,,!ory ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,hi/oriography by ,,b5$etto ,,croce au?oriz$ translation ,,by ,,d\glas ,,a9slie ,,london ,,george ,g4 ,,h>rap ,,company #aiba ,,preface ,,to ,,! ,,fir/ ,,italian ,,edition ,almo/ all ! writ+s :i* compose ! pres5t treatise 7 pr9t$ 9 ! proce$+s ( ,italian academies & 9 ,italian reviews betwe5 #aiab & #aiac4 ,s9ce !y =m$ "p ( a g5]al s*eme1 _! collection 9 book =m pres5t$ no difficulties4 ,?is volume has appe>$ 9 ,g]man "u ! title ,zur ,!orie und ,ges*i*te d] ,hi/oriographie 7,tb+51 ,mohr1 #aiae74 ,on publi%+ 9 book =m 9 ,italian1 ,i made a few slight alt]ations "h & !re & add$ ?ree brief essays1 plac$ z an app5dix to ! fir/ "p4 ,! description ( ! volume z =m+ ! f\r? ( my ,philosophy ( ! ,_s requires "s explanation2 = x does n really =m a new sy/ematic "p ( ! philosophy1 & is r to be look$ ^u z a deep5+ & amplification ( ! !ory ( hi/oriography1 already outl9$ 9 c]ta9 *apt]s ( ! second "p1 namely ! ,logic4 ,b ! problem ( hi/orical compreh5sion is t t[>d :i* po9t$ all my inve/igations z to ! modes ( ! _s1 _! di/9ction & unity1 _! truly concrete life1 :i* is developm5t & hi/ory1 & z to hi/orical ?\ght1 :i* is ! self-consci\sness ( ?is life4 ,9 a c]ta9 s5se1 !re=e1 ?is resumption ( ! treatm5t ( hi/oriography on ! completion ( ! wide circle1 ?is draw+ =? ( x f ! limits ( ! fir/ treatm5t ( ! subject1 0 ! mo/ natural conclusion t c\ld be giv5 to ! :ole "w4 ,! "* ( 'conclusion' bo? expla9s & ju/ifies ! lit]>y =m ( ?is la/ volume1 :i* is m compress$ & less didactic ?an t ( ! previ\s volumes4 ,b4 ,c4 ,naples3 ,may #aiaf ,,translator',s ,,note ,! au?or himself expla9s ! precise connexion ( ! pres5t "w ) ! o!r ?ree volumes ( ! ,philosophy ( ! ,_s1 to :i* x n[ =ms ! conclusion4 ,i _h n contemplat$ translat+ ?is treatise1 :5 engag$ ^u ! o!rs1 = ! reason t x 0 n 9 exi/5ce 9 its pres5t =m1 & an ext]nal p>allel to its position z ! la/1 ! late com] ( ! f\r ma/]pieces1 is to be f\nd 9 ! fact ( its publication by ano!r firm ?an t :i* produc$ ! prec$+ volumes4 ,?is div]sity 9 unity w1 ,i am conv9c$1 by no means act z a b> to ! dissem9ation ( ! orig9al ?\ght conta9$ 9 its pages1 none ( :i* w1 ,i tru/1 escape ! dilig5t read] ?r\gh ! close me%es ( ! translation4 ,! volume is simil> 9 =mat to ! ,logic1 ! ,philosophy ( ! ,practical1 & ! /hetic4 ,! la/ is n[ out ( pr9t1 b w reappe> translat$ by me f ! def9itive f\r? ,italian edition1 greatly exce$+ 9 bulk ! previ\s editions4 ,! pres5t translation is f ! second ,italian edition1 publi%$ 9 #aiai4 ,9 ?is ! au?or made "s slight v]bal corrections & a few small additions4 ,i h1 z always1 foll[$ ! text ) ! close/ respect4 ,d4 ,a4 ,! ,a!num1 ,london ,novemb] #aibj ,,cont5ts ,,"p ,i ,,!ory ,,( ,,hi/oriography ,i4 ,hi/ory & ,*ronicle ,,ii4 ,pseudo-,hi/ories ,,iii4 ,hi/ory z ,hi/ory ( ! ,univ]sal4 ,criticism ( ',univ]sal ,hi/ory' ,,iv4 ,ideal ,g5esis & ,dissolution ( ! ',philosophy ( ,hi/ory' ,v4 ,! ,positivity ( ,hi/ory ,,vi4 ,! ,humanity ( ,hi/ory ,,vii4 ,*oice & ,p]iodization ,,viii4 ,di/9ction 7,special ,hi/ories7 & ,division ,,ix4 ,! ',hi/ory ( ,nature' & ,hi/ory ,,app5dices ,i4 ,atte/$ ,evid5ce ,,ii4 ,analogy & ,anomaly ( ,special ,hi/ories ,,iii4 ,philosophy & ,me?odology ,,"p ,,ii ,,conc]n+ ,,! ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,hi/oriography ,i4 ,prelim9>y ,que/ions ,,ii4 ,grco-,roman ,hi/oriography ,,iii4 ,m$ieval ,hi/oriography ,,iv4 ,! ,hi/oriography ( ! ,r5aissance ,v4 ,! ,hi/oriography ( ! ,enlight5m5t ,,vi4 ,! ,hi/oriography ( ,romanticism ,,vii4 ,! ,hi/oriography ( ,positivism ,,viii4 ,! ,new ,hi/oriography4 ,conclusion ,index ( ,names ,,"p ,i ,,!ory ,,( ,,hi/oriography ,i ,,hi/ory ,,& ,,*ronicle ,i ',contempor>y hi/ory' is wont to be call$ ! hi/ory ( a passage ( "t1 look$ ^u z a mo/ rec5t pa/1 :e!r x be t ( ! la/ fifty ye>s1 a decade1 a ye>1 a mon?1 a day1 or inde$ ( ! la/ h\r or ( ! la/ m9ute4 ,b if we ?9k & speak rigor\sly1 ! t]m 'contemporane\s' c be appli$ only to t hi/ory :i* comes into be+ imm$iately aft] ! act :i* is be+ accompli%$1 z consci\sness ( t act3 x is1 = in/ance1 ! hi/ory t ,i make ( myself :ile ,i am 9 ! act ( compos+ ^! pages2 x is ! ?\ght ( my composition1 l9k$ ( necessity to ! "w ( composition4 ',contempor>y' w\ld be well employ$ 9 ?is case1 j because ?is1 l e act ( ! _s1 is outside "t 7( ! fir/ & aft]7 & is =m$ 'at ! same "t' z ! act to :i* x is l9k$1 & f :i* x is di/+ui%$ by means ( a di/9ction n *ronological b ideal4 ',non-contempor>y hi/ory1' 'pa/ hi/ory1' w\ld1 on ! o!r h&1 be t :i* f9ds itself 9 ! pres5ce ( a hi/ory already =m$1 & :i* ?us comes into be+ z a criticism ( t hi/ory1 :e!r x be ?\s&s ( ye>s or h>dly an h\r old4 ,b if we look m closely1 we p]ceive t ?is hi/ory already =m$1 :i* is call$ or :i* we w\ld l to call 'non-contempor>y' or 'pa/' hi/ory1 if x really is hi/ory1 t is to say1 if x mean some?+ & is n an empty e*o1 is also contempor>y1 & does n 9 any way diff] f ! o!r4 ,z 9 ! =m] case1 ! condition ( its exi/5ce is t ! de$ ( :i* ! hi/ory is told mu/ vibrate 9 ! s\l ( ! hi/orian1 or 7to employ ! expression ( pr(ess$ hi/orians7 t ! docum5ts are be=e ! hi/orian & t !y are intelligible4 ,t a n>rative or a s]ies ( n>ratives ( ! fact is unit$ & m+l$ ) x m]ely means t ! fact has prov$ m ri*1 n t x has lo/ its quality ( be+ pres5t3 :at 7 n>ratives or judgm5ts be=e are n[ !mselves facts1 'docum5ts' to be int]pret$ & judg$4 ,hi/ory is nev] con/ruct$ f n>ratives1 b always f docum5ts1 or f n>ratives t h be5 r$uc$ to docum5ts & treat$ z su*4 ,?us if contempor>y hi/ory spr+s /raight f life1 s too does t hi/ory :i* is call$ non-contempor>y1 = x is evid5t t only an int]e/ 9 ! life ( ! pres5t c move "o to inve/igate pa/ fact4 ,!re=e ?is pa/ fact does n answ] to a pa/ int]e/1 b to a pres5t int]e/1 9 s f> z x is unifi$ ) an int]e/ ( ! pres5t life4 ,?is has be5 said aga9 & aga9 9 a hundr$ ways by hi/orians 9 _! empirical =mulas1 & con/itutes ! reason1 if n ! deep] cont5t1 ( ! success ( ! v trite say+ t hi/ory is magi/] vit4 ,i h recall$ ^! =ms ( hi/orical te*nique 9 ord] to remove ! aspect ( p>adox f ! proposition t 'e true hi/ory is contempor>y hi/ory4' ,b ! ju/ice ( ?is proposition is easily confirm$ & copi\sly & p]spicu\sly exemplifi$ 9 ! reality ( hi/oriographical "w1 provid$ always t we d n fall into ! error ( tak+ ! works ( ! hi/orians all toge!r1 or c]ta9 gr\ps ( !m confus$ly1 & ( apply+ !m to an ab/ract man or to ourselves consid]$ ab/ractly1 & ( !n ask+ :at pres5t int]e/ leads to ! writ+ or read+ ( su* hi/ories3 = in/ance1 :at is ! pres5t int]e/ ( ! hi/ory :i* rec\nts ! ,peloponnesian or ! ,mi?radatic ,w>1 ( ! ev5ts connect$ ) ,mexican art1 or ) ,arabic philosophy4 ,= me at ! pres5t mom5t !y are )\t int]e/1 & !re=e = me at ?is pres5t mom5t ^? hi/ories are n hi/ories1 b at ! mo/ simply titles ( hi/orical works4 ,!y h be5 or w be hi/ories 9 ^? t h ?