,,b5$etto ,,croce ,,an ,,introduction ,,to ,,8 ,,philosophy by ,,raffaello ,,piccoli ,,) ,a ,,=eword ,,by ,h4 ,,wildon ,,c>r ,,jona?an ,,cape ,,elev5 ,,g[] ,,/reet1 ,,london #aibb ,,=eword ,?is book is ! acc\nt ( ! life & activity ( "o :o is liv+ & act+4 ,h]odotus tells u ! ,greeks _h a prov]b :i* =bade !m to pron\nce any man happy be=e he is dead4 ,we may c]ta9ly take 8 w>n+ to ?is ext5t1--t we %\ld refra9 f attempt+ to fix a philosoph]'s ?\ght s long z he cont9ues to ?9k4 ,b5$etto ,croce has1 x is true1 pres5t$ 8 ,philosophy ( ,m9d 9 su* que/ionable %ape1 t x gives ! /ud5t ! impression ( f9ality1 ! feel+ t a doctr9e :i* ?r\gh\t ! hi/ory ( philosophy has be5 /ruggl+ = expression has n[ at la/ come to light4 ,b ?is appe>ance ( f9ality is due to a c]ta9 arti/ic p[] :i* ,croce possesses 9 an em95t degree1 ! p[] ( reliv+ ! pa/ & mak+ hi/ory int]pret life4 ,b5ea? all 8 sy/ematization !re is ! g]m ( a new life1 a new life1 :i*1 w take =m 9 new problems4 ,:ile !n we may say t no liv+ philosoph] has giv5 s complete an appe>ance ( f9ality to 8 doctr9e z ,croce has done 9 8 ,philosophy ( ,m9d x is really ! reflection ( a "w ( art :i* s]ves only to conceal ! liv+ ?\ght4 ,! publi%]s ( ?is ,introduction to ! philosophy ( ,b5$etto ,croce by ,dr4 ,raffaello ,piccoli h c\rte\sly invit$ me to write ?is =eword inasmu* z ,i 0 ! fir/ to introduce ?is philosophy1 o!rwise ?an by translations1 to ! att5tion ( ,engli% /ud5ts4 ,i d s v gladly4 ,my own "w 0 conf9$ to ! purely philosophical writ+s1 my int]e/ 9 !m hav+ be5 fir/ ar\s$ by ! /rik+ address on /hetic deliv]$ by ,croce to ! ,int]national ,congress ( ,philosophy at ,heidelb]g 9 #aijh4 ,:5 ,i wrote my book1 ! ,philosophy ( ,m9d consi/$ ( ?ree volumes1 ! ,e/etica1 ! ,logica1 & ! ,pratica1 b be=e ,i _h complet$ my acc\nt ,i read 9 ,croce's ,j\rnal ,critica ! ann\ncem5t ( ! =?com+ publication ( ! f\r? volume on ! ,!ory & ,hi/ory ( ! ,writ+ ( ,hi/ory4 ,croce _h1 x seem$ to me1 clos$ 8 book on ,practice ) ! pla9 indication1 n t he _h solv$ e philosophical problem1 nor t philosophy 0 n an ext]nal problem1 b t he _h giv5 an exhau/ive acc\nt ( ! /ages or degrees 9 _! ord] z mom5ts ( ! develop+ life ( ! m9d1 & t outside ^! degrees !re 7 no o!rs4 ,! new "w did n1 inde$1 ei!r negative or qualify ?is conclusion1 b x bore evid5ce ( ! ceaseless activity ( 8 m9d4 ,are we !n1 because ! philosophy ( ,croce is /ill develop+1 to refra9 f ! attempt to int]pret x on ! gr\nd t any mean+ we may f9d 9 x is indef9ite & insecure8 ,c]ta9ly n1 = a philosoph]'s ?9k+ unfolds & develops l a liv+ ?+1 x is n con/ruct$ l a build+1 nor does x re/ on f\ndations :i* may be uns\nd4 ,dr4 ,raffaello ,piccoli1 a pr(essor 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,pisa1 & ! au?or ( ?is book1 0 born 9 ,naples1 ,croce's city1 9 #ahhf4 ,he himself z a "y /ud5t came "u ! p]sonal spell ( ! philosoph] he writes ab\t1 & grew up 9 ! intellectual atmosph]e :i* 8 philosophy 0 creat+4 ,to ?is great advantage he has add$ ano!r1 = fir/ 9 ,au/ralia1 & lat] 9 ! ,univ]sities ( ,engl& & ,am]ica he has acquir$ a p]fect comm& ( our language & a ?or\gh k ( our philosophy4 ,he is specially qualifi$1 !re=e1 to give a fir/-h& acc\nt ( ,croce's lit]>y & philosophical activity1 & ! k9d ( influ5ce x has _h 9 =m+ ! m9d ( ,mod]n ,italy4 ,! au?or has n conf9$ himself to an exposition ( ! philosophy ( ,croce 9 its n>r[ & te*nical mean+1 he has giv5 u an acc\nt ( ! :ole ( 8 lit]>y & hi/orical activity4 ,he has trac$ ! orig9 ( 8 philosophy 9 ! circum/ances ( 8 p>5tage1 e>ly life & education1 & has foll[$ biographically ! =mation ( 8 philosophical !ories & ! direction ( 8 philosophical int]e/4 ,he has %[n h[ 8 g5]al tr5d ( ?\ght1 8 lit]>y ta/es & hi/orical /udies )\t any pr(essional spur1 by ! v nature & =ce ( ! problems ) :i* !y confront$ him1 l$ to philosophy z ! dom9ant & culm9at+ int]e/ ( life4 ,philosoph]s & philosophies h _h 9 our g5]ation to und]go ! trial ( a fi]y furnace4 ,! ,great ,w> & ! passions ar\s$ by x & ! e/rangem5t betwe5 nations nurtur$ 9 ! same ,we/]n culture h be5 a fi]ce te/ ( pr9ciples4 ,9 reg>d to e great lead] we ask fir/ h[ he react$ to ! conflict+ emotions ( ! int]national /ruggle4 ,dr4 ,piccoli has dealt ) ?is late/ & crucial p]iod ( ,croce's activity 9 a v sympa!tic _s4 ,croce's attitude at "o "t expos$ him to an extreme unpopul>ity4 ,?is 0 l>gely ! result ( misund]/&+4 ,he has come ?r\gh ! ordeal ) enhanc$ reputation4 ,?is1 at lea/1 is ! au?or's judgm5t--! judgm5t ( "o :o himself f\ght & suff]$ sev]ely 9 ! ,w>4 ,! two great a*ievem5ts ( ,croce are 9 ! doma9 ( /hetical & e?ical !ory4 ,dr4 ,piccoli %[s u ea* doctr9e 9 its hi/orical orig9 & 9 its relation to contempor>y philosophy4 ,! fir/ is a reaction aga9/ ! intellectualism ( ,hegel4 ,9 its affirmation ( intuition x is 9 r /rik+ agreem5t ) ! philosophy ( ,b]gson1 al?\gh z ,croce's approa* is f ! side ( art & lit]ature1 & n l ,b]gson's f ! /udy ( biological sci5ce1 x r supplem5ts ?an elucidates ,b]gson's !ory4 ,! second is a reaction aga9/ ! s*ool ( ,k>l ,m>x & its mat]iali/ic int]pretation ( hi/ory4 ,at ! pres5t "t ,croce is direct+ 8 criticism on ! new l9e ( developm5t :i* 8 own fri5ds & colleagues are tak+ 9 reg>d to 8 own pr9ciples1 9 p>ticul> to ! actual idealism ( 8 colleague ,pr(essor ,giovanni ,g5tile4 ,to ,croce ?is new doctr9e spells my/icism1 & ( my/icism 9 all its =ms he is ! op5 enemy4 ,on ?is po9t we may1 ,i ?9k1 detect an incl9ation on ! "p ( ,dr4 ,piccoli to disagree ) ,croce4 ,x w be se51 !re=e1 t we h 9 ?is book a v full & a v welcome acc\nt1 br\ght "r up to date1 ( "o :o is1 z f> z contempor>ies c judge1 =m+ ! m9d ( ! pres5t age4 ,h4 ,wildon ,c>r ,,preface ,:51 ab\t a ye> ago1 ,i und]took to write ?is little book = its pres5t publi%]s1 all t ,i _h 9 my m9d 0 a brief exposition ( ! solutions giv5 by ,croce to a numb] ( philosophical problems ( vital int]e/ to ! /ud5ts ( :at 7 once call$ ! ,moral ,sci5ces4 ,i ?\ght at ! "t t x w\ld be possible to ab/ract su* solutions & problems f ! body ( 8 ,philosophy ( ,m9d1 :i* is a coh]5t & au/]e !ory ( k ( a k9d t 9 ! mod]n decad5ce ( philosophical /udies & ( g5]al culture is rapidly becom+ un9telligible ev5 to ! mo/ highly cultivat$4 ,i hop$ t ! specializ$ read]1 = :om ! l>g] aspects ( ,croce's ?\ght h no appeal1 & !re=e no mean+1 w\ld be able to apply ^? p>ticul> solutions to ! problems t confront$ him 9 8 p>ticul> bran* ( /udies1 by translat+ !m into t]ms ( 8 own nave philosophy4 ,?is plan _h also a p]sonal advantage1 inasmu* z x did n compel me to a consci\s revision ( my own position 9 reg>d to ^? l>g] aspects ( ,croce's philosophy4 ,b z soon z ,i began to ?9k consi/5tly ( ?is book1 ! hi/ory ( my own reactions to ,croce's "w came back to me s vividly t ,i f\nd x impossible to set x aside2 & ,i discov]$ t ?is suppos$ advantage 0 a delusion1 t[>ds :i* ,i _h probably be5 drawn by a v human1 v natural desire ( avoid+ ! mo/ obvi\s difficulties ( my task4 ,z a "y man1 9 my /ud5t days 9 ,italy1 ,i 0 a f]vid & en?usia/ic foll[] ( ,croce's ideas3 "o ( ! _m :o us$ to swe>1 z we 7 wont to say1 9 v]ba ,crucis4 ,to ! g5]ation :o op5$ ! eyes ( _! intellect 9 ! dawn ( ! c5tury1 he _h reveal$ :at seem$ to be ! only safe pa? betwe5 ! two precipices ( a pseudo-sci5tific mat]ialism on "o h&1 & ( a my/icism on ! o!r1 :i* 9 all its _m =ms 7traditionalism1 mod]nism1 pragmatism1 intuitionism1 /heticism1 sup]-humanism1 futurism7 c\ld n be any?+ less ?an an abdication ( ?\ght = ! sake ( ! emotions4 ,& x %\ld n be wond]$ at1 if ,croce's books1 appe>+ at %ort int]vals betwe5 #aijj & #aiaj1 & build+ up :at pres5t$ itself to u z a complete sy/em ( answ]s to all1 or practically all1 our mo/ press+ spiritual que/ions1 7 receiv$ by u ) deep gratitude b ) v little con/ructive criticism4 ,!y cov]$ su* an enorm\s space on ! map ( ,european culture1 t ev5 = ! mo/ ambiti\s among u1 !y 7 v (t5 ! fir/ introduction to entirely new fields ( /udies1 & all we c\ld d 0 to foll[ our guide 9 8 voyages ( r$iscov]y3 to repeat )9 ourselves ! /r5u\s exp]i5ce ( :i* ea* ( ^? books 0 a report & a te/imony4 ,impati5ce ) a ma/] :o 0 n ( ! k9d we _h be5 accu/om$ to1 :o c\ld n be easily dige/$1 surpass$ & dispos$ (1 b _h z mu* en]gy & c\rage1 z light a /ep & z curi\s a m9d1 z ! mo/ gift$ among 8 pupils1 prompt$ a good deal ( immature & caprici\s criticism1 :i* 0 b a means = an arbitr>y lib]ation4 ,x 0 an amus+ sight to see ,croce assail$ &1 to ! satisfaction ( 8 critics1 de/roy$1 ) weapons t nobody c\ld h provid$ b ,croce himself1 & a dw>f victori\sly br&i%+ aga9/ ! giant a too?pick = a sword4 ,b !re is no epic ( ?\ght )\t su* comic int]ludes4 ,my own fai? 9 ,croce 0 n %ak5 until int]c\rse ) "o ( ! greate/ critical m9ds ( our day1 & ! repres5tative ( a totally diff]5t philosophical tradition1 a ma!matician & a philosoph]1 %[$ me ! weakness ( ! f\ndations n ( ,croce's1 b ( my own idealism4 ,& a long resid5ce 9 ,engl&1 :]e ,i became intimately acqua9t$ ) c]ta9 logical habits utt]ly unlike our ,lat9 ways ( ?\ght1 made me pr(\ndly sceptical ( ! intellectual advantages ( :atev] dogmatism might h be5 9 me4 ,yet ,i cont9u$ = a long "t to keep z x 7 9 sep>ate comp>tm5ts ^? t _h seem$ to me to be e/abli%$ tru?s 9 ,croce's sy/em1 & speculations ( a q diff]5t ord] on problems :i* 7 =c$ ^u me by my own exp]i5ce ( life & by contact ) a new moral & cultural environm5t4 ,all ?is 0 9 ! happy days ( peace4 ,! w> f its v beg9n+ appe>$ to me1 !n liv+ 9 "o ( ! mo/ purely intellectual c5tres ( ,europe1 at "o ( ! olde/ ,univ]sities ( ,engl&1 z ! cata/rophe ( our :ole intellectual life4 ,f ! trials ( ! w> ,i em]g$ ) inf9itely less fai? 9 ! value ( our intellectual possessions ?an ,i ev] _h _h be=e1 & at ! same "t ) ! firm conviction t intellig5ce1 m intellig5ce1 a deep]1 pur]1 m active1 *>itable1 c\rage\s & p]vasive intellig5ce1 is our only hope = ! future4 ,x 0 ) su* a disposition t ,i took up ?is "w1 & read :at ,croce _h be5 writ+ dur+ ! w>4 ,?ree ?+s1 9 ! c\rse ( ?is new acqua9tance ) him1 & :ile ,i 0 m$itat+ & lectur+ on him dur+ my ,am]ican p]egr9ations1 became v cle> to me4 ,! fir/1 t 8 ?\ght is n a sy/em 9 ! ord9>y s5se ( ! ^w1 b a me?od2 t !re=e x is impossible to sev] p>ts ( 8 philosophy f ! ma9 body1 ! tru? ( p>ticul> propositions be+ dep5d5t ^u an und]/&+ ( ! :ole4 ,! second1 t 9 ! la/ few ye>s ! progress ( 8 ?\ght has be5 s consid]able t an attempt at giv+ a g5]al exposition ( 8 philosophy )\t any reg>d to ! successive /ages ( gr[?1 at describ+ z a /atic /ructure :at is a dynamic process1 w\ld inevitably lead to ! con/ruction ( a fanciful sy/em1 ( an image totally diff]5t f ! orig9al4 ,! ?ird1 t :atev] our individual position may be 9 relation to 8 ideas1 8 "w be=e1 dur+ & aft] ! w> w rema9 z ! mo/ solemn contempor>y monum5t ( t intellectual civilization ( ,europe1 ( :i* we h se5 s _m false idols1 s _m :ite sepul*res1 g "u dur+ ^! sev5 ye>s ( passion4 ,! conclusion to be drawn f ^! consid]ations 0 obvi\s3 fir/1 t ,i _h to give up my =m] plan1 & ?is ) no regret1 z ,i ought to h rememb]$ :at ,croce has taught aga9 & aga91 t to ! nave philosophy ( ! speciali/ 8 own solutions ( 8 p>ticul> problems1 h[ev] *ildi% !y may appe> f a high] /&po9t1 are p]fectly adequate1 t ready-made1 =mal solutions are no solutions at all1 & ! only tru? is ! "o t we conqu] by our own ef=t1 "u ! impulse ( our own ne$4 ,& second1 t1 h[ev] consci\s ,i 0 & am ( my own limitations1 ,i _h to take a fir/ /ep 9 ! direction ( con/ructive criticism by try+ to retrace ! hi/ory1 ! ideal biography1 ( ! philosophy ( ,croce4 ,) ! exception ( a little book writt5 by ,croce himself1 !re is v little help to be f\nd = a "w ( ?is k9d 9 ! va/ lit]ature t has gr[n 9 ! la/ tw5ty ye>s1 9 ,europe & 9 ,am]ica1 ar\nd 8 "w4 ,& ,i firmly believe t !re is n "o man 9 ,europe or 9 ,am]ica :o is qualifi$ to d t "w ( creative int]pretation :i* ought to be at ! same "t a hi/ory & a criticism ( ,croce's philosophical activity3 lea/ ( all1 ! pr(essional philosoph]1 :o has dealt all 8 life ) ! conceptual residuum ( ! problems ( life1 & has no direct exp]i5ce ( any ( !m4 ,croce1 z ?is little book w try to %[1 has always come to ! concept f ! concrete1 p>ticul> problem1 & has occupi$ himself ) su* a v>iety ( problems1 go+ into !m s deeply & s ?or\ghly1 t a complete valuation ( 8 "w w nev] be possible to a s+le man1 b w take place1 w happ51 9 ! hi/ory ( ! v>i\s discipl9es1 & 9 ! g5]al hi/ory ( ?\ght1 = ye>s & ye>s to come4 ,= ! pres5t1 & z long z he w be alive & ?9k+1 ! only creative int]pret] ( ,croce is ,croce himself4 ,?is book does n !re=e int5d to sub/itute itself1 n ev5 z a summ>y & a %ort cut = lazy m9ds1 to ! works ( ,croce4 ,x is r an introduction to ^? works1 & at ! same "t ! confession ( "o individual exp]i5ce ( t philosophy4 ,x is an hi/orical sket*1 & implicitly a criticism1 s9ce our way ( und]/&+ a ?\ght is our judgm5t ( t ?\ght 7:5 n a judgm5t t t ?\ght passes on u72 a sket* :i* ,i ?9k ,i c hone/ly write because s mu* ( t philosophy has be5 ! daily food ( my intellectual life1 my own hi/ory1 = ye>s4 ,be=e ! w> ,i %\ld probably h be5 able to write x ) less difficulty1 ) m complete adhesion2 b ! p]spective ( ^! few ye>s w make x p]haps less passionate & m reflective4 ,an explicit criticism ( ! :ole philosophy ( ,croce x is n1 & x does n attempt to be3 ! read] may f9d traces ( my d\bts & ( my preoccupations 9 x1 b ,i h humbly tri$ to give n m1 & ,i hope n less1 ?an :at he has a "r to expect f ! title4 ,i d n write ?is book = ! pr(essors ( philosophy4 ,^? among !m :o "k ,croce w n ne$ x2 & ^? :o ei!r h n z yet tak5 any notice ( him1 or f a casual acqua9tance ) "o ( 8 books h proce$$ to damn mo/ vigor\sly :at !y h h>dly und]/ood1 are c]ta9ly beyond my p[]4 ,i write x = ! "y1 f ! he>t ( my own n[ fa/ rec$+ y\?1 try+ to raise be=e _! eyes1 9 ! words ( ,dante to ,brunetto ,lat9i1 la c>a e buona immag9e pat]na di voi1 qu&o 4444 ad ora ad ora m'insegnavate come l'uom s'et]na4 ,i tru/ t !y w f9d 9 x :at !y ne$ n less ?an we ( an old] g5]ation ne$$ x1 & :at ,i "k !y are ?ir/+ =3 an example ( intellectual en]gy & ( moral /r5g? conv]g+ into a life ( unremitt+ devotion to ! s]vice ( t tru? :i* is light & love & joy1--our only light aga9/ ! m5ace ( d>kness4 ,raffaello ,piccoli4 ,nor?ampton1 ,mass41 ,june-,octob]1 #aica4 ,,table ,,( ,,cont5ts ,introduction ,i4 ,! ,beg9n+s ,,ii4 ,e>ly ,environm5t ,,iii4 ,! ,orig9s ( 8 ,?\ght ,,"p ,,fir/ ,f ,philology to ,philosophy 7#ahic-ahii7 ,i4 ,hi/ory z ,art ,,ii4 ,on ,lit]>y ,criticism ,,iii4 ,hi/ory & ,economics ,,"p ,,second ,! ,philosophy ( ,m9d 7#aijj-aiaj7 ,i4 ,! ,gr[? ( ! ,sy/em ,,ii4 ,intuition & ,expression ,,iii4 ,! ,concept ( ,art ,,iv4 ,criticism & ,te*nique ,v4 ,! ,pure ,concept ,,vi4 ,! ,=ms ( ,k ,,vii4 ,! ,!ory ( ,error ,,viii4 ,! ,practical ,activity ,,ix4 ,economics & ,e?ics ,x4 ,! ,laws ,,"p ,,?ird ,philosophy z ,hi/ory 7#aiaa-aiba7 ,i4 ,works & ,days ,,ii4 ,! ,!ory ( ,hi/ory ,,iii4 ,criticism & ,hi/ory ,,iv4 ,v]itas filta temporis ,bibliographical ,note ,index ,,b5$etto ,,croce ,,introduction ,croce's family1 & e>ly education--,8 religion--,life 9 ,rome 9 ! eighties--,labriola's influ5ce--,m$itations on e?ics--,return to ,naples2 life z a s*ol>--,travels2 & ! problem ( hi/ory --,philosophus fit--,! intellectual conditions ( ,italy aft] ! ,risorgim5to--,contempor>y ,european culture--,am]ican analogies --,two lead]s ( ,italian ?\ght--,francesco de ,sanctis--,giosu ,c>ducci--,croce's approa* to philosophy1 & 8 me?od ( "w--,8 relations to ! philosophical practition--,vico & ! philosophy ( ! ,r5aissance--,bruno & ,campanella--,! humanism ( ,vico--,naturalism & spiritualism--,a philosophy ( ! human _s4 ,i4 ,! ,beg9n+s ,b5$etto ,croce 0 born 9 #ahff1 9 a small t[n 9 ! ,italian prov9ce ( ,aquila1 ! only son ( an old-fa%ion$1 ,ca?olic1 & cons]vative ,neapolitan family4 ,8 gr&fa!r _h be5 a high magi/rate1 unt\*$ by ! new lib]al curr5ts 9 8 devotion to ! old rgime & to ! ,b\rbon dyna/y !n reign+ 9 ,naples4 ,8 fa!r foll[$ ! traditional maxim ( ! good p ( ,naples3 t an hone/ man mu/ take c>e ( 8 family & ( 8 bus9ess1 & keep away f ! intrigues ( political life4 ,8 "m 0 a woman ( culture & ta/e1 su* z ! old type ( education = wom51 :i* is n[ z completely =gott5 z if x _h nev] exi/$1 us$ to produce4 ,b]tr&o ,spav5ta1 ! philosoph]1 & ,silvio ,spav5ta1 a /atesman :o _h br\ght to 8 en?usiasm = ! national cause all ! traditions ( 8 ,neapolitan cons]vatism1 7 h] bro!rs3 bo? ( !m1 h[ev]1 e/rang$ f ,croce's family because ( _! political ideas4 ,! *ild grew 9 ?is greyi%1 subdu$ atmosph]e1 9 :i* ! only t\*es ( col\r 7 add$ by 8 own passion = books ( hi/ory & romance1 & by ! visits to ! beautiful old *ur*es to :i* he accompani$ 8 "m4 ,to ! circum/ances ( 8 *ildhood1 ,croce attributes ! relative delay 9 ! developm5t ( 8 political feel+s & ideals1 = a long "t subm]g$ by 8 int]e/s 9 lit]ature & erudition4 ,b because e fault br+s ) itself "s comp5sation1 he also ow$ to !m 8 critical attitude t[>ds p>tisan political leg5ds1 8 impati5ce t[>ds ! rhetoric ( lib]alism1 8 vehem5t dislike ( great emphatic words1 & ( any k9d ( pomp & c]emony1 toge!r ) a p[] to appreciate :at is useful & effectual 9 ! actions ( m51 :]ev] x may come f4 ,z a boy1 he w5t to a ,ca?olic collegio or bo>d+ s*ool1 & 9 ?is too 8 exp]i5ce diff]$ f t ( ! majority ( 8 contempor>ies4 ,! insi/5ce on lay education imp>t$ by ! ,/ate1 & ! pref]5ce = ! day s*ool1 :i* all[s ! family to supplem5t ! "w ( ! s*ool1 9 fact1 to take c>e ( ! moral & social side ( education1 z di/9ct f ! purely intellectual "o1 are *>act]i/ics ( ! new ,italian me?ods1 obvi\sly 9 keep+ ) ! g5]al t5d5cies ( ! age4 ,i rememb] t to myself z a boy x 0 inexplicable :y anybody %\ld be s5t to a collegio unless he 7 an orphan or an unmanageable scamp4 ,b ,croce seems to h enjoy$ 8 exp]i5ce1 to :i* he 0 submitt$ m]ely 9 accordance ) ! habits ( 8 family2 & ev5 n[ he praises ! sy/em = bre$+ 9 him ^? feel+s ( loyalty & hon\r1 :i* are ! result ( life 9 common ) boys ( "o's own age1 & ( ! necessity ( adapt+ oneself to a v>iety ( dispositions & temp]am5ts4 ,classical second>y education 9 ,italy r\ghly corresponds 9 its scope1 ev5 to-day1 to t :i* is imp>t$ 9 ,anglo-,saxon c\ntries by second>y s*ools & lib]al colleges4 ,x is suppos$ to end ! =mative phase ( education1 & to lead to ! high] phase 9 ! ,univ]sities1 :i* is1 :e!r cultural or pr(essional1 ( a highly specializ$ & in=mative k9d4 ,x is ! direct outcome ( ! humani/ic tradition1 & r m s 9 ! cl]ical s*ools1 l ! "o :i* ,croce att5d$1 ?an 9 ! public ones4 ,by ! "t he 0 ready = ! ,univ]sity1 he mu/ h _h a good k ( ! classics1 z a g5]al backgr\nd to a ma9ly lit]>y & hi/orical culture1 9 :i* ! elem5ts ( sci5tific k1 & a good deal ( ma!matics1 _h also _! place4 ,! religion :i* play$ su* an important "p 9 8 family & s*ool life 0 probably little m ?an a habit ) him3 a set ( answ]s to c]ta9 fundam5tal problems :i*1 accept$ on ! au?ority ( p>5ts & tea*]s1 releas$ 8 m9d = ! pursuit ( 8 fav\rite /udies4 ,& yet1 !re is no d\bt t we c f9d traces ( ?is religi\s education 9 all 8 "w3 a p]sonal exp]i5ce ( ! ca?olic cate*ism & ( ca?olic morality br+s a _s 9 contact ) "s ( ! great ideas & ( ! great realities ( life 9 a mu* m intimate & pr(\nd way ?an ! purely intellectual appreh5sions ( ! same ideas & realities ev] w4 ,x creates habits ( m9d & moral ta/es :i* w /ill be recognizable ev5 aft] ! individual m9d to :i* !y belong has und]gone ! mo/ radical *anges4 ,9 a philosoph]1 9 p>ticul>1 x =ms a k9d ( p]sonal backgr\nd to ?\ght1 simil> to t :i* mod]n philosophy actually has 9 its own hi/ory3 x reproduces 9 ! y\? ( "o man t religi\s phase :i* corresponds to ! y\? ( a civilization1 & is ! s\rce ( ! intellectual developm5t ( a m consci\s age4 ,at int]vals dur+ 8 adolesc5ce1 ,croce's fai? int5sifi$ itself into pass+ aspirations t[>ds a life ( devotion1 until x quietly vani%$1 s to speak1 f 8 consci\sness1 ?r\gh no great dramatic crisis1 b m]ely 9 consequ5ce ( a c\rse ( lessons on ! philosophy ( religion1 :i* 7 int5d$ to /r5g!n x & make x m resi/ant to criticism1 dur+ ! la/ ye>s ( 8 second>y education4 ,at ab\t ! same "t1 hav+ come "u ! influ5ce ( bo? ,c>ducci & ,de ,sanctis1 he began to write1 & contribut$ 8 fir/ articles to a lit]>y weekly1 ! ,fanfulla della ,dom5ica1 :i* repres5t$ ! mo/ vigor\s & advanc$ t5d5cies ( ! day4 ,9 #ahhc1 9 ! e>?quake ( ,casamicciola1 9 ! isl& ( ,is*ia ne> ,naples1 ,croce lo/ bo? 8 p>5ts & 8 only si/]1 he himself rema9+ buri$ = sev]al h\rs "u ! ru9s1 & brok5 9 sev]al p>ts ( 8 body4 ,! ye>s imm$iately foll[+ 7 ! sadde/ & d>ke/ ( 8 life1 & he sp5t !m 9 ,rome 9 ! h\se ( 8 uncle ,silvio ,spav5ta1 :i* 0 "o ( ! mo/ conspicu\s political & intellectual c5tres ( ! capital ( ! new k+dom4 ,spav5ta 0 "o ( ! lead]s ( ! ,"r1 or ,cons]vative p>ty1 :i* _h be5 ?r[n out ( (fice by ! ,left1 or ,lib]al p>ty1 a few ye>s be=e2 by him & by 8 fri5ds ! "y ,croce 0 /r5g!n$ 9 8 mi/ru/ ( ! prevail+ ideas & me?ods1 :i* he he>d bitt]ly & s>ca/ically criticis$ by m5 ( great culture & ( pr(\nd political hone/y4 ,:ile 8 temp]am5t & ! %ad[ ( 8 grief kept him away f ! brilliant social life ( ! ,roman jeunesse dore 8 relations ) ! m5 ( a p>ty :i* _h little hope ( ev] com+ back to p[] prev5t$ him f tak+ any "p 9 active political life1 9 %>p contra/ ) ! habits ( ! majority ( ,italian univ]sity /ud5ts1 to :om politics are :at ! major sports are to ,anglo-,saxon /ud5ts4 ,he divid$ 8 "t betwe5 ! ,univ]sity & ! great ,roman libr>ies1 among :i* ! "o he lov$ be/ 0 ! ,casanat5se1 9 ^? ye>s /ill s]v$ by ,dom9ican monks1 a typical old mona/ic libr>y1 its b5*es provid$ ) old-fa%ion$ inkhorns1 s&boxes ) gold5 s&1 & goose-quills4 ,anyone see+ him !re1 buri$ among 8 anci5t & curi\s books1 & n suspect+ ! deep p]petual dissatisfaction & unhapp9ess :i* accompani$ him 9 a "w :i* seem$ to be b a "w ( love1 w\ld h prophesi$ = him ! life ( "o ( ^? ascetics ( erudition1 intoxicat$ by ! romantic du/ ( ! pa/1 :o /ill haunt ! solemn halls & ! d>k corridors ( ! libr>ies ( ! old _w4 ,b ! great ev5t ( 8 ,univ]sity life1 ! "o :i* awak5$ him f ! torpor ( m]e erudition1 & set be=e him a new goal & a high] hope1 0 ! lessons on moral philosophy :i* he he>d f ,antonio ,labriola4 ,croce himself has describ$ ?is new1 decisive exp]i5ce3 ,^? lessons came unexpect$ly to meet my h>r[+ ne$ ( rebuild+ = myself 9 a rational =m a fai? 9 life1 & 9 ! aims & duties ( life2 ,i _h lo/ ! guidance ( a religi\s doctr9e1 & at ! same "t ,i 0 feel+ ! obscure dang] ( mat]iali/ic !ories1 :e!r s5si/ic or associationi/ic1 ab\t :i* ,i _h no illusions at all1 z ,i cle>ly p]ceiv$ 9 !m ! sub/antial negation ( morality itself1 resolv$ into a m or less disguis$ egotism4 ,h]b>t's e?ics taught by ,labriola re/or$ 9 my m9d ! maje/y ( ! ideal1 ( t :i* has to be z oppos$ to t :i* is1 & my/]i\s 9 its opposition1 b because ( ?is same my/]i\sness1 absolute & uncompromis+4#a ,labriola's influ5ce on ,croce 0 n limit$ to ! classroom2 ! pr(essor & ! /ud5t became fri5ds1 & ,croce enjoy$ ! b5efit ( 8 wond]ful gifts z a conv]sationali/1 on :i* ev5 m ?an on 8 academic activity1 or on 8 publi%$ "w1 8 fame re/s4 ,he seems to h be5 an awak5] ( s\ls1 an intellectual /imulant 9 ! fa%ion ( ! ,greek philosoph]s1 a break] ( new pa?s & a spiritual guide su* z a y\ng] g5]ation _h 9 ! ma!matician ,vailati4 ,! m9d ( ! "y s*ol> is h5ce=? con/antly occupi$ by m$itations on ! concepts ( pleasure & duty1 ( purity & impurity1 ( actions prompt$ by ! attraction ( ! pure1 moral idea1 & ( actions :i* result 9 app>5t moral effects ?r\gh psy*ic associations1 ?r\gh habits1 ?r\gh ! impulse ( ! passions4 ,x is easy to discov] ! dep5d5ce ( su* m$itations on ! e>ly religi\s education ( ,croce2 !y are ! l9k1 9 fact1 betwe5 8 religion & 8 philosophy1 s9ce we f9d !m1 at a m mature & elaborate /age1 reflect$ 9 ! ?ird volume ( 8 ,philosophy ( ,m9d1 :i*1 to ! eyes ( its au?or1 has /ill an almo/ autobiographical aspect1 entirely conceal$ f ! read] by its didascalic =m4 ,! plan ( life t he sket*$ = himself ab\t ?is "t1 0 a di/9ctly disillusion$ & pessimi/ic "o3 on "o h&1 he w\ld pursue 8 erudite & lit]>y "w1 p>tly because ( 8 natural incl9ation t[>ds x1 & p>tly because "o has anyh[ to d some?+ 9 ?is _w2 & he w\ld1 on ! o!r h&1 fulfil 8 moral duties to ! be/ ( 8 capacity1 conceiv+ !m to be above all duties ( compassion4 ,9 lat] ye>s he criticis$ ?is view z a purely selfi% "o1 s9ce ! true & high compassion is t :i* "o practices by sett+ ! :ole ( "o's self 9 h>mony ) ! ends ( reality1 & by compell+ o!rs too to move t[>ds ^? ends1 & a k9d he>t makes itself truly & s]i\sly k9d only ?r\gh an ev] broad] & deep] und]/&+4#b ,aft] ?ree ye>s ( resid5ce 9 ,rome1 ,croce return$ to ,naples1 :]e he liv$ 9 ! society ( curi\s & le>n$ old m51 libr>ians & ar*ivi/s1 all absorb$ 9 m9ute & pa9/ak+ hi/orical rese>*es4 ,! mod]ate =tune :i* he _h inh]it$ f 8 p>5ts gave him ! indep5d5ce he ne$$ = 8 quiet1 labori\s ta/es1 & all[$ him gradually to collect 9 8 own h\se a v l>ge & preci\s libr>y4 ,to x he ow$ also ! possibility ( le>n+ )\t tea*+1 & !re=e ( keep+ 8 own "w entirely free f any academic ta9t3 ( subord9at+ 8 /udies r to ! necessities ( ! developm5t ( 8 own p]sonality ?an to ^? ( pr(essional specialization4 ,practically all ! production ( ! ye>s betwe5 #ahhf & #ahib is conc]n$ ) "o aspect or ano!r ( ! hi/ory ( ,naples4 ,?r\gh 8 rese>*es on ! ,neapolitan !atres1 on ,neapolitan life 9 ! eighte5? c5tury1 & on ! lit]ature ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 he acquir$ an intimate & exhau/ive k ( ! m9ute/ lit]>y1 political1 social & ar*ological details ( t life ( 8 own city1 :i* 0 ! imm$iate hi/orical backgr\nd ( 8 own life4 ,t[>ds ! end ( ?is p]iod1 ?is complex activity cry/alliz$ itself into two r ambiti\s ent]prises3 ! edit+ ( a ,biblioteca lett]>ia napoletana1 = ! publication ( texts & docum5ts ( ,neapolitan lit]ature2 & ( a p]iodical1 ,napoli ,nobilissima1 :i* 9 ! fifte5 ye>s ( its exi/5ce collect$ an enorm\s am\nt ( mat]ial = ! hi/ory & ar*ology ( ,naples1 & to :i* ,croce himself contribut$ ! essays ( 8 ,/orie e legg5de napoletane4 ,we h "h a ,croce1 :o1 ?\gh n a pr(essor1 0 yet truly a speciali/3 "o ( t great ho/ ( local & municipal hi/orians :i* are to be met ) 9 ev5 ! lea/ important ,italian t[ns4 ,& und\bt$ly ?is k9d ( activity (f]$ him1 z he will+ly ackn[l$ges1 n only an outlet = 8 y\?ful imag9ation1 9 ! recon/ruction ( an adv5tur\s & picturesque pa/1 b a =mal discipl9e ( precision & ?or\ghness 9 sci5tific "w4 ,b x mu/ be rememb]$ t municipal or regional hi/ory 9 ,italy has 9 _m cases ! bread? & dep? ( national hi/ory 9 o!r c\ntries1 because ( ! numb] & v>iety ( div]g5t political1 lit]>y & arti/ic traditions :i* are pres5t 9 ! life ( ea* ,italian city or /ate4 ,& ,naples1 ?\gh %e nev] _h z prepond]ant a "p 9 ! =mation ( ! national consci\sness z ei!r ,rome or ,flor5ce1 0 a _w 9 h]self1 ) h] own art & poetry1 ) h] own philosophical & political t5d5cies1 ) h] peculi> relations to non-,italian /ates & cultures1 su* z ,france & ,spa94 ,croce's ,neapolitan rese>*es1 h[ev] specializ$ & b>r5 !y may appe> at fir/ sight1 7 !re=e well fitt$ to give him1 9 "o p>ticul> in/ance1 t direct & concrete exp]i5ce ( hi/orical reality1 ( a complex & v>iegat$ hi/orical reality1 :i* is among ! necess>y premises ( 8 philosophical ?\ght4 ,!y gave him also a cle>] consci\sness ( ! processes ( ?\ght :i* 7 naturally connect$ ) t p>ticul> exp]i5ce1 & !y ?us help$ him to p5etrate ! m9ds ( 8 two great ,neapolitan pr$ecessors1 ,vico & ,de ,sanctis4 ,& f9ally1 especially ?r\gh 8 int]e/ 9 ! cultural relations betwe5 ,naples & ,spa91 !y enl>g$ 8 horizon f ! problems ( local to ^? ( g5]al ,european hi/ory4 ,he visit$1 always z a s*ol>1 n only ,spa91 b ,france & ,engl& & ,g]many1 con/antly wid5+ ! range ( 8 excursions 9 libr>ies & ar*ives4 ,b ! m he acquir$ ( ! k ( individual facts1 ! deep] he felt ! futility & vacuity ( _! purely mat]ial accumulation4 ,!re 0 no end1 app>5tly1 to ! labor ( rese>* & erudition1 unless a guid+ & limit+ pr9ciple %\ld be f\nd3 by ! m]e pil+ up ( hi/orical in=mation1 h[ev] m9ute & exact1 x w\ld be =ev] impossible to deciph] ! secret ( ! pa/4 ,no am\nt ( erudition w\ld ev] make hi/ory4 ,x is no wond] t to a m9d :i* already _h be5 preoccupi$ ) religi\s & moral problems1 ! problem ( its own "w %\ld pres5t itself ) ! same int5sity & 9 ! same %ape z a moral exp]i5ce4 ,he began to feel a satiety & di/a/e = t :i* he _h once ?\ght w\ld be ! lab\r ( 8 :ole life1 & a ye>n+ = a m satisfy+1 m intimate =m ( activity4 ,he felt a vague attraction t[>ds a new type ( hi/ory1 moral hi/ory1 9 relation to :i* all 8 previ\s rese>*es appe>$ z a k9d ( amorph\s & unconsci\s prep>ation4 ,he plann$ a book on ! psy*ological & spiritual hi/ory ( ,italy f ! ,r5aissance to our own times1 & he und]took a s]ies ( /udies on ! relations betwe5 ,spa9 & ,italy1 to be foll[$ by simil> "w 9 reg>d to ! o!r nations ( ,europe1 z necess>y to a full und]/&+ ( 8 ma9 !me4 ,b 8 old me?ods & habits foll[$ him 9 ! new field3 aga9 x seem$ to him t !re w\ld be no end to 8 m]ely prep>atory "w1 once he _h und]tak5 x 9 :at 0 practically /ill 8 old _s4 ,9 fact he _h s5s$ a spiritual ne$ :i* _h ann\nc$ itself by t peculi> feel+ s closely resembl+ "o ( moral dissatisfaction1 b he _h n be5 able z yet to =mulate ! t]ms ( 8 problem4 ,x is probable t :at kept him = q a long "t f do+ s 0 p>tly ! "* ( 8 lit]>y education1 & p>tly a k9d ( intellectual humility1 :i* made him di/ru/ 8 own p[]s1 on ent]+ into a completely new =m ( m5tal activity4 ,! problem :i* he _h to solve = himself 01 inde$1 n an hi/orical1 or philological1 or ar*ological "o1 b a purely philosophical "o3 ! problem ( ! nature ( hi/ory & ( sci5ce4 ,we "k ) :at religi\s awe ,croce reg>d$ ! pr(essional philosoph]s at ! "t2 & c]ta9ly no?+ c\ld h be5 m pa9ful to ! "y & mode/ s*ol> ?an ! ?\ght ( /epp+ beyond ! limits ( 8 own specialty1 & invad+ a gr\nd s p[]fully occupi$ & def5d$4 ,b ,croce discov]$ ?r\gh 8 own exp]i5ce t y _c reject a problem1 once x is =c$ ^u y by ! facts ( y\r own life1 & t philosophus fit ) ! same k9d ( necessity ) :i* poeta nascitur4 ,x is f ?is po9t t we c obs]ve ! trans=mation ( ! "y s*ol> into a philosoph]2 8 philosophical c>e] w appe> to u z a cont9u$ ef=t t[>ds ! solution ( t fir/ problem1 & ( all ! problems :i* foll[$ 9 its tra94 ,! la/ answ] to x is 9 ,croce's !ory ( ! id5tity ( hi/ory & philosophy2 & ! dep5d5ce ( ?is !ory on ! fir/ impulse f :i* ! :ole ( 8 philosophy arose is cle>ly visible 9 ! desire :i* he has aga9 & aga9 express$ & p>tly fulfill$ 9 8 late/ writ+s1 ( go+ back f ab/ract & =mal philosophy to ! philosophy ( p>ticul> facts or hi/ory3 /oria p5sata2 s9ce ?is is ! mean+ ( ! id5tity ( philosophy & hi/ory1 t we philosophize :5ev] we ?9k1 :atev] may be ! subject or =m ( our ?\ght4#c ,! philosophy ( ,croce1 :i* beg9s ) ! raw mat]ial ( hi/ory1 pres5t+ itself z a d5se1 imp5etrable mass1 ends 9 a new conception ( hi/ory1 :i* is p]meat$ 9 all its p>ts by ! vivify+ brea? ( ?\ght4 ,i may add "h1 s9ce x w be v h>d to int]rupt ! hi/ory ( 8 intellectual developm5t ) biographical details1 t ! new direction ( 8 ?\ght did n alt] ,croce's ext]nal mode ( life2 t ! discipl9e acquir$ 9 8 e>ly "w rema9$ ! norm ( all 8 lat] activity2 t he accept$ public (fices 9 8 own t[n1 & lat] z a s5ator 7:i* 9 ,italy is a life-(fice7 & z a ,m9i/] ( ,public ,education 9 ! la/ ,giolitti ,cab9et1 c]ta9ly m out ( ! consci\sness ( a moral obligation ?an ?r\gh 8 incl9ation or 8 ambition4 ,8 life on ! :ole has be5 & is ess5tially t ( ! s*ol> & ( ! ?9k]3 8 "w1 a political "w only 9 ! wide mean+ :i* ,plato gives to ! ^w4 ,footnote #a3 ,contributo1 pp4 #ba1 #bb2 & passim1 pp4 #a-cj1 = practically ! :ole sub/ance ( ?is section4 ,footnote #b3 ,contributo1 p4 #bc4 ,footnote #c3 ,contributo1 p4 #ha4 ,,ii4 ,e>ly ,environm5t ,b5$etto ,croce 0 ?irty-f\r ye>s old 9 n9ete5 hundr$3 8 education 7if x is possible to set a t]m to ! education ( a philosoph]7 is !re=e ! "w ( ! la/ qu>t] ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,a rapid exam9ation ( ! intellectual conditions ( ,italy dur+ ^? ye>s w help u to see t education 9 its true light1 t is1 z a reaction to1 r ?an a fruit (1 ! environm5t4 ,! ,risorgim5to1 ) its fifty ye>s ( w>s & revolutions com+ close on ! heels ( ! great ,napoleonic upheaval1 left ,italy mat]ially & morally exhau/$4 ,aft] c5turies ( =eign dom9ation1 ( political & spiritual s]vitude1 all ! elem5ts ( ,italian culture _h be5 ga!r$ by ! two g5]ations ( ! ,risorgim5to into a new culture1 :i* 0 mu* m an in/rum5t ( combat1 = ! conque/ ( unity & indep5d5ce1 consid]$ z ! necess>y premises ( national life1 ?an ! be/ soil = ! spiritual gr[? ( t life aft] ! conque/4 ,?is new culture1 9 ! poets :o _h ann\nc$ & =m$ x1 ,p>9i1 ,alfi]i1 ,foscolo1 ,leop>di1 ,manzoni1 9 its philosoph]s1 ,rosm9i & ,giob]ti1 & 9 its prophet & apo/le1 ,mazz9i1 _h =ms & spirits1 ! value & mean+ ( :i* by f> transc5d$ ! importance ( its imm$iate hi/orical purpose2 b ?r\gh ! difficulties & labors ( ! practical ef=t1 x rea*$ ! end ( ! p]iod %orn ( a good deal ( :at 0 deepe/1 mo/ beautiful1 ne>e/ to ! univ]sal1 9 x4 ,italy 9 #ahgj 0 v mu* l ! spr9t] :o w9s ! race1 b collapses at ! cross+ ( ! l9e4 ,! culture ( ,italy _h be5 = c5turies oscillat+ betwe5 ! pursuit & discov]y ( c]ta9 univ]sal values1 :i* _h gradually become "p ( ! common ,european culture 7! ,roman idea1 ! ,*ri/ian idea1 ! ma9 pr9ciples1 /hetic & moral1 ( ! ,r5aissance71 & ! developm5t ( purely local1 regional *>act]i/ics4 ,at ! end ( ! ,risorgim5to1 ! l9ks t _h kept ,italian culture 9 con/ant contact ) ! re/ ( ,europe 7 brok51 & on ! o!r h& ! local cultures f\nd !mselves1 z x 71 lo/ & subm]g$ 9 ! new political readju/m5t1 ?reat5$ 9 _! v exi/5ce by ! new claim ( loyalty advanc$ by a lit]>y & ab/ract national ideal4 ,! duties ( ,italian culture1 cle>] to u n[ ?an to ! m5 :o liv$ 9 ! mid/ ( ^? ev5ts1 7 !n1 on "o side1 to re-e/abli% ! connection betwe5 ,italian & ,european culture1 & ?is "t m by le>n+ ?an by tea*+--& on ! o!r side to utilize ! less p>ticul> elem5ts ( ! regional cultures z a f\ndation = a real & concrete & diffus$ cultural life 9 ! nation4 ,?us ,italy becomes1 at ! beg9n+ ( h] new1 unifi$ exi/5ce1 little m ?an a prov9ce ( ,european ?\ght4 ,%e looks ar\nd h]self & %e is compell$ to take notice ( :at _h happ5$ beyond h] fronti]s dur+ ! la/ two or ?ree c5turies4 ,x is int]e/+ to comp>e ! *>act]i/ics ( ! o!r great nations ( ,europe z !y appe> to ,italy dur+ & aft] ! ,risorgim5to4 ,engl&1 :o _h be5 a symbol ( political lib]ty1 a s\rce ( political & economic wisdom1 reappe>s z a model ( indu/rial developm5t & at ! same "t z ! proclaim] ( a new cre$ to ! _w1 ! cre$ ( evolution1 :i* aft] hav+ infus$ a fre% _s 9 ! natural sci5ces ) ,d>w91 seems to promise a new int]pretation ( human life1 a new organization ( sci5ce & ( social ?\ght1 ) ,sp5c]4 ,france1 ! "m ( revolutions1 ! deliv]] ( ! _s ( man f ! %ackles ( div9e & e>?ly tyranny1 rema9s1 9 a vague & hazy fa%ion1 ?r\gh ! _m disappo9tm5ts t h] policies give to h] ,italian lov]s dur+ all ?is p]iod1 ! same k9d ( inspiration t %e has be5 ev] s9ce ! ,encyclopdie & ! ,revolutions2 b contributes to ! new ef=t little m ?an h] v]i/ic fiction1 9 :i* art itself is r$uc$ to a h&maid ( ! goddess ( ! h\r1 biological & social sci5ce4 ,g]many _h saturat$ ) ! romantic atmosph]e ( h] poetry ! passionate /ruggle ( ! times1 & %e _h captur$ a little b& ( ?\ghtful patriots1 among :om we f9d ,croce's uncle1 ,b]tr&o ,spav5ta1 ) ! fasc9ation ( h] new metaphysics1 9 :i* !y f\nd ! fulfilm5t ( all ! promises ( ,italian ?\ght 9 ! =ego+ c5turies2 b aft] h] victory ov] ,france1 ! same cause t makes ,fr5* influ5ce less vigor\s1 makes also ,g]man influ5ce less deep & less inspir+4 ,a ,g]many :o has l ,fau/ sold h] romantic & metaphysical s\l1 yields only a %ad[ ( h] great hi/orical & philosophical culture ( ! eighte5? & ( ! fir/ half ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 ?\gh a trem5d\sly p[]ful "o1 & su* t = a long "t x ov]awes ! academic m9d n ( ,italy only1 b ( ! :ole cont95t4 ,a n>r[ & mat]iali/ic philology1 "u ! "n ( hi/orical me?od1 becomes ! heir to ! humani/ic tradition1 & sub/itutes itself = e native impulse1 ev5 9 fields 9 :i* ,italian ?\ght _h be5 ma/] = c5turies1 z 9 t ( law3 :]e x m]cilessly de/roys1 ( ! ideologies ( ! ,risorgim5to1 n only t :i* 0 arbitr>y & fanciful1 & !re=e de/9$ to p]i%1 b ev5 t :i* ?r\gh ! subsequ5t c\rse ( hi/ory 0 to prove vital & s\nd4 ,! ,italian s*ool ( int]national law1 ! new conception ( ! ,law ( ,nations1 = in/ance1 :i* 0 ! fruit ( ! ,italian juridical tradition dur+ ! exp]i5ces ( ! ,risorgim5to1 & :i* is ! m or less consci\sly accept$ f\ndation ( all ! doctr9es ( int]national relations /riv+ = realization 9 our times1 9 no c\ntry & 9 no s*ools 0 s resolutely repudiat$ z 9 ! ,italian univ]sities4 ,& x c\ld n h be5 o!rwise1 s9ce ! new philology 0 z /atic & det]m9i/ic a doctr9e1 only m logically & rigor\sly s1 z ! evolution>y positivism :i* we _h le>nt f ,engl&4 ,! faults ( ,italian culture dur+ ?is p]iod are !re=e ! faults ( ! o!r ,european cultures :i* ,italy _h to assimilate3 at a "t :5 ,italy 0 mo/ 9 ne$ ( cultural help f )\t1 %e f\nd t1 = reasons inf9itely complex & totally diff]5t f ^? :i* _h caus$ h] own exhau/ion1 ! o!r nations ( ,europe 7 also spiritually exhau/$4 ,& yet x _c be said t f ^! v faults ,italy did n draw "s useful lessons4 ,! s-call$ hi/orical me?od1 :i* completely disreg>d$ ! great =ces ( hi/ory1 & made ( ! lea/ significant hi/orical datum a ,d+ an si* 9 :i* ! m9d ( ! s*ol> seem$ to f9d its ultimate object1 prov$ 9 ! end to be a salut>y discipl9e z aga9/ ! facile & en?usia/ic g5]alizations ( ! hi/orians ( ! ,risorgim5to4 ,positivism1 h[ev] b>b>\s & unc\? 9 itself1 0 a p[]ful weapon = ! de/ruction ( ! la/ remnants ( a m or less my?ological metaphysics1 & 9 t s5se x af=d$ an example ( intellectual hone/y2 & at ! same "t x awak5$ ! consci\sness ( ! cont9uity ( natural & spiritual life1 ann\nc+1 ?\gh 9 a ha/y & imp]fect syn!sis1 :at e philosophy ( ! future w h to be4 ,& ab\t ! middle ( ! p]iod :i* we are n[ consid]+1 ! only real contribution ( ,g]many to ,european ?\ght 9 ! second half ( ! c5tury became kn[n 9 ,italy ) ! adv5t ( ,m>xism1 9 :i* we f\nd a new conception ( hi/ory1 9 s f> adequate to ! true _s & conditions ( ! times1 z x af=d$ to bl9d social =ces1 /riv+ = political expression1 an int]pretation ( _! ne$s & a rationaliz$ programme ( action4 ,! analogies betwe5 ?is g5]al cultural atmosph]e1 & ! pres5t conditions ( ! intellectual _w 9 ,am]ica1 are1 provid$ we d n /ress !m too h>d1 s /rik+ t ,i _c refra9 f call+ ! att5tion ( ! read] to !m4 ,i believe ?is w help him to apply a good _m ( ,croce's criticisms & ideas to t5d5cies & problems ) :i* he is ?or\ghly famili>4 ,! mo/ rec5t =ms ( ,am]ican philosophy1 pragmatism1 in/rum5talism1 realism1 are indig5\s elaborations ( t same ,engli% positivism & empiricism :i* 0 dom9ant 9 ,italy a g5]ation ago3 ! relations betwe5 sci5ce & philosophy are se5 9 ! same light 9 ,am]ica to-day z 9 ,italy be=e ! beg9n+ ( ?is c5tury4 ,& ! two mo/ significant & f>-rea*+ directions ( rese>*1 social psy*ology & psy*oanalysis1 bran*+ out into e ramification ( social & moral & /hetic ?\ght1 are bas$ on assumptions1 & lead to results1 v simil> to ^? ( ! ,sp5c]ian sociology & ( ! ,lombrosian !ory ( insanity & g5ius4 ,ev5 9 fiction ,am]ica is to-day try+ h] h& at v]ism1 & 9 poetry1 ap>t f a few m>k$ exceptions1 %e is exp]im5t+ 9 ! same _s 9 :i* we began to foll[1 ab\t ! end ( ! p]iod1 ! mo/ rec5t fa%ions ( ,p>is 9 v]slibrism & decad5tism4 ,9 academic circles ,g]man philology has ma9ta9$ its sway = a mu* long] "t ?an 9 ,europe1 & ! w> has br\ght ab\t m an emotional ?an an intellectual consci\sness ( ! ne$ ( a va/] & deep] und]/&+ ( hi/ory4 ,f9ally1 c]ta9 aspirations t[>ds anci5t & totally diff]5t sy/ems ( moral & /hetic /&>ds1 embrac$ ) an en?usiasm t is ak9 to an act ( fai?--! hope to discov] a refuge & a consolation f ! *aos ( mod]nity 9 a re/oration ( classical or m$ival ideals--are ,am]ican v>ieties ( an attitude ( m9d :i* f\nd its satisfaction 9 ,italy 9 patt]ns :i* we drew aft] ! models ( ,rusk9ism & ( ,fr5* traditionalism4 ,on ! :ole1 ,italian culture 0 suff]+ f ! effects ( ! same delusion :i* acc\nts = ! /raits 9 :i* ,am]ican culture is to-day3 t ,european culture c\ld be assimilat$ ?r\gh its repres5tatives at "o p>ticul> mom5t only1 & z if x 7 at ! surface ( "t1 r ?an by ! only legitimate & fruitful me?od1 :i* is t ( delv+ b5ea? t surface = ! truly fundam5tal contributions t ea* nation has made to ! common m9d4 ,n "o ( ! nations ( ,europe 0 !n1 or is n[1 at "o ( ^? turn+ po9ts 9 ! hi/ory ( culture 9 :i* pr9ciples ( univ]sal value are elaborat$ )9 ! limits ( a s+le national gr\p4 ,! only possible exception 0 t ( ,russia1 s5d+ out to an age-worn ,europe a fre% message ( human pity & ,*ri/ian love 9 a succession ( epic ma/]pieces2 b ! quality ( ! message 0 su* z to affect ! he>t mu* m ?an ! intellect1 to produce a new & deep] feel+ r ?an a s\nd] k4 ,two great individual figures1 h[ev]1 dom9ate ! :ole p]iod1 & among s _m contra/+ curr5ts ( ?\ght & feel+1 among ! fluctuat+ fa%ions ( ! times1 connect ! new g5]ations ) ! traditional elem5ts ( ,italian culture4 ,t bread? ( vision1 t s5se ( ! p]spective ( hi/ory1 :i* 0 totally lack+ 9 ! prevail+ cosmopolitan ?\ght1 0 a conspicu\s *>act]i/ic ( ! "w ( a great critic1 ,francesco de ,sanctis1 & ( a great poet1 ,giosu ,c>ducci4 ,& :at made ! secret ( ! /r5g? ( ! "o z well z ( ! o!r1 0 _! fidelity to ! regional traditions f :i* !y 7 issu$1 c\pl$ ) a p[] to inve/ !m ) a mu* broad] significance ?an !y _h ev] possess$4 ,) ,de ,sanctis1 ! speculative tr5d ( ! ,s\!rn ,italian m9d1 ) ,c>ducci ! humanism ( ,flor5ce & ,tuscany1 = ! fir/ "t 9 hi/ory become real elem5ts ( a great] national consci\sness4 ,nei!r ! "o nor ! o!r 01 moreov]1 )\t a k (1 & a ta/e =1 =eign cultures2 b :at !y ga9$ f ^! 7 elem5ts ( m p]man5t value ?an ! ones :i* attract$ ! att5tion ( ! cr[ds1 & !y bo? succe$$ 9 graft+ ^? =eign elem5ts on _! native dispositions 9 su* a way & ) s little viol5ce t !y seem$ to belong rightfully to !m4 ,?is is true ( :at ,de ,sanctis le>nt f ! ideali/ic philosoph]s ( ,g]many1 & p>ticul>ly f ,hegel1 z well z ( :at ,c>ducci acquir$ f ! great poets & hi/orians ( ! two previ\s g5]ations 9 ,france1 9 ,engl&1 & 9 ,g]many4 ,nor %\ld we m>vel at ?is1 s9ce by go+ deep en\gh or high en\gh into any ( ! ,european cultures1 x is always possible to f9d a level t is common to all ( !m4 ,francesco de ,sanctis 0 n a philosoph] 9 ! /rict mean+ ( ! ^w2 yet1 among all ! ,european critics ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 he is ! only "o f ^: works x is possible to d]ive a consi/5t l9e ( /hetical ?\ght4 ,8 education _h be5 p>tly philosophical1 ( old ,italian & mod]n ,g]man philosophy2 & p>tly grammatical & rhetorical1 9 ^? lit]>y doctr9es ( ! old s*ool :i* embodi$ a secul> exp]i5ce1 & 9 comp>ison ) :i* ! mod]n sci5ce ( lit]ature is ineffably %all[ & pu]ile4 ,x 0 ?r\gh a philosophical elaboration ( ^? doctr9es1 & ?r\gh a criticism ( ! intellectuali/ic /hetics ( ,hegel & 8 foll[]s1 = :om art 0 ! s5su\s clo?+ ( ! concept1 t ,de ,sanctis1 guid$ by an un]r+ ta/e & by a unique p[] = disc]n+ ! ess5tial & vital elem5t 9 poetry1 came to 8 conception ( =m z n an a priori1 a ?+ by itself & diff]5t f ! cont5t1 b some?+ t is g5]at$ by ! cont5t itself :5 active 9 ! m9d ( ! arti/4 ,?is is ! pr9ciple :i* he _h con/antly 9 m9d 9 approa*+ ! concrete works ( poetry1 & :i* enabl$ him to analyze & reproduce ! t]ms ( ! spiritual exp]i5ces ( :i* !y are an expression4 ,?us 8 ,essays & 8 ,hi/ory ( ,italian ,lit]ature1 ?\gh 9 a s5se ! pure/ & mo/ g5u9e k9d ( lit]>y criticism1 are at ! same "t a complete spiritual hi/ory ( a p1 z x reveals itself 9 its lit]>y manife/ations1 su* z no o!r c\ntry possesses4 ,! imm$iate influ5ce ( 8 "w 0 n z great z x ought to h be53 ! g5]ation ( philologi/s :o imm$iately foll[$ him 0 unable to see 9 him m ?an a brilliant expon5t ( :at 0 !n contemptu\sly call$ /hetic criticism1 & c\ld nev] =give him = 8 app>5t lack ( me?od1 due to ! circum/ances ( 8 life z an exile & a politician4 ,x 0 only unwitt+ly1 & ?r\gh ! int]m$i>y ( a ,g]man disciple ( ,de ,sanctis1 ,gasp>y1 :o wrote a /&>d h&book ( ,italian lit]ature1 t !y came to accept ! greate/ "p ( 8 int]pretations1 & foll[$ ! ma9 directions ( 8 ?\ght 9 _! own rese>*es4 ,giosu ,c>ducci 0 a disciple ( ,p>9i & ,alfi]i1 ( ,foscolo & ,leop>di1 & 9 a s5se ( all t l9eage ( ,italian poets1 beg9n+ ) ,dante & ,petr>*1 = :om poetry 0 n less an ardu\s discipl9e = ! atta9m5t ( a c]ta9 /&>d ( =mal beauty1 set d[n once & =ev] by ! poets ( ! classical tradition1 ?an a moral & political function 9 ! life ( ! nation4 ,z 8 pr$ecessors _h be51 he 0 n only a poet1 b also a /ud5t & hi/orian ( lit]ature1 ( lit]ature z ! only field 9 :i* t life _h truly realiz$ itself4 ,b ?\gh 8 contributions to ! /udy ( ,italian lit]ature 7 _m & important1 & ! k & ta/e :i* 7 ! in/rum5ts ( 8 art made ( him an exquisite critic ( poetry1 yet :at ev5 9 8 hi/orical & critical prose attracts u mo/ is 8 lyrical imag9ation1 8 poetry4 ,& 8 poetry1 on ! o!r h&1 is ma9ly ! poetry ( ! hi/ory & ( ! hi/orical & poetical l&scape ( ,italy1--( an ,italy :i* 0 to him n m]ely "o among ! nations ( ,europe1 b ! heir ( ,greece & ( ,rome1 ! cradle ( we/]n civilization2 n a l& & a community limit$ 9 space & 9 "t1 or n t only1 b an ideal ( beauty1 ( fre$om1 ( "r1 ( a full & h>moni\s life1 :i* 0 ,italian1 z x _h be5 ,greek & ,roman1 because x 0 univ]sally human4 ,9 8 e>ly works1 ! contra/ betwe5 ?is ideal & ! actual conditions ( ,italy 9 8 times f\nd expression 9 a /ra9 ( invective & satire1 f :i* ! poet lift$ b r>ely 8 s\l to ! contemplation ( ! great de$s & ?\ghts ( ! pa/2 ( a pa/ :i* 9 "s cases 0 v rec5t1 z "s ( ! m5 ( ! ,fr5* ,revolution & ( ! ,risorgim5to 7 among 8 fav\rite h]oes4 ,b lat]1 & especially 9 8 ,odi ,b>b>e1 = :i* he adapt$ a new te*nique f ! metres ( anci5t ,greece1 :ile he add$ _m p]sonal notes to 8 lyre1 8 hi/orical inspiration became high] & deep] & pur]1 & ,italy _h 9 8 poetry t :i* %e _h lack$ 9 all ! c\rse ( h] lit]ature1 a true epos1 ?\gh 9 a lyrical =m1 ( h] secul> life1 f ! fabul\s k+s & prie/s ( ,etruria to t mo/ leg5d>y ( all h] h]oes1 ,g>ibaldi4 ,! influ5ce ( ,c>ducci1 n a purely lit]>y1 b a moral & political "o1 on ! g5]ation to :i* ,croce belongs1 c h>dly be ov]e/imat$2 & ,croce himself calls 8 own g5]ation c>ducciana ,& ! two o!r great poets t ,italy has produc$ aft] him1 ,d',annunzio & ,pascoli1 7 bo? disciples ( ,c>ducci at ! beg9n+ ( _! c>e]s4 ,b ! =mation ( _! p]sonalities1 s widely div]g5t 9 _! lat] developm5ts1 is contemporane\s ) :at we h call$ ! education ( ,croce1 & !re=e outside ! scope ( ?is rapid review ( ! circum/ances "u :i* t education took place4 ,! gr[? ( ! erotic-h]oic poetry ( ,d',annunzio & t ( ! idyllic-humanit>ian poetry ( ,pascoli are no long] among ^? circum/ances b r products ( ! same environm5t4 ,,iii4 ,! ,orig9s ( ,8 ,?\ght ,!re are philosoph]s = :om x is possible1 & relatively easy1 to trace ! roots ( _! speculations & ( _! sy/ems 9 ! ?\ght ( "o or a few pr$ecessors4 ,! rese>* ( :at we might call _! s\rces1 or m precisely ( ! t]ms 9 :i* c]ta9 problems 7 h&$ d[n to !m ?r\gh ! p>ticul> philosophical tradition to :i* !y belong1 w\ld probably n lead u v f> 9 space or v deep 9 "t3 x might be useful 9 su* cases to preface ! hi/ory ( _! ?\ght by a brief summ>y ( ^! imm$iate antec$5ts4 ,b 9 ! case ( ,b5$etto ,croce1 su* a summ>y ought to ext5d1 9 relation to ! problems 9 :i* he is or has be5 int]e/$1 to ! :ole range ( ! hi/ory ( human ?\ght4 ,?is is due p>tly to 8 peculi> approa* to ! problems ( philosophy1 & p>tly to 8 me?od ( "w4 ,philosophy is to him nei!r a special sci5ce nor a specializ$ te*nique3 n a discipl9e :i* requires a s*ola/ic tra9+1 & :i* y c def9itely acquire aft] a giv5 numb] ( ye>s ( /udy1 b j :at x 0 9 ! beg9n+3 t love ( wisdom :i* prompts e man to ! ex]cise ( 8 ?9k+ p[]s4 ,! problems ( philosophy _c be enum]at$ & def9$1 b t :i* happ5s to y1 or y\r own do+s1 9 y\r life1 9 y\r conduct1 9 y\r "w1 9 y\r /udy1 is ! p]petually r5ew$ mat]ial = y\r m$itation4 ,problems are n giv5 to y f outside1 z puzzles at :i* y might try y\r skill or duties impos$ by a p$agogue3 !y are y\r exp]i5ce1 & y\r philosophy is y\r consci\s logical reaction to !m4 ,?is unpr(essional & broadly human view ( philosophy 0 n1 h[ev]1 an obvi\s & spontane\s attitude ( ,croce's _s1 b a labori\s conque/4 ,9 ! ye>s ( 8 erudite & unphilosophical y\?1 at 8 fir/ com+ 9 contact ) philosophy 9 ! /rict & te*nical mean+ ( ! ^w1 ) philosophical treatises & diss]tations1 8 attitude 0 "o ( pr(\nd respect = ! pr(essors ( philosophy1 z ,i 0 p]suad$1 7he tells u 9 8 autobiographical notes71 t !y1 z speciali/s1 %\ld possess t ab/ruse sci5ce1 ( ^: sacr$ curta9 ,i _h h>dly lift$ a few folds1 & ,i did n "k t 9 a few ye>s ,i %\ld ) wond] & irritation discov] t mo/ ( !m did n possess any?