,,transcrib]',s ,,note ,italic text is d5ot$ by und]scores4 ,bold text is d5ot$ by at signs4 ,"s unusual lett]s & symbols are accurately repres5t$ ) ,unicode *>act]s4 7,"s h&held devices may n support comb9+ diacriticals su* z ! circumflex47 ,^! are3 consonants ) a circumflex acc5t 2 lett] c ) an acute acc5t 2 ! diph?ong ou ) macrons 7_m plat=ms d n support ! comb9+ d\ble macron72 & ! calculus integral symbol 4 ,"s m9or *anges to ! text are not$ at ! end ( ! book4 ,,int]national ,,language ,,& ,,sci5ce ,,int]national ,,language ,,& ,,sci5ce ,consid]ations on ! ,introduction ( an ,int]national ,language into ,sci5ce ,,by ,l4 ,,c\turat ,=m]ly ,pr(essor at ! ,univ]sity ( ,ca54 ,o4 ,,jesp]s5 ,pr(essor at ! ,univ]sity ( ,cop5hag54 ,r4 ,,lor5z ,pr(essor at ! ,f$]al ,polyte*nicum ( ,zri*4 ,w4 ,,o/wald ,pr(essor em]itus ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,leipzig4 ,l4 ,,pfaundl] ,pr(essor at ! ,univ]sity ( ,graz4 ,,translat$ ,,by ,f4 ,g4 ,,donnan ,pr(essor at ! ,univ]sity ( ,liv]pool4 ,,london ,,con/able ,,company ,,limit$ #aj ,,orange ,,/reet ,,leice/] ,,squ>e ,w4,c4 #aiaj ,,bradbury1 ,,agnew1 ,,co4 ,,ld41 ,,pr9t]s1 ,,london ,,& ,,tonbridge ,,preface ,! "q ( a s-call$ _w-language1 or bett] express$1 an int]national auxili>y language1 0 dur+ ! n[ pa/ ,volapk p]iod1 & is /ill 9 ! pres5t ,esp]anto movem5t1 s mu* 9 ! h&s ( ,utopians1 fanatics & en?usia/s1 t x is difficult to =m an unbiass$ op9ion conc]n+ x1 al?\gh a good idea lies at its basis4 ,bo? ! ,volapki/s & ,esp]anti/s confus$ ! l+ui/ic aspect ( ! "q ) s _m side issues t1 n only 0 x difficult to see ! =m] 9 its true light1 b also ! lead]s ( ! v>i\s movem5ts 7 unable to guide !m 9 ! "r direction4 ,= ?is reason discussions conc]n+ an int]national auxili>y language appe>$ ) good reason to _m p to be unpractical1 impossible1 or inde$ ev5 ridicul\s4 ,matt]s h1 h[ev]1 *ang$ s9ce ! ,dlgation p\r l'adoption d'une langue auxiliaire int]nationale has tak5 ! matt] up4 ,?is ,int]national ,commission1 ) its headqu>t]s 9 ,p>is1 & consi/+ ( lit]>y & sci5tific m5 ( em95t reputation1 0 entru/$ ) ! task ( inve/igat+ ! g5]al "q ( an int]national auxili>y language4 ,! ,delegation has1 9 ! c\rse ( an activity ext5d+ ov] sev5 ye>s1 succe$$ 9 %[+ t a s\nd idea lies at ! root ( ! v>i\s movem5ts = a univ]sal language4 ,fre$ f all extrane\s consid]ations1 ?is idea involves ! purely l+ui/ic "q ( ! introduction ( an int]national auxili>y language4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! ,delegation has f\nd t nei!r ,volapk nor ,esp]anto h succe$$ 9 solv+ ! problem4 ,z1 h[ev]1 ,esp]anto 0 f\nd to conta9 a numb] ( good pr9ciples1 ! ,commission f9ally resolv$ to "w out on purely sci5tific pr9ciples an int]national auxili>y language on ! basis ( ,esp]anto4 ,! :ole "q ( ! introduction ( an int]national auxili>y language has ?us arriv$ at a /age 9 :i* x appe>s wor?y ( s]i\s discussion4 ,"u ^! circum/ances1 ! writ]s ( ?is bro*ure consid]$ x _! fir/ duty to draw ! att5tion ( sci5tific & lit]>y m5 to ! matt]1 & s initiate discussion4 ,! object ( ?is book w h be5 atta9$1 %\ld !y h succe$$ 9 expla9+ ! pres5t /ate ( ! "q1 & 9 %[+ t x is already possible to discuss ! introduction ( an int]national auxili>y language into sci5ce1 & inde$ ev5 s]i\sly to make ! attempt to c>ry x out4 ,x may be rem>k$ t ! five au?ors ( ?is book live 9 five diff]5t c\ntries1 & belong to ?ree diff]5t languages4 ,! v consid]able correspond5ce requir$ = ! production ( _! book 0 c>ri$ out ) ! greate/ success 9 ! ,l+uo ,int]naciona1 :5ev] any two ( ! correspond5ts possess$ diff]5t "m-tongues4 ,p>is1 ,cop5hag51 ,zri*1 ,gross-,bo!n1 ,graz4 ,l4 ,,c\turat1 ,o4 ,,jesp]s51 ,r4 ,,lor5z1 ,w4 ,,o/wald1 ,l4 ,,pfaundl]4 ,m>*1 #aiji4 ,,translator',s ,,preface ,! sci5tific attitude ( m9d is necess>ily critical1 b nev] sceptical )\t prop] inve/igation & k4 ,! ,translator hopes1 !re=e1 t ,engli%-speak+ m5 ( sci5ce w n judge ! "q ( int]national language be=e !y h quietly & dispassionately exam9$ ! argum5ts s ably set =? 9 ! foll[+ pages4 ,x is n a "q ( ano!r language2 x is a "q ( ! f9al solution by ! me?ods ( sci5ce ( "o ( ! greate/ ( sci5tific problems4 ,int]nationalisation ( ?\ght is ! motto ( ! tw5tie? c5tury1 ! device on ! bann] ( progress4 ,sci5ce1 ! ,sup]-,nation ( ! _w1 mu/ lead ! way 9 ?is z 9 all o!r ?+s4 ,amid/ ! clang\r & ! clam\r ( political & comm]cial /rife1 ! quiet empire ( k gr[s1 noiseless & unse54 ,let all ^? :o believe t ?is peaceful empire is de/9$ to become ! controll+ =ce ( ! _w assi/ 9 ! attunem5t ( its common language4 ,! ,translator wi%es to ?ank 8 fri5d & colleague1 ,pr(essor ,j4 ,p4 ,po/gate1 = hav+ v k9dly revis$ ! translation ( ,*apt]s ,,iii4 & ,,iv4 ,f4 ,g4 ,,donnan4 ,,univ]sity ,,( ,,liv]pool1 ,m>*1 #aiaj4 ,,table ,,( ,,cont5ts ,,page ,preface v ,,*apt] ,i4 ,! ne$ = a common sci5tific language1 by ,l4 ,pfaundl] #a ,,ii4 ,! ,dlgation p\r l'adoption d'une langue auxiliaire int]nationale1 by ,r4 ,lor5z #aa ,,iii4 ,l+ui/ic pr9ciples necess>y = ! con/ruction ( an int]national auxili>y language1 ) an app5dix on ! criticism ( ,esp]anto1 by ,o4 ,jesp]s5 #bg ,,iv4 ,on ! application ( logic to ! problem ( an int]national language1 by ,l4 ,c\turat #db ,v4 ,! relation%ip ( ! int]national language to sci5ce1 by ,r4 ,lor5z #ec ,,vi4 ,! "q ( nom5clature1 by ,w4 ,o/wald #fa ,,vii4 ,conclusion2 ,read+1 ,writ+1 & ,speak+1 by ,l4 ,pfaundl] #fi ,,app5dix ,i4 ,l+uo ,int]naciona di la ,delegit>o2 gramm>1 ^w-=mation1 li/ ( grammatical words #ge ,,ii4 ,specim5 pages f ! ,int]national-,engli% ,diction>y #hb ,,iii4 ,an exp]im5t 9 d\ble translation #hd ,,iv4 ,uniono di l'amiki di la l+uo int]naciona2 extracts f ! provisional /atutes1 & memb]%ip =m #hf ,,int]national ,,language ,,& ,,sci5ce ,,*apt] ,i ,,! ,,ne$ ,,= ,a ,,common ,,sci5tific ,,language ,all :o are occupi$ ) ! read+ or writ+ ( sci5tific lit]ature h assur$ly v (t5 felt ! want ( a common sci5tific language1 & regrett$ ! great loss ( "t & tr\ble caus$ by ! multiplicity ( languages employ$ 9 sci5tific lit]ature4 ,! rem>kable & regrettable feature ( ?is /ate ( affairs is t we once possess$1 & h n[ lo/1 su* a common language1 namely1 ,lat94 ,ev5 9 ! fir/ ?ird ( ! la/ c5tury ,gauss wrote a portion ( 8 ma!matical & physical pap]s 9 ,lat91 & up to ! middle ( ! la/ c5tury ! diss]tations ( ! sci5tific c&idates at ! ,g]man univ]sities 7 translat$ into ,lat9 by _! philological colleagues1 s9ce ! =m] 7 no long] suffici5tly conv]sant ) t language4 ,! fall ( ,lat9 z ! language ( s*ol>s & m5 ( sci5ce c\ld n1 h[ev]1 be prev5t$1 nor does !re exi/ ! fa9te/ *ance ( its ev] recov]+ its lo/ position4 ,! reasons = ?is are kn[n to all4 ,! rise & developm5t ( sci5ce1 = ! expression ( ^: ideas ! language ( ,cic]o no long] suffic$1 ! fall ( s*ola/icism1 ) its ,*ur* ,lat91 ! diffusion ( k among/ p n possess+ a univ]sity tra9+1 ! f\ndation ( te*nical high s*ools1 &1 f9ally1 ! gr[+ national s5tim5t & jeal\sy ( nations :o s\ght to fur!r ! spread ( _! national languages by us+ !m 9 ! works ( _! sci5tific m5--all ?is has contribut$ to displace ,lat9 by ! mod]n national languages4 ,! result is t1 in/ead ( "o common language = s*ol>s & m5 ( sci5ce1 we n[ possess ?ree4 ,x is requir$ or suppos$ t e s*ol> or man ( sci5ce %\ld "k at lea/ ,g]man1 ,fr5*1 & ,engli%4 ,= ! majority ( ,g]man s*ol>s & m5 ( sci5ce ?is may hold good1 b 9 ! case ( ! ,fr5* x is less true1 & 9 ! case ( ! ,engli% lea/ ( all4 ,! k ( ^! ?ree languages is1 h[ev]1 no long] suffici5t1 & t = ! foll[+ reasons4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 sev]al o!r languages mu/ be tak5 into acc\nt1 = _m ,italians write only ,italian1 _m ,dut*m5 only ,dut*1 :il/ num]\s ,russians1 ,poles1 ,cze*s1 ,hung>ians1 ,sc&9avians1 & ,spani>ds employ only _! national languages4 ,9 ?is way mu* escapes g5]al k & recognition1 or is only accessible 9 a belat$ or mutilat$ =m4 ,9 ! second place1 ! difficulty ( a quick mutual und]/&+ is great1 ev5 = ^? :o c comm& ^! ?ree *ief languages4 ,if "o is possess$ ( a little natural tal5t1 "o c by d9t ( indu/ry & mu* loss ( "t easily get s f> z to read or und]/& a pap] or a lett] 9 a =eign language1 b :5 x comes to writ+ 7reply+7 ! task is incomp>ably m difficult4 ,"o c1 h[ev]1 n assume1 :5 a ,g]man s*ol> or man ( sci5ce replies 9 ,g]man to a lett] writt5 9 ,fr5* or ,engli%1 t he w be always und]/ood4 ,! matt] is mu* worse 9 ! case ( oral int]c\rse1 especially at sci5tific congresses4 ,at ^! ! ?ree *ief languages m5tion$ above are usually n[ decl>$ to be (ficial1 t is to say1 p]missible = ! deliv]y ( pap]s4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 h[ev]1 ! language ( ! c\ntry 9 :i* ! congress is held usually dom9ates4 ,! ,g]man speaks ,fr5* 9 ,p>is1 b ! ,engli%man mo/ly only ,engli%1 & dem&s1 z occurr$ at ! rec5t ,refrig]ation ,congress 9 ,p>is1 ! translation into ,engli% ( ! pap]s read at ! sectional meet+s4 ,only v few c take "p 9 ! discussions1 & _m mu/ be well cont5t if !y are able to und]/& ! usually rapidly deliv]$ pap]s4 ,_m an important criticism is n made because "o does n possess ! exp]tness necess>y = discuss+ a "q 9 a =eign language1 & does n wi% to expose oneself to ! *ance ( a rebuff1 caus$ n s mu* by ignorance ( ! matt] 9 h& z by want ( facility 9 expression4 ,e memb] ( a congress has notic$ t :5ev] ! language employ$ 9 ! pap]s *anges1 a consid]able numb] ( ! audi5ce leave ) m or less noise1 9 ord] to avoid be+ compell$ to li/5 to a pap] :i* !y d n und]/&4 ,congresses w\ld be c]ta9ly mu* bett] att5d$ 7 x n t ^! difficulties keep _m away4 ,"o _c hope t an increas+ diffusion ( ! k ( ! ?ree *ief languages w cause ^! difficulties to dim9i%1 /ill less to disappe>4 ,!y w1 r1 increase /ill m1 s9ce ! numb] ( national languages desir+ to take "p 9 ! "w ( civilisation is con/antly gr[+4 ,already1 at ! pres5t "t1 ,italian1 ,spani%1 ,dut*1 & ! ,sc&9avian & ,slavonic languages mu/ be tak5 into acc\nt1 besides ! ?ree *ief languages4 ,national s5tim5t =ces ! sci5tific m5 ( ^! c\ntries to use ! national languages1 ev5 :5 !y p]ceive t ?is proc$ure does n conduce to mutual und]/&+4 ,ev5 if ! sci5tific m5 !mselves 7 completely free f national am\r propre1 !y w\ld be oblig$ by _! fell[-c\ntrym5 to employ _! own languages1 n s mu* = ! purpose ( advanc+ sci5tific k & le>n+ z 9 ord] to contribute by means ( _! lit]>y & sci5tific works to ! diffusion ( _! languages & ! advancem5t ( _! nations4 ,:oev] has obs]v$ ?is ph5om5on w be =c$ to ! conclusion t among/ sci5tific m51 at lea/ 9 ,europe1 ?is /ate ( affairs is gett+ worse r ?an bett]4 ,! increase ( ! p>ticipat+ languages involves an increase ( ! p]iodicals1 j at a "t :5 a conc5tration ( ! p]iodical lit]ature is mo/ desirable4 ,! co/ ( subscriptions1 translations1 /or+1 & regi/ration1 & ! lab\r & "t sp5t !reon1 increase f ye> to ye>4 ,above all1 !re is a want ( translators2 ord9>y int]pret]s are n suffici5t1 s9ce a special k ( ea* subject is requir$4 ,:]e are su* p]sons to be f\nd 9 suffici5t numb]s8 ,& h[ few & f> betwe5 are ^? :o1 :5 !y possess ! requisite tra9+1 are will+ to cont5t !mselves ) ! poorly paid remun]ation ( a translator6 ,bad or errone\s translations & faulty ab/racts are v h>mful2 x w\ld be bett] 9 su* cases t no translation %\ld exi/1 z !n ! orig9al w\ld h to be consult$4 ,^! difficulties1 _m m ( :i* c\ld be m5tion$1 are well kn[n to all sci5tific m51 s9ce ea* has suff]$ m or less f !m4 ,! "q !n is1 ,:at rem$y c we apply8 ,"o proposal is to introduce into second>y s*ools ! tea*+ ( mod]n in/ead ( classical languages1 9 ord] to r5d] ! /ud5ts1 aft] matriculation at ! univ]sities1 capable ( tak+ "p 9 int]national sci5tific int]c\rse4 ,?is proposal has aris5 f ! view t ! le>n+ ( mod]n add$ to t ( ! classical languages w\ld ov]burd5 ! second>y s*ools1 :il/ ! le>n+ ( mod]n languages at ! univ]sities w\ld cause equal or great] difficulties4 ,few "y p possess1 dur+ _! ye>s at ! univ]sity1 suffici5t ke5ness & moral c\rage to subject !mselves to ! ordeal ( l+ui/ic /udies1 f :i* !y h joyfully escap$ on _! entrance into ! univ]sity4 ,few possess at t age a full conception ( ! usefulness & necessity ( a k ( languages4 ,& x is j ^? "y p :o wi% to devote !mselves to ! pr(essions ( lit]ature or sci5ce :o ought to devote _! :ole "t & full p[]s to _! pr(essional "w1 & n be oblig$ to break up _! "t ) l+ui/ic /udies4 ,! proposal to exclude ! classical languages f ! second>y s*ools has enc\nt]$1 h[ev]1 f _m qu>t]s v weighty objections1 ! =ce ( :i* _c be d5i$1 ev5 by ! opposite side4 ,we %all1 h[ev]1 n ent] into ?is mu*-debat$ "q1 cont5t+ ourselves ) ! rem>k t at ! pres5t day insup]able ob/acles /& 9 ! way ( a complete or p>tial sub/itution ( mod]n = classical languages4 ,exp]i5ce %[s also t ! tea*+ ( mod]n languages 9 s*ools seldom leads to a practical result1 al?\gh x mu/ be conc$$ t n[adays1 ) new] me?ods1 mu* bett] results are obta9$ ?an =m]ly1 :5 ! gramm>1 b n ! practical use1 0 taught4 ,if1 !re=e1 ! tea*+ ( mod]n languages _c well be c>ri$ out ei!r at ! univ]sities or 9 ! s*ools1 !re rema9s only ! "t be=e s*ool /udies4 ,x is1 9 fact1 possible 7z is done 9 _m well-to-d families71 by means ( a ,fr5* or ,g]man gov]ness1 to tea* a *ild1 besides its "m tongue1 "o ( ^! languages1 9 s f> z its m5tal developm5t p]mits4 ,x is probably inadvisable to tea* m ?an "o new language 9 ?is way1 9 ord] to avoid injury to ! *ild's own "m tongue4 ,su* a k1 h[ev]1 is q insuffici5t = ! ne$s ( ! "y sci5tific man1 & s ! acqua9tance ) a language ga9$ 9 ?is way requires con/ant ext5sion & developm5t4 ,b ev5 assum+ t ! "y man cont9ues ! /udy ( ! language t he has le>nt z a *ild1 or ev5 inde$ le>ns ano!r dur+ 8 s*ool days1 he w possess at be/ t approximate k ( ! ?ree *ief languages :i* we h *>act]is$ above z be+ nei!r qualitatively nor quantitatively suffici5t1 because x does n suffice = oral int]c\rse1 & because o!r languages mu/ be tak5 into acc\nt4 ,! proposal has1 !re=e1 be5 made to *oose1 by int]national agreem5t1 "o ( ! national languages z a univ]sal int]m$i>y language4 ,if ev]ybody le>nt ?is language1 !n ! difficulty w\ld be surm\nt$4 ,?is proposal is1 h[ev]1 /ill-born4 ,e attempt to realise x is b\nd to be %ipwreck$ on ! rock ( national jeal\sy1 z has be5 (t5 %[n be=e1 = x is evid5t t ! nation ^: language 0 *os5 w\ld receive a v great advantage4 ,! widely spok5 ,engli% language possesses1 x is true1 a v simple gramm>1 b x w\ld be v unsuitable = ?is purpose on acc\nt ( its extremely difficult pronunciation4 ,j z sci5ce has succe$$ 9 giv+ to ! _w a uni=m sy/em ( weights & measures by *oos+ in/ead ( a national unit ( l5g? "o common to all nations1 namely1 ! l5g? ( an e>? quadrant1 s only t language c\ld f9d g5]al acceptance :i* 0 bas$ on ! common possession ( ^? peoples = :om x 0 int5d$4 ,by t we mean ! /ock ( words common to ! ?ree great families ( languages1 ! ,g]manic1 ,romance1 & ,slavonic4 ,aga9/ ?is ! objection w be rais$3 ,an artificial language2 9 o!r words1 a ,utopia6 ,h[ c\ld "o ?9k ( artificially creat+ a language1 :i*1 aft] all1 is a liv+ & spontane\sly develop+ organism8 ,"o might z well ?9k ( artificially creat+ a live horse6 ,x is true t "o _c make a live horse1 b "o c make an automobile1 :i* "u c]ta9 circum/ances may replace ! horse1 & ev5 excel its p]=mance4 ,b no "o w\ld ?9k on t acc\nt ( totally do+ away ) horses4 ,9 a simil> mann] ! p>tisans ( an artificial language h no wi% to displace ! natural languages4 ,9 poetry & imag9ative lit]ature1 :]e9 ! s\l ( a nation f9ds its highe/ expression1 ! "m-tongue w always be supreme4#a ,b x is un?9kable1 "o w say1 t an artificial language w\ld ev] be g5]ally accept$4 ,su* /atem5ts mu/ be receiv$ ) caution1 = !y h turn$ out m ?an once to be wrong4 ,! introduction ( a common sy/em ( weights & measures 0 also decl>$ to be impossible at "o "t1 nev]!less x has s9ce be5 c>ri$ out 9 sci5ce4 ,! con/ruction ( a sy/em ( telegraph wires connect+ ! :ole civilis$ _w & a telegraph alphabet common to all nations 0 decl>$ sev5ty ye>s ago to be an impossibility4 ,n[ x is anci5t hi/ory4 ,! m>itime nations h agre$ ^u a common code ( signals4 ,:5 ! ,engli% sailor arrives at ! ,japanese coa/1 he translates ! s5t5ces he wi%es to transmit into numb]s1 :i* he signals by means ( flags1 & ! ,japanese port (ficial translates ! signall$ numb]s by means ( ! code into ,japanese s5t5ces4 ,:y %\ld x !re=e be impossible to introduce in/ead ( ?is int]m$i>y num]ical language an int]m$i>y ^w language1 :i* w\ld give expression to ?\ght 9 a bett] & m direct mann]8#b ,q s1 b su* an int]m$i>y language w\ld be mu* m difficult to create ?an a code ( signals arrang$ = a limit$ numb] ( words & phrases4 ,h[ w\ld x be if ?is difficulty _h be5 already ov]come1 & ! int]m$i>y language already creat$ & prov$ to be s]viceable8 ,b t w\ld am\nt to add+ a new language to be le>nt to ! ones we already h to le>n2 !re w\ld be no advantage 9 t6 ,if1 h[ev]1 ?is new language 0 really n new1 consi/+ mo/ly ( words kn[n to e educat$ p]son2 if its gramm> 0 s simple t its pr9ciples c\ld be le>n$ )9 an h\r2 & if1 !re=e1 any educat$ p]son :o knew a s+le ,romance language c\ld le>n ! :ole language 9 an incr$ibly %ort "t1 w\ld x n be an advantage to acquire x8 ,to prove ?is is a simple problem ( p]mutations & comb9ations1 & ! pro( possesses all ! c]ta9ty ( ma!matical reason+4 ,we %all demon/rate t by an example4 ,suppose a l>ge t[n conta9s t5 di/ricts1 ea* possess+ a pneumatic po/-(fice4 ,9 ord] to connect ea* di/rict ) all ! o!rs1 "o c\ld lay f ea* ( ! t5 po/-(fices n9e tubes to ! rema9+ n9e po/-(fices4 ,t w\ld require 7#aj #i7_/b #de tubes4 ,! problem c\ld1 h[ev]1 be solv$ mu* m easily & *eaply by connect+ ea* ( ! po/-(fices by means ( a s+le tube ) a c5tral po/-(fice1 :i* w\ld receive & di/ribute all ! lett]s1 z is actually ! case 9 practice4 ,we %\ld !n require only t5 tubes4 ,sub/itute n[ = ! di/ricts imag9$ above ! languages1 ,g]man1 ,fr5*1 ,engli%1 ,italian1 ,russian1 ,spani%1 etc41 ) ! condition t e p]son speak+ "o language %\ld be able to correspond ) ev]ybody speak+ a diff]5t language4 ,9 ! case ( t5 languages we %\ld require = e correspond5t n9e diction>ies1 or altoge!r n9ety diction>ies4 ,e correspond5t w\ld h to "k n9e languages besides 8 own4 ,if1 h[ev]1 we employ$ an int]m$i>y language1 ea* p]son w\ld only require to "k ?is language besides 8 own4 ,! matt] is s simple & ! advantage s exce$+ly obvi\s t "o c only wond] :y x has n be5 recognis$ & c>ri$ out long ago4 ,x is q self-evid5t t1 if "o wi%es to become acqua9t$ ) ! imag9ative lit]ature & ! inn] ?\ghts & feel+s ( a =eign nation1 "o _c cont5t oneself ) translations1 b mu/ /udy a language 9 its own c\ntry4 ,b h[ _m p le>n ,fr5* 9 ord] to become acqua9t$ ) its lit]ature8 ,! exi/5ce ( an int]m$i>y language w\ld int]f]e ) su* l+ui/ic /udies j z little z ! inv5tion ( ! automobile prev5ts anybody f us+ a rid+ or c>riage horse4 ,!re is no necessity1 !re=e1 = philologi/s or pr(essional l+ui/s to be ho/ile to ! project1 s9ce _! sph]e ( "w & influ5ce w n be 9 any way dim9i%$ !reby4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! creation ( an artificial language has l$ to s _m int]e/+ que/ions relat+ to ! /ructure1 & to su* a deep] insight into ! nature ( language1 & has attract$ s _m to its /udy1 t ?is beautiful dep>tm5t ( k w only d]ive advantage !refrom4 ,x is also rem>kable t ! orig9al "w ( ,dr4 ,zam5h(1 :i* 9 its pr9ciples 0 *>act]is$ by g5ius1 b 9 its execution 0 imp]fect & !re=e insuffici5t1 has only ?r\gh ! re=m+ lab\rs ( di/+ui%$ philologi/s atta9$ to t p]fection ( =m & pr9ciple requir$ to make x ! int]national auxili>y language ( ! civilis$ _w4 ,! difficulty ( ! und]tak+ no long] lies 9 ! language itself1 b1 r1 9 ! task ( inspir+ all conc]n$1 & especially ! lead+ ?9k]s1 ) ! conviction t x is practically realisable4 ,if ?is conviction c be suffici5tly spread1 ! introduction ( ! auxili>y language w only be a matt] ( a few mon?s4 ,9 ord]1 h[ev]1 to =m an op9ion on ! possibility ( ?is realisation1 x is1 9 ! fir/ place1 necess>y to become acqua9t$ ) ! ma9 pr9ciples1 /ructure1 & orig9 ( ! language :i* we recomm5d4 ,l4 ,,pfaundl]4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,! ,d,l,,gation ,,p\r ,l',,adoption ,d',,une ,,langue ,,auxiliaire ,,int]nationale ,"o ( ! mo/ important problems ( pres5t day civilisation is ! introduction ( an int]national auxili>y language4 ,we boa/ ( our int]national int]c\rse4 ,! civilis$ _w has ext5d$ to new nations & has embrac$ :ole regions ( ! e>?1 & yet1 9 spite ( ! magnific5t means ( mat]ial communication1 no?