\ght or w ?9k !m1 & 9 me too :5 ,i h ?\ght or %all ?9k !m1 re-elaborat+ !m accord+ to my spiritual ne$s4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 we limit ourselves to real hi/ory1 to ! hi/ory t "o really ?9ks 9 ! act ( ?9k+1 x w be easily se5 t ?is is p]fectly id5tical ) ! mo/ p]sonal & contempor>y ( hi/ories4 ,:5 ! developm5t ( ! culture ( my hi/orical mom5t pres5ts to me 7x w\ld be sup]flu\s & p]haps also inexact to add to myself z an individual7 ! problem ( ,greek civilization or ( ,platonic philosophy or ( a p>ticul> mode ( ,attic mann]s1 t problem is relat$ to my be+ 9 ! same way z ! hi/ory ( a bit ( bus9ess 9 :i* ,i am engag$1 or ( a love affair 9 :i* ,i am indulg+1 or ( a dang] t ?reat5s me4 ,i exam9e x ) ! same anxiety & am tr\bl$ ) ! same s5se ( unhapp9ess until ,i h succe$$ 9 solv+ x4 ,hell5ic life is on t occasion pres5t 9 me2 x solicits1 x attracts & torm5ts me1 9 ! same way z ! appe>ance ( ! adv]s>y1 ( ! lov$ "o1 or ( ! belov$ son = :om "o trembles4 ,?us too x happ5s or has happ5$ or w happ5 9 ! case ( ! ,mi?radatic ,w>1 ( ,mexican art1 & ( all ! o!r ?+s t ,i h m5tion$ above by way ( example4 ,hav+ laid x d[n t contemporaneity is n ! *>act]i/ic ( a class ( hi/ories 7z is held ) good reason 9 empirical classifications71 b an intr9sic *>act]i/ic ( e hi/ory1 we mu/ conceive ! relation ( hi/ory to life z t ( unity2 c]ta9ly n 9 ! s5se ( ab/ract id5tity1 b ( syn!tic unity1 :i* implies bo? ! di/9ction & ! unity ( ! t]ms4 ,?us to talk ( a hi/ory ( :i* ! docum5ts are lack+ w\ld appe> to be z extravagant z to talk ( ! exi/5ce ( some?+ z to :i* x is also affirm$ t x is )\t "o ( ! ess5tial conditions ( exi/5ce4 ,a hi/ory )\t relation to ! docum5t w\ld be an unv]ifiable hi/ory2 & s9ce ! reality ( hi/ory lies 9 ?is v]ifiability1 & ! n>rative 9 :i* x is giv5 concrete =m is hi/orical n>rative only 9 s f> z x is a critical exposition ( ! docum5t 7intuition & reflection1 consci\sness & auto-consci\sness1 etc471 a hi/ory ( t sort1 be+ )\t mean+ & )\t tru?1 w\ld be inexi/5t z hi/ory4 ,h[ c\ld a hi/ory ( pa9t+ be compos$ by "o :o _h n se5 & enjoy$ ! works ( :i* he propos$ to describe ! g5esis critically8 ,& h[ f> c\ld anyone und]/& ! works 9 "q :o 0 )\t ! arti/ic exp]i5ce assum$ by ! n>rator8 ,h[ c\ld !re be a hi/ory ( philosophy )\t ! works or at lea/ fragm5ts ( ! works ( ! philosoph]s8 ,h[ c\ld !re be a hi/ory ( a s5tim5t or ( a cu/om1 = example t ( ,*ri/ian humility or ( knightly *ivalry1 )\t ! capacity = liv+ aga91 or r )\t an actual liv+ aga9 ( ^! p>ticul> /ates ( ! individual s\l8 ,on ! o!r h&1 once ! indissoluble l9k betwe5 life & ?\ght 9 hi/ory has be5 effect$1 ! d\bts t h be5 express$ z to ! c]ta9ty & ! utility ( hi/ory disappe> altoge!r 9 a mom5t4 ,h[ c\ld t :i* is a pres5t produc+ ( our _s ev] be unc]ta98 ,h[ c\ld t k be useless :i* solves a problem t has come =? f ! bosom ( life8 ,,ii ,b c ! l9k betwe5 docum5t & n>rative1 betwe5 life & hi/ory1 ev] be brok58 ,an affirmative answ] to ?is has be5 giv5 :5 ref]r+ to ^? hi/ories ( :i* ! docum5ts h be5 lo/1 or1 to put ! case 9 a m g5]al & fundam5tal mann]1 ^? hi/ories ^: docum5ts are no long] alive 9 ! human _s4 ,& ?is has also be5 impli$ :5 say+ t we all ( u 9 turn f9d ourselves ?us plac$ ) respect to ?is or t "p ( hi/ory4 ,! hi/ory ( ,hell5ic pa9t+ is 9 great "p a hi/ory )\t docum5ts = u1 z are all hi/ories ( peoples conc]n+ :om "o does n "k exactly :]e !y liv$1 ! ?