+1 n ev5 t v little :i* ,i1 m]ely by my good w to und]/&1 _h succe$$ 9 acquir+4#d ,! fact is t ^! pr(essors & speciali/s c\ld h>dly be t]m$ philosoph]s at all1 :ile ,croce _h already 9 himself t obscure & torm5t+ desire = intellectual cl>ity1 :i* is ! beg9n+ ( philosophy4 ,b 9 ?is initial ignorance1 9 8 com+ z if unaw>e to ! gates ( ! temple1 we %all f9d ! reasons ( ,croce's me?od ( "w4 ,:5 a giv5 problem pres5ts itself to him1 n z a subject ( le>n$ controv]sy1 b z a spiritual necessity1 he becomes sudd5ly consci\s ( ! duty ( foll[+ ! hi/ory ( t p>ticul> problem ?r\gh c5turies ( ?\ght4 ,! fir/ impulse may come f a m]e attempt at und]/&+ ! t]ms "u :i* ! problem pres5ts itself to him3 a cl>ification ( words4 ,8 m5tal habits are1 9 fact1 ^? ( ! consci5ti\s & pa9/ak+ philologi/1 & he br+s ! me?od & discipl9e ( ! sev]e/ erudition into ! field ( logic4 ,!re is no problem = him t is purely logical1 9 an ab/ract & =mal s5se2 /ill less1 purely psy*ological4 ,! m]e occasion = 8 speculation is sometimes (f]$1 z we %all see1 by contempor>y discussions1 b he feels f ! v beg9n+ t ^! discussions are m]ely conc]n$ ) ! surface ( ?+s1 are tak+ place on a plane ( ?\ght1 me*anical & dilettantesque1 on :i* all conclusions are equally legitimate & equally irrelevant4 ,v soon1 & long be=e any trace c be f\nd 9 8 writ+s ( 8 f9al id5tification ( philosophy ) hi/ory1 he practically id5tifies ea* problem ) its own hi/ory1 by retrac+1 g5]ally 9 an inv]sely *ronological ord]1 ! orig9al mean+s ( t]ms & !ories ( :i* contempor>y culture gave him only a pale & di/ort$ reflection4 ,b ?is intimate & vital contact ) ! pa/ nev] leads him to t attitude ( reaction1 :i* our =efa!rs typifi$ 9 ! laudator temporis acti1 & :i* ev5 to-day is s abundantly exemplifi$ by ! s*ol> :o1 hav+ labori\sly climb$ ! heights ( ! ?\ght ( "o man or ( "o epo*1 feels himself 9 ! possession ( f9al tru?1 & smiles contemptu\sly on ! *ildi%ness ( ! mod]ns4 ,he is z mu* on 8 gu>d aga9/ ! idols ( ! s*ool z aga9/ ! idols ( ! m>ket place4 ,8 relation to ! great ?9k]s ( ! pa/ is n "o ( bl9d disciple%ip1 b ( critical collaboration4 ,! fav\rite process ( 8 own ?\ght might be def9$ z "o ( hi/orical integration4 ,by emphasiz+ "o aspect or ano!r ( ,croce's philosophy1 x is possible1 h[ev]1 to connect him m p>ticul>ly ) "o or ano!r philosoph]4 ,! "n t is mo/ frequ5tly pron\nc$ 9 ?is connection is t ( ,hegel1 probably because ,hegel /&s1 9 ! m9d ( ! positivi/ & ( ! pragmati/1 = a c]ta9 type ( ?\ght1 mu* m anci5t ?an ,hegel himself & practically coext5sive ) ! hi/ory ( philosophy1 r ?an = :at ,hegelianism actually is4 ,! facile critic ( ,croce1 :o condemns & rejects him z a ,hegelian1 w\ld probably f9d x v h>d to def9e ! actual po9ts ( contact betwe5 ! two ?9k]s2 b we "k t ! ^w ,hegelian is m a t]m ( abuse1 9 su* cases1 ?an ! expression ( a critical judgm5t4 ,croce himself has def9$ 8 attitude t[>ds ,hegel1 & g5]ally t[>ds ! philosoph]s ( ! pa/1 9 ! conclusion ( 8 exam9ation ( ,hegel's ?\ght3 ,i am1 & ,i believe "o has to be1 ,hegelian2 b 9 ! same s5se 9 :i* any man :o to-day has a philosophical m9d & culture1 is & feels himself1 at ! same "t1 ,eleatic1 ,h]aclitean1 ,socratic1 ,platonic1 ,ari/otelian1 ,/oic1 ,sceptic1 ,neoplatonic1 ,*ri/ian1 ,buddhi/1 ,c>tesian1 ,sp9ozian1 ,leibnitzian1 ,vi*ian1 ,kantian1 & s on4 ,t is1 9 ! s5se t no ?9k]1 & no hi/orical movem5t ( ?\ght1 c h pass$ )\t fruit1 )\t leav+ beh9d an elem5t ( tru?1 :i* is an ei!r consci\s or unconsci\s "p ( liv+ & mod]n ?\ght4 ,a ,hegelian1 9 ! mean+ ( a s]vile & bigot$ foll[]1 pr(ess+ to accept e ^w ( ! ma/]1 or ( a religi\s sect>ian1 :o consid]s diss5sion z a s91 no sane p]son wants to be1 & no m ,i4 ,hegel has discov]$1 z o!rs h done1 "o phase ( tru?2 & ?is phase "o has to recognize & def5d3 ?is is all4 ,if ?is %all n take place n[1 x matt]s little4 ',! ,idea is n 9 ha/e1' z ,hegel 0 wont to say4 ,to ! same cont5t ( tru? we %all come1 "s day1 ?r\gh a diff]5t road1 &1 if we %all n h avail$ ourselves ( 8 direct help1 look+ back on ! hi/ory ( ?\ght we %all h to proclaim him1 ) _m an expression ( wond]1 a =]unn]4#e ,?is la/ hypo!sis describes :at actually happ5$ 9 ! case ( ano!r among ! ance/ors ( ,croce's ,philosophy ( ,m9d4 ,= two c5turies ei!r unkn[n or misund]/ood1 ,vico came into 8 own only a few ye>s ago1 & ma9ly ?r\gh ! ef=ts ( ,croce himself4 ,9 ,vico1 t is 9 ,italy at ! beg9n+ ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 practically all ! g]ms ( ! ideali/ic philosophy1 & ( ! hi/orical & critical culture ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 7 already pres5t1 z a natural developm5t ( ! philosophical & humani/ic ,r5aissance4 ,& x is ?r\gh :at1 9 ,vi*ian /yle1 we may call ! discov]y ( ! true ,vico1 t ,croce ins]ts himself 9 ! c5tral tradition ( ,italian1 & ,european1 culture1 & is sav$ f ! dang]s inh]5t 9 8 ca?olic attitude t[>ds ! philosoph]s ( ! pa/1 t ( a mat]ial1 mosaic-l eclecticism on "o side1 & t ( a metaphysical syncretism1 su* z l$ ,hegel to ! dialectic con/ructions ( 8 ,philosophy ( ,hi/ory1 on ! o!r4 ,! philosophy ( ! ,r5aissance1 9 :i* ! fundam5tal impulses t are ! s\l ( t movem5t f9d _! cle> & di/9ct expression1 _h produc$ a new naturalism & a new spiritualism ) ,giordano ,bruno & ,tomaso ,campanella3 t is1 two widely div]g5t views ( reality1 :i* h[ev] _h sprung f a common s\rce1 ! opposition to t s*ola/ic syn!sis 9 :i* all ! transc5d5tal elem5ts ( ,greek & ,roman philosophy _h be5 ga!r$ to ! support ( m$ival !ology1 9 direct relation ) ! m$ival description ( ! cosmos4 ,!re has probably nev] be5 made 9 ! _w1 ei!r be=e or aft] ! ,middle ,ages1 su* a resolute & compreh5sive attempt at an intellectual und]/&+ ( ! moral & mat]ial univ]se1 z ! "o t is ! "w ( m$ival philosophy3 b t attempt _h be5 made possible1 & _h br\ght def9ite results1 only ?r\gh ! acceptation ( ! limits ( reveal$ tru?1 :i*1 h[ev] freely accept$1 prov$ 9 ! end to be mu* m compell+ ?an to ! mod]n sci5ti/ are ! freely accept$ limits ( ext]nal reality4 ,reveal$ tru? c\ld n be a m]e object ( ?\ght1 z x c>ri$ )9 itself1 "u ! my?ological disguise1 its own metaphysics & its own e?ics3 a new pr9ciple1 9 fact1 a m absolute & intimate spirituality ?an _h be5 kn[n to ei!r ! ,greeks or ! ,romans1 :i* attract$ to itself all ! k9dr$ elem5ts 9 anci5t ?\ght1 & det]m9$ ! ess5tial *>act]i/ics ( m$ival speculation4 ,! discov]y & e/abli%m5t ( ?is spiritual pr9ciple1 z a univ]sal reality :i* transc5ds nature & ! _s ( man1 & :i* to ?is natural & human _w is z a law dictat$ f outside & f above1 is ! message ( ! ,middle ,ages1 n 9 pure philosophy only1 b 9 religion & e?ics1 9 sci5ce & 9 ! life ( society4 ,! ,r5aissance is ! beg9n+ ( our mod]n _w1 inasmu* z x is1 ?r\gh ! inf9ite v>iety ( its arti/ic1 social1 religi\s1 sci5tific manife/ations1 an ef=t to see t same spiritual pr9ciple no long] z a transc5d+ reality1 b z ! active1 imman5t1 all-p]vad+ s\l ( imm$iate reality1 bo? natural & human4 ,! ,ptolemaic cosmography1 :i* is ! visible =m ( m$ival ?\ght1 a sy/em ( ! f9ite univ]se1 ( :i* ! ,e>? is ! c5tre1 & :i* leaves an inf9ite space = ! seat ( ! only real1 transc5d+ exi/5ces1 beyond ! compass ( ! heav5ly sph]es1 & z if x 7 outside itself1 loses its hold on ! imag9ation1 & !re=e on ! consci5ce ( m51 long be=e ,cop]nicus & ,galileo read 9 ! skies a new sy/em ( an inf9ite univ]se1 )9 :i*1 or n[h]e1 ! div9e pr9ciple mu/ live & "w4 ,! impulse t[>ds ! id5tification ( ! _s ) nature1 on "o side1 & ) man on ! o!r1 _h be5 at "w 9 ,italian life & ?\ght all ?r\gh ! ,r5aissance2 b x is only at ! end ( t miracul\s spr+ ( ,we/]n civilization1 betwe5 ! close ( ! sixte5? & ! beg9n+ ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 t x expresses itself 9 ! philosophies ( ,bruno & ,campanella4 ,bruno pres5ts himself z an exp\nd] & def5d] ( ,cop]nican a/ronomy1 & ,campanella writes ! apology ( ,galileo4 ,& to ea* ( !m ! sci5tific discov]ies are mu* m ?an m]e helps & sugge/ions = metaphysical speculation2 !y are ! revelation1 9 "o field ( human ?\ght1 ( a new logic :i* has to be recogniz$1 9 "o =m or ano!r1 z ! fundam5tal pr9ciple ( mod]n civilization4 ,bo? 9 ,bruno & ,campanella1 in]t remnants ( ! anci5t & m$ival logic are /ill "p ( ! /ructure 9 :i* _! new intuitions try to express !mselves2 b su* remnants are to be met ) ev5 9 mu* lat] philosoph]s1 & con/antly reappe>1 z bl9d spots 9 ! active process ( ?\ght1 9 ! :ole hi/ory ( ,european philosophy d[n to our days4 ,:at is significant ( ea* ?9k]1 :at m>ks him z ! legitimate int]pret] ( ! deepe/ spiritual life ( 8 times1 is n 8 sy/em z a :ole1 b ! p>ticul> new intuition on :i* 9 ea* case ! sy/em is f\nd$3 9 ,bruno1 ! conception ( an inf9ite univ]se1 & ( ! inf9ite life ( ,god 9 ! univ]se2 9 ,campanella1 ! affirmation ( ! value ( human exp]i5ce & human consci\sness1 to :i* ,god is pres5t p] tactum intr9secum1 intr9sically1 & 9 :i* kn[+ & be+ co9cide4 ,! two ma9 directions ( mod]n ?\ght1 or r ( all human ?\ght1 are ?us repres5t$ 9 ! naturalism ( ,bruno & 9 ! spiritualism ( ,campanella1 at ! conclusion ( ! ,r5aissance1 respectively prefigur+ ! pan!ism ( ,sp9oza & ! rationalism ( ,desc>tes1 t is1 ! two sy/ems ?r\gh :i* simil> conceptions became active & effective 9 all subsequ5t developm5ts ( ,european philosophy4 ,& x is useful to recall _! names z an introduction to ! exposition ( ! ideas ( a mod]n ,italian philosoph]1 because we are to-day only too prone to id5tify c]ta9 =ms ( common ,european ?\ght1 orig9at+ f ,greece & f ,italy1 ) :at 0 only _! la/ expression 9 ! great ideali/ic movem5t 9 ,g]many 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury2 :]e ,bruno & ,sp9oza reappe> 9 ,s*ell+1 & ,campanella & ,desc>tes1 ?r\gh ! int]m$i>y ( ! ,engli% ?9k]s ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 9 ,kant & ,hegel4 ,i am n try+ to e/abli% an ,italian p$igree = ! k9d ( philosophy to :i* ,croce belongs3 n[h]e are national di/9ctions s futile z 9 ! hi/ory ( ?\ght4 ,b ! ,italy ( ! ,r5aissance %>es ) ,india & ) ,greece ! purely mat]ial privilege ( hav+ giv5 bir? to a vision ( ! _w & its problems1 :i* is national only 9 ! s5se t x 0 elaborat$ = a c]ta9 "t at lea/ by m9ds belong+ to a s+le nation4 ,! value ( t vision1 h[ev]1 does n reside 9 any tribal or national *>act]i/ic1 b 9 ^? elem5ts ( univ]sality1 :i* made ( ! ,italian culture ( ! ,r5aissance1 & ( its inh]5t logic1 ! basis ( all mod]n ,european culture4 ,:at c /ill be recogniz$ z peculi>ly ,italian1 or ,fr5*1 or ,engli%1 or ,g]man 9 ! ?\ght ( mod]n philosoph]s1 is n t phase ( tru?1 :i* may be pres5t 9 x1 b ! elem5t ( prejudice1 ( cr[d-m9d$ness1 ( spiritual in]tia1 :i* ev5 ! greate/ among !m h 9 common ) _! weak] bro!rs4 ,9 ,bruno & ,campanella we f9d an int]e/ 9 c]ta9 problems ( ?\ght1 :i* we may call ei!r religi\s or1 m te*nically1 ontological3 ! problems ( ! relations ( be+ & kn[+4 ,9 ,vico1 :o is inf9itely ne>] to ,croce 9 intellectual temp]1 ! c5tre ( int]e/ is %ift$4 ,vico is app>5tly satisfi$ ) ,ca?olicism z a religion2 & he sp5ds all 8 ef=ts 9 creat+ a philosophy out ( ! purely humani/ic & hi/orical side ( ,r5aissance culture4 ,& yet1 long be=e ,kant's ,prolegom5a1 he =esees ! necessity ( ! new metaphysics be+ ! metaphysics1 z he says1 ( human ideas1 & 8 !ory ( k is f\nd$ on a pr9ciple :i* be>s an ext]nal resemblance to c]ta9 aspects ( pragmatism1 b is 9 reality ( a q diff]5t1 & mu* deep]1 "*3 t ( ! int]*angeability ( ! factum ) ! v]um1 ( t :i* we make ) t :i* we "k4 ,x 0 a commonplace ( ! s*ools t p]fect sci5ce is to be f\nd 9 ,god only :o is ! au?or ( all ?+s3 ,vico transf]s ?is logical =mula f ,god to man1 & applies x1 9 ! fir/ /age ( 8 ?\ght1 to ma!matics1 :i* appe>s to him z ( man's own mak+1 9 a n>r[ & ab/ract s5se1 & lat] to ! :ole _w ( hi/ory & human ?\ght & action1 :i*1 9 a mu* tru] & broad] s5se1 is made by man4 ,vico 0 br\ght to ?is second & f9al =m ( 8 !ory ( k by 8 /udies on ! hi/ory ( law1 ( religion1 ( language & poetry3 8 philosophy is ess5tially a philosophy ( ! moral sci5ces1 ( philology 9 its wide/ mean+4 ,& ! :ole ( 8 speculation1 9 8 ,sci5za ,nuova takes ! %ape ( an enquiry into ! orig9s & developm5t ( human society3 n ess5tially ( a sociology1 an empirical & inductive sci5ce ( man 7?\gh ?is aspect is und\bt$ly also pres5t 9 8 m9d71 b r1 ?r\gh ! unity ( ! human _s t in=ms & gives life to ?is _w ( nations1 ( an ideal & et]nal hi/ory ( mank9d1 a philosophy ( ! human m9d4 ,a contempor>y & an antagoni/ ( ,desc>tes1 ,vico is "o ( ! la/ among ,european philosoph]s to embrace practically ! :ole range ( contempor>y culture4 ,b :ile ,desc>tes lays ! f\ndations ( 8 !ory ( k on ! c]ta9ty ( ma!matical me?od1 mi/ru/+ ! imp]fection & vagu5ess ( any o!r =m ( sci5ce1 ,vico is enabl$ by 8 intimate contact ) rhetoric & hi/ory1 ) t philology :i* _h be5 ! s\l ( ! intellectual life ( ! ,r5aissance1 & :i* ?r\gh ! erudition ( 8 c5tury 0 prep>+ ! hi/orical consci\sness ( ! foll[+ "o1 to anticipate ! g5]al pr9ciples ( ideali/ic philosophy &1 on ! !ories ( art1 ( language1 ( law1 ( religion1 z well z on a l>ge numb] ( p>ticul> hi/orical problems1 ! g5]al developm5t ( subsequ5t ,european ?\ght4 ,at a lat] /age 9 our exposition1 we %all exam9e 9 great] detail ! indebt$ness ( ,croce to ,vico1 especially z reg>ds ! !ory ( art & language2 b ! simil>ities ( circum/ance & ( temp]am5t betwe5 ! two philosoph]s are already app>5t4 ,bo? ,vico & ,croce came to philosophy ?r\gh erudition & philology2 & 9 ,croce z well z 9 ,vico1 ! fundam5tal philosophic attitude1 _! !ory ( k1 _! idealism 7:at 9 ! case ( ,croce has be5 call$ 8 ,hegelism71 is ! intr9sic & necess>y logic ( ! same humani/ic tradition1 ! natural outcome ( ! c5t]+ ( _! intellectual int]e/s on ! hi/ory ( ! human _s r ?an on ! ma!matical or natural sci5ces4 ,x is only aft] ,desc>tes & ,vico1 & ?r\gh ! indep5d5t progress ( sci5tific ?\ght 9 ! la/ two c5turies 7dur+ ! ,r5aissance1 sci5ce is con/antly 9 contact ) philology1 & !re is no sci5ti/ :o is n also a humani/7--t ! two div]g5t attitudes ( m9d :i* we h se5 exemplifi$ 9 ,bruno & ,campanella1 naturalism & spiritualism1 are f9ally divorc$ f ea* o!r1 & respectively l9k$ ) ! sci5tific or ) ! hi/orical aspect ( mod]n ,european culture4 ,rationalism1 intellectualism1 positivism1 pragmatism1 on "o side1 are ! m & m r>efi$ logics ( sci5ce1 9 its progressive e/rangem5t f ! humanities2 & because ( ! increas+ pre/ige ( sci5tific ?\ght1 we see !m mak+ con/ant inroads ev5 9 ! fields ( ! hi/orical & philological discipl9es4 ,idealism1 on ! o!r side1 repres5ts 9 its _m =ms ! c5tral tradition ( ,european culture1 & is heir to ! religi\s ?\ght ( ! ,middle ,ages z well z to ! humanism ( ! ,r5aissance2 b 9 _m ( its expon5ts1 & to my m9d1 ev5 9 "s aspects ( ,croce's philosophy1 x suff]s f t same condition ( ?+s :i* is ! cause ( ! pov]ty & n>r[ness ( ! s-call$ sci5tific philosophies3 f t inability to grasp bo? nature & ! _s ( man1 ! _w ( sci5ce & ! _w ( hi/ory1 :i* is a *>act]i/ic ( our times4 ,! recurr5ce ( ! reali/ic position1 aft] e great affirmation ( ideali/ic philosophy1 is c]ta9ly n ! m]e recurr5ce ( error1 ! ob/9ate p]man5ce ( human folly aft] ! pron\ncem5ts ( wisdom1 b r ! re/atem5t ( a logical exig5cy :i* _c be entirely satisfi$ & dispos$ ( by any ( ! ideali/ic solutions ( ! problem ( reality4 ,idealism & realism 9 mod]n philosophy are two di/9ct & div]g5t elaborations ( diff]5t fields ( mod]n culture3 t unity ( ! intellectual vision1 :i* is p]fect1 )9 its accept$ limitations1 9 m$ival philosophy1 & :i* is nev] entirely lo/ sight ( 9 ! ?\ght ( ! ,r5aissance1 is ! goal t[>ds :i* bo? realism & idealism cont9ually t5d1 b :i* w n be rea*$ by ei!r1 until ! disiecta membra ( our intellectual consci\sness w be br\ght toge!r ?r\gh a high] syn!sis ?an ! "o f :i* !y fell ap>t at ! end ( ! ,r5aissance4 ,we are n[ 9 a position to und]/& :y x w\ld be va9 to look 9 ! "w ( ,croce = ei!r an organiz$ syn!sis ( sci5tific ?\ght1 und]/ood z a means ?r\gh :i* ! m9d ( man grasps ! reality ( nature1 or a sy/em ( metaphysics attempt+ to expla9 ! facts ( our human life by ref]5ce to an ord] ( sup]human & sup]natural realities4 ,^! are two types ( philosophy1 a criticism ( :i* is implicit 9 e /ep ( ,croce's philosophical c>e]1 z well z 9 ! quality ( 8 philosophical ance/ry4 ,b 9 _! place we %all f9d a s]ies ( m$itations on ! problems ( ! human _s 9 its actual hi/orical developm5t2 on ! di/9ctions & int]-relations ( ! v>i\s =ms ( spiritual activity1 n z !y appe>1 9 a purely ab/ract & ext]nal consid]ation1 to ! eye ( ! psy*ologi/1 b z !y reveal !mselves 9 ! intimacy ( ^? spiritual & hi/orical processes1 9 :i* man creates at ! same "t 8 own be+ & 8 own tru?4 ,z we h /at$ already1 ! philosophy ( ,croce is ess5tially a philosophy ( ! humani/ic tradition1 ( t ,italian & ,european tradition ! consci\sness ( :i* seems to be fa/ disappe>+ ev5 among ^? :o consid] !mselves z its expon5ts & def5d]s2 & :i* 9 8 ?\ght n only ju/ifies & und]/&s itself1 b br+s t ju/ification & t und]/&+ to a great] dep?1 to a m compreh5sive cl>ity1 ?an x ev] rea*$ dur+ ! _m c5turies ( its exi/5ce4 ,footnote #d3 ,contributo1 p4 #bf4 ,footnote #e3 ,hegel1 pp4 #adg-h4 ,,"p ,,fir/ ,,f ,,philology ,,to ,,philosophy 7#ahic-ahii7 ,i4 ,,hi/ory ,,z ,,art ,croce's fir/ philosophical essay--,is hi/ory an art or a sci5ce8--,! ess5ce ( art--,hi/ory z ! repres5tation ( reality1 & !re=e1 art--,! di/9ction betwe5 art & sci5ce--,a t5tative def9ition ( hi/ory4 ,croce's fir/ philosophical essay is a %ort memoir1 ,la ,/oria ridotta sotto il concetto g5]ale dell' ,arte1 :i* he read to ! ,accademia ,pontaniana ( ,naples 9 ,m>*1 #ahic4 ,9 8 autobiographical notes1 ,croce tells u t ?is memoir 0 sket*$ by him "o ev5+ 9 ,febru>y or ,m>* ( ! same ye>1 aft] a :ole day ( int5se m$itation4#a ,b ! read] _c help feel+ t ^? few pages are v f> f be+ an improvisation2 & ?is1 n only because ( ! ease ) :i* ! au?or f9ds 8 way among ! lit]ature ( 8 subject1 b especially because "o realizes t only a discipl9e s con/ant & s sev]e z to become a k9d ( second nature c\ld give him t sure grasp ( ! ess5tials ( 8 problem1 :i* he %[s f ! v beg9n+ ( 8 speculation4 ,! majority ( hi/orians & philologi/s1 :5 !y turn _! att5tion to :at ,croce calls ! logic ( _! discipl9e1 are apt to tru/ !mselves exclusively to _! imm$iate exp]i5ce ( _! "w1 & to disreg>d ! v obvi\s fact t an inquiry into ! g5]al pr9ciples ( a c]ta9 bran* ( k is1 & _c be any?+ b1 philosophy3 !y are !re=e ei!r unwill+ or unable to foll[ ! implications ( t logic on to _! ultimate consequ5ces1 z ?is op]ation w\ld inevitably lead !m away f _! own safe & solid gr\nd into a discussion ( unfamili> concepts & ideas4 ,!y seem to p]ceive b dimly t ! problems ( t logic h be5 intimately connect$ ) ! :ole developm5t ( philosophical ?\ght f ! ,sophi/s to our day2 & !re=e ev5 :5 !y g back to philosophical au?orities 9 _! treatm5t ( ^! problems1 :5 !y quote ,plato or ,ari/otle1 or ,leibnitz or ,hegel1 !y are cont5t ) m]e fragm5ts1 arbitr>ily und]/ood1 unconnect$ ) ! g5]al body ( ?\ght f :i* !y d]ive _! mean+4 ,! result is1 at be/1 a futile r$iscov]y ( tru?s & truisms :i* h _! place 9 ! hi/ory ( ?\ght1 b are mean+less 9 _! mod]n context4 ,an exam9ation ( ! greate/ "p ( ! me?odological lit]ature ( ! la/ fifty ye>s1 bo? 9 ,europe & 9 ,am]ica1 w\ld easily be> out ?is cont5tion3 t x is h>d to f9d a m %all[ & imcompet5t philosophy ?an t ( ! av]age hi/orian & critic4 ,:at sav$ ,croce f ! academic weakness :i* seems to be cong5ital to ?is k9d ( lucubrations 01 besides ! native temp] ( 8 m9d1 an in/9ctive realization ( ! true philosophical import ( ! problems involv$4 ,! "q1 :e!r ,hi/ory is an art or a sci5ce1 _h be5 a fav\rite "o ) ! g5]ation to :i* ,croce's ma/]s belong$2 & x 0 really ?reat5+ to become an endless1 insoluble "o1 s9ce no attempt 0 ev] made to solve x by ! only me?od :i* c\ld give positive results1 t is1 by an accurate def9ition ( ! concepts ( bo? art & sci5ce4 ,! mo/ common answ] to x1 & ! "o t mo/ cle>ly prov$ ! confus$ /ate ( m9d ( ^? :o =mulat$ x1 0 t hi/ory 0 at ! same "t a sci5ce & an art4 ,! traditional humani/ic view1 :i* consid]$ hi/ory z "o ( ! arts1 & to :i* ! inclusion ( ,clio 9 ! college ( ! ,muses be>s witness1 f\nd b little fav\r 9 a "t :i* 0 entirely "u ! dom9ation ( ! pseudo-sci5tific philosophy ( ,h]b]t ,sp5c]1 & c\ld !re=e h>dly admit ( any =m ( k :i* 0 n sci5tific k4 ,! ?ird solution1 hi/ory z a sci5ce1 0 9 fact ! mo/ usually accept$ "o1 be+ b "o aspect ( t g5]al t5d5cy ( ! age1 sup]ficial & uncritical1 ?r\gh :i* all =ms ( k 7 /riv+ h>d to assimilate !mselves to ! ma!matical & natural sci5ces4 ,?is t5d5cy :i* 0 pres5t 9 all fields ( philology1 manife/$ itself 9 hi/ory ei!r 9 ! attempt to trans=m hi/ory into sociology1 & to sub/itute a sy/em ( in/itutional s*emes or ( s-call$ g5]al laws = ! actual hi/orical processes1 or 9 ! rais+ ( ! usual canons & crit]ia ( hi/orical me?od1 t is1 ( a collection ( maxims & precepts = ! prop] h&l+ ( s\rces1 docum5ts1 & monum5ts1 to ! dignity ( a supposititi\s sci5ce4 ,x is *>act]i/ic ( ,croce1 t he did n directly attack ! ,engli% & ,fr5* & ,italian sociologism :i* 0 s popul> 9 8 day3 to a m9d :i* _h receiv$ its fir/ logical tra9+ at ! h&s ( a ,?omi/ic s*oolma/]1 & _h be5 introduc$ to mod]n philosophy ?r\gh ,labriola's ,h]b>tism1 ! logic ( ! av]age sociologi/ 0 s abhorr5t 9 its b>b>ity1 t x did n ev5 af=d him a />t+ po9t = 8 own criticism4 ,! fallacy ( sociologism is made evid5t 9 ! c\rse ( ! discussion1 b r by implication ?an ?r\gh a direct animadv]sion4 ,he *ose 8 own adv]s>y among ! expon5ts ( ! o!r =m ( ! same error1 among ! ,g]man critics1 ^: ideas 7 m cle>ly def9$ & logically m consi/5t4 ,_! ma9 position c be /at$ 9 a few words3 hi/ory is a sci5ce & n an art1 because its aim is n to give /hetic pleasure1 b k4 ,! premises ( ?is =mula are a h$oni/ic conception ( art1 & ! id5tification ( all =ms ( k ) sci5ce3 t is1 a too n>r[ def9ition ( art1 & a too broad def9ition ( sci5ce4 ,croce's demon/ration takes ! =m ( a rigor\s syllogism3 he def9es ! concept ( art & ! concept ( sci5ce1 ! two def9itions =m+ s to speak ! two horns ( a dilemma2 hi/ory is %[n by its own def9ition to be includ$ 9 ! def9ition ( art1 & ! only rema9+ "q is t ( ! di/9ction1 )9 ! same concept1 betwe5 art 9 ! /rict s5se & hi/ory4 ,! mo/ important "p ( ?is demon/ration is t :i* conc]ns art4 ,croce's object 0 to discov] ! nature ( hi/ory1 b 8 real a*ievem5t 9 8 fir/ essay 0 t ( /at+ ! /hetic problem 9 its true t]ms4 ,8 op9ions ab\t hi/ory & ab\t sci5ce 7 de/9$ to und]go _m *anges 9 ! fur!r developm5t ( 8 ?\ght2 b 8 :ole !ory ( /hetics is already virtually pres5t 9 ^! few pages ab\t art & ! ,beautiful4 ,art is an activity aim+ at ! production ( ! ,beautiful4#b ,a purely psy*ological doctr9e ( /hetics1 :i* consid]s n art z an activity1 b ! objects ( art z a collection ( /imuli1 a doctr9e ( /hetic appreciation r ?an ( /hetic creation1 ( ! l& t has fl\ri%$ 9 ,g]many & 9 ,engl& dur+ ! la/ tw5ty ye>s1 especially 9 ! field ( ! graphic & pla/ic arts1 w !re=e be incapable ( ev5 grasp+ t :i* is ! specific subject ( /hetics4 ,b ,croce does n lose 8 "t 9 attack+ ! psy*ologi/s4 ,! error ( _! ways has its philosophical expression 9 ,s5sualism & 9 ,=malism1 :i* he summ>ily dismisses toge!r ) ,rationalism or ,ab/ract ,idealism3 ! ,beautiful z pleasure1 ! ,beautiful z a sy/em ( =mal relations1 ! ,beautiful z ab/ractly "o ) ! ,good & ! ,true4 ,! f\r? solution ( ! problem ( ! ,beautiful1 :i* he accepts1 is t ( ! ,concrete ,idealism ( ,hegel & ,h>tmann3 ! ,beautiful z expression1 z ! s5su\s manife/ation ( ! ideal4 ,b ,croce 0 guid$ by 8 ,lat9 mod]ation 7& probably also help$ by 81 at ! "t1 insuffici5t und]/&+ ( ,g]man ,idealism7 to give to ?is =mula n ! intellectuali/ic int]pretation :i* rightly belongs to x1 b ! v simple mean+ ( an adequate & efficaci\s repres5tation ( reality4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ?is conception ( ,art--z an activity aim+ at ! repres5tation ( reality--& ! "o t we %all f9d 9 ,croce's lat] elaborations ( 8 /hetic !ory1 does n lie 9 ! conception itself1 b 9 its context ( g5]al ?\ght4 ,"h he is /ill work+ "u ! common-s5se assumption ( a d\ble reality1 ( be+ & ( ?\ght1 & ?is expla9s :y he /ill speaks ( =m & cont5t1 & :y he /ill admits ( a category ( ,beauty ( nature side by side ) arti/ic ,beauty4 ,lat]1 ! relation betwe5 =m & cont5t w trans=m itself into t ( ! /hetic activity ) ! o!r =ms ( spiritual activity2 b ev5 su* a mom5t\s *ange 9 ! f\ndations ( 8 !ory does b slightly impair ! sub/antial tru? ( ! words 9 :i* he fir/ express$ x3 ,an object is ei!r beautiful or ugly accord+ to ! category ?r\gh :i* we p]ceive x4 ,art is a category ( app]ception1 & 9 art1 ! :ole ( natural & human reality--:i* is ei!r beautiful or ugly accord+ to its v>i\s aspects--becomes beautiful because x is p]ceiv$ z reality 9 g5]al1 :i* we want to see fully express$4 ,e "*1 or action1 or object1 ent]+ into ! _w ( art1 loses1 arti/ically speak+1 ! qualifications x has 9 real life1 & is judg$ only inasmu* z art repres5ts x ) m or less p]fection4 ,caliban is a mon/] 9 reality1 b no long] a mon/] z an arti/ic creation4#c ,z to natural ,beauty1 ,croce obs]ves t x is n inanimate1 z ,hegel & 8 foll[]s w\ld h x1 b animat$ by ! _s ( ! behold]1 & its contemplation is !re=e a k9d ( arti/ic creation3#d b ?is obs]vation1 9 :i* ! lat] doctr9e is pres5t 9 g]m1 is set =? timidly 9 a note1 & rema9s = ! mom5t /]ile & z if incapable able ( yield+ its obvi\s logical results4 ,if x 7 admitt$ t hi/ory is a repres5tation ( reality1 its inclusion 9 ! concept ( art w\ld be obvi\s4 ,b ! adv]se cont5tion is t hi/ory is a sci5tific /udy ( reality1 or to use ,b]nheim's def9ition1 ! sci5ce ( ! developm5t ( m5 9 _! activity z social be+s4 ,croce's answ] is t hi/ory is n a sci5ce1 because hi/ory is con/antly conc]n$ ) ! exposition ( p>ticul> facts1 & n ) ! =mation ( concepts1 :i* is ! prop] sph]e ( sci5ce4 ,!re may be a sci5ce or philosophy ( hi/ory1 inve/igat+ ! philosophical problems connect$ ) ! facts ( hi/ory1 b su* a sci5ce or philosophy1 :i* _c be di/+ui%$ z a sep>ate organism f ! philosophy ( reality z a :ole1 is n hi/ory4 ,hi/ory does n elaborate concepts1 b reproduces reality 9 its concret5ess3 x is !re=e n sci5ce b art4 ,sociology1 on ! o!r h&1 :i* r5\nces ! concret5ess ( hi/ory 9 ! que/ = ! g5]al laws ( human developm5t1 is nei!r art nor sci5ce4 ,:5 comp>$ ) ! concepts or laws ( sci5ce1 ! laws ( sociology appe> z vague & empty g5]alizations1 & sometimes z m]e pseudo-sci5tific enunciations ( contempor>y social & political ideologies4 ,! sociology :i* ,croce _h 9 m9d 9 8 criticism 01 9 sub/ance1 because ( ! fallacy ( its logical premises1 ei!r inf]ior sci5ce or poor philosophy2 b because ( ! unc]ta9ty ( 8 own idea ( ! relations betwe5 sci5ce & philosophy1 x 0 easi] = him to reject x ?an to def9e x4 ,8 reaction 0 ! in/9ctive "o ( a s\nd logical organism aga9/ a m5tal hybrid4 ,he 0 c]ta9 t sociology1 :atev] else x might h be51 0 n hi/ory4 ,?is "p ( ,croce's argum5t is und\bt$ly ! weake/4 ,8 conception ( sci5ce 0 inadequate1 & 8 discussion ( ! relations ( hi/ory ) sci5ce suff]$ f ?is inadequacy3 ! problem :i* he _h attack$ c\ld n be solv$ at ?is /age ( 8 speculation4 ,:ile 8 /hetics 0 conta9$ 9 g]m 9 8 conception ( art1 8 logic 0 n ev5 adumbrat$ 9 8 conception ( sci5ce4 ,9 fact1 ! only real function ( ! latt] 0 to m>k ! limits ( ! =m]3 ,9 ! pres5ce ( an object1 human m9d c p]=m b two op]ations ( k4 ,x c ask itself3 :at is x81 & x c repres5t to itself t object 9 its concret5ess4 ,x c wi% to und]/& x1 or m]ely to contemplate x4 ,x c submit x to a sci5tific elaboration1 or to :at we are wont to call an arti/ic elaboration4 ,ei!r we make sci5ce1 or we make art4 ,:5ev] we assume ! p>ticul> "u ! g5]al1 we make sci5ce2 :5ev] we repres5t ! p>ticul> z su*1 we make art4#e ,?is di/9ction is ! old ,platonic "o betwe5 logos & my?os2 a di/9ction t appe>s 9 "o =m or ano!r 9 practically e sy/em ( philosophy1 b ! true import ( :i* has nev] be5 completely grasp$ be=e ,vico4 ,f ,vico ,croce quotes 9 ?is connection ! foll[+ passage3 ,metaphysics ab/racts ! m9d f ! s5ses1 ! poetical faculty mu/ subm]ge ! :ole m9d 9 ! s5ses2 metaphysics lifts itself above ! univ]sal1 ! poetical faculty mu/ plunge itself 9 ! p>ticul>s4#f ,?is quotation %[s h[ decisive 0 ,vico's influ5ce 9 ! det]m9ation ( ! ma9 !ses ( ,croce's /hetics3 ( :i* we already f9d "h ! ?ree fundam5tal ones1 t is1 ! recognition ( art1 or ! /hetic activity1 z "o ( ! fundam5tal =ms ( k2 ! di/9ction ( ! /hetic activity f1 & its opposition to1 ! logical activity2 &1 f9ally1 ! exclusion ( any o!r =m ( k besides ! /hetic & ! logical1 :i* exhau/s ! :ole ( man's !oretical activity4 ,! re/ ( ?is p>ticul> discussion is n z fruitful or z int]e/+4 ,hav+ includ$ hi/ory 9 ! concept ( art1 ,croce proce$s to draw a di/9ction betwe5 art 9 ! /rict s5se1 :i* is a repres5tation ( imag9>y or m]ely possible reality1 & hi/ory1 :i* repres5ts t portion ( reality :i* has actually happ5$4 ,8 f9al def9ition ( hi/ory is3 ,t k9d ( arti/ic production ! object ( :i* is to repres5t t :i* has really happ5$4#g ,! value ( ?is def9ition is :at we might call a value ( reaction aga9/ ! pseudo-sci5tific sociology ( 8 day3 x consi/s 9 ! emphasis laid on ! concret5ess & individuality ( hi/orical processes1 aga9/ ! void s*ematism ( g5]al laws4 ,b by introduc+ ! di/9ction betwe5 ! possible & ! real1 ,croce _h 9 fact recogniz$ ! pres5ce ( a conceptual elem5t 9 hi/ory--a conceptual elem5t totally diff]5t f ! concepts ( ! sci5ces1 :i* 7 all t he c\ld !n see outside ! /hetic activity 9 human k4 ,9 a preface to a repr9t ( 8 e>ly philosophical essays1 writt5 tw5ty-five ye>s lat]1 ,croce expla9$ ! conditions :i* prev5t$ him f p]ceiv+ ! new problem at once1 9 a page ( admirable self-criticism3 ,:y did ,i n p]ceive x8 ,because ,i 0 full ( ! fir/ tru? :i* ,i _h f\nd1 & = ! mom5t ,i did n feel any o!r ne$3 ,i _h viol5tly reject$ ! weight ( s5sism & sociologism1 & ,i c\ld brea!4 ,& 9 my culture at t "t ! impulses t[>ds t o!r ne$ 7 lack+2 because nei!r my s*ola/ic logic nor ,labriola's ,h]b>tism op5$ my m9d to a di/9ction betwe5 ! concepts ( ! sci5ces & ! speculative concept2 & ,de ,sanctis1 entirely giv5 to ! criticism ( poetry1 gave little att5tion to logical problems4 ,! au?ority ( my fir/ ma/]s ( philosophy induc$ me1 9 reg>d to ! problems :i* ,i _h n exp]i5c$ 9 myself1 to cont5t myself ) tempor>y =mulas & solutions1 :i* attract$ me ?r\gh "s aspects ( tru?1 & to be satisfi$ ) an imag9ation ( ! ,ideal above ! real1 & ( ! _w ( ,concepts above ! _w ( repres5tations4 ,by ?is sep>ation1 by ?is collocation 9 ! ,empyrean1 x seem$ to me t ,i c\ld bett] atte/ my rev]5ce = concepts & ideals1 :i* positivi/s & evolutioni/s 7 dragg+ 9 ! mud1 or l[]+ to ! /atus ( sup]/itions & halluc9ations4 ,n[1 runn+ aga9 ?r\gh my pages1 x is n possible = me to ?9k ^? transc5d5tal doctr9es aga91 n because ,i ?\ght !m 9 ! pa/1 & :at is pa/ is pa/1 b1 on ! contr>y1 because ,i did n truly ?9k !m ev5 !n1 b only receiv$ !m or imag9$ !m1 s t :at ,i c ?9k n[ is only ! way 9 :i*1 !n1 ,i 0 br\ght to imag9e !m1 & to believe t ,i ?\ght !m4#h ,footnote #a3 ,contributo1 p4 #cb4 ,footnote #b3 ,primi ,saggi1 p4 #h4 ,footnote #c3 ,primi ,saggi1 p4 #ad4 ,footnote #d3 ,primi ,saggi1 p4 #adj4 ,footnote #e3 ,primi ,saggi1 p4 #bc4 ,footnote #f3 ,primi ,saggi1 p4 #bcj4 ,footnote #g3 ,primi ,saggi1 p4 #cf4 ,footnote #h3 ,primi ,saggi1 pp4 ,,xi-,,xii4 ,,ii4 ,,on ,,lit]>y ,,criticism ,! problem ( lit]>y criticism--,! ?ree phases3 exposition1 valuation1 hi/ory--/hetic judgm5t & hi/ory ( art3 ! exig5cy ( a new /hetics--,! place ( /hetics 9 ,croce's ?\ght--,moral & logical preoccupations--,croce & ,spav5ta4 ,at ! end ( ! foll[+ ye> 7#ahid71 ,croce int]rupt$ aga9 ! /eady fl[ ( 8 erudite production ) ! publication ( a little book1 ,la ,critica ,lett]>ia3 que/ioni teori*e1 :i* 0 ! outcome ( a discussion he _h _h dur+ ! summ] ) a fri5d1 a pr(essor ( philosophy4 ,z ! net result ( 8 fir/ philosophical ef=t _h be5 ! conque/ ( a cle>] conception ( art1 x 0 natural t he %\ld proce$ to inve/igate ! relations betwe5 hi/ory & ! subject-matt] ( hi/ory 9 t field 9 :i* he felt he _h already be5 able to f9d "s light4 ,! g5]al problem ( ! nature ( hi/ory1 ( :i* he _h se5 b "o aspect1 0 set aside = ! mom5t1 giv+ way to a close exam9ation ( ! me?ods ( hi/orical ?\ght 9 ! /udy ( lit]ature4 ,only a few ( ! conclusions ( ?is p>ticul> rese>* 7 de/9$ to h any k9d ( p]man5cy 9 ,croce's !ories2 b x is useful to recall !m1 n only z a /ep 9 ! developm5t ( 8 ?\ght1 b z repres5t+ a m>k$ progress 9 t conception ( lit]>y criticism :i* is /ill pr$om9ant :]ev] ! influ5ce ( t ?\ght has n yet be5 felt4 ,croce submitt$ t conception to a process simil> to :at a ,fr5* critic calls a disassociation ( ideas1 try+ to e/abli% :i* c be said to be ! ess5tial op]ations ( lit]>y criticism1 & ! relations betwe5 ^! & ! v>i\s k9ds ( possible works on lit]>y mat]ial4 ,giv5 ?is me?od1 :i* is t ( ab/ract classification1 & hav+ approa*$ 8 problem ?r\gh criticism itself in/ead ( />t+ f ! o!r end & d$uc+ ! concept ( criticism f ! concept ( art & lit]ature1 he 0 b\nd to rea* a numb] ( ab/ract concepts1 app>5tly irr$ucible to ea* o!r1 & ! fundam5tal unity ( :i* he c\ld only lat] affirm ?r\gh ! g5]al progress ( 8 !ory ( /hetics4 ,lit]>y criticism1 :i* until fifty or sixty ye>s ago1 /ood only = ! judgm5t & valuation ( lit]>y works1 to-day usually includes1 beside ! /hetic valuation1 ! /udy ( ! hi/orical developm5t1 ! edition & comm5t ( ! text1 ! biography ( ! au?or1 ! exposition ( ! "w itself1 ! /hetic !ory ( lit]ature1 & s on2 9 fact1 e k9d ( conceivable "w on lit]ature4 ,! dang] ( ?is ext5sion ( mean+ lies 9 ! facility ) :i* we are l$ to believe t _m ?+s1 :5 call$ ) "o "n1 are really "o ?+3 we ?9k ( lit]>y criticism z ( ! syn!sis ( all ! above-m5tion$ op]ations--a syn!sis :i*1 z ,croce obs]ves1 :5 x exi/s _c be due to anybody b ! pr9t]4 ,or1 aga91 we may consid] t "o or ano!r ( ^? op]ations is ! true aim ( lit]>y criticism--& to t "o we subord9ate all ! o!rs1 z m]ely subs]vi5t to ! p>ticul> aim we h 9 sight4 ,?is is ! orig9 ( ! v>i\s s*ools ( criticism--/hetic1 hi/orical1 psy*ological--ea* ( :i* believes itself to be 9 possession ( ! only legitimate me?od4 ,b if we subord9ate ! hi/ory ( a "w to its /hetic valuation1 we d5y ! indep5d5ce & intr9sic importance ( hi/ory2 if we subord9ate ! /hetic valuation to ! hi/orical consid]ation1 we make ( ! =m] a useless accessory ( ! latt]2 if we subord9ate ! biography ( ! au?or to ! hi/orical explanation ( ! "w1 we de/roy ! importance ( biography1 :i*1 ?\gh useful 9 a c]ta9 s5se to ! explanation ( ! "w1 is 9 itself no?+ b ! hi/ory ( ! developm5t ( a moral p]sonality4#a ,9 fact1 ! unity ( lit]>y criticism lies n 9 its aim1 b 9 its subject-matt]3 :at we mean by lit]>y criticism is a s]ies ( p>ticul> op]ations hav+ indep5d5t aims1 )\t any o!r connection ?an t ( ! mat]ial employ$ 9 ea* ( !m4#b ,croce does n d5y ! possibility ( us+ ! results ( "o ( ^! op]ations = ! purposes ( ano!r1 b ?is does n *ange ! nature ( ei!r3 ! _s ( man is n divid$ into small comp>tm5ts3 all our exp]i5ce helps u 9 :atev] "w we are do+4 ,to und]/& ,petr>*'s poetry1 x is useful ei!r to be or to h be5 9 love2 b x doesn't foll[ t to make love & to und]/& t poetry are "o & ! same ?+4#c ,! /udy ( ! pr9ciples ( lit]ature does n belong to lit]>y criticism1 b to /hetics2 or1 to use ,vico's di/9ction1 n to ,philology b to ,philosophy4 ,textual criticism1 & int]pretative comm5t1 are prelim9>ies ( lit]>y criticism1 :i* beg9s only ) ! contemplation or /hetic enjoym5t ( lit]ature3 t is1 ) t op]ation ( read+ :i* is made possible ?r\gh ! e/abli%m5t ( a correct text1 & by ! help1 :5 ne$$1 ( a conv5i5t comm5t>y4 ,9 lit]>y criticism prop] ,croce di/+ui%es ?ree successive phases1 or mom5ts1 answ]+ respectively to ! que/ions3 ,:at h ,i read8 ,:at is ! value ( t :i* ,i h read8 ,:i* is ! g5esis & =tune ( ?is p>ticul> "w8 ,! fir/ is ! exposition or description--:i* 9 itself is a "w ( art ( :i* ano!r "w ( art is ! subject2 ! second1 ! valuation or /hetic judgm5t2 ! ?ird1 ! hi/ory ( ! "w "u consid]ation4 ,outside ^! ?ree mom5ts or phases1 ,croce does n admit ( any o!r indep5d5t critical op]ation3 ! rese>* ( ! s\rces ( a "w is only "p ( ! hi/ory ( t "w2 comp>ative criticism is an in/rum5t ( hi/orical criticism2 philology 9 ! /rict s5se ( ! ^w c 9 turn be us$ z a help to ea* ( ! ?ree ma9 op]ations1 b :5 x is exclusively conc]n$ ) ! g5]al hi/ory ( a language1 x is no long] a lit]>y discipl9e2 bibliography is a m]e ext]nal elem5t ( ! hi/ory ( ! "w2 ! /udy ( ! cont5t is a lit]>y /udy only if x is pursu$ 9 relation ) ei!r ! exposition1 valuation or hi/ory ( ! "w1 t is1 :5 ! "w itself is view$ z lit]ature1 & n z a docum5t = ! purposes ( ano!r sci5ce or discipl9e2 ! biography ( ! au?or is an elem5t ( ! g5esis ( ! "w1 & !re=e ( its hi/ory1 b its ma9 int]e/ is moral & n lit]>y4 ,x is easy to see t1 h[ev] fruitful z a reaction to ! prevail+ confusion1 ?is ab/ract p>tition 0 /ill v artificial2 b x 0 impossible = ,croce to g beyond x1 ) ! help ( ! me*anical & unhi/oric logic :i* 0 8 only in/rum5t at t "t4 ,he /ill divid$ a fact f its g5esis1 & ! fact & g5esis f ! judgm5t1 & !re=e x 0 impossible = him to see t ! int]nal hi/ory ( a "w is its true exposition or *>act]ization1 & t su* *>act]ization is "o ) ! valuation4 ,9 reg>d to ! valuation itself1 he consid]$ x to be purely subjective & relative1 z he 0 unable to accept ei!r ,kant's !ory ( ! objectivity ( ta/e1 because ( its intellectualism1 or ! psy*ologi/s' *ildi% delusion ( ! possibility ( draw+ a normal or /&>d ta/e f ! av]age ( ! /hetic lik+s & judgm5ts ( diff]5t communities & diff]5t ages2 & on ! o!r h& he 0 /ill v f> f discov]+ t id5tity ( ! /hetic judgm5t ) ! /hetic activity1 :i* 0 to be ! f\ndation ( 8 lat] doctr9e4 ,! discussion t foll[s1 on ! relations betwe5 ! /hetic judgm5t & ! hi/ory ( a "w ( art1 obvi\sly suff]s f ! impossibility ( draw+ useful consequ5ces f a di/9ction ( purely ab/ract concepts2 f ! fact t t :i* 0 ,croce's only real discov]y at ! "t1 8 conception ( art1 _h n yet be5 ?\ght out by him 9 ! fulness ( its relations ) ! o!r activities ( ! human _s4 ,z reg>ds hi/ory1 ?is little book is a /ep =w>d because x is a valid criticism ( a confus$ & nave /ate ( m9d1 9 :i* ^! ab/ract concepts c\ld help to introduce "s sort ( ord] & me?od2 b1 on ! :ole1 ?\gh x cl>ifies ! t]ms ( ! g5]al problem1 x does n br+ x appreciably ne>] to a solution4 ,croce 01 h[ev]1 m or less consci\sly aw>e ( ?is defici5cy4 ,9 a long excursus on ,de ,sanctis1 ^: "w he upheld z a model ( p]fect lit]>y criticism1 he insi/$ on ! importance ( a s\nd !ory ( art1 su* z ,de ,sanctis und\bt$ly possess$1 z an ess5tial "p ( ! m5tal equipm5t ( a lit]>y critic2 & ! *ief reproa* t he address$ to 8 contempor>ies 9 ! field ( lit]>y /udies 9 ,italy1 0 t ( neglect+ ^? !oretical problems to :i* v little att5tion _h be5 paid 9 our c\ntry aft] ! "w ( ,vico4 ,he po9t$ to ! great developm5t ( /hetic /udies 9 ,g]many dur+ ! n9ete5? c5tury1 & affirm$ ! necessity ( dismiss+ e _s ( impati5ce & false pride1 & ( submitt+ oneself to ! h>d lab\r ( extract+ ! ess5ce ( ! abundant lit]ature creat$ by ! philosophic activity ( ! ,g]mans ar\nd ^? problems4#d ,8 f9al words conta9$ at ! same "t an appeal & a programme ( "w3 ,!re is a good deal to be expect$ f a "w especially direct$ t[>ds ^! two po9ts3 to bani% a s]ies ( concepts :i* h introduc$ !mselves 9 /hetics1 & :i* are entirely =eign to x1 & ) _! pres5ce ma9ta9 an inv9cible confusion2 & to free ! concept ( art & ( ! ,beautiful f ! limits )9 :i* x has be5 circumscrib$ by l+ui/ic habits1 ackn[l$g+ ! intimate connection betwe5 ! s-call$ /hetic & arti/ic facts & o!r facts ( ! life ( ! _s4#e ,t 8 attitude t[>ds ! lat] ,g]man /hetics 01 f ! v beg9n+1 a critical "o1 is cle>ly %[n by :at imm$iately foll[s3 ,work+ 9 ?is direction1 ,i believe t we %all f9d ourselves1 ) a new consci\sness & ) a weal? ( obs]vations ga!r$ 9 ! c\rse ( a c5tury1 to ! po9t f :i* mod]n /hetics />t$1 to ! s*ool ( ,leibnitz & ,wolff1 & to ,baumg>t5's conception1#f--t is1 to ,baumg>t5's ,m$itations ( #agce1 :i* ! ^w /hetica appe>s = ! fir/ "t z ! "n ( an indep5d5t philosophical cal discipl9e1 contra/$ to ,logic 9 ! same s5se 9 :i* ! ,greeks us$ to contra/ ai/hta to nota1 ! facts ( s5su\s k to ! facts ( m5tal k4 ,:i* means t ,croce believ$ ! sci5ce ( /hetics to be /ill 9 its infancy1 & to require a great creative ef=t :i* 0 well wor? mak+1 bo? = ! sake ( ! g5]al philosophical problems involv$1 & = ! effects t a deep] view ( ^? problems c\ld n b h on ! practical "w ( ! lit]>y critic & ( ! hi/orian4 ,?r\gh ^! fir/ discussions1 :i* at ! "t appe>$ to him m z acts ( p]sonal lib]ation ?an z ! beg9n+ ( a philosophical c>e]1 ,croce _h really discov]$ 8 vocation4 ,f ,de ,sanctis he _h le>nt t art is nei!r ! "w ( reflection & logic1 nor ! product ( craft1 b a pure & spontane\s =ma fanta/ica3#g ?r\gh 8 own exp]i5ce ( dry erudition1 & ?r\gh 8 m$itations on ! relations betwe5 hi/ory & criticism1 he _h v]ifi$ ! validity & usefulness ( ,de ,sanctis' conception1 & _h be5 made aw>e ( ! necessity ( do+ :at ,de ,sanctis _h n be5 ei!r will+ or capable ( do+3 ( creat+ a philosophy :]e he _h giv5 no?+ b critical essays & del9eations ( lit]>y hi/ory1 & a new criticism1 a new hi/oriography1 z a consequ5ce ( ! philosophic deep5+ & sy/ematization ( 8 ?\ght4#h ,b f ,croce's publi%$ "w at ?is "t x w\ld be easy to ga!r ! fallaci\s impression t 8 int]e/ 0 an exclusively lit]>y "o3 t he proce$$ to create a philosophy ( lit]ature & art1 & t only ?r\gh ! necessities ( ! sy/em he 0 l$ to ! consid]ation ( logical1 economic & e?ical facts4 ,if t 7 true1 ) ! exception ( 8 !ory ( /hetics1 practically ! :ole ( 8 philosophy w\ld be op5$ to ! reproa* t he levell$ aga9/ ! greate/ "p ( ! ,g]man /hetic !ories ( ! n9ete5? c5tury3 ( n be+ d]iv$ f spontane\s & direct rese>*es1 b r f ! ne$ ( fill+ a comp>tm5t 9 a philosophical sy/em4#i ,a good _m among ,croce's critics h be5 ! victims ( su* a misconception ( ! actual g5esis ( 8 ?\ght2 & h disc\nt$ ! importance ( any b 8 /hetic !ories1 consid]+ all ! re/ z a k9d ( philosophical by-product1 ) ! result t !y h n be5 able prop]ly to und]/& ev5 t "p ( 8 "w 9 :i* !y 7 int]e/$4 ,! typical example is giv5 by ^? morali/ic critics ( 8 /hetics1 :o w\ld h be5 sp>$ _m mi/akes & inanities1 if !y _h ?\ght ,croce's e?ics & logic wor? a little consid]ation4 ,!y w\ld !n h realiz$ t _! criticisms _h be5 anticipat$ & criticiz$ long be=e !y _h be5 utt]$4 ,b p]haps x is ask+ too mu* ( ! av]age /ud5t ( lit]ature1 once he has made ! ef=t to ?9k ab\t ! problems ( art1 t he %\ld also try to turn ! light ( 8 reason on ! obscure prompt+s ( 8 moral consci\sness2 a sugge/ion :i* 9 _m cases w\ld be viol5tly reject$ z ! height ( immorality4 ,we %all soon see f :i* s\rce ,croce d]iv$ 8 int]e/ 9 economic problems & 9 ! hi/ory ( ! practical activities ( man4 ,( ! p]man5ce ( ^? moral preoccupations :i* _h be5 8 con/ant companions s9ce 8 adolesc5ce1 we f9d ! traces 9 8 autobiographical notes4 ,9 ,de ,sanctis1 ^: ,hi/ory ( ,italian ,lit]ature is z mu* a moral z an /hetic hi/ory ( ! ,italian p1 he _h ! model ( a s\nd & simple morality1 au/]e )\t exagg]ations1 & high )\t fanaticisms4#aj ,b ! same difficulties :i* prev5t$ him f fully und]/&+ ,de ,sanctis' /hetic pr9ciples1 & f us+ !m z a vivify+ elem5t 9 8 lit]>y "w1 made him also = a long "t accept an inf]ior moral conception1 t ( ,h]b>t's realism1 9 :i* ! moral ideal 0 en]getically ass]t$1 b z a ?+ ( ano!r _w1 z hav+ man "u itself z brute matt]1 on :i* its /amp1 m or less m>k$1 might or might n be impress$4 ,t is1 he saw ! moral ideal 9 relation to ! actual life ( man1 9 a position simil> to t :i* concepts & ideals _h = him 9 relation to reality z a :ole3 8 moral ab/ractism & rigorism 0 ! c\nt]p>t ( 8 logic4 ,b t rigorism & ab/ractism 0 ! way t ,i _h necess>ily to foll[ 9 ord] to und]/& ! moral concret5ess1 & to lift x to ! plane ( a philosophical !ory4 ,& t rigorism1 :i* 0 at ! same "t a love = %>p di/9ctions1 :ile x sav$ me f associationism & positivism & evolutionism1 put me on my gu>d aga9/1 & h9d]$ me f fall+ into ! errors ( t n[ naturali/ic1 n[ my/ic1 ,hegelianism1 :i* ?r\gh a ha/y & (t5 my?ological dialectic1 oblit]at$ or weak5$ ! di/9ctions :i* are ! life ( ! dialectic process4#aa ,:at ,croce lack$1 9 e?ics z well z 9 /hetics1 0 a new logic or !ory ( k1 :i* w\ld all[ him to grasp ! concept or ! ideal1 t is ! univ]sal1 9 ! concrete spiritual activity1 t is 9 ! p>ticul> & individual4 ,mean:ile1 8 own deal+ ) ab/ract concepts1 ) purely =mal univ]sals1 0 to be1 9 relation to ! fur!r developm5ts ( 8 logic1 :at 8 e>ly lit]>y "w1 ( a purely erudite "*1 _h be5 9 relation to 8 m$itations on art & hi/ory3 t p]sonal exp]i5ce1 ( difficulties & errors1 )\t :i* no tru? c ev] be rea*$4 ,on ! :ole1 ,croce's position at t "t 01 z he himself def9$ x _m ye>s lat]1 a ,platonic-,s*ola/ic-,h]b>tian "o2 "o t1 9 ! moral held1 _h at lea/ ! advantage ( be+ invuln]able to ! subtle m5ace ( s5sualism & decad5tism1#ab 9 ! ,european life & ?\ght ( ! n9eties1 ! acme ( spiritual di/9ction--an illusory reaction to & escape f ! prevail+ positivism & det]m9ism1 ( :i* 9 reality !y 7 b ?9ly disguis$ v>iations4 ,croce nev] lo/1 ev5 = an in/ant1 ! p[] ( disc]n+ s5sual ref9em5t f spiritual f9esse1 erotic flights f moral elevation1 false h]oism f %e] duty4#ac ,"h lies ! fundam5tal diff]5ce1 ( spiritual race1 betwe5 him & 8 mo/ illu/ri\s contempor>y1 ,gabriele d',annunzio1 ) :om he has m ?an once be5 c\pl$ by sup]ficial critics4 ,! "* ( _! respective influ5ce on ! y\ng] ,italian g5]ations1 ( ,d',annunzio betwe5 #ahij & #aijj1 & ( ,croce betwe5 #aijj & #aiaj1 is m ?an suffici5t evid5ce on ?is po9t4 ,x is some?+ ( a surprise to f9d t he _h le>nt practically no?+ f 8 uncle ,b]tr&o ,spav5ta1 :o _h be5 ! mo/ p[]ful repres5tative ( ! ,hegelian tradition 9 ,italy4 ,! c5tral problem ( ,spav5ta's speculation _h be5 t ( ! relations betwe5 kn[+ & be+1 ( transc5d5ce & imman5ce2 & al?\gh x 0 only ?r\gh a solution ( ?is problem t ,croce c\ld hope = progress 9 any ( 8 p>ticul> philosophical rese>*es1 yet he c\ld take no int]e/ 9 x :5 its discussion 0 e>n$ on indep5d5tly ( ^? problems ( art1 ( moral life1 ( law & hi/ory1 t[>ds :i* 8 att5tion 0 naturally drawn4 ,croce himself expla9s ?is lack ( int]e/ z due to 8 unconsci\s imman5tism3 z ,i met ) no difficulty 9 conceiv+ ! relation betwe5 ?9k+ & be+2 if ,i _h any difficulty1 x 0 r 9 conceiv+ a be+ sev]$ f ?\ght1 or a ?\ght sev]$ f be+4#ad ,b 9 ?is case he is probably see+ himself 9 ! light ( 8 lat] exp]i5ce3 t difficulty did exi/1 & is ! fundam5tal difficulty ( 8 e>ly speculation4 ,only1 he c\ld n solve x by ,spav5ta's me?ods1 :i* 7 ^? ( a rigor\s & =mal logician1 ( a philosoph] ) a !ological backgr\nd1 b only ?r\gh ! elaboration ( ! mat]ials ( 8 own p>ticul> moral & intellectual exp]i5ce4 ,at a lat] /age1 & :5 he _h already indep5d5tly arriv$ at a position mu* m simil> to t ( ,spav5ta1 ?an he w\ld ev] h ?\ght possible = him1 ! influ5ce1 if n ( ,spav5ta himself1 at lea/ ( t attitude t[>ds philosophy :i* _h be5 81 came back to him ?r\gh 8 fri5d ,giovanni ,g5tile1 ^: m5tal temp]am5t 0 mu* m ak9 to t ( ! old ,neapolitan ?9k]1 ?an ,croce's ev] 04 ,croce's idealism 7or ,hegelianism7 0 at ?is "t limit$ to :at he _h unconsci\sly absorb$ ?r\gh ,de ,sanctis' conception ( art2 b 8 !ory ( k1 n yet logically unfold$1 0 /ill oscillat+ betwe5 intellectualism & naturalism4 ,he 0 decid$ly anti-,hegelian1 on ! o!r h&1 9 8 !ory ( hi/ory & 9 8 g5]al conception ( ! _w4 ,footnote #a3 ,primi ,saggi1 pp4 #gi-hj4 ,footnote #b3 ,primi ,saggi1 p4 #hj4 ,footnote #c3 ,primi ,saggi1 p4 #hb4 ,footnote #d3 ,primi ,saggi1 p4 #afc4 ,footnote #e3 ,primi ,saggi1 p4 #afd4 ,footnote #f3 ,primi ,saggi1 ib4 ,footnote #g3 ,contributo1 p4 #ed4 ,footnote #h3 ,contributo1 pp4 #ee-ef4 ,footnote #i3 ,primi ,saggi1 p4 #afc4 ,footnote #aj3 ,contributo1 p4 #eh4 ,footnote #aa3 ,contributo1 p4 #ei-fj4 ,footnote #ab3 ,contributo1 p4 #fj4 ,footnote #ac3 ,contributo1 p4 #fa4 ,footnote #ad3 ,contributo1 p4 #fc4 ,,iii4 ,,hi/ory ,,& ,,economics ,a new int]e/3 ,m>xism--,hi/orical mat]ialism--,criticism & int]pretation3 a new hi/orical canon--,m>xian economics z an application ( ! hypo!tic me?od--,! concepts ( sci5ce & ! economic pr9ciple--,sci5ce & practice--,m>xism & morality4 ,9 ,april1 #ahie1 8 old pr(essor at ! ,univ]sity ( ,rome1 ,antonio ,labriola1 s5t to ,croce an essay on ! ,communi/ ,manife/o1 9 :i* he submitt$ to a critical exam9ation ! mat]iali/ic conception ( hi/ory elaborat$ dur+ ! fifty prec$+ ye>s by ,k>l ,m>x & ,fri$ri* ,engels4 ,labriola _h be5 probably ! fir/ pr(essor 9 a ,european ,univ]sity to take ,hi/orical ,mat]ialism z a subject = 8 academic lectures1 8 fir/ c\rse on ,m>xism hav+ be5 deliv]$ 9 #ahhi4 ,b ,croce1 :o _h giv5 all 8 ?