,transcrib]'s ,note3 ,app>5t typographical errors h be5 correct$4 ,ar*aic & inconsi/5t spell+ & hyph5ation h be5 pres]v$4 ,illu/ration3 ,flag ,,two ,,c5turies ,,( ,,%ipbuild+ ,illu/ration3 ,h4 ,m4 ,s4 ,argyll4 ,,two ,,c5turies ,,( ,,%ipbuild+ ,,by ,,! ,,scotts ,,at ,,gre5ock4 ,illu/ration3 decoration ,p>tly ,repr9t$ f ,eng9e]+4 ,illu/ration3 decoration ,take x all 9 all1 a %ip ( ! l9e is ! mo/ hon\rable ?+ t man1 z a greg>i\s animal1 has ev] produc$4444 ,into t he has put z mu* ( 8 human pati5ce1 common s5se1 =e?\ght1 exp]im5tal philosophy1 self-control1 habits ( ord] & ob$i5ce1 ?or\ghly wr\ght h&-"w1 defiance ( brute elem5ts1 c>eless c\rage1 c>eful patriotism1 & calm expectation ( ! judgm5t ( ,god1 z c well be put into a space ( #cjj feet long by #hj feet broad4--,,rusk94 ,illu/ration3 sail+ %ip ,,london3 ,,(fices ,,( ,,eng9e]+1 #ce & #cf1 ,,b$=d ,,/reet1 ,w4,c4 #aijf4 ,cont5ts4 ,illu/ration3 decoration ,,page ,,p]sonalia xi ,,! ,,era ,,( ,,! ,,sail+ ,,%ip #a ,,! ,,developm5t ,,( ,,! ,,/eam%ip #ae ,table ,i4 ,epo*-,m>k+ ,/eam]s built by ! ,scotts1 #ahai to #ahda #ca ,table ,,ii4 ,progress 9 ! ,economy ( ! ,m>9e ,eng9e1 #ahgb to #aija #da ,a ,,c5tury',s ,,"w ,,= ,,! ,,navy #dc ,table ,,iii4 ,progressive ,types ( ,w>%ip ,ma*9]y1 & _! ,economy1 #ahdj to #aije #ec ,table ,,iv4 ,p>ticul>s ( ! ,successive ,l>ge ,naval ,guns1 #ahjj to #aije #ef ,table ,v4 ,size & ,fight+ ,qualities ( ,briti% ,battle%ips ( ,diff]5t ,p]iods1 #ahfa to #aije #ei ,,ya*t+ ,,& ,,ya*ts #fc ,table ,,vi4 ,g5]al ,p>ticul>s ( ,pr9cipal ,/eam ,ya*ts ,built by ,scotts' ,company #fi ,,! ,,tw5tie? ,,c5tury #gc ,numb]s ( ,briti% & ,=eign1 & ( ,ov]sea & ,*annel1 ,/eam]s1 ( ov] #af knots spe$ #ge ,table ,,vii4 ,records ( ,coal ,consumption ( ,/eam%ip ,n>ragansett #gi ,,effici5cy3 ,,design3 ,,adm9i/ration #hh ,,! ,,%ipbuild+ ,,y>d #id ,,! ,,eng9e ,,& ,,boil] ,,works #ajf ,li/ ( ,illu/rations4 ,illu/ration3 decoration ,,page ,h4,m4,s4 ,argyll 7,plate ,i47 ,frontispiece ,,p]sonalia4 ,portraits ( ,william ,scott 7born #agbb1 di$ #agfi72 ,john ,scott 7born #ageb1 di$ #ahcg72 ,william ,scott1 8 ,bro!r 7born #agfe72 & ,*>les ,cun+ham ,scott 7born #agid1 di$ #ahge7 7,plate ,,ii47 ,adjo9+ page #a ,john ,scott1 ,c4,b4 7born #ahcj1 di$ #aijc72 ,rob]t ,s9clair ,scott 7born #ahdc1 di$ #aije72 ,*>les ,cun+ham ,scott 7! pres5t ,*airman72 ,rob]t ,lyons ,scott 7,plate ,,iii47 ,adjo9+ page #a ,,! ,,era ,,( ,,! ,,sail+ ,,%ip4 7,,pages #a ,,to #ad47 ,! ,beg9n+s 7,plate ,,iv47 ,fac+ page #b ,gre5ock & ,scotts' ,y>d 9 ! ,eighte5? ,c5tury 7,plate ,v47 ,fac+ page #d ,a ,we/ ,indiaman #g ,a ,typical ,ea/ ,indiaman #i ,! ,"l ( ! ,isles 7,plate ,,vi47 ,fac+ page #aj ,! ,ar*ibald ,russell 7,plate ,,vii47 #ab ,,! ,,developm5t ,,( ,,! ,,/eam%ip4 7,,pages #ae ,,to #db47 ,e>ly ,/eamboats at ,gre5ock1 #ahbj 7,plate ,,viii47 ,fac+ page #af ,! ,city ( ,glasg[ 7,plate ,,ix47 #bj ,a ,side-,lev] ,eng9e ( #ahca #bc ,an ,eng9e ( #ahcb #be ,scotts' ,fir/ ,p4 & ,o4 ,l9]1 ! ,tagus 7,plate ,x47 ,fac+ page #bf ,type ( ,side-,lev] ,eng9e ( #ahdj #bi ,d\ble-,ge>$ ,eng9e = ,e>ly ,atlantic ,l9] #cb ,a ,pione] 9 ,wat]-,tube ,boil]s 7,! ,r[an ,boil]7 #ce ,high-,pressure ,ma*9]y 9 ! ,!tis 7,plate ,,xi47 ,fac+ page #cf ,! ,ma*9]y ( ! ,a*illes #ch ,g5]al ,arrangem5t ( ! ,ma*9]y ( ! ,a*illes 7,plate ,,xii47 ,fac+ page #ch ,! ,a*illes ( #ahfe1 (f ,graves5d 7,plate ,,xiii47 #dj ,a ,,c5tury',s ,,"w ,,= ,,! ,,navy4 7,,pages #dc ,,to #fb47 ,model ( ,h4,m4,s4 ,pr9ce ( ,wales1 #ahjc 7,plate ,,xiv47 ,fac+ page #dc ,! ,laun* ( ! ,fir/ ,clyde-,built ,/eam ,frigate ,gre5ock1 #ahdi 7,plate ,,xv47 ,fac+ page #dd ,ma*9]y 9 ,h4,m4,,ss4 ,hecla1 & ,hecate #ahci 7,plate ,,xvi47 ,fac+ page #df ,ma*9]y ( ,h4,m4,s4 ,gre5ock1 #ahdh #dh ,ma*9]y ( ,h4,m4,s4 ,canopus1 #aijj #di ,h4,m4,s4 ,?ru%1 #ahhi 7,plate ,,xvii47 ,fac+ page #ej ,eng9es ( ,h4,m4,s4 ,?ru%1 #ahhi 7,plate ,,xviii47 #eb ,h4,m4 ,battle%ip ,pr9ce ( ,wales 7,plate ,,xix47 #eh ,propell+ ,eng9es ( ,h4,m4,s4 ,argyll 7,plate ,,xx47 #fj ,,ya*t+ ,,& ,,ya*ts4 7,,pages #fc ,,to #gb47 ,! ,er91 ,own$ by ,sir ,?omas ,lipton1 ,b>t4 7,plate ,,xxi47 ,fac+ page #fc ,! ,cl>5ce1 an ,e>ly ,rac+ ,cutt] 7,plate ,,xxii47 #fd ,! ,greta ( #ahgf2 ! ,greta ( #ahie 7,plate ,,xxiii47 ,fac+ page #ff ,! ,m>g>ita2 ! ,tusc>ora 7,plate ,,xxiv47 #fh ,! ,saloons ( ! ,b]yl1 ,own$ by ,"l ,inv]clyde 7,plate ,,xxv47 ,fac+ page #gj ,typical ,ya*t ,eng9es 7,plate ,,xxvi47 #gb ,,! ,,tw5tie? ,,c5tury4 7,,pages #gc ,,to #hg47 ,d9+-,saloon 9 a ,mail ,/eam]2 ,draw+-,room 9 ! ,/eam ,ya*t ,=os 7,plate ,,xxvii47 ,fac+ page #gc ,! ,donaldson ,l9] ,cass&ra 7,plate ,,xxviii47 #gd ,! ,holt ,l9] ,a*illes ( #aijj 7,plate ,,xxix47 #gf ,! ,l>ge/ ,oil-,c>ry+ ,/eam] afloat--! ,n>ragansett 7,plate ,,xxx47 ,fac+ page #gh ,! ,laun* ( a ,*9a ,/eam] 7,plate ,,xxxi47 #hj ,! ,*9a ,navigation ,company's ,t4,,ss4 ,f5gti5 7,plate ,,xxxii47 ,adjo9+ page #ha ,! ,briti% ,india ,company's ,,ss4 ,bh>ata 7,plate ,,xxxiii47 ,fac+ page #hb ,"o ( ,tw5ty ,?ames ,/eam]s ,eng9$ by ! ,scotts 7,plate ,,xxxiv47 ,fac+ page #hd ,eng9es & ,boil]s = ,tw5ty ,london ,c\nty ,c\ncil ,/eam]s 7,plate ,,xxxv47 ,adjo9+ page #he ,typical ,propell+ ,ma*9]y 7,plate ,,xxxvi47 ,fac+ page #hf ,,effici5cy3 ,,design3 ,,adm9i/ration4 7,,pages #hh ,,to #ic47 ,%ipbuild+ 7,plate ,,xxxvii47 ,fac+ page #hh ,! ,laun* ( ,h4,m4,s4 ,argyll 7,plate ,,xxxviii47 #ij ,eng9e ,con/ruction 7,plate ,,xxxix47 #ib ,,! ,,%ipbuild+ ,,y>d4 7,,pages #id ,,to #aje47 ,! ,m\ld+ ,l(t 7,plate ,,xl47 ,fac+ page #id ,beam ,%e>+ ,ma*9e2 ,bevell+ ,ma*9e2 ,hydraulic ,joggl+ ,ma*9e 7,plate ,,xli47 ,adjo9+ page #ie ,9 "o ( ! ,plat]s' ,%$s 7,plate ,,xlii47 ,fac+ #if ,pun*+ & ,%e>+ 7,plate ,,xliii47 #ih ,! ,fitt+-out ,dock 7,plate ,,xliv47 #ajj ,! ,grav+ ,dock 7,plate ,,xlv47 ,adjo9+ #aja ,! ,saw ,mill 7,plate ,,xlvi47 ,fac+ #ajb ,two ,views 9 ! ,jo9]s' ,%ops 7,plate ,,xlvii47 ,adjo9+ #ajc ,electric ,g5]ators 9 ! ,p[] ,/ation2 ,hydraulic ,pumps & ,air-,compressors 9 ! ,p[] ,/ation 7,plate ,,xlviii47 ,fac+ page #ajd ,,! ,,eng9e ,,& ,,boil] ,,works4 7,,pages #ajf ,,to #aaf47 ,view 9 ,ma9 ,ma*9e ,%op 7,plate ,,xlix47 ,fac+ page #ajf ,v]tical ,plan+ ,ma*9e2 ,multiple ,sp9dle ,drill+ ,ma*9e 7,plate ,l47 ,fac+ page #ajh ,surfac+ & ,bor+ ,la! 7,plate ,,li47 ,adjo9+ #aji ,brass-,f9i%+ ,%op 7,plate ,,lii47 ,fac+ #aaj ,tool1 ,gauge1 ,template & ,jig ,dep>tm5t 7,plate ,,liii47 #aab ,9 ! ,boil] ,%op 7,plate ,,liv47 #aad ,hydraulic ,plate-,b5d+ ,ma*9e #aad ,illu/ration3 decoration ,p]sonalia4 ,illu/ration3 decoration ,,john ,,scott 7,i7 f\nd$ ! firm 9 #agaa1 & engag$ 9 ! build+ ( h]r+ busses & small craft4 ,!re is1 un=tunately1 no engrav+ ( him extant1 s t our s]ies ( portraits on ,plates ,,ii4 & ,,iii4 adjo9+ page #a1 is to ?is ext5t incomplete4 ,,william ,,scott1 8 son1 born #agbb1 di$ #agfi1 succe$$ him1 &1 ) 8 bro!r1 ext5d$ ! bus9ess alike z reg>ds ! ext5t ( ! works1 & ! types ( vessels built4 ,8 fir/ squ>e-rigg$ %ip--( #agfe--0 ! fir/ vessel built on ! ,clyde = own]s out ( ,scotl&4 ,,john ,,scott 7,,ii71 born #ageb1 di$ #ahcg1 son ( ,william1 greatly develop$ ! works & built ! dry dock & bas9 n[ includ$1 ) ! orig9al ,y>d1 9 ! e/abli%m5t ( ,messrs4 ,caird & ,co41 ,limit$4 ,"u 8 rgime _m ocean-go+ sail+ %ips 7 con/ruct$1 %ip-"w = ! ,navy 0 und]tak51 ! manufacture ( /eam ma*9]y comm5c$ 9 #ahbe1 & ,admiralty ord]s und]tak5 = eng9es = docky>d--z well z ,gre5ock-built frigates4 ,he built ! ,cu/om ,h\se ,quay 9 #agia1 b\ght ,halk%ill1 ! family seat1 9 #ahae1 0 a p>tn] 9 ! ,gre5ock ,bank1 & o!rwise promot$ ! indu/ries ( ! t[n4 ,8 bro!r1 ,,william ,,scott 7,,ii71 born #agef1 migrat$ to ,b>n/aple1 :]e he c>ri$ on an ext5sive %ipbuild+ indu/ry1 obta9+ eng9es = ! mo/ ( 8 /eam%ips f ! ,gre5ock ,works4 ,,*>les ,,cun+ham ,,scott1 born #agid1 di$ #ahge1 son ( ,john ,scott 7,,ii71 along ) 8 eld] bro!r1 ,john ,scott 7,,iii71 born #aghe1 di$ #ahgd1 c>ri$ on ! bus9ess z ,john ,scott & ,sons1 develop+ /ill fur!r ! progressive policy ( 8 fa!r1 :o _h be5 responsible = ! works = ab\t half a c5tury4 ,! ,c>tsdyke ,y>d 0 comm5c$ 9 #ahej by ,*>les ,cun+ham ,scott1 & 8 son ,john1 "u ! /yle ( ,scott & ,co41 & ?is firm is ! "o :i* has ma9ta9$ ! cont9uity ( ! ,scotts' association ) %ipbuild+4 ,,john ,,scott 7,,iv71 born #ahcj1 di$ #aijc1a & ,,rob]t ,,s9clair ,,scott1 born #ahdc1 di$ #aije1 sons ( ,*>les ,cun+ham ,scott1 7 responsible = ! progress = ne>ly =ty ye>s1 & ! =m] 0 creat$ a ,companion ( ! ,ba? 7,c4,b47 9 #ahhg4 ,dur+ _! rgime ! firm took a l>ge "p 9 ! introduction ( ! /eam%ip = ov]-sea voyages2 9 ! developm5t ( high /eam pressures & ( ! multiple-expansion eng9e1 :i* greatly improv$ ! economy ( ! /eam eng9e2 & 9 naval "w1 ) its incid5tal advancem5t4 ,!y completely recon/ruct$ ! ,c>tsdyke ,works1 & greatly improv$ :at is n[ kn[n z ! ,c>tsburn ,docky>d1 mod]nis+ ! equipm5t4 ,! co-p>tn]y 01 = family reasons1 regi/]$ 9 #aijj "u ! ,limit$ ,liability ,company ,law4 ,,*>les ,,cun+ham ,,scott1 son ( ,john ,scott1 ,c4,b41 is n[ ! head ( ! conc]n & ,*airman ( ! ,company 7,scotts' ,%ipbuild+ & ,eng9e]+ ,company1 ,limit$71 & ) him on ! directorate are 8 bro!r ,,rob]t ,,lyons ,,scott1 ,c4 ,mumme1 & ,james ,br[n4 ,illu/ration3 decoration ,illu/ration3 ,william ,scott 7#agbb-agfi7 ,illu/ration3 ,john ,scott 7#ageb-ahcg7 ,illu/ration3 ,william ,scott 7born #agef7 ,illu/ration3 ,*>les ,c4 ,scott 7#agid-ahge7 ,illu/ration3 ,john ,scott 7#ahcj-aijc7 ,illu/ration3 ,p4 ,s9clair ,scott 7#ahdc-aije7 ,illu/ration3 ,c4 ,c4 ,scott ,illu/ration3 ,r4 ,l4 ,scott ,,footnote3 #a ,?is date is incorrectly giv5 z #aijd at ! end ( ! ?ird p>agraph on page #ff4 ,illu/ration3 decoration ,! ,era ( ! ,sail+ ,%ip4 ,illu/ration3 decoration ,! ma9t5ance ( an indu/ry = two hundr$ ye>s by "o family1 9 ! direct l9e ( succession & 9 "o locality1 is almo/ unique 9 ! hi/ory ( we/]n manufactures4 ,su* a record proves t ! successive g5]ations h display$ dilig5ce1 prud5ce1 & ent]prise2 o!rwise x w\ld n h be5 possible = !m to h held cont9u\sly a =emo/ place 9 ! face ( incessant competition consequ5t ^u ! g5]al advance 9 sci5ce1 ! introduction ( sup]ior con/ructional mat]ials1 & ! inv5tion ( new ma*9]y4 ,x indicates also ! ma9t5ance ( a high /&>d ( workman%ip z well z integrity & bus9ess capacity2 because "t is ! mo/ important factor 9 prov+ effici5cy & 9 e/abli%+ cr$it = durability ( "w1 )\t :i* no reputation c be reta9$ = su* a long p]iod4 ,! ,scotts began ! build+ ( %ips 9 ,gre5ock 9 #agaa4 ,to-day1 _! desc5dants ( ! six? g5]ation wor?ily ma9ta9 ! high traditions :i* h accumulat$ dur+ ! int]v5+ two hundr$ ye>s4 ,x is impossible to =m an adequate conception ( ! s]vice r5d]$ by ?is "o firm to ! sci5ce ( m>9e con/ruction & to ,brita91 ! lead+ m>itime nation ( ! _w4 ,we %\ld require to review 9 detail ! successive /eps3 fir/ly1 9 ! p]fection ( ! sail+ %ip1 f ! sloops & brigant9es ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 to su* beautiful clipp]s z ,scotts' ,"l ( ! ,isles1 :i* 9 #ahef made ! record voyage f ,*9a1 & did mu* to wre/ f ! ,am]icans ! blue ribbon ( ! ocean2 &1 secondly1 9 ! developm5t ( ! /eam%ip f its inception e>ly 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury to ! levia?ans ( to-day4 ,9 successive epo*s 9 ! hi/ory ( naval ar*itecture ! ,scotts h play$ a cr$itable "p1 & to "s ( ! m important improvem5ts initiat$ or advanc$ by ! firm ref]5ce w be made 9 our brief survey ( ! "w done dur+ ! pa/ two c5turies4 ,un=tunately1 "s ye>s ago1 mo/ ( ! old-"t records 7 de/roy$ by a fire at ! %ipy>d1 s t our review ( ! e>ly "w is l>gely f contempor>y publications1 & is unavoidably incomplete4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,iv4 ,f an ,engrav+ by ,e4 ,w4 ,cooke1 ,r4,a4 ,,! ,,beg9n+s4 ,! beg9n+s 7 small1 = ,scotl& _h n yet atta9$ to indu/rial importance1 & _h little ov]sea comm]ce4 ,! fir/ trans-,atlantic voyage made by a ,clyde %ip 0 9 #afhf1 :5 a ,gre5ock-built vessel 0 employ$ on a special mission to c>ry tw5ty-two p]sons transport$ to ,c>ol9a = att5d+ conv5ticles & be+ disaffect$ to ,gov]nm5t4#b ,am]ican %ips 7 mo/ num]\s on ! we/]n seas1 & ! ,ea/ ,india ,company _h a monopoly ( ! ea/]n seas1 s f> z ,brita9 0 conc]n$1 & pref]r$ to build _! %ips 9 ,india1 al?\gh _m 7 con/ruct$ on ! s\? coa/ ( ,engl&4 ,?is monopoly *eck$ progress4 ,!re 0 little or no inc5tive to improvem5t 9 m]*ant %ips1 & ! naval au?orities 7 too busy fight+ ,cont95tal nations to risk ext5sive exp]im5tal "w4 ,we h x on ! au?ority ( ,sir ,na?aniel ,b>naby1 ,k4,c4,b41#c t nei!r ,gov]nm5t nor private build]s made mu* progress 9 improv+ me?ods ( con/ruction4 ,! fir/ lett]s pat5t grant$ = improvem5ts relat+ to %ips be> ! date ,janu>y #ag?1 #afah1 b ! result ( a ?or\gh inve/igation ( all pat5ts betwe5 #afah & #ahaj discloses no improvem5t wor? record+1 except 9 ! manufacture ( %ea?+ & ! con/ruction ( pumps4 ,! ,scotts1 l a few o!r %ipbuild]s on ! ,clyde1 7 conc]n$ = ! great] "p ( ! eighte5? c5tury 9 ! build+ ( fi%+ & coa/+ boats4 ,!re belong$ to ,gre5ock1 9 #agbh1 z _m z n9e hundr$ ( su* fi%+ boats1 locally built1 ea* c>ry+ f tw5ty to tw5ty-f\r nets & mann$ by a crew ( f\r m54 ,= _m ye>s ! bus9ess ( ! firm consi/$ almo/ entirely 9 ! build+ ( h]r+ busses & small craft employ$ 9 ! fi%+ trade1 ! fir/ e/abli%m5t be+ at ! m\? ( ! ,we/ ,burn1 on l& leas$ f ! ,%aw family4 ,! %ipbuild+ indu/ry 0 c>ri$ on int]mitt5tly1 & ! ,scotts 7 ! fir/ to give x /ability & cont9uity4 ,9 #ageb1 ! ,gre5l& :ale fi%]ies 7 engag$ 91 & ?is l$ to a developm5t 9 ! size ( craft4 ,! fir/ squ>e-rigg$ vessel built 9 ! port 0 a brig1 nam$ ,gre5ock1 con/ruct$ 9 #agfj1 = ! ,we/ ,indian trade4 ,9 #agfe1 ,william ,scott1 :o _h succe$$ ! orig9al f\nd]--8 fa!r1 ,john ,scott--built a l>ge squ>e-rigg$ %ip = "s m]*ants ( ! t[n ( ,hull1 ! timb] = :i* came f ! ,ducal woods at ,hamilton4 ,?is %ip is notable z be+ probably ! fir/ %ip built on ! ,clyde = own]s out ( ,scotl&4#d ,to take a fairly repres5tative ye> 7#aggf71 eighte5 vessels1 rang+ up to #gg tons1 & ( a total ( #ajgc tons burd51 7 con/ruct$ 9 ,gre5ock1 & ( ! numb] six 7 built by ! ,scotts4#e ,al?\gh ! "w c\ld be m *eaply done on ! ,clyde ?an at ,london or ,bri/ol1 !re 0 = a long "t a /rong prejudice aga9/ ,engli% own]s ord]+ vessels f ! nor?1 & aga9/ ,scot* vessels tak+ any "p 9 ! ov]sea trade4 ,! ,jacobite ris+s _h also affect$ ! indu/ry1 b ! ,w> ( ,indep5d5ce 9 ,am]ica _h f>-rea*+ b5eficial results4 ,x is true t prior to ?is ! ri* fields ( ! ,engli% colonial possessions1 z well z ! ,engli% m>kets1 _h be5 op5$ to ! comm]ce ( ,scotl&1 & t ! m]*ants ( ,glasg[ _h develop$ ext5sive comm]cial op]ations ) ! ,we/ ,indies & ,briti% ,nor? ,am]ica2 b1 al?\gh !re 0 ?us a consid]able ov]sea trade betwe5 ! ,clyde & ! ,we/]n hemisph]e1 all ! l>ge vessels trad+ to ! ,clyde 7 built 9 ,am]ica4#f ,! %ipbuild+ indu/ry 9 ! ,/ates 0 ?us a v ext5sive "o2 &1 9 #agfi1 !re 7 laun*$1 9 ! ,nor? ,am]ican ,colonies1 ?ree hundr$ & eighty-n9e vessels ( #bj1jjj tons burd51 :i* 0 f> 9 excess ( ! annual ,briti% output4#g ,?is 0 l>gely ow+ to ! limitless supply ( timb] 9 ,am]ica1 & to ! import duties on con/ructional mat]ial impos$ 9 ?is c\ntry to suit ! ,engli% gr[]s ( oak1 ! price ( :i* advanc$ 9 ! eighte5? c5tury f #b #aes4 to #g #gs4 p] load4#h ,! ,brunswick1 ( #fjj tons1 c>p5t]s' measurem5t1 to c>ry #ajjj tons real burd51 built by ! ,scotts 9 #agia = ! ,nova ,scotia trade2 & ! ,cal$onia1 ( #fej tons1 built by ! ,scotts 9 #agid1 = ! c>riage ( timb] = ! ,navy y>ds--ea* ! l>ge/ %ip 9 ,scotl& ( its respective ye>--signalis$ ! beg9n+ ( a p]iod ( great] activity1 especially 9 respect ( l>ge ocean %ips4 ,"s ye>s be=e--#agfg--! ,scotts _h feu$ gr\nd = a build+ y>d on ! %ore ea/ ( ! ,we/ ,burn4 ,!y add$ a grav+ dock ( consid]able size1 & ! inaugural proce$+s includ$ a d9n] held on ! floor ( ! dock4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,v4 ,f an ,old ,engrav+4 ,,gre5ock ,,& ,,scotts' ,,y>d ,,9 ,,! ,,eighte5? ,,c5tury4 ,o!r developm5ts contribut$ to ! prosp]ity ( ! port ( ,gre5ock1 ! *ief ( ! e/abli%m5t be+ ,john ,scott ( ! ?ird g5]ation1 :o 0 born 9 #ageb1 & di$ 9 #ahcg4 ,8 bro!r1 ,william ,scott1 also ! second ( t "n1 migrat$ to ,bri/ol1 :]e he c>ri$ on an ext5sive trade z a %ipbuild]4 ,! latt] 0 ! fa!r ( ,james ,m4 ,scott1 :o is /ill rememb]$ by "s old inhabitants z ! f\nd]1 ab\t #ahdg1 ( p5ny banks 9 ,gre5ock & ( ! ,artisans' ,club4 ,john ,scott1 aft] 8 bro!r's dep>ture1 c>ri$ on ! bus9ess "u ! "n ( ,john ,scott & ,sons1 & did great s]vice n only = ! t[n1 b also = ! advancem5t ( ! bus9ess4 ,9 ?ree successive ye>s1 #aghg1 #aghh1 & #aghi1 he b\ght ?ree l>ge plots f ! n9? ,"l ,ca?c>t1 = ! ext5sion ( ! works4#i ,^! !n ext5d$ almo/ f ! ,we/ ,quay to ! ,we/ ,burn4 ,he also1 9 #agia1 con/ruct$ ! old /eamboat or cu/om-h\se quay1#aj & play$ a l>ge "p 9 develop+ ! bank+ facilities ( ! t[n4 ,he b\ght1 9 #ahae1 ,halk%ill1 ne> ,l>gs1 :i* has cont9u$ ! resid5ce ( ! family4 ,9 view ( ! association ( ! firm ) ! t[n1 x may be wor? int]polat+ "h a /atem5t ( ! gr[? ( ! population ( ,gre5ock1 ) ! s\rces f :i* ! figures h be5 tak54 ,ye>4 ,population4 ,s\rce4 #agjj #a1cbh ,campbell's ,hi/ory1 page #bc4 #ahja #ag1deh ,weir's ,hi/ory1 page #abj4 #aija #fh1adb ,c5sus ,returns1 vol4 i41 page #bab4 ,%ipbuild+ "w1 h[ev]1 0 /ill 9 craft :i* to-day w\ld be consid]$ insignificant4 ,! increase ( ! m]cantile fleet ( ,engl& ?r\gh\t ! eighte5? c5tury 0 only fivefold 9 respect ( numb]s1 & sixfold 9 tonnage2 ! av]age size %[s an augm5tation f #hj tons to only #ajj tons1 & !re 0 no improvem5t 9 lab\r-economis+ appliances = ! work+ ( ! %ip1 z ! ratio ( m5 to tonnage 0 at ! beg9n+ ( ! c5tury practically "o to e #aj tons1 & at ! close "o to #ac tons4#aa ,9 ! n9ete5? c5tury1 ! tonnage increas$ eightfold1 b 9 view ( ! adoption ( /eam ! actual c>ry+ capacity 0 augm5t$ ne>ly ?irtyfold2 ! av]age size ( %ip increas$ to #gfj tons4 ,practically1 e %ip 9 ! eighte5? c5tury c>ri$ guns1 ! av]age be+ two p] vessel4 ,x 0 n until #ahec t !re 0 omitt$ f ! mail contracts ! clause :i* provid$ t ea* mail vessel mu/ be built to c>ry guns ( ! l>ge/ calibre 9 use4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,we/ ,,indiaman4 7,see page #ab47 ,! n9ete5? c5tury br\ght e inc5tive to ! developm5t ( %ipbuild+4 ,nelson taught ! lesson1 nev] to be =gott51 t sea-p[] is ess5tial to ! comm]cial expansion--ev5 to ! exi/5ce--( our isl& k+dom1 ) its coroll>y1 t ! m]*ant fleet is z necess>y to ?is ma/]y ( ! sea z fight+ squadrons4 ,! sea became our home2 !re arose a r5ew$ love ( exploration1 & an ambition = colonisation4 ,success br\ght ! *a/5+ influ5ce ( responsibility1 ) a high] appreciation ( ! advantage ( a conciliatory policy t[>ds =eign nations4 ,contemporane\sly ) ! gr[? ( ?is conception ( empire !re arose a w> ( retaliation 9 %ipp+ ) ! newly-=m$ ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica1 :i* cont9u$ = half a c5tury4 ,al?\gh n )\t its regrettable incid5ts1 x /imulat$ a rivalry 9 ! %ipp+ & %ipbuild+ indu/ries :i* 0 ultimately z b5eficial z x _h be5 pron\nc$4 ,! monopoly ( ! ,ea/ ,india ,company 9 ! ,ea/]n %ipp+ trade t]m9at$1 s f> z ,india 0 conc]n$1 9 #ahad1 & z reg>ds ,*9a 9 #ahcd4 ,?is remov$ an influ5ce :i* _h hi!rto ret>d$ ent]prise 9 naval con/ruction--especially on ! ,clyde--due to ! ,company's pref]5ce = build+ _! %ips 9 ,india1 & 9 ! s\? ( ,engl& ports4 ,private own]s1 too1 ent]$ m vigor\sly into competition ) ,am]ican clipp]s :i* _h fir/ comm5c$ trade ) ,*9a 9 #aghh4 ,) ! wid5+ ( ! m>itime int]e/s & ! int5sification ( competition !re 0 awak5$ a g5]al desire to increase ! /r5g? ( %ips4 ,9 ?is respect1 z 9 o!rs1 !re _h be5 little advance ei!r 9 ! ,navy or 9 ! m]cantile m>9e4 ,x 0 exceptional = a %ip ( ! eighte5? c5tury to cont9ue 9 s]vice = m ?an twelve or fifte5 ye>s4 ,?is 0 due p>tly to defective con/ructional details1 & p>tly to ! ineffective me?ods ( pres]v+ timb]4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,typical ,,ea/ ,,indiaman4 7,see page #ab47 ,%ips 7 !n built up#ab ( a s]ies ( transv]se ribs1 connect$ toge!r by ! outside plank+ & by ! ceil+4 ,!re 0 no fill+ betwe5 ! ribs4 ,! %ip's /ructure ?us suff]$ sev]ely f hogg+ & sagg+ /resses4 ,! ,fr5* tri$ to improve ?is by introduc+ oblique iron rid]s across ! ceil+1 or by lay+ ! ceil+ & ! outside plank+ diagonally1 :ile 9 o!r in/ances ! :ole 0 /r5g!n$ ) v]tical or diagonal rid]s2 b none ( ^! sy/ems gave complete satisfaction4 ,! ,sepp+ sy/em 0 introduc$ ab\t #ahaj1 & 0 e>ly adopt$ by ! ,scotts4 ,! bottom ( ! %ip 0 =m$ into a solid mass ( timb]4 ,! beams 7 connect$ ) ! side ( ! %ip by ?ick longitud9al timb]s bel[ ! knees1 & by o!r /iff5+ memb]s4 ,a truss$ frame 0 laid on ! inside ( ! transv]se frame 9 ! hold ( ! %ip1 & ! decks 7 laid diagonally4 ,^! memb]s b\nd ! %ip 9 all directions1 s z to resi/ ! /resses due to ! %ip work+ 9 a seaway4 ,! me?od ( pres]v+ ! timb] adopt$ at ! beg9n+ ( ! eighte5? c5tury 0 to *> ! inn] surface ( ! log1 :ile ! out] surface 0 kept wet2 b ?is 0 sup]s$$ e>ly 9 ! c5tury by ! /ov+ sy/em1 :i* consi/$ 9 plac+ timb] 9 wet s&1 & subject+ x to ! action ( heat1 = su* "t z 0 necess>y to extract ! residue ( ! sap & br+ ! timb] to a condition ( suppl5ess4 ,?is process cont9u$ until #agcf1 aft] :i* ! timb] itself 0 /eam$4 ,copp] %ea?