\ghts & feel+s *at !y exp]i5c$1 or ! individual appe>ance ( ! works t !y accompli%$2 ^? lit]atures & philosophies1 too1 z to :i* we d n "k _! !ses1 or ev5 :5 we possess ^! & are able to read !m ?r\gh1 yet fail to grasp _! intimate _s1 ei!r ow+ to ! lack ( complem5t>y k or because ( our ob/9ate temp]am5tal reluctance1 or ow+ to our mom5t>y di/raction4 ,if1 9 ^! cases1 :5 t connexion is brok51 we c no long] call :at rema9s hi/ory 7because hi/ory 0 no?+ b t connexion71 & x c h5ce=? only be call$ hi/ory 9 ! s5se t we call a man ! corpse ( a man1 :at rema9s is n = t reason no?+ 7n ev5 ! corpse is really no?+74 ,7 x no?+1 x w\ld be ! same z say+ t ! connexion is indissoluble1 because no?+ness is nev] effectual4 ,& if x be n no?+1 if x be some?+1 :at is n>rative )\t ! docum5t8 ,a hi/ory ( ,hell5ic pa9t+1 accord+ to ! acc\nts t h be5 h&$ d[n or h be5 con/ruct$ by ! le>n$ ( our times1 :5 closely inspect$1 resolves itself into a s]ies ( names ( pa9t]s 7,apollodorus1 ,polygnotus1 ,zeuxis1 ,apelles1 etc471 surr\nd$ ) biographical anecdotes1 & into a s]ies ( subjects = pa9t+ 7! burn+ ( ,troy1 ! conte/ ( ! ,amazons1 ! battle ( ,m>a?on1 ,a*illes1 ,calumny1 etc471 ( :i* c]ta9 p>ticul>s are giv5 9 ! descriptions t h rea*$ u2 or a graduat$ s]ies1 go+ f praise to blame1 ( ^! pa9t]s & _! works1 toge!r ) names1 anecdotes1 subjects1 judgm5ts1 arrang$ m or less *ronologically4 ,b ! names ( pa9t]s sep>at$ f ! direct k ( _! works are empty names2 ! anecdotes are empty1 z are ! descriptions ( subjects1 ! judgm5t ( approval or ( disapproval1 & ! *ronological arrangem5t1 because m]ely ari?metical & lack+ real developm5t2 & ! reason :y we d n realize x 9 ?\ght is t ! elem5ts :i* %\ld con/itute x are want+4 ,if ^? v]bal =ms possess any significance1 we owe x to :at little we "k ( antique pa9t+s f fragm5ts1 f second>y works t h come d[n to u 9 copies1 or 9 analog\s works 9 ! o!r arts1 or 9 poetry4 ,) ! exception1 h[ev]1 ( t little1 ! hi/ory ( ,hell5ic art is1 z su*1 a tissue ( empty words4 ,we c1 if we l1 say t x is 'empty ( det]m9ate cont5t1' because we d n d5y t :5 we pron\nce ! "n ( a pa9t] we ?9k ( "s pa9t]1 & inde$ ( a pa9t] :o is an ,a!nian1 & t :5 we utt] ! ^w 'battle1' or ',hel51' we ?9k ( a battle1 inde$ ( a battle ( hoplites1 or ( a beautiful woman1 simil> to ^? famili> to u 9 ,hell5ic sculpture4 ,b we c ?9k indiff]5tly ( any "o ( ! num]\s facts t ^? names recall4 ,= ?is reason _! cont5t is indet]m9ate1 & ?is indet]m9ation ( cont5t is _! empt9ess4 ,all hi/ories sep>at$ f _! liv+ docum5ts resemble ^! examples & are empty n>ratives1 & s9ce !y are empty !y are )\t tru?4 ,is x true or n t !re exi/$ a pa9t] nam$ ,polygnotus & t he pa9t$ a portrait ( ,miltiades 9 ! ,poecile8 ,we %all be told t x is true1 because "o p]son or sev]al p1 :o knew him & saw ! "w 9 "q1 be> witness to its exi/5ce4 ,b we mu/ reply t x 0 true = ?is or t witness1 & t = u x is nei!r true nor false1 or 7:i* comes to ! same ?+7 t x is true only on ! evid5ce ( ^? witnesses--t is to say1 = an extr9sic reason1 :]eas tru? always requires intr9sic reasons4 ,& s9ce t proposition is n true 7nei!r true nor false71 x is n useful ei!r1 because :]e !re is no?