\ghts fir/ to 8 lit]>y "w1 & !n to 8 m$itations on art & criticism1 _h n be5 z yet able to p]ceive ! be>+ ( ! new problems discuss$ by 8 ma/] on t problem ( ! nature ( hi/ory :i* _h be5 ! subject ( 8 fir/ philosophical essay1 & 0 to be ! c5tre ( 8 lat] speculations4 ,labriola's little book came to him at a mom5t :5 he _h rea*$ an impasse 9 ! c\rse ( 8 rese>*1 & x op5$ to him an entirely new field ( inve/igations1 x af=d$ him an escape t[>ds /udies & m$itations1 at fir/ app>5tly unrelat$ to 8 =m] ones1 b ! results ( :i* 7 de/9$ to react vigor\sly on !m4 ,he plung$ ) y\?ful en?usiasm into ! lit]ature n ( ,m>xism & hi/orical mat]ialism only1 b ( ,economics 9 g5]al4 ,9 ! five foll[+ ye>s1 :ile he cont9u$ ) unremitt+ en]gy 8 lit]>y lab\rs1 n[ m cle>ly direct$ t[>ds an und]/&+ ( ! hi/orical problems ( /hetics1 & a cl>ification ( ! concepts ( a philosophical sci5ce ( /hetics1 he publi%$ a s]ies ( critical essays on ,mat]ialismo /orico ed economia m>xi/ica1 int5d$ at ! same "t z a def5ce & a rectification ( ,m>x's doctr9es4 ,we %all consid] ?is phase ( ,croce's "w f two di/9ct po9ts ( view--z a new individual exp]i5ce1 & z a /age 9 ! developm5t ( 8 philosophy4 ,= ! fir/ ( !m1 we %all aga9 leave ! ^w to ,croce himself3 ,t int]c\rse ) ! lit]ature ( ,m>xism1 & ! eag]ness ) :i* = "s "t ,i foll[$ ! sociali/ic press ( ,g]many & ,italy1 /irr$ my :ole be+1 & = ! fir/ "t awak5$ 9 me a feel+ ( political en?usiasm1 yield+ a /range ta/e ( newness to me3 ,i 0 l a man :o hav+ fall5 9 love = ! fir/ "t :5 no long] "y1 %\ld obs]ve 9 himself ! my/]i\s process ( ! new passion4 ,at t fire ,i burnt also my ab/ract moralism1 & ,i le>nt t ! c\rse ( hi/ory has a "r to drag & to cru% ! individual4 ,z ,i _h n be5 dispos$ 9 my family circle to any fanaticism1 & n ev5 to a lik+ = ! curr5t & conv5tional lib]alism ( ,italian politics 444 x seem$ to me to brea! fai? & hope 9 ! vision ( ! rebir? ( mank9d r$eem$ by lab\r & 9 lab\r4#a ,?is political en?usiasm did n la/ v long3 x disappe>$ :5 t :i* 0 ,croce's true nature1 n practical b ess5tially !oretical1 reass]t$ itself1 by r$uc+ ?is new exp]i5ce into new conceptual =ms2 b )\t x1 ! :ole ( 8 philosophy ( ! practical activity w\ld =ev] h be5 l a !ory ( vision 9 ! m9d ( a bl9d man1 or a !ory ( love 9 t ( a keep] ( ! h>em4 ,art1 ?\ght1 mortality1 _h already appe>$ to him z aspects ( 8 own life2 to ^!1 a new elem5t 0 add$ n[1 n z a m]e object ( ?\ght1 b z a passionate & concrete exp]i5ce4 ,! int]pretation ( ! doctr9e ( hi/orical mat]ialism pres5t$ a numb] ( difficulties d]iv+ p>tly f ! =m 9 :i* ! doctr9e itself _h orig9ally appe>$--n z a coh]5t !ory1 b z a s]ies ( pron\ncem5ts & obs]vations scatt]$ 9 a v>iety ( writ+s1 compos$ at a di/ance ( ye>s1 & ! aim ( :i* 0 r political & polemical ?an sci5tific2 & p>tly f its association ) remnants ( old metaphysics1 bo? 9 its orig9ators & 9 _! foll[]s4 ,9 ,m>x & ,engels1 z well z practically 9 ! :ole lit]ature ( ,m>xism1 ! emphasis be+ laid on ! sub/antive r ?an on ! adjective1 hi/orical mat]ialism impli$ ! adhesion to t metaphysical mat]ialism :i* 0 "o ( ! *ildr5 ( ,hegelian metaphysics4 ,:at _h be5 ! ,idea = ,hegel1 0 ! ,economy ( ! new metaphysicians3 ! only reality1 work+ b5ea? ! surface ( human consci\sness1 z an "u-/ructure b5ea? a m]ely app>5t & illusory sup]/ructure4 ,giv5 ?is conception1 x is easy to und]/& :y hi/orical mat]ialism appeal$ s /rongly to positivi/s & evolutioni/s1 :o conceal$ a simil> k9d ( metaphysics "u _! proclaim$ contempt = philosophy4 ,! old philosophies ( hi/ory _h attempt$ to r$uce ! sequ5ce ( hi/ory to a s*eme ( concepts1 />t+ ) ,god1 or ,provid5ce1 or ! ,hegelian ,idea3 ! new unconsci\s metaphysicians sub/itut$ = ! old concepts t ( ,economy1 or ( ,matt]1 or ( ,developm5t & ,evolution1 f :i* all ! p>ticul> hi/orical det]m9ations c\ld be d$uc$ ) n less c]ta9ty ?an f ! old metaphysical entities4 ,& f _! pr$ecessors !y also borr[$ ^? teleological t5d5cies :i* are implicit 9 all metaphysics1 attribut+ a w & an end to _! new ,god1 be x call$ ,progress or ,matt]1 & try+ to d$uce ! future c\rse ( hi/ory f ! dialectic ( ! pa/4 ,h5ce ! gr[? ( a va/ lit]ature inquir+ into ! developm5t ( ab/ract sociological s*emes or ( economic =ms r$uc$ to *>act]i/ics ( economic epo*s1 =c+ ! concrete mat]ials ( hi/ory into rigid conceptual frames2 h5ce ! nave fai? 9 ! d$uction ( social pr$et]m9ations1 ( :i* ! mo/ /rik+ 0 ! ass]t$ necessity ( ! adv5t ( socialism z ! only logical outcome ( capitali/ society4 ,croce1 pursu+ ! analysis initiat$ by ,labriola1 began by dissociat+ :at seem$ to him to be ! vital elem5t 9 hi/orical mat]ialism1 f any intrusion ( ei!r ,hegelian or positivi/ic metaphysics4 ,8 criticism ( hi/orical mat]ialism z a philosophy ( hi/ory &1 g5]ally1 ( ! possibility ( con/ruct+ any philosophy ( hi/ory1 is ! fir/ resolute /ep t[>ds an anti-metaphysical conception ( philosophy4 ,:e!r by metaphysics is meant ! k ( ano!r _w ( real ess5ces1 ( ?+s 9 !mselves1 beyond ! objects ( our imm$iate exp]i5ce1 or ! creation ( ab/ract concepts duplicat+ & falsify+ ! complex _w ( life1 ! :ole tr5d ( ,croce's ?\ght w h5ce=w>d oppose any claim on ! "p ( ^! spuri\s philosophies1 my?ological or pseudo-sci5tific1 to furni% an adequate int]pretation ( reality4 ,vico's metaphysics ( human ideas1 :i* is no metaphysics at all1 because x does n po/ulate ! exi/5ce ( any reality beyond t ( ! _s ( man1 w m & m become ! model ( ,croce's own philosophy4 ,t imman5tism :i* he consid]s z "o ( ! spontane\s attitudes ( 8 m9d sl[ly extricates itself f ! ru9s ( 8 own transc5d5tal logic1 & %[s itself imp]vi\s to ! allurem5ts ( bo? ,platonism & ,positivism1 ( ! anci5t & ! new my?4 ,purg$ ( its uness5tial philosophical associations1 hi/orical mat]ialism 7or1 m precisely1 ! economic int]pretation ( hi/ory7 appe>$ to ,croce z no?+ m ?an a new canon or crit]ion ( hi/orical int]pretation1 fix+ ! att5tion ( ! hi/orian on a mass ( new data1 ! importance ( :i* _h n be5 recogniz$ be=e4 ,x 0 nei!r a new philosophy nor a new me?od3 x c\ld n be legitimately employ$ to draw conclusions on ! relations betwe5 economic facts & ! o!r facts ( hi/ory1 nor to r$uce hi/ory itself to ! op]ation ( a few ab/ract laws4 ,x 0 a t5d5cy ( hi/orical ?\ght1 co9cid+ ) ! manife/ation ( c]ta9 objective conditions ( society 7! indu/rial revolution7 & _! reflexes 9 political ?\ght1 by :i* ! economic elem5t 9 social facts acquir$ a /rong] relief ?an x _h ev] _h 9 ! consci\sness ( man4 ,& x seem$ to po9t1 bo? = ! hi/orian & = ! philosoph]1 t[>ds ! exi/5ce ( a fundam5tal pr9ciple or =m ( human activity--economic activity1 ab\t ! nature ( :i*1 & its relation ) /hetic1 logic1 & moral activity1 v little _h be5 ?\ght & writt51 besides :at is conta9$ 9 ! introductions to all classical manuals ( political economy4 ,:ile /ill insi/+ t hi/ory is art1 t is1 ! repres5tation ( individual happ5+s1 ,croce 0 ?us implicitly br\ght to admit ( ! importance ( philosophy1 t is1 ( ! /udy ( ! fundam5tal =ms or categories ( human activity1 = ! hi/orian4 ,8 conception ( hi/ory 0 und]go+ a trans=mation 9 a direction simil> to t t[>ds :i* 8 conception ( philosophy 0 mov+4 ,:5 he pass$ f ! consid]ation ( ! g5]al !ory to ! exam9ation ( m te*nical aspects ( ,m>x's doctr9es1 ! fir/ difficulty :i* pres5t$ itself to him 0 t ( ! relations betwe5 ,m>xian economics & pure economics1 or g5]al economic sci5ce4 ,! society ^: economic life ,m>x _h /udi$ 9 ,das ,kapital1 0 nei!r human society 9 g5]al1 nor any p>ticul> hi/orical society1 b a purely ideal & =mal society d$uc$ f a proposition assum$ outside ! fields ( pure economics3 t ( ! equival5ce ( value & lab\r4 ,/>t+ f ?is po/ulate1 ,m>x _h proce$$ to inquire into ^? processes ( diff]5tiation betwe5 ! assum$ /&>d & ! actual prices ( commodities 9 a capitali/ society1 by :i* lab\r itself acquires a price & becomes a commodity4 ,x 0 a me?od ( sci5tific analysis consi/+ 9 reg>d+ a ph5om5on n z x actually exi/s1 b z x w\ld be if "o ( its factors 7 alt]$1 & 9 comp>+ ! hypo!tical ) ! real ph5om5on1 conceiv+ ( ! fir/ z div]g+ f ! second :i* is po/ulat$ z fundam5tal1 or ! second z div]g+ f ! fir/1 :i* is po/ulat$ 9 ! same mann]4 ,x is only :5 ! :ole ( ,m>xian economics is consid]$ z ! application ( su* a me?od1 t ! concepts ( lab\r-value & ( surplus-value acquire a def9ite & precise mean+3 ! description ( economic society z a pure work+ society 7produc+ no goods :i* _c be increas$ by lab\r7 mu/ !n be int]pret$ z a concept ( diff]5ce1 or an in/rum5t ( elliptical comp>ison1 z aga9/ ! descriptions ( actual economic society giv5 by pure economics4 ,its positive value1 n z an ab/ract hypo!sis1 b z a means ( k1 dep5ds on ! fact t su* a society does actually co9cide ) c]ta9 aspects ( hi/orical capitali/ society2 t ! equival5ce ( lab\r & value is n a purely imag9>y fact1 b a fact among o!r facts1 empirically oppos$1 limit$1 & di/ort$ by o!r facts4 ,hav+ assum$ ?is equival5ce z a te/ = ! /udy ( ! social problem ( lab\r1 ,m>x's object 0 to %[ ! special way 9 :i* ?is problem is solv$ 9 a capitali/ society4 ,& ?is 0 ! real ju/ification = 8 employm5t ( ! hypo!tical me?od4 ,x is cle> t ,croce 0 inf9itely m int]e/$ 9 :at ,m>x _h actually accompli%$1 ?an 9 :at he _h int5d$ to d4 ,9 ,m>x's own m9d1 ! analysis ( ! conditions ( capitali/ society l$ inevitably to ! conclusion t a passage f capitalism to socialism 0 pr$et]m9$ by ! /ructure ( capitali/ society itself4 ,x is well kn[n t ! prevision assum$ :at claim$ to be a /rictly sci5tific "* 9 ! =mulation ( ! law ( ! fall 9 ! rate ( pr(its3 ! gradual decrease ( surplus-values accompany+ ! increase 9 te*nical improvem5ts1 & automatically re-e/abli%+ ! equival5ce ( lab\r & value4 ,croce (f]$ a v conv9c+ criticism ( ?is law on ,m>x's own gr\nds1 by %[+ t x re/$ on a confusion betwe5 te*nical & economic facts1 ?us af=d+ a rem>kable example ( ,m>x's unc]ta9ty ( 8 own me?od4 ,x 0 cle> t 9 ?is p>ticul> case ,m>x _h be5 c>ri$ away by 8 desire to r$uce ! metaphysical implications ( 8 economic sociology to ! /atus ( an hi/orical law4 ,& ,croce's criticism 0 evid5tly int5d$ bo? to deprive ,m>x's hi/orical det]m9ism ( "o ( its mo/ p[]ful in/rum5ts1 & to confirm 8 own view ( ! me?od :i* gave validity & importance to su* economic speculations z ,m>x's 74 ,m>xian economics /ood ?us int]pret$ z comp>ative sociological economics1 & by ! def9ition ,croce also def9$ ! scope ( sociological sci5ce1 & ! nature ( ! logical processes :i* x c\ld legitimately employ4 ,x 0 a consid]able advance 9 ! /udy ( sci5tific concepts1 z di/9ct f purely speculative concepts4 ,b he /ill believ$ at ! "t1 misl$ by ! economi/s' discussions on ! nature ( ! economic pr9ciple1 t pure economics & ! philosophy ( economics practically co9cid$2 & z he _h ma9ta9$ ! legitimacy ( ,m>x's me?od aga9/ ! criticisms ( ! pure1 or sci5tific1 economi/s1 he def5d$ pure economics aga9/ ,m>x & 8 s*ool1 z ! g5]al sci5ce ( ! economic datum4 ,b he 0 soon to und]/& t 8 own po9t ( view & t ( ! pure economi/s 7 widely div]g5t1 & t ! me?ods ( pure economics are 9 fact sci5tific & n philosophical4 ,9 lat] ye>s1 :5 he came to reg>d ! sci5ce ( economics z an empirical & ma!matical sci5ce1 ,m>xian economics appe>$ to him m]ely z a special bran* ( economic casui/ry1 employ+ me?ods fundam5tally id5tical ) ^? ( pure economics3 a relation%ip :i* c\ld be illu/rat$ by a comp>ison ) ! p>allel ( non-,euclidean & classical geometry4 ,al?\gh he did n rea* ?is f9al position at ! "t1 !re is no d\bt t 8 exp]i5ce ( ! actual sci5tific processes ( economics fre$ him f 8 allegiance to ,h]b>tian logic1 9 :i* sci5ce & philosophy 7 /ill =mally undiff]5tiat$1 & l$ him gradually to ! di/9ction betwe5 ! sci5tific & ! speculative concept1 ( :i* ! relation e/abli%$ betwe5 ,m>xian & pure economics is a t5tative prefiguration4 ,b ! mo/ ess5tial ga9 ( 8 economic /udies 0 9 ! direction ( ! affirmation ( ! m]ely practical1 or economic1 pr9ciple1 z "o ( ! irr$ucible =ms ( human activity1 rais+ ! concept ( ! ,useful to ! same level 7logically speak+7 at :i* ^? ( ! ,beautiful1 ! ,true1 & ! ,good _h be5 kept by ! :ole ,european philosophical tradition s9ce ,plato4 ,he 0 "h actually elaborat+ n a sci5tific1 b a speculative concept1 ?\gh 8 approa* to x 0 always by means ( ! discussion ( p>ticul> problems1 ! solution ( :i* impli$ a def9ite view ( ! relations betwe5 ! economic pr9ciple on "o side1 & respectively on ! o!r side1 ! intellectual & ! moral pr9ciple4 ,z reg>ds ! possibility ( inf]r+ practical programmes f sci5tific pr9ciples1 he object$ t nei!r ! desirable nor ! practicable are sci5ce4 ,sci5ce may be a legitimate means ( simplify+ problems1 mak+ x possible to di/+ui% 9 !m :at c be sci5tifically asc]ta9$ f :at c only be p>tially kn[n2 9 ! case ( ! ,m>xian law ( ! fall 9 ! rate ( pr(its1 = in/ance1 if su* a law 7 prov$ to be sci5tifically correct1 x c\ld be said1 "u c]ta9 conditions t ! end ( capitali/ society 0 a sci5tific c]ta9ty1 ?\gh x w\ld rema9 d\btful :at w\ld foll[ x4 ,b logic is n life1 & ! appraisem5t ( social programmes is a matt] ( empirical obs]vations & ( practical convictions4 ,! unconqu]able indet]m9ation ( social facts br+s =? t elem5t ( dat+ 9 ! actions ( practical m51 :i* is to w :at inspiration is to expression1 insight to intellect1 9 ! poet & 9 ! sci5ti/4 ,socialism c\ld n be call$ a sci5tific programme1 except 9 a limit$ & metaphorical s5se1 :i* 0 n a criticism ( socialism itself1 b ( ! bad logic ( c]ta9 ,sociali/s3 ! ,m>xian programme z su*1 ,croce recogniz$ z "o ( ! noble/ & bolde/1 & also "o ( ^? :i* obta9 ! greate/ support f ! objective conditions ( exi/+ society4 ,hav+ already d5i$ ! dep5d5ce ( intellectual tru? on economic fact1 by criticis+ ! metaphysics ( hi/orical mat]ialism1 he ?us ass]t$ n[ ! autonomy ( ! economic f ! logical pr9ciple4 ,on ! o!r h&1 he de/roy$ ! leg5d ( ! intr9sic immorality ( ,m>xism1 :i* 0 due to ,m>x's repeat$ ass]tions t ! social "q is n a moral "q1 & to 8 %>p criticisms ( class ideals & hypocrisies4 ,he po9t$ to ! moral int]e/ :i* _h guid$ ,m>x's political activity1 & :i* c\ld ev5 be said to h prompt$ ! *oice ( ! fundam5tal hypo!ses ( 8 economics4 ,:at ,m>x _h call$ ! impot5ce ( morality 0 ! futile attempt at apportion+ praise or blame = ! natural conditions ( ! social ord]4 ,x is only :5 su* conditions are no long] conceiv$ z necess>y = ! social ord] 9 g5]al1 b only = a /age 9 its hi/ory1 & :5 new conditions appe> t make x possible to de/roy !m1 t moral condemnation is ju/ifi$ & effective3 to use ano!r ( ,m>x's phrases1 morality condemns :at hi/ory has already condemn$4 ,?is is z mu* z say+ t ! only real moral problems1 z all o!r problems ( human life1 are ^? t pres5t !mselves "u giv5 hi/orical circum/ances1 at a giv5 "t2 concrete1 n ab/ract2 & t moral judgm5ts apply n to facts or conditions1 b to actions4 ,! passage f su* a concrete1 or hi/orical1 view ( morality1 to a doctr9e ( moral relativity is a v easy "o1 b ,m>x's own views on ?is po9t1 :i* he nev] delib]ately exp\nd$1 are irrelevant to ! sub/ance ( 8 doctr9e4 ,= 8 own "p1 ,croce reass]t$ ! value ( ,kantian e?ics1 & ! absolut5ess ( ! moral ideal1 z an ideal :i* is n above & outside ! _s ( man1 b r "o ( its intr9sic =ms or categories4 ,& ,m>x's conclusions 9 reg>d to ! function ( morality 9 ! social movem5t1 & to ! me?od = ! education ( ! prolet>iat1 ?\gh cla%+ ) curr5t prejudices1 conta9 no contradiction ( g5]al e?ical pr9ciples4 ,b ,m>x's int]e/ 0 n ess5tially an e?ical "o3 ! morali/ic criticisms ( ,m>x 7 simil> to ! puritanic criticisms ( ,ma*iavelli1 & resolv$ !mselves into a *>ge t nei!r ! "o nor ! o!r _h treat$ problems totally diff]5t f ^? :i* !y _h actually attempt$ to cl>ify4 ,:ile v9dicat+ ! importance ( ,ma*iavelli 9 ! hi/ory ( ! /udy ( ! economic activity ( man1 ,croce call$ ,m>x himself ! ,ma*iavelli ( ! lab\r movem5t1 implicitly sugge/+ a simil>ity ( bo? object & me?od betwe5 ,il ,pr9cipe & ,das ,kapital1 :i* is s+ul>ly illum9at+4 ,! la/ essays ( ! book on ,mat]ialismo ,/orico are two lett]s to ,pr(essor ,p>eto ,on ! ,economic ,pr9ciple1 writt5 9 #aijj2 b ) ^! we rea* a "t :5 ,croce's ?\ght 0 already organiz+ itself 9 ! sy/em ( ! philosophy ( m9d4 ,9 !m we f9d a sket* ( ! sy/em 9 ! =m 9 :i* x appe>$ 9 ! fir/ edition ( ! ,e/etica3 t is1 we already decid$ly ent] into ! matur] phase ( ,croce's ?\ght4 ,we mu/ "h pause on ! ?re%old1 & look+ back on ! ye>s ( ,croce's special int]e/ 9 economic problems1 sum up ! new elem5ts t ! /udy ( ^! problems adds to 8 intellectual physiognomy3 a m delib]ately anti-metaphysical attitude1 a gr[+ consci\sness ( ! complexity ( hi/ory & ( ! concret5ess ( moral life1 a realization ( ! function ( ! economic activity1 a progress 9 ! analysis ( sci5tific concepts1 & !re=e 9 ! f\ndations ( 8 logic--b1 mo/ important ( all1 a cont9u$ practice ( philosophical ?\ght "u ! %ape ( hi/orical me?odology4 ,ap>t f _! int]e/ z docum5ts ( ! gr[? ( 8 philosophy1 ,croce's /udies h also a place 9 ! hi/ory ( social & economic ?\ght1 side by side ) ^? ( ,labriola & ( ,georges ,sorel1 z a significant episode 9 t ,lat9 crisis ( ,m>xism1 ! ultimate outcome ( :i* are ! !ories ( ,fr5* & ,italian ,syndicalism4 ,footnote #a3 ,contributo1 p4 #cf-cg4 ,,"p ,,second ,,! ,,philosophy ,,( ,,m9d 7#aijj-aiaj7 ,i4 ,,! ,,gr[? ,,( ,,! ,,sy/em ,! unity ( ?\ght--,! writ+ ( ! ,e/etica--,! me?od ( philosophy--,a philosophy ( m9d--,! ,filos(ia della ,spirito & ! ,critica--,o!r activities4 ,! sali5t feature ( ,croce's m9d1 fully display+ itself 9 ! maturity ( 8 "w1 is a p[] to foll[ diff]5t l9es ( ?\ght & rese>*1 )\t ei!r confus+ ! issues or los+ sight ( ! deep und]ly+ connections4 ,= ! av]age s*ol>1 an incursion into ali5 gr\nd w g5]ally m>k ! ab&onm5t ( 8 =m] int]e/s2 or1 9 ! be/ hypo!sis1 ! creation ( a new m5tal p]sonality coexi/+ ) ! orig9al "o1 b nei!r react+ on x nor be+ influ5c$ by x4 ,! reason is obvi\s3 ! sub/ance ( ea* p]sonality is a cross-section ( ! body ( "o discipl9e1 :i* 9 its actual hi/ory1 9 its me?ods1 associations & sph]e ( int]e/1 t\*es ! o!r "o at v few po9ts only1 if at any at all4 ,! e/abli%m5t ( new relations betwe5 ! two requires a new p]sonal elaboration1 a complete individual ma/]y ( ! mat]ials & me?ods ( ea* discipl9e4 ,we are h>dly aw>e ( ! indep5d5ce ga9$ by ev5 v closely relat$ fields ( rese>* ?r\gh ! speciali/s treatm5t ( ! la/ c5tury3 h[ ea* ( !m has develop$1 s to speak1 a language ( its own1 :i* has its f\ndation 9 ! peculi>1 & inevitable1 t]m9ology1 b ext5ds f> beyond x into ! logical /ructure ( ! speciali/ m9d4 ,we h m or less consci\sly built up a _w 7t is1 an implicit conception ( ! _w1 a nave philosophy7 = ! economi/1 "o = ! biologi/1 "o = ! ma!matician1 "o = ! /ud5t ( lit]ature1 & s on4 ,! s*ol> ) ! dual p]sonality lives alt]natively 9 sep>ate & self-conta9$ worlds2 b to melt ! two images into a s+le "o1 is f> beyond 8 p[]4 ,9 o!r cases1 he w relate all ! exp]i5ces legitimately belong+ to "o special _w1 to ano!r "o1 probably to ! "o ) :i* he 0 fir/ acqua9t$2 b !n we h ^? awkw>d hybrids1 ! economics ( ! lit]>y man1 or ! lit]ature ( ! biologi/1 or ! biology ( ! economi/2 & ! confusion is s app>5t t x g5]ally reflects itself 9 ! v quality ( ! t]m9ology employ$4 ,x 0 aga9/ ?is k9d ( confusion1 aga9/ ! transf]5ce ( ! concepts ( "o sci5ce into ano!r1 :i* 0 ! fav\rite device ( positivism1 t ,croce cont9ually react$ 9 8 criticism ( contempor>y ?\ght4 ,he in/9ctively knew ! value ( di/9ctions1 & also ! value ( unity2 b he w\ld nev] pay = unity at ! exp5se ( ! f9e1 precise1 necess>y di/9ctions4 ,?is expla9s :y = a c]ta9 numb] ( ye>s he may h appe>$ z a man occupi$ 9 ! pursuit ( two q diff]5t & unconnect$ l9es ( rese>*3 8 lit]>y fri5ds us$ to look on 8 economic /udies ) wond] & di/ru/1 z on a /range :im & a total wa/e ( "t1 :ile ! economi/s m or less res5t$ ! intrusion ( ! outsid]4 ,b x expla9s also :y1 :5 he f9ally attempt$ to give %ape to ! conclusions he _h rea*$ 9 reg>d to "o p>ticul> gr\p ( problems1 8 grasp ( ! ess5tial unity & 8 p[] to build an inclusive & unspecializ$ conception ( reality1 7 made visible at once4 ,!re 0 no special problem ( ?\ght :i* c\ld be treat$ ap>t f an ei!r implicit or explicit view ( ! :ole ( reality3 !re 0 no solution ( any p>ticul> problem :i* w\ld n affect1 & 9 turn be affect$ by1 ! solution ( e o!r problem4 ,or1 to say ! same ?+ 9 diff]5t words1 philosophy 0 a sy/em1 n 9 ! s5se t a rigid logical s*eme c\ld once & =ev] fit ! ev] mov+ /ream ( reality1 b because x is impossible to ?9k ! di/9ctions )\t ! unity1 or ! unity )\t ! di/9ctions4 ,t :i* appe>s to u1 psy*ologically1 z ! ma9 *>act]i/ic ( ,croce's m9d1 trans=ms itself into ! intr9sic logic ( 8 sy/em1 9 :i* ! pr9ciples ( unity & ( di/9ction are1 z we %all see1 fundam5tal4 ,9 ! ye> #ahii ,croce _h be5 compell$ to sp5d a good "p ( 8 "t 9 a m or less practical activity 9 connection ) ! ,c5t5>y ( ! ,neapolitan ,republic ( #agii1 & x 0 only t[>ds ! end ( t ye> t he c\ld d$icate himself entirely to ! "w he _h con/antly _h 9 m9d s9ce ! publication ( 8 essays on lit]>y criticism3 ! exposition ( 8 concept ( art 9 ! fulness ( its relations & det]m9ations4 ,x w be well to let ,croce himself give u an acc\nt ( t decisive mom5t1 ( ! rip5+ & ga!r+ ( 8 v>i\s speculations into _! fir/ coh]5t & sy/ematic expression4 ,:5 ,i />t$ my "w1 & began to collect my scatt]$ ?\ghts1 ,i f\nd myself extremely ignorant3 ! gaps multipli$ !mselves 9 my sight2 ^? same ?+s t ,i ?\ght ,i held well 9 my grasp wav]$ & became confus$2 unsuspect$ que/ions came =w>d ask+ = an answ]2 & dur+ five mon?s ,i read almo/ no?+1 walk$ = h\rs & h\rs1 sp5t half days & :ole days ly+ on a c\*1 se>*+ assidu\sly )9 myself1 & putt+ d[n on pap] notes & ?\ghts1 ea* ( :i* 0 a criticism ( ! o!r4 ,?is torm5t grew mu* worse1 :5 9 ,novemb] ,i tri$ to set =? 9 a concise memoir ! fundam5tal !ses ( /hetics1 because1 t5 times at lea/1 hav+ c>ri$ my "w up to a c]ta9 po9t1 ,i became aw>e ( ! necessity ( tak+ a /ep :i* 0 n ju/ifi$ logically1 & ,i />t$ all ov] aga9 9 ord] to discov] 9 ! beg9n+s ! obscurity or error :i* _h br\ght me to t qu&>y2 &1 hav+ rectifi$ ! error1 aga9 w5t my way1 & a little fur!r ,i aga9 /umbl$ into a simil> difficulty4 ,only aft] six or sev5 m mon?s 0 ,i able to s5d to ! press t memoir 9 ! =m 9 :i* x has be5 pr9t$ "u ! title ,tesi fondam5tali di un' ,e/etica come sci5za dell' espressione e l+ui/ica g5]ale2 arid & ab/ruse1 b f :i*1 once ,i _h f9i%$ x1 ,i came out n only q ori5t$ 9 reg>d to ! problems ( ! m9d1 b also ) an awak5$ & sure und]/&+ ( almo/ all ! pr9cipal problems ab\t :i* classical philosoph]s h toil$3 an und]/&+ :i* _c be acquir$ by m]ely read+ _! books1 b only by repeat+ )9 oneself1 "u ! /imulus ( life1 _! m5tal drama4#a ,we are s us$ to see ! intellectual work] surr\nd$ & propp$ up by libr>ies1 laboratories1 files1 & /ati/ics1 t ! sight ( a man ab&on+ 8 books1 giv+ himself up to :at by all mat]ial /&>ds mu/ be class$ z a /ate ( idl5ess1 9 ord] to )draw into ! intimacy ( 8 own consci\sness1 !re to f9d an answ] to ! problems ( reality1 _c b /rike u z incongru\s & ana*roni/ic4 ,if we 7 frank ab\t ourselves1 we %\ld confess t our unb\nd$ confid5ce 9 ! purely mat]ial helps is m]ely a mask = our deep-root$ scepticism1 = our absolute lack ( confid5ce 9 ! p[] ( reason4 ,:at we _c hope to atta9 ?r\gh our individual ef=t1 we expect z ! product ( a great ma*9e ( ?\ght1 9 :i* man ent]s z a little :eel1 accompli%+ a giv5 function1 z me*anical & imp]sonal z ! re/ ( ! ma*9e4 ,we /rive = objectivity1 & believe 9 ! automatic fabrication ( tru?4 ,?r\gh a false analogy ) ! me?ods ( ! natural sci5ces1 imp]fectly und]/ood1 & assimilat$ to ^? ( indu/rial production1 we call ?is process sci5tific1 & we pret5d to despise :at we fe>1 ! te/imony ( our consci\sness & ! h>d%ips ( p]sonal ?\ght4 ,reason1 ! human reason1 ! ultimate s\rce ( all k1 we pay lip homage to1 b really put 9 ! same category z ! obscure intuition ( ! my/ic4 ,outside our me*anical objectivity1 we seem unable to see any?+ b an arbitr>y subjectivism1 a caprici\s & empirical individuality4 ,b h[ev] incongru\s & ana*roni/ic x may appe> to u1 !re is little d\bt t ?is me?od is ! only philosophical me?od1 ! me?od ( philosophy 9 all times4 ,croce's orig9ality consi/s m]ely 9 hav+ reass]t$ its validity 9 su* %>p contra/ to all ! t5d5cies ( ! age1 & to h %[n t true objectivity belongs only to ! tru? we discov] )9 ourselves1 :5 ! eye ( our m9d is n turn$ on ! transi5t spectacle ( our sup]ficial life1 b is rea*+ "u x = t univ]sal consci\sness :i* is ! f\ndation ( ! individual "o4 ,!re is no s*ol> :o is z exact+ & punctili\s z ,croce 9 ! *oice & elaboration ( 8 mat]ial--z consci\s ( ! ne$ ( ?or\ghness & precision--z impati5t ( any =m ( improvisation2 b he nev] =gets t ! end ( all 8 lab\rs is m]ely t ( kn[+ himself1 9 ! _s ( ! anci5t oracle1 by acquir+ a direct1 intimate exp]i5ce ( ! processes ?r\gh :i* a m9d ( to-day has come to be :at is truly is2 ( mak+ 8 own individual consci\sness p>take m & m ( t univ]sality :i* alone is true consci\sness1 by lib]at+ itself f all casual det]m9ations1 & becom+ hi/orically acqua9t$ ) itself4 ,x is easy to see h[ 9 su* a g5]al attitude ! road to philosophy is also ! road to hi/ory2 & h[ bo? 9 philosophy & 9 hi/ory ! f9al te/ mu/ be n t ( ! dead mat]ial1 b ( ! liv+ _s4 ,! employm5t ( su* a me?od leads to two consequ5ces3 ! fir/1 t a philosophy ?us conceiv$ w be a philosophy ( ! human _s--,filos(ia dello ,spirito--or1 z we1 foll[+ ! habits ( ,engli%-speak+ philosoph]s1 %all t5tatively call x1 a philosophy ( m9d2 ! second1 t ! univ]sality :i* ! individual _s discov]s )9 itself1 n be+ a /atic1 immovable univ]sality1 b m]ely ! =m ( its ev]-*ang+1 hi/orical actuality1 philosophy itself w be a cont9u\s progress1 & at no p>ticul> mom5t w x be possible to def9e ! ?\ght ( ! philosoph] z a complet$ sy/em4 ,z we _c1 h[ev]1 9 ! small compass ( ?is book1 m9utely foll[ all ! successive modifications & accretions ( ,croce's ?\ght1 we %all speak ( ! t5 ye>s betwe5 #aijj & #aiaj z ( ! p]iod 9 :i* ! sy/em ( ! philosophy ( m9d 0 develop$ & det]m9$1 & we %all attempt 9 ! foll[+ *apt]s to give a g5]al view ( ! sy/em itself z x might h appe>$ 9 #aiaj to a consci5ti\s /ud5t ( all ! works ( ,croce publi%$ dur+ t int]val ( "t4 ,! ,tesi conta9$ already ! sub/ance ( ! ,e/etica come sci5za dell' espressione e l+ui/ica g5]ale :i* 0 complet$ 9 #aija & publi%$ 9 #aijb1 & ) :i* ,croce def9itely took 8 place 9 mod]n philosophy4 ,! book is divid$ 9 two p>ts1 ! exposition ( ! !ory & ! hi/ory ( ! doctr9e4 ,b ! two p>ts are v closely relat$ to ea* o!r1 z ! exposition already criticises all ! possible aspects ( /hetic !ory1 & ! hi/ory m]ely disposes ! same criticisms 9 a *ronological ord]1 & labels ea* ( !m ) a "n4 ,?is plan1 ) slight alt]ations1 is t ( ! successive volumes ( ! ,filos(ia dello ,spirito3 to ! read] :o is already acqua9t$ ) ! hi/ory ( philosophy1 ! hi/orical "* ( ! purely !oretical exposition is readily app>5t4 ,soon aft] ! publication ( ! ,e/etica1 ,croce began to consid] 8 book m]ely z a programme & a sket* :i* ne$$ fill+ 9 ) fur!r developm5ts1--) ! inve/igation ( ! o!r =ms ( human activity1 :i* _h be5 m]ely po/ulat$ 9 ! /udy ( ! /hetic activity2 & ) a wide cultural "w1 to be c>ri$ on especially by means ( a review1 ?r\gh :i* 8 ideas %\ld be te/$ 9 imm$iate & con/ant relation ) ! problems ( contempor>y ,italian & ,european ?\ght4 ,! enorm\s activity ( ! foll[+ ye>s falls easily into ?is r\gh division4 ,on "o h& we h ! completion ( ! ,filos(ia dello ,spirito1 ) ! ,logica come sci5za del concetto puro1 ! fir/ edition ( :i* appe>$ 9 #aije 7,l9eam5ti di una ,logica1 etc471 & ! second1 deeply modifi$ by 8 m$itations on ! practical activity1 9 #aiji1 ) ! ,filos(ia della ,pratica3 ,economica ed ,etica1 writt5 9 #aijh1 b ( :i* "s p>ts _h already be5 giv5 9 #aijg 9 ! memoir ,riduzione della filos(ia del diritto alla filos(ia dell' economia2 & ) ! new & full] =mulation ( 8 /hetics 9 a pap] read to ! ,int]national ,congress ( ,philosophy 9 ,heidelb]g 9 #aijh1 on ,l'intuizione pura e il c>att]e lirico dell' arte4 ,to ^! mu/ be add$ ! two monographs on ,hegel 7#aijf7 & ,vico 7#aiaj71 :i* are at ! same "t an exposition ( _! philosophies & a re/atem5t ( ,croce's own ma9 positions1 9 s f> z !y co9cid$ ) ^? elem5ts ( tru? :i* he /ill recogniz$ z liv+ 9 _! ?\ght4 ,on ! o!r h& we h ! publication ( a bi-mon?ly review1 ,la ,critica1 ! fir/ numb] ( :i* appe>$ 9 ,janu>y1 #aijc1 & :i* is /ill be+ publi%$4 ,la ,critica ann\nc$ itself z a review ( lit]ature1 hi/ory & philosophy1 b x diff]$ f all o!r publications 9 ! same fields 9 two ma9 features3 ! fir/1 t ! numb] ( its contributors 0 practically limit$ to two1 ,croce himself1 & 8 fri5d ,giovanni ,g5tile1 ) :om he _h fir/ be5 br\ght 9 contact ?r\gh _! common int]e/ 9 ,m>xian /udies1 & :o foll[$ = "s ye>s at lea/ a l9e ( ?\ght :i* t\*$ 8 own at _m po9ts2 ! second1 t x impos$ ^u itself a v def9ite programme ( "w1 ea* numb] conta9+ an essay1 or "p ( an essay1 by ,croce on "s ,italian writ] ( ! prec$+ half-c5tury1 & "o by ,g5tile on ! ,italian philosoph]s ( ! same p]iod1 besides a numb] ( reviews ( new ,italian & =eign books1 & notes & comm5ts on contempor>y que/ions ( culture & moral life4 ,9 8 own ma9 "w = ! ,critica1 ,croce 0 at ! same "t aim+ at giv+ concrete examples ( ! application ( /hetic !ory 9 ! doma9 ( lit]>y criticism1 & at cle>+ ! gr\nd = ! "w ( ! new g5]ation1 ?r\gh an appraisem5t ( ! lit]>y values ( ! prec$+ "o4 ,! g5]al temp] ( ! review is cle>ly express$ 9 ! foll[+ words f ! already s (t5 quot$ autobiographical notes3 ,! ideal :i* ,i *]i%$ 0 drawn n f my own p]sonality1 b f my v>i$ exp]i5ce1 because1 hav+ liv$ suffici5tly 9 ! academic _w to "k bo? its virtues & its faults1 & hav+ at ! same "t pres]v$ a feel+ ( real life1 & ( lit]ature & sci5ce z be+ born f x & r5ovat+ !mselves 9 x1 ,i address$ my c5sures & my polemics on "o h& aga9/ dilettanti & unme?odical work]s1 on ! o!r aga9/ ! academicians re/+ 9 _! prejudices & idl+ ) ! ext]nals ( art & sci5ce4#b ,! greate/ "p ( ! writ+s contribut$ by ,croce to ! ,critica dur+ ^! ye>s 7 lat] collect$ 9 volumes1 ( :i* h[ev] only ! ,problemi d',e/etica 7#aiaj71 conta9+1 besides ! ,heidelb]g lecture1 a l>ge numb] ( essays bo? on ! !ory & hi/ory ( /hetics1 appe>$ be=e ! end ( ! p]iod we are n[ consid]+4 ,to int5sify ! action ( bo? 8 books & 8 review1 he initiat$ 9 #aijf1 9 connection ) ! publi%] ,lat]za ( ,b>i1 ! publication ( a s]ies ( ,classici della filos(ia mod]na1 9 :i* he publi%$ 8 own translation ( ,hegel's ,encyclop$ia2 & 9 #aiji1 ( ! collection ,scrittori d' ,italia1 :i* is 9 ! way to becom+ ! /&>d corpus ( ,italian ,lit]ature4 ,he took also a lead+ "p 9 ! edit+ ( ! same publi%]'s ,biblioteca di cultura mod]na1 :i* 0 enri*$ ?r\gh 8 c>e & advice ) repr9ts ( r>e works ( s\!rn ,italian writ]s ( ! ,risorgim5to & ( ! e>ly ye>s ( ! ,unity1 & ) translations ( books repres5tative ( =eign contempor>y ?\ght4 ,if we add to all ?is1 a numb] ( scatt]$ essays & monographs1 editions ( texts & docum5ts1 & bibliographies1 & ! g5]\s coop]ation1 ext5d+ f ! fri5dly discussion ( plans & ideas to ! humble read+ ( pro(s1 ) a ho/ ( fri5ds & disciples1 we h a fairly complete idea ( ! significance ( ,croce 9 ! cultural life ( "y ,italy4 ,he v rapidly became some?+ l an in/itution2 he 0 hail$ z ! ma/] & spiritual guide ( ! new g5]ation4 ,8 "w & 8 example1 ! cl>ity ( 8 ?\ght & ! rhy?m ( 8 /eady1 h>moni\s1 p[]ful activity1 7 an elem5t n ( ! limit$ life ( ! intellectual laboratory only1 b ( ! spiritual life ( ! nation4 ,footnote #a3 ,contributo1 pp4 #dj-da4 ,footnote #b3 ,contributo1 p4 #dh4 ,,ii4 ,,intuition ,,& ,,expression#a ,! f\r grades ( spiritual activity--,intuition & conceptual k--,! intuitive consci\sness--,! limits ( intuitive k--,id5tifications ( intuition & expression--,art z expression3 cont5t & =m--,language z expression2 ! reality ( words--,croce's use ( ! ^w intuition--,! lyrical "* ( ! pure intuition4 ,! :ole cycle ( ! philosophy ( m9d exhau/s itself 9 ! /udy ( ! f\r fundam5tal =ms ( human activity1 ! concepts ( :i* we h se5 sl[ly develop+ ?r\gh ! mazes ( ,croce's e>ly speculations3 ! /hetic1 ! logic1 ! economic & ! e?ic2 ( ! di/9ction & ! unity ( /hetic & logic 9 ! !oretical activity1 or k1 & ( economic & e?ic 9 ! practical activity1 or action2 & f9ally ( ! relations betwe5 ! !oretical & ! practical1 or k & action4 ,?is may be said to be ! positive aspect ( ,croce's philosophy3 ! negative aspect consi/s 9 ! criticism & exclusion ( any o!r =m ( activity f ! sy/em ( ! human _s1 & ( t :i* is n ! _s1 or nature1 f ! sy/em ( reality4 ,to ! f\r =ms or grades ( spiritual activity1 correspond f\r philosophical sci5ces3 /hetics1 ,logic1 ,economics1 & ,e?ics4 ,ea* ( !m c be said to be ! organum ( ! p>ticul> =m ( activity :i* x /udies2 ! affirmation ( t sph]e ( consci\sness :i* is prop] to x1 & ( its relations to ! o!r =ms4 ,ea* ( !m is !re=e relat$ to ! o!rs 9 ! same way z ! v>i\s =ms ( activity are relat$ to ea* o!r4 ,!y might be def9$ z ! projection on ! plane ( logic ( ! :ole sy/em ( human activity1 t is1 ( ! :ole ( reality4 ,!y d]ive _! intr9sic validity f ?is p]fect co9cid5ce ( _! sev]al objects ) ! only conceivable aspects ( reality4 ,we %all 9 ?is & 9 ! foll[+ *apt]s attempt to fill 9 ) ! /rictly necess>y detail ?is v ample frame4 ,b we c already po9t to ! ideali/ic "* ( su* a philosophy result+ f its me?od1 :i* is t ( ! te/imony ( consci\sness1 z oppos$ to ! naturali/ic or psy*ologic me?od ( indirect obs]vation2 f its object1 :i* is ! human _s or m9d 9 ! fulness ( its det]m9ations2 & f ! exclusion ( any aspect ( reality :i* is n imman5t 9 consci\sness1 t is1 bo? ( ! naturally & ! sup]naturally transc5d5t4 ,z aga9/ ano!r k9d ( idealism1 ( :i* ! typical example is ,platonic transc5d5talism1 ,croce's idealism is reali/ic & imman5ti/ic3 ! task ( ! philosophy ( m9d is to discov] ! imman5t logic ( reality4 ,b aga9/ curr5t realism1 :i* consid]s m9d z ! m]e spectator & obs]v] ( ext]nal or natural reality1 x ass]ts ! id5tity ( reality & consci\sness1 :i* is ! basic position ( all idealism4 ,!re are two =ms ( k3 intuitive 7or /hetic7 & conceptual 7or logical74 ,intuition is ! k ( ! individual or p>ticul>2 ! concept is ! k ( ! univ]sal4 ,?is di/9ction1 z we h already se51 corresponds r\ghly to ! old classical di/9ction ( my?os & logos1 to ,vico's def9itions ( poetry & metaphysics1 & to ! new mean+ giv5 by ,baumg>t5 to ! old anti!sis ( ai/hta & nota4 ,let u quote ,vico aga93 ,m5 fir/ feel )\t p]ceiv+1 !n !y p]ceive & are p]turb$ & mov$2 f9ally !y reflect ) pure m9d4 ,"h we h ?ree successive grades1 ( :i* ! fir/ is m]e s5sation1 ! l[] limit ( m5tal activity2 ! second is intuition2 ! ?ird1 concept4 ,= ,vico1 ! second grade is id5tical ) ,poetry1 & ! sci5ce ( ?is =m ( k1 :i* we call /hetics1 he call$ ,poetic ,logic1 ! sci5ce ( poetry z ! fir/ op]ation ( ! human m9d4 ,vico's discov]y consi/s 9 ?is def9ition ( ,poetry 7& ,art71 n z a casual1 caprici\s1 lat]al =m ( spiritual activity1 b z ! fir/ & necess>y grade ( k1 z an ess5tial function ( ! m9d4 ,b ,vico's ?\ght 0 clo!d 9 :at we might well call a my?ological =m3 ! v>i\s grades ( spiritual activity 7 pres5t$ by him z successive /ages or epo*s 9 ! hi/ory ( mank9d2 & ! int]-relation ( ! v>i\s grades1 z ! actual law ( ! developm5t ( human society4 ,croce unravell$ ,vico's philosophy1 or ideal hi/ory1 hi/ory ( ! m9d1 f ,vico's concrete1 sociological hi/ory1 & ! result 0 ?is new /hetics :i* is at ! same "t a sci5ce ( ! fir/ grade ( k1 & ( art & language4 ,( ! reality ( intuitive1 z di/9ct f reflect$ k1 we h con/ant evid5ce 9 our imm$iate exp]i5ce4 ,if ,i exam9e my own consci\sness1 at any p>ticul> mom5t1 ,i f9d x cr[d$ ) ?+s ,i "k1 z1 n[1 ?is room 9 :i* ,i am writ+1 ! piano t is op5 be=e me1 ! fl[]s 9 a little basket1 blue fragm5ts ( sky & gre5 bran*es wa%$ by ! rec5t ra9 sway+ 9 ! cle> sunlight1 ! %rill voice ( a *ild f ! road1 ! light /eps ( a girl mov+ ab\t ! h\se4 ,i am n consci\s ( all ^! intuitions at once3 ,i write1 & ,i di/9ctly "k ?is :ite pap] only1 & ! black signs ,i am trac+1 ! p5 guid$ by my h&1 & ! edges ( a few books on my table3 all ! re/ has fad$ away into a blurr$1 fus$ intuition1 ! intuition ( an atmosph]e1 compos$ ( m]e %r$s & %ad[s ( ! col\rs & s\nds ( :i* ,i 0 s di/9ctly consci\s b "o m9ute ago4 ,b n[ ,i put d[n my p5 aga91 & ,i look at ! piano2 & ,i let my m9d w&] away1 f :at ,i see to :at ,i rememb] or imag9e3 ! fair-head$ figure play+ ?is morn+ ,franck's ,prelude1 ,*oral & ,fugue1 ! rapid & sure movem5ts ( ! f+]s on ! :ite & black keys1 a vague image ( ! solemn & passionate music1 memories ( di/ant days1 a sudd5 ru% ( obscure fantasies1 evok$ by ! actual play+1 & /ill l+]+ 9 ! recesses ( my m9d1 return+ n[ ) a fragm5t ( a melody1 ) a succession ( triumphant *ords4 ,& aga91 ,i look beyond ! w9d[1 & ! little squ>e ( gre5 & blue exp&s itself into ! va/ valley beyond1 scre5$ f my view by ^! few trees clu/]+ ar\nd ! h\se1 & yet my/]i\sly pres5t to my inn] eye3 ,i see a little company ( rid]s cant]+ along a %ad$ lane1 com+ out 9 an op5 mead[ surr\nd$ by l[1 ?ick-wood$ hills2 ! sun sets 9 a pale purple sky1 & ,i he> ! tramp+ ( ! sl[1 heavy ho(s1 z ! horses f9d _! way back ?r\gh ! woods1 ?r\gh a d>kness mu* m opaque & solid ?an t ( ! remote twilight1 /ill visible above ! highe/ bran*es1 animat$ by ! fir/ fa9t glitt]+ ( a />4 ,& ! woods are full ( a myriad small brea?+ & /irr+ noises1 ( ! s5se ( ! deep surg+ inhuman life ( trees & %rubs1 ( ! p5etrat+ sc5t ( ! ri* damp e>?1 ( decay+ wood1 ( fall5 leaves4 ,& n[1 ,i sudd5ly %ut myself out ( ?is _w ( p]ceptions & imag9ations1 or r ,i keep !m all be=e me1 b n because ( ! imm$iate1 individual int]e/ ,i h 9 ea* ( !m4 ,i try to extract ! common1 ! univ]sal elem5t ( :i* ,i suspect ! exi/5ce n beyond b )9 !m4 ,i r5\nce all p>ticul> intuitions = ! concept ( intuition4 ,i am no long] an image-mak+ m9d1 no long] engag$ 9 ?is elem5t>y or fir/ op]ation ( ! human m9d1 b ,i h pass$ on to a diff]5t1 & manife/ly a second>y plane ( m5tal activity1 s9ce x w\ld be impossible = me to root my ?9k+ any:]e b on ! soil ( my intuitions4 ,:at1 !n1 is intuition8 ,cle>ly x is n ! m]e s5sation1 ! =mless matt] :i* ! m9d _c grasp 9 itself1 z m]e matt]1 b possesses only by impos+ its =m on x4 ,)\t matt] no human k or activity is possible1 b matt] is1 )9 ourselves1 ! animal elem5t1 t :i* is brutal & impulsive1 n ! spiritual doma91 :i* is humanity4 ,matt] conqu]$ by =m gives place to ! concrete =m4 ,matt]1 or cont5t1 is :at diff]5tiates "o intuition f ano!r2 ! =m is con/ant1 & ! =m is ! spiritual activity4 ,9 ?is way we set ! l[] limit ( intuitive k1 & we recognize its *>act]s ( aw>5ess & activity3 an intuition is n t :i* pres5ts itself to me1 b t :i* ,i make my own1 by giv+ =m to x4 ,x may be an actual p]ception1 b ! di/9ction betwe5 t :i* is real & t :i* is imag9>y is n an intuitive1 b a logical or intellectual "o2 ! k ( ?+s :i* ,i d n p]ceive1 b only rememb]1 or ev5 only create ) my imag9ation belongs to ! same class1 p>takes ( ! same =mal "*4 ,space & "t1 :i* h m ?an once be5 consid]$ z intuitions1 are 9 reality categories ( an intellectual ord]3 !y may be f\nd 9 intuitions1 z o!r intellectual elem5ts are f\nd1 b z +r$i5ts & n z necess>y elem5ts1 mat]ialit] & n =malit]4 ,9 relation to ! usual psy*ological concepts ( association & repres5tation1 x c be said t an intuition is an association1 :5 by t ^w we mean an active m5tal syn!sis1 & n a me*anical juxtaposition ( ab/ract s5sations2 & t x is a repres5tation1 n z a complex s5sation1 b z a spiritual elaboration ( ! s5sation4 ,! upp] limit ( intuitive k is giv5 by reflect$1 or intellectual1 or logical k1 or :atev] we may call t :i* is no long] k ( ! individual1 ( ?+s1 b ( ! univ]sal1 ( relations among ?+s1 ( concepts4 ,intuitive k is indep5d5t ( intellectual k1 z x is possible to =m intuitions )\t =m+ concepts2 9 ! examples :i* ,i h giv5 9 ! prec$+ p>agraph1 practically all ! intuitions are pure intuitions1 9 ! s5se t !y d n conta9 any logical +r$i5ts4 ,b ev5 :5 su* are f\nd1 !y appe> z m]e intuitions1 & n z concepts3 z1 = in/ance1 ,hamlet's philosophy1 :i* ,i d n read z a help t[>ds ! und]/&+ ( metaphysical problems1 b z a *>act]ization ( an imag9]y individual4 ,on ! o!r h&1 logical k is f\nd$ on intuitions1 presupposes ! _w ( intuitions z its matt] or cont5t4 ,! relation betwe5 /hetic & logical k is "o ( grade or developm5t3 ! =m] /&s by itself1 re/s directly on t :i* is n yet _s or =m1 is ! fir/ grade ( spiritual or human activity2 ! latt] gives a fur!r spiritual elaboration to ! intuitive mat]ial4 ,?is relation%ip1 to :i* we %all return lat]1 is ! typical process ( ,croce's own logic1 ! logic ( spiritual or m5tal grades1 :i* he sub/itutes ?r\gh\t 8 sy/em = ! naturali/ic or transc5d5tal logic ( 8 e>ly ma/]s4 ,a fur!r /ep 9 ! d$uction ( ! concept ( intuitive or /hetic k1 is made by id5tify+ intuition ) expression4 ,giv5 ! active & consci\s "* ( intuition1 we are already prep>$ to admit t e true intuition is at ! same "t an expression2 t :i* _c objectify itself into an expression is no?+ b m]e s5sation4 ,! m9d does n actually intuit except by do+1 =m+1 & express+4 ,we mu/ n ?9k only ( v]bal expressions3 !re are intuitions :i* _c be express$ by words1 b only by s\nds or l9es or col\rs4 ,b 9 any case ! two words are int]*angeable3 :at really exi/s 9 our _s is only :at we c express4 ,x is only :5 we c express ourselves1 t we are consci\s ( actually possess+1 t is1 ( hav+ actually =m$1 our intuitions4 ,x is impossible to di/+ui% ! expression f ! intuition because !y are n two b "o4 ,?is id5tification runs c\nt] to a numb] ( v common & v de> delusions3 we con/antly imag9e t ! diff]5ce betwe5 ourselves & a great pa9t] or a great poet does n consi/ 9 ! p[] ( see+ & feel+1 b 9 a suppos$ gift ( m]ely ext]nal expression2 & aga91 we cr$it ourselves ) a numb] ( ?\ghts & images1 :i* we might express if we only wi%$ to4 ,! easie/ way to free ourselves ( su* delusions is to try to express :atev] x seems to u t we possess3 x becomes !n app>5t t our pictorial or poetical intuitions are really m]e fragm5ts1 or e*oes1 ( intuitions2 are1 9 fact1 n m ?an t :i* we succe$ 9 express+4 ,x mu/ h[ev] be borne 9 m9d t we give "h to ! ^w expression a purely m5tal or spiritual significance3 we mean by x ! image t we =m 9 our m9d1 & ( :i* ! pa9t+ or ! poem1 z objects1 are ! mat]ial extr9sications4 ,x requires b little reflection to realize t !re is no pa9t+ or poem--!re is no ^w t we utt]--unless x be a m]e flatus vocis1 :i* has n be5 prec$$ 9 our m9d by an int]nal image1 :i* is ! true expression4 ,! read] w h rem>k$ t1 9 ord] to give examples ( intuitive k1 we h n[ _h rec\rse to poetry & to pa9t+4 ,! fact is t !re is no diff]5ce betwe5 intuitive k1 or expression1 & art1 except a purely ext5sive & empirical "o3 t is1 we call a poet or an arti/ a man :o possesses ?is expressive p[] 9 a high] degree ?an ! re/ ( mank9d2 we call a poem or a "w ( art an expression :i* is full]1 m complex1 m elaborate1 ?an ^? :i* are ! product ( our common intuitive activity1 m]e waves ( ! cont9u\s /ream ( spiritual life1 9 :i* !y are con/antly int]rupt$ by & mix$ ) reflections & volitions1 ) logical & practical facts4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ! g5ius & ! common man1 9 ! /hetic z well z 9 ! o!r sph]es ( human activity1 is a quantitative1 n a qualitative "o4 ,art is n a peculi> spiritual function1 & !re=e a clos$ circle to :i* none b ! elect are admitt$3 ! arti/ appeals to ! intuitive man 9 ea* ( u1 9 a language ( :i* e human m9d f9ds ! key )9 itself4 ,! def9ition ( art z expression emphasizes ! creative & =mal "* ( art2 & its imm$iate consequ5ce is ! id5tification ( =m & cont5t1 t is1 ! solution ( "o ( ! olde/ & mo/ confus$ ( /hetic problems4 ,art is =m1 n 9 ! te*nical or =mali/ic s5se1 b 9 ! mean+ :i* we h giv5 to ! ^w :5 discuss+ ! relation betwe5 s5sation & intuition2 & ! cont5t ( a p>ticul> "w ( art _c be ab/ract$ f ! "w itself z some?+ t exi/$ be=e x1 & to :i* a =m has be5 add$ f outside4 ,!re is no cont5t1 9 art1 :i* is n ! cont5t ( a p>ticul> =m1 t is1 t :i* has ceas$ to exi/ z a possible cont5t1 & has trans=m$ itself into a def9ite =m4 ,?is conception ( ! relations ( =m & cont5t implies also ei!r a new int]pretation1 or ! repudiation1 ( ! !ory ( art z ! imitation ( nature1 mean+less 9 a me*anical s5se1 true1 & synonym\s ) ! !ory ( intuition1 9 a creative & =mative s5se4 ,?r\gh ! same critical process1 all discussions ( ! relations betwe5 art & ! s5ses appe> z be+ f\nd$ on a confusion betwe5 t :i* is /ill beyond ! limit ( spiritual activity1 ! s5sation or impression1 & ! actual /hetic elaboration1 :i* beg9s only :5 ! m9d becomes aw>e ( ! impression t has rea*$ x ?r\gh ! *annel ( ! s5ses4 ,we h m5tion$1 9 connection ) ! id5tification ( intuition & expression1 ! fact t e ^w t we utt] is con/antly prec$$ by an int]nal image2 :i* is z mu* z say+ t language is a p]petual spiritual creation1 on ! same plane z all our o!r expressions1 & z art4 ,we are accu/om$ to see+ dead words & syllables 9 gramm>s & diction>ies1 & we consid] !m z some?+ ext]nal1 z a k9d ( in/rum5t t we use & accommodate to ?is & t purpose4 ,b words t gramm>ians /udy1 ?r\gh a naturali/ic process1 z indep5d5t elem5ts ( ! l+ui/ic organism1 are really alive & full ( _! mean+ only 9 ! active context ( spee*4 ,! reality ( words is only 9 ! individual _s t speaks1 & e ^w is new e "t t x is employ$ because x expresses t p>ticul>1 individual mom5t ( spiritual activity1 :i* _c be ! same z any o!r "o4 ,philologi/s h be5 divid$ on ! "q ( ! orig9 ( language = c5turies1 "s f9d+ x 9 ! logical activity1 o!rs 9 a sy/em ( me*anical symbols & conv5tions1 a few admitt+ ! conception ( language z a pure /hetic creation only = a my?ic1 primitive p]iod1 :i* is succe$$ 9 ! hi/ory ( e language by a p]iod ( developm5t by conv5tion & association4 ,b1 z 9 all o!r bran*es ( spiritual activity1 x is "h impossible to draw a di/9ction betwe5 ! problem ( ! orig9s & ! problem ( ! nature ( language3 l+ui/ic expressions h fix$ !mselves 9 ! c\rse ( c5turies & /& be=e u z a body ( language1 z a reality indep5d5t ( ! individual activity t produces ! p>ticul> expressions2 ?is is :at prev5ts u f recogniz+ 9 ! actual l+ui/ic facts ! same creative en]gy t =m$ ! fir/ words utt]$ by man4 ,9 ?is r$uction ( ! philosophy ( language to /hetics1 ,croce aga9 foll[s ,vico1 :o pr(ess$ to h f\nd ! true orig9s ( languages 9 ! pr9ciples ( poetry1 :o fir/ ass]t$ ! functional id5tity ( language & poetry4 ,?is !ory1 h[ev]1 seems to cla% ) ! exi/5ce ( :at we might call ! implicit conceptuality ( language1 ( :i* we are con/antly made aw>e by our grammatical categories4 ,! fact is t ! relation betwe5 language & concept is ! same z betwe5 intuition & concept3 t is1 on "o side1 language is ! mat]ial ( our reflect$ ?\ght1 & x w\ld be impossible = ! reflection to beg9 )\t or be=e ! language2 b1 on ! o!r h&1 ! concepts appe> 9 language n z =ms b z matt]4 ,9 o!r words1 to speak x is n necess>y to ?9k logically1 b x is impossible to ?9k logically )\t speak+4 ,! grammatical categories are n real elem5ts ( language1 b products ( ab/raction1 ( a purely practical "*1 ( ! k9d t we %all soon h to exam9e 9 ! rhetoric ( ! arts4 ,:at may help u1 9 ?us conceiv+ ( ! active & intuitive "* ( language1 is a comp>ison ) o!r classes ( expressive facts4 ,:5 we speak ( musical or pictorial language1 we are aw>e t we are us+ m]e metaphors = ! purpose ( collect+ c]ta9 g5]al *>act]i/ics :i* are common to "s ( ^! facts4 ,! v>i\s musical gramm>s1 ! rules ( h>mony or ( or*e/ration1 are no?