,transcrib]'s ,notes ,9 ?is docum5t1 texts betwe5 und]scores1 equal signs & tildes repres5t texts pr9t$ 9 italics1 9 bold face & und]l9$ texts1 respectively4 ,m ,transcrib]'s ,notes may be f\nd at ! end ( ?is text4 ,illu/ration3 ,muscat ( ,alex&ria ,rais9 ,grape1 ,fir/ ,crop4 ,"o-half ,natural ,size4 ,,! ,,rais9 ,,indu/ry4 ,a ,,practical ,,treatise ,,on ,,! ,,rais9 ,,grapes1 ,,_! ,,hi/ory1 ,,culture ,,& ,,cur+4 ,,by ,,gu/av ,,eis54 ,,san ,,francisco3 ,h4 ,s4 ,,crock] ,,company1 ,,/ation]s ,,& ,,pr9t]s1 #ahij4 ,ent]$ accord+ to ,act ( ,congress1 9 ! ye> #ahij1 by ,,gu/av ,,eis51 9 ! (fice ( ! ,libr>ian ( ,congress1 at ,wa%+ton4 ,,preface4 ,( late ye>s ! rais9 indu/ry has be5 prom95tly be=e ! horticulturi/s ( ,cali=nia4 ,_m p n[ make _! liv+ & acquire weal? by ! cultivation ( ! rais9 grapes1 & _m are n[ /udy+ ! me?ods ( cultivation1 prun+1 cur+ & pack+ :ile wait+ = _! v9es to be>4 ,! lit]ature ( ! rais9 indu/ry is a v scant "o1 &1 ) ! exception ( a few notices 9 works ( travel1 or 9 treatises on g5]al fruit culture1 we f9d n a s+le book 9 :i* ?is important & int]e/+ indu/ry is made ! special subject ( /udy & discussion4 ,a book on ! rais9 indu/ry may1 !re=e1 be consid]$ timely4 ,i h endeavor$ to s write x t x w\ld conta9 some?+ ( int]e/ to all ^? connect$ ) ! gr[+ & cur+ ( ! rais9 grapes1 to ^? :o h already succe$$ 9 build+ up fame & =tune1 z well z to ^? :o h j begun ! cultivation ( ! v9e1 & :o h z yet only realiz$ ! pleasures1 b n ! pr(its1 ( ! indu/ry4 ,! hi/orical "p ( ! book w pr9cipally int]e/ ! =m]2 = ! latt] ! practical "p on cultivation1 prun+1 cur+ & pack+ is int5d$4 ,z our climate & o!r conditions diff] f ^? ( any o!r c\ntry 9 ! _w1 s mu/ our me?ods ( cultivation & cur+ diff] f ^? practic$ else:]e4 ,=eign me?ods1 :ile int]e/+ &1 9 "s respects1 ( great importance to u1 _h to be greatly modifi$ & improv$ ^u be=e our gr[]s succe$$ 9 produc+ rais9s equal+ ! be/ f ! rais9 di/ricts ( ! ,old ,_w4 ,x has co/ ye>s ( exp]im5t+ & /udy to atta9 success1 z well z mu* money & disappo9tm5t to _m :o _h no?+ to guide !m :5 !y comm5c$4 ,^! processes by :i* success 0 a*iev$ c n[ become ! prop]ty ( all1 & a safe guide to ev5 ! mo/ inexp]i5c$ beg9n]s4 ,! me?ods advocat$ "h are ! result ( practical exp]i5ce ( ! au?or1 z well z ( ! mo/ successful rais9-gr[]s ( ?is ,/ate4 ,= ! b5efit ( ^? ( our read]s :o n[ /udy ! rais9 indu/ry at a di/ance1 b ^: /eps may 9 ! future be direct$ to ?is ,coa/1 a descriptive t\r ?r\gh ! rais9 di/ricts ( our ,/ate has be5 add$ 9 ord] t !y may see :at our c\ntry is l1--! c\ntry ( ! rais9 & ! fig2 ! c\ntry ( almonds1 olives1 oranges & prunes2 ! c\ntry :]e heal?1 pr(it & enjoym5t are m ?an any:]e else d]iv$ f horticultural pursuits4 ,x is = ^! prospective read]s1 t ! %ort biographical sket*es ( our pr9cipal rais9-m5 are int5d$1--%ort records ( ! pione]s ( ! rais9 indu/ry1--m5 :o h brok5 ! way :i* is n[ easy to travel1 & ?r\gh ^: exp]i5ce & p]sev]ance o!rs are n[ be+ b5efit$4 ,,gu/av ,,eis54 ,,san ,,francisco1 ,,cal41 ,,octob]1 #ahij4 ,,table ,,( ,,cont5ts4 ,,page4 ,,hi/orical #e ,rais9s #e ,! ,currant #f ,muscatels #g ,dehesa ,rais9s #g ,lexias or ,lye-dipp$ ,rais9s #i ,v>i\s ,k9ds ( ,rais9s #aj --,muscatels2 ,currants2 ,belvid]es2 ,black ,smyrnas2 ,cali=nia ,malagas2 ,cali=nia ,sun-dri$ ,sultanas2 ,se$less ,muscatels2 ,?ompson ,se$less2 ,dri$ ,grapes2 ,lexias2 ,cali=nia ,dipp$2 ,smyrnas2 ,f>os2 ,huascos4 ,,rais9 ,,di/ricts #aj ,=eign ,di/ricts #aj ,rais9s 9 ,anci5t ,times #aj ,mod]n ,rais9 ,di/ricts #aa ,! ,malaga ,di/rict #ab --,ext5t & ,age2 ,climate2 ,soil2 location ( ! ,v9ey>d2 ,v>ieties ( ,grapes2 ,*>act]i/ics ( ! ,rais9s2 ,yield ( ,grapes2 ,di/ances ( ! ,v9es2 ,prun+2 ,manur+ & ,f]tiliz+2 ,dry+ ,floors or ,sequ]os2 ,dry+ & ,cur+2 ,pack+2 ,labor4 ,val5cia & ,d5ia #ae --,ext5t ( ! ,di/rict2 ,soils & ,appe>ance ( ! ,di/rict2 ,climate2 ,irrigation2 ,quality ( ! ,rais9s2 ,plant+ & ,c>e2 ,dipp+ & ,scald+2 ,dry+ & ,cur+2 ,pack+ & ,dispos+ ( ! ,crop2 ,export & ,production4 ,cor9? & ,currants #bb --,hi/orical & ,geographical ,notes2 ,*>act]i/ics & ,quality2 ,soil & ,irrigation2 ,prep>ation ( ! ,l&2 ,di/ances ( ! ,currant ,v9es2 ,c>e ( ,cutt+s2 ,plant+ & ,graft+2 ,prun+ ! ,v9es2 ,c>e ( ! ,v9ey>d2 ,r++ ! ,bran*es2 ,dry+ & ,cur+2 ,co/ ( ,currant ,v9ey>ds 9 ,greece2 ,consumption & ,production4 ,smyrna ,rais9s #cj --,di/ricts 9 ,smyrna2 ,climate2 ,c>e ( ! ,v9es2 ,dipp+1 ,dry+ & ,cur+2 ,production & ,export2 ,co/ ( ,v9ey>ds 9 ,smyrna2 ,o!r ,v>ieties ( ,rais9s4 ,italy & ,italian ,rais9s #cf --,lip>i & ,belvid]e2 ,pantell>ia2 ,calabria4 ,*ile & ,huasco ,rais9s #cf --,*>act]i/ics2 ,location2 ,v>ieties2 ,soils2 ,climate2 ,irrigation2 ,! ,v9ey>d2 ,dry+ & ,cur+4 ,cali=nia ,rais9 ,di/ricts #ch ,a ,g5]al ,review #ch --,e>ly ,hi/ory2 ,lat] ,plant+2 ,acreage & ,crops4 ,yolo & ,solano #dj --,soil & ,climate2 ,! ,v9ey>d2 ,! ,crop4 ,nor!rn ,cali=nia #dc --,g5]al ,rem>ks2 ,plac] ,c\nty2 ,yuba ,c\nty2 ,sutt] ,c\nty2 ,colusa ,c\nty2 ,butte ,c\nty2 ,tehama ,c\nty2 ,%a/a ,c\nty4 ,fresno1 ,m]c$1 ,tul>e & ,k]n #dd --,ext5t & ,location2 ,soils & ,climate2 ,irrigation2 ,! ,v9ey>d2 ,prun+ & ,o!r ,op]ations2 ,! ,crop4 ,san ,b]n>d9o ,c\nty #dh --,location & ,acreage2 ,climate2 ,irrigation2 ,soils2 ,! ,v9ey>d2 ,! ,crop2 ,! ,pr(its & ,o!r ,items4 ,orange ,c\nty & ,santa ,ana #eb --,g5]al ,rem>ks2 ,location2 ,climate2 ,soils & ,rip5+2 ,! ,v9ey>d2 ,! ,crop & its ,cur+2 ,yield & ,pr(its4 ,san ,diego & ,el ,cajon #ee --,location & ,acreage2 ,climate & ,ra9fall2 ,soils2 ,! ,v9es & ! ,v9ey>d2 ,! ,crop4 ,o!r ,rais9 ,di/ricts #ei ,,climatic ,,conditions1 ,,soils1 ,,location ,,& ,,irrigation #fj ,climatic ,conditions ,favorable & ,unfavorable to ! ,rais9 ,indu/ry #fj --,limits ( ! ,rais9 ,di/ricts2 ,dry ,seasons1 ,spr+ & ,fall ,ra9s2 ,w9t] ,ra9s2 ,fro/ 9 ,spr+ & ,w9t]2 ,summ] ,temp]ature2 ,w9ds1 ,injuri\s & ,b5eficial2 ,fogs & ,moi/ure 9 ! ,air2 ,ideal ,conditions ( ,climate4 ,soils #fg --,g5]al ,rem>ks2 ,malaga2 ,val5cia & ,d5ia2 ,smyrna2 ,zante2 ,*ile2 ,fresno2 ,o!r ,soils 9 ,san ,joaqu9 ,valley2 ,orange ,c\nty2 ,r$l&s & ,riv]side2 ,el ,cajon2 ,subsoils2 ,h>dpan ,soils2 ,comp>ative ,value ( ,soils2 ,alkali ,soils2 ,f]tiliz+4 ,irrigation #gg --,introductory ,notes2 ! ,necessity ( ,irrigat+ ! ,rais9 ,v9es2 ,heal? & ,longevity ( ,irrigat$ ,v9es2 ,! ,be>+ ,quality ( ,irrigat$ ,v9es2 ,quality ( ,irrigat$ ,grapes2 ,v>i\s ,me?ods ( ,irrigation2 ,irrigation by ,flood+2 ,irrigation by ,furr[+2 ,subirrigation2 ,seepage2 ,dra9age2 ,! ,influ5ce ( ,irrigation on ! ,soil4 ,! ,rais9 ,grapes #hg --,introductory ,notes2 ,muscatel or ,gordo ,blanco2 ,muscat ( ,alex&ria2 ,huasco ,muscat2 ,o!r ,v>ieties ( ,muscat2 ,se$less ,sultana2 ,black ,currant2 ,o!r ,v>ieties ( ,currants2 ,?ompson ,se$less2 ,o!r ,se$less ,grapes2 ,malaga2 ,feh] ,szagos2 ,o!r ,rais9 ,grapes4 ,,diseases ,,& ,,insect ,,pe/s #ic ,p[d]y ,mildew or ,unc9ula #ic --,g5]al ,notes2 ,*>act]i/ics2 ,hi/ory & ,di/ribution2 ,rem$ies4 ,d[ny ,mildew or ,p]onospora #ie --,g5]al ,notes4 ,! ,v9e ,plague #if --,*>act]i/ics2 ,nature & ,cause2 ,damages2 ,rem$ies4 ,leaf-hopp] #ih --,*>act]i/ics2 ,damages2 ,di/ribution2 ,rem$ies4 ,r$ ,spid] #ajj --,*>act]i/ics2 ,rem$ies4 ,cat]pill>s #ajj --,*>act]i/ics2 ,damages2 ,rem$ies4 ,black-knot #ajb --,*>act]i/ics2 ,rem$ies4 ,gras%opp]s #ajb --,g5]al ,notes2 ,rem$ies4 ,,! ,,rais9 ,,v9ey>d #ajd ,plant+ #ajd --,di/ances = ,muscat ,v9es2 ! ,m>k+ ,out ( a ,v9ey>d2 ,relative ,value ( ,cutt+s & ,root$ ,v9es2 ,! ,mak+ ( ,cutt+s2 ,! ,c>e ( ,cutt+s2 ,plant+ ,cutt+s2 ,c>e ( ,"y ,cutt+s2 ,transport+ ,cutt+s to ,di/ant ,p>ts2 ,root+ ,cutt+s2 ,c>e ( ,root$ ,cutt+s2 ,plant+ ,root$ ,v9es2 ,prop] ,"t = ,plant+2 ,co/ ( ,cutt+s & ,root$ ,v9es2 ,w9t] ,pl[+2 ,pl[+ ,devices2 ,cultivation2 ,back- furr[+2 ,cross-pl[+2 ,we$-cutt]s2 ,cutt]-sl$2 ,hoe+2 ,"t = ,cultivation4 ,graft+ ! ,muscat on ,o!r ,/ocks #aag --,"t = ,graft+ ,rais9-v9es2 ,po9ts to be ,obs]v$ 9 ,graft+2 ,v>i\s ,me?ods ( ,graft+2 ,/ocks & _! ,influ5ce4 ,v>i\s ,summ] ,"w #aba --,sulphur+2 ,ty+ ,ov]2 ,cov]+ ! ,v9es2 ,?9n+ ! ,crop2 ,r++ ! ,v9es2 ,! ,v9ey>d ,labors ( ! ,ye>4 ,prun+ #abd --,w9t] ,prun+ or ,prun+ ,h>d ,wood2 ,ble$+ ( ! ,v9es2 ,summ] ,prun+ or ,prun+ ,gre5 ,wood2 ,root-prun+2 ,suck]+4 ,v>i\s ,v9ey>d ,tools #acj --,g5]al ,notes2 ,! ,%eep's-foot2 ,! ,plant+-b>2 ,! ,dibble2 ,plant+ ,*a9s2 ,spades2 ,hoes2 ,pl[s2 ,cultivators2 ,r&el ,disc ,cultivators2 ,! ,a%-tr\gh2 ,sulphur+ ,cans & ,bell[s2 ,! ,cutt]-sl$2 ,v9ey>d ,trucks2 ,%e>s4 ,,dry+ ,,& ,,cur+ #acc ,cali=nia ,sun-dri$ ,rais9s #acc --,notes2 ,"t ( ,rip5+2 ,signs ( ,maturity2 ,pick+2 ,clean+2 ,dry+ on ,trays2 ,turn+2 ,rev]s+2 ,slant+ ! ,trays2 ,elevat+ ! ,trays2 ,/ack+ ,aga9/ ,ra9 & ,dew2 ,tak+ ,up2 ,cov]+2 ,dry+-floors2 ,dry]s2 ,sweatboxes2 ,trays = ,dry+4 ,cali=nia ,lye-dipp$ ,rais9s #adi --,g5]al ,notes2 ,dipp+ ,process2 ,dry+ & ,cur+2 ,/emm+1 ,grad+ & ,pack+4 ,,! ,,pack+-,,h\se #aec ,build+s & ,me*anical ,appliances #aec --,! ,pack+-h\se2 ,! ,/emm] & ,grad]2 ,! ,sweat+- h\se2 ,! ,presses2 ,boxes & ,c>toons2 ,pack+ ,frames & ,pack+ ,trays2 ,fac+-plate2 ,scales2 ,label+ ,press2 ,tables2 ,bags & ,baghold]s2 ,trucks2 ,trays = ,weigh+2 ,foll[]s2 ,pap]2 ,t9 ,boxes4 ,loose ,rais9s #aeh --,/emm+ & ,assort+2 ,pack+ & ,clean+2 ,sack+2 ,fac+1 ,top-up ,me?od2 ,fac+1 ,top-d[n ,me?od2 ,comp>ative ,value ( ! ,two ,me?ods4 ,lay] ,rais9s #afb --,sweat+ & ,equaliz+2 ,pack+ ,lay]s1 ,top-up ,me?od2 ,pack+ ,lay]s1 ,top-d[n ,me?od2 ,fill+2 ,nail+ & ,trimm+2 ,labels4 ,,/ati/ics ,,( ,,importation1 ,,production ,,& ,,prices #afi --,production ( ,rais9s 9 ,cali=nia f #ahgc to #ahhi2 ,numb] ( ,acres 9 ,rais9 ,grapes 9 ,cali=nia 9 #ahij2 ,cali=nia & ,malaga ,prices1 ,importation1 etc41 f #ahga to #ahhi2 ,exports ( ,malaga ,rais9s f #ahfd to #ahhi2 ,exports ( ,val5cia ,rais9s f #ahej to #ahhi2 ,fir/ ,co/ ( ,crop ( ,val5cia ,rais9s2 ,production & ,di/ribution ( ,smyrna ,rais9s f #ahdd to #ahhd2 ,_w's ,rais9 ,production 9 #ahij2 ,importation ( ,rais9s1 ,currants & ,figs into ! ,unit$ ,/ates f #ahgc to #ahgh2 ,importation ( ,rais9s1 ,currants & ,figs into ! ,unit$ ,/ates f #ahgi to #ahhh2 ,consumption ( ,currants & ,rais9s p] ,head ( ,total ,population 9 #ahhd2 ,prices ,rul+ 9 ! ,cali=nia ,rais9 ,di/ricts4 ,,?r\gh ,,! ,,cali=nia ,,rais9 ,,di/ricts #aha ,?r\gh ,san ,joaqu9 ,valley to ,fresno #aha ,f ,los ,angeles to ,santa ,ana #ahi ,f ,santa ,ana to ,san ,diego #aib ,el ,cajon #aie ,riv]side #aii ,r$l&s #bjb ,an ,h\r 9 a ,pack+-h\se #bje ,,rais9-,,gr[]s ,,& ,,_! ,,v9ey>ds #bjh --,g4 ,g4 ,briggs2 ,r4 ,b4 ,bl[]s2 ,rob]t ,mc,pherson2 ,t4 ,c4 ,:ite2 ,miss ,m4 ,f4 ,au/92 ,joseph ,t4 ,goodman2 ,a4 ,b4 ,butl]2 ,william ,=sy?2 ,a4 ,d4 ,b>l+2 ,san ,joaqu9 ,valley ,rais9 ,pack]s ( #ahhi4 ,,lit]ature #bae --,introductory2 ,li/ ( ,books ( ,ref]5ce4 ,,g5]al ,,index #bai ,,! ,,rais9 ,,indu/ry4 ,a ,,practical ,,treatise ,,on ,,! ,,rais9 ,,grapes1 ,,_! ,,hi/ory1 ,,culture ,,& ,,cur+1 ,,) ,,special ,,ref]5ce ,,to ,,cali=nia1 ,,by ,,gu/av ,,eis54 ,copyright$4 ,,hi/orical4 ,,rais9s4 ,! ^w 8rais90 z spell$ & pron\nc$ to-day1 is n ( v anci5t orig91 b r a corruption & evolution ( old] words1 bo? spell$ & pron\nc$ diff]5tly4 ,?us ,fal/aff replies to ,pr9ce ,hal3 8,if reasons 7 z pl5tiful z blackb]ries1 ,i w\ld give no man a reason ^u compulsion0 7,h5ry ,,iv1 ,act ,,ii1 sc5e #d74 ,also1 ,coop]1 9 8 diction>y ( #afhe1 indicates t 8rais90 & 8reason0 are ( id5tical s\nds4 ,! d]ivation ( ! ^w has1 aga91 be5 v v>i\sly sugge/$ ei!r f 8r$0 or 8rose0 color1 connect+ x ) ! ,g]man & ,dani% ^w 8ros9e20 & x has ev5 be5 sugge/$ t ! ^w 0 d]iv$ f ! fact t ! rais9s 7 cur$ 9 ! 8rays0 ( ! sun4 ,! true d]ivation1 h[ev]1 is f ! ,lat9 ^w 8racemus10 mean+ a bun* or clu/]4 ,ri*>dson1 :o fir/ po9ts out ?is d]ivation1 quotes3 8,:e!r a reisyn 7,e4 ,v4 graap1 racemus7 ( ,effraym is n bett] ?an ! v9dages ( ,abiez]0 7,wicliffe ,judges ,,viij1 #b74 8,& !re %all be left 9 x z a rasyn0 7,e4 ,v41 braun*es ( a clu/]74 ,m>g9al note1 8,a rasyn is a lytil b[ ) a lytil fruit0 7,idem4 ,is41 ,,xvij41 #f74 ,b we h mu* old] te/imony ( ?is d]ivation be+ ! correct "o4 ,an old docum5t /ates t1 9 #abfe ,a4 ,d41 ! ,c\ntess ( ,leice/] paid 9 ,london twelve %ill+s = f\rte5 p\nds1 or1 z ! /atem5t reads 9 ,lat91 8,pro uno fraello racemorum20 :i*1 translat$1 w\ld be1 8= "o frail ( bun*es40 ,! evolution ( ! ,lat9 ^w racemus 0 ?us se5 to h be5 accompli%$ rapidly en\gh2 b1 on acc\nt ( ! illit]acy ( ! old5 times1 x 0 spell$ & pron\nc$ promiscu\sly4 ,?us we meet ) su* spell+s z 8reysyns10 9 #abff2 8reysons10 9 #addg 78,russell's ,book ( ,nurture074 ,9 #aeed ! ,/ation]s' ,company 9 ,london paid twop5ce = "o p\nd ( 8greate reasons20 :ile ,&rew ,borde1 9 8 8,diet>y0 ( #aedb1 says t 8great rays5s be nutrytyve1 specyally yf ! /ones be pull$ out40 ,9 #aegh ,dodo5s speaks ( dri$ rays5s4 ,9 #afhe ! ^w 8rais90 is us$ & spell$ z 9 our days1 & f t "t on ! diff]5t spell+s 7 us$1 if n promiscu\sly1 /ill )\t any great uni=mity4 ,! t]m ( 8greate rays5s0 0 introduc$ to di/+ui% !m f ! small] rais9s1 or currants4 ,9 our own days1 ! latt] is seldom class$ or allud$ to z a 8rais90 prop]1 al?\gh x1 /rictly speak+1 %\ld be consid]$ z su*4 ,! t5d5cy at pres5t 9 ,cali=nia is to make ! di/9ction betwe5 8rais9s0 & 8dri$ grapes10 mean+ by ! =m] c]ta9 v>ieties ( grapes :i* h be5 skillfully dri$ & cur$1 & :i* are sup]ior 9 ta/e1 flavor1 ?9ness ( sk9 & sac*>9e matt]4 8,dri$ grapes10 aga91 are simply any k9d ( grape1 especially w9e-grapes1 :i* h only be5 dri$1 & :i* h n und]gone t skillful treatm5t :i* ! grape-gr[] is s pr\d (1 & ju/ly en\gh designates z 8cur+40 ,!y are an outgr[? f ! late ef=ts ( ! ,fr5* w9e m]*ants to make g5u9e ,fr5* w9e out ( any?+ t is sweet1 & z !y are imm5sely pref]able to beets1 potatoes & glucose1 !y w always be 9 dem&4 ,) ! above def9ition ( ! 8rais90 accept$1 we c proce$ to consid] _! diff]5t v>ieties1 _! names & d]ivations4 ,! old designations ( ! diff]5t v>ieties 7 d]iv$ f ! places :]e !y 7 produc$1 )\t special ref]5ce to ! grapes f :i* ! rais9s 7 made4 ,?us we _h ,malagas1 ,currants1 ,val5cias1 ,d5ias1 ,turki% & ,italian rais9s4 ,b s9ce x has be5 f\nd t ! same k9ds ( rais9s h be5 produc$ 9 v diff]5t localities1 & t "s localities c produce all ! diff]5t k9ds1 a new division has be5 f\nd necess>y4 ,?us1 disreg>d+ ! _m v>i\s br&s ) :i* ?is & o!r m>kets are flood$1 ! foll[+ diff]5t v>ieties ( rais9s w be f\nd ! pr9cipal ones3 ,currants1 ,muscatels1 ,dipp$ & ,sultana4 ,,! ,,currant4 ,! currant is "o ( ! v olde/ rais9s kn[n4 ,z e>ly z #ge ,a4 ,d4 ,pl9y speaks ( ! f9e grapes gr[n 9 ,greece1 ! b]ry be+ ?9-sk9n$1 juicy & sweet1 & ! bun* be+ exce$+ly small4 ,?is1 !n1 mu/ be ! currant ( lat] times4 ,aft] ?is fir/ m5tion ( ?is grape1 ! same drops out ( hi/ory = t5 c5turies1 & ! "n currant is fir/ to be id5tifi$ ) rais9s de ,corauntz1 or r1 8reysyns de ,corauntzs0 z late z #accd4 ,z e>ly z ! elev5? c5tury1 a lively traffic 9 ?is k9d ( rais9s _h tak5 place betwe5 ! ,greek produc]s1 ! ,v5etians & o!r ( ! ,m$it]ranean m]*ant nations4 ,9 #accd we f9d !m call$ 8corauntz20 9 #adce1 8cor5t20 & old ,,ms4 ( ! ,groc]s' ,company 9 ,london1 speaks ( 8x butts & vi r\ndelletts ( res9s ( ,cor5t40 ,?us spell$1 ! "n 0 us$ = ye>s4 ,9 #adfc 8reysonys ( ,corawnce0 7 ?ree p5ce p] p\nd1 & 9 #aeab ! ,duke ( ,nor?umb]l& paid two p5ce p] p\nd = rasyns ( ,cor5s4 ,9 #aeed ! "n _h *ang$ to currans1 & ! ,/ation]s' ,company provid$ = a banquet 8#e punde ( currans at "o %ill+ & eight p5ce40 ,9 #aeeh ! same company provid$ = 8#f punde ( currance = #b %ill+s40 ,9 #aegh we f9d 9 ,lytes' translation ( ,dodo5s's 8,h]bal10 9 ! description ( diff]5t v>ieties ( v9es1 t 8,small rays5s1 commonly call$ ,corantes1 b m rightly rays5s ( ,cor9!4 ,! fruit is call$ 9 ! %oppes ( ! c\ntrie1#a passulae de ,cor9!2 9 ,fr5*1 rais9s de ,cor9!2 9 base ,almaigne 7,dut*7 ,cor9!a2 9 ,engli%1 ,currantes1 & small rays5s ( ,coryn!40 ,"h1 !n1 is indicat$ = ! fir/ "t t ! true & correct "n %\ld be 8rais9s ( ,cor9?40 ,b we ne$ n foll[ ?is evolution any long]2 !re c be no possible d\bt t ! "n currant1 ! "o n[ accept$ = ?is class ( rais9s1 is d]iv$ f ! t[n ( ,cor9?1 on ! ma9l& ( ,greece1--! ,morea ( our days1 ! ,peloponnesus ( ! anci5ts4 ,until ! "t :5 ! ,turks conqu]$ ,greece1 ! port ( ,cor9? 0 ! pr9cipal po9t ( export = ?is class ( rais9s1 & :ile1 aft] ! subjection ( ,greece ?is comm]ce entirely ceas$1 /ill ?is fruit always cont9u$ to be> ! "n by :i* x fir/ became kn[n to comm]ce4 #a ,holl&1 ,dodo5s 0 a le>n$ ,dut* botani/4 ,,muscatels4 ,! pr9cipal & mo/ valu$ class ( rais9s are ! ,muscatels or ,muscats4 ,!y all d]ive _! "n f ! ,muscatel or ,muscat grape1 f :i* ^! rais9s are made4 ,z to ! orig9 ( ! "n ,muscat1 op9ions diff]4 ,! mo/ popul> "o is t ! grape got its "n f ! suppos$ musky flavor peculi> to ?is v>iety ( grape4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 f> m likely t ! "n is a v anci5t "o1 & d]iv$ f ! ,lat9 ^w ,musca1 mean+ a fly1--^! f9e grapes :5 dry+ be+ especially attractive to flies4 ,! ,romans call$ ?is grape1 8,uva ,api>ia10 mean+ bee grapes1 or grapes belov$ by bees1 f ! fact t ! bees are especially attract$ to ^! grapes :5 !y are be+ dri$4 ,! ,muscat or ,muscatel w\ld !n n orig9ally designate a c]ta9 v>iety ( grapes1 b grapes us$ = dry+ g5]ally4 ,9 ! c\rse ( "t ! "n 0 transf]r$ to or especially giv5 to ! be/ grape = dry+ purposes1--! ,muscatel ( our own times4 ,,dehesa ,,rais9s4 ,! f9e/ or at lea/ ! mo/ exp5sive br& ( rais9s made is ! ,dehesa rais9 ( ,malaga4 ,!y are produc$ f ! ,muscatel v>iety & ! "n !y be> has an int]e/+ orig91 giv+ u at ! same "t an insight 9 ! developm5t ( ! agricultural & horticultural res\rces ( ,spa94 ,! ^w 8,dehesa0 is f\nd by ref]5ce to a good ,spani% diction>y to mean pa/ure gr\nd4 ,! 8,dehesa0 rais9s !n are pa/ure-gr\nd rais9s1 or rais9s gr[n on =m] pa/ure gr\nd4 ,! way ! rais9s came to be giv5 su* a "n is z foll[s4 ,betwe5 ! ye>s #hjj & ! end ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 ! faire/ "p ( ,spa9 z well z ,portugal 0 occupi$ by ! ,moors4 ,contr>y to _! nature 9 o!r c\ntries1 !y prov$ "h extremely indu/ri\s1 & excell$ bo? z m]*ants1 artisans & agriculturi/s4 ,! wat]s ( ! /reams 7 conduct$ to ! l& 9 aqu$ucts1 dams 7 ?r[n across ! riv]s1 res]voirs 7 =m$1 & ! :ole ( ,s\!rn ,spa9 became mo/ highly cultivat$1 ri* & prosp]\s4 ,9 fact1 if ! hi/orians are to be believ$1 & ! yet rema9+ views ( =m] gr&eur c be tru/$1 no c\ntry ei!r 9 anci5t or mod]n times has ev] 9 prosp]ity rival$ ! anci5t ,moori% k+doms ( ,granada & ,&alusia4 ,9 ! ?irte5? c5tury ! ,*ri/ian knights & k+s ( ,c5tral & ,nor!rn ,spa9 succe$$ 9 conqu]+ ! ,moors1 :o aga9 7 unm]cifully expell$1 massacr$ or enslav$1 _! cities burn$ & raz$1 & ! f]tile & cultivat$ di/ricts utt]ly ru9$4 ,va/ tracts 7 depopulat$ & ab&on$1 &1 nature tak+ its c\rse1 wild grass1 %rubb]y & trees soon cov]$ ! =m] highly cultivat$ pla9s4 ,9 ! c\rse ( "t ^! uncultivat$ l&s attract$ ! att5tion ( ! highl& %eph]ds1 :o drove _! h]ds to !m dur+ ! w9t]s1 aga9 return+ to ! m\nta9s at ! adv5t ( ! dry season4 ,by degrees ! self-tak5 rights ( ! %eepm5 became m widely recogniz$1 &1 :ile ! less valuable l&s 7 tak5 possession ( by ! poor] peasantry1 ^! pa/ure l&s 7 set ap>t = ! exclusive use ( ! %eep-own]s4 ,! pa/ure l&s ?us be+ free1 x 0 no wond] t ! %eep indu/ry fl\ri%$1 & t ! flocks increas$4 ,! wool indu/ry soon became "o ( ! mo/ important 9 ,spa94 ,! flocks 7 pr9cipally own$ by nobles & monks1 & ! poor peasants1 :o con/itut$ ! only agricultural population1 _h v little if any *ance to oppose ! ev] great] encroa*m5ts ( ! w&]+ flocks or _! insol5t own]s4 ,! ,m]9os1 or mov+ %eep1 7 w9t]$ 9 ! w>m valleys ( ,&alusia1 ,murcia & ,e/remadura1 only to be aga9 remov$ to ! cool] m\nta9s ( ,leon & ,ca/ille at ! adv5t ( spr+4 ,:at curse ?is w\ld entail on ! agricultural population is easy to be se54 ,! %eep 7 mov+ 9 b&s ( #aj1jjj ea*1 & #gjj to #hjj su* flocks 7 mov$ annually twice ?r\gh a c\ntry devoid ( f5ces or inclosures ( any k9d4 ,num]\s disputes & con/ant bloody fights arose betwe5 f>m]s & ! %eph]d1 to settle :i* ! 8,c\ncil ( ! ,me/a0 0 in/itut$4 ,9 tyranny1 ?is dread$ in/itution 0 only equal$ by ! fam\s ,inquisition1 ) :i* 9 bir? & dea? x 0 almo/ contemporane\s4 ,9 ! ye> #aeef a code ( laws 0 promulgat$1 & a compromise 0 ent]$ ^u4 ,b ! tyranny ( ! %eph]ds1 upheld ?r\gh _! 8,me/a10 0 9 no way dim9i%$4 ,! latt] cont9ually ext5d$ its p[]1 encroa*$ ^u new t]ritory1 appropriat+ gradually ! f9e/ pa/ures ( ,spa91 & f9ally obta9$ a monopoly ( ! wool trade4 ,its tyranny became at la/ intol]able4 ,! %eph]ds ( ! ,me/a 7 m dread$ ?an robb]s & highwaym5 9 e place ?r\gh :i* !y pass$4 ,agriculture became almo/ impossible4 ,at la/ ! 8,me/a0 0 aboli%$ by ! ,cortez 9 ,cadiz 9 #ahab1 & a few ye>s aft]w>ds ! pa/ures or ,dehesas 7 sold4 ,"o ( ! f9e/ ,dehesas ne> ,velez1 ,malaga1 0 plant$ to ,muscatel grapes1 & ?r\gh ! comb9$ f]tility ( ! soil1 & ! abundance ( moi/ure1 ! v9ey>d prov$ a great success4 ,s f9e 7 ! grapes gr[n !re t !y attract$ great att5tion2 no su* f9e grapes _h ev] be5 se5 9 ,&alusia be=e4 ,! m]*ants to :om ! fir/ rais9s 7 sold 7 mu* a/oni%$1 & wond]+ly ask$ :5ce !y came4 ,! reply1 8f ! ,dehesa10 0 f t "t on appli$ to ! f9e/ ,muscatel grapes4 ,,lexias1 ,,or ,,lye-,,dipp$1 ,,& ,,o!r ,,rais9s4 ,! ?ird class ( rais9s are ! dipp$ rais9s1 s call$ f be+ dipp$ 9 boil+ lye be=e be+ dri$ & cur$4 ,! ,spani% "n = ^! rais9s is ,lexias4 ,! "n ,lexia is1 aga91 d]iv$ f a m anci5t ^w1 ! ,lat9 lixivium1 or lixia1 mean+ lye4 ,to-day ! cont95tal "n = ?is class ( rais9 is ,lexias1 :5 ! m specific names ( ,d5ias & ,val5cias are n us$4 ,"h1 9 ,am]ica1 we g5]ally use ^! names1 & :5ev] we speak ( ,val5cias & ,d5ias we mean ! dipp$ rais9s ( ^! di/ricts4 ,to ! above ?ree classes ( rais9s we might appropriately add ,sultanas & ,malagas4 ,! ,sultanas are made f ! ,sultana grape1 a se$less grape f ,asia ,m9or1 n[ gr[n 9 _m ,m$it]ranean c\ntries1 z well z "h 9 ,cali=nia4 ,! ,malagas1 aga91 7 orig9ally ! ,muscatels gr[n ar\nd ,malaga1 9 ,spa92 b ( late ?is "n is be+1 ) consid]able confusion1 appli$ to a co>s] rais9 made 9 ,cali=nia f a grape "h call$1 = want ( a bett] "n1 ! ,malaga grape4 ,among names :i* 7 =m]ly mu* us$1 b :i* h gone out ( use1 0 ! ,solis1 or sun-dri$ rais9s1 especially ! sun-dri$ ,muscatels ( ,malaga4 ,z e>ly z #abie ,a4 ,d41 ! ,muscatels 7 g5]ally call$ ?us3 ,rais9s ( ! sun2 ,solis1 or sun-dri$1 s z to di/+ui% !m f ! inf]ior dipp$1 or ,lexias4 ,9 our own "t1 ?is "n 0 ne>ly be+ reviv$1 :5 a c\ple ( ye>s ago our ,cali=nia sun-dri$ rais9s 7 spok5 ( 9 opposition to our ma*9e-dri$ rais9s1 & :5 bo? classes _h _! e>ne/ & en?usia/ic *ampions4 ,we _c leave ?is *apt] on names )\t ref]r+ to classes ( rais9s receiv+ _! names f c]ta9 localities4 ,( c\rse1 ! numb] ( su* names may be almo/ endless4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 only ( int]e/ to ref] to ! pr9cipal ones1 su* z h be5 kn[n to comm]ce 9 =m] days or are yet kn[n4 ,?us1 we designate z ,malagas any ( ! rais9s gr[n & %ipp$ f ,malaga4 ,! ,smyrnas 7=m]ly ,smirna7 are ^? f ,smyrna1 9 ,asia ,m9or1 bo? sun-dri$ & dipp$ rais9s2 ! ,alicantes1 dipp$ rais9s1 f ,alicante1 9 ,spa92 ! ,d5ias1 dipp$ rais9s f ,d5ia1 9 ,spa92 ! ,val5cias1 dipp$ rais9s f ,val5cia 7include ,d5ias72 ! ,lip>i1 rais9s f ! ,isl& ( ,lip>i1 ne> ,sicily2 ! ,belvid]es1 f ! same isl& & f ! ,isl& ( ,pantell>ia2 ! ,calabrian rais9s1 f ,calabria1 9 ,italy2 ! ,f>o rais9s1 f ! port ( ,f>o1 9 ,alg>ve1 ,portugal4 ,we h above already ref]r$ to ! currants1 f ! t[n ( ,cor9? & ! ,grecian ,isl&s1 & ! ,malagas1 f ,malaga4 ,! latt] 7 also kn[n z 8great rais9s10 on acc\nt ( _! sup]ior quality4 ,among ! latt] we %\ld1 ( c\rse1 c\nt ! ,cali=nia rais9s2 b1 un=tunately1 our rais9-gr[]s h n until q rec5tly recogniz$ ! necessity ( adopt+ names :i* %\ld at once %[ ! locality :]e ! rais9s are produc$4 ,b we w return to ?is fur!r on4 ,,v>i\s ,,k9ds ,,( ,,rais9s4 a4 ,sun-dri$ rais9s4 #a4 ,muscatels1 or ,muscats1 f ,malaga or ,cali=nia4 ,! =m]1 also kn[n at v>i\s p]iods z 8,solis10 or sun-dri$1 or 8great rais9s10 on acc\nt ( _! v sup]ior qualities4 #b4 ,currants1 rais9s made ( ! small currant grape1 orig9ally f ,cor9?4 #c4 ,belvid]es1 rais9s f ,calabria1 9 ,italy1 & f ! ,isl&s ( ,lip>i & ,pantell>ia1 ne> ,sicily4 #d4 ,black ,smyrna1 prop]ly only a dri$ grape1 n export$ to ?is c\ntry4 #e4 ,cali=nia ,malagas1 made f ! ,malaga grape4 #f4 ,cali=nia sun-dri$ ,sultanas1 made f ! ,sultana grapes 9 ?is ,/ate4 ,&1 la/ly1-- #g4 ,se$less ,muscatels1 made 9 ,cali=nia1 & be+ ! smalle/ ,muscats sep>at$ f ! l>g] se$-be>+ b]ries4 #h4 ,?ompson ,se$less1 a new1 v promis+ rais9 n[ be+ produc$ 9 ?is c\ntry f v9es import$ orig9ally f ,con/ant9ople1 produc+ se$less grapes1 slightly l>g] ?an ! ,sultanas4 #i4 ,dri$ grapes ( any description1 especially w9e grapes1 export$ f ?is & ,m$it]ranean c\ntries = w9e-mak+ to ,france1 ,engl& & ! ,ea/]n ,/ates4 b4 ,dipp$ rais9s4 #aj4 ,lexias1 or ,dipp$ ,muscatels1 f ,d5ia1 ,val5cia1 ,alicante1 9 ,spa94 #aa4 ,cali=nia ,dipp$1 especially second-crop ,muscatels4 ,prop] "n n yet e/abli%$4 #ab4 ,smyrnas1 :i* aga9 may be ei!r ,sultanas1 ,*esmes or ,elems4 ,! fir/ f ! ,sultana grape1 ! two latt]1 ! 8r$0 grapes1 f ,dipp$ ,muscatels4 #ac4 ,f>os1 f ,alg>ve1 9 ,portugal1 n kn[n 9 ?is c\ntry4 c4 ,dri$ 9 ! %ade4 #ad4 ,huasco rais91 f ,*ile4 ,to ?is li/ might be add$ _m m v>ieties ( less importance4 ,,rais9 ,,di/ricts4 ,,=eign ,,di/ricts4 ,,rais9s ,,9 ,,anci5t ,,times4 ,previ\s to ! production ( rais9s 9 ,cali=nia )9 ! la/ tw5ty ye>s1 ! rais9 indu/ry ( ! _w 0 entirely conf9$ to ! ,m$it]ranean di/rict ( ,europe & ,asia4 ,at t p]iod1 h[ev]1 rais9 grapes became m dissem9at$1 & rais9s 7 produc$ to beg9 ) 9 small quantities 9 widely di/ant c\ntries1 su* z ,*ile1 ,au/ralia & ,cali=nia4 ,by virtue ( _! climatic conditions1 ! ,m$it]ranean c\ntries 7 ! only p>ts ( ,europe :]e rais9 culture c\ld be successfully c>ri$ on1 ?\gh x is almo/ c]ta9 t ! orig9al home ( ! rais9 grapes mu/ be look$ = else:]e4 ,9 se>*+ = ! orig9al habitat = ! anci5t v>ieties ( rais9 grapes1 we mu/ look fur!r ea/ to anci5t ,p]sia1 or to ! tablel&s ( ,we/]n ,asia g5]ally4 ,9 remote/ antiquity1 grape culture 0 c>ri$ on !re1 & 9 ! anci5t records ( travel]s 9 ^? c\ntries we f9d m5tion$ dri$ & se$less grapes4 ,we c trace ! orig9 ( two v>ieties ( rais9 grapes to ! beg9n+ ( our era1 :i* mu/ !n already h atta9$ p]fection4 ,z has be5 m5tion$ be=e1 ,pl9y spoke ( a small1 sweet & rem>kable grape gr[n by ! ,greeks1 evid5tly ! 8currant20 he also m5tions ,uva ,zibebae & ,uva ,alex&ria4 ,! ,lat9s g5]ally spoke ( ,uvae ,api>iae or ,uvae ,muscae1 our pres5t ,muscatels or dri$ grapes g5]ally4 ,?is c>ries u back fully n9ete5 c5turies4 ,b we may well believe1 ev5 9 want ( records1 t ! dry+ ( grapes 0 practic$ c5turies be=e4 ,,mod]n ,,rais9 ,,di/ricts4 ,leav+ remote antiquity1 x 0 only 9 ! ,m$it]ranean bas91 & 9 comp>atively mod]n times1 t ! dry+ ( grapes develop$ to an important indu/ry1 & 9 m rec5t times yet t grapes 7 export$ to ,nor!rn ,europe4 ,:ile ?us ! indu/ry is old1 x 0 n until ! elev5? c5tury1 at ! "t ( ! ,crusades1 t x became important4 ,! return+ knights br\ght ) !m ta/e = & acqua9tance ) ! products ( ! ,ea/4 ,nor!rn ,europe became ! consum]s ( rais9s1 reg>d+ !m z ! greate/ luxuries1 only to be af=d$ by ! ri*4 ,x has be5 res]v$ = our "t to make ! rais9 a necessity ev5 9 humbl] homes4 ,! p]fection to :i* ! rais9 indu/ry has atta9$ is ( mod]n orig9 n yet half a c5tury old4 ,! rais9 di/ricts ( ! _w are n l>ge1 & :ile = c5turies e ef=t 0 made to ext5d ! plant+ ( rais9 grapes & _! cur+ into rais9s1 few ( ^! ef=ts h be5 cr[n$ ) success4 ,:ile rais9 grapes may gr[ & be turn$ into rais9s 9 almo/ e "p ( ! ,m$it]ranean bas91 exp]i5ce has demon/rat$ t x has only prov$ a pay+ bus9ess 9 comp>atively few localities4 ,! reasons ( ?is are n fully app>5t2 b !y are evid5tly dep5d5t bo? ^u climatic conditions & ^u ! capability ( ! natives to le>n & pr(it by ! exp]i5ces ( o!rs1 & ^u _! ent]prise 9 v5tur+ ^u a new indu/ry4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x is n likely t1 ev5 ) ext5sive exp]im5ts & ) ! aid ( l>ge capital1 ! gr[+ & cur+ ( ! rais9 grapes c\ld be v ext5sively ext5d$4 ,! "q !re z well z "h is n "o alone ( agricultural consid]ation1 b a f9ancial problem dep5d5t ^u ! labor supply1 ! facilities = %ipp+1 climatic conditions dur+ ! cur+ season1 etc4 ,su* be+ ! case1 all ! m int]e/ is atta*$ to ^? localities & di/ricts :]e ! rais9 indu/ry fl\ri%es1 & :]e !re is e probability t x w rema9 a success4 ,,! ,,malaga ,,di/rict4 ,ext5t & ,age ( ! ,di/rict4--,malaga has be5 kn[n to export rais9s s9ce #abie ,a4 ,d41 b mu/ h be5 a rais9-produc+ di/rict c5turies be=e4 ,! rais9 cult1 !n1 is no d\bt ( ,phnician orig91 & has be5 practic$ 9 ! same locality = two ?\s& ye>s or m4 ,"u ! ,romans ! rais9 indu/ry 0 cont9u$1 b appe>s to h det]iorat$ & lat] on to h be5 ab&on$ altoge!r1 z ! local tradition cr$its ! ,moors ) hav+ re-introduc$ ! rais9 grape into ,velez ,malaga4 ,! rais9 di/rict ( ,malaga ext5ds along ! s\!rn coa/ ( ,spa9 = a di/ance ( sixty or sev5ty miles4 ,! di/rict is subdivid$ into sev]al o!r di/ricts4 ,?us1 ! subdi/rict ( ,malaga prop] occupies a pla9 eighte5 miles long by n9e miles wide1 9 ! nor!a/ corn] ( :i* is situat$ ! t[n ( ,malaga4 ,! be/ "p ( ! :ole di/rict is1 h[ev]1 f\nd at ,velez ,malaga1 situat$ nor!a/ ( ,malaga prop]4 ,x 0 "h ! rais9 grape 0 fir/ plant$ by ! ,romans or ,phnicians1 & x 0 "h also ! deva/at+ phyllox]a fir/ made its appe>ance4 ,! rais9 v9ey>ds ext5d "h n ov] a vega or pla91 b occupy ! f]tile c\ntry along ! coa/ or ! litoral t[>ds ,malaga prop]4 ,beyond ,velez ,malaga to ,alg>oba1 ! ,muscatel grape is ( inf]ior quality1 & is greatly sup]s$$ by ! r$ ,muscats1 pr9cipally export$ to ,france4 ,ano!r di/rict is ,m>bella1 on ! coa/1 & 9 ! int]ior we f9d ,ronda & ,albuol4 ,( ! pr9cipal t[ns 9 ^! di/ricts1 ! population ( ,malaga is #abj1jjj1 t ( ,velez ,malaga #bd1jjj1 ( ,m>bella #g1gjj1 & ( ,ronda #ai1jjj4 ,climate4--,! climate ( ,malaga is ! v milde/4 ,fro/ is almo/ unkn[n1 & is nev] heavy4 ,! av]age temp]ature ( ,malaga dur+ ! w9t] mon?s ( ,novemb] to ,janu>y is #ef degrees ,fahr5heit1 :ile t ( ,pau 9 ,france is #da1 & t ( ,nice #dg4 ,malaga is well %elt]$ on ! nor? & ea/ by m\nta9s1 b is op5 to ! s\?4 ,x is ! mo/ equitable climate ( ,europe1 al?\gh ! w9ds are sometimes try+4 ,! summ] is v temp]$4 ,! air is1 h[ev]1 moi/1 & fog1 :ile r>e1 is n entirely abs5t4 ,ra9 sometimes falls dur+ ! gr[+ season ( ! grapes1 & q frequ5tly dur+ ! dry+ season4 ,b ! fog is w>m & n specially injuri\s to ! grapes1 ! latt] (t5 gr[+ )9 rea* ( ! spray on ! sea%ore4 ,soil4--,! soil ( ! ,malaga v9ey>ds v>ies consid]ably1 ! be/ be+ a r$di% clayey loam ) mu* s& & gravel4 ,b we h also o!r v>ieties ( soil1 su* z ! :ite a%1 gray alluvial soils1 & ! v s&y loam on ! hills4 ,location ( ! ,v9ey>ds4--,9 =m] ye>s1 ! v9ey>ds 7 pr9cipally locat$ on ! hillsides1 only occasionally ext5d+ to ! level pla9s4 ,( late1 h[ev]1 ! hillside v9ey>ds h suff]$ f ! phyllox]a & v>i\s o!r diseases1 & _m ( !m h be5 dug up4 ,! l[l& v9ey>ds are n[ ! be/1 al?\gh ev5 !y are1 by f>1 n free f disease4 ,few ( ! v9ey>ds are locat$ on entirely level gr\nd1 !re be+ b little su* 9 ! di/rict4 ,! nature ( ! c\ntry is roll+1 ) small valleys or flats4 ,! rais9 grapes gr[ app>5tly well bo? inl& & on ! coa/4 ,accord+ to ,consul ,m>/on1 ab\t eighty p] c5t ( ! v9ey>ds are situat$ on roll+ l&1 t5 p] c5t on l[l& & t5 p] c5t on ! v coa/4 ,! v9ey>ds on ! coa/ are actually )9 rea* ( ! spray4 ,! v9ey>ds are g5]ally small1 none be+ ov] eighty acres 9 ext5t4 ,mo/ conta91 p]haps1 f ?ree to f\r acres ea*2 :ile f tw5ty to =ty acres is consid]$ a good-siz$ v9ey>d4 ,v>ieties ( ,grapes4--,! pr9cipal v>iety us$ is ! ,gordo ,blanco or ,muscatel4 ,x is id5tical ) ! grape kn[n by u "u t "n1 & :i* 0 import$ to u f ,malaga4 ,b sev]al types are f\nd1 al?\gh none sup]ior to ! ,gordo ,blanco4 ,*>act]i/ics ( ! ,rais9s4--,! ,malaga rais9s 71 until lately1 ! f9e/ rais9s 9 ! _w1 & = ! pres5t h only ! ,cali=nia rais9s to compete )4 ,!y are *>act]iz$ by great sweetness1 deep blui% color1 great size & by good keep+ qualities4 ,! be/ rais9s are ^? call$ ,dehesas1 be+ produc$ on ! valley l&s ( ! di/ricts4 ,yield ( ,grapes4--,! yield ( ,malaga v9ey>ds v>ies ( c\rse4 ,! be/ yield eight or n9e tons ( grapes to ! acre1--j l ^? ( ,cali=nia4 ,b !re is a great diff]5ce betwe5 new & old v9ey>ds4 ,9 _m v9ey>ds :]e =m]ly ! yield 0 n9e tons1 ! soil has be5 s exhau/$ by cont9u\s cropp+s t to-day1 ev5 ) manur+1 two or ?ree tons ( grapes mu/ be consid]$ a high yield4 ,di/ances ( ! ,v9es4--,! old] v9ey>ds _h _! v9es set sev5 feet by sev5 feet1 b ( late ! v9es are plant$ g5]ally eight feet by f\r feet1 ?us mu* clos] ?an by u 9 ,cali=nia4 ,prun+4--,! prun+ ( ! v9ey>d is p]=m$ v mu* z 9 ,cali=nia4 ,=m]ly ! soil _h to be remov$ f ! v9es be=e !y c\ld be prun$2 n[ ?is is n necess>y except :ile ! v9es are v "y4 ,! v>i\s bran*es are prun$ back to a few in*es1 ) two eyes ea*1 :ile ! heads are elevat$ only a few in*es above ! gr\nd4 ,manur+ & ,f]tiliz+4--,! ,malaga v9ey>di/ fully und]/&s ! value ( manur+ 8 v9ey>ds1 & uses = ?is purpose n only all f]tiliz]s available at home1 b also imports directly f di/ant c\ntries4 ,! mo/ valu$ f]tiliz]s are ! ,mexican & ,*ilean guanos or phosphates4 ,! ,mexican phosphate co/s 9 ,malaga sixty-five doll>s p] ton2 /ill x is us$ by all ! pr9cipal v9ey>di/s1 :o "k ! value ( f]tiliz]s4 ,9 fact1 conc5trat$ f]tiliz]s are a necessity to ! ,malaga v9ey>ds2 )\t !m !y c\ld n be cropp$4 ,ev5 ! mo/ virg9 soil is exhau/$ 9 t5 ye>s' "t by con/ant cropp+s ( rais9 grapes2 no pay+ crops c\ld be expect$ if f]tiliz]s 7 n us$ ye>ly4 ,?is f]tiliz+ ( ! soil is1 h[ev]1 ( rec5t orig91 & fifty ye>s ago 0 almo/ unkn[n4 ,:5 home manures are us$1 x is plac$ 9 holes dug r\nd ! roots ( ! v9es1 :i*1 aft] exposure to ! air = sev]al mon?s1 are aga9 fill$ up at ! adv5t ( spr+1 g5]ally 9 ,m>*1 be=e ! v9es />t to bud4 ,dry+-floors1 or ,sequ]os4--,! rais9s1 :5 pick$1 are dri$ on s-call$ sequ]os1 or dry+-floors1 *>act]i/ic ( ! ,malaga di/rict4 ,^! floors are ( diff]5t sizes & l5g?s 9 diff]5t v9ey>ds1 b ev]y:]e con/ruct$ on ! same g5]al pr9ciples4 ,:]e an incl9e or a hill is f\nd1 ! floor may simply be built on ! slope1 ) no artificial elevation2 b1 :]e ! gr\nd is level1 ! /ructure ( ! sequ]o is diff]5t4 ,! floor mu/ always face ! s\?1 & ! back is rais$ to give ! floor ! prop] slope4 ,! sequ]o ?us consi/s ( f\r walls1 ! front "o ( :i* is only a foot high1 & ! back wall f six to eight feet high4 ,! side walls slope betwe5 ^!1 g5]ally ) an angle ( =ty-five degrees4 ,9 l5g?1 ^! floors v>y f =ty to fifty feet1 accord+ to ! diff]5t ideas ( ! v9ey>di/s4 ,! :ole int]ior is fill$ ) black gravel1 & is tamp$ h>d4 ,^! sequ]os are divid$ 9 b$s1 f\rte5 feet or s wide1 by tiles t are sunk1 ?us =m+ walks ( sev]al feet 9 wid?1 & :i* also s]ve = lead+ (f ! ra9wat]4 ,ar\nd e little b$ ( ?is k9d are small upright tiles to prev5t ! ra9wat] ent]+ f ! walks4 ,f9ally1 9 ! c5t] ( ! b$1 is a long r[ ( upright tiles1 high en\gh to support ei!r bo>ds1 mats1 or m g5]ally canvas1 9 ord] t !y may %$ ! ra9 into ! tile walks4 ,! value ( su* floors is evid5t4 ,be+ cov]$ ) canvas1 etc41 e night1 ! heat is pres]v$1 & e morn+1 :5 ! sun rises1 ! grapes are yet w>m4 ,! dry+ on su* b$s has nev]1 9 fact1 be5 int]rupt$4 ,! dry+-floors are also useful 9 case ( too hot wea!r1 :5 ! grapes c be prop]ly %elt]$ ) canvas & prev5t$ f be+ cook$2 :5 f9ally dri$1 ! cov]+1 aga91 w s]ve to keep ! moi/ure f too quickly evaporat+4 ,dry+ & ,cur+4--,:5 ! grapes are pick$1 ! be/ v9ey>di/s sep>ate ! bun*es imm$iately 9 ?ree diff]5t grades4 ,ea* grade is plac$ by itself on ! gravelly dry+-gr\nd1 & rema9s !re to dry4 ,:5 half dri$1 !y are tak5 bun* by bun* by a workman1 :o picks out bad or ov]dri$ b]ries & rubbi%1 & 9 putt+ ! bun* back turns x ov]4 ,9 t5 days ! grapes are g5]ally dri$1 provid$ ! wea!r has be5 favorable4 ,e night ! canvas cov]+ is slid d[n ov] ! sequ]o1 & ! grapes protect$ f dew & cold1 or ra94 ,! dry+ is sometimes greatly ha/5$ by ! ,t]ral or hot w9ds bl[+ f ! pla9s ( ,la ,man*a1 a w9d v simil> 9 its effect to ! des]t w9d ( ,riv]side & ,santa ,ana1 9 ,cali=nia4 ,pack+4--,! rais9s 9 ,malaga are pack$ by ! l>ge gr[]s !mselves1 & e su* gr[] packs almo/ to a man4 ,! g5]ally accept$ idea t a few pack]s liv+ 9 ,malaga pack all ! rais9s is errone\s4 ,?is is n ! case4#b ,ne>ly all pack]s !re are also gr[]s own+ _! own v9ey>ds4 ,! rais9s are all pack$ 9 #bb-p\nd boxes or 9 qu>t]s1 etc41 accord+ to ! dem&s ( ! trade4 #b ,accord+ to ,a4 ,b4 ,butl]4 ,! v>i\s rais9 br&s pack$ 9 ,malaga are diff]5t accord+ to ! diff]5t m>kets t are to be suppli$4 ,?us = ,engl& we h3 ,f9e/ ,dehesa1 ?ree cr[n2 f9e/ ,dehesa1 two cr[n2 f9e/ ,dehesa1 "o cr[n2 ,dehesa2 ,*oice lay]s2 ,london lay]s1 ?ree cr[n2 ,london lay]s1 two cr[n2 ,london lay]s1 "o cr[n4 ,= ,france aga9 we h3 #a ,imp]iaux2 #a ,royaux2 ,c\*es2 ,sur*oix2 ,*oix2 ,ord9aire2 ,surc\*es1 etc4 ,! loose rais9s or ,br5a & ! se$less or ,escombro g5]ally g to ! cont95t or ev5 to ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! old t]ms ,g>oon or ,sun are n[ nev] us$4 ,= ,am]ican m>kets we h3 ,imp]ial ,dehesa2 ,royal f9e/ ,dehesa2 f9e/ ,dehesa2 f9e ,dehesa2 ,dehesa2 ,london lay]s1 ?ree cr[n2 ,london lay]s1 two cr[n2 ,london loose1 "o1 two & ?ree cr[n4 ,boxes are g5]ally made f fir import$ f ,portugal1 at fifte5 c5ts ea*4 ,( late ye>s1 h[ev]1 !y are also receiv$ f ,canada1 & co/ only sev5 c5ts ea*4 ,labor4--,! labor 9 ,malaga is ! mo/ exp5sive 9 ,spa91 ! be/ labor] be+ paid =ty c5ts p] day1 :ile 9 ,d5ia ! labor is obta9$ = fifte5 c5ts only2 b x mu/ be rememb]$ t ! pack+ ( ! ,malaga rais9s is a mu* m p>ticul> "w ?an ! pack+ ( ! dipp$ ,d5ias4 ,! price paid = ,malaga rais9s at ! pack+-h\se is at an av]age ( sev5 c5ts p] p\nd = ! be/1 or f "o to two c5ts m ?an :at is paid 9 ,cali=nia4 ,! l[] grades br+ f two & a half c5ts upw>ds4 ,,val5cia ,,& ,,d5ia4 ,ext5t ( ! ,di/ricts4--,! ,val5cia rais9s1 or1 z !y are call$1 ! ,lexias or ,spani% dipp$ rais9s1 are produc$ 9 ! prov9ce ( ,val5cia1 situat$ on ! ea/ coa/ ( ,spa94 ,! di/rict conta9s ?ree sub-di/ricts1 ! s\!rn "o1 ! ,alicante di/rict1 ext5d+ f ,villa ,joyosa 9 ! nor? to ,el*e 9 ! s\?4 ,! rais9s ( ! ,alicante di/rict are inf]ior to ^? produc$ 9 ! o!r di/ricts1 bo? z reg>ds quality & quantity4 ,! mo/ nor!rly di/rict is ! ,val5cia di/rict prop]1 ext5d+ f ,cull]a 9 ! s\? to ,ca/ellon 9 ! nor?4 ,nor? ( ! latt] place ! ,muscat grape does n come to p]fection1 & ev5 )9 ?is di/rict comp>atively few rais9s are n[ produc$ z comp>$ ) a few ye>s ago4 ,b ! bulk ( all ! rais9s produc$ 9 ! prov9ce are export$ f ,val5cia city1 & h5ce ^! rais9s are kn[n z ,val5cias1 :ile 9 reality !y come pr9cipally f ,d5ia4 ,! bulk ( ! ,val5cia rais9s come f ! c5tral di/rict1 or ! ,d5ia sub-di/rict1 compris+ ! l& betwe5 ,villa ,joyosa 9 ! s\? & ,cull]a 9 ! nor?1 or ab\t ?irty miles on ea* side ( ! t[n ( ,d5ia4 ,t[>ds ! int]ior ! rais9 di/rict ext5ds at ! mo/ n9e miles1 b ! av]age is less1 s t ! :ole di/rict ov] :i* ! ,d5ia v9ey>ds are spread includes only an area ( #cej squ>e miles1 equal to t5 t[n%ips ( l&1 or ab\t #bbd1jjj acres4 ,a l>ge "p ( ?is l& is n cultivat$1 & consi/s ( m\nta9s & wa/e places only suitable z wat]%$s4 ,! t[n ( ,d5ia is ! pr9cipal t[n ( ! sub-di/rict1 & has n[ a population ( ab\t #b1fjj p4 ,x is situat$ ab\t half way betwe5 ,val5cia 9 ! nor? & ,alicante 9 ! s\?1 on ! %ore ( ! ,m$it]ranean1 9 ab\t ! latitude ( ,sacram5to 9 ,cali=nia1 or ?irty-eight degrees1 fifty m9utes nor?4 ,be+ "o ( ! olde/ t[ns 9 ,spa91 ,d5ia 0 fir/ f\nd$ by ! ,phnicians1 :o "h e/abli%$ ! wor%ip ( ,diana1 f :i* ^w ! "n ,d5ia is a corruption4 ,! ,phnicians also introduc$ ! grapes1 & possibly also ! dry+ ( rais9s2 b ! local tradition gives ! honor ( ! latt] indu/ry to ! ,moors1 :o are said to h br\ght ) !m ! v>iety ( grape kn[n z ! ,muscat ( ,alex&ria4 ,dur+ a "p ( ! ye>1 ,d5ia is ! export h>bor = ! rais9s ( ! di/rict4 ,?is is only possible 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! rais9 season1 z !n only are ! w9ds favorable1--! s-call$ h>bor be+ no?+ b a road/ead4 ,lat] 9 ! season1 :5 /orms & ra9s set 91 all ! rais9s are %ipp$ to ,val5cia by railroad1 & f !re export$ by /eam]s & sail+ vessels4 ,among o!r indu/ries ( ! ,d5ia di/rict are ! cultivation ( onions1 ! manufacture ( cotton goods1 its s>d9e fi%]ies1 etc41 all giv+ "w to ! v9ey>d work]s dur+ a "t ( ! ye> :5 !re is no?+ or b little to d 9 ! v9ey>ds & pack+-h\ses4 ,! rais9s ( ,d5ia are n all ( ! same quality1 b v>y accord+ to ! locality :]e gr[n4 ,! :ole di/rict is dott$ ) small villages1 all produc+ rais9s4 ,! pr9cipal ones ( ^! are1 besides ,d5ia prop]1 ,jabea1 ,j>aco1 ,j]rea1 ,oliva1 ,p$regu]1 ,jalon1 ,g&ia1 ,ond>a1 ,v]gel1 etc4 ,( ^!1 ,d5ia prop] produc$ 9 #ahgf ov] #b1ejj tons ( rais9s1 ,jabea #a1gjj tons1 ,oliva #a1fjj tons1 ,p$regu] #a1jjj tons1 ,retoria #ijj tons1 ,jalon #hej tons1 ,ond>a & ,b5isa #hjj tons ea*4 ,b1 besides ^!1 !re are "s tw5ty odd m villages or small] rais9 c5t]s1 :i* produce f #bjj to #gjj tons ea*1 or an aggregate ( #bj1jjj tons ( rais9s4 ,soils & ,appe>ance ( ! ,di/ricts4--,! soils ( ! prov9ce ( ,val5cia1 :]e ! v9ey>ds are situat$1 are ( v>i\s k9ds1 su* z cretace\s & calc>e\s soils1 conta9+ admixtures ( clay1 s& & gravel4 ,! color is (t5 r$1 *ang+ to gray :]e irrigation has be5 practic$1 b mu* ( ! soil is ( an a%y :ite color1 simil> to t ( bottom l&s g5]ally4 ,9 _m ( ! l[] situat$ pla9s1 ! soils are blacki% or d>k gray1 especially s :]e /able or o!r manures h be5 us$ = ye>s4 ,_m v9ey>ds are situat$ on ! hillsides or on ! roll+ l&s1 :]e ! gravelly soils produce rais9s ( small] size & 9 less quantity1 b sweet] & f9] flavor$4 ,b ! l>ge/ bulk ( ! v9ey>ds are on comp>atively level l&1 :i* c be & :i* is irrigat$4 ,! rais9s produc$ on ^! l[ gr\nds 9 ! moi/ & cool valleys are l>g]1 b n ( equal flavor & sweetness4 ,9 wet seasons1 ! hillsides are pref]r$1 ! valley l&s !n be+ too wet & cold4 ,accord+ly1 z ! seasons are wet & cold1 or dry & w>m1 ! v>i\s localities produce rais9s ( diff]5t qualities1 :i* aga9 are valu$ & paid = diff]5tly4 ,! ext5t ( ! valley or pla9 l&s decides ! ext5t ( ! rais9 di/ricts1 & ( late ye>s ! roll+ v9ey>ds h decreas$ 9 quantity1 :ile ^? on ! pla9s h increas$1 until at ! pres5t "t almo/ all ! pla9 l&s are occupi$ ) rais9 v9ey>ds1 especially 9 ! ,d5ia sub-di/rict4 ,climate4--,! climate ( ,d5ia & its surr\nd+s is r cold & w9dy2 damag+ spr+ fro/s1 z well z e>ly fall ra9s1 frequ5tly int]f]e ) ! sett+ ( ! grapes & ) ! h>ve/+ ( ! crop2 x has ev5 happ5$ sev]al times t ! entire crop has be5 s]i\sly injur$ by "o ( ^!1 or by bo? causes comb9$4 ,f>!r nor?1 or 9 ! ,val5cia di/rict prop]1 ! climate is mild]1 & fro/ is r>e4 ,oranges are "h at home1 :ile ! culture ( rais9 grapes becomes less e ye>4 ,nor? ( ,ca/ellon ! climatic conditions are su* t no rais9 culture is possible4 ,z comp>$ ) ! climate ( ,malaga1 t ( ,d5ia is mu* less favorable to ! rais9 grape4 ,! production ( sun-dri$ & undipp$ rais9s 9 ,d5ia is n possible1 &1 al?\gh x has be5 attempt$ sev]al times1 x has seldom succe$$4 ,! ra9fall ( ,d5ia av]ages twelve in*es p] ye>4 ,! ra9ie/ mon?s are ^? ( ,novemb]1 ,febru>y & ,april1 b ! heavie/ ra9fall at "o "t occurs q frequ5tly 9 ! fir/ week ( ,septemb]1 :ile light %[]s are n uncommon 9 ,augu/1 at t "t do+ mu* damage to ! grapes or ! j expos$ rais9s4 ,irrigation4--,n only is irrigation necess>y to gr[ ! v9es successfully & to produce an abundance ( grapes1 b ! irrigation 9 ! prov9ce ( ,val5cia is necess>y to ! heal? & longevity ( ! v9es4 ,n[h]e else 9 ,spa9 is ! wat] s abundant1 & no sav+ ( ! wat] is necess>y 9 ! majority ( ! di/ricts4 ,?r\gh an abundance ( wat]1 ! soil on ! l[l&s has n[ fill$ up to su* an ext5t1 t 9 ! be/ v9ey>ds ! surface wat] is only f five to eight feet f ! surface ( ! gr\nd4 ,^? v9es :i* c\ld n be irrigat$ h gradually become diseas$1 & ! hillside v9ey>ds are be+ rapidly ab&on$ & devot$ to some?+ else4 ,^u ! abundance & con/ancy ( ! wat] dep5ds ! prosp]ity ( ! :ole prov9ce1 & !re is h>dly a m prosp]\s c\ntry 9 ,spa94 ,to %[ ! close connection betwe5 irrigation & rais9 production 9 ,spa91 x w no d\bt int]e/ _m to "k some?+ ( ! irrigation sy/em & ! irrigation di/ricts ( ! prov9ce ( ,val5cia1 ?an :i* no m important ones are f\nd 9 ,spa94 ,! di/rict ( ,alicante is suppli$ ) wat] f ! riv] ,monegre1 & ! ,el*e di/rict f ! riv] ,m9alapo4 ,9 ! nor!rn "p ( ! prov9ce is ! ,murviado irrigation di/rict1 tak+ its wat] f ! riv] ,pal5cia4 ,! ,juc> irrigation di/rict1 situat$ imm$iately s\? ( ! hu]ta ( ,val5cia1 takes its wat] f ! ,juc> riv]1 di/ribut+ #hej cubic feet ( wat] p] second ^u "s #ej1jjj acres ( l&4 ,! ,val5cia irrigation di/rict consi/s ( #bf1cej acres ( l& close to ! t[n ( ,val5cia1 & is wat]$ by ! riv] ,guadalavi>1 or1 z x is g5]ally call$1 ! ,turia4 ,! wat] is di/ribut$ ?r\gh eight canals1 ea* c>ry+ f #ce to #abj cubic feet ( wat] p] second1 ! comb9$ l[-wat] dis*>ge ( all ! canals be+ f #bej to #cej cubic feet ( wat] p] second4 ,( ! importance ( irrigation 9 ?is di/rict1 we c judge :5 we le>n t ! above #bf1cej acres conta9 #gb1jjj inhabitants & sixty-two villages1 or an av]age ( #a1ggd p p] squ>e mile1 n includ+ ! city ( ,val5cia itself1 ) a population ( #abj1jjj p4 ,x is also rem>kable t ?is enorm\s population on a t]ritory n z l>ge z ! arable l& surr\nd+ any "o ( our pr9cipal inl& t[ns 9 ,cali=nia1 is n alone due to ! irrigation & c>e ( ! l&1 b to ! m9ute subdivision ( ! l&1 :i* makes ?is culture & irrigation possible4 ,x is a practical illu/ration ( ! value ( ! colony sy/em z inaugurat$ 9 ,cali=nia1 %[+ :at we c expect ( our inl& pla9s :5 !y become fully irrigat$ & ! l& prop]ly subdivid$4 ,quality ( ! ,rais9s4--,x has already be5 /at$ t ! grapes gr[n 9 ,d5ia are ! ,muscat ( ,alex&ria1 :i* 7 introduc$ !re by ! ,moors4 ,f>!r s\?1 9 ! ,alicante di/rict1 o!r v>ieties are m common1 b play no important "p 9 ! rais9 production ( ! di/rict4 ,! ,val5cia rais9s are inf]ior to ^? ( ,malaga1 ! want ( heat requir+ !m to be dipp$ 9 lye be=e dry+4 ,?is1 aga91 gives ^! rais9s a peculi> r$di%1 semi-transp>5t color1 :i* unfits !m = table rais9s4 ,! ,val5cia rais9s are pr9cipally us$ = cook+2 ev5 ! be/ grades ( ,val5cias are inf]ior to ! inf]ior grades ( ,malaga rais9s4 ,dur+ ! la/ season 7#ahhi7 l>ge quantities ( ,d5ia grapes 7 cur$ on ! ,malaga /yle1 & ) great success4 ,l>ge quantities ( su* sun-dri$ ,d5ias 7 s5t 9 bulk to ,malaga1 & !re repack$ = export to ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ! ,malaga crop hav+ s dim9i%$ t ! usual dem& c\ld n be suppli$4 ,ye>s 9 :i* su* sun-dry+ is possible 9 ,d5ia are r>e4 ,plant+ & ,c>e4--,! ,muscat cutt+s are plant$ g5]ally 9 ,febru>y4 ,! be/ cutt+s are consid]$ to be ^? tak5 f v9es at lea/ six ye>s old4 ,! cutt+s are set at v>i\s di/ances accord+ to ! ri*ness ( ! soil4 ,! ri*] ! soil ! less room is giv5 ! v9es4 ,?us ! v9es are set ei!r five by elev5 feet or five by twelve feet1 or1 9 o!r words1 !y are set 9 r[s elev5 or twelve feet ap>t1 ) ! v9es five feet ap>t 9 ! r[4 ,! dep? ( ! cutt+ is regulat$ by ! moi/ure ( ! surface soil1 b av]ages eighte5 in*es4 ,! v9es beg9 to bud 9 ! middle ( ,m>*1 & are f ! />t subject to great c>e & con/ant cultivation4 ,! fir/ op]ation aft] ! cutt+ is plant$ is to cut (f ! top bud z soon z ! v9e />ts to gr[1 leav+ ! two %oots only f ! two l[] buds4 ,no m %oots are all[$ to gr[ ! fir/ ye>4 ,next w9t] ! small] ( ^! two bran*es is cut (f completely & ! rema9+ bran* is prun$ back to two eyes4 ,9 ! second ye> ! "y %oots f ! v9e are all[$ to gr[ to t5 in*es or s long1 :5 all are cut away except two ( ! /ronge/4 ,next w9t] aga9 ^! are prun$ s to leave only two eyes on ea*1 or f\r buds on ! :ole v9e4 ,9 ! succe$+ ye>s ! bran*es are gradually increas$ 9 numb]1 b always prun$ back to two eyes4 ,aft] ! v9e is five ye>s old1 x is seldom increas$ z to bran*es2 x is !n always prun$ back to ! same numb] ( spurs4 ,x c be said t ! ,d5ia gr[]s pay less att5tion to ! quality ( ! rais9s1 & prune m to atta9 quantity4 ,!y leave m spurs on _! v9es ?an d ^? 9 ,malaga1 & 9 ?is respect resemble _m ( our own ,cali=nia gr[]s1 :o frequ5tly leave f twelve to fifte5 spurs on a v9e4 ,! v9es 9 ,d5ia are also rais$ high] above ! gr\nd ?an 9 ,malaga1 v mu* z we h be5 9 ! habit ( prun+ our own v9es4 ,at ! age ( ?ree ye>s ! v9es come into be>+2 b no f9e rais9s are made until ! v9es are five or six ye>s old4 ,dipp+ & ,scald+4--,! dipp+ process is "o ( ! greate/ importance1 & gives ! peculi> *>act]i/ics to ! ,val5cia or ,d5ia rais9s4 ,z a simil> process w sometime or o!r be m g5]ally us$ 9 ,cali=nia1 a m detail$ description may prove int]e/+ to ,cali=nia gr[]s4 ,we c probably n d bett] ?an to imitate !m1 al?\gh 9 me*anical appliances we w readily improve ^u _! me?ods4 ,! dipp+ is always done at ! dry+ gr\nd or secad]o4 ,! l>g] "p ( ! dipp+ app>atus1 or ! kettles1 are plac$ "u ! gr\nd s z to save heat & fuel4 ,a tr5* eight or n9e feet 9 l5g? is dug to ! dep? ( ?ree or f\r feet4 ,at "o end is built a *imney protrud+ ?ree or f\r feet above ! level ( ! gr\nd4 ,9 ! o!r end ( ! tr5* is built a brick wall ) an op5+ = fe$+ ! fire4 ,"s tr5*es are l9$ inside ) bricks1 mak+ !m m p]man5t & solid4 ,on ! top ( ?is flue1 & on a level ) ! gr\nd1 are built ! kettles or boil]s1 conta9+ n less ?an tw5ty gallons ea*4 ,! boil] ne>e/ ! fire entrance is de/9$ to conta9 a solution ( lye or a%es1 ! "o next to ! *imney be+ = boil+ wat] only4 ,! lye is made f ! a%es ( burnt v9e cutt+s1 toge!r ) lime & sometimes "s salt1 by m5 :o h acquir$ ! art f ye>s ( exp]i5ce1 & :o "k by ! appe>ance ( ! scald$ grapes :e!r ! solution is too /rong or too weak4 ,if too weak1 ! sk9s ( ! grapes w be insuffici5tly cut1 :i* w delay ! dry+ ( ! grapes1 & cause !m to rot if ! wea!r is damp & foggy4 ,if1 aga91 ! lye solution is too /rong1 ! sk9 w be de/roy$ & ! b]ries s]i\sly injur$4 ,! grapes to be dipp$ %\ld be p]fectly ripe4 ,if dipp$ be=e1 !y w become inf]ior bo? z to color & ta/e4 ,! p]fect rip5ess is a mo/ important po9t4 ,! grapes are pick$ 9 baskets ( ab\t t5 p\nds ea*1 & c>ri$ to ! scald]4 ,! man ne>e/ him on ! "r fills a p]=at$ ladle ) ab\t tw5ty p\nds ( ! grapes4 ,! ladle is made ei!r ( wire nett+ or ( t9 or z9c1 ) l>ge p]=at$ holes ab\t ?ree-eigh?s ( an in* wide4 ,!re is a scald] at ea* boil]4 ,! fir/ scald] dips ! grapes 9 ! scald+ wat] = a second1 & imm$iately h&s !m to ! second scald]1 :o dips ! same ladle 9 ! boil+ lye solution = n ov] two seconds4 ,! grapes are !n c>efully turn$ out on trays to dry4 ,! dipp+ fir/ 9 scald+ wat] is ( ! greate/ importance1 bo? 9 wa%+ (f ! du/ ( ! grapes & 9 prep>+ !m to receive ! alkali wa% ) m effect4 ,s9ce ! hot-wat] process 0 introduc$1 ! ,val5cia rais9s h mat]ially improv$ 9 quality4 ,! grapes are nev] r9s$ 9 cold wat] aft] be+ dipp$1 & x is m ?an likely t ! lye prev5ts mold+1 z1 accord+ to ,a4 ,b4 ,butl]1 dipp$ rais9s are sometimes expos$ to ! ra9 = ?ree weeks )\t be+ totally ru9$4 ,9 ,cali=nia1 our dipp$ & wa%$ rais9s spoil quickly if expos$ to ra94 ,! object ( dipp+ is1 ( c\rse1 to slightly crack ! sk9s s z to all[ ! wat] to readily evaporate4 ,dipp$ rais9s dry sometimes 9 five days1 :ile undipp$ rais9s w\ld require z _m weeks4 ,ef=ts to produce sun-dri$ rais9s )\t dipp+ !m h repeat$ly be5 made 9 ,d5ia2 b !y are inv>iably spoil$ by ! ra91 & lately two firms 7 ru9$ 9 _! attempts to disp5se ) ! dipp+ process4 ,dry+ & ,cur+4--,aft] ! grapes h be5 prop]ly dipp$1 ! dry+ proce$s v quickly4 ,! grapes are imm$iately spread on cane trays or caezos1 ab\t six feet long by ?ree or f\r feet wide4 ,^! cane trays are made ( ! common ,italian re$ or ,arundo donax1 :i* gr[s ev]y:]e1 ev5 9 ,cali=nia1 & is "h incorrectly kn[n z bamboo4 ,! trays are made ei!r ( split or ( entire canes ti$ /rongly toge!r4 ,^! trays are plac$ flat on ! gr\nd1 only leav+ en\gh space ar\nd ea* "o to all[ ! workm5 free access to ! tray on all sides4 ,aft] hav+ be5 expos$ to ! sun = ?ree days1 ! grapes are turn$1 9 ord] to dry ev5ly on bo? sides4 ,on ! fif? day1 ! rais9s are turn$ aga91 &1 if ! wea!r has be5 favorable1 _m ( ! rais9s are !n ready to pack4 ,a day or two aft] ?is1 all ! rais9s are ready1 & are collect$ & h\s$4 ,if1 aga91 ! wea!r has be5 unfavorable1 ! dry+ is v mu* delay$4 ,at ! approa* ( ra91 ! mats or trays are tak5 up & pil$ on ! top ( ea* o!r1 "u %$s previ\sly made4 ,e dry+ gr\nd has /ation>y appliances = ?is purpose4 ,^! simply consi/ ( poles /uck 9 ! gr\nd1 & ext5d+ five or six feet above ! same4 ,o!r cross-raft]s or scantl+s are nail$ betwe5 ! poles1 ?us =m+ r[s ( ro(less %$s eight or n9e feet wide1 ( great] or %ort] l5g?4 ,pa9t$ canvas1 or simply mats or empty re$ trays1 are us$ z cov]s1 "u :i* ! rais9 trays are pil$4 ,"u & betwe5 ea* tray are plac$ five little cubes ( wood1 = ! purpose ( lift+ ! tray & prev5t+ x f press+ too heavily on ! grapes und]nea?4 ,pack+ & ,dispos+ ( ! ,crop4--,:5 at la/ ! rais9s are dri$1 !y are ei!r /or$ by ! produc]1 or1 z is m g5]ally ! case1 are tak5 to ! m]*ant or pack] :o has suppli$ ! gr[]'s wants dur+ ! ye> 9 anticipation ( ! com+ crop4 ,!re are ?us a numb] ( special pack]s 9 ,d5ia1 :o own l>ge & spl5did pack+-h\ses 9 :i* ! crop is ye>ly h&l$4 ,! gr[] nev] packs himself1 ! enhanc$ value ( ! rais9s n be+ suffici5t to w>rant ! tr\ble4 ,"o ( ! be/ & by f> ! l>ge/ pack+-h\ses 9 ,d5ia is own$ by ,j4 ,d4 ,arquimbau4 ,a m p]fectly equipp$ e/abli%m5t is n f\nd any:]e else4 ,illu/ration3 ,views f ,col4 ,wm4 ,=sy?'s ,rais9 ,v9ey>d1 ,ne> ,fresno3 ,resid5ce1 ,lake1 ,rais9 ,dry]1 ,pack+ ,h\se4 ,all ( ! pack+ is done by wom51 :ile ! m5 d ! c>t+ ( ! rais9s f ! v9ey>ds to ! pack+-h\ses4 ,dur+ ! balance ( ! ye>1 :5 !re is no m "w 9 ! pack+-h\ses1 ^! v m5 occupy !mselves ) ! s>d9e fi%]y1 :ile _! wives !n dress ! s>d9es & pack !m 9 oil4 ,!y h ?us "w all ! ye> r\nd1--an absolute necessity 9 a c\ntry :]e ! wages are s small1 & :]e ! poor man has no *ance to save up a capital4 ,! wages paid = pack+ 9 ,d5ia is only fifte5 c5ts p] day2 :ile 9 ,malaga ! same "w comm&s f =ty to sixty c5ts p] day4 ,9 "s ( ! w>eh\ses 9 ,d5ia1 f two to ?ree hundr$ wom5 are employ$1 z well z a numb] ( m54 ,! boxes n[ us$ are halves ( tw5ty-eight p\nds1 or qu>t]s ( f\rte5 p\nds ea*4 ,! l>ge or :ole boxes ( fifty-six p\nds ea* are no long] 9 use4 ,! rais9s are all pack$ 8(f-/alk10 or1 z we say1 8loose40 ,bun* or /em rais9s1 or 8on-/alk0 rais9s1 are seldom se54 ,?is great improvem5t 9 pack+ is ( rec5t orig91 & is due entirely to ! influ5ce ( ,engli% m]*ants4 ,"s ?irty ye>s ago1 ! rais9 indu/ry ( ,val5cia _h s det]iorat$1 t x ?reat5$ to entirely cease4 ,! cause ( ! det]ioration 0 pr9cipally ! habit ( ! buy]s to pay = crops1 n accord+ to ! quality ( ! rais9s1 b accord+ to ! quantity4 ,! small f>m] ) a few hundr$ p\nds ( rais9s c>efully cur$ 0 paid less1 or at lea/ n any m1 ?an ! man :o _h hundr$s ( tons c>elessly cur$4 ,z a consequ5ce1 x 0 to no "o's int]e/ to take any p>ticul> pa9s 9 cur+4 ,! rais9s det]iorat$2 no c>e 0 paid to pack+2 any?+1 almo/1 /alks1 dirt & bruis$ b]ries 7 dump$ 9 boxes toge!r2 br&s1 trade-m>ks & labels 7 unkn[n4 ,! :ole bus9ess 0 app>5tly go+ to ru94 ,! ord]s f ,engl& became less & less e ye>4 ,^? f ,am]ica almo/ ceas$4 ,! 8equality price0 or 8av]age price10 :i* has be5 s mu* 9 vogue 9 ,cali=nia1 actually ru9$ ! ,val5cia rais9 indu/ry4 ,we ought to take a lesson f !m1 & *ange ?is sy/em 9 "t1 or we w be 9 ! same bad fix z !y 74 ,! improvem5t 9 ,val5cia rais9s 0 entirely due to ! en]getic ef=ts ( ,engli% g5tlem54 ,mr4 ,george ,graham1 ag5t = an ,engli% firm1 e/abli%$ himself 9 ,val5cia1 inve/igat$ ! rais9 bus9ess1 &1 see+ ! true cause ( ! ru91 set himself to "w to rem$y ! same4 ,he introduc$ bett] me?ods 9 gr[+1 cur+ & pack+2 & ?r\gh 8 ef=ts a bett] price 0 paid = a bett] grade ( rais9s1 & x 0 n long be=e ! rais9 bus9ess 0 on an entirely diff]5t foot+4 ,! object ( ! gr[] 0 f t on1 n only to increase ! quantity1 b to increase ! quality z well4 ,to beg9 )1 ! rais9s 7 %ipp$ (f-/alk or loose2 b ! boxes 7 n fac$4 ,n[ ! rais9 boxes are all fac$1 & ! rais9s are c>efully select$ & assort$4 ,z a consequ5ce1 ! ,d5ia trade has ( late ye>s increas$ enorm\sly1 until at pres5t all ! l& available has be5 plant$ to rais9s4 ,!re is at pres5t b little or no fir/-class rais9 l& left 9 ,d5ia1 & x looks z if ! rais9 production !re c\ld n be fur!r exp&$4 ,export & ,production4--,al?\gh ! rais9 indu/ry _h long exi/$ 9 ! prov9ce ( ,val5cia1 x 0 only 9 late ye>s t x assum$ an importance4 ,!y 7 already kn[n z ,durac9ae by ! ,romans4 ,re-introduc$ or improv$ by ! ,arabs or ,moors1 x soon became a prom95t indu/ry1 & ! export ( rais9s to ,engl& 0 already ( "s consequ5ce 9 ! "t ( ,william & ,m>y4 ,9 ! ye> #afch1 ,lewis ,rob]ts1 9 8 m]*ant map ( comm]ce1 in=ms u t ,d5ia rais9s co/ eighte5 rials or ?ree %ill+s p] hundr$ weight4 ,9 #affd1 ,g&ia rais9s 7 q fam\s1 & 7 kn[n z ,pasas4 ,at ! end ( ! la/ c5tury1 ! rais9s f ,d5ia & ,liria rea*$ =ty ?\s& qu9tals1 or two ?\s& tons1 di/ribut$ z foll[s3 ,spa91 six ?\s&2 ,france1 six ?\s&2 ,engl&1 tw5ty-eight ?\s&1--equal to "o million1 f\r hundr$ & ?irty ?\s& boxes1 =ty ?\s& qu9tals1 or two ?\s& tons4 ,9 #ahfb1 ! rais9 export f ,val5cia _h dw9dl$ d[n to sev5 ?\s& tons4 ,9 #ahgf1 x _h aga9 ris5 to n9ete5 ?\s& tons1 & 9 #ahhc to =ty ?\s& tons4 ,( ^!1 n9e hundr$ & sev5ty-n9e ?\s& boxes 7 export$ to ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 "o million1 ?ree hundr$ & eighty-five ?\s& 7 s5t to ,engl&1 & f\r hundr$ & ?irty-six ?\s& f\nd _! way to o!r p>ts ( ,europe & ,spa94 ,9 #ahhh1 ! yield 0 two million1 ?ree hundr$ & sixte5 ?\s& boxes ( tw5ty-eight p\nds ea*1 equal to ?irty-two ?\s&1 f\r hundr$ & tw5ty-f\r tons4 ,if pack$ 9 tw5ty-p\nd boxes1 ?is crop w\ld h equal$ ?ree million1 two hundr$ & =ty ?\s&1 f\r hundr$ boxes1 or f\r times z mu* z ,cali=nia produc$ at ! same "t4 ,! crop ( #ahhi is calculat$ to h rea*$ two million1 eight hundr$ ?\s& boxes ( tw5ty-eight p\nds ea*4 ,:5 we rememb] t ?is class ( rais9s is z yet h>dly produc$ 9 ,cali=nia1 & t ! n9e hundr$ & sev5ty-n9e ?\s& boxes or m import$ c\ld & %\ld be suppli$ by u1 x w\ld seem t our fe>s ( ov]production w n imm$iately be realiz$4 ,! t5d5cy ( ! rais9 m>ket is n[ to supplant ^! ,val5cia dipp$ rais9s ) ,cali=nia undipp$ or sun-dri$ rais9s1 ! ,cali=nia ,sultanas be+ consid]$ sup]ior = ! same purpose t ,val5cias 7 =m]ly us$4 ,,cor9? ,,& ,,currants4 ,hi/orical & ,geographical ,notes4--,! pr9cipal & only rais9s ( any great comm]cial importance :i* are produc$ by ,greece are ! currants4 ,we h already spok5 ( _! "n1 & its suppos$ orig9 f ! t[n ( ,cor9?1 & ( _! hav+ be5 m5tion$ by ,pl9y 9 ! ye> #ge ,a4 ,d4 ,! currants mu/ ?us v e>ly h be5 ( consid]able importance z a comm]cial product1 al?\gh ! great increase 9 _! production is ( m rec5t date4 ,! crusades :i* br\ght ! nations ( ! ,nor? 9 contact ) ! ,ori5t & ! ,s\? also spread ! k ( ! ,grecian currants to ! di/ant p>ts ( ,europe4 ,aft] ! ,lat9 conque/1 currants became a comm]cial article1 & we h e reason to suppose t1 z e>ly z ! beg9n+ ( ! ?irte5? c5tury1 currants _h rea*$ ! ,engli% %ores1 & t 9 ! middle ( ! f\rte5? c5tury ! ,engli% trade 0 fully e/abli%$4 ,rays9s ( ,corauntz 7 quot$ 9 #acgd at two p5ce & ?ree f>?+s p] p\nd1 equival5t to "o doll> & tw5ty-five c5ts 9 our money at its pres5t value4 ,9 #aeac1 ! fir/ ,engli% consul 0 appo9t$ at ,*ios1 & f t "t on a direct traffic 0 ma9ta9$ betwe5 ! ,grecian ,isl&s & ! ,nor? ( ,europe4 ,9 #aehb1 ,hakluyt writes t ef=ts _h be5 made to introduce ! cor5 plant or v9e into ,engl&1 b t ! same fail$ to fruit4 ,! fir/ introduction ( ! ,zante v9e into ,engl& is suppos$ by ,&]son to h tak5 place 9 #aecc4 ,9 ! end ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 ! currant trad]s 7 9 full int]c\rse ) ! ,v5etians on ! ,isl& ( ,zante1 & ! ,turks on ! ma9l& or ,morea4 ,9 #aeha1 ! ,levant ,company receiv$ a monopoly 9 ! trade ( ! small fruits call$ currants1 be+ ! rays9s ( ,cor9?4 ,accord+ to ,:el]1 :o travel$ 9 ! ,ionian ,isl&s 9 #afge1 ,zante produc$ en\gh currants to *>ge five or six vessels1 ,cephalonia ?ree or f\r1 & ,na?aligo1 ,missolonghi & ,patros "o ea*4 ,"s few 7 also br\ght d[n f ! ,gulf ( ,lepanto4 ,z to ! native home ( ! currants1 op9ions h consid]ably diff]$4 ,"s h suppos$ ,zante or ,naxos to h be5 ! orig9al home ( ?is grape2 :ile o!rs1 ) bett] reasons1 h held t _! orig9al home 0 ,cor9?4 ,beauj\r1 :o 0 ,fr5* consul 9 ,greece 9 #agij1 says3 8,! fruit is n indig5\s to ,morea4 ,no writ] be=e ! sixte5? c5tury m5tions x1 & ! result ( my inquiries is t ! currant came f ,naxos into ! ,morea ab\t #aehj4 ,x is true no su* plant n[ exi/s 9 ,naxos1 b x has simil>ly disappe>$ f ! t]ritory ( ,cor9?1 ?\gh x is v c]ta9 x 0 cultivat$ !re 9 =m] days1 :5 ! ,v5etians held ! c\ntry40 ,?is acc\nt does n agree ) ! /atem5ts ( ,comte ,grasset ,/4 ,sauveur1 consul to ! ,ionian ,isl&s f ,france 9 #agha4 ,he /ates1 9 8 ,hi/ory ( ! ,ionian ,isl&s1 t 8! fir/ plants 7 import$ f ,cor9? to ,zante ab\t two c5turies ago0 7or ab\t #aehj74 ,!re are no exact records ( ! "t or ( ! introduc]2 b ! date is fix$ by ! regulations ( ! ,s5ate ( ,v5ice relat+ to cu/om duties4 ,x is likely ?is introduction took place n mu* be=e #aeec1 & 0 caus$ by ! ho/ility ( ! ,turks1 :o !n held ,morea1 to ! m]*ant vessels ( ! o!r nations ( ,europe1 :o 9 fact =bade !m any entrance to ! ,gulf ( ,cor9?1 ! pr9cipal export place = ! currants4 ,?us ,john ,locke1 :o 9 #aeec describes ,zante1 speaks ( o!r products ( ! isl&1 b n ( currants4 ,hakluyt /ates t1 9 #aehf1 ! *ief commodities ( ! isl& 7 8oyle & currants40 ,! latt]1 !n1 mu/ h be5 introduc$ "s "t 9 ! middle ( ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,li?g[1 a ,scot* travel] :o 9 #afji visit$ ! isl&s & publi%$ an acc\nt ( ! same 9 #afcc1 in=ms u t1 besides oyle & w9e1 ,zante produc$ "o hundr$ & sixty ?\s& *ick5s ( currants1 ea* *ick5 ( gold be+ equal to n9e %ill+s ( ,engli% money4 ,& he adds t ! cu/om duties on ^? currants am\nt$ to tw5ty-two ?\s& pia/]s 7"o pia/] is equival5t to six %ill+s71 a sum ( money :i* ^? ,isl&]s c\ld n h af=d$ 7!y hav+ be51 n above sixty ye>s ago1 b a base1 begg>ly p1 & 9 an obscure place7 if x 7 n t 9 ,engl& !re are "s :o _c dige/ bread1 etc41 )\t ^! currants4 ,?is seems to imply t1 s9ce ! introduction ( ! currant culture 9 ! ,isl& ( ,zante ab\t ! ye> #aeej1 ! ,zanteans _h sudd5ly become comp>atively weal?y4 ,s sudd5ly _h ?is important indu/ry spread1 t 9 #afaj1 accord+ to ,s&ys1 ! *ief export ( bo? ,zante & ,cephalonia 0 currants4 ,9 #afab1 ,coryat says t 8,zante is fam\s = its w9e1 oile & currants40 ,fynes ,moryson1 9 8 8,it9]>y0 publi%$ 9 #afag1 /ates t 8! ,engli% m]*ant vessels export$ currants f ,zante & ,cephalonia1 & f ,petrasso 9 ! ,gulfe ( ,cor9?40 ,tav]ni] says1 9 #afgh1 t1 8,cor9? exports great quantities ( currants4 ,patras does ! same1 :i* is all ! trade f ^? two places40 ,9 #afhb1 ,:el] /ates t 8! ports ( ,patros1 ,na?aligo & ,missolonghi1 all ?ree toge!r hav+ en\gh to lade only "o good %ip e ye>40 ,r&olph1 9 #afhi1 m5tions t currants 7 fir/ plant$ on ! pla9s ( ,cor9?1 & t ! pla9 ab\t ,vo/izza produc$ corn1 currants & w9e4 ,( ,zante1 he says t x produc$ two ?\s& tons ( currants4 ,?us x w seem z if1 ?r\gh ! fo/]+ c>e ( ! ,v5etians1 ! currant trade 0 transplant$ f ! ma9l& ( ,morea to ! ,isl&s ( ,zante & ,cephalonia1 !re to become ( almo/ national importance4 ,until ! ,turks 7 expell$ f ,morea1 ! latt] nev] made any s]i\s ef=ts to recov] ! lo/ trade4 ,fir/ 9 lat] times ! culture ( currants has aga9 spread on ! ma9l&1 especially on ! nor!rn %ore ( ! ,gulf ( ,cor9?1 & to-day ! comb9$ production ( ! ,morean v9ey>ds is l>gely 9 excess ( t ( ! ,ionian ,isl&s4 ,9 our times ! currants are export$ ei!r f ! ma9l& ( ,greece1 ! ,morea1 ! anci5t ,peloponnesus1 or f ! ,grecian ,isl&s1--,cephalonia & ,zante4 ,9 ,morea1 ! pr9cipal ports = ! exportation ( ! currants are ,patras & ,vo/izza1 al?\gh o!r ports export a few4 ,ev5 ! ,isl&s ( ,i?aca & ,santa ,maura contribute a few4 ,ef=ts h be5 made to ext5d ! culture ( ! currant v9e1 & introduce x to o!r isl&s1 b n ) any great degree ( success4 ,?is is entirely attribut$ to climatic conditions4 ,*>act]i/ics & ,quality4--,! currants are small1 se$less rais9s produc$ f ! currant grape1 :i* aga9 is *>act]iz$ by small clu/]s1 :i*1 :5 p]fect1 are v compact l ! heads ( ,indian corn or maize4 ,! sk9 ( ! b]ries is ?91 ! pulp v sweet1 ) a /rong flavor & aroma4 ,! rais9s are simil>ly aromatic & v sweet1 sometimes semi-transp>5t1 b g5]ally d>k violet4 ,! flavor ( ! rais9s is entirely di/9ct f ! ,muscatel1 & is v sup]ior to t ( ! also se$less ,sultana rais9s4 ,soil & ,irrigation4--,! soil be/ suit$ to ! currant grape is a calc>e\s m>l1 :i* mu/ be ( good dep?1 loose1 & easily work$4 ,su* m>ls are also priz$ = _! great p[] ( reta9+ moi/ure4 ,b v9ey>ds are plant$ 9 ,cephalonia1 ,zante & ,i?aca 9 ! mo/ diff]5t soils & situations4 ,!y are f\nd 9 gray m>ls1 9 r$ clay1 on ! pla9s & among ! hills1 9 fact1 9 ! mo/ widely diff]5t situations4 ,! soil ( ,zante conta9s a small p]c5tage ( sulphate ( lime or gypsum1 :i* is by _m consid]$ indisp5sable = ! successful & pr(itable culture ( ! currant v9e4 ,! currant v9e ?rives especially 9 l[ & ri* l& :i* c be irrigat$1 & irrigation is q ess5tial to ! p]fect developm5t ( ! grapes4 ,_m v9ey>ds1 h[ev]1 are n irrigat$1 ! irrigation1 ( c\rse1 only be+ practicable on ! pla9s4 ,?is irrigation is practic$ f ,octob] to ! end ( ,decemb]1 (t5 :ile ! natural ra9fall supplies ! artificial wat]+4 ,! l&s are g5]ally small freehold+s1 own$ by ! peasants4 ,! mo/ valuable currant v9ey>ds are situat$ on ! ri* & level valley l&s4 ,prep>ation ( ! ,l& = ,irrigation4--,! prep>ation ( ! l& = a currant v9ey>d is exp5sive1 z ! l& is h>dly ev] level en\gh to admit ( ! v9es be+ imm$iately plant$4 ,! surface is !re=e fir/ level$ & divid$ up 9 small] *eeks or flats1 ea* "o surr\nd$ by a bank4 ,! :ole is cov]$ ) a network ( dit*es1 :i* are necess>y = ! p]fect irrigation ( ! soil4 ,:]e !re is wat] en\gh1 ! v9ey>ds are irrigat$ 9 ,novemb] & ,decemb]1 & are !n flood$ z (t5 z practicable1 ! wat] sometimes /&+ on ! gr\nd = weeks 9 succession4 ,9 p]fectly arrang$ v9ey>ds1 ! irrigation is s manag$ t ! wat] fl[s f "o *eck to ano!r1 & is fir/ %ut (f at ! adv5t ( ! ,new ,ye>1 :5 ! prun+ & cultivation beg9s4 ,by ?is pl5tiful irrigation1 ! gr\nd becomes ?or\ghly soak$1 & rema9s saturat$ until ! next season1 :5 ra9 aga9 sets 9 & fills ! irrigation canals4 ,no summ] irrigation is us$ 9 old v9ey>ds1 & 9 "y v9ey>ds only 9 case ( great necessity4 ,di/ances ( ! ,currant ,v9es4--,! v9es are set at v>i\s di/ances1 9 "s places f\r feet ea* way1 9 o!rs aga9 six by t51 giv+ a v>i\s numb] ( f #gdj to #b1fbb to ! acre4 ,9 "s places1 ! old practice ( plant+ ! v9es 9 gr\ps ( f\r /ill exi/s4 ,ea* gr\p consi/s ( f\r v9es "o & a half feet ap>t1 & ea* gr\p di/ant six feet f ea* o!r ei!r way4 ,( late1 h[ev]1 ! v9es are plant$ f>!r ap>t1 probably because ! soil is becom+ exhau/$1 a favorite way be+ to h ! v9es clos] "o way ?an ! o!r4 ,c>e ( ,cutt+s1 ,plant+ & ,graft+4--,great importance is atta*$ to procur+ cutt+s f a di/ance1 or 9 gett+ new /ra9s4 ,cutt+s f ! ne>e/ v9ey>d are nev] us$1 z !y are consid]$ to produce inf]ior v9es1 & n d z well4 ,to procure cutt+s or v9es1 ! old v9es are sometimes cut a few in*es bel[ ! surface ( ! soil1 caus+ ! p>5t plant to ?r[ (f num]\s suck]s or %oots1 :i* ! foll[+ w9t] are sep>at$ & us$ z we d root$ v9es "h 9 ,cali=nia4 ,?ree or f\r ye>s w elapse be=e !y come into regul> be>+4 ,"s v9ey>ds are produc$ by graft+ ! black currant on ! w9e grape1 & _m w9e v9ey>ds t d n pay are ?us trans=m$ into pay+ rais9 v9ey>ds4 ,! graft$ v9es come into be>+ mu* soon] ?an ^? gr[n f cutt+s4 ,! graft+ is p]=m$ 9 ,zante z foll[s3 ,! soil is dug away f ! ma9 trunk ( ! old v9e to ! dep? ( f twelve to eighte5 in*es1 & ! trunk cut (f squ>e at ! bottom ( ! pit4 ,two or ?ree scions are !n ins]t$ 9 ! trunk1 & made to slightly project above ! gr\nd1 9 no case ) m ?an two or ?ree eyes4 ,clay is !n appli$ to ! jo9t ( ! graft1 & ! trunk slightly cov]$ ) leaves1 & ! hole !n fill$ up ) soil4 ,! graft+ is done 9 ! spr+1 & ! cutt+s mu/ be kept dormant 9 d>k & cool cell>s4 ,prun+ ! ,v9es4--,! prun+ is done 9 ! fall1 j z soon z ! leaves h fall51 & is p]=m$ 9 two p>ts4 ,9 ,decemb]1 ! v9es are clean$ ( all small1 weakly or dead bran*es1 & at t "t only ! l>ge & /rong bran*es are left4 ,9 ,febru>y1 ! regul> cutt+ back comm5ces1 two or ?ree eyes be+ left on e spur4 ,!re are z _m diff]5t ideas ( prun+ ! v9es 9 ,greece z !re are 9 ,cali=nia1 ea* "o hav+ 8 favorite me?ods & !ories z to :at is prop] & :at is n4 ,"s v9ey>di/s pref] to delay ! second prun+ until aft] ! v9es h />t$ to bud out1 &1 :5 ! "y %oots are two weeks old1 ! old wood is s cut t ! ble$+ ( ! v9e w n run d[n on ! bud4 ,ble$+ is at any "t consid]$ injuri\s4 ,! pr9cipal prun+ is !re=e conduct$ 9 ,febru>y1 z be+ ! "t mo/ suitable to ! currant grape & conducive to ! be/ crops4 ,mr4 ,manoti1 a v intellig5t ,zanteote currant gr[]1 told ,dr4 ,davy 7,ionian ,isl&s1 page #cdc7 t he _h at "o "t exp]im5t$ ) prun+ ! currant v9e at diff]5t times ( ! ye>4 ,^? prun$ 9 ,decemb] yield$ v few grapes1 :i* 7 l>ge2 ^? prun$ 9 ,april gave pl5ty1 b v small b]ries4 ,aga91 ^? prun$ 9 ,febru>y 7 9 e way ! be/4 ,mr4 ,manoti add$ t if he _h told "o ( 8 neighbors ( 8 exp]im5ts !y w\ld h laugh$ at him1 & said1 8,:oev] ?9ks ( prun+ ! uva passa 7or currant7 9 ,decemb] or ,april40 ,?is %[s h[ mu* ! gr[]s are oppos$ to exp]im5t+ & improv+ ^u ! me?ods :i* h be5 h&$ d[n to !m f _! =efa!rs4 ,z we h %[n1 ! currant v9es are all v closely prun$1 v mu* 9 ! same way z our ,muscats4 ,seldom m ?an ?ree spurs are all[$ to rema91 ea* "o ) two or ?ree eyes4 ,summ] prun+ or topp+ ! bran*es is nev] practic$ on ! currant v9es1 b g5]ally on ! w9e grapes4 ,on ! contr>y ! currant bran*es are c>efully gu>d$1 & 9 ord] t !y may n break are ti$ to /akes f f\r to five feet high4 ,c>e ( ! ,v9ey>d4--,aft] irrigation is ov]1 ! v9ey>ds are dug ov]4 ,! soil is dug up ar\nd ! v9es & plac$ on top ( ! gr\nd 9 small heaps1 :i* process is consid]$ b5eficial bo? to ! roots ( ! v9es & to ! soil4 ,9 ,april1 ?is soil is all put back1 & ! gr\nd level$4 ,ea* v9e is /ak$4 ,by ! middle ( ,april1 ! v9es are 9 leaf4 ,by ! middle ( ,july1 ! fir/ fruit is ripe1 & by ! middle ( ,augu/ ! h>ve/ has ev]y:]e begun4 ,! /akes = ! v9es are import$ at a co/ ( #ae or #af p] ?\s&1 & con/itute ! mo/ exp5sive item 9 ! con/ruction ( a currant v9ey>d4 ,! mildew or oidium1 :i* "s fifty ye>s ago spread all ov] ! _w1 de/roy$ _m ( ! v9ey>ds be=e ! sulphur+ 0 discov]$ z a sure rem$y4 ,sulphur+ ! v9es is n[ regul>ly practic$ 9 all ! v9ey>ds2 b !re is a popul> belief t ! rais9s are no long] ( ! same f9e & pure flavor z !y us$ to be be=e ! adv5t ( ! oidium & ! sulphur4 ,r++ ! ,bran*es4--,a process mu* us$ 9 ! currant v9ey>ds is ! r++ ( ! bran*es4 ,at ! "t ( blossom+1 "s ( ! ma9 bran*es are cut 9 su* a way t a small r+ ( b>k is sep>at$ f ! bran* ne> its base4 ,! sap :i* asc5ds 9 ! int]ior ( ! bran*1 b :i* returns by ! b>k1 is ?us prev5t$ f return+1 & mu/ rema9 9 ! bran*4 ,! effect is t a l>ge numb] ( clu/]s are =m$ ) b]ries bo? l>g] & sweet] ?an ^? n ?us treat$4 ,b ! practice is n )\t its drawbacks4 ,9 ! dry l&s ( ,cephalonia1 :]e x 0 fir/ introduc$1 x 0 soon discov]$ t ! r+$ v9es began to fail aft] two or ?ree ye>s1 & ! me?od _h to be modifi$ or ab&on$4 ,9 ,morea1 :]e ! soil is moi/] & ri*]1 ! r++ did n prove z dang]\s1 & is yet practic$1 ?\gh great c>e is tak5 t ! same bran* is nev] girdl$ or r+$ 9 two successive ye>s4 ,only ! /ronge/ v9es are able to resi/ ! exhau/+ effects ( ! process2 ! weak] ones %\ld nev] be =c$ to ov]produce4 ,! exhalations ( fig-trees & pomegranate bu%es are consid]$ mo/ b5eficial to ! currant grape1 & ! =m] are f\nd ev]y:]e among ! plantations1 especially along roads & dit*es4 ,dry+ & ,cur+4--,! dry+ & cur+ ( ! currant grapes are done on dry+ gr\nds4 ,^! are simply level$ places cov]$ ) fre% c[ dung1 or c[ dung fir/ mix$ ) wat] into a pa/e4 ,:5 ?is pa/e is dri$1 x pres5ts a smoo? surface1 firm b ela/ic1 & entirely free f smell4 ,?is k9d ( dry+ gr\nd is consid]$ ! be/ k9d4 ,inf]ior dry+ gr\nds are simply made ( ! cle>$ soil4 ,! currants dri$ on ! latt] are always full ( s& & dirt to an al>m+ ext5t1 & br+ an inf]ior price 9 ! m>ket4 ,! bun*es are turn$ sev]al times until dry1 :5 !y are rak$ ov] ) a wood5 rake or broom1 by :i* process ! /alks are sep>at$ f ! b]ries4 ,! b]ries are n[ ga!r$1 & ! bett] qualities are w9n[$ 9 ma*9es l our fann+-mills4 ,! next /ep is to sweat ! currants1 :i* is simply done by pil+ !m 9 air-tight rooms4 ,! currants are "h put 9 l>ge piles1 :i* by sweat+ & pressure become s h>d & solid t1 :5 remov+ ! b]ries1 a %>p spade is us$ = digg+4 ,! v9tage beg9s 9 ,july 9 ,zante2 ,cephalonia grapes rip5 almo/ "o week e>li]4 ,co/ ( ,currant ,v9ey>ds 9 ,greece4--,9 ! ,grecian ,isl&s & ,morea1 ! be/ v9ey>d l& v>ies betwe5 #hj & #abe p] acre = unimprov$ l&4 ,to prep>e ! l& = ! v9ey>d & irrigation1 x w co/1 9 extreme cases1 f #bj to #ej m4 ,! fir/ ye>'s cultivation & c>e ( ! "y v9es is1 ( c\rse1 diff]5t accord+ to locality1 b ! av]age is seldom less ?an #ej p] acre4 ,! value ( already plant$ prop]ty or a v9ey>d 9 good be>+ is seldom less ?an #cbj p] acre1 & (t5 z high z #fej p] acre1--f\r /remmas4 ,/range en\gh1 9 calculat+ ! co/ ( a v9ey>d 9 ,greece1 no "o ev] takes into consid]ation ! price ( ! plantation or ! capital inve/$4 ,! int]e/ on ! same is nev] consid]$ by ! natives4 ,9 ?is respect !y resemble our own f>m]s1 :o1 9 calculat+ ! exp5ses ( _! f>ms1 nev] take into consid]ation ! labor ( !mselves & family4 ,( c\rse1 x is almo/ impossible to obta9 exact calculations ( pr(it4 ,! foll[+ w s]ve z a sample3 ,an acre ( v9ey>d plant$ to currants yields #c1bjj p\nds4 ,! price obta9$ = ! same is two c5ts p] p\nd1 or #fd4 ,! labor = ! ye> on "o acre is e/imat$ at #de1 leav+ a ye>ly pr(it ( #ai p] acre4 ,9 reality1 h[ev]1 ?is is n a true /atem5t1 z x does n consid] ! int]e/ on ! capital4 ,if ! same %\ld be add$1 x is evid5t t !re w\ld be b little or no pr(it 9 ! gr[+ ( currants4 ,! indu/ry simply enables ! peasant :o pursues ! "w to live & support 8 family1 & possibly to pay 8 taxes4 ,only ! v be/ l& & ! be/ v9ey>ds c pay en\gh to enable its own] to save up a capital1 g5]ally a difficult ?