+ ! k+ loses 8 rights1 & :]e ! elem5ts ( a problem are want+ ! effective w & ! effective ne$ to solve x are also want+1 along ) ! possibility ( its solution4 ,?us to quote ^? empty judgm5ts is q useless = our actual lives4 ,life is a pres5t1 & t hi/ory :i* has become an empty n>ration is a pa/3 x is an irrevocable pa/1 if n absolutely s1 ' 1 !n c]ta9ly = ! pres5t mom5t4 ,! empty words rema91 & ! empty words are s\nds1 or ! graphic signs :i* repres5t !m1 & !y hold toge!r & ma9ta9 !mselves1 n by an act ( ?\ght t ?9ks !m 79 :i* case !y w\ld soon be fill$71 b by an act ( w1 :i* ?9ks x useful = c]ta9 ends ( its own to pres]ve ^? words1 h[ev] empty or half empty !y may be4 ,m]e n>rative1 !n1 is no?+ b a complex ( empty words or =mulas ass]t$ by an act ( ! w4 ,n[ ) ?is def9ition we h succe$$ 9 giv+ nei!r m nor less ?an ! true di/9ction1 hi!rto s\ght 9 va91 betwe5 hi/ory & *ronicle4 ,x has be5 s\ght 9 va91 because x has g5]ally be5 s\ght 9 a diff]5ce 9 ! quality ( ! facts :i* ea* diff]5ce took z its object4 ,?us1 = in/ance1 ! record ( individual facts has be5 attribut$ to *ronicle1 to hi/ory t ( g5]al facts2 to *ronicle ! record ( private1 to hi/ory t ( public facts3 z ?\gh ! g5]al 7 n always individual & ! individual g5]al1 & ! public 7 n always also private & ! private public6 ,or else ! record ( important facts 7memorable ?+s7 has be5 attribut$ to hi/ory1 to *ronicle t ( ! unimportant3 z ?\gh ! importance ( facts 7 n relative to ! situation 9 :i* we f9d ourselves1 & z ?\gh = a man annoy$ by a mosquito ! evolutions ( ! m9ute insect 7 n ( great] importance ?an ! exp$ition ( ,x]xes6 ,c]ta9ly1 we are s5sible ( a j s5tim5t 9 ^! fallaci\s di/9ctions--namely1 t ( plac+ ! diff]5ce betwe5 hi/ory & *ronicle 9 ! conception ( :at int]e/s & ( :at does n int]e/ 7! g5]al int]e/s & n ! p>ticul>1 ! great int]e/s & n ! little1 etc474 ,a j s5tim5t is also to be not$ 9 o!r consid]ations t are wont to be adduc$1 su* z ! close bond betwe5 ev5ts t !re is 9 hi/ory & ! disconnect$ness t appe>s on ! o!r h& 9 *ronicle1 ! logical ord] ( ! fir/1 ! purely *ronological ord] ( ! second1 ! p5etration ( ! fir/ into ! core ( ev5ts & ! limitation ( ! second to ! sup]ficial or ext]nal1 & ! l4 ,b ! diff]5tial "* is "h r metaphoriz$ ?an ?\ght1 & :5 metaphors are n employ$ z simple =ms expressive ( ?\ght we lose a mom5t aft] :at has j be5 ga9$4 ,! tru? is t *ronicle & hi/ory are n di/+ui%able z two =ms ( hi/ory1 mutually complem5t>y1 or z "o subord9ate to ! o!r1 b z two diff]5t spiritual attitudes4 ,hi/ory is liv+ *ronicle1 *ronicle is dead hi/ory2 hi/ory is contempor>y hi/ory1 *ronicle is pa/ hi/ory2 hi/ory is pr9cipally an act ( ?\ght1 *ronicle an act ( w4 ,e hi/ory becomes *ronicle :5 x is no long] ?\ght1 b only record$ 9 ab/ract words1 :i* 7 once ^u a "t concrete & expressive4 ,! hi/ory ( philosophy ev5 is *ronicle1 :5 writt5 or read by ^? :o d n und]/& philosophy3 hi/ory w\ld ev5 be :at we are n[ dispos$ to read z *ronicle1 z :51 = in/ance1 ! monk ( ,monte ,cass9o notes3 #ajja4 ,beatus ,dom9icus migravit ad ,*ri/um4 #ajjb4 ,hoc anno v5]unt ,s>ac5i sup] ,capuam4 #ajjd4 ,t]remotus +5s hunc montem exagitavit1 etc42 = ^? facts 7 pres5t to him :5 he wept ov] ! dea? ( ! dep>t$ ,dom9ic1 or 0 t]rifi$ by ! natural human sc\rges t convuls$ 