+ b summ>ies ( ab/ractions3 9 ! pres5ce ( a c]ta9 music1 or ( a c]ta9 picture1 we _c =get ! pr9ciple t no expression c give bir? to a new expression )\t fir/ und]go+ a new creative process4 ,& ?is is z true ( ! highe/ =ms ( arti/ic expression z ( ! words :i* we use 9 our daily life4 ,a numb] ( objections to ,croce's /hetics h be5 prompt$ by 8 use ( ! ^w intuition4 ,to ! read] :o has foll[$ our argum5t1 x is n necess>y to expla9 t ,croce's intuition has no?+ 9 common ei!r ) ! my/ic intuition ( ! ,neoplatoni/s or ( ! ultra-romantics1 or ) ! intuition :i* ,b]gson sub/itutes = ! intellect z ! prop] organ ( absolute k4 ,x is n a my/]i\s in/rum5t ( ! m9d1 by :i* man c ei!r come 9 contact ) sup]natural realities1 or1 r5\nc+ t :i* is di/9ctively human 9 him1 ent] into ! actual movem5t & life ( nature4 ,! fact t ,croce has sp5t s mu* "t & ?\ght 9 try+ to und]/& ?is fir/1 nave1 elem5t>y grade ( ! !oretical activity1 does n ju/ify 8 critics 9 putt+ him 9 ! same class ei!r ) romantic metaphysicians or ) romantic naturali/s4 ,t su* a confusion has ev] be5 possible is only a fur!r pro( ( ! immaturity & sup]ficiality ( a l>ge "p ( our mo/ solemn contempor>y ?\ght4 ,x %[s h[ x has be5 giv5 to gr[n-up & app>5tly educat$ m51 to read a book )\t kn[+ :at its subject 01 & )\t ev5 be+ able to %ield !mselves beh9d ! sav+ grace ( sil5ce4 ,an objection ( a q diff]5t ord] 0 rais$ by ,croce himself1 :o f\nd its solution 9 ! elaboration ( 8 philosophy ( ! practical1 or ( w4 ,x c be said ( ! !ory ( art z intuition1 t x r$uces art to a =m ( k1 to a !oretical function1 :ile :at we look = 9 works ( art is life & movem5t1 & ! feel+ & p]sonality ( ! arti/1 t is1 some?+ t is n !oretical b practical4 ,! answ] might be t ! feel+ is cont5t & ! intuition =m2 b su* a duali/ic po9t ( view w\ld 9 reality de/roy n only ,croce's /hetics1 b ! f\ndations ( 8 :ole philosophy ( m9d4 ,& we w\ld be back at a position :i* we ?\ght we _h already criticis$ & surpass$4 ,! tru? is t intuition1 & ! p]sonality1 or lyrical "*1 ( a "w ( art1 are only diff]5t aspects ( ! same spiritual process1 t :]e "o is1 ! o!r too w h to be f\nd4 ,:at we c ab/ract z ! psy*ic cont5t ( intuition1 s9ce we h already exclud$ ab/ractions & concepts1 is only :at we call appetition1 t5d5cy1 feel+1 w--! v>i\s facts :i* con/itute ! practical =m ( ! human _s4 ,pure intuition _c repres5t any?+ b ! w 9 its manife/ations1 t is1 no?+ b /ates ( m9d4 ,& ! /ates ( m9d are t passion1 feel+1 & p]sonality :i* we f9d 9 art1 & :i* det]m9e its lyrical "*4 ,9 ord] prop]ly to und]/& ?is new po9t ( view1 x mu/ be borne 9 m9d t ! lyrical "* ( ! poetry does n h[ev] co9cide ) ! practical passion ( ! poet3 ! relation betwe5 ! emotion & ! intuition is n a det]m9i/ic "o1 z ( cause & effect1 b a creative "o1 z ( matt] & =m4 ,! poetical vibration is diff]5t 9 k9d f ! practical "o4 ,if ,i grasp ,croce's mean+ correctly1 ! feel+ & movem5t :i* we f9d 9 art is some?+ t belongs intr9sically to ! intuitive activity--x is ! dynamic ( ! creative process itself4 ,& 9 fact1 :at we look = 9 ! works ( art is n ! empirical p]sonality ( ! arti/1 b ! tonality ( 8 individual /hetic activity1 :i* is always new & always unmi/akably 8 own1--n ! rhy?m ( 8 passion b t ( 8 vision or contemplation1 ( 8 intuition ( ! passion4 ,any o!r way ( consid]+ ?is relation w\ld inevitably lead u back to ! conv5tional di/9ction ( =m & cont5t1 to ! attribution ( /hetic *>act]s to ! emotions !mselves1 & to a def9ition ( intuition n z a simple & primitive fact1 b z a comb9ation ( ! practical & ! !oretical1 ( w & k4 ,i consid] ?is d$uction ( ! lyrical "* ( intuition z "o ( ! po9ts ( ,croce's /hetics :i* op5s ! way to new problems & /& 9 ne$ ( fur!r elaboration2 b :at is important 9 x1 & already firmly e/abli%$1 is ! recognition ( ?is "*1 ?r\gh :i* ! :ole doctr9e ( intuition ga9s a deep] & ri*] mean+1 & becomes m apt to deal ) ! concrete facts ( our /hetic exp]i5ce4 ,footnote #a3 ,?is *apt] & ! foll[+ two are f\nd$ especially on ! ,e/etica1 pp4 #a-aga2 ! essay on ,l'intuizione pura e il c>att]e lirico dell' arte1 9 ,problemi1 pp4 #a-cj2 & ! ,brevi>io1 9 ,nuovi ,saggi1 pp4 #a-ia4 ,,iii4 ,,! ,,concept ,,( ,,art ,fur!r det]m9ations ( ! concept ( art--,!oretical & practical activity--,! progress ( /hetic !ories--,an ,am]ican in/ance3 morality & art--,! typical--,! ends ( art--,! process ( /hetic production--,relations ( ! /hetic ) ! practical activity--,! delusion ( objective beauty--/hetic h$onism--,! /hetic value4 ,! det]m9ation ( ! concept ( art z pure intuition w\ld be little m ?an a v]bal v>iation ( old] doctr9es1 if its validity & importance c\ld n be prov$ 9 ! actual practice ( ?\ght on /hetic problems1 9 ! /udy ( ! relations ( ! /hetic fact ) ! o!r facts ( human activity1 & 9 ! criticism ( errors :i* h invad$ ! field ( /hetic ?\ght ?r\gh a confusion ( ! /hetic ) ! intellectual or ! practical4 ,we %all !re=e n be able to grasp ! new concept 9 ! fulness ( its mean+ until we h survey$ ! :ole gr\nd ( ! philosophy ( m9d3 ! /hetic concept _c be said to be fully det]m9$ until we h a cle> conception ( ! o!r fundam5tal grades or =ms ( ! _s4 ,= ! purposes ( our exposition1 we may h[ev] anticipate a summ>y or s*eme ( ! ess5tial relations1 :i* w be m fully develop$ 9 ! foll[+ *apt]s4 ,we h already se5 h[ ! logical activity spr+s f ! soil ( ! pure intuition2 h[ ! k ( ! univ]sal foll[s ! k ( ! individual4 ,! /hetic & ! logic grade1 ( :i* ! second implies ! fir/1 exhau/ ! :ole ( k1 ! :ole !oretical life ( man4 ,a ?ird grade or =m does n exi/3 n 9 hi/ory1 :i* ,croce /ill consid]$1 9 ! fir/ ye>s ( ?is p]iod1 z r$ucible to ! concept ( art1 & diff]5tiat$ f x only by its employm5t ( ! pr$icate ( exi/5ce1 ( ! di/9ction betwe5 reality & imag9ation2 & n 9 ! natural & ma!matical sci5ces1 :i* elaborate ! data ( intuition ?r\gh fictions1 hypo!ses1 & conv5tions1 :i* are practical & n !oretical processes4 ,! relation betwe5 ! !oretical & ! practical activity is ( ! same k9d z t betwe5 ! two grades ( ! !oretical activity3 t is1 ! fir/ is ! basis ( ! second4 ,we c ?9k ( a kn[+ :i* is indep5d5t f ! w1 b n ( a w :i* is indep5d5t ( k3 x is impossible to w )\t hi/orical intuitions & a k ( relations4 ,)9 ! practical activity1 we c fur!r di/+ui% two grades correspond+ to ! two grades ( ! !oretical activity3 ! economic1 :i* is ! w ( ! individual1 ( a p>ticul> end1 & ! e?ic1 :i* is ! w ( ! univ]sal1 ( ! rational end4 ,! relation betwe5 ! economic & ! e?ic activity is aga9 ! same grade-relation z betwe5 ! /hetic & ! logic1 ! !oretical & ! practical4 ,! concrete life ( ! human _s consi/s 9 ! p]petually recurr+ cycle ( ! f\r grades ( its activity1 :i* is ! law ( its unity & developm5t4 ,! concept rises f ! intuition1 & action f k2 e?ical activity is n conceivable )\t a !oretical f\ndation1 & ! concret5ess ( a p>ticul> end4 ,at ! close ( ! cycle1 ! spiritual life itself becomes ! object ( a new intuition1 f :i* a new concept & a new action are reproduc$ ad inf9itum4 ,9 ! hi/ory ( /hetics1 ! errors d]iv+ f ! confusion ( t :i* is di/9ctively /hetic ) o!r =ms ( !oretical or practical activity1 pres5t !mselves z a s]ies ( doctr9es1 :i* c be consid]$ z gradual approximations to ! def9ition ( art z intuition4 ,x is n necess>ily1 or n only1 a *ronological s]ies1 b r a succession ( actual mom5ts 9 ! d$uction ( ! concept ( art4 ,empirical /hetics recognises ! exi/5ce ( a class ( /hetic or arti/ic facts1 )\t attempt+ to r$uce !m "u a s+le concept2 practical 7h$oni/ic or morali/ic7 /hetics makes a fir/ attempt at int]pret+ !m by putt+ !m 9 relation ) "o ( ! categories ( spiritual activity2 intellectuali/e /hetics d5ies t !y belong to ! practical sph]e1 ?\gh fail+ to discov] _! precise !oretical "*2 agno/ic /hetics criticises all ! prec$+ mom5ts1 & is satisfi$ ) a purely negative def9ition2 my/ic /hetics1 consci\s ( ! diff]5ce ( /hetic f logical facts1 makes a new spiritual category ( !m1 affirms _! autonomy & indep5d5ce1 b mi/akes ! nature ( _! relation ) conceptual k4 ,we are all m or less famili> ) ! v>i\s aspects ( ^! doctr9es1 & x c be said t none ( !m 7) ! exception ( ! fir/1 :i* is n[ repres5t$ by psy*ologic /hetics7 is n[ be+ held consi/5tly by any responsible ?9k]4 ,! tru? ( ! intuitive !ory1 :i* we f9d adumbrat$ already 9 classical antiquity 9 ! ,ari/otelian !ory ( mimesis1 & ( :i* arti/s & critics h always _h a k9d ( obscure pres5tim5t1 is n[ implicitly recognis$ by all :o h an intimate contact ) & a s9c]e feel+ = art & poetry4 ,! lit]>y & arti/ic developm5t ( ! end ( ! eighte5? & ( ! n9ete5? c5tury has be5 accompani$ by su* a weal? ( critical ?\ght1 t a consci\s und]/&+ ( ! nature ( art is n[ mu* m frequ5t ?an 9 =m] ages4 ,! =ces t 7 at "w lib]at+ logical & moral ?\ght f ! %ackles ( ! pa/1 react$ vigor\sly on /hetic ?\ght1 & help$ to make x m & m indep5d5t f bo? intellectuali/ic & morali/ic errors4 ,x w\ld be possible to extract aphorisms & m$itations f ! writ+s ( ! greate/ poets1 arti/s1 & musicians ( ! p]iod1 to %[ h[ common among !m 0 & is ! k ( ! spiritual autonomy & ( ! intuitive "* ( art4 ,b because ! task ( ! arti/ is n t ( elaborat+ a philosophy ( art1 & a good _m critics & /heticians1 on ! o!r h&1 h v little exp]i5ce ( ! actual /hetic processes1 we f9d t ?\gh ! o!r doctr9es are discr$it$1 yet a numb] ( prejudices :i* h _! roots 9 !m are /ill curr5t1--! arti/s !mselves reject+ !m1 z x 71 by in/9ct & n by reason+1 & ! critics & /heticians cl++ to !m because !y help !m to ga9 a fictiti\s possession ( t arti/ic reality :i* escapes !m 9 its purity & actuality4 ,an intellectuali/e or morali/ic critic c easily mask 8 lack ( /hetic ta/e1 8 fundam5tal ignorance ( art1 by talk+ at l5g? & ) great solemnity ab\t uness5tials4 ,arti/s & poets1 on ! o!r h&1 are apt to react to ^! prejudices by fall+ into ! errors ( /heticism1 t is by attribut+ to _! empirical selves ! fre$om t belongs to _! function1 & by d5y+ 9 ! "n ( art ! autonomy & dignity ( intellectual & moral values4 ,9 bo? cases1 :at is manife/ly lack+ is a prop] und]/&+ ( ! mean+ ( logical1 or ideal di/9ctions1 = :i* ! arti/s1 ,i suppose1 ought to be m readily =giv5 ?an ! critics1 ?\gh /heticism may be z dang]\s to art z moralism or intellectualism are to ?\ght4 ,a rec5t lit]>y polemic 9 ,am]ica (f]$ "s /rik+ examples ( ^! prejudices4 ,a critic ( ! old] s*ool1 9 a discussion ( ! moral t5d5cies ( ! age1 introduc$ a criticism ( ! proposition t art is n conc]n$ ei!r ) tru? or morality1 by affirm+ t ?is negative proposition c\ld legitimately be conv]t$ into ! positive "o3 ! object ( art is to d5y t :i* tru? & morality affirm4 ,! sophism ( ?is conv]sion is bas$ on a confusion betwe5 ! two logical concepts ( di/9ction & opposition4 ,! critic 0 n d$uc+ a logical consequ5ce ( ! fir/ proposition1 any m ?an if he 7 int]pret+ my say+ t ,i am n int]e/$ z a /ud5t ( lit]ature 9 ! law ( gravitation1 z imply+ a disbelief 9 ! law ( gravitation3 he 0 m]ely /at+ 8 own conception ( art z a conceptual & moral function1 & ( ! value ( art z an intellectual & moral value2 :i* is ! error ( intellectualism & moralism4 ,9 8 reply to ! old] critic1 a writ] ( ! y\ng] g5]ation cont5d$ t /hetic values are high] ?an ei!r logical or moral values1 & 9 "s my/]i\s way transc5d & compreh5d !m bo?4 ,! y\ng] writ] 0 evid5tly us+ ! same k9d ( logic z 8 adv]s>y1 & affirm+ on 8 own acc\nt ! error ( a v>iety ( /heticism4 ,:at ! orig9al proposition actually implies is t judgm5ts reg>d+ ! logical tru? or ! hi/orical v]ity1 ! moral m]it or dem]it ( a "w ( art1 d n treat art z art1 b dissolve ! "w itself into its ab/ract elem5ts1 & deal ) ^! elem5ts 9 an entirely diff]5t context4 ,if ,i discuss ! !ology & philosophy ( ,dante1 ,i %all f9d a numb] ( propositions :i* to my m9d are untrue2 b ! beauty ( ,dante's poetry is incomm5surable ) ! tru? or falsehood ( 8 logical ?\ght4 ,! beauty ( ,francesca's episode is n impair$ by ! q reasonable suspicion t ! poetical idealization ( a guilty passion might h a dang]\s influ5ce on weak & s5tim5tal s\ls4 ,! imp]fect di/9ction betwe5 art & logical or sci5tific tru? is responsible = ! critical prejudice ( art z expressive ( ! typical4 ,! typical is a product ( ab/ract ?\ght1 ( ! k9d t is employ$ 9 ! natural sci5ces4 ,! expressions ( art are ess5tially individual & p>ticul>1 & :5 we consid] !m z typical1 we m]ely use !m z ! />t+ po9t = our own ab/ractions1 t is1 = ! purposes ( a q diff]5t m5tal process4 ,simil> to ! concept ( ! typical are ^? ( ! allegory & symbol1 :i* are me*anical con/ructions ( ! intellect1 & :i* art is unable to repres5t unless x r$uces !m to ! p>ticul> & concrete4 ,! confusion betwe5 art & morality1 be+ ultimately f\nd$ on ! supposition t art is n a !oretical function1 b an act ( ! w1 gives rise to ! !ories ( ! ends ( art1 & ( ! s-call$ *oice ( ! subject4 ,b ! end ( art is art itself1 expression or beauty1 or :atev] o!r "n we %all give to ! /hetic value1 j z ! end ( sci5ce is tru? & ! end ( morality is goodness2 t is1 ! concept ( end co9cides 9 e case ) ! concept ( value4 ,& ! arti/ _c *oose 8 subject1 s9ce !re is no ab/ract subject pres5t to 8 m9d1 b only ! _w ( 8 own already =m$ intuitions & expressions2 :i* he c nei!r w nor n w4 ,?is is ! tru? conta9$ 9 ! old idea ( poetical inspiration1 :i* 0 m]ely ano!r ^w = ! spontaneity & unreflectiv5ess ( art4 ,a *oice ( ! subject accord+ to ends o!r ?an /hetic is a c]ta9 cause ( failure4 ,! only conceivable mean+ t advice z to ! *oice ( a subject may h1 is a k9d ( arti/ic "k ?yself1 a w>n+ to ! arti/ to be true to himself1 to foll[ 8 inspiration1 & t :i* is deepe/ & mo/ g5u9e 9 x4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 a tautological mean+1 & ! rev]se ( ! "o :i* is giv5 to x by ! morali/ic critic4 ,if x is impossible = u ei!r to w or n w our /hetic vision1 ! int]nal image :i* is ! true "w ( art1 x is cle> t an elem5t ( w ent]s into ! production ( ! physical or ext]nal image1 made ( s\nds or l9es or col\rs or %apes1 :i* we call works ( art 9 a naturali/ic or empirical s5se4 ,! complete process ( /hetic production is symboliz$ by ,croce 9 ! f\r foll[+ /ages3 a1 ! impression2 b ! expression or /hetic spiritual syn!sis2 c1 ! feel+ ( pleasure or pa9 :i* accompanies ! /hetic z well z any o!r =m ( spiritual activity2 d1 ! translation ( ! /hetic fact into physical ph5om5a4 ,! only true /hetic mom5t ( ! :ole process is 9 b1 :i* alone is real expression1 :ile d is expression 9 ! naturali/ic & ab/ract s5se ( ! ^w4 ,su* a conception cla%es aga9/ a numb] ( deep-root$ fallacies1 :i* 9 _! turn are ! s\rce ( innum]able /hetic prejudices4 ,x is cle>1 h[ev]1 t :at we call a pr9t$ poem is no poem at all1 b only a collection ( conv5tional black signs on a :ite page1 :i* sugge/ to me a numb] ( movem5ts ( my vocal organs de/9$ to ! production ( c]ta9 s\nds2 & aga91 t ^! s\nds are n ! poem 9 itself1 ap>t f my und]/&+ ( _! mean+1 f my re-creation ( ! int]nal image :i* prompt$ _! orig9al production n[ record$ 9 ! pages ( a book4 ,physically1 a pa9t+ is con/itut$ by col\rs on a wall1 or bo>d1 or canvas3 "h1 ! fir/ /age ( reproduction :i* is requir$ = ! writt5 poem is n necess>y3 ! mat]ial 7visual1 z x 0 auditive = ! poem7 on :i* ! orig9al image fix$ itself is directly pres5t to me2 & yet1 aga91 t mat]ial object is n ! /hetic vision1 b a m]e /imulus = its reproduction4 ,/>t+ f ! mat]ial object1 ,croce symboliz$ ! inv]se process ( /hetic reproduction 9 ! foll[+ s]ies3 e1 ! physical /imulus2 d-b1 ! p]ception ( physical facts 7s\nd1 col\rs1 etc471 :i* is at ! same "t ! /hetic syn!sis previ\sly produc$2 c1 ! /hetic pleasure or pa94 ,"h1 aga91 ! only mom5t ( true /hetic activity is 9 b :]e1 at lea/ 9 ! hypo!sis ( a p]fect und]/&+1 my vision co9cides ) ! orignal creation4 ,x mu/ be und]/ood1 h[ev]1 t ^! successive /ages are n real1 b ab/ract or symbolical di/9ctions4 ,we _c re-create an /hetic vision except ?r\gh ! s\nds or col\rs 9 :i* x orig9ally express$ itself2 & ^? s\nds or col\rs co9cide ) ! orig9al expression4 ,! words & rhy?m ( a poem are to x :at ! body is to ! s\l1 & once y h dissolv$ t =m1 !re is no?+ left4 ,h5ce ! !oretical impossibility ( a translation1 :i* c only exi/ z a new creation4 ,b :5 we consid] ^? words or t rhy?m n )9 ! expressive syn!sis1 9 :i* _! reality is spiritual & n physical1 b outside x1 z words1 z rhy?m1 we build up by ab/raction a category ( physical facts1 to :i* we attribute a reality n inf]ior to t ( ! spiritual activity4 ,b & d1 9 ! prec$+ analysis1 are n diff]5t realities1 b diff]5t elaborations1 ! fir/1 ideal1 ! second1 naturali/ic1 ( ! same fact4 ,we h n[ e/abli%$ a relation betwe5 ! /hetic & ! practical activity3 ! physical expression is an act ( ! w1 & z su* x falls legitimately 9 ! doma9 ( bo? economic & e?ical judgm5ts4 ,we may buy or sell ! physical /imuli1 books1 /atues1 & pa9t+s1 ?\gh no am\nt ( weal? c give ! /hetic vision3 ! possession ( ! objects ( art is ( ano!r ord] ?an ! possession ( ! spiritual creation4 ,we may consid] t ! communication ( a c]ta9 intuition is 9 c]ta9 cases morally undesirable1 & c5sure ! arti/ = hav+ will$ x1 or try to prev5t him f accompli%+ x4 ,! pr9ciple ( ! spiritual autonomy ( art1 necess>y to e/abli% ! nature ( /hetic value1 _c be und]/ood to imply ! absolute practical fre$om ( ! arti/ f ! laws t b9d all o!r m54 ,b ev5 f ?is po9t ( view1 !re is no d\bt t art is m likely to suff] f excessive con/ra9t ?an f excessive fre$om2 & t ! fanatics ( morality 9 art are only too (t5 incl9$ to mi/ake a set ( arbitr>y rul+s = morality1 & to ov]look ! int5tion ( ! arti/4 ,x is a significant fact1 & "o :i* des]ves m att5tion ?an x seems to h ev] receiv$1 t ! s-call$ moral condemnation ( a true "w ( art has nev] outla/$ "o or two g5]ations1 & _! prejudices & weaknesses4 ,! exi/5ce ( ! physical /imuli or mat]ial helps = ! /hetic reproduction1 fo/]s ! illusion ( beauty z an intr9sic attribute ( physical objects1 fir/ z arti/ic1 & !n z natural beauty4 ,x is h>dly necess>y to criticise ?is illusion at ?is po9t ( our discussion3 beauty is n an objective attribute1 b a spiritual value4 ,9 ! same way z !re is no intr9sic beauty1 indep5d5t d5t ( our ei!r creative or re-creative activity1 9 words or notes or l9es or col\rs1 !re is also no category ( natural beauty4 ,:at we call beauty ( nature is ei!r t :i* 9 nature is m]ely pleasureable f a practical & s5su\s /&po9t1 or ! pres5ce ( c]ta9 /imuli = ! reproduction ( a prexi/5t /hetic vision4 ,we recognise ! obvi\s tru? ( ?is fact1 :5 we rem>k t ! beauty ( a c]ta9 l&scape is n visible to ev]ybody1 b only to him :o looks at x ) an arti/'s eye4 ,& x w\ld be possible to write a hi/ory ( ! progressive developm5t ( beauty 9 nature1 :i* w\ld practically co9cide )1 or foll[ at a %ort di/ance ( "t1 ! v>i\s /ages ( ! hi/ory ( poetry & pa9t+4 ,closely relat$ ) ! confusion betwe5 ! physical attributes ( ! objects ( art1 & ! true /hetic value1 are all ! !ories ( /hetics :i* consid] t ! end ( art is pleasure1 or /hetic h$onism 9 its v>i\s =ms4 ,( ^! ! mo/ anci5t is ! "o t consid]s beautiful t :i* gives pleasure to ! high] s5ses1 he he>+ & ! sight2 & o!r =ms ( x c /ill be f\nd1 if n among arti/s & critics1 at lea/ among psy*ologi/s4 ,two ( ! mo/ rec5t int]pretations ( /hetic facts1 ! !ory ( empa?y or ,e9fhlung & ! !ory ( tactile values1 are m]ely mod]n sci5tific v>iations ( ! old prejudice4 ,b no h$oni/ic !ory c ev] give a consi/5t acc\nt ( /hetic facts1 z x is impossible to draw a di/9ction1 on a purely psy*ological plane1 betwe5 ^? pleasures ( ! s5ses :i* may prec$e or accompany ! /hetic fact1 & ^? t are purely s5su\s2 & ! inevitable result is a complete r$uction ( ! /hetic to ! s5sual4 ,9 su* !ories1 ! real /hetic problem does n ev5 rea* ! /age ( be+ =mulat$4 ,! tru? t ! h$oni/ obscurely =esees is t e spiritual activity is con/antly accompani$ by ! practical reflex ( satisfaction & dissatisfaction1 pleasure & pa91 value & dis-value4 ,value is e activity t unfolds itself freely1 dis-value is ! contra/$1 h9d]$1 imp$$ unfold+ ( ! same activity4 ,if we call beauty ! /hetic value1 !n beauty is b ! successful expression1 or bett]1 ! expression1 s9ce an unsuccessful expression is n an expression at all4 ,& x is n necess>y to repeat t by expression we di/9ctly mean n ! physical /imulus1 b ! spiritual syn!sis4 ,) ?is def9ition ( /hetic value we rea* "o ( ! mo/ important po9ts ( ,croce's ?\ght3 ! solution ( :at he calls ! dualism ( values1 or ideals1 to ! concrete realities4 ,z ! beautiful expression is simply expression1 ! true ?\ght is simply ?\ght1 & s on1 s ! ugly expression or ! false ?\ght are non-expression & non-?\ght1 ! non-be+ :i* has no reality outside ! mom5t ( its opposition & criticism4 ,,iv4 ,,te*nique ,,& ,,criticism ,art & te*nique--,errors d]iv+ f ! common conception ( te*nique--,! !ories ( ! p>ticul> arts--,! lit]>y g5res --,! rhetorical categories--,! categories ( language--,g5ius & ta/e--,! /hetic judgm5t--,! idolatry ( /&>ds--,! /hetic /&>d3 ! true objectivity--,criticism & hi/ory4 ,! relation betwe5 ! /hetic activity & ! practical mom5t ( ! production ( ! physical objects ( art may be reg>d$ "u ! aspect ( ! relation betwe5 art & te*nique4 ,! only legitimate mean+ ( ! ^w te*nique is t ( a body ( naturali/ic k 9 ! s]vice ( ! practical activity ( ! arti/4 ,9 ?is s5se we c conceive ( a great arti/ :o is a poor te*nician1 z 9 ! case ( a pa9t] :o %\ld use ,col\rs subject to rapid *ange & det]ioration1 a musician :o %\ld be a bad s+] or piani/1 a poet :o %\ld n be able to recite 8 own poetry4 ,b 9 ! common language ( critics1 we mean by te*nique some?+ q diff]5t--9 pa9t+ :at we call draw+ or composition1 9 music1 h>mony or or*e/ration1 9 poetry1 metre & con/ruction4 ,n[ x is q cle> t we _c conceive ( a great pa9t] :o c\ld n draw1 a great musician unable to h>monize or to or*e/rate1 a great poet ^: l9es are defective4 ,:at we "h isolate z ! te*nical h&l+ ( an arti/ic subject is b ! process ( /hetic creation itself1 ! succession & progression ( intuitions 9 ! arti/'s m9d2 us+ ! naturali/ic or psy*ological me?od1 we ab/ract c]ta9 mom5ts ( ! creative process1 & we attribute a reality to su* ab/ractions4 ,we talk ( ! te*nique ( a poem or ( a pa9t+ z be+ some?+ t has be5 sup]add$ to ! orig9al intuition2 we see ! poet or ! arti/ engag$ 9 le>n+ ! te*nique ( 8 art2 we see him correct+ or modify+ 8 orig9al expression accord+ to c]ta9 te*nical /&>ds4 ,b :at we call ! te*nique ( a poem or ( a pa9t+ is t p>ticul> poem or pa9t+ 9 its concret5ess2 & no poet or arti/ c le>n a te*nique except by re-creat+ 9 8 own _s ! "w ( ! great ma/]s1 8 te*nical education be+ b "o ) 8 /hetic education2 & f9ally1 ! process ( correction or modification is m]ely a /age ( ! expressive process itself3 no poet c correct a l9e 9 8 poem1 no pa9t] *ange a l9e or a %ade 9 8 picture1 if ! int]nal image has n fir/ spontane\sly und]gone su* corrections & *anges 9 8 m9d4 ,! consequ5ces ( ! common conception ( te*nique 9 criticism are m dang]\s1 because m subtle & affect+ a m intimate k ( art1 ?an ^? ( any o!r /hetic error4 ,! talk ( ! connoisseur & ( ! av]age musical or dramatic critic is full ( su* fallacies z ! te*nical errors ( great pa9t]s1 ! h>monic or or*e/ral wond]s ( poor music1 ! faulty con/ruction ( a great play2 fallacies :i* may sometimes h orig9at$ f "s real "* ( ! /hetic fact1 b :i* are m]e contradictions 9 t]ms4 ,& ! lit]>y critic w speak ( ! f9e fr5zy & ! quiet eye1 mean+ by ! "o1 ! ab/ract inspiration1 & by ! o!r ! ab/ract production1 & s miss ! true /hetic mom5t :i* is nei!r ! "o nor ! o!r1 b ! syn!sis ( ! two4 ,or he w oppose romanticism to classicism1 9 a simil> s5se1 )\t realiz+ t all art is at ! same "t romantic & classic1 truly inspir$1 & because truly inspir$1 able to express itself4 ,m]e v>iations ( ! naturali/ic or psy*ological conception ( te*nique1 z an actual mom5t ( ! /hetic creation1 are a s]ies ( !ories :i* ,croce has ext5sively criticis$1 & ( :i* we c give b a cursory acc\nt4 ,! !ories ( ! p>ticul> arts & ( _! limits orig9ate f ! manuals ( practical precepts useful to ar*itects1 sculptors1 pa9t]s or musicians1 & are f\nd$ on ! assum$ possibility ( f9d+ a field ( ! /hetic activity correspond+ to ! physical means employ$ by ea* category ( arti/s4 ,b we h already se5 t 9 ! /hetic fact !re is no di/9ction betwe5 means & end3 we c speak ( ! v>i\s arts 9 a purely empirical s5se1 z an ext]nal classification ( ! objects ( art1 b n z classes ( /hetic activity4 ,a simil> k9d ( classification is ! "o :i* gives rise to ! lit]>y g5re1 & to simil> ab/ractions 9 ! o!r arts3 legitimate in/rum5ts ( "w z long z we d n =get t !re does n exi/ any?+ l ! idea ( a trag$y or sonata ap>t f all concrete trag$ies or sonatas1 & z long z we d n condemn a new trag$y or a new sonata simply because x is n l ! old ones1 t is1 z long z we d n trans=m an ab/ract type into a law4 ,e new /hetic creation1 f> f be+ b\nd to obey ext]nal laws1 e/abli%es new laws1 or r is its own law4 ,x mu/1 & w1 answ] only = itself1 & ! only claim t we c put ^u x is t ( int]nal coh]5ce4 ,bo? ! !ories ( ! arts & ! !ories ( ! g5res1 :5 we try to treat !m z true & rigor\s1 & n z m]e practical exp$i5ts1 manife/ ! absurdity ( _! task ?r\gh _! incapacity to give precise & absolute def9itions4 ,e "w ( art expresses a /ate ( m9d1 & e /ate ( m9d is irr$ucibly individual & new3 a complete classification w\ld !re=e be only t 9 :i* e class has "u itself a s+le intuition4 ,ano!r =m ( ! te*nical prejudice is ! creation ( rhetorical categories1 :i* are also ab/ract classes ( expressions t5d+ to trans=m !mselves into precepts4 ,! ma9 prejudice ( rhetoric1 9 lit]ature z well z 9 all o!r arts1 is t ( ! di/9ction betwe5 ! simple & ! ornate1 :i* is f\nd$ on a conception ( beauty n z ! value ( ! expression1 b z some?+ t c be add$1 s to speak1 me*anically1 to ! expression4 ,because ( its preceptive "*1 rhetoric has done m h>m 9 ! hi/ory ( poetry & art1 ?an any ( ! o!r classifications ( ! same ord]2 & ?\gh x is g5]ally discr$it$ among arti/s & critics to-day1 9 its pure orig9al =m1 yet rhetorical prejudices1 bo? 9 ! creation & judgm5t ( art1 are /ill end[$ ) an ob/9ately vigor\s life4 ,^! naturali/ic classifications 9 art h _! c\nt]p>t 9 ! /udy ( language1 9 ! creation ( grammatical g5res or categories or p>ts ( spee*1 & 9 ! attempts to r$uce ! empirical gramm>s to preceptive or normative gramm>s3 t is1 a practical or p$agogic exp$i5t1 to a rhetoric or te*nique ( language4 ,b ! individuality & indivisibility ( expression is 9 ! nature ( language z well z ( art1 & language obeys n ! ab/ract precepts ( gramm>ians1 b ! law ( ! /hetic _s :i* makes u f9d a new expression = e new intuition4 ,ev5 phonetic laws1 ! mod]n sci5tific in/rum5ts ( gramm>1 are m]e descriptive summ>ies ( obs]v$ facts1 ( physical mom5ts ab/ract$ f _! spiritual reality1 & !re=e ab/ract or naturali/ic laws1 & nev] actually repres5t ! concrete1 individually det]m9$ facts ( language4 ,a coh]5t !ory ( /hetic 7lit]>y & arti/ic7 criticism c be d$uc$ f ! concept ( art z intuition1 & we h already anticipat$ its ma9 !ses 9 ! discussion ( ! concept itself4 ,we h se5 t 9 ! process ( reproduction ( an /hetic process1 ! actual mom5t 9 :i* ! orig9al image1 ?r\gh ! m$ium ( :at we h ab/ract$ z ! physical /imulus1 reproduces itself 9 a m9d o!r ?an t ( ! creator 7or1 9 :at we might consid] z a p>ticul> case1 9 ! m9d ( ! creator himself at a "t o!r ?an t ( ! orig9al creation71 is a mom5t ( /hetic activity id5tical ) t ( creation4 ,giv5 an id5tity ( circum/ances1 t :i* takes place )9 my m9d is ! same /hetic process :i* took place orig9ally 9 ! m9d ( ! arti/4 ,if we call g5ius ! creative1 & ta/e ! reproductive activity1 ! coroll>y ( ^! consid]ations is t ( ! id5tity ( g5ius & ta/e3 9 ! act ( contemplat+ & judg+ a "w ( art1 our _s becomes "o ) ! _s ( ! arti/4 ,?\gh 9 practice ?is id5tity may nev] be atta9$ 7because ( v>iations 9 ! mat]ial conditions ( ! physical /imulus1 or 9 ! spiritual attitude ( ! contemplator71 yet if we d5y x1 & e/abli% a diff]5ce 9 k9d betwe5 ^! two aspects ( /hetic activity1 we f9d ourselves inevitably l$ to exclude ! possibility n ( ! /hetic judgm5t only1 b ( all =ms ( /hetic communication4 ,!re is a s5se 9 :i* we c speak ( ! relativity ( ta/e1 & :i* acc\nts = ! actual v>iety ( judgm5ts1 n 9 relation to art only1 b to all =ms ( human activity3 e judgm5t is relative to our k1 at a p>ticul> mom5t1 ( ! actual conditions 9 :i* ! "w ( art 0 orig9ally produc$4 ,b ?is is ! intr9sic relativity ( all ! p>ticul> det]m9ations ( reality1 n a relativity peculi> to /hetic values1 :i* are z real1 ?\gh ( a diff]5t ord]1 z ^? ( logic or morality4 ,b ! /hetic judgm5t itself is n ! m]e intuitive reproduction ( ! "w ( art1 made possible by :at we call hi/orical criticism 9 ! n>r[ s5se ( ! ^w1 t is1 by int]pretation & comm5t4 ,^! are ! antec$5t ( ! /hetic judgm5t1 :i* consi/s 9 a logical proposition ( ! =m3 ,a is art1 or ,a is n art1 ,a is art 9 a b c1 ,a is n art 9 d e f2 or aga93 ,!re is a fact1 ,a1 :i* is a "w ( art1 ,!re is a fact1 ,a1 :i* is falsely believ$ to be a "w ( art4 ,! /hetic judgm5t1 l all o!r judgm5ts1 e/abli%es a relation betwe5 a p>ticul>1 concrete fact1 & a univ]sal category1 :i* is t ( art4 ,&1 l all o!r judgm5ts1 x is at ! same "t a judgm5t ( value & an hi/orical judgm5t1 :i* is ! obvi\s consequ5ce ( ,croce's id5tification ( value & fact4 /hetic criticism !re=e co9cides ) ! hi/ory ( ! /hetic activity1 ) ! hi/ory ( poetry or art4 ,a frequ5t reaction to ,croce's /hetics1 & to its implications 9 ! !ory ( criticism1 especially among lit]>y critics1 is a s5se ( irritation caus$ by ! loss ( ! s-call$ /&>ds ( judgm5t4 ,x w\ld be int]e/+ to analyze ^! suppos$ /&>ds1 :i* g5]ally are n explicitly enunciat$ 7probably because _! cle> enunciation w\ld manife/ _! true nature1 & annul !m z /&>ds ( /hetic judgm5t71 b only m or less obscurely ref]r$ to ) a mixture ( pride & rev]5ce4 ,!y w\ld !n %[ !mselves to be ! critical duplicates ( ! v>i\s /hetic errors :i* we h already discuss$4 ,if ! /&>ds ( :i* ! critics speak are1 z is (t5 ! case1 moral or intellectual ideals1 x is cle> t ,croce's /hetics does n "q _! validity1 b only _! application4 ,!re is a l>ge numb] ( lit]>y critics1 :o are su* only 9 "n1 & ^: real int]e/s are intellectual or moral1 critics ( ?\ght & ( ! e?ical life1 & n ( art4 ,!y use works ( art z docum5ts & und\bt$ly works ( art are1 9 ! unity ( ! human _s1 docum5ts ( intellectual & moral life2 b _! error beg9s :5 !y confuse ! issues1 & c5sure or praise ! art ( ! pa/1 or try to influ5ce ! art ( ! future1 ) crit]ia :i* are no long] intellectual or moral1 b1 because !y h be5 transpos$ outside _! legitimate sph]e1 intellectuali/ic & morali/ic4 ,all o!r s-call$ /&>ds are d]iv$ f ! ab/ract ideas ( lit]>y g5res & ( rhetorical categories4 ,x is easy to judge ( a new trag$y if y "k :at a trag$y ought to be1 if y h a catalogue ( purely ext]nal *>act]i/ics :i* y may ei!r f9d1 or n f9d1 9 ! new "w t comes be=e y4 ,?is is1 ( c\rse1 ! crude/ =m ( rhetorical criticism2 !re is ano!r :i* is n less frequ5t1 b m subtle4 ,! critic builds up an ideal ( :at art ought to be1 n ) ab/ract categories1 & classifications trans=m$ into arbitr>y /hetic precepts or /&>ds1 b ?r\gh 8 pr$ilection = "o p>ticul> au?or1 or = "o p>ticul> epo*1 ! ,middle ,ages or ! ,r5aissance1 ! ,classics or ! ,romantics3 e "w ( art :i* is diff]5t ei!r 9 _s or 9 =m f ^? t h be5 *os5 is condemn$ 9 proportion to its v>iation f ! ideal4 ,?is =m ( criticism is (t5 also vitiat$ by ! intrusion ( intellectuali/ic & morali/ic errors1 s9ce an ideal :i* is a m]e p>ticul> det]m9ation ( ! pa/ assum$ z a univ]sal value is likely to be m]e rhetoric ( ?\ght & morality z well z ( art4 ,! only legitimate /&>d 9 /hetic criticism is ! /hetic /&>d1 t ( beauty or expression1 z aga9/ ugl9ess or non-expression4 ,our critical judgm5t is ! reaction ( our /hetic p]sonality 9 ! pres5ce ( a "w ( art1 z ! moral judgm5t is ! reaction ( our moral p]sonality 9 ! pres5ce ( an action4 ,our k ( a "w ( art1 ( a concrete & individual intuition1 z our k ( an action1 approa*es m or less to ! ideal limit1 accord+ to ! bread? ( our exp]i5ce & ! dep? ( our und]/&+2 b !re exi/ no ext]nal crit]ia on :i* we c re/ our judgm5t1 no me*anical props :i* w support x4 ,?is !ory ( criticism1 f> f ju/ify+ a caprici\s & arbitr>y subjectivism1 requires f ! critic a con/ant vigilance aga9/ t :i* is n>r[ly p]sonal1 caprici\s1 & arbitr>y 9 himself2 a pati5t1 unceas+ ef=t 9 ! labor ( recaptur+ & recreat+ ! mat]ial & spiritual circum/ances f :i* ! "w ( art orig9ally sprang2 & ! quick s5sitivity ( ! arti/ c\pl$ ) ! wide und]/&+ ( ! hi/orian & ! philosoph]4 ,:5 /hetic criticism is rais$ to ?is plane on :i* x co9cides ) ! hi/ory ( poetry1 or ( art1 x trans=ms itself necess>ily into a g5]al criticism ( life4 ,:at to ! /hetic consci\sness appe>s z ugly or non-expressive1 s9ce 9 ! _w ( hi/ory !re are no negative facts1 w n1 :5 hi/orically consid]$1 appe> z a negative value1 b z a value ( ano!r ord]1 z an intrusion ( ! logical or ( ! practical _s 9 ! "w ( ! poet or ( ! arti/4 ,:at 9 ! ,div9e ,com$y is n poetry is ! outcome ( philosophical or moral preoccupations :i* h n become art1 h n fus$ !mselves into a new1 coh]5t intuition1 & mu/ be appreh5d$ n z art1 b z philosophy & morality4 ,! allegory ( ! ,frie ,que5e is n art1 b x is an expression ( c]ta9 aspects ( ! ,prote/ant _s 9 ! ,engl& ( ,elizabe?4 ,9 a poet l ,byron1 ! pres5ce ( practical motives is felt all ?r\gh 8 poetical production2 & ! critic _c limit 8 "w to tract+ ! gems1 & to say+ ( all ! re/3 ?is is n poetry4 ,he mu/ tell u :at x is1 & only by tell+ :at x is1 he criticises x completely z poetry4 ,x is impossible1 9 fact1 to give to art its place1 )\t assign+ its place to all ! o!r activities ( life4 ,! great /hetic critic w also be a critic ( philosophy1 ( morality1 ( politics2 b1 z ,croce says ( ,de ,sanctis1 ! /r5g? ( 8 purely /hetic consid]ation ( art w also be ! /r5g? ( 8 purely moral consid]ation ( morality1 ( 8 purely logical consid]ation ( philosophy1 & s on4 ,! =ms or grades ( ! _s1 :i* ! critic employs z categories = 8 judgm5t1 are ideally di/9ct 9 ! unity ( ! _s1 b _c mat]ially be sep>at$ f ea* o!r or f t unity )\t los+ all _! vitality4 ,! di/9ction ( /hetic criticism f ! o!r =ms ( criticism1 ( ! hi/ory ( poetry & ! arts f ! o!r k9ds ( hi/ory1 is b an empirical "o1 po9t+ to ! fact t ! att5tion ( ! critic or hi/orian is turn$ t[>ds "o aspect r ?an ano!r ( ! same indivisible reality4 ,v4 ,,! ,,pure ,,concept#a ,! function ( logic 9 ! sy/em--,! concept--,logical concepts & conceptual fictions--,! pure concept z ! unity ( di/9ctions-- ,s+ul>ity1 p>ticul>ity & univ]sality--,! dialectic process 9 ,hegel & 9 ,croce--,opposition1 di/9ction & value--,! expressiv5ess ( ! concept--,def9ition & individual judgm5t3 _! id5tity--,classification & num]ation--,! a priori syn!sis4 ,we h summ>ily exam9$ 9 ! ?ree prec$+ *apt]s ! !ory ( /hetic1 or intuitive1 or individual1 z di/9ct f logical1 or conceptual1 or univ]sal1 k4 ,we mu/ n[ leave ! /hetic activity 9 ! backgr\nd z ! m]e antec$5t ( ! logical "o1 & proce$ to inve/igate ! latt]4 ,9 a s5se x may be said t ! key to e sy/em ( philosophy is to be f\nd 9 ! ei!r implicit or explicit solution giv5 to c]ta9 logical problems & t only by und]/&+ ! logic ( a philosoph] c we be sure to give its true mean+ & value to 8 ?\ght4 ,! rev]se is1 z a g5]al rule1 also true3 any solution ( a p>ticul> problem1 any p>ticul> elaboration ( ! concept1 :5 fully und]/ood1 w lead u back to ! philosoph]'s logic1 to 8 concept ( ! concept4 ,! ma9 po9ts ( ,croce's logic c\ld easily be d$uc$ f 8 /hetics2 b an untra9$ m9d might unwitt+ly transpose ! :ole /hetic !ory on a purely psy*ological plane1 & involve x aga9 9 ! errors & contradictions ( :i* x aims at be+ a conclusive refutation4 ,a /udy ( ,croce's logic w r5d] su* a %ift+ ( ! p]spective impossible4 ,x w %[ t a discussion ( ,croce's /hetics has no mean+ except on ! logical plane on :i* ,croce has put x1 & t !re=e any s]i\s objection to x ought necess>ily to imply ei!r a revision ( ! logical premises1 or a demon/ration t ! actual logical processes are n rigor\sly 9 accord ) ^! premises4 ,:at is "h said ( ,croce's /hetics is valid also = ,croce's economics or e?ics1 & ! reason is obvi\s4 ,croce's ,logica is n a manual ( logic1 9 a s*ola/ic & =mali/ic s5se3 x is ! exposition ( 8 conception ( ! logical activity1 & !re=e ! philosophy ( 8 philosophy4 ,?is me?od ( approa* to ! logical problems1 al?\gh unusual 9 our times1 & antagoni/ic to ! g5]al t5d5cies ( our culture1 is n only1 z its oppon5ts assume1 t ( ,kant & ,hegel1 b t ( ! :ole tradition ( ,european philosophy1 beg9n+ ) ,socrates1 ,plato1 & ,ari/otle4 ,x 0 only 9 epo*s ( philosophical decad5ce t logic r$uc$ itself to a m]e =malism or in/rum5talism1 ism1 to a doctr9e ( ! means ( ?\ght1 z oppos$ to its prop] function1 :i* is t ( inquir+ into ! nature ( ?\ght1 & !re=e1 s9ce !re is no way by :i* we c rea* reality except ?r\gh ?\ght1 into ! nature ( reality itself4 ,to ,croce1 z be=e him to ,hegel1 ! philosophical tradition is n a caprici\s sequel ( unrelat$ speculations1 b a s]ies ( connect$ ef=ts ?r\gh :i* ! human m9d becomes progressively consci\s ( its own functions & /ructure4 ,no?+ is m ali5 f him ?an t type ( philosophical criticism1 :i* exhau/s itself 9 an attempt at r$uc+ "u a common d5om9ator app>5tly simil> solutions ( problems1 :i* 9 fact are pr(\ndly diff]5t 9 _! hi/orical det]m9ation3 b ?is consci\sness ( ! hi/orical factor 9 philosophy1 f> f bre$+ 9 him a s5se ( scepticism & ( ! relativity ( tru?1 impels him to consid] e effective ?\ght z a necess>y mom5t ( tru?1 & to repres5t !re=e ! succession ( effective ?\ghts1 critically sep>at$ f :at 9 ! v>i\s concrete philosophies is m]ely po/ulat$ or imag9$1 z a p]petual integration ( tru?4 ,?is attitude expla9s :y ! imm$iate f\ndations ( ,croce's logic %\ld be ,kant's a priori syn!sis & ,hegel's dialectic1 t is1 ! highe/ /ages ( ! developm5t ( ,european ?\ght be=e ! positivi/ic anti-metaphysical reaction :i* swept away = a "t1 n ! la/ traces ( transc5d5tal metaphysics only1 b philosophy & logic itself2 & :y also1 among all ! rec5t critics ( ,kant & ,hegel1 ,croce %\ld be "o ( ! ke5e/ & %>pe/4 ,8 sure grasp ( fundam5tals made x easy = him to demoli% all t is artificial & uness5tial 9 _! sy/ems2 z is p>ticul>ly evid5t 9 ! case ( ,hegel1 :o em]g$ f ,croce's criticism z ! discov]] ( "o great pr9ciple & at ! same "t ! creator1 ?r\gh ! misapplication ( ! same pr9ciple1 ( _m a false sci5ce4 ,?is return to ! philosophical tradition1 :i* betwe5 ! end ( ! la/ & ! beg9n+ ( ?is c5tury1 0 n limit$ to ,croce & to ,italy only1 0 accompani$ & indirectly fav\r$ by ! rese>*es ( pure sci5ti/s on ! me?od ( exact & natural sci5ces4 ,! economic !ory ( ! sci5tific concept1 su* z x appe>s especially 9 ! works ( ,ma* & ,av5>ius1 & to an und]/&+ ( :i* ,croce _h be5 prep>$ by 8 own /udies on ,m>xism1 0 probably ! mo/ effici5t in/rum5t 9 de/roy+ f )9 ! pseudo-sci5tific con/ructions ( positivism4 ,! sci5ti/s !mselves1 by def9+ ! limits ( sci5tific ?\ght1 prov$ ! impossibility ( build+ a philosophy :i* %\ld be at ! same "t a syn!sis ( all p>ticul> sci5ces & a sy/em ( reality4 ,! conclusions ( ?is new sci5tific me?odology are on ! :ole accept$ by ,croce1 & ! fact t !y naturally fall into _! prop] place 9 8 logic is ! mo/ valid ju/ification ( 8 me?od1 to :i* ! di/9ction betwe5 ! concept ( philosophy & ! concepts ( ! sci5ces is ess5tial4 ,we ne$ n po9t to ! object ( logic1 or concept1 z we did 9 a =m] *apt] to ! object ( /hetics1 or intuition4 ,! writ+ ( ?is book implies a belief 9 its exi/5ce1 & we c\ld take practically any page ( x z an example ( :at we mean by concept1 or logical k4 ,we %all n !re=e pause to confute logical scepticism1 except by repeat+ ! old argum5t t x is impossible to d5y ! exi/5ce ( ! concept except ?r\gh ! =mulation ( a concept4 ,su* affirmations z t !re is no o!r k ?an ! /hetic "o1 or ! "o :i* is giv5 by ! ineffable intuition ( ! my/ic1 or by practical fictions1 are 9 _! turn nei!r /hetic k nor my/ical intuitions1 nor practical fictions1 b affirmations1 h[ev] contradictory 9 !mselves1 ( a univ]sal value & ( an absolute "*1 t is1 concepts4 ,?r\gh !m1 x is possible imm$iately to di/+ui% ! logical =m ( k1 z repres5t$ by su* affirmations1 f ! /hetic or repres5tative "o1 f ! s5tim5tal or practical /ate ( m9d ( ! my/ic1 & f ^? concepts :i* are m]e empirical fictions4 ,x is evid5t1 9 ?is la/ in/ance1 t ! !ory ( ! fiction _c be a new fiction1 b mu/ belong to an activity ( a diff]5t k9d1 ! logical activity1 ^: value is tru?4 ,( ^? ?ree =ms ( logical scepticism1 /heticism1 my/icism1 & empiricism1 ! ?ird "o leads u to ! di/9ction betwe5 ! logical concept & ! sci5tific concepts1 or fictions4 ,! logical or pure concept is beyond all individual repres5tations1 & mu/ !re=e n conta9 any p>ticul> repres5tative elem5t2 b1 on ! o!r h&1 be+ ! univ]sal z oppos$ to ! individuality ( repres5tations1 x mu/ ref] to all & ea* ( !m4 ,if we ?9k1 = in/ance1 ( ! concepts ( beauty1 tru?1 quality1 developm5t1 & su* l1 x w be impossible = u to repres5t or imag9e a suffici5tly l>ge fragm5t ( reality t w exhau/ !m1 or su* an inf9itesimal "o z w n admit !m4 ,?is is :at is meant by say+ t ! concept is at ! same "t univ]sal & concrete1 or1 9 o!r words1 t x is transc5d5t 9 respect to e s+le repres5tation1 & yet imman5t 9 all ( !m4 ,a ?ird *>act]i/ic ( ! pure concept1 besides ^? ( univ]sality & concret5ess1 is t ( expressivity3 be+ a product ( k1 x mu/ be express$ & spok51 & _c be a dumb act ( ! m9d1 su* z practical acts are4 ,! conceptual fictions1 or1 z ,croce call$ !m on acc\nt ( _! non-!oretical "*1 ! pseudo-concepts diff] f ! pure concept 9 be+ ei!r concrete & repres5tative b n univ]sal1 or univ]sal )\t any possible ref]5ce to individual repres5tations1 t is1 )\t concret5ess4 ,! fir/ class is t ( empirical concepts1 :i* conta9 "s objects or fragm5ts ( reality1 b n ! :ole ( reality3 su* z ! concepts ( h\se1 cat1 rose4 ,! second is t ( ab/ract concepts1 :i* conta9 no object or fragm5t ( reality3 su* z ^? ( triangle 9 geometry or ( free movem5t 9 physics4 ,! fir/ are real1 b n rigor\s1 ! second rigor\s1 b unreal4 ,nei!r ! ones nor ! o!rs c be consid]$ z mi/ak5 concepts or errors1 s9ce aft] hav+ criticis$ !m f a logical po9t ( view1 we /ill cont9ue to use !m = :at !y are2 nor z imp]fect concepts1 & prep>atory to ! p]fect ones1 s9ce _! =mation presupposes ! exi/5ce ( ! p]fect & rigor\s ones3 x w\ld be impossible to conceive ! h\se1 ! rose1 ! triangle1 be=e conceiv+ quantity1 quality1 exi/5ce1 & o!r pure concepts4 ,x is true t 9 ! actual developm5t ( ?\ght1 conceptual fictions h aga9 & aga9 giv5 bir? to true concepts2 b 9 t case !y h lo/ _! intr9sic nature1 & h assum$ ! *>act]s ( ! g5u9e logical activity4 ,9 ord] to und]/& ! prop] function or nature ( ! conceptual fictions1 x is necess>y to fix our att5tion on ! mom5t ( _! =mation1 :i* is practical & n logical4 ,_! ju/ification lies 9 _! practical end & 9 _! usefulness3 !y are in/rum5ts by ! help ( :i* we c recall ) a s+le ^w va/ gr\ps ( repres5tations1 or :i* indicate 9 a s+le ^w :at k9d ( op]ation is requir$ 9 ord] to f9d c]ta9 repres5tations4 ,! act ( =m+ intellectual fictions is nei!r an act ( k nor ( n-k2 logically1 x is nei!r rational nor irrational 7true or untrue72 its rationality is ( ano!r ord]1 practical & n logical4 ,! activity :i* produces pure concepts1 & t :i* produces empirical or ab/ract concepts1 h be5 call$ respectively ,reason & ,ab/ract ,intellect1 or ,intuition & ,intellect2 to :i* t]m9ology ,croce objects t ! ^w intellect is c]ta9ly inappropriate to a non-!oretical activity4 ,croce himself is 9 no ne$ ( a new "n = x1 s9ce he consid]s x "o ) ! g5]al practical activity1 w or action4 ,! def9ition t we h giv5 ( ! pure concept seems to cla% aga9/ an insup]able difficulty aris+ f ! multiplicity ( concepts4 ,if ! concept is an elaboration ( reality z a univ]sal1 h[ c we admit ! exi/5ce ( m ?an "o concept8 ,beauty & tru? are bo? concrete univ]sals1 & yet !y are n ! same univ]sal3 !y h ! same logical =m1 b !y d5ote diff]5t aspects ( reality4 ,if ?is v>iety ( ! concepts1 t is1 ( ! aspects ( reality1 7 insup]able1 we %\ld fall f ! irr$ucible multiplicity ( repres5tations into a n less irr$uctible multiplicity ( concepts1 :i* w\ld 9 ! end ju/ify a new logical scepticism & take u back to a my/ical solution ( ! problem ( ! unity ( reality4 ,! passage f ! multiple univ]sals to ! true univ]sal w\ld be logically impossible1 & to be p]=m$ only by ! help ( "s sort ( my/ical intuition4 ,! solution ( ?is difficulty has already be5 h9t$ at 9 ! discussion ( ! relations betwe5 intuition & concept1 & betwe5 k & w4 ,! !ory ( ! successive grades ( reality1 9 _! progressive implication1 is ! true =m ( ! concept4 ,croce affirms ! unity ( reality1 z a consequ5ce ( ! unity ( ! concept1 ( ! =m ?r\gh :i* only reality is kn[n4 ,b if we suppress ! di/9ction1 ! unity t we rea* is an empty & ineffable "o3 a :ole is a :ole only inasmu* z x has p>ts1 z x is p>ts2 a unity c be ?\ght only ?r\gh its di/9ctions4 ,!re=e ! unity & ! di/9ctions are bo? necess>y to ! concept3 ! di/9ctions are n some?+ outside ! concept1 b ! concept itself1 :i* is a unity ( di/9ctions4 ,! m9d or _s is "o1 b x is impossible to ?9k ( x z a pure & simple unity1 outside ( ! =ms 9 :i* x realizes itself1 & ( ^! =ms 9 _! necess>y relations4 ,:i* is b a m compreh5sive way ( say+ :at we h already said speak+ ( "o ( ^? =ms 9 p>ticul>1 ! /hetic "o1 t x is impossible to conceive any ( !m except by det]m9+ its relations ) ! o!rs4 ,x is necess>y1 h[ev]1 n to conv]t ^! di/9ctions ( ! concept into ab/ractions3 by approximation1 & = a practical purpose1 we c speak ( a giv5 action z a !oretical or practical "o1 an economic or moral "o4 ,9 fact1 9 e fragm5t ( reality we f9d ! univ]sal1 & !re=e all ! =ms ( ! univ]sal4 ,b on ! o!r h& x is impossible to ?9k any concrete datum1 & to recognize x z an affirmation ( ! _s z a :ole1 unless we di/+ui% ea* ( its aspects 9 ! mo/ rigor\s fa%ion4 ,we %all !n h a criticism ( art & poetry1 f ! /hetic po9t ( view2 or ( philosophy1 f ! logical "o2 & a moral judgm5t :i* takes into acc\nt only ! individual moral initiative4 ,! di/9ctions ( ! concept are !n us$ z direct+ pr9ciples ( ?\ght1 b n1 9 ! way empirical concepts are us$1 z crit]ia = a classification ( objects2 nor1 aga91 z *>act]i/ics ( epo*s ( actual hi/orical developm5t1 :i* 9 ! end r$uce !mselves to types ( mat]ial classification4 ,croce's !ory ( ! unity & di/9ctions ( ! concept co9cides ) ! old division ( concepts into univ]sal1 p>ticul>1 & s+ul> ones4 ,! true logical def9ition is rea*$ only by det]m9+ ! s+ul>ity ( a di/9ction 9 relation ) ! o!r di/9ctions 7p>ticul>ity71 & ) ! :ole 7univ]sality74 ,= in/ance1 ! concept ( beauty is intuition 7s+ul>ity71 k 7p>ticul>ity71 & f9ally _s or m9d 7univ]sality74 ,! symbol correspond+ to ?is peculi> relation is n t ( a f9e or succession1 b ( a circle3 !re is n a fir/ & a la/ t]m ( ! s]ies1 a beg9n+ & an end1 b a p]petual revolution1 9 :i* e di/9ction 9 turn may appe> z ! beg9n+ & ! end ( ! s]ies4 ,art or philosophy1 k or action1 may be po/ulat$ ) equal reason z ! end ( ! _s3 ! true end1 h[ev]1 is n any ( ! p>ticul> =ms1 b only ! _s or m9d or reality z a :ole4 ,read]s :o are famili> ) ,hegelian logic w at once p]ceive ! diff]5ce betwe5 ,croce's & ,hegel's treatm5t ( logical di/9ctions4 ,!re is no attempt on ! "p ( ,croce to apply to !m ! dialectic process1 :i* p]vades ! :ole ( ,hegel's philosophy1 & :i* is reta9$ by ,croce only 9 its legitimate sph]e :i* is n t ( di/9ctions b ( oppositions4 ,! dialectic process1 ( :i* ! remote ance/or is ,plato1 & ! m imm$iate =be>s ^? ,r5aissance philosoph]s1 ,cusanus & ,bruno1 :o m or less obscurely affirm$ ! pr9cipium co9cid5ti oppositorum1 only ) ,hegel rea*es its rigor\s logical expression4 ,! mo/ fam\s in/ance ( its application is to be f\nd 9 ,hegel's =mula ( ! opposition ( be+ & non-be+1 & ( _! unity 9 ! becom+3 ! pure be+ is id5tical ) ! pure non-be+1 or1 to say ! same ?+ 9 diff]5t words1 we _c ?9k ! "o )\t ! o!r1 & we d actually ?9k ! "o & ! o!r :5 we ?9k ! actual reality1 :i* is nei!r be+ nor non-be+1 b becom+4 ,be+ & non-be+ are a true c\ple ( opposites1 z ideal & real1 positive & negative1 value & non-value1 activity & passivity1 & s on4 ,by ! application ( ! dialectic process1 all ^! c\ples are %[n to be n c\ples ( concepts1 b s+le concepts1 ea* c\ple conta9+ ! affirmation & ! negation ( a s+le concept4 ,croce's criticism ( ,hegel is f\nd$ on an int]pretation ( ! dialectic process z logically valid = su* c\ples only1 & inapplicable to ! di/9ctions ( ! concept1 or to empirical & ab/ract concepts2 & ?is criticism1 :ile emphasiz+ ! importance ( ,hegel's ma9 contribution to philosophical ?