,books by ,mr4 ,/ory4 ,,poems4 ,i4 ,,p>*m5ts ,,& ,,portraits4 ,,ii4 ,,monologues ,,& ,,lyrics4 #b vols4 #afmo1 #b4ej4 ,,he ,,& ,,%e2 or1 ,a ,,poet',s ,,portfolio4 #ahmo1 illum9at$ vellum1 #a4jj4 ,,fiammetta4 ,a ,novel4 #afmo1 #a4be4 ,,roba ,,di ,,roma4 ,new ,revis$ ,edition1 f new plates4 ,) ,notes4 #b vols4 #afmo1 #b4ej4 ,,conv]sations ,,9 ,a ,,/udio4 #b vols4 #afmo1 #b4ej4 ,,excursions ,,9 ,,art ,,& ,,lett]s4 #afmo1 #a4be4 ,,h\ghton1 ,,miffl9 ,,co4 ,,bo/on ,,& ,,new ,,york4 ,,excursions ,,9 ,,art ,,& ,,lett]s ,,by ,,william ,,wetmore ,,/ory ,d4,c4,l4 7,,oxon47 ,,comm4 ,,corona ,,italia1 ,,(f4 ,,leg4 ,d',,honneur1 ,,etc4 ,illu/ration ,,bo/on ,,& ,,new ,,york ,,h\ghton1 ,,miffl9 ,,& ,,company ,! ,riv]side ,press1 ,cambridge #ahic ,copyright1 #ahia1 ,,by ,,william ,,wetmore ,,/ory4 ,all rights res]v$4 ,,?ird ,,edition4 ,! ,riv]side ,press1 ,cambridge1 ,mass41 ,u4 ,s4 ,a4 ,electrotyp$ & ,pr9t$ by ,h4 ,o4 ,h\ghton ,co4 ,,cont5ts4 ,,page ,,mi*el ,,angelo #a ,,phidias1 ,,& ,,! ,,elg9 ,,m>bles #di ,,! ,,art ,,( ,,ca/+ ,,9 ,,pla/] ,,among ,,! ,,anci5t ,,greeks ,,& ,,romans #aae ,a ,,conv]sation ,,) ,,m>cus ,,aurelius #aij ,,di/ortions ,,( ,,! ,,engli% ,,/age ,,z ,,in/anc$ ,,9 8,,macbe?0 #bcb ,,excursions ,,9 ,,art ,,& ,,lett]s4 ,,mi*el ,,angelo4 ,! ov]?r[ ( ! pagan religion 0 ! dea?bl[ ( pagan ,art4 ,! temples %ook to _! f\ndations1 ! /atues ( ! gods %udd]$1 a %ad[ d>k5$ across ! pictur$ & sculptur$ _w1 :5 ?r\gh ! anci5t realm 0 he>d ! wail1 8,pan1 great ,pan is dead40 ,! nymphs fl$ to _! caves affright$4 ,dryads1 ,oreads1 & ,naiads ab&on$ ! groves1 m\nta9s1 & /reams t !y = ages _h haunt$4 ,_! voices 7 he>d no m s++ by %ad[y brooks1 _! faces pe]$ no long] ?r\gh ! sigh+ woods2 & ( all ! mighty tra9 ( great] & less] div9ities & deifi$ h]oes to :om ,greece & ,rome _h b5t ! knee & (f]$ sacrifice1 ,orpheus alone l+]$ 9 ! guise ( ! ,good ,%eph]d4 ,*ri/ianity /ruck ! dea?bl[ n only to pagan ,art1 b = a "t to all ,art4 ,sculpture & ,pa9t+ 7 9 its m9d closely alli$ to idolatry4 ,"u its influ5ce ! arts sl[ly wa/$ away z ) a mortal disease4 ,) ev]-decl9+ /r5g? !y /ruggl$ = c5turies1 gasp+ z x 7 = brea?1 & f9ally1 almo/ 9 utt] atrophy1 half alive1 half dead1--a ru9$1 maim$1 de=m$ pres5ce1 %orn ( all _! glory & driv5 out by ! _w1--!y f\nd a begg>ly refuge & suff]ance 9 "s ,*ri/ian *ur* or mona/]y4 ,! noble & maje/ic /atues ( ! sculptur$ gods ( anci5t ,greece 7 ov]?r[n & buri$ 9 ! gr\nd1 _! gl[+ & pictur$ figures 7 swept f ! walls ( temples & dwell+s1 & 9 _! /ead only a cr\*+1 timid race ( bloodless sa9ts 7 se51 n glad to be m51 & fe>ful ( ,god4 ,humanity d>$ no long] to /& erect1 b grovel$ 9 sup]/iti\s fe>1 & la%$ its fle% 9 p5ance1 & 0 a%am$ & afraid ( all its natural in/9cts4 ,h[ !n 0 x possible = ,art to live8 ,beauty1 happ9ess1 life1 & joy 7 b a sn>e & a temptation1 & ,religion & ,art1 :i* c nev] be divorc$1 cr\*$ toge!r 9 fe>4 ,! long black p]iod ( ! ,middle ,ages came to %r\d ev]y?+ 9 ignorance4 ,lit]ature1 art1 poetry1 sci5ce1 sank into a nightm>e ( sleep4 ,only arms surviv$4 ,! _w became a battlefield1 simply = p[] & dom9ion1 until religion1 issu+ f ! ,*ur*1 bore 9 its van ! bann] ( *ivalry4 ,b ! seasons ( hi/ory are l ! seasons ( ! ye>4 ,no?+ utt]ly dies4 ,& aft] ! long app>5tly dead w9t] ( ! ,middle ,ages ! spr+ came aga9--! spr+ ( ! ,r5aissance--:5 lib]ty & humanity awoke1 & art1 lit]ature1 sci5ce1 poesy1 all sudd5ly felt a new influ5ce come ov] !m4 ,! ,*ur* itself %ook (f its apa?y1 inspir$ by a new _s4 ,lib]ty1 long d[ntrodd5 & tyranniz$ ov]1 r\s$ itself1 & /ruck = popul> rights4 ,! great conte/ ( ! ,guelphs & ,ghibell9es began4 ,!re 0 a f]m5t ?r\gh\t all society4 ,! great republics ( ,italy arose4 ,comm]ce began to fl\ri%2 & despite all ! w>s1 conte/s1 & feuds ( p & nobles1 & ! decimations f plague & disease1 art1 lit]ature1 sci5ce1 & religion itself1 bur/ =? into a new & vigor\s life4 ,"o aft] ano!r !re arose ^? great m5 ^: names %9e l planets 9 hi/ory--,dante1 ) 8 wond]ful 8,div9a ,comm$ia10 writt51 z x 71 ) a p5 ( fire aga9/ a /ormy backgr\nd ( night2 ,boccaccio1 ) 8 sunny %eaf ( idyllic tales2 ,petr>ca1 ! e>ne/ lov] ( lib]ty1 ! devot$ patriot1 ! ar*ologi/ & philosoph] z well z poet1 ^: t5d] & noble _s is m>k$ ?r\gh 8 exquisitely f9i%$ canzone & sonnets1 & 8 v>i\s philosophical works2 ,vill>i1 ! hi/orian2 & all ! illu/ri\s company t surr\nd$ ! c\rt ( ,lor5zo ! ,magnific5t--,mac*iavelli1 ,poliziano1 ,boi>do1 ! ?ree ,pulci1 ,leon ,batti/a ,alb]ti1 ,aret9o1 ,pico della ,mir&ola1 & ,m>silio ,fic9o2 &1 a little lat]1 ,ario/o & ,tasso1 ^: /anzas are /ill sung by ! gondoli]s ( ,v5ice2 & ,gu>9i & ,bibbi5a & ,bembo1--& _m ano!r 9 ! fields ( poesy & lit]ature4 ,music !n also began to develop itself2 & ,guido di ,arezzo arrang$ ! scale & ! new me?od ( notation4 ,art also s5t =? a sudd5 & glori\s coruscation ( g5ius1 beg9n+ ) ,cimabue & ,giotto1 to %ake (f ! /iff c]em5ts ( ,byzant9e tradition 9 :i* x _h s long be5 swa!d1 & to /ret* its limbs to fre] action1 & spread its w+s to high] flights ( p[]1 inv5tion1 & beauty4 ,! m>ble gods1 :i* _h la9 de?ron$ & buri$ 9 ! e>? = s _m c5turies1 rose ) r5ew$ life f _! graves1 & reass]t$ ov] ! _w ( ,art ! dom9ion !y _h lo/ 9 ! realm ( ,religion4 ,x is useless to rehe>se ! famili> names t !n illum9$ ! gold5 age ( ,italian art1 :]e %9e prem95t ^? ( ,leon>do1 ! wide/ & mo/ univ]sal g5ius t p]haps ! _w has ev] se52 ( ,mi*el ,angelo1 ! greate/ p[] t ev] express$ itself 9 /one or color2 ( ,raffaelle1 ^: exquisite grace & facile design h nev] be5 surpass$2 & ( ,titian1 ,giorgione1 ,v]onese1 & ,t9toretto1 ) _! ,v5etian spl5dors4 ,nor did sci5ce lag beh9d4 ,galileo rang$ ! heav5s ) 8 telescope1 &1 l a second ,jo%ua1 bade ! sun /& /ill2 & ,columbus1 pl\gh+ ! unkn[n deep1 add$ ano!r cont95t to ! kn[n _w4 ,?is 0 ! ,r5aissance or new bir? 9 ,italy2 aft] ! long dre> night ( ignorance & d>kness1 aga9 ! morn+ came & ! glory return$4 ,z ,italy above all o!r l&s is ! l& ( ! ,r5aissance1 s ,flor5ce above all cities is ! city ( ! ,r5aissance4 ,its /reets are haunt$ by hi/oric associations2 at e corn]1 & 9 e byplace or piazza1 y meet ! spirits ( ! pa/4 ,! gho/s ( ! great m5 :o h giv5 su* a *>m & p]fume to hi/ory meet y at e turn4 ,"h !y walk$ & work$ c5turies ago2 "h to ! imag9ation !y /ill walk1 & !y sc>cely seem gone4 ,"h is ! /one ^u :i* ,dante sat & m$itat$1--0 x an h\r ago or six c5turies8 ,"h ,brunelles*i wat*$ ! gr[+ ( 8 mighty dome1 & "h ,mi*el ,angelo /ood & gaz$ at x :ile dream+ ( t o!r mighty dome ( ,/4 ,pet]'s :i* he 0 aft]w>ds to raise1 & said1 8,l x ,i w n1 & bett] ,i _c40 ,z "o walks ?r\gh ! piazza ( ,/a ,m>ia ,novella1 & looks up at ! faade t ,mi*el ,angelo call$ 8 8sposa10 x is n difficult aga9 to p x ) ! glad procession t bore ,cimabue's fam\s picture1 ) %\ts & pomp & rejoic+1 to its alt> )9 ! *ur*4 ,9 ! ,piazza della ,signoria "o may 9 imag9ation easily ga!r a cr[d ( fam\s m5 to li/5 to ! pi]c+ tones & p[]ful eloqu5ce ( ,savon>ola4 ,"h gaz+ up1 "o may see t[]+ aga9/ ! sky1 & fall+ z x 7 aga9/ ! troop+ cl\ds1 ! massive =tress-l /ructure ( ! ,palazzo ,publico1 ) its tall ma*icolat$ t[]1 :5ce ! bell s (t5 call$ ! turbul5t populace toge!r2 or dropp+ "o's eyes1 behold "u ! l(ty ar*es ( ! ,loggia ( ,orcagna ! m>ble repres5tations ( ! anci5t & mod]n _w assembl$ toge!r1--peacefully3 ! antique ,ajax1 ! ,r5aissance ,p]seus ( ,cell9i1 ! ,rape ( ! ,sab9es1 by ,john ( ,bologna1 & ! late gr\p ( ,polyx9es1 by ,f$i1 hold+ solemn & sil5t conclave4 ,9 ! ,piazza del ,duomo at ! side ( ,brunelles*i's noble dome1 ! exquisite campanile ( ,giotto1 sl5d]1 graceful1 & joy\s1 /&s l a bride & :isp]s ev] ! "n ( its ma/] & design]4 ,& turn+ r\nd1 "o may see ! ,bapti/]y celebrat$ by ,dante1 & ^? massive bronze doors /ori$ by ,ghib]ti1 :i* ,mi*el ,angelo said 7 wor?y to be ! doors ( ,p>adise4 ,hi/ory & romance meets u ev]y:]e4 ,! old families /ill give _! names to ! /reets1 & palaces1 & loggie4 ,e n[ & !n a m>ble slab ^u "s h\se records ! bir? or dea? )9 ( "s fam\s citiz51 arti/1 writ]1 or patriot1 or p]petuates ! memory ( "s great ev5t4 ,!re is sc>cely a /reet or a squ>e :i* has n some?+ memorable to say & to recall1 & "o walks ?r\gh ! /reets guid$ by memory1 look+ beh9d m ?an be=e1 & see+ ) ! eyes ( ! imag9ation4 ,"h is ! ,b>gello1 by turns ! c\rt ( ! ,pode/ & ! prison ( ,flor5ce1 :5ce s _m edicts 7 issu$1 & :]e ! groans ( s _m prison]s 7 e*o$4 ,"h is ! ,*ur* ( ! ,c>m9e1 :]e ,masaccio & ,lippi pa9t$ ^? frescoes :i* are /ill liv+ on its walls1 ?\gh ! h&s t pa9t$ & ! bra9s t dream$ !m into life are gone =ev]4 ,"h are ! loggie :i* 7 grant$ only to ! fifte5 highe/ citiz5s1 f :i* fair ladies1 :o are n[ b du/1 look$ & laugh$ s _m a ye> ago4 ,"h are ! piazze )9 ^: tape/ri$ /ockades gallant knights j\/$ 9 armor1 & fair eyes1 gaz+ f above1 8ra9$ influ5ce & adjudg$ ! prize40 ,"h are ! =tifications at :i* ,mi*el ,angelo work$ z an eng9e] & z a combatant2 & "h among ! _m *ur*es1 ea* "o ( :i* be>s on its walls or ov] its alt>s ! pa9t$ or sculptur$ "w ( "s ( ! great arti/s ( ! fl[]+ prime ( ,flor5ce1 is t ( ! ,santa ,croce1 ! sacr$ & solemn mausoleum ( _m ( its mighty dead4 ,z we w&] ?r\gh its e*o+ nave at twilight1 :5 ! %ad[s ( ev5+ are deep5+1 we may hold communion ) ^! great spirits ( ! pa/4 ,! ,p]uzzi & ,baldi ,*apels are illu/rat$ by ! frescoes ( ,giotto4 ,! foot treads ^u _m a slab "u :i* lie ! rema9s ( soldi]1 & knight1 & noble1 & m]*ant pr9ce1 :o1 c5turies ago1 _! labors & battles & comm]ce done1 7 "h laid to re/4 ,! nave on ei!r side is l9$ ) monum5tal /atues ( ! illu/ri\s dead4 ,ungrateful ,flor5ce1 :o drove h] greate/ poet f h] gates to f9d a grave 9 ,rav5na1 patriis extorris ab urbe1 "h t>dily & 9 p5it5ce rais$ to him a monum5t aft] va9ly /riv+ to reclaim 8 bones4 ,"h1 too1 among o!rs1 are ! /atues & monum5ts ( ,mi*el ,angelo1 ,mac*iavelli1 ,galileo1 ,lanzi1 ,aret9o1 ,guicci>d9i1 ,alfi]i1 ,leon ,batti/a ,alb]ti1 & ,raffaelle ,morgh54 ,( all ! great m5 :o %$ a lu/re ov] ,flor5ce1 no "o s dom9e]s ov] x & p]vades x ) 8 memory & 8 pres5ce z ,mi*el ,angelo4 ,! impression he left ^u 8 own age & ^u all subsequ5t ages is deep]1 p]haps1 ?an t left by any o!r save ,dante4 ,ev]y?+ 9 ,flor5ce recalls him4 ,! dome ( ,brunelles*i1 impressive & beautiful z x is1 & prior 9 "t to t ( ,/4 ,pet]'s1 _c rid itself ( its mighty bro!r 9 ,rome4 ,) ,ghib]ti's doors are ev] associat$ 8 words4 ,9 ,santa ,croce we all pause long] be=e ! tomb :]e 8 body is laid ?an be=e any o!r--ev5 t ( ,dante4 ,! empty place be=e ! ,palazzo ,vec*io1 :]e 8 ,david /ood1 /ill holds its gho/4 ,all places :i* knew him 9 life are /ill haunt$ by 8 memory4 ,! h\se :]e he liv$1 ?\ght1 & work$ is kn[n to e pilgrim ( art4 ,! lea/ fragm5t :i* 8 h& t\*$ is !re pres]v$ z preci\s1 simply because x 0 82 & x is ) a feel+ ( rev]5ce t we ent] ! little closet :]e 8 mighty works 7 design$4 ,!re /ill /&s 8 fold+ desk1 lit by a little slip ( a w9d[2 & !re are ! %elves & pigeon-holes :]e he kept 8 p5cils1 colors1 tools1 & books4 ,! room is s n>r[ t "o c sc>cely turn ab\t 9 x2 & ! contra/ betwe5 ?is n>r[1 re/rict$ space & ! va/ness ( ! ?\ghts :i* !re 7 born1 & ! ext5t ( 8 fame :i* fills ! _w1 is /rangely impressive & affect+4 ,"h1 b>r+ ! door beh9d him to exclude ! _w1 he sat & /udi$ & wrote & drew1 little dream+ t hundr$s ( ?\s&s ( pilgrims w\ld 9 aft]-c5turies come to visit x 9 rev]5ce f a cont95t !n b j discov]$1 & peopl$ only ) savages4 ,b m ?an all o!r places1 ! ,*ur* ( ,san ,lor5zo is id5tifi$ ) him2 & ! ,m$icean ,*apel1 :i* he design$1 is m a monum5t to him ?an to ^? 9 honor ( :om x 0 built4 ,"h1 !re=e1 "u ! %ad[ ( ^! noble %apes1 & 9 ! sil5t influ5ce ( ?is solemn place1 let u ca/ a hurri$ glance ov] ! c>e] & "* ( ,mi*el ,angelo z exhibit$ 9 8 life & 8 greate/ works4 ,to d m ?an ?is w\ld be impossible )9 ! brief limits we c "h comm&4 ,we may !n give a glance into ! adjo9+ & magnific5t ,hall1 :i* is ! real mausoleum ( ! ,m$ici1 & is s+ul>ly 9 contra/ ) x4 ,mi*el ,angelo 0 born at ,caprese1 9 ! ,cas5t9o1 ne> ,flor5ce1 on ,m>* #f1 #adgd or #adge1 accord+ z we reckon f ! nativity or ! inc>nation ( ,*ri/4 ,he di$ at ,rome on ,friday1 ,febru>y #bc1 #aefd1 at ! ripe age ( eighty-n9e or n9ety4 ,he claim$ to be ( ! noble family ( ! ,c\nts ( ,canossa4 ,he c]ta9ly 0 ( ! family ( ! ,b]l+hi4 ,8 fa!r 0 "o ( ! twelve ,buonom9i1 & 0 ,pode/ ( ,caprese :5 ,mi*el ,angelo 0 born4 ,f 8 e>ly y\? he %[$ a /rong incl9ation to art1 & va9ly 8 fa!r s\ght to turn him aside f ?is vocation4 ,8 e>ly /udies 7 "u ,ghirl&ajo4 ,b he soon left 8 ma/] to devote himself to sculpture2 & he 0 wont to say t he 8_h imbib$ ?is disposition ) 8 nurse's milk0--%e be+ ! wife ( a /one-c>v]4 ,lor5zo ! ,magnific5t favor$ him & receiv$ him into 8 h\sehold2 & !re "u 8 patronage he prosecut$ 8 /udies1 associat+ famili>ly ) "s ( ! mo/ rem>kable m5 ( ! p]iod1 enri*+ 8 m9d ) _! conv]sation1 & giv+ himself e>ne/ly to ! /udy n only ( art1 b ( sci5ce & lit]ature4 ,! celebrat$ ,angelo ,poliziano1 !n tutor to ! sons ( ,lor5zo1 0 /rongly attract$ to him1 & seems to h adopt$ him also z a pupil4 ,8 e>ly ef=ts z a sculptor 7 n rem>kable2 & ?\gh _m /ories are told ( 8 great promise & effici5cy1 b little weight is to be giv5 to !m4 ,he soon1 h[ev]1 began to di/+ui% himself among 8 contempor>ies2 & 8 ,cupid & ,bac*us1 ?\gh want+ 9 all ! _s & *>act]i/ics ( antique "w1 71 = ! "t & age ( ! sculptor1 important & rem>kable4 ,aft] ?is foll[$ ! ,piet1 n[ 9 ,/4 ,pet]'s at ,rome1 9 :i* a diff]5t _s began to exhibit itself2 b x 0 n till lat] on t ! great individuality & orig9ality ( 8 m9d 0 %[n1 :5 f an in=m block ( reject$ m>ble he hew$ ! colossal figure ( ,david4 ,he _h at la/ f\nd ! great pa? ( 8 g5ius4 ,f ?is "t =w>d he w5t on ) ev]-increas+ p[]--work+ 9 _m v>i\s arts1 & /amp+ on ea* ! p[]ful "* ( 8 m9d4 ,8 gr&e/ & mo/ *>act]i/ic works 9 sculpture & pa9t+ 7 execut$ 9 8 middle age4 ,! ,si/9e ,*apel he complet$ :5 he 0 ?irty-eight ye>s old1 ! /]n figure ( ! ,moses :5 he 0 =ty1 ! great sculptures ( ! ,m$ici ,*apel :5 he 0 f fifty to fifty-five2 & 9 8 sixty-six? ye> he f9i%$ ! ,la/ ,judgm5t4 ,!nce=? 8 ?\ghts 7 *iefly giv5 to ar*itecture1 ) excursions into poetry--?\gh dur+ ?is latt] p]iod he pa9t$ ! frescoes 9 ! ,paul9e ,*apel2 & aft] be+ by turns sculptor1 pa9t]1 ar*itect1 eng9e]1 & poet1 he sp5t ! la/ ye>s ( 8 life 9 design+ & sup]9t5d+ ! erection ( ,/4 ,pet]'s at ,rome4 ,"o ( 8 la/ works1 if n ! la/1 0 ! model ( ! fam\s cupola ( ,/4 ,pet]'s1 :i* he nev] saw complet$4 ,9 "s respects ?is 0 dep>t$ f 9 its execution by 8 successors2 b 9 e *ange x lo/1 & _h x be5 c>ri$ out /rictly z he design$ x1 x w\ld h be5 ev5 nobl] & m beautiful ?an x is4 ,"h 0 a long life ( ceaseless /udy1 ( untir+ indu/ry1 ( nev]-flagg+ devotion to art4 ,?\gh surr\nd$ by disc\ragem5ts ( e k9d1 h>ass$ by 8 family1 =c$ to obey ! arbitr>y w ( a succession ( ,popes1 &1 9 accordance ) _! ord]s1 to ab&on ! execution ( 8 high arti/ic conceptions & wa/e mon?s & ye>s on m]e me*anic labor 9 sup]9t5d+ m9es & qu>ries--driv5 aga9/ 8 w1 n[ to be a pa9t] :5 he desir$ to be a sculptor1 n[ to be an ar*itect :5 he _h le>n$ to be a pa9t]1 n[ z an eng9e] to be employ$ on =tifications :5 he 0 long+ = 8 art2 ?r\gh all ! exig5cies ( 8 life1 & all ! worry+ claims ( patrons1 family1 & c\ntry1 he kept /eadily on1 nev] los+ c\rage ev5 to ! end--a man ( noble life1 high fai?1 pure in/9cts1 great intellect1 p[]ful w1 & inexhau/ible en]gy2 pr\d & scornful1 b nev] va92 viol5t ( "*1 b g5]\s & true1--nev] guilty ?r\gh all 8 long life ( a s+le mean or unwor?y act3 a sil5t1 s]i\s1 unsocial1 self-involv$ man1 oppress$ ) ! weight ( great ?\ghts1 & burd5$ by _m c>es & sorr[s4 ,) b a grim humor1 & none ( ! light] graces ( life1 he w5t 8 solit>y way1 pl\gh+ a deep] furr[ 9 8 age ?an any ( 8 contempor>ies1 rem>kable z !y 71--an e>ne/ & unwe>i$ /ud5t & seek]1 ev5 to ! la/4 ,x 0 9 8 old age t he made a draw+ ( himself 9 a *ild's g-c>t ) ! motto 8,ancora imp>o0--,i am /ill le>n+4 ,& "o w9t] day t[>d ! end ( 8 life1 ! ,c>d9al ,gonsalvi met him walk+ d[n t[>ds ! ,colosseum dur+ a sn[/orm4 ,/opp+ 8 c>riage1 ! ,c>d9al ask$ :]e he 0 go+ 9 su* /ormy wea!r4 8,to s*ool10 he answ]$ 8to try to le>n some?+40 ,sl[ly1 z ye>s advanc$1 8 heal? decl9$1 b 8 m9d reta9$ to ! la/ all its en]gy & cle>ness2 & _m a craggy sonnet & madrigal he wrote t[>ds ! end ( 8 life1 full ( high ?\ght & feel+--/ruggl+ = expression1 & almo/ rebelli\sly submitt+ to ! limits ( poetic =m2 & at la/1 peacefully1 aft] eighty-n9e long ye>s ( e>ne/ labor & nev]-fail+ fai?1 he pass$ away1 & ! great light w5t out4 ,no6 x did n g out2 x /ill burns z brightly z ev] across ^! long c5turies to illum9e ! _w4 ,fitly to e/imate ! p[] ( ,mi*el ,angelo z a sculptor1 we mu/ /udy ! great works 9 ! ,m$icean ,*apel 9 ! ,*ur* ( ,san ,lor5zo1 :i* %[ ! culm9ation ( 8 g5ius 9 ?is bran* ( art4 ,! orig9al *ur* ( ,san ,lor5zo 0 f\nd$ 9 #icj1 & is "o ( ! mo/ anci5t 9 ,italy4 ,x 0 burn$ d[n 9 #adbc1 & rerect$ 9 #adbe by ! ,m$ici f ,brunelles*i's designs4 ,lat]1 9 #aebc1 by ! ord] ( ,leo ,x41 ,mi*el ,angelo design$ & began to execute ! new sacri/y1 :i* 0 int5d$ to s]ve z a mausoleum to ,giuliano dei ,m$ici1 ,duke ( ,nem\rs1 bro!r ( ,leo ,x41 & y\ng] son ( ,lor5zo ! ,magnific5t2 & to ,lor5zo1 ,duke ( ,urb9o1 & gr&son ( ! great ,lor5zo4 ,)9 ?is mausoleum1 :i* is n[ call$ ! ,m$ici ,*apel1 7 plac$ ! /atues ( ,giuliano & ,lor5zo4 ,!y are bo? seat$ on l(ty p$e/als1 & face ea* o!r on opposite sides ( ! *apel4 ,at ! base ( "o1 recl9+ on a huge s>cophagus1 are ! colossal figures ( ,day & ,night1 & at ! base ( ! o!r ! figures ( ,aurora & ,crepuscule4 ,?is *apel is q sep>at$ f ! *ur* itself4 ,y ent] f bel[ by a d>k & solemn crypt1 b5ea? :i* are ! bodies ( ?irty-f\r ( ! family1 ) l>ge slabs at int]vals on ! pavem5t1 on :i* _! names are record$4 ,y asc5d a /aircase1 & g ?r\gh a corridor into ?is *apel4 ,x is solemn1 cold1 b>e1 :ite1 & light$ f above by a lant]n op5 to ! sky4 ,!re is no color1 ! l[] "p be+ c>v$ ( :ite m>ble1 & ! upp] "p & rail+s wr\ght 9 /ucco4 ,a *ill comes ov] y z y ent] x2 & ! :ole place is aw$ into sil5ce by ^! maje/ic & solemn figures4 ,y at once feel y\rself to be 9 ! pres5ce ( an influ5ce1 s]i\s1 gr&1 impressive1 & p[]ful1 & ( a "* totally diff]5t f any?+ t sculpture has hi!rto produc$1 ei!r 9 ! anci5t or mod]n _w4 ,:atev] may be ! defects ( ^! great works1 & !y are _m & evid5t1 "o feels t "h a l(ty intellect & p[] has /ruggl$1 & f\ght its way1 s to speak1 into ! m>ble1 & br\ght =? f ! ins5sate /one a giant brood ( almo/ sup]natural %apes4 ,x is n nature t he has /riv5 to r5d]1 b r to embody ?\ghts1 & to clo! 9 =m conceptions :i* surpass ! limits ( ord9>y nature4 ,x is idle to apply "h ! rigid rules ( realism4 ,! attitudes are di/ort$1 & almo/ impossible4 ,no figure c\ld ev] reta9 ! position ( ! ,night at be/ = m ?an a mom5t1 & to sleep 9 su* an attitude w\ld be sc>cely possible4 ,& yet a mighty burd5 ( sleep weighs d[n ?is figure1 & ! solemnity ( night itself broods ov] x4 ,s also ! ,day is m l a primeval titanic =m ?an ! repres5tation ( a human be+4 ,! action ( ! head1 = in/ance1 is beyond nature4 ,! head itself is m]ely block$ out1 & sc>cely indicat$ 9 its features4 ,b ?is v fact is 9 itself a /roke ( g5ius2 = ! sugge/ion ( my/]y 9 ?is vague & unf9i%$ face is f> m impressive ?an any elaborat$ head c\ld h be54 ,x is suppos$ he left x ?us1 because he f\nd ! action too /ra9$4 ,s be x2 b "h is ,day /ill involv$ 9 cl\ds1 b n[ ar\s+ f its slumb]s1 ?r[+ (f ! mi/s ( d>kness1 & ris+ ) a trem5d\s en]gy ( awak5+ life4 ,! same "* also p]vades ! ,aurora & ,crepuscule4 ,!y are n man & woman1 !y are types ( ideas4 ,"o lifts its head1 = ! morn+ is com+2 "o holds its head abas$1 = ! gloom ( ev5+ is draw+ on4 ,!re is no joy 9 any ( ^! figures4 ,a t]rible sadness & s]i\sness oppresses !m4 ,aurora does n smile at ! com+ ( ! light1 is n glad1 has little hope1 b looks ^u x ) a t]rible we>9ess1 almo/ ) despair--= x sees little promise1 & d\bts f> m ?an x hopes4 ,twilight1 aga91 almo/ disda9fully s9ks to repose4 ,! day has accompli%$ almo/ no?+3 oppress$ & hopeless1 x sees ! d>kness close ab\t x4 ,:at ,mi*el ,angelo meant to embody 9 ^! /atues c only be guess$--b c]ta9ly no trivial ?\ght4 ,_! names convey no?+4 ,x 0 n beauty1 or grace1 or simple tru? to nature1 t he s\ght to express4 ,9 mak+ !m1 ! weight ( ?is unexpla9$ my/]y ( life hung ov] him2 ! /ruggle ( humanity aga9/ sup]ior =ces oppress$ him4 ,! d\bts1 ! despair1 ! p[]1 ! indomitable w ( 8 own nature are 9 !m4 ,!y are n ! expressions ( ! natural day ( ! _w1 ( ! glory ( ! sunrise1 ! t5d]ness ( ! twilight1 ! broad gladness ( day1 or ! calm repose ( night2 b !y are seasons & epo*s ( ! _s ( man--its d\bts & fe>s1 its sorr[s & long+s & unrealiz$ hopes4 ,! sad condition ( 8 c\ntry oppress$ him4 ,its %ame ov]:elm$ him4 ,8 he>t 0 ) ,savon>ola1 to ^: excit$ prea*+ he _h li/5$1 & 8 m9d 0 inflam$ by ! hope ( a spiritual reg5]ation ( ,italy & ! _w4 ,! gloom ( ,dante en%r\d$ him1 & ! t]rible %apes ( ! 8,inf]no0 _h made deep] impression on 8 nature ?an all ! sublim$ glories ( ! 8,p>adiso40 ,8 colossal _s /ood front+ ! agitat$ /orms ( passions :i* !n %ook 8 c\ntry1 l a rugg$ cliff t braves ! tempe/-:ipp$ sea--disda9fully ca/+ f its viol5t & rag+ waves1 & long+ almo/ ) a va9 hope = ! "t :5 peace1 honor1 lib]ty1 & religion %\ld rule ! _w4 ,?is at lea/ w\ld seem to be impli$ 9 ! l9es he wrote "u 8 /atue ( ,night1 9 response to ! quatra9 writt5 !re by ,giovan' ,batti/a ,/rozzi4 ,^! are ! l9es ( ,/rozzi3-- 8,la notte *e tu v$i 9 si dolci atti ,dormire1 fu da an angelo scolpita ,9 que/o sasso2 e1 p]* dorme1 ha vita ,de/ala1 se no 'l cr$i1 e p>l]atti40 ,:i* may be ?us r5d]$ 9 ,engli%3-- 8,night1 :i* 9 peaceful attitude y see ,"h sleep+1 f ?is /one an angel wr\ght4 ,sleep+1 x lives4 ,if y believe x n1 ,awak5 x1 & x w speak to !e40 ,& ?is 0 ,mi*el ,angelo's response3-- 8,grato mi il sonno1 e piu l' ess] de sasso ,m5tre *e il danno e la v]gogna dura ,non v$] non s5tir m' gran v5tura ,p]1 non mi de/>2 deh6 p>la basso40 ,:i* may be r5d]$3-- 8,grateful is sleep--& m1 ( /one to be2 ,s long z crime & %ame "h hold _! /ate1 ,:o _c see nor feel is =tunate-- ,!re=e speak l[1 & d n wak5 me40 ,?is w\ld cle>ly seem to %[ t "u ^! giant %apes he meant to embody allegorically at once ! sad condition ( humanity & ! oppress$ condition ( 8 c\ntry4 ,:at l5ds itself /ill m to ?is int]pretation is ! "* & expression ( bo? ! /atues ( ,lor5zo & ,giuliano1 & p>ticul>ly t ( ,lor5zo1 :o leans =w>d ) 8 h& rais$ to 8 *9 9 s pr(\nd & sad a m$itation t ! _w has giv5 x ! "n ( ,il ,p5si]o--n ev5 call+ x ,il ,p5si]oso1 ! ?9k]1 b ,il ,p5si]o1 ?\ght itself2 :ile ! attitude & expression ( ,giuliano is ( "o :o helplessly holds ! sceptre & lets ! _w g1 he$less ( all its crime & folly1 & too weak to l5d 8 h& to set x "r4 ,b :atev] ! int]pretation to be giv5 to ^! /atues1 9 p[]1 orig9ality1 & gr&eur ( "* !y h nev] be5 surpass$4 ,x is easy to c>p at _! defects4 ,let !m all be grant$4 ,!y are contort$1 uneasy1 ov]-anatomical1 untrue to nature4 ,view$ ) ! ke5 & se>*+ eye ( ! critic1 !y are full ( faults1 e pur si muove4 ,!re is a lift ( p[]1 an en]gy ( conception1 a gr&eur & boldness ( treatm5t :i* r$eems all defects4 ,!y are ! "w ( a great m9d1 spurn+ ! lit]al1 d>+ almo/ ! impossible1 & us+ human =m z a means ( ?\ght & expression4 ,x may almo/ be said t 9 a c]ta9 s5se !y are great1 n 9 despite ( _! faults1 b by v virtue ( ^! faults4 ,9 !m is a _s :i* 0 unkn[n to ! ,greeks & ,romans4 ,!y s\ght ! simple1 ! dignifi$1 ! natural2 beauty 0 _! aim & object4 ,_! ideal 0 a quiet1 passionless repose1 ) little action1 little insi/5ce ( p>ts4 ,_! treatm5t 0 l>ge & noble1 _! attitude calm4 ,no torm5ts rea* !m1 or if passion ent]1 x is subdu$ to beauty3-- 8,calm pleasures !re abide1 maje/ic pa9s40 ,_! gods look$ d[n ^u e>? ?r\gh ! noble/ =ms ( ,phidias ) s]5ity1 he$less ( ! viol5t /ruggles ( humanity--l gr& & peaceful pres5ces4 ,ev5 9 ! ,laocon1 :i* /epp$ to ! utmo/ p]mitt$ b\nds ( ! antique sculpture1 !re is ! re/ra9t ( beauty1 & suff]+ is modifi$ to grace4 ,b "h 9 ^! ,titans ( ,mi*el ,angelo !re is a new _s--bett] or worse1 x is new4 ,x repres5ts humanity caught 9 ! t]rible net ( ,fate1 /orm+ ! heav5s1 ,prome!us-l1 break+ =? f ! bonds ( conv5tion1 & t]rible z gr&4 ,b noble z ^! works are1 !y af=d no prop] s*ool = imitation1 & 8 foll[]s h1 z has be5 fitly said1 only caught ! contortions )\t ! inspiration ( ! sibyl4 ,!y lift ! _s1 enl>ge ! m9d1 & en]gize ! w ( ^? :o feel !m & are will+ only to feel !m2 b !y are bad models = imitation4 ,x is only su* great & orig9al m9ds z ,mi*el ,angelo :o c =ce ! gr& & p[]ful out ( ! wrong & unnatural2 & he himself only at r>e int]vals prevail$ 9 do+ ?is viol5ce to nature4 ,e man has a "r to be judg$ by 8 be/4 ,x is n ! numb] ( 8 failures b ! value ( 8 successes :i* af=d ! j gauge ( e man's g5ius4 ,"h 9 ^! great /atues ,mi*el ,angelo succe$$1 & !y are ! highe/ tide-m>k ( 8 p[] z a sculptor4 ,! ,moses1 despite its elem5ts ( /r5g? & p[]1 is ( a l[] grade4 ,! ,piet is ! "w ( a "y man :o has n z yet gr[n to 8 full /r5g?1 & :o is %ackl$ by 8 age & 8 contempor>ies4 ,! ,david has high qualities ( nobility1 b x is con/ra9$ to ! necessities ( ! m>ble 9 :i* x is wr\ght4 ,! ,*ri/ 9 ! ,*ur* ( ! ,m9]va is sc>cely wor?y ( him4 ,b 9 ^! imp]sonations ( ,day1 ,night1 ,twilight1 & ,dawn1 8 g5ius _h full scope1 & rose to its greate/ height4 ,^! /atues 7 execut$ by ,mi*el ,angelo1 ) v>i\s & annoy+ int]ruptions1 :5 he 0 m ?an fifty-five ye>s ( age1 & :ile he 0 9 ill-heal? & v mu* ov]work$4 ,inde$1 su* 0 8 condition ( heal? at ?is "t t x gave great anxiety to 8 fri5ds1 & ,giovanni ,batti/a ,m9i1 writ+ to 8 fri5d ,b>tolommeo ,valori on ! #bi? ( ,septemb]1 #aeca1 says3 8,mi*el ,angelo has fall5 (f 9 fle%1 & ! o!r day ) ,buggi>d9i & ,antonio ,m9i we _h a private talk ab\t him1 & we came to ! conclusion t he w n live long unless ?+s are rem$i$4 ,he works v h>d1 eats little & t little is bad1 sleeps n at all1 & = a mon? pa/ 8 sight has be5 weak1 & he has pa9s 9 ! head & v]tigo1 &1 9 f9e1 8 head is affect$ & s is 8 he>t1 b !re is a cure = ea*1 = he is heal?y40 ,he 0 s besieg$ on all sides ) commissions1 & p>ticul>ly by ! ,duke ( ,urb9o1 t ! ,pope at la/ issu$ a brief1 ord]+ him1 "u pa9 ( excommunication1 to d no "w except on ^! monum5ts1--& ?us he 0 enabl$ to comm& 8 "t & to c>ry on ^! great works to ! condition 9 :i* !y n[ are1 ?\gh he nev] 0 able completely to f9i% !m4 ,( ! same race ) !m are ! wond]ful frescoes ( ! sibyls & prophets & ,biblical figures & ,titans t live on ! ceil+ ( ! ,si/9e ,*apel4 ,& ^! are z amaz+ z1 p]haps ev5 m amaz+ 9 _! way ?an1 ! sculpture ( ! ,m$icean ,*apel4 ,he 0 b ?irty-f\r ye>s ( age :51 at ! in/igation ( ,bramante1 he 0 summon$ to ,rome by ,pope ,julius ,,ii4 to decorate ! ceil+4 ,x is unpleasant to ?9k t ,bramante1 9 urg+ ?is /ep ^u ! ,pope1 0 animat$ ) little good-w to ,mi*el ,angelo4 ,f all acc\nts x w\ld seem he 0 jeal\s ( 8 gr[+ fame1 & deem$ t 9 und]tak+ ?is colossal "w failure w\ld be inevitable4 ,mi*el ,angelo _h inde$ work$ 9 8 y\? "u ,ghirl&ajo1 b _h soon ab&on$ 8 /udio & devot$ himself to sculpture2 & ?\gh he _h pa9t$ "s few labor$ pictures & produc$ ! fam\s designs = ! great hall ( ! municipality at ,flor5ce1 9 competition ) 8 fam\s rival ,leon>do da ,v9ci1 yet ^! c>toons _h nev] be5 execut$ by him1 & 8 fame 0 *iefly1 if n solely1 z a sculptor4 ,mi*el ,angelo himself1 ?\gh /rongly urg$ to ?is und]tak+ by ! ,pope1 0 extremely av]se to x1 & at fir/ refus$1 decl>+ t 8pa9t+ 0 n 8 pr(ession40 ,! ,pope1 h[ev]1 0 p]si/5t1 & ,mi*el 0 =c$ at la/ to yield1 & to accept ! commission4 ,he !n imm$iately began to prep>e 8 c>toons1 &1 ignorant & d\btful ( 8 own p[]s1 summon$ to 8 assi/ance sev]al arti/s 9 ,flor5ce1 to le>n m prop]ly f !m ! me?od ( pa9t+ 9 fresco4 ,n satisfi$ ) _! "w on ! ceil+1 he sudd5ly clos$ ! doors ^u !m1 s5t !m away1 &1 %utt+ himself up alone 9 ! *apel1 eras$ :at !y _h done & began alone ) 8 own h&4 ,x 0 only ab\t six weeks aft] 8 arrival 9 ,rome t he ?us began1 & 9 ?is %ort space ( "t he _h complet$ 8 designs1 fram$ & erect$ ! scaffolds1 laid on ! r\gh ca/+ prep>atory to ! f9i%+ lay]1 & comm5c$ 8 frescoes4 ,?is alone is an imm5se labor1 & %[s a wond]ful ma/]y ( all 8 p[]s4 ,! design is entirely orig9al1 n only 9 ! composition & "* ( ! figures !mselves1 b 9 ! ar*itectural divisions & comb9ations 9 :i* !y are plac$4 ,!re are no less ?an #cdc figures1 ( great v>iety ( movem5ts1 gr&iose proportions1 & _m ( !m ( colossal size2 & to ! sket*es he fir/ design$ he seems to h absolutely adh]$4 ,( c\rse1 )9 su* a "t he c\ld n h made ! l>ge c>toons 9 :i* ! figures 7 develop$ 9 _! full proportions1 b he seems only to h enl>g$ !m f 8 figures z fir/ sket*$4 ,) indomitable en]gy1 & a p]si/5ce ( labor :i* has sc>cely a p>allel1 alone & )\t enc\ragem5t he prosecut$ 8 task1 despite ! irritations & annoyances :i* he 0 =c$ to endure1 ! con/ant delays ( paym5t1 ! fretful compla9ts ( ! impati5t ,pope1 ! accid5ts & disappo9tm5ts incid5t to an art 9 :i* he _h previ\sly _h no practice1 & ! _m & worry+ tr\bles f home by :i* he 0 con/antly pursu$4 ,at la/ ! ,pope's impati5ce became imp]i\s2 & :5 ! vault 0 only "o half complet$1 he =c$ ,mi*el ,angelo1 "u ?reats ( 8 sev]e displeasure1 to ?r[ d[n ! scaffold+ & exhibit x to ! _w4 ,! *apel 0 accord+ly op5$ on ,all ,sa9ts' ,day 9 ,novemb]1 #aejh4 ,! public flock$ to see x1 & a univ]sal cry ( admiration 0 rais$4 ,9 ! cr[d :i* !n assembl$ 0 ,raffaelle1 & ! impression he receiv$ is pla9 f ! fact t 8 /yle 0 at once s /rongly modifi$ by x4 ,bramante1 too1 0 !re1 expect+ to see ! failure :i* he _h anticipat$1 & to rejoice 9 ! d[nfall ( 8 great rival4 ,b he 0 de/9$ to be disappo9t$1 &1 z is rec\nt$1 b z "o is unwill+ to believe1 he us$ 8 utmo/ ef=ts to induce ! ,pope to dis*>ge ,mi*el ,angelo & commission ,raffaelle to complete ! ceil+4 ,x is ev5 add$ t ,raffaelle himself jo9$ 9 ?is intrigue1 b !re is no pro( ( ?is1 & let u disbelieve x4 ,c]ta9 x is t 9 ! pres5ce ( ! ,pope1 :5 ,mi*el ,angelo broke =? 9 fi]ce language aga9/ ,bramante = ?is injuri\s proposal1 & d5\nc$ him = 8 ignorance & incapacity1 he did n involve ,raffaelle 9 ! same d5unciation4 ,/ill !re seems to be little d\bt t ! p>ty & fri5ds ( ,raffaelle ex]t$ _! utmo/ influ5ce to induce ! ,pope to sub/itute him = ,mi*el ,angelo4 ,!y did n1 h[ev]1 succe$4 ,! ,pope 0 /eadfa/1 & aga9 ! doors 7 clos$1 & he 0 ord]$ to complete ! "w4 ,:5 aga9 he began to pa9t !re is no record4 ,w9t] is unfavorable to fresco-pa9t+1 & :5 a fro/ sets 91 x _c be c>ri$ on4 ,9 ! autumn ( #aeaj we "k t he appli$ to ! ,pope = p]mission to visit 8 fri5ds 9 ,flor5ce1 & = an advance ( money2 t ! ,pope repli$ by dem&+ :5 8 "w w\ld be complet$1 & t ! arti/ repli$1 8,z soon z ,i %all be able20 on :i* ! ,pope1 repeat+ 8 words1 /ruck him ) 8 cane4 ,mi*el ,angelo 0 n a man to brook ?is1 & he in/antly ab&on$ 8 "w & w5t to ,flor5ce4 ,! ,pope1 h[ev]1 s5t 8 page ,accursio aft] him ) pacific words1 pray+ him to return1 & ) a purse ( fifty cr[ns to pay 8 exp5ses2 & aft] "s delay he did return4 ,vas>i & ,condivi bo? ass]t t ! vault ( ! ,si/9e ,*apel 0 pa9t$ by ,mi*el ,angelo 8alone & unaid$1 ev5 by any "o to gr9d 8 colors1 9 tw5ty mon?s40 ,b ?is _c be true4 ,he c]ta9ly _h assi/ance n only = all ! lay+ ( ! pla/] & ! m]ely me*anical "w1 b also 9 ! pa9t+ ( ! ar*itecture1 & ev5 ( portions ( ! figures2 & x n[ seems to be pretty cle> t ! *apel 0 n complet$ until #aeab4 ,b ?is 9 itself1 consid]+ all ! breaks & int]vals :5 ! "w 0 necess>ily int]rupt$1 is /up5d\s4 ,! extraord9>y rapidity ) :i* he work$ is cle>ly prov$ by ! close exam9ation :i* ! erection ( scaffold+ has rec5tly enabl$ ,mr4 ,*>les ,hea? ,wilson & o!rs to make4 ,fresco-pa9t+ c only be done :ile ! pla/] is fre% 7h5ce its "n72 & z ! pla/] laid on "o day w n s]ve = ! next1 x mu/ be remov$ unless ! pa9t+ on x is complet$4 ,! junction ( ! new pla/] leaves a slight l9e ( division :5 closely exam9$1 & ?us x is easy to detect h[ mu* has be5 accompli%$ ea* day4 ,x sc>cely seems cr$ible1 ?\gh !re c be no d\bt ( ! fact1 t _m ( ! nude figures above life-size 7 pa9t$ 9 two days4 ,! noble recl9+ figure ( ,adam occupi$ him only ?ree days2 & ! colossal figures ( ! sibyls & prophets1 :i*1 if /&+1 w\ld be eighte5 feet 9 height1 occupi$ him only f ?ree to f\r days ea*4 ,:5 "o consid]s ! size ( ^! figures1 ! difficulty ( pa9t+ any?+ ov]head :]e ! arti/ is con/ra9$ to "w 9 a recl9+ position & (t5 ly+ flat on 8 back1 & ! beauty1 t5d]ness1 & c>eful f9i% :i* has be5 giv5 to all p>ts1 & especially to ! heads1 ?is rapidity ( execution seems almo/ m>vel\s4 ,se5 f bel[1 ^! figures are solemn & /rik+2 b se5 ne> by1 _! gr&eur ( "* is va/ly m impressive1 & _! beauty & ref9em5t1 :i* are less app>5t :5 se5 f a di/ance1 are q z rem>kable z _! p[] & en]gy4 ,great z ,mi*el ,angelo 0 z a sculptor1 he seems ev5 great] z a pa9t]4 ,n only is ! design broad] & l>g]1 b !re is a fre$om ( attitude1 a /r5g? & l(t9ess ( conception1 & a beauty ( treatm5t1 :i* are beyond :at he rea*$1 or p]haps /rove =1 9 8 /atues4 ,! figure ( ,adam1 = in/ance1 is n m wond]ful = its novelty & p[] ( design ?an = its tru? to nature4 ,! figure ( ! ,deity1 encompass$ by angelic =ms1 is :irl+ d[n ^u him l a tempe/4 ,8 mighty arm is out/ret*$1 & f 8 ext5d$ f+]s an electric fla% ( life seems to /rike into ! uplift$ h& ( ,adam1 ^: recl9+ figure1 issu+ f ! con/ra9t ( dea?1 & quiv]+ ) ?is new ?rill ( animat$ be+1 /irs into action1 & rises half to meet 8 ,creator4 ,no?+ c\ld be m gr& ?an ?is conception1 m c]ta9 ?an its expression1 or m simple ?an its treatm5t4 ,no?+1 too1 has ev] be5 accompli%$ 9 art m p[]ful1 v>i$1 & orig9al ?an ! colossal figures ( ! sibyls & ! prophets4 ,! ,ezekiel1 li/5+ to ! voice ( inspiration2 ! ,j]emiah1 sur*>g$ ) m$itative ?\ght1 & weigh$ d[n ) x z a l[]+ cl\d ) ra92 ! y\?ful ,daniel1 writ+ on 8 book1 :i* an angel supports2 ,esaias1 9 ! fullness ( 8 manhood1 lean+ 8 elb[ on 8 book & hold+ 8 h& susp5d$ :ile turn+ he li/5s to ! angel ^: tid+s he is to record2 & ! ag$ ,za*>ias1 ) 8 long be>d1 swa!d 9 heavy drap]ies1 & int5tly read+1--^! are ! prophets2 & alt]nat+ ) !m on ! span ( ! ar* are ! sibyls1--! noble ,ery?rean1 seat$ almo/ 9 pr(ile1 ) cross$ legs1 & turn+ ! leaves ( h] book ) "o h& :ile ! o!r drops at h] side1 gr& 9 ! /ill s]5ity ( h] beauty2 ! ag$ ,p]sian sibyl1 turn+ sideway to p]use ! book :i* %e holds close to h] eyes1 :ile above h] recl9e two beautiful nak$ y\?s1 & bel[ h] sleeps a madonna ) ! *ild ,*ri/2 ! ,libyan1 hold+ high beh9d h] ) ext5d$ arms h] op5 scroll1 & look+ d[n ov] h] %\ld]2 ! ,cuman1 old1 weird1 ,dantesque 9 h] pr(ile1 ) a napk9 fold$ on h] head1 read+ 9 self-absorption1 :ile two angels gaze at h]2 & la/1 ! ,delphic1 sweet1 calm1 & beautiful 9 ! p]fectness ( womanhood1 :o looks s]5ely d[n ov] h] %\ld] to *>m u ) a peaceful prophecy4 ,all ! faces & heads o ^! figures are evid5tly drawn f noble & *>act]i/ic models1--if1 inde$1 any models at all are us$2 & "s ( !m1 especially ^? ( ! ,delphic & ,ery?rean1 are full ( beauty z well z p[]4 ,all are pa9t$ ) great c>e & feel+1 & a l(ty inspiration has guid$ a lov+ h&4 ,!re is no?+ vague1 feeble1 or flimsy 9 !m4 ,!y are ideal 9 ! true s5se--! /rong embodim5t ( great ideas4 ,ev5 to enum]ate ! o!r figures w\ld require m "t & space ?an c n[ be giv54 ,b we _c pass ov] 9 sil5ce ! wond]ful s]ies illu/rative ( ,biblical hi/ory :i* =m ! c5tre ( ! ceil+1 beg9n+ ) ,*aos /ruggl+ into =m1 & end+ ) ,lot & 8 *ildr54 ,"h 9 succession are ! division ( light f d>kness--! ,_s ( ,god mov+ ov] ! face ( ! wat]s 7an extraord9>y conception1 :i* ,raffaelle /rove 9 va9 to reproduce 9 ano!r =m 9 ! ,loggie ( ! ,vatican72 ! wond]ful creation ( ,adam2 ! temptation ( ! s]p5t1 & ! expulsion f ,p>adise1 s beautiful 9 composition & feel+2 ! sacrifice to ,god2 & f9ally ! ,flood4 ,besides ^! are ! gr& nude figures ( ! decoration1 :i* h nev] be5 equal$2 & _m ,biblical /ories1 :i*1 9 ! ri*ness & multitude ( great] ?+s1 are lo/1 b :i* 9 !mselves w\ld suffice to make any arti/ fam\s3 z1 = in/ance1 ! gr\p call$ ,rehoboam1 a female figure b5d+ =w>d & re/+ h] h& ^u h] face1 ) ! *ild lean+ aga9/ h] knee--a lovely sculptural gr\p1 admirably compos$1 & full ( pa?os2 & ! /]n1 despair+ figure entitl$ ,jesse1 look+ /raight out into ! di/ance be=e him--l ,fate4 ,"h is no attempt at sc5ic effect1 no ef=t = ! picturesque1 no lit]al desire = realism1 no pictorial graces4 ,a sombre1 noble tone ( color p]vades !m1--h>moniz+ ) _! gr& design1 b seek+ no?+ = itself1 & /]nly subject$ & re/ra9$ to ^! p[]ful conceptions4 ,nature sil5tly )draws & looks on1 aw$ by ^! mighty pres5ces4 ,only a trem5d\s en]gy & w c\ld h enabl$ ,mi*el ,angelo to conceive & execute ^! works4 ,! _s 9 :i* he work$ is h]oic3 oppress$ z he 0 by tr\ble & want1 he nev] lo/ c\rage or fai?4 ,"h is a fragm5t ( a lett] he wrote to 8 bro!r :ile employ$ on ?is "w1 :i* w %[ ! temp] & "* ( ! man4 ,x is truly 9 ! _s ( ! ,/oics ( old3-- 8,make no fri5d%ip nor intimacies ) any "o b ! ,almighty alone4 ,speak nei!r good nor evil ( any "o1 because ! end ( ^! ?+s _c yet be kn[n4 ,att5d only to y\r own affairs4 ,i mu/ tell y ,i h no money40 7,he says ?is 9 answ] to con/ant applications f 8 unwor?y bro!r = pecuni>y assi/ance47 8,i am1 ,i may say1 %oeless & nak$4 ,i _c receive ! balance ( my pay till ,i h f9i%$ ?is "w1 & ,i suff] mu* f discom=t & fatigue4 ,!re=e1 :5 y also h tr\ble to endure1 d n make useless compla9ts1 b try to help y\rself40 ,! names ( ,raffaelle & ,mi*el ,angelo are s associat$1 t t ( "o always rises 9 ! m9d :5 ! o!r is m5tion$4 ,_! g5iuses are z absolutely opposite z are _! *>act]s4 ,ea* is ! anti!sis ( ! o!r4 ,9 ! anci5t days we h ! same k9d ( diff]5ce betwe5 ,hom] & ,virgil1 ,demo/h5es & ,cic]o1 s*ylus & ,euripides2 9 lat] days1 ,molire & ,rac9e1 ,r\sseau & ,voltaire1 ,%akespe>e & ,sir ,philip ,sidney1 ,bee?ov5 & ,moz>t1 ,dante & ,ario/o1 ,victor ,hugo & ,lam>t9e2 or to take our own age1 ,delacroix & ,ary ,s*eff]1 ,br[n+ & ,t5nyson4 ,to ! "o belongs ! sph]e ( p[]1 to ! o!r t ( *>m4 ,"o fights 8 way to immortality1 ! o!r woos x4 ,raffaelle 0 ( ! latt] class--sweet ( nature1 g5tle ( disposition1 gift$ ) a r>e s5se ( grace1 a facile tal5t ( design1 & a ref9em5t ( feel+ :i*1 if x sometimes deg5]at$ into weakness1 nev] utt]ly lo/ its en*antm5t4 ,he 0 exce$+ly impressionable1 reflect$ by turns ! _s ( 8 ma/]s1--0 fir/ ,p]ug9o1 & aft]w>ds modifi$ 8 /yle to t ( ,fra ,b>tolommeo1 & aga91 "u ! influ5ce ( ,mi*el ,angelo1 /rove to tread 9 8 foot/eps4 ,he 0 n ( a deep nature nor ( a p[]ful "*4 ,!re 0 no?+ torr5tial 9 8 g5ius1 bur/+ its way ?r\gh ob/acles & sweep+ all be=e x4 ,x 0 r t ( ! calm riv]1 fl[+ at its own sweet w1 & reflect+ peacefully ! pass+ figures ( life4 ,he pa9t$ z ! bird s+s4 ,he 0 an arti/ because nature made him "o--n because he _h v[$ himself to art1 & 0 will+ to /ruggle & fight = its smile4 ,he 0 g5tle & fri5dly--a pleasant companion--a sup]ficial lov]--h&some ( p]son & pleas+ ( address--:o always w5t surr\nd$ by a corona ( foll[]s1 :o dislik$ "w & left ! execution ( 8 designs 9 great measure to 8 pupils1 :ile he toy$ ) ! ,=n>9a4 ,i d n mean to und]value him 9 :at he did4 ,8 works are *>m+--8 inv5tion 0 lively4 ,he _h ! happy art ( tell+ 8 /ory 9 outl9e1 bett]1 p]haps1 ?an any "o else ( 8 age4 ,8 highe/ rea* 0 ! ,madonna di ,s4 ,si/o1 & ?is c]ta9ly is full ( t l>ge sweetness & spiritual s5sibility :i* entitles him to ! common epi!t ( 8,div9o40 ,b :5 he di$ at ! e>ly age ( ?irty-sev51 he _h come to 8 full developm5t1 & !re is no reason to suppose t he w\ld ev] h atta9$ a great] height4 ,inde$1 dur+ 8 latt] ye>s he 0 tir$ ( 8 art1 neglect$ 8 "w1 became m & m academic1 & pref]r$ to bask 9 ! sun%9e ( 8 fame on its broad levels1 to gird+ up 8 lo9s to /ruggle up precipit\s asc5ts to l(ti] peaks4 ,! _w already began to blame him = ?is neglect1 & to say t he _h =gott5 h[ to pa9t himself1 & gave 8 designs only to 8 /ud5ts to execute4 ,mov$ by ^! rumors1 he det]m9$ alone to execute a "w 9 fresco1 & ?is "w 0 ! fam\s ,galatea ( ! ,palazzo ,f>nese4 ,he 0 f> advanc$ 9 x1 :51 dur+ 8 abs5ce "o morn+1 a d>k1 %ort1 /]n-look+ man call$ to see him4 ,9 ! abs5ce ( ,raffaelle1 ?is man gaz$ att5tively at ! ,galatea = a long "t1 & !n tak+ a piece ( *>coal1 he asc5d$ a ladd] :i* /ood 9 ! corn] ( ! va/ room1 & drew (fh& on ! wall a colossal male head4 ,!n he came d[n & w5t away1 say+ to ! att5dant1 8,if ,signore ,raffaelle wi%es to "k :o came to see him1 %[ him my c>d !re on ! wall40 ,:5 ,raffaelle return$1 ! assi/ant told him ( 8 visitor1 & %[$ him ! head4 8,t is ,mi*el ,angelo10 he said1 8or ! devil40 ,& ,mi*el ,angelo x 04 ,raffaelle well knew :at t p[]ful & colossal head meant1 & he felt ! t]rible tru? ( its sil5t criticism on 8 own "w4 ,x meant1 ,y\r fresco is too small = ! room--y\r /yle is too pleas+ & trivial4 ,make some?+ gr& & colossal4 ,brace y\r m9d to high] purpose1 tra9 y\r h& to nobl] design4 ,i say t ,raffaelle felt ?is /]n criticism1 because he work$ no m !re1 & only c>ri$ out ?is "o design4 ,raffaelle's disposition 0 sweet & attractive1 & he 0 belov$ by all 8 fri5ds4 ,vas>i says ( him1 t he 0 z mu* di/+ui%$ by 8 amorevolezza ed umanit1 8 affectionate & sympa!tic nature1 z by 8 excell5ce z an arti/2 & ano!r contempor>y speaks ( him z ( summ bonitatis1 p]fect sweetness ( "*4 ,all ?is "o sees 9 8 face1 :i*1 turn+1 gazes dreamily at u ov] 8 %\ld]1 ) d>k1 s(t eyes1 long hair1 & smoo?1 unsuff]+ *eeks :]e ,"t has pl\gh$ no furr[s--easy1 *>m+1 graceful1 ref9$1 & some:at fem99e ( "*4 ,mi*el ,angelo 0 made ( /]n] /uff ?an ?is4 ,8 temp] 0 viol5t1 8 be>+ haughty1 8 "* impetu\s4 ,he _h none ( ! p]sonal graces ( 8 great rival4 ,8 face 01 z x 71 hamm]$ /]nly out by fate2 8 br[ corrugat$ by c>e1 8 *eeks worn by ?\ght1 8 hair & be>d /iffly curl$ & bull-l2 8 expression sad & int5se1 ) a we>y long+ 9 8 deep-set eyes4 ,d\btless1 at times1 !y flam$ ) indignation & passion--= he 0 v irascible1 & suff]$ no lib]ties to be tak5 ) him4 ,he c\ld n 8sport ) ,am>yllis 9 ! %ade1 or ) ! tangles ( ,nera's hair40 ,art 0 8 mi/ress1 & a /]n mi/ress %e 01 urg+ him ev] onw>d to great] heights4 ,he lov$ h] ) a passion ( ! intellect2 !re 0 no?+ he w\ld n sacrifice = h]4 ,he 0 will+ to be poor1 almo/ to />ve1 to labor ) incessant zeal1 grudg+ ev5 ! "t t sleep dem&$1 only to w9 h] favor4 ,he c\ld n h be5 a pleasant companion1 & he 0 nev] a lov] ( woman4 ,8 fri5d%ip ) ,vittoria ,colonna 0 worlds away f ! s5ses1--worlds away f su* a connection z t ( ,raffaelle ) ! ,=n>9a4 ,!y walk$ toge!r 9 ! high] fields ( ?\ght & feel+1 9 ! region ( ideas & aspirations4 ,_! conv]sation 0 ( art1 & poesy1 & religion1 & ! my/]ies ( life4 ,!y read to ea* o!r _! poems1 & disc\rs$ on high !mes ( religion1 & fate1 & =ekn[l$ge4 ,! sonnets he address$ to h] 7 9 no trivial ve9 ( human passion or s5tim5t4 8,rapt above e>?0 7he writes7 8by p[] ( "o fair face1 ,h]s1 9 ^: sway alone my he>t delights1 ,i m+le ) ! ,ble/ on ^? pure heights ,:]e man1 yet mortal1 r>ely f9ds a place-- ,) ,him :o made ! ,"w t ,"w accords ,s well t1 by its help & ?r\gh ,8 grace1 ,i raise my ?\ghts1 in=m my de$s & words1 ,clasp+ h] beauty 9 my s\l's embrace40 ,9 8 s\l's embrace1 n 9 8 arms4 ,:5 he /ood beside h] dead body1 he sil5tly gaz$ at h]1 n d>+ to impr9t a kiss on t s]5e br[ ev5 :5 life _h dep>t$4 ,if he admir$ ,petr>ca1 x 0 z a philosoph] & a patriot1--= 8 canzone to ,lib]ty1 n = 8 sonnets to ,laura4 ,dante1 :om he call$ ,/ella di alto valor1 ! /> ( high p[]1 0 8 favorite poet2 ,savon>ola 8 s+le fri5d4 ,! 8,div9a ,comm$ia10 or r ! 8,inf]no0 alone1 he ?\ght wor?y ( illu/ration by 8 p5cil2 ! doctr9es ( ! latt] he w>mly esp\s$4 8,true beauty10 says t great re=m]1 8comes only f ! s\l1 f nobl5ess ( _s & purity ( conduct40 ,& s1 9 "o ( 8 madrigals1 says ,mi*el ,angelo4 8,!y are b gross spirits :o seek 9 s5sual nature ! beauty t uplifts & moves e heal?y intellig5ce ev5 to heav540 ,= ! mo/ "p he walk$ alone & avoid$ society1 wrapp$ up 9 8 own ?