+ 0 fir/ employ$ on w>%ips 9 #agfa2 prior to ?is lead _h be5 us$1 b only occasionally4 ,am]ican %ipbuild]s held an important position1 ev5 9 ! ,briti% trade1 = "s "t aft] ! ,decl>ation ( ,indep5d5ce2 b !re 0 !n develop$ a pron\nc$ _s ( emulation among/ ! ,briti% firms1 :i* _h a m>k$ effect on competition 9 we/]n seas4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ! n9ete5? c5tury mu* ( ! ov]sea "w done by ! ,scotts 0 = ! ,we/ ,indian trade4 ,! vessels 7 n (t5 ( m ?an #fjj tons1 b ! firm cont9u$ /eadily to develop _! bus9ess4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,vi4 ,,! ,,"l ,,( ,,! ,,isles4 7,see page #ac47 ,betwe5 #aggc & #ahbi1 ! p]iod ( expansion "u ! second ,john ,scott1 to :i* we h already ref]r$1 ! output 0 #af1hjj tons4#ac ,?is output includ$ a succession ( f9e %ips = ! ,we/ ,india trade1 to ! ord] ( "s ( ! old ,glasg[ companies1 among/ ! numb] be+ ,/irl+1 ,gordon & ,company2 ,j4 ,campbell & ,company2 ,james ,"y & ,company2 & ,muir & ,fairlie4 ,we may m5tion z typical %ips1 ! ,gr5ada1 ( #fej tons burd51 & ! ,john ,campbell1 ( #ddf tons1 built 9 #ahjf1 ! fir/ %ips laun*$ on ! ,clyde ) all rigg+ 9 position4 ,?us e>ly1 too1 ! ,scotts _h ent]$ ^u ! con/ruction ( t long s]ies ( ya*ts1 sail+ & /eam1 :i* has br\ght !m consid]able repute1 & ev5 m pleasure1 s9ce !y 7 9 successive g5]ations not$ ya*tsm54 ,9 #ahjc !y laun*$ ! #de-a_/b-ton cutt] = ,colonel ,campbell1 ( ! ,york%ire ,militia1 :i* 0 pron\nc$ "o ( ! complete/ ( ! k9d ev] built 9 ,scotl& up to t "t4 ,x may be incid5tally m5tion$1 t ! ,scotts also %[$ ?us e>ly _! practical sympa?y ) ! auxili>y =ces ( ! ,cr[n by be+ at ! head ( ! volunte] ,sea ,f5cibles =m$ on ! ,clyde 9 ! /ormy ye>s ( ! ,napoleonic w>s4 ,z soon z ! monopoly ( ! ,ea/ ,india ,company 0 remov$ 9 #ahad1 private %ip[n]s ent]$ ! li/s1 & ! ,scotts 7 e>ly occupi$ 9 ! con/ruction ( ,indo-,*9a clipp]s4 ,9 #ahah !y built ! ,*ri/ian1 & 9 #ahbj ! ,bellfield1 ! latt]1 ( #dgh tons regi/]1 = ! ,london & ,calcutta trade4 ,%e 0 "o ( ! fir/ ( a long s]ies4 ,! ,kirkman ,f9lay1 ( #dcj tons1 built 9 #ahcd1 sugge/s ! "n ( a firm long & hon\rably associat$ ) ! developm5t ( trade 9 our great ,ea/]n dep5d5cy4 ,! effect ( competition 0 a r$uction 9 ! av]age rate ( freight p] ton f ,india to ,brita9 f #cb #ajs4 ab\t #aggc to #aj 9 #ahcj4 ,! ,ea/ ,india ,company ab\t ! ye> #ahac paid #dj p] ton = _! %ips1 z aga9/ ab\t #be p] ton by o!r trad]s2 ! latt] sum 0 ab\t ! same z t paid 9 ,am]ica4 ,! ,ea/ ,indiaman _h a crew 9 ! ratio ( "o to #aj or #ab tons1 :ile "o to #be tons suffic$ = ! ,we/ ,indiaman4 ,! spe$ ( ! we/]n %ip 0 great]1 l>gely by reason ( ! diff]5ce 9 proportions & l9es4 ,! clipp] built on ! ,clyde & 9 ,am]ica _h a l5g? equal to five or six times ! beam1 aga9/ f\r times ! beam 9 ! case ( ! ,ea/ ,india ,company's %ips4 ,9 ! design ( ^! clipp]s ! ,scotts took an important "p4 ,*>les ,cun+ham ,scott 0 !n at ! head ( ! conc]n4 ,an +5i\s me?od ( mak+ model exp]im5ts 9 ! grav+ dock at ! works 0 evolv$ 9 ! '=ties1 :]eby ! firm 7 able to arrive at ! mo/ satisfactory =m ( hull to give ! m9imum ( resi/ance1 & at ! same "t a l>ge capacity = c>go p] regi/]$ ton4 ,9 ?is latt] respect !y 7 m successful ?an ! design]s ( ! ,ea/ ,indiam51 not)/&+ ! bluff =m ( ! latt]4 ,z rapidity 9 answ]+ ! helm 0 a mo/ important elem5t 9 tack+1 & !re=e 9 spe$1 ! firm ab\t ?is "t prep>$ full-rigg$ models1 ab\t #e ft4 long1 = exp]im5tal trials z to ! %ip's =m & rudd]1 on ,lo* ,?om1 on ! hill above ,gre5ock1 9 an expos$ place :]e ! conditions ( w9d 7 analog\s to ^? at sea4 ,! results prov$ satisfactory4 ,9 fact1 9 ^! ye>s1 :5 ! ,m9]va1 ,acb>1 & o!r not$ clipp]s 7 built1 ! c>e us$ 9 design & con/ruction 0 almo/ z great z t n[ devot$ 9 ! case ( rac+ ya*ts4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,vii4 ,,! ,,ar*ibald ,,russell4 7,see page #ad47 ,! ,scotts1 9 ! fir/ half ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 cont9u$ to produce a long s]ies ( successful sail+ %ips1 :ile at ! same "t tak+ a cr$itable "p 9 ! evolution ( ! /eam%ip4 ,/eam1 h[ev]1 0 n possible 9 long-di/ance voyages until pressures _h be5 increas$1 & coal consumption r$uc$ to mod]ate limits2 & ?us x came t1 al?\gh ! /eam eng9e 0 us$ 9 ! e>ly ye>s ( ! n9ete5? c5tury 9 riv]1 & lat] 9 coa/+1 craft1 ! sail+ %ip cont9u$ supreme almo/ until ! middle ( ! c5tury4 ,we d n propose1 h[ev]1 to ref] to all ( ! lat] sail+ %ips built by ! ,scotts1 b x may be int]e/+ to give "s details ( ! con/ruction4 ,am]ican rock elm 0 l>gely us$4 ,! frames 7 9 ?ree sections ) sc>f$ jo9ts1 bolt$ toge!r1 ! scantl+s be+ r$uc$ t[>ds ! top1 s z to l[] ! c5tre ( gravity4 ,inside ! frames !re 7 at v>i\s heights longitud9al timb]s1 to add to ! =e-&-aft /r5g?4 ,! top sides 7 ( gre5he>t1 ! beams ( oak or gre5he>t1 ) wr\ght-iron knees2 ! height betwe5 ! beams 0 made to admit ( two hog%eads ( sug> be+ plac$ 9 ! hold4 ,!re 7 side-/r+]s1 sometimes #aj 94 ?ick1 betwe5 ! floor & ! beams1 :i* 7 half-*eck$ into ! /r+]s4 ,on ! top ( ! beams !re 7 deck-/r+]s4 ,!re 0 a mo/ effective transv]se & longitud9al b9d+1 brass bolts be+ ext5d$ "r ?r\gh ! knee1 /r+]1 frame1 & sk9 ( ! %ip4 ,! decks 7 ( yell[ or ,dantzig :ite p9e4 ,an #hjj or #ajjj-ton ,we/ ,indiaman occupi$ ab\t n9e mon?s 9 con/ruction4 ,! la/ wood5 %ip built 9 ,gre5ock 0 ! ,canadian1 complet$ by ! ,scotts 9 #ahei4ad ,! highe/ conception ( ! iron sail+ %ip1 z built by ! firm1 0 probably embodi$ 9 ! ,"l ( ! ,isles1 complet$ 9 #ahef4 ,%e _h a l5g? betwe5 p]p5dicul>s ( #ahe ft41 a bread? ( #bi ft4--! proportion be+ ?us #f4d ( l5g? to #a ( beam--) a dep? ( hold ( #ah ft4 ,h] regi/]$ tonnage 0 #fia tons1 & h] build]s' measurem5t #ggj tons4 ,al?\gh a f9e-end$ %ip %e c>ri$ a l>ge c>go on bo>d1 & made h] fir/ trip to ,sydney 9 sev5ty days1 :i* _h n !n be5 surpass$4#ae ,%e made ! passage f ,%anghai to ,london 9 eighty-sev5 days1 ) #ajcj tons ( tea on bo>d4 ,9 "o trip %e av]ag$ #cbj nautical miles = five consecutive days4 ,:5 engag$ 9 ! celebrat$ race = ! deliv]y ( ! season's teas f ,foo-*[-foo to ,london1 9 #ahef1 ! ,"l ( ! ,isles beat two ( ! fa/e/ ,am]ican clipp]s1 ( almo/ twice h] tonnage4 ,%e deliv]$ h] c>go )\t "o spot ( damage1 & ?us ,briti% %ips rega9$ _! asc5d5cy 9 ! trade :i* _! ,am]ican rivals _h f> too long monopolis$4#af ,f t "t ! ,briti% sail+ %ips gradually ga9$ a complete sup]iority ov] ! ,am]ican vessels1 & c>ri$ all be=e !m1 until !y 9 turn 7 supplant$ by ! ,briti% /eam%ip4 ,f "t to "t an occasional sail+ %ip 0 con/ruct$ ( /eel2 ! late/1 ! ,ar*ibald ,russell1 is illu/rat$4 ,built = ,messrs4 ,john ,h>die & ,company1 ?is vessel has a l5g?1 betwe5 p]p5dicul>s1 ( #bgh ft41 a beam ( #dc ft41 & a dep?1 m\ld$1 ( #bf ft41 & c>ries #cicj tons ( deadweight c>go on a draught ( #ba ft4 #g-a_/b 94 ,b less ?an #a p] c5t4 ( %ips n[ con/ruct$ dep5d ^u ! unb\ght b unc]ta9 w9ds1 & !n only = special trades4 ,on regul> r\tes ! /eam] is n[ almo/ p>am\nt1 & x 01 !re=e1 appropriate 9 ! highe/ degree t ! fir/ vessels to /eam regul>ly to ,*9a1 vi ! ,cape1 %\ld1 l ! ,"l ( ! ,isles1 be built by ! ,scotts2 b t belongs to ano!r /ory4 ,illu/ration3 decoration ,,footnotes3 #b ,campbell's ,hi/orical ,sket*es ( ! ,t[n & ,h>b\r ( ,gre5ock1 vol4 i41 page #ah4 #c ,sir ,na?aniel ,b>naby's ,naval ,developm5t 9 ! ,c5tury1 page #bc4 #d ,br[n's ,e>ly ,annals ( ,gre5ock1 page #acf #e ,williamson's ,memorials ( ,james ,watt1 #ahef4 #f ,! ,gazette] ( ,scotl&1 #ahdb1 vol4 i41 page #gji4 #g ,j\rnals ( ! ,h\se ( ,commons1 #agib1 page #ceg4 #h ,holmes' ,anci5t & ,mod]n ,%ips1 page #aeb4 #i ,williamson's ,old ,gre5ock1 page #adh4 #aj ,campbell's ,hi/orical ,sket*es ( ! ,t[n & ,h>b\r ( ,gre5ock1 page #fh4 #aa ,! foll[+ figures are tak5 = #agja f ,*amb]s' ,e/imates1 pages #fh1 #fi1 & #ij2 = #agic f ,l9dsay's ,hi/ory ( ,m]*ant ,%ipp+2 = #ahjc f ,port]'s ,progress ( ! ,nation1 page #fbf2 & = #aija f ! ,/ati/ical ,ab/ract = ! ,unit$ ,k+dom4 #agja4 #agic4 #ahjc4 #aija4 ,numb] ( %ips #c1bha #af1jgi #bj1hic #bj1beh ,tonnage #bfa1bbb #a1edj1ade #b1afg1hfc #ae1ceg1jeb ,seam5 #bg1aif #aah1bhf -- #bdg1igc ,! ,scotti% fleet1 :i* is n includ$ = #agja & #agic1 0 mu* small]1 alike 9 ! size ( units & aggregate tonnage4 #ab ,holmes's ,anci5t & ,mod]n ,%ips1 page #acj4 #ac ,weir's ,hi/ory ( ,gre5ock4 #ad ,br[n's ,e>ly ,annals ( ,gre5ock1 page #ach4 #ae ,murray's ,%ipbuild+ 9 ,iron & ,wood1 page #fj4 #af ,l9dsay's ,m]*ant ,%ipp+1 vol4 iii1 page #bid4 ,illu/ration3 decoration ,! ,developm5t ( ! ,/eam%ip4 ,illu/ration3 decoration ,a close association exi/$ betwe5 ! ,scotts & ! family ( ,james ,watt1 ! inv5tor ( ! /eam eng9e3 ! f\nd] ( ! ,scotts' %ipbuild+ firm & ! fa!r ( ,watt 7 id5tifi$ ) sev]al s*emes = ! improvem5t ( ,gre5ock2 & ! signature ( ,john ,scott1 ( ! ?ird g5]ation1 ^: portrait is ! second reproduc$ on ,plate ,,ii41 is tak5 f a docum5t 9 connection ) "s intromissions ( t[n's funds1 to :i* also is adhibit$ ! signature ( ,watt's fa!r4 ,x is n surpris+1 !re=e1 t ! ,scotts 7 e>ly close /ud5ts ( ,watt's inv5tive "w1 & among ! fir/ to ent] ^u ! build+ ( /eam%ips2 :ile at ! same "t1 z we h %[n 9 ! prec$+ pages1 build+ _m ( ! f9e sail+ %ips :i* e/abli%$ ,briti% %ipp+ supremacy 9 ! e>ly half ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 & rais$ ,gre5ock by #ahbi to a port hav+ trade ) e "p ( ! _w4 ,mill] & ,taylor comm5c$ _! exp]im5ts at ,dalsw9ton 9 #aghh1 ) a /eam eng9e driv+ paddle-:eels 9 boats#ag4 ,sym+ton's /eam tug1 ,*>lotte ,dundas1 by its success 9 #ahjb on ! ,=? & ,clyde ,canal#ah1 remov$ any rema9+ d\bt2 b x 0 n until #ahab t ,h5ry ,bell1 ) 8 ,comet1 prov$ ! comm]cial utility ( ! /eam sy/em1 al?\gh )\t pr(it to ! promot]4#ai ,! build+ ( /eam%ips1 evolv$ by exp]im5ts by v>i\s work]s 9 ,brita9--& 9 ,am]ica also--0 readily adopt$ on ! ,clyde4 ,)9 f\r ye>s ( ! completion ( ! ,comet1 x 0 n unusual = five hundr$ or six hundr$ pass5g]s to enjoy 9 ! c\rse ( "o day wat] excursions on ! riv]4#bj ,! f>es 7 practically five times ^? prevail+ to-day4 ,among ! e>lie/ ( ! ,clyde /eam]s 7 ! ,active1 ( #ei tons1 & ,despat*1 ( #eh tons1 built by ! ,scotts4 ,9 calculat+ ! tonnage 9 ^? e>ly days1 an av]age all[ance ( "o-?ird 0 d$uct$ = ! ma*9]y4 ,9 #ahaf ! firm built ! ,%annon1 ( a l5g? betwe5 p]p5dicul>s ( #gg ft4 #g 941 ( a beam ( #ae ft4 #c 941 & ( a dep? m\ld$ ( #i ft4 #a 94 ,%e _h =e-&-aft cab9s4 ,h] eng9es 7 ( #ad horse-p[] nom9al4 ,%e pli$ on ! ,%annon betwe5 ,lim]ick & ,kilru%4 ,by #ahah--six ye>s aft] ! completion ( ! ,comet--?irty-two /eam]s 7 runn+ on ! ,clyde1 & "s ( ^! 7 s5t ultimately = traffic on ! coa/ & on o!r riv]s4#ba ,! l>ge/ ( ^! 0 ( #aab tons1 ) eng9es ( #dj nom9al horse-p[]4 ,! ,scotts _h built _m sail+ craft = ! ,clyde & ,belfa/ trade1 = ! ,glasg[ & ,liv]pool s]vice1 & = ! ,liv]pool & ,drogh$a1 & o!r coa/+ r\tes2 & x 0 natural :5 /eam 0 introduc$ t ! same firm %\ld supply ! side-paddle boats4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,viii4 ,f an ,old ,engrav+4 ,,e>ly ,,/eamboats ,,at ,,gre5ock4 ,9 ?ree successive ye>s--f #ahai to #ahba--! l>ge/ /eam] 9 ! k+dom came f ,scotts' ,works4 ,! record 0 m>k$ 9 #ahai by ! ,wat]loo1 ( ov] #bjj tons1 ) eng9es ( #fj nom9al horse-p[]2 9 #ahbj1 by ! ,sup]b ( #bdj tons regi/]1 ) eng9es ( #gb nom9al horse-p[]1 :i* co/ ab\t #cg p] ton1 & /eam$ #i miles p] h\r1 us+ #afgj lb4 ( ,scot* coal p] h\r2 & 9 #ahba1 by ! ,maje/ic1 ( #cde tons regi/]1 ) eng9es ( #ajj horse-p[]1 :i* co/ ov] #dj p] ton1 & /eam$ #aj miles p] h\r = a consumption ( #bbdj lb4 ( ,scot* coal4 ,al?\gh ! mod]n /eam] is fifty times ! size ( ^! pione]s1 ) a co/ p] ton ( less ?an "o-f\r?1 & a fuel consumption p] unit ( "w done ( n m ?an a sev5?1 ! records ( ^! & o!r e>ly %ips are wor?y ( full ref]5ce4 ,! advantage ( /eam navigation = *annel s]vice 0 at once recognis$4 ,a ,p>liam5t>y return issu$ 9 #ahae %[$ t = ! space ( n9e days 9 ! previ\s ye> only "o mail packet c\ld sail betwe5 ,holyhead & ,dubl9 ow+ to adv]se w9ds1 & ev5 !n ! av]age passage 0 tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,"l ,kelv91 9 8 memorable ,address z ,*ancellor ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,glasg[1 9 #aije1 recall$ ! fact t e>ly 9 ! c5tury 8 fa!r (t5 took ?ree or f\r days to cross f ,belfa/ to ,gre5ock 9 a smack1 z %e 0 frequ5tly becalm$4 ,) fav\rable w9ds1 rapid passages 7 made1 a rev5ue cutt] occasionally do+ ! ,belfa/ & ,gre5ock run 9 t5 h\rs4 ,! ,gre5ock & ,belfa/ r\te 0 among ! fir/ ar\nd ! coa/ to come "u ! influ5ce ( ! me*anical sy/em ( propulsion4 ,! ,rob ,roy1 :i* 0 ! outcome1 s f> z =m ( hull 0 conc]n$1 ( probably ! fir/ model exp]im5ts ev] made--und]tak5 by ,david ,napi] 9 ! ,canal at ,camla*ie#bb--0 9 #ahah ! pione] 9 ! ,glasg[ & ,belfa/ /eam s]vice1 & lat] 9 ! ,dov] & ,calais /eam s]vice4 ,!re foll[$ 9 #ahai ?ree notable vessels f ,scotts' ,works3 ! ,wat]loo1#bc ! ,rob]t ,bruce1 & ! ,sir ,william ,wallace4 ,! p>ticul>s & p]=mances ( ^! vessels1 tak5 f contempor>y records1 pr9cipally ! ,gre5ock ,adv]tis]1 :i* fai?fully report$ ea* incid5t 9 ! developm5t ( ! /eam%ip1 are especially int]e/+ z illu/rative ( e>ly "w4 ,! ,wat]loo1 :i*1 z we h already said1 0 ! l>ge/ /eam] ( h] ye> 7#ahai71 _h a beam equal to "o-fif? ( h] l5g?1 ! measurem5t betwe5 p]p5dicul>s be+ #ih ft4 #h 94 ,9 addition to a l>ge numb] ( pass5g]s1 %e c>ri$ "u ord9>y conditions a c>go ( #ajj tons1 on a draught ( #h ft4 #f 94 aga9/ #g ft4 #c 94 )\t c>go4 ,?ree mon?s 7 requir$1 betwe5 ! laun* ( ! %ip & h] trials1 = ! fitt+ on bo>d ( eng9es ea* ( #cj nom9al horse-p[]1 :i* gave h] a spe$ ( betwe5 #h & #i miles p] h\r4 ,sails1 h[ev]1 7 /ill c>ri$ to assi/ 9 driv+ ! %ip1 & ?is vessel 0 ( s*oon] rig4 ,%e inaugurat$ ! /eam s]vice betwe5 ,belfa/ & ,liv]pool4 ,! ,rob]t ,bruce 0 ! fir/ /eam] to trade betwe5 ! ,clyde & ,liv]pool4#bd ,%e 0 foll[$ by ! ,sir ,william ,wallace4 ,bo? 7 built by ! ,scotts1 & _h eng9es ( #fj nom9al horse-p[]4 ,!y began s]vice 9 ! summ] ( #ahai2 & ! record ( ! maid5 voyage ( ! =m]1 9 ,augu/1 #ahai1 %[$ t two & a-half h\rs 7 occupi$ 9 ! run f ,glasg[ to ,gre5ock1 ab\t #bb miles2 & )9 #bf h\rs !reaft] ! vessel took on h] pilot at ! nor?-we/ light%ip outside ! ,m]sey ,b>4 ,! return voyage 0 equally satisfactory4 ,to quote aga9 f contempor>y records1 ! pass5g]s1 bo? out & home1 7 s highly gratifi$ ) ! p]=mance ( ?is vessel & _! treatm5t on bo>d t !y unanim\sly express$ _! entire satisfaction ) ,capta9 ,pat]son's ex]tions to r5d] !m com=table & happy1 _! conviction ( ! seawor?9ess ( ! vessel1 & _! admiration ( ! p[]s ( ! eng9es1 capable ( propell+ s l>ge a body at ! rate ( #g knots p] h\r1 9 ! face ( a /rong nor?-nor?we/ w9d & high sea = at lea/ two-?irds ( ! way f ,liv]pool1 h] rate ?i!r be+ ne>ly #i knots4#be ,9 #ahbj1 ! ,sup]b1 ( #bdj tons & #gb horse-p[]1 foll[$ ! ,sir ,william ,wallace1 & m>k$ a /ill fur!r improvem5t4 ,%e _h a copp] boil]1 & 9 ! ?ree cab9s sleep+ accommodation 0 provid$ = sixty-two pass5g]s4 ,%e 0 ! f9e/1 l>ge/1 & mo/ p[]ful /eam vessel 9 ,great ,brita94#bf ,! av]age duration ( ! passage f ! ,clyde to ,liv]pool did n exce$ #cj h\rs4 ,! ,maje/ic1 also = ! ,clyde & ,liv]pool s]vice1 0 built 9 #ahba1 & 0 #acd ft4 #aa 94 long betwe5 p]p5dicul>s1 #bb ft4 #h 94 beam1 & #ad ft4 #e 94 dep?1 m\ld$4 ,h] draught1 #aj ft4 #f 94 =w>d & #ab ft4 aft1 0 too great = ! upp] rea*es ( ! ,clyde1 & pass5g]s 7 br\ght f ,glasg[ to ,gre5ock 9 a t5d]4 ,9 h] f\r cab9s !re 0 greatly-increas$ accommodation = ! pass5g]s4 ,%e 0 probably ! fir/ /eam] ) a sleep+ ap>tm5t exclusively = ladies4 ,! copp] boil] work$ at a pressure ( #d lb4 p] squ>e in*1 & ! eng9es ran at #ef revolutions4 ,! f>es#bg to ,liv]pool 9 ^? days 7 #b #aes41 z comp>$ ) #aas4 to-day2 ( c\rse1 v mu* bett] accommodation is n[ provid$4 ,! ,city ( ,glasg[ 0 built 9 #ahbb = ! ,liv]pool s]vice4 ,?is vessel1 :i* co/ #ae1jjj1 _h a spe$ ( ov] #aj knots1 & 0 reput$ ! fa/e/ afloat4 ,h] l5g? 0 #aaj ft4 #d 941 beam #bb ft4 #d 941 & dep?1 m\ld$1 #ac ft4 ,%e 0 arrang$ l ! ,maje/ic1 & ! two 7 long ! mo/ important vessels 9 ! ,clyde & ,liv]pool trade4 ,%e 0 subsequ5tly b\ght by ,mc,iver1 & inaugurat$ ! competition ) ! ,burns l9e1 comm5c$ 9 #ahbi4bh ,! ,mc,iver & ,burns l9es 7 subsequ5tly comb9$4 ,! ,scotts r5d]$ simil> s]vice 9 ! developm5t ( ! mail r\te betwe5 ,holyhead & ,dubl94 ,! fir/ vessel built by !m = ?is s]vice 0 ! ,ivanhoe1 con/ruct$ 9 #ahbj4 ,! /eam s]vice _h be5 op5$ betwe5 ^! two ports 9 #ahai by ! ,talbot1 ! fir/ /eam] fitt$ ) fea!r+ floats4#bi ,! ,ivanhoe1#cj a l>g] /eam] ?an ! ,talbot1 0 ( #agj tons burd51 h] l5g? betwe5 p]p5dicul>s be+ #ig ft4 #d 941 beam #ai ft41 & dep?1 m\ld$1 #ad ft4 #f 94 ,%e _h v>i\s improvem5ts 9 h] ma*9]y1 :i* 0 ( #fj nom9al horse-p[]4 ,%e left ,scotts' y>d 9 ,may1 #ahbj1 & made ! voyage to ,h[? 7#bjj miles71 9 #bf-a_/b h\rs4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,ix4 ,f ,! ,life ( ,rob]t ,napi]4 ,,! ,,city ,,( ,,glasg[4 ,?us ! ,scotts cont9u$ to improve on ea* successive %ip1 & to wid5 ! area ( _! influ5ce4 ,! ,clyde cont9u$ to l>gely monopolise ! indu/ry ( /eam %ipbuild+1 & x 0 n until ! summ] ( #ahbb t a /eam]--n built 9 ,scotl&--appe>$ on ! ,clyde4 ,?is 0 ! ,sa9t ,george1 f ,liv]pool1 & ! ,city ( ,glasg[1 already ref]r$ to1 h] competitor 9 ! ,liv]pool trade1 rac$ h] & greatly excell$4 ,"o ( ! fir/ /eam]s to trade 9 ! ,m$it]ranean 0 ! ,sup]b1 s5t ?i!r 9 #ahbd1 & ! ,tr9acria1 also built by ! ,scotts1 foll[$ 9 #ahbe4 ,^! ran betwe5 ,naples & ,pal]mo4 ,! la/-nam$ vessel 0 #ace ft4 long ov]-all1 & #aac ft4 #f 94 betwe5 p]p5dicul>s1 #ci ft4 #f 94 broad ov] ! paddle-box1 & #ba ft4 #aj 94 net beam1 #ad ft4 deep 7m\ld$71 & ( #cjj tons burd54 ,! vessel 0 especially well-equipp$1 & co/ #ae1jjj4 ,! eng9es1 ! fir/ manufactur$ by ! ,scotts at _! ,gre5ock f\ndry1 7 ( #hj nom9al horse-p[]1 & ! boil]s1 :i* 7 ( copp]1 weigh$ #dj tons4 ,! spe$ 0 #aj miles p] h\r4 ,lat] ?is /eam] became ! ,hylton ,joliffe1 & 0 employ$ by ! ,g5]al ,/eam ,navigation ,company on _! ,london & ,hamburg s]vice4 ,z to ! y>d 9 :i* ^! sev]al vessels 7 built1 sugge/ion is af=d$ ( ! /ate ( effici5cy by ! foll[+ quotation f a hi/ory publi%$ 9 #ahbi4ca ,! build+ y>d ( ,messrs4 ,scott & ,sons is all[$ to be ! mo/ complete 9 ,brita91 except+ ^? :i* belong to ! ,cr[n4 ,x has a f9e ext5t ( front f ! ,we/ ,quay to ! t]m9ation ( ! ,we/ ,burn1 & has a l>ge dry dock1 :i* 0 alt]$ lately to ! plan ( ! new dock4 ,all ! /ores & l(ts are entirely wall$ 91 &1 indep5d5tly ( ! build+ premises1 !y h an ext5sive manufactory ( *a9 cables4 ,! majority ( ! eng9es = ^! e>ly /eam]s ( ! ,scotts 7 con/ruct$ by ,napi] or ,cook1 & 7 ( ! side-lev] or beam type4 ,9 #ahbe1 h[ev]1 ,john ,scott1 :o _h done s mu* = ! progress ( ! firm1 decid$ to comm5ce build+ ma*9]y1 & acquir$ = #ejjj ! works :i* h s9ce be5 develop$ into ! well-kn[n ,gre5ock ,f\ndry4 ,?is e/abli%m5t 0 begun1 al?\gh on a v small scale1 ab\t #agij1cb & 9 its equipm5t1 :i* 0 consid]$ ?or\ghly effici5t1 !re 0 includ$ a l>ge cupola4 ,"s idea is giv5 ( ! ext5t ( ! e/abli%m5t by ref]5ce to ,weir's ,hi/ory ( ,gre5ock 7#ahbi71 page #id1 :]e x is /at$ t 9 ! few ye>s t _h elaps$ s9ce ! tak+ ov] ( ! works by ! ,scotts !y h manufactur$ "s spl5did eng9es1 &--:at is m to be look$ = ?an ! appe>ance--!y h wr\ght well4 ,!y h 9 h& ! l>ge/ eng9e ev] made1 :i* is ( a size ( #bjj horse-p[]1 & is int5d$ = a vessel build+ at ,bri/ol4 ,! numb] ( m5 employ$ am\nt to ab\t two hundr$ & tw5ty1 :ile ! weekly di/ribution ( wages is #ahj4 ,z a contra/1 x may be said "h t !re are n[ f\r ?\s& m5 9 ! works1 e>n+ p] week ov] #eejj 9 wages1 & t ! ,scotts are engag$ on ! l>ge/ set ( eng9es yet con/ruct$ by !m--= ,h4,m4,s4 ,def5ce4 ,!y are ( #bg1jjj indicat$ horse-p[]1 to give ! imm5se arm\r$ cruis] nam$1 ( #ad1fjj tons displacem5t1 a spe$ ( #bc knots4 ,s9ce #ahbe1 ! ,scotts h cont9u$ to d v satisfactory eng9e "w1 mu* ( x ( an orig9al "*1 n only = vessels built = !mselves1 b = %ips con/ruct$ on ! ,?ames & o!r ,engli% riv]s1 & also = ! s]ies ( w>%ips built = ! ,briti% ,navy at _! works1 & = o!rs con/ruct$ at ! ,royal ,docky>ds4 ,?is naval eng9e "w began ) ,h4,m4 %ips ,hecla & ,hecate1 eng9$ 9 #ahch-i1 & ! fir/ w>%ips built 9 ! docky>ds to be s5t to ,scotti% works to receive ma*9]y4#cc ,& "h x may be not$1 too1 t ! fir/ w>%ip built by ! ,scotts 0 ! ,pr9ce ( ,wales1 9 #ahjc1 & also t ! firm _h ! cr$it ( build+ ! fir/ /eam frigate con/ruct$ at ,clyde works = ! ,briti% ,navy1 ,h4,m4,s4 ,gre5ock1 laun*$ 9 #ahci4 ,!y also built ! fir/ comp\nd eng9es fitt$ to a ,fr5* w>%ip4 ,) ^! naval %ips & eng9es we deal 9 our next ,*apt]1 & may !re=e cont9ue our n>rative reg>d+ m]*ant /eam]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,side-,,lev] ,,eng9e ,,( #ahca4 ,we reproduce on ! prec$+ page a draw+ illu/rat+ an e>ly type ( eng9e built by ! firm4 ,?is is an eng9e con/ruct$ 9 #ahca4 ,! /eam cyl9d] is #eb-a_/d 94 9 diamet]1 & ! crank-%aft is actuat$1 ?r\gh connect+-rods1 f ! ends ( ! lev]s op]at$ by ! pi/on-rod1 :ile ! air-pump is plac$ at ! opposite ends ( ! lev]s4 ,a diff]5t type ( eng9e1 con/ruct$ 9 ! foll[+ ye> 7#ahcb71 is illu/rat$ on ! fac+ page4 ,9 ?is case ! cyl9d] op]ates ! opposite end ( ! lev]s to t connect$ ) ! crank-%aft4 ,9 bo? eng9es ! lev]-gudgeon passes ?r\gh ! jet-cond5s]4 ,! records we h giv5 are hi/orically int]e/+1 because !y tell ( ! beg9n+s ( a great epo* 9 ,briti% %ipp+4 ,we d n propose to foll[ 9 su* detail subsequ5t /eam%ips1 built = o!r s]vices1 betwe5 ,london & ,ab]de51 ! ,clyde & ,dubl91 etc4 ,! ,city ( ,ab]de51 built 9 #ahce = ! fir/-nam$1 m>k$ notewor?y progress4 ,%e measur$ #ahg ft4 ov] ! figure-head1 & 0 ( #ahjj tons1 includ+ ! space = ! ma*9]y4 ,h] poop 0 #fj ft4 long & #de ft4 broad4 ,accord+ to contempor>y te/imony1 %e 01 9 h] day1 ! /ronge/ /eam] built1 hav+ solid frames f gunwale to gunwale4 ,%e _h additional brac+ ) ,african oak /r+]s2 oak & iron truss+s alt]nately bolt$ to ! /r+]s =m$ a complete sy/em ( diagonal fa/5+s & b9d+s f /em to /]n4 ,! :ole ( ! cab9s1 saloons & /ate rooms1 7 on "o deck1 & !re 0 ! important innovation ( hot & cold ba?s4 ,! spe$ 0 #ab miles p] h\r4#cd ,! ,jupit]1 ( #dci tons & #baj horse-p[]1 built 9 #ahcf = ! ,clyde & ,dubl9 trade1 co/ #bj1jjj1 & e/abli%$ a record 9 spe$1 mak+ ! voyage 9 sixte5 h\rs six m9utes1 at ! rate ( #ac miles p] h\r2 =m]ly ! voyage took tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,illu/ration3 ,,an ,,eng9e ,,( #ahcb4 ,9 ! late '?irties & ! e>ly '=ties !re 0 a great developm5t 9 ov]sea trad+ /eam]s1 ! ,clyde tak+1 !n z n[1 ! =emo/ place4 ,sev]al epo*-m>k+ voyages _h be5 made ) ! /eam eng9e us$ int]mitt5tly4 ,! ,savannah _h ?us cross$ ! ,atlantic f ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 #ahai1 & ! ,royal ,william f ,quebec 9 #ahcc4 ,! b>que ,falcon1#ce #hd ft4 9 l5g?1 & ( #age tons1 _h1 on ! voyage to ,india 9 #ahce utilis$ eng9es :i*1 h[ev]1 7 remov$ on h] arrival 9 our ,ea/]n dep5d5cy4 ,lat] 9 ! same ye> ! ,ent]prise1 ( #dgj tons & #abj horse-p[]1 also r\nd$ ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope to ,india4 ,9 all ^! cases1 h[ev]1 sails 7 utilis$ :5ev] possible1 & !re 0 /ill great hesitancy 9 accept+ ! /eam eng9e ev5 z an alt]native on occasions to ! use ( ! unb\ght w9d4 ,! advantage1 h[ev]1 ( a rate ( spe$ :i*1 :ile l[1 w\ld be con/ant1 soon ass]t$ itself1 & !re foll[$ )9 a few ye>s regul> mail /eam%ip s]vices on ! ,nor? & ,s\? ,atlantic ,oceans1 9 ! ,m$it]ranean ,sea1 9 ! ,indian ,ocean1 & ! ,*9a ,seas4 ,9 ! beg9n+ & developm5t ( ^! s]vices ! ,scotts took a prom95t "p4 ,"o ( ! fir/ notable /eam%ip l9es to be organis$ = ov]sea s]vice 0 t :i* ultimately became ! ,p59sul> & ,ori5tal ,company4 ,x _h its orig9#cf 9 /eam%ip s]vice f ,falm\? to ,oporto1 ,lisbon1 ,cadiz1 & ,gibralt>4 ,f\r /eam]s 7 built 9 #ahcf-cg3 ! ,tagus1 ,don ,juan1 ,braganza1 & ,ib]ia4 ,! fir/-nam$ 0 built by ! ,scotts1 & ! ?ird 0 eng9$ by !m4 ,^! ultimately c>ri$ ! mails z f> z ,alex&ria1 :5ce !y 7 convey$ ov]l& to ,suez1 & f !nce by ! ,ea/ ,india ,company's vessels to ,bombay4 ,?is s]vice develop$ into ! ,p59sul> & ,ori5tal s]vice1 :51 9 #ahdj1 ! ,company took ov] ! mail s]vice on ! ,indian ,ocean2 9 #ahdg !y ext5d$ _! op]ations to ,*9a4 ,! ov]l& s]vice cont9u$ until ! ,suez ,canal 0 op5$ 9 #ahfi1 & _m ( ! vessels = ! ,m$it]ranean s]vice1 z well z = ! ea/]n r\te1 7 built by ! ,scotts4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,x4 ,,scotts' ,,fir/ ,p4 ,,& ,o4 ,,l9]1 ,,! ,,tagus4 ,! ,tagus1#cg :i* 0 ?us among/ ! fir/ ( ! ,p4 & ,o4 /eam]s1 0 built 9 #ahcg4 ,%e _h a l5g? ( #ahb4a ft41 a beam ( #bf ft41 & a dep? ( #ag ft4 #d 941 ! burd5 tonnage be+ #gji tons4 ,:5 c>ry+ #bfe tons ( coal 9 h] bunk]s & #cjj tons ( c>go1 ! draught 0 #ad ft4 #f 94 ,! side-lev] eng9es :i* 7 fitt$ to h] _h a cyl9d] #fb 94 9 diamet]1 ) a #e-;ft4 #i-;94 /roke1 develop$ #bhf horse-p[]1 & op]at$ paddle-:eels #bc ft4 #f 94 9 diamet]4 ,two ( ! o!r e>ly /eam]s1 ! ,jupit] & ! ,montrose1 7 also con/ruct$ by ! ,scotts4 ,! conveyance ( c>go & pass5g]s across ! ,i/hmus ( ,suez n only involv$ inconv5i5ce & exp5se1 b 0 a cause ( great delay4 ,!re 0 /ill1 h[ev]1 a /rong prejudice aga9/ /eam%ips be+ utilis$ = long sea voyages1 p>tly because ( ve/$ int]e/s 9 sail+ %ips4 ,sir ,john ,ross1 ,c4,b41 :o1 9 #ahah & 9 #ahbi to #ahcc1 made ,arctic explorations1 0 "o ( ! /ronge/ advocates = a s]vice to ,india by way ( ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope2 &1 9 ord] to e/abli% ! feasibility ( ! und]tak+1 made exp]im5ts ) ! ,city ( ,glasg[1 built by ! ,scotts 9 #ahba4 ,?is vessel1 ( #bhc tons1 _h 9 ! int]val be5 fitt$ ) new boil]s1 ) special safety appliances1 & !y work$ at #d-lb4 pressure2 !y gave ! high evaporation 9 ^? days ( #i lb4 ( wat] p] p\nd ( coal4#ch ,?is vessel made ! trip f ,london ,bridge to ! light%ip (f ,spi!ad 7#bdf miles7 9 ?irty-"o h\rs five m9utes1 on a consumption ( #f lb4 ( fuel p] indicat$ horse-p[] p] h\r4 ,^! facts 7 utilis$ by ,sir ,john ,ross 9 8 advocacy ( ! r\te1 & a new company 0 =m$1 "u 8 *airman%ip1 9 #ahcg4 ,! fir/ vessel ( ! fleet1 nam$ ! ,india1 0 built & eng9$ by ! ,scotts1 & 0 a few ye>s lat] transf]r$ to ! ,p59sul> & ,ori5tal ,company4 ,! ,india1 laun*$ 9 #ahci1 0 ! l>ge/ /eam] built on ! ,clyde up to t date1 be+ #bjf ft4 #f 94 long1 #cj ft4 #i 94 beam1 or #dh ft4 wide ov] ! paddle-boxes4 ,! gross tonnage 0 #abjf tons4 ,accommodation 0 provid$ = eighty cab9 pass5g]s1 & provision made = #djj tons ( c>go4 ,a feature ( h] con/ruction 0 ! provision ( two /rong bulkheads ( iron across ! eng9e-room1 9 ord] to avoid accid5tal outbreak ( fire1 & also to prev5t wat] f a leak 9 "o "p spread+ to ano!r4#ci ,?is 0 probably ! beg9n+--ne>ly sev5ty ye>s ago--( ! sy/em ( division by wat]tight bulkheads1 n[ univ]sal4 ,its compulsory adoption 0 advocat$ by ! ,in/itution ( ,naval ,ar*itects 9 #ahff1 & en=c$ by ,lloyds 9 #ahhb1 & by ! ,bo>d ( ,trade 9 #ahij4 ,! ma*9]y 0 ( #cbj horse-p[]1 & _h surface-cond5s]s4 ,! ,india 0 laun*$ on ! anniv]s>y ( ! bir? ( ,james ,watt1 & a salute ( tw5ty-"o guns 0 fir$ z ! vessel left ! ways4 ,five o!r /eam]s 7 built = ! s]vice1 & ! voyage took f fifty-five to sixty days1 z comp>$ ) ! "o hundr$ & ?irte5 days occupi$ by ! ,ent]prise4 ,a mon?ly s]vice 0 ?us r5d]$ possible4 ,at ! same "t ! ,scotts built /eam vessels = ! coa/+ trade ( ,india & ( ,s\? ,africa4 ,! type ( ma*9]y 9 use at ?is p]iod is illu/rat$ on ! opposite page4 ,?is p>ticul> eng9e 0 con/ruct$ 9 #ahch4 ,! pi/on 0 connect$ to "o end ( ! side-lev]s1 :ile ! crank 0 op]at$ f ! o!r4 ,! paddle-:eel ( ?is eng9e 0 #be ft4 #j-a_/b 94 9 diamet]1 ) sev5te5 floats4 ,= ab\t ?irty ye>s ?is 0 ! /&>d type ( m>9e eng9e = paddle /eam]s4 ,! ,go?ic ar*itectural design = ! ma9 fram+ 0 gradually ab&on$ = some?