8 native l&1 see+ ! h& ( ,god 9 t succession ( ev5ts4 ,?is does n prev5t t hi/ory f assum+ ! =m ( *ronicle :5 t same monk ( ,monte ,cass9o wrote d[n cold =mulas1 )\t repres5t+ to himself or ?9k+ _! cont5t1 ) ! sole int5tion ( n all[+ ^? memories to be lo/ & ( h&+ !m d[n to ^? :o %\ld inhabit ,monte ,cass9o aft] him4 ,b ! discov]y ( ! real di/9ction betwe5 *ronicle & hi/ory1 :i* is a =mal di/9ction 7t is to say1 a truly real di/9ction71 n only frees u f ! /]ile & fatigu+ se>* aft] mat]ial di/9ctions 7t is to say1 imag9>y di/9ctions71 b x also enables u to reject a v common presupposition--namely1 t ( ! priority ( *ronicle 9 respect to hi/ory4 ,primo annales *ronicles fu]e1 po/ hi/ori fact sunt1 ! say+ ( ! old gramm>ian1 ,m>io ,vittor9o1 has be5 repeat$1 g5]aliz$1 & univ]saliz$4 ,b precisely ! opposite ( ?is is ! outcome ( ! inquiry into ! "* & !re=e into ! g5esis ( ! two op]ations or attitudes3 fir/ comes hi/ory1 !n *ronicle4 ,fir/ comes ! liv+ be+1 !n ! corpse2 & to make hi/ory ! *ild ( *ronicle is ! same ?+ z to make ! liv+ be born f ! corpse1 :i* is ! residue ( life1 z *ronicle is ! residue ( hi/ory4 ,,iii ,hi/ory1 sep>at$ f ! liv+ docum5t & turn$ into *ronicle1 is no long] a spiritual act1 b a ?+1 a complex ( s\nds & ( o!r signs4 ,b ! docum5t also1 :5 sep>at$ f life1 is no?+ b a ?+ l ano!r1 a complex ( s\nds or ( o!r signs--= example1 ! s\nds & ! lett]s 9 :i* a law 0 once communicat$2 ! l9es cut into a block ( m>ble1 :i* manife/$ a religi\s s5tim5t by means ( ! figure ( a god2 a heap ( bones1 :i* 7 at "o "t ! expression ( a man or ( an animal4 ,d su* ?+s z empty n>ratives & dead docum5ts exi/8 ,9 a c]ta9 s5se1 no1 because ext]nal ?+s d n exi/ outside ! _s2 & we already "k t *ronicle1 z empty n>rative1 exi/s 9 s f> z ! _s produces x & holds x firmly ) an act ( w 7& x may be opportune to obs]ve once m t su* an act c>ries always ) x a new act ( consci\sness & ( ?\ght73 ) an act ( w1 :i* ab/racts ! s\nd f ! ?\ght1 9 :i* dwelt ! c]ta9ty & concret5ess ( ! s\nd4 ,9 ! same way1 ^! dead docum5ts exi/ to ! ext5t t !y are ! manife/ations ( a new life1 z ! lifeless corpse is really itself also a process ( vital creation1 al?\gh x appe>s to be "o ( decomposition & some?+ dead 9 respect ( a p>ticul> =m ( life4 ,b 9 ! same way z ^? empty s\nds1 :i* once conta9$ ! ?\ght ( a hi/ory1 are ev5tually call$ n>ratives1 9 memory ( ! ?\ght !y conta9$1 ?us d ^? manife/ations ( a new life cont9ue to be look$ ^u z remnants ( ! life t prec$$ !m & is inde$ ext+ui%$4 ,n[ obs]ve h[1 by means ( ?is /r+ ( d$uctions1 we h put ourselves into ! position ( be+ able to acc\nt = ! p>tition ( hi/orical s\rces into n>ratives & docum5ts1 z we f9d x among "s ( our mod]n me?odologi/s1 or1 z x is also =mulat$1 into traditions & residues or rema9s 7b]bleibsel1 b]re/e74 ,?is p>tition is irrational f ! empirical po9t ( view1 & may be ( use z indicat+ ! inopportunity ( ! introduction ( a speculative ?\ght into empiricism4 ,x is s irrational t "o imm$iately runs aga9/ ! difficulty ( n be+ able to di/+ui% :at "o wi%$ to di/+ui%4 ,an empty 'n>rative' consid]$ z a ?+ is tantam\nt to any o!r ?