+ ( a simil> nature has be5 done = ! purpose ( unit+ m9ds toge!r 9 an equally practical mann]4 ,rec5tly1 h[ev]1 an ev5t has occurr$ at ,p>is :i* br+s u a /ep fur!r 9 ?is direction4 ,! ,dlgation p\r l',adoption d'une ,langue ,auxiliaire ,int]nationale1 :i* 0 =m$ 9 #aijj z a result ( ! ,p>is ,exhibition1 has1 aft] an activity ( sev5 ye>s1 arriv$ at a def9ite decision4 ,! v fact t mod]n int]national relations h br\ght ab\t su* a delegation & entru/$ x ) "w %\ld be suffici5t to emphasise ! importance ( ! problem4 ,x is n true t ! ne$ = an int]national auxili>y language disappe>s ) ! k ( sev]al national languages1 z has be5 ass]t$ by _m :o1 on acc\nt ( _! p]sonal k1 h n exp]i5c$ x4 ,?is is especially true ( "s philologi/s :o ov]look ! fact t languages =m ! object ( _! special /udies1 & draw conclusions f !mselves conc]n+ ! ne$s ( o!rs4 ,exp]tness 9 ! use ( languages does n come s readily to ! sci5tific inve/igator & ! te*nologi/1 ^: "w lies 9 o!r directions1 & s x is 9 ^! qu>t]s t ! movem5t = ! introduction ( an int]national auxili>y language receives ! greate/ support4 ,to ?is mu/ be add$ ! fact t1 z ,o/wald has aptly rem>k$1 ! sci5tific inve/igator reg>ds language only z a means ( mak+ himself und]/ood4 ,language is n = him some?+ :i* ?9ks & poetises1 b r an in/rum5t = convey+ 8 k & wi%es to o!r p1 mu* aft] ! fa%ion :]eby ! musician is enabl$ to convey 8 feel+s by means ( musical notation & ! in/rum5ts ( ! or*e/ra4 ,! "q ( ! suitability ( a language is important 9 ?is connection2 & s x does n appe> s v /range t x is j ! sci5tific inve/igators1 te*nologi/s1 & philosoph]s :o h nev] be5 q satisfi$ ) liv+ or dead languages4 ,h[ o!rwise c we expla9 ! fact t x is j !y :o are con/antly solv+ philological problems & con/antly occupi$ ) ! inv5tion n only ( new signs & symbols 7ma!matical1 *emical1 cry/allographic71 b also new words8 ,! fact is t sci5ce1 philosophy1 & te*nology are con/antly wag+ a fi]ce battle ) exi/+ languages4 ,:at !y want is a language z simple & cle> z ! fundam5tal laws ( nature1 z logical z ! precision ( exp]im5t1 & z _m-sid$ z ! complexity ( ! facts :i* x has to describe4 ,& s !y are con/antly work+ at ! creation ( ?is language1 all ! words inv5t$ by sci5ce f9d+ _! way unceas+ly ?r\gh ! *annels ( te*nology into ! g5]al vocabul>y4 ,^! words possess ! special prop]ty ( be+ int]national1 t is to say1 und]/ood by all civilis$ nations1 includ+ ! ,japanese4 ,we d n wi%1 h[ev]1 to /op at ?is /age ( developm5t2 we wi% to be able to int]nationalise n only s+le ideas1 b also ! :ole tra9 ( ?\ght4 ,= ?is purpose x is impracticable to make use ( any ( ! national languages1 s9ce !y are all s unsuitable1 illogical1 caprici\s1 & complicat$ t ! /ud5t mu/ le>n to /e] cle> ( ?\s&s ( difficulties be=e he is able to express himself fairly correctly4 ,x is possible to con/ruct an artificial language ) su* a regul> /ructure t x c be employ$ at once )\t mak+ mi/akes4 ,9 accordance ) ^! ideas1 ! programme ( ! ,delegation 0 z foll[s3-- 7#a7 ,x is desirable t an int]national auxili>y language %\ld be introduc$ :i*1 ?\gh n int5d$ to replace ! natural languages 9 ! int]nal life ( nations1 %\ld be adapt$ to writt5 & oral int]c\rse betwe5 p]sons ( diff]5t "m-tongues4 7#b7 ,su* an int]national language mu/1 9 ord] to fulfil its object1 satisfy ! foll[+ conditions3-- 7a7 ,x mu/ be capable ( s]v+ ! ne$s ( sci5ce z well z ^? ( daily life1 comm]ce1 & g5]al int]c\rse4 7b7 ,x mu/ be capable ( be+ easily le>nt by all p]sons ( av]age elem5t>y education1 especially ^? belong+ to ! civilis$ nations ( ,europe4 7c7 ,x mu/ n be any "o ( ! liv+ national languages4 7#c7 ,! decision z to ! *oice ( a language is to be ref]r$ 9 ! fir/ place to ! ,int]national ,association ( ,academies1 b if ! latt] %\ld refuse to consid] ! matt] or come to no decision1 to ! committee ( ! ,delegation4 7#d7 ,circul>s are to be s5t to le>n$1 comm]cial1 & legal societies reque/+ !m to signify _! approval ( ! above programme4 ,! success ( ?is appeal 0 extraord9>y4 ,x 0 n[ evid5t = ! fir/ "t h[ _m ?\s&s ( p ( all nations 7 en?usia/ically 9 fav\r ( ! introduction ( an int]national auxili>y language4 ,! tat de la ,dlgation1 :i* ! latt] publi%$ ye>ly1 includ$ on ,octob] #a/1 #aijg1 9 ! li/ ( corporate bodies alone1 ! names ( #caj clubs1 societies1 & congresses1 n a few ( :i* possess$ a memb]%ip exce$+ #a1jjj4 ,x is int]e/+ to rapidly pass 9 review ! extremely v>i$ "* ( ! societies includ$ !re94 ,we f9d1 = example1 comm]cial s*ools1 *amb]s ( comm]ce1 m]*ants' clubs1 /5ograph]s1 ! pr9t+ trade1 correspond5ce bureaus1 photographic clubs1 associations ( municipal & o!r (ficials1 societies ( %ipp+ employs1 legal clubs1 p$agogic & religi\s societies1 (fic]s' clubs1 in/itutes = ! deaf & dumb & = ! bl9d1 sociological1 m$ical1 & heal? societies1 peace clubs1 political & graphological societies1 t\r+1 bicycle1 & automobile clubs1 sport clubs1 bibliographic societies & libr>y /affs1 & f9ally all sorts ( special sci5tific societies & congresses4 ,arrang$ accord+ to nationality1 we f9d repres5tatives ( ,france1 ,engl&1 ,g]many1 ,switz]l&1 ,d5m>k1 ,spa91 ,greece1 ,italy1 ,belgium1 ,norway1 ,sw$51 ,holl&1 ,russia 7includ+ ,pol&71 ,r\mania1 ,au/ria 7includ+ ,bohemia & ,hung>y71 ,mexico1 ,p]u1 ! ,arg5t9e1 ,alg]ia1 ,tunis1 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ,*ile1 etc4 ,!re is also ! academic li/1 :i* conta9s ! names ( no less ?an #a1bej pr(essors1 belong+ to #ahi univ]sities1 te*nical high s*ools1 & academies ( sci5ce1 & com+ f #aaj p>ts ( ! globe1 ext5d+ z f> z ,india & ,japan4 ,x may be /at$ )\t exagg]ation t ! programme ( ! ,delegation f\nd an en?usia/ic response 9 all p>ts ( ! _w & f p ( ne>ly e occupation & pr(ession1 _m p]sons & societies express+ !mselves 9 fav\r ( ! introduction ( an int]national auxili>y language on ! condition t x %\ld n be "o ( ! liv+ languages4 ,dur+ ! sev5 ye>s ( its exi/5ce ! ,delegation has c>ri$ out ! duties entru/$ to x 9 an exempl>y mann]1 & has p]=m$ a gigantic am\nt ( "w4 ,9 ,may1 #aijg1 ! ,delegation consid]$ ! "t _h come to lay ! matt] be=e ! ,int]national ,association ( ,academies4 ,at t "t ! report 0 v wide-spread t ! ,association _h altoge!r refus$ to consid] ! matt]4 ,9 reality ! ,vi5na ,academy1 z ,presid5t ( t ye>1 decid$ to br+ ! "q be=e ! ,association1 b ! latt] decl9$ to take ! matt] up 7twelve votes to eight1 "o memb] n vot+74 ,at ?is po9t ! ,delegation _h ! "r & ! duty to speak out4 ,x obta9$ an expression ( op9ion f ! repres5tatives ( all ! associat$ societies & clubs4 ,! result ( ?is 0 ! =mation ( a work+ committee1 consi/+ ( sixte5 memb]s1 almo/ entirely s*ol>s & m5 ( sci5ce ( reputation & memb]s ( ! diff]5t sci5tific academies4 ,) ! repres5tatives ( natural sci5ce & ma!matics 7 associat$ philologi/s & l+ui/s4 ,! committee began to sit on ,octob] #ae?1 #aijg1 &1 aft] eighte5 sitt+s held 9 ! ,collge de ,france1 arriv$ at a decision4 ,be=e we ent] into ?is matt] m fully x w be desirable to give a brief sket* ( ! hi/orical developm5t ( artificial language4 ,anyone desir+ to g m deeply into ! hi/ory ( ?is "q 7already ?ree hundr$ ye>s old7 & ! practical attempts at its realisation may be ref]r$ to ! ma/]ly "w ( ,l4 ,c\turat & ,l4 ,leau1 ,hi/oire de la ,langue ,univ]selle 7,p>is1 #aijc74 ,9 :at foll[s only a few ( ! mo/ important po9ts w be m5tion$4 ,! olde/ extant ref]5ce to ! problem ( an int]national language appe>s to be conta9$ 9 ! lett] writt5 by ,desc>tes on ,novemb] #bj?1 #afbi1 to 8 fri5d ,m]s5ne4 ,! great philosoph] "h expla9s ! pr9ciples :i* conv9c$ him t x w\ld be possible to con/ruct an artificial language :i* c\ld be us$ z an int]national auxili>y language4 ,z = ,leibnitz1 :o 0 attract$ ?r\gh\t 8 :ole life by ?is problem1 8 language projects h be5 rec5tly inve/igat$ by ,l4 ,c\turat by means ( docum5ts1 _m ( :i* h nev] be=e be5 publi%$ 7,la ,logique de ,leibnitz & ,opuscules et ,fragm5ts ,9dits de ,leibnitz74 ,!re may fur!r be m5tion$ ! ,ars signorum ,vulgo ,*>akt] ,univ]salis et ,l+ua ,philosophica 7,london1 #affa7 ( ,george ,dalg>no1 & ! rec5tly discov]$ memoir ( an unkn[n au?or entitl$ ,c>pophorophili ,novum inv5i5d ,scriptur cum5ic ,consilium 7,leipzig1 #agcd74 ,! la/-m5tion$ sy/em 9 p>ticul> /rikes "o z highly mod]n 9 pr9ciple4 ,x 0 only1 h[ev]1 at ! end ( ! la/ c5tury t ! era ( practical ?+s began ) ! ,volapk ( ,s*ley]4 ,! success ( ?is language 0 v consid]able4 ,x possess$ ab\t ?irty j\rnals1 publi%$ 9 ! mo/ diff]5t c\ntries1 ev5 9 ,japan1 & its lit]ature has be5 e/imat$ at f #cjj to #djj works4 ,! (ficial li/s publi%$ 9 #ahhi conta9$ ! names ( #bee local gr\ps belong+ to ! ,univ]sal ,language ,society1 "s ( :i* possess$ a v consid]able memb]%ip4 ,! tea*+ ( ! language 0 highly organis$1 !re be+ #ijj tea*]s1 #bjj head tea*]s1 & #ej pr(essors4 ,?is great l+ui/ic exp]im5t 0 v in/ructive1 & its significance _c be und]rat$4 ,important conclusions conc]n+ ! !ory & practice ( artificial language c be drawn f x1 & especially f a consid]ation ( ! circum/ances :i* f9ally l$ to ! d[nfall ( ,volapk4 ,x turn$ out t ?is 0 due to ! errors :i* ,volapk itself conta9$1 %[+ u t 9 ^! matt]s1 z 9 o!rs1 practical exp]i5ce is ! be/ tea*]4 ,! fate ( ,volapk 0 seal$ :5 its support]s1 9 ! ye> #ahhi1 made ! exp]im5t ( organis+ a congress at :i* ,volapk %\ld be spok54 ,al?\gh a few ,volapki/s succe$$ 9 speak+ ! language1 x 0 only too pa9fully evid5t t su* a goal c\ld n be rea*$ ) ?is sy/em4 ,almo/ simultane\sly ) ,volapk ano!r artificial language _h be5 inv5t$4 ,! ,russian m$ical man ,dr4 ,zam5h( publi%$ 8 sy/em 9 #ahhg "u ! pseudonym ( ,doktoro ,esp]anto4 ,b z ,esp]anto arriv$ :ile ,volapk 0 at its z5i?1 x fail$ at fir/ to attract g5]al att5tion4 ,x f\nd1 h[ev]1 9 ,france1 an en?usia/ic support] 9 ! ,m>quis de ,beaufront1 :o _h himself work$ out an int]national language call$ ,adjuvanto4 ,he gave ?is up z soon z he came to "k ab\t ,esp]anto1 & f\nd$ ! ,socit ,franaise p\r la ,propagation de l',esp]anto & ! j\rnal ,l',esp]anti/e 7n[ 9 its t5? ye>74 ,france soon became ! c5tre ( ! new movem5t1 & inde$ almo/ ! :ole exi/5ce & magnitude ( ! ,esp]anto movem5t 0 due to ! influ5ce ( ?is man4 ,s9ce !n ,esp]anto has ext5d$ to all c\ntries4 ,! ,esp]anto j\rnals appe> mo/ly 9 a bil+ual =m1 ! numb] ( !m be+1 z 9 ! ,volapk movem5t1 ab\t =ty-five1 :il/ !re exi/ a few j\rnals & p]iodicals publi%$ exclusively 9 ,esp]anto4 ,a special significance atta*es to ! int]national congresses organis$ by ! ,esp]anti/s1 at :i* only ,esp]anto is spok54 ,9 #aije1 at ,b\logne-sur-,m]1 !re assembl$ #fjj memb]s1 belong+ to ab\t fifte5 diff]5t nationalities4 ,! diff]5ces ( pronunciation :i*1 on acc\nt ( c]ta9 peculi>ities ( con/ruction 9 ,esp]anto1 mu/ necess>ily appe> among/ ! ,romance nationalities & ! ,engli%1 7 n1 we are told1 suffici5tly m>k$ to prev5t mutual compreh5sion4 ,! second congress took place at ,g5eva 9 #aijf4 ,at ! ?ird congress1 9 ,cambridge1 9 #aijg1 !re 7 pres5t ab\t #a1djj memb]s1 :il/ at ! f\r? congress1 9 ,dresd51 9 #aijh1 !re assembl$ also #a1djj memb]s4 ,:atev] op9ion "o may hold ab\t ^! congresses1 at :i* mu* confusion & misund]/&+1 & inde$ ev5 mu* t 0 ridicul\s1 took place1 !y repres5t1 )\t d\bt1 a great & rem>kable philological exp]im5t1 & "o :i* demon/rates ! possibility ( syn!tically con/ruct+ a language t c be spok54 ,on ! o!r h&1 h[ev]1 ! ,esp]anto congresses %[$1 accord+ to ! concordant te/imony ( all p]sons ( unbiass$ op9ion1 t ! ,esp]anto language 9 no wise repres5ts ! f9al solution ( ! problem4 ,all f>sight$ lead]s ( ! ,esp]anto movem5t h be5 = a long "t ! m fully consci\s ( ?is /ate ( affairs ! m pr(\nd _! k ( ! ,esp]anto language4 ,*ief among/ !m may be m5tion$ ,m4 de ,beaufront himself1 :o has come =w>d z "o ( ! lead]s ( re=m1 a re=m :i* 9 _m important respects 0 recognis$ z necess>y by ,dr4 ,zam5h( himself 9 a s]ies ( int]e/+ memoirs4 ,! recomm5dations ( ,dr4 ,zam5h( 71 h[ev]1 reject$ 9 #ahid by ! s-call$ ,fundam5ti/s 7#aeg votes to #ajg71 :o 7 support$ by a few great publi%+ firms int]e/$ 9 ! pres]vation ( ,esp]anto4 ,by reason ( ! fact t ! ,esp]anto alphabet conta9s no few] ?an six special lett]s to be f\nd 9 no ord9>y pr9t+ f\nt1 ! firms ref]r$ to possess ! monopoly ( ! v consid]able trade 9 ?is lit]ature4 ,! ,fundam5ti/s hold ! view t1 9 spite ( a few errors 9 ! auxili>y language1 its success c only be assur$ by absolute cons]vatism4 ,!y h1 !re=e1 decl>$ ! gramm>1 toge!r ) ! read+ book & vocabul>y1 publi%$ by ,zam5h( "u ! title ( ,fundam5to de ,esp]anto1 to be sacrosanct1 & g s f> 9 ?is matt] z to rev]e z correct & classical ,esp]anto ! infr+em5ts ( 8 own rules1 ! grammatical errors1 & ev5 ! mispr9ts to be f\nd 9 ! ,fundam5to4 ,! idea ( a p[]ful organisation has und\bt$ly at fir/ sight some?+ v attractive ab\t x4 ,"o mu/1 h[ev]1 n =get1 ev5 9 ! case ( an int]national language1 t no organisation 9 ! _w c arre/ ! progress ( a necess>y developm5t4 ,e human contrivance & inv5tion is subject to *ange1 errors & defici5cies be+ correct$4 ,especially is a rational developm5t inevitable 9 ! case ( ?+s1 su* z an int]national language1 :i* are subject to ! control ( our intellig5ce4 ,conv]sely x is n difficult to reply to ! "q1 ,h[ is x !n possible1 :5 a sy/em has once be5 *os51 to c>ry x out & pres]ve x8 ,= !re are two fundam5tal qualities :i*1 happily = u1 are app>5t 9 ! hi/ory ( inv5tions1 & ea* ( :i* conf]s /ability q ap>t f any conv5tions1 namely1 a high degree ( rational developm5t bas$ on ! mo/ pr(\nd k & an extraord9>y empirical p]fection4 ,z examples ( ! latt] may be m5tion$ ! notation ( music1 :i* s9ce ,guido d',arezzo 7born 9 #iij71 or at any rate s9ce ,johann ,seba/ian ,ba*1 has n appreciably *ang$2 ! division ( "t into tw5ty-f\r h\rs & ( ! h\r into sixty m9utes1 :i* is at lea/ ?ree hundr$ ye>s old2 ! face1 me*anism1 & h&s ( a wat*1 :i* date1 ) unimportant *anges1 f ! ,r5aissance2 &1 f9ally1 ! viol91 :i* reta9s up to ! pres5t day ! *>act]i/ic =m :i* ! anci5t ,italians gave x4 ,is x n wond]ful t ?is /rangely c>v$ piece ( wood mu/ possess j t p>ticul> =m 9 ord] to yield its h>moni\s tones8 ,z examples ( ! =m] may be quot$ almo/ all mod]n a*ievem5ts4 ,! metric & decimal sy/ems h come to /ay4 ,! bicycle1 ! motor c>1 & ! typewrit+ ma*9e h und]gone successive improvem5ts till f9ally !y h atta9$ to _! m or less def9ite =m4 ,we see f ?is t :5 inv5tions h once rea*$ a c]ta9 degree ( suitability !y are n aft]w>ds easily replac$ by o!rs4 ,!re is1 !re=e1 only "o adequate crit]ion ( ! /ability ( an int]national language1 namely1 t ( suitability or adaptation to its purpose1 & we ma9ta9 t x is only by means ( cont9u\s re=ms & improvem5ts t x w succe$ 9 satisfy+ ?is crit]ion & s f9ally atta9 to /ability4 ,9 ! "w ( ,c\turat & ,leau1 ref]r$ to above1 !re are describ$ ab\t t5 artificial languages :i* h sprung up dur+ & aft] ! p]iod ( ,volapk & ,esp]anto1 & 9 :i* ! exp]i5ce ( _! pr$ecessors has be5 m or less made use (4 ,a /udy ( ^! attempts leads to ! surpris+ result t !y (t5 diff] among/ !mselves less ?an1 = example1 ! ,romance languages4 ,if1 !n1 "o 7 to *oose any "o ( ^! languages & to direct its sy/ematic developm5t accord+ to ! pr9ciples :i* exp]i5ce & k h %[n to be requisite = ! con/ruction ( an int]national language1 "o w\ld 9 ea* case arrive f9ally at approximately ! same result4 ,at ! pres5t day ! rapid developm5t 9 e dep>tm5t ( life has made u only too ready to reg>d ev]y?+ ar\nd u z transi5t4 ,we =get1 h[ev]1 t ! rapidly accumulat+ inv5tions & discov]ies :i* />tle & surprise u always ref] to new ?+s4 ,"o mu/ be> 9 m9d t !re also exi/ ?+s :i* 9 _! ess5tial features c only be inv5t$ once1 & t ! int]national language 9 its f9al =m is "o ( ^!4 ,an excell5t means ( conv9c+ ! incr$ul\s is to demon/rate ! abs5ce ( arbitr>9ess 9 ! "* ( an inv5tion or improvem5t1 & ! degree ( g5]al cons5t :i* a giv5 sy/em has already obta9$4 ,:5ev] "o has recognis$ ! natural & logical basis ( a discov]y "o p]ceives relation%ips :i* re/rict ! ideas ( *ance & haphaz>d orig9ally associat$ ) x 9 "o's m9d4 ,x is1 !re=e1 q unnecess>y 9 ! case ( an int]national language to be afraid ( ! arbitr>y action ( private p]sons :o possess nei!r ! "r nor ! au?ority to introduce re=ms into ,esp]anto1 z ,dr4 ,zam5h( has rec5tly /at$4 ,"o ought r to feel sure t ! be/ means ( def5d+ an int]national language aga9/ arbitr>y *anges is ! degree ( its concordance ) s\nd !oretical pr9ciples4 ,wilhelm ,o/wald has giv5 u an acc\nt ( ! "w ( ! ,delegation4 ,! commission consi/$ ( repres5tatives ( ! ,engli%1 ,g]man1 ,italian1 ,sc&9avian1 & ,slavonic languages4 ,fam\s philologi/s su* z ,otto ,jesp]s51 ( ,cop5hag51 & ,baud\9 de ,c\rt5ay1 ( ,/4 ,pet]sburg1 z well z ! philosoph] ,l4 ,c\turat1 ( ,p>is1 r5d]$ priceless s]vices4 ,! proce$+s1 :i* 7 held 9 ! ,collge de ,france1 began ) ! int]view+ ( a numb] ( ! inv5tors ( artificial languages or _! repres5tatives1 all su* p hav+ be5 invit$ to ! conf]5ce4 ,:]e ?is proc$ure 0 n possible ! correspond+ writ+s & docum5ts 7 exam9$ & discuss$4 ,conc]n+ ?is "w ,o/wald writes1 ,al?\gh ^! lab\rs 7 v fatigu+1 !y prov$ all ! m effective = ! progressive elucidation ( ! problem 9 h&4 ,f ! v multiplicity ( ! attempts at a solution & _! discussion !re arose 9 ! m9ds ( ! work]s1 9 a mann] nev] to be =gott51 a cle> conception ( ! ma9 conditions requir$ = a successful solution ( ! problem1 & a recognition ( ! errors :i* a disreg>d ( "o or o!r ( ^! conditions _h produc$ 9 ! exi/+ sy/ems4 ,:il/ an acc\nt ( ! nature ( ^! pr9ciples & ( _! application to ! con/ruction ( an int]national auxili>y language w be giv5 by compet5t au?orities 9 ! foll[+ *apt]s1 we may "h m5tion t ! ,delegation decid$ t none ( ! exi/+ sy/ems satisfi$ ! conditions necess>y = an int]national auxili>y language1 b t ! widely kn[n ,esp]anto c\ld s]ve z a basis = ! work+ out ( su* a language1 al?\gh x w\ld require to und]go a c]ta9 numb] ( *anges4 ,a /&+ committee 0 elect$1 includ+ ,o/wald1 ,c\turat1 ,de ,beaufront1 & ,jesp]s51 :i* 0 entru/$ ) ! task ( det]m9+ ! new =ms ( ! int]national auxili>y language on ! basis ( ! pr9ciples laid d[n 9 ! sitt+s m5tion$ above4 ,! *anges c>ri$ out by ! committee ( ! ,delegation are embodi$ 9 ! =m ( new gramm>s & diction>ies4 ,! ,delegation succe$$ n only 9 recognis+1 b also 9 correct+ 9 a compet5t mann]1 ! errors ( ,esp]anto1 ) ! result t we are to-day 9 possession ( a language :i* 9 respect ( facility1 lucidity1 v>iety1 & elegance ( expression1 repres5ts ! high-wat] m>k ( int]national spee*4 ,! success :i* ?is re=m a*iev$ among/ ! public & also 9 ,esp]anti/ circles imm$iately aft] ! publication by ! ,delegation ( ! fir/ specim5 ( ! new language 0 a/oni%+4 ,t :i* ! ,esp]anti/s _h sc>cely succe$$ 9 do+ dur+ six ye>s ( _! exi/5ce took place ) a/oni%+ rapidity be=e our eyes1 & 9 sc>cely z _m mon?s !re 7 =m$ 9 sixty t[ns ( ,europe & ,am]ica local gr\ps ( en?usia/ic p affiliat$ to ! ,delegation4 ,un=tunately ! ,fundam5ti/s p]si/ 9 _! ob/9acy & cont9ue to manife/ _! discont5t4 ,al?