,,going ,,afoot ,illustration3 ,,emblem ,,of ,,the ,,league ,,of ,,walkers ,,going ,,afoot ,a ,book on ,walking ,,bayard ,h4 ,,christy ,published for the ,league of ,walkers ,,by ,,association ,,press ,,new ,,york3 #cdg ,,madison ,,avenue #aibj ,,acknowledgments ,special acknowledgment is gladly made to the respective publishers for permission to use the following copyrighted material3 ,quotations from the ,journals of ,henry ,d4 ,thoreau1 copyright by ,houghton1 ,mifflin ,company2 8,trees10 by ,joyce ,kilmer1 copyright by ,george ,h4 ,doran ,company2 8,uphill10 from 8,poems10 by ,christina ,rossetti1 copyright by ,little1 ,brown ,company1 ,publishers1 ,boston2 8,overflow10 by ,john ,banister ,tabb1 copyright by ,small1 ,maynard ,company2 8,the ,lake ,isle of ,innisfree10 by ,william ,butler ,yeats1 copyright by ,the ,macmillan ,company4 ,none of the above material should be reprinted without securing permission4 ,,copyright1 #aibj1 ,,by ,,the ,,international ,,committee ,,of ,,young ,,men',s ,,christian ,,associations ,to ,,george ,j4 ,,fisher ,,at ,,whose ,,instance1 ,,and ,,with ,,whose ,,kindly ,,aid1 ,,these ,,pages ,,were ,,written ,,contents ,i4 ,,how ,,to ,,walk #a ,posture--,wearing ,apparel--,equipment--,care of ,body and ,equipment--,companions4 ,,ii4 ,,when ,,to ,,walk #ci ,at ,what ,season--,the ,hours of the ,day--,speed and ,distance--,stunt ,walking--,championship ,walking--,competitive ,walking4 ,,iii4 ,,where ,,to ,,walk #fc ,choice of ,surroundings--,nature of ,country--,the ,goal and the ,road--,maps--,walking by ,compass4 ,,iv4 ,,walking ,,clubs ,,in ,,america #gi ,the ,appalachian ,mountain ,club--,the ,green ,mountain ,club--,wanderlust of ,philadelphia--,walking ,clubs of ,new ,york--,some ,western ,clubs--,association of ,mountaineering ,clubs4 ,v4 ,,organization ,,and ,,conduct ,,of ,,walking ,,clubs #ajc ,the ,activities of a ,walking ,club--,rules for ,hiking--,a ,club ,constitution--,juvenile ,clubs--,league of ,walkers4 ,,bibliography #ada ,,how ,,to ,,walk ,i have met with but one or two persons in the course of my life who understood the art of ,walking1 that is1 of taking walks1--who had a genius1 so to speak1 for sauntering1 which word is beautifully derived 8from idle people who roved about the country1 in the ,middle ,ages1 and asked charity1 under pretense of going la ,sainte ,terre10 to the ,holy ,land1 till the children exclaimed1 8,there goes a ,sainte-,terrer10 a ,saunterer1 a ,holy-,lander4 ,they who never go to the ,holy ,land in their walks1 as they pretend1 are indeed mere idlers and vagabonds2 but they who do go there are saunterers in the good sense1 such as ,i mean4 ,some1 however1 would derive the word from sans terre1 without land or a home1 which1 therefore1 in the good sense1 will mean1 having no particular home1 but equally at home everywhere4 ,for this is the secret of successful sauntering4 ,he who sits still in a house all the time may be the greatest vagrant of all2 but the saunterer1 in the good sense1 is no more vagrant than the meandering river1 which is all the while sedulously seeking the shortest course to the sea4 ,but ,i prefer the first1 which1 indeed1 is the most probable derivation4 ,for every walk is a sort of crusade1 preached by some ,peter the ,hermit in us1 to go forth and reconquer this ,holy ,land from the hands of the ,infidels4 --,henry ,d4 ,thoreau1 8,walking40 ,i ,,how ,,to ,,walk ,observe the vigorous man as he walks3 the stride is long and free2 the feet come surely and firmly to the ground1 without twist or jar1 toes pointed straight ahead2 the pelvis1 swaying easily1 carries an erect body2 the arms swing in alternate rhythm with the legs2 the head is borne free over all2 breathing is deep and long2 the blood courses strongly4 ,every member shares in the activity4 ,,wearing ,,apparel ,it must be the pedestrian's ideal1 when he comes to consider the matters of clothing and burden1 in the least possible degree to interfere with these full natural bodily motions3 ,clothing1 while serving its purposes of protection1 must not bind nor rub2 it may help to maintain1 but it may not disturb normal circulation4 ,burdens must be so imposed as to be sustained with least effort1 and to leave the limbs unincumbered4 ,footgear is of first importance4 ,if one is to walk comfortably1 pleasurably1 effectively1 the muscles of the feet must have free play2 there may be no cramping1 straining1 nor rubbing2 no unnatural position4 ,in ,japan the elegant people toddle along in rainy weather upon blocks of wood which raise their dainty slippers above the mud2 but your rickshaw runner splashes through the street on soles as pliant as gloves4 ,shoes and stockings serve but one purpose--that of protection4 ,if roads were smooth and clean1 people who live in temperate climates would go barefoot4 ,when one walks long and hard1 the blood-vessels are distended and the feet increase appreciably in size4 ,more than that1 in the act of walking1 the forward part of the foot is constantly changing in shape3 the toes alternately spread and contract1 bend and straighten4 ,the whole supple member is full of muscular activity4 ,the pedestrian accordingly will not advisedly clothe his feet in cotton stockings and close-fitting shoes1 however well made4 ,the consequences of so doing would be rubbing and blisters1 impaired circulation and lameness4 ,nor will he put on canvas shoes1 nor heelless shoes1 nor rubber-soled shoes1 nor shoes with cleats across their soles1 such as football players wear4 ,the best material for stockings is wool1 and for shoes1 leather4 ,the preference for woolen stockings is not primarily because of warmth--even in hottest weather they are preferable4 ,it is because the material is elastic and agreeable to the skin4 ,in winter1 warmth is an added advantage2 and1 when one's footgear is soaked through with water1 there is far less danger of taking cold in woolen stockings than in cotton4 ,stockings should be bulky and shoes roomy4 ,the layer of knit wool between foot and shoe leather is elastic2 it gives the exercising foot free play1 cushions the weight of the body1 and1 by filling all the space1 prevents rubbing4 ,the rough bulky stockings known as lumbermen's socks are excellent4 ,if their coarseness is harsh to the skin1 finer socks 7of cotton1 if preferred7 may be worn beneath4 ,if the woolen stockings available are light1 wear two pairs together4 ,never wear a stocking so small or so badly shrunken as to draw or constrain the toes4 ,shoes should be roomy4 ,they should when put on over heavy stockings make snug fit about the heel and beneath the arch of the foot1 but the forward part should be soft and wide1 to give the toes full play4 ,the 8sporting0 shoes of shops are to be let alone4 ,the army shoes are excellent1 both of the ,munson and of the ,hermann lasts2 they have been carefully designed for just such service as the pedestrian requires1 and they are most successful4 ,it has just been said that shoes should be large2 they should be considerably larger than the wearer's ordinary city shoes1 both in length and in width4 ,it is not sufficient to find a shoe which is comfortable in the shop2 the shoe may be wide enough1 but unless there be some allowance in length1 one's toes will1 after ten miles of hard walking1 be squeezed till they are tender and blistered4 ,a man who ordinarily wears a #i ,b1 for example1 should buy a #i ,d4 ,there should be as much allowance as that1 at the least4 ,a roomy shoe1 its looseness well filled 7though not packed tight7 with bulky1 springy1 coarse wool1 coarsely knit1 is the very best foot covering4 ,an additional advantage should be mentioned3 a tight shoe1 retarding circulation1 may in extreme wintry weather increase unduly the danger of frosted feet4 ,heavy stockings and roomy shoes are free of that defect4 ,there are no water-tight shoes1 except in shop windows2 and1 if there were1 they would at the end of a long walk1 have become very uncomfortable4 ,a pair of army shoes should1 with proper care1 last1 without resoling1 for #bjj to #cjj miles of walking--depending on the roughness of the way1 and whether one is 8hard on his shoes40 ,if one is planning a longer tour than this1 he should provide two pairs of shoes1 and wear them on alternate days--a plan which1 but for the added weight1 would in any case be preferable4 ,some men prefer to walk in knickerbockers1 others in long trousers 7see below74 ,most of those who prefer long trousers wear shoes with high tops1 reaching to the middle of the calves1 and covering and confining the ends of the trouser legs4 ,again1 bad conditions of footing--such as deep snow1 for instance1 or bog land1 or low dense growth--may render high shoetops advantageous4 ,low shoes are not advisable under any conditions4 ,for the open road1 shoes of ordinary height are best4 ,they should be laced1 not buttoned4 ,for certain kinds of service1 shoes should be specially adapted4 ,rubber heels are excellent on macadam roads1 but it should be borne in mind that on hard wet surfaces rubber slips4 ,the value of rubber heels is greatest when walking through level1 well-settled regions4 ,when they are worn1 it is well to carry an extra pair4 ,hobnails are to be used only when necessary4 ,any attachment to1 and particularly any excrescence from1 the sole of the shoe1 is disadvantageous4 ,iron hobs add appreciably to the weight2 and they tend to localize a pressure which should be evenly distributed over the whole sole4 ,for walking in level or in moderately hilly regions1 for such simpler mountaineering as consists in traversing highways and mounting wooded slopes1 one does not require hobnails2 the soles of his shoes should be of plain leather4 ,one should let alone the rubber hobs and inlays1 the small scattered spikes1 such as he sees attractively displayed as part of the golfer's outfit4 ,to the pedestrian these things are not worth the fancy prices asked2 indeed1 they are worth nothing to him4 ,hobnails1 then1 must justify themselves in advantages which outweigh their disadvantages2 this they do in difficult mountaineering4 ,worse than useless on the level1 they become in the high mountains practically a necessity4 ,for climbing steep slopes1 the rock faces and the dense short turf of mountain tops1 for scaling precipices of 8rotten0 rock1 for traversing snowfields and icy ledges1 one needs to be 8rough shod40 ,in the ,alps the soles of the mountaineers' shoes are studded all about their rims with flgelngel--great square-headed hobs of iron1 with 8wings0 overlying the edges of the soles4 ,soft iron proves to be the very best material to give purchase on rock surfaces1 whether wet or dry1 and on ice and snow1 too1 it is best4 ,these flgelngel1 known as 8edging nails10 and round hobs for the middle of the sole1 called 8,swedish hobnails10 may be had in this country from dealers in sportsmen's goods4 ,for mounting icy slopes1 steel spikes in leather carriers1 called crampons1 are secured to the feet over one's shoes4 ,these1 it is believed1 are not now procurable in this country4 ,for snowshoeing a soft-soled shoe is preferable4 ,deerskin moccasins are not serviceable for1 unless protected by some outer covering1 they soon become water-soaked1 and then they are worse than useless4 ,shoepacks are good1 and 8,barker0 shoes better4 ,barker shoes are made with vamp of rubber and upper of leather4 ,on this subject1 see 8,the ,snowshoe ,manual10 compiled by the ,snowshoe ,section of the ,appalachian ,mountain ,club4 ,special footwear is provided for other particular pursuits3 ,the duck hunter on the tide-water procures hip-boots of rubber2 the ski-runner wears shoes of special design1 and so does the skater4 ,but here we are in realms of sports other than walking4 ,footgear1 then1 must be comfortable1 durable1 adequate4 ,sufferers from weak or falling arches will wisely modify these suggestions1 according to the advice of a reliable orthopedist4 ,indeed it is well for any one who goes seriously about walking to have his feet examined by a competent adviser1 that he may guard against latent defects and prevent difficulty4 ,clothing should afford necessary protection2 should be light in weight1 should be loose1 and should be so planned that1 as one grows warm in walking1 the superfluous may be taken off4 ,it is best that the temperature of the body be kept as nearly even as possible1 and there is danger of chill1 if one stands in cold wind--as on a mountain top1 for instance--while his underclothing is saturated with perspiration4 ,ordinarily one's clothing will 7besides shoes and stockings7 include underwear1 shirt1 trousers1 coat1 and hat4 ,in summer1 underwear has no value for warmth2 it should be of cotton1 sleeveless1 and cut short at the knees4 ,if1 however1 one is walking in the mountains1 or at a cooler season1 he will do well to carry with him a flannel undershirt1 to wear at the end of the day1 when resting4 ,in cool weather light woolen underwear covering both arms and legs is best--and when the thermometer falls low or one is to endure unusual exposure1 the underwear should be heavier4 ,some pedestrians will leave cotton underwear out of account altogether1 wearing1 by preference1 light wool1 and1 on a very hot day1 none4 ,the shirt should be of flannel1 light or heavy1 according to season4 ,in milder weather1 cotton shirts1 such as the khaki-colored ones worn in the army and procurable at army supply stores1 are good4 ,on a summer walking tour it is well to provide one's self with one cotton shirt and one of flannel4 ,the collarband should be large2 collar and cuffs should be of one piece with the shirt4 ,in the matter of trousers1 one man will prefer long ones2 another1 short4 ,knickerbockers1 for summer wear1 should be of khaki 7or of one of the various close-woven cotton fabrics which pass under that name2 a material called 8cold stream duck0 is good71 or of jean2 for winter1 they may be of corduroy or of woolen goods4 ,the army breeches1 narrowed at the knee1 and laced close to the calf of the leg1 are riding breeches1 really2 and1 while fairly good1 they are not of best design for walking1 since they restrain somewhat free movement of the knee4 ,knickerbockers should be full at the knee1 and should end in a band to buckle about the leg immediately below the knee joint4 ,such walking breeches may be had of dealers in sportsmen's goods4 ,leggings4 ,if knickerbockers are worn1 the calf of the leg should be properly covered4 ,in spite of such disadvantages as those incident to travel on dusty roads and over burr-grown land1 long stockings secured at the knee are best for summer wear1 without more4 ,spiral puttees are good in cool weather2 in summer they are uncomfortably hot1 and even when carefully put on1 are somewhat confining4 ,they have one notable advantage3 when used in deep snow they prevent1 as no other leggings can1 melting snow from running down the legs and into the shoes4 ,for ordinary service the canvas puttees worn in the army are better than the spirals--indeed these canvas puttees are on the whole more satisfactory to the pedestrian than any other covering applied over shoes and stockings4 ,leather puttees are unnecessarily heavy1 and their imperviousness is an actual disadvantage4 ,it is only when traveling through dense undergrowth and briars that leather puttees are really serviceable--and that sort of wear is very hard on the puttees4 ,high shoetops1 too1 become under such conditions useful1 as has already been noted4 ,in wearing breeches laced about the calf1 and in wearing spiral puttees1 care should be taken that they do not bind4 ,many of our soldiers in the recent war suffered from varicose veins1 and this was attributed in part to the emergency1 that many men unused to physical labor had to carry heavy knapsacks4 ,but it was attributed in part1 too1 to binding too tightly the muscles of the legs4 ,for one special service heavy leg covering is desired3 ,to the hunter traversing the swamps and palmetto-grown plains of ,florida1 there is some danger of snake bites4 ,ordinarily1 apprehensions about snakes are to be laughed at4 ,the feet1 ankles1 and legs to a point two or three inches above the knees1 should be protected4 ,this protection may be effective either by being impenetrable1 or by being bulky and thick1 or by virtue of both these characteristics4 ,one expedient1 now on the market1 consists of leggings having an interlining of wire gauze4 ,another may be improvised3 a bulky wrapping of quilted material1 incased in tough leggings of leather or canvas4 ,care must be taken to protect the ankles below the reach of an ordinary pair of puttees4 ,any covering such as here suggested must in the nature of the case be heavy and uncomfortable1 and will not be worn unnecessarily4 ,one can only say for it1 that it is better than a snake bite4 ,long trousers should be of smooth close-woven material1 not easily torn by thorns1 and1 for winter wear particularly1 resistant to penetration by wind4 ,the legs of the trousers should be confined within shoetops or leggings4 ,long stockings are not required1 only socks4 ,in long trousers1 the knee movement is quite free4 ,this rig is particularly good for rough work4 ,some men prefer to wear a belt2 others1 suspenders4 ,the drag of long trousers is greater than of knickerbockers1 and1 generally speaking1 the man who wears knickerbockers will prefer a belt2 and the man who wears long trousers1 suspenders4 ,the belt1 when worn1 should not be drawn very tight4 ,the best belt is the army belt1 of webbing2 it should not be unnecessarily long4 ,in summer a coat is needed only when resting1 or as protection from rain4 ,on one summer tour1 the writer found himself comfortable without a coat1 but in its place a sweater and a short rubber shirt1 fitting close at neck and wrists and with wide skirts1 to cover man and knapsack together4 ,such a rubber shirt1 called in the supply houses a 8fishing shirt10 may be had of willow green color1 or white or black4 ,a sweater is so convenient to carry1 and so comfortable1 as to be all but indispensable2 but1 as protection from rain1 the rather expensive1 and for all other purposes useless1 fishing shirt is by no means a necessity2 a canvas coat or the coat of an old business suit will answer well4 ,one does not walk far in a downpour1 and the slight wetting of a passing summer shower will do no harm4 ,in the ,tyrol where1 before the ,war1 walking as recreation was developed as nowhere else1 many pedestrians carried neither coat nor sweater1 but a long full cape of heavy1 close-woven1 woolen material2 when not needed1 the cape is carried hanging over the knapsack4 ,such a cape serves1 in some degree1 the purposes of a blanket4 ,a convenient mode of carrying a coat is described by ,mr4 ,william ,morris ,davis1 in 8,excursions around ,aix-les-,bains0 7see ,bibliography74 ,mr4 ,davis says3 8,clothing should be easy fitting1 so that discomfort shall not be added to fatigue4 ,even in warm weather1 a coat will often be wanted on a ridge crest1 or mountain top3 it can be best carried as follows3--,sew the middle of a #cj- or #ce-;inch piece of strong tape inside of the back of the collar2 sew the ends of the tape to the bottom of the arm holes3 pass the arms through the loops of the tape1 and let the coat hang loosely on the back2 it will thus be held so that nothing will fall from the pockets and the arms and hands will be free40 ,for winter wear1 one will dispense with any such garment as a fishing shirt1 but will require both coat and sweater4 ,the sweater should be a warm one1 and the coat should be1 not heavy nor bulky1 but windproof rather4 ,a valuable garment for cold weather is the ,alaska 8parka10 a shirt-like frock1 light1 windproof1 and it may be made storm-proof4 ,made of heavy denim or of khaki cloth and worn over a sweater1 the parka is very satisfactory4 ,description in detail will be found in ,appalachia1 ,vol4 ,,xi1 ,no4 #c1 page #bhg4 ,the hat should shield a man's head from a driving rain1 and1 if it be a bald head1 from the sun4 ,if the man wears spectacles1 the brim of the hat should shield the glass from rain and from the direct rays of the sun4 ,the hat should be small enough and soft enough to be rolled up and tucked away when not needed4 ,an old soft felt hat will do2 the crown should be provided with ventilation holes of generous size2 a leather sweatband is uncomfortable1 particularly in hot weather1 and may sometimes cause bothersome infection of a sunburned and abraded brow4 ,the writer has found a white duck hat1 its brim faced with green underneath1 very serviceable in summer4 ,in tropical countries the familiar pith helmet is an almost necessary protection4 ,one who wears eyeglasses should be careful to provide himself with spectacles1 preferably metal-rimmed1 and on a long tour will advisedly carry a second pair1 and even the prescription4 ,see further regarding spectacles1 under the caption1 8,colored glasses10 page #bb4 ,the choice of clothing for cold weather may be governed by these few simple rules3 7#a7 ,the objective is maximum warmth with minimum weight4 7#b7 ,the trunk of the body--the spine1 particularly--the upper arms1 and the thighs should be most warmly protected4 7#c7 ,let the clothing be soft and bulky within 7of wool chiefly71 and externally let it be substantially windproof4 ,the hoods worn by the ,eskimos are made of the skins of water-fowl1 worn feathered side in4 7#d7 ,have no crowding of clothing under the arms4 7#e7 ,do not wear long coat-skirts2 let the coat be belted at the waist4 7#f7 ,protect the ears1 when necessary1 with a knitted 8helmet10 or with a cap having an ear-flap which1 when not needed1 folds across the crown4 7#g7 ,woolen gloves or1 better still1 mittens should be worn1 and1 outside of these1 if it be very cold1 loosely fitting leather mittens4 7#h7 ,except in extremely cold weather1 do not wear leather garments1 nor fur4 ,even a fur cap is intolerable when one becomes warm in walking4 ,the color of clothing is not unimportant4 ,whether as naturalist or sportsman one desires to be inconspicuously clad1 or as a mere wayfarer on dusty roads he wishes to conceal1 so far as may be1 the stains of travel1 he will choose khaki color1 or the olive drab made familiar nowadays in the uniforms of the navy aviators4 ,gray flannel trousers1 a white sweater1 a bright-colored necktie1 for wear in the evenings1 are good as part of the equipment4 ,but to that subject the next chapter will be devoted4 ,in planning an extended hike one will ordinarily have to reckon on some railway traveling4 ,city clothes may be sent by express to the point where walking ends4 ,then the return journey may be made comfortably and inconspicuously4 ,the foregoing notes for men will be found sufficient to indicate what is a suitable costume for women pedestrians4 ,with a woman's needs particularly in mind1 it should be said that skirts should be short1 hanging at least six inches clear of the ground2 shoetops may be accordingly higher2 and all garments should be loose4 ,when walking in remote regions1 many women will prefer to wear knickerbockers rather than skirts1 and in mountaineering knickerbockers are requisite4 ,even bloomers are objectionable4 ,in such case a woman's costume more nearly approaches that of men4 ,a girl1 writing of a tour upon the ,long ,trail in ,vermont 7see page #hd71 says3 8,khaki riding breeches are best1 as they are of light weight and briars do not catch on them4 ,i can't picture any one taking the ,trail in a skirt40 ,the ,appalachian ,mountain ,club prescribes a climbing outfit for women in the ,new ,england mountains1 as follows3 ,high laced boots with ,hungarian nails2 woolen stockings and underwear1 light weight2 woolen or khaki waist1 skirt1 and bloomers2 felt hat2 leather belt4 ,and the ,alpine ,club of ,canada publishes this among other notes upon women's costume3 8,it is the dropping of the waist line down to the hips that is the secret of a woman's wearing her knickerbockers gracefully4 ,the top of the knickerbockers should hang on the point of the hips1 with the belt as loose as possible4 ,this makes discarding corsets1 which of course is absolutely necessary1 most comfortable40 ,these notes on costume are intended to cover the subject1 and to serve as reminder and advice to those contemplating walking tours of all sorts4 ,but the practice of walking as an art and recreation does not by any means require such elaborate preparations4 ,otherwise1 the devotees would be few4 ,for an extended tour1 or even for a holiday excursion1 one may well give consideration to these many matters2 but for a ,saturday afternoon walk1 it will suffice to put on proper footgear1 leave one's overcoat at home1 carry a sweater if need be1 use forethought about details1 and be ready to betake one's self from office to highway1 with assurance of comfort and enjoyment4 ,and beyond this1 there still remains to be spoken of the daily round of walking from home to work and back again1 from office to restaurant at noon4 ,this daily regimen of walking requires no special costume--admits of none1 indeed4 ,it may be that as one is thoughtful to take more steps on the routine path of life1 he will give more careful attention to the shoes he buys and to clothes4 ,but let no one close his mind to the subject with the too hasty conclusion that walking requires an impossible amount of special clothing4 ,any one who cares to1 can make any needed modification of his ordinary business costume1 without making himself conspicuous1 and probably with gain in comfort and consequent well-being4 ,,equipment ,on a one-day excursion1 a man will walk unburdened2 and1 on exceptional longer trips1 pack-horses may carry the baggage from one camping ground to another2 but1 ordinarily1 on a tour continuing day after day1 one will carry on his own back all that he requires4 ,should his route lie through settled country1 where shelter and bed are to be found in farmhouse or wayside inn1 the man will travel with lighter load1 and with greater freedom and enjoyment2 if he must carry his blanket1 too1 walking becomes harder work4 ,it may be that one will spend his vacation in the woods1 and journey partly afoot1 partly by canoe4 ,in that case1 a good part of his walking will be the arduous toting of impedimenta 7canoe included7 across portages1 from one lake or stream to another4 ,proportionately as his burden is heavier1 the sojourner in the wilderness will be disposed so to plan his trip that he may stop for successive nights at favorite camping places4 ,from these he will make shorter trips1 and1 unencumbered1 climb mountains1 perhaps1 or explore other parts of the country about4 ,the bulk of what is carried should be borne on the back4 ,drinking cup may be hung to the belt2 knife1 watch1 money1 and various other small articles will be carried in pockets2 map-case1 field glasses1 or fishing rod may be slung by straps from the shoulders or carried swinging in one's hand1 ready for use2 but1 for the rest1 everything should be carried in the knapsack4 ,in case the pedestrian is traveling in settled country and is not obliged to carry a blanket 7and such is by far the freest1 pleasantest way to go afoot71 the best knapsack to be found is of a kind in general use in the ,tyrol4 ,it goes under its native ,german name1 rucksack4 ,it is a large1 square-cornered pocket1 #bj-bd inches wide and #af-ah deep1 made of a light1 strong1 closely woven1 specially treated fabric1 of a greenish-gray color1 and all but water-proof4 ,the pocket is open