,illu/ration3 ,portrait ( ,leon>do da ,v9ci1 aft] a woodcut publi%$ 9 ,lives ( ! ,pa9t]s1 by ,vas>i4 ,! ,lat9 inscription reads ,,lion>do ,,da ,,v9ci ,,pitt4 ,e ,,scvltor ,,fior4 ,leon>do da ,v9ci1 ,pa9t] ,sculptor ( ,flor5ce4 ,immortals ( ,sci5ce ,,leon>do ,,da ,,v9ci ,pa?f9d] ( ,sci5ce ,h5ry ,s4 ,gillette ,,pictures ,,by ,,! ,,au?or ,frankl9 ,watts1 ,inc41 #ege ,lex+ton ,av5ue ,new ,york #bb1 ,new ,york ,to my wife ,trudy ,,fir/ ,,pr9t+ ,libr>y ( ,congress ,catalog ,c>d ,numb]3 #fb-hdbf ,copyright #aifb by ,frankl9 ,watts1 ,inc4 ,manufactur$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica ,,design$ ,,by ,,b]n>d ,,kle9 ,,au?or',s ,,note ,x is natural t1 )9 ! conf9es ( ^! few pages1 _m facets ( ,leon>do's extraord9>y p]sonality w be miss+4 ,t he 0 an arti/1 a man ( lett]s1 a poet & a philosoph] are well kn[n4 ,t he 0 also a man ( humor1 z well z a prophet ^: vision ext5d$ f> beyond 8 times1 are facts t ,i h also tri$ to include 9 ?is biography4 ,!re are _m gaps 9 our k ( 8 life1 & ^! ,i h sometimes fill$ ) my own imag9ation to give "s cont9uity to 8 /ory4 ,little is kn[n ( 8 e>ly days1 8 p]iod ( travels aft] leav+ ,milan & 8 ye>s 9 ,rome4 ,!re is1 too1 a c]ta9 my/]y 9 8 relations to ^? ar\nd him1 s9ce our descriptions ( him d]ive mo/ly f 8 (t5 cryptic1 p]sonal notes & f biograph]s :o wrote ( him _m ye>s aft] he _h di$4 ,?is book is ab\t ,leon>do ! sci5ti/1 & to fully write ( 8 _m accompli%m5ts w\ld require an encyclop$ic m9d4 ,my int5t has be5 to extract ! ess5ce ( 8 /ory 9 ! hopes t x w\ld ar\se ! en?usiasm ( a read] to fur!r 8 int]e/ 9 ^? o!r1 m fully docum5t$ books--&1 above all1 9 ! notebooks t ,leon>do himself wrote4 --,h4 ,s4 ,g4 ,rome1 ,augu/ #aifa ,cont5ts #a ,! ,%ield #a #b ,flor5ce #i #c ,a ,/udio ( ,8 ,own #bj #d ,ye>s ( ,fru/ration #bh #e ,milan #cg #f ,! ,monum5t #di #g ,success #fj #h ,! ,fr5* #gc #i ,ces>e ,borgia #hf #aj ,%att]$ ,hopes #ih #aa ,! ,return to ,milan #aad #ab ,rome #abi #ac ,! ,la/ ,ye>s #adg #ad ,mank9d's ,debt to ,leon>do #aei ,significant ,dates 9 ,leon>do's ,life #afb ,index #afd #a ,! ,%ield ,dusk 0 beg9n+ to ga!r 9 ! valley at ! foot ( ,monte ,albano z "y ,leon>do turn$ t[>d home4 ,/opp+ by a ru%+ /ream to wa% ! du/ ( ! day's explorations f 8 face1 he laid aside 8 cap & 8 lea!r p\* & plung$ 8 h&s into ! cold m\nta9 wat]4 ,he felt ! =ce ( ! curr5t & wat*$ ! :irl & fl[ ( bubbles ar\nd 8 b>e arms4 ,!re 0 ! same feel+1 he ?\ght1 to ! fl[ ( air he _h exp]i5c$ bl[+ ar\nd ! rocky crags ( ! m\nta9s4 ,?is ev5+1 h[ev]1 !re 0 no "t to sit a:ile & ?9k4 ,he 0 9 a hurry to get home4 ,ha/ily scoop+ ! wat] 9 8 cupp$ palms1 he spla%$ x ov] 8 head & face1 !n %ak+ ! wat] f 8 hair he rose & pick$ up 8 cap4 ,he took a satisfi$ look 9 8 p\*1 slung x ov] 8 %\ld] & head$ d[n ! /ony trail to ! village ( ,v9ci4 ,v9ci 0 a small hill t[n situat$ on a spur ( ,monte ,albano4 ,its ca/le & ! bell t[] above ! h\ses seem$ l s5t9els gu>d+ ! slopes ( v9ey>ds & olive groves spread+ d[n into ! valley4 ,leon>do da ,v9ci1 :i* means 8,leon>do f ! t[n ( ,v9ci10 ?\ght ab\t 8 home4 ,he knew t he _h be5 born 9 ,an*iano1 ne> ,v9ci1 on ,april #ae ( ! ye> #adeb1 to a peasant girl nam$ ,cat]9a4 ,at ! age ( five1 he _h be5 s5t = by 8 natural fa!r1 ,pi]o da ,v9ci1 to come & live at 8 family's h\se 9 ,v9ci1 a com=table & roomy place ) a spaci\s g>d54 ,pi]o1 five ye>s be=e1 _h m>ri$ ,albi]a di ,giovanni ,amadori1 a girl ( sixte54 ,!y _h _h no *ildr5 ( _! own1 & ,leon>do 0 welcom$ into ! home ) affection by 8 "y /epmo!r4 ,:5 ,leon>do 0 ab\t elev51 "y ,albi]a di$1 leav+ a d>k5$ & sadd5$ h\se4 ,two ye>s lat] 8 fa!r m>ri$ ano!r girl by ! "n ( ,francesca ,lanfr$9i4 ,al?\gh laught] & song soon replac$ ! grief1 ,leon>do nev] =got ! love ( 8 fir/ /epmo!r4 ,also 9 ! h\se liv$ ,antonio1 8 gr&fa!r1 :o 0 eighty-five1 8 gr&mo!r1 8 uncle ,alless&ro ,amadori & family1 &1 be/ ( all1 8 uncle ,francesco4 ,! da ,v9cis1 :o c\ld trace _! beg9n+s 9 ! t[n back to ! ?irte5? c5tury1 _h always be5 respect$ lawy]s & l&[n]s4 ,because ,uncle ,francesco 0 nei!r a lawy] nor a great l&[n]1 ! p ( ! t[n said he did no?+2 b he t5d$ ! family v9ey>ds1 &1 to ! delight ( ,leon>do1 he rais$ 8 own silkworms4 ,z ,leon>do ent]$ ! ma9 gate1 he notic$ t ! oil lamps 7 be+ lit above ! /alls ( ! m>ketplace1 & ! lively confusion ( ! la/ h\rs ( bus9ess 0 9 full sw+4 ,p nodd$ & smil$ to him1 = z a boy ( fifte5 he 0 already a /rik+ figure4 ,he 0 tall ) long1 auburn hair fall+ to 8 %\ld]s & 8 face 0 s *>m+ t x 0 frequ5tly comp>$ to ^? ( ! angels pa9t$ 9 ! *apels ( ! *ur*4 ,! music ( 8 lute1 ! s\nd ( 8 voice1 & ! g5tl5ess ( 8 p]son 7 su* t all he>ts & doors 7 op5 to him4 ,tonight1 h[ev]1 ,leon>do avoid$ ! usual invitations to /op & *at4 ,8 fa!r w\ld be back f ,flor5ce2 he _h be5 go+ !re m & m frequ5tly z 8 fame z a lawy] grew4 ,n[ ,leon>do 0 ?9k+ t he _h almo/ f9i%$ ! assignm5t 8 fa!r1 half jok+ly1 _h giv5 him _m weeks ago--s _m weeks ago t he 0 sure 8 fa!r _h =gott5 ab\t x4 ,at t "t a peasant1 ^: skill 9 provid+ fi% & game = ! table ( ,pi]o's big h\sehold 0 greatly appreciat$1 _h ask$ a favor ( him4 ,?is man _h a r\nd1 wood5 %ield cut f a fig tree & he _h ask$ ,pi]o to h a design pa9t$ on x = him 9 ,flor5ce4 ,pi]o1 :o _h notic$ ! sket*es 8 son 0 mak+ ( plants1 rock =mations1 & sc5es 9 8 w&]+s ab\t ! c\ntryside1 decid$ to te/ 8 son's ability & gave ! %ield to ! boy4 ,9 ! secrecy ( 8 room1 into :i* no "o 0 all[$1 ,leon>do _h smoo!d & prep>$ ! wood1 & on x he 0 pa9t+ a mon/]4 ,scrambl+ ov] rocks1 ?r\gh /reams1 & into caves1 ,leon>do _h be5 9 ! habit ( ga!r+ all mann] ( creep+ & crawl+ life4 ,pati5tly he w\ld br+ ^! home 9 8 lea!r p\* & c>efully /udy & draw !m4 ,maggots1 bats1 butt]flies1 locu/s1 & snakes add$ to ! confusion ( ! boy's already clutt]$ room4 ,ev]y:]e he w5t he collect$ ! ?+s t ar\s$ 8 curiosity2 & z a result1 8 room 0 always fill$ ) rocks1 dri$ plants1 fl[]s1 ! skeletons ( small animals--& 8 pages ( notations & draw+s4 ,n[ ,leon>do _h comb9$ ! features ( ^! small =ms ( life to make a mon/]--em]g+ f a d>k grotto & brea?+ fire & smoke--a ?+ m t]rify+ ?an if done f imag9ation1 = ea* feature 0 a duplicate ( a reality 9 nature4 ,unobs]v$1 ,leon>do rea*$ ! privacy ( 8 room & empti$ ?is day's collection on a table beside ! %ield4 ,he lit a c&le & exam9$ 8 cat*--a liz>d & a l>ge gras%opp]4 ,^! w\ld complete 8 picture2 &1 ! mo/ extraord9>y f9d ( ! day--a fossil sea%ell f\nd high on ! slopes ( a m\nta96 ,h[ did x get !re8 ,0 x a result ( ! flood ab\t :i* 8 religion _h taught him8 ,_h an imm5se wave deposit$ ?is anci5t sea-life high on ! ,albano m\nta9s8 ,look+ m closely he saw t x 0 a type ( sea-snail & 9 almo/ p]fect pres]vation4 ,?is he w\ld h to ?9k ab\t & exam9e lat]4 ,n[1 h[ev]1 ! picture mu/ be complet$1 = he hop$ to surprise 8 fa!r 9 ! morn+4 ,b j !n1 ,leon>do he>d ! family /irr+ bel[ & 8 fa!r call+ him to d9n]4 ,reluctantly he left 8 table1 made himself pres5table & w5t d[n/airs4 8,ah1 ,leon>do10 8 fa!r said :5 he appe>$ 9 ! family d9+ room4 8,i saw ,b5$etto dell',abbaco on ! way 9 t[n & he tells me y hav5't be5 to s*ool z (t5 z y %\ld--is t true80 8,yes1 ,papa--b ,i'm n do+ badly40 8,signor ,b5$etto might agree1 at lea/ 9 y\r ma!matics4 ,he tells me y ask him que/ions t (t5 make him /op & ?9k4 ,b ,leon>do1 y h o!r subjects--,lat91 read+1 & writ+--z well z ari?metic4 ,y mu/n't neglect ! o!rs1 my boy4 ,b come--let u eat40 ,toge!r !y sat d[n ) ! re/ ( ! family--a l>ge1 prosp]\s1 & happy ga!r+4 ,:5 d9n] 0 ov] ,leon>do made hurri$ excuses to all ! family1 prote/+ t he 0 too tir$ to s+1 & escap$ back into 8 room4 ,= a long "t he work$1 unaw>e t ! h\se 0 gr[+ quiet]4 ,f9ally he laid d[n 8 bru%es & 8 maul /ick1 pu%$ 8 *air back & smil$ a triumphant smile4 ,! %ield 0 f9i%$4 ,tomorr[ he w\ld ask 8 fa!r 9 to look at x4 ,consci\s n[ t ev]ybody _h gone to b$1 ,leon>do blew out 8 c&le & op5$ ! %utt]s4 ,! night sky 0 a panoply ( />s & only "h & !re 0 ! d>k lonel9ess ( ! valley reliev$ by p9po9ts ( light4 ,leon>do lean$ 8 head aga9/ ! w9d[ frame & />$ at ! blue inf9ity above him4 ,:at exactly 7 ! />s8 ,did all ( !m move ar\nd ! e>?8 ,:at 0 ! haze t obscur$ ! horizon ev] s fa9tly8 ,:at 0 t sea-snail do+ 9 ! m\nta9s8 ,:y8 ,h[8 ,! next morn+ ,leon>do f\nd 8 fa!r & ,uncle ,francesco 9 ! g>d5 deep 9 conv]sation ab\t _! v9ey>ds & olive groves4 8,papa1 ,i h a surprise = y up 9 my room--c y come n[80 8,yes1 ,leon>do4 ,:at is x y h f\nd n[--n a bett] way to raise my grapes1 ,i'll wag]60 ,! eld] da ,v9ci put 8 arm ar\nd ! boy's %\ld] & w5t ) him up to ! door ( 8 room4 8,wait "h1 ,papa1 until ,i say to come 940 ,leon>do unlock$ 8 door1 lift$ ! clo? f ! %ield /&+ on ! easel & op5$ ! %utt] j a trifle s t a s(t light fill$ ! room4 8,papa--y c come 9 n[40 ,pi]o ent]$--he _h long =gott5 ! r\nd piece ( wood--& sudd5ly he froze 9 ! middle ( ! room4 8,h m]cy on me60 he said :5 he saw ! horrible fire-brea?+ creature4 ,9 ! dimness ( ! room1 ! mon/] & ! murky cave f :i* x 0 em]g+ 7 t]ribly real4 ,pi]o actually />t$ to back out ( ! room 9 fright1 :5 ,leon>do laid a h& on 8 %\ld]4 8,papa1 ?is "w has s]v$ its purpose2 take x away1 !n1 = x has produc$ ! int5d$ effect40 ,! %ield 0 ! talk ( ! h\se2 x 0 set up & m>vel$ at4 ,z = ,pi]o1 he resolv$ to take x ) him to ,flor5ce secretly & sell x1 giv+ 8 peasant fri5d "s *eap sub/itute t he w\ld buy 9 ! m>ketplace4 ,s1 a few days lat]1 ,leon>do's fa!r saddl$ 8 horse & _h ! %ield wrapp$ & pack$ 9 8 saddlebag4 ,also1 unkn[n to 8 son1 he took "s ( ! boy's draw+s4 ,pi]o _h n[ realiz$ t ,leon>do might h a r>e tal5t4 ,moreov]1 he 0 plann+ to move to ,flor5ce ) 8 family s t he c\ld be ne>] to ! ,badia1 or ! law (fices ( ! city1 = :om he _h be5 frequ5tly employ$4 ,!re1 ?\ght ,pi]o1 ,leon>do's tal5t c\ld be develop$ "u ! be/ ( tea*]s4 ,x 0 _m days be=e ,leon>do's fa!r return$2 :5 he did1 he ga!r$ 8 family toge!r & x 0 obvi\s to all t he _h excit+ news4 ,fir/1 ,pi]o ann\nc$ t he & ,francesca w\ld move to ,flor5ce s9ce he & a law p>tn] 7 n[ engag$ 9 secur+ (fice space f ! ,badia4 ,x 0 a h&some (fice c5trally locat$ opposite ! palace ( ! ,pode/1 or *ief magi/rate4 ,!n1 turn+ to ,leon>do1 he said3 8,i h %[n "s ( y\r draw+s to ,ma/] ,&rea del ,v]ro*io & 8 en?usiasm = y\r skill has decid$ me to place y 9 8 /udio z an appr5tice4 ,:at d y ?9k ( t80 ,leon>do 0 /unn$4 ,v]ro*io1 ! great arti/ & sculptor6 ,flor5ce6 ,! city-/ate ^: p[] & influ5ce _h spread f> beyond h] own walls4 ,n[ he w\ld /udy 9 e>ne/2 n[ he w\ld f9d ! answ]s to 8 nev]-end+ que/ions4 ,he embrac$ 8 fa!r & c\ld say no?+4 #b ,flor5ce ,! ,italy ( ,m$ieval & ,r5aissance days 0 n a unifi$ c\ntry z x is today4 ,x 01 ( c\rse1 "p ( ! ,holy ,roman ,empire1 b ! ma9 gov]n+ =ces 9 ! l& 7 9 ! city-/ates1 ( :i* ,flor5ce 0 "o ( ! mo/ p[]ful4 ,a city-/ate 0 mu* m ?an a city--x 0 almo/ a k+dom 9 itself4 ,ea* _h its own army1 & v (t5 !re 7 l>ge-scale w>s betwe5 su* city-/ates z ,milan1 ,naples1 ,rome1 ,v5ice--& ( c\rse ,flor5ce4 ,! ,italians ( ^? days consid]$ !mselves citiz5s--n ( ,italy z a :ole--b ( _! p>ticul> cities2 p com+ f o!r cities 7 look$ ^u z 8=eign]s10 ev5 ?\gh !y look$ ! same1 wore ! same /yle ( clo?+1 & spoke ! same language6 ,all ! p[]1 influ5ce1 & ideas ( ?is p]iod 9 hi/ory 7 conc5trat$ )9 ! city-/ates4 ,a man might be a v f9e arti/1 eng9e]1 or philosoph]1 b unless he manag$ to br+ 8 "w to ! att5tion ( ! rul] ( "o ( ! cities1 he 0 likely to rema9 9 obscurity4 ,?us x 0 t ,pi]o da ,v9ci1 kn[+ t 8 son w\ld h to h a p[]ful patron if he 0 to succe$ at all1 br\ght ,leon>do to ,flor5ce4 ,9 #adfg1 :5 ! da ,v9ci family ent]$ ,flor5ce1 ! city _h be5 "u ! rule ( ! ,m$ici family = "s ?irty-?ree ye>s4 ,z x 0 9 mo/ ( ^! city-/ates1 ! head ( ! rul+ family--at ?is "t ,pi]o de' ,m$ici--0 9 *>ge ( ! gov]nm5t ( ,flor5ce & ! surr\nd+ c\ntryside4 ,b ,pi]o 0 fifty-"o ye>s old & ail+1 & he _h only two ye>s ( life left at ! "t ( ,leon>do's arrival4 ,none ( ?is 0 9 ,leon>do's m9d z he rode ) 8 fa!r ?r\gh "o ( ! great1 gu>d$ gates ( ! city4 ,he 0 ?9k+1 n ( politics1 b ( ! fabul\s sights t await$ him 9 ?is ri* c5t] ( comm]ce & activity4 ,! n>r[ /reets ( ! city 7 s cr[d$ t is 0 necess>y = ! da ,v9ci family1 toge!r ) _! s]vants & ! donkeys lad5 ) h\sehold effects1 to g s+le file4 ,leon>do rode beh9d 8 fa!r1 %\t+ que/ions1 &1 at ! same "t1 turn+ 8 head f side to side s z n to miss a ?+4 ,br\ght up 9 ! solitude ( m\nta9s & valleys1 & accu/om$ to ! quiet life ( a village1 ! boy ( fifte5 0 ov]:elm$ ) ! excitem5t ( ! city4 ,illu/ration3 ,leon>do rode beh9d 8 fa!r1 turn+ 8 head f side to side s z n to miss a ?+4 ,! p>ty 0 n[ mak+ its way pa/ ! boo?s ( hundr$s ( %ops1 pa/ magnific5t palaces built by weal?y m]*ants1 & across squ>es fill$ ) ! produce f hundr$s ( f>ms4 ,e n[ & !n1 ,leon>do caught a glimpse ( ! ca!dral dome1 "o ( ! ar*itectural m>vels ( its day4 ,he _h se5 ! ca!dral ) its bell t[] & also ! t[]+ spire ( ! ,palazzo della ,signoria--:i* means ! ,palace ( ! ,lords--f a hill z !y approa*$ ! city4 ,?is palace /ill /&s & today x is call$ ! ,palazzo ,vec*io or ,old ,palace4 ,b n[ ^! sights 7 lo/ to view 9 ! mid/ ( ! n>r[ /reets1 o!r *ur*es1 flags1 & ! l9es ( wa%+ t seem$ to hang ev]y:]e4 ,frequ5tly1 ,pi]o's p>ty 0 press$ aga9/ a wall z a procession %ov$ its way ?r\gh a /reet4 ,sometimes x 0 by arm$ horsem5 escort+ a ri* bank] to "s appo9tm5t2 o!r times x 0 a file ( c[l$ monks obs]v+ "s sa9t's day & c>ry+ huge wax c&les be=e !m4 ,aft] !y _h cross$ ! magnific5t squ>e ( ! ,signoria1 9 front ( ! ,palace ( ! same "n1 ,pi]o lean$ d[n f 8 horse & ask$ a blacksmi? :]e ,v]ro*io's /udio might be4 ,! man %\t$ above ! d9 ( clang+ hamm]s3 8,ev]ybody kn[s t %op1 ,signor--x's d[n t /reet & to ! "r6 ,y c't miss x--ask anybody60 ,! man 0 "r1 = ! work%op ( ,v]ro*io 0 n h>d to f9d4 ,v]ro*io 0 consid]$ "o ( ,flor5ce's f9e/ arti/s & ev]ybody knew ( him4 ,he 0 a %ort1 broad-%\ld]$ man ( ?irty-two ) a r\nd face1 %rewd eyes1 a ?9 m\? & d>k curly hair t rea*$ almo/ to 8 %\ld]s4 ,9 8 work%op 7 two o!r appr5tices--"y ,pietro ,p]ug9o1 :o 0 six ye>s old] ?an ,leon>do1 & ,lor5zo di ,cr$i1 a boy ( eight4 ,!y all liv$ 9 ! h\se toge!r &1 aft] ,leon>do 0 %[n :]e he w\ld sleep & _h put away ! few ?+s he _h br\ght ) him f ,v9ci1 he 0 tak5 to ! place :]e he w\ld "w4 ,v]ro*io1 ^: real "n 0 ,&rea di ,mi*ele di ,francesco de' ,cioni1 _h tak5 ! "n ( 8 tea*]1 a r5[n$ goldsmi?1 z 0 ! cu/om 9 ! %ops at t "t4 ,v]ro*io himself 0 a skill$ goldsmi?4 ,b to be an arti/ & to h y\r own work%op 9 ! ye> #adfg meant be+ a speciali/ 9 _m ?+s4 ,into ,v]ro*io's place came a great v>iety ( arti/ic "w--pa9t+ pictures1 sculpt+ & ar*itecture1 goldsmi?+1 design+ & mak+ armor1 creat+ decorat$ furniture1 design+ me*anical toys1 & ev5 prep>+ /age sc5]y4 ,v]ro*io1 ( c\rse1 w\ld att5d to ! great] creative tasks1 :ile 8 appr5tices did ! *ores ( gr9d+ colors1 prep>+ panels = pa9t+1 mak+ armatures = 8 sculpture1 hew+ to size ! m>ble = a /atue1 prep>+ molds = ca/+1 build+ models = a new palace or *ur*--9 fact1 all ! c\ntless numb] ( prep>ations to ! f9i%$ "w4 ,sometimes1 if an appr5tice %[$ extraord9>y tal5t1 he w\ld be all[$ to "w on ! f9i%$ pa9t+ or assi/ ) ! f9al /rokes ( ! *isel4 ,v]ro*io 0 a busy man & a successful artisan4 ,to fur!r 8 own ambitions1 he 0 n[ absorb$ 9 ! p]fect+ ( ma!matical p]spective & ! /udy ( geometry4 ,! curi\s ,leon>do _h come to ! "r man4 ,9 ,v]ro*io's work%op1 :]e s _m crafts 7 le>n$ at ! same "t1 8 p[]s ( obs]vation 7 able to develop2 8 hung] to "k ab\t ma!matics 0 f$4 ,9 ,v]ro*io1 ,leon>do f\nd a tea*] :o w\ld enc\rage ^! inve/igations & urge him to /udy a wide v>iety ( subjects4 ,leon>do n[ felt 8 lack ( a full] education4 ,he />t$ to borr[ ma!matics textbooks & to seek out m5 :o c\ld tea* him :at he ne$$ to "k4 ,aft] ea* day's "w 0 ov]1 ,leon>do w\ld cont9ue on into ! night1 cat*+ up on 8 neglect$ /udies & discov]+ = himself new areas ( ?\ght su* z anatomy1 movem5t & weight1 botany1 & ano!r subject :i* 0 to occupy mu* ( 8 lat] ye>s--hydraulics1 or ! useful application ( wat] p[]4 ,9 ^! e>ly ye>s1 ,leon>do comm5c$ 8 fam\s ,notes4 ,he _h develop$ 8 own 8secret0 writ+ 9 8 *ildhood at ,v9ci4 ,^! notes--consi/+ ( obs]vations1 proportions1 & rem9d]s to himself--7 inscrib$ on 8 draw+s4 ,!y 71 h[ev]1 unreadable to ! eye--until held up to a mirror4 ,leon>do 0 lef?&$ & c\ld write flu5tly 9 ?is /range mann]4 ,x c\ld h be5 = _m reasons t he did s--p]haps f a natural desire = secrecy1 p]haps = reasons ( safety f possible enemies4 ,9 ^? days1 plots & c\nt]plots ( all sorts 7 commonplace--a rumor or a :isp] 9 ! "r e> c\ld de/roy a reputation or f9ancially ru9 a c>e]4 ,leon>do 0 popul> 9 ,flor5ce4 ,he travel$ ) ! "y m5 ( ! t[n1 & 8 h&some appe>ance & enorm\s /r5g? 7he c\ld b5d a horse%oe 9 8 h&s7 made him a welcome figure 9 _m h\ses4 ,he cont9u$ to play ! lute & ! lyre4 ,he wrote poetry1 compos$ 8 own music1 & sang ) a pleas+ voice4 ,8 blue eyes 7 k9d & 8 mann] g5tle4 ,he always avoid$ argum5ts & competition :5 he c\ld4 ,:5 he walk$ ?r\gh ! m>ketplace & came ^u ! cag$ birds1 he w\ld buy !m--j to set !m free4 ,inde$1 8 love ( animals _h become s great t he no long] ate meat4 ,dur+ ^! ye>s 9 ,v]ro*io's s]vice1 ,leon>do grew 9 /ature z an arti/ & rapidly develop$ into a sci5ti/ ( promise4 ,he amaz$ 8 ma/] :5 he pa9t$ an angel 9 an alt>piece t _h be5 assign$ to ,v]ro*io4 ,he pa9t$ x 9 ! new oil colors rec5tly acquir$ f ! ,flemi% pa9t]s4 ,s a/\nd$ 0 ,v]ro*io ) its grace t ! ma/] v[$ he w\ld nev] lift a bru% aga9 if a 8m]e *ild0 c\ld s surpass him4 ,9 ?is picture !re is a tuft ( grass beside a kneel+ figure1 also pa9t$ by ,leon>do1 :i* indicates by its c>eful att5tion to detail ! am\nt ( rese>* he did be=e committ+ x to canvas4 ,9 o!r pa9t+s he made beautiful draw+s ( a lily & /udies ( animals & crabs1 giv+ a h9t ( :at 0 to come4 ,=1 9 ^! prep>atory works1 ,leon>do c\ld n be satisfi$ until he _h ?or\ghly /udi$ ! *>act]i/ics ( plants & animals 9 g5]al4 ,lat] 9 life1 he 0 to become m & m absorb$ 9 ^! rese>*es until !y occupi$ ! great] "p ( 8 "t4 ,9 #adfi1 :5 ,leon>do _h be5 9 ,flor5ce only two %ort ye>s1 ,pi]o de' ,m$ici di$ & 0 succe$$ by 8 son1 ! mighty ,lor5zo de' ,m$ici--or ,lor5zo ! ,magnific5t1 z he 0 (t5 call$4 ,n[ ! city ( ,flor5ce felt itself "u ! control ( a man :o really knew h[ to use p[]4 ,lor5zo 0 ,flor5ce2 no?+ happ5$ )\t 8 mak+ x happ51 & he became "o ( ! mo/ prom95t patrons ( art & s*ol>%ip 9 all ( ,italy4 ,if ,leon>do 0 to make any headway 9 ,flor5ce1 he w\ld h to make himself notic$ by ?is new ,m$ici rul]4 ,b ,leon>do 0 n yet worry+ ab\t h[ to make himself a success4 ,a "y man ( sev5te5 & /ill an appr5tice ( ,v]ro*io1 ,leon>do cont9u$ to meet new fri5ds ) new ideas4 ,x 0 at ab\t ?is "t t he met ,b5$etto ,aritmetico1 a prom95t s*ol> & ma!matician4 ,x is probable t ?is man drew ,leon>do's att5tion to ! practical ne$s ( indu/ry & comm]ce s t "s ( ,leon>do's en]gy 0 direct$ t[>d ! /udy & improvem5t ( exi/+ ma*9]y & ! inv5tion ( labor-sav+ devices4 ,at any rate1 dur+ ^! mon?s ,leon>do 0 walk+ ! /reets ( ,flor5ce1 w&]+ into %ops & mills1 mak+ c>eful obs]vations ( all ! v>i\s me?ods ( manufactur+4 ,! m he saw1 ! m he ?\ght to himself t "o man c\ld d ! "w ( _m--if only he _h ! prop] ma*9e4 ,he ev5 made draw+s ( labor]s ) picks & %ovels to see if he c\ld det]m9e by ma!matics bett] ways to sw+ & hold ! tools4 ,9 addition1 ! p>ticul> problems 9 ! engagem5t ( jo9ts fasc9at$ ,leon>do1 lead+ him on to ! /udy ( m g5]al problems su* z ! transmission ( p[] by ge>s & ! /r5g? ( mat]ials4 ,he also sp5t long h\rs /udy+ geometrical !ories & read+ ,greek & ,lat9 classical works4 ,labori\sly1 he translat$ ^! into 8 own =mulas & made comm5ts ab\t !m 9 8 notebooks4 ,he att5d$ ! lectures ( ,john ,argyrop\los1 a ,greek1 :o talk$ ( ! ,ari/otelian !ories ( natural hi/ory1 & :o _h translat$ ,ari/otle's ,physics4 ,! /udy ( physics op5$ to ,leon>do a :ole new _w ( ideas4 ,he exp]im5t$ ) cog:eels1 & ) ! improvem5t ( ways to lift weights4 ,he became fasc9at$ ) ! !n-kn[n laws ( friction & built a b5* ^u :i* he te/$ v>i\s devices = ! ov]com+ ( frictional drag2 he also te/$ ! natural p[] ( "o body to set ano!r 9 motion4 ,?is b5* ) its roll]s & weights 0 simil> 9 pr9ciple to ! "o us$ by ! ,fr5* physici/ ,a4 ,c4 ,c\lomb almo/ ?ree c5turies lat]4 ,leon>do 0 inde$ gr[+ into a man ( g5ius4 ,n[ ev]y?+ f ! />s to ! flight ( an insect occupi$ 8 ?\ghts4 ,at ! same "t1 he cont9u$ 8 /udies ( draw+ & pa9t+4 ,frequ5tly he 0 se5 9 ,flor5ce foll[+ someone ^: face _h int]e/$ him--sometimes = ! bett] "p ( ! day--& !n at night he w\ld fill a page ) sket*es ( ?is same p]son f memory4 ,by develop+ 8 p[]s ( obs]vation 9 ?is way ,leon>do came to rely m ^u 8 own exp]i5ces & less ^u :at he 0 told or :at he read4 ,?is br\ght him into frequ5t conflict ) ! a/rolog]s1 ! al*emi/s & ev5 ! ,*ur*4 ,! a/rolog]s 7 m5 :o told =tunes by ! movem5ts ( ! />s4 ,! al*emi/s1 ) _! k ( *emi/ry1 pret5d$ to be able to talk ) gho/s & to tell ! future4 ,^! m5 ,leon>do held 9 contempt4 ,al?\gh he 0 a dev\tly religi\s man1 ,leon>do object$ to _m attitudes ( ! ,*ur* :i* he consid]$ outmod$ & :i* /ood 9 ! way ( sci5tific progress2 because ( ^! objections1 he 0 frequ5tly call$ a pagan4 ,9 ?is same ye> ( #adfi1 ,leon>do met ! ag+ ,paolo del ,pozzo ,toscanelli4 ,toscanelli 0 a fam\s physician1 philosoph] & ma!matician :o1 j ! previ\s ye>1 _h m>k$ (f on ! ca!dral floor ! fam\s m]idian l9e = det]m9+ ! dates ( ! v>i\s ,*ur* holidays4 ,! old man & ! boy became n only ! fam\s tea*] & ard5t pupil1 b close fri5ds4 ,"o ev5+ at ,toscanelli's h\se1 ! old man %[$ "y ,leon>do a globe ( ! _w4 ,mu* ( x 0 m>k$ 8unkn[n10 b ,toscanelli _h fill$ 9 "s areas f 8 own c>eful calculations & f ! /ories told him by sailors & travel]s4 ,visions ( di/ant l&s1 remote m\nta9 ranges & va/ oceans fill$ ,leon>do's imag9ation z ,toscanelli spoke4 ,!n ,toscanelli tapp$ ! globe to ! we/w>d ( ,spa91 say+3 8,"h w be f\nd a quick] r\te to ,india ?an ! _w has ev] kn[n be=e40 ,!n1 turn+ to ,leon>do he murmur$1 8,y w see x happ51 my boy1 9 y\r lifetime40 ,"o by "o1 ,leon>do's *ildhood que/ions 7 be+ answ]$4 ,toscanelli told him mu* ab\t ! />s1 ! fossils ( creatures long disappe>$ f ! _w1 & h[ he believ$ ! e>?'s e>ly =mation took place4 ,he also taught ! boy ! art ( draw+ a map4 ,n only did ,toscanelli greatly influ5ce ,leon>do1 b ! c\rse ( hi/ory z well4 ,t5 ye>s aft] ,toscanelli _h di$1 ,*ri/oph] ,columbus1 /ruggl+ we/w>d ov] ! ,atlantic ,ocean1 0 us+ a map t old ,toscanelli _h s5t him1 c>efully notat$ ) all 8 accumulat$ wisdom4 ,leon>do1 9 keep+ ) 8 own philosophy1 te/$ all ?is k ) exp]im5ts ( 8 own4 ,because a/ronomical in/rum5ts 7 r>e1 crude1 & co/ly1 ,leon>do borr[$ !m :]e he c\ld & lat] set ab\t mak+ 8 own4 ,he w5t on to exp]im5t ) "t measurem5ts1 devis+ ! fir/ example ( ! application ( a p5dulum to regulate a clock2 by means ( two spr+s1 x measur$ ! m9utes z well z ! h\rs4 ,s = ! next ?ree ye>s ,leon>do work$ 9 ,v]ro*io's /udio & cont9u$ 8 /udies & exp]im5ts4 ,9 #adgb ,leon>do's "n 0 inscrib$ 9 ! ,r$ ,book ( ! ,pa9t]s ( ,flor5ce1 :i* 0 ! (ficial guild1 or arti/s' union ( t "t4 ,b he 0 s poor t he c\ldn't af=d ! dues & h>dly _h ! money = ! necess>y c&les to be burnt be=e ,/4 ,luke1 ! patron sa9t ( all pa9t]s4 ,al?