+ less ornam5tal & p]haps m me*anical4 ,illu/ration3 ,,type ,,( ,,side-,,lev] ,,eng9e ,,( #ahdj4 ,! ,royal ,we/ ,india ,mail ,company's ,s]vice1 /ill "o ( ! be/ kn[n ( ,briti% l9es1 0 comm5c$ 9 #ahda4 ,"s ( ! /eam]s 7 pur*as$1 b among/ ^? built orig9ally = ! s]vice 0 ! ,dee by ! ,scotts4 ,%e 0 #bac ft4 #i 94 long1 #cj ft4 #d 94 beam1 & #cj ft4 9 dep?1 ! burd5 tonnage be+ #ahdh tons4 ,on a draught ( #ag ft4 #f 94 %e c>ri$ #gjj tons ( c>go2 &1 z ) mo/ ( ! ov]sea l9]s ( ! p]iod1 ! av]age spe$ 0 only ab\t #h knots4 ,! voyage ( #ac1fej miles occupi$ !n "o hundr$ & n9e days1 includ+ /oppages2 & ! consumption ( fuel 0 #be-a_/b tons p] day4 ,! eng9es1 :i* _h cyl9d]s #gc 94 9 diamet] ) a /roke ( #g ft41 7 ( #dej horse-p[]1 driv+ side paddle-:eels #bh ft4 #f 94 9 diamet]4#dj ,9 ! ?irty ye>s f ! fir/ comm]cial ,briti% /eam]1 ! ,comet1 !re _h n be5 mu* advance 9 ! /eam eng9e1 except+ 9 size1 p[]1 &1 p]haps1 reliability4 ,wood _h cont9u$ to be ! con/ructive mat]ial = all b ! smalle/ %ips4 ,! size ( vessels _h gr[n /eadily to ! #ahdh tons ( ! ,we/ ,indian mail l9]1 :i* />t$ regul> /eam%ip s]vice almo/ contemporane\sly ) ! inauguration ( ! ,atlantic mail l9e by ! ,cun>d ,company 9 #ahdj4 ,spe$s on s]vice1 ev5 on ! %orte/ r\tes1 7 seldom ov] #ac knots1 & on ! long r\tes "u #h knots4 ,b ?is 0 9 excess ( ! av]age atta9$ by all b exceptionally fa/ clipp]s4 ,! ,table on ! opposite page %[s ! progress made 9 ?irty ye>s4 ,,table ,i4--,,epo*-,,m>k+ ,,/eam]s ,,built ,,by ,,! ,,scotts1 #ahai ,,to #ahda4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,ye>4 ,"n4 ,tonnage4 ,horse- ,spe$ ,rem>ks4 p[]4,a7,miles p] ,h\r74 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- #ahai ,wat]loo #bjj #fj #i ,l>ge/ /eam] ( #ahai4 #ahbj ,sup]b #bdj #gb #i ,l>ge/ /eam] ( #ahbj4 #ahba ,maje/ic #cde #ajj #aj ,l>ge/ /eam] ( #ahba4 #ahce ,city ( ,ab]de5 444 #bjj #ab ,/ronge/ /eam] ( #ahce4 #ahcf ,jupit] #dci #baj #ac ,record spe$ #ahcg ,tagus #gji #bhf #aj ,l>ge/ con/ruct$ on ,clyde1 #ahcg1 & an e>ly ,p4 & ,o4 l9]4 #ahci ,india #abjf #cbj #aj ,fir/ /eam] to ,india vi ! ,cape & ! fir/ ,indian l9]4 #ahda ,dee #ahdh #dej #aj ,fir/ ,royal ,we/ ,india ,mail l9]4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,a ,x is difficult to det]m9e 9 all cases ! basis on :i* horse-p[] 0 comput$4 ,! figures giv5 repres5t nom9al horse-p[]1 & 9 ,s5nett & ,oram's ,m>9e ,/eam ,eng9e 7page #c71 ! indicat$ horse-p[] is1 = ?is e>ly p]iod1 record$ z #a4h times ! nom9al horse-p[]4 ,we ent] n[ ^u ! p]iod :5 iron took ! place ( timb] z a con/ructional mat]ial4 ,x 0 fir/ us$ 9 "p 9 ! con/ruction1 on ! banks ( ! ,monkl& ,canal z f> back z #ahah1 ( a canal b>ge nam$ ! ,vulcan1 a vessel :i* cont9u$ at "w = ov] sixty ye>s4#da ,b ! fir/ vessel built entirely ( iron 0 a small craft con/ruct$ 9 #ahba 9 ,engl&4 ,x 0 n1 h[ev]1 until #ahcb t ! fir/ sea-go+ vessel 0 built ( ?is metal4 ,progress 9 ! adoption ( iron 0 sl[1 l>gely because timb] _h prov$ s s]viceable1 &1 ) less5$ re/riction ^u its importation1 _h become mu* *eap]4 ,x 0 n until ! high] /r5g? & great] ductility ( /eel 7 demon/rat$ 9 ! 'eighties t timb] 0 f9ally sup]s$$4 ,! la/ wood5 %ip built by ! ,scotts 0 complet$ 9 #ahei4 ,! firm built sev]al ( ! e>ly ,atlantic l9]s1 & we reproduce on page #cb1 z a fur!r /ep 9 ! developm5t ( ! /eam eng9e1 a draw+ %[+ ! d\ble-ge> eng9es con/ruct$ e>ly 9 ! 'fifties = an iron screw /eam] ( #aaij tons1 built = ! ,glasg[ & ,new ,york s]vice4 ,?is eng9e 0 pron\nc$ at ! "t ! mo/ compact specim5 ( its type !n 9 exi/5ce1#db = al?\gh ! p[] develop$ 0 #bej horse-p[]1 & ! %ip 0 #bfj ft4 9 l5g?1 only #ab ft4 #f 94 ( ! =e-&-aft l5g? 0 tak5 up by ! ma*9]y4 ,e weight 0 well balanc$1 ! work+ p>ts 7 cle> & op51 & ! comb9$ :ole 0 /able1 firm1 & well b\nd toge!r4 ,! cyl9d]s 7 #eb 94 9 diamet]1 7 arrang$ diagonally1 & work$ at "r angles to ea* o!r1 ) a /roke ( #c ft4 #i 94 ,! pi/on-rods project$ ?r\gh ! l[] cov]s1 to all[ ( long return connect+-rods4 ,ea* cyl9d] _h two pi/on-rods1 = great] /ead9ess1 _! out] ends 9 ea* case be+ key$ into a cros%ead1 fitt$ at ea* end ) slide-blocks1 work+ 9 a pair ( incl9$ op5 guide-frames1 bolt$ to ! bottom cyl9d] cov]1 & support$ b5ea? by project+ bracket-pieces1 recess$ & bolt$ d[n ^u p$e/al pieces on ! eng9e sole-plate4 ,f ea* end ( ?is cros%ead1 imm$iately outside ! guide-frame1 a pla9 /raight connect+-rod ( r\nd section pass$ up to actuate ! ma9 fir/-motion %aft4 ,! upp] ends ( ! connect+-rods 7 jo9t$ to side-/uds1 or crank-p9s1 fix$ 9 two opposite arms ( a pair ( l>ge spur-:eels1 :i* gave motion to ! screw-%aft by means ( a pair ( correspond+ spur-p9ions1 fix$ on ! %aft4 ,illu/ration3 ,,d\ble-,,ge>$ ,,eng9e ,,= ,,e>ly ,,atlantic ,,l9]4 ,! ma9 spur-:eels 7 #aa ft4 #e-a_/b 94 9 diamet]1 & ! p9ions on ! screw-%aft #d ft4 #f 942 s t ! screw propell] made #b-a_/b revolutions to ea* rotation ( ! eng9e4 ,! arrangem5t ensur$ t ea* pi/on 0 directly c\pl$ to bo? ( ! l>ge :eels1 & ! increas$ l5g? ( ! cros%eads1 :i* ! plan involv$1 0 c\nt]balanc$ by ! effect ( ! d\ble pi/on-rods1 = by ?is division ( ! pressure ! cross-/ra9 lev]age 0 proportionately dim9i%$4 ,! use ( /eam expansively 9 multiple-cyl9d] eng9es 01 h[ev]1 ! mo/ important factor 9 ! developm5t ( ! /eam%ip dur+ ! latt] half ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4#dc ,) l[ /eam pressures & simple eng9es ! coal consumption1 ev5 = mod]ate-siz$ %ips1 0 a s]i\s item 9 a long sea voyage2 &1 e>ly 9 ! 'fifties1 eng9e]s1 recognis+ ! economy :i* w\ld result f a successful comp\nd+ ( /eam1 tackl$ ! problems ( /eam-g5]ation plant to enable ! necess>y high initial pressure to be develop$ ) safety4 ,john ,eld] _h fitt$ sev]al %ips1 b 01 = a long "t1 cont5t ) an initial pressure ( f #ej lb4 to #fj lb4 p] squ>e in*4 ,! late ,john ,scott1 ,c4,b41 0 s conv9c$ ( ! economy ( /eam at high] pressures 9 ! comp\nd sy/em t he decid$ to build1 l>gely at 8 own exp5se1 a vessel :i* w\ld enable him to put ! sy/em to a ?or\gh te/4 ,?is /eam]1 con/ruct$ ( iron 9 #aheh1 0 ! ,!tis1 :i* 01 und\bt$ly1 an epo*-m>k+ %ip1 z h] ma*9]y 0 op]at$ at an initial pressure ( #aae lb4 to ! squ>e in*--exceptionally high = ^? days4 ,= ! fir/ "t1 surface cond5s]s 7 us$ 9 association ) ! comp\nd m>9e eng9e4 ,!re 71 z %[n on ,plate ,,xi41 fac+ page #cf1 six cyl9d]s1 arrang$ 9 two gr\ps1 ea* ) "o high- & two l[-pressure cyl9d]s4 ,! ?ree pi/ons ( ea* gr\p work$ "o cros%ead1 connect+-rod1 & crank4 ,ea* gr\p _h two slide-valves1 "o = ! high-pressure & "o = ! l[-pressure cyl9d]s1 & bo? 7 atta*$ to "o valve sp9dle & "o rev]s+ l9k4#dd ,! eng9es work$ up to #ea revolutions p] m9ute--equal to a pi/on spe$ ( #bee ft4 p] m9ute--& ! maximum indicat$ horse-p[] 0 #bef4 ,! eng9es 7 tri$ by ! late ,pr(essor ,macquorn ,rank9e1 ,f4,r4,s41 :o c]tifi$ t ! coal consumption on trial 0 #a4jah lb4 p] indicat$ horse-p[] p] h\r3 an extraord9>y result1 ev5 9 ! light ( mod]n improvem5ts4#de ,a l>ge "p ( ?is effici5cy 0 due to ! boil]s1 :i* 7 ( ! ,r[an wat]-tube type1 & are illu/rat$ on ! opposite page4 ,!y _h squ>e v]tical wat]-tubes1 & ?r\gh ea* ( ^! !re pass$ f\r hot-gas tubes4 ,!y evaporat$ #aa lb4 ( wat] p] p\nd ( coal1 :i* 0 #cj p] c5t4 high] ?an 0 atta9$ ) ! be/ m>9e boil]s ( ^? days4 ,! coal consumption at sea 0 ab\t #a4hf lb4 p] indicat$ horse-p[] p] h\r4 ,un=tunately1 !re soon develop$ small holes 9 ! boil]-tubes1 ow+ to erosion ( ! ext]nal surface1 probably ! consequ5ce ( ! *emical action set up by ! /eam = clean+ ! tubes mix+ ) ! soot & o!r deposit4#df ,al?\gh = ?is reason ?is e>ly wat]-tube boil] did n succe$1 !re is no d\bt t ! p]=mances sugge/$ improvem5ts :i* h s9ce br\ght complete success to ?is sy/em ( boil]4 ,at ! same "t1 ! effici5cy ( high /eam pressures 0 completely e/abli%$ & result$ 9 v consid]able progress 9 ! size & p[] ( /eam%ips4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,pione] ,,9 ,,wat]-,,tube ,,boil]s4 ,ano!r innovation :i* sugge/$ future developm5ts 0 ! fitt+ at ! base ( ! funnel 9 ! ,!tis ( a s]ies ( wat]-tubes = ! purpose ( utilis+ ! wa/e heat f ! boil]s to evaporate wat] = subsequ5t cond5sation to make up ! boil] fe$4 ,! "t 0 n ripe = su* a utilisation ( ! wa/e gases--! heat 0 insuffici5t to g5]ate ! requir$ /eam--b n[ v>i\s s*emes are appli$ = absorb+ ! wa/e heat 9 ! uptake to heat air = furnace draught & to sup]heat /eam4 ,a numb] ( wat]-tube boil]s 7 made1 & a set 0 fitt$ into a corvette built = ! ,fr5* ,navy4 ,?is vessel1 complet$ 9 ! e>ly 'sixties1 0 ! fir/ %ip 9 ! ,fr5* fleet to be driv5 by comp\nd eng9es1 & w fall to be describ$ ) o!r vessels 9 our next ,*apt]1 deal+ ) ! "w ( a c5tury = ! ,navy4 ,p]haps ! mo/ significant indication ( ! success ( ! ,scott comp\nd eng9e is f\nd 9 ! results ( its application to ! e>ly ,holt /eam]s4 ,alfr$ ,holt comm5c$ trad+ ) ! ,we/ ,indies 9 #ahee1 :ile 8 bro!r1 ,george ,holt1 became associat$ ) ,lamport 9 ! ,riv] ,plate trade 9 #ahfe4 ,bo? l9es cont9ue among ! mo/ successful 9 ,briti% %ipp+4 ,! ,holt /eam l9e to ,*9a 0 comm5c$ 9 #ahfe1 & 0 ! only "o vi ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope :i* prov$ at once successful4 ,built & eng9$ by ! ,scotts1 ! e>ly ,holt l9]s1 />t+ f ,liv]pool1 nev] /opp$ till !y rea*$ ,mauritius1 a di/ance ( #hejj miles1 be+ "u /eam ! :ole way1 a feat until !n consid]$ impossible4#dg ,!nce ! vessels proce$$ to ,p5ang1 ,s+apore1 ,hong ,kong1 & ,%anghai4 ,unaid$ by any ,gov]nm5t grants1 !y p]=m$ ?is long voyage ) great regul>ity4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,xi4 ,,high-,,pressure ,,ma*9]y ,,9 ,,! ,,!tis4 ,! ?ree vessels :i* inaugurat$ ! v successful ,holt l9e 7 nam$ ,agamemnon1 ,ajax1 & ,a*illes1 & 7 built ( iron by ! ,scotts 9 #ahfe-f4 ,!y 7 ea* #cji ft4 9 l5g? betwe5 p]p5dicul>s1 #ch ft4 #f 94 beam1 & #bi ft4 #h 94 9 dep?1 ) a gross tonnage ( #bcdg tons--dim5sions :i* 7 !n deem$ too great = ! ,*9a trade1 b :i* exp]i5ce soon prov$ to be mo/ satisfactory4 ,sails 7 fitt$ to ! vessels1 z %[n 9 ! engrav+ on ! ,plate fac+ page #dj4 ,alfr$ ,holt 0 ! fir/ to apply ! comp\nd eng9e to long voyages1 & 8 vessels 7 ! e>lie/ ( ! type built = ! m]*ant s]vice by ! ,scotts4 ,x is true ! ,pacific ,company _h comp\nd eng9es fitt$ to "o or two %ips prior to ?is1 b ^! 7 only us$ 9 ! coa/+ trade4 ,! eng9es ( ^! ,holt l9]s are !re=e ( hi/orical int]e/1 & g5]al draw+s are reproduc$ on ! next page & on ,plate ,,xii4 ,a feature 9 ^! l9]s 0 t ! propell] 0 abaft ! rudd]1 :i* work$ 9 an ap]ture 9 ! deadwood correspond+ to t = ! propell] 9 s+le-screw mod]n %ips4 ,a detail$ description f ! specification ( ! ma*9]y may be reproduc$1 z x indicates ! practice ( ! ,scotts = a consid]able "t4 ,inde$1 ?is type ( comp\nd eng9e1 ) slight modifications1 0 ! /&>d eng9e = ,holt l9]s until ! adv5t ( ! triple-expansion eng9e4 ,! details foll[3-- ,! cyl9d]s 73 high-pressure1 #cj 94 9 diamet]2 l[-pressure1 #fb 94 9 diamet]1 ) #d ft4 #d 94 /roke1 arrang$ v]tically 9 t&em fa%ion1 ) ! l[-pressure cyl9d] on ! top4 ,!re 7 two connect+-rods1 b a common cros%ead = ! t&em cyl9d]s1 & a common crankp94 ,! crank%aft 0 #ac-a_/b 94 9 diamet]1 ) a be>+ #cj 94 long at ! aft end ( ! b$plate1 :i* took ! propell] ?ru/4 ,! propell] 0 ?ree-blad$1 #ag ft4 9 diamet]1 ) #bf ft4 #f 94 pit*2 ) #df revolutions p] m9ute ! pi/on spe$ 0 #djj ft4 p] m9ute4 ,to ensure smoo? work+ ) ! s+le crank1 a heavy fly:eel 0 fitt$1 & ! pump lev]s c>ri$ a massive weight to help to balance ! weight ( pi/ons & rods4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,ma*9]y ,,( ,,! ,,a*illes4 ,! cond5s] _h #dbj tubes #a-a_/b 94 9 diamet]1 giv+ a cool+ surface ( #acge squ>e feet4 ,! tubes 7 arrang$ 9 ?ree ne/s1 ! wat] circulat+ ?r\gh ! top "o fir/ & ! bottom "o la/4 ,! circulat+ pump1 in/ead ( =c+ wat] ?r\gh ! tubes1 z 0 usual 9 su* case1 suck$ f ! cond5s] & dis*>g$ directly ov]bo>d4 ,!re 73 "o air pump1 #bd 94 9 diamet]2 "o circulat+ pump1 #bd 94 9 diamet]2 two fe$ pumps1 #d-c_/d 94 9 diamet]2 & "o bilge pump #g 94 9 diamet]3 all ! pumps 7 s+le-act+1 ) #ag 94 /roke4 ,! diamet]s ( ! pr9cipal pipes 73 ma9 /eam1 #g-a_/b 942 to l[-pressure cyl9d]1 #ab 942 circulat+ inlet1 #aj 942 dis*>ge1 #ab 942 air-pump dis*>ge1 #aj 942 ma9 fe$1 #c-c_/d 942 & wa/e /eam1 two at #f 94 9 diamet]4 ,! two boil]s 7 d\ble-end$1 ( ! locomotive type1 ) wet-bottom$ furnaces4 ,! c5tre 0 cyl9drical1 b ! ends 7 rectangul> ) semi-cyl9drical tops1 ! total weight1 )\t wat]1 be+ #gh tons4 ,ea* boil] _h a long receiv] pass+ ?r\gh ! uptake to dry ! /eam4 ,on ! receiv] 0 a deadweight safety-valve #f-a_/d 94 9 diamet]1 to suit a work+ pressure ( #fj lb4 p] squ>e in*4 ,! grate surface 0 #aab squ>e feet1 & ! total heat+ surface #dejf squ>e feet1 !re be+ #cbh iron tubes #d 94 9 diamet]4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,xii4 ,,g5]al ,,arrangem5t ,,( ,,! ,,ma*9]y ,,( ,,! ,,a*illes4 ,! ?ree pione] %ips ( ! ,holt l9e--! ,agamemnon1 ,ajax1 & ,a*illes--prov$ mo/ economical4 ,! ,a*illes came home f ,*9a 9 fifty-sev5 days eighte5 h\rs1 net /eam+ "t1 or1 includ+ ! /oppages at ports1 sixty-"o days ?ree h\rs4 ,%e travell$ dur+ ?is p]iod a di/ance ( #ab1ceb miles1 on a consumption ( coal :i* did n exce$ #bj tons p] day = all purposes1#dh equal to #b-a_/d lb4 p] unit ( p[] p] h\r1 :i* = ^? e>ly days1 ) comp>atively l[ /eam pressures1 mu/ be reg>d$ z a highly satisfactory result4 ,! non-/op voyage betwe5 ,liv]pool & ,mauritius 0 made z e>ly z #ahff 9 ?irty-sev5 days1 equal to #aj knots1 ) a numb] ( pass5g]s & a fair c>go4 ,! high] economy e/abli%$ = ! comp\nd eng9e on long voyages result$ 9 ! ultimate sup]session ( ! sail+ %ip4#di ,?us ! ,scotts1 :ile /ill enjoy+ ! cr$it ( ! spl5did p]=mance ( ! ,"l ( ! ,isles 9 ! e>ly 'sixties1 produc$ at _! f\ndry ! ,holt comp\nd eng9e1 :i* s\nd$ ! dea?-knell ( ! clipp]4 ,! comp\nd sy/em _h at once an influ5ce on ! size ( %ips4 ,up till #ahfb no %ip ( ov] #djjj tons _h be5 con/ruct$1 ) ! exception ( ! ,great ,ea/]n2 by #ahgj !re 7 fifte52 by #ahhj1 ?irty-sev54#ej ,! ,scotts1 aid$ by ,holt1 cont9u$ _! rese>* t[>ds high] economy1 & a l>ge fleet ( /eam]s 0 built1 ) eng9es hav+ fly:eels :i*1 x 0 f\nd by exp]i5ce1 consid]ably improv$ ! economy up to a c]ta9 /age1 al?\gh ) increas$ pressure ! proportion ( sav+ 0 n comm5surate ) ! weight ( ! :eel1 & ! ?ree-cyl9d] ?ree-crank eng9e 0 ultimately adopt$4 ,! ,scotts ?r\gh\t ! c5tury cont9u$ to h a close association ) ! ,*9a trade1 con/ruct+ a long s]ies ( successful /eam]s = ! ,holt company & = o!r l9es1 ) s]vices f ,brita9 to ! ,f> ,ea/1 & c>ri$ out v ext5sive "w 9 ! build+ up ( ! coa/+ trade ( ,asia & ,oceania4 ,= ! ,holt l9e alone !re h be5 con/ruct$ by ! ,scotts =ty-eight /eam]s1 aggregat+ #adh1cec tons2 :ile ! propell+ ma*9]y ( ^! repres5ts #ai1ejj nom9al horse-p[]4 ,= ! ,india & ,*9a s]vices !re h1 9 ! pa/ fifty ye>s1 be5 complet$ ov] "o hundr$ & ?irty /eam]s4 ,! ,*9a ,navigation ,company1 ,limit$1 0 =m$ 9 #ahgc by ,messrs4 ,john ,swire & ,sons1 ( ,london1 = trad+ 9 ,*9a1 & ! fir/ /eam]s built = !m by ! ,scotts 7 two vessels ( #abjj tons gross1 complet$ 9 #ahgf4 ,s9ce !n ! ,scotts' y>d has practically nev] be5 )\t a vessel = "o or o!r bran* ( ! ,ea/]n trade1 & p>ticul>ly = ! ,*9a ,navigation ,company1 :i* runs /eam]s f ,*9a z f> s\? z ,au/ralia1 z f> we/ z ! ,/raits1 & z f> nor? z ,vladivo/ock & ! ,amur riv]4 ,!y also h %ips trad+ up ! ,yangtsze ,kiang to ,i*ang1 #ajjj miles f ! sea1 :]e ! rapids prev5t navigation f>!r into ! int]ior4 ,= ?is s]vice ! tw9-screw /eam] 0 adopt$ 9 #ahgh1 mu* e>li] ?an 9 _m o!r trades1 l>gely ow+ to ! /rong advocacy ( ! late ,john ,scott1 ,c4,b4 ,up to t "t mo/ ( ! ,yangtsze /eam]s 7 propell$ by paddle-:eels driv5 by walk+-beam eng9es4 ,! fir/ ( ! tw9-screw /eam]s 0 built 9 #ahgh--;a vessel ( #cjea tons gross--& !re has be5 con/ruct$ s9ce !n a long succession ( v s]viceable /eam]s4 ,= ?is l9e alone1 sixty-f\r vessels h be5 con/ruct$ by ! ,scotts1 ! aggregate tonnage be+ #aae1fjj tons1 :ile ! nom9al horse-p[] ( ! propell+ ma*9]y fitt$ to ^! vessels is #ae1jjj horse-p[]4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,xiii4 ,,! ,,a*illes ,,( #ahfe ,,(f ,,graves5d4 ,b hav+ 9 our brief hi/orical sket* come to times )9 ! recollection ( ! read]1 x may be m satisfactory to dep>t f ! purely *ronological review ( ! company's op]ations1 & to (f] r an analysis ( ! progress made1 def]r+ a description ( typical mod]n /eam]s = a sep>ate ,*apt]4 ,! direct-act+ v]tical eng9e1 ) inv]t$ cyl9d]s1 almo/ z we "k x to-day1 & z illu/rat$ 9 connection ) ! "w ( ! tw5tie? c5tury1 0 introduc$ 9 ! late 'fifties4 ,! comp\nd eng9e1 introduc$ 9 #ahed1 0 develop$ into ! triple-expansion sy/em 9 #ahhb1 & lat] into ! quadruple-expansion type2 b ?is latt] has n be5 mu* adopt$1 only "s #c p] c5t4 ( ! vessels regi/]$ at ,lloyds be+ s fitt$4 ,?is is 9 a l>ge measure due to ! satisfactory economy atta9$ ) triple-expansion eng9es4 ,z to ! progress made1 ,table ,,ii41 giv+ av]age results at diff]5t p]iods1 is in/ructive4#ea ,,table ,,ii4--,,progress ,,9 ,,! ,,economy ,,( ,,! ,,m>9e ,,eng9e1 #ahgb ,,to #aija4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- #ahgb4ahha4ahij4 #aija4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,boil] pressure 9 p\nds p] squ>e in* #eb4d #gg4d #aeh4e #aig ,coal consumption 9 p\nds p] indicat$ horse-p[] p] h\r #b4aa #a4hc #a4eb #a4dh ,consumption on prolong$ sea voyages 9 p\nds p] indicat$ horse-p[] p] h\r 444 #b #a4ge #a4ee ,pi/on spe$ 9 feet p] m9ute #cgf #dfg #ebi #fed ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,! advance ( ! c5tury may be popul>ly express$ by /at+ t1 :]eas 9 ! fir/ coa/+ /eam%ips built by ! ,scotts ! fuel consum$ 9 c>ry+ #a ton ( c>go = #ajj miles 0 #bbd lb41 ! exp5diture to-day is f #d lb4 to #e lb4 ,! economy ( ! /eam eng9e has acc\nt$1 z is %[n 9 ! ,table1 = a consid]able "p ( ?is improvem5t4 ,b1 at ! same "t1 ! gr[? 9 ! size ( %ips has enabl$ ! normal spe$ ( #aj knots to be realis$1 ) an addition to eng9e p[] ( mu* less ratio ?an ! increase 9 ! capacity ( ! /eam]4 ,z to spe$1 rec5t progress has be5 mo/ m>k$ 9 ! ,navy1 & x is !re=e fitt+ t "h we %\ld direct our att5tion to ,naval "w4 ,illu/ration3 decoration ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,xiv4 ,,model ,,( ,h4,m4,s4 ,,pr9ce ,,( ,,wales1 #ahjc4 ,,footnotes3 #ag ,woodcr(t's ,/eam ,navigation1 page #bj1 etc4 #ah ,woodcr(t's ,/eam ,navigation1 page #ed4 #ai ,deas' ,treatise on ! ,improvem5ts & ,progress ( ,trade on ! ,riv] ,clyde 7#ahgc71 page #bd4 #bj ,muirhead's ,life ( ,watt1 pages #dbh & #dbi4 #ba ,williamson's ,clyde ,pass5g] ,/eam]s1 pages #cdh to #cea4 #bb ,james ,napi]'s ,life ( ,rob]t ,napi]1 page #ba4 #bc ,?is 0 ! second ( ! "n--a fav\rite "o aft] ! ,duke ( ,well+ton's great victory1 & gave rise to ! foll[+ poetic effusion3-- ,& n[ amid ! reign ( peace1 ,art's guid+ /ream we ply2 ,t makes our :eels1 l :irl+ reels1 ,o'er yield+ wat] fly4 ,z our h]oes drove _! foes t /rove ,aga9/ ! bonnets blue2 ,on e side ! waves divide ,be=e ! ,wat]loo4 --,mill>'s ,clyde f ,s\rce to ,sea1 page #agi4 #bd ,mill> 9 ,lecture on ,naval ,ar*itecture & ,m>9e ,eng9e]+ at ,glasg[ ,exhibition1 #ahhj-ha1 page #ach4 #be ,gre5ock ,adv]tis]1 ,augu/ #f?1 #ahai4 #bf ,/eamboat ,companion = #ahbj4 #bg ,mill>1 ,on ! ,rise & ,progress ( ,/eam ,navigation4 ,lectures at ! ,glasg[ ,exhibition 7#ahhj-ha71 page #ach4 #bh ,hodd]'s ,life ( ,sir ,george ,burns1 ,b>t41 page #afa4 #bi ,williamson's ,clyde ,pass5g] ,/eam]s1 page #cb4 #cj ,l9dsay's ,hi/ory ( ,m]*ant ,%ipp+1 vol4 iii41 pages #gh to #hj4 #ca ,weir's ,hi/ory ( ,gre5ock1 page #hi4 #cb ,williamson's ,memorials ( ,james ,watt 7#ahef7 page #bbh4 #cc ,gre5ock ,adv]tis]1 ,july #e?1 #ahci4 #cd ,gre5ock ,adv]tis]1 ,febru>y #e? & ,may #be?1 #ahce4 #ce ,f9*am's ,hi/ory ( ,naval ,ar*itecture1 page #bid4 #cf ,sir ,?omas ,su!rl&1 9 ! ,pocket ,book ( ! ,p4 & ,o4 ,company 7#ahij71 page #ae4 #cg ,f9*am's ,hi/ory ( ,naval ,ar*itecture1 page #bce4 #ch ,sir ,john ,ross's ,/eam ,communication to ,india by ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope 7#ahch71 page #ca4 #ci ,gre5ock ,adv]tis]1 ,janu>y #bbnd1 #ahci4 #dj ,f9*am's ,hi/ory ( ,naval ,ar*itecture1 pages #cbj & #cba4 #da ,l9dsay's ,m]*ant ,%ipp+1 vol4 iv41 page #hf4 #db ,practical ,me*anic's ,j\rnal1 vol4 i41 #ahec4 #dc ,! numb] ( /eam vessels belong+ to ! ,unit$ ,k+dom 9 #ahdi 0 only #aadb1 ( #aeh1gbi tons2 ,sw$51 :i* 0 second among ! nations ( ! _w1 _h only ab\t "o-t5? ( ?is tonnage4--,port]'s ,progress ( ! ,nation1 page #fbf4 #dd ,holmes' ,m>9e ,eng9e]+1 page #gd4 #de ,rank9e's ,/eam ,eng9e1 page #ejb4 #df ,transactions ( ! ,in/itution ( ,naval ,ar*itects1 vol4 xxviii41 page #ada2 & vol4 xxx41 page #bgh4 #dg ,l9dsay's ,m]*ant ,%ipp+1 vol4 iv41 page #dcd4 #dh ,proce$+s ( ! ,in/itution ( ,naval ,ar*itects1 vol4 xi41 page #aeb4 #di ,l9dsay's ,m]*ant ,%ipp+1 vol4 iv41 page #dce4 #ej ,pollock's ,mod]n ,%ipbuild+1 & ! ,m5 ,engag$ 9 x1 page #aii4 #ea ,proce$+s ( ! ,in/itution ( ,me*anical ,eng9e]s 7#aija71 page #fjh4 ,illu/ration3 decoration ,a ,c5tury's ,"w = ! ,navy4 ,illu/ration3 decoration ,! "w = ! ,navy by ! ,scotts began ) ! build+1 9 #ahjc1 ( a sloop-(-w> nam$ ,! ,pr9ce ( ,wales2 a photograph f ! model ( ?is vessel is reproduc$ on ,plate ,,xiv4 ,s9ce ! con/ruction ( ?is %ip ! firm h c>ri$ out sev]al important ,admiralty contracts1 includ+ ! fir/ ma*9]y manufactur$ 9 ,scotl& = a docky>d-built %ip1 ! fir/ /eam frigate built 9 ! ,nor?1 & sev]al lat] %ips1 ) _! eng9es2 ! mo/ rec5t ord] be+ = ! ma*9]y ( ! arm\r$ cruis] ,def5ce1 ( #ad1fjj tons displacem5t1 & #bg1jjj indicat$ horse-p[]1 to give a spe$ ( #bc knots4 ,! progress demon/rat$ by a contra/ betwe5 ! small sloop-(-w> & ?is late/ p[]fully-arm$ & well-protect$ high-spe$ cruis]1 is a record ( rese>* & inv5tion1 n only on ! "p ( ! naval ar*itect1 b also ( ! *emi/1 ! metallurgi/1 & ! eng9e]2 ! triumph is great] ?an t review$ 9 ! case ( ! ,m]*ant ,m>9e4 ,great spe$ has be5 a*iev$1 not)/&+ t ! problems to be solv$ 9 its atta9m5t h be5 int5sifi$ by ! limitations 9 ! size ( ! %ip 9 ord] to m9imise ! t>get pres5t$ to ! enemy's fire1 & by ! necessity ( provid+ = heavy arm\r1 armam5t1 & ammunition 9 ! displacem5t weight4 ,:5 a comp>ison is made ( ! ,navy %ips at ! beg9n+ ( ! n9ete5? c5tury ) ^? ( a hundr$ ye>s e>li]1 x is f\nd t little progress _h be5 made1 ei!r 9 design or 9 gun-p[]4 ,! l>ge/ vessel 9 #agjj 0 ( #ahji tons burd51 ) a hundr$ guns4 ,a c5tury lat]1 ! size _h increas$ only to #bfjj tons1 ) a hundr$ & tw5ty guns4#eb ,b ev5 ?is 0 an exceptionally l>ge vessel4 ,! ,briti% %ips 71 z a rule1 small]1 & p]haps sl[]1 ?an ! ,fr5* %ips2 b !n--z n[ & always--skill 9 /rategy1 c\rage 9 combat1 & devotion to duty 7 ! mo/ p[]ful factors 9 action4 ,no fault 9 ^! respects c\ld be f\nd ) ! "w ( our ,navy 9 ! v>i\s engagem5ts :i* t]m9at$ 9 ! epo*-m>k+ victory 9 ,trafalg> ,bay4 ,! peace foll[+ ! ,napoleonic w>s 0 n conducive to advancem5t1 z !re 0 little inc5tive to pursue ! sci5ces :i* contribut$ to ! developm5t ( de/ructive weapons4 ,/eam z a motive p[] & iron z a con/ructive mat]ial 7 n s readily adopt$ 9 ! ,navy %ip z 9 ! ,m]*ant ,m>9e4 ,progress 9 ! utilisation ( iron 0 n cont9u\s4 ,! fir/ application ( /eam 0 belat$1 & its popul>ity 0 n unalloy$4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,xv4 ,f an ,old ,engrav+4 ,,! ,,laun* ,,( ,,! ,,fir/ ,,clyde-,,built ,,/eam ,,frigate ,,gre5ock1 #ahdi4 ,! ,admiralty ord]$ _! fir/ %ip ( iron 9 #ahci--;a small1 non-fight+ boat = ! ,dov] /ation--& !re foll[$ o!r vessels = ! exploration ( ! ,riv] ,nig]4 ,b ! fir/ iron fight+ %ip 0 n built until #ahdc4 ,9 #ahdh-i ! ,scotts con/ruct$ ! iron /eam frigate ,gre5ock1 ! l>ge/ iron w>%ip ( h] day1 & ! fir/ /eam frigate built on ! ,clyde4 ,! ov]-all l5g? ( ?is vessel 0 #bac ft41 ! beam #cg ft4 #d 941 & ! dep? ( hold #bc ft4 ,%e 0 ( #adac tons burd51 & c>ri$ t5 #cb-p\nd] smoo?