1 he expla9s h[ ! p]plex+ inequalities ( ! moon's motion result f ! sun's di/urb+ action2 h[ tides arise f ! unequal attraction ( ! sun z well z ( ! moon on ! e>?1 & ! ocean :i* surr\nds x2 &1 la/ly1 h[ ! precession ( ! equ9oxes is a necess>y consequ5ce ( ! v same law4 7#cjc47 ,! imm$iate successors ( ,newton f\nd full occupation 9 v]ify+ 8 discov]ies1 & 9 ext5d+ & improv+ ! ma!matical me?ods :i* x _h n[ become manife/ 7 to prove ! keys to an inexhau/ible treasure ( k4 ,! simultane\s b indep5d5t discov]y ( a me?od ( ma!matical inve/igation 9 e respect simil> to t ( ,newton1 by ,leibnitz1 :ile x creat$ a degree ( national jeal\sy :i* c n[ only be regrett$1 _h ! effect ( /imulat+ ! cont95tal geomet]s to its cultivation1 & impress+ on x a "* m entirely indep5d5t ( ! anci5t geometry1 to :i* ,newton 0 peculi>ly atta*$4 ,x 0 =tunate = sci5ce t x did s2 = x 0 spe$ily f\nd t 7) "o f9e exception on ! "p ( our c\ntryman ,maclaur91 foll[$ up1 aft] a long int]val1 by ! late ,pr(essor ,robison ( ,ed9burgh1 ) equal elegance17 ! geometry ( ,newton 0 l ! b[ ( ,ulysses1 :i* none b its ma/] c\ld b5d2 & t1 to r5d] 8 me?ods available beyond ! po9ts to :i* he himself c>ri$ !m1 x 0 necess>y to /rip !m ( e ve/ige ( t antique dress 9 :i* he _h delight$ to clo! !m4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 ! c\ntrym5 ( ,newton 7 v unwill+ to d2 & !y paid ! p5alty 9 f9d+ !mselves condemn$ to ! situation ( look]s on1 :ile _! cont95tal neighb\rs bo? 9 ,g]many & ,france 7 pu%+ =w>d 9 ! c>e] ( ma!matico-physical discov]y ) emul\s rapidity4 7#cjd47 ,! legacy ( rese>* :i* ,newton may be said to h left to 8 successors 0 truly imm5se4 ,to pursue1 ?r\gh all its intricacies1 ! consequ5ces ( ! law ( gravitation2 to acc\nt = all ! inequalities ( ! planet>y movem5ts1 & ! inf9itely m complicat$1 & to u m important ones1 ( ! moon2 & to give1 :at ,newton himself c]ta9ly nev] ent]ta9$ a conception (1 a demon/ration ( ! /ability & p]man5ce ( ! sy/em1 "u all ! accumulat+ influ5ce ( its int]nal p]turbations2 ?is lab\r1 & ?is triumph1 7 res]v$ = ! succe$+ age1 & h be5 %>$ 9 succession by ,clairaut1 ,d',alemb]t1 ,eul]1 ,lagrange & ,laplace4 ,yet s ext5sive is ! subject1 & s difficult & intricate ! purely ma!matical enquiries to :i* x leads1 t ano!r c5tury may yet be requir$ to g ?r\gh ) ! task4 ,! rec5t discov]ies ( a/ronom]s h suppli$ matt] = inve/igation1 to ! geomet]s ( ?is & ! next g5]ation1 ( a difficulty f> surpass+ any ?+ t _h be=e occurr$4 ,five prim>y planets h be5 add$ to our sy/em2 f\r ( !m s9ce ! comm5cem5t ( ! pres5t c5tury1 & ^!1 s+ul>ly deviat+ f ! g5]al analogy ( ! o!rs1 & (f]+ cases ( difficulty 9 !ory1 :i* no "o _h be=e contemplat$4 ,yet ev5 ! intricate que/ions to :i* ^! bodies h giv5 rise seem likely to be surpass$ by ^? :i* h come into view1 ) ! discov]y ( sev]al comets revolv+ 9 elliptic orbits1 l ! planets1 r\nd ! sun1 9 v mod]ate p]iods4 ,b ! res\rces ( mod]n geometry seem1 s f> f be+ exhau/$1 to increase ) ! difficulties !y h to enc\nt]1 & already1 among ! successors ( ,lagrange & ,laplace1 ! pres5t g5]ation has to enum]ate a p[]ful array ( names1 :i* promise to r5d] x n less celebrat$ 9 ! annals ( physico-ma!matical rese>* ?an t :i* has j pass$ away4 7#cje47 ,mean:ile ! positions1 figures1 & dim5sions ( all ! planet>y orbits1 are n[ well kn[n1 & _! v>iations f c5tury to c5tury 9 great measure det]m9$2 & x has be5 g5]ally demon/rat$1 t all ! *anges :i* ! mutual actions ( ! planets on ea* o!r c produce 9 ! c\rse ( indef9ite ages1 are p]iodical1 t is to say1 increas+ to a c]ta9 ext5t 7& t nev] a v great "o71 & !n aga9 decreas+2 s t ! sy/em c nev] be de/roy$ or subv]t$ by ! mutual action ( its p>ts1 b keeps con/antly oscillat+1 z x 71 r\nd a c]ta9 mean /ate1 f :i* x c nev] deviate to any ru9\s ext5t4 ,9 p>ticul> ! rese>*es ( ,laplace1 ,lagrange1 & ,poisson1 h %[n ! ultimate inv>iability ( ! mean di/ance ( ea* planet f ! sun1 & consequ5tly ( its p]iodic "t4 ,rely+ on ^! gr& discov]ies1 we are enabl$ to look =w>d1 f ! po9t ( "t :i* we n[ occupy1 _m ?\s&s ( ye>s into futurity1 & pr$ict ! /ate ( our sy/em )\t fe> ( mat]ial error1 b su* z may arise f causes ^: exi/5ce at pres5t we h no reason to suppose1 or f int]f]5ce :i* we h no "r to anticipate4 7#cjf47 ,a correct enum]ation & description ( ! fix$ />s 9 catalogues1 & an exact k ( _! position1 supply ! only effectual means we c h ( asc]ta9+ :at *anges !y are liable to1 & :at motions1 too sl[ to deprive !m ( _! usual epi!t1 fix$1 yet suffici5t to produce a s5sible *ange 9 ! lapse ( ages1 may exi/ among !m4 ,previ\s to ! inv5tion ( ! compass1 !y s]v$ z guides to ! navigator by night2 b = ?is purpose1 a v mod]ate k ( a few ( ! pr9cipal ones suffic$4 ,hipp>*us 0 ! fir/ a/ronom]1 :o1 excit$ by ! appe>ance ( a new />1 conceiv$ ! idea ( =m+ a catalogue ( ! />s1 ) a view to its use z an a/ronomical record1 8by :i*10 says ,pl9y1 8po/]ity w be able to discov]1 n only :e!r !y are born & die1 b also :e!r !y *ange _! places1 & :e!r !y increase or decrease40 ,8 catalogue1 conta9+ m ?an #ajjj />s1 0 con/ruct$ ab\t #abh ye>s be=e ,*ri/4 ,x 0 9 ! c\rse ( ! labori\s discussion ( 8 own & =m] obs]vations ( !m1 und]tak5 ) a view to ! =mation ( ?is catalogue1 t he fir/ recognis$ ! fact ( t sl[1 g5]al advance ( all ! />s ea/w>d1 :5 comp>$ ) ! place ( ! equ9ox1 :i* is kn[n "u ! "n ( ! precession ( ! equ9oxes1 & :i* ,newton succe$$ 9 ref]r+ to a motion 9 ! e>?'s axis1 produc$ by ! attraction ( ! sun & moon4 7#cjg47 ,s9ce ,hipp>*us1 at v>i\s p]iods 9 ! hi/ory ( a/ronomy1 catalogues ( />s h be5 =m$1 among :i* t ( ,ulugh ,begh1 compris+ ab\t #ajjj />s1 con/ruct$ 9 #adcg1 is rem>kable z ! production ( a sov]eign pr9ce1 work+ p]sonally 9 conjunction ) 8 a/ronom]s2 & t ( ,ty*o ,brahe1 conta9+ #ggg />s1 con/ruct$ 9 #afjj1 z hav+ orig9at$ 9 a ph5om5on simil> to t :i* drew ! att5tion ( ,hipp>*us4 ,9 m rec5t times1 a/ronom]s provid$ ) ! f9e/ in/rum5ts _! respective eras c\ld supply1 & e/abli%$ 9 obs]vatories1 munific5tly end[$ by ! sov]eigns & gov]nm5ts ( diff]5t ,european nations1 h vi$ & are /ill vy+ ) ea* o!r1 9 ext5d+ ! numb] ( regi/]$ />s1 & giv+ ! utmo/ possible degree ( accuracy to ! det]m9ation ( _! places4 ,among ^!1 x w\ld be ungrateful n to claim especial notice = ! sup]b s]ies ( obs]vations :i*1 "u a succession ( indefatigable & m]itori\s a/ronom]s1 has1 = a v long p]iod1 cont9u$ to emanate f our own national obs]vatory ( ,gre5wi*4 7#cjh47 ,! di/ance ( ! fix$ />s is s imm5se1 t e attempt to assign a limit1 )9 :i* x mu/ fall1 has hi!rto fail$4 ,! enquiries ( a/ronom]s ( all ages h be5 direct$ to asc]ta9 ?is di/ance1 by tak+ ! dim5sions ( our own p>ticul> sy/em ( sun & planets1 or ( ! e>? itself1 z ! unit ( a scale on :i* x might be measur$4 ,b al?\gh _m h imag9$ t _! obs]vations af=d$ gr\nds = ! decision ( ?is int]e/+ po9t1 x has uni=mly happ5$ ei!r t ! ph5om5a on :i* !y reli$ h prov$ to be ref]able to o!r causes n previ\sly kn[n1 & :i* ! sup]ior accuracy ( _! rese>*es has = ! fir/ "t br\ght to light2 or to errors aris+ f in/rum5tal imp]fections & unavoidable defects ( ! obs]vations !mselves4 7#cji47 ,! only indication we c expect to obta9 ( ! actual di/ance ( a />1 w\ld consi/ 9 an annual *ange 9 its app>5t place correspond+ to ! motion ( ! e>? r\nd ! sun1 call$ its annual p>allax1 & :i* is no?+ m ?an ! measure ( ! app>5t size ( ! e>?'s orbit z se5 f ! />4 ,_m obs]v]s h ?\ght !y h detect$ a measurable am\nt ( ?is p>allax2 b z a/ronomical in/rum5ts h advanc$ 9 p]fection1 ! quantity :i* !y h successively assign$ to x has be5 cont9ually r$uc$ )9 n>r[] & n>r[] limits1 & has inv>iably be5 comm5surate ) ! errors to :i* ! in/rum5ts us$ might fairly be consid]$ liable4 ,! conclusion ?is /rongly presses on u is1 t x is really a quantity too small to admit ( di/9ct measurem5t 9 ! pres5t /ate ( our means = t purpose2 & t1 !re=e1 ! di/ance ( ! />s mu/ be a magnitude ( su* an ord] z ! imag9ation almo/ %r9ks f contemplat+4 ,b ?is increase 9 our scale ( dim5sion calls = a correspond+ enl>gem5t ( conception 9 all o!r respects4 ,! same reason+ :i* places ! />s at su* immeasurable remot5ess1 exalts !m at ! same "t into glori\s bodies1 simil> to1 & ev5 f> surpass+1 our own sun1 ! c5tres p]haps ( o!r planet>y sy/ems1 or fulfill+ purposes ( :i* we c h no idea1 f any analogy 9 :at passes imm$iately ar\nd u4 7#caj47 ,! comp>ison ( catalogues1 publi%$ at diff]5t p]iods1 has giv5 occasion to _m curi\s rem>ks1 respect+ *anges bo? ( place & brightness among ! />s1 to ! discov]y ( v>iable ones :i* lose & recov] _! lu/re p]iodically1 & to t ( ! disappe>ance ( sev]al f ! heav5s s completely z to h left no ve/ige disc]nible ev5 by p[]ful telescopes4 ,9 proportion z ! con/ruction ( a/ronomical & optical in/rum5ts has gone on improv+1 our k ( ! cont5ts ( ! heav5s has und]gone a correspond+ ext5sion1 &1 at ! same "t1 atta9$ a degree ( precision :i* c\ld n h be5 anticipat$ 9 =m] ages4 ,! places ( all ! pr9cipal />s 9 ! nor!rn hemisph]e1 & ( a great _m 9 ! s\!rn1 are n[ kn[n to a degree ( nicety :i* mu/ infallibly detect any real motions t may exi/ among !m1 & has 9 fact done s1 9 a great _m in/ances1 "s ( !m v rem>kable ones4 7#caa47 ,x is only s9ce a comp>atively rec5t date1 h[ev]1 t any great att5tion has be5 be/[$ on ! small] />s1 among :i* !re c be no d\bt ( ! mo/ int]e/+ & in/ructive ph5om5a be+ soon] or lat] br\ght to light4 ,! m9ute exam9ation ( !m ) p[]ful telescopes1 & ) delicate in/rum5ts = ! det]m9ation ( _! places1 has1 inde$1 already produc$ imm5se catalogues & masses ( obs]vations1 9 :i* ?\s&s ( />s invisible to ! nak$ eye are regi/]$2 & has l$ to ! discov]y ( innum]able important & curi\s facts1 & disclos$ ! exi/5ce ( :ole classes ( cele/ial objects1 ( a nature s wond]ful z to give room = unb\nd$ speculation on ! ext5t & con/ruction ( ! univ]se4 7#cab47 ,among ^!1 p]haps ! mo/ rem>kable are ! revolv+ d\ble />s1 or />s :i*1 to ! nak$ eye or to inf]ior telescopes1 appe> s+le2 b1 if exam9$ ) high magnify+ p[]s1 are f\nd to consi/ ( two individuals plac$ almo/ close toge!r1 & :i*1 :5 c>efully wat*$1 are 7_m ( !m7 f\nd to revolve 9 regul> elliptic orbits ab\t ea* o!r2 & s f> z we h yet be5 able to asc]ta91 to obey ! same laws :i* regulate ! planet>y movem5ts4 ,!re is no?+ calculat$ to give a gr&] idea ( ! scale on :i* ! sid]eal heav5s are con/ruct$ ?an ^! beautiful sy/ems4 ,:5 we see su* magnific5t bodies unit$ 9 pairs1 und\bt$ly by ! same bond ( mutual gravitation :i* holds toge!r our own sy/em1 & sweep+ ov] _! enorm\s orbits1 9 p]iods compreh5d+ _m c5turies1 we admit at once t !y mu/ be accompli%+ ends 9 creation :i* w rema9 = ev] unkn[n to man2 & t we h "h atta9$ a po9t 9 sci5ce :]e ! human intellect is compell$ to ackn[l$ge its weakness1 & to feel t no conception ! wilde/ imag9ation c =m w be> ! lea/ comp>ison ) ! intr9sic greatness ( ! subject4 ,geology4 7#cac47 ,! rese>*es ( physical a/ronomy are confess$ly incompet5t to c>ry u back to ! orig9 ( our sy/em1 or to a p]iod :5 its /ate 01 9 any great ess5tial1 diff]5t f :at x is at pres5t4 ,s f> z ! causes n[ 9 action g1 & s f> z our calculations w enable u to e/imate _! effects1 we are equally unable to p]ceive 9 ! g5]al ph5om5a ( ! planet>y sy/em ei!r ! evid5ce ( a beg9n+1 or ! prospect ( an end4 ,geomet]s1 z already /at$1 h demon/rat$ t1 9 ! mid/ ( all ! fluctuations :i* c possibly take place 9 ! elem5ts ( ! orbits ( ! planets1 by reason ( _! mutual attraction1 ! g5]al balance ( ! p>ts ( ! sy/em w always be pres]v$1 & e dep>ture f a mean /ate p]iodically comp5sat$4 ,b nei!r ! rese>*es ( ! physical a/ronom]1 nor ^? ( ! geologi/1 give u any gr\nd = reg>d+ our sy/em1 or ! globe we inhabit1 z ( et]nal duration4 ,on ! contr>y1 !re are circum/ances 9 ! physical con/itution ( our own planet :i* at lea/ obscurely po9t to an orig9 & a =mation1 h[ev] remote1 s9ce x has be5 f\nd t ! figure ( ! e>? is n globul> b elliptical1 & t its attraction is su* z requires u to admit ! int]ior to be m d5se ?an ! ext]ior1 & ! d5sity to increase ) "s degree ( regul>ity f ! surface t[>ds ! c5tre1 & t1 9 lay]s arrang$ elliptically r\nd ! c5tre1 circum/ances :i* c\ld sc>cely happ5 )\t "s su* successive deposition ( mat]ials z w\ld enable pressure to be propagat$ ) a c]ta9 degree ( fre$om f "o "p ( ! mass to ano!r1 ev5 if we %\ld hesitate to admit a /ate ( primitive fluidity4 7#cad47 ,b f su* indications no?+ di/9ct c be conclud$2 & if we w\ld speculate to any purpose on a =m] /ate ( our globe & on ! succession ( ev5ts :i* f "t to "t may h *ang$ ! condition & =m ( its surface1 we mu/ conf9e our views )9 limits f> m re/rict$1 & to subjects mu* m )9 ! rea* ( our capacity1 ?an ei!r ! creation ( ! _w or its assumption ( its pres5t figure4 ,^!1 inde$1 7 fav\rite speculations ) a race ( geologi/s n[ ext9ct2 b ! sci5ce itself has und]gone a total *ange ( "*1 ev5 )9 ! la/ half c5tury1 & is br\ght1 at l5g?1 effectually )9 ! li/ ( ! inductive sci5ces4 ,geologi/s n[ no long] bewild] _! imag9ations ) wild !ories ( ! =mation ( ! globe f *aos1 or its passage ?r\gh a s]ies ( hypo!tical trans=mations1 b r aim at a c>eful & accurate exam9ation ( ! records ( its =m] /ate1 :i* !y f9d indelibly impress$ on ! great features ( its actual surface1 & to ! evid5ces ( =m] life & habitation :i* organis$ rema9s imb$d$ & pres]v$ 9 its /rata indisputably af=d4 7#cae47 ,records ( ?is k9d are nei!r few nor vague2 & ?\gh ! obsolet5ess ( _! language :5 we endeav\r to int]pret x too m9utely1 may1 & no d\bt (t5 does1 lead to misappreh5sion1 /ill its g5]al mean+ is1 on ! :ole1 unequivocal & satisfactory4 ,su* records tea* u1 9 t]ms too pla9 to be misund]/ood1 t ! :ole or ne>ly ! :ole ( our pres5t l&s & cont95ts 7 =m]ly at ! bottom ( ! sea1 :]e !y receiv$ deposits ( mat]ials f ! we>+ & degradation ( o!r l&s n n[ exi/+1 & furni%$ receptacles = ! rema9s ( m>9e animals & plants inhabit+ ! ocean above !m1 z well z = simil> spoils ( ! l& wa%$ d[n into its bosom4 7#caf47 ,^! rema9s are occasionally br\ght to light2 & _! exam9ation has af=d$ indubitable evid5ce ( ! =m] exi/5ce ( a /ate ( animat$ nature widely diff]5t f :at n[ obta9s on ! globe1 & ( a p]iod ant]ior to t 9 :i* x has be5 ! habitation ( man1 or r1 inde$1 ( a s]ies ( p]iods1 ( unkn[n duration1 9 :i* bo? l& & sea teem$ ) =ms ( animal & vegetable life1 :i* h successively disappe>$ & giv5 place to o!rs1 & ^! aga9 to new races approximat+ gradually m & m ne>ly to ^? :i* n[ inhabit !m1 & at l5g? compreh5d+ species :i* h _! c\nt]p>ts exi/+4 7#cag47 ,^! wrecks ( a =m] /ate ( nature1 ?us wond]fully pres]v$ 7l anci5t m$als & inscriptions 9 ! ru9s ( an empire71 af=d a sort ( rude *ronology1 by ^: aid ! successive depositions ( ! /rata 9 :i* !y are f\nd may be m>k$ out 9 epo*s m or less def9itely t]m9at$1 & ea* *>act]iz$ by "s peculi>ity :i* enables u to recognise ! deposits ( any p]iod1 9 :atev] "p ( ! _w !y may be f\nd4 ,&1 s f> z has be5 hi!rto inve/igat$1 ! ord] ( succession 9 :i* ^! deposits h be5 =m$ appe>s to h be5 ! same 9 e "p ( ! globe4 7#cah47 ,_m ( ! /rata :i* ?us be> evid5t m>ks ( hav+ be5 deposit$ at ! bottom ( ! sea1 & ( c\rse 9 a horizontal /ate1 are n[ f\nd 9 a position highly incl9$ to ! horizon1 & ev5 occasionally v]tical4 ,& !y (t5 be> no less evid5t m>ks ( viol5ce1 9 _! b5d+ & fracture1 ! dislocation ( p>ts :i* 7 once contigu\s1 & ! exi/5ce ( va/ collections ( brok5 fragm5ts :i* af=d e pro( ( great viol5ce hav+ be5 us$ 9 accompli%+ "s at lea/ ( ! *anges :i* h tak5 place4 7#cai47 ,besides ! rocks :i* c>ry ?is int]nal evid5ce ( subm>9e deposition1 are _m :i* exhibit no su* pro(s1 b on ! contr>y hold out e appe>ance ( ow+ _! orig9 to volcanoes or to "s o!r mode ( igne\s action2 & 9 e "p ( ! _w1 & among /rata ( all ages1 !re occur evid5ces ( su* action s abundant1 & on su* a scale1 z to po9t out ! volcano & ! e>?quake z ag5ts :i* may h be5 in/rum5tal 9 ! production ( ^? *anges ( level1 & ^? viol5t dislocations :i* we p]ceive to h tak5 place4 7#cbj47 ,at all ev5ts1 9 acc\nt+ = ^? *anges1 geologi/s h no long] rec\rse1 z =m]ly1 to causes purely hypo!tical1 su* z a %ift+ ( ! e>?'s axis ( rotation1 br++ ! sea to ov]fl[ ! l&1 by a *ange 9 ! place ( ! long] & %ort] diamet]s ( ! sph]oidal figure1 nor to tides produc$ by ! attraction ( comets sudd5ly approa*+ v ne> ! e>?1 nor to any o!r fanciful & arbitr>ily assum$ hypo!ses2 b r endeav\r to conf9e !mselves to a c>eful consid]ation ( causes evid5tly 9 action at pres5t1 ) a view to asc]ta9 h[ f> !y1 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 are capable ( acc\nt+ = ! facts obs]v$1 & ?us legitimately br++ into view1 z residual ph5om5a1 ^? effects :i* _c be s acc\nt$ =4 ,:5 ?is %all h be5 9 "s measure accompli%$1 we %all be able to pron\nce ) great] security ?an at pres5t respect+ ! necessity ( admitt+ a long succession ( trem5d\s & ravag+ cata/rophes & cataclysms1--epo*s ( t]rific confusion & viol5ce :i* _m geologi/s 7p]haps ) ju/ice7 reg>d z indisp5sable to ! explanation ( ! exi/+ features ( ! _w4 ,we %all le>n to di/+ui% betwe5 ! effects :i* require = _! production ! sudd5 application ( convulsive & fractur+ ef=ts1 & ^?1 probably n less ext5sive1 *anges :i* may h be5 produc$ by =ces equally or m p[]ful1 b act+ ) less irregul>ity1 & s di/ribut$ ov] "t z to produce none ( ^? int]regnums ( *aotic an>*y :i* we are apt to ?9k 7p]haps errone\sly7 great disfigurem5ts ( an ord] s beautiful & h>moni\s z t ( nature4 7#cba47 ,b to e/imate ju/ly ! effects ( causes n[ 9 action 9 geology is no easy task4 ,!re is no priori or d$uctive process by :i* we c e/imate ! am\nt ( ! annual erosion1 = in/ance1 ( a cont95t by ! action ( meteoric ag5ts1 ra91 w9d1 fro/1 c41 nor ! quantity ( de/ruction produc$ on its coa/s by ! direct viol5ce ( ! sea1 nor ! quantity ( lava ?r[n up p] annum by volcanoes ov] ! :ole surface ( ! e>?1 nor any simil> effect4 ,& to consult exp]i5ce on all su* po9ts is a sl[ & pa9ful process if rightly gone into1 & a v fallible "o if only p>tially execut$4 ,mu*1 !n1 at pres5t mu/ be left to op9ion1 & to t sort ( cle>-judg+ tact :i* sometimes anticipates exp]i5ce2 b ?is ought n to /& 9 ! way ( our mak+ e possible ef=t to obta9 accurate in=mation on su* po9ts1 by :i* alone geology c be r5d]$1 if n an exp]im5tal sci5ce1 at lea/ a sci5ce ( t k9d ( active obs]vation :i* =ms ! ne>e/ approa* to x1 :]e actual exp]im5t is impossible4 7#cbb47 ,let u take1 = example1 ! "q1 8,:at is ! actual direction 9 :i* *anges ( relative level are tak+ place betwe5 ! exi/+ cont95ts & seas80 ,if we consult p>tial exp]i5ce1 t is1 all ! in=mation t we possess respect+ anci5t sea-m>ks1 s\nd+s1 c41 we %all only f9d ourselves bewild]$ 9 a mass ( conflict+1 because imp]fect1 evid5ce4 ,x is obvi\s t ! only way to decide ! po9t is to asc]ta91 by v precise & c>eful obs]vations at prop] /ations on coa/s1 select$ at po9ts :]e !re exi/ natural m>ks n liable to *ange 9 ! c\rse ( at lea/ a c5tury1 ! true elevation ( su* m>ks above ! mean level ( ! sea1 & to multiply ^! /ations suffici5tly ov] ! :ole globe to be capable ( af=d+ real available k4 ,n[1 ?is is n a v easy op]ation 7consid]+ ! accuracy requir$72 = ! mean level ( ! sea c be det]m9$ by no s+le obs]vation1 any m ?an ! mean height ( ! b>omet] at a giv5 /ation1 be+ affect$ bo? by p]iodical & accid5tal fluctuations due to tides1 w9ds1 waves1 & curr5ts4 ,yet if an in/rum5t adapt$ = ! purpose 7 con/ruct$1 & r5d]$ easily atta9able1 & rules = its use c>efully drawn up1 !re is little d\bt we %\ld soon 7by ! indu/ry ( obs]v]s scatt]$ ov] ! _w7 be 9 possession ( a mo/ valuable mass ( in=mation1 :i* c\ld n fail to af=d a po9t ( dep>ture = ! next g5]ation1 & furni% gr\nd = ! only k9d ( argum5t :i* ev] c be conclusive on su* subjects4 7#cbc47 ,geology1 9 ! magnitude & sublimity ( ! objects ( :i* x treats1 und\bt$ly ranks1 9 ! scale ( ! sci5ces1 next to a/ronomy2 l a/ronomy1 too1 its progress dep5ds on ! cont9ual accumulation ( obs]vations c>ri$ on = ages4 ,b1 unlike a/ronomy1 ! obs]vations on :i* x dep5ds1 :5 ! :ole ext5t ( ! subject to be explor$ is tak5 into consid]ation1 c h>dly yet be said to be m ?an comm5c$4 ,yet1 to make up = ?is1 !re is ano!r important diff]5ce1 t :ile 9 ! latt] sci5ce x is impossible to recall ! pa/ or anticipate ! future1 & obs]vation is 9 consequ5ce limit$ to a s+le fact 9 a s+le mom5t2 9 ! =m]1 ! records ( ! pa/ are always pres5t2--!y may be exam9$ & re-exam9$ z (t5 z we please1 & require no?