\ghts2 & once1 :5 meet+ ,raffaelle1 he reproa*$ him = be+ surr\nd$ by a cortge ( flatt]]s2 to :i* ,raffaelle bitt]ly retort$1 8,& y g alone1 l ! headsman0--&ate solo come un boia4 ,he 0 ess5tially orig9al1 &1 unlike 8 great rival1 foll[$ 9 no "o's foot/eps4 8,*i va dietro agli altri non li passa mai d9anzi10 he said1--:o foll[s beh9d o!rs c nev] pass be=e !m4 ,yet1 ) all 8 rugg$ness & imp]i\sness ( "*1 he _h a deep t5d]ness ( nature1 & 0 ready to meet any sacrifice = ^? :om he lov$4 ,p]sonal privations he c>$ little =1 & s5t to 8 family all 8 e>n+s1 save :at 0 absolutely necess>y to support life4 ,he _h no gre$ = weal?1 no love ( display1 no desire = luxuries3 a bett] son nev] liv$1 & 8 unwor?y bro!r he =gave ov] & ov] aga91 nev] we>y ( endeavor+ to set him on 8 "r pa?4 ,b at times he broke =? ) a trem5d\s en]gy :5 pu%$ too f>1 z witness ?is lett] to 8 bro!r4 ,aft] say+1 8,if ?\ trie/ to d well1 & to honor & rev]e ?y fa!r1 ,i w aid !e l ! o!rs1 & w provide = !e 9 good "t a place ( bus9ess10 he ?us breaks out 9 8 po/script3-- 8,i h n w&]$ ab\t all ,italy1 & borne e mortification1 suff]$ h>d%ip1 lac]at$ my body ) h>d labor1 & plac$ my life 9 a ?\s& dang]s1 except to aid my family2 & n[ t ,i h begun to raise x some:at1 ?\ alone art ! "o to embroil & ru9 9 an h\r t :i* ,i h labor$ s long to accompli%4 ,by ! body ( ,*ri/1 b x %all be f\nd true t ,i %all conf\nd t5 ?\s& su* z ?\ art if x be ne$ful1--s be wise1 & tempt n "o :o has already too mu* to be>40 ,he 0 g5]\s & l>ge 9 8 *>ities4 ,he support$ out ( 8 purse _m poor p]sons1 m>ri$ & end[$ secretly a numb] ( "y girls1 & gave freely to all :o surr\nd$ him4 8,:5 ,i die10 ask$ he ( 8 old & fai?ful s]vant ,urb9o1 8:at w become ( y80 8,i %all seek = ano!r ma/] 9 ord] to live10 0 ! answ]4 8,ah1 poor man60 cri$ ,mi*el ,angelo1 & gave him at once #aj1jjj gold5 cr[ns4 ,:5 ?is poor s]vant fell ill1 he t5d$ him ) ! utmo/ c>e1 z if he 7 a bro!r1 & on 8 dea? broke out into l\d lam5tations1 & w\ld n be com=t$4 ,8 fi]y & impetu\s temp]1 h[ev]1 l$ him (t5 into viol5ce4 ,he 0 no respect] ( p]sons1 & he well knew h[ to /& up = ! rights ( man4 ,!re 0 no?+ ( ! c\rti] 9 him2 & he fac$ ! ,pope ) an audaci\s firmness ( purpose & expression unp>allel$ at t "t2 & yet he 0 s+ul>ly pati5t & endur+1 & gave way to ! v>iable ,pontiff's :ims & caprices :5ev] !y did n t\* 8 dignity z a man4 ,long p]iods ( "t he all[$ himself to be employ$ 9 sup]9t5d+ ! qu>ry+ ( m>ble at ,c>r>a1 ?\gh 8 bra9 0 teem+ ) great conceptions4 ,he 0 oppress$1 agitat$1 irritat$ on e side by home tr\bles1 by papal caprices1 & by ! inte/9e tumult ( 8 c\ntry1 & mu* ( 8 life 0 wa/$ 9 m]ely me*anical "w :i* any inf]ior man c\ld z well h done4 ,he 0 =c$ n only to qu>ry1 b to d almo/ all ! rude block+ out ( 8 /atues 9 m>ble1 :i* %\ld h be5 intru/$ to o!rs1 & :i* w\ld h be5 bett] done by m]e me*anical workm54 ,8 v impetuosity1 8 v g5ius1 unfitt$ him = su* "w3 :ile he %\ld h be5 creat+ & design+1 he 0 do+ ! r\gh "w ( a /one-cutt]4 ,s ard5t 0 8 nature1 s burn+ 8 en?usiasm1 t he c\ld n fitly d ?is "w4 ,he 0 too impati5t to get to ! =m )9 to take he$ ( ! bl[s he /ruck at ! %apeless mass t encumb]$ x1 & ?us x happ5$ t he (t5 ru9$ 8 /atue by /rik+ away :at c\ld nev] be replac$4 ,vig5]o ?us describes him3-- 8,i h se5 ,mi*el ,angelo1 al?\gh sixty ye>s ( age1 & n "o ( ! mo/ robu/ ( m51 smite d[n m scales f a v h>d block ( m>ble 9 a qu>t] ( an h\r1 ?an ?ree "y m>ble-cutt]s w\ld 9 ?ree or f\r times t space ( "t4 ,he flung himself ^u ! m>ble ) su* impetuosity & f]vor1 z to induce me to believe t he w\ld break ! "w into fragm5ts4 ,) a s+le bl[ he br\ght d[n scales ( m>ble ( ?ree or f\r f+]s 9 bread?1 & ) su* precision to ! l9e m>k$ on ! m>ble1 t if he _h brok5 away a v little m1 he risk$ ! ru9 ( ! "w40 ,?is is pitiable4 ,?is 0 n ! "w = a great g5ius l him1 b = a common /one-cutt]4 ,:at wa/e ( "t & en]gy to no purpose1--nay1 to worse ?an no purpose1--to ! dang]1 (t5 ! irrep>able injury1 ( ! /atue4 ,a dull1 plodd+1 pati5t workman w\ld h done x f> bett]4 ,x is z if an ar*itect %\ld be employ$ 9 plan+ ! beams or lay+ ! bricks & /ones ( ! build+ he design$4 ,9 fact1 ,mi*el ,angelo injur$1 & 9 "s cases ne>ly ru9$1 mo/ ( 8 /atues by ! v impati5ce ( 8 g5ius4 ,?us ! back head ( ! ,moses has be5 /ruck away by "o ( ^! bl[s1 & ev]y:]e a c>eful eye detects ! irrep>able bl[ beyond its true limit4 ,?is is n ! ,mi*el ,angelo :om we are to rev]5ce & admire2 ?is is an abbozzatore r\gh+ out ! "w4 ,!re is no difficulty 9 /rik+ (f l>ge cleav+s ( m>ble at "o /roke--any "o c d t2 & x is pitiable to f9d him s engag$4 ,:]e we d f9d 8 te*nical excell5ce z a sculptor is :5 he comes to ! surface--:5 ) ! drill he draws ! outl9e ) su* =ce & wond]ful precision--:5 8 too?-*isel models out1 ) su* pure s5se ( =m & su* accompli%$ k1 ! subtle anatomies ( ! body & ! liv+ curves ( ! palpitant fle%2 & no sculptor c exam9e ! colossal figures ( ! ,m$ici ,*apel )\t feel+ ! free & mighty t\* ( a great ma/] ( ! m>ble4 ,"h ! h& & ! m9d "w toge!r1 & ! /one is pla/ic z clay to 8 p[]4 ,x 0 n until ,mi*el ,angelo 0 sixty ye>s ( age t1 on ! dea? ( ,antonio ,san ,gallo1 he 0 appo9t$ to succe$ him z ar*itect1 & to design & c>ry out ! build+ ( ,/4 ,pet]'s1 !n only ris+ f its f\ndations4 ,to ?is appo9tm5t he answ]$1 z he _h be=e object$ :5 commission$ to pa9t ! ,si/9e ,*apel1 8,ar*itecture is n my art40 ,b 8 objections 7 ov]rul$4 ,! ,pope insi/$1 & he 0 f9ally prevail$ ^u to accept ?is commission1 on ! noble condition t 8 s]vices %\ld be gratuit\s1 & d$icat$ to ! glory ( ,god & ( ,8 ,apo/le1 ,/4 ,pet]2 & to ?is he 0 actuat$1 n only by a gr& s5tim5t1 b because he 0 aw>e t hi!rto ! "w _h be5 conduct$ di%one/ly1 & ) a sole view ( gre$ & ga94 ,receiv+ no?+ himself1 he c\ld ! m easily suppress all peculation on ! "p ( o!rs4 ,he 01 z he said1 an old man 9 ye>s1 b 9 en]gy & p[] he _h ga9$ r ?an lo/1 & he set himself at once to "w1 & design$ t gr& basilica :i* has be5 ! admiration ( c5turies1 & to sw+1 z he said1 9 air ! ,pan!on4 ,t mighty dome is b ! ar*itectural bro!r ( ! great /atues 9 ! ,m$icean ,*apel1 & ! ,titan frescoes ( ! ,si/9e ,*apel4 ,grant$ all ! defects ( ?is spl5did basilica1 all ! objections ( all ! critics1 well or ill f\nd$1 & all ! de=mities graft$ on x by 8 successors--!re x is1 "o ( ! noble/ & gr&e/ ( all temples to ! ,deity1 & "o ( ! mo/ beautiful4 ,! dome itself1 )9 & )\t1 is a m>vel ( beauty & gr&eur1 to :i* all o!r domes1 ev5 t ( ,brunelles*i1 mu/ yield prec$5ce4 ,x is ! uplift$ br[ & =ehead t holds ! bra9 ( papal ,rome1 calm1 & )\t a fr[n1 sil5t1 maje/ic1 impressive4 ,! *ur* )9 has its own atmosph]e1 :i* sc>cely kn[s ! seasons )\t2 & :5 ! pageant & ! pomp ( ! ,ca?olic hi]>*y passes along its nave1 & ! sunlight builds its gold5 slant+ bridge ( light f ! lant]n to ! high alt>1 & ! fumes ( inc5se rise f ! cl9k+ c5s] at ,high ,mass1 & ! solemn ?rill ( ! silv] trumpets s\nds & swells & rev]b]ates ?r\gh ! dim mosaick$ dome :]e ! sa9ts are pictur$ above1 cold mu/ be 8 he>t & dull 8 s5se :o is n t\*$ to rev]5ce4 ,"h is ! type ( ! univ]sal ,*ur*--free & beautiful1 l>ge & lov+2 n grim & sombre & sad1 l ! nor!rn ,go?ic ca!drals4 ,we grieve ov] all ! bad ta/e ( its int]ior decoration1 all ! giant & awkw>d /atues1 all ! lam5table details1 = :i* he is n responsible2 b /ill1 despite !m all1 ! impression is great4 ,:5 at twilight ! %ad[s obscure all ^! trivialities1 :5 ! l(ty cross above ! alt> rays =? its s+le illum9ation & ! ta/eless details disappe>1 & ! t[]+ ar*es rise unbrok5 ) _! solemn gulfs ( d>kness1 "o c feel h[ great1 h[ a/oni%+ ?is *ur* is1 9 its broad ar*itectural features4 ,at ne>ly ?is "t ,mi*el ,angelo design$ ! ,palazzo ,f>nese1 ! ,*ur* ( ,/a ,m>ia degli ,angeli 9 ! ru9s ( ! ,ba?s ( ,diocletian1 ! ,laur5tian ,libr>y & ! palaces on ! ,capitol1 & v>i\s o!r build+s1 all ( :i* be> te/imony to 8 p[] & skill z an ar*itect4 ,= ,/4 ,pet]'s z x n[ /&s ,mi*el ,angelo is n responsible4 ,8 idea 0 to make all subord9ate to ! dome2 b aft] 8 dea?1 ! nave 0 prolong$ by ,c>lo ,mad]no1 ! faade completely *ang$1 & ! ma9 !me ( ! build+ 0 ?us almo/ oblit]at$ f ! front4 ,x is greatly to be regrett$ t 8 orig9al design 0 n c>ri$ out4 ,e *ange f x 0 an injury4 ,! only po9t f :i* "o c get an idea ( 8 int5tion is f beh9d or at ! side1 & !re its colossal "* is %[n4 ,we h ?us f> consid]$ ,mi*el ,angelo z a sculptor1 pa9t]1 & ar*itect4 ,x rema9s to consid] him z a poet4 ,nor 9 8 poetry d we f9d any diff]5ce ( "* f :at he exhibit$ 9 8 o!r arts4 ,he is r\gh1 en]getic1 /rong1 full ( high ideas1 /ruggl+ ) fate1 oppress$ & we>y ) life4 ,he has none ( ! sweet numb]s ( ,petr>ca1 or ! lively _s ( ,ario/o1 or ! *ivalric tones ( ,tasso4 ,8 v]se is rude1 craggy1 almo/ disjo9t$ at times1 & ) little melody 9 x1 b x is nev] feeble4 ,x 0 n 8 art1 he might h said1 ) m propriety ?an :5 he ?us spoke ( pa9t+ & ar*itecture4 ,l(ty ?\ghts h wre/l$ _! way into v]se1 & con/ra9$ a rhy?mic =m to obey !m4 ,b !re is a con/ant /ruggle = him 9 a =m :i* is n pla/ic to 8 t\*4 ,/ill 8 poems are /rong 9 _! crabb$ness1 & /& l granite rocks 9 ! g5]al sweet mu% ( ,italian v]se4 ,su*1 !n1 0 ,mi*el ,angelo1--sculptor1 pa9t]1 ar*itect1 poet1 eng9e]1 & able 9 all ^! arts4 ,nor w\ld x h be5 possible = him to be s great 9 any "o ( !m _h he n tra9$ 8 m9d to all2 = all ! arts are b ! v>i\s articulations ( ! self-same p[]1 z ! f+]s are ( ! h&1 & ea* l5ds aid to ! o!r4 ,only by hav+ all c ! m9d h its full grasp ( art4 ,x is too (t5 insi/$ 9 our days t a man to be great 9 "o art mu/ devote himself exclusively to t2 or if he be solicit$ by any o!r1 he mu/ m]ely toy ) x4 ,su* 0 n ! doctr9e ( ! arti/s ( old1 ei!r 9 anci5t days ( ,greece or at ! epo* ( ! ,r5aissance4 ,phidias 0 a pa9t] & ar*itect z well z a sculptor1 & s 7 ne>ly all ! m5 ( 8 "t4 ,giotto1 ,leon>do1 ,ghib]ti1 ,mi*el ,angelo1 ,v]roc*io1 ,cell9i1 ,raffaelle1--9 a ^w1 all ! great m5 ( ! glori\s age 9 ,italy 7 accompli%$ 9 _m arts4 ,!y m or less tra9$ !mselves 9 all4 ,x might be said t n a s+le great man 0 n v]s$ 9 m ?an "o art4 ,!nce x 0 t !y d]iv$ _! p[]4 ,x does n suffice t ! arm alone is /rong2 ! :ole body /rikes ) e bl[4 ,! frescoes 9 ! ,si/9e ,*apel at ,rome1 & ! /atues 9 ! ,m$icean ,*apel at ,flor5ce1 are ! greate/ monum5ts ( ,mi*el ,angelo's p[] z an arti/4 ,:atev] may be ! defects ( ^! great works1 !y are ( a ,titanic brood1 t h left no successors1 z !y _h no prog5itors4 ,!y defy criticism1 h[ev] j1 & /& by !mselves outside ! beat5 track ( art1 to *all5ge our admiration4 ,s also1 despite all 8 faults & defects1 h[ gr& a figure ,mi*el ,angelo himself is 9 hi/ory1 h[ high a place he holds6 ,8 "n itself is a p[]4 ,he is "o ( ! mighty ma/]s t ! _w _c =get4 ,k+s & emp]ors die & are =gott51--dyna/ies *ange & gov]nm5ts fall1--b he1 ! sil5t1 /]n work]1 reigns unmov$ 9 ! great realm ( art4 ,let u leave ?is great pres5ce1 & pass into ! o!r spl5did *apel ( ! ,m$ici :i* adjo9s ?is1 & m>k ! contra/1 & see :at came ( "s ( ! titul> mon>*s ( 8 "t :o frett$ _! brief h\r across ! /age1 & wore _! purple1 & issu$ _! edicts1 & 7 fawn$ ^u & flatt]$ 9 _! pride ( ephem]al p[]4 ,pass+ across a corridor1 y ent] ?is dom$ *apel or mausoleum--& a spl5did mausoleum x is4 ,its %ape is octagonal4 ,x is #fc metres 9 height1 or ab\t #bjj feet1 & is l9$ ?r\gh\t ) ! ri*e/ m>bles--( jasp]1 corall9e1 p]sicata1 *alc$ony1 "m-(-pe>l1 agate1 giallo & v]de antico1 porphyry1 lapis-lazuli1 onyx1 ori5tal alaba/]1 & beautiful petrifi$ woods2 & its co/ 0 no less ?an ?irty-two millions ( francs ( to-day4 ,"h 7 to lie ! bodies ( ! ,m$ici family1 9 honor ( :om x 0 rais$4 ,on ea* ( ! eight sides is a va/ ar*1 & inside six ( ^! are six imm5se s>cophagi1 f\r ( r$ ,egyptian granite & two ( gray1 ) ! arms ( ! family elaborately c>v$ ^u !m1 & surm\nt$ ) coronets adorn$ ) preci\s gems4 ,9 two ( ! ar*es are colossal portrait /atues1--"o ( ,f]d9& ,,iii4 9 gold5 bronze1 by ,pietro ,tacca2 & ! o!r ( ,cosimo ,,ii4 9 br[n bronze1 by ,john ( ,bologna1 & bo? 9 ! ri*e/ royal robes4 ,! s>cophagi h ! names ( ,f]d9& ,,ii41 ,cosimo ,,iii41 ,francesco ,i41 ,cosimo ,i4 ,all t weal? & ta/e c d has be5 done to celebrate & p]petuate ! memory ( ^! royal dukes t reign$ ov] ,flor5ce 9 its prosp]\s days4 ,& :]e are ! bodies ( ^! royal dukes8 ,"h comes ! sadde/ ( /ories4 ,:5 ! e>ly bodies 7 fir/ buri$ ,i "k n2 b 9 #agia ,f]d9& ,,iii4 ga!r$ toge!r all ! c(f9s 9 :i* !y 7 laid1 & _h !m pil$ toge!r pell-mell 9 ! subt]ranean vaults ( ?is *apel1 sc>cely tak+ he$ to di/+ui% !m "o f ano!r2 & "h !y rema9$1 neglect$ & unc>$ =1 & only protect$ f plund] by two wood5 doors ) common keys1 until #aheg4 ,!n %ame came ov] ^? :o _h ! cu/ody ( ! place1 & x 0 det]m9$ to put !m 9 ord]4 ,9 #ahah !re _h be5 a rumor t ^! ,m$icean c(f9s _h be5 violat$ & robb$ ( all ! articles ( value :i* !y conta9$4 ,b little he$ 0 paid to ?is rumor1 & x 0 n until ?irty-n9e ye>s aft] t an exam9ation into ! real facts 0 made4 ,x 0 !n discov]$ t ! rumor 0 well f\nd$4 ,! =ty-n9e c(f9s conta9+ ! rema9s ( ! family 7 tak5 d[n "o by "o1 & a sad /ate ( ?+s 0 expos$4 ,"s ( !m _h be5 brok5 into & plund]$1 "s 7 ! hid+-places ( v]m91 & su* 0 ! nause\s odor !y gave =?1 t at lea/ "o ( ! p]sons employ$ 9 tak+ !m d[n lo/ 8 life by inhal+ x4 ,imp]ial ,cs>1 dead & turn$ to clay1 _h become hide\s & noisome4 ,( _m ( ! ducal family no?+ rema9$ b fragm5ts ( bones & a h&ful ( du/4 ,b :]e ! h& ( ! robb] _h n be51 ! spl5did dresses cov]$ ) jewels1 ! silks & sat9s wr\ght ov] ) gold embroid]y1 ! ri*ly *as$ helmets & swords cru/$ ) gems & gold1 /ill surviv$1 ?\gh ^? :o _h worn !m 9 _! spl5did pageants 7 b du/ & crumbl+ bones )9 !m4 8,"h 7 s&s1 ignoble ?+s1 ,dropp$ f ! ru9$ sides ( k+s40 ,9 _m cases1 :]e all else t bore ! impress ( life _h vani%$1 ! hair /ill rema9$ almo/ z fre% z ev]4 ,"s bodies :i* _h be5 c>efully embalm$ 7 9 fair pres]vation1 b "s 7 fe>fully alt]$4 ,gha/ly & gr9n+ skulls 7 !re1 adorn$ ) cr[ns ( gold4 ,d>k & p>*m5t-l faces 7 se5 ) _! gold5 locks ri* z ev]1 & twi/$ ) gems & pe>ls & co/ly nets4 ,! ,c>d9al ,pr9ces /ill wore _! mitres & r$ cloaks1 _! purple pianete & glitt]+ r+s1 _! crosses ( :ite enamel1 _! jac9?s & ame?y/s & sapphires--all _h surviv$ _! prie/ly selves4 ,! dri$ bones ( ,vittoria della ,rov]e ,montefeltro 7^: v "n is poetic7 7 drap$ 9 a robe ( black silk ( exquisite texture1 trimm$ ) black & :ite lace1 :ile on h] brea/ lay a great gold5 m$al1 & on "o side 7 h] emblems & on ! o!r h] portrait z %e 0 9 life1 z if to say1 8,look on ?is picture & on ?is40 ,alas1 poor humanity6 ,beside h] lay1 almo/ a m]e skeleton1 ,anna ,luisa1 ! ,electress ,palat9e ( ! ,rh9e1 & daught] ( ,cosimo ,,iii41 ) ! electoral cr[n surm\nt+ h] gha/ly br[ & face ( black p>*m5t1 a crucifix ( silv] on h] brea/1 & at h] side a m$al ) h] effigy & "n2 :ile ne> h] lay h] uncle1 ,francesco ,m>ia1 a m]e mass ( du/ & robes & rags4 ,_m _h be5 /ripp$ by pr(ane h&s ( all _! jewels & insignia1 & among ^! 7 ,cosimo ,i4 & ,,ii41 ,eleonora de ,tol$o1 ,m>ia ,*ri/9a1 & o!rs1 to ! numb] ( tw5ty4 ,! two bodies :i* 7 f\nd 9 ! be/ pres]vation 7 ^? ( ! ,gr& ,du*ess ,giovanna d',au/ria1 ! wife ( ,francesco ,i41 & _! daught] ,anna4 ,corruption _h sc>cely t\*$ !m1 & !re !y lay fre% 9 color z if !y _h j di$--! "m 9 h] r$ sat91 trimm$ ) lace1 h] r$ silk /ock+s & high-heel$ %oes1 ! e>-r+s hang+ f h] e>s1 & h] blond hair fre% z ev]4 ,& s1 aft] c5turies _h pass$1 ! tru? became evid5t ( ! rumor t ran ?r\gh ,flor5ce at ! "t ( _! dea?1 t !y _h di$ ( poison4 ,! ars5ic :i* _h tak5 f !m _! life _h pres]v$ _! bodies 9 dea?4 ,giovanni delle ,b&e ,n]e 0 also "h1 8 battles all ov]1 8 bones scatt]$ & loose )9 8 iron armor1 & 8 ru/$ helmet ) its visor d[n4 ,& ?is 0 all t 0 left ( ! great ,m$ici4 ,is !re any lesson sadd] ?an ?is8 ,^! royal p]sons1 once s gay & pr\d & p[]ful1 "s ( :om patroniz$ ,mi*el ,angelo1 & ext5d$ to him _! graci\s favor1 & honor$ him p]haps ) a smile1 n[ s utt]ly de?ron$ by dea?1 _! names sc>cely kn[n1 or1 if kn[n1 n rev]5c$1 :ile ! poor /]n arti/ !y look$ d[n ^u sits l a mon>* on ! ?rone ( fame1 &1 ?\gh dead1 rules ) 8 _s & by 8 works 9 ! augu/ realm ( art4 ,:o has n he>d 8 "n8 ,:o has n felt 8 influ5ce8 ,& ages %all come1 & g5]ations %all pass1 & he w keep 8 k+dom4 ,,phidias1 ,,& ,,! ,,elg9 ,,m>bles4 ,! m>ble /atues 9 ! p$im5t ( ! ,p>!non at ,a!ns1 z well z ! metopes & bassi-relievi :i* adorn$ ! temple d$icat$ to ,m9]va1 are popul>ly suppos$ to h be5 ei!r ! "w ( ,phidias himself1 or execut$ by 8 s*ol>s aft] 8 designs & "u 8 sup]9t5d5ce4 ,?is op9ion1 by d9t ( con/ant repetition1 has f9ally become accept$ z an und\bt$ fact2 b a c>eful exam9ation into ! orig9al au?orities w %[ t x is unsupport$ by any satisfactory evid5ce4 ,! ma9 gr\nd ^u :i* x is f\nd$ is t ,phidias 0 appo9t$ by ,p]icles director ( ! public works at ,a!ns1 & occupi$ t (fice dur+ ! build+ ( ! ,p>!non4 ,f be+ ! director he is suppos$ to h be5 ! design] at lea/1 n only ( ! temple1 b ( all ! works ( art conta9$ 9 x4 ,?is d$uction is c]ta9ly v broad to be drawn f s small a fact1 ev5 if t fact %\ld be e/abli%$ beyond d\bt4 ,x resembles ! mod]n in/ance ( ! popul> attribution ( s _m nameless /atues ( ! ,r5aissance to ,mi*el ,angelo4 ,& !re seems to be ab\t z mu* reason to suppose t ,phidias execut$ or design$ all ! sculpture ( ! ,p>!non1 because he 0 ! g5]al sup]9t5d5t ( public works at ,a!ns1 z to attribute to ,mi*el ,angelo ! au?or%ip ( all ! /atues 9 ,/4 ,pet]'s1 because he 0 ma9ly ! ar*itect & sup]9t5d5t ( ! "w ( t great ,*ri/ian temple4 ,! fir/ fact to be oppos$ to ?is entirely gratuit\s assumption is1 t dur+ ! execution ( ! great public works at ,a!ns "u ! adm9i/ration ( ,p]icles1 ,phidias himself 0 occupi$ on 8 great *ryselephant9e /atue ( ,a!na1 :i* 0 ! *ief ornam5t ( ! ,p>!non2 & ?is alone1 )\t consid]+ ! o!r great /atues 9 ivory1 & gold1 & bronze1 on :i* he 0 probably engag$ at or ne> ! same p]iod1 0 amply suffici5t to occupy 8 entire "t & ?\ghts4 ,! next mo/ important fact is t no anci5t contempor>y au?or ass]ts t any ( ! sculptures ( ! ,p>!non1 ) ! exception ( ! *ryselephant9e /atue ( ,a!na1 7 execut$ by him2 & consid]+ 8 fame 9 8 own & subsequ5t ages1 x seems mo/ improbable1 to say ! lea/1 t1 _h he be5 ! au?or ( any ( ! o!r /atues & alti or bassi-relievi1 n only no m5tion ( ?is fact1 b no allusion to x1 %\ld ev] h be5 made4 ,9 ! next place1 x w be f\nd1 on c>eful exam9ation ( ! anci5t writ]s & ( o!r facts be>+ on ! "q1 to be exce$+ly d\btful :e!r ,phidias ev] made any /atues 9 m>ble4 ,if he did execute any works 9 ?is mat]ial1 !y 7 exceptions to 8 g5]al practice1 8 art be+ *iefly 9 toreutic "w1 & 9 gold & ivory1 or bronze4 ,x 0 9 ^! arts t he e/abli%$ 8 fame2 & !re is no m5tion ( any "w by him 9 m>ble )9 five hundr$ ye>s ( 8 dea?4 ,plut>*1 9 8 ,life ( ,p]icles1 says t 8,phidias 0 appo9t$ by ,p]icles sup]9t5d5t ( all ! public edifices1 ?\gh ! ,a!nians _h o!r em95t ar*itects1 & excell5t workm540 ,x is pla91 h[ev]1 t ev5 if ,phidias 0 director ( ! works1 ,plut>* does n mean to repres5t him z ! ar*itect or arti/ by :om !y 7 ei!r design$ or execut$2 = he imm$iately adds t 8! ,p>!non 0 built by ,callicrates & ,ict9us40 ,probably also ,c>pion 0 ano!r ar*itect actively engag$ ^u x1 = he & ,ict9us wrote a "w ^u x4 ,plut>* !n goes on to enum]ate o!r build+s built by diff]5t arti/s at ?is v p]iod dur+ :i* ,phidias 0 director ( public works4 ,aft]w>ds he positively /ates t 8! gold5 /atue ( ,m9]va 0 ! workman%ip ( ,phidias1 & 8 "n is inscrib$ on ! p$e/al20#a & adds t1 8z we h already obs]v$1 ?r\gh ! fri5d%ip ( ,p]icles1 he _h ! direction ( ev]y?+1 & all ! arti/s receiv$ 8 ord]s40 ,b he does n say or intimate t ,phidias himself made any?+ 9 ! ,p>!non except ! /atue ( ,a!na1 unless 8hav+ ! direction ( ev]y?+0 is to be und]/ood z equival5t to mak+ ev]y?+ himself4 ,su* an int]pretation is1 h[ev]1 absolutely 9 contradiction ) 8 /atem5ts t ! ,p>!non 0 built by ,callicrates & ,ict9us2 t ! ,temple ( ,initiation at ,eleusis 0 begun by ,corbus1 c>ri$ on by ,metag5es1 & f9i%$ by ,x5ocles ( ,*ol>gos2 t ! ve/ibule ( ! ,citadel 0 f9i%$ 9 five ye>s by ,mnesicles2 & t ! ,odeum 0 built "u ! direction ( ,p]icles1 by :i* he incurr$ mu* ridicule4 ,/rabo1 h[ev]1 w\ld seem to diff] f ,plut>* on ?is po9t1 & to attribute to ,p]icles himself1 & n to ,phidias1 ! g5]al sup]9t5d5ce ( ! public works4 ,speak+ ( ! ,temple ( ! ,eleus9ian ,c]es at ,eleusis1 & ! my/ic inclosure1 1 built by ,ict9us1 he adds1 8,?is p]son x 0 :o made ! ,p>!non 9 ! ,acropolis 9 honor ( ,m9]va1 :5 ,p]icles 0 sup]9t5d5t ( ! public works20 & 9 ano!r passage he m5tions 8! ,p>!non built by ,ict9us1 9 :i* is ! ,m9]va 9 ivory1 ! "w ( ,phidias10--?us cle>ly di/+ui%+ ! "w ( ,phidias1 & say+ n a ^w ab\t ! metopes1 bassi-relievi1 or /atues 9 ! p$im5t1 or indicat+ him z _! au?or4 ,b grant+ t ,plut>* is "r1 x is q manife/ t x 0 impossible = ,phidias to h _h m ?an an (ficial sup]9t5d5ce ( ^! great works4 ,! sole adm9i/ration ( public affairs 0 conf]r$ on ,p]icles 9 ,b4 ,c4 #ddd1 & x 0 n until !n or subsequ5tly t ,phidias c\ld h be5 appo9t$ to ?is (fice4 ,among ! public works built at ?is p]iod 7 ! ,propyla1 ! ,odeum1 ! ,p>!non1 ! ,temples ( ,c]es at ,eleusis1 ( ,juno at ,argos1 ( ,apollo at ,phigaleia1 & ( ,zeus at ,olympia--! la/ be+ f9i%$ 9 ,b4 ,c4 #dcc4 ,)9 ^! elev5 ye>s1 !re=e1 ,phidias is suppos$ to h sup]9t5d$ all or a portion ( ^! temples1 ) _! manifold sculptures & /atues1 &1 9 addition1 to h made ! colossal *ryselephant9e /atues ( ,a!na 9 ! ,p>!non1 ,zeus at ,olympia1 ,aphrodite ,urania at ,elis1 & also1 p]haps1 ! ,a!na ,areia 9 bronze at ,plata4 ,b exclud+ all consid]ation z to ! o!r temples1 & conf9+ ourselves solely to ! ,p>!non1 let u see if x be possible1 ) all 8 occupations1 = him to h execut$ ! ,a!na alone1 & also execut$ or ev5 design$ ! o!r sculptures ( ! ,p>!non4 ,9 ! tympanum !re are #dd /atues1 all ( h]oic size4 ,!re 7 #ib metopes repres5t+ ! battles ( ! ,c5taurs & ,lapi?1 & ! frieze1 :i* 0 cov]$ ) elaborate bassi-relievi repres5t+ processions ( m51 wom51 & horses ) rid]s1 0 ab\t #ebd feet 9 l5g?4 ,!re seems to be no di/9ct /atem5t ( ! exact "t :5 ! ,p>!non 0 begun2 b x c]ta9ly 0 aft] ! appo9tm5t ( ,p]icles 9 #ddd ,b4 ,c41 & we "k t x 0 f9i%$ & d$icat$ 9 #dch ,b4 ,c4 ,?is gives u six ye>s z ! outside possible limits )9 :i* x 0 built4 ,n[1 if ,phidias made1 execut$1 or ev5 model$ or design$1 only ! #dd /atues ( ! tympanum )9 ?is p]iod1 he mu/ h be5 a man ( a/oni%+ activity & rapidity 9 8 "w4 ,to d ?is he mu/ h made m ?an sev5 h]oic /atues 9 ea* ye>1 or m ?an "o /atue e two mon?s = six ye>s4 ,?is may safely be said to be impossible1 unless we mean by ! t]m design+ ! mak+ ( small sket*es 9 clay or t]ra cotta1 ) little elaboration or f9i%4 ,b if we add ! #ib metopes & ! #ebd feet ( figures 9 relief1 ! m]e design+ 9 clay ( all ! figures & gr\ps becomes impossible4 ,b ?is is n en\gh3 we "k t he execut$ 9 ?is "t ! colossal *ryselephant9e /atue ( ,a!na1--& to ! o!r /atues1 !re=e1 he c\ld only h giv5 ! ov]plus ( 8 "t :i* 0 n ne$$ = 8 great "w4 ,nor are we )\t data by :i* we c e/imate ! probable "t giv5 to ! ,a!na alone4 ,at ,elis he 0 engag$ exclusively f f\r to five ye>s ^u ! ,zeus1 9 ! temple at ,olympia2 & 9 ! execution ( ?is colossal "w we "k t he _h ! assi/ance ( o!r arti/s1 & especially ( ,kolotes2 & we also "k t he did no?+ else 9 ?is temple1 ! /atues 9 ! two tympana hav+ be5 execut$ by ,alcam5es & ,ponios4 ,9 all probability ab\t ! same am\nt ( "t 0 giv5 to ! ,a!na4 ,suppos+1 !n1 t he began 8 "w on ! ,p>!non imm$iately aft] ! appo9tm5t ( ,p]icles1 :i* is mo/ improbable1 he w\ld h _h ab\t a ye>'s "t 9 :i* to make all ! /atues & reliefs 9 ! ,p>!non1 & ex]cise sup]vision ( ! public works4 ,if he model$ ! designs only ( ! tympana 9 ?is p]iod1 he mu/ h made a /atue 9 eight days4 ,if he also model$ ! designs ( ! metopes1 #ib 9 numb]1 ( two figures ea*1 he mu/ h giv5 less ?an ?ree days to ea*1 )\t all[+ any "t = ! p]=mance ( 8 functions ( g5]al director1 & suppos+ him also to h work$ )\t a day's int]mission4 ,su* suppositions mu/ be reject$ z approa*+ s ne> to impossibilities z to r5d] !m utt]ly unt5able4 ,all probabilities are 9 favor ( ! supposition t1 dur+ ! p]iod 9 :i* ! ,p>!non 0 con/ruct$1 ,phidias 0 employ$ solely ^u ! /atue ( ,a!na1 & ^u ! duties incid5t to 8 position z sup]9t5d5t ( public works4 ,?is conclusion w seem all ! m probable :5 we consid] t ,phidias1 f> f be+ rapid 9 8 execution1 01 on ! contr>y1 a sl[ & elaborate work]1 devot+ mu* "t to ! c>eful & m9ute f9i% ( 8 /atues4 ,!mi/ius is report$ by ,plut>* z say+ ( him1 t 8?\gh ,phidias 0 skillful en\gh to make 9 gold or ivory0 7x w be obs]v$ t he speaks ( 8 "w 9 no o!r mat]ials7 8! true %ape ( god or man1 yet he did require abundance ( "t & leisure to 8 "w2 s he is report$ to h sp5t mu* "t ^u ! base & s&als ( 8 /atue ( ! goddess ,a!na40#b ,we mu/ also add ano!r consid]ation1 & x is ?is3 t 9 ! "t ( ,phidias x 0 necess>y = a sculptor to d f> m ) 8 own h& ?an x is n[4 ,mod]n facilities h greatly abridg$ ! p]sonal labor ( ! sculptor 9 m>ble or bronze4 ,! pres5t me?od ( ca/+ 9 pla/]1 :i* 0 !n unkn[n1 or at lea/ unpractic$1 enables ! sculptor ( our days to elaborate 8 "w to ! utmo/ f9i%1 9 its full size1 9 ! clay model2 & :5 ?is is complet$ & ca/ 9 su* a p]man5t mat]ial z pla/]1 ! workman has an absolute model1 :i* he may1 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 copy ) almo/ ma!matical accuracy4 ,! great] portion ( ! "w may !re=e be n[ committ$ to inf]ior h&s1 z x requires only me*anical dext]ity & c>e2 :ile x m]ely rema9s = ! sculptor himself to f9i% ! "w 9 m>ble1 & add su* elaboration ( detail & expression z he may desire4 ,b 9 ! "t ( ,phidias ?is me?od 0 unkn[n2 & ! sculptor himself 0 =c$ to d a mu* great] "p ( 8 "w 9 m>ble4 ,9 l mann]1 ! mod]n me?od ( ca/+ 9 bronze is s admirable t ! labor ( ! arti/ 9 f9i%+ ! ca/ is comp>atively small2 b 9 ! e>li] p]iod ( bronze ca/+1 !re is no d\bt t ! ca/ orig9ally 0 f> m imp]fect1 & ! labor ( ! sculptor 9 f9i%+ f> great]4 ,^! facts w 9 "s measure seem to acc\nt = ! comp>atively long "t dur+ :i* ,phidias 0 engag$ on 8 works4 ,z !re evid5tly 0 no full-siz$ & completely f9i%$ model ( ! ,a!na or ,zeus = ! workm5 me*anically to copy1 ,phidias 0 =c$ to "w out ! details ( 8 great works ) 8 own h&s1 m\ld+ & design+ !m z he w5t on2 & ?is he 0 oblig$ to d1 n 9 a pla/ic mat]ial l clay1 b 9 ! f9al mat]ial ( 8 /atue--:e!r gold1 ivory1 or bronze4 ,assi/ants ( c\rse he _h1 & und\bt$ly !y 7 v num]\s4 ,plut>* tells u t ! public works gave employm5t to c>p5t]s1 model]s1 brass cutt]s & /amp]s1 *isel]s & engrav]s1 dy]s1 work]s ( ivory & gold1 & ev5 weav]s2#c & "s ( ^! m5 c]ta9ly work$ = ,phidias4 ,9 fact1 he us$ ! h&s ( o!rs z mu* z he c\ld--z any s5sible arti/ w\ld2 b a great "p ( 8 inv5tion & "w 0 c>ri$ on 9 h>d & difficult mat]ials1 in/ead ( be+ p]fect$ 9 a facile clay1 z x w\ld be by a mod]n sculptor2 & ?is c>ri$ ) x1 ( c\rse1 a great exp5se ( "t & labor4 ,) ^! facts 9 view1 & consid]+ ! great size & elaboration ( ! ivory & gold /atue ( ,a!na1 x is q evid5t t ! few ye>s :i* elaps$ betwe5 ! comm5cem5t ( ! ,p>!non & its d$ication w\ld h be5 amply occupi$ by ?is "w alone1--& ) ! o!r duties incid5t to 8 position z sup]9t5d5t ( public works4 ,m ?an ?is1 we %all f9d x difficult to fix ! "t :5 he made "s o!r ( 8 /atues1 unless x 0 dur+ ^! six ye>s2 & x w\ld seem probable t at or ab\t ?is "t he mu/ h be5 engag$ ^u ! ,a!na ,areia = ! ,platans1 or at lea/ ^u 8 *ryselephant9e /atue ( ! cele/ial ,v5us = ! ,eleans4 ,be=e proce$+ f>!r 9 ?is argum5t1 x may be z well to give a glance at ! arti/ic c>e] ( ,phidias1 & ! v>i\s works execut$ by him1 or assign$ to him by diff]5t writ]s ( an aft]-age4 ,a good deal ( discussion has aris5 z to ! age ( ,phidias at 8 dea?4 ,! date ( 8 bir? is di/9ctly giv5 by no "o1 & is purely a matt] ( conjecture4 ,?i]s*1 among o!rs1 supposes him to h be5 already an arti/ ( "s di/9ction 9 ! #gbc ,olympiad1 or ab\t ,b4 ,c4 #dij--! date ( ! battle ( ,m>a?on2 & ?is op9ion he f\nds *iefly on ! fact t ! ,a!na ,proma*os1 z well z ! gr\p ( /atues at ,delphi & ! acroli? ( ,a!na at ,plata made by him1 7 ca/1 accord+ to ,pausanias1 f ! ti! ( ! spoils tak5 f ! ,m$es :o disemb>k$ at ,m>a?on4 ,o!r writ]s suppose him to h be5 born at ab\t ! date ( ! battle ( ,m>a?on1 & t ! /atues execut$ by him out ( ! spoils 7 made "s tw5ty-five ye>s lat]4 ,mr4 ,philip ,smi?1 9 8 8,diction>y ( ,biography & ,my?ology10 tak+ ?is view1 places 8 bir? 9 ! #gc;d ,olympiad2 & ,mll] is ( ! same op9ion4 ,dr4 ,brunn1 on ! contr>y1 ?9ks x probable t he 0 born ab\t ! #gj? ,olympiad1 & ,welck] & ,prell] agree sub/antially ) him4 ,accord+ to ! supposition ( ,?i]s*1 plac+ 8 bir? at #fgb ,olympiad1 or ,b4 ,c4 #eaj1 he w\ld h be5 tw5ty ye>s ( age at ! battle ( ,m>a?on 7,b4 ,c4 #dij71 sev5ty-two ye>s ( age :5 he f9i%$ ! *ryselephant9e /atue ( ,a!na 9 ! ,p>!non 9 #hea ,olympiad 7,b4 ,c4 #dch71 & sev5ty-sev5 ye>s ( age :5 he f9i%$ ! *ryselephant9e /atue ( ,zeus at ,olympia 9 #hgc ,olympiad 7,b4 ,c4 #dcc74 ,?is1 if we suppose t five ye>s elaps$ aft] ! battle ( ,m>a?on be=e ! gr\p ( /atues at ,delphi 0 execut$1 w\ld make ,phidias tw5ty-five ye>s old :5 he made !m4 ,tak+ ! supposition t he 0 born 9 ! #gbc ,olympiad1 & t ! /atues at ,delphi 7 model$ tw5ty-five ye>s aft]1 ?is w\ld make him also tw5ty-five ye>s ( age :5 he execut$ !m2 & fifty-two ye>s ( age1 in/ead ( sev5ty-two1 :5 he f9i%$ ! ,a!na ( ! ,p>!non2 & fifty-sev51 in/ead ( sev5ty-sev51 :5 he complet$ ! ,zeus--%ortly previ\s to 8 dea?4 ,dr4 ,brunn's supposition t he 0 born 9 ! #gj? ,olympiad1 :i* is also held by ,welck] & ,prell]1 w\ld make him fifty-six :5 he made ! ,a!na1 & sixty-"o :5 he made ! ,zeus4 ,9 opposition to ^! two lat] suppositions1 !re is ?is "o undisput$ fact1 t on ! %ield ( ! ,a!na ( ! ,p>!non he introduc$ 8 own lik5ess z well z t ( ,p]icles1 9 :i* he is describ$ z repres5t+ himself z a bald old man 7 7 hurl+ a /one1 :i* he lifts ) bo? h&s1 :ile ,p]icles is portray$ z a vigor\s w>rior 9 ! full prime ( manhood4 ,he mu/ !re=e h int5d$ to repres5t himself z a mu* old] man ?an ,p]icles2 & ,p]icles at ?is "t 0 ov] fifty-two ye>s ( age#d--:i* is ! age assign$ to ,phidias himself by "s writ]s4 ,besides1 a man ( fifty-two1 or ev5 ( fifty-six1 c\ld sc>cely be accurately describ$ z an 8old man20 & an arti/ mak+ a portrait ( himself at t age w\ld be incl9$ to give himself a little m y\? ?an he really possess$4 ,! m]e fact t he repres5ts himself z old %[s t he _h 9 all probability arriv$ at a m advanc$ p]iod ( life1 :5 "o accepts old age z too notori\s & well-e/abli%$ a fact to be disguis$4 ,! supposition ( ,?i]s*1 !re=e1 w\ld1 9 view ( ?is fact alone1 seem to be ! be/ f\nd$1 z ?is w\ld make him sev5ty-two ye>s old :5 ! ,a!na 0 complet$1--an age :i* might fairly be call$ old4 ,mr4 ,smi? seems to ?9k x v improbable t at ! age ( eighty-?ree ,phidias c\ld h und]tak5 to execute ! ,zeus2 b ! fact is1 t ,?i]s*'s conjecture w\ld only make him sev5ty-?ree :5 ! ,zeus 0 begun1 & c]ta9ly at ?is age x is by no means uncommon = sculptors to und]take l>ge works4 ,t5]ani1 = in/ance1 9 our own "t1 _h pass$ t age :5 he execut$ ! monum5t ( ,pius ,,viii41 "o ( 8 l>ge/ works1 & consi/+ ( f\r colossal figures4 ,besides1 x is to be tak5 into acc\nt t ! ,zeus 0 ! la/ "w ( ,phidias1 & t dea? ov]took him imm$iately aft]4 ,on ! :ole1 x w\ld seem t ! probabilities ( ! p]iod ( 8 bir? lie betwe5 ! middle ( ! #fg? ,olympiad 7,b4 ,c4 #eaj7 & ! beg9n+ ( ! #gj? ,olympiad 7,b4 ,c4 #ejj74 ,!re is also ano!r consid]ation :i* is entitl$ to weight 9 ?is connection4 ,suppose ,phidias to h comm5c$ 8 arti/ic c>e] f\r ye>s aft] ! battle ( ,m>a?on--9 ,b4 ,c4 #dij 7,olymp4 #gbc74 ,f t "t to ,b4 ,c4 #ddd 7,olymp4 #hcd71 :5 he began ! ,a!na ( ! ,p>!non1 !re are =ty-five ye>s2 & dur+ ?is "t he is suppos$ to h execut$ six colossal /atues 9 bronze or acroli?1--two ( :i*1 ! ,a!na ,proma*os & ! ,a!na ,areia1 7 f #ej to #fj feet 9 height--& "o1 ! ,a!na ,lemnia1 0 consid]$ z p]haps 8 mo/ beautiful "w4 ,besides ?is1 he execut$ ?irte5 /atues at ,delphi1 ! size ( :i* is n /at$4 ,n9ete5 /atues 9 =ty-five ye>s give a little ov] #b ye>s to ea*2 & if ! ?irte5 /atues at ,delphi 7 colossal1 ?is w c]ta9ly seem insuffici5t = _! execution1 :5 we keep 9 m9d ! facts--#a/1 ,t ,phidias 0 a sl[ & elaborate work]2 #b;d1 ,t ( necessity he mu/ h done a great "p ( ! "w 9 bronze p]sonally2 #c;d1 ,t he 0 occupi$ f\r ye>s on ! ,zeus alone2 #d?1 ,t two ( ^! /atues1 at lea/1 7 l>g] ?an ! ,a!na ( ! ,p>!non1 ?\gh n 9 ! same mat]ial4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 probable1 t ! ?irte5 /atues at ,delphi 7 n ( colossal proportions1 b r ( h]oic size1 & !re=e requir+ less "t 9 _! execution2 & ?is w\ld enable u to assign a long] "t to ! mighty colossi ( ,a!na4 ,c]ta9ly1 h[ev]1 if we accept ! !ory t ,phidias comm5c$ work+ tw5ty-five ye>s aft] ! battle ( ,m>a?on1 we are 9 v great /raits z to "t1 unless ! date :5 ^! colossal /atues 7 made be incorrect1 & unless "s ( !m 7 made aft] ! ,a!na ( ! ,p>!non4 ,?is1 aga91 we _c accept2 =1 f ! date ( ! completion ( ! ,a!na ( ! ,p>!non until 8 dea?1 !re are only at mo/ "s sev5 ye>s1 f\r ( :i* 7 d$icat$ to ! ,zeus4 ,we are !n =c$ to believe t ^! n9ete5 /atues 7 made 9 tw5ty ye>s2 & ?is is c]ta9ly v improbable4 ,9 ?is view o!r difficulties also appe>1 :i* x w\ld seem impossible to ov]come1 if we accept all ! /atues attribut$ to ,phidias z hav+ be5 execut$ by him2 = 9 su* case1 n only mu/ he h made ^! n9ete5 /atues 9 tw5ty ye>s1 b "s fifte5 m at lea/4 ,tak+1 !n1 ! longe/ supposition z to 8 age1 & giv+ him =ty-five ye>s ( labor = "s ?irty-five /atues1 ! "t w altoge!r be too re/rict$4 ,x may be z well at ?is po9t ( ! discussion to give a catalogue ( ! works :i* he is suppos$ to h execut$1 & to exam9e into ! probable au!nticity ( "s ( !m4 ,! li/ is z foll[s3-- #a4 ,! ,a!na1 at ,pell5e1 9 ,a*aia4 ,?is 0 probably 8 fir/ great "w1 if we cr$it ,pausanias1 :o says x 0 made be=e ! ,a!na ( ! ,acropolis & ! ,a!na at ,plata4 8,!y say10 says ,pausanias1 8t ?is /atue 0 made by ,phidias1 & be=e he made t = ! ,a!nians1 :i* is 9 _! t[n1 or t :i* is among ! ,platans40 #b-ad4 ,?irte5 /atues 9 bronze1 made f ! spoils ( ! ,p]sian w>1 & d$icat$ at ,delphi z a votive (f]+ by ! ,a!nians1 repres5t+ ,a!na1 ,apollo1 ,miltiades1 ,ere*!us1 ,cecrops1 ,p&ion1 ,peleus1 ,antio*us1 geus1 ,acamas1 ,codrus1 ,!seus1 & ,phyleus4 8,all ^! /atues10 says ,pausanias1 87 made by ,phidias20 & on 8 sole au?ority ! /atem5t /&s4 ,he does n m5tion _! size4 #ae4 ,! colossal ,a!na ,proma*os 9 bronze 9 ! ,acropolis4 ,?is /atue1 :i* 0 f #ej to #fj feet 9 height1 0 made f ! spoils ( ,m>a?on4 ,x repres5t$ ! goddess hold+ up h] spe> & %ield 9 ! attitude ( a combatant1 & 0 visible to approa*+ vessels z f> (f z ,sunium4 8,on ! %ield10 says ,pausanias1 8! battle ( ! ,c5taurs & ,lapi? 0 c>v$ by ,mys2 b ,p>rhasius1 ! son ( ,ev5or1 pa9t$ ?is = ,mys1 & likewise ! o!r figures t are se5 on ! %ield40 ,pausanias1 h[ev]1 mu/ be mi/ak5 9 ?is1 s9ce ,p>rhasius liv$ ab\t ,olymp4 #ie 7,b4 ,c4 #djj71 or ab\t ?irty ye>s aft] ! dea? ( ,phidias2 & x w\ld sc>cely be probable t ?is %ield w\ld h rema9$ unc>v$ & unpa9t$ = f sev5ty to eighty ye>s aft] ! /atue 0 execut$4 #af4 ,! ,a!na ,areia1 at ,plata4 ,?is 0 an acroli?1 also made f ! spoils ( ,m>a?on4 8,?is /atue10 says ,pausanias1 8is made ( wood1 & is gilt1 except ! face & ! extremities ( ! h&s & feet1 :i* are ( ,p5telic m>ble4 ,its magnitude is ne>ly equal to t ( ! ,m9]va1 :i* ! ,a!nians d$icat$ on _! t[]0 7! ,proma*os74 8,phidias too made ?is /atue = ! ,platenses40 #ag4 ,! ,a!na 9 bronze1 9 ! ,acropolis1 call$ ! ,lemnia1 :i*1 accord+ to ,pausanias1 8des]ves to be se5 above all ! works ( ,phidias40 ,lucian also speaks specially ( its beauty4 #ah4 ,! ,a!na m5tion$ by ,pl9y z hav+ be5 d$icat$ at ,rome1 ne> ! ,temple ( ,=tune1 by ,paulus milius4 ,b :e!r ?is orig9ally /ood 9 ! ,acropolis is unkn[n4 ,possibly or probably x 0 ! same /atue z t la/ m5tion$4 #ai4 ,! ,clidu*us 7,key-,be>]71 also m5tion$ by ,pl9y1 may h be5 an ,a!na2 b m probably x repres5t$ a prie/ess hold+ ! keys1 symbolic ( initiation into ! my/]ies4 #bj4 ,! ,a!na ( ! ,p>!non1 9 ivory & gold4 #ba4 ,! ,zeus at ,olympia1 9 ivory & gold4 #bb4 ,! ,aphrodite ,urania1 9 ivory & gold1 at ,elis4 ,?is /atue1 attribut$ by ,pausanias to ,phidias1 8/&s ) "o ( its feet on a tortoise40 #bc4 ,a bronze figure ( ,apollo ,p>nopius1 9 ! ,acropolis4 ,! au?ority = ?is /atue is ,pausanias1 :o /ates t 8x is said to be ! "w ( ,phidias10-- 4 ,tradition alone gives x to ,phidias4 #bd4 ,aphrodite ,urania1 9 m>ble1 9 ! temple ne> ! ,c]amicus4 ,?is also is attribut$ by ,pausanias to ,phidias4 #be4 ,a /atue ( ! ,"m ( ! ,gods1 sitt+ on a ?rone1 support$ by lions1 9 ! ,metr\m ne> ! ,c]amicus4 ,?is is attribut$ by ,pausanias & ,arrian to ,phidias4 ,pl9y1 on ! contr>y1 says x is by ,agoracritos4 #bf4 ,! ,gold5 ,?rone1 s call$1 & suppos$ g5]ally to be t ( ! ,a!na4 ,:at ?is 0 is v dubi\s4 ,x c\ld n be ! ?rone ( ! ,a!na1 = %e _h no ?rone1 & probably 0 ano!r "n = ! ,a!na h]self4 ,plut>* calls x 8 10 & ,isocrates1 8 40 #bg4 ,/atue ( ,a!na1 at ,elis1 9 ivory & gold4 ,pausanias says x is attribut$ to ,phidias1--8 10--!y say x is by ,phidias4 ,pl9y1 h[ev]1 says x 0 execut$ by ,kolotes4 #bh4 ,/atue ( sculapius1 at ,epidaurus4 ,?is is attribut$ to ,phidias by ,a!nagoras 7,legat4 pro ,ari/472 b by ,pausanias to ,?rasym$es ( ,p>os4 #bi4 ,at ! entrance ( ! ,ism5ion1 ne> ,!bes1 are two m>ble /atues call$ ,pronaoi--"o ( ,a!na1 ascrib$ by ,pausanias to ,scopas1 & "o ( ,h]mes1 ascrib$ by ,pausanias to ,phidias4 #cj4 ,a ,zeus1 at ! ,olympieum at ,meg>a4 ,! head ( ?is /atue 0 made ( gold & ivory1 ! re/ ( clay & gypsum4 8,?is "w is said 77 to h be5 made by ,!ocosmos1 a citiz5 ( ,meg>a1 ) ! assi/ance ( ,phidias10 says ,pausanias1 & x 0 int]rupt$ by ! break+ out ( ! ,peloponnesian w>4 ,probably x 0 execut$ solely by ,!ocosmos4 #ca4 ,! /atue ( ,nemesis1 at ,rhamnus1 9 m>ble1 attribut$ to ,phidias by ,pausanias2 b !re c be little "q t x 0 made by ,agoracritos4 #cb4 ,! ,amazon4 ,?is /atue1 :i* is highly prais$ by ,lucian1 01 accord+ to ,pl9y1 made by ,phidias 9 competition ) ,polyclitus1 ,ctesilaus1 ,cydon1 & ,phradmon2 ! fir/ prize be+ giv5 to ,polyclitus1 ! second to ,phidias1 ! ?ird to ,ctesilaus1 & ! f\r? to ,cydon4 #cc1 #cd1 #ce4 ,?ree bronze /atues m5tion$ by ,pl9y1 ! subjects n /at$1 & plac$ by ,catulus 9 ! ,temple ( ,=tune4 #cf4 ,! m>ble ,v5us 9 ! portico ( ,octavia1 :i* ,pl9y says 8is said to be by ,phidias40 #cg4 ,! ,horse-,tam]1 9 m>ble1 n[ exi/+1 & /&+ be=e ! ,quir9al 9 ,rome4 ,!re are "s o!r /atues attribut$ to ,phidias by v>i\s writ]s1 :i* may be at once reject$4 ,among !m 7 ! /atues ( ,zeus & ,apollo at ,pat>a1 9 ,lycia1 :i* 7 suppos$ by ,clem5s ,alex&r9us to h be5 by ,phidias1 b :i* are cle>ly settl$ to h be5 by ,bryaxis4 ,s also ! ,kairos1 or ,opportunity1 by ,lysippus1 0 attribut$ to ,phidias by ,ausonius2 & ! fam\s ,v5us ( ! ,g>d5s 7 71 by ,alcam5es1 0 said to h receiv$ its f9i%+ t\*es f him4 ,x w1 ,i ?9k1 be cle> t _m ( ! /atues 9 ! =ego+ li/ mu/ also be reject$4 ,9 ! la/ t5 ye>s ( 8 life he execut$ only two /atues1 ea* colossal--! ,a!na ( ! ,p>!non1 & ! ,zeus at ,olympia4 ,tak+ ! e>lie/ date ( 8 arti/ic c>e] at five ye>s be=e ! battle ( ,m>a?on1 accord+ to ! !ory ( ,?i]s*1 he w\ld1 z we h se51 h _h =ty-five ye>s only 9 :i* to execute ! o!r ?irty-five /atues1 besides all ! o!r & m9ute "w to :i*1 z we %all see1 he gave 8 g5ius4 ,sev]al1 at lea/1 ( ^! /atues are colossal1 sev]al elaborately wr\ght 9 ivory & gold2 & x is 9 ! highe/ degree improbable t !y c\ld h be5 execut$ 9 ?is p]iod ( "t4 ,on exam9ation ( ! li/1 ?ree at lea/ w be se5 to re/ purely on tradition4 ,! ,apollo ,p>nopius & ! ,a!na at ,elis are m5tion$ by ,pausanias z be+ 8said to be0 by ,phidias4 ,! ,v5us ( ! portico ( ,octavia 8is said to be by ,phidias10 says ,pl9y4 ,little weight c be giv5 to curr5t & common op9ion 9 respect to ! au?or%ip ( works ( art execut$ _m c5turies be=e1 ab\t :i* !re is no writt5 docum5t>y pro(4 ,9 our own "t x is always exce$+ly difficult1 & (t5 impossible1 to decide ^u ! au?or%ip ( pictures & /atues ( "o hundr$ ye>s ago4 ,d\ble t p]iod1 & ! difficulty w\ld ( c\rse be enorm\sly increas$4 ,n[ ,pausanias wrote "s six hundr$ ye>s aft] ! dea? ( ,phidias1 & yet we are ready to accept z au?oritative 8 pass+ /atem5t t a c]ta9 /atue 8is said0 to be by ,phidias4 ,h[ _m /atues at ! pres5t day are said to be by ,mi*el ,angelo1 :i* he nev] saw6 ,h[ _m spuri\s ,raffaelles & ,titians adorn our gall]ies6 ,d we n "k t e travel] 9 ,italy sees /atues 8said to be0 by ,mi*el ,angelo 9 su* numb]s t t5 ,mi*el ,angelos c\ld n h made !m all8 ,!re is sc>cely a *ur* t does n boa/ ( some?+ f 8 h&4 ,!re is no reason to suppose t ! case 0 n simil> 9 ,greece fifte5 hundr$ ye>s ago1 & none to suppose t ,pausanias 0 sup]ior 9 arti/ic k & acum5 to any av]age intellig5t travel] ( 8 day4 ,he did n /op to inve/igate ! gr\nds ^u :i* ! popul> or accid5tal acc\nt giv5 him z to ! au?or%ip ( any "w 0 f\nd$1 nor does he pret5d to h done s4 ,he took x = :at x 0 wor?4 8,!y say ! /atue is by ,phidias40 ,he _h1 besides1 z f> z we "k1 no writt5 au?ority = :at he said1--at lea/ he cites none4 ,aga91 9 respect to ! au?or%ip ( "s ( ! /atues ( :i* he speaks1 he at times diff]s f o!r writ]s1 & at times unque/ionably mi/akes4 ,?us1 to cite only examples 9 ! case ( ,phidias1 ! /atue ( ,a!na1 at ,elis1 he attributes to ,phidias1 :ile ,pl9y says x 0 by ,kolotes4 ,aga91 ! /atue ( sculapius1 at ,epidaurus1 he attributes to ,?rasym$es ( ,p>os1 :ile ,a!nagoras says x 0 ! "w ( ,phidias4 ,9 l mann]1 ! /atue ( ! ,"m ( ! ,gods1 :i* ,pausanias & ,arrian give to ,phidias1 ,pl9y decl>es to be ! "w ( ,agoracritos4 ,/ill m1 ,pausanias di/9ctly affirms t ! ,nemesis at ,rhamnus 0 execut$ by ,phidias2 :ile ,pl9y1 on ! contr>y1 ass]ts x to be ! "w ( ,agoracritos4 ,& 9 ?is ass]tion ,pl9y is borne out by ,z5obius1 :o gives u ! inscription on ! bran* 9 ! h& ( ,nemesis3 4 ,/rabo1 h[ev]1 hesitates betwe5 ,agoracritos & an unkn[n ,diodotos1 & says x 0 rem>kable = beauty & size1 & might well compete ) ! works ( ,phidias2 & to confuse matt]s /ill m1 at a lat] "t ,pomponius ,mela1 ,hesy*ius1 & ,solon agree ) ,pausanias4 ,!re w\ld seem1 aft] weigh+ all au?orities1 to be little d\bt t ! ,nemesis 0 ! "w ( ,agoracritos4 ,no?+ c\ld m cle>ly %[ ! easy way 9 :i* traditions gr[ l b>nacles ^u arti/s & works ( art1 ?an ! /ory connect$ ) ?is /atue4 ,pl9y says t ,agoracritos cont5d$ ) ,alcam5es 9 mak+ a /atue ( ,v5us2 & ! pref]5ce be+ giv5 to t ( ,alcam5es1 he 0 s indignant at ! decision t he imm$iately made c]ta9 alt]ations 9 8 own /atue1 call$ x ,nemesis1 & sold x to ! p ( ,rhamnus1 on condition t x %\ld n be set up 9 ,a!ns4 ,?is is absurd en\gh4 ,aft] a /atue ( ,v5us is f9i%$1 :at sort ( *ange w\ld be requir$ to make a ,nemesis ( x8 ,b let u see h[ well ?is /atue w\ld h repres5t$ ,aphrodite4 ,pausanias says t 8out ( ! m>ble br\ght by ! b>b>ians to ,m>a?on = a trophy ,phidias made a /atue ( ,nemesis1 & on ! head ( ! goddess !re is a cr[n adorn$ ) /ags & images ( victory ( no great magnitude2 & 9 ! left h& %e holds ! bran* ( an a%-tree1 & 9 h] "r a cup1 on :i* ! ?iopians are c>v$--:y1 ,i _c assign any reason40 ,n[1 9 ! fir/ place1 ! ass]tion t x 0 a "w ( m>ble br\ght to make a trophy at ,m>a?on is a my?4 ,9 ! next place1 ^! are c]ta9ly peculi> *>act]i/ics = an ,aphrodite4 ,! /atue itself 0 und\bt$ly a noble /atue1 h[ev]1 & ! be/ "w ( ,agoracritos4 ,z x 0 n ! cu/om = sculptors 9 ,greece to inscribe _! names on _! /atues1 x may h happ5$ t x soon came to be popul>ly attribut$ to ,phidias1 accord+ to ! g5]al rule1 t to ! ma/] is ascrib$ ! be/ "w ( 8 pupil & 8 s*ool4 ,!n x 01 probably1 t ! inscription 0 plac$ on ! /atue1 reclaim+ x = its true au?or4 ,h[ev] ?is may be1 ,photias1 ,suidas1 & ,tzetzes1 z late z f ! t5? to ! twelf? c5tury1 are det]m9$ t ,phidias %all h x1 despite ! inscription2 & accord+ly !y report & publi%1 _m long c5turies aft]--& gift$ by :at second-sight into ! pa/ :o c tell8--t ?\gh x is true t ! /atue is suppos$ to h be5 execut$ by ,agoracritos1 yet 9 fact x 0 made by ,phidias1 :o g5]\sly all[$ ,agoracritos to put 8 "n on x1 & pass x (f z 8 own4 ,9 fur!r illu/ration ( ?is p>asitic gr[? ( leg5d & tradition may be also cit$ 9 ?is connection ! /ory told by ,tzetzes ! ,gramm>ian1 "s sev5te5 c5turies aft] ! dea? ( ,phidias4 ,accord+ to him1 ,alcam5es & ,phidias compet$ 9 mak+ a /atue ( ,a!na1 to be plac$ 9 an elevat$ position2 & :5 _! figures 7 f9i%$ & expos$ to public view ne> ! level ( ! eye1 ! pref]5ce 0 decid$ly giv5 to ! figure ( ,alcam5es2 b z soon z ! figures 7 elevat$ to _! de/9$ position1 ! public decl>$ imm$iately 9 favor ( t ( ,phidias4 ,! object ( ! writ] ( ?is /ory is to prove ! extraord9>y skill ( ,phidias 9 optical p]spective1 & to %[ t he _h calculat$ 8 proportions ) su* =esight1 t ?