at the top1 slit a few inches down the outer face1 is closed by a drawing string1 and a flap buckles down over the gathered mouth4 ,two straps of adjustable length are secured1 each at one end to the upper rim of the sack at the middle point1 and at the other end to one of the lower corners4 ,when the filled knapsack is in place1 the supporting straps encircle the shoulders of the wearer1 the closed mouth lies between the shoulder blades1 the bottom corners extend just above the hips1 while the weight of the burden1 hanging from the shoulders1 rests in the curve of the back4 ,genuine ,tyrolean knapsacks are1 since the ,war1 no longer procurable in this country2 good copies of them are1 however1 to be had in our sporting-goods shops4 ,the army knapsack is fairly good4 ,in case the pedestrian makes his tour in some remote region1 where lodging places are not certainly to be found1 he will be obliged to carry his blanket1 and probably some supply of food4 ,in such case1 he will choose a larger knapsack4 ,the sack known as the 8,nessmuk0 is a good one2 and another1 somewhat larger1 is the 8,gardiner40 ,these sacks are neither of them large enough to contain both blanket and the other necessary articles of camping equipment2 the blanket should then be rolled and the roll arched upon and secured to the knapsack after the latter has been packed4 ,grommets sewed to the knapsack afford convenient means for securing the blanket roll in place4 ,a still larger 7and heavier7 knapsack1 large enough to contain one's camp equipment1 blanket and all1 is called the 8,merriam ,back ,pack40 ,it is recommended by an experienced camper1 ,mr4 ,vernon ,bailey1 chief field naturalist of the ,u4 ,s4 ,biological ,survey4 ,in hot weather the knapsack becomes uncomfortably wet with perspiration4 ,wicker frames1 sometimes used to hold the sack away from the back to allow circulation of air beneath1 are bothersome and uncomfortable4 ,for carrying heavier burdens short distances1 as when making portage on a camping trip1 a pack harness is used4 ,its name sufficiently explains its nature4 ,an additional device1 called a tump line1 may1 if desired1 be bought and used with the pack harness4 ,the tump line is a band which1 encircling the load on one's back1 passes over the forehead4 ,with its use the muscles of the neck are brought into play1 aiding the shoulders and back in carrying4 ,it is astonishing1 what an enormous burden a ,canadian ,indian can manage with the aid of harness and tump line4 ,these articles may be bought at sportsmen's stores1 and at the posts of the ,hudson's ,bay ,company1 in ,canada4 ,the equipment for a summer walking tour1 on which one is not obliged to carry a blanket1 should weigh from ten to twenty pounds1 according as one carries fewer or more of the unessentials4 ,it is impossible to draw up lists of what is essential and what merely convenient1 and have unanimity2 one man will discard an article which to another is indispensable2 the varying conditions under which journeys are taken will cause the same man to carry different articles at different times4 ,the ensuing lists are intended to be suggestive and reasonably inclusive2 for any given walk each individual will reject what he finds dispensable4 ,requisites carried in one's pockets3 ,watch2 knife2 money2 compass2 matches2 handkerchief4 ,requisites carried in the knapsack3 ,change of underclothes1 stockings1 and handkerchiefs2 toilet articles2 mending kit2 grease for shoes4 ,articles which1 though not necessary1 are altogether to be desired3 ,second outer shirt2 second pair of walking shoes1 particularly if the tour be a long one2 sweater2 pair of flannel trousers1 light socks and shoes 7gymnasium slippers are good71 and necktie for evening wear2 medicaments2 notebook and pencil2 postcards or stamped envelopes2 a book to read4 ,articles which may be requisite or desired1 according to season or circumstance1 to be carried in pocket or knapsack or1 some of them1 slung from the shoulders ready for use3 ,colored glasses2 pajamas2 head net1 as protection against mosquitoes2 woolen underclothing2 gloves or mittens2 knitted helmet2 naphtha soap1 for washing woolens2 map case2 canteen2 culinary articles2 whistle2 clothes brush2 flashlight4 ,an indefinitely long list might be made of articles which a man will choose1 according to taste and inclination4 ,a bird-lover will carry a pair of binoculars2 a collector1 his cases2 the fisherman1 rod and fly-book4 ,some member of almost every walking party will carry a camera4 ,notes upon some of the articles thus far enumerated will be useful3 ,the pocketknife should be large and strong1 with one or two blades2 leave in the showcase the knife bristling with tools of various kinds2 see that the blades are sharp4 ,let the watch be an inexpensive one2 leave the fine watch at home2 do not wear a wrist watch1 particularly not in warm weather4 ,at the wrists perspiration accumulates and the circulating blood is cooled4 ,any surface covering at that point1 and particularly a close-fitting band1 is in hot weather intolerable4 ,but1 regardless of season1 a wrist watch is in the way1 and is sure soon or late to be damaged4 ,for the pedestrian its disadvantages greatly outweigh the small convenience it affords4 ,the best moneybag is a rubber tobacco pouch2 a leather bill-folder and its contents will soon be saturated with perspiration4 ,a compass is a requisite in the wilderness1 but not elsewhere4 ,regarding compasses1 see further pages #ge and #aaf4 ,matches should be carried in a water-tight case4 ,toilet articles will include1 at a minimum1 soap1 comb1 toothbrush and powder4 ,a sponge or wash-rag is desirable4 ,a man who shaves will1 unless journeying in the wilderness1 carry his razor4 ,the soap may be contained in a box of aluminum or celluloid2 the sponge in a sponge bag2 the whole may be packed in a handy bag or rolled in a square of cloth and secured with strap or string4 ,towel and pajamas are not indispensable2 because of weight1 they should be classed as pedestrian luxuries4 ,the mending kit will include thread1 needles1 and buttons1 and here should be set down safety pins1 too1 an extra pair of shoestrings1 and--if one wears them--an extra pair of rubber heels4 ,a small carborundum whetstone may be well worth the carrying4 ,the best dressing for leather is mutton tallow4 ,various boot greases of which tallow is the base are on the market2 one1 called 8,touradef10 is good4 ,there are lighter animal oils1 more easily applied2 a good one is called 8,b-ver0 oil4 ,mineral oils are not so good2 8,viscol10 the most widely used of these1 is sold in cans of convenient size and shape4 ,medicaments should be few2 a disinfectant 7permanganate of potassium in crystalline form1 or tablets of ,darkin's solution71 a cathartic 7cascara is best--it may be had in tabloid form1 called 8,cascaral ,compound071 iodine1 a box of zinc ointment1 a roll of adhesive tape1 and a small quantity of absorbent cotton will suffice for casual ailments4 ,if one is going into the wilderness1 he may well take a first-aid kit--with knowledge1 how to use it--and medicine to deal with more violent sickness2 ipecac and calomel4 ,in malaria-infested regions1 one should carry quinine1 with directions for administering4 ,talcum powder and cocoa butter are1 in proper time1 soothing4 ,citronella is a defense against mosquitoes2 another repellent is a mixture of sweet oil or castor oil1 oil of pennyroyal1 and tar oil2 spirits of ammonia is an antidote to their poison4 ,as to reading matter1 each will choose for himself4 ,the book carried may be the ,bible1 it may be 8,the ,golden ,treasury10 it may be 8,the ,three ,musketeers40 ,again1 it may be a handbook of popular science or a map of the stars4 ,regarding map and map case1 see page #ge4 ,colored glasses4 ,on snowfields1 on the seashore1 where light is intense1 the eyes should be screened4 ,the best material1 carefully worked out for this purpose1 is ,crooks glass4 ,its virtue lies in this3 that it cuts out both the ultra-violet rays and the heat rays at the opposite end of the spectrum4 ,crooks glass may be had in two grades3 ,shade ,a and ,shade ,b4 ,shade ,a1 having the properties just described1 is itself almost colorless2 ,shade ,b is colored1 and cuts out1 in addition1 part of the rays of the normal spectrum4 ,goggles may be had of plain sheets of ,crooks glass1 and these will serve merely as a screen2 but1 if one wears glasses anyway1 since two pairs worn at once are difficult to manage1 it is well to have one's prescription filled in ,shade ,a1 and 7if one is going to climb snow peaks or walk the seabeach7 then a second pair in ,shade ,b4 ,ordinary colored glasses will serve a passing need2 amethyst tint is best4 ,a canteen is requisite in arid regions and when climbing lofty mountains2 elsewhere it is sometimes a justified convenience4 ,the writer well recalls the amazement of two ,alpine guides some years ago when1 on the top of a snow peak1 hot coffee was produced from a thermos bottle4 ,he hastens to add that the thermos bottle was not his2 he regards such an article as a sure mark of the tenderfoot4 ,even though one be traveling light1 the pleasures of a summer holiday may be widened by providing one meal a day and eating it out of doors4 ,in order to accomplish this1 one needs to carry a few culinary articles3 ,a drinking cup1 of course--that is carried in any case1 conveniently hung to the belt4 ,then one should have plate1 knife1 fork1 spoon1 a small pail1 perhaps a small frying pan1 canisters of salt and pepper1 a box of tea1 a bag of sugar1 a receptacle for butter4 ,most of these articles1 and some toilet articles as well1 may be had made of aluminum4 ,do not carry glassware1 it is heavy and breakable4 ,don't carry anything easily broken or easily put out of order4 ,but even here make exceptions4 ,for example1 a butter jar is better than a butter box4 ,the writer1 for one1 despises an aluminum drinking cup2 when filled with hot coffee it is unapproachable1 when cool enough not to burn the lips the coffee is too cold to be palatable2 he1 therefore1 in spite of its weight1 chooses to carry an earthenware cup4 ,a whistle will have value chiefly for signaling between members of a party4 ,a party of two1 three1 or four will carry more conveniences than a man journeying alone4 ,for illustration1 in the party1 one camera is enough1 one map case1 one pail1 one butter jar2 and these may be distributed1 so that1 while carrying only part1 each member of the party may enjoy all4 ,with a camera in the party1 a supply of films will be stowed away in a knapsack2 a light1 collapsible tripod may be worth the taking1 if one cares to secure pictures under poor conditions of light4 ,two usual items of an amateur equipment1 better left at home1 are a hatchet and a pedometer4 ,a hatchet is of no value1 except in the wilderness1 and not always is it worth carrying even there4 ,ordinarily a stout1 sharp knife will answer every purpose4 ,when one is on a camping trip on which he makes long stops1 he will care for something better than a hatchet--a light axe4 ,regarding the uses of a pedometer see page #aaf4 ,if the contemplated tour lies through the wilderness1 and accommodations for the night are not to be had under roofs along the way1 one must carry his blanket4 ,the blanket should be selected with lightness and warmth in view4 ,the army blankets are fair1 but softer1 lighter1 warmer ones may be had4 ,blankets should be of generous dimensions4 ,a large double blanket should not exceed eight pounds in weight1 and single blankets should weigh half as much4 ,the ,hudson's ,bay blankets are justly famous4 ,a blanket enveloped in a windproof blanket cloth is very much warmer than if not so shielded4 ,herein lies the virtue of a sleeping bag4 ,similarly1 a tent--particularly a small one1 for one or two men--keeps out wind and retains warm air4 ,with the use of a tent1 the weight of blankets may be less4 ,the blanket cloth serves both to keep the wind from penetrating the blanket and also to keep the blanket dry4 ,it prevents penetration of moisture from the ground2 and1 if one is not otherwise protected1 it shields one from dew and from light rain4 ,the blanket cloth1 too1 must be of the least weight consistent with service4 ,because of weight1 rubber blankets and oiled ponchos are out of the question4 ,better light oilcloth1 or1 better still1 the material called 8balloon silk0 7really finely woven1 long-fiber cotton7 filled with water-proofing substance4 8,tanalite0 is the trade name for a water-proof material of this sort of a dark brown color4 ,a tarpaulin seven feet square made of tanalite is1 all things considered1 the most serviceable blanket cloth4 ,with blanket and tarpaulin1 one's pack should not exceed #be-cj pounds in weight4 ,a mode of rolling blanket and tarpaulin and of securing the roll to the knapsack is suggested on page #ah4 ,blanket pins are worth carrying4 ,by using them one may keep himself snug1 nearly as well as in a sleeping bag4 ,a small cotton bag1 useful in a pack1 may be stuffed with clothing and serve as a pillow4 ,a satisfactory sleeping bag will hardly be found in the shops2 those that are serviceable are too heavy for the pedestrian4 ,and yet the idea embodied in the sleeping bag1 the idea of attaining maximum warmth from the materials used1 jumps precisely with the pedestrian's needs4 ,the difficulty with the sleeping bags on the market is that they are made for gentlemen campers1 and not for those who take up their beds and walk4 ,for one thing1 the gentleman camper has abundance of clothing1 with changes of all kinds4 ,but the pedestrian sleeps in his clothes4 ,of course he does4 ,it would be folly for him to carry in his pack the equivalent of what he wears on his back4 ,his day clothes should be serviceable as night clothes1 too4 ,all he need carry is the additional protection required when he is resting on the ground in the colder night hours4 ,and1 in addition1 he will have a change of the garments which lie next his skin2 but no more4 ,if when sleeping a man is not wearing all that he carries1 then he is carrying more than is necessary4 ,he may1 indeed1 have stuffed in his pack woolen underclothes1 for night wear only4 ,for another thing1 in making choice between one material and another1 the weight of the material is important in far greater degree to the walker than to the gentleman camper4 ,with these considerations in mind1 the pedestrian contrives his sleeping bag of the lightest material available to serve the ends in view4 ,essentially1 a sleeping bag is a closed covering of two layers3 an inner layer of heat-insulating material1 and an outer layer of water-tight1 wind-tight material4 ,even the gentleman camper1 scornfully referred to above1 chooses the lightest1 warmest blankets he can find2 the pedestrian can do no better4 ,however1 he does not take so many4 ,but1 respecting the outer covering1 the pedestrian refuses the heavy water-proofed duck of the ordinary sleeping bag1 and selects instead water-proofed balloon silk4 ,the simplest sleeping bag may be made by folding a six by six wool blanket within a cover of water-proofed balloon silk and sewing together the bottom edges1 and the side edges1 too1 from the bottom upward1 to within a foot or so of the top4 ,the bag measures approximately three feet by six1 and should not weigh more than five and one half pounds4 ,instead of the blanket1 other material may be used4 ,men differ in the amount of covering they require2 and then there are the inequalities of climate and season to be reckoned with4 ,a suitable material1 lighter than wool and affording less warmth1 is sateen2 a somewhat warmer1 somewhat heavier1 substitute for the wool blanket is a down quilt4 ,when still greater warmth is needed the blanket may be double1 or blanket and down quilt may be combined4 ,a rectangular bag1 such as that just described1 may be criticized in two particulars3 for one thing1 it is not long enough for a man of good stature1 and1 for another thing1 there is waste material in it4 ,it would be just as warm and just as serviceable if1 instead of being three feet wide at the bottom1 it were at that point only two feet wide4 ,the specifications of an excellent sleeping bag for pedestrian use are given in a pamphlet published by the ,appalachian ,mountain ,club1 8,equipment for ,mountain ,climbing and ,camping10 by ,allen ,h4 ,bent1 ,ralph ,lawson1 and ,percival ,sayward1 and with the courteous assent of the designers1 are here incorporated4 ,a bag made on the dimensions given is suitable for a man five feet eleven inches tall4 ,a strip of the material for the inner layer is cut to the pattern indicated below4 ,it is #hg inches long1 and at its widest point #cb inches across4 ,the widest point is #de inches from the foot4 ,at the foot the strip is #bj inches wide1 and at the head1 #ba inches4 ,the sides are outwardly curved4 ,this is the under strip4 ,illustration ,a second upper strip is1 in over-all dimensions1 a duplicate of the first1 but for the fact that it is #i inches shorter4 ,from the foot up and for a length of #gh inches it is identical with the first strip1 but at that point it is cut short4 ,a face opening is cut in the upper edge of the second strip1 #aj inches across and #aa inches deep4 ,illustration ,these two strips are superposed and their overlying edges are sewed together4 ,all edges are properly hemmed or bound4 ,as the user lies in the bag1 his feet just reaching the bottom1 his face is encircled in the face opening4 ,the excess length of the under strip then becomes a flap1 to fold over his head4 ,buttons and buttonholes may be provided1 as indicated in the drawings1 to secure the flap in such position4 ,the material for the outer layer is cut to the same pattern1 with sufficient enlargement of dimensions to allow the outer bag to contain the inner bag and cover it smoothly4 ,the outer material will preferably be water-proofed balloon silk 78tanalite072 the inner material may be sateen1 or blanketing1 or down quilt4 ,the designers suggest still another material3 ,australian wool wadding1 encased in sateen4 ,they say1 8a brown sateen material is the best covering1 as a very finely woven goods is necessary to keep the wool from working through4 ,the bag does not need to be quilted1 but should be #8tied through' about every six inches40 ,the balloon silk outer bag should weigh about one and one-quarter pounds2 the bag of sateen should weigh about two and one-quarter pounds4 ,c4 ,f4 ,hovey ,co41 #cc ,summer ,st41 ,boston1 and the ,abercrombie ,fitch ,co41 ,madison ,ave4 and ,forty-fifth ,st41 ,new ,york1 have made bags to these specifications4 ,it remains only to add a word respecting the outer cover of balloon silk4 ,balloon silk1 which in reality is a fine-woven cotton1 is1 relatively speaking1 a delicate material1 and furthermore it is not perfectly water-tight4 ,the great advantage of lightness justifies its use4 ,but the bag must be carefully handled1 and after hard service the cover must be renewed4 ,dr4 ,charles ,w4 ,townsend1 of ,boston1 an experienced camper1 writes3 8,the sleeping bag is a home-made affair1 that takes up only a small part of the room in a rucksack1 and weighs four pounds4 ,it is made of lamb's wool wadding1 lined with sateen1 and covered with flannel4 ,it is about six and one-half feet long and tapers1 so as to be wider at the mouth than at the foot4 ,with ordinary clothing1 ,i have slept warm in it with a temperature of forty degrees4 ,i have also a balloon-silk cover1 which can be arranged to guy-ropes1 to make a lean-to tent over my head1 and gauze curtains for insects4 ,i think that weighs two and one-half pounds40 ,a tent will be carried when the route lies through unsettled country4 ,in a sparsely settled region1 one will run the risk of heavy rain for a night or two1 rather than bother with a tent2 but in the wilderness1 a tent is a necessity1 for even such a tarpaulin as has been described as a suitable blanket cover1 is not perfectly water-tight4 ,one cannot sleep out in a driving rain storm4 ,at a pinch1 of course1 one can make shift1 and perhaps under rock ledge or shelter of boughs keep fairly dry2 but after a wet night in the open1 one needs assured protection the second night4 ,the lightest tents are made of balloon silk2 they weigh four pounds and upwards4 ,two men traveling together will have a tent in common and will distribute and equalize their burdens4 ,as has been said1 a tent affords warmth 7particularly when carefully pitched1 with a view to making it wind-tight7 and1 accordingly1 blankets need not be so heavy4 ,though water-proofed balloon silk is not perfectly water-tight1 one may keep perfectly dry in a balloon silk tarpaulin or sleeping bag1 within a balloon silk tent4 ,a note on sleeping out is proper4 ,in summer1 when there is no rain1 one should sleep under the open sky2 he should choose as his sleeping place an exposed ridge1 high and dry4 ,in such a situation he will suffer least annoyance from mosquitoes1 and1 if the night be cool1 he will be warmer than in the valley4 ,seldom in temperate climates is the night too warm for sleeping out of doors2 but even on such a night the air on the hilltop is fresher4 ,if it be windy1 a wind-break may be made of boughs or of cornstalks 7on a cool night in autumn a corn-shock may be made into a fairly comfortable shelter47 ,in case the evening threatens rain1 one may well seek a barn for protection2 if one is in the wilderness1 he will search out an overhanging rock1 or build a lean-to of bark or boughs4 ,newspaper is a good heat insulator1 and newspapers spread on the ground where one is to lie make the bed a warmer1 drier one4 ,newspaper will protect one's blanket from dew4 ,be careful when lying down to see that shoes and clothing are under cover4 ,if the night proves to be colder than one has anticipated and one's blanket is insufficient 7or if1 on another tour1 the days are so hot that walking ceases to be a pleasure--though they have to be very hot for that71 it may be expedient1 at a pinch1 to walk by night and rest by day4 ,such food as must be carried will be selected to save weight1 so far as is consistent with nutriment4 ,rolled oats are excellent2 so also is soup powder 7put up in 8sausage0 form1 imitating the famous ,german erbswurst71 and dried fruits and vegetables1 powdered eggs1 and powdered milk4 ,the value of pemmican is known4 ,all these articles may be obtained at groceries and at sportsmen's stores4 ,seldom1 however1 will one wander so far as to be for many days beyond the possibility of buying food of more familiar form4 ,shelled nuts1 raisins1 dried fruit1 malted milk tablets1 and lime juice tablets are good to carry on an all-day excursion4 ,food bags of 8paraffined0 cotton fabric will prove useful4 ,it is well to bear in mind that food may be distributed along the way1 sent in advance by mail1 to await at post offices one's coming4 ,the special equipment of the mountaineer--alpenstock1 ice axe1 rope1 crampons1 scarpetti1 etc4--need only be mentioned4 ,they are not needed in climbing the mountains of eastern ,america1 but only on giddy peaks1 snowfields1 and glaciers4 ,those interested will consult the works on mountaineering mentioned in the ,bibliography4 ,from the pages of a pamphlet of the ,appalachian ,mountain ,club this note is taken3 8,equipment does not end with the purchase of proper food1 clothing1 climbing and camping outfit4 ,the prospective climber should give some thought to his physical and mental equipment4 ,a strong heart1 good lungs1 and a reasonable amount of physical development and endurance are among the requisites and so1 too1 are courage1 caution1 patience and good nature4 ,if in addition he is interested in topography1 geology1 photography1 animal or plant life1 by so much the more is his equipment1 and consequently his enjoyment1 increased40 ,,care ,,of ,,body ,,and ,,equipment ,as to speed of walking and distance1 see below1 page #ea2 as to preliminary walking1 in preparation for a tour1 see page #ec4 ,one hardly needs the admonitions1 eat plain food1 sleep long1 and keep body and clothing clean4 ,the matter of food becomes complicated when one has to carry the supply of a day or two or of several days with him4 ,be careful to get1 so far as possible1 a large proportion of vegetable food--fresh vegetables and fruit4 ,when walking1 the system requires large amounts of water1 and1 generally speaking1 one should drink freely4 ,if one stops by a roadside spring on a hot day1 he should rest a few minutes before drinking1 and1 if the water be very cold1 he should drink sparingly4 ,it is refreshing before drinking1 and sometimes instead of drinking1 to rinse mouth and throat with spring water4 ,in the ,alps the guides caution one not to drink snow water4 ,in settled regions1 drink boiled water only1 unless assured of the purity of the source4 ,beware of wells4 ,it is a matter of safety1 when traveling1 to be inoculated against typhoid fever4 ,practice restraint in the use of ice cream1 soda water1 sweets1 coffee1 and tea4 ,the pedestrian should be careful to get as much sleep as normally he requires at home1 and somewhat more4 ,he may not be so regular in hours1 for he will find himself inclined to sleep an hour at midday1 and at times to walk under the starlight1 to be abroad in the dawn4 ,and a walking tour would be a humdrum affair1 if he did not yield to such inclination4 ,a bath at the end of the day--a sponge bath1 if no better offers--is an indispensable comfort4 ,while on the march one will come upon inviting places to bathe4 ,bathe before eating1 not immediately after4 ,if the water is very cold1 it is well to splash and rub one's body before plunging in4 ,if much bathing tends to produce lassitude1 one should limit himself to what is necessary4 ,don't overdo2 on the march1 when tired out1 stop at the first opportunity--don't keep going merely to make a record4 ,don't invite fatigue4 ,if1 in hot weather1 free perspiration should fail1 stop immediately and take available measures to restore normal circulation4 ,lameness in muscles is due to the accumulation of waste matter in the tissues2 elimination may be aided and lameness speedily relieved by drinking hot water freely and by soaking one's body in a warm bath3 the internal processes are accelerated1 in freer blood circulation1 while much is dissolved out through the pores of the skin4 ,at the end of a long hard walk1 the most refreshing thing is a drink--not of ice water1 not of soda water1 but a pint or so of hot water4 ,rubbing oil as a remedy for lame muscles is hardly worth carrying2 alcohol is a mistake4 ,bruised muscles should be painted lightly with iodine4 ,care of feet4 ,always wash the feet thoroughly at the end of a tramp1 and dry carefully1 particularly between the toes4 ,if the skin cracks and splits between the toes1 wash at night with boric acid and soften with vaseline4 ,it is better to allow toenails to grow rather long1 and in trimming cut them straight across4 ,when resting at noon take off shoes and stockings1 and1 before putting them on again1 turn the stockings inside out4 ,if the weather be mild1 let the feet remain bare until about to set out again2 if there be water available1 bathe the feet immediately on stopping4 ,if1 on the march1 the arch of the foot should grow tired1 consciously 8toe in40 ,if there is rubbing1 binding1 squeezing1 with consequent tenderness at any point1 stop at once1 take off shoe and stocking1 and consider what is to be