+ b dilig5ce & judgm5t to put u 9 possession ( _! :ole cont5ts4 ,only a v small "p ( ! surface ( our globe has1 h[ev]1 be5 accurately exam9$ 9 detail1 & ( t small portion we are only able to scrat* ! m]e ext]ior1 = s we mu/ consid] ^? excavations :i* we are apt to reg>d z se>*+ ! b[els ( ! e>?2 s9ce ! deepe/ m9es :i* h be5 sunk p5etrate to a dep? h>dly surpass+ ! t5 ?\s&? "p ( ! di/ance betwe5 its surface & its c5tre4 ,( c\rse inductions f\nd$ on su* limit$ exam9ation c only be reg>d$ z provisional1 except 9 ^? rem>kable cases :]e ! same great =mations 9 ! same ord] h be5 recognis$ 9 v di/ant qu>t]s1 & )\t exception4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 _c long be ! case4 ,! _s ) :i* ! subject has be5 prosecut$ = _m ye>s 9 our own c\ntry has be5 rew>d$ ) s ri* a h>ve/ ( surpris+ & unexpect$ discov]ies1 & has c>ri$ ! inve/igation ( our isl& into su* detail1 z to h excit$ a correspond+ _s among our cont95tal neighb\rs2 :ile ! same zeal :i* animates our c\ntrym5 on _! native %ore accompanies !m 9 _! soj\rns abroad1 & has already begun to supply a fund ( in=mation respect+ ! geology ( our ,indian possessions1 z well z ( e o!r po9t :]e ,engli% intellect & rese>* c p5etrate4 7#cbd47 ,no?+ c be m desirable ?an t e possible facility & enc\ragem5t %\ld be af=d$ = su* rese>*es1 & inde$ to ! pursuits ( ! enlight5$ resid5t or travell] 9 e dep>tm5t ( sci5ce1 by ! repres5tatives ( our national au?ority :]ev] our p[] ext5ds4 ,by ^! only c our k ( ! actual /ate ( ! surface ( ! globe1 & t ( ! animals & vegetables ( ! anci5t cont95ts & seas1 be ext5d$ & p]fect$1 :ile m complete in=mation ?an we at pres5t possess ( ! habits ( ^? actually exi/+1 & ! influ5ce ( *anges ( climate1 food1 & circum/ances1 on !m1 may be expect$ to r5d] mat]ial assi/ance to our speculations respect+ ^? :i* h become ext9ct4 ,,*ap4 ,,iv4 ,,( ,,! ,,exam9ation ,,( ,,! ,,mat]ial ,,con/itu5ts ,,( ,,! ,,_w4 ,m9]alogy4 7#cbe47 ,! consid]ation ( ! hi/ory & /ructure ( our globe1 & ! exam9ation ( ! fossil cont5ts ( its /rata1 lead u naturally to consid] ! mat]ials ( :i* x consi/s4 ,! hi/ory ( ^! mat]ials1 _! prop]ties z objects ( philosophical enquiry1 & _! application to ! useful arts & ! embelli%m5ts ( life1 ) ! *>act]s by :i* !y c be c]ta9ly di/+ui%$ "o f ano!r1 =m ! object ( m9]alogy1 tak5 9 its mo/ ext5d$ s5se4 7#cbf47 ,!re is no bran* ( sci5ce :i* pres5ts s _m po9ts ( contact ) o!r dep>tm5ts ( physical rese>*1 & s]ves z a connect+ l9k betwe5 s _m di/ant po9ts ( philosophical speculation1 z ?is4 ,to ! geologi/1 ! *emi/1 ! optician1 ! cry/allograph]1 ! physician1 x (f]s especially ! v elem5ts ( _! k1 & a field = _m ( _! mo/ curi\s & important enquiries4 ,nor1 ) ! exception ( *emi/ry1 is !re any :i* has und]gone m revolutions1 or be5 exhibit$ 9 a great] v>iety ( =ms4 ,to ! anci5ts x c\ld sc>cely be said to be at all kn[n1 & up to a comp>atively rec5t p]iod1 no?+ c\ld be m imp]fect ?an its descriptions1 or m in>tificial & unnatural ?an its classification4 ,! m important m9]als 9 ! arts1 inde$1 ^? us$ = economical purposes & ^? f :i* metals 7 extract$1 _h a c]ta9 degree ( att5tion paid to !m1 = ! sake ( _! utility & comm]cial value1 & ! preci\s /ones = t ( ornam5t4 ,b until _! cry/all9e =ms 7 att5tively obs]v$ & %[n to be det]m9ate *>act]s on :i* dep5d5ce c\ld be plac$1 no m9]alogi/ c\ld give any correct acc\nt ( ! real di/9ction betwe5 "o m9]al & ano!r4 7#cbg47 ,x 0 only1 h[ev]1 :5 *emical analysis _h acquir$ a c]ta9 degree ( precision & univ]sal applicability t ! importance ( m9]alogy z a sci5ce began to be recogniz$1 & ! connection betwe5 ! ext]nal *>act]s ( a /one & its +r$i5t con/itu5ts br\ght into di/9ct notice4 ,among ^! *>act]s1 h[ev]1 none 7 f\nd to possess t em95t di/9ctness :i* ! cry/all9e =m (f]s2 a "*1 9 ! highe/ degree geometrical1 & af=d+1 z might be naturally suppos$1 ! /ronge/ evid5ce ( its necess>y connection ) ! intimate con/itution ( ! sub/ance4 ,! full importance ( ?is "* 01 h[ev]1 n felt until its connection ) ! texture or cleavage ( a m9]al 0 po9t$ out1 & ev5 !n x requir$ num]\s & /rik+ in/ances ( ! critical disc]nm5t ( ,hay & o!r em95t m9]alogi/s 9 pr$ict+ f ! measurem5ts ( ! angles ( cry/als :i* _h be5 conf\nd$ toge!r t diff]5ces w\ld be f\nd to exi/ 9 _! *emical composition1 all :i* prov$ fully ju/ifi$ 9 _! result be=e ! ess5tial value ( ?is "* 0 ackn[l$g$4 ,?is 0 no d\bt 9 great measure ow+ to ! high importance set by ! ,g]man m9]alogi/s on ^? ext]nal *>act]s ( t\*1 sight1 weight1 col\r1 & o!r s5sible qualities1 :i* are little susceptible1 ) ! exception ( weight1 ( exact det]m9ation1 & :i* are subject to mat]ial v>iations 9 diff]5t specim5s ( ! same m9]al4 ,by degrees1 h[ev]1 ! necessity ( ascrib+ great weight to a "* s def9ite 0 admitt$1 especially :5 x 0 consid]$ t ! same /ep :i* po9t$ out ! intimate connection ( ext]nal =m ) int]nal /ructure furni%$ ! m9]alogi/ ) ! means ( r$uc+ all ! =ms ( :i* a m9]al is susceptible "u "o g5]al type1 or primitive =m1 & af=d$ gr\nds = an elegant !oretical acc\nt ( ! assumption ( def9ite figures ab initio4 7#cbh47 ,a simple & elegant inv5tion ( ,dr4 ,wolla/on1 ! reflect+ goniomet]1 gave a fre% impulse to t view ( m9]alogy :i* makes ! cry/all9e =m ! ess5tial or lead+ "*1 by putt+ x 9 ! p[] ( e "o1 by ! exam9ation ( ev5 ! smalle/ portion ( a brok5 cry/al1 to asc]ta9 & v]ify t ess5tial "* on :i* ! id5tity ( a m9]al 9 ! sy/em ( ,hay 0 made to dep5d4 ,! application ( s ready & exact a me?od spe$ily l$ to important results1 & to a /ill nic] discrim9ation ( m9]al species ?an c\ld be=e be atta9$2 & ! confirmation giv5 to ^! results by *emical analysis /amp$ !m ) a sci5tific & decid$ "* :i* !y h reta9$ ev] s9ce4 7#cbi47 ,mean:ile ! progress made 9 *emical analysis _h l$ to ! important conclusion t e *emical comp\nd susceptible ( assum+ ! solid /ate assum$ ) x a det]m9ate cry/all9e =m2 & ! progress ( optical sci5ce _h %[n t ! fundam5tal cry/all9e =m1 9 ! case at lea/ ( transp>5t bodies1 drew ) x a s]ies ( optical prop]ties no less curi\s ?an important 9 relation to ! affections ( light 9 its passage ?r\gh su* sub/ances4 ,?us1 9 e po9t ( view1 additional importance became add$ to ?is "*2 & ! /udy ( ! cry/all9e =ms ( bodies 9 g5]al assum$ ! =m ( a sep>ate & indep5d5t bran* ( sci5ce1 ( :i* ! geometrical =ms ( ! m9]al _w con/itut$ only a p>ticul> case4 ,m9]alogy1 h[ev]1 z a bran* ( natural hi/ory1 rema9s /ill di/9ct ei!r f optics or cry/allography4 ,! m9]alogi/ is cont5t1 & ?9ks he has p]=m$ 8 task1 if n z a natural hi/orian at lea/ z a classifi] & arrang]1 if he only gives su* a *>act]i/ic description ( a m9]al z %all effectually di/+ui% x f e o!r1 & %all enable any "o :o may enc\nt] su* a body 9 any "p ( ! _w to impose on x its "n1 assign x a place 9 8 sy/em1 & turn to 8 books = a fur!r description ( all t ! *emi/1 ! optician1 ! lapid>y1 or ! arti/1 may require to "k4 ,/ill ?is is no easy matt]3 ! labori\s rese>*es ( ! mo/ em95t m9]alogi/s c h>dly yet be said to h effectually accompli%$ x2 & its difficulty may be appreciat$ by ! small numb] ( simple m9]als1 or m9]als ( p]fectly def9ite & well-m>k$ *>act]s1 :i* h be5 hi!rto made out4 ,nor c ?is inde$ be wond]$ at1 :5 we consid] t by f> ! great] portion ( ! rocks & /ones :i* compose ! ext]nal cru/ ( ! globe consi/s ( no?+ m ?an ! accumulat$ detritus ( old] rocks1 9 :i* ! fragm5ts & p[d] ( an inf9ite v>iety ( sub/ances are m+l$ toge!r1 9 all sorts ( v>y+ proportions1 & 9 su* a way z to defy sep>ation4 ,_m ( ^! rocks1 h[ev]1 s comp\nd$1 occur ) suffici5t frequ5cy & uni=mity ( "* to h acquir$ names & to h be5 usefully appli$2 inde$1 9 ! latt] respect1 m9]als ( ?is description f> surpass all ! o!rs4 ,z objects ( natural hi/ory1 !re=e1 !y are well wor?y ( att5tion1 h[ev] difficult x may be to assign !m a place 9 any artificial arrangem5t4 7#ccj47 ,?is paucity ( simple m9]als1 h[ev]1 is probably r app>5t ?an real1 & 9 proportion z ! rese>*es ( ! *emi/ & cry/allograph] %all be ext5d$ ?r\gh\t nature1 !y w no d\bt become mu* m num]\s4 ,inde$1 9 ! great laboratories ( nature x c h>dly be d\bt$ t almo/ e k9d ( *emical process is go+ =w>ds1 by :i* comp\nds ( e description are cont9ually =m+4 ,accord+ly1 x is rem>k$1 t ! lavas & eject$ scori ( volcanoes are receptacles 9 :i* m9]al products previ\sly unkn[n are con/antly discov]$1 & t ! primitive =mations1 z !y are call$ 9 geology1 :i* be> no m>ks ( hav+ be5 produc$ by ! de/ruction ( o!rs1 are also rem>kable = ! beauty & di/9ctness ( "* ( _! m9]als4 7#cca47 ,! great difficulty :i* has be5 exp]i5c$ 9 attempts to classify m9]al sub/ances by _! *emical con/itu5ts has aris5 f ! obs]v$ pres5ce1 9 "s specim5s ( m9]als be>+ t g5]al resemblance 9 o!r respects z well z agreem5t 9 =m :i* w\ld seem to entitle !m to be consid]$ z alike1 ( +r$i5ts =eign to ! usual composition ( ! species1 & t occasionally 9 s l>ge a proportion z to r5d] x unju/ifiable to ref] _! occurr5ce to accid5tal impurities4 ,^! cases1 z well z "s anomalies obs]v$ 9 ! classification ( m9]als by _! cry/all9e =ms1 :i* seem$ to %[ t ! same sub/ance might occasionally appe> "u two di/9ct =ms1 z well z "s rem>kable co9cid5ces betwe5 ! =ms ( sub/ances q di/9ct f ea* o!r 9 a *emical po9t ( view1 h )9 a rec5t p]iod giv5 rise to a bran* ( ! sci5ce ( cry/allography ( a v curi\s & important nature4 ,! isomorphism ( c]ta9 gr\ps ( *emical elem5ts has already af=d$ u an example illu/rative ( ! mann] 9 :i* inductions sometimes receive unexpect$ v]ifications 7see #ahj474 ,! laws & relations ?us br\ght to light are among ! mo/ curi\s & int]e/+ p>ts ( mod]n sci5ce1 & seem likely 9 _! fur!r developem5t to af=d ample scope = ! ex]cise ( *emical & m9]alogical rese>*4 ,!y h already af=d$ innum]able f9e examples ( t important /ep 9 sci5ce by :i* anomalies disappe>1 & occasional incongruities become reconcil$ "u m g5]al expressions ( physical laws1 & ?us unite 9 af=d+ support to ^? v views :i* !y promis$1 :5 fir/ obs]v$1 to ov]set4 ,no?+1 inde$1 c be m /rik+ ?an to see ! v +r$i5t :i* e previ\s *emi/ & m9]alogi/ w\ld agree to disreg>d & reject z a m]e casual impurity br\ght =w>d & appeal$ to 9 support ( a !ory expressly direct$ to ! object ( rescu+ sci5ce f ! imputation ( disreg>d+1 "u any circum/ances1 ! pla9 results ( direct exp]im5t4 ,*emi/ry4 7#ccb47 ,! laws :i* conc]n ! intimate con/itution ( bodies1 n z respects _! /ructure or ! mann] 9 :i* _! p>ts are put toge!r1 b z reg>ds _! mat]ials or ! +r$i5ts ( :i* ^? p>ts are compos$1 =m ! objects ( *emi/ry4 ,a solid body may be reg>d$ z a fabric1 m or less regul>ly & artificially con/ruct$1 9 :i* ! mat]ials & ! workman%ip may be sep>ately consid]$1 & 9 :i*1 ?\gh ! latt] be ru9$ & conf\nd$ by viol5ce1 ! =m] rema9 un*ang$ 9 _! nature1 ?\gh diff]5tly arrang$4 ,9 liquid or arial bodies1 too1 ?\gh !re prevails a less degree ( diff]5ce 9 po9t ( /ructure1 & a great] facility ( disp]sion & dissipation1 ?an 9 solids1 yet an equal div]sity ( mat]ials subsi/s1 giv+ to !m prop]ties diff]+ extremely f ea* o!r4 7#ccc47 ,! inh]5t activity ( matt] is prov$ n only by ! production ( motion by ! mutual attractions & repulsions ( di/ant or contigu\s masses1 b by ! *anges & app>5t trans=mations :i* diff]5t sub/ances und]go 9 _! s5sible qualities by m]e mixture4 ,if wat] be add$ to wat]1 or salt to salt1 ! effect is an increase ( quantity1 b no *ange ( quality4 ,9 ?is case1 ! mutual action ( ! p>ticles is entirely me*anical4 ,aga91 if a blue p[d] & a yell[ "o1 ea* p]fectly dry1 be mix$ & well %ak5 toge!r1 a gre5 p[d] w be produc$2 b ?is is a m]e effect aris+ 9 ! eye f ! intimate mixture ( ! yell[ & blue light sep>ately & indep5d5tly reflect$ f ! m9ute p>ticles ( ea*2 & ! pro( is _h by exam9+ ! mixture ) a microscope1 :5 ! yell[ & blue gra9s w be se5 sep>ate & ea* q unalt]$4 ,if ! same exp]im5t be tri$ ) col\r$ liquids1 :i* are susceptible ( mix+ )\t *emical action1 a comp\nd col\r is likewise produc$1 b no exam9ation ) magnifi]s is 9 t case suffici5t to detect ! +r$i5ts2 ! reason obvi\sly be+1 ! excessive m9ut5ess ( ! p>ts1 & _! p]fect int]mixture1 produc$ by agitat+ two liquids toge!r4 ,f ! mixture ( two p[d]s1 extreme pati5ce w\ld enable any "o1 by pick+ out ) a magnifi] gra9 aft] gra91 to sep>ate ! +r$i5ts4 ,b :5 liquids are mix$1 no me*anical sep>ation is any long] practicable2 ! p>ticles are s m9ute z to elude all se>*4 ,yet ?is does n h9d] u f reg>d+ su* a comp\nd z /ill a m]e mixture1 & its prop]ties are accord+ly int]m$iate betwe5 ^? ( ! liquids mix$4 ,b ?is is f> f be+ ! case ) all liquids4 ,:5 a solution ( pota%1 = example1 & ano!r ( t>t>ic acid1 ea* p]fectly liquid1 are mix$ toge!r 9 prop] proportions1 a great quantity ( a solid sal9e sub/ance falls to ! bottom ( ! conta9+ vessel1 :i* is q diff]5t f ei!r pota% or t>t>ic acid1 & ! liquid f :i* x subsid$ (f]s no indications by its ta/e or o!r s5sible qualities ( ! +r$i5ts mix$1 b ( some?+ totally diff]5t f ei!r4 ,x is evid5t t ?is is a ph5om5on widely diff]5t f t ( m]e mixture2 !re has tak5 place a great & radical *ange 9 ! intimate nature ( ! +r$i5ts1 by :i* a new sub/ance is produc$ :i* _h no exi/5ce be=e4 ,& x has be5 produc$ by ! union ( ! +r$i5ts pres5t$ to ea* o!r2 = :5 exam9$ x is f\nd t no?+ has be5 lo/1 ! weight ( ! :ole mixture be+ ! sum ( ! weights mix$4 ,yet ! pota% & t>t>ic acid h disappe>$ entirely1 & ! weight ( ! new product is f\nd to be exactly equal to t ( ! t>t>ic acid & pota% employ$1 tak5 toge!r1 abat+ a small portion held 9 solution 9 ! liquid1 :i* may be obta9$ h[ev] by evaporation4 ,!y h !re=e comb9$1 & adh]e to "o ano!r ) a cohesive =ce suffici5t to =m a solid out ( a liquid2 a =ce :i* has ?us be5 call$ into action by m]ely pres5t+ !m to ea* o!r 9 a /ate ( solution4 7#ccd47 ,x is ! bus9ess ( *emi/ry to inve/igate ^! & simil> *anges1 or ! rev]se ( su* *anges1 :]e a s+le sub/ance is resolv$ into two or m o!rs1 hav+ diff]5t prop]ties f x1 & f ea* o!r1 & to enquire into all ! circum/ances :i* c influ5ce !m2 & ei!r det]m9e1 modify1 or susp5d _! accompli%m5t1 :e!r su* influ5ce be ex]cis$ by heat or cold1 by "t & re/1 or by agitation or pressure1 or by any ( ^? ag5ts ( :i* we h acquir$ a k1 su* z electricity1 light1 magnetism1 c4 7#cce47 ,! wond]ful & sudd5 trans=mations ) :i* *emi/ry is conv]sant1 ! viol5t activity (t5 assum$ by sub/ances usually consid]$ ! mo/ in]t & sluggi%1 &1 above all1 ! insight x gives into ! nature ( innum]able op]ations :i* we see daily c>ri$ on ar\nd u1 h contribut$ to r5d] x ! mo/ popul>1 z x is "o ( ! mo/ ext5sively useful1 ( ! sci5ces2 & we %all1 accord+ly1 f9d none :i* h sprung =w>d1 dur+ ! la/ c5tury1 ) su* extraord9>y vig\r1 & h _h su* ext5sive influ5ce 9 promot+ correspond+ progress 9 o!rs4 ,"o ( ! *ief causes ( its popul>ity is1 p]haps1 to be s\ght = 9 ?is1 t x is1 ( all ! sci5ces1 p]haps1 ! mo/ completely an exp]im5tal "o2 & ev5 its !ories are1 = ! mo/ "p1 ( t g5]ally intelligible & readily applicable k9d1 :i* dem& no int5se conc5tration ( ?\ght1 & lead to no pr(\nd ma!matical rese>*es4 ,! simple process ( inductive g5]alization1 gr\nd$ on ! exam9ation ( num]\s facts1 all ( !m pres5t+ consid]able intr9sic int]e/1 has suffic$1 9 mo/ in/ances1 to lead1 by a cle> & direct road1 to its highe/ laws yet kn[n4 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 ^! laws1 :5 /at$1 are n yet fully suffici5t to lead u1 except 9 v limit$ cases1 to a d$uctive k ( p>ticul>s nev] be=e exam9$1 at lea/1 n )\t great caution1 & con/ant appeal to exp]im5t z a *eck on our reason+2 s t we are ju/ifi$ 9 reg>d+ ! axioms ( *emi/ry1 ! true h&les ( d$uctive reason+1 z /ill unkn[n1 &1 p]haps1 likely long to rema9 s4 ,?is is no fault ( its cultivators1 :o h compris$ 9 _! li/ ! highe/ & mo/ v>i$ tal5ts & indu/ry1 b ( ! inh]5t complexity ( ! subject1 & ! inf9ite multitude ( causes :i* are conc]n$ 9 ! production ( e1 ev5 ! simple/1 *emical ph5om5on4 7#ccf47 ,! hi/ory ( *emi/ry 7on :i*1 h[ev]1 we are n ab\t to enl>ge17 is "o ( great int]e/ to ^? :o delight to trace ! /eps by :i* mank9d advance to ! discov]y ( tru? ?r\gh a s]ies ( mi/akes & failures4 ,x may be divid$1 #a/1 into ! p]iod ( ! al*emi/s1 a lam5table epo* 9 ! annals ( intellectual w&]+2 #b;dly1 t ( ! phlogi/ic doctr9es ( ,bec*] & ,/ahl1 9 :i*1 z if to prove ! p]v]sity ( ! human m9d1 ( two possible roads ! wrong 0 *os52 & a !ory obta9$ univ]sal cr$5ce on ! /r5g? ( an induction1 valid z su*1 b wrongly int]pret$1 :i* is negativ$1 9 e in/ance1 by an appeal to ! balance4 ,?is1 too1 happ5$1 n by reason ( unlucky co9cid5ces1 or individual ov]sights1 b ( necessity1 & f an inh]5t defect ( ! !ory itself1 :i* ?us imp$$ ! progress ( ! sci5ce1 z f> z a sci5ce ( exp]im5t c be imp$$ by a false !ory1 by p]plex+ its cultivators ) ! appe>ance ( contradictions 9 _! exp]im5ts :]e none really subsi/$1 by de/roy+ all _! confid5ce 9 ! num]ical exactness ( _! own results1 & by involv+ ! subject 9 a mi/ ( vision>y & hypo!tical causes 9 place ( ! true act+ pr9ciples4 ,?us1 9 ! combu/ion ( any sub/ance :i* is incapable ( fly+ away 9 fumes1 an increase ( weight takes place1--! a%es are heavi] ?an ! fuel4 ,:5ev] ?is 0 obs]v$1 h[ev]1 x 0 pass$ c>elessly ov] z aris+ f ! escape ( phlogi/on1 or ! pr9ciple ( inflammability1 :i* 0 consid]$ z be+ ei!r ! elem5t ( fire itself1 or 9 "s way comb9$ ) x1 & ?us ess5tially light4 ,x is n[ kn[n t ! increase ( weight is ow+ to ! absorption (1 & comb9ation )1 a quantity ( a peculi> +r$i5t call$ oxyg51 f ! air1 a pr9ciple ess5tially heavy4 ,s f> z weight is conc]n$1 x makes no diff]5ce :e!r a body hav+ weight ent]s1 or "o hav+ levity escapes2 b !re is ?is pla9 diff]5ce 9 a philosophical po9t ( view1 t oxyg5 is a real producible sub/ance1 & phlogi/on is no su* ?