\gh ! figure1 :5 se5 ne> ! level ( ! eye1 appe>$ inh>moni\s1 x became p]fectly h>moni\s :5 se5 f f> bel[4 ,n[ all t any arti/ c\ld d to produce ?is effect w\ld be1 p]haps1 to give m l5g? to 8 figures 9 comp>ison ) _! bread?4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 w\ld be n only a d\btful exp$i5t 9 itself1 b entirely at v>iance ) ! practice ( ,phidias4 ,8 figures1 l all ^? ( 8 p]iod1 7 /\t] 9 proportion to _! bread?1 & p>ticul>ly /\t] 9 ! relation ( ! l[] limbs to ! torso1 ?an ! figures ( a lat] p]iod4 ,! canon ( proportion accept$ !n 0 t ( ,polyclitus2 & ! proportions 7 aft]w>d v>i$ & ! l[] limbs 7 l5g!n$1 fir/ by ,euphranor1 & subsequ5tly /ill m by ,lysippus4 ,any di/ortion or falsification ( proportion w\ld be effective solely 9 a /atue ) "o po9t ( view1 & exhibit$ z a relief2 = if x 7 a figure 9 ! r\nd1 & se5 f all po9ts1 ! p]spective w\ld be utt]ly false1 unless ! proportions 7 h>moni\s 9 !mselves & true to nature4 ,tzetzes is a great gossip1 & peculi>ly untru/wor?y 9 8 /atem5ts2 b 8 /ory is ( su* a nature z to please ! ignorant public1 & x has be5 accept$ & repeat$ con/antly1 ?\gh he does n give any au?ority = x1 & pla9ly inv5t$ x out 8( ! dep?s ( 8 own consci\sness10 z ! ,g]man savant did ! camel4 ,"o _c be too c>eful 9 accept+ traditions ab\t arti/s or _! works4 ,! public inv5ts its facts1 & believes :at x inv5ts4 ,v few ( ! pleas+ anecdotes connect$ ) arti/s w be> critical exam9ation1 any m ?an ! fam\s say+s attribut$ on great occasions to extraord9>y m52 /ill ! gr& phrase ( ,cambronne is z gravely repeat$ 9 hi/ory z if x _h "s f\ndation 9 fact1 & ev]ybody believes t ,da ,v9ci di$ 9 ! arms ( ,francis ,i4 ,p]haps x is sc>cely wor? :ile to break up su* pleasant traditions1 & c]ta9ly ! public resi/s su* attempts4 ,x is s delightful to ?9k t ! gallant & accompli%$ ,k+ ( ,france support$ ! great ,italian arti/1 & soo!d 8 la/ mom5ts1 t x seems %e] brutality to dissipate su* an illusion2 yet1 un=tunately1 we "k t ,leon>do di$ at ,cl\x1 ne> ,amboise1 on ,may #b1 #afgi1--;& f a j\rnal kept by ! k+1 & /ill 7disgracefully en\gh7 exi/+ 9 ! imp]ial libr>y 9 ,p>is1 we "k t on t v day he held 8 ,c\rt at ,/4 ,g]ma9-en-,laye2 & besides ?is1 ,lomazzo di/9ctly tells u t ! k+ fir/ he>d ! news ( ,leon>do's dea? f ,melzi2 :ile ,melzi himself1 :o wrote to ,leon>do's fri5d imm$iately aft] 8 dea?1 makes no m5tion ( su* a fact4 ,b to return f ?is digression to a consid]ation ( ! li/ ( works attribut$ to ,phidias4 ,we h already se5 t 9 reg>d to six ( ! /atues !re are1 to say ! lea/1 /rong d\bts z to 8 au?or%ip2 b /ill m mu/ be elim9at$4 ,! ,zeus ( ! ,olympieum at ,meg>a 8is said10 accord+ to ,pausanias1 8to h be5 made by ,!ocosmos1 ) ! assi/ance ( ,phidias40 ,?is aga9 is m]e tradition1 :i* is s weak t x only pret5ds t ,phidias assi/$ ,!ocosmos4 ,phidias assi/+ ,!ocosmos has a /range s\nd2 & x is pla9 t ,!ocosmos is ! real au?or ( ?is /atue1 ev5 grant+ t ! great ma/] may h help$ ! less] "o4 ,aga91 ,pausanias tells u t ( ! two m>ble /atues call$ ,pronaoi at ! entrance ( ! ,ism5ion1 t repres5t+ ,a!na 0 made by ,scopas1 & ! o!r ( ,h]mes 0 made by ,phidias4 ,^! s-call$ ,pronaoi 7 /atues /&+ at ! entrance ( ! build+1 opposite ea* o!r1 a *ief decorative ornam5t to ! faade4 ,is x n /range t ! /atue on "o side %\ld be made by ,phidias1 & ! opposite p$e/al rema9 unoccupi$ until ! "t ( ,scopas1 ne>ly a c5tury lat]8 ,is x n pla9 t ! temple w\ld n h be5 consid]$ f9i%$ until bo? /atues 7 plac$ !re8 ,& is x probable t ! ,greeks w\ld h all[$ x to rema9 ?us incomplete = a c5tury8 ,besides1 does x n seem s+ul>1 9 view ( ! fact t ,phidias 0 peculi>ly celebrat$ = 8 /atues ( ,a!na1 :ile ,scopas 0 celebrat$ = 8 h]oic figures & demigods1 t ! ,a!na %\ld h be5 assign$ to ,scopas1 & ! ,h]mes to ,phidias8 ,:5 we also add ! fact t ^! /atues 7 9 m>ble1--a mat]ial 9 :i*1 z we %all pres5tly see1 ,phidias c]ta9ly work$ only exceptionally1 if he ev] work$ at all1 :ile ,scopas 0 a work] 9 m>ble1--x w1 ,i ?9k1 be pretty cle> t ,pausanias is mi/ak5 9 attribut+ ?is /atue ( ,h]mes to ,phidias4 ,aga91 8,! ,gold5 ,?rone0 mu/ probably be consid]$ z a "n = ! ,a!na ( ! ,p>!non1 s9ce !re is no gold5 ?rone ( :i* we h any k ev] made by ,phidias4 ,9 l mann] x is mo/ probable t ! ,a!na m5tion$ by ,pl9y z be+ 9 ,rome ne> ! temple ( ,julian1 & d$icat$ by ,paulus milius1 0 ! ,a!na ,lemnia 9 bronze1 tak5 f ! ,acropolis4 ,^! /atues1 :i* are reckon$ z f\r1 mu/ !re=e 9 all probability be consid]$ z only two4 ,!re rema9s "o o!r /atue 9 ! li/ :i* c]ta9ly mu/ be /ruck out--! ,horse-,tam]1 /ill exi/+ 9 ,rome at ! pres5t day1 "u ! "n ( 8,il ,colosso di ,monte ,cavallo40 ,?is /atue1 or r gr\p1 /&s on ! ,quir9al ,hill1 & on its p$e/al are inscrib$ ! words 8,opus ,phidi40 ,x is cit$ by ,dr4 ,smi? 9 8 ,diction>y z a "w ( ,phidias1 & he ?9ks x may be ! 8altrum colossicon nudum0 ( :i* ,pl9y speaks4 ,b ,pl9y cit$ ?is 8colossicon nudum0 9 8 *apt] on bronze works2 & z ?is is 9 m>ble1 he c\ld n h ref]r$ to x4 ,indep5d5t ( all o!r consid]ations1 h[ev]1 !re is "o simple fact t makes x almo/ impossible t x c\ld h be5 ! "w ( ,phidias1 ?\gh curi\sly en\gh ?is simple fact has app>5tly escap$ ! obs]vation ( critics4 ,x is1 t ! cuirass :i* supports ! gr\p is a ,roman cuirass & n a ,greek cuirass1 su* z ,phidias w\ld necess>ily h made4 ,! leg5d ab\t ?is gr\p & its companion1 attribut$ ) equal absurdity to ,praxiteles1 is curi\s4 ,9 8,roma ,sacra1 ,antica e ,mod]na10 :i* 0 publi%$ 9 ,rome 9 ! latt] "p ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 & con/antly repr9t$ = at lea/ a hundr$ ye>s1 we are told t ^! two /atues 7 made1 "o by ,phidias1 & ! o!r by ,praxiteles1 9 competition ) ea* o!r1--t !y repres5t ,alex&] tam+ ,bucephalus1 & 7 br\ght to ,rome by ,tiridates1 ,k+ ( ,arm5ia1 z a pres5t to ,n]o1--& t !y 7 aft]w>ds re/or$ & plac$ 9 ! ,!rm ( ,con/ant9e1 f :i* place !y 7 transport$ to ! ,quir9al1 & aga9 re/or$ & set up by ,sixtus ,v41 ) inscriptions1 /at+1 t !y 7 br\ght by ,con/ant9e f ,greece4 ,! inscriptions 7 z foll[s3 "u ! horse ( ! /atue pr(ess+ to be by ,phidias1 0 inscrib$3 8,phidias1 nobilis sculptor1 ad artificii pr/antiam decl>&am ,alex&ri ,bucephaalum domantis effigiem e m>more expressit40 ,on ! base 0 inscrib$3 8,signa ,alex&ri ,magni celebrisque ejus ,bucephal ex antiquitatis te/imonio ,phidi et ,praxitelis emulatione hoc m>more ad vivam effigiem expressa a ,fl4 ,con/ant9o ,max4 e ,grcia advecta suisque 9 ,!rmis 9 hoc ,quir9ali monte collocata1 temporis vi de=mata1 lac]aque ad ejusdem ,imp]atoris memoriam urbisque decorem1 9 pri/9am =mam re/ituta hic reponi jussit anno ,,mdxxxix ,pont4 ,,iv40 ,"u ! horse ( ,praxiteles 0 inscrib$3 8,praxiteles sculptor ad ,phidi emulationem sui monum5ta +5ii rel9qu]e cupi5s ejusdem ,alex&ri ,bucephalique signa felici cont5tione p]ficit40 ,"h are a *>m+ s]ies ( assumptions1 s completely 9 defiance ( hi/ory t "o _c help smil+2 & 7 n ! fact accr$it$1 x w\ld be difficult to believe t ^! inscriptions c\ld h be5 plac$ "u ^! /atues4 ,phidias di$ probably 9 ,b4 ,c4 #dcb1 ,praxiteles fl\ri%$ ab\t ,b4 ,c4 #cfd1 ne>ly a c5tury lat]1 & ,alex&] 0 n born till ,b4 ,c4 #cef4 ,"h we h ,phidias mak+ a gr\p ( ,alex&] & ,bucephalus1 & repres5t+ an incid5t :i* occurr$ a c5tury aft] 8 dea?1 & 9 competition ) ,praxiteles4 ,absurdity & ignorance c sc>cely g fur!r2 &1 z we le>n f 8,roma ,sacra10 x aft]w>ds occasion$ su* ridicule t ,urban ,,viii4 remov$ ! inscriptions1 & sub/itut$ ! simple words1 8,opus ,phidi0 & 8,opus ,praxitelis0 "u ! respective /atues1 /ill adh]+ to ! leg5d t ! two gr\ps 7 ! "w ( ^! great arti/s4 ,! fact is t !y are ,roman works1 & 7 nei!r br\ght by ,tiridates f ,arm5ia to pres5t to ,n]o1 nor by ,con/ant9e f ,greece4 ,( ! /atues attribut$ to ,phidias we may !n /rike out elev5 z re/+1 on ! face ( ! facts1 ^u no suffici5t au?ority4 ,we /ill %all h ! l>ge numb] ( tw5ty-six important /atues1 _m ( !m colossal1 :i* are f> m ?an suffici5t to h occupi$ 8 life1 ev5 :5 reckon$ at its longe/ probable t]m4 ,to ?is numb] x w\ld be impossible to add ! m>ble /atues conta9$ 9 ! ,p>!non4 ,mi*el ,angelo liv$ to a great age4 ,he 0 ?r\gh\t 8 life a v h>d work]1 devot+ all 8 "t to art4 ,x is true t he 0 devot$ to ar*itecture & fresco-pa9t+1 z well z to sculpture1 & t to ^! arts he gave mu* "t2 b /ill he 0 by pr(ession specially a sculptor1 & a l>ge portion ( 8 life 0 giv5 to sculpture4 ,he 01 besides1 impetu\s & ev5 viol5t 9 8 m>ble "w2 & n cont5t ) ! labor ( ! day1 gave to x a portion ( 8 nights1 work+ ) a c&le fix$ 9 8 cap--unless1 inde$1 ?is also be a leg5d1 into :i* x is bett] n to inquire too anxi\sly4 ,/ill1 9 ! c\rse ( 8 long life he execut$ v few /atues3 ( ! really accr$it$ /atues ( any size1 ! numb]1 ,i ?9k1 does n exce$ fifte5--& "s ( ^! are m]ely r\gh$ out & left unf9i%$4 ,! explanation ( ?is is und\bt$ly t ca/+ 9 pla/] hav+ be5 !n j inv5t$1 & be+ v imp]fect 9 its developm5t1 he 0 accu/om$ at once to r\gh out 8 l>ge /atues f small sket*es 9 t]ra cotta1 aft] ! probable practice ( ! anci5ts4 ,?is oblig$ him p]sonally to d ) 8 own h& mu* ( ! h>d "w :i* n[1 ) ! increas$ facilities ( ! art & ! p]fect+ ( pla/]-ca/+1 c safely be left to an ord9>y workman2 at all ev5ts1 !re are no full-siz$ models exi/+ ( 8 great works4 ,if1 !n1 ,mi*el ,angelo1 ) tw5ty ye>s m ( life1 & ) all 8 en]gy1 c\ld produce only "s fifte5 /atues ( h]oic size1--& ^!1 _m ( !m1 unf9i%$1--x w n seem necess>y to suppose t ,phidias mu/ h execut$ d\ble t numb]1 p>ticul>ly :5 we rememb] ! colossal size ( _m ( !m 7f =ty to sixty feet 9 height71 ! extreme elaboration & f95ess ( ! workman%ip1 & ! difficulties gr[+ out ( ! mat]ials 9 :i* !y 7 execut$4 ,we h already se51 by ! te/imony ( ,!mi/ius1 t ,phidias 0 by no means rapid 9 8 workman%ip1 b1 on ! contr>y1 sl[ & elaborate 9 8 f9i%--j ! opposite 9 ^! respects f ,mi*el ,angelo4 ,?is te/imony ( ,!mi/ius is borne out by all ! anci5t writ]s :o speak ( him4 ,8 /yle 0 a s+ul> comb9ation ( ! gr& & colossal 9 design ) ! mo/ m9ute & c>eful f9i% ( all details4 ,he _h a peculi> grace & ref9em5t 9 8 art 7 71 says ,dion ,*ryso/omus1 :o 9 ano!r passage di/+ui%es him f all 8 pr$ecessors by ! delicate precision ( 8 "w 7 72 is also attribut$ to him by ,demetrius1 9 8 treatise on ,elocution2 & ,dionysius ( ,halic>nassus celebrates 8 art z unit+ ^! qualities ( f9esse ( workman%ip ) gr&eur ( design 7 74 ,! m9ute & almo/ excessive elaboration ( 8 great works1 z !y are describ$ by anci5t au?ors1 p]fectly supports ?is judgm5t4 ,take1 = in/ance1 ! ,zeus at ,olympia1 or ! ,a!na ( ! ,p>!non--8 two greate/ /atues 9 ivory & gold4 ,n cont5t ) c>efully f9i%+ ! ma9 figures1 he *as$ & ornam5t$ !m1 z well z all ! accessories 9 e "p1 ) ! m9ute elaboration ( a goldsmi?4 ,! surface ( ! mantle ( ,zeus 0 wr\ght ov] ) liv+ figures & fl[]s4 ,gold & gems 7 ins]t$4 ,c$>1 ebony1 & ivory 7 inlaid & ov]laid1 & ! :ole 0 exquisitely pa9t$4 ,ea* leg ( ! ?rone on :i* ,zeus sat 0 support$ by f\r ,victories danc+1 & two m5 7 9 front4 ,! two front legs 7 surm\nt$ by gr\ps repres5t+ a ,!ban y\? seiz$ by a sph9x1 & b5ea? ea* ( ^! gr\ps 7 ,phbus & ,artemis %oot+ at ! *ildr5 ( ,niobe2 & /ill fur!r on ! legs 7 repres5t$ ! battle ( ! ,amazons & ! comrades ( ,a*el\s4 ,ov] ! back ( ! ?rone 7 ?ree ,graces on "o side1 & ?ree ,h\rs on ! o!r4 ,f\r gold5 lions support$ ! foot/ool1 & along its bord] 0 work$ 9 relief or intaglio ! battle ( ,!seus ) ! ,amazons4 ,! sides ( ! ?rone 7 ornam5t$ ) num]\s figures repres5t+ v>i\s gr\ps & actions--su* z ,helios m\nt+ 8 *>iot1 ,zeus & ,*>is1 ,zeus & ,h]a1 ,aphrodite & ,eros1 ,phbus & ,artemis1 ,poseidon & ,amphitrite1 ,a!na & ,h]acles1 & o!rs4 ,:at wond]ful elaboration exp5d$ on a m]e accessory ( ?is ,colossus6 ,sc>cely less rem>kable = its extreme ornam5tation 0 ! ,a!na ( ! ,p>!non4 ,! goddess 0 repres5t$ /&+1 dress$ 9 a long tunic rea*+ to h] feet1 ) ! gis on h] brea/1 a helmet on h] head1 a spe> 9 h] left h&1 t\*+ a %ield :i* re/$ at h] side ^u ! base1 & hold+ 9 h] "r h& a gold5 ,victory1 six feet 9 height4 ,h] own height 0 tw5ty-six cubits1 or ab\t =ty feet4 ,h] robes 7 ( gold beat5 out ) ! hamm]2 h] eyes 7 ( color$ m>ble or ivory1 ) gems ins]t$4 ,e portion 0 m9utely cov]$ ) "w4 ,! cre/ ( ! helmet 0 a sph9x1 on ei!r side ( :i* 7 griff9s4 ,! gis 0 surr\nd$ by gold5 s]p5ts int]lac$1 & 9 its c5tre 0 a gold5 or ivory head ( ,m$usa4 ,! %ield 0 emboss$ ) reliefs1 repres5t+ on ! inn] side ! battle ( ! ,giants ) ! ,gods1 & on ! out] side ! battle ( ! ,a!nians ) ! ,amazons4 ,b5ea? ! spe> 0 c\*$ a dragon2 & ev5 ! s&als1 :i* 7 f\r dactyls high1 7 ornam5t$ ) *as+s repres5t+ ! battle ( ! ,c5taurs ) ! ,lapi?4 ,! base1 :i* alone occupi$ mon?s ( labor1 0 cov]$ by reliefs repres5t+ ! bir? ( ,p&ora1 & ! visit ( ! div9ities to h] ) _! gifts--! figures be+ "s tw5ty 9 numb]4 ,! int]ior or core ( ! /atue 0 probably ( wood1 & ov] ?is all ! nude p>ts 7 v5e]$ ) plates ( ivory to imitate fle%1 :ile ! drap]ies & accessories 7 ( gold plates s arrang$ z to be removable at pleasure4 ,"h is c]ta9ly "w en\gh to employ any man a v long "t 9 design+ & execut+4 ,! ,victory :i* ,a!na held 9 h] h& 0 ( l>ge life-size1 & might easily h occupi$ a ye>4 ,besides ?is1 !re are ! emboss$ bassi-relievi on bo? sides ( ! %ield1 ! gis1 ) ! ,m$usa's head & gold5 s]p5ts1 ! dragon at h] feet1 ! sph9x & griff9s on h] helmet1 & ! relievi & *as+s :i* ornam5t$ ! base & ! s&als4 ,yet ^! are m]ely accessories4 ,:at1 !n1 mu/ h be5 ! "t devot$ to ! figure itself1 to ! disposition & work+ out ( ^? colossal drap]ies1 & to ! p]fect elaboration ( ! head1 ! arms1 & ! extremities6 ,! t5d5cy ( ,phidias' m9d to great elaboration & ref9em5t ( f9i% is %[n 9 bo? ( ^! works4 ,colossal z !y 71 augu/ & gr& 9 _! total expression1 ! p>ts 7 q z rem>kable = labori\s detail z ! :ole 0 = gr&eur & impressiv5ess4 ,he is g5]ally consid]$ & spok5 ( n[ solely 9 relation to ^! great works2 b x mu/ be rememb]$ t ) ! anci5ts he 0 also r5[n$ = 8 m9ute works4 ,julian1 9 8 ,epi/les1 tells u t he 0 accu/om$ to amuse himself ) mak+ v small images1 repres5t+ = example bees1 flies1 cicad1 & fi%es1 :i* 7 execut$ ) inf9ite delicacy1 & greatly admir$4 ,8 skill 9 ! toreutic art 0 also v rem>kable2 & z a *as]1 engrav]1 & emboss]1 he 0 among ! fir/1 if n ! fir/1 ( 8 "t4 ,he might be call$1 9 a c]ta9 s5se1 ! ,cell9i ( ,a!ns--va/ly sup]ior to ! celebrat$ ,flor5t9e 9 gr&eur ( conception1 b unit+1 l him1 ! "w ( ! goldsmi? to t ( ! sculptor1 &1 l him1 di/+ui%$ = ref9em5t & fa/idi\sness ( execution4 ,to ?is "* & /yle !re is no?+ t responds 9 ! fragm5ts ( ! ,p>!non :i* we n[ possess4 ,! /yle ( ! figures 9 ! p$im5t is broad1 l>ge1 & effective1 b x is decorative 9 its "*4 ,! p>ts are class$ & di/ribut$ ) skill1 b !y are (t5 =c$1 9 ord] to produce effect at a di/ance & 9 ! place :]e !y 7 to be se54 ,!y %[ ! practic$ h&s ( m5 :o h be5 tra9$ 9 a gr& s*ool1 b !y _c be said to be f9i%$ ) elaborate att5tion to details or m9ute /udy ( p>ts4 ,:atev] *>act]i/ics ( 8 /yle !y may h1 !y c]ta9ly want 1 :i* 0 ! di/+ui%+ feature ( ! "w ( ,phidias4 ,! same rem>ks apply to ! metopes & ! frieze4 ,x is evid5t t all ^! works are ( ! same p]iod2 b 9 /yle1 design1 & execution !y diff] f ea* o!r1 z ! works ( v>i\s m5 9 ! same s*ool might be expect$ to diff]4 ,9 gr\p+1 composition1 treatm5t1 & "* ( workman%ip1 ! metopes are ( q ano!r class f ! ,pana!naic ,procession ( ! frieze4 ,comp>$ ) ea* o!r1 ! metopes are r\nd] & feebl] 9 =m1 tam] & m labor$ 9 treatm5t1 & !y want n only ! _s & fre$om ( design ( ! figures 9 ! frieze1 b also _! flat1 decisive1 & squ>$ execution4 ,! frieze is v ri*1 v>i$1 & light 9 composition1 :ile ! metopes are comp>atively monoton\s & heavy4 ,nor d ! metopes diff] m f ! frieze ?an ! figures 9 ! p$im5t d f bo? ! frieze & ! metopes4 ,:ile 9 execution ! p$im5t sculpture is m flat & squ>$ 9 /yle ?an ! metopes1 x diff]s f ! frieze 9 ! treatm5t ( ! drap]ies & 9 ! proportions & "* ( ! figures4 ,z a design1 ! figures on ! p$im5t are disconnect$1 :ile ^? ( ! frieze are int]wov5 ) rem>kable skill4 ,aga91 n only d ^! ?ree classes1 z classes1 diff] f ea* o!r1 b 9 ea* class !re are v decid$ inequalities & div]sities ( /yle & workman%ip betwe5 "o "p & ano!r1--%[+ pla9ly t !y h be5 execut$ by v>i\s h&s1 "s ( m & "s ( less skill4 ,b ! treatm5t ( all is purely decorative1 z x prop]ly %\ld be4 ,all ( ^! sculptures 7 subord9at$ to ! temple :i* !y decorat$1 & !y 7 execut$1 n = ne> & m9ute exam9ation1 b to produce a calculat$ effect 9 ! position !y 7 to occupy4 ,f95ess ( workman%ip1 delicacy & ref9em5t ( detail1 w\ld h be5 out ( place & unnecess>y1 & evid5tly 7 n attempt$4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 0 n ! /yle ( ,phidias1 :o1 z we h se51 ev5 9 ! colossal /atues ( ,zeus & ,a!na1 elaborat$ to ! utmo/1 ) almo/ excessive labor1 n only ! figures !mselves1 b also ! lea/ ( ! accessories4 ,x 0 9 8 nature to d ?is4 ,he wi%$ to leave ! impress ( all 8 arts ^u ^! spl5did works2 & he wr\ght ^u !m1 n only z a sculptor 9 ! l>ge s5se ( ! ^w1 b z a goldsmi?1 z an engrav]1 a damasc5]1 an emboss]4 ,no?+ 0 too ri*1 no?+ too l>ge1 no?+ too small = him4 ,he enjoy$ x all--! m9ute detail z well z ! colossal mass4 ,x 0 ?is peculi>ity ( 8 nature t l$ him to select1 & almo/ to create1 ! *ryselephant9e s*ool ( art4 ,he _h be5 a pa9t] 9 8 y\?1 & 8 eye crav$ color4 ,! coldness ( m>ble did n satisfy him & he reject$ x1 n only = ?is reason1 b because z a mat]ial x did n l5d itself to ! art ( ! engrav] & ! goldsmi?4 ,be=e 8 "t ! colossi _h be5 ( bronze or wood4 ,he introduc$ & p]fect$ ! art ( mak+ !m 9 ivory & gold2 & x 0 z a mak] ( /atues ( div9ities 9 ^! mat]ials & 9 bronze t he atta9$ ! highe/ r5[n4 ,b ab&on+ ! gr\nd t ^! m>ble sculptures ( ! ,p>!non 7 execut$ by ,phidias1 let u consid] :e!r !y 7 design$ by him4 ,( ?is !re is n a ve/ige ( evid5ce4 ,x is n only n /at$ z a fact by any anci5t writ]1 b n ev5 intimat$ 9 ! mo/ %ad[y way1 unless x be d$uc$ f ! fact /at$ by ,plut>*1 t he 0 g5]al sup]9t5d5t ( public works1 & t he _h v>i\s classes ( workm5 "u 8 ord]s4 ,:at is meant by design+ ^! works8 ,is x meant t he model$ ! designs8 ,if ?is 7 ! case1 is x probable t no m5tion w\ld be made ( x by any au?or8 ,we are told ( o!r cases 9 :i* works 7 execut$ f 8 designs1 & f ! designs ( o!r arti/s4 ,we are in=m$ t ! figures 9 ! tympana ( ! temple at ,olympia 7 execut$ by ,alcam5es & ,ponios2 b no?+ is said ab\t ^? figures 9 ! ,p>!non4 ,is !re any necessity to suppose ^! works to h be5 design$ by ,phidias8 ,surely n4 ,!re 7 9 ,a!ns _m o!r arti/s ( great di/9ction :o 7 fully able to design & execute !m1 & among !m 7 m5 b little inf]ior to ,phidias himself1 :o w\ld n readily h accept$ 8 designs1 & :o1 by pr(ession1 7 sculptors 9 m>ble--n1 l ,phidias1 sculptors 9 bronze1 or ivory & gold4 ,among ^? m5 by :om ,phidias 0 surr\nd$1 & :o 7 9 ^! v>i\s bran*es ( art 8 rivals or 8 pe]s1 may be nam$ ,agoracritos1 ,alcam5es1 ,myron1 ,ponios1 ,kolotes1 ,socrates1 ,praxias1 ,&ro/h5es1 ,polyclitus1 & ,kalamis1--all sculptors 9 m>ble4 ,besides ^! !re 7 ,hegias1 ,ne/ocles1 ,py?agoras1 ,kallima*us1 ,kallon1 ,phradmon1 ,gorgias1 ,lacon1 ,kleoitas1 & o!rs ( less note1 :o 7 m specially toreutic arti/s & sculptors 9 bronze4 ,"h is a wond]ful con/ellation ( g5ius1 & 9 x are _m />s ( ! fir/ magnitude4 ,"s ( ^! m5 7 pe]s ( ,phidias 9 *ryselephant9e art4 ,"s cont5d$ ) him & won ! prize ov] him4 ,let u take a glance at "s ( ! mo/ em95t4 ,polyclitus /udi$ "u ! great ,argive sculptor ,agel$as1 & 0 a fell[-s*ol> ) ,phidias & ,myron4 ,he 0 ! rival ( ,phidias 9 8 *ryselephant9e works1 & b little if at all inf]ior to him 9 8 be/ works4 ,he creat$ ! type ( ,h]a1 z ,phidias did t ( ,a!na2 & 8 colossal /atue ( t goddess 9 ivory & gold at ,argos 0 admitt$ to be unsurpass$ ev5 by ! ,a!na ( ! ,p>!non4 ,/rabo ass]ts t ?\gh inf]ior 9 size & nobl5ess to ! ,a!na & ,zeus ( ,phidias1 x equal$ !m 9 beauty1 & 9 its arti/ic execution excell$ !m 7 74 ,dionysius ( ,halic>nassus accords to him1 z to ,phidias1 --! "* ( gr&eur1 dignity1 & h>mony ( p>ts4 ,x5ophon places him beside ,hom]1 ,sophocles1 & ,zeuxis z an arti/4 ,among 8 bronze works1 ! mo/ celebrat$ 7 ! ,diadum5os & ! ,doryphoros1 ! latt] ( :i* 0 call$ ! ,canon1 on acc\nt ( its beauty & p]fection ( proportion4 ,if to ,phidias 0 accord$ ! highe/ praise z ! sculptor ( div9ities1 ,polyclitus 0 consid]$ 8 sup]ior 9 8 /atues ( m54 ,nor 0 x only z a sculptor 9 bronze1 gold1 & ivory1 t he 0 di/+ui%$4 ,he 0 celebrat$ also = 8 m>ble /atues1 among :i* may be m5tion$ ! ,apollo1 ,leto1 & ,artemis 9 ! ,temple ( ,artemis1 & ! ,or?ia 9 ,argolis2 z well z = 8 skill 9 ! toreutic art4 ,9 ?is la/ art he excell$ all o!rs2 & ,pl9y says ( him t he develop$ & p]fect$ x z ,phidias _h begun x--8toreutic5 sic erudisse ut ,phidias ap]uisse40 ,myron1 8 fell[-s*ol>1 _h sc>cely a less reputation1 ?\gh 9 a diff]5t way4 ,he devot$ himself to ! repres5tation ( a?letes1 among :i* ! mo/ celebrat$ 0 ! ,discobolos2 ( animals1 ( :i* 8 ,c[ 0 ! mo/ fam\s2 & ( gr\ps ( satyrs1 & sea-mon/]s1 & my?ical creatures4 ,he excell$ 9 ! repres5tation ( life1 action1 & expression2 & su* 0 8 skill1 t ,petronius says ( him t he almo/ express$ ! s\ls ( m5 & animals 9 8 bronzes4 ,agoracritos & ,alcam5es _h a /ill high] di/9ction ?an ,myron4 ,! fam\s ,aphrodite ( ! ,g>d5s 7 71 a m>ble /atue by ,alcam5es1 enjoy$ a reputation among ! anci5ts sc>cely if at all bel[ t ( ! ,aphrodite ( ,praxiteles4 ,pl9y1 writ+ five hundr$ ye>s aft]1 says t ,phidias 8is said to h giv5 ! f9i%+ t\*es to ?is /atue40 ,b ?is is "o ( ^? common & absurd traditions t atta* to ! "w ( almo/ e great arti/ long aft] 8 dea?1 & x may be dismiss$ at once4 ,lucian gives ! /atue directly & solely to ,alcam5es--& to him und\bt$ly x belongs4 ,he _h no ne$ ( ! help ( ,phidias1 be+ himself a mu* m accompli%$ work] 9 m>ble1 ev5 %\ld we grant t ,phidias ev] work$ at all 9 ?is mat]ial4 ,inde$1 x 0 specially z a sculptor 9 m>ble t he 0 di/+ui%$2 & among o!r works :i* he execut$ 9 ?is mat]ial 7 ! colossal /atues ( ,h]cules & ,m9]va1 a gr\p ( ,procne & ,itys1 & ! /atue ( sculapius4 ,b :at is ! m significant 9 ?is connection is ! fact1 /at$ by ,pausanias1 t x 0 he :o execut$ ! /atues repres5t+ ! ,c5taurs & ,lapi? at ! m>riage ( ,piri?\s1 :i* adorn$ ! back tympanum ( ! ,temple ( ,zeus at ,olympia1 :]e ! great ,zeus ( ,phidias /ood4 ,pausanias speaks ( him z an arti/ 8:o liv$ 9 ! age ( ,phidias1 & 0 ! next to him 9 ! art ( mak+ /atues40 ,agoracritos is call$ by ,pausanias 8! pupil & belov$ fri5d ( ,phidias10 & x is mo/ probable t he work$ ) him on ! ,a!na & ! ,zeus4 ,8 mo/ fam\s /atue 0 ! ,nemesis at ,rhamnus1 :i*1 z we h se51 is attribut$ to ,phidias by ,pausanias1 b :i* cle>ly belongs to ,agoracritos4 ,! /atue ( ! ,"m ( ! ,gods1 :i* ,arrian & ,pausanias give to ,phidias1 0 also made by him1 accord+ to ,pl9y4 ,kolotes1 :o 0 also a pupil & assi/ant ( ,phidias at "o "t1 0 a sculptor 9 m>ble z well z a celebrat$ arti/ 9 ivory & gold4 ,among o!r works1 he probably made a /atue 9 gold & ivory ( ,a!na at ,elis1 :i* ,pausanias attributes to ,phidias1 b :i* ,pl9y ass]ts to be by ,kolotes4 ,!re is no dispute t he made ! /atue ( ,asclepius 9 gold & ivory1 :i* is mu* prais$ by ,/rabo2 & he is said by ,pl9y to h assi/$ ,phidias 9 ! ,zeus1 & to h execut$ ! int]ior ( ! %ield ( ! ,a!na at ,elis1 :i* 0 pa9t$ by ,panu4 ,ponios1 a ,?racian by bir?1 0 a celebrat$ sculptor 9 m>ble z well z bronze2 &1 among o!r ?+s1 he execut$ ! figures 9 ! front tympanum ( ! ,temple ( ,zeus at ,olympia4 ,9 "* & composition ^! figures resemble ^? ( ! ,p>!non1 & !y are execut$ 9 ! same _s4 ,a fragm5t f ! ,temple ( ,zeus may be se5 9 ! ,l\vre1 /&+ beside a fragm5t ( "o ( ! metopes ( ! ,p>!non4 ,! fragm5t f ! ,temple ( ,zeus repres5ts ,h]acles ) ! ,bull4 ,x is full] & l>g] 9 /yle ?an ! fragm5t f ! ,p>!non1 :i*1 se5 beside x1 looks /iff & meagre 9 "*1 & ! body ( ! ,c5taur 9 ! "o is decid$ly inf]ior to ! body ( ! ,bull 9 ! o!r4 ,?is is probably a portion ( ! "w ( ,ponios4 ,praxias & ,&ro/h5es1 too1 work$ 9 m>ble 9 ! same /yle1 & ! figures 9 ! tympana ( ! ,delphic temple 7 execut$ by !m4 ,! metopes also1 ( :i* five are allud$ to 9 ! ,*orus ( ,euripides1 7 probably _! "w4 ,!ocosmos1 too1 a contempor>y ( ,phidias1 work$ ) him1 accord+ to ,pausanias1 on ! ,zeus at ,meg>a1 :i* 0 aft]w>ds left unf9i%$1 on acc\nt ( ! ,peloponnesian w>3 only ! head 0 ( ivory & gold1 ! re/ ( ! body be+ ( pla/ic clay & wood4 ,b p]haps ! mo/ di/+ui%$ ( all 0 ,kalamis1 :o1 ?\gh probably a little y\ng] ?an ,phidias1 0 c]ta9ly a contempor>y4 ,among o!r works1 he execut$ 9 bronze an ,apollo ,alexicacos2 a *>iot 9 honor ( ,hi]o's ,victory at ,olympia2 a m>ble ,apollo 9 ! ,s]vilian ,g>d5s 9 ,rome2 ano!r bronze ,apollo ?irty cubits high1 :i* ,lucullus c>ri$ to ,rome f ,apollonia2 a be>dless ,asclepius 9 gold & ivory2 a ,nike2 ,zeus ,ammon2 ,dionysos2 ,aphrodite2 ,alcm5a2 & ! fam\s ,sos&ra1 s prais$ by ,lucian4 ,b :at 9 ?is connection is peculi>ly to be notic$ is1 t1 besides be+ r5[n$ = 8 /atues ( gods & mortals1 he 0 celebrat$ = 8 skill 9 ! repres5tation ( animals2 & ! excell5ce ( 8 horses is specially spok5 ( by ,ovid1 ,cic]o1 ,pausanias1 ,prop]tius1 & ,pl9y4 ,x w\ld !re=e1 9 ?is view1 seem mu* m probable t he may h design$ ! ,pana!naic frieze ?an t x 0 design$ by ,phidias1 :o1 z f> z we "k1 _h no p>ticul> tal5t = horses or animals4 ,!re is no indication1 h[ev]1 t ei!r ( !m _h any?+ to d ) x4 ,x is useless to proce$ fur!r 9 ?is direction4 ,"h 7 m51 specially m>ble work]s1 :o 7 amply able to execute all ! m>ble figures ( ! ,p>!non1 )\t rec\rse to ,phidias2 & z !re is no indication t he ev] any:]e execut$ simil> works = any temple1 :ile at lea/ ,alcam5es & ,ponios are kn[n to h made ! works correspond+ to ^! 9 ! ,temple ( ,zeus1 !re w\ld seem to be f> m reason to attribute ^! figures to !m ?an to ,phidias1 :o1 at ! "t :5 !y 7 made1 0 too mu* occupi$ ) 8 o!r "w to h be5 able to execute !m himself4 ,9 ! abs5ce1 !n1 ( all cle> indications z to ! arti/ :o made ! m>ble sculptures ( ! ,p>!non1 x w\ld seem m probable t !y 7 execut$ by v>i\s h&s1 & 9 l mann] z ^? ( ! ,ere*!um1 built 9 ! #ic;d ,olympiad1 ab\t tw5ty-eight ye>s aft] ! build+ ( ! ,p>!non4 ,=tunately1 f ! discov]y ( c]ta9 fragm5ts on :i* ! acc\nts ( ! build+ ( ! ,ere*!um 7 inscrib$ at ! "t1 we are enabl$ to say h[ ^! reliefs 7 made4 ,portions 7 set (f to diff]5t arti/s1 ea* ( :om execut$ 8 "p1 z describ$ 9 ^! fragm5ts4 ,! names ( ! arti/s 7 ,aga!nor1 ,iasos1 ,phyroma*os1 ,praxias1 & ,loclos4 ,! inscription beg9s ?us--,i give only a fragm5t ( x-- 4 4 2 & s on4 ,! sign occurs f\r times 9 ! inscription4 ,?ree times ! "w is by ,phyroma*os1 & belongs app>5tly to ! same gr\p4#e ,"h we h names ( arti/s :o are unkn[n to u1 unless ! ,phyroma*os nam$ "h is ! same :o1 accord+ to ,pl9y1 made ,alcibiades 9 a *>iot ) f\r horses4 ,& z = ,praxias1 he _c be ! well-kn[n ,praxias1 s9ce he 9 all probability di$ be=e ! #ib;d ,olympiad4 ,if1 !n1 ^! sculptures 7 intru/$ to arti/s ^: v names h n come d[n to u1 is x n probable t ! decorative sculptures ( ! ,p>!non w\ld h be5 confid$ to arti/s ( ! same class8 ,9 su* case x w\ld seem mo/ natural t no m5tion w\ld be made ( !m1 m ?an ( ! arti/s :o work$ on ! ,ere*!um1 s9ce !y 7 p]sons ( no peculi> note & fame2 :ile 9 ! ,temple ( ,zeus1 inasmu* z arti/s ( di/9ction work$1 _! names are giv54 ,:y tell u t ,alcam5es & ,ponios made ! gr\ps 9 ! tympana at ,olympia1 & omit to say any?+ ab\t simil> works 9 ! ,p>!non1 if !y 7 execut$ by ,phidias or any o!r arti/ ( great di/9ction8 ,"h1 too1 we see t diff]5t portions ( ! same "w 7 assign$ to diff]5t arti/s1 ea* work+ out 8 subjects sep>ately1 ?\gh all work+ 9 agreem5t1 to develop a c]ta9 /ory or s]ies ( /ories4 ,su* a practice w\ld acc\nt = all sorts ( v>ieties ( design & execution1 & w\ld expla9 ! diff]5ces to be obs]v$ betwe5 ! v>i\s portions ( ! sculptures ( ! ,p>!non4 ,a c>eful exam9ation ( ! frieze alone %[s t x mu/ h be5 execut$ by v>i\s arti/s1 s di/9ct are ! diff]5t p>ts z well 9 execution z 9 design4 ,! notion commonly ent]ta9$1 t ,phidias 0 consid]$ 9 8 age to be va/ly sup]ior to all contempor>y sculptors1 w sc>cely be> exam9ation4 ,he und\bt$ly surpass$ !m all 9 8 colossal *ryselephant9e /atues ( div9ities2 ?\gh ev5 9 ?is bran* ( art !re 0 a diff]5ce ( op9ion1 & "o o!r arti/ at lea/1 ,polyclitus1 0 held1 9 8 /atue ( ,h]a1 to h /ood abrea/ ( him4 ,/rabo decl>es t x excell$ 9 beauty all ! works ( ,phidias4 ,b 9 o!r bran*es ( ! art ! sup]iority ( ,phidias 0 n admitt$2 & he 01 if report be true1 repeat$ly adjudg$ a second place 9 8 competitions ) 8 rivals4 ,alcam5es1 ,polyclitus1 ,kalamis1 & ,ctesilaus 7 8 sup]iors 9 _! m>ble /atues & repres5tations ( mortals1 & we he> ( no "w ( 8 9 m>ble to compete ) !irs4 ,lucian1 = in/ance1 9 8 ,dialogue on ,/atues1 praises equally ! ,v5us ( ,praxiteles1 ! ,sos&ra ( ,kalamis1 ! ,aphrodite ( ! ,g>d5s by ,alcam5es1 & ! ,a!na ,lemnia & ,amazon ( ,phidias2 & out ( ! special beauties ( ea* he recon/ructs an ideal image ( ! mo/ beautiful woman4 ,f ! ,cnidian ,aphrodite ( ,praxiteles he takes ! head1 hav+ no ne$ ( ! re/ ( ! body 7he says71 z ! figure is n to be nude2 & f ?is head he selects ! outl9es ( ! hair1 or r ! outl9e ( ! =ehead :]e x jo9s ! hair1 ! =ehead1 ! delicately p5cil$ eyebr[s1 & ! liquid & radiant *>m ( ! eyes4 ,f ! ,aphrodite ( ,alcam5es he takes ! *eeks & ! l[] "p ( ! face1 & especially ! base ( ! h&s1 ! beautifully proportion$ wri/s1 & ! flexile tap] f+]s4 ,f ,phidias he takes ! total cont\r ( ! face1 ! s(tness ( ! jaw1 & ! symmetrical nose ( ! ,a!na1 & ! lips & ! neck ( ! ,amazon4 ,f ! ,sos&ra ( ,kalamis he takes h] mode/ grace & h] delicate subtle smile1 h] *a/ely arrang$ dress & h] easy be>+4 ,h] age & /ature1 he says1 %all be t ( ! ,cnidian ,aphrodite1 = ?is is mo/ beautiful 9 ,praxiteles4 ,= h] o!r qualities he draws ^u ! pa9t]s4 ,?is op9ion ( ,lucian is p>ticul>ly int]e/+ & valuable1 f ! fact t he _h /udi$ & practic$ ! art ( sculpture "u 8 uncle1 :o 0 a sculptor1 & 8 judgm5t is !re=e ( f> m value ?an t ( an ord9>y connoisseur4 ,pl9y also relates a /ory :i* has a be>+ 9 ?is connection1 ( a competition betwe5 v>i\s celebrat$ arti/s1 :o 7 contempor>ies at ?is p]iod4 ,! subject 0 an ,amazon4 ,! arti/s !mselves 7 to be ! judges2 & x 0 agre$ t ! /atue %\ld be held to be be/ :i* ea* arti/ rank$ second to 8 own4 ,! result 0 t ! fir/ prize 0 adjudg$ to ,polyclitus1 ! second to ,phidias1 ! ?ird to ,ctesilaus1 ! f\r? to ,cydon1 & ! fif? to ,phradmon4 ,we may reject ! /ory z a fact1 b its v exi/5ce proves t ! fame ( ,phidias1 great z x 01 did n s entirely eclipse t ( o!r arti/s ( 8 "t z we g5]ally suppose4 ,:o ( u n[ w\ld ?9k t ,phradmon & ,cydon1 = example1 /ood on a level to cont5d ) him1 ) any *ance ( o!r ?an a disa/r\s defeat8 ,b x is pla9 t ! anci5ts did n ?9k s1 or ?is /ory w\ld n h be5 inv5t$4 ,we n[ come to ! "q :e!r ,phidias ev] work$ at all 9 m>ble4 ,8 r5[n und\bt$ly re/$ ^u 8 magnific5t /atues 9 ivory & gold1 & especially ^u 8 ,zeus & ,a!na ( ! ,p>!non1 :i* t[]$ above all 8 o!r works4 ,s wond]ful 0 ! ,zeus1 t x 0 said to h /r5g!n$ religion 9 ,greece2 & ! ,a!na ( ! ,p>!non 0 held to be ! glory ( ,a!ns4 ,! poets & writ]s celebrate ,phidias always z specially ! creator ( ^! great *ryselephant9e works2 & ?\gh !y praise ! beauty ( 8 bronze works1 & especially ( ! ,a!na ,lemnia1 x is pla9 t ^! held a second>y place 9 public e/imation1 or at all ev5ts did n /& alone & ap>t z ! o!rs did4 ,?us ,prop]tius says1 *>act]iz+ ! sculptors3-- 8,phidiacus signo se ,juppit] ornat eburno2 ,praxitelem propria v9dicat arte ,lapis2 ,gloria ,lysippi e/ animosa eff+]e signa2 ,exactis ,calamis se mihi jactat equis40 ,s ,qu9ctilian says ( him3 8,phidias tam5 diis quam hom9ibus effici5dis melior artifex traditur--9 ebore v]o longe citra mulum1 vel si nihil nisi ,m9]vam ,a!nis aut ,olympium 9 ,elide ,jovem fecisset0 7lib4 xii4 *4 #aj74 ,b no writ] any:]e ne> ?is p]iod--ev5 )9 five c5turies ( x--ev] m5tions a m>ble figure by ,phidias1 or celebrates him 9 any way z a sculptor 9 ?is mat]ial4 ,9 ! evid5ce giv5 be=e a committee ( ! ,h\se ( ,commons ^u ! ,elg9 collection ( m>bles1 previ\s to ! pur*ase ( !m by ! nation1 ,ri*>d ,payne ,knight & ,william ,wilk9s gave x z _! op9ion t ^! works 7 n by ,phidias1 & t he 0 n a work] 9 m>ble4 ,?is /atem5t has be5 reject$ by ! au?or ( ! "w on ! ,elg9 & ,phigaleian ,m>bles1 9 ! ,libr>y ( ,ent]ta9+ ,k1 z entirely )\t f\ndation4 ,9 ?is conclusion x mu/ be admitt$ t he foll[s ! op9ion g5]ally ent]ta9$ at ! pres5t day1 & repeat$ by ne>ly e mod]n writ]4 ,visconti1 to :om he ref]s z refut+ satisfactorily ! notion ( ,knight & ,wilk9s1 ?us argues ! "q3 8,if x 7 imag9$ t ,phidias devot$ himself to ! toreutic art1 & t he employ$ 9 8 works only ivory & metals1 ?is op9ion w\ld be confut$ by ,ari/otle1 :o di/+ui%es ?is great arti/ by ! appellation ( --a skillful sculptor 9 m>ble--9 opposition to ,polyclitus1 :om he /yles simply a /atu>y1 1 s9ce ! latt] sc>cely ev] employ$ 8 tal5ts except 9 bronze4 ,9 fact1 sev]al m>ble /atues ( ,phidias 7 kn[n to ,pl9y1 :o might ev5 h se5 "s ( !m at ,rome1 s9ce !y _h be5 remov$ to ?is city2 & ! mo/ fam\s "w ( ,alcam5es1 ! ,v5us ( ! ,g>d5s1 _h only1 z x 0 said1 acquir$ s high a degree ( p]fection because ,phidias1 8 ma/]1 _h himself tak5 pleasure 9 f9i%+ ) 8 own h& 8 beautiful /atue 9 m>ble40 ,an exam9ation into ^! /atem5ts w %[1 n only t n "o ( !m is well f\nd$1 b t ! au?orities on :i* !y pr(ess to /& w n at all su/a9 !m4 ,visconti's m9d is 9 a nebul\s /ate z to ! :ole "q1 & he conf\nds ?+s :i* h no relation to ea* o!r4 ,! fir/ mi/ake he makes is 9 confus+ ! toreutic art ) ! art ( mak+ /atues 9 ivory & gold4 ,i am aw>e t ,m4 ,quatrem]e de ,qu9cy1 9 8 treatise on *ryselephant9e /atues1 con/antly uses ^! two t]ms z equival5t2 b 9 s do+ he is admitt$ by all p]sons :o h critically /udi$ ! matt] to be entirely incorrect4 ,! toreutic art 0 ! art ( ! engrav]1 ! *as]1 ! damasc5]1 ! emboss]4 ,x might be employ$1 & und\bt$ly 0 employ$1 by ,phidias 9 decorat+ "p ( 8 /atue1 z x might be appli$ to a bronze /atue1 or to any metal surface or slab2 b x 0 n ! art ( mak+ /atues 9 any mat]ial4 ,visconti's next proposition is1 t by ! t]m ,ari/otle meant to indicate a work] 9 m>ble z di/+ui%$ f an 1 :o 0 a /atu>y 9 bronze1 & to %[ t ,phidias work$ 9 m>ble1 :ile ,polyclitus work$ only or *iefly 9 bronze4 ,nei!r ( ^! /atem5ts c be support$2 & x is impossible t ,ari/otle c\ld h meant to make !m4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 does n mean a work] 9 m>ble2 & 7 specially ! art ( cutt+ & poli%+ gems & preci\s /ones2 & a 0 a lapid>y 9 relief or intaglio1#f n a sculptor ( m>ble /atues4 ,aga91 does n mean a sculptor 9 bronze z di/+ui%$ f a sculptor 9 m>ble1 b m]ely a mak] ( /atues1 ( a?letes or h]oes1 9 any mat]ial1 :e!r 9 wood1 bronze1 m>ble1 gold1 or ivory4 ,n[1 :5 we rememb] t ,phidias 0 celebrat$ n only = 8 colossal works1 b also = 8 skill z an engrav]1 emboss]1 & damasc5]--9 a ^w1 = 8 skill 9 ! toreutic art1 :i* ,pl9y tells u 0 develop$ by him & p]fect$ by ,polyclitus1 z well z = 8 m9utely elaborat$ repres5tations ( flies1 cicad1 fi%es1 & bees--! mean+ ( ,ari/otle 9 apply+ to him ! title ( is cle>4 ,he 0 a 9 ! exact mean+ ( t t]m1 & a v skillful "o4 ,ari/otle is equally correct 9 apply+ ! t]m 1 mak] ( a?letes & h]oes1 to ,polyclitus2 = t great arti/ _h won ! highe/ fame ( 8 age = /atues ( ?is k9d1 & e/abli%$ ! laws ( proportion 9 8 ,diadum5os & ,doryphoros4 ,if1 h[ev]1 z ,visconti imag9es1 ,ari/otle meant to indicate t ,phidias 0 a work] 9 m>ble1 :ile ,polyclitus 0 n1 he is cle>ly wrong2 = we "k t ,polyclitus execut$ v>i\s & celebrat$ /atues 9 m>ble1 :]eas1 z we %all see1 we h no cle> pro( t ,phidias ev] did4 ,/ill fur!r1 if ,ari/otle int5d$ to di/+ui% ,phidias f ,polyclitus by say+ t ! "o 0 a skillful 1 & ! o!r 0 n1 he is aga9 q wrong1 :e!r he meant by t t]m to indicate a toreutic arti/ or1 z ,visconti ?9ks1 a m>ble work]2 = ,polyclitus 0 ev5 m skill$ ?an ,phidias 9 bo? ^! arts4 ,aga91 if he meant to di/+ui% ! "o arti/ f ! o!r z a mak] ( 1 or /atues ( div9ities1 he is wrong2 = ! *ryselephant9e ,h]a ( ,polyclitus rival$ ! ,a!na ( ,phidias4 ,! pla9 fact is t ,ari/otle did n mean to di/+ui% "o ( ^! great arti/s f ! o!r 9 any su* way4 ,he is p]fectly "r 9 ! t]ms he applies to ea*2 b he did n say1 nor c\ld he h int5d$ to say1 t "o 0 a or an 1 & ! o!r 0 n--s9ce1 z we "k1 bo? ( !m 7 & 1 & he mu/ h kn[n x4 ,/ress has also be5 laid by "s writ]s on ! fact t ,phidias is call$ a by ,dionysius ( ,halic>nassus1 & t ,tzetzes speaks ( him z 1 & t ,hesy*ius uses ! phrase 4 ,^! phrases1 ev5 7 !y inconsi/5t ) ! view "h tak51 w\ld be ( v little consequ5ce if /&+ by !mselves1 z ! e>lie/ ( ^! writ]s fl\ri%$ "s six hundr$ ye>s1 & ! late/ "s n9e hundr$ ye>s1 aft] ,phidias2 b tak5 9 connection ) ! words ( ,ari/otle1 !y may p]haps h "s little weight4 ,:at is a 1 !n8 ,:y1 simply an engrav] & a *isel]4 ,& :at does ,tzetzes mean by 8 ,:y1 t ,phidias made /atues ( h]oes & a?letes 9 brass1 & t he 0 a *isel] & engrav]4 ,! words & 9 ,greek1 & scalptura & sculptura 9 ,lat91 ?\gh orig9ally !y signifi$ g5]ically cutt+ figures out ( e solid mat]ial1 7 aft]w>ds specifically appli$ to intagli & camei1 & are ! art ( ! clator1 or 1 or m prop]ly1 p]haps1 re/rict$ to ! cutt+ & engrav+ ( preci\s /ones4 ,! next /atem5t ( ,visconti is t sev]al m>ble /atues by ,phidias 7 kn[n to ,pl9y1 & t ! ,aphrodite ( ,alcam5es acquir$ its p]fection because ,phidias himself f9i%$ x4 ,z to ! latt] bran* ( ?is /atem5t no?+ m ne$ be said4 ,x is evid5tly "o ( ^? idle traditions :i* are n wor? consid]+4 ,b let u see :at ,pl9y actually says4 ,9 8 acc\nt ( ,phidias he does n ev5 pret5d to /ate1 z an accr$it$ fact1 t ,phidias ev] work$ 9 m>ble4 ,9 ! *apt] devot$ to sculptors 9 m>ble he says1 8,x is said1 t ev5 ,phidias work$ 9 m>ble0 7et ipsum ,phidiam tradunt scalpsisse m>mora7 8& t !re is a ,v5us by him at ,rome1 9 ! build+s ( ,octavia1 ( extraord9>y beauty2 b :at is c]ta9 is0 7quod c]tum e/7 8t he 0 ! ma/] ( ,alcam5es1 _m ( ^: works are on ! sacr$ temples1 & ^: celebrat$ ,v5us1 call$ 1 is outside ! walls4 ,phidias is said0 7dicitur7 8to h put ! f9i%+ t\*es to ?is40 ,pl9y1 !re=e1 by no means ass]ts t ,phidias ev] execut$ any?+ 9 m>ble2 he m]ely says t !re is a rumor or tradition to t effect2 b he absolutely /ates z an e/abli%$ fact t ,alcam5es 0 8 pupil1 & execut$ ! beautiful /atue ( ,aphrodite2 & he !n goes on to say1 z ano!r tradition1 t ,phidias assi/$ him 9 f9i%+ x4 ,"h he cle>ly di/+ui%es betwe5 fact & tradition1 & 8 language %[s t he plac$ no reliance on ! latt]4 ,he does n ev5 pret5d to h se5 ! /atue ( ,v5us1 suppos$ to be by ,phidias1 9 ! build+s ( ,octavia2 & x is evid5t1 f ! turn ( 8 s5t5ce1 t1 gossip+ & cr$ul\s z he g5]ally 01 he gave no cr$5ce to ?is rumor4 ,! :ole argum5t ( ,visconti ?us falls to ! gr\nd ) ! facts by :i* he attempts to support x4 ,!re rema9 = u to consid] ! m>ble /atues ascrib$ to ,phidias by ,pausanias1 :i* are z foll[s3 #a/1 ,! ,nemesis at ,rhamnus2 #b;d1 ,! ,h]mes at ! entrance ( ! ,ism5ium at ,!bes2 #c;d1 ,! ,aphrodite ,urania at ,a!ns1 ne> ! ,c]amicus4 ,we h already se5 t ! ,nemesis at ,rhamnus 0 n ! "w ( ,phidias1 b ( ,agoracritos2 t ,pausanias disagrees ) o!r au?orities 9 attribut+ x to ,phidias2 & t ! "n ( ,agoracritos 0 inscrib$ ^u x z its au?or4 ,?is1 !re=e1 mu/ be reject$4 ,9 ! next place1 z to ! m>ble ,h]mes at ! entrance to ! ,ism5ium4 ,?is /atue1 z we h se51 0 a decorative entrance /atue /&+ be=e ! temple2 & its p5dant1 ,a!na1 accord+ to ,pausanias1 0 ! "w ( ,scopas1 :o di$ a c5tury lat]4 ,! "o p$e/al c\ld sc>cely be left unoccupi$ = a c5tury1 yet ?is mu/ h be5 ! case if ,pausanias is "r2 & = reasons :i* h already be5 giv51 ?is /atue is1 to say ! lea/1 n )\t v grave d\bts4 ,no o!r au?or speaks ( x1 & x re/s solely on ! au?ority ( ,pausanias1 :o liv$ m ?an six c5turies aft] ,phidias4 ,!re rema9s1 !n1 ! ,aphrodite ,urania4 ,pausanias is ! sole au?ority = consid]+ ?is /atue ! "w ( ,phidias2 & z1 be+ 9 m>ble1 x w\ld be ! only "o ascrib$ to him ^u :i* !re are n ei!r ! grave/ d\bts z to 8 au?or%ip or ! cle>e/ indications t he 0 n ! au?or1 we %\ld accept x ) caution4 ,c we tru/ ,pausanias8 ,he c]ta9ly does n agree ) o!r writ]s z to ! au?or%ip ( v>i\s /atues4 ,! /atue ( ,a!na at ,elis1 attribut$ by him to ,phidias1 ,pl9y says is by ,kolotes4 ,! ,"m ( ! ,gods1 said by him to be a "w ( ,phidias1 is1 accord+ to ,pl9y1 ! "w ( ,agoracritos4 ,! sculapius at ,epidaurus1 giv5 by him to ,?rasym$es1 is giv5 by ,a!nagoras to ,phidias4 ,9 respect ( ! ,nemesis1 he is cle>ly mi/ak54 ,pausanias wrote long aft] ,pl9y1 :5 facts 7 /ill m obscur$ by "t4 ,tradition *anges names2 transmutes facts1 & t5ds always to give great names to nameless works4 ,he 0 a travel] 9 ,greece 9 ! age ( ,m>cus ,aurelius1 :5 ! arts1 ev5 9 ,rome1 7 9 _! decl9e2 & he only reports :at he sees & he>s4 ,he does n pret5d to be a critic or a connoisseur 9 art4 ,he 0 n "o2 & 8 acc\nts ( ! great /atues 9 ,greece are s+ul>ly dry & meagre4 ,he w\ld naturally be told :o 0 ! au?or ( ?is1 t1 & ! o!r /atue t he saw2 & he seems to h tak5 common report )\t a "q1 j z a travel] 9 ,rome )\t p>ticul> k or int]e/ 9 art w\ld accept ! au?or%ip ( ! ,colossi 9 ! ,quir9al1 & )\t hesitation foll[ ! tradition & ascribe !m 9 8 book to ,phidias & ,praxiteles4 ,if he 7 always accurate 9 ^! matt]s1 or if he _h ev] %[n any critical d\bts ab\t ! au?or%ip ( any "w1 a /atem5t by him on su* a subject w\ld be entitl$ to m consid]ation2 b z x is1 9 view ( ! facts t no o!r au?or be=e him has ascrib$ ! ,aphrodite ,urania to ,phidias1 & t if x be by him x is 8 only m>ble "w ( :i* we h any cle> te/imony1 little fai? c be plac$ 9 ! /atem5t by ,pausanias4 ,add to ?is t no contempor>y ( ,phidias1 & no writ] any:]e ne> 8 age1 has ev] spok5 ( any m>ble "w ( 81 & ,i ?9k we mu/ reject ?is /atue z we h reject$ ! o!rs4 ,9 e/imat+ ! value ( any su* /atem5ts z to ! au?or%ip ( /atues1 we mu/ keep 9 m9d ! fact t x 0 n only n ! cu/om = ! anci5t ,greek sculptors to inscribe _! names on _! own /atues1 b x 0 n ord9>ily p]mitt$ to !m to d s on any public "w2 & und\bt$ly x 0 = ?is reason t ,phidias himself made 8 own lik5ess z well z ! portrait ( ,p]icles on ! %ield ( ! ,a!na1 to indicate t ! "w 0 done by him :ile ,p]icles _h ! adm9i/ration ( affairs at ,a!ns4 ,9 ! same way ,batra*us & ,saurus1 two ,lac$monian arti/s :o built ! temples inclos$ 9 ! ,portico ( ,octavia1 be+ prohibit$ f inscrib+ _! names on ! walls1 adopt$ ! device ( sculptur+ on ! spirals ( ! columns a liz>d & a frog1 :i* _! names signifi$1--?us punn+ 9 m>ble1 to p]petuate _! names z ar*itects ( ! temples4 ,s also ,myron is said to h inscrib$ 8 "n on ! ?igh ( 8 ,discobolos 9 su* m9ute *>act]s z to be visible only on ! close/ inspection4 ,9 ! case ( "s ( ! great /atues1 ! names ( ! au?ors 7 exceptionally all[$ to be inscrib$ aft] _! dea?s2 & ?is 0 probably ! case ) ! ,zeus ( ,phidias4 ,ord9>ily no su* practice 0 p]mitt$4 ,su* be+ ! case1 ! au?or%ip ( ,greek /atues at ! "t ( ,pausanias w\ld re/ entirely ^u tradition--& tradition is little to be tru/$4 ,besides1 :at adds to ! difficulty is t x 0 ! cu/om 9 lat] times to put ! names ( anci5t sculptors on works n made by !m1 to give !m a high] value2 x is ( ?is practice t ,phdrus speaks 9 "o ( 8 ,fables3-- 8sopi nom5 sicubi int]posu]o ,cui r$didi jampridem quidquid debui ,auctoritatis esse scito gratia2 ,ut quidem artifices no/ro faciunt sculo ,qui pretium op]ibus majus inv5iunt1 novo ,si m>more adscrips]e ,praxitelem suo ,trito ,myronem arg5to40 ,( ! /atues :i* n[ exi/1 !re are only "s ?irty on :i* names are inscrib$1 & ^! are c]ta9ly = ! mo/ "p1 if n entirely1 apocryphal4 ,! "n ( ,phidias1 toge!r ) t ( ,ammonius1 = in/ance1 appe>s on a monkey 9 basalt 9 ! ,capitol at ,rome2 t ( ,praxiteles on a drap$ figure 9 ! ,l\vre2 & t ( ,lysippus on a m>ble ,h]cules 9 ! ,pitti ,gall]y at ,flor5ce--n "o ( :i* is ( ! lea/ value z a "w ( art4 ,s1 on ! torso ( ! ,belvid]e is ! "n ( ,apollonius2 on ! ,f>nese ,h]cules t ( ,glycon2 on ! ,gladiator ( ! ,l\vre t ( ,agasias ! ,ephesian1 son ( ,dosi!os--?