\gh 8 fa!r n[ _h a spaci\s ap>tm5t 9 a h\se on "o ( ! ma9 squ>es ( ,flor5ce1 ,leon>do cont9u$ to live ) ,v]ro*io4 ,9 fact1 he /ay$ on pa/ 8 =mal tra9+ p]iod = ab\t f\r m ye>s1 grateful to ! k9dly man = ! food & b$ he (f]$4 #c ,a ,/udio ( ,8 ,own ,on ,sunday1 ,april #bf1 #adgh1 ! bells ( ! ca!dral 7 r++ l\dly ov] ,flor5ce1 almo/ dr[n+ out ! noise ( ! cr[ds 9 ! /reet4 ,%utt]s 7 be+ ?r[n op5 & p 7 %\t+ excit$ que/ions at ea* o!r4 ,di/antly at fir/1 b gr[+ 9 volume1 0 ano!r s\nd--an ugly "o--! s\nd ( an approa*+1 angry mob4 ,leon>do1 hold+ a roll ( draw+s clos] "u 8 arm1 /opp$ & li/5$4 ,sudd5ly ! que/ion+ voices /opp$4 ,! bells cont9u$ r++ & n[ ! angry %\ts ( ! mob c\ld be he>d4 8,lor5zo is dead6 ,giuliano is dead6 ,dea? to traitors6 ,pazzi6 ,pazzi60 8,on to ! ,palace ( ! ,signoria6 ,!y've captur$ ! ,ar*bi%op6 ,he's a prison] !re60 8,get a ram & we'll break ! door d[n60 ,! p 9 ! /reet 7 caught up 9 ! surg+ mass4 ,already soldi]s ( ! ,m$ici 7 spread+ out ?r\gh ! city4 ,cobble/ones 7 ripp$ f ! /reet1 & swords1 knives1 & clubs 7 be+ br&i%$ 9 ! air4 ,leon>do1 back$ aga9/ a wall ( a h\se1 0 soon left 9 an almo/ des]t$ /reet4 ,/ill hold+ ! draw+s1 he made 8 way c>efully back to 8 /udio4 ,z x turn$ out1 ,lor5zo 0 n dead at all4 ,x 0 on ?is ,sunday t ! ,pazzi conspiracy _h brok5 out 9 ,flor5ce4 ,9 ! ca!dral1 ! ail+ ,giuliano de' ,m$ici1 bro!r ( ,lor5zo1 0 kill$ by assass9s4 ,lor5zo himself escap$ ) only a scrat*$ arm4 ,! ,pazzi family 7 rival bank]s ( ! ,m$icis & _h jo9$ 9 ?is plot ) ,girolamo ,ri>io1 a relative ( ,pope ,sixtus ,,iv1 & ,francesco ,salviati1 a long-"t enemy ( ,lor5zo4 ,a hir$ pr(essional ?ug complet$ ! memb]s ( ! conspiracy4 ,girolamo ,ri>io hat$ ! ,m$icis because !y refus$ him money = 8 own ambitions1 & ! ,pope oppos$ ,lor5zo because ,lor5zo 0 support+ raids aga9/ papal t]ritory4 ,z = ,ar*bi%op ,salviati1 he _h = ye>s nurs$ a p]sonal hatr$ = ,lor5zo4 ,illu/ration3 ,leon>do1 back$ aga9/ a wall1 0 soon left 9 an almo/ des]t$ /reet4 ,:5 ! assass9ation attempt fail$1 ! ,ar*bi%op & ,francesco de' ,pazzi fl$ to ! ,palace ( ! ,signoria = protection4 ,h[ev]1 ! memb]s ( ! ,c\ncil ( ,flor5ce1 :o 7 meet+1 !n became suspici\s & bolt$ ! doors aft] !m4 ,bo? m5 7 lat] kill$ by ! ,m$ici foll[]s & _! bodies 7 hung f ! b>r$ w9d[s ( ! ,palace4 ,9 ! t]ror ( ! days aft]w>d1 eighty victims lo/ _! lives4 ,! ,pazzi conspiracy also _h an effect on ,leon>do's future1 z we %all see lat] on4 ,leon>do _h be5 on 8 way to ! ,palace t morn+4 ,he _h be5 giv5 8 fir/ pa9t+ assignm5t1 or commission1 ! previ\s ,janu>y4 ,?is 0 to pa9t an alt>piece = ! *apel ( ,san ,b]n>do 9 ! ,palace1 & j ! mon? be=e he _h receiv$ ! sum ( tw5ty-five flor9s z a p>tial paym5t4 ,"s "t be=e ,janu>y ( #adgh1 ,leon>do _h left ,v]ro*io & _h f\nd a place ( 8 own4 ,! commission _h come to ,leon>do ?r\gh ! influ5ce ( 8 fa!r1 :o 0 n[ "o ( ! lead+ not>ies1 or lawy]s1 ( ! city4 ,?\gh /ill poor1 ,leon>do c\ld n[ devote ?is new indep5d5ce to 8 wid5+ fields ( /udy4 ,leon>do's /udio 0 l 8 *ildhood room 9 "o respect--x 0 /ill fill$ ) all ! diff]5t ?+s t _h ar\s$ 8 curiosity4 ,books 7 ev]y:]e--on 8 tables & %elves & pil$ on ! floor--books by ,ptolemy1 ,pl9y1 & ,/rabo on geography & natural hi/ory1 by ,ari/otle on physics1 ev5 "o by ,guido1 a t5?-c5tury monk1 :o has be5 call$ ! fa!r ( mod]n music4 ,9 addition1 !re 7 books on ari?metic1 agriculture1 geometry1 gramm>1 philosophy1 fables1 poetry & ev5 "o conta9+ jokes4 ,a map ( ! _w hung on ! wall1 toge!r ) 8 draw+s2 &1 scatt]$ ?r\gh\t ! :ole /udio 7 ! plants1 fossils1 rocks & animal skeletons he 0 /ill collect+ f 8 trips into ! c\ntry4 ,!re 0 also a huge table ext5d+ d[n ! middle ( ,leon>do's /udio ^u :i* 7 _m draw+s & in/rum5ts = work+ geometrical problems4 ,8 easel ne> ! w9d[ support$ a pa9t+--a /udy = 8 commission 9 ! ,palazzo4 ,& on 8 desk 0 a confusion ( pap]s conta9+ notes all writt5 9 8 8secret0 writ+4 ,at tw5ty-six ,leon>do 0 deep 9 ! /udy ( me*anical law1 geometry1 & botany4 ,= example1 he _h obs]v$ ! r+s 9 trees & _! relation%ip to ! age ( ! trees4 ,9 me*anics1 he 0 absorb$ 9 draw+ models ( a 8v>iable spe$ drive40 ,by me%+ ?ree cogg$ :eels ( diff]5t diamet]s to a common lant]n :eel1 ,leon>do saw t diff]5t spe$s ( rotation c\ld be obta9$ at ! same "t4 ,?is same pr9ciple is us$ 9 ! ge> %ift ( mod]n automobiles4 ,ab\t me*anics ,leon>do wrote t x 0 8! p>adise ( ! ma!matical sci5ces because by means ( x "o comes to ! fruit ( ma!matics40 ,n[1 too1 he 0 />t+ to write ab\t 8 obs]vations on ! flight ( birds1 ! =mations ( cl\ds & ! behavior ( smoke 9 ! air4 ,he comp>$ ! fly+ ( birds to ! swimm+ ( fi% 9 ! sea1 & ! fl[ ( air to ! fl[ ( wat]4 ,two hundr$ ye>s be=e ,newton1 ,leon>do w\ld def9e ! pr9ciples ( a]odynamic reciprocity1 z conta9$ 9 ,newton's ,?ird ,law ( ,motion4 ,at ?is "t1 ,leon>do _h an idea = mak+ ! ,arno riv] navigable all ! way f ,flor5ce to ,pisa by ! addition ( canals1 ?us giv+ ,flor5ce an outlet to ! sea4 ,he also _h ?\ghts = ! improvem5t ( irrigation 9 ord] to make use ( l& t did n h en\gh wat]4 ,no?+ t ,leon>do saw 9 8 day's activities 0 too small to pass unnotic$ & unque/ion$4 ,! flight ( a butt]fly1 ! /ratification ( rock 9 a cliffside1 ! %ape ( a mighty cumulus cl\d1 ! turn+ ( a c>riage :eel on a bumpy road1 ! play ( muscles 9 a f>m]'s back1 ! curl+ ( wat] ar\nd a rock 9 a /ream--all ( ^! ar\s$ ,leon>do's curiosity4 ,cont9ually1 he /udi$ ^! ?+s & pa9/ak+ly drew !m & wrote ab\t !m 9 8 notebooks4 ,un=tunately1 ,leon>do's pa9t+ commission = ! ,palace ( ! ,signoria 0 nev] complet$4 ,by ! end ( ! ye> #adgh1 ! ,pope1 ang]$ by ! kill+ ( ! ,ar*bi%op dur+ ! ,pazzi conspiracy1 _h decl>$ w> on ! ,republic ( ,flor5ce4 ,f]d9&1 ! ,k+ ( ,naples1 0 p]suad$ to help 9 ?is w> aga9/ ,flor5ce & ! ,m$icis4 ,z ! papal =ces 7 approa*+ ! =tresses on ! ,flor5t9e hills1 ! ,c\ncil ( ,flor5ce discont9u$ ,leon>do's commission 9 ord] to cons]ve money = ! def5se ( ! city4 ,disappo9t$ ?\gh he 01 ,leon>do did n all[ ?is setback to disc\rage him4 ,f a page ( draw+s 9 ! ,uffizi ,gall]y ( ,flor5ce on :i* are sket*$ v>i\s arms & w> mat]ials1 we le>n t he turn$ f 8 arti/ic to 8 me*anical skills & began design+ eng9es ( w>4 ,besides be+ a ,flor5t9e conc]n$ ) ! def5se ( 8 city1 ,leon>do 0 eag] to ga9 an appo9tm5t ) ,lor5zo z milit>y eng9e] to make up = ! pa9t+ commission he _h j lo/4 ,also1 z ! fifte5? c5tury 0 a turn+ po9t 9 ! me?ods ( wag+ w>1 ,leon>do 0 attract$ to all ! me*anical possibilities ( ! new artill]y4 ,be=e !n soldi]s _h us$ spe>s1 b[s & arr[s1 & /one-?r[+ catapults1 among o!r primitive me?ods4 ,"o ( ,leon>do's designs includ$ a light cannon ^: b>rel c\ld be rais$ or l[]$ to prop] elevation by means ( a h&-crank$ screw & ^: horizontal direction c\ld be det]m9$ by a maneuv]able cradle4 ,! milit>y appo9tm5t t ,leon>do hop$ = didn't come4 ,un=tunately = ! ,m$icis1 ! w> ) ! papal =ces 0 be+ lo/4 ,"o by "o1 ! =tresses "u siege surr5d]$2 m & m ( ! ,flor5t9e troops 7 flee+4 ,leon>do cont9u$ ! "w on 8 milit>y ma*9es =1 al?\gh he 0 hav+ "s success pa9t+ ,madonnas = private homes & _h ev5 receiv$ a commission f ! ,k+ ( ,portugal = a tape/ry design1 he /ill want$ (ficial recognition = 8 inv5tions f ,lor5zo de' ,m$ici4 ,dur+ ^! weeks late 9 ! ye> ( #adgi1 ,leon>do conceiv$ _m +5i\s devices to wage w>4 ,besides ! small artill]y piece1 he design$ a bomb>d1 or rock-?r[+ cannon1 :i* did n recoil :5 x 0 fir$4 ,?is 0 foll[$ by a light gun arrang$ 9 ?ree ti]s ( b>rels1 m\nt$ s t :ile "o ti] 0 fir$1 ! second 0 be+ load$ & ! ?ird 0 cool+ 7a =]unn] ( ! mod]n ma*9e gun74 ,ano!r 0 a device to repel enemy ladd]s4 ,x consi/$ ( a horizontal beam laid p>allel to ! top ( a =tress wall2 ! beam c\ld be pu%$ outw>d by "o man or sev]al m5 us+ a sy/em ( pulleys4 ,illu/ration3 ,leon>do's design = a ma*9e gun4 ,x _h ?irty-?ree b>rels 9 ?ree banks ( elev5 ea*4 ,:ile "o bank 0 fir$1 "o cool$ & ! o!r 0 reload$4 ,un=tunately = ,leon>do1 j z he 0 ready to %[ ^! inv5tions to ,lor5zo de' ,m$ici1 ! la/ =tress outside ,flor5ce surr5d]$ & a ?ree-mon? truce foll[$4 ,lor5zo himself w5t to ,naples & p]suad$ ,k+ ,f]d9& to )draw f ! w>4 ,by #adhj1 peace return$ once aga9 to ,flor5ce4 ,z = ! ,m$icis1 milit>y ma*9es no long] int]e/$ !m4 ,greatly disappo9t$ at n hav+ 8 inv5tions us$--or ev5 look$ at--,leon>do began to se>* ab\t = new fields ( creative activity4 #d ,ye>s ,( ,fru/ration ,! old monk spread ! pap]s out be=e him on ! table4 8,ma/] ,leon>do10 he said1 8^! are ! t]ms ( ! commission4 ,we at ! mona/]y wi% to h an alt>piece pa9t$ = our *apel4 ,y\r fa!r has recomm5d$ y1 &1 z y "k1 he is our lawy]4 ,( c\rse y\r reputation has already rea*$ our e>s1 & we are satisfi$ 9 our *oice40 ,! ye> 0 #adhj4 ,! monk repres5t$ ! mona/]y ( ,san ,donato a ,scopeto ne> ! ,porta ,romana1 j outside ,flor5ce4 ,leon>do %ook 8 head sl[ly at ! t]ms ( ! commission4 ,! pa9t+ _h to be complet$ 9 ?irty mon?s at ! mo/4 ,moreov]1 he mu/ pay = 8 own colors & ev5--,leon>do look$ up z if to prote/ b resum$ read+--ev5 pay = any gold or gold leaf he might use4 ,nev]!less1 x 0 an opportunity1 & ,leon>do ne$$ "w4 ,s9ce ! papal w> _h end$1 he _h n receiv$ any commissions--& 8 skill at milit>y eng9e]+ 0 /ill too unkn[n to h won him recognition4 ,al?\gh ,lor5zo de' ,m$ici 0 a great support] ( ! arts & sci5ces1 he _h n grant$ ,leon>do any ( 8 patronage4 ,9 ,lor5zo's c\rt 7 _m m5 ) mu* book-le>n+ b little tal5t4 ,!y gu>d$ _! positions jeal\sly & kept ! way to ,lor5zo b>r$ to any applicant :om !y did n l4 ,( !m1 ,leon>do wrote 9 8 notes3 8,!y /rut ab\t puff$ up & pomp\s1 deck$ out & adorn$1 n ) _! own labors1 b by ^? ( o!rs1 & !y w n ev5 all[ me my own4 ,& if !y despise me :o am an inv5tor1 h[ mu* m blame be giv5 to !mselves1 :o are n inv5tors b trumpet]s & recit]s ( ! "w ( o!rs80 ,9 accept+ ! commission to pa9t ! alt>piece1 ,leon>do hop$ to attract att5tion to himself4 ,p]haps !n ,lor5zo might welcome him to 8 c\rt & grant him patronage4 ,s1 ) 8 usual ?or\ghness1 ,leon>do set ab\t ! task ( prep>+ an ,adoration ( ! ,magi--a favorite subject ( t "t4 ,?is 0 to be a picture ( ! ,holy ,family surr\nd$ by ! ?ree wise m5 f ! ,ea/1 %eph]ds & animals1 old & "y1 ri* & poor1 pay+ _! adoration to ! ,*ri/ *ild4 ,s9ce he want$ 8 subjects p]fect 9 e detail1 ,leon>do set ab\t draw+ c\ntless y\?s1 old m51 %eep1 ox51 horses1 & donkeys4 ,9 a sep>ate draw+ = ! backgr\nd1 he work$ out ) ma!matical ma/]y ! problems ( p]spective1 t is1 draw+ objects to make !m appe> ?ree-dim5sional & ei!r close or f> away 9 space4 ,9 addition1 he made /udies = ! composition ( ! :ole picture--/udies 9 :i* 8 k ( geometry 0 us$ to height5 ! excitem5t ( ?is great religi\s subject4 ,illu/ration3 ,leon>do's hygromet]4 ,among ^! sket*es t ,leon>do made = 8 8,adoration ( ! ,magi0 is a page on :i* appe>s an inspiration = "o ( 8 greate/ ma/]pieces--a draw+ ( ! 8,la/ ,supp]40 ,& on ?is same page is ano!r draw+--"o ( a hygromet]4 ,a hygromet] is an in/rum5t = measur+ ! am\nt ( moi/ure 9 ! air4 ,leon>do's design consi/s ( a simple1 grad$ disk ) a balanc$ po9t]1 weight$ at "o end ) s& & at ! o!r ) a sponge or "s salt4 ,z ! sponge or salt absorb$ ! moi/ure 9 ! air1 ! add$ weight 0 indicat$ on ! grad$ disk1 ?us measur+ ! am\nt ( humidity4 ,leon>do's rese>*es = ! alt> pa9t+ took him almo/ a ye>4 ,al?\gh ! monks began to grumble at 8 sl[ness1 ,leon>do w\ld n be hurri$4 ,he 0 det]m9$ to produce a pa9t+ t 0 p]fect 9 all respects4 ,to quiet _! impati5ce ,leon>do did odd jobs = !m 9 ! cloi/]4 ,he repa9t$ _! old clock & = ?is extra "w !y advanc$ him "s mu*-ne$$ money4 ,9 ,m>* ( #adha ,leon>do 0 ready to beg9 ! actual draw+ = ! alt>piece4 ,z he progress$ ) ! composition1 ! monks cr[d$ ar\nd ) exclamations ( delight4 ,s diff]5t 0 x f all ! o!r ,adoration pictures !y _h ev] se51 t ! monks s5t ,leon>do "s sacks ( corn z a tok5 ( _! appreciation4 ,"o day1 ,leon>do 0 walk+ sl[ly t[>d ! mona/]y ov] ! ,ponte ,vec*io--! ,old ,bridge--across ! ,arno ,riv]4 ,he made 8 way sl[ly up ! hill pa/ ! con/ruction = ! new ,pitti ,palace4 ,! morn+ 0 hot & ! f>m]s mov+ into ! city ) _! heavily lad5 c>ts 7 %ort-temp]$4 ,leon>do /ood to "o side z he wat*$ a pair ( ox5 /ra9+ to haul a wagon up a rise 9 ! road4 ,_! own]1 8 %irt unbutton$ to ! wai/1 0 %\t+ angrily1 la%+ ! animals ) 8 lea!r-?ong$ :ip4 ,x 0 a cruel sight & ,leon>do turn$ away4 ,f "s exp]im5ts he _h be5 mak+1 ,leon>do realiz$ t ! poor animals 7 /ruggl+ n only ) ! hill1 b ! drag ( friction on ! creak+ axle4 ,?is drag c\ld be eas$1 he ?\ght to himself1 by simply re/+ ! axle 9 two sets ( roll]-be>+s atta*$ to ! bottom ( ! c>t ne> ea* :eel4 ,9 8 m9d he =m$ ! plan = su* a model z he made 8 way to ! mona/]y4 ,! draw+ ( ! alt>piece 0 ne>+ completion4 ,! monks 7 fasc9at$ by ! spectacle ( ! ,adoration appe>+ be=e _! eyes4 ,! s(t1 umb] outl9es deep5$ ) gray1 ! o*re highlight+ ! c5tral figures *>m$ !m & !y s5t ano!r gift to ,leon>do's h\se--a cask ( ,tuscan r$ w9e4 ,z x turn$ out1 ,leon>do nev] f9i%$ ?is alt>piece4 ,x is n kn[n :y4 ,b ! draw+ = x c be se5 today 9 ! ,uffizi ,gall]y 9 ,flor5ce j z ,leon>do left x4 ,x is c]ta91 h[ev]1 t ,leon>do 0 f> f idle dur+ ?is "t4 ,he drew ! design = elim9at+ ! friction ( a turn+ axle by m\nt+ ! axle 9 roll]-be>+s4 ,he exp]im5t$ )1 & solv$ ! problem (1 transmitt+ motion to revolv+ ma*9e p>ts by friction--! possible =]unn] ( our mod]n friction clut*4 ,ano!r device1 f\nd 9 mod]n automobiles--! diff]5tial--0 also drawn by ,leon>do4 ,?is idea provid$ = ! diff]5ce 9 spe$ betwe5 ! two drive :eels :5 r\nd+ a curve4 ,leon>do also drew ! fir/ kn[n plans = a self-propell$ vehicle--an 8automobile40 ,x 0 design$ to op]ate by a sy/em ( ela/ic spr+s w\nd by h& by ! p]son on ! vehicle2 ! 8c>0 0 !n suppos$ to run ! %ort di/ance all[$ x by ! unw9d+ ( ! spr+s4 ,9 addition1 ,leon>do cont9u$ design+ ma*9es = bo? (f5sive & def5sive milit>y action4 ,"o ( ^! 0 a bree*-load+ cannon1 toge!r ) ! fir/ kn[n projectiles t took into consid]ation bett] p5etration ?r\gh ! air & great] /ability 9 _! trajectory4 ,inde$1 ^! v mu* resembl$ pres5t-day a]ial bombs1 ) po9t$ noses & /abiliz+ f9s4 ,z ! mon?s pass$1 h[ev]1 ,leon>do began to feel t 8 "t & tal5ts 7 be+ wa/$ 9 ,flor5ce4 ,al?\gh ! monks & fri5ds ( ! mona/]y 7 pleas$ ) ! "w he 0 do+1 o!r arti/s 7 be+ call$ to great] tasks 9 ,rome4 ,= example1 ,dom5ico di ,tommaso del ,ghirl&aio1 ,s&ro ,botticelli1 & ev5 ,leon>do's fell[ /ud5t1 ,pietro ,p]ug9o1 _h left ,flor5ce to "w 9 ! *apel ( ,pope ,sixtus ,,iv 9 ,rome--kn[n to u z ! ,si/9e ,*apel4 ,n[1 too1 x 0 becom+ cle> t ,lor5zo & 8 c\rt _h no "t = ?is solit>y g5ius ^: ideas /ret*$ beyond 8 age4 ,s ,leon>do look$ ab\t him4 ,he 0 ?irty ye>s old & ! walls ( ,flor5ce seem$ to b9d 8 _s4 ,to :at city c\ld he g :]e 8 tal5ts w\ld be put to fruitful use8 ,rome seem$ to hold out no hope1 = no "o _h (f]$ him a position !re4 ,b ,leon>do rememb]$ t !re _h be5 a visitor to ! ,m$icis f ano!r city 9 rec5t mon?s4 ,?is man 0 ,ludovico ,s=za1 ! rul+ pr9ce ( ,milan1 ! great city-/ate ( ! nor?4 ,ludovico1 :o 0 also call$ 8,il ,moro0 7! ,moor7 because ( 8 d>k complexion1 0 seek+ ! fri5d%ip & alliance ( ! ,m$icis4 ,he 0 fasc9at$ ) ! art & culture ( ,flor5ce & s\ght to ga!r to 8 own c\rt ( ,milan z _m arti/s1 sci5ti/s1 philosoph]s1 & musicians z he c\ld4 ,p]haps1 ?\ght ,leon>do1 8 future lay 9 ,milan4 ,s he began collect+ 8 c\ntless draw+s1 diagrams ( ma*9es & in/rum5ts ( w>1 8 notes1 8 plans = canals & irrigation--ev5 a draw+ = a monum5t t he knew ,ludovico want$ to erect to 8 fa!r--& made a package ( x to s5d to ,ludovico4 ,!n he sat d[n to write a lett] to t nobleman4 ,9 x he set =? 9 t5 numb]$ p>agraphs 8 qualifications z milit>y & naval eng9e]1 ar*itect1 & hydraulics exp]t4 ,almo/ z an aft]?\ght to ! t5? item1 he wrote3 8,i c c>ry out sculpture 9 m>ble1 bronze1 or clay1 & also ,i c d 9 pa9t+ :atev] may be done1 z well z any o!r1 be he :o he may40 ,:5 he _h f9i%$ ! lett]1 ,leon>do took out a /range in/rum5t4 ,x 0 a lyre ( silv] 9 ! %ape ( a horse's head4 ,he _h design$ x himself1 & n[ ) an air ( peace1 he comm5c$ to play4 ,its ri* tone 0 sweet to he> & ! music 0 8 own composition4 ,leon>do _h also design$ o!r in/rum5ts--lyres1 lutes1 viols1 & a k9d ( zi!r4 ,he _h p]fect$ ! s+le-/r+$ mono*ord ( ,py?agoras1 replac+ ! tablet ( wood ) ?9 /rips ( drum t gave ! in/rum5t a l[ or high note accord+ to ! tightness ( ! /r+4 ,9 addition1 he introduc$ /ops or small pi/ons 9 ! holes ( wood5 re$ in/rum5ts2 &1 he _h ev5 inv5t$ a set ( me*anical *ords by us+ a :eel ( re$s :i* pluck$ a set ( /r+s z x 0 turn$4 ,8 skill z a musician1 compos]1 & s+] 0 well kn[n among 8 fri5ds & 8 bass voice _h reta9$ ! pur5ess ( 8 boyhood4 ,z x happ5$1 news ( ,leon>do's silv] lyre _h rea*$ ,lor5zo de' ,m$ici4 ,all ,leon>do's pa9t+s1 all 8 designs = cannons & =tifications1 all 8 inv5tions = comm]cial ma*9]y _h fail$ to int]e/ ,lor5zo--yet ?is s+le musical oddity excit$ ! rul]'s curiosity4 ,leon>do 0 summon$ to ! ,m$ici palace4 ,lor5zo 0 en*ant$ bo? by ! in/rum5t & ,leon>do's musical tal5t4 ,:5 ,leon>do _h f9i%$ play+1 ,lor5zo1 surr\nd$ by memb]s ( 8 c\rt1 applaud$ & said1 8,x w\ld please u if ,ma/] ,leon>do da ,v9ci w\ld pres5t u ) ?is beautiful in/rum5t s t we1 9 turn1 c\ld make a gift ( x to ,8 ,highness1 ,ludovico ,s=za1 ( ,milan40 ,leon>do b[$ & repli$1 8,y\r ,grace's reque/ is my pleasure4 ,moreov]1 ,sire1 x w\ld fur!r t pleasure to be> ! gift myself to ,8 ,excell5cy 9 ,milan40 ,! idea delight$ ,lor5zo4 ,he imm$iately direct$ t ,leon>do be giv5 a lett] to ,ludovico & t e protection be giv5 ,leon>do = 8 j\rney4 ,leon>do1 ) ! silv] lyre & ! lett] ( recomm5dation1 hurri$ home to make 8 f9al prep>ations4 ,he call$ on a fri5d & pupil1 "y ,atalante ,migliorotti1 to accompany him4 ,t[>d ! end ( #adhb or ! beg9n+ ( #adhc1 ) ! lett] to ,ludovico fold$ 9 a lea!r p\*1 ,leon>do & ,atalante m\nt$ _! horses & left ,flor5ce = ! long j\rney to ,milan4 #e ,milan ,milan at ?is "t 0 "o ( ! greate/ & weal?ie/ city-/ates 9 all ,europe4 ,its battlem5ts & ! spires ( its mighty ca!dral rose impressively f ! lu% pla9 ( ,lomb>dy4 ,t[]+ ov] ! city 9 ! di/ance 7 ! sn[-capp$ peaks ( ! ,alps4 ,groves ( mulb]ry trees = ! production ( its fam\s silk indu/ry & va/ /ret*es ( rice paddies ext5d$ f> into ! surr\nd+ c\ntryside4 ,leon>do & ,atalante rode along ! embankm5t ( "o ( ! _m canals4 ,! sight ( ! city ha/5$ _! pace al?\gh ! j\rney _h be5 a long "o4 ,frequ5tly on ! trip ,leon>do _h /opp$ to make notes4 ,rid+ ov] ! m\nta9s & rav9es surr\nd+ ,flor5ce he _h drawn "s ( ! ru%+ /reams & ! /ratifications ( expos$ cliffs4 ,& :5 !y _h desc5d$ to ! pla9s he obs]v$ ! irrigation dit*es & made notes on ways ( improv+ ! crude sy/ems ( dams & wat]:eels4 ,leon>do 0 excit$ by ?is new city & by 8 prospects at ! c\rt ( ,ludovico4 ,on ! way to 8 lodg+s1 he also notic$ t ,milan 0 a great c5t] ( arms manufacture4 ,%op aft] %op display$ its w>es ( swords1 spe>s1 %ields1 armor = man & horse1 & signs adv]tis+ f\ndries = ! mak+ ( cannon4 ,p]haps "h he might f9d an outlet = 8 milit>y inv5tions4 ,9 ! inn :]e he & ,atalante /ay$1 ,leon>do ov]he>d ! curr5t political rumors4 ,all ar\nd him 0 talk ( ! w>4 ,girolamo ,ri>io 0 aga9 9 ! field1 & ,ludovico's ally1 ,alfonso ( ,calabria1 _h j be5 defeat$ by ! ,v5etians 9 a bloody battle at ,campo ,morto4 ,leon>do r]ead ! lett] he _h writt5 sett+ =? 8 own accompli%m5ts & decid$ t n[ 0 ! "t to pres5t himself z a milit>y eng9e]4 ,he w\ld m9imize ! bronze monum5t1 8 music1 & 8 pa9t+1 & in/ead1 he w\ld /ress 8 skills 9 ! inv5tions ( w>4 ,:5 ,leon>do appe>$ be=e ,ludovico1 he 0 a h&some "y man ( ?irty-"o4 ,tall & /rong1 he 0 dress$ n accord+ to fa%ion1 b simply--almo/ sev]ely4 ,8 hair hung 9 curls on 8 %\ld]s & 8 auburn mu/a*e & neatly trimm$ be>d acc5t$ 8 ruddy complexion & deep-set blue eyes4 ,inde$1 he pres5t$ a /rik+ contra/ to ! nobleman seat$ be=e him4 ,il ,moro1 ) 8 d>k sk9 & /raight black hair1 8 ri*ly embroid]$ d\blet ) its broad sleeves & ! heavy gold *a9s across 8 ?ick *e/1 0 ! exact opposite ( ,leon>do4 ,ludovico set aside ,leon>do's lett]1 rose f 8 *air1 & walk$ to ! heavy table on :i* ,leon>do _h spread out 8 draw+s4 ,plans = all mann] ( w> ma*9es 7 !re--^? t ,leon>do _h design$ = ,lor5zo de' ,m$ici )\t success1 toge!r ) _m new additions4 ,= example1 !re 7 plans = a self-propell$ bomb ) flames to be %ot out 9 all directions--a bomb t 0 lat] to be call$ a 8rotatory rocket0 :5 x 0 actually inv5t$ 9 #ahdf4 ,leon>do also expla9$ to ,ludovico 8 idea = 8poison gas0 bombs conta9+ sulfur3 ! fumes ( ^! bombs w\ld 8produce /upor10 & !y c\ld be us$ bo? on l& & sea1 toge!r ) masks to protect ^? :o 7 us+ !m4 ,%rapnel %ells1 h& gr5ades1 & javel9s t bur/ into flame :5 !y /ruck _! objectives--^! & _m m 7 among 8 ideas4 ,b p]haps ! mo/ unusual to ,ludovico's eyes 0 ! design = an armor$ vehicle4 ,x 0 %ap$ l a giant turtle1 ) ov]lapp+ %eets ( re9=c$ wood s t enemy %ells w\ld b\nce (f its surface4 ,! armor 0 pi]c$ by loopholes = ! bree*-load+ cannon & !re 0 an op5+ at ! top = v5tilation4 ,p[] = ! vehicle 0 suppli$ by eight m5 inside turn+ cranks :i* 9 turn 7 cogg$ to o!r :eels1 sett+ 9 motion ! f\r drive :eels4 ,?is ( c\rse 0 ! =]unn] ( ! tank & ! armor$ c> us$ 9 mod]n w>f>e4 ,illu/ration3 ,=]unn] ( ! tank or armor$ c>1 z conceiv$ by ,leon>do4 ,motion 0 suppos$ to be suppli$ by f\r cogg$ :eels turn$ by manp[]4 ,%eets ( re9=c$ wood 7 suppos$ to s]ve z 8armor0 aga9/ enemy projectiles4 ,9 addition1 ,leon>do laid be=e ,ludovico all mann] ( cannons & designs = tunnel+ "u ! enemy's def5ses4 ,actually1 ) respect to w>f>e itself1 ,leon>do call$ x a mo/ brutal 8madness02 h[ev]1 he recogniz$ ! necessity ( be+ prep>$4 ,9 8 notebook1 he wrote1 8,:5 besieg$ by ambiti\s tyrants ,i f9d a means ( (f5se & def5se 9 ord] to pres]ve ! *ief gift ( nature1 :i* is lib]ty40 ,ludovico 0 v mu* int]e/$ 9 ! ?+s ,leon>do _h %[$ him4 ,al?\gh he 0 a man ( limit$ imag9ation & 0 n able to grasp ! scope ( ,leon>do's proposals1 he 0 nev]!less involv$ 9 a w>4 ,s9ce ,ludovico's ag+ milit>y eng9e] 0 to be replac$1 ,leon>do left ! =bidd+ ca/le ( ! ,s=zas ) high hopes ( gett+ ! position4 ,9 ! meantime1 he 0 commission$ to pa9t ! portrait ( a "y girl f a noble family 9 ,milan4 ,at ! same "t1 he began ! bronze eque/rian /atue ( ,ludovico's fa!r1 ,francesco ,s=za4 ,= ?is "w1 he began an int5sive /udy ( horses4 ,s9ce hunt+ 0 ! popul> sport at ! c\rt ( ! ,s=zas1 ,ludovico own$ a /able ( ! f9e/ ,arabian horses1 & "h ,leon>do comm5c$ 8 draw+s4 ,aga91 8 rese>* = a "w ( art l$ him beyond j mak+ prep>atory sket*es4 ,8 /udies develop$ into notes1 & 8 notes into a plann$ book on ! anatomy ( ! horse4 ,dur+ ^! mon?s ( wait+ = ! appo9tm5t z milit>y eng9e]1 ,leon>do fur!r$ 8 exp]im5ts ) cannon4 ,9 ! c\rse ( ^! exp]im5ts1 he came across a p[] t w\ld lat] revolutionize all indu/ry--/eam4 ,he devis$--al?\gh he attribut$ ! orig9al idea to ,ar*im$es--a wat] vessel connect$ to a copp] tube :i* 0 heat$ by a fire4 ,! wat] :5 fl[+ into ! r$-hot tube *ang$ into /eam & ! pressure ( ! /eam blew out a ball at ! m\? ( ! tube ) great =ce4 ,leon>do exp]im5t$ ) /eam 9 o!r ways4 ,he built an app>atus = measur+ ! trans=mation ( wat] into vapor4 ,x consi/$ ( a metal box 9 :i* 0 a ?9 animal bladd] p>tly fill$ ) wat]4 ,re/+ on ! top ( ! bladd] 0 a flat lid atta*$ by a cord hung f two pulleys to a c\nt]weight on ! outside4 ,z ! wat] 0 heat$1 ! /eam 9 ! bladd] pu%$ up ! lid4 ,z ! lid rose bo? ! volume & ! pressure c\ld be measur$4 ,!re 7 di/illation exp]im5ts ) v>i\s cond5s]s1 "o 9 p>ticul> t anticipat$ ! mod]n cond5s] ( ,leibig1 introduc+ d\ble walls t =m$ a complete jacket = cool+ ) wat] 9 cont9ual circulation4 ,n cont5t ) hav+ an idle mom5t1 ,leon>do aga9 turn$ to se>*+ out books t he _h n read & try+ to fill ! gaps 9 8 education4 ,he became especially int]e/$ 9 ! ,g]man philosoph]1 ,c>d9al ,cusanus4 ,cusanus1 l himself1 _h be5 influ5c$ by ,toscanelli & 0 a man devot$ to ! natural sci5ces4 ,leon>do also /udi$ ! philosophy ( ,ari/otle & ! writ+s ( ,/4 ,augu/9e4 ,?r\gh\t 8 life ,leon>do believ$ 9 an active m9d =1 z 8iron ru/s f disuse1 /agnant wat] loses its purity & 9 cold wea!r becomes froz51 ev5 s does inaction sap ! vigor ( ! m9d40 ,un=tunately1 ! po/ ( milit>y eng9e] w5t to a man nam$ ,ambrogio ,f]r>i4 ,! ext5t & v>iety ( ,leon>do's proposals 7 too great = ,ludovico to tru/4 ,he did n believe t "o man c\ld possibly br+ all ^? ideas into be+4 ,f]r>i1 on ! o!r h&1 0 a milit>y eng9e] only1 & a man :o 0 cont5t ) ! cu/om>y me?ods ( w>f>e4 ,fur!rmore1 ,ludovico _h at la/ decid$ t peaceful negotiations w\ld ga9 him m ?an fight+4 ,?us ,leon>do's *ance ( recognition 0 aga9 po/pon$4 ,mean:ile1 ! money t ,leon>do _h br\ght ) him f ,flor5ce 0 almo/ gone4 ,he _h be5 =c$ to move f 8 ap>tm5t to a s+le room & n[ he 0 b>ely able to live f day to day4 ,al?