done4 ,it may suffice to protect the tender spot1 applying a shred of absorbent cotton secured with a strip of adhesive tape2 perhaps the thickness of the stocking may be changed1 or the lacing of the shoe be eased or tightened4 ,by tighter lacing sometimes the play of the foot within the shoe may be diminished and undesirable rubbing or squeezing overcome4 ,talcum powder sprinkled on the foot will help to relieve rubbing1 and soap rubbed on the stocking outside1 above the tender place1 is efficacious4 ,sometimes1 in spite of forethought1 one may find one's self walking in ill-fitting shoes2 for example1 the shoes though broad enough may be too short1 and one's toes in consequence may be cramped and squeezed in the toe of the shoe--particularly on down grades--until they become tender and even blistered4 ,if then other expedients fail1 one has to examine his shoe carefully1 determine precisely where the line of binding strain lies1 and then--remembering that the shoe as it is1 is worthless to him--slit leather and lining through1 in a line transverse to the line of strain4 ,should a blister1 in spite of care1 develop1 let it alone1 if possible4 ,don't interfere with nature's remedial processes4 ,but1 if one must go on walking with the expectation that the blister unless attended to will tear open1 then one should drain it--not by pricking it through1 however4 ,take a bright needle1 sterilize it in the flame of a match1 and run it under the skin from a point to one side1 and so tap the blister4 ,then cover the area with adhesive tape4 ,if there is abrasion1 paint the spot with iodine1 or apply a few crystals of permanganate of potassium and a drop or two of water1 then cover with absorbent cotton and adhesive tape4 ,be careful1 on setting out in the morning1 that any soreness or lameness of the preceding day has been met by the measures described4 ,corns are caused by wearing tight or ill-fitting shoes4 ,if one has a corn1 he should get rid of it before attempting distance walking1 and should thereafter wear shoes such as to assure him immunity4 ,for sunburn1 use talcum powder or cocoa butter4 ,do not expose large areas of the body to sunburn4 ,a cramp in the side may easily be relieved by drawing and retaining a deep breath1 and bending over4 ,the bowels should be kept open1 and will be1 if one orders his food aright4 ,constipation is to be carefully guarded against4 ,one may1 in spite of himself1 after hard walking in hot weather1 find difficulty4 ,a harmless emergency relief is an enema of a few ounces of the colorless inert oil now sold under such names as 8,russian0 oil and 8,nujol0 7the ,standard ,oil ,company's preparation74 ,medicines are to be used only in emergency3 cascara for constipation1 or1 in case of a sudden violent onset of illness1 calomel2 capsicum plaster for internal inflammation4 ,but hot water within and without will generally relieve distress1 and is the best remedy4 ,but do not experiment2 if a physician is available1 call him4 ,ammonia is an antidote for insect stings4 ,snake-bites are1 newspaper reports to the contrary1 very1 very rare4 ,the bite of a poisonous serpent 7rattlesnake or copperhead7 requires heroic treatment4 ,suck the wound1 cut it out immediately with a sharp knife1 fill the incision with permanganate of potassium crystals and drop water upon the permanganate4 ,care of clothing4 ,underclothes and stockings worn today may be washed tomorrow at the noon hour4 ,shirt1 trousers--and underclothing too--should go to the tub every few days1 as opportunity offers4 ,shoes should be cleaned each day1 washed in cold water and greased4 ,if wet they should be carefully dried in gentle heat4 ,leather is easily ruined by scorching2 never dry a shoe in heat unendurable to the hand4 ,shoes packed in newspaper overnight will be measurably dried by absorption4 ,keep the leather pliant with grease or oil1 but not saturated4 ,if one is going to walk through bogs1 or in shallow water1 then his shoes should be copiously oiled1 but ordinarily one should oil his shoes with sparing hand4 ,,companions ,dr4 ,finley1 ,president of the ,university of the ,state of ,new ,york1 and ,commissioner of ,education1 finely says3#a 8,it is figurative language1 of course1 to speak of ,god's #8walking' with man4 ,but ,i do not know where to find a better expression for the companionship which one enjoys when walking alone on the earth4 ,i should not speak of this if ,i thought it was an experience for the patriarchs alone or for the few4 ,a man does not know one of the greatest satisfactions of life if he has not had such walks40 ,the prophets of the cult--,hazlitt and ,stevenson--are quite eloquent on the point1 that the first joys of walking are reserved for those who walk alone2 even ,emerson cynically observes that a dog may on occasion be better company than a man4 ,but the solitary ,thoreau admits that he sometimes has a companion1 while sociable ,lawrence ,sterne prettily says1 8,let me have a companion of my way1 were it but to remark how the shadows lengthen as the sun declines40 ,ordinarily1 we prefer--most of us--to walk in company2 if the tour is an extended one1 continuing through many days1 we certainly do4 ,and nothing is more important than the choice of companions4 ,a mistake here may be a kill-joy4 ,daily1 hourly intercourse rubs individuality upon individuality1 till every oddity1 every sensitive point1 is worn to the quick4 ,be forewarned1 then1 and be sure of one's companions4 ,conversely1 let a man be sure of himself1 resolutely refusing to find offense1 or to lose kindliness1 good humor1 and good will4 8',tis the best of humanity10 says ,emerson1 8that goes out to walk40 ,a common interest in things seen1 stimulated perhaps by reading matter carried along1 may be the selective process in making up a party2 but friendship underlies all4 ,a proved company of two1 three1 or four is best4 ,with greater numbers1 the party loses intimacy and coherence2 furthermore1 if dependent on hospitality by the way1 difficulties arise4 ,a housewife who willingly provides for two1 may hesitate to entertain six4 ,if there be one in the party who has an aptitude for it1 let him keep a journal 7in the form of letters home1 perhaps74 ,such a record1 illustrated by photographs1 is a souvenir to afford long-continued delight4 ,when walking in out-of-the-way places it is the part of prudence always to have a companion2 for1 otherwise1 in case of mishap1 a man might be in sorry plight1 or even in actual danger4 ,,when ,,to ,,walk ,,the ,,vagabond#b ,give me the life ,i love1 ,let the lave go by me1 ,give the jolly heaven above ,and the byway nigh me4 ,bed in the bush with stars to see1 ,bread ,i dip in the river-- ,there's the life for a man like me1 ,there's the life for ever4 ,let the blow fall soon or late1 ,let what will be o'er me2 ,give the face of earth around ,and the road before me4 ,wealth ,i seek not1 hope nor love1 ,nor a friend to know me2 ,all ,i seek the heaven above ,and the road below me4 ,or let autumn fall on me ,where afield ,i linger1 ,silencing the bird on tree1 ,biting the blue finger4 ,white as meal the frosty field-- ,warm the fireside haven-- ,not to autumn will ,i yield1 ,not to winter even6 ,let the blow fall soon or late1 ,let what will be o'er me2 ,give the face of earth around ,and the road before me4 ,wealth ,i ask not1 hope nor love1 ,nor a friend to know me4 ,all ,i ask the heaven above ,and the road below me4 ,robert ,louis ,stevenson4 ,,ii ,,when ,,to ,,walk ,any day--every day1 if that were possible4 ,says ,thoreau1 8,i think that ,i cannot preserve my health and spirits1 unless ,i spend four hours a day at least in the open02 and1 again1 he says of himself that he cannot stay in his chamber for a single day 8without acquiring some rust40 ,recall ,thoreau's ,journals4 ,their perennial charm lies largely in this1 that he is abroad winter and summer1 at seedtime and at harvest1 in sun and rain1 making his shrewd observations1 finding that upon which his poetic fancy may play1 finding the point of departure for his ,excursions in ,philosophy4 ,,at ,,what ,,season 8,the first care of a man settling in the country should be to open the face of the earth to himself by a little knowledge of ,nature1 or a great deal1 if he can2 of birds1 plants1 rocks1 astronomy2 in short1 the art of taking a walk4 ,this will draw the sting out of frost1 dreariness out of ,november and ,march1 and the drowsiness out of ,august40 --,ralph ,waldo ,emerson1 8,resources40 ,the ,daily ,walk4 ,walking is to be commended1 not as a holiday pastime1 merely1 but as part of the routine of life1 in season and out4 ,particularly to city-dwellers1 to men whose occupations are sedentary1 is walking to be commended as recreation4 ,will a man assert himself too busy8--his neighbor plays a game of golf a week2 he himself1 perhaps1 if he will admit it1 is giving half a day a week to some pastime--may be a less wholesome one4 ,it is worth a man's while to reckon on his walking every day in the week4 ,it may well be to his advantage1 in health and happiness1 to extend his daily routine afoot--perhaps by dispensing with the services of a 8jitney0 from the suburban station to his residence1 perhaps by leaving the train or street car a station farther from home1 perhaps by walking down town to his office each morning4 ,the ,weekly ,walk4 ,the environs of one's home can scarcely be too forbidding4 ,a range of ten miles out from ,concord village satisfied ,thoreau throughout life4 ,grant the surroundings of ,concord exceptional--,thoreau's demands were exceptional4 ,those who will turn these pages will be for the most part city folk2 the resident of any of our cities may1 with the aid of trolley1 railway1 and steamboat1 discover for himself a dozen ten-mile walks in its environs--many of them converging to his home1 some macadam paved and so available even in the muddy season1 and any one of them possible on a ,saturday or a ,sunday afternoon4 ,what could a pedestrian ask more8 ,a three-hour walk of a ,saturday afternoon--exploring1 perhaps1 some region of humble historic interest1 studying outcroppings of coal or limestone1 making new acquaintance with birds1 bees1 and flowers1 and enjoying always the wide sky1 the sweep of the river1 the blue horizon4 ,no other recreation is comparable to this4 ,it is pleasurable to walk in fair1 mild weather2 but there is pleasure on gray1 cold1 rainy days1 too4 ,to exert the body1 to pit one's strength against the wind's1 to cause the sluggish blood to stream warm against a nipping cold1 to feel the sting of sleet on one's face--to bring all one's being to hearty1 healthful activity--by such means one comes to the end1 bringing to his refreshment gusto1 to his repose contentment4 ,the consistent pedestrian will score to his credit1 every week throughout the year1 ten miles of vigorous1 sustained tramping4 ,five hundred miles a year makes an impressive showing1 and is efficacious3 it goes far to 8slam the door in the doctor's nose40 ,the ,walking ,tour4 ,apart from1 or1 better1 in addition to the perennial weekly walking about one's home1 there is the occasional walking tour3 a two or three-day hike1 over ,labor ,day1 perhaps1 or ,washington's ,birthday2 and then there is the longer vacation tour of two or three weeks' duration4 ,with important exceptions1 we1 in our northern latitudes1 arrange our walking tours in summer time4 ,and1 so far as concerns the exceptions1 it will here suffice to remind ourselves of mountain climbing on snowshoes in winter1 of ski-running and skating1 and of the winter carnivals of sport held in the ,adirondacks1 in the ,alps1 and in the ,rocky ,mountains4 ,in our southern states1 however1 no disadvantage attaches to winter2 to the contrary1 over a great part of that region1 winter is the pleasanter season for the pedestrian4 ,but summer is the season of vacations1 and is1 generally speaking1 the time of good roads1 fair skies1 and gentle air4 ,then one can walk with greatest ease and freedom4 ,the choice of the particular fortnight for the 8big hike0 may be governed by all sorts of considerations2 if the expedition be ornithological1 and there is free choice1 it will be taken in ,may or ,june1 or perhaps in ,september2 if to climb ,mt4 ,ktaadn1 it will preferably be in ,august4 ,again1 one's employer may1 for his own reasons1 fix the time4 ,it is well1 therefore1 to formulate general statements1 helpful in making choice of place1 when once the season has been fixed4 ,in early summer1 from the time the snow melts till mid ,july1 the north woods are infested with buzzing1 stinging1 torturing mosquitoes2 to induce one to brave these pests1 large countervailing inducements must needs appear4 ,mountaineering in temperate latitudes is less advisable in the early summer than later2 there is more rain then1 and nights are cold1 and1 in the high mountains1 soft snow is often an impedance4 ,throughout much of our country1 ,june is a rainy month4 ,in ,may and ,june1 accordingly1 and early ,july1 one should by preference plan his walk in open settled country1 in the foothills of mountain ranges1 or across such pleasant regions as central ,new ,york or ,wisconsin4 ,late ,july1 ,august and ,september are1 for the most part1 hot and dusty4 ,at that season1 accordingly1 the great river basins and wide plains should be avoided2 one should choose rather the north woods1 the mountains1 or the ,new ,england coast4 ,for the pedestrian ,september in the mountains and ,october everywhere are the crown of the year2 the fires of summer are then burning low1 storms are infrequent1 the nip in the air stirs one to eagerness for the wide sky and the open road4 8,the world has nothing to offer more rich and entertaining than the days which ,october always brings us1 when after the first frosts1 a steady shower of gold falls in the strong south wind from the chestnuts1 maples and hickories3 all the trees are wind-harps1 filling the air with music2 and all men become poets1 and walk to the measure of rhymes they make or remember40 --,ralph ,waldo ,emerson1 8,country ,life40 ,if one is so fortunate as to have his holiday abroad1 he will find the ,italian hills or the ,riviera delightful either in early spring or in late autumn2 he will find the ,alps at their best in midsummer2 and1 at intermediate seasons1 there remain the ,black ,forest and the regions of the ,seine1 the ,rhine1 and the ,elbe4 ,as for ,scotland and ,ireland1 no one has ventured to say when the rains are fewest4 ,,the ,,hours ,,of ,,the ,,day 8,can you hear what the morning says to you1 and believe that8 ,can you bring home the summits of ,wachusett1 ,greylock1 and the ,new ,hampshire hills80 --,ralph ,waldo ,emerson1 8,country ,life40 ,it is well1 and altogether pleasantest1 on the hike1 to be under way early in the morning2 and sometimes--particularly if the day's march be short--to finish all1 without prolonged stop4 ,ordinarily1 it is preferable to walk till eleven or twelve o'clock1 then to rest1 wash clothing1 have lunch1 read1 sleep1 and1 setting out again in the middle of the afternoon1 to complete the day's stage by five or six o'clock4 ,afterward come bath1 clean clothes1 the evening meal1 rest1 and an early bed4 ,but one's schedule should not be inflexible2 one should have acquaintance with the dawn1 he should know the voices of the night4 ,one forgets how many stars there are1 till he finds himself abroad at night in clear mountain air4 ,an all-night walk is a wonderful experience1 particularly under a full moon2 and1 in intensely hot weather1 a plan to walk by night may be a very grateful arrangement4 ,dr4 ,john ,h4 ,finley1 of the ,university of the ,state of ,new ,york1 writes in the ,outlook#c reminiscently of walking by night3 8,but the walks which ,i most enjoy1 in retrospect at any rate1 are those taken at night4 ,then one makes one's own landscape with only the help of the moon or stars or the distant lights of a city1 or with one's unaided imagination if the sky is filled with cloud4 8,the next better thing to the democracy of a road by day is the monarchy of a road by night1 when one has one's own terrestrial way under guidance of a ,providence that is nearer4 ,it was in the #8cool of the day' that the ,almighty is pictured as walking in the garden1 but ,i have most often met him on the road by night4 8,several times ,i have walked down ,staten ,island and across ,new ,jersey to ,princeton #8after dark1' the destination being a particularly attractive feature of this walk4 ,but ,i enjoy also the journeys that are made in strange places where one knows neither the way nor the destination1 except from a map or the advice of signboard or kilometer posts 7which one reads by the flame of a match1 or1 where that is wanting1 sometimes by following the letters and figures on a post with one's fingers71 or the information1 usually inaccurate1 of some other wayfarer4 ,most of these journeys have been made of a necessity that has prevented my making them by day1 but ,i have in every case been grateful afterward for the necessity4 ,in this country they have been usually among the mountains--the ,green ,mountains or the ,white ,mountains or the ,catskills4 ,but of all my night faring1 a night on the moors of ,scotland is the most impressive and memorable1 though without incident4 ,no mountain landscape is to me more awesome than the moorlands by night1 or more alluring than the moorlands by day when the heather is in bloom4 ,perhaps this is only the ancestors speaking again4 8,but something besides ancestry must account for the others4 ,indeed1 in spite of it1 ,i was drawn one night to ,assisi1 where ,st4 ,francis had lived4 ,late in the evening ,i started on to ,foligno in order to take a train in to ,rome for ,easter morning4 ,i followed a white road that wound around the hills1 through silent clusters of cottages tightly shut up with only a slit of light visible now and then1 meeting not a human being along the way save three somber figures accompanying an ox cart1 a man at the head of the oxen and a man and a woman at the tail of the cart--a theme for ,millet4 7,i asked in broken ,italian how far it was to ,foligno1 and the answer was1 #8,una hora'--distance in time and not in miles47 ,off in the night ,i could see the lights of ,perugia1 and some time after midnight ,i began to see the lights of ,foligno--of ,perugia and ,foligno1 where ,raphael had wandered and painted4 ,the adventure of it all was that when ,i reached ,foligno ,i found that it was a walled town1 that the gate was shut1 and that ,i had neither passport nor intelligible speech4 ,there is an interesting walking sequel to this journey4 ,i carried that night a wooden water-bottle1 such as the ,italian soldiers used to carry1 filling it from the fountain at the gate of ,assisi before starting4 ,just a month later1 under the same full moon1 ,i was walking between midnight and morning in ,new ,hampshire4 ,i had the same water-bottle and stopped at a spring to fill it4 ,when ,i turned the bottle upside down1 a few drops of water from the fountain of ,assisi fell into the ,new ,england spring1 which for me1 at any rate1 has been forever sweetened by this association4 8,all my long night walks seem to me now as but preparation for one which ,i was obliged to make at the outbreak of the war in ,europe4 ,i had crossed the ,channel from ,england to ,france1 on the day that war was declared by ,england1 to get a boy of ten years out of the war zone4 ,i got as far by rail as a town between ,arras and ,amiens1 where ,i expected to take a train on a branch road toward ,dieppe2 but late in the afternoon ,i was informed that the scheduled train had been canceled and that there might not be another for twenty-four hours1 if then4 ,automobiles were not to be had even if ,i had been able to pay for one4 ,so ,i set out at dusk on foot toward ,dieppe1 which was forty miles or more distant4 ,the experiences of that night would in themselves make one willing to practice walking for years in order to be able to walk through such a night in whose dawn all ,europe waked to war4 ,there was the quiet1 serious gathering of the soldiers at the place of rendezvous2 there were the all-night preparations of the peasants along the way to meet the new conditions2 there was the pelting storm from which ,i sought shelter in the niches for statues in the walls of an abandoned chteau2 there was the clatter of the hurrying feet of soldiers or gendarmes who properly arrested the wanderer1 searched him1 took him to a guard-house1 and detained him until certain that he was an ,american citizen and a friend of ,france1 when he was let go on his way with a #8,bon voyage'2 there was the never-to-be-forgotten dawn upon the harvest fields in which only old men1 women1 and children were at work2 there was the gathering of the peasants with commandeered horses and carts in the beautiful park on the water-front at ,dieppe2 and there was much besides2 but they were experiences for the most part which only one on foot could have had40 ,in answer to a request for a contribution to this handbook1 ,dr4 ,finley replies generously1 and to the point3 8,i have never till now1 so far as ,i can recall1 tried to set down in order my reasons for walking by night4 ,nor am ,i aware of having given specific reasons even to myself4 ,it has been sufficient that ,i have enjoyed this sort of vagrancy4 ,but since it has been asked1 ,i will try to analyze the enjoyment4 8#a4 ,the roads are generally freer for pedestrians by night4 ,one is not so often pushed off into the ditch or into the weeds at the roadside4 ,there is not so much of dust thrown into one's face or of smells into one's nostrils4 ,more than this 7a psychological and not a physical reason7 one is not made conscious by night of the contempt or disdain of the automobilist1 which really contributes much to the discomfort of a sensitive traveler on foot by day4 ,i have ridden enough in an automobile to know what the general automobile attitude toward a pedestrian is4 8#b4 ,many landscapes are more beautiful and alluring by moonlight or by starlight than by sunlight4 ,the old ,crusader's song intimates this3 #8,fair is the sunlight2 fairer still the moonlight and all the twinkling starry host4' ,and nowhere in the world have ,i appreciated this more fully than out in ,asia ,minor1 ,syria1 and ,palestine1 where the ,crusaders and ,pilgrims walked by night as well as by day4 ,but ,i have particularly agreeable memories1 too1 of the night landscapes in the ,green ,mountains4 8#c4 ,by night one is free to have for companions of the way whom one will out of any age or clime1 while by day one is usually compelled1 even when one walks alone1 to choose only from the living and the visible4 ,in ,palestine1 for example1 ,i was free to walk with prophet1 priest1 and king by night1 while by day the roads were filled with ,anzacs and ,gurkhas and ,sikhs1 and the like4 ,spirits walk by day1 but it takes more effort of the imagination to find them and detach them4 ,one of my most delightful night memories is of a journey on foot over a road from ,assisi that ,st4 ,francis must have often trod4 8#d4 ,there is always the possibility of adventure by night4 ,nothing can be long or definitely expected1 and so the unexpected is always happening4 ,i have been #8apprehended'--,i do not like to say #8arrested'--several times when walking alone at night4 ,once1 in ,france1 ,i was seized in the street of a village through which ,i was passing with no ill intent1 taken to a guard-house and searched4 ,but that was the night of the day that war was declared4 ,once1 and this was before the war1 ,i was held up in ,rahway1 toward midnight1 when ,i was walking to ,princeton4 ,i was under suspicion simply because ,i was walking1 and walking soberly1 in the middle of the road4 8#e4 ,by day one must be conscious of the physical earth about one1 even if there is no living humanity4 ,by night1 particularly if one is walking in strange places1 one may take a universe view of things4 ,especially is this true if the stars are ahead of one and over one4 8#f4 ,then it is worth while occasionally to see the whole circle of a twenty-four hour day1 and especially to walk into a dawn and see #8the eye-lids of the day4' ,i had the rare fortune to be on the road in ,france when the dawn came that woke all ,europe to war4 ,and ,i was again on the road one dawn when the war was coming to its end out in the ,east4 8#g4 ,there are as many good reasons for walking by night as by day4 ,but no better reason than that one who loves to walk by night can never fear the shadow of death4 8,you will ask if ,i have any directions to give4 ,i regret to say that ,i have not4 ,i seldom walk with else than a stick1 a canteen of water1 and a little dried fruit in my pocket--and a box of matches1 for sometimes it is convenient to be able to read signboards and kilometer posts even by night40 ,,speed ,,and ,,distance ,stevenson speaks contemptuously of 8the championship walker in purple stockings10 and indeed it is well to heed moderate counsel1 lest1 in enthusiasm for walking1 one misses after all the supreme joys of a walk4 ,at the same time1 there is danger of too little as well as of too much4 ,to loiter and dilly-dally 7to borrow again ,stevenson's phrase7 changes a walk into something else--something more like a picnic4 ,really to walk one should travel with swinging stride and at a good round pace4 ,ten or twenty miles covered vigorously are not half so wearying to body nor to mind as when dawdled through4 ,one need not be 8a champion walker in purple stockings0 covering five miles an hour and fifty miles a day4 ,if one is traveling without burden1 he should do three and a half to four miles an hour2 if he carries twenty pounds1 his pace should be not more than three and a half2 and if he carries thirty1 it should be three miles an hour1 at most4 ,when traveling under a load1 one has no mind to run2 on an afternoon's ramble1 one may run down gentle grades 8for the fun of it10 but on the hike it is best always to keep one foot on the ground4 ,the perennial1 weekly1 conditioning walk should require about three hours2 and the distance covered should be at least ten miles4 ,on a tour1 continued day after day1 one should ordinarily walk for five1 six1 or seven hours a day1 and cover1 on the average1 fifteen to twenty miles4 ,with three weeks to spare1 one has1 say1 ten to fifteen walking days--rain may interfere1 there are things to be seen1 one does not want to walk every day4 ,at the average rate of twenty miles a day--which one can easily do under a fifteen-pound pack--the distance covered should be #bjj to #bej miles4 ,if one carries thirty pounds1 he travels more slowly1 and makes side trips1 and covers a stretch of say a hundred miles of country4 ,the figures given are applicable to walking in comparatively level regions2 in mountain climbing1 of course1 they do not hold4 ,to ascend three thousand feet in elevation1 at any gradient1 is at the least a half-day's work2 it may be much more4 ,furthermore1 in mountaineering at great and unaccustomed altitudes--#h1jjj feet and upwards--great care must be taken against over exertion4 ,one who has had experience in ascending ,alpine peaks will remember that1 under the leadership of his guides1 he was required to stop and rest for fifteen minutes in each hour1 to eat an ,albert biscuit1 and to drink a swallow of tea mixed with red wine4 ,professor ,william ,morris ,davis1 in 8,excursions around ,aix-les-,bains10 gives