+ 9 ,greece = any "o b a m]*ant or gov]nm5t (fic]4 ,z a rule1 ! co/ ( produc+ "o hundr$ p\nds ( currant rais9s is n less ?an #a4ce4 ,:atev] ! m]*ant pays above ?is to ! produc] w be = ! b5efit ( ! produc]4 ,b1 z a rule1 ?is way ( buy+ direct is n 9 use4 ,! m]*ant sells on commission1 & :at ?is means we :o h _h exp]i5ce 9 ! rais9 bus9ess 9 ?is ,/ate all "k4 ,we w see h[ a calculation ( an acre ( currants w look1 :5 all ! exp5ses are tak5 into consid]ation3 ,"o acre ( currants equals #c1bjj p\nds at ?ree c5ts p] p\nd #if4jj ------ ,exp5se on #c1bjj p\nds at #a4ce #dc4jj ,pack+ & haul+ #g4ej ,freight1 insurance1 duty1 etc4 #bb4ej ,int]e/ on capital inve/$ #ae4jj ,m]*ant *>ges say #h4jj ------ #if4jj ,9 ?is in/ance ! poor currant rais] has _h no o!r pr(it ?an ! five p] c5t int]e/ on 8 capital inve/$2 he has1 9 o!r words1 come out ev54 ,b figures1 sometimes1 are apt to lie4 ,! pr(it1 no d\bt1 is small to ! produc]1 b x mu/ /ill be "s4 ,he makes1 no d\bt1 fair wages accord+ to 8 own ideas1 & z he has paid = 8 capital 9 labor1 & probably nev] h&l$ a doll> ( ! same1 he consid]s himself comp>atively well-to-d4 ,b1 z currant v9ey>ds sometimes sell1 & sell high1 too1 x is simply unacc\ntable t ! int]e/ is nev] tak5 into consid]ation 9 e/imat+ ! pr(its ( ! gr[]4 ,! currant indu/ry is1 ,i believe1 ! only "o 9 ! _w 9 :i* ?is is n done4 ,i h ?us ext5sively dwelt ^u ! pr(its & exp5ses ( ?is indu/ry 9 its native c\ntry1 on acc\nt ( ! _m attempts to introduce ! gr[+ ( currants "h 9 ,cali=nia4 ,! "q ) u is1 w x pay4 ,our advantage is t our currants w\ld be protect$2 b /ill x is v d\btful if currant plantations w\ld ev] pay en\gh to w>rant u to engage 9 ! same4 ,! price paid at pres5t is too l[1 &1 z long z ,muscatels br+ a high] price1 x w probably be ! favorite grape ) u4 ,consumption & ,production4--,! importation ( currants to ,engl& 01 at ! end ( ! la/ c5tury1 ab\t #c1fjj tons4 ,9 #ahcb ?is _h ris5 to #g1ace tons1 9 #ahfd to #cg1aea tons1 & 9 #ahgf to #dh1eie tons4 ,z reg>ds ! production ( currants 9 ,greece1 ! av]age yield f #ahaf to #ahbf 01 = ,cephalonia1 #b1jjj tons1 = ,zante #c1jjj tons1 & = ,morea #d1jjj tons or ov]4 ,f t "t on ! exportations f ,zante & ,cephalonia increas$1 :ile ! export ( ,morea decreas$4 ,?us1 9 #ahcc1 ,zante & ,cephalonia export$ ab\t #aa1jjj tons1 & ,morea only #b1jjj tons1 ?is pr9cipally on acc\nt ( ! ,greek revolution4 ,9 #ahdj1 ! ?ree places export$ #ad1bjf tons1 :i* aga9 9 #ahdi _h ris5 to #cj1hej tons1 9 #aheh to #cb1iej tons1 9 #ahfh to #ee1bhc tons1 & 9 #ahgf to #hf1ajd tons4 ,?is l>ge crop 0 export$ z foll[s3 ,engl&1 #fj1bfc tons2 ,g]many1 #a1dge tons2 ,holl&1 #d1hdg tons2 ,trie/e1 #c1bda tons2 ,am]ica1 #aa1bbe tons2 ,belgium1 #d1aje tons2 ,v>i\s1 #idh tons4 ,s9ce t "t ! production ( currants has increas$ greatly 9 ,greece1 especially on ! ma9l&1 & n[ x rea*es ye>ly f #abf1jjj to #acj1jjj tons4 ,dur+ ! la/ f\r ye>s ! production has be5 ab\t z foll[s 7accord+ to ,l4 ,c4 ,cr[e 9 ! ,cali=nia ,fruit-gr[]73 #ahhd1 #acj1jjj tons2 #ahhe1 #aad1jjj tons2 #ahhf1 #abf1jjj tons2 #ahhg1 #abg1jjj tons4 ,9 #ahhf ?is crop 0 produc$ 9 ! foll[+ places3 ,gulf ( ,cor9? #g1jjj tons4 ,vo/izza #aj1jjj 8 ,patras #ab1jjj 8 ,ga/uni1 ,p]gos1 ,olympia #ch1jjj 8 ,kyp>issia1 ,figliatra1 ,g>galiano #ag1jjj 8 ,ligudi/a1 ,pylos1 ,modone & ,corone #i1jjj 8 ,kalamata & ,nisi #ad1jjj 8 ,missolonghi1 tolico1 ,lepanto #b1ejj 8 ,nauplia & ,argos #fjj 8 ------- ,total = ,morea & ,ac>nania #aaj1jjj 8 ,ionian ,isl&s1 ,cephalonia1 ,i?aca1 ,santa ,maura #aj1ejj 8 ,zante #f1jjj 8 ------- ,total #abf1jjj 8 ,( ?is crop ! ,unit$ ,/ates import$ z foll[s 7! freight to ,new ,york 9 #ahhf rang+ f #ags4 #f;d4 to #bjs4 p] ton1 gross73 #ahhc1 #ac1hie tons2 #ahhd1 #aj1age tons2 #ahhe1 #h1bhc tons2 #ahhf1 #h1gee tons4 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ! consumption ( currants has increas$ l>gely dur+ ! la/ tw5ty-five ye>s4 ,9 #ahgd1 we import$ #ad1ada1gig p\nds ( currants2 b 9 #ahhh ! importations _h increas$ to #cj1fcf1dbd p\nds1 valu$ at #a1agf1ecb4 ,! duty is n[ "o c5t p] p\nd 9 ?is c\ntry2 :ile 9 ,engl& x is sev5 %ill+s p] hundr$ p\nds4 ,! currants export$ to ! ,unit$ ,/ates are kn[n z ,prov9cial currants or ,am]ican /aple1 & are n consid]$ ! be/ quality2 !y are gr[n pr9cipally 9 ,trifylla & ,pylia & are %ipp$ f ! ports ,zante & ,patras4 ,"s come also f ,vo/izza1 ,catacolo1 ,kalamata1 ,nauplia & ,cephalonia4 ,! ,kalamata currants are inf]ior & are mo/ly export$ to ,france = br&y & w9e mak+4 ,! *oice/ currants are ^? gr[n 9 ,zante1 & !re kn[n z 8,cascal9a40 ,!y g mo/ly to ,engl&1 :ile ! o!r products ( ! isl&s g to ,belgium1 ,holl& & ,nor!rn ,g]many4 ,currants 9 ,cali=nia4--,cali=nia has s f> n cut any figure z a currant-produc+ c\ntry1 n because ! currants w n gr[ "h1 b because no "o has ev] s]i\sly engag$ 9 _! culture4 ,currant grapev9es are scatt]$ all ov] ! ,/ate2 b1 to our k1 no plantations are l>g] ?an an acre or two4 ,9 ,fresno1 a few acres ( currants are f\nd 9 ! ,mirabelle ,v9ey>d ea/ ( t[n1 & a few hundr$ v9es are also gr[n on ! ,rais9a ,v9ey>d 9 ! ,c5tral ,colony4 ,outside ( ^! we "k ( only scatt]$ v9es4 ,^! currants are all ( ! :ite v>iety1 :i* is consid]$ inf]ior to ! black currant ( ,zante & ! ma9l& ( ,greece4 ,:5 dri$1 !y produce a mo/ beautiful semi-transp>5t rais91 entirely se$less1 ) a v ?9 sk9 & ( v f9e flavor4 ,! yield1 h[ev]1 has f "s cause or o!r n be5 equal to expectations1 &1 ! price ( currants be+ l[] ?an t ( o!r rais9s1 ! =m] has n be5 consid]$ z pr(itable z ! ,muscatels4 ,until we import ! true black currant f ,zante & f9d ! mo/ suitable locality to gr[ !m1 x is n likely t currant culture w make mu* headway 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,we h1 h[ev]1 no d\bt t1 ) our v>i\s climates1 _m places w be f\nd 9 ,cali=nia :]e ! currant w yield en\gh to pay1 provid$ our rais9m5 w be satisfi$ ) a reasonable pr(it4 ,,smyrna ,,rais9s4 ,di/ricts 9 ,smyrna3 ,_! ,ext5t & ,climate4--,! port ( ,smyrna1 s fam\s = its dri$ figs1 is h>dly less r5[n$ = ! imm5se quantity ( rais9s & dri$ grapes ( diff]5t k9ds :i* are %ipp$ f !re to all p>ts ( ! _w4 ,:ile ,smyrna figs are bett] kn[n ?an ,smyrna rais9s1 ! latt] are by f> ! mo/ important indu/ry4 ,?us f #ahhj to #ahha ! rais9 crop export$ f ,smyrna 0 valu$ at #d1fjb1chh2 :ile ! value ( ! fig crop did n exce$ #a1fdf1iih1 or ab\t ?ree million doll>s less ?an ! =m]4 ,s9ce t "t ! rais9 trade has yet fur!r increas$1 until x to-day rea*es "o hundr$ ?\s& tons ( rais9s & dri$ grapes4 ,unlike ! figs1 :i* are only gr[n 9 ! int]ior valleys "s ?irty to sixty miles f ,smyrna1 ! grapes :i* produce ! rais9s are gr[n 9 ! imm$iate vic9ity ( ! t[n4 ,! l>ge t]ritory :i* exports ! ,smyrna rais9s c1 h[ev]1 be divid$ into sev]al sub-di/ricts1 ea* "o hav+ "s *>act]i/ics ( its own1 bo? z reg>ds quality ( rais9s1 "t ( rip5+1 etc4 ,^! di/ricts are3 ,*esme1 ,v\rla1 ,y]ly & ,c>ab\rna4 ,! pr9cipal v>iety ( grape gr[n 9 ^! di/ricts is ! ,sultana1 a se$less grape ) enorm\s bun*es4 ,_m o!r v>ieties are f\nd !re also1 su* z 8black0 & 8r$10 ! latt] said to be id5tical ) ! ,spani% ,muscat ( ,alex&ria1 :i* ,i d\bt4 ,! ,*esme di/rict is situat$ to ! we/ on ! p59sula ne> ,smyrna1 its pr9cipal port = exportation ( ! crop be+ ! t[n ( ,*esme4 ,! ,*esme rais9s are consid]$ inf]ior to ^? ( ! o!r di/ricts4 ,?ree-f\r?s ( ! rais9s f ! di/rict are export$ to ,hamburg1 ,brem51 ,/ett91 ,am/]dam1 & to ,trie/e 9 ,au/ria4 ,! latt] t[n is ! ma9 di/ribut+ po9t = mo/ ( ! rais9s gr[n 9 ! ea/]n ,m$it]ranean rais9 di/ricts4 ,! ,c>ab\rna or ,k>ab\rn\ di/rict produces ! be/ rais9s1--bo? ( ! ,sultanas1 ! r$ & ! black4 ,! di/rict is situat$ to ! ea/ & nor? on ! same p59sula z ,*esme4 ,! di/rict is r\gh & hilly1 b ! :ole is cultivat$ to v9es4 ,! ,c>ab\rna 8,elems0 g ab\t "o-half to ,russia1 ! balance to ,engl& & ,trie/e4 ,! ,v\rla di/rict consi/s ( a f]tile pla9 ly+ on ! i/hmus betwe5 ! ,bay ( ,smyrna & ,scala ,nova or ,ephesus4 ,! export place is ! port ( ,v\rla1 "o ( ! f9e/ h>bors on ! coa/ ( ,asia ,m9or1 & (t5 ! meet+ place = fleets ( ! ,we/]n nations ( ,europe dur+ _! remon/rances 9 ,turki% wat]s4 ,! ,y]ly di/rict imm$iately surr\nds ! t[n ( ,smyrna1 & ext5ds f ,nymphio 9 ! ea/ to ,t\rbali 9 ! s\? & ,sivri-,hiss> 9 ! we/1 ?us bord]+ ! ,v\rla di/rict4 ,y]ly ,sultanas are ! e>lie/ 9 ! m>ket1 sometimes be+ ready 9 ! fir/ weeks ( ,augu/4 ,small quantities ( rais9s also come f ,tyra1 ,bairdir1 ,aid9 & o!r places 9 ! fig di/ricts 9 ! int]ior4 ,! ,isl& ( ,samos1 (f ! coa/ ( ,asia ,m9or1 produces rais9s ( sev]al k9ds1 su* z ,sultanas1 black rais9s1 pr9cipally = di/ill+ abroad1 & ,muscatel rais9s1 ! latt] rea*+ ?ree ?\s& tons 9 favorable seasons4 ,! ,isl& ( ,cos or ,/an*io is also fam\s = its ,sultana rais9s1 said to be ! f9e/ ( any produc$ 9 ,turkey4 ,! climate ( ! ,smyrna rais9 di/ricts is v mild1 all[+ f>m labor to be p]=m$ ! ye> r\nd4 ,! temp]ature seldom falls bel[ ! freez+ po9t1 :ile f ! middle ( ,may to ! middle ( ,septemb] x ranges f #gj to #ij degrees ,fahr5heit 9 ! %ade4 ,dur+ ! summ]1 ! ,imbat or seabreeze temp]s ! heat & makes ! climate pleasant to live 94 ,! grapes beg9 to rip5 ab\t ,july fir/1 ! ,sultana grapes be+ ! e>lie/4 ,! ra9fall is abundant dur+ ! ra9y mon?s ( ! ye>1 ,septemb] to ,april1 & av]ages tw5ty-five in*es1 v>y+ f fifte5 in*es 9 dry seasons to ?irty-?ree in*es 9 v wet ye>s4 ,! foll[+ table ( ! ra9fall is tak5 f ! consul> reports publi%$ 9 #ahhd3 ,table %[+ ! mon?ly ra9fall 9 ! city ( ,smyrna1 9 in*es & hundr$?s ( in*es1 dur+ ! n9ete5 ye>s end+ ) #ahhb4 ,compil$ by ,w4 ,e4 ,,/ev5s1 ,consul at ,smyrna4 ,,ye> ,janu-,febru-,m>*4,april4 ,may4 ,june4 ary4 ary4 ---------------------------------------- - #ahfd #c4ei #a4ec 4#eh #c4ge #a4ei 4#hj #ahfe #g4jg #i4je #d4dc #a4db 4#bc 4#cd #ahff #a4dj #a4gh #a4gi 4#bj 4#ie 4#fc #ahfg #b4fc #c4ad #a4af 4#cg #a4cg 4#fg #ahfh #h4cj 4#cb #aa4bd 4#ib 4#hc 4#fg #ahfi #c4ba 4#gd #ab4jg #a4gh 4#ai 4#ei #ahgj #e4gi #b4ha #b4bi #b4bd 4#jg -- #ahga #aa4aj #a4ai #a4bi 4#ff #a4ji 4#ci #ahgb #c4ag #a4df 4#ej #d4ah #c4ji 4#fj #ahgc #b4da #e4fd #b4jh 4#ej #b4ch 4#af #ahgd 4#ad #e4hb #a4ib 4#dj 4#ae -- #ahge #d4eh #i4dh #e4gh #a4cf -- -- #ahgf #b4hh #a4de #b4ec #c4ab 4#db #a4gf #ahgg #c4jh #b4ib #d4hd #a4aa #c4dg 4#id #ahgh #f4bg #b4aj #c4jj #d4ig 4#bi 4#ac #ahgi #d4bh #b4fi #a4fa 4#ce #b4cf 4#ja #ahhj #a4fa 4#cj #b4hg #a4fi #b4fi 4#ah #ahha #f4ae #c4ib #a4gd 4#hj #a4de -- #ahhb #a4bg #a4ag #a4jd #c4de 4#ff 4#ji ---------------------------------------- - ,av]- #d4ae #c4jc #c4cj #a4ge #a4bb 4#db age ---------------------------------------- - ,,ye> ,july4 ,au- ,sep- ,octo- ,no- ,de- ,ye>- gu/4 tem- b]4 vem- cem- ly b]4 b]4 b]4 total4 ---------------------------------------- ------- #ahfd #b4dj 4#ej #c4cj #c4ea #f4hj #a4di #bi4hd #ahfe 4#aj -- -- #a4bg #b4fg 4#aj #bf4fi #ahff 4#ac 4#jf 4#ci 4#jh #c4hd #c4ia #ae4af #ahfg -- -- #a4ed #e4gf #g4jh #bc4gb #ahfh 4#bg 4#jg 4#eb #a4cj #d4ib 4#hd #cj4bj #ahfi 4#jd -- 4#jh #a4ha #c4df 4#hj #bd4gg #ahgj -- 4#dg #c4ie #d4de 4#ah #f4gc #bh4ih #ahga -- -- 4#jg #a4cf #g4jd #d4eh #bh4gg #ahgb -- -- #b4hb -- #c4fe #d4gf #bd4bc #ahgc -- -- -- #b4ej #b4ib #b4fb #ba4ba #ahgd -- -- 4#jb 4#cj #aj4ca #h4ii #bh4je #ahge -- -- 4#ae #b4hg #d4hf #c4if #cc4jd #ahgf 4#ed -- 4#jh 4#id #e4ge #h4dh #bg4ie #ahgg 4#aa 4#cf 4#fa #d4jj #f4ji #e4ih #cc4ea #ahgh 4#dj 4#fc #a4bb -- 4#dd #h4ej #bg4ie #ahgi -- -- #a4ch #b4ga #d4jf #a4ha #ba4bf #ahhj 4#jd -- #a4cb 4#fj #d4ji #b4di #ag4hh #ahha 4#aj -- -- #e4dg 4#ae #d4gb #bd4ej #ahhb -- -- -- #a4jb #g4hi #d4ef #ba4be ---------------------------------------- ------- ,av]- 4#bb 4#aa 4#hd #a4hh #d4dg #d4cd #be4gc age ---------------------------------------- ------- ,z w be se51 mo/ ( ! v9ey>ds are situat$ )9 ! rea* ( ! seabreezes1 "s ev5 be+ almo/ on ! edge ( ! wat]s ( ! ,m$it]ranean4 ,! be/ v9ey>ds are ^? :i* are situat$ inl& f sev5 to tw5ty miles f ! coa/4 ,! v9ey>d di/ricts are all r\gh & hilly1 except ^? 9 ! ,v\rla di/rict1 :i* are on comp>atively level gr\nd4 ,:ile "s v9ey>ds /ret* f ! sea%ore1 o!rs rea* an elevation ( f\r hundr$ feet or ov]4 ,! soil v>ies ) ! di/ricts4 ,! be/ soil = ! ,sultanas is consid]$ to be hippurite lime/one soil1 common 9 "s di/ricts4 ,?is :ite1 m>ly soil is 9 places mix$ ) a yell[-o*]-color$ loam1 ) s& & gravel4 ,! abundance ( ! ra9fall makes irrigation unnecess>y1 & no v9es are gr[n ) irrigation4 ,c>e ( ! ,v9es4--,:ile no g5]al irrigation is ne$$1 ! "y v9es are wat]$ by h& 9 ye>s ( exceptionally light ra9fall4 ,! v9es are g5]ally gr[n f root$ cutt+s1 :i* h be5 plant$ 9 tr5*es ! ye> be=e4 ,previ\s to ! plant+ ( a v9ey>d1 ! soil is dug to ! dep? ( ?ree or f\r feet4 ,if ?is c be done ! ye> be=e plant+1 x is consid]$ bett]1 z result+ 9 a quick] & /rong] gr[? ( ! v9es4 ,9 old] v9ey>ds1 ! v9es are set 9 r[s six or sev5 feet ap>t1 & ) ?ree or f\r feet betwe5 ! r[s4 ,! v9es are n gr[n to /&>ds1 b f bran*+ /alks f "o to two & a half feet high1 ) an av]age height ( "o & a half feet f ! gr\nd4 ,no /akes are us$1 & only occasionally is !re se5 a prop "u heavi] load$ bran*es4 ,! prun+ is done 9 ! w9t]1 :5 ! v9es are comp>atively dormant4 ,! sup]flu\s bran*es are !n cut away1 & ! rema9+ ones are cut to two or ?ree eyes ea*4 ,! cultivation 01 until lately1 p]=m$ 9 ! simple/ way ) pick & spade4 ,! fir/ digg+ is done 9 ,janu>y1 at :i* "t also ! gr\nd is manur$4 ,?is is done by digg+ pits & tr5*es 9 ! v9ey>d1 :i* are fill$ ) goat & camel dung4 ,^! tr5*es rema9 op5 = a mon? or m1 & are aft] t "t fill$ 94 ,! fir/ digg+ 9 ! soil is done 9 ,novemb]1 ! second "o 9 ,janu>y & ,febru>y1 :51 9 level+ ! gr\nd1 x is at ! same "t dug ov] aga9 "o foot or m4 ,! ?ird or la/ digg+ is p]=m$ 9 ,m>*1 :5 simply ! we$s are spad$ "u4 ,( late ye>s1 v9ey>di/s f o!r ,m$it]ranean di/ricts h settl$ 9 ,smyrna & br\ght ) !m bett] me?ods4 ,greek f>m]s h especially done mu* to improve ! old ways ( cultivation us$ by ! slov5ly or ignorant natives4 ,9 ,may1 ! "y %oots are p9*$ back aft] ! grapes h set well & began to develop4 ,! p9*+ ( ! ends produces a second crop1 :i*1 besides be+ lat]1 also consi/s ( small] grapes ?an ! fir/4 ,all /]ile & inf]ior %oots are !n cut (f1 & ?is is repeat$ dur+ ! summ] 9 ord] t ! v9es may n be weak5$ unnecess>ily4 ,! v9es come into be>+ 9 ! ?ird ye>1 beg9 to pay exp5ses 9 ! f\r? ye>1 & leave a pr(it 9 ! fif? ye> aft] be+ set out4 ,9 ! sev5? & eigh? ye>s ! v9es are consid]$ 9 full be>+4 ,! ,sultana grapes beg9 to rip5 9 ,july4 ,! v9tage beg9s t[>ds ! end ( ,july1 & la/s until ! middle ( ,augu/4 ,o!r v>ieties ( grapes are lat]1 la/+ f ! middle ( ,augu/ to ! end ( ,septemb]1 _! v9tage seldom la/+ z late z ! fir/ week ( ,octob]4 ,! fir/ rais9s are ready ab\t ,augu/ #a/1 & ! la/ ,sultanas are all 9 by ,septemb] #a/1 ! o!r v>ieties ( rais9s com+ 9 lat]4 ,dipp+1 ,dry+ & ,cur+4--,! cur+ ( ! grapes into rais9s requires great c>e1 & n[h]e is any m skill %[n ?an 9 ,smyrna4 ,its rais9s are ! mo/ beautiful ( any1 _! spl5did appe>ance & transp>5cy be+ due to ! process employ$4 ,! dry+ is done on dry+-floors1 :i* sometimes consi/ ( ! b>e gr\nd only1 at o!r times ( elevat$ b$s ( e>? a foot or s high4 ,:5 ! soil is n naturally h>d & suitable = dry+-floors1 x is fir/ prep>$ by cutt+ (f ! we$s1 & is !n wat]$ & pack$ until a smoo? & h>d surface is produc$4 ,?is h>d b$ is sometimes left b>e1 & at o!r times cov]$ ) matt+4 ,9 o!r places ! grapes are dri$ on canvas1 or on trays made ( ! ,italian re$1 or ( grasses4 ,^! trays are rais$ on props ?ree or f\r in*es above ! gr\nd1 & are loose s t !y may be put on top ( ea* o!r to exclude ! sun1 ra9 or fog1 accord+ to locality & season4 ,great /ress is laid ^u hav+ ! grapes fully ripe4 ,be=e ?us expos$1 ! grapes are dipp$ 9 a solution ( lye & oil1 & ^u ! skill 9 ?is p]=mance dep5ds ! beauty & value ( ! rais9s4 ,a pota% is made f ! a%es ( ! v9e cutt+s ( ! previ\s ye>4 ,ab\t "o gallon ( ?is pota% solution is mix$ ) f tw5ty to tw5ty-five gallons ( wat]1 mak+ a weak lye solution ( a /r5g? ( f five to six degrees 9 ,beaume's 8,lyeomet]40 ,a simil> /r5g? w\ld be obta9$ by dissolv+ "o p\nd ( pe>l a% 9 t5 gallons ( wat]4 ,tubs ( wood or z9c ( ! size ( two & a half by two feet are us$ = dipp+4 ,to e su* tub ( tw5ty-five gallons is add$ f "o-f\r? to two gallons ( olive oil4 ,! latt] quantity is us$ 9 ! ,k>ab\rn\ di/rict1 :]e ! f9e/ rais9s are made4 ,:5 ( prop] /r5g? z reg>ds bo? oil & lye1 ! wa% runs (f f ! bun*es smoo?ly2 :51 aga91 ! wa% runs (f 9 small globules1 !re is a defici5cy ( ei!r oil or pota%4 ,! grapes are load$ 9 small baskets ( tw5ty-five p\nds ea*1 & imm]s$ 9 ! wa% = half a m9ute4 ,!y are !n tak5 out & spread ei!r on ! gr\nd or on trays or canvas4 ,9 ! int]ior1 :]e ! sun is hot1 ! re$ mats are plac$ on top ( ea* o!r to exclude ! sun4 ,! same is also done if ra9 or fog is fe>$4 ,aft] a few days ( exposure1 & :5 p>tially dri$1 ! rais9s are spr9kl$ e morn+ ) ! same lye solution1 b )\t oil4 ,! ,sultanas are dri$ 9 f five to eight days4 ,?is dipp+ process is also us$ = ! l>g] ,muscatels1 b ! lye is made /rong]1 probably rea*+ ! proportion ( ab\t "o & a half p\nds ( pe>l a% to five gallons ( wat]4 ,! c>efully dipp$ rais9s h a pure gre5i% amb] color1 & a peculi> flavor4 ,!y are wor? tw5ty p] c5t m ?an undipp$ fruit4 ,! ,sultanas ( ! bett] grades are n[ sold (f-/alk or loose4 ,! f9e/ br&s are ! ,*esme elem1 or ,*esme select4 ,elem means *oice or select1 & is us$ bo? = rais9s & figs4 ,! yield ( an acre ( ,sultana v9es v>ies 9 diff]5t v9ey>ds1 accord+ to ! quality ( ! soil4 ,a good yield is consid]$ ab\t sev5 tons ( fre% grapes1 or ab\t two & a ?ird tons ( rais9s4 ,! price ( ! ,smyrna ,sultanas fluctuates consid]ably2 b x may be said t ! be/ grades are always f tw5ty-five to ?irty p] c5t high] ?an ! dipp$ rais9s ( ,val5cia4 ,?us1 9 #ahdc1 dipp$ ,val5cias br\ght six & a qu>t] c5ts1 :ile ! ,smyrna ,sultanas br\ght t5 c5ts4 ,9 #ahdd1 ! ,val5cias 7 quot$ at t5 c5ts1 :ile ! ,sultanas br\ght tw5ty c5ts p] p\nd4 ,( late ye>s1 ! ,smyrna ,sultanas h fluctuat$ betwe5 f\r & a half & twelve & a half c5ts p] p\nd4 ,production & ,export4--,! production ( ,smyrna rais9s & dri$ grapes has enorm\sly increas$ dur+ ! la/ few ye>s4 ,9 #ahdd1 ! av]age crop 0 only f six to eight ?\s& tons4 ,9 #ahfh1 ?is _h increas$ to n9ete5 ?\s& tons1 & 9 #ahga we f9d ! export f ,smyrna to be =ty-eight ?\s& tons4 ,9 #ahha1 ?is _h gr[n to sev5ty-five ?\s& tons 7accord+ to ! consul> report ( ,consul-,g5]al ,g4 ,h4 ,heap ( ,con/ant9ople74 ,( ! di/ricts already m5tion$1 ,*esme & ,v\rla produce ab\t ?ree times z mu* z ,y]ly & ,c>ab\rna4 ,a some:at v>i$ e/imate ( ! ,smyrna rais9 crop is giv5 by ,consul ,w4 ,e4 ,/ev5s ( ,smyrna1 9 8 report dat$ ,febru>y #bh1 #ahhd4 ,accord+ to him1 ! rais9 crop ( ,smyrna %\ld am\nt to "o million1 n9e hundr$ ?\s& hundr$ weight or n9ety-five ?\s& tons4 ,^! two consul> e/imates w\ld give ,smyrna z foll[s3 #ahga1 =ty-eight ?\s& tons2 #ahgb1 ?irty-"o ?\s& tons2 #ahgi1 sev5ty-five ?\s& tons2 #ahha1 =ty-n9e ?\s& tons2 #ahhd1 n9ety-five ?\s& tons4 ,?is1 ( c\rse1 includes all k9ds ( rais9s4 ,z reg>ds ! ,sultana rais9s1 ! reports ( ! two consuls also diff]4 ,by ,consul ,/ev5s1 x is e/imat$ to be ?irty-two ?\s&1 five hundr$ tons1 or sixty-five million p\nds2 :ile ,consul ,heap puts ! figures at only n9ete5 million1 f\r hundr$ ?\s& p\nds1 or only n9e ?\s&1 sev5 hundr$ tons4 ,we h no means to v]ify ! /atem5ts1 b are incl9$ to ?9k ! high] figure ! m correct4 ,if x is true t ! rais9 yield ( ,smyrna to-day rea*es "o hundr$ ?\s& tons1 x w\ld be absurd to ?9k t only t5 p] c5t %\ld be ,sultanas1 :i* is ! pr9cipal rais9 grape ( ! di/rict4 ,x is m probable t at lea/ "o-?ird ( ! :ole crop consi/s ( ,sultanas4 ,ab\t eighty p] c5t ( all ! ,sultana rais9s g to ,engl&1 t5 p] c5t are consum$ by ,ea/]n ,europe & ,russia1 a small "p only go+ to ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,co/ ( ,v9ey>ds 9 ,smyrna4--,! co/ ( v9ey>ds 9 ! ,smyrna di/rict v>ies j z x does else:]e4 ,be>+ v9ey>ds *ange h&s at f ?ree hundr$ to f\r hundr$ & fifty doll>s p] acre4 ,! ye>ly labor on an acre ( v9es1 includ+ prun+1 cultivation & dry+1 am\nts to fifty doll>s an acre or m4 ,! av]age yield p] acre av]ages f ab\t eighty-five to n9ety doll>s1 leav+ a pr(it ( f ?irty to =ty doll>s1 equal to f ab\t eight to t5 p] c5t on ! capital inve/$4 ,i believe1 h[ev]1 t ^! figures may be modifi$1 & t ! pr(it on an acre ( av]age v9ey>d (t5 rea*es f fifty to sixty doll>s4 ,! fact t an acre ( v9ey>d sells = f\r hundr$ & fifty doll>s indicates t x mu/ n only give a fair b a good int]e/ on t sum4 ,! rais9s f "o acre ( a ,smyrna v9ey>d are sold = #hh4 ,! int]e/ on ! p> value ( an acre 7#dej7 = "o ye> at five p] c5t is #bb4ej4 ,! o!r exp5ses dur+ ! ye> am\nt to #ej1 leav+1 z net pr(it1 #f4ej4 ,! above is a l[ e/imate copi$ f ,engli% /atem5ts4 ,o!r ,v>ieties ( ,rais9s4--,besides ,sultanas1 ,smyrna produces an enorm\s quantity ( rais9s ( o!r k9ds4 ,! dem& = ^! has be5 & is con/antly increas+1 ! mo/ be+ %ipp$ to manufactur]s ( w9es1 di/ill$ liquors ( all k9ds1 jellies1 jams1 etc4 ,^! v>ieties are kn[n z ,l>ge ,black & ,l>ge ,r$4 ,^! v>ieties are gr[n 9 all ! ,smyrna di/ricts1 & 9 quantity f> exce$ ! ,sultanas4 ,! foll[+ w give an idea ( h[ ?is trade has increas$ ( late4 ,r$ & ,black ,smyrna rais9s 9 tons3 #ahfh1 #ab1gie2 #ahgf1 #ae1ejj2 #ahha1 #dj1jjj2 #ahhc1 #de1jjj2 #ahhh1 #fj1jjj4 ,! price v>ies f ?ree to f\r c5ts p] p\nd 9 ! local m>ket4 ,judg+ f ! con/antly increas$ export ( ^! k9ds ( rais9s1 x is n likely t ! production ( ! same is likely to soon be ov]done4 ,,italy ,,& ,,italian ,,rais9s4 ,lip>i & ,belvid]e4--,( ! ,m$it]ranean c\ntries1 ,italy produces ! smalle/ quantity ( rais9s4 ,we _c imag9e ?is to be on acc\nt ( unsuitable soil & climate1 b m on acc\nt ( ! t>d9ess ( its p to take k9dly to new indu/ries & improve ^u _! old] me?ods4 ,9 =m] ye>s ! rais9s f ,s\!rn ,italy 7 mu* export$ to ,nor!rn ,europe2 to-day ! trade is insignificant4 ,9 ! sixte5? c5tury1 ! rais9s f ,lip>i & ,belvid]e 7 ( consid]able repute1 b 71 h[ev]1 consid]$ inf]ior to ! ,spani% rais9s4 ,! ,isl& ( ,lip>i1 to-day pr9cipally kn[n on acc\nt ( its volcanoes1 produces yet s-call$ ,lip>i currants ( l>g] size ?an ^? f ,morea4 ,!y are ( mu* inf]ior quality1 be+ h>d & dry & ( oblong %ape4 ,pantell>ia4--,! ,isl& ( ,pantell>ia1 betwe5 ,sicily & ,africa1 also produces rais9s ( some:at bett] quality1 :i*1 if bett] pack$1 w\ld favorably comp>e ) ! ,lexias ( ,val5cia & ,d5ia4 ,! ,pantell>ias1 or ,belvid]es1 z !y are kn[n 9 ! m>ket1 are pr9cipally consum$ 9 ,nor!rn ,italy & ,s\!rn ,france4 ,!y are sweet & good rais9s1 :i*1 if c>efully & intellig5tly h&l$1 w\ld rapidly improve 9 quality4 ,calabria4--,s9ce ! de/ruction ( ! ,calabrian rais9s ?r\gh ! mildew1 ! rais9 production ( ?is p59sula has l>gely increas$4 ,9 #ahgf1 x _h rea*$ eight ?\s& tons1 b mu/ n[ probably be d\ble t am\nt4 ,! ,calabrian rais9s produc$ on ! ma9l& ( ,italy are ( good quality1 & are pr9cipally export$ to ,france4 ,,*ile ,,& ,,huasco ,,rais9s4 ,*>act]i/ics4--,! ,*ile or ,huasco rais9 is "o ( ! f9e/ rais9s 9 ! _w1 & 9 ! op9ion ( ! au?or sup]ior to bo? ,spani% & ,cali=nia rais9s4 ,!y excel 9 sweetness & aroma z well z flavor2 _! sk9 is ?91 & ! se$s are small4 ,! color is entirely diff]5t f sun-dri$ ,cali=nia or ,spani% rais9s1 be+ yell[i% amb] ) a f9e & ?9 blui% bloom1 indicat+ t !y h be5 dri$ 9 ! %ade or 9 p>tial %ade )\t dipp+ 9 lye or o!r solutions4 ,location4--,! numb] ( acres devot$ to rais9 culture 9 ,*ile is n kn[n4 ,! grapes = ?is purpose are gr[n almo/ exclusively 9 ! valley ( ! ,huasco1 back ( ! port ( ,huasco 9 ! prov9ce ( ,atacama4 ,!re appe> to be two di/9ct valleys ( ! same "n1 "o situat$ only tw5ty m9utes' ride f ! port ( ,huasco on ! ,pacific ,ocean1 ! o!r f>!r inl& ab\t sixty miles f ! coa/4 ,9 ! =m] place1 ! culture ( ! rais9 grape is v limit$1 ! :ole valley & t[n only conta9+ f\r hundr$ p1 ( :i* n all are occupi$ ) ! rais9 indu/ry4 ,! int]ior valley is m ext5sive1 & ! l>ge/ quantity ( ! ,huasco rais9s come f ?is place4 ,! port ( ,huasco is situat$ 9 latitude tw5ty-sev5 degrees1 ?irty m9utes s\?1 longitude sev5ty-"o degrees1 sixte5 m9utes we/4 ,illu/ration3 ,muscatel or ,gordo ,blanco ,rais9 ,grape1 ,second ,crop4 ,two-?irds ,natural ,size4 ,v>ieties4--,! grape us$ = rais9s is a v>iety ( ! ,muscat1 v simil> to ! ,muscat ( ,alex&ria4 ,grapev9es transplant$ to ,cali=nia resemble ?is v>iety v mu*1 b1 accord+ to ,pr(essor ,hilg>d1 set _! fruit bett]1 & d n suff] s mu* f colure4 ,x is said t ^! grapes 7 import$ to ,*ile long ago by ! ,spani% conqu]ors1 & x is suppos$ !y grew ! v9es f se$ br\ght f ,spa91 & select$ ! be/ ( ! se$l+s4 ,9 ?is way ! slight diff]5ce ( ! ,huasco grape f ! ,muscat ( ,alex&ria c be acc\nt$ =4 ,soils4--,! soil 9 ! coa/ valley consi/s ( a r$di%1 s&y loam1 :i* *anges to a f9e yell[ s&1 ( great ri*ness4 ,?is s& cov]s ! hills almo/ ev]y:]e 9 ! vic9ity ( ! ,huasco riv]1 ! nature ( ! c\ntry be+ a roll+ "o4 ,climate4--,! climate is notori\sly dry1 & ra9 falls only v seldom betwe5 ,june & ,septemb]1 is ( %ort duration & v scant4 ,9 ! int]ior valley1 ra9 is said to be seldom kn[n1 & ! climate !re c be call$ entirely ra9less4 ,dew is abundant 9 ! w9t]1 b ! summ]s are w>m & dry4 ,irrigation4--,ne> ! coa/ no irrigation is requir$1 b 9 ! int]ior valley ! grapes are irrigat$ ?ree times a ye>1 fir/ :5 ! buds beg9 to swell1 second :5 !y beg9 to blossom1 & la/ly :5 ! fruit is well advanc$4 ,! ,v9ey>d4--,! v9es are plant$ six feet "o way by eight feet ! o!r1 & ! int]m$iate space is (t5 plant$ to alfalfa1 giv+ ?ree crops ( hay ea* ye>4 ,! heads are kept l[1 ! v9es are prun$ heavily1 & only two eyes left on ea* cane4 ,sometimes :ole bran*es are cut away1 especially if !y d n be> well4 ,! v9es are gr[n bo? on hillsides & 9 ! valleys on ! bottom l&s4 ,_m ( ! v9ey>ds are surr\nd$ by elevat$ arbors or trellises1 ov] :i* ! v9es are tra9$1 to keep (f ! heavy spr+ w9ds :i* o!rwise w\ld break ! bran*es1--w9dbreaks1 9 fact4 ,! cultivation ( ! ,huasco v9es is ( ! mo/ primitive k9d4 ,! l& is poorly cultivat$1 & ! fact t alfalfa is gr[n betwe5 ! r[s ( ! v9es indicates t ! indu/ry is n highly develop$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x is n impossible t ! cr[d+ toge!r ( v>i\s ?+s on ! l& may help to give ! grapes a c]ta9 flavor or aroma4 ,!re is said to be a great diff]5ce betwe5 ! v>i\s ,huasco grapes1 "s be+ v sup]ior to o!rs4 ,! inf]ior k9ds are call$ simply ,muscats1 :ile ! bett] k9ds are ! ,huascos4 ,x is n kn[n if ^! v>ieties come f diff]5t k9ds ( grapes1 b x is likely t ?is is ! case4 ,v9es ( ! be/ v>iety transplant$ to o!r localities ?an ! ,huasco valley give inv>iably indiff]5t results1 & produce rais9s inf]ior to ! ,huasco4 ,dry+ & ,cur+4--,! poor] qualities are simply dri$ on bo>ds or on ! ro(s ( ! h\ses 9 ! sun2 b ! f9e & mo/ valuable rais9s are dri$ 9 ! %ade4 ,:5 ripe1 ! bun*es are c>efully pick$ & tak5 to op5 %$s ) ?at*$ ro(s1 & !re hung up to dry4 ,! rais9s are turn$ at int]vals1 & :5 ready are pack$ 9 tw5ty-five-p\nd boxes )\t any great c>e or skill4 ,! be/ ,huasco rais9 sells at fifty c5ts p] p\nd 9 ! local m>ket1 & is decid$ly ! mo/ high-pric$ rais9 kn[n4 ,! be/ v>iety is sc>ce ev5 9 ,*ile1 & 9 ,*ilean /ati/ics ,i c\ld n f9d any quot$4 ,! foll[+ h\ses 9 ,huasco are deal]s 9 fruits & rais9s3 ,juan ,quijada1 ,ramon ,f4 ,m>t9ez1 & ,jos ,manuel ,balmac$a4 ,! export f ! port ( ,huasco 9 #ahhe am\nt$ only to #fhe1hec4 ,h[ l>ge a portion ( ?is 0 rais9s is n kn[n4 ,,cali=nia ,,rais9 ,,di/ricts4 ,a ,,g5]al ,,review4 ,e>ly ,hi/ory4--,:ile ! plant+ ( rais9 grapes & ! production ( rais9s 9 ,cali=nia dates back "s ?irty odd ye>s1 ! rais9 indu/ry _c be said to be z yet tw5ty ye>s old4 ,already1 9 #ahea1 ,col4 ,ago/on ,h>asz?y grew ,muscatel v9es f se$s ( ,malaga rais9s4 ,on ! #be? ( ,m>*1 #aheb1 he import$ ! ,muscat ( ,alex&ria f ,malaga1 & t5 ye>s lat]1 dur+ a visit to t place on ,septemb] #bg1 #ahfa1 he select$ cutt+s ( ! ,gordo ,blanco :i* aft]w>ds 7 gr[n & propagat$ on 8 ,san ,diego c\nty v9ey>d4 ,! same ye> he import$ ,sultana v9es f ,malaga1 & :ite & r$ ,cor9? f ,crimea4 ,col4 ,h>asz?y 0 ?us ! fir/ "o to introduce ! rais9-v9es 9 ?is ,/ate4 ,ano!r importation ( ! ovoid ,muscat ( ,alex&ria 0 made 9 #ahee by ,a4 ,delmas & plant$ at ,san ,jos1 accord+ to a /atem5t made by 8 son ,d4 ,m4 ,delmas1#c ! prom95t ,san ,francisco lawy]4 ,g4 ,g4 ,briggs ( ,davisville also import$ ,muscatel grapes f ,malaga 9 ,spa92 :ile ,r4 ,b4 ,bl[]s ( ,woodl&1 ,yolo c\nty1 />t$ 8 rais9 v9ey>d 9 #ahfc f ,gordo ,blanco cutt+s receiv$ f ,col4 ,h>asz?y4 ,9 #ahgf1 ,w4 ,s4 ,*apman1 import$ ! be/ ,muscatels f ,spa9 = 8 coloni/s 9 ! ,c5tral ,cali=nia ,colony 9 ,fresno1 :i* prov$ 9 no way diff]5t f ^? already gr[+ !re4 ,:o produc$ ! fir/ rais9s 9 ,cali=nia w probably nev] be satisfactorily kn[n4 ,accord+ to page #hh ( ! ,report ( ! ,/ate ,agricultural ,society ( ,cali=nia1 #ahfc1 cur$ rais9s 7 exhibit$ by ,dr4 ,j4 ,/r5tzel at ! ,/ate ,fair 9 #ahfc4d ,! fir/ successful rais9 v9ey>ds 9 ! ,/ate 7 ^? plant$ by ,g4 ,g4 ,briggs at ,davisville 9 ,solano c\nty1 & by ,r4 ,b4 ,bl[]s at ,woodl& 9 ,yolo c\nty4 ,bo? ^! g5tlem5 grew ! rais9 grapes on a l>ge scale1 & %ipp$ rais9s ext5sively4 ,! ,briggs v9ey>d consi/$ ma9ly ( ,muscats ( ,alex&ria1 :ile ! ,bl[]s v9ey>d conta9$ ! ,gordo ,blanco4 ,bo? ^! v9ey>ds produc$ rais9s z e>ly z #ahfg2 b x 0 n until #ahgc t _! rais9s cut any conspicu\s figure 9 ! m>ket4 ,t ye> six ?\s& boxes 7 produc$ 9 ! ,/ate1 ! majority by f> com+ f ^! two v9ey>ds4 #c ,see also ,wickson's 8,cali=nia ,fruits10 page #ceg4 #d ,same1 page #gi4 ,lat] ,plant+4--,9 #ahgc1 9 ! fall1 ! ,muscat v9es 7 fir/ br\ght to ! ,fresno rais9 di/rict1 :]e tw5ty-five acres ( ,muscat ( ,alex&ria 7 plant$ 9 ! ,eis5 v9ey>d4 ,a few ye>s lat]1 or 9 #ahgf & #ahgg1 ,t4 ,c4 ,:ite plant$ ! ,rais9a ,v9ey>d 9 ! ,c5tral ,cali=nia ,colony ne> ,fresno f ,gordo ,blanco ,muscatels br\ght f ,r4 ,b4 ,bl[]s' v9ey>d at ,woodl&4 ,! foll[+ ye>1 or 9 #ahgg-gh1 ,miss ,m4 ,f4 ,au/9 began improv+ h] ,h$g][ ,v9ey>d1 also 9 ! same colony1 ) grapes ( ! same k9d z ,messrs4 ,:ite & ,bl[]s4 ,rob]t ,b>ton _h also plant$ "s tw5ty-five acres ( ,muscat grapes1 b did n make rais9s until lat]4 ,! ye> #ahgi saw ! fir/ plant+ ( ! ,a4 ,b4 ,butl] v9ey>d1 n[ ! l>ge/ v9ey>d 9 ! ,/ate4 ,j4 ,t4 ,goodman _h begun improv+ 8 place at ! same "t2 :ile ,col4 ,william ,=sy? ent]$ ^u rais9-grape gr[+ betwe5 #ahha & #ahhb1 mo/ ( 8 grapes1 h[ev]1 be+ plant$ a ye> or two lat]4 ,f t "t ! rais9 v9ey>ds 9 ,fresno multipli$ rapidly1 & ab\t #ahhf & #ahhg rais9 production became recogniz$ z ! pr9cipal indu/ry ( ! di/rict4 ,! hi/ory ( ! developm5t ( ! rais9 indu/ry 9 ! o!r di/ricts ( ! ,/ate runs v mu* ! same4 ,riv]side _h ent]$ ! field 9 #ahgc1 :5 ! f\nd] ( t colony1 ,judge ,john ,wesley ,nor?1 plant$ !re ! fir/ rais9-v9es ( ! v>iety ,muscat ( ,alex&ria4 ,b rais9-grape gr[+ did n become g5]al until #ahge & #ahgf1 :5 ! l>ge/ v9ey>ds 9 ! colony 7 plant$4 ,9 ,el ,cajon valley 9 ,san ,diego c\nty1 ! fir/ rais9 v9es ( ! ,muscat ( ,alex&ria v>iety 7 plant$ 9 #ahgc by ,r4 ,g4 ,cl>k2 b ! rais9 indu/ry did n get a good />t until "s six or sev5 ye>s ago1 :ile mo/ ( ! v9ey>ds 7 plant$ f #ahhd to #ahhf4 ,9 ,orange c\nty1 rais9 grapes 7 plant$ at ! same "t z 9 ,riv]side & ,el ,cajon by ,mac,pherson ,bros41 ne> ,orange1 n[ call$ ,mac,pherson4 ,! rais9 indu/ry develop$ rapidly1 & ,rob]t ,mac,pherson1 ! l>ge/ gr[] & pack] 9 ! di/rict1 & at "o "t 9 ! ,/ate1 h&l$ ye>ly ov] "o hundr$ ?\s& boxes1 :ile ! ye>ly crop ( ! di/rict rose to "o hundr$ & sev5ty ?\s& boxes4 ,9 ,c5tral ,cali=nia1 ! rais9 indu/ry is gradually spread+ f ! orig9al c5t] ar\nd ,fresno1 ! great] fre$om f ra9 & ! bett] facilities = irrigation be+ great inducem5ts = ! settl]s to engage 9 ! gr[+ & cur+ ( ! rais9 grapes4 ,! ,san ,joaqu9 valley is especially adapt$ to ! production ( rais9s1 ! ,fresno rais9 di/rict be+ by f> ! l>ge/1 & n[ produc+ almo/ "o-half ( ! rais9 crop ( ! ,/ate4 ,9 ,san ,b]n>d9o c\nty & di/rict1 ! rais9s are also gr[n to great pr(it & ) great facility1 & are ( equal quality ) ^? ( ! int]ior ( ! ,/ate4 ,b ! rais9 indu/ry is "h gradually giv+ way to ! culture ( oranges & o!r citrus fruits1 & ! increase 9 ! rais9 acreage has !re=e n be5 s great z 9 ! ,san ,joaqu9 valley4 ,9 ,el ,cajon1 irrigation is n us$1 & ! rais9s produc$ !re are v simil> to ! ,malaga rais9s1 b ?r\gh abs5ce ( irrigation ! crops are small] ?an 9 any ( ! o!r di/ricts 9 ! ,/ate4 ,9 ,los ,angeles & ,orange c\nty di/rict1 ! rais9 indu/ry has suff]$ imm5sely f ! ravages ( ! v9e plague1 an z yet entirely my/]i\s disease1 & ! output ( rais9s !re has dw9dl$ d[n to almo/ no?+4 ,b ! f>m]s ( ! di/rict are ready to replant :5ev] !re are any prospects t ! v9es w d well aga94 ,9 ! int]ior ( ,cali=nia1 nor? ( ,solano & ,yolo c\nties1 l>ge quantities ( rais9 grapes h be5 plant$ dur+ ! la/ few ye>s1 bo? 9 ! foo?ill valleys1 out on ! pla9s1 & 9 ! bottom l&s ( ! ,sacram5to1 ,yuba & ,fea!r riv]s1 etc4 ,rais9s ( v good quality h be5 produc$ 9 t "p ( ! ,/ate = ye>s 9 limit$ quantities1 b x is yet a "q to :at ext5t t section c compete ) ! c5tral & s\!rn p>ts ( ! ,/ate4 ,9 ,sutt] c\nty ar\nd ,yuba ,city ! cultivation ( a se$less rais9 grape is advanc+ rapidly1 ! rais9s made f x be+ ( excell5t quality & f9d+ a ready m>ket4 ,acreage & ,crops4--,! quantity ( rais9-v9es plant$ _c be e/imat$ correctly2 b x is c]ta9 t at lea/ sixty-five ?\s& acres ( ,muscat v9es are n[ set out 9 ! ,/ate1 includ+ grapes 9 be>+1 z well z v9es lately set out4 ,cali=nia enjoys a climate peculi>ly adapt$ to ! culture & cur+ ( ! rais9 grape4 ,! summ]s are w>m & ra9less1 ! w9t]s aga9 mod]ately ra9y4 ,! int]ior is free f injuri\s fogs & heavy dews1 :ile ! mo/ s\!rn coa/ is only visit$ by w>m fogs1 :i* are n greatly h>mful to ! grapes4 ,irrigation is practic$ almo/ ev]y:]e1 except 9 ,el ,cajon valley1 & 9 "s ( ! nor!rn di/ricts ( ! ,/ate1 b ev5 !re x is no d\bt t judici\s irrigation w\ld be b5eficial & greatly increase ! crop4 ,! dem& = ,cali=nia rais9s has kept pace ) ! improvem5ts 9 cur+ & pack+1 & has /eadily increas$ f ye> to ye>4 ,:at ! future has 9 /ore only ! future c tell1 b x is almo/ c]ta9 t fir/-class rais9s w always be 9 dem&1 :ile inf]ior grades may f "t to "t br+ l[] prices4 ,! rul+ price ( rais9s 9 sweatboxes1 z !y may be _h f ^? gr[]s :o d n pack !mselves1 has be5 f f\r to five c5ts p] p\nd4 ,( late ye>s1 ! t5d5cy is develop+ to pay accord+ to quality1 & f ?ree to sev5 c5ts 0 ! rul+ price = unpack$ rais9s 9 sweatboxes dur+ la/ season 7#ahhi74 ,?is practice w greatly promote ! rais9 indu/ry & enc\rage gr[]s to gr[ l>ge grapes & f9e bun*es1 & to cure _! rais9s well4 ,x w also b5efit ! buy]s1 :o w "k :at !y pay =1 & :o w be able to furni% bett] grades1 & m ( ! be/ grades ?an =m]ly1 :5 good1 bad & indiff]5t rais9s br\ght five c5ts p] p\nd4 ,! rais9 crop ( #ahhi did n exce$ "o million boxes4 ,%\ld we v5ture ^u a /atem5t z to ! di/ribution ( ! same among ! v>i\s c\nties or di/ricts ( ! ,/ate1 ! foll[+ figures w\ld be f\nd z ne> correct z x is possible to get !m3 ,fresno di/rict #dge1jjj tw5ty-p\nd boxes4 ,tul>e #ae1jjj 8 8 8 ,k]n #d1jjj 8 8 8 ,yolo & ,solano #abj1jjj 8 8 8 ,scatt]+ #be1jjj 8 8 8 ,san ,b]n>d9o #bfe1jjj 8 8 8 ,orange & ,los ,angeles #h1jjj 8 8 8 ,san ,diego #ge1jjj 8 8 8 ------- #ihg1jjj 8 8 8 ,,yolo ,,& ,,solano4 ,location & ,acreage4--,! di/rict is situat$ nor? ( ,san ,francisco ,bay1 bord]+ on x z well z on ! ,sacram5to riv]1 & is a "p ( ! ,sacram5to valley4 ,! numb] ( acres ov]rea*es sev5 ?\s&1 & is increas+ ye>ly4 ,! pr9cipal v9ey>ds are ^? ( ! late ,g4 ,g4 ,briggs at ,davisville1 ,solano c\nty1 ) ?ree hundr$ acres1 & at ,woodl& 9 ,yolo c\nty1 f\r hundr$ & sixty acres2 ,e4 ,g\ld1 also at ,davisville1 two hundr$ acres2 ,h4 ,m4 ,l>\1 at same place1 ab\t fifty acres2 sundry v9ey>ds ar\nd ,davisville1 fifty acres2 ar\nd ,woodl& & ,capay valley1 "s f\r hundr$ acres2--or 9 full be>+ m ?an two ?\s& acres4 ,! di/rict comprises ! s\!rn "p ( ,yolo & ! nor!rn "p ( ,solano c\nties4 ,! grape us$ = rais9s is pr9cipally ! ,muscat ( ,alex&ria1 except ! v9ey>d ( ,r4 ,b4 ,bl[]s1 :i* is compos$ exclusively ( ,gordo ,blanco4 ,! ,muscat ( ,alex&ria is g5]ally pref]r$1 z x makes a f9e rais9 & be>s well4 ,soil & ,climate4--,! soil v>ies some:at2 ! be/ is a deep gray1 alluvial bottom-l& soil2 o!r soils are n mu* ?\ght ( = ,muscatel rais9 grapes4 ,! av]age dep? ( wat] is ab\t eighte5 feet f ! surface4 ,x is n necess>y1 z a rule1 to fir/ level ! l&1 z ! gr\nd is v level naturally4 ,! ra9fall av]ages ?irte5 in*es4 ,! mo/ ra9 falls 9 ,janu>y & ,febru>y2 ! lea/ falls 9 ,augu/4 ,!re is seldom a %[] 9 ! summ]1 b ab\t ,novemb] #a/ ra9s are almo/ always c]ta9 to int]f]e ) ! dry+ ( ! grapes4 ,sometimes ! ra9 comes 9 ,octob]1 :5 x causes consid]able damage to ! grapes & p>tially dri$ rais9s4 ,!re is v little dew 9 summ] "t1 b pl5ty 9 ,octob] & also "s 9 ,septemb]4 ,! temp]ature is consid]ably modifi$ by ! ne>ness ( ! bay4 ,x rea*es 9 ! hotte/ "p ( ! summ] "o hundr$ & f\rte5 degrees ,fahr5heit 9 ! %ade1 b only = a day or two4 ,! av]age highe/ is ab\t n9ety degrees ,fahr5heit 9 ! %ade1 :ile ! heat almo/ e day 9 ,july & ,augu/ %[s eighty-five degrees ,fahr5heit 9 ! %ade4 ,?us ?is di/rict is consid]ably cool] ?an ! ,san ,joaqu9 valley & ,san ,b]n>d9o c\nty1 b w>m] ?an ,los ,angeles & ,san ,diego di/ricts4 ,!re are heavy fro/s 9 w9t]1 :5 at times ev5 ! !rmomet] falls to eighte5 degrees ,fahr5heit1 al?\gh ?is is ! extreme l[ temp]ature1 six or sev5 degrees ( fro/ be+ m common4 ,!re is spr+ fro/ 9 ,april "o ye> 9 e ?ree or f\r1 & ! v9ey>ds are !n smok$ to prev5t injury to ! v9es4 ,irrigation is n ne$$ to produce crops1 only to produce l>g] crops1 z x increases ! yield fifty p] c5t4 ,g5]ally two irrigations a ye> are ne$$1 ! fir/ "o 9 e>ly summ]1 ! o!r lat]1 :5 ! b]ries h begun to rip54 ,wat] f dit*es is us$ & c>ri$ to ! v9es 9 furr[s only1 no flood+ be+ practic$4 ,! ,v9ey>d4--,9 plant+1 cutt+s are us$ pr9cipally1 b root$ v9es are pref]r$ by "s4 ,! di/ances mo/ common are t5 by t5 feet ea* way1 "o v9ey>d be+ set t5 feet by sixte5 feet4 ,! v9es be> ! ?ird ye>4 ,! gr\nd is pl[$ & cross-pl[$1 ! fir/ pl[+ be+ f ! v9es1 & ! second to ! v9es4 ,h>r[+ & cultivat+ bo? ways are second>y op]ations1 cont9u$ to ! middle ( ,may1 b seldom lat]4 ,hoe+ ! v9es f9i%es ! "w ( ! soil 9 ! middle or end ( ,may4 ,9 prun+1 ! cr[ns are nev] rais$ ov] six in*es above ! gr\nd1 f sev5 to eight spurs are left on l>ge v9es1 & ea* spur is prun$ to two or ?ree eyes ea*4 ,=m]ly m eyes1 say f f\r to five1 7 left on ea* cane1 b x 0 f\nd t ?is 0 too _m1 h5ce ! *ange to two or ?ree eyes4 ,summ] prun+ is practic$ by "s1 b n by all2 !re is yet a controv]sy 9 reg>d to its usefulness4 ,:5 practic$1 ! v9es are cut six or eight in*es f ! tops1 & ?is is done n lat] ?an ,june4 ,sulphur+ is 9 use ev]y:]e2 ! v9es are sulphur$ two times1 once be=e & once aft] ! bloom4 ,sulphur$ v9es d n suff] f mildew4 ,colure1 or ! dropp+ ( ! "y b]ries1 is n common1 ! ,muscat ( ,alex&ria ev5 sett+ well4 ,! leaf-hopp] 7,ery?roneura comes7 is m common 9 "s ye>s ?an 9 o!rs4 ,!y eat ! leaves & cause ! grapes to sunburn4 ,gras%opp]s h nev] caus$ any damage4 ,grape mo?s are m or less common1 b nev] tr\blesome4 ,black-knot is (t5 se5 on neglect$ v9es1 b is r>e 9 old v9ey>ds well c>$ =4 ,! ,crop4--,! grapes rip5 9 ,septemb]1 g5]ally f ! fir/ to ! t5?4 ,! dry+ & cur+ occupies ?ree weeks4 ,! bun*es are plac$ on trays made ( p9e two feet by ?ree4 ,sev]al gr[]s h artificial dry]s1 :i* are ne$$ = cur+ ! second crop4 ,! sweatboxes are l>ge en\gh to conta9 sev5ty p\nds ( rais9s1 & are eight in*es deep4 ,9 ! ,briggs rais9 v9ey>d1 ! foll[+ br&s are pack$3 ?ree cr[n ,lay] ,muscatels2 two cr[n ,lay] ,muscatels2 "o & two cr[n ,loose ,muscatels2 ,dehesas & ,se$less ,muscatels4 ,! rais9s are seldom sold 9 sweatboxes1 & no fix$ price is kn[n = su* rais9s4 ,mo/ gr[]s pack _! own rais9s4 ,! olde/ rais9 v9ey>d is t />t$ by ! late ,g4 ,g4 ,briggs1 & n[ own$ by 8 wid[4 ,! mo/ r5[n$ v9ey>d 0 t own$ by ,r4 ,b4 ,bl[]s ( ,woodl&1 :i* has ( late ye>s be5 mo/ly replac$ by o!r crops4 ,rais9 l& c be _h = f "o hundr$ to "o hundr$ & fifty doll>s p] acre4 ,?is is vacant l& ( ! v be/ quality4 ,an av]age pr(it ( fifty doll>s p] acre is realiz$1 al?\gh "s h made m money out ( _! v9es4 ,a yield ( two or ?ree tons ( grapes p] acre is common4 ,z reg>ds prices ( labor1 etc41 ! foll[+ 7 ^? mo/ common la/ season3 ,man & team1 :o bo>ds himself & animals1 ?ree doll>s & tw5ty-five c5ts p] day1 c pl[ "o & a half acres ( v9ey>d well4 ,prun+1 "o man1 "o doll> p] day1 c prune ?ree hundr$ v9es1 or ?ree-f\r?s ( an acre4 ,labor]s g5]ally bo>d !mselves4 ,! rais9s ( ?is di/rict 7 ! fir/ ones 9 ! ,/ate or on ?is cont95t to attract att5tion1 & !y 7 ! fir/ :i* successfully compet$ ) ,spa94 ,! crop ( #ahhi rea*$ "o hundr$ & tw5ty ?\s& boxes4 ,,nor!rn ,,cali=nia4 ,g5]al ,rem>ks4--,! ,muscatel & ,sultana rais9 grapes gr[ almo/ ev]y:]e 9 ! ,/ate1 & x is !re=e natural en\gh t ! plant+ ( rais9-v9es %\ld h increas$ consid]ably ( late ye>s1 ev5 9 localities situat$ outside ( ^? rais9 di/ricts m5tion$1 :i* h already made a success ( ! rais9 indu/ry4 ,bel[ w be f\nd a few notices f v>i\s su* places :i* aspire to rais9 fame1 "s ( :i* h yet to make _! reputation 9 ?is l9e4 ,^! notices are p>tly tak5 f ! ,san ,francisco ,*ronicle1 :i* pap] w5t to ! tr\ble & exp5se ( collect+ su* /ati/ics at ! beg9n+ ( ! ye>4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$1 h[ev]1 t ^! /atem5ts are m or less approximate4 ,z w be se51 all ^! localities "h m5tion$ lie 9 ! int]ior or ! ,sacram5to valley prop]1 enjoy+ an inl& climate4 ,! climate 9 ?is valley is some:at l t ( ! ,san ,joaqu9 valley1 ( :i* x is an ext5sion4 ,only ! heat 9 summ] is less1 ! ra9 9 w9t] is m pr(use1 ! %[]s 9 ! spr+ ( ! ye> are lat] & ^? ( ! fall are e>li]4 ,plac] ,c\nty4--,at ,rockl9 ,j4 ,p4 ,:itney has two hundr$ & fifty acres ( rais9 grapes1 & is ! l>ge/ rais9-mak] 9 ! c\nty4 ,!re are n ov] ?ree hundr$ & fifty acres ( ,muscats devot$ to rais9-mak+ 9 ! c\nty1 & ! total output ?is ye> 0 ab\t f\r hundr$ tons1 mo/ ( :i* 0 %ipp$ directly ,ea/4 ,! fir/ c>load ( ,muscat rais9s s5t ,ea/ 0 %ipp$ f ! ,:itney v9ey>d ab\t t5 ye>s ago4 ,a l>ge area ( ,muscat & o!r v9ey>ds w be plant$ ?is season1 b none = rais9-mak+4 ,yuba ,c\nty4--,! rais9 indu/ry has receiv$ b little att5tion 9 ,yuba c\nty1 al?\gh x has long be5 kn[n t rais9s ( sup]ior quality c be produc$ "h4 ,! area 9 rais9-v9es is ab\t ?ree hundr$ acres1 :i* w probably be increas$ by sev]al hundr$ acres ?is season4 ,less ?an a hundr$ acres are 9 be>+4 ,! rais9 v9ey>ds plant$ la/ season are *iefly at ,colm5a1 midway betwe5 ,m>ysville & ,:eatl&4 ,! ,muscatel grape is plant$ to "s ext5t1 b ! favorite grape is ! ,?ompson ,se$less1 a new v>iety ( great promise4 ,sutt] ,c\nty4--,! rais9 indu/ry ( ,sutt] c\nty dates back to ! ye> #ahgf1 & ! v5ture 0 fir/ made by ! late ,dr4 ,s4 ,r4 ,*&l] ?ree miles s\? ( ?is city4 ,! area n[ 9 rais9 v9ey>d is ab\t six hundr$ acres1 ?ree-f\r?s ( :i* are 9 be>+4 ,! crops m>ket$ & prices receiv$ are ab\t z foll[s3 ,?ree ?\s& tw5ty-p\nd boxes at #a4fe p] box2 eight hundr$ sacks ( "o hundr$ p\nds ea*1 at five c5ts a p\nd2 five hundr$ & tw5ty-five sacks ( dri$ grapes ( "o hundr$ p\nds ea*1 at ?ree c5ts a p\nd4 ,! home consumption is ext5sive1 b is n e/imat$4 ,! c\nty is well adapt$ to rais9 gr[+ & cur+1 & receiv$ ! second prize at ! late ,oroville ,/ate ,citrus ,exposition4 ,muscatel & ,?ompson ,se$less are ! favorite grapes4 ,! soil ( ?is c\nty is v ri* & w>m1 & no irrigation has be5 practic$4 ,colusa ,c\nty4--,9 ! imm$iate vic9ity ( ,colusa !re are ab\t "o hundr$ & fifty acres 9 be>+1 & fully "o hundr$ acres m w be set out ! com+ season4 ,! crop ( rais9s 9 #ahhh 0 v insignificant2 b 9 #ahhi ! ,colusa cann]ies pack$ =ty tons 9 boxes4 ,! prices rang$ f #a4ge to #b4be p] box1 accord+ to quality4 ,^! figures ref] only to ! t]ritory ly+ )9 a radius ( eight miles ( ,colusa4 ,"s ( ! f9e/ rais9 grapes 9 ! c\nty are gr[n ne> ,college ,city1 & ! entire output 0 at lea/ eighty tons ( rais9s4 ,_m ( ! p ar\nd ,orl& are report$ z go+ into ! bus9ess on a l>ge scale4 ,! ran*]s 9 & ne> ! foo?ills are also produc+ rais9s ( excell5t quality4 ,a s+le v9ey>d ( fifte5 hundr$ acres is be+ plant$ 9 "o place 9 ! foo?ills4 ,butte ,c\nty4--,:ile ,butte produces a fair quality ( rais9s1 h] v9ey>ds are yet "y & are j com+ into be>+4 ,! old] v9es are ^? ( ,g5]al ,bidwell1 at ,*ico1 cov]+ ab\t "o hundr$ acres1 & ^? ( ,oroville & ,mesilla valley1 embrac+ ab\t ! same area4 ,a l>ge numb] ( "y v9es h be5 set out dur+ ! pa/ two ye>s1 & ^! numb] #eb1bjj ne> ,oroville1 #gg1dhj at ,pal]mo1 #fg1bjj at ,!rmalito1 #bj1egj at ,wy&otte1 #be1jjj at ,c5tral ,h\se1 #ej1ejj at ,gridley1 & some?+ ov] #ej1jjj ne> ,*ico4 ,^! h ne>ly all be5 plant$ )9 ! pa/ two ye>s1 b a limit$ numb] are ?ree ye>s old4 ,9 ! foo?ills are a numb] ( small v9ey>ds1 b x is impossible to asc]ta9 ! acreage & product1 ?\gh ! total ( ea* is n l>ge4 ,practically ! be>+ v9es ( ,butte numb] betwe5 #cjj & #djj acres4 ,! "o & two ye> old v9ey>ds embrace ab\t #cej acres1 s t a cons]vative e/imate = ! total rais9 v9ey>ds ( ! c\nty1 "y & old1 w\ld be #gjj acres4 ,! rais9s are all box$ & sold directly by ! v9ey>di/s1 ! local dem& tak+ ne>ly ! :ole crop4 ,! area to be plant$ ?is ye> w n exce$ #bej acres4 ,tehama ,c\nty4--,! area plant$ to grapes 9 ,tehama c\nty is ov] t5 ?\s& acres4 ,! great] "p ( ! fruit gr[n is us$ = w9e1 & probably "o-?ird = rais9s4 ,all ! rais9s produc$ "h are pack$ 9 boxes1 & a l>ge portion is us$ 9 home consumption1 :ile ! rema9d] is %ipp$4 ,probably ab\t t5 ?\s& boxes 9 bulk & pack$ w cov] ! yield4 ,%a/a ,c\nty4--,! rais9 indu/ry ( ,%a/a c\nty is only 9 its infancy4 ,!re are #adg acres plant$ to rais9 grapes )9 a radius ( fifte5 miles f ,r$d+4 ,! l>ge/ acreage ( rais9 grapes is 9 ,happy valley4 ,!re are pat*es ( grapes all ?r\gh ! foo?ills4 ,probably n ov] "o ?\s& boxes ( rais9s 7 %ipp$4 ,! plant+ ( rais9 grapes cont9ues e ye>4 ,rais9s are made by _m small gr[]s1 & sold "h at an av]age ( six c5ts p] p\nd4 ,,fresno ,,& ,,san ,,joaqu9 ,,valley4 ,g5]al ,rem>ks4--,! ,san ,joaqu9 valley is well adapt$ to rais9s along its :ole l5g? almo/1 b especially 9 its c5tral & s\!rn p>ts4 ,! f>!r we g s\? 9 ! valley1 ! dri] is ! climate1 & ! less is ! ra9fall 9 ! autumn ( ! ye>1 bo? conditions favor+ ! cur+ ( ! grapes4 ,! pres5t rais9 c5t] is ar\nd ,fresno ,city1 :]e ov] tw5ty-five ?\s& acres are plant$ to rais9 grapes1 pr9cipally ,muscatels2 b f ?is locality ! indu/ry has be5 con/antly spread+1 until at pres5t ! o!r c\nties 9 ! valley1 viz41 ,m]c$1 ,tul>e & ,k]n1 c %[ a good acreage ( "y v9es4 ,next aft] ,fresno1 ,tul>e c\nty produces ! l>ge/ quantity ( rais9 grapes1 & produces rais9s ( ! v highe/ quality4 ,! pr9cipal rais9 v9ey>ds 9 t c\nty are situat$ 9 ! ,mussel ,sl\gh di/rict1 on ! ri* bottom l&s =m$ by ! =m] delta ( ,k+s riv]2 ( late1 ! plant+ ( rais9 grapes has ext5d$ to o!r p>ts ( ! c\nty z well4 ,9 ,k]n c\nty few old rais9 v9ey>ds exi/1 ! olde/ "o be+ situat$ on ! ,liv]more ran*1 be+ a "p ( ! ,hagg9 & ,c>r tract4 ,sev]al hundr$ new acres h be5 plant$ !re ?is spr+1 especially 9 ! ,ros$ale1 ,l]do & ,virg9ia ,colonies1 z well z on ! pla9s ne> ,delano4 ,i ne$ "h h>dly say t ! rais9s ( ,fresno1 ,tul>e1 ,k]n & ,m]c$ c\nties %\ld be all class$ toge!r1 z ! climate 9 ^! v>i\s localities is "o & ! same1 ) only a slight & gradual *ange z to ra9fall z we g s\? 9 ! valley4 ,if !re w1 9 ! c\rse ( "t1 be f\nd "s diff]5ce z reg>ds quality 9 ! rais9s ( ^! v>i\s localities 9 ! ,san ,joaqu9 valley1 ?is diff]5ce w n be due to any great diff]5ce 9 ! climate1 b to ! v>iety ( soil on :i* ! grapes are gr[n4 ,! rais9s are only gr[n on ! level l&s1 situat$ f ?ree to f\r hundr$ feet above ! sea4 ,ext5t & ,location4--,! ,fresno di/rict conta9s ab\t ?irty ?\s& acres1 out ( :i* ab\t twelve ?\s& are 9 good or full be>+4 ,m]c$ c\nty has ab\t two ?\s& acres1 ne>ly all v "y v9es4 ,k]n c\nty has probably ab\t "o ?\s& acres1 also v "y v9es1 & "s ?irty acres ( old v9es4 ,tul>e c\nty has ab\t sev5 ?\s& acres ( ,muscats1 a l>ge "p ( :i* is 9 full or good be>+4 ,_m v9ey>ds1 l>ge & small1 are be+ plant$ 9 ^! c\nties ?is ye>1 b en\gh att5tion is n paid to prop] soil & to locality1 & "h1 z else:]e 9 ! ,/ate1 _m ( ^! v9ey>ds w n turn out z ! own]s expect !y w4 ,9 ,fresno c\nty1 ! old v9ey>ds are plant$ pr9cipally ar\nd ,fresno ,city1 :ile 9 late ye>s o!r rais9 di/ricts or sub-di/ricts are gr[+ into prom95ce ar\nd ,malaga1 ,sang]1 ,selma1 ,f[l] & ,mad]a4 ,! v>ieties us$ are pr9cipally ! ,gordo ,blanco ,muscatel1 mu* mix$ ) ! ,muscat ( ,alex&ria4 ,!re are "s few acres ( ,sultanas & ,:ite ,cor9?s1 & ( late _m ,malagas h be5 plant$4 ,soils & ,climate4--,!re are sev]al diff]5t v>ieties ( soils 9 ! di/rict1--! r$ or *ocolate-color$ s&y loam pr9cipally ea/ ( ! railroad1 ! :ite1 a%y soil we/ ( ! railroad1 & ! v s&y soil1 g5]ally occurr+ 9 elevat$ ridges4 ,we h also ! deep1 gray-color$ bottom l& 9 ! riv] bottoms or along ! riv]s & creeks4 ,! be/ grades ( ! *ocolate & r$di% loams1 & ( ! riv] bottom soil1 is consid]$ ! be/ = rais9s4 ,! v s&y soil & ! alkali soil %\ld n be us$ = rais9 purposes4 ,! climate is w>m & dry dur+ ! summ]1 :ile ! w9t]s are n v ra9y4 ,f sev5 to t5 in*es ( ra9 are an av]age 9 ,fresno2 s\? to ,k]n ! ra9fall decreases1 five & a half in*es be+ an av]age ar\nd ,delano4 ,t[>ds ! nor!rn end ( ! valley1 ! ra9fall increases1 & 9 ,m]c$ c\nty v>ies betwe5 t5 & tw5ty in*es1 fifte5 in*es be+ a high av]age4 ,9 no portion ( ! rais9-produc+ portion ( ! valley c rais9 grapes be gr[n )\t irrigation1 ! natural ra9fall be+ entirely insuffici5t4 ,! l[e/ temp]ature is ab\t eighte5 degrees ,fahr5heit 9 ,fresno1 g5]ally 9 ,janu>y1 :ile ! highe/ is "o hundr$ & eighte5 degrees ,fahr5heit 9 ! %ade 9 ,july & ,augu/4 ,! l[e/ temp]ature is rea*$ once 9 f ?ree to five ye>s1 & ! highe/ quot$ is simil>ly sc>ce4 ,! high av]age 9 summ] "t is "o hundr$ & t5 9 ! %ade1 & = ?ree mon?s ( ! ye> ! !rmomet] e day c be c\nt$ on to v>y betwe5 "o hundr$ & "o hundr$ & t5 9 ! %ade4 ,9 ! w9t]1 tw5ty degrees ,fahr5heit is (t5 rea*$1 & ! end ( ,decemb] & ,janu>y may be c\nt$ on z be+ cold & fro/y4 ,^! figures all ref] to ! level pla9 l&1 :]e ! mo/ ( ! v9ey>ds are plant$1 & n to ! foo?ills or ! !rmal belt1 nor to ! high ,si]ra ,nevada1 :]e sn[ & ice are common1 & :]e glaci]s cov] _m ( ! highe/ m\nta9 peaks4 ,! mo/ ra9fall occurs f ,decemb] to ,febru>y1 & ! ra9 cont9ues m or less scatt]+ to ,april & ,may4 ,!re is only v seldom a %[] 9 ! summ]1 "o p]haps 9 ?ree ye>s4 ,9 ! m\nta9s1 ! fall ra9s comm5ce ab\t ! middle ( ,augu/1 on ! pla9s aga9 9 ,octob] & ,novemb]1 sometimes ev5 lat]4 ,dew is r>e 9 summ] "t1 b common f ! beg9n+ ( ,octob]4 ,fog is r>e1 sometimes an unwelcome visitor 9 ,novemb]1 b nev] kn[n at any o!r "t ( ! ye>4 ,spr+ fro/s are almo/ unkn[n1 & occur only once 9 f five to eight ye>s4 ,irrigation4--,irrigation is practic$ :]ev] rais9s are gr[n4 ,! wat] is tak5 f ! riv]s1--f ,k+s riv] 9 ! ,fresno di/rict1 & f ! ,m]c$1 ,kaweah & ,k]n riv]s1 etc41 9 ! o!r di/ricts4 ,be=e irrigation 0 begun 9 ! ,fresno di/ricts1 !re 7 f fifty to sixty feet ( dry soil be=e ! natural wat] level 0 rea*$2 b ?is has be5 s *ang$ ?r\gh a few ye>s ( con/ant irrigation1 t n[ 9 places ! l& is subirrigat$ or moi/ to ! surface1 :ile 9 places ev5 ! soil requires to be dra9$1 & no o!r irrigation is n[ ne$$ except to all[ ! wat] to fl[ 9 ! ma9 or second>y canals1 f :i* x seeps & keeps ! soil fill$ ) wat]1 ! moi/ure ris+ f bel[4 ,! irrigation :5 practic$ is done by flood+ or by irrigat+ 9 furr[s4 ,new l& mu/ be irrigat$ until x becomes subirrigat$2 b1 :5 once ?is is done1 no sep>ate irrigation becomes necess>y4 ,_m v9ey>ds plant$ on subirrigat$ l& :i* 0 once dry l& h nev] s9ce be5 irrigat$4 ,! ,v9ey>d4--,! g5]al di/ance ( ! v9es is eight by eight or t5 by t5 feet1 v>y+ 9 diff]5t v9ey>ds4 ,( late1 !re h be5 "s ef=ts made to improve ^u ^! di/ances1 & to h !m plant$ clos] "o way ?an ! o!r1 say five by t5 or six by twelve feet4 ,! v9es beg9 to be> ! second & ?ird ye>s1 & if plant$ on prop] soil %\ld pay ! f\r? ye> & give an income ! fif? ye>4 ,"s v9es h be5 kn[n to pay ! ?ird ye>1 !re be+ mu* diff]5ce 9 ?is respect4 ,bo? cutt+s & root$ v9es are us$1 root$ v9es hav+ be5 pref]r$ dur+ ! la/ few ye>s4 ,! gr\nd is pl[$ 9 v>i\s ways 9 ! w9t] "t1 accord+ to ! ideas ( ! own]4 ,cross-pl[+ is sometimes practic$4 ,! g5]al rule is to fir/ pl[ "o way1 & !n to cross-cultivate repeat$ly until ! soil is level & ! we$s are de/roy$4 ,9 wet places1 ! cultivation is kept up until ,july1 b 9 prop] places ! work+ ( ! soil is f9i%$ 9 ! e>ly "p ( ,june4 ,prun+ & ,o!r ,op]ations4--,! heads ( ! v9es are kept l[1--f six to sixte5 in*es above ! gr\nd4 ,! canes are cut to two or ?ree eyes1 & ! numb] ( canes left v>y f five to fifte5 or m4 ,! prun+ is done betwe5 ,decemb] & ,febru>y4 ,summ] prun+ is practic$ by "s1 b n by all gr[]s1 !re be+ consid]able diff]5ce ( op9ion z to ! value ( ?is op]ation4 ,sulphur+ is practic$ by all gr[]s1 "s sulphur+ only once1 b ! be/ v9ey>ds are sulphur$ ?ree or m times4 ,oidium or mildew nev] appe>s 9 sulphur$ v9ey>ds4 ,"s few gr[]s sulphur ) great success aga9/ ! colure or dropp+ ( ! grapes4 ,leaf-hopp]s are common1 b d no great h>m4 ,gras%opp]s & grape cat]pill>s 7 tr\blesome "o or two seasons1 b h n reappe>$ ( late4 ,black-knot is common 9 _m places4 ,! ,crop4--,! grapes beg9 to rip5 9 ! middle ( ,augu/1 or f ! middle ( ,augu/ to ! fir/ ( ,septemb]1 & at ! latt] date ! fir/ boxes ( cur$ & pack$ rais9s are g5]ally h]ald$ ?r\gh ! press4 ,! fir/ grapes dry 9 f sev5 to t5 days1 b ! lat] grapes require ?ree weeks or m4 ,! dry+ cont9ues ?r\gh ,septemb]1 & = ! second crop ?r\gh ,octob] & ev5 9 ,novemb]1 or until ! ra9s set 94 ,! grapes are dri$ on trays two by ?ree or ?ree by ?ree feet4 ,! sweatboxes are g5]ally two by ?ree feet & f six to eight in*es high4 ,a l>ge numb] ( br&s are pack$1 su* z ,imp]ial ,clu/]s1 ,dehesas1 ,lay]s1 ,loose & ,se$less4 ,! common price = rais9s 9 sweatboxes is f ?ree & a half to six c5ts1 five & five & a half c5ts be+ ! av]age = good lay]s4 ,good l& = rais9 purposes c be _h = "o hundr$ doll>s p] acre1 b ne>] ! t[n ( ,fresno is held high]4 ,be>+ rais9 v9ey>ds h *ang$ h&s at z high z #a1jjj p] acre4 ,f "o hundr$ to two hundr$ & fifty boxes ( rais9s are realiz$ p] acre1 & ! pr(its v>y f sev5ty-five to two hundr$ & fifty doll>s p] acre1 accord+ to location1 soil1 managem5t1 etc4 ,f ?irty to fifty doll>s p] acre is sp5t ye>ly 9 _m v9ey>ds4 ,few dipp$ rais9s are produc$4 ,"s dipp$ ,sultanas h br\ght sev5 c5ts 9 ! ,san ,francisco m>ket4 ,la/ season ab\t f\r hundr$ & sev5ty-five ?\s& boxes 7 produc$ 9 ! ,fresno di/rict1 & "s tw5ty ?\s& boxes m 9 ! o!r p>ts ( ! ,san ,joaqu9 valley4 ,,san ,,b]n>d9o ,,c\nty ,,& ,,riv]side4 ,location & ,acreage4--,san ,b]n>d9o c\nty1 ,cali=nia1 is entirely an inl& c\nty1 %elt]$ by l[ & high hills f ! ocean4 ,fogs & dew are r>e1 9 places unkn[n1 & ! c\nty (f]s unusual advantages = rais9-gr[+4 ,! v9ey>ds are widely di/ribut$ ?r\gh ! c\nty 9 diff]5t localities or rais9 c5t]s1 all ( :i* are greatly simil> z to climatic conditions1 except z reg>ds altitude4 ,! ,san ,b]n>d9o v9ey>ds are ! highe/ elevat$ above ! sea ( any 9 ,cali=nia4 ,bel[ w be f\nd a li/ ( ! rais9 c5t]s 9 ! c\nty1 ) ! numb] ( acres & _! altitude above ! sea4 ,x mu/ be und]/ood t ea* locality has a l>ge ext5sion z reg>ds altitude1 & v>ies 9 _m in/ances sev]al hundr$ feet2 ?is fact be+ inde$ a *>act]i/ic ( ! ,san ,b]n>d9o c\nty v9ey>ds4 ,! rais9 c5t]s 9 ,san ,b]n>d9o c\nty are3 ,riv]side1 #a1ejj acres4 ,altitude above sea1 #ijj to #a1jjj feet4 ,r$l&s1 #hjj 8 8 8 8 #a1bjj 8 #a1fjj feet4 ,highl&s1 #djj 8 8 8 8 #a1ejj feet4 ,ont>io1 #ejj 8 8 8 8 #ihc 8 #b1cej feet4 ,cucamonga1 ---- 8 8 8 8 #ijj 8 #a1ejj feet4 ,etiw&a1 #gjj 8 8 8 8 #a1bjj feet4 ,!re are sev]al o!r localities :]e rais9 v9ey>ds are f\nd 9 small] quantities1 & x is safe to e/imate ! numb] ( acres 9 ! c\nty at ov] five ?\s&4 ,ne>ly all ^! v9ey>ds are situat$ on mesa l&s1 by :i* is meant ! l&s situat$ betwe5 ! riv] bottoms & ! foo?ills4 ,z a consequ5ce1 ! surface wat] is nev] ne> ! top1 b g5]ally f> d[n1 & ev5 cont9u$ irrigation w\ld n be liable to raise x mu* high]1 z ! wat] w z rapidly dra9 (f ?r\gh ! sub/rata1 :i* g5]ally consi/s ( s&y soil & gravel4 ,! l& is 9 fact well dra9$1 & diff]s 9 ?is respect f ! pla9s ( ! ,san ,joaqu9 valley4 ,9 ,riv]side1 ! surface wat] is f ?irty to fifty feet d[n1 & only 9 "o or two v9ey>ds situat$ deep d[n 9 ! arroyo is ! surface wat] z %all[ z t5 feet4 ,^! latt] v9ey>ds are nev] irrigat$4 ,9 ,r$l&s ! surface wat] is at an av]age ( ?irty feet on ! mesa l&s4 ,9 ,ont>io ! surface wat] is ev5 deep]1 & f\nd at f sev5ty to eight hundr$ feet1 & ! %all[e/ wat] 9 ! di/rict is1 accord+ to ,mr4 ,w4 ,e4 ,coll9s1 tw5ty-five feet bel[ ! surface4 ,x is ! g5]al belief 9 ! ,san ,b]n>d9o di/rict t deep wat] is necess>y =1 or at lea/ b5eficial to1 rais9 grapes1 & t %all[ surface wat] is conducive to all k9ds ( diseases4 ,9 ?is ,i _c agree1 z contr>y to my own exp]i5ces & to ! exp]i5ces ( ! ,spani% gr[]s4 ,climate4--,z reg>ds temp]ature1 !re is "s diff]5ce 9 ! v>i\s di/ricts4 ,a true comp>ison betwe5 !m & o!r di/ricts is almo/ impossible1 z ! signal s]vice !rmomet]s are plac$ at unequal heights above ! gr\nd1 & 9 localities ) v diff]5t *>act]i/ics4 ,x c1 h[ev]1 be said t ! w9t] climate ( ! di/rict is mu* mild] dur+ ! w9t] ?an t ( ! pla9s ( ! ,san ,joaqu9 valley1 & v simil> to ! ,orange c\nty & ! ,san ,diego di/ricts4 ,9 ,riv]side & ,r$l&s1 ! !rmomet] seldom rea*es "o hundr$ & n9e degrees ,fahr5heit 9 ! %ade dur+ ! summ]1 & 9 w9t] seldom goes bel[ tw5ty-f\r degrees ,fahr5heit1 :ile tw5ty-eight or tw5ty-sev5 degrees ,fahr5heit is no unusual occurr5ce once e ye>1 b is consid]$ ! extreme ( ! season4 ,x may ?us be se5 t rais9 v9ey>ds & orange or*>ds may be & actually are gr[n side by side 9 e "p ( ,san ,b]n>d9o c\nty1 & ?is is a di/9ct *>act]i/ic ( ! di/rict1 :i*1 h[ev]1 x %>es ) ,orange & ,san ,diego c\nties4 ,! w>me/ mon?s are ,augu/ & ,septemb]1 & ,octob] is g5]ally f9e = dry+4 ,s is ,novemb]1 & only twice 79 #ahhe & #ahhi7 has !re be5 any s]i\s difficulty 9 dry+ ! grapes4 ,9 two o!r ye>s ! crop has suff]$ slightly1 b dur+ ! majority ( seasons 9 ! mon?s ( ,novemb] !re has n be5 any ra9 on ! mesa l&s1 & x is ?is abs5ce ( fall ra9s :i* makes x possible = ! rais9-gr[] to dry 8 crop )\t any o!r appliances ?an rais9-trays4 ,dew & fogs are v r>e1 & occur only v seldom dur+ ! summ] mon?s4 ,:5 !y d occur at ?is "t1 !y are ( b %ort duration1 & la/ p]haps only f five to sev5 o'clock 9 ! morn+4 ,9 ! fall ( ! ye>1 9 ,octob] & ,novemb]1 ! des]t w9d bl[s w>m & dry1 & ha/5s ! dry+ ( ! rais9s4 ,x may bl[ ?ree or f\r times dur+ ! season1 b has also be5 kn[n to be entirely abs5t4 ,! ra9 9 ! w9t] season is light1 9 ,riv]side twelve in*es be+ an exceptionally wet season4 ,f six to eight in*es are ! usual ra9fall1 :ile aga9 ! actual av]age = ,riv]side is six & "o-f\r? in*es4 ,9 ,ont>io ! ra9fall 9 #ahhg 0 #h4ba in*es1 & 9 #ahhh #i4bc in*es4 ,irrigation4--,9 ,riv]side grapes _c be gr[n )\t irrigation on ! mesa l&s1 ) ! exception ( "o or two localities 9 ! arroyo4 ,9 ! ,ont>io di/rict1 rais9 grapes may be gr[n )\t irrigation 9 ! c5t] ( ! valley1 b on ! mesas1 high] on ! sides1 !y mu/ be irrigat$1 & ev5 9 localities :]e !y c\ld be gr[n )\t artificial irrigation ! same is always practic$ :5ev] x c be obta9$4 ,less wat] is1 h[ev]1 ne$$ ?an 9 ! ,san ,joaqu9 valley1 b m ?an w\ld suffice 9 ,el ,cajon4 ,?r\gh ! nature ( ! gravelly subsoil1 ! rais9 l& _c fill up ) wat]4 ,seepage is only possible to a limit$ degree2 summ] irrigation is always requir$4 ,! v9es are irrigat$ ?ree times a ye>1 9 ,april1 ,june & ,augu/4 ,! sy/em ( furr[s is us$1 & a t5-in* fl[ is consid]$ en\gh to irrigate "o acre ( grapes dur+ "o day & night ea* "t4 ,9 ,ont>io ! rais9 grapes are irrigat$ e five weeks1 n1 h[ev]1 :ile !y are 9 bloom1 z x is consid]$ be/ to wait until ! b]ries are well set4 ,9 ,r$l&s1 "o irrigation aft] ! w9t] ra9 ceases is consid]$ en\gh1 ev5 on soil ) ?irty feet to wat]4 ,soils4--,! soil 9 ,san ,b]n>d9o c\nty v>ies consid]ably4 ,9 ,riv]side & ,r$l&s ! be/ soil is a r$di% loam1 ) "s s& & gravel4 ,b 9 ,riv]side we also f9d s&y soil ( light] color & /r5g?1 :i*1 h[ev]1 is less suit$ to grapes4 ,9 ,ont>io ! soil v>ies f a heavy clayey adobe to a light] b v ri* s&y loam ( a grayi% color4 ,! v s&y soil 9 "s riv] bottoms1 especially ar\nd ,lugonia1 has1 ?r\gh exp]i5ce1 be5 f\nd to be entirely unsuit$ to ! rais9 grapes4 ,! ,v9ey>ds4--,! v>iety us$ = rais9s is ne>ly entirely ! ,muscat ( ,alex&ria1 al?\gh sev]al v9ey>di/s call ^! grapes incorrectly ! ,gordo ,blanco4 ,i saw n[h]e ?is v>iety1 b ,i suppose "s mu/ h be5 import$ !re4 ,9 plant+1 cutt+s h be5 pref]r$1 probably because !y are ! *eape/1 & because ! value ( root$ v9es has n be5 prop]ly und]/ood4 ,! v9es are set1 almo/ ev]y:]e1 eight by eight1 only 9 a few v9ey>ds n9e by n9e feet4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 a gr[+ belief t eight by t5 feet or eight by twelve feet is bett] ?an ! old accept$ eight by eight feet4 ,b ,i believe t ?is t5d5cy to give ! v9es great] room w1 9 c\rse ( "t1 be foll[$ by ! opposite t5d5cy to plant !m clos]1 at lea/ "o way1 & give m room ! o!r way4 ,! ,muscat ( ,alex&ria beg9s to be> 9 ?ree ye>s1 & 9 f\r ye>s w pay fifty doll>s p] acre4 ,! practice ( pl[+ is1 9 ,riv]side1 to fir/ pl[ t[>ds ! v9es 9 ! fall1 & !n1 :5 ! vegetation has begun 9 ! spr+1 ! soil is turn$ back t[>ds ! c5t] ( ! space betwe5 ! r[s1 or f ! v9es4 ,!n ! soil is cultivat$ ) *isel-too? cultivators1 bo? crosswise & l5g?wise1 also simil>ly aft] e irrigation4 ,b ?is practice is n entirely ! same ev]y:]e1 & ! diff]5t v9ey>di/s h "h z else:]e diff]5t ideas1 ev5 9 reg>d to ! mo/ common f>m or v9ey>d practices4 ,prun+ 0 =m]ly done mu* clos] ?an n[1 b x 0 f\nd t by close prun+ ! v9es bore less4 ,to-day f fifte5 to tw5ty spurs are left on ! /ronge/ v9es1 & on e spur ab\t two eyes4 ,f tw5ty to tw5ty-five spurs 7 f\nd to be too mu*2 ) su* quantity ( spurs ! v9es produce small] & inf]ior grapes4 ,"s v9es :i* 7 prun$ ) tw5ty-five spurs la/ ye> h ?is ye> be5 giv5 n9e or t5 spurs only1 s z to enable !m aga9 to recov] & gr[ /rong1 :5 ! quantity ( spurs w aga9 be increas$ to fifte54 ,summ] prun+ is us$ by "s1 b n by o!rs4 ,x does n1 accord+ to obs]vation1 injure ! v9e1 b produces always a second crop1 :i* is difficult to cure4 ,sulphur+ ! v9es is practic$ by "s1 b n by all1 gr[]s4 ,a great _m _c see ! use & value ( sulphur4 ,no "o sulphurs = colure or ! dropp+ ( ! grape1 :i* is q a common occurr5ce4 ,! v9es1 h[ev]1 nev] suff]$ f ! leaf-hopp] nor ! grape cat]pill>s1 b sunscald is n uncommon1 nor is black-knot4 ,! ,crop4--,! ,muscat grapes beg9 to rip5 9 ,riv]side lat] ?an 9 ! ,san ,joaqu9 valley1 & pick+ comm5ces betwe5 ! #aj? & ! #cj? ( ,septemb]4 ,highl&s is said to be two weeks lat] ?an ,riv]side4 ,! fir/ crop is ready to turn 9 two weeks1 & is ready = ! sweatbox 9 ?ree weeks' "t4 ,= dry+1 trays are us$1 & ab\t tw5ty p\nds are plac$ on ea* tray4 ,^! trays are all made ( p9e or fir4 ,r$wood has be5 f\nd unsuitable1 z imp>t+ bo? a color & a ta/e to ! rais9s if accid5tally wet by e>ly %[]s 9 ! fall4 ,size ( trays1 two by ?ree feet1 ) a cleat nail$ at ! %ort ends1 b none at ! long ends ( ! trays4 ,sweatboxes receive ! rais9s :5 !y leave ! trays4 ,=m]ly ! sweatboxes 7 mu* l>g] & deep] ?an n[1 eight or ev5 twelve in*es 9 dep? n be+ unkn[n4 ,( late sweatboxes are made two by ?ree feet1 or ( ! exact size ( ! trays1 & n ov] six in*es 9 dep?4 ,a great] dep? makes ! boxes too heavy to h&le1 & also causes ! bun*es to break4 ,! pack+ ( ! rais9s 9 ,riv]side & 9 ! ,s\!rn ,cali=nia rais9 di/ricts g5]ally is done by ! me?od kn[n z 8top up40 ,t is1 ! fir/ rais9s are plac$ 9 ! bottom ( ! box & successive lay]s are plac$ on top1 until f9ally ! top lay] is put on ! la/4 ,! lev] press = ! compression ( ! lay]s is a ,riv]side inv5tion4 ,a modification ( ?is press is n[ 9 use 9 ne>ly all di/ricts :]e ! 8top-up0 me?od ( pack+ is practic$4 ,! br&s pack$ are z foll[s3 ,?ree ,cr[n ,london ,lay]s1 ,two ,cr[n ,london ,lay]s1 ,?ree ,cr[n ,loose ,muscatels1 ,two ,cr[n ,loose ,muscatels1 & ,muscatels 9 sixty-p\nd sacks2 also ,se$less ,muscatels 9 sacks ( sixty & ?irty p\nds respectively4 ,cotton sacks are commonly us$ = ! two latt] br&s4 ,! br&s are apt to v>y f ye> to ye>1 accord+ to ! fancy or ideas ( ! pack]s1 new ones ( :i* are 9 ! field e ye>4 ,only ^? :o bo? produce & pack h any?+ l e/abli%$ br&s4 ,! prices paid = rais9s 9 sweatboxes h v>i$ 9 diff]5t ye>s4 ,9 #ahhg & #ahhh1 ! price 0 f f\r & "o-half to five c5ts p] p\nd4 ,9 #ahhi1 ! price rose to five & five & ?ree-f\r?s c5ts1 & 9 "o or two in/ances six c5ts 7 paid4 ,! ,pr(its & ,o!r ,items4--,! pr(it v>ies1 ( c\rse1 greatly1 b an av]age pr(it may be consid]$ to be f ab\t #abe to #aej p] acre4 ,! yield ( an acre is v>iable1 b f eight to t5 tons ( fre% grapes is said n to h be5 uncommon4 ,9 "s cases ! yield has be5 mu* high] & ! pr(it l>g]4 ,i h f tru/wor?y s\rce ! /atem5t t "o v9ey>di/ :o owns only a few acres1 ,i believe only five1 & :o has giv5 all 8 "t & att5tion to ^! v9es1 has realiz$ z mu* z #dcj p] acre4 ,?is ,i quote only z an in/ance ( :at might be done ) c>e & exp5se 9 an exceptionally favor$ locality4 ,"s few gr[]s h realiz$ #bej pr(it on ea* ( a few acres1 :i* also is to be consid]$ exceptional4 ,i believe my =m] /atem5t ( #aej p] acre z be+ reliable & atta9able by all ,san ,b]n>d9o c\nty rais9-gr[]s :o h good l&1 & :o give _! v9es suffici5t c>e4 ,z ano!r in/ance ( a high yield1 ,i copy bel[ an acc\nt ( ! v9tage ( ,c4 ,newton ,ross ( ,etiw&a1 ,san ,b]n>d9o c\nty1 ,cali=nia4 ,! article appe>$ 9 ! ,press & ,horticulturi/ ( ,riv]side1 ,septemb] #bg?1 & ,i h e reason to consid] x tru/wor?y4 ,! writ] adds t ! yield is extraord9>y4 8,mr4 ,ross has sev5te5 acres ( #h1jjj v9es five ye>s old f :i* he pick$ #h1fdh trays ( grapes t av]age tw5ty-five p\nds to ! tray1 or a total ( #ajh tons ( grapes1 :i* w make ?irty-six tons ( rais9s1--equal to #c1fjj boxes1--ov] #bjj boxes to ! acre4 ,?is is ! fir/ pick+ only1 & x is e/imat$ t ! second crop w be half z l>ge z ! fir/1 :i* w give a total yield ( #cah boxes to ! acre4 ,mr4 ,ross has sold 8 fir/ crop at five & "o-half c5ts p] p\nd 9 ! sweatbox1 :i* w give him an income ( #bdb an acre on ! fir/ crop1 & half z mu* m on ! second crop if he succe$s 9 sav+ x 9 good %ape1 or a total income ( #cfc p] acre on 8 crop4 ,mr4 ,ross e/imates t #ej an acre w cov] ! entire co/ ( tak+ c>e ( ! v9ey>d & putt+ ! crop 9 ! sweatbox1 & ?is w\ld leave him a net income ( #cac an acre = 8 v9ey>d1 :i* is t5 p] c5t on #c1acj p] acre40 ,b1 ,i may add1 x is n likely t su* a pr(it c be realiz$ ye> aft] ye>4 ,z reg>ds c>e ( ! v9ey>d & exp5ses ( runn+ ! same1 !y v>y1 ( c\rse1 & are e/imat$ at f tw5ty doll>s upw>ds4 ,b ! be/ v9ey>di/s sp5d f ?irty to =ty doll>s p] acre 9 ! c>e ( an acre1 b 9 ?is d n include int]e/1 trays b\ght1 etc41 no?+ 9 fact b 8c>e40 ,v9es 7 fir/ plant$ 9 ,riv]side by ,judge ,john ,wesley ,nor? 9 #ahgc4 ,vacant l& t is suitable = rais9s may be _h ) wat] = #bej p] acre4 ,"s l& ) *oice locations is held at high] prices4 ,! highe/ yield ( rais9s 9 ,san ,b]n>d9o has be5 #bij1jjj boxes 9 #ahhh4 ,( ?is ,riv]side produc$ #aej1jjj boxes1 ,etiw&a #cj1jjj boxes1 & ,ont>io #ae1jjj boxes4 ,! rais9 %ipm5ts f ,riv]side dur+ ! fall ( #ahhi1 up to ,decemb] #ab?1 am\nt$1 accord+ to ! ,daily ,press1 to #baf1jjj boxes4 ,!re 0 a balance on h& ( #g1jjj boxes1 mak+ ! total production #bbc1jjj boxes4 ,x is e/imat$ t ! value ( ?is crop 0 #c1ejj1jjj at :olesale4 ,lat] advices give to ! c\nty #bfe1jjj boxes z la/ season's crop4 ,! ,san ,b]n>d9o rais9s are sup]ior bo? z reg>ds quality & size1 & rais9 gr[+ & cur+ is a pr(itable bus9ess1 em95tly suit$ to ! settl] ) small means1 :o _c inve/ l>ge capital1 nor c af=d to wait long = a return4 ,no dipp$ or sulphur$ rais9s h ev] be5 produc$ 9 ! di/rict1 al?\gh dipp$ rais9s w\ld prove pr(itable4 ,especially does ?is ref] to ! second crop1 :i* rip5s en\gh to make good rais9s1 b :i* _c be cur$ :5 ! e>ly ra9s set 94 ,,orange ,,c\nty ,,& ,,santa ,,ana4 ,g5]al ,rem>ks4--,on acc\nt ( ! v9e disease :i* has be5 injur+ ! ,orange c\nty rais9 & w9e v9ey>ds1 ?is di/rict has a special int]e/ to e "o engag$ 9 grape-gr[+4 ,:ile ! c\ntry has receiv$ a h>d bl[ ?r\gh ! injury & de/ruction ( s _m ( its v9ey>ds1 /ill x is likely t x w recov] & rise z soon z ! v9e disease leaves4 ,location4--,! ,orange c\nty rais9 di/rict lies close to ! sea4 ,( all rais9 di/ricts1 x is ne>e/ ! ocean1 ! av]age di/ance ( ! rais9 v9ey>ds f ! latt] be+ eight to twelve miles1 "s few p]haps a little m4 ,z w be se51 ! di/rict resembles 9 ?is respect "s ( ! ,m$it]ranean di/ricts1 su* z ,malaga & ,smyrna1 :]e ! v9ey>ds come )9 actual rea* ( ! sea fogs4 ,on "o side ( ! ,orange c\nty di/rict we h ! ocean1 on ! opposite side x is bord]$ by r high foo?ills1 beyond :i* are ! ,san ,b]n>d9o c\nty v9ey>ds1 "s =ty to sixty miles away4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,rais9-gr[]'s ,resid5ce at ,fresno4 ,climate4--,! ne>ness to ! ocean modifies ! climate mu*4 ,! temp]ature is m ev5 all ! ye> r\nd ?an any:]e else on ! coa/ :]e rais9s are gr[n4 ,! extreme ( heat is #aje degrees2 9 fact1 ,july #bg1 #ahhi1 x 0 #ajd degrees ,fahr5heit 9 ! %ade1 :ile 9 ! w9t] x seldom goes l[] ?an #bh degrees ,fahr5heit1 & inde$ v1 v r>ely z l[ z t4 ,9 _m places !re is no fro/ at all1 except1 p]haps1 "o 9 ,april1 :i*1 ( c\rse1 _c b prove damag+ to ! v9es4 ,?is abs5ce ( heavy fro/1 :i* is b5eficial to e o!r semi-tropical product1 is n favorable to ! v9e4 ,! grape requires heavy fro/ to become dormant4 ,! f>!r s\? we g ! less fro/ & ! less grapes1 at lea/ ( ! ,asiatic k9d4 ,!re are1 z we "k1 native grapes ev5 9 tropical c\ntries1 b !y are adapt$ to _! surr\nd+s & _c be consid]$ "h4 ,! proximity to ! coa/ modifies ! air consid]ably4 ,) #ajj degrees ,fahr5heit 9 ! %ade1 :i* is an exception "h1 ,i felt z w>m z ,i d 9 ! ,san ,joaqu9 valley ) ! m]cury at #aad2--! two extremes 9 bo? places affect u j ! same4 ,! air "h is c]ta9ly mu* m moi/1 :i* aga9 mu/ h a m>k$ effect ^u ! v9e1 & 9 no small degree promote fungoid gr[?s1 or p>asites g5]ally4 ,9 ?is respect1 !n1 ! coa/ v9ey>d mu/ c]ta9ly be at a disadvantage4 ,! fog is n an unusual visitor 9 ! di/rict betwe5 ! coa/ & ! foo?ills1 :i*1 9 fact1 cov]s ! :ole area ev] plant$ 9 rais9 grapes4 ,= days 9 succession e morn+ is foggy1 & ! fog cond5ses on ! leaves ( ! trees & falls "u !m 9 real %[]s1 mak+ ! adjo9+ & und]ly+ road wet4 ,= a few days aga9 ! sun w rise bright1 aga9 to be foll[$ by foggy morn+s4 ,by f n9e to elev5 o'clock ! fog is aga9 gone & ! sun %9es brightly4 ,e ev5+ & morn+ !re is a heavy dew1 & e bran*1 leaf or grass is !n dripp+ wet4 ,sev]al morn+s :5 ! fog 0 9 ,i f\nd ! !rmomet] at #fb degrees ,fahr5heit1 :ile at noon x rose to ov] #ajj4 ,soils & ,rip5+4--,! soil "h is ! v be/1 & ,i d\bt if ! same f9e quality ( soil is f\nd any:]e else 9 ,cali=nia ov] ! same ext5d$ t]ritory4 ,i ride = miles & miles1 ev]y:]e ! f9e/ & ri*e/ loam ( a gray color1 sometimes a little draw+ t[>ds slate blue1 sometimes aga9 t[>ds yell[i%4 ,x is imm5sely ri*1 & c h>dly be improv$4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 especially ne> ,orange1 a diff]5t k9d ( soil consi/+ ( ! s& loam1 b int]mix$ ) v co>se gravel4 ,?is soil is w>m] b consequ5tly n s ri*4 ,! grapes rip5 on x two weeks e>li]1 b yield only "o-half z mu* z ^? on ! ri*e/ loam along ! creeks4 ,! v9es plant$ "h 7 alone ! ,muscat ( ,alex&ria4 ,/rangely en\gh ,i f9d no traces ( ,sultanas or currant1 :i* latt]1 x seems1 %\ld be especially adapt$ to ! coa/ climate4 ,! ,v9ey>ds4--,9 plant+ a v9ey>d1 root$ v9es 7 seldom us$4 ,cutt+s grew s readily & s well t !y 7 mu* pref]r$4 ,i am told t five p] c5t loss 0 unusual4 ,x mu/ be rem>k$ t ! moi/] is ! air ! bett] x is = any k9d ( cutt+s4 ,! moi/ure su/a9s & n\ri%es ! wood :ile x is mak+ roots4 ,z to di/ances1 ,i rem>k$ no?+ new4 ,eight by eight or eight by t5 feet seems ! g5]ally adopt$ way4 ,! nature ( ! soil & climate make high] cultivation a necessity4 ,mc,pherson ,bros41 :o pack$ ! l>ge/ quantity ( rais9s & own$ ! f9e/ v9ey>ds1 told me t !y pl[$ & cross-pl[$ & cultivat$ f f\rte5 to sixte5 times e season2 9 fact !y nev] ceas$ work+ ! gr\nd4 ,! prun+ 0 begun 9 ,decemb]1 or z soon z ! leaves began to turn & fall4 ,to beg9 )1 only a few spurs 7 left on e v9e1 & on e spur ?ree eyes1 includ+ ! bottom eyes1 b exp]i5ce taught t t way 0 n ! v be/4 ,gradually m space 0 giv5 ! v9es1 & n[ f fifte5 to tw5ty spurs to a v9e 9 full be>+ is consid]$ prop]4 ,summ] prun+ is only practic$ 9 "s ( ! v9ey>ds :]e ! gr\nd is q wet4 ,! mo/ pr(itable v9ey>ds 7 irrigat$4 ,! ne>] ! coa/ ! m moi/ure !re is 9 ! soil4 ,?us ?ree miles we/ ( ,santa ,ana ! gr\nd is always moi/ en\gh to gr[ grapes1 b z we come ne>] ! foo?ills to ! ea/1 ! moi/ure is f>!r d[n4 ,at ,tu/91 ,orange1 & especially at ,mc,pherson1 irrigation 0 practic$ 9 all fir/-class v9ey>ds4 ,"s 7 irrigat$ 9 ! w9t] only1 & ?is 0 consid]$ ! be/2 o!rs aga9 7 irrigat$ also once 9 summ]1--a practice ! be/ v9ey>dm5 consid]$ unnecess>y & ev5 injuri\s4 ,i f\nd l& ne> ! t[n ( ,santa ,ana moi/ "o in* bel[ ! surface1 :]e no irrigation _h ev5 be5 practic$4 ,sulphur+ 0 us$ ev]y:]e to c\nt]act ! oidium4 ,= ?is purpose p[d]$ sulphur 0 du/$ ?r\gh ! v9es z soon z ! grapes 7 z l>ge z small %ot4 ,f ?ree to f\r sulphur+s 7 us$ e ye> ) a week betwe5 ea*4 ,sulphur+ = ! colure or dropp+ ( grapes 0 n kn[n2 9 fact ,i am in=m$ t ?is colure 0 seldom kn[n4 ,besides mildew1 !re are few enemies to ! v9e "h4 ,gras%opp]s1 leaf-hopp]s & grape mo?s h nev] be5 kn[n to mole/ ! v9es4 ,:5 ! late v9e-plague /ruck ! c\ntry ! v9ey>di/s 7 entirely unus$ to fight any enemy ( ! v9es besides ! oidium4 ,sunscald ( ! b]ries 0 n kn[n4 ,! ,crop & its ,cur+4--,! grapes beg9 to rip5 9 ! end ( ,augu/1 say ab\t ! tw5ty-fif?1 on ! gravelly soil1 b on ! cool] & ri*] bottom l& v mu* lat]1 or ab\t ! middle ( ,septemb]4 ,! h>ve/ !n beg9s2 ! grapes are pick$ on trays two & a half by ?ree feet & plac$ to dry 9 ! sun2 ! dry+ takes two or ?ree weeks or m1 & is accompli%$ ) "s difficulty4 ,two ye>s ! grapes _h to be c>ri$ out to ! ,mojave des]t1 to be dri$ !re4 ,! trays are plac$ among ! v9es 9 su* a way t ! trays f ?ree r[s are plac$ 9 "o4 ,to protect !m f ! fog & dew1 !y are cov]$ ) canvas4 ,?is is done 9 two ways4 ,"o way is to put small pegs on "o side ( ! trays4 ,! long canvas is furni%$ at int]vals ) r+s1 :i* are slipp$ ov] ! pegs & ?us held /eady on "o side4 ,9 ! daytime ! o!r end ( ! canvas is simply ?r[n back ov] ! pegs2 9 ! night-"t ! canvas is aga9 turn$ ov] ! trays1 re/+ directly on ! grapes4 ,! o!r & bett] way is to run ?ree wires along ! r[ ( trays1 "o on ea* side ( ! trays4 ,! canvas is furni%$ ) r+s on ea* long side1 :i* are made to run on ! wire4 ,! c5t] wire is run a little high] up1 & "h & !re simply support$ by po/s4 ,x takes comp>atively little "t e ev5+ to run ! canvas along ! wires & cov] ! trays4 ,! exp5se is consid]able1 bo? 9 furni%+ & prep>+ ! canvas1 & 9 ma9ta9+ & op]at+ x4 ,! peculi> climatic conditions ( ! di/rict1 h[ev]1 necessitate "s su* contrivance = ! dry+ ( ! grapes4 ,! v9es seldom be> a second crop ( any importance4 ,sometimes 9 ,octob] ! di/rict is visit$ by a w>m & dry des]t w9d call$ ! ,santa ,ana w9d4 ,x comes f ! caon ( ! ,santa ,ana riv]1 & orig9ates1 no d\bt1 9 ! ,mojave des]t1 & ris+ high up 9 ! air is aga9 precipitat$ ov] ! hills on ! l[l&s t[>ds ! ocean4 ,?is ,santa ,ana w9d is always welcome4 ,x ha/5s ! dry+ ( ! grapes j z ! ,t]ral or l& w9ds f ! pla9s ( ,la ,man*a ha/5 ! dry+ ( ! grapes ( ,malaga 9 ,spa94 ,yield & ,pr(its4--,! yield is q small on ! gravelly soil1 at ! mo/ be+ ?ree tons ( gre5 grapes to ! acre1 on ri*] l& f six to sev5 tons1 & 9 r>e in/ances t5 tons to ! acre4 ,i he>d ( "o v9ey>d :]e ! own] _h sold f tw5ty acres ( ,muscatels ?irty-?ree tons ( rais9s & fifty-six tons ( gre5 grapes1 equal to ab\t #aee tons f ! lot4 ,ano!r lot ( ?ree-ye> ,muscatels bore t5 tons to ! acre1--inde$ a v unusual yield any:]e = ,muscatels4 ,i he> reports ( "s wond]ful yields & high pr(its1 b am in=m$ by ! mo/ exp]i5c$ & tru/wor?y t #abe p] acre is an av]age pr(it :i* c be reli$ ^u ye> aft] ye>4 ,! fir/ ,muscat v9es 7 plant$ ne> ,orange1 n[ ! /ation ( ,mc,pherson1 ab\t #ahgc1 by ,mc,pherson ,bros4 ,! acreage 9 grapev9es 9 ! ,orange c\nty di/rict 0 ab\t #h1jjj acres2 b probably ov] half ( x is w9e grapes4 ,! highe/ output ( rais9s 0 #agj1jjj boxes ( tw5ty-p\nds ea*4 ,,san ,,diego ,,& ,,el ,,cajon4 ,location & ,acreage4--,! ,el ,cajon & ,sweetwat] valleys are ! rais9 c5t]s ( ,san ,diego c\nty4 ,! =m] conta9s ab\t f\r ?