\ght1 sweeps away at "o /roke all t 9 8 philosophy has g5]ally be5 consid]$ z mo/ di/9ctly ,hegelian bo? by 8 foll[]s & by 8 adv]s>ies4 ,croce's int]e/ 9 su* c\ples ( opposites z ^? t we h m5tion$ is v f> f be+ z ke5 z ,hegel's4 ,_! dialectic solution into s+le concepts is implicit 9 e phase ( ,croce's philosophy4 ,?is c be/ be se5 9 ! con/ant int]*ange ( su* words z _s & reality2 ea* ( !m1 :5 tak5 by itself1 a pure1 =mal _s1 & a pure1 mat]ial reality1 are mean+less1 :ile1 once !y h be5 correlat$1 bo? indicate ! same concept1 ! _s p]petually realiz+ itself 9 ! concret5ess ( life3 a =mula :i* conta9s ! :ole ( ,croce's imman5tism4 ,b )9 ! di/9ctions ( ! concept1 ! dialectic process is con/antly appli$ by ,croce to su* oppositions z ^? ( good & evil1 true & false1 beautiful & ugly1 :i* are no?+ b ! d\ble aspect1 affirmative & negative1 respectively1 ( ! concepts ( goodness1 & tru?1 & beauty4 ,we ne$ only recall :at we h said ( ,croce's conception ( /hetic value1 & ( value 9 g5]al4 ,! dialectic process is ! logical /ructure ( ,croce's concept ( value4 ,! positive elem5t ( ea* concept is ! only real "o1 & a negative judgm5t ( value is n a purely logical judgm5t1 b a /atem5t to :i* is add$ ! expression ( a desire or ( an exig5cy4 ,if we say3 ,a is immoral1 we mean3 ,a foll[s 8 own imm$iate pleasure 7a logical /atem5t71 & also3 ,a ought to foll[ a high] end 7! expression ( a desire74 ,a positive judgm5t ( value1 on ! o!r h&1 co9cides entirely ) a logical judgm5t1 or a /atem5t ( fact4 ,! opposition ( value to fact is ( ! same k9d z t ( _s to reality2 v]bal & app>5t & n logical & real4 ,! und]ly+ reality ( ! opposition c be grasp$ only ?r\gh ! di/9ction2 :at 9 ! opposition is a negative & !re=e a m]e ab/raction c nev] be any?+ b a positive value ( ano!r ord]1 a di/9ct =m ( activity4 ,! action t we h judg$ z morally evil1 if x is an action at all1 belongs to ! economic ord]1 is economically rational1 direct$ t[>ds a p>ticul> end :i* conf]s on x its p>ticul> value2 & ! same applies to all ! o!r categories ( reality1 9 :i* error & evil _c be introduc$ except by ! sub/itution ( "o =m = ! o!r4 ,x is impossible to di/+ui% a concept f its opposite z two concepts2 b :5 a di/9ction is introduc$1 ! opposition loses its negative "*1 & id5tifies itself ) a di/9ct b positive value4 ,error & evil z su* are nev] pres5t except 9 ! act t transc5ds !m1 9 ! consci5ce t1 realiz+ itself 9 a high] sph]e1 turns aga9/ !m & condemns !m4 ,x is sup]flu\s to po9t to ! importance t ?is process l5ds to ! di/9ctions !mselves1 :i* are n[ se5 at la/ n z m]e logical in/rum5ts1 b z ! actual diff]5tiations ( reality1 ! necess>y conditions ( all life & progress4 ,! concept does n exi/ outside its v]bal expression1 b ! relation betwe5 logical ?\ght & language1 because ( ! purely /hetic or intuitive nature ( language1 is n ( ! rigor\s "* :i* is po/ulat$ by ! ,ari/otelian logician1 &1 9 m rec5t times1 by ! /ud5t ( symbolic logic1 :o bo? assume language to be an ess5tially logical function4 ,x w\ld be impossible = ,croce to fall into t extreme ( idealism :i* is ! common vice ( ! v]bal reali/1 = :om propositions1 judgm5ts1 or syllogisms h a k9d ( absolute reality ( _! own1 indep5d5t ( ! m9d t ?9ks !m4 ,x may seem p>adoxical to ass]t t n[h]e is ,croce's realism m app>5t ?an 9 8 treatm5t ( ! v]bal =ms ( ! concept2 & yet 8 criticism ( ! old logical pr9ciples & =ms1 runn+ p>allel to t ( ! rhetorical categories & g5res 9 ! field ( /hetics1 all[s him to rea* ! actual work+s ( ! logical activity ) mu* great] intimacy ?an is possible ?r\gh any k9d ( =mali/ic logic4 ,! logical judgm5t1 or concept1 appe>s 9 two ma9 =ms3 ! def9ition1 & ! individual judgm5t4 ,9 ! def9ition1 ! subject is "o ) ! pr$icate1 bo? be+ univ]sal2 9 ! individual judgm5t1 ! subject is an individual1 ! pr$icate a univ]sal4 ,! intuition is ! /hetic =m ( ! _s1 is a def9ition2 ,! ,div9e ,com$y is poetry1 is an individual judgm5t4 ,! individual judgm5t is "o ) ! p]ception1 or p]ceptive judgm5t1 ) ! hi/orical judgm5t1 &1 = ! reason giv5 be=e1 ) ! positive judgm5t ( value2 x is ! la/ & mo/ p]fect =m ( k4 ,b ! di/9ction betwe5 ! def9ition & ! individual judgm5t is n an ultimate & irr$ucible "o4 ,! concrete logical act is always an individual judgm5t1 t is1 ! affirmation ( ! unity ( ! individual & ! univ]sal 9 relation to a p>ticul> subject2 & e def9ition is an individual judgm5t inasmu* z x _c be b ! solution ( a p>ticul> problem1 individually & hi/orically det]m9$4 ,! p>ticul> problem1 ! gr\p ( facts1 f :i* a p>ticul> def9ition arises1 is ! individual subject ( :i* ! def9ition pr$icates ! concept4 ,?is id5tification ( ! def9ition & ! individual judgm5t disposes ( ! famili> di/9ctions ( =mal & mat]ial tru?s1 ( tru?s ( reason & ( fact1 & ( analytical & syn!tical judgm5ts2 :i* all are r$uc$ to m]e ab/ractions1 p>tial aspects ( ! only logical act1 consi/+ 9 ! ?9k+ ( ! pure concept1 z a concrete univ]sal4 ,! practical imitations ( ! concept1 or pseudo-concepts1 also may appe> 9 ! d\ble =m ( def9itions & individual judgm5ts4 ,f ! empirical concepts we c =m empirical judgm5ts1 :i* consi/ 9 ! inclusion ( an individual subject )9 a class or type1 & !re=e c also be call$ classificatory judgm5ts4 ,f ! ab/ract concepts1 ! passage to ! individual subject _c be effect$ )\t ! int]v5tion ( an empirical concept1 t is1 )\t a previ\s r$uction ( ! individual subjects to classes & types3 ?is r$uction enables u to =m empirico-ab/ract judgm5ts1 or judgm5ts ( num]ation & m5suration4 ,! function ( ^! judgm5ts is1 z t ( ! concepts ) :i* !y are relat$1 n !oretical1 b practical3 to classify or to enum]ate is n ! same z to und]/&1 ?\gh !y are bo? ess5tial op]ations ( ! human m9d4 ,! correspond+ judgm5ts are !re=e call$ by ,croce pseudo-judgm5ts1 or practical imitations ( ! individual judgm5t4 ,! r$uction ( ! pure concept to ! individual judgm5t is ! fundam5tal innovation ( ,croce's logic4 ,x entirely disposes ( any =m ( transc5d5tal ?\ght1 ( an ,absolute or a ,univ]sal z "s beyond & above reality1 & !re=e ( ! la/ remnants ( metaphysics 9 philosophy4 ,x means1 translat$ into t]ms ( common language1 t !re is no ?\ght outside ! ?9k+ ( individual m9ds1 individually1 t is1 hi/orically det]m9$2 &1 conv]sely1 t !re is no reality outside ! reality ( ?\ght1 s9ce ! po/ulation ( an ext]nal reality is no?+ b "o m act ( ?\ght4 ,9 ! light ( ?is doctr9e1 ! relation betwe5 ! intuition & ! concept1 betwe5 /hetic & logical k1 c be re/at$ by say+ t :ile ! intuition is ! autonom\s1 creative m5tal act1 by :i* ! individual is kn[n z individual1 ! concept is ! autonom\s1 creative m5tal act1 by :i* ! individual is kn[n z univ]sal1 t is1 n simply kn[n1 b und]/ood4 ,s9ce ,kant1 an autonom\s creative act ( ! human m9d has receiv$ 9 mod]n philosophy ! "n ( a priori syn!sis1 a syn!sis :i* _c be resolv$ into its compon5ts1 or mat]ial elem5ts1 because its =m1 & !re=e its true be+1 _c be trac$ 9 !m1 b is impos$ on !m by ! m9d4 ,croce's intuition is an /hetic a priori syn!sis1 ?r\gh :i* ! obscure psy*ic mat]ial rises to ! light ( consci\sness2 8 concept1 a logical a priori syn!sis1 9 :i* ! intuition is no long] =m1 b matt]1 subject to a new =m :i* is judgm5t & reason4 ,! a priori syn!sis is ?us employ$ by ,croce z ! peculi> dialectic process ( ! di/9ctions ( ! concept1 ! rigor\s logical =m ( ! d\ble-grade relation betwe5 ! individual & ! univ]sal1 betwe5 intuition & concept1 betwe5 k & action1 &1 z we %all see 9 8 philosophy ( ! practical1 betwe5 ! economic & ! e?ical w4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 n a m]e logical =m1 or r1 x is a logical =m1 because x is ! actual process ( ! _s1 :i* _c ei!r "k or act except by =m+ a priori syn!ses 7/hetic or logical1 economic or e?ical71 t is1 by con/antly re-creat+ itself & its own reality & values4 ,footnote #a3 ,see ,logica1 "p i1 ,il concetto puro1 etc41 pp4 #a-agj4 ,,vi4 ,,! ,,=ms ,,( ,,k#a ,! elem5t>y =ms ( k--,philosophy z ! pure concept-- ,developm5t ( ,croce's !ory ( hi/ory--,! id5tity ( hi/ory & philosophy--,subjectivity & objectivity--,di/9ctions & divisions ( hi/ory--,! hi/orical det]m9ation ( philosophy--,! economic !ory ( sci5ce--,! natural sci5ces--,hi/ory & sci5ce--,! naturali/ic me?od & ! concept ( nature--,ma!matical processes4 ,! result ( ,croce's inquiry into ! =ms ( man's !oretical activity c be summ$ up by say+ t !re are two pure !oretical =ms1 ! intuition & ! concept1 ( :i* ! second c be subdivid$ = conv5i5ce' sake into ! def9ition & ! individual judgm5t2 & two modes ( ! practical elaboration ( k1 ! empirical concept & ! ab/ract concept1 f :i* are d]iv$ ! classificatory judgm5t & ! judgm5t ( num]ation4 ,already 9 /hetics we h f\nd no rigor\s crit]ion ( di/9ction betwe5 ! g5]al intuitive activity ( man1 z x manife/s itself 9 language1 & ^? empirically con/itut$ bodies ( p>ticul> intuitions1 :i* we call ,poetry & ! ,arts3 e man is a poet & an arti/1 ?\gh we res]ve ^! names only = ^? among ourselves 9 :om ! /hetic activity manife/s itself 9 a high] degree1 dom9ates ! :ole life ( ! individual _s4 ,! concept & ! pseudo-concepts are also elem5t>y1 fundam5tal =ms ( k1 ( :i* all m5 p>take3 e man1 z he is a poet1 is also a philosoph] & an hi/orian1 a sci5ti/ & a ma!matician3 b1 aga91 we res]ve ^! names only = ! mo/ conspicu\s manife/ations ( ^? common spiritual activities1 & =m ! empirical concepts ( ,philosophy & ,hi/ory1 ( ,sci5ce & ,ma!matics4 ,we may speak ( vulg> k & ( pure or sci5tific k1 b only by approximation & )\t =gett+ t ! only claim to rationality & intelligibility on ! "p ( pure k lies 9 its relation%ip ) ! elem5t>y =ms1 9 ! same way z ,poetry owes its p[] & beauty to ! language 9 :i* x spreads its roots4 ,a p>ticul> treatm5t ( ^! high] degrees ( k is n1 !re=e1 logically ju/ifi$2 ! problems t !y pres5t are ! same t h be5 met ) 9 ! g5]al discussion ( ! !oretical activity1 & all !y w h to (f] w be b a confirmation1 & 9 "s po9ts a cl>ification1 ( :at has already be5 said4 ,z ,art is intuition1 s ,philosophy is ! pure concept3 x is easy to see t all ! =mal def9itions ( ,philosophy t h ev] be5 giv51 z sci5ce ( ! fir/ pr9ciples1 ( ! ultimate causes1 ( ! orig9s ( ?+s1 ( norms1 ( values1 ( categories1 are m]e v]bal v>iants ( ! pure concept4 ,ev5 ! mo/ mat]iali/ic & reali/ic philosophies1 s9ce matt] itself or nature or reality are assum$ by !m z pr9ciples ( univ]sal validity1 z concepts or ideas1 fall )9 ! limits ( ?is def9ition4 ,9 ?is s5se !re is no philosophy :i* is n ideali/ic3 ! diff]5ces betwe5 "o philosophy & ano!r are no?+ b diff]5ces 9 ! elaboration ( ! pure concept4 ,:at foll[s f ?is id5tification cation ( philosophy ) ! pure concept is t all philosophies are1 ( necessity1 sy/ematic1 inasmu* z x is impossible to ?9k ! pure concept z a s+ul> or p>ticul> "o1 outside its relations ) ! :ole4 ,?is sy/ematic "* belongs to e philosophical proposition1 & n only to ! actual sy/ems ( philosophy3 ! solution ( e p>ticul> philosophical problem implies a vision ( t problem 9 its univ]sality1 t is1 9 ! sy/em4 ,we are con/antly rem9d$ ( ?is exig5cy by ! fact t a new & orig9al elaboration ( p>ticul> problems does actually react on ! :ole ( our ?\ght2 & t we are (t5 compell$ to revise our fundam5tal op9ions by ! discov]y ( a difficulty :i* at fir/ pres5ts itself 9 "o sph]e ( ?\ght only4 ,( su* a process1 ! :ole ( ,croce's philosophy is a cont9u\s exemplification1 b n[h]e s cle>ly app>5t z 9 ! progress ( 8 conception ( hi/ory4 ,8 fir/ /ep _h be5 t ( r$uc+ hi/ory to ! g5]al concept ( art1 !reby emphasiz+ ! concret5ess & individuality ( hi/ory1 z oppos$ to ! ab/ractness ( ! natural sci5ces1 ! concepts ( :i*1 9 t e>ly /age1 he c\ld n yet di/+ui% f ^? ( philosophy4 ,9 ! ,e/etica ! conception is /ill practically ! same1 hi/ory result+ f ! int]section ( art & philosophy ?r\gh ! application ( ! pr$icate ( exi/5ce to ! intuitive mat]ial4 ,9 8 fir/ ,l9eam5ti di ,logica1 hi/ory appe>s z ! ultimate product ( ! !oretical _s1 ! sea to :i* ! riv] ( art fl[$1 swoll5 by ! wat]s ( ! riv] ( philosophy4 ,b 9 ! same ,l9eam5ti he _h n yet arriv$ at ! id5tification ( ! def9ition & ! individual judgm5t1 :i* 9 8 second ,logica con/itutes ! f9al =m ( ! pure concept1 ,croce's orig9al int]pretation ( ,kant's a priori syn!sis4 ,betwe5 ! fir/ & ! second ,logica1 ,croce wrote 8 ,filos(ia della pratica1 9 :i* he d5i$ ! duality ( int5tion & action1 z 9 ! ,e/etica he _h d5i$ ! duality ( intuition & expression3 an int5tion :i* 0 n also an action appe>$ to him1 z we %all see1 inconceivable4 ,x 0 by analogy ) 8 treatm5t ( ?is duality1 t he solv$ ! duality betwe5 ! concept 79 ! s5se ( def9ition7 & ! individual judgm5t1 :i* 0 also a duality ( philosophy z antec$5t & hi/ory z consequ5t1 z he p]ceiv$ t a concept :i* is n at ! same "t a judgm5t ( ! p>ticul> is z unreal z an int5tion :i* is n at ! same "t an action4 ,^! are ! successive /eps by :i* ,croce rea*$ 8 doctr9e ( ! id5tity ( hi/ory & philosophy1 "o ( ! mo/ discuss$ & ( ! lea/ und]/ood among 8 !ories4 ,we %all come back to x lat]4 ,b a few m h9ts on its mean+ c already be giv5 "h4 ,x is cle> t by introduc+ ! pr$icate ( exi/5ce z ess5tial to hi/ory ,croce _h already ab&on$ ! conception ( hi/ory z pure1 t is1 non-logical1 non-intellectualiz$ intuition3 b ! pr$icate ( exi/5ce is insuffici5t to =m a judgm5t1 )\t ! addition ( ! o!r pr$icates1 t is1 ( ! :ole concept4 ,! pr$icate ( exi/5ce c only tell u t some?+ exi/s1 b n :at x is1 t exi/s3 ! det]m9ation ( ! s+ul>1 9 its relations ) ! p>ticul> & ! univ]sal1 is implicit 9 ! hi/orical judgm5t1 ev5 :5 x is n op5ly enunciat$4 ,su* judgm5ts z3 ,?is ?+ is1 or has be51 seem to pres5t ! prop] =m ( ! hi/orical judgm5t2 no o!r pr$icates ?an t ( exi/5ce are "h visible1 b my talk+ ( ?is ?+ implies t ,i "k :at ?is ?+ is2 ! o!r pr$icates are conceal$ 9 ! subject4 ,e hi/orical /atem5t is1 !re=e1 a p]fect individual judgm5t4 ,its concrete & individual "*1 :i* ,croce _h ass]t$ 9 8 e>ly !ory1 is "h ma9ta9$ by ! pres5ce ( ! subject1 ?\gh ! subject itself1 9 hi/ory1 is se5 n 9 its intuitive purity1 z 9 poetry1 b z a concrete det]m9ation ( ! concept4 ,! id5tification ( philosophy & hi/ory is n s mu* ! effect ( a m intellectualiz$ view ( ! hi/orical processes1 z ( ! progressive consci\sness acquir$ by ,croce ( ! inh]5t concret5ess & individuality ( ! univ]sal--( t reali/ic view ( ! concept z express$ by 8 elaboration ( ! logical a priori syn!sis4 ,! old di/9ction betwe5 a subjective & an objective treatm5t ( hi/ory receives a new light f ! =ego+ consid]ations4 ,x is impossible to make hi/ory )\t judgm5t1 &1 !re=e1 hi/ory is 9 a s5se irr$ucibly subjective4 ,b ! subjectivity ( hi/ory is n ! arbitr>y & caprici\s subjectivity ( ! individual hi/orian1 :o introduces 8 own passions & t5d5cies into ! hi/orical n>rative3 x is ! subjectivity ( ?\ght1 ( ! e>ne/ & dispassionate rese>* ( tru?1 :i* co9cides ) ! only conceivable objectivity4 ,:at we call objective tru? is n rea*$ by r5\nc+ ?\ght1 b only by mak+ our ?\ght deep] & tru]4 ,! hi/orian :o p]meates ) 8 ?\ght 8 recreation ( ! pa/ 7& if he did n1 he w\ld be recreat+ ! pa/ z poetry1 & imag9ation1 n z hi/ory7 ne$s n add a judgm5t ( value to 8 /atem5ts ( fact3 ! id5tity ( value & fact pres5ts itself once m to u 9 ! intr9sic /ructure ( ! hi/orical judgm5t4 ,:atev] ! aspect ( reality to :i* we turn our att5tion1 true hi/ory & true criticism co9cide4 ,a consequ5ce ( ?is id5tification ( hi/ory & philosophy is t ! only legitimate divisions ( hi/ory are ^? t correspond to ! di/9ctions ( ! concept1--hi/ory ( k & ( action1 ( art1 ( ?\ght1 ( ! practical activity ( man2 & t ! relation among ! diff]5t bran*es ( hi/ory is simil> to t ( ! di/9ctions ( ! concept )9 ! concept itself3 t is1 ! hi/ory ( "o p>ticul> =m ( human activity is no?+ b ! hi/ory ( ! :ole _s ( man z x realizes itself "u "o ( its aspects1 a /atem5t t we h already illu/rat$ :5 speak+ ( ! hi/ory ( art & poetry4 ,o!r divisions ( hi/ory are possible & useful1 d$uc$ f empirical concepts 7su* z ! /ate1 ! *ur*1 ! drama1 ! novel1 society1 religion1 etc471 b !y are divisions ( practical conv5i5ce1 mnemonic & didascalie exp$i5ts1 & n rigor\s di/9ctions4 ,empirical concepts are1 9 fact1 9 con/ant use 9 hi/ory1 b z in/rum5ts1 n z con/itu5ts ( hi/orical ?\ght4 ,hi/ory is ( ! individual sub specie univ]salis1 & n ( ! practical g5]alizations4 ,?is peculi> function ( ! empirical concept 9 hi/ory m>ks ! di/9ction betwe5 hi/ory & ! natural sci5ces1 ! f9al irr$ucibility ( hi/ory to sociology4 ,z hi/ory is r$uc$ to philosophy ?r\gh ! id5tification ( ! hi/orical ) ! individual judgm5t1 s philosophy is r$uc$ to hi/ory ?r\gh ! id5tification ( ! def9ition ) ! individual judgm5t4 ,s9ce e philosophical proposition is an answ] to a giv5 "q1 & e "q or problem is individually & hi/orically det]m9$1 ! :ole c\rse ( ! hi/ory ( philosophy is 9 con/ant function ( ! g5]al c\rse ( hi/ory4 ,?is is ! tru? conta9$ 9 ,hegel's =mula ( ! id5tity ( philosophy & hi/ory ( philosophy1 :i* _h be5 reviv$ 9 ,italy1 :5 ,croce 0 m$itat+ on ^! problems1 by 8 fri5d ,g5tile3 a =mula :i* he f9ally accept$ & trans=m$ into t ( ! id5tity ( hi/ory & philosophy1 9 accordance ) 8 view ( philosophy z a mom5t or grade ( ! _s ( man4 ,! a priori syn!sis :i* con/itutes ! reality bo? ( ! def9ition & ( ! individual judgm5t is1 at ! same "t1 ! reality ( bo? philosophy & hi/ory4 ,! di/9ction betwe5 ! two is a purely didactic "o3 9 ! fir/ ! emphasis is laid on ! def9ition & ! sy/em1 9 ! second on ! individual judgm5t & ! n>rative4 ,b because ! n>rative includes ! concept1 e n>rative cl>ifies & solves philosophical problems1 &1 on ! o!r h&1 e sy/em ( concepts ?r[s light on ! facts :i* are pres5t to ! m9d4 ,! confirmation ( ! s\ndness ( ! sy/em is 9 ! p[] x displays to int]pret & n>rate hi/ory2 ! t\*/one ( philosophy is hi/ory4 ,! concept1 9 affirm+ itself1 conqu]s ! :ole ( reality1 :i* becomes "o ) x4 ,we %all deal m briefly ) ,croce's treatm5t ( ! organization ( ! empirical & ab/ract concepts 9 ! natural & ma!matical sci5ces because 8 views co9cide 9 _! g5]al l9es ) ! economic !ory ( sci5ce1 :i* is ! view ( sci5tific me?od elaborat$ by ! sci5ti/s !mselves 9 ! la/ decades1 & diff] f x only 9 s f> z !y are compreh5d$ 9 a va/] sy/em ( ?\ght4 ,croce's polemic aga9/ pseudo-sci5tific philosophy1 :i* 0 amply ju/ifi$ at ! beg9n+ ( 8 c>e]1 has n[ lo/ a good deal ( its actuality1 s9ce ! ambiti\s attempts to organize ! concepts ( sci5ce into a sy/em ( ultimate tru? h f9ally collaps$ "u ! bl[s inflict$ on _! au?ors by sci5ce itself1 & are n[ relegat$ into a few academic & j\rnali/ic backwat]s4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !re is no d\bt t 8 discussion ( sci5tific me?ods1 ?\gh suffici5t = 8 purposes1 is f> f be+ z exhau/ive z 8 discussion ( ei!r art or philosophy4 ,! natural sci5ces are sy/ems ( empirical concepts1 t is1 ( practical elaborations ( k1 &1 !re=e1 !y d n belong to ! sph]e ( !oretical1 b to t ( practical activity4 ,?is proposition mu/ n be und]/ood z ref]r+ to ! practical ends1 or applications1 ( sci5ce3 action requires a k ( ! individual fact ) :i* we are to deal1 &1 !re=e1 ! true antec$5t ( action is n sci5ce1 b an individual 7or hi/orical7 judgm5t4 ,! natural sci5ces are n subs]vi5t to action1 b !y are actions 9 ! s]vice ( k4 ,because ( ! empirical & pragmatic "* ( _! concepts1 x is impossible ei!r to unify !m 9 a s+le concept1 or to divide !m accord+ to rigor\s di/9ctions4 ,! natural laws :i* !y evolve are ! same empirical concepts1 :i* give rise to ! creation ( classes & types1 express$ 9 a diff]5t =m2 _! empirical "* is confirm$ by :at ,b\tr\x call$ _! cont+5cy1 :i* is no?+ b ! reflex ( _! arbitr>y =mation4 ,ev5 ! mo/ g5]al ( ^? laws1 t ( ! con/ancy & uni=mity ( nature1 assum$ z ! f\ndation ( s mu* pseudo-sci5tific ?\ght 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury1 is a m]e po/ulate ( practical opportunity1 )\t :i* x w\ld be h>dly possible to con/ruct any sci5ce3 x is ! fir/ economic pr9ciple ( sci5tific me?od1 n an attribute ( objective reality4 ,! tru? ( ! natural sci5ces1 t tru? ( :i* !y & _! empirical concepts are an abbreviat$ transcription1 is ! hi/orical datum1 ! k ( actual individual happ5+s4 ,hi/ory is ! hot & fluid mass :i* ! naturali/ solidifies 9 ! s*ematic m\lds ( classes & types4 ,! naturali/ic discov]] is1 !re=e1 an hi/orical discov]] & ! revolutions ( ! natural sci5ces are /eps 9 ! progress ( hi/orical k4 ,! diff]5ce 9 me?od betwe5 hi/ory & ! natural sci5ces is n due to ! suppos$ diff]5ce betwe5 a high] & a l[] reality 7_s & nature71 or to ! fact t nature has no hi/ory2 nature is p]petual activity & *ange1 t is1 hi/ory1 z mu* z ! _s1 b ! progress ( nature is less cle>ly p]ceptible & less int]e/+ to u ?an t ( ! human reality1 &1 !re=e1 an abbreviat$ transcription is m apt to satisfy our ne$s 9 relation to ! k ( :at we call nature ?an to t ( ! _s4 ,! nature t has no hi/ory1 & :i* is oppos$ 9 duali/ic sy/ems ( philosophy to ! _s ( man1 is n ! actual1 hi/orical reality ( nature1 b ! empirical concepts ( ! natural sci5ces1 _! classes1 types & laws1 conceiv$ z an objective reality & sub/itut$ = t reality4 ,9 ?is s5se1 nature is n a special object1 b only a me?od ( treatm5t1 z is prov$ by ! fact t t same me?od1 appli$ to ! s-call$ high] & spiritual reality1 by su* sci5ces z psy*ology1 sociology1 or comp>ative philology1 creates ! same k9d ( naturali/ic categories 9 ! doma9 ( ! _s4 ,x is ( nature 9 ?is s5se t ! ideali/ d5ies ! real exi/5ce1 s9ce ! "t :5 ,bi%op ,b]keley repudiat$ matt] z a m]e ab/raction4 ,& "h aga91 ! sci5ti/ comes to ! support ( ! ideali/ ) 8 ke5 aw>5ess ( ! pragmatic "* ( 8 hypo!ses on ! ultimate physical con/itu5ts ( reality4 ,x is ?r\gh ?is !ory ( ! natural sci5ces t ,croce succe$$ 9 elim9at+ naturali/ic transc5d5ce f 8 ?\ght1 &1 s+ul>ly en\gh1 8 fir/ impulse 9 ?is direction came to him f 8 /hetic /udies1 ?r\gh 8 criticism ( lit]>y g5res1 ( gramm>s1 ( ! p>ticul> arts & ( rhetorical =ms4 ,he saw h[ ?r\gh !m nature introduces itself1 z a con/ruction ( ! human _s1 9 ! pure spiritual _w ( art2 & hav+ d5i$ its reality 9 art1 he proce$$ to discov] x ev]y:]e n z reality1 b z an product ( ab/ract+ processes4 ,?is mu/ n be int]pret$ z mean+ t ! naturali/ic me?od is an illegitimate hybrid3 x has its uses 9 its prop] place1 & n less 9 ! /udy ( m9d ?an 9 ! /udy ( nature4 ,x is only by mi/ak+ its con/ructions or fictions = realities1 t we c be tempt$ to d$uce f ! natural sci5ces a philosophy ( nature1 or f ! applications ( ! naturali/ic me?od to art & to ! hi/ory ( man1 an /hetics or a philosophy ( hi/ory4 ,b ! natural sci5ces !mselves are n responsible = ! errors ( philosophical naturalism4 ,t su* errors %\ld n be limit$ exclusively to philosoph]s1 b v (t5 appe> )9 ! body ( sci5ces l biology or psy*ology or sociology1 is easily expla9$ by ! fact t no sci5ti/ is a pure sci5ti/3 b poor philosophy does n become sci5ce simply because x f9ds place 9 sci5tific books4 ,! qu>rel betwe5 vitali/s & me*anici/s1 = "o in/ance1 is a philosophical 7or hi/orical71 n a sci5tific dispute3 & x reveals itself1 ultimately1 z ! opposition n ( conceivable realities1 b m]ely ( diff]5t me?ods 9 ! elaboration ( ! hi/orical datum4 ,! coh]5t & cle>-m9d$ biologi/ is to-day a me*anici/1 n because me*anism is ! ess5ce ( reality1 b because x is ! po/ulate ( 8 rese>*4 ,! vitali/1 on ! o!r h&1 is inevitably br\ght by ! tr5d ( 8 ?\ght to ab&on sci5ce & to become m or less delib]ately a philosoph]4 ,x is en\gh to m5tion 9 ?is connection su* names z ,dries* or ,b]gson4 ,! fictiti\s or conv5tional "* ( ma!matics is /ill m app>5t ?an t ( ! natural sci5ces2 & we %all n add any?+ to :at we h said 9 ! prec$+ *apt] ab\t ! ab/ract concept1 ! non-concrete univ]sal1 :i* is ! di/9ctive process ( ma!matical ?\ght4 ,! application ( ! ma!matical processes1 ?r\gh ! empirical concepts1 to ! hi/orical datum1 gives orig9 to :at we h call$ ! judgm5t ( num]ation 7& m5suration71 & to ! ma!matical sci5ces ( nature4 ,all t has be5 obs]v$ ( ! natural sci5ces 9 g5]al is valid = ^! also4 ,_! tru? is /ill only ! tru? ( ! intuitive1 hi/orical datum ( :i* ! empirical concepts are practical elaborations2 ! addition ( a fur!r practical elaboration1 ! ab/ract concept1 c add to _! mnemonic or1 z x is m (t5 call$1 te*nical effici5cy1 b n to ! value ( _! orig9al cont5t4 ,?is process1 z ! purely naturali/ic "o1 c be appli$ to ! human z well z to ! natural reality1 b x is evid5t t its usefulness decreases 9 ! passage f ! "o to ! o!r1 foll[+ ! same /&>ds t apply to ! natural sci5ces 9 g5]al1 ^? ( ! relative p]ceptibility & importance ( ! individual happ5+4 ,x is at its highe/ 9 physics or a/ronomy1 less notable 9 biology or economics2 practically inexi/5t 9 psy*ology or sociology1 ! two sci5ces t suff] n less f ! delusions ( misappli$ /ati/ics ?an f ! invasions ( *eap philosophy4 ,croce's !ory ( sci5ce1 z we h already rem>k$1 diff]s f ! g5]ally accept$ me?odology ( mod]n sci5ce only 9 its context1 :i* is usually agno/ic 91 ! pure sci5ti/1 :ile1 9 ,croce1 x consi/s 9 ! affirmation ( ! pure concept1 or ( ! autonomy ( philosophy3 a proposition ) :i* ! sci5ti/ qua sci5ti/ has no reason to qu>rel4 ,9 bo? cases1 ! autonomy ( sci5tific ?\ght is only relative1 & ! diff]5ce ( context is a diff]5ce 9 ! det]m9ation ( its limits4 ,9 bo? cases1 sci5tific ?\ght is recognis$ z ?or\ghly legitimate only )9 limits4 ,! cry ( ! bankruptcy ( sci5ce1 ( :i* we he>d s mu* a few ye>s ago1 is z mean+less = ,croce z = ! pure sci5ti/2 sci5ce _c become bankrupt except by ov]-/epp+ its logical limits1 t is1 by fir/ ceas+ to be sci5ce & becom+ ! ape ( philosophy4 ,footnote #a3 ,see ,logica1 "p ii1 ,la filos(ia1 la /oria1 etc41 pp4 #aga-bfi4 ,,vii4 ,,! ,,!ory ,,( ,,error#a ,! practical orig9 ( !oretical error--,confirmations ( ?is doctr9e--,! =ms ( error--/heticism & empiricism2 ma!maticism--,philosophism3 ! philosophy ( hi/ory & ! philosophy ( nature--,my?ologism3 philosophy & religion--,dualism1 scepticism1 my/icism--,! conv]sion to tru?--,! function ( error4 ,"o ( ! mo/ orig9al developm5ts ( ,croce's ?\ght--a doctr9e t does n owe its validity only to its connection ) ! sy/em1 s9ce we c f9d x adumbrat$ already 9 su* widely div]g5t philosophies z ^? ( ,socrates & ,?omas ,aqu9as1 ( ,desc>tes & ,rosm9i1 b :i* 9 ,croce's sy/em acquires a new & wid] mean+--is ! !ory ( ! practical orig9 ( !oretical error1 :i* we %all briefly discuss 9 ?is *apt]4 ,f a /rictly logical /&po9t1 e error is m]e privation or negativity1 ! opposite ( ! logical value :i* is tru?1 & !re=e inexi/5t outside ! mom5t ( opposition4 ,z !re are n two values 9 /hetics1 ! beautiful & ! ugly1 b "o only1 beauty or expression1 ( :i* ugl9ess or non-expression is m]ely ! negative aspect1 s 9 logic also !re is b "o value1 ?\ght or tru?1 & error is non-?\ght1 t :i* logically has no be+ or reality4 ,!re is no ?\ght :i* is n a ?9k+ ( tru?4 ,let u pause = "o in/ant to consid] ?is la/ proposition1 :i* at fir/ sight und\bt$ly has a some:at p>adoxical air4 ,& yet x is impossible n to accept x1 unless we are will+ to fall into ! mo/ radical scepticism1 :i* w\ld imply a r5unciation n only ( e =m ( ?\ght1 b ev51 s9ce !re is no action :i* is n f\nd$ on k1 ( e k9d ( action4 ,if we believ$ t x 7 possible = our ?\ght to ?9k t :i* is n true1 no ext]nal crit]ion or /&>d ( tru? c\ld ev5 be sub/itut$ = t :i* ?\ght intr9sically w\ld lack1 s9ce ! appreh5sion ( su* ext]nal /&>ds w\ld 9 itself be an act ( ?\ght1 & !re=e suff] f ! indet]m9ation & unc]ta9ty ( ?\ght itself4 ,?is belief 9 ! validity ( human ?\ght is 9 fact1 h[ev] disguis$ or ev5 op5ly d5i$1 pres5t 9 e ?9k+ & act+ be+3 e ?\ght1 e action ( man is an implicit decl>ation ( ?is fai?4 ,& once we h consci\sly acquir$ x1 z an inali5able1 intr9sic *>act]i/ic ( our :ole spiritual activity1 x is evid5t t x leaves no place = fai? z su*1 = an obscure1 indep5d5t faculty1 a my/ical intuition1 diff]5t f & sup]ior to our human ?\ght1 & :i* c\ld my/]i\sly end[ ?\ght itself ) ! gratuit\s gift ( tru?4 ,& yet1 aft] we h d5i$ ! logical exi/5ce ( error1 we are /ill confront$ ) ! mass ( positive errors :i* we c m or less easily id5tify 9 ! c\rse ( hi/ory & 9 our daily exp]i5ce4 ,positive errors1 t is1 affirmations ( kn[+ t :i* we d n "k1 are real products ( our activity3 b s9ce ! !oretical value1 tru?1 is abs5t f !m1 !y _c be products ( ! !oretical activity4 ,!y mu/ !re=e be products ( ! only o!r =m ( spiritual activity1 ! practical4 ,ignorance or obscurity or d\bt are n errors2 !y are ! inexhau/ible matt] to :i* ! _s ( man is p]petually giv+ =m & reality4 ,to be aw>e ( "o's ignorance is 9 fact ! fir/ /age 9 ! rese>* ( tru?1 ! initum sapi5t4 ,?\ght & tru? are affirmation2 ! positive error is an affirmation also1 :i* simulates tru?4 ,we _c ?9k an error1 b we c pass f ?\ght to action1 by mak+ a false affirmation1 a purely practical affirmation1 :i* consi/s 9 ! act ( produc+ s\nds to :i* no ?\ght corresponds1 or1 :i* am\nts to ! same1 only a ?\ght )\t value1 )\t coh]5ce1 )\t tru?4 ,:at we h qualifi$ 9 its negative aspect z a !oretical error manife/s itself 9 its positive aspect z an act ( w1 direct$ to a c]ta9 end1 a practical act1 &1 z su*1 hav+ its own rationality1 :i* is nei!r logical1 nor moral1 b purely economic1 consi/+ 9 ! adequacy ( t p>ticul> affirmation to ! individual purpose by :i* x has be5 prompt$4 ,morality requires t ! ?9k+ _s %\ld realize itself z tru?2 & !re=e ! economic act :i* is error1 ?\gh logically unreal1 ?\gh economically useful1 f9ds inevitably its ultimate sanction 9 a moral condemnation4 ,?\gh ?is doctr9e may appe> unfamili> to ! logician1 yet we all con/antly dep5d on x 9 our analysis ( error4 ,we "k t error is due to ! passions or int]e/s ( m51 :i* cl\d ! intellect1 & ! m an error is =eign to our own ways ( ?9k+1 ! easi] x is = u to discov] ! practical motives :i* help u to expla9 x away4 ,t category ( errors :i* goes "u ! "n ( national prejudices1 = in/ance1 is transp>5t 9 its orig9s to e man belong+ to a nation o!r ?an ! "o 9 :i* a p>ticul> set ( su* prejudices is commonly accept$4 ,& o!r categories ( errors1 social1 pr(essional1 religi\s1 & s on1 are ( ! same k9d1 affect+ only c]ta9 classes ( m51 because ( ! passions or int]e/s or traditions :i* belong to !m by reason ( _! peculi> practical associations4 ,9 ! field ( politics1 or 9 any k9d ( heat$ discussion1 ?is rese>* ( ! practical motive is ev5 pu%$ to ! extreme1 & ! bad fai? ( ! adv]s>y becomes an obvi\s axiom4 ,9 su* cases1 ! same passions be+ active on bo? sides1 ! rese>* ( ! practical motive is evid5tly n pure & dis9t]e/$1 b is itself mov$ by a practical motive1 & !re=e likely to produce a new error1 r ?an a cle> judgm5t4 ,!re=e1 ?\gh rigor\sly speak+ !re is no diff]5ce betwe5 ! error :i* is a delib]ate lie & t :i* is due to a m or less ju/ifiable weakness1 & !re is no error :i* is n 9 bad fai?1 :i* is n due to a delib]ate act ( w1 yet1 f an empirical /&po9t we may di/+ui% betwe5 errors 9 bad & 9 good fai?1 & recomm5d tol]ance & indulg5ce = ! latt] k9d4 ,b tol]ance is n indiff]5ce4 ,croce w5t s f>1 9 draw+ ! consequ5ces ( 8 doctr9e1 z to ju/ify ! ,holy ,inquisition2 & 9 fact all our mod]n advocates ( religi\s & political tol]ance h really %ak5 our fai? 9 its me?ods1 b n 9 its pr9ciple1 :i* is t ( ! moral responsibility ( error4 ,! ,holy ,inquisition moreov] 0 b\nd to cla% ) ! fre$om1 :i* is n ! fre$om ( error b ! fre$om ( tru?1 because x plac$ its fai? 9 a /atic1 extrahuman tru?1 z aga9/ ! v]itas filia temporis1 ! tru? :i* is eng5d]$ & condition$ by hi/ory1 by ! peculi> problems & intellectual climate ( ! age1 & :i* is ! object ( our mod]n fai?2 & !re=e defeat$ its own end by /rik+ at ! roots ( ! value = ! uphold+ ( :i* x _h be5 e/abli%$4 ,pass+ f ! problem ( ! nature ( error to t ( ! =ms actually assum$ by philosophic error1 ,croce accepts ,vico's def9ition ( error1 z an improp] comb9ation ( ideas1 & !re=e def9es su* =ms1 by d$uc+ ! numb] ( possible improp] comb9ations f 8 own conception ( ! legitimate =ms ( !oretical activity4 ,?is ph5om5ology ( error is "o ( ! ma9 tasks ( logic1 :ile ! refutation ( p>ticul> philosophical errors is ! task ( philosophy z a :ole4 ,we %all rapidly survey ^! g5]al =ms1 9 :i* x w be easy = ! read] to recognize ! logical 7or illogical7 /ructure ( _m p>ticul> errors criticis$ 9 ! prec$+ *apt]s4 ,! pure concept c be improp]ly comb9$ )1 or ex*ang$ =1 ! pure intuition 7art71 or ! empirical & ab/ract concept 7! natural & ma!matical sci5ces72 or x c be improp]ly split 9 its unity ( intuition & concept 7a priori syn!sis71 & arbitr>ily put toge!r aga91 ei!r z a concept :i* simulates an intuition or z an intuition :i* simulates a concept4 ,h5ce ! five fundam5tal =ms ( error3 /heticism1 empiricism1 ma!maticism1 philosophism1 & hi/oricism or my?ologism4 ,to ^! mu/ be add$ o!r =ms orig9at$ f comb9ations ( ! prec$+ ones3 dualism1 scepticism1 & my/icism4 ,we h dealt else:]e ) bo? /heticism & empiricism4 ,( ! fir/1 ! mo/ rec5t =m is t :i* pret5ds to build a philosophy ( pure intuition or ( pure exp]i5ce1 t is1 ( an exp]i5ce :i*1 n be+ t\*$ by any intellectual category1 is also pure intuition4 ,empiricism is practically all ! curr5t philosophy ( our times1 f ! positivism ( ,comte & ,sp5c] to ! m mod]n types ( ! s-call$ philosophic elaboration ( sci5tific k4 ,ma!maticism is a r>] & m ari/ocratic =m ( error3 x does n consi/ 9 ! application ( ! ma!matical me?od to ! exposition ( philosophical concepts1 :i* is a m]e didactic exp$i5t1 m or less conv5i5t1 b insuffici5t to *>act]ize ! quality ( ! concepts !mselves2 its true expon5ts are ^? philosoph]s or ma!maticians :o take ma!matical fictions1 su* z ! dim5sions ( space1 = realities1 & proce$ to speculate on su* a f\ndation4 ,! ne> future seems to promise a great ext5sion ( ?is k9d ( philosophy1 ?r\gh ! prevail+ int]e/ 9 ! !ory ( relativity1 :i* is fondly suppos$ to conta9 ! g]ms ( a revolution 9 ?\ght4 ,bo? empiricism & ma!maticism lead to a duali/ic conception ( reality1 by oppos+ ei!r ! facts ( sci5tific & hi/orical k1 t is1 a collection ( facts limit$ 9 space & "t1 to an inf9ite reality beyond t k1 or our actual _w ( space & "t1 to worlds1 spaces & times ma!matically conceivable1 b ( :i* we h no exp]i5ce4 ,! passage f ?is dualism to spiritualism & o!r k9ds ( sup]/ition1 :i* 9 our times seem to be s closely associat$ ) c]ta9 =ms ( pseudo-sci5tific ?\ght1 is ( ! easie/4 ,! naturali/ic exp]im5ts by :i* we attempt to pe] into ! my/]y ( ! s-call$ unkn[n or unkn[able1 hop+ to detect ! _s itself z matt]1 h[ev] subtle or light1 & su* !ories z t ( ! id5tity ( ! spiritual _w ) ! f\r-dim5sional space1 are evid5ces ( ?is imm$iate connection betwe5 sup]/ition & sci5ce1 = :i*1 obvi\sly1 n sci5ce is responsible1 & n ignorance ev51 b a *a9 ( m or less delib]ate errors 9 ea* case r$ucible to def9ite practical motives4 ,f ! po9t ( view ( ! e?ics ( intellect1 !re is no diff]5ce betwe5 ! frank impo/or :o is mov$ to speculate on o!r p's feel+s only by gre$1 & ! sci5ti/ :o makes 8 sci5ce m9i/] to 8 own private feel+s1 & is h>dly1 if at all1 consci\s ( 8 fraud4 ,( ! o!r two =ms ( philosophic error1 philosophism1 consi/+ 9 ! abuse ( ! purely logical elem5t1 & !re=e 9 an usurpation on ! "p ( philosophy aga9/ ei!r hi/ory or sci5ce1 t5d+ to ! =mation ( a philosophy ( hi/ory & ( a philosophy ( nature1 is less common n[ ?an 9 times ( m active & orig9al speculation4 ,! mo/ conspicu\s examples are to be met ) among ,g]many's classical ?9k]s2 & we h already h9t$ at ! connection betwe5 "o p>ticul> logical error1 ! undue ext5sion ( ! dialectic process to ! di/9ctions ( ! concept1 & to ! empirical concept1 :i* is ! basis ( ,hegel's philosophies ( hi/ory & nature4 ,bo? ^! sci5ces attempt an a priori d$uction ( ! individual & ( ! empirical1 a process :i* is 9 itself absurd & contradictory4 ,!y duplicate hi/ory & sci5ce ) a s]ies ( concepts1 :i*1 unless !y are ! same :i* con/itute hi/ory & sci5ce 79 :i* case we h hi/ory & we h sci5ce1 & n a philosophy ( hi/ory or ( nature71 are necess>ily empty ( any concrete det]m9ations4 ,b ?\gh ,croce po9ts to philosophy ( hi/ory & philosophy ( nature z to ! two typical in/ances ( philosophism1 yet he is ready to ackn[l$ge t a good deal ( ?\ght t has gone "u ^? names 9 ! pa/ has _h a l>ge influ5ce 9 m\ld+ _m ( our hi/orical & philosophical conceptions1 &1 9 ! case ( ! second "o1 9 help+ u to realize ! unity & spirituality ( nature1 & to recognize 9 ! hi/ory ( nature ! same pr9ciples op]at+ 9 ! hi/ory ( man4 ,croce's idealism1 9 fact1 does n divide nature f ! _s except 9 ! logical s5se :i* has be5 made cle> 9 ! prec$+ *apt]2 x does n relegate nature 9 an unkn[able sph]e beyond ! rea* ( human m9ds4 ,x unifies _s & nature1 b a p>te subjecti1 & n a p>te objecti1 & r$uces nature to ! _s1 r ?an ! _s to nature2 :i* is ! only process t makes su* a unification intelligible & significant4 ,! la/ ( ! five fundam5tal =ms ( philosophic error consi/s 9 ! arbitr>y sep>ation ( ! subject f its pr$icate1 ( hi/ory f philosophy1 & 9 ! consequ5t position ( ! subject z pr$icate1 t is1 ( a m]e repres5tation z a concept4 ,?is may s\nd r ab/ruse1 b c imm$iately be made cle> by add+ t :at ,croce has 9 m9d 9 ?is def9ition is ! production ( my?s4 ,?is error he !re=e calls ei!r hi/oricism 7f ! logical process by :i* x is produc$71 or my?ologism 7f ! =m :i* x commonly assumes74 ,a my? is to him n a m]e poetic or /hetic imag9ation1 b necess>ily includes an affirmation or logical judgm5t4 ,x diff]s also f allegory1 9 :i* ! relation e/abli%$ betwe5 a poetic fiction & a concept is always m or less op5ly decl>$ to be arbitr>y1 & ! two t]ms are n confus$ ) ea* o!r4 ,9 a my?1 on ! contr>y1 ! poetic fiction assumes ! actual function ( ! concept1 trans=m+ bo? philosophy & hi/ory into a fable or leg5d4 ,errors ( ?is class are frequ5t 9 e sy/em ( philosophy1 :5 ! ?9k]1 ei!r consci\sly & delib]ately1 z 9 ! case ( ,plato1 or unwitt+ly1 z 9 ,kant's ,d+ an si* or 9 ,s*op5hau]'s ,w1 fills ! gaps ( 8 real speculation ) a m]e image4 ,b my?ologism is m g5]ally ! =m ( religi\s error1 s9ce !re is no religion )\t a logical affirmation embodi$ 9 a my?4 ,if my? & religion co9cide1 z ! di/9ction betwe5 my? & philosophy is t ( error & tru?1 ( a false & a true philosophy1 we mu/ conclude t religion z tru? is "o ) philosophy1 or1 z ,croce expresses x1 t ! true religion is philosophy2 & ?is appe>s to ,croce to be ! conclusion ( all anci5t & mod]n ?\ght 9 reg>d to ! hi/ory ( religions4 ,philosophies h sprung up 9 all times f ! soil ( religi\s ?\ght1 & m or less completely resolv$ 9 !mselves1 & logically cl>ifi$1 ! obscure sub/ance ( my?4 ,?is is ,croce's cle>-cut1 unequivocal solution ( ! problem ( ! relations betwe5 philosophy & religion3 !re is no place res]v$ any:]e 9 8 sy/em = an ei!r int]nal or ext]nal revelation o!r ?an t p]petual revelation ( tru?1 :i* is at ! same "t hi/ory & philosophy4 ,f ! possible comb9ations ( ^! five fundam5tal =ms ( error1 ?ree m complex ones are d]iv$3 dualism1 :5 two contradictory me?ods1 "o logically legitimate & ! o!r illegitimate1 or bo? equally false1 are br\ght toge!r1 & consid]$ to be bo? philosophically valid2 scepticism1 :5 ! m9d1 9 ! pres5ce ( confusion & error1 ass]ts ! my/]y ( reality1 :i* is ! problem itself1 b d5ies its own p[] to deal ) x2 & f9ally1 my/icism1 :5 ev5 t la/ semblance ( ?\ght1 by :i* ! sceptic affirms t !re is a my/]y1 is ab&on$1 & ! imm$iate actuality ( life is reg>d$ to be ! only tru?4 ,dualism leads inevitably to ! conception ( a d\ble reality1 & we h already se5 h[ ! :ole ( ,croce's speculation cont9ually t5ds t[>ds ! logical unification ( dualities1 z ) _s & nature1 value & fact4 ,e philosophical problem seems to pres5t itself to 8 m9d z involv$ 9 a duali/ic difficulty2 e solution becomes satisfactory to him only :5 ! la/ %r$s ( dualism are elim9at$ f x4 ,:ile scepticism is a logical error 7! affirmation ( a purely negative position71 x conta9s )9 itself "o ( ! ess5tial mom5ts ( e progress 9 ?\ght1 ! scepsis1 or philosophical d\bt1 :i* is ! negation ( an error1 & !re=e ! g]m ( e true affirmation4 ,z = my/icism1 we h dealt ) x else:]e z be+ "o ( ! unt5able aspects ( logical scepticism2 we may add t1 if x ev] obey$ ! laws ( int]nal coh]5ce1 we %\ld n ev5 be able to discuss x1 s9ce its only conceivable expression w\ld be an ec/atic sil5ce4 ,! same "* ( necessity t inve/s ^! =ms ( ! logical error is pres5t also 9 ! false solutions ( o!r philosophical problems1 & we ne$ only ref] ! read] to our discussion ( /hetic !ories4 ,9 bo? cases1 n only ! numb]1 b also ! logical succession1 ( ! necess>y =ms ( error1 dep5ds on ! numb] ( possible arbitr>y comb9ations ( ! spiritual =ms1 or concepts ( reality4 ,b inf9ite1 on ! o!r h&1 are ! individual =ms ( error1 z inf9ite are ! individual =ms ( tru?3 ! problems are always hi/orically condition$ & v>iable1 & s are also ! solutions & ! false solutions1 det]m9$ by feel+s1 passions1 & int]e/s4 ,f error to tru?1 !re is no gradual asc5t4 ,! passage is describ$ by ,croce z a k9d ( spiritual conv]sion3 ! err+ _s1 flee+ f ! light1 mu/ conv]t itself 9 a rese>*+ _s1 eag] = light2 pride mu/ yield to humility2 ! n>r[ love = "o's ab/ract individuality1 wid5 & lift itself to an au/]e love1 to an utt] devotion to t :i* is above ! individual1 becom+ ,bruno's eroico furore1 ,sp9oza's amor ,dei intellectualis4 ,9 ?is act ( love & en?usiasm1 ! _s becomes pure ?\ght & atta9s ! tru?1 or1 r1 trans=ms itself into tru?4 ,& ! possession ( tru? is at ! same "t possession ( its contr>y1 ( error trans=m$ into tru?2 to possess a concept is to possess x 9 ! fulness ( its relations1 & !re=e to possess1 9 ! same act1 all ! ways 9 :i* t concept1 = in/ance1 ( ! /hetic activity1 is at ! same "t ! concept ( h$onism1 intellectualism1 empiricism1 & s on4 ,! two k9ds ( k1 t ( tru? & ( its contr>y1 are insep>able3 ! concept is at ! same "t affirmation & negation4 ,f ?is absolute possession ( tru?1 we may di/+ui% a /age ( rese>*1 :i* is n yet ?\ght1 b only ! op]ation ( ! practical w creat+ c]ta9 conditions = ?\ght4 ,se5 9 ! light ( ?is process1 ! s]ies ( errors ?r\gh :i* a m9d goes1 :5 guid$ by a w to ga!r its mat]ials & prep>e itself to ?9k1 trans=ms itself into a s]ies ( attempts or hypo!ses4 ,an error is an error :5 !re is a w to err2 ! hypo!sis1 h[ev]1 into :i* ! error is transmut$ by ! new w is n yet tru?1 & becomes tru? only 9 ! act ( its v]ification2 b x is no long] an error1 because x does n affirm itself z tru?1 b only z a means or help = ! conque/ ( tru?4 ,f ?is d\ble consid]ation ( ! nature ( error1 fir/1 z error :i* is conqu]$ & compreh5d$ by tru?1 & !n z attempt or hypo!ses 9 ! s]vice ( tru?1 ,croce d]ives ! id5tification ( ! hi/ory ( error ) ! hi/ory ( tru?1 or philosophy4 ,b n 9 ! s5se 9 :i* ,hegel _h consid]$ ! successive app>ition ( ! v>i\s philosophical categories & ( ! v>i\s =ms ( error1 see+ 9 !m a k9d ( gradual revelation ( 8 own philosophy4 ,to ,croce su* a conception ( ! progress ( philosophy is unacceptable4 ,philosophy z an ab/ract category1 z "o ( ! =ms ( ! spiritual activity1 has no orig9 9 "t1 is n limit$ to ! m5 we call philosoph]s1 b acts 9 e mom5t ( ! life ( ! _s on ! mat]ial (f]$ by hi/ory1 :i* x contributes to create1 & does n1 !re=e1 progress any m ?an ! categories ( art or ( morality4 ,b x progresses 9 its concret5ess1 z art & ! :ole ( life d2 because life is developm5t1 & developm5t is progress4 ,e affirmation ( reality is condition$ by reality & conditions a new reality1 :i* 9 its turn is1 9 its progress1 ! condition ( a new ?\ght & a new philosophy4 ,9 ?is p]petual cycle1 ?\gh individual errors are conqu]$1 no =m ( error c be def9itely aboli%$2 b !y con/antly reappe>1 because ( ! intr9sic necessity ( _! /ructure1 & :5 !y reappe> n z wilful errors1 b z attempts & hypo!ses1 !y h _! appo9t$ function 9 ! progress ( tru? & reality4 ,to ?is con/ancy ( error corresponds a con/ancy ( tru?3 tru? is n atta9$ once & = ev]1 b is true 9 ! act ( its affirmation1 & 9 proportion to its adequacy to ! p>ticul> problem1 to ! individual conditions ( fact1 :i* necess>ily include1 at e giv5 mom5t1 ! :ole hi/ory ( ! pa/4 ,?us1 f a diff]5t angle1 ,croce's !ory ( error rea*es ! same conclusion z 8 g5]al !ory ( logic1 ! id5tity ( philosophy & hi/ory2 & philosophy appe>s z a p]petual developm5t1 a hi/ory t nev] c repeat itself1 s9ce e affirmation ( ! tru? trans=ms itself into a new elem5t ( reality1 into "o ( ! conditions det]m9+ e new problem & e new solution4 ,footnote #a3 ,see ,logica1 "p iii1 ,le =me degli errori1 etc41 pp4 #bga-dba4 ,,viii4 ,,! ,,practical ,,activity#a ,philosophical introspection--,affirmation ( ! practical activity--,! category ( feel+--,! !oretical activity z ! antec$5t ( ! practical--,id5tity ( int5tion & volition--,id5tity ( volition & action--,! practical judgm5t3 philosophy & psy*ology --,! problem ( free w3 lib]ty & necessity--,croce's solution 9 ! context ( 8 philosophy--,! practical value3 good & evil--,! unreality ( evil1 & ! function ( ideals--,! sanction ( evil--,! volition & ! passions--,! empirical individuality--,developm5t & progress4 ,! reality ( ! practical activity z di/9ct f ! !oretical activity1 ( w z di/9ct f k1 c nev] be prov$ ?r\gh ! naturali/ic me?od ( psy*ology1 by m]ely po9t+ to a class ( facts--actions--diff]5t f ano!r class ( facts--?\ghts4 ,! s-call$ action manife/s itself1 at a clos] analysis1 z inf9itely complex & ri* 9 purely !oretical elem5ts2 ! s-call$ ?\ght1 z p>tly at lea/ a "w ( ! human w4 ,! concrete life ( ! _s is always bo? practical & !oretical1 & ! di/9ction we are look+ = is an ideal di/9ction1 to be asc]ta9$ by ! me?od ( philosophical1 n psy*ological1 introspection2 by ! direct witness ( consci\sness1 & by ! d$uction ( its function 9 ! concept ( ! _s1 or ( reality1 z a :ole4 ,! complete affirmation ( a =m1 or grade1 ( spiritual activity is ! philosophy ( t =m1 & ( its relations ) ! o!rs2 9 ?is case1 ! philosophy ( ! practical1 or ( w4 ,x is h>dly necess>y1 at ?is /age ( our exposition1 to obs]ve t ! philosophy ( ! practical w n be practical philosophy1 a collection ( rules = ! atta9m5t ( ! useful & ! good1 any m ?an ! philosophy ( art is a collection ( /hetic precepts3 x w be a purely =mal sci5ce1 a univ]sal concept1 ! cont5t ( :i* is ! inf9ite weal? ( ! individual det]m9ations ( ! w1 ! hi/ory ( ! practical activity4 ,9 ! foll[+ *apt] we %all deal m p>ticul>ly ) ! two =ms ( ! practical activity1 economic & e?ic1 correspond+ to ! two =ms ( ! !oretical1 /hetic & logic4 ,"h we %all consid] ! undiff]5tiat$ practical activity1 fir/1 9 its relations1 & !n1 9 its int]nal dialectic4 ,! cont5ts ( ?is *apt] are1 !re=e1 int5d$ z apply+ bo? to economics & e?ics1 to ! useful & to ! good4 ,!re are two typical =ms ( scepticism reg>d+ ! practical activity4 ,! fir/ d5ies t x is a spiritual activity1 by d5y+ t man is consci\s ( 8 w1 9 ! process ( will+2 consci\sness comes only aft]1 & is n consci\sness ( ! w1 b ( our repres5tation ( ! w4 ,!re=e1 ! w is nature1 & consci\sness1 or spiritual activity1 is only our ?\ght4 ,! second does n exclude ! w f consci\sness1 b affirms t !re is no real di/9ction betwe5 w & ?\ght4 ,! fir/ doctr9e is evid5tly f\nd$ on a confusion betwe5 reflect$ & intr9sic consci\sness2 & ma9ta9s some?+ t is always true ( reflect$ consci\sness1 n 9 relation to ! w only1 b to e =m ( spiritual activity2 c>ri$ to its extreme consequ5ces1 x w\ld bani% consci\sness f ! :ole life ( human m9d1 s9ce e act ( consci\sness w\ld always be consci\sness ( some?+ else1 & nev] ( itself4 ,aga9/ ?is view1 ,croce insi/s on ! concept ( an intr9sic consci\sness1 :i* accompanies e act ( ! _s3 ! consci\sness ( ! creative arti/1 = in/ance1 :i* is c]ta9ly o!r ?an t ( ! critic1 b n less real4 ,! w may be reg>d$ z nature1 only :5 appreh5d$ by ! !oretical activity2 z e o!r act ( ! _s becomes nature1 outside its imm$iate actuality1 :5 consci\sly reflect$ ^u4 ,! second =m ( sceptism1 id5tify+ ?\ght & w1 _c ma9ta9 itself 9 its purity1 because ( ! difficulties involv$ by ! d5ial ( :at seems to be ! imm$iate evid5ce ( consci\sness2 x1 !re=e1 qualifies itself by recogniz+ t ! w is ?\ght1 b ( a p>ticul> k9d1 ?