\gh ! c\rt ( ,ludovico ,s=za 0 "o ( ! ri*e/ 9 ! _w1 arti/s 7 frequ5tly treat$ z s]vants2 (t5 !y 7 ! la/ to be paid = _! s]vices4 ,also1 ,leon>do 0 a =eign] 9 ! city1 :i* meant he 0 reg>d$ ) suspicion4 ,because ( ^! reasons1 ,leon>do f9ally decid$ to d :at ! ,milanese arti/s did--!y b&$ toge!r 9 gr\ps %>+ "w & co/s4 ,leon>do _h met a "y arti/ ( tw5ty-eight1 ,giovanni ,ambrogio de ,pr$is1 at ! c\rt ( ,ludovico4 ,ambrogio 0 c\rt pa9t] to ! ,s=za family & _h a*iev$ "s success4 ,ambrogio recogniz$ 9 ! h&some /rang] f ,flor5ce1 h[ev]1 ! t\* ( g5ius1 & he realiz$ t 8 own tal5ts w\ld be fur!r$ by le>n+ f ,leon>do4 ,! two "y m5 decid$ to pool _! abilities4 ,ambrogio (f]$ bo? lodg+ & a /udio2 &1 9 association ) 8 two half-bro!rs1 "o a woodc>v]1 ano!r a m9iaturi/1 & 8 eld] bro!r1 a m9t] ( co9s1 !y w\ld n lack = commissions4 ,commissions w]5't long 9 com+4 ,on ,april #be1 #adhc1 a contract 0 sign$ betwe5 ,b>tolommeo degli ,sc>lione1 a prior ( ! ,frat]nity ( ! ,immaculate ,conception1 & ,ambrogio & ,leon>do = an alt>piece4 ,! fee 0 two hundr$ ducats1 ) a promise ( m if x 7 deliv]$ on "t & 0 satisfactory to ! ,frat]nity4 ,deliv]y date 0 to be ,decemb] #h1 #adhd4 ,ambrogio 0 to pa9t ! alt> w+s & ,leon>do ! c5t] piece--a picture ( ! ,bless$ ,virg9 & ,*ild4 ,b :5 ! pa9t+ 0 f9i%$1 x 0 n accord+ to ! in/ructions set =? 9 ! contract4 ,leon>do _h too indep5d5t a m9d to be b\nd by con=mity4 ,nor 0 x complet$ on "t4 ,inde$1 = tw5ty ye>s ! qu>rel betwe5 ! ,frat]nity & ! pa9t]s w5t on4 ,aft] t5 ye>s1 ,ludovico 0 ask$ to int]v5e = ! money ow$2 aft] he fail$1 ano!r t5 ye>s w5t by & ! ,k+ ( ,france himself 0 f9ally ask$ to settle ! dispute4 ,leon>do want$ 8 "o hundr$ ducats & ! ,frat]nity (f]$ tw5ty-five4 ,ev5tually1 a secret agreem5t 0 arriv$ at & ! pa9t+ 0 re/or$ to ,leon>do & ,ambrogio4 ,leon>do's pa9t+1 ! ma/]piece entitl$ ! 8,virg9 ( ! ,rocks10 n[ hangs 9 ! museum ( ! ,l\vre 9 ,p>is4 ,! day ?is contract 0 sign$1 ,leon>do walk$ back ?r\gh ! city to ,ambrogio's /udio ne> ! ,tic9o gate4 ,he 0 l[ 9 spirits f read+ ! petty in/ructions ( ! contract1 &1 9 ?is mood1 he became aw>e ( ! city /reets & cr[ds ab\t him4 ,! noise1 ! confusion1 ! smells--yes1 ! smells 7 ! wor/4 ,g>bage1 fil?1 & du/ 7 9 heaps :]e ! la/ ra9wat] _h left !m & !y buzz$ ) flies4 ,moreov] ! h\ses 7 jamm$ toge!r & %opkeep]s cr[d$ _! w>es to ! edges ( ! /reets1 leav+ j en\gh room = ! occasional horseman to get ?r\gh4 ,latr9es 7 only = ! bett] h\ses2 "h1 ! /reets1 alleys & ev5 op5 doorways 7 toilets4 ,p flung _! scraps out ( ! w9d[ & at night 9 ! poorly lit /reets c\ld be he>d ! scurry+ ( rats4 ,leon>do /opp$1 ?9k+ half al\d3 8,two levels4 ,/reets runn+ "o above ! o!r--"o = p$e/rians & "o = c>ts & horses4 ,yes1 & cutt+ ?r\gh ! :ole city a sy/em ( canals to c>ry ! city's wa/e to a riv] or to ! sea4 ,:y n ev5 t5 cities (1 say1 five ?\s& h\ses 9 ea*--say1 no m ?an ?irty ?\s& p to a city80 ,int5t n[ on 8 ?\ghts he hurri$ to 8 home1 8 m9d busy ) 8 visions ( new cities4 ,dur+ ! ye>s #adhd & #adhe ! bubonic plague swept ,italy--! same dread$ ,black ,dea? s preval5t 9 m$ieval times4 ,milan 0 "o ( ! cities mo/ sev]ely /rick54 ,e c\rty>d became a hospital & ! /reets 7 des]t$ except = ! rumbl+ c>ts pick+ up ! dead4 ,on ! roads f ! city 7 l9es ( refugees flee+ to ! c\ntry4 ,surr\nd+ cities t _h n be5 infect$ mann$ _! =tress walls z 9 w>time to keep ! flee+ populations out4 ,ludovico at fir/ tri$ to protect ,milan f ! spread ( ! disease2 !n1 fright5$1 he & 8 c\rt fl$4 ,ev5 ! rul]'s (ficial docum5ts _h to be 8dis9fect$0 by p]fume & !n held = a p]iod ( "t be=e he w\ld all[ !m ne> him4 ,leon>do1 s5s+ opportunity1 drew out 8 plans = 8 new cities4 ,canals runn+ ?r\gh !m 7 to be us$ = b>ges & ! und]gr\nd conduits greatly resembl$ ^? ( mod]n sewage sy/ems4 ,pa?s 7 to h gutt]s = ! adequate dra9age ( ! /reets4 ,public toilets 7 to be in/all$4 ,leon>do ev5 _h plans = ! control ( smoke collect+ ov] ! city--by s5d+ x up tall *imneys :]e x 0 pick$ up by fans & driv5 away ov] ! ro(s4 ,! wid?s ( ! /reets 7 to be 9 proportion to ! heights ( ! h\ses--light & air w\ld circulate freely4 ,two levels w\ld be connect$ by graceful ramps--! l[] level = ! comm]cial traffic & ! upp] level = ! p$e/rians4 ,:]e /airs 7 us$ !y 7 design$ s "o c\ld asc5d or desc5d )\t "o p]son see+ ! o!r4 ,/ables 7 devis$ s t animals 7 f$ ?r\gh op5+s 9 _! mang]s & "u ^! 7 tunnels ( fl[+ wat] = ! removal ( wa/e4 ,illu/ration3 ,! results ( ! bubonic plague 9 ,italy1 #adhd-he4 ,/reets 7 des]t$ except = ! c>ts pick+ up ! dead4 ,^! sweep+ plans ,leon>do laid be=e ,ludovico :5 ! epidemic _h subsid$4 ,b ,ludovico1 once 8 fe> 0 ov]come1 bru%$ !m aside z impossible dreams4 ,s ,leon>do return$ to ! commission = ! ,frat]nity & ! designs = ! bronze monum5t ( ,francesco ,s=za4 ,^! jobs kept ,leon>do f brood+ ab\t 8 rejections4 ,(t51 too1 ,leon>do work$ ) ,b]n>d9o de ,pr$is1 ! eld] bro!r ( ,ambrogio4 ,b]n>d9o 0 a m9t] ( co9s4 ,z ,leon>do wat*$ him at ! labori\s task ( fir/ cutt+ disks f +ots & !n hamm]+ ! design into ! hot metal1 he sugge/$ to ,b]n>d9o an easi] me?od1 !n us$ 9 ,g]many4 ,?is 0 to prep>e smoo? ribbons ( metal ( ! desir$ ?ickness & ) a pun*1 impress ! design into ! ribbon at ! necess>y int]vals & !n1 pun* out ! co94 ,leon>do w5t on to improve ?is sy/em by design+ precise pun*es = bo? faces ( ! co94 ,a s+le ma*9e !n cut out & /amp$ ! co9s1 us+ a fall+ weight rais$ by little w9*es4 ,?is ma*9e 0 lat] de/9$ = ! ,vatican m9t 9 ,rome4 ,on ,m>* #bf1 #adhe an ev5t occurr$ 9 ,milan t 0 view$ ) m+l$ fe>1 sup]/ition1 curiosity & excitem5t4 ,!re 0 a total eclipse ( ! sun4 ,to "s1 com+ z x did s soon aft] ! plague1 x 0 a judgm5t ( ,god2 to o!rs1 x 0 reg>d$ z an om5--a sign = a/rolog]s to use = pr$ict+ ! future4 ,b to ,leon>do ! eclipse 0 a mom5t ( great sci5tific importance4 ,at ?is "t 9 hi/ory1 ! ,ptolemaic1 or geoc5tric !ory ( ! univ]se 0 ! popul> belief4 ,?is !ory taught t ! e>? is fix$ & ! sun & moon revolve ar\nd x4 ,leon>do himself _h believ$ ?is !ory = a long "t4 ,z he grew old]1 h[ev]1 he read & he>d discussions ( ! helioc5tric !ory4 ,?is !ory propos$ t ! sun is fix$ & ! e>? & />s move ar\nd x4 ,n[1 z he wat*$ ! eclipse1 8 d\bts ( ! ,ptolemaic concept 7 r5ew$ & he resolv$ to make exp]im5ts ( 8 own4 ,! new !ory 0 s d>+ = 8 times1 h[ev]1 t x w\ld be _m ye>s be=e he became conv9c$ ( its tru?4 ,lat] t night1 deep 9 ?\ght ov] ! exp]i5ce ( ! day1 he not$ d[n 8 obs]vations ( ! eclipse & 8 d\bts ( ! m$ieval concept ( ! heav5s4 ,! ,*ur* believ$ ! e>? 0 ! fix$ c5t] ( ! univ]se4 ,s*ol>s & sci5ti/s support$ ! belief ( ,ari/otle 9 ! f\r elem5ts1 e>?1 wat]1 air1 & fire--b some?+ 0 wrong4 ,:at 7 ! planets--:at 0 ! moon8 ,he pick$ up 8 p5 & on a clean %eet ( pap] he wrote1 8,make glasses 9 ord] to see ! moon l>ge40 #f ,! ,monum5t ,dur+ ?is "t1 ,leon>do _h be5 /ruggl+ ) ! design = ! bronze eque/rian /atue4 ,draw+ aft] draw+ lay scatt]$ on 8 /udio floor4 ,lately1 h[ev]1 a d>+ plan = ?is /atue _h come to him4 ,x 0 to be a huge bronze w>rior1 ,francesco ,s=za1 m\nt$ on a re>+ horse4 ,weigh+ p]haps a hundr$ ?\s& p\nds1 x 0 to be ca/ 9 sections 9 five furnaces--a fitt+ monum5t to ! p[] ( ! ,s=za family4 ,b !re /ill rema9$ a big problem to be solv$3 h[ c\ld he balance ! plung+ horse & man on j ! two re> legs ( ! horse8 ,mean:ile1 ,leon>do _h ano!r problem to "w on--a wood5 model ( ! ,milan ca!dral4 ,he _h ent]$ 8 "n ) ! ca!dral au?orities z a competitor 9 ! design & con/ruction ( ! ca!dral's dome4 ,_m ar*itects _h be5 br\ght 9 & _h fail$1 p>tly because ( ! antagonism ( ! ,milanese workm5 to =eign craftsm51 & p>tly because ! committee f\nd x difficult to decide :at designs x lik$4 ,leon>do _h s5t !m a lett] outl9+ 8 own recomm5dations & _h drawn _m pages ( possible plans4 ,he put =w>d 8 k ( v>i\s build+ mat]ials1 8 und]/&+ ( classical ar*itecture1 & 8 wi% to keep 8 own ideas 9 h>mony ) ! ,go?ic tradition ( ! ca!dral itself4 ,(t5 he w\ld make a po9t ( walk+ ab\t ! city1 obs]v+ ! diff]5t con/ructions "u way & draw+ up plans to %ort5 ! labor by me*anical means4 ,9 ,july ( #adhg ,leon>do receiv$ a paym5t f ! ca!dral au?orities = ! wood5 model he _h submitt$4 ,/ill1 h[ev]1 no f9al decision _h be5 rea*$4 ,n[1 z ,leon>do look$ at ! model 9 8 /udio1 he felt ! urge to improve x fur!r--to make x m p]fect4 ,yet he held 8 impati5ce 9 *eck & decid$ he w\ld wait a little long]4 ,in/ead1 he decid$ to "w on "s ( 8 ideas = con/ruction devices4 ,he _h already made _m draw+s1 b !y c\ld be improv$1 he ?\ght1 & he began to make calculations4 ,among ^! notes & draw+s 0 an improvem5t on a device = ! rais+ ( columns4 ,x 0 a mobile w9dlass ) a transmission ge> = transport+ & erect+ columns & obelisks4 ,ano!r device 0 an e>? drill resembl+ a mod]n corkscrew ) d\ble h&le b>s4 ,! upp] b>1 :5 turn$1 drill$ ! screw into ! e>? :ile ! l[] b>--:5 turn$ ! opposite way--c>ri$ ! dirt up & out4 ,also !re 0 a d\ble crane m\nt$ on a circul> trolley :i* c>ri$ ! dirt ( excavation up & !n ! crane 0 mov$ ar\nd on its trolley s ! dirt c\ld be unload$ 9 diff]5t directions4 ,o!r labor-sav+ devices t ,leon>do design$ 7 an automatic pile driv]1 ! weight ( :i* 0 rais$ by a w9* & tripp$ automatically at its height to fall on ! pil+2 a lift = rais+ iron bells to bell t[]s2 & a ma*9e = bor+ tree trunks to make pipes = c>ry+ wat]4 ,9 ! fall ( #adhh1 ,leon>do 0 int]rupt$ by a summons f ,ludovico1 :o want$ him to design & build ! decorations = ! =?com+ m>riage ( 8 nephew1 "y ,duke ,gian ,galeazzo ,s=za1 to ,isabella ( ,aragon1 gr&daught] ( ! ,k+ ( ,naples4 ,he work$ on ?is /eadily until ! w$d+ c]emony 9 ,febru>y ( ! foll[+ ye>4 ,:5 ! day arriv$1 ! /reet f ! ca!dral to ! grim ca/le 0 trimm$ ) flags & bann]s ( ! two royal h\ses4 ,! inn] c\rty>ds ( ! ca/le 7 trans=m$ into delicate arbors ( laurel b\ghs4 ,yet x 0 ! ev5+'s reception & ent]ta9m5t :i* 7 to be ! climax & to !m ,leon>do _h br\ght all 8 me*anical skill4 ,h[ev]1 ! ann\ncem5t ( ! dea? ( ! bride's "m cut %ort ! celebration &1 aft] ! bride & groom _h left = ,pavia1 ! w$d+ p>ty soon disp]s$4 ,disappo9t$ t 8 decorations _h n be5 fully appreciat$1 ,leon>do return$ to 8 /udio & ! problem ( ! monum5t4 ,he 0 /ill /ruggl+ ) ! problem ( balanc+ ! re>+ horse4 ,&1 inde$1 a solution 0 soon f\nd4 ,by plac+ a fall5 soldi] ) 8 arm uprais$ 9 protection "u ! =efeet ( ! horse1 ,leon>do c\ld balance ! enorm\s weight & provide = ! prop] ca/+ ( ! molt5 bronze4 ,f9ally1 ,leon>do made a small wax model ( ! propos$ /atue & %[$ x to ,ludovico4 ,! nobleman 0 impress$ by its orig9ality4 ,mo/ ( ! ideas contribut$ by o!r sculptors 7 m]e v>iations ( :at _h already be5 done _m times4 ,also1 ! o!r plans call$ = bronze ( n m ?an two ?\s& p\nds1 :ile ,leon>do envision$ a /atue fifty times t size6 ,ludovico aw>d$ ! commission to ,leon>do4 ,leon>do 0 to "w on ?is commission = t5 ye>s & x 0 de/9$ nev] to be immortaliz$ 9 bronze1 = reasons t w be expla9$ lat]4 ,8 en]gies1 z usual1 7 p\r$ into _m s*emes4 ,gr[+ out ( 8 "w on ! monum5t he plann$ "o book on ! subject ( ca/+ 9 bronze & ano!r on ! anatomy ( ! horse4 ,b ! "o subject1 :i* he began to /udy 9 ?is p]iod & :i* w\ld occupy ! rema9d] ( 8 life1 0 ! /udy ( human anatomy4 ,s ,leon>do1 9 ! mid/ ( all 8 o!r activities1 wrote 9 8 notes1 8,on ! second day ( ,april #adhi ! book entitl$ ,( ! ,human ,figure40 ,! s\rces ( anatomical /udy up to ,leon>do's day _h be5 ! ,greeks--,hippocrates & ,gal5--& ! ,arab--,avic5na4 ,books on ?is subject 7 few1 & ! anatomical diagrams 7 crude & inaccurate4 ,gal51 = example1 _h bas$ 8 /udies on ! dissection ( monkeys4 ,r5aissance anatomi/s _h expla9$ 8 errors by po9t+ out t man _h probably *ang$ s9ce ,gal5's "t4 ,! ,*ur* _h /epp$ 9 dur+ ! f\rte5? c5tury ) an edict t 0 int]pret$ z a prohibition aga9/ dissection ( ! human body4 ,9 ,italy1 h[ev]1 !re 7 "s dissections4 ,!y c\ld only use1 = ?is purpose1 ! bodies ( crim9als1 slaves1 & p ( =eign bir?4 ,9 ,flor5ce1 anatomy 0 /udi$ by ! arti/s1 & ,leon>do _h und\bt$ly wat*$ ,pollaiuolo at "w on a corpse t t arti/ _h dissect$4 ,9 #adhi ,leon>do1 f ! results ( 8 own inve/igation1 produc$ draw+s ( ! skull & backbone ^: c>eful att5tion to detail are--ev5 today--classics 9 art & anatomy4 ,) inf9ite pati5ce & ) a saw ( 8 own inv5tion he _h halv$ a skull & drew = ! fir/ "t ) accuracy ! curves ( ! frontal & sph5oid bones4 ,he drew ! la*rymal 7te>7 canal1 & he 0 ! fir/ to %[ ! cavity 9 ! sup]ior maxill>y bone--n discov]$ aga9 until #afea1 by ,highmore--n[ nam$ 8! antrum ( ,highmore40 ,he 0 ! fir/ to demon/rate ! d\ble curvature ( ! sp9e & its accompany+ v]tebrae1 ! incl9ation ( ! sacrum1 ! %ape ( ! rib cage1 & ! true position ( ! pelvis4 ,he plann$ a :ole s]ies ( books t w\ld include f head to foot & f inside to outside e section ( ! human app>atus4 ,mean:ile he _h be5 work+ on ! monum5t1 r$esign+ x to con=m to ! practical ne$s ( ca/+4 ,n[ x _h rea*$ an ev5 gr&] scale--a colossus t w\ld require two hundr$ ?\s& p\nds ( bronze6 ,he record$ 9 8 notes ! v day t ?is "w 0 />t$1 8,on ! tw5ty-?ird day ( ,april #adij ,i comm5c$ ?is book & recomm5c$ ! horse40 ,! 8horse10 ( c\rse1 0 ! monum5t & 8?is book0 ref]r$ to /ill ano!r subject :i* _h gr[n out ( 8 /udies ( anatomy & p]spective4 ,! title ( ! propos$ book 0 to be ,light & ,%ade4 ,x w\ld include ! subject ( optics or ! me*anism ( ! eye1 ! problems ( reflection & refraction & x w\ld lead him ev5tually to a re-exam9ation ( 8 /udies ( ! sun & moon4 ,9 ,leon>do's day1 & ev5 = a long :ile aft]w>ds1 ! popul> belief ( vision 0 "o t _h orig9ally be5 put =? by ! ,platonic s*ool & exp&$ by ,euclid & ,ptolemy4 ,?is belief 0 t ! eye s5t =? rays t br\ght back ! image to ! s\l4 ,leon>do1 9 8 y\ng] days1 _h believ$ 9 ! same !ory4 ,n cont5t ) :at _h be5 writt5 on ! subject1 h[ev]1 he began to exp]im5t = himself4 ,^! exp]im5ts l$ him to an exam9ation ( ! eye itself4 ,he not$ ! v>i\s p>ts ( ! eye--! optic =am5 or op5+1 ! pigm5t lay]1 & ! iris4 ,^! 7 already kn[n by ! ,arabs4 ,leon>do discov]$1 h[ev]1 ! cry/all9e area ( ! eye4 ,he expla9$ b9ocul> vision1 or ?ree-dim5sional images1 by correctly not+ ! positions ( ! two eyes 9 ! head4 ,he describ$ ! v>iations 9 ! diamet] ( ! pupil accord+ to ! surr\nd+ light4 ,fur!r exp]im5ts ) light br\ght him to ! conclusion t light & images are receiv$ by ! eye4 ,he took a piece ( pap]1 = example1 & pi]c$ x ) a small hole4 ,) ?is he look$ at ! s\rce ( light4 ,he not$ ! cone %ape ( ! rays funnel+ into ! t9y hole & !n :5 ! pap] 0 held next to a :ite wall he not$ t ! rays spread out aga94 ,he e/abli%$ t light travels 9 /raight l9es4 ,he con/ruct$ ! fir/ 8cam]a obscura0--a box ) a small hole 9 x4 ,inside ! box an object 0 plac$ ne> ! hole & beh9d t a light$ c&le4 ,:5 ! box 0 clos$ ! image ( ! object 0 ca/ on ! wall4 ,leon>do 0 already acqua9t$ ) l5ses1 & he plac$ a magnify+ l5s ov] ! hole to create an enl>g$ image4 ,illu/ration3 ,leon>do's 8cam]a obscura0 :i* he us$ = project+ an image ( an object on a wall or scre54 ,he also demon/rat$ v>i\s laws relative to optical illusion1 su* z irradiation--:5 a metal rod is made r$-hot at "o end1 t end seems ?ick] ?an ! o!r4 ,a brightly lit object seems l>g] ?an "o exactly l x t is dimly lit2 a d>k object plac$ aga9/ a light backgr\nd seems small] ?an x is2 a light object seems l>g] ?an its real size :5 plac$ aga9/ a d>k backgr\nd2 & ! illusion ( a light swung 9 a circle appe>s z a complete circle ( light4 ,_m ye>s be=e ,newton1 ,leon>do describ$ ! exp]im5t ( break+ up a ray ( :ite light into ! sol> spectrum4 ,also he comp>$ two s\rces ( light & measur$ _! int5sity by ! dep? ( _! %ad[s accompani$ by a draw+ t 0 ! =]unn] ( ,rum=d's photomet] ?ree c5turies lat]6 ,he /at$ ! law ( reflection--t is1 t ! angle ( reflection is always equal to ! angle ( incid5ce4 ,ab\t ?is "t ,leon>do left ! /udio ( ,ambrogio de ,pr$is & mov$ into ! ,s=za ,ca/le4 ,ludovico _h put at 8 disposal a /udio 9 ! ,corte ,vec*ia & ! use ( a room 9 "o ( ! t[]s--:i* ,leon>do always kept lock$4 ,to 8 gr[+ li/ ( "w1 ,leon>do n[ _h to add ! prep>ations = ! delay$ w$d+ reception ( ,ludovico's nephew1 ,gian ,galeazzo ,s=za4 ,on a cold w9t] ev5+ ( ,janu>y #adij ! gue/s assembl$ aga94 ,silks1 sat9s & gold brocade1 diamonds1 rubies & pe>ls glitt]$ 9 ! brilliant lights4 ,pr9ces ( ! ,*ur* m+l$ ) ambassadors ( =eign l&s4 ,music & p]fume fill$ ! air & z ! p>ty quiet$ d[n ! ent]ta9m5t began4 ,!re 7 dances 9 gay co/umes4 ,poetry 0 recit$ t flatt]$ ! bride & groom4 ,!re 7 allegorical processions4 ,! jokes & antics ( ! c\rt je/] made ! audi5ce laugh4 ,!n1 at midnight1 ! curta9 t hung f wall to wall at ! end ( ! ballroom 0 rais$4 ,applause & cries ( delight greet$ ! spectacle4 ,! ris+ curta9 reveal$ a room 9 :i* !re 0 a hemisph]e surr\nd$ by ! signs ( ! zodiac & ! planets4 ,:ile ! planets 9 _! ni*es flick]$ ) conceal$ lights & ! signs ( ! zodiac gl[$1 l9es 7 spok5 9 honor ( ! h\se ( ,s=za to ! accompanim5t ( a *oir4 ,! anci5t gods swept d[n f ! heav5s1 & ! ,virtues & ,graces mov$ across ! sc5e ) nymphs wav+ lant]ns4 ,! music dr[n$ out ! s\nd ( ! me*anism4 ,?is 0 ! k9d ( me*anics t ,ludovico c\ld und]/& & appreciate4 ,! success ( ?is ent]ta9m5t s pleas$ ,ludovico t ,leon>do 0 enc\rag$ to pres5t ano!r amus+ idea4 ,?is "o 0 an 8al>m clock0 & x utiliz$ :at we call today ! me*anical relay pr9ciple4 ,:5 a small p[] is sudd5ly swit*$ ov]1 ! p[] is re9=c$4 ,! 8al>m0 clock work$ by plac+ a %all[ bas9 ( wat] at "o end ( a tub$ lev]4 ,at ! o!r end 0 ano!r empty bas94 ,wat] 0 l$ drop by drop into ! second bas9 & z ?is sl[ly fill$ ! increas+ weight l[]$ ! lev]4 ,! %all[ bas9 ( wat] at ! fir/ end 0 sudd5ly empti$ & ! imm$iate swit* 9 weight flipp$ ! lev] up & ?is 9 turn pu%$ up ! sleep]'s feet4 ,leon>do decid$ to )draw f ! competition = ! ca!dral dome4 ,al?\gh ! ca!dral au?orities 7 pleas$ ) 8 design1 !y c\ld n decide to :om ! commission %\ld be aw>d$4 ,9 ! summ] ( #adij ,ludovico 0 call$ ^u to settle ! issue & he decid$ 9 favor ( ,antonio ,amadeo f ,milan4 ,b ! "w t ,leon>do _h done s impress$ ,ludovico t he s5t him to ,pavia 9 company ) an ar*itect f ,si5a1 ,francesco di ,giorgio ,m>t9i1 to inspect ! "w on ! ca!dral ( t city4 ,leon>do1 :o _h 8 own work%op & appr5tices n[1 took along "o ( !m1 ,m>co d',oggionno1 a "y boy ( tw5ty4 ,9 ,pavia "o ( ! greate/ libr>ies 9 all ( ,italy 0 9 ! ducal palace4 ,"h ,leon>do w&]$ among %elves ( books & illum9at$ manuscripts b\nd 9 ri* velvets & gold-emboss$ lea!r all b\nd to _! places ) silv] *a9s4 ,"o book t he records 9 8 notes 0 writt5 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury by ,witelo1 a ,poli% s*ol>1 :o wrote ext5sively on p]spective4 ,leon>do1 by ! necessity ( 8 art1 _h solv$ _m problems 9 p]spective4 ,he _h inv5t$ a pair ( proportional compasses1 ! =]unn]s ( ^? us$ today = ! transf] ( a draw+ f "o scale to duplicate ! same draw+ 9 a l>g] scale4 ,leon>do _h also design$ 9 v c>eful detail a p>abolic compass = draw+ a p>abola 9 "o cont9u\s movem5t4 ,he n[ det]m9$ to write 8 own book on p]spective &1 z ! subject 0 s close to 8 /udies ( ! eye1 he w\ld entitle x ,introduction to ,p]spective1 or ! ,function ( ! ,eye4 ,leon>do submitt$ a numb] ( plans = ! completion ( ! ca!dral to ! au?orities 9 ,pavia & !n return$ to ,milan4 ,he work$ ?r\gh ! re/ ( ! summ] on ! eque/rian /atue & at ! same "t he cont9u$ to exp& 8 notes on anatomy1 light & %ade1 & p]spective4 ,late on a cold ,decemb] night 9 #adij1 ,leon>do lit 8 lamp4 ,?is 0 a v special lamp t he _h inv5t$4 ,x _h already creat$ a great deal ( comm5t4 ,x 0 s unusual1 he _h receiv$ an ord] f ! c\rt = ano!r :i* he made ) a ri*ly c>v$ p$e/al4 ,c&les1 tor*es1 & oil lamps1 ! only me?ods ( artificial illum9ation 9 ^? days1 7 poor sub/itutes = light4 ,!y flick]$1 smok$1 w5t out1 & frequ5tly caus$ damage ) _! hot dripp+s4 ,z a side result ( 8 exp]im5ts 9 light1 ,leon>do _h put a glass cyl9d] 9 ! middle ( a l>g] glass globe4 ,a wick 9 olive oil 0 plac$ 9 ! cyl9d] & ! outside globe 0 !n fill$ ) wat]4 ,! result 0 a bright1 /eady light magnifi$ by ! wat] 9 ! globe4 ,he sat d[n by ! small fire & arrang$ 8 pap]s 9 front ( him4 ,!n1 ) a glance at 8 lamp1 he pick$ up 8 goose-quill p5 & wrote1 8,no sub/ance c be compreh5d$ )\t light & %ade2 light & %ade are caus$ by light40 #g ,success ,x 0 ,janu>y ( #adia1 & a light sn[ _h fall5 9 ,milan1 edg+ ) :ite all ! ro(s1 ! massive spires ( ! ca!dral & ! r$ battlem5ts ( ! ,s=za ca/le4 ,soon ,ludovico 0 to be m>ri$ to ,beatrice d',e/e ( ! ducal h\se ( ,f]r>a4 ,once m ! /reets ( ,milan e*o$ to ! c>p5t]s' hamm]s4 ,mess5g]s rode to & f ! ca/le & endless c>ts full ( provisions pu%$ ?r\gh ! cr[d$ city4 ,gue/s began to arrive f all ! alli$ c\rts ( ,italy ) _! bodygu>ds & s]vants4 ,! rooms ( ! ca/le1 ! palaces ( ! nobles1 & ev5 ! inns 7 fill+ ) ! royal processions4 ,leon>do 0 aga9 summon$ by ! c\rt to prep>e ! decorations1 ! co/umes = ! masqu]ades1 & ! ar5a = ! j\/+ t\rnam5ts4 ,an invitation _h be5 s5t to all ! fri5dly c\rts to att5d ^! conte/s-at-arms4 ,s1 accompany+ ea* new p>ty's arrival 0 a b& ( armor$ knights1 _! brea/-plates1 helmets1 & %ields gli/5+ 9 ! w9t] sun4 ,leon>do enjoy$ design+ me*anical toys & ent]ta9+ ! gue/s ) !m4 ,"o ( ^! 0 a me*anical drum4 ,ord9>ily mo/ ( ! ent]ta9m5t began ) normal drum rolls1 b ,leon>do's rolls 7 made on a k9d ( :eelb>r[4 ,on x 0 m\nt$ an enorm\s drum4 ,:5 ! 8:eelb>r[0 0 pu%$1 x put into motion a cogg$ :eel ge>$ to ! axle4 ,?is :eel 9 turn 0 ge>$ to two rot>y cyl9d]s ) pegs m\nt$ ar\nd ! top4 ,! pegs mov$ aga9/ five drum/icks on ei!r side ( ! drum & ?ump$ out a rhy?m accord+ to ! position ( ! pegs4 ,ludovico's m>riage to ,beatrice d',e/e1 a girl ( little m ?an fifte5 ye>s1 fur!r isolat$ ,leon>do f ! c\rt4 ,be+ almo/ a *ild1 ,beatrice lov$ p>ties & fe/ivities1 & %e surr\nd$ h]self ) p :o cat]$ to h] frivol\s :ims4 ,z a result s s]i\s a man z ,leon>do 0 =c$ into ! backgr\nd ( ! c\rt life4 ,he 0 call$ ^u m & m to act z /age-design] :ile 8 m important "w w5t unnotic$4 ,because ^! ent]ta9m5ts 7 easy = ,leon>do to design1 !y did give him m "t to "w on 8 giant eque/rian monum5t ( ,francesco ,s=za4 ,work+ "o day on ! scaffold+ surr\nd+ ! clay figure ( 8 /atue1 ,leon>do he>d a knock at 8 /udio door4 8,come 910 he %\t$ z he climb$ d[n4 8,! door's op540 ,?ree peasants cauti\sly ent]$ ! room & quickly took (f _! caps4 ,"o ( !m 0 hold+ a c>efully wrapp$ bundle4 8,ma/] ,leon>do1 we h br\ght y "s %ells we f\nd on a ridge ( ,monf]rato4 ,rememb]1 y ask$ u to br+ any?+ we f\nd t 0 unusual80 8,yes1 ,pietro4 ,?ank y4 ,put !m "h on ! table40 ,leon>do op5$ ! bundle4 ,he smil$ :5 he saw ! %ells4 ,he rememb]$ h[1 z a "y boy1 he _h f\nd sea%ells l ^! high 9 ! m\nta9s4 ,leon>do que/ion$ ,pietro & 8 companions z to :]e !y _h be5 f\nd & "u :at circum/ances4 ,he gave !m "s co9s &1 :5 !y _h gone1 he look$ among 8 gr[+ collection ( notes & draw+s on ! %elves4 ,x took "s "t = him to f9d :at he want$1 = ! pages 7 9 su* confusion4 ,f9ally1 he sat d[n at ! table ) sev]al ( ! %eets &1 putt+ ! sea%ells 9 front ( him1 he began to make notes4 ,! %ells 7 fossil %ells b1 ?\ght ,leon>do1 _! pres5ce on ! high m\nta9s ( ,lomb>dy c\ld h>dly be attribut$ to ! great flood z describ$ 9 ! ,bible4 ,9 8 notes1 ,leon>do cit$ ! case ( ! cockle :i*1 out ( wat]1 is l ! snail4 ,x makes a furr[ 9 ! s& & c travel 9 ?is furr[ ab\t ?ree to f\r y>ds a day4 ,by su* means1 he calculat$1 x c\ld n possibly h rea*$ ,monf]rato f ! ,adriatic 9 =ty days 7:i* 0 suppos$ to h be5 ! duration ( ! flood7--a di/ance ( #bej miles4 ,nor 7 ^! simply dead %ells deposit$ by ! waves--= ! liv+ creatures are recogniz$ by be+ 9 pairs1 & ^! 9 front ( him _h c]ta9ly be5 travel+ 9 pairs4 ,consequ5tly1 !y c\ld h be5 left !re only :5 !y 7 alive & ! m\nta9s 7 cov]$ by ! primeval oceans4 ,moreov]1 ,leon>do also describ$ h[ liv+ matt] 9 prehi/oric times fell into ! mud & di$1 & h[ ?is mud1 z ! wat]s rec$$ & ye>s _h pass$1 0 *ang$ into rock =m+ a mold ab\t ! fossil--lit]ally mak+ a ca/ ( its orig9al liv+ appe>ance4 ,by su* d$uctive reason+ & ! te/+ ( ! evid5ce be=e him aga9/ ! common beliefs1 ,leon>do /ruggl$ to free ! m9ds ( m5 f m$ieval sup]/itions & beliefs4 ,inde$1 ^! m$ieval sup]/itions exi/$ ev]y:]e4 ,a/rolog]s1 or m5 :o told =tunes by ! position ( ! />s at a giv5 mom5t2 & necromanc]s1 ^? :o by tricks ( magic claim$ to be able to talk to dep>t$ spirits--^! m5 pr(it$ f ! ignorant4 ,! ,*ur*1 ) its prea*+ ( devils & hells1 provid$ ! backgr\nd aga9/ :i* ^! fak]s fl\ri%$4 ,ludovico ,s=za 0 himself a believ] 9 su* ?