the following notes upon speed in mountain-climbing3 8,while walking up hill1 adopt a moderate pace that can be steadily maintained1 and keep going4 ,inexperienced climbers are apt to walk too fast at first and1 on feeling the strain of a long ascent1 to become discouraged and 8give it up02 or if they persist to the top1 they may be tempted to accept bodily fatigue as an excuse for the indolent contemplation of a view1 the full enjoyment of which calls for active observation4 ,let these beginners remember that many others have shared their feelings1 but have learned to regard temporary fatigue as a misleading adviser4 ,there is no harm done if one becomes somewhat tired2 exhaustion is prevented by reducing the pace when moderate fatigue begins4 ,let the mind rest on agreeable thoughts while the body is working steadily during a climb2 when the summit is reached1 let the body rest as comfortably as possible while the mind works actively in a conscious examination of the view4 ,avoid the error of neglecting the view after making a great effort in attaining the view point4 8,an ascent of #djj or #dge m4 #acjj-aeej feet an hour may ordinarily be made on a mountain path2 where paths are wanting1 ascent is much slower2 where rock climbing is necessary1 slower still4 ,descent is usually much shortened by cutoffs at zigzags in the path of ascent3 the time of descent may be only a half or a third of that required for ascent40 ,one should not set out on any tour1 whether in the mountains or elsewhere1 and1 without preparation1 undertake to do twenty miles a day4 ,during the weeks preceding departure1 one should be careful not to miss his ten-mile weekly hike2 and he should1 if possible1 get out twice a week1 and lengthen the walks4 ,in planning his itinerary1 he will not fix the average distance and walk up to it each day4 ,let him go about the matter gradually--fifteen miles the first day1 twenty the second2 on the third day let him lie by and rest1 and on the fourth do twenty again4 ,with the fourth day he will find his troubles ended4 ,the second day is1 usually1 the hardest--ankles tired1 feet tender1 shoulders lame from the burden of the knapsack2 but1 by sticking at it bravely through the afternoon1 the crest of difficulty will be overpassed4 ,in this matter of speed and distance1 figures are to be accepted with freedom4 ,individuals vary greatly in capacity4 ,the attempt has been made to give fair estimates--a rate and range attainable by a fairly vigorous1 active man1 with clear gain4 ,the caution should be subscribed1 8,do not try to do too much40 ,,stunt ,,walking ,these are tests of endurance in speed1 in distance1 or in both2 the play of the habitual pedestrian4 ,discussion of the matters of speed and distance gives opportunity for the introduction1 somewhat illogically1 of this and the following sections4 ,there is1 in the environs of a certain city1 a walk of ten miles or better1 a favorite course with a little company of pedestrians4 ,no month passes that they do not traverse it4 ,normally1 they spend two hours and a half on the way2 if some slower-footed friend be of the party1 it requires an hour more2 their record1 made by one of their number1 walking alone1 is two hours and twelve minutes4 ,fired by the example of a distinguished pedestrian1 who in the newspapers was reported to have walked seventy-five miles on his seventy-fifth birthday1 one of the company just mentioned essayed to do the like--a humbler matter in his own case4 ,he is1 however1 so far advanced into middle age that he won with a good margin the trophy of the ,league of ,walkers1 given to every member who covers thirty miles afoot in a single day4 ,,championship ,,walking--,,world',s ,,records ,,event ,,time ,,holder ,,nation ,,date #a mile--#fm4 #be #d-es4 ,g4 ,h4 ,goulding ,canada ,june #d1 #aija #b miles--#acm4 #aa #b-es4 ,g4 ,e4 ,larner ,england ,july #ac1 #aijd #c miles--#bjm4 #be #d-es4 ,g4 ,e4 ,larner ,england ,aug4 #ai1 #aije #d miles--#bgm4 #ads4 ,g4 ,e4 ,larner ,england ,aug4 #ai1 #aije #e miles--#cfm4 #a-es4 ,g4 ,e4 ,larner ,england ,sept4 #cj1 #aije #f miles--#dcm4 #bf #a-es4 ,g4 ,e4 ,larner ,england ,sept4 #cj1 #aije #g miles--#ejm4 #ej #d-es4 ,g4 ,e4 ,larner ,england ,sept4 #cj1 #aije #h miles--#ehm4 #ah #b-es4 ,g4 ,e4 ,larner ,england ,sept4 #cj1 #aije #i miles--#a;h4 #gm4 #cg #d-es4 ,g4 ,e4 ,larner ,england ,july #ag1 #aijh #aj miles--#a;h4 #aem4 #eg #b-es4 ,g4 ,e4 ,larner ,england ,july #ag1 #aijh #ae miles--#a;h4 #eim4 #ab #c-es4 ,h4 ,v4 ,ross ,england ,may #bj1 #aiaa #bj miles--#b;h4 #dgm4 #ebs4 ,t4 ,griffith ,england ,dec4 #cj1 #ahgj #be miles--#c;h4 #cgm4 #f #d-es4 ,s4 ,c4 ,a4 ,schofield ,england ,may #bj1 #aiaa #a hr4--#h miles #dch yards4 ,g4 ,e4 ,larner ,england ,sept4 #bj1 #aije #b hrs4--#ae miles #abh yards4 ,h4 ,v4 ,l4 ,ross ,england ,may #bj1 #aiaa ,,competitive ,,walking ,mr4 ,george ,goulding1 the ,canadian world's champion1 has generously contributed the following paragraphs on ,competitive ,walking4 ,the definition of a 8fair gate10 taken by ,mr4 ,goulding for granted1 is1 8one in which one foot touches the ground before the other leaves it1 only one leg being bent in stepping1 namely1 that which is being put forward40 8,in the present mad scramble of the business world1 men forget the need of exercise2 they are intent on rapid transit1 but give little thought to walking4 ,walking is the natural mode of travel1 it is one of the best forms of exercise1 and should be engaged in by everyone1 and by most people in larger degree4 8,if ordinary walking for health and recreation has fallen into disuse1 so has speed walking in competition4 ,there are1 however1 still a few of the old school left1 in ,weston1 ,o',leary1 ,ward1 and others1 who remind us of the time when the art of fast walking was more highly esteemed in the athletic world4 8,you have asked me to give my ideas on fair heel and toe walking for competition1 or speed walking1 and in replying ,i ask you at the outset to take ,webster's ,dictionary from your shelf and see what the definition of walk is3 #8,to proceed at a slower or faster rate without running or lifting one foot entirely before the other is set down4' ,based on that definition1 a set of rules has been drawn up to govern the sport1 differentiating a fast walk from a running trot4 ,the chief thing for the novice just starting is to get thoroughly acquainted with the rules and stick to them1 never violating them in the slightest4 8,i cannot here make minute comment upon all the rules of championship walking1 but ,i will do my best to bring out in a brief way the essentials4 ,to simplify and make vivid what ,i have in mind to say1 let the reader accompany me to some athletic track and see with me a bunch of walkers in action4 8,it is a principle of walking which ,i have set before myself1 to economize effort1 to attain maximum speed with minimum expenditure of strength2 but you do not see that principle carried out by all the walkers before you on the track4 ,one fellow over there is twisting his body on the back stretch in an awful contortion1 showing he is not a natural walker4 ,another1 just behind him1 is jumping in a jerky way all the time1 owing to the fact that he is not using his hips to advantage4 ,but look at this young chap just taking the turn1 how smoothly he works6 ,what freedom of action he has6 ,look at his hop motion6 ,in order to get a better view1 let us step out upon the track4 ,now see how his hip is brought well round at each stride1 the right being stretched out a little to the left1 and the left in the next stride to the right1 in order that he can bring his feet1 one directly in front of the other4 ,notice that he walks in a perfectly straight line4 ,that is to say1 if a direct line were drawn around the track1 he would place each foot alternately upon it4 ,bear in mind that the shortest distance between any two points is a straight line4 ,by this time the walker has passed us1 and we get a view of him from the field4 ,in contrast with the other contestants1 he does not seem to have any hip action4 ,that is because his stride is perfectly straight1 no overlapping2 his stride shoots out right from the waist2 he gets into it every possible inch1 and yet there is no disturbance of the smoothness of his action4 ,and with his perfect stride note how he works his feet to advantage3 the right foot comes to the ground heel first1 and as the left leg is swung in front of the right1 the ball of the right comes down2 then1 as the right foot rises to the toe position1 the heel of the left strikes the ground and in turn takes the weight of the body4 ,notice how one foot is on the ground all the time2 there is no possibility of a lift4 ,a good test1 to judge whether a walker is #8lifting' or not1 is to note whether his head moves in a straight line2 for1 when one lifts1 the head moves up and down4 8,now notice the difference in the way the different men #8lock' their knees4 ,the knee should be perfectly straight or #8locked' as the foremost foot reaches the ground1 and should continue so through the beginning of the stride4 ,it is easier to reach forward with a straight knee than with a bent one4 ,as the heel comes to contact with the ground1 the weight of the body is shifted from the rearward to the forward foot1 and the leg that has just swung forward now begins to propel the body4 ,the straightened knee is at this instant locked4 ,the #8lock' should be decided and complete4 ,remember this clearly1 that the knee should be first straight and then locked4 ,a knee bent throughout the stride is not to be approved4 ,the rules call for a fair heel and toe walk1 with a stiff knee1 and we have got to live up to them4 8,with our walkers still in view as they go around the track1 let us study their arm motion4 ,notice how that fellow is slashing away across his chest4 ,that is not necessary4 ,neither is the action of the man just ahead of him1 who is throwing his arms away out laterally from the hips4 ,now look at the fellow with the freedom of action we have already noted4 ,his arms are fairly low1 they do not rise higher than the breast4 ,on the forward swing of his arm the elbow does not pass the hip1 and on the backward swing the hand does not pass the hip4 ,the man does not carry corks4 7,the less concentration of mind upon the action of muscles the better47 8,i think ,i have illustrated the chief points involved in walking according to the rules laid down4 ,perhaps a summary of the rules for fair heel and toe walk will be useful3 8,hip motion3 ,just enough twist or curve given to bring the feet alternately in one straight line4 8,leg action3 ,below the waist shoot the leg out in a straight clean drive to its full1 natural limit3 hip locked1 knee locked1 and free play given the foot4 8,foot action3 ,the heel of the right foot strikes the ground first4 ,as the left leg is swung in front of the right1 the foot of the right comes down flat1 then1 as it is raised to toe position1 the heel of the left strikes the ground and in turn takes the weight of the body4 8,carriage of the body3 ,to be perfectly upright1 with the center of gravity on the heels1 the head all the time traveling in a straight line4 8,knee action3 ,knee to be straight at first and afterwards locked4 8,arm action3 ,arms act with the shoulders to give good balance4 ,keep them fairly low1 not ascending any higher than the nipples2 good even swing2 hand and elbow alternately reaching the hips4 8,hands3 ,recommended to be kept loose1 corks not necessary4 8,having pointed out to you wherein individuals differ1 and having indicated what constitutes a fair heel and toe walk1 a few hints on training may be helpful4 ,my first advice to any athletic aspirant is to undergo a medical examination1 in order to find out if he is strong enough constitutionally to risk strenuous track work without injury to his health4 ,i would further suggest that such an examination be an annual affair4 8,what is the purpose of training8 ,we train to gain efficiency in whatever branch of sport we enter4 ,to train properly one must concentrate attention upon whatever pertains to his particular sport4 ,through such attention one strengthens the muscles and nerves1 gains knowledge of the strength he possesses1 so that he can use it in the right way and at the right time1 to attain the maximum amount of speed with the minimum amount of effort4 ,training increases strength of mind1 self-confidence1 strong nerves1 patience1 thinking power1 and character4 8,the amount of track work needed to prepare for a walking-match will depend upon the individual1 but remember that staying in bed and reading a set of rules will not do4 ,there is a lot of hard work ahead4 ,to start with1 ,i would never think of entering a race without at least three months' preparation1 be it daily or three times per week4 ,a long and careful training is far better than a short and severe one1 and so ,i would recommend easy work for the first month1 with a gradual increase of speed as one goes along4 ,do not bother with a stop watch until the second month at the earliest4 8,let me also suggest that one do a little morning calisthenics4 ,these exercises should focus on developing alertness and endurance2 consequently1 light1 rapid movements that give the muscles tone and firmness are the qualities to seek in such individual exercise4 8,i have always found deep breathing a great help when training for a contest4 ,i always practice deep breathing when out for a street walk1 inhaling through about eight steps1 exhaling for a like period4 8,one of the things ,i learned early in my career was the value of sun baths4 ,the blood needs light1 and one needs pure blood to win a race4 ,the direct rays of the sun on one's body will give it4 ,of course one should use discretion in taking a sun bath4 8,one should not forget that he needs a lot of sleep--eight full hours of it4 ,sleep is necessary for resting not the body only2 it should also be a rest for the mind and the nervous system4 ,remember that sleep is not mere rest in the sense of inaction2 sleep is a vital process in repairing and rebuilding used-up nerve and brain cells1 so you see it is essential that the brain be at rest in order to gain full recuperation4 8,as one becomes more advanced in the sport he will realize how large a part the mind plays in a race4 ,mental action has a great deal to do with winning4 ,a man should not be bluffed2 let him make up his mind he is going to win1 and that he must not get rattled2 let him have his thoughts well collected1 and he will be all right40 ,,where ,,to ,,walk ,,trees ,i think that ,i shall never see ,a poem lovely as a tree4 ,a tree whose hungry mouth is prest ,against the earth's sweet flowing breast2 ,a tree that looks at ,god all day ,and lifts her leafy arms to pray2 ,a tree that may in ,summer wear ,a nest of robins in her hair2 ,upon whose bosom snow has lain2 ,who intimately lives with rain4 ,poems are made by fools like me1 ,but only ,god can make a tree4 ,joyce ,kilmer4 ,,iii ,,where ,,to ,,walk ,anywhere4 ,surely the pedestrian may claim for his recreation this advantage3 it may be enjoyed when one will and wherever one may be4 ,but this does not mean that there is no choice1 no preference4 ,says ,thoreau again1 8,if you would get exercise1 go in search of the springs of life4 ,think of a man's swinging dumb-bells for his health1 when those springs are bubbling up in far-off pastures unsought by him60 ,and ,emerson has this fresh1 breezy comment3 8,the true naturalist can go wherever woods or waters go2 almost where a squirrel or a bee can go1 he can2 and no man is asked for leave4 ,sometimes the farmer withstands him in crossing his lots1 but 'tis to no purpose2 the farmer could as well hope to prevent the sparrows or tortoises4 ,it was their land before it was his1 and their title was precedent40 ,stevenson would make the surroundings a matter of small import2 the landscape1 he says1 is 8quite accessory10 and yet1 within a page after1 he rallies ,hazlitt1 and playfully calls him an epicure1 because he postulates 8a winding road1 and three hours to dinner40 ,,choice ,,of ,,surroundings ,there is the region about home1 the region one knows best4 ,for muddy weather1 macadam2 but1 when they are at all negotiable1 then always country roads by preference4 ,the macadam road is all that is unpleasant--hard1 dry1 glaring1 straight1 monotonous2 overrun with noisy1 dusty1 evil-smelling machines1 with their curious and often unpleasant occupants4 ,it is bordered1 not with trees1 as a road should be1 but with telephone poles2 a fine coating of lime dust lies like a death pallor on what hardy vegetation struggles to live along its margin2 it is commercial1 business-like1 uncompromising1 and unlovely4 ,but the country road belongs to another world--a world apart--and is traveled by a different people4 ,it1 too1 has its aim and destination1 but it is deliberate in its course2 it neither cuts through the hills nor fills the valleys1 but accommodates itself to the windings of streams and to the steepness of slopes4 ,it is soft underfoot1 shaded by trees2 it finds and follows the mountain brooks2 rabbits play upon it1 grouse dust themselves in it1 birds sing about it1 and berries hang from its banks black and sweet4 ,the people who live in the country travel upon it2 it is instinct with the life of a hundred years4 ,if the day be clear1 seek the hilltops2 if not1 the wooded valleys4 ,the pedestrian learns the by-paths1 too1 and the short cuts across lots4 ,he can find the arbutus in its season1 the blackberries and the mushrooms in theirs4 ,here is a suggestive page from ,thoreau's ,journal 7,august #bg1 #ahed73 8,would it not be well to describe some of those rough all-day walks across lots8--as that of the #aeth1 picking our way over quaking meadows and swamps and occasionally slipping into the muddy batter midleg deep2 jumping or fording ditches and brooks2 forcing our way through dense blueberry swamps1 where there is water beneath and bushes above2 then brushing through extensive birch forests all covered with green lice1 which cover our clothes and face2 then1 relieved1 under larger wood1 more open beneath1 steering for some more conspicuous trunk2 now along a rocky hillside where the sweet-fern grows for a mile1 then over a recent cutting1 finding our uncertain footing on the cracking tops and trimmings of trees left by the choppers2 now taking a step or two of smooth walking across a highway2 now through a dense pine wood1 descending into a rank1 dry swamp1 where the cinnamon fern rises above your head1 with isles of poison-dogwood2 now up a scraggy hill covered with scrub oak1 stooping and winding one's way for half a mile1 tearing one's clothes in many places and putting out one's eyes1 and finding at last that it has no bare brow1 but another slope of the same character2 now through a corn-field diagonally with the rows2 now coming upon the hidden melon-patch2 seeing the back side of familiar hills and not knowing them1--the nearest house to home1 which you do not know1 seeming further off than the farthest which you do know2--in the spring defiled with froth on various bushes1 etc41 etc41 etc42 now reaching on higher land some open pigeon-place1 a breathing-place for us40 ,another page1 too1 is worth quoting 7,july #ab1 #aheb73 8,now for another fluvial walk4 ,there is always a current of air above the water1 blowing up or down the course of the river1 so that this is the coolest highway4 ,divesting yourself of all clothing but your shirt and hat1 which are to protect your exposed parts from the sun1 you are prepared for the fluvial excursion4 ,you choose what depths you like1 tucking your toga higher or lower1 as you take the deep middle of the road or the shallow sidewalks4 ,here is a road where no dust was ever known1 no intolerable drouth4 ,now your feet expand on a smooth sandy bottom1 now contract timidly on pebbles1 now slump in genial fatty mud--greasy1 saponaceous--amid the pads4 ,you scare out whole schools of small breams and perch1 and sometimes a pickerel1 which have taken shelter from the sun under the pads4 ,this river is so clear compared with the ,south ,branch1 or main stream1 that all their secrets are betrayed to you4 ,or you meet with and interrupt a turtle taking a more leisurely walk up the stream4 ,ever and anon you cross some furrow in the sand1 made by a muskrat1 leading off to right or left to their galleries in the bank1 and you thrust your foot into the entrance1 which is just below the surface of the water and is strewn with grass and rushes1 of which they make their nests4 ,in shallow water near the shore1 your feet at once detect the presence of springs in the bank emptying in1 by the sudden coldness of the water1 and there1 if you are thirsty1 you dig a little well in the sand with your hands1 and when you return1 after it has settled and clarified itself1 get a draught of pure cold water there4''' 8,i wonder if any ,roman emperor ever indulged in such luxury as this1--of walking up and down a river in torrid weather with only a hat to shade the head4 ,what were the baths of ,caracalla to this80 ,it might seem that all the joys of walking are rural2 but it is not so2 the city dweller knows as well as his country cousin how to make his surroundings serve his need4 ,doctor ,finley1 veteran pedestrian though he be1 delighting to walk to the ends of the earth1 has no word of disdain for the streets of the city of his home4 ,the following passage is taken from a paper of his which appeared in the ,outlook and from which quotation has already been made3 8,my traveling afoot1 for many years1 has been chiefly in busy city streets or in the country roads into which they run--not far from the day's work or from the thoroughfares of the world's concerns4 8,of such journeys on foot which ,i recall with greatest pleasure are some that ,i have made in the encircling of cities4 ,more than once ,i have walked around ,manhattan ,island 7an afternoon's or a day's adventure within the reach of thousands71 keeping as close as possible to the water's edge all the way round4 ,one not only passes through physical conditions illustrating the various stages of municipal development from the wild forest at one end of the island to the most thickly populated spots of the earth at the other1 but one also passes through diverse cities and civilizations4 ,another journey of this sort was one that ,i made around ,paris1 taking the line of the old fortifications1 which are still maintained1 with a zone following the fortifications most of the way just outside1 inhabited only by squatters1 some of whose houses were on wheels ready for #8mobilization' at an hour's notice4 7,it was near the end of that circumvallating journey1 about sunset1 on the last day of an old year1 that ,i saw my first airplane rising like a great golden bird in the aviation field1 and a few minutes later my first elongated dirigible--precursors of the air armies47''' 8,about every city lies an environing charm1 even if it have no trees1 as1 for example1 ,cheyenne1 ,wyoming1 where1 stopping for a few hours not long ago1 ,i spent most of the time walking out to the encircling mesas that give view of both mountains and city4 ,i have never found a city without its walkers' rewards4 ,new ,york has its ,palisade paths1 its ,westchester hills and hollows1 its #8south shore' and #8north shore1' and its ,staten ,island 7which ,i have often thought of as ,atlantis1 for once on a holiday ,i took ,plato with me to spend an afternoon on its littoral1 away from the noise of the city1 and on my way home found that my ,plato had stayed behind1 and he never reappeared1 though ,i searched car and boat74 ,chicago has its miles of lake shore walks2 ,albany its ,helderbergs2 and ,san ,francisco1 its ,golden ,gate ,road4 ,and ,i recall with a pleasure which the war cannot take away a number of suburban ,european walks4 ,one was across the ,campagna from ,frascati to ,rome1 when ,i saw an ,easter week sun go down behind the ,eternal ,city4 ,another was out to ,fiesole from ,florence and back again2 another1 out and up from where the ,saone joins the ,rhone at ,lyons2 another1 from ,montesquieu's chteau to ,bordeaux2 another1 from ,edinburgh out to ,arthur's ,seat and beyond2 another from ,lausanne to ,geneva1 past ,paderewski's villa1 along the glistening lake with its background of ,alps2 and still another1 from ,eton 7where ,i spent the night in a cubicle looking out on ,windsor ,castle7 to ,london1 starting at dawn4 ,one cannot know the intimate charm of the urban penumbra who makes only shuttle journeys by motor or street cars40 ,,nature ,,of ,,country ,when it comes to the matter of choosing the region for a walking tour1 all sorts of considerations enter in4 ,this has been indicated already2 your naturalist will fix upon some happy hunting ground where flowers or birds are abundant1 or fossil trilobites or dinosaurs are to be discovered2 the fisherman will seek out the mountain brooks2 the antiquarian1 some remote rural region1 perhaps1 or scene of battle2 the genealogist will visit the graves of his ancestors4 ,but1 leaving for the moment such special and individual considerations out of account1 what should influence the average pedestrian in his choice of locality8 ,the choice of locality with relation to season has already been considered1 page #dc above4 ,the choice will not fall upon a flat1 undiversified region1 particularly if the season be hot and the roads much traveled and dusty4 ,emerson1 in a passage extolling the pedestrian advantages of his native ,massachusetts1 observes3 8,for walking1 you must have a broken country4 ,in ,illinois1 everybody rides4 ,there is no good walk in that state4 ,the reason is1 a square yard of it is as good as a hundred miles4 ,you can distinguish from the cows a horse feeding1 at the distance of five miles1 with the naked eye4 ,hence1 you have the monotony of ,holland1 and when you step out of the door can see all that you will have seen when you come home40 ,having said so much1 ,emerson adds1 in order to put the ,illinoian in good humor again3 8,we may well enumerate what compensating advantages we have over that country1 for 'tis a commonplace1 which ,i have frequently heard spoken in ,illinois1 that it was a manifest leading of the ,divine ,providence that the ,new ,england states should have been first settled1 before the ,western country was known1 or they would never have been settled at all40 ,in ,oklahoma1 they say1 one can look farther and see less than anywhere else in the world4 ,the pedestrian seeks wide horizons1 but he seeks more than that4 ,the only classical walk which the writer now recalls1 taken in a level region1 was ,thoreau's tour along the beaches of ,cape ,cod2 but there was the sea--itself an unending delight and stimulus to imagination--and the sand dunes1 with all the beauties of mountain form in miniature4 ,there are1 of course1 the great recreation grounds of the world3 the ,swiss ,alps1 the ,tyrol1 and in our own country the ,glacier ,national ,park1 the ,yellowstone1 and the ,yosemite4 ,such a place is the pedestrian's paradise4 ,but such a place is1 for most of us1 far away2 ordinarily1 the requirement is of something humbler4 ,let the choice then be broken country4 ,there is all of ,new ,england1 the ,adirondacks1 the ,appalachian region1 the ,ozarks1 and the great mountain lands of the ,west4 ,some fringe of one or another of these regions is accessible to almost any holiday seeker4 ,in addition to