,transcrib]'s ,note ,italics are indicat$ by und]scores1 & sup]script by c>et signs1 e4 g4 ,oh5onpa1 #chmm4 ,individual lett]s 9 squ>e brackets 7 inv]t$ 9 ! pr9t$ text4 ,,smi?sonian ,,in/itution--,,bureau ,,( ,,e?nology4 ,,pictographs ,,( ,,! ,,nor? ,,am]ican ,,indians4 ,a ,,prelim9>y ,,pap]4 ,,by ,,g>rick ,,mall]y4 ,,cont5ts4 ,page4 ,li/ ( illu/rations #g ,introductory #ac ,di/ribution ( petroglyphs 9 ,nor? ,am]ica #ai ,nor!a/]n rock-c>v+s #ai ,rock-c>v+s 9 ,p5nsylvania #bj 9 ,ohio #ba 9 ,we/ ,virg9ia #bb 9 ! ,s\!rn ,/ates #bb 9 ,i[a #bc 9 ,m9nesota #bc 9 ,wyom+ & ,idaho #bd 9 ,nevada #bd 9 ,oregon & ,wa%+ton ,t]ritory #be 9 ,utah #bf 9 ,colorado #bg 9 ,new ,mexico #bh 9 ,arizona #bh 9 ,cali=nia #cj 9 ,color$ pictographs on rocks #cc ,=eign petroglyphs #ch ,petroglyphs 9 ,s\? ,am]ica #ch 9 ,briti% ,guiana #dj 9 ,brazil #dd ,pictographs 9 ,p]u #de ,objects repres5t$ 9 pictographs #df ,in/rum5ts us$ 9 pictography #dh ,in/rum5ts = c>v+ #dh = draw+ #dh = pa9t+ #dh = tattoo+ #di ,colors & me?ods ( application #ej ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates #ej ,9 ,briti% ,guiana #ec ,significance ( colors #ec ,mat]ials ^u :i* pictographs are made #eh ,natural objects #eh ,bone #ei ,liv+ tree #ei ,wood #ei ,b>k #ei ,sk9s #fj ,fea!rs #fj ,g\rds #fj ,horse-hair #fj ,%ells1 includ+ wampum #fj ,e>? & s& #fj ,! human p]son #fa ,pa9t on ! human p]son #fa ,tattoo+ #fc ,tattoo m>ks ( ! ,haida ,indians #ff ,tattoo+ 9 ! ,pacific ,isl&s #gc ,artificial objects #gh ,mnemonic #gi ,! quipu ( ! ,p]uvians #gi ,not*$ /icks #ha ,ord] ( songs #hb ,traditions #hd ,treaties #hf ,w> #hg ,"t #hh ,! ,dakota ,w9t] ,c\nts #hi ,! ,corbusi] ,w9t] ,c\nts #abg ,notification #adg ,notice ( dep>ture & direction #adg condition #aeb ,w>n+ & guidance #aee ,*>ts ( geographic features #aeg ,claim or dem& #aei ,messages & communications #afj ,record ( exp$ition #afd ,totemic #afe ,tribal designations #afe ,g5tile or clan designations #afg ,p]sonal designations #afh ,insignia or tok5s ( au?ority #afh ,p]sonal "n #afi ,an ,ogalala ro/] #agd ,r$-,cl\d's c5sus #agf ,prop]ty m>ks #ahb ,/atus ( ! individual #ahc ,signs ( p>ticul> a*ievem5ts #ahc ,religi\s #ahh ,my?ic p]sonages #ahh ,%amanism #aij ,dances & c]emonies #aid ,mortu>y practices #aig ,grave-po/s #aih ,*>ms & feti*es #bja ,cu/oms #bjc ,associations #bjc ,daily life & habits #bje ,tribal hi/ory #bjg ,biographic #bjh ,cont9u\s record ( ev5ts 9 life #bjh ,p>ticul> exploits & ev5ts #bad ,ideographs #bai ,ab/ract ideas #bai ,symbolism #bba ,id5tification ( ! pictograph]s #bbd ,g5]al /yle or type #bbe ,pres5ce ( *>act]i/ic objects #bcj ,modes ( int]pretation #bcc ,homomorphs & symmorphs #bci ,conv5tionaliz+ #bdd ,errors & frauds #bdg ,sugge/ions to collaborators #bed ,,illu/rations4 ,,plate ,page4 ,i4--,color$ pictographs 9 ,santa ,b>b>a ,c\nty1 ,cali=nia #cd ,,ii4--,color$ pictographs 9 ,santa ,b>b>a ,c\nty1 ,cali=nia #ce ,,iii4--,new ,zeal& tattoo$ heads #gf ,,iv4--,ojibwa ,m$a song #hb ,v4--,p5n wampum belt #hg ,,vi4--,w9t] c\nt on buffalo robe #hi ,,vii4--,dakota w9t] c\nts3 = #aghf-'hg to #agib-'ic #ajj ,,viii4--,dakota w9t] c\nts3 = #agic-'id to #agii-ahjj #aja ,,ix4--,dakota w9t] c\nts3 = #ahjj-'ja to #ahjb-'jc #ajc ,x4--,dakota w9t] c\nts3 = #ahjc-'jd to #ahje-'jf #ajd ,,xi4--,dakota w9t] c\nts3 = #ahjf-'jg to #ahjh-'ji #aje ,,xii4--,dakota w9t] c\nts3 = #ahji-'aj to #ahaa-'ab #ajf ,,xiii4--,dakota w9t] c\nts3 = #ahab-'ac to #ahad-'ae #ajh ,,xiv4--,dakota w9t] c\nts3 = #ahae-'af to #ahag-'ah #aji ,,xv4--,dakota w9t] c\nts3 = #ahah-'ai to #ahbj-'ba #aaj ,,xvi4--,dakota w9t] c\nts3 = #ahba-'bb to #ahbc-'bd #aaa ,,xvii4--,dakota w9t] c\nts3 = #ahbd-'be to #ahbf-'bg #aac ,,xviii4--,dakota w9t] c\nts3 = #ahbg-'bh to #ahbi-'cj #aad ,,xix4--,dakota w9t] c\nts3 = #ahcj-'ca to #ahcb-'cc #aae ,,xx4--,dakota w9t] c\nts3 = #ahcc-'cd to #ahce-'cf #aaf ,,xxi4--,dakota w9t] c\nts3 = #ahcf-'cg to #ahch-'ci #aag ,,xxii4--,dakota w9t] c\nts3 = #ahci-'dj to #ahda-'db #aag ,,xxiii4--,dakota w9t] c\nts3 = #ahdb-'dc to #ahdd-'de #aah ,,xxiv4--,dakota w9t] c\nts3 = #ahde-'df to #ahdg-'dh #aai ,,xxv4--,dakota w9t] c\nts3 = #ahdh-'di to #ahej-'ea #abj ,,xxvi4--,dakota w9t] c\nts3 = #ahea-'eb to #ahec-'ed #abj ,,xxvii4--,dakota w9t] c\nts3 = #ahed-'ee to #ahef-'eg #aba ,,xxviii4--,dakota w9t] c\nts3 = #aheg-'eh to #ahei-'fj #abb ,,xxix4--,dakota w9t] c\nts3 = #ahfj-'fa to #ahfb-'fc #abc ,,xxx4--,dakota w9t] c\nts3 = #ahfc-'fd to #ahfe-'ff #abd ,,xxxi4--,dakota w9t] c\nts3 = #ahff-'fg to #ahfh-'fi #abe ,,xxxii4--,dakota w9t] c\nts3 = #ahfi-'gj to #ahgj-'ga #abf ,,xxxiii4--,dakota w9t] c\nts3 = #ahga-'gb to #ahgf-'gg #abg ,,xxxiv4--,corbusi] w9t] c\nts3 = #agge-'gf to #aghj-'ha #acj ,,xxxv4--,corbusi] w9t] c\nts3 = #agha-'hb to #aghf-'hg #aca ,,xxxvi4--,corbusi] w9t] c\nts3 = #aghg-'hh to #agib-'ic #acb ,,xxxvii4--,corbusi] w9t] c\nts3 = #agic-'id to #agih-'ii #acc ,,xxxviii4--,corbusi] w9t] c\nts3 = #agii-ahjj to #ahjd-'je #acd ,,xxxix4--,corbusi] w9t] c\nts3 = #ahje-'jf to #ahaj-'aa #acd ,,xl4--,corbusi] w9t] c\nts3 = #ahaa-'ab to #ahaf-'ag #ace ,,xli4--,corbusi] w9t] c\nts3 = #ahag-'ah to #ahbb-'bc #acf ,,xlii4--,corbusi] w9t] c\nts3 = #ahbc-'bd to #ahbh-'bi #acg ,,xliii4--,corbusi] w9t] c\nts3 = #ahbi-'cj to #ahcd-'ce #ach ,,xliv4--,corbusi] w9t] c\nts3 = #ahce-'cf to #ahdj-'da #aci ,,xlv4--,corbusi] w9t] c\nts3 = #ahda-'db to #ahdf-'dg #adj ,,xlvi4--,corbusi] w9t] c\nts3 = #ahdg-'dh to #aheb-'ec #adb ,,xlvii4--,corbusi] w9t] c\nts3 = #ahec-'ed to #aheh-'ei #adc ,,xlviii4--,corbusi] w9t] c\nts3 = #ahei-'fj to #ahfd-'fe #adc ,,xlix4--,corbusi] w9t] c\nts3 = #ahfe-'ff to #ahgj-'ga #add ,l4--,corbusi] w9t] c\nts3 = #ahga-'gb to #ahgf-'gg #ade ,,li4--,corbusi] w9t] c\nts3 = #ahgg-'gh to #ahgh-'gi #adf ,,lii4--,an ,ogalala ro/]3 ,big-,road & b& #agd ,,liii4--,an ,ogalala ro/]3 ,l[-,dog & b& #agd ,,liv4--,an ,ogalala ro/]3 ,! ,be> ,sp>es-him & b& #agd ,,lv4--,an ,ogalala ro/]3 ,has a ,w>-club & b& #agd ,,lvi4--,an ,ogalala ro/]3 ,wall-,dog & b& #agd ,,lvii4--,an ,ogalala ro/]3 ,iron-,cr[ & b& #agd ,,lviii4--,an ,ogalala ro/]3 ,little-,hawk & b& #agd ,,lix4--,r$-,cl\d's c5sus3 ,r$-,cl\d's b& #agf ,,lx4--,r$-,cl\d's c5sus3 ,r$-,cl\d's b& #agf ,,lxi4--,r$-,cl\d's c5sus3 ,r$-,cl\d's b& #agf ,,lxii4--,r$-,cl\d's c5sus3 ,r$-,cl\d's b& #agf ,,lxiii4--,r$-,cl\d's c5sus3 ,r$-,cl\d's b& #agf ,,lxiv4--,r$-,cl\d's c5sus3 ,r$-,cl\d's b& #agf ,,lxv4--,r$-,cl\d's c5sus3 ,r$-,cl\d's b& #agf ,,lxvi4--,r$-,cl\d's c5sus3 ,r$-,cl\d's b& #agf ,,lxvii4--,r$-,cl\d's c5sus3 ,r$-,%irt's b& #agf ,,lxviii4--,r$-,cl\d's c5sus3 ,r$-,%irt's b& #agf ,,lxix4--,r$-,cl\d's c5sus3 ,r$-,%irt's b& #agf ,,lxx4--,r$-,cl\d's c5sus3 ,black-,de]'s b& #agf ,,lxxi4--,r$-,cl\d's c5sus3 ,black-,de]'s b& #agf ,,lxxii4--,r$-,cl\d's c5sus3 ,black-,de]'s b& #agf ,,lxxiii4--,r$-,cl\d's c5sus3 ,r$-,hawk's b& #agf ,,lxxiv4--,r$-,cl\d's c5sus3 ,r$-,hawk's h& #agf ,,lxxv4--,r$-,cl\d's c5sus3 ,high-,wolf's b& #agf ,,lxxvi4--,r$-,cl\d's c5sus3 ,high-,wolf's b& #agf ,,lxxvii4--,r$-,cl\d's c5sus3 ,gun's b& #agf ,,lxxviii4--,r$-,cl\d's c5sus3 ,gun's b& #agf ,,lxxix4--,r$-,cl\d's c5sus3 ,second ,black-,de]'s b& #agf ,,lxxx4--,rock ,pa9t+ 9 ,azuza ,caon1 ,cali=nia #aef ,,lxxxi4--,moki masks et*$ on rocks4 ,arizona #aid ,,lxxxii4--,buffalo-head monum5t #aie ,,lxxxiii4--,ojibwa grave-po/s #aii ,,figure #a4--,petroglyphs at ,oakley ,spr+s1 ,arizona #cj #b4--;,deep c>v+s 9 ,guiana #db #c4--,%all[ c>v+s 9 ,guiana #dc #d4--,rock et*+s at ,oakley ,spr+s1 ,arizona3 ,beav] #dg #e4--,rock et*+s at ,oakley ,spr+s1 ,arizona3 ,be> #dg #f4--,rock et*+s at ,oakley ,spr+s1 ,arizona3 ,m\nta9 %eep #dg #g4--,rock et*+s at ,oakley ,spr+s1 ,arizona3 ,?ree ,wolf heads #dg #h4--,rock et*+s at ,oakley ,spr+s1 ,arizona3 ,?ree ,jackass rabbits #dg #i4--,rock et*+s at ,oakley ,spr+s1 ,arizona3 ,cotton-tail rabbit #dg #aj4--,rock et*+s at ,oakley ,spr+s1 ,arizona3 ,be> tracks #dg #aa4--,rock et*+s at ,oakley ,spr+s1 ,arizona3 ,eagle #dg #ab4--,rock et*+s at ,oakley ,spr+s1 ,arizona3 ,eagle tails #dg #ac4--,rock et*+s at ,oakley ,spr+s1 ,arizona3 ,turkey tail #dg #ad4--,rock et*+s at ,oakley ,spr+s1 ,arizona3 ,horn$ toads #dg #ae4--,rock et*+s at ,oakley ,spr+s1 ,arizona3 ,liz>ds #dg #af4--,rock et*+s at ,oakley ,spr+s1 ,arizona3 ,butt]fly #dg #ag4--,rock et*+s at ,oakley ,spr+s1 ,arizona3 ,snakes #dg #ah4--,rock et*+s at ,oakley ,spr+s1 ,arizona3 ,rattlesnake #dg #ai4--,rock et*+s at ,oakley ,spr+s1 ,arizona3 ,de] track #dg #bj4--,rock et*+s at ,oakley ,spr+s1 ,arizona3 ,?ree ,bird tracks #dg #ba4--,rock et*+s at ,oakley ,spr+s1 ,arizona3 ,bitt]ns #dg #bb4--;,bronze head f ! necropolis ( ,m>zabotto1 ,italy #fb #bc4--;,fragm5t ( b[l f ,troja #fc #bd4--;,haida totem po/1 ,que5 ,*>lotte's ,isl& #fh #be4--;,haida man1 tattoo$ #fi #bf4--;,haida woman1 tattoo$ #fi #bg4--;,haida woman1 tattoo$ #gj #bh4--;,haida man1 tattoo$ #gj #bi4--,skulp9 7"r leg ( ,fig4 #bf7 #ga #cj4--;,frog 7left leg ( ,fig4 #bf7 #ga #ca4--;,cod 7brea/ ( ,fig4 #be7 #ga #cb4--,squid 7,octopus71 7?ighs ( ,fig4 #be7 #ga #cc4--,wolf1 enl>g$ 7back ( ,fig4 #bh7 #ga #cd4--,tattoo designs on bone1 f ,new ,zeal& #gd #ce4--,new ,zeal& tattoo$ head & *9 m>k #ge #cf4--,new ,zeal& tattoo$ woman #ge #cg4--;,au/ralian grave & c>v$ trees #gf #ch4--,osage *>t #hf #ci4--;,device d5ot+ succession ( "t4 ,dakota #hh #dj4--;,device d5ot+ succession ( "t4 ,dakota #hi #da4--,measles or ,smallpox4 ,dakota #aaj #db4--,meteor4 ,dakota #aaa #dc4--,riv] fre%et4 ,dakota #aac #dd4--,meteoric %[]4 ,dakota #aaf #de4--,!-,teal-broke-8-leg4 ,dakota #aai #df4--,magic ,arr[4 ,dakota #ada #dg4--,notice ( hunt4 ,alaska #adg #dh4--,notice ( dep>ture4 ,alaska #adh #di4--,notice ( hunt4 ,alaska #adi #ej4--,notice ( direction4 ,alaska #adi #ea4--,notice ( direction4 ,alaska #aej #eb4--,notice ( direction4 ,alaska #aej #ec4--,notice ( di/ress4 ,alaska #aeb #ed4--,notice ( dep>ture & refuge4 ,alaska #aeb #ee4--,notice ( dep>ture to relieve di/ress4 ,alaska #aec #ef4--;,ammunition want$4 ,alaska #aed #eg4--;,assi/ance want$ 9 hunt4 ,alaska #aed #eh4--,/>v+ hunt]s4 ,alaska #aed #ei4--,/>v+ hunt]s4 ,alaska #aee #fj4--,lean ,wolf's map4 ,hidatsa #aeh #fa4--,lett] to 8,little-man0 f 8 fa!r4 ,*ey5ne #afj #fb4--;,draw+ ( smoke signal4 ,alaska #afa #fc4--,tesuque ,diplomatic ,packet #afb #fd4--,tesuque ,diplomatic ,packet #afb #fe4--,tesuque ,diplomatic ,packet #afb #ff4--,tesuque ,diplomatic ,packet #afc #fg4--,tesuque ,diplomatic ,packet #afc #fh4--;,dakota pictograph3 = ,kai[a #afe #fi4--;,dakota pictograph3 = ,arik>a #aff #gj4--;,dakota pictograph3 = ,omaha #aff #ga4--;,dakota pictograph3 = ,pawnee #aff #gb4--;,dakota pictograph3 = ,ass9ibo9e #aff #gc4--;,dakota pictograph3 = ,gros ,v5tre #aff #gd4--,lean-,wolf z 8,p>tisan0 #afh #ge4--,two-,/rike z 8,p>tisan0 #afi #gf4--,lean-,wolf 7p]sonal "n7 #agb #gg4--,po9t]4 ,dakota #agb #gh4--,%ad[4 ,dakota #agc #gi4--,l\d-,talk]4 ,dakota #agc #hj4--;,boat ,paddle4 ,arik>a #ahb #ha4--;,african prop]ty m>k #ahb #hb4--;,hidatsa fea!r m>ks3 ,fir/ to /rike enemy #ahd #hc4--;,hidatsa fea!r m>ks3 ,second to /rike enemy #ahd #hd4--;,hidatsa fea!r m>ks3 ,?ird to /rike enemy #ahd #he4--;,hidatsa fea!r m>ks3 ,f\r? to /rike enemy #ahd #hf4--;,hidatsa fea!r m>ks3 ,w\nd$ by an enemy #ahd #hg4--;,hidatsa fea!r m>ks3 ,kill$ a woman #ahd #hh4--;,dakota fea!r m>ks3 ,kill$ an enemy #ahe #hi4--;,dakota fea!r m>ks3 ,cut ?roat & scalp$ #ahe #ij4--;,dakota fea!r m>ks3 ,cut enemy's ?roat #ahe #ia4--;,dakota fea!r m>ks3 ,?ird to /rike #ahe #ib4--;,dakota fea!r m>ks3 ,f\r? to /rike #ahe #ic4--;,dakota fea!r m>ks3 ,fif? to /rike #ahe #id4--;,dakota fea!r m>ks3 ,_m w\nds #ahe #ie4--,successful def5se4 ,hidatsa1 etc4 #ahf #if4--,two successful def5ses4 ,hidatsa1 etc4 #ahf #ig4--;,captur$ a horse4 ,hidatsa1 etc4 #ahf #ih4--;,fir/ to /rike an enemy4 ,hidatsa #ahg #ii4--,second to /rike an enemy4 ,hidatsa #ahg #ajj4--,?ird to /rike an enemy4 ,hidatsa #ahg #aja4--;,f\r? to /rike an enemy4 ,hidatsa #ahg #ajb4--;,fif? to /rike an enemy4 ,arik>a #ahg #ajc4--,/ruck f\r enemies4 ,hidatsa #ahg #ajd4--,?und] bird4 ,dakota #ahh #aje4--,?und] bird4 ,dakota #ahh #ajf4--,?und] bird 7w+less74 ,dakota #ahi #ajg4--,?und] bird 79 beads74 ,dakota #ahi #ajh4--,?und] bird4 ,haida #aij #aji4--,?und] bird4 ,twana #aij #aaj4--;,ivory record1 ,%aman exorcis+ demon4 ,alaska #aia #aaa4--;,ivory record1 ,supplication = success4 ,alaska #aib #aaa;a4--,%aman's ,lodge4 ,alaska #aif #aab4--;,alaska votive (f]+ #aig #aac4--;,alaska grave-po/ #aih #aad4--;,alaska grave-po/ #aii #aae4--;,alaska village & burial gr\nds #aii #aaf4--,new ,zeal& grave effigy #bjj #aag4--,new ,zeal& grave-po/ #bja #aah4--,new ,zeal& h\se po/s #bja #aai4--,mdewakantawan feti* #bjb #abj4--,ottawa pipe-/em #bjd #aba4--,walrus hunt]4 ,alaska #bje #abb4--;,alaska c>v+ ) records #bje #abc4--,orig9 ( ,brul4 ,dakota #bjg #abd4--,runn+ ,antelope3 ,kill$ "o ,arik>a #bjh #abe4--,runn+ ,antelope3 ,%ot & scalp$ an ,arik>a #bji #abf4--,runn+ ,antelope3 ,%ot an ,arik>a #bji #abg4--,runn+ ,antelope3 ,kill$ two w>riors #baj #abh4--,runn+ ,antelope3 ,kill$ t5 m5 & ?ree wom5 #baj #abi4--,runn+ ,antelope3 ,kill$ two *iefs #baa #acj4--,runn+ ,antelope3 ,kill$ "o ,arik>a #baa #aca4--,runn+ ,antelope3 ,kill$ "o ,arik>a #bab #acb4--,runn+ ,antelope3 ,kill$ two ,arik>a hunt]s #bab #acc4--,runn+ ,antelope3 ,kill$ five ,arik>a #bac #acd4--,runn+ ,antelope3 ,kill$ an ,arik>a #bac #ace4--,record ( hunt4 ,alaska #bad #acf4--,%o%oni horse raid #bae #acg4--;,draw+ on buffalo %\ld]-blade4 ,caman*e #baf #ach4--;,cross-,be>'s dea? #bag #aci4--;,b>k record f ,r$ ,lake1 ,m9nesota #bah #adj4--,sign = pipe4 ,dakota #bai #ada4--,pl5ty buffalo meat4 ,dakota #bai #adb4--,pl5ty buffalo meat4 ,dakota #bbj #adc4--,pictograph = ,trade4 ,dakota #bbj #add4--,/>vation4 ,dakota #bbj #ade4--,/>vation4 ,ottawa & ,pottawatomi #bba #adf4--,pa94 ,di$ ( 8,:i/le40 ,dakota #bba #adg4--;,example ( ,algonkian petroglyphs1 f ,millsbor\gh1 ,p5nsylvania #bbd #adh4--;,example ( ,algonkian petroglyphs1 f ,hamilton ,f>m1 ,we/ ,virg9ia #bbe #adi4--;,example ( ,algonkian petroglyphs1 f ,safe ,h>bor1 ,p5nsylvania #bbf #aej4--;,example ( ,we/]n ,algonkian petroglyphs1 f ,wyom+ #bbg #aea4--;,example ( ,%o%onian petroglyphs1 f ,idaho #bbh #aeb4--;,example ( ,%o%onian petroglyphs1 f ,idaho #bbi #aec4--;,example ( ,%o%onian petroglyphs1 f ,utah #bcj #aed4--;,example ( ,%o%onian rock pa9t+1 f ,utah #bcj #aee4--,rock pa9t+1 f ,tule ,riv]1 ,cali=nia #bce #aef4--,sacr$ inclosure f ,arizona4 ,moki #bcg #aeg4--;,c]emonial head-dress4 ,moki #bcg #aeh4--;,h\ses4 ,moki #bcg #aei4--;,burd5-/icks4 ,moki #bch #afj4--;,arr[s4 ,moki #bch #afa4--;,blossoms4 ,moki #bch #afb4--,lightn+4 ,moki #bch #afc4--;,cl\ds4 ,moki #bch #afd4--;,cl\ds ) ra94 ,moki #bch #afe4--,/>s1 ,moki #bch #aff4--,sun4 ,moki #bci #afg4--,sunrise4 ,moki1 #bci #afh4--;,draw+ ( ,dakota lodges1 by ,hidatsa #bdj #afi4--;,draw+ ( e>? lodges1 by ,hidatsa #bdj #agj4--;,draw+ ( :ite man's h\se1 by ,hidatsa #bdj #aga4--;,hidatsati1 ! home ( ! ,hidatsa #bdj #agb4--;,horses & man4 ,arik>a #bdj #agc4--;,dead man4 ,arik>a #bdj #agd4--,second to /rike enemy4 ,hidatsa #bdj #age4--,?ird to /rike enemy4 ,hidatsa #bdj #agf4--,scalp tak54 ,hidatsa #bdj #agg4--;,enemy /ruck & gun captur$4 ,hidatsa #bdj #agh4--,m5dota draw+4 ,dakota #bda #agi4--,symbol ( w>4 ,dakota #bda #ahj4--;,captives4 ,dakota #bdb #aha4--;,circle ( m54 ,dakota #bdb #ahb4--,%oot+ f riv] banks4 ,dakota #bdb #ahc4--,pan!r4 ,haida #bdb #ahd4--,wolf head4 ,haida #bdc #ahe4--;,draw+s on an ,african knife #bdc #ahf4--;,conv5tional *>act]s3 ,m54 ,arik>a #bdd #ahg4--;,conv5tional *>act]s3 ,man4 ,innuit #bdd #ahh4--;,conv5tional *>act]s3 ,dead man4 ,satsika #bdd #ahi4--;,conv5tional *>act]s3 ,man address$4 ,innuit #bdd #aij4--;,conv5tional *>act]s3 ,man4 ,innuit #bdd #aia4--;,conv5tional *>act]s3 ,man4 ,f ,tule ,riv]1 ,cali=nia #bdd #aib4--;,conv5tional *>act]s3 ,man4 ,f ,tule ,riv]1 ,cali=nia #bdd #aic4--;,conv5tional *>act]s3 ,disabl$ man4 ,ojibwa #bdd #aid4--;,conv5tional *>act]s3 ,%aman4 ,innuit #bde #aie4--;,conv5tional *>act]s3 ,supplication4 ,innuit #bde #aif4--;,conv5tional *>act]s3 ,man4 ,ojibwa #bde #aig4--;,conv5tional *>act]s3 ,spiritually enlight5$ man4 ,ojibwa #bde #aih4--;,conv5tional *>act]s3 ,a wab5o4 ,ojibwa #bde #aii4--;,conv5tional *>act]s3 ,an evil ,m$a4 ,ojibwa #bde #bjj4--;,conv5tional *>act]s3 ,a ,m$a4 ,ojibwa #bde #bja4--;,conv5tional *>act]s3 ,man4 ,hidatsa #bde #bjb4--;,conv5tional *>act]s3 ,headless body4 ,ojibwa #bde #bjc4--;,conv5tional *>act]s3 ,headless body4 ,ojibwa #bde #bjd4--;,conv5tional *>act]s3 ,man4 ,moki #bde #bje4--;,conv5tional *>act]s3 ,man4 ,f ,sib]ia #bde #bjf4--;,conv5tional *>act]s3 ,sup]ior k4 ,ojibwa #bdf #bjg4--;,conv5tional *>act]s3 ,an ,am]ican4 ,ojibwa #bdf #bjh4--,specim5 ( imitat$ pictograph #bdi #bji4--,symbols ( cross #beb ,,on ,,! ,,pictographs ,,( ,,! ,,nor? ,,am]ican ,,indians4 ,,by ,,g>rick ,,mall]y4 ,,introductory4 ,a pictograph is a writ+ by picture4 ,x conveys & records an idea or occurr5ce by graphic means )\t ! use ( words or lett]s4 ,! execution ( ! pictures ( :i* x is compos$ (t5 exhibits ! fir/ crude ef=ts ( graphic art1 & _! /udy 9 t relation is ( value4 ,:5 pictures are employ$ z writ+ ! conception int5d$ to be pres5t$ is g5]ally analyz$1 & only its mo/ ess5tial po9ts are indicat$1 ) ! result t ! *>act]s :5 frequ5tly repeat$ become conv5tional1 & 9 _! lat] =ms cease to be recognizable z objective portraitures4 ,?is exhibition ( conv5tionaliz+ also has its own import 9 ! hi/ory ( art4 ,pictographs are consid]$ 9 ! pres5t pap] *iefly 9 ref]5ce to _! significance z "o =m ( ?\ght-writ+ directly address$ to ! sight1 ge/ure-language be+ ! o!r & probably e>li] =m4 ,s f> z !y are true ideographs !y are ! p]man5t1 direct1 visible expression ( ideas ( :i* ge/ure-language gives ! transi5t expression4 ,:5 adopt$ = syllab>ies or alphabets1 :i* is kn[n to be ! hi/orical c\rse ( evolution 9 t reg>d1 !y h ceas$ to be ! direct & h become ! indirect expression ( ! ideas fram$ 9 oral spee*4 ,! writ+ common 9 civilization records s\nds directly1 n prim>ily ?\ghts1 ! latt] hav+ fir/ be5 translat$ into s\nds4 ,! trace ( pictographs 9 ! latt] use %[s ! e>li] & pr$om9ant conceptions4 ,! importance ( ! /udy ( pictographs dep5ds ^u _! exam9ation z a phase 9 ! evolution ( human culture1 or z conta9+ valuable in=mation to be asc]ta9$ by int]pretation4 ,! inv5tion ( alphabetic writ+ be+ by g5]al admission ! great /ep m>k+ ! *ange f b>b>ism into civilization1 ! hi/ory ( its e>li] developm5t mu/ be valuable4 ,x is inf]r$ f int]nal evid5ce t picture-writ+ prec$$ & orig9at$ ! graphic sy/ems ( ,egypt1 ,n9eveh1 & ,*9a1 b 9 ,nor? ,am]ica its use is /ill mod]n & curr5t4 ,x c be /udi$ !re1 )\t any requirem5t ( inf]5ce or hypo!sis1 9 actual exi/5ce z appli$ to records & communications4 ,fur!rmore1 its transition into signs ( s\nd is app>5t 9 ! ,aztec & ! ,maya *>act]s1 9 :i* /age x 0 only arre/$ by =eign conque/4 ,! e>lie/ lessons ( ! bir? & gr[? ( culture 9 ?is mo/ important bran* ( inve/igation c !re=e be be/ le>n$ f ! ,we/]n ,hemisph]e4 ,9 ?is connection x may be notic$ t picture-writ+ is f\nd 9 su/a9$ vigor on ! same cont95t :]e sign-language has prevail$ or cont9u$ 9 active op]ation to an ext5t unkn[n 9 o!r p>ts ( ! _w4 ,^! modes ( expression1 i4 e41 transi5t & p]man5t idea-writ+1 are s correlat$ 9 _! orig9 & developm5t t nei!r c be /udi$ ) advantage to ! exclusion ( ! o!r4 ,! limits assign$ to ?is pap] all[ only ( its compreh5d+ ! ,indians nor? ( ,mexico1 except z ! pictographs ( o!r peoples are introduc$ = comp>ison4 ,among ^! no discov]y has yet be5 made ( any ( ! sev]al devices1 su* z ! rebus1 or ! initial1 adopt$ else:]e1 by :i* ! elem5t ( s\nd ap>t f significance has be5 introduc$4 ,! fir/ /age ( picture-writ+ z recogniz$ among ! ,egyptians 0 ! repres5tation ( a mat]ial object 9 su* /yle or connection z det]m9$ x n to be a m]e portraiture ( t object1 b figurative ( "s o!r object or p]son4 ,?is /age is abundantly exhibit$ among ! ,indians4 ,inde$1 _! p]sonal & tribal names ?us objectively repres5t$ con/itute ! l>ge/ "p ( _! picture-writ+ s f> ?or\ghly und]/ood4 ,! second /ep ga9$ by ! ,egyptians 0 :5 ! picture became us$ z a symbol ( "s quality or *>act]i/ic4 ,x c be readily se5 h[ a hawk ) bright eye & l(ty flight might be select$ z a symbol ( div9ity & royalty1 & t ! crocodile %\ld d5ote d>kness1 :ile a slightly fur!r /ep 9 metaphysical symbolism made ! o/ri* fea!r1 f ! equality ( its filam5ts1 typical ( tru?4 ,x is evid5t f examples giv5 9 ! pres5t pap] t ! ,nor? ,am]ican tribes at ! "t ( ! ,columbian discov]y _h ent]$ ^u ?is second /ep ( picture-writ+1 ?\gh ) m>k$ inequality betwe5 tribes & regions 9 advance !re94 ,none ( !m appe> to h rea*$ su* pr(ici5cy 9 ! expression ( connect$ ideas by picture z is %[n 9 ! sign-language exi/+ among "s ( !m1 9 :i* ev5 conjunctions & prepositions are indicat$4 ,/ill _m truly ideographic pictures are kn[n4 ,a consid]ation relative to ! antiquity ( my/ic symbolism1 & its position 9 ! sev]al culture-p]iods1 arises 9 ?is connection4 ,x appe>s to h be5 an outgr[? ( human ?\ght1 p]haps 9 ! nature ( an excresc5ce1 useful = a "t1 b ab&on$ aft] a c]ta9 /age ( advancem5t4 ,a criticism has be5 made on ! :ole subject ( pictography by ,dr4 ,ri*>d ,&ree1 :o1 9 8 "w1 ,e?nographis*e ,p>allel5 und ,v]glei*e1 ,/uttg>t1 #ahgh1 has describ$ & figur$ a l>ge numb] ( examples ( petroglyphs1 a "n giv5 by him to rock-draw+s & adopt$ by ! pres5t writ]4 ,8 view appe>s to be t ^! figures are frequ5tly ! idle m>ks :i*1 among civiliz$ p1 boys or ignorant p]sons cut ) _! p5-knives on ! desks & walls ( s*ool-rooms1 or scrawl on ! walls ( lanes & retir$ places4 ,f ?is criticism1 h[ev]1 ,dr4 ,&ree c>efully excludes ! pictographs ( ! ,nor? ,am]ican ,indians1 8 conclusion be+ t ^? f\nd 9 o!r p>ts ( ! _w g5]ally occupy a transition /age l[] ?an t conc$$ = ! ,indians4 ,x is possible t significance may yet be asc]ta9$ 9 _m ( ! *>act]s f\nd 9 o!r regions1 & p]haps ?is may be aid$ by ! /udy ( ^? 9 ,nor? ,am]ica2 b no d\bt %\ld exi/ t ! latt] h purpose & mean+4 ,any attempt at ! relegation ( su* pictographs z are describ$ 9 ! pres5t pap]1 & h be5 ! subject ( ! /udy ( ! pres5t writ]1 to any trivial orig9 c be met by a ?or\gh k ( ! labor & pa9s :i* 7 necess>y 9 ! production ( "s ( ! petroglyphs describ$4 ,all criticism 9 "q ) reg>d to ! actual significance ( ,nor? ,am]ican pictographs is /ill bett] met by _! practical use by hi/oric ,indians = important purposes1 z important to !m z ! art ( writ+1 ( :i* ! pres5t pap] pres5ts a l>ge numb] ( conclusive examples4 ,x is also kn[n t :5 !y n[ make pictographs x is g5]ally done ) int5tion & significance4 ,ev5 :5 ?is "w is und]tak5 to supply ! dem& = pa9t$ robes z articles ( trade x is a s]i\s manufacture1 ?\gh sometimes imitative 9 "* & n intr9sically significant4 ,all o!r in/ances kn[n 9 :i* pictures are made )\t orig9al design1 z indicat$ "u ! sev]al classifications ( ?is pap]1 are :5 !y are purely ornam5tal2 b 9 su* cases !y are (t5 elaborate & arti/ic1 nev] ! idle scrawls above m5tion$4 ,a ma9 object ( ?is pap] is to call att5tion to ! subject 9 o!r p>ts ( ! _w1 & to asc]ta9 :e!r ! practice ( pictography does n /ill exi/ 9 "s correspond+ mann] beyond :at is n[ publi%$4 ,a g5]al d$uction made aft] sev]al ye>s ( /udy ( pictographs ( all k9ds f\nd among ! ,nor? ,am]ican ,indians is t !y exhibit v little trace ( my/icism or ( esot]icism 9 any =m4 ,!y are objective repres5tations1 & _c be treat$ z ciph]s or cryptographs 9 any attempt at _! int]pretation4 ,a k ( ! cu/oms1 co/umes1 includ+ arrangem5t ( hair1 pa9t1 & all tribal designations1 & ( _! hi/ories & traditions is ess5tial to ! und]/&+ ( _! draw+s1 = :i* reason "s ( ^? p>ticul>s kn[n to h influ5c$ pictography are set =? 9 ?is pap]1 & o!rs are sugge/$ :i* possibly _h a simil> influ5ce4 ,comp>atively few ( _! picture signs h become m]ely conv5tional4 ,a /ill small] proportion are ei!r symbolical or emblematic1 b "s ( ^! are not$4 ,by f> ! l>g] "p ( !m are m]ely mnemonic records & are treat$ ( 9 connection ) mat]ial objects =m]ly &1 p]haps1 /ill us$ mnemonically4 ,x is believ$ t ! int]pretation ( ! anci5t =ms is to be obta9$1 if at all1 n by ! discov]y ( any h]m5eutic key1 b by an und]/&+ ( ! mod]n =ms1 "s ( :i* =tunately c be int]pret$ by liv+ m52 & :5 ?is is n ! case ! m rec5t =ms c be made intelligible at lea/ 9 "p by ?or\gh k ( ! hi/oric tribes1 includ+ _! sociology1 philosophy1 & arts1 su* z is n[ becom+ acquir$1 & ( _! sign-language4 ,x is n believ$ t any consid]able in=mation ( value 9 an hi/orical po9t ( view w be obta9$ directly f ! int]pretation ( ! pictographs 9 ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,! only pictures :i* c be ( great antiquity are rock-c>v+s & ^? 9 %ell or simil> sub/ances resi/+ ! action ( "t1 :i* h be5 or may be f\nd 9 m\nds4 ,! great] "p ( ^? already kn[n are simply peck+s1 et*+s1 or pa9t+s del9eat+ natural objects1 v (t5 animals1 & illu/rate ! beg9n+ ( pictorial art4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 probable t o!rs 7 int5d$ to commemorate ev5ts or to repres5t ideas ent]ta9$ by _! au?ors1 b ! ev5ts :i* to !m 7 ( mom5t are ( little importance z hi/ory4 ,!y ref]r$ g5]ally to "s insignificant fight or "s season ( pl5ty or ( fam9e1 or to o!r circum/ances ! evid5t consequ5ce ( :i* has long ceas$4 ,:ile1 h[ev]1 x is n suppos$ t old inscriptions exi/ directly record+ sub/antively important ev5ts1 x is hop$ t "s mat]ials = hi/ory c be ga!r$ f ! *>act]s 9 a mann] simil> to ! triumph ( comp>ative philology 9 resurrect+ ! life-hi/ory & culture ( ! anci5t ,aryans4 ,! significance ( ! *>act]s be+ grant$1 !y exhibit :at *iefly int]e/$ _! au?ors1 & ^? p>ticul>s may be ( an?ropologic consequ5ce4 ,! /udy has s f> advanc$ t1 indep5d5t ( ! significance ( individual *>act]s1 sev]al di/9ct types ( execution are not$ :i* may be expect$ to disclose data reg>d+ priscan habitat & migration4 ,9 ?is connection x may be m5tion$ t rec5t discov]ies r5d] x probable t "s ( ! pictographs 7 int5d$ z guide-m>ks to po9t out trails1 spr+s1 & =ds1 & "s o!rs are suppos$ to indicate at lea/ ! locality ( m\nds & graves1 & possibly to record specific /atem5ts conc]n+ !m4 ,a comp>ison ( typical =ms may also usefully be made ) ! objects ( art n[ exhum$ 9 l>ge numb]s f ! m\nds4 ,ample evid5ce exi/s t _m ( ! pictographs1 bo? anci5t & mod]n1 are connect$ ) ! my?ology & religi\s practices ( _! mak]s4 ,! int]pretations obta9$ dur+ ! pres5t ye> ( "s ( ^? among ! ,moki1 ,zui1 & ,navajo1 ?r[ new & /rong light on ?is subject4 ,x is regrett$ t ! mo/ valuable & novel "p ( ?is in=mation _c be includ$ 9 ! pres5t pap]1 z x is 9 ! possession ( ! ,bureau ( ,e?nology 9 a %ape n yet arrang$ = publication1 or =ms "p ( ! =?com+ volume ( ! ,transactions ( ! ,an?ropological ,society ( ,wa%+ton1 :i* may n be anticipat$4 ,! foll[+ g5]al rem>ks ( ,s*oolcraft1 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #cea1 are ( "s value1 ?\gh !y apply ) any accuracy only to ! ,ojibwa & are t9ctur$ ) a fondness = ! my/]i\s3 ,= _! pictographic devices ! ,nor? ,am]ican ,indians h two t]ms1 namely1 ,kekeew91 or su* ?+s z are g5]ally und]/ood by ! tribe2 & ,keke5[91 or tea*+s ( ! m$as or prie/s1 jossake$s or prophets4 ,! k ( ! latt] is *iefly conf9$ to p]sons :o are v]s$ 9 _! sy/em ( magic m$ic9e1 or _! religion1 & may be deem$ hi]atic4 ,! =m] consi/s ( ! common figurative signs1 su* z are employ$ at places ( sepulture1 or by hunt+ or travel+ p>ties4 ,x is also employ$ 9 ! muzz9biks1 or rock-writ+s4 ,_m ( ! figures are common to bo?1 & are se5 9 ! draw+s g5]ally2 b x is to be und]/ood t ?is results f ! figure-alphabet be+ precisely ! same 9 bo?1 :ile ! devices ( ! nugamoons1 or m$ic9e1 wab9o1 hunt+1 & w> songs1 are kn[n solely to ! initiates :o h le>n$ !m1 & :o always pay high to ! native pr(essors = ?is k4 ,x mu/1 h[ev]1 be admitt$1 z above sugge/$1 t _m ( ! pictographs f\nd are n ( ! hi/oric or my?ologic significance once suppos$4 ,= in/ance1 ! exam9ation ( ! rock c>v+s 9 sev]al p>ts ( ! c\ntry has %[n t "s ( !m 7 m]e records ( ! visits ( individuals to important spr+s or to =ds on regul>ly e/abli%$ trails4 ,9 ?is respect !re seems to h be51 9 ! int5tion ( ! ,indians1 v mu* ! same _s z induces ! civiliz$ man to record 8 initials ^u objects 9 ! neighborhood ( places ( g5]al resort4 ,at ,oakley ,spr+s1 ,arizona ,t]ritory1 totemic m>ks h be5 f\nd1 evid5tly made by ! same individual at successive visits1 %[+ t on ! numb] ( occasions indicat$ he _h pass$ by ^? spr+s1 probably camp+ !re1 & su* record 0 ! habit ( ! neighbor+ ,indians at t "t4 ,! same repetition ( totemic names has be5 f\nd 9 great numb]s 9 ! pipe/one qu>ries ( ,dakota1 & also at "s old =ds 9 ,we/ ,virg9ia4 ,b ^! totemic m>ks are s design$ & execut$ z to h intr9sic significance & value1 :olly diff]5t 9 ?is respect f vulg> names 9 alphabetic =m4 ,x %\ld also be rememb]$ t m]e graffiti are recogniz$ z ( value by ! hi/orian1 ! an?ropologi/1 & ! arti/4 ,"o v m>k$ peculi>ity ( ! draw+s ( ! ,indians is t )9 ea* p>ticul> sy/em1 su* z may be call$ a tribal sy/em1 ( pictography1 e ,indian draws 9 precisely ! same mann]4 ,! figures ( a man1 ( a horse1 & ( e o!r object del9eat$1 are made by e "o :o attempts to make any su* figure ) all ! id5tity ( :i* _! me*anical skill is capable1 ?us %[+ _! conception & motive to be ! same4 ,! int5tion ( ! pres5t "w is n to pres5t at ?is "t a view ( ! :ole subject ( pictography1 ?\gh ! writ] has be5 prep>+ mat]ials ) a ref]5ce to t m ambiti\s project4 ,! pap] is limit$ to ! pres5tation ( ! mo/ important kn[n pictographs ( ! ,nor? ,am]ican ,indians1 ) su* classification z has be5 f\nd conv5i5t to ! writ]1 &1 = t reason1 may be s to collaborators4 ,! s*eme ( ! pap] has be5 to give v simply "o or m examples1 ) illu/rations1 9 connection ) ea* "o ( ! head+s or titles ( ! classifications designat$4 ,?is plan has involv$ a consid]able am\nt ( cross ref]5ce1 because1 9 _m cases1 a "*1 or a gr\p ( *>act]s1 c\ld be consid]$ ) ref]5ce to a numb] ( noticeable *>act]i/ics1 & x 0 a "q ( *oice "u :i* "o ( ! head+s x %\ld be pres5t$1 involv+ ref]5ce to x f ! o!r divisions ( ! pap]4 ,an am\nt ( space disproportionate to ! m]e subdivision ( ,"t "u ! class ( ,mnemonics1 is occupi$ by ! ,dakota ,w9t] ,c\nts1 b x is n believ$ t any apology is necess>y = _! full pres5tation1 z !y n only exhibit ! device m5tion$ 9 ref]5ce to _! use z cal5d>s1 b furni% a rep]tory = all po9ts connect$ ) ! graphic portrayal ( ideas4 ,att5tion is invit$ to ! employm5t ( ! h]aldic s*eme ( designat+ colors by l9es1 dots1 etc41 9 ^? in/ances 9 ! illu/rations :]e color appe>$ to h significance1 :ile x 0 n practicable to produce ! coloration ( ! orig9als4 ,9 _m cases1 h[ev]1 ! figures are too m9ute to p]mit ! successful use ( t s*eme1 & ! text mu/ be ref]r$ to = explanation4 ,?anks are due & r5d]$ = valuable assi/ance to correspond5ts & especially to (fic]s ( ! ,bureau ( ,e?nology & ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,geological ,survey1 ^: names are g5]ally m5tion$ 9 connection ) _! sev]al contributions4 ,ackn[l$gm5t is also made n[ & ?r\gh\t ! pap] to ,dr4 ,w4 ,j4 ,h(fman :o has (ficially assi/$ ! pres5t writ] dur+ sev]al ye>s by rese>*es 9 ! field1 & by draw+ ne>ly all ! illu/rations pres5t$4 ,,di/ribution ,,( ,,petroglyphs ,,9 ,,nor? ,,am]ica4 ,et*+s or pa9t+s on rocks 9 ,nor? ,am]ica are di/ribut$ g5]ally4 ,!y are f\nd ?r\gh\t ! ext5t ( ! cont95t1 on b[ld]s =m$ by ! sea waves or poli%$ by ice ( ! glacial epo*2 on ! faces ( rock l$ges adjo9+ /reams2 on ! high walls ( caons & cliffs2 on ! sides & ro(s ( caves2 9 %ort1 :]ev] smoo? surfaces ( rock appe>4 ,draw+s h also be5 discov]$ on /ones deposit$ 9 m\nds & caves4 ,yet :ile ^! records are s frequ5t1 !re are localities to be di/+ui%$ 9 :i* !y are especially abundant & noticeable4 ,also !y diff] m>k$ly 9 "* ( execution & app>5t subject-matt]4 ,an obvi\s division c be made betwe5 *>act]s et*$ or peck$ & ^? pa9t$ )\t incision4 ,?is division 9 execution co9cides to a c]ta9 ext5t ) geographic areas4 ,s f> z asc]ta9$1 pa9t$ *>act]s prevail p]haps exclusively ?r\gh\t ,s\!rn ,cali=nia1 we/ & s\?we/ ( ! ,si]ra ,nevada4 ,pictures1 ei!r pa9t$ or incis$1 are f\nd 9 p]haps equal frequ5cy 9 ! area ext5d+ ea/w>d f ! ,colorado ,riv] to ,georgia1 nor?w>d into ,we/ ,virg9ia1 & 9 g5]al along ! c\rse ( ! ,mississippi ,riv]4 ,9 "s cases ! glyphs are bo? incis$ & pa9t$4 ,! rema9+ p>ts ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates %[ rock-et*+s almo/ exclusive ( pa9t+s4 ,x is propos$ ) ! accumulation ( in=mation to portray ! localities ( ^! records ^u a *>t accompani$ by a full descriptive text4 ,9 su* *>t w be designat$ _! relative frequ5cy1 size1 height1 position1 color1 age1 & o!r p>ticul>s reg>d$ z important4 ,) su* *>t & li/ ! classification & det]m9ation n[ m]ely indicat$ may become ?or\gh4 ,9 ! pres5t pap] a few only ( ! m important localities w be m5tion$2 g5]ally ^? :i* are ref]r$ to "u sev]al appropriate heads 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! pap]4 ,notices ( "s ( ^! h be5 publi%$2 b _m ( !m are publicly m5tion$ = ! fir/ "t 9 ?is pap]1 k respect+ !m hav+ be5 obta9$ by ! p]sonal rese>*es ( ! (fic]s ( ! ,bureau ( ,e?nology1 or by _! correspond5ts4 ,,nor!a/]n ,,rock ,,c>v+s4 ,a l>ge numb] ( kn[n & describ$ pictographs on rocks occur 9 t portion ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ,canada at "o "t 9 ! possession ( ! sev]al tribes con/itut+ ! ,algonkian l+ui/ic /ock4 ,?is is p>ticul>ly noticeable ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry ( ! great lakes1 & ! ,nor!rn1 ,middle1 & ,new ,engl& ,/ates4 ,! volum9\s discussion ^u ! ,dighton ,rock1 ,massa*usetts1 inscription1 r5d]s x impossible :olly to neglect x4 ,! foll[+ description1 tak5 f ,s*oolcraft's ,hi/ory1 ,condition1 & ,prospect ( ! ,indian ,tribes ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ,vol4 ,,iv1 p4 #aai1 :i* is accompani$ ) a plate1 is1 h[ev]1 suffici5t4 ,x is m]ely a type ( ,algonk9 rock-c>v+1 n s int]e/+ z _m o!rs3 ,! anci5t inscription on a b[ld] ( gre5/one rock ly+ 9 ! m>g9 ( ! ,assonet1 or ,taunton ,riv]1 9 ! area ( anci5t ,v9l&1 0 notic$ by ! ,new ,engl& coloni/s s e>ly z #afhj1 :5 ,dr4 ,dan=? made a draw+ ( x4 ,?is outl9e1 toge!r ) sev]al subsequ5t copies ( x1 at diff]5t eras1 rea*+ to #ahcj1 all diff]+ consid]ably 9 _! details1 b pres]v+ a c]ta9 g5]al resemblance1 is pres5t$ 9 ! ,antiquats ,am]icanes sic 7,tab4 ,,xi1 ,,xii7 & ref]r$ to ! same era ( ,sc&9avian discov]y4 ,! imp]fections ( ! draw+s 7includ+ t execut$ "u ! auspices ( ! ,rhode ,isl& ,hi/orical ,society1 9 #ahcj1 ,tab4 ,,xii7 & ! recognition ( "s *>act]s be>+ m or less resemblance to antique ,roman lett]s & figures1 may be consid]$ to h misl$ ,mr4 ,magnus5 9 8 int]pretation ( x4 ,f :atev] cause1 no?+ c\ld1 x w\ld seem1 h be5 wid] f ! purport & true int]pretation ( x4 ,x is ( purely ,indian orig91 & is execut$ 9 ! peculi> symbolic "* ( ! ,kekeew94 ,,rock ,,c>v+s ,,9 ,,p5nsylvania4 ,_m ( ! rocks along ! riv] c\rses 9 ,nor!rn & ,we/]n ,p5nsylvania be> traces ( c>v+s1 ?\gh1 on acc\nt ( ! "* ( ! geological =mations1 "s ( ^! records are almo/1 if n entirely1 oblit]at$4 ,mr4 ,p4 ,w4 ,%af] publi%$ 9 a hi/orical map ( ,p5nsylvania1 9 #ahge1 sev]al gr\ps ( pictographs4 7,!y _h be=e appe>$ 9 a rude & cr[d$ =m 9 ! ,transactions ( ! ,an?ropological ,in/itute ( ,new ,york1 ,n4 ,y41 #ahga-'gb1 p4 #ff1 ,figs4 #be1 #bf1 :]e ! localities are m5tion$ z 8,big0 & 8,little0 ,indian ,rocks1 respectively47 ,"o ( ^! is situat$ on ! ,susquehanna ,riv]1 bel[ ! dam at ,safe ,h>bor1 & cle>ly %[s its ,algonk9 orig94 ,! *>act]s are ne>ly all ei!r animals or v>i\s =ms ( ! human body4 ,birds1 bird-tracks1 & s]p5ts also occur4 ,a "p ( ?is pictograph is pres5t$ bel[1 ,figure #adi1 page #bbf4 ,on ! same *>t a gr\p ( pictures is also giv51 copi$ f ! orig9als on ! ,allegh5y ,riv]1 9 ,v5ango ,c\nty1 #e miles s\? ( ,frankl94 ,!re are b six *>act]s furni%$ 9 ?is in/ance1 ?ree ( :i* are v>iations ( ! human =m1 :ile ! o!rs are undet]m9$4 ,mr4 ,j4 ,sutton ,wall1 ( ,monongahela ,city1 describes 9 correspond5ce a rock be>+ pictographs opposite ! t[n ( ,millsbor\gh1 9 ,fayette ,c\nty1 ,p5nsylvania4 ,?is rock is ab\t #cij feet above ! level ( ,monongahela ,riv]1 & belongs to ! ,waynesburg /ratum ( s&/one4 ,x is deta*$1 & re/s some:at bel[ its true horizon4 ,x is ab\t #f feet 9 ?ickness1 & has v]tical sides2 only two figures are c>v$ on ! sides1 ! inscriptions be+ on ! top1 & are n[ consid]ably worn4 ,mr4 ,wall m5tions ! outl9es ( animals & "s o!r figures1 =m$ by grooves or *annels cut f an in* to a m]e trace 9 dep?4 ,no indications ( tool m>ks 7 discov]$4 ,x is pres5t$ bel[ z ,figure #adg1 page #bbd4 ,! resemblance betwe5 ?is record & ! draw+s on ,dighton ,rock is to be not$1 z well z t betwe5 bo? ( !m & "s 9 ,ohio4 ,mr4 ,j4 ,sutton ,wall also contributes a gr\p ( et*+s on :at is kn[n z ! 8,g5eva ,picture ,rock10 9 ! ,monongahela ,valley1 ne> ,g5eva4 ,^! are foot-pr9ts & o!r *>act]s simil> to ^? m5tion$ f ,hamilton ,f>m1 ,we/ ,virg9ia1 :i* are %[n 9 ,figure #adh1 page #bbe4 ,s*oolcraft 7,vol4 ,,iv1 pp4 #agb1 #agc1 ,pll4 #ag1 #ah71 describes also1 pres5t+ plates1 a pictograph on ! ,allegh5y ,riv] z foll[s3 ,"o ( ! mo/ (t5 notic$ ( ^! inscriptions exi/s on ! left bank ( ?is riv] ! ,allegh5y1 ab\t six miles bel[ ,frankl9 7! anci5t ,v5ango71 ,p5nsylvania4 ,x is a prom95t po9t ( rocks1 ar\nd :i* ! riv] deflects1 r5d]+ ?is po9t a v conspicu\s object4 99 ,! rock1 :i* has be5 lodg$ "h 9 "s geological convulsion1 is a species ( h>d s&/one1 ab\t tw5ty-two feet 9 l5g? by f\rte5 9 bread?4 ,x has an incl9ation to ! horizon ( ab\t fifty degrees4 ,dur+ fre%ets x is ne>ly ov]fl[n4 ,! inscription is made ^u ! incl9$ face ( ! rock4 ,! pres5t inhabitants 9 ! c\ntry call x ! #8,indian ,god4' ,x is only 9 l[ /ages ( wat] t x c be exam9$4 ,capta9 ,ea/man has succe$$1 by wad+ into ! wat]1 9 mak+ a p]fect copy ( ?is anci5t record1 reject+ f its bord]s ! int]polations ( mod]n names put !re by boatm51 to :om x is kn[n z a po9t ( l&+4 ,! inscription itself appe>s di/9ctly to record1 9 symbols1 ! triumphs 9 hunt+ & w>4 ,,rock ,,c>v+s ,,9 ,,ohio4 ,9 ! ,f9al ,report ( ! ,ohio ,/ate ,bo>d ( ,c5t5nial ,manag]s1 ,columbus1 #ahgg1 _m localities %[+ rock c>v+s are not$4 ,! mo/ important 7besides ^? m5tion$ bel[7 are z foll[s3 ,new>k1 ,lick+ ,c\nty1 :]e human h&s1 _m v>ieties ( bird tracks1 & a cross are notic$4 ,indep5d5ce1 ,cuyahoga ,c\nty1 %[+ human h&s & feet & s]p5ts4 ,amh]/1 ,lora9 ,c\nty1 pres5t+ simil> objects4 ,wellsville1 ,columbiana ,c\nty1 :]e ! *>act]s are m elaborate & v>i$4 ,mr4 ,james ,w4 ,w>d describes 9 ! ,j\rnal ( ! ,an?ropological ,in/itute ( ,new ,york1 ,vol4 ,i1 #ahga-'gb1 pp4 #eg-fd1 ,figs4 #ad-bb1 "s sculptur$ rocks4 ,!y are report$ z occurr+ ne> ,b>nesville1 ,belmont ,c\nty1 & consi/ *iefly ( ! tracks ( birds & animals4 ,s]p5t9e =ms also occur1 toge!r ) conc5tric r+s4 ,! au?or also quotes ,mr4 ,william ,a4 ,adams z describ+1 9 a lett] to ,pr(essor ,silliman 9 #ahdb1 "s figures on ! surface ( a s&/one rock1 ly+ on ! bank ( ! ,musk+um ,riv]4 ,^! figures are m5tion$ z be+ engrav$ 9 ! rock & consi/ ( tracks ( ! turkey1 & ( man4 ,,rock ,,c>v+s ,,9 ,,we/ ,,virg9ia4 ,mr4 ,p4 ,w4 ,norris1 ( ! ,bureau ( ,e?nology1 reports t he f\nd num]\s localities along ! ,kana:a ,riv]1 ,we/ ,virg9ia1 be>+ pictographs4 ,rock et*+s are num]\s ^u smoo? rocks1 cov]$ dur+ high wat]1 at ! prom95t =ds ( ! riv]1 z well z 9 ! ni*es or long %all[ caves high 9 ! rocky cliffs ( ?is region4 ,al?\gh rude repres5tations ( m51 animals1 & "s deem$ symbolic *>act]s 7 f\nd1 none 7 obs]v$ sup]ior to1 or ess5tially diff]+ f1 ^? ( mod]n ,indians4 ,mr4 ,john ,haywood m5tions 7,! ,natural & ,aborig9al ,hi/ory ( ,t5nessee1 ,na%ville1 #ahbc1 pp4 #ccb1 #ccc7 rock et*+s f\r miles bel[ ! ,burn+ ,spr+1 ne> ! m\? ( ,campbell's ,creek1 ,kana:a ,c\nty1 ,we/ ,virg9ia4 ,^! consi/ ( =ms ( v>i\s animals1 z ! de]1 buffalo1 fox1 h>e2 ( fi% ( v>i\s k9ds2 8infants scalp$ & scalps alone10 & m5 ( natural size4 ,! rock is said to be 9 ! ,kana:a ,riv]1 ne> its nor!rn %ore1 accessible only at l[ wat]1 & !n only by boat4 ,on ! rocky walls ( ,little ,coal ,riv]1 ne> ! m\? ( ,big ,horse ,creek1 are cliffs ^u :i* are _m c>v+s4 ,"o ( ^! measures #h feet 9 l5g? & #e feet 9 height1 & consi/s ( a d5se mass ( *>act]s4 ,ab\t #b miles above ,m\nt ,pleasant1 ,mason ,c\nty1 ,we/ ,virg9ia1 on ! nor? side ( ! ,kana:a ,riv]1 are numb]s ( *>act]s1 app>5tly totemic4 ,^! are at ! foot ( ! hills flank+ ! riv]4 ,on ! cliffs ne> ! m\? ( ! ,kana:a ,riv]1 opposite ,m\nt ,c>bon1 ,ni*olas ,c\nty1 ,we/ ,virg9ia1 are num]\s pictographs4 ,^! appe> to be cut into ! s&/one rock4 ,see also page #bbe1 ,figure #adh4 ,,rock ,,c>v+s ,,9 ,,! ,,s\!rn ,,/ates4 ,*>les ,c4 ,jones1 jr41 9 8 ,antiquities ( ! ,s\!rn ,indians1 etc41 ,new ,york1 #ahgc1 pp4 #fb1 #fc1 gives "s g5]al rem>ks ^u ! pictographs ( ! s\!rn ,indians1 z foll[s3 ,9 pa9t+ & rock writ+ ! ef=ts ( ! ,s\!rn ,indians 7 conf9$ to ! fanciful & pr(use ornam5tation ( _! own p]sons ) v>i\s colors1 9 :i* r$1 yell[1 & black pr$om9at$1 & to m>ks1 signs1 & figures depict$ on sk9s & scrat*$ on wood1 ! %\ld] blade ( a buffalo1 or on /one4 ,! smoo? b>k ( a /&+ tree or ! face ( a rock 0 us$ to commemorate "s feat ( arms1 to indicate ! direction & /r5g? ( a milit>y exp$ition1 or ! solemnization ( a treaty ( peace4 ,high up ! p]p5dicul> sides ( m\nta9 gorges1 & at po9ts app>5tly inaccessible save to ! f[ls ( ! air1 are se5 repres5tations ( ! sun & moon1 accompani$ by rude *>act]s1 ! significance ( :i* is frequ5tly unkn[n to ! pres5t obs]v]4 ,! motive :i* incit$ to ! execution ( "w s p]il\s 01 d\btless1 religi\s 9 its "*1 & directly connect$ ) ! wor%ip ( ! sun & 8 pale consort ( ! night4 ,! same au?or1 page #cgg1 p>ticul>ly describes & illu/rates "o 9 ,georgia1 z foll[s3 ,9 ,=sy? ,c\nty1 ,georgia1 is a c>v$ or incis$ b[ld] ( f9e-gra9$ granite1 ab\t #i feet long1 #d feet #f in*es high1 & #c feet broad at its wide/ po9t4 ,! figures are cut 9 ! b[ld] f "o-half to ?ree-f\r?s ( an in* deep4 99 ,x is g5]ally believ$ t !y are ! "w ( ! ,*]okees4 ,^! figures are *iefly circles1 bo? pla91 nucleat$1 & conc5tric1 sometimes two or m be+ jo9$ by /raight l9es1 =m+ :at is n[ kn[n z ! 8spectacle-%ap$0 figure4 ,dr4 ,m4 ,f4 ,/eph5son m5tions1 9 ,geology & ,m9]alogy ( ,georgia1 ,atlanta1 #ahga1 p4 #aii1 sculptures ( human feet1 v>i\s animals1 be> tracks1 etc41 9 ,en*ant$ ,m\nta91 ,union ,c\nty1 ,georgia4 ,! :ole numb] ( et*+s is report$ z "o hundr$ & =ty-six4 ,,rock ,,c>v+s ,,9 ,,i[a4 ,mr4 ,p4 ,w4 ,norris f\nd num]\s caves on ! banks ( ! ,mississippi ,riv]1 9 ,nor!a/]n ,i[a1 #d miles s\? ( ,new ,albion1 conta9+ incis$ pictographs4 ,fifte5 miles s\? ( ?is locality pa9t+s occur on ! cliffs4 ,,rock ,,c>v+s ,,9 ,,m9nesota4 ,mr4 ,p4 ,w4 ,norris has discov]$ l>ge numb]s ( peck$ totemic *>act]s on ! horizontal face ( ! l$ges ( rock at ,pipe ,/one ,qu>ry1 ,m9nesota1 ( :i* he has pres5t$ copies4 ,! cu/om prevail$1 x is /at$1 = ea* ,indian :o ga!r$ /one 7,catl9ite7 = pipes to inscribe 8 totem ^u ! rock be=e v5tur+ to qu>ry ^u ?is gr\nd4 ,"s ( ! cliffs 9 ! imm$iate vic9ity 7 ( too h>d a nature to admit ( peck+ or scrat*+1 & ^u ^! ! *>act]s 7 plac$ 9 colors4 ,,rock ,,c>v+s ,,9 ,,wyom+ ,,& ,,9 ,,idaho4 ,a numb] ( pictographs 9 ,wyom+ are describ$ 9 ! report on ,nor?we/]n ,wyom+1 includ+ ,yell[/one ,national ,p>k1 by ,capt4 ,william ,a4 ,jones1 ,u4 ,s4 ,a41 ,wa%+ton1 #ahge1 p4 #bfh et seq41 ,figures #ej to #ec 9 t "w4 ,! la/ ?ree 9 ord] ( ^! figures are reproduc$ 9 ,sign ,language among ,nor? ,am]ican ,indians1 9 ! ,fir/ ,annual ,report1 ,bureau ( ,e?nology1 pages #cgh & #cgi1 to %[ _! connection ) ge/ure signs4 ,! mo/ important "o 0 discov]$ on ,little ,popo-,agie1 ,nor?we/]n ,wyom+1 by memb]s ( ,capta9 ,jones's p>ty 9 #ahgc4 ,! et*+s are ^u a ne>ly v]tical wall ( ! yell[ s&/one 9 ! re> ( ,murphy's ran*1 & appe> to be ( "s antiquity4 ,fur!r rem>ks1 ) specim5s ( ! figures1 are pres5t$ 9 ?is pap] z ,figure #aej1 on page #bbg4 ,dr4 ,william ,h4 ,corbusi]1 ,u4 ,s4 ,army1 9 a lett] to ! writ]1 m5tions ! discov]y ( rock et*+s on a s&/one rock ne> ! headwat]s ( ,sage ,creek1 9 ! vic9ity ( ,=t ,wa%akie1 ,wyom+4 ,dr4 ,corbusi] rem>ks t nei!r ! ,%o%oni nor ! ,arapaho ,indians "k :o made ! et*+s4 ,! two *ief figures appe> to be ^? ( ! human =m1 ) ! h&s & arms p>tly uplift$1 ! :ole be+ surr\nd$ above & on ei!r side by an irregul> l9e4 ,! me?od ( gr\p+1 toge!r ) v>i\s accompany+ app5dages1 z irregul> l9es1 spirals1 etc41 obs]v$ 9 ,dr4 ,corbusi]'s draw+1 %[ great simil>ity to ! ,algonk9 type1 & resemble "s et*+s f\nd ne> ! ,w9d ,riv] ,m\nta9s1 :i* 7 ! "w ( ,blackfeet 7,satsika7 ,indians1 :o1 9 comp>atively rec5t times1 occupi$ portions ( ! c\ntry 9 "q1 & probably also et*$ ! designs ne> ,=t ,wa%akie4 ,a numb] ( examples f ,idaho appe> infra1 pages #bbh & #bbi4 ,,rock ,,c>v+s ,,9 ,,nevada4 ,at ! l[] extremity ( ,pyramid ,lake1 ,nevada1 pictographs h be5 f\nd by memb]s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,geological ,survey1 ?\gh no accurate reproductions are available4 ,^! *>act]s are m5tion$ z incis$ ^u ! surface ( basalt rocks4 ,on ! we/]n slope ( ,lone ,butte1 9 ! ,c>son ,des]t1 ,nevada1 pictographs occur 9 consid]able numb]s4 ,all ( ^! appe> to h be5 produc$1 on ! faces ( b[ld]s & rocks1 by peck+ & scrat*+ ) "s h>d m9]al mat]ial l qu>tz4 ,no copies h be5 obta9$ z yet4 ,great numb]s ( incis$ *>act]s ( v>i\s k9ds are f\nd on ! walls ( rock flank+ ,walk] ,riv]1 ne> ,walk] ,lake1 ,nevada4 ,wav+ l9es1 r+s1 & :at appe> to be vegetable =ms are ( frequ5t occurr5ce4 ,! human =m & footpr9ts are also depict$4 ,among ! copies ( pictographs obta9$ 9 v>i\s portions ( ! ,nor?we/]n ,/ates & ,t]ritories1 by ,mr4 ,g4 ,k4 ,gilb]t1 is "o ref]r$ z to z be+ on a block ( basalt at ,reveill1 ,nevada1 & is m5tion$ z be+ ,%9umo or ,moki4 ,?is sugge/ion is evid5tly bas$ ^u ! g5]al resemblance to draw+s f\nd 9 ,arizona1 & kn[n to h be5 made by ! ,moki ,indians4 ,! locality is )9 ! t]ritory ( ! ,%o%onian l+ui/ic division1 & ! et*+s are 9 all probability ! "w ( "o or m ( ! num]\s tribes compris$ )9 t division4 ,,rock ,,c>v+s ,,9 ,,oregon ,,& ,,9 ,,wa%+ton4 ,num]\s b[ld]s & rock esc>pm5ts at & ne> ! ,dalles ( ! ,columbia ,riv]1 ,oregon1 are cov]$ ) incis$ or peck$ pictographs4 ,human figures occur1 ?\gh *>act]s ( o!r =ms pr$om9ate4 ,mr4 ,alb]t ,s4 ,gats*et reports ! discov]y ( rock et*+s ne> ,ga/on1 ,oregon1 9 #ahgh1 :i* are said to be ne> ! anci5t settlem5t ( ! ,tulati 7or ,atflati7 ,indians1 accord+ to ! /atem5t ( ^! p4 ,^! et*+s are ab\t #ajj feet above ! valley bottom1 & occur on six rocks ( s(t s&/one1 project+ f ! grassy hillside ( ,patt5's ,valley1 opposite ,d>l+ ,smi?'s f>m1 & are surr\nd$ ) timb] on two sides4 ,! di/ance f ,ga/on is ab\t #d miles2 f ! old ,tulati settlem5t probably n m ?an #b-a_/b miles 9 an air-l9e4 ,?is s&/one l$ge ext5ds = "o-eigh? ( a mile horizontally along ! hillside1 ^u ! project+ portions ( :i* ! inscriptions are f\nd4 ,^! rocks diff] greatly 9 size1 & slant =w>d s t ! inscrib$ portions are expos$ to ! frequ5t ra9s ( t region4 ,! fir/ rock1 or t "o ne>e/ ! m\? ( ! caon1 consi/s ( horizontal zigzag l9es1 & a deta*$ /raight l9e1 also horizontal4 ,on ano!r side ( ! same rock is a s]ies ( oblique p>allel l9es4 ,"s ( ! mo/ /rik+ *>act]s f\nd ^u o!r expos$ portions ( ! rock appe> to be human figures1 i4 e41 circles to :i* radiat+ l9es are atta*$1 & be>+ indications ( eyes & m\?1 long v]tical l9es runn+ d[nw>d z if to repres5t ! body1 & t]m9at+ 9 a bifurcation1 z if int5d$ = legs1 toes1 etc4 ,to ! "r ( "o figure is an arm & ?ree-f+]$ h& 7simil> to "s ( ! ,moki *>act]s71 b5t d[nw>d f ! elb[1 ! hum]us ext5d+ at a "r angle f ! body4 ,horizontal r[s ( %ort v]tical l9es are plac$ bel[ & betwe5 "s ( ! figures1 probably num]ical m>ks ( "s k9d4 ,o!r *>act]s occur ( v>i\s =ms1 ! mo/ /rik+ be+ an arr[ po9t+ upw>d1 ) two horizontal l9es drawn across ! %aft1 v]tical l9es hav+ %ort oblique l9es atta*$ !reto4 ,mr4 ,gats*et1 fur!rmore1 rem>ks t ! ,tulati atta* a trivial /ory to ! orig9 ( ^! pictures1 ! sub/ance ( :i* is z foll[s3 ,! ,tillamuk w>riors liv+ on ! ,pacific coa/ 7 (t5 at v>iance ) ! sev]al ,kalapuya tribes4 ,"o day1 pass+ ?r\gh ,patt5's ,valley to invade ! c\ntry ( ! ,tulati1 !y inquir$ ( a pass+ woman h[ f> !y 7 f _! camp4 ,! woman1 desir\s n to betray h] own c\ntrym51 said t !y 7 yet at a di/ance ( "o 7or two87 days' travel4 ,?is made !m reflect ov] ! int5d$ invasion1 & hold+ a c\ncil !y pref]r$ to retire4 ,9 commemoration ( ?is ! inscription ) its num]ation m>ks1 0 incis$ by ! ,tulati4 ,capt4 ,*>les ,b5dire1 ,u4 ,s4 ,army1 /ates 9 a lett] t ,col4 ,h5ry ,c4 ,m]riam1 ,u4 ,s4 ,army1 discov]$ pictographs on a p]p5dicul> cliff ( granite at ! l[] end ( ,lake ,*elan1 lat4 #dh ,n41 ne> old ,=t ,o',k9akane1 on ! upp] ,columbia ,riv]4 ,! et*+s appe> to h be5 made at widely diff]5t p]iods1 & are evid5tly q old4 ,^? :i* appe>$ ! e>lie/ 7 f tw5ty-five to ?irty feet above ! pres5t wat] level4 ,^? appe>+ m rec5t are ab\t t5 feet above wat] level4 ,! figures are 9 black & r$ colors1 repres5t+ ,indians ) b[s & arr[s1 elk1 de]1 be>1 beav]1 & fi%4 ,!re are f\r or five r[s ( ^! figures1 & q a numb] 9 ea* r[4 ,! pres5t native inhabitants "k no?+ :atev] reg>d+ ! hi/ory ( ^! pa9t+s4 ,= ano!r example ( pictographs f ,wa%+ton see ,figure #aji1 p4 #aij4 ,,rock ,,c>v+s ,,9 ,,utah4 ,a locality 9 ! s\!rn int]ior ( ,utah has be5 call$ ,pictograph ,rocks1 on acc\nt ( ! num]\s records ( t "* f\nd !re4 ,mr4 ,g4 ,k4 ,gilb]t1 ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,geological ,survey1 9 #ahge collect$ a numb] ( copies ( inscriptions 9 ,temple ,creek ,caon1 ,s\!a/]n ,utah1 accompani$ by ! foll[+ notes3 8,! draw+s 7 f\nd only on ! nor!a/ wall ( ! caon1 :]e x cuts ! ,v]million cliff s&/one4 ,! *ief "p are et*$1 app>5tly by p\nd+ ) a %>p po9t4 ,! outl9e ( a figure is usually m deeply cut ?an ! body4 ,o!r m>ks are produc$ by rubb+ or scrap+1 & /ill o!r by lay+ on colors4 ,"s1 n all1 ( ! colors are accompani$ by a rubb$ appe>ance1 z ?\gh ! mat]ial _h be5 a dry *alk4 8,i c\ld discov] no tools at ! foot ( ! wall1 only fragm5ts ( pott]y1 fl9ts1 & a metate4 8,sev]al fall5 blocks ( s&/one h rubb$ depressions t may h be5 gr\nd out 9 ! %>p5+ ( tools4 ,!re h be5 _m dates ( inscriptions1 & ea* new g5]ation has unscrupul\sly run its l9es ov] ! pictures already made4 ,^u ! be/ protect$ surfaces1 z well z ! mo/ expos$1 !re are draw+s dimm$ beyond re/oration & o!rs di/9ct4 ,! p]iod dur+ :i* ! "w accumulat$ 0 long] by f> ?an ! "t :i* has pass$ s9ce ! la/4 ,"s fall5 blocks cov] et*+s on ! wall1 & are !mselves et*$4 8,colors are pres]v$ only :]e !re is almo/ complete %elt] f ra94 ,9 two places ! holes worn 9 ! rock by sway+ bran*es imp+e on et*+s1 b ! trees !mselves h disappe>$4 ,"s et*+s are left high & dry by a dim9i%+ talus 7#ae-bj feet71 b ,i saw none p>tly buri$ by an increas+ talus 7except 9 ! case ( ! fall5 block already m5tion$74 8,! pa9t$ circles are exce$+ly accurate1 & x seems incr$ible t !y 7 made )\t ! use ( a radius40 ,9 ! collection contribut$ by ,mr4 ,gilb]t !re are at lea/ fifte5 s]ies or gr\ps ( figures1 mo/ ( :i* consi/ ( ! human =m 7f ! simple/ to ! mo/ complex /yle ( draw+71 animals1 ei!r s+ly or 9 long files1 z if driv51 bird tracks1 human feet & h&s1 etc4 ,!re are also circles1 p>allel l9es1 & wav+ or undulat+ l9es1 spots1 & o!r un9telligible *>act]s4 ,mr4 ,gilb]t also reports ! discov]y1 9 #ahhc1 ( a great numb] ( pictographs1 *iefly 9 color1 ?\gh "s are et*$1 9 a caon ( ! ,book ,cliff1 conta9+ ,?ompson's spr+1 ab\t #d miles nor? ( ,?ompson's /ation1 on ! ,d5v] & ,colorado ,railroad1 ,utah4 ,collections ( draw+s ( pictographs at ,black ,rock spr+1 on ,beav] ,creek1 nor? ( ,mil=d1 ,utah1 h be5 furni%$ by ,mr4 ,gilb]t4 ,a numb] ( fall5 blocks ( basalt1 at a l[ esc>pm5t1 are fill$ ) et*+s ^u ! v]tical faces4 ,! *>act]s are g5]ally ( an 8un9telligible0 nature1 ?\gh ! human figure is drawn 9 complex =ms4 ,foot-pr9ts1 circles1 etc41 also ab\nd4 ,mr4 ,i4 ,c4 ,russell1 ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,geological ,survey1 furni%$ rude draw+s ( pictographs at ,black ,rock spr+1 ,utah 7see ,figure #aec74 ,mr4 ,gilb]t ,?ompson1 ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,geological ,survey1 also discov]$ pictographs at ,fool ,creek ,caon1 ,utah 7see ,figure #aed74 ,bo? ( ^? figures are on page #bcj4 ,,rock ,,c>v+s ,,9 ,,colorado4 ,capta9 ,e4 ,l4 ,b]?\d furni%$ to ! ,kansas ,city ,review ( ,sci5ce & ,indu/ry1 ,,vii1 #ahhc1 ,no4 #h1 pp4 #dhi1 #dij1 ! foll[+3 ,! place is #bj miles s\!a/ ( ,rio ,del ,norte1 at ! entrance ( ! caon ( ! ,pi$ra ,p9tada 7,pa9t$ ,rock7 ,creek4 ,! c>v+s are f\nd on ! "r ( ! caon1 or valley1 & ^u volcanic rocks4 ,!y be> ! m>ks ( age & are cut 91 n pa9t$1 z is /ill done by ! ,utes ev]y:]e4 ,!y are f\nd = a qu>t] ( a mile along ! nor? wall ( ! caon1 on ! ran*es ( ,w4 ,m4 ,maguire & ,f4 ,t4 ,hudson1 & consi/ ( all mann] ( pictures1 symbols1 & hi]oglyphics done by arti/s ^: memory ev5 tradition does n n[ pres]ve4 ,! fact t ^! are c>v+s1 done ^u su* h>d rock m]its !m ) additional int]e/1 z !y are q di/9ct f ! c>v+s ,i saw 9 ,new ,mexico & ,arizona on s(t s&-/one4 ,?\gh "s ( !m are evid5tly ( mu* great] antiquity ?an o!rs1 yet all are anci5t1 ! ,utes admitt+ !m to h be5 old :5 _! fa!rs conqu]$ ! c\ntry4 ,,rock ,,c>v+s ,,9 ,,new ,,mexico4 ,on ! nor? wall ( ,caon de ,*elly1 "o f\r? ( a mile ea/ ( ! m\? ( ! caon1 are sev]al gr\ps ( pictographs1 consi/+ *iefly ( v>i\s grotesque =ms ( ! human figure1 & also numb]s ( animals1 circles1 etc4 ,a few ( !m are pa9t$ black1 ! great] portion consi/+ ( r %all[ l9es :i* are 9 "s places consid]ably wea!r$4 ,fur!r up ! caon1 9 ! vic9ity ( cliff-dwell+s1 are num]\s small gr\ps ( pictographic *>act]s1 consi/+ ( m5 & animals1 wav+ or zigzag l9es1 & o!r odd & 8un9telligible0 figures4 ,lieut4 ,j4 ,h4 ,simpson gives sev]al illu/rations ( pictographs copi$ f rocks 9 ! nor?we/ "p ( ,new ,mexico 9 8 ,report ( an ,exp$ition into ! ,navajo ,c\ntry4 7,s54 ,ex4 ,doc4 ,no4 #fd1 #ca/ ,cong41 #a/ sess41 #ahef1 ,pl4 #bc1 #bd1 #be47 ,inscriptions h be5 m5tion$ z occurr+ at ,el ,moro1 consi/+ ( et*+s ( human figures & o!r un9telligible *>act]s4 ,?is locality is bett] kn[n z ,inscription ,rock4 ,lieut5ant ,simpson's rem>ks ^u x1 ) illu/rations1 are giv5 9 ! "w la/ cit$1 on page #abj4 ,he /ates t mo/ ( ! *>act]s are no high] ?an a man's head1 & t "s ( !m are und\bt$ly ( ,indian orig94 ,at ,ar* ,spr+1 ne> ,zui1 figures are cut ^u a rock :i* ,lieut5ant ,:ipple ?9ks pres5t "s fa9t simil>ity to ^? at ,rocky ,dell ,creek4 7,rep4 ,pac4 ,r4 ,r1 ,exp$41 ,vol4 ,,iii1 #ahef1 ,pt4 ,,iii1 p4 #ci1 ,pl4 #cb47 ,ne> ,ojo ,pescado1 9 ! vic9ity ( ! ru9s1 are pictographs1 report$ 9 ! la/ m5tion$ volume & page1 ,plate #ca1 :i* are v mu* wea!r-worn1 & h 8no trace ( a mod]n h& ab\t !m40 ,,rock-,,c>v+s ,,9 ,,arizona4 ,on a table l& ne> ! ,gila ,b5d is a m\nd ( granite b[ld]s1 black5$ by augite1 & cov]$ ) unkn[n *>act]s1 ! "w ( human h&s4 ,on ! gr\nd ne> by 7 also traces ( "s ( ! figures1 %[+ "s ( ! pictographs1 at lea/1 to h be5 ! "w ( mod]n ,indians4 ,o!rs 7 ( und\bt$ antiquity1 & ! signs & symbols int5d$1 d\btless1 to commemorate "s great ev5t4 7,see ,ex4 ,doc4 ,no4 #da1 #cj? ,cong41 #a/ sess4 7,emory's ,reconnaissance71 #ahdh1 p4 #hi2 ,ill4 opposite p4 #hi1 & on p4 #ij47 ,*>act]s ^u rocks1 ( que/ionable antiquity1 are report$ 9 ! la/-m5tion$ volume1 ,plate1 p4 #fc1 to occur on ! ,gila ,riv]1 at #cb #ch #ac ,n4 lat41 & #aji #jg #cj long4 ,accord+ to ! plate1 ! figures are f\nd ^u b[ld]s & on ! face ( ! cliff to ! height ( ab\t #cj feet4 ,! p>ty "u ,lieut5ant ,:ipple 7see ,rep4 ,pac4 ,r4 ,r4 ,exp$41 ,,iii1 #ahef1 ,pt4 ,,iii1 p4 #db7 also discov]$ pictographs at ,yampais ,spr+1 ,williams ,riv]4 8,! spot is a seclud$ gl5 among ! m\nta9s4 ,a high1 %elv+ rock =ms a cave1 )9 :i* is a pool ( wat] & a cry/al /ream fl[+ f x4 ,! l[] surface ( ! rock is cov]$ ) pictographs4 ,none ( ! devices seem to be ( rec5t date40 ,_m ( ! c\ntry rocks ly+ on ! ,colorado plateau ( ,nor!rn ,arizona1 ea/ ( ,pea* ,spr+s1 be> traces ( consid]able arti/ic workman%ip4 ,"s obs]v$ by ,dr4 ,w4 ,j4 ,h(fman1 9 #ahga1 7 r elaborate & repres5t$ figures ( ! sun1 human be+s 9 v>i\s /yles approa*+ ! grotesque1 & o!r *>act]s n yet und]/ood4 ,all ( ^? obs]v$ 7 made by peck+ ! surface ( basalt ) a h>d] v>iety ( /one4 ,mr4 ,g4 ,k4 ,gilb]t discov]$ et*+s at ,oakley ,spr+1 ea/]n ,arizona1 9 #ahgh1 relative to :i* he rem>ks t an ,oraibi *ief expla9$ !m to him & said t ! 8,mokis make excursions to a locality 9 ! caon ( ! ,colorado ,*iquito to get salt4 ,on _! return !y /op at ,oakley ,spr+ & ea* ,indian makes a picture on ! rock4 ,ea* ,indian draws 8 cre/ or totem1 ! symbol ( 8 g5s 7874 ,he draws x once1 & once only1 at ea* visit40 ,mr4 ,gilb]t adds1 fur!r1 t 8!re are probably "s exceptions to ?is1 b ! et*+s %[ its g5]al tru?4 ,!re are a great _m repetitions ( ! same sign1 & f two to t5 w (t5 appe> 9 a r[4 ,9 sev]al in/ances ,i saw ! end draw+s ( a r[ q fre% :ile ! o!rs 7 n s4 ,mu* ( ! "w seems to h be5 p]=m$ by p\nd+ ) a h>d po9t1 b a few pictures are scrat*$ on4 ,_m draw+s are wea!r-worn beyond recognition1 & o!rs are s fre% t ! du/ left by ! tool has n be5 wa%$ away by ra94 ,oakley ,spr+ is at ! base ( ! ,v]million ,cliff1 & ! et*+s are on fall5 blocks ( s&/one1 a homog5e\s1 massive1 s(t s&/one4 ,tubi1 ! ,oraibi *ief above ref]r$ to1 says 8 totem is ! ra9 cl\d b x w be made no m z he is ! la/ survivor ( ! g5s40 ,a gr\p ( ! ,oakley ,spr+ et*+s ( :i* ,figure #a is a copy1 measures six feet 9 l5g? & f\r feet 9 height4 ,int]pretations ( _m ( ! sep>at$ *>act]s ( ,figure #a are pres5t$ on page #df et seq41 also 9 ,figures #aef et seq41 page #bcg4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4--,petroglyphs at ,oakley ,spr+s1 ,arizona4 ,mr4 ,gilb]t obta9$ sket*es ( et*+s 9 ,novemb]1 #ahgh1 on ,p>tridge ,creek1 nor!rn ,arizona1 at ! po9t :]e ! ,beale wagon road comes to x f ! ea/4 8,! rock is cross-lam9at$ ,aubrey s&/one & ! surfaces us$ are faces ( ! lam94 ,all ! "w is done by bl[s ) a %>p po9t4 7,obsidian is abundant 9 ! vic9ity47 ,"s inscriptions are s fre% z to indicate t ! locality is /ill resort$ to4 ,no ,indians live 9 ! imm$iate vic9ity1 b ! region is a hunt+ gr\nd ( ! ,wallapais & ,avasupais 7,cosn9os740 ,not)/&+ ! occasional visits ( ! above nam$ tribes1 ! *>act]s submitt$ m ne>ly resemble ^? ( o!r localities kn[n to h be5 made by ! ,moki ,pueblos4 ,rock et*+s are ( frequ5t occurr5ce along ! entire ext5t ( ! valley ( ! ,rio ,v]de1 f a %ort di/ance bel[ ,camp ,v]de to ! ,gila ,riv]4 ,mr4 ,?omas ,v4 ,keam reports et*+s on ! rocks 9 ,caon ,segy1 & 9 ,keam's ,caon1 nor!a/]n ,arizona4 ,"s =ms occurr+ at ! latt] locality are f\nd also ^u ,moki pott]y4 ,,rock ,,c>v+s ,,9 ,,cali=nia4 ,f in=mation receiv$ f ,mr4 ,alphonse ,p9>t1 pictographic records exi/ 9 ! hills ea/ ( ,san ,b]n>d9o1 some:at resembl+ ^? at ,tule ,riv] 9 ! s\!rn spurs ( ! ,si]ra ,nevada1 ,k]n ,c\nty4 ,^! pictographic records are f\nd at v>i\s localities along ! hill tops1 b to :at di/ance is n positively kn[n4 ,9 ! range ( m\nta9s =m+ ! nor!a/]n b\nd>y ( ,ow5 ,valley are ext5sive gr\ps ( petroglyphs1 app>5tly dissimil> to ^? f\nd we/ ( ! ,si]ra ,nevada4 ,dr4 ,osc> ,loew also m5tions a s+ul> inscription on basaltic rocks 9 ,black ,lake ,valley1 ab\t #d miles s\?we/ ( ! t[n ( ,b5ton1 ,mono ,c\nty4 ,?is is scrat*$ 9 ! basalt surface ) "s %>p in/rum5t & is evid5tly ( great age4 7,ann4 ,report ^u ! ,geog4 ,surveys we/ ( ! #ajj? m]idian4 ,be+ ,app5dix ,j ,j1 ,ann4 ,report ( ,*ief ( ,eng9e]s = #ahgf4 ,plate fac+ p4 #cbf47 ,dr4 ,w4 ,j4 ,h(fman1 ( ! ,bureau ( ,e?nology1 reports ! occurr5ce ( a numb] ( s]ies ( et*+s scatt]$ at int]vals = ov] tw5ty miles 9 ,ow5's ,valley1 ,cali=nia4 ,"s ( ^! records 7 ha/ily exam9$ by him 9 #ahga1 b x 0 n until ! autumn ( #ahhd t a ?or\gh exam9ation ( !m 0 made1 :5 measurem5ts1 draw+s1 etc41 7 obta9$ = /udy & comp>ison4 ,! c\ntry is g5]ally ( a s&y1 des]t1 "*1 devoid ( vegetation & wat]4 ,! occasional b[ld]s & cropp+s ( rock consi/ ( vesicul> basalt1 ^u ! smoo? v]tical faces ( :i* occur innum]able *>act]s diff]5t f any hi!rto report$ f ,cali=nia1 b be>+ m>k$ simil>ity to "s figures f\nd 9 ! c\ntry n[ occupi$ by ! ,moki & ,zui1 9 ,new ,mexico & ,arizona1 respectively4 ,! s\!rnmo/ gr\p ( et*+s is eighte5 miles s\? ( ! t[n ( ,b5ton2 ! next gr\p1 two miles almo/ due nor?1 at ! ,*alk ,grade2 ! ?ird1 ab\t ?ree miles f>!r nor?1 ne> ! /age road2 ! f\r?1 half a mile nor? ( ! prec$+2 !n a fif?1 five & a half miles above ! la/ nam$ & twelve & a half miles s\? ( ,b5ton4 ,! nor!rnmo/ gr\p is ab\t t5 or twelve miles nor?we/ ( ! la/-m5tion$ locality & s\? we/ f ,b5ton1 at a place kn[n z ,watt]son's ,ran*4 ,! pr9cipal figures consi/ ( v>i\s simple1 complex1 & ornam5tal circles1 "s ( ! simple circles v>y+ z nucleat$1 conc5tric1 & spectacle-%ap$1 zigzag1 & s]p5t9e l9es1 etc4 ,animal =ms are n abundant1 ^? readily id5tifi$ be+ ^? ( ! de]1 antelope1 & jack-rabbits4 ,repres5tations ( snakes & huge sculptur+s ( grizzly-be> tracks occur on "o horizontal surface1 twelve & a half miles s\? ( ,b5ton4 ,9 connection ) ! latt]1 sev]al c>v+s ( human foot-pr9ts appe>1 lead+ 9 ! same direction1 i4 e41 t[>d ! s\?-s\?we/4 ,all ( ^! figures are peck$ into ! v]tical faces ( ! rocks1 ! dep?s v>y+ f "o-f\r? ( an in* to an in* & a qu>t]4 ,a fre%ly brok5 surface ( ! rock pres5ts v>i\s %ades f a cream :ite to a ,naples yell[ color1 ?\gh ! sculptur$ l9es are all black5$ by exposure & oxidation ( ! iron conta9$ !re94 ,?is fact has no importance t[>d ! det]m9ation ( ! age ( ! "w4 ,at ! ,*alk ,grade is a l>ge b[ld] measur+ ab\t six feet 9 height & f\r feet ei!r way 9 ?ickness1 ^u "o side ( :i* is "o-half ( :at appe>s to h be5 an imm5se mort>4 ,! sides ( ?is cavity are v]tical1 & ne> ! bottom turn abruptly & horizontally 9 t[>d ! c5t]1 :i* is m>k$ by a cone ab\t ?ree in*es high & six in*es across at its base4 ,! int]ior diamet] ( ! mort> is ab\t tw5ty-f\r in*es1 & f ! appe>ance ( ! surface1 be+ consid]ably groov$ lat]ally1 x w\ld appe> z if a core _h be5 us$ = gr9d+1 simil> 9 action to t ( a mill/one4 ,no traces ( su* a core or correspond+ =m 7 visible4 ,?is in/ance is m5tion$ z x is ! only indication t ! au?ors ( ! et*+s made any prolong$ visit to ?is region1 & p]haps only = gr9d+ grass se$1 ?\gh nei!r grass nor wat] is n[ f\nd ne>] ?an ! rema9s at ,watt]son's ,ran* & at ,b5ton4 ,! records at ,watt]son's are peck$ ^u ! surfaces ( deta*$ b[ld]s ne> ! top ( a mesa1 ab\t "o hundr$ feet above ! ne>e/ spr+1 di/ant two hundr$ y>ds4 ,^! are also plac$ at ! s\!a/ corn] ( ! mesa1 or t ne>e/ to ! nor!rn mo/ ( ! ma9 gr\p across ! ,b5ton ,range4 ,at ! base ( ! ea/]n & nor!a/]n portion ( ?is elevation ( l&1 & b a /one's ?r[ f ! et*+s1 are ! rema9s ( =m] camps1 su* z /one circles1 m>k+ ! =m] sites ( bru% lodges1 & a l>ge numb] ( obsidian flakes1 arr[heads1 knives1 & "s jasp] rema9s ( l "*4 ,^u ! flat granite b[ld]s are sev]al mort>-holes1 :i* p]haps 7 us$ = cru%+ ! se$ ( ! grass /ill gr[+ abundantly 9 ! imm$iate vic9ity4 ,pion nuts are also abundant 9 ?is locality4 ,^u foll[+ ! mo/ conv5i5t c\rse across ! ,b5ton ,range to rea* ,ow5's ,valley prop]1 et*+s are also f\nd1 ?\gh 9 limit$ numb]s1 & seem to p>take ( ! "* ( 8indicators z to c\rse ( travel40 ,by ?is trail ! nor!rnmo/ ( ! sev]al gr\ps ( et*+s above m5tion$ is ! ne>e/ & mo/ easily rea*$4 ,! et*+s ^u ! b[ld]s at ,watt]son's are some:at diff]5t f ^? f\nd else:]e4 ,! numb] ( specific designs is limit$1 _m ( !m be+ reproduc$ f two to six or sev5 times1 ?us seem+ to p>take ( ! "* ( p]sonal names4 ,"o ( ! mo/ frequ5t is t resembl+ a horse%oe )9 :i* is a v]tical /roke4 ,sometimes ! upp] extremity ( su* /roke is atta*$ to ! upp] inside curve ( ! brok5 r+1 & frequ5tly !re are two or m p>allel v]tical /rokes )9 "o su* curve4 ,be>-tracks & ! outl9e ( human feet also occur1 besides sev]al unique =ms4 ,a few ( ^! =ms are figur$1 ?