+s4 ,8 own physician & a/rolog] 0 a man by ! "n ( ,ambrogio da ,rosate1 :o _h su* influ5ce ov] ! c\rt t he 0 giv5 a po/ 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,pavia1 & 8 fame 0 s great t he 0 call$ ^u to pr$ict ! future ( ,pope ,innoc5t ,,viii6 ,leon>do's dislike ( ^! m5 0 int5se4 ,he scorn$ ! sup]natural & ask$ m5 to look ab\t !m at ! real _w & ! real heav5s4 ,obs]vation & exp]im5t--^! 7 ,leon>do's key words4 ,b he 0 a lonely figure 9 8 ?9k+--l a man awake :ile ! re/ ( ! _w slept4 ,at la/ ! full-size model ( ! ,s=za monum5t 0 ne>+ completion4 ,ludovico _h ord]$ x ready = exhibition 9 ! c\rty>d ( ! ca/le = yet ano!r m>riage fe/ival t 0 soon to take place4 ,?is "t x 0 ! m>riage ( 8 niece ,bianca ,m>ia to ,maximilian ,i ( ,g]many4 ,leon>do & 8 assi/ants 7 busy ) ! f9i%+ t\*es on ! monum5t1 & ) build+ a wagon on :i* to c>ry x f ! /udio to ! c\rty>d4 ,dur+ ^! la/ mon?s ,leon>do _h _h to /ruggle ) all k9ds ( heavy loads4 ,already he _h improv$ on pulleys by inv5t+ a new k9d ( tackle1 & he also _h utiliz$ _m k9ds ( lev]s4 ,"o ( 8 simpl] discov]ies = rais+ heavy weights 0 a jack :i*1 9 appe>ance & pr9ciple1 0 ! =]unn] ( our own automobile jack4 ,9 #adic :5 ! clay model ( ! ,s=za monum5t 0 complet$1 x 0 put on ! c>t & :eel$ to its place ( exhibition :]e a curta9 0 ?r[n ar\nd x4 ,aga9 ,milan 0 ! ho/ to a ga!r+ ( noble c\rts1 & ?is "t ,ludovico outdid himself 9 ! display ( luxury4 ,tape/ries hung f ! build+s & ri* c>pets 7 laid d[n ! /eps ( ! ca!dral4 ,ev]y?+ t ,milan _h to %[ 0 on exhibition--ev5 a crocodile4 ,b ! mo/ impressive sight ( all 0 ! unveil+ ( ,leon>do's colossal /atue4 ,x rose 9 maje/y aga9/ ! r$ walls ( ! ca/le4 ,! "n ( ,leon>do da ,v9ci 0 sudd5ly on ev]yone's lips4 ,z ! ^w ( 8 arti/ic a*ievem5t spread f city to city1 messages ( praise came p\r+ 94 ,&1 = a :ile ! ye>s ( fru/ration & failure to ga9 recognition melt$ away4 ,leon>do at =ty-"o _h at la/ a*iev$ "s success4 ,n[ !re 0 a brea?+ spell1 & ,leon>do return$ to "s ( 8 own projects4 ,= a long "t he _h cont9u$ 8 obs]vations ( 8 two favorite elem5ts--air & wat]4 ,to him !y 7 relat$ 9 _! movem5ts4 ,! birds fly+ 9 ! curr5ts ( air & ! fi% swimm+ 9 ! fl[ ( wat] seem$ v simil> to him4 ,he _h already design$ v>i\s in/rum5ts to tell him ab\t ! direction ( w9d & its velocity1 & he _h also comm5c$ to analyze ! w+ /ructure ( birds & bats4 ,to so> ?r\gh ! air l a bird 0 an anci5t dream ( man1 yet = ,leon>do x _h become a passion4 ,ceaselessly1 he sket*$ ! flights ( birds1 ! flutt]+s ( butt]flies & analyz$ _! fly+ patt]ns4 ,b to ,leon>do1 und]/&+ ! dynamics1 or motion1 ( air 0 ! mo/ important ?+4 ,he built an anemoscope1 an in/rum5t l a wea!r-vane = tell+ ! direction ( ! w9d2 &1 he also con/ruct$ sev]al types ( anemomet]s = measur+ ! velocity or =ce ( ! w9d4 ,"o ( ^! latt] consi/$ ( a ?9 rectangle ( metal hang+ /raight d[n 9 front ( an upw>d-curv+ wood5 arc4 ,?is arc 0 m>k$ (f 9 units ( measurem5t4 ,:5 ! w9d blew1 x pu%$ ! ?9 rectangle up ! arc2 ?us1 by not+ at :i* gradation x /opp$1 ,leon>do c\ld tell ! velocity4 ,9 addition1 ,leon>do at ?is "t con/ruct$ a device :i* has be5 comp>$ to ! mod]n in/rum5t us$ = te/+ ! weight-c>ry+ capacity ( airplane w+s4 ,he fa%ion$ a w+ resembl+ a bird's w+ & atta*$ x to a lev] s t x w\ld be possible to l[] ! w+ by pu%+ rapidly d[n on ! lev]4 ,?is w+ 9 turn 0 m\nt$ on a plank t 0 9 weight equal to t ( a human be+4 ,he !n calculat$ t two w+s ( ?is k9d w\ld h to be ab\t twelve met]s wide & twelve met]s long to raise a man & 8 ma*9e toge!r4 ,ano!r device resembl+ ^? f\nd 9 airplanes today t ,leon>do con/ruct$ 0 an incl9ation gauge4 ,he made ?is by susp5d+ a heavy ball on a cord )9 a glass bell4 ,?is ball 0 !n suppos$ to guide ! fly] by tell+ him :e!r he 0 fly+ level1 diagonally1 up1 or d[n4 ,illu/ration3 ,"o ( ,leon>do's anemomet]s4 ,! w9d blew aga9/ ! /rip ( metal1 pu%+ x up ! curv$ gauge & !reby measur+ ! =ce ( ! w9d4 ,illu/ration3 ,leon>do's incl9ation gauge1 design$ to guide a man 9 flight4 ,! ball 9 ! glass cyl9d] 0 suppos$ to tell a 8fly]0 :e!r or n he 0 fly+ level or tipp$4 ,to ,leon>do1 wat] 0 also a ph5om5on t f 8 y\? nev] fail$ to excite 8 curiosity4 ,! use ( wat] p[] to run ma*9es1 to irrigate fields & to c>ry boats inl& 0 a subject t he nev] ceas$ inve/igat+4 ,out ( 8 exp]im5ts at ?is "t he con/ruct$ a device = rais+ wat] to high levels4 ,x 0 bas$ on ! geometric spiral ( ,ar*im$es4 ,he took a piece ( gut1 inflat$ x1 & let x dry4 ,!n1 cov]+ x ) a coat ( wax to make x wat]pro(1 he w\nd x ar\nd a ?9 /aff 9 a spiral4 ,he put "o end 9 a /ream & atta*$ x by ge>s to a cogg$ wat] :eel2 ?is set ! long screw to turn+1 & he 0 able to raise wat] f a l[ level to any height he desir$4 ,) a multiple sy/em ( ^! screws he c\ld raise wat] 9 cont9u\s circulation to ! res]voirs on ! highe/ t[]s4 ,9 ! ye> #adid1 ,k+ ,*>les ,,viii ( ,france cross$ ! ,alps at ! head ( an army ( tw5ty-five ?\s& m54 ,n[ ,ludovico1 by a s]ies ( diplomatic maneuv]s1 _h alli$ himself ) ,*>les & _h1 by secret negotiation1 actually invit$ ! invasion4 ,by su* an alliance he hop$ to use ,*>les' army to ov]come ! =ces ( ! ,pope :i* /ood 9 ! pa? ( ,ludovico's ambition to become ! mo/ p[]ful rul] 9 ,italy4 ,outw>dly ,*>les 0 ass]t+ 8 rights to ! ,k+dom ( ,naples1 b inw>dly he dreamt ( lead+ a crusade aga9/ ! infidels 9 ! ,holy ,l&4 ,at ! same "t "y ,gian ,galeazzo ,s=za1 ,duke ( ,milan1 0 dy+4 ,ludovico desir$ ?is title = himself2 h[ev]1 until ,galeazzo 0 out ( ! way1 he c\ld n h x4 ,!re 7 ugly rumors t "y ,s=za _h be5 poison$4 ,moreov]1 9 #adid1 ! ,m$icis--ano!r p[]ful ob/acle--7 expell$ f ,flor5ce1 & a republic 0 e/abli%$4 ,soon "y ,gian ,galeazzo di$1 leav+ a son1 ,francesco4 ,?is son 0 ! rightful heir to ! ,duk$om ( ,milan b ,ludovico usurp$ ! boy's claim & decl>$ himself ,duke ( ,milan4 ,n[ ,ludovico 0 9 a position to await ! imp5d+ battle betwe5 ,*>les & ! ,pope4 ,) su* milit>y & political ambitions 9 m9d1 ,duke ,ludovico n[ assign$ ,leon>do ! task ( review+ ,milan's def5ses4 ,aga9 ,leon>do submitt$ to ,ludovico 8 plans = /r5g!n+ =tresses & designs = new ones4 ,! great ar*itect ,bramante 0 also assign$ ! task ( see+ to ! city's def5ses1 & = "s "t ! two brilliant m5 work$ toge!r4 ,!n1 9 ! spr+ ( #adid1 ,leon>do 0 s5t to ,vigevano :]e ,ludovico's "y wife 0 /ay+4 ,?is t[n 0 also ! bir?place ( ,ludovico1 & ,leon>do 0 giv5 ! job ( design+ & build+ a small summ] h\se & g>d5 !re = ,beatrice4 ,9 addition1 ,leon>do built a k9d ( 8air condition]0 = h] b$room4 ,x consi/$ ( a l>ge wat]:eel t cool$ ! air circulat$ into h] room4 ,al?\gh ?is anci5t device _h long be5 kn[n to ! ,greeks & ,romans1 ,leon>do 0 ! "o :o succe$$ 9 p]fect+ x4 ,dur+ ?is "t ,leon>do's highly orig9al m9d 0 also at "w on o!r devices4 ,"o ( ^! 0 an odomet]1 an in/rum5t = measur+ ! di/ance trav]s$ by a vehicle4 ,dials1 turn$ by a sy/em ( ge>s atta*$ to ! :eel ( a :eelb>r[1 measur$ ! di/ance travel$ z ! b>r[ 0 pu%$ along ! gr\nd4 ,9 addition1 ,leon>do conceiv$ a k9d ( odomet] to be us$ at sea2 ?is consi/$ ess5tially ( a sp9n] t 0 t[$ by a %ip :i* regi/]$ its spe$4 ,leon>do ev5 inv5t$ an automatic spit op]at$ by metal vanes m\nt$ 9 ! *imney t revolv$ ) ! pressure ( ! hot air ris+ f ! fire--& a pair ( l>ge float+ %oes = walk+ on wat]6 ,9 ! meantime1 ,*>les ,,viii ( ,france _h m>*$ ?r\gh ,rome & ent]$ ,naples4 ,! conque/ 0 )\t opposition4 ,*>les 0 !n cr[n$ ,k+ ( ,naples & all ,italy 0 at 8 feet4 ,yet 8 triumph 0 a %ort "o4 ,ludovico1 hav+ us$ ! k+ to get rid ( 8 enemies1 n[ plott$ aga9/ ! k+ himself4 ,he =m$ an alliance ) ! ,pope1 ,v5ice1 ,spa91 & ! ,g]man emp]or4 ,*>les1 fac$ ) ?is league1 ha/ily beat a retreat to ,france4 ,fight+ 8 way to ! bord]1 he !re sign$ a peace treaty4 ,?us ,ludovico _h swept ,italy clean ( all opposition & 0 n[ ! mo/ p[]ful pr9ce 9 ! l&4 ,yet ,ludovico 0 quick to realize t 8 position c\ld only be held by =ce & he set ab\t /r5g!n+ himself & 8 allies4 ,to provide = m cannons1 a hundr$ & fifty ?\s& tons ( bronze 7 s5t to manufactur+ works 9 ,f]r>a4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 includ$ ! v bronze ,leon>do ne$$ = ! ca/+ ( 8 eque/rian /atue1 & ?is is :y ! /atue 0 nev] ca/4 ,ye>s ( ,leon>do's "w n[ seem$ to vani% ov]night4 ,ludovico also ne$$ l>ge sums ( money to secure fri5ds 9 high places & ,leon>do's own paym5ts 7 sudd5ly dropp$4 ,=c$ aga9 to worry ab\t pay+ = 8 daily bread & = 8 h\sehold & appr5tices1 he wrote lett]s to ,ludovico compla9+ ( 8 lack ( funds & ask+ = money t 0 ow$ him = "w done4 ,he look$ ab\t = o!r commissions1 b none 7 available4 ,moreov]1 because he 0 /ill c\rt pa9t] to ,ludovico1 he 0 ord]$ to pa9t ! decorations ( "s rooms 9 ! ca/le4 ,b ?is 0 m ?an ,leon>do c\ld take--he walk$ (f ! job )\t f9i%+ x4 ,despite all ( ^! mis=tunes1 ,leon>do cont9u$ /ruggl+ ) ! problems ( flight4 ,he kept work+ out ! proportions ( w+ span to ! weight ( ! load4 ,inde$1 he _h already />t$ designs = a fly+ ma*9e4 ,he _h *os5 a room :i* 0 ! highe/ 9 "o ( ! t[]s ( ! ca/le & :i* _h access to a ro(4 ,leon>do's plans = a fly+ ma*9e 7 a secret1 &1 ) ! exception ( an assi/ant1 no "o knew ab\t !m4 ,he made sure t he c\ld n be se5 by ! workm5 on ! dome ( ! ca!dral & proce$$ to block (f 8 room ) beams :i* he plann$ to use z supports = 8 model4 ,he _h ?\ght at fir/ t any attempt$ flight %\ld take place ov] wat] 9 ord] to cu%ion a possible cra%--b z 8 plans progress$ he design$ a p>a*ute4 ,x 0 a pyramid-%ap$ 8t5t ( l950 tw5ty-f\r feet broad & tw5ty-f\r feet high1 & x is believ$ to h be5 successfully tri$ out f a t[] especially con/ruct$ = t purpose4 ,s9ce ,leon>do 0 no long] work+ = ,ludovico1 he liv$ m simply ?an ev]4 ,he made regul> li/s ( 8 exp5ses d[n to ! la/ p5ny4 ,8 habits 7 frugal al?\gh he always kept himself neat4 ,8 meals 7 sp>e2 he drank a little w9e at meals & nev] ate meat4 ,to 8 pupils & appr5tices1 he recomm5d$ regul> habits su* z n sleep+ dur+ midday1 eat+ only :5 hungry & *ew+ well1 ex]cis+ mod]ately1 & sleep+ well cov]$4 ,yet1 ev5 ?\gh ,leon>do liv$ *eaply1 he 0 n[ greatly 9 ne$ ( money4 ,swall[+ 8 pride1 he wrote to ,ludovico1 plac+ himself at ! duke's s]vice once aga94 ,8 abs5ce f c\rt1 he said1 _h be5 necess>y s t he c\ld e>n a liv+4 ,9 ?is & o!r ways1 ,leon>do attempt$ to heal ! break betwe5 !m4 ,x turn$ out t ,ludovico 0 glad to h ,leon>do back4 ,p]haps m9dful ( ! fame t ! model ( ! eque/rian monum5t _h br\ght ! h\se ( ,s=za1 he n[ commission$ ,leon>do to pa9t a picture4 ,! ,dom9ican mona/]y ( ,santa ,m>ia delle ,grazie 0 ! ne>e/ *ur* to ! ,s=za ca/le & a favorite retreat ( ,ludovico4 ,"h he us$ to walk 9 ! quiet g>d5 :ile ! :ite-rob$ monks sil5tly w5t ab\t _! *ores4 ,9 gratitude = ! peace he f\nd !re1 ,ludovico _h _h ! refectory rebuilt & on ! back wall1 a crucifixion sc5e _h be5 pa9t$ by ,montorfano1 a ,lomb>d4 ,b ! front wall 0 giv5 to ,leon>do4 ,on ?is ,leon>do decid$ to pa9t a picture ( ! ,la/ ,supp]--! pa9t+ t has s9ce become "o ( ! be/ kn[n 9 ! _w4 #h ,! ,fr5* ,! noonday sun 0 bak+ ! des]t$ /reets ( ,milan z ,leon>do hurri$ across ! drawbridge ( ! ca/le4 ,! gu>d doz+ 9 ! entrance ar* />t$ to 8 feet1 b :5 he saw :o x 0 he sat d[n aga91 mutt]+ ab\t a madman4 ,tak+ ! %orte/ way1 ,leon>do arriv$ at ! mona/]y gate & pull$ on ! bellcord4 ,:5 ! gate op5$ ,leon>do bru%$ pa/ ! />tl$ monk & made directly = ! scaffold+ 9 ! refectory4 ,he look$ at 8 almo/ complet$ pa9t+ = a mom5t1 took a bru% & mix$ a color swiftly on ! l>ge palette4 ,!n he climb$ ! scaffold+ & v quickly appli$ ?ree or f\r /rokes4 ,) ?is he sigh$ & smil$4 ,!n1 j z abruptly1 he put away 8 bru%es &1 )\t a backw>d glance1 he left1 mak+ 8 way back to ! ca/le 9 ! hot sun4 ,= ?ree ye>s1 ,leon>do _h be5 work+ ?is way on ! 8,la/ ,supp]40 ,sometimes he w\ld "w f dawn to dusk =gett+ to eat2 o!r times1 he w\ld /ay away = days & !n run back j to add a t\*4 ,once he arriv$ &1 ) 8 arms fold$ across 8 *e/1 he /ood 9 front ( x = two h\rs j /udy+ :at he _h done4 ,n[1 9 #adih1 ! pa9t+ 0 ne>+ completion & ! only faces /ill left blank 7 ^? ( ,*ri/ & ,judas4 ,leon>do _h drawn hundr$s ( sket*es1 tak+ 8 models :]ev] he f\nd !m--once he sket*$ a man j = 8 h&s4 ,n[ t 8 "n _h become well kn[n he always _h an audi5ce :ile he work$4 ,8 pupils1 ! monks1 visit+ nobility1 *ur* (ficials1 & frequ5tly ,ludovico himself wat*$ him z he pa9t$ ! 8,la/ ,supp]40 ,b ,leon>do1 z usual1 0 involv$ 9 _m diff]5t tasks4 ,he 0 sup]vis+ ! in/allation ( a hydraulic pump ov] sev5ty feet high beside a /ream :i* w\ld use ! p[] ( ! /ream itself to pump wat] into ! ca/le4 ,m9dful1 too1 ( ! unc]ta9ty ( c\rt patronage1 he 0 design+ comm]cial ma*9]y1 hop+ !reby to secure an income outside ! c\rt4 ,among ! mo/ notable ( ^! 7 an olive press1 an automatic file-cutt]1 a hydraulic saw1 & a ne$le %>p5]4 ,?is latt] 0 a =]unn] ( mod]n %>p5]s ) _! mass-production me?ods4 ,) x1 ,leon>do dreamt ( %>p5+ f\r hundr$ ne$les at a "t1 or =ty ?\s& an h\r s t 9 twelve h\rs "o p]son c\ld %>p5 f\r hundr$ & eighty ?\s& ne$les6 ,! ne$les 7 arrang$ successively on a mov+ belt ( lea!r & br\ght aga9/ a rotat+ gr9d/one4 ,?is gr9d/one 0 set 9 su* a way t ! ne$les 7 %>p5$ into curvil9e> po9ts r ?an ! usual triangul> po9ts4 ,9 8 travels to ,vigevano & o!r p>ts ( ! c\ntryside ar\nd ,milan1 ,leon>do _h /udi$ fl\r mills4 ,he _h talk$ ) ! workm51 ask$ ! prices ( gra91 & not$ ! "t t x took to d ! mill+4 ,!n he made calculations on ways to cut d[n ! "t1 &1 9 fact1 r$esign$ ! entire mill4 ,he m\nt$ twelve cyl9drical mill/ones 9 r[s ( f\r on "o side ( a canal & ano!r twelve on ! o!r side4 ,9 ! canal 7 hydraulic :eels or paddle:eels4 ,ea* :eel 0 atta*$ to a rod t ran und]nea? f\r mill/ones4 ,ge>$ to ! "o rod 7 f\r gr9d+ lev]s to ! /ones above4 ,9 ?is way x 0 possible to h tw5ty-f\r mill/ones op]at+ at ! same "t4 ,b mo/ fasc9at+ to ,leon>do n[ 0 ! con/ruction ( 8 fly+ ma*9e4 ,8 fir/ models involv$ ! pr9ciple ( an air-screw m\nt$ on a plat=m on :i* a man /ood4 ,b :]e w\ld ! necess>y p[] come f to lift 8 ma*9e f ! gr\nd8 ,at fir/ he ?\ght ( op]at+ 8 air-screw by means ( a /eel spr+ coil$ ar\nd a drum1 b ?is he app>5tly ab&on$4 ,lat]1 h[ev]1 ,leon>do did design ano!r model on ?is pr9ciple :i* has be5 call$ ! =]unn] ( ! mod]n helicopt]4 ,x 0 to be op]at$ by f\r m5 /&+ on a plat=m4 ,ea* man w\ld hold a b> :i* w\nd a spr+-driv5 me*anism1 mu* z 9 a mod]n clockworks4 ,! air-screw 0 a broad blade spiral+ ab\t a v]tical %aft--! ance/or ( ! mod]n propell]4 ,! model t ,leon>do want$ to con/ruct n[1 h[ev]1 0 ( a diff]5t pr9ciple4 ,in/ead ( an air-screw he sub/itut$ a pair ( w+s fa%ion$ aft] ^? ( ! birds4 ,!re 0 /ill a plat=m on :i* ! fly] /ood & two spr+s 7 /ill ! ess5tial 8motor0 to raise & l[] ! w+s4 ,b z ,leon>do work$ on 8 app>atus he began to realize t x w\ld be too mu* at ! m]cy ( a sudd5 gu/ ( w9d or a viol5t updraft4 ,x 0 necess>y to return to 8 /udy ( ! air & its curr5ts4 ,) all ( ?is activity 9 me*anical devices ,leon>do _h reawak5$ 8 int]e/ 9 ma!matics4 ,dur+ ?is "t he 0 introduc$ to a man at ,ludovico's c\rt :o became 8 fri5d & collaborator4 ,he 0 a ,franciscan monk nam$ ,fra ,luca ,pacioli :o _h be5 appo9t$ a pr(essor ( ma!matics by ,ludovico4 ,he1 too1 came f ,flor5ce1 & 9 #adif1 :5 he met ,leon>do1 he 0 =ty-six ye>s old & ! au?or ( ,summa di ,ari?metica1 ! fir/ pr9t$ sci5tific "w ( 8 "t4 ,pacioli 0 n[ at "w on a book ( geometry to be entitl$ ,de ,div9a ,proportione & he enli/$ ,leon>do's aid 9 draw+ ! plates = 8 book4 ,z ,leon>do _h already made a /udy ( human proportions1 ! association ) ,pacioli 0 ( b5efit to !m bo?4 ,among ,leon>do's be/ kn[n draw+s ( human proportion is a beautifully r5d]$ figure-/udy ( a /&+ man ) 8 arms at 8 sides & !n out/ret*$1 8 legs toge!r & !n ap>t1 inscrib$ )9 a squ>e & a circle4 ,x 0 made to illu/rate a passage f ,vitruvius on ! proportions ( a human figure & demon/rat$1 among o!r ?+s1 8! span ( a man's out/ret*$ arms is equal to 8 height40 ,moreov]1 ,leon>do f\nd ) ,pacioli confirmation ( _m ( 8 own obs]vations & exp]im5ts & 9 turn ,pacioli gave to ,leon>do a confid5ce 9 8 own me?ods4 ,pacioli also help$ ,leon>do ) 8 ari?metic1 a subject t ,leon>do _h neglect$ 9 8 impati5ce to /udy geometry4 ,! association also help$ to free him fur!r f ! cobwebs ( m$ieval beliefs4 ,= ,pacioli1 ! fri5d%ip ) ,leon>do 0 a revelation4 ,al?\gh ,pacioli 0 a le>n$ ma!matician1 ,leon>do demon/rat$ to him t ! application ( 8 sci5ce encompass$ all sci5ces--ev5 art--= ,leon>do lat] wrote1 8,let no "o read me :o is n a ma!matician44440 ,leg5d relates t ,leon>do became s absorb$ 9 8 /udies t ! prior ( ! mona/]y compla9$ to ,ludovico t ! 8,la/ ,supp]10 al?\gh ne>ly complet$1 /ill lack$ ! faces ( ,*ri/ & ,judas4 ,ludovico summon$ ,leon>do to c\rt & laid ! compla9t be=e him4 ,leon>do1 h[ev]1 0 quick to reply4 8,! good prior is an e/eem$ man1 y\r ,grace1 b he is a monk & n a pa9t]4 ,little does he "k t ,i sp5d at lea/ two h\rs a day on my pa9t+40 8,b ,ma/]1 he says he nev] sees y !re1 s h[ d y expla9 ^! two h\rs a day80 8,excell5cy1 ! figure ( ,judas mu/ be ( incomp>able evil4 ,e day ,i se>* = ?is face 9 ! crim9al qu>t]1 & e day ,i fail to f9d ! evil t ,i am look+ =4 ,if ,i _c f9d ?is man1 h[ev]1 ,i c use ! head ( ! prior--x w\ld d admirably1 b ,i h hesitat$ = fe> ( hurt+ 8 feel+s40 ,ludovico slapp$ 8 knees & ro>$ ) laught]4 ,!re 7 no m compla9ts4 ,f9ally1 9 #adih1 ! scaffold+ 0 remov$ f ! pa9t+ & ,leon>do's ma/]piece 0 reveal$4 ,! twelve apo/les gr\p$ at ! table are %[n ea* respond+ 9 8 own way to ! words ( ,*ri/1 8,"o ( y %all betray me40 ,aga9 hundr$s flock$ to see ?is late/ m>vel ( ,leon>do's4 ,its /rik+ influ5ce 0 felt by g5]ations ( pa9t]s4 ,ev5 n[1 m ?an f\r hundr$ & fifty ye>s lat]1 ! _w /ill comes to /& be=e ! g5ius ( ,leon>do da ,v9ci 9 ! refectory ( ,santa ,m>ia delle ,grazie4 ,! cl\ds ( w> 7 ga!r+ aga9 ov] ,italy4 ,9 ,april ( #adih1 ,*>les ,,viii ( ,france di$ & 8 successor 0 ,l\is ( ,orleans1 :o became ,l\is ,,xii4 ,! new ,k+ ( ,france laid claim to ! ,duk$om ( ,milan1 & ,ludovico aga9 tri$ to =m an alliance aga9/ him4 ,b ! ye>s ( juggl+ enemy aga9/ enemy & fri5d aga9/ fri5d 7 n[ com+ to an end4 ,no "o tru/$ ,il ,moro any m1 & sudd5ly he realiz$ t he 0 to be alone 9 ?is new fight4 ,aft] ne>ly tw5ty ye>s ( p[] su/a9$ by p[]ful alliances1 ,ludovico 0 =c$ to turn to 8 own p ( ,lomb>dy4 ,frantically he tri$ to correct ! inju/ices ( ye>s4 ,! p _h be5 cruelly tax$ to support ! extravagances ( ! ,s=za c\rt1 &1 9 addition1 !y _h be5 badly treat$ by petty gov]nm5t (ficials4 ,ludovico n[ s\ght to repay ! pa/ mis]ies ( 8 p & to rally !m to 8 support4 ,9 su* a _s he rememb]$ 8 c\rt pa9t]1 ,leon>do da ,v9ci1 & gave him a v9ey>d & consid]able piece ( l& n f> f ! ,porta ,v]cell9a4 ,n[1 = ! fir/ "t 9 8 life1 ,leon>do knew f9ancial security4 ,) ! income f ! v9ey>d1 & 9 ! peace ( 8 e/ate1 he 0 left free to foll[ 8 own rese>*es4 ,he took no notice t 8 8peace0 0 surr\nd$ by ! ?reat ( w>4 ,inde$1 he rema9$ alo( f politics & c\rt intrigues z mu* z 0 possible = a man liv+ 9 ! mid/ ( su* *aotic times4 ,leon>do n[ _h ! opportunity to foll[ up an e>ly int]e/--! /udy ( plants4 ,he made _m beautiful draw+s2 no plant 0 too small to cat* 8 eye4 ,8 notes on botany began to gr[4 ,) 8 g5ius = obs]vation & analysis ( nature1 ,leon>do made "s extraord9>y discov]ies ( botanical laws entirely unkn[n be=e 8 "t4 ,he wrote ( ! ph5om5on ( heliotropism1 or ! movem5t ( plants t[>d or away f ! sunlight4 ,9 addition1 he describ$ ! ph5om5on kn[n z geotropism1 or ! gr[? ( plants accord+ to gravitational law1 z = example1 roots gr[+ d[nw>d & %oots gr[+ upw>d4 ,he also def9$ ! laws ( phyllotaxis1 :i* describe ! sy/em or ord] ( leaf arrangem5t on a plant's /em4 ,t is1 leaves are arrang$ spirally ar\nd a /em s t ! ?ird leaf above gr[s out ov] ! ?ird leaf bel[ on "o type ( plant2 or1 on ano!r type1 ! two ?ird leaves are ov] ! two ?ird leaves bel[4 ,! same natural laws apply to ! bran*es ( plants z well2 !y occur s t e leaf & bran* c receive suffici5t air & light4 ,amaz+ly en\gh1 ^! laws1 :i* ,leon>do describ$ s completely1 7 n r$iscov]$ until almo/ two c5turies lat]6 ,leon>do w5t ev5 fur!r 9 8 botanical /udies4 ,he exp]im5t$ ) g\rds1 plant+ !m 9 v>i\s aque\s solutions2 ?is anticipat$ mod]n me?ods ( gr[+ plants 9 *emicals4 ,he also te/$ ! actions ( ars5ic & m]cury poisons 9 plants4 ,he reproduc$ ! %ape & =m ( leaves by press+ !m on pap] coat$ ) lampblack1 a me?od t 0 n us$ aga9 until ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,c>efully not$1 too1 9 8 writ+s 0 ! ris+ ( sap f ! roots to ! bran*es by capill>y action2 ?is1 too1 0 n r$iscov]$ until mu* lat]--9 ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,leon>do also extract$ oils & ess5ces f fl[]s & /udi$ ! influ5ces ( altitude on ! developm5t ( vegetation4 ,inde$ ,leon>do's v approa*es to a sy/ematic classification ( plants 7 ! =]unn]s ( mod]n me?ods ( classify+4 ,9 ! seclusion ( 8 own home1 z he cont9u$ 8 /udies ( geometry ) ,pacioli1 ,leon>do aga9 turn$ to 8 obs]vations ( ! heav5s4 ,on ! ro( ( 8 h\se he _h set up a small obs]vatory = wat*+ ! sky at night4 ,(t5 he look$ at ! />s ?r\gh a p9hole 9 a %eet ( pap]4 ,leon>do did ?is to /op ! 8tw9kl+0 ( ! />s :i* he recogniz$ z an optical illusion4 ,moreov]1 by look+ at ! />s 9 ?is mann]1 he notic$ t "s 7 l>g] ?an o!rs1 & imag9$ to himself h[ our own e>? might look f !m4 ,w\ld we n be b ano!r 8/>0 9 a va/ collection ( />s8 ,& if t 7 true--h[ c\ld ! e>? be ! c5t] ( ! univ]se8 ,by ! same imag9>y reason+1 he speculat$ on h[ we mu/ look to someone on ! moon4 ,realiz+ t ! moonlight on e>? fa9tly illum9ates ! d>k side ( ! e>?1 he reason$ t !n !re mu/ be an 8e>?light0 do+ ! same on ! moon4 ,?us he 0 ! fir/ to expla9 ! dim reflect$ light on ! d>k side ( ! moon4 ,moreov]1 ,leon>do is kn[n to h look$ at ! moon ?r\gh a convex l5s1 & p]haps ev5 a =m ( telescope4 ,inde$1 he _h built telescopic-type tubes ) l5ses 9 !m & _h writt5 directions = _! use4 ,x seems c]ta9 t at ab\t ?is "t ,leon>do became conv9c$ ( ! helioc5tric !ory1 ! !ory t /ates ! sun is ! c5t] ( our univ]se4 ,on a %eet ( ma!matical notes ,leon>do wrote 9 l>ge lett]s1 8! sun does n move40 ,dur+ ?is "t he cont9u$ to seek out books on a/ronomy4 ,leon>do 0 famili> ) ,ari/otle's ,meteorology1 ,ar*im$es' ,on ! ,c5t] ( ,gravity1 & ) ,problems 9 ,ari/otle's ,books ( ! ,sky & ! ,_w1 a "w by ,alb]t ( ,saxony4 ,?is la/ book ,leon>do _h to read ) ! help ( a ,lat9 diction>y1 because 8 ,lat9 0 n good4 ,he _h already read ,plut>*1 :o _h def9$ ! moon z a solid4 ,plut>* _h writt5 fur!r t ! 8spots0 on ! moon 7 ! result ( %ad[s ca/ by irregul>ities on its surface4 ,?is !ory1 t 0 app>5tly ab&on$ dur+ ! ,middle ,ages1 support$ ! conclusions t ,leon>do _h rea*$ by 8 own obs]vations4 ,b he /ill /ruggl$ aga9/ a mi/ak5 idea ( 8 own4 ,= a long :ile he ma9ta9$ t !re 7 seas & wat]s ^u ! moon :i* acc\nt$ = ! sunlight be+ reflect$ s brilliantly4 ,mean:ile1 9 ,july ( #adii1 ! ,fr5* army _h rea*$ ,lomb>dy4 ,ludovico 0 n[ 9 a /ate ( desp]ation4 ,he tri$ to appeal to ! p ( ,milan1 expla9+ t _! heavy taxes _h be5 due to ! con/ant ?reats f abroad4 ,b1 h[ev] h>d he tri$ to ar\se _! s5se ( loyalty to him1 ! public ( ,milan turn$ a deaf e>4 ,!y _h n =gott5 h[ ,ludovico _h alli$ himself ) ,*>les ,,viii--a =eign k+6 ,ludovico n[ _h to put 8 tru/ 9 8 army comm&]1 ,galeazzo da ,sansev]9o1 despite w>n+s t ?is 0 a man ( d\btful loyalty4 ,moreov]1 to make matt]s worse1 ,l\is ,,xii _h succe$$ 9 =m+ an alliance aga9/ ,ludovico2 &1 among 8 allies 0 a p[]ful c>d9al1 son ( ,pope ,alex&] ,,vi--! notori\s ,ces>e ,borgia4 ,f a note on a page ( designs = supply+ & heat+ a ba? we "k t ,leon>do cont9u$ 8 quiet life1 only vaguely di/urb$ by ! political upheaval tak+ place ar\nd him4 ,8 note reads1 8,on ! fir/ day ( ,augu/ #adii ,i wrote "h ( movem5t & weight40 ,he _h made _m exp]im5ts & calculations conc]n+ ! movem5t & weight ( objects4 ,he _h drawn1 = example1 ! flight ( an arr[ to describe motion ?r\gh air & al?