\gh ^! names are n m5tion$ by any writ]s ( antiquity4 ,no au?ority c be grant$ to ^! inscriptions1 & possibly ! v fact t ^! names are on ! /atues is an indication t !y are copies2 all h 4 ,d',hanc>ville & ,dallaway make a di/9ction betwe5 & 1--! =m]1 accord+ to !m1 signify+ a copy1 & ! latt] an orig9al "w4 ,on ! ,nemesis at ,rhamnus 0 ! inscription1 2 & ?is w\ld seem to confirm _! notion4 ,on ! ,zeus ( ,phidias1 also1 0 ! inscription1 ' 4 ,i d n recall1 h[ev]1 a s+le /atue :i* has come d[n to u on :i* ! ^w occurs1 except an int]e/+ & co>sely execut$ relief 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 repres5t+ ! deification ( ,hom]4 ,:]e !re is any inscription x is 2 b x is an exce$+ly r>e exception t any anci5t /atue has a "n inscrib$ on x4 ,almo/ all1 if n all1 ! /atues hav+ names ( ! arti/s are ( a late date1 & probably mo/ ( !m z late z ! "t ( ,hadrian4 ,x 0 he :o reviv$ ! art ( sculpture2 & dur+ 8 reign a great numb] ( copies1 m or less good1 7 made ( ! fam\s /atues ( antiquity2 b un=tunately !re has n come d[n to u a s+le accr$it$ /atue by any ( ! great sculptors ( antiquity4 ,!re are only two o!r au?orities1 s f> z ,i am aw>e1 :o m5tion or make any allusion to m>ble "w by ,phidias2 ^! mu/ be consid]$4 ,s5eca1 ne>ly five hundr$ ye>s aft] ! dea? ( ,phidias1 says ( him1 8,n only did ,phidias "k h[ to make a /atue 9 ivory1 b he also made !m 9 bronze40 ,?us f> he speaks absolutely2 he !n cont9ues hypo!tically1 8,if y _h giv5 him m>ble1 or ev5 a vil] mat]ial1 he w\ld h made ! be/ ?+ out ( x t c\ld be made40#g ,?is is consid]$ by ! au?or ( ! "w on ! ,elg9 & ,phigaleian ,m>bles an important /atem5t 9 confirmation ( ,pl9y4 ,9 reality x conta9s no?+ b a simple hypo!tical expression ( belief t if y _h giv5 ,phidias a piece ( m>ble he w\ld h made some?+ excell5t out ( x4 ,does any "o d\bt ?is8 ,s5eca /ates z a fact only t ,phidias really did "w 9 ivory & bronze2 & x is pla9 t he knew no "w ( ,phidias 9 m>ble1 or he nev] w\ld h express$ a purely hypo!tical op9ion on su* a matt]4 ,! o!r au?ority :i* has be5 evok$ 9 favor ( ! !ory t ,phidias work$ 9 m>ble is t ( ,val]ius ,maximus1 :o /ates t !re exi/$ a tradition t he desir$ to execute ! ,a!na ( ! ,p>!non 9 m>ble1 b t ! ,a!nians w\ld n p]mit him to d s3 8,iidem ,phidiam tul]unt quamdiu is m>more potius quam ebore ,m9]vam fi]i deb]e dicebat1 quod diutius nitor esset mansurus2 s$ ut adjecit et vilius tac]e juss]unt40 7,lib4 i4 c4 i41 ,ext]na #g47 ,!re is no au?ority = ?is tradition4 ,x comes up five hundr$ ye>s aft] ! dea? ( ,phidias1 & is manife/ly absurd4 ,phidias _h id5tifi$ himself & 8 fame ) 8 great *ryselephant9e & bronze works4 ,he knew too well 8 own p[]1 & 8 ma/]y ov] ^! arts1 to wi% to make ! ,a!na 9 any o!r mat]ial ?an t 9 :i* x 0 made4 ,b suppose he did s advise ! ,a!nians1 8 advice 0 n accept$4 ,! /atue 0 n made ( m>ble4 ,p]haps also he propos$ to !m to give x to ,alcam5es1 ,agoracritos1 or ,polyclitus4 ,:at sort ( value c be giv5 to a /atem5t l ?is appe>+ sudd5ly & solely 9 "o writ] five hundr$ ye>s aft] ! ,a!na 0 made8 ,if we are to accept su* traditions z ?is1 we may z well 8gape & swall[0 any gobem\*e4 ,let u h at once a life ( ,%akespe>e writt5 9 ,leipzig1 or any o!r =eign c\ntry at lea/ z f> away z t4 ,?is is all ! te/imony we h z to any "w by ,phidias 9 m>ble4 ,has x any real weight8 ,b grant all ^! /atem5ts1 vague & vision>y z !y are1 to _! fulle/ ext5t1 :at d !y prove8 ,n t ,phidias 0 especially a m>ble-work]1 b only t he made1 exceptionally1 "o or two /atues 9 m>ble1 & 0 suppos$ by "s writ]s five hundr$ ye>s aft] 8 dea?1 to h _h a connection ) two m1 ?\gh o!r te/imony1 & ! facts & dates1 cle>ly %[ t he c\ld n h made !m1 or at lea/ ?r[ ! v grave/ d\bts ^u 8 hav+ done s4 ,9 ?is way1 we might ass]t t ,raffaelle 0 a sculptor1 because he is suppos$ to h made1 or help$ to make1 ! /atue ( ,jonah 9 ! ,santa ,m>ia del ,popolo at ,rome4 ,b to jump f su* %aky facts to ! /atem5t & belief t ,phidias 0 ! au?or1 or at all ev5ts ! design]1 ( all ! m>ble figures 9 ! p$im5t1 !me topes1 & ! frieze ( ! ,p>!non1 is truly 8a long cry40 ,:]e is ! gr\nd on :i* su* a belief c be f\nd$8 ,!re is n a /atem5t or ev5 an allusion by any anci5t writ] to ju/ify x4 ,! te/imony ( ,plut>*1 s f> z x goes1 is directly oppos$ to x1 & all ! kn[n facts are 9 contradiction ( x4 ,plut>* says t ,phidias 0 appo9t$ g5]al sup]9t5d5t ( public works2 t he made ! /atue ( ,a!na 9 ! ,p>!non2 & t1 ?r\gh ! fri5d%ip ( ,p]icles1 he _h ! direction ( ev]y?+1 & all ! arti/s receiv$ 8 ord]s4 ,b he contradicts ?is imm$iately1 if he is und]/ood to mean any?+ m ?an t ,phidias g5]ally ord]$ :o %\ld be employ$ to d ?is or t "w2 = he di/9ctly says t ,ict9us & ,callicrates made ! ,p>!non1--& we "k t ,ict9us & ,c>pion wrote a book ^u x4 ,if ,phidias design$ or execut$ any?+ else ?an ! ,a!na1 :y does n ,plut>* say s1 :5 he takes pa9s to tell u he made ! ,a!na8 ,! m5tion ( ! "o excludes ! o!r4 ,if ,ict9us & ,callicrates made ! build+1 :y may !y n h made all ! re/ ( ! "w8 ,7 !y n able to d x8 ,!re is no reason to d\bt _! ability to design & execute all ! decorative figures belong+ to ! temple !y built4 ,to ,ict9us 0 intru/$ ! build+ ( ! ,temple ( ,apollo at ,phigaleia1 9 ! sculptures ( :i* !re is %[n rem>kable ability2 & he also built ! ,temple ( ! ,eleus9ian ,c]es1 & its my/ic inclosure or ,secos4 ,if ,ict9us & ,callicrates1 or ,c>pion1 did n execute ^! m>bles ( ! ,p>!non1 :y may !y n h intru/$ !m to "s ( ! num]\s arti/s ) :om ,a!ns sw>m$ at t "t8 ,libon ! ar*itect built ! temple ( ,zeus 9 :i* ! ,zeus ( ,phidias /ood1 & its p$im5t figures 7 sculptur$ by ,alcam5es & ,ponios4 ,is !re any reason to reject su* a !ory8 ,h[ev]1 z to ?is we are entirely 9 ! d>k2 all our suppositions are purely speculative4 ,no?+ seems cle>1 except t ! figures 7 n made by ,phidias4 ,:y did n ,plut>* tell u :o 7 ! sculptors ( ! m>bles 9 ! ,p>!non8 ,probably = ! v simple reason t he did n "k4 ,he wrote _m c5turies aft] ,phidias 0 dead 7ab\t ,b4 ,c4 #ff71 & tradition may n h br\ght d[n ! names ( any :o 7 conc]n$ 9 ! build+ ( ! ,p>!non1 save ^? ( ! ar*itects & ( ,phidias4 ,he did n attempt to supply ! hiatus--be+1 to use 8 own words1 conv9c$ 8( ! difficulty ( arriv+ at any tru? 9 hi/ory3 s9ce if ! writ]s live aft] ! ev5ts !y relate1 !y c b be imp]fectly in=m$ ( facts2 & if !y describe ! p]sons & transactions ( _! own times1 !y are tempt$ by envy & hatr$1 or by int]e/ & fri5d%ip1 to vitiate & p]v]t ! tru?40 ,,! ,,art ,,( ,,ca/+ ,,9 ,,pla/] ,,among ,,! ,,anci5t ,,greeks ,,& ,,romans4 ,i4 ,! "q :e!r ! art ( mak+ m\lds & ca/s 9 pla/] 0 kn[n to ! anci5t ,greeks & ,romans 0 discuss$ "s ye>s ago by ,mr4 ,*>les ,c4 ,p]k9s1 9 an int]e/+ pamphlet entitl$ 8,du ,m\lage en ,pltre *ez les ,anci5s10#h 9 :i* he collect$ v>i\s passages f anci5t writ]s be>+ m or less on ?is subject1 & endeavor$ by _! au?ority to e/abli% ! fact t ?is process 0 kn[n & practic$ at a comp>atively e>ly p]iod 9 ! hi/ory ( art4 ,aft] a c>eful exam9ation ( all 8 citations & argum5ts1 z well z o!r au?orities :i* he does n cite1 we feel compell$ to diss5t entirely f 8 conclusions4 ,we d n ?9k he has made out 8 case4 ,! "q is an int]e/+ "o1 h[ev]1 f an ar*ological po9t ( view at lea/1 & well des]ves consid]ation4 ,! only passage among ! writ+s ( ! anci5ts :i* at fir/ sight w\ld seem directly to affirm t ! process ( ca/+ 9 pla/] f life1 f clay models1 or f /atues 9 ! r\nd1 9 ! mod]n mean+ ( t phrase1 0 kn[n to ! ,greeks & ,romans occurs 9 ! 8,natural ,hi/ory0 ( ,pl9y1 & is z foll[s3-- 8,hom9is autem imag9em gypso e facie ipsa primus omnium expressit1 c]aque 9 eam =mam gypsi infusa em5d>e in/ituit ,lysi/ratus ,sicyonis1 frat] ,lysippi1 de quo diximus4 ,hic et similitud9em r$d]e in/ituit1 ante eum quam pul*]rimum fac]e /udebant4 ,idem et de signis effigiem exprim]e inv5it1 crevitque res 9 tantum1 ut nulla signa /atuve s9e argilla fi]5t4 ,quo app>et antiquiorem hanc fuisse sci5tiam quam fund5di ris4 ,pla/ laudatissimi fu]e ,damophilus et ,gorgasus idemque pictores qui ,c]]is dem ,rom ad ,circum ,maximum utroque g5]e artis su excolu]unt40#i ,mr4 ,p]k9s1 foll[+ 9 sub/ance o!r translators1 ?us freely translates & develops ?is passage3-- 8,lysi/rate de ,sicyone fut le premi] pr5dre en pltre des m\les de la figure huma9e4 ,dans ces m\les il c\lait de la cire1 puis il corrigeait ces masques de cire d'aprs la nature4 ,de la sorte1 il atteignit la ressemblance1 t&is qu'avant lui on ne s'appliquait qu' faire de belles ttes4 ,lysi/rate imag9a aussi de reproduire l'image des /atues1 procd qui obt9t une telle vogue1 que depuis lors ni figure ni /atue ne fut faite sans argile1 et l'on soit en conclure que ce procd e/ antrieur la fonte du bronze40 ,if ?is translation be correct1 !re seems to be no d\bt ei!r t ,pl9y 0 mi/ak51 or t ! anci5ts knew & practic$ ! mod]n art ( ca/+ 9 pla/]4 ,is1 !n1 ?is translation correct8 ,x seems to u to be an utt] misappreh5sion ( ! :ole mean+ ( ! passage4 ,pl9y says no?+ ab\t m\ld+ or ca/+1 & ?us to translate & amplify ! words he does use is to assume ! v facts 9 "q4 ,:at he really says is lit]ally z foll[s3-- 8,lysi/ratus ( ,sicyon1 bro!r ( ,lysippus1 ( :om we h spok51 fir/ ( all express$ ! image ( a man 9 gypsum f ! :ole p]son t is1 made full-l5g? portraits1 & improv$ x ) wax or color1 =1 z we %all see1 c]a means bo? spread ov] ! =m4 ,he fir/ began to make lik5esses1 :]eas be=e him ! /udy 0 to make p]sons z beautiful z possible4 ,he also inv5t$ express+ effigies f /atues2 & ?is practice s grew t no /atues or signa :i* 7 full-l5g? figures ei!r pa9t$1 model$1 ca/ 9 bronze1 or execut$ 9 m>ble 7 made )\t :ite clay4 ,f :i* x w\ld seem t ?is sci5ce or process 0 old] ?an t ( ca/+ 9 bronze4 ,! mo/ fam\s model]s 7 ,damophilus & ,gorgasus1 :o 7 also pa9t]s1 & :o decorat$ ! temple ( ,c]es at ,rome ) bo? bran*es ( _! art40 ,! fir/ s5t5ce1 ?us lit]ally r5d]$1 x w be p]ceiv$1 has 9 _m respects ! same ambiguity 9 ,engli% z 9 ,lat94 ,! words 8image10 8expression10 & 8=m0 h all a d\ble signification1 & ! "q is :at is _! true mean+ 9 ?is connection4 ,if x c be %[n t ?is passage nei!r describes nor proposes to describe ! process ( ca/+ 9 pla/]1 z we und]/& t phrase1 ! key/one ( ! :ole argum5t t x 0 kn[n to ! anci5ts falls out4 ,no o!r writ] directly ass]ts t su* a k or practice exi/$1 & all allusions to ?is matt] conta9$ 9 any anci5t au?or are purely collat]al1 & h no =ce 9 !mselves4 ,fur!r1 "s well-kn[n facts :i* we %all h occasion to br+ =w>d lat] are entirely oppos$ to ! probability ( su* a k & practice4 ,x is ^u ?is passage 9 ,pl9y1 !n1 t ! :ole case dep5ds4 ,n[1 9 a d\btful & obscure "q l ?is1 dep5d5t ^u ! /atem5t ( any s+le au?or1 we h a "r to claim ?ree ?+s3 fir/1 t ! /atem5t %\ld be cle> & fairly susceptible ( only "o explanation2 second1 t x %\ld n be contradict$ by a subsequ5t /atem5t imm$iately foll[+2 ?ird1 t ! au?or himself %\ld be tru/wor?y4 ,& 9 ! fir/ place1 z to ! au?or4 ,! 8,natural ,hi/ory0 ( ,pl9y is c]ta9ly a mo/ int]e/+1 amus+1 & 9 _m respects valuable book1 b q z c]ta9ly x is "o ( ! mo/ inaccurate t ev] 0 writt51 ab\nd+ 9 half-k1 second-h& in=mation1 leg5d>y /atem5ts1 & rubbi% ( e k9d4 ,x is1 9 a ^w1 ! commonplace book ( an agreeable1 gossip+ man1 ( a wide read+1 :o took little pa9s to be accurate1 :o report$ ev]y?+ he he>d ) slight exam9ation1 :o 0 exce$+ly cr$ul\s1 & :o accept$ z tru? & fact ! mo/ ridicul\s /ories4 ,all is fi% t comes to 8 net4 ,9 8 *apt]s relat+ to arti/s & art he is s+ul>ly devoid ( judgm5t or accurate k2 he con/antly confuses ?+s :i* h no relation to ea* o!r1 (t5 contradicts himself1 & becomes at times utt]ly un9telligible4 ,yet we are =c$ to turn to ,pl9y1 to give a weight & au?ority to 8 words ^u art1 & to own a deep debt ( gratitude to him1 n because he is tru/wor?y1 b simply because he alone ( all ! anci5t au?ors1 ) ! exception ( ,pausanias1 has giv5 u a detail$ acc\nt ( ! /atues & arti/s ( antiquity4 ,8 acc\nt ( ! anci5t arti/s & _! works is ! fulle/ we h1 & adrift z we (t5 are on a wide sea ( conjecture1 we are glad to seize ^u any /raws & fragm5ts1 8r>i nantes 9 gurgite va/o0 ( blankness & d\bt2 seiz+ "h a bit f ,pausanias1 ,h]odotus1 or ,lucian1 !re a waif f ,cic]o1 or a float+ fragm5t f "o ( ! great tragic poets1 & glad en\gh to get ^u any su* raft z t :i* ,pl9y gives u1 h[ev] leaky & rickety4 ,b seawor?y or tru/wor?y 9 em]g5cies ,pl9y c]ta9ly is n4 ,9 ! next place1 z to ! passage "u discussion4 ,s f> f its be+ cle> & di/9ct1 its obscurity1 confusion1 & app>5t contradiction are s great z to h baffl$ e ef=t to expla9 x satisfactorily2 & ,dr4 ,brunn1 "o ( ! mo/ accompli%$ ( ar*ologi/s1 9 8 hi/ory ( ,greek art1 f9d+ x impossible to reconcile ! diff]5t s5t5ces1 does n hesitate to treat a portion z an int]polation1 or at lea/ out ( place :]e x appe>s4 ,two views are to be tak5 ( ! process describ$ by ,pl9y3 fir/1 t by ! t]m 8c]a0 he means wax2 & second1 t he means color4 ,tak+ ! fir/ view1 let u n[ consid] ! passage 9 "q1 s5t5ce by s5t5ce1 & endeavor to unravel its real mean+4 ,lysi/ratus1 fir/ ( all1 made lik5esses ( m5 9 gypsum f _! :ole figure 7t is1 :ole-l5g? portraits71 & improv$ !m ) wax 7or color7 spread ov] ! =m 7core or model7 ( gypsum4 8,imag9em gypso e facie ipsa expressit0 are ! words ( ,pl9y :i* ,mr4 ,p]k9s 9 common ) o!r translators supposes to mean 8made m\lds 9 pla/] f ! face10--8pr5dre en pltre des m\les40 ,b ?is simple phrase _c be twi/$ into su* a mean+4 8,exprim]e10 accord+ to ,=cell9us1 is 8eff+]e1 rappres5t>e1 assomigli>e1 ritr>re dal vivo40 8,exprim]e0 alone w\ld be1 !re=e1 accord+ to ?is la/ def9ition1 to make a portrait f life4 ,! additional words1 8imag9em e facie ipsa10 make ?is mean+ /ill /rong]4 8,imag9em0 means a full-l5g? figure or lik5ess1 & n a m\ld1 z w\ld be requir$ by ,mr4 ,p]k9s's translation4 8,exprim]e imag9em0 _c be =c$ to mean 8made a m\ld10 :e!r 9 gypsum or 9 any o!r mat]ial4 ,suppose we translate ! words lit]ally1 8to express an image 9 pla/]10 & int]pret 8image0 to mean m\ld1 x is pla9 t ! phrase is wrong2 x %\ld be impress & n express4 ,y _c express a m\ld4 ,x is impress$ on ! face4 ,9 l mann] :5 ,plautus says 8expressa imago 9 c]a10 or 8expressa simulacra ex auro10 he means mak+ a portrait 9 color or 9 gold4 ,aga91 8facies0 does n mean face1 b ! total outw>d %ape1 appe>ance1 or figure ( a man4 8,vultus0 is ! prop] t]m = face1 & is s us$ by ,pl9y himself2 z :5 he speaks1 = in/ance1 ( ! portraits ( ! head ( ,epicurus z 8vultus ,epicuri10 & di/+ui%es !m f ! full-l5g? figures ( a?letes1 8imag9es a?let>um10 ) :i* ! anci5ts adorn$ _! pal/ra & ano9t+-rooms4 ,9 fact1 ! :ole *apt] 9 :i* ?is passage occurs relates to portraits1 & is entitl$ 8honos imag9um40 ,if !re c\ld be any "q on ?is po9t1 x w\ld be settl$ by a passage 9 ,aulus ,gellius 7#ac1 #bi71 9 :i* he def9es 8facies0 z ! build ( ! :ole body1--8facies e/ factura qudam totius corporis20 & ,cic]o1 9 8 treatise 8,de ,legibus0 7#a1 #i71 says1 8,t :i* is call$ #8vultus' exi/s 9 no liv+ be+ except man10--8,is qui appellatur vultus nullo 9 animante esse prt] hom9em pote/40#aj ,s ,virgil 9 8vivos duc5t de m>more vultus0 means ! face4 8,imago10 on ! contr>y1 & 8facies0 mean ! :ole figure2 only 8facies0 means ! real figure1 & 8imago0 ! imitation ( x4 ,pl9y himself inv>iably uses !m s1 & 9 "o ( 8 lett]s 7ep4 #g1 #cc1 #b7 he recomm5ds t we %\ld be c>eful to select ! be/ arti/ to make a full-l5g? lik5ess1--8,esse nobis cur solet ut facies no/ra ab optimo quoque artifice exprimatur40 ,by ! ^w 8exprimatur0 he c]ta9ly does n ref] to ca/+4 ,s me*anical an op]ation z ?is surely does n require ! be/ ( arti/s4 8,imag9em e facie ipsa0 means !re=e a full-l5g? lik5ess4 ,aga91 8infund]e0 does n necess>ily mean p\r 91 b is q z (t5 us$ 9 ! s5se ( p\r$ ov] or spread on2 z :]e ,ovid says1 8infund]e c]am tabellis20 or :]e ,virgil says1 8campi fusi 9 omnem p>tem10 or 8sole infuso t]ris20 or aga9 :]e ,ovid uses ! phrases 8collo infusa m>iti0 or 8nudos hum]is infusa capillos10 x c only mean spread ov]4 ,wax _c be p\r$ into a flat surface l a tablet1 or hair p\r$ into %\ld]s4 ,mr4 ,p]k9s1 ) ,=cell9us be=e 8 eyes1 aft] cit+ 8 def9itions ( 8exprim]e0 says3 8,explications qui t\tes r5tr5t dans l'ide de reprs5t]1 de reproduire1 de pr5dre sur le vif1 comme on dit en franais1 et p> consqu5t dans l'ide du m\lage40 ,b 8ritr>re dal vivo0 means no?+ m ?an to make a portrait f life1 :atev] 8pr5dre sur le vif0 may mean2 nor c any "o ( ,=cell9us's def9itions be tortur$ into an allusion to ca/+4 8,mais10 he cont9ues1 8cette ide surt\t e/ accuse dans ,tacite1 qui dit en p>lant d'un vtem5t que dess9ait les =mes1 un vtem5t collant #8ve/is artus exprim5s4'0 ,b surely ?is phrase means simply a g>m5t express+1 or z we %\ld say %[+1 ! limbs1 & has no?+ m to d ) 8ca/+0 ?an 8dess9ait les =mes0 has to d ) draw+1 or a 8vtem5t collant0 has to d ) glue4 ,he also ?9ks ano!r phrase us$ by ,pl9y--8expressi c]a vultus0--has a simil> significance4 ,if all our metaphors are to be subject$ to ?is /rict te/1 we mu/ be v c>eful h[ we speak4 ,yet ^! & simil> examples1 :i* he says he c\ld multiply1 8peuv5t suffire10 he ?9ks1 8p\r n\s autoris] croire que ,pl9e a v\lu dire que ,lysi/rate tait l'inv5teur de la reproduction des /atues p> le pltre1 en d'autres t]mes qu'il tait le premi] qui avait eu l'ide de se s]vir du gypse p\r m\l]40 ,?is1 to say ! lea/1 is go+ v f>4 ,) su* philologic views1 :at w\ld he ?9k ( ?is phrase1 8v]a pat]ni oris effigies10 or 8vivos duc5t de m>more vultus10 or 8infans omnibus membris expressa08 ,or1 to take an ,engli% l9e1 :at w\ld he make (-- 8,! express =m & image ( ! ,k+08 ,b if ,pl9y meant ca/+1 :y did he n use ! appropriate ,lat9 ^w = t process--8fund]e08 ,9 ! subsequ5t s5t5ce1 speak+ ( ca/+ 9 brass1 he says 8fund5di ris40 8,fund]e0 meant to ca/1 n 8exprim]e40 ,besides1 let u look at ! practical difficulty 9 ?is process4 ,aft] ! m\lds 7 made & ! wax ca/ into !m1 z ,mr4 ,p]k9s int]prets ,pl9y to mean1 we h /ill only wax impressions1 & n pla/] ca/+s4 ,& h[ 7 !y got out ( ! m\ld aft] !y 7 ca/8 ,we1 9 mod]n times1 h le>n$ no me?od ( do+ ?is2 we %\ld be oblig$ fir/ to make ! m\ld 9 pla/]1 !n to make a ca/ 9 pla/] 9 t m\ld1 !n on t ca/ to make a piece-m\ld ) sections to take ap>t1--an elaborate process2 & !n we c\ld get a wax ca/1 b n be=e4 ,! fact t ! ca/ m5tion$ by ,pl9y 7suppos+ he means a ca/7 is 9 wax n only involves quadruple labor & skill on ! "p ( ! ca/]1 b makes ! process impossible1 or next to impossible1 if x 7 simply z he is suppos$ to describe x4 ,if ! ca/ 7 9 pla/]1 x w\ld resi/1 s t ! m\ld c\ld be brok5 (f f x 9 bits2 b ) wax ?is w\ld be entirely impracticable4 ,let u /ill fur!r consid] ! phrase 8c]aque 9 eam =mam gypsi infusa em5d>e in/ituit40 ,:at does 8c]a 9 eam =mam infusa0 mean8 ,simply to cov] or spread wax 7or color7 ov] t model2 j z ,ovid says 8infund]e c]am tabellis10 to spread wax ov] ! tablets1 n to p\r wax into ! tablets1 = t 0 impossible1 !y be+ flat surfaces1 nor to ca/ !m4 ,aga91 ,pl9y does n say t ,lysi/ratus introduc$ ! practice ( spread+ wax ov] a core1 or ( p\r+ wax into a =m1 or ca/+2 b only ( improv+ ! lik5esses1 or work+ !m up 9 ! wax aft] x 0 spread ov] ! pla/]3 8in/ituit em5d>e10 he says1 n 8in/ituit infund]e40 8,=mam0 "h has n ! signification ( m\ld1 b ( model or image4 ,und\bt$ly ! t]m 8=ma0 9 ,lat9 0 us$ to signify a m\ld z well z a ca/1 or a model1 or a =m2 & 9 ?is respect x _h ! same ambiguity t ! correspond+ t]ms 8m\ld0 & 8=m0 h 9 ,engli%4 ,a 8=m0 is a seat1 z well z a %ape & a c]emony1 & 8m\ld0 is con/antly1 ?\gh improp]ly1 us$ to indicate a model or ! ?+ m\ld$1 z well z ! real m\ld 9 :i* x is ca/2 ! phrases 8to model0 & 8to m\ld0 are (t5 synonym\s 9 mean+4 ,s 8=ma0 0 sometimes employ$ 9 its prim>y significance ( figure1 %ape1 & configuration1 z :5 ,qu9ctilian says1 8,eadem c]a ali atque ali =m duci sol5t10--v>i\s %apes may be giv5 to ! same wax2 sometimes 9 ! s5se ( image1 z :5 ,cic]o speaks ( 8=m cl>issimorum10 ! images ( di/+ui%$ m52 sometimes to mean a model or %ape ov] :i* a ?+ is wr\ght1 z a %oemak]'s la/1--8,si scalpra et =mas non sutor emat10 z ,horace says2 & sometimes z indicat+ a holl[ m\ld 9 :i* bronze is ca/1 z :5 ,pl9y says1 8,ex iis silicibus =m fiunt1 9 quibus ra funduntur10--f ^! pebbles m\lds are made1 9 :i* brass is ca/4 ,b :5 he uses x 9 ?is la/ s5se1 x w be obs]v$1 ,pl9y employs ! t]m 8fund]e10 to ca/1 & n 8exprim]e10 nor 8em5d>e40 ,9 ! passage ab\t ,lysi/ratus1 !n1 8=ma0 w\ld seem to mean a model1 or core1 l ! %oemak]'s la/1 on :i* ! wax 0 spread = ! purpose ( em5d+ or improv+ some?+4 ,:at is t some?+ :i* ,pl9y tells u he improv$ by ?is means8 ,:at c x be except ! 8imag9em10 ! lik5ess8 ,!re is no o!r ^w to :i* 8em5d>e0 c ref]4 ,if1 !n1 we und]/& ! passage z mean+ t ,lysi/ratus model$ a lik5ess 9 gypsum1 & !n improv$ x or f9i%$ x 9 wax :i* he spread ov] ! gypsum1 ! /atem5t is q intelligible1 & n a ^w is w>p$ f its correct significance4 ,if we adopt ! o!r int]pretation1 h[ev]1 we mu/ und]/& 8imag9em gypso expressit0 to mean t he made a m\ld 9 gypsum1 contr>y to ! direct =ce ( ! words2 & ) wax p\r$ into t m\ld 7mak+ 8=mam0 equival5t to 8imag9em10 & ref]r+ to x7 he em5d$ or improv$--some?+4 ,:at8 ,:y1 ! m\ld1--:i* is absurd4 ,aga91 we _c beg9 by mak+ 8imag9em0 mean ! ca/1 be=e ! 8=mam0 or m\ld is made2 n only because ! practical process is ?us rev]s$1 b because !n we %\ld h a ca/ 9 pla/] made by p\r+ wax into ! m\ld1 :i* is ev5 m absurd4 ,tak+ 8=ma0 to h 9 ?is s5t5ce any ( its mean+s except 8m\ld10 we h no difficulty 9 und]/&+ x2 tak+ x z 8m\ld10 we are =c$ to *ange ! prim>y significance ( 8imag9em0 & 8expressit10 & are involv$ 9 v s]i\s que/ions4 ,9 addition to ^! consid]ations1 x mu/ n be =gott5 t ?is ca/ ( gypsum1 accord+ to ,mr4 ,p]k9s's int]pretation ( ! s5t5ce1 0 made n ( ! face alone 78vultus07 :i* is by no means an easy process1 b ( ! :ole figure 78facie071 :i* is a v haz>d\s "o1 & to :i*1 ) all ! k & exp]i5ce ( ! pres5t day 9 ca/+1 few p w\ld be will+ to submit4 ,a passage ( ,alcimus ,avitus1 9 8 poem 8,de ,orig9e ,mundi0 7lib4 #a1 #f1 #ge71 ?r[s a cle> light on ! process :i* seems "h to be describ$ z ! inv5tion ( ,lysi/ratus3-- 8,hc ait1 et fragilem dignatus tang]e t]ram ,temp]at hum5tem consp]sa pulv]e limum ,molliturque novum dives sapi5tia corpus ,non alit] quam opifex diuturno ex]citus usu4 ,flect]e laxatas p] cuncta sequacia c]as ,et vultus compl]e rudes aut corpora gypso ,f+]e vel segni speciem compon]e massa ,sic ,pat] ,omnipot5s40 ,"h we h ! body model$ 78f+]e0 is to model7 9 gypsum1 & ! ductile 8c]a0 spread ov] all ! undulations1 & ! rude face f9i%$1 j z ,pl9y describes x4 ,let u n[ consid] ! next s5t5ce1 9 :i* he says1 8,hic et similitud9em r$d]e in/ituit1 ante eum quam pul*]rimum fac]e /udebant40 ,?is c]ta9ly has no?+ to d ) ca/+4 ,x is v important z ?r[+ a reflex light on ! previ\s s5t5ce4 ,! :ole /ress ( ! passage is to br+ out ! fact t ,lysi/ratus made portraits4 ,he us$ a peculi> process1 p]haps1 b 8 specialty 0 t he made portraits f life 78imag9em hom9is e facie ipsa071 :i* he work$ up 9 wax 78em5d>e c]a072 & n only ?is1 b 8 portraits 7 exact lik5esses 78similitud9em r$d]e in/ituit071 & n m]ely ideal figures l ^? ( ! arti/s :o prec$$ him 78ante eum quam pul*]rimum fac]e /udebant074 ,a slight glimpse at ! hi/ory ( ! art w cle> up ?is matt]4 ,9 ! e>ly p]iod ( sculpture1 only /atues ( div9ities 7 made1 & up to a comp>atively late "t ^! ar*aic figures 7 copi$ = religi\s & sup]/iti\s reasons1 & ! old =mal hi]atic type 0 /rictly obs]v$4 ,x 0 n until ! #eh? ,olympiad t iconic /atues began to be made 9 honor ( ! victors 9 ! national games1 & ^! = ! great] "p 7 r portraits ( ! peculi>ities ( g5]al physical developm5ts ?an ( ! face4 ,portrait /atues ( di/+ui%$ m5 n[ began to be made1 b !y 7 v few 9 numb]1 & only exceptionally all[$ by ! /ate4 ,! fir/ iconic /atues1 repres5t+ ,h>modius & ,ari/ogeiton1 7 made 9 #eji ,b4 ,c4 by ,ant5or4 ,phidias foll[$ 7#dhj to #dcb ,b4 ,c471 & dur+ 8 p]iod ! gr& /yle 0 9 its culm9ation1 & = ! mo/ "p div9ities or demigods only 7 ?\ght wor?y subjects = a great sculptor4 ,iconic /atues 71 h[ev]1 execut$ dur+ ?is p]iod1 & among ! leg5d>y h]oes & div9ities :o =m$ ! subjects ( ! ?irte5 /atues erect$ at ,delphi & execut$ by ,phidias out ( ! ,p]sian spoils1 ! portrait ( ,miltiades 0 all[$1#aa b ! erection ( public portrait /atues 0 v r>ely p]mitt$1 & ! introduction by ,phidias ( 8 own portrait & t ( ,p]icles among ! combatants wr\ght ^u ! %ield ( 8 ivory & gold /atue ( ,a!na occasion$ a prosecution aga9/ him = impiety4 ,x is said t ,phidias1 9 8 /atue ( a y\? b9d+ 8 hair ) a fillet1 made ! portrait ( ,pant>ces1 an ,elean :o 0 enamor$ ( ! great sculptor1 & :o obta9$ ! victory at ! ,olympian games 9 ! #hf? ,olympiad 7,b4 ,c4 #dce74 ,b ?is /ory1 :i* is giv5 by ,pausanias1 re/s1 ev5 by 8 own acc\nt1 purely on tradition1 & 0 app>5tly f\nd$ ^u a suppos$ resemblance betwe5 ,pant>ces & ! /atue4 ,portraiture 9 its true s5se1 h[ev]1 n[ began1 & soon aft] ! dea? ( ,phidias1 ab\t ! #ij? ,olympiad1 ,demetrius obta9$ celebrity z a portrait sculptor4 ,he seems to h be5 ! fir/ to introduce ! reali/ic s*ool ( portraiture1 copy+ s c>efully f life1 p>ticul>ly 9 8 lik5esses ( old p]sons1 t he 0 reprov$ = be+ too fai?ful to ,nature4 ,qu9ctilian accuses him ( be+ 8nimius 9 v]itate0 7xii4 #aj72 ,lucian 9 8 8,philopseudes0 calls him an 1 &1 describ+ a /atue by him ( ,peli*us ! ,cor9?ian1 says x 0 1--l ! v man himself4 ,callima*us1 also1 at ! same p]iod obta9$ ! nickname ( 1 on acc\nt ( ! extreme detail & f9i% ( 8 works4 ,^! arti/s fl\ri%$ ne>ly a c5tury be=e ,lysi/ratus2 & ,pl9y !re=e is incorrect 9 8 sweep+ /atem5t t be=e ! "t ( ,lysi/ratus sculptors _h only endeavor$ to make _! /atues z beautiful z possible1 & n to give accurate portraits4 ,/ill1 ^! m5 mu/ be consid]$ z exceptions to ! g5]al practice1 & x 0 n until ! "t ( ,alex&] t portrait-sculpture 9 ! s5se ( accurate lik5ess 0 develop$4 ,up to t p]iod x /ill 0 h]oic1 g5]aliz$1 & ideal 9 its "*1 ) comp>atively little individuality or detail4 ,! portrait /atues1 = in/ance1 ( ! ,royal ,family by ,leo*>es 7#cgb ,b4 ,c471 & t ( ,mausolus 7ab\t #cej ,b4 ,c47 on ! fam\s ,mausoleum erect$ by ,artemisia1 7 treat$ 9 ?is /yle4 ,lysippus1 h[ev]1 dur+ ! reign ( ,alex&] ( ,mac$on1 by 8 great tal5t gave a new impulse & developm5t to ! s*ool ( portraiture1 & :ile reta9+ ! h]oic "* he gave a m reali/ic tru? to 8 works4 ,pl9y speaks ( him z di/+ui%$ = ! f9i% ( 8 "w 9 ! remote/ details1--8arguti op]um cu/odit 9 m9imis rebus40 ,9 8 portraits ( ,alex&] he repres5t$ ev5 ! defects ( 8 royal patron1 su* z ! /oop ( 8 head sideways4 ,su* 0 8 skill t ,alex&] decl>$ 8t none b ,apelles %\ld repres5t him 9 color1 & none b ,lysippus 9 m>ble40 ,lysi/ratus 0 ! bro!r ( ,lysippus1 & ,pl9y says t he introduc$ ! practice ( mak+ portraits :i* 7 n m]ely h]oic & ideal lik5esses1 b fai?ful repres5tations ( ! real m54 ,9 attribut+ to ,lysi/ratus ! introduction ( ?is practice ( individual portraiture1 ,pl9y und\bt$ly goes beyond ! real facts4 ,he did n introduce ! practice1 he m]ely develop$ x by a peculi> process1 giv+ additional v]isimilitude !reby4 ,?is process 0 r\ghly model+ ! lik5ess 9 pla/]1 & !n f9i%+ ! surface & ! details 9 ! 8c]a0 ) :i* he cov]$ x4 ,9 pa9t+1 ! sph]e ( portraiture 0 l>g] ?an 9 sculpture1 & subject app>5tly to no su* re/rictions4 ,! e>lie/ portrait on record by any great pa9t] 0 n ( h]o1 philosoph]1 or a?lete1 b ( ,elp9ice1 ! daught] ( ,miltiades & ! mi/ress ( ,polygnotus1 :o pa9t$ h] portrait z ,laodice1 "o ( ! daught]s ( ,priam1 9 8 fam\s picture repres5t+ ! 8,rape ( ,cass&ra10 9 ! ,pcile at ,a!ns4 ,?is picture 0 execut$ ab\t #dfc ,b4 ,c41 :5 ,elp9ice mu/ h be5 at lea/ ?irty-five ye>s ( age4 ,dionysius ( ,colophon 0 also a di/+ui%$ portrait-pa9t] & celebrat$ = 8 excessive f9i%4 ,nicephorus ,*umnus1 ! gramm>ian1 describes ,apelles & ,lysippus z mak+ & pa9t+ 1--be+ lik5esses only want+ brea? & motion4 ,= "o ( 8 portraits ( ,alex&] ,apelles receiv$ tw5ty tal5ts ( gold 7#e1jjj71 :i* 0 measur$1 n c\nt$1 out to him4 ,he also pa9t$ ! portraits ( ,campaspe & ,phryne 9 ! "* ( ,v5us1 tak+ ! face f ,campaspe & ! nude figure f ,phryne4 ,speak+ ( ,apelles1 ,pl9y himself relates 9 8 ?irty-six? book t 8he pa9t$ portraits s exact to ! life t "o ( ^? p]sons call$ ,metoscopi1 :o div9e ev5ts f ! features ( m51 0 enabl$1 on exam9+ 8 portraits1 to =etell ! h\r ( ! dea? ( ! p]son repres5t$40 ,& ?is mon/r\s /ory ,pl9y app>5tly accepts4 ,at all ev5ts1 he does n "q x4 ,p>rhasius1 8! mo/ insol5t & arrogant ( arti/s10 says ,pl9y1 8pa9t$ a portrait ( himself & d$icat$ x 9 a public temple to ,m]cury2 & ?\gh ! ,a!nians _h publicly proce$$ aga9/ ,phidias = s do+1 !y all[$ x to ,p>rhasius1 ?us pla9ly %[+ t ! dignity ( sculpture 0 high] ?an t ( pa9t+40 ,b to return f ?is digression to ! consid]ation ( ! passage by ,pl9y relat+ to portraiture 9 model+ & sculpture4 ,9 ! s5t5ce imm$iately foll[+1 ,pl9y goes on to say1 8,idem et de signis effigiem exprim]e inv5it1 crevitque res 9 tantum1 ut nulla signa /atuve s9e argilla fi]5t10--,lysi/ratus also made copies f /atues1 & ?is practice came s into vogue t no /atues 9 brass or m>ble 7 made )\t :ite clay4 ,:at ! mean+ ( ?is s5t5ce is we c only guess2 z x /&s1 x is q un9telligible4 ,p]haps he int5d$ to say t ,lysi/ratus set ! fa%ion ( mak+ small copies 9 clay or t]ra cotta ( all ! /atues t 7 execut$4 ,b x is q possible t he meant no?+ ( ! k9d4 ,x is pla9 t if ,lysi/ratus _h already inv5t$ ca/+ 9 pla/]1 x w\ld h be5 unnecess>y to copy /atues 9 clay1 except = ! purpose ( r$uction to /atuettes4 ,mr4 ,p]k9s ?9ks he may h int5d$ to speak ( 8esquisses d'argile maquettes dont se s]v5t les sculpteurs comme po9t de d"p1 esquisse reproduite plus t>d en m>bre et avec la mise aux po9ts40 ,b !re 0 no?+ new 9 ?is2 & surely ,lysi/ratus c\ld n be said to h inv5t$1 or set ! fa%ion (1 a process :i* c]ta9ly _h be5 employ$ v long be=e 8 "t4 ,& aga91 :y make a small /atue 9 clay & enl>ge x proportionally 9 m>ble1 if y c make x at once 9 full size & ca/ x8 ,nor does ,mr4 ,p]k9s seem to be aw>e t 9 adopt+ ?is view1 & translat+ z he does 8de signis effigiem exprim]e10--to make a small model or maquette 9 clay1--he ab&ons 8 explanation ( ! s5t5ce ref]r+ to gypsum4 ,= if 8effigiem argilla exprim]e0 means1 z he says1 to make a model 9 clay1 :y does n 8imag9em gypso exprim]e0 mean to make a model 9 pla/]8 ,besides1 ! fact t ,pl9y applies ! same t]ms to a process 9 clay z to "o 9 pla/] at once puts an end to ! matt] s f> z ! "q ( ca/+ goes4 ,clay is n a mat]ial to ca/ )1 9 any prop] s5se ( t t]m4 ,ano!r objection to ?is int]pretation t ,pl9y meant a maquette1 8esquisse10 or sket* is t 8effigies0 did n mean sket*4 ,x c>ri$ ) x ne>ly ! significance ( our own ^w effigy1--( great reality ( imitation4 8,imago0 0 a vagu] ^w1 & might indicate a delusive resemblance z by pa9t+2 b 8effigiem0 0 ord9>ily employ$ to designate a m absolute imitation4 ,?us ,cic]o says1 8,nos v]e juris g]man ju/iti que solidam et expressam effigiem nullam t5emus4 ,umbra et imag9ibus utimur40#ab ,& aga91 8,consectatur nullam em95tem effigiem virtutis s$ adumbratam imag9em glori40 8,effigies0 w\ld1 !re=e1 c>ry no su* idea z t ( sket*4 ,besides1 n only is 8effigies0 n ! correct ^w = sket*1 b ,pl9y w\ld sc>cely h us$ x 9 ?is s5se1 :5 imm$iately aft]w>ds1 speak+ ( ! sket*es ( ,arcesilaus1 :i* sold = m ?an ! f9i%$ works ( o!r arti/s1 he employs ! appropriate t]m = sket*es1--8proplasma40 ,9 ! translation ( ,pl9y1 publi%$ by ,mr4 ,bohn1 & made by ,mr4 ,bo/ick & ,mr4 ,riley1 ?is t]m is translat$ 8models 9 pla/]20 b x simply means sket*es or antijicta1 9 :atev] mat]ial !y 7 made4 ,! words 8pla/0 & 8plasma0 h no?+ to d ) pla/]4 8,pla/0 7 simply model]s1 & 0 ! art ( model+1--! pla/ic art4 ,aga91 ,pl9y c\ld sc>cely h int5d$ to say t ,lysi/ratus inv5t$ model+ sket*es ( /atues 9 clay be=e execut+ !m 9 pla/]1 s9ce he tells u explicitly t ,pasiteles us$ to say t pla/ice 0 ! "m ( /atu>ia1 scalptura1 et clatura2 &1 ?\gh he 0 di/+ui%$ z fir/ 9 all ^! arts1 he nev] execut$ any?+ 9 !m until he _h fir/ model$ x 9 clay1--8nihil unquam fecit1 antequam f9xit40 ,be=e leav+ ?is s5t5ce1 let u take a diff]5t view ( its possible mean+4 ,may n ,pl9y use ! words 8signa0 & 8signis0 to mean pictures & n /atues8 ,und\bt$ly 8signum0 0 ?us us$1 z :]e ,plautus speaks ( a 8signum pictum 9 p>ieti10--a picture pa9t$ on ! wall2 or :]e ,virgil speaks ( a 8pallam signis auroque rig5tem10--a mantle /iff ) embroid]$ figures & gold4 ,9 ?is s5se ! passage w\ld mean t ,lysi/ratus made effigies f pictures z well z f /atues1 & t !nce=w>d n only no /atues b no pictures 7 made )\t be+ copi$ 9 bas-relief1 or 9 ! r\nd1 argilla1 or :ite clay4 ,?is w\ld acc\nt = ! use ( ! ^w 8effigiem10 :i* has a /rong] significance ( reality ?an 8imag9em40 ,! succe$+ s5t5ce is ev5 m obscure2 &1 unless x be int]polat$ or out ( its prop] place1 is q un9telligible4 ,9 ! connection 9 :i* x n[ /&s x is absurd4 ,x is z foll[s3 8,quo app>et antiquiorem hanc fuisse sci5tiam quam fund5di ris10--by :i* x seems t ?is k or practice 0 old] ?an t ( ca/+ 9 bronze4 ,:at is ! 8sci5tiam0 to :i* he ref]s8 ,he has previ\sly spok5 only ( two3 fir/1 t ( mak+ portraits 9 pla/] & wax2 second1 t ( mak+ copies ( /atues 9 clay1--bo?1 z he says1 inv5t$ or introduc$ into practice by ,lysi/ratus4 ,b to say t t arti/ c\ld h inv5t$ any process old] ?an t ( ca/+ 9 bronze is n only ridicul\s 9 itself1 b inconsi/5t ) :at he has previ\sly told u2 s9ce at lea/ two c5turies previ\s to ! "t ( ,lysi/ratus1 ,rhcus & ,!odorus ( ,samos--z we le>n f ,pausanias1 ,h]odotus1 & ev5 ,pl9y himself--ex]cis$ ! art ( ca/+ 9 bronze4 ,pausanias1#ac inde$1 tells u t ^! sculptors inv5t$ ?is art2 b ,pl9y1 ) 8 usual inaccuracy & c>elessness1 says t !y inv5t$ 8pla/ice10 or ! art ( model+ 78,9 ,samo primos omnium pla/ic5 inv5isse ,rhcum et ,!odorum10 *4 xxxv471--an art :i* f ! v nature ( ?+s mu/ h be5 practic$ f ! e>lie/ & rude/ ages1 almo/ f ! "t :5 ! fir/ *ild made ! fir/ mud-pie4 ,dr4 ,brunn1#ad 9 comm5t+ on ?is passage 9 ,pl9y1 accepts ! fir/ s5t5ce z describ+ ! art ( ca/+ 9 pla/]1 b1 f9d+ x impossible to reconcile x ) ! subsequ5t s5t5ces1 +5i\sly sugge/s t x 0 an addition ins]t$ 9 ! m>g91 & aft]w>ds int]polat$ into ! text by ! copyi/s 9 ! wrong place4 ,?r[+ out ?is fir/ s5t5ce ab\t ,lysi/ratus f ?is place1 he /ill accepts x1 & int]prets x to mean t ,lysi/ratus inv5t$ ! art ( ca/+4 ,! subsequ5t s5t5ces he connects ) a previ\s passage 9 ,pl9y1 9 :i* he gives an acc\nt ( ,dibutades ( ,sicyon1 a pott] by trade1 & relates ! leg5d t ?is arti/ drew ! outl9e ( ! face ( a girl :om he lov$ f h] %ad[ on ! wall1 & 8 fa!r press$ clay ^u x )9 ^? outl9es1 & made a typum :i* he bak$4 ,! passage1 accord+ to ,dr4 ,brunn1 !n w\ld cont9ue3 8,he ,dibutades also inv5t$ ! mak+ ( effigies f signa1 & ?is practice s increas$ t !nce=w>d no /atues or signa 7 made )\t argilla2 s t x appe>s t ?is art 0 m anci5t ?an t ( ca/+ 9 bronze40 ,by accept+ ?is sugge/ion ( ,dr4 ,brunn we c]ta9ly relieve ,pl9y ( ! absurdity ( /at+ t any 8sci5tiam0 or practice inv5t$ by ,lysi/ratus 0 old] ?an ca/+ 9 bronze1 s9ce c5turies be=e 8 "t bronze figures ( colossal proportions _h be5 ca/4 ,b ev5 suppos+ ^! s5t5ces to ref] to ,dibutades & n to ,lysi/ratus1 !y are f> f be+ cle> or accurate4 ,is x possible to believe t1 :ile ! mak+ ( brick & e>!nw>e ut5sils & fictile vases is s anci5t t ! memory ( man runne? n to ! contr>y1 no "o be=e ,dibutades _h ev] attempt$ to model a figure or a face 9 clay1 or to put a model into a furnace & bake x8 ,all hi/ory is aga9/ su* a supposition4 ,images 9 t]ra cotta 7 made by ! anci5t ,egyptians1 ,babylonians1 & ,ephesians c5turies be=e ,dibutades4 ,! anci5t ,etruscan t]ra cottas previ\s to 8 epo* 7 scatt]$1 z ,pl9y himself says1 all ov] ! _w3 8,signa ,tuscanica p] t]ras disp]sa40 ,! capitol 0 decorat$ ) e>!n /atues at ! "t ( ! fir/ ,t>qu91 & ,pausanias m5tions _m clay /atues ( gods & demigods execut$ 9 ! e>lie/ ages ( ,greece itself4 ,aga91 f ?is v passage x is cle> t ,pl9y himself admits t !re 7 signa & /atu already exi/+ at ! "t ( ,dibutades1 ( :i* he fir/ made effigies4 ,:at did ,dibutades inv5t8 ,c]ta9ly n ! art ( model+ 9 clay1 or ( bak+ ! clay4 ,8 /atem5t1 also1 t !nce=w>d no /atues 7 made )\t clay is sc>cely intelligible1 unless we suppose him to mean t clay models 7 made !nce=w>d be=e execut+ /atues 9 /one or o!r mat]ials4 ,b he does n say ?is4 ,aga91 he _c mean t ,dibutades fir/ inv5t$ tak+ impressions f ind5t$ outl9es1 or intaglii1 = ?is 0 z old z ! fir/ primitive seal1 & 0 no m inv5t$ by ,dibutades ?an by ,lysi/ratus4 ,dr4 ,brunn int]prets ! /atem5t 9 respect to ,dibutades z %[+ t he 0 probably ! fir/ inv5tor ( ca/+1 at ! same "t t he also int]prets ! s5t5ces ref]r+ to ,lysi/ratus z decl>+ t he fir/ inv5t$ ca/+1--! only diff]5ce be+ t ! process ( ! "o 0 9 clay1 & t ( ! o!r 9 pla/]4 ,b is x cle> t ,dibutades1 accord+ to ,pl9y1 ev] made ev5 a /amp 9 clay f ind5t$ outl9es on ! wall8 ,! passage is ord9>ily s int]pret$1 b is ?is int]pretation correct8 ,pl9y says t ,dibutades hav+ trac$ ! %ad[ on ! wall 9 outl9e1 8 fa!r impress$ clay )9 t outl9e1 & ?us made a typum :i* he bak$ ) o!r articles ( e>?1 & :i* 0 long aft]w>ds pres]v$ 9 ! ,nymphum at ,cor9?4 ,8 words are1 8quibus l9eis pat] ejus impressa argilla typum fecit40 ,:at1 !n1 is ! mean+ ( 8typum08 ,evid5tly n a m\ld1 or impression1 b a relief4 ,_h x be5 a m\ld1 he c\ld h /amp$ f x a hundr$ impressions1 s9ce x w\ld h be5 m]ely a seal ) an irregul>ly reliev$ outl9e2 & 9 ord] to h ! repetition ( :at 0 on ! wall he mu/ p]=ce h /amp$ f x an impression4 ,?is he evid5tly did n d1 or at lea/ no?+ is said to indicate any?+ ( ! k9d4 ,he pres]v$ & bak$ :at he fir/ obta9$1 :i*1 if x 0 m]ely a m\ld1 w\ld h produc$1 to say ! lea/1 no effect4 ,! true z well z ! lit]al translation ( ?is passage w\ld seem to be1 8)9 ! outl9es by putt+ on clay he made a relief40 ,?is clay he probably model$ z well z he c\ld1 keep+ )9 ! l9es1 & !n remov$ x f ! wall & bak$ x4 ,! same int]pretation ( ?is passage is giv5 by ,giovanni ,batti/a ,adriani1 9 a rem>kable essay or r lett] address$ by him to ,giorgio ,vas>i 9 #aefg1 9 :i* he gives a summ>y ( ! mo/ celebrat$ ,greek arti/s & _! works4 8,typus0 9 ,lat9 _h ! d\ble significance ( 8intaglio0 & 8relievo10 z our ^w 8type0 has ( ! type itself & ! pr9t$ impression2 & sometimes x 0 us$ 9 "o s5se & sometimes 9 ! o!r1 b x 0 usually employ$ to mean a relief4 ,?us ,cic]o1 9 "o ( 8 lett]s to ,atticus 7lib4 i4 ep4 #aj71 writes1 8,prt]ea typos tibi m&o quos 9 tectorio atrioli possim includ]e10--,i commission y also to procure me "s reliefs to be ins]t$ 9 ! pla/] ( ! ant]oom4 ,& ,pl9y 9 ?is passage w\ld pla9ly seem to use ! ^w 9 ! same s5se2 o!rwise he w\ld probably h writt5 8=ma10 z he did 9 o!r cases :5 he meant a m\ld4 ,n t ev5 t ^w w\ld be free f all ambiguity1 b x w\ld m appropriately signify a m\ld4 ,b h[ev] +5i\s is ! sugge/ion ( ,dr4 ,brunn t ! passages relat+ to ,lysi/ratus ought to belong to ,dibutades1 ! fact is t 9 all editions ( ,pl9y !y are connect$ ) ,lysi/ratus2 & z ?is sugge/ion does n dispose ( all difficulties & cle> up ! matt]1 we w proce$ to consid] !m 9 t relation1 & see if any?+ c be made cle>ly out ( !m4 ,pla9ly1 if ! 8sci5tiam0 "h spok5 ( ref]s to ! inv5tion ( ,lysi/ratus1 & is int]pret$ to be ! art ( ca/+ 9 pla/]1 x is ridicul\sly incorrect to say t x 0 old] ?an ca/+ 9 brass4 ,if t inv5tion be ( model+ 9 pla/]1 x is also entirely incorrect4 ,we "k t ?is 0 practic$ at lea/ a c5tury previ\s1--z1 = in/ance1 9 ! con/ruction ( ! great /atue ( ,zeus at ,meg>a1 ! body ( :i* 0 ( pla/] & clay1 ! head alone be+ cas$ 9 gold & ivory2 & also ( ! ,bac*us 9 pa9t$ pla/]1 ( :i* ,pausanias speaks4 ,! only way 9 :i* we c expla9 ! /atem5t t any 8sci5tiam0 or process describ$ by ,pl9y z us$ by ,lysi/ratus 0 old] ?an ! art ( ca/+ 9 bronze1 is by suppos+ he meant to say t ! process he employ$ 0 9 itself an old "o1 & t x 0 only 9 ! practical application to ! mak+ ( portraits t !re 0 any novelty1--! process ( cov]+ a core ( pla/] ) wax be+ old] ?an ca/+ 9 bronze1 :ile cov]+ a sket* ( pla/] ) wax & !n work+ t surface up f life 0 new4 ,! /atem5t s und]/ood w\ld be intelligible at lea/1 &1 z f> z we "k1 p]fectly correct4 ,! me?od ( ! anci5ts 9 ca/+ bronze /atues is n describ$ by any anci5t writ]1 b x is suppos$ to h be5 ?is3 ,a fire-pro( core 0 fir/ built up ( pla/]1 clay1 e>?1 or o!r mat]ials1 & ov] ?is a ?9 & ev5 coat+ ( wax or pit* 0 spread2 or p]haps1 :i* is n s probable1 ! surface 0 rasp$ d[n to ! ?ickness int5d$ = ! bronze1 & aft]w>ds cov]$ ) a ?9 coat+ ( wax4 ,9 ei!r case ! result w\ld be ! same4 ,! outside ( ?is wax be+ !n completely cov]$ ) s& or pack$ clay-du/1 !re w\ld be a ?9 coat+ ( wax inclos$ betwe5 ! two surfaces1 :i*1 melt+ away be=e ! fus$ metal1 w\ld all[ t metal to take its place4 ,?is w\ld acc\nt = ! rem>kable ?9ness & ev5ness ( ! anci5t bronzes2 = by su* a me?od ! core w\ld be p]fect1 & ! arti/ w\ld naturally put on z little wax z possible4 ,if we suppose ! /atue1 aft] x 0 ne>ly complet$ 9 pla/] or clay1 n to h be5 rasp$ d[n b simply to h be5 cov]$ ) wax1 we %all see t ! result w\ld be t ! bronze ca/ w\ld be a little full] 9 size & ?ick] 9 proportions ?an ! orig9al model4 ,& ?is is a peculi> *>act]i/ic ( ! anci5t bronzes1 especially to be obs]v$ 9 ! limbs & jo9ts1 :i* are g5]ally l>g] & puffi] 9 bronze ?an 9 m>ble /atues4 ,n[ if ,pl9y meant to say ( ,lysi/ratus t 8 me?od ( model+ portraits by mak+ a pla/] figure or core1 & cov]+ ! surface ) wax1 0 old] ?an t ( ca/+ 9 bronze1 he 0 q "r2 = und\bt$ly ! process ( cov]+ a core ) wax mu/ h prec$$ t ( ca/+ 9 bronze1 or at lea/ mu/ h be5 co9cid5t ) x4 ,b at ! same "t ?is me?od _h previ\sly be5 us$ only1 or at lea/ *iefly1 9 ca/+2 :]eas ,lysi/ratus 0 ! fir/ to use x = model+ f life & c>efully f9i%+ e "p4 ,! process 0 old2 ! application 0 new4 ,?us f> 9 consid]+ ?is passage we h proce$$ on ! hypo!sis t ! 8c]a0 spok5 ( 0 wax4 ,b ano!r & q diff]5t view is also possible1 & seems 9 all probability to be ! correct "o4 ,pl9y may mean to ref] to q a diff]5t ?+1 & by ! t]m 8c]a0 may h meant n wax b color4 8,c]0 0 ! common t]m = a pa9t]'s colors1 & ,pl9y himself ?us uses x 9 def9+ encau/ic pa9t+3 8,c]is p+]e et picturam inur]e40 ,v>ro also says1 8,pictores locutulas magnas hab5t arculas ubi discolores sunt c]40 ,/atius also uses ! same t]m :5 he says1 8,apelle cup]5t te scrib]e c]40 ,anacreon1 9 8 odes1 con/antly uses = picture2 z1 = in/ance1-- 4 ,"h x is n a wax5 figure1 b a wax1 or oil1--t is1 a pa9t+ ( ,eros1 n an 4 ,& 9 ! same ode ! y\? replies 9 ,doric1 8 0--8,i am n a pa9t]20 or ev5 m manife/ly 9 ! ode beg9n+1-- 1 1 1 1 1 1 4 1 4 ,& aga91-- 4 1 1 4 ,wax 0 ! common m$ium us$ by pa9t]s4 ,aft] x _h be5 purifi$ & blan*$1 _! colors 7 mix$ ) x j z ours are ) oil2 & 9 l mann]1 z we speak ( pa9t+ 9 oils1 !y spoke ( pa9t+ 9 wax4 ,a head done 9 *alk w\ld no m necess>ily mean a head model$ 9 *alk or pla/]1 ?an 8imag9em or effigiem c]a expressam0 w\ld mean a lik5ess model$ 9 wax4 ,! sub/ances on :i* ! anci5ts pa9t$ 7 wood1 clay1 pla/]1 /one1 p>*m5t1 & p]haps canvas4 ,! be/ pa9t]s1 h[ev]1 r>ely pa9t$ on any?