\gh n accurately1 9 ! ,ann4 ,report ^u ! ,geog4 ,surveys we/ ( ! #ajj? m]idian la/ m5tion$ 7#ahgf71 ,plate fac+ p4 #cbf4 ,lieut5ant ,:ipple reports 7,rep4 ,pac4 ,r4 ,r4 ,exp$4 ,,iii1 #ahef1 ,pt4 ,,iii1 p4 #db1 ,pl4 #cf7 ! discov]y ( pictographs at ,pai-,ute ,creek1 ab\t #cj miles we/ ( ! ,mojave villages4 ,^! are c>v$ ^u a rock1 8are num]\s1 appe> old1 & are too confus$ly obscure to be easily traceable40 ,^! be> great g5]al resemblance to et*+s scatt]$ ov] ,nor!a/ ,arizona1 ,s\!rn ,utah1 & ,we/]n ,new ,mexico4 ,rem>kable pictographs h also be5 f\nd at ,tule ,riv] ,ag5cy4 ,see ,figure #aee1 page #bce4 ,,color$ ,,pictographs ,,on ,,rocks4 ,mr4 ,gilb]t ,?ompson reports ! occurr5ce ( pa9t$ *>act]s at ,pa9t ,lick ,m\nta91 #c miles nor? ( ,maid5 ,spr+1 ,tazewell ,c\nty1 ,virg9ia4 ,^! *>act]s are pa9t$ 9 r$1 blue1 & yell[4 ,a brief description ( ?is record is giv5 9 a "w by ,mr4 ,*>les ,b4 ,coale1 entitl$ 8,! ,life & ,adv5tures ( ,wilburn ,wat]s10 etc41 ,ri*mond1 #ahgh1 p4 #acf4 ,mr4 ,john ,haywood 7,! ,natural & ,aborig9al ,hi/ory ( ,t5nessee1 ,na%ville1 #ahbc1 p4 #adi7 m5tions pa9t$ figures ( ! sun1 moon1 a man1 birds1 etc41 on ! bluffs on ! s\? bank ( ! ,hol/on1 #e miles above ! m\? ( ! ,fr5* ,broad4 ,^! are pa9t$ 9 r$ colors on a lime/one bluff4 ,he /ates t !y 7 attribut$ to ! ,*]okee ,indians1 :o made ?is a re/+ place :5 j\rney+ ?r\gh ! region4 ,?is au?or fur!rmore rem>ks3 8,:]ev] on ! riv]s ( ,t5nessee are p]p5dicul> bluffs on ! sides1 & especially if caves be ne>1 are (t5 f\nd m\nds ne> !m1 enclos$ 9 intr5*m5ts1 ) ! sun & moon pa9t$ on ! rocks10 etc4 ,among ! _m color$ et*+s & pa9t+s on rock discov]$ by ! ,pacific ,railroad ,exp$ition 9 #ahec-'ed 7,rep4 ,pac4 ,r4 ,r4 ,exp$41 ,,iii1 #ahef1 ,pt4 ,,iii1 pp4 #cf1 #cg1 ,pll4 #bh1 #bi1 #cj7 may be m5tion$ ^? at ,rocky ,dell ,creek1 ,new ,mexico1 :i* 7 f\nd betwe5 ! edge ( ! ,llano ,e/acado & ! ,canadian ,riv]4 ,! /ream fl[s ?r\gh a gorge1 ^u "o side ( :i* a %elv+ s&/one rock =ms a sort ( cave4 ,! ro( is cov]$ ) pa9t+s1 "s evid5tly anci5t1 & b5ea? are innum]able c>v+s ( footpr9ts1 animals1 & symmetrical l9es4 ,mr4 ,james ,h4 ,blodgett1 ( ! ,u4 ,s4 ,geological ,survey1 calls att5tion to ! pa9t+s on ! rocks ( ! bluffs ( ! ,mississippi ,riv]1 a %ort di/ance bel[ ! m\? ( ! ,ill9ois ,riv]1 9 ,ill9ois1 :i* 7 obs]v$ by e>ly ,fr5* explor]s1 & h be5 ! subject ( discussion by mu* m rec5t obs]v]s4 ,mr4 ,p4 ,w4 ,norris f\nd num]\s pa9t$ totemic *>act]s ^u ! cliffs 9 ! imm$iate vic9ity ( ! pipe/one qu>ry1 ,m9nesota4 ,^! consi/$1 probably1 ( ! totems or names ( ,indians :o _h visit$ t locality = ! purpose ( obta9+ catl9ite = mak+ pipes4 ,^! _h be5 m5tion$ by e>ly writ]s4 ,mr4 ,norris also discov]$ pa9t$ *>act]s ^u ! cliffs on ! ,mississippi ,riv]1 #ai miles bel[ ,new ,alb91 9 nor!a/]n ,i[a4 ,mr4 ,gilb]t ,?ompson reports 8 obs]vation ( pictographs at ,san ,antonio ,spr+s1 #cj miles ea/ ( ,=t ,w+ate1 ,new ,mexico4 ,! human =m1 9 v>i\s /yles1 occurs1 z well z num]\s o!r *>act]s /rik+ly simil> to ^? frequ5t 9 ! c\ntry1 f>!r we/1 occupi$ by ! ,moki ,indians4 ,! peculi>ity ( ^! figures is t ! outl9es are incis$ or et*$1 ! depressions ?us =m$ be+ fill$ ) pigm5ts ( ei!r r$1 blue1 or :ite4 ,! int]ior portions ( ! figures are simply pa9t$ ) "o or m ( ! same colors4 ,*>les ,d4 ,wright1 esq41 ( ,durango1 ,colorado1 writes t he has discov]$ 8hi]oglyphical writ+s0 ^u rocks & ^u ! wall ( a cliff h\se ne> ! ,colorado & ,new ,mexico b\nd>y l9e4 ,on ! wall 9 "o small build+ 0 f\nd a s]ies ( *>act]s 9 r$ & black pa9ts1 consi/+ ( a 8*ief on 8 horse1 arm$ ) spe> & lance1 we>+ a po9t$ hat & robe2 beh9d ?is 7 ab\t tw5ty *>act]s repres5t+ p on horses1 lasso+ horses1 etc42 9 fact1 ! :ole sc5e repres5t$ break+ camp & leav+ 9 a hurry4 ,! :ole pa9t+ measur$ ab\t #ab by #af feet40 ,o!r rock-pa9t+s are also m5tion$ z occurr+ ne> ! ,san ,juan ,riv]1 consi/+ ( f\r *>act]s repres5t+ m5 z if 9 ! act ( tak+ an obligation1 h&s ext5d$1 etc4 ,at ! "r are "s *>act]s 9 black pa9t1 cov]+ a space #c by #d feet4 ,! rock-pa9t+s pres5t$ 9 ,plates ,i & ,,ii are r$uc$ copies ( a record f\nd by ,dr4 ,w4 ,j4 ,h(fman1 ( ! ,bureau ( ,e?nology1 9 ,septemb]1 #ahhd1 #ab miles we/-nor?we/ ( ! city ( ,santa ,b>b>a1 ,cali=nia4 ,!y are "o-sixte5? orig9al size4 ,! locality is almo/ at ! summit ( ! ,santa ,ynez range ( m\nta9s2 ! gray s&/one rock on :i* !y are pa9t$ is ab\t #cj feet high & projects f a ridge s z to =m a v m>k$ promontory ext5d+ into a n>r[ m\nta9 caon4 ,at ! base ( ! we/]n side ( ?is b[ld] is a r\nd$ cavity1 measur+1 on ! inside1 ab\t #ae feet 9 wid? & #h feet 9 height4 ,! floor asc5ds rapidly t[>d ! back ( ! cave1 & ! entrance is r small] 9 dim5sions ?an ! above measurem5ts ( ! int]ior4 ,ab\t #dj y>ds we/ ( ?is rock is a f9e spr+ ( wat]4 ,"o ( ! f\r old ,indian trails lead+ nor?w>d across ! m\nta9s passes by ?is locality1 & x is probable t ?is 0 "o ( ! camp+-places ( ! tribe :i* came s\? to trade1 & t "s ( its memb]s 7 ! au?ors ( ! pa9t+s4 ,! ?ree trails beside ! "o j m5tion$ cross ! m\nta9s at v>i\s po9ts ea/ ( ?is1 ! mo/ di/ant be+ ab\t #ae miles4 ,o!r trails 7 kn[n1 b ^! f\r 7 mo/ direct to ! imm$iate vic9ity ( ! ,spani% settlem5t :i* sprang up %ortly aft] ! e/abli%m5t ( ! ,santa ,b>b>a ,mission 9 #aghf4 ,pictographs 7n n[ describ$7 appe> ^u rocks f\nd at or ne> ! orig9 ( all ( ! above-m5tion$ trails at ! base ( ! m\nta9s1 ) ! exception ( ! "o "u consid]ation4 ,! appe>ance & position ( ^! pictographs appe> to be connect$ ) ! sev]al trails4 ,! circles figur$ 9 b & d ( ,plate ,i1 & c1 r1 & w ( ,plate ,,ii1 toge!r ) o!r simil> circul> m>ks be>+ cross-l9es ^u ! int]ior1 7 at fir/ un9telligible1 z _! =ms among v>i\s tribes h v diff]5t signification4 ,! "* 9 ,plate ,i1 above & project+ f d1 resembles ! human =m1 ) curi\s lat]al b&s ( black & :ite1 alt]nately4 ,two simil> *>act]s appe>1 also1 9 ,plate ,,ii1 a1 b4 ,9 a1 ! l9es f ! head w\ld seem to indicate a sup]ior rank or condition ( ! p]son depict$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,bureau ,,( ,,e?nology ,,f\r? ,,annual ,,report ,,pl4 ,i ,,pictographs ,,9 ,,santa ,,b>b>a ,,c\nty1 ,,cali=nia4 ,hav+ occasion subsequ5tly to visit ! private e?nologic collection ( ,hon4 ,a4 ,f4 ,coronel1 ( ,los ,angeles1 ,cali=nia1 ,dr4 ,h(fman discov]$ a clue to ! g5]al import ( ! above record1 z well z ! signification ( "s ( ! *>act]s above m5tion$4 ,9 a collection ( color$ illu/rations ( ,mexican co/umes "s ( !m probably a c5tury old1 he f\nd blankets be>+ bord]s & colors1 ne>ly id5tical ) ^? %[n 9 ! circles 9 ,plate ,i1 d1 & ,plate ,,ii1 c1 r1 w4 ,x is m ?an probable t ! circles repres5t bales ( blankets :i* e>ly became articles ( trade at ! ,santa ,b>b>a ,mission4 ,if ?is supposition is correct1 ! cross-l9es w\ld seem to repres5t ! cords1 us$ 9 ty+ ! blankets into bales1 :i* same cross-l9es appe> z cords 9 l1 ,plate ,,ii4 ,mr4 ,coronel also possesses small figures ( ,mexicans1 ( v>i\s conditions ( life1 co/umes1 trades1 & pr(essions1 "o ( :i*1 a pa9t$ /atuette1 is a repres5tation ( a ,mexican ly+ d[n flat ^u an outspread s]ape1 simil> 9 color & =m to ! black & :ite b&s %[n 9 ! upp] figure ( d1 ,plate ,i1 & a1 b1 ( ,plate ,,ii1 & in/antly sugge/+ ! explanation ( ^? figures4 ,^u ! latt] ! cont9uity ( ! black & :ite b&s is brok51 z ! human figures are probably int5d$ to be 9 front1 or on top1 ( ! draw+s ( ! blankets4 ,illu/ration3 ,,bureau ,,( ,,e?nology ,,f\r? ,,annual ,,report ,,pl4 ,,ii ,,pictographs ,,9 ,,santa ,,b>b>a ,,c\nty1 ,,cali=nia4 ,! small /atuette above m5tion$ is t ( a ,mexican trad]1 & if ! circles 9 ! pictographs are consid]$ to repres5t bales ( blankets1 !re is a figure 9 ,plate ,i1 d1 /ill m int]e/+1 f ! union ( "o ( ^! circles ) t ( a "* repres5t+ ! trad]1 i4 e41 ! man possess+ ! bales4 ,bales1 or :at appe> to be bales1 are repres5t$ to ! top & "r ( ! circle d1 ,plate ,i1 & also ^u ! "r h& figure 9 l1 ,plate ,,ii4 ,to ! "r ( ! latt] are ?ree %ort l9es1 evid5tly %[+ ! knot or ends ( ! cords us$ 9 ty+ a bale ( blankets )\t colors1 !re=e ( less importance1 or ( o!r goods4 ,?is bale is ^u ! back ( :at appe>s to be a horse1 l$ 9 an upw>d direction by an ,indian ^: head-dress1 & ends ( ! bree*-clo?1 are visible4 ,o!r human =ms appe> 9 ! attitude ( mak+ ge/ures1 "o also 9 j1 ,plate ,,ii1 probably c>ry+ a bale ( goods4 ,figure u repres5ts a c5tip$e1 an insect f\nd occasionally s\? ( ! m\nta9s1 b report$ z extremely r>e 9 ! imm$iate nor!rn regions4 7,= x1 see page #bcb47 ,mr4 ,coronel /at$ t :5 he fir/ settl$ 9 ,los ,angeles1 9 #ahdc1 ! ,indians liv+ nor? ( ! ,san ,f]n&o m\nta9s manufactur$ blankets ( ! fur & hair ( animals1 %[+ transv]se b&s ( black & :ite simil> to ^? depict$1 :i* 7 sold to ! inhabitants ( ! valley ( ,los ,angeles & to ,indians :o transport$ !m to o!r tribes4 ,x is probable t ! pictograph is int5d$ to repres5t ! sali5t features ( a trad+ exp$ition f ! nor?4 ,! ceil+ ( ! cavity f\nd betwe5 ! draw+s repres5t$ 9 ,plate ,i & ,plate ,,ii has disappe>$1 ow+ to dis9tegration1 ?us leav+ a blank ab\t #d feet long1 & #f feet f ! top to ! bottom ( ! orig9al record betwe5 ! p>ts repres5t$ 9 ! two plates4 ,dr4 ,w4 ,j4 ,h(fman also reports ! foll[+ additional localities 9 ,santa ,b>b>a & ,los ,angeles c\nties4 ,fifte5 miles we/ ( ,santa ,b>b>a1 on ! nor!rn summit ( ! ,santa ,ynez range1 & ne> ! ,san ,m>cos ,pass1 is a gr\p ( pa9t+s 9 r$ & black4 ,"o figure resembles a portion ( a *eck]-bo>d 9 ! arrangem5t ( squ>es4 ,s]p5t9e & zigzag l9es occur1 z also curv$ l9es ) s]rations on ! concave sides2 figures ( ! sun1 gr\ps ( %ort v]tical l9es1 & tree =ms1 resembl+ repres5tations ( ! dragon-fly1 & ! human =m1 z drawn by ! ,moki ,indians1 & v simil> to ,fig4 e1 ,pl4 ,,ii4 ,^! pa9t+s are 9 a cavity ne> ! base ( an imm5se b[ld]1 ov] tw5ty feet 9 height4 ,a %ort di/ance f ?is is a flat granitic b[ld]1 conta9+ tw5ty-"o mort> holes1 :i* _h evid5tly be5 us$ by visit+ ,indians dur+ ! acorn season4 ,trees ( ?is g5us are v abundant1 & _! fruit =m$ "o ( ! s\rces ( subsi/5ce4 ,?ree miles we/-nor?we/ ( ?is locality1 9 ! valley ne> ! base ( ! m\nta91 are indi/9ct figures 9 fad$ r$1 pa9t$ ^u a l>ge rock4 ,! *>act]s appe> simil>1 9 g5]al1 to ^? above m5tion$4 ,=ty-?ree miles we/ ( ,santa ,b>b>a1 9 ! ,naj[e ,valley1 is a promontory1 at ! base ( :i* is a l>ge %all[ cav]n1 ! op5+ be+ small] ?an ! int]ior1 ^u ! ro( & back ( :i* are num]\s figures ( simil> =ms z ^? obs]v$ at ,san ,m>cos ,pass4 ,sev]al *>act]s appe> to h be5 drawn at a lat] date ?an o!rs1 su* z horn$ cattle1 etc4 ,! black color us$ 0 a manganese comp\nd1 :ile ! r$ pigm5ts consi/ ( f]rug9\s clays1 abundant at num]\s localities 9 ! m\nta9 caons4 ,"s ( ! human figures are drawn ) ! h&s & arms 9 ! attitude ( mak+ ! ge/ures = surprise or a/oni%m5t1 & negation4 ,"o ( ! mo/ ext5sive records1 & probably also ! mo/ elaborately drawn1 is situat$ 9 ! ,c>isa ,pla91 ne> ,seor ,orea's ran*1 sixty or sev5ty miles due nor? ( ,santa ,b>b>a4 ,! mo/ conspicu\s figure is t ( ! sun1 resembl+ a face1 ) ornam5tal app5dages at ! c>d9al po9ts1 & be>+ /rik+ resemblance to "s ,moki m>ks & pictographic "w4 ,s]p5t9e l9es & num]\s anomal\s =ms also ab\nd4 ,f\r miles nor!a/ ( ,santa ,b>b>a1 ne> ! resid5ce ( ,mr4 ,/ev5s1 is an isolat$ s&/one b[ld] measur+ ab\t tw5ty feet high & ?irty feet 9 diamet]1 ^u ! we/]n side ( :i* is a slight cavity be>+ figures correspond+ 9 g5]al =m to o!rs 9 ?is c\nty4 ,! ge/ure = negation aga9 appe>s 9 ! attitude ( ! human figures4 ,half a mile f>!r ea/1 on ,dr4 ,coe's f>m1 is ano!r small] b[ld]1 9 a cavity ( :i* "s portions ( human figures are %[n4 ,p>ts ( ! draw+s h disappe>$ ?r\gh dis9tegration ( ! rock1 :i* is call$ 8,pulpit ,rock10 on acc\nt ( ! %ape ( ! cavity1 its position at ! side ( ! n>r[ valley1 & ! e*o obs]v$ ^u speak+ a little above ! ord9>y tone ( voice4 ,pa9t$ rocks also occur 9 ! ,azuza ,caon1 ab\t ?irty miles nor!a/ ( ,los ,angeles1 ( :i* illu/rations are giv5 9 ,plate ,,lxxx1 describ$ on p4 #aef4 ,dr4 ,h(fman also f\nd o!r pa9t+s 9 ! valley ( ! ,s\? ,=k ( ! ,tule ,riv]1 9 addition to ^? discov]$ 9 #ahhb1 & giv5 9 ,figure #aee1 p4 #bce4 ,! =ms are ^? ( l>ge insects1 & ( ! be>1 beav]1 c5tip$e1 bald eagle1 etc4 ,^u ! ea/]n slope ( an isolat$ peak betwe5 ,port]ville & ,visalia1 sev]al miles ea/ ( ! /age road1 are pictographs 9 r$ & black4 ,^! are *iefly draw+s ( ! de]1 be>1 & o!r animals & =ms n yet det]m9$4 ,j previ\s to 8 dep>ture f ! ,santa ,b>b>a region1 ,dr4 ,h(fman 0 in=m$ ( ! exi/5ce ( eight or n9e pa9t$ records 9 t neighborhood1 :i* up to t "t _h be5 obs]v$ only by a few %eep-h]d]s & hunt]s4 ,o!r important localities %[+ color$ et*+s1 & o!r pa9t$ figures1 are at ,san ,diego1 ,cali=nia2 at ,oneida1 ,idaho2 9 ,temple ,creek ,caon1 s\!a/]n ,utah1 & 9 ! ,caon de ,*elly1 nor?we/]n ,new ,mexico4 ,,=eign ,,petroglyphs4 ,! di/ribution & ! description ( ! petroglyphs ( ,mexico1 z well z ( o!r =ms ( pictographs f\nd !re1 are omitt$ 9 ! pres5t pap]4 ,! subject is s va/1 & su* a l>ge am\nt ( in=mation has already be5 giv5 to ! public conc]n+ x1 t x is n consid]$ 9 ?is "w1 :i* is ma9ly devot$ to ! simil> productions ( ! tribes popul>ly kn[n z ,nor? ,am]ican ,indians1 al?\gh ! pre-,columbian inhabitants ( ,mexico %\ld1 9 /rictness1 be includ$ 9 t category4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 always to be recogniz$ t "o ( ! mo/ important po9ts 9 ! /udy ( pictographs1 is ! comp>ison ( ^? ( ,mexico ) ^? f\nd f>!r nor?4 ,copies ( _m petroglyphs f\nd 9 ! ea/]n hemisph]e h be5 collect$1 b ! limitations ( ! pres5t pap] d n all[ ( _! reproduction or discussion4 ,,petroglyphs ,,9 ,,s\? ,,am]ica4 ,:ile ! scope ( ?is "w does n contemplate ei!r %[+ ! di/ribution ( ! rock c>v+s 9 ,s\? ,am]ica1 or ent]+ ^u any detail$ discussion ( !m1 "s acc\nt is "h subjo9$ = ! purpose ( indicat+ ! great ext5t ( ! e?nic mat]ial ( ?is "* t is yet to be obta9$ f t cont95t4 ,alex&] von ,humboldt1 9 ,aspects ( ,nature 9 diff]5t l&s & diff]5t climates1 etc41 ,vol4 ,i1 pp4 #aif-bja1 ,london1 #ahej1 gives ! foll[+ g5]al rem>ks conc]n+ pictographs f ,s\? ,am]ica3 ,9 ! int]ior ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 betwe5 ! #b;d & #d? degrees ( ,nor? latitude1 a =e/-cov]$ pla9 is enclos$ by f\r riv]s1 ! ,or9oco1 ! ,atabapo1 ! ,rio ,negro1 & ! ,cassiqui>e4 ,9 ?is di/rict are f\nd rocks ( granite & ( sy5ite1 cov]$1 l ^? ( ,caic>a & ,uruana1 ) colossal symbolical figures ( crocodiles & tig]s1 & draw+s ( h\sehold ut5sils1 & ( ! sun & moon4 ,at ! pres5t "t ?is remote corn] ( ! e>? is entirely )\t human inhabitants1 ?r\gh\t an ext5t ( m ?an #h1jjj squ>e geographical miles4 ,! tribes ne>e/ to its b\nd>ies are w&]+ nak$ savages1 9 ! l[e/ /ages ( human exi/5ce1 & f> remov$ f any ?\ghts ( c>v+ hi]oglyphics on rocks4 ,"o may trace 9 ,s\? ,am]ica an entire zone1 ext5d+ ?r\gh m ?an eight degrees ( longitude1 ( rocks s ornam5t$2 viz4 f ! ,rupuniri1 ,essequibo1 & ! m\nta9s ( ,pac>aima1 to ! banks ( ! ,or9oco & ( ! ,yupura4 ,^! c>v+s may belong to v diff]5t epo*s1 = ,sir ,rob]t ,s*omburgk ev5 f\nd on ! ,rio ,negro repres5tations ( a ,spani% galiot1 :i* mu/ h be5 ( a lat] date ?an ! beg9n+ ( ! #af? c5tury2 & ?is 9 a wild]ness :]e ! natives 7 probably z rude !n z at ! pres5t "t4 ,b x mu/ n be =gott5 t 99 99 nations ( v diff]5t desc5t1 :5 9 a simil> unciviliz$ /ate1 hav+ ! same disposition to simplify & g5]alize outl9es1 & be+ impell$ by inh]5t m5tal dispositions to =m ry?mical repetitions & s]ies1 may be l$ to produce simil> signs & symbols4 99 99 99 ,"s miles f ,enc>amada1 !re rises1 9 ! middle ( ! savannah1 ! rock ,tepu-,m]eme1 or pa9t$ rock4 ,x %ews sev]al figures ( animals & symbolical outl9es :i* resemble mu* ^? obs]v$ by u at "s di/ance above ,enc>amada1 ne> ,cayc>a1 9 #g #e to #g #dj lat41 & #ff #bh to #fg #bc ,w4 long4 f ,gre5wi*4 ,rocks ?us m>k$ are f\nd betwe5 ! ,cassiqui>e & ! ,atabapo 79 #b #e to #c #bj lat471 & :at is p>ticul>ly rem>kable1 #efj geographical miles f>!r to ! ,ea/ 9 ! solitudes ( ! ,p>ime4 ,?is la/ fact is plac$ beyond a d\bt by ! j\rnal ( ,ni*olas ,hortsman1 ( :i* ,i h se5 a copy 9 ! h&writ+ ( ! celebrat$ ,d',anville4 ,t simple & mode/ travell] wrote d[n e day1 on ! spot1 :at _h appe>$ to him mo/ wor?y ( notice1 & he des]ves p]haps ! m cr$5ce because1 be+ full ( dissatisfaction at hav+ fail$ to discov] ! objects ( 8 rese>*es1 ! ,lake ( ,dorado1 ) lumps ( gold & a diamond m9e1 he look$ ) a c]ta9 degree ( contempt on :atev] fell 9 8 way4 ,he f\nd1 on ! #af? ( ,april1 #agdi1 on ! banks ( ! ,rupunuri1 at ! spot :]e ! riv] w9d+ betwe5 ! ,mac>ana m\nta9s =ms sev]al small cascades1 & be=e arriv+ 9 ! di/rict imm$iately r\nd ,lake ,amucu1 8rocks cov]$ ) figures10--or1 z he says 9 ,portugese1 8de v>ias letras40 ,we 7 %[n at ! rock ( ,culimac>i1 on ! banks ( ! ,cassiqui>e1 signs :i* 7 call$ *>act]s1 arrang$ 9 l9es--b !y 7 only ill-%ap$ figures ( heav5ly bodies1 boa-s]p5ts1 & ! ut5sils employ$ 9 prep>+ manioc meal4 ,i h nev] f\nd among ^! pa9t$ rocks 7pi$ras p9tadas7 any symmetrical arrangem5t or any regul> ev5-spac$ *>act]s4 ,i am !re=e dispos$ to ?9k t ! ^w 8letras0 9 ,hortsmann's j\rnal mu/ n be tak5 9 ! /ricte/ s5se4 ,s*omburgk 0 n s =tunate z to r$iscov] ! rock se5 by ,hortsmann1 b he has se5 & describ$ o!rs on ! banks ( ! ,essequibo1 ne> ! cascade ( ,w>raputa4 8,?is cascade10 he says1 8is celebrat$ n only = its height b also = ! quantity ( figures cut on ! rock1 :i* h great resemblance to ^? :i* ,i h se5 9 ! isl& ( ,/4 ,john1 "o ( ! ,virg9 ,isl&s1 & :i* ,i consid] to be1 )\t d\bt1 ! "w ( ! ,c>ibs1 by :om t "p ( ! ,antilles 0 =m]ly inhabit$4 ,i made ! utmo/ ef=ts to deta* portions ( ! rock :i* conta9$ ! inscription1 & :i* ,i desir$ to take ) me1 b ! /one 0 too h>d & fev] _h tak5 away my /r5g?4 ,nei!r promises nor ?reats c\ld prevail on ! ,indians to give a s+le bl[ ) a hamm] to ^! rocks--! v5]able monum5ts ( ! sup]ior m5tal cultivation ( _! pr$ecessors4 ,!y reg>d !m z ! "w ( ! ,great ,_s1 & ! diff]5t tribes :o we met )1 ?\gh liv+ at a great di/ance1 7 nev]!less acqua9t$ ) !m4 ,t]ror 0 pa9t$ on ! faces ( my ,indian companions1 :o appe>$ to expect e mom5t t ! fire ( heav5 w\ld fall on my head4 ,i saw cle>ly t my endeavors w\ld be fruitless1 & ,i cont5t$ myself ) br++ away a complete draw+ ( ^! memorials40 99 99 99 ,ev5 ! v5]ation ev]y:]e te/ifi$ by ! ,indians ( ! pres5t day = ^! rude sculptures ( _! pr$ecessors1 %ews t !y h no idea ( ! execution ( simil> works4 ,!re is ano!r circum/ance :i* %\ld be m5tion$3 betwe5 ,enc>amada & ,cayc>a1 on ! banks ( ! ,or9oco1 a numb] ( ^! hi]oglyphical figures are sculptur$ on ! face ( precipices at a height :i* c\ld n[ be rea*$ only by means ( extraord9>ily high scaffold+4 ,if "o asks ! natives h[ ^! figures h be5 cut1 !y answ]1 laugh+1 z if x 7 a fact ( :i*1 none b a :ite man c\ld be ignorant1 t 89 ! days ( ! great wat]s _! fa!rs w5t 9 canoes at t height40 ,?us a geological fancy is made to af=d an answ] to ! problem pres5t$ by a civilization :i* has long pass$ away4 ,mr4 ,a4 ,p9>t has = sev]al ye>s pa/ be5 engag$ 9 e?nologic rese>*es1 9 :i*1 z he expla9$ to ! pres5t writ]1 orally1 he has discov]$ a v l>ge numb] ( pictographs 9 ! isl&s ( ! ,c>ibbean ,sea1 9 ,v5ezuela1 & ,nic>agua1 ) rem>kable correspond5ces betwe5 "s ( !m1 & /rongly dem>kat+ l9es 9 reg>d to diff]5t types4 ,8 report w be ( ine/imable value 9 ! complete discussion ( ?is subject4 ,,petroglyphs ,,9 ,,briti% ,,guiana4 ,9 p>ticul>1 a copi\s extract is giv5 f ! rec5t "w ,among ! ,indians ( ,guiana1 by ,ev]>d ,f4 im ,?urn3 ,london1 #ahhc4 ,8 acc\nt is s sugge/ive = comp>ison ) ! simil> discov]ies made 9 ,nor? ,am]ica t !re is a temptation to extract f x ev5 m lib]ally ?an has be5 done4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4--;,deep c>v+s 9 ,guiana4 ,! foll[+ is tak5 f pages #cia1 et seq41 ( t au?or3 ,! pictur$ rocks1 :i* are c]ta9ly ! mo/ /rik+ & my/]i\s ( ! antiquities ( ,guiana1 are--& ?is has app>5tly nev] yet be5 po9t$ out--n all ( "o k9d4 ,9 all cases v>i\s figures are rudely depict$ on l>g] or small] surfaces ( rocks4 ,sometimes ^! figures are pa9t$1 ?\gh su* cases are few &1 z w be %[n1 ( little mom5t2 m g5]ally !y are grav5 on ! rock1 & ^! alone are ( great importance4 ,rock sculptures may1 aga91 be di/+ui%$ into two k9ds1 diff]+ 9 ! dep? ( incision1 ! app>5t mode ( execution1 &1 mo/ important ( all1 ! "* ( ! figures repres5t$4 ,pa9t$ rocks 9 ,briti% ,guiana are m5tion$ by ,mr4 ,c4 ,b>r+ton ,br[n1 well kn[n z a travel] 9 ! colony4 ,he says1 = in/ance1 t 9 com+ d[n pa/ ,amailah fall 79 ! same di/rict & range z ! ,kaieteur71 on ! ,cooriebrong ,riv]1 he pass$ #8a l>ge :ite s&/one rock ornam5t$ ) figures 9 r$ pa9t4' ,:5 9 ! ,pac>aima m\nta9s1 on ! ,brazilian fronti]1 ,i he>d ( ! exi/5ce ( simil> pa9t+s 9 t neighborhood1 b 0 unable to f9d !m4 ,mr4 ,wallace1 9 8 acc\nt ( 8 #8,travels on ! ,amazons1' m5tions ! occurr5ce ( simil> draw+s 9 m ?an "o place ne> ! ,amazons2 & f ^! & o!r acc\nts x seems probable t !y occur 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,if1 z seems likely1 ^! figures are pa9t$ ) ei!r ( ! r$ pigm5ts :i* ! ,indians use s l>gely to pa9t _! own bodies z well z _! weapons & o!r implem5ts1 or1 z is also possible1 ) "s sort ( r$ e>?1 !y mu/ be mod]n1 ! "w ( ,indians ( ! pres5t day2 = ^! r$ pigm5ts w\ld n long )/& ! effects ( ! wea!r1 especially :]e1 z 9 ! case quot$ f ,mr4 ,br[n1 ! draw+s are on su* an un5dur+ sub/ance z s&/one4 ,"s fur!r acc\nt ( ^! pa9t+s is1 h[ev]1 mu* to be desir$2 =1 ?\gh !y are probably mod]n1 x w\ld be v int]e/+ to "k :e!r ! designs resemble ^? depict$ on ! engrav$ rocks1 or are ( ! k9d ) :i* ! ,indian at ! pres5t "t ornam5ts bo? 8 own sk9 & 8 h\sehold ut5sils & paddles4 ,x may be m5tion$ t 9 ! ,*ri/y collection !re is a /one celt f ,briti% ,guiana on :i* are pa9t$ l9es v closely resembl+ 9 "* ^? :i* ! ,indian commonly pa9ts on 8 own body4 ,! engrav$ rocks1 on ! contr>y1 mu/ be ( "s antiquity2 t is to say1 !y mu/ c]ta9ly date f a "t be=e ! influ5ce ( ,europeans 0 mu* felt 9 ,guiana4 ,z has already be5 said1 ! engrav+s are ( two k9ds & are probably ! "w ( two diff]5t p2 nor is !re ev5 any reason to suppose t ! two k9ds 7 produc$ at "o & ! same "t4 ,^! two k9ds ( engrav+ may1 = ! sake ( conv5i5ce1 be di/+ui%$ z #8deep1' a typical example ( :i* is 9 ,figure #b & #8%all[' typical example ,figure #c1 respectively1 accord+ z ! figures are deeply cut into ! rock or are m]ely scrat*$ on ! surface4 ,! =m] 99 99 v>y f "o-eigh? to "o-half ( an in*1 or ev5 m1 9 dep?2 ! latt] are ( q inconsid]able dep?4 ,?is diff]5ce probably corresponds ) a diff]5ce 9 ! means by :i* !y 7 produc$4 ,! deep engrav+s seem cut into ! rock ) an edg$ tool1 probably ( /one2 ! %all[ figures 7 app>5tly =m$ by long cont9u$ friction ) /ones & moi/ s&4 ,! two k9ds seem nev] to occur 9 ! same place or ev5 ne> to ea* o!r2 9 fact1 a di/9ct l9e may almo/ be drawn betwe5 ! di/ricts 9 :i* ! deep & %all[ k9ds occur1 respectively2 ! deep 99 99 =m occurs at sev]al spots on ! ,maz]uni1 ,essequibo1 ,ir5g1 ,cot+a1 ,pot>o1 & ,b]bice ,riv]s4 ,! %all[ =m has z yet only be5 report$ f ! ,cor5tyn ,riv] & its tribut>ies1 :]e1 h[ev]1 examples occur 9 consid]able abundance4 ,b ! two k9ds diff] n only 9 ! dep? ( incision1 9 ! app>5t mode ( _! production1 & 9 ! place ( _! occurr5ce1 b also--& ?is is ! *ief diff]5ce betwe5 ! two--9 ! figures repres5t$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,!y 7! %all[ engrav+s7 seem always to occur on comp>atively l>ge & m or less smoo? surfaces ( rock1 & r>ely1 if ev]1 z ! deep figures1 on deta*$ blocks ( rock1 pil$ "o on ! o!r4 ,! %all[ figures1 too1 are g5]ally mu* l>g]1 always comb9ations ( /raight or curv$ l9es 9 figures mu* m elaborate ?an ^? :i* occur 9 ! deep engrav+s2 & ^! %all[ pictures always repres5t n animals1 b great] or less v>iations ( ! figure :i* has be5 describ$4 ,la/ly1 ?\gh ,i am n c]ta9 t mu* significance c be attribut$ to ?is1 all ! examples t ,i h se51 face m or less accurately ea/w>d4 ,! deep engrav+s1 on ! o!r h&1 consi/ n ( a s+le figure b ( a great] or less numb] ( rude draw+s4 99 99 ,^! depict ! human =m1 monkeys1 snakes1 & o!r animals1 & also v simple comb9ations ( two or ?ree /raight or curv$ l9es 9 a patt]n1 & occasionally m elaborate comb9ations4 ,! individual figures are small1 av]ag+ f twelve to eighte5 in*es 9 height1 b a consid]able numb] are g5]ally repres5t$ 9 a gr\p4 ,"s ( ! be/ examples ( ?is latt] k9d are at ,w>rapoota cat>acts1 ab\t six days' j\rney up ! ,essequibo4 99 99 99 ,! commone/ figures at ,w>rapoota are figures ( m5 or p]haps sometimes monkeys4 ,^! are v simple1 & g5]ally consi/ ( "o /raight l9e1 repres5t+ ! trunk1 cross$ by two /raight l9es at "r angles to ! body l9e3 "o1 ab\t two-?irds ( ! di/ance f ! top1 repres5ts ! two arms z f> z ! elb[s1 :]e upw>d l9es repres5t ! l[] "p ( ! arms2 ! o!r1 :i* is at ! l[] end1 repres5ts ! two legs z f> z ! knees1 f :i* po9t1 d[nw>d l9es repres5t ! l[] "p ( ! legs4 ,a r\nd dot1 or a small circle1 at ! top ( ! trunk-l9e1 =ms ! head2 & !re are a few radiat+ l9es :]e ! f+]s1 a few m :]e ! toes1 %\ld be4 ,occasionally ! trunk-l9e is produc$ d[nw>ds z if to repres5t a long tail4 ,p]haps ! tailless figures repres5t m51 ! tail$ monkeys4 ,9 a few cases ! trunk1 in/ead ( be+ indicat$ by "o /raight l9e1 is =m$ by two curv$ l9es1 repres5t+ ! r\nd$ outl9es ( ! body2 & ! body1 ?us =m$1 is bisect$1 by a r[ ( dots1 almo/ inv>iably n9e 9 numb]1 :i* seem to repres5t v]tebr4 ,mo/ ( ! o!r figures at ,w>rapoota are v simple comb9ations ( two1 ?ree1 or f\r /raight l9es simil> to ! s-call$ #8,greek me&] patt]n1' :i* is ( su* widespread occurr5ce4 ,comb9ations ( curv$ l9es & simple spiral l9es also frequ5tly occur4 ,_m ( ^! comb9ations closely resemble ! figures :i* ! ,indians ( ! pres5t day pa9t on _! faces & nak$ bodies4 ,! resemblance is1 h[ev]1 n s great b t x may be m]ely due to ! fact t ! figures are j su* simple comb9ations ( l9es :i* w\ld occur indep5d5tly to ! rock-engrav]s & to ! body-pa9t]s z to all o!r untaught design]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #c4--,%all[ c>v+s 9 ,guiana4 ,! same au?or 7pp4 #cfh1 #cfi7 gives ! foll[+ acc\nt ( ! sup]/iti\s rev]5ce ent]ta9$ = ! petroglyphs by ! liv+ ,indians ( ,guiana3 ,e "t a sculptur$ rock or /rik+ m\nta9 or /one is se51 ,indians av]t ! ill-w ( ! spirits ( su* places by rubb+ r$ pepp]s 7,capsicum7 ea* 9 8 or h] own eyes4 ,= in/ance1 on rea*+ ! ,timehri rock on ! ,cor5tyn ,riv]1 ,i at once began to sket* ! figures sculptur$ !reon4 ,look+ up ! next mom5t ,i saw ! ,indians--m51 wom5 & *ildr5--:o accompani$ me all gr\p$ r\nd ! rock-picture1 busily engag$ 9 ?is pa9ful op]ation ( pepp]-rubb+4 ,! extreme pa9 ( ?is op]ation :5 p]=m$ ?or\ghly by ! ,indians ,i c fa9tly realize f my own feel+s :5 ,i h occasionally rubb$ my eyes ) f+]s :i* _h rec5tly h&l$ r$-pepp]s2 & f ! fact t1 ?\gh ! old] practition]s inflict ?is self-torture ) ! utmo/ /oicism1 ,i h aga9 & aga9 se5 t o!rwise r>e sight ( ,indians1 *ildr51 & ev5 "y m51 sobb+ "u ! infliction4 ,yet ! c]emony 0 nev] omitt$4 ,sometimes :5 by a r>e *ance no memb] ( ! p>ty _h _h ! =e?\ght to provide pepp]s1 lime-juice 0 us$ z a sub/itute2 & once1 :5 nei!r pepp]s nor limes 7 at h&1 a piece ( blue indigo-dy$ clo? 0 c>efully soak$1 & ! dye 0 !n rubb$ into ! eyes4 ,^!1 ,i believe1 are ! only c]emonies obs]v$ by ! ,indians4 ,"o idea und]lies !m all1 & t is ! attempt to avoid attract+ ! att5tion ( malignant spirits4 ,! foll[+ extract f a pap] on ! ,indian picture writ+ 9 ,briti% ,guiana1 by ,mr4 ,*>les ,b4 ,br[n1 9 ! ,j\rnal ( ! ,an?ropological ,in/itute ( ,great ,brita9 & ,irel&1 #ahgc1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 #bed-beg1 gives views & details some:at diff]5t f ! =ego+3 ,^! writ+s or m>k+s are visible at a great] or less di/ance 9 proportion to ! dep? ( ! furr[s4 ,9 "s in/ances !y are di/9ctly visible ^u ! rocks on ! banks ( ! riv] at a di/ance ( "o hundr$ y>ds2 9 o!rs !y are s fa9t t !y c only be se5 9 c]ta9 lights by reflect$ rays f _! poli%$ surfaces4 ,!y occur ^u gre5/one1 granite1 qu>tz-porphyry1 gneiss1 & jasp]\s s&/one1 bo? 9 a v]tical & horizontal position1 at v>i\s elevations above ! wat]4 ,sometimes !y c only be se5 dur+ ! dry season1 :5 ! riv]s are l[1 z 9 sev]al in/ances on ! ,b]bice & ,cassikytyn riv]s4 ,9 "o in/ance1 on ! ,cor5tyne riv]1 ! m>k+s on ! rock are s mu* above ! level ( ! riv] :5 at its greate/ height1 t !y c\ld only h be5 made by erect+ a /ag+ aga9/ ! face ( ! rock1 unless ! riv] 0 at ! "t mu* above its usual level4 ,! wid?s ( ! furr[s v>y f half an in* to "o in*1 :ile ! dep? nev] exce$s "o-f\r? ( an in*4 ,sometimes ! m>k+s are almo/ level ) ! surr\nd+ surfaces1 ow+ to ! wa/e or degradation by atmosph]ic influ5ces1 :i* h act$ ) great] =ce ^u ! r\gh rock ?an on ! poli%$ face ( ! groov$ m>k+s4 ,! furr[s pres5t ! same wea!r-/a9$ aspect z ! rocks ^u :i* !y are cut1 & bo? ! rocks & ! furr[s are 9 "s in/ances coat$ ) a ?9 lay] ( ! oxides ( iron & manganese4 ,! ,indians ( ,guiana "k no?+ ab\t ! picture writ+ by tradition4 ,!y sc\t ! idea ( _! hav+ be5 made by ! h& ( man1 & ascribe !m to ! h&iwork ( ! ,makunaima1 _! great _s4 ,nev]!less1 !y d n reg>d !m ) any sup]/iti\s feel+s1 look+ ^u !m m]ely z curiosities1 :i* is ! m extraord9>y z !re are numb]s ( l>ge rocks )\t any m>k+s on "s riv]s1 :i* !y w n ev5 look at 9 pass+1 le/ "s calamity %\ld ov]take !m4 ,_! ,peaim5 or sorc]]s always squeeze tobacco juice 9 _! eyes on approa*+ ^!1 b pay no reg>d to ! sculptur$ rocks4 ,9 ! ,pac>aima m\nta9s1 betwe5 ! villages ( ,mora & ,itabay1 ! pa? passes ?r\gh a circle ( squ>e /ones plac$ on "o end1 "o ( :i* has a c>v+ ^u x2 "s ( ^! blocks h be5 ?r[n d[n & brok5 by ! ,indians1 cle>ly prov+ _! utt] disreg>d = !m4 ,if !n !re 7 any traditions reg>d+ ^! writ+s h&$ d[n f fa!r to son1 ,i conclude t ! ,indians ( ! pres5t day--! mo/ sup]/iti\s ( be+s--w\ld und\bt$ly treat !m ) awe & respect4 ,aga91 if _! =efa!rs 7 z indol5t z !y n[ are1 !y nev] w\ld h gone to ! tr\ble ( mak+ ^! pictures m]ely = ! purpose ( pass+ away _! "t1 :i* !y c\ld h m easily accompli%$ by ly+ 9 _! hammocks f morn+ to night 9 a semi-dreamy sort ( /ate1 z _! desc5dants d at pres5t4 ,z ^! figures 7 evid5tly cut ) great c>e & at mu* labor by a =m] race ( m51 ,i conclude t !y 7 made = "s great purpose1 probably a religi\s "o1 z "s ( ! figures give indications ( ,phallic wor%ip4 ,,petroglyphs ,,9 ,,brazil4 ,! foll[+ is an ab/ract f a pap] by ,j4 ,:itfield on ,rock ,inscriptions 9 ,brazil1 9 ! ,j\rnal ( ! ,an?ropological ,in/itute ( ,great ,brita9 & ,irel&1 #ahgd1 ,vol4 ,,iii1 p4 #aad3 ,! rock inscriptions 7 visit$ 9 ,augu/1 #ahfe1 dur+ an explor+ exp$ition = gold m9es 9 ! prov9ce ( ,ce>4 ,sev]al simil> inscriptions are said to exi/ 9 ! int]ior ( ! prov9ce ( ,ce>1 z well z 9 ! prov9ces ( ,p]nambuco & ,piauhy1 especially 9 ! ,s]tas1 t is1 9 ! ?9ly-wood$ p>ts ( ! int]ior1 b no m5tion is ev] made ( _! hav+ be5 se5 ne> ! coa/4 ,9 ! m>g9 & b$ only ( ! riv] are ! rocks inscrib$4 ,on ! m>g9 !y ext5d 9 "s in/ances to fifte5 or tw5ty y>ds4 ,except 9 ! ra9y season ! /ream is dry4 ,! rock is a silici\s s*i/ ( excessively h>d & fl9ty texture4 ,! m>ks h ! appe>ance ( hav+ be5 made ) a blunt heavy tool1 su* z might be made ) an almo/ worn-out mason's hamm]4 ,! situation is ab\t midway betwe5 ,s]ra ,gr&e or ,ibiapaba & ,s]ra ,m]ioca1 ab\t sev5ty miles f ! coa/ & =ty we/ ( ! t[n ,sobral4 ,!re are n any indications ( works ( art or o!r antiqu>ian rema9s1 nor any?+ peculi> to ! locality4 ,! c\ntry is g5tly undulat+1 & ( ! usual "* t obta9s = hundr$s ( miles ext5d+ along ! base ( ! ,s]ra ,ibiapaba4 ,! native population attribute all ! #8,letreiros' 7inscriptions71 z !y d ev]y?+ else ( :i* !y h no in=mation1 to ! ,dut* z records ( hidd5 weal?4 ,! ,dut*1 h[ev]1 only occupi$ ! c\ntry = a few ye>s 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,along ! coa/ num]\s =ts1 ! works ( ! ,dut*1 /ill rema92 b !re are no au!ntic records ( _! ev] hav+ e/abli%$ !mselves 9 ! int]ior ( ! c\ntry1 & less probability /ill ( _! amus+ !mselves ) inscrib+ puzzl+ hi]oglyphics1 :i* mu/ h be5 a "w ( "t1 on ! rocks ( ! f> int]ior1 = ! admiration ( w&]+ ,indians4 ,,pictographs ,,9 ,,p]u4 ,dr4 ,j4 ,j4 ,von ,ts*udi m5tions 9 8 ,travels 9 ,p]u dur+ ! ye>s #ahch-ahdb1 ,wiley & ,putnam's ,libr>y1 ,vols4 ,,xciii-,,xciv1 ,new ,york1 #ahdg1 ,pt4 ,,ii1 p4 #cde-cdf1 t ! anci5t ,p]uvians also us$ a c]ta9 k9d ( 8hi]oglyphics0 :i* !y engrav$ 9 /one1 & pres]v$ 9 _! temples4 ,notices ( ^! 8hi]oglyphics0 are giv5 by "s ( ! e>ly writ]s4 ,!re appe>s to be a great simil>ity betwe5 ^! ,p]uvian pictographs & ^? f\nd 9 ,mexico & ,brazil4 ,! temptation to quote f ,*>les ,wi5]'s magnific5t "w ,pr\ et ,bolivie1 ,p>is1 #ahhj1 & also f ,la ,antigedad del ,hombre en el ,plata1 by ,flor5t9e ,amegh9o1 ,p>is 7& ,bu5os ,aires71 #ahhj1 mu/ be resi/$4 ,,objects ,,repres5t$ ,,9 ,,pictographs4 ,! objects depict$ 9 pictographs ( all k9ds are too num]\s & v>i$ = any imm$iate attempt at classification4 ,^? ^u ! petroglyphs may1 h[ev]1 be usefully gr\p$4 ,in/ructive p>ticul>s reg>d+ !m1 may be discov]$1 = in/ance ! del9eation ( ! fauna 9 ref]5ce to its pres5t or =m] habitat 9 ! region :]e ! repres5tation ( x is f\nd1 is ( special int]e/4 ,z an example ( ! numb] & k9d ( animals pictur$1 z well z ( _! mode ( repres5tation1 ! foll[+ ,figures1 #d to #ba1 are pres5t$1 tak5 f ! ,moki inscriptions at ,oakley ,spr+s1 ,arizona1 by ,mr4 ,g4 ,k4 ,gilb]t4 ,^! 7 select$ by him f1 a l>ge numb] ( et*+s1 = ! purpose ( obta9+ ! explanation1 & !y 7 expla9$ to him by ,tubi1 an ,oraibi *ief liv+ at ,oraibi1 "o ( ! ,moki villages4 ,jones1 9 8 ,s\!rn ,indians1 p4 #cgg-cgi1 gives a rsum ( objects depict$ z foll[s3 ,^u ! ,en*ant$ ,m\nta9 9 ,union ,c\nty1 cut 9 plutonic rock1 are ! tracks ( m51 wom51 *ildr51 de]1 be>s1 bisons1 turkeys & t]rap9s1 & ! outl9es ( a snake1 ( two de]1 & ( a human h&4 ,^! sculptures--s f> z !y h be5 asc]ta9$ & c\nt$--numb] "o hundr$ & ?irty-six4 ,! mo/ extravagant among !m is t kn[n z ! footpr9t ( ! 8,great ,w>rior40 ,x measures eighte5 in*es 9 l5g?1 & has six toes4 ,! o!r human tracks & ^? ( ! animals are del9eat$ ) comm5dable fidelity4 99 99 99 ,mo/ ( !m pres5t ! appe>ance ( ! natural tread ( ! animal 9 pla/ic clay4 99 99 99 ,^! intaglios closely resemble ^? describ$ by ,mr4 ,w>d ,j\r4 ,an?rop4 ,in/4 ( ,n4 ,y41 ,no4 #a1 #eg et seq41 z exi/+ ^u ! upheav$ /rata ( co>se c>bonif]\s grit 9 ,belmont ,c\nty1 ,ohio1 ne> ! t[n ( ,b>nesville4 ,! appe>ance ( objects %[+ ! influ5ce ( ,european civilization & *ri/ianization %\ld always be c>efully not$4 ,an in/ance :]e an object ( t "* is f\nd among a multitude ( o!rs n liable to su* suspicion is 9 ! he>t surm\nt$ by a cross1 9 ! upp] l9e ( ,figure #a1 page #cj ante4 ,?is sugge/s mission>y tea*+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #d ,fig4 #e ,fig4 #f ,fig4 #g ,fig4 #h ,fig4 #i ,fig4 #aj ,fig4 #aa ,fig4 #ab ,fig4 #ac ,fig4 #ad ,fig4 #ae ,fig4 #af ,fig4 #ag ,fig4 #ah ,fig4 #ai ,fig4 #bj ,fig4 #ba ,! foll[+ is ! explanation ( ! figures3 ,fig4 #d4 ,a beav]4 #e4 ,a be>4 #f4 ,a m\nta9 %eep 7,ovis montana74 #g4 ,?ree wolf heads4 #h4 ,?ree ,jackass rabbits4 #i4 ,cottontail rabbit4 #aj4 ,be> tracks4 #aa4 ,an eagle4 #ab4 ,eagle tails4 #ac4 ,a turkey tail4 #ad4 ,horn$ toads 7,phryosoma sp4874 #ae4 ,liz>ds4 #af4 ,a butt]fly4 #ag4 ,snakes4 #ah4 ,a rattlesnake4 #ai4 ,de] track4 #bj4 ,?ree ,bird tracks4 #ba4 ,bitt]ns 7wad+ birds74 ,,in/rum5ts ,,us$ ,,9 ,,pictography4 ,^! are (t5 ( an?ropologic int]e/4 ,a few examples are giv5 z foll[s1 ?\gh o!r descriptions appe> else:]e 9 ?is pap]4 ,,in/rum5ts ,,= ,,c>v+4 ,?is includes et*+1 peck+1 & scrat*+4 ,! ,hidatsa1 :5 c>v+ ^u /one or rocks1 z well z ^u pieces ( wood1 use a %>ply po9t$ piece ( h>d /one1 usually a fragm5t ( qu>tz4 ,! b[-drill 0 an in/rum5t l>gely us$ by ! ,innuit ( ,alaska 9 c>v+ bone & ivory4 ,! pres5t me?od ( cutt+ figures & o!r *>act]s1 to record ev5ts & p]sonal exploits1 consi/s 9 ! use ( a small blade1 ?ick1 ?\gh %>ply po9t$1 resembl+ a grav]4 ,,in/rum5ts ,,= ,,draw+4 ,:5 9 ha/e1 or :5 ! necess>y mat]ials are n at h&1 ! ,hidatsa sometimes prep>e notices by draw+ ^u a piece ( wood or ! %\ld] blade ( a buffalo ) a piece ( *>coal obta9$ f ! fire1 or ) a piece ( r$ *alk1 ) :i* ne>ly e w>rior is at all times suppli$4 ,,in/rum5ts ,,= ,,pa9t+4 ,pa9t+ ^u robes or sk9s is accompli%$ by means ( ?9 /rips ( wood1 or sometimes ( bone4 ,tufts ( antelope hair are also us$1 by ty+ !m to /icks to make a bru%4 ,?is is evid5tly a mod]n innovation4 ,pieces ( wood1 "o end ( ea* *ew$ s z to produce a loose fibr\s bru%1 are also us$ at times1 z has be5 obs]v$ among ! ,titon ,dakota4 ,! ,hidatsa1 ,arik>a1 & o!r ,nor?we/ ,indians usually employ a piece ( buffalo rib1 or a piece ( h>d wood1 hav+ some:at ( an elliptical or loz5ge-%ap$ =m4 ,?is is dipp$ 9 ?9 glue & a trac+ is made1 :i* is subsequ5tly treat$ 9 a simil> mann] ) a solution1 ( glue1 wat]1 & color4 ,,in/rum5ts ,,= ,,tattoo+4 ,! ,hidatsa say t =m]ly1 :5 tattoo+ 0 practic$1 %>p pieces ( bone 7 us$ = prick+ ! sk94 ,! tribes ( ,oregon1 ,wa%+ton1 & nor!rn ,cali=nia us$ %>p pieces ( bone1 ?orns1 & ! dorsal sp9es ( fi%1 ?\gh at pres5t ne$les are employ$1 z !y are m effective & less pa9ful1 & are readily procur$ by pur*ase4 ,ne$les are us$ by ! ,klama? ,indians1 accord+ to ,mr4 ,gats*et4 ,rev4 ,m4 ,eells reports 7,bull4 ,u4 ,s4 ,geol4 & ,geog4 ,survey ,,ii1 p4 #ge7 t = tattoo+ ! ,twana ,indians use a ne$le & ?read1 black5+ ! ?read ) *>coal & draw+ x "u ! sk9 z deeply z !y c be> x4 ,/eph5 ,p[]s says 7,contrib4 to ,n4 ,a4 ,e?nol4 ,,iii41 p4 #acj7 t tattoo+ among ! ,yuki is done ) pit*-p9e soot1 & a %>p-po9t$ bone4 ,aft] ! designs h be5 trac$ on ! sk9 ! soot is rubb$ 9 dry4 ,paul ,m>coy m5tions 9 8 ,travels 9 ,s\? ,am]ica1 ,n4 ,y41 #ahge1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 #cec1 t ! ,passs1 ,yuris1 ,b>rs & ,*umanas1 ( ,brazil1 use a ne$le = tattoo+4 ,! foll[+ quotation is f ,te ,ika a ,maui1 or ,new ,zeal& & its ,inhabitants1 by ,rev4 ,ri*>d ,taylor1 ,london1 #ahgj1 pp4 #cbj1 #cba3 ,! sub/ance g5]ally us$ z color+ matt] is ! res9 ( ! kauri or rimu1 :i*1 :5 burnt1 is p\nd$ & conv]t$ into a f9e p[d]4 ,! uhi or in/rum5t us$ 0 a small *isel1 made ( ! bone ( an albatross1 v n>r[ & %>p1 :i* 0 driv5 by means ( a little mallet1 he mahoe1 q ?r\gh ! sk91 & sometimes completely ?r\gh ! *eek z well1 9 :i* case :5 ! p]son und]go+ ! op]ation took 8 pipe1 ! smoke f\nd its way out ?r\gh ! cutt+s2 ! pa9 0 excruciat+1 especially 9 ! m t5d] p>ts1 & caus$ dreadful swell+s1 only a small piece c\ld be done at a "t2 ! op]ator held 9 8 h& a piece ( muka1 flax1 dipp$ 9 ! pigm5t1 :i* he drew ov] ! incision imm$iately x 0 made2 ! blood :i* fl[$ freely f ! w\nd 0 con/antly wip$ away ) a bit ( flax2 ! patt]n 0 fir/ drawn ei!r ) *>coal or scrat*$ 9 ) a %>p-po9t$ in/rum5t4 ,to tattoo a p]son fully 0 !re=e a "w ( "t1 & to attempt to d too mu* at once endang]$ life4 ,i rememb] a poor porangi1 or insane p]son1 :o1 dur+ ! w>1 0 tattoo$ mo/ unm]cifully by "s "y sc\ndrels2 ! poor man's w\nds 7 s dreadfully inflam$1 z to occasion 8 dea?2 :il/ any "o 0 be+ op]at$ ^u1 all p]sons 9 ! pa 7 tapu1 until ! t]m9ation ( ! "w1 le/ any evil %\ld befall him2 to h f9e tattoo$ faces1 0 ! great ambition ( "y m51 bo? to r5d] !mselves attractive to ! ladies1 & conspicu\s 9 w>3 = ev5 if kill$ by ! enemy1 :il/ ! heads ( ! untattoo$ 7 treat$ ) indignity & kick$ on "o side1 ^? :i* 7 conspicu\s by _! beautiful moko1 7 c>efully cut (f1 /uck on ! turuturu1 a pole ) a cross on x1 & !n pres]v$2 all :i* 0 highly gratify+ to ! survivors1 & ! spirits ( _! late possessors4 ,! p]son op]at$ ^u 0 /ret*$ all 8 l5g? on ! gr\nd1 & to enc\rage him manfully to endure ! pa91 songs 7 cont9ually sung to him4 ,,colors ,,& ,,me?ods ,,( ,,application4 ,,9 ,,! ,,unit$ ,,/ates4 ,s9ce ! e/abli%m5t ( trad]s' /ores mo/ colors ( civiliz$ manufacture are obta9$ by ! ,indians = pa9t+ & decoration4 ,frequ5tly1 h[ev]1 ! primitive colors are prep>$ & us$ :5 ,indians are abs5t f localities :]e ^? may be obta9$4 ,! f]rug9\s clays ( v>i\s %ade ( br[n1 r$1 & yell[1 occur s widely di/ribut$ 9 nature t ^! are ! mo/ common & lead+ t9ts4 ,black is g5]ally prep>$ by gr9d+ fragm5ts ( *>coal into a v f9e p[d]4 ,among "s tribes1 z has be5 f\nd 9 "s ( ! 8anci5t0 pott]y f ! ,arizona ru9s1 clay _h evid5tly be5 mix$ ) *>coal to give bett] body4 ,! black color ( "s ( ! ,innuit tribes is blood & *>coal intimately mix$1 :i* is aft]w>ds appli$ to ! incisions made 9 ivory1 bone1 & wood4 ,among ! ,dakota1 colors = dye+ porcup9e quills are obta9$ *iefly f plants1 or h be5 until v rec5tly4 ,! vegetable colors1 be+ soluble1 p5etrate ! sub/ance ( ! quills m ev5ly & beautifully ?an ! m9]al colors ( ea/]n manufacture4 ,! black color ( "s ( ! ,pueblo pott]y is obta9$ by a special burn+ ) pulv]iz$ manure1 into :i* ! vessel is plac$ z x is cool+ aft] ! fir/ bak+4 ,! color+ matt]--soot produc$ by smoke--is absorb$ into ! pores ( ! vessel1 & w n we> (f z readily z :5 colors are appli$ to ! surface ) /icks or primitive bru%es4 ,9 decorat+ sk9s or robes ! ,arik>a ,indians boil ! tail ( ! beav]1 ?us obta9+ a visc\s fluid :i* is 9 reality ?9 glue4 ,! figures are fir/ drawn 9 outl9e ) a piece ( beef-rib1 or "s o!r flat bone1 ! edge only be+ us$ aft] hav+ be5 dipp$ into ! liquor4 ,! v>i\s pigm5ts to be employ$ 9 ! draw+ are !n mix$ ) "s ( ! same liquid1 9 sep>ate vessels1 :5 ! v>i\s colors are appli$ to ! objects by means ( a %>p5$ piece ( wood or bone4 ,! color$ mixture adh]es firmly to ! orig9al trac+ 9 glue1 & does n readily rub (f4 ,:5 simil> colors are to be appli$ to wood1 ! surface is frequ5tly pick$ or slightly incis$ to receive ! color m securely4 ,= tempor>y purposes1 z = mnemonic m>ks ^u a %\ld] blade ( a buffalo or ^u a piece ( wood to direct comrades ^u ! c\rse to be pursu$ to atta9 a c]ta9 object1 a piece ( r$ *alk1 or a lump ( r$ o*] ( natural production is resort$ to4 ,?is is (t5 c>ri$ by ! ,indian = p]sonal decoration4 ,a small p\*1 discov]$ on ! ,yell[/one ,riv] 9 #ahgc1 :i* _h be5 dropp$ by "s flee+ ho/ile ,si\x1 conta9$ sev]al fragm5ts ( black micace\s iron4 ,! latt] _h almo/ ! appe>ance & consi/5ce ( graphite1 s s(t & black 0 ! result ^u rubb+ x4 ,x _h evid5tly be5 us$ = decorat+ ! face z w>pa9t4 ,mr4 ,dall1 9 treat+ ( ! rema9s f\nd 9 ! mammalian lay]s 9 ! ,amakuak cave1 ,unala%ka1 rem>ks 7,contributions to ,n4 ,a4 ,e?nology1 ,i1 p4 #gi7 t 89 ! rema9s ( a woman's "w-basket1 f\nd 9 ! upp]mo/ lay] 9 ! cave1 7 bits ( ?is res9 f ! b>k ( p9e or spruce driftwood1 evid5tly c>efully treasur$1 ) a little bir*-b>k case 7! b>k also d]iv$ f drift logs7 conta9+ pieces ( s(t hmatite1 graphite1 & blue c>bonate ( copp]1 ) :i* ! anci5t seam/ress ornam5t$ h] h&iwork40 ,! same au?or reports1 op4 cit4 p4 #hf1 8,! coloration ( wood5 articles ) native pigm5ts is ( anci5t orig91 b all ! m elaborate in/ances t h come to my k bore m>ks ( comp>atively rec5t orig94 ,! pigm5ts us$ 7 blue c>bonates ( iron & copp]2 ! gre5 fungus1 or peziza1 f\nd 9 decay$ bir* & ald] wood2 hmatite & r$ *alk2 :ite infusorial or *alky e>?2 black *>coal1 graphite1 & micace\s ore ( iron4 ,a species ( r$ 0 sometimes d]iv$ f p9e b>k or ! cambium ( ! gr\nd will[40 ,/eph5 ,p[]s /ates 9 ,contributions to ,n4 ,a4 ,e?nology1 ,,iii1 #bdd1 t ! ,%a/ika wom5 8sme> _! faces all ov] daily ) *oke*]ry juice1 :i* gives !m a bloody1 corsair aspect40 ,mr4 ,a4 ,s4 ,gats*et reports t ! ,klama?s ( s\?we/]n ,oregon employ a black color1 lg1 made ( burnt plum se$s & bulru%es1 :i* is appli$ to ! *eeks 9 ! =m ( small r\nd spots4 ,?is is us$ dur+ dances4 ,r$ pa9t1 = ! face & body1 is prep>$ f a res9 exud+ f ! spruce tree1 pnam4 ,a yell[ m9]al pa9t is also employ$1 consi/+ probably ( o*] or f]rug9\s clay4 ,mr4 ,gats*et says ! ,klama? spl1 yell[ m9]al pa9t1 is ( light yell[ color1 b turns r$ :5 burn$1 aft] :i* x is appli$ 9 mak+ small r\nd dots ^u ! face4 ,! :ite infusorial e>? 7871 t]m$ *alk by ,mr4 ,gats*et1 is appli$ 9 ! =m ( /ripes or /reaks ov] ! body4 ,! ,klama?s use *>coal1 lgm1 9 tattoo+4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! v>i\s colors requir$ by a tribe 7 =m]ly obta9$ f plants z by ! ,dakota1 :ile "s ( ! e>?y comp\nds consi/$ ( r$ & yell[ o*]--oxides ( iron--& black micace\s ore ( iron & graphite4 ,"s ( ! ,cali=nia ,indians 9 ! vic9ity ( ,tul>e ,riv] also us$ a :ite color1 obta9$ at t locality1 & consi/$ ( infusorial e>?--diatomace\s4 ,! tribes at & ne> ! geys]s1 nor? ( ,san ,francisco ,bay1 obta9$ _! v]milion f cropp+s ( sulphuret ( m]cury--c9nab>4 ,! same is said to h be5 ! case at ! pres5t site ( ! ,new ,almad5 m9es1 :]e tribes ( ! ,mutsun =m]ly liv$4 ,black colors 7 also prep>$ by mix+ f9ely p[d]$ *>coal & clay1 ?is be+ practic$ by "s ( ! ,pueblos = pa9t+ ^u pott]y4 ,"s ( ! black color obta9$ f pictographs 9 ,santa ,b>b>a ,c\nty1 ,cali=nia1 prov$ to be a hydr\s oxide ( manganese4 ,= black color 9 tattoo+ ! ,yuki1 ( ,cali=nia1 use soot4 ,! juice ( c]ta9 plants is also us$ by ! ,k>ok1 ( ,cali=nia1 to color ! face4 ,! ,yokuts1 ( ,tule ,riv] ,ag5cy1 ,cali=nia1 employ ! roots ( ! c$> 7r$7 & will[ 7:ite7 split & r5d]$ uni=m 9 calib]4 ,dur+ "w ! mat]ials are kept moi/5$1 s z to p]mit ( easy manipulation & to prev5t fracture ( ! vegetal fib]s4 ,rev4 ,j4 ,ow5 ,dorsey1 ( ! ,bureau ( ,e?nology1 reports reg>d+ ! ,osages t "o mode ( obta9+ black color = ! face consi/s 9 burn+ a quantity ( small will[s4 ,:5 ^! are *>r$ !y are brok5 9 small pieces & plac$ 9 pans1 ) a little wat] 9 ea*4 ,! h&s are !n dipp$ into ! pan & rubb$ toge!r1 & f9ally rubb$ ov] ! p>ts to be color$4 ,=m]ly tattoo+ 0 m frequ5tly practic$ among ! ,hidatsa ?an at pres5t1 ! m>ks be+ caus$ by prick+ ! sk9 ) a %>p spl9t] ( bone & ! application ( a pa/e consi/+ ( f9ely-p[d]$ *>coal & wat]4 ,! ,hualpais1 liv+ on ! we/]n bord] ( ! ,colorado ,plateau1 ,arizona ,t]ritory1 7 f\nd by ,dr4 ,h(fman1 9 #ahga1 to decorate _! p]sons by a disgu/+ process4 ,v>i\s individuals 7 obs]v$ :o appe>$ z if _! p]sons _h be5 tattoo$ 9 v]tical b&s f ! =ehead to ! wai/1 b ^u clos] exam9ation x 0 f\nd t d>k & light b&s ( ! natural sk9 are produc$ 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 ,:5 a de] or an antelope has be5 kill$1 ! blood is rubb$ ov] ! face & brea/1 aft] :i* ! spread & curv$ f+]s--to resemble claws--are scrat*$ d[nw>d f ! =ehead ov] ! face & ov] ! brea/1 ?us remov+ "s ( ! blood2 t rema9+ soon dries1 & gives ! appe>ance ( black /ripes4 ,! expos$ portion ( ! sk9 reta9s ! natural d>k-tann$ color1 :ile t "u ! coat+ ( coagulat$ blood naturally becomes pal] by be+ protect$ aga9/ ! light & air4 ,^! individuals d n wa% (f su* m>ks ( success 9 ! *ase1 & aft] a :ile ! blood beg9s to drop (f by desquamation1 leav+ light] spots & l9es1 :i* = a %ort p]iod ( a week or two appe> l tattoo m>ks4 ,! ,mojave pigm5ts are o*]1 clay1 & probably *>coal1 m+l$ ) oil4 ,see ,pac4 ,r4 ,r4 ,exp$41 ,vol4 ,,iii1 ,pt4 ,,iii1 p4 #cc4 ,! colors1 at pres5t us$ by ! ,indians & obta9$ f ! trad]s1 consi/ g5]ally ( ! foll[+ comp\nds1 viz43 v]milion1 r$ lead1 *romate ( lead 7yell[71 ,prussian blue1 *rome gre51 ivory black & lamp black1 ,*9ese :ite1 & oxide ( z9c4 ,all ( ^! are 9 ! =m ( p[d] or 9 crude masses1 & are subsequ5tly prep>$ = use z requir$4 ,,9 ,,briti% ,,guiana4 ,ev]>d ,f4 im ,?urn1 op4 cit41 p4 #caf1 gives ! foll[+ details3 ,! dyes us$ by ! ,indians to pa9t _! own bodies1 & occasionally to draw patt]ns on _! implem5ts1 are r$ f>oah1 purple c>awe]a1 blue-black lana1 :ite felspa?ic clay1 &1 ?\gh v r>ely1 a yell[ vegetable dye ( unkn[n orig94 ,f>oah is ! deep r$ pulp ar\nd ! se$ ( a %rub 7,bixa orellana71 :i* gr[s wild on ! banks ( "s ( ! riv]s1 & is cultivat$ by ! ,indians 9 _! cle>+s4 ,mix$ ) a l>ge quantity ( oil1 x is !n ei!r dri$ & s kept 9 lumps :i* c be made s(t aga9 by ! addition ( m oil1 or is /or$ 9 a liquid condition 9 tubes made ( holl[ bamboo-/ems4 ,:5 x is to be us$1 ei!r a mass ( x is tak5 9 ! palm ( ! h& & rubb$ ov] ! sk9 or o!r surface to be pa9t$1 or a patt]n ( f9e l9es is drawn ) x by means ( a /ick us$ z a p5cil4 ,! ,true ,c>ibs also use f>oah l>gely to /a9 _! hammocks4 ,c>awe]a is a some:at simil> dye1 ( a m purpli% r$1 & by no means s commonly us$4 ,x is prep>$ f ! leaves ( a yell[ fl[]$ bignonia 7,b4 *icka71 toge!r ) "s o!r unimportant +r$i5ts4 ,! dri$ leaves are boil$ = a few m9utes ov] a fire1 & !n "s fre%-cut pieces ( ! b>k ( a c]ta9 tree & a bundle ( twigs & fre% leaves ( ano!r tree are add$ to ! mixture4 ,! :ole is !n boil$ = ab\t tw5ty m9utes1 c>e be+ tak5 to keep ! b>k & leaves "u wat]4 ,! pot is !n tak5 f ! fire1 & ! cont5ts1 be+ p\r$ into b[ls1 are all[$ to subside4 ,! cle> wat] left at ! top is p\r$ away1 & ! s$im5t1 ( a beautiful purple col\r1 is put into a clo?1 on :i* x is all[$ to dry2 aft] ?is x is scrap$ (f & pack$ 9 t9y baskets wov5 ( ! leaves ( ! cok]ite palm4 ,! pigm5t is us$ = body-pa9t+1 ) oil1 j z is f>oah4 ,lana is ! juice ( ! fruit ( a small tree 7,g5ipa am]icana71 ) :i*1 )\t fur!r prep>ation1 blue-black l9es are drawn 9 patt]ns1 or l>ge surfaces are /a9$ on ! sk94 ,! dye ?us appli$ is = ab\t a week indelible4 ,"o or m ( ! ?ree body pa9ts already m5tion$ is us$ by mo/ ,indians & 9 l>ge quantities4 ,b ! :ite1 & /ill m ! yell[1 pigm5ts are us$ only r>ely1 9 l9es or dots1 & v sp>+ly1 by "s ( ! ,savannah ,indians4 ,! :ite sub/ance is simply a v semi-liquid felspa?ic clay1 :i* occurs 9 pockets 9 "o or two places on ! savannah2 ?is is collect$ & dri$ 9 lumps1 :i* are !n pi]c$1 ?read$1 & s put aside = future use4 ,! nature ( ! yell[ dye ,i 0 nev] able to trace2 all t ! ,indians c\ld or w\ld say 0 t !y receiv$ x 9 small quantities f a tribe liv+ beyond ! ,wapianas1 :o extract$ x f a tree :i* only gr[s 9 t neighborhood4 ,paul ,m>coy1 9 ,travels 9 ,s\? ,am]ica3 ,n4 ,y41 #ahge1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #cec1 says ! ,passs1 ,yuris1 ,b>rs1 & ,*umanas1 ( ,brazil1 employ a decoction ( indigo or g5ipa 9 tattoo+4 ,,significance ,,( ,,colors4 ,significance has be5 atta*$ to ! sev]al colors among all peoples & 9 all p]iods ( culture4 ,t x is /ill recogniz$ 9 ! highe/ civilizations is %[n by ! associations ( dea? & m\rn+ connect$ ) black1 ( innoc5ce & peace ) :ite1 dang] ) r$1 & epidemic disease1 (ficially1 ) yell[4 ,)\t dwell+ ^u ! mod]n popul> fancies on ?is subject1 "s illu/rations f antiquity may be useful = comp>ison4 ,! ,babylonians repres5t$ ! sun & its sph]e ( motion by gold1 ! moon by silv]1 ,saturn by black1 ,jupit] by orange1 ,m>s by r$1 ,v5us by pale yell[1 & ,m]cury by deep blue4 ,r$ 0 anci5tly & g5]ally connect$ ) div9ity & p[] bo? prie/ly & royal4 ,! tab]nacle ( ! ,israelites 0 cov]$ ) sk9s dy$ r$ & ! gods & images ( ,egypt & ,*aldea 7 noticeably ( t color1 :i* to ?is day is ! "o di/+ui%+ ! ,roman ,pontiff & ! c>d9als4 ,9 anci5t art ea* color _h a my/ic s5se or symbolism1 & its prop] use 0 an important consid]ation & c>efully /udi$4 ,) reg>d to e>ly ,*ri/ian art1 ! foll[+ extract is giv5 f ,mrs4 ,clem5t's ,h&book ( ,leg5d>y & ,my?ologic ,art1 ,bo/on1 #ahhc4 ,! associations ) ! sev]al colors !re9 m5tion$ diff] widely f ^? 9 mod]n folk-lore--= in/ance1 ^? ) gre5 & yell[1 f ! same colors /igmatiz$ 9 ! song produc$ by ,mr4 ,black 9 8 ,?ree ,fea!rs1 exhibit+ ! belief 9 ,cornwall t 8gre5's =sak5 & yell['s =sworn40 ,:ite is worn by ! ,savi\r aft] 8 resurrection1 by ! ,virg9 9 repres5tations ( ! ,assumption2 by wom5 z ! emblem ( *a/ity2 by ri* m5 to indicate humility1 & by ! judge z ! symbol ( integrity4 ,x is repres5t$ sometimes by silv] or ! diamond1 & its s5tim5t is purity1 virg9ity1 innoc5ce1 fai?1 joy1 & light4 ,r$1 ! color ( ! ruby1 speaks ( royalty1 fire1 div9e love1 ! holy _s1 creative p[]1 & heat4 ,9 an opposite s5se x symboliz$ blood1 w>1 & hatr$4 ,r$ & black comb9$ 7 ! colors ( ,satan1 purgatory1 & evil spirits4 ,r$ & :ite roses are emblems ( love & innoc5ce1 or love & wisdom1 z 9 ! g>l& ( ,/4 ,cecilia4 ,blue1 t ( ! sapphire1 signifi$ heav51 heav5ly love & tru?1 con/ancy & fidelity4 ,*ri/ & ! ,virg9 ,m>y we> ! blue mantle1 ,/4 ,john a blue tunic4 ,gre51 ! em]ald1 ! color ( spr+1 express$ hope & victory4 ,yell[ or gold 0 ! emblem ( ! sun1 ! goodness ( ,god1 m>riage & fruitfulness4 ,/4 ,joseph & ,/4 ,pet] we> yell[4 ,yell[ has also a bad signification :5 x has a dirty1 d+y hue1 su* z ! usual dress ( ,judas1 & !n signifies jeal\sy1 incon/ancy1 & deceit4 ,violet or ame?y/ signifi$ passion & suff]+1 or love & tru?4 ,p5it5ts1 z ! ,magdal5e1 we> x4 ,! ,madonna we>s x aft] ! crucifixion1 & ,*ri/ aft] ! resurrection4 ,gray is ! color ( p5ance1 m\rn+1 humility1 or accus$ innoc5ce4 ,black ) :ite signifi$ humility1 m\rn+1 & purity ( life4 ,alone1 x spoke ( d>kness1 wick$ness1 & dea?1 & belong$ to ,satan4 ,9 pictures ( ! ,temptation ,jesus sometimes we>s black4 ,x is probable t1 at "o "t1 ! sev]al colors1 at lea/ 9 ! same ,indian tribe1 _h ea* special significance4 ,?is g5]al significance 01 h[ev]1 modifi$ by specific positions ( ! colors4 ,colors are g5]ally appli$ at ?is day accord+ to fancy & )\t reg>d to special signification4 ,! w>riors make a di/9ction :5 on ! w>pa?1 & :5 m\rn+ a deceas$ relative or engag$ 9 dances & religi\s c]emonies ! memb]s ( mo/ ( ! tribes /ill exhibit precise c>e 9 ! selection & arrangem5t ( color4 ,! ,dakota at ,gr& ,riv] ,ag5cy1 n[ ab&on$1 g5]ally pa9t$ ! face r$ f ! eyes d[n to ! *9 :5 go+ to w>4 ,! :ole face 0 black$ ) *>coal or a%es :5 m\rn+4 ,! wom5 frequ5tly resort$ to ?is me?od ( express+ grief4 ,! ,abs>oka1 or ,cr[ ,indians1 g5]ally pa9t ! =ehead r$ :5 on ! w>-pa?4 ,?is di/9ction ( ! ,cr[s is also not$ by ! ,dakota 9 record+ pictographic n>ratives ( enc\nt]s ) ! ,cr[s4 ,see page #fb1 & ,figures #abd et seq4 ,haywood1 ,nat4 & ,aborig4 ,hi/4 ( ,t5nessee1 #ahbc1 p4 #bbh1 says ( ! ,*]okees3 8,:5 go+ to w> _! hair is comb$ & anno9t$ ) be>'s grease & ! r$-root ,sangu9>ia canad5sis81 & !y adorn x ) fea!rs ( v>i\s beautiful col\rs1 besides copp] & iron r+s1 & sometimes wampum or peak 9 ! e>s4 ,& !y pa9t _! faces all ov] z r$ z v]million1 mak+ a circle ( black ab\t "o eye & ano!r circle ( :ite ab\t ! o!r40 ,:5 a ,modoc w>rior pa9ts 8 face black be=e go+ into battle x means victory or dea?1 & he w n survive a defeat4 ,see ,bancr(t's ,native ,races1 ,i1 p4 #ccc4 ,! ,los ,angeles ,c\nty ,indian girls pa9t ! *eeks sp>+ly ) r$ o*] :5 9 love4 7,bancr(t1 ,i1 #djc47 ,?is prevails1 to "s ext5t also1 among ! nor!rn b&s ( ! ,si\x1 & among ! ,arik>a at ,=t ,b]?old1 ,dakota4 ,rev4 ,j4 ,ow5 ,dorsey reports t :5 ! ,osage m5 g to /eal horses f ! enemy !y pa9t _! faces ) *>coal4 ,! same au?ority gives ! foll[+ description ( ! ,osage pa9t = w> p>ties3 ,be=e *>g+ ! foe ! ,osages w>riors pa9t !mselves anew4 ,?is is call$ ! dea? pa9t4 ,if any ( ! m5 die ) ?is pa9t on !m ! survivors d n put on any o!r pa9t4 ,all ! g5tes on ! ,tsicu side use ! 8fire pa9t0 or ikaman1 :i* is r$4 ,x is appli$ by !m ) ! left h& all ov] ! face4 ,& !y use pray]s ab\t ! fire3 8,z ! fire has no m]cy1 s %\ld we h none40 ,!n !y put mud on ! *eek bel[ ! left eye1 z wide z two or m f+]s4 ,on ! ,haka side ?is mud is put on ! *eek1 bel[ ! "r eye4 ,x is ! "y buffalo bull decoration 7,tse-t-cika knn xapi a74 ,) ref]5ce to x1 a man says1 8,my little gr&fa!r 7! "y buffalo bull7 is ev] dang]\s1 z he makes attempts4 ,v close d ,i /&1 ready to g to ! attack0 7,witsku cika wckn nnpew ehnunpi a4 ,ecnqtsita wakana p atqanhi a67 ,! horse is pa9t$ ) "s ( ! mud on ! left *eek1 %\ld]1 & ?igh4 ,= ! correspond+ ,hanka decorations1 sub/itute ! "r = ! left :]ev] ! latt] ^w occurs above4 ,"s :o act l a black be> pa9t ) *>coal alone4 ,"s pa9t 9 ! w9d /yle1 "s 9 ! lightn+ /yle1 & o!rs 9 ! pan!r or puma /yle4 ,see also pages #he & #afb4 ,:5 a ,?l9kit arms himself = w> he pa9ts 8 face & p[d]s 8 hair a brilliant r$4 ,he !n ornam5ts 8 head ) :ite eagle-fea!rs1 a tok5 ( /]n v9dictive det]m9ation4 ,see ,bancr(t1 ,native ,races1 etc41 ,i1 page #aje4 ,blue signifies peace among ! ,indians ( ! ,pueblo ( ,tesuque4 ,see ,s*oolcraft1 ,,iii1 #cjf4 ,9 sev]al addresses be=e ! ,an?ropological ,society ( ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c41 & pap]s yet unpubli%$1 9 ! possession ( ! ,bureau ( ,e?nology1 by ,mr4 ,james ,/ev5son1 ,dr4 ,wa%+ton ,mat!ws1 ,u4 ,s4 ,army1 & ,mr4 ,?omas ,v4 ,keam1 ! tribes bel[ are m5tion$ z us+ 9 _! c]emonial dances ! respective colors designat$ to repres5t ! f\r c>d9al po9ts ( ! compass1 viz43 ,n4 ,s4 ,e4 ,w4 ,/ev5son--,zui ,yell[4 ,r$4 ,:ite4 ,black4 ,mat!ws--,navajo ,black4 ,blue4 ,:ite4 ,yell[4 ,keam--,moki ,:ite4 ,r$4 ,yell[4 ,blue4 ,capt4 ,john ,g4 ,b\rke1 ,u4 ,s4 ,army1 9 ! ,snake ,dance ( ! ,moquis ( ,arizona1 etc41 ,new ,york1 #ahhd1 p4 #abj1 says t ! ,moki employ ! foll[+ colors3 yell[ 9 pray]s = pumpk9s1 gre5 = corn1 & r$ = pea*es4 ,black & :ite b&s are typical ( ra91 :ile r$ & blue b&s are typical ( lightn+4 ,! ,c5tral ,cali=nians 7nor? ( ,san ,francisco ,bay7 =m]ly wore ! d[n ( ,asclepias787 7:ite7 z an emblem ( royalty4 ,see ,bancr(t1 ,native ,races1 ,i1 #chg1 #chh1 quot+ ,drake's ,_w ,encomp4 pp4 #abd-abf4 ,! natives ( ,guatemala wore r$ fea!rs 9 _! hats1 ! nobles only we>+ gre5 ones4 ,ibid1 p4 #fia4 ,see ) ref]5ce to ! ,haidas1 ,mr4 ,j4 ,g4 ,swan's acc\nt1 page #ff1 infra4 ,! foll[+ extract relative to ! color r$ among ! ,new ,zeal&]s is f ,taylor's ,te ,ika a ,maui1 etc41 pp4 #bji-baj4 ,closely connect$ ) religion1 0 ! feel+ !y ent]ta9$ = ! ,kura1 or ,r$ ,pa9t1 :i* 0 ! sacr$ color2 _! idols1 ,pataka1 sacr$ /ages = ! dead1 & = (f]+s or sacrifices1 ,urupa graves1 *ief's h\ses1 & w> canoes1 7 all ?us pa9t$4 ,! way ( r5d]+ any?+ tapu 0 by mak+ x r$4 ,:5 a p]son di$1 8 h\se 0 ?us color$2 :5 ! tapu 0 laid on any?+1 ! *ief erect$ a po/ & pa9t$ x ) ! kura2 :]ev] a corpse re/$1 "s memorial 0 set up1 (t5times ! ne>e/ /one1 rock1 or tree s]v$ z a monum5t2 b :atev] object 0 select$1 x 0 sure to be made r$4 ,if ! corpse 7 convey$ by wat]1 :]ev] !y l&$ a simil> tok5 0 left2 & :5 x rea*$ its de/9ation1 ! canoe 0 dragg$ on %ore1 ?us di/+ui%$1 & ab&on$4 ,:5 ! hahunga took place1 ! scrap$ bones ( ! *ief1 ?us ornam5t$1 & wrapp$ 9 a r$-/a9$ mat1 7 deposit$ 9 a box or b[l1 sme>$ ) ! sacr$ color1 & plac$ 9 a tomb4 ,ne> 8 f9al re/+-place a l(ty & elaborately c>v$ monum5t 0 erect$ to 8 memory2 ?is 0 call$ he tiki1 :i* 0 also ?us color$4 ,9 =m] times ! *ief anno9t$ 8 entire p]son ) r$ o*re2 :5 fully dress$ on /ate occasions1 bo? he & 8 wives _h r$ pa9t & oil p\r$ ^u ! cr[n ( ! head & =ehead1 :i* gave !m a gory appe>ance1 z ?\gh _! skulls _h be5 cleft asund]4 ,a l>ge numb] ( examples occur 9 ! pres5t pap] :]e ! use & significance ( color is m5tion$4 ,among ^! see pages #fd1 #afe-'f-'g1 & #ahc4 ,,mat]ials ,,^u ,,:i* ,,pictographs ,,are ,,made4 ,^! may be divid$ into3 #a/4 ,natural objects o!r ?an ! human p]son4 #b;d4 ,! human p]son4 #c;d4 ,artificial objects4 ,,natural ,,objects4 ,"u ! fir/ head1 ! mo/ important division is t ( rocks & /ones1 _m examples ( :i* h already be5 pres5t$4 ,9 addition to ^? respect+ /one1 ,mr4 ,gilb]t furni%es "s data relat+ to ! sacr$ /one kept by ! ,indians ( ! village ( ,oraibi1 on ! ,moki mesas4 ,?is /one 0 se5 by ,messrs4 ,john ,w4 ,"y & ,&rew ,s4 ,gibbon1 & ! notes 7 made by ,mr4 ,gilb]t f ^? furni%$ to him by ,mr4 ,"y4 ,few :ite m5 h _h access to ?is sacr$ record1 & b few ,indians h enjoy$ ! privilege4 ,mr4 ,gilb]t rem>ks t 8! /one 0 evid5tly squ>$ by ! eye & n by any in/rum5t4 ,! engrav+ seems to h be5 done ) "s rude in/rum5t1 b execut$ ) "s degree ( skill1 l an anci5t art fad$ into dim remembrance ( ! arti/ or writ] ( ! *>act]s4 ,! /one is a r$ cl\d$ m>ble1 entirely diff]5t f any?+ f\nd 9 ! region1 s ,i le>n by ! ,indians4 ,! /one is badly worn1 & "s ( ! *>act]s are difficult to det]m9e40 ,accord+ to ! notes accompany+ ! rude draw+s ( ?is /one1 x is an oblong rectangle1 measur+ #aa-c_/d in*es long1 #g-a_/d in*es wide1 & #a-a_/b in*es ?ick4 ,on "o side !re is an int]ior space1 also an oblong rectangle measur+ ab\t ?ree-f\r?s ( ! size ( ! :ole tablet1 betwe5 :i* & ! out] m>g9 are six nude human figures resembl+ "o ano!r1 "o at ei!r end & two on ea* ( ! two sides4 ,! int]ior space may h conta9$ *>act]s1 ?\gh no traces are n[ visible4 ,on ! o!r side are draw+s ( ! sun1 cl\ds ) ra9 desc5d+ !refrom1 lightn+1 />s1 arr[s1 foot-pr9ts ( ! be>1 & sev]al o!r undet]m9able *>act]s4 ,no hi/ory ( ! orig9 & import ( ?is tablet has be5 obta9$4 ,o!r mat]ials may be m5tion$ z foll[s3 ,,bone4 ,= in/ances ( ! use ( bone1 ref] to sev]al ,alaska ivory c>v+s 9 ?is pap]1 e4 g41 ,figure #aaa1 page #aib2 ,coman*e buffalo %\ld] blade1 ,figure #acg1 page #baf2 ,hidatsa %\ld] blade1 page #aea2 ,new ,zeal& human bone1 ,figure #cd1 page #gd4 ,,! ,,liv+ ,,tree4 ,an example is to be f\nd 9 ,s*oolcraft1 ,,iv1 p4 #bec2 ,pl4 #cc1 ,fig4 ,a1 :]e x is /at$ t ,mr4 ,ri*>d ,h4 ,k]n furni%$ a copy ( an ,indian draw+1 :i* 0 8f\nd on ! trunk ( a cottonwood tree 9 ! valley ( ,k+'s ,riv]1 ,cali=nia1 & evid5tly repres5ts ! mann] ( cat*+ diff]5t wild animals ) ! lasso40 ,! use ( ! lasso1 & ! *>act]s be+ ^u ! b>k ( a liv+ tree1 %[ suffici5t reason to believe t ?is record 0 ( mod]n workman%ip4 ,,wood4 ,! ,indians ( ! ,nor?we/ ,coa/ g5]ally employ wood ^u :i* to depict objects ( v>i\s k9ds4 ,^! appe> to p>take ( a my?ical nature1 sometimes becom+ absurdly grotesque4 ,totem po/s 7,plate ,,lxxxiii1 page #aii71 boats1 boat paddles1 ! bo>ds con/itut+ ! front wall ( a h\se1 & masks are among ! objects us$ ^u :i* to display arti/ic skill4 ,ottawa draw+s are also f\nd ^u pipe-/ems made ( wood1 usually a%4 ,figure #abj1 page #bjd1 is an example ( ?is4 ,among ! ,arik>a boat paddles are us$ ^u :i* m>ks ( p]sonal di/9ction are reproduc$1 z %[n 9 ,figure #hj1 page #ahb4 ,wood5 danc+ ornam5ts1 su* z fanciful repres5tations ( ! human figure1 idols1 etc41 are g5]ally ornam5t$ ) a v>iety ( colors1 hav+ !m sometimes arrang$ to repres5t designs closely relat$ to1 if n actually signify+1 m>ks ( g5tile di/9ction4 ,9 ,alaska1 mortu>y records are drawn ^u slabs ( wood4 ,see ,figures #aac & #aad1 page #aih4 ,mnemonic devices1 notices ( dep>ture1 di/ress1 etc41 are also drawn ^u ?9 n>r[ slips ( wood1 av]ag+ an in* 9 wid?1 & ( suffici5t l5g?4 ,see ,figures #eh & #ei1 page #aed4 ,a circul> piece ( wood or bo>d is sometimes drawn ^u1 %[+ ! human face1 & plac$ ^u a pole1 & fac+ 9 a c]ta9 direction1 to %[ ! c\rse tak5 by ! survivors ( a settlem5t :i* has be5 attack$ by an enemy4 ,see ,figure #ej1 page #aeb4 ,,b>k4 ,! ,ojibwa h1 until v rec5tly1 be5 9 ! habit ( trac+ *>act]s ( v>i\s k9ds ^u ! inn] surface ( bir* b>k4 ,^! records are usually mnemonic1 ?\gh _m p]ta9 to p]sonal exploits4 ,an illu/ration is giv5 9 ,figure #aci1 page #bah4 ,! l9es appe> to h be5 trac$ ) a %>ply-po9t$ in/rum5t1 probably bone1 & 9 "s examples ! draw+s are made by simple punctur+4 ,sometimes color is appli$ to ! objects del9eat$1 & app>5tly ) ref]5ce to specific signification4 ,! /rips ( b>k1 v>y+ f an in* to sev]al feet 9 l5g?1 roll up ^u dry+1 & are /raight5$ out = exam9ation by heat+ ne> ! fire4 ,,sk9s4 ,?is includes scalps4 ,a l>ge numb] ( records ^u ! hides ( animals are m5tion$ 9 ! pres5t pap]4 ,plate ,,vi ) its description 9 ! ,dakota ,w9t] ,c\nts is "o in/ance4 ,,fea!rs4 ,! ,sacram5to tribes ( ,cali=nia are v exp]t 9 weav+ blankets ( fea!rs1 _m ( !m hav+ really beautiful figures work$ ^u !m4 ,?is is report$ by ,edw>d ,m4 ,k]n 9 ,s*oolcraft1 ,v1 #fdi1 #fej4 ,! fea!r "w 9 ,mexico1 ,c5tral ,am]ica & ! ,hawaiian ,isl&s is well kn[n1 (t5 hav+ designs prop]ly to be consid]$ among pictographs1 ?\gh 9 g5]al n1 at lea/ 9 mod]n times1 pass+ beyond ornam5tation4 ,,g\rds4 ,aft] g\rds h dri$ ! cont5ts are remov$ & h&les are atta*$2 !y s]ve z rattles 9 dances1 & 9 religi\s & %amani/ic rites4 ,! repres5tations ( natural or my?ical objects = :i* ! own] may h special rev]5ce are (t5 depict$ ^u _! surfaces4 ,?is cu/om prevails among ! ,pueblos g5]ally1 &1 also1 among _m o!r tribes1 notably ^? con/itut+ ! ,si\an l+ui/ic /ock4 ,,horse ,,hair4 ,! ,hidatsa1 ,arik>a1 ,dakota1 & sev]al o!r tribes ( ! ,nor?we/ pla9s1 use horse hair dy$ r$ z app5dages to fea!rs worn z p]sonal m>ks ( di/9ction4 ,its arrangem5t is significant4 ,,%ells1 ,,includ+ ,,wampum4 ,! illu/rat$ & exhau/ive pap] ( ,mr4 ,w4 ,h4 ,holmes1 9 ! ,second ,annual report ( ! ,bureau ( ,e?nology1 removes all necessity = pres5t ext5d$ m5tion "u ?is head4 ,,e>? ,,& ,,s&4 ,pap]s by ,dr4 ,wa%+ton ,mat!ws1 ,u4 ,s4 ,a41 ,dr4 ,w4 ,h4 ,corbusi]1 ,u4 ,s4 ,a41 & ,mr4 ,james ,/ev5son 7 read 9 ! ,an?ropological ,society ( ,wa%+ton dur+ ! season ( #ahhd-e1 giv+ acc\nt ( important & entirely novel pa9t+s by ! ,navajo1 ,yuman1 & ,zuni ,indians4 ,^! pa9t+s 7 made ^u ! gr\nd by means ( s&1 a%es1 & p[d]$ vegetable matt] ( v>i\s colors4 ,^! 7 highly elaborate1 made imm$iately prec$+ c]ta9 c]emonies1 at ! close ( :i* !y 7 oblit]at$4 ,dr4 ,w4 ,j4 ,h(fman /ates t :5 ! exp$ition "u comm& ( ,capt4 ,g4 ,m4 ,:eel]1 ,u4 ,s4 ,a41 pass$ ?r\gh ,s\!rn ,nevada 9 #ahga1 ! encampm5t = "o night 0 at ,pai-,uta ,*>lie's ran*]ia1 :]e x 0 visit$ by _m ( ! ,pai-,uta ,indians ( t vic9ity4 ,on leav+ camp ! foll[+ morn+ repres5tations ( _m m\nt$ m51 ! odomet] c>t & pack animals 7 f\nd depict$ ^u ! h>d1 flat surface ( ! s&4 ,! ,indians _h drawn ! outl9es 9 life size ) /icks ( wood1 & ! "w 0 v arti/ically done4 ,a m\nt$ exp$ition 0 a new ?+ 9 t "p ( ! c\ntry & amus$ !m n a little4 ,! well-kn[n animal m\nds1 sometimes call$ effigy m\nds1 ( ,wiscons9 come 9 ?is category4 ,,! ,,human ,,p]son4 ,pictographs ^u ! human p]son may be divid$ into1 #a/1 pa9t on ! face2 #b;d1 pa9t on ! body2 &1 #c;d1 tattoo+1 :i* is also divid$ into tattoo m>ks ^u ! head & tattoo m>ks ^u ! body4 ,,pa9t4 ,dr4 ,h(fman1 :o visit$ ! ,hualpai ,indians ( nor!rn ,arizona 9 #ahga1 gives an acc\nt 7see ante1 p4 #eb7 ( _! habit ( besme>+ _! bodies & faces ) ! blood ( game kill$4 ,a color$ plate1 fac+ page #cc ( ! report ( ! ,pacific ,railroad ,exp$ition1 #ahef1 pt4 ,,iii1 %[s ! designs adopt$ by ! ,mojave ,indians = pa9t+ ! body4 ,^! designs consi/ ( transv]se l9es ext5d+ ar\nd ! body1 arms1 & legs1 or horizontal l9es1 or diff]5t p>ts may p>take ( diff]5t designs4 ,clay is n[ g5]ally us$1 z 0 obs]v$ by ,dr4 ,h(fman1 :o visit$ ,camp ,mojave 9 #ahga4 ,= o!r notices ( pa9t on head & body & ! significance ( color see ante1 page #ec et seq4 ,ev]>d ,f4 im ,?urn1 9 8 "w be=e cit$1 page #aif1 describes ! pa9t+ ( ! ,indians ( ,guiana z foll[s3 ,! pa9t is appli$ ei!r 9 l>ge masses or 9 patt]ns4 ,= example1 a man1 :5 he wants to dress well1 p]haps entirely coats bo? 8 feet up to ! ankles ) a cru/ ( r$2 8 :ole trunk he sometimes /a9s uni=mly ) blue-black1 m r>ely ) r$1 or cov]s x ) an intricate patt]n ( l9es ( ei!r col\r2 he puts a /reak ( r$ along ! bridge ( 8 nose2 :]e 8 eyebr[s 7 till he pull$ !m out he puts two r$ l9es2 at ! top ( ! ar* ( 8 =ehead he puts a big lump ( r$ pa9t1 & probably he scatt]s o!r spots & l9es some:]e on 8 face4 ,! wom51 especially among ! ,ackawoi1 :o use m body-pa9t ?an o!r ornam5t1 are m fond ( blue-black ?an ( r$2 & "o v favorite ornam5t ) !m is a broad b& ( ?is1 :i* edges ! m\?1 & passes f ! corn]s ( t to ! e>s4 ,"s wom5 especially affect c]ta9 little figures1 l ,*9ese *>act]s1 :i* look z if "s mean+ 7 atta*$ to !m1 b :i* ! ,indians are ei!r unable or unwill+ to expla94 ,! ,s]ranos1 ne> ,los ,angeles1 ,cali=nia1 =m]ly cut l9es ^u ! trees & po/s1 m>k+ b\nd>ies ( l&1 ^! l9es correspond+ to ^? adopt$ by ! own] z facial decorations4 ,see page #ahb4 ,dur+ 8 connection ) ! ,yell[/one exp$ition ( #ahgc1 "u ! comm& ( ,g5]al ,/anley1 ,dr4 ,h(fman f\nd elaborate n>ratives ( ho/ile enc\nt]s betwe5 ! ,abs>oka & ,dakota ,indians incis$ ^u ! b>k ( cotton-wood trees1 9 ! valley ( ! ,mussel%ell ,riv]4 ,! ,abs>oka 7 %[n by hav+ ! b>k 9 ! =ehead remov$1 ?us correspond+ to _! w> cu/om ( pa9t+ t portion ( ! face r$1 :ile ! ,dakota 7 d5ot$ by hav+ only ! "p ( ! face f ! eyes d[n to ! *9 remov$1 ref]r+ to _! cu/om ( pa9t+ t "p ( ! face4 ,! numb] ( individuals 0 %[n by ! outl9e ( "o individual ( ei!r tribe1 ) add$ %ort l9es4 ,! total numb] ( arms 0 %[n by draw+ "o gun & ! requisite numb] ( spots4 ,! numb] ( horses 0 indicat$ 9 a simil> mann]4 ,see also ) ref]5ce to pa9t on ! human p]son1 pages #afe & #afg4 ,! pres5t writ]1 :5 read+ ! magnific5t "w ( ,conte ,giovanni ,gozzad9i1 ,di ,ult]iori ,scop]te ,nell' ,antica ,necropoli a ,m>zabotto nel ,bolognese1 ,bologna1 #ahgj1 notic$ 9 ,plate ,,xii1 ,figure #a1 ! repres5tation ( a human head 9 bronze ( great antiquity1 & t x %[s incis$ l9es ov] ! sup]ior mal> region1 bel[ & outw>d f ! out] can?us ( ! eye4 ,to any "o rec5tly famili> ) tattoo+ & ! l9es ( face pa9t+ ?is gives a decid$ sugge/ion1 & is (f]$ z su*4 ,! head is reproduc$ 9 ,figure #bb4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bb4--;,bronze head f ! ,necropolis ( ,m>zabotto1 ,italy4 ,a less di/9ct sugge/ion arose f ! repres5tation ( a 8,fragm5t ( a lu/r\s black b[l1 ) an incis$ decoration fill$ ) :ite *alk10 pictur$ 9 ,troja1 etc41 by ,dr4 ,h5ry ,s*liemann1 ,new ,york1 #ahhd1 p4 #ca1 ,no4 #a1 & "h pres5t$1 ,figure #bc4 ,9 ! abs5ce ( k z to ! connection ( ! two sets ( p>allel l9es on ea* side ( ! face1 ) ! rema9d] ( ! b[l1 x is n possible to =m any decision z to :e!r !re 0 any int5tion to portray face pa9t+ or tattoo+1 or :e!r ! l9es m]ely p>took ( ! g5]al patt]n ( ! b[l4 ,! l9es1 h[ev]1 in/antly caught ! pres5t writ]'s eye z connect$ ) ! subject n[ "u consid]ation4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bc4--;,fragm5t ( b[l f ,troja4 ,,tattoo+4 ,tattoo+1 a p]man5t m>k+ ( ! sk9 z di/+ui%$ f ! tempor>y pa9t+1 & accompli%$ by ! introduction ( color+ matt] "u ! cutane\s epid]mis1 0 =m]ly practic$ ext5sively among ! ,indians ( ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,"s au?orities = ?is /atem5t are "h quot$1 z also "s descriptions ( ! cu/om :]e /ill practic$4 ,capt4 ,john ,smi?1 9 8,! ,true ,travels1 ,adv5tures1 etc410 ,ri*mond1 #ahai1 ,vol4 ,i1 page #acj1 is made to say ( ! ,virg9ia ,indians3 8,!y adorne !mselues mo/ ) copp] beads & pa9t+s4 ,_! wom51 "s haue _! legs1 h&s1 brea/s & face cunn+ly imbrod]$ ) div]s workes1 z bea/s1 s]p5ts1 artificially wr\ght into _! fle% ) blacke spots40 ,! ,innuit1 accord+ to ,cook1 practic$ tattoo+ p]p5dicul> l9es ^u ! *9 ( wom51 & sometimes simil> l9es ext5d+ backw>d f ne> ! out] portions ( ! eyes4 ,mr4 ,gats*et reports t v few ,klama? m5 n[ tattoo _! faces1 b su* z are /ill obs]v$ h b a s+le l9e ( black runn+ f ! middle ( ! l[] lip to ! *94 ,! wom5 h ?ree l9es1 "o f ea* corn] ( ! m\? & "o d[n ov] ! c5t] ( ! *94 ,! ,modoc wom5 tattoo ?ree blue l9es1 ext5d+ p]p5dicul>ly f ! c5t] & corn]s ( ! l[] lip to ! *94 ,see ,bancr(t1 ,native ,races1 ,i1 p4 #ccb4 ,/eph5 ,p[]s says 7,contrib4 ,n4 ,a4 ,e?nol41 ,,iii1 p4 #bj7 t ! ,k>ol1 ,cali=nia1 squaws tattoo 9 blue ?ree n>r[ f]n leaves p]p5dicul>ly on ! *91 "o fall+ f ea* corn] ( ! m\? & "o 9 ! middle4 ,= ?is purpose1 !y are said to employ soot ga!r$ f a /one1 m+l$ ) ! juice ( a c]ta9 plant4 ,! same au?or reports1 page #gf3 8,ne>ly e 7,hup1 ,cali=nia7 man has t5 l9es tattoo$ across ! inside ( ! left arm1 ab\t half way betwe5 ! wri/ & ! elb[2 & 9 measur+ %ell-money1 he takes ! /r+ 9 8 "r h&1 draws "o end ov] 8 left ?umbnail1 & if ! o!r end rea*es to ! upp]mo/ ( ! tattoo l9es1 ! five %ells are wor? #be 9 gold or #e a %ell4 ,( c\rse x is only "o 9 t5 ?\s& t is long en\gh to rea* ?is high value40 ,! same au?or1 on page #if1 says3 ,! squaws 7,patawt1 ,cal47 tattoo 9 blue ?ree n>r[ p9nate leaves p]p5dicul>ly on _! *9s1 & also l9es ( small dots on ! backs ( _! h&s4 ,he reports1 page #adh1 ( ! ,kastel ,pomo3 ,! wom5 ( ?is & o!r tribes ( ! ,coa/ ,range frequ5tly tattoo a rude repres5tation ( a tree or o!r object1 cov]+ ne>ly ! :ole abdom5 & brea/4 ,( ! ,w9tns ( ,cali=nia ! same au?or says 7page #bcc7 t ! squaws all tattoo ?ree n>r[ l9es1 "o fall+ f ea* corn] ( ! m\?1 & "o betwe54 ,see also page #afg infra4 ,rev4 ,m4 ,eells says 7,bull4 ,u4 ,s4 ,geol4 & ,geog4 ,survey1 ,,iii1 p4 #ge7 ( ! ,twana ,indians3 ,a little ( ?is tattoo+ is done1 b mu* less ?an =m]ly1 & *iefly n[ among ! *ildr54 ,blue m>ks tattoo$ ^u a ,mojave woman's *9 d5otes t %e is m>ri$4 ,see ,pacific ,r4 ,r4 ,exp$41 ,,iii1 #ahef1 p4 #cc4 ,! only rem>kable in/ance ( tattoo+ n[ among ! ,hidatsa is t ( ,lean-,wolf1 ! pres5t second *ief ( ! tribe4 ,! ornam5tation consi/s ( horizontal /ripes1 f "o-?ird to "o-half an in* broad1 runn+ f ! middle ( ! brea/ ar\nd ! "r side ( ! body to ! sp9al column4 ,! "r arm & ! "r leg are encircl$ by simil> b&s1 betwe5 :i* !re are spaces ( equal wid?4 ,lean-,wolf pr(ess$ n to be able to give ! orig9 & hi/ory ( ?is ornam5tation1 al?\gh1 he repres5ts himself ) x ^u pictographs relat+ to p]sonal ev5ts ( w>f>e & ! *ase4 ,bancr(t 7,native ,races1 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #dh7 says ( ! ,eskimo1 t ! females tattoo l9es on _! *9s2 ! plebeian female ( c]ta9 b&s has "o v]tical l9e 9 ! c5t] & "o p>allel to x on ei!r side4 ,! high] classes m>k two v]tical l9es f ea* corn] ( ! m\?4 ,on page #gb he says t "y ,kadiak wives tattoo ! brea/ & adorn ! face ) black l9es4 ,! ,kuskoquim wom5 sew into _! *9 two p>allel blue l9es4 ,?is color is appli$ by draw+ a ?read "u ! sk9 or prick+ x ) a ne$le4 ,on page #aag he says t ! ,*ippewyans h tattoo$ *eeks & =eheads4 ,bo? sexes h blue or black b>s or f "o to f\r /raight l9es to di/+ui% ! tribe to :i* !y belong2 !y tattoo by ent]+ an awl or ne$le "u ! sk9 & on draw+ x out1 imm$iately rubb+ p[d]$ *>coal into ! w\nds4 ,on page #abg he /ates t on ! ,yukon ,riv] among ! ,kut*9s1 ! m5 draw a black /ripe d[n ! =ehead & ! nose1 frequ5tly cross+ ! =ehead & *eeks ) r$ l9es & /reak+ ! *91 alt]nately ) r$ & black1 & ! wom5 tattoo ! *9 ) a black pigm5t4 ,x w be obs]v$ t ^! /atem5ts by ,bancr(t1 ab\t tattoo+ among ! ,hyp]boreans1 seem to be conf9$ to ! face1 except z is m5tion$ among ! ,kadiak1 :]e ! wom5 tattoo ! brea/1 & t ^! tattoo m>ks seem to be simple /raight l9es1 ei!r v]tical or horizontal4 99 99 99 99 99 ,9 ?is place is prop]ly ins]t$ ! foll[+ report ( orig9al rese>* among ! ,haidas on ?is subject1 by ,mr4 ,james ,g4 ,swan1 ( ,port ,t[ns5d1 ,wa%+ton1 = :i* ! ?anks ( ?is ,bureau are t5d]$ to him4 ,,tattoo ,,m>ks ,,( ,,! ,,haida ,,indians ,,( ,,que5 ,,*>lotte ,,isl&s1 ,b4 ,c41 ,,& ,,! ,,pr9ce ,,( ,,wales ,,ar*ipelago1 ,,alaska4 ,by ,,james ,g4 ,,swan4 ,h4 ,h4 ,bancr(t1 9 8 8,native ,races1 ,pacific ,/ates10 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #aee1 includes 9 ! ,haida family ! nations occupy+ ! coa/ & isl&s f ! s\!rn extremity ( ,pr9ce ( ,wales ,ar*ipelago to ! ,b5t9ck ,arms 9 ab\t #eb ,n4 ,_! t]ritory is b\nd$ on ! nor? & ea/ by ! ,?l9keet & ,c>ri] nations ( ! ,hyp]boreans1 & on ! s\? by ! ,nootka family ( ! ,columbians4 ,its *ief nations1 or1 m correctly speak+1 b&s1 ^: b\nd>ies1 h[ev]1 c r>ely be fix$ ) precision1 are ! ,massets1 ,skiddegates1 ,cum%awas1 ,laskeets1 & ! ,skr+wai1 ( ,que5 ,*>lotte ,isl&s3 ! ,kaigani1 ,h[kan1 ,klemakoan1 & ,kazan1 ( ,pr9ce ( ,wales ,ar*ipelago2 ! ,*imsyans1 ab\t ,=t ,simpson & on ,*a?am ,s\nd2 ! ,nass & ! ,sk5as1 on ! riv]s ( ! same "n2 ! ,sebasses1 on ,pitt ,ar*ipelago & ! %ores ( ,g>d9] ,*annel1 & ! ,millbank ,s\nd ,indians1 includ+ ! ,hailtzas1 ,bella ,bella1 ,bella ,coola1 etc4 ,among all ! tribes or b&s belong+ to ! ,haida family1 ! practice ( tattoo+ ! p]son 9 "s mann] is common2 b ! mo/ m>k$ are ! ,haidas prop]1 or ^? liv+ on ,que5 ,*>lotte ,isl&s1 & ! ,kaiganis1 ( ,pr9ce ( ,wales ,ar*ipelago1 ,alaska4 ,( ! ,haida tribe1 ,h4 ,h4 ,bancr(t says 7,works #ahhb1 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #aei71 8,besides ! regul> lip piece1 ornam5ts v>i\s 9 %ape & mat]ial1 ( %ell1 bone1 wood1 or metal1 are worn1 /uck 9 ! lips1 nose1 & e>s1 app>5tly accord+ to ! caprice or ta/e ( ! we>]1 ! sk9 be+ sometimes1 ?