-bore muzzle-load+ guns4 ,! illu/ration on ,plate ,,xv4 is a reproduction f an old engrav+ ( ! laun* ( ! vessel4 ,x is a notewor?y feature t ! figure-head 0 a bu/ ( ,john ,scott1 ! second ( t "n4 ,?is complim5t by ! ,naval au?orities ( ! "t 0 well m]it$1 z he did mu* n only = ! advance ( naval ar*itecture1 b also = ! developm5t ( ,gre5ock4 ,z a writ] ( ! day put x1 ?is vessel 0 ! exp]im5tum crucis ( ! pr9ciple ( con/ruct+ fight+ %ips ( iron4#ec ,by #ahej !re 7 six l>ge iron vessels1 rang+ d[nw>ds f ! #aihj tons ( ! eighte5-gun %ip ,simoon1 ) elev5 small] vessels2 b !y 7 all condemn$1 because x 0 f\nd by exp]im5t#ed t ! #cb-p\nd] gun at %ort range c\ld p]=ate ! side ( ! iron %ip1 & t ! projectile c>ri$ its cl\d ( langrage ) great velocity into ! int]ior ( ! %ip1 s t m5 c\ld n /& aga9/ x4 ,te/s 7 also made ) sixte5 wr\ght-iron plates sup]pos$1 to give a total ?ickness ( #f 941 b ^! also 7 p]=at$ by ! #cb-p\nd] projectiles at #djj y>ds range2 s t ! adoption ( iron on ! ma9 /ructure ( ! %ip 0 practically delay$ until arm\r-plates 7 fir/ roll$ 9 #ahei4 ,! ob/acle to ! adoption ( /eam 0 ! unsuitability ( paddle-:eel ma*9]y = fight+ %ips4 ,! :eel 0 expos$ to gun-fire1 & ! :ole ( ! ma*9]y c\ld n be locat$ bel[ ! wat] l9e4 ,moreov]1 ! side :eel limit$ ! numb] ( guns :i* c\ld be utilis$ = broadside fire4 ,! fir/ /eam craft ord]$ by ! ,admiralty 0 a small vessel ( #baj tons & #hj nom9al horse-p[]1 built 9 ,london 9 #ahbj4ee ,sev]al o!r non-fight+ /eam%ips foll[$4 ,by #ahcg1 ! l>ge/ /eam vessel 9 ! fleet 0 a sloop ( #aaaa tons & #cbj horse-p[]4#ef ,9 #ahci five /eam vessels 7 built1 & two ( !m--! ,hecate & ,hecla--7 eng9$ by ! ,scotts4 ,^! wood5 /eam]s 7 ! fir/ ,naval vessels s5t to ,scotl& to h _! ma*9]y fitt$ on bo>d4 ,!y 7 ( #hag tons & #bej horse-p[]4 ,! paddle-:eels _h a diamet] ( #be ft4 #a_/b 941 & !re 7 sev5te5 floats4 ,! ma9 eng9es1 illu/rat$ on page #bi1 repres5t ! type adopt$1 n only 9 ! ,naval1 b 9 ! ,m]*ant s]vice ( ?is "t4 ,! /eam pressure 0 !n ab\t #c lb4 p] squ>e in*4 ,on ,plate ,,xvi4 we illu/rate ! g5]al arrangem5t ( ! ma*9]y 9 ! ,hecate & ,hecla4 ,!re 7 f\r boil]s ( ! rectangul> type1 ea* ) two wet-bottom$ furnaces at "o end & l>ge return flues at ! o!r end4 ,! uptakes pass$ up inside ! boil]s ?r\gh ! /eam space1 unit+ 9 "o funnel4 ,smi?'s screw-propell] 0 tri$ exp]im5tally 9 #ahcg1 & ,ericsson's ab\t ! same "t4 ,! comp>ative trials ( ! ,ar*im$es fitt$ ) ,smi?'s screw aga9/ exi/+ paddle-/eam]s did mu* to prove ! effici5cy ( ! new sy/em4#eg ,! screw-%ip excell$ ! p]=mance ( paddle-/eam]s on ! s]vice1 & ! screw-propell] 0 adopt$ by ! ,admiralty 9 #ahde2 tw9-screws foll[$ tw5ty-five ye>s lat]4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,xvi4 ,,ma*9]y ,,( ,h4,m4,,ss4 ,,hecla ,,& ,,hecate1 #ahci4 ,! ,gre5ock1 built 9 #ahdh1 0 ! fir/ w> vessel by ! ,scotts fitt$ ) ! screw-propell]4 ,we h already ref]r$ to h] con/ruction 9 iron1 & to h] laun*4 ,%e _h a displacem5t ( #ahce tons1 & h] eng9es 7 ( #gai indicat$ horse-p[]4 ,! spe$ realis$ on ! trial 0 #i4f knots4 ,! ,gre5ock's ma*9]y1 :i* is illu/rat$ on ! next page1 is specially int]e/+1 z x repres5ts "o ( ! e>lie/ attempts to drive ! screw-propell] by ge>+4 ,two horizontal cyl9d]s 7 fitt$1 ea* #ga 94 9 diamet]1 ) a /roke ( pi/on ( #d ft4 ,! ge>+ consi/$ ( f\r sets ( massive spur-:eels & p9ions1 9 ! ratio ( #b4ce to #a1 s t #db revolutions p] m9ute ( ! eng9es give #ih4g revolutions to ! propell]-%aft4 ,! propell] 0 #ad ft4 9 diamet]1 & 0 s fitt$ t x c\ld be deta*$ & rais$ to ! deck4 ,!re 7 f\r rectangul> brass-tube boil]s1 ea* ) f\r wet-bottom$ furnaces1 & all ! int]nal uptakes unit$ 9 "o funnel1 :i* 0 telescopic1 s t :5 x 0 l[]$ & ! propell] rais$ out ( ! wat]1 ! vessel _h ! appe>ance1 z well z ! facility1 ( a sail+ frigate4 ,z w be se5 f ! draw+s1 bo? ! eng9es & boil]s 7 arrang$ v l[ 9 ! hull1 to be safe f ! enemy's fire4 ,! eng9e & boil] comp>tm5t occupi$ #gb ft4 ( ! l5g? ( ! %ip--ab\t "o-?ird ( ! total l5g?--& ! seat+ = ! ma*9]y 0 specially con/ruct$1 ) a v close pit* ( frames :i* 7 only #a ft4 ap>t4 ,= comp>ison ) ! draw+s ( ! ma*9]y 9 ! ,gre5ock1 we give on page #di a simil> draw+ ( ! ma*9]y ( ! ,canopus1 ( #ab1ief tons displacem5t1 sev5 times t ( ! ,gre5ock4 ,to d\ble ! spe$1 ! p[] ( ma*9]y _h to be multipli$ tw5ty times1 & yet ! space occupi$ is only ab\t trebl$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,ma*9]y ,,( ,h4,m4,s4 ,,gre5ock1 #ahdh4 ,illu/ration3 ,,ma*9]y ,,( ,h4,m4,s4 ,,canopus1 #aijj4 ,9 #ahej ! l>ge/ ( ! /eam vessels 9 ! ,navy#eh _h a displacem5t ( #cjij tons1 b ! mo/ not$ 0 ! ,dauntless1 ( #bcej tons displacem5t1 ) eng9es ( #acdg indicat$ horse-p[] to give a spe$ ( #aj knots4 ,x is true t !re 7 ?ree small] vessels ( great] spe$1 "o ( #aif tons /eam+ #aa4i knots2 b ?is 0 ! highe/ rate rea*$ 9 ! ,navy s]vice4 ,by ?is "t "s ( ! fa/ mail /eam]s made #ac-a_/b knots4 ,^! latt] 7 suit$ = w> s]vice1 b we h already dealt ) !m4 ,foll[+ ! adoption ( ! screw-propell] 9 w>%ips came ! ab&onm5t ( ge>+ = ! eng9es4 ,= _m ye>s v>i\s =ms ( horizontal eng9e 7 us$2 fir/ ) return-connect+ rods1 & subsequ5tly ) direct-act+ rods4 ,/eam pressures /eadily increas$1 l>gely ow+ to /rong] mat]ials be+ available4 ,x 01 h[ev]1 n until ! 'sev5ties t ! cyl9drical boil]1 ! comp\nd eng9e1 & ! surface cond5s] admitt$ ( an increase to #fj lb4 p] squ>e in*#ei--sev]al ye>s aft] ^! improvem5ts _h be5 introduc$ 9 ! ,m]*ant ,m>9e4 ,! ,scotts _h work$ /eadily at ! solution ( ! problem f _! trials ) ! ,!tis 9 #aheh 7see page #cd ante74 ,9 #ahfj ! late ,john ,scott1 ,c4,b41 laid be=e ! ,admiralty a sy/em ( wat]-tube boil]s & comp\nd eng9es1 b objection 0 rais$ to ! sy/em4 ,! ,fr5* ,naval au?orities1 ) :om ! ,scotts !n _h close bus9ess connection1 took up ! s*eme1 l>gely because ( ! fav\r ) :i* x 0 view$ by ,m4 ,dupuy de ,lme1 ! head ( ! ,dep>tm5t4 ,! fir/ %ip fitt$ 0 a corvette ( #fej tons displacem5t2 ! boil]s work$ at a pressure ( #adj lb41 :ile ! initial pressure at ! comp\nd ?ree-cyl9d] eng9es 0 #abj lb4 ,^! 7 ! fir/ eng9es ( ! comp\nd type 9 ! ,fr5* ,navy4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,xvii4 ,f a ,photograph by ,symonds & ,co41 ,portsm\?4 ,h4,m4,s4 ,,?ru%1 #ahhi4 ,! ,scotts 7 at ! "t build+ eng9es = f\r corvettes "u con/ruction at ! ,woolwi* & ,dept=d y>ds = ! ,briti% ,navy2 & ! ,admiralty agre$ to h fitt$ 9 "o ( !m wat]-tube boil]s & eng9es simil> to ^? built = ! ,fr5* boats4 ,! boil]s may be said to h belong$ to ! same g5]al type z ! ,?ornycr(t & ,norm& wat]-tube /eam g5]ators4 ,x 0 subsequ5tly f\nd impossible1 h[ev]1 to ensure t ! top ( ! boil]s %\ld be at lea/ #a ft4 "u ! load-l9e--a condition !n en=c$ 9 /eam vessels = ! ,navy--& ! adoption ( ! wat]-tube boil] 0 def]r$1 ! ord9>y ma*9]y ( ! p]iod be+ fitt$ to "w at #be-lb4 pressure in/ead ( #abj-lb4#fj ,?is 0 un=tunate1 z x remov$ ! inc5tive to cont9u$ rese>* ne$$ to make ! wat]-tube boil] a really satisfactory /eam g5]ator4 ,! ,scotts1 h[ev]1 cont9u$ to "w = ! successful application ( high pressures1 & x 0 ?is t br\ght !m into contact ) ! late ,mr4 ,samson ,fox1 ) :om !y 7 closely id5tifi$ = _m ye>s 9 connection ) ! developm5t ( ! corrugat$ flue & ! cyl9drical /eam boil]4 ,op9ion be+ adv]se to ! wat]-tube boil]1 not)/&+ its acceptance by _m =eign ,navies1 !re 0 a /rong agitation fo/]$ by eng9e]s to induce ! societies = ! regi/ry ( %ipp+1 & also ! ,bo>d ( ,trade1 to increase ! ratio ( ! work+ to ! te/1 pressure 9 boil]s4 ,! ,briti% ,admiralty all[$ ! boil] to be work$ up to )9 #ij lb4 ( ! te/ pressure1 :]eas 9 ! ,m]*ant ,s]vice ! work+ pressure 0 limit$ to "o-half ( ! te/ pressure4 ,9 #ahhh ! ,scotts1 be+ conv9c$ t ! ,admiralty sy/em af=d$ q a satisfactory factor ( safety1 und]took ! exp]im5t ( submitt+ a w>%ip boil]1 !n be+ built by !m to ,admiralty specification1 to ! highe/ possible pressure1 ev5 up to bur/+-po9t4 ,! boil] ultimately leak$ to su* an ext5t1 aft] ! pressure _h be5 ma9ta9$ = a long p]iod at #fbj lb4 p] squ>e in*1 t x 0 n consid]$ necess>y to proce$ fur!r4 ,! /resses at ?is /age work$ out to #dh1acj lb4 p] squ>e in*2 & ! result prov$ t !re 0 "s ju/ification = a r$uction 9 ! m9imum scantl+s ( ! %ells ( m>9e boil]s to1 at lea/1 ! scale adopt$ by ! ,admiralty4#fa ,^! sugge/ive exp]im5ts 7 c>ri$ out 9 connection ) ! boil]s con/ruct$ 9 #ahhh-i = two w> vessels built by ! ,scotts4 ,^! vessels 7 ! ,sp>r[ & ! ,?ru%4 ,at ! same "t1 ! ,scotts eng9$ two o!r vessels ( ! same type1 con/ruct$ at ! ,royal ,docky>ds4 ,a view is giv5 on ,plate ,,xvii4 ( ! ,?ru%1 :i* 0 comm&$ by ,h4,r4,h4 ! ,pr9ce ( ,wales on ! ,nor? ,am]ican & ,we/ ,indian /ations 9 #ahia4 ,%e 0 a vessel ( composite build1 ( #hje tons displacem5t1 ) ma*9]y ( #abjj horse-p[]1 to give a spe$ ( #ac knots2 b1 z is %[n by ! illu/ration1 %e 0 fitt$ z a ?ree-ma/$ s*oon]1 & utilis$ h] sails :5 ! w9d 0 fav\rable4 ,9 ?is respect1 %e m>ks ! transition /age betwe5 ! days ( ! sail+ craft & ! mod]n %ip1 dep5d+ entirely on /eam = propulsion4 ,indication is af=d$ ( ! progress t[>ds ?is trans=mation by ,table ,,iii4 on ! opposite page1 :i* %[s ! improvem5t 9 economy 9 ! ma*9]y ( w>%ips at v>i\s /ages 9 _! developm5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,xviii4 ,,eng9es ,,( ,h4,m4,s4 ,,?ru%1 #ahhi4 ,! figures 9 ! ,table are av]age results r ?an highe/ atta9m5ts dur+ ! p]iods4 ,= #ahij-ie we h tak5 ! ,b>fleur1 ! eng9es ( :i* 7 con/ruct$ by ! ,scotts 9 #ahid2 :il/ ! p>ticul>s = #ahie-aijj ref] to ! ,canopus1 eng9$ by !m 9 #aijj4 ,9 #aijb !y also suppli$ ! ma*9]y = ! battle%ip ,pr9ce ( ,wales1 & comm5c$ ! con/ruction ( ! arm\r$ cruis] ,argyll4 ,b be=e ref]r+ 9 detail to ^! latt] %ips1 we may briefly review ! advances 9 appli$ me*anics1 metallurgy & *emi/ry1 :i* h contribut$ l>gely to ! p]fection ( ^! mod]n fight+ %ips 9 respect ( (f5sive & def5sive qualities4 ,,table ,,iii4 ,,progressive ,,types ,,( ,,w>%ip ,,ma*9]y1 ,,& ,,_! ,,economy1 #ahdj ,,to #aije4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ #ahdj to #ahee4ahee to #ahge4ahge to #ahij4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,type ( boil] ,rectangul> ,rectangul> ,s+le-end$ box box cyl9drical ,/eam pressure p] #c lb4 #be lb4 #ij lb4 squ>e in* to #d lb ,coal consumption p] #g lb4 #d lb4 #b-a_/b lb4 indicat$ horse-p[] to #e lb4 p] h\r ,type ( eng9e ,ge>$ ,simple ,?ree- screw horizontal cyl9d] surface comp\nd cond5s+ ,pi/on spe$ 9 feet #bbj #ejj to #fjj #gej p] m9ute ,weight ( ma*9]y p] #aj cwt4 #c cwt4 #c cwt4 indicat$ horse-p[] to #e cwt4 p] m9ute ,spe$ ( %ip #h to #i #ad #af knots knots knots ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ #ahij to #ahie4 #ahie to #aijj4aijj to #aije4 ,a ,b ,c ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,type ( boil] ,s+le-end$ ,belleville ,wat]-tube cyl9drical wat]-tube ,/eam pressure p] #aee lb4 #cjj lb4 #cjj lb4 squ>e in* ,coal consumption p] #b lb4 #a4h lb4 #a4h lb4 indicat$ horse-p[] p] h\r ,type ( eng9e ,?ree- ,?ree- ,f\r- cyl9d] cyl9d] cyl9d] triple- triple- triple- expansion expansion expansion ,pi/on spe$ 9 feet #hdj #iah #ajjj p] m9ute ,weight ( ma*9]y p] #b-c_/d cwt4 #b cwt4 #a4f cwt4 indicat$ horse-p[] p] m9ute ,spe$ ( %ip #ah #ah4be #bc knots knots knots ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,a ,battle%ip1 ,b>fleur4 ,b ,battle%ip1 ,canopus4 ,c ,arm\r$ ,cruis]4 ,! gun mo/ 9 fav\r at ! close ( ! eighte5?1 & at ! op5+ ( ! n9ete5?1 c5turies 0 ! ca/-iron1 smoo?-bor$1 muzzle-load]3 fir/ ! #cb-p\nd] & lat] ! #fh-p\nd]4 ,c>ronades 7 us$ = sma%+ r ?an = p5etrat+ ! sk9 or /ructure ( %ips4 ,al?\gh ! #fh-p\nd]s 7 improv$ by a l9+ ( wr\ght iron be+ ins]t$ 9 ! bore1 :]eby ! en]gy at #ajjj-y>ds range 0 increas$ f #bij to #fjj foot-tons1 little progress 0 made until aft] ! ,crimean ,w>1 :5 *emi/s und]took ! inve/igation ( ! action ( explosives & metallurgi/s s\ght to produce /rong] metals4 ,! g5]al idea z reg>ds ! p[d] us$ z a propellant 0 t ! ignition 0 in/antane\s1 & t ! m viol5t ! explosion ! great] w\ld be ! velocity ( ! projectile4 ,"u su* conditions %ort weapons naturally f\nd fav\r2 & inde$1 ) a light1 sph]ical1 ill-fitt+ projectile1 !re 0 v little advantage to be ga9$ by l5g!n+ ! bore4 ,b ) ! introduction ( rifl$ cannon1 mu* heavi] & bett]-fitt+ %ot became possible1 & a rapid-burn+ p[d] gave rise to dang]\s pressures 9 ! gun4 ,x 0 !n realis$ t x 0 n an explosion t 0 want$1 b a cont9u\s pressure act+ on ! base ( a %ot = a relatively consid]able p]iod4 ,?is ne$$ a sl[-burn+ explosive1 & l$ to ! manufacture ( p[d] z pebbles or prisms2 ! enl>gem5t 9 ! late 'sev5ties ( ! *amb] ( ! gun1 & ! provision ( air spaces = ! expansion ( ! p[d]1 greatly add$ to ! velocity ) :i* ! %ot left ! gun1 & !re=e augm5t$ its c>ry+ p[]4#fb ,gun-mak]s _h mean:ile improv$ ! /r5g? ( ! weapon by a recognition ( ! fact t wr\ght iron 0 twice z /rong 9 ! direction ( ! fibre z across x2 & ?us 9 ! 'sixties !y began to coil ! c5tral tube1 surr\nd+ x by hoops1 weld$ or %runk on4 ,! full advantages ( fibre 7 ?us secur$ = resi/+ circumf]5tial /ra94 ,! bore 0 rifl$ to give ! %ot t rotatory motion :i* prev5ts irregul>ity 9 flight & conduces to accuracy ( fire at long range4 ,! smoo?-bore gun 0 effective up to only #ajjj y>ds range1 z comp>$ ) ! #fjjj y>ds & #gjjj y>ds = ! mod]n weapon4 ,bree*load+ 0 fir/ introduc$ into ! ,navy 9 ! 'sixties1 b disc>d$ because ! details = clos+ ! bree* end prov$ unsatisfactory4 ,f9ally1 x 0 re9troduc$ 9 #ahgh1 a satisfactory me*anism hav+ be5 devis$4 ,^! v>i\s improvem5ts gradually increas$ ! p[] ( ! gun4 ,! l5g? & weight _h enorm\sly gr[n1 z is %[n by ! p>ticul>s ( successive l>ge ,naval guns1 %[n 9 ,table ,,iv4 on ! next page2 b ! increase 9 en]gy up till ! 'eighties 0 n comm5surate ) ! augm5tation ( ! weights ( ! projectile & *>ge4 ,! advance f ! #ch-ton gun ( #ahgj to ! #aaj-a_/b-ton gun 9 #ahhg involv$ ! multiply+ by five ( ! *>ge ( p[d]1 :i* quadrupl$ ! en]gy ( ! gun1 b ! c>ry+ p[] ( ! %ot 0 /ill defici5t4 ,! velocity _h increas$ 9 tw5ty ye>s f #afjj to #bjjj ft4 p] second1 sl[]-burn+ p[d] hav+ be5 introduc$4 ,,table ,,iv4 ,,p>ticul>s ,,( ,,! ,,successive ,,l>ge ,,naval ,,guns1 #ahjj ,,to #aije4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,weight ( ,p5etra- ,projectile4 tion ( ,weight ( ,wr\ght- ,*>ge4 ,iron at ,muzzle #ajjj ,ye>4 ,type4 ,weight4 ,l5g?4,calibre4 ,en]gy4 ,y>ds ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- tons cwt4 94 94 lb4 lb4 ft4-tns4 94 #ahjj ,ca/- #b #ab #aad #f4d #cb #aj #djj -- iron smoo?- bore #ahdb ,ditto #d #ae 444 #h4ab #fh #af #gjj -- #ahfe ,woolwi* #d #aj 444 #g #aae #bb #adjj #g wr\ght- iron #ahgj ,built-up #ch #j #bjj #ab4ej #haj #bjj #ac1ijj #ag muzzle- load] #ahhj ,ditto #hj #j #cba #af #agjj #dej #bg1ifj #bb-a_/b #ahhg ,built-up #aaj #aj #ebd #af4be #ahjj #ifj #ed1cij #cb bree*- load] #ahie ,wire- #df #j #dde4e #ab #hej 444 #cc1idj #cd4f w\nd bree*- load] #aijj ,ditto #ea #j #dif4e #ab #hej #baj #cf1bij #ce4d #aije ,ditto #eh #j #edj #ab #hej 444 #di1efj #db ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,att5tion 0 fur!r direct$ to ! improvem5t ( explosives2 & ultimately1 in/ead ( gunp[d] hav+ a pot5tial en]gy ( #dhj foot-tons p] p\nd1 modifi$ gun-cotton 0 introduc$1 ) an en]gy ( #gaf foot-tons p] p\nd1 & /ill lat] !re 7 evolv$ explosive comp\nds ( :i* ! pot5tial en]gy p] unit ( weight 0 f\rfold great] ?an 9 ! case ( gunp[d]1 namely1 #aaci foot-tons p] p\nd4 ,f9ally1 ! explosive has tak5 ! =m ( cordite1 :i* ensures sl[ burn+1 great expansion1 &1 consequ5tly1 augm5t$ propell+ p[] beh9d ! projectile1 )\t mat]ial addition to ! maximum /ra9 ^u ! weapon4 ,b 9 any case ! con/ructional /r5g? ( ! mod]n gun is enorm\sly sup]ior to ! e>li] built-up weapons1 z ar\nd ! inn] tubes !re is coil$ some?+ l #abj miles ( wire1 :i* itself has a break+-/ra9 ( betwe5 #ij & #aaj tons p] squ>e in*1 & is put on "u a t5sion ( f #ed tons p] squ>e in* on ! inn] wires to #cb tons p] squ>e in* on ! out] wires1#fc s t ! ultimate resi/ance to /ra9 consequ5t ^u ! fir+ ( ! gun is enorm\sly increas$4 ,velocities ( #bfjj ft4 p] second are ?us realis$1 & ev5 m is q feasible1 s t p5etration ( wr\ght iron at #ajjj y>ds range has n[ be5 increas$ to #db 94 ,if we comp>e ! #ab-;94 gun to-day ) ! weapon ( ! same calibre ( tw5ty ye>s ago1 :5 !re 0 no wid5$ *amb] = ! explosive1 :5 prismatic p[d] ( l[ expansive p[] 0 us$1 x is f\nd1 z %[n 9 ! ,table opposite1 t ! p5etration at #ajjj y>ds has be5 d\bl$1 & ! possible effective range multipli$ fivefold4 ,!re has also be5 an enorm\s ga9 9 quick] fire by improv$ bree* me*anism & effici5t hydraulic & electric m\nt+s1 :]eby ! gun & all its load+1 elevat+1 & tra9+ ma*9]y is rotat$4 ,! metallurgi/ has also be5 successfully occupi$1 & x is probable t ! arm\r plate ( to-day is /ill invuln]able4 ,! e>li] wr\ght-iron plates 7 increas$ f #d-a_/b 94 9 ?ickness on ! ,w>rior ( #ahfa1 to ! #bd 94 on ! ,inflexible ( #ahha2 ! area protect$ be+ almo/ proportionately r$uc$4 ,! artill]i/ ) improv$ projectiles ultimately defeat$ ?is heavy clead+ on ! %ips2 b comp\nd arm\r1 fir/ made 9 #ahgi1 enabl$ ! maximum ?ickness on ! broadside to be r$uc$ to #ah 941 p]mitt+ a great] area to be cov]$ = ! same weight4 ,at fir/ ! #hj-ton gun fail$ 9 its attack1 b heavi] weapons1 ) improv$ projectiles1 prevail$4 ,! next /ep 0 ! introduction ( all-/eel arm\r 9 #ahij4 ,two ye>s lat] !re 0 introduc$ ! sup]-c>buris+ & subsequ5t *ill+ ( ! face ( plates made ( an alloy ( nickel /eel4 ,9 #ahig ! process ( h>d5+ 0 /ill fur!r develop$1 & n[ ! #i-;94 plate on ! mod]n battle%ip is equal 9 resi/ance to a #bf-;94 wr\ght-iron plate ( ! 'sixties1 or a #bj-;94 comp\nd-plate ( ! 'eighties1 or a #ac-;94 plate ( ! e>ly-h>d5$ type4 ,= ! pres5t1 !re=e1 ! arm\r seems to h secur$ ! victory1 z at #ejjj y>ds range #i-;94 arm\r c sc>cely be defeat$ by ev5 ! #ab-;94 gun4 ,) ! increas$ resi/ance ( arm\r & ! consequ5t r$uction 9 its ?ickness1 ! naval design] c spread 8 protect+ plates ov] a mu* wid] area1 s t ! :ole broadside ( %ips l ! ,pr9ce ( ,wales1 or ! cruis]s ,argyll & ,def5ce1 is clad ) arm\r ( satisfactory resi/+ p[]4 ,at ! same "t ! gun-p[] & spe$ ( %ips h be5 greatly increas$ )\t mak+ ! displacem5t inord9ately high4 ,on ! opposite page a ,table gives ! ma9 features ( repres5tative %ips at diff]5t epo*s1 :i* w %[ ?is at a glance4 ,! gr[? 9 ! size ( battle%ips has be5 /eady1 ) ! exception ( ! class repres5t$ by ! ,b>fleur & ,canopus1 bo? ( :i* 7 eng9$ by ! ,scotts4 ,^! vessels are embodim5ts ( a desire to *eck ! advance 9 ! size & co/ ( ! battle%ip4 ,! defici5cy 9 ! numb] & calibre ( _! guns 0 p>tly comp5sat$ by ! introduction1 = ! fir/ "t 9 battle%ips1 ( quick-fir+ weapons ( l>ge calibre4 ,! ,b>fleur _h f\r #ab 94 bree*load]s & t5 #d4g 94 quick-fir]s2 :ile ! ,canopus _h f\r #aj 94 bree*load]s & t5 #f 94 quick-fir]s4 ,b op9ion has aga9 /rongly gr[n 9 fav\r ( hav+ 9 ea* ,briti% %ip ! be/ t c be a*iev$2 & ?us ! ,pr9ce ( ,wales has a displacem5t great] ?an any previ\s %ip1 :ile 9 ! ,k+ ,edw>d & ! ,"l ,nelson classes !re has be5 a fur!r gr[? 