\ght impress+ itself on nature1 or realiz+ itself 9 action3 :i* is b an indirect way ( admitt+ ! autonomy ( ! practical activity4 ,b d ! !oretical & ! practical activity exhau/ ! :ole ( ! _s ( man8 ,!re is at lea/ "o m psy*ological category :i* clam\rs = admission )9 ! prec9cts ( philosophy1 t ( feel+ or s5tim5t4 ,= ,croce1 feel+ z a =m ( spiritual activity does n exi/3 ! correspond+ psy*ological class cov]s a numb] ( het]og5e\s facts1 :i* _c be r$uc$ to a s+le concept4 ,its function 9 philosophy has always be5 t ( s]v+ z a tempor>y t]m = t :i* philosophy _h n yet hilly det]m9$ & und]/ood2 9 /hetics1 = ! intuitive "* ( art1 aga9/ ! fallacies ( h$onism & intellectualism2 9 ! !ory ( hi/ory = ! individual & concrete elem5t ( hi/ory1 or ev5 = ! subjective hi/orical judgm5t1 aga9/ positivism & sociologism2 9 logic1 = ! pure concept aga9/ ! empirical & ab/ract4 ,its function 9 ! philosophy ( ! practical is ( ! same ord]3 feel+ or s5tim5t are among ! names by :i* ! peculi>ity ( ! practical activity fir/ began to be recogniz$1 be+ labels = classes ( psy*ological facts 9 :i* ! mom5t ( w is m important ?an t ( reason1 practice m ess5tial ?an !ory4 ,b ! psy*ological facts ?us classifi$ resolve !mselves ultimately ei!r into acts ( k or ( w2 & ! witness ( direct consci\sness does n f9d feel+ or s5tim5t )9 itself z a di/9ct =m ( spiritual activity4 ,obvi\sly1 ?is exclusion does n imply t ,croce d5ies ! exi/5ce ( ! empirical gr\ps ( facts ga!r$ 9 ^? classes2 x means only t he has r$uc$ ^? facts to ! imm$iate data ( consci\sness ( :i* !y consi/1 & dive/$ !m ( t my/]i\s halo1 ! halo ( ignorance or ( delib]ate error1 ) :i* an appeal to s5tim5tal reasons is sure to be accompani$ :5 introduc$ into a philosophical discussion4 ,:5 we he>1 = in/ance1 t philosophy & sci5ce belong to ! sph]e ( reason1 & religion to t ( s5tim5t1 s9ce !re is no s5tim5t :i* is n ei!r reason or w1 we at once und]/& t :at is meant is t ! speak] is will+ to believe1 = practical motives1 :at 8 reason tells him to be untrue2 & we "k also t ?is error conta9s1 sometimes at lea/1 an elem5t ( tru?1 :i* is ! affirmation ( a tru] reason ?an ! "o employ$ by a c]ta9 type ( philosophy1 by a rationalism :i* treats ! human _s z a ?+ ( ab/ract logic4 ,! error consi/s 9 ! putt+ ( "o's w 9 ! place ( "o's reason2 ! g]m9al tru?1 9 ! attempt to make "o's reason wid]1 m compreh5sive4 ,x is1 !re=e1 "o ( ^? positions 9 :i* x is a s9 aga9/ ! _s to acquiesce1 b :i* are ! beg9n+ ( wisdom 9 ! man ( good fai?4 ,! practical activity presupposes ! !oretical activity3 no w is conceivable )\t k1 & our w is su* z our k is4 ,b ?is presupposition is ( an ideal & n ( a temporal ord]3 ! m9d 9 its concret5ess1 at e mom5t ( its life1 is bo? practical & !oretical4 ,! a p>ticul> k9d ( k :i* conditions our w is nei!r ! purely intuitive nor ! ab/ractly logical "o1 b ! hi/orical or p]ceptive1 or concretely logical k1 :i* is at ! same "t a k ( ?+s & ( ! relations ( ?+s1 con/antly *ang+ ) ! p]petual developm5t ( ! _w ar\nd u1 &1 !re=e1 con/antly re-creat+ & r5ovat+ itself z ! antec$5t ( e p>ticul> volition4 ,no o!r !oretical fact prec$es ! act ( w3 ! s-call$ practical judgm5ts or practical concepts1 :i* "s ?9k]s consid] z a necess>y int]m$iate /ep betwe5 ! hi/orical judgm5t & ! volition1 are no?+ b classes ( hi/orical judgm5ts relat+ to volitions 9 ! pa/1 m5tal =mations simil> to ! rhetorical categories 9 ! doma9 ( art1 &1 !re=e1 d n really prec$e b foll[ ! actual volitions4 ,9 ! process ( will+1 ! recognition ( a c]ta9 action z good or useful1 t is1 z belong+ to "o ( ! practical categories1 &1 !re=e1 desirable1 is n an act t prec$es ! volition1 b is ! volition itself4 ,! qualification ( an action z useful or good is n di/+ui%able f ! volition except :5 x comes aft] ! action1 & is !n a reflection on ! act itself1 n diff]5t 9 k9d f any o!r hi/orical judgm5t4 ,! conclusion to be drawn f ^! premises is t1 9 relation to e p>ticul> situation1 int5tion & volition co9cide2 or1 t :at we call int5tion1 ! ab/ract volition1 ! imag9>y volition1 oppos$ to ! concrete & real "o1 is n a mom5t ( ! w at all1 & ! only volition is ! "o t is det]m9$ by ! concrete situation1 ! real & concrete volition4 ,! di/9ction betwe5 int5tion & volition has 9 all times be5 ! f]tile gr\nd = ! gr[? ( all k9ds ( hypocrisy1 z x is easy to connect 9 "o's m9d a c]ta9 concrete volition1 :i* is evil1 ) an imag9>y int5tion ( good2 & ! doctr9e t ju/ifies ! means = ! sake ( ! end is b a v>iety ( ?is process4 ,! id5tification ( int5tion & volition is1 !re=e1 n m]ely a matt] ( good logic2 x is ! necess>y f\ndation ( a reali/ic doctr9e ( ! w1 :i* _c w any?+ b itself1 & c nev] be ab/ract$ f its real basis1 f ! actual det]m9ations ( ! mom5t ( reality by :i* x is condition$4 ,once ! concrete "* ( volition has be5 recogniz$1 !re rema9s no difficulty 9 ! way ( fur!r id5tify+ volition & action4 ,! relation betwe5 ! two is analog\s to ! relation betwe5 intuition & expression 9 /hetics3 !re is no volition :i* is n also an action1 & vice v]sa4 ,volition & action are n two di/9ct phases ( "o process1 b two diff]5t ways ( look+ at ! same reality3 ! same fact :i* is1 f ! po9t ( view ( ! _s1 a volition1 is1 naturali/ically speak+1 an action3 we are 9 ! pres5ce ( "o m aspect ( ! old dualism ( _s & nature4 ,& "h aga9 ! duality vani%es :5 we obs]ve t !re is n a s+le act ( w :i* does n manife/ itself 9 a physical movem5t1 h[ev] imp]ceptible1 & t on ! o!r h& !re is no physical action1 n ev5 ! s-call$ in/9ctive or habitual ones1 :i* are n ei!r direct or indirect products ( ! w4 ,a ,t :i* is indep5d5t ( ! w is n ! action itself1 b ! success ( ! action1--:at ,croce calls a happ5+4 ,! volition co9cides ) ! action1 :i* is ! "w ( ! individual1 & n ) ! happ5+1 :i* is collaboration or contra/ ( wills1 ! "w n ( ! individual1 b ( ! :ole4 ,no action ev] realizes itself entirely 9 ! happ5+1 & no action1 h[ev] h9d]$ 9 its realization1 is ev] entirely )\t influ5ce on ! happ5+4 ,! measure ( ! adequacy ( ! hi/orical judgm5t prec$+ ! action to ! p>ticul> situation is giv5 9 "s degree by ! relation betwe5 ! action & ! happ5+2 b x is impossible1 & x is 9 fact nev] done1 ?\gh we may affirm our incl9ation to d x1 to d]ive ! value ( an action1 ( ! actual1 concrete volition1 f its success4 ,:5 we praise a practical h]o = 8 success1 we imply t 8 success 0 n accid5tal1 n a m]e happ5+1 b entirely due to acts ( 8 w2 if ! praise is misplac$1 ! error is n 9 ! !ory1 on :i* we all implicitly agree1 b 9 our k & judgm5t ( ! facts ( 8 life4 ,& :5 we rise f ! consid]ation ( purely economical to t ( e?ical values1 ! importance ( success gradually dim9i%es1 because we fix our att5tion m to ! spiritual reality1 to ! quality ( ! individual s\l1 & less to ! mat]ial concomitants4 ,! great majority ( mank9d's moral h]oes w\ld be utt] failures f ! /&po9t ( success1 grant$ t x %\ld be possible to speak ( su* a contradiction 9 t]ms z moral success1 a phrase 9 :i* a true spiritual value1 morality1 is appli$ to a m]e mat]ial ab/raction4 ,! practical judgm5t1 :i* is1 z we h already se51 no?+ b a p>ticul> k9d ( hi/orical judgm5t1 is a reflection on ! action & n on ! happ5+2 & we %all n repeat "h :at has be5 said else:]e ( ! relation betwe5 fact & value3 ! practical value is ! action itself1 & _c be d$uc$ or d]iv$ f /&>ds1 pr9ciples1 ideals1 :i* are b comb9ations ( prexi/5t judgm5ts4 ,! practical judgm5t1 economic or moral1 is a philosophical judgm5t 9 ! s5se 9 :i* e o!r judgm5t is also philosophical4 ,a philosophy ( ! practical activity1 n 9 ! te*nical s5se 9 :i* we speak ( treatises & s*ools ( philosophy1 b 9 t univ]sal s5se 9 :i* e man is a philosoph]1 z he is a poet1 is !re=e ! necess>y condition ( ! practical judgm5t4 ,b ?is philosophy is fundam5tally di/9ct f ! psy*ological or naturali/ic elaboration ( ! facts ( ! w1 ?\gh at times x may h be5 mat]ially connect$ ) x4 ,a psy*ologically descriptive sci5ce ( ! practical activity is1 h[ev]1 z legitimate 9 its own field z all o!r natural sci5ces2 x con/itutes a practical rhetoric :i* has z glori\s a tradition z ! rhetoric ( lit]ature1 f ,!ophra/us to ,sp9oza & ,desc>tes4 ,x creates its classes or types ( actions1 ! value ( :i* is simil> to t ( all o!r empirical concepts1 & by giv+ !m a categorical =m1 x trans=ms !m into maxims1 rules1 & precepts4 ,z long z ^! types & precepts are tak5 = :at !y are1 no h>m c come f !m2 we all make simil> =mations z helps to our individual conduct1 & f9d !m m ?an helpful1 necess>y4 ,b :5 !y are tak5 z philosophy1 !n we h ! usual results ( ?is k9d ( logical confusion3 ei!r ! empirical concepts1 "u a rigor\s analysis1 lose _! consi/5cy1 & types or rules :i* 7 useful in/rum5ts = ! treatm5t ( p>ticul> problems are disc>d$ = philosophical concepts1 :i* are immat]ial to ! discussion1 or !y are treat$ z philosophical concepts1 & inve/$ ) ! "* ( univ]sality & necessity :i* belongs to ! latt]4 ,( ! fir/ process1 we %all give z an example ! man :o ma9ta9s t w> is necess>y & et]nal2 :i* is true1 if by w> we mean ! p]petual conflict & /ruggle :i* is ! life ( reality 7a philosophical concept71 b :i* is at lea/ a gratuit\s ass]tion1 :5 x is said ( t p>ticul> k9d ( w> :i* is wag$ betwe5 /ate & /ate1 ) arms & armies4 ,( ! second1 ! morali/ :o id5tifies morality ) a p>ticul> sy/em or set ( precepts1 or ! philosoph] :o turns 8 philosophy into a special plead+ = 8 cause or p>ty4 ,turn+ n[ f ! discussion ( ! relations betwe5 ! practical & ! !oretical activity1 to consid] ! intr9sic problems ( ! w1 & ! mo/ complex & difficult ( all1 t ( ! fre$om ( ! w1 we %all f9d t ,croce's solution1 ?\gh rea*$ by a totally diff]5t me?od1 is v simil> to ! "o (f]$ by ,b]gson4 ,bo? ,croce & ,b]gson refuse to take sides 9 ! qu>rel betwe5 free-w & det]m9ism1 b transf] x to a high] or deep] gr\nd :]e ! contra/+ t]ms acquire m significant1 & no long] opposite1 mean+s4 ,b]gson accompli%es 8 abolition ( ! dilemma ?r\gh a ma/]ful psy*ological analysis ( ! imm$iate data ( consci\sness1 ,croce comes to ! same result by apply+ to ?is problem 8 logic ( ! di/9ctions ( ! concept1 :i* we h already se5 s (t5 at "w4 ,e act ( ! w is det]m9$1 9 ! s5se t x is condition$ by a giv5 situation1 & v>ies ) ! v>y+ ( ! situation2 x is free1 inasmu* z x is some?+ new & diff]5t1 :i* 0 n giv5 9 ! situation1 & )\t :i* !re w\ld be no *ange1 no gr[?1 no developm5t4 ,necessity & fre$om1 :i* s (t5 appe> z antagoni/ic views ( ! same fact1 are bo? pres5t1 ?\gh di/9ct1 9 ! volition1 :i* is ! unity ( ! two1 be+ at once det]m9$ & free4 ,! volition is ?us reg>d$ z a practical a priori syn!sis1 ! autonom\s creative act ( ! practical m9d1 z ! intuition is ! /hetic1 & ! concept ! logical a priori syn!sis2 ! _s nev] realizes itself except by act+1 & x nev] acts except "u giv5 conditions ( place & "t4 ,b z ^! conditions are no?+ b :at we h call$ happ5+s1 :i* 9 _! turn are complex results ( s+le volitions1 ! concept ( ! fre$om ( ! _s co9cides ) t ( its activity4 ,?is solution is ! "o t we 7 obvi\sly l$ to expect f ! :ole context ( ,croce's philosophy1 a solution 9 keep+ ) 8 logic & ) 8 g5]al !ory ( k4 ,a simil> p>allelism we c obs]ve 9 respect to ! o!r solutions ( ! problem ( ! w3 det]m9ism is connect$ ) a me*ani/ic mat]ialism1 z indet]m9ism ) "o =m or o!r ( my?icism4 ,! doctr9e ( ! d\ble causality1 :i* admits ( a d\ble s]ies ( facts1 "s subject to a me*anical necessity1 o!rs free & creative--a solution :i* is probably ! mo/ commonly accept$ to-day--corresponds to ! logical dualism ( nature & _s4 ,?is la/ "o c be consid]$ z an approximation to ! abolition ( ! dilemma1 z propos$ by bo? ,croce & ,b]gson1 :5 we contra/ x ) ! /rictly det]m9i/ic position1 ?\gh x /ill pres]ves ! opposition ( fact & value1 ( exp]i5ce & philosophy1 ( reality & _s4 ,9 ! new conception ( ! w1 necessity & fre$om /& 9 ! same relation z all ^! o!r dualities 9 ,croce's sy/em2 & ! emphasis is laid1 z usual1 on ! second t]m1 ?r\gh :i* only we c und]/& ! fir/4 ,! agreem5t betwe5 ,croce & ,b]gson 9 ?is p>ticul> in/ance po9ts to a clos] simil>ity betwe5 _! respective philosophies ?an is app>5t to a casual obs]v]4 ,t ext]nal reality :i* seems to confront ! _s z a sep>ate exi/5ce1 & :i* ,b]gson consid]s z ! product ( a purely me*anical1 practical intellect1 corresponds to :at ,croce def9es z ! naturali/ic1 n !oretical1 b practical1 elaboration ( reality2 & 9 ,b]gson's intuition & lan vital1 ,croce's concept ( reality z spiritual activity is my?ically adumbrat$4 ,if activity is fre$om1 !n fre$om co9cides ) ! value ( activity4 ,if we use ! words good & evil1 n ) any special e?ical connotation1 b z ! g5]al t]ms ( practical value & non-value1 good & evil are activity & non-activity1 fre$om & abs5ce ( fre$om4 ,evil1 l all o!r purely negative values1 is unreal4 ,?is does n mean t ! actions t we call evil h no real exi/5ce1 any m ?an ! unreality ( ugl9ess or falsehood imply ! non-exi/5ce ( bad poetry or ( logical errors2 bad poetry & logical errors h no /hetic or logical reality1 b !y are products ( ! practical _s1 direct$ t[>ds ! satisfaction ( practical ends2 & e real action1 inasmu* z x is an action1 consid]$ 9 itself z adequate to its p>ticul> end1 is good4 ,x is only by sub/itut+ to t end ano!r end1 t ! fir/ end may appe> z evil1 & ! second z good2 b if ?is sub/itution takes place be=e ! action1 !n ! action is inevitably direct$ t[>ds ! second end1 & !re=e aga91 x is n evil1 b good4 ,x is ?r\gh a psy*ological delusion t we imag9e ourselves 9 a position 9 :i* we see ! good1 & yet d ! evil3 :at we d is t :i* appe>s to u z ! mo/ desirable end1 & !re=e z good4 ,! int5tion1 outside ! actual volition1 is1 z we h se51 unreal2 if x 7 real1 x w\ld realize itself z an action1 & be "o ) x4 ,! negative practical judgm5ts1 :e!r economic or e?ic1 are judgm5ts :i* affirm ! reality ( a c]ta9 action1 & !re=e its value1 at ! same "t comp>+ t value ) a diff]5t "o1 :i* has n be5 realiz$ 9 t p>ticul> in/ance4 ,! negative moral judgm5t usually consi/s 9 ! affirmation ( a purely economic value contra/$ ) an e?ical value :i* is abs5t f ! action :i* is ! subject ( ! judgm5t4 ,! doctr9e ( ! unreality ( evil has always be5 reg>d$ ) deep mi/ru/ by ! practical morali/2 b t mi/ru/ is utt]ly unju/ifi$ by ! doctr9e itself4 ,= practical purposes x may be conv5i5t to consid] life z intr9sically evil1 & to oppose to x a set ( ideals1 or ab/ract moral values to :i* we mu/ /rive to con=m our actions2 9 fact1 e "o ( u is con/antly do+ some?+ ( ! k9d1 & f9d+ 9 ^? ideals a help & an inspiration4 ,b %all our ideals lose _! value :5 we und]/& t !y h no sep>ate1 transc5d5t reality8 ,t e action c>ries its own value )9 itself1 & t !re=e unless we con/antly realize ^? ideals 9 our concrete & individual actions1 9 e "o ( our actions1 ! ideals !mselves w be b empty %ad[s8 ,e ideal1 h[ev] high & compreh5sive1 is b an empirical concept d]iv$ f a class ( actions 9 :i* we h recognis$ a moral value2 moral /&>ds h ! same "* z /hetic /&>ds1 & are useful & active only z long z we und]/& _! nature4 ,b ! creation ( moral values is a con/antly r5ovat$1 spontane\s1 orig9al activity1 9 ! same s5se 9 :i* art & poetry are4 ,we c be direct$1 bo? 9 our activity & 9 our judgm5t1 by /&>ds & ideals2 t is1 /&>ds & ideals may help u to put ourselves 9 a position practically fav\rable to ! creation or judgm5t ( /hetic or moral values4 ,b ! actual creation1 z ! actual judgm5t1 takes place1 bo? 9 art & morality1 s to speak1 at ! risk ( our :ole life3 x is a new activity1 9 a situation :i* _c be id5tical ) any previ\s situation1 & to :i* no rule w ev] give u ! key4 ,:ile on "o h& our s5se ( responsibility is r height5$ ?an dim9i%$ by ,croce's conception ( value1 if we look at ! same doctr9e f ano!r angle1 x tells u t !re is no evil :]e !re is no consci\sness ( evil2 t evil becomes some?+ positive1 acquires an indep5d5t exi/5ce1 only :5 x is reflect$ 9 a high] plane ( consci\sness4 ,! only conceivable sanction ( ! evil t we h will$ is 9 ! w t1 t5d+ t[>ds a bett] end1 appreh5ds its =m] volition z inadequate & !re=e evil2 b until t light has %[n itself to ! _s1 all o!r sanctions are mean+less4 ,?is is ! f\ndation ( ! ,*ri/ian doctr9e ( rep5tance1 ( ! uses ( remorse1 or grace2 & ! individual intimate quality ( moral values 0 fir/ proclaim$ by ! voice t said3 nolite iudic>e4 ,if ! ,k+dom ( ,heav5 is n )9 y1 x is n to be f\nd any:]e else4 ,we c consid] ! actual volition z intr9sically good1 if we also approa* x f ! po9t ( view ( ! multiplicity ( possible volitions--impulses1 passions1 desires--/riv+ to realize !mselves at e mom5t ( our life4 ,e s+le volition is ! result ( a /ruggle f :i* x em]ges aft] hav+ conqu]$ all ! o!r possible volitions4 ,:51 9 ?is /ruggle1 ! s+le volition does n ass]t itself fully1 we become ! prey ( t multiplicity1 will+ a volition :i* is n ! "o t we ought to w1 & t 9 a way we feel we w2 h5ce a w t is divid$ aga9/ itself1 an action :i* is n positive b negative1 n a true action1 b a k9d ( passivity4 ,:5 ! s+le volition conqu]s ! passions1 :5 "o impulse or desire becomes ! w1 all ! o!r possible volitions lose _! actual value1 multiplicity gives way to unity1 passivity to action1 evil to good1 dea? to life4 ,! passions c be empirically reg>d$ z habits ( ! w1 z incl9ations t[>ds "o or ano!r category ( actions2 by a fur!r empirical elaboration1 we c divide !m into ! v>i\s classes ( virtues & vices1 virtues be+ ! passions or habits ( rational actions1 & vices ! contr>y ones4 ,individuality or p]sonality1 z an empirical concept1 is no?+ b a complex ( m or less la/+ habits1 "s natural & "s acquir$1 or1 m rigor\sly1 ! hi/orical situation ( ! univ]sal _s 9 e in/ant ( "t1 & !re=e t complex ( habits :i* hi/orical conditions h produc$4 ,^! habits are ! mat]ial out ( :i* we m\ld our life1 & ! fir/ duty ( e individual consi/s 9 explor+ 8 own dispositions1 9 e/abli%+ :at attitudes ! progress ( reality has deposit$ 9 him1 at ! mom5t ( 8 bir? & 9 ! c\rse ( 8 individual life--to acquire a consci\sness ( :at 9 religi\s t]ms we might call 8 vocation or mission2 x is impossible = anyone to act except on ! basis ( 8 prexi/+ p]sonal habits ( w4 ,b temp]am5t1 or ! empirical individuality1 is n yet "*1 or virtue2 & ! respect t we owe to x1 z ! necess>y condition ( our action1 mu/ n be confus$ ) ! ultra-mod]n t5d5cy :i* expresses itself 9 ! cry = ! rights ( ! individual temp]am5t & = ! free developm5t ( ! passions4 ,! individual has ! duty ( seek+ 8 own self1 b also t ( cultivat+ himself 9 ! light ( reason2 8 empirical individuality is a m]e datum1 & 8 life is 8 own "w4 ,an education aim+ only at ! expression ( individual idiosyncrasies 7z s mu* ( our mod]n education1 at lea/ 9 !ory1 is7 is no education at all4 ,! ideal is r to be s\ght 9 su* a p]fect fulfilm5t ( "o's individual mission1 h[ev] humble1 t x %\ld at ! same "t fulfil ! univ]sal mission ( man4 ,! law ( life is 9 ! unity t conqu]s ! multiplicity1 9 ! w ass]t+ itself above ! passions4 ,! reality is p]petual developm5t1 an inf9ite possibility trans=m+ itself into an inf9ite actuality1 ga!r+ itself at e in/ant f ! multiple into ! "o1 only to disrupt itself aga9 & produce a new unity4 ,multiplicity1 contradiction1 evil1 non-be+1 on "o side1 & unity1 coh]5ce1 good1 be+1 on ! o!r1 are un?9kable outside ! syn!sis ( life1 :i* is activity1 becom+1 evolution4 ,?is concept ( becom+ or evolution is ! "o t mod]n ?\ght has sub/itut$ = t ( an immobile reality & ( a transc5d5t div9ity4 ,& 9 ,croce x becomes wide en\gh to embrace ,hegel's speculative dialectic on "o side1 & ! naturali/ic evolutionism ( ! sci5ti/ on ! o!r4 ,! dialectic ( w is ! dialectic ( reality1 bo? spiritual & natural--or r only & always spiritual1 s9ce nature _c be di/+ui%$ f ! _s z a concrete reality ( ano!r ord]1 b only z an ab/raction ( ! practical intellect4 ,:at we call life 9 nature is consci\sness 9 ! _s1 & ! hi/ory ( nature is n qualitatively diff]5t f ! hi/ory ( man4 ,! :ole c\rse ( hi/ory _c be reg>d$ o!rwise ?an z a cont9u\s progress1 a p]petual triumph ( life ov] dea?2 & its rationality1 :i* we call ,fate or ,provid5ce1 is n ! "w ( a transc5d5t ,intellig5ce1 b is a ,provid5ce realiz+ itself 9 die individual1 work+ n outside or above1 b )9 hi/ory itself4 ,! my/]y ( :i* we are all consci\s is n a "p ( reality1 b only ! pres5tm5t ( future realizations1 ! inf9ity ( evolution4 ,! ,god transc5d5t1 ! empirical immortality1 are m]e figures & my?s = ! ,god liv+ 9 nature & 9 ! _s ( man1 = ! _s ( man1 = ! spiritual activity1 :i* is life & dea? 9 "o4 ,footnote #a3 ,see ,filos(ia della ,pratica1 "p i1 ,l'attivit pratica 9 g5]ale1 pp4 #a-bji4 ,,ix4 ,,economics ,,& ,,e?ics#a ,! di/9ctions ( ! practical activity--,! autonomy ( e?ics3 utilit>ianism--,! autonomy ( ! economic =m3 ab/ract moralism--,relations ( ! e?ical to ! economic =m--,pleasure & duty1 happ9ess & virtue--,importance ( ! economic pr9ciple--,philosophy & ! sci5ce ( economics--,! e?ical pr9ciple2 mat]ial e?ics--,e?ical =malism2 ! univ]sality ( ! pr9ciple--,! object ( ! e?ical w--,croce z a morali/4 ,! prec$+ *apt] deals ) ! practical activity 9 g5]al1 ) ! g5]al concept ( w or action4 ,we mu/ n[ introduce 9 t concept a di/9ction analog\s to t by :i* ! !oretical activity has appe>$ to u fir/ z ! k ( die individual or intuition1 !n z ! k ( ! univ]sal or concept4 ,b "h1 aga91 we %all n employ ! m]ely descriptive & psy*ological me?od1 nor yet attempt to d$uce ?is di/9ction f ! analogy betwe5 ! !oretical & ! practical activity2 we %all appeal once m to ! imm$iate te/ ( consci\sness1 :i* 9 fact reveals two di/9ct =ms ( ! w1 ! economic & ! e?ic4 ,economic activity is ! "o t wills & realizes only t :i* relates to ! conditions ( fact 9 :i* ! individual f9ds himself2 e?ical activity1 ! "o t wills & realizes t :i*1 ?\gh relat$ to ^? conditions1 at ! same "t 9 "s way transc5ds !m4 ,to "o correspond individual1 to ! o!r1 univ]sal ends2 on "o is bas$ ! judgm5t on ! coh]5ce ( ! action 9 itself1 on its adequacy to its individual end2 on ! o!r1 ! judgm5t on its adequacy to univ]sal ends1 :i* transc5d ! individual4 ,if we recognise only ! e?ical =m1 we p]ceive v soon t x implies ! o!r "o1 :i* we int5d$ to exclude1 s9ce our action1 ?\gh univ]sal 9 its mean+1 mu/ always be some?+ concrete & individually det]m9$4 ,we d n realize morality 9 ! univ]sal1 b always a giv5 moral volition1 n ! ab/ract virtues1 b ! concrete works4 ,al?\gh a moral action is n only our individual pleasure1 yet x mu/ be t1 too1 or we %\ld nev] be able to realize x4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! m]e economic action1 ! satisfaction ( our imm$iate pleasure1 ?\gh x satisfies u 9 relation to our individual end1 yet x leaves con/antly unsatisfi$ t :i* we are beside & beyond our individual det]m9ations1 our deepe/ & true/ be+4 ,& ?is dissatisfaction w la/ until we succe$ 9 lift+ ourselves above ! inf9ite succession ( individual ends1 & 9 ins]t+ 9 !m a univ]sal value4 ,?is passage or conv]sion f ! purely economic to ! e?ic1 f pleasure to duty1 is design$ by ,croce z ! conque/ ( t peace :i* is n ( a fabul\s future1 b ( ! pres5t & real2 9 e in/ant is et]nity1 to him :o kn[s h[ to rea* x4 ,our actions w be always new1 because always new problems are put be=e u by ! c\rse ( reality2 b 9 !m1 if we accompli% !m ) a pure he>t1 seek+ 9 !m :at lifts !m above !mselves1 we %all ea* "t possess ! ,:ole4 ,su* is ! "* ( ! moral action2 :i* satisfies u n z individuals b z m51 & z individuals only because ! individual is a man1 & z m5 only ?r\gh ! m$ium ( individual satisfaction4 ,! d5ial ( ! autonomy ( ! e?ical =m1 ! attempt to r$uce ! e?ic to ! economic1 ! morally good to ! individually useful1 is ! sub/ance ( ! _m !ories t g "u ! "n ( utilit>ianism4 ,b ?is r$uction ( ! practical activity to a s+le pr9ciple cla%es 9 e in/ant ( our life aga9/ ! di/9ction betwe5 m]e pleasure & duty1 betwe5 ! useful & ! hone/ action1 betwe5 ! ?+s t h a price & ^? t h none1 betwe5 actions :i* h a moral motive & ^? t h only a utilit>ian "o4 ,! utilit>ians !mselves1 unable to pass ov] ! di/9ction1 h tri$ to expla9 x away z a purely quantitative "o1 def9+ morality z ! utility ( ! great] numb] or z ! int]e/ or egotism ( ! race2 b x is cle> t ^! s-call$ quantitative di/9ctions are really qualitative ones3 ! utility ( ! great] numb] is no long] individual utility or imm$iate pleasure1 ! egotism ( ! race is no long] egotism1 b a value :i* transc5ds ! individual4 ,a fur!r attempt 9 ! same direction consi/s 9 consid]+ morality z born f ! association betwe5 c]ta9 acts :i* are means to a pleasure1 & t pleasure itself3 a savage fights to def5d 8 p]sonal lib]ty or 8 life1 a civiliz$ man1 =gett+ t ! tribe1 or ! city1 or ! /ate1 are b means to pres]ve 8 life & 8 prop]ty1 def5ds !m = !mselves1 & all[s himself to be depriv$ ( bo? 8 prop]ty & 8 life = love ( 8 c\ntry4 ,b only ?r\gh /upidity is x possible to mi/ake ! means = ! end1 &1 !re=e1 ?is !ory actually r$uces morality to :at is practically irrational1 a product ( confusion & illusion2 t is1 to ! contr>y ( ! practical activity1 :i* is1 9 its own sph]e1 rationality & wisdom4 ,! m]e enunciation ( ?is !ory1 if true1 ought to produce ! dissolution ( ^? false associations1 &1 !re=e1 ! de/ruction ( morality2 if morality subsi/s1 ?is is due to its rational "*1 :i* associationism has n succe$$ 9 disprov+4 ,! la/ refuge ( utilit>ianism is 9 !ology & my/]y3 ! utility ( moral actions is n ( ?is _w1 b d]iv$ f ! conception ( ano!r _w 9 :i* ,god puni%es or rew>ds u = our conduct on e>?4 ,b ?is k9d ( utilit>ianism puts itself outside ! field ( philosophy1 by empty+ ! symbols ( religion ( _! moral cont5t1 :i* is _! only logical ju/ification4 ,! conv]se =m ( error1 :i* consi/s 9 elim9at+ ! economic mom5t f ! concept ( practical activity1 is criticis$ by ,croce z ab/ract moralism4 ,! economic mom5t has be5 reg>d$ z purely te*nical1 t is1 z ! !oretical mom5t t prec$es action1 action itself be+ always & only e?ical2 b "s sort ( k prec$es e action1 & ! di/9ction betwe5 ! useful & ! good _c be r$uc$ to t betwe5 k & w2 we c consid] ! useful z ! means & ! good z ! end1 only by =gett+ t !re is z mu* diff]5ce betwe5 kn[+ ! useful & will+ ! useful1 z betwe5 kn[+ ! good & will+ ! good4 ,! useful has also be5 id5tifi$ ) ! egoti/ic & immoral2 b ! m]ely useful is amoral1 & n immoral1 9 ! same s5se 9 :i* ! pure intuition is alogical1 & n ei!r logical or illogical4 ,! imag9ation ( ! poet _c be submitt$ to ! logical judgm5t1 any m ?an ! imm$iate pleasure ( ! *ild1 or any action :i* prec$es ! awak5+ ( ! moral consci\sness4 ,& besides1 ! useful is s f> f be+ immoral1 t !re is no moral action :i* is n also useful1 z !re is no logical tru? :i* c express itself except ?r\gh language4 ,f9ally1 ! useful has be5 def9$ z an inf]ior =m ( practical consci\sness2 b :at ?is def9ition actually accompli%es is to recognise1 ?\gh imp]fectly1 ! true di/9ction1 :i* is a relation ( high] & l[] only 9 ! metaphorical s5se 9 :i* ^! adjectives c be employ$ = ! relation betwe5 ! intuition & ! concept4 ,economics & e?ics are ! d\ble grade ( ! practical activity3 x is possible to conceive ( actions hav+ no moral value1 & yet economically effective1 b n ( moral actions :i* %\ld n at ! same "t be useful1 or economic4 ,morality lives concretely 9 utility1 z ! univ]sal 9 ! individual1 ! et]nal 9 ! cont+5t4 ,b we c nev] suffici5tly emphasize ! true "* ( ! di/9ction1 :i*1 tak5 z a purely ab/ract & psy*ological "o1 might ju/ify ! p]si/5ce ( morally indiff]5t actions )9 ! moral consci\sness4 ,! moral consci\sness1 once x is awak5$1 inve/s ! :ole life ( ! practical m9d1 z ! logical consci\sness does = ! !oretical m9d1 & x aboli%es t condition ( innoc5ce1 9 :i* ! purely economic is n yet subject to ! moral judgm5t1 9 ! same way z p]ception & reflection de/roy our nave belief 9 ! reality ( purely poetical imag9ations4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !re are no actions :i* are economically ally indiff]5t1 or1 z !y are g5]ally call$1 dis9t]e/$2 morality requires t ! individual %\ld trans=m a univ]sal int]e/ into 8 individual "o1 make ( morality itself 8 p]sonal utility1 b x _c ask = ! abolition ( all int]e/s1 :i* w\ld mean ! abolition ( morality z well4 ,! value ( a moral action is 9 direct proportion ) ! passion & f]v\r ) :i* we id5tify our individual ends ) ends transc5d+ our empirical individuality4 ,9 ! light ( ?is di/9ction1 ! old oppositions ( pleasure & duty1 ( happ9ess & virtue1 lose a good deal ( _! rig\r & %>pness4 ,pleasure z ! positive economic activity or feel+ c nev] be 9 real contra/ ) duty z ! positive moral activity3 a moral action br+s ) itself its own satisfaction or pleasure1 & if x br+s pa9 also1 ei!r ! good action 0 n entirely good1 n will$ ) all our he>t1 or x 0 accompani$ by a new practical problem1 :i* has yet to be solv$4 ,simil>ly1 happ9ess is n necess>ily virtue1 b !re is no virtue :i* is n happ9ess2 ! sorr[s ( ! virtu\s are n intr9sic to morality1 be+ b ! limits ( human activity1 :i* ! good %>e ) ! wick$4 ,we all c trans=m our limits into sorr[s1 by our re/lessness & unreasonabl5ess2 or1 ?r\gh resignation1 our sorr[s 9 limits & conditions ( activity4 ,asceticism1 :i* reg>ds pleasure & happ9ess z ess5tially immoral1 is ! extreme =m ( moral ab/ractism2 by de/roy+ ! economic category1 x deprives morality ( its reality & concret5ess4 ,x is1 9 fact1 9 ! practical sph]e1 ! c\nt]p>t ( my/icism 9 ! !oretical1 :i* makes ?\ght impossible by dissociat+ x f expression4 ,! recognition ( ! autonomy ( ! economic mom5t z "o ( ! fundam5tal =ms ( spiritual activity1 & ! /udy ( its relations ) morality1 appe>s to me z ,croce's mo/ important contribution to mod]n ?\ght4 ,we h se5 :at light ! problems ( ! e?ical w receive1 :5 !y are se5 9 _! unity & di/9ction ) ! facts ( ! economic1 or individual1 w4 ,we %all see 9 ! next *apt] :at a va/ field ( human activity1 compris+ ! :ole political life ( mank9d1 reveals a new rationality1 once x is reg>d$ z a legitimate product ( ! human m9d1 to be judg$ accord+ to its own /&>ds & values1 & n to /&>ds & values belong+ to a diff]5t ord] ( facts4 ,croce's discov]y ( ! w ( ! individual z ! fir/ grade1 ! elem5t>y =m ( ! practical _s1 is analog\s to ,vico's discov]y ( ! purely intuitive activity z ! fir/ grade ( k2 & x e/abli%es betwe5 economics & e?ics1 betwe5 politics & morality1 ! same relation z betwe5 /hetic & logical values4 ,! /hetically true is ! adequately expressive1 z ! economically good is ! useful2 b 9 bo? cases1 we c nev] repeat x suffici5tly1 once ! logical & ! moral consci\sness are awak5$1 nei!r ! /hetic c be appreh5d$ o!rwise ?an z logically true or untrue1 nor ! economic o!rwise ?an z morally good or bad4 ,! /&>ds :i* are illegitimate :5 appli$ to art z art1 to politics z politics1 become rational aga9 9 ! all p]vad+ light ( tru? & morality4 ,! pr$ecessors ( ,croce 9 ?is l9e ( 8 speculation are1 on "o side1 ! political writ]s :o1 f ,ari/otle to ,ma*iavelli1 attempt$ to def9e ! relations betwe5 politics & morality2 on ! o!r side1 ! economi/s1 :o1 by isolat+ a type ( value1 :i* 0 n an /hetic1 intellectual1 or e?ical value1 & :i* c\ld n be id5tifi$ ) ! rev]se ( ! e?ical value1 or egotism1 _h prep>$ ! gr\nd = ! e/abli%m5t ( a philosophy ( economics4 ,z a matt] ( actual1 hi/orical d]ivation1 x 0 f 8 /udy ( ,m>xism1 f 8 m$itations on contempor>y economic sci5ce1 t ,croce drew1 z we saw 9 "o ( ! fir/ *apt]s ( ?is book1 8 conception ( economic value z "o ( ! univ]sal values4 ,aft] :at has be5 said ( ! g5]al relation%ip betwe5 philosophy & sci5ce1 x w n be difficult to det]m9e ! place t economic sci5ce occupies 9 ,croce's ?\ght1 9 relation to 8 philosophy ( economics4 ,economics z a philosophical sci5ce is t bran* ( philosophy1 ! object ( :i* is ! economic activity 9 its univ]sality1 ! det]m9ation ( ! concept ( volition or action z ! volition or action ( ! individual1 t is1 z ! pr$icate ( ! economic judgm5t or judgm5t ( utility4 ,! economic judgm5t1 9 its turn1 is b a =m ( hi/orical judgm5t1 &1 !re=e1 ! concrete =m ( ! philosophy ( economics is economic hi/ory1 ! hi/ory ( ! _s ( man z x realizes itself 9 ! individual action or volition4 ,betwe5 t philosophy & t hi/ory1 !re is no place1 z we "k1 = any int]m$iate =m ( k1 b only = ! practical 7empirical or ab/ract7 elaboration1 ( ! economic datum4 ,?is is :at ! sci5ce ( economics actually is3 an appli$ ma!matical sci5ce1 f\nd$ on empirical concepts4 ,! po/ulates & types ( economic sci5ce are among ! mo/ p]fect examples ( consci\s fictions1 beg9n+ ) ! fundam5tal "o ( ! homo conomicus3 !y are empirical concepts by :i* ! economic reality is simplifi$ to su* an ext5t t x becomes possible to submit x to ma!matical calculation1 & !reby to recognise promptly its necess>y aspects & consequ5ces4 ,economic sci5ce p>takes1 !re=e1 ( ! rig\r & absolut5ess ( ma!matics1 :i* is obta9$1 z we "k1 only by sacrific+ ! concret5ess ( its object4 ,its laws are arbitr>y & tautological1 consi/+1 l all sci5tific laws1 9 ! def9ition ( ^? *>act]i/ics ( reality :i* h be5 ab/ract$ to =m its po/ulates or empirical concepts2 b x is only ?r\gh ! acceptance ( su* def9itions t x succe$s 9 dom9at+1 ord]+1 describ+1 & classify+ ! mass & v>iety ( economic facts &1 mo/ important ( all1 9 treat+ !m quantitively4 ,x has1 9 fact1 ! same /ructure z ano!r sci5ce ) :i* x has be5 frequ5tly comp>$1 & :i* is "h assum$ z typical ( ! proce$+s ( appli$ ma!matics--me*anics4 ,i believe t v few economi/s w\ld qu>rel to-day ) ,croce's *>act]ization ( economic sci5ce1 s9ce its ma!matical "* is n[ univ]sally recognis$2 b ,croce proves conclusively t ev5 9 its non-ma!matical phases1 economics has always be5 a purely quantitative sci5ce4 ,volition & action are assum$ 9 x 9 _! indi/9ction2 & moral facts be+ volitions & actions z well z ! economic facts1 !y c also be includ$ 9 ! economic calculus1 because f a m]ely ab/ract po9t ( view !re is no way ( diff]5tiat+ !m f ! latt]4 ,betwe5 ! philosophy & ! sci5ce ( economics !re is nei!r agreem5t nor disagreem5t1 b a total het]og5eity1 &1 !re=e1 a reciprocal tol]ance4 ,x is only :5 "o invades ! field1 or adopts ! me?ods1 ( ! o!r1 t conflict & error arise4 ,economics z a sci5ce may !n d5y ! legitimacy ( ! philosophical /udy ( ! economic mom5t2 or x may attribute a univ]sal value to its empirical concepts 7z x has happ5$ aga9 & aga9 9 ! disputes betwe5 free-trad]s & protectioni/s1 or z x con/antly happ5s :5 economic laws are ref]r$ to z end[$ ) a "* ( absolute necessity72 or1 f9ally x may trans=m its fictions into realities1 attribut+ = in/ance to ! concrete human be+1 & to ! exclusion ( any o!r quality1 ! qualities x has ab/ract$ = ! creation ( its homo conomicus4 ,b1 9 all su* cases1 ?\gh we may meet ^! errors among ! economi/s1 !y are n sci5tific errors b logical errors2 or r1 !y are poor sci5ce only because !y are bad philosophy4 ,! true function ( ! ab/ract economic s*emes is t ( an in/rum5t 9 ! h&s ( ! hi/orical & sociological obs]v]1 :o ne$s _m o!r simil> in/rum5ts1 if he wants to ga9 a concrete & direct k ( actual hi/orical & social conditions4 ,x is n[ "t = u to return1 f ?is discussion ( ! two diff]5t elaborations ( ! economic datum1 to a clos] consid]ation ( ! second =m ( ! practical activity1 or ( ! e?ical pr9ciple4 ,9 ! same way z ! empirical concepts ( economic sci5ce are insuffici5t to exhau/ ! inf9ite weal? ( ! economic pr9ciple1 no s+le action or gr\p ( s+le actions c def9e ! e?ical pr9ciple1 :i* is univ]sal1 & !re=e m]ely =mal4 ,by id5tify+ ! pr9ciple ) a s]ies1 h[ev] va/1 ( p>ticul> det]m9ations1 t is1 by sub/itut+ a mat]ial e?ics = a =mal "o1 we fall back inevitably into utilit>ianism1 s9ce ! volition ( a s+le object or class ( objects is n a volition ( ! univ]sal b ( ! p>ticul>1 n an e?ical b an economic act4 ,ev5 ! highe/ =ms ( moral ideals1 su* z b5evol5ce1 love1 altruism1 humanit>ianism1 etc41 once !y are appreh5d$ mat]ially1 & n z m]e v]bal approximations to ! =mal e?ical pr9ciple1 acquire a cont+5t & utilit>ian "*1 & are apt to come 9 actual conflict ) ! truly moral w4 ,! same criticism applies1 & ) great] =ce1 to in/itutionaliz$ ideals1 su* z ! family1 ! /ate1 ! social organism1 ! int]e/ ( ! race1 etc42 none ( !m c be ! object ( ! moral w )\t exceptions & re/rictions1 t is1 )\t los+ 9 ! act ( ! w its in/itutional "*1 & appe>+ z "o ( ! p>ticul> conditions "u :i* ! p>ticul> moral volition takes place4 ,! religi\s pr9ciples !mselves are subject to ?is r$uction f ! e?ical to ! economic1 :51 z 9 ! case ( !ological utilit>ianism1 !y are tak5 z empirical limitations1 z p>ticul> objects1 ( ! e?ical w4 ,! mat]ial e?ical pr9ciples are 9 fact analog\s to ^? mat]ial /hetic pr9ciples :i* we h criticis$ z rhetorical2 !y con/itute a rhetoric ( ! virtues n less deadly to ! creative moral w ?an ! rhetoric ( ! arts is to ! creative intuition4 ,! e?ical pr9ciple mu/ be =mal1 b n =mali/ic1 & !re=e ,croce is n satisfi$ ) any ( ! s-call$ univ]sal laws or categorical imp]atives1 or ) any ( ! _m =mulas :i* attempt to def9e ! moral actions ?r\gh "o con/ant det]m9ation :i* ought to be pres5t 9 ea* ( !m4 ,su* =mulas are m]e symbols or metaphors1 & c be us$ z ! equival5ts ( ! e?ical pr9ciple1 z "s ( ! categories ( mat]ial e?ics c be us$2 b _! dang] consi/s 9 giv+ ! illusion ( possess+ ! true pr9ciple1 :ile :at we are giv5 is an empty & tautological "o1 :i* w aga9 give way to purely empirical det]m9ations & !re=e to utilit>ianism4 ,?is empty =malism1 or absolute indet]m9ation1 ( ! e?ical pr9ciple1 corresponds to two conceptions ( philosophy1 :i* ,croce respectively calls p>tial & discont9u\s4 ,accord+ to ! fir/1 man may "k a portion ( reality1 b nev] reality z a :ole2 z reg>ds morality1 he may he> ! voice ( 8 own consci5ce1 b nev] grasp ) 8 intellect ! cont5t ( ! moral law4 ,accord+ to ! second1 he may "k ! reason ( morality1 b n )9 ! sph]e ( e?ics1 ^: task consi/s only 9 e/abli%+ ! moral law & d$uc+ ! moral precepts2 ! problem ( ! ess5ce ( morality belongs to ano!r sci5ce1 metaphysics4 ,! read] :o has foll[$ u to ?is po9t kn[s t ,croce's philosophy is nei!r p>tial nor discont9u\s2 t he does n admit ( any limits to human ?\ght1 nor ( any division 9 ! body ( philosophy4 ,! :ole ( philosophy is already includ$ = him 9 ! fir/ philosophical proposition1 & ?\gh x may didactically be useful to divide ! problems ( philosophy 9 gr\ps1 or ev5 to deal sep>ately ) ! p>ticul> philosophical sci5ce on "o h&1 & ) g5]al philosophy or metaphysics on ! o!r1 yet tru? does n belong to ! di/9ctions outside _! unity1 to ! p>ts outside ! :ole1 to ! segm5ts outside ! circle4 ,x is ?is totality & cont9uity ( ,croce's philosophy t makes ,croce's e?ical pr9ciple a =m1 b n an empty "o2 a =m :i* is full 9 a philosophical & univ]sal s5se1 :i* is at ! same "t cont5t1 & univ]sal z cont5t n less ?an z =m4 ,he has def9$ ! e?ical pr9ciple1 n1 tautologically1 z a univ]sal =m1 b z ! volition ( ! univ]sal3 a def9ition :i* is at ! same "t ! di/9ction ( ! e?ical f ! economical =m1 or volition ( ! individual4 ,we may "h recall1 to te/ once m ! coh]5ce ( ,croce's ?\ght1 & to make ?is def9ition cle>]1 8 def9ition ( ! concept z k ( ! univ]sal2 by x ! concept is di/+ui%$ f ! intuition1 or k ( ! individual1 & ! logical pr9ciple is se5 z unid5tifiable ei!r ) an ab/ract logical =m or ) any p>ticul> sy/em ( philosophy4 ,! concept is real only 9 ! inf9ite individual det]m9ations ( actual ?\ght1 z ! e?ical pr9ciple 9 ! inf9ite concrete volitions ( ! human _s sub specie univ]salis4 ,! univ]sal :i* is ! object ( ! e?ical volition is n some?+ t we %all ne$ to def9e at ?is po9t ( our exposition1 s9ce ! :ole ( ,croce's philosophy is no?+ b a def9ition ( ! univ]sal4 ,! univ]sal is m9d or ! _s2 x is reality1 z unity ( w & ?\ght2 x is life grasp$ 9 its dep? z t same unity2 x is fre$om1 s9ce a reality ?us conceiv$ is p]petual developm5t1 creation1 progress4 ,man1 9 will+ ! univ]sal1 turns f 8 individuality to t :i* transc5ds x1 to ! _s1 or reality1 or life1 or fre$om1 n z ab/ract ideals1 b z !y realize !mselves 9 8 individual action4 ,! volition ( ! individual1 ( "o's individual exi/5ce1 is necess>ily ! fir/ /ep2 !re is no man1 h[ev] deeply moral1 :o does n beg9 by affirm+ 8 own individual life2 )\t ?is affirmation1 he w\ld nev] be able to transc5d x & to d5y x4 ,b he :o %\ld limit himself to ?is affirmation1 & accept z a place ( re/ :at is only ! beg9n+ ( 8 developm5t1 w\ld f9d himself 9 contradiction ) 8 real1 intimate self4 ,he mu/ w n only 8 individual self1 b t self also1 :i* be+ ! same 9 all selves is _! common ,fa!r4 ,x is ?us t he promotes ! realization ( reality1 lives ! full life1 & makes 8 he>t beat ) ! he>t ( ! univ]se3 ,cor cordium4 ,! moral individual is consci\s t he is work+ = ! ,:ole4 ,e action :i* is 9 accord ) ! e?ical duty is 9 accord ) ,life1 & w\ld be contr>y to duty & immoral1 if in/ead ( promot+ life1 x %\ld depress & mortify x4 ,! mo/ humble moral action resolves itself into ?is volition ( ! _s 9 its univ]sality4 ,! s\l ( a simple & ignorant man :olly devot$ to 8 mode/ duty is 9 p]fect unison ) t ( ! philosoph] ^: m9d receives )9 itself ! univ]sal _s4 ,:at "o does1 ! o!r ?9ks2 & bo? rea* by diff]5t roads _! full satisfaction 9 an act ( life1 9 a fecund embrace ) reality4 ,x is 9 pages l ! ones f :i* we h extract$ ?is en?usia/ic def9ition ( morality1 t ! true quality ( ,croce's philosophy is be/ p]ceiv$4 ,b :at is "h affirm$ z a pr9ciple lives z an ev] pres5t _s 9 innum]able able discussions ( p>ticul> moral problems 9 8 ,filos(ia della ,pratica1 9 8 moral essays1 9 8 lit]>y criticism 7!re is no liv+ lit]>y critic :o has a ke5] p]ception ( moral values ?an ?is implacable enemy ( moralism71 9 ! :ole ( 8 "w4 ,x is ?is moral en?usiasm1 toge!r ) 8 capacity to see cle> & deep1 8 ca?olic tol]ance = all =ms ( beauty & tru? & goodness1 h[ev] di/ant f 8 ta/es & incl9ations1 & 8 c\rage\s1 outspok5 intol]ance = all hypocrisies1 compromises1 half-tru?s1 wilful errors1 t has giv5 ,croce1 9 ! la/ tw5ty ye>s1 9 ,italy1 a "r to moral z well z intellectual lead]%ip4 ,he is ! true heir ( an inf9itely complex moral tradition1 & plac$ high en\gh to d ju/ice to all its elem5ts1 ?\gh app>5tly contra/+ ) ea* o!r4 ,b :5 recogniz+ ! symbolical & practical value ( ! v>i\s positive e?ical sy/ems t appe> to him z gradual approximations to ! full concret5ess & univ]sality ( ! e?ical pr9ciple1 he emphasizes ! connection ( 8 own e?ics ) "o ( ^? elem5ts 9 pref]5ce to e o!r1 ) ! religi\s & ,*ri/ian elem5t1 = :i* morality is already :at x is = ! philosoph]1 ! love & w ( ! univ]sal _s4 ,!re is no tru? ( e?ics :i* = him _c be express$ 9 ! words t we h le>n$ z *ildr5 f our traditional religion4 ,betwe5 ! religi\s man & ! philosoph]1 betwe5 religion & philosophy1 !re is no enmity1 b cont9uity & developm5t2 9 ! affirmation ( ! e?ical pr9ciple1 :i* is ! crucial te/ ( e philosophy z ( e religion1 ! sub/antial id5tity ( religion & philosophy is f9ally e/abli%$4 ,footnote #a3 ,see ,filos(ia della ,pratica1 "p ii1 ,l'attivit pratica nelle tue =me speciali1 pp4 #baa-cai4 ,x4 ,,! ,,laws#a ,economic society z an empirical concept--,! philosophical concept ( society--,sociology1 philosophy ( law & political sci5ce--,! def9ition ( law--,laws & cu/oms--,! laws1 ! natural laws & ! practical pr9ciples--,mutability ( ! laws3 ! jus naturale--,! function ( ! laws--,legalism3 ! ,jesuit & ! ,puritan--,! legislative activity z a g5]ically economic activity--,! juridical activity--,law & language4 ,"o ( ! fundam5tal empirical concepts ( ! sci5ce ( economics is t ( economic society1 :i* is =m$ by ab/ract+ c]ta9 classes ( economic relation%ips f ! mass ( relation%ips ( all k9ds among :i* ! life ( ! individual realizes itself4 ,any treatise ( economics c be consid]$ z a def9ition ( economic society2 & we "k h[ ^? def9itions are apt to v>y accord+ to ! *oice ( ! gr\ps ( facts /udi$1 & ! me?od employ$1 by diff]5t s*ools ( economi/s4 ,! economic society ( ! ,m>xian is n ! economic society ( ! classical economi/2 ! ,ca?olic economi/1 diff]+ f bo?1 w include 9 8 treatm5t ! consid]ation ( c]ta9 e?ical relations :i* give a great] complexity to 8 s*eme4 ,x w\ld be possible to /udy ! economics ( ! individual 9 p]fect isolation f all o!r human be+s1 limit+ ! elem5ts ( ?is p>ticul> =m ( society to "o man1 & t portion ( nature f :i* he draws 8 food1 8 clo?+1 8 %elt]2 on ! o!r h&1 ! :ole ( mank9d & ! :ole ( nature may ent] into a s+le1 all-includ+1 economic body4 ,we may ev5 /udy animal species1 9 _! relations )9 !mselves1 or ) man1 or ) o!r animal species1 or ) nature at l>ge1 f an economic /&po9t 7symbiosis & p>asitism are facts be>+ a close resemblance ) human economy7--& ?us =m an inf9ite numb] ( new economic societies4 ,ea* ( ^! empirical concepts c be v>i$ ad inf9itum1 by ! m]e inclusion or exclusion ( c]ta9 classes ( relation%ips4 ,! empirical1 non-rigor\s "* ( ! concept ( economic society is self-evid5t2 & x c !re=e be usefully employ$ to prove by analogy ! simil> "* ( ! concept ( society z manufactur$ by juri/s1 sociologi/s1 & political sci5ti/s4 ,x is aga9/ su* fictions t philosophy reacts by build+ a concept ( ! isolat$ individual1 t is1 ( ! individual isolat$ f ! p>ticul> classes ( relation%ips :i* ent] into ! =mation ( p>ticul> empirical concepts ( society2 b x does ?is only to plunge ! individual aga9 9 ! mid/ ( t inf9ite multiplicity1 :i* is "o aspect1 & an ess5tial "o1 ( reality1 ,society z a philosophical concept _c be id5tifi$ ) any =m ( economic or political society2 ( su*1 z m]e ab/ractions1 no philosophical treatm5t is possible4 ,society is t real multiplicity1 )\t :i* we %\ld h nei!r k nor action1 nei!r art nor ?\ght1 nei!r utility nor morality2 & f society 9 ?is s5se1 ! individual _c be isolat$1 )\t r$uc+ him1 9 8 turn1 to a m]ely ab/ract concept4 ,! sociologi/1 ! juri/1 ! political sci5ti/ use _! concepts ( society = _! purposes1 :i* are1 9 ! s5se :i* is n[ famili> to our read]1 sci5tific purposes4 ,b v (t5 !y lose sight ( ! "* ( ^! concepts1 & treat ^! in/rum5ts ( classification & description z sub/itutes = ! actual reality :i* !y are1 by reason ( _! ab/ractness1 utt]ly unable to reproduce4 ,! sociologi/ talks ( ! collective m9d1 & ( collective repres5tations1 z if !y _h a reality outside ! ?\ght & action ( ! individual2 ! juri/ builds a philosophy ( law1 9 :i* society is oppos$ to ! individual z a be+ to ano!r be+1 & law1 z a product ( society1 at e po9t transc5ds ! individual w4 ,! political sci5ti/ deals ) ! community1 or ! association1 or ! ,/ate1 z ) concepts ( :i* x 7 possible to give a philosophical def9ition1 valid = all times1 & f :i* ! rules ( p]fect gov]nm5t c\ld be rigor\sly d$uc$4 ,( ^! types ( philosophical deg5]ations ( legitimate sci5tific ?\ght1 x c be r\ghly said t1 because ( ! peculi> cultural developm5t ( ! v>i\s nations ( ,europe1 ! fir/ belongs m p>ticul>ly to ,engl& & ,france1 ! second to ,italy & ,g]many2 ?\gh !y are all m or less common 9 ,european culture z a :ole4 ,z an ,italian1 ,croce 0 p>ticul>ly int]e/$ 9 ! second1 ! philosophical deg5]ation ( juridical ?\ght1 & !re=e 8 p>ticul> treatm5t ( ! economic facts und]ly+ ! problems ( political society naturally took ! %ape ( an inquiry into ! nature ( law4 ,b x ought n to be difficult = ! ,engli% or ,am]ican read]1 = :om ^! problems are n "p ( a practically inexi/5t philosophy ( law1 b ( a long tradition ( political sci5ce & !ory ( gov]nm5t1 to translate ,croce's ?\ght into t]ms ( 8 own cultural exp]i5ce4 ,a law is an act ( w1 ^: cont5t is a s]ies or class ( actions4 ,?is def9ition excludes f ! concept ( law any empirical social det]m9ation2 x includes )9 x all laws :i* are m]ely individual1 ! laws t ! individual lays d[n to & = himself1 ! rules ( conduct & programs ( life & action1 :i* ! individual foll[s ( 8 own accord4 ,x may be object$ t individual laws diff] f social & political laws1 because ! latt] are co]cive & con/rictive1 :ile ! =m] are n4 ,!re is no law1 h[ev]1 t is truly co]cive2 ! individual is always free ei!r to obs]ve or n to obs]ve ! law4 ,:at a law does is to (f] a *oice or alt]native1 & ?is is z true ( individual z ( social laws4 ,we may disreg>d our own rules ( conduct or programs ( action1 & suff] f do+ s1 & inflict a puni%m5t on ourselves = hav+ done s2 or we may alt] our individual laws z social laws are alt]$ :5 !y no long] respond to ! ne$ ( a community1 & are ei!r viol5tly ov]?r[n by rebellion or quietly all[$ to fall into desuetude ?r\gh non-obs]vance1 or modifi$ by ! prop] organs ( legislation4 ,b ! importance ( ! concept ( individual laws lies 9 ! fact t ! s-call$ social laws h no reality outside ! individual3 9 ord] to obs]ve a law x is necess>y to make x "o's own1 & to rebel aga9/ a law is to expel x f "o's p]sonality1 ( :i* x 01 or tri$ to become1 a "p4 ,! only real laws are1 !re=e1 individual laws4 ,if ! crit]ion ( sanction or co]cion is insuffici5t to draw a di/9ction betwe5 individual & social laws1 we c /ill less use x to divide ! social laws into cu/oms or unwritt5 laws1 & political & juridical laws4 ,bo? cu/oms & laws c>ry ) !m sanctions1 ?