\gh m r>ely1 tattoo$ to correspond40 ,! au?ors quot$ by ,bancr(t = ?is in=mation are ,mayne's ,briti% ,columbia1 p4 #bhb2 ,b>rett-,l5n>d's ,travels1 pp4 #de1 #df2 ,poole's ,que5 ,*>lotte ,isl&s1 pp4 #ge-caa2 ,dunn's ,oregon1 pp4 #bgi1 #bhe1 & ,re$1 :o says1 8,! m5 habitually g nak$1 b :5 !y g (f on a j\rney !y we> a blanket40 ,h[ ?is latt] writ]1 presum+ he speaks f p]sonal exp]i5ce1 c\ld h se5 nak$ ,haida m5 )\t notic+ tattoo m>ks1 ,i _c und]/&4 ,on page #ahb ( ! same volume ( ,bancr(t1 footnote1 is ! foll[+3 8#8,! habit ( tattoo+ ! legs & arms is common to all ! wom5 ( ,vanc\v]'s ,isl&2 ! m5 d n adopt x4' ,grant1 9 ,lond4 ,geog4 ,soc4 ,j\r41 ,vol4 ,,xxvii1 p4 #cjg4 #8,no su* practice z tattoo+ exi/s among ^! natives4' ,sproat's ,sc5es1 p4 #bg40 ,:at ,grant says applies n to ! wom5 ( ,vanc\v]'s ,isl&1 b to ^? ( ,que5 ,*>lotte ,isl&s4 ,sproat seems to h giv5 m ( 8 att5tion to "s fanci$ t]m9al 9 _! language1 ^u :i* he builds 8 !ory ( ! 8,aht0 nation1 ?an to ! obs]vance ( _! p]sonal peculi>ities4 ,i am ( ! op9ion1 judg+ f my own obs]vation ( ov] tw5ty ye>s among ! coa/ tribes1 t b few females c be f\nd among ! ,indians1 n only on ,vanc\v]'s ,isl&1 b all along ! coa/ to ! ,columbia ,riv]1 & p]haps ev5 to ,cali=nia1 t are n m>k$ ) "s device tattoo$ on _! h&s1 arms1 or ankles1 ei!r dots or /raight l9es2 b ( all ! tribes m5tion$1 ! ,haidas /& pre-em95t = tattoo+1 & seem to be excell$ only by ! natives ( ! ,fiji ,isl&s or ! ,k+'s ,mills ,gr\p 9 ! ,s\? ,seas4 ,! tattoo m>ks ( ! ,haidas are h]aldic designs or ! family totem1 or cre/s ( ! we>]s1 & are simil> to ! c>v+s depict$ on ! pill>s & monum5ts ar\nd ! homes ( ! *iefs1 :i* casual obs]v]s h ?\ght 7 idols4 ,9 a memoir writt5 by me on ! ,haida ,indians1 = ! ,smi?sonian ,in/itution1 & publi%$ z ,no4 #bfg ( ,contributions to ,k1 ,i h giv5 illu/rations ( v>i\s tattoo designs & h]aldic c>v+s 9 wood & /one1 b did n attempt to del9eate ! position or appe>ance ( ^? designs ^u _! bodies or limbs1 al?\gh all ! tattoo m>ks repres5t$ 9 t memoir 7 copi$ by me directly f ! p]sons ( ! ,haidas1 z /at$ 9 ! illu/rations4 ,! publication ( ?is memoir1 ) its illu/rations1 :i* ,i %[$ to ! ,haidas & ,kaiganis 9 #ahge1 dur+ my cruise to ,alaska 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates rev5ue /eam] ,wolcott1 gave !m confid5ce 9 me t ,i _h n made ! draw+s f idle curiosity1 & 9 ,febru>y1 #ahgi1 ,i 0 =tunate en\gh to meet a p>ty ( ,haida m5 & wom5 9 ,port ,t[ns5d1 ,wa%+ton1 :o p]mitt$ me to copy _! tattoo m>ks aga94 ,^! designs are inv>iably plac$ on ! m5 betwe5 ! %\ld]s1 j bel[ ! back ( ! neck1 on ! brea/1 on ! front "p ( bo? ?ighs1 & on ! legs bel[ ! knee4 ,on ! wom5 !y are m>k$ on ! brea/1 on bo? %\ld]s1 on bo? =e-arms1 f ! elb[1 d[n ov] ! back ( ! h&s1 to ! knuckles1 & on bo? legs bel[ ! knee to ! ankle4 ,:5 ! ,haidas visit ,victoria or ! t[ns on ,puget ,s\nd !y are dress$ 9 ! g>b ( :ite p & pres5t a respectable appe>ance1 9 m>k$ contra/ ) ! ,indians f ! we/ coa/ ( ,vanc\v]'s ,isl&1 or ! vic9ity ( ,cape ,flatt]y1 :o dress 9 a m primitive mann]1 & attract notice by _! m picturesque co/umes ?an d ! ,haidas1 ab\t :om !re is no?+ outw>dly ( unusual appe>ance1 except ! tattoo m>ks on ! h&s ( ! wom51 :i* %[ _! nationality at a glance ( ! mo/ c>eless obs]v]4 ,z ,i be=e rem>k$1 almo/ all ( ! ,indian wom5 ( ! nor?we/ coa/ h tattoo m>ks on _! h&s & arms1 & "s on ! face2 b z a g5]al ?+ ^! m>ks are m]e dots or /raight l9es1 hav+ no p>ticul> significance4 ,) ! ,haidas1 h[ev]1 e m>k has its mean+2 ^? on ! h&s & arms ( ! wom5 indicate ! family "n1 :e!r !y belong to ! be>1 beav]1 wolf1 or eagle totems1 or any ( ! family ( fi%es4 ,z "o ( !m qua9tly rem>k$ to me1 8,if y 7 tattoo$ ) ! design ( a swan1 ! ,indians w\ld "k y\r family "n40 ,al?\gh x is v easy to di/+ui% ! ,haida wom5 f ^? ( o!r tribes by see+ ! tattoo m>ks on ! backs ( _! h&s1 yet v few :ite p]sons h c>$ to "k ! mean+ ( ^! designs1 or are aw>e ( ! ext5t ( ! tattoo m>ks on ! p]sons ( bo? sexes4 ,9 ord] to illu/rate ?is tattoo+ z correctly z possible1 ,i inclose h]e) a view 7,figure #bd7 tak5 at ,massett1 ,que5 ,*>lotte ,isl&1 ( ! c>v$ columns 9 front ( ! *ief's resid5ce2 & also sket*es ( ! tattoo m>ks on two wom5 & _! husb&s tak5 by me at ,port ,t[ns5d4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bd4--;,haida ,totem ,po/4 ,x %\ld be borne 9 m9d t dur+ _! fe/ivals & masqu]ade p]=mances ! m5 are entirely nak$ & ! wom5 h only a %ort skirt rea*+ f ! wai/ to ! knee2 ! re/ ( _! p]sons are expos$1 & x is at su* times t ! tattoo m>ks %[ ) ! be/ effect1 & ! rank & family connection kn[n by ! v>iety ( designs4 ,l all ! o!r coa/ tribes1 ! ,haidas are c>eful n to p]mit ! intrusion ( :ite p]sons or /rang]s to _! ,tomanawos c]emonies1 & z a consequ5ce b few :ite p1 & c]ta9ly none ( ^? :o h ev] writt5 ab\t ^? ,indians1 h be5 pres5t at _! op5+ c]emonies :5 ! tattoo m>ks are %[n4 ,my in=mation 0 d]iv$ f ! ,haidas !mselves1 :o expla9$ to me :ile ,i 0 mak+ ! draw+s1 & illu/rat$ "s ( ! positions assum$ 9 _! dances by bo? sexes4 ,fig4 #be repres5ts a man4 ,on 8 brea/ is ! cod 7kahatta7 split f ! head to ! tail & laid op52 on ea* ?igh is ! octopus 7noo71 & bel[ ea* knee is ! frog 7flkamko/an74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #be4--;,haida man1 tattoo$4 ,,fig4 #bf4--;,haida woman1 tattoo$4 ,figure #bf repres5ts a woman4 ,on h] brea/ is ! head ) =epaws ( ! beav] 7ts*+72 on ea* %\ld] is ! head ( ! eagle or ?und]-bird 7skamskw972 on ea* arm1 ext5d+ to & cov]+ ! back ( ! h&1 is ! halibut 7h>go72 on ! "r leg is ! sculp9 7kull72 on ! left leg is ! frog 7flkamko/an74 ,figure #bg is a woman ) ! be>'s head 7hoorts7 on h] brea/4 ,on ea* %\ld] is ! eagle's head1 & on h] arms & legs are figures ( ! be>4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bg4--;,haida woman1 tattoo$4 ,,fig4 #bh4--;,haida man1 tattoo$4 ,figure #bh %[s ! back ( a man ) ! wolf 7wasko7 split 9 halves & tattoo$ betwe5 8 %\ld]s1 :i* is %[n enl>g$ 9 ,figure #cc4 ,wasko is a my?ological be+ ( ! wolf species simil> to ! *u-*u-hmexl ( ! ,makah ,indians1 an ant$iluvian demon suppos$ to live 9 ! m\nta9s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cc4--,wolf4 ,! skulp9 on ! "r leg ( ! woman 9 ,figure #bf is %[n enl>g$ 9 ,figure #bi2 ! frog on ! left leg 9 ,figure #cj4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bi4--,skulp94 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cj4--;,frog4 ,! codfi% on ! man 9 ,figure #be is %[n enl>g$ 9 ,figure #ca1 ! octopus or squid 9 ,figure #cb4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ca4--;,cod4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig #cb4--,squid or octopus4 ,z ! ,haidas1 bo? m5 & wom51 are v light color$1 "s ( ! latt]1 full blood$ ,indians too1 hav+ _! sk9s z fair z ,europeans1 ! tattoo m>ks %[ v di/9ct4 ,^! sket*es are n int5d$ z portraits ( p]sons1 b simply to illu/rate ! positions ( ! v>i\s tattoo m>ks4 ,to ent] into a detail$ description w\ld require m space & /udy ?an is conv5i5t at ?is "t4 ,en\gh is giv51 x is hop$1 to convey to y an idea ( ?is int]e/+ subject1 :i* w require mu* /udy to prop]ly elaborate1 or und]/&4 ,?is tattoo+ is n all done at "o "t nor is x e "o :o c tattoo4 ,c]ta9 ones1 almo/ always m51 h a natural gift :i* enables !m to excel 9 ?is k9d ( "w4 ,"o ( ! "y *iefs1 nam$ ,g5eskelos1 0 ! be/ design] ,i knew1 & rank$ among 8 tribe z a tattoo]4 ,he belong$ to ,laskeek village on ! ea/ side ( ,moresby's ,isl&1 "o ( ! ,que5 ,*>lotte gr\p4 ,i employ$ him to decorate ! great canoe :i* ,i s5t to ! ,c5t5nial ,exposition at ,philadelphia 9 #ahgf1 = ! ,national ,museum4 ,i 0 ) him a great deal ( ! "t bo? at ,victoria & ,port ,t[ns5d4 ,he _h a little sket* book 9 :i* he _h trac$ designs = tattoo+1 :i* he gave to me4 ,he subsequ5tly di$ 9 ,victoria ( small-pox1 soon aft] he _h f9i%$ decorat+ ! canoe4 ,he told me ! plan he adopt$ 0 fir/ to draw ! design c>efully on ! p]son ) "s d>k pigm5t1 !n prick x 9 ) ne$les & !n rub ov] ! w\nd ) "s m color+ matt] till x acquir$ ! prop] hue4 ,he _h a v>iety ( in/rum5ts compos$ ( ne$les ti$ neatly to /icks4 ,8 favorite "o 0 a flat /rip ( ivory or bone1 to :i* he _h firmly ti$ five or six ne$les1 ) _! po9ts project+ beyond ! end j f> en\gh to raise ! sk9 )\t inflict+ a dang]\s w\nd1 b ^! ne$le po9ts /uck out q suffici5tly to make ! op]ation v pa9ful1 & al?\gh he appli$ "s sub/ance to dead5 ! s5sation ( ! sk91 yet ! effect 0 on "s to make !m q sick = a few days2 consequ5tly ! :ole process ( tattoo+ 0 n done at "o "t4 ,z ?is tattoo+ is a m>k ( honor1 x is g5]ally done at or j prior to a ,tomanawos p]=mance & at ! "t ( rais+ ! h]aldic columns 9 front ( ! *ief's h\ses4 ,! tattoo+ is done 9 op5 lodge & is witness$ by ! company assembl$4 ,sometimes x takes sev]al ye>s be=e all ! tattoo+ is done1 b :5 complet$ & ! p]son well ornam5t$1 !n !y are happy & c take _! seats among ! eld]s4 ,x is an int]e/+ "q1 & "o wor?y ( c>eful & pati5t inve/igation1 ,:y is x t ! ,haida ,nation alone ( all ! coa/ tribes tattoo _! p]sons to su* an ext5t1 & h[ !y acquire ! art ( c>v+ columns :i* be> su* /rik+ simil>ity to c>v+ 9 wood & /one by ! anci5t inhabitants ( ,c5tral ,am]ica1 z %[n by draw+s 9 ,bancr(t's f\r? volume ( ,native ,races & 9 ,habel's inve/igation 9 ,c5tral & ,s\? ,am]ica8 ,"s ( ^! idols 9 design1 p>ticul>ly on pages #dj to #eh1 & notably on pages #di-ej 7,bancr(t1 op4 cit471 are v l "s small c>v+s ,i h 9 ,port ,t[ns5d :i* ,i receiv$ f ,alaska1 %[+ a simil>ity ( idea :i* c\ld n be ! result ( an accid5t4 ,! tattoo m>ks1 ! c>v+s1 & h]aldic designs ( ! ,haida are an exce$+ly int]e/+ /udy1 & ,i hope :at ,i h ?us ha/ily & imp]fectly writt5 may be ! means ( awak5+ an int]e/ to h ^? que/ions sci5tifically discuss$1 = !y seem to me to po9t to a key :i* may unlock ! my/]y :i* = s _m ages has kept u f ! k ( ! orig9 ( ! ,pacific tribes4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,tattoo+ ,,9 ,,! ,,pacific ,,isl&s4 ,! foll[+ quotations & illu/rations ( tattoo+ 9 ! isl&s ( ! ,pacific ,ocean are pres5t$ = comp>ison1 & 9 hopes t ! discussion ( ! subject may af=d fur!r in=mation ^u ! significance ( tattoo m>ks4 ,x is by no means probable t !y 7 orig9ally altoge!r or *iefly = ornam5tation4 ,! accompany+ illu/ration1 ,figure #cd1 is tak5 f a bone obta9$ f a m\nd 9 ,new ,zeal&1 by ,mr4 ,i4 ,c4 ,russell1 ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,geological ,survey1 sev]al ye>s ago4 ,mr4 ,russell says t ! ,maori =m]ly tattoo$ ! bones ( enemies1 ?\gh ! cu/om n[ seems to h be5 ab&on$4 ,! "w consi/s ( %>p1 %all[ l9es1 z if made ) a %>p-po9t$ /eel in/rum5t1 into :i* "s blacki% pigm5t has be5 rubb$1 fill+ up "s ( ! m>k+s1 :ile 9 o!rs sc>cely a trace rema9s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cd4--,tattoo designs on bone1 ,new ,zeal&4 ,9 connection ) ! use ( ! tattoo m>ks z reproduc$ on artificial objects see also1 ,figure #cg1 page #gf1 & ,figure #aaf1 page #bjj4 ,! foll[+ is extract$ f ,te ,ika a ,maui1 or ,new ,zeal& & its inhabitants1 by ,rev4 ,ri*>d ,taylor1 ,london1 #ahgj1 p4 #cbj1 etc4 ,be=e !y w5t to fight1 ! y\? 7 accu/om$ to m>k _! c\nt5ance ) *>coal 9 diff]5t l9es1 & _! traditions /ate t ?is 0 ! beg9n+ ( ! tattoo1 = _! w>s became s cont9u\s1 t to save ! tr\ble ( ?us con/antly pa9t+ ! face1 !y made ! l9es p]man5t by ! moko2 x is h[ev] a "q :e!r x did n arise f a diff]5t cause2 =m]ly ! gr& mass ( m5 :o w5t to fight 7 ! black slaves1 & :5 !y f\ght side by side ) _! light] color$ ma/]s1 ! latt] on ^? occasions us$ *>coal to make x appe> !y 7 all "o4 ,:il/ ! males _h e "p ( ! face tattoo$1 & ! ?ighs z well1 ! females _h *iefly ! *9 & ! lips1 al?\gh occasionally !y also _h _! ?ighs & brea/s1 ) a few small] m>ks on diff]5t p>ts ( ! body z well4 ,!re 7 regul> rules = tattoo+1 & ! arti/ always w5t sy/ematically to "w1 beg9n+ at "o spot & gradually proce$+ to ano!r1 ea* p>ticul> "p hav+ its di/+ui%+ "n4 ,?us1 #a4 ,te kawe1 :i* are f\r l9es on ea* side ( ! *94 #b4 ,te pukawae1 six l9es on ! *94 #c4 ,nga r]e hupe1 ! l9es bel[ ! no/rils1 six 9 numb]4 #d4 ,nga kohiri1 a curv$ l9e on ! *eek-bone4 #e4 ,nga koroaha1 l9es betwe5 ! *eek-bone & e>4 #f4 ,nga wak>akau1 l9es bel[ ! =m]4 #g4 ,nga pongiangia1 ! l9es on ea* side ( ! l[] extremity ( ! nose4 #h4 ,nga pae t>ewa1 ! l9es on ! *eek-bone4 #i4 ,nga r]epi1 & ,nga ngat>ewa1 l9es on ! bridge ( ! nose4 #aj4 ,nga tiwana1 f\r l9es on ! =ehead4 #aa4 ,nga re:a1 ?ree l9es bel[ ! eyebr[s4 #ab4 ,nga titi1 l9es on ! c5t] ( ! =ehead4 #ac4 ,ipu rangi1 l9es above ! =m]4 #ad4 ,te tonokai1 ! g5]al names = ! l9es on ! =ehead4 #ae4 ,he ngutu pu rua1 bo? lips tattoo$4 #af4 ,te rape1 ! high] "p ( ! ?ighs4 #ag4 ,te paki paki1 ! tattoo+ on ! seat4 #ah4 ,te paki turi1 ! l[] ?igh4 #ai4 ,nga tata1 ! adjo9+ "p4 ,! foll[+ are female tattoos3-- #a4 ,taki taki1 l9es f ! brea/ to ! navel4 #b4 ,hope hope1 ! l9es on ! ?ighs4 #c4 ,waka te he1 ! l9es on ! *94 ,figure #ce is a copy ( a tattoo$ head c>v$ by ,hongi1 & also ( ! tattoo+ on a woman's *91 tak5 f ! "w la/ quot$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ce4--,new ,zeal& tattoo$ head & *9 m>k4 ,figure #cf is a copy ( a photograph obta9$ 9 ,new ,zeal& by ,mr4 ,russell4 ,x %[s tattoo+ ^u ! *94 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cf4--,new ,zeal& tattoo$ woman4 ,two beautifully tattoo$ heads are 9 ! collection ( ! ,army ,m$ical ,museum at ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c41 ( :i* illu/rations are pres5t$ 9 ! accompany+ ,plate1 ,,iii4 ,no hi/ory ( ^! heads c be obta9$4 ,! sk9 is almo/ p]fect1 & has become mu* bright] 9 t9t ?an ! orig9al color4 ,! tattoo+ is a blue black1 & 9 c]ta9 lights becomes almo/ bright indigo4 ,9 _m ( ! m>k+s !re appe> slight grooves1 :i* add greatly to ! g5]al ornam5tation1 break+ ! monotony ( usually pla9 surfaces4 ,:e!r any me*anical "w 0 p]=m$ ^u ! heads aft] dea? is n positively kn[n1 ?\gh f ! g5]al appe>ance ( ! "w x w\ld be sugge/$ t ! %>p creases or grooves 0 done subsequ5t to ! dea? ( ! individual4 ,! tattoo+ %[s sub-cutane\s color+1 :i* indicates t at lea/ "p ( ! ornam5tation 0 done 9 life4 ,illu/ration3 ,,bureau ,,( ,,e?nology ,,f\r? ,,annual ,,report ,,pl4 ,,iii ,,new ,,zeal& ,,tattoo$ ,,heads4 ,figure #cg is an illu/ration f ,te ,ika a ,maui1 etc41 op4 cit41 fac+ page #cgh4 ,x %[s ! 8grave ( an ,au/ralian native1 ) 8 "n1 rank1 tribe1 etc41 cut 9 hi]oglyphics on ! trees10 :i* 8hi]oglyphics0 are suppos$ to be connect$ ) 8 tattoo m>ks4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cg4--;,au/ralian grave & c>v$ trees4 ,mr4 ,i4 ,c4 ,russell1 9 8 sket* ( ,new ,zeal&1 publi%$ 9 ! ,am]ican ,naturali/1 ,volume ,,xiii1 p4 #gb1 ,febru>y1 #ahgi1 rem>ks1 t ! desire ( ! ,maori = ornam5t is s great t !y cov]$ _! features ) tattoo+1 transf]r+ indelibly to _! faces complicat$ patt]ns ( curv$ & spiral l9es1 simil> to ! designs ) :i* !y decorat$ _! canoes & _! h\ses4 ,9 ,mangaia1 ( ! ,h]vey ,gr\p1 ! tattoo is said to be 9 imitation ( ! /ripes on ! two k9ds ( fi%1 av9i & paoro1 ! color ( :i* is blue4 ,! leg5d ( ?is is kept 9 ! song ( ,ina4 ,see ,my?s & songs f ! ,s\? ,pacific1 ,london1 #ahgf1 p4 #id4 ,mr4 ,ev]>d ,f4 im ,?urn1 9 8 "w previ\sly cit$1 pages #aie-'if among ! ,indians ( ,guiana1 says3 ,pa9t+ ! body is ! simple/ mode ( adornm5t4 ,tattoo+ or any o!r p]man5t int]f]5ce ) ! surface ( ! sk9 by way ( ornam5t is practic$ only to a v limit$ ext5t by ! ,indians2 is us$1 9 fact1 only to produce ! small di/9ctive tribal m>k :i* _m ( !m be> at ! corn]s ( _! m\?s or on _! arms4 ,x is true t an adult ,indian is h>dly to be f\nd on ^: ?ighs & arms1 or on o!r p>ts ( ^: body1 are n a great] or less numb] ( indelibly incis$ /raight l9es2 b ^! are sc>s orig9ally made = surgical1 n ornam5tal purposes4 ,! foll[+ extracts are tak5 f ,samoa1 by ,george ,turn]1 ,,ll4,d41 ,london1 #ahhd3 ,page #ee4 ,taema & ,tilafa+a1 or ,tila ! sportive1 7 ! goddesses ( ! tattoo]s4 ,!y swam f ,fiji to introduce ! craft to ,samoa1 & on leav+ ,fiji 7 commission$ to s+ all ! way1 8,tattoo ! wom51 b n ! m540 ,!y got muddl$ ov] x 9 ! long j\rney1 & arriv$ at ,samoa s++1 8,tattoo ! m5 & n ! wom540 ,& h5ce ! univ]sal ex]cise ( ! black5+ art on ! m5 r ?an ! wom54 ,page #hh4 8,h]odotus f\nd among ! ,?racians t ! b>b>ians c\ld be exce$+ly foppi% aft] _! fa%ion4 ,! man :o 0 n tattoo$ among !m 0 n respect$40 ,x 0 ! same 9 ,samoa4 ,until a "y man 0 tattoo$1 he 0 consid]$ 9 8 m9ority4 ,he c\ld n ?9k ( m>riage1 & he 0 con/antly expos$ to taunts & ridicule1 z be+ poor & ( l[ bir?1 & z hav+ no "r to speak 9 ! society ( m54 ,b z soon z he 0 tattoo$ he pass$ into 8 majority1 & consid]$ himself entitl$ to ! respect & privileges ( mature ye>s4 ,:5 a y\?1 !re=e1 rea*$ ! age ( sixte51 he & 8 fri5ds 7 all anxiety t he %\ld be tattoo$4 ,he 0 !n on ! outlook = ! tattoo+ ( "s "y *ief ) :om he might unite4 ,on ^! occasions1 six or a doz5 "y m5 w\ld be tattoo$ at "o "t2 & = ^! !re might be f\r or five tattoo]s employ$4 ,tattoo+ is /ill kept up to "s ext5t1 & is a regul> pr(ession1 j z h\se-build+1 & well paid4 ,! cu/om is trac$ to ,tam & ,tilafa+a2 & !y 7 wor%ipp$ by ! tattoo]s z ! presid+ deities ( _! craft4 ,! in/rum5t us$ 9 ! op]ation is an oblong piece ( human bone 7os ilium71 ab\t an in* & a half broad & two in*es long4 ,a "t ( w> & slaught] 0 a h>ve/ = ! tattoo]s to get a supply ( in/rum5ts4 ,! "o end is cut l a small-too!d comb1 & ! o!r is fa/5$ to a piece ( cane1 & looks l a little s]rat$ adze4 ,!y dip x into a mixture ( c&le-nut a%es & wat]1 &1 tapp+ x ) a little mallet1 x s9ks into ! sk91 & 9 ?is way !y puncture ! :ole surface ov] :i* ! tattoo+ ext5ds4 ,! great] "p ( ! body1 f ! wai/ d[n to ! knee is cov]$ ) x1 v>iegat$ "h & !re ) neat regul> /ripes ( ! untattoo$ sk91 :i* :5 !y are well oil$1 make !m appe> 9 ! di/ance z if !y _h on black silk knee-bree*es4 ,behr5s1 9 describ+ ^! natives 9 8 n>rative ( ,roggewe9's voyage ( #aggb1 says3 8,!y 7 clo!d f ! wai/ d[nw>ds ) fr+es & a k9d ( silk5 /uff artificially wr\ght40 ,a ne>] inspection w\ld h %[n t ! fr+es 7 a bun* ( r$ ti leaves 7,dracna t]m9alis7 gli/5+ ) cocoa-nut oil1 & ! 8k9d ( silk5 /uff10 ! tattoo+ j describ$4 ,z x ext5ds ov] su* a l>ge surface ! op]ation is a t$i\s & pa9ful affair4 ,aft] sm>t+ & ble$+ = a:ile "u ! h&s ( ! tattoo]s1 ! pati5ce ( ! y\? is exhau/$4 ,!y !n let him re/ & heal = a "t1 &1 be=e return+ to him aga91 d a little piece on ea* ( ! p>ty4 ,9 two or ?ree mon?s ! :ole is complet$4 ,! fri5ds ( ! "y m5 are all ! :ile 9 att5dance ) food4 ,!y also br+ quantities ( f9e mats & native clo?1 z ! hire ( ! tattoo]s2 connect$ ) !m1 too1 are _m wait+ on = a %>e 9 ! food & prop]ty4 ,among ! fellahs1 z well z among ! labor+ p ( ! cities1 ! wom5 tattoo _! *91 _! =ehead1 ! middle ( ! brea/1 a portion ( _! h&s & arms1 z well z feet1 ) indelible m>ks ( blue & gre54 ,9 ,upp] ,egypt mo/ females puncture _! lips to give !m a d>k blui% hue4 ,see ,fea!rman1 ,social ,hi/4 ( ! ,races ( ,mank9d1 ,v1 #ahha1 p4 #ede4 99 99 99 99 99 ,pr(essor ,brauns1 ( ,halle1 reports 7,sci5ce1 ,,iii1 ,no4 #ej1 p4 #fi7 t among ! ,a9os ( ,yazo ! wom5 tattoo _! *9s to imitate ! be>ds ( ! m54 99 99 99 99 99 ,! antiquity ( tattoo+ 9 ! ea/]n hemisph]e is well e/abli%$4 ,) ref]5ce to ! ,hebrews1 & ! tribes surr\nd+ !m1 ! foll[+ ,biblical texts may be 9 po9t3 8,ye %all n make any cutt+s 9 y\r fle% = ! dead1 nor pr9t any m>ks ^u y40 ,lev41 ,,xix1 #bh4 99 99 99 8,?\gh ?\ r5te/ ?y face ) pa9t+1 9 va9 %alt ?\ make ?yself fair40 ,j]41 ,,iv4 #cj4 ,,artificial ,,objects4 ,! objects ( ?is "*1 on :i* pictographs are f\nd1 may be m5tion$ z foll[s3 #a4 ,lances4 #b4 ,arr[s4 #c4 ,%ields4 #d4 ,canoes4 #e4 ,paddles4 #f4 ,habitations4 #g4 ,ut5sils4 #h4 ,pott]y4 #i4 ,s9ews or ?read4 #aj4 ,artificial beads4 ,x is believ$ t examples %[+ ! use ( ea* ( ^! objects are pres5t$ 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! pres5t pap]1 b ! foll[+ d n appe> "u o!r head+s3 ,_m ( ! ,cali=nia tribes are exp]t work]s 9 grass & roots 9 ! manufacture ( baskets1 ^u :i* designs are frequ5tly work$1 o!r ?an m]e ornam5tation1 9 geometric =ms4 ,! ,yokuts1 at ,tule ,riv] ,ag5cy1 9 ! s\!a/]n "p ( ! ,/ate1 frequ5tly incorporate v>i\s =ms ( ! human body1 9 :i* ! arms are susp5d$ at ! sides ( ! body ) ! h&s direct$ outw>d to ei!r side4 ,above ! head is a heavy horizontal l9e4 ,9 ! manufacture ( ^! vessels grass is tak51 c>efully clean$1 & soak$1 s z to become smoo? & uni=m 9 size4 ,among ! ,?l9kit1 boats z well z paddles are ornam5t$ ) pa9t$ figures1 & ! family coat ( arms4 ,see ,bancr(t's ,native ,races1 etc41 ,i1 #ajf4 ,!re is no ne$ to give evid5ce conc]n+ ! designs ^u pott]y1 aft] ! num]\s illu/rations 9 ! ,second ,annual ,report ( ?is ,bureau1 f ,zui1 etc4 ,,mnemonic4 ,?is has be5 ! mo/ app>5t1 & probably ! mo/ anci5t1 purpose = :i* pictographs h be5 made4 ,x comm5c$ by ! use ( mat]ial objects :i* aft]w>ds 7 reproduc$ graphically 9 pa9t+s1 et*+s1 & c>v+s4 ,9 ! pres5t pap] _m examples appe> ( objects kn[n to h be5 s us$1 ! graphic repres5tations ( :i*1 made ) ! same purpose1 are expla9$ by k ( ! fact4 ,o!r in/ances are m5tion$ z connect$ ) ! evolution ( pictographs1 & possibly to int]pret "s ( ! latt] :i* are n yet und]/ood4 ,! quipu ( ! ,p]uvians is "o ( ! mo/ in/ructive devices = ! g5]al aid ( memory1 & z applicable to a v>iety ( subjects1 also hav+ value = comp>ison ) & ref]5ce to all o!r objects ( ?is "*4 ,a good acc\nt ( ! quipu1 quot$ f ,travels 9 ,p]u1 dur+ ! ye>s #ahch-ahdb1 99 99 by ,dr4 ,j4 ,j4 von ,ts*udi ,wiley & ,putnam's ,libr>y1 ,vols4 ,,xciii-,,xciv41 ,new ,york1 #ahdg1 ,pt4 ,,ii1 pp4 #cdd1 #cde1 is z foll[s3 ,,! ,,quipu ,,( ,,! ,,p]uvians4 ,! anci5t ,p]uvians _h no manuscript *>act]s = s+le s\nds2 b !y _h a me?od by :i* !y compos$ words & incorporat$ ideas4 ,?is me?od consi/$ 9 ! dext]\s int]tw9+ ( knots on /r+s1 s z to r5d] !m auxili>ies to ! memory4 ,! in/rum5t consi/+ ( ^! /r+s & knots 0 call$ ! ,,quipu4 ,x 0 compos$ ( "o ?ick head or top /r+1 to :i*1 at c]ta9 di/ances1 ?9n] ones 7 fa/5$4 ,! top /r+ 0 mu* ?ick] ?an ^! p5d5t /r+s1 & consi/$ ( two d\bly twi/$ ?reads1 ov] :i* two s+le ?reads 7 w\nd4 ,! bran*es1 if ,i may apply ! t]m to ^! p5d5t /r+s1 7 fa/5$ to ! top ones by a s+le loop2 ! knots 7 made 9 ! p5d5t /r+s1 & 7 ei!r s+le or manifold4 ,! l5g? ( ! /r+s us$ 9 mak+ ! quipu 7 v>i\s4 ,! transv]se or top /r+ (t5 measures sev]al y>ds1 & sometimes only a foot long2 ! bran*es are seldom m ?an two feet long1 & 9 g5]al !y are mu* %ort]4 ,! /r+s 7 (t5 ( diff]5t colors2 ea* hav+ its own p>ticul> signification4 ,! color = soldi]s 0 r$2 = gold1 yell[2 = silv]1 :ite2 = corn1 gre51 c4 ,?is writ+ by knots 0 especially employ$ = num]ical & /ati/ical tables2 ea* s+le knot repres5t+ t52 ea* d\ble knot /ood = "o hundr$2 ea* triple knot = "o ?\s&1 c42 two s+le knots /&+ toge!r made tw5ty2 & two d\ble knots1 two hundr$4 ,?is me?od ( calculation is /ill practic$ by ! %eph]ds ( ! ,puna4 ,!y expla9$ x to me1 & ,i c\ld1 ) v little tr\ble1 con/rue _! quipus4 ,on ! fir/ bran* or /r+ !y usually place ! numb]s ( ! bulls2 on ! second1 t ( ! c[s2 ! latt] be+ class$ into ^? :i* 7 milk$1 & ^? :i* 7 n milk$2 on ! next /r+ 7 numb]$ ! calves1 accord+ to _! ages & sizes4 ,!n came ! %eep1 9 sev]al subdivisions4 ,next foll[$ ! numb] ( foxes kill$1 ! quantity ( salt consum$1 &1 f9ally1 ! cattle t _h be5 slaught]$4 ,o!r quipus %[$ ! produce ( ! h]ds 9 milk1 *eese1 wool1 c4 ,ea* li/ 0 di/+ui%$ by a p>ticul> color1 or by "s peculi>ity 9 ! twi/+ ( ! /r+4 ,9 ?is mann] ! anci5t ,p]uvians kept ! acc\nts ( _! army4 ,on "o /r+ 7 numb]$ ! soldi]s arm$ ) sl+s2 on ano!r1 ! spe>m52 on a ?ird1 ^? :o c>ri$ clubs1 c4 ,9 ! same mann] ! milit>y reports 7 prep>$4 ,9 e t[n "s exp]t m5 7 appo9t$ to tie ! knots ( ! quipu1 & to expla9 !m4 ,^! m5 7 call$ quipucamayocuna 7lit]ally1 (fic]s ( ! knots74 ,imp]fect z 0 ?is me?od1 yet 9 ! fl\ri%+ p]iod ( ! ,inca gov]nm5t ! appo9t$ (fic]s _h acquir$ great dext]ity 9 unriddl+ ! mean+ ( ! knots4 ,x1 h[ev]1 seldom happ5$ t !y _h to read a quipu )\t "s v]bal comm5t>y4 ,some?+ 0 always requir$ to be add$ if ! quipu came f a di/ant prov9ce1 to expla9 :e!r x relat$ to ! numb]+ ( ! population1 to tributes1 or to w>1 c4 ,?r\gh long-cont9u$ practice1 ! (fic]s :o _h *>ge ( ! quipus became s p]fect 9 _! duties t !y c\ld ) facility communicate ! laws & ord9ances1 & all ! mo/ important ev5ts ( ! k+dom1 by _! knots4 ,all attempts made 9 mod]n times to deciph] ,p]uvian quipus h prov$ unsatisfactory 9 _! results4 ,! pr9cipal ob/acle to deciph]+ ^? f\nd 9 graves consi/s 9 ! want ( ! oral communication requisite = po9t+ out ! subjects to :i* !y ref]4 ,su* communication 0 necess>y1 ev5 9 =m] times1 to ! mo/ le>n$ quipucamayocuna4 ,mo/ ( ! quipus "h allud$ to seems to be acc\nts ( ! population ( p>ticul> t[ns or prov9ces1 tax-li/s1 & in=mation relat+ to ! prop]ty ( ! deceas$4 ,"s ,indians 9 ! s\!rn prov9ces ( ,p]u are und]/ood to possess a p]fect k ( "s ( ! anci5t quipus1 f in=mation transmitt$ to !m f _! ance/ors4 ,b !y keep t k pr(\ndly secret1 p>ticul>ly f ! :ites4 ,t ! g5]al idea or inv5tion = mnemonic purposes appe>+ 9 ! quipus1 0 us$ pictorially is indicat$ 9 ! illu/rations giv5 by ,dr4 ,s4 ,habel 9 ,! ,sculptures ( ,santa ,lucia ,cosumal:uapa 9 ,guatemala1 etc41 ,smi?sonian ,contributions to ,k1 ,no4 #bfi1 #ahgh1 ,vol4 ,,xxii1 page #he4 ,^u ^! he rem>ks3 ,x has be5 frequ5tly affirm$ t ! aborig9es ( ,am]ica _h n[h]e aris5 high en\gh 9 civilization to h *>act]s = writ+ & num]al signs2 b ! sculptures ( ,santa ,lucia exhibit signs :i* indicate a k9d ( ciph] writ+1 high] 9 =m ?an m]e hi]oglyphics4 ,f ! m\? ( mo/ ( ! human be+s1 liv+ or dead1 emanates a /aff v>i\sly b5t1 to ! sides ( :i* nodes are atta*$4 ,^! nodes are ( diff]5t sizes & %apes1 & v>i\sly di/ribut$ on ! sides ( ! /aff1 ei!r s+ly or 9 twos & ?rees1--! la/ nam$ ei!r sep>at$ or 9 %ape ( a trefoil4 ,?is mann] ( writ+ n only indicates t ! p]son is speak+1 or pray+1 b also indicates ! v words1 ! cont5ts ( ! spee* or pray]4 ,x is q c]ta9 t ea* /aff1 z b5t & ornam5t$1 /ood = a well-kn[n petition :i* ! prie/ c\ld read z easily z ^? acqua9t$ ) a ciph] dispat* c "k its purport4 ,fur!r1 "o may be all[$ to conjecture t ! v>i\s curves ( ! /aves s]v$ ! purpose ( /r5g? & rhy?m1 j z ! poet *ooses 8 v>i\s met]s = ! same purpose4 ,9 connection ) ! quipu1 ,dr4 ,h(fman reports a correspond+ device among ! ,indians =m]ly inhabit+ ! m\nta9 valleys nor? ( ,los ,angeles1 ,cali=nia1 :o frequ5tly came to ! settlem5ts to dispose ( native blankets1 sk9s1 & robes4 ,! man delegat$ by ! tribe to c>ry away & sell ^! articles 0 provid$ ) a numb] ( /r+s1 made ( "s flexible vegetable fib]1 "o /r+ = ea* class ( goods1 :i* 7 atta*$ to 8 belt4 ,e "o contribut+ articles m5tion$ ! prices to be ask$ !re=1 & :5 ! salesman dispos$ ( a blanket ! prop] cord 0 tak51 & a s+le knot 0 ti$ = ea* real receiv$1 or a d\ble knot = ea* peso4 ,?us any p>ticul> /r+ indicat$ ! k9d ( goods dispos$ (1 z well z ! :ole sum realiz$1 :i* 0 f9ally di/ribut$ among ! orig9al contributors4 ,,not*$ ,,/icks4 ,! use ( ^! mnemonically 0 v frequ5t4 ,a few in/ances only ( ?is obvi\s exp$i5t ne$ be giv54 ,! ,dakotas =m]ly resid+ at ,gr& ,riv] ,ag5cy1 ! ,hidatsa1 & ! ,%o%oni f ,idaho 7 obs]v$ to note ! numb] ( days dur+ :i* !y j\rney$ f "o place to ano!r1 by cutt+ l9es or not*es ^u a /ick ( wood4 ,! c\p /icks c>ri$ by ,dakota w>riors are (t5 f\nd be>+ a numb] ( small not*es1 :i* ref] to ! numb] ( individuals ! own]s may h hit aft] !y _h be5 %ot or w\nd$4 ,! "y m5 & boys ( ! sev]al tribes at ,=t ,b]?old1 ,dakota1 frequ5tly c>ry a /ick1 ^u :i* !y cut a not* = e bird kill$ dur+ a s+le exp$ition4 ,dr4 ,h(fman /ates t he f\nd 9 ! collection ( ! ,hon4 ,a4 ,f4 ,coronel1 ( ,los ,angeles1 ,cali=nia1 a numb] ( not*$ /icks1 :i* _h be5 inv5t$ & us$ by ! ,indians at ! ,mission ( ,san ,gabriel4 ,! hi/ory ( !m is z foll[s3 ,imm$iately aft] ! e/abli%m5t ( ! mission ! ,franciscan fa!r appo9t$ major domos1 :o _h "u _! *>ge corporals or ov]se]s ( ! sev]al classes ( labor]s1 h]d]s1 etc4 ,! *ief h]d] 0 suppli$ ) a /ick ( h>d wood1 measur+ ab\t "o in* 9 ?ickness ea* way1 & f tw5ty to tw5ty-f\r in*es long4 ,! corn]s 7 bevel$ at ! h&le4 ,^u ea* ( ^! facets 7 m>ks to indicate ! k9ds ( cattle h]d$1 ?us3 "o cut or not*1 a bull2 two cuts1 a c[2 "o cross1 a heif]2 & a -%ap$ "*1 an ox4 ,simil> *>act]s 7 also us$ = horses1 respectively1 = /allion1 m>e1 colt1 & geld+4 ,:]e only cattle 7 own$ no diff]5ce 0 made 9 ! upp] end ( ! /ick2 b :5 bo? k9ds ( animals 7 own$ ne> ! same localities1 or by ! same settl]1 ! /ick ref]r+ to cattle 0 not*$ v-%ap$ at ! head end1 & rev]s$ or po9t$ to d5ote horses4 ,/icks 7 also m>k$ to d5ote ! sev]al k9ds ( /ock1 & to record ^? :i* _h be5 br&$4 ,9 all ( ^! /icks numb]s 7 indicat$ by cutt+ not*es into ! corn]s1 ea* t5? cut ext5d+ across ! face ( ! /ick4 ,= in/ance1 if ! h]d] _h ?irte5 ox5 9 *>ge1 he select$ t edge ( ! /ick :i* bore ^u ! h&le ! -%ape1 & cut n9e %ort not*es1 "o long "o1 & ?ree %ort ones4 ,labor /icks 7 also us$ by ! ,indians4 ,on "o side 0 a circle int]sect$ ) cross l9es to d5ote money1 & on ! opposite side1 :i* 0 res]v$ = "t1 ei!r no?+ or "s "*1 accord+ to ! fancy ( ! own]4 ,%ort not*es on ! money side indicat$ reals1 long cuts pesos4 ,on ! opposite side %ort cuts indicat$ days1 & long cuts weeks4 ,= fur!r ref]5ce to ?is subject1 see ,reliqui ,aquitanic2 etc41 by ,ed\>d ,l>tet & ,h5ry ,*ri/y1 99 99 ,london1 #ahge1 p4 #ahc et seq4 ,,ord] ,,( ,,songs4 ,_m in/ances h be5 publi%$ 9 reg>d to ! use ( mnemonic *>act]s to pres]ve ! remembrance ( songs4 ,! words ( ^! are inv>iable z well z ! notes to :i* !y are *ant$4 ,bo? words & notes mu/ h be5 previ\sly memoriz$ by ! s+]s4 ,ideographic *>act]s might give ! g5]al int]pretation1 b w\ld n sugge/ ! exact words4 ,s*oolcraft1 ,i1 #cfa1 rem>ks3 ,s\nds are no fur!r pres]v$ by ^! mnemonic signs1 ?an is incid5t1 m or less1 to all pure figurative or repres5tative pictures4 ,! simple figure ( a quadrup$1 a man1 or a bird1 recalls ! "n ( a quadrup$1 a man or a bird4 99 99 ,we may ?us recall some?+ ( ! liv+ language f ! oblivion ( ! pa/1 by ! pictorial me?od4 ,mnemonic symbols are ?us at ! ?re%old ( ! hi]oglyphic4 ,illu/ration3 ,,bureau ,,( ,,e?nology ,,f\r? ,,annual ,,report ,,pl4 ,,iv ,,ojibwa ,,m$a ,,song4 ,"o ( ! be/ examples ( ?is mnemonic device is "o ( ! ,ojibwas1 f\nd 9 ,s*oolcraft1 op4 cit41 ,i1 page #cfb et seq41 & call$ by him ,songs ( ! ,m$a4 ,8 illu/ration is reproduc$ z ,plate ,,iv1 & 8 explanation1 mu* cond5s$1 is z foll[s3 ,no4 #a4 ,a m$ic9e lodge fill$ ) ! pres5ce ( ! ,great ,_s1 :o1 x is affirm$1 came d[n ) w+s to in/ruct ! ,indians 9 ^! c]emonies4 ,! m$a1 or prie/1 s+s1 8,! ,great ,_s's lodge--y h he>d ( x4 ,i w ent] x40 ,:ile ?is is sung1 & repeat$1 ! prie/ %akes 8 %i-%i-gwun1 & ea* memb] ( ! society holds up "o h& 9 a besee*+ mann]4 ,all /&1 )\t danc+4 ,! drum is n /ruck dur+ ?is introductory *ant4 ,no4 #b4 ,a c&idate = admission cr[n$ ) fea!rs1 & hold+1 susp5d$ to 8 arm1 an ott]-sk9 p\*1 ) ! w9d repres5t$ z gu%+ out ( "o end4 ,he s+s1 repeat+ aft] ! prie/1 all danc+1 ) ! accompanim5t ( ! drum & rattle3 99 99 8,i h always lov$ t t ,i seek4 ,i g into ! new gre5 leaf lodge40 ,no4 #c m>ks a pause1 dur+ :i* ! victuals prep>$ = ! fea/ are introduc$4 ,no4 #d4 ,a man hold+ a di% 9 8 h&1 & decorat$ ) magic fea!rs on 8 wri/s1 indicat+ 8 "* z ma/] ( ! fea/4 ,all s+1 8,i %all give y a %>e1 my fri5d40 ,no4 #e4 ,a lodge ap>t f t 9 :i* ! m$a-m5 are assembl$1 hav+ a vapor-ba? )9 x4 ,! eld] m5 g into ?is lodge1 & dur+ ! "t ( _! tak+ ! ba?1 or imm$iately prec$+ x1 tell ea* o!r c]ta9 secrets relative to ! arts !y employ 9 ! ,m$-w94 ,! six heavy m>ks at ! top ( ! lodge indicate ! /eam escap+ f ! ba?4 ,!re are ?ree ord]s ( m5 9 ?is society1 call$ #a4 m$a2 #b4 sangemau2 & #c4 ogemau4 ,& x is 9 ^! secret ex*anges ( arts1 or r ! communication ( unkn[n secrets f ! high] to ! l[] ord]s1 t !y are exalt$ f "o to ano!r degree4 ,! prie/ s+s1 8,i g into ! ba?--,i bl[ my bro!r /rong40 ,no4 #f4 ,! arm ( ! prie/1 or ma/] ( c]emonies1 :o conducts ! c&idate1 repres5t$ 9 connection ) ! next figure4 ,no4 #g4 ,! goods1 or pres5ts giv51 z a fee ( admission1 by ! novitiate4 8,i wi% to we> ?is1 my fa!r1 my fri5d40 ,no4 #h4 ,a m$a-tree4 ,! recurv$ projection f ! trunk d5otes ! root t supplies ! m$ic9e4 8,:at6 my life1 my s+le tree6--we dance ar\nd y40 ,no4 #i4 ,a /uff$ crane-sk91 employ$ z a m$ic9e-bag4 ,by %ak+ ?is 9 ! dance1 plov]s & o!r small birds are made1 by a sleight-(-h& trick]y1 to jump out ( x4 ,^!1 ! novitiates are taught1 spr+ f ! bag by ! /rong p[] ( ! op]ator4 ,?is is "o ( ! prime acts ( ! dance4 8,i wi% !m to appe>--t t has gr[n--,i wi% !m to appe>40 ,no4 #aj4 ,an arr[ 9 ! suppos$ circle ( ! sky4 ,repres5ts a *>m$ arr[1 :i*1 by ! p[] ( ! m$a ( ! p]son own+ x1 is capable ( p5etrat+ ! entire circle ( ! sky1 & accompli%+ ! object = :i* x is %ot out ( ! b[4 8,:at are y say+1 y mee d man8 ,?is--?is is ! m$a bone40 ,no4 #aa4 ,! ,ka ,kaik1 a species ( small hawk1 swift ( w+1 & capable ( fly+ high into ! sky4 ,! sk9 ( ?is bird is worn r\nd ! necks ( w>riors go+ into battle4 8,my kite's sk9 is flutt]+40 ,no4 #ab4 ,! sky1 or cele/ial hemisph]e1 ) ! symbol ( ! ,great ,_s look+ ov] x4 ,a ,manito's arm is rais$ up f ! e>? 9 a supplicat+ po/ure4 ,birds ( good om5 are believ$ to be 9 ! sky4 8,all r\nd ! circle ( ! sky ,i he> ! ,_s's voice40 ,no4 #ac4 ,! next figure d5otes a pause 9 ! c]emonies4 ,no4 #ad4 ,a m$a-tree4 ,! idea repres5t$ is a tree animat$ by magic or spiritual p[]4 8,! ,wab5o tree--x dances40 ,no4 #ae4 ,a /ick us$ to beat ! ,ta-wa-e-gun or drum4 8,h[ r+s al\d ! drum-/ick's s\nd40 ,no4 #af4 ,half ( ! cele/ial hemisph]e--an ,indian walk+ ^u x4 ,! idea symboliz$ is ! sun pursu+ 8 diurnal c\rse till noon4 8,i walk ^u half ! sky40 ,no4 #ag4 ,! ,great ,_s fill+ all space ) 8 beams1 & enlight5+ ! _w by ! halo ( 8 head4 ,he is "h depict$ z ! god ( ?und] & lightn+4 8,i s\nd all ar\nd ! sky1 t !y c he> me40 ,no4 #ah4 ,! ,ta-wa-e-gun1 or s+le-head$ drum4 8,y %all he> ! s\nd ( my ,ta-wa-e-gun40 ,no4 #ai4 ,! ,ta-wa-e-gonse1 or tamb\r9e1 ornam5t$ ) fea!rs1 & a w+1 indicative ( its be+ prep>$ = a sacr$ use4 8,d y und]/& my drum80 ,no4 #bj4 ,a rav54 ,! sk9 & fea!rs ( ?is bird are worn z head ornam5ts4 8,i s+ ! rav5 t has brave fea!rs40 ,no4 #ba4 ,a cr[1 ! w+s & head ( :i* are worn z a head-dress4 8,i am ! cr[--,i am ! cr[--8 sk9 is my body40 ,no4 #bb4 ,a m$ic9e lodge4 ,a lead] or ma/] ( ! ,m$a society1 /&+ ) 8 drum /ick rais$1 & hold+ 9 8 h&s ! cl\ds & ! cele/ial hemisph]e4 8,i wi% to g into y\r lodge--,i g into y\r lodge40 ,9 connection ) ?is topic ref]5ce may be made to ! ,l5p & _! ,leg5ds3 ) ! complete text & symbols ( ,! ,walam ,olum1 by ,daniel ,g4 ,br9ton1 ,a4 ,m41 ,m4 ,d41 ,phila41 #ahhe4 #hvo4 pp4 #bfb1 ) num]\s illu/rations4 ,,traditions4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ch--,osage *>t4 ,z an example ( a *>t us$ to assi/ 9 ! exact repetition ( traditions1 ,figure #ch is pres5t$ ) ! foll[+ explanation by ,rev4 ,j4 ,ow5 ,dorsey3 8,! *>t accompanies a tradition *ant$ by memb]s ( a secret society ( ! ,osage tribe4 ,x 0 drawn by an ,osage1 ,hapa ctse1 ,r$ ,corn1 :o 0 adopt$ 9 *ildhood by a :ite man nam$ ,mat!ws2 h5ce he is also kn[n z ,wm4 ,p4 ,mat!ws1 or 8,bill ,nix40 ,he is "o ( ! tribal lawy]s4 ,he obta9$ 8 v]sion ( ! tradition f a memb] ( 8 g5s1 ,sapeki4 ,ano!r v]sion ( ! same tradition 0 obta9$ by him f ,pah-sk1 ,:ite ,hair1 ! *ief ( ! ,bald ,eagle sub-g5s ( ! ,tsicu g5s4 ,kahike watayike1 ,saucy ,*ief1 gave me o!r p>ts ( ! tradition1 :i* ,hapa ctse _h =gott54 ,he also *ant$ a few l9es ( ! tradition ( ! ,wacace g5s4 ,waytsakac1 ( ! ,black ,be> g5s1 told me a little ( 8 tradition2 & ,i obta9$ "p ( ! ,wacace tradition f ,huakin1 ,good ,voice1 ( ! ,mink'in g5s4 ,! tree at ! top repres5ts ! tree ( life4 ,by ?is fl[s a riv]4 ,! tree & ! riv] are describ$ lat] 9 ! degrees4 ,:5 a woman is initiat$ %e is requir$ by ! head ( h] g5s to take f\r sips ( wat] 7symboliz+ ! riv]71 !n he rubs c$> on ! palms ( 8 h&s1 ) :i* he rubs h] f head to foot4 ,if %e belongs to a g5s on ! left side ( ! tribal circle1 h] *ief beg9s on ! left side ( h] head1 mak+ ?ree passes1 & pron\nc+ ! sacr$ "n ( ,deity ?ree times4 ,!n he repeats ! process f h] =ehead d[n2 !n on ! "r side ( h] head2 !n at ! back ( h] head2 f\r times ?ree times1 or twelve passes 9 all4 ,b5ea? ! riv] are ! foll[+ objects3 ,! ,watse tuka1 male slay+ animal7871 or morn+ />1 :i* is a r$ />4 #b4 ,six />s call$ ! 8,elm rod0 by ! :ite p 9 ! ,indian ,t]ritory4 #c4 ,! ev5+ />4 #d4 ,! little />4 ,b5ea? ^! are ! moon1 sev5 />s1 & sun4 ,"u ! sev5 />s are ! peace pipe & w> hat*et1 ! latt] is close to ! sun1 & ! =m] & ! moon are on ! same side ( ! *>t4 ,f\r p>allel l9es ext5d+ across ! *>t1 repres5t f\r heav5s or upp] worlds ?r\gh :i* ! ance/ors ( ! ,tsicu p pass$ be=e !y came to ?is e>?4 ,! l[e/ heav5 re/s on an oak tree3 ! ends ( ! o!rs appe> to be support$ by pill>s or ladd]s4 ,! tradition1 accord+ to ,sapeki1 beg9s bel[ ! l[e/ heav51 on ! left side ( ! *>t1 "u ! peace pipe4 ,ea* space on ! pill> corresponds ) a l9e ( ! *ant2 & ea* /anza 7at ! op5+ ( ! tradition7 conta9s f\r l9es4 ,! fir/ /anza prec$es ! arrival ( ! fir/ heav51 po9t+ to a "t :5 ! *ildr5 ( ! 8=m] end0 ( ! race 7 )\t human bodies z well z human s\ls4 ,! bird hov]+ ov] ! ar* d5otes an advance 9 ! condition ( ! p2 !n !y _h human s\ls 9 ! bodies ( birds4 ,!n foll[$ ! progress f ! f\r? to ! fir/ heav51 foll[$ by ! desc5t to e>?4 ,! asc5t to f\r heav5s & ! desc5t to ?ree1 makes up ! numb] sev54 ,! tree on :i* ! ,tsicu 0 call$ p-s-h1 jack oak1 or a sort ( a r$ oak4 ,:5 !y alight$1 x 0 on a beautiful day :5 ! e>? 0 cov]$ ) luxuriant vegetation4 ,f t "t ! pa?s ( ! ,osages sep>at$2 "s m>*$ on ! "r1 be+ ! w> g5tes1 :ile ^? on ! left 7 peace g5tes1 includ+ ! ,tsicu1 ^: *>t ?is is4 ,!n ! ,tsicu met ! black be>1 call$ ,kxe-wh-san 9 ! tradition4 ,kxe-wh-san1 ,cr[-bone-:ite 9 ! di/ance4 ,he (f]$ to become _! mess5g]1 s !y s5t him to ! diff]5t />s = aid4 ,accord+ to ! *>t he w5t to !m 9 ! foll[+ ord]3 ,morn+ />1 sun1 moon1 sev5 />s1 ev5+ />1 little />2 b1 accord+ to ! *ant relat$1 !y 7 z foll[s3 ,watse tuka 7morn+ />72 ,watse minka 7female animal t slays ano!r />72 ,han-patan-,wakanta 7,wak&a or ,deity dur+ ! day1 ! sun72 ,wakantahan ikce 7,deity ( ! night1 moon72 ,mikak'e penpa1 ,sev5 ,/>s2 ,ta apin1 ,?ree ,de]2 ,mikak'e taka1 ,big ,/>2 ,mikak'e cika1 ,little ,/>4 ,!n ! ,black be> w5t to ! ,wacika-ctse1 a female r$ bird sitt+ on h] ne/4 ,?is gr&mo!r grant$ 8 reque/4 ,%e gave !m human bodies1 mak+ !m out ( h] own body4 ,! e>? lodge at ! end ( ! *>t d5otes ! village ( ! ,haka utaantsi1 :o 7 a v w>like p4 ,buffalo skulls 7 on ! tops ( ! lodges1 & ! bones ( ! animals on :i* !y subsi/$1 :it5$ on ! gr\nd4 ,! v air 0 r5d]$ (f5sive by ! decay+ bodies & (fal4 ,! ,haka utaantsi made a treaty ( peace ) ! ,wacace & ,tsicu g5tes1 & f ! union ( ! ?ree result$ ! pres5t nation ( ! ,osages4 ,! ,bald ,eagle acc\nt ( ! tradition beg9s v abruptly4 ,! />s 7 approa*$ ?us3 ,hanpatan-,wakanta 7sun71 ,watse tuka 7morn+ />71 ,wapaha 7,great ,dipp]71 ,tapa 7,pleiades71 ,mikak'e-han-patan 7,day ,/>74 ,?is v]sion gives :at is want+ 9 ! o!r1 ! meet+ ( o!r g5tes1 ,hak cika1 ,wacace1 ,haka-utaantsi1 etc41 & ! decisions ( ! *ief ( ! ,haka-utaantsi4 ,! p on ! w> side _h simil> adv5tures1 b ! accurate acc\nt has n yet be5 obta9$4 ,! :ole ( ! *>t 0 us$ mnemonically4 ,p>ts ( x1 su* z ! f\r heav5s & ladd]s1 7 tattoo$ on ! ?roat & *e/ ( ! old m5 belong+ to ! ord]40 ,,treaties4 ,! mo/ famili> example ( ! record+ ( treaties is ! employm5t ( wampum belts = t purpose4 ,an au?ority on ! subject says3 8,! wampum belts giv5 to ,sir ,william ,johnson1 ( immortal ,indian memory1 7 9 sev]al r[s1 black on ea* side1 & :ite 9 ! middle2 ! :ite be+ plac$ 9 ! c5t] 0 to express peace1 & t ! pa? betwe5 !m 0 fair & op54 ,9 ! c5t] ( ! belt 0 a figure ( a diamond made ( :ite wampum1 :i* ! ,indians call ! c\ncil fire40 ,see ,voyages & ,travels ( an ,indian int]pret] & trad]1 etc41 by ,j4 ,long1 ,london1 #agia1 p4 #dg4 ,illu/ration3 ,,bureau ,,( ,,e?nology ,,f\r? ,,annual ,,report ,,pl4 ,v ,,p5n ,,wampum ,,belt4 ,m m9ute /atem5ts reg>d+ wampum is made sup]flu\s aft] its full discussion by ,mr4 ,w4 ,h4 ,holmes 9 8 "w1 8,art 9 ,%ell ( ! anci5t ,am]icans10 9 ! ,second ,annual ,report ( ! ,bureau ( ,e?nology1 pages #bec et seq4 ,"o ( 8 illu/rations specially 9 po9t = ! pres5t purpose is "h reproduc$ 9 ,plate ,v4 ,8 rem>ks ^u x are z foll[s3 ,! rem>kable belt %[n has an extremely int]e/+1 al?\gh a some:at incomplete1 hi/ory atta*$ to x4 ,x is believ$ to be ! orig9al belt deliv]$ by ! ,l5i-,l5ape sa*ems to ,william ,p5n at ! celebrat$ treaty "u ! elm tree at ,%ackamaxon 9 #afhb4 ,al?\gh !re is no docum5t>y evid5ce to %[ t ?is id5tical belt 0 deliv]$ on t occasion1 x is conc$$ on all h&s t x came into ! possession ( ! great f\nd] ( ,p5nsylvania at "s "o ( 8 treaties ) ! tribes t occupi$ ! prov9ce c$$ to him4 ,up to ! ye> #aheg ?is belt rema9$ 9 ! keep+ ( ! ,p5n family4 ,9 ,m>*1 #aheg1 x 0 pres5t$ to ! ,p5nsylvania ,hi/orical ,society by ,granville ,john ,p5n1 a great-gr&son ( ,william ,p5n4 ,mr4 ,p5n1 9 8 spee* on ?is occasion1 /ates t !re c be no d\bt t ?is is ! id5tical belt us$ at ! treaty1 & pres5ts 8 views 9 ! foll[+ language3 8,9 ! fir/ place1 its dim5sions are great] ?an ( ^? us$ on m ord9>y occasions1 ( :i* we h "o /ill 9 our possession--?is belt be+ compos$ ( eighte5 /r+s ( wampum1 :i* is a pro( t x 0 ! record ( "s v important negotiation4 ,9 ! next place1 9 ! c5t] ( ! belt1 :i* is ( :ite wampum1 are del9eat$ 9 d>k-color$ beads1 9 a rude b graphic /yle1 two figures--t ( an ,indian grasp+ ) ! h& ( fri5d%ip ! h& ( a man evid5tly int5d$ to be repres5t$ 9 ! ,european co/ume1 we>+ a hat2 :i* c only be int]pret$ z hav+ ref]5ce to ! treaty ( peace & fri5d%ip :i* 0 !n conclud$ betwe5 ,william ,p5n & ! ,indians1 & record$ by !m 9 _! own simple b descriptive mode ( express+ _! mean+1 by ! employm5t ( hi]oglyphics4 ,!n ! fact ( its hav+ be5 pres]v$ 9 ! family ( ! f\nd] f t p]iod to ! pres5t "t1 hav+ desc5d$ ?r\gh ?ree g5]ations1 gives an au!nticity to ! docum5t :i* leaves no d\bt ( its g5u95ess2 & z ! *a9 & m$al :i* 7 pres5t$ by ! p>liam5t to 8 fa!r ! admiral1 = 8 naval s]vices1 h desc5d$ among ! family ar*ives unaccompani$ by any writt5 docum5t1 b is record$ on ! j\rnals ( ! ,h\se ( ,commons1 equal au!nticity may be claim$ = ! wampum belt confirmatory ( ! treaty made by 8 son ) ! ,indians2 :i* ev5t is record$ on ! page ( hi/ory1 ?\gh1 l ! old] relic1 x has be5 unaccompani$ 9 its desc5t by any docum5t 9 writ+40 ,,w>4 ,mat]ial objects 7 (t5 employ$ 9 *all5ge to & decl>ation ( w>1 "s ( :i* may assi/ 9 ! int]pretation ( pictographs4 ,a few in/ances are m5tion$3 ,arr[s1 to :i* long hairs are atta*$1 7 /uck up along ! trail or road1 by ! ,florida ,indians1 to signify a decl>ation ( w>4 ,see ,capta9 ,laudonnire 9 ,hakluyt1 ,,iii1 #dae4 ,*all5g+ by h]alds obta9$4 ,?us ! ,%umeias *all5g$ ! ,ponios 9 c5tral ,cali=nia by plac+ ?ree little /icks1 not*$ 9 ! middle & at bo? ends1 on a m\nd1 :i* m>k$ ! b\nd>y betwe5 ! two tribes4 ,if ! ,ponios accept1 !y tie a /r+ r\nd ! middle not*4 ,h]alds !n meet & arrange "t & place1 & ! battle comes (f z appo9t$4 ,see ,bancr(t1 ,native ,races1 ,i1 p4 #cgi4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a few notices ( ! =eign use ( mat]ial objects 9 connection ) ?is bran* ( ! subject may be giv54 ,x appe>s 9 ! ,bible3 ,ezek41 ,,xxxvii1 #af-bj1 & ,numb]s1 ,,xvii1 #b4 ,lieut5ant-,colonel ,wood?orp says 7,j\r4 ,an?4 ,in/4 ,gr4 ,brit41 ,vol4 ,,xli1 #ahhb1 p4 #baa73 8,on ! road to ,niao we saw on ! gr\nd a curi\s mud figure ( a man 9 slight relief pres5t+ a gong 9 ! direction ( ,s5na2 ?is 0 suppos$ to %[ t ! ,fiao m5 7 will+ to come to t]ms ) ,s5na1 !n at w> ) ,niao4 ,ano!r mode ( ev9c+ a desire to turn away ! wra? ( an approa*+ enemy1 & induce him to op5 negotiations1 is to tie up 9 8 pa? a c\ple ( goats1 sometimes also a gong1 ) ! univ]sal symbol ( peace1 a palm leaf plant$ 9 ! gr\nd h>d by40 ,! ,maori _h nei!r ! quipus nor wampum1 b only a bo>d %ap$ l a saw1 :i* 0 call$ he rakau wakapa-p>anga1 or g5ealogical bo>d2 x 0 9 fact a tally1 hav+ a not* = ea* "n1 & a blank space to d5ote :]e ! male l9e fail$ & 0 succe$$ by t ( ! female2 y\?s 7 taught _! g5ealogies by repeat+ ! names ( ea* to :i* ! not*es ref]r$4 ,see ,te ,ika a ,maui4--,rev4 ,ri*>d ,taylor1 ,london1 #ahgj1 p4 #cgi4 ,,"t4 ,dr4 ,william ,h4 ,corbusi]1 assi/ant surgeon1 ,u4 ,s4 ,army1 gives ! foll[+ in=mation3 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ci4--;,device d5ot+ succession ( "t4 ,dakota4 ,! ,dakotas make use ( ! circle z ! symbol ( a cycle ( "t2 a small "o = a ye> & a l>ge "o = a long] p]iod ( "t1 z a life-"t1 "o old man4 ,also a r\nd ( lodges1 or a cycle ( #gj ye>s1 z 9 ,batti/e ,good's ,w9t] ,c\nt4 ,! cont9uance ( "t is sometimes indicat$ by a l9e ext5d+ 9 a direction f "r to left across ! page1 :5 on pap]1 & ! annual circles are susp5d$ f ! l9e at regul> int]vals by %ort l9es1 z 9 ,figure #ci1 & ! ideograph = ! ye> is plac$ b5ea? ea* "o4 ,at o!r times ! l9e is n cont9u\s1 b is int]rupt$ at regul> int]vals by ! ye>ly circle1 z 9 ,figure #dj4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dj4--;,device d5ot+ succession ( "t4 ,dakota4 ,! l>ge am\nt ( space tak5 up by ! ,dakota ,w9t] ,c\nts1 n[ foll[+1 r5d]s x impracticable to devote m to ! graphic devices reg>d+ "t4 ,:ile ^! ,w9t] ,c\nts are prop]ly "u ! pres5t head1 _! value is n limit$ to x1 z !y sugge/1 if !y d n expla91 po9ts relat+ to _m o!r divisions ( ! pres5t pap]4 ,,! ,,dakota ,,w9t] ,,c\nts4 ,! exi/5ce among ! ,dakota ,indians ( cont9u\s designations ( ye>s1 9 ! =m ( *>ts correspond+ 9 "p ) ! ord]ly arrangem5t ( divisions ( "t t]m$ cal5d>s1 0 fir/ made public by ! pres5t writ] 9 a pap] entitl$ 8,a ,cal5d> ( ! ,dakota ,nation10 :i* 0 issu$ 9 ,april1 #ahgg1 9 ,bullet9 ,,iii1 ,no4 #a1 ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,geological & ,geographical ,survey4 ,lat] consid]ation ( ! actual use ( su* *>ts by ! ,indians has induc$ ! *ange ( _! title to t adopt$ by !mselves1 viz41 ,w9t] ,c\nts1 9 ! orig9al1 wanyetu wwapi4 ,! li?ograph$ *>t publi%$ ) t pap]1 sub/antially ! same z ,plate ,,vi1 n[ pres5t$1 0 asc]ta9$ to be ! ,w9t] ,c\nt us$ by or at lea/ kn[n to a l>ge portion ( ! ,dakota p1 ext5d+ ov] ! sev5ty-"o ye>s comm5c+ ) ! w9t] ( ,a4 ,d4 #ahjj-'ja4 ,illu/ration3 ,,bureau ,,( ,,e?nology ,,f\r? ,,annual ,,report ,,pl4 ,,vi ,,w9t] ,,c\nt ,,on ,,buffalo ,,robe4 ,! copy f :i* ! li?ograph 0 tak51 is trac$ on a /rip ( cotton clo?1 9 size "o y>d squ>e1 :i* ! *>act]s almo/ entirely fill1 & 0 made by ,lieut4 ,h4 ,t4 ,re$1 ,fir/ ,unit$ ,/ates ,infantry1 an accompli%$ (fic] ( ! pres5t writ]'s =m] company & regim5t1 9 two colors1 black & r$1 us$ 9 ! orig9al1 ( :i* x is a fac simile4 ,! g5]al design ( ! *>t & ! mean+ ( mo/ ( its *>act]s 7 asc]ta9$ by ,lieut5ant ,re$1 at ,=t ,sully1 ,dakota1 & aft]w>ds at ,=t ,rice1 ,dakota1 9 ,novemb]1 #ahgf1 by ! pres5t writ]2 :ile fur!r inve/igation ( records & au?orities at ,wa%+ton elicit$ additional details us$ 9 ! publication m5tion$ & _m m s9ce its issue4 ,aft] exhibition ( ! copy to a numb] ( milit>y & civil (fic]s connect$ ) ! ,dep>tm5ts ( ,w> & ( ! ,int]ior1 x appe>$ t ^? :o1 f s]vice on exp$itions & surveys or f special /udy ( ,am]ican e?nology1 7 mo/ famili> ) ! ,indian tribes we/ ( ! ,mississippi1 _h nev] he>d ( ?is or any o!r simil> attempt among !m to e/abli% a *ronological sy/em4 ,bragg+ biographies ( *iefs & p>tisan hi/ories ( p>ticul> w>s del9eat$ 9 picture writ+ on hides or b>k are v common4 ,ne>ly e travel] on ! pla9s has obta9$ a pa9t$ robe1 on :i* "s aborig9al arti/ has /a9$ rude signs purport+ to repres5t tribal or p]sonal occurr5ces1 or (t5 ! family connections ( ! fir/ own]4 ,"s ( ^! 9 ! possession ( ! pres5t writ] h special significance & are m5tion$ "u appropriate heads 9 ! pres5t "w4 ,x is believ$ t1 9 ! pictographs ( all ( ^! peoples discov]$ be=e ! *>t m5tion$1 ! obvi\s int5tion 0 ei!r hi/orical or biographical1 or m g5]ally 0 to *ronicle occurr5ces z su*1 & t !re 0 n an app>5t design to portray ev5ts select$ )\t exclusive ref]5ce to _! intr9sic int]e/ or importance1 b because !y sev]ally occurr$ )9 regul> successive int]vals ( "t1 & to arrange !m 9 an ord]ly =m1 specially conv5i5t = use z a cal5d> & valuable = no o!r purpose4 ,! copy made by ,lieut5ant ,re$ 0 trac$ ov] a duplicate ( ! orig9al1 :i* latt] 0 drawn on a buffalo robe by ,lone-,dog1 an ag$ ,indian1 belong+ to ! ,yanktonai tribe ( ! ,dakotas1 :o 9 ! autumn ( #ahgf 0 ne> ,=t ,peck1 ,montana1 & 0 report$ to be /ill 9 8 possession4 ,8 ,dakota "n is giv5 him by correspond5ts :o knew him1 z 9 ! ord9>y ,engli% lit]ation1 ,%unka-i%nala1 ! words respectively correspond+ v ne>ly ) ! vocables 9 ,riggs's lexicon = dog-lone4 ,o!rs h1 h[ev]1 id5tifi$ him z ,*i-no-sa1 translat$ z 8a lone w&]]10 & ass]t$ t he 0 at ! "t m5tion$ ) ! ho/ile ,dakotas "u ,sitt+ ,bull4 ,!re appe> to h be5 sev]al ,dakotas ( ! pres5t g5]ation kn[n to ! :ites z ,lone-,dog4 ,plate ,,vi is a repres5tation ( ! *>t z x w\ld appe> on ! buffalo robe1 b x is photograph$ f ! copy on l95 clo?1 n directly f ! robe4 ,! duplicate f :i* ! copy 0 imm$iately tak5 0 9 ! possession ( ,basil ,clm5t1 a half-bre$ int]pret]1 liv+ at ,little ,b5d1 ne> ,=t ,sully1 ,dakota1 :o pr(ess$ to h obta9$ in=mation conc]n+ ! *>t f p]sonal inquiries ( _m ,indians1 & ^: dictat$ translation ( !m1 r$uc$ to writ+ 9 8 own words1 =ms ! basis ( t giv5 9 ! pres5t pap]4 ,! g5u95ess ( ! docum5t 0 v]ifi$ by sep>ate exam9ation1 ?r\gh ano!r int]pret]1 ( ! mo/ intellig5t ,indians accessible at ,=t ,rice1 & at a consid]able di/ance f ,clm5t1 :o c\ld h _h no rec5t communication ) ^? s exam9$4 ,"o ( ! latt]1 nam$ ,good-,wood1 a ,blackfoot ,dakota & an enli/$ sc\t atta*$ to ! g>rison at ,=t ,rice1 imm$iately recogniz$ ! copy n[ 9 possession ( ! writ] z 8! same ?+ ,lone-,dog _h10 & also /at$ t he _h se5 ano!r copy at ,/&+ ,rock ,ag5cy 9 ! h&s ( ,blue-,?und]1 a ,blackfoot ,dakota4 ,he said x %[$ 8some?+ put d[n = e ye> ab\t _! nation40 ,he knew h[ to use x z a cal5d>1 beg9n+ f ! c5t] & c\nt+ f "r to left1 & 0 famili> ) ! mean+ ( _m ( ! lat] *>act]s & ! ev5ts !y commemorat$1 9 :i* he corroborat$ ,clm5t's translation1 b expla9$ t he _h =gott5 ! int]pretation ( "s ( ! e>li] signs1 :i* 7 ab\t ^? ?+s done be=e 8 bir?4 ,all ! inve/igations t c\ld be made elicit$ ! foll[+ acc\nt1 :i*1 :e!r accurate or n1 ! ,indians exam9$ c]ta9ly believ$3 ,probably ) ! c\nsel ( ! old m5 & au?orities ( 8 tribe1 ,lone-,dog ev] s9ce 8 y\? has be5 9 ! habit ( decid+ ^u "s ev5t or circum/ance :i* %\ld di/+ui% ea* ye> z x pass$1 & :5 su* decision 0 made he m>k$ :at 0 consid]$ to be its appropriate symbol or device ^u a buffalo robe kept = ! purpose4 ,! robe 0 at conv5i5t times exhibit$ to o!r ,indians ( ! nation1 :o 7 ?us taught ! mean+ & use ( ! signs z designat+ ! sev]al ye>s1 9 ord] t at ! dea? ( ! record] ! k might n be lo/4 ,a simil> motive z to ! pres]vation ( ! record l$ to its duplication 9 #ahgj or #ahga1 s t ,clm5t obta9$ x 9 a =m end+ at t "t4 ,x 0 also report$ by sev]al ,indians t o!r copies ( ! *>t 9 its v>i\s pa/ /ages ( =mation _h be5 kn[n to exi/ among ! sev]al tribes1 be+ probably kept = ref]5ce1 ,lone-,dog & 8 robe be+ s frequ5tly inaccessible4 ,al?\gh ,lone-,dog 0 describ$ z a v old ,indian1 x 0 n suppos$ t he 0 ( suffici5t age 9 ! ye> #ahjj to ent] ^u ! duty z expla9$4 ,ei!r !re 0 a pr$ecessor f :om he receiv$ ! e>li] records or obta9$ copies ( !m1 or1 8 "w be+ fir/ und]tak5 :5 he _h rea*$ manhood1 he ga!r$ ! traditions f 8 eld]s & work$ back s f> z he c\ld d s accurately1 ! object ei!r !n or be=e be+ to e/abli% "s sy/em ( *ronology = ! use ( ! tribe1 or m probably 9 ! fir/ in/ance = ! use ( 8 p>ticul> b&4 ,pres5t k ( ! ,w9t] ,c\nt sy/ems r5d]s x improbable t ,lone-,dog 0 _! inv5tor or orig9ator4 ,!y 7 evid5tly />t$1 at ! late/1 be=e ! pres5t g5]ation1 & h be5 kept up by a numb] ( indep5d5t record]s4 ,! idea 0 "o specially appropriate to ! ,indian g5ius1 yet ! peculi> mode ( record 0 an inv5tion1 & is n probably a v old inv5tion1 z x has n1 s f> z kn[n1 spread beyond a def9ite di/rict or be5 ext5sively adopt$4 ,if an inv5tion ( t "* _h be5 ( great antiquity x w\ld probably h spread by int]-tribal *annels beyond ! b&s or tribes ( ! ,dakotas1 :]e alone ! copies ( su* *>ts h be5 f\nd & are und]/ood4 ,yet ! kn[n exi/5ce ( portable pictographs ( ?is asc]ta9$ "* r5d]s x prop] to exam9e rock et*+s & o!r native records ) ref]5ce to _! possible int]pretation z designat+ ev5ts *ronologically4 ,a qu]y is naturally sugge/$1 :e!r int]c\rse ) mission>ies & o!r :ites did n fir/ give ! ,dakotas "s idea ( dates & awak5 a s5se ( want 9 t direction4 ,! fact t ,lone-,dog's w9t] c\nt1 ! only "o kn[n at ! "t ( its fir/ publication1 beg9s at a date ne>ly co9cid+ ) ! fir/ ye> ( ! pres5t c5tury by our computation1 awak5$ a suspicion t x might be due to civiliz$ int]c\rse1 & 0 n a m]e co9cid5ce4 ,if ! influ5ce ( mission>ies or trad]s />t$ any plan ( *ronology1 x is rem>kable t !y did n sugge/ "o 9 "s mann] resembl+ ! sy/em s long & widely us$1 & ! only "o !y knew1 ( c\nt+ 9 numb]s f an era1 su* z ! bir? ( ,*ri/1 ! ,hegira1 ! ,ab ,urbe ,condit1 ! ,fir/ ,olympiad1 & ! l4 ,b ! *>t %[s no?+ ( ?is nature4 ,! e>lie/ "* 7! "o 9 ! c5t] or beg9n+ ( ! spiral7 m]ely repres5ts ! kill+ ( a small numb] ( ,dakotas by _! enemies1 an ev5t ( frequ5t occurr5ce1 & nei!r s important nor int]e/+ z _m o!rs ( ! sev5ty-"o %[n 9 ! *>t1 m ?an "o ( :i*1 inde$1 might well h be5 select$ z a notable fix$ po9t be=e & aft] :i* simple ari?metical notation c\ld h be5 us$ to m>k ! ye>s4 ,in/ead ( any plan t civiliz$ advis]s w\ld naturally h introduc$1 ! "o actually adopt$--to individualize ea* ye> by a specific record$ symbol1 or totem1 accord+ to ! decision ( a compet5t p]son1 or by common cons5t act$ ^u by a p]son *>g$ ) or und]tak+ ! duty :]eby confusion 0 prev5t$--%\ld n suff] d5ial ( its orig9ality m]ely because x 0 +5i\s1 & %[$ m ( sci5tific me?od ?an has (t5 be5 attribut$ to ! nor!rn tribes ( ,am]ica4 ,! ideographic record1 be+ pres]v$ & und]/ood by _m1 c\ld be us$ & ref]r$ to ) suffici5t ease & accuracy = ord9>y purposes4 ,def9ite signs = ! fir/ appe>ance ( ! small-pox & = ! fir/ capture ( wild horses may be dates z satisfactory to ! ,dakotas z ! correspond+ expressions ,a4 ,d4 #ahjb & #ahac to ! ,*ri/ian _w1 & f> m c]ta9 ?an mu* ( ! *ronological tables ( ,regiomontanus & ,ar*bi%op ,u%] 9 t]ms ( ,a4 ,m4 & ,b4 ,c4 ,! c>eful arrangem5t ( di/9ctly sep>ate *>act]s 9 an outw>d spiral />t+ f a c5tral po9t is a clev] exp$i5t to disp5se ) ! use ( numb]s = not+ ! ye>s1 yet all[+ e date to be det]m9$ by c\nt+ backw>d or =w>d f any o!r t might be kn[n2 & x seems unlikely t any su* device1 s diff]5t f t common among ! :ite visitors1 %\ld h be5 prompt$ by !m4 ,! :ole conception seems "o /rongly *>act]i/ic ( ! ,indians1 :o 9 o!r in/ances h %[n su* exp]tness 9 ideography4 ,! discov]y ( ! o!r *>ts pres5t$ or ref]r$ to 9 ?is pap]1 :i* diff] 9 _! times ( comm5cem5t & end+ f t ( ,lone-,dog & f ea* o!r1 remov$ any inf]5ce aris+ f ! above-m5tion$ co9cid5ce 9 beg9n+ ) ! pres5t c5tury4 ,copies ( ! pap] publi%+ & expla9+ ,lone-,dog's record 7 widely circulat$ by ! pres5t writ] among ,army (fic]s1 ,indian ag5ts1 mission>ies1 & o!r p]sons favorably situat$1 9 hopes ( obta9+ o!r examples & fur!r in=mation4 ,! result 0 a gratify+ v]ification ( all ! important /atem5ts & sugge/ions 9 ! publication1 ) ! correction ( "s errors ( detail & ! supply ( mu* additional mat]ial4 ,! foll[+ copies ( ! *>t1 sub/antially ! same z t ( ,lone-,dog1 are n[1 or h be51 9 ! possession ( ! pres5t writ]3 #a4 ,a *>t made & kept by ,bo--de1 ,!-,flame 7o!rwise translat$ ,!-,blaze71 :o1 9 #ahgg1 liv$ at ,peoria ,bottom1 #ah miles s\? ( ,=t ,sully1 ,dakota4 ,he 0 a ,dakota & _h g5]ally dwelt ) ! ,sans ,arcs1 ?\gh x 0 report$ t he 0 by bir? "o ( ! ,two ,kettles4 ,! int]pretation 0 obta9$ 7x is und]/ood orig9ally at ! in/ance ( ,lieut5ant ,maus1 ,fir/ ,unit$ ,/ates ,infantry7 directly f ,!-,flame by ,alex4 ,l>avey1 (ficial int]pret] at ,=t ,sully1 9 ! mon? ( ,april1 #ahgg4 ,! fac-simile copy 9 ! writ]'s possession1 also made by ,lieut5ant ,re$1 is on a cotton clo? ab\t a y>d squ>e & 9 black & r$--?us f> simil> to 8 copy ( ,lone-,dog's *>t1 b ! arrangem5t is :olly diff]5t4 ,! "* = ! fir/ ye> m5tion$ appe>s 9 ! l[] left-h& corn]1 & ! record proce$s t[>d ! "r to ! extremity ( ! clo?1 !n cross+ t[>d ! left & aga9 t[>d ! "r at ! edge ( ! clo?--& s ?r\gh\t 9 ! /yle call$ b\/roph$on2 & end+ 9 ! upp] left-h& corn]4 ,! g5]al effect is t ( sev5 /raight l9es ( figures1 b ^? l9es are di/9ctly connect$ at _! extremities ) o!rs above & bel[1 s t ! cont9u\s figure is s]p5t9e4 ,x ?us answ]s ! same purpose ( ord]ly arrangem5t1 all[+ con/ant additions1 l ! m circul> spiral ( ,lone-,dog4 ,?is record is = ! ye>s #aghf-'g to #ahgf-'g1 ?us comm5c+ e>li] & end+ lat] ?an t ( ,lone-,dog4 #b4 ,!-,swan's *>t 0 k9dly furni%$ to ! writ] by ,dr4 ,*>les ,rau1 ( ! ,smi?sonian ,in/itution4 ,x 0 s5t to him 9 #ahgb by ,dr4 ,john ,r4 ,patrick1 ( ,belleville1 ,sa9t ,clair ,c\nty1 ,ill9ois1 :o receiv$ x f ,dr4 ,wa%+ton ,we/1 ( ,belleville1 ,ill9ois1 :o became an act+ assi/ant surgeon1 ,u4 ,s4 ,army1 ,novemb] #b1 #ahfh1 & 0 assign$ to duty at ,*ey5ne ,ag5cy1 ,dakota1 e/abli%$ by ,g5]al ,h>ney1 z "o ( a numb] ( ag5cies to become useful z r5dezv\s = ,dakotas to keep !m f di/urb+ ! l9e ( ! ,union ,pacific ,railroad4 ,he rema9$ !re f ,novemb]1 #ahfh1 to ,may1 #ahgj4 ,! ag5cy 0 specially = ! ,two ,kettles1 ,sans ,arcs1 & ,m9neconj\s4 ,a ,m9neconj\ *ief1 ,!-,swan1 else:]e call$ ,!-,little-,swan1 kept ?is record on ! dress$ sk9 ( an antelope or de]1 claim+ t x _h be5 pres]v$ 9 8 family = sev5ty ye>s4 ,! title ( ! writt5 int]pretation ( ?is *>t 0 call$ ! ,hi/ory ( ! ,m9neconj\ ,dakotas1 its true use n be+ !n und]/ood4 ,9 return = favors1 ,dr4 ,we/ obta9$ p]mission to h "s copies made on common dome/ic cotton clo? & employ$ an ,indian exp]t ( ! ,two ,kettle b& to d ! "w 9 fac-simile4 ,f "o ( ^! he _h a photograph tak5 on a small plate1 & !n enl>g$ 9 pr9t+ to ab\t two-?irds ( ! orig9al size & trac$ & t\*$ up 9 ,india ink & r$ pa9t to mat* ! orig9al1 :i* 0 execut$ 9 "s black pigm5t & ruddle4 ,! *>act]s are arrang$ 9 a spiral simil> to ^? 9 ,lone-,dog's *>t1 b m oblong 9 =m4 ,! c\rse ( ! spiral is f left to "r1 n f "r to left4 ,! int]pretation ( ?is *>t 0 made at ,*ey5ne ,ag5cy 9 #ahfh = ,dr4 ,wa%+ton ,we/ by ,jean ,premeau1 int]pret] at t ag5cy4 ,a useful note is giv5 9 connection ) ! int]pretation1 t 9 x all ! names are names giv5 by ! ,m9neconj\s1 & n ! names ! p>ties be> !mselves1 e4 g41 9 ! int]pretation = ! ye> #ahbi-'cj1 7see ,plate ,,xviii1 & page #aad17 ,bad ,arr[ ,indian is a translation ( ! ,dakota "n = a b& ( ,blackfeet4 ,! own] & expla9] ( ?is copy ( ! *>t 0 a ,m9neconj\1 & !re=e 8 r5d]+ ( names might diff] f t ( ano!r p]son equally famili> ) ! *>t4 #c4 ,ano!r *>t exam9$ 0 k9dly loan$ to ! writ] by ,brevet ,maj4 ,joseph ,bu%1 capta9 ,tw5ty-second ,unit$ ,/ates ,infantry4 ,x 0 procur$ by him 9 #ahgj at ! ,*ey5ne ,ag5cy1 f ,james ,c4 ,robb1 =m]ly ,indian trad]1 & aft]w>ds po/ trad]4 ,?is copy is "o y>d by ?ree-f\r?s ( a y>d1 spiral1 beg9n+ 9 ! c5t] f "r to left4 ,! figures are sub/antially ! same size z ^? 9 ,lone-,dog's *>t1 ) :i* x co9cides 9 "t1 except t x ends at #ahfi-'gj4 ,! int]pretation diff]s f t accompany+ ! latt] 9 a few p>ticul>s4 #d4 ,! *>t ( ,mato ,sapa1 ,black-,be>4 ,he 0 a ,m9neconj\ w>rior1 resid+ 9 #ahfh & #ahfi on ! ,*ey5ne ,ag5cy ,res]vation1 on ! ,miss\ri ,riv]1 ne> ,=t ,sully1 ,dakota1 ne> ! m\? ( ! ,*ey5ne ,riv]4 ,9 ord] to please ,lieut4 ,o4 ,d4 ,ladley1 ,tw5ty-second ,unit$ ,/ates ,infantry1 :o 0 9 *>ge ( ! res]vation1 he drew or copi$ on a piece ( cotton clo? :at he call$1 ?r\gh ! int]pret]1 ! ,hi/ory ( ! ,m9neconj\s1 & also gave ?r\gh ! same int]pret] ! key or translation to ! figures4 ,lieut5ant ,ladley loan$ !m to an ex-army fri5d 9 ,wa%+ton1 :o br\ght !m to ! notice ( ! pres5t writ]4 ,?is copy is on a small] scale ?an t ( ,lone-,dog1 be+ a flat & elongat$ spiral1 #b feet #f in*es by #a foot #f in*es4 ,! spiral reads f "r to left4 ,?is *>t1 :i* beg9s z does t ( ,lone-,dog1 ends ) ! ye>s #ahfh-'fi4 ,! pres5t writ] has _h conv]sation & correspond5ce conc]n+ o!r copies & o!r translat$ int]pretations ( :at may be call$ = conv5i5ce & ) "s "r1 on acc\nt ( priority 9 publication1 ! ,lone-,dog sy/em ( w9t] c\nts4 ,b x also 0 discov]$ t !re 7 o!r sy/ems 9 :i* ! same pictographic me?od 0 adopt$ by ! ,dakotas4 ,an acc\nt ( ! mo/ important ( ^!1 viz43 ! *>ts ( ,bapti/e or ,batti/e ,good1 ,am]ican-,horse1 ,cl\d-,%ield1 & ,:ite-c[-kill] has be5 communicat$ by ,dr4 ,william ,h4 ,corbusi]1 assi/ant surgeon1 ,unit$ ,/ates ,army1 & is pres5t$ infra1 page #abg1 "u ! title ( ,! ,corbusi] ,w9t] ,c\nts4 ,! /udy ( all ! *>ts1 ) _! sev]al int]pretations1 r5d]s pla9 "s po9ts rema9+ 9 d\bt :ile ! ,lone-,dog *>t 0 ! only example kn[n4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 x became cle> t !re 0 no fix$ or uni=m mode ( exhibit+ ! ord] ( cont9uity ( ! ye>-*>act]s4 ,!y 7 arrang$ spirally or l9eally1 or 9 s]p5t9e curves1 by b\/roph$on or direct1 />t+ backw>d f ! la/ ye> %[n1 or proce$+ uni=mly =w>d f ! fir/ ye> select$ or rememb]$4 ,any mode t w\ld accompli% ! object ( cont9uity ) ! means ( regul> addition seem$ to be equally acceptable4 ,s a !ory advanc$ t !re 0 "s symbolism 9 ! "r to left circl+ ( ,lone-,dog's *>t 0 abort$1 especially :5 an obvi\s reproduction ( t v *>t 0 made by an ,indian ) ! spiral rev]s$4 ,x 0 also obvi\s t :5 copies 7 made1 "s ( !m probably f memory1 !re 0 no attempt at ,*9ese accuracy4 ,x 0 en\gh to give ! graphic or ideographic "*1 & frequ5tly ! "* is bett] def9$ on "o ( ! *>ts ?an on ! o!rs = ! correspond+ ye>4 ,"o int]pretation or r "o translation ( ! int]pretation w\ld (t5 ?r[ light on ! o!rs4 ,x also appe>$ t :ile diff]5t ev5ts 7 select$ by ! record]s ( ! diff]5t sy/ems1 !re 0 sometimes a selection ( ! same ev5t = ! same ye> & sometimes = ! next1 su* z w\ld be natural 9 ! progress ( a fam9e or epidemic1 or z an ev5t gradually became kn[n ov] a va/ t]ritory4 ,to exhibit ^! po9ts m cle>ly1 ! *>act]s on ! *>ts ( ,!-,flame1 ,lone-,dog1 & ,!-,swan h be5 plac$ toge!r on ,plates ,,vii-,,xxxiii1 & _! int]pretations1 sep>ately obta9$ & translat$1 h also be5 collat$1 comm5c+ on page #ajj4 ,:]e any in=mation 0 suppli$ by ! *>ts ( ,mato ,sapa or ( ,major ,bu% & _! int]pretation1 or by o!r au?orities1 x is giv5 9 connection ) ! appropriate ye>4 ,ref]5ce is also made to "s co9cid5ces or explanatory mann] notic$ 9 ! ,corbusi] sy/em4 ,) reg>d to ! ,lone-,dog sy/em1 ) :i* ! pres5t writ] is m famili>1 & ^u :i* he has exam9$ a l>ge numb] ( ,indians dur+ ! la/ eight ye>s1 an attempt 0 made to asc]ta9 :e!r ! occurr5ces select$ & repres5t$ 7 ^? peculi> to ! clan or tribe ( ! record] or 7 ei!r ( g5]al conc]n or ( notoriety ?r\gh\t ! ,dakota tribes4 ,?is w\ld t5d to det]m9e :e!r ! und]tak+ 0 ( a m]ely individual nature1 limit$ by p]sonal k or special int]e/s1 or :e!r ! scope 0 g5]al4 ,all inquiries l$ to ! latt] supposition4 ,! p]sons exam9$ 7 ( diff]5t tribes1 & f> ap>t f ea* o!r1 yet all knew :at ! docum5t 01 i4 e41 t 8"s "o ?+ 0 put d[n = ea* ye>20 t x 0 ! "w ( ,lone-,dog1 & t he 0 ! only "o :o 8c\ld d x10 or p]haps 0 au?ority = x4 ,! int]nal evid5ce is to ! same effect4 ,all ! symbols indicate :at 0 done1 exp]i5c$1 or obs]v$ by ! nation at l>ge or by its tribes )\t di/9ction--n by t ( :i* ,lone-,dog is a memb]1 no special feat ( ! ,yanktonais1 inde$1 be+ m5tion$--& ! *iefs ^: dea?s or de$s are not$ appe> to h belong$ indiff]5tly to ! sev]al tribes1 ^: villages 7 g5]ally at great di/ance ea* f ! o!r & f t ( ! record]4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 true t ! ,m9neconj\s 7 m famili> ?an o!r ( ! ,dakotas ) ! int]pretation ( ! *>act]s on ,lone-,dog's *>t1 & t a consid]able proportion ( ! ev5ts select$ relate to t division ( ! conf$]acy4 ,9 consid]+ ! ext5t to :i* ,lone-,dog's *>t is und]/ood & us$ among 8 p1 x may be m5tion$ t ! writ] has nev] %[n x to an intellig5t ,dakota ( full ye>s :o has n kn[n :at x 0 =1 & _m ( !m knew a l>ge "p ( ! ye>s portray$4 ,:5 !re 0 less k1 !re 0 ! am\nt t may be lik5$ to t ( an un$ucat$ p]son or *ild :o is exam9$ ab\t a map ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 :i* _h be5 %[n to him be=e1 ) "s explanation only p>tially appreh5d$ or rememb]$4 ,he w\ld tell t x 0 a map ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates2 w\ld probably be able to po9t out ) "s accuracy ! ,/ate or city :]e he liv$2 p]haps ! capital ( ! c\ntry2 probably ! names ( ! ,/ates ( peculi> position or %ape1 su* z ,ma9e1 ,delaw>e1 or ,florida4 ,s ! ,indian exam9$ w\ld (t5 po9t out 9 ,lone-,dog's *>t ! ye> 9 :i* he 0 born or t 9 :i* 8 fa!r di$1 or 9 :i* !re 0 "s occurr5ce t _h /rongly impress$ him1 b :i* _h no relation :atev] to ! "* = ! ye> 9 "q4 ,x _h be5 po9t$ out to him be=e1 & he _h rememb]$ x1 ?\gh n ! rema9d] ( ! *>t4 ,) ! int]pretations ( ! sev]al *>ts giv5 bel[ "s explanations are furni%$1 b x may be useful to set =? 9 advance a few facts relat+ to ! nom5clature & divisions ( ! tribes frequ5tly m5tion$4 ,9 ! lit]ature on ! subject ! great l+ui/ic /ock or family embrac+ n only ! ,si\x or ,dakotas prop]1 b ! ,miss\ris1 ,omahas1 ,ponkas1 ,osages1 ,kansas1 ,otos1 ,ass9ibo9es1 ,gros ,v5tres or ,m9nit>is1 ,cr[s1 ,i[as1 ,m&ans1 & "s o!rs1 has be5 frequ5tly /yl$ ! ,dakota ,family4 ,major ,p[ell1 ! ,director ( ! ,bureau ( ,e?nology1 f consid]ations ( priority1 has lately adopt$ ! "n ,si\an = ! family1 & = ! gr& division ( x popul>ly call$ ,si\x has us$ ! t]m ,dakota1 :i* ! p claim = !mselves4 ,9 ?is g5]al respect x is possible to con=m 9 ?is pap] to ,major ,p[ell's classification1 b1 specially 9 ! details ( ! ,w9t] ,c\nts1 ! =m ( ! titles ( ! tribes is t :i* is g5]ally us$1 b ) little consi/5cy1 9 lit]ature1 & is n giv5 ) ! accurate philologic lit]ation ( special s*ol>s1 or ) ref]5ce to ! synonomy det]m9$ by ,major ,p[ell1 b n yet publi%$4 ,! reason = ?is tempor>y ab&onm5t ( sci5tific accuracy is t ano!r c\rse w\ld require ! correction or annotation ( ! :ole mat]ial contribut$ f _m s\rces1 & w\ld be cumbr\s z well z confus+ prior to ! publication1 by ! ,bureau ( ,e?nology1 ( ! synonomy m5tion$4 ,! ^w 8,dakota0 is translat$ 9 ,riggs's ,diction>y ( t language z 8leagu$1 or alli$40 ,dr4 ,j4 ,hammond ,trumbull1 ! di/+ui%$ e?nograph] & glossologi/1 gives ! mean+ to be m precisely 8associat$ z comrades10 ! root be+ f\nd 9 o!r dialects ( ! same gr\p ( languages = in/ance1 9 ! ,m9it>i1 :]e dki is ! "n = ! clan or b&1 & dake means fri5d or comrade4 ,9 ! ,si\x 7,dakota7 dialect1 cota1 or coda means fri5d1 & ,dakota may1 lit]ally translat$1 signify 8our fri5ds40 ,! title ,si\x1 :i* is indignantly repudiat$ by ! nation1 is ei!r ! la/ syllable or ! two la/ syllables1 accord+ to pronunciation1 ( 8,nad[esi\x10 :i* is ! ,fr5* plural ( ! ,algonk9 "n = ! ,dakotas1 8,nad[essi10 8enemy10 ?\gh ! ,engli% ^w is n s /rong z ! ,indian1 8hat$ foe0 be+ ne>]4 ,! ,*ippeways call$ an ,iroquois 8,nad[i10 :i* is also _! "n = rattlesnake 7or1 z o!rs translate1 add]72 9 ! plural1 ,nad[ek4 ,a ,si\x !y call$ ,nad[essi1 :i* is ! same ^w ) a contemptu\s or dim9utive t]m9ation2 plural1 ,nad[essiwak or ,nadawessyak4 ,! ,fr5* gave ! "n _! own =m ( ! plural1 & ! voyageurs & trapp]s cut x d[n to 8,si\x40 ,! m important ( exi/+ tribes & organiz$ b&s into :i* ! nation is n[ divid$ are giv5 bel[1 be+ ! dislocat$ rema9s ( ! 8,sev5 ,great ,c\ncil ,fires10 n only fam$ 9 tradition1 b kn[n to e>ly :ite pione]s3 ,yankton & ,yanktonai or ,ihaktonwan1 bo? d]iv$ f a root mean+ 8at ! end10 allud+ to ! =m] locality ( _! villages4 ,sihasapa1 or ,blackfeet4 ,oh5onpa1 or ,two ,kettles4 ,itaziptco1 ,)\t ,b[4 ,! ,fr5* translation1 ,sans ,arc1 is1 h[ev]1 m commonly us$4 ,m9neconj\1 translat$ ,^? :o plant by ! wat]1 ! physical features ( _! old home4 ,sitcangu1 ,burnt ,hip or ,brul4 ,santee1 subdivid$ into ,wahpeton1 ,m5 among ,leaves1 i4 e41 =e/s1 & ,sisseton1 ,m5 ( ,prairie ,m>%4 ,two o!r b&s1 n[ practically ext9ct1 =m]ly belong$ to ! ,santee1 or1 z x is m correctly spell$1 ,isanti tribe1 f ! root ,issan1 knife4 ,_! =m] t]ritory furni%$ ! mat]ial = /one knives1 f ! manufacture ( :i* !y 7 call$ ! 8knife p40 ,ogallalla1 ,ogalala1 or ,oglala4 ,! mean+ & d]ivation ( ?is "n1 z well z ! "o next m5tion$ 7,uncpapa71 h be5 ! subjects ( mu* controv]sy4 ,uncpapa1 ,unkpapa1 or ,hunkpapa1 ! mo/ w>like & probably ! mo/ p[]ful ( all ! b&s1 ?\gh n ! l>ge/4 ,hale1 ,gallat91 & ,riggs designate a 8,titon tribe0 z locat$ we/ ( ! ,miss\ri1 & z mu* ! l>ge/ division ( ! ,dakotas1 ! latt] au?ority subdivid+ into ! ,si*angu1 ,itazip*o1 ,sihasapa1 ,m9neconj\1 ,oh5onpa1 ,ogallalla1 & ,huncpapa1 sev5 ( ! tribes specifi$ above1 :i* he calls b&s4 ,! fact probably is t 8,titon0 7f ! ^w tintan1 mean+1 8at or on l& )\t trees1 or prairie07 0 ! "n ( a tribe1 b x is n[ only an expression = all ^? tribes ^: ranges are on ! prairie1 & t x has become a t]ritorial & accid5tal1 n a tribul> di/9ction4 ,"o ( ! ,dakotas at ,=t ,rice spoke to ! writ] ( ! 8ho/iles0 z 8,titons10 ) obvi\sly ! same idea ( locality1 8away on ! prairie20 x be+ well kn[n t !y 7 a conglom]ation f sev]al tribes4 ,x is prop] "h to rem>k t ?r\gh\t ! *>ts ! totem ( ! clan ( ! p]son indicat$ is n g5]ally giv51 ?\gh x is (t5 us$ 9 o!r k9ds ( records1 b in/ead1 a pictorial repres5tation ( 8 "n1 :i* _! selection ( prop] names r5d]$ practicable4 ,! clans are divisions relat+ to consangu9ity1 & nei!r co9cide ) ! political tribal organizations nor are limit$ by !m4 ,! numb] ( ! clans1 or di/9ctive totemic gr\ps1 ( ! ,dakota is less ?an t ( _! organiz$ b&s1 if n ( _! tribes1 & consid]ably less ?an t ( ! totems appe>+ on ! *>ts4 ,al?