+3 ! =m] is a v]a causa1 ! latt] an hypo!tical be+1 introduc$ to acc\nt = :at ! o!r acc\nts = mu* bett]4 7#ccg47 ,! ?ird age ( *emi/ry--t :i* may be call$ emphatically mod]n *emi/ry--comm5c$ 79 #aghf7 :5 ,lavoisi]1 by a s]ies ( memorable exp]im5ts1 ext+ui%$ = ev] ?is error1 & plac$ *emi/ry 9 ! rank ( "o ( ! exact sci5ces1--a sci5ce ( numb]1 weight1 & measure4 ,f t epo* to ! pres5t day x has con/antly advanc$ ) an accel]at$ progress1 & at ?is mom5t may be reg>d$ z m progressive ?an ev]4 ,! pr9cipal features 9 ?is progress may be compris$ "u ! foll[+ g5]al heads3-- #a4 ,! discov]y ( ! proximate1 if n ! ultimate1 elem5ts ( all bodies1 & ! enl>gem5t ( ! li/ ( kn[n elem5ts to its pres5t ext5t ( betwe5 fifty & sixty sub/ances4 #b4 ,! developem5t ( ! doctr9e ( lat5t heat by ,black1 ) its tra9 ( important consequ5ces1 includ+ ! sci5tific !ory ( ! /eam-eng9e4 #c4 ,! e/abli%m5t ( ,w5zel's law ( def9ite proportions on 8 own exp]im5ts1 & ^? ( ,ri*t]1 a discov]y subsequ5tly m]g$ 9 ! m g5]al word+ & bett] developm5t ( ,dalton's atomic !ory4 #d4 ,! precise det]m9ation ( ! atomic weights ( ! diff]5t *emical elem5ts1 ma9ly due to ! a/oni%+ indu/ry ( ,b]zelius1 & 8 unrivall$ comm& ( *emical res\rces1 z well z to ! rese>*es ( ! o!r *emi/s ( ! ,sw$i% & ,g]man s*ool4 #e4 ,! assimilation ( gases & vap\rs1 by :i* we are l$ to reg>d ! =m]1 univ]sally1 z p>ticul> cases ( ! latt]1 a g5]alization result+ *iefly f ! exp]im5ts ( ,f>aday on ! cond5sation ( ! gases1 & ^? ( ,gay-,lussac & ,dalton1 on ! laws ( _! expansion by heat comp>$ ) t ( vap\rs4 #f4 ,! e/abli%m5t ( ! laws ( ! comb9ation ( gases & vap\rs by def9ite volumes1 by ,gay-,lussac4 #g4 ,! discov]y ( ! *emical effects ( electricity1 & ! decompos+ ag5cy ( ! ,voltaic pile1 by ,ni*olson & ,c>lisle2 ! inve/igation ( ! laws ( su* decompositions1 by ,b]zelius & ,his+]3 ! decomposition ( ! alkalies by ,davy1 & ! consequ5t introduction into *emi/ry ( new & p[]ful ag5ts 9 _! metallic bases4 #h4 ,! application ( *emical analysis to all ! objects ( organiz$ & unorganiz$ nature1 & ! discov]y ( ! ultimate con/itu5ts ( all1 & ! proximate ones ( organic matt]1 & ! recognisance ( ! important di/9ctions :i* appe> to divide ^! great classes ( bodies f ea* o!r4 #i4 ,! applications ( *emi/ry to innum]able processes 9 ! arts1 & among o!r useful purposes to ! discov]y ( ! ess5tial m$ical pr9ciples 9 vegetables1 & to important m$icam5ts 9 ! m9]al k+dom4 #aj4 ,! e/abli%m5t ( ! intimate connection betwe5 *emical composition & cry/all9e =m1 by ,hay & ,vauquel91 ) ! successive rectifications ! /atem5t ( t connection has und]gone 9 ! h&s ( ,mits*]li*1 ,rose1 & o!rs1 ) ! progress ( *emical & cry/allographical k4 7#cch47 ,to pursue ^! sev]al heads into detail w\ld lead u into a treatise on *emi/ry2 b a few rem>ks on "o or two ( !m1 z !y be> ^u ! g5]al pr9ciples ( all sci5tific enquiry1 w n be irrelevant4 ,& fir/1 !n1 ) ref]5ce to ! discov]y ( new elem5ts1 x w be obs]v$1 t philosophical *emi/ry no m aims at det]m9+ ! "o ess5tial elem5t out ( :i* all matt] is fram$--! "o ultimate pr9ciple ( ! univ]se--?an a/ronomy at discov]+ ! orig9 ( ! planet>y movem5ts 9 ! application ( a det]m9ate projectile =ce 9 a det]m9ate direction1 or geology at asc5d+ to ! creation ( ! e>?4 ,!re may be su* an elem5t4 ,"s s+ul> relations :i* h be5 po9t$ out 9 ! atomic weights ( bodies seem to sugge/ to m9ds fond ( speculation t !re is2 b philosophical *emi/ry is cont5t to wait = "s /rik+ fact1 :i* may ei!r occur unexpect$ly or be l$ to by ! sl[ progress ( enl>g$ views1 to disclose to u its exi/5ce4 ,/ill1 ! multiplication ( s-consid]$ elem5t>y bodies has be5 consid]$ by "s z an inconv5i5ce4 ,we confess we d n co9cide ) ?is view4 ,:atev] !y be1 ! ob/9acy ) :i* !y resi/ decomposition %[s t !y are +r$i5ts ( a v high & prim>y importance 9 ! economy ( nature2 & su* z1 9 any /ate ( sci5ce1 x w\ld be indisp5sably necess>y to be p]fectly famili> )4 ,l p>ticul> !orems 9 geometry1 :i*1 ?\gh n ris+ to ! highe/ po9t ( g5]ality1 h yet _! sev]al scopes & ranges ( ext5sive application1 !y mu/ be well & p]fectly und]/ood 9 all _! be>+s4 ,%\ld we ev] arrive at an analysis ( ^! bodies1 ! *emical prop]ties ( ! new elem5ts :i* w !n come into view w be kn[n only by our k ( ^!1 or ( o!r comp\nds ( ! same class1 :i* !y may be capable ( =m+4 ,n b t su* an analysis w\ld be a mo/ important & inde$ triumphant a*ievem5t1 & *ange ! face ( *emi/ry2 b x w\ld undo no?+ t has be5 done1 & r5d] useless no po9t ( k :i* we h yet arriv$ at4 7#cci47 ,! atomic !ory1 or ! law ( def9ite proportions1 :i* is ! same ?+ pres5t$ 9 a =m dive/$ ( all hypo!sis1 aft] ! laws ( me*anics1 is1 p]haps1 ! mo/ important :i* ! /udy ( nature has yet disclos$4 ,! extreme simplicity :i* *>act]izes x1 & :i* is itself an indication1 n unequivocal1 ( its elevat$ rank 9 ! scale ( physical tru?s1 _h ! effect ( caus+ x to be ann\nc$ at once by ,mr4 ,dalton1 9 its mo/ g5]al t]ms1 on ! contemplation ( a few in/ances#ec1 )\t pass+ ?r\gh subord9ate /ages ( pa9ful inductive asc5t by ! int]m$ium ( subord9ate laws1 su* z1 _h ! contr>y c\rse be5 pursu$ by him1 w\ld h be5 naturally prep>atory to x1 & su* z w\ld h l$ o!rs to x by ! prosecution ( ,w5zel's & ,ri*t]'s rese>*es1 _h !y be5 duly att5d$ to4 ,?is is1 9 fact1 an example1 & a mo/ rem>kable "o1 ( ! effect ( t natural prop5sity to g5]alize & simplify 7notic$ 9 #aga471 :i*1 if x occasionally leads to ov]-ha/y conclusions1 limit$ or disprov$ by fur!r exp]i5ce1 is yet ! legitimate p>5t ( _m ( our mo/ valuable & s\nde/ results4 ,in/ances l ?is1 :]e great &1 inde$1 immeasurable /eps 9 our k ( nature are made at once1 & almo/ )\t intellectual ef=t1 are well calculat$ to raise our hopes ( ! future progress ( sci5ce1 &1 by po9t+ out ! simple/ & mo/ obvi\s comb9ations z ^? :i* are actually f\nd to be agreeable to ! h>mony ( creation1 to hold out ! *e]+ prospect ( difficulties dim9i%+ z we advance1 in/ead ( ?ick5+ ar\nd u 9 increas+ complexity4 7#cdj47 ,a consequ5ce ( ?is imm$iate pres5tation ( ! law ( def9ite proportions 9 its mo/ g5]al =m is1 t its subord9ate laws--^? :i* limit its g5]ality 9 p>ticul> cases1 :i* dim9i% ! numb] ( comb9ations ab/ractly possible1 & re/ra9 ! indiscrim9ate mixture ( elem5ts1--rema9 to be discov]$4 ,"s su* limitations h1 9 fact1 be5 trac$ to a c]ta9 ext5t1 b by no means s f> z ! importance ( ! subject requires2 & we h "h abundant occupation = *emi/s = "s "t4 7#cda47 ,! det]m9ation ( ! atomic weights ( ! *emical elem5ts1 l t ( o!r /&>d physical data1 ) ! utmo/ exactness1 is 9 itself a bran* ( enquiry n only ( ! greate/ importance1 b ( extreme difficulty4 ,indep5d5t ( ! g5]al reasons = desir+ accuracy 9 ?is respect1 !re is "o peculi> to ! subject4 ,x has be5 sugge/$ 7by ,dr4 ,pr\t71 & /rongly insi/$ on 7by ,dr4 ,?omson71 t all ! numb]s repres5t+ ^! weights1 con/itut+ a scale ( great ext5t1 9 :i* ! extremes already kn[n are 9 proportion to ea* o!r1 z #a to upw>ds ( #bjj1 are simple ev5 multiples ( ! lea/ ( !m4 ,if ?is be really ! case1 x op5s views ( su* importance z to ju/ify any degree ( lab\r & pa9s 9 ! v]ification ( ! law z a purely inductive "o4 ,b 9 ! actual /ate ( *emical analysis1 ) all def]5ce to su* high au?ority1 we confess x appe>s to u to /& 9 great ne$ ( fur!r confirmation1 s9ce x seems d\btful :e!r su* accuracy has yet be5 atta9$ z to enable u to answ] positively = a fraction n exce$+ ! ?ree or f\r hundr$? "p ( ! :ole quantity to be det]m9$3 at lea/ ! results ( ! fir/ exp]im5t]s1 obta9$ ) ! greate/ c>e1 diff] (t5 by a great] am\nt2 & ?is degree ( exactness1 at lea/1 w\ld be requir$ to v]ify ! law satisfactorily 9 ! high] p>ts ( ! scale4 7#cdb47 ,! m]e agitation ( su* a "q1 h[ev]1 po9ts out a class ( ph5om5a 9 physical sci5ce ( a remote & s+ul> k9d1 & ( a v high & ref9$ ord]1 :i* c\ld nev] become kn[n b 9 an advanc$ /ate ( sci5ce1 n only practical1 b !oretical1--we mean1 su* z consi/ 9 obs]v$ relations among ! data ( physics1 :i* %[ !m to be quantities n arbitr>ily assum$1 b dep5d+ on laws & causes :i* !y may be ! means ( at l5g? disclos+4 ,a rem>kable in/ance ( su* a relation is ! curi\s law :i* ,bode obs]v$ to obta9 9 ! progression ( ! magnitudes ( ! sev]al planet>y orbits4 ,?is law 0 int]rupt$ betwe5 ,m>s & ,jupit]1 s z to induce him to consid] a planet z want+ 9 t int]val2--a defici5cy long aft]w>ds /rangely suppli$ by ! discov]y ( f\r new planets 9 t v int]val1 all ( ^: orbits con=m 9 dim5sion to ! law 9 "q1 )9 su* mod]ate limits ( error z may be due to causes indep5d5t ( ^? on :i* ! law itself ultimately re/s4#ed 7#cdc47 ,nei!r is x irrelevant to our subject to rem>k1 t ! progress :i* has be5 made 9 ?is dep>tm5t ( *emi/ry1 & ! consid]able exactness actually atta9able 9 *emical analysis1 h be5 ow+1 9 great measure1 to a circum/ance :i* might at fir/ h be5 h>dly consid]$ likely to ex]cise mu* influ5ce on ! progress ( a sci5ce1--! discov]y ( plat9a4 ,)\t ! res\rces plac$ at ! ready disposal ( *emi/s by ?is invaluable metal1 x is difficult to conceive t ! multitude ( delicate analytical exp]im5ts :i* h be5 requir$ to con/ruct ! fabric ( exi/+ k c\ld h ev] be5 p]=m$4 ,?is1 among _m su* lessons1 w tea* u t ! mo/ important uses ( natural objects are n ^? :i* (f] !mselves to u mo/ obvi\sly4 ,! *ief use ( ! moon = man's imm$iate purposes rema9$ unkn[n to him = five ?\s& ye>s f 8 creation4 ,&1 s9ce x _c b be t innum]able & mo/ important uses rema9 to be discov]$ among ! mat]ials & objects already kn[n to u1 z well z among ^? :i* ! progress ( sci5ce mu/ h]eaft] disclose1 we may h5ce conceive a well-gr\nd$ expectation1 n only ( con/ant increase 9 ! physical res\rces ( mank9d1 & ! consequ5t improvem5t ( _! condition1 b ( cont9ual accessions to our p[] ( p5etrat+ into ! arcana ( nature1 & becom+ acqua9t$ ) h] highe/ laws4 ,,*ap4 ,v4 ,,( ,,! ,,impond]able ,,=ms ,,( ,,matt]4 ,heat4 7#cdd47 ,"o ( ! *ief ag5ts 9 *emi/ry1 on ^: prop] application & managem5t ! success ( a great numb] ( its enquiries dep5ds1 & _m ( ^: mo/ important laws are disclos$ to u by ph5om5a ( a *emical nature1 is ,,heat4 ,al?\gh "s ( its effects are cont9ually be=e our eyes z matt]s ( ! mo/ common occurr5ce1 insomu* t !re is sc>cely any process 9 ! useful arts & manufactures :i* does n call = its int]v5tion1 & al?\gh1 indep5d5t ( ?is high utility1 & ! proportionate importance ( a k ( its nature & laws1 x pres5ts 9 itself a subject ( ! mo/ curi\s speculation2 yet !re is sc>cely any physical ag5t ( :i* we h s imp]fect a k1 ^: intimate nature is m hidd51 or ^: laws are ( su* delicate & difficult inve/igation4 7#cde47 ,! ^w heat g5]ally implies ! s5sation :i* we exp]i5ce on approa*+ a fire2 b1 9 ! s5se x c>ries 9 physics1 x d5otes ! cause1 :atev] x be1 ( t s5sation1 & ( all ! o!r ph5om5a :i* arise on ! application ( fire1 or ( any o!r heat+ cause4 ,we %\ld be greatly deceiv$ if we ref]r$ only to s5sation z an indication ( ! pres5ce ( ?is cause4 ,_m ( ^? ?+s :i* excite 9 our organs1 & especially ( ^? ( ta/e1 a s5sation ( heat1 owe ?is prop]ty to *emical /imulants1 & n at all to _! be+ actually hot4 ,?is error ( judgm5t has produc$ a correspond+ confusion ( language1 & h5ce _h actually at "o p]iod#ee crept into physical philosophy a great _m illogical & absurd conclusions4 ,aga91 !re are a numb] ( *emical ag5ts1 :i*1 f _! corrod+1 black5+1 & dissolv+1 or dry+ up ! p>ts ( "s descriptions ( bodies1 & produc+ on !m effects n g5]ally unlike 7?\gh intr9sically v diff]5t f7 ^? produc$ by heat1 are said1 9 loose & vulg> language1 to burn !m2 & ?is error has ev5 become root$ into a prejudice1 by ! fact t "s ( ^! ag5ts are capable ( becom+ actually & truly hot dur+ _! action on moi/ sub/ances1 by reason ( _! comb9ation ) ! wat] ! latt] conta94 ,?us1 quicklime & oil ( vitriol bo? ex]cise a p[]ful corrosive action on animal & vegetable sub/ances1 & bo? become viol5tly hot by _! comb9ation ) wat]4 ,!y are1 !re=e1 set d[n 9 vulg> p>lance z sub/ances ( a hot nature2 :]eas1 9 _! relations to ! physical cause ( heat1 !y agree ) ! g5]ality ( bodies simil>ly con/itut$4 7#cdf47 ,! nature ( heat has hi!rto be5 *iefly /udi$ "u ! g5]al heads (-- #a/1 ,its s\rces1 or ! ph5om5a :i* x usually accompanies4 #b;d1 ,its communication f its s\rces to sub/ances capable ( receiv+ x1 & f ^! to o!rs1 ) a view to discov] ! laws :i* regulate its di/ribution ?r\gh space or ?r\gh ! bodies :i* occupy x4 #c;d1 ,its effects1 on our s5ses1 & on ! bodies to :i* x is communicat$ 9 its v>i\s degrees ( int5sity1 by :i*1 means are af=d$ u ( measur+ ^! degrees4 #d?1 ,its intimate relations to ! atoms ( matt]1 z exhibit$ 9 its capability ( acquir+ a lat5t /ate "u c]ta9 circum/ances1 & ( ent]+ into some?+ l *emical comb9ations4 7#cdg47 ,! mo/ obvi\s s\rces ( heat are1 ! sun1 fire1 animal life1 f]m5tations1 viol5t *emical actions ( all k9ds1 friction1 p]cussion1 lightn+1 or ! electric dis*>ge1 9 :atev] mann] produc$1 ! sudd5 cond5sation ( air1 & o!rs1 s num]\s1 & s v>i$1 z to %[ ! ext5sive & important "p x has to p]=m 9 ! economy ( nature4 ,! discov]ies ( *emi/s1 h[ev]1 h ref]r$ mo/ ( ^! to ! g5]al head ( *emical comb9ation4 ,?us1 fire1 or ! combu/ion ( inflammable bodies1 is no?+ m ?an a viol5t *emical action att5d+ ! comb9ation ( _! +r$i5ts ) ! oxyg5 ( ! air4 ,animal heat is1 9 l mann]1 ref]able to a process be>+ no remote analogy to a sl[ combu/ion1 by :i* a portion ( c>bon1 an inflammable pr9ciple exi/+ 9 ! blood1 is unit$ ) ! oxyg5 ( ! air 9 respiration2 & ?us c>ri$ (f f ! sy/em3 f]m5tation is no?+ m ?an a decomposition ( *emical elem5ts loosely unit$1 & _! re-union 9 a m p]man5t /ate ( comb9ation4 ,! analogy betwe5 ! sun & t]re/rial fire is s natural z to h be5 *os5 by ,newton to exemplify ! irresi/ible =ce ( an inf]5ce d]iv$ f t pr9ciple4 ,b ! nature ( ! sun & ! mode 9 :i* its wond]ful supply ( light & heat is ma9ta9$ are involv$ 9 a my/]y :i* e discov]y t has be5 made ei!r 9 *emi/ry or optics1 s f> f elucidat+1 seems only to r5d] m pr(\nd4 ,friction z a s\rce ( heat is well kn[n3 we rub our h&s to w>m !m1 & we grease ! axles ( c>riage-:eels to prev5t _! sett+ fire to ! wood2 an accid5t :i*1 9 spite ( ?is precaution1 does sometimes happ54 ,b ! effect ( friction1 z a means ( produc+ heat ) little or no consumption ( mat]ials1 0 n fully und]/ood till made ! subject ( direct exp]im5t by c\nt ,rum=d1 ^: results appe> to h e/abli%$ ! extraord9>y fact1 t an unlimit$ supply ( heat may be d]iv$ by friction f ! same mat]ials4 ,cond5sation1 :e!r ( air by pressure1 or ( metals by p]cussion1 is ano!r p[]ful s\rce ( heat4 ,?us1 iron may be s dext]\sly hamm]$ z to become r$-hot1 & ! rapid cond5sation ( a conf9$ portion ( air w set t9d] on fire4 7#cdh47 ,! mo/ viol5t heats kn[n are produc$ by ! conc5tration ( ! sol> rays by burn+ glasses1--by ! combu/ion ( oxyg5 & hydrog5 gases mix$ 9 ! exact proportion 9 :i* !y comb9e to produce wat]1--& by ! dis*>ge ( a cont9u$ & copi\s curr5t ( electricity ?r\gh a small conductor4 ,z ^! ?ree s\rces ( heat are indep5d5t ( ea* o!r1 & ea* capable ( be+ br\ght into action 9 a v conf9$ space1 !re seems no reason :y !y might n all ?ree be appli$ at once at ! same po9t1 by :i* means1 probably1 effects w\ld be produc$ inf9itely surpass+ any hi!rto witness$4 7#cdi47 ,heat is communicat$ ei!r by radiation betwe5 bodies at a di/ance1 or by conduction betwe5 bodies 9 contact1 or betwe5 ! contigu\s p>ts ( "o & ! same body4 ,! laws ( ! radiation ( heat h be5 /udi$ ) great att5tion1 & h be5 f\nd to pres5t /rong analogies ) t ( light 9 "s po9ts1 & s+ul> diff]5ces 9 o!rs4 ,?us1 ! heat :i* accompanies ! sun's rays comports itself1 9 all respects1 l light2 be+ subject to simil> laws ( reflection1 refraction1 & ev5 ( pol>ization1 z has be5 %[n by ,b]>d4 ,yet !y are n id5tical ) ea* o!r2 ,sir ,william ,h]s*el hav+ %[n1 by decisive exp]im5ts1 v]ifi$ by ^? ( ,sir ,h4 ,englefield1 t !re exi/ 9 a sol> beam bo? rays ( heat :i* are n lum9\s1 & rays ( light :i* h no heat+ p[]4 7#cej47 ,! heat1 radiat$ by t]re/rial fires1 & by bodies obscurely hot1 by :atev] means !y h acquir$ _! heat 7ev5 by exposure to ! sun's rays71 diff]s v mat]ially f sol> heat 9 _! p[] ( p5etrat+ transp>5t sub/ances4 ,?is s+ul> & important diff]5ce 0 fir/ notic$ by ,m>iotte1 & aft]w>ds made ! subject ( _m curi\s & int]e/+ exp]im5ts by ,s*eele1 :o f\nd t t]re/rial heat1 or t radiat$ f fires or heat$ bodies1 is int]cept$ & deta9$ by glass or o!r transp>5t bodies1 :ile sol> heat is n2 & t1 be+ s deta9$1 x heats !m3 :i* ! latt]1 z x passes freely ?r\gh !m1 is incapable ( do+4 ,! m rec5t rese>*es ( ,del>o*e1 h[ev]1 h %[n t ?is det5tion is complete only :5 ! temp]ature ( ! s\rce ( heat is l[2 b t1 z t temp]ature is high]1 a portion ( ! heat radiat$ acquires a p[] ( p5etrat+ glass2 & t ! quantity :i* does s be>s cont9ually a l>g] & l>g] proportion to ! :ole1 z ! heat ( ! radiant body is m int5se4 ,?is discov]y is v important1 z x e/abli%es a community ( nature betwe5 sol> & t]re/rial heat2 :ile at ! same "t x leads u to reg>d ! actual temp]ature ( ! sun z f> exce$+ t ( any e>?ly flame4 7#cea47 ,a v>iety ( !ories h be5 fram$ to acc\nt = ^! curi\s ph5om5a2 b ! subject /&s r 9 ne$ ( fur!r elucidation f exp]im5t1 & is "o :i* m]its1 & w probably amply repay1 ! lab\rs ( ^? :o may h]eaft] devote _! att5tion to x4 ,! !ory ( ! radiation ( heat1 9 g5]al1 :i* seems to agree be/ ) ! kn[n ph5om5a1 is t ( ,m4 ,prevo/1 :o consid]s all bodies z con/antly radiat+ out heat 9 all directions1 & receiv+ x by a simil> means ( communication f o!rs1 & ?us t5d+1 9 any space fill$1 :olly or 9 "p1 ) bodies at v>i\s temp]atures1 to e/abli% an equilibrium or equality ( heat 9 all p>ts4 ,! application ( ?is idea to ! explanation ( ! ph5om5on ( dew we h already se5 7see #afg474 ,! laws ( su* radiation1 "u v>i\s circum/ances1 h be5 lately inve/igat$ 9 a beautiful s]ies ( exp]im5ts on ! cool+ ( bodies by _! own radiation 9 vacuo1 by ,messrs4 ,dulong & ,petit1 :i* (f] "s ( ! be/ examples 9 sci5ce ( ! inductive inve/igation ( quantitative laws4 7#ceb47 ,! communication ( heat betwe5 bodies 9 contact1 or betwe5 ! diff]5t p>ts ( ! same body1 is p]=m$ by a process call$ conduction4 ,x is1 9 fact1 only a p>ticul> case ( radiation1 z has be5 expla9$ above 7#bag472 b a case s p>ticul> z to require a sep>ate & indep5d5t inve/igation ( its laws4 ,! mo/ important consid]ation introduc$ into ! enquiry by ?is peculi>ity is t ( "t4 ,! communication ( heat by conduction is p]=m$1 = ! mo/ "p1 ) extreme sl[ness1 :ile t p]=m$ by direct radiation is probably n less rapid ?an ! propagation ( light itself4 ,! analysis ( ! delicate & difficult po9ts :i* arise 9 ! inve/igation ( ?is subject 9 its r$uction to direct geometrical treatm5t has be5 execut$ ) admirable success by ! late ,b>on ,f\rri]1 ^: rec5t lam5t$ dea? has depriv$ sci5ce ( an ornam5t x c\ld ill sp>e1 ?9n$ z its ranks h be5 )9 ! la/ few ye>s4 ,?is acute philosoph] & pr(\nd ma!matician has