\gh ! new language has sprung f ,esp]anto & is bas$ ^u x1 ! ,esp]anti/s h =bidd5 t ! "n ,esp]anto %\ld be us$4 ,! conv5tional "n ,ido 7i4e41 a desc5dant7 has !re=e be5 giv5 to x4 ,!re exi/ already "s p]iodicals 9 ! l+uo int]naciona4 ,! *ief organ ( ! new movem5t is ! p]iodical ,progreso 7pron\nc$ ,progresso71 (iciala organo di la ,delegit>o por adopto di l+uo helpanta int]naciona4 ,x is edit$ by ,pr(essor ,l4 ,c\turat 9 ,p>is1 & owes its "n1 programme1 & policy to ! advice & initiative ( ,o/wald4 ,! sup]iority ( ,ido ov] ,esp]anto is s /rik+ & is s inconte/ably borne out by practical exp]i5ce t "o c n[ really speak1 aft] ! ,volapk & ,esp]anto p]iods1 ( a ?ird _w-language movem5t :i* has />t$ (f ) a reaction-velocity hi!rto unkn[n 9 ?is dep>tm5t ( k4 ,x is *>act]i/ic ( ! new language t x has be5 tak5 up by ! ,engli% & ,am]icans1 :il/ an introduction ( primitive ,esp]anto among/ ! ,anglo-,saxons enc\nt]$ insup]able ob/acles1 =1 z 0 po9t$ out ) good reason1 ! ,engli% language1 especially 9 reg>d to its gramm>1 0 sup]ior to ,esp]anto on acc\nt ( a numb] ( clumsy con/ructions & errors :i* ! latt] conta9$4 ,b1 ap>t f ! regul>ity ( pronunciation1 ,ido excels ! ,engli% language bo? 9 reg>d to gramm> &1 :at is ( great importance1 brevity1 a pr9t$ ,ido text be+ ev5 brief] ?an ! correspond+ ,engli% "o4 ,= ! b5efit ( ^? :o are unacqua9t$ ) ! nature ( int]national language & :o /ill reg>d an artificial language z an impossible mon/rosity1 we may rem>k t ! new vocabul>y conta9s 9 r\nd numb]s #e1djj /ems1 & t1 9 spite ( ! ,romance "* :i* ! int]national language necess>ily possesses1 #dj p] c5t4 ( ^! are common to ! foll[+ six languages3 ,g]man1 ,engli%1 ,fr5*1 ,italian1 ,russian1 ,spani% 7& to _m o!rs74 ,moreov]1 !re are naturally innum]able o!r /ems :i* occur simultane\sly 9 five or f\r ( ! great languages4 ,9 ! face ( ?is ov]:elm+ evid5ce1 no "o c conte/ ! possibility ( an int]national language1 = ! above numb]s tell _! tale ) unmi/akable cle>ness4 ,!y prove ! exi/5ce ( ! int]national language ap>t f e !ory4 ,x is only necess>y to select judici\sly ! words common to ! liv+ languages1 t is to say1 by an artificial process1 9 ord] to con/ruct ! int]national language4 ,besides ! purely l+ui/ic /&po9t1 ! ,delegation consid]$ ! :ole "q ( an int]national auxili>y language f ano!r & an ess5tial po9t ( view4 ,x is natural1 & suffici5tly well kn[n1 t 9 bo? ! ,volapk & ,esp]anto movem5ts ! l+ui/ic issue 0 mix$ up ) a l>ge am\nt ( disord]1 error1 misund]/&+1 & illusion4 ,?is 0 due to ! fact t ^! movem5ts 7 l>gely direct$ by sci5tifically untra9$ p]sons1 & p>tly also fell into ! h&s ( fanatics & ,utopians4 ,add$ to ?is 0 ! desire to so> to ! summits ( lit]ature in/ead ( conf9+ !mselves to practical matt]s1 & ! truly *ildi% confid5ce :i* l$ !m to spoil ! classics ( diff]5t nations by translat+ !m into a language int5d$ = o!r purposes4 ,?is latt] trait 0 ev5 m m>k$ly pron\nc$ 9 ! ,esp]anto ?an 9 ! ,volapk movem5t4 ,! ,delegation1 z a commission ( s]i\s m5 ( sci5ce1 has /eadily lab\r$ to free ! "q f all extrane\s consid]ations1 ( :i* we h m5tion$ only ! be/ kn[n1 & ! /&po9t :i* is tak5 9 ! p]iodical ,progreso is 9 all respects a s]i\s & sci5tific "o4 ,9 ?is way x has be5 possible to atta9 f9ally to a /age at :i* ! :ole "q c be discuss$ on its m]its4 ,! action ( ! ,delegation m>ks1 !re=e1 )\t d\bt ! beg9n+ ( a rational p]iod 9 ! hi/ory ( ! movem5t = a univ]sal language4 ,h5ce=? he :o comes to mock w h no?+ to say1 & ! sceptic w h to se>* = s]i\s & compet5t reasons if he wi%es to ma9ta9 8 case4 ,! po9t ( view :i* ! ,delegation has tak5 is t ! solution ( ! problem ( an int]national auxili>y language is a purely sci5tific & te*nical "q4 ,sci5tific 9 a d\ble s5se ( ! ^w3 9 ! fir/ place1 because ! liv+ g]m ( an int]national language is already to be f\nd 9 sci5ce & z an expression ( ! civilisation ( ,europe & ,am]ica1 requir+ only an artificial developm5t to br+ x to maturity & to give u ! int]national auxili>y language 9 its f9al =m2 9 ! second place1 because ! me?od ( artificial developm5t ( ! int]national language =ms itself ! object ( a sci5ce1 & t inde$ a new "o1 namely1 ! philology ( auxili>y language4 ,! "q is also a te*nical "o because ! result obta9$ by !ory is de/9$ = a practical purpose1 namely1 ! daily use ( mank9d4 ,our mod]n civilisation is signalis$ by ! application ( sci5ce to practice4 ,we are no long] pure empirici/s4 ,sci5ce p5etrates into e dep>tm5t ( daily life1 & all enlight5$ p are aw>e t ! age ( pure empiricism is ov]4 ,! movem5t = a univ]sal language possesses its epo*s1 l o!r ?+s1 b we may re/ assur$ t ! era ( ! attempts to solve ! problem ( auxili>y language 9 a purely empirical1 or ev5 inde$ romantic1 mann] has pass$ away ) ! ,volapk & ,esp]anto p]iods4 ,! "w ( ! ,delegation has also be5 9 a high degree an organis+ "o4 ,! beg9n+ ( ! ye> #aiji gave bir? to a ,uniono di l',amiki di la ,l+uo ,int]naciona1 ext5d+ ov] all p>ts ( ! _w4 ,f ?is union are d]iv$ by election two direct+ bodies3 fir/ly1 ! ,komitato1 a commission :i* looks aft] matt]s ( organisation & bus9ess2 & secondly1 an ,academy1 entru/$ ) ! sci5tific inve/igation ( ! int]national auxili>y language1 :i* sees to its /eady progress1 corrects ! errors & defici5cies :i* are sure to make _! appe>ance1 decides 9 d\btful cases1 & regulates ! introduction ( new words & con/ructions4 ,! c>ry+ out ( ?is sci5tific & te*nical programme has n[ become ! duty ( all :o feel ! necessity = an int]national means ( communicat+ ?\ght4 ,,ri*>d ,,lor5z4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,! ,,l+ui/ic ,,pr9ciples ,,necess>y ,,= ,,! ,,con/ruction ,,( ,,an ,,int]national ,,auxili>y ,,language1 ,,) ,,app5dix3 ,,criticism ,,( ,,esp]anto ,!re exi/ m ?an sixty sy/ems or attempts at an artificial univ]sal language1 & consid]+ ! great div]sity ( ^! languages1 x might appe> hopeless to arrive at unanimity conc]n+ any "o ( !m4 ,:51 h[ev]1 "o consid]s ! "q m closely1 x appe>s t matt]s are n s bad z "o might imag9e4 ,:]eas tw5ty ye>s ago ! sy/ems :i* appe>$ 7 z diff]5t z day f night1 at ! pres5t day "o p]ceives great l9es ( conv]g5ce1 po9t+ to ! "t :5 mank9d %all h add$ to ! o!r triumphs ( civilisation t ( an auxili>y language recognis$ & us$ by ev]ybody1 to ! great advantage ( all ^: horizon is n limit$ by ! b\nd>ies ( _! "m c\ntry4 ,is x possible 9 a s+le =mula to express ev]y?+ t is requisite = a practical int]national language8 ,i ?9k s1 & a brief consid]ation ( ! two reasons :i* prev5t u f *oos+ "o ( ! natural languages z an int]national language w enable me to arrive v quickly at ?is =mula4 ,! fir/ reason is1 t su* a proc$ure w\ld unfairly b5efit "o nation at ! exp5se ( all ! o!rs & w\ld infr+e ! fundam5tal pr9ciple ( neutrality1 :i* is necess>y 9 all int]national affairs4 ,! second reason is1 t e language is too difficult = =eign]s4 ,all exi/+ languages sw>m ) difficulties ( pronunciation1 spell+1 gramm>1 vocabul>y1 & especially idiom4 ,x is v seldom t a =eign] succe$s1 ev5 aft] ye>s ( /udy1 9 le>n+ a language suffici5tly well to avoid occasionally mak+ "o ( ^? mi/akes :i* in/antly betray 8 orig9 to ! natives2 x may be a false /ress1 or a ^w employ$ ) an almo/ imp]ceptibly diff]5t %ade ( mean+1 or plac$ 9 a position 9 a s5t5ce :]e ! native w\ld nev] place x1 or1 f9ally1 a phrase :i*1 ?\gh logically correct1 is nev]!less n p]mitt$ by ! usage ( ! language4 ,on acc\nt ( _! innum]able relation%ips & associations1 :i* is inde$ :at makes !m s de> to ! nations t employ !m1 all natural languages are extraord9>ily difficult1 & !re=e unsuitable = ! purpose ( int]national int]c\rse4 ,we require1 accord+ly1 a language :i* %all be n only neutral1 b also z easy z possible3 easy to le>n1 easy to use1 & easy to und]/&4 ,^! consid]ations br+ me to ! s\ght-= =mula1 :i* we may express 9 a =m simil> to ! celebrat$ e?ical dictum ( ,hut*eson & ,b5?am 7,t action is be/ :i* accompli%es ! greate/ happ9ess = ! greate/ numb]73-- ,t int]national language is be/ :i* (f]s ! greate/ facility to ! greate/ numb]4 ,x may be object$1 h[ev]1 t facility is a subjective idea3 :at is easy = "o is n always easy = ano!r4 ,q s1 & x is exactly t obs]vation :i* w s]ve u z a guide 9 ! inve/igation ( ! important conclusions :i* may be drawn f our fundam5tal pr9ciple4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 z reg>ds ! alphabet & ! pronunciation1 our fundam5tal pr9ciple leads to ! *oice ( ! ,lat9 alphabet1 ) ! exclusion ( all acc5t$ or o!rwise specially modifi$ lett]s2 nei!r 1 1 1 1 1 1 nor ! circumflex$ 1 1 1 1 1 especially inv5t$ by ,dr4 ,zam5h( = ,esp]anto1 c be tol]at$1 = !y h9d]1 & sometimes ev5 r5d] impossible1 writ+1 pr9t+1 & telegraph+4 ,i h %[n 9 ! ,introduction to ! int]national diction>ies ( ,de ,beaufront & ,c\turat h[ our fundam5tal pr9ciple leads to ! foll[+ alphabet & ! foll[+ s\nd values3 a 7z 9 fa!r71 b1 c 7l ts71 d1 e 7l e 9 net or l a 9 fate71 f1 g 7always h>d1 z 9 g71 h1 i 7l ee 9 sweet71 j 7ei!r l ,e4#c or l ,f41#c z 9 j\rnal71 k1 l1 m1 n1 o 7z 9 g or z 9 n71 p1 q 7qu1 z 9 ,g4 or z 9 ,e471 r1 s 7always unvoic$71 t1 u 7always l oo1 z 9 too71 v1 x 7z 9 ,g4 or z 9 ,e4 ,f4 9 ! words exi/1 exi/]71 y 7z 9 ,e4 ,f41 & !re=e l ,g4 j71 z 7z 9 ,e4 ,f41 & !re=e l ! voic$ ,nor? ,g]man s 9 rose71 fur!r ! two d\ble lett]s * 7z 9 ,e41 = example *ur*7 & % 7z 9 ,e41 ,g4 s*74 ,! /rict phonetic canon ,"o symbol1 "o s\nd1 is !re=e foll[$ 9 s f> z ! same s\nd is nev] arbitr>ily writt5 "o way 9 "o ^w & ano!r way 9 ano!r ^w1 & ! same lett] is nev] pron\nc$ diff]5tly 9 "s words comp>$ ) ! majority4 ,! small exception t % & * are n equival5t to s h & c h respectively _c cause ! lea/ difficulty to anyone1 & ! use ( qu & x enables u to reta9 ! int]national spell+ ( _m words1 &1 moreov]1 p]mits two diff]5t pronunciations :i* cause no difficulty ( compreh5sion & simplify ! pronunciation = sev]al nations4 ,o!rwise we %\ld be fac$ ) ! difficult problem ( *oos+ betwe5 kwala & kvala1 eksi/> & egzi/>4 ,x mu/ n be =gott51 too1 t = our purposes ! purely !oretical canon ,"o symbol1 "o s\nd1 mu/ be subord9at$ to ! fundam5tal pr9ciple ( greate/ facility1 ( :i* phonetic simplicity is itself only a consequ5ce4 ,practical consid]ations mu/1 9 fact1 ov]rule !oretical objections :5ev] a small deviation f ! fundam5tal pr9ciple ,"o symbol1 "o s\nd1 produces great] facility4 ,!re rema9s to be discuss$ a matt] ( v great importance = ! phonetics ( int]national language4 ,:il/ all nations pron\nce )\t difficulty a s]ies ( s\nds 9 :i* ! v[els alt]nate ) s+le consonants1 & almo/ all nations h no objections to c]ta9 gr\ps ( consonants :i* are easily pron\nc$ 7su* z tr1 sp1 bl1 etc471 ! pronunciation ( o!r heavi] gr\ps1 especially at ! end ( words1 pres5ts ! greate/ difficulty to _m nations4 ,! ,fr5* usually simplify too complicat$ gr\ps by ins]t+ an unwritt5 v[el 7z1 = example1 9 ,flix7e7 ,faure71 ,italians :o speak ,engli% d almo/ ! same ?+ 9 ! case ( su* gr\ps z k/r 7,greek ,/reet7 or ksp 7sixp5ce71 & ! phonetic usages ( o!r nations d n p]mit ev5 z _m successive consonants z ! ,italians4 ,9 ord] to make matt]s z easy z possible = ev]ybody1 "o mu/ avoid ! mi/ake ( ,neutral ,idiom1 _m ( ^: words conta9$ v heavy gr\ps ( f9al consonants1 endeav\r+ r to foll[ ! example ( ,esp]anto1 :i* succe$$ v clev]ly by means ( its pr$om9ance ( v[el t]m9ations 9 produc+ n only grammatical cle>ness1 b also z easy & fl[+ a pronunciation z possible4 ,9 ?is way ! language becomes musical & pleasant to ! e>4 ,we %all n[ proce$ to ! "q ( a vocabul>y4 ,9 *oos+ ! majority ( 8 /ems1 ,dr4 ,zam5h( _h already foll[$ ! pr9ciple ( maximum int]nationality1 b ! au?ors ( ,neutral ,idiom 7 ! fir/ to c>ry out ?is pr9ciple sci5tifically = ! :ole language4 ,_! proc$ure 01 h[ev]1 some:at sup]ficial1 s9ce 9 ea* p>ticul> case !y calculat$ ! numb] ( languages to :i* a giv5 ^w 0 common4 ,"o mu/ n c\nt ! languages 7& ,lat9 especially mu/ n be c\nt$ along ) ! liv+ languages71 b ! p :o use !m1 = languages are n organisms :i* possess an individual exi/5ce indep5d5t ( ^? :o speak !m4 ,! prop] rule1 !re=e1 = det]m9+ ! int]nationality ( a ^w or /em is to c\nt ! numb] ( p :o und]/& x ?r\gh _! "m tongue4 ,?is def9ition ( ! pr9ciple ( maximum int]nationality is simply a necess>y consequ5ce ( ! fundam5tal pr9ciple ( ! greate/ facility = ! greate/ numb]4 ,x is natural t ea* p]son w\ld pref] ! use ( ! greate/ numb] ( words :i* are famili> to him1 & s1 to be imp>tial1 we mu/ atta* ! same value to ! individual pref]5ces ( ! #abj1jjj1jjj :o speak ,engli% z to ^? ( ! #ge1jjj1jjj ,g]mans1 ! #gj1jjj1jjj ,russians1 or ! #ej1jjj1jjj ,fr5* or ,spani%1 etc4 ,ev5 ! languages spok5 by ! small] nations mu/ be tak5 into acc\nt 9 proportion to _! numb]s4 ,! *oice ( ! words = our neutral language is1 !re=e1 a pure "q ( ari?metic4 ,/ati/ics ( ! numb] ( p :o speak ! diff]5t languages w n1 h[ev]1 furni% u ) a complete solution ( ! problem4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 !re are to be f\nd 9 ! diction>ies te*nical words & special t]ms :i* are only kn[n to a m9ority ( ea* nation4 ,9 ! second place1 !re occur cases :]e a ^w1 ?\gh x does n belong to a language1 is1 nev]!less1 kn[n ?r\gh "o or m d]ivatives4 ,= example1 #ajj is 9 ,engli% hundr$1 9 ,g]man hund]t1 9 ,dani% hundr$e1 & yet ! root c5t 7z5t7 has be5 long famili> to ! _w ?r\gh ! t]ms p] c5t4 7,g4 proz5t71 c5tesimal1 c5timetre1 c5t5nial1 c5tury1 c5t5>y1 ,g4 z5tn]1 ,dani% c5tn]4 ,9 ! ?ird place1 ev5 :5 ! same ^w belongs to sev]al languages1 x v (t5 possesses diff]5t =ms1 due mo/ly to a diff]5t phonetic developm5t1 ) ! result t ! *oice ( a prop] =m is v (t5 a delicate matt]4 ,! s\nds ( ! ^w *ange1 :i* ! ,engli% & ,fr5* write 9 ! same way1 are v diff]5t2 b z we c employ nei!r ! nasal v[el ( ! ,fr5* nor ! diph?ong 7ei7 ( ! mo/ usual ,engli% pronunciation1 *anj w\ld appe> to be ! mo/ conv5i5t =m = all4 ,9 v _m cases x is possible to f9d a common d5om9ator = ! diff]5t =ms4 ,_h n 9 ,engli% & ,g]man ! ext]nal =m ( _m etymologically closely relat$ words div]g$ s mu* t x is impossible to f9d a middle =m 7= example1 wat]1 wass]2 too?1 zahn2 speak1 spre*52 soap1 seife2 week1 wo*e71 ! ,g]manic elem5t w\ld h be5 ! dom9at+ "o on acc\nt ( ! great numb] ( ^? speak+ ^! two relat$ languages4 ,su* be+ ! case1 ! ,romance elem5t 9 ,engli% usually decides ! matt] 9 ! majority ( in/ances1 s9ce x co9cides ) ! ,fr5*1 ,spani%1 & ,italian1 or at lea/ ) "o ( ^! languages1 ! result be+ t our language necess>ily possesses a ,romance =m 9 a mu* high] degree ?an "o might h ?\ght4 ,ano!r v important circum/ance 7:i* ,i h h9t$ at previ\sly7 acts 9 ! same direction1 ! circum/ance1 namely1 t num]\s ,lat9 d]ivatives h pass$ ov] into ! ,g]manic languages ev5 :5 ! /em does n occur !re4 ,= example1 ,g]man possesses ! words abs5ti]51 ab/95z1 arti/1 d5ti/1 d5tal1 moral1 populr1 :i* greatly facilitate = a ,g]man ! und]/&+ ( ! words abs5ta1 ab/5>1 arto1 d5to1 moro1 populo1 al?\gh he does n possess !m 9 8 own language 7) ! exception ( pbel popula*o74 ,sometimes !re exi/s a v tr\blesome rivalry betwe5 two words4 ,9 ord] to r5d] ! sub/antive arm 7limb7 ! prop] ^w w\ld seem to be ! ,g]man1 ,engli%1 & ,sc&9avian arm1 until "o makes ! discov]y t ! same root arm 9 ! s5se ( weapon is /ill m int]national 7,e41 ,f41 ,i41 ,s41 support$ by arme ,g41 ,e41 ,f41 ,r41 armata ,i41 armada ,s41 armi]5 ,g41 etc471 :i* compels u = arm 7limb7 to h rec\rse to a ,romance =m4 ,9 o!r cases a m or less arbitr>y *ange ( "o ( ! s]ies ( words appe>s to be ! only means ( avoid+ confus+ homonyms 7namely1 = door pordo in/ead ( porto1 on acc\nt ( port c>ry71 b ?is proc$ure mu/ be employ$ ) great caution4 ,be=e ev]y?+ else x is necess>y to avoid all disguis+ ( words1 :i* makes !m unrecognisable1 aptly describ$ by ,m4 ,blondel z a masqu]ade4 ,?is 0 set up z a g5]al pr9ciple 9 ,volapk1 & ,esp]anto is by no means free f x4 ,z an example ( ! conflicts :i* occur n[ & !n may be quot$ ! expressions = ! idea ( s\l4 ,s\l is ! ^w :i* w\ld be imm$iately und]/ood by ! greate/ numb] ( p1 b we _c employ ! ,engli% diph?ong 1 z we mu/ be v sp>+ 9 ! use ( diph?ongs1 s9ce !y cause v great difficulties 9 pronunciation4 ,we _c take ov] ! ^w 9 ! =m sol1 because we require ?is = ! ^w alone 7,i4 ,s4 solo1 int]nationally us$ 9 music1 ,e4 sole1 ,f4 seul74 ,g4 seele1 support$ by ! ,sc&9avian sjl1 is n famili> to a suffici5t numb] ( p1 &1 besides1 we require ! ^w sel = saddle 7,f4 ,i4 ,s474 ,! ,fr5* ^w me w n d ei!r1 because x is n suffici5tly well kn[n outside ,france1 &1 besides1 !re is a difficulty "h too1 = am- is absolutely requir$ = ! idea ( love on acc\nt ( ,f4 ,i4 ,s4 & _m d]ivatives 9 ,e41 n to m5tion ! god ,amor4 ,! use ( ! ,lat9 anim-1 :i* is ! basis ( ! ,romance =ms1 is impossible1 s9ce we _c d )\t ! adjectival t]m9ation -al1 & animal w\ld !n mean p>tly relat+ to ! s\l1 p>tly animal1 :i* _c be p]mitt$ 9 an int]national language4 ,we mu/ resort to ! device ( *ang+ anim- a little1 :]eby we get anmo4 ,?is example w %[ h[ complicat$ ! task frequ5tly is ( f9d+ an int]national ^w :i* w give rise to no confusion or misund]/&+4 ,! degree ( int]nationality ( ! language ( ! ,delegation w be evid5t f ! /ati/ics ( ,c\turat2 he c\nt$ ! roots ( ! fir/ diction>ies 7#e1cgi 9 all7 & f\nd t ( ^! ! foll[+ numb]s occur 9 ! national languages3-- ,fr5* #d1hhj1 i4e4 #ia p] #ajj ,italian #d1ded #hc ,spani% #d1bcg #gi ,engli% #d1bai #gi ,g]man #c1cjb #fa ,russian #b1hba #eb ,= all ^! languages ! above numb]s are relatively high] ?an 9 ! case ( ,esp]anto4 ,"o ( ! mo/ effective means ( simplify+ ! vocabul>y ( a language is a c>efully work$-out sy/em ( ^w =mation1 :i* enables ev]yone1 by means ( a s]ies ( regul> prefixes & suffixes1 to =m ) ! greate/ ease a l>ge numb] ( new words1 :i* are imm$iately intelligible to all :o "k ! rules4 ,:5 "o has judici\sly *os5 ! roots :i* occur "u diff]5t =ms 9 ! v>i\s natural languages & also select$ ! d]ivative t]m9ations ) all possible c>e1 x is a/oni%+ to obs]ve h[ great a numb] ( words d]iv$ ) p]fect regul>ity agree ) ! =ms occurr+ 9 liv+ languages4 ,) reg>d to gramm>1 ! fundam5tal condition to be requir$ ( e sy/em claim+ to be an int]national language is t ( p]fect regul>ity4 ,e exception to ! rules only s]ves to produce complications & to r5d] ! employm5t ( ! language difficult & unc]ta94 ,if "o kn[s ! conjugation ( "o v]b1 "o mu/ "k ! conjugation ( all v]bs1 & s on4 ,9 ! *oice ( grammatical t]m9ations ! /ati/ical me?od1 :i* s]v$ u = ! purpose ( ! vocabul>y1 _c be /rictly appli$1 because liv+ languages div]ge too mu* 9 ?is matt]4 ,nev]!less x does n leave u entirely 9 ! lur*4 ,su* cases z ! dative & g5itive & also ! ablative1 etc41 mu/ be express$ by prepositions 9 con=mity ) ! t5d5cy ( ,we/]n ,european languages4 ,x is advisable to h an inflection = ! accusative1 al?\gh ?is is only int5d$ = occasional use1 because 9 ! great majority ( in/ances !re is no necessity to di/+ui% x f ! nom9ative4 ,z nei!r ! ,romance languages nor ,engli% & ,sc&9avian possess any accusative inflection1 & z ! ,slavonic languages d n give u any help "h1 we are oblig$ to fall back on ,g]man1 :i* 9 ! fem99e & neut] has no inflection4 ,! mascul9e1 h[ev]1 9 _m cases has an -n 7d5 gut5 knab574 ,! fact t ?is t]m9ation is also mo/ly us$ = ! dative1 z well z = ! inf9itive1 ne$ n prev5t u employ+ x 9 our language = ! accusative4 ,x necessitates ! use1 h[ev]1 ( =ms end+ 9 a v[el = ! nom9ative ( sub/antives 7& adjectives & pron\ns74 ,x may be rem>k$ t -n z an accusative inflection is also f\nd 9 ,greek & ,f9ni%4 ,! only v[els t c be employ$ 9 ?is connection are o & a1 :i*1 z a matt] ( fact1 occur v frequ5tly z ! t]m9ations ( sub/antives & adjectives 9 ! ,slavonic languages1 z well z 9 ,i4 & ,s4 ,s9ce grammatical g5d]1 z di/9ct f sex1 _c be p]mitt$ 9 an artificial language1 x is n possible to employ o & a z 9 natural languages1 :]e ! =m] is (t51 ?