9 e elem5t ( p[]4 ,! probabilities1 too1 are t we h n yet by any means se5 ! end ( ?is advance4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,xix4 ,f a ,photograph by ,we/ & ,son1 ,s\?sea4 ,,8 ,,maje/y',s ,,battle%ip ,,pr9ce ,,( ,,wales1 #aijb4 ,,table ,v4 ,,size ,,& ,,fight+ ,,qualities ,,( ,,briti% ,,battle%ips ,,( ,,diff]5t ,,p]iods4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,date ( ,completion4 ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,displacem5t4 ---------------------------------------- -- ,total ,collective ,weight ,en]gy at ( ,%ot ,muzzle ( ,"n4 ,side ,arm\r4 ,spe$4 9 ,"o ,"o ,r\nd4 ,r\nd4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ tons 94 knots lb4 foot-tons ,w>rior #ahfa #i1baj #d-a_/b-;94 #ad-a_/b #chjj #fa1dgf wr\ght iron ,h]cules #ahfh #h1fhj #i-;94 to #f-;94 #ad #edjj #gj1bjj wr\ght iron ,alex&ra #ahgg #i1dij #ab-;94 to #ae #edbf #ga1djj #f-;94 wr\ght ,inflexible#ahhaaa1hhj #bd-;94 to #ac #ficf #abc1abj #af-;94 wr\ght iron ,b5b[ #ahhhaj1fjj #ah-;94 #af4ge #dfjj #ace1efj comp\nd ,royal #ahibad1aej #ah-;94 & #ag4e #ehjj #aei1faj ,sov]eign #e-;94 comp\nd ,b>fleur #ahidaj1ejj #ab-;94 #ah4e #bdej #fg1fgj comp\nd ,canopus #aijjab1iej #f-;94 h>d5$ #ah4be #dfjj #agh1gbj /eel ,pr9ce ( #aijbae1jjj #i-;94 #ah4be #dfjj #aid1djj ,wales sup]-h>d5$ /eel ,k+ #aijdaf1cej #i-;94 #ah4ej #eibj #bgj1jdj ,edw>d ,,vii4 sup]-h>d5$ /eel ,"l #aijeaf1ejj #aj-;94 #ah4ej #gifj #dac1ijj ,nelson sup]-h>d5$ /eel ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,z to ! ma*9]y made by ! ,scotts = ^! battle%ips1 ! ,b>fleur _h ?ree-cyl9d]1 triple-expansion tw9-screw eng9es1 to run at #ajh revolutions1 & to develop #ac1jjj indicat$ horse-p[]4 ,on h] trials ! p[] 0 #ac1afc indicat$ horse-p[]4 ,!re are eight s+le-end$1 return-tube1 cyl9drical boil]s1 work+ at #aee lb4 pressure4 ,o!r details are giv5 9 ! ,table on page #ec4 ,! eng9es ( ! ,canopus are illu/rat$ on page #di by a draw+ tak5 f a ,pap] read at ! ,in/itution ( ,civil ,eng9e]s1 by ,sir ,john ,dur/on & ,admiral ,h4 ,j4 ,oram4#fd ,?is 0 ! fir/ type ( ,briti% battle%ip fitt$ ) wat]-tube boil]s4 ,%e 0 foll[$ soon aft] by ! ,pr9ce ( ,wales4#fe ,! ,argyll1 :i* 0 built & eng9$ by ! ,scotts1 & ! ,def5ce1 :i* is be+ built 9 "o ( ! ,royal ,docky>ds1 & is hav+ its ma*9]y con/ruct$ by ! ,scotts1 signalise progress 9 cruis] design4 ,! h>d5+ ( arm\r1 increas+ its resi/ance1 p]mits ( a r$uction 9 weight = a giv5 measure ( protection1 s t x has be5 possible to effectively def5d ! mod]n cruis]1 :ile at ! same "t giv+ an enorm\sly increas$ gun-p[] & a spe$ f> 9 excess ( t possible t5 ye>s ago4 ,! ,argyll is a vessel ( #aj1hej tons displacem5t1 be+ #dej ft4 long1 #fh ft4 #f 94 beam1 & hav+ a draught ( #be ft42 :ile ! ,def5ce is a vessel ( #ad1fjj tons displacem5t1 hav+ a l5g? ( #dij ft41 a beam ( #gd ft4 #f 941 & a draught ( #bf ft4 ,9 bo? %ips ! great] "p ( ! broadside1 f #e ft4 bel[ ! wat]-l9e to ! upp] deck1 is arm\r$1 & a v l>ge proportion ( ! area ?us clad has #f-;94 h>d5$ plates4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,xx4 ,,propell+ ,,eng9es ,,( ,h4,m4,s4 ,,argyll4 ,9 ! late 'n9eties x 0 assum$ t quick-fir+ artill]y 0 be/ suit$ to ! "w ( a cruis]1 & ?us ! #f-;94 gun 0 exclusively adopt$4 ,b s9ce !n ,naval /rategi/s h develop$ _! ideas z to ! function ( arm\r$ cruis]s1 & n[ anticipate _! use 9 ! l9e ( battle2 s t n only has ! def5sive quality be5 improv$1 b ! (f5sive p[] has be5 mat]ially increas$4 ,9 ! ,def5ce1 & ! o!r %ips ( ! class1 ! #f-;94 gun has be5 entirely disc>d$ 9 fav\r ( an in/allation ( #i4b-;94 & #g4e-;94 weapons4 ,ow+ to ! p]fection ( ! hydraulic & electric m\nt+s1 little has be5 =feit$ 9 respect ( rapidity ( fire1 :ile mu* has be5 ga9$ 9 ! /rik+ en]gy at a giv5 range ( ea* projectile4 ,?us1 :ile ! #f-;94 gun five ye>s ago _h an en]gy equal to p5etrat+ #f 94 ( wr\ght iron at #cjjj y>ds' range1 ! #g4e-;94 weapon n[ may p]=ate #f-c_/d 941 & ! #i4b-;94 gun #i 94 ( ! h>de/ arm\r at correspond+ range4 ,! total weight ( projectiles fir$ f ! pres5t-day cruis] 9 a m9ute is d\ble1 & ! muzzle en]gy quadruple1 ! results atta9$ by ! cruis]s design$ at ! close ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4#ff ,! mod]n cruis]s /eam at #bc knots1 ! p[] ( ! ma*9]y 9 ! ,argyll be+ #ba1jjj indicat$ horse-p[]1 & 9 ! ,def5ce #bg1jjj indicat$ horse-p[]4 ,! ma*9]y ( ! ,argyll1 :i* is typical1 consi/s ( f\r sets ( triple-expansion eng9es1 arrang$ 9 sep>ate wat]tight comp>tm5ts4 ,! diamet]s ( ! cyl9d]s are3 high-pressure1 #da-a_/b 942 int]m$iate-pressure1 #fe-a_/b 942 & ! two l[-pressure1 ea* #gc-a_/b 941 all hav+ a /roke ( #db 94 ,at full p[]1 develop$ ) #ach revolutions1 ! pi/on spe$ is #iff ft4 p] m9ute4 ,! cyl9d]s are fitt$ ) l9]s1 & are /eam-jacket$2 =g$ /eel is us$ = ! l9]s ( ! high- & int]m$iate-pressure cyl9d]s1 & ca/-iron = ^? ( ! l[-pressure cyl9d]s4 ,! cyl9d] cov]s & pi/ons are ( ca/ /eel1 ! latt] be+ ( conical =m4 ,! high- & int]m$iate-pressure cyl9d]s h pi/on valves1 & ! l[-pressure cyl9d]s flat valves4 ,! cyl9d]s are support$ at ! front by eight =g$-/eel columns1 & at ! re> by f\r ca/-iron columns =m$ ) guide-faces1 & "o =g$ /eel column4 ,! crank%aft is 9 f\r pieces1 ! high- & int]m$iate-pressure p>ts be+ int]*angeable ) ea* o!r1 & ! two l[-pressure p>ts ) "o ano!r4 ,! %afts are holl[1 & ?ree-blad$ propell]s ( manganese bronze are fitt$ to ea*4 ,! cond5s]s are entirely sep>ate1 & indep5d5t air pumps are fitt$4 ,! ,argyll _h a comb9ation ( six cyl9drical & sixte5 wat]-tube boil]s1 b 9 ! lat] %ips1 includ+ ! ,def5ce1 ! boil]s are entirely ( ! wat]-tube type4 ,! work+ pressure ( ! boil] is #bge lb41 r$uc$ at ! eng9es to #bej lb4 ,! trials ( ! ,argyll 7 c>ri$ ?r\gh mo/ satisfactorily1#fg & ! vessel1 "u ! new ,admiralty conditions1 0 complet$ = commission by ! build]s4 ,! fact t ?is arm\r$ cruis] 0 s complet$ at ! build]'s y>d is ( itself evid5ce ( ! capacity & effici5cy ( ! plant4 ,illu/ration3 decoration ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,xxi4 ,,! ,,er91 ,,own$ ,,by ,,sir ,,?omas ,,lipton1 ,,b>t4 7,see page #gj47 ,,footnotes3 #eb ,*>nock's ,hi/ory ( ,m>9e ,ar*itecture1 vol4 iii41 page #bde4 #ec ,! ,gre5ock ,telegraph1 ,may #d?1 #ahdi4 #ed ,sir ,na?aniel ,b>naby's ,naval ,developm5t ( ! ,c5tury1 page #adj4 #ee ,s5nett & ,oram's ,m>9e ,/eam ,eng9e1 page #c4 #ef ,f9*am's ,hi/ory ( ,m>9e ,con/ruction1 page #ccb4 #eg ,ibid41 page #cdd4 #eh ,sir ,na?aniel ,b>naby's ,naval ,developm5t ( ! ,n9ete5? ,c5tury1 page #aac4 #ei ,s5nett & ,oram's ,m>9e ,/eam ,eng9e1 page #aj4 #fj ,proce$+s ( ! ,in/itution ( ,naval ,ar*itects1 vol4 xxx41 page #bgh4 #fa ,proce$+s ( ! ,in/itution ( ,naval ,ar*itects1 vol4 xxx41 page #bhg4 #fb ,encyclopdia ,britannica 7#ahih edition71 vol4 xi41 page #bhh4 #fc ,eng9e]+1 vol4 lxxix41 page #egg1 ,may #e?1 #aije4 #fd ,see ,proce$+s ( ! ,in/itution ( ,civil ,eng9e]s 7#ahii71 vol4 cxxxviii41 "p #c4 #fe ,! ,eng9e]1 vol4 xcviii41 page #ae4 #ff ,eng9e]+1 vol4 lxxx41 page #dae4 #fg ,eng9e]+1 vol4 lxxx41 page #dbj4 ,illu/ration3 decoration ,ya*t+ & ,ya*ts4 ,illu/ration3 decoration ,ya*t design]s & build]s1 :5 vot>ies ( ! sport1 produce mu* bett] results1 & 9 ?is truism we h "s explanation ( ! success ( ! ,scotts 9 ! long s]ies ( ya*ts built dur+ ! pa/ c5tury4 ,!re are a few mi/y memories & "t-worn traditions to ! effect t ya*t+ ( a k9d 0 indulg$ 9 on ! ,clyde 9 ! clos+ ye>s ( ! eighte5? c5tury2 b !re are no au!ntic records antec$5t to ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,f #ahjc onw>ds ! ,scotts h be5 closely id5tifi$ ) ! pa/ime1 & ) ! production 9 ! e>ly ye>s ( sail+ ya*ts2 &1 lat]1 ( /eam craft4 ,! fir/ notable ,clyde rac+ ya*t1 ( :i* !re is any record1 0 laun*$ by ! ,scotts 9 #ahjc1 z already ref]r$ to on page #aa ante4 ,%e 0 a #de-a_/b-ton cutt] = ,colonel ,campbell1 an ,argyll%ire soldi]1 & ! laun*+ c]emony1 ! hon\rs ( :i* 7 done by ,lady ,*>lotte ,campbell1 0 att5d$ ) milit>y hon\rs4 ,= ! tw5ty ye>s imm$iately foll[+ ! laun* ( ?is cutt]1 ya*t+ made mo/ pleas+ progress1 & 9 #ahbd ! ,royal ,nor!rn ,ya*t ,club 0 =m$ = ! bett] organisation & enc\ragem5t ( ! pa/ime4 ,! club _h its orig9 9 ! ,nor? ( ,irel&1 & _h jurisdiction ov] t di/rict1 z well z ov] ! ,we/ ( ,scotl& up till #ahch1 :5 ! ,iri% section 0 disb&$4 ,! ,royal ,nor!rn gave regattas ?r\gh\t ! season1 at almo/ e suitable port1 f ,hel5sburgh on ! ,clyde to ,oban4 ,among/ ! lead]s ( ! ,clyde ,division 0 ,john ,scott1 ! second ( ! "n1 & a l>ge numb] ( ! rac+ craft own$ by ! memb]s 7 built by him4 ,inde$1 "o ( ! mo/ exp]i5c$ writ]s on ,ya*t+ 9 ,scotl&1 ,mr4 ,j4 ,d4 ,bell1 says t among ! old ya*t+ families ( ! ,we/ ( ,scotl&1 ! ,scotts & ! ,/eeles fill$ ! =emo/ place4 ,among ! be/ rememb]$ ( ! ya*ts built by ,john ,scott 7 ! cutt]s ,hawk & ,hope1 con/ruct$ = himself1 & ! ,cl>5ce1 built = 8 son-9-law1 ! late ,rob]t ,s9clair4 ,! ,hawk 0 a boat ( ab\t #cj tons1 ! ,hope 0 r small]1 & 0 us$ = cruis+ r ?an = rac+2 & ! ,cl>5ce 0 ab\t #ah tons4 ,! ,hawk 0 a successful rac]1 & secur$ _m *]i%$ prizes1 b ! ,cl>5ce 0 h] sup]ior1 & 0 ! fir/ ( a long l9e ( prize-w9n]s :i* h br\ght r5[n to ! ,clyde4 ,inde$1 9 all %e won ov] ?irty *all5ge trophies1 & 9 h] be/ season nev] suff]$ defeat4 ,rob]t ,s9clair1 ! own]1 0 himself a ke5 & accompli%$ ya*tsman4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,xxii4 ,f a pa9t+ at ,halk%ill4 ,,! ,,cl>5ce3 ,,an ,,e>ly ,,rac+ ,,cutt]4 ,9 ! races held 9 #ahcc-cd--mo/ prom95t ye>s--,john ,scott1 ) ! ,hawk1 won ! ,anglesey ,cup at ,dubl91 & ! ,oban & ,hel5sburgh ,cups2 :ile ,rob]t ,s9clair1 ) ! ,cl>5ce1 won ! ,ladies' ,cup at ,oban1 ! ,k9tyre ,cup at ,campbelt[n1 ! ,dubl91 ,adelaide1 & ,boo? ,cups at ,dubl91 ! ,/ew>t ,cup at ,gre5ock1 ! ,l>gs ,cup & ! ,dunoon ,cup4 ,^! two ya*ts 7 inde$ close rivals1 al?\gh ! pr9cipal hon\rs re/$ ) ! ,cl>5ce4 ,on "o occasion1 h[ev]1 ! ,hawk unexpect$ly defeat$ ! ,cl>5ce 9 an important race at ,dubl91 & ! own]s 7 anxi\s to h ! cup 9 ,gre5ock z soon z possible = a special reason4 ,recognis+ t ! ,cl>5ce 0 really ! fa/] boat1 !y h&$ ov] ! trophy to h] crew to take to ! ,clyde port2 b ! luck :i* enabl$ ! ,hawk to w9 ! cup /ood by h] on ! passage home1 & %e made ! port a consid]able "t be=e h] rival4 ,! ,cl>5ce became a pilot boat1 & 0 un=tunately run d[n (f ,g>ro* ,head1 :ile ! ,hawk 0 transf]r$ to ! fi%+ trade4 ,9 lat] ye>s ,john ,scott1 ,c4,b41 _h ! laudable desire to secure z a relic ! vessel 8 gr&fa!r _h own$1 b ! negotiations fail$2 & ! boat is probably /ill at "w among ! isl&s ( ,scotl&4 ,! ,royal ,nor!rn ,club's fleet 9 ! '?irties numb]$ ab\t fifty1 b !re 7 no /eam vessels on ! li/ until #ahee4 ,among ! pr9cipal boats 9 ! club 7 ! ,duke ( ,portl&'s ket*1 ! ,cl[n1 ( #aef tons2 ! ,duke ( ,buccleu*'s cutt]1 ! ,fl[] ( ,y>r[1 ( #ade tons2 ,mr4 ,john ,scott's cutt]1 ! ,lufra1 ( #ha tons2 ,mr4 ,rob]t ,meiklem's s*oon]1 ,crusad]1 ( #abf tons2 & ,mr4 ,lewis ,upton's cutt]1 ,briton1 ( #ia tons4 ,! memb]%ip 0 ab\t "o hundr$ & fifty1 ! aggregate tonnage ( ! fleet ab\t #bjjj tons1 & its co/1 at a fairly g5]\s e/imate1 ab\t #bj1jjj4 ,:at a contra/ is sugge/$ by a review ( ! fleet ( ya*ts own$ to-day by ,clyde ya*tsm56 ,!re are n[ eight clubs 9 ! ,fir? recognis$ by ! ,ya*t ,rac+ ,association1 & "o ( ! l>ge/ ( ^!--! ,royal ,clyde--alone has ov] a ?\s& memb]s1 ) a fleet ( ov] ?ree hundr$ & sev5ty ya*ts1 ( a collective tonnage ( #bf1jjj tons1 & ( a fir/ co/ ( a million /]l+4 ,! club-h\se at ,hunt]'s ,quay1 :i* co/ ab\t #bj1jjj1 is repres5tative ( ! be/ ( its k9d4 ,_m ( ! ya*ts--sail+ & /eam--are ( consid]able size1 & h int]national repute = _! excell5ce1 ei!r z rac]s1 or z com=table seawor?y cruis]s4 ,! orig9 ( ! ,royal ,clyde ,club 9 itself af=ds int]e/+ sugge/ion ( ! developm5t ( ! pa/ime on ! ,clyde4 ,ow+ to a rule en=c$ by ! ,royal ,nor!rn ,club dur+ ! e>li] p]iod ( its exi/5ce1 boats small] ?an #h tons c\ld n be enroll$2 _m en?usia/ic own]s ( small craft 7 ?us deb>r$ f memb]%ip1 & 9 #ahef !y decid$ to =m a new club4 ,?is1 fir/ nam$ ! ,clyde ,model ,ya*t ,club1 became1 a ye> lat]1 ! ,clyde ,ya*t ,club2 &1 hav+ gr[n imm5sely 9 influ5ce1 obta9$1 9 #ahgb1 ,que5 ,victoria's sanction to ! appellation ( ,royal4 ,to-day ! ,royal ,clyde ,ya*t ,club is "o ( ! mo/ important 9 ! ,k+dom4 ,john ,scott 7#ageb-ahcg7 0 long a prom95t memb] ( ! ,royal ,nor!rn ,club4 ,8 son1 ,*>les ,cun+ham ,scott1 0 an orig9al memb]1 b did n take ! same active "p 9 ! pa/ime1 ! claims ( a quickly-develop+ indu/ry be+ probably ! reason4 ,b ! records ( ! family 7 aga9 reviv$ by 8 sons--,john ,scott1 ,c4,b41 ,rob]t ,s9clair ,scott1 & ,col9 ,william ,scott4 ,!y display$ a pref]5ce = /eam craft1 al?\gh ! fir/-nam$ own$ sev]al cutt]s1 beg9n+ ) ! ,z+>a2 lat] sev]al beautiful ya*ts1 ea* successive %ip be+ nam$ ! ,greta1 7 built = him4 ,! fir/ ( ^!1 ( #ahgf1 & ! la/1 ( #ahie1 are illu/rat$ on ! ,plate fac+ ?is page4 ,he 0 elect$ ,commodore ( ! ,royal ,clyde ,club 9 #ahie 9 ackn[l$gm5t ( 8 s]vices to ! club & to ya*t+ g5]ally1 & he occupi$ ! po/ until 8 dea? 9 #aijd4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,xxiii4 ,,! ,,greta1 ,,( #ahgf4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,greta1 ,,( #ahie4 ,^! 7 excit+ times 9 ,clyde ya*t+4 ,x 0 !n t ,"l ,dunrav5 & ,sir ,?omas ,lipton made _! gallant b unsuccessful ef=ts to recov] ! ,am]ica cup ) ,clyde-built boats1 :ile ! p]=mances ( ! ,britannia1 own$ by ! !n ,pr9ce ( ,wales1 n[ ,8 ,maje/y ! ,k+1 & ( ! ,meteor1 belong+ to ! ,g]man ,emp]or1 gave a di/9ction to ! sport :i* x _h nev] enjoy$ be=e4 ,! ,mudhook ,ya*t ,club 0 =m$ 9 #ahgc by a few skill$ ya*t design]s & ya*tsm51 & includ$ ,rob]t ,s9clair ,scott1 ,col9 ,william ,scott1 & ,james ,reid4 ,! memb]%ip 0 limit$ to =ty1 & ! aim ( ! f\nd]s 0 to enc\rage amateur ya*t sail+4 ,!re 7 _m inspirations connect$ ) ! f\nd+ ( ! club2 !re is a tradition t :5 a ,mudhook] 0 be+ initiat$1 he 0 usually confront$ ) a coil ( rope1 a small m>l9spike1 a *>t & divid]s1 a =eca/le bucket & o!r implem5ts2 &1 be=e ! h& ( fell[%ip 0 ext5d$ to him1 he 0 ex]cis$1 ) m or less ( solemnity1 z to _! uses4 ,f ! f\ndation ( ! ,club until 8 dea? 9 #aije1 ,rob]t ,s9clair ,scott 0 ,admiral ( ! ,club4 ,= tw5ty-n9e ye>s f ! same p]iod 8 bro!r1 ,col9 ,william ,scott1 act$ z ,honor>y ,secret>y1 & 8 great s]vices 7 recognis$ on ! club atta9+ its majority 9 #ahid1 by ! pres5tation by ! memb]s ( a set ( old c&elabra & fruit di%es4 ,! pres5t ,honor>y ,secret>y is ,r4 ,l4 ,scott1 son ( ,john ,scott1 ,c4,b4 ,al?\gh1 z we h said1 ! ,scotts nev] own$ rac+ ya*ts1 !y h built = !mselves & = o!rs a long succession ( beautiful /eam ya*ts1 z record$ 9 ! ,table on page #fi4 ,9 all1 sev5 ya*ts h be5 built 9 succession = ! ,scotts !mselves4 ,ea* 0 nam$ ! ,greta1 aft] a small /ream :i* runs ?r\gh ! ,halk%ill ,e/ate1 except+ ! la/1 :i* 0 call$ ! ,grianaig1 ! ,gaelic = ,gre5ock4 ,! la/ ,greta is exactly d\ble ! l5g? ( ! fir/1 :ile ! ya*t tonnage is practically eightfold4 ,! successive /eps are m>k$4 ,! ,greta ( #ahgf 0 #gf ft4 long1 & ( #ec tons1 & %e 0 at once pur*as$ by a ,kilm>nock lady1 ,miss ,f9nie4 ,! vessel built = ,john ,scott1 ,c4,b41 9 ! foll[+ ye> 0 slightly l>g]1 & %e also 0 covet$ & secur$4 ,9 #ahgh a /ill l>g] %ip 0 built1 & = _m ye>s ?is craft cont9u$ 9 ! possession ( its orig9al own]1 b 9 #ahib 0 displac$ by a vessel ( great] size1 ( #ace ft4 #f 94 9 l5g?1 & ( #bcj tons ya*t displacem5t4 ,o!r vessels foll[$ at p]iods ( ?ree ye>s1 & ! ,greta ( #ahih 0 #aed ft4 long1 & ( #cic tons4 ,_m o!r notable vessels 7 con/ruct$ 9 ! same p]iod = o!r own]s2 & :ile x is n possible to ref] to all ( !m1 m5tion may be made ( ! ,tusc>ora1 built 9 #ahig1 = ,william ,cl>k1 ,esq41 ( ,paisley4 ,?is vessel1 :i* is illu/rat$ on ,plate ,,xxiv41 is #agj ft4 long1 & ( #gge tons4 ,%e _h a bridge & prom5ade deck #ajd ft4 long2 & !re 7 t5 /ate-rooms & l>ge saloons = ! own] & 8 gue/s4 ,built = ov]sea cruis+1 %e _h a v complete in/allation ( refrig]at+ ma*9]y4 ,! triple-expansion eng9es ) :i* %e 0 fitt$ develop$ #ajcj horse-p[] :5 runn+ at #aej revolutions1 equal to a pi/on spe$ ( #fge ft4 p] m9ute4 ,/eam 0 suppli$ by a s+le-end$ boil]4 ,a mu* l>g] vessel--inde$1 ! l>ge/ ( ! type con/ruct$ by ! firm--0 ! ,m>g>ita1 con/ruct$ = ,a4 ,j4 ,drexel1 ,esq41 ( ,philadelphia1 to ! designs ( ! late ,mr4 ,g4 ,l4 ,watson1 :o did s mu* = ! advance ( ! sci5ce ( naval ar*itecture z appli$ to sail+ & /eam ya*ts4 ,?is vessel is ( #bgb ft4 9 l5g?1 ) a displacem5t ( #bebb tons4 ,= ! own] & 8 gue/s !re are ?irte5 l>ge /ate-rooms1 & ! g5]al saloons include d9+1 draw+1 & smok+ rooms1 a b\doir1 & a *ildr5's nurs]y4 ,! ya*t is equipp$ ) all ! accessories ( ! mod]n l9]1 includ+ refrig]at+ appliances4 ,x is propell$ at a spe$ ( ov] #ag knots by tw9-screws1 op]at$ by two indep5d5t sets ( triple-expansion1 f\r-cyl9d] eng9es1 balanc$ to obviate vibration4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,xxiv4 ,,! ,,m>g>ita4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,tusc>ora4 ,,table ,,vi4--,,g5]al ,,p>ticul>s ,,( ,,pr9cipal ,,/eam ,,ya*ts ,,built ,,by ,,scotts' ,,%ipbuild+ ,,& ,,eng9e]+ ,,company1 ,,limit$1 ,,gre5ock4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,date ( ,displace- ,con/ruc- m5t 9 ,"n4 tion4 ,l5g?4,bread?4 ,dep?4 ,tons4 ,spe$4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ft4 94 ft4 94ft4 94 knots4 ,greta #ahgf #gf #j #ab #j #i #c #ec #g4e ,greta #ahgg #hd #j #ab #f #i #f #gc #h4be ,greta #ahgh #ij #j #ad #j #i #f #hf #i4cc ,ulva #ahgi #afb #j #ba #j #ae #f #cej #aa4jh ,griff9 #ahgi #abj #j #af #f #aa #j #aeb #i4h ,eagle #ahgi #hd #j #ab #f #i #f #gg #g4g ,retriev] #ahhd #abc #j #ag #j #ab #j #add #aa ,alca #ahhg #hj #f #ad #j #aj #j #ic #aj ,santanna #ahhg #ahj #j #bd #j #ae #f #die #ac4f ,=os #ahia #bcf #j #cj #f #bj #f #aagj #ab4e ,greta #ahib #ace #f #ah #f #ab #j #bcj #aa ,kittiwake #ahic #aac #j #ba #j #ac #f #baj #i4ee ,lutra #ahid #aag #j #ah #j #ab #j #bjj #aj4ge ,greta #ahie #ade #j #bb #j #ac #e #cch #aa ,er9 #ahif #beb #j #ca #f #bj #f #accj #ae4f ,tusc>ora #ahig #agj #j #bf #f #ae #g #gge #ab4e ,greta #ahih #aed #j #bb #i #ac #f #cic #ab4be ,lutra #ahii #adj #j #ba #j #ac #j #cdh #aa4fe ,m>g>ita #aijj #bgb #j #cf #f #bh #j #bebb #ag4a ,waihi #aijj #hb #j #ad #f #aj #j #ajb #aj4c ,saevuna #aija #gf #d #ad #f #i #c #ie #h4d ,grianaig #aijd #afj #j #bc #i #ad #j #dce #ab4f ,b]yl #aijd #afj #j #be #j #ad #f #ejj #ac4c ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,indi- cat$ ,boil] ,horse-,pres- ,"n4 ,type ( ,eng9es4 p[]4sure4 ,own]4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- lb4 ,greta ,comp\nd #eh #gd ,john ,scott1 ,esq41 ,c4,b4 ,greta #gf #gh ,john ,scott1 ,esq41 ,c4,b4 ,greta ,comp\nd t&em #aje #gh ,john ,scott1 ,esq41 ,c4,b4 ,ulva #bgg #gj ,f4 ,a4 ,hankey1 ,esq4 ,griff9 #acj #gh ,c4 ,e4 ,da%wood1 ,esq4 ,eagle ,comp\nd #gd #ge ,c\nt ,/ackleb]g1 ,/4 ,pet]sburg4 ,retriev] #bae #ij ,o4 ,r&all1 ,esq4 ,alca ,triple-expansion #aaj #afj ,colonel ,malcolm1 ,poltallo*4 ,santanna #ghj #aej ,m4 ,l\is ,prat1 ,m>seilles4 ,=os #ifj #afj ,m4 ,k\s5z(f1 ,mosc[4 ,greta #bhj #afj ,john ,scott1 ,esq41 ,c4,b4 ,kittiwake #ahe #afj ,"l ,c>negie4 ,lutra #bej #afj ,colonel ,malcolm4 ,greta #cdj #agj ,john ,scott1 ,esq41 ,c4,b4 ,er9 ,triple-expansion1 #d cyl4 #bejj #ahj ,sir ,?omas ,lipton1 ,b>t4 ,tusc>ora #ajcj #agj ,wm4 ,cl>k1 ,esq41 ,paisley4 ,greta #dhj #agj ,john ,scott1 ,esq41 ,c4,b4 ,lutra #dhj #agj ,"l ,malcolm ( ,poltallo*4 ,m>g>ita ,tw9-screw1 triple #ebjj #bjj ,a4 ,j4 ,drexel1 ,esq41 expansion1 f\r ,philadelphia1 cyl9d]s 9 ea* ,u4,s4,a4 eng9e ,waihi ,triple-expansion #acj #agj ,j4 ,bullo*1 ,esq4 ,saevuna ,comp\nd #ge #acj ,maurice ,b]n>d ,byles1 ,esq4 ,grianaig ,triple-expansion #gdj #aij ,r4 ,s9clair ,scott1 ,esq4 ,b]yl #iaj #bjj ,b>on ,inv]clyde4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,! ,er91 n[ own$ by ,sir ,?omas ,lipton1 ,b>t41 0 design$ & built 9 #ahif = a ,sicilian nobleman & 0 pur*as$ lat] by ! popul> b>onet & sport+ ya*tsman4 ,"o ( ! l>ge/ vessels ( h] "t1 %e 0 #bej ft4 long1 & ( #accj tons displacem5t4 ,! f\r-cyl9d]1 c>efully-balanc$ eng9es1 ( #bejj horse-p[]1 gave h] a sea spe$ ( #ae-a_/b knots4 ,a view ( ?is well-kn[n ya*t is giv5 on ,plate ,,xxi41 fac+ page #fc4 ,mu* might be writt5 ab\t ! decoration ( ^! ya*ts2 b x may suffice to give illu/rations ( ! d9+- & draw+-rooms 9 ! /eam ya*t ,b]yl1 own$ by ! ,"r ,hon4 ,b>on ,inv]clyde4 ,! saloons are 9 ! ,old-,engli% /yle1 & are treat$ ) decorative fre$om1 b ) /rict simplicity4 ,! walls 9 bo? cases are fram$ 9 solid figur$ :ite ,au/rian wa9scot oak1 highly f9i%$ & poli%$4 ,! draw+-room has silk tape/ry panels1 reliev$ ) *a/e c>v+ on ! w9d[ canopies1 dado rail & mantelpiece1 & divid$ ) bevell$ & c>v$ pila/]s1 ) c>v$ ,cor9?ian capitals4 ,9 ! d9+-room1 on ! o!r h&1 !re is no tape/ry1 ! :ole be+ ( oak1 suitably c>v$4 ,9 ! ports !re are l>ge plate-glass w9d[s1 fitt$ ) ,gre5wood spr+s4 ,9 ea* room !re is a l>ge cupola skylight1 :i*1 ) its ri* /a9$ glass1 gives a f9e decorative effect4 ,! draw+-room cupola is fitt$ ) a brass mu%room v5tilator4 ,! ceil+ 9 ea* case is ( yell[ p9e1 m\ld$1 ribb$1 & beam$ 9 ! ,tudor /yle1 & pa9t$ flat :ite1 pick$ out ) gold4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,xxv4 ,,! ,,draw+ ,,room4 ,,! ,,d9+ ,,saloon4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,/eam ,,ya*t ,,b]yl1 ,,own$ ,,by ,,"l ,,inv]clyde4 ,! draw+-room has a sl[-combu/ion grate hav+ brass m\nts1 ) ri*ly-c>v$ oak mantelpiece1 m>ble jambs1 til$ he>?1 & fire-brasses & f5d]4 ,! d9+-room has a /eam radiator enclos$ 9 a cab9et ) ,numidian m>ble top & brass-grill$ front4 ,! ,b]yl is a vessel ( #afj ft4 9 l5g?1 ) a displacem5t ( #ejj tons at slightly less ?an #ab-;ft4 draught4 ,%e /eams at #ac4c knots ) ! eng9es indicat+ #iaj horse-p[]1 /eam be+ suppli$ f a l>ge s+le-end$ boil] ) ?ree furnaces4 ,z typical ( ! eng9es adopt$ 9 ! ya*ts built by ! ,scotts1 we give an illu/ration on ,plate ,,xxvi41 fac+ page #gb1 ( ! eng9es ( ! ,grianaig4 ,9 ! ?irty ye>s t h elaps$ s9ce ! fir/ ,greta 0 built1 ! ratio ( horse-p[] to tonnage has increas$ f #a to #a to #b to #a1 ! /eam pressure f #gd lb4 to #bjj lb42 & ! pi/on spe$ f ab\t #cjj ft4 to #fge ft4 p] m9ute4 ,! aim has be5 to ensure reliability by a /eady- & easy-runn+ eng9e4 ,an effective appe>ance has always be5 aim$ at1 & ! result has inv>iably be5 a highly-f9i% design4 ,ya*ts' eng9es are inv>iably balanc$1 :e!r s specifi$ or n1 z ! ga9 9 com=t to all on bo>d1 ow+ to ! abs5ce ( vibration1 is s m>k$ z to m ?an comp5sate = ! extra co/ involv$4 ,=c$ lubrication has also be5 appli$1 al?\gh ! eng9es may be ( ! ord9>y op5 type3 ! ma9 be>+s1 crank-p9s1 cross-heads1 ecc5trics1 valve ge>1 pump ge>1 etc41 are all includ$ 9 ! sy/em1 :i* has giv5 e satisfaction4 ,! ,grianaig's eng9es develop$ on trial #gdj indicat$ horse-p[] at #adh revolutions p] m9ute1 ) a boil] pressure ( #aij lb4 p] squ>e foot1 & a cond5s] vacuum ( #bf4e 94 ,"s ( ! details1 be+ typical ( ! practice ( ! firm 9 respect ( ya*t ma*9]y1 are quot$ f ! specification on ! next page4 ,! arrangem5t ( cyl9d]s is z foll[s3 ,h4,p4 #ad 94 9 diamet]1 ,i4,p4 #bb 94 9 diamet]1 ,l4,p4 #ce 94 9 diamet]1 ,/roke #bd 94 ,! pi/on & connect+-rods are ( /eel2 ! guide-%oes = ! cros%eads are ( ca/ iron1 ! ahead face hav+ :ite metal1 & ! a/]n face be+ left pla94 ,! back columns are ( ! usual ca/-iron box type1 ! front columns1 be+ /eel1 are turn$4 ,! high-pressure cyl9d] has a pi/on valve1 & ! int]m$iate- & l[-pressure cyl9d]s flat slide-valves4 ,none ( ! cyl9d]s is provid$ ) l9]s4 ,a s+le-/roke rev]s+ eng9e is situat$ at ! back ( ! ma9 eng9e1 b is op]at$ f ! />t+ plat=m4 ,! cond5s] is ( ! surface type ) a circul> ca/-iron %ell2 ! total cool+ surface is #acjj squ>e feet4 ,/eam is suppli$ to ! ma9 eng9e by "o s+le-end$ cyl9drical boil] #ac ft4 #i 94 9 diamet] by #aj ft4 long1 work+ at a pressure ( #aij lb4 p] squ>e in*4 ,!re are ?ree furnaces1 ! mean int]nal diamet] be+ #c ft4 #e-c_/d 94 & ! l5g? #f ft4 #aj 94 ,! grates are #f ft4 long1 giv+ an aggregate area ( #fa4e squ>e feet4 ,! boil] tubes are #c-a_/d 94 9 diamet] & #f ft4 #aj-c_/d 94 long1 ! total heat+ surface be+ #ahii squ>e feet4 ,illu/ration3 decoration ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,xxvi4 ,,eng9es ,,( ,,! ,,ya*t ,,grianaig4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,xxvii4 ,,d9+ ,,saloon ,,9 ,a ,,mail ,,/eam]4 7,see page #ha47 ,,draw+ ,,room ,,9 ,,! ,,/eam ,,ya*t ,,=os4 7,see page #ha47 ,illu/ration3 decoration ,! ,tw5tie? ,c5tury4 ,illu/ration3 decoration ,prophecy has its allurem5ts ev5 9 ! doma9 ( appli$ me*anics2 & hav+ review$ progress dur+ ! pa/ two c5turies 9 naval ar*itecture1 z embodi$ 9 sail+ %ips1 m]*ant /eam]s1 w>%ips1 & ya*ts1 !re is a temptation to speculate on ! prospects ( ! future4 ,! possibilities ( ! /eam turb9e1 = manufactur+ :i* ! ,scotts are lay+ d[n a special plant2 ! pot5tialities ( ! produc]-gas eng9e z appli$ to ! propulsion ( %ips2 & ev5 ! solution ( ! problems :i* /& 9 ! way ( ! application ( ! univ]sally-desir$ oil turb9e1 are all topics :i* w\ld prove int]e/+1 ev5 al?