develop$1 9 a s]ies ( elaborate memoirs pres5t$ to ! ,fr5* ,in/itute1 ! laws ( ! communication ( heat ?r\gh ! int]ior ( solid masses1 plac$ "u ! influ5ce ( any ext]nal heat+ & cool+ causes1 & has 9 p>ticul> appli$ 8 results to ! conditions on :i* ! ma9t5ance ( ! actual obs]v$ temp]ature on ! e>?'s surface dep5ds2 to ! possible influ5ce ( a suppos$ c5tral heat on our climates2 & to ! det]m9ation ( ! actual am\nt ( ! heat1 d]iv$ to u f ! sun1 or at lea/ t portion ( x on :i* ! diff]5ce ( ! seasons dep5ds4 7#cec47 ,! pr9cipal effects ( heat are ! s5sations ( w>m? or cold consequ5t on its entry or egress into or out ( our bodies2 ! dilatation x causes 9 ! dim5sions ( all sub/ances 9 :i* x is accumulat$2 ! *anges ( /ate x produces 9 ! melt+ ( solids1 & ! conv]sion ( !m & ( liquids into vap\r2 & ! *emical *anges x p]=ms by actual decompositions effect$ 9 ! intimate molecules ( v>i\s sub/ances1 especially ^? ( :i* vegetables & animals are compos$2 to :i* we may add1 ! production ( electric ph5om5a "u c]ta9 circum/ances 9 ! contact ( metals1 & ! developem5t ( electric pol>ity 9 cry/allis$ sub/ances4 7#ced47 ,cold has be5 consid]$ by "s z a positive quality1 ! effect ( a cause antagoni/ to t ( heat2 b ?is idea seems n[ 7) p]haps a s+le exception7 to be univ]sally ab&on$4 ,! s5sation ( cold is z easily explicable by ! passage ( heat outw>ds ?r\gh ! surface ( ! body z t ( heat by its +ress f )\t2 & ! exp]im5ts cit$ 9 pro( ( a radiation ( cold are all p]fectly expla9$ by ,prevo/'s !ory ( reciprocal int]*ange4 ,x is rem>kable1 h[ev]1 h[ v limit$ our means ( produc+ int5se cold are1 comp>$ ) ^? we possess ( effect+ ! accumulation ( heat 9 bodies4 ,?is is "o ( ! /ronge/ argum5ts adducible 9 fav\r ( ! doctr9es ( ^? :o ma9ta9 ! possibility ( exhau/+ ! heat ( a body altoge!r1 & leav+ x 9 a /ate absolutely devoid ( x4 ,b we ought to consid]1 t ! kn[n me?ods ( g5]at+ heat *iefly turn on ! production ( *emical comb9ations3 we may easily conceive1 !re=e1 t1 to obta9 equally p[]ful correspond+ frigorific effects1 we ought to possess ! means ( effect+ a disunion equally ext5sive & rapid betwe5 su* elem5ts1 actually comb9$1 z h already produc$ heat by _! union4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 we c only accompli% by engag+ !m 9 comb9ations /ill m en]getic1 t is to say1 9 :i* we may reasonably expect m heat to be produc$ by ! new comb9ation ?an w\ld be de/roy$ or ab/ract$ by ! propos$ decomposition4 ,*emi/ry1 h[ev]1 7unaid$ by electric ag5cy17 af=ds no means ( sudd5ly break+ ! union ( two elem5ts1 & pres5t+ bo? 9 an uncomb9$ /ate4 ,a c]ta9 analogy to su* disunion1 h[ev]1 & its consequ5ces1 may be trac$ 9 ! sudd5 expansion ( cond5s$ gases f a liquid /ate into vap\r1 :i* is ! mo/ p[]ful s\rce ( cold kn[n4 7#cee47 ,! dilatation ( bodies by heat =ms ! subject ( t bran* ( sci5ce call$ pyrometry4 ,!re is no body b is capable ( be+ p5etrat$ by heat1 ?\gh "s ) great]1 o!rs ) less rapidity2 & be+ s p5etrat$1 all bodies 7) a v few exceptions1 & ^? dep5d+ on v peculi> circum/ances17 are dilat$ by x 9 bulk1 ?\gh ) a great div]sity 9 ! am\nt ( dilatation produc$ by ! same degree ( heat4 ,( ! sev]al =ms ( natural bodies1 gases & vap\rs are obs]v$ to be mo/ dilatable2 liquids next1 & solids lea/ ( all4 ,! dilatation ( solids has be5 made a subject ( repeat$ & c>eful measurem5t by sev]al exp]im5t]s2 among :om1 ,smeaton1 ,lavoisi]1 & ,laplace1 are ! pr9cipal4 ,! rem>kable discov]y ( ! unequal dilatation ( cry/allis$ bodies by ,mits*]li* has already be5 spok5 (4 7#bff47 ,t ( gases & vap\rs 0 exam9$ ab\t ! same "t by ,dalton & ,gay-,lussac1 :o bo? arriv$ indep5d5tly at ! conclusion ( an equal dilatability subsi/+ 9 !m all1 :i* con/itutes "o ( ! mo/ rem>kable po9ts 9 _! hi/ory4 7#cef47 ,! dilatation ( air by heat af=ds1 p]haps1 ! mo/ unexceptionable means kn[n ( measur+ degrees ( heat4 ,! !rmomet]1 z orig9ally con/ruct$ by ,cornelius ,drebell1 0 an air !rmomet]4 ,^? n[ 9 common use measure accessions ( heat n by ! degree ( dilatation ( air b ( m]cury4 ,x has be5 %[n1 by ! rese>*es ( ,dulong & ,petit1 t its indications co9cide exactly ) t ( ! air-!rmomet] 9 mod]ate temp]atures2 ?\gh at v elevat$ ones !y exhibit a s5sible1 & ev5 consid]able1 deviation4 ,by ?is in/rum5t1 :i* owes its pres5t conv5i5ce & utility to ! happy idea ( ,newton1 :o fir/ ?\ght ( fix+ det]m9ate po9ts on its scale1 we are enabl$ to e/imate1 or at lea/ id5tify1 ! degrees ( heat2 & !reby to inve/igate ) accuracy ! laws ( its communication & its o!r prop]ties4 ,7 we sure t equal additions ( heat produc$ equal increm5ts ( dim5sion 9 any sub/ance1 ! indications ( a !rmomet] w\ld af=d a true & secure measure ( ! quantity pres5t2 b ?is is s f> f be+ ! case1 t we are ne>ly 9 total ignorance on ?is important po9t2 a circum/ance :i* ?r[s ! greate/ difficulty 9 ! way ( all !oretical reason+1 & ev5 ( exp]im5tal enquiry4 ,! laws ( ! dilatation ( liquids1 9 consequ5ce ( ?is defici5cy ( necess>y prelim9>y k1 are /ill involv$ 9 great obscurity1 not)/&+ ! pa9s :i* h be5 be/[$ on !m by ! elaborate exp]im5ts & calculations ( ,gilp91 ,blagd51 ,deluc1 ,dalton1 ,gay-,lussac1 & ,biot4 7#ceg47 ,! mo/ /rik+ & important ( ! effects ( heat consi/1 h[ev]1 9 ! liquefaction ( solid sub/ances1 & ! conv]sion ( ! liquids s produc$ into vap\r4 ,!re is no solid sub/ance kn[n :i*1 by a suffici5tly int5se heat1 may n be melt$1 & f9ally dissipat$ 9 vap\r2 & ?is analogy is s ext5sive & cog5t1 t we _c b suppose t all ^? bodies :i* are liquid "u ord9>y circum/ances1 owe _! liquidity to heat1 & w\ld freeze or become solid if _! heat c\ld be suffici5tly r$uc$4 ,9 _m we see ?is to be ! case 9 ord9>y w9t]s2 = "s1 sev]e fro/s are requisite2 o!rs freeze only ) ! mo/ int5se artificial colds2 & "s h hi!rto resi/$ all our endeav\rs2 yet ! numb] ( ^! la/ is few1 & !y w probably cease to be exceptions z our means ( produc+ cold become enl>g$4 7#ceh47 ,a simil> analogy leads u to conclude t all ari=m fluids are m]ely liquids kept 9 ! /ate ( vap\r by heat4 ,_m ( !m h be5 actually cond5s$ into ! liquid /ate by cold accompani$ ) viol5t pressure2 & z our means ( apply+ ^! causes ( cond5sation h improv$1 m & m refractory ones h successively yield$4 ,h5ce we are fairly entitl$ to ext5d our conclusion to ^? :i* we h n yet be5 able to succe$ )2 & ?us we are l$ to reg>d x z a g5]al fact1 t ! liquid & ari=m or vapor\s /ates are entirely dep5d5t on heat2 t 7 x n = ?is cause1 !re w\ld be no?+ b solids 9 nature2 & t1 on ! o!r h&1 no?+ b a suffici5t int5sity ( heat is requisite to de/roy ! cohesion ( e sub/ance1 & r$uce all bodies1 fir/ to liquids1 & !n into vap\r4 7#cei47 ,b solids1 !mselves1 by ! ab/raction ( heat %r9k 9 dim5sion1 & at ! same "t become h>d]1 & m brittle2 yield+ less to pressure1 & p]mitt+ less sep>ation betwe5 _! p>ts by t5sion4 ,^! facts1 c\pl$ ) ! great] compressibility ( liquids1 & ! /ill great] ( gases1 /rongly induce u to believe t x is heat1 & heat alone1 :i* holds ! p>ticles ( all bodies at t di/ance f ea* o!r :i* is necess>y to all[ ( compression2 :i* 9 fact gives !m _! ela/icity1 & acts z ! antagoni/ =ce to _! mutual attraction1 :i* w\ld o!rwise draw !m into actual contact1 & reta9 !m 9 a /ate ( absolute immobility & imp5etrability4 ,?us we le>n to reg>d heat z "o ( ! great ma9ta9+ p[]s ( ! univ]se1 & to atta* to all its laws & relations a degree ( importance :i* may ju/ly entitle !m to ! mo/ assidu\s enquiry4 7#cfj47 ,x 0 fir/ asc]ta9$ by ,dr4 ,black t :5 heat produces ! liquefaction ( a solid1 or ! conv]sion ( a liquid into vap\r1 ! liquid or ! vap\r result+ is no hott] ?an ! solid or liquid f :i* x 0 produc$1 ?\gh a great deal ( heat has be5 exp5d$ 9 produc+ ?is effect1 & has actually ent]$ into ! sub/ance4 7#cfa47 ,h5ce he drew ! conclusion t x has become lat5t1 & cont9ues to exi/ 9 ! product1 ma9ta9+ x 9 its new /ate1 )\t increas+ its temp]ature4 ,he fur!r prov$1 t :5 ! vap\r cond5ses1 or ! liquid freezes1 ?is lat5t heat is aga9 giv5 out f x4 ,?is great discov]y1 ) its natural & h>dly less important concomitant1 t ( ! diff]5ce ( specific heats 9 diff]5t bodies1 or ! diff]5t quantities ( heat !y require to raise _! temp]ature equally1 are ! *ief reasons = reg>d+ heat z a mat]ial sub/ance 9 a m decid$ mann] ?an light1 ) :i* 9 its radiant /ate x holds s close an analogy4 7#cfb47 ,! subject ( lat5t heat has be5 f> less att5tively /udi$ ?an its great practical importance w\ld appe> to dem&1 :5 we consid] t x is to ?is "p ( physical sci5ce t ! !ory ( ! /eam-eng9e is ma9ly ref]able1 & t mat]ial improvem5ts may n unreasonably be expect$ 9 t wond]ful in/rum5t1 f a m ext5d$ k ?an we possess ( ! lat5t heats ( diff]5t vap\rs4 ,?is is n ! case1 h[ev]1 ) ! subject ( specific heat1 :i* 0 foll[$ up imm$iately aft] its fir/ promulgation ) dilig5ce by ,irv9e2 &1 aft] a brief int]val1 by ,lavoisi] & ,laplace1 z well z by our c\ntryman ,crawfurd1 :o det]m9$ ! specific heats ( _m sub/ances1 bo? solid & liquid4 ,aft] a consid]able p]iod ( inactivity1 ! subject 0 aga9 resum$ by ,del>o*e & ,b]>d1 & subsequ5tly by ,dulong & ,petit3 ! result ( ^: inve/igations has be5 ! inductive e/abli%m5t ( "o ( ^? simple & elegant physical laws :i* c>ry ) !m1 if n _! own evid5ce1 at lea/ _! own recomm5dation to our belief1 z be+ 9 unison ) e ?+ we "k ( ! h>mony ( nature4 ,! law to :i* we allude is ?is3--t ! atoms ( all ! simple *emical elem5ts h exactly ! same capacity = heat1 or are all equally heat$ or cool$ by equal accessions or ab/ractions ( heat4 ,x is only among laws l ?is t we c expect to f9d a clew capable ( guid+ u to a k ( ! true nature ( heat1 & its relations to pond]able matt]4 ,magnetism & ,electricity4 7#cfc47 ,^! two subjects1 :i* _h long ma9ta9$ a di/9ct exi/5ce1 & be5 /udi$ z sep>ate bran*es ( sci5ce1 are at l5g? effectually bl5d$4 ,?is is1 p]haps1 ! mo/ satisfactory result :i* ! exp]im5tal sci5ces h ev] yet atta9$4 ,all ! ph5om5a ( magnetic pol>ity1 attraction1 & repulsion1 h at l5g? be5 resolv$ into "o g5]al fact1 t two curr5ts ( electricity1 mov+ 9 ! same direction repel1 & 9 contr>y directions attract1 ea* o!r4 ,! ph5om5a ( ! communication ( magnetism & :at is call$ its induc$ /ate1 alone rema9 unacc\nt$ =2 b ! int]e/+ !ory :i* has be5 develop$ by ,m4 ,amp]e1 "u ! "n ( ,electro-dynamics1 holds out a hope t ?is difficulty w also 9 its turn give way1 & ! :ole subject be at l5g? completely m]g$1 z f> z ! consid]ation ( ! act+ causes goes1 9 ! m g5]al "o ( electricity4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 does n prev5t magnetism f ma9ta9+ its sep>ate importance z a dep>tm5t ( physical enquiry1 hav+ its own peculi> laws & relations ( ! highe/ practical int]e/1 :i* are capable ( be+ /udi$ q ap>t f all consid]ation ( its electrical orig94 ,& n only s1 b to /udy !m ) advantage1 we mu/ proce$ z if t orig9 7 totally unkn[n1 &1 at lea/ up to a c]ta9 po9t1 & t a consid]ably advanc$ "o1 conduct our enquiries into ! subject on ! same inductive pr9ciples z if ?is bran* ( physics 7 absolutely indep5d5t ( all o!rs4 7#cfd47 ,iron1 & its oxides & alloys1 7 = a long "t ! only sub/ances consid]$ susceptible ( magnetism4 ,! load/one 0 ev5 "o ( ! examples produc$ by ,bacon ( t class ( physical in/ances to :i* he applies ! t]m 8,in/anti monodic0--s+ul> in/ances4 ,& ! hi/ory ( magnetism af=ds a beautiful comm5t on 8 rem>k on in/ances ( ?is sort4 8,nor %\ld our enquiries10 he obs]ves1 8into _! nature be brok5 (f1 till ! prop]ties & qualities f\nd 9 su* ?+s z may be e/eem$ wond]s 9 nature are r$uc$ & compreh5d$ "u "s c]ta9 law2 s t all irregul>ity or s+ul>ity may be f\nd to dep5d ^u "s common =m1 & ! wond] only re/ 9 ! exact diff]5ces1 degrees1 or extraord9>y concurr5ce1 & n 9 ! species itself40 ,! discov]y ( ! magnetism ( nickel1 :i* ?\gh inf]ior to t ( iron1 is /ill consid]able2 t ( cobalt1 yet feebl]1 & t ( titanium1 :i* is only b>ely p]ceptible1 h effectually brok5 d[n ! imag9>y limit betwe5 iron & ! o!r mat]ials ( ! _w1 & e/abli%$ ! exi/5ce ( t g5]al law ( cont9uity :i* x is "o *ief bus9ess ( philosophy to trace ?r\gh\t nature4 ,! m rec5t discov]ies ( ,m4 ,arago 7m5tion$ 9 #afj47 h complet$ ?is g5]alization1 by %[+ t !re is no sub/ance b :i*1 "u prop] circum/ances1 is capable ( exhibit+ unequivocal signs ( ! magnetic virtue4 ,& to oblit]ate all traces ( t l9e ( sep>ation :i* 0 once s broad1 we are n[ enabl$1 by ! great discov]y ( ,or/$1 to communicate at & dur+ pleasure to a coil$ wire ( any metal indiff]5tly all ! prop]ties ( a magnet2--its attraction1 repulsion1 & pol>ity2 & t ev5 9 a m int5se degree ?an 0 previ\sly ?\ght to be possible 9 ! be/ natural magnets4 ,9 %ort1 9 ?is case1 & 9 ?is case only1 p]haps1 9 sci5ce1 h we arriv$ at t po9t :i* ,bacon seems to h und]/ood by ! discov]y ( 8=ms40 8,! =m ( any nature10 says he1 8is su*1 t :]e x is1 ! giv5 nature mu/ infallibly be4 ,! =m1 !re=e1 is p]petually pres5t :5 t nature is pres5t2 asc]ta9s x univ]sally1 & accompanies x e :]e4 ,aga91 ?is =m is su*1 t :5 remov$1 ! giv5 nature infallibly vani%es4 ,la/ly1 a true =m is su* z c d$uce a giv5 nature f "s ess5tial prop]ty1 :i* resides 9 _m ?+s40 7#cfe47 ,magnetism is rem>kable 9 ano!r important po9t ( view4 ,x (f]s a prom95t1 or 8gl>+ in/ance0 ( t quality 9 nature :i* is t]m$ pol>ity 7#bfg471 & t "u circum/ances :i* peculi>ly adapt x = ! /udy ( ?is quality4 ,x does n appe> t ! anci5ts _h any k ( ?is prop]ty ( ! magnet1 ?\gh its attraction ( iron 0 well kn[n to !m4 ,! fir/ m5tion ( x 9 mod]n times _c be trac$ e>li] ?an #aahj1 ?\gh x 0 probably kn[n to ! ,*9ese be=e t "t4 ,! pol>ity ( ! magnet consi/s 9 ?is1 t if susp5d$ freely1 "o "p ( x w inv>iably direct itself t[>ds a c]ta9 po9t 9 ! horizon1 ! o!r t[>ds ! opposite po9t2 & t1 if two magnets1 s susp5d$1 be br\ght ne> ea* o!r1 !re w take place a mutual action1 9 consequ5ce ( :i*1 ! positions ( bo? w be di/urb$1 9 ! same mann] z w\ld happ5 if ! correspond+ p>ts ( ea* repell$1 & ^? oppositely direct$ attract$1 ea* o!r2 & by prop]ly v>y+ ! exp]im5t1 x is f\nd t !y really d s4 ,if a small magnet1 freely susp5d$1 be br\ght into ! neighb\rhood ( a l>g] "o1 x w take a position dep5d+ on ! position ( ! poles ( ! l>g] "o1 ) respect to its po9t ( susp5sion4 ,& x has be5 asc]ta9$ t ^! & all o!r ph5om5a exhibit$ by magnets 9 _! mutual attractions & repulsions are explicable on ! supposition ( two =ces or virtues lodg$ 9 ! p>ticles ( ! magnets1 ! "o pr$om9at+ at "o end1 ! o!r at ! o!r2 & su* t ea* p>ticle %all attract ^? 9 :i* ! opposite virtue to its own prevails1 & repel ^? 9 :i* a simil> "o resides ) a =ce proportional to ! inv]se squ>e ( _! mutual di/ance4 7#cff47 ,! direction 9 :i* a magnetic b>1 or ne$le ( /eel1 freely susp5d$1 places itself1 has be5 asc]ta9$ to be diff]5t at diff]5t po9ts ( ! e>?'s surface4 ,9 "s places x po9ts exactly nor? & s\?1 9 o!rs x deviates f ?is direction m or less1 & at "s actually /&s at "r angles to x4 ,?is rem>kable ph5om5on1 :i* is call$ ! v>iation ( ! ne$le1 & :i* 0 discov]$ by ,seba/ian ,cabot 9 ! ye> #aejj1 is accompani$ ) ano!r call$ ! dip1 notic$ by ,rob]t ,norman 9 #aegf4 ,x consi/s 9 a t5d5cy ( a ne$le1 nicely balanc$ on its c5tre1 :5 unmagnetiz$1 to dip or po9t d[nw>ds :5 r5d]$ magnetic1 t[>ds a po9t bel[ ! horizon1 & situat$ )9 ! e>?4 ,by trac+ ! v>iation & dip ov] ! :ole surface ( ! globe1 x has be5 f\nd t ^! ph5om5a take place z !y w\ld d if ! e>? itself 7 a great magnet1 hav+ its poles deeply situat$ bel[ ! surface1--&1 :at is v rem>kable1 possess+ a sl[ motion )9 x1 9 consequ5ce ( :i* nei!r ! v>iation nor dip rema9 con/antly ! same at ! same place4 ,! laws ( ?is motion are at pres5t unkn[n2 b ! discov]y ( electro-magnetism1 by r5d]+ x almo/ c]ta9 t ! e>?'s magnetism is m]ely an effect ( ! cont9ual circulation ( great quantities ( electricity r\nd x1 9 a direction g5]ally correspond+ ) t ( its rotation1 h dissipat$ ! great] "p ( ! my/]y :i* hung ov] ^! ph5om5a2 s9ce a v>iety ( causes1 bo? geological & o!rs1 may be imag9$ :i* may produce consid]able deviations 9 ! int5sity1 & p>tial ones 9 ! direction1 ( su* electric curr5ts4 ,! unequal di/ribution ( l& & sea 9 ! two hemisph]es1 by affect+ ! op]ation ( ! sun's heat 9 produc+ evaporation f ! latt]1 :i* is probably "o ( ! great s\rces ( t]re/rial electricity1 may easily be conceiv$ to modify ! g5]al t5d5cy ( su* curr5ts1 & to produce irregul>ities 9 !m1 :i* may r5d] a satisfactory acc\nt ( :atev] /ill appe>s anomal\s 9 ! ph5om5a ( t]re/rial magnetism4 ,?is bran* ( sci5ce ?us becomes connect$1 on a great scale1 ) t ( meteorology1 "o ( ! mo/ complicat$ & difficult1 b at ! same "t int]e/+1 subjects ( physical rese>*2 "o1 h[ev]1 :i* has ( late begun to be /udi$ ) a dilig5ce :i* promises ! spe$y disclosure ( relations & laws ( :i* at pres5t we c =m b a v imp]fect notion4 7#cfg47 ,! communication ( magnetism f ! e>? to a magnetic body1 or f "o magnetic body to ano!r1 is p]=m$ by a process to :i* ! "n ( induction has be5 giv51 & ! laws & prop]ties ( su* induc$ magnetism h be5 /udi$ ) mu* p]sev]ance & success1--practically1 by ,gilb]t1 ,boyle1 ,knight1 ,:i/on1 ,cavallo1 ,canton1 ,duhamel1 ,ritt5h\se1 ,scoresby1 & o!rs2 & !oretically1 by p9us1 ,c\lomb1 & ,poisson1 & 9 our own c\ntry by ,messrs4 ,b>l[ & ,*ri/ie1 :o h inve/igat$ ) great c>e ! curi\s ph5om5a :i* take place :5 masses ( iron are pres5t$ successively1 9 diff]5t positions1 by rotation on an axis1 to ! influ5ce ( ! e>?'s magnetism4 ,! magnetism ( cry/alliz$ bodies 7p>tly f ! extreme r>ity ( su* z are susceptible ( any consid]able magnetic virtue7 has n hi!rto be5 at all exam9$1 b w\ld probably af=d v curi\s results4 7#cfh47 ,to electricity ! views ( ! physical enquir] n[ turn f almo/ e qu>t]1 z to "o ( ^? univ]sal p[]s :i* ,nature seems to employ 9 h] mo/ important & secret op]ations4 ,?is wond]ful ag5t1 :i* we see 9 int5se activity 9 lightn+1 & 9 a feebl] & m diffus$ =m trav]s+ ! upp] regions ( ! atmosph]e 9 ! nor!rn lights1 is pres5t1 probably 9 imm5se abundance1 9 e =m ( matt] :i* surr\nds u1 b becomes s5sible only :5 di/urb$ by excitem5ts ( peculi> k9ds4 ,! mo/ effectual ( ^! is friction1 :i* we h already obs]v$ to be a p[]ful s\rce ( heat4 ,ev]ybody is famili> ) ! crackl+ sp>ks :i* fly f a cat's back :5 /rok$4 ,^!1 by prop] managem5t1 may be accumulat$ 9 bodies suitably dispos$ to receive !m1 &1 al?