+ :atev] :i* is call$ a 'docum5t4' ,&1 on ! o!r h&1 if we ma9ta9 ! di/9ction we incur ! fur!r difficulty ( hav+ to base our hi/orical con/ruction ^u two diff]5t ord]s ( data 7"o foot on ! bank & ! o!r 9 ! riv]7--t is to say1 we %all h to recur to two p>allel in/ances1 "o ( :i* is p]petually ref]r+ u back to ! o!r4 ,& :5 we seek to det]m9e ! relation ( ! two k9ds ( s\rces ) a view to avoid+ ! inconv5i5t p>allelism1 :at happ5s is ?is3 ei!r ! relation is /at$ to dep5d ^u ! sup]iority ( ! "o ov] ! o!r1 & ! di/9ction vani%es1 because ! sup]ior =m absorbs into itself & annuls ! inf]ior =m2 or a ?ird t]m is e/abli%$1 9 :i* ! two =ms are suppos$ to become unit$ ) a di/9ction3 b ?is is ano!r way ( decl>+ !m to be inexi/5t 9 t ab/ractness4 ,= ?is reason x does n seem to me to be )\t significance t ! p>tition ( acc\nts & docum5ts %\ld n h be5 adopt$ by ! mo/ empirical ( ! me?odologi/s4 ,!y d n involve !mselves 9 ^! subtleties1 b cont5t !mselves ) gr\p+ ! hi/orical s\rces into ^? t are writt5 & ^? t are repres5t$1 or 9 o!r simil> ways4 ,9 ,g]many1 h[ev]1 ,droys5 avail$ himself ( ^! di/9ctions betwe5 n>ratives & docum5ts1 traditions1 etc41 9 8 valuable ,elem5ts ( ,hi/oricism 7he _h /rong lean+s t[>d philosophy71 & !y h be5 employ$ also by o!r me?odologi/s1 :o are hybrid empirici/s1 'sy/emati/s1' or 'p$ants1' z !y are look$ ^u 9 our ,lat9 c\ntries4 ,?is is due to ! copi\s philosophical traditions ( ,g]many4 ,! p$antry c]ta9ly exi/s1 & x is to be f\nd j 9 t inopportune philosophy4 ,b :at an excell5t ?+ is t p$antry & ! contradictions :i* x entails1 h[ x ar\ses ! m9d f its empirical slumb]s & makes x see t 9 place ( suppos$ ?+s !re are 9 reality spiritual acts1 :]e ! t]ms ( an irreconcilable dualism 7 suppos$ to be 9 conflict1 relation & unity1 on ! contr>y1 prevail6 ,! p>tition ( ! s\rces into n>ratives & docum5ts1 & ! sup]iority attribut$ to docum5ts ov] n>ratives1 & ! alleg$ necessity ( n>rative z a subord9ate b in]adicable elem5t1 almo/ =m a my?ology or allegory1 :i* repres5ts 9 an imag9ative mann] ! relation betwe5 life & ?\ght1 betwe5 docum5t & criticism 9 hi/orical ?\ght4 ,& docum5t & criticism1 life & ?\ght1 are ! true s\rces ( hi/ory--t is to say1 ! two elem5ts ( hi/orical syn!sis2 & z su*1 !y d n /& face to face ) hi/ory1 or face to face ) ! syn!sis1 9 ! same way z f\nta9s are repres5t$ z be+ face to face ) ^? :o g to !m ) a pail1 b !y =m "p ( hi/ory itself1 !y are )9 ! syn!sis1 !y =m a con/itu5t "p ( x & are con/itut$ by x4 ,h5ce ! idea ( a hi/ory ) its s\rces outside itself is ano!r fancy to be dispell$1 toge!r ) t ( hi/ory be+ ! opposite ( *ronicle4 ,! two errone\s fancies conv]ge to =m "o4 ,s\rces1 9 ! extr9sic s5se ( ! empirici/s1 l ?+s1 are equally ) *ronicle1 :i* is a class ( ^? ?+s1 n ant]ior b po/]ior to hi/ory4 ,hi/ory w\ld inde$ be 9 a fix if x expect$ to be born ( :at comes aft] x1 to be born ( ext]nal ?+s6 ,?+1 n ?\ght1 is born ( ?+3 a hi/ory d]iv$ f ?+s w\ld be a ?+--t is to say1 j ! inexi/5t ( :i* we 7 talk+ a mom5t ago4 ,b !re mu/ be a reason :y *ronicle z well z docum5ts seems to prec$e hi/ory & to be its extr9sic s\rce4 ,! human _s pres]ves ! mortal rema9s ( hi/ory1 empty n>ratives & *ronicles1 & ! same _s collects ! traces ( pa/ life1 rema9s & docum5ts1 /riv+ z f> z possible to pres]ve !m un*ang$ & to re/ore !m z !y det]iorate4 ,:at is ! object ( ^! acts ( w :i* g to ! pres]vation ( :at is empty & dead8 ,p]haps illusion or fooli%ness1 :i* pres]ves a little :ile ! worn-out elem5ts ( mortality on ! conf9es ( ,dis by means ( ! erection ( mausoleums & sepul*res8 ,b sepul*res are n fooli%ness & illusion2 !y are1 on ! contr>y1 an act ( morality1 by :i* is affirm$ ! immortality ( ! "w done by individuals4 ,al?