\gh x has be5 cont5d$ t ! clan-totem alone 0 us$ by ,indians1 !re are _m o!r specim5s ( picture-writ+s among ! ,dakota :]e ! "n-totem appe>s1 notably ! set ( fifty-five draw+s 9 ! libr>y ( ! ,army ,m$ical ,museum n>rat+ ! de$s ( ,sitt+-,bull4 ,a pictur$ message lately s5t by a ,dakota at ,=t ,rice to ano!r at a di/ant ag5cy1 & mak+ ! same use ( "n-signs1 came to ! writ]'s notice4 ,capta9 ,c>v]1 :o sp5t a consid]able "t ) ^! ,indians 7call$ by him ,nad[essies7 9 #agff-'gg1 expla9s t 8besides ! "n ( ! animal by :i* e nation or tribe clan is d5om9at$1 !re are o!rs t are p]sonal1 :i* ! *ildr5 receive f _! "m4 99 99 99 ,! *iefs are di/+ui%$ by a "n t has ei!r "s ref]5ce to _! abilities or to ! hi]oglyphic ( _! families1 & ^! are acquir$ aft] !y h arriv$ at ! age ( manhood4 ,su* z h signaliz$ !mselves ei!r 9 _! w> or hunt+ p>ties1 or are possess$ ( "s em95t qualification1 receive a "n t s]ves to p]petuate ! fame ( _! actions or to make _! abilities conspicu\s40 ,! common use ( ^! "n-signs appe>s 9 _! be+ affix$ to old treaties1 & also to "s petitions 9 ! (fice ( ,indian ,affairs4 ,_! simil>ity 9 "*1 use1 & actual design1 ei!r ) or )\t clan designation1 af=ds an in/ructive comp>ison ) ! orig9 ( h]aldry & ( mod]n surnames4 ,fur!r rem>ks ab\t ! "n sy/em ( ,indians appe> on page #afi4 ,) ref]5ce to ! ,w9t] ,c\nts1 x is well kn[n t ! ,dakotas c\nt _! ye>s by w9t]s 7:i* is q natural1 t season 9 _! high levels & latitudes practically la/+ m ?an six mon?s71 & say a man is s _m sn[s old1 or t s _m sn[ seasons h pass$ s9ce an occurr5ce4 ,!y h no division ( "t into weeks1 & _! mon?s are absolutely lun>1 only twelve1 h[ev]1 be+ designat$1 :i* receive _! names ^u ! recurr5ce ( "s prom95t1 physical ph5om5on4 ,= example1 ! p]iod p>tly embrac$ by ,febru>y is int5d$ to be ! 8raccoon moon02 ,m>*1 ! 8sore-eye moon02 & ,april1 t 89 :i* ! geese lay eggs40 ,z ! appe>ance ( raccoons aft] hib]nation1 ! causes induc+ inflam$ eyes1 & oviposition by geese v>y ) ! meteorological "* ( ea* ye>1 & z ! twelve lunations reckon$ d n br+ back ! po9t 9 ! season :5 c\nt+ comm5c$1 !re is (t5 dispute 9 ! ,dakota tipis t[>d ! end ( w9t] z to ! correct curr5t date4 ,9 c>eful exam9ation ( ! sev]al ,c\nts x does n appe> to be cle> :e!r ! ev5t portray$ occurr$ 9 ! w9t] mon?s or 0 select$ 9 ! mon?s imm$iately be=e or 9 ^? imm$iately aft] ! w9t]4 ,no regul>ity or accuracy is notic$ 9 ^! p>ticul>s4 ,! next foll[+ pages give ! translat$ int]pretation ( ! above-m5tion$ *>ts ( ,!-,flame1 designat$ z ,no4 ,i2 ( ,lone-,dog1 designat$ z ,no4 ,,ii2 & ( ,!-,swan z ,no4 ,,iii2 & are explanations ( ,plates ,,vii to ,,xxxiii4 ,z ,!-,flame's c\nt began be=e ! o!r two & end$ lat] ?an ^?1 ,plates ,,vii1 ,,viii1 & ,,xxxiii are conf9$ to t c\nt1 ! o!rs %[+ ! ?ree 9 connection4 ,! r$ color frequ5tly m5tion$ appe>s 9 ! correspond+ figures 9 ,plate ,,vi ( ,lone-,dog's *>t z reproduc$1 b black takes its place 9 ! s]ies ( plates n[ "u consid]ation4 ,m5tion ( ! *>ts ( ,mato ,sapa & ( ,major ,bu% is made :]e !re seems to be any additional in=mation or sugge/ion 9 !m4 ,:5 ^? *>ts are n m5tion$ !y agree ) t ( ,lone-,dog4 ,ref]5ce is also made to ! c\nts 9 ! ,corbusi] sy/em :5 correspond5ce is to be not$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,illu/ration3 ,,bureau ,,( ,,e?nology ,,f\r? ,,annual ,,report ,,pl4 ,,vii #aghf-'hg4 #aghg-'hh4 #aghh-'hi4 #aghi-'ij4 #agij-'ia4 #agia-'ib4 #agib-'ic4 ,,! ,,dakota ,,w9t] ,,c\nts4 #aghf-'hg4--,no4 ,i repres5ts an ,uncpapa *ief :o wore an 8iron0 %ield ov] 8 head4 ,x is /at$ t he 0 a great w>rior1 kill$ by ! ,rees4 ,?is ^w is abbreviat$ f ! ^w ,arik>ee1 a corrupt =m ( ,arik>a4 ,?is ye> 9 ! ,anno ,dom9i /yle is asc]ta9$ by c\nt+ back f sev]al well-kn[n hi/orical ev5ts correspond+ ) ^? on ! *>ts4 ,batti/e ,good's c\nt = ! same ye> says3 8,iron-h&-b&-w5t-on-w>-pa? w9t]10 & adds1 8,!y =m]ly c>ri$ burd5s on _! backs hung f a b& pass$ across _! =ehead4 ,?is man _h a b& ( iron :i* is %[n on 8 head40 #aghg-'hh4--,no4 ,i4 ,a cl[n1 well kn[n to ! ,indians2 a mis*ief-mak]4 ,a ,m9neconj\4 ,! int]pret] c\ld n le>n h[ he 0 connect$ ) ?is ye>4 ,8 acc\trem5ts are fanta/ic4 ,! "* is expla9$ by ,batti/e ,good's w9t] c\nt = ! same ye> z foll[s3 8,left-!-heyoka-man-beh9d w9t]40 ,a c]ta9 man 0 heyoka1 t is1 9 a peculi> frame ( m9d1 & w5t ab\t ! village b$eck$ ) fea!rs s++ to himself1 &1 :ile s1 jo9$ a w> p>ty4 ,on sight+ ! enemy ! p>ty fl$1 & call$ to him to turn back also1 b z he 0 heyoka1 he con/ru$ ev]y?+ t 0 said to him z mean+ ! v opposite1 &1 !re=e1 in/ead ( turn+ back he w5t =w>d & 0 kill$4 ,! int]pret] rem>k$ if !y _h only _h s5se en\gh to tell him to g on1 he w\ld !n h run away1 b ! idiots talk$ to him j z if he _h be5 an ord9>y mortal1 &1 ( c\rse1 7 responsible = 8 dea?4 ,! figure by ,batti/e ,good /rongly resembles t 9 ?is *>t1 giv+ indications ( fanta/ic dress ) ! b[4 ,! indep5d5t explanations ( ?is figure & ( "s on ! next page ref]r+ to dates s remote h be5 ( int]e/ to ! pres5t writ]4 #aghh-'hi4--,no4 ,i4 ,v sev]e w9t] & mu* suff]+ among ! ,indians4 ,cr[s 7 froz5 to dea?1 :i* is a r>e occurr5ce4 ,h5ce ! figure ( ! cr[4 ,batti/e ,good says3 8,_m-cr[s-di$ w9t]40 ,cl\d ,%ield says3 ,! w9t] 0 s cold t _m cr[s froze to dea?4 ,:ite-,c[-,kill] calls ! prec$+ ye>1 #aghg-'hh1 8,_m-black-cr[s-di$ w9t]40 ,= ! ye> #aghi-'ij1 ,am]ican-,horse says3 8,! cold 0 s int5se t cr[s froze 9 ! air & dropp$ dead ne> ! lodges40 ,?is is an in/ance ( :]e ?ree sets ( acc\nts ref] to ! same sev]e cold1 app>5tly to ?ree successive ye>s2 x may really n h be5 ?ree successive ye>s1 b t all *>ts ref]r$ to ! same season1 ! fractions ( ye>s n be+ reg>d$1 z above expla9$4 #aghi-'ij4--,no4 ,i4 ,two ,m&ans kill$ by ,m9neconj\s4 ,! peculi> arrangem5t ( ! hair di/+ui%es ! tribe4 ,! ,m&ans 7 9 ! la/ c5tury "o ( ! mo/ num]\s & civiliz$ tribes ( ! ,si\an /ock4 ,lewis & ,cl>ke1 9 #ahjd1 say t ! ,m&ans settl$ =ty ye>s be=e1 i4 e41 #agfd1 9 n9e villages1 #hj miles bel[ _! !n site 7nor? ( ,knife ,riv]71 sev5 villages on ! we/1 & two on ! ea/ side ( ! ,miss\ri4 ,two villages1 be+ de/roy$ by ! small-pox & ! ,dakotas1 unit$ & mov$ up opposite to ! ,arick>as1 :o probably occupi$ ! same site z exhibit$ 9 ! c\nts = ! ye> #ahbc-'bd4 ,batti/e ,good says3 8,kill$-two-,gros-,v5tres-on-! ice w9t]40 #agij-'ia4--,no4 ,i4 ,! fir/ ,unit$ ,/ates flag 9 ! c\ntry br\ght by ,unit$ ,/ates troops4 ,s said ! int]pret]4 ,no special occasion or exp$ition is not$4 ,batti/e ,good says3 8,c>ri$-flag-ab\t-)-!m w9t]10 & expla9s2 !y w5t to all ! surr\nd+ tribes ) ! flag1 b = :at purpose is unkn[n4 ,:ite-,c[-,kill] says3 8,all-!-,indians-see-!-flag w9t]40 #agia-'ib4--,no4 ,i4 ,a ,m&an & a ,dakota met 9 ! middle ( ! ,miss\ri2 ea* swimm+ half way across1 !y %ook h&s1 & made peace4 ,mulligan1 po/ int]pret] at ,=t ,bu=d1 says t ?is 0 at ,=t ,b]?old1 & is an hi/oric fact2 also t ! same ,m&an1 long aft]w>ds1 kill$ ! same ,dakota4 ,cl\d-,%ield says3 ,! ,si\x & ,omahas made peace4 #agib-'ic4--,no4 ,i4 ,dakotas & ,rees meet 9 camp toge!r1 & are at peace4 ,! two /yles ( dwell+s1 viz41 ! tipi ( ! ,dakotas1 & ! e>? lodge ( ! ,arick>as1 are app>5tly depict$4 ,batti/e ,good says3 8,camp-ne>-!-,gros-,v5tres w9t]10 & adds3 8,!y 7 engag$ 9 a con/ant w>f>e dur+ ?is "t40 ,! ,gros ,v5tres' dirt-lodge1 ) ! entry 9 front1 is depict$ 9 ,batti/e ,good's figure1 & on its ro( is ! head ( a ,gros ,v5tre4 ,see ,cl\d-,%ields's explanations ( 8 figure = ?is ye>1 page #acc4 ,illu/ration3 ,,bureau ,,( ,,e?nology ,,f\r? ,,annual ,,report ,,pl4 ,,viii #agic-'id4 #agid-'ie4 #agie-'if4 #agif-'ig4 #agig-'ih4 #agih-'ii4 #agii-ahjj4 ,,! ,,dakota ,,w9t] ,,c\nts4 #agic-'id4--,no4 ,i4 ,?9-,face1 a not$ ,dakota *ief1 0 kill$ by ,rees4 ,batti/e ,good says3 8,kill$-a-long-hair$-man-at-,raw-,hide-, butte w9t]10 add+ t ! ,dakotas attack$ a village ( fifty-eight lodges1 ( a tribe call$ by a correspond5t ! ,*ey5nes1 & kill$ e s\l 9 x4 ,aft] ! fight !y f\nd ! body ( a man ^: hair 0 done up ) de]-hide 9 l>ge rolls1 & on cutt+ !m op51 f\nd x 0 all real hair1 v ?ick1 & z long z a lodge-pole4 7,mem43 ,catl9 tells ( a ,cr[ call$ ,long-,hair1 ^: hair1 by actual measurem5t1 0 #aj feet #g in*es long47 ,! fight 0 at ,raw-,hide ,butte1 n[ s-call$ by ! :ites1 :i* !y nam$ ,buffalo-,hide ,butte because !y f\nd s _m buffalo hides 9 ! lodges4 ,accord+ to ,cl\d-,%ield1 ,long-,hair 0 kill$ 9 #aghf-'hg2 &1 accord+ to ,am]ican-,horse1 ,long-,hair 7a ,*ey5ne7 0 kill$ 9 #agif-'ig4 ,:ite-,c[-,kill] says3 8,little-,face-kill w9t]40 ,batti/e ,good says 9 8 c\nt = ! succe$+ ye>1 #agid-'ie1 8,kill$-little-face-,pawnee w9t]40 ,! ,pawnee's face 0 long1 flat1 & n>r[ l a man's h&1 b he _h ! body ( a l>ge man4 #agid-'ie--,no4 ,i4 ,a ,m&an *ief kill$ a not$ ,dakota *ief ) rem>kably long hair1 & took 8 scalp4 ,:ite-,c[-,kill] says3 8,long-,hair-kill$ w9t]40 #agie-'if--,no4 ,i4 ,:ile surr\nd$ by ! enemy 7,m&ans7 a ,blackfeet ,dakota ,indian goes at ! risk ( 8 life = wat] = ! p>ty4 ,! int]pret] /ates t ?is 0 ne> ! pres5t ,*ey5ne ,ag5cy1 ,dakota ,t]ritory4 ,9 ! orig9al "* !re is a bloody w\nd at ! %\ld] %[+ t ! h]oic ,indian 0 w\nd$4 ,he is %[n be>+ a wat] vessel4 ,batti/e ,good gives a figure = ?is ye> recognizably ! same z t 9 ,!-,flame's *>t1 b ) a diff]5t explanation4 ,he calls x 8,! ,rees-/ood-!-froz5-man-up-)-!-buffalo /oma*-9-8-h& w9t]10 & adds3 8,! body ( a ,dakota :o _h be5 kill$ 9 an enc\nt] ) ! ,rees1 & _h be5 left beh9d1 froze4 ,! ,rees dragg$ x into _! village1 propp$ x up ) a /ick1 & hung a buffalo /oma* fill$ ) ice 9 "o h& to make sport ( x4 ,! buffalo /oma* 0 9 common use at t "t z a wat]-jug40 ,:ite-,c[-,kill] calls x 8,wat]-/oma*-kill$ w9t]40 #agif-'ig--,no4 ,i4 ,a ,m&an *ief1 8,!-,man-) !-,hat10 becomes not$ z a w>rior4 ,! "* is precisely ! same z t (t5 giv5 = :ite man4 ,"s error 9 ! int]pretation is sugge/$ 9 ! abs5ce ( k :e!r !re actually 0 a ,m&an *ief s nam$1 9 :i* case ! pictograph w\ld be consi/5t4 ,batti/e ,good says3 8,we>s-!-w>-bonnet-di$ w9t]10 add+3 ,he did n die ?is w9t]1 b receiv$ a w\nd 9 ! abdom5 f :i* ! arr[ head c\ld n be extract$1 b he di$ ( ! belly-a*e ye>s aft]4 ,:ite-,c[-,kill] says3 8,w>-,bonnet-kill$ w9t]40 ,! translat$ expression1 8kill$10 has be5 notic$ to ref] (t5 to a fatal w\nd1 ?\gh ! dea? did n take place imm$iately4 #agig-'ih4--,no4 ,i4 ,a ,ree woman is kill$ by a ,dakota :ile ga!r+ 8pomme-blan*e10 a root us$ = food4 ,pomme-blan*e1 or ,navet de prairie1 is a :ite root some:at simil> 9 appe>ance to a :ite turnip1 botanically ,psoralea escul5ta 7,nuttal71 sometimes ,p4 argophylla4 ,x is a favorite food ( ! ,indians1 eat5 boil$ d[n to a sort ( mu% or hom9y4 ,a =k$ /ick is us$ 9 ga!r+ ^! roots4 ,x w be notic$ t ?is simple /atem5t ab\t ! dea? ( ! ,arik>a woman is *ang$ by o!r record]s or int]pret]s into "o ( a my?ical "*4 ,batti/e ,good says3 8,took-!-god-woman-captive w9t]10 add+3 a ,dakota w> p>ty captur$ a woman ( a tribe unkn[n1 :o1 9 ord] to ga9 _! respect1 cri$ out1 8,i am a #8,waukan-,tanka' woman10 mean+ t %e fe>$ or belong$ to ,god1 ! ,great ,_s1 :]eupon !y let h] g unh>m$4 ,a note is add$3 ,?is is ! orig9 ( _! "n = ,god ,wakan-,taka1 ! ,great ,holy1 or ,sup]natural ,"o1 !y hav+ nev] he>d ( a ,supreme ,be+1 b _h (f]$ _! pray]s to ! sun1 e>?1 & _m o!r objects1 believ+ !y 7 end[$ ) spirits4 ,:ite-,c[-,kill] says3 8,caught-a-m$ic9e-god-woman w9t]40 #agih-'ii4--,no4 ,i4 ,blackfeet ,dakotas kill ?ree ,rees4 #agii-ahjj4--,no4 ,i4 ,uncpapas kill two ,rees4 ,! figure ov] ! heads ( ! two ,rees is a b[1 %[+ ! mode ( dea?4 ,! hair ( ! ,arick>as 9 ?is & ! prec$+ "* is repres5t$ 9 ! same mann]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,bureau ,,( ,,e?nology ,,f\r? ,,annual ,,report ,,pl4 ,,ix #ahjj-'ja4 #ahja-'jb4 #ahjb-'jc4 ,,! ,,dakota ,,w9t] ,,c\nts4 #ahjj-'ja4--,no4 ,i4 ,?irty-"o ,dakotas kill$ by ,cr[s4 ,no4 ,,ii4 ,?irty ,dakotas 7 kill$ by ,cr[ ,indians4 ,! device consi/s ( ?irty p>allel black l9es 9 ?ree columns1 ! out] l9es be+ unit$4 ,9 ?is *>t1 su* black l9es always signify ! dea? ( ,dakotas kill$ by _! enemies4 ,! ,abs>oka or ,cr[ tribe1 al?\gh class$ by e?nograph]s z belong+ to ! ,si\an family1 has ne>ly always be5 at w> ) ! ,dakotas prop] s9ce ! :ites h _h any k ( ei!r4 ,! (ficial tables ( #ahge give ! numb] ( ,cr[s !n liv+ z #d1bjj4 ,!y are tall1 well-made1 bold1 & not$ = ! extraord9>y l5g? ( _! hair4 ,no4 ,,iii4 ,?irty ,dakotas kill$ by ! ,gros ,v5tres ,indians betwe5 ,=ts ,b]?old & ,union1 ,dakota4 ,mato ,sapa's record has n9e inside /rokes 9 ?ree r[s1 ! int]pretation be+ t ?irty ,dakotas 7 kill$ by ,gros ,v5tres betwe5 ,=ts ,b]?old & ,union1 ,dakota4 ,major ,bu% says ! same1 add+ t x 0 ne> ! pres5t site ( ,=t ,bu=d4 #ahja-'jb4--,no4 ,i4 ,_m di$ ( small-pox4 ,no4 ,,ii4 ,! small-pox broke out 9 ! nation4 ,! device is ! head & body ( a man cov]$ ) r$ blot*es4 ,no4 ,,iii4 ,all ! ,dakotas _h ! small-pox v bad2 fatal4 ,batti/e ,good's record says3 8,small-pox-us$-!m-up-aga9 w9t]40 ,:ite-,c[-,kill] says3 8,all-sick w9t]40 ,major ,bu% adds 8v badly0 to 8small-pox broke out40 #ahjb-'jc4--,no4 ,i4 ,fir/ %od horses se5 by ,indians4 ,no4 ,,ii4 ,a ,dakota /ole horses ) %oes on1 i4 e41 /ole !m ei!r directly f ! :ites or f "s o!r ,indians :o _h be=e obta9$ !m f :ites1 z ! ,indians nev] %oe _! horses4 ,! device is a horse%oe4 ,no4 ,,iii4 ,blackfeet ,dakotas /ole "s ,am]ican horses hav+ %oes on4 ,horse%oes se5 = ! fir/ "t4 ,mato ,sapa says3 ,blackfeet ,dakota /ole ,am]ican horses ) %oes on1 !n fir/ se5 by !m4 ,major ,bu% agrees ) ,mato ,sapa4 ,:ite-,c[-,kill] calls x 8,br\ght-9-horse%oes w9t]40 ,batti/e ,good says3 8,br\ght-home-,pawnee-horses-)-iron %oes-on w9t]40 ,illu/ration3 ,,bureau ,,( ,,e?nology ,,f\r? ,,annual ,,report ,,pl4 ,x #ahjc-'jd4 #ahjd-'je4 #ahje-'jf4 ,,! ,,dakota ,,w9t] ,,c\nts4 #ahjc-'jd4--,no4 ,i4 ,a ,blackfeet /eals _m curly horses f ! ,ass9abo9es4 ,no4 ,,ii4 ,!y /ole "s 8curly horses0 f ! ,cr[s4 ,"s ( ^! horses are /ill se5 on ! pla9s1 ! hair gr[+ 9 closely-curl+ tufts1 resembl+ 9 texture ! negro's woolly pile4 ,! device is a horse ) black m>ks = ! tufts4 ,! ,cr[s are kn[n to h be5 e>ly 9 ! possession ( horses4 ,no4 ,,iii4 ,uncpapa ,dakotas /ole five woolly horses f ! ,ree ,indians4 ,:ite-,c[-,kill] calls x 8,pl5ty-woolly-horses w9t]40 ,mato ,sapa says3 ,uncpapa /ole f ! ,rees five horses hav+ curly hair4 ,major ,bu% same z la/1 us+ 8woolly0 in/ead ( 8curly40 ,batti/e ,good says3 8,br\ght-home-,pawnee-horses-)-_!-hair-r \gh-&-curly w9t]40 #ahjd-'je4--,no4 ,i4 ,calumet dance4 ,tall-,m&an born4 ,no4 ,,ii4 ,! ,dakotas _h a calumet dance & !n w5t to w>4 ,! device is a long pipe-/em1 ornam5t$ ) fea!rs & /ream]s4 ,! fea!rs are :ite1 ) black tips1 evid5tly ! tail fea!rs ( ! adult gold5 eagle 7,aquila *rysatos71 highly priz$ by all ,indians4 ,! /ream]s anci5tly 7 color$ /rips ( sk9 or flexible b>k2 n[ gayly color$ /rips ( clo? are us$4 ,! ^w calumet is a corruption ( ! ,fr5* *alumeau1 & ! pipe among all ! ,mississippi tribes 0 a symbol ( peace4 ,capta9 ,c>v]1 9 8 ,?ree ,ye>s' ,travels ,?r\gh ! ,int]ior ,p>ts ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 ,philadelphia1 #agif1 :i* travels began 9 #agff1 aft] puzzl+ ov] ! etymology ( ! ^w calumet 7t hone/ 8capta9 ( ,prov9cial troops0 obvi\sly n und]/&+ ,fr5*71 reports x z 8ab\t #d feet long1 b[l ( r$ m>ble1 /em ( a light wood curi\sly pa9t$ ) hi]oglyphics 9 v>i\s colors & adorn$ ) fea!rs4 ,e nation has a diff]5t me?od ( decorat+ ^! pipes & c tell at once to :at b& x belongs4 ,x is us$ z an introduction to all treaties1 also z a flag ( truce is among ,europeans40 ,! ev5t commemorat$ 9 ! figure 0 probably a c\ncil ( "s ( ! v>i\s tribes ( ! nation = settlem5t ( all int]nal difficulties1 s z to act unit$ly aga9/ ! common enemy4 ,j4 ,c4 ,beltrami1 :o visit$ ! ,dakotas n long aft] ?is date1 describes !m 9 8 ,pilgrimage1 ,london1 #ahbh1 z divid$ into indep5d5t tribes1 manag+ _! sep>ate affairs ea* by its own c\ncil1 & sometimes com+ into conflict ) ea* o!r1 b unit+ 9 a g5]al c\ncil on occasions affect+ ! :ole nation4 ,no4 ,,iii4 ,danc$ calumet dance be=e go+ to w>4 ,batti/e ,good says3 8,sung-ov]-ea*-o!r-:ile-on-!-w>-pa? w9t]40 ,he adds3 8,! w> p>ty :ile out made a l>ge pipe & sang ea* o!r's praises40 ,a memor&um is also add$ t ! pipe "h seems to indicate peace made ) "s o!r tribe assi/+ 9 ! w>4 ,b see pages #aah & #aci4 #ahje-'jf4--,no4 ,i4 ,eight ,dakotas kill$ by ,cr[s4 ,no4 ,,ii4 ,! ,cr[s kill$ eight ,dakotas4 ,aga9 ! %ort p>allel black l9es1 ?is "t eight 9 numb]1 unit$ by a long /roke4 ,! int]pret]1 ,field]1 says t ?is "* ) black /rokes is only us$ = grave m>ks4 ,no4 ,,iii4 ,eight ,m9neconj\ ,dakotas kill$ by ,cr[ ,indians at ! m\? ( ,p[d] ,riv]4 ,batti/e ,good says3 8,!y-came-&-kill$-eight w9t]40 ,! enemy kill$ eight ,dakotas4 ,:ite-,c[-,kill] calls x 8,eight-,dakotas-kill$ w9t]40 ,mato ,sapa says3 ,eight ,m9neconj\s kill$ by ,cr[s at m\? ( ,p[d] ,riv]4 ,major ,bu% same z la/4 ,illu/ration3 ,,bureau ,,( ,,e?nology ,,f\r? ,,annual ,,report ,,pl4 ,,xi #ahjf-'jg4 #ahjg-'jh4 #ahjh-'ji4 ,,! ,,dakota ,,w9t] ,,c\nts4 #ahjf-'jg4--,no4 ,i4 ,_m eagles caught4 ,?is is done by digg+ a hole & bait+ ! eagles to ! hole 9 :i* ! ,indian is conceal$1 :o !n cat*es ! eagle4 ,no4 ,,ii4 ,a ,dakota kill$ an ,arik>a z he 0 ab\t to %oot an eagle4 ,! sign gives ! head & %\ld]s ( a man ) a r$ spot ( blood on 8 neck1 an arm be+ ext5d$1 ) a l9e drawn to a gold5 eagle4 ,! ,arick>as1 a bran* ( ! ,pawnee 7,pani7 family1 7 at ! date giv5 a p[]ful body1 divid$ into t5 l>ge b&s4 ,!y migrat$ 9 rec5t times f s\!a/ to nor?we/ along ! ,miss\ri ,riv]4 ,no4 ,,iii4 ,a ,ree ,indian hunt+ eagles f a hole 9 ! gr\nd kill$ by ! ,two ,kettle ,dakotas4 ,batti/e ,good says3 8,kill$-!m-:ile-hunt+-eagles w9t]40 ,"s ,dakota eagle-hunt]s 7 kill$ by enemies4 ,:ite-,c[-,kill] calls x 8,kill$-:ile-hunt+-eagles w9t]40 ,mato ,sapa says3 ,a ,ree hunt+ eagles f a hole 9 ! gr\nd 0 kill$ by ,two ,kettles4 ,major ,bu% says ! same )\t ! words 8hole 9 ! gr\nd40 ,!re is no d\bt t ! draw+ repres5ts an ,indian 9 ! act ( cat*+ an eagle by ! legs1 z ! ,arick>as 7 accu/om$ to cat* eagles 9 _! e>?-traps4 ,!y r>ely or nev] %ot w> eagles4 ,! enemies probably %ot ! ,arik>a 9 8 trap j z he put 8 h& up to grasp ! bird4 #ahjg-'jh4--,no4 ,i4 ,r$-,%irt kill$ by ,rees4 ,no4 ,,ii4 ,r$-,coat1 a *ief1 0 kill$4 ,! figure %[s ! r$ coat pi]c$ by two arr[s1 ) blood dropp+ f ! w\nds4 ,no4 ,,iii4 ,uncpapa ,dakota1 nam$ ,r$-,%irt1 kill$ by ,ree ,indians4 ,batti/e ,good says3 8,came-&-kill$-man-)-r$-%irt-on w9t]40 ,:ite-,c[-,kill] calls x 8,r$-%irt-kill$ w9t]40 ,mato ,sapa says3 ,r$-%irt1 an ,uncpapa ,dakota1 0 kill$ by ,rees4 ,major ,bu% same z la/4 #ahjh-'ji4--,no4 ,i4 ,brok5-,leg 7,dakota7 kill$ by ,rees4 ,no4 ,,ii4 ,! ,dakota :o _h kill$ ! ,ree %[n 9 ?is record = #ahjf-'jg 0 himself kill$ by ! ,rees4 ,he is repres5t$ runn+1 & %ot ) two arr[s2 blood dripp+4 ,^! two figures1 tak5 9 connection1 af=d a good illu/ration ( ! me?od pursu$ 9 ! *>t1 :i* 0 n int5d$ to be a cont9u\s hi/ory1 or ev5 to record ! mo/ important ev5t ( ea* ye>1 b to exhibit "s "o ( special peculi>ity4 ,w> !n rag+ betwe5 ! ,dakotas & sev]al tribes1 probably _m on bo? sides 7 kill$ 9 ea* ( ! ye>s2 b !re 0 "s incid5t ab\t ! "o ,ree :o 0 %ot z 9 fanci$ security he 0 br++ d[n an eagle1 & ^: dea? 0 av5g$ by 8 bre?r5 ! second ye> aft]w>d4 ,h5ce ! selection ( ^? occurr5ces4 ,x w\ld1 inde$1 h be5 impossible to h graphically di/+ui%$ ! _m battles1 treaties1 horse-/eal+s1 big hunts1 etc41 s mo/ ( !m 7 omitt$ & o!r ev5ts ( great] individuality & bett] adapt$ = portrayal 7 tak5 = ! cal5d>1 ! crit]ion be+ n t !y 7 ( national mom5t1 b t !y 7 ( g5]al notoriety1 or p]haps ( special int]e/ to ! record]s4 ,no4 ,,iii4 ,a ,blackfeet ,dakota1 nam$ ,brok5-,leg1 kill$ by ,ree ,indians4 ,mato ,sapa says3 ,brok5-,leg1 a ,blackfeet ,dakota1 0 kill$ by ,rees4 ,major ,bu% same z la/4 ,illu/ration3 ,,bureau ,,( ,,e?nology ,,f\r? ,,annual ,,report ,,pl4 ,,xii #ahji-'aj4 #ahaj-'aa4 #ahaa-'ab4 ,,! ,,dakota ,,w9t] ,,c\nts4 #ahji-'aj4--,no4 ,i4 ,little-,beav]1 a :ite trapp]1 is burnt to dea? by accid5t 9 8 h\se on ! ,:ite ,riv]4 ,he 0 lik$ by ,indians4 ,no4 ,,ii4 ,a *ief1 ,little-,beav]1 set fire to a trad+ /ore1 & 0 kill$4 ,! "* is simply 8 "n-totem4 ,! o!r int]pretations say t he 0 a :ite man1 b he probably _h ga9$ a new "n among ! ,indians4 ,no4 ,,iii4 ,:ite ,fr5* trad]1 call$ ,little-,beav]1 0 bl[n up by p[d] on ! ,little ,miss\ri ,riv]4 ,batti/e ,good says3 8,little-,beav]'s-h\se-burn$ w9t]40 ,little-,beav] 0 an ,engli% trad]1 & 8 trad+ h\se 0 a log "o4 ,:ite-,c[-,kill] says3 ,little-,beav]'s h\se 0 burn$4 #ahaj-'aa4--,no4 ,i4 ,black-,rock1 a ,m9neconj\ *ief1 kill$4 ,see page #ace4 ,no4 ,,ii4 ,black-,/one made m$ic9e4 ,! 8m$ic9e m50 h no connection ) !rapeutics1 feel no pulses1 & adm9i/] no drugs1 or1 if sometimes !y direct ! int]nal or ext]nal use ( "s secret prep>ation1 x is z a "p ( sup]/iti\s c]emonies1 & ) ma9 reliance ^u ^? c]emonies !y 8put =? ! *>m1 ( wov5 paces & ( wav+ h&s10 utt] wild cries1 & muddle 9 blood & fil? until !y sometimes "w !mselves into an epileptic condition4 ,_! incantations are n only to drive away disease1 b = _m o!r purposes1 su* z to obta9 success 9 w>1 av]t calamity1 & v frequ5tly to br+ )9 rea* ! buffalo1 on :i* ! ,dakotas dep5d$ = food4 ,! rites are ^? kn[n z ,%amanism1 noticeable 9 ! e?nic p]iods ( savag]y & b>b>ism4 ,9 ! c]emonial ( 8mak+ m$ic9e10 a buffalo head1 & especially t ( an alb9o1 held a prom95t place among ! pla9s tribes4 ,_m ref]5ces to ?is are to be f\nd 9 ! ,pr9ce ( ,wi$'s ,travels 9 ! int]ior ( ,nor? ,am]ica2 ,london1 #ahdc2 also see infra1 pages #aah1 #abb & #aie4 ,! device 9 ! *>t is ! man-figure1 ) ! head ( an alb9o buffalo held ov] 8 own4 ,no4 ,,iii4 ,a ,m9neconj\ ,dakota1 nam$ ,little-,tail1 fir/ made 8m$ic9e0 ) :ite buffalo c[-sk94 ,mato ,sapa says3 ,a ,m9neconj\1 nam$ ,little-,tail1 fir/ made m$ic9e ) :ite buffalo c[-sk94 ,major ,bu% same z la/4 ,am]ican-,horse gives = ! prec$+ ye>1 #ahji-'aj3 ,black-,rock 0 kill$ by ! ,cr[s4 #ahaa-'ab4--,no4 ,i4 ,tw5ty-sev5 ,m&ans surr\nd$ & kill$ by ,dakotas4 ,no4 ,,ii4 ,! ,dakotas f\ght a battle ) ! ,gros ,v5tres1 & kill$ a great _m4 ,device1 a circle inclos+ ?ree r\nd objects ) flat bases1 resembl+ heads sev]$ f trunks1 :i* latt] ! copy %[s too m9ute 9 ?is device = sugge/ion ( :at !y probably repres5t2 b !y appe> m di/9ct 9 ! record = #ahfd-'fe z ! heads ( enemies sla9 9 battle4 ,9 ! sign-language ( ! pla9s1 ! ,dakotas are always d5ot$ by draw+ a h& across ! ?roat1 signify+ t !y cut ! ?roats ( _! enemies4 ,! ,dakotas c\nt by ! f+]s1 z is common to mo/ peoples1 b ) a peculi>ity ( _! own4 ,:5 !y h gone ov] ! f+]s & ?umbs ( bo? h&s1 "o f+] is tempor>ily turn$ d[n = "o t54 ,at ! end ( ! next t5 ano!r f+] is turn$1 & s on to a hundr$4 ,opaw+e ,opawinxe1 "o hundr$1 is d]iv$ f paw+a pawinxa1 to g ar\nd 9 circles1 to make gyrations1 & conta9s ! idea t ! r\nd ( all ! f+]s has aga9 be5 made = _! respective t5s4 ,s ! circle is nev] us$ = less ?an "o hundr$1 b sometimes signifies an indef9ite numb] great] ?an a hundr$4 ,! circle1 9 ?is in/ance1 !re=e1 0 at fir/ believ$ to express ! kill+ 9 battle ( _m enemies4 ,b ! o!r int]pretations remove all symbolic "*1 leav+ ! circle simply z ! rude draw+ ( a dirt lodge1 be+ an in/ance 9 :i* ! pres5t writ]1 by no means devot$ to symbolism1 _h suppos$ a legitimate symbol to be indicat$1 :i* supposition full in=mation on ! subject did n support4 ,!re are two :olly di/9ct tribes call$ by ! ,canadians ,gros ,v5tres4 ,"o1 kn[n also z ,hidatsa & ,m9net>i1 is class$ 9 ! ,si\an family1 & numb]$1 9 #ahjd1 accord+ to ,lewis & ,cl>ke1 #b1ejj s\ls4 ,! o!r 8,big ,bellies10 prop]ly call$ ,ats9a1 are ! nor!rn division ( ! ,arapahos1 an ,algonk9 tribe1 f :i* !y sep>at$ 9 ! e>ly "p ( ?is c5tury1 &1 w&]+ ea/w>d1 met ! ,dakotas1 by :om !y 7 driv5 (f to ! nor?4 ,x is probable t ?is is ! conflict record$1 ?\gh ! ,dakotas h also (t5 be5 at feud ) _! l+ui/ic c\s9s1 ! ,m9net>i4 ,no4 ,,iii4 ,tw5ty ( ! ,gros ,v5tres kill$ by ,dakotas 9 a dirt lodge4 ,!y 7 *as$ into a des]t$ ,ree dirt lodge & kill$ !re4 ,mato ,sapa says3 ,tw5ty ,gros ,v5tres 7 kill$ by ! ,dakotas 9 a dirt lodge4 ,9 ?is record !re is a circle ) only "o head4 ,major ,bu%'s int]pretation is ! same z ! la/4 ,illu/ration3 ,,bureau ,,( ,,e?nology ,,f\r? ,,annual ,,report ,,pl4 ,,xiii #ahab-'ac4 #ahac-'ad4 #ahad-'ae4 ,,! ,,dakota ,,w9t] ,,c\nts4 #ahab-'ac4--,no4 ,i4 ,_m wild horses caught4 ,no4 ,,ii4 ,! wild horses 7 fir/ run & caught by ! ,dakotas4 ,! device is a lasso4 ,! date is ( value1 z %[+ :5 ! h]ds ( prairie horses1 desc5d$ f ^? animals introduc$ by ! ,spani>ds 9 ,mexico1 or ^? deposit$ by !m on ! %ores ( ,texas & at o!r po9ts1 _h multipli$ s z to ext5d into ! f> nor!rn regions4 ,! ,dakotas und\bt$ly le>n$ ! use ( ! horse & p]haps also t ( ! lasso f s\!rn tribes1 ) :om !y 7 9 contact2 & x is notewor?y t not)/&+ ! t5acity ) :i* !y g5]ally adh]e to anci5t cu/oms1 9 only two g5]ations s9ce !y became famili> ) ! horse !y h be5 s revolutioniz$ 9 _! habits z to be utt]ly helpless1 bo? 9 w> & ! *ase1 :5 depriv$ ( t animal4 ,no4 ,,iii4 ,dakotas fir/ us$ l>iat 7sic7 = cat*+ wild horses4 ,batti/e ,good says = ! prec$+ ye>1 #ahaa-'ab3 8,fir/-hunt$-horses w9t]40 ,he adds3 8,! ,dakotas caught wild horses 9 ! s&-hills ) braid$ l>iats40 ,am]ican-,horse also1 = #ahaa-'ab1 says3 ,!y caught _m wild horses s\? ( ! ,platte ,riv]4 ,:ite-,c[-,kill] calls #ahaa-'ab 8,cat*+-wild-horses w9t]40 ,major ,bu% says3 ,dakotas fir/ made use ( l>iat 9 cat*+ wild horses4 #ahac-'ad--,no4 ,i4 ,_m ,indians di$ ( cold 7consumption74 ,no4 ,,ii4 ,! :oop+-c\gh 0 v preval5t & fatal4 ,! sign is ludicr\sly sugge/ive ( a bla/ ( air c\gh$ out by ! man-figure4 ,no4 ,,iii4 ,dakotas _h :oop+-c\gh1 v fatal4 ,! int]ruption 9 ! c\gh is curi\sly design$4 ,an attempt at ! same ?+ is made 9 ,*>t #a1 & a less m>k$ attempt appe>s 9 ,no4 ,,ii4 #ahad-'ae--,no4 ,i4 ,hun*back1 a ,brul1 kill$ by ,utes4 ,no4 ,,ii4 ,a ,dakota kill$ an ,arapaho 9 8 lodge4 ,! device repres5ts a tomahawk or battle-ax1 ! r$ be+ blood f ! cleft skull4 ,! ,arapahos long dwelt ne> ! head-wat]s ( ! ,arkansas & ,platte ,riv]s1 & 9 #ahbb numb]$ by report #aj1jjj4 ,no4 ,,iii4 ,a ,wetapahata 7a /rang] ,indian1 ^: nationality 0 n id5tifi$ by ! int]pret]7 ,indian kill$ by a ,brul ,dakota1 :ile on a visit to ! ,dakota4 ,mato ,sapa says3 a ,wetopahata ,indian 0 kill$ by a ,brul ,si\x :ile on a visit to ! ,dakotas4 ,major ,bu% says ! same1 b spells ! ^w ,watahpahata4 ,riggs gives ,w-ta-pa-ha1 ! ,ki[as1 & ,ma-qp-ya-to1 ! ,arapahos1 9 ! ,dakota ,diction>y4 ,illu/ration3 ,,bureau ,,( ,,e?nology ,,f\r? ,,annual ,,report ,,pl4 ,,xiv #ahae-'af4 #ahaf-'ag4 #ahag-'ah4 ,,! ,,dakota ,,w9t] ,,c\nts4 #ahae-'af4--,no4 ,i4 ,l>ge dirt lodge made by ,sans ,arcs4 ,! figure at ! top ( ! lodge is a b[4 ,no4 ,,ii4 ,! ,sans ,arcs made ! fir/ attempt at a dirt lodge4 ,?is 0 at ,peoria ,bottom1 ,dakota ,t]ritory4 ,cr[-,fea!r 0 _! *ief1 :i* fact1 9 ! abs5ce ( ! o!r *>ts1 seem$ to expla9 ! fairly-drawn fea!r ( t bird protrud+ f ! lodge top1 b ! figure mu/ n[ be admitt$ to be a badly drawn b[1 9 allusion to ! tribe ,sans ,arc1 )\t1 h[ev]1 any sign ( negation4 ,z ! int]pret] expla9$ ! figure to be a cr[ fea!r1 & z ,cr[-,fea!r actually 0 ! *ief1 ,lone-,dog's *>t ) its int]pretation may be indep5d5tly correct4 ,no4 ,,iii4 ,sans ,arc ,dakotas built dirt lodges at ,peoria ,bottom4 ,a dirt lodge is consid]$ a p]man5t habitation4 ,! m>k on top ( ! lodge is evid5tly a /rung b[1 n a fea!r4 ,batti/e ,good says3 8,!-,sans-,arcs-made-l>ge-h\se w9t]40 ,:ite-,c[-,kill] calls x3 8,made-a-h\se w9t]40 ,major ,bu%'s copy also %[s a cle>ly drawn figure ( a b[1 /rung4 #ahaf-'ag4--,no4 ,i4 ,buffalo v pl5ty4 ,no4 ,,ii4 8,buffalo belly 0 pl5ty40 ,! device rudely portrays a side or p]haps hide ( buffalo4 ,no4 ,,iii4 ,dakotas _h unusual quantities ( buffalo4 #ahag-'ah4--,no4 ,i4 ,trad+ /ore built at ,=t ,pi]re4 ,no4 ,,ii4 ,la ,framboise1 a ,canadian1 built a trad+ /ore ) dry timb]4 ,! dryness is %[n by ! dead tree4 ,la ,framboise 0 an old trad] among ! ,dakotas4 ,he once e/abli%$ himself 9 ! ,m9nesota ,valley4 ,8 "n is m5tion$ by v>i\s travel]s4 ,no4 ,,iii4 ,trad+ po/ built on ! ,miss\ri ,riv] #aj miles above ,=t ,?ompson4 ,batti/e ,good says3 8,*oz-built-a-h\se-(-dead-logs w9t]40 ,mato ,sapa says3 ,a trad+ h\se 0 built on ! ,miss\ri ,riv] #aj miles above ,=t ,?ompson4 ,major ,bu% says ! same z la/1 b t x 0 built by ,l\is ,la ,conte4 ,illu/ration3 ,,bureau ,,( ,,e?nology ,,f\r? ,,annual ,,report ,,pl4 ,,xv #ahah-'ai4 #ahai-'bj4 #ahbj-'ba4 ,,! ,,dakota ,,w9t] ,,c\nts #ahah-'ai4--,no4 ,i4 ,_m ,indians di$ ( *ol]a sic4 ,no4 ,,ii4 ,! measles broke out & _m di$4 ,! device 9 ! copy is ! same z t = #ahja-'jb1 relat+ to ! small-pox1 except a v slight diff]5ce 9 ! r$ blot*es2 & ?\gh ,lone-,dog's arti/ic skill might n h be5 suffici5t to di/9ctly v>y ! appe>ance ( ! two pati5ts1 bo? diseases be+ eruptive1 /ill x is "o ( ! few s]i\s defects 9 ! *>t t ! sign = ! two ye>s is s ne>ly id5tical t1 sep>at$ f ! cont9u\s record1 !re w\ld be confusion betwe5 !m4 ,treat+ ! docum5t z a m]e aide-de-mmoire1 no inconv5i5ce w\ld arise1 x probably be+ well kn[n t ! small-pox epidemic prec$$ t ( ! measles2 b su* c>e is g5]ally tak5 to make "s1 h[ev] m9ute1 di/9ction betwe5 ! *>act]s1 t possibly ! figures on ,lone-,dog's robe %[ a m m>k$ diff]5ce betwe5 ! spots indicat+ ! two eruptions ?an is reproduc$ 9 ! copy4 ,x is also to be notic$ t ! ,indian diagnosis makes little di/9ction betwe5 small-pox & measles1 s t no important pictographic v>iation c\ld be expect$4 ,! head ( ?is figure is cle>ly di/+ui%$ f t 9 #ahja-'jb4 ,no4 ,,iii4 ,all ! ,dakotas _h measles1 v fatal4 ,batti/e ,good says3 8,small-pox-us$-!m-up-aga9 w9t]40 ,!y at ?is "t liv$ on ! ,little ,:ite ,riv]1 ab\t #bj miles above ! ,rosebud ,ag5cy4 ,! "* 9 ,batti/e ,good's *>t is pres5t$ "h 9 ,figure #da1 z a v>iant f ^? 9 ! plates4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #da4--,measles or small-pox4 ,cl\d-,%ield says3 ,_m di$ ( ! small-pox4 ,:ite-,c[-,kill] calls x 8,little-small-pox w9t]40 ,9 ,mato ,sapa's draw+ ! head ( ! figure is di/+ui%$ f t ( #ahja-'jb4 #ahai-'bj4--,no4 ,i4 ,ano!r trad+ /ore built4 ,no4 ,,ii4 ,ano!r trad+ /ore 0 built2 ?is "t by ,l\is ,la ,conte1 at ,=t ,pi]re1 ,dakota4 ,8 timb]1 z "o ( ! ,indians consult$ specially m5tion$1 0 rott54 ,no4 ,,iii4 ,trad+ po/ built on ! ,miss\ri ,riv] above ,f>m ,isl& 7ne> ,=t ,pi]re74 ,batti/e ,good says3 8,*oz-built-a-h\se-(-rott5-wood w9t]40 ,:ite-,c[-,kill] calls x3 8,made-a-h\se-(-old-wood w9t]40 #ahbj-'ba4--,no4 ,i4 ,l>ge dirt lodge made by ,two-,arr[4 ,! projection at ! top ext5ds d[nw>d f ! left1 giv+ ! impression ( r$ & black clo? /ream]s4 ,no4 ,,ii4 ,! trad]1 ,la ,conte1 gave ,two-,arr[ a w>-dress = 8 brav]y4 ,s translat$ an int]pret]1 & ! sign %[s ! two arr[s z ! w>rior's totem2 likewise ! gable ( a h\se1 :i* br+s 9 ! trad]2 also a long /rip ( black tipp$ ) r$ /ream+ f ! ro(1 :i* possibly may be ! piece ( p>ti-color$ mat]ial out ( :i* ! dress 0 fa%ion$4 ,?is /rip is n int5d$ = sp>ks & smoke1 z at fir/ sight sugge/$1 z ! r$ w\ld 9 t case be ne>e/ ! ro(1 in/ead ( f>!/ f x4 ,no4 ,,iii4 ,a ,m9neconj\ ,dakota1 nam$ ,two-,arr[s1 built himself a dirt m$ic9e-lodge4 ,?is ! int]pret] calls1 r inaccurately1 a headqu>t]s = disp5s+ m$ic9es1 *>ms1 & no/rums to ! diff]5t b&s ( ,dakotas4 ,! black & r$ l9es above ! ro( are n unit$ & d n t\* ! ro(4 ,:ite-,c[-,kill] calls x3 8,two-,arr[s-made-a-w>-bonnet w9t]40 ,batti/e ,good says3 ,!y made b&s ( /rips ( blankets 9 ! w9t]4 ,major ,bu% says3 ,a ,m9neconj\1 nam$ ,two-,arr[1 made m$ic9e 9 a dirt-lodge4 ,x w be obs]v$ t ! int]pret]s v>y 9 ! details4 ,illu/ration3 ,,bureau ,,( ,,e?nology ,,f\r? ,,annual ,,report ,,pl4 ,,xvi #ahba-'bb4 #ahbb-'bc4 #ahbc-'bd4 ,,! ,,dakota ,,w9t] ,,c\nts4 #ahba-'bb4--,no4 ,i4 ,l>ge ball ( fire ) hiss+ noise 7arolite74 ,no4 ,,ii4 ,! "* repres5ts ! fall+ to e>? ( a v brilliant meteor1 & ?\gh no su* appe>ance is on record1 !re 7 9 #ahba few educat$ obs]v]s ne> ! ,upp] ,mississippi & ,miss\ri :o w\ld take ! tr\ble to notify sci5tific societies ( ! ph5om5on4 ,no4 ,,iii4 ,dakota ,indians saw an imm5se meteor pass+ f s\!a/ to nor?we/ :i* explod$ ) great noise 79 ,dakota ,t]ritory74 ,r$-,cl\d said he 0 born 9 t ye>4 ,batti/e ,good says3 8,/>-pass$-by-)-l\d-noise w9t]40 ,8 device is %[n 9 ,figure #db1 %[+ ! meteor1 its pa?way1 & ! cl\ds f :i* x came4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #db--,meteor4 ,:ite-,c[-,kill] calls x 8,"o-/>-made-a-great-noise w9t]40 ,see also ,cl\d-,%ield's c\nt1 page #acf4 #ahbb-'bc4--,no4 ,i4 ,trad+ /ore built at ,little ,miss\ri1 ne> ,=t ,pi]re4 ,no4 ,,ii4--,ano!r trad+ h\se 0 built1 :i* 0 by a :ite man call$ ,big-,legg+s1 & 0 at ! m\? ( ! ,little ,miss\ri or ,bad ,riv]4 ,! draw+ is di/+ui%able f t = #ahai-'bj4 ,no4 ,,iii4 ,trad+ po/ built at ! m\? ( ,little ,miss\ri ,riv]4 #ahbc-'bd--,no4 ,i4 ,:ites & ,dakotas fight ,rees4 ,no4 ,,ii4 ,:ite soldi]s made _! fir/ appe>ance 9 ! region4 ,s said ! int]pret]1 ,clm5t1 b f ! unanim\s int]pretation ( o!rs ! ev5t portray$ is ! attack ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates =ces1 accompani$ by ,dakotas1 ^u ! ,arik>a villages1 ! hi/oric acc\nt ( :i* is z foll[s1 ab/ract$ f ! annual report ( ,j4 ,c4 ,calh\n1 ,secret>y ( ,w>1 ,novemb] #bi1 #ahbc3 ,g5]al ,william ,h4 ,a%ley1 lieut5ant-gov]nor ( ! ,/ate ( ,miss\ri1 a lic5s$ trad]1 0 trea*]\sly attack$ by ! ,arick>a ,indians at _! village on ! we/ bank ( ! ,miss\ri ,riv]1 ab\t midway betwe5 ! pres5t ,=t ,sully & ,=t ,rice1 on ,june #b1 #ahbc4 ,tw5ty-?ree ( ! trad+ p>ty 7 kill$ & w\nd$1 & ! rema9d] retreat$ 9 boats a consid]able di/ance d[n ! riv]1 :5ce !y s5t appeal+ = succor to ! comm&+ (fic] at ,=t ,atk9son1 ! pres5t site ( ,c\ncil ,bluffs4 ,?is (fic] 0 ,col4 ,h4 ,leav5wor?1 ,six? ,unit$ ,/ates ,infantry1 :o m>*$ ,june #bb1 ) #bbj m5 ( t regim5t1 #hj m5 ( trad+ companies1 & two #f-p\nd cannon1 a #e-a_/b-;in* brass h[itz]1 & "s small swivels1 ne>ly #gjj miles ?r\gh a c\ntry fill$ ) ho/ile or unreliable ,indians to ! ,ree villages1 :i*1 aft] mu* h>d%ip & "s losses1 he rea*$ on ! #i? ( ,augu/4 ,! ,dakotas 7 at w> ) ! ,arick>a or ,rees1 & #gjj to #hjj ( _! w>riors _h jo9$ ! ,unit$ ,/ates =ces on ! way2 ( ^! ,dakotas #ejj are m5tion$ z ,yanktons1 b ! tribes ( ! rema9d] are n designat$ 9 ! (ficial reports4 ,! ,rees 7 9 two villages1 ! l[] "o conta9+ sev5ty-"o dirt lodges & ! upp] sev5ty1 bo? be+ inclos$ ) palisades & a dit*1 & ! great] "p ( ! lodges hav+ a dit* ar\nd ! bottom on ! inside4 ,! enemy1 hav+ k ( ! exp$ition1 _h =tifi$ & made e prep>ation = resi/ance4 ,_! =ce consi/$ ( ov] #gjj w>riors1 mo/ ( :om 7 arm$ ) rifles procur$ f ,briti% trad]s4 ,on ! #i? ( ,augu/ ! ,dakotas comm5c$ ! attack1 & 7 driv5 back until ! regul> troops advanc$1 b no?+ decisive result$ until ! artill]y 0 employ$ on ! #aj?1 :5 a l>ge numb] ( ! ,rees1 includ+ _! *ief1 ,grey-,eyes1 7 kill$1 & e>ly 9 ! aft]noon !y begg$ = peace4 ,!y 7 mu* t]rifi$ & humbl$ by ! effect ( ! cannon1 :i*1 ?\gh small1 answ]$ ! purpose4 ,dur+ ! ma9 engagem5t ! ,dakotas occupi$ !mselves 9 ga!r+ & c>ry+ (f all ! corn to be f\nd1 & be=e ! treaty 0 conclud$1 :i*1 at ! supplication ( ! ,rees1 ,colonel ,leav5wor? agre$ to1 ! ,dakotas all left 9 great disgu/ at n be+ all[$ to kill & scalp ! surr5d]$ w>riors ) _! squaws & pappooses1 take possession ( ! villages1 horses1 etc41 & 9 fact to ext]m9ate _! h]$it>y foes4 ,h[ev]1 ! ,rees1 hav+ become panic-/rick5 aft] ! treaty & two days ( peaceful int]c\rse ) ! soldi]s1 des]t$ _! homes1 & ! troops1 emb>k+ on ! #ae? to desc5d ! riv]1 %ortly saw ! villages 9 flames1 :i* 0 ! "w ei!r ( ! ,dakotas or ( inimical trad]s4 ,! device is believ$ to repres5t an ,arick>a palisad$ village & attack+ soldi]s4 ,n only ! rem>kable "* & triumphant result ( ?is exp$ition1 b ! connection t ! ,dakotas !mselves _h ) x1 made x a natural subject = ! ye>'s totem4 ,all ! w9t] c\nts ref] to ?is exp$ition4 ,no4 ,,iii4 ,unit$ ,/ates troops f\ght ,ree ,indians4 ,batti/e ,good says3 8,g5]al----- -fir/-appe>$-&-!-,dakotas-aid$-him-9-an- attack-on-!-,rees w9t]10 also 8,mu*-corn w9t]40 ,= 8 "* see ,figure #fi1 page #aff4 ,! gun & ! arr[ 9 contact ) ! e> ( corn %[ t bo? :ites & ,indians f\ght ! ,rees4 ,:ite-,c[-,kill] calls x 8,old-corn-pl5ty w9t]40 ,mato ,sapa's *>t gives ! human figure ) a milit>y cap1 be>d1 & goatee4 ,illu/ration3 ,,bureau ,,( ,,e?nology ,,f\r? ,,annual ,,report ,,pl4 ,,xvii #ahbd-'be4 #ahbe-'bf4 #ahbf-'bg4 ,,! ,,dakota ,,w9t] ,,c\nts4 #ahbd-'be4--,no4 ,i4 ,all ! horses ( ,little-,swan's fa!r are kill$ by ,indians ?r\gh spite4 ,no4 ,,ii4 ,swan1 *ief ( ! ,two ,kettle tribe1 _h all ( 8 horses kill$4 ,device1 a horse pi]c$ by a lance1 blood fl[+ f ! w\nd4 ,no4 ,,iii4 ,swan1 a ,m9neconj\ ,indian1 _h tw5ty horses kill$ by a jeal\s ,indian4 ,mato ,sapa says3 ,swan1 a ,m9neconj\ *ief1 lo/ tw5ty horses kill$ by a jeal\s ,indian4 ,major ,bu% says ! same4 #ahbe-'bf4--,no4 ,i4 ,riv] ov]fl[s ! ,indian camp2 sev]al dr[n$4 ,!-,flame1 ! record] ( ?is c\nt1 born4 ,9 ! orig9al draw+ ! five objects above ! l9e are obvi\sly human heads4 ,no4 ,,ii4 ,!re 0 a rem>kable flood 9 ! ,miss\ri ,riv]1 & a numb] ( ,indians 7 dr[n$4 ,) "s ex]cise ( fancy1 ! symbol may sugge/ heads appe>+ above a l9e ( wat]1 or x may simply be ! sev]$ heads1 sev]al times us$1 to d5ote ,indians o!r ?an ,dakotas1 ) ! unit+ black l9e ( dea?4 ,no4 ,,iii4 ,?irty lodges ( ,dakota ,indians dr[n$ by a sudd5 rise ( ! ,miss\ri ,riv] ab\t ,swan ,lake ,creek1 :i* is 9 ,horsehead ,bottom1 #ae miles bel[ ,=t ,rice4 ,! five heads are m cle>ly drawn ?an 9 ,no4 ,,ii4 ,batti/e ,good says3 8,_m-,yanktonais-dr[n$ w9t]20 add+3 ,! riv] bottom on a b5d ( ! ,miss\ri ,riv] :]e !y 7 encamp$ 0 sudd5ly subm]g$1 :5 ! ice broke & _m wom5 & *ildr51 7 dr[n$4 ,?is device is pres5t$ 9 ,figure #dc4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dc4--,riv] fre%et4 ,all ! w9t] c\nts ref] to ?is flood4 #ahbf-'bg4--,no4 ,i4 ,all ( ! ,indians :o ate ( a buffalo kill$ on a hunt di$ ( x1 a peculi> sub/ance issu+ f ! m\?4 ,no4 ,,ii4 8,an ,indian di$ ( ! dropsy40 ,s ,basil ,clm5t 0 und]/ood1 b x is n cle> :y ?is circum/ance %\ld h be5 not$1 unless ! appe>ance ( ! disease 0 s unusual 9 #ahbf z to excite rem>k4 ,b>on de ,la ,hontan1 a good au?ority conc]n+ ! ,nor?we/]n ,indians be=e !y _h be5 greatly affect$ by int]c\rse ) :ites1 al?\gh %[+ a t5d5cy to imitate ano!r b>on--,mun*aus5--z to 8 p]sonal adv5tures1 9 8 ,n\veaux ,voyages dans l',amrique ,sept5trionale specially m5tions dropsy z "o ( ! diseases unkn[n to !m4 ,c>v] also /ates t ?is malady 0 extremely r>e4 ,:e!r or n ! dropsy 0 v uncommon1 ! swell+ 9 ?is special case might h be5 s enorm\s z to r5d] ! pati5t an object ( g5]al curiosity & gossip1 ^: affliction !reby came )9 ! plan ( ! c\nt4 ,! device m]ely %[s a man-figure1 n mu* fatt] ?an sev]al o!rs1 b di/+ui%$ by a l9e ext5d+ sidewise f ! top ( ! head & incl9+ d[nw>d4 ,! o!r records ca/ d\bt ^u ! int]pretation ( dropsy4 ,no4 ,,iii4 ,dakota w> p>ty kill$ a buffalo2 hav+ eat5 ( x !y all di$4 ,batti/e ,good says3 8,ate-a-:i/le-&-di$ w9t]10 & adds3 8,six ,dakotas1 on ! w>-pa?1 _h ne>ly p]i%$ ) hung]1 :5 !y f\nd & ate ! rott+ c>cass ( an old buffalo1 on :i* ! wolves _h be5 fe$+4 ,!y 7 seiz$ soon aft] ) pa9s 9 ! /oma*1 _! abdom5s swell$ & gas p\r$ f ! m\?1 & !y di$ ( a :i/le1 or f eat+ a :i/le40 ,! s\nd ( gas escap+ f1 ! m\? is illu/rat$ 9 8 figure :i* see 9 ,figure #adf1 page #bba4 ,:ite-,c[-,kill] calls x 8,long-:i/le-sick w9t]40 ,illu/ration3 ,,bureau ,,( ,,e?nology ,,f\r? ,,annual ,,report ,,pl4 ,,xviii #ahbg-'bh4 #ahbh-'bi4 #ahbi-'cj4 ,,! ,,dakota ,,w9t] ,,c\nts4 #ahbg-'bh4--,no4 ,i4 ,a ,m9neconj\ is /abb$ by a ,gros ,v5tre1 & 8 arm %rivels up4 ,no4 ,,ii4 ,dead-,arm 0 /abb$ ) a knife or dirk by a ,m&an4 ,! illu/ration is q graphic1 %[+ ! long-h&l$ dirk 9 ! bloody w\nd & ! )]$ arm4 ,?\gh ! ,m&ans are also ( ! great ,si\an family1 ! ,dakotas h pursu$ !m ) special hatr$4 ,9 #ahbc1 _! numb]1 mu* dim9i%$ by w>s1 /ill exce$$ #b1ejj4 ,no4 ,,iii4 ,a ,m9neconj\ ,dakota w\nd$ ) a l>ge knife by a ,gros ,v5tre4 ,! l>ge knife 0 a sword1 & ! ,indian :o 0 w\nd$ 0 nam$1 aft]w>ds1 ,lame-,%\ld]4 ,?is is an in/ance ( a *ange ( "n aft] a rem>kable ev5t 9 life4 #ahbh-'bi4--,no4 ,i4 ,*>dran1 a :ite man1 builds a h\se at =ks ( ,*ey5ne ,riv]4 ,?is "n %\ld probably be spell$ ,*adron1 ) :om ,catl9 hunt$ 9 #ahcb1 9 ! region m5tion$4 ,no4 ,,ii4 ,a :ite man nam$ ,%>dran1 :o lately 7z report$ 9 #ahgg7 0 /ill liv+ 9 ! same neighborhood1 built a dirt lodge4 ,! hatt$ head appe>s "u ! ro(4 ,,iii4 ,trad+ po/ op5$ 9 a dirt lodge on ! ,miss\ri a little bel[ ! m\? ( ! ,little ,miss\ri ,riv]4 #ahbi-'cj4--,no4 ,i4 ,a ,dakota f\nd dead 9 a canoe4 ,no4 ,,ii4 ,bad-,spike kill$ ano!r ,indian ) an arr[4 ,no4 ,,iii4 ,a ,yanktonai ,dakota kill$ by ,bad-,arr[ ,indians4 ,! ,bad-,arr[ ,indians is a translation ( ! ,dakota "n = a c]ta9 b& ( ,blackfeet ,indians4 ,mato ,sapa says3 a ,yanktonai 0 kill$ by ! ,bad-,arr[ ,indians4 ,major ,bu% says ! same z ,mato ,sapa4 ,illu/ration3 ,,bureau ,,( ,,e?nology ,,f\r? ,,annual ,,report ,,pl4 ,,xix #ahcj-'ca4 #ahca-'cb4 #ahcb-'cc4 ,,! ,,dakota ,,w9t] ,,c\nts4 #ahcj-'ca4--,no4 ,i4 ,m&ans kill tw5ty ,cr[s at ,be> ,butte4 ,no4 ,,ii4 ,bloody battle ) ! ,cr[s1 ( :om x is said tw5ty-?ree 7 kill$4 ,no?+ 9 ! sign d5otes numb]1 x be+ only a man-figure ) r$ or bloody body & r$ w> bonnet4 ,no4 ,,iii4 ,tw5ty ,cr[ & "o ,*ey5ne ,indians kill$ by ,dakotas at ,be> ,butte4 ,mato ,sapa says3 ,"o ,*ey5ne & tw5ty ,cr[s 7 kill$ by ,dakotas at ,be> ,butte4 ,major ,bu% says ! same z ,mato ,sapa4 #ahca-'cb4--,no4 ,i4 ,two :ite m5 kill$ by a :ite man at ,m$ic9e ,creek1 bel[ ,=t ,sully4 ,no4 ,,ii4 ,le ,beau1 a :ite man1 kill$ ano!r nam$ ,k]mel4 ,ano!r copy reads ,k5nel4 ,le ,beau 0 /ill alive at ,little ,b5d1 #cj miles above ,=t ,sully1 9 #ahgg4 ,no4 ,,iii4 ,trad] nam$ ,le ,beau kill$ "o ( 8 employs on ,big ,*ey5ne ,riv]1 bel[ ,*]ry ,creek4 #ahcb-'cc4--,no4 ,i4 ,lone-,horn's fa!r broke 8 leg4 ,no4 ,,ii4 ,lone-,horn _h 8 leg 8kill$10 z ! int]pretation gave x4 ,! s+le horn is on ! figure1 & a leg is drawn up z if fractur$ or di/ort$1 ?\gh n unlike ! leg 9 ! "* = #ahjh-'ji1 :]e runn+ is depict$4 ,no4 ,,iii4 ,a ,m9neconj\ ,dakota1 ,lone-,horn's fa!r1 _h 8 leg brok5 :ile runn+ buffalo4 ,mato ,sapa & ,major ,bu% also say ,lone-,horn's fa!r4 ,batti/e ,good says3 8,/iff-leg-,)-w>-bonnet-on-di$ w9t]40 ,he 0 kill$ 9 an engagem5t ) ! ,pawnees on ! ,platte ,riv]4 ,:ite-,c[-,kill] calls x 8,"o-,horn's-leg-brok5 w9t]40 ,9 ,catl9's 8,nor? ,am]ican ,indians10 ,new ,york1 #ahdd1 ,vol4 ,i1 page #baa1 ! au?or1 writ+ f ! m\? ( ,teton ,riv]1 ,upp] ,miss\ri1 site ( ,=t ,pi]re1 describ$ ,ha-won-je-tah1 ,! ,"o-,horn1 head *ief ( all ! b&s ( ! ,dakotas1 :i* 7 ab\t tw5ty4 ,he 0 a bold1 middle-ag$ man ( m$ium /ature1 noble c\nt5ance1 & figure almo/ equall+ an ,apollo4 ,8 portrait 0 pa9t$ by ,catl9 9 #ahcb4 ,he took ! "n ( ,"o-,horn1 or ,"o-,%ell1 f a simple small %ell t 0 hang+ on 8 neck1 :i* desc5d$ to him f 8 fa!r1 & :i* he valu$ m ?an any?+ else :i* he possess$1 & he kept t "n 9 pref]5ce to _m o!rs m honorable :i* he _h a "r to h tak51 f 8 _m exploits4 ,on page #bba1 ! same au?or /ates1 t aft] be+ ! accid5tal cause ( ! dea? ( 8 only son1 ,lone-,horn became at times p>tially insane4 ,"o day he m\nt$ 8 w>-horse1 v[+ to kill ! fir/ liv+ ?+ he %\ld meet1 & rode to ! prairies4 ,! horse came back 9 two h\rs aft]w>ds1 ) two arr[s 9 him cov]$ ) blood4 ,8 tracks 7 foll[$ back1 & ! *ief 0 f\nd mangl$ & gor$ by a buffalo bull1 ! c>cass ( :i* 0 /ret*$ beside him4 ,he _h driv5 away ! horse ) 8 arr[s & kill$ ! bull ) 8 knife4 ,ano!r acc\nt 9 ! catalogue ( ,catl9's c>toons gives ! portrait ( ,! ,"o-,horn z numb] #ced1 ) ! /atem5t t hav+ kill$ 8 only son accid5tally1 he became d]ang$1 w&]$ into ! prairies1 & got himself kill$ by an infuriat$ buffalo bull's horns4 ,?is 0 at ! m\? ( ,little ,miss\ri ,riv]1 9 #ahcd4 ,illu/ration3 ,,bureau ,,( ,,e?nology ,,f\r? ,,annual ,,report ,,pl4 ,,xx #ahcc-'cd4 #ahcd-'ce4 #ahce-'cf4 ,,! ,,dakota ,,w9t] ,,c\nts4 #ahcc-'cd4--,no4 ,i4 ,_m />s fell 7meteors74 ,! "* %[s six black />s above ! concavity ( ! moon4 ,no4 ,,ii4 8,! />s fell10 z ! ,indians all agre$4 ,?is 0 ! great meteoric %[] obs]v$ all ov] ! ,unit$ ,/ates on ! night ( ,novemb] #ab? ( t ye>4 ,9 ?is *>t ! moon is black & ! />s are r$4 ,no4 ,,iii4 ,dakotas witness$ magnific5t meteoric-%[]s2 mu* t]rifi$4 ,batti/e ,good calls x 8,/orm-(-/>s w9t]10 & gives z ! device a tipi1 ) />s fall+ ar\nd x4 ,?is is pres5t$ 9 ,figure #dd4 ,! tipi is color$ yell[ 9 ! orig9al1 & s repres5t$ 9 ! figure accord+ to ! h]aldic s*eme4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dd4--,meteoric %[]4 ,:ite-,c[-,kill] calls x 8,pl5ty-/>s w9t]40 ,all ! w9t] c\nts ref] to ?is meteoric display4 ,see page #ach4 #ahcd-'ce4--,no4 ,i4 ,a ,ree kill$ by a ,dakota4 ,no4 ,,ii4 ,! *ief1 ,m$ic9e-,hide1 0 kill$4 ,! device %[s ! body z bloody1 b n ! w> bonnet1 by :i* x is di/+ui%$ f ! "* = #ahcj-'ca4 ,no4 ,,iii4 ,an ,uncpapa ,dakota ,m$ic9e-man kill$ by ! ,ree ,indians4 ,mato ,sapa says3 ,an ,uncpapa m$ic9e-man 0 kill$ by ,rees4 ,!re is no r$ on ! figure4 #ahce-'cf4--,no4 ,i4 ,lame-,de] kill$ by a ,dakota4 ,! ,dakota _h only "o arr[4 ,he pull$ x out & %ot ,lame-,de] _m times4 ,no4 ,,ii4 ,lame-,de] %ot a ,cr[ ,indian ) an arr[2 drew x out & %ot him aga9 ) ! same arr[4 ,! h& is draw+ ! arr[ f ! fir/ w\nd4 ,?is is ano!r in/ance ( ! pr9ciple on :i* ev5ts 7 select$4 ,_m fights occurr$ ( great] mom5t1 b ) no incid5t precisely l ?is4 ,no4 ,,iii4 ,m9neconj\ *ief nam$ ,lame-,de] %ot an ,ass9ibo9e ?ree times ) ! same arr[4 ,he kept s close to 8 enemy t he nev] let ! arr[ slip away f ! b[1 b pull$ x out & %ot x 9 aga94 ,mato ,sapa says a ,m9neconj\ nam$ ,lame-,de] %ot an ,ass9ibo9e ?ree times runn+ ) ! same arr[4 ,illu/ration3 ,,bureau ,,( ,,e?nology ,,f\r? ,,annual ,,report ,,pl4 ,,xxi #ahcf-'cg4 #ahcg-'ch4 #ahch-'ci4 ,,! ,,dakota ,,w9t] ,,c\nts4 ,lame-,de] 0 a di/+ui%$ *ief among ! ho/iles 9 #ahgf4 ,8 camp ( five hundr$ & t5 lodges 0 surpris$ & de/roy$ by ,g5]al ,miles1 & f\r hundr$ & fifty horses1 mules1 & ponies 7 captur$4 #ahcf-'cg4--,no4 ,i4 ,fa!r-(-!-,m&ans di$4 ,no4 ,,ii4 ,b&'s-,fa!r1 *ief ( ! ,two ,kettles1 di$4 ,! device is ne>ly ! same z t = #ahaf-'ag1 d5ot+ pl5ty ( buffalo belly2 & ! "q might be rais$1 :at ! buffalo belly _h to d ) ! demise ( ! lam5t$ *iefta91 unless he suff]$ f a fatal indige/ion aft] eat+ too mu* ( t delicacy4 ,int]pret] ,field]1 h[ev]1 ?r[s light on ! subject by say+ t ?is "* 0 us$ to designate ! ye> :5 ,!-,brea/1 fa!r ( ,!-,b&1 a ,m9neconj\1 di$4 ,!-,b& himself di$ 9 #ahge1 on ,p[d] ,riv]4 ,8 "n 0 ,o-ye-a-pee4 ,! "* 0 !re=e ! buffalo brea/1 a "n-totem4 ,no4 ,,iii4 ,two ,kettle1 ,dakota1 nam$ ,!-,brea/1 di$4 ,mato ,sapa says3 ,a ,two ,kettle1 nam$ ,!-,brea/1 di$4 ,major ,bu% same z ,mato ,sapa4 #ahcg-'ch4--,no4 ,i4 ,_m elk & de] kill$4 ,! figure does n %[ ! split ho(4 ,no4 ,,ii4 ,commemorates a rem>kably successful hunt1 9 :i* x is said "o hundr$ elk 7 kill$4 ,! draw+ ( ! elk is good en\gh to di/+ui% x f ! o!r quadrup$s 9 ?is *>t4 ,no4 ,,iii4 ,! ,dakotas kill$ "o hundr$ elk at ! ,black ,hills4 ,mato ,sapa says3 ,! ,dakotas kill$ "o hundr$ elk at ! ,black ,hills4 ,8 figure does n %[ ! split ho(4 #ahch-'ci4--,no4 ,i4 ,indians built a lodge on ,:ite ,wood ,creek1 9 ! ,black ,hills1 & w9t]$ !re4 ,no4 ,,ii4 ,a dirt lodge 0 built = ,iron-,horn4 ,! o!r dirt lodge 7#ahae-'af7 has a m>k ( own]%ip1 :i* ?is has n4 ,p]haps x 0 n s easy to draw an iron horn z a cr[ fea!r1 & ! di/9ction 0 accompli%$ by omission4 ,a *ief ( ! ,m9neconj\s is m5tion$ 9 ,g5]al ,h>ney's report 9 #ahef1 "u ! "n ( ,!-,"o-,iron-,horn4 ,no4 ,,iii4 ,a ,m9neconj\ *ief1 nam$ ,iron-,horn1 built dirt lodge 7m$ic9e lodge7 on ,moreau ,riv] 7same z ,owl ,riv]74 ,?is ,m9neconj\ *ief1 ,iron-,horn1 di$ a few ye>s ago & 0 buri$ ne> ,=t ,sully4 ,he 0 fa!r-9-law ( ,dupuis1 a ,fr5* ,canadian4 ,illu/ration3 ,,bureau ,,( ,,e?nology ,,f\r? ,,annual ,,report ,,pl4 ,,xxii #ahci-'dj4 #ahdj-'da4 #ahda-'db4 ,,! ,,dakota ,,w9t] ,,c\nts4 #ahci-'dj4--,no4 ,i4 ,dakotas kill$ tw5ty lodges ( ,arapahos4 ,no4 ,,ii4 ,! ,dakotas kill$ an entire village ( ,snake ,indians4 ,! "* is ! ord9>y tipi pi]c$ by arr[s4 ,! ,snakes1 or ,%o%oni1 7 a num]\s & wide-spread p1 inhabit+ ,s\!a/]n ,oregon1 ,idaho1 ,we/]n ,montana1 & portions ( ,utah & ,nevada1 ext5d+ into ,arizona & ,cali=nia4 ,no4 ,,iii4 ,a ,m9neconj\ ,dakota1 nam$ ,!-,h>d 7) b&71 kill$ sev5 lodges ( ! ,blue ,cl\d ,indians4 ,! ,blue ,cl\ds are ! ,arapahos1 s /yl$ by ! ,dakotas1 orig9al ,maqpyato4 ,mato ,sapa says3 ,a ,m9neconj\ ,dakota nam$ ,!-,h>d kill$ sev5 lodges ( ! ,blue ,cl\d ,indians4 ,major ,bu% same z ,mato ,sapa4 #ahdj-'da4--,no4 ,i4 ,r$-,arm1 a ,*ey5ne1 & ,lone-,horn1 a ,dakota1 make peace4 ,no4 ,,ii4 ,! ,dakotas made peace ) ! ,*ey5nes1 a well-kn[n tribe belong+ to ! ,algonk9 family4 ,! symbol ( peace is ! common "o ( ! approa*+ palms ( two p]sons4 ,! diff]5t coloration ( ! two arms di/+ui%es !m f ! approximation ( ! palms ( "o p]son4 ,no4 ,,iii4 ,dakotas made peace ) ,*ey5ne ,indians4 #ahda-'db4--,no4 ,i4 ,fea!r-9-!-,e> /eals horses f ! ,cr[s4 ,no4 ,,ii4 ,fea!r-9-!-,e> /ole ?irty spott$ ponies4 ,! spots are %[n r$1 di/+ui%+ !m f ^? ( ! curly horse 9 ! "* = #ahjc-'jd4 ,no4 ,,iii4 ,a ,m9neconj\ ,dakota1 nam$ ,fea!r-9-8-,e>1 /ole n9ete5 spott$ horses f ! ,cr[ ,indians4 ,mato ,sapa says3 ,a ,m9neconj\ nam$ ,fea!r-9-!-,e> /ole n9ete5 spott$ horses f ! ,cr[s4 ,major ,bu%1 says ! same1 except t he gives ! numb] z n9e in/ead ( n9ete54 ,a successful !ft ( horses1 dem&+ skill1 pati5ce1 & d>+1 is g5]ally consid]$ by ! pla9s ,indians to be ( equal m]it ) ! tak+ ( scalps4 ,inde$1 ! successful horse-?ief is m popul> ?an a m]e w>rior on acc\nt ( ! ri*es ga9$ by ! tribe1 weal? until lately be+ g5]ally e/imat$ 9 ponies z ! unit ( value4 ,illu/ration3 ,,bureau ,,( ,,e?nology ,,f\r? ,,annual ,,report ,,pl4 ,,xxiii #ahdb-'dc4 #ahdb-'dd4 #ahdd-'de4 ,,! ,,dakota ,,w9t] ,,c\nts4 #ahdb-'dc4--,no4 ,i4 ,a ,m9neconj\ *ief tries to make w>4 ,! tip ( ! fea!r is black4 ,no r$ 9 x4 ,no4 ,,ii4 ,"o-,fea!r rais$ a l>ge w> p>ty aga9/ ! ,cr[s4 ,?is *ief is designat$ by 8 long solit>y r$ eagle fea!r1 & holds a pipe ) black /em & r$ b[l1 allud+ to ! usual c]emonies be=e />t+ on ! w> pa?4 ,= fur!r in=mation on ?is subject see page #aci4 ,! ,r$-,w>-,eagle-,fea!r 0 at ?is "t a *ief ( ! ,sans ,arcs4 ,no4 ,,iii4 ,fea!r-9-!-,e> made a fea/1 to :i* he invit$ all ! "y ,dakota braves1 want+ !m to g ) him4 ,a memor&um is add$ t he fail$ to p]suade !m4 ,see ,corbusi] ,w9t] ,c\nts = same ye>1 page #ada4 ,mato ,sapa says3 ,! same man 7ref]r+ to la/ ye>71 ,fea!r-9-!-,e>1 made a fea/ invit+ all ,dakota "y m5 to g to w>4 ,major ,bu% says same z ,mato ,sapa4 #ahdc-'dd4--,no4 ,i4 ,buffalo is sc>ce2 an ,indian makes m$ic9e & br+s !m to ! suff]+4 ,no4 ,,ii4 ,! ,sans ,arcs made m$ic9e to br+ ! buffalo4 ,! m$ic9e t5t is d5ot$ by a buffalo's head drawn on x4 ,no4 ,,iii4 ,no buffalo2 ,indians made m$ic9e to ! ,great ,_s by pa9t+ a buffalo's head on lodge2 pl5ty came4 ,mato ,sapa says3 ,dakotas 7 />v+2 made m$ic9e to ,great ,_s by pa9t+ buffalo head on _! lodges2 pl5ty came4 ,major ,bu% sub/antially same z ,mato ,sapa4 #ahdd-'de4--,no4 ,i4 ,m&ans w9t]$ 9 ,black ,hills4 ,no4 ,,ii4 ,! ,m9neconj\s built a p9e =t4 ,device3 ,a p9e tree connect$ ) a tipi4 ,no4 ,,iii4 ,unusually heavy sn[2 _h to build corrals = ponies4 ,major ,bu% says3 ,heavy sn[1 9 :i* _m ( _! ponies p]i%$4 ,probably ! ,indians w5t into ! woods & erect$ _! tipis !re z protection f ! sn[1 ?us acc\nt+ = ! figure ( ! tree4 ,illu/ration3 ,,bureau ,,( ,,e?nology ,,f\r? ,,annual ,,report ,,pl4 ,,xxiv #ahde-'df4 #ahdf-'dg4 #ahdg-'dh4 ,,! ,,dakota ,,w9t] ,,c\nts4 #ahde-'df--,no4 ,i4 ,dakotas h mu* fea/+ at ,a% ,po9t1 #bj miles above ,=t ,sully4 ,no4 ,,ii4 ,pl5ty ( buffalo meat1 :i* is repres5t$ z hung ^u poles & trees to dry4 ,no4 ,,iii4 ,imm5se quantities ( buffalo meat4 #ahdf-'dg4--,no4 ,i4 ,brok5-,leg dies4 ,no4 ,,ii4 ,brok5-,leg di$4 ,rev4 ,dr4 ,williamson says he knew him4 ,he 0 a ,brul4 ,!re is en\gh diff]5ce betwe5 ?is device & ^? = #ahjh-'ji & #ahcb-'cc to di/+ui% ea*4 ,no4 ,,iii4 ,a ,m9neconj\ ,dakota nam$ ,brok5-,leg di$4 ,batti/e ,good calls ?is3 8,!-,teal-broke-8-leg w9t]40 ,! arm 9 8 "*1 giv5 9 ,figure #de1 is l5g!n$ s z ne>ly to t\* ! brok5 leg1 :i* is %[n di/ort$1 in/ead ( indicat+ ! injury by ! m]e di/ortion ( ! leg itself z 9 ! *>ts on ,plate ,,xxiv4 ,! bird ov] ! head & connect$ by a l9e ) x1 probably repres5ts ! teal z a "n-totem4 ,he 0 p]haps call$ ,brok5-,leg aft] ! injury1 or p]haps ! o!r int]pret]s did n rememb] 8 "n1 only ! circum/ance4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #de4--,!-,teal-broke-8-leg4 ,mato ,sapa says3 ,a ,m9neconj\ nam$ ,brok5-,leg di$4 ,! ,corbusi] records = #ahdg-'dh ref] to a numb] ( accid5ts by :i* legs 7 brok54 ,see page #adb4 #ahdg-'dh--,no4 ,i4 ,m&ans kill two ,m9neconj\s4 ,no4 ,,ii4 ,two-,man 0 kill$4 ,8 totem is drawn--two small man-figures side by side4 ,no4 ,,iii4 ,two ,m9neconj\ ,dakotas kill$ by ! ,ass9ibo9e ,indians4 ,major ,bu% says3 ! wife ( an ,ass9ibo9e *ief nam$ ,big-,?und] _h tw9s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,bureau ,,( ,,e?nology ,,f\r? ,,annual ,,report ,,pl4 ,,xxv #ahdh-'di4 #ahdi-'ej4 #ahej-'ea4 ,,! ,,dakota ,,w9t] ,,c\nts4 #ahdh-'di4--,no4 ,i4 ,humpback1 a ,m9neconj\1 kill$4 ,no4 ,,ii4 ,humpback 0 kill$4 ,an ornam5t$ lance pi]ces ! di/ort$ back4 ,no4 ,,iii4 ,a ,m9neconj\ ,dakota nam$ ,brok5-,back 0 kill$ by ! ,cr[ ,indians at ,black ,hills4 ,major ,bu% says3 ,a ,m9neconj\1 ,brok5-,back1 0 kill$ by ,cr[s4 #ahdi-'ej4--,no4 ,i4 ,cr[s /eal all ! ,dakotas' horses4 ,no4 ,,ii4 ,! ,cr[s /ole a l>ge drove ( horses 7x is said eight hundr$7 f ! ,bruls4 ,! circle may d5ote multitude1 at lea/ "o hundr$1 b probably is a simple design = a camp or corral f :i* a numb] ( horse-tracks are dep>t+4 ,no4 ,,iii4 ,cr[ ,indians /ole two hundr$ horses f ! ,m9neconj\ ,dakotas ne> ,black ,hills4 ,int]pret] ,a4 ,lav>y says3 ,bruls 7 at ! headwat]s ( ,:ite ,riv]1 ab\t #ge miles f ,=t ,l>amie1 ,wyom+4 ,! ,dakotas surpris$ ! ,cr[s 9 #ahdi1 kill$ t51 & took "o prison]1 because he 0 a man dress$ 9 woman's clo!s1 & next w9t] ! ,cr[s /ole six hundr$ horses f ! ,bruls4 ,see page #adb4 #ahej-'ea4--,no4 ,i4 ,c[ ) old woman 9 h] belly4 ,clov5 ho( n %[n4 ,no4 ,,ii4 ,! "* is a di/9ct draw+ ( a buffalo conta9+ a human figure4 ,clm5t translat$ t 8a buffalo c[ 0 kill$ 9 t ye>1 & an old woman f\nd 9 h] belly02 also t all ! ,indians believ$ ?is4 ,good-,wood1 exam9$ ?r\gh ano!r int]pret]1 c\ld or w\ld give no explanation1 except t x 0 8ab\t _! religion40 ,at fir/ ! writ] suspect$ t ! m$ic9e m5 _h manufactur$ "s pret5d$ port5t out ( a ftus tak5 f a real c[1 b ! ,dakotas h long believ$ 9 ! appe>ance f "t to "t ( a mon/r\s animal t swall[s human be+s4 ,?is sup]/ition 0 p]haps sugge/$ by ! bones ( ma/odons1 (t5 f\nd 9 ! t]ritory ( ^? ,indians2 & ! buffalo be+ ! l>ge/ liv+ animal kn[n to !m1 its "n 0 giv5 to ! leg5d>y mon/]1 9 :i* nom5clature !y 7 n :olly wrong1 z ! horns ( ! fossil ,bison latifrons are #aj feet 9 l5g?4 ,! m$ic9e m51 p]haps1 ann\nc$1 9 #ahej1 t a squaw :o _h disappe>$ 0 swall[$ by ! mammo?1 :i* 0 !n on its p]iodical visit1 & mu/ be propitiat$4 ,no4 ,,iii4 ,a ,m9neconj\ ,dakota1 hav+ kill$ a buffalo c[1 f\nd an old woman inside ( h]4 ,memor&um f int]pret]3 ,a small p>ty ( ,dakotas1 two or ?ree "y m51 return+ unsuccessful f a buffalo hunt1 told ?is /ory1 & x is implicitly believ$ by ! ,dakotas4 ,major ,bu% sugge/s t p]haps "s old squaw left to die s\ght ! c>cass ( a buffalo = %elt] & !n di$4 ,he has kn[n t to occur4 ,illu/ration3 ,,bureau ,,( ,,e?nology ,,f\r? ,,annual ,,report ,,pl4 ,,xxvi #ahea-'eb4 #aheb-'ec4 #ahec-'ed4 ,,! ,,dakota ,,w9t] ,,c\nts4 #ahea-'eb4--,no4 ,i4 ,peace made ) ! ,cr[s4 ,no4 ,,ii4 ,peace ) ! ,cr[s4 ,two ,indians1 ) diff]+ arrangem5t ( hair1 %[+ two tribes1 are ex*ang+ pipes = a peace-smoke4 ,no4 ,,iii4 ,dakotas made peace ) ! ,cr[ ,indians4 ,x 01 z usual1 brok5 imm$iately4 ,! treaty ( ,=t ,l>amie 0 9 #ahea4 #aheb-'ec4--,no4 ,i4 ,a ,cr[ *ief1 ,flat-,head1 comes into ! tipi ( a ,dakota *ief1 :]e a c\ncil 0 assembl$1 & =ces !m to smoke ! pipe ( peace4 ,?is 0 a d>+ act1 = he 0 9 dang] ( imm$iate dea? if he fail$4 ,no4 ,,ii4 ,! ,nez ,p]cs came to ,lone-,horn's lodge at midnight4 ,! device %[s an ,indian t\*+ ) a pipe a tipi1 ! top ( :i* is black or opaque1 signify+ night4 ,! ,nez ,p]cs are s /yl$ by a blund] ( ! e>ly travel]s1 z !y nev] h be5 kn[n to pi]ce _! noses1 al?\gh o!rs ( _! family1 ! ,sahapt91 d s4 ,! tribe 0 l>ge1 dwell+ *iefly 9 ,idaho4 ,no4 ,,iii4 ,an enemy came into ,lone-,horn's lodge dur+ a m$ic9e fea/ & 0 n kill$4 7,! enemy numb]$ ab\t f\rte5 & _h lo/ _! way 9 a sn[-/orm47 ,! pipe is n 9 ! man's h&1 & ! head only is drawn ) ! pipe betwe5 x & ! tipi4 ,mato ,sapa says3 ,sev]al /range ,indians came into ! ,dakota camp1 7 sav$ f be+ kill$ by runn+ into ,lone-,horn's lodge4 ,major ,bu% says3 ,an enemy came into ,lone-,horn's lodge dur+ a fea/ & 0 n kill$4 ,t\*-!-,cl\ds1 a ,m9neconj\1 son ( ,lone-,horn1 on be+ %[n ,*>t ,no4 ,,ii by ! pres5t writ]1 designat$ ?is "* z be+ p>ticul>ly kn[n to him f ! fact ( its be+ 8 fa!r's lodge4 ,he rememb]s all ab\t x f talk 9 8 family1 & said x 0 ! ,nez ,p]cs :o came4 #ahec-'ed4--,no4 ,i4 ,spani% blankets introduc$ by trad]s4 ,! blanket is repres5t$ )\t ! human figure4 ,no4 ,,ii4 ,spani% blankets 7 fir/ br\ght to ! c\ntry4 ,a fair draw+ ( "o ( ^? /rip$ blankets1 held out by a :ite trad]4 ,no4 ,,iii4 ,dakotas fir/ saw ! ,spani% blankets4 ,see ,corbusi] records = #ahea-'eb1 page #adb4 ,illu/ration3 ,,bureau ,,( ,,e?nology ,,f\r? ,,annual ,,report ,,pl4 ,,xxvii #ahed-'ee4 #ahee-'ef4 #ahef-'eg4 ,,! ,,dakota ,,w9t] ,,c\nts4 #ahed-'ee4--,no4 ,i4 ,brave-,be> kill$ by ,blackfeet4 ,no4 ,,ii4 ,brave-,be> 0 kill$4 ,x does n appe> c]ta9 :e!r he _h already inve/$ 9 ! new /yle ( blanket or :e!r ! ext5d$ arms are ornam5t$ ) p5d5t /ripes4 ,! latt] is m probable4 ,no4 ,,iii4 ,a ,m9neconj\ ,dakota nam$ ,brave-,be> 0 kill$ by ! ,upp] ,blackfeet4 ,satsika8 ,see ,corbusi] w9t]-c\nts = ! same ye>1 page #adc4 #ahee-'ef4--,no4 ,i4 ,g5]al ,h>ney 7,put9 ska7 makes a treaty4 ,no4 ,,ii4 ,g5]al ,h>ney made peace ) a numb] ( ! tribes or b&s ( ! ,dakotas4 ,?is 0 at ,=t ,pi]re1 ,dakota4 ,! figure %[s an (fic] 9 uni=m %ak+ h&s ) an ,indian4 ,executive docum5t ,no4 #id1 ,?irty-f\r? ,congress1 fir/ session1 ,s5ate1 conta9s ! 8m9utes ( a c\ncil held at ,=t ,pi]re1 ,nebraska1 on ! #a/ day ( ,m>*1 #ahef1 by ,brevet ,brig4-,g54 ,william ,s4 ,h>ney1 ,u4 ,s4 ,army1 comm&+ ! ,si\x exp$ition1 ) ! delegations f n9e ( ! b&s ( ! ,si\x1 viz41 ! ,two-,kettle b&1 ,l[] ,yankton1 ,oncpapas1 ,blackfeet ,si\x1 ,m9neconj\s1 ,sans ,arcs1 ,yanctonnais 7two b&s71 ,bruls ( ! ,platte40 ,no4 ,,iii4 ,dakotas made peace ) ,g5]al ,h>ney 7call$ by !m ,put9ska1 :ite be>d or m\/a*e7 at ,=t ,pi]re1 ,dakota4 #ahef-'eg4--,no4 ,i4 ,f\r-,horns1 a great w>rior4 ,no4 ,,ii4 ,f\r-,horn 0 made a calumet or m$ic9e-man4 ,?is 0 probably ! result ( an important political /ruggle1 z !re is mu* rivalry & electione]+ = ! (fice1 :i*1 ) its triple "* ( doctor1 prie/1 & magician1 is "o ( f> great] p[] ?an ! *iefta9%ip4 ,a man ) f\r horns holds out ! same k9d ( ornam5t$ pipe-/em %[n 9 ! "* = #ahjd-'je1 x be+ 8 badge ( (fice4 ,f\r-,horn 0 "o ( ! sub*iefs ( ! ,uncpapas1 & 0 introduc$ to ,g5]al ,h>ney at ! c\ncil ( #ahef by ,be>-,rib1 head *ief ( t tribe4 ,no4 ,,iii4 ,a ,m9neconj\ ,dakota1 nam$ ,r$-,fi%'s-,son1 danc$ calumet dance4 ,mato ,sapa says ! same z la/4 ,major ,bu% says1 8,a ,m9neconj\1 ,r$-,fi%'s-,son1 ,!-,ass1 danc$ ! ,f\r-,horn calumet40 ,int]pret] ,clm5t1 9 ! spr+ ( #ahgd1 said t ,f\r-,horn & ,sitt+-,bull 7 ! same p]son1 ! "n ,sitt+-,bull be+ giv5 him aft] he 0 made a calumet man4 ,no o!r au?ority tells ?is4 ,illu/ration3 ,,bureau ,,( ,,e?nology ,,f\r? ,,annual ,,report ,,pl4 ,,xxviii #aheg-'eh4 #aheh-'ei4 #ahei-'fj4 ,,! ,,dakota ,,w9t] ,,c\nts4 #aheg-'eh4--,no4 ,i4 ,:ite-,robe kills a ,cr[ woman4 ,!re is b "o arr[ & "o blood spot 9 ! "*4 ,no4 ,,ii4 ,! ,dakotas kill$ a ,cr[ squaw4 ,! /ripes on ! blanket are %[n horizontally1 ,brave-,be>'s1 #ahed-'ee1 & ,swan's1 #ahff-'fg1 be+ v]tical4 ,%e is pi]c$ by f\r arr[s1 & ! peace made ) ! ,cr[s 9 #ahea-'eb seems to h be5 %ort liv$4 ,no4 ,,iii4 ,a p>ty ( ,cr[ ,indians1 :ile on a visit to ! ,dakotas1 _h "o ( _! numb] kill$ by a "y ,dakota4 ,! figure has blood f ! f\r arr[s runn+ d[n ea* side ( ! body4 ,mato-,sapa says3 ,a ,cr[ 0 kill$ by a ,dakota :ile on a visit to ! latt]4 ,major ,bu% says sub/antially ! same z ,mato ,sapa4 #aheh-'ei4--,no4 ,i4 ,lone-,horn makes m$ic9e4 8,at su* times ,indians sacrifice ponies1 etc41 & fa/40 ,9 ?is "* ! buffalo-head is black4 ,no4 ,,ii4 ,lone-,horn1 ^: solit>y horn appe>s1 made buffalo m$ic9e1 probably on acc\nt ( ! sc>city ( t animal4 ,aga9 ! head ( an alb9o bison4 ,"o-,horn1 d\btless ! same individual1 is record$ z ! head *ief ( ! ,m9neconj\s at ?is date4 ,no4 ,,iii4 ,a ,m9neconj\ *ief1 nam$ ,lone-,horn1 made m$ic9e ) :ite buffalo-c[ sk94 ,lone-,horn1 *ief ( ,m9neconj\s1 di$ 9 #ahgd1 9 8 camp on ! ,big ,*ey5ne4 #ahei-'fj4--,no4 ,i4 ,big-,cr[ kill$4 ,no4 ,,ii4 ,big-,cr[1 a ,dakota *ief1 0 kill$ by ! ,cr[s4 ,! cr[1 transfix$ by an arr[1 is drawn s z to give q ! appe>ance ( an h]aldic cre/4 ,no4 ,,iii4 ,a ,m9neconj\ ,dakota1 nam$ ,big-,cr[1 0 kill$ by ! ,cr[ ,indians4 ,he _h receiv$ 8 "n f kill+ a ,cr[ ,indian ( unusual size4 ,mato ,sapa says3 ,big-,cr[1 a ,m9neconj\1 0 kill$ by ,cr[s4 ,major ,bu% says same z ,mato ,sapa4 ,illu/ration3 ,,bureau ,,( ,,e?nology ,,f\r? ,,annual ,,report ,,pl4 ,,xxix #ahfj-'fa4 #ahfa-'fb4 #ahfb-'fc4 ,,! ,,dakota ,,w9t] ,,c\nts4 #ahfj-'fa4--,no4 ,i4 ,!-,elk-:o-%[s himself-:5-he-walks makes m$ic9e4 ,no4 ,,ii4 ,device1 ! head & neck ( an elk1 l t "p ( ! animal 9 #ahcg-'ch1 ) a l9e ext5d+ f its m\?1 at ! extremity ( :i* is ! alb9o buffalo-head4 8,! elk made y und]/& 8 voice :ile he 0 walk+40 ,! int]pret] p]si/$ 9 ?is oracul> r5d]+1 probably n be+ able to fully cat* ! ,indian explanation f want ( ?or\gh k ( ! language4 ,! ignorance ( pr(ess$ int]pret]s1 :o easily get beyond _! philological dep?1 b are a%am$ to ackn[l$ge x1 has occasion$ _m (ficial blund]s4 ,?is device & its int]pretation 7 un9telligible to ! writ] until exam9ation ( ,g5]al ,h>ney's report above ref]r$ to %[$ ! "n ( a prom95t *ief ( ! ,m9neconj\s1 set =? z 8,!-,elk-t-,holl[s-,walk+40 ,x !n became probable t ! device simply meant t ! a=esaid *ief made buffalo m$ic9e1 :i* conjecture1 publi%$ 9 #ahgg1 ! o!r records subsequ5tly discov]$ v]ifi$4 ,no4 ,,iii4 ,a ,m9neconj\ ,dakota1 nam$ ,r$-,fi%'s-,son1 made m$ic9e ) :ite buffalo-c[ sk94 ,mato ,sapa's record agrees ) ,no4 ,,iii4 ,major ,bu% says ! same1 add+1 aft] ! words 8,r$-,fi%'s-,son10 8,!-,ass40 ,int]pret] ,a4 ,lav>y said1 9 #ahfg1 t ,!-,elk-t-,holl[s-,walk+1 !n *ief ( ! ,m9neconj\s1 0 !n at ,spott$-,tail's camp4 ,8 fa!r 0 ,r$-,fi%4 ,he 0 ! eld] bro!r ( ,lone-,horn4 ,8 "n is giv5 z ,a-hag-a-hoo-man-ie1 translat$ ,! ,elk's-,voice-,walk+1 comp\nd$ ( ,he-ha-ka1 elk1 & ,omani1 walk--?is accord+ to ,lav>y's lit]ation4 ,! correct lit]ation ( ! ,dakota ^w mean+ elk is heqaka2 voice ho2 & to walk1 walk+1 mani4 ,_! comp\nd w\ld be ,heqaka ho mani1 ! translation be+ ! same z above giv54 #ahfa-'fb4--,no4 ,i4 ,buffalo v pl5ty4 ,no4 ,,ii4 ,buffalo 7 s pl5ty t _! tracks came close to ! tipis4 ,! clov5 ho(-m>k is clev]ly di/+ui%$ f ! tracks ( horses 9 ! "* = #ahdi-'ej4 ,no4 ,,iii4 ,dakotas _h unusual abundance ( buffalo4 #ahfb-'fc4--,no4 ,i4 ,r$-,plume kills an enemy4 ,no4 ,,ii4 ,r$-,fea!r1 a ,m9neconj\1 0 kill$4 ,8 fea!r is %[n entirely r$1 :ile ! 8"o-fea!r0 9 #ahdb-'dc has a black tip4 ,no4 ,,iii4 ,a ,m9neconj\ ,dakota kill$ an ,ass9ibo9e nam$ ,r$-,fea!r4 ,mato ,sapa says3 ,m9neconj\s kill an ,ass9ibo9e nam$ ,r$-,fea!r4 ,major ,bu% agrees ) ,mato ,sapa4 ,x is to be not$ t !re is no allusion to ! great ,m9nesota massacre1 :i* comm5c$ 9 ,augu/1 #ahfb1 & 9 :i* _m ( ! ,dakotas belong+ to ! tribes famili> ) ^! *>ts1 7 engag$4 ,little-,cr[ 0 ! lead]4 ,he escap$ to ! ,briti% possessions1 b 0 kill$ 9 ,july1 #ahfc4 ,p]haps ! reason ( ! omission ( any "* to designate ! massacre1 0 ! t]rible retribution t foll[$ x1 beg9n+ ) ! r\t by ,colonel ,sibley1 on ,septemb] #bc1 #ahfb4 ,! ,indian captives am\nt$ 9 all to ab\t eighte5 hundr$4 ,a milit>y commission s5t5c$ ?ree hundr$ & ?ree to be hang$ & eighte5 to imprisonm5t = life4 ,?irty-eight 7 actually hang$1 ,decemb] #bf1 #ahfb1 at ,camp ,l9coln4 ,illu/ration3 ,,bureau ,,( ,,e?nology ,,f\r? ,,annual ,,report ,,pl4 ,,xxx #ahfc-'fd4 #ahfd-'fe4 #ahfe-'ff4 ,,! ,,dakota ,,w9t] ,,c\nts4 #ahfc-'fd4--,no4 ,i4 ,cr[s kill eight ,dakotas on ! ,yell[/one4 ,no4 ,,ii4 ,eight ,dakotas 7 kill$4 ,aga9 ! %ort p>allel black l9es unit$ by a long /roke4 ,9 ?is ye> ,sitt+ ,bull f\ght ,g5]al ,sully 9 ! ,black ,hills4 ,int]pret] ,lav>y says ,g5]al ,sully kill$ sev5 or eight ,cr[s at ,!-,place-,!y-,%ot-,!-,de]1 ,ta-*a-con-t1 ab\t #ij miles s\?we/ ( ,=t ,rice1 ,dakota4 ,mulligan says t ,g5]al ,sully f\ght ! ,yanktonnais & ! ,santees at t place4 ,no4 ,,iii4 ,eight ,m9neconj\ ,dakotas kill$ by ,cr[ ,indians4 ,see ,corbusi] ,w9t] ,c\nts = same ye>1 page #add4 #ahfd-'fe4--,no4 ,i4 ,f\r ,cr[s caught /eal+ horses f ! ,dakotas 7 tortur$ to dea?4 ,%\ld]s %[n4 ,no4 ,,ii4 ,! ,dakotas kill$ f\r ,cr[s4 ,f\r ( ! same r\nd$ objects1 l sev]al heads1 %[n 9 #ahbe-'bf1 b ^! are bloody1 ?us di/+ui%+ !m f ! cases ( dr[n+4 ,no4 ,,iii4 ,f\r ,cr[ ,indians kill$ by ! ,m9neconj\ ,dakotas4 ,necks %[n4 #ahfe-'ff4--,no4 ,i4 ,_m horses di$4 ,no4 ,,ii4 ,_m horses di$ = want ( grass4 ,! horse "h drawn is suffici5tly di/9ct f all o!rs 9 ! *>t4 ,no4 ,,iii4 ,dakotas lo/ _m horses 9 ! sn[4 ,see ,corbusi]'s ,w9t] ,c\nts1 ,no4 ,,ii = same ye>1 page #add4 ,illu/ration3 ,,bureau ,,( ,,e?nology ,,f\r? ,,annual ,,report ,,pl4 ,,xxxi #ahff-'fg4 #ahfg-'fh4 #ahfh-'fi4 ,,! ,,dakota ,,w9t] ,,c\nts4 #ahff-'fg4--,no4 ,i4 ,little ,swan1 a great w>rior4 ,no4 ,,ii4 ,swan1 fa!r ( ,swan1 *ief ( ! ,m9neconj\s 9 #ahgg1 di$4 ,) ! assi/ance ( ! "n ! object int5d$ = 8 totem may be recogniz$ z a swan swimm+ on ! wat]4 ,no4 ,,iii4 ,m9neconj\ ,dakota *ief1 nam$ ,swan1 di$4 ,mato ,sapa's record has a bett] repres5tation ( a swan4 ,int]pret] ,lav>y says3 ,little-,swan di$ 9 ?is ye> on ,*]ry ,creek1 #ge miles nor?we/ ( ,=t ,sully4 ,major ,bu% says ?is is hi/orically correct4 #ahfg-'fh4--,no4 ,i4 ,mu* m$ic9e made4 ,no4 ,,ii4 ,_m flags 7 giv5 !m by ! ,peace ,commission4 ,! flag ref]s to ! visit ( ! ,peace ,commission]s1 among :om 7 ,g5]als ,%]man1 ,t]ry1 & o!r prom95t milit>y & civil (fic]s4 ,_! report appe>s 9 ! ,annual ,report ( ! ,commission] ( ,indian ,affairs = #ahfh4 ,!y met at ,=t ,leav5wor?1 ,augu/ #ac1 #ahfg1 & betwe5 ,augu/ #cj & ,septemb] #ac held c\ncils ) ! v>i\s b&s ( ! ,dakota ,indians at ,=ts ,sully & ,?ompson1 & also at ! ,yankton1 ,ponka1 & ,santee ,res]vations4 ,^! result$ 9 ! great ,dakota treaty ( #ahfh4 ,no4 ,,iii4 ,made peace ) ,g5]al ,%]man & o!rs at ,=t ,l>amie4 ,mato ,sapa says3 ,made peace ) ,g5]al ,%]man & o!rs at ,=t ,l>amie4 ,major ,bu% agrees ) ,mato ,sapa4 ,see ,corbusi]'s ,w9t] ,c\nts1 ,no4 ,,ii1 page #add4 #ahfh-'fi4--,no4 ,i4 ,fir/ issue ( beef by ,gov]nm5t to ,indians4 ,no4 ,,ii4 ,texas cattle 7 br\ght into ! c\ntry4 ,?is 0 done by ,mr4 ,william ,a4 ,paxton1 a well-kn[n bus9ess man1 resid5t 9 ,dakota 9 #ahgg4 ,no4 ,,iii4 ,dakotas _h pl5ty ( :ite m5's cattle 7! result ( ! peace74 ,mato ,sapa agrees ) ,no4 ,,iii4 ,illu/ration3 ,,bureau ,,( ,,e?nology ,,f\r? ,,annual ,,report ,,pl4 ,,xxxii #ahfi-'gj4 #ahgj-'ga4 ,,! ,,dakota ,,w9t] ,,c\nts4 #ahfi-'gj4--,no4 ,i4 ,eclipse ( ! moon4 ,no4 ,,ii4 ,an eclipse ( ! sun4 ,?is 0 ! sol> eclipse ( ,augu/ #g1 #ahfi1 :i* 0 c5tral & total on a l9e drawn ?r\gh ! ,dakota c\ntry4 ,?is device has be5 criticis$ because ! ,indians believe an eclipse to be occasion$ by a dragon or a]ial mon/] swall[+ ! sun1 & x is cont5d$ t !y w\ld s repres5t x4 ,an answ] is t ! design is objectively good1 ! sun be+ pa9t$ black1 z conceal$1 :ile ! />s come out r$1 i4 e41 bright1 & graphic illu/ration prevails ?r\gh\t ! *>ts :]e x is possible to employ x4 ,9 addition1 x is le>n$ t ,pr(4 ,clevel& ,abb1 :o 0 fam$ z an a/ronom] be=e he became s z a meteorologi/1 0 at ,si\x ,falls1 ) a corps ( assi/ants1 to obs]ve ?is v eclipse1 & expla9$ ! subject to a l>ge numb] ( ,indians !re at t "t1 s t _! att5tion 0 n only direct$ specially to t eclipse1 b also to ! :ite m5 z int]e/$ 9 x1 & to its real appe>ance z ap>t f _! old sup]/ition4 ,9 addition to ?is fact1 ,dr4 ,wa%+ton ,mat!ws1 assi/ant surgeon ,unit$ ,/ates ,army1 communicates ! /atem5t t ! ,indians _h numb]less o!r opportunities all ov] _! c\ntry ( receiv+ ! same in=mation4 ,he 0 at ,=t ,rice dur+ ! eclipse & rememb]s t long be=e ! eclipse occurr$ ! (fic]s1 m51 & citiz5s ar\nd ! po/ told ! ,indians ( ! com+ ev5t & discuss$ x ) !m s mu* t !y 7 on ! tip-toe ( expectancy :5 ! day came4 ,two-,be>s & 8 b& 7 !n encamp$ at ,=t ,rice1 & he & sev]al ( 8 lead+ m5 wat*$ ! eclipse along ) ! :ites & ?r\gh _! smok$ glass1 & !n & !re ! ph5om5on 0 ?or\ghly expla9$ to !m ov] & ov] aga94 ,!re is no d\bt t simil> explanations 7 made at all ! num]\s po/s & ag5cies along ! riv] t day4 ,! pa? ( ! eclipse co9cid$ ne>ly ) ! c\rse ( ! ,miss\ri = ov] a ?\s& miles4 ,! duration ( totality at ,=t ,rice 0 ne>ly two m9utes 7#am #dhs47 ,no4 ,,iii4 ,dakotas witness$ eclipse ( ! sun2 fright5$ t]ribly4 ,x is rem>kable t ! ,corbusi] ,w9t] ,c\nts d n m5tion ?is eclipse4 #ahgj-'ga4--,no4 ,i4 ,!-,flame's son kill$ by ,rees4 ,! record]1 ,!-,flame1 evid5tly consid]$ 8 family mis=tune to be ( m importance ?an ! battle ref]r$ to by ! o!r record]s4 ,no4 ,,ii4 ,! ,uncpapas _h a battle ) ! ,cr[s1 ! =m] los+1 x is said1 #ad & kill+ #bi out ( #cj ( ! latt]1 ?\gh no?+ appe>s to %[ ^? numb]s4 ,! c5tral object 9 ! symbol is n a circle d5ot+ multitude1 b an irregul>ly r\nd$ object1 cle>ly int5d$ = "o ( ! wood5 inclosures or =ts frequ5tly erect$ by ! ,indians1 & especially ! ,cr[s4 ,! ,cr[ =t is %[n z ne>ly surr\nd$1 & bullets1 n arr[s or lances1 are fly+4 ,?is is ! fir/ in/ance 9 :i* any combat or kill+ is portray$ :]e guns explicitly appe> to be us$ by ,indians1 ?\gh no?+ 9 ! *>t is at v>iance ) ! fact t ! ,dakotas _h = a numb] ( ye>s be5 famili> ) fire arms4 ,! mo/ rec5t indications ( any weapon 7 ^? ( ! arr[s pi]c+ ! ,cr[ squaw 9 #aheg-'eh & ,brave-,be> 9 #ahed-'ee1 :ile ! la/ "o be=e !m 0 ! lance us$ 9 #ahdh-'di1 & ^? arms might well h be5 employ$ 9 all ! cases select$ = ! cal5d>1 al?