\s& acres ( ,muscat v9es1 ! latt] ab\t five hundr$ acres4 ,magnific5t-look+ ,muscat grapes are also gr[n )9 ?ree miles ( ,san ,diego4 ,escondido is by _m pron\nc$ sup]ior = rais9 grapes to any ( ! o!r places2 b ,el ,cajon is ! pres5t c5t] ( ! rais9 indu/ry1 & is likely to rema9 s = ye>s4 ,! rais9-gr[+ section ( ! two valleys lies f ab\t fifte5 to sev5te5 miles f ! coa/ l9e1 & at an altitude ( f #dej to #ejj feet4 ,! arable l& 9 ,el ,cajon valley conta9s #ej1jjj acres1 or p]haps less1 & consi/s ( ! roll+ bottom ( ! valley1 b :i* c 9 no way be class$ z bottom l&4 ,! l& p>takes m ( ! *>act]i/ics ( mesa or upl&1 & ext5ds on all sides1 slightly undulat+ ^u ! sides ( ! hills4 ,l[] hills & beh9d !m1 aga91 high] hills surr\nd ! valley1 & ! high peaks beyond ! ,cuyamaca ,m\nta9s rea* #d1ejj feet or m4 ,none ( ^! hills or m\nta9s 9 sight are cov]$ ) timb] ( any k9d1 & ev5 ! valleys are )\t ! usual sycamores4 ,only 9 ! v n>r[ bottom ( ! creek is !re a vegetation ( will[s & %rubb]y4 ,climate & ,ra9fall4--,! ra9fall ( ! valley v>ies consid]ably4 ,x has be5 kn[n to be z little z six in*es & z mu* z tw5ty1 ! av]age probably be+ ab\t twelve in*es1 di/ribut$ z g5]ally else:]e 9 ,cali=nia1--dur+ ! w9t] mon?s4 ,9 summ] "t x seldom ra9s1--p]haps a %[] 9 two or ?ree ye>s4 ,septemb] is ! w>me/ mon?1 or at lea/ ! mon? ) ! greate/ numb] ( w>m days4 ,! highe/ temp]ature rea*$ 9 ! %ade 9 ,el ,cajon is #aje degrees ,fahr5heit1 & 9 ,sweetwat] valley #ajh1 & ! colde/ 9 ! w9t] tw5ty-f\r degrees ,fahr5heit on ! upp] mesa l&1 :ile on ! l[] l&1 close to ! riv]1 ! temp]ature falls l[ en\gh to kill orange trees1 probably some:]e ab\t eighte5 degrees ,fahr5heit4 ,septemb] is fre] f fog ?an any o!r mon?4 ,dur+ ! o!r summ] mon?s !re is fog 9 ! morn+ two days out ( ?ree4 ,! fog1 h[ev]1 is w>m & pleasant to all b consumptives1 b1 nev]!less1 leaves beh9d a soak+ dew on all vegetation1 & is ev5 heavy en\gh to moi/5 ! du/ on ! roads4 ,! moi/ure on ?is mesa l&--by :i* is meant all ! l& betwe5 ! hills1 :i* are too /eep to be pl[$1 & ! actual riv] bottom l&s--is ne> ! surface4 ,9 ! ,el ,cajon & ,sweetwat] valleys1 ! wat] is f\nd on ?is mesa at f eight to tw5ty feet1 or at an av]age ( f twelve to fifte5 feet4 ,on little hills or knobs 9 ! valley ! wat] is f\nd at ab\t ! same dep?4 ,x is /range t ) ! wat] s ne> ! surface no p]5nial vegetation ( ei!r %rubb]y or trees %\ld be f\nd on ?is l&4 ,! grapev9es w gr[ on x )\t irrigation2 9 fact none is us$ any:]e n[1 b no d\bt x w\ld prove pr(itable to irrigate some:at1 s z to increase ! crops ( grapes4 ,wat] c be _h ?r\gh ! ,cuyamaca flume1 b has s f> n be5 us$4 ,! v9es d n gr[ aft] ,augu/ #a/1 & may /op gr[+ soon]4 ,soils4--,! soils ( ! di/rict are ( f\r k9ds3 ,fir/1 r$di% clay mix$ ) gravel1 ! color *ang+ betwe5 light *ocolate & deep r$di%4 ,?is soil is consid]$ by _m ! mo/ desirable4 ,second1 a /eel or slate gray adobe ) mu* gravel ( a co>se nature4 ,?ird1 black adobe ) little gravel4 ,f\r?1 alluvial s&y soil1 app>5tly consi/+ ( decompos$ granite mix$ ) mu* vegetable matt]4 ,?is soil is co>se1 ( a d>k /eel-gray color1 v easily work$2 x is consid]$ ! be/ = rais9s1 b x conta9s /reaks :]e !y w n gr[ & prove pr(itable4 ,! la/-nam$ soil goes gradually ov] into common alluvial soil ( a s&y nature4 ,! two la/-nam$ soils are f\nd pr9cipally 9 ! ,sweetwat] valley4 ,! ,v9es & ! ,v9ey>d4--,9 plant+1 cutt+s are g5]ally us$1 n because !y are mo/ pref]r$1 b because good root$ v9es _c be obta9$4 ,! di/ance to1 & ! difficulty ( rea*+1 ?is di/rict 0 =m]ly su* t roots w\ld suff] 9 transit & w\ld rapidly dry1 :ile cutt+s c\ld be _h h&y & fre%4 ,! v9es1 orig9ally plant$ eight by eight feet1 h be5 giv5 m di/ance ( late1 "s v9ey>di/s plant+ !m eight by twelve feet1 :ile o!rs pref] twelve by twelve or t5 by twelve feet4 ,! v>ieties us$ are ! ,muscat ( ,alex&ria only4 ,?is v>iety happ5$ to be ! "o t 0 import$ fir/ f ,riv]side1 ,i believe1 & x 0 aft]w>ds propagat$ by e "o4 ,! v>iety z gr[n 9 ,el ,cajon is ! type ( ,muscat ( ,alex&ria ) oblong b]ries1 l>ge clu/]s ) loosely hang+ b]ries & l>ge /rong /ems4 ,! %ape ( ! v9es is erect1 ) a few c5t] %oots1 /rong & upright4 ,! v9es comm5ce be>+ ! second ye>1 & are said to pay exp5ses ( c>+ = 9 ! ?ird ye>1 b ,i ?9k x w\ld be saf] to say 9 ! f\r? ye>4 ,z reg>ds cultivation & pl[+1 _m pl[ bo? ways & h>r[ & cultivate crosswise sev]al times until ! #a/ ( ,june1 :51 on acc\nt ( ! dryness ( ! soil1 no m we$s />t & no cultivation ( any k9d is ne$$4 ,! l>ge majority ( ! v9ey>ds are spl5didly kept1 n a we$ be+ se5 any:]e = miles ar\nd4 ,w9t] prun+ comm5ces z soon z ! leaves fall4 ,9 =m] ye>s f five to n9e spurs 7 left 9 prun+ & two or ?ree eyes on ea* spur1 b x has be5 f\nd pr(itable & judici\s to leave m spurs1 s z to take ! sap 9 ! spr+1 & n[ f twelve to fifte5 spurs ) two or ?ree eyes ea* are left e w9t]4 ,spr+ or summ] prun+ has only be5 practic$ ! la/ two seasons1 & be+ f\nd v pr(itable is n[ adopt$ by ev]ybody4 ,! v9es are n p9*$1 b head$ well back z soon z ! grapes are well set4 ,?is me?od has 9 ?is di/rict ! foll[+ advantages3 ,x gives bett] %ade to ! bun*es on acc\nt ( ! production ( a /rong second gr[?2 x causes ! bun*es to fill bett]1 &1 f9ally1 x leaves m room betwe5 ! r[s ( ! v9es4 ,i 0 told t any ( ^! ?ree advantages w\ld w>rant ! sy/em ( summ] prun+ to be g5]ally adopt$4 ,! valley has be5 unusually free f any insect pe/1 su* z leaf-hopp]s 7,ery?roneura comes7 cat]pill>s1 gras%opp]s1 etc41 b suff]s f mildew1 n1 h[ev]1 to ! ext5t t ! pres5ce ( almo/ daily fogs w\ld lead u to suppose4 ,sulphur+ is n[ practic$ to "s ext5t1 b n z mu* z x %\ld be4 ,! sulphur is appli$ ) bell[s z soon z ! b]ries are ! size ( %ot1 b n be=e4 ,sulphur+ = colure1 or ! dropp+ ( ! grapes :5 v small1 is n practic$1 nor 0 x ev] suspect$ t x w\ld help4 ,colure is q common1 mu* m s on s&y soil4 ,sunscald is frequ5t b n bad4 ,i saw q a numb] ( grapes scald$ on e v9e1 b n en\gh to w>rant any special measures to be tak5 z a protection4 ,! grapes h dur+ ?is & la/ ye> rip5$ by ! fir/ days ( ,septemb]1 b x is g5]ally mu* lat]1 or at ab\t ! #aj? ( ,septemb]1 :5 ! v9tage usually comm5ces4 ,! pick+ 01 until la/ ye>1 done by :ite labor1 b ! same 0 s v difficult to obta9 t ,*9ese 7 !n employ$4 ,!y gave satisfaction to "s1 :ile to o!rs n4 ,"s ( ! pr9cipal gr[]s are ?is ye> 7#ahhi7 go+ to employ ,*9ese help at #a4be p] day1 at :i* price !y bo>d !mselves4 ,! ,crop4--,! grapes are dri$ on r$wood trays made ( saw$ r$wood %+les1 ?ree-eigh?s ( an in* ?ick4 ,! trays are made two by ?ree feet4 ,! be/ gr[]s are ?is ye> go+ to assort ! grapes :5 putt+ !m on ! trays4 ,?is 0 nev] done be=e1 b w be ( great advantage4 ,a tray w av]age eighte5 p\nds ( fre% grapes1 :i* w take ab\t "o mon? to dry1--nev] less ?an ?ree weeks4 ,!re is b little second crop1 g5]ally none t c be sav$4 ,septemb] is ! w>me/ mon?1 or else ! grapes c\ld n be dri$4 ,at a temp]ature ( #ajc degrees ,fahr5heit1 x 0 f\nd t grapes scald$ or cook$ :ile on ! trays4 ,?is is1 h[ev]1 v r>ely ! case4 ,f n9ety-five to "o hundr$ degrees is consid]$ ! be/ temp]ature at :i* ! be/ rais9s are made4 ,! sweatboxes us$ =m]ly 7 two by ?ree feet & t5 in*es deep2 b ( late eight in*es & six in*es 9 dep? is consid]$ ! be/1 on acc\nt ( ! facility ) :i* !y c be h&l$4 ,z to pack+1 _m advocate tw5ty-p\nd boxes1 t are only f\r & "o-half in*es deep1 cont5d+ t !y w hold tw5ty p\nds ( loose rais9s4 ,few ,dehesas are put up1 ! g5]al br&s be+ ?ree cr[n ,london lay]s1 & ?ree cr[n loose ,muscats4 ,"s are also put up 9 fancy pap] boxes4 ,?is ye> ! valley has two pack+ companies1 :o buy rais9s 9 sweatboxes1 & pay f f\r to five & a half c5ts p] p\nd4 ,! yield p] acre is f two to ?ree tons ( gre5 grapes1 ,i %\ld say ?is ye> ne>] two ?an ?ree tons4 ,i saw1 h[ev]1 "s t w\ld av]age five tons p] acre1 b ?is l& 0 favorably situat$ 9 a moi/] place ?an is g5]ally f\nd 9 ,sweetwat] valley1 & ! v9es 7 yet gr[+ on ,augu/ #ba/4 ,i he>d ( mu* great] yields1 s extraord9>y inde$ t !y are n likely to return aga94 ,f five to sev5 tons to ! acre is a really r>e yield1 ev5 on ! be/ l&1 :]e ! wat] is )9 six or sev5 feet ( ! surface4 ,?is %[s me conclusively t judici\s irrigation w\ld mat]ially increase ! crop1 & greatly improve ! uni=m size ( ! b]ries4 ,! pr(it on an acre ( be>+ ,muscat v9es is f fifty to "o hundr$ & tw5ty-five doll>s p] acre4 ,! latt] is ! mo/ any "o realiz$1 & ?irty-five doll>s is consid]$ a good pr(it4 ,! exp5se ( runn+ a v9ey>d is h>d to asc]ta91 b ^? be/ in=m$ told me t =ty doll>s p] acre w\ld be an av]age2 ?is ( c\rse includes ev]y?+4 ,! small am\nt ( we$s & ! abs5ce ( irrigation mat]ially less5s ! exp5ses ( ! ,el ,cajon v9ey>ds4 ,good v9ey>d or rais9 l& c be _h = sev5ty-five doll>s p] acre4 ,no v9ey>ds 9 be>+ h *ang$ h&s4 ,la/ ye>'s 7#ahhh7 pack ( ! :ole ( ,san ,diego c\nty 0 v>i\sly e/imat$ at f tw5ty to ?irty ?\s& boxes1 & ?is ye> at sixty ?\s& boxes ( tw5ty p\nds ea*4 ,! unanim\s v]dict ( ! be/ gr[]s 9 ,el ,cajon is t want ( moi/ure is ! greate/ drawback to rais9 culture !re4 ,& ,i agree ) !m 9 ?is1 b also ?9k x might to "s ext5t be rem$i$1 z wat] = irrigation is close at h&4 ,at la/ ,i mu/ say a few words z to ! quality ( ! ,el ,cajon & ,sweetwat] valley rais9s4 ,!y are v sweet1 highly flavor$1 ! sk9 is ?91 & ! se$s are small & few4 ,b :ile "s ( ! b]ries are ( v l>ge size1 !re are comp>atively few :i* w\ld be consid]$ l>ge1 & ev5 ! be/ bun*es h too _m small b]ries4 ,! grapes t _h pl5ty ( wat] 7 simply magnific5t1 & a g5]al irrigation sy/em w\ld greatly improve ! size ( ! grapes1 z well z ! quality ( ! crop4 ,! be/ select$ rais9s f ?is valley mu/ be c\nt$ z among ! v be/4 ,! con/ant fog injures ! bloom on ! rais9s to "s ext5t1 & mo/ rais9s t ,i saw 7 9 ?is respect defici5t2 b _! color g5]ally 0 v good4 ,! ,sweetwat] valley rais9s are 9 ?is respect f9] ?an ^? ( ,el ,cajon2 !y are also f>!r inl&1 & h less fog4 ,! ,escondido rais9s are said to be sup]ior1 b ,i saw none ( !m4 ,:ile _m v9es h be5 plant$ 9 ?is locality ( late1 only "o or two small v9ey>ds are 9 be>+4 ,,o!r ,,rais9 ,,di/ricts4 ,( late rais9 grapes h be5 plant$ 9 consid]able quantities 9 ,salt riv] valley & 9 ,gila riv] valley 9 ,arizona1 b ! outcome ( ! v5ture is yet unkn[n1 at lea/ to u4 ,! gr[]s ( ,arizona claim = _! localities ! advantage ( great e>l9ess1 z ! grapes rip5 !re 9 ,july1 or a mon? e>li] ?an 9 ,cali=nia4 ,9 ! ,arg5t9e ,republic 9 ,s\? ,am]ica x is said t ! ,spani% immigrants h plant$ _m rais9 grapes dur+ ! la/ few ye>s4 ,9 ,au/ralia we are also in=m$ t dipp$ rais9s1 & p]haps ev5 sun-dri$ ones1 h be5 produc$1 b ev5 !re ! result is unkn[n to u4 ,s f> ^! rais9s h cut no figure 9 ! g5]al m>ket1 b x is n improbable t _m localities 9 ^? va/ c\ntries w be f\nd :]e ,muscat grapes c be pr(itably gr[n & cur$4 ,,climatic ,,conditions1 ,,soils1 ,,location ,,& ,,irrigation4 ,,climatic ,,conditions ,,favorable ,,& ,,unfavorable ,,to ,,! ,,rais9 ,,indu/ry4 ,limits ( ! ,rais9 ,di/ricts4--,x is an int]e/+ fact1 & by no means a co9cid5ce1 t ! rais9 di/ricts ( ! _w are f\nd on or betwe5 ! same latitudes4 ,?us we f9d ! ,cali=nia di/ricts betwe5 latitudes #cb1 #ge & #ch1 #ge4 ,! latitude ( ,smyrna is #ch1 #bh1 #g1 t ( ,malaga 9 ,spa9 #cf1 #ge1 ,val5cia #ci1 #be1 ,d5ia #ch1 #ej1 ! ,grecian ,isl&s & ,morea #cg & #ch1 & f9ally ,huasco 9 ,*ile #bh s\? latitude4 ,t ! latt] place is situat$ s mu* f>!r s\? or s mu* ne>] ! equator _c exactly be consid]$ exceptional1 z x con=ms ) ! g5]al *>act]i/ics ( ! ,s\!rn hemisph]es z comp>$ ) ^? on ! nor!rn half ( ! globe4 ,9 ,europe ! ,muscat grape = rais9 purposes is n a success nor? ( ! =tie? degree ( latitude4 ,:ile ! limits 9 ,cali=nia & ,*ile are n yet fully asc]ta9$1 x may be presum$ t1 z f> z reg>ds ?is c\ntry1 ^! limits w n diff] v mu* f ^? ( ,spa9 & ,asia ,m9or4 ,only ye>s if n c5turies ( exp]i5ce w f9ally decide :]e & :]e n rais9 grapes c be gr[n & cur$ to p]fection4 ,:ile ! v9es & ! grapes c be gr[n 9 _m places1 ! prop] cur+ ( ! rais9s is att5d$ ) m or less difficulty 9 ! v>i\s di/ricts4 ,) prop] modes ( cur+ ! grapes1 & by protect+ !m f ! inclem5cies ( ! wea!r1 ! limits ( ! successful rais9 di/ricts may be ext5d$ consid]ably bo? nor? & s\?4 ,dry ,seasons1 ,spr+ & ,fall ,ra9s4--,! climate ( ! ,m$it]ranean bas91 z well z ( ! rais9 di/ricts ( ! ,new ,_w1 pres5t ! peculi>ity ( hav+ only two di/9ct seasons1 "o dry & w>m1 & "o cold & wet4 ,!re are o!r p>ts ( ! _w also *>act]iz$ by a dry & a wet season1 = in/ance ,mexico & ,c5tral ,am]ica1 etc41 b !y diff] 9 ! important po9t1 t :]eas ! climate ( ! rais9 di/ricts is dry dur+ ! gr[+ or summ] season1 ,mexico has !n its greate/ ra9fall4 ,:ile grape-gr[+ may n be impossible "u su* circum/ances1 ! cur+ & dry+ ( rais9s is impossible1 except ) ! aid ( co/ly & burd5some appliances1 ! exp5se ( :i* w v mu* increase ! co/ ( produc+ ! rais9s4 ,! climate ( ! rais9 c5t]s is by no means uni=m4 ,z a rule1 ! f>!r nor? we g ! less is ! di/9ction betwe5 ! dry & ! wet season1 ! %ort] is ! =m] & ! long] ! season ( ra94 ,exp]i5ce %[s t ! less ?is di/9ction betwe5 ! seasons is m>k$1 & ! %ort] ! ra9less season1 ! less favorable is ! climate = ! rais9 indu/ry4 ,! long] ! dry season1 & ! less ra9 dur+ ! same1 ! m favorable is ! locality = rais9 dry+ & cur+1 suppos+1 ( c\rse1 o!r necess>y conditions are n abs5t4 ,?is abs5ce ( summ] ra9s & cold fog is ! mo/ important climatic condition1 & ! "o t m ?an any o!r decides ^u ! advantages ( any c]ta9 locality = ! indu/ry "u our consid]ation4 ,a p]usal ( ! reports f ! diff]5t rais9 di/ricts w conv9ce u ( ?is4 ,= ,cali=nia we ne$ n ref] to any special reports1 z ! newspap]s are full ( !m e ye> f ,may to ,novemb]1 & x w suffice to /ate t any l>ge am\nt ( ra9 aft] ! beg9n+ ( ,june1 & especially 9 ,septemb]1 ,octob] & ,novemb]1 :5 ! rais9s are cur+1 is consid]$ v detrim5tal1 & sure to cause mu* loss4 ,heavy & cont9u$ ra9fall dur+ ! dry+ season w\ld n only injure ! rais9s1 b might ev5 totally ru9 ! crop4 ,any di/rict :]e ye> aft] ye> su* %[]s occur1 w\ld n be consid]$ favorable = ! rais9 indu/ry1 & w\ld no d\bt be giv5 up to some?+ else4 ,to %[ t ^! same conditions also exi/ 9 ! ,m$it]ranean rais9 di/ricts1 we w "h quote a few extracts f ! ,unit$ ,/ates consul> reports f !re4 ,consul ,w4 ,e4 ,/ev5s1 ,unit$ ,/ates consul at ,smyrna1 writes3#e 8,x happ5s occasionally t ra9 falls dur+ ! v9tage "t1 caus+ heavy loss to gr[]s ?r\gh ! inevitable det]ioration 9 quality4 ,?is 0 ! case la/ season 7#ahhc71 & l>ge quantities ( rais9s 7 9 consequ5ce %ipp$ to ,france to be made into spirits40 ,f ,val5cia ano!r consul writes3 8,9 ! ev5t ( wet & damp wea!r1 ! hurdles 7or grape mats7 are pil$ up 9 %$s cov]$ ) mats or pa9t$ canvas4 ,( c\rse 9 ?is case ! dry+ is ret>d$1 ! quality ( ! fruit det]iorates1 & ! exp5se & labor ( cur+ are consid]ably increas$40 ,two ye>s ago t5 ?\s& tons 7 ?us damag$ 9 ! ,d5ia di/rict4 ,:ile ! ,m$it]ranean di/ricts are comp>atively ra9less dur+ ! summ] "t1 /ill !y are f> less s ?an ,cali=nia4 ,! ra9y & dry seasons !re are less di/9ct ?an ) u4 #e ,consul> ,reports1 ,no4 #da1 ,june1 #ahhd1 page #gde4 ,among ! ,grecian ,isl&s1 ! production ( currants is conf9$ to only a few localities1 pr9cipally on acc\nt ( ! untimely ra9fall on ! o!r isl&s4 ,dr4 ,davy 7,ionian ,isl&s1 page #cbj7 tells u3 8,! attempts to ext5d ! culture ( ! currant to "s o!r isl&s h be5 only p>tial1 & att5d$ ) d\btful success4 ,?is1 x is to be und]/ood1 is n ow+1 z has be5 ass]t$1 to any unfitness ( ! soil on o!r isl&s1 z x is analog\s on !m all1 b r to "s diff]5ce ( climate1 especially ab\t ! times ( rip5+1 ga!r+ & dry+ ( ! fruit1 consi/+ 9 great] liability to ra91 a heavy fall ( :i* is ru9\s to ! crop1 & :i*1 dur+ ! p]iod ( ga!r+ 9 ! currant isl&s1 is consid]$ a great calamity40 ,b ev5 9 ,zante & ,cephalonia 9 ,greece1 ! crop is sometimes greatly injur$ on acc\nt ( ra94 ,?us 9 #aheg a crop ( fifty ?\s& tons 0 expect$1 b disa/r\s ra9s 9 ,augu/ injur$ ! rais9 grapes to su* an ext5t t sev5te5 ?\s& tons 7 totally de/roy$1 & twelve ?\s& tons became unfit = any?+ else ?an di/ill+4 ,malaga 9 ,spa91 :i* ( all ! di/ricts mo/ resembles ,cali=nia1 has und]gone simil> exp]i5ces1 bo? damag+ & ru9\s4 ,x is ?us t ! fall ra9s are ev]y:]e fe>$ ! mo/1 ! m s :]e !y may be expect$ ) regul>ity1 & :]e ! di/rict is s situat$ t ! heat ( ! sun is n p[]ful en\gh to rapidly dry ! injur$ crop4 ,?us 9 ,val5cia ! ra9s are fe>$ m ?an at ,malaga4 ,9 ! latt] place ! sun is p[]ful en\gh to dry ! rais9s1 & only repeat$ %[]s w\ld injure ! crop4 ,our exp]i5ce is v mu* ! same1 & ! e>ly fall ra9s 9 ! nor!rn "p ( ! ,/ate are to be fe>$ mu* m ?an ra9s at ! same "t f>!r s\?1 :]e a few %[]s w\ld soon be succe$$ by w>m wea!r1 & a hot sun p[]ful en\gh to dry ! p>tially cur$ grapes4 ,on acc\nt ( local conditions1 c]ta9 p>ts ( ,c5tral ,cali=nia are fre] f ^! fall ra9s ?an ! m s\!rn di/ricts1 b ?is disadvantage is c\nt]act$ by ! great] am\nt ( w>m wea!r & dry+ w9ds j at a "t :5 !y are mo/ ne$$4 ,b :ile ! s\!rn "p ( ! ,/ate is 9 ?is respect n z favorably situat$ z "s o!r p>ts1 ! disadvantage is greatly c\nt]act$ by ! w>m] & dri] fall wea!r 9 ,octob] & ,novemb]1 & by dry+ w9ds :i* are (t5 able to desiccate ! moi/5$ rais9s 9 a v few days4 ,spr+ ra9s 9 ,may or ev5 9 ! e>ly "p ( ,june _c be consid]$ greatly detrim5tal to ! v9es4 ,on ! contr>y1 if only occurr+ at long int]vals1 "o or two %[]s say dur+ ! season1 !y are r b5eficial ?an o!rwise4 ,9 ,cali=nia ,i h nev] kn[n !m to injure ! crop1 except if accompani$ by heavy hail4 ,mu* al>m is regul>ly felt e "t su* a %[] happ5s to come1 b aft] x is well ov] x w g5]ally be f\nd t ! v9es look fre%] & bett]1 ! ozone & ammonia :i* 0 br\ght d[n by ! ra9 hav+ act$ z p[]ful f]tiliz]s = ! grape-leaves1 & increas$ _! vigor & gr[?4 ,! only ?+ t might prove injuri\s at ?is or any o!r "t ( ! gr[+ season w\ld be cont9u$ cl\dy wea!r be=e or aft] su* %[]s1 :i* w\ld cause mildew4 ,su* wea!r has to my k nev] be5 exp]i5c$4 ,occasionally spr+ ra9s also br+ fro/1 & ?is ( c\rse is "o ( ! greate/ enemies ( ! rais9-v9es4 ,w9t] ,ra9s4--,9 ord] t ! rais9 grapes may develop & mature )\t ! aid ( irrigation1 ! w9t] ra9s %\ld be suffici5t to keep ! soil moi/ dur+ ! dry mon?s4 ,! absolute quantity ( ra9 ?us necess>y v>ies 9 diff]5t localities4 ,9 ,cali=nia1 g5]ally1 we w\ld say t f tw5ty to tw5ty-f\r in*es ( ra9 w\ld be requir$ e ye> to keep ! soil suffici5tly moi/ to gr[ ,muscatel grapes )\t irrigation4 ,! ne>] we g to ! coa/ ! less ra9fall is requir$ to supply ?is moi/ure1 & ! f>!r we g inl&1 ! m elevat$ ! l&1 ! less ra9 is ne$$4 ,?us a regul> ra9fall ( tw5ty-f\r in*es w\ld possibly n suffice on ! l[ pla9s ( ! ,san ,joaqu9 valley1 :ile 9 ,el ,cajon 9 ,san ,diego c\nty "o-half ( ?is ra9fall is en\gh to gr[ ! v9es & mature small crops ( v good & sup]ior grapes4 ,x matt]s n f :]e ! moi/ure comes1--f ra91 seepage1 moi/ air or irrigation1--z long z x is n pres5t 9 excess nor too scant4 ,9 ,el ,cajon valley ! moi/ure appe>s to be held 9 susp5se 9 imp]vi\s /rata1 or p]haps 9 /rata :i* conta9 & pres]ve ! moi/ure z does a sponge4 ,9 p>ts ( ,*ile1 z well z 9 ,malaga & ,smyrna1 ! w9t] ra9fall is suffici5t to gr[ crops ( fair size & good quality1 b x is almo/ c]ta9 t judici\s irrigation 9 any ( ^! places proves b5eficial & remun]ative4 ,( all ! pres5t rais9 di/ricts1 ,smyrna enjoys ! greate/ ra9fall1 (t5 z mu* z ?irty odd in*es ( ra94 ,( localities :i* gr[ rais9s pr(itably ) ! lea/ possible am\nt ( ra91 & )\t irrigation1 ,huasco & ,el ,cajon take ! lead4 ,9 ,c5tral ,cali=nia1 z well z 9 ,san ,b]n>d9o c\nty1 no rais9 culture w\ld be possible ) ! natural ra9fall4 ,9 =eign c\ntries1 ,val5cia & ! ,grecian ,isl&s1 z well z ,morea1 are simil>ly situat$ 9 n hav+ suffici5t ra9fall to produce pay+ crops4 ,z a rule x may be said t1 :]e ! ra9fall is suffici5t to gr[ ! ,muscats )\t irrigation & cause !m to be> good crops1 ! fall ra9s are also too frequ5t & too injuri\s to ! dry+ grapes to all[ a pr(itable rais9 cult4 ,! prop] am\nt ( moi/ure necess>y to p]fect ! grapes _c be asc]ta9$ by ! aid ( ! ra9 gauge4 ,:ile1 z we h said1 f tw5ty to ?irty in*es may be en\gh 9 ,smyrna1 f sev5 to t5 in*es suffice 9 ,el ,cajon1 & 9 ,*ile ev5 less is requir$4 ,! prop] am\nt ( moi/ure c be/ be told by ! /ate ( gr[? ( ! v9es4 ,! v9es mu/ h moi/ure en\gh to be kept gr[+ up to ! v "t ( ! maturity ( ! grapes4 ,! prop] sign ( ?is is ! gre5 & fre% color ( ! "y %oots or ! tips1 comb9$ ) a c]ta9 vigor ( ! t5drils4 ,:5 ! tips cease to gr[1 & ! t5drils beg9 to dry up1 !n ! moi/ure has begun to give out1 & irrigation %\ld h be5 resort$ to2 ! w9t] ra9s 7 n suffici5t4 ,fro/s 9 ,spr+ & ,w9t]4--,"o ( ! frequ5t effects ( spr+ %[]s is spr+ fro/s4 ,!y are always injuri\s to ! t5d] ,muscat v9e1 & if occurr+ m ?an once dur+ ! same spr+ may entirely ru9 ! crop4 ,9 ,cali=nia su* fro/s occur sometimes 9 ,april1 & obs]vations in=m u t !y are mo/ to be fe>$ betwe5 ! t5? & fifte5? ( t mon?1 :ile sometimes !y come ev5 lat]4 ,! "y buds are !n ei!r op5+ or fully develop$ into %oots1 :i* ! lighte/ fro/ w black5 & cause to dry up4 ,:]e ! v9es are irrigat$ & /rong1 "o su* fro/ may n ru9 ! crop1 z new buds w />t out 9 place ( ! old ones de/roy$1 & new %oots & new blossoms w come out4 ,i h se5 z _m z ?ree su* crops ( %oots develop f ! w9t] buds1 b ea* succe$+ crop ( su* %oots is weak] ?an ! prec$+ "o1 & be>s less & lat] grapes4 ,happily1 ^! fro/s occur b v seldom 9 ! ,c5tral & ,s\!rn ,cali=nia rais9 di/ricts1 & dur+ fifte5 ye>s ( obs]vation ,i h se5 only ?ree su* fro/ ye>s 9 :i* ! bran*es 7 p>tially injur$4 ,9 nei!r ( ^! seasons 0 ! crop mat]ially injur$ z to quantity1 ! pr9cipal effect ( ! fro/ be+ a ret>d+ ( ! crop = a week or m4 ,smok+ ( v9ey>ds c only be successfully c>ri$ out 9 small valleys %elt]$ f heavy w9ds1 b on ! op5 pla9s su* smok+ is accompani$ ) difficulties1 & its effect is unc]ta94 ,! gr[+ ( a limit$ numb] ( w9dbreaks has 9 ! ,fresno di/rict no d\bt modifi$ ! climate1 & made spr+ fro/s r>] & less to be fe>$4 ,:ile ! spr+ fro/s are injuri\s to ! grapes1 w9t] fro/s are on ! o!r h& mo/ b5eficial1 if n necess>y to a cont9u$ rais9 cult4 ,! rais9 grape mu/ h a season ( recup]ation1 & w9t] fro/ is ! only climatic ph5om5on :i*1 )\t injury to ! v9e1 c procure x t re/ :i* is s necess>y = all decidu\s trees1 by nature de/9$ to enjoy alt]nate p]iods ( gr[? & sleep4 ,! abs5ce ( fro/ causes ! sap ( ! v9e to circulate m or less 9 ! wood1 & ! v9e nev] ceases to gr[4 ,?is is "o ( ! reasons :y our decidu\s v9es d n succe$ well 9 ! tropics1 :]e !re are no cold seasons to cause ! leaves to fall & ! sap to become dormant4 ,9 ! tropics1 !re=e1 our decidu\s v9es keep on gr[+1 set little or no fruit1 & prove unpr(itable4 ,?is ph5om5on is %>$ !re ) o!r trees1 & pea*es1 pe>s & apples act 9 ! same mann]4 ,!y all appe> to ne$ ! re/ af=d$ !m by ! w9t] fro/s4 ,x is also a "q ( v great importance1 :e!r ! cont9u$ & unnatural activity ( ! v9e1 at a "t :5 x %\ld be dormant1 does n invite diseases ( v>i\s k9ds1 :i* f9d ! exhau/$ v9es unfit to )/& _! ravages4 ,x may be possible t mal n]o1 ! v9e plague & o!r simil> & z yet insuffici5tly und]/ood diseases1 are especially de/ructive to v9es gr[+ 9 fro/-free climates1 :ile 9 cold] climates !y make b little headway1 ! v9es z x 7 be+ protect$ by ! heavy fro/s1 :i* ei!r kill ! enemies ( ! v9e or enable ! latt] to ga!r ! necess>y /r5g? to battle ) !m ?r\gh ! gr[+ season4 ,!re c be little d\bt t at pres5t ! heal?ie/ v9ey>ds are ^? gr[+ 9 c\ntries :]e w9t] fro/s are sev]e1 b on ! o!r h& we "k t grapev9es h be5 gr[+ = ages 9 temp]ate climates1 :]e ! fro/s1 ev5 if n entirely unkn[n1 are /ill ( v r>e occurr5ce4 ,summ] ,temp]ature4--,! temp]ature 9 summ] "t mu/ be suffici5t to prop]ly rip5 ! grapes1 b mu/ n be s great z to injure !m ei!r :ile !y hang on ! v9es1 or :ile !y are expos$ to dry on ! trays4 ,! av]age heat requir$ to d ! "w ( matur+ is n exactly kn[n1 b x is c]ta9 t a v high degree is n absolutely ne$$ to produce sweet grapes4 ,z f> z our exp]i5ce goes1 x seems t cool wea!r1 ) ! av]age temp]ature ( n9ety degrees ,fahr5heit1 w\ld be mo/ b5eficial 9 ! =e "p ( ! season1 :ile :5 ! grapes beg9 to rip5 a great] heat is desirable4 ,x is n ! w>me/ c\ntries nor ! w>me/ seasons :i* produce ! e>lie/ grapes4 ,?us :ile ! season ( #ahhh 0 9 ,cali=nia unusually cool1 ) ! !rmomet] seldom rea*+ "o hundr$ degrees 9 ,june & ,july1 ! rais9 season 0 nev]!less a v e>ly "o1 & mu* e>li] ?an seasons rem>kable = _! e>ly high temp]ature4 ,9 ,malaga & ,smyrna1 ! heat seldom rea*es "o hundr$ degrees1 & ! grapes rip5 sev]al weeks e>li] ?an 9 ,fresno1 :]e ! summ] temp]ature av]ages t5 degrees high]4 ,9 ,fresno1 on ! contr>y1 ! season is e>li] ?an 9 ,s\!rn ,cali=nia1 :]e probably ! seabreezes ret>d ! rip5+ ( ! grapes4 ,a temp]ature ( ov] "o hundr$ & five degrees proves injuri\s to unprotect$ or expos$ grapes 9 ! c5tral region ( ,cali=nia1 b 9 ,san ,diego c\nty sev]al degrees less is suffici5t to scald ! grapes or give !m a cook$ flavor if !y are already expos$ on ! trays to dry4 ,x is c]ta9 t ) an av]age highe/ temp]ature ( n9ety degrees1 ! grapes develop bett] & become l>g] & sweet] ?an :]e ! heat is excessive & rea*es "o hundr$ & t5 degrees or m4#f #f ,:5ev] ! temp]ature is ref]r$ to x means ! degree ( heat 7,fahr5heit7 9 ! %ade1 & n 9 ! sun except :5 s expressly /at$4 ,! "t :5 ! greate/ temp]ature occurs is ( practical importance4 ,excessive heat c be tol]at$ by grapes protect$ by leaves & bran*es or o!rwise %elt]$1 b if x happ5s at a "t :5 ! bun*es are expos$ to dry on ! trays1 ! injury to ! b]ries w be great or ev5 ru9\s4 ,e>ly localities are especially apt to suff] 9 ?is way1 & x is well to exp]im5t be=e too mu* confid5ce is plac$ 9 v e>ly regions4 ,to su* places1 h[ev]1 !re rema9s ! possibility ( cur+ ! rais9s 9 p>tial %ade1 z is done 9 ,*ile1 ?us produc+ rais9s ( an entirely diff]5t type f ! ,malaga or ,cali=nia product4 ,w9ds1 ,injuri\s or ,b5eficial4--,9 ! ,cali=nia rais9 di/ricts hot1 electrical w9ds are mu* fe>$ 9 ! mon?s ( ,june & ,july1 or be=e ! grapes h begun to rip54 ,9 ! ,san ,joaqu9 valley ^! w9ds come f ! nor?we/ & sweep d[n ov] ! v9es1 (t5 scor*+ ! leaves & frequ5tly dry+ ! b]ries on ! expos$ side4 ,9 ! c\rse ( a few days ! b]ries dry up entirely1 & ! :ole bun* is lo/4 ,^! dry+ w9ds are n peculi> to any c]ta9 "p ( ,cali=nia1 b occur f "t to "t 9 e rais9 di/rict on ! coa/1 9 ! s\? z well z 9 ! c5t]1 on ! coa/ z well z inl&4 ,! rem$y is to gr[ ! v9es l[ & to keep ! b]ries well cov]$4 ,! plant+ ( w9dbreaks w also modify ^! w9ds1 & 9 places :]e !y =m]ly 7 common !y h n[ entirely ceas$ or become s modifi$ t !y cause no injury to ! grapes1 b prove ev5 b5eficial on acc\nt ( ! quick] & bett] matur+ ( ! fruit4 ,9 c]ta9 di/ricts1 especially 9 ,san ,b]n>d9o & 9 ,orange1 "s v dry+ w9ds are exp]i5c$ late 9 ! season1--9 ,septemb] & ,octob]4 ,= ! rais9-gr[]s ^! w9ds are a bless+4 ,!y quickly dry ! expos$ grapes1 :i* h be5 ret>d$ 9 dry+1 or p]haps ev5 injur$ by a previ\s %[] ( ra9 or by cont9u$ heavy dews4 ,^! w9ds are und\bt$ly des]t w9ds1 & simil> to ! ,t]ral ( ,malaga1 :i*1 sweep+ ov] ! inl& pla9s ( ,la ,man*a1 rea* ! coa/ v9ey>ds & quickly mature ! grapes4 ,9 ,malaga !re is also a moi/ s\!rn w9d1 ! ,levante1 :i* ret>ds ! rip5+ & ! cur+ ( ! grapes1 & :i* mu/ be consid]$ z our s\?we/]ly fall w9ds1 :i*1 saturat$ ) moi/ure1 swell ! ov]dri$ rais9s z well z prev5t ! yet gre5 grapes f dry+4 ,!y are precursors ( ! ra9y season1 & w>n ! gr[] to prep>e 8 dry] if he possess "o4 ,9 ,greece & ,smyrna su* hot or moi/ w9ds are also kn[n & fe>$1 & cause at times mu* damage 9 "o way or ano!r4 ,we might "h also m5tion ! cold 8nor!rs0 :i* are common 9 ! ,cali=nia rais9 di/ricts 9 spr+time1 & :i* sometimes bo? cause ! "y %oots to break (f f ! old wood & make x easy = ! mildew to attack ! fl[]s or ! "y b]ries ( ! v9es4 ,aga9/ ^! nor?we/ w9ds we h two rem$ies1 summ] prun+ & sulphur+1 :i*1 if appli$ 9 "t1 are bo? q effective4 ,fogs & ,moi/ure 9 ! ,air4--,x is c]ta9 t ! air 9 ! ,cali=nia rais9 di/ricts is mu* dri] ?an t ( ! ,spani% or ,m$it]ranean di/ricts g5]ally4 ,! night air is1 9 ^! di/ricts1 load$ ) moi/ure1 & dew is heavy & frequ5t1 ev5 9 ! middle ( ! summ]4 ,! air 9 ,malaga & ,smyrna feels q moi/1 & )\t ?is moi/ure 9 ! air ! v9es w\ld gr[ less & require irrigation4 ,9 ^! places ! rais9 grapes gr[ on ! /eep hillsides )\t irrigation1 b 9 ,cali=nia ?is c\ld n be done any:]e except 9 ,el ,cajon or 9 o!r p>ts ( ! ,san ,diego di/rict1 :]e ! air is consid]ably moi/] ?an else:]e4 ,?is increas$ moi/ure is p>tly caus$ by ! increas$ ra9fall 9 ^! di/ricts1 & p>tly by _! ne>ness to ! sea & fogs4 ,?is moi/ure 9 ! air w1 :5 o!r conditions are equal1 greatly b5efit ! grapes1 caus+ !m to gr[ l>g]1 & ! ?ickness ( ! sk9 is mat]ially dim9i%$4 ,comb9$ ) ?is moi/ure 9 ! air1 fogs are injuri\s or indiff]5t4 ,!re is always a great diff]5ce betwe5 w>m fogs & cold fogs1 & n[ ,i speak pr9cipally ( fogs f ! ocean4 ,w>m fogs are n p>ticul>ly injuri\s to ! grapes1 g5]ally indiff]5t & sometimes ev5 consid]able ( a b5efit to ! prop] developm5t ( ! grapes4 ,9 ,malaga1 ,san ,diego & 9 ,*ile ! ,muscat grapes gr[ & ?rive actually )9 ! rea* ( ! spray ( ! waves1 & fogs are !re n uncommon1 b !y are w>m4 ,x w\ld seem t su* a climate w\ld cause mildew or oidium1 b ,i _c f9d t ^! fungi are p>ticul>ly frequ5t 9 ,san ,diego c\nty1 :ile 9 ,malaga !y are b little m common ?an 9 ! inl& di/ricts ( our ,/ate4 ,b z we g nor? ! cold fogs become m common1 & ! v9es ?rive less "u _! influ5ce4 ,nor? ( ,los ,angeles c\nty ! ,muscat v9es d n enjoy ! coa/ air1 :ile ev5 9 ,orange c\nty ! int]ior v9ey>ds are pref]r$ to ^? clos] to ! coa/4 ,b any:]e1 ev5 9 ! be/ situat$ di/ricts1 protection f ! direct influ5ce ( ! sea fogs is appreciat$1 & ! be/ localities are ^? 9 :i* l[ hills af=d ?is protection by modify+ & increas+ ! temp]ature ( ! fog or sea air4 ,9 ,c5tral1 & 9 ! l>g] "p ( ,s\!rn1 ,cali=nia1 ! inl& valleys are ! mo/ successful rais9-produc+ di/ricts1 :ile ev5 9 ,san ,diego c\nty1 :]e ! ,muscats seem to ?rive at ! v sea%ore1 ! int]ior valleys alone af=d ! necess>y heat & dry air = cur+ ! grapes & trans=m+ !m into rais9s4 ,accord+ to ,consul ,g4 ,h4 ,heap ( ,con/ant9ople1 ! positions pref]r$ = v9ey>ds 9 ,turkey are ! slopes ( elevat$ & %elt]$ undulat+ l&s1 or on ! sunny hills t d n lie too ne> ! coa/1 or are naturally protect$ f ! cold w9ds & fogs ( ! sea4 ,! ,isl& ( ,cos or ,zea is call$ ! p>adise ( ! ,sultana grape1 because ,nature has giv5 ! cultivable l& !re ! be/ possible protection f ! direct influ5ce ( ! fogs4 ,9 ,malaga1 accord+ to ,consul ,m>/on1 eighty p] c5t ( ! v9ey>ds are situat$ on ! hills & inl&1 t5 p] c5t on ! valley l&s or pla9s1 & t5 p] c5t on ! coa/4 ,) ! exception ( "s ( ! ,san ,diego v9ey>ds1 ,cali=nia _c %[ any rais9 v9ey>ds z close to ! coa/ z ^? f\nd 9 ,malaga4 ,! ma9 ,el ,cajon v9ey>ds are f t5 to fifte5 miles inl&1 :ile ! =m] ,santa ,ana v9ey>ds 7 situat$ f eight to twelve miles f ! coa/4 ,! ,san ,b]n>d9o rais9 v9ey>ds are f tw5ty to ?irty miles inl&1 :ile 9 ! ,san ,joaqu9 valley ! rais9 di/ricts are m ?an a hundr$ miles f ! coa/1 :ile ! sea w9d1 be=e x rea*es any ( ! v9es1 has be5 modifi$ by pass+ ov] f two to ?ree hundr$ miles ( dry c\ntry4 ,ideal ,conditions ( ,climate4--,!re rema9s only to draw "s conclusions f ! above facts4 ,we are (t5 ask$ :at are ! ideal conditions1 z f> z climate is conc]n$1 = ! prop] developm5t ( ! rais9 grape1 & = ! prop] cur+ ( ! rais9s4 ,c\ld we select su* an ideal spot1 :]e all ! requirem5ts = ! rais9 indu/ry c\ld be f\nd 9 _! highe/ p]fection1 ) z few ( ! drawbacks z possible1 our *oice w\ld be z foll[s3 ,a mod]ately dry air1 a fro/less spr+1 a ra9y w9t] & a ra9less autumn4 ,! temp]ature 9 ! summ] %\ld v>y betwe5 n9ety & "o hundr$ degrees1 ! fall mon?s %\ld n[ & !n be visit$ by dry+ w9ds1 :ile ! w9t] fro/s %\ld be heavy & regul>1 b n bel[ twelve degrees4 ,"s h sugge/$ t absolute fre$om f any ra9 w\ld be v desirable1 z !n no int]f]5ce w\ld be exp]i5c$ ) ! cultivation ( ! grapes1 b ,i d\bt if ! soil 9 su* di/ricts w\ld n be rapidly exhau/$ ?r\gh ! want ( we$s1 ! pl[+ "u ( :i* enri*es ! gr\nd & enables x bett] to pres]ve ! moi/ure provid$ = x by irrigation4 ,,soils4 ,g5]al ,rem>ks4--,no "o c]ta9 v>iety ( soil c be said to be ! be/ = rais9 purposes1 & bo? 9 diff]5t c\ntries1 z well z 9 ! same di/rict1 v>i\s v>ieties ( soils are valu$ equally4 ,e rais9 di/rict has1 h[ev]1 its favorite soil1 :i* is suppos$ to h "s peculi> advantages = ! rais9 grapes1 b ^u clos] inve/igation we g5]ally f9d o!r v>ieties ( soils :i* are n inf]ior4 ,gr[]s :o h succe$$ ) rais9 grapes on "o v>iety ( soil are only too apt to consid] ?is k9d pref]able to any o!r4 ,?is is especially ! case 9 ,cali=nia1 :]e soils v>y s mu* & :]e 9 "s di/ricts x is difficult to f9d =ty acres ) a uni=m soil4 ,:e!r ! soil is black1 r$ or gray1 x makes b v little diff]5ce1 z long z x is ri* & susceptible ( ! highe/ /ate ( cultivation & has ! faculty ( reta9+ moi/ure4 ,! deep] & ri*] ! soil ! bett] ! ,muscatel grape w ?rive & produce1 & z su* soils are mo/ g5]ally f\nd along ! banks ( creeks & riv]s1 or 9 _! bottoms & s9ks1 we might conclude t 9 su* localities ! be/ soils = ! ,muscat grape may be f\nd4 ,o!r v>ieties ( rais9 grapes1 su* z ! ,malaga 7,cali=nia7 & ! ,sultana1 d well 9 less ri* soil2 inde$1 !y be> pr(itably 9 places :]e ! ,muscat w\ld be a failure4 ,x is !re=e important = e v9ey>di/ to c>efully select 8 soil & !n plant on x ! prop] v>iety ( v9e4 ,malaga4--,! soils ( ,malaga are ( v>i\s k9ds4 ,! be/ is a r$di% loam conta9+ mu* gravel1 bo? co>se & f9e4 ,?is soil is v /iff & h>d1 & :5 dry is z solid z a brick4 ,! r$ color is d]iv$ f oxide ( iron or o!r iron comp\nds1 :i* _m ( ! be/ v9ey>di/s consid] a mo/ desirable elem5t 9 any rais9 soil4 ,! upl& v9ey>ds1 or ^? on ! slope ( ! hills1 conta9 soils ( decompos$ clay & slate mix$ ) m or less gravel & s&4 ,! ,dehesa l&s conta9 alluvial deposits ( a black or gray color4 ,val5cia & ,d5ia4--,9 ?is di/rict we f9d soils ( _m diff]5t grades & colors4 ,! s&y & gravelly soils are consid]$ z produc+ ! f9e/ flavor$ rais9s1 & ^? hav+ ! be/ keep+ qualities1 :ile ! ri*1 loamy soils ( ! valleys produce rais9s ( inf]ior flavor & keep+ qualities1 b ( l>g] size & m p] acre4 ,= economical reasons1 ! latt] soils are pref]r$1 z !y alone c be irrigat$ & made to produce l>ge crops4 ,"s ( ! be/ v9ey>ds 9 ?is di/rict conta9 a gray1 a%y soil1 q simil> to ! :ite a% ( ! ,k+s riv] l&s1 :ile o!rs are gr[+ on a r$ clayey loam simil> to ! ,cali=nia r$ soil4 ,smyrna4--,! rais9-grapes ( ,smyrna 9 ,asia ,m9or are almo/ exclusively gr[n on a :ite lime/one soil1 :i* consi/s ( decompos$ :ite rocks mix$ ) a /iff o*]-color$ loam4 ,?is soil is s rocky t x mu/ fir/ be cle>$1 & ! l>ge rocks are c>ri$ away & us$ = b\nd>y walls4 ,?is is ! soil 9 ! coa/ di/ricts4 ,9 ! int]ior ! ,sultana v9es1 z well z ! ,muscats1 are replac$ by fig or*>ds & o!r trees :i* delight 9 s&y soil1--too s&y to produce pr(itable rais9 crops4 ,zante4--,! soils ( ,zante1 ! home ( ! ,currant grape1 are ( v>i\s k9ds4 ,! heavy m>l ( ! pla9s1 :i* conta9s a l>ge p]c5tage ( gypsum or sulphate ( lime1 is consid]$ ! be/2 inde$ ! gypsum is by _m consid]$ indisp5sable1 or at lea/ highly b5eficial1 to ! above v>iety ( grape4 ,o!r soils are r$ clay1 gray m>l & gravelly loam1 all conta9+ an abundance ( lime4 ,! ,currant grape gr[s well & produces well on all ^! diff]5t soils1 b does ! be/ on ! gypsum soil1 :i* is !re=e ! mo/ valu$4 ,on o!r soils ! bun*es are less solid1 & ! quantity ( grapes produc$ is some:at less1 :ile _! quality is inf]ior4 ,illu/ration3 ,sc5e 9 a ,fresno ,rais9 ,v9ey>d3 ,rais9 ,trays ,expos$ = ,dry+4 ,*ile4--,! ,huasco grape gr[s 9 ! valley ( ,huasco1 on ! coa/ ( ,*ile1 9 a soil t is v light & r$1 conta9+ a great quantity ( s&4 ,:ile v light 9 weight1 ?is soil is said to be v ri* 9 plant food1 & yields good crops4 ,fresno4--,! ,fresno soils are ( sev]al k9ds1 b ! ?ree pr9cipal v>ieties are r$ or *ocolate-color$ loam1 :ite or gray a%y soil1 & a light1 v s&y1 loam4 ,to ?is may be add$ ! deep] gray bottom soils or alluvial deposits ( ! ,k+s riv]4 ,ea* "o ( ^! v>ieties h diff]5t grades m or less suitable to ! ,muscatel grape4 ,! be/ grades ( ea* are equally valuable1 :ile aga9 ! poor] grades are n to be recomm5d$4 ,! deep *ocolate-color$ loam is by _m pref]r$1 & ! l>ge/ & mo/ successful rais9 v9ey>ds are n[ locat$ on ?is soil4 ,b ev5 9 ! be/ di/ricts ! soil v>ies to su* an ext5t1 t :ile "o tw5ty-acre field w yield #bej boxes ( rais9s to ! acre1 ! adjo9+ field1 ) only a slight *ange 9 ! soil1 w yield only sev5ty-five boxes to ! acre4 ,! be/ grades ( ! :ite a%y soil are also v good1 & almo/ id5tical ) ! gray bottom-l& deposits ( ,k+s riv]4 ,! light s&y soil %\ld be avoid$ = ,muscat grapes1 b may d = ,malaga & ,sultanas1 especially if judici\sly f]tiliz$4 ,o!r ,soils 9 ,san ,joaqu9 ,valley4--,9 ,m]c$ ! be/ soil is heavy *ocolate-color$ loam1 9 places r$d]1 9 o!rs d>k]1 almo/ blacki%4 ,x is g5]ally mix$ ) "s gravel4 ,z a rule1 all ! r$ soil 9 ! ,san ,joaqu9 valley is ( ! same *>act]i/ics1 & well suit$ to ! ,muscat grape1 provid$ ! gr\nd is suffici5tly level4 ,9 ,tul>e c\nty ! prop] soil = ! ,muscat is f\nd to be ! bottom l&s ( ,k+s & ,kaweah riv]s1 z well z ! deposits ( ! small] creeks4 ,?is v>iety ( gray alluvial loam is exce$+ly f]tile1 & !re is none sup]ior = ! ,muscat grape4 ,b an admixture ( alkali (t5 spoils soils :i* o!rwise w\ld be consid]$ ! v be/4 ,a simil> soil is f\nd 9 ,k]n c\nty1 especially ne> ,k]n ,lake1 & :i* mu/ be rat$ among ! be/ 9 ! ,/ate1 its color be+ a deep blui% gray4 ,! v9ey>ds ( ,yolo & ,solano c\nties are locat$ on a v simil> soil1 ri* 9 humus1 lime & phosphates1 b m yell[i% or pale *ocolate color$4 ,orange ,c\nty4--,a simil> ri* alluvial deposit is f\nd 9 ,orange c\nty 9 ! f]tile di/rict kn[n z ,santa ,ana valley4 ,! soil ar\nd ,anaheim1 ,santa ,ana1 ,orange & ,tu/9 consi/s ( a m or less d>k alluvial loam ( unsurpass$ f]tility1 & especially adapt$ to ! ,muscat grape4 ,x v>ies z to ! p]c5tage ( s& & gravel4 ,! s&ie/ soil 9 ?is di/rict1 :ile less ri*1 br+s ! e>lie/ grapes1 :i* come to p]fect rip5ess sev]al weeks be=e ^? gr[n on ! heavi] soils1 b ! latt] produce ! be/ rais9s4 ,r$l&s & ,riv]side4--,! ,r$l&s soil ( ! mesa l&s is r$di%1 r d>k] ?an ! same quality ( soil 9 ,riv]side & ,fresno4 ,x is mix$ ) s& & gravel1 & p>takes /rongly ( ! nature ( ! r$ or *ocolate-color$ loams ( ! ,/ate4 ,! ,lugonia bottom soil consi/s ( a v s&y loam1 on :i* ! ,muscat grape has prov$ a failure4 ,! be/ ,riv]side soil is r$ or *ocolate-color$ s&y loam1 s (t5 spok5 (4 ,t[>ds ,r9con we f9d alluvial bottom soils produc+ grapes ( sup]b quality & size4 ,! soil ( ! ,san ,b]n>d9o di/rict resemble ! r$ ,fresno soils1 :ile ! :ite a%y soil is n f\nd !re4 ,el ,cajon4--,! ,el ,cajon valley soils are ( ?ree or m k9ds3 ,ri* r$ clay mix$ ) gravel1 ) ! color *ang+ f light] *ocolate to deep] r$di%4 ,?is is a v desirable soil1--a /eel gray or slate gray adobe ) mu* gravel ( a co>se nature2 a black adobe ) "s gravel2 an alluvial s&y loam consi/+ ( decompos$ granite mix$ ) mu* vegetable matt] & humus4 ,! ,el ,cajon soils1 :ile s&y & gravelly1 produce exce$+ly sweet & highly flavor$ grapes b comp>atively small crops4 ,subsoils4--,! subsoil 9 a rais9 v9ey>d is ( great importance4 ,prop]ly irrigat$ soils1 if !y are suffici5tly ri*1 ne$ n necess>ily be v deep1 z ! rais9 grapes1 especially ! ,muscat1 seldom ext5d deep] ?an eight feet bel[ ! surface4 ,ev5 f f\r to five feet ( ri* soil may be consid]$ z en\gh 9 irrigat$ v9ey>ds1 :]e ! wat] is abundant4 ,9 poor] soils1 or 9 di/ricts ) less irrigation1 ! roots ( ! v9es p5etrate mu* deep]1 & ! importance ( ! subsoil 9 su* cases is app>5t4 ,any ri* subsoil w s]ve our purpose4 ,x is always be/ to ?or\ghly inve/igate ! subsoil be=e ! v9ey>d is plant$1 & 9 do+ ?is ! foll[+ po9ts mu/ be consid]$3 ,! subsoil %\ld be z ri* z possible1 & !re %\ld1 9 no in/ance1 be less ?an f\r feet ( ri* top soil4 ,v s&y soil or pure s& is n a prop] subsoil = rais9 grapes4 ,su* soil w cause ! top soil to dry too quickly aft] ea* irrigation1 & w cause ! top soil to lea* out1 :ile x besides gives no n\ri%m5t to ! v9es4 ,h>dpan is n desirable1 n ev5 admissible1 except 9 places t are or w become subirrigat$4 ,alkali or salty subsoils w soon spoil ! quality ( ev5 ! be/ top soil4 ,?is especially is ! case 9 irrigat$ di/ricts1 :]e ! salts ( ! subsoil are c>ri$ to ! top by ! ris+ wat]s or by ! cont9u$ irrigation4 ,h>dpan :i* readily dissolves :5 wet is n injuri\s4 ,h>dpan ,soils4--,:ile ,i h allud$ to !m already1 a few m rem>ks on ^! soils are "h 9 place4 ,! h>dpan consi/s ( a /ratum ( h>d soil or h>d rocky sub/ance bel[ ! top soil4 ,! dep? at :i* ! h>dpan is f\nd v>ies4 ,9 places :]e x is situat$ eight or t5 feet bel[ ! top surface x does b v little h>m1 & may ev5 prove b5eficial 9 localities :]e wat] = irrigation is sc>ce1 z x *ecks too rapid dra9age4 ,if ! h>dpan is situat$ clos] to ! top soil1 x may s]i\sly int]f]e ) ! v9es1 & if too close1 or say )9 two or ?ree feet f ! top1 x makes su* soils entirely unfit = rais9 grapes4 ,if situat$ some:at l[] d[n1 say f f\r to six feet1 ! h>dpan does no great h>m 9 subirrigat$ di/ricts1 :ile1 9 places :]e irrigation is n us$1 x leaves ! top soil too %all[ & too dry4 ,b all[ance mu/ always be made z to ! nature ( ! h>dpan4 ,"s v>ieties ( h>dpan are s h>d t !y c be/ be comp>$ to regul> /ratifi$ rocks1 imp5etrable to ! roots ( ! v9es1 & imp]vi\s to wat]4 ,o!r h>dpans aga9 are s(t]1 & all[ ! v9e roots to p5etrate m or less readily1 :ile "s aga9 are s s(t t !y dissolve 9 wat] & make good soil = ! v9es4 ,if ! h>dpan is v %all[1 x may pay to bla/ holes ?r\gh x1 9 ord] to all[ ! roots ( ! v9es to p5etrate to l[] soils4 ,b if ! h>dpan is ?ick & h>d1 & if !re is no imm$iate prospect ( subirrigation1 x is bett] to use su* l& = "s o!r purpose ?an = rais9-v9es1 :i* w only pay prop]ly if gr[n "u ! mo/ favorable circum/ances1 & on ! be/ & deepe/ soils4 ,z to ! nature ( ! h>dpan1 a few rem>ks may prove ( int]e/4 ,! h>dpan c be/ be comp>$ to a /alactite =mation simil> to ^? f\nd 9 v>i\s caves4 ,x has be5 =m$ v mu* 9 ! same way z !y 74 ,9 caves ! ra9wat]1 t seeps d[n f ! top surface1 dissolves v>i\s sub/ances1 especially c>bonates 7& silicates ev57 :i* aga9 are deposit$ on ! und]side ( ! cave ro(4 ,?is precipitation ( h>d mat]ial is caus$ bo? by evaporation ( ! wat]1 z well z by attraction & adhesion4 ,su* r$eposition ( dissolv$ m9]als is se5 = in/ance if solutions ( salt 9 wat] are pass$ ?r\gh ta/eless & clean s&4 ,! wat] w come ?r\gh sweet & ta/eless1 ! salt hav+ adh]$ to ! surface ( ! s& gra9s4 ,simil>ly1 if a hole is dug ne> ! sea%ore 9 ! s&1 ! salt wat] w seep ?r\gh1 & =m a well ( m or less ta/eless dr9k+ wat]4 ,9 ! =mation ( h>dpan1 ?is is exactly :at has tak5 place4 ,! ra9wat] has dissolv$ c]ta9 elem5ts1 su* z c>bonates ( lime1 or c>bonates ( sodium & v>i\s o!r salts1 & 9 its way ?r\gh ! l[] /rata ( ! soil ^! dissolv$ elem5ts h aga9 be5 tak5 up by ! s& & cem5t$ x toge!r4 ,?us x is expla9$ :y h>dpan ^u exam9ation is s (t5 f\nd to resemble s& or s&/one3 ! l[] s&y /rata ( ! soil h be5 especially effective 9 caus+ ! lime 9 ! wat] to adh]e to ! num]\s surfaces ( e individual gra9 ( s&4 ,9 hog-wall[ di/ricts ! h>dpan is f\nd pr9cipally betwe5 ! individual hog-wall[s1 b r>ely 9 or "u !m4 ,! ra9wat] has "h c>ri$ ! m9]als 9 ! soil to ! deep] places betwe5 ! hog-wall[s1 9 :i* x has accumulat$ to a great] ext5t ?an any:]e else1 & ?us =m$ a heavi] h>dpan4 ,9 flood+ ! hog-wall[s1 ! top ( e hog-wall[ is se5 to settle & fall 91 !re be+ no h>dpan bel[ x1 if ! sides ( ! hog-wall[ are /eep4 ,:]e ! h>dpan consi/s pr9cipally ( lime comp\nds1 its *emical composition is n detrim5tal to ! v9es4 ,b :]e ! h>dpan is cem5t$ by alkalies m or less soluble 9 wat]1 ^! delet]i\s sub/ances w dissolve & rise to ! surface to ! great detrim5t or ev5 to ! total de/ruction ( ! v9ey>d4 ,comp>ative ,value ( ,soils4--,! riv] bottom soils1 or soils =m$ by ! deposit ( creeks1 are ) few exceptions ri* & deep1 & conta9 9 abundance all ! elem5ts necess>y to produce a sup]ior ,muscat grape4 ,su* soils are1 h[ev]1 (t5 injur$ by subsoils conta9+ m9]al deposits1 :i* w injure ! v9es1 or by h>dpans1 :i* w cause ! soil to dry out4 ,poor soils w n prove pr(itable1 & r ?an plant v9es on su* soils x w\ld be bett] to plant no v9es at all4 ,! ri* soils are n only ! heavie/ produc]s1 b ! v9es gr[n on !m are /rong] & heal?i] & 9 e way bett] able to resi/ ! attacks ( insects & fungi & ! ravages ( o!r inexplicable diseases4 ,b reg>dless ( ^! advantages ! v>i\s soils leave _! effects on ! grapes1 "s ( !m produc+ sweet & v keep+ rais9s1 :ile o!rs cause l>ge b]ries & bun*es1 :i* br+ ! highe/ m>ket price4 ,?us ! light] & dri] soils produce ri*] flavor$ & sweet] rais9s ?an ! wet & ri* soils1 :i* aga9 produce ! l>ge/ & h&some/ grapes4 ,on ! latt] soils ! rais9s :5 cur$ w be f\nd to be d>k & cov]$ ) a heavy bloom1 :ile ! rais9s f ! s&i] or gravelly soils are light] 9 color & ) less pron\nc$ bloom4 ,! keep+ quality ( ! rais9s f gravelly soils is well kn[n4 ,9 ,cali=nia ! keep+ quality ( ! rais9s is seldom inquir$ into1 z our rais9s keep rem>kably well & are 9 ?is respect sup]ior to ^? gr[n 9 ,spa94 ,?is may be f ! effect ( our dri] climate m ?an f any c]ta9 quality 9 our soils4 ,z a rule x may be said t poor soil causes ! rais9s to mature e>li] ?an ! ri*1 heavy loams1 & on ?is acc\nt ! latt] are to be greatly pref]r$1 z ! e>lie/ rais9s 9 any di/rict are nev] z good z ! bulk ( ! crop1 & are 9 dem& r z a curiosity1 & = ! purpose ( supply+ an e>ly m>ket1 ?an ?r\gh any sup]ior qualities4 ,9 "s di/ricts !re is su* a great diff]5ce 9 ! "t ( rip5+ ^u ! v>i\s soils t ! grapes gr[n on ! e>lie/ soils are us$ only z table grapes fre%4 ,9 plant+ a rais9 v9ey>d1 ! future pr(its dep5d ^u ! *oice ( l&1 & x is f> bett] to pay a high price = ! be/ l& ?an to take ! inf]ior l& z a gift4 ,few ( ^? :o n[ ent] ^u rais9 culture take ! prop] c>e 9 select+ ! l&1 nei!r d !y suffici5tly1 if at all1 realize ! advantages ( ! ri* soil1 nor ! disadvantages ( ! poor l&4 ,alkali ,soils4--,:ile no?+ b fir/-class l& is to be recomm5d$ = rais9 v9ey>ds1 & alkali l&s are ( all soils ^? lea/ suitable = our purpose1 /ill a consid]ation ( ^! l&s w int]e/ _m rais9-grape gr[]s4 ,! be/ l&s = rais9 purposes 9 ,cali=nia are (t5 contigu\s to alkali l&s1 or to l& conta9+ m or less traces ( alkali4 ,a v9ey>d on ! be/ soil conta9s (t5 spots *>g$ ) alkali1 & x may be inconv5i5t = ! gr[] to all[ ^! spots to lie idle1 & he w\ld pref] to fill !m up ) v9es4 ,! fir/ "w mu/ !n be to get rid ( ! alkali or r$uce x to su* an ext5t t x w n prove injuri\s4 ,! g5]al alkali l&s are class$ 9 ?ree k9ds1 accord+ to ! quality ( ! alkali4 #a/4 ,alkali salts1 su* z c>bonates & borates4 ,^! are greatly detrim5tal to ! v9es1 & no v9es c\ld be expect$ to d well 9 su* soils1 z ev5 ! smalle/ p]c5tage ( ?is alkali is injuri\s or ev5 ru9\s to ! crop4 ,9 clayey soils ^! alkalies cause ! clay to h>d5 9 su* a way t no good til? c be obta9$4 ,! l& may be pl[$ ev] s mu*1 x w only turn up 9 *unks & nev] become prop]ly pulv]iz$4 ,^! true alkali salts consi/ pr9cipally ( c>bonate ( sodium 7sal-soda7 or ( c>bonate ( potassium 7sal]atus74 ,rem$ies3 ,gypsum1 l&-pla/] or lea*+ ) wat]4 #b;d4 ,a second class ( alkalies are ! sulphates & *lorides1 all soluble 9 wat]4 ,su* salts are3 ,magnesium *loride 7bitt]n71 magnesium sulphate 7,epsom salt71 calcium *loride1 etc4 ,^! salts1 :5 n pres5t 9 too l>ge quantities1 are easily c\nt]act$ by lime4 #c;d4 ,a ?ird class ( alkalies is compos$ ( neutral salts1 su* z *loride ( sodium 7common salt71 sulphate ( sodium 7,glaub] salt71 sulphate ( potassium1 all soluble 9 wat]1 b n conv]tible into less injuri\s sub/ances by lime or gypsum4 ,^! salts d n bake ! soil1 b r contribute t[>ds keep+ x loose & mell[4 ,! rem$ies :i* are practical & n too exp5sive may be divid$ into sev]al classes1 :i*1 if us$ 9 comb9ation1 may prove effective1 :ile ea* "o ( !m us$ sep>ately w\ld fail4 #a/4 ,lea*+ ) wat]4 ,all soluble salts may be lea*$ ) wat]4 ,! alkali l& %\ld be *eck$ & s dit*$ t ! wat] f ea* *eck c be dra9$ into a wa/e dit*4 ,b1 besides ^! wa/e dit*es1 dra9 dit*es %\ld be made = ! purpose ( dra9+ (f ! wat]1 say to a dep? ( f\r feet bel[ ! surface4 ,! modus op]&i consi/s 9 fir/ flood+ ! soil1 & :ile ! *eck is yet full ! floodgates are op5$ & ! wat] drawn (f into ! wa/e dit*1 :5 ! wat] w c>ry (f ! salts :i* h be5 dissolv$ 9 x4 ,a second or ?ird flood+ %\ld be all[$ to settle 9 ! soil & be dra9$ (f bel[ into ! dra9 dit*es4 ,! drawback to common lea*+ is t "u c]ta9 circum/ances ! wat] may deposit its alkali 9 l[] /rata1 especially if !y are s&y1 & !re =m h>dpan or alkali accumulations4 ,a mu* bett] me?od is "u-dra9age by means ( pipes or gravel dra9s con/ruct$ all ?r\gh ! tract at c]ta9 regul> di/ances4 ,?is "u-dra9age1 if prop]ly con/ruct$ "u conditions favorable = its p]fect work+1 is by f> ! be/ me?od ( free+ alkali soils f _! sup]flu\s salts4 ,to :at ext5t ?is sy/em is practical dep5ds ^u circum/ances4 ,to reclaim l>ge di/ricts by ?is me?od may n prove economical z long z good l& is pl5tiful & *eap1 b :]e small] alkali tracts are surr\nd$ by soil1 & :]e x is ( importance to get a uni=m plantation1 "u-dra9age by pipes or common dra9s is bo? ! sure/ & mo/ practical solution ( ! alkali problem4 ,"u-dra9age is /rongly recomm5d$ by ,pr(4 ,e4 ,w4 ,hilg>d1 :o has repeat$ly po9t$ out its value1 & :o has call$ ! au?or's special att5tion to ?is z yet little und]/ood rem$y4 #b;d4 ,deep & con/ant pl[+4 ,deep & frequ5t pl[+ acts 9 v>i\s ways4 ,by be+ mix$ ) a l>g] quantity ( soil1 ! alkali is dilut$ suffici5tly to n cause any s]i\s injury to ! crops1 ! damage g5]ally be+ done ne> ! surface4 ,con/ant pl[+ also prev5ts evaporation1 :i* c>ries ! alkali to ! surface & deposits x !re4 ,?is me?od c only be successful :5 ! alkali salts are limit$ 9 quantity1 & no "o ne$ expect to be able to rid badly *>g$ l&s f _! alkali by pl[+ x "u4 #c;d4 ,by pl[+ "u gre5 or dry crops4 ,if gra9 c be made to gr[ on ! alkali l& at all ! turn+ "u ( x1 ei!r gre5 or dry1 w 9 c\rse ( "t greatly r$uce ! alkali4 ,! turn$-"u /ubble or /raw =ms 9 decay+ an acid1 :i* 9 _m in/ances w comb9e ) & c\nt]act ! effects ( ! alkali4 ,simil>ly1 /raw /acks spread on alkali spots & pl[$ "u w consid]ably r$uce ! alkali4 ,b manure conta9+ ammonia & o!r salts %\ld n be us$1 z x w1 on ! contr>y1 only increase ! alkali by add+ o!r or simil> salts to ^? already 9 ! soil4 #d?4 ,cropp+4 ,if wat]1 ei!r 9 ! =m ( suffici5t ra9 or z irrigation c be _h1 alkali l&s c be reclaim$ by cropp+4 ,x is amply prov$ t beets & c>rots1 z well z o!r plants1 su* z salt-bu% 7,*5opodium71 take up l>ge quantities ( alkali salts1 & 9 ! c\rse ( a few ye>s r5d] alkali soils available = gra94 ,:eat also extracts alkalies1 & repeat$ cropp+s ) gra9 w 9 ! c\rse ( "t prep>e ! soil = v9es & trees4 ,b]muda grass w completely remove ! alkali f soils to ! dep? at :i* ! roots c p5etrate1 & mu/ be recomm5d$ = ! wor/ places4 ,aft]w>ds1 cropp+ ) annual crops may be advisable be=e v9es are f9ally plant$ on su* reclaim$ l&s4 ,! ,au/ralian salt-bu%es1 or ,*5opodium1 extract alkalies1 & are besides lik$ by /ock4 ,!y %\ld be introduc$ to alkali l&s & take ! place ( ! ,cali=nia native salt-bu%es1 :i* are n eat5 by /ock4 ,:ile be+ real des]t plants1 !y yet require "s moi/ure 9 ! soil1 b !y c\ld probably be gr[n any:]e on ! alkali l&s 9 ?is ,/ate :]e ! ra9fall is ov] ?ree or f\r in*es4 #e?4 ,by *emicals4 ,! use ( *emicals ( v>i\s k9ds 9 c\nt]act+ ! alkali is n resort$ to by our f>m]s z x %\ld be4 ,! pr9ciple ^u :i* *emicals c be us$ is t obnoxi\s or greatly injuri\s alkalies may be *ang$ into less obnoxi\s & less injuri\s salts1 or ev5 into f]tiliz]s4 ,! mo/ available ( ^! *emical comp\nds are gypsum 7sulphate ( lime7 & lime 7c>bonate ( lime74 ,:5 ! alkali consi/s ma9ly ( c>bonates1 su* z c>bonate ( sodium 7sal-soda7 or potassium c>bonate 7sal]atus71 9 o!r words ( ! class :i* we h designat$ z class numb] "o1 ! mo/ dang]\s & wor/ class ( alkalies to combat1 gypsum may be us$ z an antidote or r z a means to conv]t ^! alkalies into alkalies ( ! second class1 or ! sulphates4 ,! pr9ciple ^u :i* ?is is done is to displace ! sulphate 9 ! gypsum & =ce x to comb9e ) ! alkali 7sodium c>bonate7 & =m sulphate ( sodium 7,glaub] salt71 an alkali belong+ to ! ?ird class ( alkalies1 & :i* is tw5ty times less injuri\s to vegetation ?an is class numb] "o4 ,! *ange is made on ! foll[+ pr9ciple1 & might be ?us illu/rat$3 ,to ! alkali 9 ! soil 7c>bonate ( sodium71 add sulphate ( lime4 ,z soon z ! mixture is made ) suffici5t wat]1 a *ange w take place1 & ! sub/ances 7c>bonate ( sodium & sulphate ( lime7 w =m new comp\nds4 ,?us we w get1 out ( ^? two sub/ances1 two new comp\nds1 viz41 c>bonate ( lime & sulphate ( sodium4 ,( ^!1 c>bonate ( lime is n injuri\s to vegetable life1 & sulphate ( sodium 7,glaub] salt7 is only injuri\s :5 pres5t 9 l>ge quantities4 ,! c>bonate ( lime is n soluble 9 wat]1 b ! sulphate ( sodium is1 & c consequ5tly be elim9at$ by und]dra9+ or by flood+1 z we h previ\sly describ$4 ,to "k :5 gypsum c be us$ is n necess>ily a sci5tific matt]4 ,mix "s ( ! alkali 9 a tumbl] ) wat]1 & all[ ! mixture to settle4 ,9 ano!r tumbl] mix "s gypsum & wat]1 & all[ x to settle4 ,!n mix ! two cle> liquids1 :i*1 if gypsum is an antidote & ! prop] ?+ to use1 w be turbid or milky ?r\gh ! *emical comb9ations :i* take place4 ,if ! wat] rema9s cle>1 gypsum w n prove an antidote to ! alkali "u consid]ation4 ,! use ( lime is bas$ v mu* on ! same pr9ciple4 ,if ! second class ( alkalies are pres5t1 & lime is add$1 ! *anges t take place may be illu/rat$ z foll[s3 ,epsom salt 7magnesium sulphate7 comb9$ ) calcium c>bonate1 w =m two new comp\nds1 viz41 gypsum 7calcium sulphate7 & magnesium c>bonate1 bo? ( :i* sub/ances are less injuri\s to crops4 ,b1 z ,i h already /at$1 rais9-v9es pref] soils :i* are naturally free f alkali1 & %\ld nev] be plant$ on soils :i* _c readily be reclaim$4 ,*emical antidotes may d :]e ! alkali occurs 9 a few spots mix$ 9 among tracts ( good soil1 b :]e ! :ole field mu/ be reclaim$ "s o!r crop ?an v9es _h bett] be fir/ attempt$4 ,!re is too mu* good & suitable soil 9 ,cali=nia1 & until all ?is is occupi$ ! alkali soils _h bett] be giv5 up to o!r crops ?an v9es4 ,f]tiliz+4--,to ?is date b few grape-gr[]s manure _! soil4 ,cali=nia has n yet be5 engag$ 9 ! rais9 bus9ess tw5ty ye>s1 & h] v9ey>ds are comp>atively virg94 ,! fir/ rais9 v9ey>ds 7 plant$ on ! deepe/ & ri*e/ soil1 ! soil :i* w\ld naturally hold out ! longe/1 b ! cropp+s ( a rais9 v9ey>d are enorm\s1 & :5 f eight to t5 tons ( gre5 grapes h be5 tak5 f ! soil ye> aft] ye>1 x is b natural t ! l& %\ld become gradually exhau/$4 ,9 ,spa9 x is consid]$ t ev5 ! ri*e/ soils require manur+ aft] t5 ye>s ( con/ant cropp+ ) ,muscats1 & ! same exp]i5ce is likely to become ours 9 ,cali=nia4 ,s f>1 ,i "k ( n "o v9ey>d :i* has yield$ ,muscat grapes = t5 cont9u\s ye>s & /ill keeps yield+ z mu* z =m]ly4 ,ye>ly ! crop mu/ become less1 & f9ally w n be l>ge en\gh to pay4 ,! manur+ ( ! ,muscatel v9es is fully und]/ood 9 ,spa91 :]e all k9ds ( manures are us$4 ,:5 home manures fail 9 supply1 ! ,spani>ds use import$ f]tiliz]s1 su* z ,mexican phosphates1 etc4 ,?is f]tiliz] br+s 9 ,spa9 sixty-five doll>s p] ton1 & is br\ght !re f our v doors1--! ,gulf ( ,l[] ,cali=nia4 ,x c\ld be laid d[n "h =1 & is actually sold "h n[ at1 =ty doll>s p] ton1 or tw5ty-five doll>s less ?an 9 ,spa92 /ill to my k only v few rais9-gr[]s 9 ,fresno use x = _! v9es4 ,9 "o ye> "o ( ^! succe$$1 ) ! aid ( ?is phosphate1 9 rais+ ! crop ( an acre ( ,sultana grapes f a v poor yield to ov] eight tons4 ,! grapes 7 gr[n on a piece ( s&y soil ( ! k9d well kn[n to ,fresno v9e-gr[]s1 & :i* is g5]ally consid]$ z less suit$ to rais9s1 lack+ 9 fact 9 m ?an "o ( ! necess>y qualities ( a good rais9 soil4 ,x is c]ta9ly a wrong policy to crop ! soil until ! grape crops beg9 to fail4 ,! soil w !n be s exhau/$ ( sev]al ( its +r$i5ts1 t x w take ! mo/ sci5tific treatm5t to br+ x back aga9 to :at x 0 =m]ly1 & x is ev5 que/ionable if ?is c\ld be done 9 a way t w\ld prove pr(itable4 ,exp]i5ce 9 ,spa9 tea*es t v9ey>ds :i* =m]ly us$ to yield f eight to t5 tons ( gre5 grapes to ! acre n[1 aft] ye>s ( neglect1 only yield two tons to ! acre1 & ev5 ) exp5sive manur+ c 9 no way be br\ght back to _! =m] f]tility4 ,on ! o!r h&1 we "k t v9ey>ds :i* h be5 f]tiliz$ f ! beg9n+ h = fifty ye>s be5 kept up 9 app>5tly z good condition z at fir/2 x is accord+ly ?is me?od t mu/ be recomm5d$4 ,! manure or f]tiliz] mu/ be v>i$ occasionally4 ,9 rotation1 phosphates1 bone du/1 guano1 /able manure1 %eep manure1 lime & pla/] ( ,p>is or gypsum may be us$1 b x is be/ to h e v>iety ( soil 9 ! v9ey>d analyz$1 & to apply f ye> to ye> t k9d ( f]tiliz] :i* is p>ticul>ly ne$$4 ,! phosphates are ^? :i* w fir/ give out 9 our ,cali=nia soils4 ,phosphates mu/ !re=e be consid]$ z ! be/ f]tiliz]s we c use1 b ! quantity to be us$ mu/ always be det]m9$ by a practical *emi/4 ,( ^! *emical f]tiliz]s1 x is dang]\s to use too mu*1 z !y might injure ! v9es1 & f fifty to a few hundr$ p\nds to ! acre may 9 "s in/ances suffice & produce bett] crops ?an w\ld f\r or five times z mu*4 ,b1 reg>dless ( *emical f]tiliz]s1 ! cauti\s rais9-gr[] %\ld endeavor to return to ! soil z mu* z he possibly c out ( ! wa/es ( 8 crop4 ,! refuse ( /ems & b]ries1 :i* are wa/$ at ! /emm] & 9 ! pack+-h\se1 %\ld n be burn$1 z is g5]ally ! case1 b return$ to ! v9ey>d1 & appli$ "o ye> on "o piece ( gr\nd1 & ano!r ye> on "s o!r piece4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ^! wa/es mu/ be us$ z fuel 9 ! dry]1 etc41 ! a%es %\ld be c>efully collect$ & spread ov] ! soil1 & kept dry & %ad$ until ?us us$4 ,ano!r mo/ valuable f]tiliz] g5]ally wa/$ is ! trimm+s4 ,9 our c>eless ,cali=nia f>m+1 ^! trimm+s ( ! v9es are put 9 piles on ! roads1 outside ( ! v9ey>ds1 & !re burn$4 ,?us ! gr\nd loses ! mo/ p[]ful soluble salt1 :i* w\ld greatly increase ! yield ( grapes & ! pr(its to ! f>m]4 ,:]e ! v9es are plant$ f> en\gh ap>t1 ! trimm+s may be burn$ betwe5 ! r[s ( ! v9es )\t injury to !m1 b1 :5 ! v9es are set close1 !re is no o!r way ?an to c>efully collect ! a%es & spread !m ev5ly ov] ! soil4 ,"s v9ey>di/s use l>ge tr\ghs made ( galvaniz$ iron & p]=at$ ) holes4 ,^! vats are drawn ?r\gh ! v9ey>d by a team1 & scatt] ! a%es ev5ly ov] ! soil4 ,! vats may be s con/ruct$ t ! cutt+s are burn$ 9 !m directly z !y are be+ pull$ along1 ?us sav+ mu* labor z well z a%es4 ,su* contrivances w probably only prove pr(itable 9 l>ge v9ey>ds1 :]e !re are long r[s & few turn+s = ! teams4 ,ev5 ! /able manure 9 our ,/ate is n us$ z x %\ld be4 ,x is h>dly possible to und]/& h[ v9ey>di/s c be ?\ghtless en\gh to haul loads ^u loads ( /able manure on _! roads or 9 holes & wa/e places1 :ile _! v9es adjo9+ are suff]+ f ! want ( suffici5t n\ri%m5t4 ,9 ! irrigat$ di/ricts1 ?is is a v common sight1 & ! wet places on ! road are (t5 deep ) manure & /rongly smell+ ( ammonia4 ,if ! manure _h be5 plac$ ar\nd ! v9es1 ! increase 9 crops w\ld probably h be5 suffici5t to enable ! own] to macadamize or o!rwise p]man5tly fix ! roads4 ,,irrigation4 ,introductory ,notes4--,! irrigation ( ! rais9 grapes 01 = sev]al ye>s1 consid]$ z a practice entirely peculi> to ,cali=nia1 b z our k ext5d$ x 0 f\nd t1 f> f be+ any?+ at all new1 x _h be5 practic$ successfully = c5turies 9 "s ( ! ,m$it]ranean c\ntries4 ,we h already m5tion$ h[ irrigation is cu/om>y bo? 9 ! ,val5cia & ,d5ia di/ricts1 z well z 9 ,greece4 ,x is evid5t t irrigation !re is only limit$ by ! supply ( wat]1 & t !re is no "q ab\t its usefulness4 ,z reg>ds ! me?ods ( irrigation 9 ^! =eign c\ntries1 we beg to ref] to ! *apt]s treat+ ( ^! c\ntries4 ,"h our ef=ts %all be to consid] irrigation 9 its relation to ! foll[+ po9ts1 :i* are ( m g5]al int]e/ to ! ,cali=nian gr[]s3 ,necessity ( irrigat+ ! rais9-v9es2 ! heal? ( irrigat$ v9es2 ! be>+ quality ( irrigat$ v9es2 ! quality ( ! irrigat$ grape2 suppos$ unheal?9ess ( irrigat$ v9ey>ds2 irrigation by flood+2 irrigation by furr[+2 subirrigation2 seepage2 dra9age2 irrigation & its influ5ce on ! soil4 ,! ,necessity ( ,irrigat+ ! ,rais9-v9es4--,:5 ! irrigation ( rais9 grapes 0 fir/ attempt$ 9 ,fresno & ,riv]side1 h>dly any "o 0 acqua9t$ ) or knew t irrigation _h ev] be5 us$ = su* a purpose be=e1 & irrigation 0 consid]$ z a v5ture :i* did n promise well = ! future4 ,lat] on x 0 f\nd t ! rais9 grape really w\ld gr[ & d well 9 "s localities )\t irrigation1 & ! latt] practice 0 accord+ly condemn$4 ,to-day1 h[ev]1 ! practical k ( irrigation is great] & m g5]ally di/ribut$1 & x is n[ fully und]/ood t irrigation is n only n injuri\s1 b b5eficial & necess>y 9 localities :]e ! rais9-v9e w n gr[ or be> suffici5tly )\t x4 ,! que/ions !n arose1 ,:5 is irrigation necess>y1 & h[ mu* irrigation is requir$8 ,! fir/ object 9 rais9-gr[+ is ! pr(it2 a second>y object is h[ to s treat ! v9es t !y w la/ z long z possible4 ,to atta9 ! fir/ object1 we mu/ raise pl5ty ( grapes1 & :5 a l>g] quantity ( good rais9 grapes c be gr[n ) irrigation ?an )\t x1 irrigation is ju/ifiable & necess>y4 ,9 ,spa91 especially 9 ! ,d5ia di/rict1 irrigation ( ! rais9 grapes is practic$ :]ev] wat] c be _h1 & ! same is ! case 9 ,greece & ,italy4 ,9 ,cali=nia ! t5d5cy is n[ to irrigate :]ev] wat] c be _h1 & :]ev] x is pr(itable to procure x4 ,9 ,fresno1 ,tul>e & ,k]n c\nties1 rais9 grapes c\ld n be gr[n )\t irrigation4 ,^! same conditions are also f\nd 9 ,san ,b]n>d9o c\nty1 :ile 9 ,los ,angeles & ,orange c\nties all ! be/ v9ey>ds are irrigat$1 & only occasionally d we f9d ! conditions su* t irrigation is n absolutely necess>y4 ,9 ,nor!rn ,cali=nia1 rais9-v9es may be gr[n )\t irrigation1 b ! latt] is consid]$ ( su* advantage t exp5sive pump+ works h be5 erect$ 9 places :]e no o!r means 7 _h = irrigat+ ! v9es4 ,9 ,san ,diego c\nty1 especially 9 ,el ,cajon & ,sweetwat] valleys1 irrigation is n absolutely necess>y1 9 fact x is n practic$ !re at all1 al?\gh wat] c\ld be _h1 b z a consequ5ce ! crops !re are n z l>ge4 ,9 ,smyrna1 9 ,asia ,m9or1 ! l>ge/ rais9 c5t] 9 ! _w1 ! rais9-v9es receive no irrigation1 b ! unusually heavy ra9fall ( ?is section makes ! want ( irrigation less felt4 ,( c\rse1 outside ( ! rais9 di/ricts prop]1 ,muscatels or o!r rais9-v9es may be gr[n1 & are gr[n to good advantage )\t irrigation1 b ! climate 9 ^? places is g5]ally unsuit$ to ! dry+ ( ! grapes4 ,%\ld we inquire into ! reasons :y rais9 grapes may 9 "s localities be gr[n & actually prove pr(itable )\t irrigation2 we f9d ! same to dep5d n alone ^u ! ra9fall ( ! locality1 b pr9cipally ^u su* o!r circum/ances z dew1 fog1 ! nature ( ! subsoil1 & ! moi/ure ( ! air4 ,9 ,smyrna ! ra9fall ( ! wet season is f tw5ty-f\r to ?irty-six in*es annually1 & great] ?an 9 any o!r rais9 di/rict4 ,9 ,el ,cajon ! ra9fall is only half t mu*1 & ! moi/ure 9 ?is case mu/ be s\ght p>tly 9 ! subsoil1 :i* is especially ret5tive ( moi/ure1 z well z 9 ! dew1 & ! w>m fogs f ! ocean4 ,! subsoil has ! greate/ possible influ5ce1 z 9 o!r valleys ne> by1 :]e ! fog & ! dew are ! same1 b1 :]e ! subsoil is diff]5t1 no rais9 grapes c be gr[n )\t irrigation4 ,malaga is 9 ?is respect v simil> to ,el ,cajon & ,sweetwat] valleys1 b x enjoys m ra9fall ?an ! latt] places1 :ile probably ! dew & fog is ab\t ! same4 ,/ill 9 ,malaga irrigation is us$ 9 a few isolat$ localities :]e x c be obta9$1 ! nature ( t c\ntry be+ su*1 t no g5]al irrigation sy/em is possible1 & ?is is probably1 m ?an any?+ else1 ! reason :y ! v9es are n m g5]ally irrigat$ !re4 ,9 ,*ile1 9 ! valley ( ! ,huasco1 ! ,muscat v9es are gr[n bo? ) & )\t irrigation1 ! conditions !re appe>+ to be v simil> to ^? ( ,el ,cajon valley 9 ,san ,diego c\nty4 ,f ! above we might draw a g5]al conclusion1 t :]ev] ! rais9-v9es _c gr[ )\t irrigation1 & :]ev] wat] c be _h 9 suffici5t quantities1 irrigation is practic$ 9 ord] to increase ! crops & to make ! bus9ess m pr(itable4 ,heal? & ,longevity ( ,irrigat$ ,v9es4--,z reg>ds ! heal? ( ! v9es1 ! old idea 9 ?is c\ntry t v9es w\ld suff] f irrigation is decid$ly errone\s4 ,! v9es ( ,d5ia 9 ,spa9 h be5 irrigat$ = eighty ye>s or m1 & are to-day ! heal?ie/ v9es 9 ,spa94 ,simil>ly1 ! ,fresno v9es1 :]e ! wat] level1 z 9 ,d5ia1 is only f five to t5 feet bel[ ! surface1 %[ no signs ( decay1 :ile _m ( ! rais9-v9es 9 o!r p>ts ( ! ,/ate1 especially :]e plant$ on ! hillsides1 %[ diseases :i* baffle ! cultivator4 ,i d n1 ( c\rse1 mean to say t irrigat$ rais9-v9es are entirely free f diseases1 b only t1 s f>1 ! heal?ie/ & /ronge/ rais9-v9es ( ! _w are ^? :i* are irrigat$1 & :i* h always be5 irrigat$4 ,( c\rse 9 ?is respect ! ,muscat grapes1 z well z ! currant v9es1 diff] mat]ially f c]ta9 w9e grapes1 :i* z a rule h orig9at$ on dri] soils1 & :i*1 if gr[n ) irrigation1 det]iorate & yield inf]ior fruit4 ,! rais9-v9es require mu* moi/ure1 &1 if ?is is n suppli$ 9 "o way or ano!r1 !y w suff] & prove unpr(itable4 ,! same is obs]v$ 9 soils :i* rapidly lose _! moi/ure4 ,9 su* soils ! ,muscat is n at home1 & its heal? & vigor is s]i\sly impair$4 ,! ,be>+ ,quality ( ,irrigat$ ,v9es4--,9 reg>d to ! be>+ quality ( ! rais9 grapes "u irrigation1 we "k ) c]ta9ty t ! irrigat$ rais9-v9es yield by f> ! mo/4 ,9 ,val5cia & ,d5ia1 ! v9es yield f five to t5 tons to ! acre1 & s d ^? ( ,riv]side & ,fresno1 :ile ! ,el ,cajon unirrigat$ v9es yield only f "o to two tons p] acre4 ,if ! latt] place w\ld irrigate judici\sly1 its ,muscat v9es w\ld no d\bt be> z well z ^? ( any o!r locality4 ,i am l$ to ?is belief f :at ,i h se5 ( irrigat$ grapes else:]e 9 ,san ,diego c\nty1 :i* 7 fully z well load$ z ! heavie/ v9es 9 ,san ,b]n>d9o c\nty or ,fresno4 ,quality ( ,irrigat$ ,grapes4--,t ! quality ( ! irrigat$ rais9 grape is increas$ by judici\s irrigation is readily se5 9 all irrigat$ di/ricts1 :]e ^? v9es :i* receive _! prop] %>e ( wat] produce ! l>ge/ bun*es & b]ries4 ,b x is also evid5t t too mu* wat] w cause a defici5cy ( sug> 9 ! grapes1 z well z a lack ( flavor1 by :i* ! irrigat$ grapes c always be di/+ui%$ f ^? gr[n ) natural moi/ure4 ,grapes too freely irrigat$ are n alone want+ 9 sug>1 b also 9 color4 ,su* grapes rema9 gre5 to ! end ( ! season1 & nev] assume t amb] color s valu$ 9 grapes1 & :i* always indicates be=eh& :at rais9s !y w produce :5 prop]ly dri$4 ,9 our int]ior valleys1 :]e ! sun & ! w9d sometimes produce sunscald ( ! b]ries1 :i* aga9 causes !m to fall (f or dry up long be=e !y are prop]ly ripe1 ?is defect is mu* m frequ5t on v9es :i* suff] f want ( wat] ?an on ^? :i* h _h en\gh4 ,:5 ! soil is n subirrigat$1 x is !re=e advisable to irrigate ! v9es at ! end ( ,june1 j be=e ! hotte/ "p ( ! summ] arrives4 ,simil>ly1 irrigation w help to swell out ! b]ries if appli$ j be=e !y comm5ce to rip54 ,9 conclusion we might ) tru? say t ! rais9 grapes may 9 _m localities be gr[n )\t irrigation1 b t 9 ,cali=nia1 9 ,greece & 9 ,spa91 ! l>ge/ & mo/ prosp]\s di/ricts are ^? :]e ! rais9-v9es are lib]ally irrigat$4 ,! ,muscat grape seems especially to love wat]1 &1 9 ! real rais9 di/ricts1 ! heal?ie/ v9ey>ds are ^? t are be/ irrigat$4 ,! b]ries & bun*es are also increas$ 9 size1 b n 9 flavor & aroma1 by irrigation4 ,9 places :]e ! rais9 grapes w n be> )\t irrigation1 ! latt]1 ( c\rse1 is a necessity4 ,!re are always naturally subirrigat$ p>ts1 9 e c\nty or di/rict1 :]e artificial irrigation is n requir$4 ,b ^! p>ts are g5]ally conf9$ to riv] bottoms or to natural s9ks1 :i*1 s f>1 h play$ no important "p 9 ! rais9 indu/ry4 ,consid]$ f a practical /&po9t1 irrigation ( ! rais9-v9es is necess>y 9 ,cali=nia1 &1 %\ld x f "s reason or o!r be made impossible1 ! rais9 indu/ry w\ld n prove pr(itable or ev5 possible1 except 9 a few v limit$ localities4 ,mu* has be5 writt5 9 reg>d to ! suppos$ unheal?9ess ( ! irrigat$ v9ey>ds4 ,! mal>ia preval5t 9 "s v9ey>ds is no d\bt caus$ by irrigation2 b x has be5 amply prov$ 9 ,fresno & else:]e t if ! gr[] w\ld "k f ! beg9n+ h[ to s prep>e 8 l& t !re w\ld be no /agnant pools1 no wa/e wat]1 & no swampy gr\nds1 ! s mu* talk$ ( mal>ia w\ld be z r>e 9 ! irrigat$ v9ey>ds z any:]e else4 ,x is n ! irrigation t causes mal>ia1 b ! wa/e ( ! wat]1 ! c>elessness ( ! irrigator & ! fault9ess ( ! badly con/ruct$ irrigation works4 ,aft] ! v9ey>d has be5 irrigat$ a few ye>s1 ! mal>ia leaves x entirely4 ,?is is ! exp]i5ce 9 ,fresno :]e ! v9ey>ds1 aft] ye>s ( irrigation1 h become p]fectly heal?y4 ,v>i\s ,me?ods ( ,irrigation4--,!re are sev]al me?ods ( irrigation n[ practic$ 9 ! irrigat$ v9ey>d di/ricts4 ,we may irrigate by flood+ ! l& or by lead+ ! wat] 9 furr[s betwe5 ! v9es4 ,bo? ways1 b especially ! =m]1 may1 if cont9u$ long en\gh1 cause subirrigation1 ! mo/ desirable /ate ( irrigation4 ,! *oice ( me?ods ( irrigat+ does n always lie ) ourselves1 b dep5ds ^u ! quantity ( wat] at our comm&1 ! lay ( ! l&1 etc4 ,sometimes "o me?od w 9 c\rse ( "t give room to ano!r1 & aga91 aft] ! lapse ( a few ye>s1 cont9u$ irrigation may n be necess>y or desirable4 ,irrigation by ,flood+4--,?is me?od consi/s ( flood+ ! l& ei!r by means ( *ecks & banks1 :i* mu/ h be5 con/ruct$ be=e ! v9es 7 plant$1 or 9 simply flood+ gr\nd :i* is naturally level4 ,9 ei!r case ! l& mu/ naturally n be too r\gh1 & ! wat] mu/ be abundant1 else ?is me?od _c be us$4 ,x w always pay to engage ! s]vices ( an eng9e] 9 prep>+ su* gr\nd = v9es4 ,! extra co/ w be m ?an paid = 9 ! fir/ few ye>s1 :5 frequ5t irrigations ( ! v9ey>d are z necess>y z !y are exp5sive4 ,! dit* supply+ ! v9ey>d %\ld always run on ! highe/ gr\nd1 & 9 no in/ance %\ld x be run ?r\gh l[ gr\nd :5 high gr\nd c be _h1 z ! l[ gr\nd may 9 ! future h to be us$ = dra9age1 ab\t :i* we w treat fur!r on4 ,f ! ma9 canal1 bran* dit*es %\ld run out at "r angles if possible1 or if ! gr\nd is v unev5 !y may foll[ ! highe/ p>ts4 ,! gr\nd betwe5 ^! dit*es %\ld be prop]ly level$ into *ecks4 ,) *ecks ! irrigator simply measures a piece ( gr\nd ( any size :i* is surr\nd$ by a levee or bank4 ,?is bank mu/ be high en\gh to all[ ! wat] to cov] all ( ! gr\nd z soon z ! *eck is fill$ ) wat] f ! dit*4 ,to make ! gr\nd level en\gh1 x is g5]ally necess>y to level x ) scrap]s4 ,! m level is ! surface ! bett]1 *eap] & quick] w be ! irrigation1 & no small am\nt ( tr\ble w be avoid$ if ?is "w is prop]ly done be=e ! v9es are plant$4 ,too little ( ?is level+ is done 9 "s places1 & ,i h se5 ?\s&s ( acres plant$ 9 ,muscat v9es :i* 7 s improp]ly level$ t ! pr(its ( ! v9ey>d 9 aft] ye>s w\ld be s]i\sly int]f]$ )4 ,to und]/& h[ ?is c be possible1 we mu/ rememb] :at takes place :5 we irrigate & aft] we h irrigat$4 ,! gate 9 ! dit* is op5$1 ! wat] fl[s out & runs imm$iately d[n to ! l[e/ "p ( ! *eck4 ,:5 ?is "p is rea*$1 ! *eck beg9s to fill up4 ,if ! gr\nd is v unev51 x may take days to fill ! *eck1 & ! l[] "p w require to be cov]$ sev]al feet ) wat] be=e x w rea* ! high] p>ts1 :i* always ne$ irrigation ! mo/4 ,to back x up s high requires also a correspond+ly high levee1 :i* aga9 is m apt to break & cause tr\ble & exp5se ! high] x is4 ,aft] ! wat] has rea*$ ! highe/ possible po9t1 ! fl[ is %ut (f1 & ! wat] beg9s to subside4 ,! highe/ "p ( ! l& becomes dry ! fir/1 & quickly1 :ile x may take days or ev5 weeks to dry up ! l[e/ "p ( ! *eck4 ,:5 at la/ ! *eck is all dry x may be f\nd t ! l[e/ v9es h be5 injur$ or entirely dr[n$ out4 ,:5 summ] irrigation is us$1 x is absolutely necess>y to h ! gr\nd level1 s t :5 x is flood$ ! wat] w n rea* up to ! grapes1 z !y spoil :5 com+ 9 contact ) ! wat]4 ,! "t :5 flood+ %\ld be us$ mu/ dep5d ^u circum/ances4 ,z a rule1 flood+ is especially adapt$ to w9t] irrigation1 z1 :5 ! v9es are entirely dormant1 !y may be subm]g$ = mon?s )\t suff]+ any h>m4 ,"y v9ey>ds may also be flood$ 9 summ] "t1 b1 :5 ! grapes beg9 to appe>1 flood+ c only be done 9 ! w9t] or :5 ! l& is absolutely level1 b ev5 "u ! mo/ favorable circum/ances _m grapes are always lo/4 ,"s h s prep>$ _! v9ey>ds t a *eck1 :5 flood$1 c be dra9$ into a l[] *eck or into a dit*4 ,?is is a v good arrangem5t :]e ! l& is n entirely level1 z x w cause ! l[ places to dry up z quickly z possible4 ,b a bett] way is to h ! gr\nd s level t ! wat] w s9k ev5ly & leave no s9ks nor any high & prematurely dry places4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 soils s compos$ t ! wat] _c s9k ?r\gh !m 9 any reasonably %ort "t4 ,su* heavy soils mu/ be surface dra9$ aft] e flood+1 or p]haps _h be/ be giv5 up to "s o!r me?od ( irrigation4 ,b su* h>d or imp]vi\s soils are frequ5tly improv$ by irrigation1 & 9 c\rse ( "t lose _! imp]vi\s nature & become subirrigat$4 ,if ! l& is tol]ably level by nature1 & !re are prospects ( subirrigation soon appe>+1 x may be unnecess>y to level ! l&1 & flood+ ) tempor>y *ecks may be us$ ) advantage = ! fir/ few seasons4 ,furr[+ w g5]ally assi/ ?is mode ( irrigation4 ,irrigation by ,furr[+4--,?is me?od ( irrigation is practic$ :]e ! l& is n suffici5tly level to be flood$1 or :5 ! wat] is n suffici5t to enable ! irrigator 9 a %ort "t to flood ! l&4 ,! practice ( furr[+ simply consi/s 9 pl[+ furr[s alongside ( ! v9es1 & !n to lead ! wat] 9 ! furr[s4 ,?is sy/em is by f> ! "o t is mo/ practic$ 9 ,s\!rn ,cali=nia1 z x has "s advantages ov] ! flood+2 x is1 h[ev]1 n s effective & _c supply ! v9ey>d ) z mu* wat] z flood+4 ,to use ! furr[+ sy/em to advantage1 ! l& mu/ h be5 previ\sly level$1 b n necess>ily grad$ to an absolute level4 ,x is en\gh to h ! surface smoo? & on an ev5 grade1 9 ord] t ! wat] may run f a high] po9t to a l[] "o )\t spread+ or break+ out4 ,especially all knolls 9 ! v9ey>d mu/ be level$ (f1 & c>e mu/ be tak5 to fill all holl[s or s9ks 9 :i* ! wat] w\ld o!rwise collect4 ,aft] ! v9es are plant$1 or :5 irrigation is necess>y1 "o or m furr[s are pl[$ on ea* side ( ! v9e1 & ! wat] is all[$ to run 9 !m = sev]al h\rs1 or ev5 days1 until ! soil is suffici5tly soak$4 ,9 _m places ?ree furr[s are made betwe5 ! r[s ( v9es1 & ! wat] is all[$ to run 9 at "o end & out ?r\gh ! o!r 9 a /ream only suffici5tly l>ge to cause all ! wat] to s9k4 ,:]e p>ticul> nicety is requir$1 ! wa/e wat] :i* runs out at ! f>!r end may be collect$ 9 a tr\gh ) p]=at$ holes1 ?r\gh :i* x is conduct$ to a dit* or l[] *eck4 ,simil>ly1 a long tr\gh may be us$ = conduct+ ! wat] to ! l& 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 & all[ x to run out ?r\gh a numb] ( small holes1 "o ( :i* is situat$ 9 front ( e furr[4 ,:5 ! gr\nd is well prep>$1 level & ) an ev5 slope1 ?is sy/em ( irrigation is v p]fect1 & causes b little exp5se & tr\ble 9 managem5t4 ,9 ,riv]side ! v9es are irrigat$ ?us e ?ree or five weeks1 :ile 9 ,r$l&s less irrigation is us$ on old v9es4 ,z a rule1 9 ,s\!rn ,cali=nia ! furr[+ sy/em is ! accept$ "o z be+ be/ adapt$ to ! nature ( ! c\ntry4 ,! wat] is conduct$ bo? 9 op5 dit*es & 9 pipes1 & :5 "u pressure saves mu* labor & exp5se :i* w\ld o!rwise be requir$ = ! cont9u$ con/ruction & repair ( dit*es4 ,! furr[+ sy/em has1 h[ev]1 its disadvantages4 ,x requires a long] "t to fill ! soil suffici5tly1 & accord+ly x takes _m m irrigations to accompli% z mu* z ) flood+4 ,z advantages ( ?is sy/em1 we might /ate t x requires no banks or levees to back up ! wat]1 & a v9ey>d irrigat$ ?is way c be kept entirely free f we$s by a few cultivations1 :ile a *eck$ v9ey>d mu/ besides be cle>$ ) h& labor1 z ! banks & *ecks are apt to be de/roy$ by cultivation4 ,subirrigation4--,subirrigation may be ei!r artificial or natural4 ,! artificial subirrigation has1 z f> z ,i "k1 only be5 us$ 9 a few v9ey>ds 9 ,yolo & ,solano c\nties1 ! report1 %ortly aft] x _h be5 e/abli%$1 be+ v flatt]+ z reg>ds its success4 ,b ( late ye>s we h he>d no?