\gh !n no long] visible1 give evid5ce ( _! exi/5ce by ! exhibition ( a va/ v>iety ( extraord9>y ph5om5a1--produc+ attractions & repulsions 9 bodies at a di/ance1--admitt+ ( be+ transf]r$ by contact1 or by sudd5 & viol5t transili5ce ( ! int]val ( sep>ation1 f "o body to ano!r1 "u ! =m ( sp>ks & fla%es2--trav]s+ ) p]fect facility ! sub/ance ( ! d5se/ metals1 & a v>iety ( o!r bodies call$ conductors1 b be+ deta9$ by o!rs1 su* z glass1 & especially air1 :i* are !nce call$ non-conductors1--produc+ pa9ful %ocks & convulsive motions1 & ev5 dea? itself if 9 suffici5t quantity1 9 animals ?r\gh :i* !y pass1 & f9ally imitat+1 on a small scale1 all ! effects ( lightn+4 7#cfi47 ,! /udy ( ^! ph5om5a & _! laws until a comp>atively rec5t p]iod occupi$ ! entire att5tion ( electricians1 & con/itut$ ! :ole ( ! sci5ce ( electricity4 ,x appe>s1 z ! result ( _! enquiries1 t all ! ph5om5a 9 "q are explicable on ! supposition t electricity consi/s 9 a r>e1 subtle1 & highly ela/ic fluid1 :i* 9 its t5d5cy to exp& & diffuse itself p]vades ) m or less facility ! sub/ance ( conductors1 b is ob/ruct$ & deta9$ f expansion m or less completely by non-conductors4 ,x is suppos$1 moreov]1 t ?is electric fluid possesses a p[] ( attraction = ! p>ticles ( all pond]able matt]1 toge!r ) t ( a repulsion = p>ticles ( its own k9d4 ,:e!r x has weight1 or is r to be reg>d$ z a species ( matt] di/9ct f t ( :i* pond]able bodies consi/1 is a "q ( su* delicacy1 t no direct exp]im5ts h yet enabl$ u to decide x2 b at all ev5ts its in]tia comp>$ ) its ela/ic =ce mu/ be conceiv$ excessively small1 s t x is to be reg>d$ z a fluid 9 ! highe/ degree active1 obey+ e impulse1 int]nal or ext]nal1 ) ! greate/ promptitude2 9 %ort1 a fluid ^: en]gies c only be comp>$ ) ^? ( ! e!real m$ium by :i*1 9 ! undulatory doctr9e1 light is suppos$ to be convey$4 ,! prop]ties ( hydrog5 gas comp>$ ) ^? ( ! d5s] ari=m fluids w1 9 "s slight degree1 aid our conception ( ! excessive mobility & p5etrat+ activity ( a fluid s con/itut$4 ,electricity1 h[ev]1 mu/ be reg>d$ z diff]+ 9 "s rem>kable po9ts f all ^? fluids to :i* we h hi!rto be5 accu/om$ to apply ! epi!t ela/ic1 su* z air1 gases1 & vap\rs4 ,9 ^!1 ! repulsive =ce ( ! p>ticles on :i* _! ela/icity dep5ds is consid]$ z ext5d+ only to v small di/ances1 s z to affect only ^? 9 ! imm$iate vic9ity ( ea* o!r1 :ile _! attractive p[]1 by :i* !y obey ! g5]al gravitation ( all matt]1 ext5ds to any di/ance4 ,9 electricity1 on ! o!r h&1 ! v rev]se mu/ be admitt$4 ,! =ce by :i* its p>ticles repel ea* o!r ext5ds to great di/ances1 :ile its =ce ( adhesion to pond]able matt] mu/ be reg>d$ z limit$ 9 its ext5t to su* m9ute int]vals z escape obs]vation4 7#cgj47 ,! conception ( a s+le fluid ( ?is k9d1 :i* :5 accumulat$ 9 excess 9 bodies t5ds con/antly to escape1 & seek a re/oration ( equilibrium by communicat+ itself to any o!rs :]e !re may be a defici5cy1 is t :i* occurs mo/ naturally to ! m9d1 & 0 accord+ly ma9ta9$ by ,frankl91 to :om ! sci5ce ( electricity is "u great obligations = ^? decisive exp]im5ts :i* in=m$ u respect+ ! true nature ( lightn+4 ,! same !ory 0 aft]w>ds advocat$ by p9us1 :o fir/ %[$ h[ ! laws ( equilibrium ( su* a fluid might be r$uc$ to /rict ma!matical inve/igation4 ,b !re are ph5om5a accompany+ its transf] f body to body & ! /ate ( equilibrium x affects "u v>i\s circum/ances1 :i* appe> to require ! admission ( two di/9ct fluids antagoni/ to ea* o!r1 ea* attract+ ! o!r1 & repell+ itself2 b ea*1 alike1 susceptible ( adhesion to mat]ial sub/ances1 & ( transf] m or less rapid f p>ticle to p>ticle ( !m4 ,^! fluids 9 ! natural undi/urb$ /ate are conceiv$ to exi/ 9 a /ate ( comb9ation & mutual saturation2 b ?is comb9ation may be brok51 & ei!r ( !m sep>ately accumulat$ 9 a body to any am\nt )\t ! o!r1 provid$ its escape be prop]ly ob/ruct$ by surr\nd+ x ) non-conductors4 ,:5 s accumulat$1 its repulsion = its own k9d & attraction ( ! opposite species 9 neighb\r+ bodies t5ds to di/urb ! natural equilibrium ( ! two fluids pres5t 9 !m1 & to produce ph5om5a ( a peculi> description1 :i* are t]m$ induc$ electricity4 ,curi\s & artificial z ?is !ory may appe>1 !re has hi!rto be5 produc$ no ph5om5on ( :i* x w n af=d at lea/ a plausible1 & 9 by f> ! majority ( cases a v satisfactory1 explanation4 ,x has "o "* :i* is extremely valuable 9 any !ory1 t ( admitt+ ! application ( /rict ma!matical reason+ to ! conclusions we w\ld draw f x4 ,)\t ?is1 inde$1 x is sc>cely possible t any !ory %\ld ev] be fairly br\ght to ! te/ by a comp>ison ) facts4 ,accord+ly1 ! ma!matical !ory ( electrical equilibrium1 & ! laws ( ! di/ribution ( ! electric fluids ov] ! surfaces ( bodies 9 :i* !y are accumulat$1 h be5 made ! subject ( elaborate geometrical inve/igation by ! mo/ exp]t ma!maticians1 & h atta9$ a degree ( ext5t & elegance :i* places ?is bran* ( sci5ce 9 a v high rank 9 ! scale ( ma!matico-physical enquiry4 ,^! rese>*es are gr\nd$ on ! assumption ( a law ( attraction & repulsion simil> to ^? ( gravity & magnetism1 & :i* by ! g5]al accordance ( ! results ) facts1 z well z by exp]im5ts in/itut$ = ! express purpose ( asc]ta9+ ! laws 9 "q1 are reg>d$ z suffici5tly demon/rat$4 7#cga47 ,! mo/ obscure "p ( ! subject is no d\bt ! orig9al mode ( di/urbance ( electrical equilibrium1 by :i* electricity is excit$ 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 ei!r by friction or by any o!r ( ^? causes :i* h be5 asc]ta9$ to produce su* an effect3 analogies1 x is true1 are n want+#ef2 b x mu/ be all[$ t hi!rto no?+ decisive has be5 (f]$ on ! subject2 & t conjectural modes ( action h 9 ?is in/ance too (t5 usurp$ ! place ( ^? to :i* a c>eful exam9ation ( facts alone c lead u4 7#cgb47 ,philosoph]s _h long be5 famili> ) ! effects ( electricity above ref]r$ to1 & ) ^? :i* x produces 9 its sudd5 & viol5t transf] f "o body to ano!r1 9 r5d+ & %att]+ ! p>ts ( ! sub/ances ?r\gh :i* x passes1 & :]e 9 great quantity1 produc+ all ! effect ( int5se heat1 ignit+1 fus+1 & volatiliz+ metals1 & sett+ fire to inflammable bodies2 ev5 its occasional influ5ce 9 de/roy+ or alt]+ ! pol>ity ( ! magnetic ne$le _h be5 notic$3 b z heat 0 kn[n to be produc$ by me*anical viol5ce1 & z magnetism 0 also kn[n to be greatly affect$ by ! same cause1 ^! effects 7 ref]r$ r to t cause ?an to any ?+ 9 ! peculi> nature ( ! electric matt]1 & reg>d$ r z an indirect consequ5ce ( its mode ( action ?an z connect$ ) its intimate nature4 ,9 %ort1 electricity seem$ de/9$ to furni% ano!r 9 addition to _m in/ances ( subjects insulat$ f ! re/ ( philosophy1 & capable ( be+ /udi$ only 9 its own int]nal relations1 :5 ! great discov]ies ( ,galvani & ,volta plac$ a new p[] at ! comm& ( ! exp]im5t]1 by ^: means ^? effects :i* _h be=e be5 cr[d$ )9 an inappreciable in/ant c\ld be develop$ 9 detail & /udi$ at leisure2 & ^? =ces :i* _h previ\sly exhibit$ !mselves only 9 a /ate ( uncontrollable int5sity 7 tam$ d[n1 z x 71 & made to di/ribute _! efficacy ov] an indef9ite "t1 & to regulate _! action at ! w ( ! op]ator4 ,x 0 !n soon asc]ta9$ t electricity 9 ! act ( its passage along conductors1 produces a v>iety ( wond]ful effects1 :i* _h nev] be5 previ\sly suspect$2 & ^! ( su* a nature1 z to af=d po9ts ( contact ) sev]al o!r bran*es ( physical enquiry1 & to ?r[ new & unexpect$ lights on "s ( ! mo/ obscure op]ations ( nature4 7#cgc47 ,! hi/ory ( ?is gr& discov]y af=ds a f9e illu/ration ( ! advantage to be d]iv$ 9 physical enquiry f a close & c>eful att5tion to any ph5om5on1 h[ev] app>5tly trifl+1 :i* may at ! mom5t ( obs]vation appe> inexplicable on receiv$ pr9ciples4 ,! convulsive motions ( a dead frog 9 ! neighb\rhood ( an electric dis*>ge1 :i* orig9ally drew ,galvani's att5tion to ! subject1 _h be5 notic$ by o!rs ne>ly a c5tury be=e 8 "t1 b attract$ no fur!r rem>k ?an z indicat+ a peculi> s5sibility to electrical excitem5t dep5d+ on t remnant ( vitality :i* is n ext+ui%$ 9 ! organic frame ( an animal by ! deprivation ( actual life4 ,galvani 0 n s satisfi$4 ,he analys$ ! ph5om5on2 & 9 inve/igat+ all ! circum/ances connect$ ) x 0 l$ to ! obs]vation ( a peculi> electrical excitem5t :i* took place :5 a circuit 0 =m$ ( ?ree di/9ct p>ts1 a muscle1 a n]ve1 & a metallic conductor1 ea* plac$ 9 contact ) ! o!r two1 & :i* 0 manife/$ by a convulsive motion produc$ 9 ! muscle4 ,to ?is ph5om5on he gave ! "n ( animal electricity1 an un=tunate epi!t1 s9ce x t5d$ to re/rict enquiry into its nature to ! class ( ph5om5a 9 :i* x fir/ became app>5t4 ,b ?is circum/ance1 :i* 9 a less enquir+ age ( sci5ce might h ex]cis$ a fatal influ5ce on ! progress ( k1 prov$ happily no ob/acle to ! fur!r developem5t ( its pr9ciples1 ! subject be+ imm$iately tak5 up ) a k9d ( prophetic ard\r by ,volta1 :o at once g5]aliz$ ! ph5om5a1 reject+ ! physiological consid]ations introduc$ by ,galvani1 z =eign to ! enquiry1 & reg>d+ ! contraction ( ! muscles z m]ely a delicate means ( detect+ ! production ( electrical excitem5ts too feeble to be r5d]$ s5sible by any o!r means4 ,x 0 ?us t he arriv$ at ! k ( a g5]al fact1 t ( ! di/urbance ( electrical equilibrium by ! m]e contact ( diff]5t bodies1 & ! circulation ( a curr5t ( electricity 9 "o con/ant direction1 ?r\gh a circuit compos$ ( ?ree diff]5t conductors4 ,to increase ! int5sity ( ! v m9ute & delicate effect ?us obs]v$ became 8 next aim1 nor did 8 enquiry t]m9ate till x _h plac$ him 9 possession ( t mo/ wond]ful ( all human inv5tions1 ! pile :i* be>s 8 "n1 ?r\gh ! m$ium ( a s]ies ( well conduct$ & logically comb9$ exp]im5ts1 :i* has r>ely1 if ev]1 be5 surpass$ 9 ! annals ( physical rese>*4 7#cgd47 ,?\gh ! orig9al pile ( ,volta 0 feeble comp>$ to ^? gigantic comb9ations :i* 7 aft]w>ds produc$1 x suffic$1 h[ev]1 to exhibit electricity "u a v diff]5t aspect f any ?+ :i* _h gone be=e1 & to br+ into view ^? peculi> modifications 9 its action :i* ,dr4 ,wolla/on 0 ! fir/ to r5d] a satisfactory acc\nt (1 by ref]r+ !m to an increase ( quantity1 accompani$ ) a dim9ution ( int5sity 9 ! supply af=d$4 ,! discov]y _h n long be5 made public1 & ! in/rum5t 9 ! h&s ( *emi/s & electricians1 be=e x 0 asc]ta9$ t ! electric curr5t1 transmitt$ by x ?r\gh conduct+ liquids1 produces 9 !m *emical decompositions4 ,?is capital discov]y appe>s to h be5 made1 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 by ,messrs4 ,ni*olson & ,c>lisle1 :o obs]v$ ! decomposition ( wat] s produc$4 ,x 0 spe$ily foll[$ up by ! /ill m important "o ( ,b]zelius & ,his+]1 :o asc]ta9$ x z a g5]al law1 t1 9 all ! decompositions s effect$1 ! acids & oxyg5 become transf]r$ to1 & accumulat$ ar\nd1 ! positive1--& hydrog51 metals1 & alkalies r\nd ! negative1 pole ( a ,voltaic circuit2 be+ transf]r$ 9 an invisible1 &1 z x 71 a lat5t or torpid /ate1 by ! action ( ! electric curr5t1 ?r\gh consid]able spaces1 & ev5 ?r\gh l>ge quantities ( wat] or o!r liquids1 aga9 to re-appe> ) all _! prop]ties at _! appropriate re/+-places4 7#cge47 ,x 0 9 ?is /ate ( ?+s t ! subject 0 tak5 up by ,davy1 :o1 see+ t ! /ronge/ *emical aff9ities 7 ?us readily subv]t$ by ! decompos+ action ( ! pile1 conceiv$ ! happy idea ( br++ to be> ! int5se p[] ( ! enorm\s batt]ies ( ! ,royal ,in/itution on ^? sub/ances :i*1 ?\gh /rongly suspect$ to be comp\nds1 _h resi/$ all attempts to decompose !m--! alkalies & e>?s4 ,!y yield$ to ! =ce appli$1 & a total revolution 0 ?us effect$ 9 *emi/ry2 n s mu* by ! introduction ( ! new elem5ts ?us br\ght to light1 z by ! mode ( conceiv+ ! nature ( *emical aff9ity1 :i* f t "t has be5 reg>d$ 7z ,davy broadly laid x d[n1 9 a !ory :i* 0 readily adopt$ by ! mo/ em95t *emi/s1 & by none m readily ?an by ,b]zelius himself17 z entirely due to electric attractions & repulsions1 ^? bodies comb9+ mo/ intimately ^: p>ticles are habitually 9 a /ate ( ! mo/ p[]ful electrical antagonism1 & dispossess+ ea* o!r1 accord+ to ! am\nt ( _! diff]5ce 9 ?is respect4 7#cgf47 ,! connection ( magnetism & electricity _h long be5 suspect$1 & innum]able fruitless trials _h be5 made to det]m9e1 9 ! affirmative or negative1 ! "q ( su* connection4 ,! ph5om5a ( _m cry/alliz$ m9]als :i* become electric by heat1 & develope opposite electric poles at _! two extremities1 (f]$ an analogy s /rik+ to ! pol>ity ( ! magnet1 t x seem$ h>dly possible to d\bt a clos] connection ( ! two p[]s4 ,! developem5t ( a simil> pol>ity 9 ! ,voltaic pile po9t$ /rongly to ! same conclusion2 & exp]im5ts _h ev5 be5 made ) a view to asc]ta9 :e!r a pile 9 a /ate ( excitem5t might n manife/ a disposition to place itself 9 ! magnetic m]idian2 b ! ess5tial condition _h be5 omitt$1 t ( all[+ ! pile to dis*>ge itself freely1 a condition :i* assur$ly nev] w\ld h occurr$ ( itself to any exp]im5t]4 ,( all ! philosoph]s :o _h speculat$ on ?is subject1 none _h s p]t9aci\sly adh]$ to ! idea ( a necess>y connection betwe5 ! ph5om5a z ,or/$4 ,baffl$ (t51 he return$ to ! attack2 & 8 p]sev]ance 0 at l5g? rew>d$ by ! complete disclosure ( ! wond]ful ph5om5a ( electro-magnetism4 ,!re is some?+ 9 ?is :i* rem9ds u ( ! ob/9ate adh]5ce ( ,columbus to 8 notion ( ! necess>y exi/5ce ( ! ,new ,_w2 & ! :ole hi/ory ( ?is beautiful discov]y may s]ve to tea* u reliance on ^? g5]al analogies & p>allels betwe5 great bran*es ( sci5ce by :i* "o /rongly rem9ds u ( ano!r1 ?\gh no direct connection appe>s2 z an indication n to be neglect$ ( a community ( orig94 7#cgg47 ,x is highly probable t we are /ill ignorant ( _m int]e/+ features 9 electrical sci5ce1 :i* ! /udy ( ! ,voltaic circuit w "o day disclose4 ,! viol5t me*anical effects produc$ by x on m]cury1 plac$ "u conduct+ liquids :i* h be5 ref]r$ by ,pr(essor ,erman to a modifi$ =m ( capill>y attraction1 b :i* a c>eful & ext5d$ view ( ! ph5om5a h l$ o!rs#eg to reg>d 9 a v diff]5t light1 z po9t+ out a prim>y action ( a dynamical r ?an a /atical "*1 des]ve1 9 ?is po9t ( view1 a fur!r inve/igation2 & ! curi\s relations ( electricity to heat1 z exhibit$ 9 ! ph5om5a ( :at has be5 call$ !rmo-electricity1 promise an ample supply ( new in=mation4 7#cgh47 ,among ! rem>kable effects ( electricity disclos$ by ! rese>*es ( ,galvani & ,volta1 p]haps ! mo/ s consi/$ 9 its influ5ce on ! n]v\s sy/em ( animals4 ,! orig9 ( muscul> motion is "o ( ^? pr(\nd my/]ies ( nature :i* we c sc>cely v5ture to hope w ev] be fully expla9$4 ,physiologi/s1 h[ev]1 _h long ent]ta9$ a g5]al conception ( ! conveyance ( "s subtle fluid or _s f ! bra9 to ! muscles ( animals along ! n]ves2 & ! discov]y ( ! rapid transmission ( electricity along conductors1 ) ! viol5t effects produc$ by %ocks1 transmitt$ ?r\gh ! body1 on ! n]v\s sy/em1 w\ld v naturally lead to ! idea t ?is n]v\s fluid1 if x _h any real exi/5ce1 might be no o!r ?an ! electrical4 ,b until ! discov]ies ( ,galvani & ,volta1 ?is c\ld only be look$ ^u z a vague conjecture4 ,! "* ( a v]a causa 0 want+ to give x any degree ( rational plausibility1 s9ce no reason c\ld be imag9$ = ! di/urbance ( ! electrical equilibrium 9 ! animal frame1 compos$ z x is entirely ( conductors1 or r1 x seem$ contr>y to ! !n kn[n laws ( electrical communication to suppose any su*4 ,yet "o /range & surpris+ ph5om5on might be adduc$ indicative ( ! possibility ( su* di/urbance1 viz4 ! p[]ful %ock giv5 by ! torp$o & o!r fi%es ( ! same k9d1 :i* pres5t$ s _m analogies ) ^? aris+ f electricity1 t !y c\ld h>dly be ref]r$ to a diff]5t s\rce1 ?\gh besides ! %ock nei!r sp>k nor any o!r indication ( electrical t5sion c\ld be detect$ 9 !m4 7#cgi47 ,! b5umb+ effect ( ! torp$o _h be5 asc]ta9$ to dep5d on c]ta9 s+ul>ly con/ruct$ organs compos$ ( membran\s columns1 fill$ f end to end ) lam91 sep>at$ f ea* o!r by a fluid3 b ( its mode ( action no satisfactory acc\nt c\ld be giv52 nor 0 !re any ?+ 9 its con/ruction1 & /ill less 9 ! nature ( its mat]ials1 to give ! lea/ gr\nd = suppos+ x an electrical app>atus4 ,b ! pile ( ,volta suppli$ at once ! analogies bo? ( /ructure & ( effect1 s z to leave little d\bt ( ! electrical nature ( ! app>atus1 or ( ! p[]1 a mo/ wond]ful "o c]ta9ly1 ( ! animal1 to det]m9e1 by an ef=t ( its w1 t concurr5ce ( conditions on :i* its activity dep5ds4 ,?is rema9$1 z x probably ev] w rema91 my/]i\s & inexplicable2 b ! pr9ciple once e/abli%$1 t !re exi/s 9 ! animal economy a p[] ( det]m9+ ! developem5t ( electric excitem5t1 capable ( be+ transmitt$ along ! n]ves1 & x be+ asc]ta9$1 by num]\s & decisive exp]im5ts1 t ! transmission ( ,voltaic electricity along ! n]ves ( ev5 a dead animal is suffici5t to produce ! mo/ viol5t muscul> action1 x became an easy /ep to ref] ! orig9 ( muscul> motion 9 ! liv+ frame to a simil> cause2 & to look to ! bra91 a wond]fully con/itut$ organ1 = :i* no mode ( action possess+ ! lea/ plausibility _h ev] be5 devis$1 z ! s\rce ( ! requir$ electrical p[]4#eh 7#chj47 ,x is n our int5tion1 h[ev]1 to ent] into any fur!r consid]ation ( physiological subjects4 ,!y =m1 x is true1 a mo/ important & deeply int]e/+ prov9ce ( philosophical enquiry2 b ! view t we h tak5 ( physical sci5ce has r be5 direct$ to ! /udy ( inanimate nature1 ?an to t ( ! my/]i\s ph5om5a ( organization & life1 :i* con/itute ! object ( physiology4 ,! hi/ory ( ! animal & vegetable productions ( ! globe1 z af=d+ objects & mat]ials = ! conv5i5ce & use ( man1 & z dep5d5t on & indicative ( ! g5]al laws :i* det]m9e ! di/ribution ( heat1 moi/ure1 & o!r natural ag5ts1 ov] its surface1 & ! revolutions x has und]gone1 are ( c\rse intimately connect$ ) our subject1 & w1 !re=e1 naturally af=d room = "s rem>ks1 b n su* z w long deta9 ! read]'s att5tion4 7#cha47 ,9 zoology1 ! connection ( peculi> modes ( life & food1 ) peculi>ities ( /ructure1 has giv5 rise to sy/ems ( classification at once obvi\s & natural2 & ! great progress :i* has be5 made 9 comp>ative anatomy has enabl$ u to trace a graduat$ scale ( organization almo/ ?r\gh ! :ole *a9 ( animal be+2 a scale n )\t its int]vals1 b :i* e successive discov]y ( animals h]et(ore unkn[n has t5d$ to fill up4 ,! wond]s disclos$ by microscopic obs]vation h op5$ to u a new _w1 9 :i* we discov]1 ) a/oni%m5t1 ! extremes ( m9ut5ess & complexity ( /ructure unit$2 :ile1 on ! o!r h&1 ! exam9ation ( ! fossil rema9s ( a =m] /ate ( creation has demon/rat$ ! exi/5ce ( animals f> surpass+ 9 magnitude ^? n[ liv+1 & br\ght to light _m =ms ( be+ :i* h no?