the mountainous areas1 there are the drumlins and lakes of our glaciated northern states--,new ,york1 ,michigan1 ,wisconsin2 and1 excepting only the prairies1 there is diversity of rolling hills and winding streams everywhere4 ,,the ,,goal ,,and ,,the ,,road ,it is well to have an objective in a walk1 a focus of interest1 a climax of effort3 a historical objective--the grave of ,washington1 perhaps1 or the battlefield of ,israel ,putnam2 or a natural objective--the summit of ,mt4 ,marcy1 or ,lake ,tahoe1 or the ,mammoth ,cave4 ,do not1 however1 set out from the point of chief interest2 let there be a gradual approach2 if possible1 let the hardest work come near the end2 let the highest mountain be the last4 ,search out objects of interest within five hundred miles of home1 choose one of them as the goal--be it mountain1 trout stream1 or ,indian mound--and let the way lead to it4 ,on long tours1 seek variety--variety of woods1 rivers1 mountains4 ,do not1 by choice1 go and return over the same road1 nor even through the same region4 ,better walk one way and go by train the other4 ,in crossing mountain ranges1 ascend the gradual slope and descend the steep4 7,on precipices1 however1 there is less danger in climbing up than down47 ,walk from south to north1 by preference2 it is always best to have the sun at one's back4 ,avoid macadam roads--except when country roads are muddy1 or on a night walk4 ,by night smooth footing is especially advantageous4 ,macadam is wearing to both body and mind--and sole leather2 immediately after rain it is tolerable4 ,avoid highways1 seek byways4 ,leave even the byways at times1 and travel across country4 ,,maps ,on map making1 see page #aaa4 ,a map is useful1 and1 on an extended tour1 almost necessary4 ,topographic maps1 showing towns and roads also1 of a large part of the ,united ,states are published by the ,united ,states ,geological ,survey4 ,better maps could not be desired4 ,different regions are mapped to different scale1 but1 for the greater part1 each map or 8quadrangle0 covers an area measuring #ae in extent each way2 the scale is #a3fb1ejj1 or about a mile to an inch4 ,each quadrangle measures approximately #ab #ag inches and displays an area of #baj-bbe square miles1 the area varying with the latitude4 ,to traverse one quadrangle from south to north means1 if the country be hilly and the roads winding1 to walk twenty miles or more4 ,on these maps water is printed in blue1 contour lines in brown1 and cultural features--roads1 towns1 county lines--in black4 ,a contour line is a line which follows the surface at a fixed altitude2 one who follows a contour line will go neither uphill nor down1 but on the level4 ,the contour interval1 that is1 the difference in elevation between adjacent contour lines1 is stated at the bottom of each quadrangle4 ,it is not uniform for all the areas mapped1 and is greater in mountains and less in level regions4 ,every fourth or fifth contour line is made heavier than the others4 ,a little experience will teach one to read a contour map at a glance2 the shape of the hills is indicated1 and their steepness4 ,in addition1 these maps bear in figures 7and in feet7 actual elevations above sea level4 ,besides the quadrangles on the unit of area mentioned1 the ,survey publishes maps to larger scale1 of regions of exceptional importance3 ,boston and vicinity1 for instance2 ,washington and vicinity2 the ,gettysburg battlefield2 the ,niagara gorge2 ,glacier ,national ,park2 industrial regions such as ,franklin ,furnace1 ,n4 ,j41 and vicinity4 ,application may be made to ,the ,director1 ,united ,states ,geological ,survey1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c41 for an index map of any particular region in which one is interested2 the index map is marked off into quadrangles1 and each quadrangle bears its distinctive name4 ,information regarding larger maps is also given4 ,so that1 on consulting the index map1 one may order by name the particular quadrangles or larger maps he may desire4 ,the price of the quadrangles is ten cents each1 or six cents each for fifty or more4 ,the larger maps units are of varying price4 ,for remoter regions1 not yet mapped by ,government1 ruder maps may ordinarily be had4 ,such foreign regions as the ,alps are1 of course1 perfectly mapped4 ,the maps in ,baedeker's guidebooks are good1 and better still may be had1 if one desires4 ,it is a good plan to have the maps of one's home region mounted on linen and shellaced4 ,map case4 ,maps of small size and constantly in use may be put in form for carrying by cutting them into sections and mounting them on linen1 with spaces for folding left between the edges of adjacent sections4 ,a map so mounted may be folded and carried in an oiled silk envelope4 ,leather is not a satisfactory material for such a case1 for1 when carried in one's clothing1 it becomes wet through with perspiration4 ,for a walk on which one has occasion to use a number of maps1 it is preferable to provide oneself with a cylindrical case of sheet tin1 in which the rolled maps may be contained4 ,a suitable case for the ,geological ,survey quadrangles measures eighteen inches in length and two in diameter4 ,a close-fitting lid slips over the open end1 and there are runners soldered to one side1 through which a supporting strap may pass4 ,a small hole in the bottom facilitates the putting on and removal of the lid4 ,any tinsmith can make such a case in a short time4 ,it should be painted outside4 ,it may be suspended by a strap from the shoulders1 and so be easily accessible1 or it may1 if preferred1 be secured to or carried within the knapsack4 ,,walking ,,by ,,compass ,where roads are many and villages frequent1 one may easily find his way1 map in hand4 ,but in the wilderness the map must be supplemented by the compass4 ,the beginner should go gradually about this matter of traveling by compass2 he should gain experience in small undertakings4 ,for one acquainted with the art1 there is in its practice an alluring element of novelty and adventure4 ,most of all1 one needs to teach himself to rely on his compass implicitly4 ,a few suggestions about walking by compass may be useful4 ,first1 study the map1 and note the objective points2 second1 on setting out1 have always a definite point in mind and know its exact bearing2 refer to the compass repeatedly1 directing one's course to a tree1 rock shoulder1 or other landmark1 and on reaching it1 appeal to the compass again1 to define a new mark2 third1 in making detours1 around bogs or cliffs1 use the wits1 and make proper compensation2 finally1 and as has once been said1 but cannot be too often said1 trust the compass4 ,from a mountain top1 if the destination can be seen1 one may study the contour of the land between and1 engraving it surely in mind1 direct his course accordingly4 ,but ability to do this is gained only through long experience4 ,for a novice to attempt it were foolhardy1 and might lead to serious consequences4 ,in making mental note of landmarks1 one should1 so far as possible1 get two aligned points on the course ahead1 for by keeping the alignment deviation may be corrected4 ,on a clear day1 having laid one's course1 one may follow it by the guidance of one's shadow4 ,but here again1 some experience is needed1 before trusting one's ability too far4 ,one's watch may serve as a rude compass1 remembering that at sunrise 7approximately in the east and approximately at six o'clock7 the watch being set to sun time1 if the watch be so placed that the hour hand points to the sun1 the north and south line will lie across the dial1 from the three o'clock index number to nine4 ,and at any succeeding time of the day1 if the hour hand be pointed to the sun1 south will lie midway between the point where the hour hand lies and the index number twelve4 ,manifestly1 this improvised compass can be exactly right only at equinox1 and only when the watch is set to meridian time4 ,,walking ,,clubs ,,in ,,america ,,uphill ,does the road wind uphill all the way8 ,yes1 to the very end4 ,will the day's journey take the whole long day8 ,from morn to night1 my friend4 ,but is there for the night a resting-place8 ,a roof for when the slow1 dark hours begin4 ,may not the darkness hide it from my face8 ,you cannot miss that inn4 ,shall ,i meet other wayfarers at night8 ,those who have gone before4 ,then must ,i knock1 or call when just in sight8 ,they will not keep you waiting at that door4 ,shall ,i find comfort1 travel-sore and weak8 ,of labor you shall find the sum4 ,will there be beds for me and all who seek8 ,yea1 beds for all who come4 ,christina ,g4 ,rossetti4 ,,iv ,,walking ,,clubs ,,in ,,america ,the walking clubs of ,europe have had a long and useful history4 ,the favored regions1 particularly the ,alps1 the ,bavarian highlands1 and the ,black ,forest1 have1 time out of mind1 been the holiday land for all the ,european peoples4 ,walking there is in vogue as nowhere else in the world1 unless it be among the ,english lakes4 ,before the war it was interesting to an ,american visitor in the ,tyrol to observe how many people spent their holidays afoot--and how many sorts of people3 men1 women1 old1 young4 ,sometimes one met whole families walking together4 ,it was not a surprising thing to encounter a fresh-cheeked schoolgirl on the peak of the ,wildspitze2 and pedestrian bridal tours seemed to be1 in some strata of society at least1 quite the thing4 ,but the impressive fact was that there were hundreds of people--men1 women1 and children--tramping the mountains together1 and finding the inseparable desiderata1 health and happiness4 ,this enthusiasm for walking has expressed itself in walking clubs2 they are part of the 8,movement03 ,the ,alpine ,club1 ,le ,club ,alpin ,franais1 ,il ,club ,alpino ,italiano1 ,die ,deutsche und ,oesterreiche ,alpenverein1 ,der ,schweize ,alpenclub1 etc4 ,these clubs lay trails and blaze them1 through chasms1 across passes1 and to summits4 7,it is the pedestrian alone to whom the mountains reveal their extremest beauties47 ,the clubs maintain1 at comfortable intervals1 mountain huts1 where one may find simple food and a clean bed2 and they prepare and publish maps and guidebooks4 ,we are followers of the ,europeans1 and we have this advantage of followers1 that we may see and profit by all that they have done4 ,already there are many walking clubs in ,america2 their memberships are greatest1 as might be expected1 in ,new ,england and on the ,pacific ,coast4 ,some of these organizations are concerned chiefly with feats of mountaineering2 others with the needs of the greater number of ordinary people4 ,it is of the clubs of this latter class that some account will here be given4 ,but at the outset a word of apology is needed4 ,the data from which this chapter is prepared are in the necessity of the case casually collected2 it cannot be otherwise than that they are fragmentary2 and the result must be faulty and ill proportioned4 ,the chapter is offered as a provisional one4 ,organizations not mentioned1 but which might have had place with those which are1 are requested to furnish data respecting themselves2 all interested are invited to note mistakes and give advice of corrections1 to the end that a more useful and more nearly satisfactory chapter may ultimately appear4 ,communications may be addressed to the ,league of ,walkers1 #cdg ,madison ,avenue1 ,new ,york4 ,,the ,,appalachian ,,mountain ,,club ,one of the oldest and the most distinguished of the walking clubs of ,america1 is the ,appalachian ,mountain ,club1 of ,boston1 with its two outlying 8chapters10 in ,new ,york1 and in ,worcester1 ,mass4 ,following is the official statement of the ,club's objects and activities4 8,the ,appalachian ,mountain ,club was organized in ,boston in ,january1 #ahgf1 to #8explore the mountains of ,new ,england and the adjacent regions1 both for scientific and artistic purposes4' ,its activities are directed not only toward the preservation of the natural beauty of our mountain resorts1--and in particular their forests1--but also toward making them still more accessible and enjoyable through the building of paths and camps1 the publishing of maps and guidebooks1 the collecting of scientific data1 and the conducting of numerous field excursions4 8,in the fulfilment of its main purpose it has built and maintained over two hundred miles of trails1 three stone huts and nine open log shelters1 all in the ,white ,mountains1 and a clubhouse on ,three ,mile ,island in ,lake ,winnepesaukee4 ,it has also acquired sixteen reservations1 held purely in trust for the benefit of the public1 in ,new ,hampshire1 ,maine1 and ,massachusetts4 ,it annually conducts four long excursions3 one in ,february for snowshoeing1 one in ,july1 one in ,august1 for those who prefer camp life1 and one in early autumn1 besides the same number of shorter trips in ,february1 ,may1 early ,september1 and at ,christmas4 ,these are mainly in ,new ,england and ,new ,york4 ,in addition there are ,saturday afternoon walks to various points of interest in the country around ,boston and ,new ,york ,city1 the latter under the ,new ,york ,chapter4 ,occasionally there are special walks for those interested in natural history4 ,those wishing to go farther afield can obtain privileges in connection with the annual outings of the western mountaineering clubs4 8,from ,october to ,may monthly meetings are held in ,boston and to these members may invite friends4 ,in connection with these meetings illustrated lectures are given upon mountain regions and other outdoor subjects of interest4 8,clubrooms are maintained in the ,tremont ,building in ,boston1 where committee meetings and small informal gatherings are held1 and where the fine library1 many maps1 and a large collection of photographs are kept4''' 8,members are kept informed of the activities of the ,club by a monthly ,bulletin1 and at least once a year an illustrated magazine1 entitled ,appalachia1 is published4''' ,in addition the ,club has published a #8,guide to ,paths in the ,white ,mountains and ,adjacent ,regions' 7#b4jj71 a #8,bibliography of the ,white ,mountains' 7#a4jj71 #8,walks and ,rides about ,boston' 7#a4be71 a booklet #8,equipment for ,climbing and ,camping' 7#aj cents71 and a #8,snowshoe ,manual' 7#aj cents74 8,in ,january1 #aiai1 there were about #bcjj members 7the ,new ,york ,chapter numbers #ade74 ,membership in the ,club costs eight dollars for the first year and four dollars a year thereafter4 ,no climbing qualification is necessary1 but candidates must be nominated by two club members1 to whom they are personally known1 and approved by the ,committee on ,membership4 ,application blanks and further information may be had by addressing the ,corresponding ,secretary1 #ajej ,tremont ,building1 ,boston40 ,,the ,,green ,,mountain ,,club ,the ,green ,mountain ,club1 of ,vermont1 was organized ,march #aa1 #aiaj1 with the object of making the remotest and wildest regions of the ,green ,mountains accessible to pedestrians4 ,as rapidly as its income permits1 it is building the ,long ,trail1 which when completed will be a 8skyline0 trail for walkers1 following the mountain ridges and ascending the peaks1 throughout a course of about #bej miles1 from the ,canadian line to ,massachusetts4 ,two portions of the trail have already been built and are in use3 one1 a stretch of thirty miles1 extending north and south near ,rutland2 the other1 a continuous section of sixty-seven miles1 extending from ,middlebury ,gap1 fourteen miles east of ,middlebury1 northward1 to ,smugglers' ,notch1 on the east side of ,mount ,mansfield4 ,it requires eight days to cover this section of the ,trail4 ,there is a cabin of the ,club1 or a clubhouse1 farmhouse1 or hotel available at the end of each day's hike4 ,it is better to carry food and blankets1 though blankets may be hired and food sent in under arrangements made in advance4 ,there is good prospect that by the end of the summer 7of #aiai7 new trails will be built1 connecting the two portions mentioned1 and extending the northern stretch some miles further1 to ,johnson4 ,the ,club will then have built and brought under its care #acj miles of continuous trail4 ,some account of walking the ,long ,trail may be found in 8,vacation ,tramps in ,new ,england ,highlands10 by ,allen ,chamberlain4 ,the dues of the ,club are #a4jj a year2 the membership exceeds #fjj4 ,there are several sections or branches1 each of which has charge of the construction and maintenance of a section of the ,long ,trail4 ,the ,burlington ,section in the course of the year holds a number of outings in the vicinity of ,burlington1 and conducts two or three trips into the mountains4 ,on ,washington's ,birthday1 each year it makes a trip1 either to ,mount ,mansfield or to the ,couching ,lion4 ,the ,new ,york ,section1 organized in #aiaf1 has #bab members4 ,it conducts many half-day1 full-day1 and week-end outings in the vicinity of ,new ,york ,city1 and an occasional excursion to the ,green ,mountains4 ,during the year #aiah-aiai1 in addition to the activities indicated1 it gave three social reunions with camp fire suppers1 four illustrated lectures1 conducted a pilgrimage to the home of ,john ,burroughs1 and held a membership dinner at a ,new ,york hotel4 ,for information regarding the ,long ,trail1 advice about shelters1 for maps1 and for suggestions regarding particular hikes1 write to the ,corresponding ,secretary1 #f ,masonic ,temple1 ,burlington1 ,vt4 ,,the ,,american ,,alpine ,,club ,the ,american ,alpine ,club requires the highest qualifications for membership of any walking club4 ,its one hundred members come from all parts of the country4 ,an annual dinner is given in ,boston1 ,new ,york1 or ,philadelphia4 ,the address of the secretary is #bjbi ,q ,st41 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,,walking ,,clubs ,,of ,,new ,,york ,mr4 ,albert ,handy is the historian of the walking clubs of ,new ,york1 and his account of them is1 with his generous permission1 here given4 ,it appeared first in the ,new ,york ,evening ,post ,saturday ,magazine1 for ,may #f1 #aiaf1 and has been revised for the purposes of this handbook4 8,the first walking club in ,america of which any record is found was the little ,alpine ,club organized by some of the professors at ,williamstown1 ,mass41 which came into being about #ahfc and went out of being a few years later4 ,but before its demise ,mr4 and ,mrs4 ,henry ,e4 ,buermeyer and ,william ,b4 7better known as #8,father ,bill'7 ,curtiss had formed the habit of exploring the wilds of ,staten ,island or the highlands of the ,hudson--there were no developments then1 and it was a wilderness--on ,sundays4 #8,father ,bill' ,curtis was the premier athlete of ,america and the founder of the ,new ,york ,athletic ,club4 ,mrs4 ,buermeyer was one of the first women to ride a bicycle in this country1 and ,mr4 ,buermeyer was a noted swimmer4 8,this little group constituted the beginnings of the ,fresh ,air ,club1 which is today the oldest walking club in ,new ,york1 and which can alone contest the claim of the ,appalachian ,mountain ,club to the premiership of the ,united ,states4 ,shortly after its foundation the winged-foot organization sent a score of its members on these walks and ,mrs4 ,buermeyer dropped out4 ,later some members of the old ,american ,athletic ,club1 in conjunction with others from the ,manhattan ,athletic ,club1 developed a walking cult1 and for a time pedestrianism seemed destined to become a popular pastime4 ,in this group was ,e4 ,berry ,wall1 whose name is associated with dancing rather than athletics in the minds of the majority of ,new ,yorkers4 8,then interest diminished gradually until each organization furnished but a negligible number of walkers4 ,followed something in the nature of a renaissance1 the two groups consolidated1 and the present ,fresh ,air ,club came into being4 8,in the early eighties interest in athletics increased1 there were organized baseball clubs1 tennis clubs1 cricket clubs1 but for a long period the ,fresh ,air ,club was the only organization devoted to walking1 with the exception of the ,westchester ,walking ,club1 otherwise known as the ,westchester ,hare and ,hounds 7whose members were recruited from the then prosperous but long since defunct ,harlem ,athletic ,club71 which rose1 flourished1 and decayed1 leaving its spirit and traditions to be carried by the ,fresh ,air ,club1 which in ,february1 #ahij1 was incorporated4 8,what the ,appalachian ,mountain ,club did for ,new ,hampshire the ,fresh ,air ,club did for the country within a fifty-mile radius of ,new ,york2 there is not a section of northern ,new ,jersey1 or of ,rockland1 ,westchester1 or ,orange ,county1 which has not been explored by some of its members4 ,on ,friday of each week during the tramping season #8,father ,bill' who was official pathfinder1 would go over the route of the walk projected for the following ,sunday1 when necessary blazing a trail1 so that the party might proceed without any delay or casting about for the right road1 until finally the paths up ,storm ,king1 ,bear ,mountain--there wasn't any ,interstate ,park then--,anthony's ,nose1 and the highlands of the ,hudson became as familiar to him as the path to his own door4''' 8,today the ,club has about seventy-five members1 of whom some forty are active4 ,its walking season extends from ,october to ,december and from ,march to ,june1 and walks are scheduled for all ,sundays and holidays1 to a few of which women friends of members are invited4 ,during the winter months skating excursions1 when weather conditions are favorable1 are substituted for walking4 ,the ,fresh ,air ,club does not seek an increase in membership2 in fact1 a member remarked to the writer that it did not desire publicity or even a considerable amount of inquiry from would-be candidates for membership4 ,its bulletin states3 8#8,that its constitution1 by-laws1 and rules have not been1 and will not be1 published2 that it accepts no members who are not good cross-country walkers1 and that membership can be obtained only after personal acquaintance and such participation in the excursions of the ,club as is needed to prove the candidate's fitness and ability4''' ,participation by non-members in the excursions of the ,club is by invitation only4' 8,as a veracious chronicler it becomes incumbent upon me to here set down that during its long existence of nearly half a century it has exercised practically no influence and has never attained a place in the sun as a constructive factor in the encouragement of general walking1 although its object1 according to its certificate of incorporation1 is the #8encouragement and promotion of outdoor sport for health and pleasure4' 8,the year #aiaa was momentous in the history of walking4 ,outdoor life was enjoying a popular boom2 for this condition the motor car and the country club were in large measure responsible4 ,the open-air enthusiast found a ready hearing1 his preachments falling upon fertile ground4 ,in this year a little group of about ten walkers organized the ,walkers' ,club of ,america1 and almost simultaneously ,charles ,g4 ,bullard1 of the ,appalachian ,mountain ,club1 established a ,new ,york branch of that organization1 the membership being drawn principally from the members of the ,boston ,club residing in or near this city4 ,prominent among the organizers of the ,walkers' ,club was ,james ,h4 ,hocking1 one of the most enthusiastic pedestrians in this country1 and one who believes that walking will cure most of the ills to which mind and body are heir4 ,this organization was opposed to hiding its light under a bushel2 its conception of its functions was thoroughly democratic2 its primary purpose was to induce the largest number of people possible to use their legs in the way that ,god intended that they should4 8,now1 while walking could scarcely be said to be attaining widespread popularity1 there was in the ensuing year or two a steady growth in interest4 ,a walking organization was formed by some of the members of the ,crescent ,athletic ,club in conjunction with the ,union ,league ,club1 also of the #8city of homes and churches1' and a programme of ,sunday walks was prepared4 ,but it was in #aiac that the actual recrudescence in walking occurred1 when the ,evening ,post and the ,times gave considerable space to articles on walking4 ,in the late winter of that year1 too1 there began to appear inconspicuous paragraphs on the sporting pages of the ,monday morning papers to the effect that on the previous day members of the ,walkers' ,club had hiked from ,city ,hall to ,coney ,island1 or perhaps from ,st4 ,george to ,new ,dorp or from ,columbus ,circle to ,hastings4 8,the schedule time of the ,coney ,island walk1 for the novice squad1 to be completed before noon1 was about two hours and a half4 ,and the average ,new ,yorker1 who regards a long sleep and a good breakfast on ,sunday mornings as his inalienable rights1 gazed gloomily at these items1 and then turned to an account of a murder or a break in the stockmarket1 anything in fact radiating a more cheerful influence4 ,even the enthusiastic golfer sighed to himself as he thanked ,god that he was not as some other man4 8,it was in #aiac1 too1 that the ,ladies' ,walking ,club1 affiliated with the ,walkers' ,club of ,america1 was organized1 but it has never had many members or attained any marked degree of popularity4 ,prior1 however1 to its formation1 the ,alumn ,committee on ,athletics of ,barnard ,college prepared a programme of intercollegiate outings for ,saturdays1 ,sundays1 and holidays1 which included several pleasant hikes2 and these attracted a much greater number of participants than did the events of the ,ladies' ,walking ,club4 8,under the impetus derived from the ,walkers' ,club several of the evening high schools formed pedestrian organizations which turned out with the parent body4 ,one of the morning newspapers offered century medals1 which seems to have materially stimulated interest1 and by the beginning of #aiae there were six or eight schools that sent out their squads of hikers every ,sunday4 8,it was early in #aiae that the ,walkers' ,club1 with a membership of over two hundred1 was incorporated4 ,shortly thereafter a schism arose in its ranks1 which resulted in the birth of the ,american ,walkers' ,association4 ,at a meeting of the ,walkers' ,club1 held in ,june1 seven members withdrew4 ,within a week twelve men had formed the ,walkers' ,association1 which was almost immediately incorporated4 ,of the split it may be said that it was deplorable1 and beyond that its history must occupy a blank page in the annals of ,american walking4 8,the ,walkers' ,association immediately began an aggressive campaign to secure members4 ,it adopted a small emblem which the majority of the one hundred and twenty men on its rolls wear4 ,it also adopted the walking associations of most of the evening high schools1 as well as all promising material which it could discover4 ,finally it organized a women's branch with a schedule of walks of its own4 ,it points with pride to a membership of over #ace1 a record of #ag1hef miles covered by members on its hikes1 so that if a message had been relayed it might have crossed the continent five times2 to one hike on which #ajg men turned out1 and to another--not the same hike--when fifty miles was covered in a day4 8,the walks of the ,walkers' ,club and the ,walkers' ,association invariably start from ,new ,york1 and up to the present time have invariably been