+ ab\t ?is k9d ( irrigation1 & x is likely t "s practical difficulty 0 enc\nt]$ :i* c\ld n be fully ov]come4 ,! artificial subirrigation consi/s 9 lay+ l>g] & small] cem5t pipes betwe5 ! r[s ( ! v9es4 ,^! pipes are p]=at$ 9 v>i\s places1 &1 :5 fill$ ) wat] "u pressure1 ! wat] runs ?r\gh ! p]=at$ holes & keeps ! gr\nd outside ! pipes con/antly moi/1 )\t caus+ ! surface ( ! soil to get wet & we$y1 & h]e9 consi/ ! pr9cipal advantages ( ! sy/em1 z well z 9 ! fact t roll+ gr\nd c be irrigat$ ?us )\t be+ previ\sly level$ & )\t be+ cut up ) op5 dit*es4 ,! difficulty ( keep+ ! holes op5 & ( prev5t+ ! roots ( ! v9es f ent]+ ! pipes is1 ,i und]/&1 v great & probably impossible to ov]come4 ,bo? irrigation wat] & liquid manures c\ld by ?is sy/em be suppli$ to ! roots ( ! v9es directly )\t any wa/e1 &1 9 cases ( diseases or attacks by und]gr\nd pe/s1 m$ic9es or insecticides c\ld be br\ght to ! soil ) ! lea/ possible co/4 ,! natural subirrigation is caus$ ei!r by ! :ole soil fill+ up ) wat] f ! natural & orig9al wat] level to ! v top or to ! roots ( ! v9es1 or f an imp]vi\s h>dpan or clay1 z subsoil1 up t[>ds ! surface4 ,z an example ( ! =m] we might cite ! c\ntry ar\nd ! irrigat$ pla9s ( ! ,san ,joaqu9 valley1 especially ar\nd ,fresno & 9 ,mussel ,sl\gh4 ,be=e irrigation 0 begun !re 9 #ahgb1 ! surface wat] 0 f sixty to sev5ty feet f ! top ea/ ( ! railroad1 & f =ty to fifty feet we/ ( ! railroad1 l[] d[n 9 ! valley4 ,aft] five ye>s ( irrigation x began to be notic$ t ! soil requir$ less wat]4 ,! wat] 9 ! wells began to rise1 & ! foll[+ ye> ! wat] /ood 9 _m places ne> or on ! top ( ! surface4 ,n[ ! :ole irrigat$ di/rict ar\nd ,fresno has fill$ up ) wat] to su* an ext5t t dra9age dit*es h become necess>y 9 "s places 9 ord] to l[] ! wat] 9 ! wet season "s f\r or five feet f ! surface4 ,_m m dra9age dit*es w be requir$1 z 9 wet w9t]s ! surface wat] 9 places is n only v ne> ! top1 b actually =ms ponds or swamps :]e =m]ly ! gr\nd 0 entirely dry4 ,9 ! old irrigat$ di/ricts1 wat] c n[ be f\nd at f six to t5 feet 9 ! drie/ season1 :ile =m]ly ! wells _h to be f fifty to sev5ty feet deep4 ,9 ! old] v9ey>ds1 & ev5 9 _m ( ! y\ng] ones1 no m surface irrigation is us$2 all t is n[ requir$ is to all[ ! wat] to run 9 ! ma9 dit*es1 9 :i* ! wat] s9ks suffici5tly to keep up ! supply ( ! evaporation ( ! gr\nd outside4 ,l>ge tracts ( l& :i* h nev] be5 surface irrigat$ are n[ suffici5tly moi/ to gr[ v9es to ! greate/ p]fection1 & _m ( ! be/ v9ey>ds h nev] be5 irrigat$ at all2 9 fact1 no?+ b dra9age dit*es h ev] be5 made on ! l&4 ,:5ev] su* subirrigation exi/s1 ! wat] level w be f\nd high] 9 ! w9t] ?an 9 ! summ]1 & dra9age %\ld accompany subirrigation 9 ne>ly e in/ance4 ,a subirrigation l ! above exi/s 9 ,d5ia & o!r ( ! ,spani% di/ricts4 ,subirrigation may be also caus$ by ei!r imp]vi\s subsoils1 su* z h>dpan & clay1 or by spongy subsoils1 :i* keep ! wat] l a sponge4 ,su* is ! case to a limit$ ext5t 9 p>ts ( ,san ,b]n>d9o c\nty4 ,at ,r$l&s1 = in/ance1 mu* less irrigation is n[ us$ ?an :5 ! v9es 7 fir/ plant$1 & ?is fact is attribut$ to a spongy subsoil peculi>ly ret5tive ( wat]4 ,a simil> subirrigation exi/s 9 ! ,mussel ,sl\gh c\ntry1 :]e ! wat] rapidly fills ! l& & keeps x moi/ ?r\gh\t ! summ]4 ,! ph5om5al moi/ure ( ! ,el ,cajon l& is probably also produc$ by "s k9d ( subirrigation1 ei!r on imp]vi\s or ?r\gh ret5tive /rata2 ! wa/e wat] f ! surr\nd+ hills no d\bt supplies mu* ( ! wat] appe>+ 9 ! l[] l&s ( ! valley4 ,o!r valleys close by d n %[ ?is moi/ure1 ! und]ly+ /rata probably mak+ subirrigation impossible ) ! pres5t am\nt ( ra9fall4 ,seepage4--,seepage is ! quality ( ! soil to attract moi/ure & reta9 x4 ,seepage soils attract ! wat] f a dit* run ?r\gh ! l&1 ! wat] spread+ all ?r\gh ! soil t[>ds all sides in/ead ( s9k+ only v]tically d[n4 ,!re is a di/9ct diff]5ce betwe5 su* seepage soils & ^? t d n seep1 al?\gh !re is a gradation 9 ! degree ( ! seepage1 "s soils seep+ m ?an o!rs4 ,?us ! ,fresno soil1 or ! soils on ! ,fresno pla9s1 especially ! r$ & s&y soils1 d n seep or p]colate4 ,v9es plant$ on ! sides ( ! dit*es1 or a foot or two f _! banks1 w die & dry up if n specially irrigat$ by br++ wat] to _! v roots4 ,o!r soils1 especially ! riv]-bottom soils or ! alluvial soils1 seep or p]colate 9 a great or less degree4 ,!y act l a sponge1 attract wat] & give x away sl[ly1 & ! soil w be f\nd wet = long di/ances f ! dit*4 ,?is seepage capacity ( ! soil is p>tly caus$ by an abundance ( humus or vegetable matt]4 ,! seepage capacity ( ! soil greatly increases by admixtures ( gre5 vegetable matt]s ?r\gh ! pl[+ "u ( gre5 crops1 su* z alfalfa1 peas1 beans1 gra91 etc4 ,! value ( seepage soils is se5 especially :]e "s unev5 gr\nd is scrap$ (f & ! top soil remov$ to l[ places4 ,su* gr\nd (t5 becomes useless = ye>s aft]w>ds1 especially if ! quantity ( humus 9 ! l[] soils is small4 ,frequ5t irrigations w n s]ve to keep su* soils moi/1 z ! wat] s9ks rapidly d[n1 leav+ ! poor top soil dry4 ,v9es plant$ 9 su* places nev] d well1 & ev5 heavy manur+ w n suffice to br+ on a /rong1 heal?y gr[?4 ,su* humus-want+ soils mu/ be treat$ ) gre5 crops1 z /at$ above1 9 ord] to become f]tile & moi/4 ,?us seepage & subirrigation are (t5 conf\nd$4 ,! =m] is caus$ by ! ret5tive & communicative quality ( ! soil1 :ile ! latt] is caus$ by ! natural or artificial di/ribution ( ! und]gr\nd wat]4 ,subirrigation & seepage comb9$ make ! mo/ p]fect irrigation = a rais9 v9ey>d1 ) advantages t c 9 no o!r way be atta9$3 abs5ce ( di/ribution dit*es1 :i* take up valuable l& & :i* co/ money to keep clean f we$s2 less gr[? ( we$s on ! surface ( ! gr\nd2 great] mell[ness ( ! top soil & less "w 9 pl[+ g5]ally2 a great] & m uni=m supply ( moi/ure1 :i*1 in/ead ( be+ ne> ! top ( ! gr\nd1 is accumulat$ deep] d[n1 ?us caus+ ! roots to g d[n in/ead ( spread+ ne> ! surface2 no exp5sive irrigation1 :i* w require pl[+ e "t aft] ! wat] is spread on ! surface2 a great] coolness ( ! gr\nd & a l[] temp]ature g5]ally1 :i* %[s itself 9 a m vigor\s gr[? ( ! v9es1 a great] supply ( grapes & less dang] f sunburn4 ,^! & _m m are ! advantages ( subirrigation & seepage comb9$4 ,to atta9 !m 9 a rais9 v9ey>d1 no labor & reasonable co/ %\ld be sp>$4 ,illu/ration3 ,rais9-grape ,pick+ at ,riv]side4 ,dra9age4--,dra9age is necess>y 9 all v9ey>ds :]e l>ge quantities ( wat] are us$ = irrigation1 & pr9cipally at ! v "t t subirrigation beg9s4 ,?us 9 ,fresno c\nty ! be/ rais9 v9ey>ds are ^? 9 :i* ! l& is bo? subirrigat$ & dra9$4 ,:5 irrigation comm5ces 9 any c]ta9 di/rict1 no "o ?9ks ( dra9age z a possibility1 & great c>elessness is %[n 9 locat+ dit*es & o!r irrigation works4 ,b 9 a few ye>s1 :5 ! soil is full ( wat] :i* f9ds no outlet1 dra9age becomes bo? necess>y & desirable4 ,a v successful & highly necess>y dra9 has be5 con/ruct$ ?r\gh a "p ( ! ,fresno di/rict1 :i* s fill$ up ) wat] dur+ ! ra9y w9t] ( #ahhc-hd t mu* ( ! gr\nd c\ld n be pl[$ until late 9 ! spr+4 ,! dra9 rem$i$ ! evil & dra9$ ! soil1 & ! v9ey>ds gr[n !re are n[ c\nt$ among ! be/ & mo/ pr(itable4 ,! wat] ?us dra9$ (f l[]$ ! wat] level f six to sev5 feet4 ,9 v dry seasons ?is dit* is fill$ ) wat]1 & s]ves !n to keep ! soil moi/ ?r\gh seepage or subirrigation4 ,! ,influ5ce ( ,irrigation on ! ,soil4--,x is by _m consid]$ t irrigation helps to f]tilize ! soil4 ,! spr+ & flood wat] conta9 great quantities ( mud & humus1 :i* :5 spread ov] ! l& w greatly increase its f]tility4 ,ev5 ord9>y riv] wat] conta9s salts & o!r +r$i5ts1 :i* w f]tilize ! soil to no small degree4 ,ano!r cause ( ! increas$ f]tility ( subirrigat$ soils is t ! wat] :i* con/antly evaporates c>ries ) x salts1 etc41 f ! l[] /rata up t[>ds ! surface1 & makes !m accessible to ! roots ( ! v9es4 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 if ! wat] or ! soils conta9 alkalies or o!r de/ructive sub/ances1 ^! also are deposit$ on ! surface to ! great detrim5t ( ! v9es1 & (t5 to su* an ext5t t ! v9es w die or become sickly4 ,too abundant flood+ may also lea* out ( ! soil its soluble salts1 & c>ry !m deep] d[n 9 ! gr\nd4 ,b if ?is soil aft] a :ile fills up ) wat] & becomes subirrigat$1 ! evaporation ( wat] f ! surface w gradually c>ry ^! salts back to ! surface1 :5 !y w increase ! f]tility ( ! soil4 ,:]e dra9age is v p]fect1 con/ant irrigation w gradually rob ! soil ( _m ( its soluble salts1 & c>ry !m to places :]e !y w =ev] be out ( ! rea* ( ! v9es4 ,to asc]ta9 ^! facts & conditions1 e v9ey>di/ %\ld h ! soil analyz$ ab\t e five ye>s1 & too great c>e _c be tak5 to keep ! soil ( prop] /r5g?4 ,ano!r influ5ce ( irrigation on ! soil may also be m5tion$ "h4 ,"s ( ! soils 9 ! irrigat$ di/ricts :i* 7 =m]ly v h>d & difficult to "w h 9 c\rse ( "t *ang$ & become mell[4 ,! wat] has und\bt$ly caus$ a *emical & me*anical decomposition ( ! compon5ts ( ! soil1 :i* has caus$ x to cont9ually improve4 ,ev5 c]ta9 k9ds ( h>dpan h be5 kn[n to dissolve :5 irrigat$1 & to *ange into useful & mell[ soil1 9 :i* ! v9es c f9d nutrim5t4 ,su* h>dpans are ^? :i* are g5]ally f\nd 9 v d>k r$ soils2 ^? 9 light] soils are n s readily dissolv$4 ,,! ,,rais9 ,,grapes4 ,introductory ,notes4--,! rais9 grapes might be divid$ into two classes1--prop] & g5u9e1 su* z ,muscats1 ,sultanas & ,currants1 & irregul> or inf]ior rais9 grapes1 su* z ,malagas & ,feh] ,szagos4 ,n[-a-days almo/ any k9d ( grapes are dri$ & sometimes call$ rais9s1 b ! prop] "n = !m %\ld be dri$ grapes4 ,) ^! we ne$ n "h busy ourselves1 z ) a few exceptions !y are ( little value1 & _c be comp>$ ) ! regul> rais9 grapes1 ei!r z reg>ds quality1 dem& or price4 ,muscatel or ,gordo ,blanco4--,?is v>iety is ! be/ type ( ! rais9 grape ( ,malaga4 ,its gr[? is l[ & spread+1 ) no upright bran*es 9 ! c5t]4 ,its bun*es are heavy1 &1 :5 p]fect1 close & %\ld]$4 ,its b]ries are r\nd & l>ge1 ! greate/ circumf]5ce be+ at ! c5t]4 ,a crease is (t5 f\nd at ! apex ( ! b]ry4 ,! color is gre51 or1 :5 fully ripe1 amb] gre5 or yell[4 ,z comp>$ ) ! ,muscat ( ,alex&ria1 ?is v>iety is di/+ui%$1 :5 p]fect1 by its l[1 depress$ gr[?1 )\t any upright bran*es 9 ! c5t] ( ! v9e2 by a clos] bun*2 by r\nd] b]ries1 & by a ?ick] & firm] bloom4 ,! b]ries set bett] ?an ^? ( ! ,muscat ( ,alex&ria1 al?\gh bo? v>ieties suff] f ! e>ly /ages ( oidium or colure4 ,! ,gordo ,blanco is ! *oice rais9 grape = ! ,san ,joaqu9 valley1 & = ! int]ior g5]ally4 ,x is ! rais9 grape ( ,malaga 9 ,spa91 :]e x is probable ! v>iety orig9at$4 ,importations ( ?is v>iety h be5 made to ,cali=nia at v>i\s times by ,a4 ,h>asz?y 9 #ahfa1 & by ,w4 ,s4 ,*apman 9 #ahgf4 ,muscat ( ,alex&ria4--,! gr[? ( ?is v>iety is upright 9 ! c5t]4 ,its clu/]s1 ev5 :5 p]fect1 are nev] close4 ,its b]ries are oblong & tap]+1 ! l>ge/ circumf]5ce be+ ne> ! apex4 ,! color :5 fully ripe is amb] gre5 or yell[i% gre54 ,! leaves ( bo? v>ieties ( ,muscats are five-po9t$1 light gre51 light] bel[1 & d n diff] mat]ially f ea* o!r4 ,bo? ,muscats are rem>kable = _! second & ?ird gr[?s1 & = ! l>ge second crop on ! lat]als4 ,! ,muscat ( ,alex&ria1 z comp>$ ) ! ,gordo ,blanco1 is *>act]iz$ by its oblong b]ries1 & by its m upright bran*es 9 ! c5t] ( ! v9e4 ,its gr[? is m /raggl+ ?an t ( ! ,gordo ,blanco1 &1 plant$ side by side1 ! two v>ieties are di/9ctly *>act]i/ic4 ,! ,muscat ( ,alex&ria is ! favorite rais9 grape 9 ,s\!rn ,cali=nia1 :]e x seems em95tly adapt$4 ,i f\nd no o!r ,muscat 9 ,san ,b]n>d9o & ,san ,diego c\nties4 ,! mo/ magnific5t bun*es ( ?is v>iety :i* ,i h ev] se5 7 gr[n !re only a few miles f ! ocean1--bun*es t c\ld n be surpass$1 & :i* c]ta9ly 7 equal 9 weight to any ,gordo ,blanco t h ev] come "u my notice4 ,a4 ,b4 ,butl] consid]s t ! ,muscat ( ,alex&ria does equally z well z ! ,gordo ,blanco 9 ,fresno1 b mo/ gr[]s are n ready to agree ) him4 ,illu/ration3 #b4--,plant+ ,b> 7,fresno74 #c4--;,fresno 8,%eep's-foot40 #d4--,muscat ( ,alex&ria 7,n4 ,s474 #e4--,muscatel ,gordo ,blanco4 ,! rais9 made f ! ,muscat ( ,alex&ria looks small] on acc\nt ( its oblong =m1 & is less suit$ = fac+ ! boxes1 b z to o!r qualities1 su* z ta/e1 sweetness & color1 !re is no m>k$ diff]5ce betwe5 ^! two v>ieties ( ,muscats4 ,all v>ieties ( ,muscats set bett] 9 moi/ air ?an :]e ! air is v dry1 & ! moi/] air t5ds to bett] develop ! bun*es4 ,?is expla9s :y1 9 isolat$ v9ey>ds 9 ! int]ior1 ! bun*es are nev] s l>ge z :]e a l>ge numb] ( acres ( v9es h modifi$ ! (t5 excessive dryness ( ! atmosph]e4 ,z to ! relative di/ribution ( ^! two v>ieties ( ,muscats 9 our ,/ate1 x may be /at$ t ! =m] is n bas$ ^u any p>ticul> adaptability ( ! respective v>ieties to ! localities :]e !y are gr[n4 ,! ,muscat ( ,alex&ria is ! old] v>iety ( ! two1 probably bo? 9 ,spa9 z well z 9 ,cali=nia4 ,to ,val5cia 9 ,spa9 x 0 br\ght by ! ,moors f ,africa1 or possibly f ,alex&ria 9 ,egypt4 ,! ,gordo ,blanco aga9 appe>s to be a native ,spani% v>iety1 especially adapt$ to ! w>m] region ( ,malaga or ,s\!rn ,spa94 ,! ,gordo ,blanco is ! pr9cipal grape ( ,malaga2 ! ,muscat ( ,alex&ria is ! "o gr[n 9 ,val5cia & ,d5ia & also 9 ,smyrna 9 ,asia ,m9or4 ,9 ,cali=nia ! ,gordo ,blanco is f\nd ar\nd ,woodl& 9 ,yolo c\nty1 ?r\gh\t ! ,san ,joaqu9 valley1 & 9 ,fresno x is ! favorite & almo/ exclusive ,muscat grape4 ,! ,muscat ( ,alex&ria is gr[n 9 ,solano c\nty & else:]e 9 ,nor!rn ,cali=nia1 :ile x is ! exclusive grape 9 ,riv]side1 ,r$l&s1 ,orange c\nty & ,el ,cajon1 & probably else:]e 9 ,san ,diego c\nty or ,s\!rn ,cali=nia g5]ally4 ,! ,muscat ( ,alex&ria 0 import$ by ,colonel ,ago/on ,h>asz?y 9 #aheb f ,malaga1 & by ,d4 ,m4 ,delmas "s ?irty-eight ye>s ago f ,france4 ,huasco ,muscat4--,?is v>iety 7pron\nc$ ,uasco7 resembles v mu* ! ,muscat ( ,alex&ria1 ( :i* x is probably a se$l+1 & 0 introduc$ into ,*ile by ! ,spani>ds soon aft] ! conque/4 ,accord+ to ,pr(essor ,e4 ,w4 ,hilg>d1 ?is v>iety sets bett] ?an ! ,alex&ria1 & on t acc\nt des]ves to be cultivat$4 ,x is /range t no attempts h be5 made 9 ?is c\ntry to gr[ x on a l>g] scale4 ,! ,huasco is und\bt$ly "o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ grapes1 & ! fact t x produces ! mo/ exp5sive rais9s 9 ! _w %\ld be a suffici5t inducem5t to our ,cali=nia gr[]s to at lea/ /udy ! v>iety closely4 ,i %\ld ?9k t ,el ,cajon valley w\ld be ! prop] locality = x 9 ?is ,/ate4 ,o!r ,v>ieties ( ,muscats4--,a v>iety ( ,muscatel resembl+ ! ,gordo ,blanco1 b ) m erect gr[?1 is said to h be5 import$ by ,g4 ,g4 ,briggs ( ,davisville1 ,solano c\nty4 ,i h se5 x gr[+ 9 ! v9ey>d ( ,george ,a4 ,freeman ( ,fresno1 b _c di/+ui% its b]ries f ^? ( ! ,gordo ,blanco4 ,! gr[? ( ! v9e is m erect1 & leaves ! c5t] ( ! v9e r uncov]$ & expos$4 ,i w\ld decid$ly pref] ! ,gordo ,blanco4 ,a se$l+ ( ! ,gordo ,blanco orig9at$ by ! au?or is n[ gr[+ on ! ,floreal v9ey>d1 own$ by ,j4 ,t4 ,goodman1 ne> ,fresno4 ,?is v>iety promis$ a great deal ! fir/ season4 ,i h no d\bt t1 ) "s selection ( b]ries & bun*es1 _m new & valuable rais9 grapes c\ld be orig9at$ 9 ?is ,/ate1 v>ieties :i* w\ld be especially adapt$ to our soil & climate4 ,:ile our fruit-gr[]s h produc$ a numb] ( new fruits ( v>i\s k9ds1 we h yet to he> ( ! fir/ sup]ior grape se$l+s4 ,accord+ to ! ,rural ,press ( ,may #e1 #ahgg1 ,c4 ,t4 ,w>d ( ,hayw>ds1 ,alam$a c\nty1 rais$ "s se$l+s f ,huasco se$1 b :at has become ( !m ,i d n "k4 ,hayw>ds w\ld n be likely to be a prop] place = rais9 grapes1 & ev5 ! be/ v>iety c\ld n possibly be a success !re4 ,j4 ,t4 ,goodman ( ,fresno has a ,muscatel v9e 9 8 v9ey>d :i* rip5s t5 days e>li] ?an ! ,gordo ,blanco1 b :e!r x is a se$l+ is n kn[n4 ,x may prove a mo/ valuable v>iety if ext5sively gr[n4 ,b4 ,g4 ,/abl] ( ,yuba ,city tells me t ,*4 ,e4 ,swezy1 ne> ,m>ysville1 has rais$ a se$l+ f an import$ ,dehesa rais91 :i* 9 size1 flavor & all o!r qualities excels any o!r table grape kn[n1 b ! flavor ( ! grape does n resemble t ( ! ,muscatel4 ,i h se5 rais9s made f ?is grape1 b !y 7 n desirable2 b z a table grape ?is v>iety is said to be sup]ior4 ,if s1 ?is grape %\ld be tri$ 9 diff]5t localities1 & may prove a real acquisition4 ,!re is no d\bt t o!r se$l+ rais9 grapes h be5 rais$ 9 ?is ,/ate1 & we hope 9 c\rse ( "t to "k all ab\t !m4 ,se$less ,sultana4--,?is grape is decid$ly "o ( ! mo/ important rais9 grapes kn[n4 ,its bun*es are v l>ge1 sometimes weigh+ five p\nds ea*4 ,! b]ries are r\nd & se$less1 ! size ( l>ge peas1 ( a gre5 color1 :i*1 :5 ! grape rip5s1 turns bright amb] yell[1 ) small br[n spots4 ,! leaves are l>ge & v entire1 & m yell[i% ?an ^? ( ! ,muscat4 ,! gr[? ( ! v9e is upright1 ) erect or climb+ bran*es4 ,?is grapev9e 9 ord] to be> mu/ be prun$ long1 & %\ld prop]ly be /ak$ f f\r to five feet high4 ,! yield ( ! ,sultana is v heavy1 & z mu* z sixte5 tons ( fre% grapes are frequ5tly h>ve/$ f an acre1 provid$ ! soil is ! v be/ possible4 ,! grapes beg9 to color & sweet5 sev]al weeks be=e ! ,muscat1 b !y become fully ripe lat] ?an ?is v>iety1 & are on t acc\nt n z ext5sively gr[n z !y c]ta9ly des]ve to be4 ,= di/ricts ) long summ]s & autumns ! ,sultana w prove a v pr(itable & desirable grape4 ,! native home ( ! ,sultana is ,asia ,m9or4 ,!re x is gr[n pr9cipally ar\nd ,smyrna & 9 sev]al ( ! isl&s 9 ! ,ar*ipelago4 ,9 ,cali=nia only few ,sultana v9ey>ds are plant$2 /ill !re is und\bt$ly a great field = ?is grape :]e ! seasons are long en\gh to all[ ( its p]fect rip5+4 ,! rais9s are light 9 color & some:at acid1 b ) no p>ticul> flavor1 & 9 ?is respect are inf]ior to ! ,muscats & ! ,currants4 ,!y are produc$ ei!r by dipp+1 z is done 9 ,smyrna1 or by sun-dry+1 z we d 9 ?is ,/ate4 ,if ! dipp+ process is us$1 ! grapes mu/ be v ripe1 else !y w turn r$di% & d>k & lose quality4 ,9 ,cali=nia ! ,sultana grape does well1 & only seldom produces se$s4 ,9 ,ea/]n ,m$it]ranean c\ntries1 except 9 ! few favor$ spots ( ,smyrna1 or 9 "s ( ! ,isl&s1 ?is v>iety rapidly det]iorates & becomes se$-be>+1 :i* ( c\rse entirely ru9s its usefulness4 ,! ,se$less ,sultana 0 fir/ br\ght to ,cali=nia by ,colonel ,ago/on ,h>asz?y 9 #ahfa4 ,black ,currant4--,?is v>iety is b little kn[n 9 ?is ,/ate4 ,! gr[? is erect & climb+4 ,! bun*es are long1 n>r[ & cyl9drical1 ) heavy %\ld]s4 ,! b]ries are small1 ( ! size ( peas1 se$less & black1 v sweet & ) a peculi> aroma n f\nd 9 any o!r v>iety4 ,! ,black ,currant %\ld be prun$ %ort1 & ! "y bran*es require /ak+ 9 ord] to be> well4 ,! home ( ! ,black ,currant is ! ,grecian ,isl&s z well z ,morea1 especially ar\nd ,patras4 ,zante1 ,cephalonia & ,i?aca all produce ,currants ( ! highe/ quality4 ,o!r ,v>ieties ( ,currants4--,! ,:ite ,currant gr[n 9 ,cali=nia is n ! true rais9 grape :i* produces ! ,currant ( comm]ce4 ,! bun* & b]ry resemble ! ,black ,currant1 b diff] 9 n be+ black1 & 9 lack+ ! peculi> aroma & flavor alone possess$ by ! ,black & true ,currant4 ,!re are 9 ,greece sev]al o!r v>ieties ( ,currants1 su* z r$ & gray1 b ^! are us$ = w9e & n = rais9s4 ,! ,:ite & ,r$ ,currants 7 introduc$ f ,crimea 9 #ahfa by ,colonel ,ago/on ,h>asz?y4 ,?ompson ,se$less4--,?is v>iety has be5 gr[+ 9 ,cali=nia = _m ye>s1 b has only lately come into notice4 ,x 0 import$ f ,ro*e/]1 ,new ,york1 f ! e/abli%m5t ( ,elwang] ,b>ry1 ab\t #ahgb1 & 0 by !m describ$ z a grape f ,con/ant9ople "u ! "n ( ,lady ,decov]ly4 ,?ompson ,se$less is ! "n giv5 ?is grape by ! local gr[]s ar\nd ,yuba ,city1 & n ! orig9al "n4 ,i am incl9$ to believe t ?is grape is relat$ to1 b n id5tical )1 ! oblong1 se$less grape :i* is gr[n ar\nd ,damascus 9 ,asia ,m9or1 & !re dri$ into a rais9 ( v good quality4 ,?is ,damascus grape is br[ni% :5 ripe4 ,?ompson ,se$less is an oval grape1 gre5i% yell[1 z l>ge z a ,sultana1 se$less1 ) ?9 sk91 good b n /rong flavor1 & )\t t acid :i* *>act]izes ! ,sultana grape & rais94 ,! bun*es are l>ge1 or v l>ge1 & ! v9e is an enorm\s be>]4 ,z yet x is pr9cipally gr[n ar\nd ,yuba ,city & ,m>ysville 9 limit$ quantities1 b ! rais9s are 9 good dem&4 ,:5 sun-dri$ & cur$1 ^! rais9s are blui% & d>k l ,muscats1 b n>r[] & m tap]+1 & only a qu>t] ! size4 ,_! sweetness & ta/e comm5d !m = cook+ purposes1 & ! be>+ quality ( ! v9e w no d\bt make _! gr[+ pr(itable 9 all places :]e ! seasons are too %ort to ?or\ghly rip5 ! ,sultana4 ,9 ,yuba ?is grape rip5s e>ly 9 ,augu/4 ,o!r ,se$less ,grapes4--,9 ! ,isl&s ( ,lip>i & ,pantell]ia a co>se b se$less grape is gr[n1 out ( :i* a v>iety ( ,sultana rais9 is made4 ,we h no fur!r notices & description ( ?is v>iety4 ,malaga4--,?is is n a real rais9 grape1 b ( late ye>s rais9s h be5 made f x & f\nd bo? fair 9 quality & pr(itable to ! gr[]4 ,! ,malaga is a heavy be>] ( "o crop ( v l>ge b loose bun*es4 ,!re is no second crop4 ,! b]ries are l>ge1 oval1 n tap]+1 ! fle% is meaty & solid1 v sweet1 b ) no decid$ flavor4 ,! sk9 is ?ick & gre51 :5 ripe amb] yell[1 ) ?ick bloom4 ,rais9s made ( ?is grape are v l>ge1 & ! bun*es are also l>ge & solid1 & ! b]ries are n easily torn (f4 ,:5 sweat$1 ! sk9 becomes ?9n]1 & ! quality improves g5]ally4 ,! ,malaga is a v h>dy v9e1 n p>ticul> ab\t soil1 a /rong gr[]1 be>s well1 & its grapes rip5 at ! "t ( ! ,muscats4 ,b1 z !re is no second crop1 ! v9tage ( ! ,malaga w be ov] long be=e t ( ! ,muscats1 & out ( ! way ( ra9 or fog4 ,?is is :at makes ?is grape s valuable4 ,f\r c5ts p] p\nd has be5 paid = ^! rais9s 9 sweatboxes = ! pa/ two ye>s1 & at t price ?is grape pays bett] ?an ! ,muscats4 ,! ,malaga rais9s are also v heavy & solid4 ,i am satisfi$ t !re w be a good dem& = ?is rais91 especially among consum]s1 :o pref] a bun* rais91 b :o d n c>e to pay = ! exp5sive pack+ :i* is necess>y to pres]ve ! ,muscat bun*es4 ,! ,malaga rais9 c\ld be sold 9 bulk1 & /ill w\ld n break up4 ,! ,malaga grape is gr[n 9 _m places 9 ,cali=nia1 & is us$ pr9cipally z a table grape2 x has only be5 cur$ & dri$ into rais9s 9 ,fresno4 ,accord+ to ,a4 ,b4 ,butl]1 ?is grape is gr[n 9 ,malaga = table purposes4 ,feh] ,szagos4--,feh] ,szagos rais9s h be5 9 ! m>ket = sev]al ye>s1 & h br\ght 9 sweatboxes f ?ree to ?ree & a half c5ts p] p\nd4 ,?is grape is a heavy be>] & gr[]1 bran*es erect b sl5d]1 leaves glossy1 entire1 bun*es m$ium to small1 po9t$ & solid4 ,! b]ries are gre5i% amb]1 m$ium1 oval1 po9t$1 ) ?9 sk91 & few & small se$s4 ,! fle% is n firm1 b dries well1 & :5 dri$ ! rais9 is v good1 ) a peculi> flavor ( its own4 ,!y are only us$ = cook+1 b are nev]!less r good rais9s to eat1 & _! se$s are s s(t t !y are n objectionable4 ,! be>+ quality ( ! ,feh] ,szagos is v heavy1 z mu* z sixte5 tons ( gre5 grapes hav+ be5 rais$ to ! acre1 & f t5 to twelve tons is a common yield4 ,x rip5s ) ! ,muscat1 & ! v9e be>s only "o crop4 ,at ?ree c5ts p] p\nd1 ! ,feh] ,szagos is a pr(itable grape4 ,! native home ( ?is v>iety is ,hung>y or ,s\!rn ,au/ria1 ! "n mean+1 9 ,hung>ian1 ,:ite ,jack4 ,9 ,fresno x is gr[n q ext5sively1 hav+ orig9ally be5 plant$ z a w9e grape4 ,z su* x is highly valu$1 produc+ an abundance ( highly flavor$ %]ry4 ,o!r ,rais9 ,grapes4--,9 ,asia ,m9or1 ! ,grecian ,isl&s1 ,morea1 ,italy1 ,spa9 & ,morocco1 !re are gr[n a numb] ( v>ieties ( grapes :i* are cur$ into rais9s & sold z su*4 ,_m ( ^! are little1 if any1 bett] ?an our dri$ grapes1 :ile o!rs aga9 are sup]ior1 m resembl+ ! regul> rais9s4 ,among ! latt] we h ! ,spani% ,black & ,r$1 & ! ,smyrna & ,turki% ,black & ,r$4 ,"s ( !m belong to ! ,muscat family1 probably resembl+ ,black & ,r$ ,muscats1 b ( ^! v>ieties we h no p>ticul> in=mation1 & our gr[]s w probably n lose mu* by avoid+ a m intimate acqua9tance ) !m4 ,,diseases ,,& ,,insect ,,pe/s4 ,! foll[+ %ort acc\nt ( ! diseases & insect pe/s is n int5d$ to be exhau/ive1 & is only int5d$ to ref] to ! rais9 di/ricts ( our ,/ate4 ,i h n includ$ acc\nts ( ! phyllox]a nor ( o!r insects or fungi :i* d n exi/ 9 ^! di/ricts1 b :i* may be tr\blesome 9 o!r p>ts ( ! ,/ate4 ,/rictly sci5tific descriptions h purposely be5 left out1 b ,i h endeavor$ to make ! popul> acc\nt z correct & z cond5s$ z possible4 ,( insects & fungi ,i h only enum]at$ ^? :i* are ( importance ?r\gh ! damage !y occasion f "t to "t4 ,^? :i* prey on ! v9es1 b :i* cause no great damage1 & :i* ! gr[] ne$ n prep>e himself to fight1 h "h be5 left out4 ,,p[d]y ,,mildew ,,or ,,unc9ula4 ,g5]al ,notes4--,?is disease ( ! grapev9e is caus$ by ! gr[? ( p>asitic fungus kn[n 9 ,europe z ,oidium ,tuck]i1 & 9 ?is c\ntry z ,unc9ula spiralis or p[d]y mildew4 ,i am satisfi$ ! two names signify ! same fungus1 only ! ,european =m has nev] be5 f\nd z highly develop$ z ! ,am]ican "o1 :i* has on t acc\nt receiv$ a "n ( its own4 ,if ! two are id5tical1 !n ! ,european ,oidium1 :i* = _m ye>s caus$ ! de/ruction ( ! transatlantic v9ey>ds1 0 import$ to t c\ntry f ?is4 ,! ,unc9ula spiralis is und\bt$ly native on our indig5\s v9es4 ,*>act]i/ics4--,! mildew appe>s 9 two diff]5t /ages1 "o 9 ! spr+ :5 ! v9es are 9 blossom1 ! o!r aga9 lat] 9 ! summ] :5 ! fruit is m advanc$4 ,! fir/ /age ( ! mildew resembles a f9e cobweb spun betwe5 ! fl[]s ( ! bun*4 ,if all[$ unre/rict$ sway1 ! fl[]s w drop (f1 ! fruit w nev] set1 or set only imp]fectly1 & ! crop w be a great loss or ev5 a total failure4 ,g5]ally ! inexp]i5c$ v9ey>di/ does n p]ceive ! mildew until too late4 ,a slight t\* to ! v9e w !n br+ d[n all ! "y fruit or blossoms l a %[]1 & ! /em ( ! bun* w be se5 to be entirely b>e1 or ) only a few scatt]$ b]ries4 ,?is =m ( ! ,unc9ula mildew has n be5 z sci5tifically inve/igat$ z w\ld be desirable1 & no?+ is kn[n z reg>ds its developm5t4 ,x is possibly a prim>y g5]ation & e>ly /age ( ! lat] ,unc9ula4 ,i believe ?is =m ( ! mildew is id5tical ) ! disease :i* is call$ ,colure by ! ,fr5*1 & :i* is *>act]iz$ by ! dropp+ ( ! "y1 undevelop$ grapes4 ,! fir/ appe>ance ( ?is mildew is always accompani$ by :ite1 salty excresc5ces on ! edges ( ! grape leaves4 ,:e!r !y are directly or indirectly connect$ ) ! fungus is n kn[n4 ,! lat] =m1 ! p[d]y mildew1 & ! =m :i* has giv5 ?is mildew its "n1 appe>s lat] 9 ! season1 :5 ! grapes are half gr[n or m4 ,x !n takes ! %ape ( f9e p[d]-l pat*es or blot*es on ! upp] side ( ! leaves1 /ems or b]ries4 ,^! spots are ( a dull gray or :iti% gray color1 & smell /rongly ( mold or mu%rooms4 ,if ^! mildew spots :5 "y are rubb$ smoo?1 especially on ! gre5 /ems or b]ries1 we see bel[ !m1 9 ! epid]mis ( ! v9e1 ! mycelium or /em ( ! fungus spread+ 9 all directions f a c5tral po9t1 l ! roots ( a tree or plant4 ,?is "p ( ! mildew corresponds ) ! /em & root ( a plant1 :ile ! upp]1 p[d]y "p is ! "o :i* produces ! spores or ! se$1 conidia & p]i!ca1 all ( :i* are reproductive organs4 ,! grapes ?us attack$ gradually dry up or crack op54 ,! leaves are eat5 ?r\gh & dry up1 & ! :ole plant becomes badly diseas$1 & may ev5 die4 ,illu/ration3 ,p[d]y ,mildew 7,oidium ,=m71 ,greatly ,magnifi$4 ,hi/ory & ,di/ribution4--,! p[d]y mildew or ,oidium 0 obs]v$ = ! fir/ "t 9 ! ye> #ahde 9 ho?\ses 9 ,engl&4 ,x imm$iately began to spread1 & 9 a few ye>s infe/$ all ! v9e di/ricts ( ! ,old ,_w4 ,be=e any rem$y _h be5 discov]$1 _m v9e di/ricts 7 s injur$ t !y h n s9ce be5 able to recov]4 ,?us 9 #ahej & #ahea ,france suff]$ greatly f ?is mildew1 & ! ,isl& ( ,madeira1 :i* = ?ree hundr$ ye>s _h produc$ ! f9e/ w9es1 _h its grapev9es s injur$ t !y up to ?is "t h n aga9 produc$ z good a quality ( grapes z be=e ! adv5t ( ! disease4 ,! ,grecian ,isl&s z well z ,morea 7 also visit$ by ! p[d]y mildew1 & ?\gh ! latt] is n[ kept 9 control1 ! g5]al op9ion is t ! quality ( ! currants is n z high z x 0 be=e ! mildew appe>$4 ,n[ !re is probably no place 9 ! ,old ,_w :]e grapes are n attack$ by ?is mildew1 al?\gh "s places are injur$ mu* m ?an o!rs4 ,adjo9+ v9ey>ds are (t5 diff]5tly attack$1 "s be+ ev5 entirely free1 :ile o!rs are visit$ ye>ly4 ,"y v9es are less attack$ ?an old ones1 & 9 favorable places ! mildew seldom infe/s v9es be=e !y are two or ?ree ye>s old4 ,elevat$ places & localities expos$ to w9ds & cold are g5]ally attack$ by ! fir/ /ages ( ?is oidium1 :ile its second or la/ /age pref]s l[1 damp places expos$ to dew or fog4 ,! ,am]ican =m ( ! p[d]y mildew or ,unc9ula spiralis diff]s 9 "s respects f ! ,european ,oidium1 n z to its effects1 b z to its microscopical *>act]i/ics4 ,! ,oidium occurs 9 ,europe only ) c]ta9 g5]ative organs call$ gonidia1 :ile ! ,am]ican ,unc9ula also develops s-call$ p]i!ca4 ,x is m ?an probable t bo? fungi belong to ! same species1 b until ^! p]i!cal organs h be5 f\nd on ! ,european ,oidium1 ! prop] "n = our mildew mu/ be ,unc9ula1 & n ,oidium4 ,x is also probable t ! ,unc9ula fungus is a native ( ?is cont95t1 & t x f "h has spread to ,europe1 :]e ! natural conditions are su* t only ! gonidial =m ( ! fungus has be5 able to develop4 ,9 g5]al appe>ance & 9 _! effects ! ,unc9ula & ,oidium are id5tical4 ,! ,oidium appe>s soon] on poor soil & on exhau/$ v9es1 & v9es 9 :i* ! fl[ ( ! sap = "s reason or o!r has be5 *eck$ are m subject to ! mildew ?an ^? :i* are yet 9 full gr[+ vigor4 ,elevat$ v9es on trellises :i* are mu* expos$1 & v9es :i* are s cov]$ up t ! air has little access1 are ! fir/ ones to be attack$1 & ^? :i* w suff] ! mo/4 ,! p[d]y mildew affects all v>ieties ( grapes1 b "s k9ds m ?an o!rs4 ,! ,muscats are among ^? :i* suff] consid]ably1 & if n sulphur$ w\ld 9 sev]e cases nei!r set nor be> suitable grapes4 ,! ,malaga is less affect$1 & s is ! ,sultana4 ,9 new di/ricts ! ,unc9ula does n appe> until ! v9es are old]4 ,?us 9 ! ,fresno di/rict ! e>lie/ v9es did n suff] f mildew until !y became five ye>s old1 b n[ ! mildew w\ld de/roy ! grapes e ye>1 9 case !y 7 n treat$ ) sulphur4 ,rem$ies4--,! mo/ common & p]haps ! be/ rem$y is p[d]$ sulphur4 ,! latt] is appli$ ei!r ) ! du/ c or 8dr$g]10 or ) bell[s4 ,! du/ c is us$ :5 ! v9es or v9e %oots are yet small1 & ! bell[s :5 ! v9es are l>g]4 ,! fir/ sulphur+ %\ld be done :5 ! "y %oots are six in*es long1 imm$iately be=e ! bloom1 & ! second "t :5 ! b]ries are well set4 ,sulphur+ z a regul> v9ey>d op]ation w be m fully discuss$ fur!r on4 ,,d[ny ,,mildew ,,or ,,p]onospora4 ,g5]al ,notes4--,! d[ny mildew is a fungus kn[n botanically z ,p]onospora viticola4 ,its native c\ntry is ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 b its greate/ damage is done 9 ,europe4 ,x appe>s z :ite1 d[ny spots on ! und]side ( ! grape leaves1 :i* are gradually de/roy$1 & lat] on attacks ! b]ries1 :i* %rivel & spoil4 ,9 ,cali=nia ! d[ny mildew occurs frequ5tly on wild native grapev9es1 b only v r>ely on ! cultivat$ ,asiatic v9es4 ,dr4 ,h4 ,w4 ,h>kness1 ! em95t mycologi/1 f\nd x only once on cultivat$ v9es 9 ! ,sacram5to riv] bottom4 ,^! v9es 7 gr[+ close to native v9es1 f :i* ! fungus _h spread4 ,!re is no fe> t ?is fungus w ev] spread & cause damage 9 our ,/ate z long z ! v9ey>ds are giv5 pl5ty ( air4 ,9 ,france ! ,p]onospora has caus$ mu* damage1 b is n[ be+ combat$ ) blue/one & lime solutions1 accord+ to ! foll[+ =mula3 ,slake ?irty p\nds ( lime 9 sev5 & a half gallons ( wat]1 also mix sixte5 p\nds ( blue/one 7copp] sulphate7 9 tw5ty-five gallons ( wat]4 ,mix ! two toge!r1 & ei!r spr9kle ! foliage ) x1 or dilute x fur!r ) say five hundr$ gallons ( wat] & spray ! v9e leaves on bo? ! upp] & l[] sides4 ,accord+ to ,dr4 ,h>kness ! effici5cy ( ?is spray _c always be reli$ on4 ,s f> no o!r fungi h appe>$ 9 ! rais9 di/ricts ( ?is ,/ate1 nor h we reason to fe> t any w attack ! v9es4 ,illu/ration3 ,d[ny ,mildew 7,p]onospora71 ,greatly ,magnifi$4 a4 ,! ,fungus ,gr[+ out ( a ,/oma ( ! ,v9e ,leaf4 b4 ,transv]sal ,section ( ,v9e ,leaf1 %[+ ,fungi & _! ,tub]\s ,mycelium4 ,,! ,,v9e ,,plague4 ,*>act]i/ics4--,! fir/1 or at lea/ ! mo/ *>act]i/ic signs ( ?is disease appe> especially aft] a summ] ra91 or aft] ! fir/ fall ra94 ,! leaves !n become spott$ ) yell[4 ,! foll[+ season ^! yell[ spots appe> z if fus$ toge!r1 & _m leaves become entirely yell[1 except ! ve9s1 :i* /& out bright gre54 ,"s leaves are invad$ by ! yell[ f ! edges1 :ile ! ve9s z be=e rema9 gre54 ,^! yell[ spots soon turn br[n1 ! leaves dry up & curl slightly backw>ds & f9ally fall (f1 leav+ ! canes b>e4 ,dur+ ! v fir/ appe>ance ( ! v9e plague1 _m leaves turn br[n & dry up 9 c]ta9 spots 9 ! v9ey>d )\t ! previ\s appe>ance ( any yell[ spots4 ,! dry+ ( ! leaves proce$s ei!r f ! c5t] ( ! spots1 or f ! m>g9 ( ! leaves1 de/roy+ bo? ! leaves & _! ve9s4 ,lat] on 9 ! fall a new crop ( leaves appe>1 b ^! leaves are small or v small1 bright gre5 & sickly1 & d n cont9ue to develop aft] !y h rea*$ a c]ta9 size1 diff]5t 9 diff]5t v9es4 ,9 r$ v>ieties ( grapes1 ! yell[ spots 9 ! leaves gradually turn r$ or cl>et color$1 (t5 resembl+ ! mo/ beautiful autumn leaves4 ,9 di/ricts :]e ! disease is common1 ^! leaves are g5]ally kn[n z calico leaves on acc\nt ( _! peculi> m>k+s4 ,! canes d n atta9 _! regul> gr[?1 & fail to mature 9 ! fall1 or mature only 9 spots1 ! balance ( ! wood rema9+ dull gre54 ,! inn] p>ts ( ! canes are1 z a rule1 m mature ?an ! tips4 ,v (t5 only "o or two jo9ts ne>e/ ! /em mature1 & 9 bad cases no "p ( ! canes mature1 b at ! adv5t ( ! ra9 turn black & die4 ,late 9 ! fall ! tips ( ! gre5 canes turn black1 dry up & snap (f l glass :5 t\*$4 ,! pi? turns 9 ! old] canes d>k br[n1 dries up prematurely & dies1 :ile 9 v "y canes ! pi? rema9s wat]y l a semi-transp>5t jelly4 ,_m v9es h no mature wood :5 ! leaves h fall5 9 ! autumn1 :ile o!rs aga9 h "s4 ,:ile ! spott$ leaves may appe> all ov] ! v9ey>d1 ! diseas$ canes appe> on v9es 9 spots1 ^! spots 9 ! v9ey>d gr[+ l>g] ye> aft] ye>4 ,a dead v9e may be se5 9 ! mid/ ( heal?y ones1 :ile a heal?y v9e1 on ! o!r h&1 may rema9 9 ! mid/ ( dead ones4 ,x takes g5]ally sev]al ye>s to kill ! v9es1 & "s v>ieties are h>di] ?an o!rs4 ,"s ,muscats may succumb 9 "o ye>1 :ile "s w la/ = ?ree ye>s or m4 ,! roots rema9 alive & heal?y long] ?an any o!r "p1 &1 :5 ! top ( ! v9e has already di$1 x is common to see ! root s5d up a heal?y suck]1 :i*1 h[ev]1 9 its turn1 w become diseas$ & die4 ,x is likely t ! v9es 9 "s di/ricts w suff] m ?an 9 o!rs1 & 9 places ! v9es may n become s]i\sly injur$ by ! disease4 ,! b]ries on badly diseas$ v9es d n develop1 b %rivel up or rema9 s\r1 & 9 "s cases dry up entirely4 ,9 o!rs1 aga91 !y acquire a mawki% ta/e1 lose flavor & sweetness1 & make only inf]ior or bad rais9s4 ,^! _m diff]5t *>act]i/ics ( ! plague dep5d evid5tly on ! /age ( infection4 ,!y d n foll[ ea* o!r 9 any c]ta9 succession1 nor d !y all appe> on ! same v9e4 ,"s v9es %[ "o face ( ! disease1 o!r v9es %[ ano!r1 & ! obs]v] mu/ h be5 previ\sly acqua9t$ ) ! disease be=e he c readily recognize x4 ,nature & ,cause4--,! cause ( ! v9e plague is n kn[n4 ,no deadly fungus has s f> be5 f\nd on ! v9e1 nor has any o!r deadly p>asite be5 f\nd on ! diseas$ v9es4 ,9 ,cali=nia ! v9e plague has be5 /udi$ by ,n4 ,b4 ,pi]ce1 ( ! ,agricultural ,dep>tm5t at ,wa%+ton4 ,he sugge/$ once t ! disease 0 ( bact]ial nature1 b has n prov$ 8 !ory1 8 inve/igations n yet be+ f9i%$4 ,mr4 ,e4 ,d[l5 has also be5 inve/igat+ ?is disease1 & at "o "t ?\ght x caus$ by a fungus1 :i*1 h[ev]1 0 prov$ lat] by ,dr4 ,h4 ,w4 ,h>kness to belong to ! non-injuri\s k9d4 ,no insects ( any k9d prey on ! v9es 9 suffici5t numb]s to cause ! s]i\s symptoms ( ! v9e plague4#g ,:atev] may be ! true cause ( ! v9e plague1 c]ta9 x is t x resembles 9 its adv5t & spread+ su* diseases 9 m5 z *ol]a1 yell[ fev] or ! ,ori5tal plague4 ,! v9e plague appe>s to be especially promot$ by w>m1 moi/ air & ra91 b x is n conf9$ to damp places1 nor has x z yet be5 asc]ta9$ 9 :at relation x /&s to locality & climate4 #g ,! mo/ int]e/+ & correct acc\nt ( ! v9e plague yet publi%$ is f\nd 9 an essay on 8,! ,my/]i\s ,v9e ,disease10 by ,newton ,b4 ,pi]ce1 read be=e ! ,/ate ,horticultural ,conv5tion1 at ,los ,angeles1 ,m>*1 #ahij1 & publi%$ 9 ,,cali=nia--,a ,,j\rnal ,,( ,,rural ,,indu/ry1 ,may #aj1 #ahij2 ,vol4 #c1 ,no4 #ah4 ,9 ,cali=nia x fir/ made its g5]al appe>ance 9 ,anaheim 9 ,orange c\nty1 9 ! mon? ( ,augu/1 #ahhd1 :5 v9ey>ds ( old ,mission v9es sudd5ly /opp$ gr[+1 & ! grapes fail$ to color & rip51 :ile _m ( ! v9es di$ ! same ye>4 ,! plague attacks 9 pref]5ce v9es gr[+ on poor1 s&y or alkal9e soil1 or 9 v9ey>ds und]laid ) h>dpan4 ,! weak v9es succumb ! fir/ ( any4 ,?is is ! reason :y s _m v9ey>di/s d\bt ! exi/5ce ( any p>ticul> disease1 contribut+ ! poor condition ( ! v9ey>d to any?+ else ?an ! true cause4 ,n4 ,b4 ,pi]ce1 :o has n[ sp5t a ye> 9 /udy+ ! v9e plague1 has f\nd _m simil>ities betwe5 x & ! mal n]o ( ,italy2 b ! descriptions ( ! =eign inve/igators are bo? contradictory & insuffici5t1 &1 )\t a p]sonal inve/igation ( ! ,italian or ,fr5* v9es1 ! id5tity ( our v9e plague ) any =eign disease _c be e/abli%$4 ,x is to be hop$ t ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,congress w make su* inve/igations possible4 ,at pres5t we d n ev5 "k :e!r ! v9e plague is orig9al 9 ?is c\ntry or :e!r x 0 import$ f =eign c\ntries4 ,! g5]al op9ion 9 ! fir/ attack$ di/rict is t ! disease 0 import$ !re ) grapev9es br\ght f ,europe4 ,s f> ,i h n be5 able to asc]ta9 :5 & by :om su* v9es 7 import$1 b ,i am satisfi$ t 9 ! c\rse ( "t x w be f\nd t =eign grapev9es 7 import$ to ! v9ey>ds :]e %ortly aft]w>ds ?is disease fir/ appe>$4 ,damages4--,! damages caus$ by ! v9e plague may be summ$ up z foll[s3 ,! leaves turn spott$ & yell[1 f9ally dry up & fall (f4 ,! canes fail to mature1 or mature only 9 spots4 ,lat] 9 ! fall1 !y die f ! tips1 :i* turn black & become brittle4 ,! b]ries ei!r dry up or %rivel up1 & fail to mature1 or at any rate become mawki% or bitt]4 ,! yield becomes less & less e ye>1 al?\gh1 ! fir/ ye> t ! v9es are t\*$ by ! disease1 ! yield is (t5 unusually l>ge4 ,9 sev]e cases ! v9e dies 9 f "o to ?ree ye>s1 b a few may l+] long]4 ,rem$ies4--,! v9e plague has exi/$ 9 ?is ,/ate = six or eight ye>s1 b z yet few1 if any1 ef=ts h be5 made to ext+ui% x1 & only dur+ ! la/ ye> h any exp]im5ts be5 c>ri$ on4 ,! solutions ( blue/one & lime :i* _m expect$ w\ld prove b5eficial to ! v9es attack$ by ! plague h1 9 my op9ion1 done little or no good4 ,spray+ ! v9es :5 9 full foliage ) ! ,i ,x ,l comp\nd greatly b5efits ! v9es1 & proves a p[]ful /imulant & ! be/ rem$y yet employ$4 ,,leaf-,,hopp] 7,ery?roneura comes74 ,*>act]i/ics4--,?is p]nici\s little pe/ is a bug :i* multiplies 9 enorm\s quantities & sucks ! sap out ( ! v9e leaves4 ,_m use ! "n ( ?rips to d5ote ?is insect1 b ?is is incorrect1 z ! ?rips is an entirely diff]5t1 mu* small]1 insect1 :i* s f> has nev] be5 injuri\s to ! v9es ( ?is coa/4 ,9 size ! leaf-hopp] is1 at maturity1 ab\t "o-t5? ( an in*4 ,9 color x is yell[i% :ite1 ) a few r$ spots4 ,:5 ! insect approa*es maturity1 x jumps1 b ! undevelop$ insect or l>va only crawls1 pr9cipally on ! und]side ( ! v9e leaves1 :]e _! ca/-(f sk9s c be se5 9 all /ages & sizes4 ,! eggs are laid 9 ! ve9s ( ! leaves4 ,! glossy globules :i* are always se5 on leaves :]e ! leaf-hopp] is f\nd are n ! eggs1 z has be5 suppos$ by _m1 b is only ! vomit :i*1 :5 irritat$1 ! hopp] ?r[s out ei!r z a def5se1 or because x desires to rid itself ( an unnecess>y burd54 ,! leaf-hopp] hat*es at lea/ two times1 or possibly ?ree times1 dur+ ! summ]4 ,_m ( ! insects rema9 ov] dur+ w9t] "t4 ,!y fe$ on almo/ any?+1 su* z alfil]illa 7,erodium71 etc41 b are especially fond ( ! grapev9es1 & ev5 9 ! e>ly spr+ flock onto ! "y v9e %oots1 leav+ ! less desirable we$s4 ,9 "s localities ?is insect is kn[n v>i\sly z ! :ite fly1 ! v9e-hopp]1 or incorrectly z ! ?rips4 ,damages4--,! hopp] punctures ! leaves & causes !m to dry up & fall1 ?us expos+ ! grapes to ! hot sun4 ,! excrem5t ( ! hopp]s also cov]s ! grapes l>gely1 & spoils _! appe>ance & keep+ quality1 at lea/ z table grapes4 ,x is pr9cipally ! table grapes & w9e grapes :i* are injur$ by ?is insect2 ! =m] are made unfit = %ipm5t1 & ! latt] d n color well :5 depriv$ ( _! leaves4 ,if ! grapev9es are kept gr[+1 ! grapes are less injur$1 & "s gr[]s ev5 cont5d t ! hopp] is advantage\s1 z x causes ! leaves to fall & ! grapes to mature4 ,di/ribution4--,x is n kn[n :e!r ! leaf-hopp] is a native ( ,cali=nia1 & ,i h>dly believe x is4 ,x does n exi/ 9 ,s\!rn ,cali=nia1 b 9 ,nor!rn ,cali=nia & 9 ! ,san ,joaqu9 valley x is common4 ,9 ! grape di/ricts ( ,s\!rn ,cali=nia !re is f\nd ano!r v>iety ( leaf-hopp] almo/ twice ! size & ( a brilliant gre5 color1 :i* only once appe>$ 9 su* quantity z to d any damage at all4 ,g5]ally x is q r>e4 ,! ,ery?roneura comes1 h[ev]1 occurs 9 c\ntless numb]s1 & (t5 rises 9 cl\ds :5 ! v9es are approa*$4 ,9 "s ye>s x is less common ?an 9 o!rs1 & aft] hav+ be5 pl5tiful = sev]al ye>s gradually dim9i%es 9 quantity1 b nev] disappe>s entirely4 ,rem$ies4--,pa/ur+ ! v9ey>ds ) %eep z soon z ! grapes are pick$ is v b5eficial4 ,! %eep de/roy bo? hopp]s & leaves1 & ! foll[+ season always f9ds ! hopp]s greatly dim9i%$ 9 numb]s4 ,! %eep d no injury to l[-prun$ v9es1 & 9 ,fresno _m v9ey>di/s pa/ure _! v9es regul>ly e ye> 9 ,octob] & ,novemb]1 or z soon z ! grapes are pick$ & ! v9ey>ds are made accessible4 ,! gauze bell consi/s ( a bell-%ap$ cov] made ( wire nett+1 l>ge en\gh to cov] ! v9e4 ,! inside ( ! bell is spray$ ) petroleum1 & !n turn$ ov] ! v9e4 ,a %ake is !n giv5 ! v9e1 :5 _m leaf-hopp]s w fly up & /ick 9 ! petroleum4 ,x w only pay to use ?is rem$y on table grapes2 = rais9 grapes x is too exp5sive4 ,,r$ ,,spid]4 ,*>act]i/ics4--,r$ or yell[ mites are q frequ5tly injuri\s to grapev9es4 ,^! mites are small1 almo/ microscopical1 & appe> 9 enorm\s quantities on bo? sides ( ! leaves1 especially1 h[ev]1 on _! "u side4 ,!y cov] ! leaves1 & ev5 ! gr\nd ( ! v9ey>d1 ) a ?ick cobweb1 9 :i* !y live & hat*4 ,dry air & heat promote ! wellbe+ ( ! mites1 & ha/5 ! injury !y d to ! v9e leaves1 :i* soon dry up & *eck ! gr[? ( ! v9es4 ,on ! contr>y1 dew & moi/ure de/roy ! r$ mites 9 a %ort "t1 & 9 places ne> ! coa/ !y are seldom v injuri\s4 ,rem$ies4--,sprays ( v>i\s k9ds1 su* z :ale-oil soap1 res9 sprays1 etc41 h be5 us$4 ,frequ5t spray+ ) pure wat] w de/roy ! mites1 b !y w multiply aga9 if ! climate is favorable4 ,! be/ success is _h ) a spray ( a comp\nd kn[n z ! ,i ,x ,l comp\nd1 :i* is us$ 9 ! proportion ( five p\nds ( ! comp\nd to ?irty gallons ( wat]4 ,"o good spray w de/roy bo? ! mites & _! eggs4 ,,cat]pill>s4 ,*>act]i/ics4--,! cat]pill>s :i* tr\ble ! rais9 grapes are conf9$ to ?ree or f\r k9ds4 ,! mo/ common & also ! mo/ de/ructive are ! v l>ge l>v ( ! sph9x mo?4 ,! common grapev9e sph9x 7,philampelus a*mon7 is a l>ge l>va1 incorrectly call$ a worm1 :i* is1 :5 full gr[n1 ov] ?ree in*es long4 ,! color v>ies f blui% gre5 to br[n1 ) sev]al light] /ripes on ea* side4 ,! head is truncate1 & ! tail is furni%$ ) a curv$ horn4 ,! pupa hib]nates 9 ! soil bel[ ! v9es1 & is ab\t half ! size ( ! full-gr[n cat]pill>4 ,! full-gr[n mo? is ab\t two in*es long by two & "o-half in*es betwe5 ! out/ret*$ w+s4 ,! eggs are laid by ! mo?s on ! leaves ( ! v9es4 ,two broods ( cat]pill>s appe> ye>ly "u favorable conditions1 or else only "o brood1 :i* g5]ally appe>s 9 ! end ( ,july4 ,! cat]pill>s gr[ ) great rapidity1 & atta9 _! full size 9 a few weeks4 ,! pup hib]nate 9 ! soil & hat* ! foll[+ summ]4 ,ano!r l>ge grapev9e cat]pill> is ! ,deilephila /riata1 :i* is ab\t ! same size z ! ,a*mon4 ,! mo? has m po9t$ w+s1 ) n>r[ /ripes1 & ! l>va is bright] color$1 (t5 yell[i% gre51 ) sev]al color$ /ripes on ! sides4 ,! eggs are n laid on ! v9es1 b on ! we$s on ! vacant l&s outside ! v9ey>d1 especially on species ( ,epilobium1 b also on o!r we$s1 & !y hat* & fe$ on !m4 ,! cat]pill>s fe$ 9 ord9>y ye>s only on ! we$s on :i* !y are br$1 b 9 o!r ye>s :i* are especially favorable to _! enorm\s increase !y migrate to ! v9ey>ds & fe$ on ! v9es at ! mo/ al>m+ rate4 ,! cat]pill>s ( bo? ! above l>ge mo?s v>y 9 color f gre5 to br[n or violet br[n1 b z a rule ! ,deilephila is m brightly color$ ?an ! ,a*mon4 ,! =m] is m active & (t5 travels 9 enorm\s numb]s1 :5 x is call$ ! army-worm4 ,! ,a*mon is m blunt at bo? extremities1 ! head be+ almo/ truncate4 ,illu/ration3 ,v9ey>d ,sc5e1 ,ros$ale ,colony1 ,k]n ,c\nty1 ,july1 #ahij4--,?ree ,mon?s ,aft] ,plant+4 ,army-worms are small] cat]pill>s1 ab\t "o in* or m 9 l5g?1 :i* bre$ on ! outside we$s1 & :i*1 :5 fe$ becomes sc>ce1 migrate to ! v9ey>ds & fe$ on ! v9es4 ,^! cat]pill>s are ! l>v ( small] mo?s ( v>i\s g5]a su* z ,prod5ia & o!rs4 ,cutworms are o!r cat]pill>s ( mo?s ( ! g5us ,agrotis1 :i* fe$ on ! bran*es ( ! v9es1 especially 9 ! night-"t1 & 9 ! daytime bury !mselves 9 ! soil b5ea? ! v9e4 ,!y are g5]ally a gray or lea!ry color1 :ile ! army-worms are m violet & d>k]4 ,damages4--,! damages f ^! v>i\s cat]pill>s are sometimes v l>ge4 ,"s ye>s !y occur 9 enorm\s quantities1 & hundr$s ( tons ( !m may !n be pick$ f a v9ey>d ( a hundr$ acres ( v9es4 ,! leaves are eat5 by !m1 & ! grapes are ei!r scald$ by ! sun or d n atta9 _! sweetness & color+4 ,sometimes ^! v>i\s cat]pill>s are v common & de/ructive = "o or two ye>s 9 succession1 aft] :i* !y disappe> & d n return to tr\ble ! v9es aga9 = _m ye>s4 ,rem$ies4--,! great cat]pill>s1 aft] !y h once infe/$ ! v9ey>d1 c be de/roy$ by pick+4 ,a gang ( m5 or boys %\ld be furni%$ ) buckets1 :i* are besme>$ on ! inside ) coal-oil4 ,! cat]pill>s are pick$ & dropp$ 9 ! buckets1 f :i* !y _c crawl out1 & :5 ! buckets are half fill$ !y may be empti$ into tr5*es & cov]$ up ) soil4 ,_m use small scissors1 ) :i* ! cat]pill>s are cut 9 twa9 :ile sitt+ on ! v9es4 ,?is w d = w9e grapes1 :i* are gr[n high] above ! gr\nd1 b w h>dly be prop] on ! l[ ,muscat v9es1 z ! cont5ts ( ! cat]pill>s are apt to soil ! grapes4 ,i h us$ ,buha* sprays ) great success4 ,t5 p\nds ( ,buha*1 ) a hundr$ gallons ( wat]1 br\ght ! cat]pill>s d[n f ! v9es 9 =ty-five m9utes aft] spray+4 ,z "s1 h[ev]1 recov]$1 x is be/ to kill z _m z possible ( ^? :i* fall to ! gr\nd by pun*+ !m ) a /ick4 ,! co/ ( ,buha* is1 h[ev]1 great1 & ! difficulty ( enc\nt]+ favorable wea!r is su* t ?is rem$y is n apt to be ext5sively us$4 ,:5 ! v9ey>ds are ?reat5$ by ! invasion ( ! army-worms1 or by ! /rip$ ,deilephila cat]pill>1 ! be/ rem$y consi/s 9 tr5*+4 ,a n>r[ tr5*1 say "o foot or m wide & two feet deep1 ) p]p5dicul> sides1 %\ld imm$iately be dug ar\nd ! v9ey>d4 ,if wat] is at h&1 fill ! tr5* ) wat]1 on :i* "s coal-oil may be p\r$1--en\gh to cause a film on ! surface4 ,if no wat] c be _h1 a log or scantl+ may be cont9ually dragg$ up & d[n ! furr[ or tr5*1 s z to cru% ! cat]pill>s be=e !y c crawl out4 ,9 _m places1 h[ev]1 ! tr5* alone w d ! "w1 z ! cat]pill>s w g5]ally n be able to get up ! o!r side ( ! tr5*4 ,:at few crawl up c easily be kept d[n by h&-pick+4 ,if c]ta9 attractive fl[]s1 su* z honey-suckles or petunias1 are plant$ on a small b$ 9 ! v9ey>d1 say ne> ! h\se1 ! mo?s w come to !m to fe$ f all ! surr\nd+ neighborhood4 ,only "o small b$ %\ld be plant$ on e v9ey>d4 ,a boy ) a butt]fly net1 po/$ at ea* fl[] b$ at sund[n1 c cat* hundr$s ( mo?s e ev5+1 & consid]ably r$uce _! numb] & prev5t !m f bre$+4 ,,black-,,knot4 ,*>act]i/ics4--,! woody or spongy excresc5ces :i* appe> on ! v9es1 & :i* are kn[n z black-knots1 are really only a w>t-l gr[?1 ! orig9 ( :i* is entirely unkn[n4 ,x is suppos$ t an insuffici5t outlet = ! sap 9 ! spr+ caus$ by too close prun+ is ! *ief cause4 ,c]ta9ly closely prun$ v9es are m subject to ! black-knot ?an long prun$ v9es1 b on ! o!r h& neglect$ v9es :i* h _h no cultivation1 & :i* accord+ly c\ld h>dly h _h too rapid a fl[ ( sap1 suff] m ?an any o!rs4 ,! woody w>ts appe> q frequ5tly on ! ends ( ! spurs ( ! old wood1 or on places ( la/ ye>'s gr[? :i* h be5 w\nd$ or injur$ 9 "s way1 b nev] on ! gre5 wood4 ,!y v>y 9 size f t ( a pea to t ( lumps weigh+ sev]al p\nds4 ,:5 pres5t 9 small quantities1 ! w>ts cause no injury1 b :5 !y become l>g] ! v9es may ev5 die4 ,^! black-knots always die ) ! ye>1 & nev] survive to ! next season4 ,at ! end ( ! season1 !y bur/ op5 & !n (t5 display black spores ( fungi1 :i*1 h[ev]1 are only p>asitical gr[?s on ! already decay$ wood1 & n ! cause ( ! disease4 ,z ,i said1 x is g5]ally suppos$ t ! fl[ ( sap is dur+ spr+ "t s great t x ruptures ! cells ( ! v9e & causes ! w>ts to =m4 ,"u ! microscope1 h[ev]1 !re are no su* ruptur$ cells visible4 ,x is m natural to suppose1 t ?r\gh ! accumulation ( sap an irritat+ poison is orig9at$1 :i* causes ! w>ty gr[? to =m 9 a mann] simil> to ! =mation ( galls4 ,on s&y soil ! black-knot is ! mo/ common1 probably on acc\nt ( ! e>l9ess & ! natural w>m? ( ?is k9d ( soil4 ,rem$ies4--,s f> no decid$ly successful rem$y has be5 f\nd4 ,"s gr[]s advise leav+ pl5ty ( spurs on ! v9e1 s z to give a suffici5t outlet to ! sap1 b x rema9s to be se5 if ?is w mitigate ! evil4 ,if ! black-knot %\ld be v de/ructive1 a cutt+ out ( ! same 9 summ] "t :ile !y are =m+ w\ld be b5eficial4 ,?is c\ld be/ be done 9 ,june & ,july4 ,mixtures ( coal-oil & lime1 etc41 h be5 us$ dur+ ! w9t] aft] ! v9es 7 already prun$1 b1 z ! black-knot is !n already dead1 no advantages c result f ?is rem$y4 ,,gras%opp]s4 ,g5]al ,notes4--,:ile gras%opp]s _c be consid]$ z a common pe/ 9 ! v9ey>d1 /ill !y are at times greatly de/ructive4 ,!re has be5 dur+ ! la/ sixte5 ye>s two su* invasions ( gras%opp]s 9 ! ,cali=nia rais9 di/ricts4 ,! gras%opp]s are ( _m species1 "s sev5te5 k9ds hav+ be5 recogniz$ "o season4 ,!y all bre$ 9 ! wa/e or unpl[$ gr\nd outside ! v9ey>d1 & :5 full-gr[n invade ! v9es4 ,?is fact c be tak5 advantage ( to de/roy !m4 ,rem$ies4--,! wa/e l&s = a half mile at lea/ all ar\nd ! v9ey>d %\ld be pl[$ & h>r[$ 9 ! e>ly spr+4 ,?is w de/roy ! eggs ( ! gras%opp]s1 & ! fall[ l& w s]ve z a b>ri] ov] :i* ! gras%opp]s d n readily pass4 ,if ! v9ey>ds are s situat$ t ! we$s or natural vegetation on ! l& surr\nd+ ! v9es c be burn$ = half a mile or m1 ?is w also prove a c]ta9 b>ri] = ! hopp]s4 ,a mixture ( fifte5 p\nds ( :ite ars5ic ) eighty p\nds ( bran & tw5ty p\nds ( middl+s1 moi/5$ ) en\gh wat] to make a pa/e1 w be eat5 by ! gras%opp]s4 ,! pa/e is spread on bits ( %akes or %+les & di/ribut$ all ar\nd ! v9ey>d1 & lat] on 9 ! v9ey>d4 ,x may also be sme>$ on f5ces or trees4 ,! gras%opp]s w eat x readily1 & c ?us be successfully de/roy$4 ,if ?is me?od is us$ 9 "t1 ! advanc+ army ( ! pe/ c be kept back or de/roy$ at ! v entrance ( ! v9ey>d4 ,z ano!r rem$y1 a spray is recomm5d$ consi/+ ( "o ounce ( ,p>is gre51 "o hundr$ gallons ( wat]1 & two p\nds ( pa/e4 ,?is is spray$ on ! trees or v9es1 & is said to kill ! gras%opp]s effectively )\t injur+ ! fruit4 ,,! ,,rais9 ,,v9ey>d4 ,,plant+4 ,di/ances = ,muscat ,v9es4--,an exam9ation ( ! v>i\s v9ey>ds 9 any or 9 all ! diff]5t rais9 di/ricts w n help u mu* 9 decid+ ^u h[ f> ap>t ! v9es %\ld be set1 z mo/ v9ey>ds h be5 plant$ by m5 ( no previ\s exp]i5ce 9 ! rais9 bus9ess1 & :5 t exp]i5ce 0 at la/ acquir$ ! v9ey>ds 7 already e/abli%$ & c\ld n easily be *ang$4 ,9 plant+1 we are too apt to d z o!r p d )\t fir/ inquir+ f !m if _! exp]i5ce has n taught !m any?+ else1 & if !y w\ld n d o!rwise if !y _h to comm5ce ov] aga94 ,= ye>s ! /&>d di/ances betwe5 rais9-v9es h be5 eight by eight feet4 ,( late ye>s ?is di/ance 0 consid]$ too small1 z our soil 0 suppos$ to be s ri*1 t all t 0 requir$1 9 ord] to get l>ge crops1 0 to give ! v9es pl5ty ( room4 ,_m v9ey>ds h be5 set n9e by n9e1 n9e by t51 t5 by t51 or ev5 t5 by twelve & twelve by sixte5 feet4 ,! effect has1 h[ev]1 be5 diff]5t f t :i* 0 expect$4 ,in/ead ( produc+ l>g] crops1 ^? v9es :i* 7 giv5 m room produc$ only m wood & m leaves4 ,!y foll[$ t law ( nature1 :i* causes any animal or vegetable to gr[ luxuriantly :5 ov]f$1 & :i*1 on ! contr>y1 causes se$ & fruit to =m :5 ! vegetable sy/em is re/rict$ to c]ta9 proportions1 :i*1 ( c\rse1 we c only det]m9e by actual exp]i5ce4 ,by giv+ ! v9es less space1 "s inconv5i5ce w be exp]i5c$ 9 work+ ! soil1 & 9 dry+ ! crop betwe5 ! r[s4 ,on t acc\nt "s v9ey>ds h be5 plant$ ) ! v9es clos] "o way ?an ! o!r1 ?us giv+ pl5ty ( room 9 :i* to "w ! soil1 :ile on ! o!r h& suffici5tly conf9+ ! v9es 9 ord] to cause !m to be> well4 ,i !re=e n[ recomm5d t ! v9es be set f\r & a half by elev51 five by t5 & a half1 or five by elev5 feet4 ,! fir/ w\ld probably be my *oice4 ,i claim = ?is sy/em _m advantages1 & beg int5d+ gr[]s to c>efully consid] ! foll[+ po9ts3 ,x gives u m v9es to ! acre1 :i* means m grapes to ! acre1 z long z ! l& is ( ! be/ quality1 & no rais9 grapes %\ld ev] be plant$ on inf]ior soil1 or at lea/ ! soil %\ld be suffici5tly ri* to supply plant food to ! great] numb] ( v9es4 ,x makes ! work+ ( ! soil *eap]1 & fully "o-?ird m ( ! "w c be done by two-horse pl[s4 ,! s+le-horse "w c be conf9$ to pl[+ a furr[ on ea* side ( ! v9es1 & to runn+ a cultivator crosswise4 ,z ! numb] ( r[s 9 ?is sy/em is less1 x also foll[s t less s+le-team "w is ne$$4 ,! v9es protect !mselves f ! hot sun & hot w9ds :i* cause sunscald4 ,! %ort di/ances %\ld be 9 ! direction ( ! hot w9d1 if any !re be1 or 9 ! direction ( ea/ & we/ if !re are no hot w9ds 9 ! di/rict4 ,! spaces betwe5 ! r[s w ?us cat* ! morn+ sun1 :i* is ( importance :5 we dry on trays betwe5 ! v9es4 ,less roads w be ne$$ 9 ! v9ey>d1 z ! l>g] di/ance is suffici5t to enable any teams to pass betwe5 e r[ ( v9es1 & di/ribute trays1 boxes1 etc41 )\t int]f]+ ) ! v9es4 ,! sav+ !reby ( labor 9 c>ry+ ! boxes & trays is q an item 9 v9ey>ds :]e ! v9es are plant$ say eight by eight feet or clos]4 ,illu/ration3 ,l& ,scrap]s4 ,! trimm+s ( ! v9es c be burn$ 9 ! v9ey>d betwe5 ! r[s1 & w ?us help to f]tilize ! soil4 ,besides1 ! exp5se ( haul+ ! trimm+s away w be sav$4 ,! ,m>k+ ,out ( a ,v9ey>d4--,z any practical horticulturi/ kn[s h[ to /ake out an or*>d or v9ey>d1 a m9ute description is n "h ne$$4 ,i w only indicate ! mo/ important po9ts4 ,cut a l>ge numb] ( small pegs1 "o in* or s squ>e & a foot or s long4 ,next get two l9es ( twi/$ wire1 ea* say #aej feet long4 ,m>k (f on "o wire e five feet by ins]t+ a small1 bright copp] wire 9 ! twi/1 & w9d x ar\nd ! iron wire ?ree or f\r times1 en\gh to %[ ! place4 ,on ! o!r wire m>k (f simil>ly e t5 or elev5 feet1 always suppos+ ^! are ! di/ances decid$ ^u4 ,n[ /ret* "o ( ! wires along "o end ( ! future v9ey>d & call ?is l9e ! base l9e ,no4 #a4 ,set a peg close to e copp] r+let1 on ! side ( ! wire away f ! v9ey>d4 ,:5 done1 /ret* ! o!r wire1 ,no4 #b1 at a "r angle ) ! =m]1 & set pegs simil>ly4 ,remove wire ,no4 #a f base l9e ,no4 #a & /ret* x at ! end ( wire ,no4 #b1 p>allel to ! base l9e4 ,call ?is base l9e ,no4 #b4 ,set pegs z be=e e eight feet4 ,x is n[ evid5t t1 by /ret*+ successively ! wire ,no4 #b betwe5 ! pegs set on ! two base l9es1 & by sett+ cutt+s or root$ v9es close to ! copp] r+lets on ! wire l9e1 p]fectly /raight & ev5 r[s c be _h 9 e direction4 ,too mu* /ress _c be laid on ?is "w4 ,rememb] t ! v9ey>d is to la/ = a lifetime or m1 & t any c>eless "w w ev] be an eyesore & a drawback4 ,unsightly v9ey>ds1 c>elessly /ak$ out1 are nev] wor? z mu* z ^? c>efully plant$1 :]e e r[ is /raight1 & :]e pl[+1 cultivat+ & o!r f>m+ & v9ey>d "w c be p]=m$ )\t meet+ any ob/acles 9 ! way ( crook$ r[s1 or ( v9es /&+ out ( l9e4 ,only too frequ5tly v9ey>d r[s are pl[$ out1 & ! cutt+s are 8slapp$0 9 anyway 9 ord] to get ! "w quickly done4 ,9 aft] ye>s1 :5 ! proprietor's ta/e & exp]i5ce has improv$1 he f9ds t 8 reputation z a c>eless or ignorant gr[] _c be *ang$2 = ! v9ey>d is !re to la/1 & to tell ! tale ( e>ly ignorance or neglect4 ,illu/ration3 #a-;a1 b1 c1 d4--,v9ey>d ,tools us$ 9 ! ,currant ,v9ey>ds ( ,zante4 ,relative ,value ( ,cutt+s & ,root$ ,v9es4--,cutt+s & root$ v9es h _! advocates1 b ! majority ( v9ey>di/s are n[ 9 favor ( plant+ root$ v9es1 & ,i w\ld myself *oose ! latt] e "t4 ,z1 h[ev]1 root$ v9es & cutt+s are bo? likely to be us$ z long z v9es are plant$1 a few words 9 reg>d to _! respective m]its may be ( g5]al int]e/4 ,9 plant+ cutt+s1 we are nev] sure t !y w all gr[4 ,cutt+s if c>$ = g5]ally d well1 b sometimes1 ev5 ) good c>e1 !y fail1 & ! loss & annoyance is !n always great1 & ev5 9 v c>eful plant+ seldom ov] n9ety p] c5t live1 :ile (t5 tw5ty-five p] c5t die4 ,! reason is (t5 c>eless plant+1 :5 ! season is favorable1 b 9 unfavorable seasons ! failure mu/ be attribut$ to o!r causes4 ,^? cutt+s :i* gr[1 g5]ally gr[ well & (t5 make z good v9es z ^? rais$ f previ\sly root$ ones4 ,! replant+ ( ! cutt+s t fail$ to live is bo? exp5sive & tr\blesome4 ,e v9ey>di/ kn[s h[ difficult x is to succe$ 9 mak+ cutt+s1 or ev5 v9es1 gr[ on places 9 ! v9ey>d :]e o!r ones h fail$ to gr[ be=e4 ,"s attribute ?is difficulty to "s poison 9 ! soil1 b ,i believe ! cause w be f\nd 9 ! great] difficulty to att5d to a few "y v9es 9 among ! old] ones4 ,! old] v9es w naturally use up ! moi/ure 9 ! soil1 & ! cutt+s1 ) _! "y & t5d] roots1 w h b little *ance 9 ! g5]al /ruggle = life4 ,b ev5 if we suppose t ! replant$ v9es w d equally well1 x w be f\nd t ! replant+ ( ! cutt+s is actually m exp5sive ?an ! fir/ plant+4 ,! reason :y ?is is s lies 9 ! great] "w 9 gett+ ! soil 9 fir/-class condition aft] ! fir/ plant+ fail$4 ,9 ! fir/ plant+1 ! soil has be5 put 9 ord] ) ! help ( horses & pl[s1 :ile1 :5 we replant1 ! v spots :]e ! v9es are to be locat$ _c be rea*$ by o!r means ?an by a pick or %ovel1 z1 no matt] h[ well ! old v9ey>d is pl[$1 !re w always be a h>d spot ar\nd e v9e1 or ar\nd ! place :]e ! v9e %\ld be1 & :]e x fail$ to gr[4 ,if only a few cutt+s h tak5 root1 x is bett] to pl[ up ! :ole v9ey>d & reset1 & 9 s do+ endeavor to d bett] "w4 ,i "k ( v9ey>ds :]e ! own]s h n succe$$ 9 replant+ dur+ t5 ye>s1 e ye> sp5d+ money & labor ) little success4 ,!re w always be a few cutt+s t fail to live4 ,! causes ( ! unc]ta9ty ( cutt+s are our inability to =esee ! outcome ( ! season's climatic conditions4 ,m or less ra9 has a direct influ5ce on our success4 ,?us 9 v ra9y seasons ! cutt+s %\ld be small or r %ort1 s z to be z mu* z possible 9 ! upp]1 dry] & w>m] soil4 ,9 dry seasons1 aga91 ! cutt+s %\ld be long1 s z to be 9 ! moi/ gr\nd1 b z we c nev] =esee :at ! season w be1 we _h bett] h a rec\rse to root$ v9es1 :i*1 if 9 good condition1 w be comp>atively indep5d5t ( wea!r & w9d4 ,! ,mak+ ( ,cutt+s4--,! mak+ ( cutt+s is n a difficult process1 b nev]!less x %\ld be c>efully done 9 ord] to insure f9al success4 ,aft] ! v9es h be5 trimm$ & ! trimm+s h be5 plac$ 9 small piles along ! r[s ( ! v9ey>d1 ! cutt+s %\ld be made z quickly z possible on ! spot1 ! labor]s mov+ f pile to pile z !y f9i% up4 ,! %e>s %\ld be %>p & kept %>p1 bo? to insure good cutt+s & to ha/5 ! "w4 ,a poor %e> is worse ?an a poor f>mh&1 & x pays to keep ! be/ k9d ( e tool t is us$ 9 v9ey>d "w4 ,! size ( ! cutt+ mu/ be decid$ ^u accord+ to ! conditions ( ! soil4 ,if ! l& is v wet & is likely to rema9 s1 an eight-in*1 or ev5 a six-in*1 cutt+1 w d1 & w gr[ bett] ?an a long "o4 ,long cutt+s w rea* d[n into ! wet soil & decay at ! l[] end be=e !y take root4 ,9 dry & w>m soils ! cutt+s may be f twelve to eighte5 in*es long1 or ev5 long] if x is desirable to b5d !m 9 a circul> way 9 ! holes 9 :i* !y are to be plant$1 or if ! soil is v w>m & dry1 :5 x is ( importance t ! cutt+ %\ld rea* ! deep] moi/ure4 ,a twelve or f\rte5 in* cutt+ is probably an av]age size cutt+1 & "o t w answ] mo/ conditions1 9 case !y are n previ\sly kn[n4 ,a nurs]yman1 or any "o :o c give 8 cutt+s z mu* att5tion z !y require1 c use ev5 ! v tips ( ! v9es & make !m gr[4 ,b = g5]al plant+1 especially direct 9 ! field1 seldom m ?an "o or two cutt+s c be made f a bran*4 ,! cutt+ %\ld be cut imm$iately bel[ an eye or jo9t4 ,su* cutt+s gr[ bett]1 are easi] to plant & are less apt to dry out4 ,! m eyes a cutt+ conta9s ! bett] is ! cutt+1 z ! roots mo/ly =m at ! jo9ts4 ,_m make ! cutt+s ) a heel ( old wood1 b ,i d n believe su* cutt+s are 9 any way pref]able to ^? made ( only "o season's wood4 ,! old wood does n gr[ any bett] ?an "y wood1 g5]ally n s well1 &1 besides1 su* cutt+s ) heels are m difficult to plant & h&le4 ,:5 ! cutt+s are made1 !y %\ld at fir/ be plac$ 9 small piles1 ) ! top ends all ! same way1 & z soon z possible aft]w>ds ti$ up 9 bundles1 ) at lea/ two /r+s to e bundle4 ,= ty+1 any /r+ w d1 b split basket-will[ twigs are probably ! /ronge/ & lea/ apt to root4 ,/ill any /\t tw9e w answ] ! purpose4 ,f "o hundr$ to two hundr$ cutt+s may conv5i5tly be put 9 ea* bundle1 accord+ to ! size ( ! cutt+s4 ,! ,c>e ( ,cutt+s4--,aft] ! cutt+s are made & bundl$1 !y %\ld be label$ ) wood5 labels & imm$iately tak5 to "s place :]e !y c be heel$ 94 ,! lead-p5cil is ! be/ = writ+ ! names4 ,! be/ place 9 :i* to heel 9 ! cutt+s is on ! nor? side ( "s l>ge build+1 "u an op5 %$ or "u "s l>ge trees4 ,9 fact1 any place :i* is p>tially %ad$ & cool w d4 ,if ! bundles are to be us$ soon or %ipp$1 !y might be plac$ on ! wet gr\nd1 & only cov]$ ) sacks or ) /raw1 b1 if !y are to rema9 any long] "t1 !y mu/ be plac$ 9 ! gr\nd & c>efully cov]$4 ,a tr5* %\ld be dug half ! dep? ( ! cutt+1 b slightly wid]4 ,! bundles are plac$ 9 ! tr5* upright1 & aft] ! tr5* is full ! soil f ! new tr5*1 p>allel ) ! fir/ "o1 is ?r[n on & ar\nd ! bundles s z to keep !m moi/4 ,x is be/ n to keep ! cutt+s too moi/1 & on no acc\nt %\ld !y be wet1 z !y w !n beg9 to root rapidly1 & :5 !y are aga9 remov$ ^! roots w break or dry up to ! great injury ( ! cutt+4 ,if unavoidably ! plant+ is delay$ long] ?an expect$1 ! bundles ( cutt+s may be tak5 out & plac$ 9 dry air = a day or = a few h\rs1 & !n replac$ 9 ! soil4 ,?is may be done sev]al times )\t any injury accru+ to ! cutt+s1 ! only effect ( ! dry+ be+ to ret>d _! root+ & spr\t+1 b x %\ld ( c\rse n be done aft] !y h once begun to callus or root4 ,to place cutt+s 9 wat] = any l5g? ( "t is ne>ly always injuri\s1 & especially s if ! wat] is bad or conta9s manure4 ,manure wat] always kills cutt+s readily4 ,if ! cutt+s h spr\t$1 or begun to make roots1 or =m callus1 a c>eful v9ey>di/ w take 8 bundles to ! field subm]g$ 9 a b>rel or bucket ( wat]1 or at lea/ wrapp$ 9 wet sacks or blankets4 ,if aga9 ! cutt+s are dry & a fre% cut does n %[ a fl[ ( sap1 !y may be fre%5$ by soak+ 9 fre% wat] ov] night4 ,ev5 v poor & dry cutt+s are easily reviv$ ?is way1 b a cont9u\s imm]sion = sev]al days w injure ! cutt+s & cause !m to rot4 ,x is also ( importance t ! wat] %\ld be cle> & cold1 or at lea/ n w>m4 ,in/ead ( imm]s+ ! cutt+s 9 wat]1 !y may be set d[n 9 cool & moi/ soil = ?ree or f\r days be=e be+ plant$4 ,! soak+ 9 wat] is ! simple/1 quicke/ & mo/ effective = slightly dri$ cutt+s4 ,plant+ ,cutt+s4--,plant+ cutt+s 9 ! v9ey>d c be done 9 sev]al diff]5t ways4 ,!y may be plant$ ) a spade1 ) a flat plant+ b>1 or ) ! 8%eep's-foot40 ,ea* "o ( ^! tools w answ] ! purpose if prop]ly us$1 b _! selection mu/ dep5d ^u ! quality ( ! soil1 & ^u ! nature ( ! l& g5]ally4 ,9 all plant+ ( cutt+s1 ! foll[+ po9ts mu/ be obs]v$ z ( importance 9 insur+ success4 ,! cutt+s mu/ be set 9 moi/ & cool soil4 ,! l[] end ( ! cutt+s mu/ lodge 9 solid gr\nd1 & !re mu/ be no air space at ! bottom4 ,only "o eye %\ld be left above ! surface ( ! soil4 ,! soil mu/ be tamp$ well ar\nd ! cutt+ f ! bottom to ! top4 ,all inf]ior cutt+s %\ld be ?r[n away1 & e cutt+ %\ld be exam9$ be=e x is plant$4 ,= a description ( ! tools us$ 9 plant+1 ,i beg to ref] to ! end ( ?is *apt]4 ,i w n[ fur!r consid] ! above po9ts4 ,_m failures are made by n plant+ 9 moi/ soil4 ,if irrigation is ne$$1 irrigate be=e plant+1 !n pl[ & h>r[1 & !n plant4 ,:5 moi/ cutt+s are plant$ 9 dry & w>m soil1 ! latt] w extract all ! moi/ure f ! cutt+s1 & ! latt] w fail to gr[4 ,i h se5 p>ties fir/ pl[ deep furr[s ?r\gh ! v9ey>d1 s z to air & dry ! gr\nd be=e plant+ ! cutt+s4 ,?is is n necess>y & ev5 h>mful4 ,moi/ & w>m gr\nd is ess5tial to ! />t+ & gr[? ( cutt+s4 ,! l[] end ( ! cutt+ %\ld be lodg$ 9 solid gr\nd1 or ! cutt+ w fail to gr[4 ,?is po9t is ( ! utmo/ importance1 & %\ld be c>efully obs]v$4 ,if1 :5 ! cutt+ is pu%$ d[n 9 ! soil1 a small air *amb] =m at ! l[] end1 ! butt end ( ! cutt+ w mold1 & ! latt] w be poison$ & die4 ,n9e-t5?s ( all ! failures 9 plant+ are caus$ by neglect 9 ?is respect4 ,c>e is especially ne$$ :5 ! %eep's-foot is us$4 ,only "o eye %\ld be left above gr\nd1 :i* is en\gh = all purposes4 ,any m eyes w exhau/ ! cutt+ be=e x is root$1 & ! additional l5g? ( ! cutt+ w expose x to ! dang] ( be+ brok5 or o!rwise injur$4 ,! soil mu/ be tamp$ h>d all along ! cutt+ s z to cause ! latt] to attract ! necess>y moi/ure4 ,loosely set cutt+s v (t5 fail1 especially 9 dry seasons4 ,all inf]ior cutt+s1 especially ^? fro/$ or o!rwise injur$1 %\ld be ?r[n out be=e be+ br\ght to ! field4 ,a cutt+ co/s s little t x pays to use only ! /ronge/ & be/1 :5 a mu* bett] /& w be ! result4 ,fro/$ cutt+s c be detect$ by _! d>k] color4 ,fre% & heal?y cutt+s %\ld h a gre5 & fre% cambium or inn] b>k1 & a fre% cut %\ld %[ fre% sap ooz+ out4 ,:5 ! %eep's-foot is us$ 9 plant+1 ! butt end ( ! cutt+ is ins]t$ 9 ! =k$ end ( ?is tool1 & ?is expla9s :y x is necess>y to h z little wood z possible bel[ ! la/ eye ( ! cutt+4 ,by pu%+ ! %eep's-foot d[n 9 ! soil1 ! cutt+ is pu%$ simultane\sly d[n to ! prop] l5g?2 a twi/ is !n giv5 ! %eep's-foot s z to get x loose f ! cutt+1 & ! =m] is !n pull$ up4 ,x may 9 "s in/ances be necess>y to pu% d[n ! cutt+ ) ! left h&1 :ile ! %eep's-foot is be+ pull$ back1 z c>e mu/ be tak5 t 9 pull+ back ! %eep's-foot ! cutt+ is n lift$4 ,ev5 ! smalle/ lift w cause ! l[] end ( ! cutt+ to hang 9 an air *amb]1 & ?is w1 z ,i h /at$1 cause ! cutt+ to mold & die4 ,:5 plant$1 a few %>p taps ) ! foot w suffici5tly fix ! cutt+4 ,:5 ! flat b> is us$1 a hole is fir/ made by ! b>1 ! cutt+ is !n ins]t$1 & ! hole fill$ up by aga9 ins]t+ ! b> ne> ! cutt+1 & by press+ x =w>d t[>ds ! latt]4 ,nei!r ( ^! tools c be us$ 9 dry or /ony soils1 b 9 moi/ & loamy soil1 :i* has be5 previ\sly well prep>$1 !y are mo/ excell5t1 z do+ ! "w bo? quickly & well4 ,! %eep's-foot is unexcell$ = spe$ 9 loose soil1 :ile ! flat b> is ( advantage :]e ! soil is a little h>d]4 ,! flat spade is us$ :5 rocky & /ony or ev5 gravelly soil int]f]es ) ! us+ ( ! =m] tools4 ,e f>m] w "k h[ to use ! spade1 & no fur!r explanation is requir$ "h4 ,"s plant ! cutt+s slant+ly 9 ! soil1 9 ord] to br+ !m z ne> ! surface z possible4 ,?is is well en\gh & prop] 9 v wet soils1 :]e ! l[] /rata are too cool1 b 9 ?is w>m c\ntry ! p]p5dicul> plant+ is easi] & bett]4 ,by twi/+ & b5d+ ! cutt+ 9 ! dug hole a long] cutt+ c be us$1 b ,i h seldom f\nd any advantage ( v long cutt+s1 & few soils are suit$ to rais9 grapes :5 su* me?ods are ne$$ to produce /rong & rapidly gr[+ v9es4 ,c>e ( ,"y ,cutt+s4--,9 places :]e irrigation is ne$$ & us$1 _m irrigate ! cutt+s imm$iately aft] !y are plant$1 s z to settle ! soil4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is only ne$$ :]e ! gr\nd is v dry or v s&y4 ,x is mu* ! bett] way to irrigate be=e plant+ & to plant on ! loose soil aft] x has be5 repl[$ & prop]ly prep>$4 ,su* soil keeps ! moi/ure = a long "t1 & ev5 9 dry climates w require no irrigation = mon?s aft] ! plant+4 ,! pr9cipal c>e1 aft] ! cutt+s h be5 plant$1 b be=e !y are fairly />t$1 is to keep ! gr\nd loose & to prev5t x f bak+ on ! surface4 ,! be/ way to accompli% ?is is to run a revolv+ r&el h>r[ ov] ! l& reg>dless ( ! cutt+s4 ,?is k9d ( h>r[ consi/s ( a r[ ( v]tical1 slightly concave /eel discs1 :i* revolve :5 ! h>r[ is pull$ ov] ! l&4 ,no reg>d ne$ be paid to ! r[s ( cutt+s1 provid$ !y d n /& too high above ! surface1 or h begun to swell4 ,n "o cutt+ 9 a hundr$ is injur$1 & ^? t are cut (f are sure to spr\t f bel[4 ,aft] e %[] ( ra91 ! l& %\ld be h>r[$ or pulv]iz$ 9 ?is way4 ,if ! soil is bak$ & h>d ar\nd ! cutt+s1 ! latt] w be sl[ to />t1 b a loos5+ ( ! soil w h ! desir$ effect almo/ imm$iately4 ,! am\nt ( irrigation ne$$ = "y plantations c only be decid$ ^u on ! gr\nd4 ,! cutt+s %\ld be kept gr[+1 & "y leaves %\ld always be se5 at ! tips ( ! bran*es4 ,long be=e ^! "y leaves cease gr[+1 a copi\s supply ( wat] %\ld be add$ to keep ! soil f becom+ too dry4 ,transport+ ,cutt+s to ,di/ant ,p>ts4--,:5 cutt+s are to be %ipp$ any di/ance1 !y mu/ be pack$4 ,! simple/ me?od ( pack+ = %ort di/ances is to fill ! bottom ( a sack ) wet /raw1 & !n slip ! bundle ( cutt+s d[n 9 ! sack1 & a s+le /r+ w !n suffice to secure ! sack to ! bundle4 ,pack$ ?is way1 cutt+s c /& a voyage ( a week or m if ! wea!r is n too hot4 ,if a long] voyage1 ( say sev]al weeks' duration1 is necess>y1 ! cutt+s %\ld be pack$ 9 dry-goods boxes1 &1 if ! "t ( transit is n too long1 no o!r pack+ is ne$$4 ,if1 h[ev]1 a v long transit is 9 view1 m precautions = ! safe arrival ( ! cutt+s are requir$4 ,aft] ! bundles h be5 press$ d[n 9 ! box1 moi/ & fre% moss is pack$ tightly d[n all along ! sides ( ! box4 ,su* pack+ w keep ! cutt+s fre% = ov] a mon?4 ,= a long] "t1 co>se1 pulv]iz$ *>coal fill$ 9 betwe5 ! cutt+s is a spl5did pack+4 ,! *>coal mu/ be dry1 ! moi/ure 9 ! cutt+s be+ en\gh to keep !m alive = sev]al mon?s4 ,pack$ fir/ 9 t9 boxes surr\nd$ by *>coal1 & !n ! boxes sold]$ tightly1 s z to all[ no air to ent]1 is ! safe/ me?od = transport+ cutt+s long di/ances4 ,if !re is a possibility to repack at c]ta9 /ations on ! road1 wood5 boxes may be us$ in/ead ( t94 ,! wax+ ( ! ends ( ! cutt+s w help to keep !m moi/4 ,all lumb] boxes %\ld be l9$ ) wax$ pap]1 & all cracks c>efully nail$ up1 z by ! dry+ ( ! bo>ds ! cont5ts are v liable to run out4 ,l>ge & heavy boxes %\ld be surr\nd$ by iron b&s4 ,root+ ,cutt+s4--,!re are two ways ( plant+ cutt+s 9 ! nurs]y 9 ord] to h !m root$ = next season's plant+4 ,"o way is to plant 9 nurs]y r[s f\r feet ap>t2 ! o!r is to set 9 b$s4 ,= su* nurs]y1 a plat ( l& ) ri* soil & ) good wat] facilities %\ld be select$4 ,wat] %\ld nev] fail 9 ! nurs]y1 z cutt+s always require m wat] ?an old plants set f>!r ap>t4 ,! r[s %\ld be /ak$ out f\r feet f ea* o!r4 ,six or eight in* cutt+s %\ld be us$1 accord+ to ! dep? to moi/ure2 ! m moi/ure1 ! %ort] ne$ be ! cutt+s4 ,) a big1 flat hoe ! soil along ! l9e ( ! r[ is ?r[n up on "o side1 ! cutt+s are set d[n upright close to ! p]p5dicul> side1 & ! soil is aga9 rak$ back ) ! same k9d ( hoe1 & !n tamp$ h>d ar\nd ! cutt+s4 ,! latt] ne$ n be ov] two or ?ree in*es ap>t1 & f =ty to fifty ?\s& may be set on "o acre ( gr\nd4 ,9 no in/ance %\ld ! cutt+ be left m ?an "o or two in*es above ! surface ( ! gr\nd4 ,! be/ in/rum5t or tool = op5+ ! soil & = cov]+ ! cutt+s is ! l>ge flat-fac$ ,italian hoe1 us$ by ,italian workm5 bo? 9 ,europe & 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,if ! b$ sy/em is adopt$1 mu* small] cutt+s may be us$1 al?\gh x is n necess>y to h !m small] ?an six in*es4 ,! b$s may be two feet wide & f\r feet ap>t1 9 ?is respect resembl+ nurs]y r[s1 & treat$ j z su*4 ,! cutt+s are set 9 ! b$s two or ?ree in*es ap>t ea* way4 ,we mu/ rememb] t su* cutt+s require mu* m wat] ?an cutt+s plant$ 9 f\r-foot r[s1 z ! quantity soon exhau/s ! moi/ure 9 ! soil4 ,! b$s may also be squ>e1 ea* "o surr\nd$ by a little bank or levee ( soil 9 ord] to hold ! wat]4 ,9 ^! b$s1 :i* %\ld be slightly bel[ ! g5]al surface ( ! gr\nd1 ! cutt+s are set v close1--two or ?ree in*es ap>t1--until ! :ole b$ is fill$ up4 ,^! b$s are nev] cultivat$ 9 any o!r way ?an by pull+ ! we$s out by h&4 ,!y mu/ be frequ5tly irrigat$ by flood+1 except :5 ! soil is imm5sely wet or moi/4 ,v9es may also be propagat$ f a s+le eye1 or f cutt+s conta9+ a s+le eye4 ,su* cutt+s may be set p]p5dicul>ly 9 b$s or 9 r[s1 or !y may be plac$ horizontally 9 boxes ) pure s&1 & entirely cov]$ ov]4 ,! s+le eyes soon spr\t & make nice little plants1 ) a well-develop$ sy/em ( roots4 ,all ^! cutt+s plant$ 9 b$s1 if prop]ly wat]$ dur+ ! summ]1 w make excell5t v9es to be set 9 v9ey>d =m next season4 ,be+ set s close1 !y require mu* moi/ure & irrigation1 ! _m new roots soon exhau/+ ! moi/ure 9 ! soil4 ,x is bett]1 h[ev]1 to h ! cutt+s set z closely z possible1 s z n to get too /rong v9es4 ,an ov]gr[n v9e is m exp5sive to plant & m difficult to h&le ?an "o ( m$ium gr[?4 ,besides1 ! latt] has a great] numb] ( fibr\s roots1 :i*1 if 9 good condition1 w give a quick />t & rapid gr[? to ! new v9e4 ,c>e ( ,root$ ,v9es4--,! same precautions are to be obs]v$ ) root$ v9es z ) cutt+s1 only m c>e is requir$ to %ield ! roots f ! sun & w9d4 ,wet blankets or sacks %\ld always be us$ :5 ! roots are tak5 to ! field1 &1 if ! v9es %[ ! lea/ sign ( be+ dry1 !y %\ld be soak$ = sev]al h\rs 9 pure wat]1 & 9 ?is respect treat$ j l cutt+s4 ,plant+ ,root$ ,v9es4--,plant+ root$ v9es is n att5d$ ) _m difficulties4 ,! mo/ important po9ts to obs]ve are ^!4 ,! v9es mu/ be fre%ly dug4 ,if n1 or if ! lea/ dry1 soak 9 wat] ov] night4 ,cut away all dead or dry rootlets4 ,prune ! top ( ! v9e d[n to two or ?ree buds1 & leave only "o spur4 ,h ! v9es cov]$ :ile c>ri$ out 9 ! field1 & plant only 9 moi/ gr\nd4 ,! "y & t5d] roots are easily dri$ if set 9 w>m & dry soil1 & !y w aft]w>ds decay & injure ! v9e4 ,a c>efully plant$ v9ey>d1 :]e root$ v9es alone h be5 us$1 & :]e e precaution has be5 tak5 to insure success1 %\ld h ab\t n9ety-sev5 p] c5t ( ! v9es gr[+4 ,to make e "o gr[ w\ld only be possible 9 a v small plantation4 ,9 ! l>ge rais9 c5t]s1 all ?is plant+ may be contract$ =4 ,! co/ ( plant+ cutt+s is g5]ally calculat$ at "o-half c5t p] cutt+1 & = root$ v9es at "o c5t p] v9e4 ,frequ5tly p>ties contract to supply cutt+s & to plant ! l& = f eighte5 to tw5ty doll>s p] acre or less4 ,x is g5]ally bett] to pay ! high] price & get ! "w done prop]ly4 ,prop] ,"t = ,plant+4--,! "t = plant+ cutt+s dep5ds greatly ^u ! season1 ! quality ( ! soil & ! moi/ure4 ,9 wet seasons ! dry l& %\ld be plant$ fir/1 & cutt+s might be />t$ !re z soon z ! fir/ fro/ all[s u to make !m ) advantage4 ,! moi/] ! soil ! lat] %\ld ! plant+ be begun1 & on ! contr>y ! dri] ! soil & ! w>m]1 ! soon] %\ld ! cutt+s z well z ! root$ v9es be plant$ 9 ! fall4 ,decemb] & ,janu>y are ! be/ mon?s to plant1 al?