+ analog\s to !m at pres5t1 & _m o!rs :i* af=d important connect+ l9ks betwe5 exi/+ g5]a4 ,&1 on ! o!r h&1 ! rese>*es ( ! comp>ative anatomi/ & con*ologi/ h ?r[n ! greate/ light on ! /udies ( ! geologi/1 & enabl$ him to disc]n1 ?r\gh ! obscure m$ium ( a few relics1 scatt]$ "h & !re ?r\gh a /ratum1 circum/ances connect$ ) ! =mation ( ! /ratum itself :i* he c\ld h recognis$ by no o!r indication4 ,?is is "o among _m /rik+ in/ances ( ! unexpect$ lights :i* sci5ces1 h[ev] app>5tly remote1 may ?r[ ^u ea* o!r4 7#chb47 ,to botany _m ( ! same rem>ks apply4 ,its artificial sy/ems ( classification1 h[ev] conv5i5t1 h n prev5t$ botani/s f endeav\r+ to gr\p toge!r ! objects ( _! sci5ce 9 natural classes hav+ a community ( "* m intimate ?an ^? :i* det]m9e _! place 9 ! ,l9nean or any simil> sy/em2 a community ( "* ext5d+ ov] ! :ole habit & prop]ties ( ! individuals comp>$4 ,! important *emical discov]ies :i* h be5 lately made ( peculi> proximate pr9ciples :i*1 9 an especial mann]1 *>act]ize c]ta9 families ( plants1 hold out ! prospect ( a greatly increas$ field ( int]e/+ k 9 ?is direction1 & n only int]e/+1 b 9 a high degree important1 :5 x is consid]$ t ! pr9ciples ?us br\ght into view are1 = ! mo/ "p1 v p[]ful m$ic9es1 & are1 9 fact1 ! ess5tial +r$i5ts on :i* ! m$ical virtues ( ! plants dep5d4 ,! law ( ! di/ribution ( ! g5]ic =ms ( plants ov] ! globe1 too1 has1 )9 a comp>atively rec5t p]iod1 become an object ( /udy to ! naturali/2 & its connection ) ! laws ( climate con/itutes "o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ & important bran*es ( natural-hi/orical enquiry1 & "o on :i* great light rema9s to be ?r[n by future rese>*es4 ,x is ?is :i* con/itutes ! *ief connect+ l9k betwe5 botany & geology1 & r5d]s a k ( ! vegetable fossils1 ( any portion ( ! e>?'s surface1 indisp5sable to ! =mation ( a correct judgm5t ( ! circum/ances "u :i* x exi/$ 9 its anci5t /ate4 ,fossil botany is accord+ly cultivat$ ) great & increas+ ard\r2 & ! subt]rane\s 8,flora0 ( a geological =mation is1 9 _m in/ances1 /udi$ ) a degree ( c>e & precision little inf]ior to t :i* its surface exhibits4 ,,*ap4 ,,vi4 ,,( ,,! ,,causes ,,( ,,! ,,actual ,,rapid ,,advance ,,( ,,! ,,physical ,,sci5ces ,,comp>$ ,,) ,,_! ,,progress ,,at ,,an ,,e>li] ,,p]iod4 7#chc47 ,!re is no m extraord9>y contra/ ?an t pres5t$ by ! sl[ progress ( ! physical sci5ces1 f ! e>lie/ ages ( ! _w to ! close ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 & ! rapid developem5t !y h s9ce exp]i5c$4 ,9 ! =m] p]iod ( _! hi/ory1 we f9d only small additions to ! /ock ( k1 made at long int]vals ( "t2 dur+ :i* a total indiff]5ce on ! "p ( ! mass ( mank9d to ! /udy ( nature op]at$ to effect an almo/ complete oblivion ( =m] discov]ies1 or1 at be/1 p]mitt$ !m to l+] on record1 r z lit]>y curiosities1 ?an z possess+1 9 !mselves1 any intr9sic int]e/ & importance4 ,a few enquir+ individuals1 f age to age1 might p]ceive _! value1 & might feel t irrepressible ?ir/ aft] k :i*1 9 m9ds ( ! highe/ ord]1 supplies ! abs5ce bo? ( ext]nal /imulus & opportunity4 ,b ! total want ( a "r direction giv5 to enquiry1 & ( a cle> p]ception ( ! objects to be aim$ at1 & ! advantages to be ga9$ by sy/ematic & connect$ rese>*1 toge!r ) ! g5]al apa?y ( society to speculations remote f ! ord9>y affairs ( life1 & /udi\sly kept involv$ 9 le>n$ my/]y1 effectually prev5t$ ^! occasional impulses f ov]com+ ! in]tia ( ignorance1 & impress+ any regul> & /eady progress on sci5ce4 ,its objects1 inde$1 7 conf9$ 9 a region too sublime = vulg> compreh5sion4 ,an e>?quake1 a comet1 or a fi]y meteor1 w\ld n[ & !n call ! att5tion ( ! :ole _w1 & produce f all qu>t]s a pl5tiful supply ( crude & fanciful conjectures on _! causes2 b x 0 nev] suppos$ t sci5ces c\ld exi/ among common objects1 h a place among me*anical arts1 or f9d wor?y matt] ( speculation 9 ! m9e or ! laboratory4 ,yet x _c be suppos$1 t all ! indications ( nature cont9ually pass$ unrem>k$1 or t mu* good obs]vation & %rewd reason+ on x fail$ to p]i% unrecord$1 be=e ! inv5tion ( pr9t+ enabl$ e "o to make 8 ideas kn[n to all ! _w4 ,! mom5t ?is took place1 h[ev]1 ! sp>ks ( in=mation f "t to "t /ruck out1 in/ead ( glimm]+ = a mom5t1 & dy+ away 9 oblivion1 began to accumulate into a g5ial gl[1 & ! flame 0 at l5g? k9dl$ :i* 0 spe$ily to acquire ! /r5g? & rapid spread ( a conflagration4 ,! univ]sal excitem5t 9 ! m9ds ( m5 ?r\gh\t ,europe1 :i* ! fir/ out-break ( mod]n sci5ce produc$1 has be5 already spok5 (4 ,b ev5 ! mo/ sangu9e anticipators c\ld sc>cely h look$ =w>d to t /eady1 un9t]mitt$ progress :i* x has s9ce ma9ta9$1 nor to t rapid succession ( great discov]ies :i* has kept up ! int]e/ ( ! fir/ impulse /ill vigor\s & undim9i%$4 ,x may truly1 inde$1 be said1 t !re is sc>cely a s+le bran* ( physical enquiry :i* is ei!r /ation>y1 or :i* has n be51 = _m ye>s pa/1 9 a con/ant /ate ( advance1 & 9 :i* ! progress is n1 at ?is mom5t1 go+ on ) accel]at$ rapidity4 7#chd47 ,among ! causes ( ?is happy & desirable /ate ( ?+s1 no d\bt we are to look1 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 to t great increase 9 weal? & civilization :i* has at once af=d$ ! necess>y leisure & diffus$ ! ta/e = intellectual pursuits among numb]s ( mank9d1 :i* h long be5 & /ill cont9ue /eadily progressive 9 e pr9cipal ,european /ate1 & :i* ! increase & fre% e/abli%m5t ( civiliz$ communities 9 e di/ant region are rapidly spread+ ov] ! :ole globe4 ,x is n1 h[ev]1 m]ely ! increas$ numb] ( cultivators ( sci5ce1 b _! enl>g$ opportunities1 t we h "h to consid]1 :i*1 9 all ^? num]\s dep>tm5ts ( natural rese>* t require local in=mation1 is 9 fact ! mo/ important consid]ation ( all4 ,to ?is cause we mu/ trace ! great ext5sion :i* has ( late ye>s be5 conf]r$ on e bran* ( natural hi/ory1 & ! imm5se contributions :i* h be5 made1 & are daily mak+1 to ! dep>tm5ts ( zoology & botany1 9 all _! ramifications4 ,x is obvi\s1 too1 t all ! in=mation t c possibly be procur$1 & report$1 by ! mo/ enlight5$ & active travell]s1 mu/ fall inf9itely %ort ( :at is to be obta9$ by individuals actually resid5t ^u ! spot4 ,travell]s1 inde$1 may make collections1 may snat* a few ha/y obs]vations1 may note1 = in/ance1 ! di/ribution ( geological =mations 9 a few deta*$ po9ts1 & n[ & !n witness rem>kable local ph5om5a2 b ! resid5t alone c make cont9u$ s]ies ( regul> obs]vations1 su* z ! sci5tific det]m9ation ( climates1 tides1 magnetic v>iations1 & innum]able o!r objects ( t k9d1 requires2 c alone m>k all ! details ( geological /ructure1 & ref] ea* /ratum1 by a c>eful & long cont9u$ obs]vation ( its fossil cont5ts1 to its true epo*2 c alone note ! habits ( ! animals ( 8 c\ntry1 & ! limits ( its vegetation1 or obta9 a satisfactory k ( its m9]al cont5ts1 ) a ?\s& o!r p>ticul>s ess5tial to t complete acqua9tance ) our globe z a :ole1 :i* is beg9n+ to be und]/ood by ! ext5sive designation ( physical geography4 ,besides :i*1 ought n to be omitt$ multipli$ opportunities ( obs]v+ & record+ ^? extraord9>y ph5om5a ( nature :i* (f] an int5se int]e/1 f ! r>ity ( _! occurr5ce z well z ! in/ruction !y are calculat$ to af=d4 ,to :at1 !n1 may we n look =w>d1 :5 a _s ( sci5tific enquiry %all h spread ?r\gh ^? va/ regions 9 :i* ! process ( civilization1 its sure precursor1 is actually comm5c$ & 9 active progress8 ,& :at may we n expect f ! ex]tions ( p[]ful m9ds call$ into action "u circum/ances totally diff]5t f any :i* h yet exi/$ 9 ! _w1 & ov] an ext5t ( t]ritory f> surpass+ t :i* has hi!rto produc$ ! :ole h>ve/ ( human intellect8 ,9 proportion z ! numb] ( ^? :o are engag$ on ea* dep>tm5t ( physical enquiry increases1 & ! geographical ext5t ov] :i* !y are spread is enl>g$1 a proportionately increas$ facility ( communication & int]*ange ( k becomes ess5tial to ! prosecution ( _! rese>*es ) full advantage4 ,n only is ?is desirable1 to prev5t a numb] ( individuals f mak+ ! same discov]ies at ! same mom5t1 :i* 7besides ! wa/e ( valuable "t7 has always be5 a f]tile s\rce ( jeal\sies & misund]/&+s1 by :i* great evils h be5 entail$ on sci5ce2 b because me?ods ( obs]vation are cont9ually und]go+ new improvem5ts1 or acquir+ new facilities1 a k ( :i*1 x is = ! g5]al int]e/ ( sci5ce1 %\ld be diffus$ z widely & z rapidly z possible4 ,by ?is means1 too1 a s5se ( common int]e/1 ( mutual assi/ance1 & a feel+ ( sympa?y 9 a common pursuit1 are g5]at$1 :i* proves a p[]ful /imulus to ex]tion2 &1 on ! o!r h&1 means are !reby af=d$ ( detect+ & po9t+ out mi/akes be=e x is too late = _! rectification4 7#che47 ,p]haps x may be truly rem>k$1 t1 next to ! e/abli%m5t ( in/itutions hav+ ei!r ! promotion ( sci5ce 9 g5]al1 or1 :at is /ill m practically efficaci\s 9 its pres5t advanc$ /ate1 t ( p>ticul> dep>tm5ts ( physical enquiry1 = _! express objects1 no?+ has ex]cis$ s p[]ful an influ5ce on ! progress ( mod]n sci5ce z ! publication ( mon?ly & qu>t]ly sci5tific j\rnals1 ( :i* !re is n[ sc>cely a nation 9 ,europe :i* does n produce sev]al4 ,! quick & univ]sal circulation ( ^!1 places obs]v]s ( all c\ntries on ! same level ( p]fect intimacy ) ea* o!r's objects & me?ods1 :ile ! ab/racts !y f "t to "t 7if well conduct$7 conta9 ( ! mo/ important rese>*es ( ! day consign$ to ! m pond]\s tomes ( academical collections1 s]ve to direct ! c\rse ( g5]al obs]vation1 z well z to hold out1 9 ! mo/ conspicu\s mann]1 models = emulative imitation4 ,9 look+ =w>d to :at may h]eaft] be expect$ f ?is cause ( improvem5t1 we are n to =get ! p[]ful effect :i* mu/ 9 future be produc$ by ! spread ( elem5t>y works & dige/s ( :at is actually kn[n 9 ea* p>ticul> bran* ( sci5ce4 ,no?+ c be m disc\rag+ to "o engag$ 9 active rese>*1 ?an ! impression t all he is do+ may1 v likely1 be lab\r tak5 9 va92 t x may1 p]haps1 h be5 already done1 & mu* bett] done1 ?an1 ) 8 opportunities1 or 8 res\rces1 he c hope to p]=m x2 &1 on ! o!r h&1 no?+ c be m excit+ ?an ! contr>y impression4 ,?us1 by giv+ a connect$ view ( :at has be5 done1 & :at rema9s to be accompli%$ 9 e bran*1 ^? dige/s & bodies ( sci5ce1 :i* f "t to "t appe>1 h1 9 fact1 a v important weight 9 det]m9+ its future progress1 q indep5d5t ( ! quantity ( in=mation !y communicate4 ,) respect to elem5t>y treatises1 x is ne$less to po9t out _! utility1 or to dwell on ! influ5ce :i* _! actual abundance1 contra/$ ) _! pa/ rem>kable defici5cy1 is likely to ex]cise ov] ! future4 ,x is only by cond5s+1 simplify+1 & arrang+1 9 ! mo/ lucid possible mann]1 ! acquir$ k ( pa/ g5]ations1 t ^? to come c be enabl$ to avail !mselves to ! full ( ! advanc$ po9t f :i* !y w />t4 7#chf47 ,"o ( ! means by :i* an advanc$ /ate ( physical sci5ce contributes greatly to accel]ate & secure its fur!r progress1 is ! exact k acquir$ ( physical data1 or ^? normal quantities :i* we h m ?an once spok5 ( 9 ! prec$+ pages 7#bbb472 a k :i* enables u n only to appretiate ! accuracy ( exp]im5ts1 b ev5 to correct _! results4 ,z !re is no sur] crit]ion ( ! /ate ( sci5ce 9 any age ?an ! degree ( c>e be/[$1 & disc]nm5t exhibit$1 9 ! *oice ( su* data1 s z to af=d ! simple/ possible gr\nds = ! application ( !ories1 & ! degree ( accuracy atta9$ 9 _! det]m9ation1 s !re is sc>cely any ?+ by :i* sci5ce c be m truly b5efit$ ?an by rese>*es direct$ expressly to ?is object1 & to ! con/ruction ( tables exhibit+ ! true num]ical relations ( ! elem5ts ( !ories1 & ! actual /ate ( nature1 9 all its diff]5t bran*es4 ,x is only by su* det]m9ations t we c asc]ta9 :at *anges are sl[ly & imp]ceptibly tak+ place 9 ! exi/+ ord] ( ?+s2 & ! m accurate !y are1 ! soon] w ?is k be acquir$4 ,:at might we n n[ h kn[n ( ! motions ( ! 7s-call$7 fix$ />s1 _h ! anci5ts possess$ ! means ( obs]vation we n[ possess1 & employ$ !m z we employ !m n[8 7#chg47 ,9 any enum]ation ( causes :i* h contribut$ to ! rec5t rapid advancem5t ( sci5ce1 we mu/ n =get ! v important "o ( improv$ & con/antly improv+ means ( obs]vation1 bo? 9 in/rum5ts adapt$ = ! exact measurem5t ( quantity1 & 9 ! g5]al conv5i5ce & well-judg$ adaptation to its purposes1 ( e description ( sci5tific app>atus4 ,9 ! actual /ate ( sci5ce !re are few obs]vations :i* c be productive ( any great advantage b su* z af=d accurate measurem5t2 & an increas$ ref9em5t 9 ?is respect is con/antly call$ =4 ,! degree ( delicacy actually atta9$1 we w n say 9 ! mo/ elaborate works ( ! highe/ art1 b 9 su* ord9>y app>atus z e obs]v] may n[ comm&1 is su* z c\ld n h be5 arriv$ at unless 9 a /ate ( ! me*anical arts1 :i* 9 its turn 7su* is ! mutual re-action ( cause & effect7 requires = its exi/5ce a v advanc$ /ate ( sci5ce4 ,:at an important influ5ce may be ex]cis$ ov] ! progress ( a s+le bran* ( sci5ce by ! inv5tion ( a ready & conv5i5t mode ( execut+ a def9ite measurem5t1 & ! con/ruction & common introduction ( an in/rum5t adapt$ = x _c be bett] exemplifi$ ?an by ! in/ance ( ! reflect+ goniomet]4 ,?is simple1 *eap1 & portable little in/rum5t1 has *ang$ ! face ( m9]alogy1 & giv5 x all ! *>act]s ( "o ( ! exact sci5ces4 7#chh47 ,our means ( p]ceiv+ & measur+ m9ute quantities1 9 ! important relations ( weight1 space1 & "t1 seem already to h be5 c>ri$ to a po9t :i* x is h>dly conceivable !y %\ld surpass4 ,balances h be5 con/ruct$ :i* h r5d]$ s5sible ! million? "p ( ! :ole quantity weigh$2 & to turn ) ! ?\s&? "p ( a gra9 is ! p]=mance ( balances pret5d+ to no v extraord9>y degree ( m]it4 ,! elegant inv5tion ( ! sphromet]1 by sub/itut+ ! s5se ( t\* = t ( sight 9 ! measurem5t ( m9ute objects1 p]mits ! det]m9ation ( _! dim5sions ) a degree ( precision :i* is fully adequate to ! nice/ purposes ( sci5tific enquiry4 ,by its aid an in* may be readily subdivid$ into t5 or ev5 tw5ty ?\s& p>ts2 & ! lev] ( contact1 an in/rum5t 9 use among ! ,g]man opticians1 enables u to appretiate quantities ( space ev5 yet small]4 ,= ! subdivision ( "t1 too1 ! p]fection ( mod]n me*anism has furni%$ res\rces :i* leave v little to be desir$4 ,by ! aid ( clocks & *ronomet]s1 z !y are n[ con/ruct$1 a few t5?s ( a second is all ! error t ne$ be appreh5d$ 9 ! subdivision ( a day2 & = ! fur!r subdivision ( small] portions ( "t1 in/rum5ts h be5 imag9$ :i* admit ( almo/ unlimit$ precision1 & p]mit u to appreciate int]vals to ! nicety ( ! hundr$?1 or ev5 ! ?\s&? "p ( a s+le second4#ei ,:5 ! precision atta9able by su* means is contra/$ ) :at c\ld be procur$ a few g5]ations ago1 by ! rude & clumsy workman%ip ( ev5 ! e>ly "p ( ! la/ c5tury1 x w be no matt] ( a/oni%m5t t ! sci5ces :i* dep5d on exact measurem5ts %\ld h made a proportional progress4 ,nor w any degree ( nicety 9 physical det]m9ations appe> beyond our rea*1 if we consid] ! inexhau/ible res\rces :i* sci5ce itself furni%es1 9 r5d]+ ! quantities actually to be det]m9$ by measure great multiples ( ! elem5ts requir$ = ! purposes ( !ory1 s z to dim9i% 9 ! same proportion ! influ5ce ( any errors :i* may be committ$ on ! f9al results4 7#chi47 ,great1 inde$1 z h be5 ( late ! improvem5ts 9 ! con/ruction ( in/rum5ts1 bo? z to :at reg>ds conv5i5ce & accuracy1 x is to ! discov]y ( improv$ me?ods ( obs]vation t ! *ief progress ( ^? p>ts ( sci5ce :i* dep5d on exact det]m9ations is ow+4 ,! balance ( torsion1 ! +5i\s inv5tion ( ,cav5di% & ,c\lomb1 may be cit$ z an example ( :at we mean4 ,by its aid we are enabl$ n m]ely to r5d] s5sible1 b to subject to precise measurem5t & subdivision1 degrees ( =ce inf9itely too feeble to affect ! nice/ balance ( ! usual con/ruction1 ev5 7 x possible to br+ !m to act on x4 ,! galvanomet]1 too1 af=ds ano!r example ( ! same k9d1 9 an in/rum5t ^: range ( utility lies among electric =ces :i* we h no o!r means ( r5d]+ s5sible1 mu* less ( e/imat+ ) exactness4 ,9 det]m9ations ( quantities less m9ute 9 !mselves1 ! me?ods devis$ by ,messrs4 ,arago & ,fresnel1 = ! measurem5t ( ! refractive p[]s ( transp>5t m$ia by means ( ! ph5om5on ( diffraction1 may be cit$ z af=d+ a degree ( precision limit$ only by ! wi%es ( ! obs]v]1 & ! "t & pati5ce he is will+ to devote to 8 obs]vation4 ,& 9 respect ( ! direction ( obs]vations to po9ts f :i* real in=mation is to be obta9$1 & positive conclusions drawn1 ! hygromet] ( ,daniell may be cit$ z an elegant example ( ! introduction into g5]al use ( an in/rum5t sub/itut+ an indication f\nd$ on /rict pr9ciples = "o p]fectly arbitr>y4 7#cij47 ,9 speculat+ on ! future prospects ( physical sci5ce1 we %\ld n be ju/ifi$ 9 leav+ out ( consid]ation ! probability1 or r c]ta9ty1 ( ! occasional occurr5ce ( ^? happy accid5ts :i* h _h s p[]ful an influ5ce on ! pa/2 occasions1 :]e a =tunate comb9ation opportunely notic$ may admit u 9 an in/ant to ! k ( pr9ciples ( :i* no suspicion might occur b = "s su* casual notice4 ,boyle has entitl$ "o ( 8 essays ?us rem>kably1--8,( ,man's great ,ignorance ( ! ,uses ( natural ,?+s2 or t !re is no "o ,?+ 9 ,nature :]e( ! ,uses to human ,life are yet ?or\ghly und]/ood40#fj ,! :ole hi/ory ( ! arts s9ce ,boyle's "t has be5 "o cont9u$ comm5t on ?is text2 & if we reg>d among ! uses ( ! works ( nature1 t1 assur$ly ! noble/ ( all1 :i* leads u to a k ( ! ,au?or ( nature ?r\gh ! contemplation ( ! wond]ful means by :i* he has wr\ght out 8 purposes 9 8 works1 ! sci5ces h n be5 beh9d h& 9 af=d+ _! te/imony to its tru?4 ,nor are we to suppose t ! field is 9 ! slighte/ degree n>r[$1 or ! *ances 9 fav\r ( su* =tunate discov]ies at all decreas$1 by ^? :i* h already tak5 place3 on ! contr>y1 !y h be5 incalculably ext5d$4 ,x is true t ! ord9>y ph5om5a :i* pass be=e our eyes h be5 m9utely exam9$1 & ^? m /rik+ & obvi\s pr9ciples :i* occur to sup]ficial obs]vation h be5 notic$ & embodi$ 9 our sy/ems ( sci5ce2 b1 n to m5tion t by f> ! great] "p ( natural ph5om5a rema9 yet unexpla9$1 e new discov]y 9 sci5ce br+s into view :ole classes ( facts :i* w\ld nev] o!rwise h fall5 "u our notice at all1 & e/abli%es relations :i* af=d to ! philosophic m9d a con/antly ext5d+ field ( speculation1 9 rang+ ov] :i* x is next to impossible t he %\ld n enc\nt] new & unexpect$ pr9ciples4 ,h[ inf9itely great]1 = in/ance1 are ! m]e *ances ( discov]y 9 *emi/ry among ! innum]able comb9ations ) :i* ! mod]n *emi/ is famili>1 ?an at a p]iod :5 two or ?ree imag9>y elem5ts1 & "s t5 or tw5ty sub/ances1 ^: prop]ties 7 kn[n ) an approa* to di/9ctness1 =m$ ! n>r[ circle )9 :i* 8 ideas _h to revolve8 ,h[ _m are ! in/ances :]e a new sub/ance1 or a new prop]ty1 introduc$ into famili> use1 by be+ ?us br\ght into relation ) all our actual elem5ts ( k1 has become ! means ( develop+ prop]ties & pr9ciples among ! mo/ common objects1 :i* c\ld nev] h o!rwise be5 discov]$8 ,_h n plat9a 7to take an in/ance7 be5 an object ( ! mo/ ord9>y occurr5ce 9 a laboratory1 w\ld a suspicion h ev] occurr$ t a lamp c\ld be con/ruct$ to burn )\t flame2 & %\ld we h ev] arriv$ at a k ( ^? curi\s ph5om5a & products ( semi-combu/ion :i* ?is beautiful exp]im5t discloses8 7#cia47 ,f9ally1 :5 we look back on :at has be5 accompli%$ 9 sci5ce1 & comp>e x ) :at rema9s to be done1 x is h>dly possible to avoid be+ /rongly impress$ ) ! idea t we h be5 & are /ill execut+ ! lab\r by :i* succe$+ g5]ations are to pr(it4#fa ,9 a few in/ances only h we arriv$ at ^? g5]al axiomatic laws :i* admit ( direct d$uctive inf]5ce1 & place ! solutions ( physical ph5om5a be=e u z s _m problems1 ^: pr9ciples ( solution we fully possess1 & :i* require no?+ b acut5ess ( reason+ to pursue ev5 into _! f>!/ recesses4 ,9 few] /ill h we rea*$ t comm& ( ab/ract reason+ itself :i* is necess>y = ! accompli%m5t ( s ardu\s a task4 ,sci5ce1 !re=e1 9 relation to our faculties1 /ill rema9s b\ndless & unexplor$1 &1 aft] ! lapse ( a c5tury & a half f ! ra ( ,newton's discov]ies1 dur+ :i* e dep>tm5t ( x has be5 cultivat$ ) a zeal & en]gy :i* h assur$ly met _! full return1 we rema9 9 ! situation 9 :i* he figur$ himself1--/&+ on ! %ore ( a wide ocean1 f ^: bea* we may h cull$ "s ( ^? innum]able beautiful productions x ca/s up ) lavi% prodigality1 b ^: acquisition c be reg>d$ z no dim9ution ( ! treasures t rema94 7#cib47 ,b ?is consid]ation1 s f> f repress+ our ef=ts1 or r5d]+ u hopeless ( atta9+ any ?