\gh rifles & muskets 7 common4 ,!re is also an obvi\s practical difficulty 9 pictur+ by a s+le "* kill+ ) a bullet1 n aris+ z to arr[s1 lances1 dirks1 & hat*ets1 all ( :i* c be & are 9 ! *>t %[n project+ f ! w\nds made by !m4 ,pictographs 9 ! possession ( ! ,bureau ( ,e?nology %[ battles 9 :i* bullets are d5ot$ by cont9u\s dott$ l9es1 ! spots at :i* !y take effect be+ sometimes indicat$4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 to be not$ t ! bloody w\nd on ! ,ree's %\ld] 7#ahjf-'jg7 is )\t any protrud+ weapon1 z if made by a bullet4 ,no4 ,,iii4 ,a ,cr[ w> p>ty ( #cj 7 surpris$ & surr\nd$ 9 ! ,black ,hills by ! ,dakotas & kill$4 ,f\rte5 ( ! ,dakotas 7 kill$ 9 ! engagem5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,bureau ,,( ,,e?nology ,,f\r? ,,annual ,,report ,,pl4 ,,xxxiii #ahga-'gb4 #ahgb-'gc4 #ahgc-'gd4 #ahgd-'ge4 #ahge-'gf4 #ahgf-'gg4 ,,! ,,dakota ,,w9t] ,,c\nts4 #ahga-'gb4--,no4 ,i4 ,!-,flame's second son kill$ by ,rees4 #ahgb-'gc4--,no4 ,i4 ,sans-,arc-,john kill$ by ,rees4 #ahgc-'gd4--,no4 ,i4 ,bruls kill a numb] ( ,pawnees4 ,cl\d-,%ield says !y kill$ _m ,pawnees on ! ,republican ,riv]4 #ahgd-'ge4--,no4 ,i4 ,a ,dakota kills "o ,ree4 #ahge-'gf4--,no4 ,i4 ,c\ncil at ,spott$ ,tail ,ag5cy4 #ahgf-'gg4--,no4 ,i4 ,horses tak5 by ,unit$ ,/ates ,gov]nm5t4 ,:ite-,c[-,kill] calls x 8,g5]al-,mack5zie-took-!-,r$-,cl\d-,indi ans'-horses-away-f-!m w9t]40 ,9 ! acc\nt ( ,lone-,dog's *>t1 publi%$ 9 #ahgg1 z above m5tion$1 ! pres5t writ]1 on ! subject ( ! record]'s selection ( ev5ts1 rem>k$ z foll[s3 8,! ye> #ahgf has furni%$ good /ore ( ev5ts = 8 *oice1 & x w be int]e/+ to le>n :e!r he has select$ z ! di/+ui%+ ev5t ! victory ov] ,cu/]1 or1 z ( /ill great] int]e/1 ! g5]al seizure ( ponies1 :]eat ! tribes1 imitat+ ,ra*el1 weep & w n be com=t$1 because !y are n40 ,x n[ appe>s t two ( ! c\nts h select$ ! ev5t ( ! seizure ( ! ponies1 & none ( !m yet se5 make any allusion to ! defeat ( ,cu/]4 ,aft] exam9ation ( ! ?ree *>ts x w be conc$$ t1 z above /at$1 ! design is n n>rative1 ! not+ ( ev5ts be+ subord9at$ to ! m>k+ ( ! ye>s by !m1 & ! pictographic s]ial arrangem5ts ( sometimes trivial1 ?\gh g5]ally notori\s1 incid5ts1 be+ ) special adaptation = use z a cal5d>4 ,t 9 a few in/ances small p]sonal ev5ts1 su* z ! bir? or dea? ( ! record] or memb]s ( 8 family1 are set =?1 may be reg>d$ z 9 ! l9e ( int]polations 9 or unau?oriz$ additions to ! *>ts4 ,if !y _h exhibit$ a complete national or tribal hi/ory = ! ye>s embrac$ 9 !m1 _! discov]y w\ld h be51 9 "s respects1 m valuable1 b !y are ! m int]e/+ to e?nologi/s because !y %[ an attempt1 be=e unsuspect$ among ! tribes ( ,am]ican ,indians1 to =m a sy/em ( *ronology4 ,,! ,,corbusi] ,,w9t] ,,c\nts4 ,:ile ! pres5t pap] 0 9 prep>ation1 a valuable & elaborate communication 0 receiv$ f ,dr4 ,william ,h4 ,corbusi]1 assi/ant surgeon1 ,unit$ ,/ate ,army1 /yl$ by him ! ,dakota ,w9t] ,c\nts1 :i* title 0 adopt$ = ! :ole subject-matt]1 includ+ ! *>ts ) _! int]pretations :i* _h be=e be5 kn[n to ! pres5t writ]1 & ^? f ,dr4 ,corbusi]1 :i* furni% a diff]5t sy/em1 are di/+ui%$ by 8 "n4 ,x is necess>y to expla9 t all ref]5ces 9 ! text to colors1 o!r ?an black1 mu/ be und]/ood z applicable to ! orig9als4 ,o!r colors c\ld n be reproduc$ 9 ! plates )\t an exp5se disproportionate to ! importance ( ! colors = significance & compreh5sion4 ,a m important explanation is due on acc\nt ( ! necessity to omit f ,dr4 ,corbusi]'s contribution ! figures ( ,batti/e ,good's c\nt & _! int]pretation4 ,?is c\nt is 9 "s respects ! mo/ important ( all ^? yet made kn[n4 ,z set d[n by ,batti/e ,good1 x beg9s 9 a peculi> cyclic computation ) ! ye> ,a4 ,d4 #ijj1 & 9 ?irte5 figures includes ! "t to ,a4,d4 #agjj1 all ^! figures be+ connect$ ) leg5ds & my?s1 "s ( :i* indicate ,european influ5ce4 ,f #agjj-'ja to #ahgi-'hj a sep>ate "* = ea* ye> is giv51 ) its int]pretation1 9 a mann] g5]ally simil> to ^? 9 ! o!r *>ts4 ,un=tunately all ( ^! figures are color$1 ei!r 9 :ole or 9 l>ge "p1 five colors be+ us$ besides black1 & ! draw+ is s rude t )\t ! colors x is 9 _m cases un9telligible4 ,! pres5tation at ?is "t ( s l>ge a numb] ( color$ figures--9 all "o hundr$ & n9ety-?ree--9 addition to ! o!r illu/rations ( ! pres5t pap]1 involv$ too great exp5se4 ,x is hop$ t ?is c\nt c be s f> revis$1 ) ! elim9ation ( uness5tial coloration & ) m precision 9 ! outl9es1 z to all[ ( its publication4 ,sev]al ( its *>act]s1 ) ref]5ces also to its int]pretation :5 comp>$ ) t ( o!r c\nts1 are giv5 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! pres5t pap]4 ,:]e x 0 important to specify _! coloration ! h]aldic s*eme has be5 us$4 ,! pages imm$iately foll[+ conta9 ! contribution ( ,dr4 ,corbusi]1 dim9i%$ by ! extraction ( ! p>ts compris+ ,batti/e ,good's c\nt4 ,its necess>y omission1 z above expla9$1 is mu* regrett$1 n only on acc\nt ( its intr9sic value1 b because )\t x ! "w ( ,dr4 ,corbusi] does n appe> to all ! advantage m]it$ by 8 zeal & indu/ry4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! ,dakotas reckon "t by w9t]s1 & apply names to !m in/ead ( numb]+ !m f an era4 ,ea* "n ref]s to "s notable occurr5ce ( ! w9t] or ye> to :i* x belongs1 & has be5 agre$ ^u 9 c\ncil on ! expiration ( ! w9t]4 ,sep>ate b&s h (t5 fix$ ^u diff]5t ev5ts1 & x ?us happ5s t ! names are n uni=m ?r\gh\t ! nation4 ,ideographic records ( ^! occurr5ces h be5 kept 9 sev]al b&s = _m ye>s1 & !y con/itute ! ,dakota ,w9t]-,c\nts 7wanyetu wwapi7 or ,c\nts ,back 7hkta yawapi74 ,!y are us$ 9 comput+ "t1 & to aid ! memory 9 recall+ ! names & ev5ts ( ! diff]5t ye>s1 _! places 9 ! c\nt1 & _! ord] ( succession4 ,! enum]ation ( ! w9t]s is begun at ! "o la/ record$ & c>ri$ backw>d4 ,not*es on /icks1 w>-%irts1 pipes1 arr[s1 & o!r devices also s]ve a mnemonic purpose4 ,! ,c\nts 7 =m]ly execut$ 9 colors on ! hides ( animals1 b ! pres5t record]s make use ( pap]1 books1 p5s1 p5cils1 & pa9ts obta9$ f ! :ites4 ,! alignm5t ( ! ideographs dep5ds to "s ext5t ^u ! mat]ial on :i* !y are depict$4 ,on robes x is spiral f "r to left & f ! c5t] outw>d1 ea* ye> be+ add$ to ! coil z ! snail adds to its :orl4 ,! spiral l9e1 frequ5tly se5 9 et*+s on rocks1 has be5 expla9$ to me z indicat+ a snail %ell4 ,on pap] !y are sometimes c>ri$ f "r to left1 sometimes f left to "r1 & aga9 ! two me?ods are comb9$ z 9 ,batti/e ,good's w9t]-c\nt1 :i* beg9s at ! back ( ! book & is c>ri$ =w>d1 i4 e41 f "r to left1 b 9 :i* ! alignm5t on ea* page is f left to "r4 ,! direction f "r to left is t foll[$ 9 _m ( _! c]emonies1 z :5 tobacco is smok$ z inc5se to ! sun & ! pipe is pass$ ar\nd1 & :5 ! devotees 9 ! dance to ! sun ent] & leave ! consecrat$ lodge 9 :i* !y fulfill _! v[s4 ,among ! ,ogllas & ! ,bruls !re are at lea/ five ( ^! c\nts kept by z _m diff]5t m51 ea* man seem+ to be ! record] = 8 bran* ( ! tribe4 ,i obta9$ copies ( ?ree ( !m 9 #ahgi & #ahhj1 :ile /ation$ at ,camp ,%]idan1 ,nebraska1 ne> ! ,p9e ,ridge ,ag5cy1 ,dakota4 ,"o w9t] c\nt 0 made = me by ,batti/e ,good1 a ,brul ,dakota1 at ! ,rosebud ,ag5cy1 ,dakota1 be+ a copy ( ! "o ( :i* he is ! record]4 ,he expla9$ ! mean+ ( ! pictographs to ! ,rev4 ,william ,j4 ,clevel&1 ( ! ,rosebud ,ag5cy1 to :om ,i am indebt$ = r5d]+ 8 explanations into ,engli%4 ,sev]al ,indians & half-bre$s _h in=m$ me t 8 c\nt =m]ly embrac$ ab\t ! same numb] ( ye>s z ! o!r two1 b t ,batti/e ,good ga!r$ ! names ( _m ye>s f ! old p & plac$ !m 9 *ronological ord] z f> back z he 0 able to le>n !m4 ,ano!r w9t] c\nt is a copy ( ! "o 9 ! possession ( ,am]ican-,horse1 an ,oglla ,dakota1 at ! ,p9e ,ridge ,ag5cy1 :o ass]ts t 8 gr&fa!r began x1 & t x is ! production ( 8 gr&fa!r1 8 fa!r1 & himself4 ,i receiv$ ! explanations f ,am]ican-,horse ?r\gh an int]pret]4 ,a ?ird w9t] c\nt is a copy ( "o kept by ,cl\d-,%ield4 ,he is also an ,oglla ,dakota at ! ,p9e ,ridge ,ag5cy1 b ( a diff]5t b& f ,am]ican-,horse4 ,i also receiv$ 8 explanations ?r\gh an int]pret]4 ,! la/ two c\nts embrace ne>ly ! same numb] ( ye>s4 ,i h add$ ! dates to bo? ( !m1 beg9n+ at ! la/ ye>1 ! date ( :i* 0 kn[n1 & c>ry+ !m back4 ,two dates belong to ea* figure1 z a ,dakota ye> cov]s a portion ( two ( our cal5d> ye>s4 ,i h se5 copies ( a f\r? w9t] c\nt :i* is kept by ,:ite-,c[-,kill] at ! ,p9e ,ridge ,ag5cy4 ,i did n obta9 a copy ( x1 b le>n$ mo/ ( ! names giv5 to ! w9t]s4 ,on comp>+ ! w9t] c\nts1 x is f\nd t !y (t5 correspond1 b m frequ5tly diff]4 ,9 a few in/ances ! diff]5ces are 9 ! succession ( ! ev5ts1 b 9 mo/ in/ances !y are due to an omission or to ! selection ( ano!r ev5t4 ,:5 a ye> has ! same "n 9 all ( !m1 ! b&s 7 probably encamp$ toge!r or else ! ev5t fix$ ^u 0 ( g5]al int]e/2 &1 :5 ! "n is diff]5t1 ! b&s 7 scatt]$ or no?+ ( g5]al int]e/ occurr$4 ,diff]5ces 9 ! succession may be due to ! loss ( a record & ! depiction ( ano!r f memory1 or to errors 9 copy+ an old "o4 ,! explanations ( ! c\nts are f> f complete1 z ! record]s :o furni%$ !m c\ld 9 _m in/ances recall no?+ except ! "n ( ! ye>1 & 9 o!rs 7 lo? to speak ( ! ev5ts or else _! explanations 7 vague & unsatisfactory1 &1 aga91 ! int]pret]s 7 sometimes at fault4 ,_m ( ! rec5t ev5ts are fre% 9 ! memory ( ! p1 z ! w>riors :o /rive to make _! exploits a "p ( ! tribal traditions proclaim !m on all occasions ( c]emony--c\nt _! c\ps1 z x is call$4 ,decl>ations ( ?is k9d p>take ( ! nature ( affirmations made 9 ! pres5ce ( ,god4 ,w>-%irts on :i* scores ( ! enemies kill$ are kept1 & :i* are c>efully transmitt$ f "o g5]ation to ano!r1 help to refre% _! memories 9 reg>d to "s ( ! ev5ts4 ,by te/+ _m ,indians ,i le>n$ t b few c\ld int]pret ! significance ( ! figures2 "s ( !m c\ld po9t out ! ye> ( _! bir? & t ( "s memb]s ( _! families2 o!rs c\ld n d s1 or pret5d$ t !y c\ld n1 b nam$ ! ye> & ask$ me to po9t x out & tell _! age4 ,9 ! foll[+ explanation ( ! w9t] c\nts1 figur$ on ,plates ,,xxxiv-,,li1 ,no4 ,i ref]s to t ( ,am]ican-,horse & ,no4 ,,ii to t ( ,cl\d-,%ield4 ,illu/ration3 ,,bureau ,,( ,,e?nology ,,f\r? ,,annual ,,report ,,pl4 ,,xxxiv #agge-'gf4 #aggf-'gg4 #aggg-'gh4 #aggh-'gi4 #aggi-'hj4 #aghj-'ha4 ,,! ,,corbusi] ,,w9t] ,,c\nts4 #agge-'gf4--,no4 ,i4 ,/&+-,bull1 ! great-gr&fa!r ( ! pres5t ,/&+-,bull1 discov]$ ! ,black ,hills4 ,he c>ri$ home ) him a p9e tree ( a species he _h nev] se5 be=e4 7,9 ?is c\nt ! ,dakotas are usually di/+ui%$ by ! braid$ scalp-lock & ! fea!r !y we> at ! cr[n ( ! head1 or by ! mann] 9 :i* !y bru% back & tie ! hair4 ,x w be notic$ t ! pr(ile ( mo/ ( ! faces is giv51 :]eas ,batti/e ,good gives ! full face4 ,! ,dakotas h ( late ye>s claim$ ! ,black ,hills1 probably by "r ( discov]y 9 #agge-'gf2 b ! ,cr[s 7 ! =m] possessors47 ,?is is also ! fir/ w9t] ( ,:ite-,c[-,kill]'s c\nt & is call$ 8,two-w>riors-kill$ w9t]40 #aggf-'gg4--,no4 ,i4 ,_m ( _! horses 7 kill$ by "s ( _! own p1 :o 7 jeal\s because !y 7 fatt] ?an _! own4 #aggg-'gh4--,no4 ,i4 ,x 0 an int5sely cold w9t]1 & ! ,man-:o-has-no-sk9-on-8-p5is froze to dea?4 ,! sign = sn[ or w9t]1 i4 e41 a cl\d ) sn[ fall+ f x1 is above 8 head4 ,a haka-/ick1 :i*1 9 play+ t game1 !y ca/ aft] a r+1 is repres5t$ 9 front ( him4 ,batti/e ,good's record is t a ,dakota nam$ ,sk9n$-,p5is 0 kill$ 9 a fight ) ! ,pawnees1 & 8 companions left 8 body :]e !y suppos$ x w\ld n be f\nd1 b ! ,pawnees f\nd x1 & z x 0 froz5 /iff1 !y dragg$ x into _! camp & play$ haka ) x4 ,no4 ,,ii4 ,a w> p>ty br\ght 9 ! lone p9e tree f ! enemy's c\ntry4 ,!y met no enemies :ile out4 ,?is ev5t is also ! fir/ 9 ,no4 ,i1 9 :i* x m>ks ! w9t] ( #agge-'gf4 #aggh-'gi4--,no4 ,i4 ,! ,ponkas came & attack$ a village1 not)/&+ peace _h j be5 made ) !m4 ,! p repuls$ & foll[$ !m1 kill+ sixty4 ,"s elk-hair & a fea!r repres5t ,ponka4 ,horse tracks are us$ = horses4 ,attack is indicat$ by signs :i* 7 said to repres5t bullet m>ks1 & :i* convey ! idea t ! bullet /ruck4 ,! sign seems to be d]iv$ f ! ge/ure-sign = 8x /ruck40 ,no4 ,,ii4 ,_m ( _! horses 7 kill$1 b by :om is n kn[n4 ,! same ev5t is record$ 9 ,no4 ,i1 #aggf-'gg4 #aggi-'hj4--,no4 ,i4 ,long-,p9e 0 kill$ 9 a fight ) ! ,cr[s4 ,! abs5ce ( 8 scalp d5otes t he 0 kill$ by an enemy4 ,! w\nd 0 made ) ! b[ & arr[4 ,no4 ,,ii4 ,sk9n$-8-p5is 0 us$ 9 ! r+-&-pole game4 #aghj-'ha4--,no4 ,i4 ,_m di$ ( small-pox4 ,no4 ,,ii4 8,! policeman0 0 kill$ by ! enemy4 ,illu/ration3 ,,bureau ,,( ,,e?nology ,,f\r? ,,annual ,,report ,,pl4 ,,xxxv #agha-'hb4 #aghb-'hc4 #aghc-'hd4 #aghd-'he4 #aghe-'hf4 #aghf-'hg4 ,,! ,,corbusi] ,,w9t] ,,c\nts4 #agha-'hb--,no4 ,i4 ,_m di$ ( small-pox4 ,no4 ,,ii4 ,_m p di$ ( small-pox4 ,!y all record two successive w9t]s ( small-pox1 b ,no4 ,i makes ! fir/ ye> ( ! epidemic "o ye> lat] ?an t ( ,batti/e ,good1 & ,no4 ,,ii makes x two ye>s lat]4 #aghb-'hc4--,no4 ,i4 ,a ,dakota nam$ ,/abb] froze to dea?4 ,! sign = w9t] is ! same z be=e4 ,no4 ,,ii4 ,_m p di$ ( small-pox aga94 #aghc-'hd--,no4 ,i4 ,! ,m&ans & ,rees made a *>ge on a ,dakota village4 ,! ,dakotas drove !m back1 kill$ tw5ty five ( !m1 & captur$ a boy4 ,an eagle's tail1 :i* is worn on ! head1 /&s = ,m&an & ,ree4 ,no4 ,,ii4 ,!-,/abb] froze to dea?4 ,! man's "n is sugge/$ by ! spe> 9 ! body ov] 8 head1 :i* is connect$ ) 8 m\? by a l9e4 ,:ite-,c[-,kill] calls x 8,big-fire w9t]10 possibly because big fires 7 requir$ to keep !m w>m4 #aghd-'he4--,no4 ,i4 ,a "y man :o 0 afflict$ ) ! small-pox1 & 0 9 8 tipi1 (f by himself1 sang 8 dea?-song & %ot himself4 ,suicide is m common among ,indians ?an is g5]ally suspect$1 & ev5 boys sometimes take _! own lives4 ,a ,dakota boy at "o ( ! ag5cies %ot himself r ?an face 8 companions aft] 8 "m _h :ipp$ him1 & a ,pai-,ute boy at ,camp ,mc,dermit1 ,nevada1 tri$ to poison himself ) ! wild p>snip because he 0 n well & /rong l ! o!r boys4 ,! ,pai-,utes usually eat ! wild p>snip :5 b5t on suicide4 ,no4 ,,ii4 ,an ,omaha woman :o 0 liv+ ) ! ,ogllas attempt$ to run away f !m1 & !y kill$ h]4 ,a w> betwe5 ! two tribes 0 ! result4 #aghe-'hf4--,no4 ,i4 ,be>'s-,e>s1 a ,brul1 0 kill$ 9 an ,oglla village by ! ,cr[s4 ,no4 ,,ii4 ,! ,ogllas kill$ ?ree lodges ( ,omahas4 #aghf-'hg4--,no4 ,i4 ,brok5-,leg-,duck1 an ,oglla1 w5t to a ,cr[ village to /eal horses & 0 kill$4 ,a l9e connects ! "n ) ! m\?4 ,no4 ,,ii4 ,long-,hair 0 kill$4 ,to :at tribe he belong$ is n kn[n4 ,illu/ration3 ,,bureau ,,( ,,e?nology ,,f\r? ,,annual ,,report ,,pl4 ,,xxxvi #aghg-'hh4 #aghh-'hi4 #aghi-'ij4 #agij-'ia4 #agia-'ib4 #agib-'ic4 ,,! ,,corbusi] ,,w9t] ,,c\nts4 #aghg-'hh4--,no4 ,i4 ,!y w5t out 9 se>* ( ! ,cr[s 9 ord] to av5ge ! dea? ( ,brok5-,leg-,duck4 ,!y did n f9d any ,cr[s1 b1 *anc+ on a ,m&an village1 captur$ x & kill$ all ! p 9 x4 ,no4 ,,ii4 ,a ye> ( fam9e4 ,!y liv$ on roots1 :i* are repres5t$ 9 front ( ! tipi4 #aghh-'hi4--,no4 ,i4 ,la/-,badg]1 an ,oglla1 0 kill$ by ! ,rees4 ,no4 ,,ii4 ,! w9t] 0 s cold t _m cr[s froze to dea?4 ,:ite-,c[-,kill] calls #aghg-'hh 8,_m-black-cr[s-di$ w9t]40 #aghi-'ij4--,no4 ,i4 ,! cold 0 s int5se t cr[s froze 9 ! air & dropp$ dead ne> ! lodges4 ,no4 ,,ii4 ,:ite-,goose 0 kill$ 9 an attack made by "s enemies4 ,:ite-,c[-,kill] calls x 8,goose-,fea!r-kill$ w9t]40 #agij-'ia4--,no4 ,i4 ,!y c\ld n hunt on acc\nt ( ! deep sn[1 & 7 compell$ to subsi/ on any?+ !y c\ld get1 z h]bs 7pzi7 & roots4 ,no4 ,,ii4 ,picket-,p9 w5t aga9/ ! ,*ey5nes4 ,a picket-p9 is repres5t$ 9 front ( him & is connect$ ) 8 m\? by ! usual l9e4 ,! black b& across 8 face d5otes t he 0 brave & _h kill$ enemies4 ,! cross is ! symbol = ,*ey5ne4 ,! m>k us$ = ,*ey5ne /&s = ! sc>s on _! arms1 or /ripes on _! sleeves1 :i* also gave rise to ! ge/ure sign = ?is tribe1 giv5 9 ,sign ,language among ! ,nor? ,am]ican ,indians1 etc41 ,fir/ ,annual ,report ( ! ,bureau ( ,e?nology1 p4 #dfe1 viz43 ,draw ! ext5d$ "r index1 or ! inn] edge ( ! op5 "r h&1 sev]al times across ! base ( ! ext5d$ left index or across ! left =e>m at diff]5t heights4 ,:ite-,c[-,kill] calls x 8,all-!-,indians-see-!-flag w9t]40 #agia-'ib4--,no4 ,i4 ,glue1 an ,oglla1 froze to dea? on 8 way to a ,brul village4 ,a glue-/ick is repres5t$ back ( 8 head4 ,glue1 made f ! ho(s ( buffalo1 is us$ to fa/5 arr[-heads on1 & is c>ri$ ab\t on /icks4 ,no4 ,,ii4 ,! ,dakotas & ,omahas made peace4 #agib-'ic4--,no4 ,i4 ,_m wom5 di$ 9 *ild-bir?4 ,no4 ,,ii4 ,! ,dakotas camp$ on ! ,miss\ri ,riv] ne> ! ,gros ,v5tres & f\ght ) !m a long "t4 ,! ,dakota tipi & ! ,gros ,v5tre lodge are %[n 9 ! figure4 ,:ite-,c[-,kill] calls x 8,rees-h\se-w9t]40 ,illu/ration3 ,,bureau ,,( ,,e?nology ,,f\r? ,,annual ,,report ,,pl4 ,,xxxvii #agic-'id4 #agid-'ie4 #agie-'if4 #agif-'ig4 #agig-'ih4 #agih-'ii4 ,,! ,,corbusi] ,,w9t] ,,c\nts4 #agic-'id4--,no4 ,i4 ,a ,ponka :o 0 captur$ :5 a boy by ! ,ogllas 0 kill$ :ile outside ! village by a w> p>ty ( ,ponkas4 ,no4 ,,ii4 ,be>'s-,e>s 0 kill$ 9 a fight ) ! ,rees4 ,:ite-,c[-,kill] calls x 8,little-,face-kill$ w9t]40 #agid-'ie4--,no4 ,i4 ,!-,good-,:ite-,man came ) two o!r :ite m54 ,he promis$ t if !y w\ld let him & 8 companions g undi/urb$ he w\ld return & br+ ) him weapons ) :i* !y c\ld kill game ) b little labor4 ,!y gave !m buffalo robes & dogs to pack !m on & s5t ! p>ty (f4 ,! sign = :ite man is a hat1 ei!r by itself or on a head1 & ! ge/ure-sign indicates "o :o we>s a hat4 ,draw ! op5 "r h& horizontally f left to "r across ! =ehead a little above ! eyebr[s1 ! back ( ! h& to be upw>d & ! f+]s po9t+ t[>d ! left1 or draw ! index across ! =ehead 9 ! same mann]4 ,no4 ,,ii4 ,bad-,face1 a ,dakota1 0 %ot 9 ! face4 ,:ite-,c[-,kill] calls x 8,long-,hair-kill$ w9t]40 #agie-'if4--,no4 ,i4 ,!-,man-,:o-,owns-!-,flute 0 kill$ by ! ,*ey5nes4 ,8 flute is repres5t$ 9 front ( him ) s\nds com+ f x4 ,a bullet m>k is on 8 neck4 ,no4 ,,ii4 ,! ,dakotas camp$ ne> ! ,rees & f\ght ) !m4 ,:ite-,c[-,kill] calls x 8,wat]-,/oma*-kill$ w9t]40 #agif-'ig4--,no4 ,i4 ,!y kill$ ! long-hair$ man 9 a fight ) ! ,*ey5nes :ile on an exp$ition to av5ge ! dea? ( ,!-,man-,:o-,owns-!-,flute1 :o 0 kill$ by ! ,*ey5nes ! ye> be=e4 ,no4 ,,ii4 ,badg]1 a ,dakota1 0 kill$ by enemies1 z %[n by ! abs5ce ( 8 scalp4 ,:ite-,c[-,kill] calls x 8,w>-,bonnet-kill$ w9t]40 #agig-'ih4--,no4 ,i4 ,little-,beav] & ?ree o!r :ite m5 came to trade1 hav+ be5 s5t by ! ,good-,:ite-,man4 ,_! goods 7 load$ on ?ree sl$s1 ea* drawn by six dogs4 ,no4 ,,ii4 ,!-,wise-,man 0 kill$ by enemies4 ,:ite-,c[-,kill] calls x 8,caught-!-m$ic9e-god-woman w9t]40 #agih-'ii4--,no4 ,i4 ,owns-!-,pole1 ! lead] ( an ,oglla w> p>ty1 br\ght home _m ,*ey5ne scalps4 ,! cross /&s = ,*ey5ne4 ,no4 ,,ii4 ,_m wom5 di$ 9 *ild-bir?4 ,:ite-,c[-,kill] says1 8,_m-squaws-di$ w9t]40 ,illu/ration3 ,,bureau ,,( ,,e?nology ,,f\r? ,,annual ,,report ,,pl4 ,,xxxviii #agii-ahjj4 #ahjj-'ja4 #ahja-'jb4 #ahjb-'jc4 #ahjc-'jd4 #ahjd-'je4 ,,! ,,corbusi] ,,w9t] ,,c\nts4 #agii-ahjj4--,no4 ,i4 ,!-,good-,:ite-,man return$ & gave guns to ! ,dakotas4 ,! circle ( m>ks repres5ts ! p sitt+ ar\nd him1 ! fl9t-lock musket ! guns4 ,no4 ,,ii4 ,a woman :o _h be5 giv5 to a :ite man by ! ,dakotas 0 kill$ because %e ran away f him4 ,see ,no4 ,i1 #ahjd-'je4 ,:ite-,c[-,kill] says1 8,!-,good-,:ite-,man-came w9t]40 #ahjj-'ja4--,no4 ,i4 ,n9e :ite m5 came to trade ) !m4 ,! cov]$ head ) %ort hair /&s = a :ite man & also intimates t ! eight dots ov] x are = :ite m54 ,accord+ to ?is c\nt ! fir/ :ites came 9 #agid-'ie4 ,no4 ,,ii4 ,! ,good-,:ite-,man came4 ,he 0 ! fir/ :ite man to trade & live ) ! ,dakotas4 ,:ite-,c[-,kill] calls x 8,don't-,eat-,he>t-makes-a-god-h\se w9t]40 #ahja-'jb4--,no4 ,i4 ,! ,ogllas1 ,bruls1 ,m9neconj\s1 ,sans ,arcs1 & ,*ey5nes unit$ 9 an exp$ition aga9/ ! ,cr[s4 ,!y surpris$ & captur$ a village ( ?irty lodges1 kill$ all ! m51 & took ! wom5 & *ildr5 prison]s4 ,! ?ree tipis /& = ?irty2 ! r$ spots are = blood4 ,no4 ,,ii4 ,a trad] br\ght !m _! fir/ guns4 ,:ite-,c[-,kill] says1 8,all-sick-w9t]40 #ahjb-'jc4--,no4 ,i4 ,! ,ponkas attack$ two lodges ( ,ogllas1 kill$ "s ( ! p1 & made ! re/ prison]s4 ,! ,ogllas w5t to ! ,ponka village a %ort "t aft]w>d & took _! p f ! ,ponkas4 ,9 ! figure an ,oglla has a prison] by ! arm lead+ him away4 ,! arr[ indicates t !y 7 ready to fight4 ,no4 ,,ii4 ,! ,omahas made an assault on a ,dakota village4 ,arr[s & bullets are fly+ back & =?4 ,:ite-,c[-,kill] calls x 8,br\ght-9-horse-%oes w9t]40 #ahjc-'jd--,no4 ,i4 ,!y made peace ) ! ,gros ,v5tres4 ,no4 ,,ii4 ,little-,beav]1 a :ite trad]1 came4 ,:ite-,c[-,kill] calls x 8,pl5ty-(-woolly-horses w9t]40 #ahjd-'je4--,no4 ,i4 ,an ,indian woman :o _h be5 unfai?ful to a :ite man to :om %e 0 m>ri$ 0 kill$ by an ,indian nam$ ,ponka4 ,! symbol = ,ponka indicates ! "n4 ,no4 ,,ii4 ,! ,omahas came & made peace to get _! p1 :om ! ,dakotas held z prison]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,bureau ,,( ,,e?nology ,,f\r? ,,annual ,,report ,,pl4 ,,xxxix #ahje-'jf4 #ahjf-'jg4 #ahjg-'jh4 #ahjh-'ji4 #ahji-'aj4 #ahaj-'aa4 ,,! ,,corbusi] ,,w9t] ,,c\nts4 #ahje-'jf4--,no4 ,i4 ,! ,dakotas _h a c\ncil ) ! :ites on ! ,miss\ri ,riv]1 bel[ ! ,*ey5ne ,ag5cy1 ne> ! m\? ( ,bad ,creek 7! ,lewis & ,cl>ke ,exp$ition874 ,!y _h _m flags1 :i* ! ,good-,:ite-,man gave !m ) _! guns1 & !y erect$ !m on poles to %[ _! fri5dly feel+s4 ,! curv$ l9e is to repres5t ! c\ncil lodge1 :i* !y made by op5+ sev]al tipis & unit+ !m at _! sides to =m a semicircle4 ,! m>ks are = ! p4 ,am]ican-,horse's fa!r 0 born ?is ye>4 ,no4 ,,ii4 ,n9e :ite m5 came to trade4 ,! ?ree cov]$ heads repres5t ! :ite m54 ,:ite-,c[-,kill] calls x 8,eight-,dakotas-kill$ w9t]40 #ahjf-'jg4--,no4 ,i4 ,black-,rock1 a ,dakota1 0 kill$ by ! ,cr[s4 ,a rock is repres5t$ above 8 head4 ,he 0 kill$ ) a b[ & arr[ & 0 scalp$4 ,no4 ,,ii4 ,! ,dakotas kill$ an ,omaha 9 ! night4 ,:ite-,c[-,kill] calls x 8,kill$-:ile-hunt+-eagles w9t]40 #ahjg-'jh4--,no4 ,i4 ,brok5-,leg 0 kill$ by ! ,pawnees4 ,8 leg _h be5 brok5 by a bullet 9 a previ\s fight ) ! ,pawnees4 ,no4 ,,ii4 ,_m p camp$ toge!r & _h _m flags fly+4 ,:ite-,c[-,kill] calls x 8,r$-%irt-kill$ ,w9t]40 #ahjh-'ji4--,no4 ,i4 ,little-,beav]'s trad+ h\se 0 burn$ d[n4 ,no4 ,,ii4 ,a ,brul 0 f\nd dead "u a tree :i* _h fall5 on him4 ,:ite-,c[-,kill] calls x 8,blue-,blanket's-fa!r-dead w9t]40 #ahji-'aj4--,no4 ,i4 ,black-,rock 0 kill$ by ! ,cr[s4 ,8 bro!r1 ^: "n he _h tak51 0 kill$ by ! ,cr[s ?ree ye>s be=e4 ,no4 ,,ii4 ,little-,beav]'s h\se 0 burn$4 ,:ite-,c[-,kill] says1 8,little-,beav]'s 7! :ite man7 h\se-burn$-d[n w9t]40 #ahaj-'aa4--,no4 ,i4 ,r$-,%irt1 a ,dakota1 0 kill$ by ! ,cr[s :ile look+ = 8 ponies ne> ,old ,woman's ,=k4 ,no4 ,,ii4 ,!y br\ght 9 a f9e horse ) fea!rs ti$ to 8 tail4 ,:ite-,c[-,kill] calls x 8,came-)-m$ic9e-on-horse's-tail w9t]40 ,illu/ration3 ,,bureau ,,( ,,e?nology ,,f\r? ,,annual ,,report ,,pl4 ,,xl #ahaa-'ab4 #ahab-'ac4 #ahac-'ad4 #ahad-'ae4 #ahae-'af4 #ahaf-'ag4 ,,! ,,corbusi] ,,w9t] ,,c\nts4 #ahaa-'ab4--,no4 ,i4 ,!y caught _m wild horses s\? ( ! ,platte ,riv]4 ,no4 ,,ii4 ,!y _h v little buffalo meat1 z ! empty dry+ pole indicates1 b pl5ty ( ducks 9 ! fall4 ,:ite-,c[-,kill] calls x 8,cat*+-wild-horses w9t]40 #ahab-'ac4--,no4 ,i4 ,big-,wai/'s fa!r kill$4 ,no4 ,,ii4 ,big-,owl kill$4 ,:ite-,c[-,kill] calls x 8,big-,belly's-fa!r-kill$ w9t]40 #ahac-'ad4--,no4 ,i4 ,_m _h ! :oop+-c\gh4 ,! c\gh is repres5t$ by ! l9es issu+ f ! man's m\?4 ,no4 ,,ii4 ,food 0 v sc>ce & !y _h to live on acorns4 ,! tree is int5d$ = an oak & ! m>ks b5ea? x = acorns4 ,:ite-,c[-,kill] calls x 8,six-,rees-kill$ w9t]40 #ahad-'ae4--,no4 ,i4 ,! ,dakotas w5t to a ,kai[a village1 ab\t #f miles f ,scott's ,bluff1 & ne> ! m\? ( ,horse ,creek1 to treat = peace2 b _! int5tions 7 fru/rat$ by "o ( _! numb]1 :o drove 8 hat*et into a ,kai[a's head4 ,no4 ,,ii4 ,!y made peace ) ! ,pawnees4 ,! man ) ! blue =ehead is a ,pawnee1 ! o!r is a ,dakota1 ^: body is sme>$ ) clay4 ,! f\r arr[s %[ t !y _h be5 at w>1 & ! clasp$ h&s d5ote peace4 ,:ite-,c[-,kill] calls x 8,kai[a-hit-on-head-)-axe w9t]40 ,"y-,man's-,horses-,afraid1 i4 e41 ^: horses are afraid1 0 born ?is ye>4 ,he is n[ call$ 8,old-,man-afraid-(-8-,horses0 by ! :ites1 & 8 son1 ! pres5t *ief ( ! ,ogllas1 is kn[n z 8,"y-,man-afraid-(-8-,horses40 ,! pres5t writ] has he>d ano!r int]pretation ab\t 8afraid-(-8-horses10 i4 e41 t ! man valu$ 8 horses s mu* t he 0 afraid ( los+ !m4 ,! pres5t repres5tative ( ! "n1 h[ev]1 /at$ to ! writ] t ! true mean+ 0 8,!-"y-man-^:-horses-!y-fe>40 #ahae-'af4--,no4 ,i4 ,! figure is int5d$ to repres5t a :ite man's h\se4 ,no4 ,,ii4 ,"s ( ! ,dakotas built a l>ge h\se & liv$ 9 x dur+ ! w9t]4 ,:ite-,c[-,kill] calls x 8,made-a-h\se w9t]40 #ahaf-'ag4--,no4 ,i4 ,!y made peace ) ! ,cr[s at ,p9e ,bluff4 ,! arr[ %[s !y _h be5 at w>4 ,no4 ,,ii4 ,!y liv$ 9 ! same h\se t !y did la/ w9t]4 ,:ite-,c[-,kill] calls x 8,made-a-h\se w9t]40 ,illu/ration3 ,,bureau ,,( ,,e?nology ,,f\r? ,,annual ,,report ,,pl4 ,,xli #ahag-'ah4 #ahah-'ai4 #ahai-'bj4 #ahbj-'ba4 #ahba-'bb4 #ahbb-'bc4 ,,! ,,corbusi] ,,w9t] ,,c\nts4 #ahag-'ah4--,no4 ,i4 ,! ,ogllas _h an abundance ( buffalo meat & %>$ x ) ! ,bruls1 :o 7 %ort ( food4 ,! buffalo hide hung on ! dry+ pole1 ) ! buffalo head above x1 indicates an abundance ( meat4 ,no4 ,,ii4 ,!-,brave-,man 0 kill$ 9 a great fight4 ,! fight is %[n by ! arr[s fly+ to & f him4 ,hav+ be5 kill$ by an enemy1 he is scalp$4 ,:ite-,c[-,kill] calls x 8,pl5ty-(-meat w9t]40 #ahah-'ai4--,no4 ,i4 ,a l>ge h\se 0 built4 ,no4 ,,ii4 ,_m di$ ( ! small-pox4 ,:ite-,c[-,kill] calls x 8,little-small-pox w9t]40 #ahai-'bj4--,no4 ,i4 ,ano!r h\se 0 built4 ,! ,dakotas made m$ic9e 9 x4 ,no4 ,,ii4 ,9 an engagem5t ) ! ,cr[s1 bo? sides exp5d$ all ( _! arr[s1 & !n ?rew dirt at ea* o!r4 ,a ,cr[ is repres5t$ on ! "r1 & is di/+ui%$ by ! mann] 9 :i* ! hair is worn4 ,:ite-,c[-,kill] calls x 8,made-a-h\se-(-old-wood w9t]40 #ahbj-'ba4--,no4 ,i4 ,! ,dakotas assault$ & took a ,cr[ village ( a hundr$ lodges4 ,!y kill$ _m & took _m prison]s4 ,no4 ,,ii4 ,a ,dakota1 nam$ ,glue1 froze to dea?4 ,:ite-,c[-,kill] calls x 8,two-arr[s-made-a-w>-bonnet w9t]40 #ahba-'bb4--,no4 ,i4 ,!y _h all ! m9i wakan 7_s wat] or :isky7 !y c\ld dr9k4 ,!y nev] _h any be=e4 ,a b>rel ) a wav$ or spiral l9e runn+ f x repres5ts ! :isky1 ! wav$ l9e signify+ _s4 ,no4 ,,ii4 ,a l>ge ro>+ /> fell4 ,x came f ! ea/1 & %ot out sp>ks ( fire along its c\rse4 ,its track & ! sp>ks are %[n 9 ! figure4 ,see also page #aaa4 ,:ite-,c[-,kill] says1 8,"o-/>-made-a-great-noise w9t]40 ,batti/e ,good1 alias ,wa-po-ctan-qi 7,br[n-,hat71 hi/orian & *ief1 designat$ ?is ye> z t ( 8 bir?4 ,omaha bullets 7 :izz+ ?r\gh ! village & /rik+ & pi]c+ 8 "m's lodge z %e br\ght him =?4 ,r$-,cl\d also 0 born4 #ahbb-'bc4--,no4 ,i4 ,dog1 an ,oglla1 /ole sev5ty horses f ! ,cr[s4 ,ea* ( ! sev5 tracks /&s = t5 horses4 ,a l>iat1 :i* s]ves ! purpose ( a long :ip1 & is usually all[$ to trail on ! gr\nd1 is %[n 9 ! man's h&4 ,no4 ,,ii4 ,a ,brul1 :o _h left ! village ! night be=e1 0 f\nd dead 9 ! morn+ outside ! village1 & ! dogs 7 eat+ 8 body4 ,! black spot on ! upp] "p ( ! ?igh %[s he 0 a ,brul4 ,:ite-,c[-,kill] says1 8,:ite-man-peels-!-/ick-9-8-h&-broke-8-l eg w9t]40 ,illu/ration3 ,,bureau ,,( ,,e?nology ,,f\r? ,,annual ,,report ,,pl4 ,,xlii #ahbc-'bd4 #ahbd-'be4 #ahbe-'bf4 #ahbf-'bg4 #ahbg-'bh4 #ahbh-'bi4 ,,! ,,corbusi] ,,w9t] ,,c\nts4 #ahbc-'bd4--,no4 ,i4 ,!y _h an abundance ( corn1 :i* !y got at ! ,ree villages4 ,no4 ,,ii4 ,!y jo9$ ! :ites 9 an exp$ition up ! ,miss\ri ,riv] aga9/ ! ,rees4 ,:ite-,c[-,kill] calls x 8,old-corn-pl5ty w9t]40 ,= fur!r explanation ( ! record ( ?is ye>1 see page #aaa4 #ahbd-'be4--,no4 ,i4 ,cl\d-,be>1 a ,dakota1 kill$ a ,dakota1 :o 0 a long di/ance (f1 by ?r[+ a bullet f 8 h& & /rik+ him 9 ! he>t4 ,! spiral l9e is aga9 us$ = wakan4 ,! ge/ure-sign = wakan 7holy1 sup]natural7 is3 ,) its index-f+] ext5d$ & po9t+ upw>d1 or all ! f+]s ext5d$1 back ( h& outw>d1 move ! "r h& f j 9 front ( ! =ehead spirally upw>d ne>ly to arm's l5g? f left to "r4 ,see 8,sign ,language ,n4 ,a4 ,indians10 p4 #chj1 by ! pres5t writ]1 9 ! ,fir/ ,annual ,report ( ! ,bureau ( ,e?nology4 ,no4 ,,ii4 ,cat-,own] 0 kill$ ) a spid]-web ?r[n at him by a ,dakota4 ,! spid]-web is %[n rea*+ to 8 he>t f ! h& ( ! man :o ?rew x4 ,! blood issu+ f 8 m\? & nose indicates t he bl$ to dea?4 ,x is a common belief among !m t c]ta9 m$ic9e m5 possess ! p[] ( tak+ life by %oot+ ne$les1 /raws1 spid]-webs1 bullets1 & o!r objects1 h[ev] di/ant ! p]son may be aga9/ :om !y are direct$4 ,:ite-,c[-,kill] calls x 8,kill$-!-wom5-pick+-*]ries w9t]40 #ahbe-'bf4--,no4 ,i4 ,"s ( ! ,dakotas 7 liv+ on ! bottom-l&s ( ! ,miss\ri ,riv]1 bel[ ! ,:et/one1 :5 ! riv]1 :i* 0 fill$ ) brok5 ice1 unexpect$ly rose & flood$ _! village4 ,_m 7 dr[n$ or else kill$ by ! float+ ice4 ,_m ( ^? t escap$ climb$ on cakes ( ice or into trees4 ,no4 ,,ii4 ,_m ( ! ,dakotas 7 dr[n$ 9 a flood caus$ by a rise ( ! ,miss\ri ,riv]1 9 a b5d ( :i* !y 7 camp$4 ,! curv$ l9e is ! b5d 9 ! riv]2 ! wav$ l9e is ! wat]1 above :i* ! tops ( ! tipis are %[n4 ,:ite-,c[-,kill] calls x 8,great-flood-&-_m-,indians-dr[n$ w9t]40 ,see page #aac4 #ahbf-'bg4--,no4 ,i4 ,! bro!r ( ! ,good-,:ite-,man came4 ,no4 ,,ii4 ,held a commemoration ( ! dead4 ,! pipe-/em & ! skull indicate ?is4 ,:ite-,c[-,kill] calls x 8,long-,:i/le-sick w9t]40 #ahbg-'bh4--,no4 ,i4 ,! sn[ 0 v deep4 ,no4 ,,ii4 ,9 a fight ) ! ,m&ans1 ,cri] 0 %ot 9 ! head ) a gun4 ,:ite-,c[-,kill] calls x 8,sn[-%oe-mak+ w9t]40 #ahbh-'bi4--,no4 ,i4 ,!y provid$ !mselves ) a l>ge supply ( antelope meat by driv+ antelope into a corral1 9 :i* !y 7 easily kill$4 ,no4 ,,ii4 ,!y drove _m antelope into a corral & !n kill$ !m4 ,:ite-,c[-,kill] calls x 8,_m-,rees-kill$ w9t]40 ,illu/ration3 ,,bureau ,,( ,,e?nology ,,f\r? ,,annual ,,report ,,pl4 ,,xliii #ahbi-'cj4 #ahcj-'ca4 #ahca-'cb4 #ahcb-'cc4 #ahcc-'cd4 #ahcd-'ce4 ,,! ,,corbusi] ,,w9t] ,,c\nts4 #ahbi-'cj4--,no4 ,i4 ,/rip$-,face /abb$ & kill$ 8 son-9-law = :ipp+ 8 wife4 ,no4 ,,ii4 ,spott$-,face /abs 8 son-9-law = :ipp+ 8 wife4 ,:ite-,c[-,kill] calls x 8,spott$-,face-held-on-long w9t]40 #ahcj-'ca4--,no4 ,i4 ,!y saw wagons = ! fir/ "t4 ,r$-,lake1 a :ite trad]1 br\ght 8 goods 9 !m4 ,no4 ,,ii4 ,! ,cr[s 7 approa*+ a village at a "t :5 !re 0 a great deal ( sn[ on ! gr\nd & int5d$ to surprise x1 b "s h]d]s discov]+ !m ! ,dakotas w5t out1 laid 9 wait = ! ,cr[s1 surpris$ !m1 & kill$ _m4 ,a ,cr['s head is repres5t$ 9 ! figure4 ,:ite-,c[-,kill] calls x 8,kill$-_m-:ite-buffalo w9t]40 #ahca-'cb4--,no4 ,i4 ,r$-,lake's h\se1 :i* he _h rec5tly built1 0 de/roy$ by fire1 & he 0 kill$ by ! accid5tal explosion ( "s p[d]4 ,no4 ,,ii4 ,a :ite man1 :om !y call$ ,gray-,eyes1 %ot & kill$ a man :o 0 work+ = him4 #ahcb-'cc4--,no4 ,i4 ,!y kill$ _m ,gros ,v5tres 9 a village :i* !y assault$4 ,no4 ,,ii4 ,all ( ,/&+-,bull's horses 7 kill$1 b by :om is unkn[n4 ,ho(-pr9ts1 blood-/a9s1 & arr[s are %[n "u ! horse4 ,:ite-,c[-,kill] calls x 8,"o-,horn's-leg-brok5 w9t]40 #ahcc-'cd4--,no4 ,i4 ,! />s mov$ ar\nd4 ,no4 ,,ii4 ,x ra9$ />s4 ,:ite ,c[-,kill] calls x 8,pl5ty-/>s w9t]40 ,! records see page #aaf all und\bt$ly ref] to ! magnific5t meteoric display ( ! morn+ ( ,novemb] #ac?1 #ahcc1 :i* 0 witness$ ?r\gh\t ,nor? ,am]ica1 & :i* !y h correctly assign$ to ! w9t] correspond+ ) t ( #ahcc-'cd4 ,all ( !m repres5t />s z hav+ f\r po9ts4 #ahcd-'ce4--,no4 ,i4 ,!y 7 at w> ) ! ,*ey5nes4 ,! ,*ey5ne is ! "o ) ! /ripes on 8 arm4 ,no4 ,,ii4 ,!y f\ght ) ! ,*ey5nes4 ,! /ripes on ! arm are = ,*ey5ne z be=e4 ,:ite-,c[-,kill] calls x 8,*ey5nes-came-&-"o-kill$ w9t]40 ,illu/ration3 ,,bureau ,,( ,,e?nology ,,f\r? ,,annual ,,report ,,pl4 ,,xliv #ahce-'cf4 #ahcf-'cg4 #ahcg-'ch4 #ahch-'ci4 #ahci-'dj4 #ahdj-'da4 ,,! ,,corbusi] ,,w9t] ,,c\nts4 #ahce-'cf4--,no4 ,i4 ,!y kill$ a v fat buffalo bull4 ,no4 ,,ii4 ,!y kill$ a v fat buffalo bull4 ,:ite-,c[-,kill] calls x 8,two w>riors-kill$ w9t]40 #ahcf-'cg4--,no4 ,i4 ,! ,dakotas & ! ,pawnees f\ght on ! ice on ! ,nor? ,platte ,riv]4 ,! =m] 7 on ! nor? side1 ! "r-h& side 9 ! figure1 ! latt] on ! s\? side1 ! left 9 ! figure4 ,horsem5 & footm5 on ! "r are oppos$ to footm5 on ! left4 ,bo? sides h guns & b[s1 z %[n by ! bullet-m>ks & ! arr[s4 ,! r$ m>ks are = blood-/a9s on ! ice4 ,no4 ,,ii4 ,!y f\ght ! ,pawnees across ! ice on ! ,nor? ,platte4 ,! man on ! left is a ,pawnee4 ,:ite-,c[-,kill] calls x 8,fight-on-ice w9t]40 #ahcg-'ch4--,no4 ,i4 ,pa9ts-,8-,*eeks-,r$ & 8 family1 :o 7 camp+ by !mselves1 7 kill$ by ,pawnees4 ,no4 ,,ii4 ,pa9ts-,8-,face-,r$1 a ,dakota1 0 kill$ 9 8 tipi by ! ,pawnees4 ,:ite-,c[-,kill] calls x 8,five-,f+]s-di$ w9t]40 #ahch-'ci4--,no4 ,i4 ,spott$-,horse c>ri$ ! pipe ar\nd & took ! w> pa? aga9/ ! ,pawnees1 to av5ge ! dea? ( 8 uncle1 ,pa9ts-,8-,*eeks-,r$4 ,no4 ,,ii4 ,crazy-,dog1 a ,dakota1 c>ri$ ! pipe ar\nd & took ! w> pa?4 ,! wav$ or spiral l9es d5ote crazy4 ,:ite-,c[-,kill] says1 8,pa9ts-8-,*9's-lodge-all-kill$ w9t]40 ,:5 a w>rior desires to make up a w> p>ty he visits 8 fri5ds & (f]s !m a fill$ pipe1 z an invitation to foll[ him1 & ^? :o are will+ to g accept ! invitation by light+ & smok+ x4 ,any man ^: c\rage has be5 prov$ may become ! lead] ( a w> p>ty4 ,among ! ,arapahos ! w\ld-be lead] does n invite any "o to accompany him1 b publicly ann\nces 8 int5tion ( go+ to w>4 ,he fixes ! day = 8 dep>ture & /ates :]e he w camp ! fir/ night1 nam+ "s place n f> (f4 ,! morn+ on :i* he />ts1 & be=e leav+ ! village1 he invokes ! aid ( ! sun1 8 gu>dian by day1 & (t51 to propitiate him1 secretly v[s to und]go p5ance1 or (f] a sacrifice on 8 return4 ,he rides (f alone1 c>ry+ 8 b>e pipe 9 8 h&1 ) ! b[l c>efully ti$ to ! /em to prev5t x f slipp+ (f4 ,if ! b[l %\ld at any "t accid5tally fall to ! gr\nd1 he consid]s x an evil om51 & imm$iately returns to ! village1 & no?+ c\ld induce him to proce$1 z he ?9ks t only mis=tune w\ld att5d him if he did4 ,sometimes he ties eagle or hawk plumes to ! /em ( 8 pipe1 &1 aft] quitt+ ! village1 repairs to ! top ( "s hill & makes an (f]+ ( !m to ! sun1 tak+ !m f 8 pipe & ty+ !m to a pole1 :i* he erects 9 a pile ( /ones4 7,"s ( ! /one-heaps se5 on ! hills 9 ! ,arapaho c\ntry orig9at$ 9 ?is way1 b mo/ ( !m 7 made by dream]s1 :o )draw f _! p to devote !mselves 9 solitude to contemplation1 fa/+1 & pray]1 9 ord] to "w !mselves into a /ate ( rapture1 hop+ to h visions & receive messages f spirits47 ,^? :o int5d to foll[ him usually jo9 him at ! fir/ camp1 equipp$ = ! exp$ition2 b (t5 !re are "s :o d n jo9 him until he has gone fur!r on4 ,he eats no?+ be=e leav+ ! village1 nor z long z ! sun is up2 b breaks 8 fa/ at 8 fir/ camp1 aft] ! sun sets4 ,! next morn+ he beg9s ano!r fa/1 to be cont9u$ until sunset4 ,he c\nts 8 p>ty1 saddles 8 horse1 names "s place six or sev5 miles ahead1 :]e he says he w halt = a:ile1 & aga9 rides (f alone ) 8 pipe 9 8 h&4 ,aft] a:ile ! p>ty foll[ him 9 s+le file4 ,:5 !y h rea*$ 8 halt+ place he tells !m to dism\nt & let _! horses graze4 ,!y all !n seat !mselves on ! gr\nd on ! left ( ! lead]1 =m+ a semicircle1 fac+ ! sun4 ,! lead] fills 8 pipe1 all b[ _! heads1 &1 po9t+ ! /em ( ! pipe upw>d1 he prays to ! sun1 ask+ t !y may f9d an abundance ( game1 t dead-%ots may be made1 s t _! ammunition w n be wa/$1 b res]v$ = _! enemies2 t !y may easily f9d _! enemies & kill !m2 t !y may be pres]v$ f w\nds & dea?4 ,he makes 8 petition f\r times1 !n lights 8 pipe1 & aft] s5d+ a few :iffs ( smoke skyw>d z inc5se to ! sun1 h&s ! pipe to 8 neighbor1 :o smokes & passes x on to ! next4 ,x is pass$ f "o to ano!r1 t[>d ! left1 until all h smok$1 ! lead] refill+ x z (t5 z necess>y4 ,!y !n proce$ to _! next camp1 :]e probably o!rs jo9 !m4 ,! same programme is c>ri$ out = ?ree or f\r days be=e ! p>ty is prep>$ = action4 #ahci-'dj4--,no4 ,i4 ,left-,h&$-,big-,nose 0 kill$ by ! ,%o%oni4 ,8 left arm is repres5t$ ext5d$1 & 8 nose is v conspicu\s4 ,am]ican-,horse 0 born 9 ! spr+ ( #ahdj4 ,no4 ,,ii4 ,!y kill$ a ,cr[ & 8 squaw1 :o 7 f\nd on a trail4 ,:ite-,c[-,kill] calls x 8,l>ge-w>-p>ty-hungry-eat-,pawnee-horses w9t]40 #ahdj-'da4--,no4 ,i4 ,sitt+-,be>1 ,am]ican-,horse's fa!r1 & o!rs1 /ole two hundr$ horses f ! ,flat ,heads4 ,a trail+ l>iat is 9 ! man's h&4 ,no4 ,,ii4 ,!y /ole "o hundr$ 7_m7 horses f ! ,snakes4 ,:ite-,c[-,kill] calls x 8,little-,?und]'s-bro!rs-kill$ w9t]40 ,illu/ration3 ,,bureau ,,( ,,e?nology ,,f\r? ,,annual ,,report ,,pl4 ,,xlv #ahda-'db4 #ahdb-'dc4 #ahdc-'dd4 #ahdd-'de4 #ahde-'df4 #ahdf-'dg4 ,,! ,,corbusi] ,,w9t] ,,c\nts4 #ahda-'db4--,no4 ,i4 ,! ,ogllas engag$ 9 a drunk5 brawl1 :i* result$ 9 a division ( ! tribe1 ! ,kiyuksas 7,cut-,(fs7 sep>at+ f ! o!rs4 ,no4 ,,ii4 ,! ,ogllas got drunk on ,*ug ,creek1 & engag$ 9 a qu>rel among !mselves1 9 :i* ,r$-,cl\d's bro!r 0 kill$1 & ,r$-,cl\d kill$ ?ree m54 ,cl\d-,%ield 7,mahpiya-,wahacanka7 0 born4 #ahdb-'dc4--,no4 ,i4 ,fea!r-,e>-,r+s 0 kill$ by ! ,%o%oni4 ,! f\r lodges & ! _m blood-/a9s intimate t he 0 kill$ at ! "t ! f\r lodges ( ,%o%oni 7 kill$4 ,no4 ,,ii4 ,lone-,fea!r said 8 pray]s1 & took ! w> pa? to av5ge ! dea? ( "s relatives4 ,:ite-,c[-,kill] calls x 8,crane's-son-kill$ w9t]40 #ahdc-'dd4--,no4 ,i4 ,! great m$ic9e arr[ 0 tak5 f ! ,pawnees by ! ,ogllas & ,bruls1 & return$ to ! ,*ey5nes1 to :om x rightly belong$4 ,no4 ,,ii4 ,9 a great fight ) ! ,pawnees !y captur$ ! great m$ic9e arr[ :i* _h be5 tak5 f ! ,*ey5nes1 :o made x1 by ! ,pawnees4 ,! head ( ! arr[ projects f ! bag :i* conta9s x4 ,! delicate wav$ l9es 7int5d$ probably = spiral l9es7 %[ t x is sacr$4 ,:ite-,c[-,kill] calls x 8,! ,great-m$ic9e-arr[-comes-9 w9t]40 ,batti/e ,good's record gives ! foll[+ = ! same ye>3 8,br\ght-home-!-magic-arr[ w9t]4 ,?is arr[ orig9ally belong$ to ! ,*ey5nes1 f :om ! ,pawnees /ole x4 ,! ,dakotas captur$ x ?is w9t] f ! ,pawnees1 & ! ,*ey5nes !n r$eem$ x = "o hundr$ horses40 ,8 sign = ! ye> is some:at diff]5t1 z %[n 9 ,figure #df4 ,z be=e m5tion$1 an attempt is made to di/+ui% colors by ! h]aldic s*eme1 :i* 9 ?is in/ance may require explanation4 ,! upp] "p ( ! body is sable or black1 ! fea!rs on ! arr[ are azure or blue1 & ! %aft1 gules or r$4 ,! rema9d] ( ! figure is ( an undecid$ color n requir+ specification4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #df4--,magic arr[4 #ahdd-'de4--,no4 ,i4 ,male-,cr[1 an ,oglla1 0 kill$ by ! ,%o%oni4 ,no4 ,,ii4 ,crazy-,horse says 8 pray]s & goes on ! w> pa?4 ,! wav$ l9es are us$ aga9 = crazy4 ,:ite-,c[-,kill] calls x 8,:ite-,buffalo-,bull-kill$ by-!-,cr[s w9t]40 #ahde-'df4--,no4 ,i4 ,:ite-,bull & ?irty o!r ,ogllas 7 kill$ by ! ,cr[s & ,%o%oni4 ,no4 ,,ii4 ,:ite-,bull & _m o!rs 7 kill$ 9 a fight ) ! ,%o%oni4 ,:ite-,c[-,kill] calls x 8,_m-sick w9t]40 #ahdf-'dg4--,no4 ,i4 ,big-,cr[ & ,conqu]+-,be> _h a great fea/ & gave _m pres5ts4 ,no4 ,,ii4 ,long-,p9e1 a ,dakota1 0 kill$ by ,dakotas4 ,he 0 n kill$ by an enemy1 z he has n lo/ 8 scalp4 ,:ite-,c[-,kill] calls x 8,div]'s-neck-brok5 w9t]40 ,illu/ration3 ,,bureau ,,( ,,e?nology ,,f\r? ,,annual ,,report ,,pl4 ,,xlvi #ahdg-'dh4 #ahdh-'di4 #ahdi-'ej4 #ahej-'ea4 #ahea-'eb4 #aheb-'ec4 ,,! ,,corbusi] ,,w9t] ,,c\nts4 #ahdg-'dh4--,no4 ,i4 ,!re 7 a great _m accid5ts & "s legs 7 brok51 ! gr\nd be+ cov]$ ) ice4 ,no4 ,,ii4 ,_m 7 ?r[n f _! horses :ile surr\nd+ buffalo 9 ! deep sn[1 & "s _h _! legs-brok54 ,:ite-,c[-,kill] calls x 8,_m-legs-brok5 w9t]40 #ahdh-'di4--,no4 ,i4 ,am]ican-,horse's fa!r captur$ a ,cr[ :o 0 dress$ z a woman1 b :o 0 f\nd to be an h]maphrodite & 0 kill$4 ,no4 ,,ii4 ,am]ican-,horse's fa!r captur$ a ,cr[ woman & gave h] to ! "y m51 :o discov]$ t %e 0 an h]maphrodite & kill$ h]4 ,:ite-,c[-,kill] calls x 8,half-man-&-half-woman-kill$ w9t]40 ,x is probable t ?is 0 "o ( ^? m51 n uncommon among ! ,indian tribes1 :o adopt ! dress & occupation ( wom54 ,?is is sometimes compulsory1 e4 g41 on acc\nt ( failure to pass an ordeal4 #ahdi-'ej4--,no4 ,i4 ,_m di$ ( ! cramps4 ,! cramps 7 ^? ( ,asiatic *ol]a1 :i* 0 epidemic 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates at t "t1 & 0 c>ri$ to ! pla9s by ! ,cali=nia & ,oregon emigrants4 ,! position ( ! man is v sugge/ive ( *ol]a4 ,no4 ,,ii4 ,mak+-!-,hole /ole _m horses f a ,cr[ tipi4 ,! index po9ts to ! hole1 :i* is sugge/ive ( ! man's "n4 ,:ite-,c[-,kill] calls x 8,!-p-_h-!-cramps w9t]40 #ahej-'ea4--,no4 ,i4 ,wolf-,robe 0 kill$ by ! ,pawnees4 ,no4 ,,ii4 ,_m di$ ( ! small-pox4 ,:ite-,c[-,kill] calls x 8,all-!-"t-sick-)-!-big-small-pox w9t]40 #ahea-'eb4--,no4 ,i4 ,!y receiv$ _! fir/ annuities at ! m\? ( ,horse ,creek4 ,a "o-po9t blanket is depict$ & d5otes dry-goods4 ,x is surr\nd$ by a circle ( m>ks :i* repres5t ! p4 ,no4 ,,ii4 ,_m goods 7 issu$ to !m at ,=t ,l>amie4 ,!y 7 ! fir/ !y receiv$4 ,! blanket :i* is repres5t$ /&s = ! goods4 ,:ite-,c[-,kill] calls x 8,l>ge-issue-(-goods-on-!-,platte-,riv] w9t]40 #aheb-'ec4--,no4 ,i4 ,! ,*ey5nes c>ry ! pipe ar\nd to invite all ! tribes to unite ) !m 9 a w> aga9/ ! ,pawnees4 ,no4 ,,ii4 ,a :ite man made m$ic9e ov] ! skull ( ,crazy-,horse's bro!r4 ,he holds a pipe-/em 9 8 h&4 ,?is probably ref]s to ! cu/om ( ga!r+ ! bones ( ! dead t h be5 plac$ on scaffolds & bury+ !m4 ,:ite-,c[-,kill] calls x 8,great-sn[ w9t]40 ,illu/ration3 ,,bureau ,,( ,,e?nology ,,f\r? ,,annual ,,report ,,pl4 ,,xlvii #ahec-'ed4 #ahed-'ee4 #ahee-'ef4 #ahef-'eg4 #aheg-'eh4 #aheh-'ei4 ,,! ,,corbusi] ,,w9t] ,,c\nts4 #ahec-'ed4--,no4 ,i4 ,antelope-,dung broke 8 neck :ile surr\nd+ buffalo4 ,no4 ,,ii4 ,antelope-,dung broke 8 neck :ile runn+ antelope4 ,8 sev]$ head is ! only "p ( 8 body t is %[n4 ,:ite-,c[-,kill] calls x 8,oak-wood-h\se w9t]40 #ahed-'ee4--,no4 ,i4 ,conqu]+-,be> 0 kill$ by :ite soldi]s1 & ?irty :ite soldi]s 7 kill$ by ! ,dakotas #i miles bel[ ,=t ,l>amie4 ,! ?irty black dots 9 ?ree l9es /& = ! soldi]s1 & ! r$ /a9s = kill$4 ,! head cov]$ ) a fatigue-cap fur!r %[s !y 7 :ite soldi]s4 ,indian soldi]s are usually repres5t$ 9 a circle or semicircle4 ,! ge/ure-sign = soldi] means all 9 l9e1 & is made by plac+ ! ne>ly clos$ h&s ) palms =w>d1 & ?umbs ne> toge!r1 9 front ( ! body & !n sep>at+ !m lat]ally ab\t two feet4 ,no4 ,,ii4 ,brave-,be> 0 kill$ 9 a qu>rel ov] a calf4 ,he 0 kill$ by enemies2 h5ce 8 scalp is gone4 ,:ite-,c[-,kill] says1 8,mato-wayuhi 7or ,conqu]+-,be>7 kill$-by-:ite-soldi]s w9t]40 #ahee-'ef4--,no4 ,i4 ,a w> p>ty ( ,ogllas kill$ "o ,pawnee--8 scalp is on ! pole--& on _! way home froze _! feet4 ,no4 ,,ii4 ,torn-,belly & 8 wife 7 kill$ by "s ( _! own p 9 a qu>rel4 ,:ite-,c[-,kill] calls x 8,a-m$ic9e-man-made-buffalo-m$ic9e w9t]40 #ahef-'eg4--,no4 ,i4 ,!y receiv$ annuities at ,raw-,hide ,butte4 ,! h\se & ! blanket repres5t ! ag5cy & ! goods4 ,no4 ,,ii4 ,!y h an abundance ( buffalo meat4 ,?is is %[n by ! full dry+ pole4 ,:ite-,c[-,kill] calls x 8,:ite-hill-h\se w9t]40 #aheg-'eh4--,no4 ,i4 ,little-,gay1 a :ite trad]1 0 kill$ by ! explosion ( a c ( gunp[d]4 ,he 0 measur+ out p[d] f ! c 9 8 wagon :ile smok+ 8 pipe4 ,no4 ,,ii4 ,!y surr\nd$ & kill$ t5 ,cr[s4 ,:ite-,c[-,kill] calls x 8,bull-hunt+ w9t]40 #aheh-'ei4--,no4 ,i4 ,!y made peace ) ! ,pawnees4 ,! "o on ! left is a ,pawnee4 ,no4 ,,ii4 ,!y b\ght ,mexican blankets ( ,john ,ri*>d1 :o b\ght _m wagon-loads ( ! ,mexicans4 ,:ite-,c[-,kill] calls x 8,yell[-blanket-kill$ w9t]40 ,illu/ration3 ,,bureau ,,( ,,e?nology ,,f\r? ,,annual ,,report ,,pl4 ,,xlviii #ahei-'fj4 #ahfj-'fa4 #ahfa-'fb4 #ahfb-'fc4 #ahfc-'fd4 #ahfd-'fe4 ,,! ,,corbusi] ,,w9t] ,,c\nts4 #ahei-'fj4--,no4 ,i4 ,brok5-,arr[ fell f 8 horse :ile runn+ buffalo & broke 8 neck4 ,no4 ,,ii4 ,black-,%ield says pray]s & takes ! w> pa? to av5ge ! dea? ( two ( 8 sons :o _h be5 kill$ by ! ,cr[s4 ,:ite-,c[-,kill] calls x 8,black-,%ield's-two boys-g-hunt+-&-are-kill$-by-!-,cr[s w9t]40 #ahfj-'fa4--,no4 ,i4 ,two-,face1 an ,oglla1 0 badly burnt by ! explosion ( 8 p[d]-horn4 ,no4 ,,ii4 ,!y capture a great _m antelope by driv+ !m into a p54 ,:ite-,c[-,kill] calls x 8,babies-all-sick-&-_m-die w9t]40 #ahfa-'fb4--,no4 ,i4 ,spid] 0 kill$ 7/abb$7 9 a fight ) ! ,pawnees4 ,no4 ,,ii4 ,"y-,rabbit1 a ,cr[1 0 kill$ 9 battle by ,r$-,cl\d4 ,:ite-,c[-,kill] calls x 8,cr[-,indian-,spott$-,horse-/ole-_m-hor ses-&-0-kill$ w9t]40 #ahfb-'fc4--,no4 ,i4 ,! ,cr[s scalp$ an ,oglla boy alive4 ,no4 ,,ii4 ,"s ,cr[s came to _! camp & scalp$ a boy4 ,:ite-,c[-,kill] calls x 8,cr[s-scalp-boy w9t]40 #ahfc-'fd4--,no4 ,i4 ,! ,ogllas & ,m9neconj\s took ! w> pa? aga9/ ! ,cr[s & /ole ?ree hundr$ ,cr[ horses4 ,! ,cr[s foll[$ !m & kill$ eight ( ! p>ty4 ,no4 ,,ii4 ,eight ,dakotas 7 kill$ by ! ,cr[s4 ,"h eight long m>ks repres5t ! numb] kill$4 ,:ite-,c[-,kill] calls x 8,dakotas-&-,cr[s-h-a-big-fight-eight-,d akotas-kill$ w9t]40 #ahfd-'fe4--,no4 ,i4 ,bird1 a :ite trad]1 w5t to ,p[d] ,riv] to trade ) ! ,*ey5nes4 ,!y kill$ him & appropriat$ 8 goods4 ,no4 ,,ii4 ,bird1 a :ite trad]1 0 burn$ to dea? by ! ,*ey5nes4 ,he is surr\nd$ by flames 9 ! picture4 ,:ite-,c[-,kill] calls x 8,big-,lips-di$-sudd5ly w9t]40 ,illu/ration3 ,,bureau ,,( ,,e?nology ,,f\r? ,,annual ,,report ,,pl4 ,,xlix #ahfe-'ff4 #ahff-'fg4 #ahfg-'fh4 #ahfh-'fi4 #ahfi-'gj4 #ahgj-'ga4 ,,! ,,corbusi] ,,w9t] ,,c\nts4 #ahfe-'ff4--,no4 ,i4 ,g5]al ,maynadi] made peace ) ! ,ogllas & ,bruls4 ,8 "n1 ! s\nd ( :i* resembles ! words 8_m de]10 is indicat$ by ! two de]s' heads connect$ ) 8 m\? by ! l9es4 ,no4 ,,ii4 ,_m horses 7 lo/ by />vation1 z ! sn[ 0 s deep !y c\ldn't get at ! grass4 #ahff-'fg4--,no4 ,i4 ,!y kill$ "o hundr$ :ite m5 at ,=t ,phil4 ,ke>ny4 ,! hats & ! cap-cov]$ head repres5t ! :ites2 ! r$ spots1 ! kill$2 ! circle ( *>act]s ar\nd !m1 rifle or arr[ %ots2 ! black /rokes1 ,dakota footm52 & ! ho(-pr9ts1 ,dakota horsem54 ,! ,phil4 ,ke>ny massacre occurr$ ,decemb] #ba1 #ahff1 & eighty-two :ites 7 kill$1 includ+ (fic]s1 citiz5s1 & enli/$ m54 ,capt4 ,w4 ,j4 ,fett]man 0 9 comm& ( ! p>ty4 ,no4 ,,ii4 ,lone-,be> 0 kill$ 9 battle4 ,:ite-,c[-,kill] calls x 8,"o-hundr$-:ite-m5-kill$ w9t]40 #ahfg-'fh4--,no4 ,i4 ,!y captur$ a tra9 ( wagons ne> ,tongue ,riv]4 ,! m5 :o 7 ) x got away4 ,! blanket repres5ts ! goods f\nd 9 ! wagons4 ,no4 ,,ii4 ,blankets 7 issu$ to !m at ,=t ,l>amie4 ,:ite-,c[-,kill] calls x 8,sev5-,pawnees-kill$ w9t]40 #ahfh-'fi4--,no4 ,i4 ,!y 7 compell$ to sell _m mules & horses to enable !m to procure food1 z !y 7 9 a />v+ condition4 ,!y will+ly gave a mule = a sack ( fl\r4 ,! mule's halt] is atta*$ to two sacks ( fl\r4 ,no4 ,,ii4 ,!y _h to sell _m mules & horses to get food1 z !y 7 />v+4 ,:ite-,c[-,kill] calls x 8,mules-sold-by-hungry-,si\x w9t]40 #ahfi-'gj4--,no4 ,i4 ,tall-,bull 0 kill$ by :ite soldi]s & ,pawnees on ! s\? side ( ! ,s\? ,platte ,riv]4 ,no4 ,,ii4 ,john ,ri*>d %ot a :ite soldi] at ,=t ,fett]man1 ,wyom+1 & fl$ nor?1 jo9+ ,r$-,cl\d4 ,:ite-,c[-,kill] calls x 8,tree-fell-on-woman-:o-0-cutt+-wood-&-k ill$-h] w9t]40 #ahgj-'ga4--,no4 ,i4 ,high-,back-,bone1 a v brave ,oglla1 0 kill$ by ! ,%o%oni4 ,!y also %ot ano!r man1 :o di$ aft] he rea*$ home4 ,no4 ,,ii4 ,high-,back-,bone 0 kill$ 9 a fight ) ! ,snakes 7,%o%oni74 ,:ite-,c[-,kill] calls x 8,high-,back-,bone-kill$-by-,snake-,indi ans w9t]40 ,illu/ration3 ,,bureau ,,( ,,e?nology ,,f\r? ,,annual ,,report ,,pl4 ,l #ahga-'gb4 #ahgb-'gc4 #ahgc-'gd4 #ahgd-'ge4 #ahge-'gf4 #ahgf-'gg4 ,,! ,,corbusi] ,,w9t] ,,c\nts4 #ahga-'gb4--,no4 ,i4 ,john ,ri*>d %ot & kill$ an ,oglla nam$ ,yell[-,be>1 & ! ,ogllas kill$ ,ri*>d be=e he c\ld get out ( ! lodge4 ,?is occurr$ 9 ! spr+ ( #ahgb4 ,z ! :ite man 0 kill$ aft] ! ,indian1 he is plac$ beh9d him 9 ! figure4 ,no4 ,,ii4 ,adobe h\ses 7 built by ,maj4 ,j4 ,w4 ,:am1 ,indian ag5t 7n[ payma/]1 ,unit$ ,/ates ,army71 on ! ,platte ,riv]1 ab\t #cj miles bel[ ,=t ,l>amie4 ,:ite-,c[-,kill] calls x 8,major-,:am's-h\se-built-on-,platte-,ri v] w9t]40 #ahgb-'gc4--,no4 ,i4 ,:i/l]1 also nam$ ,little-,bull1 & two o!r ,ogllas1 7 kill$ by :ite hunt]s on ! ,republican ,riv]4 ,no4 ,,ii4 ,anto9e ,janis's two boys 7 kill$ by ,joe 7,john87 ,ri*>d4 ,:ite ,c[-,kill] calls x 8,/ay-at-pl5ty-a%-wood w9t]40 #ahgc-'gd4--,no4 ,i4 ,! ,ogllas kill$ ! ,indian ag5t's 7,seville's7 cl]k inside ! /ockade ( ! ,r$ ,cl\d ,ag5cy1 at ,=t ,rob9son1 ,nebraska4 ,no4 ,,ii4 ,!y kill$ _m ,pawnees on ! ,republican ,riv]4 #ahgd-'ge4--,no4 ,i4 ,! ,ogllas at ! ,r$ ,cl\d ,ag5cy1 ne> ,=t ,rob9son1 ,nebraska1 cut to pieces ! flag /aff :i* _! ag5t _h _h cut & haul$1 b :i* !y w\ld n all[ him to erect1 z !y did n wi% to h a flag fly+ ov] _! ag5cy4 ,?is 0 9 #ahgd4 ,! flag :i* ! ag5t int5d$ to hoi/ is n[ at ! ,p9e ,ridge ,ag5cy1 ,dakota4 ,no4 ,,ii4 ,! ,utes /ole all ( ! ,brul horses4 #ahge-'gf4--,no4 ,i4 ,! fir/ /ock cattle 7 issu$ to !m4 ,! figure repres5ts a c[ or spott$ buffalo1 surr\nd$ by p4 ,! ge/ure-sign also signifies spott$ buffalo4 ,no4 ,,ii4 ,sev5 ( ,r$-,cl\d's b& 7 kill$ by ! ,cr[s4 ,:ite-,c[-,kill] calls x 8,five-,dakotas-kill$ w9t]40 #ahgf-'gg4--,no4 ,i4 ,! ,ogllas help$ ,g5]al ,mack5zie to :ip ! ,*ey5nes4 ,! ,indian's head repres5ts ! man :o 0 ! fir/ to ent] ! ,*ey5ne village4 ,! :ite man hold+ up ?ree f+]s is ,g5]al ,mack5zie1 :o is plac$ ^u ! head ( ! ,dakota to indicate t ! ,dakotas back$ or assi/$ him4 ,! o!r :ite man is ,g5]al ,crook1 or ,?ree ,/>s1 z indicat$ by ! ?ree />s above him4 ,?is designation might be sugge/$ f ! uni=m1 b ,g5]al ,crook did n probably we> dur+ ! ye> m5tion$ or = a long "t be=e x ! uni=m ei!r ( 8 rank z major-g5]al ( volunte]s or z brevet major-g5]al 9 ! ,army1 & by ei!r ( ^? ranks he 0 entitl$ to b two />s on 8 %\ld]-/raps4 ,no4 ,,ii4 ,?ree-,/>s 7,g5]al ,crook7 took ,r$-,cl\d's "y m5 to help him fight ! ,*ey5nes4 ,a r$ cl\d1 indicat+ ! *ief's "n1 is repres5t$ above 8 head4 ,:ite-,c[-,kill] calls x 8,g5]al-,mack5zie-took-!-,r$-,cl\d-,indi ans'-horses-away-f-!m w9t]40 ,illu/ration3 ,,bureau ,,( ,,e?nology ,,f\r? ,,annual ,,report ,,pl4 ,,li #ahgg-'gh4 #ahgh-'gi4 ,,! ,,corbusi] ,,w9t] ,,c\nts4 #ahgg-'gh4--,no4 ,i4 ,a soldi] ran a bayonet into ,crazy-,horse1 & kill$ him 9 ! gu>d-h\se1 at ,=t ,rob9son1 ,nebraska 7,septemb] #e1 #ahgg74 ,no4 ,,ii4 ,crazy-,horse's b& left ! ,spott$ ,tail ,ag5cy 7at ,camp ,%]idan1 ,nebraska71 & w5t nor?1 aft] ,crazy-,horse 0 kill$ at ,=t ,rob9son1 ,nebraska4 ,ho(-pr9ts & lodge-pole tracks run nor?w>d f ! h\se1 :i* repres5ts ! ,ag5cy4 ,t ! horse is crazy is %[n by ! wav$ or spiral l9es on 8 body1 runn+ f 8 nose1 foot1 & =ehead4 ,:ite-,c[-,kill] calls x 8,crazy-,horse-kill$ w9t]40 #ahgh-'gi4--,no4 ,i4 ,wagons 7 giv5 to !m4 ,no4 ,,ii4 ,! ,*ey5ne :o boa/$ t he 0 bullet & arr[ pro( 0 kill$ by :ite soldi]s1 ne> ,=t ,rob9son1 ,nebraska1 9 ! intr5*m5ts beh9d :i* ! ,*ey5nes 7 def5d+ !mselves aft] !y _h escap$ f ! =t4 ,:ite-,c[-,kill] calls x 8,wagons-giv5-to-!-,dakota-,indians w9t]40 ,,notification4 ,?is is an important division ( ! purposes = :i* pictographs are us$4 ,! pictographs & ! objective devices antec$5t to pictographs "u ?is head t h come imm$iately to ! writ]'s att5tion1 may be gr\p$ z foll[s3 #a/4 ,notice ( dep>ture1 direction1 etc4 #b;d4 ,notice ( condition1 suff]+1 etc4 #c;d4 ,w>n+ & guidance4 #d?4 ,*>ts ( geographic features4 #e?4 ,claim or dem&4 #f?4 ,messages or communications4 #g?4 ,record ( exp$ition4 ,,notice ,,( ,,dep>ture ,,& ,,direction4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dg4--;,alaskan notice ( hunt4 ,dr4 ,w4 ,j4 ,h(fman obta9$ ! orig9al ( ! accompany+ draw+1 ,fig4 #dg1 f ,naum(f an ,alaskan native1 9 ,san ,francisco1 ,cali=nia1 9 #ahhb1 also ! int]pretation1 ) text 9 ! ,kiatexamut dialect ( ! ,innuit language4 ,! draw+ 0 9 imitation ( simil> ones made by ! natives1 to in=m _! visitors or fri5ds ( _! dep>ture = a c]ta9 purpose4 ,!y are depict$ ^u /rips ( wood :i* are plac$ 9 conspicu\s places ne> ! doors ( ! habitations4 ,dr4 ,h(fman has publi%$ a brief acc\nt ( ?is draw+ z well z ! succe$+ "o1 9 ! ,trans4 ,an?rop4 ,soc4 ,wa%+ton1 ,,ii1 #ahhc1 p4 #acd1 ,fig4 #c1 & p4 #acb1 ,fig #b4 ,! spell+ adopt$ 9 ! ,innuit text1 foll[+ 9 ea* case ! explanation ( *>act]s1 is 9 accordance ) ! sy/em n[ us$ by ! ,bureau ( ,e?nology4 ,! foll[+ is ! explanation ( ! *>act]s3 #a4 ,! speak]1 ) ! "r h& indicat+ himself1 & ) ! left po9t+ 9 ! direction to be tak54 #b4 ,hold+ a boat paddle--go+ by boat4 #c4 ,! "r h& to ! side ( ! head1 to d5ote sleep1 & ! left elevat$ ) "o f+] elevat$ to signify "o--"o night4 #d4 ,a circle ) two m>ks 9 ! middle1 signify+ an isl& ) huts ^u x4 #e4 ,same z ,no4 #a4 #f4 ,a circle to d5ote ano!r isl&4 #g4 ,same z ,no4 #c1 ) an additional f+] elevat$1 signify+ two--two nights4 #h4 ,! speak] ) 8 h>poon1 mak+ ! sign ( a sea lion ) ! left h&4 ,! flat h& is held edgewise ) ! ?umb elevat$1 !n pu%$ outw>d f ! body 9 a slightly d[nw>d curve4 #i4 ,a sea lion4 #aj4 ,%oot+ ) b[ & arr[4 #aa4 ,! boat ) two p]sons 9 x1 ! paddles project+ d[nw>d4 #ab4 ,! w9t]1 or p]man5t habitation ( ! speak]4 ,! foll[+ is ! text 9 ! ,aigaluxamut dialect1 ) an int]l9e> translation3 ,hui ta-w-ut ai-w-xa-na kui-g-qta-mn a-xi-l-mk ka-w-xa-l-a1 ,i !re g 7) boat7 t isl& "o sleep !re1 7to t place7 tca-l hui ai-w-lu-a a-x-mn kui-g-qta-mn1 ta-w-ni ma-l-qnk !n ,i g ano!r t isl&1 !re two 7indicat$7 ka-w-xa-l-a1 hui p-ql-a a-x-l-mk' wi-na-mk tca-l a-ni-xl-a sleeps ,i cat* "o sea lion !n return 7nights7 n-nan m'nun4 7to7 place m9e4 ,! foll[+ is ( a simil> nature1 & 0 obta9$ "u circum/ances simil> to ! prec$+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dh4--;,alaskan notice ( dep>ture4 ,! explanation ( ! above *>act]s is z foll[s3 #a1 #c1 #e1 #g1 repres5t ! p]son spok5 to4 #b4 ,indicates ! speak] ) 8 "r h& to ! side or brea/1 indicat+ self1 ! left h& po9t+ 9 ! direction 9 :i* he is go+4 #d4 ,bo? h&s elevat$1 ) f+]s & ?umbs signifies _m1 accord+ to ! in=mant4 ,:5 ! h&s are ?us held up1 9 sign-language1 x signifies t51 b :5 !y are br\ght t[>d & backw>d f "o ano!r1 _m4 #f4 ,! "r h& is plac$ to ! head to d5ote sleep--_m sleeps1 or1 9 o!r words1 _m nights & days2 ! left h& po9ts d[nw>d1 at t place4 #h4 ,! "r h& is direct$ t[>d ! />t+ po9t1 :ile ! left is br\ght upw>d t[>d ! head--to g home1 or :5ce he came4 ,! foll[+ is ! text 9 ! same dialect la/ m5tion$1 )1 translation3 ,hui a-qtc-kua a-xl mn nu-n-mn1 am-li-ka-m-ik ha-w-xa-lu-a1 ,i g 7to7 ano!r place1 _m sleeps 7settlem5t7 7nights7 ta-w-n1 tca-l hui a-ni-ql-a4 !re1 !n ,i return4 ,! draw+ pres5t$ 9 ,figure #di 0 made by a native ,alaskan1 & repres5ts in=mation to ! effect t ! arti/ contemplates mak+ a j\rney to hunt de]4 ,! draw+ is made ^u a n>r[ /rip ( wood1 & plac$ some:]e ab\t ! door ( ! h\se1 :]e visitors w readily p]ceive x4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #di4--;,alaskan notice ( hunt4 #a4 ,repres5ts ! cont\r l9es ( ! c\ntry & m\nta9 peaks4 #b4 ,native go+ away f home4 #c4 ,/ick plac$ on hill-top1 ) bun* ( grass atta*$1 po9t+ 9 ! direction he has tak54 #d4 ,native ( ano!r settlem5t1 ) :om ! travel] rema9$ ov] night4 #e4 ,lodge4 #f4 ,l9e repres5t+ ! end ( ! fir/ day1 i4 e41 ! "t betwe5 two days2 re/4 #g4 ,travel] aga9 on ! way4 #h4 ,mak+ signal t on second day 7"r h& rais$ ) two ext5d$ f+]s7 he saw game 7de]1 #i7 on a hill-top1 :i* he secur$1 s t]m9at+ 8 j\rney4 #i4 ,de]4 ,figures #ej1 #ea1 & #eb 7 drawn by ,naum(f1 "u ! circum/ances above m5tion$1 & signify 8,h gone home40 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ej4--;,alaskan notice ( direction4 ,8 explanation ( ,figure #ej is z foll[s3 ,:5 "o ( a hunt+ p>ty is ab\t to return home & wi%es to in=m 8 companions t he has set out on su* return1 he asc5ds ! hill-top ne>e/ to :i* !y became sep>at$1 :]e he ties a bun* ( grass or o!r light color$ mat]ial to ! top ( a long /ick or pole4 ,! l[] end ( ! /ick is plac$ firmly 9 ! gr\nd1 lean+ 9 ! direction tak54 ,:5 ano!r hill is asc5d$1 ano!r /ick ) simil> atta*m5t is erect$1 aga9 lean+ 9 ! direction to be tak54 ,^! /icks are plac$ at prop] int]vals until ! village is sight$4 ,?is device is employ$ by ,s\!rn ,alaskan ,indians4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ea4--;,alaskan notice ( direction4 ,he also expla9$ ,figure #ea z foll[s3 ,seal hunt]s adopt ! foll[+ me?od ( in=m+ _! comrades t !y h return$ to ! settlem5t4 ,! fir/ to return to ! regul> l&+ place sometimes /icks a piece ( wood into ! gr\nd1 lean+ t[>d ! village1 ^u :i* is drawn or scrat*$ ! out-l9e ( a baid>ka1 or sk9 canoe1 head+ t[>d "o or m outl9es ( lodges1 signify+ t ! occupants ( ! boat h gone t[>d _! homes4 ,?is is resort$ to :5 ! voyage has be5 a dang]\s "o1 & is int5d$ to in=m _! companions ( ! safe arrival ( "s ( ! p>ty4 ,?is device is us$ by coa/ natives ( ,s\!rn ,alaska & ,kadiak4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #eb4--;,alaskan notice ( direction4 ,he also expla9$ ,figure #eb z foll[s3 ,:5 hunt]s become sep>at$1 ! "o fir/ return+ to ! =ks ( ! trail puts a piece ( wood 9 ! gr\nd1 on ! top ( :i* he makes an incision1 into :i* a %ort piece ( wood is secur$ horizontally1 s z to po9t 9 ! direction tak5 by ! individual4 ,! foll[+ in/ance is tak5 f ! ,n>rative ( an ,exp$ition to ! ,s\rce ( ,/4 ,pet]'s ,riv]1 99 99 "u ! comm& ( ,/eph5 ,h4 ,long1 major ,u4 ,s4 ,top4 ,eng4 commonly kn[n z ,keat+'s ,long's ,exp$ition4 ,philadelphia1 #ahbd4 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #bag4 ,:5 we /opp$1 says ,major ,long1 to d9e1 ,:ite ,?und]1 7! ,w9nebago *ief t accompani$ me17 suspect+ t ! re/ ( 8 p>ty 7 9 ! neighborhood1 reque/$ a piece ( pap]1 p5 & ink1 to communicate to !m ! intellig5ce ( 8 hav+ come up ) me4 ,he !n seat$ himself & drew ?ree rude figures1 :i* at my reque/ he expla9$ to me4 ,! fir/ repres5t$ my boat ) a ma/ & flag1 ) ?ree b5*es ( o>s & a helmsman2 to %[ t we 7 ,am]icans1 our heads 7 repres5t$ by a rude cross1 indicat+ t we wore hats4 ,! repres5tation ( himself 0 a rude figure ( a be> ov] a k9d ( cyph] repres5t+ a hunt+ gr\nd4 ,! second figure 0 design$ to %[ t 8 wife 0 ) him2 ! device 0 a boat ) a squaw seat$ 9 x2 ov] h] head l9es 7 drawn 9 a zigzag direction1 indicat+ t %e 0 ! wife ( ,:ite ,?und]4 ,! ?ird 0 a boat ) a be> sitt+ at ! helm1 %[+ t an ,indian ( t "n _h be5 se5 on 8 way up ! riv]1 & _h giv5 intellig5ce :]e ! p>ty 74 ,?is pap] he set up at ! m\? ( ,kickapoo ,creek1 up :i* ! p>ty _h gone on a hunt+ trip4 ,! foll[+ is extract$ f an ,acc\nt ( an ,exp$ition f ,pittsburgh to ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s1 99 99 "u ! comm& ( ,major ,/eph5 ,h4 ,long commonly kn[n z ,james' ,long's ,exp$ition4 ,philadelphia1 #ahbc4 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #dgh4 ,at a little di/ance on ! bank ( ! ,platte ,riv]1 9 front ( ! entrance ( ?is brea/work1 0 a semicircul> r[ ( sixte5 bison skulls1 ) _! noses po9t+ d[n ! riv]4 ,ne> ! c5t] ( ! circle :i* ?is r[ w\ld describe1 if cont9u$1 0 ano!r skull m>k$ ) a numb] ( r$ l9es4 ,our int]pret] in=m$ u t ?is arrangem5t ( skulls & o!r m>ks "h discov]$1 7 design$ to communicate ! foll[+ in=mation1 namely1 t ! camp _h be5 occupi$ by a w> p>ty ( ! ,ske]ee or ,pawnee ,l\p ,indians1 :o _h lately come f an excursion aga9/ ! ,cumancias1 ,ietans1 or "s ( ! we/]n tribes4 ,! numb] ( r$ l9es trac$ on ! pa9t$ skull indicat$ ! numb] ( ! p>ty to h be5 ?irty-six2 ! position 9 :i* ! skulls 7 plac$1 t !y 7 on _! return to _! own c\ntry4 ,two small rods /uck 9 ! gr\nd1 ) a few hairs ti$ 9 two p>cels to ! end ( ea*1 signifi$ t f\r scalps _h be5 tak54 ,:5 a hunt+ p>ty ( ! ,hidatsa has arriv$ at any tempor>y camp+ gr\nd1 f :i* po9t a portion ( ! memb]s might leave on a %ort reconnoit]+ exp$ition1 ! rema9d]1 ^u leav+ = a "t1 w erect a pole & cause x to lean 9 ! direction tak54 ,at ! foot ( ?is pole a buffalo %\ld]-blade or o!r flat bone is plac$1 ^u :i* is depict$ ! object caus+ dep>ture4 ,= in/ance1 %\ld buffalo or antelope be discov]$1 an animal ( ! "* sight$ is rudely drawn ) a piece ( *>r$ wood or r$ lead1 ! latt] be+ a sub/ance 9 ! possession ( ne>ly e w>rior to use 9 facial decoration1 etc4 ,:5 a ,hidatsa p>ty has gone on ! w> pa?1 & a c]ta9 numb] is detail$ to take ano!r direction1 ! po9t ( sep>ation is tak5 z ! r5dezv\s4 ,aft] ! return ( ! fir/ p>ty to ! r5dezv\s1 %\ld ! second n come up 9 a reasonable l5g? ( "t1 !y w set /icks 9 ! gr\nd lean+ 9 ! direction to be tak51 & not*es are cut into ! upp] ends ( ! /icks to repres5t ! numb] ( nights sp5t !re by ! wait+ p>ty4 ,a p>ty ( ,hidatsa :o may be away f home = any purpose :atev] (t5 appo9t a r5dezv\s1 f :i* po9t !y return to _! respective lodges4 ,%\ld an individual return to ! r5dezv\s be=e any o!rs & wi% to make a special trip = game or plund]1 he w1 = ! in=mation ( ! o!rs1 place a /ick ( ab\t #c or #d feet 9 l5g? 9 ! gr\nd1 ^u ! upp] end ( :i* a not* is cut1 or p]haps split1 = ! reception ( a ?9n] piece ( twig or bran* hav+ a l5g? ( ab\t a foot4 ,?is horizontal top piece is ins]t$ at "o end1 s t ! :ole may po9t 9 ! direction to be tak54 ,%\ld ! p]son wi% to say t ! trail w\ld turn at a "r angle1 to ei!r side1 at ab\t "o-half ! di/ance ( ! :ole j\rney 9 prospect1 ! horizontal bran* is ei!r b5t 9 t direction or a naturally-curv$ bran* is select$ hav+ ! turn at ! middle ( its entire l5g?1 ?us correspond+ to ! turn 9 ! trail4 ,any direction c be indicat$ by curves 9 ! top bran*4 ,,notice ,,( ,,condition4 ,accord+ to ,ma/a1 *ief ( ! ,abnaki1 memb]s ( t tribe remove ! b>k ( trees 9 prom95t places to d5ote t ! inhabitants ( ! ne>e/ lodge are 9 a />v+ condition4 ,! ,ottawa & ! ,potawatomi ,indians indicate hung] & />vation by draw+ a black l9e across ! brea/ or /oma* ( ! figure ( a man4 7,see ,fig4 #ade1 page #bba47 ,?is draw+ is plac$ ^u a piece ( wood1 ei!r incis$ or ) a mixture ( p[d]$ *>coal & glue wat]1 or r$ o*]4 ,?is is !n atta*$ to a tree or fa/5$ to a piece ( wood1 & erect$ ne> ! lodge on a trail1 :]e x w be obs]v$ by pass]s by1 :o are expect$ to alleviate ! suff]+s ( ! native :o erect$ ! notice4 ,figure #ec illu/rates in=mation ) reg>d to di/ress 9 ano!r village1 :i* occasion$ ! dep>ture ( ! p>ty giv+ ! notification4 ,! draw+ 0 made = ,dr4 ,w4 ,j4 ,h(fman1 9 #ahhb1 by ,naum(f1 9 imitation ( draw+s prep>$ by ,alaska natives4 ,! designs are trac$ ^u a /rip ( wood1 :i* is !n /uck ^u ! ro( ( ! h\se belong+ to ! record]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ec4--;,alaskan notice ( di/ress4 #a4 ,! summ] habitation1 %[+ a /ick lean+ 9 ! direction to be tak54 #b4 ,! baid>ka1 conta9+ ! resid5ts ( ! h\se4 ,! fir/ p]son is obs]v$ po9t+ =w>d1 indicat+ t !y 8g by boat to ! o!r settlem5t40 #c4 ,a grave /ick1 indicat+ a dea? 9 ! settlem5t4 #d1 #e4 ,summ] & w9t] habitations1 d5ot+ a village4 ,! draw+1 ,figure #ed1 made = ,dr4 ,h(fman 9 #ahhb1 by a native1 9 imitation ( orig9als 9 ,alaska1 is int5d$ to be plac$ 9 a conspicu\s portion ( a settlem5t :i* has be5 attack$ by a ho/ile =ce & f9ally des]t$4 ,! la/ "o to leave prep>es ! draw+ ^u a /rip ( wood to in=m fri5ds ( ! resort ( ! survivors4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ed4--;,alaskan notice ( dep>ture & refuge4 #a4 ,repres5ts ?ree hills or ranges1 signify+ t ! c\rse tak5 w\ld c>ry !m beyond t numb] ( hills or m\nta9s4 #b4 ,! record]1 indicat+ ! direction1 ) ! left h& po9t+ to ! gr\nd1 "o hill1 & ! "r h& indicat+ ! numb] two1 ! numb] /ill to be cross$4 #c4 ,a circul> piece ( wood or lea!r1 ) ! repres5tation ( a face1 plac$ ^u a pole & fac+ ! direction to be tak5 f ! settlem5t4 ,9 ?is in/ance ! draw+ ( ! "* d5otes a ho/ile attack ^u ! t[n1 = :i* mis=tune su* devices are sometimes erect$4 #d1 #e4 ,w9t] & summ] habitations4 #f4 ,/ore-h\se1 erect$ ^u upright poles4 ,?is device is us$ by ,alaska coa/ natives g5]ally4 ,9 connection ) ^! figures ref]5ce may be made to a pap] by ! pres5t writ] 9 ! ,fir/ ,annual ,report ( ! ,bureau ( ,e?nology1 p4 #cfi1 %[+ ! devices ( ! ,abnaki4 ,dr4 ,george ,gibbs 7,contributions to ,n4 ,a4 ,e?nology1 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #bbb7 says ( 8symbolic writ+0 ( ! nor?we/ tribes3 ,i am n aw>e h[ f> ?is may be c>ri$ among ! ,s\nd tribes4 ,probably !re is no great ess5tial diff]5ce betwe5 !m & _! neighbors ( ! pla9s 9 ?is art4 ,x may p]haps be be/ expla9$ by an example giv5 me by a vet]an m\nta9e]1 ,dr4 ,rob]t ,newell1 ( ,*ampoeg4 ,a p>ty ( ,snakes are go+ to hunt /ray$ horses4 ,a figure ( a man1 ) a long queue1 or scalp lock1 rea*+ to 8 heels1 d5ot$ ,%o%onee2 t tribe be+ 9 ! habit ( braid+ horse- or o!r hair into _! own 9 t mann]4 ,a numb] ( m>ks foll[1 signify+ ! /r5g? ( ! p>ty4 ,a foot-pr9t1 po9t$ 9 ! direction !y take1 %[s _! c\rse1 & a ho(-m>k turn$ backw>d1 t !y expect to return ) animals4 ,if well arm$1 & expect+ a possible attack1 a little p[d] mix$ ) s& tells t !y are ready1 or a squ>e dott$ ab\t ! figures indicates t !y h =tifi$4 ,! design %[n 9 ,figure #ee is 9 imitation ( et*+s made by natives ( ,s\!rn ,alaska to convey to ! obs]v] ! in=mation t ! record] _h gone away to ano!r settlem5t ! inhabitants ( :i* 7 9 di/ress4 ,! draw+s 7 put on a /rip ( wood & plac$ at ! door ( ! h\se :]e x might be se5 by visitors or inquir]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ee4--,notice ( dep>ture to relieve di/ress4 ,alaska4 ,naum(f gave ! foll[+ explanation3 #a4 ,a native mak+ ! ge/ure ( indicat+ self ) ! "r h&1 & ) ! left indicat+ direction & go+4 #b4 ,! native's habitation4 #c4 ,scaffold us$ = dry+ fi%4 ,^u ! top ( ! pole is plac$ a piece ( wood ti$ s t ! longe/ end po9ts 9 ! direction to be tak5 by ! record]4 #d4 ,! baid>ka convey+ ! record]4 #e4 ,a native ( ! settlem5t to be visit$4 #f4 ,summ] habitation4 #g4 8,%aman /ick0 or grave /ick1 erect$ to ! memory ( a rec5tly deceas$ p]son1 ! cause ( :i* has necessitat$ ! j\rney ( ! record]4 #h4 ,w9t] habitation4 ,?is1 toge!r ) ,no4 #f1 indicates a settlem5t4 ,fig4 #ef1 also drawn by ,naum(f1 means 8ammunition want$40 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ef4--;,ammunition want$4 ,alaska4 ,:5 a hunt] is track+ game1 & exhau/s 8 ammunition1 he returns to ! ne>e/ & mo/ conspicu\s "p ( ! trail & /icks 8 ihnk 9 ! gr\nd1 ! top lean+ 9 ! direction tak54 ,! ihnk is ! pair ( /icks arrang$ l ! lett] ,a1 us$ z a gun-re/4 ,?is me?od ( transmitt+ ! reque/ to ! fir/ pass] is resort$ to by ! great] numb] ( coa/ natives ( ,s\!rn ,alaska4 ,fig4 #eg1 also drawn by ,naum(f1 means 8discov]y ( be>2 assi/ance want$40 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #eg4--;,assi/ance want$ 9 hunt4 ,alaska4 ,:5 a hunt] discov]s a be>1 & requires assi/ance1 he ties toge!r a bun* ( grass1 or o!r fibr\s matt]1 9 ! =m ( an animal ) legs1 & places x ^u a long /ick or pole :i* is erect$ at a conspicu\s po9t to attract att5tion4 ,! head ( ! effigy is direct$ t[>d ! locality :]e ! animal 0 la/ se54 ,?is device is also us$ at times by mo/ ( ! ,s\!rn ,alaskan ,indians4 ,figure #eh 0 also drawn by ,naum(f1 & signifies 8/>v+ hunt]s40 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #eh4--,/>v+ hunt]s4 ,alaska4 ,hunt]s :o h be5 un=tunate1 & are suff]+ f hung]1 scrat* or draw ^u a piece ( wood *>act]s simil> to ^? figur$1 & place ! l[] end ( ! /ick 9 ! gr\nd on ! trail :]e ! greate/ *ance ( its discov]y occurs4 ,! /ick is incl9$ t[>d ! locality ( ! habitation4 ,! accompany+ explanation w s]ve to illu/rate m fully ! in=mation conta9$ 9 ! draw+4 #a4 ,a horizontal l9e d5ot+ a canoe1 %[+ ! p]sons to be fi%]m54 #b4 ,an individual ) bo? arms ext5d$ signify+ no?+1 correspond+ ) ! ge/ure = negation4 #c4 ,a p]son ) ! "r h& to ! m\?1 signify+ to eat1 ! left h& po9t+ to ! h\se occupi$ by ! hunt]s4 #d4 ,! habitation4 ,! :ole signifies t !re is no?+ to eat 9 ! h\se4 ,?is is us$ by natives ( ,s\!rn ,alaska4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ei4--,/>v+ hunt]s4 ,alaska4 ,figure #ei1 ) ! same signification1 & f ! same h&1 is simil> to ! prec$+ 9 g5]al design4 ,?is is plac$ 9 ! gr\nd ne> ! l&+ place ( ! canoem51 s t ! top po9ts t[>d ! lodge4 ,! foll[+ is ! explanation ( ! *>act]s3 #a4 ,baid>ka1 %[+ d\ble projections at b[1 z well z ! two individuals1 own]s1 9 ! boat4 #b4 ,a man mak+ ! ge/ure = no?+4 7,see 9 ?is connection ,figure #aee1 page #bce47 #c4 ,ge/ure drawn1 d5ot+ to eat1 ) ! "r h&1 :ile ! left po9ts to ! lodge4 #d4 ,a w9t] habitation4 ,?is is us$ by ! ,alaskan coa/ natives4 ,,w>n+ ,,& ,,guidance4 ,an amus+ in/ance ( ! notice or w>n+ ( 8,no ?or\ghf>e0 is giv5 on page #chc ( ! pres5t writ]'s pap]1 ,sign ,language among ,nor? ,am]ican ,indians1 9 ! ,fir/ ,annual ,report ( ! ,bureau ( ,e?nology4 ,x 0 tak5 f a rock-et*+ 9 ,caon de ,*elly1 ,new ,mexico4 ,a graphic w>n+ aga9/ trespass appe>s 9 ,s*oolcraft1 ,vol4 ,i1 ,plate #dh1 ,figure ,b1 op4 page #cch4 ,dur+ 8 connection ) ! geographic surveys we/ ( ! "o hundr$? m]idian "u ! direction ( ,capt4 ,g4 ,m4 ,:eel]1 ,u4 ,s4 ,army1 ,dr4 ,h(fman obs]v$ a practice :i* prevail$ among ! ,tivtikai ,%o%oni1 ( ,nevada1 9 :i* heaps ( /ones 7 erect$ along or ne> trails to indicate ! direction to be tak5 & foll[$ to rea* spr+s ( wat]4 ,^u slight elevations ( gr\nd1 or at po9ts :]e a trail bran*$ into two or m directions1 or at ! int]section ( two trails1 a heap ( /ones w\ld be plac$1 v>y+ f #a to #b or m feet 9 height1 accord+ to ! necessity ( ! case1 to attract att5tion4 ,^u ! top ( ?is w\ld be fix$ an elongat$ piece ( rock s plac$ t ! mo/ conspicu\s po9t project$ & po9t$ 9 ! c\rse to be foll[$4 ,?is 0 cont9u$ sometimes at int]vals ( sev]al miles unless indi/9ct portions ( a trail or int]sections dem&$ a repetition at %ort] di/ances4 ,a k ( ! preval5ce ( ?is cu/om prov$ v b5eficial to ! e>ly prospectors & pione]s4 ,/one circles & /one heaps ( irregul> =m 7 also met )1 :i* to a casual obs]v] might be mislead+4 ,^! result$ f previ\s deposits ( edible p9e nuts1 :i* _h be5 heap$ ^u ! gr\nd & cov]$ ov] ) /ones1 grass1 & e>? to prev5t _! de/ruction by birds & rod5ts4 ,^! deposits 7 plac$ along ! trails 9 ! timb]$ regions to af=d su/5ance to ,indians :o _h fail$ 9 ! hunt1 or :o might n rea* camp 9 "t to prev5t suff]+ f hung]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,bureau ,,( ,,e?nology ,,f\r? ,,annual ,,report ,,pl4 ,,lxxx ,,rock ,,pa9t+s ,,9 ,,azuza ,,ca,,on1 ,,cali=nia4 ,plate ,,lxxx 7,a1 ,b1 ,c7 repres5ts color$ pictographs f\nd by ,dr4 ,h(fman 9 #ahhd on ! ,nor? ,=k ( ! ,san ,gabriel ,riv]1 also kn[n z ! ,azuza ,caon1 ,los ,angeles ,c\nty1 ,cali=nia4 ,its description is z foll[s3 ,a & ,b are copies1 "o-sixte5? natural size1 ( rock pa9t+ f\nd 9 ! ,azuza ,caon1 #cj miles nor!a/ ( ,los ,angeles1 ,cali=nia4 ,! b[ld] ^u :i* ! pa9t+s occur measures #h feet long1 ab\t #d feet high1 & ! same 9 wid?4 ,! figures occur on ! ea/]n side ( ! rock1 s t ! left arm ( ! human figure on ! "r po9ts t[>d ! nor?4 ,! map 7,c7 at ! bottom ( ! plate pres5ts ! topography ( ! imm$iate vic9ity & ! relative positions ( ! rocks be>+ ! two illu/rations4 ,! map is drawn on a scale ( #a1jjj y>ds to ! in*4 ,! /ream is ! ,nor? ,=k ( ! ,san ,gabriel ,riv]1 & is hemm$ 9 by precipit\s m\nta9s1 ) ! exception ( two po9ts m>k$ c1 c1 ov] :i* ! old ,indian trail pass$ 9 go+ f ! ,mojave ,des]t on ! nor? to ! ,san ,gabriel ,valley bel[1 ?is c\rse be+ ! ne>e/ = rea*+ ! mission settlem5ts at ,san ,gabriel & ,los ,angeles4 ,9 attempt+ to foll[ ! wat]-c\rse ! di/ance w\ld be greatly increas$ & a r\gh] trail enc\nt]$4 ,! pictograph ,a1 pa9t$ on ! rock m>k$ b on ! map ,c1 %[s *>act]s 9 pale yell[1 ^u a b[ld] ( almo/ :ite granite1 :i* are p>tly oblit]at$ by wea!r+ & annual floods1 ?