\gh ) c>e cutt+s z well z root$ v9es may be set z late z 9 ,april or ev5 9 ,may4 ,z a rule1 e>ly plant+ is bett]1 z x gives ! cutt+s *ance to root well be=e ! hot wea!r causes ! %oots to />t4 ,9 v ra9y seasons1 or 9 wet places1 cutt+s %\ld be plant$ lat] ?an root$ v9es4 ,moi/ure 9 undue degree w cause cutt+s to rot1 :ile its influ5ce on ! roots ( ! v9es is n z great4 ,root$ v9es /& bo? moi/ure & dr\ght bett] ?an cutt+s d4 ,on s&y1 dry soil & 9 dry seasons ,i w\ld wi% my cutt+s plant$ z e>ly 9 ,decemb] z possible2 :ile1 on wet places1 ,i w\ld delay plant+ until aft] ! fro/ is ov] 9 ,febru>y4 ,! same rule applies to root$ v9es1 b we mu/ rememb] t roots beg9 to s5d out rootlets almo/ z soon z !y are dug1 & t e>ly plant+ w pres]ve ^! = ! e>ly use ( ! v9e1 :ile1 9 late plant+1 almo/ e "o ( ^! new roots w be de/roy$ 9 plant+ & mu/ be produc$ ov] aga94 ,we might also say t bo? cutt+s & root$ v9es %\ld be set z soon z ! soil is 9 prop] condition 9 ! fall4 ,d n wait = any?+ aft] ! soil is dry en\gh to p]mit plant+4 ,e>ly plant$ v9es w h a good />t4 ,co/ ( ,cutt+s & ,root$ ,v9es4--,! price ( ,muscat or rais9-grape cutt+s g5]ally v>ies f two doll>s & fifty c5ts to five doll>s p] ?\s&1 & h be5 sold z l[ z "o doll> p] ?\s& cutt+s4 ,root$ v9es aga9 v>y f t5 to tw5ty doll>s p] ?\s&1 accord+ to ! dem& & supply4 ,! co/ ( plant+ is1 ( c\rse1 diff]5t 9 diff]5t localities4 ,9 ,fresno ! rul+ prices = v9ey>d plant+ ) cutt+s is "o-half c5t p] cutt+4 ,! m5 bo>d & lodge !mselves = ?is sum4 ,= root$ v9es ! price is f sixty c5ts to "o doll> p] hundr$ v9es4 ,! gr\nd mu/ be 9 a p]fect condition1 b ! success ( ! "w is nev] gu>ante$1 z s mu* dep5ds ^u aft] treatm5t4 ,:ile ! actual co/ ( plant+ ! grapes is insignificant1 x w be f\nd t ! _m diff]5t exp5ses ( a l>ge v9ey>d ( say #afj acres w be q consid]able1 & few ( our l>g] rais9 v9ey>ds 9 irrigat$ di/ricts h co/ less ?an fifty doll>s p] acre dur+ ! fir/ ye>4 ,?is includes labor1 build+s1 tools1 etc41 b n ! fir/ co/ ( l&4 ,) exp]i5ce & con/ant sup]vision1 ?is co/ may be r$uc$ some:at1 & "u v favorable circum/ances f tw5ty to =ty doll>s ev5 p] acre may cov] ! co/ ( plant+ & ma9t5ance dur+ ! fir/ season4 ,b e/imates 9 ?is direction are n reliable1 z "o man w sp5d twice z mu* z ano!r "u simil> circum/ances4 ,,pl[+ ,,& ,,cultivation4 ,w9t] ,pl[+4--,! pl[+ & cultivation ( a v9ey>d comprise diff]5t op]ations1 bo? 9 ! spr+1 w9t] & summ]4 ,w9t] pl[+ %\ld beg9 z soon z ! v9es are prun$1 & %\ld be f9i%$ be=e ! buds beg9 to swell 9 ! spr+4 ,! pl[+ %\ld beg9 ) a l>ge pl[ & two horses1 & ! soil %\ld be ?r[n f ! v9es t[>ds ! c5t] ( ! l& betwe5 !m4 ,z su* a l>ge pl[ _c g too ne> ! v9es )\t break+ bran*es & injur+ ! buds1 a small] s+le-horse pl[ is us$ to foll[ aft] ! d\ble team1 & to f9i% up by pl[+ a furr[ ne>e/ to ! v9es4 ,! dep? ( ?is pl[+ %\ld1 if possible1 be f six to eight in*es 9 ! c5t] ( ! r[1 & f f\r to six in*es ne>e/ to ! v9es4 ,illu/ration3 ,v9ey>d ,d\ble ,pl[4 ,pl[+ ,devices4--,to enable ! s+le pl[ to run z closely to ! v9es z possible )\t injury to ! v9es1 sev]al devices are us$4 ,! block device consi/s ( ins]t+ a block ( wood two in*es wide betwe5 ! c5t] ( ! clevis & ! pl[-beam4 ,?is ?r[s ! s+letree out to "o side & enables ! horse to walk at a di/ance f ! v9e1 :ile ! pl[ foll[s z close to ! latt] z possible4 ,9 comb9ation ) ?is block1 ! s+letrees %\ld be s con/ruct$ z n to cat* ! bran*es ( ! v9es4 ,?is is be/ accompli%$ by atta*+ to ! outside end ( ! s+letree a flat1 d\bl$ lea!r /rap1 to :i* is fix$ a common1 l>ge snap1 9 :i* latt] ! traces ( ! h>ness are fix$4 ,su* a s+letree w glide by ! bran*es )\t giv+ !m a *ance to cat* any:]e4 ,simil> s+letrees1 or ev5 d\bletrees1 %\ld be us$ :]ev] v9ey>d "w is to be done1 & !y h ! d\ble advantage ( be+ *eap1 practical & easily made by any f>mh& h&y ) tools4 ,cultivation4--,! cultivation %\ld always foll[ ! pl[+ imm$iately1 s z to prev5t ! soil f bak+1 & s z to te> up ! roots ( ! we$s :i* h be5 p>tially dislodg$4 ,! fir/ cultivation1 :i* %\ld always be 9 ! same direction z ! pl[+1 %\ld be foll[$ by cross-cultivation4 ,! latt] br+s ! soil back t[>ds ! v9es1 fill+ up ! holl[ =m$ by ! ?r[+ ( ! soil f ! v9es4 ,illu/ration3 ,rais9 ,v9ey>d ,diamond-too? ,cultivator4 ,back-furr[+4--,lat] on1 :5 ! we$s h to "s ext5t decay$1 a d\ble-%ovel pl[ is by "s gr[]s us$ = turn+ a "p ( ! soil back t[>ds ! v9es4 ,"o r\nd ( ?is pl[ on ea* side ( ! v9es is all t is requir$1 z ! repeat$ cultivation t %\ld be c>ri$ on 9 a v9ey>d w g5]ally suffice to br+ ! balance ( ! soil back f ! c5t] ( ! l& t[>ds ! v9es4 ,cross-pl[+4--,cross-pl[+ is n absolutely ne$$1 & 9 _m places n ev5 possible1 z :]e ! v9es are plant$ clos] "o way ?an ! o!r4 ,b :]ev] pl[+ c be done bo? ways1 ! l& w be b5efit$ by be+ pl[$ "o way "o ye> & ! o!r way ! next ye>1 s t 9 c\rse ( "t all ! soil w be regul>ly brok5 up4 ,:5 !re is pl5ty ( "t & en\gh labor1 cross-pl[+ ! same season w greatly b5efit ! v9es4 ,we$-cutt]s4--,^! are us$ to great advantage aft] ! fir/ pl[+1 & any cultivator may be rigg$ ) "o ( !m1 or !y may be made z sep>ate tools4 ,! cutt]-b> is simply a flat b>1 :i* is b5t 9 ! %ape ( a v wide ,u1 & is fa/5$ to ! beams ( ! cultivator j beh9d ! la/ %ovels or blades4 ,! horizontal "p ( ?is cutt]-knife %\ld be on ! same level z ! c5t] ( ! cultivator blades1 & /& z horizontal z possible1 9 ord] to be subject$ to ! lea/ am\nt ( friction4 ,! effect ( su* cultivator cutt]s are t no gr[+ we$s are left beh9d :]ev] !y pass4 ,cutt]-sl$4--,i h us$ ) great advantage a comb9ation ( ?is cutt]-knife & a sl$1 ^u :i* ! driv] c\ld /& & ride1 & its use sav$ "t1 besides do+ ! requir$ "w well4 ,su* a cutt]-sl$ is1 h[ev]1 only useful 9 already well pl[$ & cultivat$ soil1 & = summ] "w x is j ! ?+ & c !n n be surpass$ by any o!r we$-cutt+ tool :i* ,i h ev] se5 us$4 ,illu/ration3 ,rais9 ,v9ey>d ,we$-cutt]4 ,v>i\s o!r tools are us$1 & diff]5t ones at t 9 ea* sep>ate di/rict4 ,ea* gr[] has 8 p>ticul> way to cultivate & pl[1 & n two v9ey>di/s d ! "w alike4 ,ea* "o has 8 favorite tools & in/rum5ts1 :i* he (t5 *anges f ye> to ye> or replaces by new inv5tions ( local me*anics or inv5tors4 ,a description ( ^! tools & ! v>i\s me?ods ( pl[+1 cultivat+ & br++ ! l& 9 prop] condition w\ld make a book ( itself & w\ld be m]ely a hi/ory ( ea* individual v9ey>d 9 ! l&4 ,an enum]ation ( !m w be f\nd lat] on4 ,! cultivation ( ! v9ey>d %\ld be cont9u$ z long z x c be done )\t caus+ injury to ! new gr[? ( ! v9es4 ,! exact numb] ( times ! v9es %\ld be cultivat$ is impossible to decide ^u be=eh&1 z almo/ e v9ey>d requires a diff]5t me?od ( work+4 ,x is safe to say t dur+ ! summ] no we$s %\ld be all[$ to gr[ 9 ! v9ey>d1 &1 z long z any ( !m are left1 ! soil %\ld1 if possible1 be cultivat$4 ,e we$ acts l a *imney = ! moi/ure 9 ! soil1 :i* x sucks out to ! detrim5t ( ! v9e1 :ile we$s :i* gr[ 9 among ! bran*es ( ! v9es w also s]i\sly int]f]e ) ! pick+ ( ! grapes4 ,illu/ration3 ,riv]side3 ,city1 ,or*>ds & ,v9ey>ds4 ,hoe+4--,only little manual cultivation is ne$$4 ,9 ! spr+1 aft] ! fir/ pl[+ & be=e ! buds h />t$ or h gr[n long en\gh to int]f]e ) ! "w1 ! v9es %\ld be ho$4 ,! object ( hoe+ is to loos5 ! soil ne>e/ ! v9es1 & to de/roy all ! we$s :i* _c be turn$ "u by ! pl[1 & especially ^? :i* gr[ close to ! v9es4 ,! be/ tool = ?is purpose is ! common1 heavy hoe ) a long h&le4 ,a v useful hoe c be made ( old %ovels :i* are s worn & brok5 t !y _c be long] us$ = digg+4 ,! blade ( ! %ovel is fix$ to a new h&le at a "r angle1 simil> to a hoe h&le1 :ile ! blade itself is left z x is4 ,su* hoes are v useful 9 cutt+ heavy we$s1 & "w ) great facility4 ,=k$ hoes are us$ by _m v9ey>dm51 especially = /irr+ ! h>d5$ cru/ ar\nd ! v9e1 b ,i believe ! common1 heavy hoe a m useful in/rum5t1 & if us$ 9 "t w make ! =k$ hoe unnecess>y4 ,"t = ,cultivation4--,too e>ly pl[+ or cultivation be=e ! we$s h />t$ is n always desirable1 z x prev5ts ! we$s f gr[+4 ,su* we$s1 if turn$ "u1 w ye>ly enri* ! l&1 & 9 c\rse ( "t =m a heavy & humus-ri* top soil1 :i* w s]ve to keep ! moi/ure 9 ! soil bel[4 ,i !re=e advocate pl[+ z late z possible4 ,! exact "t mu/ be decid$ = e p>ticul> season & = e sep>ate locality1 & no g5]al rule c be giv54 ,wet l&s %\ld be pl[$ e>li] ?an dry l&s2 x is ! latt] :i* especially require ! gre5 we$s to be turn$ "u1 & :i* w be ! mo/ b5efit$ by ! accumulation ( humus4 ,our v9ey>di/s disreg>d ?is fact too mu*1 & are g5]ally too apt to pl[ _! drye/ l&s fir/4 ,,graft+ ,,! ,,muscat ,,on ,,o!r ,,/ocks4 ,"t = ,graft+ ,rais9-v9es4--,! be/ "t = graft+ grapev9es1 z well z = graft+ any?+ else1 is :5 ! /ock on :i* we graft has its sap 9 circulation1 & :5 ! scions or cutt+s :i* we are to ins]t 9 ! /ock are yet dormant4 ,?is "t occurs f ! middle ( ,janu>y1 :5 ! sap fir/ rises 9 ! old v9e1 & cont9ues to ,m>* or ev5 ,april1 ,febru>y & ,m>* be+ g5]ally ! mon?s be/ suit$ to ! "w4 ,graft+ may also be done 9 ! fall ( ! ye> aft] ! grape crop has be5 ga!r$1 :ile "s gr[]s h be/ succe$$ /ill e>li]1 & advocate ! mon? ( ,augu/ z be+ ! mo/ favorable "t = ?is process4 ,! sap at t "t ceases fl[+1 & !re is no dang] ( its be+ clogg$4 ,grapev9es c be graft$ at almo/ any "t ( ! ye> at :i* ! wea!r is n too w>m1 z ?is w cause ! cutt+s to bud out be=e !y h jo9$ ! /ock4 ,if graft+ on resi/ant /ocks is desir$1 ! /ocks1 if small1 mu/ fir/ be dug1 & ! graft+ c !n be p]=m$ 9 ! work%op any "t betwe5 ,decemb] & ,m>*1 ! e>ly w9t] mon?s be+ pref]able4 ,po9ts to be ,obs]v$ 9 ,graft+4--,! ma9 object 9 graft+ is to prop]ly jo9 ! scions & ! /ock4 ,! po9t ( junction %\ld be ! cambium lay]1 or :at is commonly call$ ! inn] b>k4 ,if a cutt+ ( a v9e is cut (f smoo?ly & plac$ 9 ! gr\nd1 ! callus soon beg9s to =m at ! l[] end4 ,?is callus1 :i* is se5 to exude f ! gre5 lay] betwe5 ! h>d wood & ! b>k1 is f$ by ! sap 9 ! cutt+ desc5d+ ?r\gh ! cambium lay] & =m+ new cells at its free end4 ,if ?is callus jo9s a simil> callus ( ! cambium or gre5 lay] ( ! /ock1 ! two calluses unite & =m toge!r a new v9e1 9 :i* ! top consi/s ( ! new scion & ! root ( ! old v9e4 ,! junction ( ! two is ! place :]e ! cambium surface ( ! scion met ! cambium ( ! /ock4 ,9 ! scions1 ! cambium lies v close to ! ext]ior lay] ( ! cutt+1 ! b>k "h be+ v ?91 :ile 9 ! old /ock ! cambium is situat$ _m times deep] 91 ! out] lay] or ! b>k be+ v ?ick4 ,x is n necess>y t ! cambium lay]s ( ! two %\ld meet or jo9 all along ! cut surface1 & a few po9ts ( contact & junction is suffici5t1 al?\gh x is bett] to h z l>ge a junction surface z possible4 ,if ! two cambium lay]s d n meet1 ! scion w n gr[1 or1 z x is call$1 take4 ,! scions mu/ be dormant :5 be+ graft$1 &1 if _! buds h begun to swell1 !y w probably n take1 or at lea/ success is less c]ta94 ,9 ord] to keep !m dormant !y %\ld be cut e>ly 9 w9t]1 & !n be buri$ 9 cool & only slightly moi/ e>?1 ei!r 9 a cell> or on ! nor? side ( a h\se1 :]e ! sun & heat w n /rike !m & cause !m to />t _! buds4 ,if ! callus %\ld =m1 or ev5 root1 ! callus & roots may be cut away )\t great injury to ! cutt+s4 ,if ! cutt+s are dry1 !y %\ld be soak$ = a few h\rs 9 tepid wat]1 & aft]w>ds buri$ 9 moi/ s&4 ,?is treatm5t is (t5 useful = import$ cutt+s :i* h be5 injur$ 9 transit4 ,!y (t5 recov] vigor wond]fully fa/1 & %\ld nev] be giv5 up = lo/ z long z !re is any gre5-color$ cambium left1 9 :i* ! sap may aga9 be br\ght into circulation4 ,v>i\s ,me?ods ( ,graft+4--,! g5]al way to graft is to graft on old /ocks4 ,v9es ( "o v>iety are ?us *ang$ into ! v>iety we wi% to gr[1 & f :i* ! scions are tak54 ,! fir/ /ep is to dig away ! soil f ! v9es d[n to ! fir/ roots1 :i* %\ld be done by a sep>ate gang ( m54 ,next ! /ocks are saw$ (f horizontally at ! fir/ roots1 or say f f\r to six in*es bel[ ! surface ( ! soil4 ,?is %\ld also be done by sep>ate h&s s z to insure rapidity & skill 9 ! "w4 ,"s graft]s saw (f ! /ocks some:at slant+1 s z to cause !m to %$ ! sap :i* always exudes f ! /ump4 ,next 9 ord] comes ! splitt+ ( ! wood ( ! /ock & ! ins]tion ( ! grafts4 ,?is requires c>e & skill1 & %\ld n be done by c>eless h&s4 ,! splitt+ ( ! /ock is done 9 sev]al diff]5t ways1 & to accompli% x we c ei!r use a knife & a wood5 mallet or a h&-saw4 ,if ! =m] is us$1 ! knife mu/ be %>p & ?ick1 s z to /& ! bl[s ( ! mallet4 ,"s gr[]s ev5 use a %>p *isel4 ,if a saw is ! tool us$1--& ,i pref] x e "t1--! edges ( ! old wood %\ld aft]w>ds be p>$ (f smoo?ly ) a %>p knife1 s z to leave no r\gh m>ks ( ! tee? ( ! saw4 ,! /ock is split /raight across1 z 9 ! cleft graft1 & "o scion is !n ins]t$ at ea* end ( ! cleft on opposite sides ( ! /ock2 or ! /ock is split on "o side only1 c>e be+ tak5 t ! cleft does n ext5d across ! /ump1 & 9 ?is cleft a scion is c>efully fitt$ z be=e2 or a w$ge-%ap$ piece may be saw$ out or cut out ( ! /ock1 & ( ! size t c be fitt$ by a scion4 ,x makes b little diff]5ce :at me?od is us$1 z ) ord9>y c>e & skill ! scions w take q readily4 ,ev5 if !y %\ld entirely fail1 ! same /ocks may be graft$ ov] next fall or next ye>1 z !y keep _! vitality almo/ unimpair$ = ye>s aft] !y are cut4 ,x is only necess>y to saw !m (f until fre% wood is rea*$4 ,illu/ration3 ,simple ,lat]al ,cleft ,graft1 #a;a4 ,splitt+ ! ,trunk1 #a;b4 ,! ,scion1 #a;c4 ,! ,bevel$ ,end ( ! ,latt]1 #a;d4 ,scion & ,/ock ,jo9$4 #b4 ,simple ,transv]sal ,cleft ,graft ) ,two ,scions4 #c4 ,cleft ,graft+ ) a ,cutt+ ,graft4 ,*amp9 ,graft1 or ,graft on a ,root$ ,v9e4 #d;a4 ,graft & ,/ock ,be=e be+ ,jo9$4 #d;b4 ,! ,same ,aft] be+ ,jo9$4 ,all aft] ,aim ,*amp9's 8,v9e ,graft+40 ,! next "w is to ins]t ! scions4 ,!y %\ld nev] be long] ?an suffici5t to h "o eye above ! surface ( ! soil1 two or ?ree eyes to ! scion be+ g5]ally en\gh4 ,! cutt+s are fir/ cut 9 suffici5t l5g?s 9 ! field1 or on ! spot1 & !re p>$ to fit ! cleft 9 ! /ock4 ,if prep>$ 9 ! h\se1 !y are apt to dry out & become ru9$4 ,by keep+ !m 9 wat] !y may be kept fre%1 b ?is greatly injures _! quality4 ,! be/ way is to br+ ! cutt+s out to ! v9ey>d wrapp$ up 9 wet sacks1 & to cut & p>e !m on ! spot :]e !y are to be graft$4 ,) a %>p knife ! two opposite sides ( ! scions are p>$ (f tap]+1 b n necess>ily to a f9e po9t4 ,! scion is !n fitt$ 9 ! cleft1 a small wood5 w$ge be+ useful = hold+ ! latt] op5 :ile ! scion is fitt$4 ,if ! /ock closes tightly ^u ! graft1 no ty+ is requir$1 b1 if ! grip ( ! /ock is n suffici5t1 ty+ is ne$$4 ,cotton clo?1 manilla rope or any?+ t w hold ! two toge!r w answ] ! purpose4 ,! /ocks & scions w bo? dry slightly1 & ! ty+ %\ld !re=e be secure & tight4 ,a piece ( b>k ( ! v9e is next plac$ ov] ! cleft1 s z to prev5t any soil f fall+ 9 ! cleft1 & v c>eful graft]s use a pa/e made ( a mixture ( two p>ts ( adobe or clay & "o "p ( c[dung1 = cov]+ bo? ! cleft & ! sides ( ! grafts outside ( ! ty+4 ,a /\t /ake is driv5 9 ! gr\nd close to ! graft1 & ! two ti$ toge!r 9 ord] t ! graft may n give or be di/urb$ 9 ! lea/4 ,! hole is next fill$ ) soil1 :i* %\ld be pack$ tightly & heap$ above ! scion1 ?us =m+ a small m\nd above ! gr\nd all ar\nd ! graft4 ,! soil %\ld n be di/urb$ until ! new %oots are well above ! gr\nd & h begun to h>d5 _! wood1 at :i* "t ! security ( ! graft is fully assur$4 ,"o or m ( ! grafts may be left gr[+ = ! fir/ ye>1 & lat] on all except "o graft are cut (f s z to give ! v9e only "o trunk4 ,9 graft+ on resi/ant /ocks1 ! latt] g5]ally be+ small] !n old /ocks1 a diff]5t graft may be us$1 su* z ! :ip graft4 ,?is graft %\ld be above or at lea/ ne> ! top ( ! gr\nd 9 ord] to prev5t ! scion f tak+ root1 ! latt]'s roots n be+ resi/ant to ! phyllox]a4 ,su* grafts %\ld be c>efully cov]$ ) ! clay mixture1 & soil %\ld be heap$ up ov] _! tops4 ,to prev5t ! scions f dry+ out1 _! tops may also be cov]$ ) graft+ wax4 ,/ocks & ,_! ,influ5ce4--,! old /ock has a decid$ influ5ce on ! scion & ! new v9e4 ,:i* /ock is ! be/ on :i* to graft ! ,muscat has n yet be5 det]m9$1 b we may presume t any /rong & heal?y gr[+ v>iety w answ] our purpose4 ,dur+ ! fir/ ye>1 & also dur+ ! second ye>1 9 _m in/ances ! new v9e assumes a "* half way betwe5 t ( an old-/ock v>iety & t ( ! v>iety ( ! scions4 ,?us ,i h se5 ,muscats graft$ on ,sultanas & ,z9f&els :i* 7 almo/ id5tical ) ^! v>ieties4 ,if ,i _h n positively kn[n t !y 7 ! tops produc$ f ,muscat scions1 ,i w\ld nev] h believ$ !m to be any?+ else ?an suck]s f ! old /ocks4 ,! leaves1 b]ries & bran*es ( ^! ,muscats 7 ! fir/ ye> exactly l ,sultanas4 ,! b]ries ( ^? graft$ on black grapes 71 h[ev]1 9 ?is in/ance1 n black b :ite1 b ,i h he>d ( o!r in/ances 9 :i* !y 7 p>tially color$4 ,"s v9es1 aga91 %[$ *>act]i/ics ( bo? v>ieties1 ! leaves g5]ally be+ simil> to ! old /ock1 :ile ! grapes %[$ ! *>act]i/ics ( ! ,muscats4 ,?is ba/>dity1 h[ev]1 we>s (f 9 a ye> or two1 & f9ally ! v9e assumes ! full *>act]i/ics ( ! scion v>iety4 ,:5 ?is takes place x is evid5t t ! sap ( ! scion or ! top ( ! v9e has ei!r *ang$ ! root1 or ?r\gh its quantity ov]p[]$ ! effects ( ! root-sap4 ,muscats graft$ on ,malagas1 ,feh] ,szagos1 ,sultanas & ,z9f&els all d well 9 "t1 & 9 _m in/ances be> ev5 bett] ?an ,muscats on _! own roots4 ,our exp]i5ce 9 graft+ ! ,muscat is1 h[ev]1 limit$1 & we d n "k ) any c]ta9ty :i* roots are ! mo/ favorable or ! mo/ unfavorable on :i* to graft ! ,muscat grape4 ,i h se5 graft$ ,muscats on w9e /ocks :i* did n d well z reg>ds be>+1 :ile ! gr[? ( ! v9es 0 r vigor\s4 ,^! v>ieties m5tion$ above are1 h[ev]1 suitable /ocks = ,muscat grafts4 ,i le>n f ,mr4 ,r4 ,c4 ,kells ( ,yuba ,city t ! late ,dr4 ,s4 ,r4 ,*&l] ( ! same locality cle>$ ! ?ird ye> sev5ty-five doll>s p] acre f ,muscats graft$ on ,mission v9es4 ,?is mu/ be consid]$ z v successful1 especially z ,i h he>d ( o!r in/ances :]e simil> grafts did n be> suffici5tly ! ?ird ye> to pay = ! labor ( c>+ = ! v9ey>d "w t ye>4 ,,v>i\s ,,summ] ,,"w4 ,sulphur+4--,sulphur+ ! v9es is n[ consid]$ a mo/ necess>y op]ation1 & )\t do+ x well & 9 "t no good crops c be reli$ ^u4 ,x is true t good crops ( grapes are sometimes _h )\t sulphur+1 b ?is is only due to *ance2 ! abs5ce ( mildew1 & immunity f disease ( unsulphur$ v9es are r>e1 ev5 9 o!rwise mo/ p]fectly kept v9ey>ds4 ,! sulphur+ consi/s 9 ?or\ghly du/+ ! gr[+ v9es1 leaves1 bran*es1 fl[] buds & b]ries ) p[d]$ sulphur4 ,! fir/ sulphur+ mu/ be done :5 ! grapev9es leaf out 9 ! spr+1 &1 :5 ! "y %oots are ab\t six in*es long1 x is ab\t "t to comm5ce4 ,_m gr[]s sulphur only once1 "s g ov] _! v9es two times1 b our mo/ successful gr[]s1--^? :o get ! be/ & l>ge/ fruit crop ( grapes & bun*es1--sulphur 9 unfavorable seasons ?ree or f\r times4 ,! second sulphur+ is done j be=e ! blossoms op51 & may ev51 provid$ ! wea!r rema9s cool & w9dy1 be done 9 ! op5 blossoms ) great b5efit to ! sett+ b]ries4 ,miss ,m4 ,f4 ,au/9 ( ,fresno 0 ! fir/ to successfully sulphur 9 ! op5 blossom1 ! result be+ v l>ge crops4 ,b n all h be5 z successful z %e1 & "o ( our mo/ exp]i5c$ v9ey>di/s & rais9-gr[]s1 ,t4 ,c4 ,:ite1 pref]s to sulphur j be=e ! blossom op5s1 z1 9 case ( v w>m wea!r :5 ! sulphur is ?r[n on ! blossom1 ! latt] is apt to bla/4 ,we are !re=e on ! safe side if we sulphur j be=e ! buds h op5$1 & aft] ! grapes h set4 ,b on cold1 w9dy days :5 "o ( ! cold electric nor?we/ w9ds are sweep+ d[n ! valleys1 sulphur+ mu/ be done :e!r ! blossom is op5 or n1 z x is j at ?is "t ! sulphur is requir$ ! mo/1 9 ord] to c\nt]act ! =mation ( ! fir/ /age ( ! p[d]y mildew4 ,! vapor ( ! sulphur de/roys ! g]ms ( ! mildew1 & ?us prev5ts ! latt] f caus+ ! grapes to fall (f4 ,aft] ! grapes h fully set1 no fur!r sulphur+ is requir$ except 9 ! case ( heavy ra9s or 9 cont9u$ cl\dy wea!r1 :5 !re is always dang] t ! mildew w reappe>4 ,if heavy ra9s %\ld occur dur+ ! summ]1 a r5ew$ sulphur+ is always necess>y or at lea/ advisable1 b 9 ord9>y seasons no sulphur+ is ne$$ aft] ! b]ries h set well1 z ! g]ms ( ! mildew are !n suffici5tly injur$ to n develop lat] 9 ! season4 ,suffici5t sulphur+ is always noticeable 9 ! v9ey>d by its smell1 &1 :5 ?is smell is /rong & pron\nc$1 no fur!r sulphur+ is requir$4 ,! sulphur is appli$ to ! v9es ei!r by ! 8dr$g]0 7or du/-c7 or by a pair ( sulphur bell[s4 ,! dr$g] is us$ :5 ! v9es are small1 :ile ! bell[s are necess>y to spread ! sulphur ev5ly :5 ! v9es h rea*$ a c]ta9 size4 ,_m gr[]s use1 dur+ ! fir/ sulphur+1 small burlap bags fill$ ) sulphur4 ,! me%es ( ! burlaps are l>ge en\gh to all[ ! sulphur to g ?r\gh4 ,! sulphur %\ld be f9ely pulv]iz$ to be effective1 & ! sublimat$ ,fr5* sulphur is by _m consid]$ ! be/4 ,! co/ ( sulphur+ v>ies accord+ to ! size ( ! v9es1 b is g5]ally ab\t ?ree doll>s p] acre4 ,"y v9es "u ?ree ye>s ( age require little sulphur+1 :ile old] v9es require a great deal4 ,ab\t t5 tons ( sulphur w be en\gh = #afj acres4 ,ty+ ,ov]4--,! ty+ ov] ( ! bran*es is ano!r v9ey>d op]ation mu* us$ 9 ! int]ior rais9 di/ricts1 g5]ally 9 ! end ( ,june or ! middle ( ,july4 ,x consi/s 9 s b5d+ & ty+ ! long1 /raggl+ bran*es ( ! v9e t !y w %ade ! grapes hang+ 9 ! c5t]4 ,! long bran* is b5t1 n 9 a direct l9e t[>ds ! c5t]1 z x w\ld !n expose too _m ( ! l[] grape bun*es1 b 9 a spiral direction r\nd ! v9e4 ,if !re is any fe> t ! grapes w be expos$ & sunburn$1 & ! v9es h n be5 prop]ly summ] prun$1 ! ty+ ov] is ! only process by :i* great loss c be prev5t$ & ! grape crop sav$4 ,9 ty+ ov]1 no tw9e is us$4 ,! end ( ! long bran* is twi/$ & fa/5$ to o!r bran*es1 &1 :5 ! grapes are ripe & ! pick+ season comes1 a s+le light pull w suffice to untie all & all[ ! grapes to be pick$4 ,great c>e %\ld be us$ 9 ty+ ov]1 le/ ! l[] bran*es become expos$ & sunburn$4 ,c>eless or inexp]i5c$ labor]s w (t5 accompli% a great deal ( "w & a great deal ( h>m 9 an incr$ibly %ort "t4 ,i h se5 v9ey>ds :]e m h>m 0 done by ty+ ov] ?an by ! sun & w9d comb9$4 ,cov]+ ! ,v9es4--,in/ead ( ty+ ov]1 _m v9ey>di/s n[ cov] ! v9es1 & place ! cov]s on ! op5 c5t] ( ! v9e1 9 ord] t !y may protect ! grapes f exposure to ! sun4 ,?is is done 9 ,june1 sev]al days be=e ! hot spell is expect$4 ,! la/ week 9 ,june is ! be/ "t almo/ ev]y:]e 9 ,cali=nia1 z ! v9es are !n op5 9 ! c5t]1 & any unusually hot wea!r w\ld easily cause ! grapes to sunburn4 ,! process ( cov]+ is v simple4 ,) a pair ( %e>s ! longe/ bran*es are clipp$ (f & imm$iately plac$ on ! op5 c5t]4 ,?is is g5]ally en\gh to prev5t ! expos$ grapes 9 ! c5t] ( ! v9e f be+ scald$4 ,m ?an half a doz5 bran*es w seldom be requir$1 & at pick+ "t ^! dry bran*es mu/ fir/ be ?r[n (f1 s z to give ! pick] access to ! grapes4 ,! cov]+ ( ! v9es is a bett] process ?an ty+ ov]1 requir+ less "w & be+ m quickly p]=m$4 ,x is especially useful = old v9es1 z ! grapes ( "y v9es are pr9cipally expos$ f ! sides4 ,?9n+ ! ,crop4--,! prop] ?9n+ ( ! crop %\ld be done by prun+4 ,if ! prop] am\nt ( wood is left1 no ?9n+ out ( ! grapes is ne$$4 ,if a few %[-grapes or extra l>ge rais9s are ne$$ = exhibit+ purposes1 !y c be produc$ by a judici\s cutt+ ( ! majority ( ! grapes f any s+le bun*4 ,if ! free half ( ! bun* is cut (f1 ! "p t is left w produce v l>ge grapes4 ,?is op]ation is1 h[ev]1 nev] likely to ent] z a regul> v9ey>d op]ation 9 our v9ey>ds1 z ) u labor is too sc>ce4 ,! object ( our rais9 indu/ry is to produce *eap m$ium-siz$ rais9s ( good quality1 to be us$ by ! masses ( ! p1 in/ead ( a small] quantity ( v l>ge grapes1 :i* c\ld only be us$ by ! ri*4 ,r++ ! ,v9es4--,?is consi/s 9 remov+ a "p ( ! b>k all ar\nd a cane4 ,9 ,france & ,greece a special in/rum5t is made to p]=m ?is op]ation quickly & c>efully4 ,a r+ ( b>k half an in* wide is all t is requir$ to h ! desir$ effect4 ,! v9es are r+$ :5 ! grapes are half gr[n1 & only a few canes are r+$ on ea* v9e4 ,! effect ( r++ is to greatly increase ! crop ( grapes1 also to produce ! grapes e>li] 9 ! season4 ,s f> ?is process has n be5 us$ 9 ,cali=nia to any ext5t4 ,9 ! ,grecian ,isl&s1 :]e currants are rais$1 ?is r++ has be5 practic$ = ye>s1 ) m or less b5eficial effect4 ,! sap 9 ! cane t is r+$ is prev5t$ f aga9 return+ to ! root1 & goes to produce a l>g] quantity ( grapes above ! r+4 ,b !reby ! cane is s]i\sly injur$1 & (t5 to su* an ext5t t x mu/ be entirely remov$ ! foll[+ season4 ,c>e mu/ !re=e be tak5 to leave en\gh unr+$ bran*es to s]ve z fruit-be>+ wood ! foll[+ ye>4 ,if done ) c>e & good judgm5t1 ! r++ does no great injury to ! v9e4 ,= a full] acc\nt ( ! process1 see article on ,currants4 ,! ,v9ey>d ,labors ( ! ,ye>4--,! foll[+ synopsis ( ! v>i\s labors 9 a rais9 v9ey>d c only be ( int]e/ to ! beg9n]1 or to any "o :o contemplates engag+ 9 ! rais9 bus9ess4 ,! data giv5 are only approximate1 z !y mu/ diff] 9 diff]5t localities1 or accord+ to ! *ang+ ( ! seasons3 ,decemb]4--,aft] ! fir/ fro/1 or :5 ! v9es are dormant1 plant+ new v9es & cutt+s may beg94 ,prun+ ! old wood4 ,burn+ ! prun+s4 ,manur+ ! soil4 ,janu>y4--,pl[+1 cultivat+ & plant+4 ,febru>y4--,cultivat+ & pl[+4 ,m>*4--,graft+ ! grapes & f9i%+ pl[+4 ,april4--,hoe+ ! v9es & cultivat+4 ,sulphur+ & suck]+4 ,may4--,sulphur+ & summ] prun+4 ,june4--,hoe+4 ,cov]+ or ty+ ov] ! v9es4 ,july4--,irrigat+ :]e ne$$4 ,fix+ trays & sweatboxes4 ,augu/4--,di/ribut+ trays & sweatboxes 9 ! v9ey>d4 ,pick+ ! fir/ crop4 ,pack+ %\ld beg9 z soon z possible4 ,septemb]4--,pick+1 dry+1 turn+ ! trays1 rev]s+1 tak+ up4 ,octob]4--,pick+ ! la/ ( ! second crop4 ,pack+ cont9ues4 ,novemb]4--,haul+ 91 /ack+ & clean+ (f trays & sweatboxes4 ,irrigat+ & manur+ ! l&4 ,new l& %\ld be prep>$ = plant+1 :i* %\ld beg9 z soon z ! fir/ fro/ has kill$ ! leaves ( ! v9e4 ,,prun+4 ,w9t] ,prun+1 or ,prun+ ,h>d ,wood4--,! prun+ ( v9es comprises two diff]5t processes4 ,! fir/ "o has = its object ! %ap+ ( ! v9es1 ! second "o simil>ly ! %ort5+ ( ! bran*es prop]ly s z to enable !m to be> bett] fruit4 ,^! two po9ts mu/ always be kept 9 view1 mu* m s ( c\rse dur+ ! fir/ few ye>s1 be=e ! v9es h rea*$ _! be>+ age4 ,b ev5 9 aft] ye>s ! prun+ mu/ be s conduct$1 t ! %ape ( ! v9e is n *ang$ s z to int]f]e ) ! "w 9 ! field1 or ) ! p]fect developm5t ( ! grapes4 ,z reg>ds ! %ape ( ! v9e1 x has be5 decid$ t 9 our rais9 di/ricts ! ,muscat requires to be prun$ l[1 9 ord] to prop]ly protect ! grapes f sun & w9d4 ,! head %\ld be z l[ z possible1 or ev5 re/ on ! gr\nd1 & 9 no in/ance be m ?an a few in*es above ! same4 ,_m ( ! bun*es w !n re/ on ! gr\nd or hang a few in*es above x1 & exp]i5ce %[s u t su* l[ bun*es are ! be/ & ^? :i* produce ! f9e/ rais9s4 ,tall ,muscat v9es nev] produce z sweet & z l>ge bun*es or grapes z ^? head$ l[1 & _! grapes are apt to sunburn or be o!rwise *eck$ 9 _! gr[?4 ,dur+ ! fir/ ye>1 ! "y v9e %\ld be cut back to a s+le /em1 x be+ en\gh to leave two or ?ree eyes above ! gr\nd4 ,! second season ^! canes %\ld all be cut away except ?ree1 :i* are to =m ! future head ( ! v9e4 ,ea* "o ( ^! may be cut to two eyes1 ?us leav+ six eyes on ! v9e4 ,9 ! majority ( v9es1 ! head %\ld by ?is "t h be5 =m$1 z ! foll[+ ye> w be ! fir/ ye> 9 :i* ! v9es w be>4 ,:5 ,muscat v9es h gr[n two seasons1 !y %\ld be prun$ = fruit4 ,! ?ird season w always give "s fruit1 :ile1 9 _m localities :]e ! v9es h be5 well c>$ =1 ! yield may be q l>ge & pay h&somely4 ,no direction z to prun+1 :i* w apply to e locality or to e v9e1 is possible4 ,9 diff]5t localities ! climatic & o!r conditions are s v>iable t ! me?ods ( prun+ may be modifi$4 ,:]e ! v9es gr[ /rong & vigor\s m wood %\ld be left4 ,9 cool & %elt]$ places ! v9es %\ld be giv5 a great] spread to all[ m sun & air to ent]4 ,9 w>m localities1 ) a broil+ sun1 ! pr9cipal object 9 prun+ %\ld be to prop]ly %elt] ! grapes4 ,!re is dang]1 or at lea/ !re are great disadvantages 9 prun+ ei!r too long or too %ort1 & 9 leav+ too _m or too few spurs4 ,9 prun+ too long1 or leav+ too _m eyes1 ! %ape ( ! v9e is *ang$ or ev5 s]i\sly injur$4 ,9 leav+ too _m spurs1 ! v9es may be> too _m & too small grapes4 ,to f9d ! m$ium betwe5 ^! extremes is always ! great object & /udy to :i* ! gr[] %\ld devote 8 att5tion4 ,9 ri* & moi/ soils :i* produce /rong v9es1 m eyes %\ld be left1 & 9 s&y1 poor soil a few eyes may suffice to cause ! v9e to be> mu* m t x c prop]ly mature & p]fect4 ,! ye> be=e ! v9es be> _! fir/ good crop1 ! spurs left %\ld n exce$ ?ree or f\r1 & ea* spur %\ld n h m ?an two eyes1 includ+ ! eye ne>e/ ! old wood1 :i* eye is (t5 ov]look$ & n c\nt$ 94 ,! next ye> a few m spurs may be left1 b at no "t %\ld ea* spur be all[$ to c>ry m ?an two eyes4 ,if m eyes are left1 ! l[] eyes w n develop1 & ! only ?+ atta9$ by su* prun+ is to increase ! size ( ! head1 & to place ! leaves & ! grapes f>!r away f ! c5t] ( ! v9e4 ,at ! age ( six ye>s1 or :5 ! v9e is 9 full be>+1 no m spurs %\ld be add$1 z ! v9e has !n atta9$ a mature age1 & ! yield w increase indep5d5tly ( an increas$ numb] ( spurs4 ,h[ _m spurs %\ld be left x is n possible to say4 ,! exp]i5ce ) mo/ gr[]s is g5]ally t too few spurs are left1 & t f t5 to fifte5 spurs are n too _m on l>ge & heal?y v9es4 ,! t5d5cy ( ! gr[]s is n[ to leave m spurs ?an =m]ly1 & to always re/rict ! spurs to two eyes ea*4 ,?is exp]i5ce has be5 acquir$ simultane\sly 9 ,fresno1 ,san ,b]n>d9o & ,san ,diego c\nties4 ,_m gr[]s affirm ! fact t ! difficulty is to get spurs en\gh1 & my own exp]i5ce is t1 aft] ! v9e has once atta9$ its age ( full be>+1 all ! /ronge/ bran*es are requir$ to furni% spurs1 & t only ! weak & sickly %oots %\ld be cut away entirely4 ,! /rong fl[ ( sap 9 ! spr+ requires _m outlets1 s z n to unnecess>ily pu% ! cell walls & cause disord]s1 & 9 case ! soil is n /rong en\gh to su/a9 & p]fect s _m grapes1 x is bett] to manure x heavily & make x ri* en\gh = all purposes4 ,i believe an av]age ( f eight to t5 spurs are requir$ by /rong & be>+ v9es4 ,only /rong canes %\ld be left at any "t4 ,weak & immature canes %\ld be cut (f close to ! trunk or to ! head4 ,illu/ration3 ,muscatel ,v9e ,eight ,ye>s ,old1 aft] ,w9t] ,prun+4 ,?is me?od ( prun+ diff]s mat]ially f t ?is season adopt$ by ,a4 ,b4 ,butl]4 ,he leaves n[ only f five to eight spurs on ! v9es1 g5]ally ! less] numb]4 ,he ma9ta9s t 8 object is to produce l>ge & sup]ior grapes1 & n to h 8 v9es ov]be>4 ,! outcome ( su* close prun+ has n yet be5 demon/rat$1 b x may be possible t ?is is ! prop] way4 ,mr4 ,butl] has c]ta9ly "o po9t 9 8 favor1 & t is t x has n yet be5 demon/rat$ t v close prun+ causes ! disease kn[n z black-knot1 z q frequ5tly ! unprun$ v9es %[ ?is disease mu* m ?an ^? :i* are prun$ close4 ,ano!r po9t 9 favor ( ?is prun+ is t x has be5 practic$ 9 ,malaga = ye>s )\t any ill effects4 ,b1 be=e su* v close prun+ c be g5]ally recomm5d$1 our exp]i5ce 9 ?is direction %\ld be m ext5sive1 & sev]al ye>s m w be necess>y to come to any satisfactory conclusion 9 ?is respect4 ,we "k1 h[ev]1 t too _m 7say f tw5ty to tw5ty-five7 spurs w exhau/ ! l[-head$ ,muscatel v9es1 & 9 ord] to br+ su* v9es back to prop] be>+ x has be5 f\nd necess>y to r$uce ! numb] ( spurs at once to "o-?ird & !n gradually increase _! numb] z ! v9es gr[ /rong]4 ,e gr[] %\ld /udy 8 own v9es & adapt ! numb] ( spurs to ! quality ( ! crop4 ,if ! crop is inf]ior1 r$uce ! numb]2 if aga9 ! crop is sup]ior1 we may try to gradually give a few m spurs 9 ord] to rea* ! greate/ yield ( fir/-class grapes4 ,9 prun+ ! spurs1 ! cut %\ld be made a little above ! eye or bud1 & n s close to x t x w be injur$ & dry out4 ,suck]s f ! roots %\ld be remov$ to a limit$ ext5t1 t is1 n[ & !n a suck] may be left 9 ord] to give mat]ial = =m+ a new head1 if ?is %\ld be f\nd necess>y4 ,b z a rule ! _m suck]s :i* rise f ! roots %\ld be remov$ 9 e>ly spr+ ) a %>p-po9t$ /ick1 & ev5 ^? :i* rise f bel[ ! regul> head %\ld be brok5 (f :ile "y1 or be prun$ (f 9 w9t] "t4 ,ano!r sy/em ( prun+ call$ ! ,*a9tre sy/em has be5 introduc$1 or at lea/ spok5 ( dur+ ! la/ few ye>s4 ,z1 h[ev]1 x is n g5]ally us$1 or ev5 to my k us$ at all1 = rais9 grapes1 ,i ne$ only "h allude to x4 ,x consi/s ( prun+ ! v9e to "o s+le long /em1 :i* is c>ri$ along ! gr\nd &1 at a di/ance ( six or eight feet f ! root1 fa/5$ to a /ake4 ,?is bran* is prun$ to %ort] bran*es & spurs1 ea* ( ! latt] to "o or two eyes ea* to furni% wood & fruit4 ,! advantages ( ! ,*a9tre prun+ are claim$ to be pr9cipally two1--a great] yield ( grapes & a l>g] outlet = ! abundant sap 9 ! spr+4 ,x is suppos$ t1 if ! v9e is prun$ too %ort1 ! sudd5 fl[ ( sap 9 ! spr+ has a great t5d5cy to poison "s ( ! cells & vessels ( ! wood1 & cause ! disease kn[n z black-knot4 ,! ,*a9tre sy/em endeavors1 by furni%+ ! v9e ) m cells & vessels1 & ?us a l>g] outlet = ! sap1 to ov]come ?is difficulty4 ,! ,*a9tre sy/em has1 h[ev]1 "s great inconv5i5ces4 ,x int]f]es consid]ably ) ! tillage ( ! soil4 ,x increases ! co/ ( ! v9ey>d ?r\gh ! extra /akes necess>y to support ! v9es1--inconv5i5ces s great t ,i d\bt :e!r ! sy/em w ev] be s]i\sly adopt$ any:]e on ?is coa/1 ev5 if x %\ld prove ( any advantage4 ,! "t = ! prun+ dep5ds ^u ! season4 ,! only safe rule is t v9ey>ds may be prun$ z soon z ! v9es are dormant4 ,if prun$ too soon1 a new gr[? w />t1 :i* w be kill$ by ! fir/ fro/4 ,9 _m seasons ! prun+ may be done 9 ,novemb] & ,decemb]2 9 l>ge v9ey>ds x mu/ be begun e>ly1 s z to f9i% be=e ! pl[+ comm5ces4 ,e>ly prun+ w cause ! v9es to />t e>ly 9 ! spr+1 :ile late prun+ w consid]ably delay ! />t+ ( ! buds4 ,:5 ! spr+ fro/s are to be fe>$1 ! prun+ may be def]r$ = "s mon?s1 or until ! end ( ,janu>y1 z x delays ! budd+ out ( ! v9e 9 ! spr+1 sometimes z mu* z f\rte5 days4 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 ! fir/ w>m spr+ wea!r is s favorable to ! developm5t ( ! grapev9es & ! sett+ ( ! fruit1 t e advantage %\ld be tak5 ( ! same4 ,! v be/ crops are g5]ally _h on e>ly prun$ v9es4 ,ble$+ ( ! ,v9es4--,! ble$+ ( ! v9es aft] prun+ 9 ! spr+ is by _m consid]$ injuri\s4 ,s f> z ,i "k1 no direct exp]im5ts to prove ?is h be5 made 9 ?is c\ntry1 b ,european exp]im5ts ) w9e grapev9es po9t to no ill effects f ! ble$+ ( ! v9es4 ,! ble$+ ret>ds ! budd+ out1 & ?is fact has l$ "s gr[]s to ! practice ( prun+ twice4 ,9 ! fir/ prun+ an extra eye is left on e spur1 & ^! eyes are aga9 clipp$ (f %ortly be=e ! eyes beg9 to swell 9 ! spr+4 ,! ble$+ ( ! v9es ?us causes ! eyes to be ret>d$ until ! fro/ is ov]4 ,i believe su* practice is bo? unnecess>y & too co/ly1 & is n requir$ 9 any ( our rais9 di/ricts1 & :]e su* practice mu/ be employ$ ! rais9 grape _c be p]fectly at home4 ,( late ye>s spr+ fro/s h become v r>e 9 our pr9cipal rais9 di/ricts1 & ! practice ( d\ble prun+ is no long] ?\ght (4 ,summ] ,prun+1 or ,prun+ ,gre5 ,wood4--,summ] prun+ is a mu* disput$ v9ey>d op]ation1 :i*1 h[ev]1 at lea/ 9 "s localities1 is ( great importance4 ,?is summ]1 or r spr+1 prun+ consi/s ( cutt+ back ! "y gr[+ %oots f "o-?ird to "o-half j aft] ! b]ries h set well4 ,! prop] "t ( ! ye> is 9 ,may1 b ! exact "t mu/ necess>ily be diff]5t 9 diff]5t localities & seasons4 ,9 ,fresno ! cutt+ back %\ld n be done lat] ?an ,may1 & nev] except :5 ! v9es %[ a vigor\s gr[?4 ,! pr9cipal object ! summ] prun] has 9 view is to =ce ! second>y bran*es ( ! v9e z mu* t[>ds ! c5t] ( ! v9e z possible1 s z to =m !re a p]fect canopy ( %ade to s]ve z a protection to ! "y & t5d] b]ries4 ,if let alone1 ! bran*es ( ! v9e w ?r[ out ^! second>y %oots ne> ! top ( ! bran*es1 ?us leav+ ! head ( ! v9e unprotect$ f ! sun4 ,! %ort5+ 9 ( ! bran*es necess>ily ?r[s ! new %oots to ! c5t] ( ! v9e4 ,a n less important object to be s\ght by ! summ] prun+ is ! /r5g!n+ ( ! "y bran*4 ,9 ,may1 :5 ! v9es are cov]$ by ! "y & vigor\s %oots1 !y are yet exce$+ly brittle1 & only a slight pu%+ is requir$ to break ! bran* (f j at its junction ) ! old wood4 ,a heavy w9d at ?is "t sometimes does an imm5se damage1 & ! v9ey>d w look z ?\gh e v9e _h be5 dragg$ ov]4 ,half ( ! bran*es may be brok5 & hang p>tially atta*$ to "o side ( ! v9e4 ,a s+le w9d may ru9 two-?irds ( ! crop4 ,?is c only be prev5t$ by ! summ] prun+ ( ! v9es4 ,by a heavy %ort5+ 9 ( ! bran*es1 ! latt] expose s mu* less surface = ! w9d to act on1 t no bran*es are brok51 & we h fail$ to see ! heavie/ w9d cause any noticeable damage 9 v9ey>ds :i* _h _! v9es prop]ly %ort5$ 94 ,! summ] prun+ 9 no way injures ! v9es4 ,! sap is *eck$ 9 its fl[ only = a few days1 & )9 a week ! new side %oots make _! appe>ance4 ,b ! v9ey>di/ mu/ be c>eful n to summ] prune aft] ! hot summ] wea!r has set 91 z ! hot wea!r w burn or scald ! "y grapes & ru9 !m entirely4 ,= ! ,san ,joaqu9 valley rais9 di/ricts1 ,i _c advise summ] prun+ aft] ! fir/ days ( ,june2 9 ,s\!rn ,cali=nia1 some:at lat]4 ,grapev9es on s&y1 dry & poor soil %\ld n be summ] prun$1 or only v lightly s4 ,!y h n /r5g? to />t a new gr[? & w rema9 /unt$ all ?r\gh ! season4 ,_m gr[]s ( ,riv]side1 ,el ,cajon & ,fresno consid] summ] prun+ b5eficial1 if n necess>y1 & practice x e ye> regul>ly4 ,x is necess>y to summ] prune heavily or n at all4 ,cut back "o-half ( ! gr[?1 or cut back leav+ "o or two leaves above ! bun* ( grapes on e cane4 ,if ! "y canes are only topp$1 ! second>y bran*es w come out ne> ! ends ( ! canes & be> !m d[n1 9 "t expos+ ! bun*es to ! sun z well z caus+ ! second crop to gr[ too f> f ! ma9 trunk1 ! summ] prun+ ?us act+ ! opposite ( :i* x 0 int5d$4 ,9 ,greece ! w9e grapev9es are summ] prun$1 b ! currants are nev] s treat$4 ,root-prun+4--,! prun+ ( ! roots ( grapev9es1 9 ord] to cause !m to be>1 is entirely unnecess>y1 & is nev] done by exp]i5c$ gr[]s4 ,"s gr[]s h practic$ ! cutt+ ( ! surface roots ( ! v9es s z to cause ! tap roots or ! ma9 roots to g f>!r d[n1 & !y claim t by ?is me?od great] crops are h>ve/$4 ,i am satisfi$ ?is is only a !ory n support$ by facts4 ,surface roots are z necess>y to plants z deep-soil roots1 & s]ve ! plants 9 _! way1 br++ atmosph]ic air to ! circulation 9 ! roots4 ,if too _m surface roots are =m$1 x is a sure indication ( too mu* wat] 9 ! top soil1 z too frequ5t irrigation ) a small /ream ( wat] w cause su* roots to =m4 ,! prop] rem$y is to irrigate less frequ5tly1 b m at a "t4 ,! above does n ref] to ! prun+ ( ! roots ( graft$ v9es4 ,9 cases :]e ,muscats h be5 graft$ on resi/ant /ocks1 x is ( importance t ! graft %\ld n make roots ( its own1 z ^! w\ld soon ov]p[] ! /ock & 9 _! turn succumb to ! enemies :i* x 0 ! int5tion to avoid4 ,:5 root$ v9es are plant$ 9 ! v9ey>d1 _! roots %\ld be well prun$1 & all dead & decay+1 z well z dri$-up1 p>ts %\ld be remov$4 ,if !y are all[$ to rema9 on ! v9es1 !y w draw moi/ure f ! s\nd p>ts at a "t :5 all ! moi/ure is ne$$ = ! =mation ( new roots4 ,suck]+4--,! object ( ?is process is to relieve ! rais9-v9e ( sup]flu\s wood be=e ! latt] has _h "t to draw on ! /r5g? ( ! v9e & deprive x ( ! elem5ts necess>y to support ! fruit-be>+ bran*es4 ,! prop] "t = suck]+ is e>ly 9 ! spr+1 :5 ! "y wood is yet t5d] & easily brok54 ,) a h>d & flat piece ( wood1 ! l[] suck]s are dug out f bel[ ! gr\nd1 :ile ! upp] suck]s may be brok5 by h&4 ,a suck] mu/ be und]/ood to be any bran* :i* does n produce fruit at a "t :5 ! v9e is old en\gh to be>4 ,9 /rong & moi/ soil & on /rong v9es ev5 ! l[e/ %oots produce grapes1 & c !re=e h>dly be call$ suck]s4 ,b z a rule ev5 !y %\ld be remov$1 unless we h a special object 9 view1 su* z r5ew+ ! trunk ( ! v9e1 l[]+ its head1 or 9 o!rwise enc\rag+ ! l[] bran*es4 ,:ile few v9ey>di/s take suffici5t c>e & "t to suck] _! v9es1 !re c be no d\bt t ! op]ation is ( ! greate/ importance1 9 ord] t z l>ge & good a crop z possible may be secur$4 ,x is n only be/ to remove all ! non-fruit-be>+ bran*es :i* spr+ out f ! root & ! trunk1 b also a little lat] on1 aft] ! %oots h rea*$ a foot or m1 to cut any bran* f ! head ( ! v9e :i* does n produce fruit4 ,9 _m in/ances1 h[ev]1 x is necess>y to r5ew ! head ( ! v9e1 & = t purpose l[] suck]s may be all[$ to gr[4 ,= a ye> or two ^! are prun$ regul>ly & made to be>1 & ! old sickly head is !n remov$4 ,,v>i\s ,,v9ey>d ,,tools4 ,g5]al ,notes4--,x is n my int5tion to "h describe ! v>i\s tools us$ 9 ! v9ey>d s m9utely t !y c be made aft] ! description1 b simply to enum]ate & call att5tion to !m 9 ord] t z little repetition z necess>y may be made4 ,e local blacksmi? or me*anic inv5ts1 improves or pat5ts v9ey>d tools ( e description1 & almo/ e ye> sees new tools introduc$ & old] ones disc>d$4 ,/ill a few ( ^! tools h become /&>d1 & modifications ( !m are n always improvem5ts4 ,! ,%eep's-foot4--,?is is a v useful tool 9 plant+ grape cutt+s4 ,x consi/s ( a r\nd rod ( ?ree-eigh?s-in* iron & ab\t ?ree & "o-half feet long1 furni%$ ) a cross h&le at ! upp] end4 ,! l[] end is v slightly flatt5$ out & split to a dep? ( "o & "o-half in*es1 ! cleft ?us =m$ be+ a little wid] at ! po9t ( ! b>1 :ile ! int]ior angle ( ! cleft %\ld be r\nd$ 9 ord] t ! cutt+ may n be cut4 ,! %eep's-foot is us$ 9 v s(t gr\nd only1 :]e x c be pu%$ d[n readily4 ,9 plant+1 ! l[] jo9t ( ! cutt+ is grasp$ by ! cleft 9 ! rod1 & bo? are pu%$ d[n toge!r to ! requir$ dep?4 ,a twi/ is !n giv5 ! h&le1 s z to get ! rod loose f ! cutt+4 ,! rod is !n pull$ up1 & a tamp ) ! foot sets ! gr\nd solid r\nd ! cutt+4 ,c>e %\ld be tak5 t ! cutt+ is n pull$ up ) ! rod1 z x w prove fatal to ! cutt+4 ,! ,plant+ ,b>4--,?is b> is us$ also 9 loose gr\nd free f rocks4 ,x consi/s ( a flat b> ( iron two & "o-half in*es wide1 f ?ree-eigh?s to "o-half in* ?ick & ?ree & "o-half feet long1 & is furni%$ at ! upp] end ) a h&le4 ,9 us+ ?is b>1 x is fir/ pu%$ 9 ! gr\nd1 & a hole is made = ! cutt+4 ,! cutt+ is !n pu%$ d[n into ! hole1 ! b> ins]t$ alongside ( x & press$ =w>d1 9 ord] to fill ! hole & set ! soil solid ar\nd ! cutt+4 ,! ,dibble4--,?is tool is simply a h>d piece ( oakwood1 ) a curv$ h&le & po9t$4 ,x is a mo/ useful in/rum5t :5 ! v9es are be+ prun$4 ,by means ( x ! soil is scrap$ (f f ar\nd ! trunk ( ! v9e1 to enable ! prun] to cut (f ! suck]s z close to ! trunk z possible4 ,e prun] %\ld be furni%$ ) a dibble4 ,plant+ ,*a9s4--,^! are be/ made ( twi/$ wire1 su* z is us$ = clo!s l9es4 ,l9es made ( cotton or hemp are apt to /ret* :5 dry1 & %r9k :5 wet4 ,copp] wires are ins]t$ to m>k ! di/ances at :i* ! v9es %\ld be plant$4 ,spades4--,spades are (t5 us$ = plant+4 ,long-h&l$ spades are m useful ?an ^? ) %ort h&les4 ,hoes4--,besides ! common1 heavy hoes1 v useful hoes c be made ( old %ovels :i* are too worn to be ( acc\nt z su*4 ,new h&les are set on ! %ovel blades at a "r or %>p angle1 ?us trans=m+ !m into v]itable hoes4 ,) ^! tools mu* m "w c be accompli%$ ?an ) ! common1 manufactur$ hoe1 :i* nev] cuts well4 ,! l>ge1 flat-fac$ ,italian hoe import$ to ?is c\ntry f ,italy is a mo/ admirable in/rum5t :5 plant+ cutt+s 9 nurs]y r[s4 ,9 fact x is !n indisp5sable4 ,pl[s4--,( pl[s1 heavy d\ble pl[s = two horses are us$ = pl[+ 9 ! c5t] betwe5 ! r[s1 & small] pl[s = pl[+ clos] to ! v9es4 ,z ^! c be _h ev]y:]e1 & z e gr[] has 8 own pref]5ces1 no description ( !m is requir$4 ,cultivators4--,^! are indisp5sable 9 ! v9ey>d1 & v>i\s models are 9 use4 ,! common1 diamond-%ovel cultivator = bo? "o & two horses is indisp5sable 9 e v9ey>d4 ,! l>g] "o ( ^! may be greatly improv$ by affix+ to ! po/]ior %ovels a cutt]-b>1 :i* %\ld /& horizontal & on a level ) ! c5t] ( ! po/]ior %ovels4 ,r&el ,disc ,cultivators4--,^! are useful 9 gr\nd t has bak$ be=e ! lately plant$ cutt+s h begun to bud4 ,!y seldom cut or injure any ( ! cutt+s1 & ! :ole field may be gone ov] reg>dless ( r[s or cutt+s4 ,! ,a% ,tr\gh4--,! a% tr\gh consi/s ( a long tr\gh on :eels1 all made ( galvaniz$ iron1 & furni%$ ) num]\s p]=at$ holes4 ,x is drawn by two or m horses ?r\gh ! v9ey>d1 & ! cutt+s are burn$ 9 x z x goes along1 & ! a%es are scatt]$ ov] ! soil4 ,z yet ?is tr\gh is only us$ 9 a few ( ! l>ge/ v9ey>ds1 b :5 p]fect$ w be useful ev]y:]e1 z by its aid ! a%es may be sav$ = ! v9es in/ead ( be+ wa/$ z is n[ s (t5 ! case4 ,sulphur+ ,cans or ,bell[s4--,^! are ( v>i\s %apes & patt]ns4 ,! cans h be5 sup]s$$ by ! simple little burlap bag1 :i* does ! same or bett] "w4 ,! bell[s are simil> to common bell[s1 b are furni%$ ) a di/ribut+ nozzle & ) an air op5+ ?r\gh :i* ! sulphur c be p\r$4 ,! ,cutt]-sl$4--,?is is simply a sl$ f\r feet long by two & a half feet wide or m1 "u :i* has be5 fix$ a horizontal b> ( iron 9 ! %ape ( a %all[ ,u4 ,x is us$ 9 ! v9ey>d aft] ! pl[+ & cultivation is f9i%$1 & :5 x is ( importance to kill ! few rema9+ we$s4 ,! driv] /&s on ! sl$1 :i* is pull$ by "o or two horses4 ,x cuts all ! we$s bel[ ! soil1 & is a mo/ effective & useful tool4 ,v9ey>d ,trucks4--,^! useful trucks are ,cali=nia inv5tions1 & ( ! greate/ importance to ! gr[]4 ,!y are n[ made ( v>i\s sizes1 b %\ld nev] be ov] f\r feet wide1 :ile ?ree feet is ev5 bett]1 & _! l5g? %\ld n exce$ six feet4 ,!y are made to turn readily any:]e by hav+ ! front :eels or :eel movable1 indep5d5tly ( ! balance ( ! truck4 ,by ! aid ( ^! trucks ! gr[] c use horse labor 9 di/ribut+ 8 boxes & trays 9 ! v9ey>d1 ev5 :]e ! v9es are plant$ s close t ord9>y wagons _c pass4 ,! v9ey>d truck is n[ us$ 9 all ,fresno v9ey>ds1 & is consid]$ almo/ indisp5sable4 ,! fir/ truck ev] made = ?is purpose 0 design$ & inv5t$ by ,j4 ,t4 ,goodman ( ,fresno4 ,%e>s4--,^! %\ld be ( ! v be/ make ( s(t /eel1 & furni%$ ) d\ble spr+s4 ,s f> no good prun+ %e>s are manufactur$ 9 ?is c\ntry1 ! be/ make com+ f ,switz]l&1 & retail$ "h at #c4jj p] pair4 ,x pays any gr[] to buy ! be/ %e>s1 z inf]ior ones n only la/ b a %ort "t1 b also d poor & sl[ "w1 & 9 ! long run co/ m ?an ! be/ & mo/ exp5sive make4 ,) a good pair a prun] c 9 a day cut fifty p] c5t m ?an ) a poor pair1 & f t5 to tw5ty-five p] c5t m ?an ) an ord9>y pair4 ,x !re=e c be readily se5 h[ ! extra price c be sav$ 9 ! fir/ day or two4 ,su* f9e %e>s %\ld be h&l$ & c>$ = v mu* l a razor4 ,!y %\ld nev] be gr\nd on a revolv+ /one1 b only hon$ ) oil on a f9e hone4 ,:5 ! season is ov] !y %\ld be oil$1 look$ ov] & laid away4 ,l>ge %e>s ) wood5 h&les are n ne$$ = ,muscat v9es4 ,! be/ size %e> is ! m$ium size1 :i* c be us$ ) "o h&4 ,,dry+ ,,& ,,cur+4 ,,cali=nia ,,sun-,,dri$ ,,rais9s4 ,note4--,9 describ+ ! processes ( dry+1 cur+1 pack+1 assort+1 etc41 ,i h foll[$ only me?ods :i* %\ld be us$ by e consci5ti\s rais9 gr[] & pack]4 ,^! me?ods are n[ actually 9 use1 n by e pack] & gr[]1 b by ! be/ ( !m1 by ^? :o /rive to produce a v sup]ior article1 :i* w comp>e favorably ) & compete successfully ) ! be/ products ( ,malaga or o!r =eign rais9 di/ricts4 ,too mu* poor cur+ & pack+ is done 9 e rais9 di/rict1 to ! great detrim5t ( ! di/rict1 its gr[]s & its pack]s4 ,! cause ( s mu* poor "w is und\bt$ly due to ! me?od ( sell+ ! rais9s 9 bulk = a previ\sly fix$ sum1 :e!r ! crop is good1 bad or indiff]5t4 ,= _m ye>s no inducem5ts 7 held out to ! gr[] to produce a v sup]ior article1 & z a consequ5ce ! pack] got v little fir/-class rais9s to pack4 ,:5 rais9s are paid = accord+ to _! quality alone1 !re w be pl5ty ( fir/-class rais9s1 & bo? pack]s & gr[]s w be ! ga9]s4 ,! =m] w get m fir/-class fruit to pack1 ! latt] w f9d x to _! advantage to produce x4 ,dur+ ! la/ season 7#ahhi to #ahij71 a *ange 0 inaugurat$1 & a grad+ ( prices accord+ to ! quality ( ! rais9s has be5 insi/$ on4 ,:5 ?is sy/em is fully c>ri$ out1 & :5 ! gr[] kn[s at ! beg9n+ ( ! season t he c get a high] price = 8 sup]ior rais9s1 ,cali=nia w produce z _m high-grade rais9s z ,malaga or any o!r rais9 di/rict4 ,already n[ our av]age rais9s are bett] ?an ! av]age ,malagas1 & all t our gr[]s ask = are inducem5ts to produce ! be/4 ,) a view to promote ! atta9m5t ( ^! expectations1 ! foll[+ has be5 writt54 ,rais9s may be produc$ by *eap] me?ods ?an ^? :i* ,i advocate1 b only great c>e1 judgm5t & /udy w accompli% ! be/ results4 ,9 ! rais9 indu/ry x pays to produce ! be/1 & to atta9 ?is v little extra c>e is requir$4 ,"t ( ,rip5+4--,v>y+ ) diff]5t localities & seasons1 ! ,muscat grape rip5s 9 ,cali=nia betwe5 ! #aj? ( ,augu/ & ! #cj? ( ,septemb]4 ,! e>lie/ po9ts :]e rais9 grapes are n[ gr[n are probably ,palm ,valley 9 ,san ,b]n>d9o c\nty & ! pla9s ( ,k]n c\nty4 ,9 bo? ^! localities ,muscats h be5 kn[n to be ripe z e>ly z ,july1 b nei!r locality has yet produc$ any great quantity ( rais9s1 & c h>dly be consid]$ z a rais9 c5t]4 ,! e>l9ess ( ! ,san ,joaqu9 valley g5]ally is probably caus$ by its small elevation above ! sea1 :i* is ab\t ?ree hundr$ feet = ,fresno1 & increas+ z we g f>!r s\?4 ,san ,b]n>d9o c\nty aga91 some:at lat] z to rip5+1 is1 z f> z its rais9 c5t]s are conc]n$1 m elevat$1 or f "o ?\s& to two ?\s& feet or m4 ,! ne>ness to ! sea has !re also "s influ5ce to ret>d ! matur+ ( ! grapes1 & x is c]ta9 t 9 ,s\!rn ,cali=nia ! lat] rip5+ ( ! rais9 grapes is pr9cipally due to ?is cause4 ,?us ! pick+ 9 ,riv]side comm5ces betwe5 ! #aj? & ! #cj? ( ,septemb]1 & :ile ! o!r rais9 di/ricts 9 ! s\!rn "p ( ,cali=nia may v>y "s1 /ill ! rip5+ season co9cides v ne>ly ) t ( ,riv]side4 ,9 ,highl&s ! grapes are said to rip5 two weeks lat] ?an at ,riv]side4 ,9 ,el ,cajon ! grapes rip5 betwe5 ! #a/ & #aj? ( ,septemb]4 ,9 ,fresno ! ,muscatel rais9 grapes rip5 9 ! end ( ,augu/1 & g5]ally by ! #bj? ( ,augu/ ! pick+ has begun ev]y:]e on ! dri] soils1 :ile on ! wet soils x is g5]ally ret>d$ f "o to two weeks4 ,z a rule ! dryness ( ! soil influ5ces consid]ably ! rip5+ ( ! grapes1 & ev5 ! quality ( ! soil is n )\t "s influ5ce1 z on s&y1 w>m soil grapes rip5 mu* e>li] ?an on heavy l&4 ,z an illu/ration ( su* e>ly rip5+1 we may m5tion t1 on c]ta9 gravelly soils nor?we/ or nor? ( ,santa ,ana1 ! ,muscat grapes rip5 two weeks e>li] ?an on ! heavi] & f9] soils 9 ! imm$iate vic9ity4 ,! gr[]s take advantage ( ?is e>ly rip5+ to sell _! ,muscat grapes fre% in/ead ( dry+ !m4 ,9 ,salt riv] & ,gila valleys 9 ,arizona ! grapes are said to rip5 mu* e>li] ?an 9 ,cali=nia1 b s f> ! v9ey>ds !re are n old en\gh to h be5 greatly b5efit$ by ?is e>ly rip5+4 ,on ! pla9s ( ,k]n c\nty ! rip5+ is ha/5$ by ! nature ( ! soil1 & possibly also by ! ne>ness to ! des]t & ! des]t w9d1 by ! great] di/ance f ! sea1 & by a less am\nt ( ra9fall4 ,9 ,malaga ! grapes rip5 sev]al weeks e>li] ?an 9 ,fresno2 9 fact1 ! :ole ,m$it]ranean region seems to be e>li] ?an ,cali=nia4 ,z a g5]al rule1 we may /ate t ! ,muscat grapes rip5 lat] 9 ,s\!rn ,cali=nia ?an 9 ! c5tral portion ( ! ,/ate4 ,9 reg>d to ,sacram5to & ,san ,joaqu9 valleys1 ! f>!r we g t[>ds ! s\? ! e>li] d ! grapes rip54 ,b 9 e di/rict !re are localities :i* are e>li] ?an o!rs4 ,! ,muscat & ,muscatel rip5 e>li] ?an ! ,sultana1 :i* latt] grape beg9s to rip5 e>li] ?an ! ,muscat1 b atta9s p]fection mu* lat] ?an any o!r ( our rais9 grapes4 ,?ompson ,se$less rip5s 9 ,yolo ab\t ,augu/ #aj?1 & is ?us our e>lie/ rais9 grape4 ,signs ( ,maturity4--,!re are ?ree diff]5t ways by :i* ! rip5ess ( a grape c be te/$1--sac*>omet]1 ta/e or color4 ,! sac*>omet] is a well-kn[n in/rum5t1 consi/+ ( a grad$ glass tube t w s9k to diff]5t dep?s 9 liquors conta9+ diff]5t p]c5tages ( sug>4 ,!re are diff]5t k9ds ( sac*>omet]s1 b ! mo/ practical "o = ! g5]al rais9-gr[] is "o divid$ 9 "o hundr$ degrees1 ea* degree %[+ "o p] c5t ( sug> to e hundr$ ( wat]4 ,?us1 if ! sac*>omet] s9ks d[n to tw5ty-five1 we "k t ! wat] or mu/ conta9s tw5ty-five p] c5t ( sac*>9e wat] & sev5ty-five p] c5t ( wat]4 ,to prop]ly te/ ! grapes1 a few bun*es %\ld be pick$ f sev]al v9es1 ! juice %\ld be squeez$ out & pass$ ?r\gh a t[el or o!rwise /ra9$4 ,! mu/ is !n p\r$ into ! te/ tube1 & ! sac*>omet] ins]t$4 ,if x %[s tw5ty-five degrees or m ( sug>1 ! grapes w make good rais9s1 b = v sup]ior rais9s sev]al degrees m ( sac*>9e are ne$$4 ,x is n unusual to f9d ! grapes rea* ?irty degrees 9 favor$ localities & 9 favorable seasons4 ,only inexp]i5c$ v9ey>di/s w require ! aid ( ! sac*>omet] to det]m9e ! /ate ( rip5+ ( ! grapes2 ! m exp]i5c$ judge by ta/e & color4 ,! ta/e ( c\rse is ! mo/ commonly us$ me?od = asc]ta9+ ! rip5ess ( ! rais9 grapes4 ,e gr[] exp]i5c$ or n %\ld exam9e 8 grapes repeat$ly4 ,to give directions = ta/+ ! rip5ess ( ! grapes is ( c\rse impossible2 x mu/ be le>n$1 & c only be le>n$ by practice4 ,x is en\gh to say "h t ! grapes %\ld ta/e v sweet1 conta9 no acid1 & if possible be r solid4 ,! color is also a valuable adjunct 9 det]m9+ ! rip5ess ( ! rais9 grapes4 ,fully ripe & p]fect fruit %\ld be amb] yell[1 some:at transp>5t & waxy4 ,if ?is color is comb9$ ) great sweetness1 & 9 ,muscatels ) abs5ce ( acidity1 we c be sure t ! grapes are ripe4 ,"s grapes d1 h[ev]1 especially :5 too mu* expos$ to ! sun1 acquire ! yell[ amb] t9t )\t be+ sweet1 b !y are readily di/+ui%$ f ! ripe grapes by _! be+ ( small] size & h>d]1 ta/eless & acid4 ,su* grapes nev] develop into good1 mature grapes1 & d n make good rais9s4 ,i may also rem>k t n all ripe grapes become amb] color$4 ,^? t gr[ 9 ! %ade & on v damp gr\nd rema9 always gre51 al?\gh !y acquire a c]ta9 sweetness1 & w make good rais9s4 ,! ,muscat grapes w make salable rais9s ev5 if n fully ripe1 b 9 ord] to make sup]ior & good rais9s all grapes %\ld be 8dead0 ripe1 especially s if ! grapes are to be dipp$ 9 lye4 ,if unripe or p>tially ripe grapes ( ,muscats & ,sultanas are dipp$1 !y make v poor & r$ rais9s2 x w\ld h be5 bett]-if !y _h nev] be5 dipp$4 ,?is is especially ! case ) ! ,sultana1 :i* beg9s to rip5 & is eatable long be=e ! ,muscat1 b :i* only makes a good dipp$ rais9 aft] ! ,muscat has be5 ripe = "s "t4 ,?ree or f\r days make a great diff]5ce sometimes 9 ! am\nt ( sug> 9 ! grapes1 & consequ5tly 9 ! quality ( ! rais9s1 & ! exp]i5c$ gr[] w keep 8 grapes on ! v9es z long z possible to atta9 ! greate/ possible am\nt ( sweetness4 ,b on ! o!r h& x takes judgm5t to =esee h[ sweet ! grapes w be1 z 9 unfavorable seasons !y w n atta9 _! full sweetness ev5 if all[$ to hang long on ! v9es4 ,to "k ! "t aft] :i* ! grapes d n increase 9 sug> requires mu* exp]i5ce & acqua9tance ) ! locality :]e !y are gr[n4 ,9 ?is respect diff]5t ye>s v>y v mu*4 ,pick+4--,_m v9ey>di/s pick _! rais9s too gre5 or be=e !y are fully ripe4 ,n all rais9s rip5 at ! same "t1 & to make ! be/ possible rais9s out ( ! grapes1 x is necess>y to pick ov] ! v9ey>d sev]al times1 ea* "t pick+ only ! ripe/ grapes4 ,9 places :]e !re are two crops ( grapes1 at lea/ two pick+s are absolutely necess>y1 & 9 _m places two pick+s are en\gh4 ,! gre5 grapes ( ! fir/ crop are !n left to be pick$ ) ! second crop1 at :i* "t !y w probably be p]fectly ripe & v *oice4 ,b if ! v9ey>d is small & manageable1 & ! own] wi%es to realize ! mo/ t he possibly c1 he %\ld make at lea/ ?ree diff]5t pick+s1 ea* "t tak+ c>e only to pick ^? grapes :i* are fully ripe & :i* w\ld make a fir/-class quality ( rais9s4 ,z long z ! small] v9ey>di/s sell _! rais9s 9 bulk at a contract$ price ( s mu* a p\nd = any k9d or quality ( rais9s1 we _c expect any great improvem5t 9 ! too common mode ( pick+1 :]e good1 bad & indiff]5t grapes g on ! trays toge!r4 ,b ,i am c]ta9 t 9 a few ye>s ?is w or mu/ *ange4 ,rais9s 9 sweatboxes w br+ ! price !y are actually wor?1 & x w be to ! int]e/ ( e gr[] to pick 8 grapes at ! "t !y w make ! be/ possible rais9s1 ev5 if extra labor is requir$ = ! "w4 ,! pick]s g5]ally use small1 po9t$ knives = sep>at+ ! bun*es1 & !y are pref]able to small %e>s1 z bett] enabl+ ! pick] to rea* f>!r 9 betwe5 bun*es & bran*es1 & to cut ! =m] )\t injur+ ! bran*4 ,9 pick+ ! bun*es1 great c>e %\ld be tak51 mu* m ?an is at pres5t 9 use4 ,x is always be/ to beg9 pick+ 9 ! poore/ "p ( ! v9ey>d1 z x w take "s "t = ! pick]s to le>n2 !y are almo/ c]ta9 to pick 9 ! beg9n+ too _m gre5 grapes4 ,! poore/ "p ( ! v9ey>d is also apt to h ! ripe/ grapes4 ,! l>ge1 f9e bun*es %\ld be h&l$ ) ! utmo/ c>e1 9 ord] t ! bloom ( ! grapes may n be injur$4 ,! bun*es g5]ally %\ld be h&l$ by ! /ems only1 or1 if ?is is impracticable1 by ! /em z mu* z possible4 ,9 sep>at+ a l>ge bun* f ! v9e1 ! bun* %\ld be cut z close to ! /em z possible1 & at ! end ( ! /em ( ! bun* !re %\ld rema9 a portion ( t broad] "p by :i* ! bun* is atta*$ to ! ma9 bran*4 ,!re is no?+ pretti] on a bun* ( rais9s ?an ?is broad end ( ! bun*2 x gives an idea ( /r5g? & oddity to ! rais9 clu/]1 %[+ ! buy] at a glance t x is a clu/] :i* 0 once solidly atta*$ to ! v9e4 ,_m rais9-pack]s place ?is broad end ( ! bun* s z to protrude above or betwe5 ! b]ries1 z if invit+ ! pur*as] to take hold ( x & ?us lift ! lusci\s bun* out ( ! box4 ,) ! poor] & small] bun*es1 no su* c>e 9 cutt+ ne$ be ex]cis$1 & x w\ld be to no b5efit to s cut a small1 poor bun* t x w\ld cause ! pur*as] to believe x 0 a l>ge bun*4 ,poor] bun*es might !re=e be cut ) %ort /ems4 ,z to ! h&l+ ( ! bun*es1 ! intellig5t gr[] w soon le>n h[ to in/ruct 8 m54 ,if v9e bran*es int]f]e ) ! lift+ ( ! bun* f ! v9e1 "s ( !m may be cut )\t any injury to ! v9e1 b too _m bran*es cut ?is way w cause a new gr[? to />t1 :i* (t5 is d]iv$ f ! be/ fruit buds = ! ensu+ season1 & :i* always is apt to be injur$ f fro/4 ,a pick] %\ld av]age n less ?an fifty trays a day ( clean$ & assort$ grapes4 ,at ?is rate ! pick+ ( tw5ty p\nds ( grapes co/s ab\t two & a half c5ts4 ,"s p]sons employ+ :ite labor claim$ to h l[]$ ! co/ ( pick+ to "o & ?ree-qu>t] c5ts p] tray ( tw5ty p\nds1 b ,i fail$ to le>n h[ ^! grapes _h be5 h&l$1 clean$ & assort$4 ,! pick+ ( ! grapes is facilitat$ by previ\s c>e giv5 ! v9es4 ,neglect$ & entangl$ v9es are mu* m difficult & exp5sive to pick ?an ^? :i* h be5 prop]ly c>$ = & correctly prun$ ! season be=e4 ,! same may be said z reg>ds v9es betwe5 ! bran*es ( :i* we$s h be5 all[$ to gr[4 ,9 pick+ f su* v9es1 ! grapes are always torn1 ! be/ bun*es de/roy$ & _m grapes wa/$ on ! gr\nd4 ,illu/ration3 ,rais9 ,v9ey>d ,truck4 ,clean+4--,:5 ! bun* is pick$ or cut f ! /em1 x %\ld be clean$4 ,if x is a fir/-class or ev5 an ord9>y lay] bun*1 e sunburnt b]ry1 e leaf1 twig or o!r conspicu\s =eign sub/ance1 mu/ be c>efully remov$ ) ! pick]'s "r h&1 :ile ! left h& holds ! bun* by ! /em4 ,?is clean+ mu/ "s "t be done1 & at no "t c x be p]=m$ ) bett] results ?an :5 ! grapes are gre54 ,! /ems are !n s(t & flexible1 :ile lat] on !y are brittle1 & 9 endeavor+ to remove =eign sub/ances _m b]ries w be deta*$1 or sometimes ev5 ! :ole bun* brok54 ,?is clean+ ( ! bun* does n ne$ to ext5d to ?ird-rate or small bun*es1 :i* are to be us$ = loose rais9s4 ,! latt] c be clean$ v rapidly ) ma*9]y1 & x w\ld only be a wa/e ( "t to clean !m by h&-pick+4 ,! use ( a pair ( bell[s is also v practical4 ,) !m mu* ( ! spid] webs & small] refuse c be remov$1 :i* c\ld n be gott5 rid ( 9 any o!r way4 ,a few h&s %\ld !re=e g ov] all f9] bun*es & bl[ !m clean1 especially if s& or du/ h accumulat$ on ! trays or bun*es4 ,if ! grapes are c>efully assort$ :5 pick$1 & ! diff]5t grades plac$ on sep>ate trays z !y %\ld be1 ?is clean+ is done rapidly1 z ! l>ge/ "p ( ! crop1 :i* only w make loose rais9s1 ne$ n be clean$4 ,dry+ on ,trays4--,z soon z ! grapes beg9 to rip51 ! trays %\ld be di/ribut$ along ! r[s 9 ! v9ey>d4 ,!y may ei!r fir/ be plac$ 9 piles at e r[ :]e ! roads cross ! v9ey>d1 or at once di/ribut$ along ! v9es4 ,! =m] me?od is to be pref]r$1 z x protects ! trays f dirt & du/1 & 9 di/ribut+ aft]w>ds x gives ! pick]s a m v>i$ labor1 (t5 welcome z a *ange f ! cramp$ position necess>y 9 pick+4 ,muscat v9es 9 prop] be>+ require "o or two trays to ! v9e1 :ile = "y v9es "o tray w suffice4 ,! probable quantity ne$$ %\ld be asc]ta9$ be=eh& 9 ord] t ! trays may be prop]ly di/ribut$4 ,! ripe grapes are always plac$ directly on ! trays1 & n previ\sly pick$ 9 boxes4 ,9 plac+ ! bun*es on ! trays1 ! prop] way = ea* pick] %\ld be to h two trays1 "o = ea* grade4 ,on "o tray he places all ! l>ge bun*es t promise to make fir/-class bun* rais9s2 on ! o!r tray he places aga9 all inf]ior bun*es & loose b]ries4 ,! small] bun*es & loose b]ries may be plac$ any way almo/1 z long z !y are n heap$ on top ( ea* o!r4 ,! l>ge/ bun*es %\ld be plac$ ) ! /em side d[n1 z ?is side w1 :5 cur$1 become ! f9e/ & w ev5tually by ! c>eful pack] be plac$ upw>ds 9 ! box4 ,t "p ( ! rais9 :i* 9 dry+ t\*es ! tray w also pres5t1 :5 cur$1 a flat surface ) sev]al conc5tric lay]s1 :i* are consid]$ a prom95t feature 9 ! p]fect rais94 ,! g5]al me?od ( dry+ is1 h[ev]1 to place good1 bad & indiff]5t bun*es toge!r on ! same tray1 ) no attempt at assort+4 ,:ile ?is me?od may d :5 sup]ior rais9s are n requir$1 & :5 no high] price is paid = bett] grades1 x w be f\nd a v inf]ior practice :5 ! gr[] desires to pack himself1 9 ord] to reap all ! b5efit he c out ( 8 crop4 ,= all sup]ior rais9s1 ,i !re=e /rongly recomm5d ! assort+ ( ! rais9s on ! trays z hav+ ! foll[+ advantages4 ,x requires less h&l+ ( ! l>ge bun*es4 ,! l>ge bun*es dry ! sl[e/1 & by hav+ !m f ! beg9n+ sep>at$ f ! small & ! loose ! latt] c be br\ght away to ! sweatboxes1 :5 ready1 )\t necessitat+ ! reassort+ & h&l+ f ! trays1 :i* at ?is "t1 :5 ! /ems are v brittle1 is always exp5sive z well z injuri\s to ! f9e bun*es4 ,! l>g] bun*es1 :i* are to produce lay] rais9s1 require less dry+1 z !y are to be sweat$ or equaliz$ be=e be+ pack$4 ,! small] & inf]ior bun*es1 on ! contr>y1 mu/ be /emm$ & assort$ by ma*9]y be=e !y are equaliz$1 & imm$iately aft] !y are tak5 f ! trays4 ,9 ord] to 8/em0 readily ^! rais9s mu/ be r ov]dri$1 z if s(t !y w\ld te> f ! /ems in/ead ( hav+ ! latt] brok54 ,we c !re=e p]ceive ! advantage ( hav+ ! two grades on diff]5t trays4 ,)\t ! necessity ( assort+ we c simply take up our 8lay]0 trays :5 !y are ready & all[ our 8loose0 to rema9 z long out z necess>y1 )\t fe> ( hav+ ! lay]s ov]dri$4 ,by ?is assort+ :5 gre51 ea* grade c be treat$ sep>ately 9 a quick & effective way4 ,a tray two by ?ree feet may be made to com=tably hold f eighte5 to tw5ty p\nds ( grapes4 ,! fir/ crop %\ld be plac$ pretty close on ! trays1 n all[+ any "p ( ! tray to be visible1 z ! reflect$ heat w be too great & may injure ! rais9s4 ,! second crop %\ld be pack$ less close1 z ! reflect$ heat f ! surface ( ! tray w help to dry ! grapes4 ,?is ( c\rse only ref]s to localities :]e ! temp]ature dur+ ! fir/ dry+ is v high4 ,! w>m] x is ! clos] %\ld ! bun*es be pack$ on ! trays1 & on ! contr>y :5 lat] on 9 ! season1 or :5 ! dry+ wea!r is unfavorable1 pl5ty ( space %\ld be giv5 ! grapes4 ,x is (t5 said t grapes1 to make good rais9s1 %\ld n only dry1 b cure4 ,!re is mu* tru? 9 ?is4 ,good rais9s %\ld dry & cure at ! same "t1 by :i* is meant t a *emical process is tak+ place1 :i* is some?+ else ?an ! m]e evaporation ( ! wat] 9 ! grape4 ,! heat necess>y & favorable = dry+ ! grapes is diff]5t 9 diff]5t localities4 ,at c]ta9 temp]atures ! rais9s w get cook$ & spoil1 assume a r$ color1 lose _! sweetness1 become s\r & h>d1 & cov]$ ) l>ge1 %>ply def9$ corrugations1--signs ( a v inf]ior or ev5 entirely wor?less rais94 ,9 ,riv]side ! grapes are said to cook at f #ih to #ajj degrees ,fahr5heit 9 ! %ade4 ,9 ,fresno ! grapes dry & cure well up to a temp]ature ( #aje degrees1 & 9 ,el ,cajon !y d n spoil until #ajc degrees are rea*$4 ,i w\ld ?9k t f #ij to #ajc degrees 9 ! %ade w\ld be ! be/ temp]ature = dry+ p]fectly ripe & sweet ,muscat grapes4 ,:5 ! grapes are v ripe1 a mu* high] temp]ature w n injure !m1 :ile unripe & s\r grapes1 especially ( ! second crop1 w burn or cook at a l[] temp]ature ?an w\ld be ! prop] "o = ripe grapes4 ,x is n always advisable to /op pick+ :5 ! heat becomes too great4 ,a bett] me?od is to /ack ! trays 9 ! field1 s z to protect ! rais9s f ! sun4 ,:5 ! heat subsides1 ! trays are aga9 spread4 ,! exp5se & tr\ble ( /ack+ ! trays is n z great z may be suppos$1 & a few h\rs w g5]ally suffice to /ack a l>ge v9ey>d ) ! regul> pick+ gang4 ,"s pack]s h sugge/$ t to secure good rais9s ! trays %\ld be /ack$ = sev]al weeks 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! p]iod ( dry+4 ,= ! production ( our usual d>k-color$ rais9s ?is is n necess>y nor ev5 advisable1 except :5 ! heat is su* t ! rais9s w\ld cook & spoil4 ,) a little exp]i5ce ?is cook+ ( ! grapes c be readily detect$ by ! smell emitt$ by ! grapes4 ,z soon z !y are 9 ! lea/ injur$ by ! heat1 a cook$ flavor beg9s to p]vade ! :ole v9ey>d4 ,:5 ?is peculi> flavor is notic$1 & :5 ! b]ries beg9 to %[ small r$ & s(t blot*es on ! side fac+ ! aft]noon sun1 ! /ack+ %\ld be comm5c$ z quickly z possible4 ,if ! trays are kept 9 piles = sev]al days1 ! injur$ grapes w p>tially recov] & at lea/ to "s ext5t rega9 _! color4 ,greatly injur$ grapes w dry mu* sl[]1 sometimes rema9+ sev]al weeks beh9d ^? :i* 7 n injur$ by ! sun4 ,slightly discolor$ rais9s may p>tially rega9 _! color by sweat+1 b !y w n improve o!rwise4 ,aft] ! trays are fill$ ) grapes1 ! be/ way is to put sev]al r[s ( trays toge!r1 or r to place ! trays f ?ree r[s ( v9es along "o ( ! spaces betwe5 ! r[s4 ,?is gives m compactness to ! crop1 makes x easi] to h&le ! trays1 & facilitates ! /ack+ ( ! trays1 _! turn+ & rev]s+1 or any labor ) ! trays t may be requir$4 ,by ?us cle>+ "s ( ! spaces betwe5 ! r[s1 admission = trucks & wagons is _h close to ! trays4 ,turn+4--,aft] ! grapes h be5 expos$ to ! sun = "s days1 !y mu/ be turn$4 ,by ?is "t x w be f\nd t ! grapes h dri$ pr9cipally on ! upp] side1 :ile ! l[] side is yet comp>atively gre54 ,! "t :5 ! turn+ ( ! grapes %\ld be done dep5ds entirely on ! wea!r4 ,"o-half ( ! dry+ process %\ld be ov]1 & ?is requires a long] or %ort] "t4 ,:5 ! "t = turn+ is at h&1 x w be f\nd t ! "u side ( ! grapes1 or r ! side ( ea* b]ry t 0 plac$ aga9/ ! trays1 has flatt5$ out & %[s conc5tric circles1 :i* are consid]$ ( mu* beauty1 & greatly valu$ 9 all good rais9s4 ,:5 !y are well =m$ & e/abli%$1 x is g5]ally "t to turn4 ,if ! grapes are turn$ be=e ^! conc5tric circles are h>d5$1 ! latt] w op5 & become less di/9ct4 ,ano!r objection to turn+ too e>ly is t ! upp] side ( ! grapes1 if n prop]ly dri$ be=e turn+1 w dry b v sl[ly aft]w>ds1 & (t5 s sl[ly t ! rais9s may h to be turn$ a second "t1 :i* w prove bo? exp5sive & to ! disadvantage ( ! rais9s4 ,"o turn+ is always en\gh1 & ! only "o prop]4 ,!re are sev]al ways to turn4 ,! ,malaga gr[]1 ) 8 rais9 floors1 mu/ turn 8 rais9s by h&4 ,! great advantage ( our trays is t we c turn mu* quick]4 ,! turn+ is done 9 our v9ey>ds by plac+ "o tray on ! top ( ano!r & !n turn+ !m quickly ov]1 :5 9 *ang+ ! tray ! bottom side ( ! bun*es w be f\nd to be up4 ,illu/ration3 ,rais9 ,tray ,cat*]4 ,?is turn+1 h[ev]1 requires "s little knack1 s z n to drop any rais9s on ! gr\nd4 ,! trays may be turn$ ei!r ! %ort or ! long way4 ,if ! long way1 "o tray is fir/ plac$ on ! top ( ! o!r1 & two m5 cat* hold ( ! long opposite sides ( ! trays by plac+ _! h&s on ! outside qu>t]s ( ! edge & !n press+ firmly4 ,?is keeps ! rais9s /eady betwe5 ! trays1 & 9 turn+ rapidly1 if ! bun*es are at all entire1 few or no rais9s w be dropp$4 ,9 turn+ ! %ort way1 ! m5 grasp ) _! opposite h&s at ! middle ( ! %ort sides1 :ile ) _! o!r h&s !y cat* ! outside qu>t]s ( "o ( ! long sides4 ,by turn+ quickly ov] ! long side t is held by ! h&s ( ! turn]s1 ! op]ation may be p]=m$ )\t dropp+ any b]ries4 ,9 small v9ey>ds1 :]e ! own] mu/ p]=m ! "w alone1 he may turn ! trays )\t any help :atev]1 ?\gh1 naturally1 8 "w w be some:at sl[]4 ,he c op]ate by ! aid ( a small contrivance call$ ! cat*]1 a mo/ simple b v effective little tool4 ,x resembles a m9iature /ool l ^? us$ by ! milk]s ( c[s4 ,! seat or top may be twelve in*es long by six wide1 made f "o-in* lumb]4 ,on "o side are ins]t$ f\r pegs1 ea* ab\t six in*es long4 ,! two opposite ones are ins]t$ v close toge!r1 b spread /rongly outw>d4 ,aft] "o tray has be5 plac$ on ! top ( ! o!r1 ! cat*] is pu%$ ov] ! long edge ( ! trays1 :i* ( c\rse w cause !m to jam tightly toge!r on t side4 ,by n[ grasp+ ! trays on ! opposite edge1 !y may be turn$ )\t ! aid ( any "o else1 & )\t any loss ( rais9s4 ,"s use /eel clips = ! same purpose1 b ! common home-made wood5 cat* is und\bt$ly ! mo/ practical me?od1 z x is ! *eape/4 ,turn+ %\ld1 z mu* z possible1 be done 9 ! morn+ or at lea/ 9 ! =5oon :ile ! air is yet cool & ! /ems ( ! rais9s damp4 ,! pressure ( ! tray w n !n cause ! /ems to break (f & ! quality ( ! rais9s to be l[]$4 ,if ! bun* rais9s are on sep>ate trays1 :i* is be/1 !y may be turn$ e>li] 9 ! day ?an ! second grade1 :i* is n apt to be greatly damag$ by ! break+ ( ! /ems1 z !y are to be /emm$ anyh[4 ,rev]s+4--,?is is an op]ation n prop]ly und]/ood by e rais9-gr[]1 b is /ill ( ! utmo/ importance1 especially = ! fir/-class bun*es ( ! fir/ crop1 :i* naturally dry m sl[ly ?an ! small] bun*es4 ,b ! me?od is also v useful = ! second crop1 :5 late 9 ! season ! dry+ is sl[ & unc]ta94 ,! rev]s+ consi/s simply 9 rev]s+ ! trays on ! gr\nd 9 su* a way t ! edges :i* fir/ fac$ ! nor? aft]w>ds face ! s\?1 or vice v]sa4 ,! object ( rev]s+ is pla94 ,x w ne>ly always be f\nd t ! rais9s at ! top or on ! side ( ! tray ne>e/ ! nor? w dry mu* m sl[ly ?an ^? on ! side fac+ ! s\?1 especially s z soon z ! wea!r beg9s to turn cold]4 ,to prev5t ?is & insure equal dry+ at ! top & bottom1 ! rev]s+ is p]=m$ aft] ! trays h fir/ be5 turn$4 ,?is w enable ! gr[] to get 8 rais9s 9 sev]al days soon] ?an he o!rwise w\ld4 ,inde$1 at ! critical p]iod ( dry+1 :5 fall ra9s may set 9 & injure ! rais9s1 x is ( ! utmo/ importance to hurry ! crop z mu* z possible2 ! rev]s+ is at ?is "t almo/ z important z turn+4 ,i h se5 ! second crop ( _m a v9ey>d s]i\sly injur$ by ra91 & its dry+ delay$ only ?r\gh neglect to rev]se ! trays4 ,! effect ( rev]s+ is (t5times v /rik+1 & "o gr[] :o rev]ses 8 trays 9 "t may get 8 crop 9 safely1 :ile 8 neighbor :o neglects rev]s+ may lose a great "p ( 84 ,a few days' delay at ?is "t ( ! ye> is (t5 fatal to ! :ole second crop1 & no pa9s %\ld be sp>$ 9 ord] to ha/5 ! dry+ by e possible means available4 ,slant+ ! ,trays4--,! practice ( rais+ "o end ( ! tray high] ?an ! o!r is ( v que/ionable value4 ,9 ! =e "p ( ! dry+ season1 ! heat f ! sun is su* t ! rais9s receive all ! heat !y require )\t be+ rais$ at an angle aga9/ ! sun4 ,t[>ds ! end ( ! season1 ,i h f\nd t1 :5 ! trays h be5 rais$1 ^? grapes :i* lie on ! l[] edge ( ! tray1 & accord+ly ne>e/ to ! gr\nd1 dry ! quicke/1 :ile ^? at ! upp] edge dry consid]ably sl[]4 ,! cause is t ! air a foot above ! gr\nd is mu* cool] ?an close to ! gr\nd2 ! l>ge space "u ! rais$ tray also s]ves z a cool+ room to cool ! tray4 ,9 "s direct exp]im5ts made1 x 0 f\nd t1 z reg>ds ! tail end ( ! fir/ crop1 ! rais$ trays came 9 sev]al days lat] ?an ! trays :i* _h rema9$ flat on ! gr\nd4 ,9 advocat+ t ! trays %\ld n be tilt$1 ,i mu/ n be und]/ood to mean t x is n b5eficial to keep ! tray 9 a tilt$ position :5 !re is a close backgr\nd to suffici5tly heat ! air equally at ! upp] & l[] end ( ! trays4 ,?is c only be secur$ by ei!r plac+ ! trays aga9/ ! side ( a hill or on specially prep>$ dry+ floors1 :i* are describ$ fur!r on4 ,9 ?is connection ,i may sugge/ t :5 ! heat ( ! sun is n great1 & :5 ! rais9s dry sl[ly1 ! plac+ ( an empty tray beh9d ! dry+ tray1 9 ord] to reflect ! sun on ! rais9s1 w consid]ably ha/5 _! dry+4 ,?is is a valuable aid 9 dry+1 especially :5 ! second crop is late4 ,elevat+ ! ,trays4--,! practice ( elevat+ ! trays conta9+ ! tail end ( ! second crop is a good "o4 ,! be/ way is to place ! trays on ! top ( ! v9es1 :5 x w be f\nd t ! free circulation ( air und]nea? w help to dry ! rais9s & prev5t rot & mold4 ,?is me?od is only adopt$ aft] fall ra9s1 b is !n ( great help 9 dry+ ! crop4 ,/ack+ ,aga9/ ,ra9 & ,dew4--,! /ack+ ( ! trays is also a valuable help 9 keep+ out dew & cold4 ,late 9 ! season1 :5 x takes sev]al h\rs ( sunlight to dry ! night dews1 ! /ack$ trays w be dry :5 ! fir/ rays ( ! sun are out4 ,:5 heavy ra9s are expect$1 ! grapes1 :e!r p>tially dri$ or n1 %\ld always be /ack$4 ,x w keep ! /ems f rott+ (f f ! b]ries1 & w g5]ally save ! crop f be+ s]i\sly injur$4 ,"s gr[]s h an idea t only ! p>tially dri$ grapes %\ld be /ack$1 b ! gre5 ones are equally b5efit$4 ,!re are sev]al ways ( /ack+4 ,! flat-/ack+ is us$ pr9cipally :5 ! rais9s are v dry1 & :5 x is ( importance t no air %\ld ent] ! trays4 ,9 flat-/ack+1 "o tray is simply plac$ on ! top ( ! o!r1 & ! circulation ( air ?us br\ght to a m9imum4 ,9 ra9y wea!r1 h[ev]1 ! ro(-/ack+ is to be pref]r$4 ,in/ead ( plac+ "o tray on ! top ( ano!r1 ! trays are plac$ 9 two piles jo9+ ea* o!r 9 su* a way t ! inn] end ( e tray ov]laps ! edge ( ! tray 9 ! adjo9+ pile4 ,?is lift+ up ( "o edge ( ! tray gives to ! :ole pile a ro(-l appe>ance1 & ! angle 9 :i* ! trays jo9 toge!r becomes /eep] ! high] ! pile gr[s1 until1 at ! height ( ?ree or f\r feet1 ! trays slant s mu* t ! rais9s _c re/ on !m1 b are 9 dang] ( slid+ (f1 :51 ( c\rse1 ! pile %\ld n be made any high]4 ,x takes sev]al times long] to /ack ! trays 9 ro( fa%ion ?an to simply pile !m up flat4 ,! advantage ( ro(-/ack+ is t x admits m air1 & %$s ! ra9 bett]4 ,9 damp wea!r ! piles %\ld n be cov]$ on ! sides = any l5g? ( "t1 z ! rais9s w !n mold m rapidly4 ,if1 in/ead ( jo9+ two piles ( trays1 ?ree piles are made to jo91 ! c5t] /ack w be flat1 :ile mu* air is admitt$ to ! rais9s4 ,9 ?is /ack+ ! fir/ two trays are plac$ flat on ! gr\nd at almo/ ! di/ance ( "o tray4 ,ano!r tray is made to re/ on ! inn] edge ( ! l[] trays & cov] ! int]m$iate space1 & s on4 ,?is me?od gives twice z mu* air space betwe5 ! trays z regul> flat-/ack+1 & is to be recomm5d$ :5 ! wea!r is damp4 ,a comb9ation ( ?is la/ me?od & ro(-/ack+ is us$ by "s1 e gr[] almo/ hav+ 8 favorite way to /ack4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$ t 9 v ra9y wea!r no k9d ( /ack+ w be ( any value1 :ile1 :5 ! %[]s are few & f> betwe51 /ack+ may save ! crop4 ,/ack+ is especially valuable 9 conjunction ) dry]s1 :5 protection dur+ a few days only is all t is ne$$4 ,"o man c /ack ab\t five hundr$ trays an h\r1 & ! regul> pick+ gang c /ack a :ole v9ey>d 9 a few h\rs4 ,%\ld ! ra9 be v heavy & no dry] h&y1 x is ( no use to try to save ! crop aft] ! mold has begun to make its appe>ance1 & :5 ! b]ries h begun to rot4 ,x is !n f> bett] to dump ! :ole crop 9 ! field r ?an to sp5d "t1 money & anxiety on rais9s :i* mu/ 9 any case become a total loss4 ,tak+ ,up4--,:51 at la/1 ! rais9s are suffici5tly dri$1 !y mu/ be tak5 up z quickly z possible4 ,?is process aga9 consi/s ( ?ree diff]5t labors1--! /ack+1 assort+ & box+4 ,x is ( great importance to "k exactly :5 ! rais9s h suffici5tly dri$ to be ready = ! sweatboxes4 ,?is c prop]ly only be asc]ta9$ by exp]i5ce1 /ill a few directions w mat]ially help ! inexp]i5c$ gr[] 9 8 judgm5t4 ,a p]fect rais9 %\ld be nei!r too h>d nor too s(t4 ,a rais9 is too s(t :51 aft] roll+ x betwe5 ! f+]s1 ! lea/ p>ticle ( juice exudes ?r\gh ! crack$ sk9 or meat4 ,su* rais9s w 8sug>0 9 c\rse ( "t1 & n keep a ye>4 ,if ! rais9s1 or a majority ( !m1 on a bun* are too wet1 !y %\ld be spread to ! sun = "s "t long]4 ,if1 h[ev]1 !re are only a few und]dri$ rais9s 9 a bun*1 ! bun* may be tak5 91 & ! s(t rais9s clipp$ (f aft]w>ds4 ,a rais9 is too dry :51 9 press+ & roll+ x betwe5 two f+]s1 ! pulp does n move readily inside ! sk94 ,su* ov]dri$ rais9s w n aga9 become fir/-class rais9s2 _! sk9 w always be t\gh1 & _! color w be some:at inf]ior4 ,if b slightly ov]dri$1 !y may be br\ght out by equaliz+4 ,to "k :5 ! rais9s are 9 a prop] condition to take up is mo/ important to e rais9-man1 & he %\ld nev] neglect to wat* 8 trays e>ly & late4 ,^u 8 good judgm5t & wat*fulness dep5d ! quality ( 8 crop4 ,to prev5t too rapid dry+ out aft] ! rais9s are ne>ly ready1 ! practice n[ is to /ack ! trays 9 ! field4 ,?is /ack+ simply consi/s 9 plac+ ! trays :i* conta9 ! ready rais9s on top ( ea* o!r1 9 piles five feet high4 ,on ! top ( e su* pile are plac$ sev]al loose trays crosswise1 s z to %elt] ! pile f ! sun1 & possibly ev5 f ra91 & o!r trays are rais$ up aga9/ ! sides ( ! pile 9 ord] to exclude z mu* air z possible4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! rais9s are r und]dri$1 ! side trays may be left out s z to all[ ! rais9s to dry m4 ,x is always be/ to /ack ! trays be=e ! rais9s are fully dri$1 z !y w f9i% dry+ & cur+ 9 ! /ack mu* bett] ?an 9 ! sun4 ,! und]dri$ rais9s w ?us dry j en\gh1 :ile ! ov]dri$ ones1 or ^? j "r1 w n dry mu* m4 ,aft] ! /ack+ is done1 ! assort+ is 9 ord]4 ,?is consi/s 9 tak+ out e bun* t is n suffici5tly dri$ to g into ! sweatbox1 & plac+ !m on new trays to dry m4 ,at ?is "t1 also1 ! bad or inf]ior & r$ b]ries may be tak5 out1 if pres5t 9 a v l>ge quantity on good bun*es2 b :5 !re are only a few on1 x is bett] n to t\* ! bun*1 z1 9 h&l+ x1 x is only too apt to break4 ,any fur!r pick+ out ( bad b]ries _h bett] be def]r$ to ! pack+-h\se4 ,! box+ & assort+1 :i* may be consid]$ toge!r1 consi/ 9 transf]r+ ! diff]5t grades ( ! n[ dri$ rais9s to sep>ate sweatboxes4 ,?is is done 9 two ways4 ,! numb] "o bun*es1 :i* h be5 plac$ on sep>ate trays1 may n[ simply be slid into ! sweatbox1 by a dext]\s movem5t ( ! tray4 ,betwe5 e two lay]s ( ^! fir/-class bun*es %\ld be plac$ a /\t manilla pap] cut s z to exactly fit ! box4 ,x is ( importance to h ! pap] j fit ! box1 & n be too l>ge nor too small1 z 9 ei!r case ! rais9s are apt to become mix$ & ! bun*es brok54 ,b1 if ! grapes h n be5 assort$ f ! beg9n+ on sep>ate trays1 m "w w be requir$ to get !m into ! sweatboxes4 ,e bun* mu/ be c>efully tak5 up by h& f ! tray1 & !n plac$ on ! pap] 9 ! box4 ,b 9 do+ s _m bun*es are necess>ily brok51 z ev5 c>eful h&s _c help frequ5t mi%aps1 :ile ignorant & c>eless workm5 may d an imm5se injury to ! crop4 ,too few manilla pap]s are g5]ally us$4 ,"s pack]s require only two pap]s 9 e box1 :ile six or eight1 or at lea/ five1 pap]s %\ld be ! prop] numb] = e box ( v *oice or ev5 ord9>y lay]s4 ,we mu/ rememb] t1 ! m pap]s we use1 ! less apt are ! bun*es to be injur$1 b ev5 ! be/ lay] bun*es w n suff] if plac$ two lay]s high betwe5 e pap]4 ,on top & 9 ! bottom ( e box mu/ be "o pap]1 s z to keep out du/4 ,! loose & inf]ior rais9s1 :i* ei!r h be5 left on ! tray aft] ! lay]s are pick$ out1 or :i* f ! beg9n+ h be5 plac$ on sep>ate trays1 may n[1 :5 p]fectly dry1 be simply dump$ 9 sweatboxes )\t any pap]4 ,we h ?us at lea/ two k9ds ( sweatboxes4 ,"o k9d conta9s ^? rais9s :i* are de/9$ to make lay]s1 & :i* require sweat+ & equaliz+ be=e !y c be pack$4 ,! o!r k9d conta9s ! loose & dri] b]ries1 :i* are to g imm$iately to ! /emm] & grad]1 & :i* w\ld n sep>ate f ! /ems if !y 7 made to equalize4 ,cov]+4--,if ! wea!r has be5 favorable1 ! rais9s may h be5 dri$ & cur$ 9 twelve days4 ,( ^! twelve days1 ! fir/ sev5 or eight 7 us$ = dry+ ! upp] side ( ! rais9s4 ,on ! sev5? or eigh? day !y 7 turn$1 & on ! twelf? day !y 7 ready to put 9 ! sweatboxes4 ,b ?is is fa/ dry+1 & dry+ "u favorable circum/ances1 ) a dry w9d bl[+ g5tly all ! "t4 ,b sometimes x takes a mu* long] "t to dry1 say f f\rte5 to tw5ty-"o days4 ,9 ,fresno1 :]e ! wea!r is less favorable1 ! dry+ ( ! fir/ crop may require f two to ?ree weeks4 ,9 ,el ,cajon x always takes two or ?ree weeks = ! rais9s to dry1 & 9 ,orange c\nty ! dry+ sometimes requires f ?irty days to five weeks4 ,9 ,malaga ! dry+ is accompli%$ quick] ?an 9 ,cali=nia1 because !re !y cov] ! rais9 floors e night ) canvas1 & 9 ! morn+1 :5 ! canvas is unroll$1 ! rais9s are yet w>m4 ,! dry+1 !n1 has be5 cont9u$ all night1 & ! rais9s h n _h "t to cool :5 !y meet ! fir/ rays ( ! sun4 ,9 ,cali=nia1 aga91 our rais9s are cold1 possibly ev5 wet ) dew or ra91 & x sometimes takes ! sun until noon to dry up ! moi/ure accumulat$ ?r\gh ! night4 ,to c\nt]act ?is absorption ( moi/ure1 _m ( ! rais9-gr[]s 9 ,orange c\nty1 ,cali=nia1 especially ar\nd ,santa ,ana & ,mc,pherson1 cov] ! trays ) canvas e night4 ,?is me?od is to be recomm5d$ :]ev] !re is any difficulty 9 cur+ ei!r ! fir/ or ! second crop4 ,if ?is me?od is employ$1 ,i am satisfi$ t rais9s c\ld be gr[n & prop]ly cur$ 9 localities :]e o!rwise no rais9 cult is possible4 ,! me?od ( cov]+ ! rais9 trays at ,santa ,ana is z foll[s1 v>i$ by diff]5t gr[]s1 b 9 ! ma9 ! same ev]y:]e4 ,! trays are plac$ toge!r 9 long r[s2 ab\t tw5ty y>ds long is f\nd to be mo/ conv5i5t4 ,! wid? ( ! r[ is j ! wid? ( two trays1 or five feet4 ,?us ! r[ ( trays lad5 ) rais9 grapes is ab\t sixty feet long by five feet wide4 ,along ! nor? end ( ?is long r[ ( trays are driv5 d[n small po/s e six or t5 feet1 & left ext5d+ ab\t two feet above ! gr\nd4 ,along ! s\? side ( ! r[ ( trays small] po/s are driv5 d[n at ! same di/ances1 b n all[$ to ext5d s high above ! surface ( ! soil4 ,^! pegs or small po/s may be/ be slant+ outw>d1 or f ! trays4 ,along ! high po/s is /rung a wire 9 su* a way t x _c easily get loose4 ,to a long canvas cov] are n[ secur$ small r+s = runn+ on ! wire1 & on ! o!r side l>g] r+s to hook ov] ! small] po/s 9 front4 ,if ! canvas is only "o y>d wide1 two wid?s mu/ be sew$ toge!r s z to make ! canvas six feet wide4 ,! trays1 :i* are two & "o-half feet by ?ree feet1 :5 plac$ side by side w j =m a dry+ floor ( five feet1 l>ge en\gh to be cov]$ by ! canvas six feet wide4 ,! co/ ( canvas is six & "o-half c5ts a y>d by ! bale4 ,! mann] ( us+ ! canvas is v simple4 ,! canvas cov]1 :i* is /ation>y1 is atta*$ to ! wire & ! high] po/s4 ,e ev5+ ! cov] is ?r[n ov] ! trays1 ! front or l[] edge is hook$ by ! aid ( ! r+s ov] ! pegs 9 ! gr\nd1 & ! trays ?us securely %elt]$4 ,9 ! morn+1 :5 ! sun is up1 ! cov] is ?r[n back ov] ! high] po/s1 & ! trays fully expos$4 ,! tr\ble to cov] is n v great2 two m5 c cov] =ty tons ( grapes 9 half an h\r1 & g5]ally x is consid]$ t ! pick+-gang c cov] ! :ole crop 9 half an h\r's "t e ev5+1 & x takes !m z long to uncov] 9 ! morn+4 ,if well c>$ = & prop]ly dri$1 & /or$ away 9 ! autumn aft] ! crop is all 91 ?is canvas cov]1 ) its po/s1 w la/ six or sev5 ye>s1 & if pa9t$ or oil$ w\ld probably la/ /ill long]4 ,"o y>d ( canvas c cov] ?irty p\nds ( grapes1 & = ! purpose ( utiliz+ ! full space1 ! trays are made two & "o-half by ?ree feet4 ,su* is ! process practic$ 9 ,orange c\nty4 ,if adopt$ else:]e1 x w\ld enable _m localities to produce good rais9s1 :]e ! climatic conditions are su* t no dry+ is n[ practicable4 ,! process is n z good z ! "o employ$ 9 ,malaga1 b x has "s advantages :i* make x v acceptable4 ,x enables ! gr[] to use trays1 & x makes dry+-floors unnecess>y1 & ! spaces 9 ! v9ey>d c be us$ )\t tak+ away room f ! v9es4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! dry+-floors ( ,malaga are w>m] & m secure1 & almo/ absolutely safe 9 case ( ra94 ,dry+-floors4--,:ile1 9 "s p>ts ( ,cali=nia1 ! fir/ crop dries g5]ally )\t any difficulty1 9 o!r p>ts ra9 & dew v frequ5tly int]f]e ) ! dry+ ( ev5 ! fir/ crop4 ,9 _m places :]e rais9-cur+ is n successful1 ! same c\ld be practic$ pr(itably if we w\ld adopt ! sy/em ( dry+-floors us$ 9 ,spa94 ,ev5 9 localities :]e ! fir/-crop rais9s dry well1 ! second crop is always expos$ to m or less ra91 & ! rais9-gr[] annually loses l>ge sums ( money on acc\nt ( n be+ able to ha/5 ! dry+ ( ! second crop4 ,b x is d\btful if ! ,malaga dry+-floors w ev] be f\nd practical & come into g5]al use ) u4 ,!y take consid]able space f ! v9ey>d1 & are v exp5sive1 b !y are v secure1 & :5 once built are v pr(itable4 ,a limit$ numb] ( su* floors w\ld be v useful 9 e v9ey>d1 especially = dry+ ! second crop4 ,at pres5t no su* floors exi/ 9 ?is ,/ate4 ,! foll[+ description gives an idea ( h[ !y may be con/ruct$3 ,^! dry+-floors may be built ( brick ) ! long sides z long z requir$1 :ile ! %ort sides %\ld be ab\t twelve feet long4 ,! back wall is six feet high1 :ile ! front wall is only six in*es high1 :i*1 ) ! above l5g? ( side wall1 w\ld give en\gh slope4 ,9 ,malaga ! int]ior is fill$ ) black gravel & tamp$ h>d1 b = our purpose probably no?