+ b tablets or panels4 8,nulla gloria artificum e/ nisi eorum qui tabulas p9x]e10 says ,pl9y 7xxxv4 #cg74 ,^! panels 7 ( wood2 !y 7 prep>$ = pa9t+ by spread+ ov] !m *alk or :ite pla/] 7gypsum71 & on t acc\nt 7 call$ 840 ,all ! pa9t+s on walls 7 also on pla/] cov]$ ) a composition ( *alk & m>ble du/1 z is fully describ$ by ,vitruvius4#ae ,let u n[ apply ^! facts to ,pl9y's /atem5t4 ,may he n int5d to say1 & is n ?is a legitimate mean+ ( 8 words1 t ,lysi/ratus fir/ ( all model$ portraits 9 gypsum f life1 & !n increas$ ! lik5ess by color laid on to ! pla/] bu/4 ,he also made color$ copies or effigies f brass /atues 7:i* 7 call$1 z we "k1 8c]071 & ^! came s into vogue t !nce=w>d !re 7 no /atues )\t :ite clay or *alk1 :i*1 z we h se51 0 a prep>ation = ! wax color z %[n by ,vitruvius4 ,9 ?is view ( 8 mean+1 ! /atem5t t ?is peculi> process is old] ?an t ( ca/+ 9 bronze becomes intelligible1 if we suppose him to int5d to say t color+ /atues 0 a v old process1 :ile color+ portraits 9 exact imitation ( life 0 ! inv5tion ( ,lysi/ratus4 ,! succe$+ s5t5ce !n becomes cle>1 9 :i* he says t ! mo/ fam\s pla/ 7 ,damophilus & ,gorgasus1 :o 7 also pa9t]s1 & :o decorat$ ! ,temple ( ,c]es at ,rome 9 bo? ^! arts1 s9ce x is pla9 t ^! works 7 bo? model$ & pa9t$4 ,! mak+ ( portraits 9 effigy1 color$ 9 imitation ( life1 _h be5 a common practice 9 ,rome1 z we le>n f ,pl9y himself1 & ^!1 because !y 7 color$1 7 te*nically call$ 8c]0 z well z 8imag9es40 ,x 0 ! cu/om ( ! great families to set up ^! color$ figures 9 _! atria1 & on p>ticul> fe/ivals to c>ry !m 9 procession ?r\gh ! /reets ( ,rome1 drap$ ) actual robes su* z 7 worn by ! p]sons :om !y repres5t$4 ,pl9y expresses 8 regret t 9 8 "t ?is cu/om _h fall5 into disuse1 t5d+ z x did to keep fre% & alive ! p]sonal memory ( great m5 :o _h pass$ away f ?is life4#af ,x w be useful "h to consid] ! "* ( ! :ole *apt] 9 :i* ?is passage appe>s4 ,x is entitl$1 8,pla/ices primi inv5tores1 de simulacris1 et vasis fictilibus et pretio eorum40 ,! object ( ! *apt] is to give an acc\nt ( model+ & model]s1 n ( ca/+4 ,9 a previ\s *apt]1 :]e ,pl9y is speak+ ( "s e>ly products ( ! pla/ic art1 & p>ticul>ly ( ! signa ,tuscanica1 or e>!nw>e /atues1 he says3 8,x appe>s to me a s+ul> fact1 t1 ?\gh ! orig9 ( /atues 0 ( su* great antiquity 9 ,italy1 ! images ( ! gods1 :i* 7 consecrat$ to !m 9 _! temples1 %\ld h be5 fa%ion$ ( wood or e>!nw>e1 until ! conque/ ( ,asia introduc$ luxury among u4 ,x w be mo/ conv5i5t to speak ( ! art ( mak+ lik5esses similitud9es exprim5di :5 we come to speak ( :at ! ,greeks call #8pla/ice1' = ! art ( model+ 0 prior to t ( /atu>y ( bronze & m>ble1--prior quam /atu>ia fuit4 ,b ?is la/ art has fl\ri%$ 9 su* an inf9ite degree t to pursue ! subject ?or\ghly w\ld require _m volumes40 ,?us he ann\nces cle>ly be=eh& :at he int5ds to speak ( 9 ?is *apt] :i* we are n[ consid]+1 on pla/ic4 ,x is ! art ( 8mak+ lik5esses1 ( ! fir/ inv5tion ( model+1 ( fictile vases1 & ( _! price10 b n ( ca/+ or ( any su* inv5tion4 ,! previ\s *apt]1 9 :i* ?is ann\ncem5t is made ( 8 subsequ5t int5tion1 is devot$ to ca/+ 9 bronze & brass-"w1 or /atu>ia4 ,aft] mak+ ?is /atem5t1 he goes on to enum]ate ! pr9cipal works 9 bronze1 & !n says t portrait /atues 7 long aft]w>ds plac$ 9 ! ,=um & 9 ! atria ( private h\ses2 t cli5ts ?us did honor to _! patrons1 & t 9 =m] times ! /atues ?us d$icat$ 7 dress$ 9 togas3 8,togat effigies antiquitus ita dicabantur20 or ought n 8dicabantur0 to be dicebantur1--mean+ t ^! /atues 7 call$ 8togat effigies08 ,9 ! *apt] we are n[ consid]+1 he beg9s by say+ t1 hav+ already said en\gh ab\t pictures1 he n[ proposes to app5d "s acc\nt ( ! pla/ic art4 ,!n he speaks ( ,dibutades1 & relates ! /ory ( 8 mak+ ! portrait ( ! girl he lov$2 & adds t he fir/ inv5t$ a me?od ( color+ 8 works 9 pott]y by add+ r$ e>? or r$ *alk4 ,!n foll[s ! passage ab\t ,lysi/ratus1 :o us$ pla/] in/ead ( clay to make portraits1 cov]+ x ) wax or color to improve ! resemblance4 ,aft] ! passages cit$1 he goes on to m5tion o!r celebrat$ model]s 7pla/ laudatissimi71 among :om 7 ,damophilus & ,gorgasus1 :o 7 also pa9t]s1 & :o adorn$ ! ,temple ( ,c]es at ,rome by ! ex]cise ( bo? _! arts4 ,accord+ to ,v>ro1 he says1 ev]y?+ 9 ! temples 0 ,tuscanica1--t is1 anci5t pott]y ( ! ,etruscan s*ool2 & :5 !y 7 repair$ ! pa9t$ coat+s ( ! walls 7 remov$ & fram$4 ,he also m5tions ,*alco/h5es1 :o execut$ sev]al works 9 bak$ e>?4 ,he cites ,v>ro aga9 z say+ t ,possis at ,rome execut$ grapes1 fruit1 & fi%es ) su* tru? to ,nature t !y c\ld n be di/+ui%$ f ! real ?+s4 ,dibutades1 he also says1 inv5t$ a me?od ( color+ pla/ic composition by add+ r$ e>?4 ,?r\gh\t ! *apt] ,pl9y is n speak+ solely ( model]s1 b mo/ ( ^? he m5tions color$ _! works4 ,! grapes1 fruit1 & fi%es ( ,possis1 ! works ( ,damophilus & ,gorgasus1 ! ,tuscanica 9 ! temples1 all 7 color$ 9 imitation ( ! objects repres5t$4 ,& besides ^! he m5tions p>ticul>ly ! ,jupit] ( ,pasiteles1 made 9 clay1 8et ideo m9i>i solitum10--& !re=e prop] = pa9t+ 9 v]milion4 ,he also speaks ( 8figl9a op]a10--e>!nw>e pa9t$ 9 encau/ic1--:i* 7 on ! ba?s ( ,agrippa 9 ,rome4 ,all ?is seems to l5d probability to ! int]pretation ( 8c]a0 to mean color & n wax2 at all ev5ts1 !re is n a ^w ab\t ca/+1 unless ! words relat+ to ,lysi/ratus c be tortur$ into su* a mean+4 ,:at adds /ill m to ! probability t ?is 0 ! real ?\ght ( ,pl9y 9 ! passage cit$ is ! use ( ! words 8effigies0 & 8argilla40 8,effigies0 9 ,lat9 is di/+ui%$ f 8simulacrum0 7:i* may be a picture z well z a /atue71 bo? be+ repres5tations indicat+ some?+ :i* %[s !y are n life itself1 ! "o be+ flat & ! o!r colorless2 :ile 8effigies0 c>ries ! idea ( deception ) x1 s f> z resemblance goes4 ,?us ,cic]o says1 8,vidi/is non fratrem tuum nec ve/igium quidem aut simulacrum1 s$ effigiem quamdam spirantis mortui40 ,s1 also1 8argilla0 means :ite clay1 & n ord9>y clay out ( :i* t]ra cotta images 7 made2 & ,pl9y may h int5d$ by ^! words to express ! idea t aft] ,lysi/ratus _h made effigies or color$ copies ( brass or m>ble /atues1 :ite clay 0 con/antly us$1 = ! reason t x 0 manife/ly bett] = color+4 ,?is w\ld relieve him f ! absurdity ( say+ t ,lysi/ratus inv5t$ or l$ ! way 9 model+ 9 clay1 r ?an 9 ! use ( :ite clay :i* he color$4 ,argilla & gypsum w\ld !n be ne>ly ! same ?+1 bo? us$ z a basis = color$ walls1 ^u :i* 8c]a0 or color 0 laid or infus$4 ,?is w\ld cle> up ! subsequ5t /atem5t t ?is art 0 old] ?an ca/+ 9 bronze1 s9ce x is pla9 t color+ /atues 0 v anci5t4 ,pausanias m5tions two1--"o ( ! ,ephesian ,diana & "o ( ,bac*us 9 wood1 gilt except ! faces1--:i* 7 pa9t$ ) v]milion4 ,s1 9 ! ,wisdom ( ,solomon 7*4 xiii4 & xv471 images ( wood & clay are spok5 (1 pa9t$ 9 r$ & v]milion & /a9$ ) div]s colors2 & 9 #fcj ,b4 ,c4 !re 7 images 9 gold1 silv]1 /one1 & wood 9 ,babylon 7,b>u*1 *4 vi4 & xiii471 pa9t$ & gild$ & dress$1 & color$ purple4 ,9 8 *apt] entitl$ 8,honos ,imag9um10--! honor atta*$ to portraits1--,pl9y says x 0 ! cu/om ( ! ,romans to adorn _! pal/ra & ano9t+-rooms ) ! portraits ( a?letes 78imag9ibus a?let>um071 & to c>ry ab\t on _! p]sons ! face ( ,epicurus 78vultus ,epicuri072 & t !y also priz$ ! portraits ( /rang]s 78ali5asque effigies colunt074 ,aft]w>ds1 contra/+ ! habits ( ! ,romans ( 8 own day ) ^? ( ! anci5t ,romans1 he says3 8,& s9ce ! =m] h no long] 9 !m any lik5ess to ! m9ds ( _! ance/ors1 !y also neglect ! lik5ess ( _! bodies4 ,h[ diff]5t x 010 he cont9ues1 8) our ance/ors1 :o plac$ 9 _! atria to be gaz$ at ^! #8imag9es1' & n /atues by =eign arti/s 9 brass or m>ble1 & kept color$ portraits ( _! faces ea* 9 its sep>ate case1 to s]ve z #8imag9es' to accompany _! fun]als40#ag ,x w\ld seem f ?is t1 besides ! drap$ images or effigies 9 ! halls1 model$ & color$ bu/s ( o!rs ( ! family1 probably ( less di/9ction1 7 also kept to be dress$ up on occasion1 made into effigies1 & c>ri$ 9 procession4 ,o!r 8imag9es0 ( ! mo/ di/+ui%$ p]sonages 9 ! family 7 plac$ outside at ! ?re%old ( ! h\se1 hung ) ! spoils ( ! enemy4 ,x is ( ^! 8expressi c]a vultus0 & ^! 8imag9es0 kept by ! ,romans z pro(s ( _! nobility1 & on :i* _! p$igrees 7 inscrib$1 t ,ovid speaks :5 he says1-- 8,p] lege dispositas g5]osa p] atria c]as40 ,on ! sale ( ! h\se !y 7 n all[$ to be de/roy$ or remov$1 b pass$ ) x1 & 7 b\ght by 8novi hom9es0 7m5 ( no family71 & pass$ (f by !m z ! portraits ( _! own ance/ors1--j z ! portraits ( ,w>d\r ,/reet are at ! pres5t day4 ,cic]o 9 8 invective aga9/ ,piso cries out1 8,obrepsi/i ad honores errore hom9um1 comm5datione fumos>um imag9um1 qu>um simile habes nihil prt] colorem20 & ,sallu/ 9 8 ,jugur?a says1 8,quia imag9es non habeo1 et quia mihi nova nobilitas e/40 ,nor 7 ! ,romans s+ul> 9 ?is cu/om ( drap+ figures ) real /uffs4 ,! images ( ! gods 9 e>ly ,greece also 7 drap$ & dress$ 9 clo!s1 & cr[ns 7 plac$ on _! heads4 ,!y _h false hair1 too1 :i* 0 dress$ regul>ly by att5dants1 & at /at$ times !y 7 wa%$ & adorn$ ) jewels & _h _! dresses arrang$1 j z if !y 7 alive4 ,9 lat] times ?is cu/om di$ out2 b ! colossal ,a!na's solid drap]y ( gold 0 wa%$ at a c]ta9 fe/ival appo9t$ = ! purpose1 call$ ,plyn!ria4 ,9 ,rome1 h[ev]1 ! cu/om 0 ma9ta9$ to a late day4 ,! images ( ! temples 7 adorn$ ) real drap]y1 & purple mantles 7 hung on ! /atues ( ! emp]ors4 ,! ,greeks did n ?us treat _! portrait /atues1 & 9 ?is ! ,romans 7 peculi>4 ,! ,roman 8imag9es0 & 8c]0 7 probably execut$ 9 pla/] or "s su* mat]ial1 c]ta9ly n 9 m>ble1 or o!rwise !y w\ld h be5 too heavy to be c>ri$ ab\t 9 procession4 ,app>5tly !y resembl$ ! figures :i* ,lysi/ratus fir/ began to make1 & ! process ( color+ !m1 if we und]/& 8c]a0 to mean color1 0 little else ?an ! old practice1 call$ 8circumlitio10 ( cov]+ m>ble /atues ) an encau/ic v>ni% ( color s z to give !m a delicate & t9t$ surface4 ,! mo/ sali5t example ( ?is is to be f\nd 9 ! anecdote told ( ,praxiteles1 :o1 :5 he 0 ask$ :i* ( 8 /atues he mo/ admir$1 answ]$1 8,^? t ,nicias has color$10--8quibus ,nicias manum admovisset10--,nicias1 :o 9 8 y\? 0 celebrat$ z a pa9t] ( /atues1 1 hav+ assi/$ him1 89 /atuis circumli5dis40 ,a simil> process1 call$ 1 0 also employ$ 9 f9i%+ walls1 & is ?us describ$ by ,vitruvius3 ,aft] ! wall _h receiv$ its color1 x 0 cov]$ ) ,punic wax & oil1 :i* 0 laid on ev5ly ) a h>d bru%1 & !n half melt$ or infus$ into a smoo? surface by mov+ a 8caut]ium10 or pan ( hot coals1 close ov] x2 & aft] t x 0 rubb$ ) a c&le & a clean l95 clo?4 ,?is process1 !n1 0 old z appli$ to m>ble /atues & to pla/] walls4 ,:at 0 new 9 ! "w ( ,lysi/ratus 0 t he unit$ ! two me?ods1 by model+ 9 pla/] ! g5]al lik5ess & !n f9i%+ ! surface 9 encau/ic4 ,x 0 an old process ) a new application4 ,to expla9 su* a process1 :at c\ld be cle>] ?an ! words ,pl9y uses8 ,we d n ne$ to w>p a ^w f its ord9>y significance4 ,lysi/ratus made portraits 9 pla/] f life1 & improv$ !m by color laid on to ! model4 ,he ?us made reali/ic1 exact resemblances1 :]eas be=e him arti/s _h s\ght only to make heads z beautiful z possible4 ,:at1 !n1 7 ! 8effigies de signis0 t he made8 ,we h already se5 t ! t]m 8effigies0 _h a significance ( reality & absolute imitation1 & correspond$ 9 great measure to ! ,engli% ^w effigy1 mean+ color$ effigies ) real dresses1--l ^? ( ,madame ,tussaud1 = in/ance4 ,! 8imag9es0 & 8c]0 ( ! anci5t ,romans 7 v mu* l !m2 & does n ,pl9y mean to say t ,lysi/ratus copi$ m>ble or brass /atues1 or pictures1 & made ^! effigies f !m1 color+ !m s z to add to ! lik5ess1 & clo?+ !m ) real drap]ies8 & t ?is s grew into vogue t !nce=w>d !re 7 no /atues :i* 7 n ?us copi$ 9 pla/] or 8argilla08--us+ ! t]m 8argilla10 or :ite clay1 z equival5t to gypsum1 ) :i* possibly ! pla/] 0 mix$4 ,z 8argilla0 0 ! f\ndation ) :i* ! anci5t panels 7 prep>$ = pa9t+1 ?is w\ld seem mo/ appropriate 9 su* case4 ,su* w\ld be ! figures allud$ to by ,lucian1 or by ,lexiphanes :5 he says1 8,if y cull ! fl[] ( all ^! v>i\s beauties1 y w 9 y\r eloqu5ce be l ^? mak]s ( figures 9 wax & clay or argilla 9 ! ,=um1 color$ outside ) m9ium & blue1 & inside only fragile clay40 ,accord+ to ?is int]pretation ( ! passage 9 ,pl9y1 x n only becomes intelligible z a :ole1 b is consi/5t & )\t contradiction2 :]eas1 if we suppose t he meant to indicate ! process ( ca/+ 9 pla/]1 8 /atem5ts are n only entirely obscure & inconsecutive1 b ignorant & contradictory4 ,,ii4 ,9 ! previ\s *apt] we h critically consid]$ ! text ( ,pl9y be>+ ^u ! "q :e!r ! anci5t ,greeks & ,romans 7 acqua9t$ ) ! art ( ca/+4 ,let u n[ proce$ to "s g5]al consid]ations z to ! probability t ?is art 0 kn[n & practic$ by !m4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! di/9ction betwe5 model+ & ca/+ mu/ be con/antly kept 9 m9d1 & c>e mu/ be tak5 n to conf\nd ! two totally diff]5t t]ms 8m\ld0 & 8model40 ,t gypsum 0 us$ 9 model+ !re c be no d\bt1 & x is q possible t x may h be5 us$ to fill prep>$ m\lds ( /one1 t]ra cotta1 or o!r mat]ials = ! mak+ ( ectypa4 ,!re is inde$ no pro( ( ?is2 b z we "k t m\lds 7 made & cut 9 /one1 into :i* clay 0 press$1 to be !n )drawn & bak$ = ectypa ) :i* to adorn h\ses1 s also x is possible t gypsum may h be5 us$ = ?is purpose4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is m]ely a supposition1 & ! fact t none ( !m h ev] be5 f\nd 9 pla/] r5d]s x highly improbable4 ,9 ^! ectypa ( clay1 z well z 9 ! impressions tak5 f !m1 !re are no indications ( any?+ l :at we call a piece-m\ld1 compos$ ( _m sections2 & :5ev] !re are "u-cutt+s 9 ! ectypa1 :i* c\ld n be )drawn f ! m\ld & :i* w\ld fa/5 !m into x1 ^! p>ts ( ! ectypa are inv>iably work$ by h&4 ,= in/ance1 9 ! collection ( ,mr4 ,fol 9 ,rome !re are sev]al t]ra cotta figures ( l[ relief evid5tly /amp$ f a m\ld1 :i* are appliqu1 or fa/5$ subsequ5tly to ! ci/a ( :i* !y =m a "p4 ,! sutures "u ea* figure are /ill visible1 b !y are all correct$ & work$ by h& aft] be+ )drawn1 & h evid5tly suff]$ 9 be+ remov$ f ! m\ld4 ,9 ! same collection !re are sev]al specim5s ( pla/] reliefs1 ) su* deep "u-cutt+s t !y c\ld n h be5 )drawn f a s+le piece-m\ld2 b all ^! "u-cutt+s are freely work$ by h&1 %[+ pla9ly t !y 7 n 9 ! /amp or m\ld2 & x is also cle> t !y 7 aft]w>ds work$ ov] ) fluid pla/]1 ! edges & flats ( :i* h n be5 r\nd$1 b left z x 0 freely laid on by h&4 ,x is probable t 9 ^! cases pla/] 0 press$ into a m\ld 9 ! same mann] z clay1 & aft]w>ds work$ up & f9i%$4 ,b ! slighte/ exam9ation w %[ cle>ly t if a m\ld 0 employ$ to give a g5]al =m to !m1 x c]ta9ly 0 n a piece-m\ld2 & t !y are n ca/+s 9 ! mod]n s5se ( ! ^w1 b only rude /amps4 ,^! are ! only specim5s1 h[ev]1 s f> z we are aw>e1 ( any su* use ( pla/] = l[-relief ornam5ts1--! ectypa :i* h be5 pres]v$ to u be+ inv>iably ( bak$ clay4 ,if pla/] _h be5 us$ = ?is purpose1 we %\ld expect to f9d ca/s 9 ! int]ior ( h\ses or tombs1 :]e !y w\ld be protect$ f ! wea!r1 & :]e !y c\ld be easily introduc$ into ! walls & ceil+s4 ,b ?\gh elaborately ornam5t$ designs 9 relief1 work$ 9 gypsum1 are to be f\nd /ill fre% & un9jur$ on ! anci5t tombs & ba?s1 all ( !m 7 freely & rapidly model$ by h& :ile ! gypsum 0 /ill fre% & pla/ic1 & n a s+le specim5 ( ca/ pla/] has be5 f\nd4 ,x is b a few ye>s s9ce ! tombs 9 ! ,via ,lat9a 7 op5$1 & 9 two ( !m ! ceil+s1 divid$ into comp>tm5ts1 7 cov]$ ) ri* & fanta/ic designs ( fl[]s1 fruit1 arabesques1 gr\ps ( imag9>y animals1 sea-nymphs1 & human figures2 ! designs v>y+ 9 ea* comp>tm5t1 & all model$ 9 ! pla/] ) rem>kable vivacity & _s3 n "o ( !m 0 ca/4 ,s 9 ! h\ses at ,pompeii1 n a ve/ige ( a figure or ornam5t ca/ 9 pla/] has ev] be5 f\nd1--nor a m\ld 9 pla/]2 & :5 "o consid]s t1 be+ completely protect$1 !y w\ld naturally h surviv$ z well z o!r f> m fragile & de/ructible objects :i* h be5 pres]v$1 ! evid5ce is almo/ absolute t !y nev] c\ld h exi/$ !re4 ,if s1 x is 9 ! highe/ degree probable t !y exi/$ n[h]e4 ,x w\ld seem pla91 !n1 t ev5 ! fir/1 simple/1 & mo/ natural processes ( ca/+ 9 gypsum 7 unkn[n to ! anci5ts1 = no o!r process is s easy & simple z to fill a flat m\ld ) pla/] & !n remove x1 provid$ !re are no "u-cutt+s4 ,9 do+ ?is1 h[ev]1 !re is a slight practical difficulty if ! m\ld is 9 "o piece1 z ! lea/ "u-cutt+ w\ld r5d] x impossible to remove ! ca/ )\t injury or breakage4 ,inde$1 ?\gh !re 7 no "u-cutt+1 x w\ld at lea/ be v difficult to remove ! pla/] f a m\ld 9 "o piece4 ,clay w\ld be remov$ ) f> great] ease because ( its pliancy1 & any cracks or imp]fections c\ld be at once rem$i$2 add to ?is t bak$ clay is "o ( ! mo/ endur+ ( mat]ials1 & we h ! probable reasons :y ! anci5ts us$ x in/ead ( gypsum4 ,b :atev] may h be5 _! reasons1 x is p]fectly cle> t !y did use clay2 & we h no evid5ce t !y ev] us$ pla/]4 ,?is use ( gypsum to take impressions f flat m\lds is sugge/$ by ,!ophra/us1 x w\ld seem1 9 8 treatise on m9]alogy1#ah 9 :i* he says t pla/] 8seems bett] ?an o!r mat]ials to receive impressions40 ,! t]m means no?+ m ?an an impression1 su* z "o makes 9 wax f a seal r+1 & su* z is common /ill 9 pla/]2 x is to ?is use t he seems to ref]4 ,he does n say1 h[ev]1 t gypsum 0 really put to ?is use2 & if x 71 x w\ld advance u little 9 our inquiry1 s9ce any mat]ial :i* is s(t w receive an impression1 :e!r x be bread1 pit*1 clay1 wax1 or any simil> sub/ance4 ,b ! /ep f ?is simple process ( /amp+ 9 a %all[ m\ld to ca/+ f life or f ! r\nd is enorm\s4 ,! difficulties are multipli$ a hundr$-fold4 ,x is no long] a simple op]ation1 b a nice & complicat$ "o4 ,! "p to be ca/ mu/ fir/ be oil$ or soap$1 !n cov]$ ) pla/] ( ab\t ! consi/5cy ( ri* cream1 !n divid$ into sections :ile ! mat]ial is /ill t5d]1 s z to enable ! m\ld to be )drawn "p by "p )\t breakage1 !n all[$ to set1 !n remov$1 oil$ or soap$ on ! int]ior surface1 ! p>ts all prop]ly replac$1 fluid pla/] p\r$ into ! m\ld1--& f9ally1 aft] ! ca/ is set1 ! m\ld mu/ be c>efully remov$ by a hamm] & *isel4 ,?is is an elaborate process z appli$ to an arm or a h&1 b :5 appli$ to a liv+ face x is n only difficult b disagreeable1 & unless due c>e be us$ x may be dang]\s2 & aft] all a ca/ f ! face is h>d1 =c$1 & unnatural 9 its "* & impression1 h[ev] skillfully x may be done1 & c only s]ve ! sculptor z ! basis ( 8 "w4 ,yet if ! common int]pretation ( ! passage 9 ,pl9y be accurate1 ?is is ! process :i* 0 inv5t$ & practic$ by ,lysi/ratus1 & by means ( :i* he made portraits4 ,cr$at ,judu6 ,) all our k & practice1 we d n f9d ?is to answ] 9 our own "t4 ,b to ca/ f a /atue 9 clay is /ill m difficult & complicat$2 !re ! extreme/ c>e & nicety are requir$ 9 mak+ ! prop] divisions1 9 extract+ ! clay & irons1 recommitt+ ! sections1 & break+ (f ! out] %ell ( ! m\ld4 ,9 fact1 ! mod]n process is s complicat$ t no "o c see x )\t wond]+ h[ x ev] came to be s ?\ght out & p]fect$1 or )\t be+ conv9c$ t x mu/ h be5 sl[ly arriv$ at by _m /eps & _m failures4 ,t /atues 7 model$ 9 pla/] by ! anci5ts !re is no d\bt4 ,pausanias m5tions sev]al2#ai & ,sp>tianus#bj also speaks ( 8,?ree ,victories0 9 pla/]1 ) palms 9 _! h&s1 erect$ at "o ( ! games1--& says t on "o ( ! days ( ! ,circ5sian games :5 accord+ to common cu/om !y 7 erect$1 ! c5tral "o on :i* ! "n ( ,sev]us 0 inscrib$1 & :i* bore a globe1 0 ?r[n d[n by a gu/ ( w9d f ! podium1 & t ano!r be>+ ! "n ( ,geta on x also fell & 0 %att]$ to pieces4 ,firmicus#ba also relates t aft] ,zagreus1 son ( ,jupit]1 0 sla9 by ! ,titans1 8 body 0 cut to pieces & ?r[n into a cauldron1 f :i* ,m9]va rescu$ ! he>t & c>ri$ x to ,jupit]4 ,he !n gave x to ,semele1 :o resuscitat$ ,zagreus1 & ,jupit] aft]w>ds pres]v$ 8 lik5ess 9 pla/]1--8,ex gypso pla/ico op]e p]fecit40 ,mr4 ,p]k9s cites all ^! in/ances1 & says3 8,!y au?orize u to believe t ! ,greeks & ,romans practic$ ca/+ 9 pla/]40 ,b 9 say+ ?is he altoge!r ov]looks ! v pla9 di/9ction betwe5 ! two entirely diff]5t op]ations ( ca/+ & model+4 ,we "k t !y model$ 9 pla/]2 ! only "q is :e!r !y ca/ 9 t mat]ial4 ,! t]m = ca/+1 z we h /at$1 0 8fund]e10 & is always us$ :5 real ca/+ 9 brass or o!r metal is spok5 (2 b n[h]e is ! t]m 8fund]e0 appli$ to any "w 9 gypsum4 8,ars fund5di ro0 is con/antly spok5 (1--8ars fund5di gypso0 nev]4 ,besides1 ! v phrase 8ex gypso pla/ico op]e p]fecit0 is at v>iance ) ca/+4 ,! words 8pla/ico0 & 8op]e0 mean model+1 & no?+ else4 ,b ?r\gh\t ?is pap] by ,mr4 ,p]k9s ^! two completely di/9ct processes are con/antly conf\nd$ ) ea* o!r4 ,x suffices = him to f9d a /atem5t 9 an anci5t writ] t any?+ is made 9 pla/]1 or ev5 an allusion to a pla/] /atue1 & at once he jumps to ! conclusion t ! /atue 0 necess>ily ca/1 & n %ap5 or model$4 8,x rema9s = u n[10 he says1 8to e/abli% by und5iable pro( h[ little f\ndation !re is = ! op9ion ( ^? :o pret5d t ! anci5ts did n make use ( pla/] = ca/+1 support+ _! op9ion on ! complete abs5ce ( /atues & /atuettes 9 pla/]1 or fragm5ts ( any k9d f\nd 9 excavations1 :5 nev]!less ?\s&s ( objects ( ! fraile/ k9d are f\nd1 su* z /uccoes1 vases1 t]ra cotta1 glass1 wax heads1 etc4 ,if x be true t ! inclem5cies ( wea!r & atmosph]ic ag5ts c\ld cause ! disappe>ance ( pla/] saturat$ ) humidity1 or plac$ 9 conditions favorable to its de/ruction1 x does n necess>ily foll[ t ^! conditions always reproduce !mselves4 ,x suffices1 to conv9ce "o's self ( ?is1 to glance at ! plates #fg1 #gf1 #he1 9 ! magnific5t "w publi%$ at ,/4 ,pet]sburg on ! antiquities ( ! ,cimm]ian ,bosphorus4 ,^! plates repres5t pla/]s pres]v$ 9 ! ,museum ( ! ,h]mitage1 com+ f a tomb on ,m\nt ,mi?ridates op5$ 9 #ahcb1 & f ano!r tomb at ,k]t* excavat$ 9 #ahdc4 ,^! pla/]s date back to ! f\r? c5tury be=e our era4#bb ,adorn$ ) v>i\s colors & execut$ 9 relief1 !y 7 de/9$ to be atta*$ z ornam5ts to o!r objects1 su* z s>cophagi1 pila/]s1 walls1 etc40 ,well6 :at if !y 78 ,is ?is any pro( t !y 7 ca/8 ,mr4 ,p]k9s is easily satisfi$1 if he is assur$ ( ?is fact by look+ at engrav$ plates4 ,are !y all ( ! same size8 ,are !y id5tical1 z !y w\ld be if !y 7 ca/ f ! same m\ld1 or are !y l all o!r pla/] & /ucco "w ( ! anci5ts ( :i* we are cognizant1--ornam5ts model$ by h&8 or are !y pressures f a flat1 %all[ m\ld1 l ! ectypa8 ,if ! latt]1 !y are almo/ unique2 & s f> !y prove t ! arti/s :o made !m und]/ood ?is fir/ & simple/ process ( ca/+1 or r ( /amp+4 ,b f plates x w\ld be impossible to det]m9e ?is fact1 & ,mr4 ,p]k9s gives u no reason to ?9k !y are unlike all ! o!r anci5t /ucco "w4 ,he does n pr(ess to h se5 & exam9$ !m = himself2 at all ev5ts1 "o fact is cle>1 t ^!1 if !y are 9 pla/]1 are pa9t$ pla/]4 ,9 ! ,briti% ,museum !re exi/ "s ( ^! s-call$ ca/s 9 pla/] f ,cyr5aica & f ,k]t*4 ,und\bt$ly !y are ne>] to be+ true ca/s ?an any?+ else :i* has z yet be5 discov]$2 b1 aft] all1 a c>eful exam9ation ( !m w %[ t !y are n ca/s 9 ! legitimate s5se ( ! ^w1 b m]ely /amps = a m\ld1 & fa%ion$ 9 precisely ! same way t 0 employ$ 9 mak+ ! holl[ t]ra cottas4 ,to make ^!1 a v rude /amp 0 execut$1 ) no "u-cutt+s ( any k9d1 ev]y?+ be+ fill$ up :i* c\ld imp$e ! removal ( ! clay1 :i* 0 press$ into ! /amp1 !n c>efully extract$ aga9 & f9i%$ by h&4 ,all ! t]ra cotta reliefs call$ ectypa 7 made 9 ?is way1 & "s ( ! m\lds /ill exi/1--n "o ( !m1 h[ev]1 9 pla/]4 ,! same process 0 employ$ to make "s ( ! figures ( t]ra cotta 9 ! r\nd1 by mak+ a m\ld ( two pieces divid$ 9 ! middle1 ( a v g5]aliz$ =m1 ) no "u-cutt+s4 ,into ea* ( ^! m\lds a quantity ( clay 0 squeez$2 ! two p>ts 7 !n remov$ c>efully1 & jo9$ toge!r4 ,a g5]al =m 0 ?us obta9$1 & ! arti/ proce$$ to model & to f9i% x ) m or less c>e4 ,9 ?is way n only ectypa 7 made 9 clay & aft]w>ds bak$1 b also small flat ornam5ts :i* 7 aft]w>ds appliqu1 or fa/5$ on to flat or r\nd surfaces1--z on to ci/a4 ,?is is ! process by :i* fragm5ts ( ! figures f ,cyr5aica & ,k]t* 9 ! ,briti% ,museum 7 made4 ,! junction ( ! two halves is cle>4 ,! "w is v rude2 !re are no "u-cutt+s2 ev]y?+ is fill$ up :i* w\ld 9 ! lea/ imp$e ! )drawal ( ! mat]ial f ! /amp4 ,!re is1 = in/ance1 an arm & h&1 ) ! int]/ices ( ! f+]s q fill$ up4 ,b :at cle>ly proves t ^! figures 7 n ca/1 z di/+ui%$ f /amp$1 is ! head4 ,"h ! hair be+ adorn$ ) a wrea? ) "u-cutt+s1 x c\ld n be )drawn f ! /amp )\t de/roy+ x1 & x is entirely appliqu1 or work$ on to ! head aft] x 0 remov$4 ,_h x be5 ca/1 !re w\ld h be5 no su* difficulty4 ,nor1 aga91 is x q cle> t ! mat]ial ( ^! figures is pure gypsum4 ,x w\ld r seem to be a mixture ( gypsum ) :ite clay1 or argilla1 to give x flexibility1 & enable x to be )drawn f ! m\ld4 ,inde$1 x may "h be obs]v$ t x is 9 e way probable t ! gypsum us$ by ! anci5ts 9 model+ & ornam5tal "w 0 diff]5tly prep>$ f t :i* we n[ use1 & 0 mix$ ) "s mat]ial :i* prev5t$ x f sett+ rapidly1 & gave x /r5g?1 ductility1 & pla/icity4 ,o!rwise x is difficult to see h[ su* works z ^? 9 ! tombs ( ! ,via ,lat9a1 :i* no "o c d\bt are model$ by h&1 c\ld h be5 execut$ ) at once s mu* f9i% & fre$om4 ,gypsum1 z we use x1 w\ld set too soon to enable u to "w x 9 su* a mann]4 ,9 ! tombs ( ! ,via ,lat9a :i* 7 lately discov]$1 x is work$ z freely z if x 7 clay1 & 0 pla9ly s prep>$ z to enable ! arti/ to take 8 own "t 9 model+1 )\t fe> ( its h>d5+--or1 z we call x1 sett+--imm$iately4 ,?is1 !n1 is no?+ new4 ,x is n ca/+1 & ^! figures are n ca/s4 ,!y are /amps1 j l ! ectypa ( t]ra cotta4 ,we "k t or dolls 7 anci5tly made 9 ?is way ( wax & gypsum1 or ( t]ra cotta2 & ^! are 4 ,to inf] f ! fact t ! ,greeks knew & practic$ ! art ( press+ into %all[ m\lds ( /one1 )\t "u-cutt+s1 ei!r clay1 pit*1 wax1 or pla/]1 t !y also und]/ood & practic$ ! art ( mak+ m\lds & ca/s f life or f ! r\nd is utt]ly unw>rantable4 ,no?+ is m simple ?an ! "o art1 :ile ! o!r is extremely complex4 ,! "o is m]ely l mak+ an impression f a seal1 :i* w\ld naturally sugge/ itself to ! fir/ p]son :o left ! pressure ( 8 foot 9 clay or mud2 ! o!r requires v>i\s processes ( calculation & inv5tion4 ,9 inv5tions x is n always or ord9>ily ! fir/ /ep :i* co/s1 b ! subsequ5t & calculat$ /eps4 ,c5turies (t5 elapse betwe5 ! fir/ /ep & ! second4 ,a rem>kable in/ance ( ?is is to be f\nd 9 ! hi/ory ( ! inv5tion ( pr9t+4 ,! fir/ /eps to ?is wond]ful art 7 tak5 by ! anci5t ,romans2 ! v process by :i* we n[ pr9t 0 kn[n & practic$ by !m2 b ! application ( x to ! pr9t+ ( books does n seem to h occurr$ to _! m9ds4 ,x _c1 h[ev]1 b appe> mo/ extraord9>y t ! idea ( pr9t+ %\ld n h occurr$ to !m :5 we consid] ! facts ( ! case4 ,pl9y relates t ,cato publi%$ a book conta9+ portraits ( di/+ui%$ p]sons ( 8 "t1 ( :i* !re 7 _m copies2 & s f> z we c conjecture1 ^! copies 7 probably /amp$ on p>*m5t or "s su* mat]ial1 & aft]w>ds color$4 ,putt+ ?is toge!r ) ! fact t anci5t bricks h be5 lately f\nd 9 ,rome ) names & numb]s /amp$ ^u !m by means ( movable types1 s t ! numb]s or lett]s c\ld be arrang$ at w1 we might absolutely /ate t ! anci5t ,romans und]/ood & practic$ ! art ( pr9t+4 ,!y c]ta9ly did pr9t on _! brick2 !y probably /amp$ ! portraits ( cuts 9 _! books1--b s f> z we "k !y nev] unit$ ! processes1 & nev] /amp$ a book ) movable types4 ,adopt+ ,mr4 ,p]k9s's me?od ( argum5t1 we might decl>e1 h[ev]1 t ! m]e fact t none ( ^! pr9t$ books h ev] come d[n to u 0 entirely inconclusive1 s9ce ^! books might h utt]ly p]i%$2 :ile we h ! cle>e/ pro( t !y did pr9t ) movable types on brick1 & !re=e x is pla9 t !y inv5t$ pr9t+4 ,! /ep f "o ( ^! processes to ! o!r does inde$ seem s evid5t1 s natural1 almo/ s inevitable1 t we are puzzl$ to imag9e h[ !y c\ld ev] h ov]look$ x4 ,yet !re is little d\bt t !y did4 ,b f ! simple fact ( /amp+ 9 clay or pla/] to ! complex process ( mak+ m\lds & ca/s 9 ! r\nd requires n "o /ep b _m1 & ea* "o ( !m requires calculation & inv5tion4 ,inde$1 if ! art 7 n[ to be lo/1 x w\ld be easy to conceive t c5turies might pass be=e x w\ld be re9v5t$4 ,9 ! collection ( ,mr4 ,fol ( ,rome1 ( :i* we h h]et(ore spok51 !re are "s int]e/+ fragm5ts ( anci5t /atuettes 9 ! r\nd1 v c>efully f9i%$ 9 pla/]1 be+ ! leg & ?igh ( "o1 & ! half-brea/ & a portion ( ! torso ( ano!r4 ,^! are z c>efully f9i%$ z if !y 7 9 m>ble1 b !y are elaborately work$ by h& 9 ! pla/]1 & n ca/4 ,^! are exce$+ly int]e/+ z %[+ ! me?od ( ! anci5ts 9 work+ 9 pla/]1 & !y cle>ly illu/rate ! process ( ,lysi/ratus z describ$ by ,pl9y1--! only diff]5ce be+ t ! surface is ( gypsum & n ( wax1 or color4 ,! int]ior or core ( ^! fragm5ts1 :i* is solid1 is ( lime1 or a co>se k9d ( gypsum1 & ov] ! surface ( ?is core is spread a ?9 coat+ ( f9e gypsum1 :i* has be5 elaborately work$ & smoo!d on :ile x 0 fluid4 ,! t\*es & creases on ! surface are ^? ( a model]'s h& & /ick1 & x diff]s 9 e way f a ca/4 ,x is !re=e pla9 t ! arti/ fir/ made a core1 or r\gh 8imag9em0 or 8=mam10 ( co>se gypsum1 & t he improv$1 em5d$1 & f9i%$ ! surface1 n by means ( 8c]a infusa 9 eam =mam gypsi10 b ( gypsum spread ov] x1--j z ,lysi/ratus did4 ,! language ( ,pl9y is an exact description ( ?is process4 ,aga91 a /rong negative indication t gypsum 0 n us$ = ca/+1 or inde$ to any ext5t 9 model+1 is to be f\nd 9 ! *apt] by ,pl9y on gypsum4 8,its use is10 he says1 8to :itewa% or p>get1 & to make small figures to ornam5t h\ses1 & = wrea?s40 ,he also adds t x is a good m$ic9e = pa9s 9 ! /oma*2 b he entirely omits to m5tion t x 0 ev] us$ = ca/+4 ,is x possible to believe t if x 7 s us$ he w\ld n h allud$ ev5 to su* a fact8 ,w\ld x be conceivable t at ! pres5t day a *apt] c\ld be writt5 on pla/] ( ,p>is1 omitt+ its employm5t = ! purpose ( ca/+8 ,aft] giv+ u ?is enum]ation ( ! uses to :i* gypsum is appli$1 ,pl9y goes on to describe its nature1 tell :]e x is f\nd1 & "n ! diff]5t k9ds2 & he concludes ) no allusion to any o!r use ?an :at he has previ\sly /at$4 ,aga91 ,pl9y 9 ! *apt] on ,lysi/ratus--:i* x mu/ be rememb]$ is devot$ to model+--m5tions "o fact :i* seems to be inconsi/5t ) any k at t "t ( ca/+4 ,arcesilaus1 he says1 model$ a dr9k+-cup or mix+-b[l 9 pla/]1 :i* he sold to ,octavius1 a ,roman knight1#bc = a tal5t 7#bej74 ,x is impossible to believe t su* an enorm\s price w\ld h be5 giv5 = a m]e pla/] b[l4 ,if ! process ( ca/+ f x 0 !n und]/ood1 ,arcesilaus might h repeat$ x 9 ca/ a ?\s& times1 & ! orig9al & ! ca/ be+ 9 ! same mat]ial1 "o w\ld h be5 q z good z ! o!r1 if ret\*$4 ,yet he seems only to h made "o1 & to h ask$ a tal5t = t4 ,aga91 ,lucullus made a contract ) ?is same arti/ to model = him 9 pla/] a /atue ( ,fabatus1 = :i* he agre$ to pay him no less ?an #fj1jjj se/]ces1 or #ecj4 ,x is wor? not+1 too1 z a curi\s fact1 t j at ! v "t :5 ,lysi/ratus is suppos$ to h inv5t$ pla/]-ca/+1 ! art ( brass-ca/+ began to decl9e 9 "* & /yle1 & soon aft] seems to h di$ out & be5 lo/2 at all ev5ts1 ,pl9y tells u t soon aft] ! #abj? ,olympiad ! art p]i%$1--8cessavit de9de ars40 ,& z ,lysi/ratus liv$ only ab\t tw5ty-five ye>s previ\sly1 x w\ld be s+ul> to f9d "o ( ^! arts dy+ out j z ! o!r 0 be+ develop$4 ,mr4 ,p]k9s also ?9ks x valuable to tell u t ,canova 0 ( op9ion t ! sculptors ( antiquity made f9i%$ sket*es1 & !n by means ( proportional compasses enl>g$ !m & took po9ts on ! m>ble2 & he adds1 8,we %\ld weigh ^! words ( a great sculptor :o devot$ himself to ! mo/ m9ute rese>*es on ?is subject1 z well z to ev]y?+ t _h relation to ! f9e arts40 ,we agree t we %\ld weigh ! words ( ?is di/+ui%$ sculptor1 ?\gh we 7 n aw>e be=e t he 0 a pr(\nd ar*ologi/1 or _h made m9ute rese>*es on ?is subject4 ,b h[ 9 any way does ?is t5d to prove t ! anci5t ,greeks & ,romans knew h[ to ca/ 9 pla/]8 ,we are equally unable to see ! precise be>+ on ?is "q ( ! fact also /at$ by him1 t ! drill is suppos$ by "s to h be5 inv5t$ by ,callima*us1 & by o!rs to h be5 us$ long be=e2 or t ! po9t+ ( a /atue 0 probably kn[n to ! ,greeks1 & c]ta9ly to ! ,romans4 ,yet 9 a c]ta9 way ! op9ion ( ,canova t ! anci5ts made small sket*es1 & by proportional compasses transf]r$ _! proportions1 measures1 & g5]al =ms to _! l>ge works1 has an argum5tative relation to ! subject diff]5t f :at ,mr4 ,p]k9s probably suppos$4 ,?is op9ion is und\bt$ly well f\nd$1 & accept+ x z su*1 :at does x indicate8 ,t ! process ( ca/+ 9 pla/] 0 kn[n to ! anci5ts8 ,by no means4 ,s f> z x goes1 x proves diametrically ! opposite1--z ,mr4 ,p]k9s might h se51 _h he weigh$ ! words ( ?is great sculptor4 ,9 fact1 ?is leads u to "o ( ! /ronge/ argum5ts aga9/ ! op9ion app>5tly advocat$ by ,mr4 ,p]k9s4 ,_h ! anci5ts kn[n h[ to ca/ 9 pla/] f ! model1 z !y knew h[ to ca/ 9 bronze1 ?is process ( mak+ small /atuettes & enl>g+ !refrom w\ld h be5 q unnecess>y4 ,!y w\ld ?us h escap$ ! incorrectness :i* is unavoidable 9 su* a process1 by at once mak+ _! models ( full size1 & completely f9i%+ !m 9 clay or o!r pla/ic mat]ial be=e transf]r+ !m to ! m>ble4 ,_! process probably 0 to make a small /atuette 9 clay1 & !n bake x or dry x4 ,b 9 transf]r+ proportionally ?is small figure into a l>ge "o1 an objection occurs4 ,defects sc>cely p]ceptible 9 a small figure become gross defects :5 multipli$ into a l>ge "o4 ,n only v>iations ( "o eigh? ( an in* m or less 9 small p>ticul>s 9 a figure a foot high w\ld alt] entirely ! relative proportions ( a figure eight feet high1 b o!r inaccuracies inevitably occurr+ 9 enl>g+ by proportional compasses w\ld increase ^! disproportions1 s t ! increas$ figure w\ld be inv>iably untrue 9 its effect & 9 its measures4 ,n[ ?is is precisely :at is app>5t to any "o :o c>efully /udies ! antique /atues4 ,ev5 9 works %[+ ! highe/ arti/ic k & skill1 ! want ( correspond5ce ( measures & proportions betwe5 ! two sides ( ! figure is v manife/2 & ! l>g] !y are ! m ?is is exhibit$4 ,?us1 to take "o ( ! highe/ examples1 9 ! ,!seus we f9d a/oni%+ k & arti/ic skill 9 treatm5t1 beside disagreem5ts ( measurem5t 9 correspond+ p>ts1 :i* are evid5tly ! result ( ! defective me*anical process ( enl>gem5t4 ,! legs are beautifully model$1 b ( unequal l5g?1--"o be+ mu* long] 9 ! ?igh ?an ! o!r4 ,! same obs]vation is true ( ! clavicle1 & inde$ ?r\gh\t ! /atue4 ,n[ ev5 an inf]ior arti/ w\ld h se5 & avoid$ ^! mi/akes 9 model+ ! /atue full size1 b ! defect w\ld be easily pass$ ov] by ! eye 9 ! small sket*1 p>ticul>ly if ! /atuette 7 m]ely a sket*1 z 0 9 all probability ! usual case4 ,x w\ld be difficult to believe t an arti/ ) ! ma/]y %[n 9 ?is /atue w\ld n h se5 & correct$ ^! mi/akes1 _h ! model ( ?is figure be5 ( ! same size4 ,?is ( c\rse he p]ceiv$ aft] ! po9ts 7 tak5 9 ! m>ble & ! "w 0 r\gh$ out1 b !n x 0 too late to rem$y !m4 ,?is difficulty he & all o!r arti/s mu/ con/antly h felt4 ,! "q 0 h[ to avoid x4 ,no?+ c\ld h be5 m simple1 if ! mod]n process ( ca/+ 9 pla/] f ! clay model _h be5 kn[n to !m4 ,!y w\ld simply h model$ ! /atue 9 clay ( its full size1 ca/ x 9 pla/]1 & be5 sure ( its exact proportions & measures4 ,let u take "o /ep fur!r4 ,_h !y und]/ood ! mod]n process ( ca/+ 9 pla/] f ! clay or f a /atue1 !y c\ld f ! ca/ h multipli$ 9 m>ble ! same /atue any numb] ( times1 id5tically or ) su* m9ute diff]5ces z few eyes c\ld p]ceive4 ,! repli*e 9 a mod]n sculptor's /udio are sc>cely to be di/+ui%$ f ea* o!r1 & !re w\ld h be5 no difficulty 9 do+ ! same ?+ 9 an anci5t sculptor's /udio4 ,:at is ! fact kn[n8 ,s f> f ?is be+ ! case1 n only are !re comp>atively v few repli*e ev5 ( ! mo/ fam\s /atues1 = :i* !re w\ld necess>ily be a great dem&1 b ev5 9 ! v>i\s repli*e :i* we h !re are n only no two :i* approa* to id5tity ei!r 9 attitude or 9 size1 b "o c sc>cely say ( any ( !m t ! arti/ _h m at be/ ?an a vivid recollection ( ! orig9al or ( "s o!r replica1 mu* less t he _h x be=e him to copy ev5 by eye4 ,(t5 ! attitude is *ang$1 z well z ! size & proportions2 sometimes ! action is rev]s$2 & 9 all cases su* diff]5ces exi/ z x is impossible t ! clumsie/ workman c\ld h made ) a ca/ ( ! orig9al be=e him4 ,nor d we read or he> ( any copies 9 our s5se ( copy2 t is1 exact reproduction ( any ( ! great works ( ! great sculptors4 ,look1 = in/ance1 at ! ,v5us ( ! ,capitol & ! ,v5us de ,m$ici & ! ,/4 ,pet]sburg ,v5us2 !y are all repli*e ( ! r5[n$ /atue by ,praxiteles1 b beyond ! g5]al attitude !re is no resemblance1 n s mu* z any clev] arti/ ( to-day c\ld make f m]e recollection4 ,look aga9 at ! portrait bu/s2 h[ _m are !re ( ,m>cus ,aurelius1 ,octavius ,cs>1 & ,lucius ,v]us6--& no two ( !m approa*+ id5tity4 ,( ! ?\s&s ( /atues :i* h be5 excavat$1 no two are exact copies f ! same model4 ,!re is at be/ no?+ m ?an a family resemblance among ^? :i* are mo/ alike4 ,w\ld ?is be possible1 if ! anci5ts knew & practic$ ! art ( ca/+ 9 pla/] z we d8 ,x w\ld seem to be utt]ly impossible1 or at lea/ improbable to ! highe/ degree4 ,aga91 :y %\ld n ! great arti/s !mselves1 or _! s*ol>s1 h made repli*e ( _! fam\s /atues8 ,no?+ w\ld h be5 easi] _h !re be5 any ca/s f !m4 ,!y 7 greatly covet$1 & ! prices paid = ! orig9al works 7 enorm\s1--s enorm\s t ! l>ge/ prices ( our day %r9k into insignificance beside !m4 ,= ! fam\s nude ,v5us by ,praxiteles1 ,a!ns1 9 h] extreme desire to possess x1 (f]$ 9 ex*ange to pay ! :ole public debt ( ! /ate to :i* x belong$4 ,?is (f]1 h[ev]1 0 p]emptorily refus$4 ,yet :at c\ld h be5 m easy1 _h a ca/ ( x be5 9 exi/5ce1 or _h !y kn[n h[ to make "o1 ?an = ,praxiteles or 8 s*ol>s to h made an exact replica1 fully equal to ! orig9al or ev5 sup]ior to x1 ) additional t\*es ( ! ma/]'s h&8 ,t ?is 0 nev] done1 or h9t$ at1 proves t1 ! /atue once hav+ pass$ out ( ! arti/'s h&s1 he c\ld repeat x f memory only by aid ( 8 sket*2 & ?is w\ld n only h co/ him z mu* labor z mak+ a new /atue1 b w\ld 9 no s5se h be5 id5tical4 ,aga91 is x to be suppos$ t if ,polyclitus _h an absolute ca/ ( 8 life-size /atue ( ! ,doryphoros :i* w\ld h enabl$ him to repeat x ) exactness1 ! orig9al w\ld h comm&$ su* a price z "o hundr$ tal5ts1 or #be1jjj8 ,or is x possible to suppose t ,arcesilaus w\ld h receiv$ a gold tal5t 7#bej7 = a pla/] b[l :i* c\ld h be5 repeat$ by ca/+1 = almo/ no?+8 ,x 0 because x 0 model$1 & ! mod]n process ( ca/+ 9 a piece-m\ld 0 unkn[n1 t x comm&$ su* a price4 ,"h mak+ a rude /amp )\t "u-cutt+s w\ld n suffice4 ,! f9esse ( ! "w c\ld n be giv51 & ! "w w\ld h be5 de/roy$ or greatly injur$ 9 ! attempt4 ,if x be a fact t ! ,greeks & ,romans knew ?is process1 "o w\ld naturally expect to f9d at lea/ "s fragm5ts ( ca/s or m\lds 9 pla/] ( _! great works1--z = in/ance ( _! small & exquisite ,cor9?ian bronzes1 if n ( _! l>ge figures4 ,b1 s f> z we are aw>e1 no?+ ( ! k9d has ev] be5 f\nd4 ,! :ole city ( ,pompeii 9 ! height ( its luxury 0 buri$ "u a fall ( a%es1 :i* = _m long c5turies pres]v$ ! mo/ ref9$1 fragile1 & delicate ut5sils & works ( art2 & x is b a few ye>s s9ce t we remov$ ^! a%es & explor$ its h\ses & rooms :i* _h be5 unt\*$ s9ce t fatal calamity befell !m ( :i* ,pl9y gives u s vivid an acc\nt4 ,x is on ! /atem5ts ( ! y\ng] ,pl9y himself t ^? rely :o claim t ! anci5ts knew & practic$ ca/+ 9 pla/]4 ,long be=e 8 day1 !n1 ?is art _h be5 inv5t$2 & we %\ld naturally expect to f9d "s specim5s ( x 9 ?is city ( luxury1 among its pictures1 its vases1 its /atues1 & its glass4 ,b 9 all ,pompeii !re has n be5 f\nd a ve/ige ( a ca/+ 9 pla/]4 ,its /uccoes /ill rema91 ! bas-reliefs work$ 9 pla/] on its walls are /ill un9jur$1 its pa9t+s are /ill fre%1 its vases unbrok51 its h\sehold ut5sils p]fect4 ,h]metically seal$ up "u t m\nd ( a%es1 !re 0 no?+ to injure a ca/ 9 any h\se1 if x exi/$4 ,b !re is absolutely no?+ ( ! k9d4 ,yet ?is 0 a p devot$ to art1 & ^: h\ses 7 fill$ ) knick-knacks ( e k9d4 ,we f9d ! sculptor's /udio1 b !re is n a ca/ 9 x1 nor is !re ! %op ( a ca/]4 ,x is pla91 !re=e1 t !re 0 n a ca/ 9 ,pompeii4 ,b if any:]e !re 7 ca/s f ! r\nd !re 7 also piece-m\lds f ! r\nd4 ,:]e are !y8 ,has any p]son ev] he>d ( "o8 ,n[ a holl[ ca/ is comp>atively a fragile object2 b a pla/] m\ld1 saturat$ z x mu/ be ) oil1 is any?+ b a fragile object4 ,%elt]$ f ! inclem5cies ( /orm & ra91 x w\ld la/ = ?\s&s ( ye>s1 & w\ld ev5 resi/ a c5tury ( exposure to ! wea!r ( ,italy4 ,b n und]gr\nd nor abovegr\nd any:]e has su* a ?+ be5 f\nd4 ,:atev] m\lds h be5 f\nd are fit only = m]e /amp+4 ,!y are extremely rude1 )\t "u-cutt+s1 & seem m]ely to give a g5]al %ape4 ,!y are n ca/ ^u any?+1 b work$ out by h&1 & are n 9 pla/]4 ,!y are all small2 no?+ ev] has be5 f\nd :i* is ei!r a m\ld1 or a ca/ f life1 or f a /atue1 or f a vase or b[l1 or any c>eful "w ( art4 ,an anci5t manufactory ( t]ra cotta has be5 lately discov]$ & une>!d at ,arezzo 9 ,tuscany1 & a l>ge numb] ( m\lds 0 f\nd1 tak5 app>5tly f vases execut$ orig9ally on "s h>d metal1 probably 9 silv]4 ,! figures on ^! m\lds are ( ! mo/ exquisite design & execution1 & = beauty & delicacy ( f9i% exce$ any?+ :i* rema9s to u ( ,greek or ,etruscan art4 ,!re are no "u-cutt+s1 & ! relief is s l[ & flat z to yield an impression sc>cely1 if at all1 high] ?an a seal or intaglio4 ,all ^! m\lds1 h[ev]1 are 9 t]ra cotta4 ,n "o is 9 pla/]1 ?\gh 9 ?is mat]ial !y c\ld h be5 execut$ m easily & exactly1 & c\ld h be5 reproduc$ 9 ! orig9al size4 ,( c\rse1 fir/ tak51 z !y 71 9 s(t clay1 !n bak$1 !y ( necessity %rank 9 size & 7 subject to w>p+ & crack+1 all :i* defects w\ld h be5 avoid$ _h !y be5 made 9 pla/]4 ,all ?is w\ld indicate t ! use ( pla/] 9 mak+ m\lds 0 n practic$ at t p]iod1 ev5 9 su* a simple op]ation z ?is4 ,9 face ( ?is we mu/ say we d n agree ) ,mr4 ,p]k9s :5 he ?9ks he 8e/abli%es by und5iable pro( h[ little f\nd$ is ! op9ion ( ^? :o pret5d t ! anci5ts did n practice ca/+ 9 pla/]1--su/a9+ x by ! complete abs5ce ( /atues & /atuettes ( pla/] or fragm5ts ( any k9d 9 ! excavations1 :5 nev]!less ?\s&s ( objects are f\nd ( ! mo/ fragile nature20 & especially :5 ! und5iable pro( :i* he (f]s is ! exi/5ce ( "s works & arabesque ornam5ts 9 pla/] f\nd at ,k]t*1 & suppos$ to belong to ! f\r? c5tury be=e ! ,*ri/ian era1 & :i* app>5tly he has nev] se54 ,on ! contr>y1 we %\ld l to "k h[ he expla9s ! fact t no indubitable anci5t m\lds or ca/+s h ev] be5 f\nd4 ,b ,mr4 ,p]k9s does n seem to reason beyond 8 texts4 ,he does n discuss ! probabilities ( ! case2 he does n und]take to acc\nt =1 or to h>monize ) 8 view1 ! great fact t no?+ has be5 f\nd ( anci5t art ca/ 9 pla/]4 ,outside ( :at is writt5 9 books he does n v5ture4 ,he does n ev5 seem to h a cle> op9ion ( 8 own4 ,he says1 8,sur ce po9t ca/+ 9 pla/] les textes n\s laiss5t dans les tnbres4 ,faut-il s'en tonn]8 ,non6 ,les auteurs classiques tromp5t notre curiosit sur des *oses d'un bi5 autre int5t4 ,que n\s dis5t-ils des vases pe9ts1 dont les muses de l',europe regorg5t8 ,ri510 etc4 ,well1 if ! texts leave u 9 d>kness1 are we !n to "k no?+ & to ?9k no?+8 ,are we n to ex]cise our m9ds1 & if a d\btful text seems to indicate a fact utt]ly at v>iance ) our reason & ) ! facts we "k1 are we to treat t text z a feti*1 & b[ d[n & wor%ip x1 because x is writt5 9 a book8 ,are we to endeavor to wr5* ev]y?+ into h>mony ) x8 ,or1 if x w n agree ) facts ( :i* !re is no d\bt1 are we n r to sacrifice ! text ?an our own reason8 ,& especially1 are we to pay su* rev]5ce to a d\btful text ( ,pl9y1 ! mo/ c>eless ( writ]s1 ! lea/ accurate ( ar*ologi/s8 ,z to ! pa9t$ vases1 no argum5t or anci5t texts are ne$$2 !re is no "q 9 respect to !m2 !y exi/$ 9 great numb]s2 b 9 respect to ca/+ 9 pla/] !re is no?+ b texts to dep5d ^u4 ,nay m1 !re is only "o passage 9 any anci5t au?or1 s f> z ,i am aw>e1 t seems to ass]t ! exi/5ce ( ?is process2 & ! "q is z to ! mean+ ( ?is v ambigu\s passage4 ,if x means :at ,mr4 ,p]k9s supposes1 :]e are ! m\lds2 :]e are ! ca/s2 :]e are ! f9i%$ lik5esses2 :]e is !re any?+1 9 a ^w1 to support ! /atem5ts ( ,pl9y1 z ?us int]pret$8 ,does x n seem amaz+ t !y %\ld all h totally disappe>$8 ,t ! text ( ,pl9y1 on :i* all re/s1 does n mean :at x is suppos$ to mean by ,mr4 ,p]k9s1 we h endeavor$ to %[2 b at all ev5ts1 s9ce x is admitt$ to be mo/ obscure & sc>cely intelligible1 x w\ld be bett] to ?r[ ! text ov]bo>d1 if x is 9 conflict ) all we "k & is improbable 9 itself1 p>ticul>ly :5 we take into consid]ation ! corrupt condition ( ! entire text ( ,pl9y4 ,dr4 ,brunn1 :o is c]ta9ly an able & le>n$ ar*ologi/1 does n hesitate to reject a portion ( ?is v text1 f ! words 8idem et de signis effigiem exprim]e10 z an int]polation2 & !re c be no d\bt 9 ! m9d ( any "o :o c>efully exam9es x t ?is entire passage is full ( confusion ( ideas & /atem5ts4 ,mr4 ,p]k9s endeavors to /r5g!n 8 position1 & also ! text ( ,pl9y z he und]/&s x1 by a citation f ! 8,tragic ,jupit]0 ( ,lucian1 9 :i* ! /atue ( ,h]mes compla9s t he is spott$ by ! pit* ) :i* ! sculptors cov] 8 limbs e day1 8af9 de les reproduire10 he gratuit\sly adds1 ) no au?ority 9 ! text = su* a /atem5t2 & apropos ( ?is he tells u t "o may 8model ) pit* mix$ ) m>ble du/ or brick40 ,he adds3 8,x is :at ! ,italians call #8cim5t1' & !y employ x = ! mo/ delicate p>ts ( ! m\ld4 ,x is suffici5t 9 ord] to keep x 9 a malleable /ate to set ! piece on :i* "o is work+ ne> ! fire1 or to s(t5 x f "t to "t 9 a ba? ( hot wat]40 8,n[ ?is in=mation10 he cont9ues1 8:i* we owe to "o ( ! mo/ em95t & le>n$ arti/s ( our age1 is v preci\s1 s9ce x gives u ! real mean+ ( ! passage 9 ,lucian40 ,?is tak5 9 connection ) a passage 9 ,apollodorus repres5t+ ,ddalus mak+ a /atue to ,h]cules or --! ^w is d\btful--induces ,mr4 ,p]k9s 8to conclude1 fir/1 t two c5turies be=e ! ,*ri/ian era1 pit* 0 us$1 mix$ )\t d\bt ) o!r sub/ances1 to ca/ /atues m\l] les /atues2 second1 t ! passage 9 ,lucian n only conta9s "o ( ^? raill]ies ( :i* ! ,voltaire ( antiquity 0 s prodigal1 b leads u to suspect t x veils ! indication ( "o ( ! processes ( ca/+40 ,t is1 fir/ he incl9es to ! op9ion t 7pit*7 is a mispr9t = 7p9e wood71 & t ! /atue made by ,ddalus 0 9 wood2 & !n he imm$iately turns ar\nd1 & ?9ks t x proves ! exi/5ce ( ca/+ 9 pla/]4 ,x _c mean bo?2 & ! probability w\ld seem to be t he is wrong 9 bo? suppositions1 & t ,ddalus 0 only employ$ 9 pa9t+ 8 /atue 9 res9 or wax4 ,! s]i\sness ( ?is passage is m rem>kable ?an its accuracy4 ,:o c ! em95t & le>n$ arti/ be :o has giv5 u ?is s preci\s in=mation8--8ce r5seignem5t tres-prcieux10--:i* is kn[n to e humble ca/] 9 ,europe1--?