\gh /ill en\gh rema9s to indicate t ! "r-h& figure is direct+ ! obs]v] to ! nor!a/1 al?\gh ^u tak+ t c\rse x w\ld be necess>y to r\nd ! po9t a %ort di/ance to ! we/4 ,x may h be5 plac$ z a notification ( direction to ^? ,indians :o might h come up ! caon in/ead ( on ! regul> trail4 ,f>!r we/1 at ! spot m>k$ a on ! map1 is a granite b[ld] be>+ a l>ge numb] ( pa9t+s "p ( :i* h become almo/ oblit]at$4 ,^! 7 drawn ) r$ o*] 7f]ric oxide74 ,a selection ( ^! is %[n 9 ,b on ! plate4 ,?is is on ! we/]n face ( ! rock1 almo/ v]tical4 ,?is also appe>s to ref] to ! c\rse ( ! trail1 :i* might readily be lo/ on acc\nt ( ! num]\s m\nta9 ridges & spurs4 ,! left-h& figure appe>s to place ! left h& ^u a s]ies ( ridges1 z if %[+ pantomimically ! r\gh & ridg$ c\ntry ov] ! m\nta9s4 ,! middle figure repres5ts ge/ure1 :i* 9 its pres5t connection may indicate direction1 ( ! trail1 i4 e41 t[>d ! left1 or nor?w>d 9 an up-hill c\rse1 z indicat$ by ! arm & leg1 & s\?w>d1 or d[nw>d1 z sugge/$ by ! l[] incl9ation ( ! leg1 & l[] =e>m & h& on ! "r ( ! illu/ration4 ,! "r-h& figure1 al?\gh simil> 9 mann] ( del9eat+ ge/ure & g5]al resemblance to ! ,%o%onian me?od1 is n yet det]m9$ 9 t connection4 ,^! illu/rations1 z well z o!r pictographs on ! same rock1 n at pres5t submitt$1 be> rem>kable resemblance to ! g5]al type ( ,%o%onian draw+1 & f su* evid5ce z is n[ atta9able x appe>s m ?an probable t !y are ( ,*emehuevi orig91 z t tribe at "o "t rang$ ?us f> we/1 ?\gh nor? ( ! m\nta9s1 & also visit$ ! valley & settlem5ts at ,los ,angeles at /at$ int]vals to trade4 ,x is also kn[n t ! ,mojaves came at /at$ p]iods to ,los ,angeles z late z #ahde1 & ! trail indicat$ at po9t a ( ! map w\ld appe> to h be5 _! mo/ practicable & conv5i5t r\te4 ,!re is /rong evid5ce t ! ,mokis sometimes visit$ ! ,pacific coa/ & might readily h tak5 ?is same c\rse1 m>k+ ! important portion ( ! r\te by draw+s 9 ! nature ( guide bo>ds4 ,,*>ts ,,( ,,geographic ,,features4 ,dr4 ,w4 ,j4 ,h(fman /ates t :5 at ,grapev9e ,spr+s1 ,nevada1 9 #ahga1 ! ,pai-,uta liv+ at t locality in=m$ ! p>ty ( ! exact location ( ,las ,vegas1 ! objective po9t4 ,! ,indian sat ^u ! s&1 & ) ! palms ( 8 h&s =m$ an oblong ridge to repres5t ,spr+ ,m\nta91 & s\!a/ ( ?is ridge ano!r gradual slope1 t]m9at+ on ! ea/]n side m abruptly2 ov] ! latt] he pass$ 8 f+]s to repres5t ! side valleys runn+ ea/w>d4 ,he !n took a /ick & %[$ ! direction ( ! old ,spani% trail runn+ ea/ & we/ ov] ! l[] portion ( ! la/-nam$ ridge4 ,:5 ?is 0 complet$ ! ,indian look$ at ! memb]s ( ! p>ty1 & ) a mixture ( ,engli%1 ,spani%1 ,pai-,uta1 & ge/ure signs1 told !m t f :]e !y 7 n[ !y w\ld h to g s\?w>d1 ea/ ( ,spr+ ,m\nta91 to ! camp ( ,pai-,uta ,*>lie1 :]e !y w\ld h to sleep2 !n indicat+ a l9e s\!a/w>d to ano!r spr+ 7,/ump's7 to complete ! second day2 !n he foll[$ ! l9e repres5t+ ! ,spani% trail to ! ea/ ( ! divide ( ! second ridge above nam$1 :]e he left x1 & pass+ nor?w>d to ! fir/ valley1 he ?ru/ ! %ort /ick into ! gr\nd & said1 8,las ,vegas40 ,x is ne$less to say t ! in=mation 0 f\nd to be correct & ( consid]able value to ! p>ty4 ,s*oolcraft 7,vol4 ,i1 p4 #ccd1 ,pl4 #dg1 ,fig4 ,b7 m5tions t ! discov]y1 on "o ( ! tribut>ies ( ! ,susquehanna ,riv]1 8( an ,indian map drawn on /one1 ) int]mix$ devices1 a copy ( :i* appe>s 9 ! fir/ volume ( ! collections ( ! ,hi/orical ,committee ( ! ,am]ican ,philosophical ,society1 ,philadelphia1 proves1 al?\gh x is ?us f> isolat$1 t /one 0 also employ$ 9 t bran* ( inscription4 ,?is discov]y 0 9 ! area occupi$ by ! ,l5apees1 :o are kn[n to h practic$ ! art1 :i* !y call$ ,ola ,walum40 ,! ,tegua ,pueblos1 ( ,new ,mexico1 8trac$ ^u ! gr\nd a sket* ( _! c\ntry1 ) ! names & locations ( ! pueblos occupi$ 9 ,new ,mexico10 a copy ( :i*1 8some:at improv$10 is giv5 9 ,vol4 ,,iii1 ,pacific ,r4 ,r4 ,explorations1 #ahef1 ,"p ,,iii1 pp4 #i1 #aj4 ,a ,yuma map ( ! ,colorado ,riv]1 ) ! names & locations ( tribes )9 its valley1 is also figur$ 9 ! la/ m5tion$ volume1 page #ai4 ,! map 0 orig9ally trac$ ^u ! gr\nd4 ,a ,pai-,uta map ( ! ,colorado ,riv] is also figur$ 9 ! same connection1 :i* 0 obta9$ by ,lieut5ant ,:ipple & p>ty4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fj4--,lean-,wolf's map4 ,hidatsa4 ,lean-,wolf1 ( ! ,hidatsa1 :o drew ! picture ( :i* ,figure #fj is a fac-simile1 made a trip on foot f ,=t ,b]?old to ,=t ,bu=d1 ,dakota1 to /eal a horse f ! ,dakotas encamp$ !re4 ,! return+ horse tracks %[ t he atta9$ ! object 9 view1 & t he rode home4 ,! foll[+ explanation ( *>act]s 0 made to ,dr4 ,h(fman1 at ,=t ,b]?old1 9 #ahha3 #a4 ,lean-,wolf1 ! head only ( a man to :i* is atta*$ ! outl9e ( a wolf4 #b4 ,hidatsa e>? lodges1 circul> 9 =m1 ! spots repres5t+ ! pill>s support+ ! ro(4 ,indian village at ,=t ,b]?old1 ,dakota4 #c4 ,human footpr9ts2 ! c\rse tak5 by ! record]4 #d4 ,! ,gov]nm5t build+s at ,=t ,bu=d 7squ>e74 #e4 ,sev]al ,hidatsa lodges 7r\nd71 ! occupants ( :i* _h int]-m>ri$ ) ! ,dakotas4 #f4 ,dakota lodges4 #g4 ,a small squ>e--a :ite man's h\se--) a cross m>k$ ^u x1 to repres5t a ,dakota lodge4 ,?is d5otes t ! own]1 a :ite man1 _h m>ri$ a ,dakota woman :o dwelt !re4 #h4 ,horse tracks return+ to ,=t ,b]?old4 #i4 ,! ,miss\ri ,riv]4 #aj4 ,tule ,creek4 #aa4 ,little ,knife ,riv]4 #ab4 ,:ite ,e>? ,riv]4 #ac4 ,muddy ,creek4 #ad4 ,yell[/one ,riv]4 #ae4 ,little ,miss\ri ,riv]4 #af4 ,danc+ ,be>d ,creek4 ,,claim ,,or ,,dem&4 ,/eph5 ,p[]s /ates t ! ,ni%9am ( ,cali=nia h a curi\s way ( collect+ debts4 8,:5 an ,indian owes ano!r1 x is held to be 9 bad ta/e1 if n positively insult+1 = ! cr$itor to dun ! debtor1 z ! brutal ,saxon does2 s he devises a m subtle me?od4 ,he prep>es a c]ta9 numb] ( little /icks1 accord+ to ! am\nt ( ! debt1 & pa9ts a r+ ar\nd ! end ( ea*4 ,^! he c>ries & tosses into ! del9qu5t's wigwam )\t a ^w & goes 8 way2 :]eupon ! o!r g5]ally takes ! h9t1 pays ! debt1 & de/roys ! /icks40 ,see ,contrib4 to ,n4 ,a4 ,e?nology1 ,vol4 ,,iii1 #cba4 ,dr4 ,w4 ,j4 ,h(fman says1 8,:5 a pati5t has neglect$ to remun]ate ! ,%aman ,wktcmn ( ! ,yoktsan l+ui/ic division = 8 s]vices1 ! latt] prep>es %ort /icks ( wood1 ) b&s ( color$ porcup9e quills wrapp$ ar\nd !m1 at "o end only1 & e "t he passes ! del9qu5t's lodge a c]ta9 numb] ( !m are ?r[n 9 z a rem9d] ( ! indebt$ness40 ,see ,san ,francisco 7,cal47 ,we/]n ,lancet1 ,,xi1 #ahhb1 p4 #ddc4 ,,messages ,,& ,,communications4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fa4--,lett] to ,little-,man f 8 fa!r4 ,*ey5ne4 ,figure #fa is a lett] s5t by mail f a ,s\!rn ,*ey5ne1 nam$ ,turtle-foll[+-8-,wife1 at ! ,*ey5ne & ,arapaho ,ag5cy1 ,indian ,t]ritory1 to 8 son1 ,little-,man1 at ! ,p9e ,ridge ,ag5cy1 ,dakota ,t]ritory4 ,x 0 drawn on a half-%eet ( ord9>y writ+ pap]1 )\t a ^w writt54 ,x 0 inclos$ 9 an envelope1 :i* 0 address$ to 8,little-,man1 ,*ey5ne1 ,p9e ,ridge ,ag5cy10 9 ! ord9>y mann]1 writt5 by "s "o at ! fir/-nam$ ag5cy4 ,! lett] 0 evid5tly und]/ood by ,little-,man1 z he imm$iately call$ ^u ,dr4 ,v4 ,t4 ,mc,gillycuddy1 ,indian ag5t at ,p9e ,ridge ,ag5cy1 & 0 aw>e t ! sum ( #ec _h be5 plac$ to 8 cr$it = ! purpose ( enabl+ him to pay 8 exp5ses 9 go+ ! long j\rney to 8 fa!r's home 9 ,indian ,t]ritory4 ,dr4 ,mc,gillycuddy _h1 by ! same mail1 receiv$ a lett] f ,ag5t ,dy]1 inclos+ #ec1 & expla9+ ! reason = its be+ s5t1 :i* enabl$ him also to und]/& ! pictographic lett]4 ,) ! above explanation x v cle>ly %[s1 ov] ! head ( ! figure to ! left1 ! turtle foll[+ ! turtle's wife unit$ ) ! head ( ! figure by a l9e1 & ov] ! head ( ! o!r figure1 also unit$ by a l9e to x1 is a little man4 ,also ov] ! "r arm ( ! la/-m5tion$ figure is ano!r little man 9 ! act ( spr++ or advanc+ t[>d ,turtle-foll[+-8-,wife1 f ^: m\? proce$ two l9es1 curv$ or hook$ at ! end1 z if draw+ ! little figure t[>ds him4 ,x is sugge/$ t ! la/-m5tion$ "p ( ! pictograph is ! sub/ance ( ! communication1 i4 e41 8come to me10 ! l>g] figures ) _! "n totems be+ ! p]sons address$ & address+4 ,betwe5 & above ! two l>ge figures are fifty-?ree r\nd objects int5d$ = doll>s4 ,bo? ! ,indian figures h on bree*-clo?s1 correspond+ ) ! in=mation giv5 conc]n+ !m1 :i* is t !y are ,*ey5nes :o are n all civiliz$ or educat$4 ,! illu/ration1 ,figure #fb1 0 made by a native ,alaskan1 & repres5ts a native ( ! ,t59ahs mak+ a smoke signal to ! p ( ! village on ! opposite %ore ( a lake1 s t a boat may be s5t to c>ry ! signali/ across4 ,! ,k'niqamt b& ( ! ,t59a h no boats1 z !y live inl&1 & !re=e resort to signal+ ) smoke :5 desir+ transportation4 ,on acc\nt ( ?is cu/om !y are t]m$ 8,signal ,p40 ,if ! pictograph c\ld be transmitt$ 9 advance ( ! necessity1 ! actual use ( ! smoke signal1 ) consequ5t delay 9 obta9+ ! boat1 w\ld be avoid$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fb4--;,draw+ ( smoke signal4 ,alaska4 #a4 ,repres5ts ! m\nta9 cont\r ( ! c\ntry4 #b4 ,a ,t59a ,indian4 #c4 ,column ( smoke4 #d4 ,bird's-eye view ( ! lake4 #e4 ,! settlem5t on opposite %ore ( lake4 #f4 ,boat cross+ = ! signali/4 ,"u ?is head ( messages & communications may be includ$ ! mat]ial objects s5t z messages1 _m acc\nts ( :i* are publi%$4 ,x is to be expect$ t graphic repres5tations ( ! same or simil> objects1 ) correspond+ arrangem5t1 %\ld h simil> significance4 ,among ! ,indians pa9t$ arr[s1 be>+ messages :5 dis*>g$1 are famili>4 ,! ,turki% ,selam1 or fl[] lett]s1 are 9 ! same category4 ,! foll[+ acc\nt ( a 8diplomatic packet0 is extract$ f ,s*oolcraft1 ,vol4 ,,iii1 p4 #cjf1 et seq43 ,9 ! mon? ( ,augu/1 #aheb1 a message rea*$ ! ,presid5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 by a delegation ( ! ,pueblos ( ,tesuque 9 ,new ,mexico1 (f]+ him fri5d%ip & int]communication2 & op5+1 symbolically1 a road f ! ,moqui c\ntry to ,wa%+ton4 99 99 99 ,?is unique diplomatic packet consi/s ( sev]al articles ( symbolic import4 ,! fir/ is ! (ficial & c]emonial (f] ( ! peace-pipe4 ,?is is symboliz$ by a jo9t ( ! maize1 five & a half in*es long1 & half an in* 9 diamet]4 ,! holl[ ( ! tube is fill$ by leaves ( a plant :i* repres5ts tobacco4 ,x is /opp$ to secure ! we$ f fall+ out1 by ! d[ny yell[ "u plumage ( "s small bird4 ,ext]nally1 ar\nd ! c5t] ( ! /alk1 is a tie ( :ite cotton twi/$ /r+ ( f\r /r&s1 7n twi/$ by ! di/aff17 hold+1 at its end1 a small tuft ( ! be=e-m5tion$ d[ny yell[ fea!rs1 & a small wiry fea!r ( ! same species4 ,! int]pret] has writt5 on ?is1 8,! pipe to be smok$ by ! ,presid5t40 99 99 ,! object is repres5t$ 9 ! cut1 ,a1 repres5t$ 9 ,figure #fc4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fc4--,"p ( diplomatic packet4 ,! second symbol consi/s ( two small column> r\nd pieces ( wood1 f\r & a half in*es long1 & f\r-t5?s 9 diamet]1 t]m9at+ 9 a cone4 ,! cone is "o & a half in*es long1 & is color$ black2 ! re/ ( ! pieces are blue2 a peace color among ! ,indians s\?1 x seems1 z well z nor?4 ,?is color has ! appe>ance ( be+ produc$ by ! c>bonate ( copp] mix$ ) alum9\s e>?2 & rem9ds "o /rongly ( ! blue clays ( ! ,dacotahs4 ,! wood1 :5 cut1 is :ite1 compact1 & ( a peculi> species4 ,a not* is cut at "o end ( "o ( ! pieces1 & color$ yell[4 ,a %uck ( ! maize1 "o end ( :i*1 roll$ 9 ! %ape ( a cone1 is b\nd up by cotton /r+s1 ) a small bird's fea!r1 9 ! mann] ( ! symbolic pipe4 ,!re is also ti$ up ) ! symbolic /icks1 "o ( ! second>y fea!rs & bits ( d[n ( a bird ( d+y color4 ,! fea!r is naturally tipp$ ) :ite4 ,toge!r ) ?is1 ! tie holds a c\ple ( /icks ( a native plant or small se$ ( ! prairie grass1 p]haps4 ,x may1 toge!r ) ! husk ( ! maize1 be emblematic ( _! cultivation4 ,! :ole ( ! tie repres5ts ! ,moquis4 ,! foll[+ cut1 ,b1 reproduc$ 9 ,figure #fd1 repres5ts ?is symbol3 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fd4--,"p ( diplomatic packet4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fe4--,"p ( diplomatic packet4 ,! ?ird object is1 9 e respect1 l ,b1 reproduc$ 9 ,figure #fd1 & symbolizes ! ,presid5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,a color$ cotton cord1 f\r feet long1 unites ^! symbols4 ,six in*es ( ?is cord is small & :ite4 ,at ! po9t ( its be+ ti$ to ! long color$ cord !re is a bun* ( small bird's fea!rs4 ,?is bun*1 :i* symbolizes ! geographical position ( ! ,navajoes1 ) respect to ,wa%+ton1 consi/s ( ! fea!rs ( six species1 ! colors :i* are pure :ite1 blue1 br[n1 mottl$1 yell[1 & d>k1 l ! pigeon-hawk1 & :ite1 tipp$ ) br[n4 7,see ! prec$+ cut1 ,c47 ,! int]pret] app5ds to ^! mat]ial effigies or devices :i* are arrang$ z 9 ,d1 reproduc$ 9 ,figure #ff ! foll[+ rem>ks4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ff4--,"p ( diplomatic packet4 8,^! two figures repres5t ! ,moqui p & ! ,presid5t2 ! cord is ! road :i* sep>ates !m2 ! fea!r ti$ to ! cord is ! meet+ po9t2 t "p ( ! cord :i* is :ite is int5d$ to signify ! di/ance betwe5 ! ,presid5t & ! place ( meet+2 & t "p :i* is /a9$ is ! di/ance betwe5 ! ,moqui & ! same po9t4 ,y\r ,excell5cy w p]ceive t ! di/ance betwe5 ! ,moqui & place ( meet+ is %ort1 :ile ! o!r is v long4 8,! la/ object ( ?is communication f ! high pla9s ( ,new ,mexico1 is ! mo/ curi\s1 & ! mo/ /rongly indicative ( ! wild1 sup]/iti\s notions ( ! ,moqui m9d4 ,x consi/s ( a small quantity ( wild honey1 wrapp$ up 9 a wrapp] or inn] fold ( ! husk ( ! maize1 z repres5t$ 9 ,e1 reproduc$ 9 ,figure #fg4 ,x is accompani$ by ^! rem>ks3 8,a *>m to call d[n ra9 f heav54--,to produce ! effect desir$1 ! ,presid5t mu/ take a piece ( ! %uck :i* conta9s ! wild honey1 *ew x1 & spit x ^u ! gr\nd :i* ne$s ra92 & ! ,moquis assure him t x w come40 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fg4--,"p ( diplomatic packet4 ,! ,maori us$ a k9d ( hi]oglyphical or symbolical way ( communication2 a *ief invit+ ano!r to jo9 9 a w> p>ty s5t a tattoo$ potato & a fig ( tobacco b\nd up toge!r1 :i* 0 int]pret$ to mean t ! enemy 0 a ,maori & n ,european by ! tattoo1 & by ! tobacco t x repres5t$ smoke2 he !re=e roa/$ ! "o & eat x1 & smok$ ! o!r1 to %[ he accept$ ! invitation1 & w\ld jo9 him ) 8 guns & p[d]4 ,ano!r s5t a wat]-pro( coat ) ! sleeves made ( pat*work1 r$1 blue1 yell[1 & gre51 intimat+ t !y mu/ wait until all ! tribes 7 unit$ be=e _! =ce w\ld be wat]-pro(1 i4 e41 able to enc\nt] ! ,european4 ,ano!r *ief s5t a l>ge pipe1 :i* w\ld hold a p\nd ( tobacco1 :i* 0 light$ 9 a l>ge assembly1 ! emiss>y tak+ ! fir/ :iff1 & !n pass+ x r\nd2 :oev] smok$ x %[$ t he jo9$ 9 ! w>4 ,see ,te ,ika a ,maui1 by ,rev4 ,ri*>d ,taylor1 ,london1 #ahgj4 ,,record ,,( ,,exp$ition4 ,"u ?is head1 _m illu/rations ( :i* might be giv5 besides sev]al 9 ?is pap]1 see acc\nt ( color$ pictographs 9 ,santa ,b>b>a ,c\nty1 ,cali=nia1 page #cd et seq41 ,plates ,i & ,,ii1 also ,lean-,wolf's trip1 ,figure #fj1 page #aeh4 ,also1 ,figures #ace & #acf1 pages #bad & #bae4 ,,totemic4 ,?is is "o ( ! mo/ /rik+ ( ! special uses to :i* pictography has be5 appli$ by ! ,nor? ,am]ican ,indians4 ,= conv5i5ce1 ! *>act]s may be divid$ into3 ,fir/1 tribal2 ,second1 g5tile2 & ,?ird1 p]sonal designations4 ,,tribal ,,designations4 ,a l>ge numb] ( ^! graphic di/9ctions are to be f\nd 9 ! ,dakota ,w9t] ,c\nts4 ,rev4 ,j4 ,ow5 ,dorsey reports t ! ,tsicu side ( ! ,osage tribe1 :5 on a w> p>ty1 h ! face pa9t$ r$1 ) mud ^u ! *eek1 bel[ ! left eye1 z wide z two or m f+]s4 ,! ,haka side ( ! tribe pa9t ! face r$1 ) a spot ( mud ^u ! "r *eek1 bel[ ! eye1 z wide z two or m f+]s4 ,= an +5i\s me?od ( indicat+ by v>iation ( incisions on trees1 ! tribal use ( pa9t by ! ,abs>oka & ,dakota respectively1 see page #fb4 ,figure #fh %[s ! tribal designation ( ! ,kai[a by ! ,dakota1 tak5 f ! w9t] c\nt ( ,batti/e ,good1 #ahad-'ae4 ,he calls ! w9t] 8,sma%$-a-,kai[a's-head-9 w9t]40 ,! tomahawk ) :i* x 0 done is 9 contact ) ! ,kai[a's head4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fh4--,kai[a4 ,! sign = ,kai[a is made by pass+ ! h&s--naturally ext5d$--9 %ort horizontal circles on ei!r side ( ! head1 & ! picture is probably drawn to repres5t ! man 9 ! attitude ( mak+ ?is ge/ure1 & n ! involunt>y rais+ ( ! h&s ^u receiv+ ! bl[1 su* attitudes n appe>+ 9 ,batti/e ,good's sy/em4 ,figure #fi is ! tribal sign ( ! ,arik>a made by ! ,dakotas1 tak5 f ! w9t] c\nt ( ,batti/e ,good = ! ye> #ahbc-'bd1 :i* he calls 8,g5]al- ---- -fir/-appe>$-&-!-,dakotas-aid$-9-an-atta ck-on-!-,rees w9t]02 also 8,mu*-corn w9t]40 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fi4--;,arik>a4 ,! gun & ! arr[ 9 contact ) ! e> ( corn %[ t bo? :ites & ,indians f\ght ! ,rees4 ,! e> ( corn signifies 8,ree0 or ,arik>a ,indians1 :o are designat$ 9 ge/ure language z 8,corn ,%ell]s40 ,figure #gj is ! tribal designation ( ! ,omahas by ! ,dakotas1 tak5 f ! w9t] c\nt ( ,batti/e ,good4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gj4 ,omaha4 ,a human head ) cropp$ hair & r$ *eeks signifies ,omaha4 ,?is tribe cuts ! hair %ort & uses r$ pa9t ^u ! *eeks v ext5sively4 ,?is "* is ( frequ5t occurr5ce 9 ,batti/e ,good's c\nt4 ,figure #ga is ! tribal designation ( ! ,pani by ! ,dakotas1 tak5 f ,batti/e ,good's w9t] c\nt = ! ye> #agjd-'je4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ga4--,pani4 ,he says3 ,! l[] legs are ornam5t$ ) slight projections resembl+ ! m>ks on ! bottom ( an e> ( corn husks1 & signifies ,pani4 ,a pictograph = ,*ey5ne is giv5 9 ,figure #gh1 page #agc1 ) "s rem>ks4 ,figure #gb is ! tribal designation = ,ass9ibo9e by ! ,dakotas f w9t] c\nt ( ,batti/e ,good = ! ye> #agji-'aj4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gb4--;,ass9ibo9e4 ,! ,dakota pictorial sign = ,ass9ibo9e or ,hohe1 :i* means ! voice1 or1 z "s say1 ! voice ( ! musk-ox1 is ! outl9e ( ! vocal organs1 z !y conceive !m1 & repres5ts ! upp] lip & ro( ( ! m\?1 ! tongue1 ! l[] lip1 & *9 & neck4 ,! view is lat]al1 & resembles ! sectional aspect ( ! m\? & tongue4 ,figure #gc is ! tribal designation ( ! ,gros ,v5tres1 by ! same tribe & on ! same au?ority4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gc4--;,gros ,v5tre4 ,two ,gros ,v5tres 7 kill$ on ! ice by ! ,dakotas 9 #aghi-'ij4 ,! two are designat$ by two spots ( blood on ! ice1 & kill$ is express$ by ! blood-tipp$ arr[ aga9/ ! figure ( ! man above4 ,! long hair1 ) ! r$ =ehead1 d5otes ! ,gros ,v5tre4 ,! r$ =ehead illu/rates ! mann] ( apply+ w> pa9t1 & applies1 also1 to ! ,arik>a & ,abs>oka ,indians1 9 o!r ,dakota records4 ,! horizontal blue b& signifies ice4 ,/eph5 ,p[]s says 7,contrib4 to ,n4 ,a4 ,e?nology1 ,,iii1 p4 #aji7 ! ,mattoal1 ( ,cali=nia1 diff] f o!r tribes 9 t ! m5 tattoo4 8,_! di/9ctive m>k is a r\nd blue spot 9 ! c5t] ( ! =ehead40 ,he adds3 ,among ! ,mattoal-- ,! wom5 tattoo pretty mu*1 all ov] _! faces4 ,9 respect to ?is matt] ( tattoo+ !re is a !ory ent]ta9$ by "s old pione]s :i* may be wor? ! m5tion4 ,!y hold t ! reason :y ! wom5 alone tattoo 9 all o!r tribes is t 9 case !y are tak5 captives _! own p may be able to recognize !m :5 !re comes an opportunity ( ransom4 ,!re are two facts :i* give "s color ( probability to ?is reason+4 ,"o is t ! ,cali=nia ,indians are r5t into su* inf9itesimal divisions1 any "o ( :i* may be array$ 9 deadly feud aga9/ ano!r at any mom5t1 t ! slight diff]5ces 9 _! dialects w\ld n suffice to di/+ui% ! captive squaws4 ,a second is t ! squaws almo/ nev] attempt any ornam5tal tattoo+1 b adh]e closely to ! pla9 regulation m>k ( ! tribe4 ,paul ,m>coy1 9 ,travels 9 ,s\? ,am]ica1 ,n4 ,y41 #ahge1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 page #cec1 says ( ! ,passs1 ,yuris1 ,b>rs1 & ,*umanas1 ( ,brazil1 t !y m>k _! faces 79 tattoo7 ) ! totem or emblem ( ! nation to :i* !y belong4 ,x is possible at a few /eps di/ant to di/+ui% "o nation f ano!r4 ,,g5tile ,,or ,,clan ,,designations4 ,rev4 ,j4 ,ow5 ,dorsey reports ( ! ,osages t all ! old m5 :o h be5 di/+ui%$ 9 w> are pa9t$ ) ! decorations ( _! respective g5tes4 ,t ( ! ,tsicu wactake is z foll[s3 ,! face is fir/ :it5$ all ov] ) :ite clay2 !n a r$ spot is made on ! =ehead1 & ! l[] "p ( ! face is r$d5$2 !n ) ! f+]s ! man scrapes (f ! :ite clay1 =m+ ! d>k figures1 by lett+ ! natural color ( ! face %[ ?r\gh4 ,9 ,s*oolcraft1 ,v1 #gc1 #gd1 x is /at$ t by totemic m>ks ! v>i\s families ( ! ,ojibwa d5ote _! affiliation4 ,a gu>dian _s has be5 select$ by ! prog5itor ( a family f "s object 9 ! zoological *a94 ,! repres5tative device ( ?is is call$ ! totem4 ,a w>rior's totem nev] wants honors 9 _! rem9isc5ces1 & ! m>k is put on 8 grave-po/1 or adj$atig1 :5 he is dead4 ,9 8 fun]al pictograph he inv>iably s9ks 8 p]sonal "n 9 t ( 8 totem or family "n4 ,^! m>ks are1 9 "o s5se1 ! surname ( ! clan4 ,! p]sonal "n is n indicative ( an ,indian's totem4 ,! same cu/om1 accord+ to ,rev4 ,j4 ,ow5 ,dorsey1 prevails among ! ,omahas2 & ) ! exception ( t portion :i* relates to ! draw+ ( ! totemic m>k ^u ! grave po/ ! above rem>ks apply also to ! ,dakotas1 ( ,nor!rn ,dakota1 accord+ to ! obs]vations ( ,dr4 ,h(fman4 ,! ,pueblos1 rem>k$ ,mr4 ,james ,/ev5son 9 a conv]sation ) ! writ]1 depict ! g5s totems ^u _! v>i\s =ms & /yles ( c]amic manufacture4 ,! peculi> =ms ( second>y decoration also p]mit ! article to be trac$ to any p>ticul> family by :i* x may h be5 produc$4 ,,p]sonal ,,designations4 ,?is head may be divid$ into 7#a7 ,insignia1 or tok5s ( au?ority4 7#b7 ,connect$ ) p]sonal "n4 7#c7 ,prop]ty m>ks4 7#d7 ,/atus ( ! individual4 7#e7 ,signs ( p>ticul> a*ievem5t4 ,,insignia ,,or ,,tok5s ,,( ,,au?ority4 ,a l>ge numb] ( examples are pres5t$ 9 connection ) o!r divisions ( ?is pap]4 ,_m m are not$ 9 ,s*oolcraft1 especially 9 ,vol4 ,i1 plates #eh & #ei1 foll[+ page #djh4 ,9 addition ! foll[+ may be m5tion$3 ,figure #gd is a copy ( a draw+ made by ,lean-,wolf1 second *ief ( ! ,hidatsa1 to repres5t himself4 ,! horns on 8 head-dress %[ t he is a *ief4 ,! eagle fea!rs on 8 w>-bonnet1 arrang$ 9 ! special mann] portray$1 also %[ high di/9ction z a w>rior4 ,8 au?ority z 8p>tisan10 or lead] ( a w> p>ty is repres5t$ by ! elevat$ pipe4 ,8 "n is also add$ ) ! usual l9e drawn f ! head4 ,he expla9$ ! outl9e "* ( ! wolf1 hav+ a :ite body ) ! m\? unf9i%$1 to %[ t x 0 holl[1 no?+ !re1 i4 e41 lean4 ,! animal's tail is drawn 9 detail & d>k to di/+ui% x f ! body4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gd4--,lean-,wolf4 ,p>tisan4 ,! "* = 8p>tisan0 is also %[n 9 ! ,dakota w9t] c\nts = ! ye> #ahdb-'dc4 ,see ,plate ,,xxiii4 ,figure #ge 7extract$ f ! ,fir/ ,annual ,report ,bureau ( ,e?nology1 ,fig4 #bbg71 drawn & expla9$ by an ,oglala ,dakota1 exhibits f\r erect pipes to %[ t he _h l$ f\r w> p>ties4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ge4--,two-,/rike z ,p>tisan4 ,,p]sonal ,,"n4 ,! names ( ,indians z =m]ly adopt$ or be/[$ among !mselves 7 & /ill rema9 connotive1 :5 n subject$ to :ite influ5ce4 ,!y v (t5 ref] to "s animal1 pr$icat+ an attribute or position ( t animal4 ,on acc\nt ( _! objective1 or at lea/ ideographic1 "*1 !y almo/ inv>iably admit ( be+ express$ 9 sign-language2 & = ! same reason !y c ) ! same ease be portray$ 9 pictographs4 ,abundant pro( ( ?is is giv5 9 two collections infra1 viz41 ! ,ogalala ,ro/] & ! ,r$-,cl\d ,c5sus4 ,! device g5]ally adopt$ by ! ,dakotas to signify t an object drawn 9 connection ) a human head or figure 0 a "n totem or a p]sonal "n ( ! individual1 is to connect t object ) ! figure by a l9e drawn to ! head or m frequ5tly to ! m\? ( ! latt]4 ,! same tribes make a di/9ction 9 manife/+ t ! ge/ure-sign = ! object ge/ur$ is int5d$ to be ! "n ( an individual1 by pass+ ! index =w>d f ! m\? 9 a direct l9e aft] ! conclusion ( ! sign = ! object4 ,?is signifies1 8t is 8 "n10--! "n ( ! p]son ref]r$ to4 ,a simil> designation ( an object z a "n by means ( a connect$ l9e is m5tion$ 9 ,k+sbor\gh's ,mexico1 ,vol4 ,i1 ,plate #cc1 "p #d1 & text1 ,vol4 ,,vi1 page #aej4 ,p$ro de ,alv>ado1 "o ( ! companions ( ,cortez1 0 r$-head$4 ,because ( ?is ! ,mexicans call$ him ,tonatihu1 ! 8,sun10 & 9 _! picture-writ+ 8 "n 0 repres5t$ by a picture ( t lum9>y atta*$ to 8 p]son by a l9e4 ,z a g5]al rule ,indians are nam$ at fir/ accord+ to a clan or g5tile sy/em1 b 9 lat] life "o g5]ally acquires a new "n1 or p]haps sev]al names 9 succession1 f "s special exploits or adv5tures4 ,frequ5tly a sobriquet is giv5 :i* is n complim5t>y4 ,all ( ! names subsequ5tly acquir$ z well z ! orig9al names are s connect$ ) mat]ial objects or ) sub/antive actions z to be expressible 9 a graphic picture1 & also 9 a pictorial sign4 ,! det]m9ation to use names ( ?is connotive "* is %[n by ! objective translation1 :5ev] possible1 ( su* ,european names z x became necess>y = !m to introduce frequ5tly into _! spee*4 ,william ,p5n 0 call$ ,onas1 t be+ ! ^w = fea!r-quill 9 ! ,mohawk dialect4 ,! "n ( ! second ,fr5* gov]nor ( ,canada 0 ,montmagny1 errone\sly translat$ to be 8great m\nta910 :i* words 7 correctly translat$ by ! ,iroquois into ,onontio1 & ?is expression becom+ associat$ ) ! title has be5 appli$ to all successive ,canadian gov]nors1 ?\gh ! orig9 hav+ be5 g5]ally =gott51 x has be5 consid]$ to be a metaphorical complim5t4 ,gov]nor ,flet*] 0 nam$ by ! ,iroquois ,caj5quiragoe1 8! great swift arr[10 n because ( 8 spe$y arrival at a critical "t1 z has be5 suppos$1 b because !y _h someh[ be5 in=m$ ( ! etymology ( 8 "n1 8arr[-mak]0 7,fr4 fl*i]74 ,a notable example ( ! adoption ( a graphic illu/ration f a simil>ity 9 ! s\nd ( ! "n to kn[n ,engli% words is giv5 9 ! pres5t pap] 9 ! ,w9t] ,c\nt ( ,am]ican-,horse = ! ye> #ahfe-'ff1 page #add1 :]e ,g5]al ,maynadi] is made to figure z 8_m de]40 ,:ile1 z be=e said1 "s tribes give names to *ildr5 f consid]ations ( bir? & k9%ip accord+ to a fix$ rule1 o!rs conf] !m aft] solemn delib]ation4 ,!y are n necess>ily p]man5t4 ,a dim9utive =m is frequ5tly be/[$ by ! affection ( ! p>5t4 ,on initiation a w>rior always assumes or receives a "n4 ,until ?is is e/abli%$ he is liable to *ange 8 "n aft] e fight or hunt4 ,he w g5]ally only ackn[l$ge ! "n he has himself assum$1 p]haps f a dream or vision1 ?\gh he may be habitually call$ by an entirely diff]5t "n4 ,f t reason ! same man is sometimes kn[n "u sev]al diff]5t epi!ts4 ,p]sonal peculi>ity1 de=mity1 or accid5t is sure to fix a "n1 aga9/ :i* x is va9 to /ruggle4 ,girls d n habitually *ange names be/[$ 9 _! *ildhood4 ,x may also be rem>k$ t ! same precise "n is (t5 giv5 to diff]5t individuals 9 ! same tribe1 b n s frequ5tly 9 ! same b&1 :]eby ! inconv5i5ce w\ld be increas$4 ,= ?is reason x is (t5 necess>y to specify ! b&1 sometimes also ! fa!r4 ,= in/ance1 :5 ! writ] ask$ an ,indian :o ,black-,/one1 a *ief m5tion$ 9 ! ,dakota w9t] c\nts1 01 ! ,indian ask$1 fir/1 :at tribe 0 he2 !n1 :at b&2 !n1 :o 0 8 fa!r2 &1 except 9 ! case ( v not$ p]sons1 ! id5tity is n prov$ )\t an answ] to ^! que/ions4 ,a /rik+ in/ance ( ?is plurality ( names among ! ,dakotas 0 connect$ ) ! "n ,sitt+-,bull1 belong+ to ! lead] ( ! ho/ile b&1 :ile "o ( t "n 0 almo/ equally not$ z be+ ! head soldi] ( ! fri5dly ,dakotas at ,r$-,cl\d ,ag5cy4 ,! pres5t writ] also f\nd a numb] ( ,dakotas nam$ ,lone-,dog :5 9 se>* ( ! record] ( ! w9t] c\nt above expla9$4 ,! case may be illu/rat$ by *ri/ian names among civiliz$ p4 ,at ! "t :5 a =m] ,presid5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates 0 ! lead+ topic ( conv]sation1 ne>ly any "o be+ ask$ :o bore ! "n ( ,ulysses w\ld be able to ref] to ,g5]al ,grant1 b few o!r *ri/ian names w\ld convey any recogniz$ id5tity4 ,inde$1 ! surname may be add$ & multiplicity ) confusion /ill rema94 ,v few m5 h names s peculi> z n to f9d !m ) exact lit]ation 9 ! directories ( ! l>ge cities4 ,among ! _m peculi>ities connect$ ) ,indian p]sonal names1 f> too _m = discussion "h1 is _! avoidance ( !m 9 direct address1 t]ms ( k9%ip or relative age tak+ _! place4 ,major ,j4 ,w4 ,p[ell1 9 "s rem>ks be=e ! ,an?ropological ,society ( ,wa%+ton1 on ! functions p]=m$ by k9%ip t]ms among ,indian tribes1 /at$ t at "o "t he _h ! ,kaibab ,indians1 a small tribe ( nor!rn ,arizona1 travel+ ) him4 ,! "y *ief 0 call$ by :ite m5 8,frank40 ,= sev]al weeks he refus$ to give 8 ,indian "n1 & ,major ,p[ell endeavor$ to discov] x by notic+ ! t]m by :i* he 0 address$ by ! o!r ,indians2 b inv>iably "s k9%ip t]m 0 employ$4 ,"o day 9 a qu>rel 8 wife call$ him 8,*u>umpik 7,yucca-he>t470 ,subsequ5tly ,major ,p[ell que/ion$ ! "y *ief ab\t ! matt]1 :o expla9$ & apologiz$ = ! great insult :i* 8 wife _h giv5 him by /at+ t %e 0 excus$ by great provocation4 ,! insult consi/$ 9 call+ ! man by 8 real "n4 ,! foll[+ is quot$ = comp>ison ) ! "n-sy/em ( ! ,indians ( ,guiana1 f ,ev]>d ,f4 im ,?urn1 op4 cit41 p4 #bai1 et seq43 ,! sy/em "u :i* ! ,indians h _! p]sonal names is intricate1 & difficult to expla94 ,9 ! fir/ place1 a "n1 :i* may be call$ ! prop] "n1 is always giv5 to a "y *ild soon aft] bir?4 ,x is said to be prop] t ! peaiman1 or m$ic9e-man1 %\ld *oose & give ?is "n2 b1 at any rate n[1 ! nam+ seems m (t5 left to ! p>5ts4 ,! ^w select$ is g5]ally ! "n ( "s plant1 bird1 or o!r natural object4 ,among ,arawak prop] names may be m5tion$ ,yamb5assi 7night-monkey7 & ,yuri-tokoro 7tobacco-fl[]71 & among ,macusi names ,ti-ti 7owl71 ,*]ipung 7/>871 & ,simiri 7locu/-tree74 ,b ^! names seem ( little use1 9 t own]s h a v /rong objection to tell+ or us+ !m1 app>5tly on ! gr\nd t ! "n is "p ( ! man1 & t he :o kn[s ! "n has "p ( ! own] ( t "n 9 8 p[]4 ,to avoid any dang] ( spread+ k ( _! names1 "o ,indian1 !re=e1 g5]ally addresses ano!r only accord+ to ! relation%ip ( ! call] & ! call$1 z bro!r1 si/]1 fa!r1 "m1 & s on2 or1 :5 !re is no relation%ip1 z boy1 girl1 companion1 & s on4 ,^! t]ms1 !re=e1 practically =m ! names actually us$ by ,indians among/ !mselves4 ,b an ,indian is j z unwill+ to tell 8 prop] "n to a :ite man z to an ,indian2 &1 ( c\rse1 betwe5 ! ,indian & ! :ite man !re is no relation%ip ! t]m = :i* c s]ve z a prop] "n4 ,an ,indian1 !re=e1 :5 he has to d ) a ,european1 asks ! latt] to give him a "n1 & if "o is giv5 to him1 always aft]w>ds uses ?is4 ,! names giv5 9 ?is way are g5]ally simple en\gh--,john1 ,pet]1 ,?omas1 & s on4 ,b sometimes !y are n suffici5tly simple to be compreh5d$ & rememb]$ by _! ,indian own]s1 :o !re=e1 hav+ induc$ ! donor to write ! "n on a piece ( pap]1 pres]ve ?is ev] aft] mo/ c>efully1 & :5ev] ask$ = _! "n by ano!r ,european1 exhibit ! docum5t z ! only way ( answ]+4 ,sometimes1 h[ev]1 an ,indian1 ?\gh he _c pron\nce 8 ,engli% names1 makes x possible by corruption4 ,= in/ance1 a c]ta9 ,macusi ,indian 0 kn[n to me = a long "t z ,%assapoon1 :i* ,i ?\ght 0 8 prop] "n1 until x accid5tally appe>$ t x 0 8 #8,engli% "n1' he hav+ be5 nam$ by & aft] "o ,*>les ,appun1 a ,g]man travel]4 ,! orig9al ( ,figure #gf 0 made by ,lean-,wolf1 second *ief ( ! ,hidatsa1 = ,dr4 ,w4 ,j4 ,h(fman 9 #ahha1 & repres5ts ! me?od :i* ?is ,indian has employ$ to designate himself = _m ye>s pa/4 ,dur+ 8 boyhood he _h ano!r "n4 ,?is is a curr5t1 or p]haps x may be call$ cursive1 =m ( ! "n1 :i* is giv5 m elaborately 9 ,figure #gd4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gf4--,lean-wolf4 ,figure #gg is tak5 f ! w9t] c\nt ( ,batti/e ,good = ! ye> #ahda-'db4 ,he calls ! ye> 8,po9t]-made-a-commemoration-(-!-dead w9t]40 ,also 8,deep-sn[ w9t]40 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gg4--,po9t]4 ,! ext5d$ index d5otes ! man's "n1 8,po9t]10 ! r+ & spots1 deep sn[4 ,! spots d5ot+ sn[ occur also 9 o!r portions ( ?is c\nt1 & ! circle1 d5ot+ quantity1 is also atta*$ 9 ,figure #ada1 p4 #bai1 to a =k$ /ick & incloses a buffalo head to signify mu* meat4 ,t ! circle is int5d$ to signify quantity is probable1 z ! ge/ure = 8mu*0 or 8quantity0 is made by pass+ ! h&s upw>d f bo? sides & toge!r be=e ! body1 describ+ ! upp] half ( a circle1 i4 e41 %[+ a heap4 ,figure #gh is also f ! w9t] c\nt ( ,batti/e ,good = ! ye> #aghe-'hf4 ,?is ye> he calls 8,!-,*ey5nes-kill$-,%ad['s-fa!r w9t]40 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gh4--,%ad[4 ,! umbrella signifies ,%ad[2 ! ?ree m>ks "u ! arr[1 ,*ey5ne2 ! blood-/a9$ arr[ 9 ! man's body1 kill$2 ,%ad['s "n & ! umbrella 9 ! figure intimates t he 0 ! fir/ ,dakota to c>ry an umbrella4 ,! advantages ( ! umbrella 7 soon recogniz$ by ! ,dakotas1 & ! fir/ !y obta9$ f ! :ites 7 highly priz$4 ,9 ! record prep>$ by ,batti/e ,good ?is is ! only in/ance :]e ! %ort v]tical l9es bel[ ! arr[ signify ,*ey5ne4 ,9 all o!rs ^! m>ks are num]ical1 & d5ote ! numb] ( p]sons kill$4 ,t ^! %ort l9es signify ,*ey5ne may be attributable to a practice ( t tribe1 to make transv]se cuts 9 ! =e>m aft] or be=e go+ into a conflict1 z an (f]+ or v[ to ! ,great ,_s = success4 ,*ey5nes are ?us repres5t$ 9 ! w9t] c\nt ( ,cl\d-,%ield = #ahcd-'ce 7see page #aci7 & #ahgh-'gi 7see page #adf47 ,mr4 ,p4 ,w4 ,norris has pres5t$ a buffalo robe conta9+ a record ( exploits1 :i* 0 drawn by ,black-,cr[1 a ,dakota w>rior1 sev]al ye>s ago4 ,! peculi>ity ( ! draw+s is1 t ! w>rior is repres5t$ 9 ea* in/ance 9 an upright position1 ! accompany+ figure be+ always 9 a recumb5t po/ure1 repres5t+ ! enemy :o 0 sla94 ,in/ead ( depict+ ! p]sonal "n above ! fall5 p]sonage ) a l9e connect+ ! two1 ! "n ( ! enemy is plac$ above ! head ( ! victor 9 ea* in/ance1 a l9e ext5d+ betwe5 ! "* & ! speak] or w>rior ^: exploits ! *>act]s repres5t4 ,! latt] seems to proclaim ! "n ( 8 victim4 ,a pipe is also figur$ betwe5 ! victor & ! vanqui%$1 %[+ t he is entitl$ to smoke a pipe ( celebration4 ,a copy ( ! :ole record 0 %[n to ! ,mdewakantawan ,dakotas1 ne> ,=t ,snell+1 ,m9nesota1 9 #ahhc1 & ! "* reproduc$ 9 ,figure #gi1 ab\t :i* !re 0 ! mo/ d\bt1 0 expla9$ z signify+ 8_m tongues10 i4 e41 ,l\d-,talk]1 be+ ! "n ( ! p]son kill$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gi4--,l\d-,talk]4 ,! circle at ! end ( ! l9e runn+ f ! m\? conta9s a numb] ( lanceolate =ms1 ! half ( ea* ( :i* is black1 ! o!r :ite4 ,!y h ! appe>ance ( fea!rs4 ,^! figures signify voice1 ! s\nds z issu+ f ! m\?1 & correspond 9 "s respect to ^? drawn by ! ,mexicans ) t significance4 ,! consid]able numb] ( ^! figures1 signify+ int5sity1 d5otes l\d voice1 or1 z giv5 lit]ally1 8l\d talk]10 t be+ ! "n ( ! victim4 ,x is h[ev] to be not$ t 8,%ield10 an ,oglala ,dakota1 says ! "* signifies ,fea!r-,%ield1 ! "n ( a w>rior =m]ly liv+ at ! ,p9e ,ridge ,ag5cy1 ,dakota4 ,,an ,,ogalala ,,ro/]4 ,plates ,,lii to ,,lviii repres5t a pictorial ro/] ( ! heads ( families1 eighty-f\r 9 numb]1 9 ! b& or p]haps clan ( ,*ief ,big-,road1 & 7 obta9$ by ,rev4 ,s4 ,d4 ,h9man at ,/&+ ,rock ,ag5cy1 ,dakota1 9 #ahhc1 f ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,indian ag5t1 ,major ,mc,laughlin1 to :om ! orig9al 0 submitt$ by ,*ief ,big-,road :5 br\ght to t ag5cy & requir$ to give an acc\nt ( 8 foll[]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,bureau ,,( ,,e?nology ,,f\r? ,,annual ,,report ,,pl4 ,,lii ,,an ,,ogalala ,,ro/]--8,,big-,,road0 ,,& ,,b& ,*ief ,big-,road & 8 p belong to ! ,nor!rn ,ogalala 7accurately ,oglala71 & 7 lately ho/ile1 hav+ be5 associat$ ) ,sitt+-,bull 9 v>i\s depr$ations & ho/ilities aga9/ bo? settl]s & ! ,unit$ ,/ates au?orities4 ,mr4 ,h9man /ates t ! translations ( ! names 7 made by ! ag5cy int]pret]1 & al?\gh n z complete z might be1 are1 9 ! :ole1 satisfactory4 ,*ief ,big-,road 8is a man ( fifty ye>s & upw>ds1 & is z ignorant & uncompromis+ a savage1 9 m9d & appe>ance1 z "o c\ld well f9d at ?is late date40 ,! draw+s 9 ! orig9al are on a s+le %eet ( foolscap pap]1 made ) black & color$ p5cils1 & a few *>act]s are 9 yell[ o*]--wat]-color pa9t4 ,on ea* ( ! sev5 plates1 into :i* ! orig9al is "h divid$ f ! requirem5ts ( ! mode ( publication1 ! fir/ figure 9 ! upp] left-h& corn] repres5ts1 z /at$1 ! *ief ( ! sub-b&1 or p]haps1 8family0 9 ! ,indian s5se4 ,on five ( ! plates ! *ief has be=e him a decorat$ pipe & p\*1 ! design ( ea* be+ di/9ct f ! o!rs4 ,on ,plates ,,liv & ,,lv ! upp] left h& figure does n h a pipe1 :i* leads to ! suspicion t1 contr>y to ! in=mation s f> receiv$1 ! :ole ( ! figures f ,nos4 #aa to #de inclusive1 on ,plates ,,liii1 ,,liv1 & ,,lv1 con/itute "o b& "u ! same *ief1 viz41 ,no4 #aa4 ,9 t case ,nos4 #bc & #cf w\ld appe> to be lead]s ( subord9ate divisions ( t b&4 ,ea* ( ! five *iefs has at lea/ ?ree transv]se b&s on ! *eek1 ) diff]5tiation ( ! patt]n4 ,illu/ration3 ,,bureau ,,( ,,e?nology ,,f\r? ,,annual ,,report ,,pl4 ,,liii ,,an ,,ogalala ,,ro/]--8,,l[-,,dog0 ,,& ,,b& ,illu/ration3 ,,bureau ,,( ,,e?nology ,,f\r? ,,annual ,,report ,,pl4 ,,liv ,,an ,,ogalala ,,ro/]--8,,!-,,be>-,,sp>es-,,him0 ,,& ,,b& ,illu/ration3 ,,bureau ,,( ,,e?nology ,,f\r? ,,annual ,,report ,,pl4 ,,lv ,,an ,,ogalala ,,ro/]--8,,has-,a-,,w>-,,club0 ,,& ,,b& ,x w be notic$ t ea* figure ?r\gh\t ! plates1 :i* c>ries be=e x a w> club1 is decorat$ ) ?ree r$ transv]se b&s1 b t ( ,no4 #cj1 on ,plate ,,liv1 & ,no4 #dh on ,plate ,,lvi1 h ! ?ree b&s )\t a w> club4 ,! o!r male figures seem 9 "s in/ances to h ea* b a s+le r$ b&2 9 o!rs two b&s1 r$ & blue1 b ! draw+ is s indi/9ct z to r5d] ?is unc]ta94 ,x w be obs]v$1 also1 t 9 f\r in/ances 7,nos4 #ad1 #dd1 #de1 & #gb7 wom5 are depict$ z ! surviv+ heads ( families4 ,_! figures d n h ! transv]se b&s on ! *eek4 ,also t ! five *iefs d n h ! w> club1 _! rank be+ %[n by pipe & p\*4 ,^? m5 :o are arm$ ) w> clubs1 :i* are held v]tically be=e ! p]son1 indicate 79 accordance ) a simil> cu/om among o!r bran*es ( ! ,dakota ,nation1 9 :i*1 h[ev]1 ! pipe is held in/ead ( ! club7 t ! man has at "s "t l$ w> p>ties on 8 own acc\nt4 ,see pages #aah & #aci4 ,illu/ration3 ,,bureau ,,( ,,e?nology ,,f\r? ,,annual ,,report ,,pl4 ,,lvi ,,an ,,ogalala ,,ro/]--8,,wall-,,dog0 ,,& ,,b& ,illu/ration3 ,,bureau ,,( ,,e?nology ,,f\r? ,,annual ,,report ,,pl4 ,,lvii ,,an ,,ogalala ,,ro/]--8,,iron-,,cr[0 ,,& ,,b& ,illu/ration3 ,,bureau ,,( ,,e?nology ,,f\r? ,,annual ,,report ,,pl4 ,,lviii ,,an ,,ogalala ,,ro/]--8,,little-,,hawk0 ,,& ,,b& ,engli% names ( ! figures 9 ! ,ogalala ,ro/]4 ,no4 #a4 ,big-road4 #b4 ,be>-look+-beh9d4 #c4 ,br+s-back-pl5ty4 #d4 ,:ite buffalo4 #e4 ,!-real-hawk4 #f4 ,%ield-boy4 #g4 ,!-be>-/ops4 #h4 ,we>s-!-fea!r4 #i4 ,dog-eagle4 #aj4 ,r$-horn-bull4 #aa4 ,l[-dog4 #ab4 ,*>g+-hawk4 #ac4 ,:ite-tail4 #ad4 ,blue-cl\d 7woman74 #ae4 ,%ield4 #af4 ,little-eagle4 #ag4 ,spott$-skunk4 #ah4 ,:ite-be>4 #ai4 ,:ite-hair4 #bj4 ,8-fight4 #ba4 ,c5t]-fea!r4 #bb4 ,kills-,cr[s 7,indians74 #bc4 ,!-be>-sp>es-him4 #bd4 ,:ite-plume4 #be4 ,fe>s-no?+4 #bf4 ,r$-cr[4 #bg4 ,!-la/-be>4 #bh4 ,bird-man4 #bi4 ,horse-)-horns4 #cj4 ,fa/-elk4 #ca4 ,*ief-boy4 #cb4 ,spott$-elk4 #cc4 ,c>ries-!-badg]4 #cd4 ,r$-e>?-woman4 #ce4 ,eagle-clo?+4 #cf4 ,has-a-w>-club4 #cg4 ,little-buffalo4 #ch4 ,has-a-po9t 7weapon47 #ci4 ,return+-sc\t4 #dj4 ,little-kill]4 #da4 ,:i/l]4 #db4 ,tongue4 #dc4 ,black-elk4 #dd4 ,lone-woman4 #de4 ,deaf-woman4 #df4 ,long-dog4 ,errone\sly pr9t$ ,wall dog on ,plate ,,lvi4 #dg4 ,iron-hawk4 #dh4 ,pretty-weasel4 #di4 ,%ort-buffalo4 #ej4 ,bull-)-bad-he>t4 #ea4 ,f\r-cr[s4 #eb4 ,tall-:ite-man4 #ec4 ,eagle-hawk4 #ed4 ,lone-man4 #ee4 ,causes-tr\ble-ahead4 #ef4 ,makes-dirt 78f\l074 #eg4 ,black-road4 #eh4 ,%ot-close4 #ei4 ,iron-cr[4 #fj4 ,runn+-horse4 #fa4 ,owns-an-animal-)-horns4 #fb4 ,blue-cl\d-man4 #fc4 ,f+]s4 #fd4 ,sacr$-tee?4 #fe4 ,se>*+-cl\d4 #ff4 ,female-elk-boy4 #fg4 ,little-owl4 #fh4 ,pretty-horse4 #fi4 ,runn+-eagle4 #gj4 ,makes-enemy4 #ga4 ,prairie-*ick54 #gb4 ,r$-flute-woman4 #gc4 ,little-hawk4 #gd4 ,/&+-buffalo4 #ge4 ,/&+-be>4 #gf4 ,iron-:ite-man4 #gg4 ,be>-:irlw9d4 #gh4 ,sacr$-cr[4 #gi4 ,blue-hawk4 #hj4 ,h>d-to-kill4 #ha4 ,iron-boy4 #hb4 ,pa9t$-rock4 #hc4 ,yell[-wolf4 #hd4 ,made-an-enemy4 ,! in=mation yet obta9$ f ! au?or ( ! pictograph conc]n+ its details is meag]1 & z x w probably be procur$ no unimportant conjectures are n[ haz>d$4 ,x is pres5t$ = ! ideography %[n1 :i* may 9 mo/ cases be und]/ood f ! translation ( ! sev]al names into ,engli% z giv5 9 ! prec$+ li/4 ,a few rem>ks ( explanation1 occurr+ to ! writ]1 may be add$3 ,no4 #cd1 on plate ,,liv1 ) ! translation ,r$-e>?-woman1 appe>s f ! scalp-lock & ! w>rior's necklace to be a man1 & ,r$-e>?-woman to be 8 "n4 ,no4 #fb on ,plate ,,lvii1 probably ref]s to an ,ogalala :o 0 call$ ,arapaho1 ! int]pretation1 z well z ! blue cl\d1 be+ 9 ! ,dakota language 8,blue cl\d10 a t]m by :i* ! ,arapaho ,indians are kn[n to ! ,dakotas1 z sev]al times m5tion$ 9 ?is pap]4 ,9 ,no4 #fe1 ,plate ,,lvii1 ! cl\d is drawn 9 blue1 ! se>*+ be+ d]iv$ f ! expression ( t idea 9 ge/ure by pass+ ! ext5d$ index ( "o h& 7or bo?7 =w>d f ! eye1 !n f "r to left1 z if indicat+ v>i\s unc]ta9 localities be=e ! p]son1 i4 e41 se>*+ = some?+4 ,! l9es f ! eyes are 9 imitation ( ?is ge/ure4 ,9 ,no4 #gg1 ,plate ,,lviii1 is a reproduction ( ! "* giv5 9 ,r$-,cl\d's ,c5sus1 ,no4 #acc4 ,see ,plate ,,lxvii4 ,! figure appe>s1 accord+ to ! explanation giv5 by sev]al ,ogalala ,dakota ,indians1 to signify ! c\rse ( a :irlw9d1 ) ! transv]se l9es 9 imitation ( ! circul> movem5t ( ! air1 dirt1 leaves1 etc41 obs]v$ dur+ su* arial di/urbances4 ,9 ,no4 #gh ( ! same plate ! l9es above ! bird's head aga9 appe> to signify sacr$1 my/ic1 usually t]m$ 8m$ic9e0 9 o!r records4 ,simil> l9es are 9 ,no4 #fd1 ,plate ,,lvii4 ,,r$-,,cl\d',s ,,c5sus4 ,! pictorial c5sus1 %[n 9 ,plates ,,lix to ,,lxxix1 0 prep>$ "u ! direction ( ,r$-,cl\d1 *ief ( ! ,dakota at ,p9e ,ridge ,ag5cy1 ,dakota ,t]ritory1 ab\t two ye>s ago4 ,! individuals ref]r$ to & enum]at$ are ! adh]5ts ( ,r$-,cl\d1 & d n repres5t all ! ,indians at t ,ag5cy4 ,ow+ to "s disagreem5t ! ag5t refus$ to ackn[l$ge t *ief z head ( ! ,indians at ! ag5cy1 & nam$ ano!r z ! (ficial *ief4 ,! ,indians "u ,r$-,cl\d exhibit$ _! allegiance to him by atta*+1 or hav+ _! names atta*$1 to sev5 %eets ( ord9>y manilla pap]1 :i* 7 s5t to ,wa%+ton &1 :ile 9 ! cu/ody ( ,dr4 ,t4 ,a4 ,bl&1 ( t city1 7 k9dly loan$ by him to ! ,bureau ( ,e?nology to be copi$ by photography4 ,! diff]5t %eets 7 app>5tly drawn by diff]5t p]sons1 z ! draw+s ( human heads v>y en\gh to indicate individuality4 ,illu/ration3 ,,bureau ,,( ,,e?nology ,,f\r? ,,annual ,,report ,,pl4 ,,lix ,,r$-,,cl\d',s ,,c5sus4--,,r$-,,cl\d',s ,,b&4 ,illu/ration3 ,,bureau ,,( ,,e?nology ,,f\r? ,,annual ,,report ,,pl4 ,,lx ,,r$-,,cl\d',s ,,c5sus4--,,r$-,,cl\d',s ,,b&4 ,illu/ration3 ,,bureau ,,( ,,e?nology ,,f\r? ,,annual ,,report ,,pl4 ,,lxi ,,r$-,,cl\d',s ,,c5sus4--,,r$-,,cl\d',s ,,b&4 ,illu/ration3 ,,bureau ,,( ,,e?nology ,,f\r? ,,annual ,,report ,,pl4 ,,lxii ,,r$-,,cl\d',s ,,c5sus4--,,r$-,,cl\d',s ,,b&4 ,illu/ration3 ,,bureau ,,( ,,e?nology ,,f\r? ,,annual ,,report ,,pl4 ,,lxiii ,,r$-,,cl\d',s ,,c5sus4--,,r$-,,cl\d',s ,,b&4 ,illu/ration3 ,,bureau ,,( ,,e?nology ,,f\r? ,,annual ,,report ,,pl4 ,,lxiv ,,r$-,,cl\d',s ,,c5sus4--,,r$-,,cl\d',s ,,b&4 ,illu/ration3 ,,bureau ,,( ,,e?nology ,,f\r? ,,annual ,,report ,,pl4 ,,lxv ,,r$-,,cl\d',s ,,c5sus4--,,r$-,,cl\d',s ,,b&4 ,illu/ration3 ,,bureau ,,( ,,e?nology ,,f\r? ,,annual ,,report ,,pl4 ,,lxvi ,,r$-,,cl\d',s ,,c5sus4--,,r$-,,cl\d',s ,,b&4 ,illu/ration3 ,,bureau ,,( ,,e?nology ,,f\r? ,,annual ,,report ,,pl4 ,,lxvii ,,r$-,,cl\d',s ,,c5sus4--,,r$-,,%irt',s ,,b&4 ,illu/ration3 ,,bureau ,,( ,,e?nology ,,f\r? ,,annual ,,report ,,pl4 ,,lxviii ,,r$-,,cl\d',s ,,c5sus4--,,r$-,,%irt',s ,,b&4 ,illu/ration3 ,,bureau ,,( ,,e?nology ,,f\r? ,,annual ,,report ,,pl4 ,,lxix ,,r$-,,cl\d',s ,,c5sus4--,,r$-,,%irt',s ,,b&4 ,illu/ration3 ,,bureau ,,( ,,e?nology ,,f\r? ,,annual ,,report ,,pl4 ,,lxx ,,r$-,,cl\d',s ,,c5sus4--,,black-,,de]',s ,,b&4 ,illu/ration3 ,,bureau ,,( ,,e?nology ,,f\r? ,,annual ,,report ,,pl4 ,,lxxi ,,r$-,,cl\d',s ,,c5sus4--,,black-,,de]',s ,,b&4 ,illu/ration3 ,,bureau ,,( ,,e?nology ,,f\r? ,,annual ,,report ,,pl4 ,,lxxii ,,r$-,,cl\d',s ,,c5sus4--,,black-,,de]',s ,,b&4 ,illu/ration3 ,,bureau ,,( ,,e?nology ,,f\r? ,,annual ,,report ,,pl4 ,,lxxiii ,,r$-,,cl\d',s ,,c5sus4--,,r$-,,hawk',s ,,b&4 ,illu/ration3 ,,bureau ,,( ,,e?nology ,,f\r? ,,annual ,,report ,,pl4 ,,lxxiv ,,r$-,,cl\d',s ,,c5sus4--,,r$-,,hawk',s ,,b&4 ,illu/ration3 ,,bureau ,,( ,,e?nology ,,f\r? ,,annual ,,report ,,pl4 ,,lxxv ,,r$-,,cl\d',s ,,c5sus4--,,high-,,wolf',s ,,b&4 ,illu/ration3 ,,bureau ,,( ,,e?nology ,,f\r? ,,annual ,,report ,,pl4 ,,lxxvi ,,r$-,,cl\d',s ,,c5sus4--,,high-,,wolf',s ,,b&4 ,illu/ration3 ,,bureau ,,( ,,e?nology ,,f\r? ,,annual ,,report ,,pl4 ,,lxxvii ,,r$-,,cl\d',s ,,c5sus4--,,gun',s ,,b&4 ,illu/ration3 ,,bureau ,,( ,,e?nology ,,f\r? ,,annual ,,report ,,pl4 ,,lxxviii ,,r$-,,cl\d',s ,,c5sus4--,,gun',s ,,b&4 ,illu/ration3 ,,bureau ,,( ,,e?nology ,,f\r? ,,annual ,,report ,,pl4 ,,lxxix ,,r$-,,cl\d',s ,,c5sus4--,,second ,,black-,,de]',s ,,b&4 ,! fir/ %eet ( ! orig9al s]ies conta9s 9 ! pres5t s]ies ( plates ,nos4 #a-acj2 ! second %eet1 ,nos4 #aca-agd2 ?ird %eet1 ,nos4 #age-baj2 f\r? %eet1 ,nos4 #baa-bce2 fif? %eet1 ,nos4 #bcf-bec2 six? %eet1 ,nos4 #bed-bgg2 sev5? %eet1 ,nos4 #bgh-bhi4 ,?is arrangem5t seems to imply sev5 b&s or1 p]haps1 g5tes4 ,dr4 ,v4 ,t4 ,mc,gillycuddy1 ,indian ag5t at ,p9e ,ridge ,ag5cy1 ,dakota1 9 correspond5ce1 gives ! impression t ! sev]al pictographs1 repres5t+ names1 7 atta*$ z signatures by ! sev]al individuals to a subscription li/ = ,dr4 ,t4 ,a4 ,bl&1 be=e m5tion$1 ! editor ( ,! ,c\ncil ,fire1 9 support ( t publication1 & ) an agreem5t t ea* %\ld give tw5ty-five c5ts4 ,! subscrib]s 71 9 fact1 ! adh]5ts ( ,r$-,cl\d4 ,! motive = ! collection ( pictur$ names is ( little consequ5ce1 its int]e/1 z t ( ! =ego+ ,ogalala ,ro/]1 be+ 9 ! mode ( _! portrayal1 toge!r ) ! assurance t !y 7 ! spontane\s & g5u9e "w ( ! ,indians conc]n$4 ,_m sugge/ions reg>d+ ! orig9 ( h]aldry & t ( prop] names c be obta9$ f ?is & ! prec$+ s]ies ( plates4 ,! translation ( ! names correspond+ ) ! figures is z foll[s3 ,engli% names ( ! figures 9 ,r$-,cl\d's c5sus4 ,no4 #a4 ,*ief ,r$-,cl\d4 #b4 ,top-,man4 #c4 ,sl[-,be>4 #d4 ,he-,dog4 #e4 ,little ,*ief4 #f4 ,r$-,%irt4 #g4 ,:ite-,hawk4 #h4 ,cl\d ,%ield4 #i4 ,good-,weasel4 #aj4 ,afraid-,eagle4 #aa4 ,be>-,bra9s4 #ab4 ,w>-,bonnet4 #ac4 ,little-,soldi]4 #ad4 ,little-,dog4 #ae4 ,call-=4 #af4 ,%ort-,bull4 #ag4 ,:ite-,bird4 #ah4 ,pa9t$-,face4 #ai4 ,iron-,beav]4 #bj4 ,big-,legg+s4 #ba4 ,only-,man4 #bb4 ,mad-,he>t$-,bull4 #bc4 ,runn+-,eagle4 #bd4 ,r+-,cl\d4 #be4 ,:ite-,bird4 #bf4 ,arapaho4 #bg4 ,/eals-,horses4 #bh4 ,kills-by-!-,camp4 #bi4 ,iron-,hawk4 #cj4 ,knock-a-hole-9-!-head4 #ca4 ,runs-ar\nd4 #cb4 ,kills-9-tight-place4 #cc4 ,scrat*-!-,belly4 #cd4 ,s+]4 #ce4 ,walk+-,bull-,track4 #cf4 ,w>-,eagle4 #cg4 ,tree-9-!-,face4 #ch4 ,kills-!-,enemy-at-,night4 #ci4 ,we>s-!-,bonnet4 #dj4 ,w>-,bonnet4 #da4 ,%ot-9-front-!-,lodge4 #db4 ,kills-9-,lodge4 #dc4 ,kills-at-,night4 #dd4 ,tall-,:ite-,man4 #de4 ,/rike-,fir/4 #df4 ,smok+-,be>4 #dg4 ,hump4 #dh4 ,%ot-,close4 #di4 ,blue-,horse4 #ej4 ,r$-,elk4 #ea4 ,only-,man4 #eb4 ,be>-comes-out4 #ec4 ,poor-,elk4 #ed4 ,blue-,h&le4 #ee4 ,bad-,yell[-,hair4 #ef4 ,runs-by-!-,enemy4 #eg4 ,torn-,belly4 #eh4 ,roman-,nose4 #ei4 ,old-,cl\d4 #fj4 ,high-,cl\d4 #fa4 ,be>-,looks-,back4 #fb4 ,%ield-,be>4 #fc4 ,sees-!-,enemy4 #fd4 ,bit+-,be>4 #fe4 ,cut-,?r\gh4 #ff4 ,r$-,owl4 #fg4 ,good-,bird4 #fh4 ,r$-,fly4 #fi4 ,kills-,enemy-at-,night4 #gj4 ,flat-,iron4 #ga4 ,:ite-,horse4 #gb4 ,*ey5ne-,but*]4 #gc4 ,r$-,eagle4 #gd4 ,kills-,back4 #ge4 ,r$-,be>4 #gf4 ,poor-,be>4 #gg4 ,runs-(f-!-,horse4 #gh4 ,bald-,eagle4 #gi4 ,%ot-at4 #hj4 ,little-,r+4 #ha4 ,runs-(f-!-,horses4 #hb4 ,h>d-,gr\nd4 #hc4 ,%ot-at-8-horse4 #hd4 ,r$-,de]4 #he4 ,yell[-,fox4 #hf4 ,fea!r-on-8-head4 #hg4 ,little-,be>4 #hh4 ,spott$-,horse4 #hi4 ,takes-!-,gun4 #ij4 ,spott$-,face4 #ia4 ,got-!re-fir/4 #ib4 ,leaves4 #ic4 ,big-,voice4 #id4 ,poor-,dog4 #ie4 ,goes-?r\gh-!-,camp4 #if4 ,big-,road4 #ig4 ,br+s-lots-(-horses4 #ih4 ,little-,%ell4 #ii4 ,gap4 #ajj4 ,fills-!-,pipe4 #aja4 ,lodge-,roll4 #ajb4 ,r$-,bull4 #ajc4 ,runs-8-,horse4 #ajd4 ,licks-)-8-tongue4 #aje4 ,old-,horse4 #ajf4 ,tracks4 #ajg4 ,bob-tail-,horse4 #ajh4 ,:ite-,elk4 #aji4 ,little-,sun4 #aaj4 ,keeps-!-,battle4 #aaa4 ,high-,cl\d4 #aab4 ,bone-,necklace4 #aac4 ,goes-,walk+4 #aad4 ,iron-,horse4 #aae4 ,blue-,hat*et4 #aaf4 ,eagle-,bird4 #aag4 ,iron-,bird4 #aah4 ,long-,pan!r4 #aai4 ,bull-,lance4 #abj4 ,black-,horse4 #aba4 ,pook-,skunk4 #abb4 ,own-!-,arr[s4 #abc4 ,%ot4 #abd4 ,r$-,boy4 #abe4 ,be>-,head4 #abf4 ,h>d4 #abg4 ,eagle-,horse4 #abh4 ,blue-,bird4 #abi4 ,good-,bird4 #acj4 ,caught-!-,enemy4 #aca4 ,leaf+4 #acb4 ,horn$-,horse4 #acc4 ,:ite-,:irlw9d4 #acd4 ,wolf-,e>4 #ace4 ,afraid-(-,elk4 #acf4 ,fea!rs4 #acg4 ,tall-,man4 #ach4 ,elk-,head4 #aci4 ,r+-,owl4 #adj4 ,/&+-,be>4 #ada4 ,small-,r+4 #adb4 ,*>g+-,hawk4 #adc4 ,afraid-(-,bull4 #add4 ,m$ic9e-,horse4 #ade4 ,two-,eagles4 #adf4 ,r$-,%irt4 #adg4 ,be>-,no/rils4 #adh4 ,spott$-,horse4 #adi4 ,afraid-(-,be>4 #aej4 ,little-,bull4 #aea4 ,r$-,hawk4 #aeb4 ,be>-,paw4 #aec4 ,eagle-,horse4 #aed4 ,r$-,beav]4 #aee4 ,spott$-,eagle4 #aef4 ,little-,cr[4 #aeg4 ,black-,horse4 #aeh4 ,m\se4 #aei4 ,c\nt-!-,nights4 #afj4 ,:ite-,eagle4 #afa4 ,five-,?und]s4 #afb4 ,:ite-,horse4 #afc4 ,kill$-,fir/4 #afd4 ,sc\t4 #afe4 ,yell[-,horse4 #aff4 ,*>ge-,aft]4 #afg4 ,black-,be>4 #afh4 ,kills-!-,enemy4 #afi4 ,wolf-/&s on-a-,hill4 #agj4 ,eagle-,be>4 #aga4 ,little-,wolf4 #agb4 ,spott$-,elk4 #agc4 ,elk-walk+-)-8-,voice4 #agd4 ,weasel-,be>4 #age4 ,black-,elk4 #agf4 ,takes-,enemy4 #agg4 ,poor-,bull4 #agh4 ,eagle-,elk4 #agi4 ,?und]-,pipe4 #ahj4 ,horse-comes-out4 #aha4 ,old-,mexican4 #ahb4 ,%ield4 #ahc4 ,keeps-!-,battle4 #ahd4 ,wolf-/&s on-,hill4 #ahe4 ,be>-,comes-,out4 #ahf4 ,good-,bull4 #ahg4 ,fog4 #ahh4 ,be>-t-gr[ls4 #ahi4 ,drags-!-rope4 #aij4 ,:ite-tail4 #aia4 ,fea!rs4 #aib4 ,fight+-,cuss4 #aic4 ,horn$-,horse4 #aid4 ,enemies-hit-him4 #aie4 ,black-,be>4 #aif4 ,r$-,w>-,bonnet4 #aig4 ,black-,weasel4 #aih4 ,smokes-at-,night4 #aii4 ,little-,cl\d4 #bjj4 ,good-,bull4 #bja4 ,m$ic9e4 #bjb4 ,/one-,necklace4 #bjc4 ,bad-,horn4 #bjd4 ,high-,eagle4 #bje4 ,black-,bull4 #bjf4 ,man-)-he>t4 #bjg4 ,little-,r+4 #bjh4 ,goes-9-,front4 #bji4 ,little-,fight]4 #baj4 ,mean-,boy4 #baa4 ,r$-,hawk4 #bab4 ,:ite-,be>4 #bac4 ,_m-,%ells4 #bad4 ,yell[-,knife4 #bae4 ,crazy-,head4 #baf4 ,%oots-!-,animal4 #bag4 ,kills-two4 #bah4 ,fa/-,horse4 #bai4 ,big-,turnip4 #bbj4 ,yell[-,owl4 #bba4 ,r$-,bull4 #bbb4 ,g>t]4 #bbc4 ,black-,fox4 #bbd4 ,kills-two4 #bbe4 ,grasp4 #bbf4 ,m$ic9e4 #bbg4 ,leaves4 #bbh4 ,big-,h&4 #bbi4 ,gun4 #bcj4 ,bad-,boy4 #bca4 ,w>rior4 #bcb4 ,afraid-(-,him4 #bcc4 ,cl\d-,r+4 #bcd4 ,kills-!-,be>4 #bce4 ,comes-9-,sight4 #bcf4 ,sits-l-a-,woman4 #bcg4 ,surr\nds-!m4 #bch4 ,high-,be>4 #bci4 ,don't-turn4 #bdj4 ,black-,bird4 #bda4 ,swall[4 #bdb4 ,little-,elk4 #bdc4 ,little-,bird4 #bdd4 ,be>-,back4 #bde4 ,little-,back4 #bdf4 ,buffalo-,horn4 #bdg4 ,iron-,bird4 #bdh4 ,bull4 #bdi4 ,eagle-,track4 #bej4 ,m$ic9e-,bird4 #bea4 ,fox4 #beb4 ,:ite-,be>4 #bec4 ,tall-,pan!r4 #bed4 ,gun4 #bee4 ,r+4 #bef4 ,beads4 #beg4 ,wolf4 #beh4 ,black-,horse4 #bei4 ,:ite-,horse4 #bfj4 ,spott$-,owl4 #bfa4 ,don't-turn4 #bfb4 ,r$-,/>4 #bfc4 ,big-,voic$-,eagle4 #bfd4 ,:ite-,elk4 #bfe4 ,porcup9e4 #bff4 ,noon4 #bfg4 ,w>rior4 #bfh4 ,eagle-,fea!r4 #bfi4 ,r\nd4 #bgj4 ,big-,?und]4 #bga4 ,%ot-,8-,horse4 #bgb4 ,r$-,be>4 #bgc4 ,little-,moon4 #bgd4 ,fea!r-,necklace4 #bge4 ,fa/-,elk4 #bgf4 ,black-,bull4 #bgg4 ,light4 #bgh4 ,black-,de]4 #bgi4 ,:ite-,c[-,man4 #bhj4 ,horse----!-,clo?+4 #bha4 ,/abb]4 #bhb4 ,eagle-,swall[4 #bhc4 ,afraid-(-him4 #bhd4 ,r$-,boy4 #bhe4 ,dog-)-good-voice4 #bhf4 ,tall-,p9e4 #bhg4 ,pipe4 #bhh4 ,few-,tails4 #bhi4 ,m$ic9e-man4 ,! rem>k made above 7page #agf7 9 connection ) ! ,ogalala ,ro/]1 ackn[l$g+ ! paucity ( direct in=mation z to details :ile pres5t+ ! pictographs z suffici5tly int]pret$ = ! pres5t purposes by ! translation ( ! p]sonal names1 may be "h repeat$4 ,! foll[+ notes are1 h[ev]1 subjo9$ z ( "s assi/ance to ! read]3 ,no4 #b4 ,top-man1 or m prop]ly 8man above10 is drawn a %ort di/ance above a curv$ l9e1 :i* repres5ts ! "* = sky inv]t$4 ,! ge/ure = sky is sometimes made by pass+ ! h& f ea/ to we/ describ+ an arc4 ,! ,ojibwa pictograph = ! same occurs 9 ,plate ,,iv1 ,no4 #a1 b5ea? :i* a bird appe>s4 ,no4 #i4 ,! "* is repres5t$ ) two wav+ l9es pass+ upw>d f ! m\?1 9 imitation ( ! ge/ure-sign good talk1 spiritual talk1 z made by pass+ two ext5d$ & sep>at$ f+]s 7or all f+]s sep>at$7 upw>d & =w>d f ! m\?4 ,?is ge/ure is made :5 ref]r+ ei!r to a %aman or to a *ri/ian cl]gyman1 or to a h\se ( wor%ip1 & ! "n seems to h be5 translat$ "h z 8good10 )\t suffici5t emphasis1 be+ probably m ) ! idea ( 8my/ic40 ,no4 #ae4 ,! ge/ure = come or to call to "o's self is %[n 9 ?is figure4 ,no4 #bd4 ,! semicircle = cl\d is ! rev]se 9 conception to t %[n above 9 ,no4 #b4 ,no4 #bf4 ,arapaho1 9 ,dakota1 magpiyato--blue cl\d--is "h %[n by a circul> cl\d1 drawn 9 blue 9 ! orig9al1 inclos+ ! head ( a man4 ,no4 #ch4 ,night appe>s to be indicat$ by ! black circle ar\nd ! head1 sugge/$ by ! cov]+ ov] ) d>kness1 z %[n 9 ! ge/ure = night by pass+ bo? flat h&s f _! respective sides inw>ds & d[nw>ds be=e ! body4 ,! sign = kill is d5ot$ "h by ! b[ 9 contact ) ! head1 a cu/om 9 practice among ! ,dakota ( /rik+ ! dead enemy ) ! b[ or c\p /ick4 ,see also ,figure #acj1 page #baa4 ,no4 #dc4 ,night is "h %[n by ! curve = sky1 & ! susp5sion1 b5ea? x1 ( a />1 or m prop]ly 9 ,dakota signification1 a night sun--! moon4 ,no4 #ei4 ,cl\d is drawn 9 blue 9 ! orig9al2 old is signifi$ by draw+ a /aff 9 ! h& ( ! man4 ,! ge/ure = old is made 9 imitation ( walk+ ) a /aff4 ,no4 #fi4 ,?is draw+ is simil> to ,no4 #ch4 ,! diff]5tiation is suffici5t to all[ ( a di/9ction betwe5 ! two *>act]s1 ea* repres5t+ ! same "n1 ?\gh two diff]5t m54 ,no4 #aca4 ,! upp]mo/ "* is said to be drawn 9 imitation ( a numb] ( fall5 leaves ly+ aga9/ "o ano!r1 & has ref]5ce to ! season :5 leaves fall--autumn4 ,no4 #afa4 ,! ?und]-bird is "h drawn ) five l9es--voices--issu+ f ! m\?4 ,no4 #bja4 ,! wav+ l9es above ! head signify sacr$1 & are made 9 ge/ure 9 a simil> mann] z t = pray] & voice 9 ,no4 #i4 ,no4 #bcf4 ,?is p]son is also portray$ 9 a rec5t ,dakota record1 :]e ! "* is repres5t$ by ! 8woman seat$0 only4 ,! "n ( ?is man is n 8,sits-l-a-,woman10 b ,high-,wolf--,%nka mnita wangtia4 ,?is is an in/ance ( giv+ "o "n 9 a pictograph & reta9+ ano!r by :i* ! man is kn[n 9 camp to 8 companions4 ,no4 #bej4 ,! ^w m$ic9e is 9 ! ,indian s5se1 be=e expla9$1 & w\ld be m correctly express$ by ! ^w sacr$1 or my/ic1 z is also indicat$ by ! wav+ l9es issu+ f ! m\?4 ,no4 #bhi4 ,! "* = sacr$ aga9 appe>s1 atta*$ to ! end ( ! l9e issu+ f ! m\?4 ,,prop]ty ,,m>ks4 ,! ,s]rano ,indians 9 ! vic9ity ( ,los ,angeles1 ,cali=nia1 =m]ly practic$ a me?od ( m>k+ trees to indicate ! corn] b\nd>ies ( pat*es ( l&4 ,accord+ to ,hon4 ,a4 ,f4 ,coronel1 ( ! above-nam$ city1 ! ,indians own+ areas ( t]ritory ( :atev] size w\ld cut l9es ^u ! b>k ( ! tree correspond+ to c]ta9 *eek l9es drawn on _! own faces1 i4 e41 l9es runn+ outw>d & d[nw>d ov] ! *eeks or p]haps ov] ! *9 only1 tattoo$ 9 color4 ,^! l9es 7 made on ! trees on ! side fac+ ! prop]ty1 & 7 und]/&+ly recogniz$ by all4 ,! m>ks 7 p]sonal & di/9ctive1 & :5 adopt$ by l& own]s c\ld n be us$ by any o!r p]son4 ,?is cu/om /ill prevail$ :5 ,mr4 ,coronel fir/ locat$ 9 ,s\!rn ,cali=nia1 ab\t ! ye> #ahdc4 ,s is ! acc\nt1 b x may be rem>k$ t ! l& 0 probably own$ or claim$ by a g5s r ?an by individuals1 ! individual own]%ip ( l& n belong+ to ! /age ( culture ( any ,nor? ,am]ican ,indians4 ,p]haps "s ( ! lead+ memb]s ( ! g5s 7 not$ 9 connection ) ! occupancy ( ! l&1 & _! tattoo m>ks 7 ! same z ^? on ! trees4 ,! correspond5ce ( ^! m>ks is ( special importance4 ,x is also notewor?y t ! designations common to ! m5 & ! trees 7 und]/ood & respect$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hj4--;,boat paddle4 ,arik>a4 ,among ! ,arik>a ,indians a cu/om prevails ( draw+ ^u ! blade ( a canoe or bull-boat paddle su* designs z are worn by ! *ief & own] to sugge/ 8 p]sonal exploits4 ,?is has to great ext5t be5 adopt$ by ! ,hidatsa & ! ,m&ans4 ,! m>ks are *iefly horse%oes & crosses 7see ,figure #hj71 ref]r+ to ! capture ( ! enemy's ponies & to c\ps 9 w>f>e or def5se aga9/ enemies4 ,! squaws be+ ! p]sons :o g5]ally use ! boats dur+ ! c\rse ( _! labors 9 collect+ wood along ! riv] banks1 or 9 f]ry+ _! w>riors across ! wat]1 h ne$ ( ?is illu/ration ( _! husb&s' pr[ess z a matt] ( social /atus1 x be+ also a matt] ( pride4 ,! entire tribe be+ intimately acqua9t$ ) ! c\rage & brav]y ( any individual1 imposition & fraud 9 ! del9eation ( any "* are n attempt$1 z su* w\ld surely be detect$ & ! impo/or w\ld be ridicul$ if n o/racis$4 ,see 9 connection ) ! design la/ figur$1 o!rs "u ! head+ ( ,signs ( ,p>ticul> ,a*ievem5ts1 page #ahf4 ,! br&s ^u cattle 9 ,texas & o!r regions ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates :]e ran*es are common1 illu/rate ! mod]n use ( prop]ty m>ks4 ,a collection ( ^! br&s made by ! writ] comp>es unfavorably = individuality & ideography ) ! m>ks ( ,indians = simil> purposes4 ,! foll[+ translation f ,kun/ & ,witz d] ,neg] 7,art & ,+5uity ( ! ,negro7 is ins]t$ = ! purpose ( comp>ison betwe5 ,africa & ,am]ica4 ,! article 0 publi%$ at ,muni*1 ,bav>ia1 9 ,das ,ausl&1 #ahhd1 ,no4 #a1 p4 #ab4 8,:5ev] a pumpk9 ( surpris+ly f9e appe>ance is gr[+1 :i* promises to furni% a desirable wat]-vase1 ! proprietor hurries to di/+ui% x by cutt+ into x "s special m>k ) 8 knife1 & probably sup]/iti\s feel+s may co-op]ate 9 ?is act4 ,i h reproduc$ h]e) ! be/ types ( su* prop]ty m>ks :i* ,i h be5 able to discov]40 ,^! prop]ty m>ks are reproduc$ 9 ,figure #ha4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ha4--;,african prop]ty m>k4 ,,/atus ,,( ,,! ,,individual4 ,sev]al notices ( pictographs "u ?is head appe> 9 o!r p>ts ( ?is pap]2 among o!rs1 designations ( *iefs1 sub-*iefs1 p>tisans1 m$ic9e m5 or %amans1 horse ?ieves1 & squaw m51 are %[n 9 ! ,w9t] ,c\nts & 9 ! ,ogalala ,ro/]4 ,see also ,figure #abj1 page #bjd4 ,captives are drawn 9 ,figure #ahj1 page #bdb4 ,) ref]5ce to ! /atus ( wom5 z m>ri$ or s+le see pages #fd & #bcb4 ,= wid[1 see page #aig4 ,m>ks = high] & l[] classes are m5tion$ on page #fd4 ,to ^! may be add$ ! foll[+1 contribut$ by ,mr4 ,gats*et3 ,half-bre$ girls among ! ,klama?s ( ,oregon appe> to h b "o p]p5dicul> l9e tattoo$ d[n ov] ! *91 :ile ! full-blood wom5 h f\r p]p5dicul> l9es on ! *94 ,tattoo+1 :5 practic$ at ?is day1 is p]=m$ ) ne$les1 ! color be+ prep>$ f *>coal4 ,,signs ,,( ,,p>ticul> ,,a*ievem5ts4 ,eagle fea!rs are worn by ! ,hidatsa ,indians to d5ote acts ( c\rage or success 9 w>4 ,! v>i\s m>k+s h diff]5t significations1 z is %[n 9 ! foll[+ acc\nt1 :i*1 ) sket*es ( ! features made f ! orig9al objects1 7 obta9$ by ,dr4 ,h(fman f ! ,hidatsa at ,=t ,b]?old1 ,dakota1 dur+ #ahha4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hb4--;,fir/ to /rike enemy4 ,hidatsa4 ,a fea!r1 to ! tip ( :i* is atta*$ a tuft ( d[n or sev]al /r&s ( horse-hair1 dy$ r$1 d5otes t ! we>] has kill$ an enemy & t he 0 ! fir/ to t\* or /rike him ) ! c\p /ick4 ,figure #hb4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hc4--,second to /rike enemy4 ,hidatsa4 ,a fea!r be>+ "o r$ b>1 made ) v]milion1 signifies ! we>] to h be5 ! second p]son to /rike ! fall5 enemy ) ! c\p /ick4 ,figure #hc4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hd4--,?ird to /rike enemy4 ,hidatsa4 ,a fea!r be>+ two r$ b>s signifies t ! we>] 0 ! ?ird p]son to /rike ! body4 ,figure #hd4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #he4--;,f\r? to /rike enemy4 ,hidatsa4 ,a fea!r ) ?ree b>s signifies t ! we>] 0 ! f\r? to /rike ! fall5 enemy4 ,figure #he4 ,beyond ?is numb] honors are n c\nt$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hf4--,w\nd$ by an enemy4 ,hidatsa4 ,a r$ fea!r d5otes t ! we>] 0 w\nd$ 9 an enc\nt] ) an enemy4 ,figure #hf4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hg4--,kill$ a woman4 ,hidatsa4 ,a n>r[ /rip ( ra:ide or bucksk9 is wrapp$ f end to end ) porcup9e quills dy$ r$1 ?\gh sometimes a few :ite ones are ins]t$ to break ! monotony ( color2 ?is /rip is atta*$ to ! inn] surface ( ! rib or %aft ( ! quill by means ( v ?9 fib]s ( s9ew4 ,?is signifies t ! we>] kill$ a woman belong+ to a ho/ile tribe4 ,! figure s decorat$ is %[n 9 ,figure #hg4 ,9 v f9e specim5s x w be f\nd t ! quills are directly appli$ to ! %aft )\t resort+ to ! /rap ( lea!r4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hh4--,kill$ an enemy4 ,dakota4 ,! foll[+ s*eme1 us$ by ! ,dakotas1 is tak5 f ,dahcotah1 or ,life & ,leg5ds ( ! ,si\x ar\nd ,=t ,snell+1 by ,mrs4 ,m>y ,ea/man4 ,new ,york1 #ahdi4 ,colors are n giv51 b r$ und\bt$ly pr$om9ates1 z is kn[n f p]sonal obs]vation4 ,a spot ^u ! l>g] web d5otes t ! we>] has kill$ an enemy4 ,figure #hh4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hi4--;,cut ?roat & scalp$4 ,dakota4 ,figure #hi d5otes t ! we>] has cut ! ?roat ( 8 enemy1 & tak5 8 scalp4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ij4--;,cut enemy's ?roat4 ,dakota4 ,figure #ij d5otes t ! we>] has cut ! ?roat ( 8 enemy4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ia4--,?ird to /rike4 ,dakota4 ,figure #ia d5otes t ! we>] 0 ! ?ird t t\*$ ! body ( 8 enemy aft] he 0 kill$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ib4--;,f\r? to /rike4 ,dakota4 ,figure #ib d5otes t ! we>] 0 ! f\r? t t\*$ ! body ( 8 enemy aft] he 0 kill$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ic4--;,fif? to /rike4 ,dakota4 ,figure #ic d5otes t ! we>] 0 ! fif? t t\*$ ! body ( 8 enemy aft] he 0 kill$4 ,figure #id d5otes ! we>] has be5 w\nd$ 9 _m places by 8 enemy4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #id4--,_m w\nds4 ,dakota4 ,! foll[+ v>iations 9 ! s*eme 7 notic$ 9 #ahhc among ! ,mdewakantawan ,dakotas ne> ,=t ,snell+1 ,m9nesota4 ,9 p]sonal ornam5tation1 & = m>ks ( di/9ction 9 w>1 fea!rs ( ! eagle are us$ z among ! o!r b&s ( ,dakotas4 ,a pla9 fea!r is us$ to signify t ! we>] has kill$ an enemy1 )\t reg>d to ! mann] 9 :i* he 0 sla94 ,:5 ! end is clipp$ transv]sely1 & ! edge color$ r$1 x signifies t ! ?roat ( ! enemy 0 cut4 ,a black fea!r d5otes t an ,ojibwa woman 0 kill$4 ,enemies are consid]$ z ,ojibwas1 ! latt] be+ ! tribe ) :om ! ,mdewakantawan ,dakotas h _h mo/ to d4 ,:5 a w>rior has be5 w\nd$ a r$ spot is pa9t$ ^u ! broad side ( a fea!r4 ,if ! we>] has be5 %ot 9 ! body1 arms1 or legs1 a simil> spot1 9 r$1 is pa9t$ ^u 8 clo?+ or blanket1 imm$iately ov] ! locality4 ,^! r$ spots are sometimes work$ 9 porcup9e quills1 or 9 cotton fib] z obta9$ f ! trad]s4 ,m>ks d5ot+ simil> exploits are us$ by ! ,hidatsa1 ,m&an1 & ,arik>a ,indians4 ,! ,hidatsa claim to h be5 ! orig9ators ( ! devices1 :i* 7 subsequ5tly adopt$ by ! ,arik>a ) slight v>iation4 ,all ( ! in=mation ) ref]5ce to ! foll[+ figures1 #ie to #ajc1 0 obta9$ by ,dr4 ,w4 ,j4 ,h(fman1 f *iefs ( ! sev]al tribes at ,=t ,b]?old1 ,dakota1 dur+ ! summ] ( #ahha4 ,! foll[+ *>act]s are m>k$ ^u robes & blankets1 usually 9 r$ or blue colors1 & (t5 ^u ! boat paddles4 ,frequ5tly an ,indian may be se5 :o has !m ev5 pa9t$ ^u 8 ?ighs1 ?\gh ?is is g5]ally resort$ to only on fe/al occasions1 or = danc+3 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ie4--,successful def5se4 ,hidatsa1 etc4 ,figure #ie d5otes t ! we>] successfully def5d$ himself aga9/ ! enemy by ?r[+ up a ridge ( e>? or s& to protect ! body4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #if4--,two successful def5ses4 ,hidatsa1 etc4 ,figure #if signifies t ! we>] has ^u two diff]5t occasions def5d$ himself by hid+ 8 body )9 l[ e>?works4 ,! "* is m]ely a comp\nd ( two ( ! prec$+ m>ks plac$ toge!r4 ,figure #ig signifies t ! "o :o c>ries ?is m>k ^u 8 blanket1 legg+s1 boat paddle1 or any o!r prop]ty1 or 8 p]son1 has di/+ui%$ himself by captur+ a horse belong+ to a ho/ile tribe4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ig4--;,captur$ a horse4 ,hidatsa1 etc4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ih4--;,fir/ to /rike an enemy4 ,hidatsa4 ,figure #ih signifies among ! ,hidatsa & ,m&ans t ! we>] 0 ! fir/ p]son to /rike a fall5 enemy ) a c\p /ick4 ,x signifies among ! ,arik>a simply t ! we>] kill$ an enemy4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ii4--,second to /rike an enemy4 ,hidatsa4 ,figure #ii repres5ts among ! ,hidatsa & ,m&ans ! second p]son to /rike a fall5 enemy4 ,x repres5ts among ! ,arik>a ! fir/ p]son to /rike ! fall5 enemy4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ajj4--,?ird to /rike an enemy4 ,hidatsa4 ,figure #ajj d5otes ! ?ird p]son to /rike ! enemy1 accord+ to ! ,hidatsa & ,m&an2 ! second p]son to /rike him1 accord+ to ! ,arik>a4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aja4--;,f\r? to /rike an enemy4 ,hidatsa4 ,figure #aja %[s among ! ,hidatsa & ,m&an ! f\r? p]son to /rike ! fall5 enemy4 ,?is is ! highe/ & la/ numb]2 ! fif? p]son to risk ! dang] is consid]$ brave = v5tur+ s ne> ! gr\nd held by ! enemy1 b has no "r to we> ! m>k4 ,! same m>k among ! ,arik>a repres5ts ! p]son to be ! ?ird to /rike ! enemy4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ajb4--;,fif? to /rike an enemy4 ,hidatsa4 ,figure #ajb1 accord+ to ! ,arik>a1 repres5ts ! f\r? p]son to /rike ! enemy4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ajc4--,/ruck f\r enemies4 ,hidatsa4 ,accord+ to ! ,hidatsa1 ! we>] ( ! accompany+ m>k1 ,figure #ajc1 w\ld h figur$ 9 f\r enc\nt]s2 9 ! two lat]al ones1 ea*1 he 0 ! second to /rike ! fall5 enemy1 & 9 ! upp] & l[] spaces x w\ld signify t he 0 ! ?ird p]son ^u two occasions4 ,! m>k ( a black h&1 sometimes made by ! impress ( an actually black5$ palm1 or drawn natural size or less1 0 f\nd ^u articles ( ,ojibwa manufacture 9 ! possession ( ,hidatsa & ,arik>a ,indians at ,=t ,b]?old1 ,dakota1 9 #ahha4 ,^! ,indians say x is an old cu/om1 & signifies t ! p]son au?oriz$ to we> ! m>k has kill$ an enemy4 ,! articles ^u :i* ! designs occurr$ came f ,r$ ,lake ,res]vation1 ,m9nesota1 ! ,indians ( ! latt] locality frequ5tly go+ we/ to ,=t ,b]?old to trade bead & o!r "w = horses4 ,fur!r signs ( p>ticul> a*ievem5ts are giv5 9 ,figures #agd1 #age1 #agf1 #agg1 & #agi1 & o!rs may be notic$ frequ5tly 9 ! ,dakota ,w9t] ,c\nts4 ,,religi\s4 ,"u ?is head pictographs already kn[n may be divid$ into ^? relat+ to-- #a4 ,my?ic p]sonages4 #b4 ,%amanism4 #c4 ,dances & c]emonies4 #d4 ,mortu>y practices4 #e4 ,*>ms & feti*es4 ,,my?ic ,,p]sonages4 ,ref]5ce may be made to ! consid]able numb] ( pictographs ( ?is "* 9 ,s*oolcraft1 m p>ticul>ly 9 8 fir/ volume2 also to ! ,walum-,olum or ,b>k-,record ( ! ,l5ni-,l5ape1 :i* 0 publi%$ 9 ,bea*'s 8,indian ,miscellany10 ,albany1 #ahgg2 & s9ce 9 ,! ,l5p & _! ,leg5ds3 ,by ,dr4 ,d4 ,g4 ,br9ton4 ,sev]al examples are also to be f\nd 9 o!r p>ts ( ! pres5t pap]4 ,"s =ms ( ! ,?und]-,bird are "h pres5t$1 z foll[s3 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ajd4--,?und]-,bird4 ,dakota4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aje4--,?und]-bird4 ,dakota4 ,figures #ajd & #aje are =ms ( ! ?und]-bird f\nd 9 #ahhc among ! ,dakotas ne> ,=t ,snell+1 drawn & int]pret$ by !mselves4 ,!y are bo? w+$ & h wav+ l9es ext5d+ f ! m\? d[nw>d1 signify+ lightn+4 ,x is noticeable t ,figure #aje plac$ v]tically1 !n appe>+ r\ghly z an upright human figure1 is almo/ id5tically ! same z "s ( ! ,ojibwa m$a or _s figures repres5t$ 9 ,s*oolcraft1 & also on a b>k ,ojibwa record 9 ! possession ( ! writ]4 ,figure #ajf is ano!r & m cursive =m ( ! ?und]-bird obta9$ at ! same place & "t z ^? imm$iately prec$+4 ,x is w+less1 &1 ) *ang$ position or po9t ( view1 w\ld sugge/ a headless human figure4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ajf4--,?und]-,bird4 ,w+less4 ,dakota4 ,! blue ?und]-bird1 ,figure #ajg1 ) r$ brea/ & tail1 is a copy ( "o work$ 9 beads1 f\nd at ,m5dota1 ,m9nesota4 ,at t place /ories 7 told ( sev]al ,indians :o _h pres5tim5ts t ! ?und]-bird 0 com+ to kill !m1 :5 !y w\ld s /ate ! case to _! fri5ds t !y might retire to a place ( safety1 :ile ! victim ( sup]/ition w\ld g out to an elevat$ po9t ( l& or ^u ! prairie to await 8 expect$ doom4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ajg4--,?und]-bird4 ,dakota4 ,frequ5tly1 no d\bt on acc\nt ( ! isolat$ & elevat$ position ( ! p]son 9 a ?und] /orm1 accid5ts ( ?is k9d d occur1 ?us giv+ notoriety to ! pres5tim5t above m5tion$4 ,a /ill diff]5t =m ( ! ,dakota ?und]-bird is reproduc$ 9 ,mrs4 ,ea/man's ,dahcotah1 op4 cit41 page #bfb4 ,see also page #aha supra4 ,figure #ajh is 8,skam-son10 ! ?und]-bird1 a tattoo m>k copi$ f ! back ( an ,indian belong+ to ! ,laskeek village ( ! ,haida tribe1 ,que5 ,*>lotte's ,isl&1 by ,mr4 ,james ,g4 ,swan4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ajh4--,?und]-bird4 ,haida4 ,figure #aji is a ,twana ?und]-bird1 z report$ by ,rev4 ,m4 ,eells 9 ,bull4 ,u4 ,s4 ,geol4 & ,geog4 ,survey1 ,,iii1 p4 #aab4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aji4--,?und]-bird4 ,twana4 ,!re is at ,eneti1 on ! res]vation ,wa%+ton ,t]ritory1 an irregul> basaltic rock1 ab\t #c feet by #c feet & #d in*es1 & a foot & a half high4 ,on "o side !re has be5 hamm]$ a face1 said to be ! repres5tation ( ! face ( ! ?und] bird1 :i* c\ld also cause /orms4 ,! two eyes are ab\t #f in*es 9 diamet] & #d in*es ap>t & ! nose ab\t #i in*es long4 ,x is said to h be5 made by "s man a long "t ago1 :o felt v badly1 & w5t & sat on ! rock1 & ) ano!r /one hamm]$ out ! eyes & nose4 ,= a long "t !y believ$ t if ! rock 0 %ak5 x w\ld cause ra91 probably because ! ?und] bird 0 angry4 ,graphic repres5tations ( ,atot>ko & ( ! ,great ,heads are %[n 9 ,mrs4 ,erm9nie ,a4 ,smi?'s ,my?s ( ! ,iroquois1 9 ! ,second ,annual ,report ( ! ,bureau ( ,e?nology4 ,my?ic ,p]sonages are also pres5t$ 9 aborig9al draw+ by ,mr4 ,*>les ,g4 ,lel& 9 8 "w1 ! ,algonqu9 ,leg5ds ( ,new ,engl&1 etc4 ,bo/on1 #ahhd4 ,,%amanism4 ,! t]m ,%amanism is a corrupt$ =m ( ! ,sanscrit ^w = ascetic4 ,its orig9al application 0 to ! religion ( c]ta9 tribes ( nor!rn ,asia1 b 9 g5]al x expresses ! wor%ip ( spirits ) magic arts & feti*-practices4 ,! ,%aman or prie/ pret5ds to control by incantations & c]emonies ! evil spirits to :om dea?1 sickness1 & o!r mis=tunes are ascrib$4 ,?is =m or /age ( religion is s preval5t among ! ,nor? ,am]ican ,indians t ! adoption ( ! t]m ,%aman "h is sub/antially correct1 & x avoids bo? ! /upid expression 8m$ic9e-man0 ( curr5t lit]ature & ! indef9ite title prie/1 ! associations ) :i* are n appropriate to ! ,indian religi\s practition]4 ,! /atem5t t ! ,indians wor%ip "o 8,great ,_s0 or s+le ov]rul+ p]sonal god is errone\s4 ,t philosophical conception is beyond ! /age ( culture rea*$ by !m & 0 n f\nd 9 any tribe previ\s to mission>y influ5ce4 ,_! actual philosophy c be express$ f> m objectively & !re=e pictorially4 ,_m in/ances ( ! 