\gh he wrote no specific =mula1 he m>k$ ! ?ree /ages ( its trajectory--! initial pu%1 ! sl[+ & ! /eep] d[nw>d pa? z ! arr['s mom5tum 0 ov]come by ! resi/ance ( ! air4 ,he also def9$ ! law ( movem5t on an incl9$ plane & he arriv$ at ! root pr9ciple ( ,newton's law ( gravitation :5 he wrote1 8e weight t5ds to fall t[>d ! c5t] by ! %orte/ way40 ,a diagram ( ?is p]iod is probably ! fir/ sci5tific graph4 ,leon>do _h exp]im5t$ ) two balls dropp$ f a height4 ,fir/ he dropp$ !m toge!r & !n "o aft] ! o!r4 ,9 attempt+ to solve ! ma!matical problems pres5t$ by ^! fall+ bodies he drew a graph ( v]tical & horizontal l9es4 ,! times x took = ! balls to fall 7 m>k$ on ! horizontal l9es & ! di/ances on ! v]tical l9es--?us1 he c\ld trace _! relation%ip4 ,b ?is peaceful "t ( productive "w 0 runn+ out = ,leon>do4 ,ludovico's comm&]1 ,galeazzo1 _h yield$ ! =tress ( ,aless&ria to ! ,fr5* at ! fir/ battle4 ,ludovico himself _h s5t 8 sons & 8 treasure to 8 bro!r1 ,c>d9al ,ascanio1 9 ,g]many4 ,:5 he saw t 8 cause 0 lo/1 he turn$ ! ,s=za ca/le ov] to ,b]n>d9o da ,corte1 a tru/$ comm&]1 mak+ c]ta9 t x 0 fully suppli$ ) arms & food4 ,!n 9 sorr[1 ,ludovico ,s=za1 ,duke ( ,milan1 left 8 city = ! la/ "t z rul] ( ,lomb>dy4 ,! gates ( ,milan 7 op5$ to ! ,fr5* 9 ,octob] ( #adii1 & ,b]n>d9o da ,corte surr5d]$ ! ,s=za ca/le4 ,fr5* soldi]s n[ occupi$ ,milan z conqu]ors & ! p ( ! city 7 9 a /ate ( confusion4 ,^? :o c\ld made _! peace ) ! ,fr5*2 b o!rs1 :o _h be5 support]s ( ,ludovico1 fl$ to avoid arre/4 ,leon>do1 :o w\ld be suspect to ! ,fr5*1 pack$ up 8 few possessions--al?\gh he did manage to reta9 8 e/ate--& left1 toge!r ) ,pacioli & an appr5tice1 = ,mantua4 ,illu/ration3 ,leon>do _h to flee ,milan4 #i ,ces>e ,borgia ,leon>do1 ,pacioli1 & ,salai1 ! appr5tice1 arriv$ 9 ,mantua 9 ,febru>y ( ! ye> #aejj4 ,!y 7 giv5 refuge 9 ! ca/le ( ,isabella d',e/e1 :o 0 ! si/] ( ,beatrice1 & ! wife ( ,francesco ,gonzaga1 gov]nor ( ,mantua4 ,isabella 0 "o ( ! em95t wom5 ( h] "t & attract$ to h] c\rt ! intellectual life ( ,italy4 ,9 ,leon>do %e recogniz$ ! man ( g5ius2 inde$1 %e treat$ him z an equal1 putt+ h] ca/le at 8 disposal4 ,%e p]suad$ him to pa9t h] portrait & ,leon>do comm5c$ a prep>atory draw+4 ,9 ! ev5+s at ! ca/le !re 7 discussions & music & "h ,leon>do aga9 met 8 pupil & companion on ! trip f ,flor5ce s _m ye>s ago--,atalante ,migliorotti :o _h left ,milan 9 #adij to assume ! po/ ( c\rt musician to ,isabella4 ,al?\gh ,leon>do _h f\nd a hav5 ( peace 9 ! political /orm t rag$ ab\t ! city /ate ( ,mantua1 he & ,pacioli took to ! road aga9 = reasons unkn[n4 ,isabella d',e/e1 :o /ill want$ ,leon>do at h] c\rt1 s5t _m a lett] & mess5g] 9 ! foll[+ ye>s to br+ ,leon>do back--fir/ to f9i% ! portrait & !n1 :5 t fail$1 to sell to h] any picture t ,leon>do wi%$ to s5d4 ,/rangely en\gh1 h[ev]1 ,leon>do seems to h turn$ 8 back ^u ! "o sympa!tic p]son he _h met 9 a _w ( indiff]5ce4 ,! fir/1 w>m breezes ( spr+ 7 bl[+ ov] ! lagoons ( ,v5ice :5 ,leon>do & ,pacioli /epp$ a%ore on ! ,piazzetta1 or ,little ,squ>e ( ,san ,m>co4 ,b ! beauty ( ?is jewel-l city ris+ f ! sea 0 mom5t>ily ignor$ by ! two travel]s = an angry1 fright5$ cr[d _h ga!r$ ab\t ! ,doge's palace on ! ,piazzetta4 ,! p ( ,v5ice 7 fe>ful because _! fleet _h j suff]$ a cru%+ defeat by ! ,turks4 ,?is meant t _! p[] at sea1 once supreme1 0 n[ no m4 ,ye> by ye>1 moreov]1 _! possessions 9 ! ea/ _h be5 sl[ly :ittl$ away1 & n[ ! city itself 0 ?reat5$ by invasion4 ,at ?is same "t1 ! ,v5etian ambassador1 ,man5ti1 hop+ to make peace ) ! ,turks1 _h be5 rudely reject$ by !m4 ,panic soon swept ! city & rumors ( ! blood?ir/y infidel pass$ f p]son to p]son l ! ru% ( an ugly w9d4 ,b>ricades 7 put up & w9d[s 7 b>r$4 ,9 ?is *>g$ atmosph]e1 ,leon>do & ,pacioli s\ght out _! lodg+s4 ,soon aft] ,leon>do's arrival "h--ei!r because 8 reputation _h prec$$ him or1 m likely1 because ( ,fra ,luca ,pacioli's recomm5dations--he became directly involv$ ) ! def5ses ( ,v5ice4 ,imm$iately he 0 s5t on an inspection trip ( ! city's exi/+ def5ses1 especially ^? inl& f :]e an invasion w\ld probably come4 ,:5 he _h se5 !m1 he recomm5d$ a sy/em ( def5ses along ! ,isonzo riv] ne> ! pres5t bord] ( ,yugoslavia1 us+ ! riv] itself to ! disadvantage ( ! enemy4 ,he also made sugge/ions = ! improvem5t ( =ts1 & ev5 drew up plans = a completely new type--a circul> =t4 ,?is consi/$ ( a c5tral1 circul> =t surr\nd$ by two belts ( =tresses ea* sep>at$ by a moat4 ,9 ! outside moat 7 f\r semicircul> outpo/s4 ,communication 0 by und]gr\nd gall]ies4 ,! total abs5ce ( sup]/ructure & project+ balconies 0 a new idea = ! times4 ,ano!r new def5se idea 0 to /ation 9 ! moat itself a l[1 ?ick t[] almo/ completely subm]g$1 def5d$ by a ?9 op5+ ne> ! wat]l9e4 ,x 0 rea*$ f ! ma9 =t by an und]gr\nd passage & ! gunsmoke 0 remov$ by v5ts4 ,accord+ to ,leon>do no enemy c\ld conceal himself 9 any "p ( ! def5ses & n be se5 f su* an outpo/4 ,leon>do's mo/ unusual s*eme = def5d+ ,v5ice1 h[ev]1 0 8 idea ( approa*+ an enemy fleet "u ! wat] & !n putt+ holes 9 ! hulls ( _! %ips4 ,actually1 ! idea ( div+ 0 n a new "o4 ,ari/otle _h writt5 ( div+ & div+ bells1 & c]ta9ly ! /ories ( pe>l fi%]s 9 ! ,ori5t 7 well kn[n 9 ! ,r5aissance4 ,b ,leon>do design$ a div]'s suit closely resembl+ ^? us$ today4 ,?is consi/$ ( a complete suit ( lea!r ) helmet & eyepieces2 x 0 made airtight by spirals ( /eel at ! jo9ts4 ,he !n add$ a bladd] = hold+ air :i* fa/5$ inside ! suit at ! div]'s *e/4 ,x is possible t ,leon>do also inv5t$ an air *amb] t c\ld be us$ by ! div] :ile "u wat]--b he 0 v secretive ab\t ?is inv5tion = fe> ( h[ m5 might abuse su* a discov]y4 ,he wrote1 8444 & ?is ,i d n publi% or divulge1 on acc\nt ( ! evil nature ( man1 :o w\ld practice assass9ations at ! bottom ( ! seas44440 ,leon>do felt ! same way ab\t a 8subm>9e0 t he pres5t$ to ! ,c\ncilors & ,tribunal ( ,v5ice4 ,?is resembl$ a turtle's %ell ) a rais$ bump on ! c5t] :i* 0 ! 8p]iscope40 ,:5 subm]g$ ! wat] probably rose to an area j ar\nd ! 8p]iscope10 b1 aga91 ! in=mation ab\t its air-supply is miss+ & ! only ref]5ce to x is a rem9d] to close ! 8l--40 ,9 addition1 he inv5t$ a sy/em ( screws m\nt$ 9 tongs ) ! bor] 9 ! middle = putt+ holes 9 ! bottoms ( enemy %ips1 & at ! same "t he ?\ght ( a def5se aga9/ su* an attack by design+ ! def5d+ vessels ) d\ble hulls4 ,among ,leon>do's o!r m>itime devices 7 designs = boats t c\ld dr$ge canals1 h>bors1 & lagoons4 ,:at 0 ! result ( all ^! plans8 ,we d n "k4 ,:e!r any "o ( !m 0 us$ aga9/ ! ,turks is a my/]y4 ,at any rate1 ,leon>do & ,pacioli left ,v5ice t same spr+ & arriv$ 9 ,flor5ce 9 ,april ( #aejj4 ,"o ( ! purposes ( ,leon>do's j\rney 0 to visit 8 fa!r :o 0 n[ liv+ on ,via ,ghibell9a ) 8 f\r? wife4 ,leon>do 0 n[ =ty-eight4 ,/ill tall & /raight ) ! /r5g? ( 8 y\?1 8 face prematurely ag$ & 8 hair ?9n+ back f 8 high =ehead1 ,leon>do 0 m ?an ev] an out/&+ look+ man4 ,he /ill scorn$ fa%ionable clo!s & dress$ accord+ to 8 own com=t :i* made him ev5 m noticeable among ! cr[d4 ,8 deep-set eyes ) _! direct & p5etrat+ glance1 fram$ by 8 full1 r$di% be>d1 nev] miss$ a ?+1 al?\gh he n[ wore spectacles at 8 "w4 ,n[ t he 0 back 9 ,flor5ce1 ,leon>do ne$$ lodg+s & a job4 ,he _h bank$ 8 small sav+s1 & he did n want to t\* t4 ,8 fa!r's h\se ) ! five *ildr5 ( 8 pres5t wife plus ! sons f 8 previ\s m>riages 0 too full to accommodate ,leon>do4 ,moreov]1 ! relation%ip betwe5 ,pi]o & ,leon>do 0 polite b di/ant1 z ,pi]o pref]r$ ! *ildr5 ( 8 lat] m>riages4 ,luckily1 ! place to live & ! commission ,leon>do ne$$ pres5t$ !mselves at ! same "t4 ,! ,*ur* ( ! ,annunciation ( ! ,s]vite ,ord] ( ,monks ne$$ an alt>piece1 &1 z ,leon>do's fame 0 great1 !y (f]$ him & 8 appr5tice qu>t]s 9 ! mona/]y4 ,"h1 9 ! solitude ( a mona/ic cell1 ,leon>do 0 able to return to 8 own rese>*es4 ,8 long association ) ,fra ,luca ,pacioli cont9u$ z !y work$ toge!r on ,pacioli's edition ( ,euclid's ,elem5ts4 ,at ! same "t1 ) 8 absorption 9 geometry1 ,leon>do comm5c$ 8 /udies ( ! trans=mation ( solids2 t is1 *ang+ ! %ape ( some?+ to ano!r %ape )\t dim9i%+ or increas+ its sub/ance4 ,9 8 preoccupation ) geometry1 ,leon>do _h app>5tly done little ab\t ! commission :i* ! ,s]vite monks _h giv5 him4 ,he f9ally yield$ to _! compla9ts1 h[ev]1 & comm5c$ to draw ! prelim9>y /udy = ! subject1 :i* 0 8,/4 ,anne ) ! ,virg9 & ,*ild40 ,aga9 8 k ( geometry is mo/ app>5t 9 ! f9ely con/ruct$ composition1 e ge/ure ( :i* is z plott$ z a geometric ex]cise4 ,9 ,april ( #aeja1 ! draw+ 0 f9i%$2 x caus$ an imm$iate s5sation ?r\gh\t ,flor5ce4 ,= two days ! public 0 all[$ to pass 9 front ( x4 ,b n[ a *ange 0 tak+ place 9 ,leon>do4 ,he 0 no long] cont5t ) simply pa9t+4 ,8 highly orig9al rese>*es = pictures _h sl[ly gr[n to ! po9t :]e ! rese>* 0 m important ?an pa9t+4 ,9 a s5se ! sci5ti/ _h tak5 ! bru% f ! arti/4 ,9 two lett]s f ,isabella d',e/e's emiss>y 9 ,flor5ce we le>n1 8,he is entirely wrapp$ up 9 geometry & has no pati5ce = pa9t+40 ,?is exc]pt f a lett] dat$ ,april #h1 #aeja1 0 foll[$ six days lat] by ano!r :i* said 9 "p1 8,9 brief1 8 ma!matical exp]im5ts h made pa9t+ s di/a/eful to him t he _c ev5 be> to take up a bru%40 ,a few mon?s aft] ! completion ( ! ,/4 ,anne draw+1 ,leon>do receiv$ a lett] sign$ by ,ces>e ,borgia1 ,duke ( ,val5t9ois4 ,leon>do fr[n$ & ?\ght back to 8 la/ days 9 ,milan4 ,:5 ,k+ ,l\is ,,xii ( ,france _h ent]$ ! city1 he _h summon$ ! pa9t] ( ! 8,la/ ,supp]0 to an audi5ce4 ,! k+ _h be5 g5]\s 9 8 praise & _h tri$ to p]suade ,leon>do to rema94 ,at t same audi5ce _h also be5 ,ces>e ,borgia1 an ally ( ! ,fr5*4 ,leon>do rememb]$ ! man n[--! d>k hair & eyes1 ! black1 ar*$ eyebr[s1 & ! face m>k$ by "s old disease4 ,he 0 a p[]ful-*e/$1 ?9-hipp$ man :o _h orig9ally be5 made a c>d9al by 8 fa!r1 ,pope ,alex&] ,,vi4 ,b ! attractions ( secul> p[] soon p]suad$ him to ab&on ?is title4 ,) ! en?usia/ic help ( 8 fa!r1 ,borgia _h f\ght1 murd]$1 & deceiv$ 8 way to a =midable position ( au?ority 9 ^! la/ ye>s4 ,leon>do1 9 ! seclusion ( ! mona/]y1 _h lately he>d t ,borgia's army _h ev5 be5 at ! gates ( ,flor5ce4 ,! lett] address$ to ,leon>do 0 an (f] to assume ! po/ ( ,ar*itect & ,milit>y ,eng9e] to ,8 ,excell5cy1 ,ces>e ,borgia4 ,he ?\ght ( ,ludovico ,s=za--defeat$ & captur$ at ! battle ( ,nov>a j a ye> ago z he attempt$ to rega9 8 duk$om4 ,n[ ! duke 0 a prison] at ,lo*es 9 ,t\ra9e2 ,leon>do _h writt5 ( him1 8,! duke lo/ 8 ,/ate1 8 p]sonal possessions & 8 lib]ty1 & none ( 8 ent]prises h be5 complet$40 ,& ,leon>do also ?\ght ( 8 eque/rian monum5t /ill /&+ 9 ! ca/le be+ us$ = t>get practice by ! ,fr5* ar*]s4 ,l ! duke1 no?+ ( 8 own _h be5 complet$ ei!r4 ,p]haps ?is ,borgia (f] 0 an opportunity4 ,leon>do decid$ to accept x4 ,9 ,may ( #aejb1 aft] hav+ pres5t$ himself to ,ces>e ,borgia 9 ,rome1 ,leon>do began 8 hectic travels ?r\gh ,tuscany & ,umbria4 ,he 0 to inspect ! =tresses & cities ( ,ces>e's new conque/s !re1 & to make :atev] recomm5dations he felt necess>y = _! improvem5ts4 ,arriv+ 9 ,piomb9o1 he at once set d[n a project = dra9+ ! m>%es & reclaim+ ! l&4 ,also1 :ile he 0 "h1 he sp5t h\rs by ! sea wat*+ ! waves curl 9 f ! ,adriatic & /udy+ ! cra% ( wat] ov] ! bea*es4 ,mov+ on to ,arrezzo1 he drew up ! fir/ 9 a s]ies ( rem>kable maps = ! army ( ,vitellozzo :i*1 ) ! back+ ( ,ces>e ,borgia1 0 m>*+ aga9/ ,flor5ce4 ,^! maps are bird's-eye views ( ,tuscany & ,umbria1 & some:at resemble mod]n a]ial photographs4 ,drawn f ,leon>do's own obs]vations1 ! gre5 m\nta9s /&1 accord+ to _! height1 9 relief1 ) ! roads w9d+ ov] !m & d[n ?r\gh ! valleys4 ,! /reams & _! tribut>ies are 9 blue & ev5 ! villages & cities are drawn ) great exactitude4 ,inde$ ,leon>do _h le>n$ 8 lessons f old ,toscanelli well1 & he 0 "o ( ! fir/ to br+ ! art ( c>tography to su* p]fection4 ,9 ,july & ,augu/ ,leon>do 0 9 ,urb9o & ,pes>o1 & by ! #h? ( ,augu/ he _h rea*$ ,rim9i4 ,"h he /r5g!n$ ! =tifications & !n rode quickly on to ,ces5a4 ,betwe5 ,ces5a1 capital ( ! ,romagna1 & ,porto ,cesanatico1 he sp5t f ! middle ( ,augu/ to ,septemb] plann+ a canal betwe5 ! two1 r$esign+ gov]nm5t build+s1 & draw+ up a new qu>t] to be built = ! city ( ,ces5a4 ,at ?is "t he con/ruct$ an in/rum5t = tell+ him ! spe$ ( wat] curr5ts 9 a /ream4 ,x told him :e!r ! fl[ 0 swift] at ! surface or at ! bottom or on "o side or ! o!r ( ! /ream's b$4 ,9 ! meantime1 ,flor5ce1 al>m$ at ! gr[+ p[] ( ,ces>e ,borgia1 appeal$ to ,*>les d',amboise1 ,reg5t ( ,milan = ,france1 to come to h] aid4 ,*>les respond$ 9 ! abs5ce ( ! ,fr5* ,k+ & help$ to protect ,flor5ce4 ,! enemies ( ,ces>e took advantage ( ?is to =m an alliance1 & soon ,ces>e 0 be+ =c$ back f 8 newly won possessions4 ,ces>e himself !n ha/5$ to ,milan1 & !re he sudd5ly came face to face aga9 ) ,l\is1 ! ,k+ ( ,france1 :o 0 on 8 way to ,naples4 ,borgia1 :o c\ld ex]t great *>m & influ5ce :5 he wi%$1 p]suad$ ! k+ t1 all rumors to ! contr>y1 he1 ,ces>e1 0 fight+ ! enemies ( ,france4 ,aga9 he won ov] ! ,fr5*1 :i* greatly /r5g!n$ 8 position4 ,!n1 f ,pavia1 he issu$ a decree plac+ e facility possible at ,leon>do's disposal4 ,9 addition1 he in/ruct$ all (ficials to help ,leon>do 9 e matt]1 ref]r+ to him z 8our highly e/eem$ c\rt ar*itect40 ,:ile ,leon>do 0 9 ,porto ,cesanatico1 a delegation f ,bayzid ,,ii1 ,sultan ( ,turkey1 paid a visit to ,ces>e ,borgia4 ,among o!r ?+s ! delegation 0 look+ = an eng9e] to build a bridge betwe5 ,con/ant9ople & ,p]a to replace a tempor>y wood5 /ructure4 ,leon>do design$ = !m a s+le-ar*$ bridge ) d\ble ramps at ei!r end 7look+ v mu* l a pres5t-day 8?ruway0 entrance74 ,he provid$ t x %\ld be approximately twelve hundr$ feet long1 eighty feet wide1 & "o hundr$ & =ty feet above ! wat]4 ,illu/ration3 ,da ,v9ci's propos$ bridge f ,con/ant9ople 7,i/anbul7 to ,p]a4 ,look+ v mu* l a mod]n 8?ruway0 entrance1 x 0 to h d\ble ramps on bo? sides4 ,9 8 travels ?r\gh ! c\ntryside1 ,leon>do c\ld n help b notice h[ primitive ! mills 74 ,feel+ h[ /rongly ! w9d blew 9 f ! sea1 he design$ a w9dmill ) a ro( t turn$ ) ! sails4 ,= ! me*anism inside he devis$ a b& brake--a semicircle ( wood into :i* ! l>ge cog:eel ( ! mill 0 =c$4 ,?is mill resembles ! 8,dut*0 mills ( ! ,ne!rl&s & 0 among ! fir/ ( its type to be br\ght into exi/5ce4 ,9 ! fall ,leon>do 0 at ,imola4 ,!re he creat$ ano!r ( 8 beautifully r5d]$ maps4 ,he drew ?is ) ! help ( a magnetic compass ( 8 own inv5tion4 ,x consi/$ ( a bo>d ) an arc on x & a compass ne$le1 & 0 probably ! fir/ magnetic ne$le on a horizontal axis4 ,?is "t ! map 0 ( ! city itself1 ! walls1 ! ca/le & ! pr9cipal build+s all t\*$ ) color & ! riv] w9d+ ?r\gh ! fields4 ,drawn 9 ! %ape ( a circle1 x resembles a view ?r\gh a telescope f directly above4 ,9 ,imola1 too1 he met ,niccol ,ma*iavelli1 ! fam\s hi/orian & political sci5ti/1 :o 0 an emiss>y f ! ,signoria1 ! ,c\ncil :i* n[ gov]n$ ,flor5ce4 ,^! two m5 became fri5ds &1 lat]1 collaborators 9 ,leon>do's s*eme to make ! ,arno riv] navigable to ! sea4 ,at ?is "t ,ces>e ,borgia1 hav+ a*iev$ great success 9 8 milit>y campaigns & confid5t ( 8 conque/s1 decid$ to return to ,rome4 ,) ! disb&+ ( ,borgia's headqu>t]s at ,imola1 ,leon>do's duties 7 f9i%$4 ,toge!r ) 8 new fri5d ,niccol ,ma*iavelli & two o!r ,flor5t9es1 he left ,imola & ! s]vice ( ,ces>e ,borgia to return to ,flor5ce4 ,9 ,janu>y ( #aejc1 a ma!matician nam$ ,giovanni ,batti/a ,danti attempt$ a flight 9 a ma*9e t he _h design$4 ,?is flight 0 "p ( ! ent]ta9m5t at a w$d+ reception 9 ,p]ugia4 ,danti climb$ into 8 app>atus on top ( ! t[] ( ,/4 ,m>y ( ! ,virg94 ,x 0 pu%$ (f into ! air1 hov]$ a few seconds1 !n began sl[ly drift+ t[>d ! gr\nd4 ,b sudd5ly1 "o ( its w+s hit a build+ projection & x cra%$4 ,danti 0 c>ri$ away ) a brok5 leg4 ,! news ( ! ev5t travel$ quickly to ,flor5ce4 ,:5 ,leon>do he>d ab\t x1 he eag]ly que/ion$ all ^? :o _h ei!r se5 x or _h he>d x describ$ fir/ h&4 ,danti's attempt$ flight excit$ ,leon>do = n[ he realiz$ t he 0 no long] alone 9 8 se>*4 ,) a s5se ( urg5cy he return$ to ! problems ( fly+4 ,he felt n[ t ! solution to flight might be 9 ! swift gu/s ( air ?r\gh ! rav9es & ! spread w+s ( ! eagle drift+ high 9 ! sky4 #aj ,%att]$ ,hopes ,be=e ,leon>do c\ld return to ! problem ( flight1 h[ev]1 he 0 aga9 fac$ ) ! necessity ( support+ himself & 8 gr[+ h\sehold4 ,! small fees he receiv$ = tak+ on appr5tices h>dly cov]$ ! co/ ( h\s+ & fe$+ !m4 ,moreov]1 ! equipm5t he _h to buy = 8 sci5tific rese>*es add$ fur!r to 8 /ra9$ budget4 ,s1 :5 a s]vant f ,francesco del ,giocondo1 a ri* ,flor5t9e m]*ant1 pres5t$ himself at ! gate ) ! reque/ t ,leon>do accept a commission to pa9t ,francesco's wife1 ,leon>do 0 only too glad to accept4 ,! "n ( ,francesco's wife 0 ,madonna ,lisa1 or ,mona ,lisa = %ort4 ,leon>do pa9t$ h] portrait on & (f = ! next ?ree ye>s4 ,?us1 :at />t$ z a m9or commission end$ z ! "o pa9t+--9 addition to ! 8,la/ ,supp]0--t mo/ p today associate ) ! "n ( ,leon>do da ,v9ci4 ,hav+ secur$ ?is "w1 ,leon>do turn$ back to 8 /udies ( birds 9 flight & ! nature ( air4 ,! so>+ w+s ( eagles & hawks & ! way !y rode ! curr5ts ) h>dly a dip ( _! spread w+s guid$ ,leon>do's ?9k+ f pure me*anics to ma*9es t act m on ! pr9ciple ( ! glid]4 ,he propos$ to write a treatise on ! nature ( birds' flight1 &1 ) 8 usual ?or\ghness1 he began to weigh1 dissect1 & recon/ruct v>i\s types ( birds & _! w+ /ructure4 ,he realiz$ t "o ( ! ma9 difficulties ( glid+ 0 ma9ta9+ balance1 or1 m accurately1 ma9ta9+ ! c5t] ( gravity4 ,f previ\s obs]vations ,leon>do _h not$ t man is capable ( mak+ ! same motions t a bird does4 ,he _h also measur$ ! /r5g? ( a man's legs & _h calculat$ t man has twice ! p[] 9 8 leg muscles t he ne$s = /&+4 ,consequ5tly he began to r$esign 8 ma*9e mak+ use ( man's arms & legs to op]ate or 8flap0 ! w+s in/ead ( /&+ him on a plat=m4 ,! fir/ ( ,leon>do's new designs 0 a sort ( h>ness app>atus /rapp$ across ! %\ld]s ( ! fly] :o 0 suppos$ to be able to keep himself balanc$ by mov+ ! l[] "p ( 8 body4 ,he c\ld manipulate ! flight by h&les t 7 connect$ to ! flexible1 out] p>ts ( ! w+s4 ,^! w+s 7 design$ f ! webb$ w+s ( ! bat4 ,surpris+ly en\gh1 ?is device closely resembl$ ! exp]im5tal glid]s us$ by ,otto ,lili5?al almo/ f\r c5turies lat] 9 ,g]many4 ,leon>do 0 n[ approa*+ o!r solutions to pure flight :5 fur!r ho/ilities int]rupt$ 8 "w4 ,flor5ce & ,pisa 7 9 bitt] rivalry1 & _! /ruggle _h assum$ ! proportions ( a major w>4 ,! ,flor5t9e army 0 n[ practically at ! gates ( ,pisa4 ,niccol ,ma*iavelli urg$ ! ,signoria to enli/ ! help ( ,leon>do da ,v9ci1 :o might be able to ?9k ( an imm$iate plan = de/roy+ ,pisa & h] army4 ,nev] "o to ?9k 9 t]ms ( an imm$iate battle or a tempor>y success1 ,leon>do put =? a d>+ & sweep+ plan t w\ld =ev] r$uce ! p[] ( ,pisa4 ,! plan 0 z simple z x 0 monum5tal--div]t ! ,arno riv] f its c\rse into two canals t w\ld empty into ! sea at ,leghorn s\? ( ,pisa4 ,9 ?is way1 ,pisa w\ld lose h] wat] supply & h] op5+ to ! sea4 ,! plan met ) imm$iate approval & by ! end ( ,july #aejc1 ,leon>do 0 s5t out to survey ! entire c\rse ( ! riv]4 ,he 0 accompani$ by ,giovanni 8! ,pip]10 a man :o 0 frequ5tly employ$ on m9or eng9e]+ projects & :o 0 ! (ficial play] ( ! pipes to ! city ( ,flor5ce4 ,giovanni 0 also ! fa!r ( ,b5v5uto ,cell9i1 :o became ! mo/ fam\s goldsmi? ( ! ,r5aissance4 ,z !y made _! way to ,pisa1 ,leon>do made "s m ( 8 extraord9>y maps ( ! area1 pay+ p>ticul> att5tion to ! c\rse ( ! ,arno & its tribut>ies4 ,^! maps lat] inspir$ him to plan a :ole s]ies %[+ ! ma9 wat]%$s ( ,italy4 ,:5 he rode into ! ,flor5t9e camp drawn up be=e ,pisa1 ,leon>do design$ f 8 obs]vations & maps1 a dam on ! ,arno to regulate ! c\rse ( ! riv]4 ,?is bird's-eye view map is a m>vel ( exactness4 ,x %[s ! fl[ ( ! riv] hitt+ ! dam ) its swirl+ backwa% & ov]fl[4 ,leon>do's k ( ! movem5t ( wat] 0 s great & 8 craftsman%ip 9 draw+ s f9e t ! wat] 9 ?is map seems to fl[ be=e "o's eyes4 ,"o ( ! ma9 problems 9 regulat+ ! ,arno 0 its t5d5cy to cont9ually be %ift+ its b$ by ! deposits ( new s$im5t1 & ,leon>do realiz$ x w\ld be a long "t be=e ?is project c\ld be complet$4 ,:5 he return$ to ,flor5ce he pres5t$ to ! ,signoria1 z "p ( 8 survey1 v>i\s ma*9es to ha/5 ! excavation ( ! ,arno4 ,he _h design$ a crane t w\ld assi/ 9 ! digg+ out ( two diff]5t levels at ! same "t4 ,he also submitt$ ! results ( 8 calculations on ! sav+ ( muscul> en]gy by ! use ( su* ma*9es4 ,9 addition1 ,leon>do propos$ to use ! wat] 9 ! canals = irrigation purposes & _h ev5 calculat$ :at ! volume & velocity ( a jet ( wat] w\ld be if project$ f an op5+ 9 ! bottom ( ! canal wall into an irrigation dit*4 ,z if ?is 7 n en\gh1 he _h inv5t$ a practical me?od ( pil+ z a f\ndation = ! lock-bas9s to protect !m aga9/ ! dang]s ( erosion4 ,a sep>ate map ( ?is p]iod on ! fl[ ( riv]s 9 g5]al 0 int5d$ to relate to 8 treatise on ! nature ( wat]4 ,9 ?is treatise is ! fir/ outl9e ( ! fundam5tal pr9ciples ( hydrodynamics1 z = example3 ,! velocity ( a curr5t increases ) ! slope & decreases ) ! w9d+ ( ! riv]b$4 ,! volume ( a riv] is 9 proportion to ! wid? ( its b$1 ! slope & ! dep? ( ! wat] be+ equal4 ,! slope & wid? be+ equal1 ! spe$ ( ! curr5t is greate/ 9 ! deepe/ "p ( ! riv]4 ,! excavation =ce increases at ! n>r[e/ section ( ! riv]4 ,because ( ! grumbl+ ( ! milit>y comm&]s at :at !y consid]$ a wa/e ( "t1 ,ma*iavelli _h to int]v5e ) ! ,signoria be=e ,leon>do 0 s5t out aga9 ) docum5ts ( au?ority to cont9ue ) 8 plans4 ,he sp5t well into ! fall survey+ ! ,arno & 9 ,octob] he 0 back 9 ,flor5ce4 ,mean:ile ! fight+ betwe5 ,pisa & ,flor5ce _h be5 less5$ by two political *anges4 ,9 ,augu/ ,pope ,alex&] ,,vi _h di$ & 8 son ,ces>e ,borgia became s]i\sly ill4 ,! ,republic ( ,flor5ce 0 n[ free ( its mo/ dang]\s enemies--! ,borgias4 ,! city relax$ 9 its new security & ! ho/ilities betwe5 ,flor5ce & ,pisa di$ d[n to an uneasy arm$ wat*4 ,leon>do quickly took advantage ( ! situation to pres5t an e>ly dream ( 8 to ! ,signoria4 ,he aga9 put =? 8 idea ( a comm]cial canal to ! sea & made m5tion ( ! great advantages !re w\ld be = all ! mills1 lumb] y>ds1 =ges & o!r comm]cial int]e/s 9 utiliz+ ! wat] p[] t w\ld be available f 8 project4 ,pi]o ,sod]9i1 ! gov]nor ( ! city-/ate ( ,flor5ce1 0 impress$ & ?\ght ( ! glory x w\ld br+ to ,flor5ce & himself4 ,he told ,leon>do he w\ld pres5t x to ! ,signoria4 ,leon>do n[ plung$ into a w9t] ( great activity4 ,=c$ to draw f 8 sav+s1 he _h rejo9$ ! guild ( pa9t]s 9 ,octob] ( #aejc1 & !n appli$ = ! commission ( pa9t+ ! murals 9 ! c\ncil *amb] ( ! ,palace ( ! ,signoria4 ,x _h be5 plann$ to decorate ?is great hall ) sc5es commemorat+ fam\s ,flor5t9e victories1 & ,leon>do *ose ! battle ( ,anghi>i :]e ! soldi]s ( ,flor5ce defeat$ ! ,milanese 9 #addj4 ,9 addition to work+ on ! 8,mona ,lisa0 & cont9u+ ) ! canal project--= :i* he 0 n[ design+ great suction pumps to lift riv]s f "o level to ano!r--he turn$ aga9 to a/ronomy & geology4 ,leon>do1 :ile inve/igat+ ! c\rse ( ! upp] ,arno1 _h come across mu* evid5ce t ! l& !re _h at "o "t be5 completely "u wat]4 ,v>i\s types ( anci5t ocean life & vegetation lay scatt]$ 9 lay]s along ! ridges ( ! m\nta9s1 & ^! ,leon>do collect$ & br\ght back to 8 /udio4 ,he wrote1 8above ! pla9s ( ,italy :]e n[ birds fly 9 flocks1 fi%es 7 wont to w&] 9 l>ge %oals40 ,he r]ead ,ptolemy1 ! anci5t ,greek geograph] ,/rabo1 & ev5 ,sir ,john ,m&eville1 an ,engli% au?or ( travel books1 9 8 que/ = k ( di/ant places4 ,he talk$ to travel]s1 sailors1 & wrote to fri5ds to s5d him in=mation ab\t ! c\ntries !y _h se5 or liv$ 94 ,/rabo1 9 p>ticul>1 _h set =? ! doctr9e t ! e>?'s trans=mation _h tak5 place by ! =ces ( volcanoes & wat]1 b ! wisdom ( ^! e>ly m5 _h be5 obscur$ by ! clos$ m9ds ( ! ,middle ,ages4 ,ev5 9 8 own "t ( reawak5+ k--! ,r5aissance--,leon>do _h to cont5d ) ! comb9$ sup]/ition ( ! ,*ur* & ! ignorance ( misguid$ s*ol>s4 ,= example1 ! ,*ur* believ$ 9 ! great flood1 z describ$ 9 ! ,bible1 & ! s*ol>s claim$ t if :at ,leon>do said 7 true--t ! e>? 