\gh ( a diff]5t ord]1 or1 to put x 9 m precise t]ms1 bo? (f] a *oice betwe5 probable consequ5ces to ! free individual w4 ,?is di/9ction1 l e o!r subdivision ( ! laws 7civil1 p5al1 national1 int]national1 laws & by-laws1 etc471 is a purely empirical "o4 ,b ! concept ( law compreh5ds ^! & _m m 9 :i* ! juri/s h no int]e/1 su* z ! lit]>y or arti/ic laws 7t a trag$y %\ld h five acts1 or1 z at "o "t 9 ,engl&1 t a novel %\ld fill ?ree volumes71 or ! rules ( religi\s life1 or ! precepts ( *ivalry1 d[n to ! /atutes ( a crim9al gang & to ,balzac's droit p>isi54 ,9 fact1 ! empirical di/9ctions ( ! laws are coext5sive ) ! empirical concepts ( society1 & p>take ( ! same *>act]i/ics3 to ! prec$+ examples ( laws correspond respectively ! republic ( lett]s1 a mona/]y1 ! ord] ( knigh?ood1 a b& ( robb]s1 & le beau monde4 ,b ! only reality1 bo? ( ! society & ( ! law1 is ! individual ass5t4 ,! laws h "o po9t 9 common ) ! s-call$ natural laws2 bo? are conc]n$ ) empirical concepts1 or classes4 ,b :ile ! natural laws are m]e indicative /atem5ts ( fact1 ! laws c always be translat$ f ! indicative to ! imp]ative2 t is1 !y conta9 a volitive elem5t :i* is abs5t f ! natural laws4 ,! volitive elem5t is pres5t1 on ! o!r h&1 9 ! practical pr9ciples :i* h "s "t receiv$ ! names ( moral or economic laws1 & :i* c be conv]t$ into su* imp]atives z ,w ! univ]sal1 or1 9 p>ticul>1 ,w ! good1 ! useful1 ! true1 ! beautiful4 ,b ^! pr9ciples are conc]n$ ) ! univ]sal1 t is1 ) ! _s ( man 9 ! necess>y =ms ( its activity1 n ) a p>ticul> product ( ! _s1 a class or type ( actions1 z d laws 9 ! /rict mean+ ( ! ^w4 ,?is di/9ction betwe5 ! practical pr9ciples & ! laws op5s ! way to ! recognition ( a v important "* ( ! laws3 :ile ! practical pr9ciples1 because ( _! univ]sality1 h no limits & no exceptions 7& we h already se5 t a morally indiff]5t action is a contradiction 9 t]ms71 ! laws c nev] exhau/ ! univ]sal1 & !re=e w always leave outside !mselves a m>g9 ( actions1 n includ$ 9 any ( ! classes to :i* !y ref]1 & !re=e legally indiff]5t4 ,9 m te*nical language1 we may express ! same idea by say+ t all laws1 :e!r imp]ative or prohibitive or p]missive 7a law1 accord+ to ! anci5t =mula1 aut iubet aut vetat aut p]mittit71 c be r$uc$ to p]missive laws3 an ord] is always at ! same "t a prohibition1 & bo? ord]s & prohibitions implicitly p]mit all actions :i* are n contemplat$ by ! law4 ,moreov]1 :ile ! practical pr9ciples are immutable1 always capable ( giv+ =m to ! mo/ v>i$ hi/orical mat]ial1 ! laws are 9 p]petual flux & *ange4 ,! p>ticul> modes ( *ange1 :e!r by evolution or revolution1 d n conc]n ! philosoph]1 = :om all c be r$uc$ to a angle "o3 ! free w produc+ a new law "u new conditions4 ,aga9/ ! p]petual mutability ( ! laws1 due to ! cont+5t & hi/orical "* ( _! cont5t1 cla%es ! concept ( an ,et]nal ,code1 or ,law ( ,nature 7jus naturale71 :i* presumes to det]m9e ! cont5t & =m ( ! laws1 accord+ to ab/ract reason1 once & =ev]4 ,?is conception is due to an error ) :i* we are n[ famili>1 consi/+ 9 ! trans=mation ( empirical concepts into pr9cipals ( univ]sal validity4 ,b f ?is p>ticul> error1 z f all errors1 we mu/ di/+ui% c]ta9 elem5ts ( actual & concrete ?\ght :i* h be5 hi/orically associat$ ) x4 ,9 ! attempts to e/abli% a ,law ( ,nature1 we %all !n recognise ei!r new concrete legislative programs1 ! new laws appe>+ z natural & rational by contra/ ) ! old ones1 or an attempt to d$uce f1 & ?r\gh1 juridical concepts1 ! pr9ciples ( a philosophy ( ! practical4 ,! pr9ciple ( nationality1 fight+ = realization aga9/ ! old dyna/ic law1 appe>s to its def5d]s z a typical natural "r2 & ,r\sseau1 :5 d$uc+ ! pr9ciples ( ! jus naturale1 w>ns u t he is n deal+ ) hi/orical tru?s1 b ) hypo!tical & conv5tional reason+s1 t is1 ) pr9ciples :i* transc5d e p>ticul> det]m9ation & h n a positive1 b an ideal value4 ,we no long] speak ( a ,law ( ,nature1 b ! error :i* gave rise to t conception is /ill vigor\s 9 curr5t social & political discussions2 e attempt to *ange legal conditions is always advocat$ or resi/$ by an appeal ei!r to natural rights1 :i* are b arbitr>y rationalizations ( hi/orical cont+5cies1 or to ab/ract reasons1 pr9ciples1 or ideas1 ( :i* ! p>ticul> laws or in/itutions are assum$ to be ! f9al & necess>y expression4 ,b rationality1 morality1 & naturality1 9 ! s5se 9 :i* ^! qualities are pr$icat$ ( "o or ano!r type ( laws & in/itutions1 d n belong to any p>ticul> hi/orical det]m9ation m ?an to ano!r2 !y belong only to ! _s ( man & to ! concrete values t x realizes among ! ev]-*ang+ conditions ( hi/ory4 ,a law1 be+ a volition ( a class ( actions1 & !re=e ( an ab/raction1 is 9 itself an ab/ract or unreal volition4 ,:at we actually w is n ! law1 b ! s+le1 individual action "u ! law3 ! reality ( ! law is only 9 its execution4 ,9 ! individual execution1 h[ev]1 :at realizes itself is n ! law1 b ! practical pr9ciple1 economic or e?ic1 ( :i* bo? ! obs]vance & ! non-obs]vance ( ! law are p>ticul> det]m9ations2 ! individual practical problems c nev] be =ese5 se5 by ! law1 :i* is by its nature g5]al & ab/ract4 ,:at is !n1 x may be ask$1 ! use ( ! laws8 ,croce's answ] is t ! laws are helps to ! real volition1 9 ! same way z ! empirical & ab/ract concepts1 ?\gh n real k !mselves1 are helps to k4 ,9 ord] to det]m9e ourselves to ! s+le action1 x is useful to beg9 by fix+ our att5tion to ! class ( :i* t s+le is an elem5t2 9 ord] to "k ei!r ! individual1 or ! univ]sal1 x is useful to create1 betwe5 ! univ]sal & ! individual1 classes & types1 g5]al concepts1 or1 z ,croce calls !m1 relatively con/ant v>iables1 ?r\gh :i* ! process ( actual k is made easi] & quick]4 ,we _c ?9k ! pseudo-concepts1 b !y help u to ?9k2 we _c w ! laws1 b !y help u to w4 ,! concept ( law is ak9 to t ( plan or design2 9 practice1 a plan or design1 & its execution1 are "o & ! same ?+1 z we act by con/antly *ang+ our design1 because reality1 :i* is ! f\ndation ( our action1 is 9 p]petual *ange4 ,b ?is unreality ( ! plan1 z di/9ct f ! concrete individual action1 does n deprive ! plan itself ( its practical uses1 :i* are univ]sally recogniz$1 & :i* are id5tical ) ! uses ( law4 ,:5 we id5tify ! empirical laws ) ! univ]sal practical pr9ciples1 economic or e?ic1 we fall into legalism1 :i* c be def9$ z ! belief t univ]sal pr9ciples c be def9itely embodi$ 9 a limit$ numb] ( laws1 & t1 on ! o!r h&1 ^! laws p>take ( ! "* ( absolut5ess :i* belongs to ^? pr9ciples4 ,x is especially 9 ! treatm5t ( e?ics t ?is confusion has caus$ its wor/ effects4 ,! two out/&+ types ( legali/s are ! ,jesuit1 :o admits ( ! morally indiff]5t1 ! ju/ification ?r\gh ! int5tion1 ! pi\s fraud1 & o!r practical means = ! purely lit]al obs]vance ( ! law1 suppos$ to be a suffici5t satisfaction ( ! moral obligation1 & ! ,puritan1 :o ma9ta9s t ! un*angeable lett] ( ! law is ! only1 & always c]ta91 guide ( ! moral consci\sness4 ,bo? ,jesuit & ,puritan1 or to give !m ! names !y assum$ 9 a hi/orical controv]sy1 bo? ,mol9i/ & ,jans5i/1 h (t5 be5 9 practice mu* bett] ?an _! !ories2 b we are "h int]e/$ only 9 _! !oretical pron\ncem5ts1 :i*1 ?\gh app>5tly contra/+1 yet comb9e 9 sub/itut+ ! lett] = ! _s1 & 9 dry+ up1 9 ! "n ( morality1 ! liv+ spr+s ( moral activity4 ,& 9 bo? cases1 moral legalism is associat$ ) !ological utilit>ianism2 x is1 9 fact1 b ano!r aspect ( ! same error4 ,! w t wills classes ( actions1 ! legislative activity1 is ei!r moral or m]ely economic1 & c !re=e be judg$ z ei!r moral or immoral1 economic or anti-economic4 ,b z ! laws are w 9 ! ab/ract1 our judgm5t ( ! laws w also be an ab/ract judgm5t4 ,to pron\nce a concrete judgm5t1 we mu/ turn to ! mom5t ( ! execution ( ! law1 to ! individual practical action1 9 :i* ! law realizes itself4 ,9 ?is sph]e1 x is va9 to dispute :e!r a law is ess5tially economic or moral3 ! economic or moral "* ( ! law is n det]m9$ by ! ab/ract int5tion ( ! legislator1 b by ! mann] ( its execution1 by ! quality ( ! individual executor4 ,! puni%m5t :i* a law assigns = a category ( crimes may be int5d$ by ! legislator ei!r to det] or to em5d ! crim9al2 b 9 ! man :o ab/a9s f t p>ticul> k9d ( crime1 ! law is an economic "o if ! ab/5tion is entirely due to ! fe> ( ! puni%m5t1 x is a moral "o if x co9cides ) a s9c]e abhorr5ce ( ! crime4 ,no law1 !re=e1 c be said to be intr9sically moral1 & if we want to def9e ! legislative activity 9 its full ext5sion1 we mu/ def9e x z g5]ically practical or m]ely economic4 ,! same def9ition obvi\sly applies to ! w t executes ! law1 z di/9ct f ! w t =mulates x3 ! juridical activity1 z ,croce names x1 is also g5]ically practical or m]ely economic1 & z su* unit$ to & di/9ct f ! moral activity4 ,z ! juridical activity1 h[ev]1 does n p>take ( ! ab/ractness ( ! legislative1 b is z concrete & det]m9$ z ! economic activity1 !re is actually no possibility ( di/+ui%+ ! "o f ! o!r2 ! juridical activity is !re=e id5tical ) ! economic activity4 ,?is is ,croce's orig9al solution ( ! fundam5tal problem ( ! philosophy ( law2 a solution :i* is closely connect$ ) 8 recognition ( a utilit>ian practical category1 di/9ct f b n oppos$ to ! moral category1 & ) 8 r$uction ( all laws to individual laws4 ,! read] mu/ recall :at has be5 said else:]e ( ! relations betwe5 economic & moral values2 & he w !n und]/& 9 :at s5se x c be said t ,croce's !ory ( law is an answ] to ! secul> disputes on ! relations betwe5 law & morality1 betwe5 positive & ideal law1 hi/orical law & ! ,law ( ,nature4 ,& he w also be able to p]ceive ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! r$uction ( ! juridical to ! m]e economic activity1 :i*1 z we "k1 is also ! =m ?r\gh :i* only morality realizes itself1 & ! !ories ( law z ! pure embodim5t ( =ce & ( ! positive1 e/abli%$ "r z ! only conceivable "r1 :i* are no?+ b ! c\nt]p>t ( moral utilit>ianism 9 ! field ( law4 ,croce's !ory ( law is1 z all ! re/ ( 8 philosophy is1 a purely =mal doctr9e2 n int5d$ to def5d "o type ( laws & in/itutions aga9/ any o!r1 b attempt+ to furni% a conception ( law1 z an individual1 p]petually new activity ( ! _s ( man1 ( :i* all laws & in/itutions1 all phases & t5d5cies ( political hi/ory1 appe> z concrete hi/orical manife/ations4 ,! philosophy ( law has (t5 _h rec\rse to ! philosophy ( language = analogies by :i* its own problems c\ld be cl>ifi$4 ,a doctr9aire view ( ! juridical & political problem1 = :i* ! orig9 ( law & society is to be f\nd 9 an ab/ract conv5tion1 & :i* !re=e t5ds to build up1 by new conv5tions1 a model legislation1 or an ,et]nal ,code1 %[s its real nature :5 relat$ to ! correspond+ conception ( language z a collection ( signs1 a purely symbolical organism1 :i* c be s p]fect$ by reason z to become an absolute1 univ]sal language1 embody+ 9 its signs e conceivable type ( logical op]ations3 a univ]sal language1 :i* %\ld also be a univ]sal symbolic logic4 ,%>ply oppos$ to ! doctr9aire1 ! traditionali/ views c]ta9 types ( positive laws & in/itutions z end[$ ) a "* ( necessity :i* puts !m above ! rea* ( ! individual judgm5t ( man2 & z he fails to discov] ! ev] pres5t creative activity1 by :i* man con/ructs 8 juridical & political _w1 he also )draws f ! human _s ! p[] to create its own language1 & makes ( words a div9e in/itution4 ,equally remote f ! sociological z f ! !ological concept1 :i* are ! extreme !oretical =ms ( popul> errors1 ,croce e/abli%es betwe5 law & language an analogy by :i* bo? manife/ _! intr9sic creative & human "*4 ,! reality ( law is ! individual juridical or economic activity1 z ! reality ( language is ! concrete intuitive activity4 ,law is ! w ( ! individual1 z language is ! k ( ! individual4 ,gramm>s & diction>ies are ! codes ( language1 m]e ab/ractions f ! actual liv+ flux ( ! creative expression1 z ! writt5 laws & codes are b ! gramm>s ( law1 m]e ab/ractions f ! actual liv+ flux ( political hi/ory4 ,language is n logic1 & yet ! logical ?\ght _c realize itself except ?r\gh language2 law is n morality1 & yet ! e?ical activity _c live except by incorporat+ itself 9 laws & in/itutions1 & 9 ! execution ( laws1 ! concrete1 individual life ( in/itutions1 t is1 9 ! juridical & economic activity4 ,?us1 ! end ( ?is exposition ( ,croce's sy/em1 ! doctr9e ( language ) :i* ! sy/em op5s l9ks itself intimately ) ?is doctr9e ( law1 ) :i* x closes4 ,& bo? z reg>ds language & z reg>ds law1 ! la/ ^w is1 ( necessity1 a new implicit affirmation ( ! id5tity ( ! philosophical ) ! hi/orical me?od4 ,! true hi/ory ( a language is n a hi/ory ( ab/ract grammatical s*emes1 b ! hi/ory ( ! poetry & lit]ature 9 :i* t language has realiz$ itself1 a hi/ory ( individual expressions2 ! true hi/ory ( law is "o ) ! social & political hi/ory ( a p1 :i* is1 & _c be b ! hi/ory ( its practical activity 9 its effective1 individual realization1 t is1 juridical & economic hi/ory4 ,footnote #a3 ,see ,filos(ia della ,pratica1 "p iii1 ,le ,leggi1 pp4 #cba-djg4 ,,"p ,,?ird ,,philosophy ,,z ,,hi/ory 7#aiaa-aiba7 ,i4 ,,works ,,& ,,days ,a retrospective view ( ! sy/em--,g]ms ( developm5t--,! return to hi/ory--,croce's attitude dur+ ! w>--,essays on ! great poets4 ,to ! read] ( ! ?ree volumes ( ! ,filos(ia dello ,spirito1 :i* 7 publi%$ be=e #aiaj1 ! :ole ( ,croce's ?\ght appe>$ z a solidly con/ruct$ sy/em1 9 :i* ! f\r grades or =ms ( spiritual activity 7 /udi$ 9 _! intr9sic ess5ce1 & pres5t$ 9 _! relations z complet+ ! cycle ( liv+ reality1 9 contra/ ) t reality :i* ! m9d po/ulates outside its liv+ self1 & :i* ! sy/em r$uces to a complex practical product ( ! m9d1 a collection ( mat]ial helps subs]vi5t to ! ess5tial =ms ( its activity4 ,k & action1 reciprocally implicat$1 are ! sub/ance ( reality2 & bo? k & action1 ris+1 ! fir/1 f ! intuition to ! concept1 ! second1 f ! economic to ! e?ical w1 atta9 ! univ]sal1 all-includ+ values :i* we express by ! words ,beautiful1 ,true1 ,useful & ,good1 b only & 9 s f> z !y realize !mselves 9 ! concrete & individual4 ,a univ]sal m univ]sal ?an t :i* is pres5t 9 ! individual act is inexi/5t1 or exi/s only z an impot5t ab/raction r5\nc+ ! concret5ess & reality ( ! individual1 & !re=e also t true univ]sality :i* has no be+ outside ?is action1 ?is ?\ght1 ?is life4 ,! s\l ( ! sy/em1 sl[ly extricat+ itself f ! traces ( naturalism or intellectualism1 :i* are /ill visible 9 ! ,e/etica1 is ! logic ( ! pure concept1 :i* resolves 9 ! concrete univ]sal ! dualisms ( nature & _s1 ( fact & value1 ( life & ?\ght1 &1 f9ally1 ( hi/ory & philosophy4 ,b :ile ?is logic c be se5 at "w 9 all ! p>ts ( ! sy/em1 & is1 9 fact1 ! =m t[>ds :i* all ,croce's ?\ghts seem to h con/antly t5d$ f ! "t ( 8 e>lie/ philosophical essays1 yet1 to an att5tive eye1 x is possible to discov] ! successive /ages by :i* x actually incorporat$ itself 9 ! sy/em4 ,9 p>ticul>1 we h be5 able to po9t to ! effects ( ! lat] m$itations on ! philosophy ( w1 on "o side1 on a m intimate und]/&+ ( ! pure intuition z ! lyrical intuition1 on ! o!r1 on ! id5tification ( ! def9ition ) ! individual judgm5t1 & !reby on ! relations betwe5 hi/ory & philosophy4 ,on ! :ole x c be said t two app>5tly contra/+ directions 7 at "w )9 ! sy/em itself3 "o reflect+ ,croce's m5tal ne$ = cle> & f9e di/9ctions1 ! o!r1 t deep consci\sness ( ! unity ( ! real1 )\t :i* all di/9ctions t5d to solidify !mselves into dead ab/ractions4 ,if we imag9e two /ud5ts ( ,croce's philosophy1 end[$ ) antagoni/ic philosophical temp]am5ts1 ! "o a dialectician1 ! o!r a my/ic1 we c easily conceive !m z ! f\nd]s ( two diametrically oppos$ s*ools ( ?\ght4 ,! fir/ w\ld h emphasiz$ ! rigor\s di/9ctions1 ! =mal "*1 ! intellectual precision ( ! sy/em2 he might h reta9$ ! id5tification ( philosophy & hi/ory1 b to him ^! words w\ld h /ood only = ! names ( two =mal discipl9es1 & n = ! concrete life ( ! human _s :i* is pres5t 9 !m4 ,! second w\ld h pass$ lightly ov] ! di/9ctions1 & probably consid]$ !m z p>tak+ ( ! same unreality :i* belongs to sci5tific or legal ab/ractions2 & by oblit]at+ ! logical processes )\t :i* ! m9d ( man is unable to grasp & to express itself1 he w\ld h tak5 refuge 9 an ineffable1 ?\gh n necess>ily sil5t1 contemplation ( ! und]ly+ unity4 ,?is hypo!sis is n a criticism ( ,croce's philosophy2 x is m]ely ! indication ( ! fact t1 :5 ! sy/em appe>$ z complet$1 new problems1 & !re=e new errors or new tru?s1 7 b\nd to gr[ out ( ! elem5ts ( ! sy/em itself4 ,& nobody 0 m consci\s ( ?is fact ?an ,croce himself1 :o conclud$ 8 volume on ! ,filos(ia della ,pratica by expressly w>n+ 8 read]s ( ! inexhau/ibility ( ?\ght1 :i* is "o ) ! inf9ity ( reality & ( life4 ,no philosophical sy/em is f9al1 because life itself has no end4 ,e sy/em ( philosophy1 be+ condition$ by life1 c d no m ?an solve a gr\p ( problems hi/orically giv51 & prep>e ! conditions = new problems & new sy/ems4 ,( 8 own "w 9 relation to 8 read]s1 he conceiv$ z ( no?+ m ?an an in/rum5t ( "w4 ,9 ^! la/ few *apt]s we %all see ,croce himself at "w on ! new problems g5]at$ by 8 own sy/em1 try+ m rigidly to elim9ate ! la/ remnants ( naturalism1 & to put a /rong] acc5t on ! spiritual unity1#a yet con/antly def5d+ 8 conception ( ! _s z ! unity ( di/9ctions1 especially aga9/ ! my/ical t5d5cies ( ! new actual idealism4 ,:ile nev]1 9 ! c\rse ( 8 :ole life1 has he limit$ 8 activity to m]e sy/ematic ?9k+1 dur+ ! la/ elev5 ye>s he has %[n a m m>k$ t5d5cy to return f a philosophy1 :i* is all a m$itation ( ! =mal problems ( hi/ory1 to ^? concrete works ( hi/ory1 by :i* he 0 />t$ on 8 philosophical c>e]2 to return to !m1 h[ev]1 ) a m9d 9 :i* ! orig9al unc]ta9ty & obscurity has giv5 place to a def9ite consci\sness ( ! nature & purpose ( hi/ory4 ,! passage f ! m philosophical to ! m hi/orical /age is m>k$ by ! publication ( a f\r? volume ( ! ,filos(ia dello ,spirito1 9 :i*1 "u ! title ( ,teoria e ,/oria della ,/oriografia1 he collect$ a numb] ( essays writt5 betwe5 #aiab & #aiac1 conta9+ an elaboration ( ! !ory ( hi/ory already exp\nd$ 9 ! ,logica4 ,?is volume does n =m a new "p ( ! sy/em1 b r ! natural conclusion ( ! :ole "w1 s9ce ! problem :i* x discusses is ! "o t[>ds :i* t5d$ all 8 =m] inquiries into ! =ms ( ! _s1 into _! concrete life :i* is developm5t & hi/ory1 & ! consci\sness ( :i* is hi/orical ?\ght4 ,b be=e proce$+ to analyze ?is f9al =m ( ,croce's !ory ( hi/ory1 we %all give a rapid acc\nt ( ! re/ ( 8 intellectual activity f #aiaj onw>d4 ,z dur+ ! prec$+ eight ye>s1 ! ,critica cont9ues to ?is day to be ! ma9 organ ( ,croce's "w & influ5ce1 & 9 ! ,critica ! greate/ "p ( 8 writ+s are /ill publi%$ = ! fir/ "t4 ,! g5]al features ( ! ,critica h rema9$ practically un*ang$1 except t 8 s]ies ( essays on ! ,italian lit]ature ( ! la/ fifty ye>s 7:i* he collect$ 9 #aiad-ae 9 ! f\r volumes ( ,la ,lett]atura della ,nuova ,italia7 has be5 foll[$ by /udies on ,italian hi/oriography f ! beg9n+ ( ! n9ete5? c5tury to our day 7s9ce #aiad71 by essays on "s ( ! greate/ ,european poets 7s9ce #aiag71 by notes on mod]n ,italian & =eign lit]ature 7s9ce #aiag71 & by ! ,framm5ti di ,etica 7s9ce #aiac71 conta9+ discussions ( p>ticul> problems ( contempor>y morality4 ,b practically all ! reviews & essays publi%$ 9 ! ,critica & else:]e are n[ be+ collect$ 9 ! edition ( 8 complete works1 ( :i* a full li/ w be f\nd at ! end ( ?is volume4 ,9 #aiab1 = ! inauguration ( ! ,rice ,in/itute 9 ,h\/on1 ,texas1 he wrote 8 ,brevi>io di ,e/etica1 :i* we h p>tly utiliz$ 9 our exposition ( 8 /hetic doctr9e1 & :i* he repr9t$ 9 #aibj 9 8 ,nuovi ,saggi di ,e/etica1 :i* also conta9s 8 mo/ significant philosophical essays ( ! la/ f\r or five ye>s4 ,8 ,contributo alla critica di me /esso 7,contribution to ! ,criticism ( ,myself7 0 writt5 9 ,april1 #aiae1 on ! eve ( ,italy's entrance into ! w>1 & is ! be/ essay 9 exi/5ce on ! developm5t ( 8 ?\ght4 ,( ,croce's attitude dur+ ! w> we %all say b a few words4 ,he 0 "o ( ! v few ,european philosoph]s or s*ol>s :o did n trans=m !mselves into improvis$ /atesm51 or into passionate def5d]s ( national prejudices & proclaim]s ( national hatr$s4 ,diff]+ f ! ,g]maniz$ philologi/1 :o 0 ! type prevail+ 9 mo/ univ]sities be=e ! w>1 9 t he _h n wait$ = ! w> to become aw>e ( ! _m weaknesses & imp]fections ( mod]n ,g]man culture1 :ile on ! o!r h& he _h liv$ = ye>s 9 true & intimate contact ) ! great spirits ( ,g]man ,romanticism1 he resi/$ ) all 8 p[] ! univ]sal t5d5cy ( ! "t to make ( ! cont+5t issues ( ! w> a crit]ion ( intellectual tru? & ( sci5tific conduct4 ,at ! same "t1 8 temp] & education react$ viol5tly aga9/ ! false ideologies ( ! w>1 ! sup]/ructure ( v]bal ideals ) :i* on all sides cunn+ /atesm5 & nave philosoph]s attempt$ to veil ! true nature ( ! conflict4 ,aga9/ ^!1 he reass]t$ 8 conception ( ! political life & /ruggles ( /ates z manife/ations ( ! economic1 amoral or pre-moral1 activity1 & ( life itself z a p]petual /ruggle1 f9d+ its reason & its re/ 9 ! /ruggle itself4 ,! !ory ( ! /ate z ju/ice appe>$ to him m]ely z a !oretical error1 ! =tune ( :i* lay 9 ! opportunity x af=d$ to give a conv5i5t mask ( morality to p>ticul> int]e/s1 ei!r ( individuals or ( /ates4 ,! intr9sic morality ( ! w> he conceiv$ z re/+ on its tragic reality1 z reflect$ 9 a sev]ely hi/orical ?\ght1 to :i* x appe>s z a mom5t ( t hi/orical fate :i* cru%es & de/roys /ates z well z individuals1 to create f _! ru9s always new =ms ( life4 ,x is ne$less to say t = a "t at lea/ ,croce %>$ ) ,b]tr& ,russell & ) ,roma9 ,roll&1 two ?9k]s 9 _m respects v di/ant f him1 & yet z imp]vi\s z he 0 to ! rhetoric ( ! w>1 ! privilege ( a va/ unpopul>ity4 ,look+ back n[ on 8 writ+s :i* 7 lat] collect$ 9 ! volume ,pag9e sulla gu]ra1 x is possible to discov] among !m _m attitudes :i* 7 ju/ifi$ & useful only z a reaction aga9/ ! curr5t fallacies ( ! "t2 & also to realize t ! man :o speaks to u ?r\gh !m is n always & only a pure philosoph]1 b a man ) a giv5 complex ( moral & political ta/es & passions4 ,b ?is is1 9 a way1 z x %\ld be2 9 ! same way1 betwe5 ,croce ! philosoph] ( /hetics & ,croce ! critic ( poetry1 !re is a diff]5ce :i* is inh]5t 9 ! nature ( ! two diff]5t =ms ( intellectual activity2 ! philosoph] is a man ( und]/&+1 ! critic a man ( ta/es & passions4 ,9 bo? cases1 8 ideal has always be5 to make ! critic or ! morali/ wor?y ( ! philosoph]1 8 p>ticul> compreh5sion ( hi/ory adequate to 8 concept ( ! univ]sal4 ,to say t ! equation is nev] p]fect1 is only ano!r way ( say+ t e p>ticul> hi/orical problem cont9ually raises new problems ( ?\ght1 & t ,croce's ?\ght f9ds !re=e 9 itself ! motives ( its own developm5t1 ! spr+s ( its own life4 ,:]e passion & reason ultimately co9cide1 ! roots ( ! developm5t are tak5 away1 & dea? takes ! place ( life4 ,yet1 not)/&+ ^! limitations1 ,i "k ( no man ^: ?\ght on ! w> is on ! :ole m acceptable to ^? among u :o liv$ ?r\gh ! w> n z spectators1 look+ on x z on a va/ moral ab/raction1 b z humble actors1 9 ! mid/ ( its human reality4 ,a s5se ( collaboration betwe5 "o side & ! o!r1 ( be+1 "h z !re1 employ$ 9 a common task1 ^: mean+ 0 mu* deep] ?an any t _h be5 (f]$ to u by ! national rhetoricians1--a collaboration :i* happ5$ to take ! aspect ( a /ruggle1 & impos$ duties antagoni/ic1 b ( ! same nature--0 probably ! mo/ usual frame ( m9d among ! soldi]s :o c\ld ?9k2 & x exi/$1 subconsci\sly1 ev5 among ! un?9k+ ones1 provid$ t _! duties 7 ( a def9ite1 concrete k9d1 t\*$ !m 9 ! deepe/ *ords ( _! be+s1 involv$ ! fundam5tal issues ( life & dea?4 ,to ! man :o consci\sly faces dea?1 !re is no com=t 9 wilful error2 only ?is realization ( an end t transc5ds all p>ticul> ideals1 because x is ! end ( life itself1 c be wor?y ( t price4 ,y _c will+ly die = f\rte5 po9ts any m ?an = "o po9t1 b dea? :i* is loa?some 9 ! drama ( m]e circum/ance1 h[ev] adorn$ ) brilliant rhetoric1 is no long] dea? b an act ( life 9 ! trag$y 9 :i* ! h]o is consci\s ( 8 fate4 ,!re 0 no w>1 probably1 t 0 ev] m full ?an ! la/ "o ( :at might be call$ ! mat]ial ( trag$y2 b :at h ! (ficial celebrators done ) x1 !y :o h n fe>$ to desecrate1 9 all our c\ntries1 "o at lea/ ( ! concrete1 individual trag$ies1 9 ord] to make ( x an empty symbol1 to trans=m an unkn[n h]o into ab/ract h]oism8 ,9 "s ( ,croce's pages1 !re is a m concrete realization ( ! ideal trag$y ( ! w> ?an 9 any poem or oration t ,i h se5 to ?is day4 ,! la/ ye>s ( ! w> f\nd ,croce at "w on "s ( ! greate/ poetical spirits ( mod]n ,europe1 ,ario/o1 ,goe!1 ,corneille1 ,%akespe>e1 br++ to ! und]/&+ ( _! "w1 to ?is task ( concrete hi/ory1 ! deep consci\sness ( ! nature ( poetry1 & ( ! relations ( poetry ) life1 acquir$ 9 tw5ty ye>s ( philosophical m$itations4 ,ev5 8 functions z ,m9i/] ( ,public ,education dur+ ! la/ two ye>s did n di/ract him entirely f 8 /udies1 & ?is ye> ( ! six? c5t5>y ( ,dante's dea? 0 celebrat$ by him ) ! publication ( ,la ,poesia di ,dante1 :i* w c]ta9ly rema9 z ! mo/ la/+ monum5t rais$ to ! memory ( ! poet on ?is occasion4 ,?is tr\bl$ peace _c make him deviate f ! pa? ( 8 appo9t$ lab\r any m ?an ! w> c\ld2 9 peace z 9 w>1 8 duty is 8 daily task1 "h & to-day1 & 8 confid5ce 9 ! morality & usefulness ( t "w :i* is 8 "w is z little %ak5 by ! prophets ( despair 9 peace1 z x 0 by ! messiahs ( ! promis$ l& :o 7 s l\d above ! turmoil ( w>4 ,he is probably n[ not+ ) a smile t ! same m5 :o talk$ ( ! w> to end all w>s1 are n[ v busy prev5t+ our civilization f dy+ away2 t is1 build+ a peace 9 ! ab/ract1 ) programs & words1 z !y f\ght a w> :i* 0 n ! w>1 b a phantasm ( _! imag9ation4 ,footnote #a3 ,contributo1 p4 #gd4 ,,ii4 ,,! ,,!ory ,,( ,,hi/ory ,two mean+s ( ! ^w hi/ory--,hi/ory z contempor>y hi/ory-- ,hi/ory & *ronicle--,! _s z hi/ory--,philology1 & philological hi/ory--,poetical & rhetorical hi/ory--,univ]sal hi/ory--,! univ]sality ( hi/ory3 hi/ory & philosophy--,! unity ( ?\ght--,philosophy z me?odology--,! positivity ( hi/ory--,! humanity ( hi/ory--,di/9ctions & divisions--,! hi/ory ( nature4 ,!re are two mean+s to ! ^w hi/ory1 9 ,engli% z well z 9 o!r ,european languages2 on "o h& x d5otes ! actual do+1 ! imm$iacy ( life1 on ! o!r1 ! ?9k+ t seems to foll[ ! do+1 ! consci\sness ( life4 ,9 a r\gh1 approximate way1 we speak ( m5 :o make hi/ory1 & ( o!r m5 :o ?9k or write hi/ory--?\gh we are all p]fectly aw>e ( ! fact t we _c make hi/ory )\t fir/ ?9k+ hi/ory1 t ! action1 9 o!r words1 foll[s a judgm5t ( ! situation1 :i* is an elem5t>y =m ( hi/orical ?\ght1 & is accompani$ by its own consci\sness1 :i* is its imm$iate hi/ory4 ,9 ?is s5se1 ! action _c be mat]ially sev]$ f its hi/ory3 ! di/9ction betwe5 ! two is a purely =mal & ideal "o4 ,& aga91 ! ?9k+ ( hi/ory1 9 ! second mean+ ( ! ^w1 consi/s 9 mak+ pres5t to our _s1 9 re-liv+1 an action or gr\p ( actions1 :i* ?us become z actual an exp]i5ce z any practical do+1 a fragm5t ( our own life1 &1 ultimately1 ! consci\sness ( our own individual exp]i5ce4 ,?us ! two mean+s :i* /& out z %>ply contra/+ :5 we objectify & solidify !m1 z an ext]nal1 *ronological s]ies ( happ5+s1 & z a =mal discipl9e attempt+ to give1 9 innum]able books1 a description & z x 7 a v]bal duplicate ( t s]ies1 once we exam9e !m 9 ! light ( our consci\sness1 reveal !mselves m]ely z diff]5t aspects or mom5ts ( ! same spiritual process4 ,croce's late/ writ+s on hi/ory may be puzzl+ to ! av]age read] because ?is ambiguity _c be ov]come by him unless he is will+ to p5etrate to ! he>t ( ,croce's doctr9e1 9 :i* ! ^w hi/ory acquires a m pregnant & fundam5tal mean+4 ,9 _m ( u !re is a t5d5cy to balk at any attempt at fill+ old words ) deep] & m precise connotations2 b philosophy is n a matt] ( words4 ,a new ?\ght w 9 any case alt] ! :ole physiognomy ( our vocabul>y1 & to /& up = ! old mean+s is z mu* z to refuse to ?9k1 or r1 to refuse to live4 ,= hi/ory z a =mal discipl9e1 = ! actual writ+ ( hi/ory1 ,croce uses ! ^w ,hi/oriography2 b 9 8 ,teoria e ,/oria della ,/oriografia 7,!ory & ,hi/ory ( ! writ+ ( ,hi/ory71 hi/ory /ill means bo? ! do+ & ! ?9k+1 life & ! consci\sness ( life1 ?\gh n 9 ! ab/ract di/9ction 9 :i* ^! mean+s are g5]ally appreh5d$4 ,9 ,croce ! di/9ction is also unity1 & !re is no do+ :i* is n also a ?9k+1 no life :i* is n also ! consci\sness ( life1 no consci\sness :i* is n also ! consci\sness ( itself4 ,! ambiguity1 "s traces ( :i* c\ld /ill be se5 9 ! ,logica1 entirely disappe>s 9 ?is f\r? volume ( ! sy/em1 at lea/ = ! read] :o has foll[$ ! :ole developm5t ( ,croce's ?\ght4 ,we call contempor>y hi/ory ! hi/ory t is be+ made1 r loosely includ+ 9 x a m or less ext5d$ /ret* ( "t up to ! actual pres5t4 ,b contempor>y hi/ory rigor\sly ought to be only hi/ory 9 ! actual mak+1 ! imm$iate pres5t & ! consci\sness ( ! imm$iate pres5t4 ,all hi/ory1 h[ev]1 is contempor>y hi/ory 9 ?is rigor\s & precise s5se2 x is a condition ( all hi/ory t x %\ld live1 be pres5t 9 ! m9d ( ! hi/orian2 all hi/ory spr+s directly f pres5t life1 s9ce only an int]e/ ( our pres5t life c induce u to inquire into ! pa/1 :i*1 by be+ made hi/ory1 is no long] a pa/ b a pres5t4 ,if1 ,croce says1 contemporaneity is n ! *>act]i/ic ( "o class ( hi/ories 7z x is held to be1 & ) good reasons1 9 an empirical classification71 b ! intr9sic "* ( all hi/ory1 ! relation betwe5 hi/ory & life mu/ be conceiv$ ( z a relation ( unity3 n c]ta9ly 9 ! s5se ( an ab/ract id5tity1 b 9 t ( a syn!tic unity1 :i* implies bo? ! unity & ! di/9ction ( ! t]ms4 ,to speak ( a hi/ory1 ( :i* we d n possess ! docum5ts1 w !n seem z absurd z to speak ( ! exi/5ce ( a c]ta9 ?+1 ( :i* we %\ld at ! same "t affirm t "o ( ! ess5tial conditions = its exi/5ce is lack+4 ,a hi/ory )\t relation ) ! docum5t w\ld be an inv]ifiable hi/ory2 & s9ce ! reality ( hi/ory lies 9 ?is v]ifiability1 & ! hi/orical n>rative 9 :i* x realizes itself is an hi/orical n>rative only 9 s f> z x is ! critical exposition ( ! docum5t1 a hi/ory ( t k9d1 )\t mean+ & )\t tru?1 w\ld be inexi/5t z hi/ory4 ,h[ c\ld ev] a hi/ory ( pa9t+ be compos$ by a man :o %\ld n see & enjoy ! works ( :i* he int5ds to describe critically ! orig9 & developm5t8 ,h[1 a hi/ory ( philosophy1 )\t ! works1 or at lea/ ! fragm5ts ( ! works ( ! philosoph]s8 ,h[1 ! hi/ory ( a feel+ or a cu/om1 = in/ance1 ( ,*ri/ian humility or ( *ivalresque hon\r1 )\t ! capacity to re-live1 or r1 )\t actually re-liv+ ^? p>ticul> /ates ( m9d8 ,on ! o!r h&1 hav+ e/abli%$ ! indissoluble connection ( life & ?\ght 9 hi/ory1 ! d\bts t h be5 advanc$ ab\t ! c]ta9ty & utility ( hi/ory sudd5ly & totally disappe>1 & x becomes almo/ impossible to und]/& !m4 ,h[ c\ld t ev] be unc]ta91 :i* is a pres5t product ( our _s8 ,h[ c\ld a k be useless1 :i* solves a problem ris+ f ! womb ( life8#a ,if hi/ory is ?us reg>d$ n z an object b z an activity1 n z ! irrevocable pa/ b z ! liv+ pres5t1 ! diff]5ce betwe5 hi/ory & *ronicle1 :i* is "o ( ! puzzles ( hi/orical ?\ght1 becomes an important & significant di/9ction4 ,we are us$ to ?9k t ! orig9al =m ( hi/orical writ+ is ! *ronicle1 & hi/ory a lat] & matur] developm5t4 ,n[ if hi/ory is ! consci\sness ( a pres5t1 x foll[s t hi/ory is contempor>y ) ! ev5t2 t1 !re=e1 ! mo/ meagre *ronicle1 9 ! m9d ( its writ]1 mov$ by ! actuality ( ! facts :i* he records1 is already a hi/ory 9 ! full s5se ( ! ^w4 ,& ! records ( ! pa/1 :e!r appe>+ to u1 f a lit]>y po9t ( view1 z m]e *ronicles or z true hi/ories1 become hi/ory aga9 :5ev] !y are appreh5d$ by a new m9d z an answ] to a pres5t problem1 p>tak+ ( ! activity ( ! m9d t ?9ks !m anew4 ,! same records1 on ! o!r h&1 are a m]e *ronicle1 an empty n>rative1 a truly irrevocable pa/1 :5ev] !y are n re-liv$ by a liv+ m9d1 ei!r because !y d n correspond to any int]e/ ( pres5t life1 or because ! ess5tial conditions = ! recreation ( t pa/1 ! docum5ts :i* enable u to revive )9 ourselves ! orig9al exp]i5ce1 are irrevocably lo/4 ,! true di/9ction betwe5 hi/ory & *ronicle is n1 !re=e1 a lit]>y or mat]ial "o1 b a di/9ction betwe5 =ms ( spiritual activity3 hi/ory is ! liv+ consci\sness1 &1 !re=e1 an act ( ?\ght or k2 *ronicle is ! dead record1 :i* we pres]ve by a m]e act ( w1 because we "k t "s day ! dead record itself may come back to life1 trans=m itself aga91 "u an impulse root$ n 9 ! pa/ b 9 ! pres5t1 into a liv+ ?\ght4 ,^! revivals h purely inw>d motives2 & no am\nt ( n>ratives or docum5ts c produce !m2 on ! contr>y1 x is ! inn] motive t ga!rs & br+s be=e itself docum5ts & n>ratives1 :i*1 )\t x1 w\ld rema9 disp]s$ & in]t4 ,& x w be = ev] impossible to und]/& ! effectual process ( hi/orical ?\ght1 unless "o />ts f ! pr9ciple t ! _s itself is hi/ory1 &1 9 e "o ( its mom5ts1 ! mak] ( hi/ory & at ! same "t ! result ( all =ego+ hi/ory2 s t ! _s c>ries )9 itself ! :ole ( its hi/ory1 :i* 9 fact co9cides ) ! _s itself4 ,to =get "o aspect ( hi/ory & to rememb] ano!r is no?+ b ! rhy?m ( ! life ( ! _s1 :i* works by det]m9+ & individualiz+ itself1 & by 9-det]m9+ & dis-individualiz+ ! prec$+ det]m9ations & individualizations1 9 ord] to create new & ri*] ones4 ,! _s w\ld live ov] aga91 s to speak1 its hi/ory1 ev5 )\t ^? ext]nal objects :i* we call n>ratives & docum5ts2 b ^? ext]nal objects are in/rum5ts t x fa%ions = itself1 & prep>atory acts t x accompli%es1 9 ord] to effect t vital int]ior evocation1 9 ^: process !y resolve !mselves4 ,& = ?is purpose ! _s ass]ts & jeal\sly pres]ves ! 'memories ( ! pa/4'#b ,?is practical function ( ! pres]vation ( ! dead docum5ts & records is ! "w ( ! pure s*ol>1 ( ! erudite1 ! ar*ivi/1 ! ar*ologi/1 or :at might be t]m$ philology 9 ! /rict s5se ( ! ^w4 ,& x is a legitimate & useful function1 provid$ t x does n pret5d to be o!r ?an x actually is1 & to sub/itute itself = ! true process ( hi/ory1 by attempt+ to make hi/ory ) ! ext]nal objects t h be5 confid$ to its c>e4 ,philological hi/ories are nev] any?+ b m]e compilations1 le>n$ *ronicles1 useful rep]tories2 & z su*1 blameless2 b z hi/ories !y lack ! liv+ _s1 ! creative impulse1 :i* alone c trans=m ! docum5t into hi/ory4 ,we h only to turn our att5tion to ! greate/ "p ( our mod]n hi/ories ( lit]ature1 :e!r writt5 by a s+le philologi/ or by a le>n$ society1 to realize t t :i* is philology 9 !m is n hi/ory1 b rep]tory2 & ! re/1 :i* is hi/ory1 is n philology1 b a vivid reaction1 an act ( pres5t life1 by :i* "s at lea/ ( ! docum5ts ( ! pa/ 7s9ce "s philologi/s are m57 h sudd5ly become "p ( ! actual exp]i5ce ( ! writ]1 answ]$ 8 spiritual ne$1 /irr$ t :i* is /ill human 9 8 s\l4 ,& if a fur!r confirmation ( ! philological error is ne$$1 & ( ! fur!r errors 9 :i* x involves ! philological hi/orian1 x is suffici5t to op5 ^? same lit]>y hi/ories at ! pages 9 :i* !y attempt to expla9 ! orig9s ( ! ,r5aissance4 ,because z ^? writ]s make hi/ory f ! s\rces1 s !y imag9e t life itself spr+s f mat]ial s\rces2 & ! ,r5aissance f9ds its causes 9 ! discov]y ( monum5ts & docum5ts ( ! classical _w1 9 ! lives & travels ( humani/s1 9 ! munific5ce ( popes & pr9ces4 ,x does n seem to occur to !m t monum5ts & manuscripts1 :i* mat]ially _h exi/$ 9 ,europe dur+ all ! s-call$ ,d>k & ,middle ,ages1 c\ld n h be5 discov]$ unless1 at a c]ta9 mom5t 9 ! developm5t ( ,european civilization1 ! _s ( ! ,we/]n nations _h n crav$ ^? p>ticul> helps to its own life1 because ( motives & impulses g5]at$ by its own actual exp]i5ce2 & t ! m$ival cl]icus 0 n less ( a travell] ?an ! humani/1 & t ! economic aspect ( life c nev] be intelligibly conceiv$ z a cause ( t life ( :i* x is b a mom5t4 ,= ! philological hi/orian1 ! ,r5aissance beg9s betwe5 ! end ( ! f\rte5? & ! beg9n+ ( ! fifte5? c5tury2 b ! hi/orian t\t c\rt kn[s t ! fundam5tal impulses & motives by :i* we empirically ally *>act]ize t p]iod 9 ! hi/ory ( ! human _s 7 already pres5t 9 ! ,italy ( ! ?irte5? c5tury1 & sl[ly matur+ 9 ! o!r ,european c\ntries long be=e any ( ! ,italian humani/s _h come to !m z ! apo/les ( a new cre$4 ,if philological hi/ory is n hi/ory b pseudo-hi/ory1 s are also two o!r =ms ( s-call$ hi/orical ?\ght1 poetical hi/ory & rhetorical hi/ory4 ,! fir/ sub/itutes = ! value ( hi/ory1 :i* is ?\ght1 a purely imm$iate & s5tim5tal1 or /hetic value2 x pres5ts itself v (t5 z a reaction to philological hi/ory1 b x falls into ! opposite error1 :i* is t ( putt+ ! imag9ation 9 ! place ( ! docum5t4 ,rhetorical hi/ory is t :i* is animat$ by practical ends 7morali/ic1 nationali/ic1 or o!r71 & x really consi/s ( two di/9ct elem5ts1 hi/ory itself1 & ! p>ticul> end t[>ds :i* ! recitation ( hi/ory is direct$1 conv]g+ into a s+le practical act4 ,bo? p>take ( life mu* m int5sely ?an philological hi/ory2 b ! life ( ! "o is poetry1 t ( ! o!r is economic or moral action4 ,!y are1 !re=e1 legitimate z poetry & z action1 & become errors only 9 s f> z !y are pres5t$ z hi/ory4 ,x is important to make ?is di/9ction z cle> z possible3 ! actual int]e/ :i* makes hi/ory is n = ,croce a s5tim5tal or practical int]e/1 b an int]e/ ( ?\ght4 ,9 ! di/9ction ( ! v>i\s =ms ( spiritual activity1 hi/ory is n ! s5tim5tal or practical mom5t1 b ! mom5t ( ultimate consci\sness1 ! reflection & n ei!r ! intuition or ! action1 ! ?\ght :i* is consci\sness ( life & n life imm$iate2 nei!r art nor morality1 9 a ^w1 b philosophy1 if by philosophy1 we mean n a =mal discipl9e1 b all k sub specie univ]salis4 ,! def5d]s ( rhetorical hi/ory h become m frequ5t dur+ & aft] ! w> ?an !y 7 be=e x1 x be+ only too natural t 9 times ( exceptional /ress tru? %\ld be made subs]vi5t to practical ends1 & ! man ( k %\ld be unwitt+ly transmogrifi$ into a man ( action2 & !y insi/ m ?an ev] on ! moral efficacy ( hi/ory z its prop] educational value4 ,b if by hi/ory we mean bo? t hi/ory :i* is ?\ght1 & ^? t are poetry1 philology or moral w1 x is cle> t 'hi/ory' w ent] into ! educational process n "u "o only1 b "u all ^! =ms2 ?\gh z hi/ory prop]1 "u "o only1 :i* is n t ( moral education1 exclusively & ab/ractly consid]$1 b ( ! education or developm5t ( ?\ght4#c ,! conception ( hi/ory z contempor>y hi/ory1 or pres5t ?\ght1 helps u to disc>d t =m ( hi/orical scepticism1 or agno/icism1 :i* affirms t all we c "k ( hi/ory is b "o "p1 & a v small "p1 ( ! :ole4 ,if we %\ld imag9e t inf9ite :ole1 9 its inf9ite detail1 z pres5t = "o mom5t to our m9d1 all we c\ld d1 w\ld be in/antly to proce$ to =get x1 9 ord] to conc5trate our att5tion on t detail only :i* answ]s to a problem &1 !re=e1 con/itutes a liv+ & active hi/ory4 ,t :ole is n some?+ ( :i* we c affirm ! exi/5ce at any giv5 mom5t1 b ! et]nal phantasm ( ! ?+ 9 itself1 ! limit+ concept ( ! inf9ity ( our do+ & kn[+3 a naturali/ic con/ruction simil> to ! ext]nal & mat]ial reality ( physical sci5ce4 ,x is ?is naturali/ic process t gives bir? to agno/icism1 9 hi/ory z 9 sci5ce2 t is1 to ! affirmation ( ! impossibility ( kn[+ t :i* has no reality outside our own ?\ght1 :i* has creat$1 or r posit$ x1 = its own purposes4 ,a fur!r consequ5ce is t we mu/ r5\nce ! k ( univ]sal hi/ory1 n z a fact1 because z su* x has nev] exi/$1 b z a pret5ce "u :i*1 9 fact1 we are giv5 some?+ q diff]5t4 ,! pret5ce consi/s 7& x w be well to recall ,croce's own words1 writt5 long be=e "s rec5t attempts1 :i* 9 ^? words f9d _! precise valuation7 9 r$uc+ )9 a s+le frame all ! facts ( mank9d1 f its orig9s on e>? to ! pres5t day2 or r1 s9ce 9 ?is way hi/ory w\ld n be truly univ]sal1 f ! orig9s ( ?+s or f ! ,creation to ! end ( ! _w2 h5ce a t5d5cy to fill ! abysm ( prehi/ory or ( ! orig9s ) !ological or naturali/ic novels1 & someh[ to outl9e ! future1 ei!r ) revelations or ) prophecies1 z 9 ! ,*ri/ian univ]sal hi/ory 7:i* ext5d$ to ! ,anti-,*ri/ & to ! univ]sal judgm5t71 or ) =eca/s1 z 9 ! univ]sal hi/ories ( positivism1 democraticism1 & socialism4 ,su* is ! pret5ce2 b ! fact turns out to be diff]5t f ! int5tion1 & :at we get is ei!r a m or less het]og5e\s *ronicle1 or a poetical hi/ory express+ "s aspiration ( ! he>t1 or ev5 a true hi/ory1 :i* is n univ]sal b p>ticul>1 ?\gh embrac+ ! life ( _m nations & ( _m epo*s2 &1 m (t51 9 ! same lit]>y body we disc]n ^! div]s elem5ts1 "o by ! side ( ! o!r4#d ,univ]sal hi/ory is a utopian ideal simil> to ^? ( a univ]sal language1 or ( univ]sal art1 or ( a law t %\ld be valid = all times2 ! only useful mean+ ( ! ^w univ]sal :5 appli$ to hi/ory is t ( a recomm5dation to enl>ge ! sph]e ( our hi/orical int]e/s1 & to turn f ! k ( "o "t & "o p to t ( ! great facts & curr5ts ( hi/ory4 ,b a d5ial ( ! validity ( univ]sal hi/ory mu/ n be und]/ood z )draw+ f hi/ory ! k ( ! univ]sal4 ,! read] :o has foll[$ u ?r\gh ! prec$+ *apt]s1 & especially ?r\gh our analysis ( ! hi/orical judgm5t1 kn[s h[ ! concret5ess & individuality ( hi/ory is det]m9$ by ?\ght1 & !re=e kn[n z a univ]sal4 ,hi/ory is ?\ght1 &1 z su*1 ! ?\ght ( ! univ]sal 9 its concrete & p>ticul> det]m9ations4 ,! object ( hi/ory is nev] ?is or t poet1 b poetry2 n ?is or t nation or epo*1 b culture1 civilization1 progress1 fre$om1 or a simil> ^w :i* d5otes ! developm5t ( ! human _s z a :ole1 & is !re=e a univ]sal4 ,x is ( hi/ory1 ?us conceiv$1 ( contempor>y hi/ory1 z oppos$ to ! naturali/ic mom5t 7*ronicle1 or philological hi/ory71 t ,croce ass]ts ! id5tity ) philosophy3 hi/ory z1 ! k ( ! et]nal pres5t be+ "o ) ! ?\ght ( ! et]nal pres5t1 :i* is philosophy4 ,hi/ory r5\nces ! pret5ce ( an objective univ]sality 9 ! same way z philosophy1 imman5t 9 & id5tical ) hi/ory1 aboli%es ! idea ( a univ]sal philosophy3 ! two negations are b "o1 s9ce ! clos$ sy/em1 ! f9al tru?1 is z mu* a cosmological novel z univ]sal hi/ory is4 ,?is t5d5cy 0 implicit 9 ,hegel's philosophy1 b contra/$ )9 x by old prejudices1 & :olly betray$ 9 ! execution1 s t ev5 t philosophy conv]t$ itself into a cosmological novel2 we c !re=e say t t :i* at ! beg9n+ ( ! n9ete5? c5tury 0 a m]e pres5tim5t1 only at ! beg9n+ ( ! tw5tie? is trans=m+ itself into a firm consci\sness1 :i* defies ! fe>s ( ! timid1 t 9 ?is way we endang] ! k ( ! univ]sal2 ma9ta9+ t1 on ! contr>y1 9 ?is way only ?is k is obta9$ truly & = ev]1 because 9 a dynamic mode4 ,hi/ory becom+ actual hi/ory1 & philosophy becom+ hi/orical philosophy1 h fre$ !mselves1 "o f ! dread ( n be+ able to "k t :i* is n kn[n only because ei!r x 0 or x w be kn[n1 & ! o!r1 f ! despair ( nev] atta9+ ! f9al tru?3 t is1 bo? h fre$ !mselves f ! phantasm ( ! '?+ 9 itself4'#e ,?is f9al affirmation ( ! unity ( human ?\ght1 ?is qualification ( all ?\ght z at ! same "t hi/orical & philosophical1 is ! la/ answ] giv5 by ,croce to ! problem :i* _h occupi$ him = ! la/ tw5ty ye>s1 ev] s9ce 8 fir/ speculations on hi/ory z art4 ,f ! consid]ation ( ! individual mom5t :i* is ess5tial to hi/ory1 he _h sl[ly rais$ himself to ! contemplation ( ! pure univ]sal1 only to return f9ally to ! individual mom5t 9 :i* only ! univ]sal realizes itself4 ,& :ile ?is answ] c be reg>d$1 on ! :ole1 z ! natural conclusion ( ! ideali/ic movem5t 9 philosophy1 yet x diff]s f ,kant 9 its ultimate repudiation ( ! n\m5on1 f ,hegel1 9 t x makes x impossible to build1 side by side ) a dynamic logic1 a my?ology ( ! ,idea1 a philosophy ( hi/ory & ( nature1 9 :i* ! transc5d5tal elem5t1 elim9at$ already f ! logic1 %\ld f9d its ultimate refuge4 ,x is to be hop$ t ,croce's critics w n level aga9/ him ^? same criticisms t are g5]ally employ$ aga9/ ,kant or ,hegel1 because !y w\ld be = ! mo/ "p ineffectual aga9/ a ,kantian & ,hegelian philosoph] :o has disc>d$ ! :ole ( ,kantian & ,hegelian metaphysics4 ,f ?is /&po9t1 ,croce is n only ! heir ( ! ideali/ic1 b also ( ! positivi/ic or reali/ic tradition1 :i* he has con/antly oppos$1 n because ( its anti-metaphysical "*1 b because 9 ! ext]nal reality ( ! reali/1 9 ! natural or hi/orical philosophy ( ! positivi/1 he is unable to see any?+ b naturali/ic disguises ( ! old metaphysical entities4 ,a reali/ :o %\ld n 9 pr9ciple refuse to become acqua9t$ ) ,croce's ?\ght1 b hone/ly attempt to und]/& x1 w\ld probably f9d 8 own realism purifi$ & made m truly reali/ic by ! exp]i5ce4 ,a mat]ial di/9ction1 z ( =mal discipl9es1 betwe5 hi/ory & philosophy /ill survives 9 ,croce's !ory1 philosophy prop] be+ consid]$ z ! categoric or me?odological mom5t ( hi/ory--a di/9ction r\ghly correspond+ to ! "o he made 9 8 logic betwe5 ! individual judgm5t & ! def9ition4 ,b philosophy itself is pr(\ndly modifi$ once we fully realize t its hi/orical "* implies ! ab&onm5t ( c]ta9 features :i* are con/antly associat$ 9 our m9ds ) ! idea ( philosophy1 because ( its e>ly associations ) my?ology & ! positive religions ions4 ,to ^! belong ! belief 9 ! exi/5ce ( a fundam5tal problem ( philosophy1 :i* rema9s ! same ?r\gh\t ! hi/ory ( human ?\ght1 & ( :i* ! v>i\s philosophies are b successive approximations to an answ]2 ! consequ5t /ress laid on ! unity ( ! sy/em r ?an on ! f9e & cle> di/9ctions2 ! rese>* ( an ultimate tru?2 & f9ally1 ! prejudice by :i* ! philosoph] is reg>d$ z a ,buddha or prie/1 fre$ f human passions & human illusions1 re/+ 9 ! pure contemplation ( a tru?1 :i*1 by be+ tom f ! soil ( active life t has borne x1 _c b )] away & become z empty & unreal z ! ,buddha's own ,nirvana frankly pr(esses to be4 ,metaphysics to ,croce is ! la/ inc>nation ( !ology2 & ! pr(essor ( philosophy 9 our univ]sities1 ) a culture =m$ exclusively on ! books ( ! great philosoph]s ( ! pa/1 unmov$ by ! passions & problems ( life1 is b ! heir ( ! m$ival ma/] ( !ology4 ,a /rong advancem5t ( philosophical culture ought to t5d t[>ds ?is result3 t all ! /ud5ts ( human ?+s1 juri/s1 economi/s1 morali/s1 m5 ( lett]s1 t is1 all ! /ud5ts ( hi/orical matt]s1 %\ld become consci\s & well-discipl9$ philosoph]s2 & ! philosoph] 9 g5]al1 ! purus philosophus1 %\ld no long] f9d place among ! pr(essional specifications ( k4#f ,we %all n foll[ our au?or 9 all 8 developm5ts ( ! !ory ( hi/ory4 ,x suffices to say t ^! developm5ts are obvi\sly b new pres5tations1 made "h & !re m precise & m coh]5t1 ( ! v>i\s problems already discuss$ 9 ! prec$+ volumes ( ! ,filos(ia dello ,spirito4 ,we %all ?us recognise 9 ,croce's criticism ( ! philosophy ( hi/ory z a special discipl9e1 di/9ct bo? f hi/ory z su* & f a s-call$ g5]al philosophy1 8 polemic aga9/ transc5d5ce1 ei!r metaphysical or naturali/ic2 & 9 8 claim = ! positivity ( hi/ory1 8 !ory ( value1 by :i* ! only real values are ! positive ones1 co9cid+ ) ! fact1 :ile negative values are b expressions ( feel+s & desires4 ,9 ! light ( ?is !ory1 s9ce hi/ory is obvi\sly conc]n$ ) t :i* is1 & n ) t :i* is n1 ! limits ( hi/orical judgm5t are cle>ly e/abli%$1 9 ! way 9 :i* we saw !m e/abli%$ = lit]>y criticism4 ,z ! lit]>y critic is nev] conc]n$ ) any?+ b ) expression1 or art1 or beauty1 non-expression1 non-art1 non-beauty be+ z su* inexi/5t1 & truly exi/5t only z manife/ations ( ! logical or practical activity ( man2 s ! hi/orian at l>ge w nev] meet negative values1 b positive facts only1 :i* assume ! aspect ( ugl9ess1 or error1 or immorality1 only 9 ! dialectic process ( reality1 9 ! creation ( a high] =m ( life4 ,8 affirmation ( ! positive fact is suffici5t judgm5t1 & x becomes an implicit moral judgm5t :5ev] ! consci\sness ( ! hi/orian is a moral consci\sness1 )\t any ne$ = him to usurp ! function ( ! morali/ or ( ! judge 9 apportion+ praise or blame on ! objects ( 8 hi/ory4 ,aga9/ ! humani/ic or pragmatic conception ( hi/ory1 :i* f9ds ! reasons & motives ( hi/ory 9 ! ab/ract individual1 z aga9/ ! opposite view1 = :i* ! true hi/ory is only t ( ! collectivity1 ( ! in/itutions1 ( ! human values1 ,croce reass]ts 8 concept ( ! actuality ( ! _s1 9 reg>d to :i* ! individual is z mu* ( an ab/raction z ! society or ! value :i* does n entirely realize itself 9 ! fact4 ,! object ( hi/ory is nei!r ,p]icles nor ,politics1 nei!r ,sophocles nor ,trag$y1 nei!r ,plato nor ,philosophy2 b ! univ]sal 9 ! individual1 t is1 ,politics1 ,trag$y1 ,philosophy1 z ,p]icles1 ,sophocles1 & ,plato1 or ,p]icles1 ,sophocles1 & ,plato z p>ticul> mom5ts ( ,politics1 ( ,trag$y1 & ( ,philosophy4 ,z !re are no special philosophical sci5ces1 & !n a g5]al philosophy1 :i* %\ld be outside or above !m1 b :5ev] we ?9k ( reality "u "o ( its aspects or di/9ctions1 we ?9k ( ! :ole ( reality 9 "o ( its det]m9ations1 s !re are no special hi/ories1 ! limits ( :i* c be def9itely /at$1 & above !m a g5]al hi/ory1 :i* w\ld 9 a new =m revive ! my? ( univ]sal hi/ory4 ,we h se5 h[ lit]>y hi/ory1 = in/ance1 t5ds inevitably to become ! :ole spiritual hi/ory ( a nation2 & ! same applies to all special hi/ories1 :e!r political or moral1 or philosophical4 ,!re are divisions ( hi/ory1 accord+ to ! quality ( ! objects1 to "t & space1 b su* divisions are m]e empirical classifications1 practical in/rum5ts or lit]>y exp$i5ts2 & we c use z ! f\ndation ( su* divisions ev5 ! ideal di/9ctions ( ! fundam5tal =ms ( spiritual activity4 ,b :5 ^! di/9ctions are und]/ood z actual di/9ctions ( ! aspects ( ! spiritual life1 ( :i* we make hi/ory1 !n all ! o!r aspects w inevitably be pres5t 9 ! p>ticul> di/9ction1 once we truly appreh5d x 9 ! fulness ( its relations4 ,9 ?is s5se1 hi/ory is always special or p>ticul>1 because x is only 9 ! special & p>ticul> t we c grasp ! effectual & concrete univ]sality1 ! effectual & concrete unity4 ,f9ally1 ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! hi/ory ( man & ! hi/ory ( nature is n a diff]5ce 9 ! object b 9 ! me?od ( hi/ory4 ,! :ole ( reality is spiritual reality1 & nature appreh5d$ 9 its concret5ess & actuality1 if we are able to recreate x )9 ourselves1 becomes actual1 concrete1 contempor>y hi/ory z mu* z any "p ( human hi/ory4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! application ( empirical & ab/ract concepts1 ! practical manipulation ( ! data ( human hi/ory1 trans=ms ! hi/ory ( man into m]e natural hi/ory4 ,?is diff]5ce 9 me?od we h already analyz$ 9 /udy+ ,croce's logic1 & we %all only add "h t ! read] ( ,croce may (t5 be tempt$ to reg>d ,croce's conception ( reality z limit$ to ! human _s only1 & !re=e to give a metaphysical int]pretation to 8 exclusion ( nature4 ,! correct int]pretation is a purely epi/emological "o1 & aga9 & aga9 ,croce insi/s t 9 ! :ole ( reality1 :i* is developm5t or life1 man & nature are b empirical & ab/ract di/9ctions4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,croce's int]e/s are c]ta9ly m human ?an natural1 & n only 9 ! s5se 9 :i* ?is is true ( e man2 9 ! m precise s5se also t ! ef=t to recreate )9 himself ! consci\sness ( a blade ( grass1 :i* he advises ! hi/orian ( nature to p]=m1 cle>ly appeals to him s little1 t he may ev5 seem d\btful ( its success4 ,! acc5t is cont9ually laid1 9 ,croce's ?