\gh n exclusively1 us$ = ! mascul9e 7,i4 ,s41 b 9 ,r4 & ,poli% = ! neut]71 & ! latt] simil>ly = ! fem99e4 ,"o might be incl9$ to employ o = ! male & a = ! female sex1 ) ! result t "o w\ld h no t]m9ation = inanimate ?+s1 ab/ract ideas1 or liv+ be+s ^: sex is n a matt] ( importance at ! mom5t4 ,! c>ry+ out ( ?is rule1 h[ev]1 leads to consid]able difficulties :i* w\ld take too long to ent] into "h4 7,?is is "o ( ! po9ts :i* l$ to mo/ discussion 9 ! ,delegation ,committee47 ,z a matt] ( fact1 a v great deal c be said 9 fav\r ( ! ,esp]anto usage ( o = ! sub/antive & a = ! adjective1 &1 z ,c\turat has rem>k$1 la bona viro is n any /rang] ?an ! ,italian il buono poeta4 ,we ne$ h no compunction 9 leav+ ! qualify+ adjective )\t inflection1 z is done1 = in/ance1 9 ,engli%4 ,! end+ -i is v suitable = ! plural ( sub/antives1 be+ us$ = ?is purpose 9 ,italian1 9 ,russian & ! o!r ,slavonic languages1 z well z 9 mod]n ,greek2 x is also tol]ably famili> to ! ,engli% 9 =eign words1 su* z b&itti4 ,! only t]m9ation :i* might dispute ! hon\rs ) -i is -s 7,f41 al?\gh usually sil5t1 ,s41 ,e41 ,g4 p>tly1 & ,dut*71 b -s _c be us$ if we employ ! accusative t]m9ation -n1 z nei!r virosn nor virons c\ld be p]mitt$4 ,z reg>ds ! inflections ( v]bs1 we are b\nd1 if we want a t]m9ation = ! inf9itive1 to *oose1 accord+ to our fundam5tal pr9ciple1 ! -r ( all ! ,romance languages1 because nei!r ! ,g]man -n1 :i* we h us$ = o!r purposes1 nor ! palatis$ ,slavonic -t 7or -71 c be employ$1 & ,engli% possesses no inflection4 ,we require a v[el be=e ! -r1 ! *oice ( :i* w be evid5t f :at foll[s4 ,= ! active & passive p>ticiples we ne$ only consid] -nt & -t respectively1 ! v[els be+ also left undecid$ = ! pres5t4 ,! greate/ difficulty1 h[ev]1 is caus$ by ! f9ite t5ses1 9 :i* we mu/ di/+ui% pres5t1 pa/1 & future4 ,9 ?is respect liv+ languages diff] s mu* among/ !mselves t ! pr9ciple ( maximum int]nationality does n suffice1 especially z ! inflections ( t5se are inextricably mix$ up ) ^? ( p]son & numb]1 :i* = our purposes are q unnecess>y4 ,! ,delegation ,committee h1 !re=e1 = ! mom5t be5 unable to f9d any?+ bett] ?an ! ,esp]anto usage ( -z = ! pres5t1 -is = ! pa/1 & -os = ! future4 ,! same s]ies ( v[els may also be employ$ = ! inf9itive & p>ticiples1 s t ! normal =ms are -ar1 -anta1 & -ata 7! f9al v[el a "h be+ ! adjectival t]m9ation71 :il/ -ir1 -inta1 -ita1 & -or1 -onta1 -ota1 respectively may be reta9$ = ! less frequ5t cases :]e "o wi%es to indicate expressly ano!r t5se 9 ! inf9itive or p>ticiple4 ,a few priori inflections w n cause mu* h>m 9 a gramm> :i* is s easy t x may be ma/]$ 9 half an h\r4 ,i h n[ arriv$ at ! end ( my inve/igation1 9 :i* ,i h endeav\r$ to %[ ! me?od :]eby ! language ( ! ,delegation has be5 con/ruct$4 ,! result is a language t ev]yone c easily ma/]1 & :i* possesses ! advantage ov] o!r languages t x is bas$ on rational sci5tific pr9ciples &1 !re=e1 ne$ n fe> t "s f9e day x w be replac$ by ano!r & s5sibly diff]5t language4 ,naturally improvem5ts w be effect$ 9 details :]e ! fundam5tal pr9ciples h n be5 suffici5tly work$ out1 b ! f\ndation is s\nd1 & ! common auxili>y language ( mank9d _c diff] v mu* f our ,int]naciona l+uo1 or1 to give x a %ort] "n1 ,int]l+uo1 or1 /ill %ort]1 ,ilo 7f ! initial lett]s74 ,,otto ,,jesp]s54 ,,app5dix ,,criticism ,,( ,,esp]anto ,9 connection ) ! =ego+ "s critical rem>ks on ,esp]anto may be made1 f :i* "o w readily p]ceive ! reasons :i* made x impossible = ! ,dlgation p\r l',adoption d'une ,langue ,int]nationale to adopt ,esp]anto 9 its pres5t =m z ! int]national auxili>y language4 ,dr4 ,zam5h( has giv5 u an int]e/+ acc\nt ( ! way 9 :i* 8 language gradually develop$ 9 8 m9d :ile he 0 at ! ,w>saw ,gymnasium4 ,be=e he arriv$ at ! conviction t ! mat]ial = ! vocabul>y mu/ be obta9$ f ! ,romance & ,g]manic languages1 & t ! already exi/+ /ock ( int]national words mu/ be us$1 he _h simply inv5t$ 8 words1 t is to say1 *os5 !m q arbitr>ily1 b ) z mu* reg>d to sy/em & brevity z possible4 ,al?\gh he himself notic$ t su* words are difficult to le>n & /ill m difficult to rememb]1 he has un=tunately reta9$ 9 ! f9i%$ language a :ole s]ies ( su* priori =mations1 :i* appe> 9 words ( su* frequ5t occurr5ce z :o1 h[1 :]e1 nev]1 ev]y:]e1 etc4 ,! nul tempe & pro quo *os5 by ! ,delegation agree1 h[ev]1 mu* bett] ) ! g5]al "* ( language ?an ! n5iam & kial ( ,dr4 ,zam5h(4 ,"s peculi>ities may be acc\nt$ = by ! ,slavonic "m tongue ( ! au?or3 = example1 8 pref]5ce = sibilants & diph?ongs1 :i* is especially evid5t 9 ! inv5t$ words 7e4g41 *i1 "h2 *iu1 ea*2 e*1 ev52 ghi1 t2 ghis1 until1 gh & * be+ pron\nc$ z ,e4 j & *74 ,9 an article 9 ,zam5h('s ,kre/omatio ,i f9d1 = example 7p4 #bhh71 *iuj tiuj s5antaujughaj kaj hone/aj homoj1 kiuj1 an/atau filiz(adi pri ghi1 & 7p4 #bic7 tion *i ankorau antau la ap]o de la unua arta l+vo antauvidis kaj antaudiris *iuj tiuj em95taj kapoj1 kiuj1 etc4 ,! me?od ( writ+ x is also ,russian3 ekzam5i1 ekzemplo1 etc41 & also eksp$i1 eksplodi2 also kv = qu4 ,fr5* words ) oi take ua 9 ,esp]anto :5 !y are spelt 9 ?is way 9 ,russian1 e4g41 trotu>o1 tualeto1 vuala2 o!rwise !y are spelt ) oi or oj1 e4g41 foiro1 fojo1 fo9o4 ,nacio1 tradicio1 etc41 in/ead ( -iono1 is also ,russian4 ,russian usage has d\btless also inspir$ su* ^w =mations z elp>oli & s5kulpigi in/ead ( ! int]national pronunc> & exkuz> 7,r4 vygov>ivat' & izv9'at'1 correspond+ to ,g4 ausspre*5 & ents*uldig574 ,! peculi>ity ( us+ ! adv]b in/ead ( ! adjective 9 su* cases z e/as necese vidi1 x is necess>y to see1 is probably to be ascrib$ to ! correspond5ce ( ! ,russian adv]b ) ! neut] pr$icate adjective4 ,?is rule _c be p]mitt$1 h[ev]1 9 an int]national language1 because1 ) a free ^w ord]1 x w\ld be impossible to say :e!r e/as v]e necese means x is really necess>y or x is necess>ily true4 ,! comp\nd p]fect 7mi e/as am9ta1 ,i h lov$ ,i am hav+ lov$7 rem9ds "o ( ! ,poli% ko*al-em4 ,f9ally1 ! frequ5t use ( ! adjective 79 -a7 in/ead ( ! g5itive 7,zam5h(a l+vo7 & ( ! two sorts ( action express$ by ek & ad 7ekvidi & vidadi us$ 9 _m cases :]e ! simple vidi w\ld be suffici5t7 are to be acc\nt$ = by ,russian usages4 ,naturally ,i d n object to ! importation ( national peculi>ities into ! int]national auxili>y language :5 ! latt] is enri*$ !reby4 ,= example1 "o mu/ make use ( ! facility = =m+ comp\nd words common to ! ,g]manic & ,slavonic languages 9 pref]5ce to ! pov]ty ( ,romance languages 9 ?is respect1 & comb9e x ) ! m ,romance *>act]i/ic ( =m+ new words by means ( d]ivative syllables4 ,b peculi>ities ( national language :i* r5d] mutual compreh5sion & int]national usage difficult mu/ be mo/ c>efully avoid$4 ,! unpractical nature ( ! circumflex$ lett]s has be5 indicat$ previ\sly4 ,x may be rem>k$ "h1 h[ev]1 t 9 po9t ( sy/em ,zam5h('s lett]s are v inf]ior to ! simil> ones employ$ 9 ! ,cze* language1 s9ce ! p>allelism 9 s\nd betwe5 s & 1 z & 1 dz & 1 is disguis$ by ! *oice ( lett]s4 ,?is produces a v amateuri% effect4 ,besides ! famili> p>ts ( spee* :i* are indicat$ by special t]m9ations1 ,zam5h( inv5t$ a new class *>act]is$ by ! t]m9ation -au 7kontrau1 alm5au72 b ! limits ( ?is class1 :i* includes "s1 b n all1 adv]bs & prepositions1 are n cle>ly def9$4 ,_m words tak5 f exi/+ languages are disguis$1 almo/ aft] ! fa%ion ( ,volapk3 boji1 ,f4 aboy]2 p>k]e1 ,f4 p> cur2 %vit1 ,g4 s*witz51 ,e4 sweat2 *>1 ,f4 c>2 f>uno in/ead ( f>92 l]ta1 ,f4 al]te 7) a *ang$ mean+71 etc4 ,9 ?is category is to be class$ ! a/oni%+ nepre 7entirely7 :i* is d]iv$ f ! ,russian neprem5no1 j z if "o 7 to take f ! ,g]man ^w unb$+t ! two fir/ syllables & propose unbe z an int]national ^w in/ead ( absolute4 ,! economy 9 ! use ( /ems 0 c>ri$ mu* too f> 9 ,esp]anto1 necessitat+ ! employm5t ( all sorts ( comp\nd words1 ! discov]y ( ^: mean+ requires mu* rack+ ( "o's bra9s4 ,! employm5t ( all ! d]ivative syllables also z indep5d5t words is v +5i\s1 b produces a v /range impression on ! un9itiat$4 ,! me?od ( ^w =mation is greatly want+ 9 precision1 ! limits ( ! s-call$ direct d]ivation 9 p>ticul> be+ n suffici5tly cle>ly indicat$4 ,"o example w suffice4 ,/>t+ out f kroni to cr[n1 krono ought prop]ly to mean cr[n+1 in/ead ( :i* x signifies cr[n1 s t "o is =c$ to use kronado = cr[n+1 :]eas1 accord+ to ! rules ( ,esp]anto1 kronado mu/ mean cont9u\s or repeat$ cr[n+1 z if a k+ 7 be+ con/antly or repeat$ly cr[n$4#d ,i h br\ght toge!r "h ! mo/ important defects 9 ,esp]anto1 ! removal ( :i* =m$ "o ( ! tasks ( ! ,delegation ,committee4 ,! k ( ^! imp]fections does n prev5t me f recognis+ ! m]itori\s s]vices ( ,zam5h(1 :o1 at a "t :5 ! "q ( ! be/ con/ruction ( an int]national language 0 n s]i\sly discuss$1 succe$$ 9 produc+ "o :i* 0 9 _m respects sup]ior to ! attempts ( t "t1 & :i* has prov$ 9 practice a s]viceable1 ?\gh v imp]fect1 means ( int]national communication4 ,,otto ,,jesp]s54 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,on ,,! ,,application ,,( ,,logic ,,to ,,! ,,problem ,,( ,,an ,,int]national ,,language ,! problem ( an int]national language has a !oretical z well z a practical importance4 ,i h no int5tion ( discuss+ ! latt] "h & ( expla9+ once m ! necessity ( an auxili>y language = int]national relations ( e sort1 & ! practical possibility ( mak+ oneself und]/ood by means ( an artificial language1 a possibility :i* has be5 prov$ by exp]i5ce4 ,b an int]national language is also1 accord+ to ! words ( ! celebrat$ philologi/ ,h4 ,s*u*>dt1 a desid]atum ( sci5ce1 9 :i* connection x raises at once problems ( philology & logic4 ,t ^! problems are wor?y ( ! /udy ( sci5tific m5 is prov$ by ! discussions ( ,pr(essors ,diels & ,gomp]z1 ! reports made to ! ,academy ( ,sci5ces ( ,leipzig by ,pr(essors ,brugmann & ,leski51 &1 f9ally1 ! lab\rs & decisions ( ! ,committee ( ! ,dlgation p\r l',adoption d'une ,langue ,int]nationale4 ,! latt]1 compos$ ( highly compet5t sci5ti/s & l+ui/s1 has det]m9$ ! pr9ciples necess>y = an auxili>y language1 & has practically realis$ !m4 ,my desire 9 :at foll[s is to %[ briefly ! connection ( ! int]national language ) logic1 & its claims on ! att5tion & int]e/ ( philosoph]s4 ,9 ! words ( ,leibnitz1 ,languages =m ! be/ mirror = ! human _s1 & an exact analysis ( ! mean+ & relation%ip ( words w\ld be ! be/ means ( disclos+ ! op]ations ( ! m9d 7,n4 ,essais1 ,,iii41 ,,vii41 end74 ,b ! majority ( philosoph]s 7) "s di/+ui%$ exceptions1 e4g41 ,pr(essor ,wundt7 & ! majority ( l+ui/s 7also ) "s di/+ui%$ exceptions1 e4g41 ,m4 ,bral7 h giv5 little att5tion to ! /udy ( language f ! po9t ( view ( psy*ology & logic4 ,n[ ?is /udy is p>ticul>ly easy & int]e/+ 9 ! case ( an artificial language1 s9ce ! latt] pres5ts a /ructure analog\s to t ( our exi/+ languages1 b mu* simpl] & m regul>4 ,! words ( ! int]national language consi/ ( inv>iable elem5ts 7morphemes7 ( ?ree sorts3 /ems1 d]ivative affixes 7prefixes & suffixes71 & grammatical inflections :i*1 z 9 ! case ( ,european languages1 are always f9al lett]s or f9al syllables4 ,! /ems !mselves c be divid$ into two categories3 v]b /ems1 :i* express a /ate1 action1 or relation1 e4g41 dorm1 p>ol1 frap2 & non-v]bal or nom9al /ems1 :i* d5ote an object 7liv+ be+ or ?+71 or express an aspect ( x1 e4g41 hom1 dom1 bel1 bl9d4 ,! latt] c produce directly only names 7sub/antives or adjectives73 man1 h\se1 beautiful1 bl9d 79 ,ido1 homo1 domo1 bela1 bl9da72 ! =m]1 on ! contr>y1 produce directly v]bs3 to sleep1 to speak1 to /rike 79 ,ido1 dorm>1 p>ol>1 frap>71 b !y c also give rise to n\ns3 sleep1 ^w1 bl[ 79 ,ido1 dormo1 p>olo1 frapo74 ,! prop] rle ( ! grammatical t]m9ations is to det]m9e ! grammatical function ( a /em ^w & to indicate ! category to :i* ! ^w belongs1 :e!r v]b1 sub/antive1 or adv]b4 ,?us p>ol-ar to speak2 p>ol-o 7spok57 ^w2 p>ol-a oral2 p>ol-e orally4 ,! same idea1 namely1 t express$ by ! /em ^w1 always runs ?r\gh ! v>i\s categories4 ,?is foll[s f a pr9ciple :i* dom9ates ! :ole /ructure ( ! int]national language3 ,e ^w elem5t 7morpheme7 repres5ts an elem5t>y idea1 :i* is always ! same1 s t a comb9ation ( elem5ts has a mean+ det]m9$ by ! comb9ation ( ! correspond+ ideas4 ,?is pr9ciple is only a coroll>y to ! g5]al pr9ciple ( uniqu5ess s cle>ly enunciat$ by ,o/wald3 ,!re exi/s a unique & reciprocal correspond5ce betwe5 ! ideas & ! morphemes :i* express !m4 ,?is pr9ciple repres5ts evid5tly ! ideal ( all language1 = a language1 be+ ess5tially a sy/em ( symbols1 is only !oretically p]fect 7& useful & conv5i5t 9 practice7 :5 !re exi/s a unique correspond5ce betwe5 ! symbol & ! idea symbolis$4 ,n[ x foll[s f ?is pr9ciple t x is q incorrect to say1 z is (t5 done1 ,be+ giv5 a /em1 x suffices to add to x -ar to =m a v]b1 -o to =m a sub/antive1 -a to =m an adjective2 we require to def9e ! s5se possess$ by ?is v]b1 sub/antive1 & adjective4 ,9 o!r words1 to e d]ivative ( =m !re mu/ correspond a d]ivative ( s5se :i* is 9 no wise arbitr>y1 b det]m9$ by g5]al rules4 ,if dorm-ar to sleep1 dorm-o _c mean indiff]5tly ! sleep]1 ! dormitory1 or ! desire to sleep2 if bl9d-a bl9d1 bl9d-o _c signify at pleasure ei!r bl9dness or ! act ( bl9d+4 ,! rule :i* mu/ guide u "h is ! pr9ciple enunciat$ above1 namely1 t a /em always pres]ves ! same s5se & expresses ! same idea2 if "o wi%es to express ano!r idea relat$ to ! =m] 9 a def9ite way1 x is necess>y to add to ! /em a morpheme express+ ?is relation%ip4 ,! morphemes :i* d5ote ! relations ( our ideas are ! affixes ( d]ivation1 :i* p]mit u to express a :ole family ( ideas by ! aid & z ! function ( "o fundam5tal idea1 & to =m correspond+ly a family ( words all d]iv$ f ! same /em1 z occurs1 z a matt] ( fact1 9 natural languages4 ,c]ta9 ( ^! affixes are wrongly class$ among/ ! grammatical inflections1 su* z1 = example1 ! p>ticipial suffixes :i* s]ve to d]ive an adjective or a sub/antive f a v]b1 d5ot+ him :o p]=ms ! action1 or is affect$ by 7subject to7 ! /ate or relation%ip express$ by ! /em3 dorm-ant-a sleep+1 arol-ant-a speak+1 :5ce1 by simple *ange ( ! f9al lett]1 dorm-ant-o sleep]1 p>ol-ant-o speak]4 ,"o w p]ceive !reby ! diff]5ce betwe5 direct d]ivation1 :i* is effect$ by means ( ! grammatical inflections1 & indirect d]ivation1 :i* is effect$ by means ( ! addition ( affixes4 ,!re is no?+ arbitr>y ab\t ?is di/9ction1 = x re/s on ! logical pr9ciples enunciat$ above1 :i* det]m9e ! !oretical & practical value ( ! int]national language4 ,f ^! pr9ciples foll[ at once ! rules ( direct d]ivation4 ,if "o />ts f a v]bal /em1 :at mu/ be ! s5se ( ! sub/antive directly d]iv$ f x8 ,?is s5se c be none o!r ?an ! /ate or action express$ by ! v]b3 dorm> to sleep1 dormo sleep2 p>ol> to speak1 p>olo a ^w2 frap> to /rike1 frapo a bl[4 ,9 ^! d]iv$ words we p]ceive ! s5se ( ! v]b /em1 & ! pro( ( t is t 9 our natural languages we (t5 employ ! inf9itive = ?is purpose3 le mang]1 le boire1 le dormir1 le rire2 das r5n5 79 ,engli% ! v]bal 9 -+ is employ$ ) ! s5se ( ! inf9itive74 ,inde$1 "o might completely id5tify ! v]bal sub/antive ) ! inf9itive4 ,if "o />ts f a sub/antival /em1 :at mu/ be ! relation betwe5 ! adjective & sub/antive d]iv$ f x8 ,!y mu/ necess>ily h ! same s5se1 :i*ev] ( ! two "o consid]s ! prim>y ^w2 if av>a av>ici\s1 av>o an av>ici\s p]son2 if bl9da bl9d1 bl9do a bl9d p]son4 ,?is rule is all ! m necess>y 9 practice z !re are a cr[d ( sub/antival /ems conc]n+ :i* "o c\ld n say :e!r !y produce at fir/ a sub/antive or an adjective3 vidva wid[$1 vidvo wid[]2 nobela noble1 nobelo nobleman2 santa holy1 santo a sa9t4 ,?is is p>ticul>ly true ( ! names ( foll[]s ( ?is or t doctr9e3 katoliko1 katolika2 skeptiko1 skeptika1 etc4 ,no "o w\ld ?9k ( us+ any suffix to d]ive "o ( ^! words f ! o!r4 ,!re is only a v slight diff]5ce ( mean+ betwe5 a katolika skeptiko & a skeptika katoliko1 ! sub/antive indicat+ 9 ea* case ! prim>y & fundam5tal idea to :i* ! o!r is sup]add$4 ,?is br+s u to ! enunciation ( ! pr9ciple ( rev]sibility1 :i* may be =mulat$ z foll[s3 ,e d]ivation mu/ be rev]sible2 t is to say1 if "o passes f "o ^w to ano!r ( ! same family 9 virtue ( a c]ta9 rule1 "o mu/ be able to pass inv]sely f ! second to ! fir/ 9 virtue ( a rule :i* is exactly ! inv]se ( ! prec$+4 ,t is an evid5t coroll>y ( ! pr9ciple ( uniqu5ess1 = o!rwise "o w\ld be l$ to give two mean+s to ! same ^w4 ,let u suppose1 = example1 t f ! n\n krono1 a cr[n1 "o imag9es x possible to d]ive directly 7z is ! case 9 c]ta9 languages7 ! v]b kron> to cr[n4 ,f ?is v]b "o c\ld d$uce inv]sely 9 virtue ( ! g5]al rule ! sub/antive krono coronation1 s t ! same ^w krono w\ld !n mean bo? cr[n & coronation4 ,t w\ld be1 h[ev]1 a logical error inadmissible 9 ! int]national language1 h[ev] num]\s may be ! examples ( x :i* occur 9 liv+ languages4 ,on ! contr>y1 ?anks to ! pr9ciple ( rev]sibility1 "o c proce$ f any ^w :atsoev] ( a family & arrive at any o!r ^w ( ! same family1 or return to ! initial ^w1 9 an absolutely unique mann]1 :]eas if "o did n obs]ve ?is pr9ciple "o w\ld inevitably obta9 two mean+s = ! same ^w4 ,! pr9ciple ( rev]sibility fixes ! rules ( direct d]ivation = ! cases :i* are ! conv]se ( ^? we h /udi$4 ,j z ! sub/antive directly d]iv$ f a v]b d5otes ! /ate or action express$ by ?is v]b 7or1 m /rictly1 by its root71 s a v]b c be d]iv$ directly f a sub/antive only if ! latt] expresses an action or a /ate4 ,= example1 paco peace2 c "o =m ! v]b pac>1 & if s :at w be its mean+8 ,?is v]b c only signify "o ?