0 ! result ( an evolution>y process--!re w\ld h be5 writt5 records4 ,to ?is latt] ,leon>do respond$1 8444 suffici5t = u is ! te/imony ( ?+s produc$ 9 ! salt wat]s & n[ f\nd aga9 9 ! high m\nta9s f> f ! seas40 ,b ,leon>do's conception ( ! evolution ( ! e>? 0 mi/ak5 9 "o respect4 ,he reg>d$ ! e>? z organic--liv+--& ! fl[ ( wat] he believ$ to be l ! fl[ ( blood 9 man4 ,inde$1 accord+ to ,leon>do1 all liv+ creatures 7 reflections ( a liv+1 brea?+ e>?4 ,x 0 only :5 he aga9 turn$ 8 eyes inquir+ly t[>d ! moon & ! laws ( ! univ]se t he began to realize 8 error4 ,x _h be5 ! idea t ! e>? 0 ! c5t] ( ! univ]se :i* support$ ,leon>do's !ory ( an organic e>?4 ,yet aft] ye>s ( obs]vation & /udy he ab&on$ ?is !ory &1 ) ! eye ( a man c5turies ahead ( 8 "t1 he wrote 9 8 notes1 8,! moon has e mon? a w9t] & a summ]4 ,& x has great] colds & great] heats & its equ9oxes are cold] ?an ours40 ,he w5t fur!r & id5tifi$ ! elem5ts exi/+ on ! moon su* z 8wat]1 air1 & fire10 & describ$ !m & _! functions z be+ l ^? on our own e>?4 ,9 s do+ he recogniz$ ! exi/5ce ( ! moon z a solid 9 space1 reflect+ ! light ( ! sun--"o ( _m 8/>s0 9 a univ]se4 ,) 8 acceptance ( ?is concept he realiz$ t ! e>? c\ld n be organic4 ,9 ,may ( #aejd1 ! ,signoria compla9$ to ,leon>do t !re _h be5 no progress on ! propos$ pa9t+s = _! c\ncil *amb]1 ev5 ?\gh he _h already be5 p>tially paid = !m4 ,accord+ly1 he 0 =c$ to sign a docum5t t he mu/ be f9i%$ by ,febru>y ( next ye> or refund all monies paid him4 ,z 0 8 cu/om he _h made _m prelim9>y draw+s4 ,al?\gh he 0 well acqua9t$ ) horses he _h aga9 rese>*$ _! anatomy & actions4 ,pages ( re>+1 fright5$ horses & m5 9 combat cov]$ 8 /udio tables4 ,on "o ( ^! pages !re are sket*es ( ! heads ( a lion1 "s horses & a man--all ) fi]ce expressions on _! faces4 ,"h ,leon>do h9t$ at ! comp>ative anatomy ( expression 9 man & animal t ,d>w9 0 to write ab\t almo/ f\r hundr$ ye>s lat]4 ,b ! pa9t+s c\ld wait1 = n[ ! ,arno ,riv] 0 9 spr+ flood4 ,! "t _h arriv$ to make ! fir/ attempts at div]t+ ! riv] into its new c\rse4 ,leon>do 0 aga9 9 ! field sup]vis+ ! "w4 ,!re _h be5 mu* opposition to ,leon>do's canal f bo? ! army capta9s & ! ,signoria4 ,x 0 call$ a :im & a crazy idea1 b ,pi]o ,sod]9i & ,niccol ,ma*iavelli 7 /ubborn 9 _! def5se ( ,leon>do's plan & !y ov]came all opposition to x4 ,& inde$1 ! rais+ ( ! sluice gates 0 successful & ! ,arno actually fl[$ into its new b$4 ,! t5sions 9 ! camp & 9 ! ,c\ncil ( ,flor5ce 7 eas$4 ,! only sad p]son 0 ,leon>do1 = he _h j le>n$ ( ! dea? ( 8 fa!r4 ,leon>do felt ! loss deeply4 ,outw>dly1 h[ev]1 he only ackn[l$g$ ! dea? ( 8 fa!r at a di/ance4 ,n only _h ,leon>do & 8 fa!r drift$ ap>t ov] ! ye>s1 ,pi]o left no?+ to ,leon>do 9 8 w4 ,8 fa!r's o!r *ildr5 qu>rel$ among !mselves ov] :at money he did leave4 ,leon>do's "o fri5d 9 ! family 0 ,uncle ,francesco1 :o 0 /ill liv+ 9 ,v9ci4 ,:5 he he>d ( 8 bro!r's w1 ,francesco made out a w ( 8 own & left ev]y?+ to ! nephew he lov$--,leon>do4 ,aft] hav+ successfully div]t$ ! ,arno riv]1 x 0 n[ necess>y = ,leon>do to return to ! pa9t+ commission$ by ! ,signoria = its c\ncil *amb]4 ,b rec5tly1 ,leon>do _h suff]$ a rebuff 9 ?is "w4 ,orig9ally he _h be5 giv5 ! :ole room to d b n[ ! opposite wall _h be5 assign$ to ano!r man--,mi*elangelo ,buon>roti4 ,leon>do _h fir/ met ! "y ,mi*elangelo :5 he help$ to judge ! be/ location = ,mi*elangelo's monum5tal /atue ( ,david4 ,! two m5 7 opposites 9 e way4 ,leon>do1 fifty-two ye>s old1 c>efully dress$1 cool & deta*$1 0 a man ^: e action 0 ! result ( a ?\ghtful & analytical m9d4 ,mi*elangelo1 tw5ty-six ye>s old1 8 clo!s rumpl$ & cov]$ ) m>ble du/1 0 passionate & moody--an impulsive y\? totally d$icat$ to art4 ,!y did n l ea* o!r1 & n[ ,leon>do 0 =c$ into a rivalry = :i* he _h no he>t4 ,! duel betwe5 ^! two giants ( art ar\s$ ! :ole ( ,flor5ce & !re 0 a con/ant /ream ( p wat*+ !m at "w4 ,mi*elangelo 0 giv5 a /udio 9 ! hospital ( ,sant' ,on(rio & ,leon>do 0 work+ 9 ! ,papal ,*amb] 9 ,santa ,m>ia ,novella4 ,among ! _m p :o came to wat* ,leon>do 0 a "y man ( n9ete54 ,he 0 already a pupil ( ,p]ug9o & ! exp]i5ce ( meet+ & le>n+ f ,leon>do 0 to influ5ce him ! re/ ( 8 life4 ,8 "n 0 ,raffaello ,sanzio--"o ( ! great ,r5aissance pa9t]s ( ,italy & kn[n to u by ! "n ( ,raphael4 ,:ile ,leon>do work$ at ,santa ,m>ia ,novella he _h ! opportunity ( cont9u+ 8 /udies 9 anatomy4 ,dissections at t "t 7 novelties & :5 "o 0 p]=m$ ! doors 7 ?r[n op5 to ! public4 ,leon>do mu/ h att5d$ ! public dissections at ! ,*ur* ( ,santa ,croce4 ,n[ at ,santa ,m>ia ,novella !re 0 a hospital1 & "h ,leon>do 0 able to cont9ue 8 own dissections )\t int]ruption4 ,9 a cool room bel[ ! hospital :]e bodies 7 kept ,leon>do work$ late into ! night4 ,by ! flick]+ lights ( c&les & 9 ! sil5ce ( ! _w ab\t him he /udi$1 drew1 & wrote 9 8 notes ( ! wond]s ( ! human body4 ,illu/ration3 ,9 a cool room bel[ ! hospital1 ,leon>do work$ late into ! night4 ,he p]=m$ autopsies on p :o _h di$ natural dea?s--a special p]mission grant$ to him by ! monks ( ! *ur*1 & among ^! autopsies are ! fir/ writt5 reports ( "s ( ! diseases t are ! causes ( dea?4 ,art]ioscl]osis1 or /ony gr[?s 9 ! blood vessels1 & pulmon>y tub]culosis1 a nut-l gr[? 9 ! lung1 are among ! discov]ies ,leon>do made 9 8 lonely se>*es1 al?\gh he did n use ^! m$ical names = !m4 ,above all ,leon>do 0 attract$ to ! function ( ! muscles1 especially ^? 9 ! arms & legs4 ,s fai?fully1 9 fact1 did he record ! orig9 & ins]tion ( all ! v>i\s muscles t ^! draw+s c be us$ z anatomical models today4 ,moreov]1 he believ$ t a good draw+ 0 wor? pages ( words describ+ human anatomy4 ,! muscles 7 r5d]$ z cords s z to bett] und]/& _! function4 ,he describ$ ?is function z "o ( pull+ in/ead ( pu%+ & he not$ t = e muscle !re is an oppos+ muscle4 ,:5 "o contracts ! o!r exp&s4 ,= example1 :5 y tight5 ! biceps 9 y\r arm y c feel ! loos5ess ( ! triceps1 ! muscle on ! opposite side4 ,z ! end ( ! summ] ( #aejd approa*$1 ,leon>do's dream ( ! canal f ,flor5ce to ! sea 0 de/roy$4 ,! summ] _h be5 hot & )\t ra94 ,! wat] 9 ! canal dri$ up & ! ,arno riv] return$ to its orig9al c\rse4 ,all ! old argum5ts aga9/ ! plan 7 reviv$4 ,! ,flor5t9e army capta9s rebell$ aga9/ ! job ( def5d+ a useless project4 ,aga9 ,sod]9i & ,ma*iavelli int]v5$4 ,aft] heat$ debates 9 ! ,c\ncil ( ,eighty1 :i* _h be5 call$ into special session1 ,ma*iavelli himself 0 s5t out to ov]see ! "w4 ,x 0 br\ght almo/ to completion :5 9 late ,octob] disa/] /ruck4 ,! ra9s t _h fail$ to come 9 summ] fell f ! heav5s 9 great cl\dbur/s4 ,/orm aft] /orm swept ! valleys4 ,! workm5 left & ! soldi]s 7 recall$4 ,! ,pisan army ru%$ 9 to fill up ! digg+s & "o f9al /orm wa%$ away ! dream to no?+ b erod$ m\nds ( dirt4 ,leon>do buri$ 8 disappo9tm5t 9 o!r "w4 ,:5 ! draw+ = ! ,battle ( ,anghi>i 0 ready = transf] to ! wall ( ! c\ncil *amb]1 he _h a special scaffold+ made ( 8 own inv5tion :i* work$ on ! pr9ciple ( a pair ( scissors /&+ on end1 ) a long plat=m on top4 ,z ! legs 7 spread ! scaffold+ 0 l[]$ & :5 !y 7 p9*$ toge!r x 0 rais$4 ,! wall _h be5 prep>$ ) a special mixture :i* he hop$ w\ld br+ out ! brilliance ( 8 temp]a colors4 ,) sev]al assi/ants :o _h be5 assign$ to him by ! ,signoria ! viol5ce ( ! ,battle ( ,anghi>i 0 transf]r$ to ! wall & ! actual pa9t+ 0 begun4 ,dur+ ! w9t] mon?s ,leon>do w\ld relax f 8 "w on ! huge pa9t+ & 8 dissections to roam ! c\ntry ar\nd ,flor5ce4 ,he visit$ ! slaught]h\ses :]e ! animals 7 kill$ & prep>$ = m>ket4 ,"h he 0 able to exam9e ! he>ts ( animals j slaught]$ & to note t ! he>t reta9$ its action until ! body 0 almo/ cold4 ,he made a glass model ( ! aorta 7! ma9 art]y lead+ f ! he>t7 ( an ox ) :i* he c\ld exp]im5t on ! fl[ ( ! blood4 ,he int5d$ to add to x a glass tube = "o ( ! semilun> valves ( ! he>t4 ,he also exp]im5t$ ) a frog1 dissect+ its bra91 he>t1 & entrails & not$ t x ceas$ to twit* only :5 ! sp9al cord 0 sev]$4 ,9 8 notes1 he wrote1 8,! frog in/antly dies :5 ! sp9al cord is pi]c$2 & previ\s to ?is x liv$ )\t head1 )\t he>t or any b[els or inte/9es or sk92 & "h !re=e x w\ld seem lies ! f\ndation ( movem5t & life40 ,he 0 ( c\rse se>*+ = ! reasons t muscles mov$ & f :]e ! impulses orig9at$4 ,"o ( ,leon>do's favorite places to visit 0 ,fiesole :]e 8 uncle ,alless&ro ,amadori liv$4 ,uncle ,alless&ro 0 ! bro!r ( ,leon>do's fir/ /epmo!r &1 s9ce he _h lov$ h] s mu*1 he likewise felt an affection = ,alless&ro4 ,at ,fiesole1 :i* rises ov] ,flor5ce 9 a /eep asc5t1 ,leon>do c\ld wat* ! birds circl+ 9 ! air bel[ him4 ,on ^! l(ty heights1 he w\ld unfold 8 draw+s ( fly+ ma*9es4 ,leon>do _h progress$ n[ to a po9t :]e an actual flight 0 all t 0 left4 ,he _h design$ a sort ( fly+ boat--a %ell ) w+s t mov$ up & d[n & he _h introduc$ a tail l t ( a bird4 ,he _h not$ t ! tail ( a bird acts z a rudd]1 a /abiliz] & a brake :5 l&+4 ,b ,leon>do's mo/ rec5t design 0 "o t 0 call$ an orni?opt]4 ,x consi/$ ( a wood5 frame1 two huge w+s l a bat's1 a s]ies ( ropes & pulleys & a w9dlass1 all plann$ ) ! lighte/ ( mat]ials4 ,! fly]1 ly+ prone 9 ! frame1 8 feet 9 lea!r /irrups connect$ to ! w+s by pulleys1 w\ld move 8 feet up & d[n to flap ! w+s :ile1 at ! same "t1 he op]at$ ! w9dlass ) 8 arms 9 ord] to guide ! ma*9e4 ,soon he hop$ to build ?is ma*9e & try x out4 ,mean:ile1 ,leon>do return$ to 8 pa9t+ 9 ! c\ncil *amb] ) impati5ce1 = spr+ 0 approa*+ & ! "t to f9ally realize 8 dream ( fly+ w\ld be at h&4 ,aside f an assi/ant :o _h te/$ ! p$als & w9dlass1 no "o knew ( 8 plan to actually put 8 ma*9e 9 ! air4 ,illu/ration3 ,! orni?opt]1 "o ( ,leon>do's designs = a 8fly+ ma*9e40 ,by pump+ 8 feet 9 ! /irrups1 ! fly] c\ld flap ! device's w+s4 ,weeks pass$ & ! pa9t+ 0 almo/ f9i%$4 ,! huge wall 0 cov]$ ) plung+ horses & embattl$ soldi]s4 ,! colors 7 brilliant on ! special mixture he _h prep>$ = ! wall--b !y 7 n dry+ z !y %\ld h4 ,some?+ 0 wrong4 ,to spe$ ! dry+ process1 ,leon>do _h a special fire built 9 ! room t direct$ ! heat onto ! pa9t+4 ,spectators 7 all[$ to wat* z ! waves ( hot air rose aga9/ ! wall4 ,!n--disa/] began sl[ly ) a small trickle ( pa9t f ! top6 ,be=e anybody c\ld put out ! fire1 ! great figures & horses sl[ly melt$ d[n ! wall 9 %9y1 /icky /reaks ( color4 ,leon>do fl$ ! room 9 an agony ( %ame4 ,) 8 own fri5ds disc\rag$1 ! ,signoria ho/ile1 & ! fri5ds ( ,mi*elangelo triumphant1 ,leon>do w5t back to ,fiesole4 ,he w5t back ) 8 secret dream ( flight4 ,! _w w\ld soon =get ! ,battle ( ,anghi>i--b ! conque/ ( ! air1 if he c\ld a*ieve x1 w\ld live =ev]4 ,9 ! spr+ ( #aejf1 f ! slopes ( ,monte ,cec]o ne> ,fiesole1 leg5d tells u t a great bird sail$ into ! air & disappe>$4 ,no "o kn[s :e!r ,leon>do actually flew 8 ma*9e or n b ,girolamo ,c>dano1 ! son ( a fri5d ( ,leon>do1 wrote1 long aft] ,leon>do _h di$1 8,leon>do da ,v9ci also attempt$ to fly1 b he fail$4 ,he 0 a f9e pa9t]40 ,ano!r dream _h be5 %att]$4 #aa ,! ,return to ,milan ,leon>do felt 8 fifty-f\r ye>s t spr+ day 9 #aejf4 ,! bitt]ness ( 8 failures & ! fru/ration ( 8 dreams add$ consid]ably to ! weight ( 8 ye>s4 ,all morn+ he _h wa/$ 9 argum5t ) ,sod]9i & ! ,signoria4 ,if x _h n be5 = ! lett] f ,*>les d',amboise1 ,vic]oy ( ! ,k+ ( ,france = ,milan1 he w\ld h felt l a begg>4 ,*>les d',amboise _h be5 appo9t$ milit>y gov]nor ( ,milan by ,l\is ,,xii ev] s9ce ! ,fr5* _h conqu]$ t city & captur$ ,duke ,ludovico ,s=za4 ,b ! au?ority ( ! lett] _h f9ally won a grudg+ cons5t f ,sod]9i4 ,leon>do look$ ab\t him to see if he _h =gott5 any?+ & sl[ly climb$ onto 8 horse4 ,he nodd$ to ,salai1 8 appr5tice1 look$ back to see if 8 s]vant _h ! pack-horses ready1 & />t$ d[n ! /reet lead+ ! small procession4 ,he 0 go+ back to ,milan4 ,leon>do took out ! lett] & r]ead x4 ,! words 7 respectful & admir+--& 9 ,fr5*4 ,!y reque/$ ! pres5ce ( 8,matre ,leon>d de ,v9ci0 at ! c\rt ( ,*>les d',amboise1 = purposes ( pa9t+ & o!r 8div]se projects0 = ! ,k+ ( ,france4 ,! lett] re/or$ a measure ( confid5ce to ,leon>do's self-respect4 ,be=e ,leon>do left1 ,sod]9i _h made him sign a lett] 9 :i* ,leon>do promis$ to return to ,flor5ce )9 ?ree mon?s & to leave a deposit ( "o hundr$ & fifty flor9s :i* w\ld be held aga9/ 8 return4 ,x 0 sign$1 not>iz$ & dat$ ,may #cj1 #aejf4 ,nev]!less1 ,leon>do _h decid$ to accept ! ,fr5* envoy's (f]2 moreov]1 he look$ =w>d to ! prospect ( return+ to 8 v9ey>d at ,porta ,v]cell9a & ! und]/&+ ( a sympa!tic patron4 ,inde$1 ,*>les d',amboise turn$ out to be m ?an sympa!tic4 ,he recogniz$ ,leon>do z a great arti/2 b ev5 m1 he 0 "o ( ! few patrons :o c\ld appreciate ! magnitude ( ,leon>do's sci5tific & me*anical g5ius4 ,9 ! c\rt ( ,*>les1 ,leon>do once m enjoy$ a "t ( peace & an assur$ income4 ,! ,fr5* ,vice-,*ancellor ( ,milan1 ,geffroy ,c>les1 :o 0 second 9 comm&1 0 also a di/+ui%$ s*ol> & a patron ( ! arts & natural sci5ces4 ,) ! admiration & support ( ^! two m5 & especially ) ! di/ant back+ ( ,k+ ,l\is ,,xii ( ,france1 ,leon>do's dismal memories ( ,flor5ce began to fade4 ,leon>do's ?ree mon?s' allott$ abs5ce f ,flor5ce1 h[ev]1 7 soon pa/ & a lett] arriv$ f ,sod]9i dem&+ ei!r ,leon>do's return or a =feiture ( ! "o hundr$ & fifty flor9s deposit4 ,n[ a tug-(-w> develop$ betwe5 ! ,vic]oy ( ,milan & ! gov]nor ( ,flor5ce ov] ,leon>do4 ,! ,signoria rem9d$ ,*>les t ,leon>do _h 8 "w to complete1 :ile ,*>les d',amboise & ,geffroy ,c>les dem&$ an ext5sion ( "t4 ,"o mon? m 0 grant$4 ,m lett]s 7 ex*ang$ until ! affair became s heat$ t ! ,k+ ( ,france himself int]v5$4 ,9 ,janu>y ( #aejg ! ,fr5* ,k+ in=m$ ,sod]9i & ! ,signoria t ,leon>do 0 8n to move f ,milan until our arrival40 ,s9ce ,flor5ce at ?is "t 0 "u ! protection ( ! ,fr5*1 su* f9al au?ority sil5c$ ! ,signoria4 ,%ortly aft]w>ds ,leon>do dis*>g$ 8 obligation to ! ,signoria by rel9qui%+ ! "o hundr$ & fifty flor9s1 & he at la/ became free f ! dem&s ( 8 native city4 ,on ,may #bd1 #aejg ,k+ ,l\is ,,xii re-ent]$ ,milan ) all ! spl5dor & color t ,france & ! ,duk$om ( ,milan c\ld conf] ^u _! rul]4 ,knights 9 armor & ! ladies ( ! c\rts foll[$ ! k+ :o rode 9 fl[+ :ite & gold "u a canopy ( blue decorat$ ) ! lilies ( ,france4 ,) su* pomp & display 9 ,milan1 ,leon>do 0 soon back at 8 old occupation ( design+ pageants & t\rnam5ts4 ,:ile "s ( ! p f ! days ( ! ,s=zas return$1 n _m rememb]$ ,duke ,ludovico1 :o 0 sl[ly dy+ 9 a ,fr5* dungeon4 ,among ! p t ,leon>do n[ met1 !re appe>$ ,francesco de' ,melzi1 a noble f an old ,milanese family1 :o ent]$ ,leon>do's life at ?is "t z a pupil4 ,soon ! "y man became l a son to ,leon>do4 ,( h&some appe>ance1 he _h ! s5sitivity to appreciate ! ess5tial lonel9ess ( ,leon>do & s1 almo/ )\t realiz+ x1 he fill$ a gap 9 ,leon>do's life t 0 to la/ until ! end ( 8 days4 ,yet1 z ,franceso de' ,melzi op5$ "o door ( ,leon>do's life ano!r door clos$4 ,he receiv$ ^w t 8 belov$ uncle ,francesco _h di$ at ,v9ci & t he _h become ! heir to 8 uncle's prop]ty4 ,no soon] _h ?is news be5 deliv]$ :5 ,leon>do 0 notifi$ t ,giuliano1 a son ( ,pi]o1 & n[ a lawy] 9 8 own "r1 0 conte/+ ! w4 ,all ! fru/rations ( 8 life 9 ,flor5ce n[ rose to an angry pit* & he set out once aga9 = ,flor5ce to fight = 8 own rights4 ,wisely1 ,leon>do _h arm$ himself ) lett]s f 8 new1 influ5tial patrons & ev5 "o f ,k+ ,l\is himself recomm5d+1 8444 we reque/ t y w cause ?is dispute to be settl$ 9 ! be/ & briefe/ deliv]y ( ju/ice44440 ,9 ,augu/ ( t same ye>--#aejg--;,*>les d',amboise add$ 8 p]sonal lett] sugge/+ t ! k+ c\ld n sp>e ,leon>do too long f ! c\rt at ,milan4 ,x 0 ) ! title ( ,pa9t] & ,eng9e] to ! ,k+ ( ,france t ,leon>do rode back to ,flor5ce to await ! outcome ( ! judges 9 8 case4 ,he w5t to /ay ) a sculptor fri5d1 ,giovanni ,ru/ici1 a man ( ?irty-five & also an ex-/ud5t ( ,v]ro*io4 ,!y liv$ 9 a h\se l5t to ,ru/ici by a weal?y s*ol> & patron nam$ ,pi]o ,m>telli4 ,leon>do soon f\nd t he & ,ru/ici _h mu* 9 common4 ,ru/ici1 too1 collect$ ! odds & ends ( 8 j\rneys into ! c\ntry4 ,fly+ ab\t ! h\se 7 a tame eagle & a rav51 :ile1 at d9n]1 a pet porcup9e begg$ = food4 ,ru/ici1 h[ev]1 0 a believ] 9 al*emy & magic4 ,to practice ^! arts ! "y man devot$ "o room to ! /range mixtures :i* bubbl$ ov] flames z he attempt$ to *ange base metals into gold1 or to call ^u ! spirits to pr$ict ! future4 ,leon>do settl$ into ! life ( ! h\se v quickly & ev5 help$ 8 fri5d on an important sculpture commission4 ,?is 0 a gr\p composition ( ,/4 ,john betwe5 ! ,ph>isee & ! ,levite = ov] ! doors ( ! bapti/ry4 ,he also />t$ to ga!r toge!r 8 scatt]$ notes on all ! subjects t he _h writt5 ab\t1 go+ ?r\gh !m mak+ corrections & eras+ ! repetitions4 ,possibly ,leon>do 0 consid]+ ! publication ( all 8 mat]ial = he wrote1 8,begun at ,flor5ce 9 ! h\se ( ,pi]o di ,braccio ,m>telli1 on ! #bbnd day ( ,m>*1 #aejh4 ,?is w be a collection )\t ord]1 made up ( _m %eets :i* ,i h copi$ "h1 hop+ aft]w>ds to arrange !m 9 ord] 9 _! prop] places accord+ to ! subjects ( :i* !y treat44440 ,?is 8collection )\t ord]0 ( almo/ =ty ye>s ext5d$ into practically all bran*es ( human k1 f\nd$ on ye>s ( obs]vation & exp]im5t4 ,inde$1 x 0 ! magnific5t ef=t ( "o extraord9>y m9d to pu% back ! curta9s ( ignorance 9 ord] to let ! light ( natural tru? %9e ?r\gh to mank9d4 ,9 addition1 ,leon>do return$ to 8 /udies ( anatomy & comp>ative anatomy4 ,= ?is latt] he made _m beautiful draw+s ( ! legs ( animals z comp>$ to ^? ( man4 ,) !m1 ,leon>do tri$ to indicate man's place 9 ! natural ord] ( ! _w4 ,he po9t$ out t our physical bodies are basically ! same z ^? ( animals1 & t ! muscul> & organic diff]5ces are ^? ( function only4 ,= example1 bird & man h ! same *e/ muscles1 call$ ! pectoralis4 ,b ! bird1 9 ord] to fly1 has develop$ ^! into p[]ful in/rum5ts ( motion4 ,man1 on ! o!r h&1 has le>n$ to /& & move 9 an upright position4 ,he has develop$ ! muscles ( ! back1 call$ ! erectores sp9ae1 & ^? ( ! buttocks to hold him erect4 ,leon>do int5d$ to enl>ge ^u 8 /udies ( comp>ative anatomy to include all liv+ creatures1 ev5 ! insects4 ,mean:ile1 ! ,vic]oy ( ,milan 0 becom+ impati5t = ,leon>do's return4 ,! judgm5t aga9/ 8 half-bro!rs _h be5 settl$ 9 ,leon>do's favor1 & he ha/5$ back to ,milan4 ,by ! summ] ( #aejh he 0 once m 9 ! r\t9e ( ! c\rt's activities4 ,k+ ,l\is _h grant$ ,leon>do a regul> all[ance & x 0 ! fir/ "t he _h enjoy$ su* a long fre$om f ! conc]ns ( e>n+ a liv+4 ,) ^! /eady paym5ts ,leon>do n[ _h ! leisure & support to pursue 8 own multitude ( int]e/s4 ,z 8 notes began to take %ape & he ?\ght ( pr9t+ !m1 x 0 natural = ! inv5tive ,leon>do to design 8 own pr9t+ press4 ,x is "o ( ! e>lie/ su* designs on record4 ,because ! c>ry+ b$ :i* held ! type & ! pap] 0 automatically adju/$ to ! h&leb>1 ! press c\ld be op]at$ by "o man4 ,besides 8 notes ,leon>do also consid]$ pr9t+ a "w by ,rog] ,bacon1 ! ?irte5? c5tury ,engli% sci5ti/4 ,?is project = pr9t+ 8 own books1 h[ev]1 0 nev] realiz$ by ,leon>do4 ,lately1 he _h receiv$ a commission :i* took him back 9 memory to ! days ( ,ludovico4 ,! subject 0 ,m>%al ,gian ,giacomo ,trivulzio1 a soldi]-(-=tune4 ,orig9ally ?is man 0 a loyal comm&] ( ,galeazzo ,s=za's b :5 ,ludovico came to p[] he _h _h ,trivulzio bani%$ f ,milan4 ,embitt]$1 ,trivulzio _h become a /ubborn enemy ( ,ludovico f t "t on1 s]v+ "u any bann] t m>*$ aga9/ ! h\se ( ,s=za4 ,a /ocky1 squ>e-fac$ man1 8 body 0 cov]$ ) ! sc>s ( _m battles4 ,he _h be5 fight+ ) ! ,fr5* ev] s9ce ! "t ,ludovico _h betray$ ,*>les ,,viii4 ,trivulzio _h se5 ! great monum5t t ,leon>do _h model$ &1 al?\gh x 0 riddl$ by ,fr5* arr[s & damag$ by w9d & ra91 ! ,m>%al 0 impress$ & wi%$ = a simil> memorial to himself4 ,leon>do set to "w imm$iately4 ,8 pa/ exp]i5ce ) ! ,s=za monum5t 0 n[ to 8 advantage4 ,?is "t !re 0 no ne$ = exp]im5t+4 ,he knew h[ mu* mat]ial he ne$$ & ! approximate co/ ( ev]y?+ includ+ ! ca/+4 ,he submitt$ an e/imate ( ?ree ?\s& & =ty--six ducats = ! complet$ "w1 "o hundr$ ( :i* w\ld g to ,leon>do4 ,! sum 0 acceptable to ,trivulzio & ,leon>do began 8 prelim9>y /udies4 ,z he ga!r$ ! mat]ial = ?is new eque/rian /atue1 ,leon>do & ! ,fr5* ,vic]oy ,*>les d',amboise became int]e/$ 9 ! fur!r canalization ( ! pla9s ( ,lomb>dy4 ,! use ( canals & locks _h be5 9 practice = r\ghly a hundr$ ye>s & ar\nd ,milan !re 7 already "s fifty miles ( canals & ab\t tw5ty-five locks4 ,leon>do />t$ ano!r survey ( ! area4 ,9 8 imag9ation1 he envision$ a va/ hydraulic eng9e]+ project4 ,on ,septemb] #ab1 #aejh ,leon>do ann\nc$ 9 8 notes ! beg9n+ ( a book on ! nature ( wat]4 ,he _h decid$ to sep>ate ?is book f ! "o on hydraulics because x 0 necess>y to sep>ate !ory & practice4 ,8 pages treat+ ! sci5ce ( hydraulics1 or ! practical applications ( wat] p[]1 _h rea*$ to 8=ty books ( b5efits40 ,by ! spr+ ( #aeji he _h exp&$ 8 notes on ! nature ( wat] to include ! greate/ wave to ! smalle/ ra9drop4 ,conc]n+ ! practical applications ( wat] p[]1 ,leon>do put =? _m designs = new locks4 ,he introduc$ new me?ods ( rais+ ! gates by w9dlasses & *a9s :i* c\ld easily be set 9 motion by "o man4 ,b mo/ important is ,leon>do's discov]y ( ! use ( c5trifugal =ce = dra9+ m>%es--! ance/or ( ! c5trifugal pump4 ,:5 y rapidly rotate a /ick 9 a pail ( wat]1 ! wat] sp9s 9 a spiral ris+ on ! sides1 &1 if y rotate ! /ick fa/ en\gh x b>es ! bottom ( ! pail4 ,:5 y remove ! /ick sudd5ly1 ! wat] cont9ues to :irl z x sl[ly subsides4 ,?is is basically ! same pr9ciple ,leon>do us$ to raise ! wat] f a m>% to a level above ! sea s t x c\ld be dra9$ away4 ,! c5trifugal pump 0 also us$ ) a hydraulic screw :i* conv]t$ wat] p[] to me*anical p[]4 ,! =ce ( a /ream ( wat] 0 inject$ into ! base ( a v]tical cyl9d]4 ,9 ! base ( ?is cyl9d] 0 a six-blad$ propell] m\nt$ on a v]tical %aft4 ,! =ce ( ! wat] turn$ ! screw & at ! same "t ! wat] 0 =c$ to rise 9 ! cyl9d] to an outlet above4 ,! turn+ propell] revolv$ ! v]tical %aft4 ,?is %aft1 em]g+ f ! top ( ! cyl9d]1 turn$ a cogg$ :eel4 ,?is :eel 0 jo9$ to ano!r cogg$ :eel m\nt$ on a horizontal %aft1 ?us provid+ ! me*anical p[]4 ,n only is ?is ! =]unn] ( ! turb9e1 b ! use ( ! propell]1 itself1 = propulsion 9 wat]1 0 a new idea n to be ?\ght ( aga9 until ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,= c]ta9 types ( hydraulic pumps he conceiv$ ( ! cone-head$ mitre valve /ill 9 use today4 ,leon>do1 besides /udy+ ! practical applications ( wat] p[]1 explor$ ! v nature ( wat] itself4 ,9 8 propos$ books on ?is subject he int5d$ to exam9e :y cl\ds & fog =m1 :y ra9 falls & ! ra9drop itself--ev5 h[ ! ra9drop is held toge!r4 ,he und]/ood ! nature ( capill>y attraction1 :i* holds ! ra9drop toge!r1 & 8 notes %[ u t he 0 explor+ ! sci5ce ( hydro/atics :i* relates to ! pressure & equilibrium ( liquids 9 g5]al4 ,n[ t ,leon>do _h a /eady income & ! relief f meet+ pa9t+ commissions by fix$ dates1 he 0 free to explore 8 o!r favorite av5ues ( k4 ,x seem$ t 8 ev]-active m9d c\ld nev] /op roam+ ov] ! :ole field ( sci5tific k4 ,he cont9u$ ) 8 e>ly int]e/s--! nature & movem5t ( air1 a/ronomy & geometry4 ,he 0 also /ill conc]n$ ) movem5t & weight1 = he set d[n 9 8 notes1 8,! ?+ :i* moves w be s mu* ! m difficult to /op z x is ( great] weight40 ,?is is a h9t at a pr9ciple =mulat$ by ,isaac ,newton almo/ two hundr$ ye>s lat] 9 8 ,fir/ ,law ( ,motion--! law conc]n+ in]tia4 ,= example1 ! motion ( an arr[ %ot into ! air ma9ta9s itself 9 flight s long z ! influ5ce ( ! initial =ce is ma9ta9$ 9 x4 ,illu/ration3 ,da ,v9ci's cone-head$ mitre valve = use 9 a hydraulic pump4 ,on a note dat$ ,april #bh1 #aeji he wrote1 8,hav+ = a long "t s\ght to squ>e ! angle ( two curv$ sides 444 ,i h solv$ ! proposition at t5 o'clock on ! ev5+ ( ,sunday40 ,z always1 ,leon>do 0 deeply involv$ 9 ! /udy ( ma!matics4 ,too deep p]haps to recognize ! new rumbl+s ( w>4 ,l\is ,,xii1 /ill pursu+ 8 campaign 9 nor!rn ,italy1 _h aga9 arriv$ 9 ,milan amid ! salutes ( ! ,fr5* artill]y4 ,foll[+ 8 p]sonal bann] ( a gold porcup9e on a :ite field1 he _h come back prep>$ to d battle ) ! ,v5etians ^: p[]1 z x dim9i%$ 9 ! ea/1 0 ext5d+ we/w>d into ,italy4 ,al>m$ at ?is ,v5etian expansion1 ! ,fr5* ,k+ _h alli$ himself ) ,pope ,julius ,,ii & ! p[]s ( ,europe to =m ! ,league ( ,cambrai to pu% back ?is ?reat4 ,*>les d',amboise1 ! ,fr5* ,vic]oy1 _h already tak5 to ! field & at ! ca/le ( ,cassano1 ov]look+ ! ,adda riv] ne> ,milan1 he await$ ! arrival ( 8 k+4 ,by ! end ( ,may1 ,leon>do 0 9 ! saddle once m4 ,surr\nd$ by ! be/ knights ( ,france & ! nobles ( ,milan1 he p]sonally accompani$ ! ,fr5* ,k+ z milit>y eng9e] to ! meet+ ) ! ,vic]oy ( ,milan at ,cassano4 ,dur+ ! next ?ree mon?s1 ?r\gh ! battles & defeat ( ! ,v5etians at ,aquadello :]e sixte5 ?