8,mak+ ,m$ic9e0 are %[n 9 ! ,dakota ,w9t] ,c\nts2 also graphic expressions reg>d+ magic4 ,especial ref]5ce may be made to ,am]ican-,horse's c\nt = ! ye>s #ahbd-'be & #ahdc-'dd1 9 ! ,corbusi] ,w9t] ,c\nts4 ,figure #aaj 0 copi$ f a piece ( walrus ivory 9 ! museum ( ! ,alaska ,comm]cial ,company1 ( ,san ,francisco1 ,cali=nia1 by ,dr4 ,h(fman1 & ! int]pretation is z obta9$ f an ,alaskan native4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aaj4--,%aman exorcis+ ,demon4 ,alaska4 #a1 #b4 ,! ,%aman's summ] habitations1 trees gr[+ 9 ! vic9ity4 #c4 ,! ,%aman1 :o is repres5t$ 9 ! act ( hold+ "o ( 8 8demons40 ,^! 8evil spirits0 are consid]$ z "u ! control ( ! ,%aman1 :o employs !m to drive o!r 8evil be+s0 out ( ! bodies ( sick m54 #d4 ,! demon or aid4 #e4 ,! same ,%aman exorcis+ ! demons caus+ ! sickness4 #f1 #g4 ,sick m51 :o h be5 "u treatm5t1 & f ^: bodies ! 8evil be+s0 or sickness has be5 expell$4 #h4 ,two 8evil spirits0 :i* h left ! bodies ( ,nos4 #f & #g4 ,fig4 #aaa repres5ts a record ( a ,%amani/ic nature1 & 0 copi$ by ,dr4 ,h(fman f an ivory b[ 9 ! museum ( ! ,alaska ,comm]cial ,company 9 #ahhb4 ,! int]pretation 0 also obta9$ at ! same "t f an ,alaskan native1 ) text 9 ! ,kiatexamut dialect ( ! ,innuit language4 ,! rod ( ! b[ ^u :i* ! *>act]s occur is "h repres5t$ 9 ?ree sections1 ,a1 ,b1 & ,c4 ,a be>s ! beg9n+ ( ! n>rative1 ext5d+ ov] only "o-half ( ! l5g? ( ! rod4 ,! c\rse ( ! inscription is !n cont9u$ on ! adjac5t side ( ! rod at ! middle1 & read+ 9 bo? directions 7section ,b & ,c71 t[>ds ! two files ( approa*+ animals4 ,b & ,c occupy ! :ole ( "o side4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aaa4--,supplication = success4 ,alaska4 ,! foll[+ is ! explanation ( ! *>act]s4 ,a4 ,no4 #a4 ,baid>ka or sk9 boat re/+ on poles4 #b4 ,w9t] habitation4 #c4 ,tree4 #d4 ,w9t] habitations4 #e4 ,/ore-h\se4 #f4 ,tree4 ,betwe5 ?is & ! /ore-h\se is plac$ a piece ( timb]1 f :i* are susp5d$ fi% = dry+4 #g4 ,/ore-h\se4 ,f #a to #g repres5ts an accumulation ( dwell+s1 :i* signifies a settlem5t1 ! home ( ! p]son to :om ! hi/ory relates4 #h4 ,! hunt] sitt+ on ! gr\nd1 ask+ = aid1 & mak+ ! ge/ure = supplication4 #i4 ,! ,%aman to :om application is made by ! hunt] desir+ success 9 ! *ase4 ,! ,%aman has j f9i%$ 8 incantations1 & :ile /ill reta9+ 8 left arm 9 ! position = t c]emony1 holds ! "r t[>d ! hunt]1 giv+ him ! success reque/$4 #aj4 ,! ,%aman's w9t] lodge4 #aa4 ,trees4 #ab4 ,summ] habitation ( ! ,%aman4 #ac4 ,trees 9 vic9ity ( ! ,%aman's resid5ce4 ,b4 ,no4 #ad4 ,tree4 #ae4 ,a ,%aman /&+ ^u 8 lodge1 driv+ back game :i* _h approa*$ a dang]\s locality4 ,to ?is ,%aman ! hunt] _h also made application = success 9 ! *ase1 b 0 d5i$1 h5ce ! act ( ! ,%aman4 #af4 ,de] leav+ at ! ,%aman's ord]4 #ag4 ,horns ( a de] swimm+ a riv]4 #ah4 ,"y de]1 app>5tly1 f ! small] size ( ! body & unusually long legs4 ,c4 ,no4 #ai4 ,a tree4 #bj4 ,! lodge ( ! hunt] 7,a4 #h71 :o1 aft] hav+ be5 grant$ ! reque/ = success1 plac$ 8 totem ^u ! lodge z a m>k ( gratification & to insure great] luck 9 8 und]tak+4 #ba4 ,! hunt] 9 ! act ( %oot+4 #bb-bc4 ,! game kill$1 consi/+ ( five de]4 #bd4 ,! demon s5t out by ! ,%aman 7,a4 #i7 to drive ! game 9 ! way ( ! hunt]4 #be-bh4 ,! demon's assi/ants4 ,! orig9al text above m5tion$ ) int]l9e> translation1 is z foll[s3 ,nu-nm-cu-a u-xl-qa1 pi-c-qi-a k da ku-l-ni1 ka-x-qa-lk4 ,settlem5t man came1 hunt+ g want$ 7to71 7&7 ,%aman 7he7 ask$4 ,k-xa-qlm mi-n-qa lu-q ta-xl-mu-nk tu-d-ia-nk4 ,k-xl-lk ,%aman gave to him five de]4 ,%aman -qli-ni un-i-lum ka-na-nn ka-x-hu pi-g1 -u-n w5t to lodge 7:]e71 /&+ spirits incantations devil ! top 7w9t] habitation7 on top made he1 ( a-qkua-glu-hu t-itc-lu-g t xle-mn tun d-ia-gt1 ta-na-ck s5t to him br\ght to him five de]1 same man ! hunt] 7&7 pi-xlu-n ta-xl-mu-nk tun-du-a-xa-nk t-gu-xl-u-qi4 ,a-xl-lum he caught five de] kill$4 ,ano!r secur$ ,k-xla-qlm tu-m-qtcu-g4 ,%aman n gave !m4 7,to :om application _h be5 made previ\sly47 ,,dances ,,& ,,c]emonies4 ,plate ,,lxxxi exhibits draw+s ( v>i\s masks us$ 9 danc+1 ! *>act]s ( :i* 7 obta9$ by ,mr4 ,g4 ,k4 ,gilb]t f rocks at ,oakley ,spr+s1 & 7 expla9$ to him by ,tubi1 ! *ief ( ! ,oraibi ,pueblos4 ,!y probably are 9 imitation ( masks1 z us$ by ! ,moki1 ,zui1 & ,rio ,gr&e ,pueblos4 ,illu/ration3 ,,bureau ,,( ,,e?nology ,,f\r? ,,annual ,,report ,,pl4 ,,lxxxi ,,moki ,,masks ,,et*$ ,,on ,,rocks4 ,,arizona4 ,_m examples ( masks1 dance ornam5ts1 & feti*es us$ 9 c]emonies are report$ & illu/rat$ 9 ! sev]al pap]s ( ,messrs4 ,cu%+1 ,holmes1 & ,/ev5son 9 ! ,second ,annual ,report ( ! ,bureau ( ,e?nology4 ,pa9t+s or draw+s ( _m ( !m h be5 f\nd on pott]y1 on %ells1 & on rocks4 ,9 ?is connection ! foll[+ extract f a lett] dat$ ,port ,t[ns5d1 ,wa%+ton1 ,june #a1 #ahhc1 f ,mr4 ,james ,g4 ,swan1 w be acceptable3 8,y may rememb] my call+ y\r att5tion ab\t a ye> s9ce to ! fact t a g5tleman :o _h be5 employ$ on a prelim9>y survey = ! ,mexican ,national ,con/ruction ,company _h call$ on me & 0 a/oni%$ at ! /rik+ simil>ity betwe5 ! wood5-c>v$ images ( ! ,haida ,indians & ! t]ra-cotta images he _h f\nd 9 ! railroad excavations 9 ,mexico4 8,i h long ent]ta9$ ! belief t ! coa/ tribes orig9at$ among ! ,aztecs1 & h made x a subject ( c>eful /udy = _m ye>s4 ,i receiv$ unexpect$ aid by ! plates 9 ,habel's ,inve/igations 9 ,c5tral & ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,i h %[n !m to ,indians ( v>i\s coa/ tribes at v>i\s times1 & !y all recognize c]ta9 ( ^? pictures4 ,no4 #a1 ,plate #a1 repres5ts a prie/ cutt+ (f ! head ( 8 victim ) 8 /one knife4 ,!y recognize ?is1 because !y always cut (f ! heads ( _! enemies sla9 9 battle2 !y nev] scalp4 ,! bird ( ! sun is recogniz$ by all :o h se5 ! picture z ! ?und] bird ( ! coa/ tribes4 ,b ! mo/ s+ul> evid5ce ,i h se5 is 9 ,cu%+'s description ( ! ,zui ,indian1 z publi%$ 9 ! ,c5tury ,magaz9e4 ,! ,haidas recognize ! sc5es1 p>ticul>ly ! masqu]ade sc5es 9 ! ,febru>y #ahhc numb]1 z simil> to _! own tomanawos c]emonies4 ,i h _h at lea/ a doz5 ,haida m5 & wom5 at "o "t look+ at ^? pictures & talk & expla9 to ea* o!r _! mean+4 ,"o *ief :o speaks ,engli% said to me aft] he _h = a long "t exam9$ ! pictures1 #8,^? are our p2 !y d z we d4 ,if y wi%1 ,i w make y j su* masks z ^? 9 ! pictures4' 8,^! ,indians "k no?+1 & recognize no?+ 9 ! ,hebrew or ,egyptian1 ! ,*9ese or ,japanese pictures1 b :5 ,i %[ !m any ,c5tral or ,s\? ,am]ican sc5es1 if !y d n und]/& !m !y recognize t !y are #8_! p4'0 ,accord+ to ,/eph5 ,p[]s 79 ,contrib4 to ,n4 ,a4 ,e?nol4 ,,iii1 p4 #adj71 !re is at ! head ( ,pott] ,valley1 ,cali=nia1 8a s+ul> knoll ( r$ e>? :i* ! ,ttu or ,h*nom believe to h furni%$ ! mat]ial = ! creation ( ! orig9al coyote-man4 ,!y mix ?is r$ e>? into _! acorn bread1 & employ x = pa9t+ _! bodies on div]s my/ic occasions40 ,mr4 ,p[]s suppos$ ?is to be a c]emonial p]=mance1 b hav+ f\nd ! cu/om to ext5d to o!r tribes he 0 induc$ to believe ! /atem5ts ( ! ,indians 8t x made ! bread sweet] & g fur!r40 ,see also ! mnemonic devices relative to ,songs1 page #hb1 & to ,traditions1 page #hd2 also page #bcg4 ,plate ,,lxxxii repres5ts /one heaps surm\nt$ by buffalo skulls f\nd ne> ! junction ( ! ,yell[/one & ,miss\ri ,riv]s by ,pr9ce ,maximilian zu ,wi$1 & describ$ 9 8 ,reise 9 das ,inn]e ,nord-,am]ica4 ,cobl5z1 #ahda1 ,,ii1 p4 #dce4 ,atlas plate #bi4 ,! description by him1 z translat$ 9 ! ,london edition1 is z foll[s3 8,f ! highe/ po9ts ( ?is ridge ( hills1 curi\s signals are p]ceiv$ at c]ta9 di/ances f "o ano!r1 consi/+ ( l>ge /ones & granite blocks1 pil$ up by ! ,ass9ibo9s1 on ! summits ( ea* ( :i* are plac$ ,buffalo skulls1 & :i* 7 erect$ by ! ,indians1 z alleg$1 = ! purpose ( attract+ ! ,bison h]ds1 & to h a successful hunt40 ,illu/ration3 ,,bureau ,,( ,,e?nology ,,f\r? ,,annual ,,report ,,pl4 ,,lxxxii ,,buffalo-,,head ,,monum5t4 ,?is objective monum5t is to be comp>$ ) ! pictographs above1 8mak+ buffalo m$ic9e10 frequ5t 9 ! ,dakota ,w9t] ,c\nts4 ,descriptions ( c]emonies 9 m$ic9e lodges & 9 ! initiation ( c&idates to secret associations h be5 publi%$ ) & )\t illu/rations4 ,! mo/ /rik+ ( ^! are graphic c]emonial *>ts made by ! ,indians !mselves4 ,figure #ch1 on page #hf1 is connect$ ) ?is subject1 z is also ,no4 #g ( ,figure #abb1 page #bje4 ,a good illu/ration is to be f\nd 9 ,mrs4 ,ea/man's ,dahcotah1 or ,life & ,leg5ds ( ! ,si\x1 page #bjf4 ,sket*es1 ) descriptions ( draw+s us$ 9 ! c]emonials ( ! ,zui & ,navajo1 h be5 made by ,messrs4 ,cu%+ & ,/ev5son & ,dr4 ,mat!ws1 b _c be publi%$ "h4 ,figure #aaa;a 0 drawn & int]pret$ by ,naum(f1 a ,kadiak native1 9 ,san ,francisco1 ,cali=nia1 9 #ahhb4 ,x repres5ts ! gr\nd plan ( a ,%aman's lodge ) ! ,%aman cur+ a sick man4 ,! foll[+ is ! explanation3 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aaa;a4 ,%aman's lodge4 ,alaska4 ,no4 #a4 ,! entrance to ! lodge4 ,no4 #b4 ,! fire place4 ,no4 #c4 ,a4 v]tical piece ( wood ^u :i* is plac$ a cross-piece1 ^u ea* end ( :i* is a lamp4 ,no4 #d4 ,! musicians seat$ ^u ! rais$ seats furni%+ drumm+ & music to ! movem5ts ( ! ,%aman dur+ 8 incantations 9 exorcis+ ! 8evil _s0 suppos$ to h possession ( ! pati5t4 ,no4 #e4 ,visitors & fri5ds ( ! afflict$ seat$ ar\nd ! walls ( ! lodge4 ,no4 #f4 ,! ,%aman repres5t$ 9 mak+ 8 incantations4 ,no4 #g4 ,! pati5t seat$ ^u ! floor ( ! lodge4 ,no4 #h4 ,repres5ts ! ,%aman 9 ano!r /age ( ! c]emonies1 driv+ out ( ! pati5t ! 8evil be+40 ,no4 #i4 ,ano!r figure ( ! pati5t2 f 8 head is se5 to issue a l9e connect+ x ) ,no4 #aj4 ,no4 #aj4 ,! 8evil _s0 caus+ ! sickness4 ,no4 #aa4 ,! ,%aman 9 ! act ( driv+ ! 8evil be+0 out ( ! room4 ,9 8 h&s are sacr$ objects1 8 p]sonal feti%1 9 :i* ! p[] lies4 ,no4 #ab4 ,! fly+ 8evil "o40 ,nos4 #ac1 #ad4 ,are assi/ants to ! ,%aman1 /ation$ at ! entrance to hit & ha/5 ! dep>ture ( ! evil be+4 ,a *>t ( ?is "* appe>s to h be5 se5 among ! natives ( ,new ,holl& by ,mr4 ,james ,mann+1 b n copi$ or fully describ$ 9 8 ,notes on ! ,aborig9es ( ,new ,holl& 7,j\r4 ( ,royal ,society1 ,new ,s\? ,wales1 ,vol4 ,,xvi1 p4 #afg74 ,he m5tions x 9 connection ) a corrob]y or solemn religi\s c]emony among adults1 z foll[s3 8,x has = its =m ! mo/ curi\s pa9t+ ^u a %eet ( b>k1 done 9 v>i\s colors ( r$1 yell[1 & :ite o*re1 :i* is exhibit$ by ! prie/40 ,su* objects w\ld be highly important = comp>ison1 & _! exi/5ce be+ kn[n !y %\ld be s\ght =4 ,,mortu>y ,,practices4 ,sev]al devices indicat+ dea? are pres5t$ "u o!r head+s ( ?is pap]4 ,see1 = example1 page #ajc & ! illu/rations 9 connection ) ! text4 ,accord+ to ,p[]s1 8,a ,yokaia wid['s /yle ( m\rn+ is peculi>4 ,9 addition to ! usual evid5ces ( grief %e m+les ! a%es ( h] dead husb& ) pit*1 mak+ a :ite t> or ungu5t1 ) :i* %e sme>s a b& ab\t #b in*es wide all ar\nd ! edge ( ! hair 7:i* is previ\sly cut (f close to ! head71 s t at a little di/ance %e appe>s to be we>+ a :ite *aplet40 7,see ,contrib4 to ,n4 ,a4 ,e?nol41 ,,iii1 p4 #aff47 ,mr4 ,dorsey reports t mud is us$ by a m\rn] 9 ! sacr$-bag w> p>ty among ! ,osages4 ,_m objective modes ( %[+ m\rn+ by /yles ( pa9t & m>k+s are kn[n1 ! significance ( :i* are app>5t :5 discov]$ 9 pictographs4 ,figure #aab is copi$ f a piece ( ivory 9 ! museum ( ! ,alaska ,comm]cial ,company1 ,san ,francisco1 ,cali=nia1 & 0 int]pret$ by an ,alaskan native 9 ,san ,francisco 9 #ahhb4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aab4--,votive (f]+4 ,alaska4 ,no4 #a4 ,is a votive (f]+ or 8,%aman /ick10 erect$ to ! memory ( "o dep>t$4 ,! 8bird0 c>v+s are consid]$ typical ( 8good spirits10 & ! above 0 erect$ by ! remorse-/rick5 individual1 ,no4 #c1 :o _h kill$ ! p]son %[n 9 ,no4 #b4 ,no4 #b4 ,! headless body repres5ts ! man :o 0 kill$4 ,9 ?is respect ! ,ojibwa mann] ( draw+ a p]son 8kill$0 is simil>4 ,no4 #c4 ,! individual :o kill$ ,no4 #b1 & :o erect$ ! 8grave-po/0 or 8sacr$ /ick40 ,! arm is ?r[n e>?w>d1 resembl+ ! ,blackfeet & ,dakota ge/ure = 8kill40 ,! foll[+ is ! text 9 ,agalxamut3 ,nu-n-mu-quk -x'l-xik a-ba-li to-qg-qlu g n-hu tcuk nac-qu ,place two qu>rel7)7 "o ano!r1 7"o7 kill$ l>ge knife took head him 7! o!r7 7) a7 qlu-g1 i-n-qtclu-gu2 ,ka-s-ha-lik na-bn ca-g-lk a-g-n-qua-qlu-h'4 (f1 laid him d[n2 ,%aman /ick bird to set 7or place7 7buri$7 7(f]+7 7wood57 on ! top ( 7ov]74 ,t portion ( ! ,kauvuya tribe ( ,indians 9 ,s\!rn ,cali=nia kn[n z ! ,playsanos1 or l[l&]s1 =m]ly inscrib$ *>act]s ^u ! grave/ones ( _! dead1 relat+ to ! pursuits or good qualities ( ! deceas$4 ,dr4 ,w4 ,j4 ,h(fman obta9$ sev]al pieces or slabs ( f9ely-gra9$ s&/one ne> ,los ,angeles1 ,cali=nia1 dur+ ! summ] ( #ahhd1 :i* _h be5 us$ = ?is purpose4 ,^u ^! 7 ! draw+s1 9 incis$ l9es1 ( ! ,f9-back :ale1 ) figures ( m5 pursu+ !m ) h>poons4 ,ar\nd ! et*+s 7 close p>allel l9es ) cross l9es simil> to ! draw+s made on ivory by ! s\!rn ,innuit ( ,alaska4 ,,grave-,,po/s4 ,figures #aac & #aad 7 procur$ f a native ,alaskan1 by ,dr4 ,h(fman 9 #ahhb1 & expla9$ to him to be draw+s made ^u grave-po/s4 ,draw+s simil> to ^! are made on slabs ( wood by devot$ fri5ds1 or relatives1 to pres5t & p]petuate ! good qualities ( a deceas$ native4 ,! occupation is usually ref]r$ to1 z well z articles ( importance ( :i* ! dep>t$ "o 0 ! possessor4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aac4--;,grave-po/4 ,alaska4 ,figure #aac ref]s to a hunt]1 z l& animals are %[n z ! *ief pursuit4 ,! foll[+ is ! explanation ( ! *>act]s3 #a4 ,! baid>ka1 or boat1 hold+ two p]sons2 ! occupants are %[n1 z are also ! paddles1 :i* project bel[ ! horizontal body ( ! vessel4 #b4 ,a rack = dry+ sk9s & fi%4 ,a pole is add$ above x1 f :i* are se5 float+ /ream]s ( calico or clo?4 #c4 ,a fox4 #d4 ,a l& ott]4 #e4 ,! hunt]'s summ] habitations4 ,^! are tempor>y dwell+s & usually con/ruct$ at a di/ance f home4 ,?is also indicates ! pr(ession ( a sk9-hunt]1 z ! p]man5t lodges1 indicat$ z w9t] h\ses1 i4 e41 ) r\nd or dome-l ro(1 are locat$ ne> ! sea-%ore1 & summ] h\ses are only ne$$ :5 at "s di/ance f home1 :]e a consid]able l5g? ( "t is sp5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aad4--;,grave-po/4 ,alaska4 ,! foll[+ is ! explanation ( ,figure #aad4 ,x is ano!r design = a grave-po/1 b ref]s to a fi%]man3 #a4 ,! d\ble-seat$ baid>ka1 or sk9 canoe4 #b4 ,a b[ us$ 9 %oot+ seal & o!r m>9e animals4 #c4 ,a seal4 #d4 ,a :ale4 ,! summ] lodge is abs5t 9 ?is1 z ! fi%]man did n leave ! sea-%ore 9 ! pursuit ( game on l&4 ,figure #aae is a native draw+ ( a village & neighbor+ burial-gr\nd1 prep>$ by an ,alaskan native 9 imitation ( orig9als se5 by him among ! natives ( ! ma9l& ( ,alaska1 especially ! ,aigalqamut4 ,c>v+s are g5]ally on walrus ivory2 sometimes on wood5 slats4 ,9 ! figure1 ,no4 #g is a repres5tation ( a grave-po/ 9 position1 be>+ an inscription simil> 9 g5]al "* to ^? 9 ! la/ two prec$+ figures4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aae4--,village & burial-gr\nds4 ,alaska4 ,! details are expla9$ z foll[s3 ,no4 #a1 #b1 #c1 #d4 ,v>i\s /yles ( habitations1 repres5t+ a settlem5t4 #e4 ,an elevat$ /ructure us$ = ! /orage ( food4 #f4 ,a box ) wrapp+s1 conta9+ ! corpse ( a *ild4 ,! small l9es1 ) ball atta*$1 are ornam5t$ app5dages consi/+ ( /rips ( clo? or sk91 ) *>ms1 or1 sometimes1 tassels4 #g4 ,grave-po/1 be>+ rude illu/rations ( ! weapons or implem5ts us$ by a p]son dur+ 8 life4 #h4 ,a grave scaffold1 conta9+ adult4 ,besides ! ornam5tal app5dages1 z 9 ! prec$+1 !re is a 8,%aman /ick0 erect$ ov] ! box conta9+ ! corpse z a m>k ( good wi%es ( a sorr[+ survivor4 ,see object ,no4 #a1 9 ,figure #aab4 ,! foll[+ extract f ,s*oolcraft 7,hi/4 ,indian ,tribes ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 #ahea1 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #cef1 ,fig4 #df7 relates to ! burial po/s us$ by ! ,si\x & ,*ippewas4 ,plate ,,lxxxiii is aft] ! illu/ration giv5 by ?is au?or 9 connection ) ! acc\nt quot$3 ,among ! ,si\x & ,we/]n ,*ippewas1 aft] ! body has be5 wrapp$ 9 its be/ clo!s & ornam5ts1 x is !n plac$ on a scaf=d1 or 9 a tree1 :]e x rema9s until ! fle% is entirely decay$2 aft] :i* ! bones are buri$1 & ! grave-po/s fix$4 ,at ! head ( ! grave a tabul> piece ( c$>1 or o!r wood1 call$ ! adj$atig1 is set4 ,?is grave-bo>d conta9s ! symbolic or repres5tative figure :i* records1 if x be a w>rior1 8 totem2 t is to say1 ! symbol ( 8 family1 or surname1 & su* ari?metical or o!r devices z s]ve to d5ote h[ _m times ! deceas$ has be5 9 w> p>ties1 & h[ _m scalps he _h tak5 f ! enemy2 two facts f :i* 8 reputation is ess5tially to be d]iv$4 ,x is seldom t m is attempt$ 9 ! way ( inscription4 ,(t51 h[ev]1 di/+ui%$ *iefs h _! w>-flag1 or1 9 mod]n days1 a small ensign ( ,am]ican fabric1 display$ on a /&>d at ! head ( _! graves1 :i* is left to fly ov] ! deceas$ till x is wa/$ by ! elem5ts4 ,scalps ( _! enemies1 fea!rs ( ! bald & black eagle1 ! swall[-tail$ falcon1 or "s c>nivor\s bird1 are also plac$1 9 su* in/ances1 on ! adj$atig1 or susp5d$1 ) (f]+s ( v>i\s k9ds1 on a sep>ate /aff4 ,b ! latt] are sup]-additions ( a religi\s "*1 & belong to ! class ( ! ke-ke-wa-o-w9-an-tig4 ,! build+ ( a fun]al fire on rec5t graves1 is also a rite :i* belongs to ! consid]ation ( _! religi\s fai?4 ,illu/ration3 ,,bureau ,,( ,,e?nology ,,f\r? ,,annual ,,report ,,pl4 ,,lxxxiii ,,ojibwa ,,grave-,,po/s4 ,! foll[+ quotations & illu/rations are tak5 f ,dr4 ,f]d9& von ,ho*/ett]'s ,new ,zeal&1 be=e cit$4 ,t au?or says on page #dcg et seq43 ,! c>v$ ,maori-figures1 :i* are met ) on ! road1 are ! memorials ( *iefs1 :o1 :ile j\rney+ to ! re/orative ba?s ( ,rotorua1 succumb$ to _! ills on ! road4 ,"s ( ! figures are deck$ out ) pieces ( clo?+ or k]*iefs2 & ! mo/ rem>kable feature 9 !m is ! close imitation ( ! tattoo+ ( ! deceas$1 by :i* ! ,maoris are able to recognize = :om ! monum5t has be5 erect$4 ,c]ta9 l9es are peculi> to ! tribe1 o!rs to ! family1 & aga9 o!rs to ! individual4 ,a close imitation ( ! tattoo+ ( ! face1 !re=e1 is to ! ,maori ! same z to u a photographic lik5ess2 x does n require any description ( "n4 ,a repres5tation ( "o ( ^! c>v$ po/s is giv5 9 ,figure #aaf4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aaf4--,new ,zeal& grave effigy4 ,ano!r c>v$ po/ ( l "* is repres5t$ 9 ,figure #aag1 conc]n+ :i* ! same au?or says1 page #cch3 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aag4--,new ,zeal& grave-po/4 8,beside my t5t1 at ,tahuahu1 on ! "r bank ( ! ,mangapu1 !re /ood an odd half decompos$ figure c>v$ ( wood2 x 0 designat$ to me by ! natives z a ,tiki1 m>k+ ! tomb ( a *ief40 ,! same au?or /ates1 page #dbc3 8,! dwell+s ( ! *iefs at ,oh9emutu are surr\nd$ ) inclosures ( pole-f5ces2 & ! ,:>es & ,:>epunis1 "s ( !m exhibit+ v f9e specim5s ( ! ,maori ord] ( ar*itecture1 are ornam5t$ ) grotesque wood-c>v+s4 ,! annex$ wood-cut "h reproduc$ z ,figure #aah is int5d$ z an illu/ration ( "s ( !m4 ,! gable figure1 ) ! liz>d hav+ six feet & two heads1 is v rem>kable4 ,! human figures are n idols1 b are int5d$ to repres5t dep>t$ sires ( ! pres5t g5]ation40 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aah4--,new ,zeal& h\se po/s4 ,,*>ms ,,& ,,feti*es4 ,! use ( objects z *>ms & feti*es is well kn[n4 ,_! graphic repres5tation is n s well und]/ood1 al?\gh 9 ! attempt$ int]pretation ( pictographs x is to be suppos$ t objects ( ?is "* w\ld be pictorially repres5t$4 ,! foll[+ is an in/ance :]e ! use 9 action ( a *>m or feti* 0 c]ta9ly portray$ 9 a pictograph4 ,figure #aai1 drawn by ! ,dakota ,indians ne> ,=t ,snell+1 ,m9nesota1 exhibits ! use = a feti*i/ic purpose ( an in/rum5t :i* is usually includ$ among w> clubs1 ?\gh ?is p>ticul> object is m adapt$ to def5se ?an to (f5se4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aai4--,mdewakantawan ,feti*4 ,! head ( ! feti* is a groov$ /one hamm] ( mod]ate size1 measur+ f an in* & a half to z mu* z #e in*es 9 l5g?4 ,a )e is ti$ ab\t ! middle ( ! hamm] 9 ! groove provid$ = ! purpose1 hav+ a h&le ( f #b to #d feet 9 l5g?4 ,! latt] is frequ5tly wrapp$ ) bucksk9 or raw-hide to /r5g!n x1 z well z = ornam5tal purposes4 ,fea!rs atta*$ be> mnemonic m>ks or designs1 indicat+ m>ks ( di/9ction1 p]haps feti*i/ic devices n und]/ood4 ,^! objects are believ$ to possess ! peculi> *>m ( w>d+ (f an enemy's missiles :5 held upright be=e ! body4 ,9 ! pictograph made by ! ,dakota ,indian1 ! mann] ( hold+ x1 z well z ! act ( %oot+ an arr[ by an enemy1 is %[n ) consid]able cle>ness4 ,! int]pretation 0 expla9$ by ! draftsman himself4 ,prop]ties are attribut$ to ?is in/rum5t simil> to ^? ( ! small bags prep>$ by ! ,%aman1 :i* are c>ri$ susp5d$ f ! neck by means ( /r+ or bucksk9 cords4 ,subject-matt] connect$ ) ?is head+ appe>s 9 sev]al p>ts ( ?is pap]1 e4 g41 ,figure #df1 on page #ada1 & ! *>act]s = #ahbd-'be on plate ,,xlii4 ,,cu/oms4 ,pictographs 9 ! writ]'s possession1 to be class$ "u ?is v g5]al head+1 9 addition to ^? t are m intimately connect$ ) o!r head+s1 & !re=e arrang$ 9 o!r p>ts ( ?is pap]1 may be divid$ into ^? relat+ to ,associations & ^? exhibit+ details ( daily life & habits4 ,,associations4 ,x is well kn[n t volunt>y associations1 g5]ally ( a religi\s "*1 h exi/$ among ! ,indians1 ! memb]s ( :i* are designat$ by special pa9t+s & m>ks entirely di/9ct f ^? relat+ to _! clan-totems & "n-totems4 ,?is topic requires too m9ute details to be ent]$ ^u 9 ?is pap] aft] ! space tak5 by o!r divisions4 ,t x may become a feature 9 ! int]pretation ( pictographs is %[n by ! foll[+ acc\nt3 ,dr4 ,w4 ,j4 ,h(fman obta9$ a copy ( draw+s on a pipe-/em1 :i* _h be5 made & us$ by ,ottawa ,indians4 ,bo? ( ! flat surfaces bore incisions ( figures1 :i* are repres5t$ 9 ,figure #abj4 ,on ea* side are f\r spaces1 ^u ea* ( :i* are v>i\s *>act]s1 ?ree spaces on "o side be+ res]v$ = ! del9eation ( human figures1 ea* hav+ div]g+ l9es f ! head upw>d1 d5ot+ _! social /atus z *iefs or w>riors & m$ic9e-m54 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #abj4--,ottawa pipe-/em4 ,^u ! space ne>e/ ! m\? is ! draw+ ( a fire1 ! flames pass+ upw>d f ! horizontal surface b5ea? !m4 ,! blue cross-b&s are rais$ portions ( ! wood 7a%7 ( :i* ! pipe-/em is made2 ^! %[ peculi>ly %ap$ op5+s :i* pass entirely ?r\gh ! /em1 ?\gh n int]f]+ ) ! tube necess>y = ! passage ( ! smoke4 ,?is indicates consid]able me*anical skill4 ,^u ea* side ( ! /em are spaces correspond+ 9 l5g? & position to ^? ^u ! opposite side4 ,9 ! l[] space ( ! /em is a draw+ ( a be>1 indicat+ t ! two p]sons 9 ! correspond+ space on ! opposite side belong to ! ,be> g5s4 ,! next upp] figure is t ( a beav]1 %[+ ! ?ree human figures to belong to ! ,beav] g5s1 :ile ! next to ?is1 ! eagle1 indicates ! opposite p]sons to be memb]s ( ! ,eagle g5s4 ,! upp] figure is t ( a lodge1 ! lodge conta9+ a c\ncil fire1 %[n on ! opposite side4 ,! signification ( ! :ole is t two memb]s ( ! ,be> g5s1 ?ree memb]s ( ! ,beav] g5s1 & ?ree memb]s ( ! ,eagle g5s h unit$ & con/itute a society liv+ 9 "o lodge1 ar\nd "o fire1 & smoke ?r\gh ! same pipe4 ,,daily ,,life ,,& ,,habits4 ,examples ( daily life & habits are giv5 9 ,figures #aba & #abb3 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aba4--,walrus hunt]4 ,alaska4 ,figure #aba repres5ts an ,alaskan native 9 ! wat] kill+ a walrus4 ,! illu/ration 0 obta9$ f a slab ( walrus ivory 9 ! museum ( ! ,alaska ,comm]cial ,company1 ( ,san ,francisco1 ,cali=nia1 & int]pret$ by a native4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #abb4--;,ivory c>v+ ) records4 ,alaska4 ,! c>v+1 ,figure #abb1 made ( a piece ( walrus tusk1 0 copi$ f ! orig9al 9 ! museum ( ! ,alaska ,comm]cial ,company1 ,san ,francisco1 ,cali=nia1 dur+ ! summ] ( #ahhb4 ,int]pretations 7 v]ifi$ by ,naum(f1 a ,kadiak half-bre$1 9 ,san ,francisco at ! "t4 ,! special purport ( "s ( ! *>act]s & et*+s is n app>5t4 ,9 ,no4 #a is a native ^: left h& is re/+ aga9/ ! h\se1 :ile ! "r hangs t[>d ! gr\nd4 ,! "* to 8 "r repres5ts a 8,%aman /ick0 surm\nt$ by ! emblem ( a bird1 a 8good _s10 9 memory ( "s dep>t$ fri5d4 ,x 0 sugge/$ t ! grave /ick _h be5 erect$ to ! memory ( 8 wife4 ,no4 #b4 ,repres5ts a re9de]1 b ! special import 9 ?is draw+ is unkn[n4 ,no4 #c4 ,signifies t "o man1 ! record]1 %ot & kill$ ano!r ) an arr[4 ,no4 #d4 ,d5otes t ! n>rator has made trad+ exp$itions ) a dog-sl$ge4 ,no4 #e4 ,is a sail-boat1 al?\gh ! elevat$ paddle signifies t t 0 ! mann] 9 :i* ! voyage 0 be/ made4 ,no4 #f4 ,a dog-sl$1 ) ! animal hit*$ up = a j\rney4 ,! radiat+ l9es 9 ! upp] left h& corn]1 ov] ! head ( ! man1 is a repres5tation ( ! sun4 ,no4 #g4 ,a sacr$ lodge4 ,! f\r figures at ! out] corn]s ( ! squ>e repres5t ! "y m5 plac$ on gu>d1 arm$ ) b[s & arr[s1 to keep away ^? n memb]s ( ! b&1 :o are depict$ z hold+ a dance4 ,! small squ>e 9 ! c5t] ( ! lodge repres5ts ! fire-place4 ,! angul> l9es ext5d+ f ! "r side ( ! lodge to ! v]tical p>tition l9e are an outl9e ( ! subt]ranean entrance to ! lodge4 ,no4 #h4 ,a p9e tree1 ^u :i* a porcup9e is crawl+ upw>d4 ,no4 #i4 ,a p9e tree1 f :i* a bird 7woodpeck]7 is extract+ l>v = food4 ,no4 #aj4 ,a be>4 ,no4 #aa4 ,! record] 9 8 boat1 hold+ al(t 8 d\ble-blad$ paddle to drive fi% into a net4 ,no4 #ab4 ,an assi/ant fi%]man driv+ fi% into ! net4 ,no4 #ac4 ,! net4 ,! figure ov] ! man 7,no4 #ab7 repres5ts a :ale1 ) h>poon & l9e atta*$1 caught by ! n>rator4 99 99 99 99 99 ,x w be und]/ood t all p]sonal cu/oms1 su*1 = in/ance1 z ! peculi> arrangem5t ( hair 9 any tribe1 are embodi$ 9 _! pictorial designation by o!r tribes & p]haps by !mselves4 ,see 9 ?is connection1 page #bcj4 ,among ! _m cu/oms susceptible ( graphic portrayal :i* d n happ5 to be illu/rat$ 9 ?is pap]1 an example may be giv5 9 ! mode 9 sev]al tribes 7e4 g41 ,apa*e1 ,muskoki1 ,dakota & ,miztec71 ( puni%+ ! infidelity ( wives1 namely1 by cutt+ (f ! nose4 ,! picture ( a noseless woman w\ld1 !re=e1 :5 made by ^? tribes1 h di/9ct mean+4 ,! unfai?ful wife m5tion$ on page #acd is drawn ) a nose1 b 9 h] case ! great] puni%m5t ( dea? 0 inflict$4 ,,tribal ,,hi/ory4 ,x is v difficult1 if n impossible1 to di/+ui% 9 pictographs1 or1 inde$1 orally1 betwe5 hi/orical & traditional acc\nts obta9$ f ,indians1 s t ?is head+ may be connect$ ) "o be=e pres5t$1 hav+ relation to ,traditions z mnemonically pictur$4 ,see page #hd4 ,! ,walum-,olum1 or ,b>k ,record ( ! ,l5ni-,l5ap1 be=e m5tion$1 z also "s ( ,s*oolcraft's pictographic illu/rations1 may be1 9 accordance ) ! judgm5t ( ! read]1 m or less prop]ly connect$ ) hi/ory4 ,! ,dakota ,w9t] ,c\nts1 includ+ ! ,corbusi] ,w9t] ,c\nts1 9 ! pres5t pap]1 :ile hav+ _! *ief value z cal5d>s1 conta9 "s mat]ial t is absolute & v]itable tribal hi/ory1 ?\gh seldom ( m ?an local & transi5t int]e/4 ,an example f ,batti/e ,good's c\nt = ! ye> #ahfb-'fc1 is giv5 9 addition1 expla9+ ! orig9 ( ! title 8,brul0 ,dakota4 ,he calls ! ye> 8,!-p-7-burnt w9t]10 & adds3 ,!y 7 liv+ some:]e ea/ ( _! pres5t c\ntry1 :5 a prairie fire de/roy$ _! entire village4 ,_m ( _! *ildr5 & a man & 8 wife1 :o 7 on foot "s di/ance away f ! village1 7 burn$ to dea?4 ,_m ( _! horses 7 also burn$ to dea?4 ,all ! p t c\ld get to a long lake :i* 0 ne> by sav$ !mselves by jump+ into x4 ,_m ( ^! 7 badly burn$ ab\t ! ?ighs & legs1 & ?is circum/ance gave rise to ! "n1 si-c gu1 translat$ z ,burnt ,?igh1 & ,brul1 by :i* !y h s9ce be5 kn[n4 ,batti/e ,good's "* = ! ye> is "h giv5 z ,figure #abc4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #abc4--,orig9 ( ,brul4 ,dakota4 ,?is is ( lat] date ?an ! my?ical times1 ev5 among ,indians1 &1 be+ v]ifi$ z x is1 mu/ be accept$ z hi/orical4 ,,biographic4 ,! pictographs "u ?is head t h come to ! writ]'s notice h be5 gr\p$ z1 ,fir/1 a cont9u\s acc\nt ( ! *ief ev5ts 9 ! life ( ! subject ( ! sket*2 ,second1 sep>ate acc\nts ( "s p>ticul> exploit or ev5t 9 ! life ( ! p]son ref]r$ to4 ,pictographs ( bo? ( ^! descriptions are v common4 ,,cont9u\s ,,record ,,( ,,ev5ts ,,9 ,,life4 ,an example ( a cont9u\s record is ! foll[+ 8autobiography0 ( ,runn+-,antelope3 ,! accompany+ illu/rations1 ,figures #abd to #acd are copi$ f a record ( elev5 draw+s prep>$ by ,runn+-,antelope1 *ief ( ! ,uncpapa ,dakota1 at ,gr& ,riv]1 ,dakota1 9 #ahgc4 ,! sket*es 7 pa9t$ 9 a l>ge draw+-book by means ( wat] colors1 & 7 made = ,dr4 ,w4 ,j4 ,h(fman1 to :om ! foll[+ int]pretations 7 giv5 by ! arti/3 ,! record comprises ! mo/ important ev5ts 9 ! life ( ,runn+-,antelope z a w>rior4 ,al?\gh frequ5tly m ?an "o p]son is repres5t$ z sla91 x is n to be inf]r$ t all 7 kill$ 9 "o day1 b dur+ ! duration ( "o exp$ition1 ( :i* ! record] 0 a memb] or *ief4 ,! bird 7,falco coop]i87 ^u ! %ield ref]s to ! clan or b& totem1 :ile ! antelope drawn b5ea? ! horses1 9 ! act ( runn+1 signifies ! p]sonal "n4 ,figure #abd4 ,kill$ two ,arik>a ,indians 9 "o day4 ,! lance held 9 ! h&1 ?ru/+ at ! =emo/ ( ! enemy1 signifies t he kill$ ! p]son ) t weapon2 ! left-h& figure 0 %ot1 z is %[n1 by ! dis*>g+ gun1 & aft]w>ds /ruck ) ! lance4 ,?is occurr$ 9 #ahec4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #abd4--,kill$ an ,arik>a4 ,figure #abe4 ,%ot & scalp$ an ,arik>a ,indian 9 #ahec4 ,x appe>s t ! ,arik>a attempt$ to in=m ,runn+-,antelope ( 8 be+ un>m$1 z ! "r h& is ?r[n outw>d ) di/5d$ f+]s1 9 imitation ( mak+ ! ge/ure = negation1 hav+ no?+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #abe4--,%ot & scalp$ an ,arik>a4 ,figure #abf4 ,%ot & kill$ an ,arik>a 9 #ahec4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #abf4--,%ot an ,arik>a4 ,figure #abg4 ,kill$ two w>riors on "o day 9 #ahed4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #abg4--,kill$ two w>riors4 ,figure #abh4 ,kill$ t5 m5 & ?ree squaws 9 #ahef4 ,! gr\p+ ( p]sons /rongly resembles ! anci5t ,egyptian me?od ( draw+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #abh4--,kill$ t5 m5 & ?ree wom54 ,figure #abi4 ,kill$ two ,arik>a *iefs 9 #ahef4 ,_! rank is %[n by ! app5dages to ! sleeves1 :i* consi/ ( :ite weasel sk9s4 ,! arr[ 9 ! left ?igh ( ! record] %[s t he 0 w\nd$4 ,! sc>s are /ill di/9ct ^u ! p]son ( ,runn+-,antelope1 %[+ t ! arr[ pass$ ?r\gh ! ?igh4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #abi4--,kill$ two *iefs4 ,figure #acj4 ,kill$ "o ,arik>a 9 #aheg4 ,/rik+ ! enemy ) a b[ is consid]$ ! greate/ insult t c be (f]$ to ano!r4 ,! act ( s do+ also entitles ! w>rior to c\nt "o c\p :5 relat+ 8 exploits 9 ! c\ncil *amb]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #acj4--,kill$ "o ,arik>a4 ,figure #aca4 ,kill$ an ,arik>a 9 #ahei & captur$ a horse4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aca4--,kill$ "o ,arik>a4 ,figure #acb4 ,kill$ two ,arik>a hunt]s 9 #ahei4 ,bo? 7 %ot1 z is indicat$ by ! figure ( a gun 9 contact ) ea* ,indian4 ,! clu/] ( l9es drawn across ! body ( ea* victim repres5ts ! dis*>ge ( ! gun1 & %[s :]e ! ball took effect4 ,! upp] "o ( ! two figures 0 9 ! act ( %oot+ an arr[ :5 he 0 kill$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #acb4--,kill$ two ,arik>a hunt]s4 ,figure #acc4 ,kill$ five ,arik>a 9 "o day 9 #ahfc4 ,! dott$ l9e indicates ! trail :i* ,runn+-,antelope foll[$1 & :5 ! ,indians discov]$ t !y 7 pursu$1 !y took %elt] 9 an isolat$ copse ( %rubb]y1 :]e !y 7 kill$ at leisure4 ,! five guns )9 ! inclosure repres5t ! five p]sons arm$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #acc4--,kill$ five ,arik>a4 ,figure #acd4 ,an ,arik>a kill$ 9 #ahfe4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #acd4--,kill$ an ,arik>a4 ,! ,arik>a are del9eat$ 9 ! above1 9 ne>ly all in/ances1 we>+ ! top-knot ( hair1 a cu/om simil> to t practic$ by ! ,abs>oka1 ?\gh z ! latt] 7 ! mo/ invet]ate enemies ( ! ,si\x1 & z ! ^w ,pallni = ,arik>a is appli$ to all enemies1 ! ,cr[ cu/om may h be5 depict$ z a g5]ic m>k4 ,! practice ( pa9t+ ! =ehead r$1 also an ,abs>oka cu/om1 s]ves to di/+ui% ! pictures z individuals ( "o ( ! two tribes4 ,,p>ticul> ,,exploits ,,& ,,ev5ts4 ,a record on ivory %[n z ,figure #ace1 0 obta9$ by ,dr4 ,w4 ,j4 ,h(fman 9 ,san ,francisco1 ,cali=nia1 9 #ahhb1 & 0 int]pret$ to him by an ,alaskan native4 ,! /ory repres5ts ! success ( a hunt2 ! animals desir$ are %[n1 z well z ^? :i* 7 secur$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ace4--,record ( hunt4 ,alaska4 ,! foll[+ is ! explanation ( ! *>act]s3 #a1 #b4 ,de]4 #c4 ,porcup9e4 #d4 ,w9t]1 or p]man5t1 habitation4 ,! cross-piece re/+ ^u two v]tical poles con/itutes ! rack1 us$ = dry+ fi%4 #e4 ,"o ( ! natives occupy+ ! same lodge ) ! record]4 #f4 ,! hunt] ^: exploits are n>rat$4 #g1 #h1 #i4 ,beav]s4 #aj-ad4 ,m>t5s4 #ae4 ,a weasel1 accord+ to ! int]pretation1 al?\gh !re are no specific *>act]s to id5tify x z diff]5t f ! prec$+4 #af4 ,l& ott]4 #ag4 ,a be>4 #ah4 ,a fox4 #ai4 ,a walrus4 #bj4 ,a seal4 #ba4 ,a wolf4 ,by ref]5ce to ! illu/ration x w be obs]v$ t all ! animals secur$ are turn$ t[>d ! h\se ( ! speak]1 :ile ! heads ( ^? animals desir$1 b n captur$1 are turn$ away f x4 ,! foll[+ is ! text 9 ! ,kiatexamut dialect ( ! ,innuit language z dictat$ by ! ,alaskan1 ) 8 own lit]al translation into ,engli%3 ,hu-nu-n-ga hu-pu-qt-a pi-c-qu-l-a mus-qu-l-qnut4 ,pa-m-qtu-lt ,i1 7f7 my place4 ,i w5t hunt+ 7=7 sk9s4 m>t5s 7settlem5t47 7animals7 ta-q-mn1 a-m-da-duk a-xla-luk1 -qui--muk pi-q-a a-xla-luk2 five1 weasel "o1 l& ott] caught "o2 ku-q-lu-h-nu-mk wolf a-xla-luk1 tun-du-muk t-gu-ql-u-g me-l-ga-nuk1 p-luk "o1 de] 7,i7 kill$ two1 beav] pi-na-u-nuk1 n-nuk pit-qu-n1 ma-klak-muk pit-qu-n1 a-c-a-na-muk ?ree1 porcup9e 7,i7 caught none1 seal 7,i7 caught none1 walrus pit-qu-ni1 ua-q-la-muk pit-qu-n1 ta-g-xa-muk pit-qu-n4 7,i7 caught none1 fox 7,i7 caught none1 be> 7,i7 caught none4 ,! foll[+ n>rative ( p]sonal exploit 0 giv5 to ,dr4 ,w4 ,j4 ,h(fman by 8,pete10 a ,%o%oni *ief1 dur+ a visit ( ! latt] to ,wa%+ton1 9 #ahhj4 ,! sket*1 ,figure #acf1 0 drawn by ! n>rator1 & ! foll[+ explanation ( *>act]s w be suffici5t int]pretation to r5d] ! figures intelligible4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #acf4--,%o%oni horse raid4 a4 ,pete1 a ,%o%oni *ief4 b4 ,a ,nez ,p]cs ,indian1 "o ( ! p>ty f :om ! horses 7 /amp$$1 & :o w\nd$ ,pete 9 ! side ) an arr[4 c4 ,ho( m>ks1 %[+ c\rse ( /amp$e4 d4 ,lance1 :i* 0 captur$ f ! ,nez ,p]cs4 e1 e1 e4 ,saddles captur$4 f4 ,bridle captur$4 g4 ,l>iat captur$4 h4 ,saddle-blanket captur$4 i4 ,body-blanket captur$4 j4 ,pair ( legg+s captur$4 k4 ,?ree s+le legs ( legg+s captur$4 ,figure #acg1 copi$ f ,s*oolcraft1 ,,iv1 p4 #bec1 ,pl4 #cb1 is tak5 f ! %\ld]-blade ( a buffalo1 f\nd on ! pla9s 9 ! ,coman*e c\ntry ( ,texas4 ,no4 #e is a symbol %[+ ! /rife = ! buffalo exi/+ betwe5 ! ,indian & :ite races4 ,! ,indian 7#a71 pres5t$ on horseback1 protect$ by 8 ornam5t$ %ield & arm$ ) a lance1 kills a ,spani>d 7#c71 ! latt] be+ arm$ ) a gun1 aft] a circuit\s *ase 7#f74 ,8 companion 7#d71 arm$ ) a lance1 %>es ! same fate4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #acg4--;,coman*e draw+ on %\ld]-blade4 ,figure #ach is tak5 f ! w9t] c\nt ( ,batti/e ,good = ! ye> #ahec-'ed4 ,he calls ! ye> ,cross-,be>-di$-on-!-hunt w9t]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ach4--;,cross-,be>'s dea?4 ,! 8travail0 means1 !y mov$2 ! buffalo1 to hunt buffalo2 ! be> ) m\? op5 & paw advanc$1 cross-be>4 ,! involute "* frequ5tly repeat$ 9 ,batti/e's record signifies pa9 9 ! /oma* & inte/9es1 result+ 9 dea?4 ,9 ?is gr\p ( *>act]s !re is n only ! brief /ory1 an obitu>y notice1 b an ideographic m>k = a p>ticul> k9d ( dea?1 a noticeable "n-totem1 & a pres5tation ( ! ,indian mode ( transportation4 ,! ^w 8travail0 appe>+ above1 z giv5 by ! int]pret]1 requires explanation4 ,x ref]s to ! peculi> sl$ge :i* is us$ by _m tribes ( ,indians = ! purpose ( transportation4 ,x is us$ on ! surface ( ! gr\nd :5 n cov]$ ) sn[1 ev5 m ?an :5 sn[ prevails4 ,! ^w is m g5]ally f\nd 9 pr9t 9 ! plural1 :]e x is spell$ 8travaux0 & sometimes 8travois40 ,! etymology ( ?is ^w1 :i* has n yet be5 f\nd 9 any ,indian language1 has be5 ! subject ( consid]able discussion4 ,! pres5t writ] consid]s x to be "o ( ! class ( words :i* desc5d$ 9 corrupt$ =m f ! language ( ! ,canadian voyageurs1 & t x 0 orig9ally ! ,fr5* ^w 8tra9eau10 ) its mean+ ( sl$ge4 ,figure #aci is tak5 f a roll ( bir* b>k obta9$ f ! ,ojibwa ,indians at ,r$ ,lake1 ,m9nesota1 9 #ahhb1 kn[n to be m ?an sev5ty ye>s old4 ,! int]pretation 0 giv5 by an ,indian f t res]vation1 al?\gh he did n "k ! au?or nor ! hi/ory ( ! record4 ,) "o exception1 all ( ! *>act]s 7 und]/ood & int]pret$ to ,dr4 ,h(fman1 9 #ahhc by ,ottawa ,indians at ,h>bor ,spr+s1 ,mi*igan4 ,?is tribe at "o "t habitually us$ simil> me?ods ( record+ hi/oric & my?ologic data4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aci4--;,b>k record f ,r$ ,lake1 ,m9nesota4 ,no4 #a4 ,repres5ts ! p]son :o visit$ a c\ntry suppos$ to h be5 ne> "o ( ! great lakes4 ,he has a scalp 9 8 h& :i* he obta9$ f ! head ( an enemy1 aft] hav+ kill$ him4 ,! l9e f ! head to ! small circle d5otes ! "n ( ! p]son1 & ! l9e f ! m\? to ! same circle signifies 79 ! ,dakota me?od71 8,t is x10 hav+ ref]5ce to prop] names4 ,no4 #b4 ,! p]son kill$4 ,he 0 a man :o held a position ( "s consequ5ce 9 8 tribe1 z is indicat$ by ! horns1 m>ks us$ by ! ,ojibwas among !mselves = ,%aman1 ,wab5o1 etc4 ,x has be5 sugge/$ t ! object held 9 ! h& ( ?is figure is a rattle1 ?\gh ! ,indians1 to :om ! record 0 submitt$ = exam9ation1 are 9 d\bt1 ! "* be+ indi/9ct4 ,no4 #c4 ,?ree disks connect$ by %ort l9es signify1 9 ! pres5t in/ance1 ?ree nights1 i4 e41 ?ree black suns4 ,?ree days f home 0 ! di/ance ! p]son 9 ,no4 #a travel$ to rea* ! c\ntry = :i* />t$4 ,no4 #d4 ,repres5ts a %ell1 & d5otes ! prim>y object ( ! j\rney4 ,%ells 7 ne$$ = mak+ ornam5ts & to trade4 ,no4 #e4 ,two p>allel l9es are "h ins]t$ to m>k ! end ( ! pres5t record & ! beg9n+ ( ano!r4 ,,ideographs4 ,! numb] ( in/ances 9 ?is pap] 9 :i* ! picture has be5 expressive ( an idea1 & n a m]e portraiture ( an object1 & has am\nt$ sometimes to a graphic repres5tation ( an ab/ract idea1 is s great z to r5d] cross-ref]5ces sup]flu\s4 ,z examples1 att5tion may be invit$ to ,figure #gb1 page #aff1 = ! idea ( 8voice10 ,figure #agi1 page #bda1 = t ( 8w>10 & ! ,corbusi] w9t] c\nts = ! ye> #ahgf-'gg--,no4 ,i1 page #adf1 = t ( 8support40 ,9 addition to !m1 h[ev]1 = conv5i5ce ( gr\p+ "u ?is special head+1 ! foll[+ illu/rations 7"s ( :i* w\ld z prop]ly appe> "u ! head ( ,conv5tionaliz+7 are pres5t$4 ,,ab/ract ,,ideas4 ,figure #adj is tak5 f ! w9t] c\nt ( ,batti/e ,good1 & is drawn to repres5t ! sign = pipe1 :i* x is int5d$ to signify4 ,! sign is made by plac+ ! "r h& ne> ! upp] portion ( ! brea/1 ! left f>!r =w>d1 & bo? held s t ! index & ?umb approximate a circle1 z if hold+ a pipe-/em4 ,! rema9+ f+]s are clos$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #adj4--,sign = pipe4 ,dakota4 ,! po9t ( int]e/ 9 ?is "* is t in/ead ( draw+ a pipe ! arti/ drew a human figure mak+ ! sign = pipe1 %[+ ! intimate connection betwe5 ge/ure-signs & pictographs4 ,! pipe1 9 ?is in/ance1 0 ! symbol ( peace4 ,figure #ada1 tak5 f ! w9t] c\nt ( ,batti/e ,good = ! ye> #agjc-'jd1 signifies pl5ty ( buffalo meat4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ada4--,pl5ty ,buffalo meat4 ,dakota4 ,! =k$ /ick be+ "o ( ! supports ( a dry+-pole or scaffold1 indicates meat4 ,! circle may repres5t a pit or 8ca*e0 9 :i* buffalo meat 0 plac$ dur+ ! w9t] ( #agjc-'jd1 or x may mean 8heap0--i4 e41 l>ge quantity1 buffalo hav+ be5 v pl5tiful t ye>4 ,! buffalo head d5otes ! k9d ( meat /or$4 ,?is is an abbreviat$ =m ( ! device imm$iately foll[+1 & be+ fully und]/ood af=ds a sugge/ive comp>ison ) "s ,egyptian hi]oglyphs & ,*9ese lett]s1 bo? 9 _! full pictographic orig9 & 9 _! abbreviation4 ,figure #adb is tak5 f ! same c\nt = ! ye> #agde-'df1 9 :i* ! dry+-pole is support$ by two =k$ /icks or poles1 only "o ( :i*1 )\t ! dry+-pole1 0 indicat$ 9 ! prec$+ figure1 :i* is an abbreviat$ or conv5tionaliz$ =m ( ! objective repres5tation 9 ! pre-pres5t figure1 viz41 a scaffold or pole ^u :i* buffalo meat 0 plac$ = dry+4 ,buffalo 7 v pl5tiful dur+ ! w9t] ( #agde-'df1 & ! k9d ( meat is d5ot$ by ! buffalo head plac$ above ! pole1 f :i* meat appe>s susp5d$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #adb4--,pl5ty ,buffalo meat4 ,dakota4 ,figure #adc is tak5 f ,pr9ce ,maximilian's ,travels1 op4 cit4 p4 #ceb4 ,! cross signifies1 ,i w b>t] or trade4 ,?ree animals are drawn on ! "r h& ( ! cross2 "o is a buffalo 7probably alb9o72 ! two o!rs1 a weasel 7,mu/ela ,canad5sis7 & an ott]4 ,! pictograph] (f]s 9 ex*ange = ! sk9s ( ^! animals ! articles :i* he has drawn on ! left side ( ! cross4 ,he has !re1 9 ! fir/ place1 depict$ a beav] v pla9ly1 beh9d :i* !re is a gun2 to ! left ( ! beav] are ?irty /rokes1 ea* t5 sep>at$ by a long] l9e2 ?is means3 ,i w give ?irty beav] sk9s & a gun = ! sk9s ( ! ?ree animals on ! "r h& ( ! cross4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #adc4--,pictograph = trade4 ,dakota4 ,! ideographic "* ( ! design consi/s 9 ! use ( ! cross--be+ a draw+ ( ! ge/ure-sign = 8trade0--! arms be+ 9 position int]*ang$4 ,( ! two ?+s ea* "o is put 9 ! place be=e occupi$ by ! o!r ?+--! idea ( ex*ange4 ,figure #add1 f ! record ( ,batti/e ,good = ! ye> #agbj-'ba1 signifies />vation1 d5ot$ by ! b>e ribs4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #add4--,/>vation4 ,dakota4 ,?is design survives among ! ,ottawa & ,pottawatomi ,indians ( ,nor!rn ,mi*igan1 b among ! latt] a s+le l9e only is drawn across ! brea/1 %[n 9 ,figure #ade4 ,?is corresponds1 also1 ) "o ( ! ge/ure-signs = ! same idea4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ade4--,/>vation4 ,ottawa & ,pottawatomi4 ,figure #adf1 f ! record ( ,batti/e ,good = ! ye> #ahbf-'bg1 signifies 8pa940 ,he calls ! ye> 8,ate-a-:i/le-&-di$ w9t]10 & expla9s t six ,dakotas1 on ! w> pa?1 _h ne>ly p]i%$ ) hung] :5 !y f\nd & ate ! rott+ c>cass ( an old buffalo1 on :i* ! wolves _h be5 fe$+4 ,!y 7 seiz$ soon aft] ) pa9s 9 ! /oma*1 _! bellies swell$1 & gas p\r$ f ! m\? & ! anus1 & !y di$ ( a :i/le1 or f eat+ a :i/le4 ,! s\nd ( gas escap+ f ! m\? is illu/rat$ 9 ! figure4 ,! "* on ! abdom5 & on its "r may be consid]$ to be ! ideograph = pa9 9 t "p ( ! body4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #adf4--,pa94 ,di$ ( 8:i/le40 ,dakota4 ,,symbolism4 ,! writ] has1 9 a =m] publication1 sugge/$ ! di/9ction to be made betwe5 a pictorial sign1 an emblem1 & a symbol2 b x is n easy to pres]ve ! discrim9ation 9 ref]5ce to ideographic *>act]s :i* h (t5 become conv5tionaliz$4 ,to p>tly express ! di/9ction1 ne>ly all ( ! *>act]s 9 ! ,dakota ,w9t] ,c\nts are reg>d$ z pictorial signs1 & ! class repres5t$ by tribal signs1 p]sonal insignia1 etc41 is consid]$ to belong to ! category ( emblems4 ,!re is no d\bt1 h[ev]1 t true symbols exi/ among ! ,indians1 z !y mu/ exi/ to "s ext5t among all peoples n devoid ( poetic imag9ation4 ,"s ( !m are %[n 9 ?is pap]4 ,! pipe is g5]ally a symbol ( peace1 al?\gh 9 c]ta9 positions & connections x sometimes signifies prep>ation = w>1 & aga9 subsequ5t victory4 ,! hat*et is a common symbol = w>1 & clos$ h&s or approa*+ palms d5ote fri5d%ip4 ,! tortoise has be5 cle>ly us$ z a symbol = l&1 & _m o!r examples c be admitt$4 ,if ,s*oolcraft is to be tak5 z uncontrov]t$ au?ority1 ! symbolism ( ! ,ojibwa rivall$ t ( ! ,egyptians1 & ! rec5t unpubli%$ acc\nts ( ! ,zui1 ,moki1 & ,navajo be=e m5tion$ indicate ! frequ5t employm5t ( symbolic devices by ^? tribes :i* are notably devot$ to my/ic c]emonies4 ,nev]!less1 ! writ]'s p]sonal exp]i5ce is1 t (t5 :5 he has at fir/ suppos$ a "* to be a g5u9e symbol x has result$1 ) bett] means ( und]/&+1 9 be+ n ev5 an ideograph b a m]e objective repres5tation4 ,9 ?is connection1 ! rem>ks on ! circle on page #ajg1 & ^? on ,figure #bjf1 on page #bdf1 may be 9 po9t4 ,ano!r case = consid]ation occurs4 ,! impression1 real or repres5t$1 ( a human h& is us$ 9 sev]al regions 9 ! _w ) symbolic significance4 ,= in/ance1 9 ,j]usalem a r\gh repres5tation ( a h& is report$ by ,lieut5ant ,cond] 7,pale/9e ,exploration ,fund1 ,janu>y1 #ahgc1 p4 #af7 to be m>k$ on ! wall ( e h\se :il/ 9 build+ by ! native races4 ,"s au?orities connect x ) ! five names ( ,god1 & x is g5]ally consid]$ to av]t ! evil eye4 ,! ,moors g5]ally1 & especially ! ,arabs 9 ,kairwan1 employ ! m>ks on _! h\ses z prophylactics4 ,simil> h& pr9ts are f\nd 9 ! ru9s ( ,el ,baird1 ne> ,petra4 ,"s ( ! qua9t symbolism connect$ ) horns is suppos$ to orig9ate f su* h& m>ks4 ,among ! ,nor? ,am]ican ,indians ! m>k s readily appli$ is ( frequ5t occurr5ce1 an in/ance1 ) its asc]ta9$ significance1 be+ giv5 on page #ahg1 supra4 ,x has be5 rec5tly asc]ta9$ t ! figure ( a h&1 ) ext5d$ f+]s1 is v common 9 ! vic9ity ( ru9s 9 ,arizona z a rock-et*+1 & is also frequ5tly se5 daub$ on ! rocks ) color$ pigm5ts or :ite clay4 ,?is co9cid5ce w\ld seem at fir/ to assure symbolic significance & possibly to connect ! symbolism ( ! two hemisph]es4 ,b ,mr4 ,?omas ,v4 ,keam expla9s ! ,arizona et*+s ( h&s1 on ! au?ority ( ! liv+ ,moki1 z foll[s3 8,^! are ve/iges ( ! te/ =m]ly practic$ among "y m5 :o aspir$ = admission to ! frat]nity ( ,salyko4 ,! ,salyko is a tr9ity ( two wom5 & a woman f :om ! ,hopitus ,moki fir/ obta9$ corn4 ,only ^? 7 *os5 z novices1 ! impr9ts ( ^: h&s _h dri$ on ! in/ant40 ,:ile ! subject-matt] is1 !re=e1 c]emonial1 !re is absolutely no symbolism connect$ ) x4 ,! et*+s ei!r simply p]petuate ! m>ks made 9 ! sev]al te/s or imitate !m4 ,9 ! pres5t /age ( ! /udy no m c be sugge/$ ?an t symbolic int]pretations %\ld be accept$ ) caution4 ,) reg>d to ! symbolic use ( mat]ial objects1 :i* w\ld probably be ext5d$ into graphic portrayal1 ! foll[+ rem>ks maybe giv53 ,! ,pr9ce ( ,wi$ m5tions 7op4 cit41 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #bdd7 t 9 ! ,sac & ,fox tribes ! rattle ( a rattlesnake atta*$ to ! end ( ! fea!r worn on ! head signifies a good horse /eal]4 ,! /eal?y approa* ( ! s]p5t1 accompani$ ) lat5t p[]1 is "h cle>ly indicat$4 ,mr4 ,s*oolcraft says ( ! ,dakotas t 8"s ( ! *iefs _h ! sk9s ( skunks ti$ to _! heels to symbolize t !y nev] ran1 z t animal is not$ = its sl[ & self-possess$ movem5ts40 ,see ,p]sonal ,memoirs ( a ,resid5ce ( ,?irty ,ye>s ) ! ,indian ,tribes on ! ,am]ican ,fronti]1 etc41 ,philadelphia1 #ahea1 p4 #bad4 ,?is is "o ( ! _m cu/oms to be rememb]$ 9 ! attempt$ int]pretations ( pictographs4 ,! pres5t writ] does n "k t a skunk sk91 or a /rip ( sk9 :i* might be suppos$ to be a skunk sk91 atta*$ to a human heel1 has ev] be5 us$ pictorially z ! ideograph ( c\rage or /eadfa/ness1 b ) ! k ( ?is objective use ( ! sk9s1 if !y 7 f\nd s repres5t$ pictorially1 z might well be expect$1 ! int]pretation w\ld be sugge/$1 )\t any direct explanation f ,indians4 ,,id5tification ,,( ,,! ,,pictograph]s4 ,! fir/ po9t 9 ! exam9ation ( a pictograph is to det]m9e by :at body ( p x 0 made4 ,?is is n only because ! m>ks or devices made by ! arti/s ( "o tribe1 or p]haps ( "o l+ui/ic /ock if n dis9tegrat$ into sep>at$ divisions di/ant f ea* o!r1 may h a diff]5t significance f figures virtually ! same produc$ by ano!r tribe or /ock1 b because ! value ( ! record is greatly enhanc$ :5 ! record]s are kn[n4 ,9 arriv+ at ! id5tification m5tion$ x is advisable to /udy3 #a/4 ,! g5]al /yle or type4 #b;d4 ,! pres5ce ( *>act]i/ic objects4 #c;d4 ,! app>5t subject-matt]4 #d?4 ,! localities ) ref]5ce to ! kn[n habitat ( tribes4 ,,g5]al ,,/yle ,,or ,,type4 ,al?\gh ! collection ( pictographs1 p>ticul>ly ( petroglyphs1 is n complete1 & _! /udy1 !re=e1 is only comm5c$1 x is possible to pres5t "s ( ! v>ieties 9 g5]al /yle & type4 ,figure #adg is pres5t$ z a type ( ! ,ea/]n ,algonkian pictographs4 ,x 0 copi$ by ,messrs4 ,j4 ,sutton ,wall & ,william ,arison1 9 #ahhb1 f a rock opposite ,millsbor\gh1 9 ,fayette ,c\nty1 ,p5nsylvania1 & is m5tion$ on page #bj1 supra1 9 connection ) ! local di/ribution ( petroglyphs4 ,! locality is )9 ! area once occupi$ by ! tribes ( ! ,algonkian l+ui/ic family1 & !re is app>5t a g5]al simil>ity to ! well-kn[n ,dighton ,rock inscription4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #adg4--;,algonkian petroglyph4 ,millsbor\gh1 ,p5nsylvania4 ,mr4 ,j4 ,sutton ,wall1 ( ,monongahela ,city1 ,p5nsylvania1 :o has k9dly furni%$ ! draw+ ( ! et*+s1 /ates t ! outl9es ( figures are =m$ by grooves c>v$ or cut 9 ! rock f an in* to a m]e trace 9 dep?4 ,! footpr9ts are c>v$ depressions4 ,! "* m>k$ ,z 7ne> ! l[] left-h& corn]7 is a circul> cavity #g in*es deep4 ,! rock is s&/one1 ( ! ,waynesburg s]ies4 ,mr4 ,wall has also contribut$ a copy ( ! 8,hamilton ,picture ,rock10 ( :i* ,figure #adh is an illu/ration4 ,! et*+s are on a s&/one rock1 on ! ,hamilton f>m1 #f miles s\!a/ f ,morgant[n1 ,we/ ,virg9ia4 ,! turnpike passes ov] ! s\? edge ( ! rock4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #adh4--;,algonkian petroglyph4 ,hamilton ,f>m1 ,we/ ,virg9ia4 ,mr4 ,wall furni%es ! foll[+ int]pretation ( ! figures3 ,a4 ,outl9e ( a turkey4 ,b4 ,outl9e ( a pan!r4 ,c4 ,outl9e ( a rattlesnake4 ,d4 ,outl9e ( a human =m4 ,e4 ,a 8spiral or volute40 ,f4 ,impression ( a horse foot4 ,g4 ,impression ( a human foot4 ,h4 ,outl9e ( ! top portion ( a tree or bran*4 ,i4 ,impression ( a human h&4 ,j4 ,impression ( a be>'s =efoot1 b lacks ! prop] numb] ( toe m>ks4 ,k4 ,impression ( two turkey tracks4 ,l4 ,has "s appe>ance ( a h>e or rabbit1 b lacks ! correspond+ l5g? ( e>s4 ,m4 ,impression ( a be>'s h9dfoot1 b lacks ! prop] numb] ( toe m>ks4 ,n4 ,outl9e ( infant human =m1 ) two arr[s 9 ! "r h&4 ,o1 ,p4 ,two cup-%ap$ depressions4 ,q4 ,outl9e ( ! h9d "p ( an animal4 ,r4 ,might be tak5 to repres5t ! impression ( a horse's foot 7 x n = ! l9e bisect+ ! out] curv$ l9e4 ,s4 ,repres5t buffalo & de] tracks4 ,! turkey ,a1 ! rattlesnake ,c1 ! rabbit ,l1 & ! 8footpr9ts0 ,j1 ,m1 & ,q1 are specially noticeable z typical *>act]s 9 ,algonkian pictography4 ,mr4 ,p4 ,w4 ,%eaf] furni%es 9 8 ,hi/orical ,map ( ,p5nsylvania1 ,philadelphia1 #ahge1 a sket* ( a pictograph on ! ,susquehanna ,riv]1 ,p5nsylvania1 bel[ ! dam at ,safe ,h>bor1 "p ( :i* is reproduc$ 9 ,figure #adi4 ,?is appe>s to be purely ,algonkian1 & has m resemblance to ,ojibwa *>act]s ?an any o!r petroglyph yet not$ f ! ,ea/]n ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #adi4--;,algonkian petroglyph4 ,safe ,h>bor1 ,p5nsylvania4 ,! be/ type ( ,we/]n ,algonkian petroglyphs kn[n to ! writ] is report$ z discov]$ by memb]s ( ! p>ty ( ,capt4 ,william ,a4 ,jones1 ,unit$ ,/ates ,army1 9 #ahgc1 & publi%$ 9 8 report on ,nor?we/]n ,wyom+1 includ+ ! ,yell[/one ,national ,p>k1 ,wa%+ton1 #ahge1 p4 #bfg1 et seq41 ,fig4 #ej1 reproduc$ 9 ?is pap] by ,figure #aej1 9 :i* ! great] numb] ( ! *>act]s are %[n ab\t "o-fif? ( _! size4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aej4--;,algonkian petroglyph4 ,wyom+4 ,an ab/ract ( 8 description is z foll[s3 99 99 ,^u a ne>ly v]tical wall ( ! yell[ s&/ones j back ( ,murphy's ran*1 a numb] ( rude figures _h be5 *isel$1 app>5tly at a p]iod n v rec5t1 z !y _h become mu* worn4 99 99 99 ,no c]ta9 clue to ! connect$ mean+ ( ?is record 0 obta9$1 al?\gh ,pnatsi attempt$ to expla9 x :5 ! sket* 0 %[n to him "s days lat] by ,mr4 ,f4 ,w4 ,bond1 :o copi$ ! inscriptions f ! rocks4 ,! figure on ! left1 9 ! upp] r[1 some:at resembles ! design commonly us$ to repres5t a %ield1 ) ! great] "p ( ! ornam5tal fr+e omitt$1 p]haps worn away 9 ! inscription4 ,we %all possibly be ju/ifi$ 9 reg>d+ ! :ole z an attempt to record ! p>ticul>s ( a fight or battle :i* once occurr$ 9 ?is neighborhood4 ,pnatsi's rem>ks convey$ ! idea to ,mr4 ,bond t he und]/ood ! figure ! second 9 ! upp] l9e to signify cavalry1 & ! six figures ?ree 9 ! middle ( ! upp] l9e1 z also ! ?ree to ! left ( ! l[] l9e1 to mean infantry1 b he did n appe> to recognize ! hi]oglyphs z ! copy ( any record ) :i* he 0 famili>4 ,sev]al ye>s ago ,dr4 ,w4 ,j4 ,h(fman %[$ ^! 7z well z o!r pictographs f ! same locality7 to sev]al prom95t ,%o%oni ,indians f ne> t locality1 :o at once pron\nc$ !m ! "w ( ! ,pawkees 7,satsika1 or ,blackfeet71 :o =m]ly occupi$ t c\ntry4 ,! g5]al resemblance ( _m ( ! draw+s f ?is area ( c\ntry is simil> to _m ( ! ,ea/]n ,algonk9 records4 ,! ,satsika are "p ( ! great ,algonkian /ock4 ,?r\gh\t ! ,w9d ,riv] c\ntry ( ,wyom+ _m pictographic records h be5 f\nd1 & o!rs report$ by ! ,%o%oni ,indians4 ,^! are said1 by ! latt]1 to be ! "w ( ! 8,pawkees10 z !y call ! ,blackfeet1 or m prop]ly ,satsika1 & ! g5]al /yle ( _m ( ! figures be>s /rong resemblance to simil> c>v+s f\nd 9 ! ea/]n portion ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 9 regions kn[n to h be5 occupi$ by o!r tribes ( ! same l+ui/ic /ock1 viz41 ! ,algonkian4 ,! f\r specim5s ( ,algonkian petroglyphs pres5t$ above 9 ,figures #adg-aej %[ gradations 9 type4 ,9 connection ) !m ref]5ce may be made to ! ,ojibwa b>k record1 ,figure #aci1 page #bah2 ! ,ojibwa grave-po/s1 ,plate ,,lxxxiii2 ! ,ottawa pipe-/em1 ,figure #abj1 page #bjd1 9 ?is pap]2 & to ,s*oolcraft's num]\s ,ojibwa pictographs2 & !y may be contra/$ ) ! _m ,dakota & ,innuit draw+s 9 ?is pap]4 ,mr4 ,g4 ,k4 ,gilb]t has furni%$ a small collection ( draw+s ( ,%o%onian petroglyphs1 f ,oneida1 ,idaho1 %[n 9 ,figure #aea4 ,"s ( !m appe> to be totemic *>act]s1 & to record ! names ( visitors to ! locality4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aea4--,%o%onian petroglyph4 ,idaho4 ,five miles nor?we/ f ?is locality1 & "o-half mile ea/ f ,m>% ,creek1 is ano!r gr\p ( *>act]s1 on basalt b[ld]s1 app>5tly totemic1 & by ,%o%oni4 ,a copy ( ^!1 also contribut$ by ,mr4 ,gilb]t1 is giv5 9 ,figure #aeb4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aeb4--,%o%onian petroglyph4 ,idaho4 ,all ( ^! draw+s resemble ! petroglyphs f\nd at ,p>tridge ,creek1 nor!rn ,arizona1 & 9 ,temple ,creek ,caon1 s\!a/]n ,utah1 m5tion$ ante1 pages #cj & #bf respectively4 ,mr4 ,i4 ,c4 ,russell1 ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,geological ,survey1 has furni%$ draw+s ( rude pictographs at ,black ,rock ,spr+1 ,utah1 repres5t$ 9 ,figure #aec4 ,"s ( ! o!r *>act]s n repres5t$ 9 ! figure consi/ ( sev]al horizontal l9es1 plac$ "o above ano!r1 above :i* are a numb] ( spots1 ! :ole appe>+ l a num]ical record hav+ ref]5ce to ! figure alongside1 :i* resembles1 to a slight ext5t1 a melon ) tortu\s v9es & /ems4 ,! left-h& upp] figure sugge/s ! masks %[n on ,plate ,,lxxxi4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aec4--,%o%onian petroglyph4 ,utah4 ,mr4 ,gilb]t ,?ompson1 ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,geological ,survey1 has discov]$ pictographs at ,fool ,creek ,caon1 ,utah1 %[n 9 ,figure #aed1 :i* /rongly resemble ^? /ill made by ! ,moki ( ,arizona4 ,sev]al *>act]s are id5tical ) ^? la/ m5tion$1 & repres5t human figures1 "o ( :i* is drawn to repres5t a man1 %[n by a cross1 ! upp] arm ( :i* is atta*$ to ! p]9um4 ,^! are all drawn 9 r$ color & 7 execut$ at ?ree diff]5t p]iods4 ,o!r neighbor+ pictographs are peck$ & unpa9t$1 :ile o!rs are bo? peck$ & pa9t$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aed4--,%o%onian rock-pa9t+4 ,utah4 ,bo? ( ^! pictographs f ,utah may be comp>$ ) ! ,moki pictographs f ,oakley ,spr+s1 ,arizona1 copi$ 9 ,figure #a1 page #cj4 ,dr4 ,g4 ,w4 ,b>nes1 ( ,san ,diego1 ,cali=nia1 has k9dly furni%$ sket*es ( pictographs prep>$ = him by ,mrs4 ,f4 ,a4 ,kimball1 ( ,national ,city1 ,cali=nia1 :i* 7 copi$ f records #be miles nor!a/ ( ! =m] city4 ,_m ( !m f\nd ^u ! faces ( l>ge rocks are almo/ oblit]at$1 ?\gh suffici5t rema9s to p]mit trac+4 ,! only color us$ appe>s to be r$ o*]4 ,_m ( ! *>act]s1 z notic$ ^u ! draw+s1 closely resemble ^? 9 ,new ,mexico1 at ,ojo de ,b5ado1 s\? ( ,zui1 & 9 ! caon lead+ f ! caon at ,/ew>t's ran*1 to ! ,kanab ,creek ,caon1 ,utah4 ,?is is an indication ( ! habitat ( ! ,%o%onian /ock ap>t f ! l+ui/ic evid5ce ) :i* x agrees4 ,! p[] ( det]m9+ ! au?or%ip ( pictographs made on mat]ials o!r ?an rocks1 by means ( _! g5]al /yle & type1 c be e/imat$ by a comp>ison ( ^? ( ! ,ojibwa1 ,dakota1 ,haida1 & ,innuit ( ,alaska pres5t$ 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ?is pap]4 ,,pres5ce ,,( ,,*>act]i/ic ,,objects4 ,) reg>d to ! /udy ( ! individual *>act]s !mselves to id5tify ! del9eators ( pictographs1 ! v>i\s consid]ations ( fauna1 religion1 cu/oms1 tribal signs1 inde$1 mo/ ( ! head+s ( ?is pap] w be applicable4 ,x is impracticable n[ to give fur!r details 9 ?is imm$iate connection1 except to add to simil> p>ticul>s be=e pres5t$ ! foll[+ notes ) reg>d to ! arrangem5t ( hair & display ( pa9t 9 id5tification4 ,a cu/om obta9s among ! ,abs>oka1 :i*1 :5 depict$ 9 pictographs1 z is frequ5tly done1 s]ves greatly to facilitate id5tification ( ! pr9cipal actors 9 ev5ts record$4 ,?is consi/s 9 we>+ false hair1 atta*$ to ! back ( ! head & all[$ to hang d[n ov] ! back4 ,horse hair1 tak5 f ! tail1 is arrang$ 9 #h or #aj /r&s1 ea* ab\t z ?ick z a f+]1 & laid p>allel ) spaces betwe5 !m ( ! wid? ( a s+le /r&4 ,p9e gum is !n mix$ ) r$ o*]1 or v]milion1 :5 ! individual c af=d ! exp5se1 & by means ( o!r hair1 or fib]s ( any k9d laid cross-wise1 ! /r&s are secur$1 & ar\nd ea* int]section ( hair a ball ( gum is pla/]$ to hold x 9 place4 ,ab\t #d in*es fur!r d[n1 a simil> r[ ( gum balls & cross /r+s are plac$1 & s on d[n to ! end4 ,! top ( ! tail ornam5t is !n secur$ to ! hair on ! back ( ! head4 ,! ,indians frequ5tly incorporate ! false hair ) _! own s z to l5g!n ! latt] )\t any m>k$ evid5ce ( ! deception4 ,nev]!less ! transv]se fa/5+s ) _! gum atta*m5ts are pres5t4 ,! ,arik>a h adopt$ ?is cu/om ( late1 & !y h obta9$ x f ! ,hidatsa1 :o1 9 turn1 le>n$ x ( ! ,abs>oka4 ,9 picture-writ+ ?is is %[n ^u ! figure ( a man by ! pres5ce ( p>allel l9es drawn d[nw>d f ! back ( ! head1 ) cross l9es1 ! :ole appe>+ l small squ>es or a piece ( net4 ,dr4 ,george ,gibbs m5tions a pictograph made by "o ( ! ,nor?we/]n tribes 7( ,oregon & ,wa%+ton7 ^u :i* 8! figure ( a man1 ) a long queue1 or scalp-lock1 rea*$ to 8 heels1 d5ot$ a ,%o%onee1 t tribe be+ 9 ! habit ( braid+ horse- or o!r hair into _! own 9 t mann]40 ,see ,contrib4 to ,n4 ,a4 ,e?nol41 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #bbb4 ,?is may h ref]5ce to ! ,%o%oni ,indians among ! extreme ,nor?we/]n tribes1 b x c by no means be positively affirm$ t ! m>k ( id5tification c\ld be bas$ ^u ! cu/om ( braid+ ) _! own hair t ( animals to increase ! l5g? & appe>ance ( ! queue1 z ?is cu/om also prevails among ! ,abs>oka & ,arik>a ,indians ( ,montana & ,dakota1 respectively1 z above describ$4 ,pictures drawn by "s ( ! nor!rn tribes ( ! ,dakota1 ! ,titon1 = in/ance1 %[ ! *>act]i/ic & di/9ctive features = a ,cr[ ,indian to be ! di/ribution ( ! r$ w> pa9t1 :i* cov]s ! =ehead4 ,a ,dakota ^u ! same picture is designat$ by pa9t+ ! face r$ f ! eyes d[n to ! end ( ! *94 ,aga91 ! ,cr[ is designat$ by a top-knot ( hair ext5d+ upw>d f ! =ehead1 t lock ( hair be+ actually worn by t tribe & bru%$ upw>d & slightly backw>d4 ,see ! seat$ figure 9 ! record ( ,runn+-,antelope 9 ,fig4 #abg1 page #baj4 ,! ,pueblos g5]ally1 :5 accurate & p>ticul> 9 del9eation1 designate ! wom5 ( t tribe by a huge coil ( hair ov] ei!r e>4 ,?is cu/om prevails also among ! ,coyotro ,apa*es1 ! wom5 we>+ ! hair 9 a coil to d5ote a virg9 or an unm>ri$ p]son1 :ile ! coil is abs5t 9 ! case ( a m>ri$ woman4 ,! foll[+ rem>ks are extract$ f ! unpubli%$ 8,catalogue ( ! ,relics ( ! ,anci5t ,build]s ( ! ,s\?we/ ,tablel&s10 by ,mr4 ,?omas ,v4 ,keam3 8,! ,maltese cross is ! emblem ( a virg92 /ill s recogniz$ by ! ,mokis4 ,x is a conv5tional developm5t ( a m common emblem ( maid5hood1 ! =m 9 :i* ! maid5s we> _! hair arrang$ z a disk ( ?ree or f\r in*es 9 diamet] ^u ea* side ( ! head4 ,?is discoidal arrangem5t ( _! hair is typical ( ! emblem ( fructification1 worn by ! maid5 9 ! ,mu+wa fe/ival4 ,sometimes ! hair1 in/ead ( be+ worn 9 ! complete discoid =m1 is dress$ f two curv$ twigs1 & pres5ts ! =m ( two semi-circles ^u ea* side ( ! head4 ,! p>tition ( ^! is sometimes horizontal & sometimes v]tical4 ,a comb9ation ( bo? ( ^! /yles pres5ts ! =m f :i* ! ,maltese cross 0 conv5tionaliz$4 ,! brim decorations are ( ornam5tal locks ( hair :i* a maid5 tra9s to gr[ ^u ! sides ( ! =ehead40 ,?is /rongly m>k$ =m ( ,maltese cross1 ! orig9 ( :i* is above expla9$1 appe>s frequ5tly 9 ! pott]y1 & also 9 ! petroglyphs ( ! ,moki4 99 99 99 99 99 ,reg>d+ ! app>5t subject matt] ( pictographs an obvi\s di/9ction may be made betwe5 hunt+ & l& sc5es su* z w\ld be famili> to int]ior tribes & ^? %[+ fi%+ & wat] transportation common to seabo>d & lacu/r9e peoples4 ,simil> & m p]spicu\s modes ( discrim9ation are available4 ,! g5]al scope ( kn[n hi/ory1 traditions1 & my?s may also s]ve 9 id5tification4 99 99 99 99 99 ,k ( ! priscan homes & ( ! migrations ( tribes necess>y to asc]ta9 _! =m] habitat 9 connection ) ! probable age ( rock-et*+s or pa9t+s is manife/ly desirable4 ,,modes ,,( ,,int]pretation4 ,x is obvi\s t be=e attempt+ ! int]pretation ( pictographs1 conc]n+ :i* no direct in=mation is to be obta9$1 !re %\ld be a full collection ( kn[n *>act]s1 9 ord] t ?r\gh !m ! unkn[n may be le>n$4 ,:5 any consid]able numb] ( objects 9 a pictograph are actually kn[n1 ! rema9d] may be asc]ta9$ by ! context1 ! relation1 & ! position ( ! sev]al designs1 & sometimes by ! recogniz$ pr9ciples ( ! art4 ,! ,bureau ( ,e?nology has be5 engag$1 !re=e1 = a consid]able "t 9 collat+ a l>ge numb] ( *>act]s 9 a c>d-catalogue arrang$ prim>ily by simil>ity 9 =ms1 & 9 atta*+ to ea* "* any significance asc]ta9$ or sugge/$4 ,z be=e expla9$1 ! int]pretation ^u :i* reliance is ma9ly bas$ is t :i* has be5 made kn[n by direct in=mation f ,indians :o !mselves 7 actually mak]s ( pictographs at ! "t ( giv+ ! int]pretation4 ,ap>t f ! comp>isons obta9$ by ?is collation1 ! only mode ( asc]ta9+ ! mean+ ( ! *>act]s1 9 o!r words1 ! only key yet discov]$1 is 9 ! /udy ( ! ge/ure-sign includ$ 9 _m ( !m4 ,! writ] sev]al ye>s ago sugge/$ t among p :]e a sy/em ( ideographic ge/ure-signs prevail$1 x w\ld be expect$ t _! =m w\ld appe> 9 any mode ( arti/ic repres5tation made by ! same p ) ! object ( convey+ ideas or record+ facts4 ,:5 a ge/ure-sign _h be5 e/abli%$ & x became necess>y or desirable to draw a "* or design to convey ! same ideas1 no?+ c\ld be m natural ?an to use ! graphic =m or del9eation :i* 0 kn[n & us$ 9 ! ge/ure-sign4 ,x 0 b "o m /ep1 & an easy "o1 to fa/5 ^u b>k1 sk9s1 or rocks ! evanesc5t air pictures ( ! signs4 ,! indu/ri\s rese>* ( ,dr4 ,d4 ,g4 ,br9ton1 ^: rec5t "w1 ,! ,l5p & _! ,leg5ds1 be=e m5tion$1 is receiv$ z ?is pap] passes ?r\gh ! press1 has discov]$ passages 9 ,raf9esque's g5]ally neglect$ & p]haps unduly discr$it$ volumes1 by :i* t ecc5tric b acute writ] seems to h ann\nc$ ! g5]al proposition t ! graphic signs ( ! ,indians correspond to _! manual signs4 ,he also ass]t$ t he _h collect$ a l>ge numb] ( !m1 ?\gh ! /atem5t is n cle>1 = if all ,indian pictographs are1 9 a v g5]al s5se1 8bas$ ^u _! language ( signs10 all ( ^? pictographs might be includ$ 9 8 alleg$ collection1 )\t an asc]ta9$ specific relation betwe5 any pictograph & any sign4 ,x is probable1 h[ev]1 t ,raf9esque actually _h at lea/ valuable notes on ! subject1 ! loss ( :i* is greatly to be regrett$4 ,9 ! pap] 8,sign ,language among ! ,nor? ,am]ican ,indians10 publi%$ 9 ! ,fir/ ,annual ,report ( ! ,bureau ( ,e?nology1 a l>ge numb] ( in/ances 7 giv5 ( ! reproduction ( ge/ure l9es 9 ! pictographs made by ! ,nor? ,am]ican ,indians1 & !y appe>$ to be mo/ frequ5t :5 !re 0 an attempt to convey subjective ideas4 ,^! 7 beyond ! range ( an arti/ic skill limit$ to ! r\gh pres5tation ( objects 9 outl9e4 ,x 0 sugge/$1 !re=e1 t ! "p ( pictographs :i* is ! mo/ difficult ( int]pretation 9 ! abs5ce ( positive k1 0 ! "o 9 ! elucidation ( :i* ! /udy ( sign-language w\ld assi/4 ,_m pictographs 9 ! pres5t pap]1 ! mean+ ( :i* is def9itely kn[n f direct s\rces1 are not$ 9 connection ) ! ge/ure-signs correspond+ ) ! same idea1 :i* signs are also und]/ood f indep5d5t evid5ce4 ,s num]\s & conclusive are ^! examples1 t x is n necess>y to add to !m save by pres5t+ ! pictograph copi$ 9 ,figure #aee1 z "o ( special importance 9 ?is connection4 ,dur+ ! summ] ( #ahhb ,dr4 ,w4 ,j4 ,h(fman visit$ ! ,tule ,riv] ,ag5cy1 ,cali=nia1 :]e he f\nd a l>ge rock pa9t+1 ( :i* ,figure #aee is a copy made by him1 ! foll[+ be+ 8 description3 ,! ag5cy is locat$ ^u ! we/]n side ( ! ,si]ra ,nevada 9 ! headwat] caons ( ! bran*es ( ! s\? =k ( ,tule ,riv]4 ,! c\ntry is at pres5t occupi$ by sev]al tribes ( ! ,yokuts l+ui/ic /ock1 & ! only answ] receiv$ to inquiries respect+ ! age or orig9 ( ! record 01 t x 0 f\nd !re :5 ! ance/ors ( ! pres5t tribes arriv$4 ,! local migrations ( ! v>i\s ,indian tribes ( ?is "p ( ,cali=nia are n yet kn[n ) suffici5t c]ta9ty to det]m9e to :om ! records may be cr$it$1 b all appe>ances ) respect to ! wea!r+ & dis9tegration ( ! rock ^u :i* ! record is et*$1 ! appe>ance ( ! color+ matt] subsequ5tly appli$1 & ! condition ( ! small depressions made at ! "t = mix+ ! pigm5ts ) a visc\s sub/ance w\ld indicate t ! "w _h be5 p]=m$ ab\t a c5tury ago4 ,! ,tul>e ,indians h be5 resid5ts ( t "p ( ! ,/ate = at lea/ "o hundr$ ye>s1 & ! olde/ n[ liv+ /ate t ! records 7 f\nd by _! ance/ors1 ?\gh :e!r m ?an two g5]ations ago c\ld n be asc]ta9$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aee4--,rock-pa9t+4 ,tule ,riv]1 ,cali=nia4 ,! draw+s 7 outl9$ by peck+ ) a piece ( qu>tz or o!r silici\s rock1 to ! dep? ( f a m]e visible depression to a ?ird ( an in*4 ,hav+ ?us satisfactorily depict$ ! sev]al ideas1 colors 7 appli$ :i* ^u exam9ation appe> to h p5etrat$ ! slight int]/ices betwe5 ! cry/all9e p>ticles ( ! rock1 :i* _h be5 bruis$ & slightly fractur$ by hamm]+ ) a piece ( /one4 ,x appe>s probable1 too1 t ! hamm]+ 0 repeat$ aft] application ( ! colors to insure bett] results4 ,^u a small b[ld]1 "u ! natural ar*way =m$ by ! break+ ( ! l>ge rock1 small depressions 7 f\nd :i* _h be5 us$ z mort>s = gr9d+ & mix+ ! colors4 ,^! depressions av]age #b in*es 9 diamet] & ab\t #a in* 9 dep?4 ,traces ( color /ill rema91 mix$ ) a ?9 lay] ( a %9+ sub/ance resembl+ a coat+ ( v>ni%1 ?\gh ( a fl9ty h>dness4 ,?is coat+ is s ?9 t x _c be remov$ ) a /eel in/rum5t1 & appe>s to h become "p ( ! rock itself4 ,f ! animals depict$ ^u ! ceil+ x seems t bo? beav] & de] 7 f\nd 9 ! c\ntry1 & z ! beav] tail & ! ho(s ( de] & antelope are boil$ to procure glue1 x is probable t ! tribe :i* made ^! pictographs 0 z f> advanc$ 9 respect to ! mak+ ( glue & prep>+ ( pa9ts z o!r tribes ?r\gh\t ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,exam9ation %[s t ! dull r$ color is r$ o*]1 f\nd 9 v>i\s places 9 ! valley1 :ile ! yell[ 0 an o*]\s clay1 also f\nd !re4 ,! :ite color 0 probably obta9$ !re1 & is evid5tly e>?y1 ?\gh ( :at nature c only be surmis$1 n suffici5t be+ obta9able f ! rock picture to make satisfactory analysis ) ! bl[ pipe4 ,! composition ( ! black is n kn[n1 unless x 0 made by mix+ clay & p[d]$ *>coal f ! emb]s4 ,! latt] is a prep>ation common at ?is day among o!r tribes4 ,an imm5se granite b[ld]1 ab\t #bj feet 9 ?ickness & #cj 9 l5g?1 is s brok5 t a l[] qu>t] is remov$1 leav+ a l>ge squ>e passageway ?r\gh its entire diamet] almo/ nor?we/ & s\!a/4 ,^u ! we/]n wall ( ?is passageway is a collection ( ! color$ sket*es ( :i* ,figure #aee is a r$uc$ copy4 ,! entire face ( ! rock ^u :i* ! pictograph occurs measures ab\t #ab or #ae feet 9 wid? & #h 9 height4 ,! ceil+ also conta9s _m *>act]s ( birds1 quadrup$s1 etc4 ,no4 #a 9 ! figure measures #f feet 9 height1 f ! end ( ! toes to ! top ( ! head1 ! o!rs be+ 9 proportion z repres5t$4 ,! attempt at reproduc+ ge/ures is admirably portray$1 & ! foll[+ explanations are bas$ ^u su* natural ge/ures z are almo/ univ]sally 9 use3 ,no4 #a repres5ts a p]son weep+4 ,! eyes h l9es runn+ d[n to ! brea/1 bel[ ! ends ( :i* are ?ree %ort l9es on ei!r side4 ,! arms & h&s are 9 ! exact position = mak+ ! ge/ure = ra94 ,x 0 evid5tly ! int5tion ( ! arti/ to %[ t ! h&s 9 ?is ge/ure %\ld be pass$ d[nw>d ov] ! face1 z probably sugge/$ by ! %ort l9es ^u ! l[] end ( ! te>s4 ,?is is a noticeable illu/ration ( ! g5]al t]m us$ by ,indians :5 mak+ ! ge/ure = weep+2 i4 e41 8eye-ra940 ,x is evid5t t sorr[ is portray$ 9 ?is illu/ration1 grief bas$ ^u ! suff]+s ( o!rs :o are %[n 9 connection !re)4 ,nos4 #b1 #c1 #d4 ,six individuals app>5tly mak+ ! ge/ure = 8hung]10 by pass+ ! h&s t[>ds & backw>d f ! sides ( ! body1 d5ot+ a 8gnaw+ s5sation10 z express$ by ,indians4 ,no4 #d occupy+ a horizontal position1 may possibly d5ote a 8dead man10 dead ( />vation1 ?is position be+ adopt$ by ! ,ojibwa1 ,blackfeet1 & o!rs z a common way ( repres5t+ a dead p]son4 ,! v>y+ l5g?s ( head ornam5ts d5ote diff]5t degrees ( position z w>riors or *iefs4 ,nos4 #e1 #f1 #g1 #h1 #i are individuals 9 v>i\s %apes mak+ ge/ures = negation1 or m specifically no?+1 no?