\gh he is n q correct 9 ! composition ( :at he says ! ,italians call 8cim5t40 ,he mu/ be a ,fr5* arti/ :o scorns ! ,italian language z be+1 9 ! words ( ano!r ( 8 c\ntrym51 8ri5 que de mauvais ,franais40 8,cim5t0 is n an ,italian ^w1 & 8cim5to0 has a q diff]5t significance1--t ( attempt or essay4 ,! ,italian ca/]s call ?is mat]ial 8c]a10 ?\gh x is n wax4 ,b aside f ?is1 let u consid] ?is passage f ,lucian to :i* ,mr4 ,p]k9s1 foll[+ o!r writ]s1 ref]s u z %[+ t ! process ( ca/+ 9 pla/] 0 kn[n to ! anci5t ,greeks4 ,! ( ,lucian is a satire on ! div9ities ( ,greece1 & a c\ncil ( !m is call$ to delib]ate on :at %\ld be done 9 consequ5ce ( an assault ^u _! nature & p[] by ,damis4 ,! gods are call$ ^u1 & a "q arises z to ! prec$5ce !y %\ld h1 :e!r x %\ld be accord+ to ! mat]ial ( :i* !y are made1--( ivory1 gold1 bronze1 /one1 or clay1--or accord+ to ! excell5ce ( _! workman%ip & ! skill ( ! arti/2 b su* confusion ( claims is made t no prec$5ce is f9ally all[$ to any "o1 & ! "q z to ! reasons & argum5ts ( ,damis & 8 oppon5t ,timocles is discuss$4 ,:ile ?is is go+ on1 a figure is se5 approa*+ :i* is ?us describ$3-- 8,b :o is ?is :o comes 9 su* ha/e 1 1 1 1 ?is bronze1 ?is beautifully *as$ or engrav$1 beautifully outl9$1 ! ar*aic 9 ! arrangem5t ( 8 hair 1 2 he is clogg$ ) pit* f seals or impressions be+ daily tak5 f x by ! sculptors40 ,h]mes1 ! bronze1 !n answ]s3-- 8,x happ5$ lately t my brea/ & back 7 cov]$ ) pit* by ! sculptors 9 bronze1 & a ridicul\s cuirass 0 ?us =m$ on my body1 & by imitative art receiv$ a complete seal f ! brass40#bd ,?is passage is suppos$ to indicate ! process ( ca/+ 9 pla/]4 ,x is possible t x may indicate a prep>ation 9 pit* to ca/ 9 bronze1 b c]ta9ly n 9 pla/]1 :i* is ! sole "q4 ,x is n work]s 9 pla/] :o are engag$ on x1 b work]s 9 bronze2 & :at !y 7 do+ 0 pla9ly to take impressions ( ! intaglio *as+ or engrav+ on ! body ( ! figure4 ,! description ( ! bronze is t x 0 ar*aic1 & beautifully trac$ & engrav$4 ,x may h be5 a t]m engrav$ ) v]ses1 or figures1 or inscriptions2 & ?is is by no means improbable1 z x repres5t$ ,h]mes1 & z no?+ b ! brea/ & back 0 cov]$ ) pit*4 ,at all ev5ts1 ! process 0 "o :i* seems to h be5 c>ri$ on1 n = once1 b daily4 ,x may h be5 ! fam\s ,h]mes 1 :i* 0 ca/ 9 ! #cd? ,olympiad1 & 0 a /udy = brass ca/]s4 ,aga91 x may n h be5 a figure 9 ! r\nd1 b m]ely a bas-relief1 or intaglio2 & ?is supposition w\ld be entirely 9 accordance ) ! hi]atic & ar*aic sculpture 9 brass1 m>ble1 & t]ra cotta4 ,_m 7 execut$ ?us 9 intaglio & engrav$1--"s ( :i* /ill rema91--& o!rs 9 relief4 ,a li/ ( su* may be f\nd 9 ,mll]'s 8,anci5t ,art0 7pp4 #fa-fe74 ,if ! passage ref]s to mak+ a m\ld = ca/+1 x 0 = ca/+ 9 bronze & n 9 pla/]1 ?\gh no?+ is said ab\t ca/+1 b m]ely ( tak+ impressions or seals4 ,! words & mean ex-pressions f a seal or /amp4 ,exactly :at ! sculptors 7 do+1 h[ev]1 to ?is /atue cov]s ! process ( brass ca/]s4 ,?us ,lucian1 speak+ ( a c]ta9 brass /atue 9 ! ,agora1 says3 1 1--8,y "k ! brass /atue /&+ 9 ! =um1 on :i* ,i 0 occupi$ pit*+ & dry+10 or burn+4 ,b !re is no?+ new 9 all ?is1 & no?+ :i* ?r[s any light ^u ! subject 9 "q4 ,x 01 z we well "k1 a common practice ( ! ,greeks1 9 mak+ _! l>ge /atues1 to build up a core ( wood1 brickwork1 pla/]1 & o!r mat]ials z a f\ndation or r\gh sket*4 ,on ! surface ( ?is 9 _! *ryselephant9e /atues !y v5e]$ %eets ( gold & ivory1 sometimes cov]+ ! entire surface ) ^! preci\s mat]ials1 & sometimes f9i%+ portions ( !m ) an ext]ior ( pla/] or clay1 :i* 0 pa9t$ 9 imitation ( life4 ,?is = in/ance 0 ! case ) ! ,dionysos 9 ,kreusis1 describ$ by ,pausanias1 ( :i* ! :ole figure 0 model$ 9 pla/] & aft]w>ds color$4 ,x w\ld also seem to h be5 a practice ) ! ,greek arti/s to cov] ^! r\ghly execut$ cores ) a composition ( res9 & pit* :i* !y indurat$ by fire2 & aft]w>ds to f9i% ! surface 9 ! same mat]ial4 ,su* at lea/ appe>s to be ! process indicat$ by ,lucian 9 ! passage j quot$1 9 :i* he speaks ( ! /atue he 0 engag$ 9 pit*+ & dry+2 z well z by ,apollodorus 9 a passage 9 :i* ,ddalus is describ$ z mak+ a /atue ( ,h]cules 9 pit* 774 ,! t]m 8pissa0 9 ?is la/ passage has by "s translators be5 suppos$ to be a mispr9t = 1 mean+ t ?is /atue 0 a execut$ 9 p9e wood l o!r ,ddalian figures4 ,z x /&s 9 ! orig9al1 c]ta9ly1 x is 1 & means pit*2 & x is q z probable t x is correct & means a sort ( encau/ic f9i% ) res9 & gum4 ,h[ev] ?is may be1 !re is little d\bt t 9 mak+ _! bronze /atues ! ,greeks us$ a surface ( wax & pit*1 or "s su* mat]ial1 :i* 0 pla/ic & w\ld melt2 & x is well kn[n t !y spread wax ov] _! /atues to give !m a poli%$ surface1 & also f9i%$ _! pla/] walls ) a cov]+ ( wax4 ,9 mak+ l>ge /atues1 a skeleton framework ( wood 0 (t5 employ$1 call$ 1 or 1 :i* 0 cov]$ ) solid mat]ial1--clay1 pla/]1 brick1 pit*1 etc41 all weld$ toge!r to =m a solid core ov] :i* ! surface 0 f9i%$ 9 clay1 pla/]1 pit*1 ivory1 or gold4 ,9 ! 8,somnium1 seu ,gallus0 ( ,lucian1 ,gallus says1 speak+ ( himself1 8,if he 7 k+1 he %\ld be l "o ( ! colossi ( ,phidias1 ,praxiteles1 or ,myron1 :i* ?\gh ext]nally l ,neptune or ,jupit]1--spl5did ) ivory & gold1 be>+ ! trid5t or ! ?und]bolt1--yet if y look inside y w f9d !m compos$ ( beams & bolts & nails trav]s+ !m ev]y:]e1 & braces & ridges1 & pit* & clay1 & o!r ugly & mis%ap5 ?+s40 ,x is a curi\s fact be>+ g5]ally on ?is subject t no allusion is ev] made to su* a p]son z a ca/] 9 pla/]4 ,plut>*1 enum]at+ ! v>i\s trades & occupations to :i* ! great public works ( 8 "t gave employm5t1 speaks ( op]atives1 model]s1 brass-work]s1 /one-work]s1 gold & ivory work]s1 weav]s1 & engrav]s1 b nev] m5tions a ca/]4 ,philo/ratus also1 enum]at+ ! diff]5t classes ( workm5 9 ! pla/ic art1 makes no m5tion ( ca/]s4 ,pl9y nev] speaks ( !m4 ,inde$1 _! exi/5ce is nev] m5tion$ by any anci5t writ]4 ,all ?+s consid]$1 !n1 9 conclusion1 x seems impossible to believe t ,pl9y int5d$1 9 ! passage relat+ to ,lysi/ratus1 to decl>e t he inv5t$ any me?od ( ca/+ 9 pla/]1 b r t he int5d$ to say t ,lysi/ratus ei!r model$ lik5esses 9 wax ov] a core ( gypsum1 or1 :at is mu* m probable1 t he color$ 8 lik5esses 9 imitation ( life2 & t 8 specialty 0 mak+ accurate & lit]al lik5esses 9 ! r\nd ) color1 ?us unit+ ! two arts ( ! pa9t] & ! sculptor4 ,! process ( ca/+ 9 pla/]1 9 our acceptation ( ! phrase1 is ( mod]n orig91 & s f> z we "k 0 inv5t$ 9 ! fifte5? c5tury1 a little be=e ! "t ( ,v]roc*io 7#adcb-adhh71 ! ma/] ( ,leon>do da ,v9ci4 ,he 0 among ! fir/ :o employ$ x1 & may fairly be said to h introduc$ x4 ,at all ev5ts1 ! fir/ cle> m5tion ( ?is process ( :i* we are aw>e is by ,vas>i 9 8 life ( ,v]roc*io2 & he /ates t ?is sculptor & pa9t] 8ca/ h&s1 knees1 feet1 legs1 ev5 torsi1 9 ord] to copy !m at 8 leisure2 & t soon aft] ca/s began to be made f ! faces ( p]sons aft] dea?1 s t "o sees 9 e h\se 9 ,flor5ce1 on mantel-pieces1 doors1 w9d[s1 & cornices1 a great numb] ( ^! portraits1 :i* seem alive40 ,= "s "t aft] x seems to h be5 us$ *iefly = tak+ ca/s f dead faces1--or h&s & feet1--& n to h be5 appli$ to ca/+ f models ( clay4 ,! g5]al practice ( t p]iod 0 to make a small model 9 clay1 !n to bake x1 & f ?is model by proportional compasses to enl>ge x & po9t x ^u ! m>ble4 ,! process ( ca/+ f clay models seems n to h be5 practic$ !n1 & s f> z we "k models ( full size 9 clay 7 r>ely if ev] made1 until r a comp>atively rec5t p]iod4 ,a ,,conv]sation ,,) ,,m>cus ,,aurelius4 ,x 0 a d>k & /ormy night 9 ,decemb]4 ,ev]ybody 9 ! h\se _h long be5 9 b$ & asleep2 b1 deeply int]e/$ 9 ! 8,m$itations ( ,m>cus ,aurelius10 ,i _h prolong$ my read+ until ! small h\rs _h begun to increase1 & ,i he>d ! bells ( ! ,capuc9 conv5t /rike = two o'clock4 ,i !n laid d[n my book1 & began to reflect ^u x4 ,! fire _h ne>ly burn$ out1 &1 unwill+ yet to g1 ,i ?rew on to x a bundle ( canne & a c\ple ( /icks2 aga9 ! fre% flame d>t$ out1 & gave a gl[ to ! room4 ,outside1 ! /orm 0 fi]ce & passionate4 ,gu/s beat aga9/ ! panes1 %ak+ ! old w9d[s ( ! palace1 & la%+ !m ) wild ra94 ,at int]vals a sudd5 blue light fla%$ ?r\gh ! room1 foll[$ by a trampl+ ro> ( ?und] ov]head4 ,! fi]ce libeccio h[l$ l a wild bea/ ar\nd ! h\se1 z if 9 se>* ( its prey1 & !n di$ away1 disappo9t$ & gr[l+1 & aft] a %ort int]val aga9 leap$ ) fre% fury aga9/ ! w9d[s & walls1 z if madd5$ by _! resi/ance4 ,z ,i sat quietly gaz+ into ! fire & mus+ on _m %ad[s ( ?\ght t came & pass$1 my imag9ation w5t back into ! f> pa/1 :5 ,m>cus ,aurelius l$ 8 legions aga9/ ! ,quadi1 ! ,m>comanni1 & ! ,s>mati1 & br\ght be=e me ! wea!r-beat5 t5t 9 :i* he sat s _m a bleak & bitt] night1 aft] ! duty ( ! day 0 done1 & all 8 m5 _h retir$ to re/1 writ+ 9 8 private di>y ^? noble m$itations1 :i*1 ?\gh meant solely = 8 private eye1 are "o ( ! mo/ preci\s h]itages we h ( anci5t life & ?\ght4 ,i seem$ to see him !re 9 ^? bleak wilds ( ,pannonia1 seat$ by night 9 8 t5t4 ,at 8 side burns a flick]+ tor*4 ,s5t9els sil5tly pace to & fro4 ,! cold w9d flirts & flaps ! folds ( ! prtorium1 & %akes ! gold5 eagle above x4 ,f> (f is he>d ! h[l ( ! wolf pr[l+ ?r\gh ! %ad[y =e/s t encompass ! camp2 or ! sil5ce is brok5 by ! %>p %rill cry ( "s night bird fly+ ov]head ?r\gh ! d>k4 ,n[ & !n comes ! cl9k ( armor f ! t5ts ( ! cavalry1 or ! call ( ! wat*word along ! l9e1 or ! neigh+ ( horses z ! circuitores make _! r\nds4 ,he is ill & worn ) toil & c>e4 ,he is alone2 & !re1 "u ! %ad[ ( night1 beside 8 camp-table1 he sits & m$itates1 & writes ^u 8 wax5 tablets ^? l(ty s5t5ces ( admonition to duty & enc\ragem5t to virtue1 ^? c\nsel+s ( himself to h]oic action1 pati5t endurance ( evil1 & tranquillity ( life1 t brea! ! highe/ _s ( morality & philosophy4 ,little did he ?9k1 9 8 lonely wat*es1 t ! words he 0 writ+ only = himself w\ld /ill be *]i%$ aft] long c5turies _h pass$ away1 & w\ld be pond]$ ov] by ! desc5dants ( nations :i* 7 !n uncultur$ b>b>ians1 z l[ 9 civilization z ! ,pannonians aga9/ :om he 0 encamp$4 ,yet ( all ! books t anci5t lit]ature has left u1 none is to be f\nd conta9+ ! record ( high] & pur] ?\ght1 or m e>ne/ & unselfi% "*4 ,z ,i glanc$ up at ! ca/ ( ! ,capitol9e bu/ ( him :i* /ood 9 ! corn] ( my room1 & saw ! sweet melan*oly ( t g5tle face1 ere c>e & disappo9tm5t _h come ov] x & rul$ x ) l9es ( age & anxiety1 a /range long+ came ov] me to see him & he> 8 voice1 & a sad s5se ( t great void ( "t & space :i* sep>at$ u4 ,:]e is he n[8 ,:at is he n[8 ,i ask$ myself4 ,9 :at o!r di/ant _w ( ?\ght & be+ is 8 _s mov+8 ,has x any remembrance ( ! pa/8 ,has x any k ( ! pres5t8 ,yet ! h& t wrote is n[ b du/1 :i* may be float+ ab\t ! mausoleum :]e he 0 buri$1 ne> ! ,vatican1 or p]haps ly+ 9 t libr>y ( ! popes ^u "s /a9$ manuscript ( ?is v "w x wrote1 to be bl[n c>elessly away by "s /udi\s abb z he ranges ! volume on its %elf among ! o!r preci\s records ( ! pa/4 ,! h& is b du/1 yet ! ?\ghts t x record$ are fre% & liv+ z ev]4 ,s9ce he pass$ f ?is _w1 h[ little progress h we made 9 philosophy & morality6 ,"h 9 ?is little book are rules = ! conduct ( life :i* might %ame almo/ any ,*ri/ian4 ,"h are m$itations :i* g to ! root ( ?+s1 & explore ! dim secret _w :i* surr\nds u1 & return aga91 z all our explorations d1 unsatisfi$4 ,all ^! c5turies h pass$1 & we /ill ask ! same que/ions & f9d no answ]4 ,:]e he is n[ he kn[s ! secret1 or he is beyond ! desire to "k x4 ,! my/]y is solv$ = him :i* we are guess+1 & 8 is ei!r a l>g]1 sweet] life1 gr[+ on & on--or ev]la/+ re/4 ,a /oic1 he f\nd com=t 9 8 philosophy1 z great p]haps z we ,*ri/ians f9d 9 our fai?4 ,he believ$ 9 8 gods z we believe 9 ours4 ,h[ c\ld !y satisfy a m9d l 88 ,h[ c\ld ^! impure & passionate exi/5ces1 giv5 to human follies & weaknesses1 to l[ intrigues1 to vulg> jeal\sies1 to degrad$ loves1 satisfy a nature s high1 s self-d5y+1 s e>ne/1 s pure8 ,yet !y 7 8 gods2 to !m he sacrific$1 9 !m he tru/$1 look+ =w>d to a calm future ) a s]5ity at lea/ equal to ours1 undi/urb$ by misgiv+s2 believ+ 9 ju/ice1 & 9 unju/ gods2 believ+ 9 purity1 & 9 impure gods4 8,no60 said a mild voice1 8,i did n believe 9 impure & unju/ gods40 ,& look+ up1 ,i saw be=e me ! calm face ( ! emp]or & philosoph] ( :om ,i 0 ?9k+4 ,!re he /ood be=e me z ,i knew him f 8 bu/s & /atues1 ) 8 full br[ & eyes1 8 sweet m\?1 8 curl+ hair1 n[ a little grizzl$ ) age1 & a deep m$itative look ( t5d] e>ne/ness ^u 8 face4 ,i "k n :y ,i 0 n />tl$ to see him !re1 b ,i 0 n4 ,x seem$ to me natural1 z ev5ts seem 9 a dream4 ,! realities1 z we call ^? facts :i* are m]ely vision>y & transitory1 vani%$2 & ! unrealities1 z we call ^? ( ?\ght & be+1 usurp$ _! place4 ,no?+ seem$ m fitt+ ?an t he %\ld be !re4 ,to ! m9d all ?+s are possible & simple1 & !re is no "t or space 9 ?\ght :i* annihilates !m4 ,i arose to greet my gue/ ) ! rev]5ce due to su* a pres5ce4 8,d n di/urb y\rself10 he said1 smil+2 8,i w sit "h1 if y please20 & s speak+1 he took ! seat opposite me at ! fire4 8,sit y10 he cont9u$1 8& ,i w endeavor to answ] "s ( ! que/ions y 7 ask+ ( y\rself40 8,_h ,i kn[n y\r pres5ce ,i %\ld h>dly1 p]haps1 h d>$ to ask su* que/ions1 or at lea/ 9 su* a =m10 ,i said4 8,:y n ask !m ( me if y ask !m ( y\rself80 he respond$4 8,!y 7 j & natural 9 !mselves1 & ! =ms ( ?+s are ( little use to "o :o c>es = ! ess5ce--j z ! =ms ( ! div9ities ,i believ$ 9 are ( no consequ5ce comp>$ to _! ess5ces4 ,:at we call ?\ghts are b too (t5 m]e =mulas1 :i* by d9t ( repetition we f9ally get to believe are 9 !mselves tru?s1 :ile !y are 9 fact m]e dead husks1 hav+ no life 9 !m1 & :i* by _! v rigidity prev5t life4 ,no s+le /atem5t1 h[ev] plausible1 c conta9 tru?1 :i* is inf9ite 9 =m & 9 _s4 ,if we are to talk toge!r1 let u free ourselves1 if we c1 f =mulas1 s9ce !y only *eck gr[? 9 ! _s1 &1 s to speak1 are m]e inns at :i* we re/ = a mom5t on acc\nt ( our we>9ess & weakness4 ,if we /ay p]man5tly 9 !m we n>r[ our m9ds1 dw>f our exp]i5ce1 & make no m progress4 ,= :at is tru? b a cont9ual progression t[>ds ! div9e80 8,yet w\ld y say t =mulas are ( no use8 t we %\ld n sum up 9 !m ! be/ ( our ?\ght80 8,und\bt$ly !y are useful4 ,!y are trunks 9 :i* we pack our goods2 b z we acquire m goods1 we mu/ h l>g] & ev] l>g] trunks4 ,x is only dead =mulas :i* kill1 & ! t5d5cy ( =mulas is to die & ?us to repress ?\ght4 ,look at ! nut%ell t holds ! preci\s g]m ( ! future tree4 ,x is a necess>y prison ( a mom5t2 b z t g]m quick5s & spreads1 ! %ell mu/ give way1 or dea? is ! consequ5ce4 ,! inf9ite tru? c be compreh5d$ 9 no =mula & no sy/em4 ,all attempts to d ?is h result$ 9 ! same end--dea?4 ,e religi\s cre$ %\ld be liv+1 b e ,*ur* =malizes x into b>r5 words & %apes1 & erelong1 ,fai?--t is1 ! liv+1 aspir+ pr9ciple--dies1 wrapp$ up 9 its =mal obs]vances or rigid /atem5ts1 & becomes l ! dead mummies ( ! ,egyptians--! =m ( life1 n ! reality40 8,too true10 ,i answ]$1 8all hi/ory proves x4 ,e real & ?9k+ man feels x4 ,z habits get ! bett] ( our bodies1 s conv5tions & =mulas get ! bett] ( our m9ds4 ,b pray cont9ue2 ,i only li/52 & p>don me = int]rupt+ y40 8,:at ,i say has direct relation to ! que/ions y 7 ask+ :5 ,i ent]$4 ,!re is a gra91 (t5 _m gra9s1 ( tru? 9 e sy/em ( religion1 b complete ,tru? 9 none4 ,if we wait until we atta9 ! p]fect be=e adh]+ to "o1 we %all nev] arrive at any4 ,ea* age has its religi\s ideas1 :i* are ! aggregate ( its moral p]ceptions influ5c$ by its imag9ative bias1 & ^! are %ap5 into =mulas or sy/ems1 :i* s]ve z inns1 or *ur*es1 or temples ( wor%ip4 ,^! beg9 by repres5t+ ! highe/ rea* ( ! be/ ?\ght ( ! age1 b !y soon deg5]ate into commonplaces1 ?\ght mov+ on beyond !m1 & ( its v vitality ( nature seek+ beyond !m4 ,at ^! inns ! common mass put up1 & ! ho/ or prie/ controls !m :ile !y are !re1 & society organizes !m1 & s a c]ta9 good is atta9$4 ,9 :at y call ! anci5t days1 :5 ,i liv$ on ! e>?1 ,i f\nd a sy/em already built & surr\nd$ by /rong bulw>ks ( p[]4 ,to /rike at t 0 to /rike at ! exi/5ce ( society4 ,a religi\s revolution is a social revolution2 "o _c alt] a fai? )\t alt]+ ev]y?+ out ( :i* x is m\ld$4 ,to d t1 m evil might result ?an good4 ,man's nature is su* t if y ?r[ d[n ! temple ( 8 wor%ip at once1 assault+ its v f\ndations1 y d n improve 8 fai?2 y b too (t5 annihilate x1 s implant$ is x 9 old prejudices1 9 ! =ms /amp$ on ! he>t 9 y\?1 & 9 ! habits ( ?\ght4 ,x is only by gradual *anges t any real good c be done--by enl>g+ & develop+ ! pr9ciples ( tru? :i* already exi/1 & n by ov]?r[+ ! :ole sy/em at once40 8,b 9 ! religi\s sy/em to :i* y gave y\r adh]5ce10 ,i exclaim$1 8:at 0 !re gr& & inspir+8 ,:at tru? 0 !re out ( :i* y c\ld hope to develop a true sy/em8 = c]ta9ly y c\ld n believe 9 ! div9ities ( y\r day40 8,rev]5ce to ! gods t 710 he answ]$1 8to a p[] above & beyond u2 recognition ( div9e p[]s & attributes4 ,?is lay z ! corn]-/one ( our wor%ip1 z x does ( y\rs40 8,almo/10 ,i cri$1 8x seems to me worse to wor%ip su* gods z y\rs ?an to wor%ip none at all4 ,_! attributes 7 at be/ only human1 _! conduct 0 l[ & unwor?y1 _! passions 7 s5sual & debas$4 ,any good man w\ld be a%am$ to d ! acts calmly attribut$ to ! div9ities y wor%ip$4 ,?is1 9 itself1 mu/ h _h a degrad+ influ5ce on ! nation4 ,h[ c\ld man be a%am$ ( any act all[$ & attribut$ to ! gods80 8,y\r notions on ?is po9t are natural10 he calmly answ]$1 8b !y are completely mi/ak54 ,!re is no d\bt t 9 e sy/em ( religion ! t5d5cy is to humanize &1 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 degrade ,god4 ,to attribute to ,him our own passions is univ]sal1 ) ! mass4 ,to deify man or to humanize ,god is ! rule4 ,y deify t beautiful "* nam$ ,*ri/1 & y humanize ,god by repres5t+ ,him z inspir$ ) ang] & cruelty beyond any?+ 9 our sy/em4 ,y attribute to ,him a s*eme ( ! univ]se :i* is to me abhorr5t4 ,w y excuse me if ,i /ate ?us pla9ly h[ x /rikes "o :o belong$ to a diff]5t age & cre$1 & :o !re=e _c ent] into ! deep-gra9$ prejudices & ideas ( y\r c5tury & fai?80 8,speak boldly10 ,i said4 8,d n fe> to %ock me4 ,i am s deeply plant$ t ,i d n fe> to be uproot$ 9 my fai?4 ,&1 besides1 t is n tru? :i* does n c\rt assault1 sure to be /r5g!n$ by x4 ,if y c ov]?r[ my fai?1 ov]?r[ x40 8,t ,i %\ld be mo/ unwill+ to d10 he answ]$4 8,no ^w w\ld ,i say to produce su* a result4 ,9 y\r fai? !re is a noble & beautiful tru?1 :i* %$s a s(t lu/re ov] life2 & 9 my own day ! pure & philosophic _s ( ,jesus ( ,naz>e? 0 recogniz$ by me & rev]5c$4 ',t is n ( ,him ,i w\ld speak1 b r ( ! g5]al s*eme ( ! regulation ( ?is _w by ,god t ,i allud$ to2 & ,i yet pause1 fe>+ to %ock y by a simple /atem5t ( ?is cre$40 8,i pray y d n hesitate2 speak6 ,i am ready & anxi\s to he> y40 8,x is only 9 answ] to :at y say ( ! acts & passions attribut$ by u to our div9ities1 z con/itut+ a cle> reason :y we %\ld n rev]5ce !m1 t ,i speak4 ,y attribute to y\r ,god omnipot5ce1 omnisci5ce1 & inf9ite love4 ,yet 9 8 omnipot5ce ,he made fir/ a _w1 & !n plac$ 9 x man & woman1 :om ,he also made & pron\nc$ good4 ,9 ?is1 accord+ to y\r belief1 ,he 0 mi/ak54 ,! man & woman prov$ imm$iately n to be good2 & ,he1 omnipot5t z ,he 01 0 foil$ by ano!r p[] nam$ ,satan1 :o upset at once 8 :ole s*eme4 ,aft] inf9ite consid]ation & 9 pity = man1 ,he c\ld or did inv5t no bett] s*eme ( r$eem+ him ?an = ,himself1 or an emanation f ,himself1 to take ! =m ( man1 & to suff] dea? ?r\gh 8 wick$ness & at 8 h&s4 ,?us man1 by add+ to ! previ\s fault ! crime ( kill+ ,god on ! e>?1 acquir$ a claim to be sav$ f ! consequ5ces ( 8 fir/ fault4 ,a new crime af=ds a cause ( p>don = a previ\s fault ( disob$i5ce4 ,:at 0 ?is fir/ fault1 :i* induc$ ,god to drive ! fir/ man & woman out ( ! ,p>adise ,he _h made = !m8 ,simply t !y ate an apple :5 !y 7 prohibit$4 ,is any pagan leg5d m absurd ?an ?is8 ,!n = ! ju/ice ( ,god1 on :at pr9ciple ( "r c ! subsequ5t crime & horror--)\t example--( kill+ ,god1 or a p]son1 z y say1 ( ! ,tr9ity1 af=d a reason = remov+ f man a p5alty previ\sly incurr$8 ,:5 "o rememb]s t y assume ,god to be omnisci5t z well z omnipot5t1 & t ,he might h made any o!r s*eme1 by simply =giv+ man1 or oblig+ him to r$eem himself by do+ good & act+ virtu\sly1 in/ead ( committ+ a crime & a horror1 ?is belief becomes /ill m /range4 ,nor c y expla9 x y\rself2 y only say x is a my/]y :i* is beyond y\r reason1 b none ! less true4 ,yet ?\gh x (f5ds all s5se ( ju/ice & "r 9 my m9d1 y believe x & adh]e to x z a corn]-/one ( y\r fai?4 ,are y sure ,i d n (f5d y80 8,pray g on10 ,i said4 8,:5 y h said x is a my/]y1 y h said all4 ,%all man1 ) 8 defici5t reason1 pret5d to und]/& ,god8 ,?is is a tru? reveal$ to u by 8 only begott5 ,son1 ,jesus ,*ri/1 :o 0 himself 9 a human =m2 & :5 ,god reveals to u a my/]y1 %all we n believe x8 ,%all we measure ,him by our feeble wits80 8,i d n mean to argue ) y4 ,?is is fur!/ f my int5tion2 ?\gh ,i might say ?is holds good ( u 9 ! anci5t days1 z well z ) y n[4 ,i only wi%1 h[ev]1 to %[ y t y believe :at y ackn[l$ge to be beyond reason--a my/]y1 z y call x4 ,y believe ?is1 & yet y despise ! pagan = believ+ :at 8 gods told him1 simply because x 0 unreasonable or ridicul\s40 8,! "q10 ,i said1 8is v diff]5t2 b let x pass4 ,pray g on40 8,y\r ,god is a ,god ( inf9ite love1 y say4 ,yet 9 ! op9ion ( _m ( y1 at lea/1 ?is inf9itely lov+ ,god1 omnipot5t1 & hav+ ! p[] to make man z ,he *ose1--omnisci5t1 & kn[+ h[ to make him good & happy if ,he wi%$ to1--has *os5 9 8 love to make him weak & impot5t1 to end[ him ) passions :i* are temptations to evil1 to afflict him ) disease & pa91 to r5d] him susceptible to torm5ts ( e k9d & suff]+s beyond 8 p[] to avoid1 h[ev] he /rive to be good & virtu\s & ob$i5t2 & !n at ! la/1 aft] a life ( suff]+ & /ruggle "h1 ei!r to save him & make him et]nally happy1 or1 if ,he s elect1 )\t any reason intelligible to y or any "o1 to plunge him into ev]la/+ torm5t1 f :i* he c nev] free himself4 ,n[1 ,i ask y 9 :at respect is su* a ,god bett] ?an ,jupit]1 :o1 ev5 accord+ to ! l[e/ popul> notions1 :atev] 7 8 passions1 0 at lea/ placable2 :o1 :atev] 7 8 follies1 0 n a demon l ?is8 ,& :5 "o takes into consid]ation ! fact t !re is n a humane man liv+ :o w\ld n be a%am$ to d to 8 own *ild1 h[ev] vici\s1 :at he calmly attributes to ?is all-lov+ ,god1 ! belief 9 su* a ,god seems all ! m extraord9>y40 8,x is a my/]y10 ,i said1 8t "o l y1 born 9 ano!r age & t9ctur$ ) ano!r cre$1 c\ld n be expect$ to und]/&4 ,x w\ld be useless = me to attempt x1 & c]ta9ly n n[1 :5 ,i s greatly pref] he>+ y to speak+ myself4 ,my purpose is n n[ to def5d my religion1 b to li/5 to y\r def5se ( y\rs40 8,well1 !n1 all[ u to h our my/]y too4 ,if y _c expla9 all1 nei!r c\ld we2 b nei!r ) u nor ) y 0 t a reason = n believ+ at all4 ,x 0 ! my/]y itself1 p]haps1 t attract$ u & attracts y4 ,! love ( ! un9telligible is at ! root ( all sy/ems ( religion4 ,if man is un9telligible to u1 %all n ,god be8 ,man has always inve/$ 8 gods ) 8 own passions1 & 8 gods are = ! mo/ "p 8 own %ad[s ca/ out into inf9ite space1 enl>g$1 gigantic1 & my/]i\s4 ,man _c1 ) ! utmo/ ex]cise ( 8 faculties1 get out ( himself any m ?an he c leap ov] 8 own %ad[4 ,he _c compreh5d 7or inclose )9 himself7 ,god1 :o compreh5ds & incloses him2 & !re=e he vaguely magnifies 8 own p[]s1 & calls ! result ,god4 ,god ! inf9ite ,_s made man2 b man 9 e sy/em ( religion makes ,god4 ,9 our own reason ,he is ! be/ t we c imag9e--t is1 our own selves purg$ ( evil & ext5d$4 ,we _c /ret* beyond ourselves40 8,ay1 b y\r gods 7 n ! be/ y c\ld conceive4 ,!y 7 l[] ( nature ?an man himself 9 "s p>ticul>s1 & 7 guilty ( acts t y y\rself w\ld reprove40 8,?is is because y consid] !m purely 9 _! my?ical hi/ory1 accord+ to ! notions ( ! common ignorant mass2 n look+ beh9d ^? acts :i* 7 purely typical1 (t5 simply allegorical1 to ! ideas :i* !y repres5t$ & ( :i* !y 7 inc>nations4 ,y _c believe t s l[ a sy/em z ?is satisfi$ ! spiritual ne$s ( ^? augu/ & ref9$ s\ls :o /ill %9e l planets 9 ! sky ( ?\ght4 ,d y suppose t ,plato & ,epictetus1 t ,z5o & ,socrates1 t ,s5eca & ,cic]o1 ) _! exp&$ m9ds1 accept$ ^! l[ =mulas ( ,div9ity8 ,z well might ,i suppose t ! l[ sup]/itions ( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*1 9 :i* ! vulg> believe1 repres5t ! highe/ philosophy ( ! be/ ?9k]s4 ,yet = long c5turies ( sup]/ition ! ,*ur* has be5 accept$ by y j z x /&s1 ) its sa9ts & _! miracles1 & its s+ul> rites & c]emonies4 ,nor has any ef=t be5 made to cleanse ! b>k ( ,/4 ,pet] ( ! b>nacles & rubbi% :i* encumb] & defile x4 ,religi\s fai? easily deg5]ates into sup]/ition 9 ! common m9d4 ,& :y has ! sup]/ition be5 accept$8 ,simply because x is s deeply +ra9$ into ! belief ( ! un?9k+ mass1 t !re might be dang] ( de/roy+ all fai? by de/roy+ ! follies & accid5ts :i* _h become imb$d$ 9 x4 ,n only = ?is2 by means ( ^! v sup]/itions m5 may be l$ & gov]n$1 & lead]s w n surr5d] or ov]?r[ means ( p[]4 ,yet ! be/ m9ds10 he cont9u$1 8did :at !y c\ld 9 anci5t days to purify & ref9e ! popul> fai?1 & s\ght ev5 to elevate m5's notions ( ! gods by educat+ _! s5se ( ! beautiful1 & by pres5t+ to !m images ( ! gods un/a9$ by l[ passions & glori\s 9 _! =ms40 8,b surely y\r idea ( ,jupit] or ,zeus10 ,i answ]$1 80 mo/ unwor?y :5 comp>$ ) t :i* we ent]ta9 ( ! inf9ite ,god1 ! s\rce ( all creat$ ?+s1 ! sole & supreme ,creator4 ,! ,hebrews c]ta9ly atta9$ a f> l(ti] conception 9 _! ,jehovah ?an y 9 y\r ,jupit]40 8,:at matt] names80 he repli$2 8,zeus1 ,jehovah1 ,god1 are all m]e names1 & ! ideas !y repres5t$ 7 only diff]5c$ by ! temp]am5ts & "* ( ! v>i\s peoples :o wor%ip$ !m40 8,b ! ,jehovah ( ! ,jews 0 n m]ely ! head rul] ( _m gods1 b a s+le univ]sal ,god1 "o & inf9ite60 8,no6 ,i ?9k n4 ,! ,jehovah ( ! ,jews und]w5t _m *anges & developm5ts ) ! gr[? ( ! ,hebrew p2 & 9 _m ( _! writ+s ,he is repres5t$ z a passionate1 v9dictive1 & ev5 unreasonable & unju/ ,god1 ^: passions 7 modifi$ by human argum5ts4 ,&1 s f> f be+ a univ]sal ,god ( all1 ,he 0 specially ! ,god ( ! ,hebrews1 & is s con/antly repres5t$ 9 _! ,scriptures4 ,he comes d[n ^u e>? & int]f]es p]sonally 9 ! do+s ( m51 & talks ) !m1 & discusses que/ions ) !m1 & sometimes ev5 takes _! advice4 ,9 process ( "t ?is notion is modifi$1 & assumes a nobl] type2 b ,he is nev] ! ,univ]sal ,fa!r1 nor ! ,god ^: ess5ce is ,love1--nev]1 t is1 until ! com+ ( ,*ri/1 :o fir/ enunciat$ ! idea t ,god is love1--rejoic+ ov] ! sav+ ( man1 f> & above all human passions4 #8,v5geance is m9e' 0 ! orig9al idea ( ,jehovah2 & ,he 0 fe>$ & wor%ip$ by ! ,jews z _! peculi> ,god1 ^: *os5 p !y 74 ,z = 8 unity1 :atev] may h be5 ! popul> sup]/itions ( ! ,greeks & ,romans1 ,god is recogniz$ by ! greate/ & pure/ m9ds z "o & indivisible1 ! ,fa!r ( all1 :o comm&s all1 :o creates all1 :o is invisible & omnipot5t4 ,d y n rememb] ! fragm5t ( ! ,sibyll9e v]ses pres]v$ by ,lactantius1#be ,s4 ,!ophilus ,antio*5us1 & ,s4 ,ju/9us1 :]e x is said t ,zeus 0 "o be+ alone1 self-creat+1 f :om all ?+s are made1 :o beholds all mortals1 b :om no mortal c behold8-- ' ' 1 ' 1 4 ,s1 also1 ,p9d> cries out3-- #8 2' 4 ,s aga91 9 ! same _s1 ! ,appian hymn says ( ,zeus3-- 1 4 ,& ,euripides exclaims1 #8,:]e is ! h\se1 ! fabric re>$ by man1 t c\ld conta9 ! imm5sity ( ,god8' ' 1 1 1 & adds t ! true ,god ne$s no sacrifices on 8 alt>4 ,& s*ylus1 9 l mann]1 says3-- 1 1 ' 1 1 ' 4 ,& ,sophocles1 also 9 simil> l9es1 proclaims ! unity & univ]sality ( ,god4 ,& ,!ocritus1 9 8 #8,idylls1' e*oes ! same s5tim5t4 ,! same ca/ ( ?\ght1 ! same l(ty idea ( ,god1 is f\nd among ! anci5t ,romans4 ,lucan exclaims 9 8 #8,ph>salia3'-- #8,jupit] e/ quod cumque vides1 quo cumque mov]is4' ,val]ius ,soranus makes him ! "o univ]sal1 omnipot5t ,god1 ! ,fa!r & ,"m ( u all3-- #8,jupit] omnipot5s1 regum r]umque deumque ,prog5itor g5etrixque deum deus unus et omnes4'#bf ,c any /atem5t be l>g] & m inclusive ?an ?is8#bg ,su* inde$ 0 ! true philosophic idea ( ,jupit]1 z ent]ta9$ by ! be/ & mo/ exalt$ 9 anci5t days4 ,y mu/ g to ! highe/ s\rces to le>n :at ! highe/ notions ( ,deity are among any p1 & n grope among ! popul> sup]/itions & my?s4 ,!n1 aga91 :at nobl] expressions ( our relation to an inf9ite & univ]sal _s ( ,god are to be f\nd ?an 9 ,epictetus & ,s5eca8 #8,god is ne> y1 is ) y1 is )9 y1' ,s5eca writes4 #8,a sacr$ _s dwells )9 u1 ! obs]v] & gu>dian ( all our evil & all our good4 ,!re is no good man )\t ,god4' ,& aga93 #8,ev5 f a corn] x is possible to spr+ up into heav54 ,rise1 !re=e1 & =m ?yself into a fa%ion wor?y ( ,god4' ,& aga93 #8,x is no advantage t consci5ce is %ut up )9 u4 ,we lie op5 to ,god4' ,& /ill aga93 #8,d y wi% to r5d] ! gods propiti\s8 ,be virtu\s4' ,"o might cite su* passages = h\rs f ! writ+s ( ^! m54 ,c y1 !n1 ?9k t our notions ( ,god & duty 7 s l[ & s debas$8 8,look1 too1 at our arts4 ,art & religion ) u & ! ,greeks w5t h& 9 h&4 ,if y seek ! true _s ( religion among any p1 y w always f9d x 9 ! productions ( _! art4 ,9 sculpture1 ! mo/ ideal ( ! pla/ic arts1 y w see ! real features ( ! gods4 ,!y are gr&1 calm1 s]5e1 dignifi$1 & above ! ta9t ( human passion2 claim+ rev]5ce & love 9 _! beauty & p]fection beyond ! human4 ,"h !re is no?+ mean or l[4 ,s godlike are !y ev5 9 ! poor] specim5s ( _! noble figures t h come d[n to y1 t y y\rselves recognize 9 !m ideal grace & p[]4 ,read ! reflection ( our fai? 9 _! =ms & features1 & y w f9d 9 x no?+ vulg>1 no?+ degrad+4 ,! be/ p]sonifications ( y\r own div9ities 9 art look poor beside !m4 ,god himself 9 y\r pictures is feeble comp>$ ) ! div9e ,jupit] ( ,phidias2 ! ,madonna weak & tame beside ! augu/ gr&eur ( 8 ,a!ne4 ,*ri/ 9 y\r art is pitiable beside ! spl5dor ( ,apollo2 s f> f be+ ! highe/ type ( ev5 man1 he is almo/ ! weake/1 compos$ ( pale negatives1 & ) no?+ v positive & gr&2 :ile y\r sa9ts are affect$1 c[>dly1 & cr++1 comp>$ ) ! h]oic demigods ( ,greece4 ,9 art1 at lea/1 ! anci5t deities /ill live & comm& rev]5ce f a s]5e _w beyond *ange4 ,w\ld y "k :at our fai? 01 look at ! great works ( art & at ! be/ ?\ghts ( ! greate/ m9ds we own$1 & n at ! corrupt$ text ( popul> sup]/ition4 ,^!1 inde$1 7 wor?y ( rev]5ce4 ,!y lift$ ! ?\ghts & cle>$ ! _s1 & fill$ x ) a s5se ( beauty & ( p[]4 ,:o c\ld look at t magnific5t imp]sonation ( ,zeus at ,olympia1 by ,phidias1 s gr&1 s simple1 s s]5e1 ) its gold5 robes & hair1 its div9e expression ( p[] & sweetness1 its imm5se proportions1 its p]fection ( workman%ip1 & n feel t !y 7 9 ! pres5ce ( an augu/1 trem5d\s1 & impassionate p[]80 8,ah60 ,i exclaim$1 8t truly ,i wi% ,i c\ld h se5--:at maje/y1 :at beauty1 x mu/ h _h60 8,ay60 he answ]$4 8,no "o c\ld see x & n be enl>g$ 9 _s by x40 8,01 !n1 ! ,a!na ( ! ,p>!non10 ,i ask$1 8equal 9 m]it80 8,x 0 v diff]5t4 ,x want$ ! p[] & massive gr&eur ( ! ,zeus2 b 9 its dignity & s]5ity x _h a wondr\s *>m4 ,x 0 ! true type ( wisdom1 calm above d\bt1 & ) a g5tle sev]ity ( aspect1 z if1 undi/urb$ by ! torm5t+ que/ions t vex humanity1 x saw ! et]nal tru? ( ?+s4 ,:5 ,i comp>e ) ^! wondr\s /atues y\r be/ repres5tations ( y\r div9ities1 ,i _c b feel h[ va/ a diff]5ce !re is2 & :5 9 y\r temples "o sees ! pro/rate figures ( m5 & wom5 cl++ to vulg> & degrad$ images ( sa9ts1 implor+ aid & protection f !m1 & solicit+ _! int]position aga9/ ! av5g+ h& ( ,deity1 ,i _c see t y are bett] ?an we40 8,b1 aft] all1 ?r\gh ?is !re is a belief 9 a pure & inf9ite ,be+ beyond--a ,be+ beyond all human passion2 n imp]fect & subject to wild caprices1 & capable ( abom9able acts40 8,y see1 we g back to ! same "q10 he repli$4 8,y pr(ess to wor%ip a ,god above nature1 & yet y\r pray]s are to ,*ri/1 ! man2 to ! sa9ts1 :o 7 l[] m5 & wom52 & y cl+ to ^! z m$iators4 ,well2 & we also believ$ 9 a _s & p[] undef9$ & above all1 ^: nature we c\ld n grasp1 & :o express$ himself 9 e liv+ ?+4 ,our gods 7 b an?ropomorphic symbols ( special p[]s & developm5ts ( an inf9ite & ov]rul+ p[]4 ,!y p>tly repres5t1 9 outw>d %ape & =m1 philosophic ideas & human notions ab\t ! inf9ite ,god1 & p>tly body =? ! ph5om5a ( nature1 t h9t at ! great ultimate cause beh9d !m1 ( :i* !y are1 s to speak1 ! outw>d g>m5t1 by :i* ! ,univ]sal ,deity is made visible to man4 ,9 our religion nature 0 b ! veil :i* half hid ! div9e p[]s4 ,ev]y:]e !y pe]$ out ^u u1 f grove & riv]1 f night & morn+1 f lightn+ & /orm1 f all ! elem5ts & all ! *anges & my/]ies ( ! liv+ univ]se4 ,x delight$ u to feel _! absolute1 active pres5ce among u--n f> away f u1 involv$ 9 utt] obscurity1 & beyond our compreh5sion4 ,we saw ! ,great ,cause 9 its second plane1 close to u1 9 ! gr[+ ( ! fl[]1 9 ! fl[+ ( ! /ream1 9 ! drift+ ( ! cl\d1 9 ! ris+ & sett+ ( ! sun4 ,our gods 7repres5t+ ! great idea beyond1 & do+ its "w7 7 an?ropomorphic by necessity1 j z y\rs are 9 art4 ,! popul> fables are b ! my?ical g>b beh9d :i* lie great facts & tru?s4 ,!y are symbolical repres5tations ( ! great processes ( nature1 ( ! laws ( life & gr[?1 ( ! *anges ( ! seasons1 ( ! /rife ( ! elem5ts4 ,apollo 0 ! life-giv+ sun2 ,artemis1 ! my/]i\s moon2 ,c]es & ,pros]p9e1 ! burial ( ! gra9 9 ! e>?1 & its reappe>ance & fructification4 ,s1 on ano!r plane1 ,m9]va 0 ! philosophic m9d ( man2 ,v5us1 ! impassion$ embodim5t ( human love1 z ,eros 0 ( spiritual affections2 ,bac*us1 ! s]5e & full enjoym5t ( nature4 ,we b divid$ philosophically :at y sum up 9 "o f9al cause2 b all our divisions look$ back to t cause4 ,9 an imag9ative p l ! ,greeks1 !re is also a natural t5d5cy to my?ical embodim5t ( facts 9 hi/ory z well z 9 nature2 & 9 ! e>ly p]iods1 :5 little 0 writt5 d[n1 traditions easily assum$ ! my? =m4 ,ideas 7 r$uc$ to visible %apes1 & facts 7 e!realiz$ into ideas & imag9atively trans=m$4 ,! /ory ( ,diana & ,endymion1 ( ,cupid & ,psy*e1 w always be true--n to ! reason1 b to ! imag9ation4 ,x expresses poetically a s5tim5t :i* _c die4 ,s1 also1 :at matt]s x if ,ddalus built a %ip = ,ic>us1 & ,ic>us 0 simply dr[n$8 ,sublim$ into poetry1 x became a my?1 & ,ic>us flew on wax5 w+s across ! sea4 ,all poetry is ?us allegorical4 ,! w9d w always h w+s until x ceases to bl[4 ,^! my?s are simply poetic m\lds ( ?\ght1 9 :i* vague s5tim5ts1 ideas1 & facts are wr\ght toge!r into an express %ape4 ,?9k :at y\r own lit]ature or ?\ght w\ld be )\t ! old ,grecian poems4 ,let ! reason reject !m z x w1 & drive !m out into ! cold1 ! imag9ation w run =? & br+ !m back aga9 to w>m & *]i% !m on its brea/4 ,facts1 z facts1 are b dead husks4 ,! _s _c live ^u !m4 ,besides1 are n our my?s en*ant+8 ,c\ld any?+ take _! place8 ,c sci5ce1 pe]+ into all ?+s1 ev] f9d ! secrets ( nature8 ,aft] all its explorations1 ! f9al elem5t ( life1 ! motive & inspir+ elem5t t is ! ess5ce ( all ! organism x uses & )\t :i* all is m]e mat]ial1 m]e ma*9]y1 flees utt]ly beyond its rea*1 & leaves x at la/ ) only du/ 9 its h&s4 ,does n ! little *ild t makes playmates ( ! fl[]s1 & ! brooks1 & ! s&s1 f9d ,god !re bett] ?an any ( u8 ,! subtle div9ity hides any:]e1 entices ev]y:]e1 is j out ( rea* ev]y:]e4 ,we cat* glimpses ( x1 brea! its odor1 he> its dim voice1 see ! la/ flutt] ( its robe1 pursue x endlessly1 & nev] c seize x4 ,! poet is poet because he loves ?is _s 9 nature1 & comes ne>] x2 b he _c grasp x2 & = all 8 pursuit he comes back lad5 at la/ ) a secret he _c q tell1 & %apes u a my? to express x z well z he may40 8,b surely10 ,i answ]$1 8we %\ld di/+ui% betwe5 m]e poetry & fact--betwe5 sci5ce & fancy4 ,s long z we admit ! unreality ( m]ely fanciful creations & explanations ( facts1 we may be pleas$ ) !m2 b let u n be misl$ by !m into a belief ( _! sci5tific tru?40 8,ah1 'tis ! old /ory6 ,! little *ild has a bit ( wood1 :i* to h]1 9 ! free play ( h] imag9ation1 is a p]son ) good & bad qualities1 :o acts well or ill1 :om %e loves or despises4 ,%e :ips x2 %e c>esses x2 %e scolds x2 %e s5ds x to s*ool or to b$2 %e =gives x & fondles x4 ,all is real to ! *ild2 m real1 p]haps1 ?an to ! nurse :o /&s beside h] & laughs at h]1 & says1 #8,h[ silly6 come away6 x is only a /ick6' ,:i* is "r8 ,! ,greeks 7 ! *ild1 & y are ! nurse4 ,:at is tru?1 :i* is always on our lips--tru? ( hi/ory1 tru? ( sci5ce1 tru? ( any k9d8 ,:o kn[s--hi/ory8 ,two p]sons /&+ toge!r see ! same occurr5ce2 is x ! same to bo?8 ,f> f x4 ,! lit]al fri5d is amaz$ to he> :at ! imag9ative fri5d saw4 ,yet bo? may be "r 9 _! report1 only "o saw :at ! o!r _h no s5ses to p]ceive4 ,we only see & feel accord+ to our natures4 ,:at we are modifies :at we see4 ,out ( ! camomile fl[] ! physician makes a decoction1 & ! poet a song4 ,hi/ory is b a dri$ h]b>ium ( )]$ facts1 unless ! imag9ation int]pret !m4 ,i _c b smile at :at is call$ hi/ory2 & ( all hi/ory1 t ( our own ,roman _w seems ! /range/1 because1 p]haps1 ,i "k x be/40 8,ah60 ,i broke 91 8h[ "o wi%es y _h writt5 u famili> memoirs ( y\r "t1 & giv5 u "s intimate insight into y\r life1 y\r ?\ghts1 y\r daily do+s4 ,we h s to grope ab\t 9 ! d>k = any k ( y4 ,& !n1 9 ! hi/ory ( art1 :at dreadful blanks6 ,i d n feel assur$1 except f y\r #8,m$itations1' z we call !m1 & y\r lett]s1 t we really "k any?+ accurately ab\t y4 ,ab\t ! ,?und]+ ,legion1 = in/ance1--:at is ! tru?80 8,!re10 he answ]$1 8is an in/ance ( ! ease ) :i* a fable is made1 & h[ a simple fact may be tortur$ into an untru? m]ely to suit a purpose4 ,:5 ,i 0 on my campaign aga9/ ! ,quadi1 9 ! ye> #agd1 ! incid5t to :i* y ref] happ5$4 ,! spr+ _h be5 cold & late1 & sudd5ly ! heats ( summ] ov]took u 9 ! enemy's c\ntry4 ,aft] a long & difficult m>* on a v hot day1 we sudd5ly came ^u ! enemy1 :o1 desc5d+ f ! m\nta9s1 attack$ u1 ov]come ) fatigue1 9 ! pla9s4 ,! battle w5t aga9/ u = "s "t1 = my army suff]$ s f ?ir/ & heat & exhau/ion t !y 7 unable to repel ! attack1 & 7 =c$ back4 ,:ile !y 7 9 full retreat & confusion1 sudd5ly ! sky became cl\d$ ov]1 & a dr5*+ %[] p\r$ ^u u4 ,my m51 :o 7 dy+ ( ?ir/1 /opp$ fight+1 took (f _! helmets & rev]s$ _! %ields to cat* ! ra91 & :ile !y 7 ?us engag$ ! enemy r5ew$ _! assault ) d\ble fury4 ,all seem$ lo/1 :5 sudd5ly1 z sometimes occurs among ! m\nta9s1 a fi]ce w9d swept d[n ) t]rible peals ( ?und] & vivid fla%es ( lightn+2 ! ra9 *ang$ into hail1 :i* 0 bl[n & driv5 ) su* a fury into ! faces ( ! enemy t !y 7 conf\nd$ & confus$1 & began 9 _! turn to fall back4 ,my own m51 hav+ ! /orm only on _! backs1 refre%$ by ! ra9 !y _h drunk5 f _! %ields & helmets1 & cool$ by _! ba?1 n[ anew attack$1 &1 p\r+ ^u _! foe ) fury1 cut !m to pieces4 ,among my soldi]s at ?is "t !re 0 an old legion1 organiz$ 9 ! "t ( ,augu/us1 nam$ ! ,fulm9ata1 f ! fact t !y bore on _! %ields a ?und]bolt2 ^u ?is simple fact 0 f\nd$ ! /ory1 repeat$ by _m e>ly writ]s 9 ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*1 t ?is legion 0 compos$ ( ,*ri/ians only1 t ! /orm 0 a miracul\s int]position ( _! ,god 9 answ] to _! pray]1 & t !y !n receiv$ ! "n ( ,fulm9ata1 9 commemoration ( ?is miracle4 ,?is is ! simple tru? ( ! case4 ,my m5 said t ,jupit] ,pluvius came to _! aid1 & !y sacrific$ to him 9 gratitude2 & on ! column aft]w>ds d$icat$ to me by ! ,s5ate 9 commemoration ( my s]vices1 y w see ! sculptur$ figure ( ,jupit] ,pluvius1 f ^: be>d1 arms1 & head ! wat] is /ream+ to refre% my soldi]s1 :ile 8 ?und]bolts are fla%+ aga9/ ! b>b>ians40 ,z he spoke ^! words1 a fla% ( lightn+1 s int5se z to bl9d ! lamps1 gleam$ ?r\gh ! room1 foll[$ by a />tl+ peal ( ?und]1 :i* seem$ to %ake n only ! h\se b ! sky above u4 ,he smil$ & said1 8,we %\ld h said 9 old] "t t ,jupit] affirm$ ! tru? ( my /atem5t2 b y are above su* pu]ilities1 ,i suppose40 8,c]ta9ly ,i %\ld n say x 0 a sign f ,jupit]4 ,! ?und] 0 on ! left1 & t 0 consid]$ by y a good om51 0 x n8 #8,et cli g5itor de p>te s]5a ,intonuit lvum4'0 8,?is ?und] on ! left 0 consid]$ a good om54 ,b :at 0 x y said aft] y ask$ ! "q8 ,y seem$ to be mak+ a quotation 9 a /range tongue--at lea/ a tongue ,i nev] he>d40 8,t 0 ,lat910 ,i answ]$1 blu%+ a little1 8& f ,virgil--,virgilius1 p]haps ,i ought to say1 or p]haps ,m>o40 8,ah6 ,lat91 0 x80 he said4 8,i beg y\r p>don2 ,i ?\ght x might h be5 a *>m to av]t ! ,evil ,eye t y 7 utt]+40 8,z difficult to und]/& z ! ,eleus9ian my/]ies10 ,i said4 8,&1 by ! way1 :at 7 ! ,eleus9ian my/]ies80 8,!y 7 my/]ies6 ,i c m]ely say to y t !y conceal$ "u =mal rites ! wor%ip ( ! _s ( nature1 z symboliz$ 9 ,demet] & ,p]sephone & ,dionysos4 ,9 _! pure/ & hidd5 mean+1 !y repres5t$ ! trans=mation1 purification1 & resurrection ( humanity 9 a new =m & 9 ano!r exi/5ce4 ,b ,i am n at lib]ty to say m ?an ?is4 ,! outw>d rites 7 = ! multitude1 ! inn] mean+ = ! highe/ & mo/ develop$ m9ds4 ,7 x p]mitt$ to me to expla9 !m to y1 ,i ?9k y w\ld n take s l[ a view ( our religi\s philosophy z y n[ seem to h4 ,:at y he> & read ( 0 m]ely ! outw>d & my/ical drama1 ) its lu/rations & fa/+1 & cakes ( sesame & honey1 & processions--z symbolical 9 its way z y\r mass & baptism1 & hav+ z pure a significance4 8,b10 he cont9u$1 8to rev]t to ! que/ions :i* we 7 previ\sly discuss+4 ,x seems to me t 9 c]ta9 respects y\r fai? is n ev5 s satisfactory z ours2 = its t5d5cy is to degrade ! pres5t 9 view ( ! future1 & to debase humanity 9 its own view4 ,) u life 0 n consid]$ disgraceful1 nor man a mean & contemptible creature4 ,we did n sy/ematically humiliate ourselves & cr+e be=e ! div9e p[]s1 b /rove to /& erect1 & n to =get t we 7 made by ,god aft] 8 own image4 ,we did n affect t false humility :i* 9 ! view ( ! anci5t philosoph]s 0 contemptible--nay1 ev5 we ?\ght t ! pride ( humility 0 ( all ! mo/ despicable4 ,we s\ght to keep ourselves j1 ob$i5t to our be/ in/9cts1 temp]ate & simple1 look+ ^u life z a noble gift ( ! gods1 to be us$ = noble purposes4 ,we believ$1 beside ?is1 t virtue %\ld be practic$ = itself1 & n ?r\gh any hope ( rew>d or any fe> ( puni%m5t "h or h]eaft]4 ,to act up to our highe/ idea ( :at 0 "r 0 our pr9ciple1 n out ( t]ror or 9 ! hope ( conciliat+ ,god1 b because x 0 "r2 & to look calmly on dea?1 n z an evil1 b z a /ep onw>d to ano!r exi/5ce4 ,to desire no?+ too mu*2 to hold "o's self equal to any fate2 to keep "o's self 9 h>mony ) nature & ) "o's own nature2 calmly to endure :at is inevitable1 /eadily to ab/a9 f all t is wrong2 to rememb] t !re is no su* ?+ z mis=tune to ! brave & wise1 b only phantasms t falsely assume ^! %apes to %ake ! m9d2 t :5 :at we wi% does n happ51 we %\ld wi% :at does happ52 t ,god ha? giv5 u c\rage1 magnanimity1 & =titude1 s t we may /& up aga9/ invasions ( evil & be> mis=tune1--su* 7 our pr9ciples1 & !y enabl$ u to live h]oic lives1 v9dicat+ ! nobility ( human nature1 & n despis+ x z base & lo/2 believ+ 9 ! ju/ice ( ,god & n 9 8 caprice & enmity to any ( u1 & hav+ no ignoble fe> ( ! future40 8,b are n ^! pr9ciples = ! mo/ "p ours80 ,i answ]$4 8,d we n believe t virtue is ! gr& duty ( man8 ,d none ( u seek to live h]oic lives1 & sacrifice ourselves to d good to ! _w & to our bro!rs80 8,c]ta9ly1 y lead h]oic lives2 b y\r great pr9ciple is humility--y\r great motive1 rew>d or fe>4 ,y pr(ess to look on ?is life z mean & mis]able1 & on y\rselves z creatures ( ! du/2 & y decl>e t y h no claim to be sav$ f et]nal damnation by lead+ a j life1 b only by a caprici\s election h]eaft]4 ,y pr(ess t y\r ,god is a ,god ( love1 & y attribute to ,him enmity & inju/ice ( :i* y y\rself w\ld be a%am$4 ,y ?9k y are to be sav$ because ,*ri/ di$ on ! cross = y1 & y are n sure ( x ev5 !n4 ,b ) u e "o des]v$ to be tri$ on 8 own m]its1 & to expiate 8 own errors & crimes40 8,x is suppos$ by "s t y 7 half a ,*ri/ian y\rself4 ,is ?is s80 8,if y mean t ,i rev]5c$ ! life & doctr9es ( ,*ri/1 & saw 9 ,him a pure man1 ,i c]ta9ly did4 ,b 9 my pr9ciples ,i 0 a ,/oic purely1 & x is only z a philosoph] t ,i admir$ ! "* ( ,*ri/4 ,y ?9k ! pr9ciples ,he prea*$ 7 new2 !y 7 really z old z ! _w1 almo/4 ,8 life 0 blameless1 & ,he sacrific$ 8 life = 8 pr9ciples2 & = ?is ,i rev]5ce ,him1 b no fur!r4 ,8 foll[]s1 h[ev]1 7 f> less pure & self-d5y+1 & !y s\ght p[] & endeavor$ to ov]?r[ ! /ate40 8,0 x = ?is y p]secut$ !m80 ,i said4 8,i did n p]secute !m10 he answ]$4 8,z ,*ri/ians !y 7 p]fectly free 9 ,rome4 ,all religions 7 free1 & all admitt$4 ,no "o 0 int]f]$ ) m]ely = 8 religi\s belief & wor%ip1 :e!r x 7 t ( ,isis1 ( ,mi?ras1 ( ,jehovah1 or ( any o!r deity4 ,x 0 only :5 ! ,*ri/ians endeavor$ to atta9 to p[] & provoke di/urbance 9 ! /ate1 to abuse au?ority & set at defiance ! laws1 t x became necess>y--or at all ev5ts 0 consid]$ necess>y--to /op !m4 ,:5 !y 7 n cont5t ) wor%ip+ accord+ to _! own cre$1 b aggressively d5\nc$ ! popul> wor%ip z damnable1 & s\ght to ca/ public contempt on all gods b _! own1 !y outrag$ ! public s5se z mu* z if any "o n[ %\ld d5\nce ,*ri/ z a vagabond1 & seek by abuse to ov]?r[ y\r *ur* by all sorts ( blasphem\s language4 ,nor w\ld x matt] 9 ! lea/ 9 y\r own "t t any p]son s outrag+ dec5cy %\ld be absolutely hone/ 9 8 int5tions1 & assur$ 9 8 own m9d ( ! tru? ( 8 own doctr9es4 ,suppose "o /ep fur!r1--t any set ( m5 %\ld n only und]take to turn ,*ri/ into ridicule publicly1 b %\ld also abuse ! gov]nm5t & conspire to ov]?r[ ! mon>*y4 ,y w\ld !n h a case simil> to t ( ! ,*ri/ians 9 my day4 ,at all ev5ts1 x 0 believ$ t x 0 a settl$ plan ) !m to ov]?r[ ! empire1 & x 0 = ?is t !y 71 z y call x1 p]secut$4 ,= my own "p1 ,i 0 sorry = x1 deem+ 9 su* matt]s x 0 bett] to take no measures s sev]e2 b ,i p]sonally _h no?