\s& dead 7 left on ! field1 & ! siege ( ,c>avaggio & ! capture ( ,pes*i]a1 ,leon>do s]v$ z milit>y consultant & map mak]4 ,m ?an ev] 8 eye 0 attract$ to ! possibilities ( utiliz+ ! _m riv]s !y cross$ bo? = w>f>e & comm]ce4 ,he envision$ mak+ ! ,adda riv] navigable f ,milan to ,lake ,como4 ,dur+ ?is "t1 he devis$ n only a revolv+ bridge b ev5 "o ( two lay]s 9 a s+le span--! upp] level = p$e/rians & ! l[] "o = vehicles4 ,by ,july1 ,leon>do _h return$ ) ! k+ & ! ,fr5* army to ,milan4 ,"h 0 plann$ a great celebration ( ! ,fr5* victory ov] ! ,v5etians4 ,9 front ( ! ca!dral1 to ! delight ( ! hundr$s ( spectators1 ,leon>do devis$ a me*anical lion sc>+ a dragon out ( an artificial lake into ! beak ( a cock :i* pick$ ! dragon's eyes out4 ,aft] ! fe/ivities ,leon>do return$ to 8 ev]yday "w4 ,9 "t1 he _h a ?riv+ work%op & z he became m & m preoccupi$ ) 8 sci5tific explorations1 8 art commissions 7 turn$ ov] to 8 assi/ants4 ,he did cont9ue1 h[ev]1 to "w on ! plans = ,m>%al ,trivulzio's monum5t & 9 8 prep>atory "w = ?is assignm5t he exp&$ 8 notes & draw+s ( comp>ative anatomy4 ,?is r5ew$ int]e/ 9 anatomy l$ him to att5d a lecture 9 ! w9t] ( #aeji4 ,! lectur] 0 ,m>cantonio della ,torre1 a "y man 9 8 late tw5ties & "o ( ! be/-kn[n anatomi/s ( ! times4 ,he _h be5 a pr(essor at ! ,univ]sity ( ,padua1 b ?is city _h fall5 into ! h&s ( ! ,v5etians4 ,m>cantonio 0 =c$ to flee ,padua & _h settl$ at ,pavia4 ,! two m51 :5 !y met1 recogniz$ 9 ea* o!r a devotion to sci5ce & !y began a pr(essional collaboration t grew into a fri5d%ip4 ,leon>do n[ develop$ 8 anatomy /udies to ! po9t :]e he is today recogniz$ z ! =emo/ m$ical anatomi/ ( ! ,r5aissance4 ,return+ to 8 dissections1 ,leon>do n[ proce$$ to explore ! he>t & sy/em ( ve9s 9 ! human body4 ,8 draw+s ( ! he>t are ne>ly p]fect4 ,inde$1 he 0 probably ! fir/ to discov] ! endoc>dium membrane t %ea!s ! valves & s9ews ( ! he>t4 ,also1 he pictur$ & describ$ ! mod]ator b&1 8! fir/ cause ( ! motion ( ! he>t40 ,8 "w on ?is organ l$ him to ! door/ep ( discov]+ ! circulation ( ! blood--lat] to be c>ri$ out by ,william ,h>vey 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,fur!r1 ,leon>do 0 ! fir/ to accurately draw a repres5tation ( ! foetus1 or unborn *ild1 9 ! womb ( its "m1 writ+ 9 8 notes t1 8we conclude !re=e1 t a s+le s\l gov]ns ! bodies & n\ri%es ! two40 ,9 addition1 he drew a rem>kable picture ( ! female figure & = ! fir/ "t accurately plac$ h] organic /ructure4 ,9 8 notes1 he also po9t$ ! way to ! laws gov]n+ metabolism :5 he wrote1 8,! body ( any?+ :atsoev] t receives n\ri%m5t cont9ually dies & is cont9ually r5ew$44440 ,by p\r+ wax into a hole 9 ! skull he made ! fir/ ca/s ( ! v5tricles ( ! bra94 ,sev]al hundr$ ye>s 7 to pass be=e ?is me?od 0 r$iscov]$4 ,z ,leon>do's "w progress$1 8 admiration = ! complexity ( ! human body grew4 ,_m times 9 ! middle ( expla9+ a section ( anatomy he ins]t$ a s5t5ce or two ( wond] or praise at ! magnific5t creation t is ! human be+4 ,inde$1 ^! draw+s & notes repres5t ! sum ( _m1 _m dissections2 moreov]1 ,leon>do _h to "w "u conditions t plac$ _m ob/acles 9 8 pa?--! crude lights & in/rum5ts1 ! difficulties ( obta9+ corpses &1 above all1 ! opposition ( ! sup]/iti\s & ignorant4 ,! foll[+ ye> ,leon>do ent]$ 9 8 notes1 8,?is w9t] ( ! ye> #aeaj ,i look to f9i% all ?is anatomy40 ,& yet1 h[ev] s9c]ely he might express su* a wi%1 ,leon>do 0 a p]son :o 0 lit]ally nev] 8f9i%$40 ,! sci5tific & arti/ic tasks he _h *os5 = himself 7 cle>ly beyond ! limits ( any "o man4 ,besides1 ! pressures ( ! outside _w 7 once m ?reat5+ ! peace & quiet ( 8 home & "w4 ,pope ,julius ,,ii became increas+ly fe>ful ( ! ,fr5* victories ov] ! ,v5etians4 ,secretly1 he conclud$ a peace ) ,v5ice &1 ally+ himself ) 8 =m] enemy1 he n[ turn$ aga9/ ! ,fr5*4 ,:5 ! conflict cont9u$1 ,*>les d',amboise1 ! patron ( ,leon>do1 0 kill$ at ! battle ( ,correggio4 ,he 0 replac$ by a new ,fr5* ,vic]oy1 ,ga/on de ,foix4 ,al?\gh ! ,pope n[ hir$ ,swiss m]c5>ies1 ?is invasion f ! ,nor? 0 defeat$ by ! "y ,ga/on4 ,n to be outdone1 ! ,pope !n br\ght 9 ,spani% troops4 ,9 ! ensu+ bloody battle at ,rav5na1 ! ,fr5* completely defeat$ ! armies ( ! ,pope & ,spa91 despite _! use ( battle-c>s arm$ ) razor-%>p sickles on _! :eels--/rangely l ! e>ly inv5tions t ,leon>do design$ = ,lor5zo de' ,m$ici6 ,al?\gh ! ,fr5* 7 victori\s1 !y lo/ _! brilliant "y lead]1 ,ga/on de ,foix1 & ) him !y lo/ _! he>t4 ,z a result1 !y 7 soon disorganiz$4 ,! ,pope's armies r5ew$ _! attacks1 & ! ,fr5* began a long retreat4 ,once aga9 ! plague infe/$ ,milan & ,leon>do's fri5d1 ,m>cantonio della ,torre1 di$ ( x4 ,aft] "s futile attempts at recov]y1 ! ,fr5* fl$ across ! ,alps & ) !m w5t ,m>%al ,trivulzio4 ,milan 0 left tempor>ily "u ! m>tial rule ( ! ,swiss1 & ,leon>do ) only 8 few appr5tices 0 left aga9 )\t a patron4 ,tir$ & prematurely old at sixty-"o1 ,leon>do resign$ly ga!r$ 8 possessions toge!r once m & ) ,francesco de' ,melzi & f\r ( 8 loyal pupils1 he turn$ 8 back on ,milan = ! la/ "t4 ,! date 0 ,septemb] #bi1 #aeac4 ,_! de/9ation 0 ,rome4 #ab ,rome 8,"n80 8,leon>do da ,v9ci40 8,:]e f & :]e are y /ay+80 8,we are com+ f ,milan by way ( ,flor5ce4 ,i h qu>t]s be+ prep>$ = me at ! ,belv$]e 9 ! ,vatican--by ord] ( ! ,pope4 ,n[1 "y man1 let u pass40 ,! gu>d at ! ,porta del ,popolo *ang$ 8 mann]4 ,he dropp$ 8 halb]d & motion$ to ! o!r gu>ds to let ! rid]s ?r\gh4 ,he t\*$ 8 helmet r\ghly & ) a gr9 he said1 8,i'm sorry1 ,sire--b y "k h[ x is4 ,all ^! p--!re's b\nd to be !m t we don't want "h4 ,g ahead1 y\r ,excell5cy4 ,make way !re60 ,) ^! words he laid 8 spe> aga9/ a jo/l+ gr\p ( broad-hatt$ pilgrims block+ ! entrance to ! city ( ,rome4 ,leon>do heel$ 8 horse & ) ,francesco de' ,melzi at 8 side1 foll[$ by 8 s]vant & /ud5ts1 pu%$ pa/ ! cr[d at ! gate4 ,to ! left rose ! ,p9cio hill ) its /ately p9es :]e1 9 ! days ( ,imp]ial ,rome1 ,lucullus _h walk$ 9 8 g>d5s4 ,b ,leon>do _h no "t to look ab\t4 ,x 0 a damp ,decemb] day1 & ra9 ?reat5$ f ! gray skies4 ,he 0 tir$1 & z ,francesco glanc$ at him he c\ld see ,leon>do pull 8 cape ar\nd him ) a little %iv] z ! *ill w9d /irr$ ! long1 gray+ hair on 8 %\ld]s4 ,!y made _! way ?r\gh ! cr[d$1 noisy city4 ,!y cross$ ! ,tib] & rode pa/ ,ca/el' ,sant' ,angelo1 ! papal =tress built on ! tomb ( ,emp]or ,hadrian4 ,aft] ano!r inspection by ! ,swiss gu>ds 9 b]ibbon$ uni=ms ( :ite1 gre5 & gold "u _! %9+ brea/plates1 !y ent]$ ! walls ( ! ,vatican4 ,t ev5+ aft] he _h settl$ himself 9 ! ,belv$]e ap>tm5ts & d9n] _h be5 eat51 ,leon>do1 gaz+ into ! emb]s ( ! fire1 look$ back ov] 8 new /roke ( =tune4 ,! ,m$icis _h return$ to p[]4 ,pope ,julius ,,ii _h di$1 & ,giovanni de' ,m$ici1 son ( ,lor5zo1 _h become ,pope ,leo ,x at ! age ( ?irty-sev54 ,) 8 election to ! head ( ! ,*ri/ian _w1 ! ,republic ( ,flor5ce became a city ( ! ,m$icis once m & ,leon>do _h receiv$ an appo9tm5t 9 ,rome4 ,giuliano de' ,m$ici1 ,pope ,leo's favorite y\ng] bro!r1 9 8 new rise to p[] & weal?1 became ,leon>do's patron4 ,! two mu/ h met sometime dur+ ! ,m$ici's exile4 ,leon>do 0 giv5 ! ap>tm5ts 9 ! ,vatican & a sal>y ( ?irty-?ree ducats 7approximately eighty-five doll>s7 a mon? & a work%op 0 fitt$ = him & 8 pupils4 ,he 0 also assign$ an exclusive ,g]man assi/ant nam$ ,georg4 ,! ,pope's c\rt 9 ! ,vatican 0 l ! ,m$ici c\rt 9 ! ,flor5ce ( ,leon>do's y\?--multipli$ by hundr$s4 ,leo ,x saw himself z ! c5t] ( ! arti/ic _w1 & be+ a man ( luxuri\s ta/es ) ! weal? ( ! *ur* beh9d him1 ! ,vatican 0 soon fill$ ) a mixture ( ! wise & fooli%4 ,pomp\s classic-quot]s1 ?ird-rate poets & cl[ns mix$ ) ! _w's s*ol>s & /atesm54 ,! two greate/ arti/s 7 ,bramante1 ! ar*itect & fri5d ( ,leon>do's fir/ ye>s 9 ,milan1 & ,bramante's pupil ,raphael1 ! pa9t]4 ,bramante 0 busy build+ ! new *ur* ( ,/4 ,pet]'s &1 z ! ar*itect ( ?is favorite project ( ! ,popes1 he 0 sole ma/] ( ! ,roman art _w4 ,raphael1 z 8 protege1 0 ! recipi5t ( ! bett] pa9t+ commissions 9 ,rome4 ,! eld]ly ,bramante & ! ?irty-ye>-old assi/ant 7 a fam\s pair 9 ! ,rome ( #aeac4 ,equally z fam\s1 h[ev]1 0 ,mi*elangelo2 he 0 /ill liv+ 9 ,rome1 b 0 )\t patronage aft] ,julius ,,ii's dea?4 ,leon>do's old rival _h scor$ 8 triumph ) 8 extraord9>y pa9t+s 9 ! ,si/9e ,*apel4 ,al?\gh ! "y ,raphael1 :o ow$ s mu* to ! example ( ,leon>do1 n[ rode ?r\gh ! /reets z a weal?y nobleman1 ,leon>do himself receiv$ no great commissions4 ,:ile ,pope ,leo 0 indulg5t ( 8 bro!r's :ims he himself _h no use = ?is tall1 s]i\s old man :o roam$ ! %ad$ walks ( ! ,vatican pok+ at ! /range plants 9 ! botanical g>d5 or mak+ draw+s ( ! =eign animals 9 ! private zoo4 ,9 reality1 ,leon>do's patron1 ,giuliano de' ,m$ici 0 a weak man4 ,he play$ at be+ a patron b1 l 8 bro!r ! ,pope1 he lack$ ! =ce & decision ( 8 fam\s fa!r ,lor5zo4 ,nev]!less1 he did give ,leon>do "o small commission = a picture4 ,imm$iately ,leon>do1 excit$ by ! exotic plants 9 ! ,vatican g>d5s1 comm5c$ to exp]im5t ) !m to f9d a res9 to make a v>ni% ) :i* to cov] ! future pa9t+4 ,pope ,leo made fun ( him exclaim+1 to ! delight ( 8 c\rt1 8,?is man w nev] get any?+ done1 he ?9ks ( ! end be=e ! beg9n+40 ,?is ridicule by ! ,pope made ,leon>do a joke to _m 9 ! circles ( ! ,vatican :o 7 a little afraid ( ?is /range man ) ! se>*+ eyes4 ,leon>do also suff]$ ! humiliations ( a man :o did n con=m to ! fa%ions ( 8 day4 ,8 k ( ,lat91 = example1 0 weak & al?\gh he c\ld read x ) ! help ( a diction>y he c\ld n speak x4 ,&1 among ! p :o surr\nd$ ! ,pope1 ,lat9 0 ! only language all[$4 ,prizes ( great sums ( money & important positions 7 (t5 grant$ on ! /r5g? ( an improvis$ spee* 9 ,lat9 7) _m quotations f ! classical au?ors7 or a flatt]+ ,lat9 v]se4 ,fac$ ) su* setbacks & ridicule1 ,leon>do--n surpris+ly--began to )draw into himself4 ,& yet1 ,leon>do refus$ to rema9 idle--he _h to "w4 ,! ne$ = mirrors 9 ! va/ halls & rooms ( ! papal palace 0 great4 ,leon>do turn$ 8 me*anical skill to r$esign+ & improv+ me?ods ( mak+ !m1 & ev5 inv5t+ 8 own ma*9es = ! gr9d+ ( ! glass4 ,also1 = ,giuliano1 :o dabbl$ 9 al*emy & magic1 he made di/ort+ mirrors & burn+ l5ses4 ,9 addition1 ,leon>do inv5t$ a ma*9e :i* c\ld be run hydraulically = produc+ long /rips ( copp] ( equal wid? = use 9 sold]+ ! mirrors4 ,b1 ) ! mak+ ( ^! mirrors1 ,leon>do began to run into tr\ble ) 8 ,g]man assi/ant1 ,georg4 ,! boy 0 a loaf]2 he spoke little ,italian & took e opportunity to sp5d 8 days ) 8 c\ntrym5 9 ! ,swiss gu>d4 ,leon>do tri$ to alt] ! situation by sugge/+ t ! boy h 8 meals ) him at 8 worktable1 ?us giv+ ,georg a bett] *ance to le>n ! language4 ,?is h[ev] did n appeal to him4 ,!n1 because ,leon>do's inv5tions 7 s extraord9>y1 he began to give away ! secrets ( _! me*anisms to ,johannes ! mirror-mak]1 ano!r ,g]man1 :o _h be5 replac$ by ,leon>do 9 ! favors ( ,giuliano4 ,?is naturally made ,johannes jeal\s ( ,leon>do4 ,georg gossip$1 too1 & told /ories ab\t ! old1 ecc5tric man :o liv$ l a mis] 9 ! mid/ ( all ! luxury & :o drew crazy circles on pages ( pap]4 ,^! 8crazy circles0 7 geometric ex]cises t _h fasc9at$ ,leon>do f ! "t he _h w&]$ across ,italy ) ,fra ,luca ,pacioli4 ,pacioli's book ,de ,div9a ,proportione1 conta9+ sixty illu/rations f designs ( ,leon>do1 _h be5 publi%$ 9 ,v5ice 9 #aeji4 ,leon>do int5d$ to entitle ^! geometric ex]cises ,de ,ludo ,geometrico4 ,9 geometry a lune is a cresc5t-%ap$ figure b\nd$ by two int]sect+ arcs ( circles on a plane or a sph]e4 ,leon>do drew pages ( ^! lunes & !n proce$$ to trans=m _! curvil9e> figures into squ>es ( equal area4 ,he also review$ ,ar*im$es' me?od ( squ>+ a circle & develop$ x into a v>iety ( ways = cub+ sph]es & cyl9d]s4 ,he return$ z well to =mulat+ !ories ( friction4 ,he wrote 9 8 notes1 8! talle/ :eel is ! easie/ to pull0--= example1 a big :eel turn+ at ! same spe$ z a small] "o has less friction to ov]come because x makes less revolutions4 ,8 exp]im5ts 9 friction pr$at$ m5 l ,amontons & ,c\lomb by two & ?ree c5turies4 ,he e/abli%$ a =mula = ! build+ ar* :i* he describ$ z 8a /r5g? caus$ by two weaknesses0--if "o half ( an ar* is remov$1 ! o!r half collapses4 ,!y support & give /r5g? to ea* o!r4 ,9 addition1 ,leon>do det]m9$1 be=e ,galileo1 ! c5t] ( gravity ( any pyramid & ( a tetrah$ral1 or f\r-sid$ body4 ,z ! days w5t by & he wait$ = commissions to come1 ,leon>do took to w&]+ ab\t ! /reets ( ,rome4 ,he /ood 9 ! half-buri$ ,=um ( ! ,caes>s surr\nd$ by graz+ %eep & grunt+ pigs4 ,wood5 %acks :]e crude c>t:eels 7 made & :]e ! m>ble f ! anci5t temples 0 cut & sold1 7 built aga9/ ! sides ( crumbl+ ru9s4 ,! old triumphal ar*es1 n[ ov]gr[n ) creep]s1 7 bo>d$ into t[]s & cattle 7 p5n$ betwe5 ! %afts ( columns t once support$ ! gr&eur ( temple ro(s4 ,"h & !re a classical s*ol> w\ld be sket*+ or writ+ f ! worn1 ,lat9 inscriptions on a m>ble slab tilt$ crazily f ! gr\nd :]e x _h fall5 hundr$s ( ye>s ago4 ,goats w&]$ on ! ,palat9e hill1 once ! home ( ,emp]ors1 & ! great ba?s ( ! ,emp]or ,diocletian 7 n[ a de] p>k & a hunt+ gr\nd = royalty4 ,dur+ ! c\rse ( ^! w&]+s1 ,leon>do became int]e/$ 9 ! primitive me?ods ( c>p5try4 ,su* ?+s z screws1 = example1 7 r>e4 ,^? t 7 us$ 7 ei!r made ( wood or1 if ( metal1 by goldsmi?s labori\sly mak+ ea* "o by h&1 sold]+ wire ar\nd a p9 & ano!r wire into ! hole to hold ! screw4 ,sometimes !y 7 made by fil+ pieces ( metal individually4 ,all ^! me?ods 7 "t-consum+ & co/ly4 ,leon>do _h ?\ght ( ?is problem be=e1 & n[ he conc5trat$ on p]fect+ 8 ideas ab\t x4 ,previ\sly1 he _h ?\ght ( ca/+ ! metal 9 wood5 molds & !n turn+ ! metal on ?read-cutt]s4 ,! designs he f9ally drew 9 c>eful detail1 h[ev]1 are ess5tially ! me?ods us$ today4 ,! new ma*9es did ) a few turns ( a h&le & adju/m5ts ( a few cogg$ :eels :at x took "o man _m h\rs to p]=m4 ,he also drew designs = a me*anical plane & a ma*9e = draw+ wire t work$ by wat] p[]4 ,leon>do n[ liv$ & work$ 9 ! ,belv$]e ( ! ,vatican--m a man on exhibition ?an an active p>ticipant 9 ! great arti/ic activities tak+ place ar\nd him4 ,true1 he receiv$ 8 ?irty-?ree ducats a mon?1 b ,mi*elangelo _h be5 paid ?ree ?\s& = 8 "w 9 ! ,si/9e ,*apel1 :ile ,raphael _h e>n$ twelve ?\s& = ea* room he pa9t$ 9 ! ,vatican4 ,illu/ration3 ,leon>do became int]e/$ 9 v>i\s me?ods ( c>p5try4 ,?us ,leon>do drift$ f>!r & f>!r away f 8 pa9t+4 ,?is1 9 itself1 caus$ p to talk 9 ! papal city4 ,= he _h e>n$ fame z a pa9t]1 b 8 passion = sci5ce 0 reg>d$ z /range & :imsical4 ,occasionally1 he did receive a small commission f ! work%op ( ,raphael1 yet ^! 7 l ! crumbs f a ri* man's table4 ,ev5 ! toys ,leon>do made at ?is p]iod = ! amusem5t ( 8 patrons 7 look$ ^u z some:at weird4 ,= example1 he w\ld take small pieces ( wax & mold !m into /range little animals & !n inflate !m s t !y float$ 9 ! air 9 front ( a />tl$ gue/4 ,once he caught a curi\s liz>d 9 ! g>d5 & sp5t h\rs putt+ scales all ov] ! t9y body1 atta*$ to x a little be>d & horns1 !n let x out f a box at a banquet4 ,! gue/s jump$ back ) fe> & ! wom5 became hy/]ical4 ,"o ( ,leon>do's jokes t has be5 pass$ d[n 9 acc\nts ( 8 life at ?is p]iod mu/ h creat$ q a s5sation4 ,he %[$ ! company ! clean$ entrails ( a %eep re/+ on ! palm ( 8 h&4 ,aft] tell+ !m to wait & wat* he took ! entrails 9 ano!r room & ) a bell[s inflat$ !m ) w>m air4 ,z ! entrails fill$ ) air !y exp&$ & ext5d$4 ,!y crept into ! room :]e ! company wait$4 ,sl[ly !y grew & grew until !y began to fill ! room4 ,! gue/s ov]turn$ _! *airs 9 _! hurry to get out ( ! way ( ?is %apeless1 transluc5t creature4 ,!n ,leon>do appe>$1 ! air-fill$ entrails giv+ way be=e him1 & said3 8,sires1 ?is is b an example & symbol ( virtue4 ,z y c see1 ! smalle/ virtue is capable ( ! greate/ gr[?40 ,! gue/s laugh$1 b x 0 an uncom=table laugh4 ,?us ano!r /ory 0 add$ to ! leg5d ( ,leon>do z an odd old man4 ,leon>do1 ^: "w--p>ticul>ly 8 anatomical /udies--_h con/antly be5 int]rupt$ by ! =tunes ( w>1 _h f\nd ano!r hospital 9 ,rome :]e he c\ld cont9ue ^! /udies4 ,?is "t x 0 8 int5tion to write a treatise on spee*4 ,he dissect$ & drew ! anatomy ( ! l>ynx 7! voice box71 ! vocal cords & ! tra*ea 7! air passage to ! lungs71 & all ! muscles t control ! movem5ts ( ! tongue & ! lips4 ,if y pron\nce ea* lett] ( ! alphabet y w feel ^! muscles ( ! lips1 especially ) ! lett]s 8o10 8p10 & 8f40 ,c>efully he not$ h[ ! air vibrations f ! tra*ea =m !mselves into v[els & consonants1 & he drew ! membrane :i*1 :5 air is press$ aga9/ x1 makes ! s\nd 8aah40 ,at ?is same "t he 0 also busy f9i%+ a treatise on pa9t+ :i* he _h begun :5 he 0 work+ on ! 8,la/ ,supp]0 = ,ludovico ,s=za4 ,b x 0 = 8 k ( milit>y eng9e]+ t he 0 s5t to ! city ( ,p>ma by ! ,pope on ,septemb] #be1 #aead4 ,"h he /ay$ at ! ,bell ,inn :ile exam9+ ! =tifications & o!r def5ses ( ! city4 ,leon>do's patron1 ,giuliano de' ,m$ici1 _h be5 appo9t$ gov]nor ( ?is p>ticul> area &1 s9ce ,pope ,leo ,x 0 fe>ful ( two p[]ful c\ntries1 ,france & ,spa91 he 0 prep>+ ! papal t]ritory aga9/ possible invasion4 ,ano!r fe> ( ! ,pope--& inde$ ( ev]ybody 9 ,rome--0 mal>ia1 ! disease c>ri$ by ! mosquitoes t br$ 9 ! ,pont9e m>%es we/ & s\?we/ ( ! city4 ,at t "t1 h[ev]1 no "o knew ! cause 0 mosquitoes2 r1 !y ?\ght x 0 ! bad air f ! m>%es4 ,z ,leon>do _h already be5 effective 9 dra9+ ! pe/il5tial m>%es ( ,piomb9o = ,ces>e ,borgia &1 lat]1 ^? ar\nd ,milan = ,*>les d',amboise1 he 0 assign$ ! same task = ! ,pont9e m>%es4 ,he survey$ ! entire area to ! sea & made ano!r extraord9>y a]ial type map4 ,8 recomm5dations includ$ dra9+ ! entire area1 enl>g+ & regulat+ ! ,m>t9o riv] & cutt+ an extra outlet f ! riv] ,livoli to ! sea4 ,^! plans 7 adopt$ "s ye>s lat] & p>ts ( ! m>%es 7 dra9$ successfully1 yield+ new l& = ! cultivation ( crops4 ,by ,decemb] ( #aead ,leon>do _h f9i%$ 8 treatise on spee* &1 possibly 9 an ef=t to attract ! att5tion ( ! ,pope1 he submitt$ x to ! ,privy-,*amb]la91 ,batti/a dell',aquila4 ,z ,pope ,leo 0 surr\nd$ by an army ( secret>ies & assi/ants :o pass$ on ev]y?+ submitt$1 ?is manuscript ) its beautiful draw+s 0 mislaid & lo/ & only a few notes & sket*es rema94 ,! cont9ual disc\ragem5t ( 8 life 9 ,rome 0 (fset by a visit f 8 half-bro!r1 ,giuliano1 ar\nd ,*ri/mas4 ,leon>do 0 held 9 e/eem by 8 family despite ! qu>rel ov] 8 fa!r's & 8 uncle ,francesco's w1 & 8 half-bro!rs 7 pleas$ to tell ( _! fam\s relative :o liv$ 9 ! ,belv$]e z gue/ ( ! ,m$icis4 ,yet !y knew little ( ,leon>do's sci5tific dreams & 8 lack ( recognition 9 ! papal city4 ,(t51 ,leon>do's greate/ com=t 0 to return to 8 notes4 ,! *all5ge ( geometry & ! my/]ies ( ! movem5t ( air & wat] kept him f brood+ ab\t 8 lonely life4 ,francesco de' ,melzi1 ,leon>do's "y fri5d1 _h m & m tak5 ov] ! practical responsibilities ( 8 ev]yday life4 ,except = 8 work%op1 :]e ! tr\blesome ,georg work$ at ! mak+ ( mirrors1 & an occasional small commission = a pa9t+1 ,leon>do 0 free to /udy4 ,9 addition to 8 geometrical inve/igations1 ,leon>do n[ exp]im5t$ ) ! sci5ce ( /atics 7objects t are /ation>y71 & dynamics 7objects 9 motion74 ,"o ( 8 mo/ important discov]ies 9 ! sci5ce ( me*anics came ab\t dur+ ?is p]iod4 ,conc]n+ ! division ( weight1 he wrote1 8,!re are ?ree conditions ( gravity ( :i* ! "o is its simple natural gravity1 ! second is its accid5tal gravity1 ! ?ird ! friction produc$ by x4 ,b ! natural weight is 9 itself un*angeable1 ! accid5tal :i* is jo9$ to x is ( inf9ite =ce1 & ! friction v>ies accord+ to ! places :]e9 x occurs1 namely r\gh or smoo? places40 ,?us he realiz$ & =mulat$ :at composes ! movem5t ( an object4 ,he f\nd t movem5t is ! result ( sep>ate =ces act+ ^u ! object f diff]5t directions1 z = example1 ! initial pu%1 ! pull ( gravity & ! resi/ance ( friction4 ,&1 be=e ,galileo1 ,leon>do fur!r exp]im5t$ ) objects dropp$ f a height4 ,z ! result ( repeat$ exp]im5ts1 he not$ t ! fall 0 be+ affect$ by ! e>?'s rotation4 ,t is1 ! object dropp$ always fell 9 a slight ea/w>d direction r ?an v]tically d[nw>d--a fact lat] prov$ conclusively by ,isaac ,newton & ,rob]t ,hooke 9 ! next c5tury4 ,he also became fasc9at$ ) spiral motion1 su* z is f\nd 9 a sp9n+ top or 9 a :irlpool ( wat]4 ,because ( 8 int]e/ 9 hydrodynamics1 or ! movem5t ( wat]1 he began to sket* imag9>y 8,deluge compositions40 ,^! 7 draw+s %[+ ! _w--probably inspir$ by ! ,bible--9 a *aos ( w9d & floods4 ,!y 7 bas$ on 8 ye>s ( sci5tific rese>*4 ,inde$1 8 draw+s ( actual :irlpools are /ill among ! greate/ ( 8 sci5tific art4 ,today1 ) all ! late/ te*nical aids1 su* z du/+ a :irlpool ) p[d]$ ros9 & !n photograph+ x1 an accurate ?ree-dim5sional picture is impossible4 ,yet ,leon>do1 by %e] obs]vation & analysis c\pl$ ) 8 g5ius = draw+1 c\ld reproduce ! complicat$ %ape ( :irl+ wat]4 ,9 ! relat$ness ( 8 explorations ( wat]1 air & movem5t1 & weight1 he work$ out ! simil>ity betwe5 ! laws ( equilibrium controll+ solids & liquids4 ,! equation betwe5 ! motive =ce & resi/ance t makes = equilibrium or balance 9 solids c be comp>$ to ! equation betwe5 ! upw>d pressure ( liquids & ! d[nw>d pressure ex]t$ on !m4 ,f> into ! night ,leon>do work$ on 8 pap]s4 ,he tir$ m easily n[1 & 8 eyes _h gr[n weak]4 ,to provide ! increase 9 light t 8 fail+ eyesight dem&$1 he _h improv$ on 8 orig9al oil lamp by mak+ ! wick rise z ! oil 0 burn$ away1 & he _h extra lamps fitt$ to ! ceil+4 ,on ,janu>y #i1 #aeae ,leon>do wrote 9 8 notes1 8,il ,magnifico ,giuliano de' ,m$ici set out on ! n9? day ( ,janu>y #aeae at daybreak f ,rome1 to g & m>ry a wife 9 ,savoy4 ,& on t day came ! news ( ! dea? ( ! ,k+ ( ,france 7,l\is ,,xii740 ,?is meant t 8 new patron _h left & 8 old patron _h di$4 ,leon>do's note 0 a sad "o & p]haps he felt1 9 ! dep>ture ( 8 patron1 m alone ?an ev] 9 ! cr[d$ life ( ! ,vatican4 ,giuliano1 on ! urg+ ( 8 bro!r1 0 m>ry+ ,philib]ta ( ,savoy1 9 an ef=t to /r5g!n ! pre/ige ( ! ,m$ici4 ,l\is ,,xii1 be=e he di$1 _h =m$ a league aga9/ ,spa91 & ) ! m>riage ( ! ,pope's bro!r to a noble h\se ( ,france1 ! league w\ld be /r5g!n$ by keep+ ! ,pope on ! side ( ,france4 ,actually ,pope ,leo 0 play+ bo? sides1 = at ! "t he 0 also fri5dly ) ,spa94 ,%ortly aft] ,giuliano's dep>ture f ,rome1 ,leon>do fell ill1 presumably f a mild he>t attack complicat$ by a t\* ( mal>ial fev]4 ,! doctor _h be5 call$4 ,x 0 a w>n+1 ! doctor told ,francesco de' ,melzi1 & ,leon>do mu/ rema9 quiet = q a:ile4 ,by ! end ( ! w9t] ,leon>do 0 back on 8 feet & app>5tly feel+ completely well aga94 ,giuliano himself _h fall5 ill ab\t ! same "t & ! news t he _h recov]$ & 0 f9ally return+ to ,rome *e]$ ,leon>do4 ,he sat d[n & wrote a long lett] to 8 patron express+ 8 joy4 ,?is lett] also includ$ a long li/ ( compla9ts aga9/ ,georg & ,johannes4 ,georg 0 n[ us+ 8 room 9 ,leon>do's ap>tm5t to d "w = o!rs4 ,he li$ to ,leon>do & flew into su* a rage :5 he 0 que/ion$ t no "o c\ld g ne> him4 ,moreov]1 ,johannes1 ! mirror-mak]1 0 n[ mov+ back into ! ,vatican & turn+ out mirrors = ev]yone1 ev5 us+ ,georg's room z 8 own workroom4 ,johannes boa/$ ( 8 skill & told ev]ybody t ,leon>do did n "k :at he 0 do+4 ,?us1 x 0 n surpris+ t ,leon>do1 9 8 long compla9t1 0 tak+ out ! ang] & fru/ration he felt aga9/ all ! inju/ices ( 8 life 9 ,rome4 ,b by summ] ,leon>do 0 aga9 employ$ z a milit>y eng9e]4 ,francis ,i _h succe$$ to ! ?rone ( ,france4 ,! new ,fr5* ,k+ 0 anxi\s to secure 8 lo/ title to ! ,duk$om ( ,milan & 0 prep>+ ano!r invasion ( ,italy4 ,pope ,leo ,x1 /ill try+ to play bo? sides at once1 0 mak+ secret agreem5ts ) ,francis :ile at ! same "t jo9+ ! ,k+ ( ,spa91 ,milan1 ,g5oa1 & ! ,swiss 9 an alliance aga9/ ,france4 ,consequ5tly1 he s5t ,leon>do out to inspect ! =tifications ( ,civitavec*ia1 a city on ! ,tyrrh5ian coa/ n too f> f ,rome4 ,:51 9 ,augu/1 ,francis ,i cross$ into ,italy ) an army ( ?irty-five ?