+1 to be 9 ! /ate ( peace1 & n to pacify or make peace1 = 9 t case paco w\ld mean pacification or conclusion ( peace1 & n ! /ate ( peace4 ,simil>ly1 if "o c & mu/ conv]t an adjective into a n\n by ! simple sub/itution ( -o = -a1 ! adjective imm$iately d]iv$ f a sub/antive c only mean :at is --4 ,if homo a man 7a human be+71 homa c only mean human 9 ! s5se ( :i* is a man 7human be+72 homa ento a human be+4 ,b if "o wi%es to obta9 an adjective signify+ :i* belongs to --1 :i* relates to --1 :i* dep5ds on --1 x is necess>y to employ a suffix 7-al73 homala manuo a human h&4 ,"o might equally well say manuo di homo ! h& ( a man 7human be+74 ,b j z ! preposition di is indisp5sable = indicat+ ! relation%ip betwe5 two ideas :i* are n simply juxtapos$1 b dep5d on ea* o!r1 s1 if we wi% to express "o ( ! ideas 9 adjectival =m1 we require a suffix :i* also expresses ?is relation or dep5d5ce4 ,besides1 a suffix ( ?is nature exi/s "u diff]5t =ms 9 all our languages3 ,g4 -is*2 ,e4 -ic1 -al1 -ical2 ,f4 -ique1 -al1 -el2 ,i4 -ico2 ,s4 -ico4 ,! *oice ( -al r ?an -ik 0 det]m9$ by reasons ( euphony & also int]nationality1 ! d]ivative adjectives employ$ 9 sci5ce 7! mo/ int]national ( all7 end+ (t5 9 -al3 m5tal1 vocal1 spatial2 rationnel1 univ]sel1 fonctionnel1 etc4 ,9 ?is connection we %all make a g5]al rem>k4 ,! int]national language borr[s its /ems f ! ,european languages accord+ to ! pr9ciple ( maximum int]nationality1 i4e41 adopts = ea* idea ! mo/ int]national /em1 namely1 t :i* is famili> to ! greate/ numb] ( m54 ,b x _c1 & mu/ n1 borr[ _! d]ivatives f liv+ languages )\t los+ all its !oretical & practical advantages1 because ! natural d]ivatives are too irregul>4 ,sometimes ! same affix has sev]al diff]5t mean+s2 sometimes ! same relation%ip is express$ by diff]5t affixes4 ,9 virtue ( ! pr9ciple ( uniqu5ess1 x is necess>y to unify & regul>ise ! mean+ & employm5t ( ! affixes1 assign+ to ea* "o a p]fectly def9ite significance & function4 ,und\bt$ly "o mu/ endeav\r to adopt = ! affixes =ms :i* are int]national 7z mu* z possible71 or at lea/ kn[n 9 "s language 7l ! suffix -9 ( ! fem99e1 borr[$ f ! ,g]man1 e4g41 knig91 & ! prefix mal-1 d5ot+ a contr>y1 borr[$ f ! ,fr5*1 e4g41 malheureux71 s z to reproduce z mu* z possible int]national d]ivatives4 ,b x is *im]ical to endeav\r to reproduce !m all1 s9ce !y are irregul> & consequ5tly incompatible ) t logical regul>ity ( ! language on :i* is bas$ n only its f]tility1 b also its simplicity 9 practical use & its facility = all nationalities 7ev5 = non-,european peoples :o are n famili> ) ! anomalies & caprices ( ,european languages74 ,! int]national language mu/ be autonom\s 9 its =mation ( words2 :5 ! elem5ts :i* x borr[s f our languages h be5 once *os5 79 ! be/ possible mann]71 x mu/ comb9e !m freely accord+ to its own rules1 pres]v+ _! =m & s5se rigor\sly inv>iable4 ,x is by virtue ( ?is condition t x becomes a true language1 ri*] 9 c]ta9 respects ?an our own1 s9ce x c =m all ! useful d]ivatives :i* are (t5 want+ 9 "o or ! o!r1 & n m]ely a simple imitation or copy ( our languages1 :i* w\ld be z difficult z !y1 & :i* w\ld require a previ\s k ( !m4 ,we %all n expla9 "h all ! =ms ( indirect d]ivation1 or enum]ate ! =ty-sev5 affixes us$ = ?is purpose4 ,we %all quote only a few ( !m = ! sake ( example1 9 ord] to %[ ! application ( ! pr9ciples enunciat$ above4 ,if !re is "o suffix :i* is p>ticul>ly useful to philosoph]s1 x is t :i* enables "o to d]ive f an adjective ! "n ( ! correspond+ ab/ract quality2 t is ! ,greek suffix -otet & ! ,lat9 suffix -itat 7-itud71 :5ce h come ! ,fr5* -x1 ! ,engli% -ity1 ! ,italian -ita1 ! ,spani% -itad2 & ! ,g]man suffix -heit or -keit1 etc4 ,we p]ceive "h a logical relation well kn[n & made use ( 9 all our languages4 ,x mu/ f9d a place 9 ! int]national language1 b by :at suffix ought x to be repres5t$8 ,n[1 if "o analyses ! idea involv$ 9 ?is suffix1 "o w f9d t beauty1 heal?1 bl9dness1 are simply ! /ates or facts ( be+ beautiful1 heal?y1 bl9d4 ,! idea involv$ 9 ?is suffix is !n ! idea ( be+1 n ! idea ( exi/5ce1 b ! idea ( be+ su* & su*1 ! idea ( attribution :i* is express$ by ! copula e/4 ,x is natural1 !re=e1 to repres5t x by ! ,indo-,european /em ( ! v]b to be1 namely1 es2 bel-es-o beauty2 san-es-o heal?2 bl9d-es-o bl9dness4 ,! fact t ?is suffix recalls a ,fr5* suffix 7ri*esse71 an ,italian suffix 7bellezza71 & an ,engli% suffix -ness 7happ9ess7 employ$ 9 ! same s5se c only s]ve z an accessory confirmation ( ! above *oice1 :i* 0 dictat$ by logical motives4 ,moreov]1 ?is agrees p]fectly ) our g5]al rules2 to be well w be translat$ by es> sana or san-es>1 & ! fact ( be+ well w be saneso heal?4 ,conv]sely1 if we />t f saneso heal?1 we c =m ! v]b sanes> to be 9 7good7 heal?4 ,:atev] may be ! po9t ( dep>ture1 !re is no fe> ( mak+ a mi/ake or go+ (f ! rails 9 =m+ ^! d]ivatives1 if we obs]ve ! pr9ciple ( rev]sibility4 ,x w\ld1 !re=e1 be n only arbitr>y1 b absurd1 to express heal? by sano1 :i* latt] c only mean a heal?y be+4 ,= "o mu/ n imag9e1 z is (t5 /at$1 t an adjective expresses a quality2 x expresses precisely he :o1 or t :i*1 possesses ! quality 9 "q4 ,t is :y all our languages employ a suffix = ! purpose ( d]iv+ f an adjective ! "n ( ! correspond+ quality4 ,b our languages (t5 require to express ! inv]se relation1 namely1 t ( ! individual possess+ a quality to t quality4 ,= j z !re are names ( qualities :i* are d]iv$ f adjectives1 z beaut1 gaiet1 bellezza1 tapf]keit1 glei*heit1 s !re are o!rs :i* are prim>y & f :i*1 !re=e1 ! correspond+ adjectives are d]iv$3 c\rage1 c\rageux2 joie1 joyeux2 beauty1 beautiful2 glck1 glckli*2 freude1 freudig4 ,&1 z "o sees1 our languages employ 9 ^! cases a s]ies ( analog\s suffixes4 ,! int]national language mu/ evid5tly imitate !m1 = x _c decree t all ! names ( qualities %all be d]ivative1 nor t !y %all all be prim>y2 t w\ld am\nt to an arbitr>y uni=mity contr>y to ! _s ( our languages & probably also to our logical in/9cts4 ,! int]national language mu/1 !re=e1 h a suffix :i* w s]ve to d]ive f ! "n ( a quality ! "n ( ! possessor ( t quality4 ,t w be -oz1 a ,lat9 suffix 7=mosus1 g5]osus1 etc471 occurr+ v frequ5tly 9 ! ,romance & ev5 ,g]manic languages 7my/]is1 my/]i\s1 my/rieux1 mi/]ioso74 ,?is suffix is ! logical inv]se ( ! prec$+ "o 7-es7 & is q z indisp5sable z x4 ,x is a curi\s fact t our languages exhibit examples ( ! sup]position ( ^! two suffixes consid]$ 9 respect ( _! s5se1 if n _! =m3 glck1 glckli*1 glckli*keit2 beauty1 beautiful1 beautifulness4 ,lat9 has d]iv$ =mosus f =ma2 ,spani% 9 its turn has d]iv$ h]mosura f h]moso1 etc4 ,languages also provide u ) frequ5t examples ( ! reciprocity ( ^! suffixes4 ,on ! "o h&1 ,on ! o!r h&1 gaie gives gaiet2 joie gives joyeux2 gay gaiety2 joy joyful2 allegro allegrezza2 gioja giojoso2 frhli* frhli*keit2 freude freudig4 ,! int]national language is1 !re=e1 fai?ful n only to logic1 b to ! _s ( our languages1 9 admitt+ at ! same "t ! two inv]se d]ivations3 gaya1 gayeso2 joyo1 joyoza4 ,a language :i* conta9$ ! suffix -es1 & n ! suffix -oz1 w\ld be lame or "o-arm$4 ,besides1 ?is lacuna w\ld manife/ itself v quickly 9 fur!r d]ivations1 = ! latt] w\ld violate ! pr9ciple ( rev]sibility & !re=e t ( uniqu5ess4 ,if f joyo 7 d]iv$ joya1 f ?is adjective1 analog\s to gaya1 "o c\ld d]ive inv]sely joyeso joyo1 ?us produc+ two names = ! same quality 7j z above sano w\ld h be5 synonym\s ) saneso74 ,if f kurajo 7c\rage7 7 d]iv$ kuraja 7c\rage\s71 "o c\ld d]ive f ! latt] kurajeso1 synonym\s ) kurajo4 ,&1 on ! o!r h&1 kurajo be+ ! sub/antive ( kuraja1 ?is ^w w\ld signify bo? c\rage & a c\rage\s p]son4 ,f want ( a s+le suffix ! :ole s]ies ( d]ivations w\ld become confus$ & illogical1 j z 9 a *a9 ( reason+ a s+le error1 or 9 an algebraical calculation a s+le false equation1 w\ld lead to ! mo/ absurd conclusions4 ,to sum up1 "o mu/ take c>e n to d]ive a ^w directly f ano!r1 except :5 !y bo? express ! same idea 7ap>t f ! diff]5ce ( _! grammatical rle 9 ! s5t5ce74 ,consequ5tly1 :5ev] ! s5se *anges1 a ^w elem5t mu/ be add$ or disappe>1 9 ord] to translate ! modification ( ! idea4 ,x is by virtue ( ?is condition t ! language w become ! exact & fai?ful expression ( our ?\ghts1 & w con=m to t indwell+ & in/9ctive logic :i*1 9 spite ( all sorts ( irregul>ities & exceptions1 animates our languages4 ,9 its sy/em ( d]ivation z well z 9 ! re/ ( its /ructure1 ! int]national language is no?+ b a purifi$ & idealis$ extract1 a qu9tess5ce ( ! ,european languages4 ,! logic :i* holds sway !re is n ! ,ari/otelian logic ( g5us & species1 b r t logic newly con/itut$ "u ! "n ( ! logic ( relation%ips1 :i* is1 h[ev]1 z old z ! _w1 s9ce x lies1 ?\gh obscurely1 at ! basis ( ! =mative processes 9 our natural languages4 ,t is ! reason :y ! int]national language (f]s to philosoph]s a p>ticul>ly in/ructive field ( /udy4 ,x is wor?y ( _! int]e/ 9 o!r respects4 ,n only does x (f] to !m1 z x does to all m51 a m$ium ( communication betwe5 all c\ntries1 b x furni%es !m also ) an in/rum5t ( precision = ! analysis & exact expression ( ! =ms ( ?\ght1 :i* is v sup]ior1 f ! po9t ( view ( logic1 to our traditional languages1 encumb]$ z ^! are ) confus$ & ambigu\s expressions4 ,x is _! duty to contribute to ! developm5t & p]fect+ ( a language :i*1 )\t los+ any?+ ( its practical qualities1 c & mu/ realise by degrees ! ideal ( human language2 if x is true t !re does exi/ an ideal 9 our languages1 ?\gh hidd5 & irrem$iably disfigur$ by all sorts ( anomalies4 ,to quote a say+ ( ,s*u*>dt1 ,0 die ,spra*e gewollt hab5 die ,spra*5 z]/rt4#e ,l4 ,,c\turat4 ,,*apt] ,v ,,! ,,relation%ip ,,( ,,! ,,int]national ,,language ,,to ,,sci5ce ,:il/ ! prec$+ *apt]s h suffici5tly demon/rat$ t ! con/ruction ( an artificial int]national language is n only possible1 b already 9 all probability fix$ z reg>ds its fundam5tal pr9ciples1 x w be desirable "h to give "s acc\nt ( ! inn] relations betwe5 sci5ce & ! auxili>y language4 ,)\t d\bt "o ( ! mo/ important conditions to be satisfi$ by an artificial int]national language is1 t x %\ld be capable ( be+ employ$ 9 sci5ce4 ,consid]+ ! lead+ "p :i* sci5ce plays to-day 9 ! life ( nations1 ! sy/em :i* ?is intellectual ,great ,p[] w adopt _c be a matt] ( indiff]5ce2 inde$1 its capability ( s]v+ ! ne$s ( sci5ce might well be reg>d$ z ! te/ ( an artificial language4 ,x is1 = example1 conceivable t a p>ticul> sy/em1 al?\gh unsuitable = ! purposes ( sci5ce1 might "w q well s f> z comm]cial relations are conc]n$4 ,be=e we exam9e ! relation%ip betwe5 sci5ce & auxili>y language ! "q may be ask$ :e!r an int]national language is at all necess>y 9 sci5ce1 & :e!r x is likely to be introduc$ !re94 ,we may consid] t ?is "q has be5 settl$ by ! discussions conta9$ 9 ! previ\s *apt]s4 ,! g5]al "q ( ! introduction ( an artificial auxili>y language hav+ be5 answ]$ 9 ! affirmative1 ! fur!r "q may be rais$ z to :y1 9 spite ( ! exi/5ce ( diff]5t artificial auxili>y languages1 su* z ,volapk1 ,esp]anto1 ,neutral ,idiom1 ,novilat91 ,univ]sal1 etc41 sci5ce has n long ago adopt$ & introduc$ "o ( !m4 ,q ap>t f ! actual circum/ances :i* h prev5t$ ?is1 a p]fectly precise answ] may be giv5 to ! above "q4 ,!re h n be5 want+ exp]im5ts 9 ?is direction4 ,already 9 ! ,volapk p]iod endeav\rs 7 made to translate sci5tific works into ,volapk 9 ord] to prove t ?is language c\ld also be ( s]vice to sci5ce4 ,9 p>ticul> ! translations ( ,dr4 ,miess's ,craniology1 ,dr4 ,w9kl]'s ,petrification ( ,fi%es1 & ! ,ea/]n ,travels ( ! ,cr[n ,pr9ce ,rudolph 7 boa/$ ( by ! ,volapki/s4 ,esp]anto has gone fur!r1 & is1 z a matt] ( fact1 m capable ( developm5t 9 ?is direction4 ,!re appe>s a p]iodical1 ,sci5ca ,revuo1 :i* 9 popul> =m conveys ! mo/ important results ( diff]5t sci5ces to ,esp]anto read]s4 ,fe*n]'s little book on life aft] dea? & "s o!rs h also be5 translat$4 ,all ^! attempts possess an extraord9>y int]e/ = ! great exp]im5t 9 language on :i* mank9d has be5 engag$ dur+ ! la/ tw5ty ye>s1 & ! greate/ ?anks are due to _! au?ors4 ,x is only1 inde$1 aft] _m attempts t an exp]im5t c be successfully c>ri$ ?r\gh4 ,b1 )\t wi%+ to d5y t v rem>kable ?+s h be5 accompli%$1 all ^! exp]im5ts prove "o fact beyond "q1 namely1 t ! languages m5tion$ d n ev5 approximately1 & _c inde$ possibly1 satisfy ! requirem5ts :i* sci5ce mu/ dem& ( ! artificial auxili>y language4 ,sci5ce c\ld n1 !re=e1 h *os5 any ( ^! languages z ! artificial auxili>y language ev5 _h %e wi%$1 nor c\ld %e d s 9 ! future )\t exp]i5c+ failure4 ,an exam9ation ( ! reasons = ?is /ate ( affairs w enable u to arrive at ! relation betwe5 sci5ce & ! int]national auxili>y language4 ,x c be %[n :at ! nature ( ?is relation%ip mu/ be1 & x foll[s !refrom :e!r any p>ticul> sy/em w or w n be s]viceable to sci5ce4 ,!re are two necess>y crit]ia1 namely1 int]nationality ( vocabul>y & logical precision ( expression4 ,"o might be incl9$ to emphasise ! importance ( ! second crit]ion )\t pay+ any att5tion :atev] to ! fir/1 & to reg>d a sy/em con/ruct$ on a purely logical basis z alone wor?y ( sci5ce4 ,b ?is w\ld be a retrograde /ep1 = inde$ ! "q ( artificial language orig9at$ ) ! idea ( a s-call$ philosophical language 9 ! m9d ( ,leibnitz & aft]w>ds4 ,if "o takes ! po9t ( view t ! sci5tific auxili>y language %\ld be con/ruct$ on an ideographic basis 7t is to say1 a sy/em ( correlation betwe5 symbols & ideas1 :i*1 h[ev]1 z x is a language1 mu/ be capable ( be+ spok571 "o arrives at an priori sy/em1 z x is call$ 9 ! !ory ( univ]sal language4 ,?anks to ! labori\s & self-sacrific+ "w ( ! ?\s&s :o dur+ ! la/ tw5ty ye>s h devot$ & /ill devote !mselves to ! great exp]im5ts 9 language1 we are able n[adays to ref] ?is "q to ! te/ ( exp]i5ce4 ,! latt] has %[n ) absolute c]ta9ty t priori sy/ems _c be spok54 ,! le>n+ ( any natural language1 ) all its irregul>ities1 peculi>ities1 & anomalies1 is *ild's play comp>$ to ! le>n+ ( an priori sy/em4 ,all exp]im5ts 9 ?is direction h fail$ & ne$ no long] be s]i\sly consid]$4 ,b ev5 :5 an artificial language has n be5 con/ruct$ priori ano!r error1 produc+ mu* ! same effect1 may v greatly injure its facility 9 practice4 ,an o!rwise s successful sy/em z ,volapk came f9ally to grief ?r\gh an error ( ?is sort4 ,al?\gh ,volapk 0 con/ruct$ by a man ( :om x is said t he 0 ma/] (1 or at lea/ acqua9t$ )1 fifty-five liv+ languages1 & al?\gh1 accord+ to its :ole nature1 x appe>$ to be modell$ v closely on natural languages1 nev]!less ! abbreviations :i* ,s*ley] introduc$ s (t5 into ! words he took ov] 7= example1 vol = _w1 pk = speak1 ,melop = ,am]ica7 produc$ ! same psy*ological effect z if 8 ^w-=mations _h be5 priori4 ,man is1 9 fact1 a psy*ological z well z a logical be+4 ,if !re is to be any practical outcome1 we mu/1 !re=e1 "u all circum/ances base our "w on ! psy*ological pr9ciple ( int]nationality4 ,x is only ?is :i* conf]s on ! auxili>y language ! quality ( be+ easily le>nt & spok51 :i* is unconditionally necess>y = its practical use 9 sci5ce1 z 9 o!r dep>tm5ts ( life4 ,su* sy/ems are call$ po/]iori1 & exp]i5ce %[s t ! m po/]iori elem5ts are conta9$ 9 an int]national language ! m x con=ms to ,jesp]s5's fundam5tal pr9ciple ( ! greate/ ease = ! greate/ numb] ( p4 ,b1 "o may argue1 does x n foll[ f ?is t ! be/ solution w\ld be ! introduction ( a national language into sci5ce8 ,c]ta9ly n1 = ?is w\ld n (f] ! greate/ facility to ! greate/ numb] ( p1 because ! =mation ( ! s-call$ idioms1 :i*1 ap>t f grammatical difficulties1 h9d] ! le>n+ & use ( a language1 w\ld 9 ! case ( _m national languages int]f]e ) ! int]nationality ( ! vocabul>y4 ,^! idioms h a v simil> effect to ! priori ^w =mations1 & dim9i% ! intelligibility1 lucidity1 & facility ( logical expression4 ,! only int]national auxili>y language :i* w be ( practical use 9 sci5ce w be con/ruct$ accord+ to ! po/]iori pr9ciple ( maximum int]nationality1 & w be almo/ or entirely free f idioms4 ,if we add to ?is t x mu/ possess t logical cle>ness ( expression :i* we h describ$ above z ! second crit]ion1 we h ! g5]al conditions :i* mu/ be satisfi$ by an int]national language suitable = sci5ce4 ,ap>t f ! practical value ( ! pr9ciple ( int]nationality1 !re exi/s 9 sci5ce ano!r v special reason = reg>d+ x z a necess>y condition to be satisfi$ by an int]national auxili>y language4 ,we may inquire1 9 fact1 f a purely sci5tific /&po9t1 h[ f> ! sy/ems :i* h be5 devis$ up to ! pres5t h adju/$ !mselves to ! int]national language :i* already exi/s 9 sci5ce4 ,= all ! ?\s&s ( words 9 sci5tific & te*nical nom5clature :i*1 ap>t f _! nationality1 ! sci5tific m5 ( all c\ntries h be5 inv5t+ = c5turies accord+ to v uni=m pr9ciples1 z well z ! likewise l>gely int]national expressions ( un(ficial nom5clature1 =m a possession ( mod]n sci5tific civilisation ( su* magnitude1 importance1 & value1 t x _c on any acc\nt be sacrific$4 ,on ! contr>y1 all ^! words1 z well z _m simil> ones d]iv$ f daily life1 =m ! true1 natural1 & practical basis ( int]national language4 ,?is int]national auxili>y language1 :i* =ms "o ( ! f\ndation /ones ( our g5]al1 sci5tific1 & te*nical culture1 is s closely b\nd up ) ! life & exi/5ce ( sci5ce & has become s mu* ! second nature ( all sci5tific m51 especially inve/igators1 t !y h long become accu/om$ to write & ?9k 9 ?is language ap>t f _! nationality4 ,x is an easily asc]ta9$ fact1 & "o t is well kn[n to ! sci5tific m5 ( all c\ntries1 t ! latt] c read =eign sci5tific lit]ature mu* m easily ?an newspap]s or novels writt5 9 ! same languages4 ,! explanation ( ?is is t ! =eign sci5tific works1 on acc\nt ( _! te*nical vocabul>y1 are writt5 9 a language :i* possesses a mu* m int]national "* ?an t ( ! novels or newspap]s4 ,x _c1 !re=e1 be d5i$ t !re actually exi/ already1 p>ticul>ly 9 sci5ce1 ! beg9n+s ( an int]national 7& l>gely artificially creat$7 auxili>y language :i* is writt51 spok51 & read4 ,we f9d "h ready made ! fir/ provisional lexicon ( ! sci5tific int]national language4 ,x _c1 !re=e1 be urg$ t sci5ce %\ld select any "o ( ! propos$ artificial languages1 because ! selection ( words is by no means an arbitr>y process4 ,! only proc$ure possible to sci5ce mu/ be ! con/ruction ( an int]national language on ! basis ( ! already exi/+ f\ndations4 ,sci5ce c nev] accept z an int]national language1 "o :i* de/roys ! actually exi/+ int]nationality ( sci5tific nom5clature4 ,z we see1 ^! consid]ations1 l ! =m]1 lead u to ! conclusion t ! auxili>y language mu/ be bas$ on ! pr9ciple ( maximum int]nationality2 t is to say1 its vocabul>y mu/ be tak5 po/]iori f ! int]national treasury1 & mu/ n be inv5t$ accord+ to any priori sy/em or special idiom4 ,x foll[s f ?is t ! auxili>y language ( ! future mu/ inevitably be *iefly ,romance 9 its "*1 = ,lat9 is ! int]national auxili>y language :i* /ill lives & fl\ri%es =1 & by means (1 sci5ce4 ,! objection might be made "h t ! simple/ solution w\ld be ! re9troduction ( ,lat9 into sci5ce z ! auxili>y language4 ,b ?is contradicts "o ( our fundam5tal premises1 = ,lat9 fails j z mu* z all o!r national languages to satisfy our second crit]ion1 namely1 t ( complete logical precision4 ,besides1 x is too difficult4 ,esp]anto does n ev5 approximately satisfy ! necess>y conditions2 x infr+es1 9 fact1 all ?ree4 ,on ! "o h&1 its vocabul>y is v f> f be+ con/ruct$ accord+ to ! pr9ciple ( maximum int]nationality2 on ! o!r h&1 ! ,esp]anti/s are suppos$ to make up = ?is defect by ! fam\s pr9ciple ( vortf>ado 7i4e41 ^w manufacture671 ) ! result t _! language falls into ! error ( creat+ idioms4 ,= example1 9 ,esp]anto ! beg9n+ ( ! s5t5ce ,a rot>y trans=m] might be call$ a motor-g5]ator1 b ! latt] "n is usually appli$ to ma*9es ) indep5d5t armatures1 is translat$ 9 ! foll[+ way3 ,turnighan alispecigilon oni povas nomi motorproduktanto1 :i* lit]ally translat$ reads1 ,a self-turn+ o!rwise-mak+ in/rum5t c be call$ a motor-produc]4 ,ap>t f ^! fundam5tal errors ( ,esp]anto1 x lacks a sy/ematic me?od ( ^w =mation1 ! importance ( :i* has be5 demon/rat$ 9 a ma/]ly & conv9c+ fa%ion by ,c\turat 9 ! previ\s *apt]4 ,hundr$s ( times ! puzzl$ read] ( an ,esp]anto text is 9 d\bt ab\t ! s5se ( an adjective1 ev5 su* common expressions z /ony & made ( /one be+ r5d]$ 9 ,esp]anto by ! same ^w 7%tona74 ,a phrase su* z ,x is p]haps possible _c be accurately translat$ into ,esp]anto1 s9ce1 on acc\nt ( its simplicity1 ! words p]haps & possible are bo? r5d]$ by ! same priori ^w1 eble4 ,) reg>d to *oice ( vocabul>y1 o!r sy/ems1 9 p>ticul> ,neutral ,idiom1 are exce$+ly sup]ior to ,esp]anto4 ,9 ?is la/ product ( ! ,volapk movem5t ! pr9ciple ( int]nationality has be5 f9ally recognis$4 ,a language academy 0 f\nd$ :i* con/ruct$ a lexicon accord+ to ?is pr9ciple4 ,un=tunately1 z ,jesp]s5 has v fully %[n 9 ,*apt] ,,iii41 ?is pr9ciple 0 n int]pret$ 9 ! "r mann]1 s t ! language lacks logical cle>ness 9 spite ( ! int]national "* ( its vocabul>y4 ,we ne$ n1 !re=e1 be surpris$ t sci5ce has hi!rto be5 unable to adopt any ( ! artificial sy/ems z ! int]national auxili>y language4 ,t w\ld h be5 a false /ep1 & w\ld only h produc$ confusion4 ,x is only at ! pres5t "t t "o has arriv$ at a cle> recognition ( ! pr9ciples on :i* su* a language mu/ be bas$4 ,! only artificial sy/em :i* c claim t its inv5tors h endeav\r$ 9 its con/ruction to comb9e & consi/5tly c>ry out ! pr9ciples ( int]nationality & logical precision 7namely1 sy/ematic *oice ( /ems & a regul> sy/em ( d]ivation7 is1 z w be suffici5tly evid5t f ! prec$+ *apt]s ( ?is book1 ! language ( ! ,delegation4 ,)\t d\bt ! int]naciona l+uo di la ,delegit>o w h to und]go *anges & improvem5ts1 = "o _c expect t su* a gigantic task z ! introduction ( an int]national auxili>y language c be accompli%$ all at once4 ,we hold1 h[ev]1 t ,ido repres5ts ! fir/ artificial language conc]n+ ^: introduction into sci5ce s]i\s discussion is possible4 ,we may /ate ) full confid5ce to-day t1 s f> z human calculation is possible1 ! attempt to c>ry ?is out w be cr[n$ ) success4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ?is introduction w n be )\t a useful reaction on sci5ce1 n only 9 respect to ! developm5t & ext5sion ( its ext]nal life z an int]national ,great ,p[]1 b also ) reg>d to ! m p]fect unification & ext5sion ( its language & nom5clature on ! l9es ( /rict & complete int]nationality4 ,an expression ( op9ion on ?is po9t w be giv5 9 ! foll[+ *apt]4 ,,ri*>d ,,lor5z4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,! ,,"q ,,( ,,nom5clature ,if we take up a book or a pap] deal+ ) ma!matics 7especially analysis7 pr9t$ 9 a language1 su* z ,japanese1 :i* is q un9telligible to u1 we %all1 nev]!less1 soon succe$ 9 f9d+ out :at x is ab\t & (t5 9 und]/&+ its ma9 cont5ts4 ,! reason ( ?is is1 ( c\rse1 t ! ma!matical =mul consi/ ( symbols :i* are intelligible to u because !y are us$ 9 ! same mann] by all civilis$ nations4 ,! same ?