+ "h1 a natural & univ]sal ge/ure made by ?r[+ "o or bo? h&s outw>d t[>d ei!r side ( ! body4 ,! h&s are ext5d$ also1 &1 to make ! action app>5tly m emphatic1 ! ext5d$ toes are also %[n on ,nos4 #e1 #f1 #g1 & #i4 ,! sev]al l9es ^u ! leg ( ,no4 #i ref] evid5tly to trimm+s ^u ! legg+s4 ,no4 #aj is /rik+ly simil> to ! ,alaskan pictographs 7see ,no4 #a ( ,figure #ee1 page #aec7 indicat+ self ) ! "r h&1 & ! left po9t+ away1 signify+ to g4 ,no4 #aa is an ornam5t$ head ) body & legs1 & is un9telligible4 ,?is may probably ref] to a ,%aman1 ! head be+ simil> to l p]sonages z repres5t$ by ! ,ojibwa & ,iroquois4 ,simil> draw+s occur at a di/ance ( ab\t #aj miles s\!a/ ( ?is locality1 z well z at o!r places t[>d ! nor?we/1 & x appe>s probable t ! pres5t record 0 made by a portion ( a tribe :i* _h advanc$ = ! purpose ( select+ a new camp+ place1 b fail+ to f9d ! necess>y quantities ( food = su/5ance1 ?is notice 0 erect$ to advise _! successors ( _! mis=tune & ultimate dep>ture t[>d ! nor?we/4 ,x is noticeable1 also1 t ! picture is s plac$ ^u ! rock t ! ext5d$ arm ( ,no4 #aj po9ts t[>d ! nor?4 ,! =ego+ description is sub/antially ! same z publi%$ by ,dr4 ,h(fman 9 ,transactions ( ! ,an?ropological ,society1 ,wa%+ton1 ,,ii1 #ahhc1 pages #abh-acb4 ,! limits ( ?is pap] d n all[ ( pres5t+ a li/ ( ! *>act]s 9 ! pictographs :i* h become kn[n4 ,x may be prop]ly dem&$1 h[ev]1 t "s ( ! *>act]s 9 ! petroglyph1 ,figure #a1 %\ld be expla9$4 ,! foll[+ is a li/ ( ^? :i* 7 int]pret$ to ,mr4 ,gilb]t1 z m5tion$ on page #bi supra4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aef4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aeg4 ,figure #aef is an inclosure1 or p51 9 :i* c]emonial dances are p]=m$4 ,figure #aeg is a head-dress us$ 9 c]emonial dances4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aeh4 ,figure #aeh %[s diff]5t repres5tations ( h\ses4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aei4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #afj4 ,figure #aei sket*es ! frames or /icks us$ 9 c>ry+ wood on ! back4 ,figure #afj %[s diff]5t =ms ( arr[s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #afa4 ,figure #afa repres5ts ! blossoms ( melons1 squa%es1 etc4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #afb4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #afc4 ,figure #afb %[s ?ree ways 9 :i* lightn+ is repres5t$4 ,figure #afc repres5ts cl\ds4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #afd4 ,figure #afd repres5ts cl\ds ) ra9 desc5d+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #afe4 ,figure #afe %[s v>i\s =ms ( />s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aff4 ,figure #aff %[s v>i\s repres5tations ( ! sun4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #afg4 ,figure #afg %[s v>i\s repres5tations ( sunrise4 ,x is ( int]e/ 9 ?is connection t 9 ! pictorial notation ( ! ,lapl&]s ! sun be>s its usual figure ( a man's head1 ray$1 z report$ 9 ,s*oolcraft1 op4 cit4 ,i1 #dbf4 ,see draw+s 9 ,s*eff]'s ,hi/4 ( ,lapl&1 ,london ed41 #agjd4 ,x may be desirable also to note1 to avoid misconception1 t :]e1 ?r\gh ?is pap]1 m5tion is made ( p>ticul>s "u ! head+s ( ,cu/oms1 ,religi\s1 etc41 :i* might be made ! subject ( graphic illu/ration 9 pictographs1 & = t reason %\ld be kn[n z prelim9>y to ! attempt$ int]pretation ( ! latt]1 ! sugge/ion is n giv5 z a m]e hypo!sis4 ,su* objective m>ks & conceptions ( ! "* indicat$ :i* c readily be made objective1 are 9 fact frequ5tly f\nd 9 pictographs & h be5 und]/ood by means ( ! prelim9>y in=mation to :i* ref]5ce is made4 ,:5 int]pretations obta9$ ?r\gh ?is l9e ( /udy are prop]ly v]ifi$ !y c take places 9 ! c>d-catalogue little inf]ior to ^? ( int]pretations d]iv$ directly f aborig9al pictograph]s4 ,,homomorphs ,,& ,,symmorphs4 ,x has be5 already m5tion$ t *>act]s sub/antially ! same1 or homomorphs1 made by "o set ( p1 h a diff]5t signification among o!rs4 ,diff]+ =ms = ! same g5]al conception or idea are also notic$4 ,^! may be t]m$ symmorphs4 ,"s examples "u ^! titles are not$ z foll[s1 n = ! purpose ( giv+ an ev5 approximately complete li/1 b m]ely to %[ ! mann] 9 :i* !y may be comp>$ & sometimes confus$ ) simil> *>act]s1 "s ( :i* appe> 9 o!r p>ts ( ?is pap]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #afh4 ,figure #afh repres5ts ,dakota lodges z drawn by ! ,hidatsa4 ,^! *>act]s :5 c>elessly or rudely drawn c only be di/+ui%$ f p]sonal m>ks by _! position & _! relation to o!r *>act]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #afi4 ,figure #afi signifies e>? lodges among ! ,hidatsa4 ,! circles resemble ! gr\nd plan ( ! lodges1 :ile ! c5tral m>k+s are int5d$ to repres5t ! upright poles1 :i* support ! ro( on ! int]ior4 ,"s ( ^! are simil> to ! ,kadiak draw+ = isl&1 ,figure #dg1 page #adg4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #agj4 ,figure #agj repres5ts build+s erect$ by :ite m52 ! "* is g5]ally us$ by ! ,hidatsa to designate ,gov]nm5t build+s & trad]s' /ores4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aga4 ,figure #aga is ! ,hidatsati1 ! home ( ! ,hidatsa4 ,inclosure ) e>? lodges )94 ,! ,arik>a sometimes simply m>k dots or spots to signify m52 :5 9 connection ) small cresc5ts to d5ote horses4 ,! num]ical /r5g? ( a w> p>ty is sometimes %[n 9 ?is mann]1 z 9 ,figure #agb4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #agb4 ,figure #agc 0 drawn = dead man by ! ,arik>a4 ,cf4 8no?+ !re10 page #afh4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #agc4 ,figure #agd4 ,9 records ( p]sonal ev5ts ! two l9es above ! head ( ! fall5 enemy d5ote among ! ,hidatsa t ! p]son to :om ! exploit ref]s 0 ! second to /rike ! body4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #agd4 ,figure #age %[s ! ?ird p]son to /rike ! enemy1 z drawn by ! ,hidatsa4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #age4 ,figure #agf means a scalp tak54 ,hidatsa4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #agf4 ,figure #agg signifies1 9 ,hidatsa draw+1 ! man :o /ruck ! enemy1 & :o took 8 gun4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #agg4 ,! foll[+ specim5s f ! writ]'s c>d collection are pres5t$ z hav+ "s individual int]e/3 ,figure #agh 0 drawn by a ,dakota ,indian1 at ,m5dota1 ,m9nesota1 & repres5ts a man hold+ a scalp 9 "o h&1 :ile 9 ! o!r is ! gun1 ! weapon us$ 9 ! de/ruction ( ! enemy4 ,! %ort v]tical l9es bel[ ! p]iph]y ( ! scalp indicate hair4 ,! l9e cross+ ! leg ( ! ,indian is only an indication ( ! gr\nd ^u :i* ! figure is suppos$ to /&4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #agh4 ,figure #agi is tak5 f ! w9t] c\nt ( ,batti/e ,good = ! ye> #ahdj-'da4 ,he names x 8,came-&-kill$-five-(-,little-,?und]'s-b ro!rs w9t]0 & 8,batti/e-alone-returns w9t]40 ,he expla9s t ! five 7 kill$ 9 an enc\nt] ) ! ,panis4 ,batti/e ,good 0 ! only "o ( ! p>ty to escape4 ,! capote is %[n1 & signifies w>1 z 9 sev]al o!r in/ances ( ! same record4 ,! five %ort v]tical l9es bel[ ! arr[ signify t five 7 kill$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #agi4 ,figure #ahj is tak5 f ,mrs4 ,ea/man's ,dahcotah1 or ,life & ,leg5ds ( ! ,si\x1 ,new ,york1 #ahdi1 p4 xxvii1 & %[s a ,dakota me?od ( record+ ! tak+ ( prison]s4 ,nos4 #a & #c are ! prison]s2 ,no4 #a be+ a female1 z d5ot$ by ! pres5ce ( mamm1 & ,no4 #c a male4 ,no4 #b is ! p]son mak+ ! capture4 ,x is also not$ t ! prison]s are )\t h&s1 to signify _! helplessness4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ahj4 ,9 ?is connection ! foll[+ quotation is tak5 f ! ,hi/orical ,collections ( ,l\isiana1 ,"p ,,iii1 #ahea1 p4 #abd1 describ+ a pictograph1 z foll[s3 8,!re 7 two figures ( m5 )\t heads & "s entire4 ,! fir/ d5ot$ ! dead & ! second ! prison]s4 ,"o ( my conductors told me on ?is occasion t :5 !re are any ,fr5* among ei!r1 !y set _! arms akimbo1 or _! h&s ^u _! hips1 to di/+ui% !m f ! savages1 :om !y repres5t ) _! arms hang+ d[n4 ,?is di/9ction is n purely arbitr>y2 x proce$s f ^! p hav+ obs]v$ t ! ,fr5* (t5 put !mselves 9 ?is po/ure1 :i* is n us$ among !m40 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aha4--;,circle ( m54 ,dakota4 ,figure #aha is tak5 f ! w9t] c\nt ( ,batti/e ,good = ! ye> #ahea-'eb4 ,9 ! ye> #ahea-'eb1 ! fir/ issue ( goods 0 made to ! ,indians1 & ! "* repres5ts a blanket surr\nd$ by a circle to %[ h[ ! ,indians sat await+ ! di/ribution4 ,! p are repres5t$ by small l9es runn+ at "r angles to ! circle4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ahb4--,%oot+ f riv] banks4 ,dakota4 ,figure #ahb is also f ,batti/e ,good4 ,an enc\nt] is repres5t$ betwe5 two tribes1 ea* on ! banks ( a riv]1 f :i* arr[s 7 fir$ across ! wat] at ! oppos+ p>ty4 ,! v]tical l9es repres5t ! banks1 :ile ! oppos+ arr[s d5ote a fight or an enc\nt]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ahc4--,pan!r4 ,haida4 ,! draw+1 ,figure #ahc1 0 made by ,mr4 ,j4 ,g4 ,swan :ile on a visit to ! ,pr9ce ( ,wales ,ar*ipelago1 :]e he f\nd two c>v$ figures ) pan!rs' heads1 & claws ^u ! =e feet1 & human feet atta*$ to ! h9d legs4 ,^! my?ical animals 7 plac$ ^u ei!r side ( a corpse :i* 0 ly+ 9 /ate1 await+ burial4 ,?is union ( ! human figure ) t ( o!r animals is ( int]e/ 9 comp>ison ) ! well-kn[n =ms ( simil> "* 9 ! art ( ,egypt & ,assyria4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ahd4--,wolf head4 ,haida4 ,! feet ( ! accompany+ ,figure #ahd _c be se51 be+ hidd5 9 ! head ( ! figure b5ea?4 ,x is squatt+1 ) its h&s on its knees1 & has a wolf's head4 ,arms1 legs1 m\?1 jaws1 no/rils1 & e>-holes are sc>let2 eyebr[s1 irises1 & edges ( ! e>s black4 ,! figure is reproduc$ f ,! ,nor?we/ ,coa/ ( ,am]ica1 be+ results ( rec5t e?nological rese>*es f ! collections ( ! ,royal ,museums at ,b]l94 7,trans4 f ,g]man47 ,new ,york1 ,pl4 #g1 ,fig4 #c4 ,! accompany+ illu/ration1 ,figure #ahe1 repres5ts a knife f ,africa1 :i* be>s ^u bo? sides ( ! blade incis$ *>act]s ( ! human =m1 /rik+ly simil> to ^? f\nd among ! ,ojibwa4 ,! l9es runn+ upw>d f ! head are id5tical ) an ,ojibwa =m ( repres5t+ a m$a1 or ,%aman1 :ile ! h\r-glass =m ( body is also frequ5tly f\nd1 ?\gh g5]ally us$ to designate a woman1 ! l[] "p ( ! body repres5t+ ! skirt4 ,9 ! pres5t in/ance1 x may h allusion to ! peculi> skirt-l dress (t5 worn by ! m5 among ! tribes ( ,nor!rn ,africa4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ahe4--;,draw+s on an ,african knife4 ,! l9es ext5d+ f ! middle ( ! body d[nw>d to bel[ ! skirt & t]m9at+ 9 an irregul> knob some:at resemble ! ,pueblo me?od ( designat+ sex1 ! male be+ %[n by a small cross1 & ! female by a simple1 %ort1 v]tical l9e atta*$ to ! p]9um4 ,! upp] "*1 9 ,b1 9 addition to ! l9e & circle ext5d+ d[nw>d f ! l[] extremity1 %[s a bird's leg & toes at ei!r side4 ,?is is also1 accord+ to ,s*oolcraft1 an ,ojibwa me?od ( depict+ a p]son or be+ :o is end[$ ) ! p[] ( flight into ! upp] regions1 h5ce "o ( sup]ior k4 ,! hi/ory ( ! knife "h figur$ is receiv$ f ,mr4 ,?omas ,m4 ,*at>d1 ( ! ,national ,museum1 :o 9 turn obta9$ x f 8 fa!r1 ,mr4 ,f4 ,e4 ,*at>d1 ,baltimore1 ,m>yl&1 :o writes t x 0 obta9$ at ,cape ,mesurado1 ,africa1 9 ,novemb]1 #ahbb1 :]e ! natives _h attack$ a rec5tly e/abli%$ colony4 ,! ,africans 7 repuls$1 & ! knife 0 subsequ5tly pick$ up on ! battle-field & br\ght to ,am]ica by ! late ,william ,seton1 an (fic] ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,navy4 ,,conv5tionaliz+4 ,! c\rse ( conv5tionaliz+ is noticeable 9 pictographs z well z 9 ge/ure-signs1 on ! "o h&1 &1 on ! o!r1 z x appe>s 9 all =ms ( graphic art4 ,! analysis ( su* conv5tions 9 =m c\ld be pursu$ at great l5g? ) reg>d to ! pictographs n[ kn[n 9 ! same mann] z has be5 done ) success by ,dr4 ,h>rison ,all5 9 8 "w 8,an analysis ( ! ,life-=m 9 ,art10 ,philadelphia1 #ahge4 ,"s sugge/ions may be obta9$ f ! pres5t pap]1 especially f examples giv5 "u ! head+s ( ,ideographs1 page #bai1 & ,homomorphs & ,symmorphs1 page #bci4 ,see also conv5tionaliz$ sign = ,ponka 9 ,w9t] ,c\nt ,no4 ,i = #aggh-gi1 on page #aca1 & = ,m&an 9 ! same c\nt = #aghc-hd1 on ! same page2 also ! conv5tional sign = ,*ey5ne1 ,figure #gh1 page #agc2 also ! device = />vation1 ,figure #add1 page #bbj1 z conv5tionaliz$ 9 ,figure #ade1 page #bba4 ,! limits ( ?is pap] w only all[ ( submitt+ 9 addition ! foll[+ conv5tionaliz$ =ms ( ! human figure1 9 "s cases be+ m]ely m>ks arbitr>ily us$ to repres5t humanity3 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ahf4 ,figure #ahf signifies m5 among ! ,arik>a4 ,! *>act]s are us$ 9 connection ) horse-%oes1 to d5ote 8m\nt$ m540 ,9 o!r pictographs su* spots or dots are m]ely num]ical4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ahg4 ,figure #ahg is drawn by ! ,kiatxamut bran* ( ! ,innuits = man4 ,x is an abbreviat$ =m & r>e4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ahh4 ,figure #ahh1 drawn by ! ,blackfeet1 signifies 8,man--dead40 ,?is is f a pictograph 9 ,w9d ,riv] ,m\nta9s4 ,see ,jones's ,nor?we/]n ,wyom+1 etc41 op4 cit4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ahi4 ,figure #ahi is ! ,kiatxamut ,innuit draw+ = man4 ,?is figure is armless2 g5]ally repres5ts ! p]son address$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aij4 ,figure #aij is also a ,kiatxamut ,innuit draw+ = man4 ,! figure makes ! ge/ure = negation4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aia4 ,figure #aia1 f a ,cali=nian pictograph1 is a man1 also ge/ur+ negation4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aib4 ,figure #aib is ano!r ,cali=nian pictograph = man1 mak+ ! same ge/ure4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aic4 ,figure #aic1 f ,s*oolcraft1 ,i1 ,pl4 #ei1 ,no4 #ia1 is ! ,ojibwa 8symbol0 = disabl$ man4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aid4 ,figure #aid is ! ,kiatxamut ,innuit draw+ = ,%aman4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aie4 ,figure #aie1 us$ by ! ,kiatxamut ,innuit1 repres5ts man supplicat+4 ,! five figures1 #aif to #bjj1 are reproduc$ f ,s*oolcraft1 ,vol4 ,i1 ,pl4 #eh1 opp4 p4 #djh4 ,! ,numb]s atta*$ are ^? giv5 by t au?or3 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aif4 ,figure #aif1 ,no4 #f1 is ! ,ojibwa repres5tative figure = man4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aig4 ,figure #aig1 ,no4 #aj1 is us$ by ! ,ojibwa to d5ote a _s or man enlight5$ f on high1 hav+ ! head ( ! sun4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aih4 ,figure #aih1 ,no4 #bj1 is drawn by ! ,ojibwa = a 8wab5o0 or ,%aman4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aii4 ,figure #aii1 ,no4 #cj1 is ! ,ojibwa 8symbol0 = an evil or "o-sid$ 8m$a0 or high] grade ,%aman4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bjj4 ,figure #bjj1 ,no4 #bi1 is ! ,ojibwa g5]al 8symbol0 = a m$a4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bja4 ,figure #bja is drawn by ! ,hidatsa = man4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bjb4 ,figure #bjb1 f ,s*oolcraft1 ,i1 ,pl4 #eh1 ,no4 #c1 is an ,ojibwa draw+ ( a headless body4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bjc4 ,figure #bjc1 f ,s*oolcraft1 ,i1 ,pl4 #eh1 ,no4 #b1 is ano!r ,ojibwa figure = a headless body1 p]haps female4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bjd4 ,figure #bjd1 contribut$ by ,mr4 ,gilb]t ,?ompson1 is a draw+ = man1 made by ! ,moki 9 ,arizona4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bje4 ,figure #bje1 reproduc$ f ,s*oolcraft1 ,i1 ,pl4 #fd1 opposite page #dbd1 is a draw+ f ! banks ( ! ,riv] ,y5esei1 ,sib]ia1 by ,von ,/rahl5b]g1 9 8 hi/orical & geographical description ( ! nor!rn & ea/]n p>ts ( ,europe1 ,asia1 etc4 ,london1 #agch4 ,! simil>ity to *>act]s on ,figure #ahe is obvi\s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bjf4 ,figure #bjf1 also f ,/rahl5b]g1 & quot$ 9 ,s*oolcraft1 ,vol4 ,i1 ,pl4 #ff1 ,fig4 #d1 opp4 p4 #cdb1 0 f\nd 9 ,sib]ia1 & is id5tical ) ! "* :i*1 accord+ to ,s*oolcraft1 is drawn by ! ,ojibwa to repres5t spe$ & ! p[] ( sup]ior k by exaltation to ! regions ( ! air1 be+1 9 8 op9ion1 a comb9ation ( bird & man4 ,x is to be notic$ t "s ,ojibwa rec5tly exam9$ reg>d ! "* m]ely z a human figure ) out/ret*$ arms1 & fr+es p5dant !refrom4 ,x has1 also1 a /rong resemblance to "s ( ! figures 9 ! ,dakota ,w9t] ,c\nts 7^? = #ahed-'ee & #ahff-'fg1 pages #aba & #abd1 respectively71 9 :i* !re is no attempt und]/ood to signify any ?+ m ?an a w>-dress4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bjg4 ,figure #bjg1 accord+ to ,s*oolcraft1 ,vol4 ,i1 ,pl4 #eh1 ,no4 #eh1 is ! ,ojibwa draw+ symbolic = an ,am]ican4 ,,errors ,,& ,,frauds4 ,no l>ge am\nt ( space ne$ be occupi$ 9 ! m5tion ( recogniz$ pictographic frauds1 _! importance be+ small1 b mu* m ?an is n[ all[$ w\ld be requir$ = ! discussion ( controv]t$ cases4 ,!re is little inducem5t1 beyond a disposition to hoax1 to commit actual frauds 9 ! fabrication ( rock-c>v+s4 ,! in/ances :]e inscrib$ /ones f m\nds h be5 asc]ta9$ to be =g]ies or fictiti\s draw+s h be5 ab\t equally divid$ betwe5 simple mis*ief & an attempt ei!r to increase ! m>ketable value ( "s real e/ate1 suppos$ to conta9 m1 or to sell ! specim5s4 ,) reg>d to ! mu* m famili> & m portable mat]ial ( engrav$ pipes1 pa9t$ robes & l curios1 x is well kn[n to all rec5t travel]s 9 ! ,we/ :o h _h =m] exp]i5ce t ! fancy prices paid by amateurs = ^? decorations h /imulat$ _! :olesale manufacture by ,indians at ag5cies 7locally t]m$ 8c(fee-cool]s071 :o make a bus9ess ( sket*+ ^u ord9>y robes or pla9 pipes ! *>act]s 9 common use by !m1 )\t reg>d to any real ev5t or p]son1 & sell+ !m z curi\s records4 ,?is pictorial =g]y w\ld seem to %[ a gratify+ advance ( ! ,indians 9 civilization1 b x is fe>$ t ! cr$it ( ! inv5tion is *iefly due to "s ent]pris+ trad]s :o h be5 kn[n to furni% ! un/a9$ robes1 pla9 pipes1 pa9ts1 & o!r mat]ials = ! purpose1 & simply pay a skillful ,indian = 8 "w1 :5 ! fre% antique or imag9>y *ronicle is deliv]$4 ,six inscrib$ copp] plates 7 said to h be5 f\nd 9 a m\nd ne> ,k9d]hook1 ,pike ,c\nty1 ,ill9ois1 :i* 7 report$ to be> a close resemblance to ,*9ese4 ,?is resemblance seem$ n to be s extraord9>y :5 x 0 asc]ta9$ t ! plate _h be5 engrav$ by ! village blacksmi?1 copi$ f ! lid ( a ,*9ese tea-*e/4 ,mica plates 7 f\nd 9 a m\nd at ,l[] ,s&usky1 ,ohio1 :i*1 aft] "s attempts at int]pretation1 prov$ to belong to ! mat]ial kn[n z graphic or hi]oglyphic mica1 ! discolorations hav+ be5 caus$ by ! infiltration ( m9]al solution betwe5 ! lam94 ,! foll[+ rec5t notice ( a case ( alleg$ fraud is quot$ f ,sci5ce1 ,vol4 ,,iii1 ,no4 #eh1 ,m>* #ad1 #ahhd1 page #ccd3 ,dr4 ,n4 ,roe ,bradn] exhibit$ at ! ,academy ( ,natural ,sci5ces1 ,philadelphia1 ,p5nsylvania1 an inscrib$ /one f\nd inside a skull tak5 f "o ( ! anci5t m\nds at ,new>k1 ,ohio1 9 #ahfe4 ,an exploration ( ! region _h be5 und]tak5 9 consequ5ce ( ! f9d+ ( /ones be>+ m>k+s some:at resembl+ ,hebrew lett]s1 9 ! hope ( f9d+ o!r specim5s ( a l "*4 ,! exploration 0 suppos$ to h be5 entirely unproductive ( su* objects until ,dr4 ,bradn] _h f\nd ! engrav$ /one1 n[ exhibit$1 9 a skull :i* _h be5 giv5 to him4 ,?is 0 supplem5t$ by an editorial note 9 ,no4 #fb ( ! same publication1 page #dfg1 z foll[s3 ,a correspond5t f ,new>k1 ,ohio1 w>ns u t any inscrib$ /ones said to orig9ate f t locality may be look$ ^u z spuri\s4 ,ye>s ago c]ta9 p>ties 9 t place made a bus9ess ( manufactur+ & bury+ inscrib$ /ones & o!r objects 9 ! autumn1 & exhum+ !m ! foll[+ spr+ 9 ! pres5ce ( innoc5t witnesses4 ,"s ( ! p>ties to ^! frauds aft]w>ds confess$ to !m2 & no su* objects1 except su* z 7 spuri\s1 h ev] be5 kn[n f t region4 ,! correspond5t ( ,sci5ce probably rememb]$ ! op]ations ( ,david ,wyrick1 ( ,new>k1 :o1 to prove 8 !ory t ! ,hebrews 7 ! m\nd-build]s1 discov]$ 9 #ahfj a tablet be>+ on "o side a trucul5t 8lik5ess0 ( ,moses ) 8 "n 9 ,hebrew1 & on ! o!r a ,hebrew abridgm5t ( ! t5 comm&m5ts4 ,a ,hebrew bible aft]w>ds f\nd 9 ,mr4 ,wyrick's private room ?rew "s light on ! inscrib$ *>act]s4 ,z ! bus9ess ( mak+ & sell+ ar*ological frauds has become s ext5sive 9 ,egypt & ,pale/9e1 x c be no matt] ( surprise t x has be5 attempt$ by ! ent]pris+ p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! ,bureau ( ,e?nology has discov]$ sev]al c5t]s ( t fraudul5t indu/ry4 ,)\t fur!r pursu+ ! subject ( m]c5>y frauds1 an example may be m5tion$ :i* 0 br\ght =? dur+ ! rese>*es ( ! pres5t writ] & 8 assi/ant1 ,dr4 ,h(fman1 :i* is probably z good a case ( a mod]n antique 9 ?is l9e z c be pres5t$4 ,figure #bjh is a copy ( a draw+ tak5 f an ,ojibwa pipe-/em1 obta9$ by ,dr4 ,h(fman f an (fic] ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,army1 :o _h procur$ x f an ,indian 9 ,sa9t ,paul1 ,m9nesota4 ,on a lat] & m m9ute exam9ation1 x appe>$ t ! pipe-/em _h be5 pur*as$ at a /ore 9 ,sa9t ,paul1 :i* _h furni%$ a l>ge numb] ( simil> objects1 s l>ge z to awak5 suspicion t !y 7 9 ! c\rse ( daily manufacture4 ,! figures & *>act]s on ! pipe-/em 7 drawn 9 colors4 ,9 ! pres5t figure1 :i* is )\t colors1 ! horizontal l9es repres5t blue & ! v]tical r$1 accord+ to ! h]aldic s*eme sev]al times us$ 9 ?is pap]4 ,! outl9es 7 drawn 9 a d>k neutral t9t1 9 "s l9es approa*+ black2 ! triangul> *>act]s1 repres5t+ lodges1 be+ also 9 a neutral t9t1 or an a%5 hue1 & approa*+ black 9 sev]al in/ances4 ,! explanation ( ! figures1 made be=e !re 0 any suspicion ( _! real "*1 is z foll[s3 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bjh4--,specim5 ( imitat$ pictograph4 ,! fir/ figure is t ( a be>1 repres5t+ ! individual to :om ! record p]ta9s4 ,! ?ree he>ts above ! l9e1 accord+ to an expression 9 ge/ure language1 signifies a brave he>t2 increas$ numb]s indicat+ mu* or _m1 i4 e41 a l>ge brave he>t4 ,! second figure1 a circle inclos+ a triradiate "*1 ref]s to ! p]sonal totem4 ,! "* 9 ! middle resembles1 to "s ext5t1 ! pictograph sometimes f\nd to repres5t />s1 ?\gh 9 ! latt] ! l9es c5t] ^u ! disks & n at a common po9t4 ,! sev5 triangul> *>act]s repres5t ! lodges ( a village to :i* ! individual to :om ref]5ce is made belongs4 ,! s]p5t9e l9e imm$iately bel[ ^! signifies a /ream or riv]1 ne> :i* ! village is locat$4 ,! two p]sons hold+ guns 9 _! left h&s1 toge!r ) ano!r hav+ a spe>1 appe> to be ! companions ( ! speak]1 all ( :om are memb]s ( ! turtle g5s1 z %[n by t reptile4 ,! curve f left to "r is a repres5tation ( ! sky1 ! sun hav+ appe>$ ^u ! left or ea/]n horizon :5 ! transaction bel[ m5tion$ 0 enact$4 ,9 an explanation by ge/ure1 or by pictograph1 ! speak] always faces ! s\?1 or conducts himself z if he did s1 & beg9s on ! left side to convey ! idea ( morn+1 if day2 ! h&1 or l9e1 is drawn all ! way f ! ea/]n horizon to ! we/]n4 ,! above1 !n1 repres5ts ! morn+ :5 a female--headless body ( a woman--a memb] ( ! crane g5s1 0 kill$4 ,! figure ( a be> bel[ is ! same app>5tly z numb] "o1 ?\gh turn$ to ! "r4 ,! he>t is rev]s$ to d5ote sadness1 grief1 remorse1 z express$ 9 ge/ure-language1 & to atone = ! misde$ committ$ 9 ! proce$+ ! pipe is br\ght & (f]+ made to ! 8,great ,_s40 ,altoge!r1 ! act depict$ appe>s to h be5 accid5tal1 ! woman belong+ to ! same tribe1 z c be le>n$ f ! g5s ( :i* %e 0 a memb]4 ,! regret or sorr[ signifi$ 9 ! be>1 next to ! la/ figure1 corresponds ) t supposition1 z su* feel+s w\ld n be congru\s to ! ,indian 9 ! case ( an enemy4 ,! po9t ( int]e/ 9 ?is pictograph is1 t ! figures are v skillfully copi$ f ! num]\s *>act]s ( ! same k9d repres5t+ ,ojibwa pictographs1 & giv5 by ,s*oolcraft4 ,! arrangem5t ( ^! copi$ *>act]s is precisely t :i* w\ld be natural 9 ! simil> "w ( ,indians4 ,9 fact1 ! gr\ps con/itute a ?or\ghly g5u9e pictograph1 & af=d a good illu/ration ( ! mann] 9 :i* a record c be made4 ,! fact t x 0 made & sold "u false repres5tations is its objectionable feature4 ,an inscrib$ /one f\nd 9 ,grave ,creek ,m\nd1 ne> ! ,ohio ,riv]1 9 #ahch1 has be5 ! subject ( mu* l+ui/ic cont5tion among ^? :o admitt$ its au!nticity4 ,tw5ty-f\r *>act]s on x h be5 consid]$ to be alphabetic & "o is a suppos$ hi]oglyphic sign4 ,mr4 ,s*oolcraft says t tw5ty-two ( ! *>act]s are alphabetic1 b !re has be5 a diff]5ce ( op9ion ) reg>d to _! orig94 ,"o s*ol> f9ds among !m f\r *>act]s :i* he claims are anci5t ,greek2 ano!r claims t f\r are ,etruscan2 five h be5 said to be ,runic2 six1 anci5t ,gaelic2 sev51 old ,erse2 t51 ,phnician2 f\rte51 old ,briti%2 & sixte51 ,celteb]ic4 ,m4 ,levy ,b+ report$ at ! ,congress ( ,am]icani/s at ,nancy1 9 #ahge1 t he f\nd 9 ! inscription tw5ty-?ree ,canaanite lett]s1 & translat$ x3 8,:at ?\ saye/1 ?\ do/ impose x1 ?\ %9e/ 9 ?y impetu\s clan & rapid *amois40767 ,m4 ,maurice ,s*wab 9 #aheg r5d]$ x3 8,! ,*ief ( ,emigration :o rea*$ ^! places 7or ?is isl&7 has fix$ ^! /atutes =ev]40 ,m4 ,opp]t1 h[ev]1 gave additional v>iety by ! translation1 s t all ta/es c be suit$3 8,! grave ( "o :o 0 assass9at$ "h4 ,may ,god to av5ge him /rike 8 murd]]1 cutt+ (f ! h& ( 8 exi/5ce40 ,= fur!r p>ticul>s on ?is topic ref]5ce may be made to ,colonel ,*>les ,:ittlesey's ,ar*ological ,frauds1 9 sev]al tracts1 & to ,! ,m\nd ,build]s1 by ,j4 ,p4 ,mac,lean1 ,c9c9nati1 #ahgi1 p4 #ij1 et seq4 ,f consid]ations m5tion$ 9 ! introduction ( ?is pap]1 & o!rs t are obvi\s1 any inscriptions purport+ to be pre-,columbian %[+ app>5t use ( alphabetic *>act]s1 signs ( ! zodiac1 or o!r evid5ces ( a culture high] ?an t kn[n among ! ,nor? ,am]ican ,indians1 mu/ be receiv$ ) caution1 b ! pictographs may be altoge!r g5u9e1 & _! errone\s int]pretation be ! sole gr\nd ( _! be+ discr$it$4 ,9 ?is connection "s allusion may be made to ! le>n$ discussions ^u ! ,dighton rock be=e m5tion$4 ,! orig9ally ,algonkian *>act]s 7 translat$ by a ,sc&9avian antiqu>y z an acc\nt ( ! p>ty ( ,?orf9n1 ! ,hopeful4 ,a di/+ui%$ ,ori5tali/ made out cle>ly ! ^w melek 7k+74 ,ano!r s*ol> triumphantly e/abli%$ ! *>act]s to be ,scy?ian1 & /ill ano!r made !m ,phnician4 ,b ?is inscription has be5 s manipulat$ t x is difficult n[ to det]m9e ! orig9al details4 ,! c\rse above expla9$1 viz41 to attempt ! int]pretation ( all unkn[n ,am]ican pictographs by ! aid ( actual pictograph]s among ! liv+ ,indians1 %\ld be adopt$ reg>d+ all rem>kable 8f9ds40 ,?is c\rse 0 pursu$ by ,mr4 ,horatio ,n4 ,ru/1 ( ,pasad5a1 ,cali=nia1 reg>d+ ! mu*-discuss$ ,dav5port ,tablets1 9 ! g5u95ess ( :i* he believes1 & :i* is n "h plac$ 9 "q4 ,mr4 ,ru/ exhibit$ ! draw+s to ,dakotas1 ) ! result made public at ! late ,montreal meet+ ( ! ,am]ican ,association = ! ,advancem5t ( ,sci5ce1 & also 9 a lett]1 an extract f :i* is z foll[s3 ,z ,i made ! acqua9tance ( sev]al ( ! old] & m intellig5t memb]s ( ! tribe1 ,i took ! opportunity to %[ !m ! draw+s4 ,expla9+ t !y 7 pictures copi$ f /ones f\nd 9 a m\nd1 ,i ask$ :at !y meant4 ,!y readily gave me ! same int]pretation 7& 9 no in/ance did ei!r int]pret] "k t ano!r _h se5 ! pictures1 s !re c\ld be no collusion74 ,9 ,plate ,i1 ( ! ,dav5port ,inscrib$ ,tablets s numb]$ 9 ! ,proce$+s ( ! ,dav5port ,academy1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 ! l[] c5tral figure repres5ts a dome-%ap$ lodge1 ) smoke issu+ f ! top1 beh9d & to ei!r side ( :i* appe>s a numb] ( individuals ) h&s jo9$1 :ile ?ree p]sons are depict$ z ly+ ^u ! gr\nd4 ,^u ! "r & left c5tral m>g9s are ! sun & moon1 ! :ole surm\nt$ by ?ree ar*$ l9es1 betwe5 ea* ( :i*1 z well z above !m1 are num]\s un9telligible *>act]s4 99 99 99 ,! c5tral figure1 :i* has be5 suppos$ by "s to repres5t a fun]al pile1 0 simply ! picture ( a dirt lodge4 ,! irregul> m>k+s app>5tly ^u ! side & to ! left ( ! lodge repres5t a f5ce made ( /icks & bru% set 9 ! gr\nd4 ,! same /yle ( f5ce may be se5 n[ 9 any ,si\x village4 ,! l9es ( human figures /&+ h&-9-h& indicate t a dance 0 be+ conduct$ 9 ! lodge4 ,! ?ree pro/rate =ms at "r & left sides ( ! lodge repres5t two m5 & a woman :o1 be+ ov]come by ! excitem5t & fatigue ( ! dance1 _h be5 c>ri$ out 9 ! air to recov]4 ,! diff]5ce 9 ! %ape ( ! pro/rate =ms indicates ! diff]5t sexes4 ,! curl+ figures or r+s above ! lodge repres5t smoke1 & indicates t ! dance 0 held 9 w9t]1 :5 fire 0 us$4 ,an example ( =c$ int]pretation ( a g5u9e petroglyph is giv5 by ,lieut5ant ,j4 ,w4 ,gunnison1 ,u4 ,s4 ,top4 ,eng9e]s1 9 8 "w entitl$ ,! ,mormons1 or1 ,latt]-day ,sa9ts1 9 ! ,valley ( ! ,great ,salt ,lake1 etc41 ,philadelphia1 #aheb1 pp4 #fb1 #fc4 ,he furni%es two illu/rations ( petroglyphs tak5 f ! cliff 9 ,sam ,pete ,valley1 ,utah1 n reproduc$ 9 ?is pap]1 :i* resemble ! g5]al type ( ! ,%o%onian sy/em4 ,on acc\nt ( v>i\s co9cid5ces :i* h occurr$ to /rik+ly keep alive 9 ! m\nta9 bre?r5 _! idea ( be+ ! *os5 ( ! ,"l1 ^! et*+s confirm !m 9 ! belief ( ! inspiration ( ! ,book ( ,mormon4 ,"o ( _! ,reg5ts has translat$ "o ( !m z foll[s3 ,i1 ,mahanti1 ! #bnd ,k+ ( ! ,lamanites1 9 five valleys 9 ! m\nta9s1 make ?is record 9 ! #ab hundr$? ye> s9ce we came out ( ,j]usalem4 ,& ,i h ?ree sons gone to ! ,s\? c\ntry to live by hunt+ antelope & de]4 ,among ! curiosities ( lit]ature 9 connection ) ! int]pretation ( pictographs may be m5tion$ ,la ,vrit sur le ,livre des ,sauvages1 p> ,l',abb ,em4 ,dom5e*1 ,p>is1 #ahfa1 & ,rese>*es into ! ,lo/ ,hi/ories ( ,am]ica1 by ,w4 ,s4 ,blacket1 ,london & ,philadelphia1 #ahhd4 ,"u ! head ( errors "s ( ! mo/ m>k$ h aris5 f ! det]m9ation ( en?usia/ic symboli/s to discov] some?+ my/ical 9 ! =m ( ! cross :]ev] f\nd4 ,! foll[+ quotation is tak5 f a "w by ,gabriel de ,mortillet1 entitl$ ,le ,signe de la ,croix avant le ,*ri/ianisme 7,p>is1 ,re9wald1 #ahff71 p4 #agc3 ,on voit qu'il ne peut plus y avoir de d\te sur l'emploi de la ,croix comme signe religieux1 bi5 longtemps avant le *ri/ianisme4 ,le culte de la ,croix1 rp&u en ,gaule avant la conqute1 exi/ait dj dans l'milie l'poque du bronze1 plus de mille aus avant ,jsus-,*ri/4 ,c'e/ surt\t dans les spultures de ,golasecca o ce culte s'e/ rvl de la manire la plus complte2 et l1 *ose trange1 on a tr\v un vase portant le monogramme anci5 du ,*ri/1 figure #aag reproduc$ 9 ! pres5t pap] by ,figure #bji2 ! "r-h& figure be+ f ! vase1 & t on ! left ! recogniz$ monogram ( ,*ri/1 dess9 peut-tre mille ans avant la v5ue de ,jsus-,*ri/4 ,la prs5ce isole de ce monogramme du ,*ri/ au milieu de nombreuses ,croix e/-elle un fait accid5tel entirem5t =tuit8 ,des re*]*es plus compltes peuv5t seules p]mettre de rpondre cette "q4 ,un autre fait =t curieux1 trs-intressant con/at]1 c'e/ que ce gr& dveloppem5t du culte de la ,croix1 avant la v5ue du ,*ri/1 semble t\j\rs concid] avec l'abs5ce d'idoles et mme de t\te reprs5tation d'objets vivants4 ,ds que ces objets se montr5t1 on dirait que les ,croix devi5n5t plus r>es et f9iss5t mme p> disp>atre4 ,la ,croix a donc t1 dans la haute antiquit1 bi5 longtemps avant la v5ue de ,jsus-,*ri/1 l'emblme sacr d'une secte religieuse qui rep\ssait l'idoltrie666 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bji4--,symbols ( ! cross4 ,! au?or1 ) consid]able naivet1 has evid5tly det]m9$ t ! =m ( ! cross 0 significant ( a high /ate ( religi\s culture1 & t its be+ succe$$ by effigies1 :i* he calls idols1 %[$ a lapse into idolatry4 ,! fact is simply t1 next to "o /raight l9e1 ! comb9ation ( two /raight l9es =m+ a cross is ! easie/ figure to draw1 & its use be=e art c\ld atta9 to ! draw+ ( animal =ms1 or _! repres5tation 9 pla/ic mat]ial1 is m]ely an evid5ce ( crud5ess or imp]fection 9 design+4 ,x is wor?y ( rem>k t ,dr4 ,s*liemann1 9 8 8,troja10 page #ajg1 pres5ts z ,fig4 #ch a mu* m di/9ct cross ?an t giv5 by ,m4 ,mortillet1 ) ! simple rem>k t x is 8a geometrical ornam5tation40 ,an anecdote told by ,dr4 ,rob]t ,flet*]1 ,u4 ,s4 ,army1 9 connection ) 8 exhau/ive pap] on ,tattoo+ ,among ,civiliz$ ,p1 publi%$ 9 ! ,transactions ( ! ,an?ropological ,society ( ,wa%+ton1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 page #dj1 is also 9 po9t4 ,"s savants 7 mu* excit$ ov] ! =m ( ! cross f\nd 9 tattoo m>ks on an ,arab boy1 b on inquiry ( ! "m z to :y ! cross _h be5 plac$ !re1 %e simply answ]$ 8because x look$ pretty40 ,! pres5t writ] w add to ! lit]ature on ! subject a ref]5ce to ! cross z %[n ^u ! arm ( a ,*ey5ne 9 ,cl\d-,%ield's w9t] c\nt = ! ye> #agij-'ia1 page #acb1 ante4 7,see also page #agc47 ,?is is expla9$ fully by "o ( ! common ge/ures = ! tribal sign1 ,*ey5ne4 8,! ext5d$ index1 palm upw>d1 is drawn across ! =ef+] ( ! left h&1 palm inw>d1 sev]al times1 left h& /ation>y2 "r h& is drawn t[>d ! body until ! index is drawn cle> (f2 !n repeat4 ,"s ,*ey5nes believe ?is to h ref]5ce to ! =m] cu/om ( cutt+ ! arm z (f]+s to spirits1 :ile o!rs ?9k t x ref]s to a m anci5t cu/om1 ! cutt+ ( ! enemy's f+]s = necklaces40 ,! pictograph is simply a graphic repres5tation ( ?is ge/ure sign4 ,see also ! ,moki use ( ! ,maltese cross1 page #bcb1 ! =m ( :i* 9 a rock-pa9t+ appe>s 9 x on ,plate ,,ii1 page #ce4 ,!re is no d\bt t among ! ,egyptians & sev]al ( ! peoples ( ! ea/]n hemisph]e1 anci5t & mod]n1 ! =m ( ! cross 0 us$ symbolically1 & !re is no m d\bt t x 0 employ$ 9 a simil> mann] by _m ,am]ican tribes ) ref]5ce to ! po9ts ( ! compass1 or r ! f\r w9ds4 ,x 0 also us$ ) _m diff]+ significations4 ,see 9 ?is pap] ,figure #fj1 page #aeh1 ,figure #adc1 page #bbj1 ,figure #aed1 page #bcj1 ,figure #afe1 page #bch1 & ,figure #afh1 page #bdj4 ,! ease ) :i* ! design 0 made w\ld t5d to its e>ly adoption z a sign1 an emblem1 or a symbol4 ,rev4 ,s4 ,d4 ,h9man /ates t among ! ,dakota1 symbolic crosses always h ! memb]s equal1 or ( ! 8,greek0 patt]n1 & are always worn re/+ on "o foot1 n two z 9 ! ,/4 ,&rew's cross4 ,!y repres5t ! f\r w9ds issu+ f ! f\r cav]ns 9 :i* ! s\ls ( m5 exi/$ be=e embodim5t4 ,! top ( ! cross is ! cold1 all-conqu]+ giant1 ! nor? w9d4 ,z worn on ! body x is ne>e/ ! head1 ! seat ( intellig5ce4 ,! top arm1 cov]+ ! he>t1 is ! ea/ w9d1 com+ f ! seat ( life & love4 ,! foot is ! burn+ s\? w9d1 indicat+ z x is worn ! seat ( passion & fi]y lu/4 ,! "r is ! g5tle we/ w9d1 bl[+ f ! _s l&1 cov]+ ! lungs1 f :i* at la/ ! brea? goes out4 ,! c5t] ( ! cross is ! e>? & man1 sometimes indicat$ at t po9t by a circle surr\nd+ a dot4 ,on ! upp] arm an arr[ is sometimes drawn1 on ! left a he>t1 on ! "r a />1 & on ! l[] a sun4 ,,sugge/ions ,,to ,,collaborators4 ,! pres5t writ] hopes to receive contributions f travel]s & obs]v]s1 n only 9 ,nor? ,am]ica1 b 9 o!r p>ts ( ! _w4 ,su* collaboration w always receive due cr$it1 & :5 practicable w be reproduc$ 9 ! language ( ! collaborator4 ,! numb] & ! importance ( ! contributions receiv$ ^u ! collat]al bran* ( sign-language enc\rages ! hope ( simil> success 9 ?is application = assi/ance 9 ! monograph on pictographs n[ 9 prep>ation4 ,! ma9 object ( ! classification bo? ( ! text & ( ! illu/rations 9 ! pres5t pap] has be5 to /imulate ! rese>* & assi/ ! collaboration invit$1 s t ref]5ce to ! v>i\s prec$+ head+s is unnecess>y4 ,"s practical sugge/ions may1 h[ev]1 be (f]$ z foll[s3 ,z a small draw+ ( l>ge rock inscriptions may give an exagg]at$ idea ( ! degree ( f9i% or f95ess ( ! subject1 x is desirable1 9 e in/ance1 to affix ! scale ( ! draw+1 or to give a pr9cipal dim5sion t may s]ve z a guide4 ,a conv5i5t scale = ord9>y petroglyphs is "o-sixte5? ( full size4 ,! draw+ %\ld be suffici5tly close & accurate to %[ ! "* ( ! "w4 ,x is desirable to note ! li?ologic "* ( ! rock or b[ld] us$2 :e!r ! draw+ has be5 et*$ into ! face ( ! rock1 or peck$ 9 m deeply ) a %>p implem5t1 & ! dep? ( su* peck+2 :e!r ! design is m]ely outl9$1 or ! :ole body ( ! figures peck$ out1 & :e!r pa9t has be5 appli$ to ! peck$ surface1 or ! design execut$ ) pa9t only4 ,! composition ( pa9t %\ld be asc]ta9$ :5 possible4 ,! am\nt ( wea!r+ or erosion1 toge!r ) ! exposure1 or any o!r feature be>+ on ! "q ( antiquity1 w\ld prove important4 ,if actual colors are n accessible = repres5tation ! ord9>y h]aldic s*eme ( colors c be us$4 ,t sket*es ev5 by fair arti/s1 are ( n high value 9 accuracy1 is %[n by ! discrepant copies ( "s ( ! mo/ c>efully-/udi$ pictographs1 :i* discrepancies sometimes leave 9 unc]ta9ty ! po9ts mo/ ne$$ = int]pretation4 ,sket*es1 or /ill bett]1 photographs are desirable to pres5t a connect$ & g5]al view ( ! *>act]s & ! surface ^u :i* !y are f\nd4 ,= accuracy ( details 8squeezes0 %\ld be obta9$ :5 practicable4 ,a simple me?od ( obta9+ squeezes ( petroglyphs1 :5 ! l9es are suffici5tly deep to receive an impression1 is to take ord9>y manilla pap] ( loose texture1 & to spread ! %eet1 aft] be+ ?or\ghly wett$1 ov] ! surface desir$1 comm5c+ at ! top4 ,! top edge may be tempor>ily secur$ by a small /reak ( />* or fl\r pa/e4 ,! pap] is !n press$ ^u ! surface ( ! rock by means ( a s(t bri/le bru%1 s t its texture is g5tly =c$ into e depression4 ,torn portions ( ! pap] may be suppli$ by apply+ small pat*es ( wet pap] until e op5+ is ?or\ghly cov]$4 ,a coat+ ( ord9>y pa/e1 z above m5tion$1 is n[ appli$ to ! entire surface1 & a new %eet ( pap]1 simil>ly s(t5$ by wat]1 is laid ov] ?is & press$ d[n ) ! bru%4 ,?is process is cont9u$ until ?ree or f\r ?icknesses ( pap] h be5 us$4 ,^u dry+1 ! entire mold w usually fall (f by contraction4 ,! edge at ! top1 if previ\sly pa/$ to ! rock1 %\ld be cut4 ,! entire %eet c !n be roll$ up1 or if inconv5i5tly l>ge c be cut 9 sections & prop]ly m>k$ = future purposes4 ,?is process yields ! negative4 ,to obta9 ! positive ! inn] coat+ ( ! negative may be oil$1 & ! =m] process r5ew$ ^u ! ca/4 ,pictographs1 :5 ( bright colors & ^u a light-color$ surface1 may readily be trac$ ^u trac+ l951 su* z is employ$ by topograph]s4 ,%\ld ! rock be ( a d>k color1 & ! *>act]s indi/9ct1 a simple process is to fir/ foll[ ! pictographic *>act]s 9 outl9e ) color$ crayons1 r$ *alk1 or dry colors mix$ ) wat] & appli$ ) a bru%1 aft] :i* a piece ( musl9 is plac$ ov] ! surface & press$ s z to receive suffici5t color+ matt] to indicate ! g5]al =m & relative positions ( ! *>act]s4 ,aft] ^! impressions are t\*$ up ! true position may be obta9$ by pa9t+ ! l9es ^u ! back ( ! %eet ( musl91 or by mak+ a true trac+ ( ! negative4 ,a mode ( secur+ ! outl9e once adopt$ 0 to cle> out ! *annels ( ! intaglios1 !n1 aft] pa9t+ !m heavily1 to press a %eet ( musl9 into ! fre%ly-pa9t$ depressions4 ,! objection to ?is me?od is ! obvi\s damage inflict$ on ! inscription4 ,be=e su* treatm5t1 if ! only "o practicable1 all p>ticul>s ( ! "w to be cov]$ by pa9t %\ld be c>efully record$4 ,! locality %\ld be report$ ) detail ( ,/ate 7or ,t]ritory71 c\nty1 t[n%ip1 & di/ance & direction f ! ne>e/ po/-(fice1 railway /ation or c\ntry road4 ,9 addition ! "n ( any contigu\s /ream1 hill1 bluff1 or o!r rem>kable natural feature %\ld be giv54 ,! "n ( ! own] ( ! l& is ( "s second>y value1 b t indication is liable to frequ5t *anges4 ,! site or /ation %\ld be p>ticul>ly describ$ ) ref]5ce to ! surr\nd+ c\ntry & to ! natural circum/ances & geological hi/ory ( ! location4 ,:5 numb]s & gr\ps ( petroglyphs or rock pa9t+s occur1 _! relation to ea* o!r1 to ! po9ts ( ! compass1 or to topographical features %\ld be not$1 if possible1 by an accurate survey1 o!rwise by num]ation & sket*+4 ,! foll[+ details %\ld be c>efully not$3 ,! direction ( ! face ( ! rock4 ,! pres5ce ( probable trails & gaps :i* may h be5 us$ 9 %ort5+ di/ances 9 travel4 ,localities ( m\nds & caves1 if any1 9 ! vic9ity4 ,anci5t camp+ gr\nds1 indicat$ by fragm5ts ( pott]y1 fl9t *ips1 etc4 ,exi/5ce ( aborig9al relics1 p>ticul>ly fl9ts :i* may h be5 us$ 9 peck+2 ^! may be f\nd at ! base ( ! rocks ^u :i* petroglyphs occur4 ,! pres5ce ( small mort>-holes :i* may h s]v$ 9 ! prep>ation ( colors4 ,) ref]5ce to pictographs on o!r objects ?an rock ! mat]ial ^u :i* !y appe> & ! sub/ances us$ 9 _! execution %\ld be report$1 z indicat$ 9 ano!r "p ( ?is pap]4 ,) ref]5ce to all k9ds ( pictographs1 x %\ld be not$ t m]e descriptions )\t reproduction are ( little value4 ,probable age & orig9 & traditions relat+ to !m %\ld be asc]ta9$4 ,_! int]pretation by natives ( ! locality :o !mselves make pictographs or :o belong to p :o h lately made pictographs is mo/ valuable1 especially 9 ref]5ce to su* designs z d n repres5t objects ( nature1 & :i* may be ei!r conv5tional or connect$ ) l9es ( ge/ure-signs4 ,index ,a ,abbe1 ,pr(4 ,clevel&1 expla9$ eclipse to ,indians #abe ,abnaki devices #aeb1 #aec ,abs>oka1 cu/oms #ee1 #aff1 #bcj ,ab/ract ideas pictur$ #bcc ,a*ievem5ts1 ,signs ( individual #ahc-ahg ,adams1 ,william ,a41 on rock c>v+s #bb ,african c>v$ knife #bdc ,african prop]ty m>k #ahb ,aigaluxamut dialect #adh1 #aih1 #aii ,a9os ( ,gazo tattoo #gh ,alaska ,comm]cial ,company1 ivory pictographs #aia-aid ,alaska tattoo+ #ff-gc ,alaskan pictographs #ei1 #adg-aej1 #aeb-aee1 #afa1 #aia-aid1 #aig-aii1 #bad ,algonkian l+ui/ic /ock #ai ,algonk9 family #aah ,algonk9 petroglyph #bj1 #bbd-bbe1 #bbg ,algonk9 tribe #ajh ,algonqu9 *>act]s #bej ,algonqu9 leg5ds ( ,new ,engl& #aij ,alleghany ,riv]1 ,pictographs on #bj1 #ba ,all51 ,dr4 ,h>rison1 on conv5tionaliz$ =ms #bdd ,alphabets #ac ,am]ican ,horse *>t or ,w9t] c\nt1 7see ,corbusi] ,w9t] c\nts7 #ie1 #abi-adf ,am]ican ,naturali/ on tattoo+ #gf ,amh]/1 ,ohio1 ,rock c>v+s at #ba ,analysis ( ! life =m 9 art1 ,an #bdd ,&ree1 ,dr4 ,r41 criticism on pictographs #ad-ae ,animal m\nds 9 ,wiscons9 #fa ,an?ropological ,society1 ,wa%+ton1 cit$ #ag ,antiquities ( ! ,s\!rn ,indians1 ,jones1 quot$ #bb-bc1 #df ,arab symbols #bbb ,arapahoes1 ,algonk9 #ajh1 #aji ,arapahoes1 call$ ,blue ,cl\d #agf ,arapahoes1 =mation ( w> p>ty #aci ,ar* ,spr+1 ,pictographs at #bh ,ar*ological frauds1 ,:ittlesey's1 cit$ #bej ,arick>a 7see ,arik>a7 #ajj1 #aja ,arik>a at w> ) ,dakotas & ,unit$ ,/ates #aaa-aab ,arik>a pictography #dh1 #ej1 #ei1 #ahf1 #ahg1 #bdj ,arik>a prop]ty m>ks #ahb ,arik>a ,symbol ( #fj1 #bac-bad1 #bca ,arik>as1 a bran* ( ! ,pawnee or ,pani #aje ,arik>as1 kill$ #bji-bad ,arik>ee2 ,corrupt =m ( ,arik>a #ajj ,arison1 ,william1 copi$ petroglyph #bbe ,arizona1 pictographs on p]son #fa ,rock c>v+s 9 #bh-cj1 #bbb1 #bbh1 #bde ,army ,m$ical ,museum1 ,tattoo$ heads 9 #ge ,arr[s 9 decl>ation ( w> #hg1 #hh ,a%ley1 ,g54 ,william ,h41 attack$ by ,arick>a #aaa ,ass9ibo9e #aaf1 #aai1 #abd ,association pictographs #bjc-bjf ,ats9a #ajh ,au/ralian tattoo+ #gf ,au?ors quot$ by ,bancr(t #ff ,avoidance ( p]sonal "n by ,indians #aga ,aztec writ+ #ad ,azuza ,caon pictographs #cg1 #aef ,b ,babylonian use ( color #ed ,bancr(t1 ,h4 ,h41 on pictography #fd1 #fe1 #ff1 #gc1 #gh1 #hh ,b>nes1 ,dr4 ,g4 ,w41 ,cali=nia pictographs #bbi ,b>nesville1 ,ohio1 ,bock c>v+s at #ba ,b>k1 ,pictographs on #ei ,b>k record ( ,l5ni ,l5ape #bjg ,b>rs totem m>k #afg ,basketry sugge/+ ornam5t #eg ,bea*'s ,indian ,miscellany1 cit$ #ahh ,beale wagon road #cj ,beav] ,creek1 ,pictographs on #bg ,beef fir/ issu$ to ,dakotas #abe ,belmont ,c\nty1 ,ohio1 ,rock c>v+s 9 #ba ,beltrami1 ,j4 ,c41 on ,dakotas #ajd-aje ,b5dire1 ,capt4 ,*>les1 on petrographs #bf ,b5ton1 ,cal41 ,petrographs at #ca1 #cb ,b]?ond1 ,capt4 ,e4 ,l41 on pictographs #bg ,bible on w> symbols #hh ,big ,horse ,creek1 ,rock c>v+s on #bb ,big ,road's ro/] #agd-agf ,biographic pictographs #bjh-bah ,black ,be> or ,mato ,sapa's *>t #id1 #ii-abg ,black ,hills discov]$ #acj ,black ,late ,valley1 ,pictographs at #ca ,black ,rock ,spr+s1 ,pictographs at #bg ,blacket1 ,w4 ,s41 cit$ #bea ,blackfoot #ajb1 #ajd1 #ajf1 #aad1 #aba1 #abb1 #bbg ,blackfoot def9$ #ig ,blackfoot1 ,rock c>v+s ( #bd ,bl&1 ,dr4 ,t4 ,a41 loan$ ,r$ ,cl\d c5sus #agf1 #agg ,blodgett1 ,james ,h41 on pictographs #cc ,blue ,cl\d1 a "n = ,arapaho #aag1 #aah1 #agf ,boats ornam5t$ #gb1 #gh ,bo-i-de1 or ,! ,flame1 ,"t *>t ( #ic ,bone1 ,pictographs on #ei ,bone tattoo$ #gc-gd ,book cliff1 ,pictographs ( #bg ,b\rke1 ,capt4 ,john ,g41 on ,moki colors #ef ,b[-drill1 us$ by ,innuit #dh ,brauns1 ,pr(essor1 on tattoo+ #gh ,brazil1 ,petroglyphs 9 #dd1 #de ,brazil1 ,totem m>ks 9 #afg ,br9ton1 ,dr4 ,d4 ,g41 ,rese>* ( #hd1 #ahh1 #bcc ,briti% ,guiana1 ,pictographs 9 #dj-dd ,br[n1 ,*>les ,b41 on pictographs 9 ,guiana #dj1 #dc1 #dd ,brul #ajh1 #aji1 #aai1 #abj1 #abb1 #abg1 #acb1 #acd1 #ace1 #acf1 #acg1 #ada ,brul def9$ #ih1 #bjg ,brul ,w9t] c\nts #abi ,bureau ( ,e?nology1 sy/em ( spell+ #adg ,burn+ ,spr+1 ,w4 ,va41 ,pictographs at #bb ,bu%1 ,maj4 ,joseph1 on "t *>ts #id1 #ii-abg ,c ,cal5d> #abg ,cal5d>1 ( ! ,dakota ,nation1 ,a #hi ,calh\n1 ,j4 ,c41 ,report cit$ on attack ( soldi]s & ,dakotas on ,arik>as #aaa1 #aab ,cali=nia claim symbols #aei ,cali=nia grass weav]s #gh ,cali=nia mnemonic device #hj1 #ha ,cali=nia pictographic l&-m>ks #fa ,cali=nia petrographs #cj-cc ,cali=nia1 ,pictographs 9 #cd1 #ei1 #aef-aeg1 #ahb1 #aie1 #aih1 #bbi1 #bcd1 #bde ,cali=nia tattoo+ #fd ,cali=nia w> *all5ge #hh ,calumet pipe #ajd ,campbell's ,creek1 ,we/ ,virg9ia1 ,pictographs on #bb ,caon de ,*elly1 ,petroglyphs 9 #bh1 #cg1 #aee ,cape ,mesurado1 ,african knife f #bdc ,c>ibbean ,sea1 ,pictographs ( #dj ,c>isa ,pla91 ,pictographs ( ! #cf ,c>son ,des]t1 ,nevada1 ,rock-c>v+s 9 #bd ,c>v]1 ,capt4 ,j41 on ,indians #ih1 #ii1 #ajd1 #aac ,catl9 on ,indians #aja1 #aad1 #aae1 #aaf ,catl9ite #bc ,cattle-br&s #ahb-ahc ,c]emonial *>t1 ,new ,holl& #aig ,c]emonial *>t pictographs #aid-aig ,*adron builds h\se #aad ,*all5ge to w> #hh ,*>ms #bja-bjb ,*>t1 ,tattoo$ #hf ,*>ts 7see ,w9t] c\nts74 ,*>ts ,( geographic features #aeg ,*at>d1 ,f4 ,e41 ,african knife #bdc ,*at>d1 ,t4 ,m41 ,african knife #bdc ,*elan ,lake1 ,pictographs at #bf ,*]okee pictographs #cc ,*ey5ne ,ag5cy1 ,*>ts at #id ,*ey5ne ,ag5cy1 ,fight ne> #ajb ,*ey5ne cross #beb ,*ey5ne pictograph lett] #afj-afa ,*ey5ne1 ,symbol = #abc1 #aff1 #agb-agc ,*ey5ne w> ) ,g5]al ,mack5zie #adf ,*ey5nes #aja1 #aae1 #aah1 #acb1 #acc1 #acd1 #aci1 #ada1 #adb1 #add ,*ippewa grave po/s #aii-bjj ,*ippewayan tattoo+ #fe ,*ol]a among ,indians #adb ,*ri/y1 ,h5ry1 on symbols #hb ,*ronology attempt$ by ,indians1 ,sy/em ( #abg ,*umanas totem m>k #afg ,claim or dem& pictograph #aei ,clan designation #afg ,clm5t1 ,basil1 7int]pret]7 on ,w9t] c\nt #ij1 #ia1 #aac1 #aac1 #abj1 #abb ,clem5t1 ,cl>a ,ersk9e2 ,h&book ( ,leg5d>y & ,my?ological ,art #ed ,clevel&1 ,rev4 ,william ,j41 cit$ #abi ,cliff-dwell]s #bjb ,cl\d ,%ield1 *>t or ,w9t] c\nt 7see ,corbusi] ,w9t] c\nts7 #ie1 #abi-adf ,coale1 ,*>les ,b41 on pictographs #cc ,collaborators1 ,sugge/ions to #bed-bef ,colorado1 ,rock c>v+s 9 #bg ,collections ( ! ,hi/orical ,committee ( ! ,am]ican ,philosophical ,society1 cit$ #aeh ,color mat]ials #bce1 #bcf ,colorado maps #aeh ,colors1 ,significance ( #ec-eg ,colors us$ by ,indians #ej1 #ea ,columbia ,riv]1 ,pictographs on #bf ,columbiana ,c\nty1 ,ohio1 ,rock c>v+s 9 #ba ,comm]cial fraud 9 relics #bdh ,communication by pictographs #afj-afd ,cond]1 ,lieut5ant1 on symbol at ,j]usalem #bbb ,contributions to ,nor? ,am]ican e?nology #aec1 #aff1 #aie1 #bca ,conv5tionaliz+ #ac1 #ae1 #bdd ,copp]-plate frauds #bdg ,corbusi]1 ,dr4 ,w4 ,h41 on pictographs #fj ,corbusi]1 ,dr4 ,w4 ,h41 on rock c>v+s #bd ,corbusi]1 ,dr4 ,w4 ,h41 on "t symbols #hh ,corbusi] ,w9t] c\nts1 ,! #ie1 #aah1 #aai1 #aba1 #abd1 #abg-adf ,coronel1 ,hon4 ,a4 ,f41 collection ( h]d]s' not*$ /icks #ha-hb ,coronel1 ,hon4 ,a4 ,f41 on pictographs #ce1 #cf ,coronel1 ,hon4 ,a4 ,f41 on ,s]rano l&-m>ks #ahb ,cosn9os #cj ,crook1 ,g5]al1 ,designation = #adf ,cross 9 pictography #beb ,cr[4 7,see ,abs>oka47 ,cr[1 ,di/9ctive m>k ( #bca ,cr[ ,indians mode ( pa9t+ #ed ,cr[s #ajc1 #ajd1 #aje1 #ajg1 #aad1 #aae1 #aah1 #abj1 #aba1 #abb1 #abc1 #abd1 #abf1 #abg1 #acj1 #acb1 #acd1 #ace1 #acf1 #ach1 #adj1 #ada1 #adb1 #adc1 #add1 #adf ,cuyahoga ,c\nty1 ,ohio1 ,rock c>v+s 9 #ba ,d ,dahcotah1 or ,life & leg5d ( ! ,si\x ar\nd ,=t ,snell+ cit$ #ahd1 #ahi1 #aie1 #bda ,dakota def9$ #ig ,dakota not*$ /icks #ha ,dakota pictographs #ee1 #fj1 #ahc ,dakota picture message at ,=t ,rice #ih ,dakota pipe-/one qu>ries #ag ,dakota "t symbols #hh ,dakota totem #afg ,dakota treaty #ahfh #abe ,dakota w> ) ,rees #aaa ,dakota ,w9t] c\nts #ah1 #hi-abg1 #afh ,dakotas dr[n$ 9 flood ( ,miss\ri ,riv] #aac ,dall1 ,william ,h41 on colors us$ 9 ,alaska #ea ,dalles ( ! ,columbia1 ,petroglyphs 9 ! #be ,dance pictographs #aid-aig ,das ,ausl& cit$ on m>ks #ahc ,dav5port tablets #bea ,designs on pott]y #gh ,dighton rock inscriptions #bj1 #ba1 #bej ,diplomatic packets #afa-afd ,di/ribution ( petroglyphs 9 ,nor? ,am]ica #ai ,dom5e*1 ,l',abb1 cit$ #bea ,dorsey1 ,rev4 ,j4 ,ow51 on ,indian cu/oms #eb1 #hd-hf1 #afe1 #afg1 #aig ,dropsy among ,indians #aac ,dy]1 ,ag5t1 ,lett] ( #afj-afa ,e ,eagles1 h[ caught #aje ,ea/man1 ,mrs4 ,m>y 78,dahkotah07 cit$ #ahd1 #ahi1 #aie1 #bda ,eclipse1 ,indian idea ( #abe ,eells1 ,rev4 ,m41 on ,?und]-bird #ahi ,eells1 ,rev4 ,m41 on ,twana tattoo+ #di1 #fd ,effigy m\nds1 ,wiscons9 #fa ,egyptian tattoo+ #gh ,egyptian use ( cross #bec ,egyptian writ+ #ac1 #ad ,el ,moro1 ,pictographs at #bh ,en*ant$ ,m\nta91 ,georgia1 ,rock c>v+s on #bc ,errors 9 pictography #bdg-bec ,eskimo tattoo+ #fd ,exp$ition1 ,record ( #afd ,explanation ( ,haida tattoo+ #fg-gb ,explanation ( ,osage mnemonic *>t #hd-hf ,explanation ( pictographs passim #a-bef ,explanation ( ,san ,gabriel not*$ /icks #ha-hb ,explanation ( symbols = songs #hb-hd ,f ,fayette ,c\nty1 ,p5nsylvania1 ,pictographs 9 #hj1 #bbd ,fea!r pictographs #fj ,fea!rman cit$ #gh ,feti*es #bja ,fett]man1 ,capt4 ,w4 ,j4 #add ,field]1 ,int]pret]1 cit$ #aag ,flet*]1 ,dr4 ,e41 cit$ #beb ,flood 9 ,miss\ri ,riv] record$ #acg-ach ,florida ,indian w> symbols #hh ,fool ,creek ,caon1 ,pictographs 9 #bg1 #bbi ,=sy? ,c\nty1 ,georgia1 ,rock c>v+s 9 #bc ,=t ,b]?old1 ,indian fight ne> #ajc ,=t ,b]?old1 ,indian pa9t+ at #ee ,=t ,b]?old1 ,not*$ /icks at #ha ,=t ,b]?old1 ,pictographs at #ahc1 #ahf1 #ahg ,=t ,bu=d1 ,indian fight ne> #ajc ,=t ,l>amie1 ,battle betwe5 :ites & ,indians ne> #adc ,=t ,l>amie1 ,fir/ goods issu$ to ,indians at #adb ,=t ,l>amie treaty #aba1 #abe ,=t ,leav5wor? c\ncils #abe ,=t ,o',k9akane #bf ,=t ,phil4 ,ke>ny1 ,:ites massacr$ at #add ,=t ,=t ,pi]re1 ,treaty at #abb ,=t ,rice1 ,eclipse se5 at #abf ,=t ,rice1 ,picture message at #ih ,=t ,rice1 ,w9t] c\nts at #hi1 #ij1 #ia ,=t ,rob9son1 ,ev5ts at #adf ,=t ,snell+1 ,dakotas ne> #bjb ,=t ,union1 ,indian fight ne> #ajc ,=t ,wa%akie1 ,wyom+1 ,rock c>v+s ne> #bd ,frauds 9 ,indian relics #bdg-bec ,fr5* explor]s obs]v$ pictographs #cc ,g ,gallat9 cit$ on ,indian names #ih ,ga/on1 ,oreg41 ,rock et*+s at #be ,gats*et1 ,a4 ,s41 on ,indian cu/oms #be1 #ea1 #fc1 #ahc ,g5eskelos1 decorator ( great canoe = ,c5t5nial ,exposition #gb ,g5tile designation #afg ,geographic pictographs #aeg ,ge/ure pictur$ #bcf ,gibbon1 ,a4 ,s41 on sacr$ /one ( ,oraibi #eh ,gibbs1 ,dr4 ,george1 on ,oregon pictographs #bca ,gibbs1 ,dr4 ,george1 quot$ on symbols ( ,nor?we/ tribes #aec ,gila pott]y #bai ,gila ,riv]1 ,pictographs on ! #bh ,gilb]t1 ,g4 ,k41 on pictographs #be1 #cj1 #df1 #bbh1 #bcg ,gilb]t1 ,g4 ,k41 on sacr$ /one ( ,oraibi #eh ,glue made by ,indians #bce ,good ,batti/e *>t or ,w9t] c\nt4 7,see ,corbusi] ,w9t] c\nts74 #hh1 #ie1 #ii-adf1 #afe1 #aff1 #agb1 #bai1 #bbj1 #bda1 #bdb ,g\rds1 ,pictographs on #fj ,gozzad9i1 ,conte ,giovanni1 cit$ #fb ,grant on tattoo+ #ff ,grapev9e ,spr+s1 ,pictographs at #aeg ,grass baskets #gh ,grave ,creek ,m\nd /one #bej ,grave po/s #aih ,great ,_s ( ,indians an error #aia ,gros ,v5tre1 ,symbol = #aff ,gros ,v5tres #aja1 #ajc1 #ajg1 #ajh1 #aad1 #acc1 #acd1 #ach ,gr\nd1 ,pictographs on ! #fj ,guiana ,indian "n sy/em #aga-agb ,guiana1 ,pictographs 9 #dj-dd1 #fa ,guidance & w>n+ pictographs #aee-aeg ,gunnison1 ,lieut4 ,j4 ,w41 on =c$ int]pretation #bea ,h ,habel1 ,dr ,s41 ,inve/igations 9 ,c5tral ,s\? ,am]ica1 cit$ #gc1 #hj1 #aid ,haida b\nd>ies #fj ,hale cit$ on ,indian names #ih ,hamilton ,pictur$ ,rock #bbe-bbj ,h>ney1 ,g5]al1 cit$ #aba1 #abc ,haywood1 ,john1 on pictographs #bb1 #cc ,head 9 bronze1 ,italy #fb ,hebrew tattoo+ #gh ,h]alds *all5g+ to w> #hh ,h]d]s' not*$ /icks #ha ,h]vey gr\p tattoo+ #gf ,hidatsa1 ,si\an #ajh ,hidatsa1 map #aeh ,hides1 ,pictographs on #fj ,h9man1 ,rev4 ,s4 ,d41 obta9$ ,ogalala ro/] #agd ,h9man1 on ! cross z a symbol among ,dakotas #bec ,hi/orical map ( ,p5nsylvania pictographs #bbf ,hi/ory ( ,indian tribes 7,s*oolcraft7 quot$ #bj1 #aii ,ho*/ett]1 ,dr4 ,f]d4 von1 quot$ #bjj1 #bja ,h(fman1 ,dr4 ,w4 ,j41 ,aid ( #ah ,holmes1 ,w4 ,h4 on pictography #fj1 #hg1 #aid ,hol/on1 ,pictographs on ! #cc ,homomorphs & symmorphs #bci ,hongi tattoo+ #ge ,horse-hair pictographs #fj1 #bac1 #bca ,horses tak5 by ! ,unit$ ,/ates f ,dakotas #abg ,hortsman1 ,ni*olas1 on pictographs #ci ,hualpai pictograph on p]son #fa ,humboldt1 ,a4 von1 on petroglyph #ch ,hung]1 ,petroglyphs = #aeb ,hunt1 ,pictographs ( ! #bad ,hup tattoo+ #fd ,i ,idaho1 ,rock c>v+s 9 #bd1 #bbh1 ,pictographs 9 #cg ,id5tification ( ! pictographs #bbd-bcb ,id5tity ( draw+s 9 ea* tribal sy/em #ag ,ideographs #ad1 #bai-bbc ,ill9ois1 ,pictographs 9 #cc ,indep5d5ce1 ,ohio1 ,rock c>v+s at #ba ,indian ,miscellany quot$ #ahh ,indians1 ,pictographs ( ! ,nor? ,am]ican 7,g>rick ,mall]y7 #c-bef ,influ5ce ( civilization on pictographs #df ,innuit language #adg1 #aia1 #bad-bae ,innuit pictographs #aih ,innuit tattoo+ #fc ,innuit use b[-drill #dh ,inscription rock1 ,el ,moro #bh ,insignia ( au?ority #afh ,in/rum5ts us$ 9 pictography #dh ,int]pretation ( picture signs2 h[ obta9$ #af ,i[a1 ,pictographs 9 #cd1 ,i[a1 ,rock c>v+s 9 #bc ,iron1 ,pictures on #aia-aid1 #aig1 #bje-bjf1 #bad ,j ,james' ,long's exploration quot$ #aea ,johnson1 ,sir ,william2 wampum belts #hf1 #hg ,jones1 ,capt4 ,william ,a41 discuss$ petroglyphs 9 ,wyom+ #bd1 #bbg1 #bdd ,jones1 ,pr(4 ,c4 ,c41 on pictographs #bb1 #bc ,jones's ,antiquities ( ! ,s\!rn ,indians quot$ #bb1 #bc1 #dg ,k ,kadiak notice ( direction #aej ,kaibab ,indian "n #aga ,kai[a #ace ,kai[a symbol #afe ,kana:a ,riv]1 ,pictographs on #bb ,k]n ,c\nty1 ,cali=nia1 ,pictographs 9 #cj ,kiatexamut dialect #adg-adh1 #aia-aid1 #bad-bae ,kimball1 ,mrs4 ,f4 ,a41 on ,cali=nia pictography #bbi ,k9d]hook1 ,ill41 fraudul5t copp] plates #bdg ,k+sbor\gh's ,mexico cit$ #afi ,klama? #di1 #ea1 #fc1 #ahc ,l ,ladley1 ,lieut4 ,o4 ,d41 loan$ "t *>t #id ,la ,hontan1 ,b>on de1 cit$ #aac ,lake ,*elan1 ,pictographs at #bf ,l&m>ks by pictographs #fa1 #ahb ,lapl& pictographs #bci ,l>tet1 ,ed\>d1 ref]r$ to #hb ,lasso fir/ us$ by ,dakotas #ajh ,laudonnire1 ,capta91 on ,florida symbol ( w> #hh ,lav>y1 ,a4 7int]pret]71 cit$ on "t *>ts #ic1 #abj1 #abc1 #abd1 #abe ,lean ,wolf map #aeh-aei ,lean ,wolf "n symbol #agb ,lean ,wolf pictograph #afh ,leav5wor?1 ,col41 ,h41 attack$ ,rees #aab ,leg5d ( animal swall[+ human be+s #abj ,lel&1 ,*>les1 cit$ #aij ,l5ape & _! leg5ds1 ,!1 ref]r$ to #hd1 #ahh1 #bcc ,l5ni ,l5ape record #aeh1 #bjg ,lick+ ,c\nty1 ,ohio1 ,rock c>v+s 9 #ba ,little ,coal ,riv]1 ,rock c>v+s on #bb ,little ,popo-,agie1 ,pictographs on #bd ,little-,man lett] #afj ,loew1 ,dr4 ,osc>1 on pictographs #ca ,lone ,butte1 ,nev41 ,rock c>v+s on #bd ,lone ,dog ,w9t] c\nt sy/em discuss$ #ij1 #ii-abg ,lone-,horn's fate #aae-aaf ,long1 ,j41 cit$ #hg ,long1 ,maj4 ,/eph5 ,h41 quot$ #aej1 #aea ,lora9 ,c\nty1 ,ohio1 ,rock c>v+s 9 #ba ,los ,angeles1 ,cal41 ,pictographs at #ce1 #cf1 #fa1 #aef-aeg1 #ahb1 #aih ,l\isiana1 ,pictographs 9 #bda ,m ,mc,gillycuddy1 ,dr4 ,v4 ,t41 on pictographs #afj1 #agg ,mack5zie1 ,g5]al1 :ipp$ ,*ey5nes #adf ,mac,lean1 ,j4 ,p41 cit$ #bej ,mc,laughlin1 ,major2 ,ogalala ro/] #agd ,maid5 ,spr+1 ,virg9ia1 ,pictographs at #cc ,mall]y1 ,g>rick2 ,pictographs ( ! ,nor? ,am]ican ,indians #c-bef ,m&an prop]ty m>ks #ahb ,m&ans #aja1 #ajb1 #ajg1 #aad1 #aai1 #aca1 #ahf ,mann+1 ,james1 cit$ #aig ,maori cu/oms #hh1 #afd1 #bjj ,m>coy1 ,paul1 on tattoo+ #di1 #ec ,m>coy1 ,paul on1 totem m>ks #afg ,massacre at ,=t ,phil4 ,ke>ny #add ,ma/a1 ,abnaki1 *ief1 cit$ #aeb ,mat]ials us$ = pictographs #cf ,mato ,sapa or ,black ,be>'s *>t #id1 #ii-abg ,mat!ws1 ,dr4 ,w41 cit$ #fj1 #abf1 #aie ,mattoal1 ,symbol = #afg ,mans1 ,lieut5ant1 obta9$ int]pretation ( "t *>t #ic ,maya writ+ #ad ,maynadi]1 ,g5]al1 z 8_m de]0 #add1 #agj ,maynadi]1 ,g5]al1 made peace ) ,indians #add ,mdewakantawan #agc1 #ahf ,measles among ,dakotas #aaj ,m$a songs #hb-hd ,m$ic9e m5 def9$ #ajf1 #ajg ,m5dota1 ,m9n41 ,pictograph at #ahi ,m]riam1 ,col4 ,h5ry1 discov]$ pictographs #bf ,messages by pictographs #afj-afd ,meteors record$ #aaa1 #aaf1 #acf-acg1 #ach-aci ,mexican pictographs #ch1 #afi ,mica plate frauds #bdg ,miles1 ,g541 de/roy$ ,indian village #aag ,mil=d1 ,utah1 ,pictographs at #bg ,millsbor\gh1 ,pa41 ,petroglyphs at #bj1 #bbd ,m9neconj\ ,dakotas #id1 #if ,m9neconj\ def9$ #ih ,m9nesota pictographs #cc ,m9nesota relic frauds #bdh-bej ,m9nesota rock c>v+s #bc ,m9net>i #ajh ,mississippi ,riv] pictographs #cc1 #cd ,mississippi ,riv] rock c>v+s #bc ,miss\ri ,riv] flood record$ #aac ,mnemonic devices #gi-adf ,mnemonic pictographs #gi-ha1 #afa ,mode ( c\nt+1 ,dakota #ajg ,mode ( mak+ pictographs #bcd ,mode ( weav+ horse hair #bcj-bca ,modes ( int]pretation #bcc-bdc ,modoc tattoo+ #fc ,mojave pigm5ts #eb ,moki di/9ctive m>ks #bcb ,moki pictographs #af1 #be1 #bi1 #cf1 #df1 #aeg1 #aid1 #bbb1 #bbi ,monongahela ,riv]1 ,pictographs on #ba ,mon? names #ii ,montmagny1 ,great ,m\nta9 "n = #agj ,moors1 ,symbols ( #bbb ,mormons or ,latt] ,day ,sa9ts1 by ,lieut4 ,j4 ,w4 ,gunnison1 cit$ #bea ,mortillet1 ,gabriel de1 quot$ #beb ,mortu>y practices #aig-bjb ,motive to frauds #dg ,m\nt ,pleasant1 ,w4 ,va41 ,rock c>v+s at #bb ,m\rn+ #aig ,musk+um ,riv]1 ,rock c>v+s on #bb ,mussel%ell riv]1 ,pictographs on #fb ,my?s ( ! ,iroquois #aij ,my?s & songs f ! ,s\? ,pacific1 cit$ on tattoo+ #gf ,n ,naj[e ,pass1 ,pictographs at #cf ,"n sy/ems ( ,indians #afi-agc ,n>rative ( an exp$ition to ! ,sa9t ,pet]'s ,riv]1 quot$ #aej ,native races4 7,h4 ,h4 ,bancr(t7 #fd1 #fe1 #ff1 #gc1 #gh1 #hh ,natural & ,aborig9al ,hi/ory ( ,t5nessee #ba1 #cc ,naum(f ,draw+s & int]pretations ( #adg-aej1 #aeb1 #aec1 #aed1 #aee1 #aie1 #bje1 #bjf ,nevada pictographs #bd1 #be1 #fj1 #aeg ,new ,alb91 ,i[a1 ,rock c>v+s at #bc1 #cd ,new ,engl&1 ,rock c>v+s 9 #ai ,new ,holl& c]emonial *>t #aig ,new ,mexico1 ,pictographs 9 #bh1 #cd1 #cg1 #aeh1 #bbi ,new ,zeal&1 ,r$ 9 #ef ,new ,zeal& grave effigy #bjj1 #bja ,new ,zeal& tattoo+ #gc1 #ge1 #gf ,new>k1 ,ohio1 ,rock c>v+s at #ba ,nez ,p]cs1 nam$ by error #aba ,nic>agua1 ,pictographs 9 #dj ,ni*ols ,c\nty1 ,we/ ,virg9ia1 ,pictographs 9 #bb ,ni%9am claim symbols #aei ,norris1 ,p4 ,w41 on pictographs #bb1 #bc1 #cc1 #cd1 #agc ,nor? ,am]ican ,indians1 ,pictographs ( #c-bef ,not*$ /icks z mnemonic aids #ha ,notices by pictographs #adg-aee ,o ,oakley ,spr+s1 ,arizona1 ,pictographs at #ag1 #bi1 #cj1 #df-dg1 #aid ,objects repres5t$ 9 pictographs #df-dg ,ogalala1 ,ogalalla1 ,oglala #acb1 #acc1 #acd1 #acf1 #acg1 #adj1 #ada1 #adc1 #add1 #ade1 #adf ,oglala def9$ #ih ,oglala ro/] #afi1 #agd-agf ,oglala ,w9t] c\nts #abi ,ohio mica plate frauds #bdg ,ohio1 ,rock c>v+s 9 #ba ,ojibwa pictographs #ag1 #fi1 #ahf1 #bag-bah1 #bbg1 #bbh1 #bdc1 #bde1 #bdf ,ojibwa pipe /one #bdh-bej ,ojibwa song device #hb-hd ,ojo ,pescado pictographs #bh ,o',k9akane1 ,=t #bf ,ola ,walum #hd1 #aeh1 #ahh1 #bjg ,omaha1 ,symbol = #ff1 #afg ,omahas #aja1 #acb1 #acc1 #acd1 #ace ,oncpapas #abb ,oneida1 ,idaho1 ,pictographs at #cg ,oraibi sacr$ /one #eh ,oraibi *ief1 ,tubi #bi1 #df1 #aid ,oregon1 ,rock c>v+s 9 #be ,orig9 ( ,dakota "n ( ! ,deity #ajc ,orig9 ( ! ,w9t] c\nts #ia1 #ib ,osage mnemonic *>t expla9$ #hd-hf ,osage tribal designation #afe ,ottawa pictographs #bjc1 #bag-bah1 #bbj ,ow5's ,valley pictographs #ca ,p ,pacific isl&s1 ,tattoo+ 9 ! #gc-gg ,paddles ornam5t$ #gh ,pa9t$ pott]y #beb ,pa9t+1 ,mann] ( #dh ,pa9t ,lick ,m\nta91 ,va #cc ,pai-,ute attempt at suicide #acb ,pai-,ute ,creek1 ,pictographs on #cc ,pai-,ute pictographs #fa1 #aeh ,pani 7see ,pawnees7 #aff1 #bda ,p>ticul> exploits & ev5ts #bad-bah ,p>tridge ,creek1 ,rock c>v+s on #cj ,passs totem m>k #afg ,patrick1 ,dr4 ,john ,b41 s5t "t *>t #ic ,patt5's ,valley1 ,orig9 ( rock et*+s 9 #be1 #bf ,pawkees #bbg ,pawnees 7,pani7 #ajb1 #abg1 #aca1 #ace1 #aci1 #ada1 #adb1 #adc1 #add ,paxton1 ,william ,a41 br\ght fir/ ,texas cattle to ,dakota #abe ,p5nsylvania1 ,petrographs 9 #bj1 #aeh1 #bbd-bbe1 #bbf-bbg ,peoria ,bottom1 ,dakota1 ,sans ,arc dirt lodges at #aji ,p]son1 ,pictures on ! #fa-gh ,p]sonal designations #afh ,p]sonal "n pictographs #aji-agc ,p]u1 ,pictographs 9 #de ,petroglyphs 9 ,nor? ,am]ica #ai ,pictograph def9$ #ac ,pictographs1 ,id5tification ( #bbd-bcf ,pictographs ( ! ,nor? ,am]ican ,indians #c-bef ,pictography influ5c$ by civilization #df ,pi$ra ,p9tada ,creek #bg ,pilgrimage1 ,beltrami's1 cit$ on ,dakota #ajd ,p9>t1 ,alphonse1 on pictographs #cj1 #dj ,p9e ,ridge ,ag5cy1 pictograph lett] #afj-afa ,p9e ,ridge ,ag5cy1 pictographs #agf ,pipe-/one qu>ry #bc1 #cc ,pomme blan*e def9$ #ajb ,ponio w> symbols #hh ,ponka ,res]vation #abe ,ponkas #aca1 #acc1 #acd ,pottawatomi #bbj ,pott]y1 h[ color$ #ej1 #ea ,p[ell1 ,maj4 ,j4 ,w41 le>n$ real "n ( ,indian #aga ,p[ell1 ,maj4 ,j4 ,w41 on classification ( ,indiana #ig ,p[]s1 ,/eph51 on ,indian cu/oms #di1 #fd1 #aie1 #aig ,premeau1 ,jean1 int]pret$ "t *>t #id ,pr9ce ( ,wales ,ar*ipelago tattoo+ #fg-gc ,pr9ce ,maximilian zu ,wi$1 cit$ #ajg1 #aie1 #bbj1 #bbb ,prop]ty m>ks #ahb ,pueblo totem m>ks #afg ,pyramid ,lake1 ,nevada1 ,rock c>v+s ne> #bd ,q ,que5 ,*>lotte ,isl&s' tattoo+ #ff-gc1 #ahi ,quipu ( ,p]u1 ,! #gi ,r ,raf9esque1 cit$ #bcc ,rau1 ,dr4 ,*>les1 cit$ #ic ,r$ ,cl\d c5sus #afi1 #agf-aha ,r$ ,lake ,res]vation1 ,designs f #ahg ,ree1 ,d]ivation ( #ajj ,re$1 ,lieut4 ,h4 ,t41 on ,dakota "t *>t w9t] c\nt #hi-ij1 #ic ,rees 7see ,arik>a7 ,rees1 ,symbol = #aff ,relic frauds #bdg-bec ,religi\s pictographs #ahh ,reveille1 ,nev41 ,pictographs at #be ,riggs1 on ,indian names #ig1 #ih1 #aji ,rio del ,norte1 ,pictographs on ! #bg ,rio ,v]de1 ,rock et*+s on ! #cj ,robb1 ,james ,c41 "t *>t #id ,rock c>v+s #af1 #bj-cc ,rocks1 ,pa9t+s on #eh ,rocky ,dell ,creek1 ,n4 ,mex41 ,pictographs on #cc ,russell1 ,i4 ,c41 on pictographs #bg1 #bbi ,russell1 ,i4 ,c41 on tattoo+ 9 ,new ,zeal& #gc1 #ge1 #gf ,ru/1 ,horatio ,n41 on ,dav5port tablets #bea ,s ,sage ,creek1 ,wyom+1 ,rock c>v+s on #bd ,samoa 7,rev4 ,george ,turn]71 quot$ #gg ,san ,antonio ,spr+s1 ,pictographs at #cd ,san ,b]n>d9o1 ,rock c>v+s at #cj ,san ,diego1 ,pictographs at #cg ,san ,gabriel h]d]s' not*$ /icks #ha-hb ,san ,gabriel ,riv]1 ,pictographs on #ef-eg ,san ,juan1 ,pictographs on ! #cd ,san ,m>cos ,pass1 ,pictographs at #cf ,sans ,arc #ic1 #id1 #aji1 #aah1 #abb1 #acd ,sans ,arc def9$ #ih ,santa ,b>b>a1 ,pictographs at #ce1 #cf1 #cg ,santa ,ynez ,m\nta9s1 ,pictographs on #cd1 #cf ,santee def9$ #hh ,santees #abd ,satsika petrograph #bbg ,s*eff]'s ,hi/ory ( ,lapl&1 cit$ #bci ,s*liemann1 ,dr4 ,h5ry1 cit$ #fc1 #beb ,s*omburgk1 quot$ by ,humboldt on pictographs #ci ,s*oolcraft1 ,h4 ,h41 quot$ on ,indian pictographs & devices #ag1 #bj1 #ba1 #ei1 #hb1 #aee1 #aeh1 #afa-afd ,s*oolcraft1 ,h4 ,h41 cit$ #afg1 #afh1 #ahh1 #ahi1 #aii1 #bjj1 #baf1 #bbb1 #bci1 #bdc1 #bde1 #bdf ,sci5ce1 quot$ on relic frauds #bdg ,scott ,c\nty1 ,i[a1 ,pott]y f4 7,see ,dav5port74 ,sculptures ( ,san ,lucia1 ,cosumal:uapa 7,habel71 quot$ #hj ,s]rano ,indian l&-m>ks #fa1 #ahb ,seton1 ,william1 ,u4 ,s4 ,n41 ,african knife #bdc ,%aman #aij-aid1 #aie1 #bcg1 #bdc ,%amanism #ajj1 #aid1 #bjb ,%eaf]1 ,p4 ,w41 ,pictographs ( ,p5nsylvania #bbj-ebg ,%ells1 ,pictographs on #fj ,%]man1 ,g5]al ,w4 ,t4 #abe ,%9umo rock c>v+s #be1 #bbh ,%o%oni #adj1 #ada1 #bbi ,%o%oni petroglyphs #bbg1 #bbh ,%o%oni pictographs #be1 #aee1 #bae1 #baf1 #bca ,%umeia w> symbols #hh ,sib]ia1 ,pictographs 9 #bde1 #bdf ,sibley1 ,colonel #abd ,si]ra ,nevada1 ,pictographs ( ! #ca ,sign language among ,nor? ,am]ican ,indians1 cit$ #bd1 #acb1 #acg1 #aee1 #bcd ,significance ( color #ed ,signs ( p>ticul> a*ievem5ts #ahc ,simpson1 ,lieut4 ,j4 ,h41 on pictographs #bh ,si\an adopt$ z family t]m #ig1 #ajh1 #aad ,si\x #aja1 #aji1 #abb ,si\x def9$ #ig ,si\x ,falls #abe ,small-pox among ,dakotas #aaj1 #acf ,smi?1 ,capt4 ,john1 on tattoo+ #fc ,smi?1 ,mrs4 ,e4 ,a41 ,my?s ( ! ,iroquois #aij ,social /atus pictographs #ahc ,soldi]s fight ,rees #aaa-aab ,songs ( ! ,m$a #hb ,s\? ,am]ica1 ,petroglyphs 9 #ch ,spani% blankets introduc$ among ,dakotas #aba ,sproat1 cit$ #fg ,/&+ ,rock ,ag5cy #agd ,/>vation symbol #aed1 #aee ,/atus pictographs #ahc ,/eph5son1 ,dr4 ,m4 ,f41 on rock c>v+s #bc ,/ev5son1 ,james1 on pictographs #fj1 #afg1 #aid ,/ock cattle fir/ issu$ to ,dakotas #ade ,/ones1 ,pa9t+s on #eh ,sugge/ions to collaborators #baa-bef ,suicide among ,indians #aca-acb ,sully1 ,g5]al #abd ,susquehanna1 ,pictographs on ! #aeh ,swan1 ,james ,g41 on ,haida tattoo+ #ef1 #ff-gc1 #ahi1 #aid-aie1 #bdb ,syllab>ies #ac ,symbolism #aed1 #bba ,symmorphs #bci ,sy/em ( *ronology attempt$ by ,indians #abg ,sy/em ( spell+ ( ,bureau ( ,e?nology #ag ,t ,tattoo+ #di1 #fc-gh1 #hf1 #ahc1 #beb ,taylor1 ,rev4 ,ri*>d1 on ,new ,zeal& #di1 #ej1 #gd1 #gf1 #hh1 #afd ,tazewell ,c\nty1 ,virg9ia1 ,pictographs 9 #cc ,te ,ika a ,maui or ,new ,zeal& 7,rev4 ,r4 ,taylor7 #di1 #ef1 #eg1 #gd1 #gf1 #hh1 #ajd ,tegua map #aeh ,temple ,creek ,caon1 ,pictographs 9 #bf1 #cg ,t59a #afa ,t5nessee1 ,pictographs 9 #cc ,t]ry1 ,g5]al #abe ,teton def9$ #ih ,textile con/ruction limit$ & gov]n$ ,pueblo pott]y ornam5t #fj ,! ,flame1 or ,bo-i-de1 ,"t *>t ( #ic1 #ii-abg ,! ,swan's *>t #ic1 #ii-abg ,?l9kit pictographs #gh ,?ompson1 ,gilb]t1 on pictographs #bg1 #cc1 #cd1 #bbi1 #bde ,?ree ,/>s1 an ,indian "n = ,g5]al ,crook #adf ,?und] ,bird #ahh ,?urn1 ,ev]>d ,f4 im1 on "n sy/em ( ,guiana ,indians #aga-agb ,?urn1 ,ev]>d ,f4 im1 on ,indian cu/oms 9 ,guiana #dj1 #ec1 #fa1 #gg ,tillamuk #bf ,"t symbols #hh-adf ,tok5s ( au?ority #afh ,tomanawos c]emonies #gj1 #gc ,totem po/ #fh ,totemic names1 ,dakota & ,we/ ,virg9ia #ag ,totemic pictographs #aje1 #bca ,totems #ih1 #afg ,trad+-h\se built #aji1 #aaj1 #aaa ,traditions #hd-hf 8,travail0 expla9$ #bag ,treaties #hf-hg ,trees1 ,pictographs on #ei ,tribal symbolic designation #afe ,tribal hi/orical pictographs #bjg ,troja cit$ #fc1 #beb ,trumbull1 ,dr4 ,j4 ,hammond1 cit$ #ig ,ts*udi1 ,dr4 ,j4 ,j4 von1 on pictographs #de ,ts*udi1 ,dr4 ,j4 ,j4 von1 on ! ,quipu ( ! ,p]uvians #gi-hj ,tulati ,indian rock et*+s #be1 #bf ,tubi1 ,oraibi *ief1 quot$ #bi1 #df1 #aid ,tul>e ,indians #bcd ,tule ,riv] ,ag5cy1 ,weav+ grass figures at #gh ,tule ,riv] ,ag5cy1 ,yokuts at #eb1 #gh ,tule ,riv]1 ,pictographs on #ca1 #cc1 #cg1 #bcd ,turn]1 ,rev4 ,george1 quot$ on tattoo+ #gg ,twana ?und]-bird #ahi ,two ,kettles #ic1 #id1 #aje1 #aac1 #aag1 #abb ,two ,kettles def9$ #ig ,u ,uncpapa #ajj1 #ajc1 #ajd1 #ajf1 #aaf1 #abb1 #abf ,uncpapa def9$ #ih ,union ,c\nty1 ,georgia1 ,rock c>v+s 9 #bc ,unit$ ,/ates =ces attack ,arik>as #aaa-aab ,utah1 ,pictographs 9 #cg1 #bbi ,utah1 ,rock c>v+s 9 #bf1 #bea ,utes #ajh1 #ade ,v ,v5ango ,c\nty1 ,p5nsylvania1 ,rock c>v+s 9 #bj ,v5ezuela1 ,pictographs 9 #dj ,v]million cliff1 ,rock c>v+s on #bf1 #bi ,virg9ia ,indians tattoo+ #fc ,virg9ia1 ,pictographs 9 #cc ,von ,/rahl5b]g on pictographs 9 ,lib]ia #bde1 #bdf ,w ,wall1 ,j4 ,sutton1 on pictographs 9 ,p5nsylvania #bj-ba1 #bbe ,walk] ,lake1 ,nevada1 ,rock c>v+s ne> #bd 8,walum ,olum0 9 ,! ,l5ape & _! ,leg5ds #hd1 #aeh1 #ahh1 #bjg ,wampum belts #hf-hg ,w> p>ty1 h[ made up #aci-adj ,w> symbols #hg-hh ,w>d1 ,james ,w41 on rock c>v+s 9 ,ohio #ba ,w>n+ & guidance pictographs #aee-aeg ,wa%+ton1 ,rock c>v+s 9 #be ,watt]son's ,ran* petroglyphs #ca1 #cb ,wellsville1 ,ohio1 ,rock c>v+s at #ba ,we/1 ,dr4 ,w41 copi$ ,dakota "t *>t #ic-id ,we/ ,virg9ia1 ,rock c>v+s 9 #bb1 #bbe ,we/ ,virg9ia totem m>ks #ag ,we/]n ,lancet cit$ on claim symbols #aei ,:am1 ,maj4 ,j4 ,w41 built adobe h\ses #ade ,:ipple1 ,lieut5ant1 on pictographs #bh1 #bi1 #cc1 #ach ,:i/le sickness #aad1 #ach1 #bba ,:ite-c[-kill] ,w9t] c\nt *>t 7,see ,corbusi] ,w9t] c\nts47 #ie1 #ii-abg1 #abi-acj ,:itfield1 ,j41 on pictographs 9 ,brazil #dd-de ,:ittlesey1 ,col4 ,*>les1 cit$ #bej ,:oop+-c\gh among ,indians #ajh ,wild horses fir/ caught by ,dakotas #ajh ,williamson1 ,rev4 ,dr41 cit$ #aai ,williams ,riv]1 ,rock c>v+s on #bi ,w9d ,riv] ,m\nta9s1 ,rock c>v+s ne> #bd ,w9t] c\nts #hh-adh1 #aia1 #bjg ,w9tn tattoo+ #fd ,wiscons9 effigy m\nds #fa ,wood1 ,pa9t+s on #ei ,wood?orp1 ,lt4 ,col41 on w> symbols #hh ,wright1 ,*>les ,d41 on pictographs #cd ,wyom+1 ,rock c>v+s 9 #bd1 #bbg ,wyrick ,david1 fraudul5t ,hebrew inscription #bdh ,y ,yampais ,spr+s1 ,pictographs at #bi ,yankton def9$ #ig ,yankton ,res]vation #abe ,yanktons #aab1 #abb ,yanktonnais #abb1 #abd ,yokuts1 ,color us$ by #eb ,yokuts weave grass figures #gh ,"y1 ,john ,w41 on sacr$ /one ( ,oraibi #fh ,yuki1 ,color us$ by #eb ,yuki tattoo+ #di ,yukon ,riv] tattoo+ #fe ,yuma pa9t+s #fj1 #aeh ,yuris totem m>k #afg ,z ,zui #aid1 #aie ,zui pictographs #af1 #bh1 #fj ,zui pott]y #gh ,transcrib]'s ,note ,illu/rations h be5 mov$ next to ! text to :i* !y ref]4 ,page numb]s 9 ! text or ! li/ ( ,illu/rations may n mat* _! locations 9 ! e,book4 ,! foll[+ app>5t errors h be5 correct$3 p4 #f ,segge/ions *ang$ to ,sugge/ions p4 #aa ,c]imonial *ang$ to ,c]emonial p4 #ai propos$ ) ) *ang$ to propos$ ) p4 #ba /&/one *ang$ to s&/one p4 #bb ,virg9ia1 *ang$ to ,virg9ia4 p4 #dd reason *ang$ to season p4 #ee et4 seq4 *ang$ to et seq4 p4 #ef signifes *ang$ to signifies p4 #fj ,plate ,,iv *ang$ to ,plate ,,vi p4 #fa ,,p]son *ang$ to ,,p]son4 p4 #fg neck on *ang$ to neck1 on p4 #ga octupus *ang$ to octopus p4 #gb sqid *ang$ to squid p4 #gb frog 9 *ang$ to frog on p4 #hf 7,pleiades7 *ang$ to 7,pleiades7 p4 #id int]petation *ang$ to int]pretation p4 #ajb -,no4 #a4 ,a ,m&an *ang$ to -,no4 ,i4 ,a ,m&an p4 #ajf ,ree ,indians4 dians4 *ang$ to ,ree ,indians4 p4 #aaj ,lone ,dog's *ang$ to ,lone-,dog's p4 #aac #ahbd-'be *ang$ to #ahbd-'be4 p4 #abc extremity ( ( *ang$ to extremity ( p4 #acc woman-w9t]4 *ang$ to woman w9t]4 p4 #aee ,bureau (1 ,e?nology4 *ang$ to ,bureau ( ,e?nology4 p4 #age ,pa9t$-rock *ang$ to ,pa9t$-rock4 p4 #ahf ,mdewakantanwan *ang$ to ,mdewakantawan p4 #aie page #cf *ang$ to page #hf p4 #aif ,fig1 #aaa;a *ang$ to ,,fig4 #aaa;a p4 #bjj seq *ang$ to seq4 p4 #bjf ,miztec *ang$ to ,miztec7 p4 #bdf ,,fig4 #bjg *ang$ to ,,fig4 #bjg4 7index7 cit$ on ,ind9a *ang$ to cit$ on ,indian 7index7 ,hupa *ang$ to ,hup 7index7 ,laudonni]e *ang$ to ,laudonnire 7index7 ,mc,gillicuddy *ang$ to ,mc,gillycuddy 7index7 ,mac,kenzie *ang$ to ,mack5zie 7index7 ,maclean *ang$ to ,mac,lean 7index7 ,mottellet *ang$ to ,mortillet 7index7 ,mussell%ell *ang$ to ,mussel%ell 7index7 ,weid *ang$ to ,wi$ 7index7 ,s*lieman *ang$ to ,s*liemann 7index7 ,s*omburgh *ang$ to ,s*omburgk 7index7 ,ev]>d ,f4 im4 *ang$ to ,ev]>d ,f4 im 7index7 ,tomanawas *ang$ to ,tomanawos 7index7 ,wat]son's *ang$ to ,watt]son's 7index7 ,w9tun *ang$ to ,w9tn ,inconsi/5t or dubi\s spell+ & punctuation h o!rwise be5 left z pr9t$4 ,! captions on plates h be5 regul>is$4 ,! foll[+ are inconsi/5tly us$ 9 ! text3 arial & a]ial ,aigaluxamut & ,agalxamut arr[heads & arr[-heads ,cottontail & ,cotton-tail cottonwood & cotton-wood footpr9t & foot-pr9t ,haka & ,hanka headwat]s & head-wat]s horse%oes & horse-%oes ,kiatexamut & ,kiatxamut ,l5ni-,l5ape & ,l5ni-,l5ap ,oglala & ,oglla outl9e & out-l9e ra:ide & raw-hide s&/one & s&-/one sculp9 & skulp9 sub*iefs & sub-*iefs ,wacace & ,wacace w>pa? & w>-pa? widespread & wide-spread ,zuni & ,zui ,on pp4 #ha-hb1 -%ap$1 v-%ap$ & -%ape 7 pr9t$ ) special symbols4