+ w\ld be sup]ior to asphaltum1 bitum9\s rock or cem5t4 ,x mu/ fir/ be asc]ta9$ if bitum9\s rock w\ld n imp>t a flavor to ! grapes1 9 :i* case cem5t w\ld be ! mo/ useful floor+4 ,9 ord] to all[ ! ra9 to run (f1 ! front wall %\ld be pi]c$ ) small holes close to ! gr\nd1 b ?is w\ld only be necess>y 9 case ! b$ is fill$ ) gravel1 or no cem5t floor exi/s on top ( x4 ,along ! back "p ( ! floor %\ld be set a r[ ( uprights ( two by f\r lumb]1 driv5 securely 9 ! gr\nd4 ,on ! top ( ea* po/ is set an eyelet1 ?r\gh :i* runs a /\t wire along ! :ole back ( ! frame4 ,a canvas cov] long en\gh to rea* ! :ole l5g? ( ! floor %\ld be us$ = cov]+1 &1 9 ord] to secure x to ! wire & ! po/s1 x %\ld be hemm$ & furni%$ ) small r+s to run on ! wire4 ,9 front simil> r+s are set 9 ord] t ! canvas may be secur$ to ! small] po/s & kept d[n 9 case ( w9d4 ,on su* floors common trays may be us$4 ,to make ! canvas imp]vi\s to ra91 x may be pa9t$ ) boil$ l9se$ oil4 ,! above are only sugge/ions bas$ on ! ,spani% dry+-floors4 ,= a full description ( !m1 ,i beg to ref] to ! article on ,malaga4 ,9 us+ l9se$ oil1 c>e %\ld be tak5 t only pure oil is us$4 ,!re is l9se$ oil :i* conta9s *emicals :i* rapidly rot ! canvas4 ,dry]s4--,! subject ( dry]s is ( great importance to ! ,cali=nia gr[]4 ,! la/ few ye>s h fully demon/rat$ t e rais9 v9ey>d1 no matt] :]e x is situat$1 %\ld h "o or m dry]s1 9 ord] t ! la/ ( ! crop may be dri$ prop]ly :5 ! ra9 sets 94 ,_m ye>s ^! dry]s are n requir$1 b f "t to "t !y prove ( va/ value1 & if prop]ly con/ruct$ are mu* sup]ior to any dry+-floor4 ,b s f> no p]fect dry] has ev] be5 con/ruct$4 ,mo/ dry]s are too exp5sive1 co/+ f ?ree ?\s& to sev5 ?\s& doll>s1 :5 ( a capacity to dry f tw5ty-five to fifty tons ( gre5 grapes at "o *>ge4 ,ne>ly all late dry]s are con/ruct$ ) a fan1 :i* sucks ! air out ?r\gh "o end ( ! build+4 ,! l>ge complicat$ dry]s are all pat5t$1 b !re c be no d\bt t good small dry]s might be con/ruct$ by e gr[]1 :i* w d good s]vice4 ,z1 h[ev]1 s f> no v p]fect dry]s h ev] be5 con/ruct$1 & z e own] ( "o *anges & rebuilds e ye>1 we mu/ leave ! consid]ation ( ! con/ruction ( ^! dry]s to "s future "t :5 m k or exp]i5ce w h be5 ga9$4 ,dry]s l>ge en\gh to hold a *>ge ( "o ton ( gre5 fruit h be5 con/ruct$ at ! price ( two hundr$ doll>s by ,ellwood ,coop] ( ,santa ,b>b>a4 ,!y dri$ _! fruit 9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 b !y 7 nev] us$ = rais9s4 ,b z ?is /yle ( dry] may be adapt$ to rais9s1 ,i w give a few h9ts at its con/ruction4 ,! heat+ app>atus consi/s ( a l>ge iron drum1 or radiator1 sev5te5 & "o-half feet long by two & "o-half feet wide1 set on a furnace 9 :i* is burn$ wood4 ,! furnace & radiator are built into a bank1 on top ( :i* ! dry] is built4 ,?is dry] is simply a l>ge wood5 box ab\t sev5te5 feet squ>e & six feet high1 & looks1 z se5 f ! outside1 l a *e/ full ( draw]s4 ,^! slide on frames1 are deep] ?an !y are broad1 & conta9 movable bottoms or trays made ( small r$wood ribs4 ,!y beg9 ab\t two feet f ! top ( ! radiator2 if clos]1 ! heat w\ld be too /rong = ! fruit4 ,! v5tilation is _h by small slid+ doors at ! bottom ( ! *e/1 ?r\gh :i* ! air ru%es 91 :ile x goes out ?r\gh ! draw]s1 :i* = ?is purpose are left op5 an in* or two4 ,! *e/ is cov]$ ov] ) an op5 %$1 :i* makes ! labor pleasant1 & enables ! att5dant to inspect any draw] at any "t )\t s]i\sly di/urb+ ! heat ( ! dry]4 ,! *eapness & effectiv5ess ( su* small dry]s are su* t e "o c af=d !m4 ,a doz5 su* small dry]s all set 9 a r[ 9 a bank c\ld be att5d$ to by v few h&s4 ,!y w\ld also be pref]able to v l>ge dry]s on acc\nt ( ! %ort "t requir$ to fill !m1 & _! rais9s c be dri$ long be=e a l>g] dry] has be5 fill$4 ,z to ! usefulness ( /eam or fire dry]s !re c be no d\bt4 ,! idea is n to entirely dry ! rais9s 9 !m1 b only to f9i% up ! rais9s :51 on acc\nt ( unfavorable climatic conditions1 !y d n dry any m out-(-doors4 ,! "q z to :i* are be/1 8ma*9e-dri$0 rais9s or ^? dri$ 9 ! sun1 is entirely unimportant4 ,no "o w\ld ?9k ( dry+ rais9s entirely 9 ! dry]1 z x w\ld n pay4 ,rais9s prop]ly f9i%$ 9 ! dry] are n inf]ior to ^? entirely sun-dri$4 ,sweatboxes4--,! sweatboxes %\ld be made ( /rong lumb] "o in* ?ick4 ,! l5g? & wid? %\ld be accord+ to ! size ( ! tray1 & always "o in* l>g] e way ?an ! tray1 9 ord] t ! rais9s may be let d[n readily1 or t !y may receive a tray4 ,! height ( a sweatbox %\ld be f six to eight in*es1 no m1 z a great] dep? w make !m too heavy to be h&l$ ) ease by two m54 ,six in*es 9 dep? is bett] ?an eight4 ,9 ord] to secure ! box & prev5t x f splitt+1 ! sides %\ld be b\nd ) hide1 iron b&s or ) twi/$ galvaniz$ wire4 ,! latt] is ! /ronge/ & be/1 co/s ! lea/1 & is ! easie/ to put on4 ,trays = ,dry+4--,! tray consi/s ( a wood5 frame made ( well-dri$ half-in* lumb]1 nail$ to cleats ( "o in* by "o & "o-half in* & ( desir$ l5g?4 ,! lumb] mo/ commonly us$ is well-season$ spruce4 ,p9e1 if n well season$1 is apt to give ! rais9s a ta/e ( ! wood or ( ros91 :ile r$wood may discolor ! rais9s if expos$ to ra9 or v heavy dew4 ,b z ! lumb] atta9s age1 x also becomes less injuri\s to ! grapes4 ,cottonwood or popl>-wood1 :i* c be obta9$ 9 "s places1 make mo/ useful lumb] = trays1 z !y d n conta9 any ta/e or o!r sub/ance apt to injure ! rais9s4 ,! size ( ! tray v>ies accord+ to ! idea ( ! rais9-gr[]1 b ! size g5]ally adopt$ is two by ?ree feet4 ,=m]ly a small] tray 0 us$1 b no small] ones are n[ made4 ,a l>g] size1 ?ree by ?ree feet1 is us$ by sev]al gr[]s1 b1 :ile x has ! advantage ( hold+ m grapes1 x is also less readily h&l$ ?an ! small] tray4 ,9 ! s\!rn "p ( ,cali=nia1 a tray two & "o-half by ?ree feet is v popul>4 ,! tops ( ! trays are b\ght 9 ! %ape ( %+les1 :i* %\ld be well dri$ be=e be+ nail$1 z !y w o!rwise %r9k up & cause cracks to =m 9 ! tray1 greatly to ! detrim5t ( ! dry+ ( ! rais9s4 ,loss is also caus$ by loose rais9s dropp+ ?r\gh su* cracks4 ,! cleats %\ld be wet or gre51 or !y w split 9 nail+4 ,if too dry1 !y %\ld be soak$ 9 wat] ov] night or = a few h\rs4 ,! %+les %\ld be plan$ on ! side :i* is to be plac$ upw>ds4 ,! co/ ( ! lumb] = ! trays v>ies f n9e to twelve & "o-half c5ts 9 ! %ooks4 ,= nail+ ! trays toge!r1 a frame is made ( wood & iron4 ,! cleats are plac$ on ! two %ort1 opposite sides1 ) a heavy b> ( iron imm$iately und]nea? s z to cl9* ! nails4 ,! plan$ %+les are !n plac$ on top & nail$ to ! cleats ) r\nd-wire nails1 :i* cl9* automatically on ! l[] side z soon z !y /rike ! iron b>4 ,no cleats are requir$ on ! long side ( small size trays1 b if a l>g] tray is us$ a b> on ea* side may be requir$ to give ! tray suffici5t /r5g?4 ,a good workman1 aft] a few days ( practice1 c com=tably nail up f\r hundr$ trays a day4 ,:5 ! season is ov]1 e tray %\ld be nail$ up & wa%$1 or at lea/ swept clean & /or$ dry4 ,! age ( a tray1 if c>$ =1 is ab\t t5 ye>s4 ,,cali=nia ,,lye-,,dipp$ ,,rais9s4 ,g5]al ,notes4--,9 ,cali=nia ! dipp+ ( rais9s 9 solutions ( lye is yet 9 its v infancy1 & ,i d n ?9k t 9 ! :ole ,/ate ov] t5 tons ( lye-dipp$ rais9s h be5 plac$ on ! m>ket ye>ly4 ,b und\bt$ly ?is process is de/9$ to become ( consid]able importance1 especially 9 localities :]e ! dry+ ( ! fir/ crop is accompli%$ ) difficulty 9 ! op5 air4 ,! fir/ & also mo/ important condition 9 produc+ sup]ior dipp$ rais9s is t ! grapes %\ld be absolutely ripe4 ,unripe grapes w n produce any good rais9s :5 dipp$1 b w turn r$di% & o!rwise become inf]ior4 ,dipp+ ,process4--,a good location = dipp+ rais9s is by ! side ( an irrigation dit*1 provid$ ! wat] 9 ! latt] c be dep5d$ ^u to fl[ con/antly :ile ! op]ation ( dipp+ la/s4 ,if n1 ! wat] mu/ be procur$ by pump+ or by means ( pipes f res]voirs or wat]-works4 ,fl[+ wat] is ( great importance 9 produc+ good dipp$ rais9s1 & is requir$ = ! p]fect wa%+ ( ! grapes4 ,= ?is purpose1 if no dit* is available1 a l>ge tr\gh may be us$ to advantage1 & s arrang$ t ! wat] 9 x c be kept *ang+ ?r\gh a cont9u\s fl[4 ,! foll[+ is a *eap & effici5t arrangem5t = dipp+ 9 actual use 9 "o ( ! l>ge/ rais9 v9ey>ds1 & c be recomm5d$ on acc\nt ( its *eapness & easy work+3 ,on "o side ( ! tr\gh is a /ation>y iron kettle ) a fireplace und]nea?4 ,by ! tr\gh is also plac$ an upright po/1 ab\t five feet high1 & on ?is balanc$ a horizontal beam ) a d\ble motion4 ,x c be rais$ & l[]$ at ei!r end1 or swung to ! left or "r ) ease4 ,on "o end ( ! beam is a hook on :i* to hang ! grape bucket4 ,on ! o!r side ( ! tr\gh is a r\gh assort+ table4 ,two or m buckets are ne$$4 ,^! buckets are common galvaniz$-iron buckets1 p]=at$ ?ickly ) holes1 ! latt] n l>ge en\gh to let any loose grapes ?r\gh4 ,9 ! kettle is kept con/antly boil+ a solution ( wat] & pota%4 ,soda is n suitable4 ,! v be/ pota% %\ld be us$ 9 ! proportion ( ab\t "o p\nd to twelve gallons ( wat]4 ,! ripe grapes are n[ br\ght to ! table & empti$ 9 ! buckets4 ,a bucket is !n hung on ! beam1 ! latt] swung & ! bucket = a second l[]$ fir/ 9 ! pure wat] & !n 9 ! boil+ pota%2 b x is imm$iately )drawn & imm]s$ 9 ! wat]-tr\gh4 ,:5 r9s$ = a few seconds1 ! grapes are tak5 out & spread on common rais9 trays4 ,if ! wea!r is w>m1 ! trays are /ack$ "o on top ( ! o!r1 & ! grapes ?us prep>$ are dri$ 9 ! %ade4 ,! r9s+ ( ! fruit be=e dry+ is ( great importance1 & by f> n suffici5tly und]/ood4 ,9 ,val5cia ! f9e/ rais9s are treat$ t way & ?or\ghly r9s$ be=e be+ dipp$ 9 ! lye4 ,b n[h]e 9 ,spa9 are ! grapes r9s$ 9 wat] aft]w>ds1 & x is yet an undecid$ "q if ?is r9s+ improves or injures ! rais9s4 ,x is c]ta9 t ! wa%+ cleanses ! b]ries1 z ! wat] 9 ! kettle is sometimes d>k & dirty2 b if x is an advantage to deprive ! b]ries ( ! lye :i* m or less /icks to !m is v d\btful4 ,x is well kn[n "h t lye-dipp$ rais9s are apt to mold if ! ra9s set 9 :ile ! dry+ la/s1 :ile we are told t 9 ,spa9 ! dipp$ rais9s d n spoil ev5 if subject$ to sev]al %[]s ( ra94 ,f ?is x w seem z if r9s+ aft] dipp+ is n necess>y or p]haps ev5 injuri\s1 b t1 on ! contr>y1 r9s+ be=e dipp+ is ( ! utmo/ importance4 ,x may be possible t ! lye :i* adh]es to ! grapes w1 9 a great measure1 prev5t !m f mold+4 ,9 ,spa9 no olive oil is us$ = mix+ 9 ! lye1 & x is n likely t ! oil process w come 9 vogue 9 ,cali=nia until x is fully demon/rat$ t x n only greatly improves ! grapes1 b t x also enables ! gr[] to realize a correspond+ly bett] price = 8 rais9s4 ,^? :o c>e to exp]im5t ) x _c d bett] ?an to foll[ ! practice z x is us$ 9 ,smyrna1 = a full acc\nt ( :i* we beg to ref] to ! article "u t head+4 ,we might "h only po9t out t ! oil-dipp$ rais9s ( ,smyrna br+ _m times ! price ( ! lye-dipp$ rais9s ( ,val5cia4 ,! arrangem5t ( dipp+1 kettles1 etc41 may1 ( c\rse1 be greatly v>i$4 ,/eam may be us$ = heat+ ! lye & ! r9s+ wat]1 if x is desir$ to keep ! latt] hot1 & regul> trays might be us$ to hold ! grapes1 in/ead ( ! buckets ref]r$ to above4 ,e gr[] w no d\bt v>y ^! appliances to suit 8 own fancy1 & improve ^u ! me?ods ( o!rs4 ,z an example ( ! devices us$ by ano!r gr[]1 we "h reproduce ! foll[+ f an essay on blea*+ rais9 grapes1 compil$ by ! *ief viticultural (fic]1 & especially ref]r+ to ! sy/em us$ by ,mr4 ,byron ,jackson3 8,mr4 ,jackson places ! grapes on a tray made ) a frame ( iron1 :i* is cov]$ ) wire gauze ) a qu>t]-in* me%4 ,! frame projects upw>ds on ! sides to prev5t ! fruit float+ (f :ile 9 ! dip1 & is made to receive1 z a cov]1 ! wood5 tray on :i* ! fruit goes to ! dry]4 ,:5 dipp$ & r9s$1 ! wood5 tray is plac$ ov] ! dipp+ tray1 & two m5 transf] ! fruit by turn+ ov] ! two40 ,! l5g? ( "t requir$ = dipp+ c only be asc]ta9$ by exp]i5ce1 & mu/ diff] ) ! /r5g? ( ! lye1 ) ! heat ( ! solution1 & ) ! ?ickness ( ! sk9 ( ! grapes4 ,?us 9 diff]5t localities ! /r5g? ( ! lye & ! l5g? ( imm]sion mu/ always be diff]5t1 & may ev5 diff] f ye> to ye>4 ,:5 prop]ly dipp$1 ! sk9 ( ! grapes mu/ %[ "s v m9ute cracks1 simil> to cracks 9 glass :i* has be5 heat$ & sudd5ly imm]s$ 9 or spr9kl$ ) ice-cold wat]4 ,deep cracks are n desirable1 z !y w cause ! juice ( ! pulp to leak out1 aft] :i* ! rais9s w sug>4 ,9 ,val5cia ! grapes us$ = dipp+ are ! v>i\s v>ieties ( ,muscats1 :ile 9 ,smyrna bo? ,muscats & ,sultanas are us$4 ,cor9?s are nev] dipp$1 z !y dry readily & make sup]ior rais9s )\t ?is process4 ,dry+ & ,cur+4--,aft] ! grapes are dipp$1 !y mu/ be imm$iately dri$ ei!r 9 ! sun1 or 9 sun & %ade alt]nately1 or entirely 9 ! %ade4 ,accord+ to ! circum/ances att5d+ ! dry+ ( ! grapes1 ! color ( ! rais9s becomes m or less r$ or yell[1 transp>5t or opaque4 ,! mo/ p]fect amb] color is atta9$ 9 ! %ade1 :ile 9 ! sun ! color rapidly *anges to r$di%1 a less desirable color 9 dipp$ rais9s4 ,! m favorable is ! wea!r = dry+1 ! *oic] w be ! rais9s1 & ! bett] _! color4 ,if ! sun is v w>m & ! *ances are o!rwise favorable = dry+1 ! trays %\ld be expos$ to ! sun only long en\gh to h _! dip ?or\ghly evaporat$1 & = ?is purpose "o day 9 ! sun may suffice4 ,aft] ?is ! /ack+ ( ! trays is advisable1 & only occasionally may ! trays be spread if ! dry+ does n proce$ rapidly en\gh4 ,su* %ade-dri$ dipp$ rais9s w assume a beautiful amb]-yell[ color1 & br+ sev]al c5ts m ?an ^? expos$ to v w>m sun4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! wea!r is n v w>m1 ! grapes mu/ be dri$ 9 ! sun1 & ! gr[] has !n to be satisfi$ ) ! color t nature w give to 8 rais9s4 ,dipp$ rais9s d n necess>ily require turn+1 z !y g5]ally dry well anyh[ 9 f f\r to six days 9 fair wea!r4 ,= ?is class ( rais9s dry]s are v useful to help f9i% ! dry+4 ,su* dry]s mu/ be almo/ air-tight1 z s&/orms w\ld inv>iably spoil ! rais9s1 :i*1 on acc\nt ( _! /ick9ess1 are almo/ impossible to aft]w>ds cleanse4 ,dipp$ rais9s %\ld always be dri$ on _! trays1 & on special dry+ gr\nds1 :i* %\ld be s con/ruct$ t no s& c bl[ on !m1 or at lea/ s arrang$ t 9 case ( ra9 ! s& f ! gr\nd w n be spla%$ ov] ! trays4 ,9 ,cali=nia we h at pres5t no su* dry+-floors1 b x w pay any "o :o int5ds dipp+ 8 grapes to con/ruct !m ei!r ( bricks1 bitum9\s rock or lumb]4 ,/emm+1 ,grad+ & ,pack+4--,dipp$ rais9s %\ld be /emm$ :5 well dri$1 & !n grad$ 9 two grades4 ,! prop] receptacles = !m are ei!r sacks l9$ ) pap]1 or tw5ty-p\nd boxes1 9 :i* !y may be pack$ )\t fancy pap]1 or 9 ! same way z prunes or o!r dri$ fruit4 ,s f> no uni=m me?od ( pack+ su* rais9s has be5 adopt$ 9 ?is ,/ate4 ,z to ! usefulness & future ( dipp$ rais9s1 n mu* c be said at pres5t4 ,our importations ( ,val5cia rais9s1 :i* are mo/ly dipp$1 are consid]able1 & z long z ?is class ( cook+ rais9s is 9 dem&1 !re is no good reason :y we %\ld n compete & endeavor to supply ! dem&4 ,we c produce !m z well z ,spa9 c1 & ! only reason :y we h n compet$ ) ,spa9 s f> is t sun-dri$ rais9s are s readily produc$ "h1 t x has n be5 to our advantage to produce any?+ else4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 _m places 9 our ,/ate :i* w gr[ ,muscatel grapes ( good quality1 b ) too ?ick sk9s to make !m prop] = sun-dri$ rais9s4 ,= all su* localities ! dipp+ process is to be recomm5d$1 z x w enable ! gr[]s to produce m>ketable rais9s1 & to pr(itably supply ! dem& = ?is v>iety ( rais9s n[ import$ to ?is c\ntry f abroad4 ,9 localities ) e>ly & copi\s fall ra9s1 ! dipp+ process w enable ! gr[]s to f9i% quickly be=e ! ra9s set 94 ,cali=nia dipp$ second-crop ,muscatels & ,sultanas h br\ght z high z sev5 c5ts p] p\nd :olesale4 ,,! ,,pack+-,,h\se4 ,,build+s ,,& ,,me*anical ,,appliances4 ,! ,pack+-h\se4--,! pack+-h\se %\ld be l>ge & airy &1 :e!r x is made ( lumb]1 brick or adobe1 x %\ld 9 pref]5ce to any?+ else be l>ge4 ,room is ne$$ at e op]ation 9 ! pack+-h\se1 & x is h>dly possible to get too mu* ( x4 ,s f> no v l>ge & p]fect build+s = pack+-h\ses h ev] be5 erect$ 9 ,cali=nia2 ! rais9 indu/ry is too "y = t1 & ev5 ! be/ ( our build+s are only tempor>y ones4 ,x is "h n possible nor desirable to give any in/ructions h[ to build & arrange a rais9 pack+-h\se1 z e pack] w h 8 own ideas & 8 own necessities 9 ?is respect1 & n two pack]s w\ld build alike4 ,all we c d "h is to ref] to :at is ne$$ 9 a g5]al way1 9 ord] t ! read] w get "s prelim9>y ideas ( :at he w require :5 8 rais9 v9ey>d comes 9 be>+4 ,! pack+-h\se %\ld conta9 ! foll[+ ap>tm5ts3 ,fir/1 ! g5]al pack+-room1 9 :i* ! rais9s are assort$ & pack$4 ,!n ! sweat+-h\se or equaliz+ room1 9 :i* ! boxes are /or$ = sev]al weeks 9 ord] to equalize ! moi/ure 9 ! rais9s4 ,!n ! /emm+-room1 9 :i* ! /emm+ & grad+ ( ! loose rais9s is c>ri$ on4 ,!n we h ! weigh+ room1 :]e ! rais9s are receiv$ f ! field1 & :]e !y are weigh$ :5 ?is is requir$4 ,!re %\ld also be an (fice & a pa/+ room1 :]e ! labels are pa/$ on ! l9+ pap]1 & f9ally !re %\ld be pl5ty ( v]&a or %$ room all ar\nd ! build+1 :]e boxes ( all k9ds c be receiv$ & tempor>ily /or$1 ei!r be=e ! rais9s are pack$1 or aft]w>ds :5 !y are ready to be %ipp$4 ,we might also wi% to h a room = a box factory1 :]e boxes ( all k9ds are nail$ up4 ,?is c 9 our climate be/ be done 9 ! %$ or "u ! v]&a4 ,! pack+-h\se prop] %\ld be z l>ge z all ! o!r rooms toge!r4 ,x c h>dly be made too l>ge1 z dur+ ! lively pack+ season hundr$s ( h&s w "h be busy1 ea* "o ) 8 special "w4 ,! floor ( ! pack+-h\se %\ld be ( mat*$ lumb]1 & slant+ t[>ds ! c5t]1 along :i* %\ld run a small gutt]4 ,any o!r mat]ial1 su* z cem5t1 may also be us$1 ! only object 9 view be+ t ! floor c be wa%$ f "t to "t & ! dirt c>ri$ (f ?r\gh ! gutt] z readily z possible4 ,! pack+-room %\ld h places = long n>r[ tables1 at :i* ! pack+ & assort+ is done1 & ^! tables c mo/ conv5i5tly be run ! :ole l5g? ( ! room4 ,at "o end !re %\ld be room = ! presses & ! nail+ tables1 z well z /orage room = empty & full boxes4 ,! ,sweat+-h\se4--,! sweat+-h\se or sweat+-room %\ld imm$iately adjo9 ! pack+-room4 ,x %\ld be built ei!r ( mat*$ lumb] or ( brick or adobe1 9 ord] t ! temp]ature may be kept tol]ably ev5 & ! moi/ure conf9$ if necess>y4 ,! sweat+-room 9 ! ,fresno ,rais9 & ,fruit ,pack+ ,co's h\se 9 ,fresno is l>ge en\gh to conta9 #dj tons ( rais9s at "o "t1 & is ab\t #ej feet squ>e1 :ile ! sweat+-room on ! ,=sy? v9ey>d measures ab\t #ce feet by #ej feet1 & is built ( brick 9 two /ories1 ! l[] "o ( :i* is us$ = rais9s1 ! upp] "o = /orage4 ,= ^? :o wi% figures1 we might /ate z examples ( build+s1 t ! ,=sy? pack+-h\se1 :i* also conta9s a sweat+-room b n a /emm+-room1 is #abj feet by #ce feet1 & conta9s besides a small plat=m outside = ! reception ( boxes1 etc4 ,! ,fresno ,rais9 & ,fruit ,pack+ ,co's build+ is ab\t #aej feet by #ge feet4 ,illu/ration3 ,rais9 ,/emm] & ,grad]4 ,! ,/emm] & ,grad]4--,?is l>ge ma*9e is a ,cali=nia inv5tion4 ,! pr9ciple on :i* x works is t ! dry /ems are sep>at$ by revolv+ ! rais9s rapidly 9 a drum made ( p]=at$ galvaniz$ iron or ( /rong galvaniz$ wire4 ,aft] ! /ems are sep>at$1 ! rais9s fall toge!r on scre5s ( wire ) v>i\s size me%es1 ?r\gh :i* ! small] b]ries are sep>at$ f ! l>g] b]ries1 :ile ! refuse & brok5 /ems are bl[n away by a fan4 ,! mo/ p]fect /emm] & grad] is ! "o on ! ,butl] v9ey>d4 ,! rais9s are fir/ dump$ into a hopp] bel[ ! floor1 & f !re !y are run automatically on a belt to ! top ( ! /emm]1 :]e !y ent] ! drum4 ,f ! drum !y fall on ! sep>at+ scre5s1 :i* grade !m 9 ?ree grades1 ea* "o fall+ 9 a box ( its own4 ,some:at simil> /emm]s are se5 9 all ! l>ge v9ey>ds1 all run by /eam & l>ge en\gh to /em & grade f =ty to sixty tons ( rais9s a day4 ,!re is consid]able diff]5ce z to ! +5uity ) :i* ^! /emm]s are built1 "s requir+ _m m h&s to run !m ?an o!rs4 ,! ,butl] /emm] requires1 "p ( ! "t1 only "o man = its successful runn+4 ,! ,=sy? /emm] /&s "u a %$ 9 ! op5 air1 ap>t f ! pack+-h\se1 9 ord] t ! du/ may be freely c>ri$ away4 ,! small] v9ey>ds h /emm]s run by h&1 & h sep>ate grad]s also run by h&1 l>ge en\gh to /em & grade f five to eight tons ( rais9s p] day4 ,illu/ration3 ,rais9 ,lev] ,press4 ,! ,presses4--,^! are ( two k9ds1 screw presses & lev] presses4 ,! screw press is mu* pref]able 7at lea/ until ! lev] press may be p]fect$71 z ) x we c gauge ! pressure giv5 ! rais9s4 ,! only press ( ?is k9d is f\nd on ! ,rais9a v9ey>d ( ,t4 ,c4 ,:ite4 ,! press t is g5]ally adopt$1 & ! "o t is mo/ h&y1 is ! lev] press1 :i* is s con/ruct$ t f\r boxes ( rais9s c be kept 9 ! press at "o "t1 or until ! la/ box or "p ( a box is ready4 ,by a pressure ) ! foot1 ! lev]s are releas$ & ! boxes fre$ f ! pressure4 ,:ile ?is press is exce$+ly h&y & quickly work$1 ! pressure _c readily be gaug$1 & ! rais9s are apt to be injur$ by too heavy pressure4 ,b x is likely t improvem5ts w soon be made :i* w rem$y ?is defect4 ,boxes & ,c>toons4--,! ,cali=nia rais9 boxes are ( ?ree k9ds1--:ole boxes ( tw5ty p\nds1 halves ( t5 p\nds & qu>t]s ( five p\nds4 ,! :oles & ! qu>t]s are ^? mo/ us$1 :ile ! halves are seldom us$ or requir$4 ,! c>toons are made ( pap] & conta9 two & "o-half p\nds ( rais9s ea*4 ,! foll[+ are ! measurem5ts ( rais9 boxes & c>toons1 & ( ! lumb] requir$ = mak+ !m4 ,tw5ty-p\nd box3 #i x #ah x #d in*es4 ,t5-p\nd box3 #i x #ah x #b in*es4 ,five-p\nd box3 #i x #ah x #a in*es4 ,! =ego+ are inside measurem5ts4 ,! tops & bottoms are "o-qu>t] in* ?ick1 #ai in*es long & #i in*es wide4 ,! sides ( ! tw5ty-p\nd box are #ai in*es long1 #d in*es wide & ?ree-eigh?s in*es ?ick4 ,! ends ( a tw5ty-p\nd box are #i in*es long1 #d in*es wide & ?ree-f\r?s ( an in* ?ick4 ,! sides ( ! t5-p\nd box are #ai in*es long1 ?ree-eigh?s ( an in* ?ick & #b in*es wide4 ,! ends ( a t5-p\nd box are #i in*es long1 ?ree-f\r?s ( an in* ?ick & #b in*es wide4 ,! sides ( a five-p\nd box are #ai in*es long1 ?ree-eigh?s ( an in* ?ick & #a in*es wide4 ,! two & "o-half p\nd c>toon is five in*es wide1 t5 in*es long & "o & "o-half in*es deep4 ,pack+ ,frames or ,pack+ ,trays4--,^! are ( two k9ds1 accord+ to ! me?od ( pack+4 ,= ! top-up me?od1 wood5 frames l>ge en\gh to hold five p\nds ( rais9s are us$4 ,9 l5g? & wid? ^! frames correspond ) ! rais9 box1 b 9 height !y are only "o-?ird ( a :ole box1 or ab\t "o & "o-half in*es4 ,! bottom is a slid+ "o1 & c be pull$ out broadwise4 ,! frame is fir/ l9$ on ! inside ) ! necess>y pap]1 & !n five p\nds ( rais9s are plac$ 9 ! pap]4 ,a foll[] or block ( wood1 l>ge en\gh to fill ! =m or frame1 is !n plac$ on top1 ! frame is plac$ ov] an empty box1 ! slid+ bottom quickly )drawn1 & ! :ole cont5ts fall 9 ! box bel[ undi/urb$4 ,= ! top-d[n me?od1 frames ( galvaniz$ iron are us$1 slightly deep] ?an ! =m]1 b ! bottom is a drop-bottom1 re/+ on a flange1 in/ead ( a slid+ bottom1 z 9 ! =m] tray4 ,a loose plate ( z9c is plac$ on top ( ! frame1 ! latt] is inv]t$ & plac$ ov] ! box1 & ! z9c plate quickly )drawn1 :5 ! cont5ts cov]$ by ! loose drop-bottom 7or by ! fac+-plate7 fall into ! rais9 box4 ,fac+-plate4--,?is useful tool 0 inv5t$ by ,t4 ,c4 ,:ite4 ,x consi/s ( a brass plate l>ge en\gh to fit readily into ! bottom ( ! rais9 box4 ,9 ?is plate are arrang$ small cavities1 ea* "o wide en\gh to hold a l>ge rais94 ,= l>ge boxes ! plate is made to conta9 elev5 rais9s ! %ort way & eighte5 ! long way4 ,! plate is fir/ plac$ 9 ! bottom ( ! iron frame 9 place ( ! loose bottom4 ,a rais9 is plac$ 9 ea* cavity & lightly press$1 & loose rais9s are c>efully fill$ 9 on ! top4 ,:5 ?is frame is aft]w>ds rev]s$ & ! rais9s & ! plate z foll[] are receiv$ 9 ! box1 x w be f\nd t ! top lay] has reta9$ its arrangem5t & is regul>ly fac$4 ,?is fac+-plate enables ! pack] to face quickly & *eaply1 b x c only be us$ :5 ! top-d[n me?od ( pack+ is us$4 ,! /&>d plate is n9e in*es by eighte5 in*es1 & ! plate = c>toons is five in*es by t5 in*es1 bo? made ( heavy brass4 ,scales4--,= weigh+ ! quantity ( rais9s necess>y = e lay]1 scales mu/ be f\nd on e weigh+ table4 ,any ord9>y groc]y scales :i* "w ) spr+s may be us$4 ,g5]ally "o pair ( su* scales are us$ at ea* end ( ! assort+ table4 ,label+ ,press4--,( late e l>ge pack] labels 8 boxes be=e !y are nail$ toge!r4 ,?is is done by pass+ ! %ooks ?r\gh a label+ press1 :i* pr9ts "u pressure ! requir$ label on ea* side or top1 ! "n1 etc41 appe>+ 9 concave type on _! face4 ,^! presses are run by ma*9]y & "w v rapidly4 ,tables4--,9 ! pack+-h\se are tables ( v>i\s k9ds2 !y are g5]ally long & n>r[1 & ab\t f\r feet wide4 ,! assort+ tables %\ld be furni%$ ) squ>e holes at int]vals ( five or six feet1 s t ! loose rais9s may be scrap$ ?r\gh !m into boxes bel[4 ,! assort+ & weigh+ tables are furni%$ ) a l[ flange or gu>d all ar\nd1 to prev5t any rais9s fall+ on ! floor4 ,bags & ,bag-hold]s4--,two k9ds ( bags are us$1--cotton sacks or jute sacks4 ,! =m] are :ite l fl[] sacks1 ! latt] co>s] & br[ni%4 ,9 ! =m] no pap] l9+s are us$1 b 9 ! latt] a pap] bag is /it*$1 9 ord] t ! air may n p5etrate & dry ! rais9s4 ,bo? k9ds ( bags are us$ to an equal ext5t4 ,! cotton sacks conta9 ei!r ?irty or sixty p\nds1 :ile ! jute sacks are made to conta9 an av]age ( eighty p\nds ea*4 ,pat5t$ bag-hold]s are us$ ev]y:]e = hold+ ! bags op5 :ile !y are be+ fill$4 ,trucks4--,= inside "w1 trucks v simil> to ^? us$ 9 ! v9ey>d are n[ g5]ally adopt$4 ,!y are h&l$ ) ease1 & = mov+ boxes ( v>i\s k9ds are absolutely indisp5sable 9 ! mod]n rais9 pack+-h\se4 ,trays = ,weigh+4--,^! are small1 %all[ boxes1 made ( z9c or t91 & l>ge en\gh to hold five p\nds ( rais9s ea*4 ,"o %ort side ( ! tray %\ld be slant+ outw>d 9 ord] t ! rais9s may fall out readily4 ,!y are only us$ 9 weigh+ ! rais9s :i* are to g 9 ea* five-p\nd lay] 9 ! :ole boxes4 ,foll[]s4--,^! are wood5 blocks ( ! size ( a qu>t] box ( rais9s1 inside measurem5t4 ,!y %\ld be l9$ ) z9c on ! flat sides1 9 ord] t !y may be wa%$ readily1 & also to prev5t ! sug> ( ! rais9s f adh]+ to !m4 ,!y %\ld be l>ge en\gh to j fit inside a box or frame1 & are us$ to keep ! rais9s /eady :ile be+ *ang$ f ! frame to ! box4 ,!y are also plac$ on top ( ! rais9 frames :5 !y are be+ press$4 ,pap]4--,sev]al k9ds ( pap] are us$ 9 ! rais9 bus9ess4 ,heavy yell[ manilla pap] is us$ to place 9 ! sweatboxes1 "o %eet betwe5 e two lay]s ( rais9s4 ,! pap] %\ld be heavy1 & cut to fit ! box4 ,_m gr[]s use too %ort pap]1 :i* always has ! inconv5i5ce ( caus+ ! rais9s to mix & become entangl$4 ,only "o :ole %eet ( pap] %\ld be us$ at a "t2 two %ort %eets w n answ]1 z1 9 lift+ out a lay] ( rais9s1 ! assort] takes hold ( ! f\r corn]s ( ! pap]1 & ?us readily lifts out ! rais9 block4 ,light] pap] = l9+ ! rais9 boxes is us$1 bo? = lay]s & loose4 ,! pap] g5]ally us$ is common book pap] tw5ty-"o by tw5ty-eight in*es1 & =ty1 fifty or sixty p\nds to ! ream 9 quality4 ,previ\s to be+ us$1 ?is pap] is cut to fit ! tray1 a squ>e piece be+ cut out ( e corn]4 ,:5 plac$ 9 ! tray1 ! c5tral "p ( ! pap] fits ! bottom ( ! tray1 :ile ! sides ( ! pap] ext5d suffici5tly ov] ! sides ( ! tray to meet on top :5 fold$ ov] ! rais9s4 ,wax$ tissue pap] %\ld always be plac$ on ! top ( ! rais9s 9 ord] to prev5t ! moi/ure f ! rais9s injur+ ! color$ & arti/ic labels4 ,color$ li?ographs or *romos ( v>i\s designs & qualities are us$ = all rais9s pack$ 9 boxes4 ,:5 b\ght !y come 9 ?ree sizes4 ,! c5tral label %\ld be ne>ly ! size ( ! face ( ! box4 ,! top labels are %ort] pieces1 almo/ z wide z ! box1 b only a few in*es long4 ,!y are previ\sly pa/$ to ! top flaps ( ! l9+4 ,! side labels are twice z long z ! face ( ! box1 b n q half z wide2 !y are simil>ly pa/$ on ! long side flaps ( ! l9+4 ,!re is a great v>iety ( designs us$1 "s ( :i* are n appropriate4 ,:atev] designs we use1 x w be to ! advantage ( e c\ntry n to imitate1 b to use labels *>act]i/ic ( ! c\ntry & locality :]e ! rais9s are made4 ,t9 ,boxes4--,= pack+ rais9s = tropical c\ntries1 boxes made ( t9 %\ld be us$4 ,! dampness 9 ^? c\ntries causes rais9s pack$ ! common way to mold & spoil4 ,no box %\ld conta9 m ?an t5 p\nds ( rais9s1 & ! top %\ld be s sold]$ on t x c be remov$ )\t cutt+ or injur+ ! box4 ,! ,fr5* sy/em ( sold]+ on by means ( a n>r[ /rip ( t91 :i* c be w\nd up1 is admirable1 & c\ld h>dly be improv$ ^u4 ,five t5-p\nd boxes %\ld be pack$ 9 a light case made ( light timb]1 & ! :ole package :5 clos$ %\ld n weigh ov] sixty p\nds4 ,f\r su* cases w make "o mule-load1 & two su* cases c be conv5i5tly c>ri$ by "o man4 ,,loose ,,rais9s4 ,/emm+ & ,assort+4--,x mu/ be und]/ood t all ! me*anical appliances & tools m5tion$ above %\ld n[ be on h& ready = use & prop]ly plac$4 ,! sev]al diff]5t op]ations 9 pack+1 /emm+1 assort+1 etc41 ( bo? loose & lay]s1 w at times be c>ri$ on 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! pack+ e/abli%m5t at ! same "t1 s z to meet ! requirem5ts ( mix$ lots or ord]s1 ! g5]al %ipm5ts be+ ( t nature4 ,loose & lay] rais9s are produc$ m or less f almo/ e sweatbox br\ght into ! pack+-h\se1 & ! only delay to _! be+ imm$iately dispos$ ( is because ! lay] rais9s mu/ be sweat$ or equaliz$ be=e !y are ready = use4 ,! loose rais9s1 provid$ !y are prop]ly or suffici5tly dri$1 are ready to be h&l$ z soon z br\ght f ! v9ey>d4 ,a loose rais91 or a bun* f :i* loose rais9s are to be made1 mu/ be ov]dri$ r ?an und]dri$2 at any rate1 x mu/ be s dry1 t no juice w come out ( x :5 ! rais9 is squeez$ heavily or ev5 torn4 ,b a matt] ( great] importance ev5 is t ! /ems %\ld be brittle or suffici5tly dry to break (f readily4 ,if !y d n break1 ! rais9s _c be easily sep>at$ f ! /em4 ,! /ems1 in/ead ( break+ (f1 w te> (f1 & ! rais9s w be op5 to ! entrance ( air1 :i* w cause !m to und]go a *emical *ange1 to sug> & det]iorate4 ,z soon z a p]fectly dri$ sweatbox ( ?ird-grade or loose rais9s ent]s ! pack+-h\se1 x %\ld be tak5 to ! /emm]4 ,any delay 9 ?is is injuri\s to ! rais9s1 z !y w rapidly und]go a sweat+ or equaliz+1 caus+ ! /ems to s(t5 & to lose _! brittl5ess4 ,x w1 !re=e1 be se5 t loose rais9s mu/ on no acc\nt be sweat$ or equaliz$ be=e !y h be5 /emm$4 ,besides1 if ! rais9s are 9 any way moi/1 !y w n %$ ! du/ & dirt :5 be+ pass$ ?r\gh ! /emm]4 ,x is !re=e to e rais9-gr[]'s int]e/ to s ha/5 ! dry+ ( ! loose rais9s t z _m ( !m z possible c be out ( ! way :5 ! lay]s1 :i* take long] to dry1 come 94 ,?is1 z we h %[n be=e1 c only be done by assort+ ! rais9s :ile gre51 & at ! mom5t !y are be+ pick$ f ! v9es4 ,! diff]5t size bun*es dry at diff]5t times1 & ! loose c !n be p>tially dispos$ ( :5 ! lay]s are ready4 ,! /emm] & grad] %\ld sep>ate ! rais9s 9 at lea/ ?ree grades3 ,numb] "o1 l>ge loose2 numb] two1 small] loose2 numb] ?ree1 smalle/ se$less1 to :i* may be add$ a numb] f\r1 or rubbi%4 ,! l>ge loose br+ always a good price1 & great c>e %\ld be tak5 ) !m4 ,aft] hav+ pass$ ?r\gh ! /emm] & assort] once1 !y %\ld be pass$ ?r\gh a second or ?ird "t1 9 ord] t all ! inf]ior or small] rais9s may be elim9at$4 ,9 ?is way1 a f9e1 l>ge numb] "o is _h1 :i* is sure to give satisfaction4 ,numb] two loose may be pass$ ?r\gh a second "t if ! /emm] has n done its full duty1 & ! same may also be done ) numb] ?ree se$less4 ,x always pays to d a ?+ well1 & ?is holds good ) rais9s z ) ev]y?+ else4 ,colonel ,=sy?1 :o has acquir$ a high reputation = 8 loose rais9s1 advocates & practices ?is repeat$ assort+1 especially ( ! numb] "o grade1 9 ord] t x may be entirely uni=m4 ,too _m poor rais9s are g5]ally f\nd among ! small se$less1 & if !y are to be made to p>tially replace ! se$less ,sultanas or ! ,currants 9 ! same mann] z ! numb] two is expect$ to replace ! import$ ,val5cias1 !y mu/ be made clean f all rubbi%4 ,only by produc+ a sup]ior article c we hope to replace ! import$ dipp$ rais9s by our loose ,muscatels4 ,pack+ & ,clean+4--,! numb] "o & two loose are always put up 9 :ole boxes ( tw5ty p\nds ea*1 nev] 9 qu>t] boxes1 b sometimes 9 c>toons1 to be us$ z samples or z holiday gifts4 ,9 pack+ :ole boxes1 !y may ei!r be fac$ or n4 ,if n fac$1 ! "w is v simple4 ,! rais9s are fir/ br\ght to a l>ge sep>ate table ) a gu>d all ar\nd its edges1 s z to prev5t ! rais9s f fall+ to ! floor4 ,on ea* su* table are "o or m small scales4 ,! workm5 ga!r ! rais9s ) small %ovels1 & place !m 9 quantities ( tw5ty p\nds ea* 9 t9 trays1 ) ! gu>ds slant+ at "o end1 9 ord] t ! rais9s may fall out readily4 ,^! trays are !n imm$iately c>ri$ by o!r h&s to ! pack+-table close by4 ,"h ! prop] pap]s are be+ plac$ 9 regul> :ole rais9 boxes1 ! loose rais9s are p\r$ 9 f ! trays1 & f "t to "t look$ ov] & clean$4 ,all poor or inf]ior rais9s %\ld be c>efully elim9at$1 & only good ones all[$ to be box$4 ,f9ally ! pap] leaves are fold$ ov]1 & ! boxes are tak5 away to be nail$ up4 ,numb] two und]goes ! v same process :5 pack$ 9 boxes4 ,illu/ration3 ,rais9 ,truck = ,pack+-h\se4 ,sack+4--,a v l>ge trade is spr++ up 9 sack$ rais9s1 & ! dem& = !m is increas+ e ye>4 ,bo? numb]s two & ?ree grades loose are n[ export$ ?is way ei!r 9 cotton sacks1 or 9 jute sacks l9$ inside ) pap]4 ,! jute sacks are by _m pref]r$ on acc\nt ( _! %[+ ! dirt less1 ! cotton sacks g5]ally arriv+ soil$ at _! de/9ation4 ,if cotton sacks are us$ = %ipm5t ,ea/1 !y %\ld be fir/ plac$ 9 common burlap sacks1 9 ord] to arrive clean & attractive4 ,! extra exp5se is n great1 z ! *eape/ k9d c be us$ = ?is purpose4 ,fac+1 ,top-up ,me?od4--,! fac+ is quickly done ) ! aid ( ,:ite's fac+-plate1 b x c also be accompli%$ )\t x if ! pack] may s desire4 ,! fac+-plate1 h[ev]1 is greatly to be pref]r$1 z we %all %[ directly4 ,if no plate is us$1 ! op]ation is z foll[s3 ,at ! fill+ table1 fifte5 p\nds ( loose rais9s are weigh$ (f directly 9 ! tw5ty-p\nd boxes4 ,!n five p\nds loose are weigh$ sep>ately 9 a t9 tray4 ,! :ole boxes are tak5 to ! pack+-table & plac$ close to ! press1 "o on top ( ! o!r1 ! small] trays1 ) five p\nds ea*1 are br\ght to ! fac]1 :o n[ takes "o ( ! loose wood5 frames ) a slid+ bottom & places 9 x ! necess>y pap]s4 ,he !n fills 9 ! five p\nds ( loose rais9s1 smoo?s & spreads !m out1 & sees t no bad b]ries are among ! good ones4 ,?is op]ation may also be p]=m$ by diff]5t h&s1 s z to divide up ! "w4 ,?is is probably ! be/ & mo/ economical way4 ,! next /ep is to take ! tray to ! press & subject x to a c]ta9 pressure1 s z to get a smoo? upp] surface on :i* to face or place ! rais9s 9 r[s4 ,:5 ?is is done ! tray is tak5 to ! fac]4 ,! fac] n[ has 9 front ( him a tray fill$ ) ! ornam5tal pap]s & ! five p\nds ( rais9s4 ,! surface ( ! rais9s is smoo? & ev54 ,! next op]ation is to place l>ge rais9s 9 r[s on ! top surface4 ,a small box ) loose1 l>ge rais9s %\ld be at ! side ( ! fac]1 :o 9 tak+ ea* "o ( !m at fir/ presses x t[>ds ! table ) ! ?umb ( ei!r h&1 ?us flatt5+ out ! rais9 9 ord] to make x appe> l>ge4 ,:5 ! tray is fac$1 x may aga9 be subject$ to slight pressure1 b g5]ally ?is is n ne$$4 ,! cont5ts ( ! tray are n[ transf]r$ to ! tw5ty-p\nd box1 :i* already conta9s fifte5 p\nds ( loose4 ,^! loose rais9s1 :i* w be on ! bottom ( ! box1 are n g5]ally wrapp$ 9 pap]1 al?\gh su* w\ld v mu* improve _! appe>ance4 ,! box is n[ ready = nail+4 ,?is top-up me?od is v inf]ior to ! top-d[n me?od1 z w be describ$ fur!r on4 ,9 pack+ ) ?is me?od1 only ! wood5 frame ) ! slid+ bottom is us$4 ,! drop-bottom frame is only us$ = ! top-d[n me?od4 ,fac+1 ,top-d[n ,me?od4--,9 us+ ?is me?od1 ! top lay] is f9i%$ fir/1 & ! bottom la/4 ,! pack+ is done z foll[s3 ,9 ! bottom ( a t9 or galvaniz$-iron tray1 previ\sly describ$1 is plac$ "o ( ,:ite's fac+-plates4 ,z w be rememb]$1 ! frame has a loose drop-bottom1 :i* falls out z soon z ! tray is turn$ ov]4 ,! fac+-plate is plac$ ei!r directly on ?is loose bottom1 or on ! flange support+ x1 & always ) ! fac+-cups upw>d4 ,! fac] n[ places loose select$ rais9s1 "o 9 ea* holl[1 presses 8 f+] on ! rais9 & works x 9 ! holl[ until x becomes flatt5$4 ,:5 all ! cavities are fill$1 loose rais9s are c>efully fill$ 9 until ! tray is full1 :5 b a g5tle pressure is requir$ to /eady ! rais9s & make !m keep _! places4 ,9 ! meantime1 fifte5 p\nds ( rais9s h be5 put 9 tw5ty-p\nd boxes & g5tly press$4 ,"s pack]s ( *oice rais9s use a wrapp] & label = e lay] ( five p\nds1 :i* greatly improves ! g5]al appe>ance ( ! box4 ,aft] all is ready1 a loose z9c plate is plac$ ov] ! fill$ frame or tray1 ! latt] is rev]s$ & plac$ directly ov] ! rais9 box1 9 :i* has already be5 plac$ ! requir$ pap] wrapp]4 ,! z9c plate1 :i* only s]v$ to /eady ! rais9s :ile ! frame 0 be+ turn$1 is n[ quickly )drawn1 & ! five-p\nd fac$ lay] falls d[n 9 ! box entirely undi/urb$1 kept s by ! fac+-plate :i* "h act$ z foll[]4 ,! box is n[ ready = nail+1 aft] a label & wax pap] h fir/ be5 plac$ on top ( ! plate4 ,)\t ! fac+-plate1 a skill$ fac] c face "s =ty boxes a day1 :ile f tw5ty to ?irty boxes is a l[ av]age4 ,) ! fac+-plate1 ! fac+ c be accompli%$ ) m spe$ & accuracy4 ,comp>ative ,value ( ! ,two ,me?ods4--,! top-up me?od has sev]al disadvantages4 ,x requires a heavy pressure ( ! rais9s to create a smoo?1 flat surface on :i* to face4 ,b ev5 if no fac+ is done1 ! top lay] w always be m or less unev51 & requires heavy pressure to make x smoo?1 & appe> well & to advantage4 ,?is heavy pressure always bur/s _m ( ! rais9s1 & causes !m to sug> & spoil4 ,x has also ano!r disadvantage1 t ! fac+ ( ! top lay] c only be done ) ! fancy pap] previ\sly plac$ 9 ! box4 ,9 fac+ & manipulat+ ! rais9s1 ?is pap] becomes m or less soil$ & wet4 ,9 us+ ! top-d[n me?od1 ! pap] is plac$ 9 ! box at ! la/ mom5t1 j be=e ! f9al five-p\nd lay] is empti$ f ! tray ^u ! fifte5-p\nd lay] bel[4 ,i consid] ^! advantages s ess5tial t ,i mu/ /rongly indorse ! top-d[n me?od1 & ,i believe t1 9 c\rse ( "t1 x w be g5]ally adopt$ by all pack]s :o c>e = ! keep+ qualities ( _! rais9s4 ,z to ! "t & exp5se requir$ by ^! two me?ods1 !re is b v little diff]5ce4 ,! top-d[n me?od is possibly a little sl[] & m exp5sive1 b x is by f> ! bett]1 & ! diff]5ce 9 exp5se ( pack+ is n great en\gh to be tak5 into consid]ation4 ,,lay] ,,rais9s4 ,sweat+ or ,equaliz+4--,?is is a process by :i* ! ov]dri$ rais9s are made to attract suffici5t moi/ure f ! und]dri$ rais9s 9 ! same box or bun*1 & :]eby ! ov]dri$ rais9s are made moi/]1 :ile ! und]dri$ ones become dri]4 ,equaliz+ also moi/5s ! /ems suffici5tly to prev5t !m f break+ :5 be+ h&l$4 ,9 our ,cali=nia climate1 :]e ! air is s dry1 ?is equaliz+ process is an absolute necessity1 & no fir/-class rais9 pack c be produc$ )\t ! rais9s hav+ fir/ be5 equaliz$4 ,! ^w 8equaliz+0 is to be pref]r$ to 8sweat+10 z ! latt] ^w may be misund]/ood z mean+ t a c]ta9 am\nt ( heat is develop$ by /or+ ! rais9s4 ,heat is inde$ necess>y1 b x %\ld come f ! outside air1 n f ! inside or f ! rais9s4 ,if f ! latt] ! rais9s w be 9 a fair way to become spoil$4 ,9 ! =ego+ ,i h describ$ ! con/ruction & work+s ( ! swea?\se4 ,x may be sugge/$ t1 if !re is no swea?\se on ! v9ey>d1 a l>ge sail or canvas may be us$ z a sub/itute4 ,! latt] is simply ?r[n ov] ! boxes :]e !y are pil$ out-(-doors1 & answ]s to "s degree 9 keep+ ! rais9s moi/4 ,b z ?is is only a sub/itute1 ,i %all n dwell long] on its usefulness4 ,x may1 h[ev]1 be said 9 favor ( ?is appliance1 t x is us$ by "o ( our l>ge/ pack]s1 & by him consid]$ z ( equal value if n sup]ior ev5 to a regul>ly con/ruct$ equaliz+ h\se4 ,! rais9s :i* are to be sweat$ are only ! clu/]s or lay]s1 & n ! loose1 :i* z we h se5 %\ld at once be tak5 f ! field to ! /emm]1 :ile ! /ems are yet crisp & dry4 ,x is !re=e ( importance t ! bun*es or lay]s %\ld be sep>at$ f ! loose already 9 ! field1 or1 :i* is mu* pref]able1 be=e !y are dri$1 at ! "t :5 !y are pick$ f ! v9es4 ,if ! latt] is done prop]ly1 !re w be only a small quantity ( loose :i* w g 9 ! sweat+-h\se ) ! lay]s4 ,! lay]s %\ld at any rate be plac$ at once 9 sweatboxes :5 tak5 f ! trays1 & betwe5 e two lay]s ( bun*es !re %\ld be a /\t %eet ( manilla pap]1 9 ord] t ! bun*es may n become mix$4 ,:5 tak5 to ! swea?\se ! boxes %\ld be s plac$ t air c ent] e "o4 ,x w n d to place "o box on top ( ano!r s z to cov] up ! top entirely1 z ! rais9s are !n apt to f]m5t 9 a v %ort "t1 &1 be=e ! rais9-pack] is aw>e1 :ole piles may be absolutely spoil$4 ,x is n necess>y to place ! boxes crosswise1 z x is en\gh to all[ ! %ort side ( ea* box to ov]lap ! und]ly+ box a little2 suffici5t air w !n ent]4 ,9 v dry wea!r ! floor ( ! swea?\se may be spr9kl$ ) wat]1 b ?is is g5]ally n ne$$1 z ! und]dri$ rais9s w give out moi/ure en\gh to s(t5 ^? t are too dry1 z well z ! /ems4 ,e day ! swea?\se %\ld be air$1 & x is a mi/ake to believe t all air %\ld be exclud$4 ,if air is n daily admitt$1 ! rais9s w mold & spoil1 & x is ev5 advisable to keep a circulation ( air con/antly ?r\gh ! h\se dur+ ! daytime4 ,! att5tive pack] w soon le>n to regulate ?is1 & no?+ b actual exp]i5ce ) 8 p>ticul> swea?\se w enable him to decide h[ mu* air %\ld be let 9 & to :at ext5t ! doors %\ld be clos$4 ,at ! end ( f t5 days to ?ree weeks1 ! equaliz+ process %\ld be ov]1 & ! lay]s ready = fur!r pack+4 ,:5 ! boxes are remov$1 x w be f\nd t ! majority ( ^? rais9s :i* _h be5 too moi/ or und]dri$ h dri$ suffici5tly1 :ile on ! contr>y ! ov]dri$ rais9s1 z well z ! =m]ly brittle /ems1 w h acquir$ suffici5t moi/ure to enable ! pack] to manipulate !m )\t risk ( break+ ! bun*es4 ,! rais9s %\ld be pliable1 & /& mod]ate pressure )\t crack+ or break+4 ,b :ile equaliz+ is an important op]ation1 & "o :i* we _c disp5se )1 x is always to ! gr[]'s int]e/ to s dry 8 rais9s previ\sly t !y w require z little equaliz+ z possible1 z ev5 ! mo/ c>efully sweat$ rais9s :i* h once be5 ov]dri$ w nev] aft]w>ds equal ^? :i* 7 at once prop]ly dri$ 9 ! field4 ,! ov]dri$ rais9s w always h a t\gh] sk9 & be inf]ior 9 color2 b on ! o!r h& !y w keep bett] ?an rais9s :i* h be5 dri$ less4 ,grad+ & ,weigh+4--,! next /ep aft] ! rais9s h be5 equaliz$ is to remove !m to ! grad+ tables4 ,?is %\ld n be done by dump+ ! cont5ts ( a sweatbox on ! table1 z 9 ?is way b v few ( ! real *oice bun*es are sav$ = ! pack]4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! rais9s h be5 plac$ c>elessly 9 ! boxes1 )\t suffici5t or p]haps )\t any manilla pap]s betwe5 ! lay]s1 ! only way is to dump out ! cont5ts4 ,by fir/ plac+ ! sweatbox on ! long side1 & !n turn+ x ov]1 ! rais9s are b slightly di/urb$4 ,b to get ^! out aft]w>ds f ! *unk is ! great difficulty1 & _m bun*es mu/ necess>ily be brok54 ,if1 aga91 ! rais9s h be5 c>efully h&l$ & consign$ to ! sweatboxes1 ) f\r pap]s 9 e box1 n c\nt+ 9 ! top cov]1 ! c>e & h&l+ ( ! sweatboxes w be mu* simplifi$4 ,! sweatbox is !n plac$ alongside ( ! grad+ table1 & ea* lay] ) its pap] is lift$ out c>efully1 & plac$ on ! table4 ,! assort+ is n[ to beg94 ,! bun*es are tak5 up "o by "o1 all inf]ior b]ries are clipp$ out1 all s(t ones are sep>at$ & plac$ 9 a box by !mselves to be fur!r dri$4 ,z ea* bun* is exam9$ & clean$1 x is put 9 "o ( ! weigh+ trays re/+ on small scales at ei!r end ( ! table1 &1 :5 ! scales indicate t five p\nds ( rais9s are 9 ! tray1 ! latt] is remov$ to ! pack+ table4 ,9 ! meantime all loose or inf]ior bun*es are rak$ d[n ?r\gh ! op5+s 9 ! grad+ tables & receiv$ 9 sweatboxes bel[1 to be ei!r fur!r dri$ or to be /emm$ & grad$ at once4 ,9 pack+ sev]al grades ( lay] rais9s1 ! grad+ ( ! bun*es %\ld be made at ?is table4 ,no great *oice 9 select+ ! bun*es %\ld be left to ! pack]1 z 8 "t %\ld alone be occupi$ ) ! pack+ ( 8 box4 ,! be/ way is to h diff]5tly color$ scales = numb] "o & numb] two lay]s1 & :5 tak+ !m out ( ! sweatbox assort !m at once by plac+ !m 9 diff]5t trays4 ,! grad]s c nev] be too c>eful4 ,no moi/ rais9s1 no small ones1 no r$ & poor rais9s1 %\ld ev] be all[$ among a bett] quality4 ,!y w l[] ! grade ( ! :ole box1 :ile ! good quality ( high-grade rais9s w n raise ! grade ( a g5]ally poor box4 ,?us1 :ile ! _m good rais9s 9 a poor box are n paid = accord+ to _! value1 ! few poor rais9s :i* w be accid5tally or c>elessly smuggl$ 9 a good box w l[] ! value ( ! :ole4 ,few pack]s w suffici5tly und]/& ?is1 :i* is really ! pr9ciple ( all good pack+1 & :i* %\ld be scrupul\sly adh]$ to4 ,ev5 inf]ior size b]ries1 if o!rwise ev] s good1 %\ld be c>efully clipp$ f ! l>ge-b]ri$ bun*es4 ,x is a/oni%+ h[ quickly ! buy] w notice a few small b]ries1 & h[ readily he w ignore ! value ( ! l>ge/ rais9s 9 ! box4 ,pack+ ,lay]s1 ,top-up ,me?od4--,z ) pack+ ! loose rais9s1 !re are two me?ods1 ! top up & ! top d[n4 ,! top-up me?od c be z little recomm5d$ 9 ?is case z 9 ! =m]1 b z x is us$ by _m ( ! pack]s ,i w "h describe x3 ,! trays conta9+ ! five-p\nd lay]s are plac$ 9 front ( ! pack] on ! pack+ table1 s z to be )9 easy rea* ( ! pack]4 ,! trays or frames ) ! slid+ bottom are n[ us$4 ,! fir/ move is to place "o ( ! inn] pap] wrapp]s 9 ! tray1 & next ! lay]s are plac$ 9 ! frame z c>efully z possible4 ,!re are two ways 9 vogue 9 :i* ?is is done4 ,"o ( !m is to cr[d ! rais9s to "o side1--8bun*0 !m1 s to say1 beg9n+ at "o end ( ! tray & gradually work+ t[>ds ! o!r end4 ,?is is ! wrong way1 :i* ,i am sorry to say is us$ by v _m pack]s1 :o desire spe$ above ev]y?+1 ?us sacrific+ c>e & quality & ev5 appe>ance4 ,rais9s pack$ ?is way po9t _! ends upw>ds 9 a slant+ way1 :i* n only detracts f _! appe>ance1 b causes !m to get entangl$ 9 ea* o!r4 ,su* bun*es :5 press$ w g5]ally break1 &1 :5 lift$ out ( ! box aft]w>ds1 w be v diff]5t f :at !y 7 :5 !y 7 plac$ !re 9 ! fir/ in/ance4 ,! rais9s1 :atev] me?od is us$1 %\ld always be plac$ flat on ! bottom ( ! tray4 ,c>e %\ld be tak5 to arrange !m s t !y w fit1 & only v few brok5 bun*es %\ld be all[$ to fill unoccupi$ corn]s or spaces 9 ! box4 ,x is bett] ev5 to leave su* spaces empty ?an to te> up good bun*es 9 ord] to get ! small quantities ne$$1 or 9 us+ inf]ior b]ries to fill up ! holes4 ,illu/ration3 ,riv]side1 ,%[+ ,orange ,or*>ds & ,rais9 ,v9ey>ds4 ,:5 at la/ ! tray is full1 & all ! five p\nds ( rais9s f ! weigh+ tray are 91 ! upp] surface %\ld be smoo? s z to require z little pressure z possible4 ,:5 full ! trays are tak5 to ! press & /or$ on a side table until actually us$4 ,! presses are g5]ally arrang$ = f\r trays4 ,^! are n[ plac$ "u ! press1 a foll[] is plac$ on ! top ( e tray1 & only suffici5t pressure appli$4 ,frequ5tly too mu* pressure is us$1 & ! rais9s are flatt5$ out to _! greate/ possible ext5t1 _m ev5 cru%$ & s brok5 t ! juice runs out4 ,all su* cru%$ rais9s w sug> 9 a few mon?s1 & ! :ole box conta9+ !m w spoil & det]iorate 9 value4 ,if1 aga91 ! rais9s h be5 prop]ly press$1 !y w keep = mon?s or ev5 ye>s4 ,aft] ! trays h be5 suffici5tly press$1 :i* g5]ally is accompli%$ 9 "o m9ute's "t1 ! pressure is releas$1 ! foll[] remov$1 ! fold]s turn$ ov] ! rais9s1 & ! trays remov$ to ! box+ table1 on :i* !y may be all[$ to accumulate until ! box] is ready to fill 8 boxes4 ,on ?is table ! f9al pack+ or 8mak+ up0 ( a box is done4 ,x takes f\r ( ^! five-p\nd frames to fill "o :ole box4 ,ea* tray is 9 its turn plac$ ov] a box1 ! slid+ bottom is quickly remov$1 & ! five-p\nd lay] drops d[n 9 ! box undi/urb$4 ,e f\r? frame %\ld1 9 addition to ! common pap] wrapp]1 h labels & fancy pap] pa/$ on ! fold]s1 or1 z is sometimes done1 an extra fancy fold] or wrapp] is plac$ on ! ?ird lay]1 & on ! top or inside ( x ! f\r? lay] is dropp$4 ,ea* lay] w ?us be f\nd 9 its own wrapp]1 b ! upp] lay] w h two1 ! outside "o ( :i* is fancy4 ,f9e lay]s %\ld h a wax$ pap] imm$iately above ! rais9s1 9 ord] t ! moi/ure or sug> f !m may n spoil ! labels4 ,on ! top ( ! wax$ pap] ! *romo or label is plac$4 ,! box is n[ ready = nail+4 ,pack+ ,lay]s1 ,top-d[n ,me?od4--,?is me?od ,i advocate z ! mo/ prop] "o to use4 ,?9 galvaniz$-iron trays ) a drop bottom are us$4 ,on ! top ( ! drop bottom is plac$ a heavy foll[] ( metal4 ,:ite's fac+-plate1 turn$ ov]1 c be us$ to great advantage1 ev5 :]e no fac+ is requir$4 ,! *oice/ bun*es are n[ select$ & spread ev5ly on ! bottom ( ! tray2 o!r bun*es are plac$ on top ( !m1 & s on until ! tray is full4 ,great c>e mu/ be tak5 9 pack+ s z to make ! bun*es fit ea* o!r & lie solid2 o!rwise !y are v apt to be di/urb$1 or !y w require too heavy pressure to be kept 9 place4 ,:5 ! tray is full1 x is g5tly press$1 & ! pressure kept up = a few seconds4 ,a loose z9c plate is !n plac$ ov] ! tray1 ! latt] is turn$ ov] & plac$ ov] ! box1 9 :i* ! necess>y wrapp+ pap]s h be5 previ\sly plac$1 ! loose z9c plate is quickly )drawn1 & ! cont5ts fall into ! box4 ,! heavy foll[] keeps ! top lay] /eady1 & ) a little c>e ! rais9s are n di/urb$4 ,! top-d[n me?od = pack+ lay]s has ! foll[+ advantages ov] ! top-up me?od4 ,x gives a smoo? surface on :i* to pack ! top lay]1 )\t necessitat+ pressure to fir/ create su* a surface1 ! pack+ be+ done on a h>d plate4 ,! wrapp]s are n soil$1 z !y are n fir/ plac$ 9 ! frames4 ,! pack] is enabl$ to pack & select 8 *oice/ bun*es = ! top lay] :ile he has pl5ty to select f1 & any odd b]ries & brok5 or small] bun*es come naturally 9 ! bottom ( ea* lay]4 ,9 ! top-up me?od all su* odds rema9 = ! top1 :]e !y mu/ g 91 9 ord] to make up ! requir$ five p\nds4 ,a rais9-pack] av]ages sev5ty-five trays ( five p\nds ea* p] day1 = :i* %e is paid two c5ts ea*4 ,"s pack m ?an ?is2 b v excell5t pack+ proce$s sl[]1 & a pack] ( v *oice lay]s c only pack tw5ty-five trays ( five p\nds ea* p] day1 = :i* a correspond+ly high] price is paid4 ,9 ,malaga1 a tra9$ & exp]t pack] receives betwe5 two & ?ree doll>s p] day4 ,9 ,cali=nia1 !y d n receive any m4 ,9 our rais9 di/rict1 ! girls are rapidly becom+ exp]t pack]s1 & ! same ones are rengag$ ye> aft] ye> by ! same pack+-h\se4 ,fill+4--,! fill+ ( ! rais9s is a trick to make !m appe> l>g] ?an !y are4 ,?is fill+ 0 inv5t$ 9 ,spa91 & is us$ !re especially on ,dehesa boxes & :]e v exp5sive pack+ is requir$4 ,x is done 9 ! foll[+ mann]4 ,! rais9 is fir/ flatt5$ out z mu* z possible1 !n ! edges are b5t1 mak+ ! rais9s slightly concave4 ,9 plac+ ! concave side d[nw>ds1 a small] rais9 is slipp$ und]nea? s z to cause ! manipulat$ rais9 to keep its %ape4 ,^! fill$ rais9s are us$ = fac+ only4 ,! ,spani% fill$ rais9s h be5 h&l$ to su* an ext5t t all ! bloom is lo/1 & ! rais9 looks any?+ b attractive4 ,! ,cali=nia me?od ( fill+ is a great improvem5t on ! ,spani% way4 ,:5 ! fac+-plate is us$1 ! rais9 is fir/ plac$ 9 a cavity on ! plate1 !n work$ out by a pressure ) ! f+]1 & :5 suffici5tly concave ano!r rais9 is dropp$ 9 ! holl[ & press$ tightly4 ,! fac$ rais9 is ?us fill$1 & :5 se5 f ! o!r side w appe> mu* l>g] ?an o!rwise4 ,:51 aga91 ! top-up me?od ( pack+ is us$1 a small block ( wood may be employ$4 ,?is block conta9s a s+le cavity ( ! size1 t a rais9 :5 press$ w fill x4 ,! c\nt]p>t ( ?is block is furni%$ ) a convex protub]ance1 & :5 ! two halves are plac$ toge!r ) a rais9 betwe51 & pressure is br\ght to be>1 ! rais9 flatt5s out & becomes concave j en\gh to receive ! fill+4 ,9 ?is way no h&l+ ) ! f+]s is done1 & ! rais9 keeps its bloom undi/urb$4 ,no?+ is m attractive ?an a rais9 ) its bloom unt\*$2 simil>ly ! rais9 t has lo/ its bloom always gives ! buy] an idea t x has be5 f+]$4 ,its appetiz+ quality is gone4 ,spani% ,dehesas are g5]ally bo? fac$ & fill$4 ,"s objection to ?is me?od is t x deceives1 b z long z p n only are will+ to be deceiv$ b are actually anxi\s to pay = ! deception1 !re is no reason :y ! fill+ %\ld n be us$4 ,! deception1 besides1 is a v innoc5t "o4 ,x has also ano!r excuse3 ,a well fac$ & fill$ box is really a "w ( art2 x w help to educate ! p up to ! appreciation ( :at f9e rais9s & f9e pack+ %\ld be4 ,fill+ & fac+ comb9$ are practic$ b little 9 ,cali=nia1 & x is d\btful if fill$ fac+ w ev] gr[ 9 mu* dem& "h4 ,nail+ & ,trimm+4--,! boxes are next mov$ to ! nail+ table4 ,two nails are put 9 ! %ort sides & two 9 ! long sides ( ! cov]4 ,! boxes :5 nail$ are pass$ to ! trimm]1 :o ) a drawknife trims ! edges & cuts (f ! com]s diagonally4 ,! latt] prev5ts ! boxes or cov]s f splitt+4 ,! be/ nails are ,fr5* wire nails = ! sides & ends1 "o & "o-qu>t] in*es long1 & = tops & bottoms "o in* long4 ,labels4--,i _c f9i% ?is "p )\t add+ "s words ab\t our labels4 ,x is ( importance t our labels & color$ li?ographs %\ld be appropriate4 ,! "t has come :5 our rais9s %\ld /& ^u _! own m]its1 & %\ld be designat$ ) appropriate names4 ,i %\ld wi% to see only ,cali=nia names us$1 ,cali=nia lay]s in/ead ( ,london lay]s1 ,cali=nia sc5es in/ead ( =eign sc5es1 :i* give no idea ( our conditions1 & :i* d n help to adv]tise our ,/ate & its res\rces4 ,:atev] our labels may repres5t1 !y %\ld be di/9ctly ,cali=nian4 ,ano!r po9t :i* is b seldom obs]v$ on ^! labels is ! %ape & color ( our rais9 grapes4 ,! latt] are (t5 repres5t$ on ! labels1 b _! %ape is seldom obs]v$4 ,n[h]e h we se5 on !m a true ,gordo ,blanco or a true ,muscat ( ,alex&ria repres5t$1 ! grapes !re pictur$ be+ impossible z rais9 grapes1 or ev5 well-kn[n w9e or table grapes1 out ( :i* no rais9s c\ld be made4 ,! pack] has a "r to prote/ aga9/ su* misrepres5tations ( our fair grapes1 especially z ! li?ograph] c\ld j z readily & j z *eaply h foll[$ ! orig9als4 ,a beautiful label is well wor? its price4 ,z a "w ( art1 x is seldom ?r[n away1 b is c>efully kept & made to adorn ! walls ( _m a humble home1 9 :i* ! "n & fame ( our ,/ate w soon be a h\sehold ^w4 ,let ^! labels g out by ! million ye>ly to tell ( our climate & ( our soil1 & ( ! l& :]e ! lusci\s rais9s are produc$1 ) ! same c>e z apples or g>d5 /uff 9 c\ntries less favor$ by nature4 ,,/ati/ics ,,( ,,importation1 ,,production ,,& ,,prices4 ,production ( ,rais9s 9 ,cali=nia f to #ahhi3 ,tw5ty- p\nd boxes4 #ahgc #f1jjj #ahgd #i1jjj #ahge #aa1jjj #ahgf #ai1jjj #ahgg #cb1jjj #ahgh #dh1jjj #ahgi #fe1jjj #ahhj #ge1jjj #ahha #ij1jjj #ahhb #aae1jjj #ahhc #adj1jjj #ahhd #age1jjj #ahhe #ejj1jjj #ahhf #gjj1jjj #ahhg #hjj1jjj #ahhh #ifc1jjj #ahhi #a1jjj1jjj ,! ,cali=nia crop1 f #ahhe to #ahhi1 0 divid$ betwe5 ! v>i\s rais9 di/ricts ( ! ,/ate ab\t z foll[s3 #ahhe4 #ahhf4 #ahhg4 #ahhh4 #ahhi4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,fresno #ajg1jjjbbe1jjjcej1jjjddj1jjjdge1jjj ,riv]side & ,san ,b]n>d9o #abi1jjjaie1jjjaij1jjjbgj1jjjbfe1jjj ,orange ,c\nty & ,los ,angeles#aci1jjjahj1jjj #he1jjj #db1jjj #h1jjj ,c\nty ,woodl& & ,davisville #fg1jjj #ge1jjjabe1jjj #aae1jjjabj1jjj ,san ,diego #aj1jjj #be1jjj #bj1jjj #dj1jjj #ge1jjj ,tul>e #f1jjj #h1jjj #aj1jjj #aa1jjj #ae1jjj ,k]n -- -- -- -- #d1jjj ,scatt]+ #ab1jjj #ae1jjj #bj1jjj #be1jjj #be1jjj ----------------------------------- #dgj1jjjgbc1jjjhjj1jjjidc1jjjihg1jjj ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,numb] ( ,acres 9 ,rais9 ,grapes 9 ,cali=nia 9 #ahij3 ,fresno di/rict #cj1jjj acres4 ,balance ( ,san ,joaqu9 valley #aj1jjj 8 ,san ,b]n>d9o di/rict #e1jjj 8 ,san ,diego & ,el ,cajon #f1jjj 8 ,yolo & ,solano #h1jjj 8 ,balance ( ! ,/ate #g1jjj 8 ------ #ff1jjj 8 ,?is includes grapes 9 be>+1 z well z v9es lately set out4 ,cali=nia & ,malaga ,prices1 ,importations1 etc41 f #ahga to #ahhi3 ,! foll[+ /ati/ics ( prices ( ,cali=nia & ,malaga rais9s h be5 mo/ly compil$ f v>i\s s\rces1 su* z ! ,fresno ,expositor1 ! ,san ,francisco ,j\rnal ( ,comm]ce1 ! ,fruit ,gr[]1 etc4 ,^! /ati/ics & notes w give a fair idea ( ! progress made by ! rais9 indu/ry 9 ?is ,/ate s9ce #ahgc1 ! ye> :5 our rais9s fir/ cut any conspicu\s figure 9 ! m>ket ( ?is cont95t4 ,! fir/ /ruggle ( ! rais9-produc]s ( ?is ,coa/ 0 direct$ aga9/ ! import]s ( ,malaga rais9s1 & aga9/ ! prejudice ( our own consum]s4 ,x took ab\t t5 ye>s to sup]s$e ! ,malaga product by our own4 ,! foll[+ table gives ! importation ( ,malaga rais9s to ?is ,/ate f #ahga to #ahhd3 ,tw5ty- p\nd boxes4 #ahga #af1ecd #ahgb #cf1aec #ahgc #bg1fib #ahgd #ce1ddg #ahge #bb1bbh #ahgf #bi1ahg #ahgg #ac1ceg #ahgh #ad1hbd #ahgi #aj1hhd #ahhj #c1ihh #ahha #a1gai #ahhb #a1bah #ahhc #fcc #ahhd #a1dcg #ahhe #hjj #ahhf -- #ahhg -- #ahhh -- #ahhi -- ,x w be obs]v$ t ! imports began to fall (f 9 #ahge1 be+ t ye> m ?an #ac1jjj boxes %ort ( ! prec$+ ye>4 ,9 #ahgf ! importations /ruggl$ back to #bi1ahg1 /ill be+ m ?an #f1jjj boxes %ort ( ! importations ( #ahgd2 & !n ! battle 0 practically won1 = 9 ! succe$+ ye>s ! importations dw9dl$ away until 9 #ahhc only #fcc boxes 7 import$4 ,! figures f #ahhf to date are n obta9able1 b are s insignificant z to be consid]$ unnecess>y to record4 #ahgc4--;,9 #ahgc ! m>ket 0 lib]ally suppli$ ) ,malaga rais9s1 :i* br\ght at :olesale ! foll[+ prices3 ,lay]s1 :ole boxes1 #c4jj to #c4ge2 half boxes1 #c4fb2 qu>t]s1 #c4ge2 eigh?s1 #d4jj to #d4be2 ,london lay]s1 #d4ej4 #ahgd4--;,com+ d[n to #ahgd1 ! ,malaga /ill holds ! =t1 lay]s br++ #c4be = :ole boxes1 & #c4ab = half boxes1 ) ! cu/om>y advance on fractions4 ,9 all ?is "t ! ,cali=nia rais9 0 too insignificant = notice1 & 0 n quot$ by comm]cial pap]s4 #ahge4--,on ,janu>y #ad1 #ahge1 ?is significant comm5t appe>s 9 ! ,j\rnal ( ,comm]ce3 8,a decid$ *ange is be+ wr\ght 9 ! m>kets ( ?is coa/ respect+ ! use ( ,malaga rais9s1 figs1 ,zante currants1 ,hung>ian prunes1 almonds1 walnuts1 etc4 ,9 fact1 f ?is "t =w>d ,pacific ,coa/ supplies ( bun* rais9s & dri$ fruits g5]ally are to be produc$ "h 9 l>ge quantities1 & 9 favorable seasons we w d\btless h a l>ge surplus ( almonds 7h>d1 s(t & pap] %ells71 ,engli% walnuts1 *e/nuts1 hickory nuts1 rais9s1 figs1 etc40 ,on ,novemb] #d1 #ahge1 x 0 record$ t up to ! #a/ ( ,novemb] !re _h be5 receiv$ #f1jjj boxes ( ,cali=nia rais9s1 8! quality g5]ally good10 wor? f eight to t5 c5ts p] p\nd1 say #b4jj & #b4be p] box ( tw5ty-two p\nds net2 ,london lay]s1 #c4ej & #c4ge4 #ahgf4--;,9 ,janu>y ( #ahgf ,malagas 7 quot$ at #c4be & #c4ej1 ,cali=nia rais9s br++ t5 & twelve & "o-half c5ts p] p\nd4 ,! foll[+ comm5t 0 made at t "t1 :i* may be consid]$ z ano!r mile-/one 9 ! progress ( ! ,cali=nia indu/ry3 8,malaga rais9s h be5 import$ to v mu* less ext5t ! pres5t ?an la/ season1 ow+ to ! l>ge products ( ,cali=nia cur$1 :i* latt] h am\nt$ to upw>ds ( #cj1jjj boxes1 ab\t "o-half ( :i* h be5 ( prime quality1 suitable = table use1 a portion be+ poorly cur$ & consid]ably inf]ior to ! import$1 b h sold at l[] rates = ord9>y cook+ purposes40 ,! ,cali=nia rais9 0 n[ fairly on its feet1 s to speak1 & 0 9 lively competition ) ! ,malaga dri$ grape4 ,! m>ket reports spoke well ( ,bl[]s' ,cali=nia ,muscatels & ,briggs' bun* rais9s4 ,! jobb]s1 h[ev]1 7 lo? to give up ! ,malaga2 b to sell t article !y _h to import an extra *oice quality1 z ! public 0 beg9n+ to %[ a m>k$ pref]5ce = ! home product4 ,9 pro( ( ?is ! foll[+ extract1 dat$ ,novemb] #i1 #ahgf1 is giv53 8,! quality ( ! ,malaga rais9s n[ "h is sup]ior to any ev] be=e import$1 & h a pref]5ce ov] our be/ ,cali=nia rais9s4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 w n always be ! case1 z exp]i5ce makes p]fect1 & 9 a few ye>s we w be entirely indep5d5t ( ! ,old ,_w = all sorts ( dri$ fruits40 #ahgg4--;,9 ,novemb]1 #ahgg1 v complim5t>y notice is made ( ,bl[]s' lay] rais9s f ,woodl&1 :i* br\ght #b4ge & #c4jj p] box4 ,briggs' rais9s 7 wor? #b4be & #b4gj4 ,?is extract1 dat$ ,janu>y #ah1 #ahgg1 is /ill ano!r l&m>k 9 ! rais9 indu/ry3 8,! consumption ( rais9s has be5 fully up to ! av]age ( pa/ ye>s1 yet divid$ betwe5 ,malaga imports & our own ,cali=nia production4 ,( ! latt]1 upw>ds ( #bj1jjj boxes h be5 already m>ket$2 &1 _h x n be5 = ! unusual & unexpect$ heavy ra9fall 9 ,octob]1 !re is e reason to believe t our home crop ( bun* & lay] rais9s w\ld h rea*$ #ej1jjj boxes ( tw5ty p\nds ea*4 ,bl[]s' ,muscat rais9s 7 sup]ior & 9 e way equal to ! import$4 ,briggs1 ( ,m>ysville1 also turn$ out sev]al ?\s& boxes ( bun*1 & o!rs h made a cr$itable beg9n+4 ,en\gh has be5 done "h 9 ?is l9e to satisfy our grape-gr[]s t rais9-cur+ is to be1 9 ! ne> future1 a prom95t ,cali=nia int]e/1 &1 to d x successfully1 ! sun-dry+ process is inf9itely sup]ior to t ( ma*9e-dry+4 ,%$s mu/ be erect$ & prep>$ 9 "t to protect ! fruit f e>ly ra91 & !n ! work+ process is sure to all :o h ! "r k9d ( grapes4 ,!n uni=m weight 9 tw5ty1 t5 & five p\nd boxes1 all h&somely put up 9 fancy pap]$ boxes1 & ,cali=nia !n w be prep>$ to secure all ! rais9 trade we/ ( ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s1 & a good "p ( t ( ! ,ea/]n ,/ates4 ,z x is1 ^? ( our m]*ants import+ ,malaga rais9s f ,new ,york conf9e !mselves to ,london lay]s & o!rs ( ! be/ & *oice/ quality1 leav+ ! home m>ket to be c>$ =1 9 a great measure1 by ^? ( our own production4 ,z a result1 rais9s h rul$ l[ all ! w9t]1 & are likely to d s = a long "t to come40 #ahgh4--;,9 #ahgh sev]al c>loads ( ,cali=nia rais9s 7 s5t to ,*icago1 ,new ,york & ,bo/on1 & 7 well receiv$ by ! trade4 ,9 ,octob] ( t ye>1 ,cali=nia lay]s 7 br++ #b4ej & #c4be4 ,imports _h fall5 away m ?an =ty p] c5t f ! figures ( #ahgd4 #ahgi4--;,9 #ahgi ! rul+ prices = ,cali=nia rais9s1 9 lots ( #bej boxes & upw>ds1 73 ,common lay]s1 #b4jj = :oles1 #b4be = halves1 #b4ej = qu>t]s1 #c4jj = eigh?s2 ,london lay]s1 #b4be to #b4ej = :oles1 #b4ej to #b4ge = halves1 #b4ge to #c4jj = qu>t]s1 #c4be to #c4ej = eigh?s4 #ahhj4--;,9 ,octob]1 #ahhj1 ! foll[+ quotations 7 made3 ,briggs' lay]s1 #b4jj & #b4ge p] box4 ,cali=nia rais9s1 9 lots ( #bej boxes & upw>ds1 common lay]s1 #b4ej & #b4be p] box2 ,london lay]s1 #b4ej p] box4 #ahha4--;,9 ,novemb] ( #ahha1 ,malaga rul$ high 9 ! ,ea/1 & 9 consequ5ce prices 7 g5]ally high] "h1 quotations = ! ,cali=nia article runn+ #b4ej = :oles1 #b4ge = halves1 #c4jj = qu>t]s1 & #c4be = eigh?s1 9 lots ( "o hundr$ boxes4 ,london lay]s1 tw5ty-five c5ts p] box m4 #ahhb4--;,9 #ahhb prices ran #b4cg & #b4ge4 ,dur+ all ! p]iod j review$1 ! duty 0 two & a half c5ts p] p\nd on rais9s2 b 9 ,m>*1 #ahhc1 ! duty 0 r$uc$ to two c5ts1 & yet importations = t ye> 7 only #fcc boxes1--a r s+ul> fact4 ,! r$uction 9 duty does n seem to h _h a v bad effect on prices1 because1 z is easily evid5t f ! small importation1 no competition to speak ( 0 enc\nt]$ 9 ! local m>ket1 &1 z 9 t ye> ! imports at ,new ,york f ,spa9 7 _m ?\s&s ( boxes %ort1 ,ea/]n competition 0 r$uc$ to a m9imum4 ,prices "h rul$ ?r\gh ! ye> at an av]age ( f sev5 to eight c5ts a p\nd1 any?+ especially *oice br++ bett] prices4 #ahhc4--;,9 #ahhc ,cali=nia made a big /ride =w>d 9 pack+ & cur+1 & fancy rais9s 7 put up 9 lay]s & c>toons4 ,! ,dehesa br& & o!r fancy br&s made _! appe>ance1 & z high z "o doll> 0 paid = qu>t]s ( five p\nds ea*1 & ,t4 ,c4 ,:ite's & ,miss ,au/9's br&s became fam\s4 #ahhd4--;,9 #ahhd1 ! ye> foll[+ t 9 :i* ! duty 0 r$uc$ to two c5ts1 ! foll[+ prices prevail$3 ,9 ,janu>y ! foll[+ quotations are record$3 ,malaga lay]s1 #c4ej = :oles1 #e4jj = halves1 & #e4ej = qu>t]s 9 frames4 ,val5cia rais9s1 fifte5 c5ts p] p\nd4 ,loose ,muscatels1 #a4fj4 ,london lay]s1 #d4jj4 ,briggs1 :oles #b4ej1--usual advance ( tw5ty-five c5ts on fractions4 ,bl[]s1 :oles ----1 qu>t]s #c4ej1 eigh?s #c4ge4 ,o!r rais9s1 #b4ej 9 l>ge lots2 qu>t] & eigh? boxes tw5ty-five c5ts high]4 ,9 ,augu/ ! foll[+ 7 ! quotations3 ,malaga lay]s1 #c4ej = :oles1 #d4jj = halves1 & #d4ej = qu>t]s 9 frames4 ,val5cias1 fifte5 c5ts p] p\nd4 ,loose ,muscatels1 #a4ij4 ,london lay]s1 #c4jj4 ,briggs1 :oles #a4dj1 halves #a4ge1 qu>t]s #b4be1 eigh?s #b4ge4 ,bl[]s1 :oles #b4be1 halves #b4ej1 qu>t]s #b4ge1 eigh?s #c4jj4 ,9 ,octob] ! foll[+ quotations are to be f\nd3 ,common lay]s1 #a4jj to #a4be = :oles1 #a4ej = halves1 #a4ge = qu>t]s1 #b4be = eigh?s4 ,london lay]s1 #a4ce to #a4ej = :oles1 #a4ie = halves1 #b4jj = qu>t]s1 #b4ej = eigh?s4 ,9 ,novemb]1 #ahhd1 ! foll[+ comm5t is made3 ,! ,cali=nia rais9 pack w probably be #ajj1jjj boxes4 ,!re w\ld h be5 mu* m b = ! ,octob] ra9s1 t prev5t$ prop] cur+4 ,! crop 9 ,europe is %ort1 too1 & prices are mu* high] ?an !y 7 a ye> ago4 ,x is said t #ae1jjj boxes h be5 sold = ! ,ea/4 ,we quote3 ,malaga lay]s1 #c4ge = :oles1 #d4jj = halves1 & #d4ej = qu>t]s 9 frames4 ,val5cia rais9s1 fifte5 c5ts p] p\nd4 ,loose ,muscatels1 #a4ij4 ,london lay]s1 #d4jj4 ,briggs1 :oles #a4ge1 halves #b4jj1 qu>t]s #b4ce to #b4ej4 ,bl[]s1 :oles #b4jj1 halves #b4be1 qu>t]s #b4ej1 eigh?s #b4ge4 ,cali=nia lay]s1 :oles #a4ej1 halves #a4ge1 qu>t]s #b4jj4 #ahhe4--;,9 #ahhe ! m>ket %[$ a gratify+ ability to absorb at pr(itable rates a good article1 = prices ran3 ,cali=nia common lay]s1 #a4ge = :oles1 #b4jj = halves1 #b4be = qu>t]s4 ,briggs1 :oles #b4jj1 ) an advance ( tw5ty-five c5ts on fractions4 ,bl[]s1 #b4be = :oles1 ) an advance ( tw5ty-five c5ts on fractions4 #ahhf4--;,9 #ahhf quotations %[ t only extra *oice ,malagas 7 import$1 & t1 too1 = a limit$ trade4 ,prices 73 ,malaga lay]s1 #d4jj = :oles1 #d4be & #d4ge = halves & qu>t]s4 ,val5cia rais9s1 fifte5 c5ts p] p\nd4 ,london lay]s1 #c4jj4 ,cali=nia lay]s1 :oles #a4ge1--usual advance ( tw5ty-five c5ts on fractions4 ,briggs1 :oles #b4jj1 halves #b4be1 etc4 ,bl[]s1 :oles #b4be1--usual advance on fractions4 ,= #ahhf ! m>ket is review$ z foll[s3 ,! pa/ ye> has be5 ! greate/ = ,cali=nia dri$ fruit t ! ,/ate has ev] se54 ,!re has be5 an increase 9 e item1 & a specially heavy increase 9 ! matt] ( rais9s1 ! production ( :i* has increas$ s fa/ t !y h become a lead+ article ( m]*&ise4 ,:]e we 7 l>ge import]s & g5]\s consum]s1 m 9 proportion to our size ?an any "o else 9 ! _w1 we h almo/ totally ceas$ importation & are among ! l>ge/ produc]s & export]s 9 ! _w1 next to ,spa9 itself4 ,! total receipts ( import$ rais9s at ,new ,york = ! season ( #ahhf-hg 7 z foll[s3 #iaa1haf boxes ( ,val5cias1 #dbg1icf boxes ( ,malagas1 #djj half boxes ( ,malagas1 #hh1feg boxes ( ,sultanas4 ,! ,cali=nia pack is ?is ye> almo/ d\bl$1 & %[s great improvem5t 9 quality & pack+4 #ahhg4--;,9 ,octob]1 #ahhg1 prices 7 quot$ z foll[s3 ,london lay]s1 p] box1 #b4jj to #b4be4 ,loose ,muscatels1 f #a4ej to #a4hj4 ,riv]side1 ,el ,cajon & ,fresno rais9s ( excell5t quality are n[ 9 ! m>ket1 & ,butl] & ,=sy? rais9s 9 ,fresno beg9 to rival ! v be/ import$ br&s4 ,_m l>ge pack+-h\ses are e/abli%$ 9 ,fresno1 ,riv]side & ,el ,cajon4 #ahhh4--,! pack rea*es 9 ,cali=nia #hej1jjj boxes1 & ! ,fresno z well z ! ,riv]side rais9s are v l>ge & *oice4 ,=sy? & ,butl] rais9s take ! lead1 "s ( ! *oice/ lay]s br++ z high z "o doll> p] five-p\nd qu>t] box4 ,only #aab1jjj boxes ( ,malaga rais9s are import$ to ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,9 ,octob]1 #ahhh1 ! foll[+ prices 7 obta9$ = import$ rais9s at auction sale 9 ,new ,york3 #fde boxes be/ ,london ,lay]s1 #c4be to #c4ab2 #cdh ,imp]ial ,cab9ets1 #c4ce to #c4bj2 #bjj f9e ,dehesa ,bun*es1 #d4ej to #c4ge2 #ej ,imp]ial ,dehesa ,bun*es1 #e4fe2 #ajd ,dehesa ,bun*es1 #d4je to #d4jj2 #ajj ,f9e/ ,select$ ,clu/]s1 #d4de to #d4dj2 #ej ,f9e/ ,royal ,clu/]s1 #d4ge2 #c ,imp]ial ,excelsior ,dehesa ,loose ,muscatels1 #e4jj2 #adj ,imp]ial ,loose ,muscatels1 #c4cj to #b4ae2 #a ,imp]ial ,excelsior ,dehesa ,clu/]s1 #e4ej2 #i ,imp]ial ,dehesa ,clu/]s1 #e4ab to #e4jj2 #b ,dehesa ,dess]t ,fruit1 #d4aj2 #a1aid ,f9e/ ,val5cia ,lay]s1 #h to #h c5ts2 #hii ,f9e/ ,val5cia ,rais9s1 #g to #f c5ts2 #aej half boxes ,f9e/ ,val5cia ,lay]s1 #h to #h c5ts2 #bdf boxes ,f9e/ ,sultanas1 #h to #h c5ts4 ,at ! same "t ,cali=nia lay]s 7 quot$ at f #a4hj to #b4be = m$ium grades1 :ile = ,dehesa & ,imp]ial qu>t] boxes f eighty c5ts to "o doll> 7 realiz$4 ,rais9s 9 sweatboxes 7 b\ght by pack]s at five c5ts p] p\nd1 prices n rat$ accord+ to quality4 #ahhi4--,! crop ( #ahhi 0 n z l>ge z at fir/ calculat$1 on acc\nt ( loss ?r\gh unusual & heavy ra9s4 ,x 0 especially ! second crop :i* suff]$4 ,! fir/ crop 0 good1 & br\ght good prices1 av]age lay]s br++ f #a4ge to #b4be p] box ( tw5ty p\nds4 ,great improvem5t is made 9 pack+ & labels1 & our av]age rais9s are bett] ?an ! av]age import$ ,malagas4 ,our *oice/ lay]s1 h[ev]1 d n yet equal 9 size1 cur+ & pack+ ! *oice/ ,malagas1 & no ef=ts h be5 made to compete ) !m4 ,!re are at lea/ f\r high] grades pack$ 9 ,malaga :i* we d n produce "h4 ,dur+ la/ season rais9s 9 sweatboxes h rul$ high] ?an be=e1 & h be5 b\ght by pack]s at f ?ree to sev5 c5ts4 #ahij 7to ,july74--,! crop promises to be z l>ge z la/ ye>4 ,x is greatly 9 dem&1 & repres5tatives ( ,ea/]n & ,cali=nia deal]s h already b\ght up ! mo/ ( ! com+ crop at prices av]ag+ "o-half a c5t m p] p\nd ?an la/ ye>4 ,f ! above /ati/ics we le>n t ?r\gh ! production ( rais9s 9 ,cali=nia ! price ( sun-dri$ rais9s to ! consum] on ?is coa/ has be5 l[]$ f #c4jj1 #c4ge1 #d4jj & #d4ej 9 #ahgc to #b4jj & #b4ej 9 #ahij4 ,! importation ( ,malaga rais9s 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates has greatly dim9i%$1 :ile t ( ,val5cia or 8dipp$0 rais9s has increas$4 ,9 #ahgc1 ! ,unit$ ,/ates import$ #ce1bga1cab p\nds ( rais9s1 = :i* x paid #b1bib1idh1 :ile 9 #ahhh our importation 0 #dj1cdj1aag p\nds1 or ab\t five million p\nds m1 = :i* we paid #b1jih1ejc1 or ab\t #bjj1jjj less4 ,exports ( ,val5cia ,rais9s f #ahej to #ahhi1 accord+ to ,engli% e/imates3 ,,ye>4,engl&4,am]ica4 ,o!r ,total ,places4 ,tons4 ------------------------------------ #ahej #i1dbc #afe -- #i1ehh #ahea #h1dia #bhe #ghg #i1efc #aheb #h1hdd #cbj -- #i1afd #ahec #g1hhc #ii #gj #h1jeb #ahed #g1bjf #bif #ej #g1eeb #ahee #g1dfd #gcf #he #h1bhe #ahef #h1iji -- #ab #h1iba #aheg #i1dhe -- -- #g1ijj #aheh #ac1edb #fed #ahb #ad1cgh #ahei #i1edf #afc #aac #i1hbb #ahfj #g1beg #b1hca #ded #aj1edb #ahfa #h1jgb #fc #adc #h1bgh #ahfb #g1efd -- #bch #g1ijj #ahfc #ab1bij #abe #ajj #ab1eae #ahfd #h1fee #ch #ahb #h1hge #ahfe #i1hfc #cfb #ab #aj1bcg #ahff #ab1gce #djc #dgc #ac1faa #ahfg #ab1gja #ffh #agg #ac1edf #ahfh #ad1bic #c1jie #gid #ah1ahb #ahfi #h1dcd #a1heg #be #aj1caf #ahgj #aj1jfj #b1baj #aaj #ab1chj #ahga #ab1egh #e1baj #fbe #ah1dac #ahgb #ae1fgg #d1jhh #ece #bj1cjj #ahgc #aj1gif #b1ifj #gaj #ad1dff #ahgd #ac1gbd #e1eac #dci #ai1fgf #ahge #ab1efh #f1eij #eie #ai1gec #ahgf #ae1bgb #c1haf #fgf #ai1gfd #ahgg -- -- -- -- #ahgh -- -- -- -- #ahgi #ae1bca #i1ebe #a1bdd #bf1ajj #ahhj #ac1jbf #h1igg #hib #bb1hie #ahha #ag1ejg #aj1afi #ifi #bh1fbe #ahhb #ah1aba #ba1eic #a1gcb #da1cdf #ahhc #ai1fdd #af1gbb #c1ihc #dj1cdi #ahhd #aj1baj #i1fhf #d1bhi #bd1ahe #ahhe #aj1bej #i1cig #c1eif #bc1bdc #ahhf #ae1aid #ae1fhg #af1aac #cf1iid #ahhg #af1fdh #ah1hca #c1dgi #ch1ieh #ahhh #ae1ebd #ab1bde #d1fee #cb1dbd #ahhi #ab1jjj #ad1fde #a1gbd #bg1cfi ------------------------------------ ,exports ( ,malaga ,rais9s f #ahfd to #ahhi3 ,,ye>4 ,u4,s4 ,brit- ,great ,france4 ,nor? i% ,brit- ,europe4 ,col- a94 on's4 ---------------------------------------- -- #ahfd #hgi1gid #de1ijfbeh1dehacg1cgi #ei1fei #ahfe #hgi1gid #ge1gjhbfi1jgbaga1gdc #fd1cai #ahff #ijg1cje #gb1bjhbbj1gefagh1hfb #fb1jgf #ahfg #iff1gbd #if1abdaff1gcgabi1cia #eh1bbb #ahfh #a1jec1gbfabe1djgbbb1dbfafc1cjf #fd1bfb #ahfi #gfg1cba #eh1bfeage1fjbaag1fab #hb1dgb #ahgj #a1cca1icgabj1jcibaf1jae #ij1aic #eg1fhg #ahga #a1adg1fcc #ih1hagahc1iafafa1abc #fi1hjj #ahgb #a1cbe1gje #ie1jbdchc1hijbcj1jdf #gb1ghh #ahgc #a1cfh1hbb #de1diebda1cbeaif1bci #ii1dbd #ahgd #a1cbj1jjj #dc1dijbdj1jjjbjj1jjj #ii1ejj #ahge #igf1jjj #db1jjjbga1jjjbjc1jjj #ih1jjj #ahgf #a1cba1jjj #eb1jjjceg1jjjbgf1jjjaae1jjj #ahgg #a1bej1jjj #ef1fjjbej1jjjcjj1jjjajj1jjj #ahgh #a1ahb1jhh #eh1bdbaid1dgaccj1gfg #ii1ffa #ahgi #a1adf1bbh #cj1eihbcg1feicfh1dbjajg1hhh #ahhj #a1aae1aja #df1gagagd1abfbig1dabajh1bbb #ahha #a1jdc1gbg #ca1gcjada1daebea1chbaja1hbh #ahhb #ifg1ega #ch1dcaagf1cdibgg1becacj1fdf #ahhc -- -- -- -- -- #ahhd -- -- -- -- -- #ahhe -- -- -- -- -- #ahhf -- -- -- -- -- #ahhg -- -- -- -- -- #ahhh -- -- -- -- -- #ahhi #abj1jjj -- -- -- -- ---------------------------------------- -- ,,ye>4 ,s\? ,sun- ,total ,total ,am4 dries4 ,boxes4 ,tons4 ---------------------------------- #ahfd #aji1gdabji1jjja1bjj1jjjac1bjj #ahfe #if1fehbee1jjja1hjj1jjjai1hjj #ahff #aae1cjeaia1jjja1gej1jjjai1bej #ahfg #aaf1gfbace1jjja1fgj1jjjah1cgj #ahfh #ajc1jhbbae1jjja1iej1jjjbb1dej #ahfi #fg1fcd #hj1hjja1cej1jjjad1hej #ahgj #aac1geebgj1jjjb1bjj1jjjbd1bjj #ahga #hg1bdbbgd1jjjb1bjj1jjjbd1bjj #ahgb #aai1jdb --#a1ibj1jjjba1abj #ahgc --#adj1jjjb1ejj1jjjbg1ejj #ahgd -- --#b1afj1jjjbc1gfj #ahge -- #ih1jjja1fgj1jjjah1cgj #ahgf -- #ia1jjjb1beb1jjjbd1ggb #ahgg -- --#b1bjj1jjjbd1bjj #ahgh #ih1dbibaa1jjjb1ahj1jjjbc1ihj #ahgi #fc1fhhagj1jjjb1abe1jjjbc1cgb #ahhj #ge1defaig1jjjb1jae1jjjbb1afe #ahha #ha1aifadg1jjja1hjj1jjjai1hjj #ahhb #ih1jjgagh1jjja1bjj1jjjac1bjj #ahhc -- -- -- -- #ahhd -- -- -- -- #ahhe -- -- -- -- #ahhf -- -- -- -- #ahhg -- -- #hej1jjj #i1cej #ahhh -- -- #hej1jjj #h1bej #ahhi -- -- #gej1jjj -- ---------------------------------- ,fir/ ,co/ ( ,crop ( ,val5cia ,rais9s1 accord+ to ! 