\s& m5 includ+ ,m>%al ,trivulzio1 ! ,pope ord]$ 8 bro!r1 ,giuliano1 to take comm& ( ! papal =ces4 ,on ! way to assume ?is comm&1 ,giuliano fell ill & collaps$4 ,8 sickness ?is "t 0 soon to be fatal4 ,leon>do return$ to ,rome ) 8 survey ( ,civitavec*ia1 :]e he imm$iately le>n$ ( 8 patron's late/ illness4 ,p]haps realiz+ t ,giuliano 0 fatally ill1 ,leon>do made a desp]ate ef=t to ga9 ! recognition he felt %\ld be 84 ,he ent]$ ! competition = a new faade ( ,san ,lor5zo 9 ,flor5ce4 ,among ! o!r competitors 0 ,mi*elangelo1 8 y\ng] & yet olde/ rival4 ,9 ,octob] ( #aeae1 ,francis ,i _h recaptur$ ,milan & by ,*ri/mas 0 9 ,rome4 ,leon>do may h met ! new ,k+ ( ,france 9 ,bologna :]e ,pope ,leo ,x _h p]sonally travel$ 9 ord] to settle a peace treaty ) ,france4 ,c]ta9ly x is kn[n t he att5d$ ,francis' c\rt 9 ,rome4 ,leon>do's "n 0 well respect$ 9 ,fr5* circles &1 z ,francis _h already admir$ ! pictures by ,leon>do1 ! meet+ 0 a happy occasion = !m bo?4 ,inde$1 ! recognition t ,leon>do _h s\ght 9 8 native l& 0 nev] z great z t accord$ to him by ! ,fr5*4 ,z ,francis ,i prep>$ to leave = ,france 9 ,janu>y he mu/ h (f]$ ,leon>do a position at 8 c\rt4 ,:ile he /ill hop$ t ,giuliano de' ,m$ici w\ld recov] f 8 illness & return to ,rome1 ,francis' (f] gave him support 9 ! k t he _h a p[]ful1 new fri5d4 ,m>* ( #aeaf br\ght ! fir/ ( ?ree ev5ts t 7 to *ange ! c\rse ( ,leon>do's la/ ye>s4 ,giuliano de' ,m$ici di$1 leav+ ,leon>do n only )\t a patron1 b )\t a fri5d 9 ! ,vatican4 ,n[ sixty-f\r ye>s old1 he 0 reluctant to leave 8 com=table qu>t]s 9 ! ,belv$]e ) its work%op & pleasant g>d5s4 ,besides1 deep )9 himself1 he felt t ,rome c\ld /ill (f] him ! fame t _h always escap$ him4 ,spr+ rip5$ into summ] & ! second ev5t occurr$4 ,! competition = ! new faade ( ,san ,lor5zo 9 ,flor5ce 0 won by ,mi*elangelo4 ,to ,leon>do ! news 0 a bl[4 ,! success ( 8 old rival weak5$ 8 position 9 ! ,vatican ev5 fur!r & add$ to ! gr[+ ho/ility he _h felt 9 ! p surr\nd+ ! ,pope4 ,! ?ird ev5t 0 ! sum ( _m small ev5ts4 ,georg & 8 fri5d ,johannes1 9 _! jeal\sy1 _h spread mu* gossip ab\t ,leon>do 9 c\rt circles4 ,!y n[ took advantage ( ,giuliano's dea? to circulate /ories ab\t ,leon>do's dissections ( bodies 9 ! hospital4 ,^! 7 add$ to vici\s gossip t ,leon>do 0 pro-,fr5*4 ,?is news ev5tually rea*$ ,pope ,leo ,x4 ,! ,pope himself 0 p]fectly aw>e ( ! practice ( dissection &1 p]sonally1 he _h turn$ 8 eyes ! o!r way4 ,h[ev]1 z dissection 0 contr>y to ,*ur* doctr9e1 an (ficial compla9t to ! head ( ! ,*ur* c\ld n be ignor$4 ,! ,pope us$ x z an excuse to be rid ( ?is tiresome old man :om he _h tol]at$ only = 8 bro!r's sake4 ,leon>do 0 ab&on$4 ,! ye> #aeaf 0 draw+ to a close4 ,leon>do _h decid$ to seek ! patronage (f]$ him by ,francis ,i4 ,s he & ,francesco de' ,melzi1 8 loyal "y fri5d1 left ,rome = ! long j\rney into ,france4 ,z he left 8 native l& = ! la/ "t1 ,leon>do look$ back ov] 8 ye>s--f ! silv] lute t _h s5t him to ,milan1 to ! dea? ( ,giuliano1 to ! f9al rejection ( ,pope ,leo ,x4 ,rememb]+ h[ ,lor5zo de' ,m$ici _h s5t him to ,ludovico s _m ye>s be=e1 ,leon>do ?\ght to himself ) great sadness1 8,! ,m$ici creat$ & de/roy$ me40 #ac ,! ,la/ ,ye>s ,leon>do look$ ar\nd f :]e he 0 lean+ on ! p>apet ( ! ,*ateau d',amboise to wat* a gr\p ( "y lords & ladies play+ croquet on ! em]ald-gre5 lawn4 ,! click ( ! mallets & balls 0 m+l$ ) ! %\ts & laught] ( ! "y p4 ,x 0 late aft]noon 9 ,may & al?\gh ! sun 0 w>m ! breeze f ! we/ 0 *illy4 ,leon>do look$ d[n aga9 f ! %e] height ( ! ca/le wall across ! wide sweep ( ! ,loire riv] & ! valley ext5d+ z f> z ! eye c\ld see4 ,swall[s 7 swoop+ l[ ov] ! banks bel[ & ! w9d c>ri$ _! %rill+ cries up to him4 ,! =e/$ isl&s & s&b>s int]rupt$ ! /eady fl[ ( ! riv] & ,leon>do c\ld see ! reflections sway 9 ! curr5t4 ,he _h be5 /udy+ ! riv] b he realiz$ t 8 ag+ eyes 7 n up to ! task ( conc5trat+ = long4 ,! w9d made !m wat]1 s he turn$ away & />t$ back to 8 home4 ,!re 0 mu* t 0 famili> 9 ! ca/le at ,amboise4 ,! ?ick1 high walls & r\nd t[]s & especially ! graceful1 lacy spires ( ! k+'s resid5ce br\ght back mu* t he _h kn[n 9 8 native l&4 ,! g>d5s _h be5 plant$ by ,italians--!re 7 orange trees & ev5 a mulb]ry tree f 8 belov$ pla9s ( ,lomb>dy4 ,! k+'s resid5ce & *apel _h be5 con/ruct$ & ! decorations c>v$ 9 /one by ,italian artisans4 ,leon>do c\ld /op & talk 9 8 native tongue ) _m ( ! m5 employ$ by ! k+4 ,s9ce ! "t ( ,*>les ,,viii1 ! ,fr5* _h br\ght 9 ! late/ ,r5aissance /yles f ,italy4 ,leon>do's /eps took him back f ! ca/le gr\nds & d[n a pa? ) a h&-rail+4 ,! /eep ro(s ( ! t[n ( ,amboise ) _! *imneys c\ld be se5 bel[ him4 ,! pa? l$ to a small manor h\se1 l a m9iature ca/le ) %>p spires & lacy1 c>v$-/one gables t 0 set 9 gre5 lawns & gravel pa?s4 ,! ,manoir de ,cl\x1 z ,leon>do's h\se 0 call$1 _h be5 a hunt+ lodge = ,francis ,i1 b :5 ,leon>do _h arriv$ he gave ! h\se to ,leon>do = 8 home4 ,francis1 9 8 admiration = ?is great man1 also gave him sev5 hundr$ cr[ns a ye>1 toge!r ) a p5sion ( f\r hundr$ = ,francesco de' ,melzi4 ,illu/ration3 ,leon>do at ,*ateau d',amboise on ! ,loire4 ,! long j\rney f ,rome _h left ,leon>do tir$ & weak & he _h fall5 ill aga9 %ortly aft] 8 arrival4 ,?is "t ! attack 0 m s]i\s & _h left him ) 8 "r h& p]man5tly crippl$4 ,he look$ at x n[ z he op5$ ! door to 8 room4 8,ano!r w>n+10 he ?\ght1 8& !re's /ill s mu* to d40 ,! "y1 robu/ ,k+ ,francis 0 ev]y:]e at once4 ,he glori$ 9 knightly t\rnam5ts1 hunts1 & sports ( all k9ds4 ,always re/less1 he might appe> at any place unann\nc$4 ,frequ5tly !re w\ld be a clamor at ! gates ( ,leon>do's home & ! k+ w\ld ride 9 ) "o or two ( 8 nobles4 ,) a great j+l+ ( spurs he w\ld b\nd up ! /airs ( ! manor h\se call+ = ,leon>do4 ,he delight$ 9 long talks ) ! old man1 & w\ld li/5 respectfully z ,leon>do1 8 deep-set eyes brood+ ov] 8 notes1 w\ld demon/rate "s sci5tific po9t on a blank %eet ( pap]4 ,at ?is "t1 ,leon>do 0 engag$ on ?ree projects :i* dem&$ 8 imm$iate att5tion4 ,"o 0 ! ent]ta9m5t = a banquet t ,francis 0 giv+ = 8 si/]1 ,m>gu]ite de ,valois1 & h] husb&4 ,ano!r 0 a new design = ! k+'s ca/le at ,amboise1 & ! ?ird 0 a design = mak+ a navigable wat]way f ,amboise to ,romorant94 ,al?\gh ^! ?ree projects 7 ! ma9 ones t occupi$ ,leon>do's "t1 !re 0 always ! sup]vis+ ( 8 pupils' pa9t+ on ! walls 9 ! little *apel ( ! manor h\se1 8 own "w on a pa9t+ ( ,/4 ,john ! ,bapti/1 & ! cont9ual ord]+ & revis+ ( 8 notes4 ,! banquet took place 9 ,octob] ( #aeag1 & ! me*anical lion ,leon>do _h made 0 an imm$iate success4 ,x 8walk$0 by means ( a spr+ motor1 into ! hall1 op5+ & clos+ its fi]ce m\? :ile sway+ its head f side to side4 ,) a w& t he _h be5 giv51 ,francis ,i /epp$ d[n f 8 seat & tapp$ ! lion ?ree times4 ,! toy fell ap>t & f x a cascade ( :ite lilies p\r$ out at ! k+'s feet4 ,also at ?is "t !re 0 a di/+ui%$ gue/ at ! ca/le ( ,amboise4 ,he 0 a fell[-c\ntryman ( ,leon>do & 8 "n 0 ,c>d9al ,luigi d',aragona4 ,) him 0 8 secret>y ,antonio de' ,beatis4 ,z ,leon>do 0 n[ a fam\s memb] ( ,k+ ,francis' c\rt1 ! c>d9al paid him a visit accompani$ by ,antonio4 ,! extraord9>y anatomy draw+s & all 8 notes 7 %[n to ! c>d9al2 he & 8 secret>y 7 deeply impress$4 ,!y 7 also surpris$ to le>n t ,leon>do _h nev] be5 accord$ ! same recognition by 8 own c\ntrym54 ,antonio de' ,beatis wrote home t 8,?is g5tleman has writt5 a treatise on anatomy1 %[+ by illu/rations ! memb]s1 muscles1 n]ves1 ve9s1 jo9ts1 inte/9es & :atev] else is to discuss 9 ! bodies ( m5 & wom51 9 a way t has nev] yet be5 done by anyone else4 ,all ?is we h se5 ) our own eyes2 & he said t he _h dissect$ m ?an ?irty bodies1 bo? ( m5 & wom5 ( all ages4 ,he has also writt5 ( ! nature ( wat]1 & ( div]s ma*9es1 & ( o!r matt]s :i* he has set d[n 9 an endless numb] ( volumes1 all 9 ! vulg> tongue mean+ ,italian n ,lat91 :i*1 if !y be publi%$1 w be pr(itable & delightful40 ,by n[ ,leon>do _h accumulat$ ?\s&s ( pages ( notes1 & !y lay /ack$ 9 all mann] ( *e/s & boxes4 ,(t5 n[1 z ,leon>do survey$ ! "w ( 8 lifetime1 he realiz$ t he w\ld nev] see ! day ( _! publication4 ,"t 0 slipp+ ?r\gh 8 f+]s4 ,already summ] _h come & gone & n[ ! %>p w9ds ( fall 7 lift+ ! leaves f ! gr\nd 9 danc+ :irls4 ,=tunately ^! 7 ye>s ( peace & = ! fir/ "t 9 a long :ile ! p 7 free ( w>s4 ,! s*eme to canalize ! wat]way to ,romorant9 _h gr[n to a va/ idea = mak+ a ?or\ghf>e ( wat] f ! ,loire riv] all ! way d[n ,france to ,lyons & !n into ,italy6 ,leon>do1 old & ail+ z he 01 _h survey$ p>ts ( ! riv]s ,loire & ,*]1 brav+ ! r\gh roads & crude accommodations4 ,9 addition1 ,leon>do _h design$ a ca/le = ,francis ,i's wid[$ "m 9 ,romorant94 ,?is ca/le 0 nev] built1 b _m ( ! ideas t ,leon>do _h incorporat$ 9 its design 7 us$ 9 ! gigantic & magnific5t ca/le ( ,*ambord4 ,also1 at ,francis' reque/1 he _h review$ ! "w be+ done at ! ca/le 9 ,blois & !re is reason to ?9k t ! beautiful outside /airwell t spirals f left to "r might h be5 design$ by ,leon>do4 ,9 ,febru>y ( #aeag1 a son _h be5 born to ,que5 ,claude & ,francis ,i4 ,! k+ decid$ to po/pone ! baptism ( ! dauph9 7! title giv5 to ! elde/ son ( a ,fr5* ,k+7 until ,may ( ! foll[+ ye>4 ,at t "t !re w\ld be a d\ble celebration at ,amboise1 = a nephew ( ,pope ,leo ,x1 ! "y ,lor5zo de' ,m$ici1 0 be+ m>ri$ to ,madela9e d',auv]gne4 ,z usual1 ,leon>do 0 giv5 ! assignm5t ( prep>+ ! fe/ivities4 ,al?\gh he 0 fond ( prep>+ ^! ent]ta9m5ts1 ,leon>do n[ felt ! pressure ( "t2 = inde$1 ! int]ruptions ( ?is eag] "y k+ 7 sometimes a h>d%ip4 ,he felt t 8 ye>s 7 draw+ to an end4 ,8 notes 7 unf9i%$ & 8 dreams ( ext5d+ man's k ( 8 _w & ( himself 7 h9d]$ n only by su* petty *ores b also by ! limits ( 8 own physical endurance4 ,z ,leon>do 0 sket*+ "o day f ! w9d[ ( 8 room :]e he c\ld see ! ca/le walls & ! *apel ( ,sa9t-,hub]t1 he set aside ! draw+ = a mom5t to write a memor&um to himself4 8,write ( ! quality ( "t z di/9ct f its ma!matical divisions40 ,0 ?is extraord9>y man s5s+ ! road d[n :i* ,e9/e9--9 8 /udies ( relativity--0 to travel hundr$s ( ye>s lat]8 ,spr+ arriv$ aga9 & ) x came ! fir/ wild fl[]s & roses1 ! songs ( ! birds 9 ! woods & ! blossom+ ( ! *e/nut trees4 ,! "t = ! d\ble celebration came1 too1 & ,leon>do 0 se5 busily prep>+ ! decorations & me*anical delights = ! l>ge cr[ds already assembl+4 ,9 addition to ! t\rnam5ts-at-arms t s delight$ ! k+1 !re 0 to be a mock battle ) a besieg$ city1 & = ?is ,leon>do _h _h con/ruct$ impos+ ca/le walls ( wood ) a backdrop ( a city's spires & t[]s4 ,! p>ty la/$ = weeks1 & ! climax 0 p]=m$ on ! lawns ( ,leon>do's h\se :]e a great ballroom _h be5 set up4 ,"h he repeat$ an e>li] success1 ! "o t _h s en*ant$ ,ludovico's gue/s s _m ye>s ago 9 ! ,s=za ca/le at ,milan4 ,!re 0 aga9 a dome ov] ! ballroom across :i* ! />s mov$ me*anically & artificial figures repres5t+ v>i\s gods & goddesses spoke & sang by means ( a hidd5 *oir1 :ile ! sun & moon %one 9 _! own lights4 ,?is display end$ ! fe/ivities4 ,x 0 already late ,june & ,leon>do 0 anxi\s to return to 8 plans = ! wat] r\te to ,italy4 ,!re 0 ! area ne> ,sologne :i*1 :5 flood$1 w\ld make ! surr\nd+ c\ntryside a m>%l&4 ,?is w\ld h to be dra9$ by ! same me?od z he _h plann$ = ! ,piomb9o & ! ,pont9e m>%es4 ,francis ,i 0 int]e/$1 too1 9 ! improvem5ts ,leon>do _h sugge/$ = 8 own ca/le1 & he w\ld h to talk ) ! ca/le sup]9t5d5t ab\t !m4 ,z always1 !re seem$ to be s _m ?+s to d1 to plan1 to "w on4 ,!n ,leon>do wrote 9 8 notes3 8,on ! #bd? ( ,june1 ! day ( ,/4 ,john1 #aeah1 at ,amboise1 9 ! palace ( ,cl\x44440 & und]nea?1 8,i w cont9ue--0 8,i w cont9ue--0 ,x 0 almo/ a note ( defiance aga9/ ! ob/acles ( advanc+ age & sickness & ! int]ruptions ( ! practical _w4 ,! s\nd ( j+l+ spurs & bridle *a9s & ! snort+ ( _m horses ann\nc$ ano!r surprise visit f ! "y k+4 ,leon>do c\ld he> him bel[ %\t+ some?+ to ,batti/a1 ! s]vant :o _h come to ,amboise ) ,leon>do4 ,n[1 z usual1 ,francis 0 runn+ up ! /airs ) all ! en]gy ( y\? %\t+ = 8le matre0 7! ma/]74 ,resign$ly & ) pati5t humor1 ,leon>do /epp$ out to greet ! k+4 ,! gold *a9s ar\nd ,francis' ?ick neck & ov] 8 broad *e/ gl9t$ 9 ! semi-light ( ! hall1 & he 0 hold+ 8 plum$ hat at 8 side & mopp+ 8 =ehead ) a da9ty embroid]$ h&k]*ief4 8,ma/] ,leon>do6 ,we are go+ on a t\r ( ! riv] & ,i want y to look at ! place t ,i told y ab\t4 ,:]e ,i want to put t bridge4 ,y rememb]80 8,sire1 give me b a mom5t to ga!r "s mat]ial toge!r40 ,a *e/ 0 made ready & soon ,leon>do 0 at ! door1 call+ to ,francesco & ,batti/a to help him into ! saddle ( 8 horse1 :ile ! k+'s s]vants hoi/$ ! *e/ onto "o ( ! c>ts already pil$ high ) t5ts & provisions4 ,:5 ,francis 0 re/less--:i* 0 (t5--a 8t\r0 c\ld mean _m h\rs or _m days ( travel4 ,wagons 7 always kept ready ) all ! equipm5t = a long j\rney & ,leon>do1 himself1 _h le>n$ to accept ^! sudd5 :ims & kept *e/s ( 8 own ready = any su* trip4 ,n[1 z always1 ! k+ kept 8 horse re9$ back out ( reg>d = ?is tall1 /oop$ man ) ! long be>d & simple clo!s4 ,yet :5 ,leon>do return$ f ?is 8t\r0 he realiz$ t he c\ld no long] make su* trips4 ,! h>d%ips ( sleep+ 9 t5ts1 rid+ ov] ! hot roads1 & ! necess>y "w involv$ 9 survey+ ! possible sites = a bridge _h left him almo/ exhau/$4 ,he _h made "o sugge/ion1 h[ev]1 & t 0 to build h\ses t c\ld be c>ri$ & !n assembl$ ) a few wood5 lock+ devices1 !n j z quickly tak5 d[n & mov$ to ! next place4 ,!y c\ld also be left /&+ :]e ! c\ntry p c\ld use !m :ile ! c\rt 0 away4 ,inde$1 su* /ructures w\ld seem to be ! ance/ors ( our own prefabricat$ h\ses4 ,! w9t] ( #aeai 0 a bitt] "o4 ,:5 ! cold fog spread ov] ! valley %r\d+ ! b>e trees x *ill$ ! big1 :ite-wa%$ rooms ( ,cl\x4 ,! w9d blew d[n f ! nor? s5d+ bla/s d[n ! *imneys & scatt]+ a%es & sp>ks4 ,leon>do1 huddl$ aga9/ ! huge fireplace ) its ro( project+ into ! room1 pull$ 8 black cloak l9$ 9 s(t lea!r ar\nd him & rem9d$ himself to include x 9 8 w = ,ma?ur9e1 ! fai?ful dome/ic :o cook$ = him & took c>e ( 8 h\se4 ,! ag$ ,leon>do1 :o _h obs]v$ & analyz$ s mu* ( man & nature1 knew n[ t 8 own days 7 numb]$4 ,:5 ! fir/1 pale sunlight ( ,m>* %one ?r\gh ! small lead$-glass w9d[s ( 8 h\se1 he appli$ to ! k+ = p]mission to make out 8 own w4 ,fr5* law dem&$ t ! prop]ty ( any =eign] dy+ 9 ,france w5t to ! ,cr[n4 ,! p]mission 0 grant$1 & on ,april #bc1 #aeai1 ,guillaume ,b\reau1 ! ,royal ,not>y ( ,amboise 0 summon$ ) witnesses4 ,to 8 half-bro!rs 9 ,flor5ce ,leon>do left 8 prop]ty at ,fiesole & f\r hundr$ ducats4 ,to 8 fai?ful fri5d & companion1 ,francesco de' ,melzi1 nobleman ( ,milan1 ,leon>do will$ 8 notes1 draw+s1 & pa9t+s4 ,batti/a 0 giv5 ! income t ,l\is ,,xii _h grant$ ,leon>do f ! tolls ( ! canal at ,san ,cri/(oro ne> ,milan4 ,ma?ur9e 0 grant$ ! 8good black clo?1 trimm$ ) lea!r0 & two ducats4 ,moreov]1 ,leon>do outl9$ 9 detail ! plans = 8 own fun]al1 "r d[n to ! use ( t5 p\nds ( c&les4 ,too weak n[ to /& any m1 ,leon>do 0 conf9$ to 8 big f\r-po/] b$ ) ! canopy4 ,f x he c\ld see ! trac]y ( ! ,*apel ( ,sa9t-,hub]t aga9/ ! pale1 =eign sky ?r\gh ! little w9d[ 9 ! corn]4 ,! vic> ( ! *ur* ( ,sa9t-,d5is 0 call$1 ) two prie/s & two ,franciscan fri>s1 & ,leon>do receiv$ ! la/ sacram5ts at 8 b$side4 ,an entry 9 8 notes reads1 8,:ile ,i ?\ght ,i 0 le>n+ to live1 ,i h be5 le>n+ h[ to die40 ,b dea? 0 n easy = him4 ,) te>s roll+ d[n 8 sunk5 *eeks = 88 wa/$ life10 he di$ on ,may #b1 #aeai--;fight+ ev5 ?is f9al int]ruption to all 8 "w4 ,k+ ,francis ,i1 :o 0 at ,/4 ,g]ma9-en-,laye ) 8 c\rt1 wept :5 ! news 0 br\ght to him4 ,francesco de' ,melzi 0 s ov]come ) grief t he wait$ until ,june be=e writ+ to ! half-bro!rs ( ,leon>do ( ! ,ma/]'s dea?4 ,he wrote1 9 "p1 8,he 0 to me ! be/ ( fa!rs1 & x is impossible = me to express ! grief t 8 dea? has caus$ me4 ,until ! day :5 my body is laid "u ! gr\nd1 ,i %all exp]i5ce p]petual sorr[1 & n )\t reason1 = he daily %[$ me ! mo/ devot$ & w>me/ affection40 ,& 9 a clos+ p>agraph ,francesco add$ ^! words3 8,8 loss is a grief to ev]yone1 = x is n 9 ! p[] ( nature to reproduce ano!r su* man40 #ad ,mank9d's ,debt to ,leon>do ,:5 ,leon>do di$ 8 notebooks began _! sep>ate j\rneys into obscurity4 ,!y travel$ to diff]5t l&s & became p>ts ( widely disp>ate collections4 ,x has only be5 )9 ! la/ fifty ye>s t ef=ts 7 made to br+ !m all toge!r betwe5 ! cov]s ( "o volume--a dream t ,leon>do himself ent]ta9$ b nev] realiz$4 ,z ! manuscripts & draw+s 7 br\ght to light1 translat$ & publi%$1 ! extraord9>y scope ( ,leon>do's sci5tific explorations 0 reveal$4 ,ma!matician1 anatomi/1 botani/1 a/ronom] & geologi/ =m only "p ( ! long li/ ( 8 accompli%m5ts & give ! clue to ! man :o consid]$ all ! natural _w )9 8 prov9ce ( /udy4 ,because ( ! univ]sality ( ,leon>do's sci5tific ?\ght he has be5 frequ5tly m5tion$ z ! =]unn] ( su* m5 z ,galileo ,galilei1 ,sir ,isaac ,newton1 ,james ,watt1 ,francis ,bacon & ,william ,h>vey4 ,al?\gh ,leon>do _c be cr$it$ ) ! actual discov]ies t ^! m5 made1 8 me?ods ( inve/igation po9t$ ! way d[n ! pa?s t !y w\ld foll[4 ,! key to ,leon>do's me?ods lies 9 a quotation f 8 notes on vision4 ,he wrote ( vision z sap] v$]e--8to "k h[ to see0--& he ref]r$ to ! eye z 8! w9d[ ( ! s\l40 ,aga9 & aga91 he /ress$ ! importance ( obs]vation & p]sonal exp]i5ce4 ,al?\gh he himself 0 well read1 he emphasiz$ t 8sci5ce comes by obs]vation n by au?ority40 ,8 supreme tal5t = draw+ und]l9es 8 cr$o & is insep>able f 8 sci5ce4 ,:at he saw 9 ! natural _w ab\t him ne$$ inve/igat+4 ,! results ( ^! inve/igations 7 trans=m$ into draw+s z ! mo/ c]ta9 me?od = pass+ ?is k along to o!rs4 ,! be/ example ( ?is attitude is repres5t$ by 8 anatomical /udies4 ,to m]ely draw ! liv+ figure 9 front ( him 0 n suffici5t--x 0 imp]ative to "k :at he 0 draw+4 ,he turn$ to ! dissect+ room & aft] int5sive /udy produc$ "s ( ! f9e/ anatomical draw+s 9 ! _w--& among ! easie/ = o!rs to und]/&4 ,:at ,walt] ,pat] wrote ( ! ,r5aissance--89 _m ?+s great r by :at x design$ or aspir$ to ?an by :at x actually a*iev$0--c\ld be a summation ( ,leon>do's own lifetime ( ef=t 9 sci5ce4 ,he labor$ to br+ mank9d f ! morass ( m$ieval sup]/itions onto ! firm gr\nd ( natural facts4 ,) an insatiable curiosity ,leon>do attempt$ ! impossible task ( encompass+ all k4 ,?us he e/abli%$ 8 "r to immortality--= x 0 an attempt t %one l a beacon 9 a _w d>k ) ignorance4 ,significant ,dates 9 ,leon>do's ,life #adeb ,april #ae4 ,bir? ( ,leon>do4 #adfg ,comm5ces appr5tice%ip ) ,v]ro*io 9 ,flor5ce4 #adgh ,commission$ = alt>piece 9 ! ,palace ( ! ,signoria4 #adha ,commission$ to pa9t an alt>piece = ,conv5t ( ,san ,donato4 #adhb-hc787 ,leon>do leaves ,flor5ce = ! c\rt ( ,ludovico ,s=za 9 ,milan4 #adhc ,beg9s eque/rian monum5t ( ,francesco ,s=za = ,ludovico4 #adhd-hf ,plague 9 ,milan4 #adij ,april #bc4 ,recomm5ces eque/rian monum5t & />ts book on light & %ade4 #adif ,meets ) ,fra ,luca ,pacioli1 pr(essor ( ma!matics4 #adih ,! ,la/ ,supp] complet$4 #adii ,apr4 ,l& aw>d$ to ,leon>do ne> ,porta ,v]cell9a4 ,oct4 ,fr5* occupy ,milan4 ,dec4 ,leon>do leaves ,milan ) ,pacioli4 #aejj ,leon>do arrives 9 ,mantua4 ,travels to ,v5ice & returns to ,flor5ce4 #aejb ,9 ! s]vice ( ,ces>e ,borgia4 #aejc ,returns to ,flor5ce1 comm5ces "w on a canal to sea4 #aejd ,beg9s ! pa9t+ ( battle ( ,anghi>i4 ,fa!r dies4 ,attempt at flight 7874 #aejf ,may4 ,leaves ,flor5ce = ,milan at summons ( ,*>les d',amboise1 ,fr5* milit>y gov]nor4 #aejg ,sept4 ,goes to ,flor5ce to settle fa!r's w4 #aejh ,july4 ,returns to ,milan4 #aeaa ,works ) ,m>c ,antonio della ,torre on anatomical rese>*4 #aeab ,fr5* lose ,milan4 #aeac ,leon>do leaves ,milan = ,rome4 ,s]ves ,giuliano de' ,m$ici1 bro!r ( ,pope ,leo ,x4 #aeaf ,leon>do leaves ,rome = ,france to s]ve ,k+ ,francis ,i4 #aeai ,may #b4 ,dea? ( ,leon>do4 ,index ,a ,abbaco1 ,b5$etto dell'1 #e ,adda riv]1 #abd 8,adoration ( ! ,magi10 #bi1 #cj ,adriatic1 !1 #fb1 #ic 8,air condition]10 #fi ,air1 /udy (1 #fe1 #ff1 #ii 8,al>m clock10 #eg ,alb]t ( ,saxony1 #ha ,aless&ria1 =tress (1 #hc ,alfonso ( ,calabria1 #ch ,alps1 !1 #cg1 #fg ,amadeo1 ,antonio1 #eh ,amadori1 ,albi]a di ,giovanni1 #b ,amadori1 ,aless&ro1 #c1 #aaa ,amboise1 see ,*ateau d',amboise ,amontons1 #acd ,anatomy1 human1 #eb1 #ec1 #ajg1 #aji1 #aai1 #abe-abg1 #ach ,an*iano1 #b ,anemomet]1 #fe1 #ff ,anemoscope1 #fe ,anghi>i1 battle (1 #ajc1 #aaj1 #aac ,aquadello1 #abd ,aquila1 ,batti/a dell'1 #aci ,arabs1 !1 #ed ,ar*im$es1 #da1 #fg1 #ha1 #acd ,ar*itecture1 #ej1 #eh ,argyrop\los1 ,john1 #ag ,ari/otle1 #ag1 #bc1 #db1 #dh1 #ha1 #hi ,ari?metic1 #gg ,ari?metico1 ,b5$etto1 #af ,armor$ vehicle1 #ci1 #dj ,arno riv]1 #be1 #ca1 #if1 #ajj-ajf1 #aji ,arrezzo1 #ic ,ascanio1 ,c>d9al1 #hc ,a/ronomy1 #hj-hb1 #ajd1 #aje ,atlantic ,ocean1 #ai 8,automobile10 #cb1 #cc ,autopsies1 #ajg ,avic5na1 #ec ,b ,bacon1 ,francis1 #afj ,bacon1 ,rog]1 #abj ,badia1 !1 #g ,batti/a1 #aee1 #aeg ,bayzid ,,ii1 #id ,beatis1 ,antonio de'1 #aea ,bianca ,m>ia1 #fd ,bible1 !1 #fb1 #ajd1 #ada ,birds1 flight (1 #bd1 #fe1 #ff1 #gf1 #ii1 #aai ,black ,dea?1 see ,bubonic plague ,blois1 #aeb ,bologna1 #add ,bomb>d1 #bf ,bombs1 #ci ,borgia1 ,ces>e1 #hb1 #hf-ig1 #ajb1 #aci ,borgias1 !1 #ajb ,botticelli1 ,s&ro1 #cc ,b\reau1 ,guillaume1 #aef ,bramante1 #fh1 #aca ,bridge build+1 #ie ,bubonic plague1 #de-dg ,buon>roti1 ,mi*elangelo1 see ,mi*elangelo ,c 8,cam]a obscura10 #ee ,campo ,morto1 battle (1 #ch ,cannon1 #bf1 #cc1 #da ,c>avaggio1 siege (1 #abd ,c>dano1 ,girolamo1 #aac ,c>les1 ,geffroy1 #aae1 #aaf ,c>p5try1 #ace1 #acf ,cassano1 ca/le (1 #abd ,ca/el' ,sant' ,angelo1 #acj ,cat]9a1 #b ,cell9i1 ,b5v5uto1 #ajj ,c5trifugal pump1 #aba1 #abb ,ces5a1 #id ,*ambord1 ca/le (1 #aeb ,*>les d',amboise1 #id1 #aad-aag1 #aba1 #abd1 #abg1 #aci ,*ateau d',amboise1 #adg-aef ,*] riv]1 #aeb ,*ri/1 #cj1 #gd1 #gg1 #gh ,*ur* ( ! ,annunciation ( ! ,s]vite ,ord] ( ,monks1 #ij ,*ur*1 !1 #ah1 #dh1 #ec1 #fc1 #ajd1 #ade ,cioni1 ,&rea di ,mi*ele di ,francesco de'1 see ,v]ro*io1 ,&rea del ,city ,plann+1 #dd1 #de1 #dg ,city-/ates1 #i1 #aj ,civitavec*ia1 #adc1 #add ,cl\x1 ,manoir de1 #adh1 #aed1 #aef ,co9s1 m9t+ (1 #dg ,collections1 #d ,columbus1 ,*ri/oph]1 #ai ,con/ant9ople1 #ie ,corte1 ,b]n>d9o da1 #hc ,corte ,vec*ia1 #ef ,c\lomb1 ,a4 ,c41 #ag1 #acd ,c\ncil ( ,eighty1 #aji ,c\ncil ( ,flor5ce1 #bc1 #ajf ,c\ncilors & ,tribunal ( ,v5ice1 #hi ,cr$i1 ,lor5zo di1 #ac ,cusanus1 ,c>d9al1 #db ,d ,dams1 #aja ,danti1 ,giovanni ,batti/a1 #if1 #ig d',aragona1 ,c>d9al ,luigi1 #aea ,d>w91 #aje d',auv]gne1 ,madela9e1 #aec ,david1 /atue (1 #ajf ,de ,ludo ,geometrico1 #acd d',e/e1 ,beatrice1 #fj1 #fa1 #fi1 #hf d',e/e1 ,isabella1 #hf1 #hg1 #ia ,diocletian1 ,emp]or1 #ace ,diseases1 #aji ,dissection1 #ec1 #abf1 #ade ,div]'s suit1 #hi ,draw+1 see ,pa9t+ ,drum1 me*anical1 #fa ,dynamics1 #adj ,e ,e>?1 !1 #ajd1 #aje ,eclipse ( ! sun1 #dh ,e9/e91 #aec ,equilibrium1 #ada ,euclid1 #ed1 #ia ,eye1 !1 #ed1 #ee ,f ,f]d9&1 ,k+ ( ,naples1 #be1 #bg ,f]r>a1 #gj ,f]r>i1 ,ambrogio1 #db ,fiesole1 #aaa1 #aac1 #aef ,flemi% pa9t]s1 #ae ,flight1 ( arr[1 #hb1 #hc ( birds1 #bd1 #fe1 #ff1 #gf1 #ii1 #aai problems (1 #gj1 #ga1 #ge1 #gf1 #if-ajj1 #aaa-aac ,flor5ce1 #g-ai1 #be-bg1 #cb1 #ch1 #ec1 #fh1 #ic-if1 #ajj-ajc ,fly+ ma*9e1 #gj1 #ga1 #ge1 #gf1 #aab ,foix1 ,ga/on de1 #abg ,=ts1 #hh ,=um ( ! ,caes>s1 #acd ,f\r elem5ts1 #dh ,france1 #fg-fi1 #gh1 #hb-hd1 #id1 #aad-abj1 #abe1 #abg1 #abh1 #aci1 #adb-ade1 #aeb ,francis ,i1 #adc-ade1 #adh-aeg ,frat]nity ( ! ,immaculate ,conception1 #dc1 #dd1 #dg ,friction1 #adj1 #ada ,g ,gal51 #eb1 #ec ,galileo1 ,galilei1 #acd1 #ada1 #afj ,g5oa1 #adc ,geoc5tric !ory1 see ,ptolemaic !ory ,geography1 #ah1 #ai ,geology1 #ajc1 #ajd ,geometry1 #ia1 #acd ,georg1 #aca1 #acc1 #adj1 #adc1 #ade ,geotropism1 #gi ,g]many1 #dg1 #fi ,ghirl&aio1 ,dom5ico di ,tommaso del1 #cc ,giocondo1 ,francesco del1 #ih ,giovanni 8! ,pip]10 #ajj ,gonzaga1 ,francesco1 #hf ,go?ic tradition1 #ej ,gravity1 #adj1 #ada ,greeks1 !1 #fi ,guido1 #bc ,guild1 #ai ,h ,hadrian1 ,emp]or1 #acj ,h>vey1 ,william1 #abf1 #afj ,heav5s1 obs]vation (1 #hj ,helioc5tric !ory1 #dh1 #ha ,heliotropism1 #gi ,highmore1 #ec ,hippocrates1 #eb ,holy ,roman ,empire1 #i ,hooke1 ,rob]t1 #ada ,horse1 anatomy ( !1 #da ,hydraulic pump1 #gd1 #abb1 #abc ,hydraulics1 #ad ,hydrodynamics1 #ada ,hygromet]1 #cj1 #ca ,i ,imola1 #ie1 #if ,incl9ation gauge1 #ff1 #fg ,india1 #ah ,introduction to ,p]spective1 or ! 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