+ to d ) x4 ,x 0 ! fanatical zeal ( ! gov]nm5t1 :o1 act+ )\t my comm&s1 took advantage ( anci5t laws to puni% ! ,*ri/ians2 & ?is y\r own ,t]tullian w prove to y4 ,!y und\bt$ly suppos$ t ! ,*ri/ians 7 endeavor+ to create a political & social revolution1--t !y 7 9 fact ,communi/s1 z y w\ld n[ call !m1 int5t ^u ov]?r[+ ! /ate4 ,i confess t !re 0 a good deal ( color giv5 to su* a judgm5t by ! conduct ( ! ,*ri/ians4 ,b z = myself1 z ,i said1 ,i 0 oppos$ to any movem5t aga9/ !m1 believ+ !m all to be hone/ ( purpose1 ?\gh p]haps some:at excit$ & fanatical40 8,:y did y ?9k t !y 7 ,communi/s80 ,i ask$4 8,_h y any suffici5t gr\nds = su* a belief80 8,surely2 ! mo/ ample gr\nds 9 ! v tea*+s ( ,*ri/ himself4 ,8 sy/em 0 ess5tially communi/ic1 & no?+ else4 ,8 foll[]s & disciples 7 all ,communi/s2 !y all liv$ 9 common1 _h a common purse1 & no "o 0 all[$ to own any?+4 ,!y 7 ord]$ by ,*ri/ n to labor1 b to live f day to day1 & take no he$ ( ! future1 & lay up no?+1 b to sell all !y _h1 & live l ! rav5s4 ,*ri/ himself d5\nc$ ri*es con/antly--n ! wrong use ( ri*es1 b ! m]e possession ( !m2 & said x 0 easi] = a camel to g ?r\gh ! eye ( a ne$le1 ?an = a ri* man to inh]it ! k+dom ( heav51--n a bad ri* man1 obs]ve1 b any ri* man4 ,s1 too1 8 /ory ( ,laz>us & ,dives turns on ! same po9t4 ,x does n appe> t ,laz>us 0 good1 b only t he 0 poor2 nor does x appe> t ,dives 0 bad1 b only t he 0 ri*2 & :5 ,dives 9 ,hades prays = a drop ( wat]1 he is told t he _h ! good ?+s 9 8 lifetime1 & ,laz>us ! evil ?+s1 & t !re=e he is n[ torm5t$1 & ,laz>us is com=t$40 8,b1 surely10 ,i answ]$1 8x 0 int5d$ to mean t ,dives _h n us$ 8 ri*es prop]ly80 8,no?+ is said ( ! k9d1 or ev5 intimat$2 = all t appe>s1 ,dives may h be5 a good man1 & ,laz>us n4 ,! only app>5t virtue ( ,laz>us is1 t he 0 a begg>2 ! only fault ( ,dives1 t he 0 ri*4 ,d y n rememb]1 also1 ! ri* "y man :o desir$ to become "o ( ,*ri/'s foll[]s1 & ask$ :at he %\ld d to be sav$8 ,*ri/ told him t do+ ! comm&m5ts1 & be+ virtu\s & hone/1 0 n en\gh2 b t he mu/ sell all t he _h1 & give x to ! poor1 & !n he c\ld foll[ ,him1 & n o!rwise2 & ! ri* good man 0 v sorr[ful1 & w5t away4 ,:at does all ?is mean b ,communism8 ,yes2 ! sy/em ,he w\ld c>ry out 0 community ( goods1 & ,he w\ld p]mit no "o to h possessions ( 8 own4 ,?is /ruck at ! roots ( all e/abli%$ law & rights ( prop]ty1 & naturally made 8 sect fe>$ & hat$ among c]ta9 classes 9 ,rome40 8,i am a/oni%$10 ,i said1 8to f9d t y h s c>efully /udi$ ! records ( ! tea*+s & doctr9es ( ,*ri/40 8,is x n ! duty ( any man10 he answ]$1 8especially ( "o 9 a responsible position1 c>efully to consid] ! argum5ts & doctr9es ( all :o are s9c]e & e>ne/ 9 _! convictions1 &1 h[ev] av]se !y may be f our preconceiv$ op9ions1 to weigh !m1 z f> z possible1 calmly1 & )\t prejudice1 & see :at !y really are & :at tru? !re may be 9 !m8 & 0 n ?is peculi>ly incumb5t on me 9 ! case ( s noble & spiritual a tea*] z ,*ri/8 ,0 x n my duty to endeavor1 z f> z 9 me lay1 fir/ to recognize ! great pr9ciples ( 8 tea*+1 & !n 9 _! light to exam9e & weigh 8 v words z f> z !y are au!ntically report$ to u by 8 foll[]s8 ,x is ?is fix$ notion1 f :i* we _c easily free ourselves1 t we 9 our own views alone c be "r1 t %uts up ! m9d & encru/s our fai? ) sup]/itions4 ,we at our be/ are m]ely m51 subject to errors1 %ort-sight$1 fix$ 9 prejudices1 & see+ b a "p ( any?+4 ,no sy/em ( religion ev] embrac$ all tru?2 no sy/em is )\t gleams ( x2 all recognize a high] p[] above u & beyond our compreh5sion2 & no?+ is m unbecom+ ?an to scorn :at we h n ev5 /riv5 to und]/&1 or to %ut our e>s & our m9ds to any doctr9e or fai? :i* is e>ne/ly1 s]i\sly prop\nd$ & accept$ by o!rs4 ,un=tunately1 x is ?is n>r[-m9d$ness & arrogance ( op9ion :i* has always imp$$ ! gr[? & developm5t ( tru?4 ,!re is no?+ s bitt] z religi\s controv]sy1--no?+ :i* has s petrifi$ our intellig5ce or has begott5 su* crimes & su* p]secutions4 ,!re=e x 0 t ,i deem$ x my duty to /udy & endeavor to und]/& ! doctr9e & belief ( all s9c]e m9ds1 :e!r ( ^? :o wor%ip$ ,jehovah or ,zeus1 ,mi?ras or ,*ri/1 & n to reject !m z wick$ or errone\s simply because !y 7 av]se f ! fai? 9 :i* ,i _h be5 educat$4 ,w y excuse me if ,i say t :at amazes me 9 reg>d to ! ,*ri/ian fai? is1 t :ile x is claim$ t ,*ri/ is ,god1 & !re=e to be implicitly obey$ 9 all 8 comm&s1 s little intellig5ce is %[n 9 /udy+ ^? comm&s1 & su* willful p]v]sion 9 avoid+ !m ev5 :5 !y are pla9ly enunciat$2 & aga91 t :ile claim+ t love & =giv5ess are ! v corn]-/one ( y\r fai?1 y ,*ri/ians none ! less n only accept w> & battle z arbitram5ts ( "r1 b 9 ! "n ( y\r great f\nd]1--nay1 ( y\r v ,god1--h endeavor$ at times to en=ce ^? doctr9es by ! mo/ hide\s ( crimes1 & by :olesale slaught] ( ^? :o diff]$ f y 9 m9or p>ticul>s ( fai?2 & /ill m1 d con/antly ev5 n[ exhibit su* n>r[-m9d$ adh]5ce to m]e words & texts1 )\t consid]ation ( ! great pr9ciples :i* und]lie !m & 9 ! light ( :i* surely !y are to be int]pret$4 ,y are all ,*ri/ians n[1 9 ,rome4 ,y pr(ess absolute fai? 9 ! tea*+ ( ,*ri/4 ,y pr(ess to consid] 8 life z ! great exempl> = all m54 ,d y foll[ x8 ,d y1 = in/ance1 ?9k x 9 accordance ) 8 tea*+ or 8 example to devote y\r lives selfi%ly to ! lay+ up ( ri*es = y\r own individual luxuries1 to clo! y\rselves 9 purple & f9e l951 to make broad y\r phylact]ies1 or to use va9 repetitions 9 y\r pray]s z ! hea!n d1 /&+ 9 ! synagogues & at ! corn]s ( ! /reets1 & to play ! "p ( ,dives :ile ,laz>us is />v+ at y\r gates8 ,are y any bett] ?an we hea!ns1 z y call u1 9 all ?is8 ,d y ?9k ,*ri/ w\ld h done ?us1 or smil$ approval on all y d 9 8 "n8 ,ah6 y say1 x w\ld be impossible = u /rictly to c>ry out ?is sy/em ( ,*ri/4 ,x is beautiful1 b ideal1 & = u1 9 ! pres5t /ate ( ! _w1 absolutely impracticable4 ,b h y ev] tri$ x8 ,h y ev] ev5 s\ght to try x1 & to hold a common purse = ! int]e/ ( all80 ,i _h to b[ my head1 & admit t 9 t high s5se we are n ,*ri/ians4 8,b10 ,i said1 8to foll[ exactly all ^! comm&s1 to c>ry out all ^! doctr9es1 ev5 to imitate 8 example z set be=e u 9 8 life1 w\ld be to revolutionize ! _w40 8,b does n ! _w ne$ revolutioniz+10 he said1 8accord+ to y\r own pr9ciples80 8,we d :at we c1 at lea/ we endeavor to d s1 z f> z we are able40 8,are y sure ev5 ( t80 he repli$4 8,are y sure x is n mammon t y really wor%ip1 & n ,*ri/8 ,b ,i w say no m4 ,y are b mortal m5 z we 72 & man is fallible & weak1 & our k is b half-k at be/1 & our love & fai? h b feeble w+s to lift u above ! e>? on :i* we dwell4 ,look ^u u1 !re=e1 z y w\ld be look$ ^u y\rselves1 & be n too /]n on our %ortcom+s4 ,we _h our vices & faults & defici5cies z y h y\rs1 b we _h also our virtues1 & 7 on ! :ole z high ( purpose1 z self-sacrific+1 z pure ev5 z y2 b man nei!r !n nor n[ has l$ an ideal life4 8,b to return to :at we 7 say+ ab\t our treatm5t ( ,*ri/ians4 ,let me add 9 my own ju/ification t ,i = myself nev] _h any h& 9 p]secutions1 ei!r ( ,*ri/ians or ( o!rs1 nor 0 ,i ev] aw>e t !y 7 p]secut$4 ,i knew t p]sons :o happ5$ to be ,*ri/ians 7 puni%$ = political (f5ses2 & t 0 all1 ,i ?9k1 t happ5$4 ,believe me1 my s\l 0 av]se f all su* ?+s1 nor w\ld ,i ev] all[ ev5 my enemies to be p]secut$1 mu* less ^? :o m]ely diff]$ f me on moral & philosophical !ses4 ,nay1 ,i may say !y diff]$ little f me ev5 on ^! po9ts1 z y may well see if y read my lett]s on ! subject ( ! prop] treatm5t ( "o's enemies1 writt5 to ,lucius ,v]us1 or if y w ref] to t little di>y ( m9e 9 ,pannonia1 :]e9 ,i 0 n s base z to lie to myself40 8,inde$10 ,i cri$2 8t book is a preci\s record ( ! pure/ & highe/ morality40 8',tis a poor ?+10 he answ]$1 8b s9c]e4 ,i /rove to act up to my be/ pr9ciples2 b life is difficult1 & man is n wise1 & our op9ions are (t5 incorrect4 ,/ill1 ,i /rove to act accord+ to my nature2 to d ! ?+s :i* 7 fit = me1 & n to be div]t$ f !m by fe> ( any blame2 to keep ! div9e "p 9 me tranquil & cont5t2 & to look ^u dea? & life1 honor & di%onor1 pa9 & pleasure1 z nei!r good nor evil 9 !mselves1 b only 9 ! way 9 :i* we receive !m4 ,= fame ,i s\ght n2 = :at is fame b a smoke t vani%es1 a riv] t runs dry1 a lamp t soon is ext+ui%$--a tale ( a day1 & sc>cely ev5 s mu*8 ,!re=e1 x b5efits u n deeply to consid] x1 b to pass on ?r\gh ! little space assign$ to u con=mably to nature1 & 9 cont5t1 & to leave x at la/ grateful = :at we h receiv$1 j z an olive falls (f :5 x is ripe1 bless+ nature :i* produc$ x1 & ?ank+ ! tree on :i* x grew4 ,s1 also1 x is our duty n to defile ! div9ity 9 our brea/1 b to foll[ x tranquilly & ob$i5tly z a god1 say+ no?+ contr>y to tru?1 & do+ no?+ contr>y to ju/ice4 ,= our op9ions are b runn+ /reams1 fl[+ 9 v>i\s ways2 b tru? & ju/ice are ev] ! same1 & p]man5t1 & our op9ions break ab\t !m z ! waves r\nd a rock1 :ile !y /& firm =ev]4 ,= e accid5t ( life !re is a correspond+ virtue to ex]cise2 & if we consult ! div9e )9 u1 we "k :at x is4 ,z we _c avoid ! inevitable1 we %\ld accept x )\t murmur+2 = we _c /ruggle aga9/ ! gods )\t injur+ ourselves4 ,= ! good we d to o!rs1 we h our imm$iate rew>d2 = ! evil t o!rs d to u1 if we cease to ?9k ( x1 !re is no evil to u4 ,x is by accept+ an (f5se1 & ent]ta9+ x 9 our ?\ghts1 t we increase x1 & r5d] ourselves unhappy1 & veil our reason1 & di/urb our s5ses4 ,z = our life1 x %\ld be giv5 to prop] objects1 or x w n be dec5t 9 itself2 = a man is ! same 9 quality z ! object t engages 8 ?\ghts4 ,our :ole nature takes ! color ( our ?\ghts & actions4 ,we %\ld also be c>eful to keep ourselves f ra% & premature judgm5ts ab\t m5 & ?+s2 = (t5 a seem+ wrong done to u is a wrong only ?r\gh our misappreh5sion1 & aris+ f our fault4 ,& s1 mak+ life z hone/ z possible & calmly do+ our duty 9 ! pres5t1 z ! h\r & ! act require1 & n too curi\sly consid]+ ! future beyond u1 /&+ ev] erect1 & believ+ t ! gods are j1 we may make our passage ?r\gh ?is life no di%onor to ! ,p[] t plac$ u "h4 ,?r\gh\t ! e>ly portion ( my life1 my fa!r1 ,anton9us ,pius1--,i call him my fa!r1 = he 0 ev] de> to me1 & 0 l a fa!r1--taught me to be labori\s & assidu\s1 to be s]5e & j1 to be sob] & k9d1 to be brave & )\t envy or vanity2 & on 8 dea?-b$1 :5 he felt ! %ad[ com+ ov] him1 he ord]$ ! capta9 ( ! gu>d to transf] to me ! gold5 /atuette ( ,=tune1 & gave him 8 la/ wat*word ( #8,equanimity4' ,f t day to ! day :51 9 my turn1 ,i left ! c>es ( empire & ( life1 ,i ev] kept t wat*word 9 my he>t--equanimity2 nor d ,i "k a bett] "o = any man40 8,oh1 tell me1 = y "k10 ,i cri$1 8:at is !re beh9d ?is d>k veil :i* we call dea?8 ,y h told me ( y\r op9ions & ?\ghts & pr9ciples ( life1 "h2 b ( t life h]eaft] y h n said a ^w4 ,:at is x80 ,!re 0 a blank sil5ce4 ,i look$ up--! *air 0 empty6 ,t noble figure 0 no long] !re4 8,fool t ,i 060 ,i cri$2 8:y did ,i discuss ) him ^! n>r[ que/ions belong+ to life & hi/ory1 & leave t /up5d\s "q unask$ :i* torm5ts u all1 & ( :i* he c\ld h giv5 ! solution80 ,i rose f my *air1 & aft] walk+ up & d[n ! room sev]al m9utes1 ) ! influ5ce ( him :o _h left me /ill fill+ my be+ z a ref9$ & delicate odor1 ,i w5t to ! w9d[1 pu%$ wide ! curta9s1 & look$ out ^u ! night4 ,! cl\ds 7 brok51 & ?r\gh a rift ( deep1 int5se blue1 ! moon 0 look+ out on ! e>?4 ,f> away1 ! heavy & ragg$ /orm 0 hov]+ ov] ! m\nta9s1 sull5 & black1 & ,i recall$ ! words ( ,/4 ,paul to ! ,romans3-- 8,:5 ! ,g5tiles1 :i* h n ! law1 d by nature ! ?+s conta9$ 9 ! law1 ^!1 hav+ n ! law1 are a law unto !mselves20 & 8! do]s ( ! law %all be ju/ifi$40 ,,di/ortions ,,( ,,! ,,engli% ,,/age ,,z ,,in/anc$ ,,9 8,,macbe?40 ,art is art because x is n nature1 is ! motto ( ! ,ideali/i2 ,art is b ! imitation ( nature1 say ! ,naturali/i4 ,! tru? lies betwe5 ! two4 ,art is nei!r nature alone1 nor c x d )\t nature4 ,no imitation1 h[ev] accurate1 = imitation's sake makes a good "w ( art 9 any o!r ?an a me*anical s5se4 ,& e "w ( art 9 :i* ! objects repres5t$ are inaccurately or imp]fectly imitat$ is 9 s f> defici5t4 ,b art works by sugge/ion z well z by imitation4 ,:atev] is untrue to ! imag9ation fails to produce its prop] effect1 h[ev] true x be to ! fact4 ,! mo/ absolute realism w n answ] ! high] dem& ( ! imag9ation = ideal tru?4 ,art is n simply ! reproduction ( nature1 b nature z modifi$ & color$ by ! _s ( ! arti/4 ,x is a cry/allization out ( nature ( all elem5ts & facts relat$ by aff9ity to ! idea int5d$ to be embodi$4 ,^! solely x %\ld elim9ate & draw to itself1 leav+ ! re/ z uness5tial4 ,a lit]al adh]5ce to all ! accid5ts ( nature is n only n necess>y 9 art1 b may ev5 be fatal4 ,! enum]ation ( all ! leaves 9 a tree does n reproduce a tree to ! imag9ation1 :ile a :ole l&scape may be compress$ into a s+le v]se4 ,betwe5 ! ideal & ! natural s*ool !re is a p]petual /ruggle4 ,"u ! purely ideal treatm5t art becomes vague & insipid2 "u ! purely natural treatm5t x becomes lit]al & prosaic4 ,! ,pre-,raphaelites1 9 prote/+ aga9/ weak s5tim5talism & vague g5]alization1 & dem&+ an hone/ /udy ( nature1 h fall5 into ! error ( exagg]at+ ! importance ( m9ute detail1 &1 by insi/+ too /rongly on lit]al tru?1 h sometimes lo/ sight ( t ideal tru? :i* is ( high] wor?4 ,b _! "w 0 ne$$1 & x has be5 bravely done4 ,!y h r\s$ ! age out ( t dull conv5tionalism 9 :i* x _h fall5 asleep4 ,!y h /imulat$ ?\ght1 revivifi$ s5tim5t1 & reass]t$ ) ^w & de$ ! necessity ( nature z a true basis ( art4 ,z 9 ! arts ( pa9t+ & sculpture1 s 9 ! drama & on ! /age a /rong reaction is tak+ place aga9/ ! /ilt$ conv5tionalism & elaborate artifice ( ! la/ g5]ation4 ,su* plays z ! 8,n9a ,s=za0 ( ,mr4 ,tr\ghton1 ! 8,leg5d ( ,flor5ce0 ( ,mr4 ,leigh ,hunt1 & ! 8,blot 9 ! #8,scut*eon0 & 8,colombe's ,bir?day0 ( ,mr4 ,br[n+1 are vigor\s prote/s aga9/ ! feeble pret5sions & artificial trag$ies ( ! previ\s c5tury4 ,! poems & plays ( ,mr4 ,br[n+ brea! a new life2 & if z yet !y h only f\nd 8fit audi5ce ?\gh few10 !y are /imulat+ ! be/ ?\ght ( ?is age1 & sl[ly infus+ a new life & _s into x4 ,b ! traditions ( ! /age are v /rong 9 ,engl&1 & are n easily to be root$ out4 ,! ,engli% public has become accu/om$ to c]ta9 traditional & conv5tional modes ( act+1 :i* int]f]e ) ! fre$om ( ! actor1 & cramp 8 g5ius )9 artificial =ms4 ,!re is almo/ no attempt on ! ,engli% /age to repres5t life z x really is4 ,tradition & conv5tion /& 9 ! /ead ( nature4 ,f ! mom5t an actor puts 8 foot on ! /age he is taught to m\? & declaim4 ,he /udies r to make tell+ po9ts ?an to give a consi/5t :ole to ! "* he repres5ts4 ,8 utt]ance & action are false & 8/agey40 ,9 quiet sc5es he is pomp\s & /ilt$2 9 tragic sc5es1 rant+ & viol5t4 ,he nev] =gets 8 audi5ce1 b1 /&+ be=e ! footlights1 con/antly addresses himself to !m z if !y 7 p]sonages 9 ! play4 ,habit at la/ becomes a second nature2 8 ta/e becomes corrupt$1 & he ceases to /rive to be simple & natural4 ,!re is1 9 a ^w1 no defect aga9/ :i* ,hamlet w>ns ! actor :i* is n a *>act]i/ic feature ( ,engli% act+4 ,x nev] 8holds ! mirror up to nature10 b is always 8ov]done10 )\t 8temp]ance10 full ( m\?+1 /rutt+1 bell[+1 & noise4 ,x 8te>s a passion to tatt]s1 to v rags1 to split ! e>s ( ! gr\ndl+s40 ,& 8!re be play]s t ,i h se5 play1 & he>d o!rs praise1 & t highly1 n to speak x pr(anely1 t1 hav+ nei!r ! acc5t ( ,*ri/ians nor ! gait ( ,*ri/ian1 pagan1 nor ,turk1 h s /rutt$ & bell[$1 t ,i h ?\ght "s ( ,nature's j\rneym5 _h made m51 & n made !m well1 !y imitat$ humanity s abom9ably20 & ?is ne$s to be re=m$ altoge!r4 ,^! words ( ,%akespe>e %[ t ev5 9 8 "t ! inflat$1 pomp\s1 & artificial /yle /ill 9 vogue on ! ,engli% /age 0 a national *>act]i/ic4 ,we h sc>cely improv$1 s9ce old traditions cl+ & hold ! /age 9 mortma94 ,re=m moves sl[ly ev]y:]e 9 ,engl&2 b ! two in/itutions :i* oppose to x ! mo/ ob/9ate resi/ance are ! *ur* & ! !atre4 ,9 bo? ( ^! tradition /&s = ne>ly z mu* z revelation4 ,ea* adh]es to its old =ms1 z if !y conta9$ its true ess5ce2 ea* believes t ^? =ms once brok51 ! :ole _s w\ld be lo/2 j z if !y 7 phials :i* conta9$ a preci\s liquid1 & mu/ be !re=e pres]v$ at all co/s4 ,! idea t ! liquid c be q z well1 & p]haps bett]1 kept 9 diff]5t phials has nev] occurr$ to !m4 ,!y w die = ! phial4 ,/ill x is pla9 t a /rong reaction aga9/ ?is bigot$ admiration ( traditional & conv5tional =ms is n[ p]ceptible4 ,! facilities ( travel & int]c\rse ) o!r nations h eng5d]$ new notions & modifi$ old ones4 ,x is impossible to comp>e ! ,fr5* & ,italian /age ) ! ,engli%1 & n p]ceive ! va/ inf]iority ( ! latt]4 ,9 ! "o we see nature1 simplicity1 & life2 9 ! o!r1 ! galvanism ( artificial conv5tion4 ,x _c be d5i$ t ! rec5t act+ ( ,hamlet by ,fe*t] 0 to ! ,engli% m9d a d>+ & d\btful innovation4 ,x 0 some?+ s utt]ly diff]5t 9 _s & /yle f t to :i* we h be5 accu/om$ t x creat$ a s5sation2 & :ile x f\nd _m ard5t admir]s1 x f\nd q z _m vehem5t oppos]s4 ,! public rang$ !mselves 9 two p>ties2 ! "o insi/+ t ! traditional & artificial s*ool1 z repres5t$ by ,g>rick1 ! eld] ,kean1 & ,cooke1 0 ! only safe guide = ! tragic actor2 & ! o!r argu+ t z ! true function ( ! /age 0 to hold up ! mirror to nature1 act+ %\ld be z mu* l life & z little l act+ z possible4 ,! =m]1 at ! head ( :i* 7 ! fri5ds ( ,mr4 ,*>les ,kean1 made a public demon/ration 9 8 behalf1 & sc\t$ ^! newfangl$ ,fr5* notions ( act+4 ,0 x to be suppos$ t any s*ool ( act+ c\ld be sup]ior to t creat$ & e/abli%$ 9 ,engl& by ! g5ius ( su* actors z ,g>rick1 ! eld] ,kean1 & ,cooke8 ,%\ld =eign]s presume to tea* u h[ to int]pret & repres5t plays :i* _h be5 ! /udy ( ! ,engli% p = c5turies8 ,to ?is x 0 oppos$ t1 h[ev] mortify+ to u1 x 0 a fact t ! ,g]mans _h l$ ! way to a pr(\nd] & m metaphysical /udy ( ,%akespe>e1 & _h taught u 9 _m ways h[ to und]/& 8 plays1 & t !re=e !re 0 no reason :y =eign]s might n tea* u h[ to act !m4 ,! v fact t _! eyes 7 n bl9d$1 nor _! tongues ti$ by traditional conv5tions1 enabl$ !m to /udy ,%akespe>e ) m fre$om & directness4 ,!re 0 no deep rut ( anci5t usage out ( :i* !y 7 =c$ to wr5* !mselves4 ,&1 besides1 x 0 affirm$1 & ) tru?1 t ! ,engli% /age is ! je] ( ! _w1 & ne$s ?or\gh re=m4 ,we h inde$ made little progress 9 re=m+ ! /age4 ,mr4 ,*>les ,kean has devot$ 8 tal5ts to improv+ ! w>drobe & sc5]y1 & has s f> done good s]vice2 b 9 ! ess5tial matt] ( act+ we are ne>ly :]e we 7 9 ! pa/ c5tury4 ,:ile ! backgr\nd & dresses are re=m$1 & ! bag-wig 9 :i* ,g>rick play$ ,hamlet is ?r[n aside1 we h c>efully pres]v$ all ! old po9ts1 all ! /age-tricks1 & all ! /ilt$ intonations ( ! artificial s*ool2 & ! consequ5ce is1 t ! sole reality is 9 t :i* is ! lea/ ess5tial4 ,! att5tion is ?us )drawn f ! actor to ! sc5]y1 & we h a spectacle in/ead ( a trag$y4 ,! backgr\nd is real1 b ! actor is conv5tional2 ! blanket has usurp$ ! prom95t place1 & ,%akespe>e has retir$ beh9d x4 ,! bur/s ( g5ius ) :i* ,g>rick />tl$ ! h\se1 & made ! audi5ce =get 8 bag-wig1 are want+1 b all 8 tricks are pres]v$2 ! corpse is /ill !re1 b ! _s he put into x is gone4 ,9 com$y !re is z little resemblance to real life z 9 trag$y2 humor & wit are trave/i$ by buffoon]y & grimace4 ,in/ead ( pictures ( life z x is1 we h grotesque daubs & c>icatures1 s exagg]at$ & f>cical 9 _! "* z to 8make ! judici\s grieve40 ,! actor & ! audi5ce react ^u ea* o!r4 ,! audi5ce are g5]ally un$ucat$1 & = ! mo/ "p agree ) ,p>tridge 9 8 comm5t on 8,hamlet30 8,give me ! k+ = my money10 says he4 ,! actors mu/ b[ to ?is l[ ta/e1-- 8,= !y :o live to please mu/ please to live40 ,b tradition has worse s9s to answ] =4 ,x has n only ru9$ our national act+1 b 9 "s cases has ov]%ad[$ ! drama itself1 & p]v]t$ ! mean+ ( "s ( ! greate/ plays ( ,%akespe>e4 ,hamlet is n ,hamlet on ! ,engli% /age2 he is ! tall1 impos+ figure ( ,john ,kemble2 d>k1 melodramatic1 & dress$ 9 black velvet4 ,/rive z we w1 we _c imag9e him z ! light-hair$ ,dane1 easy & dreamy ( temp]am5t1 8fat & scant ( brea?10 ess5tially metaphysical1 hat+ physical action1 & want+ en]gy to put 8 ?\ghts into de$s4 ,! :ole _s ( ! act$ ,hamlet is s\!rn2 t ( ! real ,hamlet is purely nor!rn4 ,we h inde$ brok5 ?r\gh an old tradition1 accord+ to :i*1 incr$ible z x may seem1 ,%ylock us$ to be act$ z a comic "*1 ?\gh we are /ill f> f a real und]/&+ ( 8 "*4 ,b ( all ! plays ( ,%akespe>e none is s grossly misund]/ood z 8,macbe?40 ,nor is ?is misappreh5sion conf9$ to ! /age2 x prevails ev5 among ^? :o h zeal\sly /udi$ & admir$ ,%akespe>e4 ,z ,john ,kemble /&s = ,hamlet 9 our imag9ations1 s does ,mrs4 ,siddons = ,lady ,macbe?4 ,%e has completely trans=m$ ?is wond]ful creation ( ,%akespe>e's1 di/ort$ its true features1 & s /amp$ ^u x h] own individuality1 t :5 we ?9k ( "o we h ! figure ( ! o!r 9 our m9ds4 ,! ,lady ,macbe? ( ,mrs4 ,siddons is ! only ,lady ,macbe? we "k & believe 94 ,%e is ! imp]i\s1 wick$1 cruel wife ( ,macbe?1 urg+ on h] weak & k9dhe>t$ husb& to abom9able crimes solely to gratify h] own ambiti\s & evil nature4 ,%e is )\t he>t1 t5d]ness1 or remorse4 ,devili% 9 "*1 viol5t 9 purpose1 %e is ! s\l ( ! :ole play2 ! plott] & in/igator ( all its horrors2 a fi5d-l creature1 :o1 hav+ a complete ma/]y ov] ,macbe?1 works him to madness by h] taunts1 & rel5tlessly drives him on aga9/ 8 w to ! commission ( 8 t]rible crimes4 ,we hate h]1 z we pity ,macbe?4 ,he is weak ( purpose1 amiable ( disposition1 8full ( ! milk ( human k9dness10 an unwill+ in/rum5t ( all h] evil designs1 :o1 want+ =ce ( w & /r5g? ( "*1 yields reluctantly to h] inf]nal temptations4 ,no?+ c\ld m cle>ly prove ! great g5ius ( ,mrs4 ,siddons1 ?an t %e has be5 able s to /amp ^u ! public m9d ?is amaz+ misconception1 t1 despite all ! c>eful /udy :i* ( late ye>s has be5 giv5 to ,%akespe>e1 ?is notion ( ! "* ( ,lady ,macbe? & ,macbe? %\ld /ill prevail4 ,yet s deeply is x root$1 & s univ]sal1 t :oev] attempts to eradicate x w f9d 8 task mo/ difficult4 ,b1 believ+ x to be an utt] di/ortion ( ! *>act]s z ,%akespe>e drew !m1 & s at v>iance ) ! int]ior ?\ght1 conduct1 & developm5t ( ! play z n only entirely to obscure its real mean+1 b to oblit]ate all its f9e/ & mo/ delicate features1 we v5ture to ent] ^u ?is difficult task4 ,macbe? & 8 wife1 s f> f be+ ! *>act]s above describ$1 are _! direct opposites4 ,he is ! villa91 :o c nev] satiate himself ) crimes4 ,%e1 hav+ committ$ "o crime1 dies ( remorse4 ,%e is ess5tially a woman--acts sudd5ly & viol5tly1 & !n breaks d[n1 & wa/es h] life & ?\ghts 9 bitt] rep5tance4 ,he is1 on ! contr>y1 ess5tially a man--:o resolves sl[ly & ) calculation1 b once det]m9$ & ent]$ ^u a c\rse ( action1 ob/9ately pursues x to ! end1 haunt$ by no remorse = 8 crimes1 & agitat$ by no regrets & d\bts1 s long z 8 wick$ plans d n misc>ry4 ,! spr+ ( 8 nature is ambition2#bh & 9 work+ out 8 ends he is cruel1 pitiless1 & bloody4 ,he is )\t a s+le good trait ( "*2 & f ! beg9n+ to ! end ( ! play1 at e /ep1 he develops deep] abysses ( cruelty & inhumanity 9 8 nature4 ,:5 he is fir/ pres5t$ to u1 we1 9 common ) ,lady ,macbe?1 are completely unaw>e ( 8 bas5ess4 ,he is a ?or\gh hypocrite1 & deceives u1 z he deceiv$ h]4 ,we see t he has a grasp+ ambition1 b we believe t he is amiable & weak ( purpose1 = s ,lady ,macbe? tells u2 b z ! play goes on1 8 "* develops itself1 & at la/ we f9d t he has nei!r he>t nor t5d]ness = anybody or any?+2 t 8 w is unconqu]able2 t he is utt]ly )\t moral s5se1 is hopelessly selfi%1 & wick$ly cruel4 ,all he loves is p[]4 ,8 ambition is insatiable4 ,x gr[s by :at x fe$s on4 ,! m he has1 ! m he desires1 & he is ready to commit e k9d ( horror = ! sake ( atta9+ 8 object4 ,he is re/ra9$ by no scruples ( honor1 by no claims ( fri5d%ip1 by no s5sitiv5ess ( consci5ce4 ,he murd]s 8 sov]eign1 f :om he has j receiv$ l>ge gifts & honors 9 8 own h\se2 & !n in/antly compasses ! dea? ( 8 ne>e/ fri5d & gue/1 ,banquo4 ,n cont5t ) ?is1 he !n seeks ! life ( ,macduff2 &1 enrag$ because he has fl$1 savagely & 9 cold blood puts ! :ole ( 8 family to ! sword4 ,!re is a /eady gr[? ( evil 9 8 "* f ! beg9n+ to ! end1 or r a /eady developm5t ( 8 evil nature4 ,malcolm & ,macduff1 :o at fir/ 7 8 fri5ds & companions1 aft]w>ds1 :5 !y _h le>n$ to 8"k0 him1 call him 8trea*]\s0 & 8devili%40 ,s f> f agree+ 9 ! "* giv5 ( him by ,lady ,macbe?1 !y say1-- 8,macduff4 ,n 9 ! legions ,( horrid hell c come a devil m damn$ ,9 evil to top ,macbe?4 ,malcolm4 ,i grant him bloody1 ,luxuri\s1 av>ici\s1 false1 deceitful1 ,sudd51 malici\s1 smack+ ( e s9 ,t has a "n40 ,yet ev5 !y admit t 8,?is tyrant1 ^: sole "n bli/]s our tongues1 ,0 once ?\ght hone/40 ,z he _h deceiv$ ! _w1 s he deceiv$ 8 wife4 ,8 bloody & trea*]\s nature 0 at fir/ z unkn[n to h] z to 8 fri5ds4 ,z !y ?\ght him 8hone/10 %e ?\ght him amiable & infirm ( purpose1 greatly ambiti\s1 & "o :o w\ld 8wrongly w910 b yet k9dly ( nature4 ,fi]y temptations _h n z yet br\ght out ! secret writ+ ( 8 "*4 ,x 0 ) ,macbe? z x 0 ) ,n]o3 _! real natures did n exhibit !mselves at fir/2 b :5 once !y began to develop1 _! gr[? 0 rapid & t]rible4 ,& 9 ea* ( !m !re 0 a ve9 ( madness4 ,ess5tially a hypocrite1 & secretive by nature1 ,macbe? _h pass$ = only a brave & /]n soldi] :5 he fir/ makes 8 appe>ance4 ,yet ev5 9 8 fi]ce ,norwegian fight we see a viol5t & bloody _s4 ,9 ! v beg9n+ ( ! play1 "o ( 8 soldi]s describes him1 9 8 enc\nt] ) ,macdonald1 z "o :o1-- 8,disda9+ =tune1 ) 8 br&i%$ /eel1 ,:i* smok$ ) bloody execution1 ,l ,val\r's m9ion1 ,c>v$ out 8 passage till he fac$ ! slave2 ,& ne'er %ook h&s nor bade f>ewell to him ,till he unseam$ him f ! nape to ! *aps1 ,& fix$ 8 head ^u our battlem5ts40 ,?is is r a grim picture1 & sc>cely corresponds to ! "* usually assign$ to ,macbe?4 ,"h is n only no infirmity ( purpose1 b a /]n1 unwav]+ resolution1 c>v+ its way ?r\gh all difficulties & aga9/ all opposition4 ,?us f>1 h[ev]1 all 8 de$s _h be5 loyal & = a lawful purpose4 ,/ill )9 8 he>t burnt1 z he himself says1 8black & deep desires10 & only circum/ances & opportunities 7 ne$$ to %[ t he c\ld be z fi]ce & bloody 9 crime z he _h %[n himself 9 do+ a soldi]'s duty4 ,!y 7 already urg+ him 9 ! v fir/ sc5e2 b1 secretive ( nature1 he kept !m out ( sight4 8,/>s1 hide y\r fires2 ,let n light see my black & deep desires2 ,! eye w9k at ! h&2 yet let t be1 ,:i* ! eye fe>s1 :5 x is done1 to see40 ,?us he cries to himself z he spe$s to 8 wife4 ,! 8murd]10 :i* 0 b an h\r be=e 8fanta/ical10 has n[ become a fix$ resolve4 ,a nature l ?is1 secretive1 false1 deceitful1 & wick$1 :i* _h ?us f> satisfi$ itself 9 a legitimate way1 &1 hav+ no temptation 9 8 own h\se1 _h nev] %[n its real %ape !re1 w\ld naturally n h be5 und]/ood by 8 wife4 ,glimpses %e might h ( :at he 01 b n a ?or\gh und]/&+ ( him4 ,bl9d$ by h] p]sonal atta*m5t to him1 & h]self ess5tially 8 opposite 9 "*1 z we %all see1 %e w\ld naturally h mis9t]pret$ him4 ,! secretive nature is always a puzzle to ! frank nature4 ,accu/om$ to g /raight to h] object1 :e!r good or bad1 %e 0 completely deceiv$ by 8 hypocritical & s5tim5tal pret5ses1 & suppos$ 8 nature to be 8full ( ! milk ( human k9dness40 ,b "t also op5$ h] eyes1 ?\gh1 p]haps1 nev]1 ev5 to ! la/1 did %e fully compreh5d him4 8,:at ?\ w\ld/ highly1 t w\ld/ ?\ holily10 %e w\ld nev] h said aft] ! murd] ( ! k+4 ,b h[ev] ?is may be1 t h] view ( 8 "* is false is prov$ by ! :ole play4 ,:5 did he ev] %[ an iota ( k9dness8 ,:at crime did 8 consci5ce or ! desire to act 8holily0 ev] prev5t 8 committ+8 ,:5 did he ev] exhibit any want ( bloody det]m9ation8 ,infirm ( purpose8 ,he 0 l a tig] 9 8 purposes & 9 8 de$s4 ,! murd] ( ,duncan did n satisfy him4 ,! next morn+1 he kills ! two *amb]la9s1 9 cold blood1 to gratify 8 wanton cruelty4 ,x 0 impossible t !y %\ld te/ify aga9/ him--!y _h be5 drugg$1 & he c\ld h _h no fe> ( !m4 ,!n imm$iately he plots ! murd] ( ,banquo & ,fleance1 & all ! :ile hypocritically conceals 8 f\l purposes ev5 f 8 wife2 & because ,macduff 8fail$ 8 pres5ce at ! tyrant's fea/10 he det]m9es also to murd] him4 ,foil$ ( ?is1 he !n cruelly & hide\sly puts to ! sword 8 wife & little *ildr54 ,9 all ^! murd]s1 aft] ! k+'s1 ,lady ,macbe? n only takes no "p1 b %e is ev5 kept 9 ignorance ( !m4 ,%e drive him to ! commission ( 8 crimes8 ,%e does n "k ( !m till !y are done4 ,!y are plott$ & det]m9$ ^u 9 secret by ,macbe? alone1 & c>ri$ into execution ) a bloody directness & sudd5ness4 ,he is 8bloody1 false1 deceitful1 sudd510--ess5tially a hypocrite1 false 9 8 pret5ses1 secret 9 8 plott+1 l\d 9 8 %[y talk1 b sudd5 & bloody 9 8 crimes & 9 8 malice4 ,?us f>1 h[ev]1 we h se5 b "o side ( ,macbe?4 ,! o!r side 0 its opposite4 ,bold1 ambiti\s1 & trea*]\s1 he 0 also equally imag9ative & sup]/iti\s4 ,9 action he fe>$ no man4 ,brave z he 0 cruel1 & ready to meet any?+ 9 ! fle%1 he 0 equally vision>y ( head1 a victim ( sup]/iti\s fe>s1 & a m]e c[>d be=e ! unreal fancies evok$ by 8 imag9ation4 ,he has ! ,scotti% second-sight1 & visions & phantoms %ake 8 s\l4 ,%[ him tw5ty arm$ m5 :o seek 8 life1 he enc\nt]s !m ) a fi]ce joy4 ,%[ him a :ite %eet on a pole1 & tell him x is a gho/1 & he trembles abjectly4 ,he conjures up = himself phantoms t 8unfix 8 hair & make 8 seat$ he>t knock at 8 ribs20 he is di/ract$ ) 8horrible imag9+s40 ,8 excit$ imag9ation always plays him false & fills him ) mom5t>y & sup]/iti\s fe>s2 b ^! fe>s nev] ultimately control 8 action4 ,!y are fumes ( ! head1 & be+ purely vision>y1 !y are also tempor>y4 ,!y come 9 mom5ts ( excitem5t1 obscure = a "t 8 judgm5t1 & influ5ce 8 ideas2 b hav+ reg>d solely to ?+s unreal1 !y vani% ) ! necessity ( action4 ,^! sup]/iti\s fe>s h no?+ to d ) consci5ce or morals4 ,he has no morals2 !re is no indication ( a moral s5se 9 any s+le ^w ( ! :ole play4 ,! only passage :i* fa9tly indicates a s5se ( "r & wrong is :5 he urges to himself1 z reasons :y he %\ld n kill ,duncan1 n only t ! k+ is 8 k9sman1 8 k+1 & 8 gue/1 b t he has borne 8 faculties s meekly1 t 8 virtues w\ld plead l angels trumpet-tongu$ aga9/ ! deep damnation ( 8 tak+-(f4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is m]e talk1 & has ref]5ce only to ! indignation :i* 8 murd] w excite1 n to any sorr[ ,macbe? has = ! crime4 ,8 sole d\bt is le/ he may n succe$2 =1 z he says1-- 8,if ! assass9ation ,c\ld trammel up ! consequ5ce1 & cat*1 ,) 8 surcease1 success2 t b ?is bl[ ,might be ! be-all & ! end-all "h1 ,b "h1 ^u ?is bank & %oal ( "t1-- ,we'd jump ! life to come40 ,! idea ( be+ re/ra9$ f committ+ ?is murd] by any religi\s or moral scruples is v f> f 8 ?\ght4 ,"r or wrong1 good or bad1 h no?+ to d ) ! "q2 & z = ! 8life to come10 t is m]e folly4 ,b :ile 8 moral s5se is dead1 8 imag9ation is n]v\sly alive4 ,x eng5d]s visions t t]rify him3 aft] ! murd] is done1 he ?9ks he he>s phantom-voices cry+1 8,sleep no m6 ,glamis ha? murd]$ sleep2 & !re=e ,cawdor %all sleep no m1 ,macbe? %all sleep no m20 & ^! voices s "w ^u 8 sup]/iti\s fe>s1 t he is afraid = ! mom5t to return to ! *amb]1 & c>ry ! dagg]s back & sme> ! grooms ) blood4 ,he is1 z ,lady ,macbe? says1 8bra9sickly10 & 8fe>s a pa9t$ devil40 ,?is is sup]/ition1 n remorse--a mom5t>y imag9ative fe>1 n a p]man5t feel+4 ,9 a few m9utes he has *ang$ 8 dress1 & calmly makes spee*es z if no?+ _h occurr$1--nay1 ?is cold-blood$ hypocrite is ready )9 ! h\r to commit two new & wanton murd]s on ! *amb]la9s1 & boa/fully to ref] !m to 8 loyal _s & lov+ he>t1 inflam$ by horror at ! hide\s murd] ( ! k+1 :i* he has himself committ$4 ,! same sup]/iti\s fe> attacks him :5 he he>s t ,birnam ,wood is mov+ to ,duns9ane ,hill2 b x does n prev5t ?is creature1 s 8full ( ! milk ( human k9dness10 f /rik+ ! mess5g]1 call+ him 8li> & slave10 & ?reat5+1-- 8,if ?\ speak'/ false1 ,^u ! next tree %alt ?\ hang alive ,till fam9e cl+ !e40 ,s1 too1 :5 ,macduff tells him t he 0 8n ( woman born10 aw$ = a mom5t by 8 sup]/iti\s fe>s1 he cries1-- 8,accurs$ be t tongue t tells me s1 ,= x ha? c['d my bett] "p ( man6 444 ,i'll n fight ) !e40 ,at times1 "u ! influ5ce ( an ov]-excitable imag9ation act+ ^u a nature ?or\ghly sup]/iti\s1 8 intellect wav]s1 & he is subject to sudd5 ab]rations ( m9d resembl+ insanity4 ,!y are1 h[ev]1 evanesc5t1 & 9 a mom5t he recov]s 8 poise1 desc5d+ ?r\gh a poetical phase into 8 real & settl$ "* ( cruelty & wick$ness4 ,9 ! dagg]-sc5e1 :]e he is alone1 ^! ?ree phases are p]fectly m>k$4 ,! vision>y dagg] 8proce$+ f ! heat-oppress$ bra90 soon vani%es1 !n foll[s ! poetic mania1 & !n ! /]n resolution ( murd]4 ,9 ! banquet-sc5e1 :5 ! gho/ ( ,banquo rises1 ! poetic int]val is less m>k$1 = ,macbe? is "u ! re/ra9t ( ! company & "u ! influ5ce ( 8 wife2 b sc>ce has ! company gone :5 8 real "* returns4 ,he is aga9 =m+ new resolutions ( blood4 ,8 m9d rev]ts to ,macduff1 ^: life he ?reat5s4 ,he is b5t 8to "k1 by ! wor/ means1 ! wor/20 8/range ?+s ,i h 9 head1 t w to h&40 ,?is ab]ration ( m9d ,macbe? has 9 common ) ,le>1 ,hamlet1 & ,o!llo4 ,b 9 ,macbe? alone does x take a sup]/iti\s %ape4 ,! trance ( ,o!llo is b a mom5t>y condition1 9 :i* 8 goad$ imag9ation1 act+ ^u an irritat$ s5se ( honor1 love1 & jeal\sy1 oblit]ates = an in/ant ! real _w4 ,hamlet's ab]ration1 :5 x is n feign$1 z = ! mo/ "p x is1 is b ! 8sore di/raction0 ( a m9d ^u :i* ! burd5 ( a great action is fix$1 :i* he is b\nd ei!r to accept or to reject1 b 9 reg>d to :i* he hesitates1 n because he lacks decision ( "*1 b solely because he _c satisfy himself t he has sure gr\nds = action1 & t he is n deceiv$ z to ! facts :i* are ! motive ( 8 action2 once satisfi$ z to ! gr\nds = action1 he is decisive & prompt1 z is cle>ly %[n 9 ! mann] 9 :i* he disposes ( ,guild5/]n & ,ros5crantz on bo>d ! vessel1 & 9 ! in/ant slay+ ( ! k+ himself1 :5 ! evid5ce ( 8 infamy is cle>4 ,b :ile he is yet undecid$ & /ruggl+ ) himself to solve ?is sad problem ( ! k+'s guilt1 he rejects all ideas ( love z futile & imp]t95t1 &1 m ?an t1 d\bts :e!r ,ophelia h]self is n1 unconsci\sly to h]self1 made a tool ( by ! k+ & que54 ,le>1 aga91 is 8he>t-/ruck40 ,8 madness comes f w\nd$ pride & affection4 ,! +ratitude & cruelty ( 8 daught]s %ake 8 m9d1 & to 8 excit$ _s ! v elem5ts become 8 8p]nici\s daught]s30 8,i nev] gave y k+doms1 call$ y *ildr540 ,9 all except ,macbe?1 ! nature ?us driv5 to madness is noble 9 itself1 moral 9 its "*1 & w>m 9 its affections4 ,! ab]rations ( ,macbe? are sup]/iti\s1 & h no?+ to d ) ! morals or ! affections4 ,macbe?'s imag9ation is1 h[ev]1 a rul+ *>act]i/ic ( 8 nature4 ,8 bra9 is always active2 & :5 x does n evoke phantoms1 x indulges 9 fanciful & poetic images4 ,he is a poet1 & turns ev]y?+ into poetry4 ,8 utt]ance is g5]ally excit$ & high-fl[n1 r>ely simple & real1 & almo/ nev] expresses 8 true feel+s & ?\ghts4 ,8 he>t rema9s cold :ile 8 head is on fire4 ,on all occasions 8 fir/ impulse is to poetize a little2 & hav+ done ?is1 he goes ab\t 8 "w )\t reg>d to :at he has said4 ,8 say+s are "o ?+2 8 do+s are q ano!r4 ,%akespe>e makes him rant int5tionally1 z if to %[ t 9 su* a "* ! imag9ation c & does "w entirely indep5d5tly ( real feel+s & passions4 ,!re is no s]i\s "* 9 all ,%akespe>e's plays :o con/antly rants & swells 9 8 spee* l ,macbe?2 & ?is is pla9ly to %[ ! complete unreality ( all 8 imag9ative bur/s4 ,9 ?is he diff]s f e o!r p]son 9 ?is play4 ,yet :5 he is really 9 e>ne/1 & has "s pla9 bus9ess 9 h&1 he c be direct en\gh 9 8 spee*1 z ?r\gh\t ! second int]view ) ! weird si/]s1 & 9 ! sc5e ) ! two murd]]s :om he s5ds to kill ,banquo & ,fleance2 or :51 enrag$ at ! escape ( ,fleance1 he =gets to be a hypocrite1 & 8 real nature cle>ly expresses itself 9 direct words1 full ( savage resolve4 ,b on all o!r occasions1 :5 he is n 9 e>ne/ & int5ds to deceive1 or :5 8 bra9 is excit$1 he indulges 9 s5tim5tal spee*es1 viol5t figures ( spee*1 extravagant p]sonifications1 & artificial tropes & conceits4 ,ev5 9 ! phantom-voices he imag9es cry+ to him ov] ,duncan's body1 he _c help ?is peculi>ity4 ,he curi\sly hunts out conceits to express sleep4 ,he 8murd]s sleep1 ! innoc5t sleep2 sleep1 t knits up ! ravell'd sleeve ( c>e1 ! dea? ( ea* day's life1 sore labor's ba?1 balm ( hurt m9ds1 great nature's second c\rse1 *ief n\ri%] 9 life's fea/40 ,no wond] t ,lady ,macbe?1 amaz$1 cries out1 8,:at d y mean80 ,b he _c help go+ on l a mad poet4 ,8 language is full ( allit]ation1 fanciful juxtaposition ( words1 assonance1 & j+le4 ,at times1 s /rong is ?is habit1 he makes poems to himself1 & = ! mom5t half believes 9 !m4 ,only comp>e1 9 ?is connection1 ! natural1 simple pa?os ( ! sc5e :]e ,macduff he>s ( ! b>b>\s murd] ( 8 wife & *ildr51 ) ! language ( ,macbe?1 :5 ! dea? ( ,lady ,macbe? is ann\nc$ to him4 ,macduff 8pulls 8 hat ^u 8 br[s10 & gives v5t to 8 agony 9 ! simple/ & mo/ direct words4 ,"h ! feel+ is deep & s9c]e3-- 8,all my pretty ones8 ,did y say1 all8--,o hell-kite6--,all8 ,:at1 all my pretty *ick5s1 & _! dam1 ,at "o fell swoop8 ,mal4 ,dispute x l a man4 ,macd4 ,i %all d s2 ,b ,i mu/ also feel x l a man3 ,i _c b rememb] su* ?+s 71 ,& 7 mo/ preci\s to me4--,did heav5 look on1 ,& w\ld n take _! "p8 ,s9ful ,macduff1 ,!y 7 all /ruck = !e6 naught t ,i am1 ,n = _! own dem]its1 b = m9e1 ,fell slaught] on _! s\ls4 ,heav5 re/ !m n[6 99 99 99 99 99 ,o1 ,i c\ld play ! woman ) my eyes40 ,b :5 ,macbe? is told ( ! dea? ( 8 wife1 he makes a little poem1 full ( allit]ations & conceits4 ,x is an answ] to ! "q1 ,:at is life l8 ,:at c we say ab\t x n[8 8,to-morr[1 & to-morr[1 & to-morr[1 ,creeps 9 ?is petty pace f day to day1 ,to ! la/ syllable ( record$ "t2 ,& all our ye/]days h light$ fools ,! way to du/y dea?4 ,out1 out1 brief c&le6 ,life's b a walk+ %ad[2 a poor play]1 ,t /ruts & frets 8 h\r ^u ! /age1 ,& !n is he>d no m3 x is a tale ,told by an idiot1 full ( s\nd & fury1 ,signify+ no?+4 ,ent] a ,mess5g]4 ,?\ com'/ to use ?y tongue2 ?y /ory quickly40 ,has ?is any relation to true feel+8 ,d m5 ( any feel+1 ^: he>ts are t\*$1 fall to improvis+ poems l ?is1 fill$ ) fanciful images1 :5 great sorr[s come ^u !m8 ,?is spee* is full ( 8s\nd & fury1 signify+ no?+40 ,!re is no acc5t f ! he>t 9 x4 ,x is elaborate1 poetic1 cold-blood$4 8,life is a c&le10 8a poor play]10 8a walk+ %ad[10 8a tale told by an idiot40 ,we h 8 cu/om>y allit]ations3 8petty pace10 8du/y dea?10 8day to day20 8 love ( repeat+ ! same ^w1 8to-morr[1 & to-morr[1 & to-morr[10 j z we h 8,if x 7 done :5 'tis done1 !n 'tw]e well x 7 done quickly20 & 8 8,sleep no m1 ,macbe? does murd] sleep1--sleep1 t knits up10 etc42 8,sleep no m6 ,glamis ha? murd]$ sleep2 & !re=e ,cawdor %all sleep no m1 ,macbe? %all sleep no m40 ,he _c =get himself en\gh to cease to be +5i\s 9 8 phrases4 ,z a poem ?is spee* is /rik+2 z an expression ( feel+ x is p]fectly empty4 ,at ! end ( x he has q =gott5 ! dea? ( 8 wife2 he is only employ$ 9 pil+ up figure aft] figure to p]sonify life4 ,:at r5d]s ! unreality ( ?is /ill m /rik+ is ! sudd5 *ange :i* comes ov] him ^u ! entrance ( ! mess5g]4 ,9 an in/ant he /ops %ort 9 8 poem1 & 8 tone becomes at once decid$ & h>%2 8 wife's dea? has pass$ utt]ly out ( 8 m9d4 ,:5 ! mess5g] tells him t ,birnam ,wood is beg9n+ to move1 ) a sudd5 bur/ ( rage he turns ^u him1 calls him li> & slave1 & ?reat5s to hang him alive till fam9e cl+ him1 if 8 report prove to be incorrect4 ,?is is ! real ,macbe?4 ,f ?is "t =w>d he nev] alludes to ,lady ,macbe?2 b1 9 a /range condition ( sup]/iti\s fe> & soldi]ly c\rage1 he calls 8 m5 to arms1 & goes out cry+1-- 8,bl[1 w9d6 come1 wrack6 ,at lea/ we'll die ) h>ness on our back40 ,& ?is ?r\gh\t is ! "* ( ,macbe?'s utt]ances4 ,he is n l ,t>tuffe1 a religi\s hypocrite2 he is a poetical & s5tim5tal hypocrite4 ,8 phrases & figures ( spee* h no root 9 8 real life2 !y are only v5e]$ ^u !m4 8,8 words fly up1 8 ?\ghts rema9 bel[40 ,:5 he is poetical he is nev] 9 e>ne/4 ,sometimes 8 spee*es are m]ely oratorical1 & made f habit & = effect2 sometimes !y are hypocritical1 & us$ to conceal 8 real int5tions2 & sometimes !y are ! expression ( an inflam$ & diseas$ imag9ation /imulat$ by sup]/ition4 ,b !y are g5]ally bomba/ic & swell+ 9 tone1 & are s int5d$ to be4 ,8 habit ( mak+ spee*es & inv5t+ curi\s conceits is s /rong1 t he ev5 8unpacks 8 he>t ) words0 :5 alone1 s z to leave himself free & direct to act4 ,?us1 9 "o ( 8 fam\s soliloquies1 m>k ! unreal quality ( all ! pret5d$ feel+1 ! mixture ( immorality1 bomba/1 & hypocrisy1 ! assonances & allit]ations1 ! plays ^u words1 ! extravagant figures1 all %[+ ! excitability ( ! bra9 & n ( ! he>t3-- 8,if x 7 done :5 'tis done1 !n 'tw]e well ,x 7 done quickly4 ,if ?' assass9ation ,could trammel up ! consequ5ce1 & cat*1 ,) 8 surcease1 success2 t b ?is bl[ ,might be ! be-all & ! end-all "h1 ,b "h1 ^u ?is bank & %oal ( "t1-- ,we'd jump ! life to come40 ,!n1 aft] "s que/ions ab\t kill+ 8 gue/1 8 k9sman1 8 k+1 :i* w\ld seem hone/1 b = :at comes aft] & = ! utt] reckless immorality :i* has gone be=e ^! words1 8 imag9ation excites itself1 & runs into a wild & extravagant figure :i* means no?+4 ,duncan's virtues1 he says1-- 8,w plead l angels trumpet-tongu$ aga9/ ,! deep damnation ( 8 tak+-(f40 ,no soon] does he beg9 to swell & allit]ate aga9 ?an he goes wild3-- 8,& pity1 l a nak$ new-born babe1 ,/rid+ ! bla/1 or heav5's *]ub91 hors'd ,^u ! sightless c\ri]s ( ! air1 ,%all bl[ ! horrid de$ 9 e eye1 ,t te>s %all dr[n ! w9d40 ,?is is pure rant1 & int5d$ to be s4 ,x is ! product ( an unre/ra9$ imag9ation :i* exhau/s itself 9 ! utt]ance4 ,b x nei!r comes f ! he>t nor acts ^u ! he>t4 ,aga91 9 ! soliloquy ( ! air-drawn dagg]1 ! sup]/iti\s1 vision>y ,macbe?1 :o always projects 8 fancies into figures & phantoms1 aft] address+ ?is 8false creation ,proce$+ f ! heat-oppress$ bra910 falls at once into poetic declamation ab\t ! night1 & indulges himself 9 /range images & p]sonifications4 ,a man ab\t to commit a murd] :o inv5ts ^! conceits mu/ be a poetical villa93-- 8,n[ wit*craft celebrates ,pale ,hecate's (f]+s2 & )]'d murd]1 ,al>um'd by 8 s5t9el1 ! wolf1 ,^: h[l's 8 wat*1 ?us ) 8 /eal?y pace1 ,) ,t>qu9's ravi%+ /rides1 t[>ds 8 design ,moves l a gho/40 ,c any?+ be m extraord9>y & elaborate ?an ?is press+ ( "o conceit ^u ano!r8 ,)]'d murd] has a s5t9el1 ! wolf1 :o h[ls 8 wat*1 & :o ) /eal?y pace /rides ) ,t>qu9's ravi%+ /rides l a gho/6 ,%akespe>e makes no o!r "* sy/ematically talk l ?is4 ,b ! fumes ( ! bra9 pass1 & leave ! /]n1 det]m9$ man ( action3-- 8,:iles ,i ?reat1 he lives2 ,words to ! heat ( de$s too cold brea? gives4 ,i g1 & x is done2 ! bell invites me4 ,he> x n1 ,duncan2 = x is a knell ,t summons !e to heav51 or to hell40 ,we h no su* rant z ?is 9 ,lady ,macbe?4 ,9 ! sc5es ( ! murd]1 %e does n befool h]self ) visions & poetry4 ,%e is practical1 & h] att5tion is giv5 solely to ! real facts ab\t h]4 ,contra/ ! simple language 9 :i* %e speaks1 :ile wait+ = ,macbe?1 ) 8 previ\s rhodomontade4 ,agitat$1 9 great emotion1 li/5+ = s\nds1 d\bt+ :e!r "s mis*ance may n h befall5 to prev5t ! murd]1 %e speaks 9 %ort1 brok5 s5t5ces2 b %e does n lik5 h] husb& to ,t>qu91 & say n[ is ! "t :5 8wit*craft celebrates pale ,hecate's (f]+s10 nor employ ?is int]val 9 mak+ a poem full ( conceits4 ,macbe? goes 9 to ! k+1 & commits ! murd]2 no scruples ( any k9d prev5t him4 ,b :5 t is secure1 he has a sup]/iti\s fit1 & imag9es phantom-voices1 t talk z no phantoms ev] did be=e4 ,/ill he is a c[>d 9 ! pres5ce ( phantoms1 & w n g back4 ,! de$ has be5 done1 & gho/s al>m him4 ,b1 z has be5 be=e obs]v$1 all ?is rav+ z usual passes by at once4 ,9 a half-h\r he is z cold & calm z ev]4 ,! phantom-voices did n rea* 8 consci5ce1 & awak5$ no remorse4 ,!y 7 ! *ildr5 ( sup]/ition & imag9ation1 & !y vani%$ ) cockcr[ & daylight1 leav+ no trace beh9d 9 8 memory4 ,!y h n alt]$ 8 mood nor 8 plans4 ,we n[ come to consid] ,lady ,macbe?'s "*4 ,at all po9ts %e 0 h] husb&'s opposite1 or r 8 complem5t4 ,:]e he 0 /rong1 %e 0 weak2 :]e he 0 weak1 %e 0 /rong4 ,he 0 poetical & vision>y ( nature2 %e 0 pla9 & practical4 ,he 0 indirect1 false1 secretive2 %e1 on ! contr>y1 0 vehem5t & impulsive4 ,betwe5 :at %e will$ & :at %e did 0 a /raight l9e4 ,%e 0 tr\bl$ by none ( 8 sup]/iti\s fe>s or visions4 ,h] imag9ation 0 feeble & inactive1 h] "* 0 en]getic2 %e saw only ! object imm$iately be=e h]1 & %e w5t to x ) rapidity & directness ( purpose4 ,%e 0 skillful 9 managem5t & ready 9 contrivance1 z wom5 are apt to be2 :ile ,macbe? 