+ holds good 9 physics1 & especially 9 *emi/ry2 *emical =mul conta9 at ! pres5t day su* detail$ in=mation conc]n+ ! relation%ips ( ! sub/ances symbolis$1 t "o might conceive ! possibility ( writ+ a *emical pap] ) =mul alone4 ,9 ! case ( ! descriptive natural sci5ces1 ! ,lat9 names ( ! g5]a & species1 ! ,lat9 nom5clature ( anatomy & o!r simil> gr\ps1 =m a common int]national possession4 ,physiology1 biology1 sociology1 z well z hi/ory & anci5t philology1 possess z yet1 h[ev]1 no sy/em ( int]nationally intelligible t]ms4 ,9 mod]n philology 7phonetics7 practical endeav\rs h already be5 made to con/ruct an int]national sy/em ( s\nd symbols4 ,all ^! sci5ces possess naturally ! designation ( numb]s by means ( num]als :i* h a p]fectly int]national "*4 ,s9ce 9 ma!matics n only ! quantities1 b also ! op]ations1 are d5ot$ by univ]sally und]/ood symbols1 x is already possible1 ) comp>atively few additions1 to express long tra9s ( ma!matical ?\ght 9 a mann] :i* is int]nationally intelligible1 t is1 intelligible to ^? :o are acqua9t$ ) ! sci5ce & its symbols4 ,= a consid]able "t ,pr(essor ,peano1 9 ,tur91 has be5 publi%+ works writt5 9 ?is mann]4 ,we p]ceive "h ! realisation ( ! ideal ( a purely ideographic language1 :i* c be read by ! speciali/ )\t 8 requir+ to translate x into ! words ( any p>ticul> =m ( spee*4 ,to quote a simil> example f *emi/ry1 ,j4 ,h4 van't ,h(f1 9 "o ( ! publications ( 8 y\?1 avoid$ assign+ names to ! *emical sub/ances ) :i* he dealt1 consid]+ t 8 mean+ w\ld be mu* bett] convey$ by ! correspond+ /ructural =mul4 ,su* a text w\ld be q intelligible to a tra9$ *emi/ )\t ! =mul call+ up 9 8 m9d any p>ticul> words1 inde$ )\t any su* words exi/+ at all4 ,^! well-kn[n facts %[ t ! problem ( an int]national language has already be5 p>tly solv$ 9 sci5ce4 ,9 s f> z def9ite & fairly /able concepts h be5 =m$ 9 sci5ce1 !y may be designat$ by arbitr>y symbols1 :i* may if necess>y be univ]sally accept$ & und]/ood4 ,hi!rto su* symbols h be5 ma9ly employ$ = read+1 t is to say int5d$ = ! eye1 & n = ! voice & e>4 ,= example1 9 diff]5t languages q diff]5t s\nds are assign$ to ! num]als1 s t1 :il/ ! writt5 symbols are univ]sally intelligible1 ! spok5 ones are n4 ,h[ev]1 !re are a consid]able numb] ( exceptions to ?is /atem5t4 ,! ^w integral is q z int]national z ! symbol & ! *emical symbol ,tl is pron\nc$ ev]y:]e ?allium1 or some?+ v l x4 ,on look+ ?r\gh ! table ( ! *emical elem5ts "o f9ds t m ?an two-?irds ( ! names possess simil> s\nds 9 ! *ief languages4 ,diff]5ces occur only 9 ! case ( ! well-kn[n elem5ts1 :]e ! words employ$ 9 daily life h f\nd _! way into sci5ce1 :il/ ! newly discov]$ elem5ts all possess int]national names4 ,x foll[s f ?is t ! fur!r problem ( assign+ an int]national sy/em ( s\nds to sci5tific concepts has be5 9 c]ta9 dep>tm5ts ( sci5ce already approximately solv$4 ,x is true t ! s\nd is /ill some:at dep5d5t on ! spee* basis ( ! p>ticul> nation1 s t1 = example1 n inconsid]able deviations may occur 9 ,engli%4 ,b1 z ! writt5 & pr9t$ ^w is always simultane\sly kn[n1 ! recognition ( a "n z pron\nc$ by a =eign] does n cause any v great difficulty4 ,!re exi/s "h a field ( "w = ^? :o are int]e/$ 9 ! idea ( an artificial language :i* is z f]tile z x is int]e/+4 ,z is well kn[n1 we sci5tific m5 suff] a good deal f ! fact t ! same words are frequ5tly employ$ = ! vague ideas ( daily life z well z = ! p]fectly def9ite concepts ( sci5ce4 ,?is is inde$ "o ( ! mo/ important reasons :y new designations = sci5tific concepts %\ld1 z f> z possible1 be tak5 f ! dead languages1 su* designations be+ !reby already int]national4 ,x ought !re=e to be a comp>atively easy task to devise by means ( ?is int]national mat]ial & ! l+ui/ic rules ( ! language ( ! ,delegation a sy/em ( int]national names = ! cle>ly def9$ concepts ( ! diff]5t sci5ces4 ,su* a sy/em possesses a d\ble purpose4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 x c\ld1 ,i ?9k1 be us$ 9 our pres5t natural languages4 ,c]ta9 ,engli% expressions occurr+ 9 electrote*nics1 su* z %unt1 extra curr5t1 are employ$ 9 ,g]man & ,fr5* j z if !y 7 national words4 ,! int]national names 9 _! int]national =m might be employ$ 9 e case :]e a precise sci5tific t]m9ology 0 requir$1 )\t do+ mu* viol5ce to our natural languages4 ,! infl[ ( =eign words ?r\gh ! *annels ( te*nology & sci5ce z well z ^? ( comm]ce & music has already %[n itself to be irresi/ible1 s t a /rict c>ry+ out ( ! pr9ciple ( purity 9 our national languages has be5 a practical impossibility4 ,9 lit]ature prop]ly s call$ "o w endeav\r nev]!less to adh]e to ?is pr9ciple1 b :]e ! *ief "q is "o ( precision ( concepts1 z 9 sci5ce1 language mu/ be reg>d$ z a h&maid51 ^: fir/ duty is to obey4 ,= language /&s only 9 a second>y relation%ip to ! indep5d5tly develop$ & det]m9$ concepts ( sci5ce1 :i* h be5 already fix$ by ! symbols assign$ to !m1 j 9 ! same way t language has fix$ ! concepts ( daily life4 ,indep5d5t ( ! above application1 :i* "o may or may n consid] practical1 is ! int]nationalisation ( sci5tific publications by means ( a univ]sally und]/ood auxili>y language1 :i* is becom+ e day m urg5tly necess>y4 ,?is problem1 too1 _c be attack$ until ! concepts ( all ! sci5ces 9 "q h receiv$ _! prop] designations4 ,! exi/+ diction>ies ( int]national auxili>y languages conta9 mo/ly ! expressions ( daily life1 s t at pres5t ^! languages are ma9ly applicable only = su* communications4 ,"s success c inde$ be obta9$ 9 ! expression ( ! high] tra9s ( ?\ght ( philosophical reason+1 b "h already consid]able unc]ta9ty exi/s4 ,x is cle>1 = in/ance1 t a pap] 9 organic *emi/ry c only be successfully writt5 9 ! int]national language aft] ! translations ( ! diff]5t names = sub/ances occurr+ 9 diff]5t languages h be5 mutually agre$ ^u4 ,consequ5tly ! work+ out ( ! concepts ( ! diff]5t sci5ces & ! det]m9ation ( _! int]national designations is ! v fir/ task :i* mu/ be p]=m$ be=e ! fur!r objects1 int]national lit]ature & int]national oral int]c\rse 9 sci5ce1 c be consid]$4 ,x is ! duty !re=e ( ! repres5tatives ( sci5ce :o h jo9$ ! ,uniono di l',amiki di la ,l+uo ,int]naciona to apply !mselves 9 ! fir/ place to ?is problem1 s9ce ! fur!r success ( ! :ole "q dep5ds entirely on its at lea/ provisional solution4 ,! fir/ pr9ciple :i* mu/ guide ?is "w is und\bt$ly ! g5]al pr9ciple ( maximum int]nationality1 :i* has be5 us$ 9 ! con/ruction ( ! auxili>y language4 ,its application is r5d]$ easy by ! fact t1 ow+ to ! use ( ,greek & ,lat9 roots = ! designation ( sci5tific concepts1 !re is already pres5t a f>-rea*+ int]nationality1 :i* mu/ naturally be reta9$4 ,9 ! second place1 x w n always be possible to employ 9 sci5ce ! same expressions t are us$ 9 ord9>y spee*1 because ! effect ( ! latt] is to produce a blunt+ ( ! precise connotation ( concepts2 :il/ sci5ce1 on ! o!r h&1 requires cle>ly def9$ concepts1 to :i* mu/ correspond equally di/9ct expressions4 ,9 ! ?ird place1 ^? words :i* occur frequ5tly 9 comb9ations mu/ be *os5 z %ort z possible4 ,"h ,i w\ld n %r9k f a v consid]able mutilation ( ! mo/ int]national =ms4 ,su* long names z wass]/(f or hydrog5 _c be p]mitt$1 & mu/ be r$uc$ to monosyllabic =ms4 ,e *emical au?or mu/ h be5 times )\t numb] annoy$ by ! t]ms ( ?ree & f\r syllables = ! commone/ elem5ts1 & ?is defect is common to all languages4 ,! objection aga9/ su* an artificial abbreviation1 :i* is valid = ! language ( daily life1 namely1 t x increases ! difficulty ( ! language = ^? ( little education1 does n hold 9 ! case ( sci5ce1 s9ce x is a matt] ( indiff]5ce to ! beg9n] :e!r he le>ns ! new "n oxyg5 or oxo 7or any o!r simil> abbreviation71 because 9 any case he mu/ le>n x by he>t4 ,su* a proc$ure satisfies also ! second condition1 z x facilitates mo/ easily ! giv+ ( a special =m to sci5tific t]ms1 :i* is diff]5t f t ( ord9>y life4 ,9 ! f\r? place1 x w be advisable 9 cases :]e univ]sally kn[n symbols exi/1 :i* consi/ ( lett]s or h be5 d]iv$ f ^! 7su* z c]ta9 ma!matical symbols71 to *oose ! "n s t x beg9s ) ! same lett]4 ,= example1 ! con/ant ( gravitation is n[ univ]sally d5ot$ by g1 & ! correspond+ int]national ^w %\ld !re=e beg9 ) ,g4 ,x appe>s to me d\btful1 h[ev]1 :e!r ?is pr9ciple c be g5]ally c>ri$ out4 ,i h exam9$ ! names ( ! *emical elem5ts ) ?is int5t1 & h arriv$ at ! conclusion t x w\ld n "w )\t do+ consid]able viol5ce to g5]al usage4 ,= example1 x w\ld be sc>cely possible to f9d an int]national "n = *lor 7*lor9e7 :i*1 correspond+ to ! *emical symbol ,cl1 w\ld beg9 ) ,c1 = ! latt] lett] is pron\nc$ ts1 :il/ ! ^w *lor 7) correspond+ t]m9ations7 is int]national1 &1 accord+ to its s\nd1 mu/ be writt5 l kloro or 9 "s simil> way4 ,^! are ! =mal sugge/ions :i* ,i %\ld l to make ) ref]5ce to ! problem 9 h&2 !y are only int5d$ to indicate h[ "o might proce$1 & are n to be reg>d$ z ei!r exhau/ive or infallible4 ,!re arises n[ ! second "q z to h[ su* "w is to be organis$4 ,z ! same concepts occur 9 sev]al relat$ sci5ces1 & mu/ receive ! same designations1 x w\ld n be practicable to entru/ ! con/ruction ( ! vocabul>ies to special commissions = ea* p>ticul> sci5ce4 ,x w\ld be m advisable to appo9t a c]ta9 numb] ( p]sons to collect ! mat]ial & to make out li/s ( ! concepts = :i* t]ms are requir$1 & !n to appo9t commissions repres5t+ a :ole gr\p ( sci5ces to discuss ! necess>y pr9ciples1 aft] :i* ! details c\ld be work$ out & f9ally subject$ to ! exam9ation & approval ( ! :ole body4 ,to make matt]s at once m def9ite1 ,i ?9k ! exact sci5ces ought to be fir/ tak5 into consid]ation1 = 9 _! case ! fixation ( concepts is mo/ highly develop$4 ,!re is no ne$ = a replacem5t ( ! well-kn[n ,lat9 nom5clature employ$ 9 ! descriptive sci5ces1 nor w\ld any attempt 9 ?is direction h any likelihood ( success4 ,we mu/ look r to ! di/ant future1 :5 all o!r sci5ces w h already adapt$ !mselves to ! int]national idiom = ! translation ( ! ,lat9 names into ! =ms ( ! int]national language 7reta9+ ! /ems1 h[ev]7 9 ord] to produce = /hetic reasons a uni=m sy/em ?r\gh\t ! :ole ( sci5ce4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,i consid] x absolutely necess>y to subject ! concepts ( logic & ! !ory ( cognition to ! same process ( sci5tific delimitation & fixation4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ^! sci5ces belong1 at lea/ !oretically1 to ! exact sci5ces2 &1 9 ! second place1 "w 9 ^! dep>tm5ts ( k is r5d]$ extraord9>ily difficult by ! fact t _! concepts are express$ 9 ! t]ms us$ 9 daily life1 ^: ela/ic nature con/antly fru/rates exact "w4 ,conv]sely1 ?is great process ( purification _c fail to br+ to light mu* t is ( value = ! !ory & sy/ematisation ( sci5tific concepts4 ,= "o mu/ be q cle> on a subject oneself be=e "o c make x cle> to o!rs4 ,inde$1 ev5 a simple classifi$ li/ ( possibilities1 9 :i* "o has e>ne/ly s\ght to omit no?+ ( importance1 con/itutes 9 itself a sci5tific advance1 :i* is r5d]$ all ! m desirable by ! fact t 9 g5]al p h tr\bl$ v little ab\t que/ions ( ?is sort4 ,x may be already =ese51 & inde$ ) pleasure1 t su* problems are n to be solv$ (fh&1 & w probably require = _! f9al settlem5t an int]national congress1 at :i* ! f9al decisions w be made4 ,= ?is congress w probably be ! fir/ sci5tific ga!r+ at :i*1 in/ead ( ?ree1 f\r1 or five languages1 only "o1 & t ! int]national auxili>y language1 w be spok54 ,,wilhelm ,,o/wald4 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,conclusion3 ,,read+1 ,,writ+1 ,,& ,,speak+ ,anyone :o wi%es to swim )\t ! help ( o!rs is fac$ by a vici\s circle4 ,9 ord] to swim he mu/ jump into ! wat]1 b be=e he entru/s himself to ! wat] he ought to be able to swim4 ,9 spite ( ?is1 _m p le>n to swim )\t a tea*]4 ,h[ d !y d t8 ,!y g at fir/ only into %all[ wat]1 & spla% ab\t !re until !y h become m or less famili> ) ?is elem5t4 ,!n1 :5 !y p]ceive t !y c propel !mselves 9 x1 !y g gradually into deep] wat]4 ,if we wi% to get sci5tific m5 to use ! int]national language1 we mu/ probably recomm5d ! same me?od & advise !m to move ab\t 9 ! %all[] regions ( e-day language be=e !y v5ture into ! deep] wat]s ( sci5ce4 ,! in/ruction conc]n+ ! movem5ts ( swimm+ giv5 by ! swimm+-ma/] on dry l& corresponds to a lesson ( a c\ple ( h\rs on ! simple gramm> ( ! int]national language4 ,fur!r progress1 lead+ up f9ally to ! introduction ( ! latt] into sci5ce1 c be divid$ into ?ree /ages1 :i* we may describe by ! words read+1 writ+1 & speak+4 ,i4 ,read+4--,! extraord9>y ease ) :i* e educat$ p]son1 & especially anyone :o has le>nt ,lat9 or "o ( ! ,romance languages1 c read & und]/& ! language ( ! ,delegation almo/ )\t any previ\s /udy1 indicates t ! fir/ /age w n be difficult ( atta9m5t4 ,b "o w\ld require sci5tific read+ mat]ial 9 ord] to ga9 practice 9 sci5tific read+1 & !re we are aga9 fac$ by a vici\s circle4 ,=1 9 ord] to create su* read+ mat]ial1 we require au?ors :o c write x1 & yet ! latt] c only le>n to express !mselves 9 ! int]national language by means ( already exi/+ read+ mat]ial4 ,we mu/ !re=e at fir/ make use ( ! language ( daily life & c>ry ov] into sci5ce :atev] is f\nd to be suitable = sci5tific purposes1 aft] :i* m %>ply def9$ mean+s may be assign$ to ! words4 ,x has be5 indicat$ 9 ! previ\s article h[ ! rema9+ special sci5tific nom5clature c be det]m9$4 ,:5 ?is prelim9>y "w is suffici5tly advanc$ ! foll[+ way w lead quicke/ to ! goal4 ,!re w be f\nd$ an int]national j\rnal1 divid$ into z _m divisions z correspond to ! gr\ps ( sci5ces to be dealt )4 ,we h "h 9 view m p>ticul>ly ! !oretical & practical sci5ces ( nature1 because !y h mu* m urg5t ne$ ( an int]national auxili>y language ?an ! humanities1 ^: repres5tatives are m likely to possess a suffici5t k ( languages4 ,= example1 ma!matics1 ma!matical a/ronomy1 ma!matical geography1 ma!matical physics1 geodesy1 etc41 might =m "o gr\p2 g5]al & exp]im5tal physics1 *emi/ry & physical *emi/ry1 electrote*nics & appli$ *emi/ry1 me*anics & me*anical eng9e]+1 etc41 a second gr\p2 m9]alogy1 petrography1 cry/allography1 geology1 etc41 a ?ird gr\p2 biology1 sy/ematic & physiological zoology & botany1 morphology1 etc41 etc41 a f\r? gr\p4 ,ext5sions ( ^! gr\ps & o!r modes ( arrangem5t might ( c\rse be introduc$4 ,! f\ndation at fir/ ( sev]al sep>ate p]iodicals w\ld n be advisable4 ,! foll[+ rem>ks may be made conc]n+ ! cont5ts ( ?is j\rnal4 ,9 con=mity ) our plan1 x %\ld n at fir/ conta9 any orig9al articles1 = ! int]national language is n int5d$ to replace ! natural ones1 b only to act z an int]m$i>y betwe5 !m4 ,besides1 ! j\rnal mu/ n conta9 any insignificant or un9t]e/+ articles if x is to attract & int]e/ read]s4 ,b em95t au?ors1 ev5 if !y c\ld comm& ! int]national language1 w\ld n publi% important orig9al articles 9 a j\rnal :i* naturally at fir/ w\ld n h any v great circulation4 ,! j\rnal mu/ !re=e conta9 *iefly translations ( int]e/+ articles f all bran*es ( sci5ce & f all languages1 & also extracts f ! m important lit]>y productions4 ,! editorial committee ( ?is j\rnal %\ld be indep5d5t ( ! ,language ,academy1 b nev]!less 9 close contact ) x1 9 ord]1 on ! "o h&1 to gu>antee ! correctness ( ! language by means ( ! ,academy1 &1 on ! o!r h&1 to help ! latt] by act+ z its sci5tific advis]4 ,! gradual dissem9ation ( ?is p]iodical w\ld h ! effect t a consid]able numb] ( sci5tific m51 especially ^? ( ! y\ng] g5]ation1 w\ld be induc$ to read & und]/& ! int]national language )\t any exp5diture ( tr\ble injuri\s to _! pr(essional "w4 ,,ii4 ,writ+4--,f read+ a comp>atively easy /ep leads to writ+4 ,! numb] ( sci5tific m5 w\ld soon increase :o c\ld ei!r write directly 9 ! int]national language1 or1 at all ev5ts1 translate a pap] writt5 9 a natural language into ! int]national language4 ,ow+ to ! gradually increas+ dissem9ation ( ! int]national ,review1 a fir/-h& publication ( su* pap]s 9 ! ,review w\ld soon be v mu* 9 ! int]e/ ( ! au?ors1 z ! acceptance ( _! pap]s w\ld itself be a m>k ( hon\r1 :il/ ! rapid di/ribution among/ all nations w\ld be likewise advantage\s4 ,,iii4 ,speak+4--,! speak+ ( ! int]national language at fir/ 9 small & !n gradually among/ wid] circles & f9ally at int]national congresses c only be attempt$ lat]4 ,?is attempt mu/ n1 h[ev]1 be made be=e its success is fully assur$1 & ! language has receiv$ a c]ta9 am\nt ( consolidation ?r\gh its application to writ+4 ,we h already rem>k$ 9 ano!r place t ! introduction ( ! int]national language is n ne>ly s difficult z x appe>s at fir/ sight1 almo/ ! only difficulty be+ ! e/abli%m5t ( ! confid5ce t ?is goal c be atta9$4 ,:5 "o tries to swim = ! fir/ "t x seems z if "o w\ld nev] succe$4 ,b :51 aft] a few lessons1 "o has se5 "o's comrades mov+ safely & m]rily 9 ! wat]1 c\rage comes1 & ) x success4 ,we %all !re=e %[ 9 an app5dix by means ( an example t ! language ( ! ,delegation is already capable ( express+ difficult passages ) all possible fidelity4 ,at a "t :5 ! language _h only j be5 fix$ & :5 he _h v little practice 9 its use1 ,l4 ,c\turat translat$ into x a p>ticul>ly difficult passage f ! "w ( ,gomp]z 7! ,vi5nese ,academician7 on ,grecian ,?9k]s4 ,! pres5t au?or1 )\t hav+ se5 ! orig9al1 retranslat$ x at ,graz f ! int]national language into ,g]man1 & s5t ?is to ,gomp]z at ,vi5na ) ! reque/1 t he w\ld give 8 op9ion on ! accuracy ( ! retranslat$ passage4 ,gomp]z wrote *>act]is+ ! reproduction z a/oni%+ly exact1 ! te/ z extraord9>ily successful1 & ! result 9 a high degree fav\rable to ! possibility ( employ+ ! int]national language4 ,?is te/ mu/ c]ta9ly be reg>d$ z a v sev]e "o1 because ! ,g]man language is =eign to ! fir/ translator1 :il/1 ow+ to its philosophical nature1 ! subject 0 n famili> to ! second translator z a physici/4 ,= ! sake ( ,engli% read]s1 a simil> exp]im5t has j be5 made1 ! results ( :i* are giv5 9 ,app5dix ,,iii4 ,a passage f ,pr(essor ,w4 ,james's ,talks to ,tea*]s on ,psy*ology1 deal+ ) ! laws ( habit1 0 translat$ into ,ido by ,pr(essor ,c\turat1 & ! ,ido text retranslat$ into ,engli% by ,mr4 ,p4 ,d4 ,hugon 9 ,london1 :o 0 unacqua9t$ ) ! orig9al4 ,a comp>ison ( ! two ,engli% texts demon/rates ! m>vell\s lucidity ( ,ido z a m$ium = ! transmission ( ?\ght )\t di/ortion4 ,two ?+s are indisp5sable = ! realisation ( a great idea4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! idea mu/1 z reg>ds its nature & value1 h a rational f\ndation1 & its possibility mu/ be demon/rat$4 ,9 ! second place1 !re mu/ be pres5t c\rage1 en]gy1 & p]sev]+ devotion 9 ord] to realise practically t :i* has be5 recognis$ to be "r & good4 ,no am\nt ( en]gy1 h[ev] great1 c produce a la/+ result f a mi/ak5 idea2 b at ! same "t no?