along the high roads which the pedestrian must share1 in unequal distribution1 with the motorcar and other vehicles4 ,a speed of four to six miles an hour is maintained and the walks vary from ten to fifty miles in length4 ,the walkers are divided into squads1 graded according to speed and the distance to be covered4 ,the hikes of the ,fresh ,air ,club1 on the other hand1 start from some point reached by train1 twenty to forty miles from ,new ,york1 and the trail leads through the woods and over the hills1 through streams and bogs and over rocks and fallen trees1 with an occasional stretch of road as an incident to the walk4 8,like the ,walkers' ,club it has a schedule1 and where the going is good a speed of four miles or better is maintained4 ,the walks terminate at a railway station which must be reached before train time4 ,the ,appalachians1 however1 saunter1 they rarely exceed ten miles on their local tramps1 they proceed leisurely cross country1 if they see a hill that appeals to them they climb it and enjoy the view1 or they linger on the shores of some lake4 ,the ,club walks are all held on ,saturday afternoons and holidays1 ,sunday walking being mildly disapproved4 8,as a purely constructive factor in the development of pedestrianism in the eastern ,united ,states1 the ,walkers' ,club and ,walkers' ,association probably lead4 ,other clubs have conceived theories--ideals1 perhaps--these organizations have created pedestrians4 ,their walking season extends from the #bast of ,june to the #bbnd of ,december1 and from the #bbnd of ,december to the #bast of ,june4 ,both clubs have trained people to walk4 ,an officer of one of them once remarked to the writer that fifty per cent of the members did not know how to use their legs4 8,the ,walkers' ,club has to its credit an extended list of activities4 ,it fathered the evening high schools' walking movement2 it inaugurated a campaign of publicity2 it has through ,pathfinder ,hocking planned walks of from one day to one week for individuals and groups2 it has done much to raise pedestrianism from its low estate to an equality with other sports and the end is not yet4 #8,hocking1' said a member of a rival organization1 #8has done more for walking than any other man in ,america1 but--' and the rest of the sentence ,i have transferred to that unpublished page in the annals of walking on which the recording secretary spilled his ink4 8,a few years ago the ,walkers' ,association mapped out a most elaborate program4 ,with the consummation of its plans1 however1 the war materially interfered4 ,it was intended to create a large number of walking squads4 ,there was to be a squad for the #8tired business man'--that variety of the genus homo of whom we read much and whom we never see2 a cross-country squad1 which would take tramps similar to the hikes of the ,fresh ,air ,club2 an afternoon squad for the man who desired to spend his ,sunday mornings in dreams2 and any other kind of squad that anyone might desire to suggest4 8,it planned the establishment of affiliated clubs in other cities1 and ultimately an organization which would in some respects resemble the ,wandervogel1 the great national pedestrian body of ,germany4 ,at the present time it has a prosperous branch at ,cleveland with a membership in excess of five hundred4 8,in the meantime1 before a consummation of their more ambitious plans can be hoped for1 much less realized1 it were well if a federation of all the walking clubs in ,new ,york was perfected1 with a common headquarters1 where maps and data of much value might be made available to all hikers1 and where frequent gatherings might be held for the interchange of ideas and experiences4 ,and to the attainment of this object the ,walkers' ,association may well address itself40 ,,wanderlust 8,wanderlust0 is the appellative under which ,saturday afternoon walks in the vicinity of ,philadelphia are organized4 ,they have been conducted for now ten years4 ,schedules of walks are published quarterly in advance1 and the leaflets bear this advertisement3 8,these walks are arranged for the general public4 ,there are no fees1 dues nor other requirements4 ,everyone is welcome1 on one walk or all4 ,all that is necessary is to be at the starting place at the time appointed4 ,the only cost is that of carfare4 ,the walks are all about five miles1 and often include some points of interest1 although no special effort is made by the leaders toward that aim4 ,no fast walking is done1 as new people come each week1 and might not be able to keep up4 ,the whole aim of the walks is to get people out into the open1 to learn how even a simple exercise like walking can mean strength and health for those who seek it1 and pleasure for all4''' ,copies of this announcement will be mailed only to those who send a stamped1 addressed envelope to any active member of the ,committee1 or to the ,secretary40 ,the secretary 7address #cea ,east ,chelton ,avenue1 ,germantown1 ,pa47 writes 7,june #ac1 #aiai73 8,the ,wanderlust goes on about the same as it has done since #aiaj1 though our numbers have been much smaller during and since the war4 ,so many of our followers were engaged in war work1 or working overtime1 that we noticed their absence very much4 ,for many years our average was about fifty1 but for the past two years it has been around thirty4 8,we have two classes of walkers1 the regulars1 many of whom have been along from the start1 and the irregulars1 who come from one to a dozen times1 and seem to drop away for no reason we can learn4 ,many people come once and never again1 probably disappointed to find the walkers a happy lot1 who apparently need little to satisfy them4 ,that conclusion we arrived at after hearing their remarks on many occasions4 ,but the critics were not #8hikers' and did not have the spirit4 8,about the permanence of such an undertaking1 ,i can only say that ,i feel sure we have lasted so long because we avoided any form or attempt at organization1 and kept it a free-for-all-come-once-or-always outing party4 8,we profited by the mistakes of some other cities1 where they organized1 with the usual factional rivalry1 and breaking-up of the club1 and in another case1 the growth of an exclusive club1 shutting out many who could not afford to continue4 ,so we have fought all attempts 7on the part of a few7 to organize in any way4 ,of course that means that someone must head the committee and volunteer to be the secretary or chairman4 ,being an assistant to the ,director of ,physical ,education1 ,i was asked to take charge of the ,wanderlust about eight years ago and am still a willing secretary1 and believe that by keeping the hike under the ,department we are keeping it from breaking up or changing into a less desirable form4 ,our aim is to give an opportunity to grown people to get some of the physical training and efficiency that the school children get in our schools1 and at the same time to encourage outdoor #8play' for young and old4 8,unfortunately this year our ,board felt unable to bear the small expense necessary1 so we are charging a small sum for the announcements and so far have been able to be self-supporting4 ,but it is not in keeping with our #8free' policy1 and we hope soon to do away with the charges1 small as they are40 ,,the ,,pittsburgh ,,health ,,club ,this organization1 now fifteen years old1 conducts weekly walks4 ,the secretary's address is #bdi ,martsolf ,ave41 ,pittsburgh1 ,pa4 ,,the ,,prairie ,,club ,the ,prairie ,club1 of ,chicago1 was organized in #aijh by a committee of the ,playground ,association of ,chicago as 8,saturday ,afternoon ,walks40 ,it was incorporated in #aiaa as 8,the ,prairie ,club40 ,the objects of the club are3 8,the promotion of outdoor recreation in the form of walks and outings1 camping1 and canoeing2 the encouragement of the love of nature and the dissemination of knowledge of the attractions of the country adjacent to the city of ,chicago and of the ,central ,west2 and the preservation of those regions in which such outdoor recreation may be pursued40 ,there are three kinds of memberships3 active1 associate1 and honorary4 ,the initiation fee for active membership is #b4jj1 and the annual dues are #b4jj4 ,the club maintains a ,beach ,house and ,camp1 situated in the heart of the ,indiana dunes1 on the south shore of ,lake ,michigan1 #dg miles from ,chicago1 the privileges of which are available to active members of the club and their guests4 ,the club also publishes an attractive monthly bulletin4 ,during the year #aiah the club conducted #db ,saturday afternoon walks1 #h all-day walks1 #d week-end outings1 and #a extended outing4 ,up to ,march1 #aiai1 the club reported #fde active members4 ,,the ,,sierra ,,club ,the ,sierra ,club1 of ,san ,francisco1 ,california1 is the largest of ,american pedestrian clubs1 with a membership of more than #b1jjj4 ,it was founded in #ahib1 and was further distinguished in having as its president1 until his death 7in #aiad71 ,john ,muir4 ,its purposes are defined in these words3 8,to explore1 enjoy1 and render accessible the mountain regions of the ,pacific ,coast2 to publish authentic information concerning them2 to enlist the support and cooperation of the people and the ,government in preserving the forests and other natural features of the ,sierra ,nevada40 ,the annual dues of the ,club are #c 7for the first year1 #e74 ,the club headquarters are at #djb ,mills ,building1 ,san ,francisco4 ,a ,southern ,california ,section of the ,club exists1 and advice concerning it may be had of its chairman1 address #cae ,west ,third ,street1 ,los ,angeles4 ,,the ,,mountaineers ,the following note has been furnished by the secretary of the organization3 8,to explore and study the mountains1 forests1 and water courses of the ,northwest2 to gather into permanent form the history and traditions of this region2 to preserve1 by protective legislation or otherwise1 the natural beauty of north-western ,america2 to make expeditions into these regions in fulfilment of the above purposes2 to encourage a spirit of good-fellowship among all lovers of outdoor life--these were the avowed purposes for which a group of nature lovers met in ,seattle in ,january1 #aijg1 and organized ,the ,mountaineers4 ,since then1 the membership has expanded to over half a thousand1 and knows no geographical bounds4 ,nearly a hundred men and women contributed themselves in the recent war1 while those at home rendered active service in collecting sphagnum moss1 making surgical dressings1 and otherwise trying to do their part4 ,branches have been organized1 property acquired1 permanent funds established1 and the ,club has now become one of the worthwhile organizations of the ,pacific ,northwest4 8,summer outings and the snowshoe trip to ,mt4 ,rainier with which the ,club welcomes in each new year are the most striking of its activities4 ,for three weeks each summer a hobnailed1 khaki-clad party of from fifty to one hundred men and women enjoy a well planned hike into some mountainous region1 and usually climb some famous peak4 ,mt4 ,rainier1 ,mt4 ,adams1 ,mt4 ,olympus1 ,glacier ,peak1 ,mt4 ,stewart1 ,mt4 ,st4 ,helens1 and many others have been climbed once or more4 ,glacier ,national ,park1 as well as our own ,monte ,cristo region1 has also been visited4 8,with pack trains1 hired packers1 and professional cooks along1 little of the unpleasant work of camping falls on the members1 yet1 with each individual's dunnage limited to thirty-five pounds1 and with frequent shifting of camps and plenty of snow and rock work1 genuine outing experience is afforded4 ,the leadership is wholly by members1 and every precaution is taken for the safety of the party4 8,the snowshoe trip to ,mt4 ,rainier in midwinter must be taken to be comprehended4 ,paradise ,valley in summer is brilliant with its mountain flowers1 but in winter it is enchantingly somber with its deep-laid snow1 through which emerge the conical trees with their symmetry of drooping branches peculiar to the snow-laden conifers4 ,snowshoeing1 skiing1 tobogganing1 and climbing afford ample exercise1 while the hotel 7usually approached through a snow tunnel7 with its comfortable beds and provisions brought up in summer time1 relieves the party of the usual hardships of winter trips4 ,in the evenings1 before the big fireplaces1 vaudeville performances1 circuses1 and other entertainments rival similar affairs held in the evenings of the summer outings4 8,winter and summer trips are taken to ,snoqualmie ,lodge1 a large log structure built by the ,club near the backbone of the ,cascade ,range1 but easily accessible both to railroad and highway1 as well as to rugged mountains like ,chair ,peak and ,silver ,tip4 8,a wholly different region may be enjoyed at the ,club's ,rhododendron ,park1 a large area across ,puget ,sound1 brilliant each ,may with a profusion of the white and pink of the state flower4 ,the ,club is planning the construction of a cabin in the mountains near ,everett1 and also one near ,tacoma4 8,lecturers are procured for monthly meetings1 a collection of slides maintained of the mountains visited by the ,club1 botany and other sciences pursued1 and the results of each year's activities summarized in an annual publication4 ,a bulletin is also published forecasting each month's activities4 8,beneficial as the foregoing may be1 the greatest service to the greatest number is afforded by what are prosaically known as #8local walks4' ,on each of two or three ,sundays of the month a committee in charge has carefully planned a hike of from eight to twenty miles by road1 trail1 or beach4 ,as many as two hundred persons have sometimes gone on one of these trips4 ,stenographers1 teachers1 clerks1 professors1 nurses1 lawyers1 doctors1 men and women1 are taken from the cramped atmosphere of offices1 schoolrooms1 and hospitals out into the freedom of the wild1 to breathe the fresh sea air1 and to acquire that physical health and hearty mien which are such stimulants to the growth of character40 ,the secretary's address is #djb ,burke ,building1 ,seattle1 ,washington4 ,other western mountaineering clubs are the ,mazamas1 of ,oregon1 headquarters1 ,suite #bac-bad ,northwestern ,bank ,building1 ,portland2 and the ,colorado ,mountain ,club4 ,,associated ,,mountaineering ,,clubs ,,of ,,north ,,america ,the ,associated ,mountaineering ,clubs of ,north ,america1 an organization effected in #aiaf1 characterizes itself as a ,bureau4 ,it has brought into association thirty-one clubs and societies1 having an aggregate membership of #fb1jjj4 ,a list of these follows3 ,american ,alpine ,club1 ,philadelphia and ,new ,york4 ,american ,forestry ,association1 ,washington4 ,american ,game ,protective ,association1 ,new ,york4 ,american ,museum of ,natural ,history1 ,new ,york4 ,adirondack ,camp and ,trail ,club1 ,lake ,placid ,club1 ,n4 ,y4 ,appalachian ,mountain ,club1 ,boston and ,new ,york4 ,boone and ,crockett ,club1 ,new ,york4 ,british ,columbia ,mountaineering ,club1 ,vancouver4 ,colorado ,mountain ,club1 ,denver4 ,dominion ,parks ,branch1 ,department of the ,interior1 ,ottawa4 ,field and ,forest ,club1 ,boston4 ,forest ,service1 ,u4 ,s4 ,dept4 ,agriculture1 ,washington4 ,fresh ,air ,club1 ,new ,york4 ,geographic ,society of ,chicago4 ,geographical ,society of ,philadelphia4 ,green ,mountain ,club1 ,rutland1 ,vermont4 ,hawaiian ,trail and ,mountain ,club1 ,honolulu4 ,klahhane ,club1 ,port ,angeles1 ,washington4 ,mazamas1 ,portland1 ,oregon4 ,mountaineers1 ,seattle and ,tacoma4 ,national ,association of ,audubon ,societies1 ,new ,york4 ,national ,parks ,association1 ,washington4 ,national ,park ,service1 ,u4 ,s4 ,dept4 ,interior1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,new ,york ,zoological ,society1 ,new ,york4 ,prairie ,club1 ,chicago4 ,rocky ,mountain ,climbers ,club1 ,boulder1 ,colorado4 ,sagebrush and ,pine ,club1 ,yakima1 ,washington4 ,sierra ,club1 ,san ,francisco and ,los ,angeles4 ,tramp and ,trail ,club1 ,new ,york4 ,travel ,club of ,america1 ,new ,york4 ,wild ,flower ,preservation ,society of ,america1 ,new ,york4 ,the ,bulletin of the ,bureau1 published in ,may1 #aiai1 states3 8,associated by common aims these clubs and societies are standing for the protection and development of scenic regions1 and for the preservation of tree1 flower1 bird1 and animal life4 ,we encourage the creation1 development1 and protection of ,national ,parks1 ,monuments1 and ,forest ,reserves1 and our members are being educated by literature and lectures to a deeper appreciation of our natural wonders and resources4 8,during the past year the ,bureau has continued to send to its members many books on mountaineering and outdoor subjects4 ,the collection of mountain literature and photographs in the ,new ,york ,public ,library1 #dgf ,fifth ,avenue1 has been increased4 ,the ,library has published a selected ,bibliography of ,mountaineering ,literature1 which was compiled by the librarian of the ,american ,alpine ,club1 and expects to issue a similar list of the literature of ,wild-life ,protection4''' ,the secretary has written and has published a series of articles on little-known scenic regions of ,north ,america1 and he is lecturing before leading clubs and societies on ,the ,national ,wonders of the ,united ,states and ,canada4''' 8,lantern slides may be borrowed by members of the ,association on application40 ,note is made in the ,bulletin of the ,international ,congress of ,alpinists1 which is to be held at ,monaco1 ,may #aj to #af1 #aibj4 ,relationships with the several organizations which have to do with the care of and development of the national parks are explained4 ,a directory of the constituent organizations is given4 ,the secretary is ,mr4 ,le,roy ,jeffers1 #dgf ,fifth ,avenue1 ,new ,york ,city4 ,,organization ,,and ,,conduct ,,of ,,walking ,,clubs ,,overflow ,hush6 ,with sudden gush ,as from a fountain1 sings in yonder bush ,the ,hermit ,thrush4 ,hark6 ,did ever ,lark ,with swifter scintillations fling the spark ,that fires the dark8 ,again1 ,like ,april rain ,of mist and sunshine mingled1 moves the strain ,o'er hill and plain4 ,strong ,as love1 ,o ,song1 ,in flame or torrent sweep through ,life along1 ,o'er grief and wrong4 ,john ,banister ,tabb4 ,v ,,organization ,,and ,,conduct ,,of ,,walking ,,clubs ,those who live reasonably near the home or field of existing clubs are urged to relate themselves to them4 ,don't organize hastily4 ,be sure1 first1 of two things3 that a fair-sized continuing membership is to be expected1 to be advantaged by a club2 and1 second1 that1 in the multiplicity of already existing societies1 there is place for another4 ,remember that the persons who will be interested and whose interest and support are desired1 will in large part be persons already giving much time to altruistic activity4 ,think this matter through1 taking advice of persons of experience and judgment4 ,it may be better1 in a given case1 to widen the activities of some existing organization--canoe club1 perhaps1 or ,audubon ,society--than to form a new one4 ,pedestrianism may well have place in the program of school1 ,y4 ,m4 ,c4 ,a41 or ,boy ,scout ,troop4 ,but of this something will be said in the sequel4 ,in a city1 however1 a walking club may well stand on its own feet2 and1 in such a favored region as the ,green ,mountains1 for example1 to organize a walking club comes near to being a public duty4 ,,the ,,activities ,,of ,a ,,walking ,,club ,before opening a discussion of the formalities of organization1 it will be well to consider what the normal activities of a walking club are2 for to the end in view the machinery of organization1 simple or complex1 should be adapted4 ,the activities of a club may be regarded as of two sorts1 and1 in lieu of better terms1 may be designated as primary and secondary4 ,primary activities concern the actual business of walking3 development of the pedestrian resources of some particular region1 trail making1 map making1 publishing of data1 maintaining a bureau1 conducting hikes1 affording instruction1 and contributing seriously to the growing literature of pedestrianism4 ,secondary activities consist in conducting dinners and other social entertainment1 in providing illustrated lectures on travel1 popular science1 and kindred subjects4 ,there is need of care1 to keep such activities in their proper secondary place4 ,the primary activities require further consideration4 ,development of the ,pedestrian ,resources of ,some ,particular ,region ,this should be an aim of every walking club4 ,the region to be developed will in many--in most cases1 indeed--be the region about home4 ,clubs in large cities1 however1 and clubs situated in regions not suitable for walking1 may well turn attention1 wholly or in part1 to regions far from home4 ,the mountainous parts of a continent are the natural recreation grounds for the whole people1 and those who live far away may still have their proper share in making these parts more readily available4 ,in the ,alps1 the pedestrian is pleased to find the lodges where he stops at night called by the names of distant cities1 whose citizens maintain them--,breslauerhtte1 for example1 or ,dusseldorferhtte4 ,in this country1 too1 the ,green ,mountain ,club 7see page #hd7 has its ,new ,york ,section2 and to the ,new ,york ,section it has allotted a certain portion of the ,long ,trail 7a length of fifty miles74 ,the ,new ,york club1 accordingly1 while not neglectful of pedestrianism at home1 opens1 develops1 and maintains its part of the route in ,vermont1 and conducts annually a hike in that region4 ,the development of a region involves observation and putting into communicable form the results of observation1 and it may and ordinarily does involve further a greater or less amount of physical preparation4 ,first of all1 the region must be traversed1 and that again and again1 under varying conditions of season and climate1 and thus thoroughly known4 ,maps1 if available1 must be carefully studied1 and particular attention must be given to distances1 steepness of roads1 and to the nature of the footing--whether the way be rough or smooth1 hard or soft1 wet or dry4 ,note should be made of obstructions1 such as briars1 fallen trees1 and unbridged streams4 ,the possibility of using railways and trolley lines to widen the available area should not be forgotten4 ,hotels should be noted1 and restaurants1 and farmhouses1 where rest and refreshment may be had2 and1 in the wilderness1 camp sites should be selected4 ,observation should next be directed to such natural resources as may engage the attention and interest of the pedestrian3 scenery1 of course1 hilltops1 waterfalls1 and such matters2 then to plant and animal life1 and that with the interests of sportsmen and lovers of natural science particularly in mind4 ,attention should be given to geology and to mineral deposits4 ,then the history of the region should be studied1 its traditions learned1 and its monuments considered--distinctive and characteristic matters touching the life of the people1 industries1 factories1 public works1 and buildings4 ,all of these matters should be taken into account1 with a view to making the results of observation and study generally available4 ,trail ,making 8,of trail making there are three stages4 ,there is dreaming the trail1 there is prospecting the trail1 there is making the trail4 ,of the first one can say nothing--dreams are fragile1 intangible4 ,prospecting the trail--there lies perhaps the greatest of the joys of trail work4 ,it has a suggestion of the thrill of exploration4 ,no one of us but loves still to play explorer4 ,and here there is just a bit of the real thing to keep the play going4 ,picking the trail route over forested ridges calls for every bit of the skill gained in our years of tramping4 ,there is never time to go it slow1 to explore every possibility4 ,usually there is one hasty day to lay out the line for a week's work4 ,for a basis there is the look of the region1 from some distant point1 from a summit climbed last year1 perhaps4 ,for a help1 there is the compass1 but in our hill country we use it little4 ,partly we go by imperfect glimpses from trees climbed1 from blow-down edges1 from small cliffs--but chiefly we feel the run of the land1 its lift and slope and direction4 ,the string from the grocer's cone unwinds behind--an easy way of marking and readily obliterated when we go wrong4 ,we pay little heed to small difficulties1 those are for the trail makers to solve4 ,only a wide blow-down1 a bad ledge1 a mistake in general direction1 cause us to double back a bit and start afresh4''' 8,making trail is the more plodding work2 yet has reliefs and pleasures of its own4 ,each day1 as the gang works along the string line1 problems of detail arise4 ,ours is no gang of uninterested hirelings4 ,if the line makes a suspicious bend1 the prospectors have to explain or correct4''' ,decision made1 the gang scatters along the line1 each to a rod or two1 for we find working together is not efficient4#d0 ,as has already been said1 a club ordinarily will find occasion to do some work of physical preparation of its pedestrian routes4 ,highways are ordinarily beyond control1 but byways are not4 ,the opening of trails1 cutting away of briars and windfalls1 making the footing sure for a man under a pack1 the building of footways and handrails in dangerous places1 the cleaning of springs and providing water basins and troughs1 the marking of trails--all these matters are such as manifestly should engage a club's energies4 ,trail making is by no means a simple matter4 ,the successful trail-maker 7and trails should be successfully made7 must be expert in woodcraft2 he must understand topography--the 8lay of the land02 he must know from what side to approach a summit1 how best to pass a valley--whether to go around or through it4 ,with knowledge of these matters1 his occupation is a most interesting one4 ,irresponsible and unauthorized trail making should be discouraged4 ,a word of caution is1 8,do1 but don't overdo40 ,particularly is this word of caution to be carried in mind in the matter of blazing trails4 ,let the marks be sufficient1 and no more2 let them be as inconspicuous as is consistent with their purpose4 ,in marking trails1 don't blaze trees1 nor deface objects of interest and beauty4 ,the best trail mark is a colored arrow1 affixed to tree trunk or fence post1 or painted on a rock face4 ,such an arrow may1 by color1 position1 and legends displayed upon it1 afford as much information as may be desired1 about route1 distance1 elevation1 detours1 springs1 and other matters4 ,resting places may be built2 pavilions1 perhaps1 in the woods1 where walkers may have lunch under protection from rain4 ,or1 when conditions justify1 houses may be built and equipped1 to afford food and lodging4 ,in this connection1 the alpenhtten elsewhere mentioned 7page #ajf7 will come to mind4 ,in other places1 tents may be erected for the summer1 and caretakers employed4 ,in case a club has under its care a wide extent of wilderness--as has the ,new ,york ,section of the ,green ,mountain ,club1 for example--a ranger will be employed1 and his duties will include the care of trails1 prevention of fires1 and protection of property4 ,he may1 if expedient1 be constituted game warden also4 8,some of us have been blessed of the ,gods1 permitted to make trail in the timberline country of the ,mt4 ,washington range4 ,everyone who has tried it is unhappy till he is doing it again4 ,that is why there are so many trails there4 ,i came rather late2 my experience in that fascinating country has been little more than that of the common or idiotic tramper1 scuttling from hut to hut on schedule4 ,always1 summer or winter1 ,i am glad to be starting for timberline1 and content when there4 ,when1 after the long climb1 ,i suddenly realize that the trees are lowering fast1 that underbrush has vanished1 that a sensation of altitude and space is pressing for conscious recognition1 ,i feel a lift and urge--timberline again6 8,and what is timberline8 ,it is the level at which the mean annual temperature--yes1 but it is the sweep of vast spaces1 the drift of cloud-shadows1 the infinite gradations of distant color4 ,it is the hiss of wind in the firs1 the strain against bitter gusts1 the keen concentration to hold the trail through dense and drifting fog4 ,it is the plod and lift under the pack1 the crunch of creepers1 the slow struggle through tangled scrubs40#e ,map ,making ,maps of unmapped regions should be prepared4 ,study a good map--a quadrangle of the ,u4 ,s4 ,geological ,survey1 for instance4 ,note what things are represented1 and how representation is made3 study the map1 until it is thoroughly understood4 ,there are three factors with which the map-maker deals3 direction1 distance1 and elevation4 ,with the first1 he must always reckon1 and usually with the second and the third as well4 ,direction is fundamental4 ,suppose there are three dominant points in the area to be mapped1 relatively situated as here indicated4 ,illustration ,the first problem is1 to get those points set down on paper accurately1 in proper relative positions4 ,the map-maker begins1 say1 at ,b4 ,he has provided himself with a sketching board1 having a sheet of paper tacked upon it1 and with a ruler and a pencil4 ,he sets his board up and carefully levels it4 ,he then marks upon the paper a point b which in the completed map is to indicate this station ,b of first observation--the point where he now stands4 ,knowing in a general way the area which he wishes to map1 and observing from his station the directions in which the distant objects ,a and ,c lie1 he so places point b that his paper will afford space for the intended map4 ,the map-maker then lays his ruler upon the paper1 brings its edge close to point b1 and sighting from point b on the paper to the distant object ,a1 turns the ruler until its edge coincides with the line of sight4 ,then he draws upon the paper a line or 8ray0 from point b toward object ,a4 ,in like manner he sets his ruler again and draws a second ray1 from b toward the distant object ,c1 thus3 ,illustration ,having fixed point b and drawn the two rays b-,a and b-,c1 the map-maker leaves station ,b and goes to either of the other points3 to point ,c1 say4 ,he there sets his board up again1 and levels it carefully as before4 ,he turns the board until1 sighting along the previously drawn ray ,c-b1 the now distant station ,b is exactly covered4 ,then he lays the ruler again upon the paper1 and turns it until1 sighting along its edge1 distant object ,a is exactly covered4 ,he then draws a ray along the edge of the ruler thus3 ,illustration ,the points a and c1 where this ray intersects the two previously drawn rays1 are the presentment of the points ,a and ,c in the area under observation1 and a map of the area is begun4 ,these three points may be mountain summits1 trees1 telegraph poles1 chimneys1 or any other conspicuous features of the landscape1 and they may be distant one from another #ej miles or #ejj yards2 they are set down on paper in their true relative positions2 they are mapped4 ,in the making of the map thus far1 one and only one of the three factors mentioned above has been taken into the reckoning3 the factor of direction1 namely2 and the resulting map is drawn to an unknown scale4 ,it is drawn to some scale1 of course2 there is some ratio between its distances and the distances at which the objects stand apart1 but the ratio is unknown4 ,it may be determined3 the distance from ,b to ,c may be measured1 and the distance b-c on the map may be measured1 and the ratio of the two distances ascertained4 ,that ratio is the scale to which the map is drawn4 ,thus the second factor1 that of distance1 enters in4 ,it may be reckoned with from the beginning4 ,suppose the two points ,b and ,c1 above mentioned1 to be signal towers on a straight stretch of railway1 and the point ,a to be the chimney of a house standing by the side of a wagon road which crosses the railroad at ,c4 ,the map-maker1 having at ,b set down the data described above1 in proceeding to ,c1 paces the distance from ,b to ,c1 and finds it to be1 e4g41 #c1ejj feet4 ,he has previously determined what the scale of his map is to be3 say1 #a inch to #ajjj feet4 ,he then carefully lays off on ray b-,c #c inches from the point b1 and thus he fixes point c4 ,he then sets up his drawing-board at ,c2 but1 instead of shifting the ruler freely upon the paper1 he sights from point c to distant object ,a and brings the edge of the ruler into coincidence with the line of sight4 ,he draws along the edge of the ruler the ray c-,a1 which1 intersecting the previously drawn ray b-,a1 gives him the point a4 ,the railroad from b to c may be indicated thus1 ,illustration and the highroad from c to a represented by two closely spaced parallel lines4 7,the conventional signs for various features of topography may be found on the back of a ,u4 ,s4 ,geological ,survey quadrangle47 ,on the way from ,b to ,c there may be a bridge1 crossing a stream4 ,the map-maker1 pacing the distance1 will1 without stopping or interrupting the swing of his stride1 note the number of paces from ,b to the bridge1 as well as from ,b to ,c4 ,he will then have the figures1 and can accurately place the bridge upon his map4 ,he now has a map of a length of railroad and of a length of intersecting highway1 drawn to the known scale of #a #ajjj4 ,and1 be it noted1 this has been accomplished without visiting the point ,a at all4 ,suppose now there be a haystack ,d1 and a tree on a hilltop ,e1 situated with respect to the points already considered thus3 ,illustration ,they may be mapped in like manner4 ,the map-maker goes successively to any two of the three points ,a1 ,b1 and ,c from which the object to be plotted 7,d or ,e7 is visible2 he sets his board at each place1 levels it1 and turns it until the ray on the map from the point where he stands to another point lies directly in the line of sight to that other point in the landscape4 ,having so oriented his board1 he draws at his successive stations rays in the direction of the object to be mapped 7,d or ,e47 ,the point d or e where those rays intersect will be the mapped location of the object4 ,proceeding thus1 the outstanding features of the area may be mapped1 one after another4 ,the intervening details may be filled in1 freehand4 ,it will have been remarked that only very simple apparatus is required for map making3 the sketching board may conveniently be mounted on a tripod1 with provision for turning it evenly and surely4 ,boards so mounted and intended for the very purpose may be had of dealers in draftsmen's and surveyors' supplies4 ,a level should be provided1 for use in setting the board up4 ,the ruler will be graduated to inches and fractions of inches1 if the map is to be drawn to predetermined scale4 ,in pacing1 one must carefully count his strides4 ,a pedometer may be used1 but a pedometer is a sort of toy2 it requires to be carefully adjusted to the stride of the user1 and is hardly worth while for any purpose4 ,it may be convenient in pacing to use a tally register1 and so relieve one's self of the necessity of keeping count4 ,the value of a map is vitally dependent on the accuracy with which it is made4 ,measurement and observation should be repeated1 and errors eliminated by averaging variant readings4 ,nothing has yet been said about a compass1 and a compass1 though not necessary1 is so serviceable as to be almost indispensable4 ,with a compass one can not only do1 and do more expeditiously1 what has thus far been described2 he can do some things which could not otherwise be done4 ,a sketching board is ordinarily provided with a compass1 set near its upper margin1 and bears also an orientation line passing through the compass4 ,the board is set up and leveled and then turned until the orientation line coincides with the line on which the needle points4 ,at each station the board is oriented1 not by sighting along penciled rays1 but always in the manner described1 by bringing it to a truly north and south position4 ,in other respects1 the plotting is performed in the manner already described4 ,orientation by compass is advantageous in this respect3 given two points1 as a and b1 on the map1 the map-maker may plot a third point1 as ,d for example1 while standing at ,d1 and without being obliged to go either to ,a or to ,b4 ,he sets up his board at ,d1 levels it1 and orients it2 he sights and draws rays through points a and b in line with the objects ,a and ,b as they appear from his point of observation1 ,d4 ,the point d of intersection of the rays will be the station ,d plotted4 ,a north and south line may be drawn upon the map1 and then the user1 wherever he may be in the area1 if only he has in view two known points and can identify them on the map1 can 8find0 himself4 ,he orients the map by compass1 fixes upon the map and in the manner indicated his point of observation1 and may then observe the distance and direction of any other point in the area1 whether visible or not4 ,the measurement of distance by pacing has been noted4 ,practice is requisite1 before one can so measure distance accurately4 ,when the greatest precision is desired1 a bicycle wheel equipped with a cyclometer may be rolled over the course1 or a surveyor's chain may be used1 or even a tape line4 ,the measured line ,b-,c of the map begun as above described is the base line of the map4 ,it should be carefully chosen1 carefully measured1 and carefully plotted2 for all the rest of the map will1 in accuracy1 be conditioned on the accuracy with which this base line is drawn4 ,in location it is preferably 7though not necessarily7 situated near the center of the area to be mapped2 in length1 it is best that it be about one third of the distance across the area4 ,its terminal points should be conspicuously marked1 and widely visible throughout the area2 and1 for ease and accuracy of measurement1 it should lie across level ground4 ,a reach of railroad is an ideal base4 ,it will often be the case--generally in mountainous regions--that an adequate level base cannot be found2 the terminals ,b and ,c may be eminences unequal in height1 and between may lie mountain slope or valley4 ,now the third of the factors mentioned at the outset1 elevation1 has to be taken into account4 ,it is not the surface distance between the two points ,b and ,c which is to be ascertained1 nor even the distance from one point to the other on an air line1 but the distance projected upon a horizontal plane--for that is what the map is intended to afford1 the horizontal distance from point to point4 ,in order to determine this distance1 if the ground between be other than substantially level1 the distance along the surface must be measured 7keeping a straight course by compass if necessary7 and the slope from point to point must be measured4 ,to determine the angle of slope one may either use a slope board or a clinometer 7an instrument built on the principle of the sextant74 ,having measured distance and angle of slope1 one may betake himself to schoolboy trigonometry and a table of logarithms1 to determine the corresponding distance in horizontal plane4 ,contour lines 7see page #aai7 pass through points of equal elevation1 and are spaced apart according to a predetermined plan1 to indicate intervals in elevation of five1 ten1 or twenty feet1 as may be desired4 ,this predetermined contour interval has no necessary relation to the scale to which the map is drawn4 ,two otherwise identical maps of the same area may be provided with contour lines1 one at the interval of five feet1 the other at the interval of twenty-five4 ,a skilled map-maker1 observing a slope1 is able to sketch contour lines1 freehand1 with an accuracy sufficient for most purposes4 ,but such skill is the result of much careful measured work4 ,in plotting contour lines it is best to work1 not from line to line--errors of observation then accumulate--but to measure the altitude and the mean inclination of the whole mountain side1 and go from the over-all measurements to the minutiae4 ,in drawing the contour of a mountain1 rays may be laid by compass from the summit along ridges and through valleys1 and then minute observations may be made along those several lines4 ,the sweep of the contour lines between the points plotted along the rays may be filled in freehand1 with the mountain side spread in view4 ,the data necessary for contour lines may be got by the use of the slope board alone2 for1 manifestly1 at any certain angle1 a contour interval of ten feet means a certain distance between successive contour lines4 ,but in plotting contour lines1 an aneroid is invaluable2 with it one measures directly differences in elevation1 and measuring thus the altitude of a slope1 from bottom to top1 the number of contour lines requisite may immediately be known2 it remains to determine their distribution4 ,here observation1 calculation1 and experience combine to afford the result4 ,an aneroid should be used only under settled conditions of weather2 and1 even so1 correction should be made1 when possible1 by taking the average of many readings of the same range4 ,it is not necessary to go afield with sketching board and its accessories4 ,a map-maker who has taught himself a well-regulated stride may1 when equipped with compass and notebook 7and1 if conditions require it1 with an aneroid71 collect all the necessary data2 and then1 subsequently1 at home he may draw his map4 ,it should here be said that1 if one is going to gather data for map making after the manner just suggested1 his compass should be one having a delicately mounted needle4 ,it may advantageously be equipped with sights1 and the scale should be reasonably large and the graduation minute4 ,it should1 in short1 be a surveyor's compass4 ,for more explicit instruction1 the reader is referred to the manuals on ,military ,map ,making4 ,one by ,major ,c4 ,o4 ,sherrill1 published by ,george ,banta ,publishing ,company of ,menasha1 ,wisconsin1 is excellent4 ,it should1 however1 be remembered that the ideal military map is one for particular needs1 of maximum accuracy1 based on a minimum amount of observation2 timesaving is an important factor4 ,making proper allowance1 the military manual affords all needed instruction and advice4 ,publishing of data ,descriptions of routes should be prepared1 illustrated with maps1 if necessary1 and should be made available to those who wish to use them1 whether members of the club1 visitors from a distance1 or the general public4 ,for a club1 rightly conceived1 is1 within its sphere1 a public benefactor1 and its policy should be always to enlarge its usefulness4 ,a proper description of a route should give1 7#a7 distances from start to finish1 as well as from point to point along the way2 7#b7 approximate time requisite to walk each stage4 7,here it may be noted that ,baedeker's famous guidebooks err on the safe side1 and give very liberal time allowance in describing walking tours47 ,the description should further give 7#c7 elevations1 where range in elevation is appreciable1 with note of steep ascents and descents2 7#d7 the nature of the surface2 7#e7 stopping places for rest and refreshment and springs2 7#f7 such matters of caution as the particular route may require1 in regard to dangerous places1 heavy roads1 obstructions1 and the like2 7#g7 objectives and points of particular interest4 ,recommendations should be made on such matters as preferred season1 special equipment1 need for guides1 and incidental expenses4 ,descriptions should be concise1 easily intelligible1 and should be at once accurate and inviting4 ,a handbook of routes of the region may well be prepared1 and in such a handbook descriptions of particular walks may be prefaced by such general statements regarding topography1 science1 history1 and sport1 as are applicable to the whole region4 ,such general matters may1 however1 be published in leaflet form1 and separate leaflets be prepared and published for the several pedestrian routes in the region4 ,an excellent specimen handbook is 8,excursions ,around ,aix-les-,bains10 mentioned in the ,bibliography 7page #adh74 ,it has just been said that the descriptions of routes should be published and distributed4 ,they may be printed under the imprint of the club1 or1 more economically1 they may be published in the local newspaper1 and extra copies1 separately printed for distribution by the club1 may be procured by arrangement with the printing office4 ,if the club be a small one and young1 and the cost of printing too great1 at least typewritten copies of descriptive matter and blue prints of maps should be available4 ,in addition to such descriptions of its own region1 a club should similarly prepare and make available other routes traversed by its members in other and undeveloped regions4 ,maintaining a bureau ,a club should have a place where its data are filed1 available to those who wish to consult them4 ,this place should be a distributing point for the club's publications4 ,if the region has already been mapped by the ,geological ,survey1 the club should lay in a supply of the quadrangles covering the region1 sufficient to meet the needs of applicants4 ,a library should be maintained1 or a bibliography at least1 to which the members of the club may have access1 to acquaint themselves with all that concerns the art of walking1 the choice of route1 and the sources of enjoyment along the route chosen4 ,cooperation in this regard will readily be accorded by any local public library or museum of natural history4 ,in such manner a walking club becomes a source of information for visiting pedestrians4 ,out of the wider relationships so established will come increased membership and livelier interest4 ,incidentally1 it will have become apparent to one who reads these pages that the organization--though1 by recommendation1 kept as simple as possible--will1 in an early stage of development1 include an office with a secretary in charge4 ,the library may be conducted1 perhaps in the secretary's office1 perhaps in the rooms of a general public library4 ,club rooms or a club house will be maintained only under exceptional circumstances4 ,conducting hikes4 ,hikes will be of two or three sorts3 first1 afternoon hikes1 on ,saturdays or ,sundays1 perhaps weekly throughout the greater part of the year1 perhaps at less frequent intervals1 or during spring and fall only--such matters depend on locality and circumstances4 ,second1 there will be less frequent overnight hikes--perhaps two or three in the spring and as many more in the autumn4 ,and1 third1 there will be the annual tour of two or three weeks' duration1 in a chosen region4 ,some observations applicable to all these are the following3 ,rules for hiking ,hikes should be carefully prepared and adequately carried out4 ,don't walk in a herd2 to do so is tiresome2 and1 when the novelty is gone1 failure is sure to follow4 ,divide larger companies into groups1 each group numbering preferably not more than six4 ,see that strong and feeble walkers are not grouped together4 ,bring together1 so far as may be1 people of common interests--bird-lovers in one group1 geologists in another1 historians or antiquarians in another4 ,let there be a leader for each group4 ,the general outline of the trip1 in case the party numbers more than two1 should be determined in advance and adhered to4 ,otherwise1 contradictory suggestions regarding the route to be followed are likely to arise1 and argument to follow4 ,this is to be avoided4 ,the leader should have always in mind the physical endurance of the weakest member of his party and govern accordingly4 ,one tired and querulous person may be a kill-joy for all4 ,it is not necessary that every group traverse the same route1 nor that all should walk at equal speed4 ,don't allow racing1 nor loitering1 nor too much picnicking4 ,in traversing highways pedestrians will walk two or three abreast2 but when walking single file1 as on woodland trails1 companions will walk most comfortably at intervals of two paces4 ,walkers should travel quietly1 especially when passing through villages4 ,see that property rights are respected2 there should be no trespassing on forbidden land4 ,guard most carefully against fire4 ,mr4 ,enos ,a4 ,mills says3#f 8,since the day of ,tike's ,peak or bust1' fires have swept over more than half of the primeval forest area of ,colorado4 ,some years ago1 while making special efforts to prevent forest fires from starting1 ,i endeavored to find out the cause of these fires4 ,i regretfully found that most of them were the result of carelessness1 and ,i also made a note to the effect that there are few worse things to be guilty of than carelessly setting fire to a forest4 ,most of these forest fires had their origin from camp-fires which the departing campers had left unextinguished4 ,there were sixteen fires in one summer1 which ,i attributed to the following causes3 campers1 nine2 cigar1 one2 lightning1 one2 locomotive1 one2 stockmen1 two2 sheep-herders1 one2 and sawmill1 one40 ,see to it that proper regard is had for public interest and welfare2 lunch boxes1 paper1 and refuse should be collected and destroyed2 springs should be kept scrupulously clean2 the gathering of wild flowers should be indulged in sparingly2 plants and trees should not be mutilated2 nor monuments defaced4 ,the trail should be left unmarred1 for those who follow4 ,do not permit irresponsible trail-blazing4 ,discourage the carrying and use of firearms2 they should under no circumstances be permitted on an organized hike4 ,do not permit the rolling of stones down declivities4 ,on the conduct of mountaineering parties1 ,professor ,william ,morris ,davis writes1 in 8,excursions around ,aix-les-,bains03 8,do not make high mountain ascents alone4''' ,excursions are best made in small parties of three or five4 ,if a large party sets out1 it should be divided into squads of ten or fewer members4 ,those who wish to make the excursion without stopping should join a separate squad from those who wish to stop frequently for photographing or sketching4 8,each squad should1 if possible1 have an experienced leader2 he should make a list of the members1 head the line of march on narrow paths1 and set the proper pace1 slow for ascents1 faster for descents2 a shrill whistle will aid in summoning his party together4 ,a marshal should follow in the rear to round up the stragglers4 ,before setting out on a long mountain walk1 place the members of each squad in a circle land let each member take note of his two neighbors1 one on his right1 one on his left1 for whose presence he is to be responsible whenever the march begins after a halt3 each member will thus be looked for by two others4 ,once on the road1 keep together2 those who wander away from their squad cause vexatious delays4 ,the marshal's report1 #8,all present and ready to start1' is especially important when a descent begins4 ,if a member wishes to leave his squad after low ground is reached1 he should so report to his leader40 ,mr4 ,albert ,handy#g notes another matter1 in the following pleasant and sagacious comment upon walking parties3 8,a writer on walking has suggested that tramping parties should usually consist of but two or three persons4 ,having in mind a much hackneyed quotation concerning the trend of a young man's fancy in the spring1 and the fact that it seems to have the same trend in the summer1 autumn1 and winter1 ,i can conceive circumstances in which two would be an ideal number--out of consideration1 primarily1 not for the two1 but for the remainder of the party4 ,but ,i set down here another precept worthy of commendation3 #8twosing' should be sternly frowned upon4 ,in the first place1 two #8twosers' are apt to get #8lost'--this in direct proportion to their interest in each other--that is1 separated from the rest of the party2 and time and tempers are likewise lost1 permanently1 very likely1 in the effort to retrieve the wanderers2 while if they happen to be carrying all the lunch1 tragic possibilities present themselves40 ,instruction about walking--about posture1 gait1 clothing1 and the like--may be afforded in talks before groups of pedestrians1 or 7often with better effect7 individually1 by the group leader4 ,needless criticism and officiousness will1 of course1 be avoided2 it will suffice to provoke and then to answer questions4 ,contributions to the literature of pedestrianism will take the form of description of particular regions in those respects of interest to pedestrians2 it will include descriptions of particular walks1 and maps4 ,clubs are invited to relate themselves to the ,league of ,walkers 7page #acg71 which in publishing such material will of necessity give preference to what is to be commended to widest interest4 ,,club ,,policy ,with such activities in mind as normal to a pedestrian club1 certain matters of policy may be presented for consideration4 ,two tendencies are sure to manifest themselves in any flourishing club3 the one toward a limited membership of those who qualify by accomplishing difficult feats2 the other toward an indiscriminate membership1 including those who are ready to join anything--providing the rest do4 ,both tendencies are bad4 ,the club should on the one hand require of its members an especial interest in the object of its being1 but it should on the other hand avoid exclusiveness4 ,emulation may be stimulated in other and better ways4 ,the aim of a club should be to bring home and make available to as many persons as possible the advantages in health and happiness to be derived from the pursuit of this recreation4 ,this is a higher and better aim than to produce phenomenal walkers and mountain climbers--though such may incidentally be produced4 ,it is a higher and better aim than a self-adulating company of those who have perched themselves on alps4 ,alpine climbing is splendid sport1 but the aim mentioned is an ignoble one4 ,says one mountaineer1#h who is incidentally a delightful writer1 with humility3 8,i utterly repudiate the doctrine that ,alpine travellers are or ought to be the heroes of ,alpine adventures4 ,the true way at least to describe all my ,alpine ascents is that ,michel or ,anderegg or ,lauener succeeded in performing a feat requiring skill1 strength1 and courage1 the difficulty of which was much increased by the difficulty of taking with him his knapsack and his employer4 ,if any passages in the succeeding pages convey the impression that ,i claim any credit except that of following better men than myself with decent ability1 ,i disavow them in advance and do penance for them in my heart40 ,avoid membership campaigns and such like advertising2 a club to be enduring must rest on interest in the intrinsic thing for which the club stands4 ,an artificially created interest must be artificially maintained2 genuine natural interest is harmed by artificial interference4 ,dues should not be burdensome1 discouraging membership1 but should be