\gh no conclusion c\ld be arriv$ at4 ,x is en\gh1 h[ev]1 to say "h1 t ea* is hav+ c>eful consid]ation by ! firm4 ,! hi/orian is n1 h[ev]1 conc]n$ ) ! future1 & ! only ju/ification = ! title giv5 above is ! int5tion "h to briefly review ! /ate ( m>9e con/ruction1 z repres5t$ at ! beg9n+ ( ?is new c5tury by typical vessels built or be+ built by ! ,scotts4 ,x is difficult1 :]e s _m %ips ( di/9ctive design & equipm5t h be5 con/ruct$1 to select a few repres5tative types4 ,among/ ! c\ntries :i* h _h new %ips 9 rec5t ye>s are ,france1 ,russia1 ,italy1 ,d5m>k1 ,holl&1 ,portugal1 ,greece1 ,india1 ! ,/raits ,settlem5ts1 ,*9a1 ,au/ralia1 ,new ,zeal&1 ,brazil & o!r ,s\? ,am]ican ,republics1 & ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica4 ,?is li/ ( =eign clintele1 h[ev]1 is be+ dim9i%$1 ow+ to ! influ5ce ( subsidies paid by =eign ,gov]nm5ts to %ip[n]s or %ipbuild]s4 ,tak+ acc\nt only ( l>ge vessels built dur+ ! pa/ fifty ye>s1 !re are "o hundr$ & five ( ,scotts' /eam]s n[ trad+ 9 ,*9a seas1 tw5ty-six 9 ! ,indian ,ocean1 t5 on ! ,nor? ,atlantic1 n9e 9 ! ,s\? ,african seas1 ?irty 9 ,s\? ,am]ican wat]s1 eighte5 9 ! ,colonial s]vice1 & n9ety-sev5 on ! ,european coa/2 :ile 9 home wat]s !re are _m m4 ,"o ( ! gratify+ features 9 connection ) ! comm]cial relation%ip ( ! ,scotts1 too1 is ! cont9uance ( confid5ce ov] a long p]iod ( ye>s ( sev]al ( our l>ge /eam%ip companies4 ,?is is1 p]haps1 ! be/ indication ( ! satisfactory "* ( ! "w done4 ,! ,holt ,l9e h _h built = !m )9 =ty ye>s1 by ! ,scotts1 =ty-eight vessels ( #adh1cec tons4 ,! ,*9a ,navigation ,company h _h a great] numb] ( %ips1 namely1 sixty-f\r1 b z ! size is small] ! total tonnage is less1 namely1 #aae1fjj tons4 ,an important ,cont95tal firm has _h tw5ty-"o vessels2 :ile = a ,portuguese ,company five l>ge vessels 7 built1 & = ! ,fr5* ,trans-,atlantic ,company elev5 fa/ l9]s4 ,o!r cases might be m5tion$1 b ^! suffice4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,xxviii4 ,,! ,,donaldson ,,l9]1 ,,cass&ra4 ,z reg>ds fa/ /eam]s1 ! rec5t w>%ips built & describ$ 9 a previ\s *apt] may be accept$ z typical 9 s f> z ! problems ( m>9e eng9e]+ are conc]n$4 ,9 ea* ( ^! cases ! design ( ! ma*9]y has be5 prep>$ by ! firm1 & ! difficulties 7 m complicat$ ?an 9 ! case ( m]*ant "w4 ,moreov]1 x mu/ be rememb]$1 t ! m>itime pr$om9ance ( ,brita9 is due z mu* to t enorm\s fleet ( mod]ate-spe$ int]m$iate & c>go %ips1 :i* ma9ta9 exceptionally long voyages ) regul>ity & economy1 z to ! fa/ %ips engag$ on comp>atively %ort r\tes4 ,( ! n9e ?\s& odd ,briti% %ips includ$ 9 ,lloyds' ,regi/]1 less ?an #b-a_/b p] c5t4 h a spe$ ( ov] #af knots3 a fact :i* 9 itself proves t economy1 r ?an spe$1 is ! prim>y consid]ation4#fh ,! new ,donaldson l9]1 n[ be+ con/ruct$ by ! firm1 may be accept$ z repres5tative ( "o ( ! mo/ useful types ( /eam] 9 ! ,briti% fleet4 ,an illu/ration ( ?is vessel is giv5 on ,plate ,,xxviii41 fac+ page #gd4 ,:ile prim>ily int5d$ = ! ,atlantic pass5g] trade1 %e is ( su* mod]ate dim5sions z to suit almo/ any s]vice1 hav+ a l5g? ( #dee ft4 betwe5 p]p5dicul>s1 a bread? ( #ec ft41 & a dep?1 m\ld$1 ( #cb ft42 ! draught w n be m ?an #bf ft4 ) a displacem5t ( #ac1ejj tons4 ,:ile design$ to c>ry #hjjj tons ( deadweight c>go 9 ! f\r holds1 ! vessel has accommodation = a l>ge numb] ( pass5g]s1 :o are af=d$ m room ?an on ! l>g] & fa/] l9]s1 ) ! same luxury & com=t4 ,?is latt] fact acc\nts 9 l>ge measure = ! gr[+ pref]5ce ( a great proportion ( ! travell+ public = ! int]m$iate %ip4 ,! ma*9]y has be5 design$ ) ! view ( atta9+ ! highe/ economy4 ,= driv+ ! tw9 screws !re are two sep>ate ?ree-cyl9d] triple-expansion eng9es1 :i* are to indicate toge!r #eejj horse-p[] :5 runn+ at ! mod]ate pi/on spe$ ( #fhj ft4 p] m9ute4 ,! cyl9d]s are respectively #bf 941 #db 941 & #gj 94 9 diamet]1 ! /roke be+ #dh 94 ,!re is a v complete in/allation ( auxili>y ma*9]y4 ,9 all1 !re are fifty-sev5 /eam cyl9d]s 9 ! %ip1 ea* hav+ its special function4 ,/eam = all ( ^! is suppli$ at a pressure ( #ahj lb4 p] squ>e in*1 by two d\ble-end$ boil]s #bj ft4 long1 & two s+le-end$ boil]s #aa ft4 #f 94 long1 ! diamet] 9 all cases be+ #ae ft4 #i 94 ,! total heat+ surface is ab\t #ae1jjj squ>e feet1 & ! grate area #dce squ>e feet4 ,9 ! design & con/ruction ( ! eng9es & boil]s e consid]ation has be5 giv5 to /r5g? 9 ord] to ensure reliability4 ,9 deal+ ) ! developm5t ( ! /eam%ip we _h occasion to ref] to ! ,holt l9]s1 :i* inaugurat$ ! fir/ regul> /eam%ip s]vice to ! ,f> ,ea/1 vi ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope4 ,t 0 9 #ahfe1 & s9ce !n a long s]ies ( mo/ successful /eam%ips has be5 con/ruct$ by ! ,scotts = ! ,*9a trade ( ! ,ocean ,/eam%ip ,company4 ,z repres5tative ( ! mod]n %ip = ?is s]vice we take f\r vessels j complet$1 ?ree ( !m tak+ ! names ( ! pione] %ips ( ! l9e--! ,a*illes1 ,agamemnon1 & ,ajax1 :ile ! f\r? is nam$ ,deucalion2 "o ( ^! is illu/rat$ on ,plate ,,xxix41 fac+ ?is page4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,xxix4 ,,! ,,holt ,,l9] ,,a*illes1 ,,( #aijj4 ,?r\gh\t ! =ty ye>s t h elaps$ s9ce ! fir/ vessels 7 built1 ea* successive /eam] ( ! =ty-eight built by ! ,scotts has m>k$ an increase 9 size1 & an improvem5t 9 economy4 ,9 ! =m] respect ! advance is n p]haps s /rik+ z 9 "s o!r trades2 b x mu/ always be rememb]$ t a %ip :i* is to /eam = #ab1jjj or #ac1jjj miles )\t _m opportunities ( coal+ _c be ( high spe$2 o!rwise ! bunk] capacity w\ld be s great z to s]i\sly r$uce ! available c>go space2 :ile ! runn+ exp5ses w\ld be s heavy z to mat]ially decrease ! utility ( ! vessel z an aid to ! developm5t ( comm]ce4 ,!re is ev] ! happy mean1 :i* has "h be5 realis$ ) *>act]i/ic prud5ce & ent]prise4 ,! =ty ye>s' progress 9 ! case ( ! ,holt l9]s has br\ght ab\t an increase ( #ej p] c5t4 9 ! dim5sions ( ! %ip1 ! lat] ,scotts' vessels be+ #dda ft4 betwe5 p]p5dicul>s1 #eb ft4 #f 94 9 bread?1 & #ce ft4 9 dep? m\ld$1 ) a gross regi/] ( #gjdc tons4 ,9 respect ( deadweight capacity1 h[ev]1 !re has be5 consid]able developm5t1 due to ! adoption ( mild /eel hav+ p]mitt$ a r$uction 9 ! weight ( boil]s & eng9es1 & 9 ! scantl+s ( ! hull4 ,! new vessels1 ) a draught ( #bf ft4 #f 941 c>ry #hgej tons ( deadweight c>go--two & a-half times ! weight c>ri$ by ! e>lie/ ,holt l9]s4 ,9 =ty ye>s ! /eam pressure 9 ! ,holt l9]s has increas$ f #fj lb4 to #ahj lb42 & ! pi/on spe$ f #djj ft4 to #gbj ft4 p] m9ute4 ,! heat+ surface 9 ! boil]s has decreas$ f #f squ>e feet to #c squ>e feet p] unit ( p[]2 & ! cond5s] surface f #a4hc squ>e feet to #a4c squ>e feet p] unit ( p[]4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ea* squ>e foot ( grate gives n[ #ad horse-p[]1 z comp>$ ) #f4f horse-p[] =m]ly4 ,z a result ( increas$ /eam pressures & great] effici5cy ( propulsion1 x may be tak5 t1 not)/&+ ! increase 9 dim5sions & capacity ( ! %ip1 & ! consequ5t advance 9 eng9e p[]1 ! coal requir$ = a voyage half way r\nd ! _w has be5 r$uc$ to "o half t ( #ahfe4 ,ano!r notable feature 9 ! economy ( ! %ip is t tw5ty-five d]ricks h be5 fitt$ = deal+ rapidly ) ! c>go1 & "o ( ^! has a lift+ capacity ( #ce tons1 to take su* heavy units ( c>go z locomotive boil]s & t5d]s4 ,9 addition1 !re are eighte5 /eam w9*es4 ,! r$uction 9 ! "t sp5t 9 port1 because ( ! facilities ?us provid$1 is ano!r elem5t 9 ! economy ( ! mod]n %ip4 ,! l>ge/ oil /eam] yet con/ruct$1 ! ,n>ragansett1 0 complet$ by ! ,scotts 9 #aijc4 ,?is vessel1 built = ! ,anglo-,am]ican ,oil ,company1 c>ries 9 h] sixte5 sep>ate comp>tm5ts1 #aj1ejj tons ( oil1 at a spe$ ( #aa knots1 = a fuel consumption ( #d4i lb4 ( coal p] #ajj tons ( c>go p] mile4 ,?is result is d$uc$ f /eam+1 9 ord9>y s]vice1 ov] ne>ly #bd1jjj miles1 & is consequ5tly z reliable z x is int]e/+4 ,! ,n>ragansett1 :i* is illu/rat$ on ,plate ,,xxx41 fac+ ?is page1 has a l5g? betwe5 p]p5dicul>s ( #eab ft4 & ov]all ( #eca ft42 ! beam is #fc ft4 #c 941 & ! dep?1 m\ld$1 #db ft4 ,! deadweight c>ry+ capacity on a draught ( #bg ft4 is #ab1jjj tons4 ,! eng9es are ( ! triple-expansion type4 ,int]e/ 9 ! ma*9]y is associat$ pr9cipally ) t fitt$ = ! pump+ ( ! oil c>go4 ,!re are two pump-rooms1 "o locat$ conv5i5tly = ! oil 9 ! eight comp>tm5ts =w>d ( ! ma*9]y space2 ! o!r 9 a correspond+ situation = ! same numb] ( tanks abaft ! propell+ eng9es4 ,! #aj1ejj tons ( c>go c be load$ or dis*>g$ 9 less ?an twelve h\rs4 ,:ile prim>ily = ! ,atlantic trade1 ! vessel 0 design$ to und]take1 if requir$1 ! mu* long] voyage ( ! ,ea/]n s]vice4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,xxx4 ,,! ,,l>ge/ ,,oil-,,c>ry+ ,,/eam] ,,afloat1 ,,! ,,n>ragansett4 ,because ( ! uni=mly good results ) ord9>y coal1 we give ! details z receiv$ f ! sup]9t5d+ eng9e] ( ! own]s3-- ,,table ,,vii4--,,records ,,( ,,coal ,,consumption ,,( ,,/eam%ip ,,n>ragansett4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,voyage ,no4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,coal1 ,indicat$ ,horse-,p[] p] ,h\r4 ---------------------------------------- ------------- ,total ,coal on ,voyage4 ---------------------------------------- ------ ,coal = ,boil]s only4 --------------------------------------- ,sea ,miles on ,voyage4 ------------------------------ ,c>go ,c>ri$4 --------------------- ,av]age ,spe$4 ------------- ,horse-,p[] ,on ,voyage4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- lb4 tons tons miles tons knots ,i4,h4,p4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- #ae #a4fj #iah #hbb #c1ddg #aj1bih #aj4he #c1gac #a4eh #c1ijj #af #a4ei #ibc #hcd #c1djc #aj1bhi #aj4hj #c1iea #a4fd #c1gge #a4fc #c1ffh #ag #a4ej #ibd #hcf #c1dfi #aj1dii #aj4dj #c1idi #a4ec #c1gif #ah #a4ej #hdg #gge #c1dda #aj1efc #aa4aj #c1icg #a4ej #c1gbj #ai #a4dd #hcg #gfj #c1dbc #aj1egj #aj4he #c1iji #a4dc #c1hac #bj #a4ej #ghj #gjg #c1cab #aj1fda #aa4ej #d1ajg #a4cb #c1hag #ba #a4ef #hdf #gff #c1ccj #aj1fea #aj4fj #c1iji #a4dd #c1hgj #a4df #c1gdf ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,totals #fjge #eejj #bc1hbe #gc1eaa ,av]ages #a4ea #hfh #ghf #c1djd #aj1eja #aj4hg #c1hdh ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,! ,*9a ,navigation ,company ( ,london1 = :om ! ,scotts began build+ 9 #ahge1 h _h 9 ! ?irty ye>s sixty-f\r vessels1 :i* h be5 an important factor n only 9 ! developm5t ( trade 9 ,*9a1 b also 9 ! advancem5t ( ,briti% int]e/s 9 ! ,f> ,ea/4 ,9 an e>li] ,*apt] we ref]r$ to ! ext5t ( ! s]vice conduct$ by ^! vessels1 & also to ! ,company's cont9u\s progressive _s1 :i*1 = in/ance1 induc$ !m1 on ! sugge/ion ( ! ,scotts1 to adopt tw9-screws4 ,! laun* ( "o ( ^! %ips is illu/rat$ on ,plate ,,xxxi41 fac+ ?is page1 :ile ! next ,plate1 ,,xxxii41 illu/rates ! ,f5gti51 :i* 0 built 9 #aije 9 an exceptionally %ort p]iod ( "t4 ,! contract 0 made 9 ! clos+ week ( #aijd1 ! fir/ keel-plate 0 laid on ! #ae? ,janu>y1 #aije1 ! vessel 0 laun*$ on ! #bj? ,april1 & arriv$ 9 ,%anghai on ! #ad? ,july--less ?an tw5ty-six weeks f ! date :5 ! build+ 0 comm5c$4 ,?is p]=mance indicates n only ! satisfactory "* ( ! organisation1 b also ( ! equipm5t ( ! %ipy>d & m>9e eng9e]+ works4 ,! ,f5gti5 has a l5g? betwe5 p]p5dicul>s ( #bfg ft41 a beam ( #dj ft41 & a dep?1 m\ld$1 ( #ah ft41 ) a deck-h\se hav+ accommodation = ?irty-?ree ,european fir/-class pass5g]s2 :ile on ! top ( ?is h\se !re is1 z %[n 9 ! engrav+1 a prom5ade = pass5g]s4 ,! accommodation provid$ = fir/-class pass5g]s is exceptionally satisfactory1 bo? 9 respect ( /ate-rooms & ( public saloons4 ,fifty-six fir/-class ,*9ese pass5g]s are also c>ri$1 z well z sev5ty /e]age native pass5g]s4 ,9 addition to ?is consid]able s\rce ( rev5ue1 ! %ip c>ries #agbj tons ( deadweight c>go on a draught ( #ad ft4 ,! ,f5gti5 on h] trial1 :5 develop+ #badf horse-p[]1 atta9$ a spe$ ( #ac-a_/d knots1 :i* 0 consid]$ highly satisfactory1 9 view ( ! unusual dim5sions4 ,! eng9es are ( ! triple-expansion1 ?ree-cyl9d] type1 fitt$ ) e accessory :i* exp]i5ce has %[n to ensure regul>ity ( work+1 ) ! m9imum ( exp5se 9 respect ( upkeep & work+ co/4 ,/eam at #aij-lb4 pressure is suppli$ by two boil]s1 #ae ft4 9 diamet] & #aa ft4 #f 94 long1 hav+ #eahd squ>e feet ( heat+ surface1 & #aba squ>e feet ( grate area4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,xxxi4 ,,! ,,laun* ,,( ,a ,,*9a ,,/eam]4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,xxxii4 ,,! ,,*9a ,,navigation ,,company',s ,t4-,,ss4 ,,f5gti54 ,we h ref]r$ g5]ally to ! pass5g] accommodation 9 ! %ips built by ! firm1 & x may be int]e/+ to ref] "h to ! "* ( ! "w done & illu/rat$ on ,plate ,,xxvii41 fac+ page #gc4 ,! fir/ view %[s ! d9+-room ( "o ( f\r ,portuguese /eam]s4 ,?is room is design$ 9 ! ,jacobean /yle4 ,! walls are fram$ & panell$ 9 solid walnut1 & all ! m\ld+s1 cornices1 ar*itraves1 pila/]s1 columns1 p$im5ts1 & also ! furniture1 are beautifully c>v$4 ,! floor is laid 9 mosaic tiles1 9 geometrical patt]ns1 ) ,brussels c>pet runn]s 9 ! passage-ways4 ,! ceil+ is ( yell[ p9e1 m\ld$1 ribb$1 & brok5 up ) c>v$ panels1 pa9t$ a flat :ite & reliev$ ) gold4 ,! dome skylight is 9 teak1 ) ri*ly-c>v$ beams & m\ld+s2 & glaz$ ) emboss$ plate glass1 :ile ! side w9d[s are fitt$ ) jal\sie bl9ds1 /\t d\ble-l9e teak %utt]s1 & glass bull's-eyes 9 brass frames4 ,! uphol/]y is 9 crimson ,utre*t velvet1 & seat+ accommodation is provid$ = sixty-eight saloon pass5g]s4 ,! o!r view on ,plate ,,xxvii4 illu/rates ! draw+-room ( ! /eam ya*t ,=os1 built = ,m4 ,k\s5z(f1 ( ,mosc[4 ,x is 9 ! ,elizabe?an /yle4 ,! walls are fram$ 9 solid ,ea/ ,indian sat9wood1 highly f9i%$ & ,fr5* poli%$1 ) figur$ silk tape/ry panels ( a %ade t h>monises & bl5ds ) ! wood-"w4 ,neat & delicate c>v+ 9 l[ relief is introduc$ :]e mo/ effective4 ,! ceil+1 ( yell[ p9e1 has squ>e panels ( ,tyneca/le tape/ry1 reliev$ ) ri* c>v+ 9 cornices & beams4 ,! room is light$ & v5tilat$ by eight l>ge r\nd lights 9 ! %ip's side1 ea* enclos$ 9 a recess ) a slid+ scre5 ( beautifully-/a9$ & lead$ glass4 ,! l>ge circul> skylight 9 ! c5tre ( ! room1 f9i%$ to suit ! ceil+1 has l>ge op5+ sa%es1 glaz$ ) /a9$ glass4 ,! floor is laid ) oak p>quetry1 ) a ,p>isian mat 9 ! c5tre4 ,! room is heat$ by a sl[-combu/ion grate ) ri* brass m\nts1 til$ he>?1 fire-brasses & f5d]4 ,! mantelpiece & ov]mantel1 9 sat9wood1 is a beautiful piece ( "w--c>v$ & reliev$ ) colonnades & pila/]s4 ,?is room is fitt$ ) a complete in/allation ( electric bells & lights1 ) two graceful electric c&elabra1 "o on ea* side ( ! fireplace4 ,! /a9$ glaz+ is illum9$ at nights by electric lights on ! outside4 ,! draw+-room is completely & arti/ically furni%$ ) high mirrors1 fitm5ts1 writ+-tables1 c>d & occasional tables1 & ) a v>iety ( beautifully uphol/]$ *airs & s(as4 ,all ! metal-"w is ( ormolu4 ,! ,briti% ,india ,/eam ,navigation ,company is ano!r ( ! old cli5ts ( ! ,scotts4 ,?is ,company1 orig9ally =m$ 9 #ahef1 "u ! title ( ! ,calcutta & ,burmah ,/eam ,navigation ,company1 :i* 0 *ang$ 9 #ahfb to ! title n[ kn[n 9 all m>itime c\ntries1 _h its fir/ /eam%ip built by ! ,scotts1 & x is !re=e int]e/+ to illu/rate ! "o rec5tly built at ! same ,works--! ,bh>ata4 ,?is vessel is ( ! int]m$iate type1 c>ry+ a l>ge numb] ( ,briti% & native pass5g]s1 & ne>ly #djjj tons ( c>go4 ,! l5g? betwe5 p]p5dicul>s is #cgc ft41 ! beam #de ft41 & ! dep?1 m\ld$1 #bi ft4 #f 94 ,! c>go c>ri$ on a draught ( #bd ft4 is #cidj tons1 & ?is is h&l$ by eight hydraulic cranes1 "s ( !m ( high p[]4 ,! pass5g] accommodation1 9 ! c5tre "p ( ! %ip1 includes /ate rooms & saloons = =ty-two fir/-class & ?irty-six second-class ,european travell]s1 :ile 9 ! 'twe5 decks a l>ge numb] ( native pass5g]s are accommodat$4 ,! ma*9]y ( ! ,bh>ata gives a spe$ ( #af knots1 :5 ! displacem5t is #eefj tons4 ,! eng9es are ( ! triple-expansion type1 & develop #fjjj indicat$ horse-p[]4 ,five s+le-end$ boil]s supply /eam at #ahj lb4 pressure4 ,?is vessel 9 s]vice c>ries h] c>go ( ab\t #djjj tons & h] pass5g]s at a spe$ ( #af knots1 = a consumption ( ord9>y coal ( ab\t #ej tons p] day4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,xxxiii4 ,,! ,,briti% ,,india ,,company',s ,,/eam%ip ,,bh>ata4 ,9 our hi/orical ,*apt]s x has be5 cle>ly %[n t ! ,scotts took a prom95t "p 9 ! evolution ( ,*annel /eam]s1 & ref]5ce may be made to ! late/ vessels ( ?is class n[ be+ built at ! ,company's works--two /eam]s = ! old & successful firm ( ,g4 & ,j4 ,burns1 ,limit$4 ,^! vessels1 ! dim5sions ( :i* are3--,l5g? #bcc ft41 bread? #cc ft41 dep? #bd ft41 are to h a spe$ ( #ac knots4 ,!y are to be employ$ on ! s]vice betwe5 ,glasg[ & ,man*e/]1 & are fitt$ = /e]age pass5g]s1 & also = convey+ cattle1 horses & %eep4 ,! ma*9]y consi/s ( ?ree-cyl9d] triple-expansion eng9es ( #agej indicat$ horse-p[]1 hav+ cyl9d]s #bc 941 #cf 941 & #eh 94 9 diamet] respectively1 ) a /roke ( #db 94 ,! boil]s1 ( :i* !re are two 9 ea* %ip1 are #ad ft4 9 diamet] & #ab ft4 #f 94 9 l5g?1 ) a heat+ surface ( #djjj squ>e feet1 & a grate area ( #abj squ>e feet4 ,!y "w "u natural draught at a pressure ( #age lb4 p] squ>e in*4 ,we might cont9ue almo/ indef9itely describ+ diff]5t types ( %ips1 b w cont5t ourselves ) a ref]5ce to ! fleet ( ,?ames pass5g] /eam]s built 9 #aije = ! ,london ,c\nty ,c\ncil4 ,( ! ?irty vessels con/ruct$ = ! ,c\ncil1 tw5ty _h _! boil]s & eng9es f ! ,scotts' ,works4 ,t5 ( ! /eam]s1 9 :i* ?is ma*9]y 0 fitt$1 7 built on ! ,clyde by ,messrs4 ,napi] & ,mill]2 six at ,s\?ampton1 by ,messrs4 ,john ,i4 ,?ornycr(t & ,company2 & f\r at ,gre5wi*1 by ,messrs4 ,g4 ,r5nie & ,company4 ,^! vessels are #acj ft4 long1 & ( v light draught--#b ft4 #aj 94 :5 load$4 ,an idea ( _! proportions is giv5 by ! engrav+ on ,plate ,,xxxiv41 fac+ ?is page1 %[+ "o ( ! ,clyde-built vessels ready to /eam f ,gre5ock to ,london4 ,! eng9es = all ( ^! vessels are ( ! comp\nd1 diagonal1 surface-cond5s+ type1 ! two cyl9d]s be+ #af 94 & #ca 94 9 diamet]1 ) a /roke ( #c ft4 ,"o set ( eng9es is illu/rat$ on ,plate ,,xxxv41 adjo9+ page #he4 ,!y h =g$ /eel guide columns1 to b9d ! cyl9d]s to ! ?ree entablature frames4 ,! crank-%aft is a solid /eel =g+1 #f-e_/h 94 9 diamet]1 c\pl$ to ! /eel paddle-%afts by flexible c\pl+s4 ,! surface-cond5s]1 cyl9drical 9 =m & con/ruct$ ( light brass %eets1 is plac$ bel[ ! guide b>s close to ! cyl9d]s4 ,! wat]-ends are ( ca/ brass1 arrang$ = d\ble circulation ( ! wat]4 ,! air-pump1 ( ! trunk type1 is driv5 by bell-crank lev]s (f ! l[-pressure connect+-rod4 ,two indep5d5t fe$-pumps are driv5 (f ! same cros%ead4 ,! auxili>y ma*9]y includes a circulat+ pump ) auxili>y air-pump atta*$1 a direct-act+ fe$ & bilge pump1 a fan & eng9e = ! =c$ draught1 & an electric eng9e & dynamo4 ,ea* /eam] has "o cyl9drical /eam boil]1 #i ft4 9 diamet] by #i ft4 #c 94 long4 ,! work+ /eam pressure is #aaj lb4 ,! boil]s are also illu/rat$ on ,plate ,,xxxv4 ,! tw5ty sets ( eng9es & boil]s 7 complet$ 9 a rem>kably %ort space ( "t4 ,^! /eam]s 7 design$ = a s]vice spe$ ( #ab /atute miles p] h\r1 & a trial spe$ ( #ac miles p] h\r1 or #aa4bhe knots4 ,! be/ trial p]=mances 7 atta9$ by ! ,fitz,ailwin & ! ,turn]1 bo? built on ! ,clyde2 !y atta9$ a spe$ ( #ad4a miles p] h\r1 or #ab-a_/d knots1 ) ! eng9es mak+ #fi4h revolutions p] m9ute1 & indicat+ #cfj horse-p[]4 ,?is is ne>ly #a sea mile p] h\r m ?an 0 requir$ by ! contract4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,xxxiv4 ,,"o ,,( ,,tw5ty ,,?ames ,,/eam]s ,,eng9$ ,,by ,,! ,,scotts4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,xxxv4 ,,eng9es ,,( ,,london ,,c\nty ,,c\ncil ,,/eam]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,boil]s ,,= ,,london ,,c\nty ,,c\ncil ,,/eam]s4 ,we illu/rate on ,plate ,,xxxvi41 fac+ page #hf1 a typical set ( triple-expansion eng9es4 ,! practice 9 respect ( ! design ( eng9es & boil]s is necess>ily v v>i$4 ,f ! designs = a small /eam laun* to ^? = a fir/-class cruis] or battle%ip !re is a wide range1 & all classes ( "w1 ) n a few ( special int]e/1 come betwe5 ^? extremes4 ,9 connection ) ! ?ree-crank triple-expansion eng9e1 n[ g5]ally adopt$ = m]*ant "w1 an arrangem5t well fav\r$ = sizes up to ab\t #ajjj indicat$ horse-p[] is t 9 :i* ! high-pressure cyl9d] is 9 ! c5tre ) a pi/on valve1 ! int]m$iate-pressure cyl9d] be+ =w>d1 & ! l[-pressure cyl9d] aft1 ea* ) a slide valve at ! extreme ends4 ,?is has be5 f\nd to give a h&y arrangem5t ( ge>1 & to be easily accessible4 ,) tw9-screw eng9es ( ?is p[] x is cu/om>y1 & has be5 f\nd v conv5i5t1 to lead all ! h&-ge> = bo? eng9es to a p$e/al plac$ midway betwe5 ! eng9es & ahead ( ! =w>d cyl9d]s4 ,a description ( ! types ( eng9es built by ! ,scotts = ! ,*9a ,navigation ,company dur+ ! pa/ ?irty ye>s w\ld be practically a hi/ory ( ! progress ( m>9e eng9e]+ dur+ t p]iod4 ,! cu/om>y sequ5ce ( cyl9d]s has 9 ! ma9 be5 adh]$ to 9 ! design ( ^! eng9es--viz41 high-pressure cyl9d] =w>d & l[-pressure cyl9d] aft 9 ! case ( comp\nd eng9es3 ! int]m$iate-pressure cyl9d]1 9 ! case ( triple-expansion ma*9]y1 is plac$ betwe5 ! high- & l[-pressure cyl9d]s4 ,inde$1 ?is latt] is ! arrangem5t inv>iably adopt$ by ! firm 9 ! design ( all l>ge-size ord9>y c>go /eam] eng9es4 ,! valve ge> is =w>d ( its cyl9d] 9 ea* case4 ,?is has also be5 ! design adopt$ 9 ! case ( rec5t high-class pass5g] & mail /eam]s ) ?ree cyl9d]s1 & 9 ! case also ( /eam]s = special trades4 ,tw9-screw eng9es pres5t little deviation f ! above1 & su* z !re is ma9ly affects pipe connections4 ,all eng9es ( :atev] type up to ab\t #ajjj indicat$ horse-p[] are usually arrang$ ) =g$ columns 9 front4 ,! cond5s] is ord9>ily design$ to =m "p ( ! eng9e /ructure1 hav+ ! columns ca/ on1 & support+ ! cyl9d]s2 b n infrequ5tly x is entirely sep>ate f ! ma9 eng9es1 & is c>ri$ ei!r on ! back ( ! columns1 or fitt$ 9 ! w+ ( ! %ip4 ,( eng9es = ! ,navy no?