+ great has ev] be5 accompli%$ by d\bt]s & pessimi/s4 ,! read]s ( our bro*ure w conc$e to u t ! idea ( an int]national auxili>y language & its realisation by means ( ! language ( ! ,delegation h 9 ! =ego+ *apt]s be5 fully exam9$ 9 ! cold light ( reason & %[n to be good & practicable1 :il/ ! app5dices w enable ?is op9ion to be exp]im5tally te/$ & confirm$4 ,n[ t ! head has done its "w1 ! he>t1 ! s\rce ( c\rage & devotion1 mu/ d its "p4 ,we h full confid5ce1 !re=e1 9 call+ ^u ! repres5tatives ( sci5ce1 :o h foll[$ u s f>1 to assi/ u 9 ! "w1 9 ! fir/ place by jo9+ ! ,uniono di l',amiki di la ,l+uo ,int]naciona & by mak+ its lab\rs kn[n4 ,?is /ep c be tak5 also by ^? :o d n see 9 ! language z at pres5t con/itut$ ! f9al & be/ solution ( ! problem1 = be=e "o c rea* ! topmo/ heights "o mu/ trav]se ! int]v5+ /ages4 ,we ourselves d n consid] t our language is ! be/ possible1 b we reg>d x z "o :i* is susceptible ( cont9u\s improvem5t )\t its imm$iate & future use be+ injur$ !reby4 ,,leopold ,,pfaundl]4 ,,app5dix ,i4 ,,l+uo ,,int]naciona ,,di ,,la ,,delegit>o4 7,,ido74 ,! ,dlgation p\r l',adoption d'une ,langue ,auxiliaire ,int]nationale1 f\nd$ 9 ,p>is 9 #aija1 has receiv$ ! support ( #caj societies ( _m c\ntries & ! approval ( #a1bej pr(essors & academicians4 ,x elect$ 9 #aijg an int]national committee1 compos$ ( em95t l+ui/s & m5 ( sci5ce1 :i*1 aft] hav+ /udi$ all ! projects = int]national language1 adopt$ ,esp]anto ) c]ta9 modifications4 ,^! modifications1 :il/ pres]v+ ! pr9ciples & ess5tial qualities ( ,dr4 ,zam5h('s language1 aim at a m logical & /rict application ( ^! pr9ciples & ! elim9ation ( c]ta9 unnecess>y complications4 ,! foll[+ are ! pr9cipal modifications3-- 7#a7 ,suppression ( ! acc5t$ lett]s1 ?us p]mitt+ ! language to be pr9t$ ev]y:]e1 & at ! same "t pres]v+ ! phonetic & frequ5tly re-e/abli%+ ! int]national spell+2 7#b7 ,suppression ( c]ta9 useless grammatical rules :i* are v tr\blesome to _m nations1 & especially to p]sons possess+ only an elem5t>y education 7accusative1 concord ( ! adjective72 7#c7 ,regul>isation ( ! me?od ( d]ivation1 ?is be+ ! only means ( prev5t+ ! intrusion ( idioms & ( furni%+ a solid f\ndation = ! work+ out ( ! sci5tific & te*nical vocabul>y s indisp5sable = ! propagation ( ! language 9 ! sci5tific _w2 7#d7 ,enri*m5t ( ! vocabul>y by ! adoption ( new /ems c>efully *os5 accord+ to ! pr9ciple ( maximum int]nationality4 ,all ! words h1 9 fact1 be5 =m$ f int]national /ems1 t is to say ^? :i* are common to ! majority ( ,european languages1 ) ! result t !y are imm$iately recognis$ by ev]yone ( m$ium education4 ,x is n necess>y !re=e to le>n a new language2 ! int]national language is ! qu9tess5ce ( ! ,european ones4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 incomp>ably m easy ?an any ( !m on acc\nt ( its simplicity & absolute regul>ity2 !re are no useless rules1 & no exceptions4 ,x c be le>nt by read+ x2 z soon z "o c read x "o c write x2 z soon z "o c write x "o c speak x4 ,& exp]i5ce has prov$ t ! diff]5ces ( pronunciation among/ p ( ! mo/ div]se c\ntries are insignificant & cause no tr\ble at all4 ,to sum up1 ! l+uo int]naciona is a simplifi$ & improv$ ,esp]anto1 v analog\s to primitive ,esp]anto1 b possess+ ! advantage ov] ! latt] ( be+ imm$iately intelligible1 s t x is de/9$ to become ! int]national language4 ,besides1 x has already receiv$ ! w>m approval & support ( _m ( ! e>lie/ & be/ ,esp]anti/s4 ,x alone1 ?anks to ! support ( ! sci5tific & lit]>y m5 ( ! ,delegation & ,committee1 has a *ance ( be+ adopt$ "s day by ,gov]nm5ts & ( be+ introduc$ into ! s*ools ( all c\ntries4 ,! foll[+ pages provide a key :i* enables "o to read a text 9 ?is language4 ,,gramm>4 ,pronunciation4--,all lett]s are pron\nc$1 & h always ! same s\nd3 a 7z 9 fa!r71 c 7l ts71 e 7l e 9 set1 or a 9 fate71 g 7always h>d1 z 9 g71 i 7l ee 9 sweet71 j 7ei!r z 9 ,engli%1 or l ! ,fr5* j 9 j\rnal71 o 7l o 9 n or l o 9 g71 q 7qu z 9 ,engli%1 or l kv71 s 7unvoic$71 u 7l oo 9 too71 x 7l ks or gz71 y 7z 9 ,engli%71 z 7z 9 ,engli%71 * 7z 9 *ur*71 % 7z 9 ,engli%71 au 7l ow 9 h[71 eu 7 e-u74 ,x w be se5 t a c]ta9 am\nt ( latitude is p]mitt$1 9 ord] to suit ! conv5i5ce ( diff]5t nations4 ,/ress 7tonic acc5t7 on ! p5ultimate syllable1 except 9 ! inf9itive1 :5 x falls on ! la/ syllable 7-ar1 -ir1 -or74 ,s9ce y is a consonant1 x does n c\nt z a sep>ate syllable 7fluvyo74 ,def9ite ,article4--,la1 = all g5d]s & numb]s4 ,sub/antive4--,ends 9 -o 9 ! s+ul>1 9 -i 9 ! plural4 ,adjective4--,is inv>iable1 & ends 9 -a4 ,p]sonal ,pron\ns4--,me ,i1 tu ?\1 vu y 7s+ul>71 il he or x 7mascul9e71 el %e or x 7fem99e71 ol x 7?+72 ni we1 vi y 7plural71 li !y 7all g5d]s74 ,if di/9ction is necess>y1 ili !y 7mascul9e71 eli !y 7fem99e71 oli !y 7neut]74 ,possessive ,pron\ns4--,mea my1 m9e1 tua ?y1 ?9e1 vua y\r1 y\rs 7s+ul>71 sa 81 h]1 h]s1 or its2 nia our1 ours1 via y\r1 y\rs 7plural71 lia _!1 !irs4 ,9 ! plural ! end+ -i is sub/itut$ = -a :5 ! above words are us$ z true possessive pron\ns4 ,reflexive ,=ms4--,su is us$ z an objective 7reflexive7 p]sonal pron\n 7= s+ul> & plural7 9 ! ?ird p]son4 ,! correspond+ possessive =ms are sua & sui 7plural pron\n74 ,x may be rem>k$ t ! possessive pronom9al adjectives sa 7s+ul>7 & lia 7plural7 may be made to indicate sex 9 ! foll[+ way3-- ,s+ul>4 ,plural4 ,mascul9e ilsa ilia ,fem99e elsa elia ,neut] olsa olia ,demon/rative ,pron\ns4--,ica ?is1 ^!2 ita t1 ^?4 ,! plural =ms ici ^!1 & iti ^?1 are only us$ z true demon/rative pron\ns4 ,! indet]m9ate 7neut]7 =ms are ico ?is1 ito t4 ,9 all ! above words ! initial i is usually omitt$1 except :]e euphony requires x4 ,if x is requir$ to indicate sex1 or some?+ :i* is n alive1 ?is may be done z foll[s3-- ,?is4 ,t4 ,mascul9e ilca ilta ,fem99e elca elta ,neut] olca olta ,plural ilci ilti ,pron\n etc4 etc4 ,relative & ,int]rogative ,pron\ns3 qua :o1 :i*1 :at2 plural1 qui4 ,quo :at 7indet]m9ate1 g5]al74 ,accusative 7objective case74--,:5 ! direct object ( ! v]b prec$es ! subject1 ! =m] is indicat$ by ! inflexion -n3 la homo quan vu vidis ! p]son :om y h se54 ,v]b4--,inv>iable 9 p]son & numb]4 ,end+s ( ! pr9cipal t5ses3-- ,active ,passive ,inf9itive4 ,indicative4 p>ticiple4 p>ticiple4 ,pres5t -ar -z -anta -ata ,pa/ -ir -is -inta -ita ,future -or -os -onta -ota ,conditional1 -u4 ,imp]ative1 -ez4 ,! auxili>y v]b es>1 to be1 is us$ = ! passive1 & = ! comp\nd t5ses ( ! active4 ,passive4 ,pres5t esas amata1 or amesas ,i am 7be+7 lov$4 ,pa/ esis amata1 or amesis ,i 0 7be+7 lov$4 ,future esos amata1 or amesos ,i w be lov$4 ,conditional esus amata1 or amesus ,i w\ld be lov$4 ,imp]ative esez amata1 or amesez be lov$4 ,inf9ite es> amata1 or ames> to be lov$4 ,comp\nd ,t5ses ( ! ,active4 ,p]fect 7me7 esas am9ta 7,i7 h lov$4 ,plup]fect 7me7 esis am9ta 7,i7 _h lov$4 ,future p]fect 7me7 esos am9ta 7,i7 %all h lov$4 ,pa/ conditional 7me7 esus am9ta 7,i7 %\ld h lov$4 ,! pa/ t5ses ( ! passive 7indicat+ complet$ /ates7 are =m$ by means ( ! passive p>ticiple 9 -ita3-- 7me7 esis amita 7,i7 _h be5 lov$4 7me7 esos amita 7,i7 %all h be5 lov$4 7me7 esus amita 7,i7 w\ld h be5 lov$4 ,d]iv$ adv]bs are =m$ by sub/itut+ ! end+ -e = ! -a ( ! adjective or ! -o ( ! n\n3 bone well2 nokte at night4 ,,=mation ,,( ,,words4 ,all words are compos$ ( ?ree elem5ts1 possess+ an inv>iable =m & mean+3 /ems1 affixes 7prefixes & suffixes71 & grammatical t]m9ations4 ,prefixes3-- ge-1 ! two sexes unit$3 ge-patri p>5ts4 bo-1 relation by m>riage3 bo-patro fa!r-9-law4 ex-1 =m]1 ex-3 ex-(ic]o ex-(fic]4 mal-1 opposite1 contr>y3 mal-bela ugly4 mis-1 error1 mi/ake3 mis-kompr5> misund]/&4 mi-1 half3 mi-horo half an h\r4 re-1 repetition3 re-dic> repeat1 say aga94 retro-1 backw>ds3 retro-s5d> return 7s5d back74 ne-1 negation3 ne-utila useless 7b mal-utila h>mful74 s5-1 want (3 s5-arma un>m$4 ,suffixes3-- -91 female sex3 frat-ino si/]4 -id1 desc5dant3 ,sem-ido ,semite4 -e/r1 *ief1 director3 urb-e/ro mayor4 -an1 memb] (3 s5at-ano s5ator4 -ism1 sy/em1 doctr9e3 socialismo socialism4 -i/1 pr(ession1 occupation3 d5t-i/o d5ti/4 -er1 amateur3 fotograf-ero amateur photograph]4 -ul1 p]son :o is *>act]is$ by 4443 kuras-ulo cuirassi]4 -aj1 concrete ?+1 consi/+ (1 or made (3 lan-ajo wooll5 goods4 -ur1 product1 result3 pikt-uro a picture4 -ar1 collection ( a numb] ( simil> ?+s3 hom-aro mank9d4 -il1 in/rum5t1 tool3 bros-ilo bru%4 -ey1 place = 4443 kaval-eyo /able2 dorm-eyo dormitory4 -uy1 conta9]1 recipi5t3 ink-uyo inkpot4 -y]1 t :i* be>s or c>ries3 pom-y]o apple tree4 -al1 relat+ to3 nacion-ala national4 -oz1 full (1 provid$ )3 por-oza por\s4 -atr1 simil>1 l3 spong-atra sponge-l1 spongy4 -iv1 t :i* c1 active possibility3 in/rukt-iva in/ructive4 -em1 addict$ to3 babil-ema talkative1 g>rul\s4 -ebl1 passive possibility1 t :i* c be 4443 vid-ebla visible4 -end1 t :i* is to be1 or mu/ be 4443 solv-enda to be solv$1 requir+ solution4 -ind1 wor?y ( be+3 respekt-inda wor?y ( respect4 -es1 /ate ( be+3 san-es> to be well1 :5ce ! sub/antives express+ /ate or quality1 e4g41 san-eso heal?4 -esk1 to comm5ce to d or to be3 dorm-esk> to fall asleep4 -ig1 to make or cause to d or to be3 bel-ig> beautify2 dorm-ig> to s5d to sleep4 -ij1 to become3 ri*-ij> to get ri*4 -iz1 to furni% or provide )3 arm-iz> to arm4 -if1 to produce1 br+ =?3 frukt-if> to fructify4 -ad1 repetition1 cont9uation3 dans-ado danc+4 -eg1 augm5tative3 bel-ega v beautiful4 -et1 dim9utive3 mont-eto hill1 hillock4 -a*1 d]ogative3 popul-a*o populace1 ! mob4 -um1 indet]m9ate relation%ip 7see ! diction>y71 -esm1 ord9al numb]3 un-esma fir/4 -opl1 multiplicative numb]3 du-opla d\ble4 -on1 fractional numb]3 tri-ono a ?ird4 -op1 di/ributive numb]3 qu>-ope 9 f\rs4 ,,lexiko ,,di ,,la ,,grammatikala ,,vorti4 a1 ad to1 t[>ds ad maxime at mo/ ad m9ime at lea/ altra1 -i o!r 7s7 altru ano!r altro ano!r ?+1 some?+ else anke also ankore /ill1 yet ante be=e 7"t7 ap>te ap>t ap5e sc>cely1 ) difficulty apud ne>1 close by1 at avan be=e 7place7 balde soon c5t hundr$ cet]-i1 -o ! o!rs1 ! re/ *e at ! h\se ( cirke ar\nd1 ab\t cis on ?is side ( da by de f1 s9ce1 ( dek t5 di ( d !re=e1 h5ce dop aft] 7position72 beh9d du two dum dur+ e1 ed & ek out1 out ( en 9 ext] outside (1 besides = f> f =san p]haps frue e>ly hi]e ye/]day hike "h ibe !re int] betwe51 among ips-a1 -e self1 ev5 any 7:atsoev]7 irg-a1 -u anyone 7:atev]7 irgo any?+ 7:atev]7 it]e aga91 anew ja already jus j at ! mom5t kad :e!r 7g5]al int]rogative7 kam z1 ?an 79 comp>isons7 k&e :5 ke t 7conjunction7 kelk-a1 -i "s k9 five kontre aga9/1 opposite kun ) lor !n1 at t "t malgre 9 spite ( max 7-ime7 mo/ mem ev51 inde$ mil ?\s& m9 less m9ime lea/ morge to-morr[ mult-a 7-i7 mu*1 _m nam =1 because ne n nek nei!r1 nor no no nov n9e nu well6 n[6 nul-a 7-u7 no1 no "o nulo no?+ nun n[ nur only o1 od or ok eight olim =m]ly omn-a 7-i7 ea*1 all omno all1 ev]y?+ or n[ 7conjunction7 p] ?r\gh1 by means ( plu m plur-a 7-i7 sev]al po = 7! price (7 poke a little por =1 to 79 ord] to7 pos aft] 7"t7 precipue especially preske almo/1 ne>ly pret] pa/1 beyond pri conc]n+1 on pro =1 on acc\nt ( proxim next qual-a :at 7sort (7 quale h[1 z quankam al?\gh quant-a 7-e7 h[ mu*1 h[ _m qu> f\r quaze z if1 s to speak quik at once1 imm$iately sama ! same same simil>ly sat 7-e7 en\gh1 suffici5tly se if s$ b segun accord+ to sempre always s5 )\t sep sev5 s+l-a 7-e s+le1 s+ly sis six sive ei!r1 or sub "u1 bel[ sup] above1 ov] sur on1 ^u tal-a su* a1 su* tal-e ?us1 s1 9 su* a way tam z 79 comp>isons7 tam5 nev]!less1 yet tant-a 7-e7 s mu*1 z mu*1 s t>de late til until tra ?r\gh1 across trans beyond1 on ! o!r side ( tre v tri ?ree tro too ube :]e1 :i!r ula- 7-u7 "s1 any1 someone1 anyone ulo some?+1 any?+ ultre beyond1 besides un 7-u1 -a "o ve alas6 vice 9 place (1 vice ya c]ta9ly1 und\bt$ly ye preposition ( indet]m9ate mean+ y5 "h is1 !re is1 behold yes yes ,,app5dix ,,ii4 ,specim5 page f ! ,,int]national-,,engli% ,,diction>y4#f deskript-ar3 to describe2 -o3 description2 -iva3 descriptive ,,efis4 desp]-ar3 to despair2 -o3 despair2 -ig>3 to drive to despair ,,efis4 despit-ar3 to be vex$1 to fret2 -o3 spite1 despite2 -ig>3 to vex ,,efis4 despot-o3 despot2 -eso1 -ismo3 despotism ,,defirs4 de/9-ar3 to de/9e2 -o1 -eso3 de/9ation1 de/9y ,,efis4 de/rukt-ar3 to de/roy2 -o3 de/ruction2 -iva1 -ema3 de/ructive ,,efirs4 detal-o3 detail2 -a1 -oza3 detail$2 -e1 -oze3 9 detail ,,defirs4 deta%m5t-o 7milit>y73 deta*m5t ,,defirs4 detektiv-o3 detective ,,efr4 det]m9-ar3 to det]m9e2 -o1 -eso3 det]m9ation 7n decision72 -anta1 -iva3 det]m9ative2 -ismo3 det]m9ism ,,defirs4 detrim5t-ar3 to cause injury or prejudice to 7a p]son72 -o3 detrim5t1 damage1 injury 7moral7 ,,efis4 dev-ar3 to be oblig$ to1 ought1 h to2 -o3 duty ,,fis4 deva/-ar3 to deva/ate2 -o1 eso3 deva/ation ,,efis4 deviac-ar 7trans4 & intrans473 to deviate2 -o3 deviation ,,efis4 deviz-o3 motto1 device ,,defirs4 devlop-ar3 to develop2 -o1 -eso3 developm5t ,,efi4 devot-a3 devot$2 -eso3 devotion2 -es>1 -ig>1 -su3 to devote oneself ,,efi4 dextr-a3 "r 7h&1 side72 -e3 on ! "r ,,is4 dez]t-a3 des]t1 des]t$2 -o3 a des]t1 wild]ness ,,efis4 dezir-ar3 to wi%1 desire2 -o3 wi%1 desire ,,efis4 di3 ( 7preposition74 di-o1 day 7tw5ty-f\r h\rs72 -ala3 daily ,,eis4 diabet-o3 diabetes ,,defirs4 diablo3 devil2 -ala3 diabolical ,,defirs4 diadem-o3 diadem ,,defirs4 diafan-a3 transp>5t2 -eso3 transp>5cy ,,fis4 ,specim5 page f ! ,,engli%-,,int]national ,,diction>y4 to describe3 deskript>4 description3 deskripto4 descriptive3 deskriptiva4 to desecrate3 pr(anig>4 a des]t3 dez]to4 to des]t3 des]t>4 des]t$3 dez]ta4 des]t]3 des]t-anto1 -into4 des]tion3 des]to1 to des]ve3 m]it>4 des]v+3 m]it-anta1 -oza4 to desiccate 7v4 trans473 sikig>4 desiccat$3 sikigita4 design 7 draw+73 desegno4 to desire3 dezir>4 desire3 deziro4 desk 7writ+73 pupitro4 7pulpit73 kat$ro4 to despair3 desp]>4 despair3 desp]o4 despair1 to drive to3 desp]ig>4 a desp]ado3 riskemo4 despicable3 mal-priz9da4 to despise3 mal-priz>4 despite 7s471 despito4 7prep47 7 9 spite (71 malgre4 despot3 despoto4 despotism3 despot-eso1 -ismo4 desquamation3 squamifo4 dess]t3 des]o4 de/9ation3 de/9-o1 -eso4 to de/9e3 de/9>4 de/9y3 de/9-o1 -eso4 7 fate73 fato4 to de/roy3 de/rukt>4 de/ruction3 de/rukto4 1 utt]3 nuligo4 de/ructive3 de/rukt-iva1 -ema4 deta*m5t 7milit>y73 deta%m5to4 detail3 detalo1 mal-gr&ajo4 1 93 detal-e1 -oze4 detail$3 detal-a1 -oza4 detective3 detektivo4 to det]3 timig>1 imp$>4 det]m9ation 7n decision73 det]m9-o1 -eso4 det]m9ative3 det]m9-anta1 -iva4 to det]m9e3 det]m9>4 7 decide73 decidig>4 det]m9ism3 det]m9ismo4 to de?rone3 mal-troniz>4 detrim5t3 detrim5to4 to deva/ate3 deva/>4 deva/ation3 deva/-o1 -eso4 to develop3 devlop>4 7photo473 rivel>4 develop] 7photo473 rivelilo4 develop+ 7photo473 rivelo4 developm5t3 devlop-o1 -eso4 to deviate 7v4 trans4 & intrans473 deviac>4 deviation3 deviaco4 ,,app5dix ,,iii4 ,,exp]im5t ,,9 ,,d\ble ,,translation4 ,,! ,,laws ,,( ,,habit4 ,by ,pr(essor ,w4 ,,james4#g ,i believe t we are subject to ! law ( habit 9 consequ5ce ( ! fact t we h bodies4 ,! pla/icity ( ! liv+ matt] ( our n]v\s sy/em1 9 %ort1 is ! reason :y we d a ?+ ) difficulty ! fir/ "t1 b soon d x m & m easily1 & f9ally1 ) suffici5t practice1 d x semi-me*anically1 or ) h>dly any consci\sness at all4 ,our n]v\s sy/ems h 79 ,dr4 ,c>p5t]'s words7 gr[n to ! way 9 :i* !y h be5 ex]cis$1 j z a %eet ( pap] or a coat1 once creas$ or fold$1 t5ds to fall = ev] aft]w>d into ! same id5tical folds4 ,habit is ?us a second nature1 or r1 z ! ,duke ( ,well+ton said1 x is t5 times nature1 at any rate z reg>ds its importance 9 adult life1 = ! acquir$ habits ( our tra9+ h by t "t inhibit$ or /rangl$ mo/ ( ! natural impulsive t5d5cies :i* 7 orig9ally !re4 ,n9ety-n9e hundr$?s or possibly n9e hundr$ & n9ety-n9e ?\s&?s ( our activity is purely automatic & habitual1 f our ris+ 9 ! morn+ to our ly+ d[n ea* night4 ,our dress+ & undress+1 our eat+ & dr9k+1 our greet+s & p>t+s1 our hat-rais+s & giv+ way = ladies to prec$e1 nay1 ev5 mo/ ( ! =ms ( our common spee*1 are ?+s ( a type s fix$ by repetition z almo/ to be class$ z reflex actions4 ,to ea* sort ( impression we h an automatic1 ready-made response4 ,my v words to y n[ are an example ( :at ,i mean1 =1 hav+ already lectur$ ^u habit & pr9t$ a *apt] ab\t x 9 a book1 & read ! latt] :5 9 pr9t1 ,i f9d my tongue inevitably fall+ into old phrases & repeat+ almo/ lit]ally :at ,i said be=e4 ,s f> z we are ?us m]e bundles ( habit1 we are /]eotyp$ creatures1 imitators & copi]s ( our pa/ selves4 ,& s9ce ?is1 "u any circum/ances1 is :at we always t5d to become1 x foll[s fir/ ( all t ! tea*]'s prime conc]n %\ld be to +ra9 into ! pupil t assortm5t ( habits t %all be mo/ useful to him ?r\gh\t life4 ,education is = behavi\r1 & habits are ! /uff ( :i* behavi\r consi/s4 ,,la ,,legi ,,di ,l',,ku/umo1 ,traduko en ,ido da ,l4 ,,c\turat4 ,me kr$as1 ke ni esas submisata a la lego di l'ku/umo p] konsequo di l'fakto1 ke ni havas korpi4 ,la pla/ikeso di la vivanta mat]yo di nia n]va si/emo1 esas1 abreje1 la kauzo ke ni facas un kozo malfacile la unesma foyo1 s$ balde plu e plu facile1 e f9e1 kun suficanta praktiko1 ni facas ol mi-mekanike1 o kun preske nula koncio4 ,nia n]va si/emi kreskis 7segun la vorti di ,dr4 ,c>p5t]7 en la voyo en qua li esis ex]cita1 exakte quale folyo di pap]o1 o ve/o unfoye faldita o %ifonigita1 t5d5cas fal> sempre pose en la sama id5ta falduri4 ,la ku/umo esas duesma naturo1 o pref]e1 quale dicis ,duko de ,well+ton1 ol esas dekople naturo1 omnakaze p] sa importo en adulta vivo2 nam la aquirita ku/umi di nia eduko en ta tempo imp$is o /rangulis max multa de la natural impulsiva t5d5ci1 qui exi/as orig9e4 ,novdek nov c5toni1 o1 posible1 novc5t novdek nov miloni de nia agemeso esas pure automatal e ku/uma1 de nia levo mat5e a nia ku%o omnanokte4 ,nia ve/izo e malve/izo1 nia manjo e dr9ko1 nia saluti ed adyi1 nia *apel-levi et voyo-c$i por sior9i pret]iranta1 ya mem max multa =mi di nia komuna p>olado1 esas kozi de tipo tante fixigita p] repeto1 ke li povas es> klasizita quale agi reflexa4 ,ad omna speco de impreso ni havas automatal1 tute pronta respondo4 ,mea ipsa p>oli a vi nun esas exemplo de to1 quon me p5sas3 nam1 pro ja facir lecioni pri la ku/umo ed imprimigir *apitro pri ol en libro1 e lektir olca dum imprimo1 me trovas mea lango falanta neeviteble en sa malnuva frazi1 e repetanta preske lit]e1 quon me dicis ante4 ,segun quante ni esas tale pura faski de ku/umi1 ni esas /]eotipita kreuri1 imitanti e kopianti di nia propra pas9to4 ,e pro ke co1 en omna supozi1 esas to1 quo ni sempre t5d5cas div5>1 konsequas1 unesme1 ke la precipua skopo di l'in/rukti/o devas es> inkru/> en la l]nanto ta asortajo de ku/umi1 qua esos max utila ad il tra sa tuta vivo4 ,l'eduko esas por la konduto1 e la ku/umi esas la mat]yo1 en qua la konduto konsi/as4 ,,! ,,laws ,,( ,,habit4 ,i believe t we are subject to ! law ( habit 9 consequ5ce ( ! fact t we h bodies4 ,! pla/icity ( ! liv+ mat]ial ( our n]v\s sy/em is1 to put x briefly1 ! reason :y we d a ?+ ) difficulty ! fir/ "t1 b soon m & m easily1 & f9ally1 ) suffici5t practice1 we d x half me*anically1 or almo/ )\t any consci\sness4 ,our n]v\s sy/ems h gr[n 79 ,dr4 ,c>p5t]'s words7 9 ! way 9 :i* !y 7 tra9$1 j z a %eet ( pap] or a g>m5t1 once fold$ or crumpl$1 t5ds to fall ev] aft] 9 ! same id5tical creases4 ,habit is a second nature1 or r1 z ! ,duke ( ,well+ton said1 x is t5fold nature1 at any rate by its importance 9 adult life1 = ! acquir$ cu/oms ( our education by t "t h imp$$ or /rangl$ mo/ ( ! natural impulsive t5d5cies :i* exi/$ orig9ally4 ,n9ety-n9e hundr$?s or maybe n9e hundr$ & n9ety-n9e ?\s&?s ( our activity is purely automatic & habitual1 f our ris+ 9 ! morn+ to our retir+ e night4 ,our dress+ & undress+1 our eat+ & dr9k+1 our greet+s & leave-tak+s1 our hat-rais+s & way-giv+s to ladies pass+ by1 ev5 inde$ mo/ =ms ( our common spee*1 are ?