adequate to accomplish reasonable ends1 and so tend to enlist and to widen interest4 ,attention should center on the primary activities and upon them chiefly money should be spent4 ,publications should be sold at cost4 ,adequate charge should be made for the use of property4 ,the ,alpine clubs of ,europe fix small membership fees1 and give members preference over non-members in their lodging places4 ,members enjoy more favorable rates also for meals and lodging4 ,the ideal of the club here should be a nice balance of simplicity1 comfort1 and adequacy2 no waste1 no extravagance1 no surplus funds4 ,club emblems are often adopted and worn4 ,as in other sports1 emulation may be awakened by the offer of trophies4 ,these may be won in competition1 or1 as is usually preferred1 by walking a certain number of miles in a day1 or by covering a certain distance in a two-weeks' hike1 or the like4 ,in any case1 organization should be simple and inconspicuous3 the wheels should turn automatically4 ,if acquisition of property is contemplated1 incorporation will ordinarily be desired1 and trustees will be chosen4 ,a ,,club ,,constitution ,for the benefit of those who may consider organization1 a copy of the by-laws of the ,appalachian ,mountain ,club is1 by permission1 here inserted4 ,,by-,,laws ,,article ,i ,the ,corporation shall be called the ,,appalachian ,,mountain ,,club4 ,,article ,,ii ,the objects of the ,club are to explore the mountains of ,new ,england and the adjacent regions1 both for scientific and artistic purposes2 and1 in general1 to cultivate an interest in geographical studies4 ,,article ,,iii ,,membership #a4 ,there shall be three classes of membership1 to be known as active1 corresponding1 and honorary4 #b4 ,active members only1 except as hereinafter provided1 shall be members of the ,corporation4 #c4 ,elections to active membership shall be made by the ,council1 and the affirmative votes of at least four-fifths of the members present and voting shall be necessary to election4--,nominations1 in the form of a recommendation1 shall be made in writing by at least two members of the ,club and forwarded to the ,recording ,secretary4 ,notice of such nominations shall be sent to all active members1 who shall have two weeks from the date of mailing in which to express to the ,council their objections1 and no person shall be admitted to membership against the written protest of ten members of the ,club4 #d4 ,corresponding members may be elected from among persons distinguished in the fields of mountaineering1 exploration1 and geographical science1 or for public spirit in the conservation of natural resources or in other interests of which the ,club is an exponent4 ,their election shall be in the manner prescribed for that of active members1 except that the names of candidates shall first be submitted to a special committee4--,honorary members1 not to exceed twenty-five in number1 may be elected in the same manner from among the ,corresponding members4--,corresponding and ,honorary members shall not be members of the ,corporation1 unless they were such at the time of their election1 and shall not be subject to any fees or liabilities whatever4 #e4 ,the annual dues shall be four dollars1 payable ,january first4 ,each candidate elected to active membership shall pay an admission fee of eight dollars1 and on such payment shall be exempt from the annual dues of the current year4--,the admission fee and annual dues of members under twenty-one years of age shall be half the above rates4--,members elected later than ,september of any year shall be exempt from annual dues of the year following4--,persons elected to active membership shall pay the admission fee within two months of their election 7which payment shall be considered to be an assent to these ,by-laws71 otherwise the election shall be void4 #f4 ,any person elected to active membership may become a life member at any time upon payment of fifty dollars1 and shall thereafter be subject to no fees or assessments4 ,such sum shall include payment of the admission fee or dues for the current year4 ,active members who have completed thirty years of membership1 or who have completed twenty years of membership and have reached seventy years of age1 shall become life members upon giving written notice to the ,recording ,secretary1 or by vote of the ,council4 #g4 ,bills for annual dues shall be sent to all members on or near ,january first1 and those whose dues are unpaid on ,april first shall have notice of the fact sent them by the ,treasurer4 ,he shall send1 on ,may first1 to members whose dues are still unpaid1 notice referring to this article1 and those in arrears on ,june first shall thereupon cease to be members1 which fact1 in each case1 shall be certified in writing by the ,treasurer to the ,recording ,secretary1 who shall enter it of record2 but such membership may be revived by the ,council in its discretion upon payment of past dues4 ,the ,president and ,treasurer are authorized to remit any fee sub silentio1 when they deem it advisable4 #h4 ,if the ,council by four-fifths vote shall decide that the name of any member should be dropped from the roll1 due notice shall be sent to such member1 who shall within two weeks have the right to demand that the matter be referred to an investigating committee of five active members of the ,club1 two to be appointed by the ,council--but not from its own number--two to be selected by the member1 and the fifth to be chosen by these four4 ,in the absence of such a demand1 or if a majority of this committee shall approve the decision of the ,council1 the name of the member shall be dropped1 and thereupon the interest of such person in the ,corporation and its property shall cease4 ,,article ,,iv ,,administration #a4 ,the officers of the ,club shall be a ,president1 two ,vice-,presidents1 ,recording ,secretary1 ,corresponding ,secretary1 ,treasurer1 four ,departmental ,councillors1 and two ,councillors-at-,large1 and there may be an ,honorary ,secretary4 ,these officers shall form a governing board1 to be termed the ,council1 and this body shall elect new members1 control all expenditures1 make rules for the use of the ,club's property1 except as hereinafter provided1 and act for its interests in any way not inconsistent with these ,by-laws4 ,five members of the ,council shall form a quorum4 #b4 ,the ,president shall preside at the meetings of the ,club and of the ,council1 and shall appoint 7with the advice and consent of the ,council7 the several standing committees4 ,one of the ,vice-,presidents shall act in the absence or disability of the ,president4 #c4 ,the ,recording ,secretary shall be the ,clerk of the ,corporation1 and shall have charge of the muniments of title and of the corporate seal4 ,he shall keep a record of all the proceedings of the ,club and ,council1 give notice to the members of the time and place of meetings1 and prepare each year a report of the ,club and ,council to be presented at the annual meeting4 #d4 ,the ,corresponding ,secretary shall conduct the correspondence of the ,club with kindred organizations and with ,honorary and ,corresponding members1 keeping proper files and records of the same1 and shall prepare a report for the previous year to be presented at the annual meeting4 #e4 ,the ,treasurer1 under the direction of the ,council1 shall collect1 take charge of1 and disburse all funds belonging to the ,club1 except such as are in the hands of the ,trustees of ,special ,funds or by legal restriction are under separate control4 ,he shall keep proper accounts1 and at the annual meeting1 and at other times when required by the ,club or ,council1 present a report of its financial condition4 #f4 ,the four ,departmental ,councillors shall represent severally the departments of ,natural ,history1 ,topography and ,exploration1 ,art1 and ,improvements4 ,it shall be their duty to conserve and foster the interests of their several departments1 and they are authorized to call special meetings of members interested therein1 at which they shall act as chairmen1 and to appoint departmental committees1 subject to the control of the ,council4 ,they shall present at the annual meeting reports of their respective departments for the year4 #g4 ,there shall be a ,board of ,trustees of ,real ,estate1 consisting of a member of the ,council1 to be designated by it1 and four other members of the ,club1 one being elected annually by ballot to serve four years and until his successor is chosen4--,these ,trustees shall elect annually from their own number a chairman and such other officers as may be required1 and may employ such assistance as they shall find necessary4 ,they shall administer and manage any real estate which may be held by the ,club as a public trust2 subject1 however1 to the general supervision of the ,council4--,any real estate other than public trust reservations to which the ,club holds title shall be managed under the direction of the ,council1 but nothing herein shall be construed to mean that the management of such property may not be delegated to the said ,board of ,trustees or to a standing committee created for the purpose4--,no real estate shall be acquired or title to the same accepted except by vote of the ,council upon the recommendation of this ,board4--,the ,trustees of ,real ,estate shall make to the ,club at the annual meeting a report in writing relative to the property committed to their care1 together with a statement of the finances connected with their trust4 #h4 ,there shall also be a ,board of ,trustees of ,special ,funds1 consisting of three members of the ,club1 one being chosen by ballot annually to serve for three years and until his successor is elected4 ,they shall choose their own chairman4 ,the ,treasurer of the ,club shall not be eligible to election upon this ,board4--,all permanent endowments and funds of a permanent or special nature 7unless otherwise legally restricted71 as well as the ,reserve ,fund hereinafter provided1 shall be entrusted to these ,trustees1 and they shall have power to make1 change1 and sell investments4--,all moneys received for life membership1 and such other sums as may be received or appropriated for this special purpose1 shall be known and invested separately as the ,permanent ,fund1 of which the income only shall be expended4--,there shall also be a ,reserve ,fund to and from which appropriations may be made by not less than five affirmative votes at each of two meetings of the ,council1 notice of the proposed action having been given on the call for the second meeting4--,at each annual meeting1 and at such other times as the ,club or ,council may request1 the ,trustees of ,special ,funds shall make a written statement of the condition of each of the funds in their hands4 #i4 ,the fiscal year of the ,club shall end on ,december #ca4 ,the ,council shall at the close of each year employ an expert accountant to audit the books and accounts of the ,treasurer and of the ,boards of ,trustees1 and shall present at the annual meeting the written report of his findings2 it may also cause to be audited in the same manner the accounts of other agents and committees of the ,club4 #aj4 ,the following ,standing ,committees shall be appointed3 on ,publications2 on ,field ,meetings and ,excursions2 on ,legislation2 on ,active ,membership2 and on ,honorary and ,corresponding ,membership4 ,these ,committees shall consist of not less than five members each1 and members of the ,council shall be eligible to appointment thereon4 ,they shall be vested with such powers as the ,council sees fit to delegate to them1 and nothing herein shall be construed as prohibiting that body from appointing such other committees as may be required4 ,,article ,v ,,election ,,of ,,officers #a4 ,the ,officers and ,trustees shall be chosen by ballot at the annual meeting1 and may be voted for on one ballot ,they shall hold their offices until the next succeeding annual meeting1 or until their successors are chosen in their stead2 but any vacancy may be filled by the ,council1 subject to confirmation by the ,club at its next regular meeting4--,the ,president and ,vice-,presidents shall not be eligible for more than two consecutive terms of one year each1 nor the ,councillors for more than three consecutive years2 the ,honorary ,secretary may be elected for life4 #b4 ,a ,nominating ,committee of at least five active members shall be appointed by the ,president1 with the advice and consent of the ,council4 ,no elective officers of the ,club shall be eligible to serve on this committee4 ,the names of said committee and a list of the offices to be filled shall be announced in the call for the ,october meeting1 with a request for suggestions for nominations from members of the ,club4 ,the list of candidates nominated by the ,committee shall be posted in the ,club ,room and published with the notice for the ,december meeting4--,twenty-five or more active members desiring to have a candidate or candidates of their own selection placed upon the official ballot may at any time prior to ,december #bj send their nominations1 duly signed by them1 to the ,recording ,secretary1 and the names of such candidates1 in addition to those presented by the ,nominating ,committee1 shall be printed on the call for the annual meeting and upon the ballots4 ,no person shall be eligible to office unless nominated in accordance with the foregoing provisions4 ,,article ,,vi ,,meetings ,the ,council1 or the officers to whom it may delegate this power1 shall call a regular meeting of the ,club in ,boston in each month except between ,june and ,september inclusive1 and special and field meetings at such times and places as may seem advisable4 ,the ,january meeting shall be the annual meeting1 and shall be held on the second ,wednesday of that month4 ,fifty members shall form a quorum4 ,,article ,,vii ,,amendments ,these ,by-laws may be amended by a vote to that effect of at least three-fourths of the members present and voting at two consecutive regular meetings of the ,club1 notice of the proposed change having been sent to all active members4 ,,juvenile ,,clubs ,what has been said of the conduct of clubs generally will1 so far as it is worth the saying1 afford sufficient suggestion to school teachers1 secretaries of young men's and young women's ,christian associations1 and other welfare workers4 ,organization is not the important thing4 ,the important thing is to direct the minds and activities of young people into wholesome and educative channels4 ,in dealing with boys and girls the educational factor in pedestrianism becomes more important4 ,lessons in biology1 geology1 astronomy1 and history are more adequately taught and more thoroughly learned1 when teacher and pupil come face to face with the actual physical objects to which study is directed4 ,and the way opens wide here1 not for natural and social science1 merely1 but for seemingly more remote subjects3 surveying1 for instance1 and cartography2 appreciation of architecture and of other fine arts2 sketching and ,english composition4 ,incidentally1 powers of observation1 memory1 thought are quickened1 and physical well-being promoted4 ,even in such minor matters as clothing and shoes1 a good deal of folly among boys and girls may be dissipated1 to the substantial benefit of these same girls and boys when older grown4 ,the handbook of the ,boy ,scouts will be found particularly suggestive and helpful to those in charge of walking for young people4 ,much wider use is made in ,europe than in this country of excursions as a feature of school life2 here as well as over there1 excursions afoot may be encouraged4 ,but teachers must themselves become pedestrians1 before such advantages and enjoyment as walking affords will become available to school children generally4 ,,the ,,league ,,of ,,walkers ,the plans for the ,league1 as thus far developed1 are3 ,to encourage the organization of walking clubs1 and to cooperate with such organizations1 aiding them in making their proposals inviting4 ,to maintain a ,bureau of ,information1 where specific advice about particular walks and particular regions will be preserved and made available to all applicants4 ,particular attention will be given to collecting data concerning scenery1 geology1 history1 and1 generally1 matters of interest on particular walks4 ,to publish a 8blue book0 or guidebook for pedestrians4 ,to give advice regarding clothing1 equipment1 training1 etc4 ,to promote inter-,association and other inter-club walking tours4 ,certificates will be given to walking clubs which enroll in the ,league4 ,the cost of enrolment is #a4jj1 simply to pay for the cost of the certificate4 ,members of constituent walking clubs may wear bronze buttons or pins bearing the emblem of the ,league4 ,these may be procured at a nominal cost at #cdg ,madison ,avenue1 ,new ,york4 ,a bronze medallion1 to be worn as a watch fob1 will be awarded to any one1 a member of a constituent walking club1 who walks #cj miles in twenty-four hours1 or #aej miles in two weeks1 or who makes a mountain climb of #c1jjj feet in a day4 ,an applicant for a medallion will furnish with his application two letters1 in addition to his own1 from those best advised1 stating the facts as they know them4 ,the secretary of the club of which the applicant is a member 7it may be of a ,y4 ,m4 ,c4 ,a47 should also write1 and his may be one of the two letters required1 as just said4 ,if possible1 the letters should be written by persons present1 one at the start and the other at the finish of the feat4 ,the applicants will pay the cost of the medallion4 ,a silver medallion will be awarded1 at the expense of the ,league1 one each year1 7#a7 to the person who sends to the ,bureau the best original essay on walking1 based upon actual experience2 7#b7 to the person who sends to the ,bureau the best epitome of a walking tour2 and 7#c7 to the person who sends to the ,bureau the best photograph taken on a walk4 ,a silver medallion may be awarded to one who performs some notable feat in walking1 or who renders some valuable service in the interest of walking4 ,special recognition will be given each year to that walking organization which has rendered the best service to the walking movement4 ,the emblem of the ,league is pictured in the design appearing in the frontispiece4 ,the design was modeled by ,mr4 ,royal ,b4 ,farnum1 ,specialist in ,industrial ,arts in the ,new ,york ,department of ,education1 at the instance of ,dr4 ,john ,h4 ,finley1 ,president of the ,university of the ,state of ,new ,york4 ,the desire of the ,league is to inspire and incite people to get out of doors1 to walk regularly and systematically1 to cultivate a love for the open1 and to develop health and vigor and the joy of well-being4 ,all organizations interested are requested1 for the common good1 to communicate with the ,new ,york ,bureau all data respecting regions under cultivation1 and respecting particular walks and tours4 ,communications should be addressed to the ,league of ,walkers1 #cdg1 ,madison ,avenue1 ,new ,york ,city4 ,,bibliography ,,the ,,lake ,,isle ,,of ,,innisfree ,i will arise and go now1 and go to ,innisfree1 ,and a small cabin build there1 of clay and wattles made2 ,nine bean rows will ,i have there1 a hive for the honeybee1 ,and live alone in the bee-loud glade4 ,and ,i shall have some peace there1 for peace comes dropping slow1 ,dropping from the veils of the morning to where the cricket sings2 ,there midnight's all a glimmer1 and noon a purple glow1 ,and evening full of the linnet's wings4 ,i will arise and go now1 for always night and day ,i hear lake water lapping with low sounds by the shore2 ,while ,i stand on the roadway1 or on the pavements gray1 ,i hear it in the deep heart's core4 ,william ,butler ,yeats4 ,,bibliography ,,on ,,walking ,william ,hazlitt--,on ,going a ,journey4 ,robert ,louis ,stevenson--,walking ,tours4 ,henry ,david ,thoreau--,walking4 ,journal for ,jan4 #g1 #aheg4 ,ralph ,waldo ,emerson--,country ,life4 ,concord ,walks4 ,bradford ,torrey--,an ,old ,road4 ,john ,burroughs--,the ,exhilarations of the ,road4 --,footpaths4 ,a4 ,h4 ,sidgwick--,walking ,essays4 ,,art ,,of ,,walking ,c4 ,p4 ,fordyce--,touring ,afoot4 ,arnold ,haultain--,of ,walks and ,walking ,tours2 an attempt to find a philosophy and a creed4 ,,mountaineering ,,journals ,alpine ,journal1 published by the ,alpine ,club1 of ,london4 ,appalachia1 published by the ,appalachian ,mountain ,club1 of ,boston4 ,sierra ,club ,bulletin1 published by the ,sierra ,club of ,san ,francisco4 ,mazama1 published by the ,mazamas1 of ,portland1 ,oregon4 ,canadian ,alpine ,journal1 published by the ,canadian ,alpine ,club4 ,,camping ,,and ,,woodcraft ,the ,boy ,scout ,handbook4 ,g4 ,w4 ,sears--,woodcraft4 ,charles ,s4 ,hanks--,camp ,kits and ,camp ,life4 ,,mountaineering ,scribner's ,out-of-,door ,library--,mountain ,climbing4 ,c4 ,t4 ,dent and others--8,mountaineering0 7,badminton ,library of ,sports74 ,frederick ,h4 ,chapin--,mountaineering in ,colorado4 ,j4 ,s4 ,c4 ,russell--,mountaineering in ,alaska4 7,bulletins of the ,amer4 ,geog4 ,soc474 ,hudson ,stuck1 ,d4,d4--,the ,ascent of ,denali 7,mt4 ,mc,kinley74 ,belmore ,browne--,the ,conquest of ,mount ,mc,kinley4 ,filippo de ,filippi1 ,duke of the ,abruzzi--,the ,ascent of ,mont ,st4 ,elias 7translated by ,signora ,linda ,villari74 ,a4 ,o4 ,wheeler and ,elizabeth ,a4 ,parker--,in the ,selkirk ,mountains4 ,e4 ,a4 ,fitz ,gerald--,the ,highest ,andes4 ,edward ,whymper--,scrambles amongst the ,alps4 ,leslie ,stephen--,the ,playground of ,europe4 ,professor ,f4 ,umlauft--,the ,alps4 ,a4 ,f4 ,mummery--,my ,climbs in the ,alps and ,caucasus4 ,charles ,edward ,mathews--,the ,annals of ,mont ,blanc4 ,guido ,rey--,peaks and ,precipices3 ,scrambles in the ,dolomites and ,savoy4 ,leone ,sinigaglia--,climbing ,reminiscences of the ,dolomites 7translated by ,mary ,alice ,vials74 ,harold ,spender--,through the ,high ,pyrenees4 ,fanny ,bullock ,workman and ,william ,hunter ,workman--,peaks and ,glaciers of ,nun ,kun4 ,william ,martin ,conway--,climbing and ,exploration in the ,karakoram-,himalayas4 ,e4 ,a4 ,fitz ,gerald--,climbs in the ,new ,zealand ,alps4 ,,across ,,continents ,harry ,a4 ,franck--,a ,vagabond ,journey ,around the ,world4 ,charles ,f4 ,lummis--,a ,tramp across the ,continent 7,america74 ,john ,muir--,a ,thousand ,mile ,walk to the ,gulf4 ,,new ,,england ,henry ,d4 ,thoreau--,the ,maine ,woods4 --,cape ,cod4 --,excursions4 ,in 8,a ,week on the ,concord and ,merrimack ,rivers10 under ,tuesday1 is an account of ,climbing ,saddleback ,mountain 7,greylock7 in ,massachusetts4 ,frank ,bolles--,land of the ,lingering ,snow4 ,at the ,north of ,bearcamp ,water4 ,bradford ,torrey--,footing ,it in ,franconia4 --,nature's ,invitation4 --,the ,foot-,path ,way4 --,a ,rambler's ,lease4 ,allen ,chamberlain--,vacation ,tramps in ,new ,england ,highlands4 ,thomas ,bailey ,aldrich--,an ,old ,town by the ,sea4 ,guide to ,paths and ,camps in the ,white ,mountains and ,adjacent ,regions 7published by the ,appalachian ,mountain ,club74 ,walks and ,rides about ,boston 7published by the ,appalachian ,mountain ,club74 ,,north ,,atlantic ,,states ,joel ,t4 ,headley--,the ,adirondacks4 ,john ,burroughs--,locusts and ,wild ,honey 7,chap4 8,a ,bed of ,boughs074 ,t4 ,morris ,longstreth--,the ,catskills4 --,the ,adirondacks4 ,for walks in the vicinity of ,new ,york city1 see 8,little ,trips ,near-by10 by ,albert ,handy1 a series of eight articles which appeared in the ,new ,york ,evening ,post1 ,saturday ,supplement1 for ,nov4 #ae1 ,dec4 #f1 #bj1 #aiac1 and ,jan4 #aj1 ,april #ah1 ,may #cj1 ,july #be1 and ,aug4 #h1 #aiad4 ,john ,burroughs--,winter ,sunshine 7,washington1 ,d4 ,c47 ,e4 ,p4 ,weston--,the ,pedestrian4 7,being a correct journal of incidents on a walk from the ,state ,house1 ,boston1 ,mass41 to the ,u4 ,s4 ,capitol1 at ,washington1 ,d4 ,c41 performed in ten consecutive days71 #ahfb4 ,,carolina ,,mountains ,horace ,kephart--,our ,southern ,highlanders4 ,bradford ,torrey--,spring ,notes from ,tennessee4 --,a ,world of ,green ,hills4 ,margaret ,w4 ,morley--,the ,carolina ,mountains4 ,,florida ,bradford ,torrey--,a ,florida ,sketch-,book4 ,,colorado ,enos ,a4 ,mills--,the ,spell of the ,rockies4 --,the ,rocky ,mountain ,wonderland4 --,wild ,life on the ,rockies4 --,your ,national ,parks4 7,see 8,mountaineering407 ,,wyoming ,john ,muir--,our ,national ,parks4 ,enos ,a4 ,mills--,your ,national ,parks4 ,hiram ,martin ,chittenden--,the ,yellowstone ,national ,park4 ,,montana ,mathilde ,edith ,holtz and ,katharine ,isabel ,bemis--,glacier ,national ,park4 ,enos ,a4 ,mills--,your ,national ,parks4 ,walter ,mc,clintock--,the ,old ,north ,trail4 ,,arizona ,george ,wharton ,james--,in and around the ,grand ,canyon4 ,john ,muir--,steep ,trails4 ,bradford ,torrey--,field ,days in ,california 7,chap4 8,a ,bird-gazer at the ,canyon074 ,enos ,a4 ,mills--,your ,national ,parks4 ,,washington ,,and ,,oregon ,enos ,a4 ,mills--,your ,national ,parks4 ,,california ,john ,muir--,steep ,trails4 --,my ,first ,summer in the ,sierras4 --,the ,mountains of ,california4 --,our ,national ,parks4 --,the ,yosemite4 ,j4 ,smeaton ,chase--,california ,coast ,trails4 --,yosemite ,trails4 ,bradford ,torrey--,field ,days in ,california4 ,dallas ,lore ,sharp--,where ,rolls the ,oregon4 ,enos ,a4 ,mills--,your ,national ,parks4 ,,alaska ,john ,muir--,travels in ,alaska4 ,enos ,a4 ,mills--,your ,national ,parks4 7,see 8,mountaineering407 ,,canada ,lawrence ,j4 ,burpee1 ,among the ,canadian ,alps4 ,enos ,a4 ,mills1 ,your ,national ,parks4 7,see 8,mountaineering407 ,,mexico ,harry ,a4 ,franck--,tramping through ,mexico1 ,guatemala and ,honduras4 ,william ,t4 ,hornaday--,camp ,fires on ,desert and ,lava4 ,,hawaii ,enos ,a4 ,mills--,your ,national ,parks4 ,,south ,,america 7,see 8,mountaineering407 ,,europe ,robert ,louis ,stevenson--,travels with a ,donkey4 ,baedeker's ,guidebooks4 7,see 8,mountaineering407 ,,france ,h4 ,h4 ,bashford--,vagabonds in ,perigord4 ,william ,morris ,davis--,excursions ,around ,aix-les-,bains 7published for ,y4 ,m4 ,c4 ,a4 ,natl4 ,war ,work ,council by the ,appalachian ,mountain ,club74 ,,the ,,alps ,john ,tyndall--,hours of ,exercise in the ,alps4 ,f4 ,wolcott ,stoddard--,tramps through ,tyrol4 7,see 8,mountaineering407 ,,spain ,harry ,a4 ,franck--,four ,months ,afoot in ,spain4 ,,greece ,denton ,j4 ,snider--,a ,walk in ,hellas4 ,,russia ,stephen ,graham--,a ,tramp's ,sketches4 --,a ,vagabond in the ,caucasus4 ,,asia ,,minor ,stephen ,graham--,with the ,russian ,pilgrims to ,jerusalem4 ,w4 ,j4 ,childs--,across ,asia ,minor on ,foot4 ,,turkestan ,stephen ,graham--,through ,russian ,central ,asia4 ,,palestine ,john ,finley--,a ,pilgrim in ,palestine4 ,,burma1 ,,siam1 ,,cochin ,,china ,edmund ,candler--,a ,vagabond in ,asia4 ,,japan ,lucian ,swift ,kirtland--,samurai ,trails4 ,,new ,,zealand 7,see 8,mountaineering407 ,,new ,,south ,,wales ,h4 ,j4 ,tompkins--,with ,swag and ,billy 7issued by the ,government ,tourist ,bureau1 ,sidney74 ,illustration ,,footnotes #a ,the ,youth's ,companion1 ,aug4 #ca1 #aiaa4 #b ,from 8,poems and ,ballads10 by ,robert ,louis ,stevenson2 copyright #ahie1 #aiac1 by ,charles ,scribner's ,sons4 #c ,issue of ,april #be1 #aiag4 #d ,nathaniel ,l4 ,goodrich1 8,the ,attractions of ,trail ,making10 in ,appalachia1 ,vol4 ,,xiv1 ,no4 #c1 page #bdg4 #e ,nathaniel ,l4 ,goodrich1 ubi supra4 #f 8,wild ,life on the ,rockies10 page #bji4 #g ,new ,york ,evening ,post1 ,july #be1 #aiad4 #h ,leslie ,stephen1 8,the ,playground of ,europe40