\ght1 on ! hi/ory ( man1 & on ! ?\ght ( man2 to _m ( u1 our deal+s ) nature 7n ! dead nature ( ,l9nu1 b ! liv+ nature ( ,virgil & ,%elley7 w\ld probably sugge/ a %ift+ ( ! acc5t by :i* ! spirituality ( nature1 ! cont9uity ( ! dynamic process f nature to man w\ld become m emphatically affirm$ ?an x is 9 any ( ,croce's writ+s4 ,we are probably t\*+ "h on "o ( ! possible1 & probable1 l9es ( developm5t ( ,croce's philosophy2 :i*1 h[ev]1 w n become actual until ! hi/orical problems ( ! liv+ nature %all n urge ,croce himself1 or "o ( 8 successors1 z p[]fully z ! problems ( human hi/ory h mov$ him4 ,at pres5t1 ) v r>e exceptions1 ! /ud5ts ( ! hi/ory ( nature are occupi$ 9 trans=m+ _! hi/orical exp]i5ce into classes & types & laws2 b a "t may come :5 f ! naturali/ic con/ructions we %all be able m frequ5tly to recreate ! life ( :i* ^! are b ! dead spoils1 ! accumulat$ ve/iges1 by ! same process by :i* hi/ory re-k9dles ! old *ronicles into new1 contempor>y life4 ,t su* a developm5t is impli$ 9 ,croce's own !ory ( hi/ory c h>dly be que/ion$1 ?\gh1 :5 realiz$1 x w und\bt$ly react on m ?an "o po9t ( ,croce's logic4 ,footnote #a3 ,teoria e ,/oria1 pp4 #e-f4 ,footnote #b3 ,teoria e ,/oria1 pp4 #ae-af4 ,footnote #c3 ,teoria e ,/oria1 pp4 #ce-f4 ,footnote #d3 ,teoria e ,/oria1 p4 #df4 ,footnote #e3 ,teoria e ,/oria1 pp4 #ea-b4 ,footnote #f3 ,teoria e ,/oria1 p4 #ade4 ,,iii4 ,,criticism ,,& ,,hi/ory ,beyond ! sy/em--,! univ]sality ( art--,! discipl9e ( art--,poetry1 prose & oratory--,classicism & impressionism-- ,practical p]sonality & poetical p]sonality--,! monographic me?od 9 criticism--,! re=m ( /hetic hi/ory--,criticism z philosophy--,s5sibility & intellig5ce4 ,! id5tification ( hi/ory & philosophy1 9 ! =m 9 :i* we h exp\nd$ x 9 ! prec$+ *apt]1 is ! turn+ po9t ( ,croce's ?\ght2 ! sy/em :i* 9 ! fir/ ?ree volumes ( ! ,filos(ia dello ,spirito _h /ill a some:at /atic & rigid appe>ance1 is really set to movem5t1 animat$ z if by a new & int5s] life1 s9ce its implicit dynamism is made explicit 9 ! f\r? & conclud+ volume4 ,to ,croce himself1 ! :ole ( 8 "w appe>s no long] z a sy/em1 b z a s]ies ( sy/ematizations1 & 8 ,filos(ia dello ,spirito1 z a s]ies ( volumes on ! problems sl[ly ga!r+ 9 8 m9d s9ce ! ye>s ( 8 y\?4 ,no wond]1 !re=e1 t 8 lat] "w %\ld conta9 ?\ghts t break ! b>s ( ! s-call$ sy/em1 & give1 to a close scrut9y1 new sy/ems or new 'sy/ematizations1' s9ce always ! :ole moves ) e "o ( our /eps4 ,no wond] t he %\ld feel t he w cont9ue to philosophize ev5 if "o day he %all ab&on philosophy1 z ?is is :at ! unity ( philosophy & hi/ory implies3 t we philosophize :5ev] we ?9k1 & ( :atev] object & 9 :atev] =m we may ?9k4#a ,& 9 fact1 9 ^! la/ few ye>s1 ,croce has giv5 _m a sev]e %ock to ! fai?ful wor%ipp]s ( 8 sy/em1 sometimes by ext5d+ 8 tol]ance1 or ev5 8 approval1 to types ( speculation app>5tly remote f 8 own1 b 9 :i* he recognises1 "u a radically diff]5t aspect1 "s ( ! liv+ impulses1 & spiritual int]e/s by :i* 8 own ?\ght is mov$2 & sometimes by develop+ new !ories1 ?r\gh :i* intellectual positions criticis$ by him at an e>li] /age ( 8 "w 7 re/abli%$ z hav+ a new mean+ & value1 once !y 7 approa*$ f a new & high] /&po9t1 p>tly rea*$ by means ( t same critical process :i* _h previ\sly reveal$ !m z errors4 ,croce's conception ( ! function ( error 9 ! hi/ory ( human ?\ght1 :ile mak+ him viol5tly intol]ant ( actual negative error1 leads him to se>* pa9/ak+ly = t elem5t ( tru? :i* is ! reality ( e error2 & 9 ?is respect too1 8 philosophical c>e] is z x 7 r\ghly divid$ into two p]iods1 "o ( critical dissolution1 & ! o!r ( critical recon/ruction1 respectively correspond+ to ! build+ up ( ! sy/em1 & to ! successive lib]ation f ! %ackles ( ! sy/em itself4 ,croce's "n w c]ta9ly be rememb]$ 9 ! future1 if on no o!r acc\nt1 z t ( ! only philosoph] :o nev] became ! slave ( 8 dead ?\ght4 ,8 coh]5ce is nev] ( ! lett]1 b ( ! _s4 ,?is la/ phase ( ,croce's ?\ght (f]s great] difficulties to ! expositor ?an ! prec$+ ones1 p>tly because x is /ill 9 ! mak+1 & !re=e lacks ! necess>y p]spective1 & p>tly because x is embodi$ n only 9 purely philosophical essays1 b 9 e page ( ,croce's hi/orical & critical writ+s2 s t v (t5 x w\ld be impossible to give a cle> acc\nt ( x )\t ample & m9ute ref]5ce to ! und]ly+ hi/orical mat]ial4 ,! :ole ( ,croce's ?\ght c\ld inde$ be re/at$ ?r\gh an exposition ( ,croce's hi/orical views1 & x w\ld be an allur+ task to extract f 8 writ+s a k9d ( outl9e ( ! hi/ory ( mank9d1 consid]$ especially 9 its /hetic & philosophical cal manife/ations1 & indirectly also 9 its moral & economic activities2 b x w\ld take u mu* beyond ! limits :i* we h set to our lab\r4 ,we %all !re=e conf9e ourselves to exam9+1 9 ?is *apt]1 ! late/ developm5ts ( ,croce's /hetics1 especially 9 relation ) ! hi/ory ( art & poetry2 &1 9 ! foll[+ & conclud+ "o1 to consid]+ 8 !ory ( tru? or ( ! function ( ?\ght1 9 relation to o!r types ( contempor>y ?\ght4 ,we h foll[$ ! evolution1 or r ! deep5+1 ( ,croce's concept ( art z pure intuition1 into lyrical intuition1 ?r\gh :i* ! movem5t & life :i* might seem to h be5 d5i$ to ! products ( ! /hetic activity consid]$ z a m]e =m ( k1 7 recognis$ z intr9sically belong+ to !m by reason ( ! v nature ( t cognitive activity1 & ( its relations ) ! practical sph]e ( ! _s1 ! /ates ( m9d1 :i* c be ab/ract$ z ! matt] or cont5t ( ! /hetic =m4 ,ano!r difficulty1 h[ev]1 /ill p]si/$ 9 ,croce's !ory1 due to ! %>p di/9ction betwe5 ! /hetic & ! logical activity1 :i* res]v$ to ! fir/ ! field ( individual1 to ! second t ( univ]sal k--con/itut+ a d\ble-grade relation1 9 :i* ! /hetic 0 impli$ by ! logic activity1 b n vice-v]sa4 ,! correspond+ di/9ction ( ! two =ms ( ! practical _s1 ! economic & ! e?ic1 evolv$ by ,croce at a matur] /age ( 8 speculation1 e/abli%es n only a d\ble-grade relation1 b also a reciprocal implication4 ,croce's essay on ,il c>att]e di totalit della espressione arti/ica 7#aiag7 is an attempt at int]pret+ 8 fir/ di/9ction 9 ! light ( ! second1 !reby recognis+ ! univ]sal or cosmic "* ( art4 ,t univ]sality :i* becomes explicit 9 ! logical judgm5t is implicit 9 ! intuition1 already id5tifi$ ) ! category ( feel+1 ) ! concrete /ates ( m9d1 on :i* x imposes its =m3 ,s9ce1 :at is a feel+ or a /ate ( m9d8 is x some?+ t c be deta*$ f ! univ]se & develop$ by itself8 h ! "p & ! :ole1 ! individual & ! cosmos1 ! f9ite & ! inf9ite1 any reality1 "o outside ! o!r8 ,"o may be incl9$ to grant t e sev]ance & isolation ( ! two t]ms ( ! relation c\ld n be any?+ b ! "w ( ab/raction1 = :i* only !re is an ab/ract individuality & an ab/ract f9ite1 an ab/ract unity & an ab/ract inf9ite4 ,b ! pure intuition1 or arti/ic repres5tation1 abhors ab/raction2 or r x does n ev5 abhor x1 s9ce x kn[s x n1 because ( its nave or auroral cognitive "*4 ,9 x1 ! individual lives by ! life ( ! :ole1 & ! :ole is 9 ! life ( ! individual2 & e true arti/ic repres5tation is itself & ! univ]se1 ! univ]se 9 t individual =m1 & t individual =m z ! univ]se4 ,9 e acc5t ( a poet1 9 e creature ( 8 phantasy1 !re is ! :ole ( human de/9y1 all ! hopes1 ! illusions1 ! sorr[s & ! joys1 all human greatness & all human mis]y1 ! entire drama ( reality1 :i* p]petually becomes & gr[s ^u itself1 suff]+ & rejoic+4#b ,?is recognition ( ! implicit univ]sality ( ! /hetic expression does n aboli%1 z x might seem to a sup]ficial obs]v]1 ! di/9ction betwe5 /hetic & logical k2 x r makes x cle>] & tru]4 ,an imp]fect recognition may lead to an intellectuali/ic or my/ic !ory ( art2 & intellectualism & my/icism 9 /hetics rema9 = ,croce z typical =ms ( error1 :e!r !y are direct$ t[>ds a confusion betwe5 intuition & judgm5t1 or t[>ds a symbolical or allegorical int]pretation ( art1 or t[>ds a semi-religi\s !ory ( art z ! revelation ( ! ,deus absconditus4 ,b ! tru? t ^? errors tri$ to express 9 _! imp]fect =mulas1 is f9ally und]/ood by him to be t "* ( univ]sality :i* belongs to e aspect & to e fragm5t ( ! liv+ reality4 ,feel+ itself1 or a /ate ( m9d1 p>takes 9 its actuality ( t univ]sal "*1 b :5 express$ 9 art1 x reta9s its univ]sality only by los+ its practical nature1 & subject+ itself entirely to ! =m :i* expresses x4 ,?us ! /hetic activity1 because b5t on realiz+ its own univ]sality1 :i* is ! p]fection ( its =m1 imposes on ! arti/ a morality & a discipl9e :i* _c be id5tifi$ ) practical morality1 ) ! discipl9e ( life4 ,! s9c]ity ( !' arti/ is ( ano!r ord] ?an t ( ! practical man1 ?\gh 7we c nev] repeat x too (t57 /hetic virtues be+ incomm5surable ) moral values1 8 "w z an arti/ does n exempt him f 8 duties z a man4 ,?is fur!r det]m9ation ( ! concept ( expression is us$ by ,croce to cl>ify a di/9ction :i* _h already be5 adumbrat$ 9 ! ,e/etica2 ! di/9ction betwe5 poetic1 intellectual1 & practical expression1 betwe5 ! ^w 9 :i* ! pure intuition embodies itself1 ! ^w :i* is a sign or symbol ( ?\ght1 & ! ^w :i* is an in/rum5t = ! awak5+ ( ! emotions1 a prep>ation = action4 ,?us ! old categories ( poetry1 prose1 & oratory reappe>1 b no long] z crit]ia ( mat]ial classification1 no long] to be id5tifi$ ) classes or g5res ( expression4 ,!y become synonyms1 respectively1 ( ! /hetic1 ! logical1 & ! practical activity2 to be us$ z in/rum5ts ( lit]>y & arti/ic criticism1 if ! critic is will+ to r5\nce all ext]nal helps & mat]ial /&>ds1 & to p5etrate into ! individuality ( ! act1 :]e only x is giv5 to him to disc]n ! diff]5t spiritual dispositions1 & :at is poetry f :at is n poetry4 ,"u ! semblance ( prose1 9 a com$y or 9 a novel1 we may f9d a true & deeply felt lyric2 z "u t ( v]se1 9 a trag$y or 9 a poem1 no?+ b reflection & oratory4#c ,x is easy to p]ceive h[ ?is di/9ction w also react on ,croce's !ory ( language z intuition & expression1 n by alt]+ its initial position1 b by (f]+ new means = ! empirical analysis ( ! facts ( language1 ! nature ( :i* is obvi\sly det]m9$ by ! k9d ( impulse :i* man obeys 9 ! individual act ( expression4 ,by ! employm5t ( su* a me?od1 ! hi/ory ( language z /hetic expression c be qualifi$ & illum9$ ?r\gh ! consid]ation ( ! mom5ts 9 :i* language ceases to be a pure act ( /hetic creation1 & is subord9at$1 z a symbol or in/rum5t1 to ! purposes ( ! logical & practical m9d4 ,simil>ly1 9 ! hi/ory ( poetry or ( art1 ! consid]ation ( ! logical & practical mom5ts 9 ! expression w help to def9e & isolate t :i* is purely /hetic expression1 t is1 poetry & art4 ,croce's expressioni/ic !ory1 :5 ?us und]/ood1 diff]s bo? f o!r expressioni/ic !ories & f ! n>r[ int]pretations ( ,croce's own !ory t h be5 giv5 by "s ( 8 foll[]s & by all 8 adv]s>ies4 ,x does n1 9 fact1 attempt to give an /hetic ju/ification ( art z ! m]e passive reception ( ! transi5t mood2 x has no sympa?y = t impressionism :i* trans=ms ! arti/ into a re$ %ak5 by all w9ds ( circum/ance1 legitimiz+ e intrusion ( ! practical p]sonality 9 ! /hetic production4 ,x r$uces ?is mod]n /hetics ( ! imm$iate feel+ to an expression1 n ( ! true _s ( :at art & poetry is be+ produc$ to-day1 b ( t disease1 or passivity1 ( ! times1 ! fir/ solemn docum5t ( :i* c be trac$ 9 ,r\sseau's ,confessions4 ,aga9/ x1 ,croce appeals to ! example & ! ^w ( a ,goe! or a ,leop>di1 :o diagnos$ ! disease 9 its inception1 & contra/$ ! classical naturalness & simplicity ( ! anci5ts ) ! affectation & tumidity ( ! mod]ns4 ,b ! classicism :i* ,croce invokes is n a =mal & lit]al ideal1 limit$ to c]ta9 models or /&>ds3 x is t complete idealization1 :i* ! imm$iate practical data1 9 all times & climates1 w und]go at ! h&s ( ! true poet & arti/1 :e!r he calls himself a romantici/ or a classici/1 an ideali/ or a reali/4 ,closely relat$ ) ?is l9e ( ?\ght is ,croce's di/9ction ( ! practical f ! poetical p]sonality ( ! arti/1 & ( biography f /hetic criticism1 z we f9d x 9 ! essay ( ,alcune massime criti*e1 & 9 ! fir/ *apt] ( 8 /udy on ,%akespe>e 7#aiai74 ,! k ( ! facts ( an arti/'s life is und\bt$ly requir$ = ! purposes ( biographical or practical hi/ory2 b _! relation ) ! /hetic p]sonality ( ! arti/ is n1 z x is g5]ally assum$1 a relation ( cause & effect4 ,!y may h an indirect utility = ! def9ition ( ! /hetic p]sonality1 & especially = ! recognition ( t :i* 9 ! works ( art !mselves is /ill purely practical1 n yet /amp$ ) ! seal ( ! /hetic activity4 ,b 9 ! appreh5sion ( art1 ! critic mu/ presc9d f ! biographical elem5ts1 because ! arti/ himself has presc9d$ f !m 9 ! act ( creation ( 8 "w ( art1 :i* is a "w ( art inasmu* z x is ! opposite ( ! practical life1 & is accompli%$ by ! arti/ rais+ himself above ! practical plane1 ab&on+ ! greate/ "p ( 8 practical feel+s1 & transfigur+ ^? ev5 t he seems to pres]ve1 because putt+ !m into new relations4 ,! arti/1 z we say1 'transc5ds "t1' t is1 ! 'practical "t1' & ent]s ! 'ideal "t1' :]e actions d n foll[ actions1 b ! et]nal lives 9 ! pres5t4 ,& he :o pret5ds to expla9 ! ideal "t by ! practical "t1 ! imag9ative creation by ! practical action1 art by biography1 unwitt+ly d5ies art itself1 & r$uces x to a practical bus9ess1 ( ! same k9d z eat+ & mak+ love1 produc+ goods or fight+ = a political cause4#d ,?is concept ( ! /hetic p]sonality1 :i* we f9d cle>ly def9$ 9 ,croce's mo/ rec5t essays1 0 ! guid+ pr9ciple ( all 8 lit]>y criticism1 s9ce ! "t :5 he />t$ 8 s]ies ( /udies on mod]n ,italian lit]ature4 ,he _h inh]it$ x f ,de ,sanctis1 ^: "w1 9 s f> z x is /hetic & n moral or political hi/ory1 c be reg>d$ z a collection ( p[]ful *>act]izations ( /hetic p]sonalities4 ,b1 9 8 fir/ attempts 9 lit]>y criticism1 ,croce employ$ x t5tatively 9 :at !n appe>$ to him only z ! prep>atory /age ( 8 "w2 beyond ! individual *>act]izations1 & once ^! _h be5 suffici5tly det]m9$1 he /ill ?\ght ( ! possibility ( a g5]al lit]>y hi/ory1 9 :i* ^! %\ld f9d _! place z p>ts ( a m complex organism ( critical ?\ght4 ,b :5 he _h complet$ 8 task1 9 a s]ies ( rem>kable essays1 "s ( :i* w h fix$ = a long "t to come ! physiognomy ( ! mo/ notable ,italian writ]s ( ! la/ half-c5tury1 he p]ceiv$ t he _h practically exhau/$ ! /hetic problems :i* ! "w ( ^? writ]s pres5t$ to 8 m9d3 a g5]al lit]>y hi/ory ( ! p]iod c\ld h be5 no?+ b a new arrangem5t ( ! same ideas & valuations conta9$ 9 ! individual essays4 ,?us ! monographic me?od 4:i* he _h orig9ally adopt$ = conv5i5ce' sake1 ju/ifi$ itself 9 ! practice ( 8 "w1 or r prov$ to be ! only legitimate me?od ( lit]>y & g5]al arti/ic hi/ory4 ,all ! vague ab/ractions ) :i* mod]n nationali/ic or sociological hi/ories ( art & poetry are cramm$1 reveal !mselves ultimately z ei!r g5]alizations ( individual *>act]i/ics1 or concepts borr[$ f ! economic & moral hi/ory ( a nation or p1 m or less irrelevant to ! purposes ( /hetic criticism4 ,! true unity 9 ! consid]ation ( ! hi/ory ( art _c be rea*$ by ! e/abli%m5t ( purely ext]nal & mat]ial relations betwe5 "w & "w1 betwe5 arti/ & arti/1 b only by mak+ "o's critical e/imate ( ! individual "w or arti/ suffici5tly va/ & suffici5tly deep4 ,contempor>ies1 relat$ or oppos$ to ! individual poet1 8 m or less p>tial & remote =]unn]s1 ! moral & intellectual life ( 8 "t1 & t ( ! times :i* prec$$ & prep>$ x1 ^! & o!r ?+s are all pres5t 7n[ express$1 n[ unexpress$7 9 our _s1 :5 we recon/ruct ! dialectic ( a giv5 arti/ic p]sonality4 ,und\bt$ly1 9 consid]+ a giv5 p]sonality we _c1 9 ! same act1 consid] ano!r or _m o!rs or all o!rs1 ea* = itself2 & psy*ologi/s call ?is lack ( ubiquity ! 'n>r[ness ( ! ?re%old ( consci\sness1' :ile !y ought to call x ! highe/ en]gy ( ! human _s1 :i* s9ks itself 9 ! object t 9 a giv5 mom5t int]e/s x1 & does n all[ itself "u any condition to be div]t$ f x1 because 9 ! individual x f9ds all t int]e/s x1 &1 9 a ^w1 ! ,:ole4#e ,?is is ! purport ( ! essay on ,la ,ri=ma della ,/oria arti/ica e lett]>ia 7#aiag71 & ?is is ! me?od delib]ately foll[$ by ,croce 9 8 rec5t essays on ,ario/o1 ,goe!1 ,%akespe>e1 ,corneille & ,dante1 :i* ought to be /udi$ n only z *>act]izations ( ! v>i\s poets1 ( ! feel+ or tonality :i* is peculi> to ea* ( !m & con/itutes _! /hetic p]sonality1 b also z s\rces = ! me?odology ( lit]>y criticism4 ,to 8 !ory ,croce br+s a two-fold corroboration1 fir/1 f ! obs]vation ( ! fact t x co9cides ) a m & m widespread t5d5cy 9 bo? lit]>y & arti/ic hi/ory t[>ds ! monographic =m1 ! individual essay1 z ! mo/ effectual type ( criticism2 & second1 f ! analogy ) o!r =ms ( hi/ory4 ,all hi/ory1 & n /hetic hi/ory only1 is ess5tially monographic2 all hi/ory is ! hi/ory ( a giv5 ev5t or ( a giv5 cu/om or ( a giv5 doctr9e1 & all hi/ory rea*es ! univ]sal only 9 & ?r\gh ! individual4 ,! only ob/acles to a g5]al acceptation ( ?is view are1 on "o side1 a p]si/5t inability to di/+ui% art f ! practical & moral life & f philosophy1 & on ! o!r1 a lack ( sci5tific s5se1 ?r\gh :i* sci5ce is reg>d$ n z critical rese>*1 b z a mat]ial ga!r+ ( facts4 ,prospectuses1 h&books1 diction>ies & encyclop$ias are n ! ideal ( hi/ory3 !y are in/rum5ts ( :i* we %all always make use z practical helps = ! critical rese>*2 b :at is liv+ & real ?\ght 9 !m is b an e*o ( ! actual ?9k+ ( individual problems4 ,all /hetic criticism1 & !re=e all /hetic hi/ory1 is ?is ?9k+ ( logical problems1 root$ 9 ! concrete gr\nd ( ! works ( art1 :i* are 9 _! turn solutions ( /hetic problems4 ,= ?is ! dynamic conception ( ! human _s imports t e "o ( its acts is a creation1 or a do+1 9 ! p>ticul> =m 9 :i* ! _s realizes itself2 art1 a creation1 9 respect to :i* all spiritual antec$5ts assume ! aspect ( a giv5 /hetic problem2 hi/ory or philosophy1 a creation on ! sub/ance ( reality pres5t+ itself z a logical problem2 & ! :ole sph]e ( ! !oretical _s1 a !oretical do+s :i* is ! p]petual antec$5t & ! p]petual consequ5t ( ! practical do+4#f ,! m]e recreation ( ! /hetic impression giv5 by a "w ( art is n yet criticism2 ! critic z a m]e artifex additus artifici is n yet a critic1 b /ill an arti/4 ,criticism1 l all o!r hi/ory1 is n feel+ or intuition1 b intellig5ce & ?\ght4 ,e hi/ory ( criticism w !re=e ultimately co9cide ) ! hi/ory ( /hetic !ories1 ) ! philosophy ( art4 ,we ?us rea* aga91 by a new pa?1 ! id5tification ( hi/ory ) philosophy2 to :i*1 9 ?is p>ticul> case1 ! mo/ common objection is t :at is requir$ 9 a critic is mu* m an exquisite /hetic s5sibility ?an an elaborate concept ( :at art is z a category ( ! human m9d4 ,b ! objection re/s on a misund]/&+ ( ! prop] function ( criticism4 ,:at s5sibility c give is b ! imm$iate appreh5sion or ta/e ( ! "w ( art1 critically dumb 9 itself2 on ! o!r h&1 x is impossible to conceive ( a true intellig5ce ( art1 )\t ! conjo9$ capacity to und]/& ! individual works ( art1 because philosophy does n develop 9 ! ab/ract1 b is /imulat$ by ! acts ( life & imag9ation1 rises = ! purpose ( compreh5d+ !m1 & und]/&s !m by und]/&+ itself4#g ,! m]e /hetic s5sibility makes b a new arti/2 :at makes ! critic is 8 philosophy4 ,"h also1 h[ev]1 z dur+ ! :ole c\rse ( our inquiry1 we mu/ n id5tify philosophy ) ! (ficial hi/ory ( philosophical discipl9es1 :i* (f]s a l>ge numb] ( !ories ( /hetics only remotely relat$ to ! concrete works ( art1 to ! concrete processes ( /hetic creation1 b ) ! :ole hi/ory ( human ?\ght1 ) ! work+ out ( p>ticul> problems successively pres5t$ to ! intellig5ce ( man by ! actual developm5ts ( poetry & art4 ,! /hetic judgm5t1 l e o!r judgm5t1 is a syn!sis ( ! individual intuition1 or subject1 & ( ! univ]sal category1 or pr$icate2 & ?is is b ano!r way ( /at+ ! id5tity ( /hetic criticism1 z ( all =ms ( hi/ory1 ) philosophy4 ,! critic mu/ be end[$ ) a p[] to give new life1 )9 8 own m9d1 to ! intuitions ( ! arti/1 b ?is is = him b ! soil 9 :i* 8 ?\ght mu/ spread its roots2 x is true t )\t t p[]1 no criticism is possible1 b x is equally true t no philosophy ( art c gr[ on any b t same soil4 ,! ultimate te/ ( ! validity ( /hetic ?\ght is 9 its capacity to exp& our sph]e ( /hetic appreh5sion2 & pure /hetics is b ! me?odological mom5t ( /hetic hi/ory or criticism4 ,footnote #a3 ,contributo1 pp4 #gi-ha4 ,footnote #b3 ,nuovi ,saggi1 di ,e/etica1 p4 #abf4 ,footnote #c3 ,nuovi ,saggi1 p4 #adb4 ,also ,conv]sazioni ,criti*e1 ,i1 pp4 #eh-fc4 ,footnote #d3 ,nuovi ,saggi1 p4 #bca4 ,footnote #e3 ,nuovi ,saggi1 p4 #aha4 ,footnote #f3 ,l'arte come ,creazione 7#aiah71 9 ,nuovi ,saggi1 p4 #afj4 ,footnote #g3 ,la ,critica ,lett]>ia come ,filos(ia 7#aiah71 9 ,nuovi ,saggi1 p4 #bag4 ,,iv4 ,,v]itas ,,filia ,,temporis ,quid e/ v]itas8--,platonism1 or transc5d5tal idealism--,naturalism1 or transc5d5tal realism--,! idea ( progress--,progress & tru?3 evolutionism--,pragmatism--,croce's new pragmatism--,! imman5ce ( value--,! actuality ( ,tru?--,tru? z hi/ory3 ! function ( error & ( evil--,! f\ndations ( ,croce's ?\ght4 ,!re is "o problem 9 ! hi/ory ( human ?\ght1 :i*1 h[ev] consci\s we might be ( ! multiplicity & hi/orical cont+5cy ( philosophical problems1 yet c appe> to u z ! ultimate or c5tral "o1 if only because x is an ab/ract int]rogation describ+ ! attitude ( ! philosoph]1 & to :i* e concrete logical rese>*1 e act ( ?\ght1 c be r$uc$4 ,x is ,pilate's "q3 ,quid e/ v]itas8 ,:at is tru?8 ,! "q itself has no def9ite mean+1 until x receives f ! individual ?9k] a def9ite cont5t1 :i* is hi/ory or exp]i5ce1 & ! inf9ite v>iety ( ! answ]s x has receiv$ is due to ! inf9ite v>iability ( t cont5t4 ,b at all times man has be5 urg$ by a passionate desire to lift 8 own individual answ] f ! flux ( life1 to put x z x 7 ov] & aga9/ t exp]i5ce f :i* x _h em]g$1 n z ! tru? ( 8 p>ticul> problem1 b z an ab/ractly univ]sal tru?4 ,x is by viol5tly break+ ! process ( ?\ght1 & hypo/atiz+ 9 ess5ce ! subject ( 8 ?\ght1 ab/ract$ f its object1 or ! object f its subject1 & bo? f ! creative activity :i* produces tru?1 t man has creat$1 bo? 9 philosophy prop] & 9 ! m9ds ( ! multitude1 a d\ble transc5d5ce1 ( pure ideas1 on "o side1 ( brute matt] on ! o!r1 f :i* ! two mo/ common mean+s ( ! ^w tru? are d]iv$4 ,! ,platonic ideali/1 = :om ! actual processes ( life & ?\ght are b %ad[s & remembrances ( ! ,et]nal ,ideas 9 ! hyp]-uranian space1 c be assum$ "h z ! symbol ( ! transc5d5tal ideali/1 = :om tru? is adequation to an ideal model exi/+ outside ! m9d4 ,! mo/ disp>ate types ( philosoph]s belong to ?is h]d1 & among !m _m t commonly g "u ! "n ( reali/s1 s9ce ! ideali/ :o has fix$ & objectifi$ 8 ideas _c help consid]+ !m z real ess5ces1 & deal+ ) !m accord+ly4 ,! ,ari/otelian reali/1 ! !ologian1 ,hegel himself :5 po/ulat+ an orig9al ,logos1 ( :i* ,_s & ,nature are ! temporal explication1 all c be ga!r$ toge!r 9 ! goodly company ( ,platoni/s2 & ,platoni/s are to-day bo? ! lit]al foll[]s ( ,g]man idealism1 & ! less b>b>\s among contempor>y reali/s1 :o are 9 ! habit ( attribut+ an indep5d5t1 absolute exi/5ce to logical or ma!matical ab/ractions4 ,b nei!r ! ones nor ! o!rs seem to be 9 v close contact ) ! _s ( ! age3 :at !y mean by tru? is n :at is g5]ally meant by tru? to-day1 except among ^? :o /ill cl+ to ! my?s 9 :i* t =m ( transc5d5ce express$ itself 9 pa/ ages4 ,! /urdie/1 ?\gh h>dly recognizable1 survivals ( ,platonism are relics ( =mali/ic logic1 /ill v frequ5t 9 contempor>y culture1 & a belief 9 :at might be call$ av]age tru?1 me*anically extract$ f an ext]nal & mat]ial cons5sus ( op9ions4 ,b ) ?is conception ( tru?1 we t\* ! bord] l9e betwe5 ideali/ic & naturali/ic transc5d5talism4 ,! mo/ common attitude ( contempor>y ?\ght 7& ! "o t is !re=e usually designat$ z common s5se1 & z su* oppos$ to philosophy7 is a naively naturali/ic "o4 ,b x w\ld be a mi/ake to reg>d x z a simple & spontane\s attitude1 & to id5tify x1 = in/ance1 ) ! nave intuition ( ! arti/1 ) a fir/ grade ( k z yet untr\bl$ by logical problems4 ,! arti/'s vision is m di/ant f naturalism ?an ! philosoph]'s concept1 s9ce common s5se1 h[ev] unreflect$ & illogical1 is 9 itself a philosophy1 &1 ?\gh x may s\nd p>adoxical1 a transc5d5tal "o4 ,! arti/ con/antly id5tifies himself ) 8 object2 9 8 consci\sness1 ! di/9ction betwe5 subject & object has n yet aris54 ,b ! nave naturalism ( :i* we are n[ speak+ is po/]ior to ! logical judgm5t1 9 :i* t di/9ction fir/ appe>s2 & is obta9$ by keep+ sep>ate ! two t]ms ( ! judgm5t1 ea* ( :i* exi/s only 9 relation to ! o!r1 & by trans=m+ t relation into a quality ( ! object4 ,! unity ?us disrupt$ is artificially recon/itut$ by aboli%+ ! subject1 t is1 by treat+ ! subject itself z m]ely an object among _m objects1 or z a m]e ab/ract int]section ( objects4 ,x is ) ?is =m ( naturalism t realism g5]ally co9cides1 & its ab/ract+ process is ! "o t has be5 rec5tly sy/ematiz$ by ! ,new ,reali/s4 ,! ju/ification ( ! naturali/ic conception ( tru?1 z tru? ( description1 & ! motive ( its pres5t popul>ity1 is t x re/s on a me?od ( k :i* is indisp5sable to ! natural & ma!matical sci5ces1 & t ! sci5ces h come to usurp1 9 mod]n times1 = reasons :i* are obvi\s to e "o1 ! place ( sci5ce4 ,x is n ! less true1 h[ev]1 t :]ev] t me?od is appli$1 x r$uces ! liv+ reality ( life & ?\ght to a heap ( dead1 immovable ab/ractions4 ,!re is no real dang] 9 ?is z long z ! ab/ractions are tak5 = :at !y are1 & us$ z in/rum5ts = ! purposes ( our do+ & und]/&+2 b :5 !y are consid]$ z a complete equival5t ( ! liv+ reality1 !n we become _! prison]s1 & are %ut out by !m f all possibility ( true und]/&+4 ,x is especially f ! misuses ( ?is me?od 9 ! hi/orical & moral sci5ces1 f ! deg5]ations ( sociology1 psy*ology1 & philology1 t we mu/ be con/antly on gu>d2 le/ 9 ! v sci5ces ( ! human _s we %\ld miss t :i* is _! true object1 ! human activity :i* creates ! _w ( hi/ory & ! values ( life4 ,mod]n ?\ght1 at ! end ( ! ,r5aissance1 beg9s ) an attempt at elim9at+ t /atic conception ( tru?1 9 :i* bo? ,platonism & naturalism f9d ! roots ( _! transc5d5ce4 ,?is is ! orig9 ( ! idea ( ,progress1 fir/ e/abli%$ by ,bruno1 by ,bacon1 by ,pascal1 by ,vico1 9 ! =m ( a correlation betwe5 tru? & "t4 ,m$ival ?\ght _h be5 %ackl$ = c5turies by ! au?ority ( ! anci5ts2 ! new ?9k]s invok$ ! au?ority ( antiquity1 ( old age1 &1 !re=e1 ( wisdom1 n = ! di/ant ages1 9 :i* ! _w c\ld be said to be /ill "y & inexp]i5c$1 b = _! own times1 9 :i* x 0 possible to add a p]petually new exp]i5ce & ?\ght to t :i* _h be5 bequea!d by ! ?9k]s ( ,greece & ,rome4 ,! consequ5ce ( ?is attitude 0 ! discov]y ( ! imman5ce ( tru? 9 life1 ! lib]ation f ! pr9ciple ( au?ority 7:i* _h be5 ! *>act]i/ic m$ival =m ( transc5d5ce71 & a vigor\s impulse t[>ds ! recognition ( ! dynamic nature ( reality1 ( :at an ,am]ican philosoph] call$ ! cont9uity ( ! ideal ) ! real4 ,! ?\ght t 0 conta9$ 9 g]m 9 ^? e>ly polemics1 vaguely & my?ically 9 ,bruno1 & mu* m consci\sly 9 ,vico1 is sub/antially t ( ,croce's id5tification ( philosophy ) hi/ory4 ,we d n expect ( a new philosophy t x %\ld sudd5ly1 z a revelation or illum9ation1 give u a key to all ! problems ( reality1 & resolve1 once & =ev]1 ! s-call$ my/]y ( ! univ]se4 ,if su* a ?+ %\ld ev] happ51 x w\ld mean ! end ( life1 :i* _c be conceiv$1 9 its ultimate ess5ce1 o!rwise ?an z a p]petual posit+ & solution ( problems4 ,x mu/ n be =gott5 t a philosophy is ! "w ( "o man1 &1 !re=e1 conta9s only ! answ]s to ! problems t are real to him4 ,b if we /op to consid] ! :ole c\rse ( ?\ght 9 ! la/ two c5turies1 we %all realize t ! idea ( ,progress1 9 _m diff]5t & ev5 9 contra/+ =ms1 is ! "o ar\nd :i* all our life1 !oretical & practical1 has c5tr$ 9 mod]n times4 ,& ( t idea1 ,croce's philosophy is ! mo/ p[]ful & coh]5t expression t has ev] appe>$4 ,x is only by consid]+ ! :ole ( reality z activity1 & ! values ( reality z co9cid+ ) ! =ms ( t activity1 t ,progress acquires a def9ite mean+3 a progress :i* %\ld be a con/ant approximation t[>ds a prexi/5t ideal1 or a mat]ial process ext]nal to ourselves1 w\ld be a purely illusory "o4 ,9 "o case1 our :ole life w\ld t5d t[>ds mak+ a duplicate ( t :i* already is--a "w1 !re=e1 )\t intr9sic wor?1 & )\t a real end2 9 ! o!r1 !re w\ld be no "w at all1 no activity1 no life4 ,b no?+ seems m difficult to our m9d ?an to keep toge!r ! two ideas ( progress & ( tru?4 ,! natural sci5ces h made a gallant attempt at assimilat+ ! idea ( progress1 & at trans=m+ !mselves1 ultimately1 into hi/ory4 ,b ! /atic concepts ( naturalism resi/ t assimilation1 & sci5tific evolutionism (f]s b ! me*anical outl9e1 ! ext]nal processes ( progress1 ! evolv$ & n ! evolv+ reality2 t is1 x keeps its tru? at ! exp5se ( its progress4 ,?is same evolutionism1 :5 appli$ to ! human sci5ces1 is obvi\sly unable to grasp ! actuality ( spiritual gr[? & life1 & x only reproduces1 9 aggravat$ =m1 ! evils inh]5t 9 all naturali/ic int]pretations ( ! _s4 ,b]gson's philosophy is a new evolutionism1 :i* succe$s mu* bett] ?an ! old "o 9 reta9+ ! idea ( progress1 & is1 !re=e1 a fur!r /ep t[>ds ! trans=mation ( sci5ce into hi/ory2 b :at x ga9s 9 ?is respect1 x loses 9 relation to its pr9ciple ( tru?1 :i* is my?ically repres5t$ z ! l[e/ =m ( consci\sness1 or r z t :i* is bel[ consci\sness itself4 ,:at is vital 9 ,b]gson is 8 criticism ( ! sci5tific1 or naturali/ic1 intellect2 b ! intellect ( man has o!r functions besides ^? ( dissect+ & classify+4 ,f a simil> beg9n+1 t is1 f ! economic !ory ( sci5ce1 d]ives ano!r attempt at conciliat+ progress & tru?1 pragmatism4 ,9 pragmatism also1 ! critical elem5t is m or less s\nd1 b ! con/ructive "o is weak & arbitr>y4 ,pragmatism does n reject ! tru? ( sci5ce1 because ( its practical "*2 on ! contr>y1 hav+ recogniz$ t ! f\ndation ( sci5tific tru? is economic1 x proce$s to d$uce all tru? f ! w1 & to v]ify x 9 action4 ,! result ( ?is d$uction is a clos] connection betwe5 tru? & life ?an has be5 ev] rea*$ by any sy/em ( philosophy2 b a m]ely app>5t "o1 s9ce tru? itself is ?us subm]g$ & annull$ 9 ! imm$iacy ( practical & passional life4 ,! solution ( ! problem ( tru? is obta9$ only by putt+ tru? out ( ! "q at ! beg9n+ ( ! inquiry2 z x is de> t = a rigid pragmati/1 !re is b "o tru? left1 & t is ! tru? ( 8 !ory1 :i*1 h[ev]1 _c be v]ifi$ by ! !ory itself1 s9ce its usefulness is1 to say ! lea/1 v d\btful4 ,by "s ( 8 adv]s>ies ,croce himself has be5 class$ z a pragmati/4 ,x is no wond] t c]ta9 di/9ctions %\ld escape ! att5tion ( m5 :o live to-day z exiles f di/ant c5turies1 & ^: critical sight is1 !re=e1 n cle>] !n t ( an owl flutt]+ 9 ! noonday sun4 ,b ! only relation t ,i c ?9k ( betwe5 ,croce & ! pragmati/s is t he advocates an economic !ory n ( tru?1 b ( error2 t he f9ds 9 ! passions & practical int]e/s ( m5 ! root ( intellectual error4 ,! problem ( ! positive relations betwe5 life & ?\ght has be5 treat$ by him1 z we "k1 9 a v diff]5t _s f t ( ! pragmati/s2 & 9 ! circle ( ! human _s1 ! ideal prec$5ce is giv5 by him1 n to ! practical b to ! !oretical4 ,on ! o!r h&1 9 ! actual process ( "t1 all =ms ( human activity are reciprocally condition$1 & "u ?is respect ,croce's ?\ght c be call$1 & has be5 call$ by himself1 a new pragmatism1 b ( a k9d ( :i* pragmati/s h nev] ?\ght1 or at lea/ :i* !y h nev] be5 able to disc]n f ! o!rs1 & to br+ out 9 full relief4 ,if life conditions ?\ght1 we h 9 ?is fact ! cle>ly e/abli%$ demon/ration ( ! always hi/orically condition$ =m ( e ?\ght3 & n ( art only1 :i* is always ! art ( a "t1 ( a s\l1 ( a mom5t1 b ( philosophy also1 :i* c solve b ! problems t life proposes4 ,e philosophy reflects1 & _c help reflect+1 ! preoccupations1 z !y are call$1 ( a det]m9$ hi/orical mom5t2 n1 h[ev]1 9 ! quality ( its solutions 7because 9 ?is case x w\ld be a bad philosophy1 a p>tisan or passional philosophy71 b 9 ! quality ( its problems4 ,& because ! problem is hi/orical1 & ! solution et]nal1 philosophy is at ! same "t cont+5t & et]nal1 mortal & immortal1 tempor>y & extratempor>y4#a ,croce's conception ( tru? is 8 philosophy1 & x is n my int5tion to summ>ize "h :at ?is book pres5ts 9 :at is already s rapid a survey4 ,i wi% only to po9t aga9 at ^? doctr9es ( 81 ?r\gh :i* progress & tru? are reconcil$1 )\t any sacrifice ( ! "o to ! o!r4 ,tru? is = ,croce a univ]sal value or category ( consci\sness3 its absolut5ess re/s on its "* ( univ]sality1 b1 z a univ]sal has no real be+ outside its concrete actuality1 tru? is n[h]e if n 9 ! individual judgm5t1 t is1 9 ! m9d t creates x4 ,x is /range t ?is mode ( its manife/ation %\ld be consid]$ to impair ! quality ( tru?1 :ile a simil> objection w\ld h>dly be rais$ to-day 9 reg>d to o!r =ms ( spiritual activity4 ,t ! ,beautiful is ! value ( ! concrete1 hi/orical productions ( ! /hetic _s1 or ! ,good t ( ! concrete1 hi/orically det]m9$ moral activity1 ^! are concepts common to all contempor>y ?\ght1 ?\gh no "o1 p]haps1 has z yet express$ !m z cle>ly z ,croce4 ,to ! arti/ or to ! sa9t1 reality appe>s at a giv5 mom5t z an /hetic or an e?ical problem2 ! t]ms ( ! problem are always p>ticul>1 cont+5t1 hi/orical2 yet :5 ! arti/ or ! sa9t impresses on t reality ! seal ( 8 own deepe/ p]sonality1 :5 he creatively reacts to x1 !n ! ,beautiful & ! ,good realize !mselves1 z univ]sal values1 9 ! individual "w ( art or ( m]cy4 ,our belief 9 ! absolut5ess ( ! /hetic or ( ! moral value is n weak5$ b /r5g!n$ by our inability to fix !m 9 =mulas or codes or /&>ds2 we see !m p]petually transc5d+ ! reality 9 :i* !y express !mselves1 by ! same process by :i* t reality1 :i* is all gr[? & life1 transc5ds itself 9 ! inf9ite c\rse ( its realization4 ,we _c ?9k ( any numb] ( works ( art or ( m]cy z exhau/+ ! categories ( ! ,beautiful or ( ! ,good4 ,! id5tification ( ^! values ) ! inf9ite s]ies ( _! individual expressions fills ! s\l ) a s5se ( rev]5ce & responsibility t[>ds life1 t _c be equall$ by any fai? 9 /atic1 immovable ideals1 by :i* a t]m1 h[ev] high & remote1 is set to ! liv+ _s1 no long] recognis$ z ! creator ( its own /hetic & moral _w4 ,to ! m9d t has grasp$ ?is relation ( ! univ]sal to ! individual1 ( ! et]nal to ! pres5t 7& ! arti/ or ! sa9t grasps x 9 8 own unphilosophical way1 to :i* 8 "w or 8 action is witness71 ! :ole ( reality1 human & natural1 appe>s z l9k$ by a bond ( spiritual solid>ity1 mov+ t[>ds ! same end1 engag$ 9 ! same sacr$ task4 ,tru? is ! value ( ! logical activity1 & !re=e x co9cides ) ! positive hi/ory ( human ?\ght4 ,its actuality is an inf9ite progress or developm5t1 b n 9 ! s5se t ! value itself may be subject to increase or *ange f c5tury to c5tury4 ,at no p>ticul> po9t 9 t hi/ory is x possible to po9t to a conv]sion f error to tru?1 to a total illum9ation or revelation4 ,e s+le affirmation ( tru?1 f ! simple/ & humble/ to ! mo/ elaborate & complex1 takes possession ( ! :ole ( reality1 9 ! fulness ( its relations2 s9ce x is manife/ly impossible to affirm ! tru? ( "o individual subject1 )\t implicitly det]m9+ its position 9 ! univ]se4 ,tru?1 z all o!r values1 has no ext5sion2 x is incomm5surable ei!r ) space or ) "t1 x is n augm5t$ by accumulation4 ,degrees 9 tru?1 & a m & a less1 are inconceivable2 b ea* act t affirms x conta9s its :ole1 s9ce tru? itself does n live except 9 ! _s t p]petually creates & recreates x4 ,tru? belongs to ! ?9k+ m9d1 t is1 to reality z a logical consci\sness1 z life belongs to ! liv+ body4 ,x belongs to u1 individually1 9 relation to t univ]sal consci\sness1 9 ! mode & measure ( our p>tak+ ( x3 :i* means t h[ev] mu* ( x we may conqu]1 h[ev] con/ant1 labori\s1 hone/1 int5se our ef=ts t[>ds tru? may be1 yet our duty t[>ds x w always rema9 inf9ite1 inexhau/ible4 ,! conqu]$ tru? is dead 9 ! m9d t re/s 9 x1 t ceases its ef=t1 z life gives place to dea? 9 ! body t no long] functions4 ,9 a wid] s5se1 tru? belongs to e =m ( spiritual activity4 ,beauty1 utility1 goodness are ! tru?s ( ! arti/ic1 ! practical1 ! moral m9d4 ,& 9 ! actual life ( ! _s1 ea* ( ^! values repres5ts all ! o!rs 9 ! p>ticul> act 9 :i* x realizes itself4 ,?is is :at ,croce means by 8 circul> conception ( ! _s4 ,& ?is is :y :at is said ( "o value seems to apply )\t any *ange to ! o!rs2 :y1 z we said else:]e1 all univ]sals are b "o univ]sal4 ,:e!r we call ?is "o ,progress or ,developm5t1 ,_s or ,reality1 ,m9d or ,nature1 we "k t our ?\ght is grasp+ ,life itself1 n 9 its ab/ract id5tity1 b 9 its inf9ite actuality1 t is1 ea* "t1 ?is life1 ?is beauty1 ?is action1 ?is tru?4 ,:at we aim at is n an ec/atic absorption into ! undiff]5tiat$ unity1 b ! f9d+ )9 ourselves ( a c5tre ( consci\sness1 capable ( introduc+ ord] & reason into ! v>iegat$ spectacle ( ! natural & human _w1 n f outside & f above1 b f its v he>t4 ,! tru? t we seek is !re=e nev] ext]nal to ourselves1 b our own activity1 our own life1 our own hi/ory4 ,?is concept ( tru? z activity & z hi/ory1 ?is activi/ic & en]getic philosophy1 truly positive 9 t ! c\rse ( hi/ory appe>s to x z a succession ( only positive acts & positive values1 is n h[ev] a bl9d & fatu\s optimism4 ,if x is true t n[h]e positive error or positive evil c int]rupt ! process ( life1 t dea? itself does n end b fulfil x1 yet f ! relations & implications ( ! v>i\s =ms ( activity arises a real dialectic ( good & evil1 ( tru? & error1 :i* is ! spr+ & motive ( life4 ,:at to ! purely utilit>ian consci5ce is ! good ( n[ & ( to-day1 ! same consci5ce1 awak5$ to a great] light1 repudiates z evil4 ,! imag9ative vision ( ! poet1 9 :i* tru? expresses itself1 s5su\s & f9ite1 & yet pregnant ( its inf9ity1 dissolves l mi/ 9 ! sun 9 ! cle>ness ( ! logical concept1 & is !n re/or$ 9 its "r by ! hi/orical & critical consci\sness to :i* t tru? is poetry4 ,! my?s & sup]/itions ( ! old religions1 dead 9 ! lett]1 are reviv$ 9 ! ?\ght itself t seems to de/roy !m4 ,hi/ory is b ?is p]petual cycle ( dea? & resurrection1 9 :i* :at is concrete di/9ction 9 ! act trans=ms itself into opposition 9 ! process1 produc+ ! t]ms ( a new problem & becom+ ! s\rce ( ! new creation4 ,?us ! :ole me?od ( ,croce's philosophy reveals itself z direct$ t[>ds a reali/ic conception ( life1 & ! di/9ctions )9 ! concept are n ab/ract =ms1 b ! v /ructure ( reality4 ,! pr(essional philosoph] moves always & only 9 ! r>efi$ atmosph]e ( ! pure concept4 ,croce came to philosophy f art & f economics1 & he nev] lo/ contact ) ! elem5t>y =ms ( k & ( action4 ,:at might be t]m$ z 8 fundam5tal discov]ies are 8 def9itions ( ! /hetic & ( ! economic pr9ciple4 ,on ?is basis ! :ole ( 8 ?\ght re/s4 ,)\t a conception ( a tru? :i* is suffici5t unto itself1 & yet is n logical tru?1 & ( a good :i* has its own ju/ification1 & yet is n moral good1 he w\ld h be5 compell$ to ma9ta9 by ! side ( ! concepts ( tru? & ( goodness1 error & evil z positive realities1 or to include ! :ole ( reality )9 :at w\ld h be5 tru? & goodness 9 a purely v]bal s5se4 ,9 bo? cases1 he w\ld h be5 unable to make 8 philosophy imm$iately adh]5t to all grades ( active consci\sness1 f ! l[e/ to ! highe/1 & !reby to hi/ory4 ,( ^! discov]ies ! "o t until n[ has attract$ ! greate/ att5tion is t ( ! pure intuition1 & ( art & language z expression4 ,b ! e/abli%m5t ( ! economic pr9ciple1 t is ( ! _w ( nature1 ( feel+1 ( passion1 z a positive grade ( ! spiritual process1 w probably be c\nt$ z ,croce's greate/ a*ievem5t1 by ^? :o %all be able to look back on 8 "w ) an ampl] p]spective4 ,x is ?r\gh x t 8 philosophy ( ! _s1 & 9 ?is philosophy1 ! consci\sness ( our day1 has tak5 possession ( t o!r _w1 ( t p]si/5t transc5dance1 :i* we call nature4 ,9 ?is direction lies1 und\bt$ly1 ! future c\rse ( ! ?\ght ( an age1 to :i*1 9 ?is aft]gl[ ( a great conflagration1 all problems seem to ga!r into ! "o ( ! subjection to its bett] & high] self1 ! utilization = its pur] purposes1 ( its own cumb]some economic body1 ( its nature & ( its passions4 ,footnote #a3 ,filos(ia della ,pratica1 p4 #bjh4 ,,bibliographical ,,note ,croce's ,complete ,works =m a collection ( tw5ty-eight volumes1 9 f\r di/9ct s]ies1 publi%$ by ,lat]za e ,figli1 ( ,b>i1 :o are also ! publi%]s ( ,la ,critica1 & ( ! foll[+ collections initiat$ or direct$ by ,croce3 ,scrittori d',italia1 ,scrittori ,/rani]i1 ,classici della ,filos(ia ,mod]na4 ,we give "h a full li/ ( ! ,op]e di ,b5$etto ,croce1 add+ to ! title ( ea* volume ! ye> ( ! la/ available edition1 ! ye>s ( _! composition hav+ already be5 indicat$ 9 ! text3 ,filos(ia dello ,spirito 7,philosophy ( ! ,_s73 ,vol4 ,i1 ,e/etica1 #aiab4 7,translat$ "u ! tide ( /hetic47 ,vol4 ,,ii1 ,logica1 #aiag4 7,translat$ "u ! tide ( ,logic47 ,vol4 ,,iii1 ,filos(ia della ,pratica1 #aiae4 7,translat$ "u ! tide ( ,! ,philosophy ( ! ,practical3 ,economics & ,e?ics47 ,vol4 ,,iv1 ,teoria e ,/oria della ,/oriografia1 #aibj4 7,translat$ "u ! tide ( ,!ory & ,hi/ory ( ,hi/oriography 9 ,engl&1 & "u ! ride ( ,hi/ory3 ,its ,!ory & ,practice 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates47 ,saggi filos(ici 7,philosophical ,essays73 ,vol4 ,i1 ,problemi di ,e/etica1 #aiaj 7,problems ( /hetics47 ,vol4 ,,ii1 ,la ,filos(ia di ,giambatti/a ,fico1 #aiaa4 7,translat$ "u ! title ( ,! ,philosophy ( ,vico47 ,vol4 ,,iii1 ,saggio sullo ,hegel1 #aiac4 7,essay on ,hegel1 foll[$ by essays on ! hi/ory ( philosophy2 ! essay on ,hegel translat$ "u ! tide ( ,:at ,is ,liv+ & ,:at ,is ,dead 9 ! ,philosophy ( ,hegel47 ,vol4 ,,iv1 ,mat]ialismo ,/orico ed economia m>xi/ica1 #aiah4 7,translat$ "u ! title ( ,hi/orical ,mat]ialism & ,m>xian ,economics47 ,vol4 ,v1 ,nuovi ,saggi di ,e/etica1 #aibj4 7,new ,essays on /hetics2 conta9s ! ,brevi>io di ,e/etica1 translat$ "u ! title ( ,! ,ess5ce ( /hetics47 ,vol4 ,,vi1 ,framm5ti di ,etica1 #aibb4 7,fragm5ts ( ,e?ics47 ,scritti di ,/oria lett]>ia e politica4 7,writ+s on ,lit]>y & ,political ,hi/ory73 ,vol4 ,i1 ,saggi sulla ,lett]atura italiana del ,seic5to1 #aiaa4 7,essays on ,italian ,lit]ature 9 ! ,sev5te5? ,c5tury47 ,vol4 ,,ii1 ,la ,rivoluzione napoletana del #agii1 #aiab4 7,! ,neapolitan ,revolution ( #agii47 ,vols4 ,,iii-,,vi1 ,la ,lett]atura della nuova ,italia1 #aiad-ae4 7,! ,lit]ature ( ! ,new ,italy47 ,vol4 ,,vii1 ,i ,teatri di ,napoli1 #aiaf4 7,! ,!atres ( ,naples47 ,vol4 ,,viii1 ,la ,spagna nella ,vita italiana durante la ,r9asc5za1 #aiag4 7,spa9 9 ,italian ,life dur+ ! ,r5aissance47 ,vols4 ,,ix-,x1 ,conv]sazioni criti*e1 #aiah4 7,critical ,conv]sations47 ,vol4 ,,xi1 ,/orie e legg5de napoletane1 #aiai4 7,hi/orical ,tales & ,leg5ds ( ,naples47 ,vol4 ,,xii1 ,goe!1 #aiai4 ,vol4 ,,xiii1 ,una ,famiglia di ,patrioti1 #aiai4 7,a ,family ( ,patriots2 includes essays on ,francesco de ,sanctis47 ,vol4 ,,xiv1 ,ario/o1 ,%akespe>e e ,corneille1 #aibj4 7,translat$ "u ! title ( ,ario/o1 ,%akespe>e1 & ,corneille47 ,vols4 ,,xv-,,xvi1 ,/oria della ,/oriografia italiana1 #aibj4 7,! ,hi/ory ( ,italian ,hi/oriography47 ,vol4 ,,xvii1 ,la ,poesia di ,dante1 #aiba4 7,! ,poetry ( ,dante47 ,scritti v>ii4 7,miscellane\s ,writ+s73 ,vol4 ,i1 ,primi ,saggi1 #aiai4 7,e>ly ,essays47 ,! foll[+ volumes are n includ$ 9 ! ,lat]za edition ( ,croce's works3 ,cultura e vita morale1 ,b>i1 #aiad4 7,culture & ,moral ,life47 ,an$doti e pr(ili settec5tes*i1 ,pal]mo1 #aiad4 7,anecdotes & ,pr(iles ( ! ,eighte5? ,c5tury47 ,contributo alla critica di me /esso1 ,naples1 #aiah4 7,contribution to a ,criticism ( ,myself2 "o hundr$ copies pr9t$ = private di/ribution47 ,curiosit /ori*e1 ,naples1 #aibj4 7,hi/orical ,curiosities47 ,pag9e ,sp>se1 edit$ by ,g4 ,ca/ellano1 ,naples1 #aiai-aibj4 7,scatt]$ ,pages1 consi/+ ( ,pag9e di lett]atura e di cultura1 #b vols42 ,pag9e sulla gu]ra2 & ,memorie1 scritti biografici e appunti /orici47 ,a complete bibliography1 catalogu+ ! :ole ( ,croce's multif>i\s activity1 is outside ! scope ( ?is note4 ,! ne>e/ approa* to x c be f\nd 9 ,g4 ,ca/ellano's ,introduzione alle op]e di ,b4 ,croce1 ,b>i1 #aibj1 :i* conta9s1 besides1 a full li/ ( translations 9 eight languages1 a bibliography ( ! ,italian & =eign critical lit]ature on ,croce1 & a v useful s]ies ( ab/racts ( discussions & judgm5ts on ,croce's "w4 ,besides articles & essays 9 ,am]ican & ,engli% magaz9es & reviews1 ! foll[+ works ( ,croce h be5 translat$ into ,engli%3 ! f\r volumes ( ! ,filos(ia dello ,spirito1 ! essay on ,hegel1 ! ,ess5ce ( /hetics1 & ! essays on ,ario/o1 ,%akespe>e1 & ,corneille1 by ,d\glas ,a9slie2 ! essay on ,vico1 by ,r4 ,g4 ,coll+wood1 & ! essays on ,hi/orical ,mat]ialism1 by ,c4 ,m4 ,m]$i?4 ,b ! ,engli% or ,am]ican /ud5t ( ,croce ought to rely z little z possible on translations2 ! read+ ( ! ,italian text w be f\nd comp>atively easy1 on ! basis ( a good acqua9tance ) ,lat9 or ) ,fr5*4 ,! lab\r entail$ by ! surm\nt+ ( ! fir/ difficulties w be l>gely repaid by ! advantages ga9$ 9 com+ into direct contact ) ,croce's ?\ght1 & by ! acquisition ( at lea/ a read+ k ( ,italian4 ,= ! va/ critical lit]ature on ,croce1 scatt]$ ?r\gh ! lit]>y & philosophical reviews ( ,europe & ( ,am]ica dur+ ! la/ tw5ty ye>s1 we are compell$ aga9 to ref] ! read] to ,ca/ellano's book4 ,we %all only m>k out ,croce's own autobiographical notes1 ! ,contributo li/$ above1 :i*1 h[ev]1 hav+ be5 pr9t$ = private circulation only1 is n g5]ally accessible except 9 ! ,fr5* translation pr9t$ 9 ! ,revue de ,mtaphysique et de ,morale1 ,,xxvi1 pp4 #a-dj4 ,! foll[+ are ! only books :i* give a g5]al view ( ,croce's ?\ght3 ,g4 ,prezzol9i1 ,b5$etto ,croce1 ,naples1 #aiji2 ,e4 ,*ioc*etti1 ,la filos(ia di ,b4 ,croce1 ,flor5ce1 #aiae2 ,h4 ,wildon ,c>r1 ,! ,philosophy ( ,b4 ,croce1 ,london1 #aiag4 ,! fir/ is an able1 b v cursory sket*2 ! second exam9es ,croce's philosophy f ! /&po9t ( neos*ola/icism2 ! ?ird is an ample summ>y writt5 by a di/+ui%$ writ] well acqua9t$ ) ! v>i\s curr5ts ( mod]n ?\ght4 ,ea* ( !m ought to be read ) a critical & discrim9at+ eye4 ,9 ! ,engli%-speak+ _w1 ,croce's fame re/s emphatically on 8 /hetics1 & its applications to lit]>y criticism4 ,8 influ5ce on ,engli% & ,am]ican critical ?\ght has already gone mu* deep] ?an a m]e li/ ( writ+s on 8 !ories w\ld %[2 especially 9 ,engl&1 8 ideas are1 s to speak1 9 ! air1 & appe> 9 _m writ]s :o h no direct k ( 8 "w4 ,! be/ exposition ( ?is phase ( 8 philosophy is to be f\nd 9 ,e4 ,f4 ,c>ritt's book1 ,! ,!ory ( ,beauty1 #aiad1 *ap4 ,,xiv4 ,! writ+s ( ,a4 ,b4 ,walkley1 & ( ,j4 ,e4 ,sp+am1 conta9 ! mo/ vigor\s prosecution ( 8 ?\ght z appli$1 respectively1 to ,engli% & to ,am]ican s*ol>%ip & criticism4 ,= ! g5]al hi/ory ( ,italian ?\ght1 to :i* _m a ref]5ce is made 9 ! c\rse ( ?is book1 ! be/ helps1 besides ,croce's essay on ,vico1 & ,b4 ,spav5ta1 ,la filos(ia italiana1 rec5tly repr9t$1 ,b>i1 #aiji1 are ! hi/orical works ( ,giovanni ,g5tile1 & especially 8 ,/oria della filos(ia italiana1 ,milano1 n4 d4 ,g5tile is "o ( ! mo/ pr(\nd & e>ne/ mod]n ,european ?9k]s1 & x is desirable t 8 !oretical works1 simil> 9 t5d5cy to1 b widely div]g5t 9 temp] f ^? ( ,croce1 %\ld become bett] kn[n to ! ,anglo-,saxon _w4 ,two ( 8 books1 ,la ,ri=ma dell' ,educazione & ,teoria g5]ale dello ,spirito1 are soon to appe> 9 ,engli%4 ,croce's judgm5t on ,g5tile's ,actual ,idealism is express$ 9 ,una discussione tra filos(i amici1 9 ,conv]sazioni ,criti*e1 ,,ii1 pp4 #fg-ie4 ,b a complete und]/&+ ( ! vital relations betwe5 ! two ?9k]s c be ga!r$ only ?r\gh an adequate k ( bo? ,croce's & ,g5tile's "w4