+ intr9sically great1 ought r to excite u to fre% ent]prise1 by ! prospect ( assur$ & ample recomp5se f t inexhau/ible /ore :i* only awaits our cont9u$ endeav\rs4 8,x is no detraction f human capacity to suppose x incapable ( inf9ite ex]tion1 or ( exhau/+ an inf9ite subject40#fb ,9 :atev] /ate ( k we may conceive man to be plac$1 8 progress t[>ds a yet high] /ate ne$ nev] fe> a *eck1 b mu/ cont9ue till ! la/ exi/5ce ( society4 7#cic47 ,x is 9 ?is respect an advantage\s view ( sci5ce1 :i* ref]s all its advances to ! discov]y ( g5]al laws1 & to ! inclusion ( :at is already kn[n 9 g5]alizations ( /ill high] ord]s2 inasmu* z ?is view ( ! subject repres5ts x1 z x really is1 ess5tially incomplete1 & incapable ( be+ fully embodi$ 9 any sy/em1 or embrac$ by any s+le m9d4 ,yet x mu/ be recollect$ t1 s f> z our exp]i5ce has hi!rto gone1 e advance t[>ds g5]ality has at ! same "t be5 a /ep t[>ds simplification4 ,x is only :5 we are w&]+ & lo/ 9 ! mazes ( p>ticul>s1 or entangl$ 9 fruitless attempts to "w our way d[nw>ds 9 ! ?orny pa?s ( applications1 to :i* our reason+ p[]s are incompet5t1 t nature appe>s complicat$3--! mom5t we contemplate x z x is1 & atta9 a position f :i* we c take a comm&+ view1 ?\gh b ( a small "p ( its plan1 we nev] fail to recognise t sublime simplicity on :i* ! m9d re/s satisfi$ t x has atta9$ ! tru?4 ,,index4 ,ac\/ics cultivat$ by ,py?agoras & ,ari/otle1 page #bdh4 p9us1 8 laws ( equilibrium ( electricity1 #ccb4 ,ari=m fluids1 liquids kept 9 a /ate ( vap\r1 #cba4 ,agricola1 ,george1 8 k ( m9]alogy & metallurgy1 #aab4 ,air1 compressibility & ela/icity (2 limitation to ! repulsive t5d5cy (1 #bbf4 ,weight (1 unkn[n to ! anci5ts1 #bbh4 ,fir/ p]ceiv$ by ,galileo1 #bbh4 ,prov$ by a crucial in/ance1 #bbi4 ,equilibrium (1 e/abli%$1 #bca4 ,dilatation (1 by heat1 #cai4 ,air-pump1 discov]y (1 #bcj4 ,airy1 8 exp]im5ts 9 ,dolcoa? m9e1 #ahg4 ,al*emi/s1 advantages d]iv$ f1 #aa4 ,algebra1 #ai4 ,amp]e1 8 electro-dynamic !ory1 #bjb4 ,utility (1 #bjc1 #cbd4 ,analysis ( =ce1 #hf4 ,( motion1 #hg4 ,( complex ph5om5a1 #hh4 ,anaxagoras1 philosophy (1 #ajg4 ,animal electricity1 #ccg4 ,arago1 ,m41 8 exp]im5t ) a magnetic ne$le & a plate ( copp]1 #aeg4 ,ar*im$es1 8 practical application ( sci5ce1 #gb4 ,8 k ( hydro/atics1 #bca4 ,arfw$son1 8 discov]y ( li?ia1 #aeh4 ,ari/otle1 8 k ( natural hi/ory1 #aji4 ,8 works condemn$1 & subsequ5tly /udi$ ) avidity1 #aaa4 ,8 philosophy ov]turn$ by ! discov]ies ( ,cop]nicus1 ,kepl]1 & ,galileo1 #aac4 ,ari?metic1 #ai4 ,art1 empirical & sci5tific1 diff]5ces betwe51 #ga4 ,rem>ks on ! language1 t]ms1 or signs1 us$ 9 treat+ ( x1 #gj4 ,assurances1 life1 utility & abuses (1 #eh4 ,a/ronomy1 cause ( ! sl[ progress ( our k (1 #gh4 ,!ory & practical obs]vations di/9ct 91 #acb4 ,an ext5sive acqua9tance ) sci5ce & e bran* ( k necess>y to make a p]fect obs]v] 91 #acb4 ,five prim>y planets add$ to our sy/em1 #bgd4 ,positions1 figures1 & dim5sions ( all ! planet>y orbits n[ well kn[n1 #bge4 ,atomic !ory1 #cje4 ,advantage (1 #cjf4 ,atomic weights ( *emical elem5ts1 #cjf4 ,attraction1 capill>y1 or capill>ity1 inve/igat$ by ,laplace & ,"y1 #bcd4 ,bacon1 celebrat$ 9 ,engl& = 8 k ( sci5ce1 #gb4 ,b5efits conf]r$ on ,natural ,philosophy by him1 #ajd4 ,8 ,novum ,organum1 #aje4 ,8 re=m 9 philosophy proves ! p>am\nt importance ( induction1 #aad4 ,8 pr]ogative ( facts1 #aha4 ,illu/rat$ by ! fracture ( a cry/alliz$ sub/ance1 #ahc4 ,8 collective in/ances1 #ahd4 ,importance (1 #ahe4 ,8 exp]im5t on ! weight ( bodies1 #ahf4 ,travell+ in/ances (1 fronti] in/ances (1 #ahh4 ,8 diff]5ce betwe5 liquids & ari=m fluids1 #bcc4 ,b>tol91 ,erasmus1 fir/ discov]s ! ph5om5a exhibit$ by d\bly refract+ cry/als1 #bed4 ,bec*]1 phlogi/ic doctr9es (1 #cjj4 ,b]gmann1 8 advancem5t 9 cry/allography1 #bci4 ,b]n\lli1 exp]im5ts (1 9 hydrodynamical sci5ce1 #aha4 ,biot1 8 hypo!sis ( a rotatory motion ( ! p>ticles ( light ab\t _! axes1 #bfb4 ,black1 ,dr41 8 discov]y ( lat5t heat1 #cbb4 ,bode1 8 curi\s law obs]v$ 9 ! progression ( ! magnitudes ( ! sev]al planet>y orbits1 #cjh4 ,bodies1 natural con/itution (1 #bba4 ,division (1 into cry/alliz$ & uncry/alliz$1 #bdb4 ,bones1 dry1 a magaz9e ( nutrim5t1 #fe4 ,borda1 8 inv5tion = subdivision1 #abh4 ,botany1 g5]al utility (1 #cde4 ,boyle1 ,rob]t1 8 en?usiasm 9 ! pursuit ( sci5ce1 #aae4 ,8 improvem5t on ! air-pump1 #bcj4 ,bra91 hypo!sis ( its be+ an electric pile1 #cdc4 ,bramah's press1 pr9ciple & utility (1 #bcc4 ,brew/]1 ,dr41 8 improvem5t on l5ses = ligh?\ses1 #ef4 ,8 rese>*es prove t ! ph5om5a exhibit$ by pol>iz$ light1 9 its transmission ?r\gh cry/als1 af=d a c]ta9 indication ( ! mo/ important po9ts relat+ to ! /ructure ( cry/als !mselves1 #bfc4 ,cabot1 ,seba/ian1 8 discov]y ( ! v>iation ( ! ne$le1 #cbg4 ,cagn>d1 ,b>on de la ,t\r1 utility ( 8 exp]im5ts1 #bcd4 ,causes & consequ5ces directors ( ! w ( man1 #f4 ,causes1 proximate1 discov]y (1 call$ by ,newton v] caus1 #add4 ,cele/ial me*anics1 #bfe4 ,*aldean records1 #bfe4 ,*emi/ry furni%es causes ( sudd5 action1 also fulm9at+ compositions1 #fb4 ,analogy ( ! complex ph5om5a (1 ) ^? ( physics1 #ib4 ,b5efits aris+ f ! analysis (1 #id4 ,axioms (1 analog\s to ^? ( geometry1 #ie4 ,_m ( ! new elem5ts (1 detect$ 9 ! inve/igation ( residual ph5om5a1 #aeh4 ,! mo/ g5]al law (1 #bji4 ,illu/ration (1 #baj4 ,betwe5 fifty & sixty elem5ts 91 #baa4 ,objects (1 #bif4 ,g5]al heads ( ! pr9cipal improvem5ts 91 #cjb4 ,rem>ks on ^? g5]al heads1 #cjd4 ,*emi/ry1 ,/ahlian1 cause ( ! mi/akes & confusions (1 #abc4 ,*ladni1 exp]im5ts (1 9 dynamical sci5ce1 #aha4 ,*lor9e1 dis9fectant p[]s (1 #ef4 ,cl>ke1 ,dr41 8 exp]im5ts on ! ars5iate & phosphate ( soda1 #agj4 ,8 success 9 produc+ a new phosphate ( soda1 #aga4 ,climate1 *ange (1 9 l>ge tracts ( ! globe1 alleg$ cause (1 #ade4 ,coals1 p[] ( a bu%el (1 prop]ly consum$1 #ei4 ,quantity consum$ 9 ,london1 #fj4 ,cohesion1 an ultimate ph5om5on1 #ij4 ,cold1 qualities (1 #cah4 ,compass1 m>9]'s1 #ee4 ,cond5sation1 a s\rce ( heat1 #cac4 ,conduction ( heat1 laws (1 #bje4 ,cop]nicus1 effect ( 8 discov]ies on ! ,ari/otelian philosophy1 #aac4 ,objections to 8 a/ronomical doctr9es1 #bfi4 ,cry/allography1 laws (1 #abc1 #bci4 ,a det]m9ate figure suppos$ to be common to all ! p>ticles ( a cry/al1 #bdb4 ,d',alemb]t1 8 improvem5ts 9 hydrodynamics1 #bcf4 ,dalton1 8 ann\ncem5t ( ! atomic !ory1 #cje4 ,8 exam9ation ( gases & vap\rs1 #cai4 ,davy1 ,sir ,h41 br+s ! voltaic pile to be> ^u ! e>?s & alkalies1 #cci4 ,d$uction1 utility (1 #agd4 ,de l',isle1 ,rom1 8 /udy ( cry/all9e bodies1 #bci4 ,dew1 causes (1 inve/igat$1 #aei4 ,effects (1 on diff]5t sub/ances1 #afj4 ,objects capable ( contract+ x1 #afa4 ,a cl\dless sky fav\rable to its production1 #afb4 ,g5]al proximate cause (1 #afc4 ,drummond1 lieut5ant1 8 improvem5t on l5ses = lamps ( ligh?\ses1 #ef4 ,dynamics1 importance (1 #if1 #bbc4 ,e>?1 ! orbit (1--dim9ution ( its ecc5tricity r\nd ! sun1 #adg4 ,economy1 political1 #gc4 ,egypt1 great pyramid (1 height1 weight1 & gr\nd occupi$ by x1 #fj4 ,accuracy ( ! a/ronomical records (1 #bfe4 ,ela/icity1 an ultimate ph5om5on1 #ij4 ,electricity may be ! cause ( magnetism1 #ic4 ,univ]sality (1 #cbi4 ,effects (1 #ccj4 ,activity (1 #cca4 ,equilibrium (1 #ccb4 ,productive ( *emical decomposition1 #cch4 ,empirical laws1 #agh4 ,evils result+ f1 #agi4 ,encke1 pr(essor1 8 pr$iction ( ! return ( ! comet s _m times 9 succession1 #aef4 ,englefield1 sir ,h41 8 analysis ( a sol> beam1 #cad4 ,equilibrium ma9ta9$ by =ce1 #bbb4 ,erman1 pr(essor1 8 op9ion ( ! effects ( ! voltaic circuit1 #cdj4 ,eul]1 8 improvem5t on ,newton's !ory ( s\nd1 #bdg4 ,exp]i5ce1 s\rce ( our k ( nature's laws1 #gf4 ,exp]im5t1 a means ( acquir+ exp]i5ce1 #gf4 ,utility (1 #aea4 ,facts1 ! obs]vation (1 #aah4 ,faujas de ,/4 ,fond1 imag9>y crat]s (1 #aca4 ,fluids1 laws ( ! motion (1 #aha4 ,compressibility (1 #bbe4 ,consid]ation ( ! motions (1 m complicat$ ?an t ( equilibrium1 #bce4 ,=ce1 analysis (1 #hf4 ,! cause ( motion1 #adi4 ,ph5om5a (1 #bba4 ,molecul> =ces1 #bde4 ,f\ri]1 b>on1 8 op9ion t ! cele/ial regions h a temp]ature1 indep5d5t ( ! sun1 n greatly inf]ior to t at :i* quicksilv] congeals1 #aeg4 ,8 analysis ( ! laws ( conduction & radiation ( heat1 #cag4 ,frankl91 ,dr41 8 exp]im5ts on electricity1 #ccb4 ,fresnel1 ,m41 8 ma!matical explanation ( ! ph5om5a ( d\ble refraction1 #cb4 ,8 improvem5t on l5ses = lamps ( ligh?\ses1 #ef4 ,8 op9ions on ! nature ( light1 #bjg4 ,8 exp]im5ts on ! int]f]5ce ( pol>iz$ light1 #bfa4 ,8 !ory ( pol>ization1 #bfb4 ,friction1 a s\rce ( heat1 #cac4 ,galileo1 celebrity (1 = 8 k ( sci5ce1 #gb4 ,8 exposition ( ! ,ari/otelian philosophy1 #aaj4 ,8 refutation ( ,ari/otle's dogmas respect+ motion1 8 p]secution 9 consequ5ce ( x1 #aac4 ,8 k ( ! accel]at+ p[] ( gravity1 #afh4 ,8 k ( ! weight ( ! atmosph]e1 #bbh4 ,galvani1 utility ( 8 discov]ies 9 electricity1 #cce4 ,8 application ( x to animals1 #ccf4 ,gay-,lussac1 8 exam9ation ( gases & vap\rs1 #cai4 ,g5]alization1 inductive1 #a1 #ij4 ,geology1 #bha4 ,its rank z a sci5ce1 #bhg4 ,geometry1 axioms (1 an appeal to exp]i5ce1 n corporeal1 b m5tal1 #ie4 ,gilb]t1 ,dr41 ( ,col*e/]1 8 k ( magnetism & electricity1 #aab4 ,gravitation1 law (1 a physical axiom ( a v high & univ]sal k9d1 #ih4 ,influ5ce (1 decreases 9 ! inv]se ratio ( ! squ>e ( ! di/ance1 #abc4 ,greece1 philosoph]s (1 _! extraord9>y success 9 ab/ract reason+1 & _! c>eless consid]ation ( ext]nal nature1 #aje4 ,_! g5]al "*1 #ajf4 ,philosophy (1 #ajh4 ,grimaldi1 a jesuit ( ,bologna1 8 discov]y ( diffraction1 or inflection ( light1 #beb4 ,gu9ea & fea!r exp]im5t1 #afh4 ,gunp[d]1 inv5tion (1 #ee4 ,a me*anical ag5t1 #fb4 ,ha>lem lake1 dra9+ (1 #fa4 ,h>mony1 s5se (1 #bdh4 ,head1 capta91 anecdote (1 #hd4 ,heat1 #aic4 ,radiation & conduction (1 #bje4 ,"o ( ! *ief ag5ts 9 *emi/ry1 #caj4 ,our ignorance ( ! nature (1 #caj4 ,abuse ( ! s5se ( ! t]m1 #caa4 ,! g5]al heads "u :i* x is /udi$1 #cab4 ,its mo/ obvi\s s\rces1 #cab4 ,animal heat1 to :at process ref]able1 #cac4 ,radiation & conduction (1 #cad4 ,sol> heat diff]s f t]re/rial fires1 or hot bodies1 #cae4 ,pr9cipal effects (1 #cag4 ,! antagoni/ to mutual attraction1 #cbb4 ,lat5t heat1 #cbb4 ,specific heat1 #cbc4 ,h]s*el1 sir ,william1 8 analysis ( a sol> beam1 #cad4 ,hipp>*us1 8 catalogue ( />s1 #bgf4 ,holl& dra9$ ( wat] by w9dmills1 #fa4 ,hooke almo/ ! rival ( ,newton1 #aaf4 ,huel ,t[an1 /eam-eng9e at1 #ei4 ,huygh5s1 8 doctr9e ( light1 #bjg4 ,asc]ta9s ! laws ( d\ble refraction1 #bed4 ,hydro/atics1 fir/ /ep t[>ds a k (1 made by ,ar*im$es1 #bca4 ,law ( ! equal pressure ( liquids1 #bcb4 ,g5]al applicability (1 #bcb4 ,hypo!sis1 n to be det]r$ f fram+ !m1 #aif4 ,conditions on :i* !y %\ld be fram$1 #aig4 ,illu/rat$ by ! laws ( gravitation1 #aih4 ,use & abuse (1 #bjd4 ,induction1 diff]5t ways ( c>ry+ x on1 #ajb4 ,/eps by :i* x is arriv$ at on a legitimate & ext5sive scale1 #aah4 ,fir/ /age (1 #add4 ,v]ification (1 #afd4 ,in/anc$ 9 a/ronomy1 #aff4 ,mu/ be foll[$ into all its consequ5ces1 & appli$ to all ^? cases :i* seem ev5 remotely to be> ^u ! subject ( enquiry1 #agc4 ,nature ( ! inductions by :i* quantitative laws are arriv$ at1 #agf4 ,necessity ( induction embrac+ a s]ies ( cases :i* absolutely include ! :ole scale ( v>iation ( :i* ! quantities 9 "q admit1 #agg4 ,induc$ electricity1 #ccc4 ,in]tia1 #bbc4 ,iod9e1 discov]y (1 #ej4 ,efficacy (1 9 cur+ gtre1 #ea4 ,isomorphism1 law (1 #agj4 ,kepl]1 effect ( 8 discov]ies on ! ,ari/otelian philosophy1 #aac4 ,nature ( 8 laws ( ! planet>y sy/em1 #agh4 ,pro(s ( ! ,newtonian sy/em1 #agi4 ,k1 physical facts illu/rative ( ! utility (1 #de4 ,diffusion (1 h[ to take advantage ( 9 ! inve/igation ( nature1 #ach4 ,lagrange1 8 improvem5ts on ,newton's !ory ( s\nd1 #bdg4 ,8 a/ronomical rese>*es1 #bge4 ,lamp1 safety1 #ee4 ,laplace1 8 explanation ( ! residual velocity ( s\nd & confirmation ( ! g5]al law ( ! developem5t ( heat by compression1 #agb4 ,8 a/ronomical rese>*1 #bge4 ,8 exp]im5ts on ! dilatation ( bodies by heat1 #cai4 ,8 /udy ( specific heat1 #cbc4 ,lat5t heat1 #cbc4 ,laws1 inductive1 #aga4 ,g5]al1 #aih4 ,h[ applicable1 #aii4 ,illu/rat$ by ! planet>y sy/em1 #bja4 ,empirical laws1 #agh4 ,lavoisi]1 8 improvem5ts 9 *emical sci5ce1 #cjb4 ,exp]im5ts on dilatation ( bodies by heat1 #cai4 ,8 inve/igation on specific heat1 #cbc4 ,light1 refraction (1 #cj4 ,d\ble refraction (1 #ca4 ,pol>ization (1 #bed4 ,light & vision1 ignorance ( ! anci5ts respect+1 #bdi4 ,ligh?\se1 #ef4 ,lightn+1 h[ to judge philosophically ( x1 #abj4 ,return+ /roke (1 #aba4 ,liquids1 cohesion1 attraction & repulsion ( ! p>ticles (1 #bbg4 ,diff] f ari=m fluids by _! cohesion1 #bcc4 ,! ,flor5t9e exp]im5t on2 exp]im5ts by ,canton1 ,p]k9s1 ,or/$1 & o!rs on1 #bce4 ,obscurity ( ! laws ( dilatation (1 #cbj4 ,l9nu1 8 k ( cry/all9e sub/ances1 #bci4 ,logic1 #ai4 ,lyell's ,pr9ciples ( ,geology1 extract f1 #adf4 ,magnetism may be caus$ by electricity1 #ic4 ,(f]s a 8gl>+ in/ance0 ( pol>ity1 #cbf4 ,exp]im5ts illu/rative (1 #cbg4 ,malus1 a ,fr5* (fic] ( eng9e]s1 discov]s ! pol>ization ( light1 #acb1 #beh4 ,man1 reg>d$ z a creature ( in/9ct1 #a4 ,( reason & speculation1 #c4 ,8 w det]m9$ by causes & consequ5ces1 #f4 ,advantages to1 f ! /udy ( sci5ce1 #g4 ,8 necessity to /udy ! laws ( nature illu/rat$1 #ff4 ,happ9ess & ! opposite /ate ( man 9 ! aggregate1 #fg4 ,advantages conf]r$ on1 by ! augm5tation ( physical res\rces1 #fh4 ,advantages f intellectual res\rces1 #fi4 ,m>iotte1 8 law ( equilibrium ( an ela/ic fluid rec5tly v]ifi$ by ! ,royal ,academy ( ,p>is1 #bca4 ,8 diff]5ce betwe5 sol> & o!r heat1 #cae4 ,matt]1 inde/ructibility (2 ,divid$ by gr9d+1 #dj4 ,by fire1 #da4 ,dilat$ by heat1 #aic4 ,in]tia (1 #bjb4 ,pol>ity (1 "o ( ! ultimate ph5om5a to :i* ! analysis ( nature leads u1 #bde4 ,inh]5t activity (1 #big4 ,causes ( ! pol>ity (1 #bii4 ,impond]able =ms (1 #caj4 ,measure1 ! /&>d1 difficulty ( pres]v+ x unalt]$1 #abh4 ,h[ to be assi/$ 9 measurem5t1 #abi4 ,our conclusions f1 %\ld be conditional1 #acj4 ,m5ai ,bridge1 weight & height (1 #fj4 ,me*anics1 practical1 #fc4 ,mtre1 ! ,fr5*1 #abf4 ,microscopes1 p[] (1 #aia4 ,mill/ones1 me?od ( mak+ 9 ,france1 #dh4 ,m9d1 its transition f ! little to ! great1 & vice v]s1 illu/rat$1 #agb4 ,m9]alogy unkn[n to ! anci5ts1 #gi4 ,prejudic$ by ! rage = nom5clature1 #aci4 ,b5efit$ by ! progress ( *emical analysis1 #bic4 ,m9]als1 simple1 app>5t paucity (1 #bid4 ,difficulty 9 class+ !m1 #bie4 ,mits*]li*1 8 law ( isomorphism1 #agj4 ,8 exp]im5ts on ! expansion ( sub/ances by heat1 #bdc4 ,motion1 #hg4 ,simplicity & precision ( ! laws (1 #agi4 ,nature1 laws (1 #cg4 ,immutability (1 #db4 ,h>mony (1 & advantage ( /udy+ !m1 #dc4 ,prove ! impossibility ( atta9+ ! decl>$ object ( ! al*emi/4 ,h[ !y s]ve mank9d g5]ally1 #dd4 ,illu/rat$ by m9+1 #de4 ,economy d]iv$ f a k (1 #fe4 ,h[ to be reg>d$1 #ajj1 #aja4 ,nature1 objects (1 an enum]ation & nom5clature (1 useful 9 ! /udy (1 #ace4 ,me*anism (1 on too l>ge or too small a scale to be imm$iately cognisable by our s5ses1 #aia4 ,newton1 8 pro( ( ,galileo's laws ( gravitation by an exp]im5t ) a holl[ glass p5dulum1 #afj4 ,8 f\ndation to hydrodynamical sci5ce1 #aha4 ,fixes ! division betwe5 /atics & dynamics1 #bbc4 ,8 inve/igation ( ! law ( equilibrium ( ela/ic fluids1 #bca4 ,8 law ( hydro/atics1 #bcb4 ,8 f\ndation ( hydrodynamics #bcf4 ,8 analysis ( s\nd1 #bdg4 ,hypo!sis ( light1 #bej4 ,exam9ation ( a soap-bubble1 #beb4 ,8 hypo!sis ( fits ( easy transmission & reflection1 #bec4 ,8 comb9ation ( ma!matical skill ) physical rese>*1 #bga4 ,8 ,pr9cipia1 #bgb4 ,8 successors2 8 geometry1 #bgc4 ,nom5clature1 importance (1 to sci5ce1 #acf4 ,m a consequ5ce ?an a cause ( ext5d$ k1 #ach4 ,prejudicial to m9]alogy1 #aci4 ,norman1 ,rob]t1 8 discov]y ( ! dip ( ! ne$le1 #cbg4 ,num]ical precision1 necessity (1 9 sci5ce1 #abb4 ,objects1 & _! mutual actions1 subjects ( contemplation1 #aah4 ,obs]vation1 a means ( acquir+ exp]i5ce1 #gf4 ,passive & active1 #gg4 ,record$ obs]vation1 #abj4 ,necessity (1 to acquire precise physical data1 #bae4 ,illu/rat$ by ! b>omet]1 #baf4 ,or/$1 8 discov]ies 9 electricity & magnetism1 #acb4 ,( electro-magnetism1 #cdj4 ,opacity1 #ahi4 ,otto von ,gu]icke ( ,magdeburgh1 8 inv5tion ( ! air-pump1 #bcj4 ,p>acelsus1 p[] ( 8 *emical rem$ies2 8 use ( m]cury1 opium1 & t>t>1 #aab4 ,pascal1 8 crucial in/ances prov+ ! weight ( air1 #bbi4 ,p5dulum1 #abf4 ,ph5om5a1 analysis (1 illu/rat$ by musical s\nds1 ! s5sation ( ta/e1 #he4 ,! ultimate & inw>d process ( nature 9 ! production (1 #hf4 ,analysis ( complex ph5om5a1 #hh4 ,ultimate ph5om5a1 #ij4 ,h[ ! analysis (1 is useful1 #ig4 ,a transi5t ph5om5on1 h[ to judge (1 #abb4 ,me?od ( expla9+ "o :5 x pres5ts itself1 #adh4 ,h[ to discov] ! cause ( "o1 #aej4 ,two1 or _m1 !ories1 ma9ta9$ z ! orig9 (1 9 physics1 #aie4 ,cosmical ph5om5a1 #bfe4 ,philosophy1 natural1 unf\nd$ objections to ! /udy (1 #g4 ,advantages d]ivable f ! /udy (1 #aj4 ,pleasure & happ9ess1 ! consequ5ces ( ! /udy (1 #ae4 ,phlogi/ic doctr9es ( ,bec*] & ,/ahl1 #cjj4 ,physical data1 necessity (1 #bji4 ,great importance (1 #baa4 ,illu/rat$ by ! erection ( obs]vatories1 #bac4 ,necessity ( an exact k (1 #bad4 ,m precise ?an ! obs]vations by :i* we acquire !m1 #bae4 ,physics1 axioms (2 analysis (1 #ajb4 ,planets1 circumjovial1 #ahf4 ,plat9a1 discov]y (1 #cjh4 ,pl9y1 8 k ( qu>tz & diamond1 #bci4 ,pneumatics1 #bbh4 ,political economy1 #gc4 ,prejudices ( op9ion & s5se1 #hj4 ,conditions on :i* su* are injuri\s1 #ha4 ,illu/rat$ by ! division ( ! rays ( light1 by ! moon at ! horizon1 & by v5triloquism1 #hb4 ,by ! transition ( ! h& f heat to cold1 #hc4 ,prevo/1 ,m41 8 !ory ( heat1 #caf4 ,8 !ory ( reciprocal int]*anges1 a pro( ( ! radiation ( cold1 #cah4 ,pr9t+1 ! art (1 #aic4 ,p]=m$ by /eam1 #aid4 ,probabilities1 doctr9e (1 #bag4 ,illu/rat$ by %oot+ at a waf]1 #bah4 ,pr\t1 ,dr41 8 op9ion ( ! atomic weights1 #cjg4 ,pyrometry1 #cai4 ,py?agoras1 philosophy (1 #ajg4 ,qu99e1 sulphate (1 comp>ative com=t & heal? result+ f ! use (1 #ef4 ,radiation ( heat1 laws (1 #bje4 ,repulsion 9 fluids & solids1 #bbg4 ,rules1 g5]al1 = guid+ & facilitat+ our se>* among a great mass ( assembl$ facts1 #aea4 ,rum=d1 c\nt1 exp]im5ts (1 on gunp[d]1 #fb4 ,sav>t1 ,m41 8 exp]im5ts on solids1 #bdc4 ,8 rese>*es on s\nd1 #bdi4 ,sci5ce1 ab/ract1 a prep>ation = ! /udy ( physics1 #ai4 ,n indisp5sable to ! /udy ( physical laws1 #be4 ,in/ances illu/rative (1 #bg4 ,sci5ce1 physical1 nature & objects1 imm$iate & collat]al1 z reg>d$ 9 itself & 9 its application to ! practical purposes ( life1 & its influ5ce on society1 #ce4 ,/ate (1 previ\s to ! age ( ,galileo & ,bacon1 #ajd4 ,causes ( ! rapid advance (1 comp>$ ) ! progress at an e>li] p]iod1 #cdg4 ,sci5ce1 natural1 cause & effect1 ! ultimate relations (1 #gf4 ,sci5ces & ,arts1 rem>ks on ! language1 t]ms1 or signs us$ 9 treat+ ( !m1 #gj4 ,receive an impulse by ! ,baconian philosophy1 #aad4 ,s5sation1 cause (1 #ia4 ,s5ses1 inadequate to give u direct in=mation = ! exact comp>ison ( quantity1 #abd4 ,sub/itutes = ! ineffici5cy (1 #abe4 ,s]+apatam1 me?od ( break+ blocks f ! qu>ries (1 #dg4 ,%ells f\nd 9 rocks at a great height above ! sea1 suppos$ cause (1 #ade4 ,smeaton1 8 exp]im5ts on bodies dilat$ by heat1 #cai4 ,solids1 transp>5t1 exhibit p]iodical col\rs :5 expos$ to pol>iz$ light1 #ii4 ,influ5ce (1 on ! ,m9d1 #aja4 ,solids 9 g5]al1 nature (1 #bcf4 ,con/itution (1 complicat$1 #bcg4 ,t\ghness (1 di/9ct f h>dness2 t5acity (1 #bch4 ,become liquefi$ by ! addition ( heat1 #cba4 ,s\nds1 musical1 illu/rative ( ! analysis ( ph5om5a1 #he4 ,means ( hav+ a k (1 #hi4 ,propagation (1 ?r\gh ! air1 #bdf4 ,newton's analysis (1 #bdg4 ,/&>d measurem5t1 necessity (1 #abe4 ,laws ( nature us$ z su*1 illu/rat$ by ! rotation ( ! e>?1 #abf4 ,sub/ances all subject to dilatation by ! addition ( heat1 #bdc4 ,sun1 ! "* ( ! heat (1 #cae4 ,?ales1 philosophy (1 #ajg4 ,!ories1 h[ to e/imate ! value (1 #bjd4 ,be/ arriv$ at by ! consid]ation ( g5]al laws1 #bjh4 ,explanatory ( ! ph5om5a ( nature2 on :at _! application ought to be gr\nd$1 #bji4 ,?omson1 ,dr41 8 op9ion ( ! atomic weights1 #cjg4 ,!rmomet]1 air1 #cai4 ,!rmo-electricity1 #cda4 ,"t1 division (1 #abf1 #abg4 ,torricelli1 pupil ( ,galileo1 8 exp]im5ts prov+ ! weight ( atmosph]e1 #bbi4 ,torp$o1 %ock (1 #cda1 #cdb4 ,ulugh ,begh1 8 catalogue ( />s1 #bgg4 ,vacc9ation1 success (1 z a prev5tive to small-pox1 #eb4 ,vision & light1 ignorance ( ! anci5ts respect+1 #bdi4 ,volta1 8 discov]ies 9 electricity1 #cce4 ,electric pile (1 #ccg4 ,voltaic circuit1 #cch4 ,wat]1 effects ( ! p[] (1 #fa4 ,:ewell1 8 exp]im5ts1 #ahg4 ,wells1 ,dr41 8 !ory ( dew1 #afc4 ,w9d1 effects ( ! p[] (1 #fa4 ,wire /eel1 magnetiz$ masks (1 us$ by ne$le-mak]s1 #eg4 ,wolla/on1 ,dr41 8 v]ification ( ! laws ( d\ble refraction 9 ,icel& sp>1 #beh4 ,8 inv5tion ( ! goniomet]1 #bib4 ,_w1 ! mat]ials ( !1 #bij4 ,"y1 ,dr41 8 exp]im5ts on ! int]f]5ce ( ! rays ( light1 #bfj4 ,zoology1 fossil1 #cdd4 ,,! ,,end4 ,,london ,,pr9t$ ,,by ,,spottiswoode ,,& ,,co4 ,,new-,,/reet ,,squ>e4 ,,footnotes #a ,hooke's ,po/hum\s ,works4 ,lond4 #agje4--p4 #dgb & p4 #deh4 #b ,weal? ( ,nations1 book i4 *ap4 i4 p4 #ae4 #c ,on ?is subject1 we _c =be> cit+ a passage f "o ( ! mo/ pr(\nd b at ! same "t popul> writ]s ( our "t1 on a subject unconnect$ x is true ) our own1 b be>+ /rongly on ! po9t be=e u4 8,b1 if sci5ce be manife/ly incomplete1 & yet ( ! highe/ importance1 x w\ld surely be mo/ unwise to re/ra9 enquiry1 conduct$ on j pr9ciples1 ev5 :]e ! imm$iate practical utility ( x 0 n visible4 ,9 ma!matics1 *emi/ry1 & e bran* ( natural philosophy1 h[ _m are ! enquiries necess>y = _! improvem5t & completion1 :i*1 tak5 sep>ately1 d n appe> to lead to any specifically advantage\s purpose6 h[ _m useful inv5tions1 & h[ mu* valuable & improv+ k1 w\ld h be5 lo/1 if a rational curiosity1 & a m]e love ( in=mation1 _h n g5]ally be5 all[$ to be a suffici5t motive = ! se>* aft] tru?60--,mal?us's ,pr9ciples ( ,political ,economy1 p4 #af4 #d 1 ratio1 reason4 #e 1 v]bum1 a ^w4 #f ,x 7 mu* to be wi%$ t navigators w\ld be m cauti\s 9 lay+ !mselves op5 to a simil> c5sure4 ,on look+ ha/ily ov] a map ( ! _w we see ?ree ,melville ,isl&s1 two ,k+ ,george's ,s\nds1 & ,cape ,blancos innum]able4 #g ,"y4 ,lectures on ,nat4 ,phil4 ii4 #fbg4 ,see also ,phil4 ,trans4 #ahja-b4 #h ,capta9 ,basil ,hall1 ,r4 ,n4 #i ,we mu/ caution our read]s :o w\ld assure !mselves ( x by trial1 t x is an exp]im5t ( "s delicacy1 & n to be made )\t sev]al precautions to ensure success4 ,= ^! we mu/ ref] to our orig9al au?ority 7,fresnel4 ,mmoire sur la ,diffraction de la ,lumi]e1 p4 #abd472 & ! pr9ciples on :i* !y dep5d w ( c\rse be detail$ 9 t volume ( ! ,cab9et ,cyclopdia :i* is devot$ to ! subject ( ,,light4 #aj ,little reels us$ 9 cotton mills to twi/ ! ?read4 #aa ,su* a block w\ld weigh betwe5 f\r & five hundr$ ?\s& p\nds4 ,see ,dr4 ,k5n$y's 8,acc\nt ( ! ,erection ( a ,granite ,obelisk ( a ,s+le ,/one ab\t ,sev5ty ,feet high1 at ,s]+apatam40--,ed4 ,phil4 ,trans4 vol4 ix1 p4 #cab4 #ab ,dr4 ,co9det ( ,g5eva4 #ac ,j\rnal ( a ,voyage to ! ,s\? ,seas1 c4 c4 "u ! ,comm& ( ,commodore ,george ,anson1 9 #agdj-agdd1 by ,pascoe ,?omas1 ,lond4 #agde1 ,s trem5d\s 7 ! ravages ( scurvy1 t1 9 ! ye> #agbf1 admiral ,hosi] sail$ ) sev5 %ips ( ! l9e to ! ,we/ ,indies1 & buri$ 8 %ips' companies twice1 & di$ himself 9 consequ5ce ( a brok5 he>t4 ,dr4 ,johnson1 9 ! ye> #aggh1 c\ld describe a sea-life 9 su* t]ms z ^!3--8,z to ! sailor1 :5 y look d[n f ! qu>t] deck to ! space bel[1 y see ! utmo/ extremity ( human mis]y1 su* cr[d+1 su* fil?1 su* /5*60--8,a %ip is a prison ) ! *ance ( be+ dr[n$--x is worse--worse 9 e respect--worse room1 worse air1 worse food--worse company60 ,smollet1 :o _h p]sonal exp]i5ce ( ! horrors ( a seaf>+ life 9 ^? days1 gives a lively picture ( !m 9 8 ,rod]ick ,r&om4 #ad ,lemon juice 0 kn[n to be a rem$y = scurvy f> sup]ior to all o!rs #bjj ye>s ago1 z appe>s by ! writ+s ( ,woodall4 ,8 "w is entitl$ 8,! ,surgeon's ,mate1 or ,milit>y & ,dome/ic ,m$ic9e4 ,by ,john ,woodall1 ,ma/] 9 ,surg]y ,london1 #afcf10 p4 #afe4 ,9 #afjj1 ,commodore ,lanca/] sail$ f ,engl& ) ?ree o!r %ips = ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope1 on ! #b;d ( ,april1 & arriv$ 9 ,saldanha ,bay on ! #a/ ( ,augu/1 ! commodore's own %ip be+ 9 p]fect heal?1 f ! adm9i/ration ( ?ree table-spoonsfull ( lemon juice e morn+ to ea* ( 8 m51 :]eas ! o!r %ips 7 s sickly z to be unmanageable = want ( h&s1 & ! comm&] 0 oblig$ to s5d m5 on bo>d to take 9 _! sails & hoi/ out _! boats4 7,pur*as's ,pilgrim1 vol4 i4 p4 #adi47 ,a ,fell[ ( ! college1 & an em95t practition]1 9 #agec publi%$ a tract on sea scurvy1 9 :i* he adv]ts to ! sup]ior virtue ( ?is m$ic9e2 & ,mr4 ,a4 ,baird1 surgeon ( ! ,hector sloop ( w>1 /ates1 t f :at he _h se5 ( its effects on bo>d ( t %ip1 he 8?9ks he %all n be accus$ ( presumption 9 pron\nc+ x1 if prop]ly adm9i/]$1 a mo/ infallible rem$y1 bo? 9 ! cure & prev5tion ( scurvy40 7,vide ,trott]'s ,m$ic9a ,nautica47 ,! precautions adopt$ by capta9 ,cook 9 8 celebrat$ voyages1 _h fully demon/rat$ by _! complete success ! practicability ( keep+ scurvy "u 9 ! longe/ voyages1 b a uni=m sy/em ( prev5tion ?r\gh\t ! s]vice 0 /ill defici5t4 ,x is to ! repres5tations ( ,dr4 ,blair & sir ,gilb]t ,blane1 9 _! capacity ( commission]s ( ! bo>d = sick & w\nd$ seam51 9 #agie1 we believe1 t its sy/ematic introduction into nautical diet1 by a g5]al ord] ( ! admiralty1 is ow+4 ,! effect ( ?is wise measure 7tak51 ( c\rse1 9 conjunction ) ! g5]al causes ( improv$ heal?17 may be e/imat$ f ! foll[+ facts3--,9 #aghj1 ! numb] ( cases ( scurvy receiv$ into ,hasl> hospital 0 #adeg2 9 #ahjf "o only1 & 9 #ahjg "o4 ,!re are n[ _m surgeons 9 ! navy :o h nev] se5 ! disease4 #ae ,?r\gh\t ,france ! conductor is recognis$ z a mo/ valuable & useful in/rum5t2 & 9 ^? p>ts ( ,g]many :]e ?und]-/orms are /ill m common & trem5d\s !y are become ne>ly univ]sal4 ,9 ,muni* !re is h>dly a mod]n h\se unprovid$ ) !m1 & ( a mu* bett] con/ruction ?an ours--sev]al copp] wires twi/$ into a rope4 #af ,we h be5 in=m$ by an em95t physician 9 ,rome1 7,dr4 ,mori*9i7 t a va/ quantity ( ! sulphate ( qu99e is manufactur$ !re & consum$ 9 ! ,campagna1 ) an evid5t effect 9 mitigat+ ! sev]ity ( ! mal>i\s compla9ts :i* affect its inhabitants4 #ag ,dr4 ,johnson1 ,memoirs ( ! ,m$ical ,society1 vol4 v4 #ah ,! eng9e at ,huel ,t[an4 ,see ,mr4 ,h5wood's ,/atem5t 8( ! p]=mance ( /eam-eng9es 9 ,cornwall = ,april1 ,may1 & ,june1 #ahbi40 ,brew/]'s ,j\rnal1 ,oct4 #ahbi4--,! highe/ mon?ly av]age ( ?is eng9e ext5ds to #gi millions ( p\nds4 #ai ,h[ev]1 ?is is n q a fair /atem5t2 a man's daily lab\r is ab\t #d lbs4 ( coals4 ,! extreme toil ( ?is asc5t arises f o!r obvi\s causes ?an ! m]e height4 #bj ,its surface is ab\t #dj1jjj acres1 & m$ium dep? ab\t #bj feet4 ,x 0 propos$ to dra9 x by runn+ embankm5ts across x1 & ?us cutt+ x up into m manageable portions to be dra9$ by w9dmills4 #ba ,no "o d\bts ! practicability ( ! und]tak+4 ,eight or n9e ?\s& *aldrons ( coals duly burnt w\ld evacuate ! :ole cont5ts4 ,b _m d\bt :e!r x w\ld be pr(itable1 & "s1 consid]+ t a few hundr$s ( fi%]m5 :o ga9 _! livelihood on its wat]s w\ld be dispossess$1 d5y t x w\ld be desirable4 #bb 8,exp]im5ts to det]m9e ! ,=ce ( fir$ ,gunp[d]40 ,phil4 ,trans4 vol4 lxxxvii4 p4 #bed4 et seq4 #bc ,see a v +5i\s application ( ?is k9d 9 ,mr4 ,babbage's article on ,div+ 9 ! ,encyc4 ,metrop4--,o!rs w readily sugge/ !mselves4 ,= in/ance1 ! balla/ 9 res]ve ( a balloon might consi/ ( mat]ials capable ( evolv+ great quantities ( hydrog5 gas 9 proportion to _! weight1 %\ld su* be f\nd4 #bd ,! sulphuric4 ,bracconot1 ,annales de ,*imie1 vol4 xii4 p4 #ahd4 #be ,d',arcet1 ,annales de l',indu/rie1 ,fevri]1 #ahbi4 #bf ,see ,dr4 ,pr\t's acc\nt ( ! exp]im5ts ( pr(essor ,aut5rie? ( ,tub+54 ,phil4 ,trans4 #ahbg1 p4 #cha4 ,?is discov]y1 :i* r5d]s fam9e next to impossible1 des]ves a high] degree ( celebrity ?an x has obta9$4 #bg ,gre5wi*4 #bh ,maskelyne's4 #bi ,?omson's ,fir/ ,pr9ciples ( ,*emi/ry1 vol4 ii4 p4 #fh4 #cj ,galileo exposes unsp>+ly ! ,ari/otelian /yle ( reason+4 ,! read] may take ! foll[+ f him z a specim5 ( its quality4 ,! object is to prove ! immutability & incorruptibility ( ! heav5s2 & ?us x is done3-- ,i4 ,mutation is ei!r g5]ation or corruption4 ,,ii4 ,g5]ation & corruption only happ5 betwe5 contr>ies4 ,,iii4 ,! motions ( contr>ies are contr>y4 ,,iv4 ,! cele/ial motions are circul>4 ,v4 ,circul> motions h no contr>ies4 4 ,because !re c be b ?ree simple motions4 #a4 ,to a c5tre4 #b4 ,r\nd a c5tre4 #c4 ,f a c5tre4 4 ,( ?ree ?+s1 "o only c be contr>y to "o4 4 ,b a motion to a c5tre is manife/ly ! contr>y to a motion f a c5tre4 4 ,!re=e a motion r\nd a c5tre 7i4 e4 a circul> motion7 rema9s )\t a contr>y4 ,,vi4 ,!re=e cele/ial motions h no contr>ies--!re=e among cele/ial ?+s !re are no contr>ies--!re=e ! heav5s are et]nal1 immutable1 incorruptible1 & s =?4 ,x is evid5t t all ?is /r+ ( nons5se dep5ds on ! excessive vagu5ess ( ! notions ( g5]ation1 corruption1 contr>iety1 c4 on :i* ! *anges are rung4--,see ,,galileo1 ,sy/ema ,cosmicum1 ,dial4 i4 p4 #cj4 #ca ,macqu] ju/ly obs]ves1 t ! al*emi/s w\ld h r5d]$ ess5tial s]vice to *emi/ry _h !y only relat$ _! unsuccessful exp]im5ts z cle>ly z !y h obscurely relat$ ^? :i* !y pret5d to h be5 successful4--,macqu]'s ,diction>y ( ,*emi/ry1 i4 x4 #cb ,p>acelsus p]=m$ mo/ ( ^! cures by m]cury & opium1 ! use ( :i* latt] drug he _h le>n$ 9 ,turkey4 ,( m]curial prep>ations ! physicians ( 8 "t 7 ignorant1 & ( opium !y 7 afraid1 z be+ 8cold 9 ! f\r? degree40 ,t>t> 0 likewise a great fav\rite ( ,p>acelsus1 :o impos$ on x t "n1 8because x conta9s ! wat]1 ! salt1 ! oil1 & ! acid1 :i* burn ! pati5t z hell does30 9 %ort1 a k9d ( c\nt]balance to 8 opium4 #cc ,see ! ,life ( ,galileo ,galilei1 by ,mr4 ,dr9kwat]1 ) ,illu/rations ( ! ,advancem5t ( ,exp]im5tal ,philosophy4 #cd ,! tempor>y /> 9 ,cassiopeia obs]v$ by ,cornelius ,gemma1 9 #aegb1 0 s bright z to be se5 at noon-day4 ,t 9 ,s]p5t>ius1 fir/ se5 by ,kepl] 9 #afjd1 exce$$ 9 brilliancy all ! o!r />s & planets4 #ce ,ed9burgh ,phil4 ,j\rn4 #ahai1 vol4 i4 p4 #h4 #cf ,! ab/ract pr9ciple ( repetition 9 matt]s ( measurem5t 7viz4 juxta-position ( units )\t error7 is applicable to a great v>iety ( cases 9 :i* quantities are requir$ to be det]m9$ to m9ute nicety4 ,9 *emi/ry1 9 det]m9+ ! /&>d atomic weights ( bodies1 x seems easily & completely applicable1 by a process :i* w sugge/ itself at once to e *emi/1 & seems ! only ?+ want+ to place ! exactness ( *emical det]m9ations on a p> ) a/ronomical measurem5ts4 #cg ,accurate & p]fectly au!ntic copies ( ! y>d & p\nd1 execut$ 9 plat9a1 & h]metically seal$ 9 glass1 %\ld be deposit$ deep 9 ! int]ior ( ! massive /one-"w ( "s great public build+1 :5ce !y c\ld only be rescu$ ) a degree ( difficulty suffici5t to preclude _! be+ di/urb$ unless on "s v high & urg5t occasion4 ,! fact %\ld be publicly record$1 & its memory pres]v$ by an inscription4 ,inde$1 h[ mu* valuable & useful in=mation ( ! actual exi/+ /ate ( arts & k at any p]iod might be transmitt$ to po/]ity 9 a di/9ct1 tangible1 & imp]i%able =m1 if1 in/ead ( ! absurd & useless deposition ( a few co9s & m$als "u ! f\ndations ( build+s1 specim5s ( +5i\s implem5ts or cond5s$ /atem5ts ( sci5tific tru?s1 or processes 9 arts & manufactures1 7 sub/itut$4 ,w books infallibly pres]ve to a remote po/]ity all t we may desire %\ld be h]eaft] kn[n ( ourselves & our discov]ies1 or all t po/]ity w\ld wi% to "k8 & may n a useless c]emony be ?us trans=m$ into an act ( enrolm5t 9 a p]petual ar*ive ( :at we mo/ prize1 & ackn[l$ge to be mo/ valuable8 #ch ,9 ! sy/em allud$ to1 ! "n ( qu>tz is assign$ to iolite & obsidian2 t ( mica to plumbago1 *lorite1 & uranite2 sulphur1 to orpim5t & realg>1 c4 ,see ,mohs's ,sy/em ( ,m9]alogy1 translat$ by ,haid+]4 #ci ,! foll[+ passage1 f ,l9dley's ,synopsis ( ! ,briti% ,flora1 *>act]ises ju/ly ! respective m]its1 9 a philosophical po9t ( view1 ( natural & artificial sy/ems ( classification 9 g5]al1 ?\gh limit$ 9 its expression to 8 own imm$iate sci5ce3--8,aft] all t has be5 effect$1 or is likely to be accompli%$ h]eaft]1 !re w always be m difficulty 9 acquir+ a k ( ! natural sy/em ( botany ?an ( ! ,l9nan4 ,! latt] skims only ! surface ( ?+s1 & leaves ! /ud5t 9 ! fanci$ possession ( a sort ( in=mation :i* x is easy en\gh to obta91 b :i* is ( little value :5 acquir$3 ! =m] requires a m9ute inve/igation ( e "p & e prop]ty kn[n to exi/ 9 plants2 b :5 und]/ood has convey$ to ! m9d a /ore ( real in=mation1 ( ! utmo/ use to man 9 e /ation ( life4 ,:atev] ! difficulties may be ( becom+ acqua9t$ ) plants accord+ to ?is me?od1 !y are insep>able f botany1 :i* _c be usefully /udi$ )\t enc\nt]+ !m40 ,s*ill] has "s beautiful l9es on ?is1 entitl$ 8,m5s*li*es ,wiss50 7or ,human ,k72 ,g$i*te1 vol4 i4 p4 #gb4 ,leipzig1 #ahjj4 #dj ,lyell's ,pr9ciples ( ,geology1 vol4 i4 ,f\rri]1 ,mm4 de l',acad4 des ,sci5ces1 tom4 vii4 p4 #eib4 8,l'tablissem5t et le progrs des socits huma9es1 l'action des =ces naturelles1 peuv5t *ang] notablem5t1 et dans de va/es contres1 l'tat de la surface du sol1 la di/ribution des eaux1 et les gr&s m\vem5s de l'air4 ,de tels effets sont propres faire v>i]1 dans le c\rs de plusieurs sicles1 le dgr de la *aleur moy5ne2 c> les expressions analytiques compr5n5t des coeffici5s qui se rapport5t l'tat sup]ficiel1 et qui influ5t beauc\p sur la valeur de la temprature40 ,9 ?is enum]ation1 by ,m4 ,f\rri]1 ( causes :i* may v>y ! g5]al relation ( ! surface ( ext5sive cont95ts to heat1 x is b ju/ice to ,mr4 ,lyell to obs]ve1 t ! gradual %ift+ ( ! places ( ! cont95ts !mselves on ! surface ( ! globe1 by ! abrad+ action ( ! sea on ! "o h&1 & ! elevat+ ag5cy ( subt]ranean =ces on ! o!r1 does n expressly occur & _c be fairly includ$ 9 ! g5]al s5se ( ! passage1 :i* conf9es itself to ! consid]ation ( su* *anges z may take place on ! exi/+ surface ( ! l&4 #da ,! read] w f9d ?is subject fur!r develop$ 9 a pap] lately communicat$ to ! ,geological ,society4 #db ,phil4 ,trans4 #ahbd4 #dc ,wells on ,dew4 #dd ,pr9cipia1 book iii4 prop4 #f4 #de ,a v curi\s in/ance ( ! pursuit ( a law completely empirical into an extreme case is to be f\nd 9 ,newton's rule = ! dilatation ( 8 col\r$ r+s se5 betwe5 glasses at great obliquities4 ,optics1 book ii4 "p i4 obs4 #g4 #df ,see ,phil4 ,trans4 #ahai4 #dg 8,:5 we are told t ,saturn moves 9 8 orbit m ?an #bb1jjj miles an h\r1 we fancy ! motion to be swift2 b :5 we f9d t he is m ?an ?ree h\rs mov+ 8 own diamet]1 we mu/ !n ?9k x1 z x really is1 sl[40 ,?irty ,lett]s on v>i\s ,subjects1 by ,william ,jackson1 #agie4 #dh ,?omson's ,fir/ ,pr9ciples ( ,*emi/ry4 #di ,!re seems no d\bt1 h[ev]1 t an a*romatic telescope _h be5 con/ruct$ by a private amateur1 a ,mr4 ,hall1 "s "t be=e ei!r ,eul] or ,dollond ev] ?\ght ( x4 #ej ,we allude to ! rec5tly inv5t$ a*romatic comb9ations ( ,messrs4 ,b>l[ & ,rog]s1 & ! d5se glasses ( :i* ,mr4 ,f>aday has rec5tly expla9$ ! manufacture 9 a memoir full ( ! mo/ beautiful examples ( delicate & successful *emical manipulation1 & :i* promise to give rise to a new era 9 optical practice1 by :i* ! next g5]ation at lea/ may b5efit4 ,see ,phil4 ,trans4 #ahcj4 #ea ,alphonso ( ,ca/ile1 #abeb4 #eb ,jackson1 ,lett]s on ,v>i\s ,subjects1 c4 #ec ,?omson's ,fir/ ,pr9ciples ( ,*emi/ry1 ,introduction4 #ed ,! progress ( a/ronomical discov]y has s9ce %[n t ?is law _c be reli$ on 7#ahea74 #ee ,novum ,organum1 "p ii4 table #b4 7#bd71 7#cj71 c4 on ! =m or nature ( heat4 #ef ,we w m5tion "o :i* we d n rememb] to h se5 notic$ else:]e 9 ! case ( a di/urbance ( ! equilibrium ( heat produc$ by means purely me*anical1 & by a process dep5d+ entirely on a c]ta9 ord] & sequ5ce ( ev5ts1 & ! op]ation ( kn[n causes4 ,suppose a quantity ( air enclos$ 9 a metallic res]voir1 ( "s good conductor ( heat1 & sudd5ly compress$ by a pi/on4 ,aft] giv+ "t = ! heat develop$ by ! cond5sation to be communicat$ f ! air to ! metal :i* w be !reby m or less rais$ 9 temp]ature above ! surr\nd+ atmosph]e1 let ! pi/on be sudd5ly retract$ & ! air re/or$ to its orig9al volume 9 an in/ant4 ,! :ole app>atus is n[ precisely 9 its initial situation1 z to ! disposition ( its mat]ial p>ts1 & ! :ole quantity ( heat x conta9s rema9s un*ang$4 ,b x is evid5t t ! di/ribution ( ?is heat )9 x is n[ v diff]5t f :at x 0 be=e2 = ! air 9 its sudd5 expansion _c re-absorb 9 an in/ant ( "t all ! heat x _h p>t$ ) to ! metal3 x w1 !re=e1 h a temp]ature bel[ t ( ! g5]al atmosph]e1 :ile ! metal yet reta9s "o above x4 ,?us1 a subv]sion ( ! equilibrium ( temp]ature has be5 bon fide effect$4 ,heat has be5 driv5 f ! air into ! metal1 :ile e ?+ else rema9s un*ang$4 ,we h "h a means by :i*1 x is evid5t1 heat may be obta9$1 to any ext5t1 f ! air1 )\t fuel4 ,= if1 9 place ( )draw+ ! pi/on & lett+ ! same air exp&1 )9 ! res]voir1 x be all[$ to escape s sudd5ly z n to re-absorb ! heat giv5 (f1 & fre% air be !n admitt$ & ! process repeat$1 any quantity ( air may ?us be dra9$ ( its heat4 #eg ,see ,phil4 ,trans4 #ahbd4 #eh ,if ! bra9 be an electric pile1 con/antly 9 action1 x may be conceiv$ to dis*>ge itself at regul> int]vals1 :5 ! t5sion ( ! electricity develop$ rea*es a c]ta9 po9t1 along ! n]ves :i* communicate ) ! he>t1 & ?us to excite ! pulsations ( t organ4 ,?is idea is =cibly sugge/$ by a view ( t elegant app>atus1 ! dry pile ( ,deluc2 9 :i* ! successive accumulations ( electricity are c>ri$ (f by a susp5d$ ball1 :i* is kept by ! dis*>ges 9 a /ate ( regul> pulsation = any l5g? ( "t4 ,we h witness$ ! action ( su* a pile ma9ta9$ 9 ?is way = :ole ye>s 9 ! /udy ( ! above-nam$ em95t philosoph]4 ,! same idea ( ! cause ( ! pulsation ( ! he>t appe>s to h occurr$ to ,dr4 ,arnott2 & is m5tion$ 9 8 useful & excell5t "w on physics1 to :i* h[ev]1 we are n indebt$ = ! sugge/ion1 x hav+ occurr$ to u indep5d5tly _m ye>s ago4 #ei ,see a description ( a contrivance ( ?is k9d by ,dr4 ,"y1 ,lectures1 vol4 i4 p4 #aia4 #fj ,boyle's ,works1 folio1 vol4 iii4 ,essay x4 p4 #ahe4 #fa ,jackson1 ,! ,f\r ,ages1 p4 #eb4 ,london3 ,cadell & ,davies1 #agih4 #hvo4 #fb ,jackson1 ,! ,f\r ,ages1 p4 #ij4 ,transcrib]'s ,notes ,cov] creat$ by ,transcrib] & plac$ 9 ! ,public ,doma94 ,punctuation1 hyph5ation1 & spell+ 7 made consi/5t :5 a pr$om9ant pref]5ce 0 f\nd 9 ?is book2 o!rwise !y 7 n *ang$4 ,simple typographical errors 7 correct$2 occasional unbalanc$ quotation m>ks reta9$4 ,ambigu\s hyph5s at ! ends ( l9es 7 reta9$4 ,spell+ ( non-,engli% words 0 n review$4 ,text uses bo? 8appreciate0 & 8appretiate02 bo? reta9$4 ,index n *eck$ = prop] alphabetization or correct page ref]5ces4