+ ne$ be said beyond /at+ t !y =m q a class by !mselves1 & all pres5t ! special features ( design s *>act]i/ic ( ,admiralty "w ref]r$ to 9 an e>li] ,*apt]4 ,! late/ types ( l>ge-size eng9es = ! ,admiralty are be+ fitt$ ) a sy/em ( =c$ lubrication to ma9 be>+s & crank-p9s4 ,! ,scotts' practice ) respect to paddle eng9es has be5 no less v>i$ ?an t 9 ! case ( screw ma*9]y1 rang+ z x does f ! pond]\s side-lev] eng9e ( pa/ ye>s to ! /]n-:eel eng9e ( ! %all[-draught /eam]s ( ! pres5t day4 ,oscillat+ & diagonal eng9es1 bo? comp\nd & triple-expansion1 are also )9 ! exp]i5ce ( ! ,company1 ! ?ree-/age expansion be+ ! type n[ usually adopt$4 ,) respect to auxili>y ma*9]y1 ! ,scotts inv>iably fit a sep>ate c5trifugal pump = circulat+ ! wat] ?r\gh ! cond5s] = all classes ( eng9es1 except+ only ^? = ! ord9>y tramp /eam]4 ,! air1 bilge1 & sanit>y pumps are usually work$ f ! ma9 eng9e by lev]s4 ,! fe$ pumps are g5]ally indep5d5t4 ,frequ5tly1 especially 9 ya*ts1 all ! pumps are entirely indep5d5t ( ! ma9 eng9es4 ,! ,scotts 9 "s cases make all auxili>y ma*9]y = _! own eng9es3 su* z c5trifugal pumps1 fans1 fe$-heat]s1 auxili>y cond5s]s1 duplex fe$ & balla/ pumps1 etc4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,xxxvi4 ,,typical ,,propell+ ,,eng9es4 ,_m v>ieties & types ( boil]s h be5 made4 ,! old practice ( hav+ two or ?ree r+s 9 ! l5g? ( ! %ell 9 ord9>y cyl9drical boil]s has long s9ce giv5 place to "o plate 9 ! l5g?4 ,! boil] ends are seldom made 9 m ?an two plates2 up to diamet]s ( #aa ft4 only "o plate is us$4 ,! numb] ( rivet$ seams is !reby r$uc$ to a m9imum1 & ! liability ( ! boil] to leak is m9imis$4 ,! ,scotts also h a sy/em ( =c$ draught = supply+ ei!r cold or heat$ air to ! furnaces1 :i* is fitt$ l>gely to _! %ips1 & gives e satisfaction4 ,l>ge in/allations ( ,belleville & ,y>r[ wat]-tube boil]s = work+ "u =c$ draught h also be5 made & fitt$ 9 ,h4,m4 %ips1 b !y ne$ no description "h4 ,a l>ge in/allation = burn+ oil fuel has rec5tly be5 complet$ & appli$ by ! firm to ! ,babcock & ,wilcox wat]-tube1 & ! cyl9drical1 boil]s ( ,h4,m4,s4 ,argyll4 ,,footnotes3 #fh ,f ,lloyds' ,regi/] we classify1 accord+ to spe$1 ! numb]s ( ,briti% & ,=eign1 & ( ,ov]sea & ,*annel1 ,/eam]s1 ( ov] #af knots4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,spe$4 ,briti%4 ,=eign4 ,ov]sea4 ,*annel4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,ov] #bj knots #db #bf #ag #ea #ai to #bj knots #bc #aa #g #bg #ah #ai #ch #ad #ae #cg #ag #ah #ec #di #fg #ce #af #ag #gj #ef #gg #di ---------------------------------------- #bbf #aef #ahc #aii ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,illu/ration3 decoration ,effici5cy3 ,design3 ,adm9i/ration4 ,illu/ration3 decoration ,hav+ review$ ! hi/ory ( ! firm1 & dealt briefly ) ! results obta9$ by "s ( ! mod]n /eam]s con/ruct$ by !m1 we propose n[ to describe ! ,works 9 ord] to indicate ! measures adopt$ to secure effici5cy 9 design & con/ruction ( all types ( %ips & ma*9]y4 ,organisation & adm9i/ration are z important factors t[>ds ?is end z ! me*anical me?ods & appliances adopt$1 & x may be well1 !re=e1 to deal fir/ ) ^!4 ,! firm h be5 responsible = ! design ( almo/ e m]*ant %ip con/ruct$ by !m4 ,success has be5 r5d]$ m c]ta9 by ! possession ( c>efully-collat$ records1 ! product ( an organis$ sy/em ( work+ up all data1 ( tackl+ new problems1 ( mak+ calculations reg>d+ any sci5tific "q1 & ( /udy+ contemporane\s "w z describ$ 9 ! te*nical press & 9 pap]s read at te*nical in/itutions4 ,?is cont9u\s inve/igation produces a weal? ( sugge/ion1 :i* enables ! *iefs ( ! respective dep>tm5ts to det]m9e h[ f> practice may be improv$2 & ?us !re is /eady progress n only 9 design b 9 con/ructional me?ods4 ,a well-select$ te*nical libr>y1 f :i* ! /aff c borr[ books1 also contributes to ! same end4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,xxxvii4 ,,%ipbuild+4 7,see page #ajj47 ,admiralty & m]*ant "w is initiat$ 9 sep>ate draw+-(fices4 ,! ,pr9t$ ,in/ructions to ,draughtsm5 ?r[s light on ! g5]al pr9ciples :i* influ5ce design1 & "o or two quotations may be made3--,e ma*9e or /ructure is design$ ) a c]ta9 object 9 view2 !re=e1 9 design+1 keep t object always to ! front4 ,g /raight to ! po9t1 & let ! object be atta9$ 9 z simple a mann] z possible4 ,avoid all curves & indirect l9es1 except ^? conceiv$ to give uni=m /r5g? or /iffness1 or requir$ = "s def9ite purpose4 ,!re %\ld be a reason = ! cont\r & %ape ( e detail4 ,x %\ld be rememb]$ t designs made 9 ?is way1 requir+ lea/ mat]ial = ! "w to be done1 usually look be/4 ,besides keep+ ! object cle>ly to ! front1 x is necess>y 9 design+ to rememb] t c]ta9 facilities mu/ be att5d$ to = m\ld+1 ma*9+1 & erect+4 ,x is also necess>y to keep 9 view ! circum/ances 9 :i* ! /ructure or ma*9e is to be us$4 ,e little detail %\ld be def9itely att5d$ to on ! draw+s1 & n left to ! judgm5t ( ! m5 9 ! %ops2 rememb] t x is usually ! unexpect$ :i* happ5s1 & t ev5 ! want ( a split p9 may cause a breakd[n4 ,9 mak+ draw+s or sket*es = ord]+ mat]ial or = ! %ops1 assume t ^? :o h to int]pret ! in/ructions h no k (1 or in=mation conc]n+1 ! "w 9 "q1 except :at is conta9$ 9 ! draw+ or ord] y are mak+ out4 ,?is w ensure t all in=mation issu+ f ! draw+-(fice is complete1 & t no "w is done 9 ! %ops )\t draw+-(fice in/ructions4 ,! draughtsman1 9 design+ "w1 mu/ s arrange details z to fully utilise1 z f> z is compatible ) progress1 ! special ma*9e tools available1 ! sy/em ( gauges1 templates1 & jigs ext5sively appli$ 9 ! %ops1 & exi/+ patt]ns4 ,bonuses are paid = improvem5ts 9 design :]eby economy may be effect$ 9 ma*9e op]ations1 etc4 ,!re is a l>ge e/imat+ dep>tm5t1 :]e records ( co/s1 rates1 wages1 etc41 are ( ! mo/ complete description4 ,! c>d sy/em adopt$ is admirably suit$ = enabl+ ref]5ces to be made at any "t z to ! co/ ( units 9 any contract4 ,"h also x is possible1 by ! simple process ( comp>ison1 to effectually *eck ! economy ( design & manufacture1 )\t :i* a high premium is plac$ aga9/ effici5cy4 ,! /aff 9 ^! dep>tm5ts is l>gely recruit$ f ! %ops1 & ?us !re is an inc5tive to ! will+ appr5tice to excel4 ,! great majority ( ! vacancies 9 ! te*nical /aff are fill$ by appr5tices :o h sp5t ?ree & a-half ye>s 9 ! %ops1 & :o are *os5 z a result ( exam9ation & ( a satisfactory record 9 ! %ops4 ,f9ancial facilities are af=d$ to boys & to progressive workm5 to att5d special classes1 n only 9 ,gre5ock b 9 ,glasg[4 ,competitions are in/itut$ at int]vals to enc\rage exp]tness 9 "s bran* ( "w--= in/ance1 9 ! use ( ! slide-rule1 etc4 ,?us 9 _m ways ! gr[? ( an active esprit de corps is enc\rag$1 ap>t altoge!r f ! influ5ce :i* ! hi/orical & pres5t-day success ( ! firm eng5d]s4 ,! same broad policy is pursu$ 9 ! %ops4 ,paym5t by m]it to ! tradesman is adopt$ z f> z possible4 ,9 ! eng9e works ! bonus sy/em--fir/ adopt$ 9 #aijb--;is ext5sively appli$4 ,! arrangem5t is satisfactory f ! po9t ( view ( tradesman1 employ]1 & cli5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,xxxviii4 ,,! ,,laun* ,,( ,h4,m4,s4 ,,argyll4 7,see page #aja47 ,long exp]i5ce has enabl$ ! firm to set equitable /&>d times = _m op]ations1 & !re 0 f ! beg9n+ ! gu>antee t ?is /&>d w\ld n be alt]$ unless entirely new ma*9es 7 introduc$ to greatly influ5ce ! rate ( production4 ,n[ if a workman requires ! full "t1 or m ?an ! "t set z a /&>d = a job1 he is /ill paid 8 full-"t wage z "u ! old conditions3 b %\ld he complete ! "w 9 less ?an ! /&>d "t1 8 rate ( wage p] h\r is increas$ 9 direct proportion to ! sav+ 9 "t2 ! %ort] ! "t tak51 ! great] ! rate ( bonus4 ,! bonuses e>n$ range z a rule f #bj to #cj p] c5t4 ov] ! "t-rate wage4 ,to quote actual cases1 a workman :o saves #bf h\rs on a job = :i* ! /&>d "t is #acd h\rs1 increases 8 wage = ! =tnight by #ads41 :ile ! money sav$ to ! employ] is only #bs4 #i;d4 ,he :o saves #cj p] c5t4 on ! "t adds #bas4 to 8 =tnight's wage4 ,su* r$uction 9 ! "t tak5 is n atta9$ at ! exp5se ( effici5cy2 ! premium job is c>efully inspect$1 & unless x is ( ! highe/ /&>d ! bonus is =feit$2 s t ! workman is cont9u\sly c>eful to avoid any risk :i* w result 9 ! loss ( ! rew>d = 8 extra "w4 ,! r$uction 9 "t tak5 is1 9 a l>ge measure1 due to ! ex]cise ( =esight & +5uity on ! "p ( ! workman4 ,he is ev] on ! al]t to ensure t he w n be kept wait+ = mat]ial to enable "w to progress4 ,! ma*9e-man makes c]ta9 t be=e "o unit is out ( 8 ma*9e ! ca/+1 =g+1 or b> = ! next is alongside4 ,?is is fur!r facilitat$ by a man 9 ea* %op ^: only duty is to see t !re is a supply ( "w = e tool4 ,enc\ragem5t is always accord$ to ^? :o sugge/ modifications to increase ! output f any ma*9e4 ,aga91 9 ! erect+ ( eng9es1 consid]able economy has be5 atta9$1 ow+ to simil> =esight be+ ex]cis$ to ensure t ea* unit is ma*9$ be=e x is want$ by ! erector4 ,to ! employ] also !re is ga9 9 ! increas$ production1 f a giv5 numb] ( ma*9es & m51 = a con/ant e/abli%m5t exp5diture--r5t1 rates1 taxes1 etc4 ,:ile ! wage paid to ! m5 is increas$1 !re is a r$uction 9 ! co/ ( production1 :i* ( itself enc\rages capital exp5diture on improv$ me?ods & appliances4 ,concurr5tly ) ! adoption ( ! bonus sy/em !re has be5 a great increase 9 ! cutt+ spe$ ( tools1 :i* has also augm5t$ ! rate ( production4 ,?is spe$+-up is p>tly due to ! fitt+ ( new ma*9es1 to ! sub/itution ( =g$ /eel ma*9e-cut ge> = ca/ spur-:eels1 to ! /r5g!n+ ( la! head/ocks1 to wid] belts1 to ! application ( rev]sible motors to "s ma*9es1 & to quick] return spe$s4 ,"s indication may be giv5 ( ! increas$ economy result+ f ! bonus sy/em & f ! spe$+-up ( tools1 z comp>$ ) ! =m] sy/em1 ) sl[] spe$s & piece-"w rates4 ,a typical job1 :i* _h =m]ly occupi$ eighty h\rs1 01 aft] exp]i5ce1 giv5 a /&>d "t ( sixty h\rs4 ,:5 fir/ c>ri$ out "u ! bonus sy/em ! "t actually tak5 0 =ty-five h\rs1 ! lab\r co/ be+ r$uc$ f #b #acs4 #d;d4 at piece-"w rate to #a #ags4 #f;d4 "u ! bonus sy/em1 :ile ! wage ( ! work] 0 increas$ by #b;d4 p] h\r4 ,subsequ5tly1 a repeat ( ?is job 0 ma*9$ by ! same man1 :o1 hav+ confid5ce t ! "t all[$ w\ld n be r$uc$1 f9i%$ ! "w 9 ?irty-n9e h\rs1 sav+ tw5ty-"o h\rs on ! /&>d "t1 r$uc+ ! co/ to #a #aes4 #j;d41 & increas+ 8 rate ( pay by #b4h;d4 p] h\r4 ,o!r comp>isons might be giv5 to %[ ! advantage ov] ! piece-"w4 ,9 successive =tnights aft] ! introduction ( ! sy/em1 ! p]c5tage ( "t sav$ on ! "t tak5 on piece-"w 9 "o dep>tm5t /eadily advanc$ f #af p] c5t4 to #dg p] c5t41 & ultimately ! pay ( ! m5 p] h\r 0 increas$ #ge p] c5t41 :ile ! sav+ to ! employ] 0 #ej p] c5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,xxxix4 ,,eng9e ,,con/ruction4 7,see page #ajh47 ,! cli5t pr(its1 z ! contract price is r$uc$ )\t any dim9ution 9 ! satisfactory "* ( ! "w done2 inde$ x is probable t ?is is improv$ because ( ! special inspection to asc]ta9 if ! bonus has be5 consci5ti\sly e>n$4 ,a l[] contract price1 !re=e1 is possible2 & ?is places ! firm1 bo? directly & indirectly1 9 a bett] position 9 competition 9 %ipbuild+4 ,!re is m "w obta9able1 m con/ant employm5t = ! workm51 ) ! additional inducem5t ( high] wages to capable & dilig5t m54 ,illu/ration3 decoration ,illu/ration3 decoration ,! ,%ipbuild+ ,y>d4 ,illu/ration3 decoration ,cov]+ an area ( #dj acres1 ! ,works h t5 b]?s = ! con/ruction ( %ips ( all sizes1 ) dep>tm5ts = produc+ all ! accessories & ma*9]y--eng9e & boil] works1 /eam-turb9e factory1 f\ndries1 brass1 copp]1 & %eet-iron %ops1 saw-mill & ext5sive wood-work+ dep>tm5t--& ^! give employm5t to f\r ?\s& workm54 ,! equipm5t has be5 greatly ext5d$ & mod]nis$ dur+ ! pa/ few ye>s4 ,! build+ ( ! ,*9a ,/eam ,navigation ,company's /eam] ,f5gti5 9 n9ete5 weeks1 f ! lay+ ( ! keel to ! trials1 is "o ( sev]al in/ances ( rapid con/ruction :i* might be enum]at$4 ,! plans ( %ips prep>$ 9 ! design+ dep>tm5t & draw+ (fices1 to :i* ref]5ce has be5 made 9 ! previ\s ,*apt]1 are pass$ to ! m\ld+ l(t1 :]e ! "w ( con/ruction is comm5c$4 ,?is l(t is situat$ 9 a sub/antial f\r-/orey build+1 accommodat+ practically all ! wood-f9i%+ dep>tm5ts4 ,ea* floor has an area ( #ab1ejj squ>e feet2 ! gr\nd & fir/ floors are giv5 up to ! jo9]s & cab9et-mak]s1 ) _! num]\s ma*9e tools1 :ile ! top floor is at pres5t utilis$ = /or+ complet$ jo9] "w1 etc4 ,! m\ld+ l(t monopolises ! ?ird floor1 & z ! l5g? is #bdj ft4 & ! wid? #eb ft41 !re is ample space1 z is %[n on ! engrav+ 9 ,plate ,,xl41 fac+ page #id1 = lay+ d[n full size deck-plat+1 /r+]s1 m>g9 plates1 deck gird]s1 etc41 s t m\lds or templates may be prep>$ = ! iron work]s4 ,arm\r-plates = w>%ip belts1 b>bettes1 & casemates are simil>ly prep>$ 9 template1 to assi/ ! mak]s to =m !m to ! requir$ curvature & size4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,xl4 ,,! ,,m\ld+ ,,l(t4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,xli4 ,,beam ,,%e>+ ,,ma*9e4 ,,bevell+ ,,ma*9e4 ,,hydraulic ,,joggl+ ,,ma*9e4 ,! ironwork]s' dep>tm5t is ext5sive & important4 ,:5 ! mat]ial is deliv]$ into ! y>d1 x is dis*>g$ f ! railway wagons by a #e-ton electric ov]head travell+ high-spe$ crane1 :i* /acks ! plates & b>s 9 su* a way t any piece c be readily remov$ by ! same crane = conveyance to ! furnaces4 ,!re are six furnaces suitable = heat+ %ell plates ( ! l>ge/ size1 & angles & b>s = frames1 etc41 up to #fj ft4 9 l5g?4 ,adjac5t to ! furnaces are ! screeve bo>ds & ! frame-b5d+ blocks4 ,! *annel1 bulb angle1 or ,z b>s1 us$ s ext5sively n[ = fram+ 9 l>ge %ips1 are bevell$ z !y pass f ! furnace to ! b5d+ blocks4 ,?is is done 9 a special ma*9e made by ,messrs4 ,davis & ,primrose1 ,lei?1 & illu/rat$ on ,plate ,,xli41 adjo9+ ?is page4 ,! b>s1 z deliv]$ f ! roll+ mills1 h flanges at an angle ( #ij deg41 :i* is n suitable = tak+ ! sk9 plat+ ( %ips4 ,"o angle has !re=e to be alt]$1 s t :ile ! inn] flange may lie at "r angles to ! keel-plate1 t to ! outside w fit closely to ! %ell plat+ ?r\gh\t ! entire l5g? ( ! frame f keel to %e> /roke1 :i* may be #ej ft4 or #fj ft4 ,z ! b> passes ?r\gh ! ma*9e1 ! web is c>ri$ on an ord9>y flat roll]1 :ile bevell+ rolls1 set to ! desir$ angle1 "w on ea* side ( "o ( ! flanges to give x ! desir$ set4 ,!re are sev]al ( ^! ma*9es 9 use1 & !y run on rails laid across ! front ( ! furnace1 s t ! angles1 ,z sections1 or *annels may be bevell$ :ile pass+ out ( ! furnace on to ! b5d+ blocks4 ,! manipulation ( ! plates f ! furnace is by means ( /eam & electric w9*es4 ,=m]ly1 ! turn+ ( ! frames to ! requir$ curvature aga9/ ! p9s on ! b5d+ blocks 0 c>ri$ out by h&4 ,to suit ! heavi] scantl+s ( ! l>g] %ips ( ! pres5t day1 a portable hydraulic ma*9e is n[ utilis$4 ,x is fix$ at its base by p9s1 :i* fit into ! ord9>y holes 9 ! blocks1 & hydraulic pressure is suppli$ ?r\gh a flexible pipe to "w ! ram-head aga9/ ! angles1 =c+ !m to take ! desir$ =m4 ,! ma*9e is a great lab\r economis]1 z x ensures "w on ! heavie/ ( bulb angles be+ c>ri$ out 9 ! m9imum ( "t1 & !re=e at top heat4 ,! b>s are usually cut to l5g? by a guillot9e1 b x 0 consid]$ t ?is t5d$ to twi/ ! metal1 & p]haps unduly fatigue x2 & z a consequ5ce ! firm h fitt$ ,john's %e>+ & not*+ ma*9e1 z con/ruct$ by ,messrs4 ,h5ry ,pels & ,co41 ( ,b]l94 ,?is new ma*9e is illu/rat$ on ,plate ,,xli41 adjo9+ page #ie4 ,! tool is %[n 9 ! act ( cutt+ ?r\gh a *annel section4 ,! cutt+ tool is se5 imm$iately 9 front ( ! op]ator1 & is actuat$ by ge>+ accommodat$ )9 ! /&>ds ( ! ma*9e4 ,:5 ! cutt+ tool is br\ght d[n on ! angle or beam to be %e>$1 & ! %aft at ! re> />t$1 ! rotation ( an ecc5tric actuat$ by ! %aft causes ! po9t ( ! tool to slide idly a %ort di/ance to-&-fro on ! b>4 ,! h& lev] on ! "r h& side ( ! ma*9e is depress$1 =c+ ! tool d[nw>ds1 & ! cont9u$ rotation ( ! ecc5tric causes ! tool to pi]ce ?r\gh ! b> ) a d[nw>d & inw>d motion4 ,:]e !re is a deep web ) flanges1 ! beam is rev]s$ on ! anvil1 to enable ! o!r flange to be cut4 ,! cutt+ ( any b> 9 ?is ma*9e is a matt] ( only a few seconds4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,xlii4 ,,9 ,,"o ,,( ,,! ,,plat]s' ,,%$s4 ,( ! plat]s' %$1 :]e ! plates1 angles1 bulbs1 b>s1 etc41 are ma*9$1 two views are giv5 on ,plates ,,xlii4 & ,,xliii41 fac+ pages #if & #ih respectively4 ,x may be said g5]ally t ! ma*9es are design$ to deal ) plates up to #ej ft4 9 l5g?1 & ) angles up to #fj ft4 9 l5g?1 & ( correspond+ sections4 ,x foll[s t ! /raight5+ & b5d+ rolls1 edge-plan]s1 & pun*+ & %e>+ ma*9es1 are ( great p[]4 ,x is sc>cely necess>y to make detail$ ref]5ces to all ( ! tools = ^! & o!r purposes4 ,all ! tools are electrically driv54 ,! plate-flatt5+ rolls1 :i* h #ae & #bj horse-p[] rev]sible motors1 take plates #h ft4 wide1 & ! rolls are f #ba-a_/b 94 to #ai 94 9 diamet]4 ,! b5d+ rolls are driv5 by a #bj horse-p[] motor4 ,! plate-edge plan]s1 %[n to ! left 9 ! view1 ,plate ,,xlii41 fac+ page #if1 are op]at$ by #af horse-p[] motors1 & ! plate is held on ! table by means ( hydraulic rams z well z screw-jacks4 ,= drill+ & c\nt]s9k+ plates !re are sev]al mod]n tools1 ea* actuat$ by an indep5d5t electric motor4 ,"o ( ^! is a ?ree-/&>d drill1 to deal ) plates ( ! l>ge/ size4 ,! sp9dles h a rise & fall ( #aj 941 & are fitt$ ) self-act+1 z well z h&1 fe$1 & ) ! usual rack arrangem5t = ! trav]se ( ! head4 ,sev]al radial c\nt]s9k+ ma*9es1 ) #aa-;ft4 jibs & sp9dles #b-a_/b 94 9 diamet]1 are driv5 by #aj horse-p[] motors4 ,!re are _m heavy pun*+ & %e>+ ma*9es1 ne>ly all ( !m hav+ #db-;94 gaps1 s t !y c pun* holes at any "p ( ! wide/ plates4 ,z a rule1 !y are arrang$ to pun* #a-a_/b-;94 holes ?r\gh #a-a_/b-;94 plates at ! rate ( ?irty holes p] m9ute4 ,! %e>s are ( correspond+ p[]4 ,= deal+ ) angles & b>s !re are sev]al int]e/+ tools1 9 addition to %e>s & pun*es4 ,"s ( ! %e>s cut #h-;94 by #d-;94 angles1 & are driv5 by #aj horse-p[] motors4 ,!re are *annel-angle %e>+ ma*9es1 tak+ "w #af 94 by #f 941 & op]at$ by hydraulic pressure4 ,^! ma*9es are made ) revolv+ ge> to suit almo/ any angle ( flange4 ,!re is also an hydraulic /amp+ press = b5d+ angles & tees to =m knee-b>s & o!r /iff5+ pieces1 ! cyl9d]s be+ #ad 94 9 diamet]1 work+ at a pressure ( #hjj lb4 p] squ>e in*1 ) a /roke ( #ah 94 ,! ma*9e1 :i* has be5 con/ruct$ by ,sir ,william ,arrol & ,company1 ,limit$1 consi/s ( an hydraulic cyl9d] m\nt$ horizontally on a massive table4 ,on ! ram-head !re are =m] blocks1 :ile on ! table 9 front !re are correspond+ dies4 ,! b> is plac$ on ! table betwe5 ! blocks & dies1 & z ^! are =c$ toge!r by hydraulic pressure1 ! b> betwe5 !m is squeez$ into ! exact %ape requir$4 ,n only is ! op]ation exp$iti\sly execut$1 b !re is no unc]ta9ty4 ,! :ole ( ! metal )9 ! b> is reta9$ inside ! knee1 :i* becomes ?ick] & broad]1 mat]ially add+ to its /r5g?4 ,z ! m\lds or dies c be made to suit any =m1 ! ma*9e c be utilis$ 9 ! prep>ation ( v>i\s details ( /ructures1 provid$ !y are design$ ) a view to _! production by aid ( dies4 ,! great economy result+ f ! use ( special ma*9es is only realis$ :5 ! design+ /aff rememb] t !y mu/ be kept employ$4 ,a specially p[]ful tool is provid$ = b5d+ *annel irons & beams1 & = drill+ horizontal holes 9 !m4 ,hydraulic manhole-pun*+ & flang+ ma*9es are employ$1 ea* hav+ a ram ( #bg 94 9 diamet]1 & capable ( pun*+ a hole #db 94 by #af 94 ?r\gh a plate #c_/d 94 ?ick4 ,!re are provid$ dies = =m+ flanges #d ft4 #f 94 deep 9 ! wide/ ( plates4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,xliii4 ,,pun*+ ,,& ,,%e>+4 ,! mod]n practice ( joggl+ & ( sc>f+ ! laps & edges ( plates is appli$ 9 _m in/ances1 & special hydraulic tools are provid$ to c>ry out ?is "w4 ,! firm 7 also e>ly 9 adopt+ ! practice ( joggl+ frames1 deck beams1 etc4 ,! frames & beams are joggl$ :5 cold1 to suit ea* alt]nate inn] /rake ( plat+1 9 a special design ( hydraulic press1 ( :i* !re are sev]al 9 ! works4 ,?is tool1 illu/rat$ on ,plate ,,xli41 adjo9+ page #ie1 c>ries dies on ! ram-head & on ! anvil1 to =m betwe5 !m ! obv]se & rev]se sides ( ! d5t or joggle desir$4 ,movable c5tre-pieces on ! ram-head & anvil are trav]s$ 9 all directions by screw ?read to suit ! position & wid? ( ! joggl$ "p1 & a gauge %[s v>iations ( #j4a 94 9 ! position ( ! joggl$ "p ( ! frame4 ,a #b ft4 l5g? ( angle c be joggl$ at ea* /roke4 ,! ma*9es are by ,messrs4 ,hugh ,smi? & ,co41 ,limit$1 ,glasg[4 ,! same ma*9e joggles ! lap or edge ( a %ell1 inn] bottom1 or deckplate 9 a simil> way4 ,! :ole l5g? ( ! frame or plate c ?us be work$ 9 a v %ort "t4 ,a p[]ful jib crane1 ( #af ft4 radius1 assi/s mat]ially 9 ! rapidity ( ! "w turn$ out by ^! tools4 ,! only slips requir$ are at ! ends ( ! vessel1 :]e ! bevel ( ! frames precludes ! use ( joggl+4 ,a special electrically-driv5 hamm] is us$ = =m+ ^! tap] slips4 ,! angles1 etc41 to =m ! frames are assembl$ at ! head ( ! build+-b]?1 & :5 ly+ on skids are rivet$ to =m ! d\ble bottom1 frames & m>g9 plates4 ,hydraulic rivet]s are us$ :]ev] possible4 ,!re are ab\t a score ( ^! at "w 9 ! %ipbuild+ y>d1 ) cyl9d]s f #h 94 to #aj-a_/b 94 9 diamet]1 a /roke ( #g-a_/b 941 & a gap ( #ee 941 s t heavy "w c be done4 ,"s ( !m are specially design$ = keel "w1 = clos+ rivets 9 beams1 & = difficult p>ts4 ,! frames ?us rivet$ are convey$ d[n ! b]? by a simple & +5i\s cableway1 kn[n 9 ! ,works z ! swit*back1 f its resemblance to ! well-kn[n amusem5t railway4 ,a d]rick-po/ /&s at ! head ( ! b]? adjac5t to ! skids on :i* ! frames are rivet$4 ,! cable /ret*es f a small d]rick at ! foot ( ! %ipbuild+ b]? ov] a pulley at ! top ( ! l>ge d]rick-po/1 & !nce1 ?r\gh a simil> block at its base1 to an electric w9*4 ,! frame or unit ( ! %ip's /ructure is susp5d$ on a runn+ block on ! cable1 :i* is !n made taut1 p>tly by ! work+ ( ! w9* & p>tly by ! l>ge d]rick po/ be+ incl9$ backw>ds4 ,! runn+ block ) its load travels d[n ! taut cable by gravity1 "u ! guidance ( ! squad ( fitt]s4 ,! gradi5t ( ! cableway is only suffici5t to enable ! load to move sl[ly to its position 9 ! %ipbuild+ b]?4 ,! d\ble-bottom frames & m>g9 plates are unit$ ) ! keel-plate1 & subsequ5tly !re are successively work$ into ! /ructure ! tank top plates1 side frames1 ! sk9 plates1 beams1 bulk-heads1 & o!r units1 portable hydraulic pun*es & rivet]s be+ l>gely us$4 ,pneumatic tools are also ext5sively employ$ = bor+1 drill+1 rivet+1 *ipp+1 caulk+1 etc4 ,!re are f #acj to #adj ( ^! tools 9 use on vessels 9 c\rse ( con/ruction4 ,!re are t5 build+ b]?s rang+ 9 l5g? up to #gjj ft42 b slight alt]ations w\ld enable ! firm to build vessels ( /ill great] size4 ,sev]al ( ^! are %[n on ! engrav+ on ,plate ,,xxxvii41 fac+ page #hh4 ,! laun*+ gr\nd is probably ! f9e/ 9 ! riv]1 ! *annel be+ "h ( great dep? & v wide1 z is %[n on ! engrav+ opposite4 ,inde$1 ord9>y m]*ant vessels ) full l9es are laun*$ )\t any *eck *a9s2 ! f9e-end$ %ips--mail /eam]s & cruis]s--are1 z a precaution>y measure1 *eck$ by drags 9 ! usual way4 ,! engrav+ on ,plate ,,xxxviii41 fac+ page #ij1 %[s ! laun* ( ,h4,m4,s4 ,argyll4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,xliv4 ,,! ,,fitt+-,,out ,,dock4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,xlv4 ,,! ,,grav+ ,,dock4 ,! %ips laun*$ are complet$ 9 ! fitt+-out dock1 con/ruct$ ab\t two ye>s ago1 & illu/rat$ on ,plate ,,xliv4 ,! engrav+ %[s ,h4,m4,s4 ,argyll "u ! big jib-crane4 ,?is dock has a l5g? ( #efj ft4 & a wid? ( #agb ft41 & op5s directly into ! *annel ( ! ,clyde4 ,! dep? ( wat] is nev] less ?an #bh ft41 s t w>%ips are afloat at all /ates ( ! tide4 ,a prom95t feature 9 ! view is ! crane1 :i* 0 suppli$ by ,messrs4 ,george ,russell & ,co41 ,limit$1 ( ,mo!rwell1 & lifts #abj tons at a radius ( #gj ft4 ,x is c>ri$ on concrete f\ndations & pi]s1 :i* rise #bj ft4 above ! level ( ! quay4 ,9 addition to ! pi] = c>ry+ ! ma/ ( ! crane1 !re are simil> supports = ea* ( ! back legs ?r\gh :i* ! crane is an*or$4 ,"o advantage ( ! d]rick type is t ! crane may be plac$ close to ! edge ( ! quay2 9 ?is case ! c5tre is only #g ft4 f ! front ( ! :>f1 s t ! full load ( #abj tons c be dealt ) at an effective outrea* ( #fc ft4 f ! quay4 ,! maximum radius ( ! heavy pur*ase ) a load ( ov] #fj tons is #ij ft41 & ( ! light pur*ase ge>1 ) a load ( #aj tons1 #ih ft4 ,! m9imum radius ( ! crane is #be ft4 ,!re are f\r sets ( ge>3 = lift+ heavy loads1 = rais+ light weights1 = d]rick+ ! jib1 & = slew+2 a sep>ate controll] ( ! enclos$ tramway type is provid$ = ea*4 ,! ma9 hoi/+ & d]rick+ motors are ( #ej horse-p[]1 & ! o!rs ( #ce horse-p[]4 ,! spe$ ( hoi/+ #abj tons is #e ft4 p] m9ute1 :ile a #aj-ton load is rais$ at ! rate ( #dj ft4 p] m9ute4 ,automatic brakes are fitt$ = ! slew+ motion1 & p[]ful h&-brakes = ! hoi/+ & d]rick+ ge>s4 ,all motions are controll$ by "o man 9 ! /eelh\se fix$ to ! ma/ ( ! crane #ef ft4 above ! quay level4 ,!re is on ! opposite :>f ( ! dock a #bj-ton travell+ electric crane1 & ?r\gh\t ! ,works !re are _m portable & hydraulic cranes1 9 addition to ! hydraulic & o!r cranes comm&+ ! ma*9e tools4 ,ref]5ce may "h be made to ! ,company's grav+ dock1 illu/rat$ on ,plate ,,xlv41 adjo9+ page #aja4 ,! l5g? is #cfj ft41 & x is l>gely us$ = dock+ %ips = repair1 z well z = clean+ %ips prep>atory to trial4 ,our view %[s a torp$o-boat de/roy] 9 ! dock4 ,! pumps = ! empty+ ( ! dock are electrically driv54 ,we may return n[ to our n>rative ( ! con/ruction ( a %ip1 & deal ) ! supplem5t>y dep>tm5ts1 includ+ ^? ( jo9]s1 smi?s1 plumb]s1 %eet-iron1 & o!r work]s4 ,wood-"w =ms a l>ge & important item 9 mo/ ( ,scotts' %ips1 z _m ( !m are = pass5g] s]vice4 ,we illu/rate on ,plate ,,xlvi4 "o ( ! saw-mills4 ,x is self-conta9$1 hav+ its own p[] plant1 includ+ a comp\nd eng9e1 hav+ cyl9d]s #ae-a_/d 94 & #bg-a_/b 94 9 diamet] by #dd-;94 /roke4 ,!re are f\r v]tical saw frames1 ! l>ge/ hav+ a #cf-;94 frame1 six roll]s1 & two bogies to take 9 ! heavie/ logs4 ,9 addition1 !re are circul> saws1 rang+ up to #f ft4 9 diamet]1 a sw+ cross-cut saw1 special plan+1 m\ld+1 & turn+ ma*9es to d heavy "w1 & saw-%>p5]s1 gr9d/ones1 pun*+ ma*9es & anvils to c>ry out all repairs & fettl+ ( ! blades1 etc4 ,!re are also l>ge /eam-heat$ dry+ /oves1 & a timb]-dry+ y>d ( ab\t ?ree acres 9 ext5t4 ,! ov]head travell+ cranes range up to #e tons capacity1 & ! rails on :i* !y run are ext5d$ on columns across ! y>d4 ,! saw-mill is ! l>ge/ & be/-equipp$ 9 ! di/rict1 & does ! saw+ & plan+ ( timb] = ?ree ( ! l>ge/ %ipbuild+ y>ds1 z well z ! g5]al "w = two o!r firms4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,xlvi4 ,,! ,,saw ,,mill4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,xlvii4 ,,two ,,views ,,9 ,,! ,,jo9] ,,%ops4 ,! jo9]s' & cab9et-mak]s' %op1 z we h already indicat$1 occupies two floors ( a build+ #bdj ft4 long & #eb ft4 wide2 :ile ! f\r? floor is utilis$ = ! ,fr5* poli%+ "w1 z well z = /or+ ! complet$ wood-"w until ! vessel is ready to receive x4 ,provision is also made 9 ! same build+ = ! model-mak+ dep>tm5t1 9 :i* replicas ( ne>ly all %ips are produc$1 &1 be+ works ( art1 because ( _! complet5ess1 accuracy1 & beauty1 h e>n$ high aw>ds at _m ,exhibitions4 ,9 ! jo9]s' %ops1 illu/rat$ by two engrav+s on ,plate ,,xlvii41 adjo9+ ?is page1 !re is a complete equipm5t ( wood-work+ ma*9es = saw+1 turn+1 plan+1 m\ld+1 s&-pap]+1 mortis+1 bor+1 t5on+1 dovetail+1 d[ell+ & jo9+4 ,^! are electrically driv51 & are gr\p$ at ?ree places 9 ! l5g? ( ! %op on ea* floor1 ) b5*es ar\nd !m1 s t ! jo9]s d n require to c>ry _! jobs any di/ance 9 ord] to h !m ma*9$4 ,!re is also 9 use 9 connection ) ! dep>tm5t a portable electric circul> saw1 :i* is specially useful = c>p5t]s & jo9]s1 etc41 on bo>d ! %ip 9 ! dock4 ,an electric deck-plan]1 ( ! lawnm[] =m1 has prov$ s]viceable 9 r$uc+ enorm\sly ! mo/ labori\s task exp]i5c$ by c>p5t]s & jo9]s4 ,!re are two l>ge smi?ies conv5i5t to ! %ipbuild+ b]?s1 & 9 bo? cases ! f9i%+ dep>tm5t adjo9s4 ,9 "o case !re are fifty-f\r fires & eight hamm]s2 9 ! o!r1 =ty fires1 ) five hamm]s1 rang+ up to #ae cwt4 ,! fires are op]at$ by me*anical bl[]s1 & ! smoke & wa/e gases are c>ri$ (f by ov]head v5tilat+ pipes4 ,ext5sive "w is c>ri$ out by ! smi?s4 ,die-/amp+ is l>gely adopt$ 9 connection ) ! mak+ ( eye-plates1 cleats1 /an*ions1 clips1 etc4 ,9 ea* f9i%+ %op !re are b& saws1 radial & o!r drills1 screw+ ma*9es1 & gr9d/ones4 ,smi?s' /ores are arrang$ above ! f9i%+ %ops4 ,! plumb]s' %op is fitt$ ) a special ma*9e = b5d+ pipes :5 cold1 z well z screw+ & tapp+ ma*9es1 drills1 saws1 gr9d]s1 & fires4 ,! %eet-iron dep>tm5t is equally well equipp$1 hav+ /raight5+ rolls1 %e>+1 pun*+1 *ipp+1 drill+1 & o!r tools1 ) v>i\s hamm]s2 & "h "w is done 9 connection ) v5tilat+ & o!r light ironwork4 ,9 view ( ! w>%ip contracts und]tak51 ! me*anics' %op1 = "w peculi> to ! %ip z di/9ct f ! propell] ma*9]y1 etc41 is ext5sive4 ,! f\r la!s "h range up to #bg ft4 9 l5g? ov] all1 ) a #ad-;94 head/ock & a #bb-;ft4 b$4 ,!re is a useful %ap+ ma*9e1 a fair-siz$ plan]1 & sev]al drills1 all adequate = ! "w requir$1 :i* is rem>kable m1 p]haps1 = its great v>iety ?an = size4 ,all ! ma*9]y 9 ! y>d1 & 9 sev]al dep>tm5ts 9 ! eng9e & boil] works1 is run f "o c5tral /ation1 ( :i* two views are giv5 on ,plate ,,xlviii41 opposite4 ,! electric g5]ators occupy "o side ( ! p[] /ation1 & ! air compressors & hydraulic pumps ! o!r4 ,/eam at #bjj lb4 pressure is suppli$ by "o m>9e cyl9drical1 & f\r ,babcock & ,wilcox wat]-tube1 boil]s1 ) sup]heat]1 coal conveyors1 & me*anical /ok]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,xlviii4 ,,electric ,,g5]ators ,,9 ,,! ,,p[] ,,/ation4 ,,hydraulic ,,pumps ,,& ,,air ,,compressors ,,9 ,,! ,,p[] ,,/ation4 ,!re are ?ree electric g5]at+ sets1 ) a total capacity ( #abjj kil[atts1 ! voltage be+ #bdj4 ,!y are illu/rat$ on ,plate ,,xlviii41 fac+ ?is page4 ,! eng9es are ( ! high-spe$1 enclos$1 =c$ lubrication1 cond5s+ type4 ,! curr5t is di/ribut$ f a swit*bo>d 9 ! p[] /ation by ov]head ma9s1 ) ?ree-way di/ribut+ panels 9 ! v>i\s dep>tm5ts4 ,! motors1 ( :i* !re are ab\t #acj 9 ! %ipbuild+ dep>tm5t alone1 are ( ! two- & f\r-pole type1 p>tly or entirely enclos$1 & mo/ly ( #aj to #bj electric horse-p[]4 ,arc lamps are us$ = light+1 b ! %ops & (fices are also illum9$ by #af & #cb c&le-p[] inc&esc5t lamps4 ,plugs are arrang$ at v>i\s po9ts ?r\gh\t ! y>d = portable lights1 & = connect+ ma9s = light+ ! v>i\s %ips :ile be+ complet$ 9 ! docks4 ,hydraulic p[] at #hjj lb4 pressure is g5]at$ by two high-pressure pumps1 ) /eam cyl9d]s #ae 94 9 diamet]1 & rams #d 94 9 diamet]4 ,!re are sep>ate accumulators = ea*4 ,! pressure pipes are l$ und]gr\nd ?r\gh\t ! ,works to ! v>i\s hydraulic tools already ref]r$ to4 ,!re are two air compressors = supply+ p[] = ! pneumatic tools4 ,! comb9$ capacity is #ahjj cubic feet ( free air p] m9ute4 ,ea* has two /eam cyl9d]s #f 94 9 diamet]1 work+ respectively high- & l[-pressure air cyl9d]s #ae-a_/d 94 & #ba-a_/d 94 9 diamet]1 ! /roke be+ #ah 94 ,! hydraulic pumps & ! air compressors are illu/rat$ on ,plate ,,xlviii41 fac+ page #ajd4 ,z we h already /at$1 "p ( ! p[] g5]at$ 9 ?is /ation is utilis$ at ! eng9e works1 to :i* we may n[ turn our att5tion4 ,illu/ration3 decoration ,illu/ration3 decoration ,! ,eng9e & ,boil] ,works4 ,illu/ration3 decoration ,rapidity ( con/ruction has be5 *>act]i/ic ( ! eng9e & boil] works ( ! ,scotts to at lea/ z great an ext5t z 9 ! %ipbuild+ y>d4 ,sev]al in/ances might be not$1 beg9n+ ) six blockade-runn]s1 built 9 a v %ort p]iod1 9 #ahfd1 & fitt$ ) eng9es to give a spe$ ( #ab knots at sea & #ac-a_/b knots on trial4 ,a rec5t & /rik+ in/ance is ! con/ruction ( boil]s & eng9es = tw5ty ( ! pass5g] /eam]s built = traffic on ! ,?ames1 to ! ord] ( ! ,london ,c\nty ,c\ncil1 & describ$ on pages #hc & #hd1 ante4 ,! contract = ?is "w 0 sign$ t[>ds ! end ( ,novemb]1 #aijd1 & "w 0 comm5c$ ab\t ! beg9n+ ( ,decemb]4 ,! v>i\s p>ts ( ! eng9es 7 be+ ma*9$ & f9i%$ dur+ ! mon? ( ,janu>y & ! beg9n+ ( ,febru>y1 #aije2 & all ( ! tw5ty sets ( eng9es & boil]s 7 complet$ by ! end ( ,may4 ,ano!r notewor?y case is ! con/ruction ( ! ma*9]y = ! /eam%ip ,f5gti51 describ$ on page #hj1 ante4 ,"w 0 comm5c$ on ! ma*9]y 9 ! middle ( ,janu>y1 & f9i%$ ab\t ! end ( ,april4 ,! ma*9]y 0 fitt$ 9 ! %ip & ready = ! trials on ! #bi? ,may4 ,! total "t tak5 f ! beg9n+ ( "w 0 well "u five mon?s4#fi ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,xlix4 ,,view ,,9 ,,ma9 ,,ma*9e ,,%op4 ,! patt]n %op1 :]e all "w orig9ates1 is fitt$ ) ! usual patt]n-mak+ ma*9]y1 includ+ a core-mak+ ma*9e4 ,! iron f\ndry1 :i* 0 begun 9 #agij1gj & ar\nd :i* ! l>ge eng9e]+ e/abli%m5t has s9ce be5 rais$ /ep by /ep1 cont9ues to d s\nd "w4 ,!re are f\r cupolas1 ( a comb9$ capacity ( ab\t #bj tons1 & cyl9d]s up to #abj 94 9 diamet] are ca/4 ,^! facts sugge/ ! satisfactory "* ( ! equipm5t4 ,! brass f\ndry is an equally important dep>tm5t1 :]e fir/-class "w is done4 ,!re are fifty-two crucible pots 9 use1 v>y+ 9 size up to #aej lb41 & ( a collective capacity ( ab\t #b tons2 also an air furnace capable ( produc+ at "o heat #ab tons ( metal1 = su* heavy ca/+s z are requir$ = prep>+ %aft l9]s1 l>ge sea *e/s = naval %ips1 etc4 ,! /r5g? ( ,admiralty gun metal made 9 ?is f\ndry is up to #ah tons p] squ>e in*1 ) #cj p] c5t4 ( elongation 9 a #b-;94 l5g?4 ,! f\ndry is s]v$ by an electrically-op]at$ jib crane4 ,9 ! =ge & smi?s' %ops a l>ge am\nt ( detail "w is done1 9 units rang+ up to #c tons 9 weight4 ,! hamm]s v>y up to #ae cwt4 p[]4 ,a consid]able am\nt ( die-/amp+ is done 9 connection ) auxili>y eng9e =g+s1 etc4 ,all paddle-:eels are made 9 ?is dep>tm5t4 ,! bla/ = ! fires is got f an electrically-driv5 fan4 ,! ma*9e %op1 :i* 0 "o ( ! fir/ con/ruct$ ) a completely glaz$ ro(1 occupies a site on a /eep slope1 "o side be+ =m$ by a heavy reta9+ wall1 z %[n 9 ! engrav+ on ,plate ,,xlix41 fac+ page #ajf4 ,at ! level ( ! top ( ! wall1 :i* is #be ft4 high1 !re is ! light ma*9e %op1 :ile at ! end ( ! bay & ov] ! annexe situat$ to ! left ( ! engrav+1 is ! brass-f9i%+ %op4 ,!re is a #b-ton hoi/ betwe5 ! erect+-%op floor & ! gall]ies1 s t no inconv5i5ce1 s f> z transport is conc]n$1 is involv$ by ?is arrangem5t4 ,orig9ally a /ream ran d[n ! hill & ov] ! site on :i* ! ,works are locat$1 & its wat]s h = _m ye>s be5 utilis$ z a s\rce ( p[]4 ,a special #bd-;94 inw>d-fl[ turb9e works 9 ! conduit :i* conveys ! wat] across ! site1 & ?is turb9e develops cont9u\sly #hj horse-p[]4 ,?is s]ves to drive "s ( ! ma*9es 9 ! boil] works4 ,! turb9e runs 9 p>allel ) a comp\nd v]tical eng9e1 :i* drives ! %afts actuat+ ! gr\ps ( small ma*9es 9 ! eng9e %op4 ,_m ( ! l>g] tools1 h[ev]1 are electrically-driv5 by sep>ate motors1 ! curr5t be+ transmitt$ f ! c5tral /ation already describ$4 ,! engrav+s on ,plates ,,xxxix4 & ,,xlix41 fac+ pages #ib & #ajf respectively1 illu/rate ! ma9 ma*9e %op1 :i* has a wid? ( #fj ft41 &1 ) ! adjo9+ bay1 accommodates "s ( ! f9e/ m>9e eng9e]+ tools made4 ,p]haps ! be/ indication ( _! effici5cy is ! fact t ?ree weeks suffice = ! ma*9+ ( ! p>ts ( a complete set ( eng9es to develop #bjjj horse-p[]4 ,! %ops are trav]s$ by five ov]head electric cranes1 rang+ up to #dj tons lift+ capacity4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,l4 ,,v]tical ,,plan+ ,,ma*9e4 ,illu/ration3 ,,multiple ,,sp9dle ,,drill+ ,,ma*9e4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,li4 ,,surface ,,& ,,bor+ ,,la!4 ,! lead+ dim5sions & ! pr9cipal "w done by ! m important tools af=d an idea ( ! ext5t ( ! equipm5t4 ,!re are sev]al plan+ & slott+ ma*9es1 "o ( :i* is %[n 9 ! engrav+ on ,plate ,l41 fac+ ?is page4 ,!re are two comb9$ ma*9es1 to plane #ba ft4 & to slot #ah ft41 us$ 9 connection ) ! cond5s]s1 cyl9d]s1 l>ge be>+ frames & sole-plates ( eng9es1 :ile two o!r small] tools are devot$ to f9i%+ ! ca/+s = b$-plates & columns4 ,= ma*9+ ecc5tric-rod ends1 etc41 !re is a #bd-;94 slott] ) a circul> table4 ,!re are two high-spe$ plan]s ) two tool-boxes on ! cross-slide1 :i* take 9 pieces #aj ft4 by #e ft4 by #e ft41 & "o to take "w #ab ft4 by #c ft4 by #c ft4 ,9 ! driv+ ( "s ( ! heavi] tools v good results h be5 atta9$ by ! application ( a rev]sible motor1 :i* 9 "o case has disp5s$ ) f\r belts1 a pair ( bevel :eels1 & two c\nt]%afts1 r$uc+ enorm\sly ! frictional wa/e1 & enabl+ high] spe$s & quick] return /rokes to be atta9$4#ga ,= drill+ "w !re are sev]al l>ge tools4 ,rec5tly !re has j be5 fitt$ a multiple ma*9e :i*1 :ile prim>ily int5d$ = drill+ ! tube-holes 9 drums & wat]-pockets ( ,y>r[ wat]-tube boil]s1 is also utilis$ 9 connection ) ord9>y ma*9e "w4 ,?is tool1 ( :i* an engrav+ is giv5 on ,plate ,l41 fac+ page #ajh1 0 manufactur$ by ,messrs4 ,campbells & ,hunt]1 ,limit$1 ,le$s4 ,x has a massive cross-slide c>ry+ f\r saddles1 movable by a p[]ful screw1 driv5 by spur-ge>+ & friction-clut*1 controll$ f "o ( ! saddles4 ,! /eel sp9dles are balanc$1 & h a special self-act+1 v>iable1 rack-fe$ motion1 z well z a quick v]tical motion by h& = rapidly adju/+ ! drill ?r\gh ! jig4 ,ea* sp9dle c be op]at$ indep5d5tly4 ,! table has a slid+ motion1 direct$ by two /raight screws c\pl$ to ! cross %aft & v]tical %aft1 & is c>ri$ by a /raight b$ ) ?ree be>+ surfaces4 ,?is ma*9e1 :i* weighs #bj tons1 is driv5 by a #cj brake-horse-p[] electric motor4 ,!re are two v]tical bor+ mills us$ = cyl9d] "w1 "o be+ capable ( bor+ up to #abj 94 9 diamet]1 & ! o!r to #id 94 9 diamet]4 ,a comb9$ bor+ & fac+ ma*9e1 ) a table #d ft4 squ>e1 is usefully employ$ on propell] bosses1 valve-*e/s1 small cyl9d]s1 & built-up b$-plates1 ma*9e be>+s1 etc4 ,! in/allation ( high-spe$ la!s is specially notewor?y4 ,9 "o1 ! face-plate c take 9 #ab ft4 9 diamet]1 &1 z ! l5g? ( b$ is #cj ft41 x is useful = l>ge surfac+ "w1 z well z = turn+ crank%afts ( ! l>g] sizes4 ,!re are two #ab-;94 d\ble-ge>$ la!s = surfac+ & screw cutt+4 ,^! are self-act+1 & ! l5g?s ( b$ are #ai ft4 & #ab ft4 respectively4 ,= turn+ pi/on & connect+ rods1 two screw-cutt+ la!s ( #af-a_/d-;94 c5tres are 9 use1 ! l5g? ( ! b$ be+ #bb-a_/b ft4 ,^! h ea* a triple-ge> head/ock1 & a *uck #dh 94 9 diamet]2 ) rack motion & slide-re/ fe$s4 ,a #bj-;94 c5tre la!1 ) a b$ #bh ft4 #f 94 long1 is fitt$ ) two saddles & f\r slide-re/s = %aft l9]s1 etc4 ,among/ o!rs1 !re is a #bg-;94 c5tre la! = %aft+1 ! b$ be+ #cf ft4 long4 ,"o ( ! la!s is illu/rat$ on ,plate ,,li41 adjo9+ page #aji4 ,?is is a #dh-;94 surfac+ & bor+ la!1 by ,messrs4 ,john ,lang & ,sons1 ,limit$1 ,john/one4 ,! two new features introduc$ are ! v>iable spe$ drive & automatic spe$-*ang+ me*anism4 ,! head/ocks c be us$ = s+le or triple ge>1 & are s arrang$ t1 ev5 :5 runn+ at ! greate/ spe$1 !re is a r$uction by ge>+4 ,) ?is arrangem5t ! la!s h great] p[] :5 turn+ small diamet]s ?an :5 ! belt is us$ driv+ direct to ! ma9 sp9dle4 ,! sp9dles1 :i* are holl[1 ) hexagonal turrets1 are ( crucible ca/ /eel1 & run 9 gun-metal be>+s4 ,by means ( ! spe$-*ang+ me*anism1 ! cutt+ spe$ ( ! tool is kept practically con/ant :5 surfac+4 ,?is means t any surface c be f9i%$ (f 9 ab\t "o-half ( ! "t tak5 by a la! hav+ ! ord9>y /ep-cone drive1 :]e ! workman w n *ange ! position ( ! belt :ile surfac+4 ,! self-act+ fe$-motions are positive4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,lii4 ,,brass ,,f9i%+ ,,%op4 ,mill+ is adopt$ 9 _m in/ances 9 pref]5ce to plan+ or slott+1 & ?is is especially s 9 connection ) valve quadrants1 columns1 faces1 etc4 ,= ! fir/-nam$ !re is a l>ge v]tical mill]1 & = ! latt] a horizontal tool ) a v]tical mill+ app>atus4 ,= gr9d+ bolts1 etc41 a ma*9e hav+ a sep>ate head = gr9d+ taps is us$1 ! em]y :eel be+ #ah 94 9 diamet] & #a-a_/b 94 broad4 ,a %op1 n[ 9 c\rse ( con/ruction1 is to be specially laid out = ! manufacture ( turb9e ma*9]y ( ! greate/ p[]4 ,x is to be #bhe ft4 long1 ) a span ( #fj ft4 ,heavy lifts w be tak5 by a #ajj-ton ov]head crane1 & ord9>y "w w be h&l$ by a #dj-ton electric crane4 ,! heavy ma*9e tools1 :ile specially *os5 = turb9e "w1 are also adaptable = use 9 ! manufacture ( ! heavie/ reciprocat+ ma*9]y4 ,! pr9cipal tools are l>ge la!s suitable = turb9e rotors & crank-%afts2 v]tical bor+ ma*9es :i* may be utilis$ = "w on cyl9d]s z well z on turb9e cas+s2 & a heavy plan]1 #aj ft4 by #aj ft4 by #be ft4 /roke4 ,! necess>y small ma*9e tools = turb9e "w w be put d[n 9 ?is dep>tm5t1 :5ce also "s ( ! l>ge tools w be remov$ f ! exi/+ %ops1 s t x w be fully equipp$ = ! purpose int5d$4 ,! brass-f9i%+ %op1 :i* is illu/rat$ on ,plate ,,lii41 fac+ page #aaj1 s]ves bo? = %ip & eng9e "w4 ,x has only rec5tly be5 laid out anew4 ,! ma*9es1 accord+ to ! late/ practice1 are arrang$ d[n ea* side ( ! %op1 & ! b5*es occupy ! c5tre4 ,ea* alt]nate b5* is utilis$ = ! mat]ial to be op]at$ ^u1 s t ! work+ b5* is n litt]$ 9 a confus$ way1 z is too (t5 ! case4 ,!re are repres5tative types ( ! be/ makes ( automatic tools1 turret la!s1 brass-f9i%]s' la!s1 & gr9d+ ma*9es ) specially l>ge discs4 ,a consid]able am\nt ( "w is done to limit gauge 9 all ! %ops :i* we h describ$4 ,?is practice has be5 consid]ably develop$ rec5tly1 & a specially equipp$ dep>tm5t has be5 organis$1 :]e gauges1 templates1 & cutt+ tools are made4 ,?is dep>tm5t is illu/rat$ on ,plate ,,liii41 fac+ ?is page4 ,a ^w may fir/ be said z to ! significance ( ?is new dep>tm5t4 ,:]e ?ree or f\r %ips h eng9es ( ! same type1 a set ( jigs & templates = ! mo/ important p>ts are at once made1 s t a unit f an eng9e 9 "o %ip may be fitt$ to an eng9e 9 ano!r4 ,?is simplifies ! ord]+ ( new p>ts1 & greatly r$uces ! numb] ( sp>e items :i* h to be kept 9 /ore by ! own]s1 9 ord] t repairs or refits may be effect$ at %ort notice4 ,= "s "t ! ,scotts h adopt$ ?is sy/em1 s t x 0 a simple matt] to en=ce x 9 connection ) ! ma*9]y ( ! tw5ty ,?ames ,/eam]s1 & 9 rec5t naval "w1 :]e ! practice is be+ appli$ 9 an ext5d$ =m4 ,9 ! rec5t ,admiralty "w e "p ( an eng9e is made int]*angeable & id5tical ) ! correspond+ p>ts ( o!r eng9es = ! same type ( %ip1 al?\gh built 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! c\ntry2 & ?is fact alone w indicate ! ext5t & intricacy z well z ! c>e & degree ( accuracy necess>y4 ,?is /&>disation to ensure int]*angeability has rea*$ its highe/ exemplification 9 ! case ( ! ma*9]y = ! arm\r$ cruis] ,def5ce1 ( #bg1jjj indicat$ horse-p[]1 to be complet$ 9 tw5ty-"o mon?s f ! plac+ ( ! ord] by ! ,admiralty4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,liii4 ,,tool1 ,,gauge1 ,,template1 ,,& ,,jig ,,dep>tm5t4 ,!n1 z reg>ds ! tool-mak+ & fettl+--! o!r bran* ( "w c>ri$ out 9 ! tool room--x has be5 recognis$ t1 to make ! cutt+ tools effici5t1 x is necess>y to utilise ! mo/ suitable /eel = ! tools work+ on v>i\s metals & alloys2 & ! selection ( ! tool /eel = ea* metal has be5 sy/ematis$ by ! c>eful collation ( data ( actual "w4 ,9 ! manufacture ( ! tools special appliances are us$ & w be ref]r$ to pres5tly4 ,! workm5 are enc\rag$ to use only tools 9 s\nd condition4 ,ea* ma*9e-man 9 ! %ops has t5 *ecks1 & may borr[ f ! /ore a correspond+ numb] ( tools1 b ^! mu/ be return$ z soon z possible = ov]haul & re-gr9d+4 ,! bonus sy/em fur!r induces ! m5 to ensure t _! tools are 9 good condition4 ,! tool dep>tm5t is sep>ate f ! ma9 /ructure1 & 9 x all jigs1 templates1 & gauges1 z well z tools1 are con/ruct$4 ,/&>d gauges1 z well z limit gauges1 are us$1 & bo? are m>k$ 9 metrical & ,engli% dim5sions4 ,! tool room is n only c>efully ma9ta9$ at a regul> temp]ature1 9 ord] to prev5t ! templates & jigs f v>y+ 9 ! c\rse ( _! manufacture1 b ! appliances adopt$ h be5 select$ s z to get ! mo/ precise results4 ,9 connection ) ! manufacture ( l>ge boil] taps1 drill gauges1 mill+ cutt]s1 etc41 a specially design$ gas furnace has be5 built1 ) a numb] ( comp>tm5ts :i* c be us$ sep>ately or collectively1 accord+ to ! size ( ! tool be+ made4 ,! toolsmi?'s =ge is on ! d[n-draught pr9ciple1 s t1 9 addition to c>ry+ (f all smoke & du/1 x t5ds to keep ! atmosph]e pure4 ,among/ ! pr9cipal ma*9es us$ 9 ?is tool-manufactur+ dep>tm5t is an #h-;94 ,:itwor? self-act+1 slid+-surfac+1 & screw-cutt+ la!1 ) a back+-(f & tap]-turn+ atta*m5t4 ,! mill+1 drill+1 & gr9d+ ma*9es are all by ! be/ mak]s4 ,a #aj-;ft4 ma*9e is us$ = mak+ ! comp>ative measurem5ts f exi/+ /&>ds4 ,?is ma*9e1 also ( ,:itwor? make1 has a measur+ screw 9 a fa/ head/ock ) a l>ge divid+ :eel1 "o division ( ! latt] repres5t+ #j4jjja-;94 9 ! end movem5t ( ! sp9dle4 ,all transv]se & t5sile te/+ ( b>s is done 9 ?is dep>tm5t4 ,a *eck sy/em is us$ 9 connection ) ! di/ribution ( templates1 tools1 draw+s1 etc41 & a sep>ate /ore 9 ! c5tre ( ! works is arrang$ = ?is purpose4 ,illu/ration3 ,,hydraulic ,,plate-,,b5d+ ,,ma*9e4 ,z to ! boil] works1 ! fact t 9 #aije ! production 0 practically "o boil] p] week is1 ( itself1 te/imony to ! nature ( ! plant adopt$4 ,! ma9 boil] %op1 toge!r ) its y>d1 has an area ( #gjjj squ>e y>ds1 & a height ( #de ft4 to ! crane rail1 & is s]v$ by five ov]head electric cranes1 rang+ 9 lift+ p[] up to #ajj tons1 ) num]\s jib & o!r cranes associat$ ) ! v>i\s ma*9e tools4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,liv4 ,,9 ,,! ,,boil] ,,%op4 ,! ma*9e tools fitt$ 9 ! boil] works are all ( a v p[]ful "*2 b only a few ( ^! ne$ "h be ref]r$ to4 ,!re is a #ac-;ft4 gap hydraulic plate-b5d+ ma*9e1 :i* is entirely automatic 9 its action1 & c be set to any radius to b5d plates up to #b 94 ?ick :5 cold4 ,! flang+ = ! front & back plates ( boil]s is done 9 an hydraulic ma*9e1 ex]t+ a pressure ( ov] #afj tons4 ,?is ma*9e has f\r rams1 two ( :i* act d[nw>ds1 "o upw>ds1 & ! o!r horizontally4 ,x is s]v$ by a special hydraulic jib-crane1 capable ( lift+ ! heavie/ plates4 ,!re are also plate-edge plan]s & triple bor+ mills ( correspond+ p[]1 :ile ! v]tical rolls take 9 plates up to #aj-;ft4 wide4 ,= ! rivet+ ( ! boil]s !re is a #ac-;ft4 gap hydraulic rivet+ ma*9e1 capable ( ex]t+ a load on ea* rivet ( #bjj tons4 ,! weight ( ?is rivet+ ma*9e alone is ab\t #fj tons1 & x is s]v$ by an indep5d5t hydraulic jib-crane4 ,all ! valves 9 connection ) ! crane & rivet] are l$ to a common plat=m1 s t "o man is able to manipulate ! :ole ( ! "w4 ,!re is also a l>ge in/allation ( special plant = ! manufacture ( wat]-tube boil]s1 b x is sc>cely necess>y to describe ?is 9 detail4 ,a l>ge "p ( ! boil] "w1 especially = w>%ips1 is galvanis$1 & a special dep>tm5t has be5 organis$ = ?is purpose4 ,! tubes1 9 ! fir/ place1 are ?or\ghly clean$1 !n plac$ 9 a z9c ba?1 & coat$ by electrolysis to ! desir$ ext5t2 ! object be+ to expose defects1 z well z to protect ! tubes f corrosion dur+ manufacture4 ,! am\nt ( "w done is1 p]haps1 ! be/ indication ( ! equipm5t ( ?is dep>tm5t1 z well z ( ! wat]-tube dep>tm5t2 & ?is w be realis$ :5 x is /at$ t ov] #bd1jjj tubes are requir$ = ! boil]s ( "o cruis]1 & t six mon?s suffices = _! con/ruction4 ,x w\ld be possible to give o!r indications ( ! spl5did equipm5t ( ! ,works1 b en\gh has be5 said to %[ t !re is direct$ t[>ds ! realisation ( ! be/ "w 9 all dep>tm5ts--fir/ly1 ! advantages ( accumulat$ exp]i5ce1 c>efully collat$ ?r\gh\t two hundr$ ye>s2 secondly1 ! b5efits :i* ! psy*ologi/s claim = h]$it>y influ5ce--applicable "h n only ?r\gh ! proprietors1 b also ?r\gh _m ( ! workm52 &1 ?irdly1 a s\nd progressive _s1 :i* recognises ! necessity = cont9ual improvem5t 9 adm9i/ration & design1 & 9 ma*9e tools & me?ods ( manufacture4 ,illu/ration3 decoration ,,footnotes3 #fi ,= fur!r ref]5ces to ! rate ( con/ruction1 see ,eng9e]+1 vol4 lx41 page #hac1 :]e x is not$ t t5 vessels1 aggregat+ #bf1jjj tons1 7 built = ! ,*9a ,navigation ,company 9 n9e mon?s4 #gj ,see page #bb1 ante4 #ga ,see ,eng9e]+1 vol4 lxxx41 page #dah4 ,,pr9t$ ,,at ,,! ,,b$=d ,,press1 #bj ,,& #ba1 ,,b$=dbury1 ,,/r&1 ,,london1 ,w4,c4