8,cali=nia ,fruit ,gr[]30 #ahhd1 f #d4jj to #f4jj p] hundr$ p\nds4 #ahhe1 8 #e4jj to #f4jj 8 8 8 #ahhf1 8 #c4jj to #e4jj 8 8 8 #ahhg1 #d4jj 8 8 8 #ahhh1 f #b4jj to #d4jj 8 8 8 #ahhi1 #c4ej 8 8 8 ,production & ,di/ribution ( ,smyrna ,rais9s f #ahdd to #ahhd1 accord+ to ,u4 ,s4 ,consul> ,reports3 #ahdd #h1jjj tons4 #ahfh #ai1jjj 8 #ahga #dh1jjj 8 #ahgb #ca1jjj 8 #ahgi #ge1jjj 8 #ahha #di1jjj 8 #ahhd #ie1jjj 8 ,accord+ to ,engli% e/imates1 ! rais9 crop ( ,smyrna only rea*$ #bg1jjj tons 9 #ahgf1 & 0 divid$ z foll[s3 ,r$ ,rais9s4--,*esme #e1ajj tons4 ,v\rla #e1jjj 8 ,y]ly #b1hjj 8 ,c>ab\rna #a1fjj 8 ------ #ad1ejj tons4 ,sultanas4--,*esme #g1djj tons4 ,v\rla #c1ajj 8 ,y]ly #a1aej 8 ,c>ab\rna #hjj 8 ----- #ab1dej tons4 ------ #bf1iej tons4 ,?is crop 0 di/ribut$ z foll[s3 ,r$ ,rais9s4--,engl& #b1fii tons4 ,nor? ( ,europe #f1dhh 8 ,trie/e #b1bfj 8 ,russia & ,turkey #b1iie 8 ----- #ad1ddb tons4 ,sultanas4--,engl& #g1ide tons4 ,nor? ( ,europe #a1ebe 8 ,trie/e #b1hbj 8 ,russia1 etc4 #bhe 8 ----- #ab1ege tons4 ------ #bg1jag tons4 ,! ,_w's ,rais9 ,production 9 #ahhi3 ,greece #abe1jjj tons4 ,smyrna #abj1jjj 8 ,val5cia #bh1jjj 8 ,lip>i1 ,calabria & ,pantell>ia #ae1jjj 8 ,cali=nia #aj1jjj 8 ,malaga #h1jjj 8 ,scatt]$ #e1jjj 8 ,*ile #a1jjj 8 ------------- #cab1jjj tons4 ,! above does n include dri$ w9e grapes f ,italy1 ,cali=nia & ,algi]s1 nor any rais9s made 9 ,au/ralia 7,victoria74 ,/atem5t ,%[+ ! ,quantity & ,value ( ,currants1 ,figs & ,rais9s ,import$ & ,ent]$ = ,consumption 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates f #ahgc to #ahgh3 ,,ye> ,,rais9s4 ,,currants1 ,,end- ,,zante ,,& ,,all ,,o!r4 ,,+ ---------------------------------------- -- ,,june ,,quantity4 ,,value4 ,,quantity4 ,,value4 #cj4 ---------------------------------------- - ,p\nds4 ,doll>s4 ,p\nds4 ,doll>s4 #ahgcce1bga1cabb1bib1idh #hcad1ada1gigeff1chf #di #ahgdcf1dai1ibbb1edd1fje #ieai1cai1aiageb1fid #jj #ahgecj1eja1cafb1ddc1aee #ejai1ccd1dehgga1chd #ef #ahgfcb1bba1jfeb1dbe1bgg #adbj1iaa1jfahef1dbe #fb #ahggcb1dai1fcgb1aji1ccc #fjag1aeb1ffdgdi1dhh #jj #ahghcb1ica1gcfa1ijd1hff #acag1ida1cebggf1hbg #jj ---------------------------------------- ------ ,,ye> ,,figs4 ,,end- ,,+ ------------------- ,,june,,quantity4 ,,value4 #cj4 ------------------- ,p\nds4 ,doll>s4 #ahgcg1iie1jceejf1bje #de #ahgde1fcj1bibcia1cjj #af #ahged1fei1hfjceg1hbc #ii #ahgfe1jef1ggicfa1hce #ec #ahgge1hhi1jaacih1ihb #bb #ahghc1hgc1hhdbfb1dbh #ae ----------------------- ,/atem5t ,%[+ ! ,quantity & ,value ( ,currants1 ,figs & ,rais9s ,import$ & ,ent]$ = ,consumption 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ) ,rates ( ,duty1 etc41 f #ahgi to #ahhh3 ,,rais9s4 ,,ye> ,,quantity4 ,,value4 ,rate ,,am\nt ,,( ,additional ,,end- ( ,,duty & ,,+ ,duty4 ,,collect$4 ,discrim- ,,june inat+ #cj4 ,duty4 ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,p\nds4 ,doll>s4 ,p] lb4 ,doll>s4 ,doll>s4 #ahgich1ebc1ecea1idc1ida #adb c4 #ifc1jhh #db #ib #ea #ahhjci1edb1ibeb1bgd1gfc #jjb c4 #ihh1egc #ai #dh #dc #ahhaci1fed1geeb1gaa1gga #gdb c4 #iia1cfh #id #hj #ej #ahhbdc1ggi1hfgc1bfj1jcc #gdb c4 #a1jid1dif #ga -- #ahhcea1dhg1chic1die1eii #deb c4 #a1bhg1ahd #gg #bj #gj #ahhdef1fgf1fehc1edc1iaf #aeb cts4 #a1acc1ecc #ae #eb #gj #ahheci1ggh1fieb1gbh1hdg #dfb cts4 #gie1egc #ij #bdg #ce #ahhfcg1iii1cjfb1ghb1eii #gfb cts4 #gei1ihf #ab #ej #jj #ahhgdj1ffj1fjcb1big1dfi #cjb cts4 #hac1bab #jf #cd #jj #ahhhdj1cdj1aagb1jih1ejc #jjb cts4 #hjf1hjb #cd #hj #aj ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,,currants1 ,,zante ,,or ,,o!r4 ,,ye> ,,quantity4 ,,value4 ,rate ,,am\nt ,,( ,additional ,,end- ( ,,duty & ,,+ ,duty4 ,,collect$4 ,discrim- ,,june inat+ #cj4 ,duty4 ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,p\nds4 ,doll>s4 ,p] lb4 ,doll>s4 ,doll>s4 #ahgiag1dje1cdg #ebj1hca #jga ct4 #agd1jec #dg -- #ahhjah1jjg1dib #fjj1fjc #dja ct4 #ahj1jgd #ib -- #ahhaba1fca1eab #hde1ggc #jja ct4 #baf1cae #ab -- #ahhbcb1eib1bcaa1chh1hhf #jja ct4 #cbe1ibb #ca -- #ahhcca1aga1agaa1bdg1ejd #jja ct4 #caa1gaa #ga -- #ahhdcb1gdc1gaba1bbj1ege #afa ct4 #cbg1dcg #ab -- #ahhebe1ecd1ejg #gbc1dae #jja ct4 #bee1cde #jg -- #ahhfbb1fbc1aga #gdd1ghd #jja ct4 #bbf1bca #ga #aag #hj #ahhgbi1aif1cica1jfb1cbf #jja ct4 #bia1ifc #ic -- #ahhhcj1fcf1dbda1agf1ecb #gfa ct4 #cjf1cfd #bd -- ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,,figs4 ,,ye> ,,quantity4 ,,value4 ,rate ,,am\nt ,,( ,additional ,,end- ( ,,duty & ,,+ ,duty4 ,,collect$4 ,discrim- ,,june inat+ #cj4 ,duty4 ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,p\nds4 ,doll>s4 ,p] lb4 ,doll>s4 ,doll>s4 #ahgi #c1cfi1dge #bdg1jge #jfb c4 #hd1bcf #hi -- #ahhj #f1bff1dac #ddj1ejg #jjb c4 #aef1ffj #cd -- #ahha #c1dbj1dbg #cgi1chb #eeb c4 #he1eaj #gb -- #ahhb #h1hgd1ahf #fgh1cda #hgb c4 #bba1hed #gj -- #ahhc #e1cde1cbd #dhi1ajh #chb c4 #acc1fcc #ji -- #ahhd #g1hdj1fcd #ejd1ecb #jbb cts4 #aef1hab #fh -- #ahhe #g1ggd1dib #eaf1jhc #fcb cts4 #aee1dhi #hd #f #ej #ahhf #f1ihh1fdb #dii1ihe #hjb cts4 #aci1ggb #hd -- #ahhg #h1geb1hih #dhh1fcb #jjb cts4 #age1jeg #if #acg #jj #ahhh #i1ife1ehd #die1eda #ejb cts4 #aii1caa #fh -- ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,/atem5t ( ,consumption ( ,currants & ,rais9s p] ,head ( ,total ,population 9 #ahhd3 ,unit$ ,k+dom ( ,great ,brita94 #d4ch p\nds4 ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,nor? ,am]ica4 #a4gj 8 ,prices ,rul+ 9 ! ,cali=nia ,rais9 ,di/ricts3 ,x is n my int5tion to give "h a regul> prospective e/imate ( ! co/ ( a rais9 v9ey>d & ! pr(its to be d]iv$ !refrom4 ,su* an e/imate1 applicable to e case1 _c be made out2 ab\t x n two rais9-gr[]s ) equal exp]i5ce w\ld agree4 ,bel[ ,i simply give isolat$ /ati/ics ( co/s ( ! v>i\s op]ations necess>y 9 ! rais9 indu/ry4 ,ea* "o c figure = himself1 & my advice is to add lib]ally to ! calculat$ exp5ses1 if disappo9tm5t w\ld be avoid$4 ,z to ! pr(its ( a rais9 v9ey>d1 ! read] w by ?is "t und]/& h[ x might v>y1 h[ x mu/ dep5d ^u nice little circum/ances1 nev] =ese5 & only to be tak5 advantage ( or c\nt]act$ by ! exp]i5c$ gr[]4 ,! high /atem5ts :i* h be5 giv5 9 ^! pages z samples ( h[ mu* might be ga9$ f an acre ( rais9-v9es c nev] be c\nt$ on z regul>4 ,f fifty to sev]al hundr$ doll>s p] acre may be obta9$ z net pr(it by c>e1 skill & favorable circum/ances1 b an av]age ( sev5ty-five doll>s p] acre c be consid]$ a cons]vative sum1 :i* ! own] ( a good irrigat$ v9ey>d may calculate on z a safe net pr(it4 ,_m d n rea* ev5 t4 ,b1 ev5 ) t pr(it p] acre1 h[ _m horticultural indu/ries c be c\nt$ on to produce bett] results8 ,v few1 if any4 ,= ! b5efit ( ^? :o desire figures to guide !m1 ! foll[+ /ati/ics are (f]$4 ,!y h be5 c>efully compil$ 9 company ) ,t4 ,c4 ,:ite1 "o ( ! mo/ prom95t rais9-gr[]s ! ,/ate has ev] _h4 ,^! /ati/ics ref] especially to ! ,fresno di/rict1 b !y w be f\nd to diff] b little f ^? else:]e 9 ?is ,/ate4 ,l& suitable to rais9s c be _h at f fifty to two hundr$ doll>s p] acre4 ,no "o n ?or\ghly acqua9t$ ) ! requirem5ts ( rais9 l& %\ld attempt to rely on 8 own judgm5t alone 9 mak+ a selection4 ,v9es1 already root$1 at f t5 to tw5ty doll>s p] ?\s& v9es4 ,an av]age w\ld be fifte5 doll>s4 ,! co/ ( root+ v9es is f "o doll> to two doll>s & fifty c5ts p] ?\s&1 accord+ to locality & circum/ances4 ,cutt+s1 f two to ?ree doll>s p] ?\s&1 m or less1 accord+ to size & quality4 ,plant+ root$ v9es1 "o c5t p] v9e4 ,plant+ cutt+s1 half a c5t p] cutt+4 ,pl[+ ye>ly1 "o doll> & fifty c5ts p] acre4 ,h>r[+1 fifty c5ts p] acre4 ,level+ l& = irrigation1 accord+ to ! quality ( ! l&4 ,level+ ! l& 9 f "o-half to ?ree-qu>t] acre *ecks1 includ+ small dit*es1 etc41 c be done = f t5 to fifte5 doll>s p] acre1 if ! l& is fair4 ,r\gh] l& w co/ tw5ty-five doll>s or !reab\ts1 & if ! l& is roll+ & conta9s h>dpan ! exp5se may rea* f fifty to "o hundr$ doll>s p] acre4 ,! m 8naturally0 level ! l& is ! bett] suit$ x is to rais9-v9es "u irrigation4 ,irrigation & cultivation1 until ! v9es come into be>+1 includ+ suck]+ & prun+1 all 9 l>ge tracts ( f =ty to "o hundr$ acres1 t5 doll>s p] acre4 ,if 9 small] tracts ! exp5se w be l>g]4 ,prun+ :5 ! v9es are 9 be>+1 f two to ?ree doll>s p] acre4 ,sulphur+ twice1 two doll>s p] acre4 ,sulphur co/s f two to ?ree c5ts p] p\nd4 ,x takes ab\t "o ton to tw5ty-five acres & "o man c sulphur f five to six acres a day4 ,topp+1 ab\t fifty c5ts p] acre4 ,trays1 tw5ty-f\r by ?irty-six in*es1 co/ t5 c5ts 9 %ooks1 nail+ "o c5t1 nails "o c5t1 total ab\t twelve c5ts p] tray4 ,sweatboxes1 fifty c5ts apiece :5 ready4 ,pack+-boxes3 ,:oles ( tw5ty p\nds1 9 %ooks1 six c5ts1 nail+ & nails two c5ts1 total eight c5ts ea*4 ,halves ( t5 p\nds1 9 %ooks1 f\r c5ts1 nail+ & nails "o & "o-half c5ts1 total five & "o-half c5ts4 ,qu>t] boxes ( five p\nds1 9 %ooks1 ?ree & "o-half c5ts1 nail+ & nails "o & "o-half c5ts1 total five c5ts ea*4 ,tw5ty p\nds ( lay] rais9s w conta9 ab\t "o-half p\nd ( /ems4 ,co/ ( cur+ _c be calculat$4 ,x dep5ds ^u ! mann] 9 :i* x is done4 ,pick+3 ,"o man c pick f tw5ty-five to fifty trays ( tw5ty p\nds ea* a day1 at a co/ ( say f two to ?ree c5ts p] tray1 or ab\t a half a ton ( grapes a day1 equal to a co/ p] ton ( two doll>s & fifty c5ts4 ,?is places ! grapes on ! trays1 b does n assort !m4 ,by assort+ ! grapes :5 pick+1 ! co/ is increas$1 b bett] rais9s & m good rais9s are obta9$4 ,turn+3 ,two m5 c turn tw5ty acres ( grapes a day4 ,pack+ ,london ,lay]s3 ,"o man c pack 8c>efully0 t5 :oles or =ty trays 7( five p\nds ea*7 p] day4 ,co/ ab\t twelve & a half c5ts p] box4 ,pack+ ,dehesas3 ,"o man c pack t5 qu>t]s ( five p\nds ea* a day4 ,co/ twelve & "o-half c5ts p] qu>t] box4 ,?is includes fac+4 ,pack+ ,loose3 ,"o man c pack "o hundr$ boxes p] day4 ,fac+-plate 7,t4 ,c4 ,:ite's73 ,l>ge plate1 size n9e by eighte5 in*es1 five doll>s p] plate4 ,c>toon plate1 size five by t5 in*es1 two doll>s & fifty c5ts p] plate4 ,manilla pap] = sweatboxes1 "o hundr$ & fifty p\nds p] ream at fifte5 doll>s p] ream1 size ?irty-six by =ty-eight4 ,! %eets to be cut 9 two to fit ! boxes4 ,/emm+3 ,/eam /emm]s c sep>ate & assort fifty tons a day4 ,h& /emm]s run by two m5 c sep>ate ab\t five tons p] day4 ,pap]s = boxes co/1 accord+ to quality1 ?ree c5ts p] box1 m or less4 ,,?r\gh ,,! ,,cali=nia ,,rais9 ,,di/ricts4 ,,?r\gh ,,san ,,joaqu9 ,,valley ,,to ,,fresno4 ,we are on our way up ! valley4 ,! tra9 left ,san ,francisco 9 ! morn+4 ,we h cross$ ! bay & r\nd$ ! ,contra ,co/a ,m\nta9s1 & ,m\nt ,diablo1 ) its maje/ic tw9 peaks1 lies already beh9d u4 ,we h j cross$ ! ,san ,joaqu9 riv] n f> f its m\?2 ! we/ side ( ! valley is on our "r2 on ! left looms up ! ,si]ra ,nevada1 f> away x is true1 b gr& & impos+1 gradually decreas+1 z x 71 t[>ds ! s\?1 f9ally to disappe> among ! cl\ds at ! f>!r end ( ! valley4 ,x is 9 ! middle ( ,augu/2 ! day is w>m1 b !re has be5 a %[] 9 ! m\nta9s1 z is usual at ?is season ( ! ye>1 a spr9kl+ ( ra9 has purifi$ ! atmosph]e 9 ! foo?ills1 :i* /& out cle> & bright1 a contra/ to ! du/y road 9 ! c5t] ( ! valley1 ov] :i* ! smok+ tra9 c>ries u at a rapid spe$4 ,on bo? sides ( u /ret* app>5tly endless pla9s1 ?irty miles wide1--to ! ,coa/ ,range on "o side1 to ! ,si]ra ,nevada on ! o!r1--pla9s dry & yell[1 p>*$ 9 ! brilliant sun1 %ad$ by no cl\ds1 b cool$ by a /eady breeze f ! nor?we/ foll[+ u up ! valley4 ,up1 we say1 b x is h>dly any m up ?an d[n1 ! asc5t be+ ab\t "o foot to ! mile2 x is r a j\rney ov] "o ( ! mo/ level pla9s on ! cont95t1 b /ill ! popul> usage insi/s ^u say+ 8up ! valley40 ,acres & acres ( already h>ve/$ gra9fields are se5 on bo? sides1 cross$ by roads at "r angles2 "h & !re are /acks ( gra9 :i* h n yet be5 ?re%$1 or heaps ( /raw1 :]e ! ?re%+ eng9e has done its "w2 on almo/ e section ( l& we see a f>mh\se & b>n1 a few gum-trees or cottonwoods1 & _m a w9dmill & elevat$ tank in=ms u :]e ! f>m] gets 8 wat] = 8 h\se & 8 scanty trees4 ,all ?is we see "u a blaz+ sun & a quiv]+ air4 ,?is is ! great ,san ,joaqu9 valley1 ! f]tile c5t] ( ,cali=nia4 ,( ! mu* spok5 ( irrigation ( ,cali=nia1 we see almo/ no?+2 ! l& is dry & ?ir/y1 ! soil is loose1 & ! eng9e =ces ! du/ 9 a cl\d be=e u4 ,no?+ gre5 is se5 any:]e except a few scatt]$ trees f>1 f> ap>t4 ,"h & !re we pass a little t[n ) wood5 h\ses & du/y /reets1 ) wood5 *ur*es ^: spires d n pi]ce ! sky4 ,we cross _m /reams1 sev]al ( :i* are dry1 or h sluggi% wat]s1 :ile "s w9d _! way d[n ! valley betwe5 banks cov]$ ) will[s & cottonwoods4 ,yet !re is some?+ gr& 9 ?is imm5se /ret* ( op51 level c\ntry1 ) its frame ( sn[y m\nta9s1 ) its f]tile fields wait+ = ! w9t]'s ra9 or irrigat+ dit* to produce abundantly ( almo/ any?+ t c be gr[n 9 any temp]ate c\ntry 9 ! _w4 ,! num]\s gra9 /acks speak ( ! f]tility ( ! soil & ( abundant h>ve/s1 :ile ! vegetation along ! riv]s indicates t wat] is all t is ne$$ to make ?is l>ge valley l a fruitful g>d54 ,we h pass$ ,la?rop & ,mode/o & num]\s small] /ations betwe52 ! picture is ev]y:]e ! same4 ,at ,atwat] we met ! fir/ signs ( irrigation1 & saw "y v9ey>ds & or*>ds on ei!r side1 & z we approa* ,m]c$ we pass l>ge irrigat+ dit*es fl[+ ) wat]1 & 9 ! di/ance _m h\ses & f>ms4 ,! c\ntry is gett+ gre5]1 & ! deep color ( ! soil is a sign t x is ri* & f]tile4 ,at ,m]c$ !re is a ,yosemite air4 ,! l>ge ,el ,capitan ,hotel /&s out l a l&m>k1 & ! g>d5 ) its fl[]s & %ade trees1 & ! m>ble f\nta9 ) its rippl+ wat]s1 speak l\dly ( beauty & ref9em5t4 ,close to ,m]c$ are situat$ "s ( ! new promis+ colonies :i* are mak+ rais9-gr[+ "o ( _! specialties1 & 9 :atev] direction we look we see signs ( su* new ent]prises1 all "y1 ( c\rse1 z irrigation has only lately be5 br\ght 9 "h1 :]e no d5se settlem5ts c\ld exi/ )\t x4 ,mu* ( ! l& is yet held 9 v l>ge tracts1 b !y are be+ rapidly subdivid$ & sold out to actual settl]s z fa/ z !re is any dem& = !m4 ,to our "r lies a spl5did body ( p]fectly level l& occupi$ by ! ,yosemite ,colony ) _m settl]s already on ! l&1 ^: new & cosy cottages m>k _! future homes4 ,9 ! di/ance1 on ! slope ( ! l[ hills1 /& out prom95tly a numb] ( h\ses1 "s ( !m q pret5ti\s1 :ite & gleam+ 9 _! new dress4 ,?is is ! ,rott]dam ,colony1 a settlem5t ( ,holl&]s :o h only lately arriv$ "h4 ,!re is n a colony any:]e :i* promises to be m int]e/+1 & :i* is likely to prove a great] success4 ,! ,dut* z a p _h succe$$ ) colonization long be=e any o!r nation began a simil> "w1 &1 z immigrants to ?is ,/ate1 !y are mo/ desirable4 ,indu/ri\s1 sav+1 intellig5t & p]sev]+1 ) good l&1 pl5ty ( wat] at all times ( ! ye>1 & ) a good location :i* insures heal? & com=t1 !re is no reason :y !y %\ld n succe$4 ,! colony is mo/ beautifully situat$ on high slop+ gr\nd1--a v]itable mesa l& ov]look+ ! va/ ,m]c$ pla9s1 & only f\r or five miles di/ant f ! city4 ,^! ,holl&] coloni/s are ! v be/ k9d ( settl]s ! ,/ate c get1--n ! ignorant peasantry ( ,europe1 b intellig5t & well-educat$ p1 :i* any community c be pr\d (4 ,!re is great activity 9 ! colony j n[4 ,?\s&s ( acres are cov]$ ) magnific5t gra91 :i*1 )\t any m ra91 w\ld give a pr(it ( f tw5ty to tw5ty-five doll>s p] acre1 & ?us mat]ially help to pay = ! l&4 ,a hundr$ or m horses & mules ) _! driv]s are pl[+ & h>r[+ ! soil2 & su* a pl[+ is n (t5 se5 any:]e4 ,! pl[s are set ab\t a foot deep1 & ! "w is done by ! canal company j to help ! settl]s along & give !m a good />t4 ,:at m c !y expect8 ,good treatm5t is 9 ,m]c$ dealt out to ev]ybody1--a good policy :i* %\ld be foll[$ 9 e new colony 9 ! l&4 ,we /op at ! newly-built h\se ( ,mr4 ,canne1 a g5tleman ( middle age ) a l>ge family1 & he>ty & pleas+1 z is s *>act]i/ic ( ! ,dut*4 ,8 h\se is l>ge1 v com=table & airy1 ) l>ge v]&as ov]look+ ! c\ntry f> & wide4 ,inside ev]y?+ is cosy & neat1 ) lots ( mem5toes f qua9t old ,holl&1 ) color$ *9a on ! walls & odd tables & odd] bric-a-brac1 family heirlooms f g5]ations back4 ,! old gr&ma1 ) h] eighty-"o ye>s1 has come along ) ! y\ng] folks1 happy z !y1 &1 z !y1 meet+ bravely & ) confid5ce new times & exp]i5ces 9 ! new c\ntry :i* !y h *os5 z _! home4 ,our wi%es = good luck are n ne$$2 x is sure to come :5 su* p are settl$ ^u su* l&1 & :5 ev]ybody enjoys ev]ybody else's good-w4 ,! l& :i* is n[ be+ brok5 is to be plant$ to olives1 almonds1 oranges1 pea*es & v9es1--a v good selection inde$1 & "o :i* _c fail to prove pr(itable4 ,! deep r$ soil on ! mesa w gr[ almo/ any?+1 & ) prop] c>e & managem5t ?is colony mu/ 9 ! ne> future become "o ( ! mo/ attractive & prosp]\s 9 ! ,/ate4 ,! ,rott]dam ,colony is b\nd$ on "o side by ! n[ fam\s & (t5 describ$ ,crock] & ,huffman res]voir4 ,^? :o believe t a res]voir 9 ! foo?ills is n ! prop] ?+ %\ld come & take a look at ?is "o1 & be conv9c$ t x is4 ,! location is a mo/ favorable "o1 be+ n9ety feet above ! t[n ( ,m]c$1 & elevat$ suffici5tly to irrigate ! :ole ( ! level surr\nd+ di/rict1 conta9+ two hundr$ & sixty ?\s& acres4 ,! wat] cov]s n[ ab\t six hundr$ & =ty acres :i* 7 =m]ly a real & natural valley1 across ! m\? ( :i* ! dam *eck+ ! wat] 0 ?r[n4 ,! av]age dep? ( wat] is ab\t ?irty feet1 :ile 9 "s places x is fifty odd feet deep4 ,! /ati/ics ( ?is res]voir & dam h be5 giv5 (t5 en\gh1 b m or less correctly4 ,! dam *eck+ ! wat] is f\r ?\s& feet long1 two hundr$ & sev5ty-five feet wide at ! base1 tw5ty feet on ! top & sixty feet high 9 ! c5t]4 ,x took f\r hundr$ mules & two hundr$ & fifty m5 two ye>s to build x4 ,! res]voir & canal tapp+ ,m]c$ riv] co/ toge!r two million doll>s to build1 & ! "w 0 con/ruct$ 9 su* a sub/antial & sci5tifically correct mann]1 t x w be likely to la/ = ages4 ,!re is no o!r irrigation sy/em 9 ! ,/ate t is z well plann$ & c>ri$ out4 ,?is c & mu/ be said to ! honor ( ! con/ructors4 ,! canal :i* taps ! riv] is tw5ty-sev5 miles long1 f sixty to sev5ty feet wide on ! bottom1 "o hundr$ feet on ! top1 & has fall en\gh to c>ry f\r ?\s& cubic feet ( wat] p] second4 ,we h already rem>k$ t ! c\ntry betwe5 ! dam & ! city ( ,m]c$ is a magnific5t & level body ( l&1 all em95tly suit$ = irrigation4 ,f ! wat] t[] 9 ! res]voir1 we ov]look all ?is l&1 n[ 9 its spr+ dress a v beautiful sight inde$4 ,! va/ %eet ( wat]1 l a placid lake1 9 :i* ! ,si]ra ,nevada reflects its sn[y peaks1 ! prairie ext5d+ f> & wide1 divid$ betwe5 luxuriant gra9fields & unbrok5 l&s n[ cov]$ ) _! spr+ c>pet ( fl[]s 9 ! colors ( ! ra9b[1--yell[1 :ite1 blue1 violet1 r$ & %ades ( ea*1 & dott$ ov] ) ! new settl]s' homes1 fre%ly built & fre%ly pa9t$1--:at m lovely view c\ld we wi%1 a sight ( beauty & ( pl5ty4 ,z we drive back to t[n1 we are m ?an at fir/ impress$ ) ! lay ( ! l&4 ,! surface is level & )\t hills or knolls1 b is cut ?r\gh by _m natural *annels or creeks f fifte5 to tw5ty feet deep1 insur+ a natural dra9age1 invaluable 9 a c\ntry :]e irrigation is requir$4 ,! soil 9 ?is "p ( ,m]c$ c\nty appe>s to be made up entirely ( alluvial deposits f ! v>i\s creeks :i* 9 w9t] irrigate ! pla9s ) _! natural ov]fl[4 ,! l>ge/ ( ^! creeks is ,be> creek1 its deep *annel resembl+ r an irrigation dit* con/ruct$ on ! late/ eng9e]+ pr9ciples ?an a natural /ream4 ,its banks are ev5 & slant+1 :ile its b$ is deep bel[ ! surface4 ,b our "t to /ay 0 %ort4 ,we h left ,m]c$ & _m small] t[ns beh9d u1 cross$ _m m dry /reams1 & pass$ ! l>ge v9ey>ds at ,m9turn1 :]e %]ry & port ( excell5t quality are made4 ,we h aga9 cross$ ! ma9 *annel ( ! upp] ,san ,joaqu91 n f> f :]e x em]ges f ! ,si]ra ,nevada1 its silv]y wat]s w9d+ _! way ov] ! ?ir/y pla9s betwe5 /eep & b>r5 banks4 ,we h cross$ a few irrigat+ dit*es full to ov]fl[+ ) wat]1 & see a few or*>ds & v9ey>ds ) _! bright gre5 scatt]$ ab\t on ! yell[ pla9s4 ,!re is sudd5ly a g5]al /ir 9 ! c>s1 hats & bundles are tak5 d[n f ! racks1 mo/ ( ! pass5g]s prep>e to move1 ! locomotive :i/les1 h\ses & trees are se5 on bo? sides ?r\gh ! c> w9d[s1 ! tra9 comes to a /&/ill1 !re is a hum ( voices1 a wait+ cr[d sw>ms ar\nd ! c>s1 a ?rong ( p pu%es 91 & ano!r ?rong pu%es out4 ,we are among ! latt]1 z we are n[ 9 ,fresno1 ! l>ge/ rais9 c5t] on ! cont95t4 ,fresno1 z se5 f ! railroad /ation1 is n z invit+ z x might be1 & ! ?\s&s ( travel]s :o pass by on ! c>s1 head$ f>!r s\?1 c judge b little ( ! t[n & ! di/rict beh9d x4 ,! c\ntry is s level1 t ! only way to get a good view ( ! c\ntry is to asc5d "s elevat$ build+1 ! c\r?\se be+ ! highe/1 & ?r\gh its location ! be/ suit$ build+ = ! purpose4 ,! e>ly =5oon1 be=e ! noonday sun has acquir$ its full p[]1 is ! be/ "t = ?is4 ,once up !re1 ! view is decid$ly magnific5t1 & m ext5sive ?an we _h ev] expect$ :ile bel[4 ,"u u lies a lovely p>k ( trees1--umbrella1 elm1 locu/ & fan palms1 cov]+ ab\t f\r blocks4 ,f x /ret* ! regul> /reets 9 all directions1 l9$ by cottages z well z ) co/ly dwell+-h\ses1 %ad$ ) /ately trees ( v>i\s k9ds4 ,! bus9ess portion ( ! t[n pres5ts itself p>ticul>ly well1--l>ge & co/ly hotels1 ) com=ts t ! tir$ travel]s enjoy s mu*1 impos+ bank blocks ( brick & /one1 ) t[]s & ornam5tal ro(s1 solid /ructures ) cont9u\s l9es ( /ores1 etc41 m>k ?is "p ( t[n4 ,= a mile 9 e direction ! t[n /ret*es out1 ! c5t] ?ickly built1 ! outskirts ) sp>sely scatt]$ h\ses4 ,adjo9+ ^! ! c\ntry beg9s1--v9ey>ds z f> z we c trace1 gr\ps ( h\ses %ad$ by trees 9 diff]5t t9ts ( gre51 :ile brok5 r[s ( endless popl>s trav]se ! v]dant pla9s & lose !mselves 9 ! di/ant horizon4 ,! ,si]ra ,nevada1 ) _! sn[clad summits1 & ! ,coa/ ,range 9 ! we/1 cl\dy & less di/9ct1 =m ! frame = two sides ( ?is attractive picture1 :ile to ! nor? & ! s\? ! op5 horizon1 :]e sky & pla9s meet1 limits ! ext5sive view4 ,! /reet-c> l9es ( ,fresno d n run v f> out 9 ! c\ntry1 & to see ! latt] we mu/ procure a team4 ,! colonies or settlem5ts ( small f>ms imm$iately jo9 ! t[n limits2 we are ?us ) "o /ep out 9 ! c\ntry4 ,on ei!r side we see cont9u\s r[s ( v9ey>ds1--! leaves gre5 & brilliant1 ! v9es plant$ 9 squ>es & prun$ l[1 ) ! bran*es trail+ on ! gr\nd4 ,to beg9 )1 ! h\ses /& closely1 almo/ z 9 a village4 ,z we get f>!r out !re is a h\se on e tw5ty-acre f>m1 or e "o-eigh? ( a mile4 ,! cottages are neat & ta/y1 surr\nd$ by %ade trees1 :ile rose-trees & %rubb]y adorn ! y>d1 & climb]s %elt] ! v]&as f ! sun4 ,at e /ep1 almo/1 we pass teams go+ 9 v>i\s directions1--teams load$ ) rais9 boxes1 teams ) rais9 trays1 teams cr[d$ ) rais9 pick]s hurry+ out to ! v9ey>ds1 teams driv5 by rais9-gr[]s or coloni/s g5]ally1 :o ru% to & f t[n to transact bus9ess connect$ ) _! "o great indu/ry4 ,ev]y:]e is bu/le & life2 e "o is 9 a hurry1 z ! grape-pick+ has begun1 & ! wea!r is favorable2 no "o has any "t to lose4 ,"s ( ! av5ues are l9$ ) elm-trees1 o!rs ) fig-trees1 ) _! lusci\s1 droop+ fruit1 o!rs aga9 are bord]$ ) ev]gre5 & t[]+ gums1 ) weep+ bran*es & silv]y b>k4 ,e acre is c>efully cultivat$2 !re is room = only a few we$s4 ,z f> z we drive ! same sc5e is ev]y:]e1 a sc5e l t 9 ! outskirts ( a popul\s city1 :]e villas & pleasure gr\nds alt]nate ) ! cultivat$ acres1 "h ^? ( ! rais9-gr[]1 & :]e e foot ( gr\nd is gu>d$ ) zeal\s c>e & made to produce to its utmo/ capacity4 ,x is a pretty sight1 a sight ( ?rift & intellig5ce1 ( ent]prise & ( success1 ( weal? & ( ref9em5t1 f\nd n[h]e else outside ( ! fruit-gr[+ & rais9-produc+ di/ricts ( ,cali=nia4 ,! rais9 h>ve/ has j begun2 ! v9ey>ds are full ( work]s1 grape-pick]s are /oop+ by e v9e1 & are arrang+ ! grapes on small squ>e or oblong trays1 l>ge en\gh to be easily h&l$2 teams ) trucks are pass+ betwe5 ! v9es di/ribut+ ! trays or pil+ !m up 9 small1 squ>e /acks at e r[4 ,"s trays ) _! amb] grapes lie flat on ! gr\nd 9 long cont9u\s r[s betwe5 ! v9es1 o!rs aga9 are slightly rais$ s z to cat* z mu* ( ! sun z possible4 ,9 "s v9ey>ds ! labor]s are turn+ ! p>tially cur$ & dri$ rais9s by plac+ "o tray on top ( ano!r1 & !n turn+ !m quickly ov]4 ,9 o!r places1 aga91 ! trays ) ! rais9s already cur$ are /ack$ 9 l[ piles1 s z to exclude ! sun & air1 & at o!r /acks a c\ple ( m5 at ea* are busy assort+ ! grapes1 & plac+ ! v>i\s grades 9 diff]5t sweatboxes1 l>ge en\gh to hold "o hundr$ p\nds ea*4 ,9 e v9ey>d1 l>ge & small1 we f9d ! h&s at "w1 & e "o able & will+ to d a day's "w is engag$ to h>ve/ ! l>ge crop4 ,! mo/ ( ! pick]s are ,*9ese1 at lea/ 9 ! l>g] v9ey>ds1 :ile 9 ! small] v9ey>ds1 :]e l>ge gangs ( m5 are n absolutely necess>y1 :ite m5 & boys are g5]ally employ$4 ,! fame ( ! rais9 section & ! h>ve/ has spread f> & wide1 & at pick+ "t labor]s ga!r f all p>ts ( ! ,/ate to take "p 9 ! "w1 & f9d remun]ative wages at f #a4be to #a4ej p] day4 ,! c\ntry n[ sw>ms ) pick]s ( all nationalities1--,g]mans1 ,arm5ians1 ,*9ese1 ,am]icans1 ,sc&9avians1 etc41 & z ! s*ools h clos$ 9 ord] to all[ ! *ildr5 to take "p 9 ! "w1 boys ( all sizes are frequ5tly se5 kneel+ at ! v9es4 ,! crop ?is ye> is v heavy1 _m v9es yield+ two trays or ev5 ?ree1 conta9+ tw5ty p\nds ea*1 &1 z ! trays are g5]ally plac$ 9 alt]nate r[s betwe5 ! v9es1 we see1 z we pass1 cont9u\s l9es ( !m fill$ ) grapes 9 v>i\s /ages ( cur+1 f ! gre5 to ! amb]-color$ & ! d>k ( ! fully-cur$ rais94 ,! aroma f ! dry+ b]ries is noticeable1 & ! breeze is lad5 ) ! spicy & pron\nc$ odor ( ! ,muscatel rais9s4 ,! av]age size ( a colony lot is tw5ty acres4 ,_m settl]s own two or ?ree lots1 a few own+ f\r or five4 ,b x mu/ n be und]/ood t ! :ole ( ^! lots are plant$ to rais9 grapes4 ,:ile mo/ ( ! l>g] tracts are almo/ exclusively plant$ to rais9 grapes1 ! small] f>ms ( tw5ty acres conta9 z a rule only a few acres ( v9es1 ! balance be+ occupi$ by alfalfa1 b]ries1 g>d51 fruit trees1 & y>d = h\ses & b>ns4 ,f ?ree to fifte5 acres ( rais9-v9es are f\nd on e tw5ty-acre f>m2 none is )\t its pat* ( rais9-v9es4 ,we /ep (f & inspect _m ( ! places1 l>ge z well z small4 ,magnific5t v9ey>ds are own$ by ,t4 ,c4 ,:ite1 "o ( ! olde/ & mo/ successful v9ey>di/s1 & by o!r p>ties1 only second 9 importance to 84 ,! v9ey>d ( ! late ,miss ,au/9 is yet 9 its prime1 ! ev]gre5 trees & h$ges be+ z invit+ z 9 days ( old4 ,new v9ey>ds :i* h n yet come into be>+ are se5 on e side1 :ile 9 places :ole or*>ds or s+le r[s ( trees h yield$ to ! axe to be replac$ by ! bett]-pay+ rais9-v9es4 ,"s ( ! be/-pay+ & l>ge/ v9ey>ds are f\nd ea/ ( ,fresno ,city4 ,f ! v outskirts ( ! city we pass ?r\gh rais9 v9ey>ds1 v few fields be+ plant$ ) any?+ else4 ,ne> ! t[n "s v9ey>ds h giv5 place to t[n lots1 & :ole villages are gr[+ up 9 ! old v9ey>ds4 ,we pass by ! l>ge v9ey>d ( ,frank ,ball1 conta9+ ab\t #abj acres1 all 9 v9es except a small res]ve = h\se1 b>n & alfalfa field4 ,adjo9+ on ! same road is ! ,bretzn] v9ey>d ( =ty odd acres1 ! v9es load$ ) grapes4 ,we turn to ! left &1 pass+ ! v9ey>ds ( ,m]riam & ,re$1 see on our left ! magnific5t ,cory v9ey>d ( eighty acres1 bord]$ by a wond]fully beautiful r[ ( umbrella trees1 ) cr[ns z ev5 z v]itable gigantic umbrellas1 & ?r\gh ! foliage ( :i* n a ray ( light c p5etrate4 ,a little f>!r on1 also to ! left1 is ! ,gordon v9ey>d1 l9$ by fan palms & fig trees4 ,a l>ge sign across ! ma9 road ann\nces t we n[ ent] ! ,butl] v9ey>d1 ! l>ge/ & mo/ fam\s v9ey>d 9 ! ,/ate1 ) its six hundr$ acres ne>ly all 9 v9es1--! l>ge/ v9ey>d 9 "o body & own$ by "o man 9 ! _w4 ,magnific5t av5ues ( popl>s1 magnolias & fan palms /ret* 9 v>i\s directions lead+ to ! outbuild+s1 ( :i* ! pack+ & dry+ h\ses appe> mo/ prom95tly4 ,mr4 ,butl]'s home is "o ( ! mo/ attractive1 %ad$ by umbrella trees & fanta/ic fan palms1 & surr\nd$ by fl[]s & ev]gre5s4 ,f 8 v9ey>d alone ov] five hundr$ c>loads ( rais9s h be5 %ipp$1 ! ye>ly product be+ ov] "o hundr$ ?\s& boxes ( rais9s1--a ?\s& tons4 ,! v9ey>d n[ sw>ms ) labor]s2 ! teams wait 9 long l9es to load ! ready rais9-boxes1 :ile ! spaces betwe5 ! v9es1 z f> z we c see1 are almo/ cov]$ ) cont9u\s r[s ( trays1 all load$ ) ,muscat grapes 9 all /ages ( dry+4 ,we travel con/antly ea/w>d2 on bo? sides are rais9 v9ey>ds1 l>ge & small4 ,! f\r hundr$ acres own$ by ! ,fresno ,v9ey>d ,company are devot$ to w9e grapes1 & l>ge w9]ies & cell>s built ( adobe %[ ! weal? & ext5sive bus9ess ( ! place4 ,no vacant l& any:]e1 no?+ b v9ey>ds1 ! only breaks be+ groves ( trees %ad+ ! homes1 w9e cell>s or pack+-h\ses ( ! proprietor4 ,f>!r to ! nor? lies 9 an unbrok5 r[ ! well-kn[n ,eis5 v9ey>d1 :]e ! fir/ rais9s 7 made 9 ?is di/rict1 b :]e n[ pr9cipally w9e is produc$2 ! ,nevada & ,temp]ance ,colonies1 devot$ mo/ly to rais9s2 ! ,pew1 ! ,k5n$y1 ! ,=sy?1 ,woodwor?'s1 ,duncan's1 ,goodman's & ,backman's rais9 v9ey>ds1 all spl5didly c>$ = & l9$ by fig trees4 ,( ^! ! ,=sy? v9ey>d des]ves m ?an a pass+ notice1 z x is m invit+ to an h\r's re/ ?an any o!r4 ,conta9+ #afj acres1 ne>ly all 9 v9es1 x is "o ( ! be/ prop]ties ( ! c\nty4 ,! place %[s an uncommon ta/e & ref9em5t1 & is beautifi$ by av5ues ( popl>s & magnolias1 by groves ( acacia & umbrella trees1 by palms & fl[]s1 & by roses & climb+ plants4 ,a pond ) its lilies1 ov]hung by weep+ will[s & %ad$ by /ately elms1 is an unusual sight ev5 9 ?is c\nty ( abundant irrigation4 ,! pack+-h\ses & dry] all display a ta/e & practical arrangem5t h>dly se5 else:]e4 ,a climb to ! top ( ! tank-h\se is well wor? ! tr\ble4 ,! view becomes wond]fully enl>g$2 we ov]look ! level pla9s1 all 9 v9es1 ) h\ses & groves scatt]$ ab\t l isl&s 9 a sea1--no wild1 unbrok5 c\ntry any:]e4 ,9 ! di/ance is ,fresno ,city1 to ! nor? ! view is hemm$ 9 by new v9ey>ds & colonies1--a mass ( trees & v9es 9 /raight & regul> r[s4 ,! c\rte\s own] conducts u ?r\gh 8 pack+-h\se & %[s u h[ ! bun*es are plac$ 9 lay]s & c>efully made to fit e corn] 9 ! box1 h[ ! boxes are cov]$ ) pap]s & arti/ic labels & f9ally made ready = ! m>ket4 ,z we pass out we get a glimpse ( ! equaliz+ room1 cr[d$ to ! ceil+ ) sweatboxes1 9 :i* ! rais9s assume an ev5 & uni=m moi/ure4 ,& :at lusci\s bun*es !y are1 l>ge1 sweet1 ?9 sk9n$ & highly flavor$4 ,malaga produces no?+ bett]1 & mu* n z good4 ,&1 :5 we are all ?r\gh ta/+ & admir+1 we are invit$ into ! cosy & arti/ically furni%$ dwell+1 :]e 9 ! cool %ade ! lun* & ! re/ are z welcome & int]e/+ z ! v9ey>ds & pack+-h\ses outside4 ,z we turn aga9 t[>ds t[n1 we pass ! well-kept ,goodman v9ey>d1 aft] :i* we ent] ! l>ge ,b>ton v9ey>d1 n[ p>tly own$ by an ,engli% syndicate4 ,! old #fdj acres are ne>ly all 9 w9e grapes1 :ile sev]al hundr$ acres ( "y rais9 grapes h lately be5 add$4 ,"o ( ! mo/ ext5sive w9e cell>s 9 ! ,/ate is f\nd "h1 all kept 9 spl5did %ape1--h>dly a speck ( dirt1 n a foot ( wa/e l& se5 any:]e4 ,! mansion is /ately1 situat$ on a small hill surr\nd$ by f9e groves ( gum-trees1 ev]gre5 h$ges & ornam5tal gr\nds4 ,%\ld we c>e to g f>!r ea/1 we might visit ! ,eis5 v9ey>d1 :]e ! fir/ ,muscats 7 plant$ 9 ! c\nty4 ,! fam\s av5ue is half a mile long1 & "o ( ! mo/ beautiful 9 ! ,/ate1 l9$ on bo? sides ) bloom+ & beautiful ole&]s alt]nat+ ) popl>s ov] a hundr$ feet high4 ,we might also visit ! ,locan v9ey>d & or*>d1 & admire ! orange-trees1 :i* speak ( :at ! c\ntry c produce 9 ?is l9e4 ,b ! "t is too %ort2 we might travel a week ov] ?is level b beautiful c\ntry1 & e day1 e m9ute1 see some?+ new & int]e/+ among all ^! v9ey>ds1 ) _! pack+-h\ses1 & rais9s expos$ on trays to dry4 ,:5 we return to t[n1 a visit to ! pack+-h\ses is "o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ t c be made4 ,( ^! pack+ e/abli%m5ts ,fresno has f\r or five1 besides sev]al 9 ! colonies or 9 ! l>g] v9ey>ds4 ,?ree ( ^! pack+-h\ses are ! l>ge/ 9 ! ,/ate4 ,! build+ ( ea* "o ( !m1 ?\gh l>ge1 is full & ov]cr[d$4 ,wom5 at long tables pack ! rais9s 9 boxes1 at o!r tables m5 weigh & assort rais9s & take !m out ( ! l>ge sweatboxes 9 :i* !y left ! field4 ,at "s tables fancy pack+ is done1 & wom5 8face0 ! boxes by plac+ l>ge select$ rais9s 9 r[s on ! top lay]s4 ,at ano!r table ! rais9-boxes are cov]$ ) f9e color$ labels1 !n nail$ & made ready = %ipm5t4 ,"s f\r hundr$ m5 & wom5 are busy ) ?is "w "u "o ro(1 all e>n+ wages ( f "o to two doll>s a day ea*4 ,we cat* a glimpse ( ! equaliz+ room1 :]e fifty tons ( rais9s are /or$ at "o "t = a week or m 9 ord] to become ( ev5 moi/ure1 ! floor be+ sometimes spr9kl$ ) wat] to make ! air suffici5tly moi/4 ,z we g out we see ! rais9-boxes already pack$ be+ load$ on c>s & %ipp$ ea/ by ! tra9-load1 f f\r to six su* rais9 tra9s leav+ e week1 ea* tra9 ( f t5 to tw5ty c>s4 ,on ! o!r side ( ! pack+-h\se is a cont9u\s r[ ( teams f ! c\ntry1 all load$ ) rais9s1 br\ght by ! c\ntry gr[]s to ! pack]s 9 t[n4 ,x takes a gang ( m5 to receive1 weigh & unload !m4 ,9 ano!r dep>tm5t we see ! l>ge /emm] & grad]1 :i* runs by /eam1 & /ems & assorts f ?irty to =ty tons p] day1 ! clean & uni=m rais9s runn+ out 9 a cont9u\s /ream1 ea* grade 9 sep>ate boxes4 ,!re is a re/less activity on e side4 ,! l>ge rais9 crop ?is ye> is v l>ge2 x mu/ be h&l$ 9 a few mon?s1 & e gr[] & pack] is pu%+ ! "w to 8 utmo/ ability4 ,:5 we consid] t mo/ ( ! crop1 :i* ?is ye> w rea* five hundr$ ?\s& boxes1 comes f ! c\ntry imm$iately surr\nd+ ,fresno ,city1 & t ! ,san ,joaqu9 valley is #bej miles long by #ge miles wide1 almo/ all ! l& capable ( be+ highly cultivat$ & ( produc+ abundant crops ( "o ?+ or ano!r1 !n alone c we realize :at ! future has 9 /ore = ?is wond]ful valley1 an agricultural empire 9 ! v c5t] ( ,cali=nia4 ,,f ,,los ,,angeles ,,to ,,santa ,,ana4 ,we are fairly out ( ,los ,angeles :5 ! "* ( ! sc5]y *anges4 ,! railroad "h runs ?r\gh "o ( ! mo/ f]tile c\nties 9 ! ,/ate1--! ri* bottom l&s be+ =m$ by ! deposits ( ages f ! ov]fl[ ( riv]s & creeks f ! ,si]ra ,madre range4 ,n an acre ( wa/e l& is to be se5 any:]e4 ,ev]y?+ is clo!d 9 ! s(te/ gre51 & only 9 ! f> di/ance are se5 ! hills & high] m\nta9s ( a br[ni% violet color1 ) ! bolde/ outl9es aga9/ ! sky4 ,a m div]sifi$ f>m+ di/rict is seldom se54 ,or*>ds ( prunes1 walnuts1 apples & figs are met ) on ei!r side ( ! track1 "h & !re expansive v9ey>ds ) _! *>act]i/ic gre51 or groves ( /raight & /ately gums1 l imm5se squ>e blocks ( v]dure1 plant$ all along f ! ne>e/ fields to ! f> di/ant hills4 ,we pass 9 succession ,ballona1 ,flor5ce1 ,d[ney & ,norwalk4 ,! c\ntry ar\nd ! two latt] places seems especially attractive1--or*>ds z f> z we c see1 v9ey>ds & native pa/ures4 ,we pass villages & f>mh\ses1 "h & !re a m pret5ti\s villa1 &1 9 "s spots m lovely ?an ! surr\nd+1 _m a mansion has be5 erect$ ) luxury & ta/e4 ,we are soon 9 ,orange c\nty1 & ! sc5e *anges "s1 ! soil be+1 if possible1 m f]tile4 ,we pass l>ge orange groves ( ! deepe/ gre51 & imm5se fields ( corn1 squa%es1 pumpk9s1 peanuts1 beans1 & "h & !re walnut groves & plantations ( "y fig trees4 ,anaheim1 ,orange & ,santa ,ana come 9 quick succession2 we are 9 ! c5t] ( a rais9 di/rict ( ! v greate/ int]e/4 ,we c h>dly realize ! *ange4 ,n hav+ be5 "h s9ce ! boom1 ev]y?+ seems almo/ new4 ,santa ,ana has gr[n to be ! que5 ( ! valley1 & is und\bt$ly1 toge!r ) its two si/] cities1 ,orange & ,tu/91 "o ( ! mo/ prosp]\s z well z lovely places to be f\nd 9 ! beautiful ,s\?4 ,z we bo>d ! /reet c> & ride up t[n f ! depot1 we realize ! *ange ev5 m4 ,on e side are signs ( weal? & ref9em5t1 ( new ideas & new capital1 bo? mo/ly import$ f ! ,ea/4 ,broad av5ues "o hundr$ feet wide1 on ei!r side1 l9$ ) trees ( v>i\s k9ds1 cultivat$ fields imm$iately beyond1 :i*1 ) cottages1 villas & *ur*es1 all speak ( a prosp]\s & intellig5t population4 ,santa ,ana has h] %>e ( ^! /ately /ructures4 ,! ,brunswick is z f9e & sub/antial a build+ z any "o c\ld wi%1--l(ty & airy & ( impos+ ar*itecture1 l>ge rooms & spaci\s halls4 ,! boom t has be5 s mu* misjudg$ has done mu* m ?an settle up ! c\ntry & br+ capital4 ,x has left beh9d sub/antial improvem5ts & a ta/e = ar*itecture1 ! arts & sci5ces1 :i* c b be ( p]man5t value to ! c\ntry4 ,x br\ght ! c\ntry at "o b\nd f its =m] fronti] life & *>act]i/ics to a high degree ( civilization & ref9em5t4 ,x br\ght capital1 soil1 climate & en]gy toge!r 9 a way t is h>dly f\nd any:]e else out ( our ,/ate4 ,! boom is ov]1 b ! b5efits ( ! boom are yet "h1 & are p]man5t4 ,santa ,ana1 ,orange & ,tu/9 are l ?ree preci\s /ones 9 a r+ ( v]dure4 ,only a few miles ap>t1 !y are l ! villas on ! outskirts ( a c5tral imag9>y city1 f :i* ! weal?y & poor likewise fl$ to a m retir$ c\ntry life1 to enjoy bo? seclusion & society1 bo? ! pleasures ( c\ntry life & ! advantages ( an active city1 :]e e luxury & necessity c be f\nd at ! door ( e home4 ,santa ,ana has a f9e1 l>ge1 c5tral bus9ess /reet1 ) new & co/ly brick blocks conta9+ /ores ( e description4 ,9 ?is climate1 h[ev]1 we c see no necessity = ice1 & ! manufactur] & mix] ( cool dr9ks c b f9d 8 bus9ess unpr(itable4 ,up & d[n ?is /reet a l9e ( c>s runs all day long at fix$ h\rs1 connect+ ) o!r l9es 9 ,tu/9 & ,orange4 ,a trip or two on any ( ! l9es is "o ( real pleasure4 ,tu/9 is only two or ?ree miles away1 ne>] ! hills4 ,! c>1 an op5 "o ) _m seats1 w9ds its way "u %ady lanes on ei!r side1 bord]$ by l>ge & graceful pepp] trees cov]$ ) spicy & fragrant blossoms4 ,"h & !re we see alongside ! pavem5t an enorm\s sycamore tree1 a monum5t ( old5 days & ! native vegetation ( ! c\ntry4 ,on bo? sides ( ! av5ue are sidewalks ( cem5t1 & !y :o pref] walk+ c d s = miles "u ! %ady trees )\t gett+ du/y or becom+ heat$ by ! sun4 ,^! sidewalks are m>vels ( beauty & com=t4 ,on "o side are old & graceful trees ) droop+ limbs1 on ! o!r are well-kept cypress h$ges trimm$ squ>e & ev51 or long natural b>ri]s ( ev]-bloom+ g]aniums 9 num]\s v>ieties1 ( e favorite %ade ( color f crimson to pale/ p9k4 ,ov] ! h$ges we look into blue-grass lawns1 gre5 & well kept & exce$+ly attractive4 ,sudd5ly we are 9 ! middle ( ,tu/9 ,city4 ,a beautiful1 ev5 magnific5t bank build+ on "o corn]1 a /ore on ! opposite1 two or ?ree small] %ops & ! inevitable spl5did & elaborate hotel1 & ! t[n is fully describ$4 ,imm$iately adjo9+ are ! beautiful & ev]gre5 lawns & trees1--! city & c\ntry actually comb9$4 ,a trip to ,orange reveals ! v same features1 only we pass ?r\gh a m f]tile c\ntry1 ) v9ey>ds & or*>ds on e side1 orange groves ( v>i\s ages1 walnut or*>ds1 fields ( tall corn1 peanuts1 beans & melons4 ,betwe5 all w9d ! %ad$ av5ues ) pepp] & gum1 cypress1 p9e or yell[ fl[]+ grevillea4 ,! soil is ev]y:]e ( ! ri*e/ k9d1 ( a color betwe5 a%y gre5 & *ocolate4 ,n[h]e h we se5 su* magnific5t ,indian corn1--:ole fields :]e ! /alks are f twelve to sixte5 feet high4 ,orange is a m pret5ti\s t[n ?an ,tu/91 b h>dly any m beautiful1 & f> less seclud$ & quiet4 ,!re are two l>ge & f9e hotels1 ! "o ( brick be+ 9 t[n1 :ile ! o!r1 ! family hotel1 lies 9 ! suburbs 9 b[]s ( ev]gre5 trees & g>d5s4 ,9 ! middle ( ! t[n !re is a plaza ) a f\nta9 & an exquisite little g>d5 well plann$ & bett] kept4 ,! lawns are l ! s(te/ velvet1 & are bord]$ ) blue & gre5 fl[]s1 ) b$s ( sweete/ mignonette1 :ile bananas & palms spread _! /ately foliage 9 ! c5t]4 ,! climate ( ?is "p ( ,s\!rn ,cali=nia is excell5t4 ,! !rmomet] /&s at midday at eighty 9 ! %ade2 9 ! ev5+ !re is always a breeze4 ,_m ( ^? ,i meet compla9 z usual1 & greet me ) ! inevitable1 8,h[ w>m x is to-day10 & our z inevitable answ] is1 t we _c feel x1 & t x j seems delightful to u4 ,p "h obs]ve & feel ! *anges ( temp]ature mu* m ?an we d f>!r nor?4 ,) u !y %>e ! habit ( compla9+ ev5 if !re is no?+ to compla9 (4 ,! v9ey>ds ( ,santa ,ana h suff]$ mu* f a v9e disease :i* may be comp>$ ) consumption or ! ,ori5tal plague 9 man4 ,b e "o ?9ks "h t ! pe/ w run its c\rse & become h>mless1 & ev5 n[ "s ( ! v9ey>ds are be+ replant$ ) fre% v9es4 ,! oranges d em95tly well1 b !y mu/ be spray$ & con/ant wat* kept = ! r$ scale import$ "h f ,au/ralia by an ent]pris+ nurs]yman4 ,! plantations ( walnuts are be+ rapidly ext5d$1 & nurs]ies ( "y walnut trees j appe>+ above ! gr\nd are se5 9 _m places1 ! plants probably am\nt+ to millions4 ,! walnut g5]ally plant$ is ! se$l+ s(t-%ell & ! common ,santa ,ana walnut1 ?an :i* !re is none *oic] & m valu$ on ! coa/4 ,prunes are also a favorite crop1 & pay well if n all[$ to ov]be>1 9 :i* case ! succe$+ crop w be small4 ,! same may be said ( ! apricot4 ,^! trees are "h f9e & heal?y1 & ( a deep] & f9] gre5 ?an is se5 almo/ any:]e else2 b la/ ye> ! trees bore too mu*1 & ?is ye> ! crop is by f> n :at x %\ld be4 ,! res\rces ( ?is c\ntry are su* t ! p>tial failure ( a s+le crop w cause no s]i\s injury4 ,new res\rces are develop$ e day2 !re are few plants t d n ?rive "h4 ,9 ! g>d5s z well z 9 ! fields we see ! t5d] semi-tropical plants1 :i* _c /& any fro/1 gr[+ close to v>ieties f ! ,nor?4 ,bananas1 date palms1 walnuts & oranges gr[ 9 ! same field ) pea*es1 apples & prunes4 ,pepp] & camphor trees & ! t5d] grevillea are on "o side ( ! av5ue1 :ile on ! o!r side we may f9d elm1 eucalyptus or ev5 ! beautiful umbrella4 ,irrigation is practic$ on e f>m4 ,fifte5 ?\s& acres are cov]$ by wat] /ock1 b n all irrigat$ yet4 ,j n[ ! orange groves are irrigat$1 & ,i obs]ve _! me?ods4 ,! l& is always level$ be=e any?+ is plant$1 z !re is too little wat] "h to wa/e any on unlevel l&4 ,"o way to irrigate an or*>d is to pl[ furr[s 9 betwe5 ! r[s ( trees1 & !n let ! wat] run 9 !m4 ,ano!r way is to *eck ! :ole or*>d ) small levees1 inclos+ ?us a little squ>e ar\nd e tree1 & ! squ>e *eck ( "o tree meet+ ! same ( ! adjo9+ tree4 ,?is is actually flood+ ! l&4 ,decidu\s trees & v9es gr[ )\t irrigation1 b to get a good crop irrigation is necess>y4 ,! l>ge1 dry & rocky creek b$s speak ( ! wat] t is wa/$ 9 w9t] "t 9 fl[+ to ! sea4 ,practically no?+ ( x is !n sav$4 ,irrigation di/ricts "u ! ,wright law are =m$ & =m+1 & ev]ybody seems hopeful t 9 c\rse ( "t !re w be wat] en\gh to irrigate all ! l& t is good en\gh to be irrigat$4 ,"s ( ! f9e/ ran*es 9 ! ,/ate lie "r at ! feet ( ,santa ,ana4 ,! ,san ,joaqu9 ran* conta9s "o hundr$ ?\s& acres1 ,i am told1 & x is n yet cut up1 & ?us "s ( ! be/ l& ar\nd ,santa ,ana is yet only us$ z pa/ure4 ,! own]s fail$ to sell 9 ! "t ( ! boom & mu/ n[ wait until ! l& t is already cov]$ ) dit*es w be fully settl$ be=e !y c sell1 b ! "t1 we pr$ict1 is n v f> (f4 ,,santa ,,ana ,,to ,,san ,,diego4 ,a railroad trip f ,santa ,ana to ,san ,diego (f]s _m po9ts ( int]e/4 ,x c>ries u ?r\gh bo? ! mo/ highly cultivat$ & ?r\gh ! absolutely vacant1 n to say b>r51 l&s4 ,we leave ! orange grove & walnut plantations ( ,santa ,ana1 & are c>ri$ almo/ imm$iately pa/ ! lovely & %ad$ ,tu/91 :]e pepp] groves & lime h$ges1 g>d5s & spl5did villas1 comb9e nature ) art1 ta/e & ent]prise to create a v]itable oasis = ^? favor$ ones :o c rema9 !re4 ,we ru% = a few m9utes ?r\gh ^! highly cultivat$ l&s1 & sudd5ly f9d ourselves out on a wide1 op5 pla91 compris+ ab\t eighty ?\s& acres1 )\t a h\se to be se5 any:]e1 ) no or*>ds1 no v9ey>ds1 no signs ( civiliz$ life4 ,& /ill ! soil is ! ri*e/1 ! native vegetation ( grasses ! mo/ luxuriant4 ,! soil is app>5tly subirrigat$1 & c\ld gr[ almo/ any?+ ! f>m] might plant !re4 ,along ! horizon1 /ret*+ f ! m\nta9s way d[n on ! pla9s l an imm5se plum$ s]p5t 9 its wavy & coil+ track1 is se5 a cont9u\s b& ( sycamore trees1 outl9+ ! b$ ( a /ream4 ,x is l /epp+ out ( "o room into ano!r4 ,:at c be ! reason ( ! sudd5 *ange8 ,?is va/ body ( l&1 conta9+ ov] #abf1jjj acres1 is an old ,mexican grant1 ! remnant ( "o ( ^? ,mexican canc]s1 :i* to su* an ext5t has ret>d$ ! developm5t ( ,cali=nia4 ,sure en\gh1 we see wire f5ces ev]y:]e1 & cattle ) spread+ horns & %eep )\t numb]4 ,b we see no sign ( ! cultivator1 no horses1 no signs ( progress4 ,! own] held onto ! l&1 probably expect+ x to br+ a price _m times ! sum x 0 wor?4 ,he di$1 & s di$ ! boom1 & n[ ! l& is "u adm9i/ration4 ,:5 ! "t comes t ?is l>ge ,san ,joaqu9 grant c be sold to f>m]s 9 small tracts1 x w v greatly increase ! cultivable area ( ,orange c\nty4 ,b we pass on1 leav+ ! op5 c\ntry2 we are soon 9 among ! roll+ l&s1 among foo?ills n unlike ^? ( ! ,si]ra ,nevada 9 ! ,san ,joaqu9 valley4 ,to ! left are ! ,san ,b]n>d9o ,m\nta9s1 "h & !re a peak ( bolde/ outl9e1 & /reams & caons w9d+ _! way to ! sea4 ,at ,el ,toro a numb] ( pass5g]s got (f to take ! /age to ,laguna1 a seaside hotel1 :]e ! f>m]s & bus9ess m5 ( e color1 f ! heat$ int]ior valleys1 delight to sp5d a day 9 fi%+1 hunt+ = abalones1 or 9 wat*+ ! break]s roll aga9/ ! s&y bea*4 ,a little f>!r on we /op at ,el ,capi/rano1 or r at ,san ,juan ,capi/rano1 ! old ru9$ mission1 situat$ 9 ! mo/ beautiful little valley1 ) its w9d+ & sycamore %ad$ creek4 ,! mission mu/ h be5 "o ( ! v l>ge/ 9 ! ,/ate4 ,! ru9s are yet v ext5sive1 consi/+ ( long & regul> adobe walls1 & "o-half ( a yet magnific5t look+ *ur*1 9 ! regul> ,spani% /yle ( ar*itecture4 ,a r l>ge size t[n ( ,mexican h\ses1 ) a ,mexican population1 & v5]able fig trees1 tall & wavy palm trees1 & l>ge b unkempt g>d5s1 give ! place a r m important look ?an x p]haps des]ves4 ,!re is b little sign t ! boom 0 ev] "h4 ,/ill ! valley is s beautiful & evid5tly s f]tile1 t x ne$s only "w & ta/e to make x equal to ! v be/4 ,we see yet ! old mission pe> trees1 l>ge & untrimm$1 n unlike our droop+ oaks1 load$ ) pe>s to su* an ext5t t !re appe>s h>dly room = a blackbird to get ?r\gh4 ,! mission grapev9es are all dead4 ,gigantic v9es1 :i* cov]$ trellises & arbors1 & :i* p]haps bore tons ( grapes1 ) trunks z heavy z ! body ( a boy1 are !re yet1 b )\t leaves & "y %oots2 !y are dead1 hav+ surr5d]$ to ! v9e pe/ ( ! c\ntry4 ,aft] leav+ ,capi/rano we foll[ ! little creek to ! sea4 ,! valley is f "o-half to "o mile wide4 ,"h & !re are fl\ri%+ little v9ey>ds1 b mo/ly pa/ures & cornfields or pat*es ( beans4 ,at la/ we rea* ! sea1 ! ,pacific1 calm & blue1 ) break]s la%+ ! %ore4 ,to ! "r we leave ! rocky promontory ( ! ,capi/rano ,m\nta9s1 & = an h\r or m run on ! v bea*4 ,9 /ormy wea!r ! spray ( ! break]s mu/ wet ! c>s1 :i* run only a /one's ?r[ f ! wat]'s edge4 ,?is "p ( ! r\te is ! mo/ int]e/+ & ! mo/ refre%+ to "o com+ f ! int]ior pla9s4 ,we are n[ 9 ,san ,diego c\nty4 ,! %ore is abrupt & bluffy1 ! hills bord]+ on ! sea4 ,at ,oceanside we meet ! fir/ ( ! boom t[ns1 "o ( ^? t sprang up = pleasure & pr(it1 t[ns ( magnific5t villas1 broad /reets & av5ues1 l9$ ) infant blue gums1 ) r[s & h$ges ( ! ev]-bright g]aniums1 & ) l>ge & spl5did-look+ hotels1 ) airy balconies1 v]&as & look\t t[]s1 swept by ! fre% breezes ( ! sea4 ,! vic9ity ( e su* /ation is h]ald$ by ! *>act]i/ic :ite /akes t m>k ! t[n lots1 & by r[s ( small1 int5sely blue1 gums2 by a spr9kl+ ( cottages1 small & l>ge1 p]haps a mile or two be=e ! :i/le ( ! /eam-eng9e br+s u to a /&/ill4 ,! fir/ ?+s t meet our eye at e /ation are l>ge & spl5did lawns1 "y plantations ( palm trees & o!r plants *>act]i/ic ( ! ,s\!rn coa/ climate1 fl[]s ( brighte/ hue1 all />t$ by ! ent]pris+ immigrants :o came "h to buy climate1 sun & air1 & to enjoy ! break]s & ! ocean e day 9 ! ye>4 ,aft] ,oceanside1 we t\* at ,c>lsbad & ,del ,m>1 bo? seaside resorts ) magnific5t villas co/+ f tw5ty to =ty ?\s& doll>s ea*1 & ) f9e b "y plantations & g>d5s4 ,i 0 especially *>m$ ) ,del ,m>1 ) its l>ge1 ta/eful hotel on ! bluff1 & q a l>ge colony ( villas & mansions 9 v>i\s sizes & /yles close ar\nd1--a bright & *>m+ picture1 a place :]e a travel] feels at home at once1 :]e he w\ld l to pass ! balance ( all ! days he c sp>e f bus9ess & toil4 ,! sc5e *anges aga9 z ! c>s c>ry u ?r\gh ! foo?ills1 along ! b$ ( creeks1 or across lagoons connect$ ) ! sea1 or ov] gap+ *asms4 ,we look d[n deep into ! valleys bel[1 :]e %ady sycamores & :ite cottages m>k ! f>m]s' homes1 & :]e v9e-clad hills (fset ! native br[n ( ! c\ntry4 ,i am surpris$ to see h[ ! grapev9es ?rive s luxuriantly s v close to ! %ore4 ,9 "s places !re are f9e & ?rifty v9es )9 a /one's ?r[ ( ! break]s1 only protect$ by a slight undulation 9 ! gr\nd f ! mo/ direct w9d4 ,( c\rse1 grapes on ^? v9es _c be expect$ to be v sweet2 x is wond]ful en\gh t !y are !re at all4 ,! wat] supply ( ?is "p ( ,san ,diego c\nty has be5 v mu* und]rat$4 ,! railroad crosses p]haps a doz5 diff]5t creeks1 all %[+ liv+ wat]1 & :i* are f> f be+ entirely dri$ up4 ,) a ,supreme ,c\rt m enlight5$1 & ) prop] legislation z to ! ne$s ( ! c\ntry1 ,san ,diego c\nty may yet be able to /ore wat] en\gh to irrigate v l>ge areas ( l&1 :]e colonies ( ?rifty f>m]s may create & ma9ta9 prosp]\s or*>ds & v9ey>ds z a support & backbone to ! _m pleasure resorts4 ,b we are out ( ! hills4 ,smil+ & gli/5+ 9 ! ev5+ sun lies ,san ,diego ,bay1 ) ! elevat$ ,po9t ,loma1 ! ev]-pres5t break]s on ! b>1 & away out on ! l[ p59sula ! gigantic & turret$ pile ( ! ,hotel del ,coronado1 to say no?+ ( ,san ,diego itself1 ) its miles ( m>k$ t[n lots & villas4 ,b ,i %all n endeavor to describe ?is t[n & its bay & climate4 ,! latt] may possibly n be excell$ any:]e2 ! =m] lacks a mo/ ess5tial ?+1--an abundance ( trees & vegetation4 ,/ill1 ) ! wat] t has lately be5 br\ght "h ! trees & fl[]s w come soon en\gh we hope1 :5 gre5 lawns1 bananas & palms w be ready to tell ! tale1 & "y plantations w be se5 on ! hills & ar\nd roadway homes4 ,b ,i =get ,i am b\nd = ,el ,cajon & its rais9 v9ey>ds1 & mu/ cat* ! tra94 ,,el ,,cajon4 ,! c\ntry ly+ betwe5 ,san ,diego & ,el ,cajon does n at ?is "t ( ! ye> pres5t _m attractive features4 ,! little tra91 consi/+ ( a locomotive1 t5d] & a pass5g] c>1 wriggles itself betwe5 br[n1 roll+ hills1 ov] small caons1 dry & s&y1 )\t any o!r vegetation ?an grass1 & "h & !re a few ev]gre5 %rubs4 ,close to ,san ,diego we pass along ! ,*ollas valley & creek1 :]e an attempt has be5 made at colonization1 z we und]/& x 9 ! ,san ,joaqu9 valley4 ,! l& is divid$ up 9 t5 & tw5ty-acre tracts & dott$ ov] ) small & unpret5ti\s cottages1 z well z ) f9e & exp5sive mansions4 ,"y or*>ds ( pe>s1 olives1 prunes1 oranges & figs are se5 w$g$ 9 betwe5 vacant & unbrok5 l&4 ,9 ! riv] bottom are ,*9ese g>d5s1 ) w9dmills1 & pat*es ( cabbage1 corn & small truck4 ,mu* ( ?is l& is irrigat$ ) wat] f ! ,sweetwat] dam1 "s twelve miles away on ! ,sweetwat] riv]4 ,on ! bottom l& !re are a few ,muscat v9ey>ds1 = ! supply ( ! ,san ,diego m>ket4 ,i notic$ ! grapes !re4 ,!y 7 ( ! ,muscat ( ,alex&ria v>iety1 v l>ge & f9e bo? z to bun* & b]ry1 & v sweet4 ,i h se5 no f9] ,alex&rias any:]e4 ,b we h h>dly "t to obs]ve ?is cultivat$ spot be=e we are out aga9 among ! roll+ hills4 ,! eng9e pants heavily1 & we are con/antly asc5d+4 ,! same l[ hills ev]y:]e1--no settl]s1 no g>d5s1 no plantations ( any k9d4 ,! soil is br[n adobe mix$ ) gravel & small b\ld]s2 9 fact !re is no?+ to see & admire4 ,= tw5ty miles !re are two or ?ree small /ations1 b !re 7 no /ation h\ses to be se5 nor any settlem5ts ar\nd4 ,! railroad is app>5tly made to tap a bett] c\ntry 9 ! int]ior4 ,b ev5 9 ?is un9habit$ c\ntry ! boom />t$ to p5etrate 9 e>ne/4 ,l>ge signs ann\nc+ ! sale ( t[n lots1 wide /reets once pl[$ up across ea* o!r at "r angles1 squ>e blocks :i* are pl[$ ar\nd or o!rwise mapp$ out1 "h & !re a :ite po/ ) a numb] & a "n1 & we h a good idea ( a t[n :]e ! lots sold = #bej apiece or m4 ,all at once ! eng9e :i/les1 ! area wid5s & we see 9 front ( u a l>ge1 flat valley1 app>5tly almo/ circul>1 f f\r to five miles across1 b\nd$ by l[] & high] hills1 beh9d :i* a few high] peaks look d[n gray & solemn4 ,?is is ,el ,cajon4 ,we /ep out on ! plat=m ( ! /ation1 & ! view is f9e4 ,! valley lies bel[ u1 ! bottom is app>5tly flat1 b 9 reality slightly undulat+ & some:at slop+ t[>ds ! c5t]4 ,r[s ( v9es beg9 at ! /ation1 & f "h v9ey>ds /ret* 9 all directions = miles & miles1 sometimes 9 l>ge blocks ( regul> %ape1 !n aga9 9 irregul> pat*es among o!rwise cultivat$ l&s half way up on ! l[] hills4 ,dott$ all ov] ! valley are f>mh\ses 9 all /yles1 elegant & ta/y or pla9 & simple1 en\gh only to keep out ! ra9 & ! sun4 ,ar\nd e su* clu/] ( build+s !re is a little plantation ( eucalyptus & cypress1 & a few ornam5tal plants4 ,"h & !re at long int]vals is se5 a r[ ( gums1 black & somb]1 z if !y 7 on duty z %ields f w9d & fog4 ,we are soon 9 ! bus on ! way to t[n4 ,! roads are /raight & well kept1 bord]$ ) "y eucalyptus & cypress1 & ) v9ey>ds on bo? sides ) ! r[s ( v9es rem>kably di/9ct2 we c foll[ ea* "o ( !m di/9ctly = sev]al miles ov] ! undulat+ gr\nd until !y end on ! /eep] slopes ( ! hills1 or run into ! little caons bord]+ ! valley4 ,el ,cajon has no pret5tions to be+ a t[n2 x is an unassum+ & quiet little village1 ^: inhabitants1 :5 !y speak ( 8t[n10 always mean ,san ,diego1 tw5ty miles away4 ,el ,cajon has a doz5 h\ses1 all told1 "o ( ea* k9d ( ! mo/ necess>y /ores & %ops1 b ,wells1 ,f>go ,co4 h n yet discov]$ ?is quiet place4 ,nev]!less1 x has two hotels1 "o small & unassum+1 :i* runs a bus to ! /ation1 & :]e ev]ybody seems to meet2 ! o!r1 l>ge & pret5ti\s1 bo? z to bay-w9d[s & "n1--,corona del ,cajon1 b app>5tly void ( mu* int]nal life4 ,! railroad to ,el ,cajon 0 f9i%$ only "s eight mon?s ago4 ,if x _h be5 runn+ ?ree ye>s ago dur+ ! ,s\!rn boom1 ! valley w\ld p]haps to-day be rival+ ,pasad5a & ,riv]side 9 ?rifty f>ms & resid5ces4 ,el ,cajon is ! mo/ important rais9-produc+ di/rict 9 ,san ,diego c\nty1 & s exclusively & to su* an ext5t h ! rais9 grapes be5 plant$ "h t we h>dly see any?+ else4 ,v9ey>ds z f> z we c see 9 all directions2 v9ey>ds 9 ! roll+ bottom ( ! valley2 v9ey>ds also on ! /eep] slopes ( ! hills2 no?+ else ?an ,muscats ( ,alex&ria = bus9ess1 & only a few o!r v9es ar\nd ! cottages = home use4 ,a drive ?r\gh ! valley br+s u 9 close contact ) :at we saw f ! m elevat$ /ation4 ,"o v9ey>d jo9s ! o!r1 ) only a road betwe51 & !re are no r[s ( popl>s & only v r>ely a r[ ( eucalyptus or cypress4 ,! view is op5 on e side1 & f e po9t we c see ov] ! valley & ! l[ hills surr\nd+ x4 ,! v9es h at ?is "t ( ! ye> left (f gr[+ & h assum$ a d>k gre5 color1 n reliev$ by any "y & m vividly color$ %oots4 ,! grapes hang ripe "u ! bran*es1 & ! trays are 9 _m places di/ribut$ 9 piles ov] ! field4 ,!re are two pack+-h\ses 9 ! valley2 ! "o n[ "u way is #dj by #acj feet1 be+ built ( r$wood1 & app>5tly mo/ c>efully put up4 ,i see no sign ( irrigation any:]e1 & e "o tells me t x is n requir$4 ,b ,i _c help ?9k+ t a little wat] judici\sly us$ w\ld h kept ! v9es gr[+ mu* long]1 & w\ld h naturally increas$ ! crop1 :i* n[ only av]ages two & "o-half tons ( gre5 grapes p] acre4 ,!re are _m v beautiful mansions 9 ! valley1 surr\nd$ by v praisewor?y attempts at l&scape g>d5+1 b ! abs5ce ( wat] = irrigation makes itself felt ev]y:]e1 bo? 9 reg>d to ! size ( ! plants & _! color4 ,wat] c be _h 9 abundance at a dep? ( f only twelve to eighte5 feet1 & w9dmills & res]voirs w\ld d mu* t[>ds a sub/itute = dit*es4 ,z we drive ?r\gh ! valley & up ! divide betwe5 ,el ,cajon & ! ,sweetwat] valley1 ! view is v attractive inde$1--on "o side ! _m well-kept v9ey>ds ( ,el ,cajon1 on ! o!r1 way bel[ u1 ! n>r[ & w9d+ valley ( ! ,sweetwat]4 ,! ,sweetwat] valley1 or r cont9uation ( valleys1 is mu* small] ?an ,el ,cajon1 p]haps only a qu>t] or half mile wide1 b x is m favorable to rais9s1 grapes or vegetation ( any k9d4 ,olive or*>ds ( good size trees1 v9ey>ds ) l>ge & yet gr[+ v9es1 cornfields & pa/ures1 & ! w9d+ & %ad$ little creek 9 ! c5t] ( ! valley1 give ! latt] a fre%ness & beauty n surpass$ any:]e4 ,on our way on ! railroad z well z ?r\gh ,el ,cajon valley1 we h frequ5tly pass$ alongside ( or "u ! n[ fam\s ,cuyamaca flume1 c>ry+ wat] to ,san ,diego & ,coronado4 ,?is flume is a f9e /ructure1 runn+ sometimes 9 ! gr\nd1 sometimes aga9 on elevat$ tre/le-"w ov] ! rav9es1 or spann+ ! gaps betwe5 l(ty hills4 ,! :ole l5g? ( ! flume is ?irty-six miles1 & ! co/ ( con/ruction 0 #aab1jjj4 ,its size is five feet1 t5 in*es wide1 & sixte5 in*es deep1 b by an addition ( two m bo>ds ! dep? ( ! wat] c be increas$ to ?ree feet1 t5 in*es1--a l>ge body ( wat] = ?is c\ntry1 :]e wat] is comp>atively sc>ce4 ,! flume heads 9 a magnific5t dam at ! head ( ,san ,diego riv]1 & x w\ld suffice to irrigate q a l>ge /ret* ( c\ntry if ! p 7 only will+ to use ! wat]4 ,b ! f>m]s "h h be5 s repeat$ly told t ! l& absolutely ne$s no irrigation1 & inde$ w\ld be ru9$ by ! same1 t ! mo/ ( !m n[ fully believe ?is to be ! case4 ,! wat] is !re=e n div]t$ any:]e along ! r\te ( ! flume1 & ev5 9 ,el ,cajon & o!r places1 :]e ! crop ( almo/ e k9d ( fruit w\ld be d\bl$ by judici\s irrigation1 no ef=t to use ! same is made4 ,i c\ld f9d no "o :o irrigat$1 & z a consequ5ce ! company t owns ! flume h n yet put 9 ! extra bo>ds t w\ld m ?an d\ble ! c>ry+ capacity ( ! flume4 ,"o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ places 9 ,san ,diego c\nty is ! fam\s ,sweetwat] dam4 ,x takes only two & "o-half h\rs to visit x & return1 & a trip to x w repay ! tr\ble4 ,we />t out s\!a/ & cross to ,national ,city1 only a few miles f ,san ,diego1 & really a suburb ( t t[n4 ,national ,city is decid$ly new1 an attempt at some?+ gr&1 :i* x w take sometime to f9i%4 ,! mo/ int]e/+ ?+ !re1 9 a horticultural s5se1 is ! olive or*>ds ( ,kimball ,bro!rs4 ,!y are scatt]$ 9 two or ?ree places1 & comprise ab\t fifty acres altoge!r4 ,! trees are z l>ge z good size apple trees1 bu%y & silv]y1 & are heavily lad5 ) fruit4 ,! l& ar\nd ea* tree 0 *eck$ up1 ea* tree hav+ a little squ>e = itself1 & a ,*9aman ) a hoe 0 busy irrigat+4 ,9 "o corn] ( ! or*>d 0 a l>ge circul> res]voir five or six feet high1 & p]haps tw5ty feet across1 to facilitate ! irrigation4 ,! tra9 />ts f "h directly 9 among ! hills1 foll[+ ! b$ ( ! ,sweetwat] riv]4 ,! bottom l& is n[ be+ settl$ up by f>m]s & g>d5]s1 :o 7 busy tak+ _! fir/ lessons 9 irrigation4 ,! plantations ( c\rse are v "y1 ! irrigation works hav+ be5 f9i%$ q rec5tly4 ,at ,sunnyside !re are a few old] or*>ds ( oranges & olives1 b1 z a :ole1 ! c\ntry is uncultivat$4 ,five m9utes m & we are at ! dam4 ,!re is no /ation1 except a little wood5 plat=m1 & we _h to scramble ov] a r\gh hill to get d[n to ! dam4 ,! gorge !re is probably "o hundr$ feet wide & sev]al hundr$ feet deep1 ) almo/ p]p5dicul> sides4 ,!re is no o!r vegetation visible ?an grass & a few l[ %rubs scatt]$ ar\nd4 ,x is a mo/ excell5t place = a dam4 ,! ,sweetwat] dam is built almo/ entirely ( masonry & cem5t1 &1 bo? z reg>ds con/ruction & size1 is "o ( ! v be/ 9 ! _w4 ,x is built 9 ! %ape ( an ar*1 ) ! convex "p up /ream1 & gives an impression ( solidity & safety n always f\nd 9 /ructures ( ?is k9d4 ,! masonry dam is =ty-six feet wide at ! bottom1 at ! top twelve feet4 ,! l5g? ( ! top is #cdj feet1 & at ! bottom ( ! caon ! base ( ! dam is ab\t "o hundr$ feet1 :ile ! height is ab\t n9ety feet 9 ! c5t]4 ,at "o end ( ! dam is a wa/eway & gates = lett+ ! wat] out 9 case ( a flood4 ,! gates slide on an incl9$ plane1 & consi/ simply ( ?ree-in* bo>ds ) pegs 9 ea* end1 :i* are caught by a hook :5 !y are to be rais$4 ,! capacity ( ! wa/eway is said to be fifte5 hundr$ cubic feet p] second1 or z mu* z ! ,sweetwat] riv] is ev] likely to c>ry1 ev5 dur+ flood "t4 ,= "o :o is accu/om$ to headgates & wat]ways 9 ! ,fresno canals1 ?is wat]way looks v small inde$4 ,b ! eng9e]s say x is l>ge en\gh1 & we suppose !y mu/ be "r4 ,! wat] is deliv]$ ?r\gh a l>ge iron pipe ?irty-six in*es 9 diamet]1 cov]$ = "s di/ance d[n ! caon ) masonry4 ,= #bi1hjg feet1 ?is pipe l9e runs d[n ! valley or on ! mesa l&s adjo9+ x4 ,x w deliv] fifty million gallons ( wat] p] day1 & c n[ irrigate t5 ?\s& acres ( l&4 ,! :ole co/ ( con/ruction 0 #ejb1jjj1 & ! "t consum$ 9 build+ 0 two ye>s4 ,! res]voir1 z x n[ /&s1 is a magnific5t %eet ( wat] ) tribut>y wat]%$s ( #ahf squ>e miles1 & a wat] surface ( ab\t ?ree & "o-half squ>e miles4 ,x is a gr& illu/ration ( ! ent]prise ( ! ,san ,diego capitali/s1 ( ! skill & success ( ! ,cali=nia eng9e]s1 & ( :at may possibly be accompli%$ on ne>ly e /ream 9 ,san ,diego c\nty4 ,x is a /ructure ( :i* any c\ntry might be pr\d1 & :i* has few equals & no sup]iors any:]e 9 ! _w4 ,on our way back we meet a picnic p>ty ( s*oolgirls1 :o ) _! tea*]s h sp5t ! day 9 ! c\ntry4 ,!y fill ! c>s ) smiles & *at1 ) fl[]s 9 b\quets & g>l&s1 9 baskets & by ! armful4 ,we are treat$ to fl[]s & to beautiful ,muscat grapes cull$ f ! v9ey>ds1--enorm\s bun*es & b]ries almo/ z l>ge z plums4 ,^! grapes are a revelation to me1 gr[n "h )9 ! rea* ( ! fogs ( ! ocean1 & irrigat$ ) wat] f ! dam or flume4 ,v]ily1 ,i h nev] se5 *oic] grapes any:]e1 & ,i am satisfi$ t !y c\ld n be surpass$ by any = rais9s4 ,:at a f]tile c\ntry ?is w be :5 irrigation is bett] und]/ood & m practic$4 ,c\ld we b see x :5 t "t comes4 ,,riv]side4 ,!re is no place 9 ,s\!rn ,cali=nia :]e ! effects ( a close & intellig5t /udy ( horticultural matt]s are s visible z 9 ,riv]side4 ,money alone may build villas & mansions2 b ! intellig5t & ev] wat*ful horticulturi/ alone c1 out ( climate1 soil1 wat] & capital1 produce a ,riv]side4 ,x is *>m+ beyond description2 x mu/ be se5 to be realiz$4 ,! be/ "t to get a full & good view ( ,riv]side is e>ly 9 ! morn+1 j at sunrise1 & !re is no bett] place to view x f ?an ! hill on :i* ! ,hotel ,rubid\x 0 to h be5 built4 ,i arose be=e sunrise1 & /ruggl$ up ! /eep hillside4 ,x well repaid me = ! tr\ble1 z few m beautiful views c be _h4 ,! :ole settlem5t c be tak5 9 at a glance1--! t[n close by imb$d$ 9 orange groves & v9ey>ds1 & ! d5se v]dure ( ! c\ntry /ret*+ = t5 miles d[n ! valley1 & almo/ connect+ ) ! yet f>!r (f ,s\? ,riv]side4 ,on ! ea/]n side we see ! ,san ,b]n>d9o ,m\nta9s1 ) ! 8,old ,greyback10 & betwe5 ! m\nta9s & ! settlem5ts a l[] range ( /eep hills appe>1 :i* 9 a cont9u\s range ei!r b> ! way or l isolat$ isl&s %oot boldly up f ! mesa l&4 ,! ,riv]side colony =ms a cont9u\s settlem5t along ! mesa1 skirt+ ! riv]1 ! deep gre5 ( ! orange or*>ds h>moniz+ spl5didly ) ! light] gre5 ( ! v9ey>ds4 ,at close int]vals !re are h\ses 9 e direction1 ) ! blue/ smoke ris+ /raight up f _! *imneys1 & !nce c>ri$ 9 long1 t9y b&s & columns d[n ! valley j level ) ! tree tops4 ,x is a pity ! hotel on ?is hill 0 nev] f9i%$--a great _m m w\ld !n h enjoy$ ! almo/ unequal$ view4 ,an ext5sion ( ! ma9 bus9ess /reet 9 t[n leads up to ?is hill4 ,on bo? sides ( ! /reet !re are f9e orange or*>ds & neat h\ses1--real c\ntry homes1 sidewalks ( cem5t :]e r[s ( fan-palms take ! place ( regul> %ade trees along _! sides4 ,! bus9ess portion ( ,riv]side is conf9$ to two /reets cross+ ea* o!r at "r angles4 ,if we /& 9 ! c5t] ( ?is cross+ we take x all 91 ! h\ses ext5d+ a block & a half 9 ! f\r diff]5t directions4 ,"s ( ! h\ses & brick blocks are v l>ge & exp5sive1 :ile _m aga9 are small]1 b all are co/ly & elegant1 ) new & p]haps />tl+ ornam5tal designs4 ,:atev] ,s\!rn ,cali=nia does1 x does well1 & ev5 ! *eape/ /ructures h an air ( "* & ta/e :i* c h>dly be too mu* admir$4 ,:5 "o speaks ( ,riv]side he means ! :ole settlem5t t is irrigat$1 & to live 9 ,riv]side may mean to live 9 t[n1 or x may mean a suburban resid5ce t5 miles away4 ,9 ! latt] locality ! b5efits ( ! c\ntry are happily comb9$ ) ! luxuries ( city life4 ,/reet c>s run f ! c5t] ( ! bus9ess "p ( t[n d[n to ! end ( ! settlem5t4 ,x is a *eap way to view ! settlem5t to bo>d "o ( ^! e>ly c>s4 ,y c see z mu* z any "o may c>e to see1 b ( c\rse _c /op & exam9e4 ,! :ole drive is "o n to be mat*$ any:]e else4 ,f ! mom5t y leave t[n y pass or*>ds & v9ey>ds sep>at$ f ea* o!r by only a road or cypress h$ge4 ,e foot ( gr\nd is tak5 up4 ,! ma9 ef=t ( all ! settl]s appe>s to be to make ev]y?+ attractive1 f ! v sidewalk to ! elaborate g>d5 & ! villa4 ,ne>] t[n1 e /reet has sidewalks ( cem5t1 & bord]+ !m are cont9u\s h$ges ( cypress trimm$ 9 v>i\s /yles1 & 9 front ( e h\se are lawns & plats ( %rubb]y & fl[]s1 z neatly kept z if visitors 7 expect$ day or night4 ,"s ( ! villas p>take ( ! "* ( mansions1 ) t[]s1 balconies & pa9t$ w9d[s1 :ile "h & !re 9 "s ( ! f9e/ or*>ds are yet se5 "s ( ! fir/ h\ses built1 small & unpret5ti\s4 ,! individual ta/es ( ! own]s are cle>ly disc]nible4 ,"o has a r[ ( palms runn+ along 8 sidewalk1 ano!r has palms & grevilleas1 :ile o!rs pref] ! pepp] & gum4 ,! mann] ( trimm+ ! h$ges is *>m+2 x has "h become q an art4 ,"s h$ges h squ>e1 o!rs ro($ tops1 & at e corn] !re is a little pill> ( cypress ) diamond or globul> top1 n at all artificial or /iff4 ,! va/ majority ( ! plantations consi/ ( orange groves4 ,! color ( ! trees is spl5did1 e leaf be+ bright & %9+1 & !re is no sign ( smut or scale4 ,! l>ge & upright ,se$l+s are easily di/+ui%$ f ! small] b bu%y ,navels4 ,! t5d5cy is n[ to plant mo/ly ! latt]1 & mo/ ( ! old ,se$l+ trees are be+ budd$ ov]4 ,! orig9al ,navel tree1 :i* is ! prime cause ( ! prosp]ity ( ,riv]side & ( ! fame ( its oranges1 is yet /&+ by a mode/ cottage1 :i* appe>s n to h kept pace ) ! times4 ,! tree is small1 p]haps twelve feet high1 hav+ be5 con/antly cut back = buds4 ,f ?is tree h sprung all ! re/4 ,no o!r ,navel tree import$ f ,brazil or ,au/ralia resembles x 9 quality ( fruit or 9 be>+ capacity4 ,x is probably a *ance 8sport0 orig9ally import$ by ! ,agricultural ,dep>tm5t at ,wa%+ton1 its companion trees be+ diff]5t 9 ! mo/ ess5tial po9ts :i* make ?is v>iety s valuable & s fam\s4 ,?is beautiful & *oice orange1 n[ g5]ally kn[n z ! 8,wa%+ton ,navel10 is slightly oblong or egg-%ap$1 & ! sk9 is v smoo?1 ) no ridges at ! poles1 ! latt] be+ *>act]i/ic ( ! o!r ,navel v>ieties4 ,! crop ( ,navels ?is ye> is good4 ,_m gr[]s expect f ?ree to f\r boxes to ! tree1 &1 z ea* box br+s f ?ree to f\r doll>s1 x is evid5t ! bus9ess pays4 ,! valuable & p]man5t improvem5ts ev]y:]e %[ ?is to be ! case2 ! acc\nt books ( ! gr[] ne$ n be se>*$ to demon/rate x4 ,"h & !re we also see a lemon or*>d ) its l>g] trees ( a diff]5t gre54 ,a few ye>s ago _m lemon or*>ds 7 dug up1 z no "o und]/ood ! secret ( sav+ ! lemons till ! w>m season1 :5 alone !y c br+ a good price4 ,b at la/ "o ( ! gr[]s wrung ! secret f ,nature1 & n[ buys up all ! "y lemons he c f9d & /ores !m away to be us$ f six to t5 mon?s lat]1 j :5 !y are mo/ 9 dem&4 ,9 company ) t c\rte\s horticulturi/1 ! editor ( ! ,riv]side ,press1 ,e4 ,w4 ,holmes1 we visit$ ?is g5tleman1 ,g4 ,w4 ,g>celon4 ,to him is due mu* cr$it = hav+ discov]$ ! process4 ,he pres5t$ u ) lemons ( ! small & prop] size t _h be5 pick$ gre5 eight mon?s ago4 ,!y 7 equal to ! be/ import$1 bo? z to smallness ( size1 acidity1 ?9ness ( sk9 & quality ( juice4 ,^! lemons br+ n[ five doll>s p] box1 at :i* price lemon culture proves m pr(itable ?an t ( ! orange4 ,! only v>iety t %\ld be plant$ is ! ,lisbon lemon1 ! ,eureka hav+ too bitt] a peel1 & ! mu* recomm5d$ ,villa ,franca be+ r\nd & ?us unacceptable4 ,we pass$ sev]al v9ey>ds1 ! ,muscat v9es be+ l>ge & ! v9ey>ds well kept4 ,! grapes are j rip5+1 b x w be "s two weeks yet be=e !y are ready to cut4 ,! only v>iety gr[n "h is ! ,muscat ( ,alex&ria1 ! real ,gordo ,blanco be+ unkn[n1 or at lea/ n g5]ally plant$4 ,! f>-fam$ ,magnolia av5ue is ne> at h&4 ,! c5t] is occupi$ by a cont9u\s r[ ( old pepp] trees1 ) gracefully droop+ bran*es1 "u :i* ! c>s run4 ,! outside r[s are diff]5t 9 v>i\s places1 g5]ally palms ) alt]nat+ grevilleas1 or gum or pepp] trees4 ,! cu/om n[ is to replace ! outside trees ) palms1 & _m ( ! /ately gums are be+ cut away4 ,beyond ! sidewalks are ! trimm$ cypress h$ges1 & beh9d !m orange or*>ds1 only int]rupt$ by op5 lawns & g>d5s p>tially hid+ ! ta/y dwell+-h\ses ( ! horticulturi/s4 ,all t we see1 n[ s luxuriant & beautiful1 is ! effect ( wat] on ! o!rwise b>r5 pla9s4 ,ev]y?+ is irrigat$ sev]al times a ye> by means ( fl[+ wat] br\ght f di/ant po9ts1 f ! m\nta9 caons1 or f ! artesian wells 9 ! riv] bottom high] up1 sev]al miles away4 ,! canals are all on ! highe/ gr\nd1 & are dug on te*nical pr9ciples4 ,!re is no wa%+ & no fill+ up1 no brok5-d[n gates & ov]fl[+ & /agnant ponds4 ,"s dit*es are cem5t$1 & look magnific5tly clean1 )\t any we$s or mud4 ,! wat] 9 !m is l ! wat] ( a spr+1 cle> & pellucid4 ,9 c\rse ( "t all ! dit*es w be cem5t$1 ! co/ = do+ ! "w be+ paid = 9 a %ort "t by ! wat] sav$ & ! abs5ce ( ! necess>y clean+ out4 ,riv]side is inde$ to be envi$ its ,*9at[n4 ,! latt] 01 "s ye>s ago1 mov$ a mile f t[n into a holl[1 & n[ e h\se !re is surr\nd$ by cypress h$ges & w9dbreaks ( cypress & gum4 ,moreov]1 e h\se !re is connect$ ) ! sew]age sy/em1 & ! usual smell is n notic$ on ! outside4 ,inde$1 "o c drive by & n "k ! nature ( ! t[n1 = x looks l any o!r c\ntry village1 almo/ hidd5 9 ev]gre5s4 ,9 a few weeks ! rais9 h>ve/ w comm5ce1 & f t "t on ,riv]side1 along its :ole ext5t1 w be life & bu/le4 ,:5 ! grapes are all 91 ! oranges w be ready = h>ve/+1 & ! c\ntry w aga9 boa/ ( its ?\s&s ( c>loads ( ! gold5 fruit4 ,,r$l&s4 ,we h rea*$ ! object ( our j\rney 9 ! upp] end ( ! ,san ,b]n>d9o valley4 ,"o ( ! features ( ,s\? ,cali=nia1 n ,s\!rn ,cali=nia1 z we 9 ! c5t] all us$ to say1 is ! motor roads1 n electric motors1 b regul> little /eam eng9es1 t w pull y any:]e1 & :i* w n %ock y ) any?+ except p]haps ) _! smoke4 ,su* motor roads lead almo/ ev]y:]e1 connect+ ! outly+ colonies way up 9 ! mesa ) ! headqu>t]s on ! regul> railroad4 ,& ^! motor roads are nei!r neglect$1 nor d !y g begg+ = cu/om]s & freight4 ,!y are z mu* or m patroniz$ ev5 ?an ! regul> railroads1 & !y pay well4 ,! cause ( ?is is evid5t4 ,!y are m accommodat+2 !y c )\t inconv5i5ce /op :]ev] requir$1 & pass5g]s get on or (f at almo/ e corn]4 ,! little tra9 /ops ) equal read9ess at ! call 9 front ( ! ri* man's villa1 to enable him & 8 family to emb>k1 z at ! poor man's g>d51 to all[ him to get on ) a load ( gre5s or ) a basket ( eggs4 ,?us manag$1 x ru%es along ) %ort & frequ5t /ops1 always full ( pass5g]s & freight4 ,go+ up ! ,san ,b]n>d9o valley f ,riv]side is a trip t no "o %\ld neglect4 ,x takes u ?r\gh "o ( ! be/ improv$ p>ts ( ,s\? ,cali=nia1 ?r\gh a v]itable g>d5 spot1 ) a radius ( six or sev5 miles4 ,f ,riv]side we pass = sev]al miles ov] ! level mesa l&1 j br\ght into cultivation ?r\gh ! new ,gage canal sy/em4 ,ov] two ?\s& acres h be5 plant$ "h )9 ! la/ two ye>s to oranges1 lemons & v9es1 & ! f9e & regul>ly plant$ trees ) ! l>ge di/ances betwe5 %[ u h[ mu* ! new settl]s h be5 able to pr(it f ! exp]i5ce ( ! old] ones4 ,= sev]al miles !re are "y plantations1 ea* ) its neat & sub/antial resid5ce & ou?\ses1 indicat+ t ! settl]s mo/ly are p ( "s means & ( mu* ref9em5t & ta/e1--j ! class ( p t we all w\ld *oose = our ne>e/ neighbors4 ,ev]y:]e are s*ool-h\ses ( arti/ic designs1 mo/ magnific5t ones 9 ! old] settlem5ts1 small] b ta/y ones 9 ^? ( almo/ ye/]day4 ,z we pass along ! mesa1 ! upp] ,san ,b]n>d9o valley1 clos$ 9 by /eep & l(ty m\nta9s1 lies on our "r1 & 9 front ! ,santa ,ana riv] c\rses ?r\gh ! c5t] ( ! valley1 ) its va/ broad riv] bottom cov]$ ) wild vegetation1 pa/ures or cultivat$ fields4 ,we cross sev]al dit*es1 "o laid 9 cem5t1 ) ! wat] runn+ 9 !m z cle> z t 9 ! wa%b[l4 ,once across ! riv] bottom we are almo/ directly at ,colton on ! ,s\!rn ,pacific ,railroad4 ,! fir/ ?+ t attracts our att5tion is ! beautiful plantation on ! railroad res]vation4 ,f9e gre5 lawns1 f\nta9s1 b$s ( ev]gre5s & fl[]s1 ! :ole inclos$ 9 pepp] trees1 gives ! travel] imm$iately ! impression t some?