0 want+ 9 bo? ^! qualities1 z m5 g5]ally are4 ,= h]self %e seems to h _h no ambition1 & n p]sonally to h covet$ ! position ( que54 ,h] ambition is b ! reflection ( ,macbe?'s1 & h] great crime 0 wr\ght 9 fur!rance ( 8 sugge/ions & prompt+s4 ,mi/ak+ entirely 8 "* at fir/1 pr\d ( 8 success = 8 sake1 & rightly read+ him s f> z to see t 8 ambition1 :i* 0 insatiable1 grasp$ at ! ?rone1 %e l5t h]self to ! murd] ( ,duncan1 9 ! belief t a ?rone once obta9$1 ,macbe?'s ambition w\ld be satisfi$4 ,h] moral s5se 0 inactive1 & n suffici5t to lead h] to oppose 8 project4 ,x 0 n1 z we %all see1 utt]ly want+ 9 h]1 z 9 ,macbe?4 ,%e seems to h be5 w>mly atta*$ to ,macbe?1 & always1 aft] ! murd] is committ$1 %e endeavors to soo! & tranquillize him ) g5tle & affectionate words4 ,b %e c\ld n und]/& 8 sup]/iti\s hesitations :5 once resolv$ on action4 ,8 poetry & 8 imag9ative flights1 z well z 8 visions1 7 to h] incompreh5sible1 & %e made ! natural mi/ake ( suppos+ him to be infirm ( purpose4 ,h] m9d 0 "o ( managem5t & detail4 ,! det]m9ation & sugge/ion ( ! murd] are 82 ! managem5t & detail ( x are h]s4 ,?is is a ma/]-/roke ( ,%akespe>e's1 by :i* he at once di/+ui%es ! mascul9e f ! fem99e nature4 ,man is quick to propose & sugge/ a plan 9 its g5]al scope2 woman is always sup]ior 9 adju/+ ! details by :i* x may be c>ri$ into execution4 ,lady ,macbe?'s nature 0 n wick$ 9 itself2 x 0 susceptible ( deep feel+ & remorse4 ,b h] moral s5se 0 sluggi%1 :ile h] impulses 7 sudd5 & vehem5t2 & z su* wom5 g5]ally are1 %e 0 irritably impati5t ( ! po/ponem5t ( any project already decid$ ^u4 ,%e _h a /rong w1 & gave expression to x 9 an exagg]at$ way3-- 8,i h giv5 suck1 & "k ,h[ t5d] 'tis to love ! babe t milks me3 ,i w\ld1 :ile x 0 smil+ 9 my face1 ,h pluck'd my nipple f 8 boneless gums1 ,& da%'d ! bra9s out1 _h ,i s sworn z y ,h done to ?is40 ,?is is b a vehem5t1 passionate1 & exagg]at$ way ( say+ t if %e _h sworn to h]self to d any?+1 h[ev] %ock+1 z delib]ately & det]m9$ly z ,macbe? _h to commit ?is murd]1 %e w\ld d x 9 spite ( consequ5ces1 & n l him be 8afe>d to be ! same 9 ?9e own act & valor z ?\ art 9 desire40 ,%e does n mean1 nor did ,%akespe>e mean1 t s hide\s an act w\ld be possible = h] ei!r to plan or to commit2 b to prove h] contempt ( t condition ( m9d :5 8,i d>e n0 waits ^u 8,i w\ld10 %e seizes on ! mo/ horrible & repulsive act t %e c imag9e1 & decl>es en]getically t1 %ock+ z t is1 %e w\ld n hesitate to d ev5 t1 _h %e s sworn to d x z ,macbe? _h4 ,yet ?is wild & viol5t figure ( spee* is g5]ally tak5 z ! key ( h] :ole "*4 ,x is no?+ ( ! sort2 = ! v l9e prec$+ x proves t %e _h a t5d]ness ( nature "u all h] en]gy1 & a p[] ( love z well z ( w3-- 8,i h giv5 suck1 & "k ,h[ t5d] 'tis to love ! babe t milks me40 ,well1 despite t t5d]ness & love1 :i* y1 ,macbe?1 "k ,i h1 ,i w\ld h done :at is s contr>y to all my nature1 _h ,i s sworn z y4 ,?r\gh\t ?is sc5e h] sole object is to urge ^u ,macbe?1 z vehem5tly z %e c1 ! folly ( dally+ & hesitat+ to c>ry out a project :i* he alone _h conceiv$1 sugge/$1 & det]m9$1 m]ely = fe> ( consequ5ces & le/ x %\ld d him injury 9 ! eyes ( ! _w4 ,he nev] feels nor sugge/s any moral objection2 he does n pret5d to feel x4 ,8 sole fe> is le/ he may n succe$2 he only d\bts :e!r x w\ld n be bett] to po/pone ! execution ( 8 project until a m fitt+ "t4 ,8 decisions are less rapid ?an h]s4 ,%e mu/ at once act on ! fir/ /r5g? ( h] resolve4 ,%e is impetu\s1 & w\ld spr+ ^u h] prey at once4 ,he1 kn[+ t 8 fell purpose w only /r5g!n ) m$itation1 & d\bt+ :e!r ! "t has come to secure 8 object1 proposes to po/pone its execution4 ,b !re is no "t = ?is4 ,!re are b a few h\rs 9 :i* all mu/ be accompli%$1 & he is n ready ) ! detail4 ,b to ?is proposal ( po/ponem5t %e says 8,no40 ,%e kn[s t he nev] w re/ till x is accompli%$4 ,nei!r "t nor place adh]$ :5 y 8broke ?is ent]prise to me10 %e says2 & n[1 :5 bo? 8h made !mselves10 execute y\r design1 & no long] let 8,i d>e n wait ^u ,i w\ld40 ,to ?is he feebly opposes1 8,if we %\ld fail10 failure be+ ! only ?+ t tr\bles him4 ,%e !n sugge/s ! plan 9 detail by :i* ! murd] c be effect$2 & he cries out1 9 a bur/ ( admiration & delight1-- 8,br+ =? m5-*ildr5 only1 ,= ?y undaunt$ mettle %\ld compose ,no?+ b males40 ,/ill1 :5 ! "t approa*es1 ,lady ,macbe? ne$s all h] c\rage1 & %e /imulates x ) w9e1 le/ x %\ld break d[n3-- 8,t :i* ha? made !m drunk ha? made me bold40 ,%e pres]ves h] c\rage1 h[ev]1 to ! end1 nev] loses h] self-possession1 & takes c>e t ! plan is c>ri$ out fully 9 all its details4 ,b t accompli%$1 %e utt]ly breaks d[n4 ,%e has ov]-calculat$ h] /r5g?2 %e 0 n utt]ly wick$1 & h] remorses are t]rible4 ,f ?is "t =w>d we h no su* sc5es betwe5 h] & h] husb&2 he p]=ms all 8 o!r murd]s alone1 )\t h] connivance or k4 ,& "h ! ma9 feature ( ?is play mu/ be kept 9 m9d4 ,lady ,macbe? dies ( remorse = ?is h] crime2 %e _c =get x2 x haunts h] 9 h] sleep2 ! damn$ spot _c be wa%$ f h] consci5ce or h] h&4 ,:at a fe>ful cry ( remorse & agony is t ( h]s 9 h] dream6-- 8,"h's ! smell ( ! blood /ill3 all ! p]fumes ( ,arabia w n sweet5 ?is little h&6 ,oh6 oh6 oh60 ,!re is no poetiz+ "h1 no s5tim5tal & figurative p]sonifications2 x is ! cry ( a w\nd$ he>t & consci5ce4 ,x is writt5 too 9 prose1 n 9 v]se4 ,x is real1 & n fanta/ic l ! rant & poetry ( ,macbe?4 ,t t]rible night rema9s ) h]1 & haunts h] & te>s h] l a demon1 & at la/ %e dies ( x4 ,h[ is x ) ,macbe?8 ,does ! memory ( t night torture him8 ,nev] = a mom5t4 ,he plots new murd]s4 ,he has ta/$ blood1 & _c live )\t x4 ,on1 on he goes1 deep] & deep] into blood1 till he is sla92 & nev]1 to ! la/1 "o cry ( consci5ce4 ,yet x is ?\ght t ,lady ,macbe? urg$ on ?is amiable man1 s infirm ( purpose1 s fill$ ) ! milk ( human k9dness1 & 0 ! ma9spr+ ( 8 crimes4 ,suffice x to say1 9 answ] to ?is view1 t aft] ,duncan is kill$ he keeps h] 9 complete ignorance ( all he does1 & 8 murd]s are !nce=w>d m t]rible & pitiless1 & ) no fa9t %ad[ ( excuse or apology4 ,?is cold-he>t$ villa9 /ops at no?+2 ev5 h] dea? does n awak5 a ?rob 9 8 he>t4 ,is x n prepo/]\s to suppose t ! s-call$ fi5d ( ! play1 %e :o in/igates & drives an unwill+ victim to crime1 %\ld die ( remorse = t crime2 :ile ! amiable accomplice1 f> f %>+ any su* feel+1 only plunges deep] into crime :5 %e does n in/igate him1 & develops at e /ep an increas+ brutality & savag5ess ( nature8 ,no2 x is n ! tall1 d>k1 comm&+1 & imp]i\s figure ( ,mrs4 ,siddons1 ) ?reat5+ br[ & inflat$ no/rils1 t repres5ts ,lady ,macbe?2 %e is n at all ( su* "* or features4 ,%e is ( r a delicate organization1 ( m$ium height1 h] hair incl9+ to r$1 h] temp]am5t n]v\s & sangu9e1 ) a florid complexion & little h&s4 ,s 0 ,lucrezia ,borgia2 & s 0 ,lady ,macbe?4 ,%e 0 p]sonally fair & attractive4 ,c any "o imag9e ,macbe? call+ a d>k1 t[]+1 imp]i\s woman l ,mrs4 ,siddons 8 8de>e/ love10 8de> wife10 or 8 8de>e/ *uck08 ,b x is commonly ?\ght t ! murd] ( ,duncan 0 sugge/$ by ,lady ,macbe?1 & t h] husb& 0 urg$ into x aga9/ 8 w & contr>y to 8 nature4 ,su* a view is utt]ly 9 contradiction ( ! play itself4 ,! sugge/ion is entirely ,macbe?'s1 & he has resolv$ ^u x be=e he sees h]4 ,! wit*es are a projection ( 8 own desires & sup]/itions4 ,!y meet him at ! comm5cem5t ( ! play1 prophesy+1 9 response to 8 own desires1 t he is ?ane ( ,cawdor1 & %all be k+ h]eaft]2 b !y respond also to 8 fe>s1 by add+ t ,banquo's *ildr5 %all be k+s4 ,^? are ! v po9ts ^u :i* all 8 ?\ghts h+e--8 ambition to be k+1 8 fe>s le/ ! ?rone %all pass f 8 family4 ,h5ce 8 hate ( ,banquo & ,fleance4 ,f ?is "t =w>d he ?9ks ( no?+ else4 ,z he rides across ! hea?1 he is self-involv$1 ab/ract$1 sil5t1 sull51 revolv+ 9 8 m9d h[ to compass 8 designs1 :i* are no?+ less ?an ! murd] ( ! k+4 ,he does n dream t ! prophecies ( ! weird wom5 w accompli% !mselves )\t 8 assi/ance1 = !y are projections ( 8 own ?\ghts4 ,he in/antly receives news t he is made ?ane ( ,cawdor1 & sc>cely gives a ?\ght to ?is honor1 sc>cely expresses 8 satisfaction2 :5 ! news is ann\nc$ he says1-- 8,glamis1 & ?ane ( ,cawdor3 ,! greate/ is beh9d4--,?anks = y\r pa9s40 ,& !n imm$iately 8 m9d rev]ts to ! promise t ,banquo's *ildr5 %all be k+s3-- 8,d y n hope y\r *ildr5 %all be k+s1 ,:5 ^? t gave ! ?ane ( ,cawdor to me ,promis'd no less to !m80 ,!n he falls aga9 into gloomy sil5ce1 & talks to himself inw>dly4 ,:at does he say & ?9k8 ,he resolves to murd] ! k+3-- 8,?is sup]natural solicit+ ,_c be ill2 _c be good4 ,if ill1 ,:y ha? x giv5 me e>ne/ ( success1 ,comm5c+ 9 a tru?8 ,i'm ?ane ( ,cawdor4 ,if good1 :y d ,i yield to t sugge/ion ,^: horrid image do? unfix my hair1 ,& make my seat$ he>t knock at my ribs1 ,aga9/ ! use ( nature8 ,pres5t fe>s ,are less ?an horrible imag9+s2 ,my ?\ght1 ^: murd] yet is b fanta/ical1 ,%akes s my s+le /ate ( man1 t function ,is smo!r'd 9 surmise2 & no?+ is ,b :at is n40 ,yes1 already he dreams ( murd]4 ,he sees n 8 way cle>2 he w tru/ to *ance2 b he dreams ( murd]4 ,& full ( ^! ?\ghts1 he ru%es to 8 wife to fill h] m9d ) 8 project1 to consult h] z to h[ x c be c>ri$ into execution2 = he _c plan 9 detail2 & ?\gh ! ?\ght crosses him1 t 8,if *ance w h me k+1 :y1 *ance may cr[n me1 ,)\t my /ir10 yet ?is is b a hope2 = 9 ! next sc5e he has det]m9$ to take ! matt] into 8 own h&s & tru/ no?+ to *ance4 ,z soon z he he>s t ,malcolm is made ,pr9ce ( ,cumb]l& & heir to ! ?rone1 he det]m9es absolutely to kill ! k+3-- 8,! ,pr9ce ( ,cumb]l&6--,t is a /ep ,on :i* ,i mu/ fall d[n1 or else o'erleap1 ,= 9 my way x lies4 ,/>s1 hide y\r fires2 ,let n light see my black & deep desires2 ,! eye w9k at ! h&2 yet let t be1 ,:i* ! eye fe>s1 :5 x is done1 to see40 ,he has already writt5 to ,lady ,macbe?2 & 8 lett] has b "o ?\ght & "o !me1--! promise t he %all be k+4 ,mu* z %e fe>s 8 nature1 %e kn[s ?or\ghly 8 desires1 & has fa9t glimpses ( 8 real "*2 %e kn[s t he means to be k+1 & sees t he w\ld 8wrongly w920 t 8 ambition is great1 & t 8 m9d is fill$ solely ) "o idea4 ,b %e fe>s t he is 8too full ( ! milk ( human k9dness to cat* ! ne>e/ way20 & :5 %e he>s t ,duncan is com+ to ! ca/le1 & t ,macbe? is hurry+ to see h] be=e ! k+'s arrival1 %e d\bts 8 plan no long]4 ,= a mom5t %e is agha/4 8,?\'rt mad to say x10 %e says to ! mess5g] :o ann\nces ! k+'s approa*2 = %e sees t he comes to 8 dea?3-- 8,! rav5 himself is ho>se ,t croaks ! fatal entrance ( ,duncan ,"u my battlem5ts40 ,he has be5 lur$ "h by ,macbe? to compass 8 de/ruction2 & 9 a mom5t ,macbe? w be ) h]4 ,!n1 summon+ up all h] c\rage at once1 %e resolves to aid him 9 8 ambiti\s & murd]\s design4 ,%e calls ^u ! 8spirits t t5d on mortal ?\ghts0 to unsex h]1 to alt] h] nature1 to make h] cruel & remorseless1 to let no?+ int]v5e to %ake h] purpose2 = %e is n q sure ( h]self4 ,%e kn[s :at 8compuncti\s visit+s ( nature0 are1 & %e /r5g!ns h]self aga9/ !m4 ,%e is n naturally cruel2 & %e cries out to ! spirits to 8/op up ! access & passage to remorse0 n[ op5 9 h] nature1 to *ange h] 8milk = gall10 & to cov] h] ) 8! dunne/ smoke ( hell10 s t h] 8ke5 knife see n ! w\nd x makes1 ,nor heav5 peep ?r\gh ! blanket ( ! d>k1 ,to cry1 ,hold1 hold40 ,9 ?is trem5d\s apo/rophe1 9 :i* %e goads h]self on to crime1 ! woman's nature is pla9ly se54 ,macbe? nev] prays to h 8 nature alt]$1 to h any passages to remorse clos$ up2 nev] fe>s 8compuncti\s visit+s ( nature10 nor desires d>kness to hide 8 knife1 s t he may n see ! w\nd he makes4 ,b %e kn[s %e is a woman1 & t %e ne$s to be unsex$1 & feels t %e is do+ viol5ce to h] own nature2 /ill h] w is /rong1 & %e cries d[n h] misgiv+s1 & resolves to aid ,macbe? 9 8 design4 ,macbe? meets h] 9 ?is mood4 ,!re is no salutation or greet+ on 8 "p2 he has b "o idea1--,duncan is com+1 & is to be murd]$4 ,8 fir/ words are1-- 8,my de>e/ love1 ,duncan comes "h to-night40 ,:]eupon %e asks1 8,& :5 goes h5ce80 8,to-morr[10 he answ]s1 & pauses2 & adds1 8z he purposes40 ,b 9 ! look & 9 ! pause ,lady ,macbe? has read 8 :ole sold & int5t4 ,!re is murd] 9 t look2 & %e cries3-- 8,o1 nev] ,%all sun t morr[ see6 ,y\r face1 my ?ane1 is z a book1 :]e m5 ,may read /range matt]s40 ,!re is no explanation betwe5 !m4 ,he has convey$ all 8 int5tion by a look & a ge/ure1 z %e h]self di/9ctly says4 ,he has ridd5 headlong1 z fa/ z horse c\ld c>ry him1 away f ! k+1 full ( ?is "o idea2 & ! k+ has va9ly 8c\rs$ him at ! heels10 hav+ ! purpose1 z he himself says1 8to be 8 purveyor40 ,& 8 ?\ghts h spok5 9 8 looks s unmi/akably1 t !y are p]fectly und]/ood4 ,if !re be any d\bt by :om ! murd] 0 sugge/$1 x is made p]fectly cle> by :at ,lady ,macbe? subsequ5tly says to him 9 ! next sc5e 9 :i* !y are pres5t$4 ,:5 he beg9s to d\bt :e!r ! murd] _h n bett] be po/pon$1 %e says3-- 8,:at bea/ 0't1 !n1 ,t made y break ?is ent]prise to me80 ,x 0 n ( my plott+1 b ( y\r own2 8,nor "t1 nor place1 did !n adh]e1 & yet y w\ld make bo?20 y desir$ x & /ill desire x1 b are afraid ( consequ5ces4 ,^! words ( h]s w\ld inde$ seem to indicate t he _h urg$ ! crime ^u h] aga9/ h] w at a previ\s int]view n report$ 9 ! play1 or p]haps by a lett]2 = %e says di/9ctly1 t :5 he broke ! ent]prise to h]1-- 8,nor "t1 nor place1 ,did !n adh]e1 & yet y w\ld make bo?3 ,!y h made !mselves40 ,x w\ld pla9ly seem1 !re=e1 t ,macbe? _h brok5 ?is ent]prise to h]1 & urg$ x on h]1 ev5 be=e ! k+ _h det]m9$ to come to 8 ca/le1 & t he int5d$ to make "t & place4 ,?is w\ld acc\nt completely = h] op5+ spee*1 & = ! fact t he does n make any explanation to h] ( 8 int5tions o!r ?an by 8 look & intonation :5 !y fir/ meet2 = c]ta9ly !re is no?+ 9 ! play ab\t ! "t & place ( ! murd] except z h]e9 indicat$4 ,x w\ld also expla9 ! surprise ( ,lady ,macbe? :5 %e he>s t h] husb& is com+1 & ! k+ aft] him3 8,?\'rt mad to say x10 %e says2 & 8! rav5 himself is ho>se t croaks ! fatal entrance ( ,duncan "u my battlem5ts40 ,! "t & place _h made !mselves1 !n2 & x is on he>+ ?is t %e sudd5ly *anges f calm to vehem5t emotion1 & makes t wond]ful apo/rophe to ! spirits to unsex h]4 ,%e sees t all has be5 resolv$1 & t %e has ne$ ( h] utmo/ resolution4 ,!re is no w>rant ( any k9d t1 9 ! simple words1 8,& :5 goes h5ce10 %e meant m ?an %e said4 ,x 0 ! mo/ natural "q t %e c\ld possibly ask4 ,grant+ t %e int5d$ equally ) him to commit ! murd]1 :at is m natural ?an t %e %\ld wi% to "k h[ long ! k+ 0 to /ay1 s z to "k h[ soon x 0 necess>y to c>ry out ! plan ( murd]1 & :at "t !re 0 9 :i* to make all ! arrangem5ts8 ,n only ,macbe? pauses aft] say+ 8,to-morr[0 7s1 at lea/1 is ! punctuation 9 all editions71 be=e add+ 8z he purposes10 b ,lady ,macbe?1 9 h] answ]1 says t %e sees 9 8 face t he int5ds t 8nev] %all sun t morr[ see40 ,yet1 9 ! recitation ( ^! p>ts on ! /age1 & z g5]ally read1 ! mean+ is giv5 to ,lady ,macbe?'s simple words2 & ,macbe? is made p]fectly innoc5tly to answ] )\t %[+ 9 8 look any 8/range matt]40 ,b ! k+ is com+ close on 8 heels2 !re is no "t to arrange details2 & ,macbe? goes away to receive him1 say+1 8,we w speak fur!r40 ,! *>act]s1 z exhibit$ 9 ! next sc5es1 h be5 already suffici5tly discuss$4 ,he %[s 8 sup]/itions1 8 visions1 8 poetry1 & 8 hesitations2 %e1 ) ! /]n det]m9ation ( a woman :o has screw$ h] c\rage to ! /ick+-place1 is agitat$ by no visions1 b1 feel+ ! necessity ( imm$iate action1 %e occupies h]self 9 ! arrangem5ts ( details1 & ?us dulls h] consci5ce4 ,aft] all ! excitem5ts :i* h agitat$ ,macbe?--aft] 8 soliloquy1 9 :i* he says !re is no spur to prick ! sides ( 8 int5t1 b only vault+ ambition2 b if he 7 sure ( success1 he w\ld jump ! life to come--!re comes a mom5t :5 he ei!r has or pret5ds to h a hesitation ab\t proce$+ fur!r 9 8?is bus9ess40 ,he does n hesitate = consci5ce' sake1 b because1 be+ ambiti\s1 he n[ w\ld l to we> ! gold5 op9ions he has won1 89 _! newe/ gloss10 & n ca/ !m aside s soon1 be=e he has _h ! satisfaction ( be+ wond]$ at & admir$ a little long]4 ,he _h ga9$ praise & high position1 & 8 vanity 0 gratifi$4 ,he naturally w\ld pause be=e committ+ a hide\s murd]4 ,b he nev] pret5ds t ?is feel+ comes f any moral s5se4 ,8 m9d has be5 too long /ra9$ ) "o ?\ght2 &1 z 9 all m5 ( excitable bra91 !re comes a mom5t ( reaction4 ,he _c see 8 way cle>4 ,he fe>s ! effect ( 8 crime4 ,he does n see h[ x c be done s t he may avoid suspicion1 & atta9 ! object beyond ! murd] & = :i* he commits x1 )\t runn+ too great risks1 & ?us expos+ himself to ! v5geance ( ! k+'s fri5ds4 ,he fe>s t 8 8bloody in/ructions0 may 8return to plague ! inv5tor0--n h]eaft]1 b 8"h40 ,b :at mo/ tr\bles him is1 t he _c see ! practical way1 _c arrange ! details s z to secure a *ance ( avoid+ suspicion4 ,"h 8 wife comes to 8 aid4 ,%e has ?\ght out a plan & arrang$ ! details4 ,%e /]nly opposes 8 proposal to ab&on 8 design1 = %e kn[s t 8 hesitation is only = a mom5t1 & t no?+ less ?an to be k+ c ev] satisfy him4 ,bett]1 !n1 d ! de$ at once4 ,8 only opposition aft] ?is is1 8,if we %\ld fail80 ,b z soon z he sees ! feasibility ( h] plan1 all 8 scruples are gone2 he is m ?an conv9c$1 he is delight$1 & ent]s ^u x ) a joy :i* he does n pret5d to conceal4 ,dur+ all ^! sc5es1 up to ! murd] ( ,duncan1 ,lady ,macbe? is labor+ "u an excitem5t ( m9d :i* su/a9s h] 9 c>ry+ out ! design ( h] husb&4 ,! "t is purposely made v %ort--only a few h\rs betwe5 ! arrival ( ,duncan & 8 dea?--s t %e may n break d[n4 ,all is hurry & movem5t1 & arrangem5t ( detail4 ,!re is no "t = reaction4 ,! v necessity = imm$iate action s]ves z an irritant to ! n]ves1 & /ra9s all h] ?\ghts & feel+s to an unnatural pit*4 ,/ill1 :5 ! murd] is on ! po9t ( be+ done1 %e keeps up h] c\rage by dr9k2 = ! /ra9 is almo/ too great4 ,9 ?is excit$ /ate h] inflam$ w has got completely ! comm& ( h]2 & to h x all ov]1 & n c>+ ab\t ! dreadful design long]1 %e says t _h ,duncan 8n resembl$ my fa!r z he slept1 ,i _h done x40 ,b ?\gh %e c talk ( da%+ out ! bra9s ( h] babe :ile x 0 smil+ 9 h] face1 %e 0 n1 ev5 9 ?is excitem5t1 able to /rike ,duncan1 because %e ?\ght he look$ l h] fa!r4 ,h] woman's h& w\ld h fail$ h] _h %e attempt$ x4 ,b all h] p[]s are b\nd up 9 ?is "o design4 ,%e has come to a viol5t det]m9ation1 & ?is %e w c>ry out1 come :at may4 ,%e ?ru/s aside all compunction ( consci5ce1 & makes su* a noise by action 9 h] bra91 t its /ill small voice _c be he>d4 ,macbe?1 on ! contr>y1 is ( a cold] & m brutal nature4 ,8 det]m9ation is sull51 & x lies l an immovable rock on :i* ! flames ( 8 imag9ation burn l mom5t>y fires ( /raw1 & ov] :i* 8 sup]/iti\s visions pass l cl\ds or fogs1 & !n cle> away1 leav+ ! rock un*ang$4 ,j be=e he commits ! murd]1 ,banquo comes 9 & tells him t ! k+ 8ha? be5 9 unusual pleasure1 & ,s5t =? great l>gess to y\r (fices4 ,?is diamond he greets y\r wife )al1 ,by ! "n ( mo/ k9d ho/ess2 & %ut up ,9 measureless cont5t40 ,b ?is does n t\* ,macbe?1 nor induce a mom5t's hesitation4 ,banquo !n speaks ( ! ?ree weird si/]s1 & says1 8,to y !y h %['d "s tru?20 & ,macbe? answ]s falsely3-- 8,i ?9k n ( !m2 ,yet1 :5 we c entreat an h\r to s]ve1 ,we'd sp5d x 9 "s words ^u t bus9ess1 ,if y w\ld grant ! "t40 ,?us1 cold & collect$1 he bids him 8,good repose10 s5ds (f ! s]vant1 & waits = ! bell to r+1 :i* is ! sign t all is ready = him to murd] ,duncan4 ,9 ?is int]val we h 8 ?ree *>act]i/ic features br\ght out "o aft] ! o!r3 ! cl\dy vision ( ! air-drawn dagg]2 !n ! /raw-fire ( 8 poetry ab\t ,hecate & )]$ murd]'s s5t9el1 ! wolf1 & ,t>qu9's ravi%+ /rides2 &1 z ^! cle> (f1 ! /]n1 sull5 resolution und]nea?--8,:iles ,i ?reat he lives20 8,i g1 & x is done40 ,:5 ! murd] is done1 ! two are equally di/9ct 9 "*1--%e en]getic & practical1 he vision>y & sup]/iti\s2 & s !y "p4 ,?us f>1 be x obs]v$1 ,lady ,macbe? has suppos$ h] husb& to be m]ely 8infirm ( purpose20 b ! next sc5e is to op5 h] eyes to a glimpse ( 8 real "*4 ,macbe? has become p]fectly calm & cold aga9 9 a few m9utes1 & makes 8 appe>ance imm$iately aft] ! knock+4 ,he is completely ma/] ( himself1 (f]s to conduct ,macduff to ! k+1 & :5 ,macduff says he kn[s x w be a 8joyful tr\ble0 to him1 answ]s l a prov]b1 calmly1 8,! labor we delight 9 physics pa940 ,! k+ is !n f\nd dead1 & ! noise br+s ,lady ,macbe? f h] room4 ,:at a diff]5ce is n[ visible 9 ! way 9 :i* %e & he speak & act6 ,:5 ,macduff says1 8,our royal ma/]'s murd]$60 %e cries out1 8,woe6 alas6 :at1 9 our h\se80 & says n a ^w m4 ,macbe?1 h[ev]1 :o is only afraid ( %ad[s1 b :o1 ) ! daylight1 has no fe> ( look+ at dead bodies1 or add+ "o or two m ) 8 sword1 goes to ! room ( ,duncan1 & !n reappe>s1 )\t ! fa9te/ %ad[ ( feel+1 & makes a little hypocritical poem on ! ev5t3-- 8,_h ,i b di$ an h\r be=e ?is *ance1 ,i _h liv'd a bless$ "t2 =1 f ?is in/ant1 ,!re's no?+ s]i\s 9 mortality3 ,all is b toys3 r5[n & grace is dead2 ,! w9e ( life is drawn1 & ! m]e lees ,is left ?is vault to brag (40 8,:at is amiss80 says ,donalba94 ,& ,macbe? cries1 8,y are1 & d n "k't4 ,! spr+1 ! head1 ! f\nta9 ( y\r blood is /opp'd2 ! v s\rce ( x is /opp'd40 ,?is is ,macbe?'s rant & fu/ian4 ,he has no feel+1 &1 z usual1 he makes ! pret5se ( poetry s]ve him4 ,! head1 ! spr+1 ! f\nta91 ! s\rce is /opp$1 is /opp$4 ,& ?is /uff he recites coolly1 al?\gh he has b a mom5t be=e wantonly kill$ ! two grooms2 nay1 he does n m5tion x until aft]w>ds1 on _! be+ spok5 ( by ,l5ox1 :5 ?is hypocritical villa9 cries3-- 8,o1 yet ,i d rep5t me ( my fury1 ,t ,i did kill !m4 ,macd4 ,:]e=e did y s8 ,macb4 ,:o c be wise1 amaz'd1 temp]ate & furi\s1 ,loyal & neutral1 9 a mom5t8 ,no man3 ,! exp$ition ( my viol5t love ,outrun ! paus]1 reason4--,"h lay ,duncan1 ,8 silv] sk9 lac'd ) 8 gold5 blood2 ,& 8 ga%'d /abs look'd l a brea* 9 nature1 ,= ru9's wa/eful entrance3 !re1 ! murd]]s1 ,/eep'd 9 ! colors ( _! trade1 _! dagg]s ,unmann]ly bree*'d ) gore3 :o c\ld refra91 ,t _h a he>t to love1 & 9 t he>t ,c\rage to make's love kn[n80 ,dur+ ?is amaz+ spee*1 9 :i* he poetizes s elaborately1 & ) su* curi\s artifice coldly pa9ts ! picture ( ! man & fri5d he _h j murd]$1 ,lady ,macbe? has be5 look+ & li/5+ 9 sil5ce4 ,sudd5ly1 = ! fir/ "t1 %e sees :at h] husb& really is2 %e sees t he has nei!r he>t nor consci5ce2 = no man possess+ ei!r c\ld h act$ or talk$ z he has s9ce ! murd] ( ,duncan4 ,s f> f hav+ any feel+ ( %ame or remorse1 he1 )\t provocation1 wantonly1 & ) no suffici5t object1 has add$ two o!r murd]s to x2 &1 ) a cold-blood$ artificial hypocrisy1 he pa9ts 9 8 /ilt$ way ! sc5e ( ,duncan's dea?1 & has comm& en\gh ( himself to seek out elaborate & high-fl[n phrases4 ,b ,lady ,macbe?1 ^: c\rage1 /imulat$ by excitem5t1 has c>ri$ h] ?r\gh ! murd]1 n[ sudd5ly breaks d[n4 ,?is new revelation ( h] husb&'s "*1 & ! gha/ly picture :i* he summons up be=e h] ( ! sc5e ( ! murd]1 are too mu* = h]4 ,%e swoons1 loses all consci\sness1 & is c>ri$ out4 ,9 h] viol5t excitem5t1 :ile !re 0 some?+ practical to busy h] m9d & h] body )1 %e c\ld c>ry back ! dagg]s & sme> ! grooms ) blood2 b %e c\ld n be> ! vivid remembrance ( x :5 !re 0 no?+ to d1 & :5 ! excitem5t 0 ov]3 z wom5 w g ?r\gh extreme dang]s1 /& at ! surgeon's table dur+ t]rible op]ations1 be great & /rong 9 a great crisis1 & !n sudd5ly fa9t & fall :5 ! "w is ov]1 unable to be> ! remembrance ( :at !y h gone ?r\gh4 ,?is swoon+ ( ,lady ,macbe? is ! crisis ( h] nature4 ,f ?is "t =w>d %e is no m :at %e has appe>$2 we he> no m urg+ ( ,macbe? to /r5g!n 8 ?rone by o!r crimes2 no m taunts by h] t he is infirm ( purpose2 no m allusions to 8 amiable weaknesses ( "*4 ,%e has begun to "k him & to fe> him4 ,%e only endeavors to tranquilize him & cont5t him ) :at he has got4 ,b /ill %e does n "k him2 = 8 nature1 be=e hidd51 l secret writ+1 comes out little by little be=e ! fire ( 8 heat$ ambition & sup]/iti\s fe>s4 ,at ?is swoon+-po9t ! two *>act]s ( ,lady ,macbe? & h] husb& cross ea* o!r4 ,%e has ?us f> only made ! runn+ = ,macbe?1 & he n[ takes up ! race & passes h]2 %e n only does n foll[1 b )draws4 ,h5ce=? he ru%es to 8 goal alone2 alone he arranges ! dea? ( ,banquo & ,fleance4 ,:5 next !y meet %e is no long] ! same p]son we h kn[n2 %e feels ! gnaw+ too? ( remorse2 %e is calm$ & c[$ by :at %e has done3-- 8,n\ght's _h1 all's sp5t1 ,:]e our desire is got )\t cont5t3 ',tis saf] to be t :i* we de/roy1 ,?an1 by de/ruction1 dwell 9 d\btful joy40 ,& z ,macbe? ent]s %e endeavors to tranquilize 8 m9d4 ,%e has 8 confid5ce no long]2 he avoids h]1 & keeps alone aft] ! murd] ( ! k+4 ,%e1 n yet aw>e ( ! abysses ( 8 nature1 & little imag9+ t he has be5 plott+ ! murd] ( ,banquo1 supposes t ! secret ( 8 p]turbations1 ( ! solitude he n[ seeks1 & ( 8 avoidance ( h]1 is ! remorse t he beg9s to feel1 & says z he ent]s3-- 8,h[ n[1 my "l6 :y d y keep alone1 ,( sorrie/ fancies y\r companions mak+1 ,us+ ^? ?\ghts :i* %\ld inde$ h di$ ,) !m !y ?9k on8 ,?+s )\t all rem$y ,%\ld be )\t reg>d3 :at's done is done40 ,8 answ] %[s x is no remorse :i* is haunt+ him2 8 sorry fancies are new plots ( murd]3 8,we h scot*'d ! snake1 n kill'd x20 & we are /ill 89 dang] ( h] =m] too?40 8,b let ,! frame ( ?+s disjo9t1 bo? ! worlds suff]1 ,ere we w eat our meal 9 fe>1 & sleep ,9 ! affliction ( ^! t]rible dreams ,t %ake u nightly3 bett] be ) ! dead1 ,:om we1 to ga9 our place1 h s5t to peace1 ,?an on ! torture ( ! m9d to lie ,9 re/less ec/asy4 ,duncan is 9 8 grave2 ,aft] life's fitful fev]1 he sleeps well2 ,treason has done 8 wor/3 nor /eel1 nor poison1 ,malice dome/ic1 =eign levy1 no?+1 ,c t\* him fur!r60 ,"h is "o ( ^? cases :]e he uses 8 poetry z a cloak to 8 real ?\ghts4 ,yet despite 8 hypocrisy1 :i* takes 9 8 wife1 8 real mean+ is cle>4 ,he w\ld r die ?an to g on 9 ?is fe>3 r be l ,duncan1 :om !y h at all ev5ts 8s5t to peace10 & :om no?+ c 8t\* fur!r10 ?an on 8! torture ( ! m9d to lie 9 re/less ec/asy40 ,:at is ?is 8fe>08 :at is ?is 8torture ( ! m9d08 ,is x1 z ,lady ,macbe? supposes1 f remorse8 ,oh1 no6 he tells u himself :at x is2 x is solely because ,banquo & ,fleance are alive3-- 8,o1 full ( scorpions is my m9d1 de> wife6 ,?\ "k'/ t ,banquo1 & 8 ,fleance1 lives40 ,?is x is t tortures him1 & ?is only4 8,b 9 !m nature's copy's n et]ne10 says %e2 mean+1 z %e has ?r\gh\t ?is sc5e1 solely to console him & draw 8 ?\ghts away4 ,!y may die2 a ?\s& accid5ts may happ5 to !m2 y may outlive !m2 don't torture y\rself ) va9 fe>s4 8,!re's com=t yet10 he cries1 8!y are assailable20 & n[1 aft] 8 old fa%ion1 he breaks into poetry3 8,!n be ?\ jocund3 ere ! bat ha? fl[n ,8 cloi/]'d flight2 ere1 to black ,hecate's summons1 ,! %>d-borne beetle1 ) 8 dr[sy hums1 ,ha? rung night's yawn+ peal1 !re %all be done ,a de$ ( dreadful note40 8,:at's to be done80 %e cries2 = hav+ completely misund]/ood him ?r\gh all ! previ\s "p ( ?is int]view1 %e completely fails to see :at he n[ means4 ,b he has no long] confid5ce 9 h]2 & s1 ) c>ess+ words1 & probably ) "s c>ess+ act1 he answ]s h]3 8,be innoc5t ( ! k1 de>e/ *uck1 ,till ?\ applaud ! de$40 ,h[ c\ld %e suspect 8 real mean+8 ,?is murd]+ hypocrite _h j told h] t ,banquo 0 com+ to ! fea/ t night1 & bade h] be jovial1 & said to h]1-- 8,let y\r remembrance apply to ,banquo2 ,pres5t him em95ce1 bo? ) eye & tongue40 ,& ?is he proposes to h] aft] hav+ j left ! murd]]s :om he has hir$ to waylay & kill ,banquo1 & ent]ta9+ no real d\bt 9 8 m9d t ,banquo w nev] rea* ! supp]--c]ta9ly nev] rea* x unless 8 plot misc>ries4 ,well might %e 8m>vel at 8 words40 ,:at foll[s is full ( poetry & wick$ness2 b x is pla9 t he 0 a my/]y to h] n[1 a riddle :i* %e c\ld n read4 ,! banquet-sc5e n[ comes1 & ,macbe?1 believ+ t he has secur$ ! dea? ( ,banquo & ,fleance1 is happy1 until ! murd]]s come 9 & tell him t ,fleance has escap$4 ,?is upsets him3-- 8,!n comes my fit aga93 ,i _h else be5 p]fect1 ,:ole z ! m>ble1 f\nd$ z ! rock1 ,z broad & g5]al z ! cas+ air3 ,n[ ,i am cab9'd1 cribb'd1 conf9'd1 b\nd 9 ,to saucy d\bts & fe>s40 ,s he poetizes 8 condition1 = sup]/iti\s fe>s always inflame 8 imag9ation2 b he _c rega9 8 composure2 8 8fit0 is on him1 z x 8ha? be5 f 8 y\?40 ,he conjures up ! phantom ( ,banquo to ?reat5 him & 8 ?rone1 & ?is gho/ %akes him ) sup]/iti\s t]ror4 ,lady ,macbe?1 to :om x is invisible1 r\ses h]self at ?is2 & n only n compreh5d+ ^! />ts & flaws ( fe>1 b hav+ a contempt = him1 endeavors to recall him to himself by %>p words2 b x is useless1 8 fit w n leave him1 & ! company is dismiss$ 9 confusion4 ,:5 ! gue/s h gone1 ,lady ,macbe?'s _s & c\rage1 :i* 7 mom5t>y1 h fl$4 ,%e does n taunt him1 b soo!s him4 ,he1 z soon z he recov]s himself1 beg9s ) ,macduff1 :om he also means to murd]3-- 8,/range ?+s ,i h 9 head1 t w to h&1 ,:i* mu/ be act$1 ere !y may be scann'd40 ,to ?is %e only says1 n imag9+ 8 mean+1 8,y lack ! season ( all natures1 sleep40 ,h5ce=w>d ,lady ,macbe? disappe>s2 we he> no?+ ( h] save 9 ! t]rible sleep-walk+ sc5e2 %e is dy+ ( remorse4 ,b ,macbe? goes to ! weird si/]s1 to le>n :e!r 8,banquo's issue %all ev] reign 9 ?is k+dom40 ,!y answ]1 8,seek to "k no m30 & he cries out1 8,i w be satisfi$2 d5y me ?is1 & an et]nal curse fall on y40 ,& :5 !y %[ him ! issue ( ,banquo1 k+s1 he is enrag$ beyond control1 & curses !m4 ,h5ce=? = him no hesitations1 no delays4 ,he speaks directly en\gh n[4 8,f ?is mom5t ,! fir/l+s ( my he>t %all be ,! fir/l+s ( my h&4 ,& ev5 n[1 ,to cr[n my ?\ghts ) acts1 be x ?\ght & done3 ,! ca/le ( ,macduff ,i w surprise2 ,seize ^u ,fife2 give to ! edge o' ?' sword ,8 wife1 8 babes1 & all un=tunate s\ls ,t trace him 9 8 l9e4 ,no boa/+ l a fool2 ,?is de$ ,i'll d be=e ?is purpose cool3 ,b no m sights60 ,& no m sights he has2 b he is /ill haunt$ by fe>s4 ,& :5 8! ,engli% p[] is ne>1 l$ on by ,malcolm1 8 uncle ,siw>d1 & ! good ,macduff10 burn+ = rev5ge1 ,macbe?'s _s falt]s4 ,he ru%es into viol5t rages & !n subsides into vague fe>s1 & !n endeavors to /r5g!n 8 he>t by recall+ ! my/]i\s promises ( ! weird si/]s t he %all n fall by ! h& ( any man ( woman born1 or be=e ,birnam wood come to ,duns9ane2 b1 d all he c1 8he _c buckle 8 di/emp]$ cause )9 ! belt ( rule10 ?\gh he decl>es1-- 8,! m9d ,i sway by & ! he>t ,i be> ,%all nev] sag ) d\bt1 nor %ake ) fe>40 ,/ill he does fe>2 & 9 "o ( 8 dispirit$ moods1 aft] blaz+ out at ! mess5g] :o tells him ( ! approa* ( ,birnam wood1-- 8,! devil damn !e black1 ?\ cream-fac'd loon6 ,:]e got'/ ?\ t goose look80 he says1 f9d+ t !re are t5 ?\s& m5 com+ to attack him1 & 8 foll[]s are n /an*1-- 8,?is pu% ,w *air me ev]1 or disseat me n[4 ,i h liv'd long en\gh3 my way ( life ,is fall'n into ! se>1 ! yell[ leaf3 ,& t :i* %\ld accompany old age1 ,z honor1 love1 ob$i5ce1 troops ( fri5ds1 ,i mu/ n look to h2 b1 9 _! /ead1 ,curses1 n l\d1 b deep1 m\?-honor1 brea?1 ,:i* ! poor he>t w\ld fa9 d5y40 ,b 9 a mom5t he is himself aga91 & cries3-- 8,i'll fight till f my bones ! fle% be hack'd4 ,give me my armor40 ,9 ?is mood ! illness & dea? ( ! que5 is no?+ to him2 he fights bravely to ! end2 ?\gh1 sup]/iti\s to ! la/1 8 8bett] "p ( man0 is c[$ by ! k t ,macduff 80 f 8 "m's womb untimely ripp$10 & s n ( woman born4 ,& s1 by ! sword ( ,macduff1 p]i%es ! wor/ villa91 save ,iago1 t ,%akespe>e ev] drew4 ,we h call$ ! wit*es ! projections ( ,macbe?'s evil ?\ghts1 & sugge/$ t !y 7 only objective repres5tations ( 8 inw>d be+4 ,to ?is x may be object$ t !y 7 se5 also by ,banquo4 ,b ?is may well be2 = ,banquo also seems to h _h evil int5tions1 :i* are vaguely h9t$ at 9 ! play4 ,he con/antly h>ps on ! idea t 8 *ildr5 are to be k+s4 ,approa*+ ! ca/le ( ,inv]ness at night1 be=e ! murd] ( ! k+1 he says1-- 8,hold1 take my sword4444 ,a heavy summons lies l lead ^u me1 ,& yet ,i w\ld n sleep3 m]ciful p[]s6 ,re/ra9 9 me ! curs$ ?\ghts t nature ,gives way to 9 repose6--,give me my sword40 ,meet+ !n ,macbe?1 he gives him ! diamond s5t by ! k+ to ,lady ,macbe?2 & aft] speak+ ( ,duncan's 8measureless cont5t10 he says1-- 8,i dreamt la/ night ( ! ?ree weird si/]s3 ,to y !y h %['d "s tru?40 ,at :i* ,macbe? proposes an int]view1 to 8,sp5d x 9 "s words ^u t bus9ess40 ,to :i* he readily cons5ts4 ,! 8curs$ ?\ghts10 !n1 are connect$ ) 8 dreams ab\t ! weird si/]s4 ,at 8 next appe>ance ! same ?\ghts agitate him 9 ,macbe?'s palace at ,=es4 ,8 fir/ words are--9 soliloquy-- 8,?\ ha/ x n[1 k+1 ,cawdor1 ,glamis1 all1 ,z ! weird wom5 promis'd2 &1 ,i fe>1 ,?\ play'd/ mo/ f\lly ='t3 yet x 0 said ,x %\ld n /& 9 ?y po/]ity1 ,b t myself %\ld be ! root & fa!r ,( _m k+s4 ,if !re come tru? f !m 7,z ^u !e1 ,macbe?1 _! spee*es %9e71 ,:y1 by ! v]ities on !e made good1 ,may !y n be my oracles z well1 ,& set me up 9 hope8 ,b1 hu%6 no m40 ,:5 x is recollect$ t1 aft] ! sc5e on ! hea? ) ! soldi]s1 ^! are ne>ly all ! words we h f ,banquo1 x seems to be pretty cle>ly indicat$ t 8 ?\ghts at lea/ 7 n p]fectly hone/ & :at !y %\ld h be54 ,! weird si/]s are b outw>d p]sonifications ( ! evil ?\ghts conceiv$ & f]m5t+ 9 ! bra9s ( ,banquo & ,macbe?2 bo? high 9 /ation1 bo? g5]als 9 ! k+'s army1 bo? fri5ds1 & bo? n\ri%+ evil wi%es4 ,!y are visible only to ^! two fri5ds2 & ?\gh !y are repres5t$ z hav+ an out] exi/5ce indep5d5t ( !m1 !y are1 metaphysically speak+1 b embodim5ts ( ! hidd5 ?\ghts & desires ( ,banquo & ,macbe?2 z su* !y are a new & t]rible creation1 diff]+ f ! vulg> fle%-&-blood wit*es ( ,middleton4 ,!y look n l ! inhabitants ( ! e>?2 !y vani% into ?9 air2 wild1 vague1 my/]i\s1 !y come & g1 l devili% ?\ghts t tempt u1 & take %ape be=e u1 z if !y _h come f ! o!r _w4 ,! devils t haunt u & tempt u come out ( ourselves1 l ! weird si/]s ( ,macbe?4 ,,index4 ,actors1 9 ,engl&1 #bcd-bci4 ,adam1 figure (1 by ,mi*el ,angelo1 #bf4 ,adriani1 ,giovanni ,batti/a1 lett] (1 to ,vas>i1 #adj4 s*9es1 /atem5t by1 reg>d+ ,miltiades1 #abi1 note4 s*ylus & ,euripides1 #cj2 quotation f1 #bjf4 ,agasias ! ,ephesian1 #aji4 ,aga!nor1 #id4 ,agel$as1 tea*] ( ,polyclitus1 #hh4 ,agoracrites1 #ff1 #fg1 #gj2 & ,alcam5es1 #ga2 & ,phidias1 #gb2 /atue ( ,nemesis1 at ,rhamnus1 by1 #gj1 #ia4 ,ajax1 ! antique1 #f4 ,alb]ti1 ,leon ,batti/a1 #c1 #h4 ,alcam5es1 #ee2 ! ,v5us ( ! ,g>d5s1 by1 #fh1 #ij2 & ,agoracritos1 #ga2 & ,phidias1 #gb1 #if2 high di/9ction (1 z an arti/1 #ij2 works 9 ! ,temple ( ,zeus1 #ic4 ,alcimus ,avitus1 quotation f 8 ,de ,orig9e ,mundi1 #abg4 ,alex&]1 tam+ ,bucephalus1 /atue (1 at ,rome1 #gg1 #gh2 praises ,apelles & ,lysippus1 #aca4 ,alfi]i1 #h4 ,ammonius1 #ajh4 ,anacreon1 quotations f1 #add4 8,ancora imp>o10 a motto us$ by ,mi*el ,angelo 9 old age1 #ac4 ,&ro/h5es1 #hh1 #ib4 ,angelo1 ,mi*el1 #d-g2 ev]y?+ 9 ,flor5ce recalls1 #h2 8 h\se1 #h1 #i2 bir?1 #i2 dea?1 #aj2 e>ly /udies1 #aj2 e>ly ef=ts z a sculptor1 #aj2 8 ,cupid & ,bac*us1 #aj2 8 ,piet1 #aa1 #bj2 colossal figure ( ,david1 #aa1 #bj2 ,si/9e ,*apel1 #aa2 ! ,moses1 #aa1 #bj2 ,m$ici ,*apel1 #aa2 ,paul9e ,*apel1 #aa2 ! ,la/ ,judgm5t1 #aa2 sculptor1 pa9t]1 ar*itect1 eng9e]1 & poet1 #aa1 #dc2 erection ( ,/4 ,pet]'s1 #aa2 8 circum/ances & *>act]i/ics1 #ab2 always le>n+1 #ac2 8 lat] poetry1 #ac2 8 p[] z a sculptor1 #ac1 #bj1 #ci2 8 great works 9 ! ,m$icean ,*apel1 #ac-ba2 mean+ ( 8 /atues ( ,day1 ,night1 ,aurora1 & ,crepuscule1 #af-ah2 quatra9 by1 #ag2 influ5ce ( ,savon>ola & ,dante on1 #ag2 8 works bad models = imitation #bj2 figure ( ,*ri/ by1 9 ! ,*ur* ( ! ,m9]va1 #bj2 8 /ruggles aga9/ ill-heal? 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imp$$ by1 #bbe4 ,naturali/i1 motto ( !1 #bcb4 ,nature & art1 #bcb4 ,nemesis1 /atue (1 at ,rhamnus1 #fg1 #gj1 #ga2 inscription on1 #aji4 ,n]o1 #gg1 #gi2 l ,macbe?1 #bdc4 ,ne/ocles1 #hh4 ,nicephorus ,*umnus1 ,apelles & ,lysippus prais$ by1 #acb4 ,nicias1 /atues color$ by1 #aec4 ,night1 ,mi*el ,angelo's colossal figure (1 #ad-ba4 ,odeum1 !1 #eb1 #ec4 ,olympia1 ! ,temple ( ,zeus at1 #ec1 #ed4 ,op9ion1 arrogance (1 developm5t ( tru? imp$$ by1 #bbe4 ,op9ions b runn+ /reams1 #bbi4 ,orcagna1 ! ,loggia (1 #f4 ,oreads1 #a4 ,orpheus1 z ! ,good ,%eph]d1 #a4 ,o!llo1 ! trance (1 unlike ,macbe?'s ab]ration ( m9d1 #bdi1 #bej4 ,ovid1 quot$1 #abb1 #aea4 ,ponios1 #ee1 #hh2 works (1 #ib1 #ic4 ,pagan religion & pagan art1 #a4 ,pa9t+1 & sculpture1 #a2 sub/ances us$ by ! anci5ts 91 #ade4 ,palazzo ,f>nese1 !1 #da4 ,pan1 #a4 ,pant>ces1 a victor 9 ! ,olympian games1 #abi4 ,p>rhasius1 #fd2 pa9ts portrait ( himself1 #acb4 ,p>!non1 !1 sculptures 91 #di1 #ej1 #eb-ee2 build]s (1 #ea1 #eb2 built betwe5 #ddd & #dch ,b4 ,c41 #ed2 ! extant fragm5ts (1 n 9 ! /yle ( ,phidias1 #hd-hf2 probably execut$ by v>i\s h&s1 #id4 ,pasiteles1 #ace4 ,paul9e ,*apel1 !1 #aa4 ,pausanias1 /atem5ts by1 #ei1 #fd-ga1 #ge1 #ia2 ! m>ble /atues ascrib$ to ,phidias by1 #aje-ajg2 on ! inv5tion ( ca/+ 9 bronze1 #acg4 ,peli*us1 /atue (1 by ,demetrius1 #acj4 ,p5si]o1 ,il1 #ah4 ,p]icles1 appo9ts ,phidias director ( public works 9 ,a!ns1 #di1 #ea2 directs ! build+ ( ! ,odeum1 #eb2 said by ,/rabo to h be5 director ( public works1 #eb2 sole adm9i/rator ( public affairs1 #ec2 lik5ess (1 by ,phidias1 #fj1 #abi4 ,p]k9s1 ,*>les ,c41 8 8,du ,m\lage en ,pltre *ez les ,anci5s10 #aae ff42 conf\nds model+ & ca/+1 #afb4 ,p]ug9o1 #ca4 ,p]uzzi ,*apel1 !1 #g4 ,petr>ca1 #c1 #db2 admir$ by ,mi*el ,angelo1 #ce4 ,petronius1 cit$1 #ij4 ,phdrus1 quot$1 #ajh4 ,phidias1 #ai2 pa9t] & ar*itect1 z well z sculptor1 #dc2 & ! ,elg9 m>bles1 #di-aad2 appo9t$ director ( public works by ,p]icles1 #di2 8 *ryselephant9e /atue ( ,a!na1 #ej-fh1 #hb1 #hc1 #ig1 #ih1 #aaa2 d\btful if he ev] made /atues 9 m>ble1 #ea1 #ih-aac2 te/imony ( ,plut>*1 #ea1 #eb2 ( ,/rabo1 #eb2 impossible = him to h done all ! 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"w (1 #gf-gi2 comp>$ ) ,mi*el ,angelo1 #hj2 8 /yle1 #hj1 #ha2 elaboration ( 8 great works1 #ha-hd1 #hf2 ! ,cell9i ( ,a!ns1 #hd2 introduces ! art ( mak+ /atues 9 ivory & gold1 #hg2 e/imation (1 among 8 contempor>ies1 #if2 ,prop]tius & ,qu9ctilian on1 #ih2 appellation appli$ to1 by ,ari/otle1 #ii-ajb2 skill (1 9 ! toreutic art1 #aja2 m>ble /atues ascrib$ to1 by ,pausanias1 #aje-ajg2 prosecut$ = impiety1 #abi4 ,phigaleia1 ! ,temple ( ,apollo at1 #ec4 ,photias1 #gb4 ,phradmon1 #fg2 competes ) ,phidias1 #ig4 ,phryne1 portrait (1 by ,apelles1 #acb4 ,phyroma*os1 #id4 ,piece-m\lds app>5tly n us$ by ! anci5t ,greeks & ,romans1 #aef1 #aeg1 #agf1 #agh4 ,p9d>1 quotation f1 #bjf4 ,pius ,,viii41 monum5t (1 by ,t5]ani1 #fa4 ,pla/]1 ! art ( ca/+ 91 among ! ,greeks & ,romans1 #aae-ahi4 ,plata1 #ec1 #ei4 ,plautus1 quot$1 #aba1 #ace4 ,pl9y1 cit$1 #fe-fh1 #gj1 #ga1 #gf1 #hi1 #ij2 /ory by1 ab\t ,phidias1 ,polyclitus1 ,ctesilaus1 ,cydon1 & ,phradmon1 #ig1 #ih2 /atem5ts by1 ab\t ,phidias1 #ajc1 #ajd2 quotation f 8 ,natural ,hi/ory1 #aaf2 mean+ ( ! quotation consid]$1 #aag ff42 ! ,natural ,hi/ory *>act]iz$1 #aah1 #aai2 /ories by1 ab\t ,apelles & ,p>rhasius1 #acb1 #acc2 ,bo/ick & ,riley's translation (1 #ace2 8 use ( ! t]m 8c]a10 #add2 *apt] on 8,pla/ices10 9 ! ,natural ,hi/ory1 #adf-aej2 *apt] on ! honor atta*$ to portraits1 #aej1 #aea4 ,plut>*1 /atem5ts by1 ab\t ,p]icles & ,phidias1 #ea1 #eb1 #ef1 #eg2 quot$1 #ff4 ,plyn!ria1 ! colossal ,a!na's gold drap]y wa%$ at1 #aeb4 ,poliziano1 ,angelo1 tea*] ( ,mi*el ,angelo1 #c1 #aj4 ,polybius1 ref]r$ to1 #adf1 note4 ,polyclitus1 #fg2 8 canon ( proportion1 #gc2 8 works1 #hh1 #hi2 comp>$ ) ,phidias1 #if1 #ig1 #aja2 price receiv$ by1 = 8 ,doryphoros1 #agf4 ,polygnotus1 ! 8,rape ( ,cass&ra0 by1 #acb4 ,polyx9es1 #f4 ,pompeii1 works ( art f\nd 91 #agg4 ,pomponius ,mela1 cit$1 #gj4 ,popes1 !1 & ,mi*el ,angelo1 #ab4 ,portrait /atues1 erection (1 9 public1 seldom all[$ by ! ,greeks1 #abi4 ,portraiture1 9 its true s5se1 ! beg9n+ (1 #acj2 developm5t (1 by ,lysippus & ,lysi/ratus1 #aca2 e>lie/ specim5 (1 by a great pa9t]1 #acb2 use (1 by ! ,romans1 #aej4 ,possis1 excell5t "w (1 #adh4 ,praxias1 #hh1 #ib1 #id1 #ie4 ,praxiteles1 /atue ( ,alex&] tam+ ,bucephalus1 ascrib$ to1 #gg1 #gh2 prais$ by ,lucian1 #if2 & ,nicias1 #aec2 price (f]$ by ,a!ns = ! ,v5us (1 #age4 ,pre-,raphaelites1 error ( !1 #bcc4 ,pr9t+1 among ! anci5t ,romans1 #afg4 ,prop]tius1 quot$1 #ih4 ,propyla1 #ec4 ,pulci1 ! ?ree1 #c4 ,py?agoras1 #hh4 ,qu9ctilian1 quot$1 #ih1 #abe2 criticises ,demetrius1 #acj4 ,qu9cy1 ,m4 ,quatrem]e de1 on *ryselephant9e /atues1 #ajj4 ,quir9al ,hill1 /atue ( ! ,horse-,tam] on !1 #fg1 #gf4 ,rac9e1 ,molire &1 #cj4 ,raffaelle1 #d1 #h2 & ! ,si/9e ,*apel1 #bd2 & ,mi*el ,angelo1 #cj-cc1 #ce2 "* & /yle (1 #ca2 8 f9e/ "w1 #cb2 8 e>ly dea?1 #cb2 *>act]iz$ by contempor>ies1 #cc2 & ! ,=n>9a1 #ca1 #cd2 accompli%$ 9 _m arts1 #dc4 ,rav5na1 ,dante's grave at1 #h4 ,re=m1 sl[ movem5t (1 9 ,engl&1 #bce4 ,rehoboam1 gr\p by ,mi*el ,angelo1 #bi4 ,religion1 & art1 h& 9 h&1 #bjh2 no sy/em (1 ev] embrac$ all tru?1 #bbd4 ,religi\s controv]sy1 no?+ s bitt] z1 #bbe4 ,religi\s ideas1 ea* age has its1 #aif4 ,r5aissance1 !1 #c-e4 ,revolutioniz+ ! _w1 #bbg4 ,rhamnus1 /atue ( ,nemesis at1 #fg1 #gj1 #ga4 ,rhcus1 ca/ 9 bronze1 #acf4 ,ri*es1 d5\nc$ by ,*ri/1 #bbb4 ,riley & ,bo/ick1 translation ( ,pl9y by1 #ace4 ,roman & ,greek art1 ! _s (1 #ai4 ,r\sseau & ,voltaire1 #cj4 ,s4 ,ju/9us1 #bjf4 ,s4 ,!ophilus ,antio*5us1 #bjf4 ,sallu/1 quot$1 #aeb4 ,san ,gallo1 ,antonio1 ar*itect ( ,/4 ,pet]'s1 #ci4 ,san ,lor5zo1 ,*ur* (1 #i1 #ac4 ,santa ,croce1 ,*ur* (1 #g1 #h4 ,saurus1 #ajg4 ,savon>ola1 #e2 8 influ5ce on ,mi*el ,angelo1 #ag1 #ce4 ,s*eff]1 ,ary1 ,delacroix &1 #cj4 ,scopas1 #fg2 celebrat$ = h]oic figures & demigods1 #ge2 a work] 9 m>ble1 #gf4 ,sculpture1 & idolatry1 #a2 consid]$ m dignifi$ ?an pa9t+1 by ! ,a!nians1 #acc4 ,second-sight1 ,macbe?'s1 #bdf4 ,secretive nature1 !1 always a puzzle to ! frank nature1 #bdd4 ,semele & ,zagreus1 #afa4 ,s5eca1 quot$1 #aaj2 s5tim5ts (1 reg>d+ ,god1 #bjg1 #bjh4 ,%akespe>e1 & ,sir ,philip ,sidney1 #cj2 te/imony (1 z to ,engli% actors1 #bce2 int]pret$ by ! ,g]mans1 #bcg2 8 mean+ p]v]t$ on ! ,engli% /age1 #bch1 #bdj2 no s]i\s "* (1 rants l ,macbe?1 #bea2 a ma/]-/roke (1 #bei2 ,iago & ,macbe? 8 wor/ villa9s1 #bhd2 8 weird si/]s a new creation1 #bhe4 ,sibyll9e v]ses1 fragm5t ( !1 #bjf4 ,sibyls1 repres5tations (1 by ,mi*el ,angelo1 #bg1 #bh4 ,siddons1 ,mrs41 z ,lady ,macbe?1 #bci1 #bdj1 #bfd4 ,sidney1 ,sir ,philip1 ,%akespe>e &1 #cj4 ,si/9e ,*apel1 !1 #aa2 ,mi*el ,angelo's frescoes 91 #ba-bi1 #dd2 op5$ to exhibit ! frescoes 9 #aejh on ,all-,sa9ts' ,day1 #bc4 ,sixtus ,v41 #gg4 ,smi?1 ,philip1 cit$1 #ei1 #fa1 #gf4 ,socrates1 #hh4 ,solon1 cit$1 #gj4 ,sophocles1 unity & univ]sality ( ,god proclaim$ by1 #bjj4 ,sp>tianus1 /atues model$ 9 pla/] spok5 ( by1 #afj4 ,/4 ,paul1 quot$1 #bca4 ,/4 ,pet]'s1 ! ,dome (1 #e1 #h1 #aa2 ,mi*el ,angelo's "w ^u1 #ci-db2 ! type ( ! univ]sal *ur*1 #da2 ,mi*el ,angelo n responsible = x z x n[ /&s1 #db2 *anges made 91 by ,c>lo ,mad]no1 #db4 ,/a4 ,m>ia degli ,angeli1 ,*ur* (1 #da4 ,/age1 tradition & conv5tion on ! ,engli%1 #bcd-bdj4 ,/atius1 quot$1 #add4 ,/atues1 anci5t1 s+ul> defects 91 #agc4 ,/rabo1 /atem5ts by1 ab\t ,p]icles & ,phidias1 #eb2 op9ion (1 on ! /atue ( ,nemesis1 at ,rhamnus1 #gj2 on ! "w ( ,polyclitus1 #hi1 #if4 ,/rozzi1 ,giovan' ,batti/a1 quatra9 by1 #ag4 ,suidas1 #gb4 ,sunium1 #fd4 ,t>tuffe1 ,macbe? n l1 #bed4 ,tasso1 #c1 #db4 ,t5]ani1 #fa4 ,t5nyson1 ,br[n+ &1 #cj4 ,t]ra cotta1 an anci5t manufactory (1 #agh4 ,t]tullian1 on ! p]secution ( ! ,*ri/ians1 #bbb4 ,!mi/ius1 a say+ (1 #ef2 cit$1 #hj4 ,!ocosmos1 #fg1 #ib2 said to h be5 assi/$ by ,phidias1 #ge4 ,!ocritus1 #bjf4 ,!odorus ( ,samos1 ca/ 9 bronze1 #acf4 ,!ophra/us1 treatise on m9]alogy by1 #aei4 ,?i]s*1 cit$1 #ei1 #fa1 #fh4 ,?\ghts1 our :ole nature color$ by our1 #bbi4 ,?rasym$es ( ,p>os1 #ff1 #gj4 ,?und]+ ,legion1 !1 true /ory (1 #bae1 #baf4 ,t9toretto1 #d4 ,tiridates1 ,k+ ( ,arm5ia1 #gg1 #gi4 ,titian1 #d4 ,toreutic art1 !1 #ajj4 ,tradition1 9 ,engli% *ur* & !atre1 #bce2 ,%akespe>e's mean+ p]v]t$ by1 #bch1 #bdj4 ,traditions ab\t arti/s1 unreliable1 #gd4 ,tr\ghton1 ,mr41 #bcc4 ,tru?1 inf9ite 9 =m & _s1 #aie2 a cont9ual progression t[>ds ! div9e1 #aie2 n all embrac$ 9 "o sy/em ( religion1 #bbd2 ! gr[? 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