+s ( a type s well fix$ by repetition1 t !y c be classifi$ z reflex actions4 ,= e k9d ( impression we h an automatic1 ev]-ready response4 ,my v words to y n[ are an example ( :at ,i ?9k1 = ?r\gh hav+ already giv5 lessons ab\t habit1 & hav+ _h a *apt] pr9t$ ab\t x 9 a book1 & hav+ read ! latt] 9 ! c\rse ( pr9t+1 ,i f9d my tongue fall+ unavoidably into its old phrases & repeat+ almo/ lit]ally :at ,i h said be=e4 ,inasmu* z we are ?us pure bundles ( habits1 we are /]eotyp$ creatures1 imitators & copyi/s ( our own pa/4 ,& because ?is1 9 any case1 is :at we always t5d to become1 x foll[s1 9 ! fir/ place1 t ! tea*]'s *ief object mu/ be to incru/ 9 ! le>n] t set ( habits :i* w be mo/ useful to him ?r\gh\t 8 :ole life4 ,education makes = conduct1 & habits are ! mat]ial :i* conduct consi/s (4 ,retranslat$ into ,engli% by ,p4 ,d4 ,,hugon1 :o 0 unacqua9t$ ) ! orig9al be=e do+ ! retranslation1 #bj? ,janu>y1 #aiaj4 ,,app5dix ,,iv4 ,,uniono ,,di ,l',,amiki ,,di ,,la ,,l+uo ,,int]naciona4 ,! foll[+ exc]pt f ! provisional /atutes ( ! ,uniono is only int5d$ to give an indication ( its nature4 ,! full /atutes w be will+ly s5t to anyone int]e/$ by "o ( ! au?ors ( ?is bro*ure or by ! ,secret>y ( ! ,uniono1 ,h]r ,a4 ,waltisbhl1 #df1 ,bahnh( ,/rasse1 ,zri*4 ,,exc]pt ,,f ,,! ,,provisional ,,/atutes4 7#a7 ,! sole purpose ( ! ,uniono di l',amiki di la ,l+uo ,int]naciona is to unite1 = ! purposes ( common action1 all p]sons :o recognise & approve ( ! idea ( an int]national language 9 ! =m giv5 to x by ! ,dlgation p\r l',adoption d'une ,langue ,auxiliaire ,int]nationale4 7#b7 ,! ,uniono accepts z ! int]national auxili>y language ! ,l+uo int]naciona di la ,delegit>o result+ f ! lab\rs & decisions ( ! commission & ! work+ committee ( ! ,delegation1 b expressly decl>es t ?is language is n to be reg>d$ z p]fect & infallible4 ,on ! contr>y1 x takes ! view t ! language is capable ( cont9u\s improvem5t accord+ to ! pr9ciples result+ f ! "w ( ! ,delegation4 7#c7 ,! ,uniono consi/s ( memb]s ( bo? sexes ( all nationalities 7at lea/ eighte5 ye>s old7 :o are will+ to le>n ! language1 to employ x on all suitable occasions 9 int]c\rse ) =eign]s1 & to take "p 9 its propagation4 7#d7 ,! ye>ly subscription am\nts to #abe francs1 #a %ill+1 #a m>k1 or #abj krone 7,au/rian74 ,half ( ?is sum goes to ! ,academy1 ! o!r half to ! cr$it ( ! ,komitato4 ,p]man5t memb]%ip is obta9$ by a s+le paym5t ( #ej francs4 ,p]sons pay+ at lea/ #ajj francs 9 a s+le paym5t become membri protektanta4 7#e71 7#f71 7#g7 ,all memb]s take "p 9 ! election ( ! two direct+ bodies ( ! ,uniono 7! ,academy & ! ,komitato7 accord+ to a specially arrang$ me?od ( repres5tation 79 :i* acc\nt is tak5 ( ! numb] ( adh]5ts belong+ to ea* nationality74 7#h71 7#i71 7#aj7 ,! ,academy is conc]n$ only ) que/ions relat+ to ! developm5t & improvem5t ( ! int]national language4 ,x has to reply )9 six mon?s to all que/ions & sugge/ions emanat+ f at lea/ ?ree elect$ repres5tatives4 ,! (ficial organ ( ! ,academy is ! j\rnal ,progreso 7pron\nc$ ,progresso74 ,! ,komitato has ! practical direction & organisation ( ! ,uniono :i* x controls & repres5ts4 ,x is int5d$ to f\nd 9 ! diff]5t c\ntries language c\rses1 (fices = ! practical employm5t ( ! language 9 comm]ce & travel1 & translation bureaus4 ,! ,academy & ,komitato may unite = ! purpose ( discuss+ g5]al que/ions conc]n+ ! int]national language4 7#aa71 7#ab71 7#ac7 deal ) local gr\ps1 *ange ( /atutes1 dissolution ( ! ,society1 etc4 7#ad7 ,all que/ions or proposals to be settl$ by ! ,academy or ! ,komitato mu/ be publi%$ 9 ! j\rnal ,progreso ?ree mon?s be=e ! decision 9 ord] to all[ ( g5]al discussion4 ,,entrance ,,=m4 ,! und]sign$ decl>es 8 7or h]7 adh]5ce to ! ,association ( ,fri5ds ( ! ,int]national ,language1 z con/itut$ by ! provisional /atutes1 & subscribes = ! ye> #ai4444 or 9 "o life memb]1 paym5t protektanta z membro4 ,signature4 ,*ri/ian "n & surname4 7,please write cle>ly47 ,address4 ,pr(ession or occupation 7optional74 ,natural language4 ,age4 ,s5d ?is =m fill$ up1 toge!r ) y\r subscription 7int]national money ord]71 to ! ,secret>y ( ! ,society1 ,h]r ,a4 ,waltisbhl1 #df1 ,bahnh(/rasse1 ,zri*1 ,switz]l&4 ,,uniono ,,di ,l',,amiki ,,di ,,la ,,l+uo ,,int]naciona4 ,,adh]ilo4 ,me subskribanta dekl>as adh]> a l',uniono di l',amiki di la ,l+uo ,int]naciona1 tala quala ol esas def9ita en la ,provizora ,/atuti1 e me suskriptas#a por la y>o #ai 4444444444444444444444444444 unfoye p]man&a quale protektanta membro 444444444444 ,subskribo3 ,nomo e pr5omo 444444444444444444444444444444 ,adreso 4444444444444444444444444444444444444 4444444444444444444444444444444444444444 44444444 ,pr(esiono 7ne obliga indiko7 444444444444444 ,naturala l+uo 4444444444444444444444444444 ,eco 44444444444444444444444444444444 ,s5dez ta adh]ilo kun la suskripto 7p] int]naciona valoro7 a la sekret>yo-kasi/o1 ,s4 ,a4 ,,waltisb,,hl1 #df1 ,bahnh(/rasse1 ,zri* 7,suiso74 #a ,m9ima suskripto3 fr4 #abe1 %ill+ #a1 m>k #a1 doll> #jbe4 ,p]mananta membri pagas #ej fr4 unfoye2 protektanta membri pagas #ajj fr4 unfoye4 ,,footnotes3 #a ,we d n !re=e approve ( ! poetical attempts ( ,zam5h(1 or ! dramatic repres5tation ( ,goe!'s ,iphig5ia4 #b ,= o!r comp>isons1 su* z musical notation1 *emical =mul1 etc41 comp>e ! excell5t bro*ure ( ,w4 ,o/wald1 ,die ,weltspra*e4 ,comp>e also ,l4 ,c\turat1 ,p\r la ,langue ,int]nationale4 #c ,"h & else:]e ! foll[+ abbreviations w be us$3-- ,g4 ,g]man1 ,e4 ,engli%1 ,f4 ,fr5*1 ,i4 ,italian1 ,r4 ,russian1 & ,s4 ,spani%4 #d ,conc]n+ ! criticism ( ,esp]anto1 cf4 also ,zam5h(1 ,pri ,re=moj en ,esp]anto1 #ahid1 represita p] zorgo de ,e4 ,javal1 #aijg 7conta9+ _m important sugge/ions :i* ! ,esp]anti/s h n[ un=tunately =gott572 ,a4 ,liptay1 ,e9e ,geme9spra*e d] ,naturvlk]1 #ahia2 ,e4 ,be]mann1 ,die ,int]nationale ,hilfsspra*e ,novilat91 #aijg2 ,k4 ,brugmann & ,a4 ,leski51 ,zur ,kritik d] ,kn/li*5 ,weltspra*51 #aijg2 ,c\turat & ,leau1 ,conclusions du ,rapport1 #aijg2 ,l4 ,c\turat1 tude sur la ,drivation en ,esp]anto1 #aijg2 ,ido1 ,les ,vrais ,pr9cipes de la ,langue ,auxiliaire1 #aijh2 _m articles 9 ! p]iodical ,progreso1 #aijh2 ,f4 ,borgius1 ,w>um i* ,esp]anto v]liess1 #aijh4 #e ,:at language aim$ at languages h de/roy$4 ,! rem>ks conta9$ 9 ?is *apt] h be5 develop$ & appli$ to ! criticism ( ,esp]anto 9 my tude sur la ,drivation 7#a/ edition1 unpubli%$1 #aijg1 #bnd edition 9 ,fr5* & 9 ,ido1 #aiji74 #f ,! lett]s ,d1 ,e1 ,f1 ,i1 ,r1 ,s1 are ! initial lett]s ( ! names ( ! six *ief ,european languages1 & ^? plac$ aft] any ^w indicate to :i* ( ^! languages ! correspond+ /em is common 7,d ,deuts* 7,g]man774 #g ,talks to ,tea*]s on ,psy*ology1 pp4 #fe1 #ff 7,new ,york1 ,h4 ,holt ,co41 #aijg74 ,,con/able ,,co4 ,,ltd ,,*emi/ry ,,practical ,,me?ods ,,( ,,inorganic ,,*emi/ry4 ,by ,e4 ,,mollwo ,,p]k91 ,ph4,d4 #bs4 #f;d4 net4 ,,cont5ts3--,*apt] ,i4--,introduction4 ,*apt] ,,ii4--,g5]al ,prep>ations & ,me?ods4 ,*apt] ,,iii4--,salts4 ,*apt] ,,iv4--,halog5s & ,halog5 ,comp\nds4 ,*apt] ,v4--,metallic ,oxides4 ,*apt] ,,vi4--,acids4 ,*apt] ,,vii4--,prep>ation ( ,metals & ,metalloids4 ,*apt] ,,viii4--,special ,prep>ations4 ,index4 ,! ,j\rnal ( ! ,f>aday ,society4--,?is book _c be too /rongly recomm5d$4 ,educational ,news4--,mo/ valuable4 ,! ,lancet4--,! true educational me?od is set =? 9 ?is little "w4 ,j\rnal ( ,education4--,x is useful bo? to tea*] & to pupil4 ,,ex]cises ,,9 ,,physical ,,*emi/ry4 ,by ,w4 ,a ,,ro?1 ,ph4,d41 etc41 ,late ,pr(essor ( ,*emi/ry 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,greifswald4 ,translat$ = ! use ( ,/ud5ts by ,a4 ,t4 ,,cam]on1 ,m4,a41 ,b4,sc41 ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,toronto4 ,price #fs4 net4 ,fully ,illu/rat$4 ,,cont5ts3--,*apt] ,i4--,introductory4 ,*apt] ,,ii4--,! ,det]m9ation ( ,d5sity4 ,*apt] ,,iii4--,det]m9ation ( ,molecul> ,weights 9 ,solutions4 ,*apt] ,,iv4--,!rmo-,*emi/ry4 ,*apt] ,v4--,! ,det]m9ation ( ,optical ,con/ants4 ,*apt] ,,vi4--,! ,!rmo/at4 ,*apt] ,,vii4--,*emical ,/atics & ,dynamics4 ,,electro-,,*emi/ry3 ,*apt] ,,viii4--,f\ndations4 ,*apt] ,,ix4--,electrical ,conductivity4 ,*apt] ,x4--,f>aday's ,law4 ,transport ,numb]s4 ,*apt] ,,xi4--,measurem5t ( ,diff]5ces ( ,pot5tial4 ,*apt] ,,xii4--,electro-/atics4 ,app5dix4 ,index4 ,,small ,,tables ,,9 ,,! ,,text3 ,molecul> elevation ( ! boil+ po9t & depression ( ! freez+ po9t4 ,heat ( combu/ion p] gram at con/ant volume4 ,spectrum l9es = optical measurem5ts4 ,atomic refraction4 ,conductivities ( "s /&>d solutions4 ,dielectric con/ants4 ,,introduction ,,to ,,! ,,*emi/ry ,,& ,,physics ,,( ,,build+ ,,mat]ials4 ,by ,,alan ,e4 ,,munby1 ,m4,a4 7,cantab74 ,! elem5t>y pr9ciples ( sci5ce :i* und]lie ! /udy ( ,build+ ,mat]ials 9 practice4 ,demy #hvo4 #fs4 net4 ,,te*nical ,,!rmodynamics4 ,by ,dr4 ,,gu/av ,,zeun]4 ,fir/ ,engli% ,edition4 ,f ! fif? complete & revis$ edition ( ,grundzge d] ,me*anis*5 ,wrme!orie4 ,vol4 ,i4--,fundam5tal ,laws ( ,!rmodynamics2 ,!ory ( ,gases4 ,vol4 ,,ii4--,! ,!ory ( ,vap\rs4 ,au?oris$ ,translation by ,j4 ,f4 ,,kle91 ,d4,e41 ,pr(essor ( ,me*anical ,eng9e]+1 ,lehigh ,univ]sity4 ,illu/rat$4 ,two ,volumes4 ,demy #hvo4 ,price #cfs4 net4 ,,exp]im5tal ,,& ,,!oretical ,,applications ,,( ,,!rmodynamics ,,to ,,*emi/ry4 ,by ,,pr(essor ,,walt] ,,n]n/1 ,univ]sity ( ,b]l94 ,extra ,cr[n #hvo4 #es4 net4 ,,entropy3 ,,or1 ,,!rmodynamics ,,f ,,an ,,eng9e]',s ,,/&po9t1 ,,& ,,! ,,rev]sibility ,,( ,,!rmodynamics4 ,by ,,james ,,sw9burne1 ,m4,in/4,c4,e41 ,m4,i4,e4,e41 etc4 ,illu/rat$ ) ,diagrams4 #ds4 #f;d4 net4 ,,electrical ,,eng9e]+ ,,electricity4 ,by ,h4 ,m4 ,,hob>t1 ,b4,sc41 ,m4,in/4 ,c4,e41 etc4 ,a ,text-,book design$ 9 p>ticul> = ,eng9e]+ ,/ud5ts4 #bjh pages xix4 #dc ,tables & #aae ,illu/rations4 ,demy #hvo4 #fs4 net4 ,,cont5ts3--,! ,g5]ation & ,conduction ( ,electricity4 ,copp]1 ,alum9ium1 & o!r ,conduct+ ,mat]ials4 ,en]gy4 ,! ,kelv94 ,electricity4 ,cont9u\s ,electricity & ,ohm's ,law4 ,! ,magnetic ,field4 ,conductors ,mov+ 9 a ,magnetic ,field4 ,alt]nat+ ,electricity4 ,inductance4 ,! ,magnetic ,circuit4 ,insulat+ ,mat]ials4 ,! ,eng9e]4--,a rapid glance at ! illu/rations conta9$ 9 ?is book is suffici5t to %[ t x diff]s v mat]ially f mo/ o!rs hav+ ! same title4 ,inde$1 x may be said t ! volume possesses t desirable b unusual feature--orig9ality4 ,a *apt] on ! magnetic field conta9s in=mation :i* ! /ud5t w f9d well wor? acquir+1 & ! same applies to t section ( ! book :i* deals ) conductors mov+ 9 a magnetic field4 ,! alt]nat+ curr5t section is also good1 & 9 a numb] ( places x possesses ! m]it ( orig9ality4 ,! book1 z we h already intimat$1 is writt5 on practical l9es1 & x is a decid$ improvem5t on mo/ books we h se5 hav+ = _! title ! ^w ',electricity'4 ,,cont9u\s ,,curr5t ,,eng9e]+4 ,by ,,alfr$ ,,hay1 ,d4,sc41 ,m4,i4,e4,e4 ,ab\t #ccj pages4 ,fully ,illu/rat$4 ,demy #hvo4 #es4 net4 ,a /&>d text-book = ! practical /ud5t1 giv+ a simple acc\nt ( ! compon5t p>ts ( a cont9u\s curr5t light+ & p[] plant1 dynamos1 motors1 second>y cells1 measur+ in/rum5ts1 etc4 ,,direct ,,& ,,alt]nat+ ,,curr5t ,,te/+4 ,by ,,fr$]ick ,,b$ell1 ,ph4,d41 ,pr(essor ( ,appli$ ,electricity 9 ,cornell ,univ]sity1 & ,,cl>5ce ,a4 ,,pi]ce1 ,ph4,d4 #hs4 net4 ,,cont5ts3--,direct ,curr5t ,g5]ators4 ,direct ,curr5t ,motors4 ,syn*ron\s ,alt]nators4 ,s+le-,phase ,curr5ts4 ,trans=m]s4 ,polyphase ,curr5ts4 ,phase ,*ang]s4 ,pot5tial ,regulators1 etc4 ,,! ,,!ory ,,( ,,electric ,,cables ,,& ,,networks4 ,by ,,alex&] ,,russell1 ,m4,a41 ,d4,sc4 ,demy #hvo4 #hs4 net4 ,me*anical ,eng9e]4-- 444 ! "w ne$s only to be kn[n 9 ord] to be well appreciat$ by ! electrical pr(ession4 ,,laboratory ,,& ,,factory ,,te/s ,,9 ,,electrical ,,eng9e]+4 ,by ,,george ,f4 ,,sev] & ,,fitzhugh ,,t[ns5d1 ,second ,edition4 ,?or\ghly revis$4 ,demy #hvo4 #bhb pages4 #ajs4 #f;d4 net4 ,?is book repres5ts ! laboratory "w requir$ 9 ! ,electrical ,eng9e]+ ,c\rse at ,columbia ,univ]sity4 ,x is int5d$ to s]ve z a text-book = ! use ( /ud5ts1 b fur!rmore x may be f\nd useful by ^? :o are engag$ 9 ! electrical pr(ession4 ,,radio-,,telegraphy4 ,by ,c4 ,c4 ,f4 ,,monckton1 ,m4,i4,e4,e4 ,) #agc ,diagrams & ,illu/rations4 ,extra ,cr[n #hvo4 #fs4 net4 ,,cont5ts3--,preface4 ,electric ,ph5om5a4 ,electric ,vibrations4 ,electro-,magnetic ,waves4 ,modifi$ ,h]tz ,waves us$ 9 ,radio-,telegraphy4 ,app>atus us$ = ,*>g+ ! ,oscillator4 ,! ,electric ,oscillator3 ,me?ods ( ,arrangem5t1 ,practical ,details4 ,! ,receiv]3 ,me?ods ( ,arrangem5t1 ,! ,detect+ ,app>atus1 & o!r details4 ,measurem5ts 9 ,radio-,telegraphy4 ,! ,exp]im5tal ,/ation at ,elm]s ,end3 ,lodge-,muirhead ,sy/em4 ,radio-,telegraph ,/ation at ,nau53 ,telefunk5 ,sy/em4 ,/ation at ,lyngby3 ,p\ls5 ,sy/em4 ,! ,lodge-,muirhead ,sy/em1 ! ,m>coni ,sy/em1 ,telefunk5 ,sy/em1 & ,p\ls5 ,sy/em4 ,portable ,/ations4 ,radio-,telephony4 ,app5dices3 ,! ,morse ,alphabet4 ,electrical ,units us$ 9 ?is ,book4 ,int]national ,control ( ,radio-,telegraphy4 ,index4 ,nature4--,a v int]e/+ & valuable book4 ,,ma!matics ,,! ,,calculus ,,& ,,its ,,applications4 ,a ,,practical ,,treatise ,,= ,,beg9n]s1 ,,especially ,,eng9e]+ ,,/ud5ts4 ,) ov] #djj ,examples1 _m ( !m fully work$ out4 ,by ,,rob]t ,,gordon ,,bla9e1 ,m4,e41 ,assoc4,m4,in/4,c4,e4 ,lectur] at ! ,city ,guilds' ,te*nical ,college1 ,f9sbury1 ,london1 ,e4,c4 ,au?or ( ,hydraulic ,ma*9]y1 ,lessons 9 ,practical ,me*anics1 ,! ,slide ,rule1 etc4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #ds4 #f;d4 net4 ,! difficulties :i* beset ! beg9n] are fully expla9$1 & ! pr9ciples ( ! diff]5tial & integral calculus1 & diff]5tial equations1 are cle>ly set =? 9 ! simple/ language2 ea* rule be+ illu/rat$ by practical examples4 ,applications ( ! calculus to problems 9 eng9e]+ & physics =m a feature ( ! 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"y eng9e]4 ,x fills a gap 9 our books = ! practical tra9+ ( eng9e]s4 ,,ma*9e ,,design4 ,by ,,*>les ,h4 ,,b5jam91 ,pr(essor ( ,me*anical ,eng9e]+ 9 ! ,case ,s*ool ( ,appli$ ,sci5ce4 ,num]\s ,diagrams & ,tables4 ,demy #hvo4 #hs4 net4 ,prep>$ prim>ily z a text-book1 b conta9+ ma9ly :at ! writ] has f\nd necess>y 9 8 own practice z an eng9e]4 ,z f> z possible ! =mulas = ! /r5g? & /iffness ( ma*9e details h be5 =tifi$ by ! results ( exp]im5ts or by ! practical exp]i5ce ( manufactur]s4 ,,! ,,int]nal ,,combu/ion ,,eng9e3 ,be+ a ,text-,book on ,gas1 ,oil1 & ,petrol ,eng9es1 = ! use ( ,/ud5ts & ,eng9e]s4 ,by ,h4 ,e4 ,,wimp]is1 ,m4,a41 ,assoc4,m4 ,in/4,c4,e41 ,assoc4,m4,in/4,e4,e4 ,illu/rat$4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #fs4 net4 ,,cont5ts3--,introductory4 ,section ,i4--,,!ory3 ,!rmodynamic ,cycles4 ,combu/ion & ,explosion4 ,!rmodynamics4 ,section ,,ii4--,,gas ,,eng9es ,,& ,,gas ,,produc]s3 ,! ,gas ,eng9e4 ,! ,gas ,produc]4 ,bla/ ,furnace & ,coke-,ov5 ,gases4 ,section ,,iii4--,,oil ,,& ,,petrol ,,eng9es3 ,! ,oil & ,petrol ,eng9e4 ,petrol ,eng9e ,effici5cy & ,rat+4 ,index4 ,,! ,,mod]n ,,/eam ,,eng9e3 ,,!ory1 ,,design1 ,,con/ruction1 ,,use4 ,a ,text-,book = ,/ud5ts4 ,by ,,john ,,ri*>dson1 ,m4,in/4,c4,e4 ,) #cjj ,illu/rations4 ,demy #hvo4 #gs4 #f;d4 net4 ,,cont5ts3 ,unit ( ,p[]4 ,natural ,=ces4 ,e>ly ,types ( ,eng9e4 ,! ,watt ,eng9e4 ,! ,use ( ,/eam 9 ,multiple ,cyl9d] or ,comp\nd ,eng9es4 ,valve ,ge>s4 ,d\ble or ,comp\nd ,slide ,valves4 ,releas+ ,valve ,ge>4 ,exhau/ ,valves & ,valve ,driv+ ,ge>4 ,! ,gov]nor4 ,electrical ,regulation4 ,cond5s]s4 ,! ,/eam ,turb9e4 ,design ( ,details4 ,examples ( ,v>i\s ,types4 ,fe$ & ,/eam ,heat+4 ,h9ts to ,us]s4 ,app5dix4 ,tables & ,=mul4 ,index4 ,eng9e]4--,ess5tially a practical treatise4 ,,! ,,con/ruction ,,& ,,work+ ,,( ,,int]nal ,,combu/ion ,,eng9es4 ,be+ a ,practical ,manual = ,gas ,eng9e ,design]s1 ,repairs & ,us]s4 ,by ,r4 ,e4 ,,ma?ot4 ,translat$ by ,w4 ,a4 ,,tookey4 ,m$ium #hvo4 ,) ov] #cej ,illu/rations4 #bds4 net4 ,,! ,,elem5ts ,,( ,,me*anics ,,( ,,mat]ials4 ,a ,text-,book = ,/ud5ts 9 ,eng9e]+ ,c\rses4 ,by ,c4 ,e4 ,,h\ghton1 ,a4,b41 ,m4,m4,e41 ,associate ,pr(essor ( ,me*anical ,eng9e]+1 ,new ,york ,univ]sity4 #gs4 #f;d4 net4 ,,cont5ts3 ,*apt] ,i4--,,appli$ ,,me*anics4 ,*apt] ,,ii4--,,applications4 ,*apt] ,,iii4--,,beams4 ,*apt] ,,iv4--,,torsion4 ,*apt] ,v4--,,! ,,ela/ic ,,curve4 ,*apt] ,,vi4--,,long ,,columns4 ,*apt] ,,vii4--,,comb9$ ,,/resses4 ,*apt] ,,viii4--,,comp\nd ,,b>s ,,& ,,beams4 ,,tables4 ,,hydraulics ,,& ,,its ,,applications4 ,by ,a4 ,h4 ,,gibson1 ,m4,sc41 ,assoc4,mem4,in/4,c4,e41 ,victoria ,univ]sity1 ,man*e/]4 #ggd pages4 #cjh ,figures4 ,demy #hvo4 #aes4 net4 ,eng9e]+ ,times4--,?is is ! be/ book to date on ! subject4 ,,natural ,,s\rces ,,( ,,p[]4 ,by ,,rob]t ,s4 ,,ball1 ,b4,sc41 ,a4,m4,in/4,c4,e4 ,) #ajd ,diagrams & ,illu/rations4 ,extra ,cr[n #hvo4 #fs4 net4 ,,cont5ts3--,preface4 ,units ) ,metric ,equival5ts & ,abbreviations ,l5g? & ,di/ance4 ,surface & ,area4 ,volumes4 ,weights & ,measures4 ,pressures4 ,l9e> ,velocities4 ,angul> ,velocities4 ,accel]ation4 ,en]gy4 ,p[]4 ,introductory ,wat] ,p[] & ,me?ods ( ,measur+4 ,application ( ,wat] ,p[] to ! ,propulsion ( ,ma*9]y4 ,! ,hydraulic ,turb9e4 ,v>i\s ,types ( ,turb9es4 ,con/ruction ( ,wat] ,p[] ,plants4 ,wat] ,p[] ,in/allations4 ,! ,regulation ( ,turb9es4 ,w9d ,pressure1 ,velocity1 & ,me?ods ( ,measur+4 ,! ,application ( ,w9d ,p[] to ,indu/ry4 ,! ,mod]n ,w9dmill4 ,con/ructional ,details4 ,p[] ( ,mod]n ,w9dmills4 ,app5dices ,a1 ,b1 ,c4 ,index4 ,,metallurgy ,,malleable ,,ca/ ,,iron4 ,by ,s4 ,,jones ,,p>sons1 ,m4,e4 ,illu/rat$4 ,demy #hvo4 #hs4 net4 ,! in=mation 9 ?is volume is ?or\ghly practical & reliable1 & ! entire process ( manufacture is cle>ly expla9$1 ea* /age be+ treat$ sep>ately & 9 detail1 :ile mu* valuable in=mation w be f\nd 9 *apt]s deal+ ) design1 patt]ns1 inspection1 ma*9+1 supplem5t>y processes1 & ! application ( ! mat]ial1 ! use ( :i* has increas$ s enorm\sly )9 ! la/ few ye>s t x is n[ pref]r$ to /eel = _m purposes4 ,x is freely illu/rat$ ) photographs & l9e draw+s1 & w be invaluable to ! pr(essional man & ! /ud5t4 ,,! ,,preci\s ,,metals3 ,,compris+ ,,gold1 ,,silv]1 ,,& ,,plat9um4 ,by ,t4 ,,kirke ,,rose1 ,a4,r4,s4,m41 ,d4,sc4 ,extra ,cr[n #hvo4 #fs4 net4 ,,cont5ts3--,hi/ory ( ,gold--,prop]ties ( ,gold--,comp\nds ( ,gold--,alloys ( ,gold--,occurr5ce ( ,gold 9 ,nature3 ,gold ,ores--,extraction ( ,gold f its ,ores3 ,gold ,wa%+--,treatm5t ( ,gold ,ores by ,cru%+ & ,amalgamation--,treatm5t ( ,gold ,ores by ,wet ,me?ods--,silv] & its ,alloys--,comp\nds & ,ores ( ,silv]--,! ,extraction ( ,silv] f its ,ores--,ref9+ ,gold & ,silv]--,! ,assay ( ,gold & ,silv] ,ores--,! ,assay ( ,gold & ,silv] ,bullion--,m9t+--,manufacture ( ,gold & ,silv] ,w>es--,plat9um--,production & ,consumption ( ! ,preci\s ,metals4 ,,agriculture ,,soils ,,& ,,manures4 ,by ,j4 ,,alan ,,murray1 ,b4,sc4 ,demy #hvo4 #fs4 net4 ,,cont5ts3--,preface4 ,*apt] ,i4--,introductory4 ,*apt] ,,ii4--,! ,orig9 ( ,soils4 ,*apt] ,,iii4--,physical ,prop]ties ( ,soils4 ,*apt] ,,iv4--,*emi/ry ( ,soils4 ,*apt] ,v4--,biology ( ,soils4 ,*apt] ,,vi4--,f]tility4 ,*apt] ,,vii4--,pr9ciples ( ,manur+4 ,*apt] ,,viii4--,phosphatic ,manures4 ,*apt] ,,ix4--,phospho-,nitrog5\s ,manures4 ,*apt] ,x4--,nitrog5\s ,manures4 ,*apt] ,,xi4--,pota% ,manures4 ,*apt] ,,xii4--,comp\nd & ,miscellane\s ,manures4 ,*apt] ,,xiii4--,g5]al ,manures4 ,*apt] ,,xiv4--,f>my>d ,manure4 ,app5dices4--,i4 ,valuation ( ,manures2 ,,ii4 ,composition & ,manurial ,value ( ,v>i\s ,f>m ,foods4 ,index4 ,,botany ,,plant ,,physiology ,,& ,,ecology4 ,by ,,fr$]ic ,,edw>d ,,clem5ts1 ,ph4,d41 ,pr(essor ( ,botany 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,m9nesota4 ,) #abe ,illu/rations4 ,demy #hvo4 #ajs4 #f;d4 net4 ,,timb]4 ,by ,j4 ,r4 ,,bat]d51 ,assoc4,m4,in/4,c4,e4 ,pr(usely ,illu/rat$ f ,photographs & ,diagrams4 ,extra ,cr[n #hvo4 #fs4 net4 ,?is is ess5tially a practical "w1 & botany is only incid5tally t\*$ ^u4 ,! timb]s dealt ) are ^? 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