+ beautiful 9 ! way ( g>d5+ c be accompli%$1 :]e !re is only a w & a ta/e4 ,su* beautiful places ev]y:]e 9 ! ,s\? %[ t ! p :o came "h1 came n alone to make money1 b also to enjoy life & to cultivate ^? pleasures & occupations :i* help to prolong & beautify ! same4 ,f ,colton up to ,san ,b]n>d9o ! :ole c\ntry is settl$ up & resembles ! outskirts ( a l>ge city1 :]e ! bus9ess m5 h _! suburban resid5ces4 ,! level & gradually slop+ mesa is dott$ ov] ) little hills & knolls1 j ! place = a resid5ce4 ,e su* place has be5 tak5 advantage (1 & f9e resid5ces ) t[]s1 balconies & airy awn+s cr[n e little em95ce1 ea* "o ?r\gh its peculi> situation seem+ly dom9at+ ! valley4 ,san ,b]n>d9o has be5 greatly b5efit$ by ! boom4 ,! old & ! new are !re 9 /rong contra/1 ! new decid$ly pr$om9at+4 ,magnific5t brick blocks grace ! pr9cipal bus9ess /reets1 & ! ne>e/ /reets cross+ !m1 blocks t mu/ h co/ l>ge sums ( money1 & :i* = design & sub/antial /ructure c n[h]e be surpass$ 9 any city ( ?is size4 ,! f9e l>ge hotels erect$ lately are kept up ) /yle & ev5 spl5dor4 ,! l>ge ,/ew>t ,h\se is n inf]ior to ! be/ t[n hotel t c be se5 any:]e1 & its int]ior arrangem5ts1 ) a l>ge cov]$ c\rt1 are mo/ admirable4 ,my /ay 9 ,san ,b]n>d9o 0 only too %ort2 a long /roll ar\nd t[n & a little long] %ake h&s ) ! vet]an j\rnali/ & horticulturi/1 ,l4 ,m4 ,holt1 took all ! "t ,i _h to sp>e4 ,f ,san ,b]n>d9o to ,r$l&s is b half an h\r's ride ?r\gh ! bottom l&s ( ! ,santa ,ana riv]4 ,we approa* rapidly ! upp] end ( ! valley1 :]e ! elevat$ mesa spreads out all ar\nd l a p]fect ampi!at]1 back$ by ! l(tie/ m\nta9s 9 ,s\!rn ,cali=nia4 ,! mesa is n[ 9 close view1 & ,r$l&s1 ,lugonia1 ,t]rac9a1 ,crafton1 all diff]5t po9ts ( ! same settlem5t1 lie 9 front ( u at an elevation ( ab\t fifte5 hundr$ feet above ! sea1 l a map or ext5sive panorama1 :]e roads1 or*>ds & h\ses are s cle>ly & di/9ctly se5 t !y c be obs]v$ at a glance4 ,! mesa l& "h slopes ab\t f\r hundr$ feet to ! mile1 & ! diff]5t or*>ds or settlem5ts lie app>5tly "o above ! o!r1 all 9 full view4 ,if ,i am ask$ = ! place 9 ?is "p ( ! c\ntry ) ! f9e/ view1 ) ! fre%e/ air1 ) ! pure/ wat]1 & ) ! coole/ breezes1 & :]e bus9ess & ! com=ts ( life c be comb9$1 ,i w say1 & say x aga91 ,r$l&s4 ,9 all ^! po9ts !re is no?+ "h t surpasses x1 & few are ! places inde$ t ev5 c pret5d to equal x4 ,f :atev] po9t we /&1 be x at ! l[] end ( ! railroad depot1 at any or*>d or home 9 ! c5t] ( ! settlem5t1 or at ! upp] end close to ! roll+ hills1 f e po9t we see e o!r po9t1 "s bel[1 "s above u1 all equally di/9ct4 ,& ?is ext5sive & magnific5t view1 t requires no t$i\s & tiresome climb+ to see1 ext5ds away d[n ! valley = sixty miles1 ov] slightly roll+ hills1 ov] level mesas ) _! d>k-gre5 or*>ds & v9ey>ds1 ov] ! /eep] hills1 ov] ! l(ty ,si]ra ,madre range 9 ! nor?we/4 ,if we turn to ! "r we are imm$iately met by ! sn[y peaks & ! b>e walls ( ! ,san ,b]n>d9o range1 "h & !re cut by ! caons & gorges ( ! tribut>ies ( ! ,santa ,ana riv]4 ,! bus9ess "p ( ,r$l&s is z neat & ta/y z any1--brick blocks & cem5t sidewalks1 horse c>s1 & wat] "u pressure4 ,no explanation is requir$ to be made ( ! quality ( ! ,r$l&s climate & soil4 ,a trip ov] ! settlem5t w reveal all to any "o ) op5 eyes4 ,orange or*>ds1 "y ( c\rse1 b ?rifty1 on e side1 alt]nat+ ) ,muscat v9ey>ds1 accord+ to ! ta/e ( ! own]2 beautiful homes ( ! horticulturi/s1 ! /ately mansions ( ! bank presid5ts & ^? t became weal?y quickly1 & ! gr& view common to all1--^! are "s ( ! good ?+s ?is settlem5t enjoys4 ,! wat] = irrigation is all "u pressure1 ei!r com+ to ! surface 9 op5 flues or 9 iron pipes4 ,! orange or*>ds are be+ irrigat$ ev]y:]e1 9 a way :i* %\ld make a ,san ,joaqu9 valley man />e4 ,iron pipes are laid all ov] ! or*>d1 & at ! beg9n+ ( e r[ ( trees !re is a faucet4 ,^! faucets are all op5$ at ! same "t1 & a t9y /ream ( wat] issues =? & runs on ea* side ( ! "y orange trees d[n to ! o!r end ( ! *eck4 ,x is left to run = sev]al days at a "t4 ,at ! o!r end ( ! *eck ! wat] is n wa/$1 b runs into a little wood5 sp\t at e r[ ( trees & ?r\gh ! same into a cem5t dit* :i* c>ries ! wat] to ano!r place4 ,! sy/em ( irrigation is simply p]fect2 if x 7 n s1 ! l& c\ld n be irrigat$4 ,) ?is sy/em !re is no wa/e1 no we$s1 no mal>ia1 no hoe+ nor o!r "w ( any k9d4 ,irrigation is "h z easy z ! wa%+ ( y\r h&s 9 a pat5t wa%/&3 y op5 ! faucet & let ! wat] run4 ,! g5]al op9ion by p n acqua9t$ ) ! colony is t wat] "h is v sc>ce2 ?is is a mi/ake4 ,!re is wat] en\gh to irrigate all ! l&2 mo/ ( x is n[ only runn+ to wa/e to ! sea2 to be utiliz$ x mu/ only be /or$4 ,! ,be> valley res]voir1 :5 p]fect$1 z x soon w be1 w hold wat] en\gh to irrigate ov] tw5ty-six ?\s& acres ( gr\nd1 :i* is ab\t all ! irrigable l& tribut>y to ,r$l&s4 ,!re are o!r res]voir sites 9 ! m\nta9s1 & ! possibilities ( future irrigation c h>dly be compreh5d$4 ,al?\gh "y1 only f\r ye>s old1 ! upp] ,san ,b]n>d9o colonies produce already consid]able quantities ( fruit4 ,six ?\s& acres are n[ "u cultivation1 eight hundr$ ( :i* are 9 ,muscat grapes1 ! balance mo/ly 9 oranges & o!r fruits4 ,la/ ye> !y produc$ fifty c>loads ( grapes & =ty c>loads ( rais9s1 & altoge!r ab\t #adi c>loads ( fruit1 dri$ or fre%4 ,no bett] %[+ c\ld be expect$ ( any place1 & !re is no bett] adv]tisem5t ( ! res\rces ( ! c\ntry4 ,i h yet a ?+ to add1 a ?+ to praise4 ,ev]y:]e 9 ! ,s\? magnific5t drives are laid out1 av5ues are plant$ ) %ade trees1 ev]gre5s & palms1 /reet c>s take y ev]y:]e1 & ! com=ts ( p$e/rians & rid]s are always assur$4 ,! roads are all spr9kl$1 & ! du/ is an unkn[n quantity except 9 by-lanes & corn]s1 :]e ! spr9kl] _c rea*4 ,riv]side spr9kles ! :ole ( h] bus9ess /reets1 & h] ,magnolia av5ue effectively & cont9ually = ab\t t5 miles d[n ! valley4 ,o!r places d ! same1 p]haps only n to z lib]al an ext5t4 ,9 _m places ! tir$ p$e/rian f9ds little wood5 b5*es to re/ on "u a %ady tree1 close to a f\nta9 ( dr9k+ wat]1 all plac$ !re by ! k9d society1 ,w4 ,c4 ,t4 ,u4 ,comp>isons are n 9 place2 b h[ _m times ,i h wi%$ su* a ?+ _h be5 met ) 9 "s o!r places ,i "k ( :]e ! sun is j z hot1 & :]e ! du/ is j z deep4 ,,an ,,h\r ,,9 ,a ,,pack+-,,h\se4 ,! foll[+ sket* ( a ,fresno pack+-h\se1 :]e already cur$ rais9s are b\ght & pack$1 may prove int]e/+ to ^? ( my read]s :o h n _h "t or opportunity to visit any simil> e/abli%m5t4 ,! same k9d ( "w is go+ on 9 ea* pack+-h\se1 :e!r x be l>ge or small1 except t ! numb] ( h&s are v>i$4 ,9 ! two or ?ree l>ge/ pack+-h\ses 9 ,fresno1 z _m z f\r hundr$ h&s are sometimes employ$ at "o "t :5 ! "w is press+2 z x slack5s1 less h&s are us$4 ,^! l>ge city pack+-h\ses are all situat$ close to ! railroad2 !y buy ! rais9s already cur$ & dri$ f ! coloni/s1 :o br+ !m 9 sweatboxes to t[n4 ,! "t ( ! greate/ activity is f ! la/ week 9 ,augu/ to ,octob] #ae?4 ,! l>ge/ ( ^! city pack]s are ,messrs4 ,cook ,langley1 :o own pack+-h\ses bo? 9 ,riv]side & ,fresno2 ,s*a*t1 ,lemcke ,/e9]1 successors to ,george ,w4 ,meade1 ! olde/ pack+-h\se 9 ,fresno1 sup]9t5d$ by ,h4 ,w4 ,%ram2 ,*as4 ,leslie ,co41 ,griff9 ,skelley1 etc4 ,! pione] pack+ company ( ,fresno1 kn[n z ! ,fresno ,rais9 ,fruit ,pack+ ,company1 is do+ at ?is "t a l>ge bus9ess4 ,e day five or six c>loads ( rais9s are s5t away1 :ile a /r+ ( f tw5ty to ?irty1 two & f\r horse teams are wait+ outside ( ! weigh+ %$ to h _! rais9s weigh$ & receiv$4 ,^! rais9s come bo? f l>ge & small v9ey>ds f all ov] ! c\ntry1 b pr9cipally f ! colonies1 :]e !y are ! products ( tw5ty-acre v9ey>ds4 ,"s ( ! be/ rais9s 9 fact came f ! smalle/ v9ey>ds1 :]e !y _h ! be/ c>e1 & :]e ! own] has giv5 ! v9ey>d all 8 "t4 ,mr4 ,h4 ,w4 ,%ram1 ! sup]9t5d5t ( ?is l>ge & old pack+-h\se1 has _h ye>s ( exp]i5ce 9 ! pack+ bus9ess1 & has foll[$ ! ,fresno rais9 bus9ess f its infancy4 ,z soon z ! rais9 boxes are unload$ !y are imm$iately weigh$4 ,x takes eight m5 to att5d to ?is "p ( ! bus9ess1 "o weigh+ & "o cl]k to keep acc\nts4 ,! dri$ w9e grapes1 su* z ,z9f&el1 ,malagas1 & ev5 ,sultanas1 are imm$iately :eel$ into ! /emm]-h\se to be sep>at$ f ! /ems & clean$4 ,?is /emm] is "o ( ! l>ge/ 9 ! ,/ate1 & ! only "o ( its k9d z reg>ds con/ruction4 ,x /ems1 cleans & assorts1 9 f ?ree to f\r diff]5t grades1 sixty tons ( rais9s a day4 ,n9e m5 are work+ ?is ma*9e1 "s fe$+1 o!rs pu%+ wide b %all[ boxes "u ! sp\ts1 o!rs aga9 :eel+ !m away :5 full4 ,! /eam eng9e ( t5 horse-p[] & boil] are fir$ pr9cipally ) sep>at$ /ems1 refuse rais9s1 & /ones ( pea*es & apricots4 ,! sep>at$ dri$ grapes are pack$ & %ipp$ 9 eighty-p\nd sacks1 & g 9 ?is way to ! ,ea/1 or ev5 to ,europe4 ,e day "o or two c>loads ( ^! dri$ grapes are %ipp$4 ,! ,muscatel lay]s1 h[ev]1 g fir/ to ! sweat+-room1 be=e any?+ is done ) !m4 ,?is sweat+-room is "o hundr$ by fifty feet1 & has ! walls & floor fill$ ar\nd ) "o foot 9 ?ickness ( sawdu/1 s z to prev5t ! outside air f ent]+4 ,?is sweat+ room is con/antly fill$ ) rais9 boxes f floor to ceil+1 & seldom conta9s less ?an =ty tons ( rais9s at "o "t4 ,x takes f t5 to ?irty days to equalize ! moi/ure 9 ! rais9s z well z to prop]ly s(t5 ! /ems s t ! grapes w n fall (f4 ,?is is ( ! utmo/ importance4 ,if x is n done ! /ems w break & ! b]ries fall (f1 & in/ead ( a fir/-class lay] rais9 we w\ld only get a fir/-class loose4 ,aft] hav+ sweat$ = sev]al weeks ! rais9s are br\ght out to be assort$4 ,we see sev]al r[s ( oblong tables1 ea* "o ) a bord] ar\nd l a deep & l>ge tray1 & ) a hole at ea* end 9 :i* ! loose rais9s are pu%$4 ,x takes eighte5 ( ^! tables to receive ! grapes to be assort$1 & z x also takes six girls at ea* table1 x is evid5t ! "w is "o ( great importance4 ,only girls are us$1 z boys & m5 c\ld n z prop]ly d ! "w4 ,x takes a girl's nimble f+]s to h&le ! rais9s1 s t none break4 ,!y are also m pati5t1 & are1 9 e way1 suit$ = ! "w4 ,z ! rais9s are be+ assort$1 ! diff]5t grades are clipp$ f ! same bun*es1 & plac$ 9 diff]5t trays4 ,?us "o & ! same bun* may conta9 f\r diff]5t grades ( rais9s4 ,ea* "o is sep>at$ at ^! tables1 to make diff]5t br&s ( rais9s4 ,! trays1 ) five p\nds ( rais9s ea* z !y leave ! grad]s1 are plac$ 9 l>ge piles on ! floor1 & are f !re tak5 away at leisure1 fir/ to be pack$ & aft]w>ds to ! press4 ,?is is a dep>tm5t ( its own4 ,x takes great exp]i5ce to press ! rais9s j s mu*1 t !y w look well1 b n s mu* z to bur/4 ,a brok5 rais9 w sug> & spoil1 & w\ld cause compla9t & dissatisfaction4 ,! public is con/antly be+ educat$ z to :at f9e rais9s are1 & n[ wants only ! be/4 ,ea* tray is press$1 & x takes f\r trays to make up a box ( tw5ty p\nds4 ,a tray is plac$ ov] ! box1 ! slid+ bottom is pull$ out1 & ! :ole cake ( rais9s ) pap] & all drop 9 ! box bel[4 ,aft] ! rais9s are assort$ !y h to be pack$4 ,tw5ty girls are occupi$ ) ?is1 ! mo/ pleasant1 b also ! mo/ skillful1 "w 9 ! pack+-h\se4 ,no bad rais9s g 9 "h1 & if any !re %\ld be1 !y are sep>at$ & plac$ ) a l[] grade1 z ev5 "o or two rais9s w\ld spoil an o!rwise good box4 ,?is requires a great deal ( c>e & att5tion1 b ! girls are be+ educat$1 & ! same ones are re-engag$ f ye> to ye>4 ,fresno is gett+ an army ( girls educat$ = ! bus9ess1 & we f9d mu* less tr\ble n[ to get ! rais9s well pack$ ?an a few ye>s ago1 :5 ev]y?+ 0 comp>atively new4 ,n[ !re is h>dly a girl 9 any ( ! colonies :o does n "k some?+ ab\t rais9-pack+1 & :o is able to make good wages dur+ pack+ "t4 ,sev]al c5ts a tray are paid = pack+1 & _m girls e>n two doll>s a day1 :ile none e>n less ?an "o doll> a day4 ,! fir/ quality rais9s are pack$ "u ! ,lion ,br&1 :ile ! second quality goes by ! "n ( ! ,gold5 ,gate4 ,bo? br&s are equally popul> & are readily sold4 ,! loose rais9s are z important z ! bun*es & lay]s4 ,! ,am]ican h\sewife has le>n$ t %e gets m = h] money if %e buys loose rais9s ?an if %e buys lay]s1 :i* always conta9 a l>ge p]c5tage ( /ems4 ,loose rais9s are !re=e n[ v popul>4 ,! loose rais9s h all be5 sweat$1 & ! be/ ( !m h come f l>ge1 f9e bun*es1 f :i* !y h simply dropp$ (f1 & magnific5t !y look inde$ z !y are sep>at$ & grad$ into sev]al grades1 ! l>ge/ ( c\rse to make ! v *oice/ br&s4 ,! process ( pack+ is q diff]5t f t ( pack+ lay]s4 ,9 loose1 ! boxes are simply fill$ ) fifte5 p\nds ( loose rais9s2 !n a tray conta9+ five p\nds1 & :i* has be5 fac$1 is plac$ on top1 ?is mak+ up tw5ty-p\nd boxes4 ,! fac+ is a mo/ important & int]e/+ "w4 ,x takes f =ty to fifty girls to d x1 & only exp]t h&s are all[$ at ! fac+ tables4 ,! fac+ consi/s 9 plac+ l>ge1 f9e & flatt$ rais9s 9 lay]s on top ( ! box1 z an adv]tisem5t t ! cont5ts und]nea? are equally c>efully assort$ & *oice4 ,a c>eful & skillful fac] c face =ty boxes a day1 :ile f tw5ty to ?irty boxes is a l[ av]age4 ,mr4 ,%ram buys rais9s & dri$ grapes f e "o :o has any t are really *oice4 ,= ,feh]zagos ?ree to ?ree & "o-half c5ts are paid1 = ,malagas f\r c5ts1 & = ,muscatels ?ree & "o-half to five c5ts1 accord+ to quality4 ,all ! "w 9 ! pack+-h\se is done by piece "w1 & f two to five c5ts are paid = diff]5t qualities ( ! "w1 su* z assort+1 pick+ ov]1 pick+ & fac+4 ,f\r hundr$ girls & boys are daily employ$4 ,! pres5t rais9 pack1 ,mr4 ,%ram affirms1 is ! be/ ( any he has ev] h&l$4 ,!y are %ipp$ to e l>ge t[n 9 ! ,ea/1 & are con/antly increas+ 9 dem&4 ,besides rais9s1 ,mr4 ,%ram h&les pea*es1 figs1 apricots1 & 9 fact any dri$ fruit we h4 ,tons & tons ( ,adriatic figs are br\ght f ! colonies e day at six c5ts p] p\nd1 an enorm\s price :5 we consid] ! yield ( a fig tree4 ,b1 says ,mr4 ,%ram1 !y are 9 dem&1 & z long z we c sell !m aga9 :5 pack$ & sweat$ to advantage we c af=d to pay a good price4 ,:5 suffici5t boxes are pack$1 !y are load$ 9 c>s & made up into tra9s exclusively load$ ) rais9s4 ,! v>i\s pack+-h\ses comb9e to d ?is4 ,g5]ally dur+ ! pack+ season two su* tra9-loads are s5t away e week1 ea* "o consi/+ ( f t5 to fifte5 c>s ( rais9s1 ea* c> conta9+ "o ?\s& boxes4 ,five hundr$ & ?irty su* c>s 7 %ipp$ f ,fresno la/ ye> 7#ahhi74 ,"s ( ! pack]s pack$ "o hundr$ ?\s& boxes ea*4 ,,rais9 ,,gr[]s ,,& ,,_! ,,v9ey>ds4 ,! foll[+ sket*es are int5d$ to convey to ^? n liv+ 9 ! rais9 di/ricts ( our ,/ate an idea ( ! m5 :o h made a specialty ( ! rais9 indu/ry1--m5 ?r\gh ^: exp]i5ces & intellig5t "w o!rs are n[ pr(it+4 ,:ile ! rais9 gr[]s & pack]s c n[ be c\nt$ by ! hundr$1 & :ile all ( !m h 9 "s way contribut$ to ! developm5t ( ! indu/ry1 & z su* des]ve to be m5tion$ 9 ! annals ( ?is indu/ry1 x has only be5 practicable to "h ref] to a few ( ! mo/ prom95t4 ,:]e exactly to draw ! l9e 0 n easy to decide1 & my int5tion has be5 n to slight or neglect any "o1 & %\ld any "o f9d himself omitt$ he %\ld acc\nt = x ?r\gh my ignorance ( real facts4 ,i %\ld especially h wi%$ to add to ^! %ort notes m ext5sive acc\nts ( ! "w & v9ey>ds ( ,r4 ,b4 ,bl[]s ( ,woodl&1 ( ! late ,g4 ,g4 ,briggs ( ,davisville1 & ( ,rob]t ,mc,pherson ( ,mc,pherson1 b ,i h n be5 able to procure ! necess>y data4 ,^! ?ree g5tlem5 h all greatly contribut$ to ! developm5t ( ! high /&+ ( ! rais9 indu/ry 9 ?is ,/ate4 ,g4 ,g4 ,,briggs4 ,mr4 ,briggs 0 ! fir/ l>ge rais9-gr[] 9 ! ,/ate1 & own$ v9ey>ds 9 bo? ,solano & ,yolo c\nties aggregat+ sev5 hundr$ acres or m4 ,subirrigation by means ( p]=at$ pipes1 9 :i* ! wat] 0 made to circulate "u pressure1 0 fir/ tri$ ext5sively 9 ,mr4 ,briggs' v9ey>d at ,davisville1 by :i* means ! grape crop 0 almo/ d\bl$4 ,lat] on ,mr4 ,briggs plant$ ext5sively 9 ! ,wa%+ton ,colony at ,fresno1 b he di$ be=e 8 v9ey>d !re came into be>+4 ,he is said to h import$ rais9 grapes direct f ,spa91 & a grape n[ gr[+ 9 ! v9ey>d ( ,g4 ,e4 ,freeman at ,fresno is said to be ( t v>iety4 ,x resembles ! ,muscat ( ,alex&ria 9 gr[?1 b ! b]ries are ^? ( ! ,gordo ,blanco4 ,mr4 ,briggs advis$ to give ! rais9-v9es m room1 & foll[+ 8 ideas sev]al v9ey>ds z well z 8 own 7 plant$ ) ! v9es t5 by sixte5 feet4 ,r4 ,b4 ,,bl[]s4 ,r4 ,b4 ,bl[]s ( ,woodl&1 ,yolo c\nty1 plant$ 8 fir/ v9es 9 #ahfc1 & produc$ 8 fir/ rais9s 9 #ahfg4 ,f #ahgj to #ahgc he plant$ ! pr9cipal "p ( 8 v9ey>d4 ,he 0 ! fir/ "o 9 ,cali=nia to d any really c>eful pack+1 & he may ju/ly be said to be ! fa!r ( ! rais9 indu/ry 9 ?is ,/ate4 ,mr4 ,bl[]s 0 ! fir/ to irrigate ! rais9-v9es by means ( pump+ & flood+1 = :i* purpose he con/ruct$ 8 aft]w>ds s fam\s well4 ,! fir/ successful rais9 dry] 0 inv5t$ & built by him at a "t :5 e "o else d\bt$ ! propriety & desirability ( dry+ grapes by artificial heat1 & ! dry] ?us con/ruct$ has nev] yet be5 surpass$4 ,"o ( ! *>act]i/ics ( ! ,bl[]s dry] 0 ! bl[] or suction fan1 by :i* means ! air 0 *ang$ 9 ! dry]1 ! moi/ air be+ suck$ out1 :ile dry air 0 all[$ to ru% 94 ,mr4 ,bl[]s improv$ ne>ly e bran* ( ! rais9 indu/ry1 & /udi$ e op]ation1 su* z pl[+1 irrigation1 cur+ & pack+1 m ?or\ghly ?an any "o ev] did be=e or has done aft] him4 ,mr4 ,bl[]s' rais9s 7 ! be/ 9 ! ,/ate at _! "t1 & :]ev] exhibit$ receiv$ ! fir/ premium4 ,at ! ,_w's ,fair at ,philadelphia1 !y receiv$ ! fir/ premium1 & attract$ mu* att5tion4 ,i may add t ,mr4 ,bl[]s is ! inv5tor or at lea/ ! p]fector ( ! 8face-d[n0 me?od ( pack+1 ! be/ me?od = pack+ rais9s4 ,mr4 ,bl[]s has publi%$ a %ort essay on rais9s1 ref]r$ to else:]e 9 ?is book4 ,,rob]t ,mc,p,h,e,r,s,o,n4 ,rob]t ,mc,pherson 0 = ,s\!rn ,cali=nia :at ,g4 ,g4 ,briggs & ,r4 ,b4 ,bl[]s 7 = ! ,nor!rn "p4 ,! ,mc,pherson v9ey>d ext5d$ once ov] #cfj acres ( l&1 & "o ye> he %ipp$ ov] "o hundr$ ?\s& boxes4 ,_m ( ! practical devices = irrigat+1 cur+ & pack+ rais9s n[ g5]ally 9 use 9 ! s\!rn "p ( ! ,/ate 7 inv5t$ by him4 ,! ,mc,pherson v9ey>d 0 situat$ 9 ,orange c\nty 9 ! s\!rn "p ( ?is ,/ate4 ,rob]t ,mc,pherson 0 c]ta9ly ! l>ge/ & mo/ prom95t rais9-gr[] 9 ,s\!rn ,cali=nia4 ,he is n[ no long] 9 ! bus9ess4 ,t4 ,c4 ,,:ite4 ,! 8,rais9a0 v9ey>d 0 ! fir/ ?or\ghly conduct$ rais9 v9ey>d 9 ,fresno4 ,x 0 plant$ by ,t4 ,c4 ,:ite 9 #ahgf1 '#gg & '#gh1 & f t "t gradually ext5d$ until x conta9$ "o hundr$ & tw5ty acres1 ( :i* sixty-five acres are 9 ,muscatel grapes ( ! v>iety kn[n z ,gordo ,blanco1 br\ght !re f ! ,bl[]s v9ey>d at ,woodl&4 ,! v9ey>d also conta9s "s ,se$less ,sultanas & ,:ite ,cor9?s4 ,! soil ( ! v9ey>d is :ite a%1 ! location two miles s\? ( ,fresno1 9 ! old ,c5tral ,cali=nia ,colony4 ,! soil is n[ p>tly subirrigat$4 ,t4 ,c4 ,:ite has done a great deal to develop & p]fect ! pack+ & cur+ ( rais9s1 & he has also giv5 mu* "t & /udy to ! o!r bran*es ( ! indu/ry1 su* z gr[+1 prun+ & cultivation4 ,?r\gh ! /udy ( ! import$ ,spani% rais9s1 z well z ( ^? produc$ by ,r4 ,b4 ,bl[]s1 ,mr4 ,:ite succe$$ 9 pack+ a v sup]ior br&1 :i* has nev] be5 surpass$ 9 ?is ,/ate4 ,! br&s pack$ at ! ,rais9a v9ey>d 7 z foll[s3 ,dehesa ,clu/]s1 ,london ,lay]s1 ,cali=nia ,lay]s1 ,loose ,muscatels1 & c>toons ( two & "o-half p\nds4 ,! l>ge/ pack at "o "t 0 ?irte5 ?\s& boxes ( tw5ty p\nds ea*4 ,9 ord] to 8face0 ! boxes accurately & rapidly1 ,t4 ,c4 ,:ite inv5t$ ! fac+-plate else:]e describ$ 9 ?is book4 ,exp]i5c+ consid]able difficulty 9 prop]ly fac+ 8 ,dehesas1 x occurr$ to him t a block or plate might be made ) cavities 9 :i* ! rais9s c\ld be plac$ quickly & )\t dang] ( be+ di/urb$4 ,8 idea 0 entirely orig9al1 & ! fac+ device z made by him is a p]fect ma*9e :i* has n be5 improv$ ^u4 ,?is device is n[ cov]$ by pat5ts4 ,9 pack+ ,t4 ,c4 ,:ite employ$ ! ,bl[]s' me?od1 or ! 8face-d[n0 me?od1 :i* he s improv$ ^u t x has n s9ce be5 excell$4 ,_m ( ! f9e po9ts 9 rais9 cur+ & pack+ 7 p]fect$ by him1 & ! rais9 indu/ry w always be b5efit$ by ! "w he has done4 ,bel[ ,i give a li/ ( ! premiums tak5 by ,t4 ,c4 ,:ite's rais9s at v>i\s fairs3 #ahhe1 silv] m$al & special fir/ premium = be/ rais9s at ! ,me*anics' ,fair 9 ,san ,francisco2 #ahhf1 fir/ premium & gold m$al at ! ,me*anics' ,fair 9 ,san ,francisco2 #ahhh1 fir/ premium & "o hundr$ doll>s = be/ rais9s at ! ,/ate ,fair4 ,same ye> !y receiv$ fir/ premium & gold m$al at ! ,fresno ,di/rict ,fair2 #ahhi1 fir/ premium at ! ,fresno ,di/rict ,fair4 ,,miss ,m4 ,f4 ,,au/94 ,! /ory ( ,miss ,m4 ,f4 ,au/9 & h] success ) ! ,h$ge ,r[ ,v9ey>d reads l a beautiful tale4 ,a s*ooltea*] by occupation1 ,miss ,au/9 possess$ _m prom95t qualities & elevat$ ideas1 among o!rs t horticulture %\ld become a bus9ess = wom5 z well z = m54 ,act+ ^u ^! ideas1 ,miss ,au/9 remov$ to ,fresno 9 #ahgh 9 company ) a lady fri5d & tea*]1 ,miss ,l4 ,h4 ,hat*1 & %e began imm$iately to improve h] ,h$ge ,r[ ,v9ey>d1 a "p ( :i* _h be5 plant$ two ye>s be=e by ,b]nh>d ,m>ks1 ! f\nd] ( ! ,c5tral ,cali=nia ,colony4 ,! v9ey>d 0 gradually ext5d$ until x conta9$ "o hundr$ acres1 ne>ly all 9 ,gordo ,blanco v9es4 ,miss ,au/9 mu/ be giv5 cr$it = hav+ improv$ ^u _m op]ations 9 ! v9ey>d & 9 ! pack+-h\se4 ,%e fir/ discov]$ t "u prop] conditions ! sulphur+ %\ld be done 9 ! fl[]s ( ! grapev9es4 ,by ?is me?od %e "o ye> l>gely increas$ h] crop ( grapes4 ,9 pack+ %e %[$ h] womanly ta/e & ref9em5t1 & n only succe$$ 9 produc+ sup]ior ,lay] & ,dehesa rais9s1 b made sev]al innovations 9 pack+ :i* to ?is day are imitat$4 ,among ^! we may m5tion ! pack+ 9 c>toons1 & 9 small ornam5t$ pap] bags1 :i* latt] 7 aga9 plac$ 9 pap] boxes4 ,miss ,au/9 & ,t4 ,c4 ,:ite 7 ! orig9ators ( fancy pack+ 9 ?is ,/ate4 ,! l>ge/ pack ( ! ,h$ge ,r[ ,v9ey>d 0 sev5ty-five hundr$ boxes1 :ile ! total ( "o ye>'s pack rea*$ sixte5 ?\s& boxes4 ,miss ,au/9 built ! fir/ rais9 dry] 9 ,fresno1 & demon/rat$ t ma*9e-dri$ rais9s 7 a success if n a necessity z reg>ds ! la/ crop4 ,! pluck & intellig5ce ( ,miss ,au/9 soon became ext5sively kn[n1 & _m 7 ! ladies :o1 imitat+ h]1 engag$ 9 horticulture & 9 ! rais9 indu/ry4 ,fresno c\nty & ! ,/ate at l>ge owe h] a debt ( gratitude = :at %e has done4 ,^? :o _h ! pleasure & honor ( h] fri5d%ip lo/ 9 h] a de> & fai?ful fri5d1 a brilliant & intellig5t companion1 & a p]son :o _h few equals 9 any pa? ( life4 ,,joseph ,t4 ,,goodman4 ,! own] ( ! ,floreal v9ey>d arriv$ 9 ,fresno 9 #ahgi1 & pur*as$ a !n already />t$ plantation1 :i*1 h[ev]1 he soon greatly remodel$1 enl>g$ & improv$4 ,mr4 ,goodman1 =m]ly "o ( ! brilliant newspap] m5 & lit]>y writ]s ( ?is coa/1 & publi%] ( ! ,t]ritorial ,ent]prise ( ,virg9ia ,city1 ,nevada1 has probably m ?an any o!r man /udi$ ! *>act]i/ics & requirem5ts ( ! rais9 grapes4 ,8 v9ey>d1 :ile n ! l>ge/1 is 9 our op9ion ! be/ c>$ = 9 ! ,/ate1 & newcom]s c\ld p]haps n d bett] ?an le>n f x4 ,x n[ comprises "o hundr$ & tw5ty acres1 mo/ly 9 ,gordo ,blanco4 ,= ! cur+ ( ! grapes1 ?irty ?\s& trays or m are ne$$1 :ile a sep>ate pack+-h\se & tray-%$ are prom95t features ( ! v9ey>d4 ,! l& 0 all level$ ) great c>e be=e plant+1 & e *eck c be flood$ if necess>y4 ,! soil is ! v ri*e/1 be+ ! *ocolate-color$ loam1 :i* 9 ,fresno is consid]$ ! be/ & /ronge/ soil = ,muscat grapes4 ,! location ( ! v9ey>d is ! old s9k ( ,r$ ,bank creek1 9 ! same di/rict :]e ,=sy?'s & ,butl]'s v9ey>ds are situat$4 ,z reg>ds plant+1 prun+1 sulphur+1 topp+ & o!r v9ey>d op]ations1 ,mr4 ,j4 ,t4 ,goodman is an au?ority f ^: v]dict !re is no appeal4 ,! ,floreal v9ey>d always be>s good crops1 :i* mu/ be exclusively attribut$ to ! c>e giv5 ! v9ey>d & to ! judgm5t ) :i* all op]ations !re are conduct$4 ,mr4 ,goodman has inv5t$ sev]al appliances = facilitat+ ! v9ey>d "w1 mo/ prom95t among :i* ,i may m5tion ! v9ey>d truck1 by ! means ( :i* ! exp5ses ( h>ve/+ & "s o!r v9ey>d labors are greatly r$uc$4 ,he also sugge/$ ! fac+-plate indep5d5tly ( ,t4 ,c4 ,:ite4 ,a4 ,b4 ,,butl]4 ,! l>ge/ rais9 v9ey>d 9 ,fresno c\nty or 9 ! ,/ate ( ,cali=nia1 z well z 9 ! _w1 is own$ by ,a4 ,b4 ,butl]4 ,! v9ey>d is situat$ ab\t ?ree miles s\!a/ ( ,fresno1 on ! s9k ( ,r$ ,bank4 ,x conta9s ab\t six hundr$ acres1 ne>ly all ( :i* is plant$ 9 ,muscat grapes ( ! ,gordo ,blanco & ,alex&ria v>ieties1 & a few ,sultanas4 ,! v9es are plant$ at v>i\s di/ances1 su* z t5 by sixte5 feet1 & six by twelve feet1 etc4 ,! prun+ is all 8l[ /&>d10 except ! ,sultanas1 :i* are /ak$ f\r feet high4 ,! only trees 9 ! v9ey>d consi/ ( two or ?ree av5ues ( fig & popl> int]sp]s$ ) fan palms1 :ile "s popl> trees l9e ! outside b\nd>ies ( ! v9ey>d4 ,! fir/ v9es 7 set 9 #ahgi1 & s9ce t "t ! plant+ has be5 c>ri$ on until ! :ole six hundr$ acres are n[ 9 v9es 9 full be>+4 ,mr4 ,butl] himself sup]9t5ds ! g5]al "w ( ! v9ey>d1 & dur+ ! pack+ "t c>efully wat*es ! pack+4 ,! latt] is accompli%$ 9 a l>ge build+ conta9+ pack+-rooms1 /or]ooms1 /eam dry]1 sep>ator1 box factory & /or]oom = labels4 ,! dry] has a capacity ( fifty tons *>ge ( gre5 fruit1 & is consid]$ "o ( ! be/ 9 ! ,/ate4 ,!re are two dry]s1 ! l>ge "o j m5tion$ & "o small]1 ( tw5ty-five tons capacity1 situat$ 9 ! c5t] ( ! v9ey>d4 ,! ,butl] rais9s are celebrat$ all ov] ! cont95t1 & are mo/ excell5tly pack$4 ,! labels us$ are v f9e & are manufactur$ to ord] 9 ,france4 ,! pr9cipal br& pack$ is 8,butl]'s ,clu/] ,rais9s40 ,mr4 ,butl] acquir$ mu* exp]i5ce 9 ,spa91 :]e he sp5t consid]able "t /udy+ ! rais9 bus9ess4 ,! output ( ! v9ey>d has be5 z high z "o hundr$ ?\s& boxes p] ye>4 ,simil> to ! o!r v9ey>ds 9 ?is di/rict1 ! soil ( ! ,butl] v9ey>d is among ! v be/ 9 ! c\nty1 all n[ subirrigat$4 ,mr4 ,butl] is ! l>ge/ pack] 9 ! ,/ate1 & 8 rais9s h ga9$ a cont95tal reputation4 ,z reg>ds ,spani% me?ods ( pack+1 ,mr4 ,butl] is bett] po/$ ?an any o!r pack] 9 ! ,/ate4 ,an int]e/+ essay on ,mr4 ,butl]'s exp]i5ces 9 ,cali=nia & 9 ,spa9 is publi%$ 9 mon?ly ,cali=nia = ,m>*1 #ahij4 ,! crop ?is ye> promises to be ( extra quality4 ,,william ,,=sy?4 ,! own] ( ! ,=sy? v9ey>d & ! produc] ( "o ( ! two f9e/ br&s ( rais9s 9 ?is ,/ate arriv$ 9 ,fresno 9 #ahha1 & plant$ 8 pres5t v9ey>d ( "o hundr$ & sixty acres 9 #ahhb & #ahhc4 ,! v9ey>d is situat$ 9 ! s9k ( ,r$ ,bank creek1 "s f\r miles ea/ ( ,fresno1 & consi/s ( heavy r$di% or *ocolate-color$ soil ( unusual ri*ness4 ,! v9es us$ are almo/ entirely ! ,gordo ,blanco v>iety1 ) a few ,sultanas4 ,! l& is all level$1 0 irrigat$ ! fir/ ye> only1 & is n[ subirrigat$ & dra9$1 requir+ no fur!r irrigation ( any k9d4 ,! v9es1 set eight by eight feet1 are prun$ l[1 & giv5 %ort spurs4 ,! outbuild+s consi/ ( a pack+-h\se1 & equaliz+ or sweat+ h\se comb9$1 ?irty-five by "o hundr$ & sev5ty feet4 ,a dry] ( late patt]n1 ) /eam boil]s & flues1 has a capacity ( =ty tons at a *>ge4 ,! h\ses = ! labor+ m5 z well z ! ,colonel's dwell+-h\se are mo/ elegant & complete1 & %[ ! c>e & ref9$ ta/e ( ! own]4 ,ov] fifty ?\s& trays = dry+ ! rais9s are us$ 9 cur+1 ! trays be+ ?ree feet squ>e1 l>ge en\gh to hold ?irty p\nds ( grapes4 ,! grove ( palms1 ornam5tal & %ade trees1 ! fl[]s & %rubb]y surr\nd+ ! ,colonel's home 9 ! c5t] ( ! v9ey>d1 are all models ( beauty & te/ify to ! culture & prosp]ity ( "o ( our =emo/ rais9-gr[]s4 ,! v9ey>d produces ye>ly f fifty to sixty ?\s& boxes ( tw5ty p\nds ea*1 ( ! highe/ quality ( rais9s4 ,! rais9s are rem>kable = _! high grade & ev5 pack+4 ,! br&s are3 ,=sy?'s ,imp]ial ,clu/]s1 ! 8,tig]0 br& & ! 8,=get-me-n0 br&4 ,dur+ ! pack+ & pick+ season "s two hundr$ & fifty h&s are employ$ daily 9 ! v>i\s dep>tm5ts1 all "u ! direct sup]vision ( ,colonel ,=sy? himself1 :o has ga9$ 8 exp]i5ce bo? by practical "w 9 ,cali=nia & by visits to ! rais9 di/ricts ( ,spa94 ,dur+ ! latt] he has ga9$ mu* exp]i5ce ab\t =eign me?ods1 :i* he has n be5 sl[ to apply 9 8 own bus9ess4 ,z reg>ds location1 ! ,=sy? v9ey>d is n surpass$ by any1 & z reg>ds appo9tm5ts x is ! mo/ complete & h&some e/abli%m5t t c be f\nd any:]e4 ,! ,=sy? rais9s excel 9 quality ( b]ry1 grade1 uni=mity ( size & 9 ! elegance & c>e ) :i* !y are pack$4 ,!y /& at ! head ( ! ,cali=nia rais9 product4 ,col4 ,=sy? has be5 appo9t$ ,commission] = ,cali=nia at ! ,_w ,fair 9 ,*icago1 #ahib4 ,a4 ,d4 ,,b>l+4 ,among our y\ng] rais9-gr[]s & pack]s1 ,mr4 ,a4 ,d4 ,b>l+ occupies a prom95t place4 ,a sket* ( 8 life & connection ) ! rais9 indu/ry is mo/ int]e/+4 ,he came to ! rais9 di/rict ) only a doll> 9 8 pocket4 ,to-day he is a weal?y gr[] & pack]1 ^: rais9 br& is among ! be/ 9 ! ,/ate4 ,mr4 ,b>l+1 =m]ly ( ,mi*igan1 0 educat$ at ,ann ,arbor4 ,9 #ahgc he left college & />t$ ,we/1 settl+ 9 ,m]c$ c\nty1 ,cali=nia4 ,!re he became connect$ ) ! ,f>m]s' ,canal ,co41 z _! *ief eng9e]1 :i* position he held = sev5 ye>s1 & 9 t capacity conduct$ ! wat] ( ! ,m]c$ riv] d[n to ,liv+/on on ! ,s4 ,p4 ,r4 ,r4 ,f ,m]c$ he w5t to ,mexico 9 ! employ ( ! ,mexican ,c5tral ,railroad1 b return$ to ,san ,francisco1 ,cali=nia1 9 #ahhb4 ,"h he _h *>ge ( ! con/ruction ( ! l>ge :>f at ,alam$a po9t1 !n be+ con/ruct$ by ! ,s4 ,p4 ,r4 ,r4 ,co4 ,becom+ tir$ ( work+ = a sal>y1 ,mr4 ,b>l+ w5t to ,fresno & r5t$ a lot 9 ! ,c5tral ,colony4 ,by d9t ( h>d "w1 n hav+ any capital at all to />t )1 he & 8 wife sav$ "o ?\s& doll>s1 ) :i* !y pur*as$ ! pres5t ,el ,modelo v9ey>d1 pay+ =ty-five doll>s p] acre = ! r\gh l& 9 #ahhe4 ,mr4 ,b>l+ & 8 wife w5t to "w ) a w & set out ! l& 9 ,muscat cutt+s1 b ?r\gh un=tunate & un=ese5 circum/ances all ! fir/ plant+ 0 lo/4 ,undaunt$ !y replant$ 9 #ahhf ) great success1 & to-day !y own "o ( ! f9e/ & be/-pay+ #aej-;acre v9ey>ds 9 ! c\nty1 hav+ ye>ly add$ new t]ritory to ! fir/ pur*ase4 ,la/ season !y pack$ sixte5 ?\s& boxes ( ,muscat rais9s1 & e/abli%$ ! ,el ,modelo br&1 :i* 9 ! m>ket is consid]$ second to none1 & :i* has e/abli%$ an enviable reputation = its pack]s4 ,?is ye>'s pack is e/imat$ to rea* fifty ?\s& boxes ( tw5ty p\nds ea*4 ,mr4 ,b>l+'s ?or\gh education & skill & exp]i5ce z an eng9e] has mat]ially contribut$ to 8 success4 ,he has also held ! position ( assi/ant ca%i] 9 ! ,fresno ,loan ,sav+s ,bank = ! la/ five ye>s4 ,,frank ,h4 ,,ball4 ,! ,ball ,v9ey>d adjo9s ! t[n ( ,fresno1 & is situat$ 9 ! ri* r$ l&s1 ! s9k ( old creeks4 ,! "o hundr$ & tw5ty acres 9 ,muscatels are among ! be/ c>$ = 9 ! di/rict4 ,mr4 ,ball possesses ! faculty ( do+ ! necess>y "w at ! "r "t & do+ x ?or\ghly4 ,! crop is annually sold 9 ! sweatboxes to pack]s 9 ,fresno ,city1 no rais9s be+ pack$ on ! v9ey>d4 ,mr4 ,ball is ! au?or ( an excell5t essay on rais9-grape gr[+ & cur+1 publi%$ 9 ! ,cali=nia = ,july1 #ahij4 ,8 me?ods ( culture & cur+ are ! be/1 & ! rais9s produc$ by !m are n surpass$ by any 9 ! ,/ate4 ,mr4 ,ball is "o ( our mo/ successful rais9-m54 ,,san ,,joaqu9 ,,valley ,,rais9 ,,pack]s1 #ahhi4 ,,"n4 ,,location4 ,,br&s4 ,,local ,,ag5ts ,,ea/]n ,,ag5ts ,,& ,,addresses4,,& ,,addresses4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,am]ican ,rais9,fresno4 ,eagle1 ,/>4 ,noble ,bros41 ,delafield1 ,co4 ,fresno4 ,mc,govern ,co41 ,*icago4 ,b>l+1 ,a4 ,d4 ,fresno4 ,el ,modelo1 ,t[ns5d1 ,delafield1 ,gold5 ,gate4 ,mc,govern ,mc,govern ,co41 ,san ,co41 ,*icago1 ,francisco4 ,new ,york & ,/4 ,l\is4 ,b>ton ,e/ate ,fresno4 ,peacock4 ,co4 ,butl]1 ,a4 ,b4 ,fresno4 ,butl]'s ,h4 ,m4 ,ne:all ,j4 ,k4 ,armsby ,clu/]4 ,co41 ,s4 ,f4 ,co41 ,*icago1 etc4 ,cal4 ,rais9 &,fresno4 ,seal1 ,eclipse4,williams1 ,c4 ,m4 ,webb] ,fruit ,co4 ,br[n ,co41 ,co41 ,*icago4 ,s4 ,f4 ,camp1 ,g4 ,w4 ,armona4 ,cook ,langley4,fresno4 ,horse%oe1 ,cook ,ariel ,lily1 ,eureka4 ,langley1 ,los ,me9ra?1 ,angeles4 ,kansas ,cy4 ,*icago4 ,cook1 ,h4 ,e4 ,fresno4 ,cook's4 ,s4 ,l4 ,jones ,co41 ,s4 ,f4 ,curtis ,fruit ,ole&]4,greyh\nd1 ,san,h4 ,m4 ,ne:all ,j4 ,k4 ,armsby ,co4 ,joaqu94 ,co41 ,s4 ,f4 ,co41 ,*icago1 etc4 ,=sy?1 ,fresno4 ,imp]ial1 ,t[ns5d1 ,delafield1 ,william ,tig]1 ,=get-,mc,govern ,mc,govern me-n4 ,co41 ,san ,co41 ,*icago1 ,francisco4 ,new ,york & ,/4 ,l\is4 ,f[l] ,fruit ,f[l]4 ,pride ( ,cal41,br[n ,may1 & ,rais9 ,comet4 ,fresno4 ,pack+ ,co4 ,fresno ,fruit ,fresno4 ,lion1 ,gold5 ,s*a*t1 ,rossit] ,rais9 ,co4 ,gate4 ,lemcke ,skidmore1 ,new ,/e9]1 ,s4 ,f4,york4 ,fresno ,rais9 ,ole&]4,am]ican ,flag4,br[n1 ,may ,co4 ,co41 ,fresno4 ,g\ld1 ,e4 ,h4 ,malaga4 ,olivet1 ,el ,d4 ,l4 ,beck ,u4 ,h4 ,dudley ,monte4 ,son1 ,s4 ,f4 ,co41 ,new ,york4 ,griff9 ,fresno4 ,griff9 ,griff9 ,delafield1 ,skelley4 ,skelley's4 ,skelley1 ,s4 ,f4,mc,govern ,co41 ,new ,york4 ,holton1 ,s4 ,b4 ,selma4 ,gold5 ,we/4 ,t[ns5d1 ,delafield1 ,mc,govern ,mc,govern ,co41 ,san ,co41 ,*icago1 ,francisco4 ,new ,york & ,/4 ,l\is4 ,leslie1 ,*as4 ,fresno4 ,lib]ty1 ,geo4 ,john ,h4,geo4 ,john ,royal4 ,leslie1 ,h4 ,leslie1 ,fresno4 ,*icago4 ,mau1 ,sadl] ,fresno4 ,si]ra ,p>k1 ,co4 ,p>rot4 ,mill]1 ,james4 ,fresno4 ,paige ,morton4,tul>e4 ,p4 ,m41 ,br[n,paige ,co4 ,morton1 ,s4 ,f4 ,reese1 ,j4 ,w4 ,fresno4 ,c>toons4 ,rodda ,f[l]4 ,maple ,p>k4 ,t[ns5d1 ,delafield1 ,nobmann4 ,mc,govern ,mc,govern ,co41 ,san ,co41 ,*icago1 ,francisco4 ,new ,york & ,/4 ,l\is4 ,viau1 ,n4 ,malaga4 ,viau's4 ,viau1 ,s4 ,p4 ,malaga4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,,lit]ature4 ,! lit]ature ( ! rais9 indu/ry is a v scant "o1 & z f> z ,i h be5 able to asc]ta9 n a s+le "w especially devot$ to ?is indu/ry has appe>$ 9 any language4 ,! v>i\s cyclop$ias conta9 articles on rais9s1 b !y are all m or less confus$ & unreliable1 & ( no great use to any "o :o wi%es only reliable in=mation1 & :o mu/ dep5d ^u ! same = practical purposes4 ,z reg>ds ,cali=nia1 mu* in=mation has be5 giv5 ab\t rais9 gr[+ & cur+ 9 almo/ e newspap] publi%$ 9 ! ,/ate4 ,to m5tion !m all w\ld be to enum]ate all ! pap]s ( ! ,pacific ,coa/4 ,i c "h ref] only to a few ( ! pr9cipal ones1 :]e ! /ud5t :o has "t & incl9ation to foll[ up ! subject may f9d mat]ial = a m detail$ hi/ory ( ! rais9 indu/ry ?an ! "o ,i h writt54 ,fir/ among ^! pap]s ,i mu/ m5tion ! ,pacific ,rural ,press1 edit$ by t di/+ui%$ horticulturi/1 ,pr(essor ,e4 ,j4 ,wickson1 & publi%$ by ,messrs4 ,dewey ,co4 ( ,san ,francisco4 ,9 ! files ( ?is weekly1 f #ahgc to ! pres5t "t1 #ahij1 may be f\nd scatt]$ _m int]e/+ articles ref]r+ to our subject4 ,a pap] contemporane\s ) x 0 ! ,san ,francisco ,m]*ant1 :i* conta9$ _m int]e/+ articles on rais9s & rais9 grapes1 especially dur+ ! p]iod f #ahha to #ahhg4 ,9 ! issues ( ! ,press & ,horticulturi/ ( ,riv]side1 ,san ,b]n>d9o c\nty1 ,cali=nia1 we f9d dur+ a s]ies ( ye>s occasional notes & articles ref]r+ to ! rais9 indu/ry ( t section ( ! c\ntry4 ,z reg>ds ! ,santa ,ana & ,orange c\nty di/rict1 ! ,anaheim ,gazette w prove ! mo/ reliable guide1 z record+ ! rise & decl9e1 &1 z we believe1 also ! revival1 ( ! rais9 indu/ry ( t section4 ,! ,yolo ,democrat & ! ,woodl& ,mail publi%$ at ,woodl&1 ,yolo c\nty1 h devot$ mu* space to ! rais9 indu/ry ( t section4 ,9 ,fresno c\nty ! ,fresno ,republican1 betwe5 ! ye>s #ahhb & #ahhg1 conta9$ weekly a sep>ate dep>tm5t = viticulture & horticulture edit$ by ! au?or ( ?is book1 & t pap] has ev] aft]w>ds devot$ mu* space to record+ ! progress ( ! rais9 indu/ry ( ! c\ntry4 ,! ,fresno ,expositor1 ! olde/ pap] 9 ,fresno c\nty1 has conta9$ mu* in=mation ab\t rais9 grapes & v9ey>ds s9ce #ahgc1 :5 ! fir/ rais9-v9es 7 plant$ 9 ! c\nty4 ,dur+ ! p]iod f #ahhh to #ahij1 ?is pap] conta9$ almo/ daily editorials ^u ! rais9 indu/ry1 mo/ly contribut$ by ?is au?or4 ,! ,cali=nia ,fruit ,gr[]1 a weekly horticultural pap] m5tion$ bel[1 has s9ce its beg9n+ a few ye>s ago made dri$ fruit its specialty1 & has conta9$ _m important articles on our indu/ry1 & 9 its columns may be f\nd ! mo/ reliable rais9 /ati/ics publi%$ 9 ?is ,/ate4 ,! ,san ,francisco ,exam9] conta9$ 9 #ahhh a s]ies ( articles on rais9s1 contribut$ by ?is au?or4 ,! ,san ,francisco ,*ronicle has f "t to "t giv5 mu* space to ! rais9 indu/ry1 & its horticultural editor1 ,george ,f4 ,weeks1 has mo/ ably contribut$ to ! dissem9ation ( k ab\t our ,cali=nia rais9s4 ,a special rais9 edition ( ?is pap] appe>$ ,febru>y #b1 #ahij4 ,ano!r ,san ,francisco pap]1 ! ,j\rnal ( ,comm]ce1 conta9s mu* in=mation z reg>ds rais9 /ati/ics & ! progress ( ! rais9 indu/ry g5]ally1 & its files may be consult$ ) mu* int]e/ & pr(it4 ,among ,ea/]n j\rnals ,i wi% only to call att5tion to ! ,fruit ,trade ,j\rnal publi%$ at ,new ,york up to date 7,june1 #ahij72 x conta9s weekly /ati/ics ( rais9 sales1 etc41 all ( great int]e/ to ! gr[] & pack]4 ,an important contribution to ! hi/ory ( ! rais9 indu/ry is ! "w by ,pr(essor ,e4 ,j4 ,wickson1--8,cali=nia ,fruits1 & ,h[ to ,gr[ ,!m40 ,x conta9s sev]al *apt]s on grapes1 mo/ consci5ti\sly writt5 & v reliable4 ,?is book w always rema9 z a /&>d "w ( ref]5ce ^u ! subject4 ,pr(essor ,e4 ,w4 ,hilg>d has dur+ a numb] ( ye>s publi%$ essays ^u topics relat$ to our indu/ry1 all mo/ valuable to ! practical gr[]4 ,!y are enum]at$ bel[4 ,i may also m5tion ! ,rural ,cali=nian1 publi%$ 9 ,los ,angeles4 ,x devotes f "t to "t "s space to ! rais9 indu/ry ( ! s\!rn "p ( ! ,/ate4 ,9 ! ,reports ( ! ,/ate ,bo>d ( ,horticultural ,commission]s w be f\nd sev]al pap]s ^u ! rais9 indu/ry1 all m5tion$ bel[4 ,simil>ly ! ,reports ( ! ,/ate ,bo>d ( ,viticultural ,commission]s conta9 sev]al important & v int]e/+ essays on rais9s1 etc41 :i* are duly m5tion$ bel[4 ,9 ^! reports we f9d articles by ,t4 ,c4 ,:ite & ,w4 ,b4 ,we/ & o!rs1 z well z int]e/+ discussions by gr[]s4 ,! ,cali=nia1 a j\rnal ( rural indu/ry1 :i* comm5c$ publication ?is ye> 7#ahij71 & is issu$ weekly & mon?ly1 makes ! rais9 indu/ry a specialty4 ,x has already conta9$ _m articles contribut$ by our mo/ successful gr[]s1 su* z ,a4 ,d4 ,b>l+1 ,t4 ,c4 ,:ite1 ,a4 ,b4 ,butl]1 ,frank ,ball1 ,wm4 ,=sy?1 etc41 & also by ?is au?or4 ,9 ! way ( illu/rations1 ,cali=nia is =tunate to possess a mo/ exquisite "w on grapes4 ,we ref] to ! v f9e color$ pr9ts ( ,cali=nia grape v>ieties publi%$ by ,edw>d ,bosqui4 ,among ! numb] are our ,muscat ( ,alex&ria & ,se$less ,sultana4 ,ea* "o ( ^! plates is a "w ( art1 ?an :i* !re is no?+ sup]ior produc$ any:]e4 ,bel[ foll[s an enum]ation ( books1 :i* to a great] or less degree ref] to ! rais9 indu/ry4 ,= access to _m ( !m ,i am indebt$ to ! k9dness ( ! proprietor ( ! ,sutro ,libr>y1 ,mr4 ,adolph ,sutro1 ( ,san ,francisco1 & to 8 libr>ian1 ,mr4 ,george ,moss4 ,,an/$1 ,d4 ,t43 ,ionian ,isl&s 9 #ahfc4 ,london1 #ahfc4 ,,arquimbau1 ,,john ,d41 ,unit$ ,/ates ,consul at ,d5ia3 ,rais9s 9 ,d5ia4 ,unit$ ,/ates ,consul> ,reports1 ,no4 #da1 pages #fha & #fhb4 #ahhd4 ,mr4 ,arquimbau is ! l>ge/ pack] 9 ,val5cia4 ,,audib]t1 ,,joseph3 ,les ,rais9s ,secs4 ,p>is1 #ahhd4 ,?is "w treats almo/ exclusively ( dri$ grapes import$ f ,turkey & ,greece to ,france = w9e-mak+4 ,,ball1 ,,frank ,h43 ,my ,"w 9 ! ,rais9 ,v9ey>d4 ,,ms4 to be publi%$ 9 ,cali=nia = ,july1 #ahij4 ,,b>l+1 ,a4 ,d43 ,culture & ,cur+4 ,9 ,vol4 ,i1 ,no4 #d1 ( mon?ly ,cali=nia1 a ,j\rnal ( ,rural ,indu/ry1 ,el ,v]ano1 ,cal42 also 9 same weekly ,no4 #ad1 ,april #ab1 #ahij4 ,,beauj\r1 ,f43 ,tableau du ,comm]ce de la ,grce4 ,p>is1 #ahhj4 ,,bl[]s1 ,r4 ,b43 ,report on ,rais9-mak+ 9 ,cali=nia4 ,fir/ ,annual ,report ( ! ,/ate ,bo>d ( ,viticultural ,commission]s4 ,san ,francisco1 #ahha4 ,pages #ac to #ae4 ,,borde1 ,,&rew3 ,brevi>y ( ,heal?4 #aedb4 ,,bullet91 ,,! ,,san ,,francisco3 ,publi%$ by ,messrs4 ,pick]+ & ,fit*1 ,san ,francisco4 ,! ,bullet9 0 ! fir/ ( ! l>ge ,san ,francisco pap]s to devote "t & space to ! horticultural & viticultural int]e/s ( ,cali=nia1 & its weekly issues betwe5 #ahge & #ahij h be5 full ( valuable in=mation ^u ^! subjects4 ,,cali=nia1 a ,j\rnal ( ,rural ,indu/ry3 ,publi%$ by ,! ,cali=nia ,company1 ,san ,francisco4 ,gu/av ,eis51 ,horticultural ,editor4 ,conta9$ a s]ies ( articles on ,rais9s1 by ! au?or1 comm5c+ ,janu>y1 #ahij1 to date 7,june1 #ahij74 ,,*amp91 ,,aim3 ,v9e ,graft+4 ,translat$ by ,j4 ,h4 ,:eel]1 9 ,second ,annual ,report ( ! ,*ief ,executive ,viticultural ,(fic] to ! ,bo>d ( ,/ate ,viticultural ,commission]s = ! ye> #ahhb-hc1 ,app5dix ,,iii4 ,sacram5to1 #ahhc4 ,,*ipman1 ,,g54 ,n4 ,p43 ,report ,^u ! ,fruit ,indu/ry ( ,cali=nia4 ,publi%$ by ! ,bo>d ( ,trade4 ,san ,francisco1 #ahhi4 ,,*ronicle1 ,,! ,,san ,,francisco3 ,publi%$ by ,m4 ,h4 de ,"y1 ,san ,francisco4 ,?is l>ge daily pap] conta9s 9 ! weekly & ,sunday issues mu* valuable in=mation ab\t horticultural subjects4 ,! issue ( ,feb4 #b1 #ahij1 0 especially devot$ to ! rais9 indu/ry1 & 0 mo/ ably edit$ by ,george ,f4 ,weeks1 its horticultural editor4 ,,colmet3 ,diction>y ( ! ,bible4 #ahch4 ,grapes ( ,es*ol1 se$less4 ,,coryat1 ,,?omas3 ,crudities4 ,london1 #aggf4 ,,davy1 ,,john3 ,notes & ,obs]vations on ! ,ionian ,isl&s & ,malta4 ,london1 #ahdb4 ,,directory ,,( ,,! ,,grape-,,gr[]s ,,& ,,w9e-,,mak]s ,,( ,,cali=nia2 compil$ by ! ,/ate ,bo>d ( ,viticultural ,commission]s ( ,cali=nia4 ,sacram5to1 #ahhh4 ,,dodo5s1 ,,remb]t 7,dodonaeus ,remb]tus73 ,hi/oire des ,plantes4 ,antw]p1 #aeeg4 ,,d[l51 ,e43 ,sev]al ,reports on ! ,my/]i\s ,v9e ,disease to ! ,/ate ,bo>d ( ,viticultural ,commission]s ( ,cal42 publi%$ 9 ! ,san ,francisco ,m]*ant & ,viticulturi/ dur+ #ahhi-ij4 ,^! reports ( c>efully conduct$ exp]im5ts are highly int]e/+4 ,,eis51 ,,gu/av3 ,rais9-grape ,gr[+4 ,a s]ies ( articles on ! ,gr[+1 ,cur+ & ,pack+ ( ,rais9 ,grapes4 ,publi%$ 9 ! ,san ,francisco ,exam9]1 bo? 9 ! daily & weekly1 dur+ ! mon?s ( ,septemb] & ,octob]1 #ahhh2 also a s]ies ( articles on ,rais9s1 9 ,cali=nia = #ahij4 ,,engli% ,,s\rces3 ,"u ?is head+ ,i h ref]r$ to a pamphlet on ,dri$ ,fruits1 by an unkn[n ,engli% au?or1 privately pr9t$ & circulat$4 ,! "p p]ta9+ to rais9s is v detail$ & conta9s mu* in=mation ( :i* ,i h made free use 9 ?is book4 ,x 0 k9dly plac$ at my disposal by ,mr4 ,?omas ,nelmes1 ( ,pasad5a4 ,! book be+ )\t title & ! au?or unkn[n1 ,i _c ref] to x 9 any o!r way4 ,! pamphlet appe>s to h be5 pr9t$ 9 #ahgf4 ,,exam9]1 ,,! ,,san ,,francisco3 ,publi%$ by ,w4 ,r4 ,he>/1 ,san ,francisco4 ,conta9$ dur+ ! mon?s ( ,sept1 & ,oct41 #ahhh1 a s]ies ( articles ^u ,rais9-grape ,gr[+ by ! au?or ( ?is book4 ,9 ,m>*1 #ahij1 appe>$ a special ,fresno numb]1 ) mu* in=mation ab\t ! rais9 indu/ry 7au?or unkn[n74 ,,f>l[1 ,w4 ,g43 ,on ! ,am]ican ,grapev9e ,mildew4 ,bullet9 ( ! ,bussey ,in/itution1 ,m>*1 #ahgf4 ,bo/on1 ,mass4 ,,gall[ay1 ,b4 ,t43 ,! ,j\rnal ( ,mycology4 ,publi%$ by ! ,u4 ,s4 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture1 ,wa%+ton4 ,sev]al volumes publi%$ 9 s]ial to date1 #ahij4 ,conta9s articles on ,grape ,fungi1 etc4 ,,grasset ,,de ,,sa9t ,,sauveur1 ,,jacques3 ,voyage dans les ,iles et ,possessions des ,v5eti5nes4 ,p>is1 #ahjj4 ,,groc] ,,& ,,c\ntry ,,m]*ant1 ,,! ,,san ,,francisco3 ,publi%$ by ,briggs & ,h>r+ton1 ,san ,francisco4 ,devotes mu* att5tion to rais9s1 z well z to o!r rural indu/ries ( ,cali=nia4 ,,hackluyt1 ,,ri*>d1 ,,rev43 ,pr9cipal ,navigations1 ,voyages & ,discov]ies made by ! ,engli% ,nation4 ,london1 #aehi4 ,,h>kness1 ,h4 ,w43 ,fungi on ! ,pacific ,coa/4 ,bullet9 ( ! ,cali=nia ,academy ( ,sci5ces4 ,vol4 ,,ii1 #ahhf to #ahhg4 ,san ,francisco1 #ahhg4 ,,h>tema1 ,,ludovicus ,,de3 ,9 ,hakluyt4 ,pr9cipal ,navigations1 ,soc4 ed41 p4 #gg4 ,m5tions se$less rais9s f ! ,t[n ( ,reame 9 ,arabia ,felix4 ,,heap1 ,g4 ,h41 ,unit$ ,/ates ,consul-,g5]al at ,con/ant9ople3 ,fruit ,culture 9 ,turkey4 ,unit$ ,/ates ,consul> ,reports1 ,no4 #da1 pages #gbf to #gdj4 #ahhd4 ,,hilg>d1 ,e4 ,w43 ,alkali ,l&s1 ,irrigation & ,dra9age1 etc4 ,univ]sity ( ,cali=nia1 ,college ( ,agriculture1 ,app5dix ,,vii1 ,report = ! ye> #ahhf4 ,sacram5to1 #ahhf4 ---- ,inve/igation ( ,cali=nia ,soils4 ,app5dix ,i1 ,report ( ! ,pr(essor 9 ,*>ge1 etc4 ,univ]sity ( ,cali=nia1 ,college ( ,agriculture4 ,sacram5to1 #ahhb4 ---- ,! ,rise ( ,alkali 9 ! ,san ,joaqu9 ,valley4 ,univ]sity ( ,cali=nia1 ,agricultural ,exp]im5tal ,/ation1 ,b]keley1 ,cal4 ,bullet9 ,no4 #hc4 ---- ,abnormal ,deposits on ,v9e ,leaves4 ,9 same4 ,bullet9 ,no4 #gj4 ---- ,my/]i\s ,dea? ( ,v9es4 ,same4 ,bullet9 ,no4 #gj4 ---- ,sulphur+ ( ,v9es4 ,same4 ,bullet9 ,no4 #ef4 ---- ,irrigation1 ,dra9age & ,alkali4 ,bullet9 ,no4 #ec4 ---- ,exam9ation ( ,tule1 ,m>% & ,alkali ,l&s4 ,bullet9 ,no4 #bh4 ,,le ,,brun 7or ,,bruyn7 ,,corneille3 ,voyage au ,levant1 ,delft1 #agjj4 ,m5tions se$less rais9s 9 ,p]sia4 ,,li?g[1 ,,william3 ,adv5tures & ,p]egr9ations4 #afad4 ,,locke1 ,,john3 ,hi/oire de la ,navigation4 ,p>is1 #agbb4 ,,m>/on1 ,h4 ,c41 ,unit$ ,/ates ,consul at ,malaga3 ,fruit ,culture 9 ,malaga4 ,unit$ ,/ates ,consul> ,reports1 ,no4 #da pages #fhb to #fhi4 #ahhd4 ---- ,malaga ,rais9s4 ,unit$ ,/ates ,consul> ,reports1 ,no4 #aj4 ,republi%$ 9 said ,reports1 ,no4 #da1 pages #fia to #fic4 #ahhd4 ,,mas ,,et ,,pullat3 ,le ,vignoble4 ,p>is1 #ahgf-gg4 ,on page #gc1 tome ,i1 we f9d a figure ( a ,muscat ( ,alex&ria ) r\nd b]ries1 & :i* und\bt$ly is ne>ly relat$ to ! ,gordo ,blanco4 ,x is n ! true ,muscat ( ,alex&ria4 ,z synonyms are giv5 ,gordo ,blanco & 7,don ,simon ,roxas is ref]r$ to z au?ority7 also ,uva ,zibeba4 ,! latt] is und\bt$ ! same z our ,muscat ( ,alex&ria4 ,ano!r synonym is ,muscatel ,romano1 :i* aga9 is only ano!r "n = ,gordo ,blanco4 ,! ,fr5* au?ors h und\bt$ly ev]y:]e conf\nd$ ! two v>ieties4 ,9 ! same "w1 page #ca1 tome ,i1 we also f9d ! ,:ite ,cor9? ref]r$ to z ! currant grape ( ,zante1 :i* is errone\s4 ,,moryson1 ,,fynes3 ,it9]>y1 conta9+ ,twelve ,ye>s' ,travels ?r\gh ,turkey1 ,france1 etc4 #afag4 ,,niebuhr1 ,,c>/5s3 ,description de l',arabie 7,trans1 f ,g]man74 ,cop5hague1 #aggc4 ,m5tions 8,ki%mi%0 se$less rais9s f ,arabia4 ,,n\veau ,,duhamel ou ,trait des ,arbres et ,arbu/es4 ,p>is1 #ahae4 ,on pl4 ,no4 #fe1 tome #g1 figures ,muscat d',alex&ria4 ,?is v>iety diff]s f our ,muscat ( ,alex&ria by hav+ ! b]ries less tap]+1 l ! 8,malaga40 ,on pl4 #gb1 tome #g4 !re is a figure ( ,:ite ,cor9?1 b ! bun* is too loose to be *>act]i/ic4 ,,pacific ,,rural ,,press3 ,edit$ by ,pr(4 ,e4 ,j4 ,wickson4 ,publi%$ by ,dewey ,co41 ,san ,francisco2 weekly4 ,x conta9s 9 its pages occasional ref]5ces to ! rais9 indu/ry4 ,! issue ( ,mays1 #ahgg1 conta9$ an article on ,huasco ,grapes ( ,*ile4 ,,pallas3 ,voyages dans pl4 ,prov9ces de l',empire de ,russie4 ,i1 b #ac1 8,ky%mi%0 se$less rais9 grapes f ,a/ra*an4 ,,pi]ce1 ,n4 ,b43 ,! ,my/]i\s ,v9e ,disease4 ,essay read be=e ! ,/ate ,horticultural ,conv5tion 9 ,los ,angeles1 ,m>*1 #ahij4 ,publi%$ 9 ,cali=nia1 a ,j\rnal ( ,rural ,indu/ry1 ,vol4 ,,iii4 ,no4 #ah1 pages #b & #c1 #ahij4 ,,pl9ius3 ,hi/oria ,naturalis4 ,lib4 xiv cap4 iv1 a1 m5tions rais9s su* z ,durac9 & ,am9eans2 cap4 ii1 b1 ,muscadella & ,api>i2 c1 ,cor9? 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#g1 #bb ,corone #bi ,cortez ( ,cadiz #h ,coryn! #g ,cos #ca1 #fg ,co/ ( ,val5cia ,rais9s #agf ,co/ ( ,v9ey>ds #bh1 #ce1 #aac ,cotton ,sacks #ea ,cov]+ #abc1 #ade ,c[dung #bg ,crimea #ch ,crock]-,huffman ,res]voir #ahh ,crop #dj1 #db1 #dg1 #ej1 #ed1 #afi ,cropp+ #gd ,cross-pl[+ #aae ,cr[1 ,l4 ,c4 #bi ,crusades #aa1 #bc ,cucamonga #dh ,cull]a #ae ,cultivation #aae1 #aca ,cur+ #ah1 #bg1 #cj1 #cc1 #cg1 #ed1 #eh1 #acc1 #aea ,currants #f1 #aj1 #bb1 #ajf1 #aji1 #aaj1 #aaa1 #agh ,cutt]-sl$s #aaf1 #aca ,cutt+s #agi ,damage to ,rais9s #fa ,davy1 ,dr4 #fa ,dehesa ,rais9s #g1 #i1 #ac1 #ae1 #hg1 #ij ,deilephila #ajj ,delano #de ,delmas1 ,a4 & ,d4 ,m4 #ch ,d5ia #i1 #ae1 #af ,dibble #acj ,dipp$ ,rais9s #f1 #aj1 #ai1 #cc1 #adi ,discoloration #aci ,diseases #af1 #gc1 #ic ,dispos+ ( ,crop at ,d5ia #bj ,di/ances ( ,v9es #ac1 #ah1 #be1 #cj1 #df1 #ajd ,dodo5s #g ,d\ble ,pl[ #aad ,d[l51 ,e4 #ig ,d[ny ,mildew #ie ,dra9age #hd ,dri$ ,grapes #aj ,dry]s #adg ,dry+ #ad1 #bj1 #bb1 #cc1 #cg1 #eh1 #acc1 #aci1 #aea ,dry+ ,floors #ad1 #adf1 #adg ,dry+ 9 ! ,%ade #aj ,dry ,season #fj ,durac9 #bb ,duty #agg1 #agh ,eis5 ,v9ey>d #ch ,el ,cajon #ci1 #ee1 #fb1 #fc1 #acd1 #aie1 #aif ,el*e #ae ,elem ,rais9s #aj ,elevat+ ! ,trays #adb ,equality ,price #ba ,equaliz+ #afb ,erodium #ii ,ery?roneura #db1 #ih ,escondido #ei ,e/remadura #h ,etiw&a #dh1 #eb ,exhau/+ ! ,soil #gf ,exports #bb1 #cd1 #aae1 #agf ,ext5t ( ,di/rict #ae1 #cj1 #de ,fac+ #aeg1 #afj ,fall ,ra9s #fj ,f>o ,rais9s #aj ,feh] ,szagos #ib ,f]tiliz+ #ge ,figliatra #bi ,figs #agg1 #agh ,fill+ #aff ,f9e/ ,dehesa #ae ,fir/ ,crop #ace ,flat ,/ack+ #adc ,flavor #ij ,flood+ #ha ,floreal ,v9ey>d #hi ,fogs #df1 #ff ,foll[] #aeg ,=eign ,di/ricts #aj ,=sy?1 ,wm4 #ci1 #bab1 #baf ,f[l] #de1 #bad ,frames #aef ,freeman1 ,george ,a4 #hi ,fresno #ci1 #dd1 #acd1 #ahd1 #ahe1 #ahf1 #ahg ,fro/ #fc ,furr[+ = ,irrigation #hb ,g&ia #af1 #bb ,g>galiano #bi ,ga/uni #bi ,gila ,riv] ,valley #ei1 #acd ,glaub] ,salt #gc ,goodman1 ,j4 ,t4 #ci1 #hh1 #baa ,gordo ,blanco #ac1 #de1 #ej1 #hg1 #hh ,g\ld1 ,e4 #da ,grad+ #aea1 #aec1 #afd ,graft+ #be1 #aag ,graham1 ,george #ba ,grasset1 ,/4 ,sauveur #bc ,gras%opp]s #ajb ,great ,reasons #e ,grecian ,isl&s #i1 #gd ,gridley #dd ,groc]s ,company #f ,guadalavi> #ah ,gypsum #gc1 #ge ,hakluyt #bc1 #bd ,happy ,valley #dd ,h>asz?y1 ,a4 #ch ,h>dpan ,soils #gj1 #ga ,h>kness1 ,w4 ,h4 #ie1 #if1 #ig ,h>r[+ #agi ,heal? ( ,v9es #gi ,heap1 ,g4 ,h4 #cd1 #fg ,heat = ,dry+ #aci ,highl&s #dh ,hilg>d1 ,e4 ,w4 #baf ,hi/orical #e1 #bb ,hoe+ #aag1 #aca ,holl& #g1 #bi ,huasco ,rais9s #cf1 #hi ,hurdles #fa ,ideal ,conditions #fg ,imbat #ca ,imp]ial ,clu/]s #dg ,imp]ial ,dehesa #ae ,importation #cj1 #ch1 #agi ,injury to ,rais9s #fe1 #aci ,insect ,pe/s #ic ,ionian ,isl&s #bc1 #bf1 #fa ,irrigation #ag1 #ah1 #cg1 #di1 #ed1 #fj1 #gg1 #he ,italian ,rais9s #cf ,i?aca #bd1 #bi ,jabea #af ,jackson1 ,byron #aej ,jalon #af ,j>aco #af ,j]rea #af ,juc> ,riv] #ah ,kalamata #bi1 #cj ,k>ab\rn\ #ca ,kaweah ,riv] #df ,kells1 ,r4 ,c4 #aba ,k]n #de1 #df1 #acd ,kettles #aej ,kyp>issia #bi ,label+ ,press #aeg ,labels #afi ,labor #ae ,labors ( ! ,ye> #abd ,la ,man*a #ad1 #fe ,l& ,scrap] #aje ,l& ,pla/] #gc ,l>ge ,black ,rais9s #ce ,l>ge ,r$ ,rais9s #ce ,latitudes #fj ,lea*+ #gc ,leaf-hopp] #db1 #eg1 #ih ,leon #h ,lepanto #bc1 #bi ,l]do #de ,levante #fe ,lev]-press #aee ,lexias #i1 #aj1 #ae ,ligudi/a #bi ,limits ( ,rais9 ,di/ricts #fj ,lip>i #i1 #bb1 #cf ,lit]ature #bae1 #baf1 #bag1 #bah ,li?g[ #bd ,lixivium #i ,location #ab1 #fj ,locke1 ,j4 #bc ,london ,lay]s #ae ,longevity ( ,v9es #gj ,loose ,rais9s #ba1 #aeh ,lye #ai1 #adi ,lye-dipp$ #i ,lyeomet] #cd ,ma*9e-dri$ ,rais9s #i ,madeira #id ,mad]a #de ,magnesium ,*loride #gc ,malaga #g1 #i1 #ab1 #ae1 #ia1 #acd1 #agf ,malaga 7,cal47 #de ,mai ,n]o #fd1 #ih ,m>k+ out ,v9ey>d #aje ,manilla ,pap] #aeh1 #ahj ,manur+ #ac ,m>bella #ab ,mc,pherson ,bros4 #ci1 #ee ,mc,pherson1 ,rob]t #bji ,m$it]ranean ,bas9 #aa ,m]c$ #de1 #df1 #ahb ,m]9o #h ,me/a #h ,mildew #ic ,mirabelle ,v9ey>d #cj ,mission ,v9es #ih ,missolonghi #bi ,mod]n ,rais9 ,di/rict #aa ,modone #bi ,moi/ure #ed1 #ff ,morea #bc1 #bg1 #bi ,moryson1 ,fynes #bd ,moors #g1 #af1 #bb ,moss1 ,geo4 #baf ,murcia #h ,musca #g ,muscatels #f1 #g1 #h1 #i1 #aj1 #ae1 #dc1 #hg ,muscat ( ,alex&ria #af1 #ej1 #eg1 #hg1 #hh ,mussel ,sl\gh #dd ,nail+ #afg ,na?aligo #bd ,nauplia #bi1 #cj ,naxos #bc ,neglect$ ,v9es #acg ,nice1 ,climate ( #ab ,nisi #bi ,nor!rn ,rais9 ,di/ricts #dc ,nor?1 ,j4 ,w4 #ci1 #eb ,(f-/alk #ba ,oidium #ic ,ole&] #bad ,olive ,oil #aej ,olivo #af ,olympia #bi ,ond>a #af ,on-/alk #ba ,ont>io #dh1 #eb ,orange ,c\nty #ci1 #eb1 #ade1 #adf1 #ahi ,orl& #dd ,pack+-frames #aef ,pack+-h\se #aec1 #bje1 #bjf1 #bjg1 #bad ,pack+ ,rais9s #ad1 #bj1 #aea1 #afj1 #afd ,pal]mo #dd ,pantell>ia #cf ,pap] #aeh ,pasas #bb ,pa/ure ,l&s #h ,patras #bd1 #bi ,p$regu] #af ,p]gos #bi ,p]onospora #ie ,petrasso #bd ,philampelus #ajj ,phnician #af ,pick]s #acg ,pick+ #ace1 #ahj ,pi]ce1 ,n4 ,b4 #ig ,plac] ,c\nty #dc ,plant+ #ah1 #be1 #da1 #ec1 #ajd ,plant+-b> #hh1 #acj ,pl[+ #aad ,pl[s #aca ,portugal #ae ,p[d]y ,mildew #ic ,prep>+ ,l& #be ,presses #aee ,prices #cd1 #ch #eb1 #eh1 #aae1 #agj1 #agi ,prod5ia #aja ,production #bb1 #cd ,pr(its #ea1 #ee1 #ec ,prun+ #ac1 #ah1 #bf1 #dg1 #abd1 #abh1 #aca1 #ahj ,pup #ajj ,pylia #cj ,pylos #bi ,quality ( ,rais9s #ah1 #eg1 #gi ,racemus #e ,radiator #adg ,ra9 #ab1 #cb1 #ee1 #fa ,rais9 ,di/ricts #aj ,rais9 ,grapes #hg ,rais9 ,pack]s #bad ,rais9s #e ,rais9s1 ,import ( #agh ,rais9 ,v9ey>ds #cj1 #ch1 #ajd ,rays9s ( ,corauntz #bc ,reasons #e ,r$ ,currants #ia ,r$d+ #dd ,r$l&s #dh1 #bjb1 #bjc1 #bjd ,r$ ,rais9s #agf1 #agg ,r$ ,spid] #ajj ,retoria #af ,rev]s+ #ada ,reys9 #e ,r++ ! ,bran*es #bg1 #abc ,r9s+ #aej ,rip5ess #ace ,rip5+ #ca1 #cc1 #ej ,riv]side #ci1 #dh1 #acd1 #aii1 #bjj1 #bja ,rob]ts1 ,lewis #bb ,ronda #ab ,ro(-/ack+ #adc ,root$ ,v9es #ajf1 #aab1 #agi ,root-prun+ #abi ,ros$ale #de ,ros9e #e ,ross1 ,newton #ea ,rott]dam ,colony #ahb ,royal1 ,f9e/ ,dehesa #ae ,sac*>9e #acd ,salt #gc ,salt ,riv] ,valley #acd ,samos #ca ,san ,b]n>d9o #ci1 #dh ,san ,diego #ee1 #aib ,s&y ,soils #gj ,sang] #de ,san ,joaqu9 ,valley #dd1 #aha ,santa ,ana #ad1 #eb1 #ee1 #acd1 #ade1 #aij ,santa ,maura #bd1 #bi ,scald+ #ai ,scales #aed ,seabreezes #ca ,secad]o #ai ,second ,crop #acf ,se$less ,grapes #i1 #ij ,seepage #hd ,selma #de1 #bad ,sequ]o #ad ,%a/a ,c\nty #dd ,%eep's-foot #hh1 #acj ,slant+ ! ,trays #adb ,smirna #i ,smyrna ,rais9s #aj1 #cj1 #agf ,soils #ab1 #af1 #be1 #cg1 #da1 #de1 #di1 #ec1 #ef1 #fj1 #fg1 #fh1 #fi1 #gj ,solano #da ,solis #i1 #aj ,spades #aca ,spr+ ,fro/ #fd ,spr+ ,ra9 #fj1 #fb ,/abl]1 ,b4 ,g4 #hi ,/ack+ #adb1 #add ,/an*io #ca ,/ation]s ,company #f ,/ati/ics #afi ,/ems #acf ,/emm+ #aea1 #aed1 #aeh1 #ahj ,/ev5s1 ,w4 ,e4 #cb1 #ce1 #fa ,/ock = ,graft+ #aba ,/r5tzel1 ,dr4 ,j4 #ach ,subirrigation #hc ,subsoil #gj ,suck]+ #abi ,sulphates #gc ,sulphur+ #dg1 #aba1 #aca1 #ahj ,sultana ,rais9s #f1 #i1 #aj1 #de1 #ace1 #agg ,summ] ,prun+ #abh ,sun-dri$ ,rais9s #i1 #aj ,surface ,wat] #dh ,sutro1 ,adolph #baf ,sutro ,libr>y #baf ,sutt] ,c\nty #dc ,sweatboxes #adh1 #ahj ,sweat-h\se #aec ,sweat+ #afb ,sweetwat] ,valley #ee1 #ei ,tak+-up #adc ,tehama ,c\nty #dd ,temp]ature #ca1 #dh ,t]ral #ah ,!rmalito #dd ,?9n+ ! ,grapes #abc ,?ompson ,se$less #aj1 #dc1 #ia ,t9 ,boxes #aeh ,tools #ajf1 #acj ,tray-cat*] #adj ,trays #bj1 #adh1 #aef1 #aeg ,trie/e #bi ,trifylla #cj ,trimm+ #afg ,trucks #aca1 #acg1 #aeg1 #afj ,tul>e #de1 #bad ,turki% ,rais9s #ib ,turn+ #adj1 #ahj ,ty+-ov] #abb ,tyra #ca ,unc9ula #ic1 #id ,uva ,alex&ria #aa ,uva ,api>i #g1 #aa ,uva ,musc #aa ,uva ,passa #bf ,uva ,zibeba #aa ,val5cia rais9s #i1 #aj1 #ae1 #ba1 #age1 #agf ,v>ieties ( ,grapes #ac1 #ce1 #cg ,velez ,malaga #h ,v5etians #f ,v]gel #af ,villa ,joyosa #ae ,v9e ,plague #if ,vo/izza #bd1 #bi ,v\rla #ca1 #agf ,w>d1 ,c4 ,t4 #hi ,we$-cutt] #aaf ,weeks1 ,george ,f4 #baf ,weigh+ #afd ,we/1 ,w4 ,b4 #baf ,:ite ,cor9?s #de1 #ia ,:ite1 ,t4 ,c4 #ch1 #abb1 #aef1 #bji1 #baj1 #baf ,wickson1 ,e4 ,j4 #baf ,w9ds #fe ,_w's ,production #agg ,y]ly #ca1 #agf ,yield #ac1 #ee ,yolo #da ,yuba #dc ,zante #bc1 #bi ,zea #fg ,additional ,notes = #ahij4 ,! fir/ crop suff]$ consid]ably f mildew & climatic conditions unfavorable to ! sett+ ( ! grapes4 ,! second crop1 h[ev]1 is l>ge & v good1 & altoge!r ! yield is a satisfactory "o4 ,! prices h rul$ high] ?an be=e & rais9s 9 sweatboxes h be5 contract$ = readily at f #e to #f c5ts p] p\nd or ev5 high]4 ,w9e grapes dri$ "h sold = #c to #d c5ts p] p\nd1 & ,malaga & ,feh]szagos rais9s h br\ght f #d to #e c5ts4 ,no su* prosp]\s ye> has be=e be5 exp]i5c$ by ! rais9 m5 ( ?is ,/ate1 & reports come 9 t _m gr[]s are realiz+ f #bej to #dej p] acre f v9es 9 full be>+4 ,! wea!r all ?r\gh ! summ] has be5 unusually temp]ate & ?us v favorable to ! full developm5t ( ! grapes1 & s f> ! dry+ wea!r has be5 v favorable = ! prop] cur+ ( ! rais9s4 ,_m new pack+ h\ses h be5 e/abli%$1 & ! crop is be+ bett] c>$ = ?an 9 previ\s ye>s4 ,! heal? & g5]al condition ( ! v9es is bett] ?an x 0 la/ ye> & ! v9e plague is less virul5t1 & accord+ to "s reports ev5 on ! retrograde4 ,! dem& = ! rais9 product has nev] be5 z l>ge z n[ & !re w app>5tly be no surplus left ov]1 z ! dem& is rapidly increas+4 ,! above ref]s especially to ! c5tral "p ( ! ,/ate1 to ,m]c$1 ,fresno1 ,tul>e & ,k]n c\nties1 :]e ! prosp]\s season w enc\rage increas$ plant+4 ,9 ,s\!rn ,cali=nia ! crop w be fair bo? 9 quality & quantity4 ,9 ,el ,cajon valley x is report$ z v good1 & z be+ "o-half l>g] ?an la/ ye>4 ,prices "h rul$ to beg9 ) at f #d to #e c5ts b rose rapidly to #e & #f c5ts 9 sweatboxes4 ,! duty on rais9s has ?is fall be5 rais$ f #b c5ts to #b c5ts p] p\nd1 :i* insures an additional pr(it to ! rais9 m54 99 99 99 99 99 ,ra9-fall ( #ahhi-ij4--,! ra9-fall ( #ahhi-ij 9 ! ,c5tral & ,nor!rn rais9 di/ricts ( ,cali=nia 0 z foll[s3 ,oct4,nov4,dec4,jan4,feb4,m>4,apr4,may4, total4 ---------------------------------------- ---- ,fresno#c4aja4dcc4hjb4af 4#fe 4#ib 4#bi 4#beab4fj ,tul>e#d4ag 4#dcb4fjb4ge 4#gd 4#ha 4#bb 4#bjaa4ib ,k]n #b4jd 4#bba4gea4bj 4#af 4#bd 4#jf #e4fg ,yolo #h4adc4jdi4fbf4cfc4fic4cea4fjb4bacg4da ,yuba #e4hgc4gci4jad4ddd4fef4gaa4heb4eech4ha ,! above figures are f ! 8tables ( ra9fall 9 ! pr9cipal agricultural c\nties0 ( ,cali=nia1 compil$ & publi%$ by ,alb]t ,montpeli]1 ,esq41 ,manag] ( ! ,grang]s' ,bank1 ,san ,francisco1 b no report is made ( ! ra9-fall 9 ! c\nties ( ,san ,b]n>d9o & ,san ,diego1 & /ati/ics ( ^? c\nties are n at h&4 99 99 99 99 99 ,duty on ,rais9s4--,! revis$ t>iff ( #ahij makes ! duty on import$ rais9s #b c5ts p] p\nd1 an increase ( c5t on ! old s*$ule4 ,currants1 ,zante & o!rs1 are n[ on ! free li/ & pay no duty4 ,,rais9 ,,boxes1 ,,rais9 ,,trays1 ,,sweat ,,boxes4 ,,k+s ,,riv] ,,lumb] ,,co41 ,,sang]1 ,,fresno ,,c\nty1 ,,cal4 ,san ,francisco ,(fice1 #aji ,cali=nia ,/41 ,san ,francisco1 ,cali=nia4 ,manufactur] ( & ,:olesale & ,retail ,deal] 9 all k9ds ( ,lumb]1 ,boxes1 ,doors1 ,sa%1 ,bl9ds & ,m\ld+s4 ,?is ,company has at ,sang] ! be/ appo9t$ ,box ,factory1 ,door1 ,sa% & ,bl9d ,factory & ,plan+ ,mill 9 ! ,/ate4 ,special ,mill ,"w ( all k9ds ,e/imat$ on & ,furni%$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,boxes ,,all ,,k9ds ,,( ,,boxes ,,manufactur$ ,,& ,,9 ,,any ,,quantity ,,rais9 ,,& ,,orange ,,boxes ,a ,,specialty4 ,?is ,company manufactures1 at its works at ,sang]1 ,rais9 ,boxes ( all sizes f ! v be/ ( ,sug> ,p9e1 cut f its own l&s1 :i* = quality ( mat]ial1 p]fection ( workman%ip & pr9t+ h no equal4 ,,! ,,company ,,has ,,at ,,all ,,times ,,9 ,,/ock ,,& ,,= ,,sale ,,lumb] ,,( ,,all ,,descriptions1 ,,grape ,,/icks1 ,,po/s1 ,,%+les1 ,,%akes1 ,,pickets ,,& ,,la?4 ,,ord]s ,,solicit$ ,,& ,,promptly ,,execut$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,illu/ration3 ,,wat] ,,t[] ,,at ,,lake ,,yosemite4 ,,yosemite ,,colony4 ,?is ,colony is two miles f ,m]c$ ,city1 ,cali=nia4 ,m]c$1 f its f9e f\nta9s1 is n[ kn[n z 8,! ,f\nta9 ,city40 ,x is ! c\nty seat ( ,m]c$ ,c\nty4 ,! ,s\!rn ,pacific ,railroad1 a transcont95tal l9e1 passes ?r\gh ?is place1 f ,san ,francisco to ,new ,york4 ,! ,oakdale ,l9e f ! nor? also />ts f ,m]c$ ,city1 giv+ direct communication by rail ) ,sacram5to ,valley1 ,oregon1 ,wa%+ton1 & all po9ts nor?4 ,m]c$ ,city is ! ne>e/ po9t 9 ! ,san ,joaqu9 ,valley to ! great ,yosemite ,p>k1 & comm&s ! only passable railroad r\te to ?is 8,_w's ,greate/ ,wond]40 ,m]c$ ,city also lies 9 a direct l9e f ,yosemite1 ?r\gh ,pa*eco ,pass1 9 ! ,coa/ ,range1 to ,del ,monte1 on ! ,bay ( ,mont]ey4 ,^! great natural advantages are n[ be+ develop$ on a scale comm5surate ) nature's own great gifts4 ,! l>ge/ & mo/ co/ly irrigat+ canal 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates has be5 complet$1 & is n[ dis*>g+ ! cry/al sn[ wat]s1 fre% f ! ,yosemite ,falls1 into ,lake ,yosemite1 "o mile f ?is colony4 ,?us we f9d ourselves 9 ! possession ( a comb9ation ( nature & art1 :i* pres5t advantages 9 climate1 heal?1 wat] privileges1 weal? ( soil & _! productions :i* are n z fully possess$ by any o!r locality 9 ,cali=nia4 ,&1 z an endur+ cr[n to our prosp]ity1 we po9t to ! late ,act ( ,congress ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 sett+ ap>t ! ,yosemite ,p>k1 ) h] giant ,sequoia & sug>-p9e =e/s1 insur+ & p]petuat+ ! annual sn[ & ra9 on ! wat]%$ ( our canal sy/em4 ,! ,yosemite ,colony conta9s ab\t #e1jjj acres1 & is beautifully situat$ by ! side ( ,lake ,yosemite1 & b\nd$ on ! nor? by ! f9e ,colony ( ,rott]dam4 8,! ,yosemite0 0 ! fir/ colony subdivid$ & plac$ on ! m>ket aft] ! p]fection ( our irrigat+ sy/em1 two ye>s ago2 & a l>ge ma9 dit* 0 !n br\ght by ! proprietor f ,lake ,yosemite to & ?r\gh ^! l&s4 ,"y ,orange ,groves1 ,almonds1 ,prunes & ,apricots1 ,figs1 ,pomegranates1 ,pea*es1 etc41 etc41 h already be5 plant$2 also sev]al f9e "y ,rais9 ,v9ey>ds1 ( only two ye>s' gr[?1 :i* ?is autumn produc$ rais9s ( ! mo/ sup]ior quality4 ,! soil is f f\r to twelve feet 9 dep?1 ) "u /rata ( heavy1 ri* clay1 :i* w always insure an abundance ( moi/ure1 :5 ) prop] irrigation4 ,^! l&s are all free f alkali1 & ab\t "o-half ( !m situat$ on ! ri*1 alluvial pla92 ! o!r half are g5tly roll+1 & ext5d into ! r$ gravelly soils1 s mu* priz$ = ,olives1 ,oranges1 ,lemons1 ,w9e ,grapes & ,/rawb]ries1 :ile ! l[] levels are especially priz$ = ! fam\s ,muscat ,rais9 ,grape1 z well z = ! ,prune1 ,almond1 ,pe>1 ,apricot1 ,alfalfa & ,vegetables4 ,m]c$ ,city1 situat$ "o hundr$ & fifty miles f ,san ,francisco by rail1--"o hundr$ miles f ! coa/1--9 ! c5t] ( ! ,san ,joaqu9 ,valley1 is also ! exact geographical c5t] ( ! ,/ate--nor?1 s\?1 ea/ & we/4 ,we are n (f]+ y l& t has n be5 ?or\ghly te/$ to produce :at we adv]tise4 ,nei!r are we (f]+ y hog wall[s1 salt grass & alkali flats2 b we (f] y a block out ( "o ( ! ri*e/ fields ( ,cali=nia4 ,z to heal?1 we *all5ge ! :ole _w to surpass u4 ,our locality is free f mal>ia2 & fogs 9 summ] & autumn are unkn[n 9 ?is dry & equable climate4 ,n only is our locality free f fog1 & fann$ by ! g5tle invigorat+ sea-breezes f ! s\? & s\?we/1 b we are protect$ f ! h>%1 desiccat+ nor?we/ w9ds1 (f]+ a retreat to ! weak & ail+2 & its ri* & attractive location contributes greatly to its *>ms4 ,= sc5ic beauty x has b few1 if any1 sup]iors 9 ,cali=nia4 ,/&+ at ! lake1 or on any o!r elevat$ po9t on ! ,colony1 a mo/ inspir+ panorama is pres5t$ to ! eye4 ,! vision rea*es "o hundr$ & fifty miles s\? & ea/1 & takes 9 ! ev] sn[-capp$ ,si]ra ,nevada2 !nce s\? & s\?we/ we foll[ ! long blue l9e ( ! ,coa/ ,range to ! ,mt4 ,diablo1 "o hundr$ & ?irty miles to ! nor?we/1 9 ! vic9ity ( ,san ,francisco4 ,look+ to ! nor? & ea/1 y see loom+ up ! gr& ,si]ra ,nevada1 ) its mantles ( p]petual sn[1 seem+ly s ne> 9 ! pure air t1 al?\gh x is "o hundr$ miles to ! summit1 /rang]s are almo/ tempt$ to quit ! gre5 colony fields & visit !m z an aft]noon /roll4 ,a f9e s*ool-h\se has be5 erect$ on ! ,colony1 at a co/ ( #e1jjj1 & is n[ 9 good work+ ord]4 ,trees ( "o & two ye>s' gr[? bord] mo/ ( ! av5ues1 includ+ ,palms1 ,locu/1 ,olive1 ,magnolia1 ,eucalyptus1 ,mulb]ry1 etc41 etc4 ,"u our irrigation sy/em ! own] ( ! l& pur*ases wat] f ! ,canal ,company :i* is fil$ 9 ! ,c\nty ,record]'s books1 & is !n insep>able f ! l&1 & is always convey$ z a "p ( ! realty4 ,we n[ (f] y ?is l&1 toge!r ) p]petual wat]-"r1 at f #aej to #bjj p] acre1 accord+ to quality & location4 ,no l& w be de$$ to any p]sons except actual settl]s4 ,z inducem5ts to families1 we w pl[ & prep>e ! l& ready = plant+1 z our aim is to settle ^! l&s ) families4 ,paym5ts may be made 9 in/allm5ts to suit pur*as]s4 ,we make ! foll[+ lib]al (f] to ^? :o d n feel able to pay ca% = ! l&3 ,! pur*as] is to build & occupy a neat & sub/antial cottage2 also build all ne$$ ou?\ses1 pa9t or :itewa% ! same1 & plant ! l& to su* trees & fruits z may be agre$ to be ! be/4 ,?is done ! fir/ paym5t w be def]r$ = five ye>s1 "o-qu>t] to be paid annually !reaft]4 ,said sum agre$ to be paid to be> eight p] c5t int]e/ p] annum f date ( sale4 ,de$ w be giv5 pur*as] :5 he builds & plants1 & ! pur*ase price secur$ by mortgage on ! premises4 ,a family ) f #a1ejj to #b1jjj to make _! improvem5ts c settle d[n & safely wait until _! fruits or rais9 v9ey>d come into be>+4 ,! :ole pur*ase price %\ld be produc$ f ! l&s ! fif? ye>4 ,= ^? :o h n exp]i5ce1 or are desir\s ( avoid+ ! exp5se ( team & tools1 we w plant1 cultivate1 irrigate & c>e = _! or*>d & v9ey>d until x comes into be>+4 ,x w be wor? ab\t #be p] acre to furni% & plant ! fir/ ye>1 & #aj to #ae p] acre ea* ye> !reaft]4 ,! above figures mean comp5sation = good1 fir/-class "w4 ,we h already "s f9e plant$ tracts = sale1 embrac+ ,rais9 ,v9ey>ds1 t w come into be>+ next ye> 7#ahia71 also "y ,orange ,groves1 z well z decidu\s ,fruit ,or*>ds4 ,we also aim to keep a vacant cottage on ! ,colony1 = ! accommodation ( ea* newcom] until su* "t z he c build on a lot ( 8 own *oice4 ,decidu\s ,fruit ,trees c be plant$ comm5c+ ,janu>y #a/1 & z late z ! #a/ ( ,april4 ,orange ,trees 9 ,m>* & ,april4 ,grape v9es1 root$ or cutt+s1 %\ld be plant$ 9 ,febru>y or ,m>*4 ,pea*es & ,apricots w be> light crops ! ?ird ye>4 ,pe>s1 ,almonds1 ,figs & ,oranges w beg9 to be> ! f\r? ye>4 ,rais9s beg9 to be>1 f ! cutt+s1 9 ! ?ird ye>4 ,"o ye>'s "t is ga9$ by plant+ root$ v9es4 ,x is safe to expect #ej p] acre ! ?ird ye> f root$ v9es1 & #ajj p] acre ! f\r? ye>1 at lea/1 gross product4 ,a respectable cottage %\ld be built1 ) f f\r to five rooms1 at a co/ ( f #ejj to #hjj2 b>n1 #bjj4 ,"o pair ( horses & h>ness1 #aej2 mil* c[1 #be2 tools1 #be2 wood is high1 #g p] cord2 fl\r1 #c to #d p] b>rel ( #bjj lbs42 beef1 f #f cts4 to #aj cts4 p] lb42 h5s1 f #e to #g p] doz52 eggs1 f #be cts4 to #ej cts4 p] doz52 build+ lumb]1 #be p] ,m4 9 ! valley or f>m+ sections ( ! ,/ate4 ,male labor on ! f>m1 #cj p] mon?1 except f\r or five mon?s 9 ! summ]1 :5 !y receive #a4ej to #b p] day4 ,female labor has nev] be5 ample1 & comm&s f #bj to #cj p] mon?4 ,families com+ out "h c br+ ) pr(it all clo?+1 b$-clo?+1 table cutl]y & su* articles z w\ld n be bulky4 ,l>ge furniture or f>m+ implem5ts w n be> transportation4 ,! v favorable conditions exi/+ = small f>m+ 9 ?is ri* valley ( ,cali=nia1 :]e wat] c be obta9$ to r5d] crops c]ta91 are n g5]ally kn[n 9 ! ,ea/ & ,europe4 ,= in/ance1 our bread/uffs 7:eat7 mu/ be %ipp$ ar\nd ,cape ,horn to ,liv]pool to f9d a m>ket4 ,beef & pork ! same4 ,our wool also has to g ar\nd ! ,horn or across ! ,cont95t4 ,! consequ5ce is t ! fruit f>m] eats ! *eape/ bread & beef/eak ( any p 9 ! _w4 ,our wool5 mills are able to furni% ! f9e/ & *eape/ clo?+ worn4 ,labor is high1 & ev]y?+ ! small f>m] produces is high1 includ+ p\ltry1 vegetables & fruit1 & w always be s4 ,! big f>m] c't get at ?is bus9ess ) 8 /eam eng9e & long sickle4 ,we c close ,europe & ! ,unit$ ,/ates out ( ! fruit-produc+ bus9ess1 & =ce !m to become consum]s4 ,:y8 ,because ( ! c]ta9ty ( our crops1 & because we h ! :ole valley = a dry+ h\se4 ,address or call ^u ! und]sign$1 own]s & proprietors1 ,v4 ,c4 ,w4 ,,hoop] 4 ,,son1 ,,m]c$1 ,,m]c$ ,,c\nty1 ,,cali=nia4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,eis5 ,,/ew>t1 ,real ,e/ate & ,horticultural ,l& ,brok]s1 99 ,,delano1 99 ,,k]n ,,c\nty1 ---- ,,cali=nia4 ,we make horticultural l&s a specialty1 & (f] special b>ga9s 9 ! ,k]n & ,tul>e ,irrigation ,di/rict1 & 9 ! ,poso ,irrigation ,di/rict4 ,^! l&s are suit$ to ,olives1 ,rais9s1 ,oranges1 o!r fruits & alfalfa4 ,!y are n[ *eap1 b w soon rise 9 value1 & become z high pric$ z any 9 ! ,/ate4 ,we also att5d to ! bus9ess ( abs5t own]s1 & we gu>antee satisfaction4 ,correspond5ce solicit$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,yo/ ,,writ+ ,,ma*9e ,ackn[l$g$ by ,exp]ts to be ,! ,be/4 ,,! ,,yo/ is full ( ,new & ,valuable ,improvem5ts1 & is gu>ante$ to d z repres5t$4 ,,= ,,catalogues1 ,,te/imonials1 ,,etc41 ,,s5d ,,to ,j4 ,p4 ,,mighell ,,co4 #dac ,,montgom]y ,,/reet ,,san ,,francisco1 ,,cali=nia4 99 99 99 99 99 ,?ompson's ,se$less ,grape ,,makes ,,absolutely ,,se$less ,,rais9s ,! v be/ = ,cul9>y ,use6 ,?is ,grape has be5 ?or\ghly te/$ 9 ,cali=nia1 hav+ be5 gr[n & rais9s made ( x1 9 ,sutt] ,c\nty1 = ! pa/ fifte5 ye>s4 ,x is f> sup]ior to ! ,sultana1 be+ mu* sweet]1 a heavi] cropp]1 m easily dri$1 & rip5s e>li]4 ,= root$ v9es1 gu>ante$ true to "n1 address1 ,b4 ,g4 ,,/abl]1 ,,yuba ,,city1 ,sutt] ,c\nty1 ,cali=nia4 ,prices reasonable2 giv5 on application = bo? "o & two-ye> old root$ v9es4 ,w also s5d sample ( rais9s1 if desir$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,describ$ by ,pr(4 ,eis54 ,9 a communication to ,cali=nia1 a ,j\rnal ( ,rural ,indu/ry1 ,may ,no41 #ahij1 entitl$ 8,) ! ,fruit ,gr[]s 9 ,sutt] ,c\nty10 ,pr(4 ,eis5 ?us ref]s to ,mr4 ,/abl]1 & 8 "w3 8,mr4 ,b4 ,g4 ,/abl] makes a specialty ( dri$ pea*es & se$less rais9s1 & has succe$$ well ) bo?4 ,! pr9cipal rais9-grape ( ?is vic9ity is ! little-kn[n se$less grape1 ,lady ,decov]ly1 "h kn[n z ! ,?ompson ,se$less1 he be+ ! fir/ to gr[ x4 ,ye>s ago1 ab\t #ahgb1 ?is g5tleman saw adv]tis$ 9 an ,ea/]n ,catalogue a se$less grape1 said to come f ,con/ant9ople1 & 0 call$ ! ,lady ,decov]ly4 ,x prov$ to be v diff]5t f ! common ,sultana1 be+ ( yell[ color1 & ( oblong %ape4 ,x is c]ta9ly /range t ?is s+ul> v>iety ( grape %\ld h exi/$ "h s _m ye>s1 & fail$ to attract g5]al att5tion4 ,x is an enorm\s be>]1 heavi] ev5 ?an ! ,sultana1 & rip5s e>ly 9 ,augu/4 ,x makes v *oice rais9s = cook+ purposes4 ,! color is simil> to t ( ! ,muscatel1 & makes a rais9 ( beautiful color4 ,among o!r novelties 9 ! way ( fruit1 ,mr4 ,/abl] has a ,*ance ,se$l+ ,apricot1 :i* promises to be some?+ extraord9>y4 ,x is n yet 9 be>+1 99 99 99 b ?9k ( apricot leaves six in*es 9 diamet]1 & limbs _m times z long & /rong z ^? ( ord9>y apricot trees10 etc4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,fresno ,,& ,,m]c$ ,,c\nty ,,l&s ,,to ,,r5t ,,& ,,= ,,sale4 #ge1jjj ,,acres ,,( ,,:eat ,,& ,,sug>-,,beet ,,l& 9 ! above c\nties to r5t = a t]m ( ye>s2 also #ajj1jjj acres ( f9e ,rais91 ,fruit1 ,alfalfa & ,sug>-,beet ,l&1 ) wat] = irrigation1 = sale 9 tracts ( f tw5ty acres to l>ge tracts suitable = colony purposes4 ,= p>ticul>s apply to ,e4 ,b4 ,,p]r91 #djb ,ke>ny ,/reet1 ,,san ,,francisco4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,fresno ,,agricultural ,,works ,illu/ration ,,manufactur]s ,,( ,rais9 ,ma*9]y2 ,all ,,k9ds ,,( ,v9ey>d ,tools ,,level+ & ,,canal ,,scrap]s4 ,,s5d ,,= ,descriptive ,catalogue4 ,,address1 ,,james ,,porte\s1 ,,fresno1 ,,cal4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,gu/av ,,eis51 ,,horticultural ,,l& ,,& ,,rais9 ,,exp]t4 ,i h _h tw5ty ye>s ( exp]i5ce 9 fruit gr[+1 rais9-grape gr[+1 rais9 mak+1 & 9 o!r horticultural indu/ries1 9 ,cali=nia1 ,c5tral ,am]ica1 ,mexico & ,europe4 ,i make x a specialty to assi/ & advise ^? engag$ 9 horticultural pursuits4 ,:e!r y wi% to select l& or plant x to v9es & trees1 :e!r y are a capitali/1 ! memb] ( a syndicate or a f>m]1 my s]vices w be a ?\s& times m valuable to y ?an ! reasonable *>ge ,i make = !m4 ,if y are n acqua9t$ ) l&1 soil1 climate or ! pr(its ( ! horticultural indu/ry y int5d to engage 91 y w f9d x to y\r advantage to engage me to make y ?or\gh & tru?ful reports4 ,all matt]s /rictly confid5tial & *>ges reasonable4 ,address1 ,,gu/av ,,eis51 ,,cali=nia ,,academy ,,( ,,sci5ces1 ,san ,francisco4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,yosemite ,,illu/rat$ ,,9 ,,colors ,,publi%$ ,,by ,h4 ,s4 ,,crock] ,,company #bae ,,bu% ,,/reet1 ,,san ,,francisco ,,! ,,f9e/ ,x has no rival4 ,ea* book is wrapp$ 9 heavy pap] & enclos$ 9 a specially made box1 suitable ,,holiday ,,gift = pres5tation to fri5ds4 ,= %ipm5t ,ea/1 we provide an extra heavy box4 ,size ( book1 #ab x #af in*es4 ,full ,morocco1 or ,undress$ ,kid #ae4jj ,half ,undress$ ,kid #ab4ej ,full ,clo?1 elegant pap] edges #aa4jj 99 99 99 99 99 ,h4,s4 ,,crock] #bae1 #bag1 #bai ,,bu% ,,/reet ,,company ,,san ,,francisco ,:olesale ,/ation]s ,pr9t]s1 ,li?ograph]s & ,bookb9d]s ,a ,,full ,,& ,,elegant ,,l9e ,,( ,,fruit ,,& ,,rais9 ,,labels ,,& ,,pap]s ,,always ,,on ,,h& ,,our ,,specialties ,,are ,incorporation ,outfits ,bank ,supplies ,copp]plate ,engrav+ ,map & ,pamphlet ,pr9t+ ( ,visit+-,c>ds & ,/ation]y ,outfits ,w$d+ ,invitations ,,correspond5ce ,,solicit$ 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,fruit ,,region ,,( ,,m]c$4 ,! fruit l&s n[ (f]$ = settlem5t by ! ,crock] ,l& & ,wat] ,company are situat$ 9 ! v c5t] ( ,cali=nia4 ,besides be+ s favorably locat$1 !y (f] advantages :i* are n possess$ by any o!r l&s 9 ! ,/ate4 ,! fifty-five ?\s& acres1 :i* are n[ = ! fir/ "t subdivid$1 consi/ ( virg9 pa/ure & :eat l&s1 :i* h become too valuable to be devot$ to _! =m] use4 ,!y are n[ be+ irrigat$ by ! mo/ exp5sive & magnific5t irrigation sy/em on ! cont95t1 by a canal capable ( c>ry+ #d1jjj cubic feet ( wat] p] second1 & by ! artificial lake ,yosemite1 ! mo/ ext5sive irrigation res]voir ev] built 9 ,am]ica4 ,! wat] f ?is sy/em is abundant & cont9u\s2 x comes f ! sn[-capp$ ,si]ra1 f ! ,falls ( ! ,yosemite1 & w suffice to irrigate & f]tilize hundr$s ( ?\s&s ( acres m ?an are (f]$ = sale4 ,^! fruit & horticultural l&s are situat$ 9 ! w>m belt ( ! foot-hills ( ! ,si]ra ,nevada1 protect$ by %elt]+ hills1 trav]s$ by natural creeks & surr\nd$ by ! gr&e/ sc5]y kn[n to man4 ,! fam\s ,yosemite is almo/ )9 sight1 & ! high-peak$ ,si]ra c be rea*$ 9 a day's j\rney4 ,! ,coa/ ,range1 ) ,mt4 ,diablo1 is 9 full view1 :ile ! fre% breezes f ! ,san ,pablo ,bay temp] ! climate1 & contribute to make x "o ( ! f9e/1 mo/ salubri\s & mo/ enjoyable 9 ! _w4 ,?r\gh ! irrigation wat] always at ! comm& ( ! horticulturi/1 our l&s are be+ trans=m$ into beautiful or*>ds1 v9ey>ds & mead[s4 ,! pea*1 ! prune1 ! apricot1 ! pe> & ! rais9-grape are made to fl\ri%1 & ! olive to produce its valuable oil1 ! orange & ! lemon _! gold5 fruit4 ,! colonies already e/abli%$ are situat$ 9 ! !rmal belt ( ! ,si]ra1 9 ! f9e/ citrus region ( ! ,/ate1 9 a di/rict equal to ! be/ any:]e1 & 9 a t]ritory rem>kable = its e>l9ess & productiv5ess4 ,e v>iety ( temp]ate & semi-tropical fruit is n[ gr[+ )9 sight ( ! colonies1--! almond1 ! olive & orange ^u ! m elevat$ l&2 ! pea*1 ! prune1 ! apricot1 ! pe> & ! rais9-grape ^u t ( a m alluvial nature4 ,! ,rott]dam ,colony conta9s n[ ov] a hundr$ settl]s f ,holl&2 o!r colonies are be+ e/abli%$ by ,engli% & ,am]ican f>m]s1 by doctors1 lawy]s & pr(essional m5 ( e /ation 9 life4 ,! p :om we invite1 & :o h respond$ to our call1 are ! mo/ desirable1 ! mo/ intellig5t1 ! mo/ en]getic & ! mo/ ref9$ classes4 ,!y are n[ build+ up horticultural communities ( ! mo/ prosp]\s nature4 ,! l&s we (f] are situat$ six h\rs by railroad f ,san ,francisco4 ,!y are trav]s$ by two railroads1 & ! pr9cipal colony is only f\r miles f ,m]c$ ,city1 ! c\nty seat1 :ile "s ( our l& jo9s1 & actually surr\nds1 t t[n4 ,our prices are l[1 & our t]ms v reasonable4 ,we (f] v>i\s grades ( l&1 all em95tly suitable = ! highe/ /ate ( horticulture1 at prices rang+ f #ge to #age p] acre1 ) wat]4 ,= p>ticul>s address ! ,crock]-,huffman ,l& & ,wat] ,company1 ,,m]c$1 ,m]c$ ,c\nty1 ,cal4 ,transcrib]'s ,notes ,inconsi/5t & unusual spell+1 hyph5ation & capitalisation h be5 reta9$1 unless m5tion$ bel[2 ?is also applies to non-,engli% words & phrases4 ,rob]t ,mc,pherson & ,rob]t ,mac,pherson are presumably ! same p]son4 ,page #bi1 table3 ! data giv5 d n add up to ! totals giv54 ,page #baf1 ,audib]t3 ! full title is ,l',art de faire le v9 avec les rais9s secs4 ,*anges made3 ,"s m9or punctuation & typographical errors h be5 correct$ sil5tly4 ,footnotes h be5 mov$ to directly "u ! p>agraph :]e !y are ref]5c$4 ,sev]al tables h be5 split or o!rwise re-arrang$ to fit ! available wid?4 ,page ii ,! ,rais9 ,grapes mov$ up "o level z 9 text2 ,page #f ,v5itians *ang$ to ,v5etians2 ,dipp$ & ,sultana *ang$ to ,dipp$ & ,sultana2 ,page #g ,dodo5's *ang$ to ,dodo5s's2 ,page #aj elemes *ang$ to elems2 ,pantall>ia *ang$ to ,pantell>ia2 ,page #ae kn[n z ,vel5cias *ang$ to kn[n z ,val5cias2 ,page #bf ,ionion ,isl&s *ang$ to ,ionian ,isl&s2 ,page #ca ,/an-*io *ang$ to ,/an*io2 ,page #if1 illu/ration caption3 c4 *ang$ to b42 its ,tub]\s ,mycelium *ang$ to _! ,tub]\s ,mycelium2 ,page #aai illu/ration captions comb9$ into s+le caption2 ,page #acc z high-grade rais9s *ang$ to z _m high-grade rais9s2 ,page #ahb ab\t a feet deep *ang$ to ab\t a foot deep2 ,page #bje ,%a*t *ang$ to ,s*a*t2 ,page #bad table r[ ,mau1 ,sadl] ,co4 mov$ to be=e ,mill]1 ,james2 ,s*act *ang$ to ,s*a*t2 ,page #bag ,grasset de ,sa9t ,sauveur1 ,jacque *ang$ to ,grasset de ,sa9t ,sauveur1 ,jacques2 ,noveau ,duhamel ,on ,trait des ,arbres 444 *ang$ to ,n\veau ,duhamel ou ,trait des ,arbres 4442 ,ramb]t *ang$ to ,remb]t2 ,page #bah v>iets *ang$ to v>its2 ,page #bai ,aetolico *ang$ to tolico2 ,albunol *ang$ to ,albuol2 ,cascalira *ang$ to ,cascal9a2 ,coop]1 ,elwood *ang$ to ,coop]1 ,ellwood2 ,page #bbj ,crock]-,h(fman ,res]voir *ang$ to ,crock]-,huffman ,res]voir2 ,eleme *ang$ to ,elem2 ,g>gal9o *ang$ to ,g>galiano2 ,page #bbb ,sweat-boxes *ang$ to ,sweatboxes2 ,entry ,quality ( ,rais9s mov$ to be=e ,racemus2 ,index "s page numb]s h be5 correct$4