\gh dead1 !y live 9 our memory & w live 9 ! memory ( times to come4 ,& t collect+ ( dead docum5ts & writ+ d[n ( empty hi/ories is an act ( life :i* s]ves life4 ,! mom5t w come :5 !y w s]ve to reproduce pa/ hi/ory1 enri*$ & made pres5t to our _s4 ,= dead hi/ory revives1 & pa/ hi/ory aga9 becomes pres5t1 z ! developm5t ( life dem&s !m4 ,! ,romans & ! ,greeks lay 9 _! sepul*res1 until awak5$ at ! ,r5aissance by ! new maturity ( ! ,european _s4 ,! primitive =ms ( civilization1 s gross & s b>b>ic1 lay =gott51 or b little reg>d$1 or misund]/ood1 until t new phase ( ! ,european _s1 :i* 0 kn[n z ,romanticism or ,re/oration1 'sympa?iz$' ) !m--t is to say1 recogniz$ !m z its own prop] pres5t int]e/4 ,?us great tracts ( hi/ory :i* are n[ *ronicle = u1 _m docum5ts n[ mute1 w 9 _! turn be trav]s$ ) new fla%es ( life & w speak aga94 ,^! revivals h altoge!r int]ior motives1 & no weal? ( docum5ts or ( n>ratives w br+ !m ab\t2 inde$1 x is !y !mselves t copi\sly collect & place be=e !mselves ! docum5ts & n>ratives1 :i* )\t !m w\ld rema9 scatt]$ & in]t4 ,& x w be impossible ev] to und]/& any?+ ( ! effective process ( hi/orical ?\ght unless we />t f ! pr9ciple t ! _s itself is hi/ory1 mak] ( hi/ory at e mom5t ( its exi/5ce1 & also ! result ( all ant]ior hi/ory4 ,?us ! _s be>s ) x all its hi/ory1 :i* co9cides ) itself4 ,to =get "o aspect ( hi/ory & to rememb] ano!r "o is no?+ b ! rhy?m ( ! life ( ! _s1 :i* op]ates by det]m9+ & individualiz+ itself1 & by always r5d]+ indet]m9ate & dis9dividualiz+ previ\s det]m9ations & individualizations1 9 ord] to create o!rs m copi\s4 ,! _s1 s to speak1 lives aga9 its own hi/ory )\t ^? ext]nal ?+s call$ n>ratives & docum5ts2 b ^? ext]nal ?+s are in/rum5ts t x makes = itself1 acts prep>atory to t int]nal vital evocation 9 ^: process !y are resolv$4 ,! _s ass]ts & jeal\sly pres]ves 'records ( ! pa/' = t purpose4 ,:at we all ( u d at e mom5t :5 we note dates & o!r matt]s conc]n+ our private affairs 7*ronicles7 9 our pocket-books1 or :5 we place 9 _! little caskets ribbons & dri$ fl[]s 7,i beg to be all[$ to select ^! pleasant images1 :5 giv+ in/ances ( ! collection ( 'docum5ts'71 is done on a l>ge scale by a c]ta9 class ( work]s call$ philologi/s1 z ?\gh at ! invitation ( ! :ole ( society4 ,!y are specially kn[n z ! erudite :5 !y collect evid5ce & n>rations1 z ar*ologi/s & ar*ivi/s :5 !y collect docum5ts & monum5ts1 z ! places :]e su* objects are kept 7! sil5t :ite abodes ( ! dead7 are call$ libr>ies1 ar*ives1 & museums4 ,c !re be any ill-feel+ aga9/ ^! m5 ( erudition1 ^! ar*ivi/s & ar*ologi/s1 :o fulfil a necess>y & !re=e a useful & important function8 ,! fact rema9s t !re is a t5d5cy to mock at !m & to reg>d !m ) compassion4 ,x is true en\gh t !y sometimes af=d a hold = d]ision ) _! +5u\s belief t !y h hi/ory "u lock & key & are able to unlock ! 's\rces' at :i* ?ir/y humanity may qu5* its desire = k2 b we "k t hi/ory is 9 all ( u & t its s\rces are 9 our own brea/s4 ,= x is 9 our own brea/s alone t is to be f\nd t crucible 9 :i* ! c]ta9 is conv]t$ into ! true1 & philology1 jo9+ ) philosophy1 produces hi/ory4 ,,ii ,,pseudo-,,hi/ories ,hi/ory1 *ronicle1 & philology1 ( :i* we h se5 ! orig91 are s]ies ( m5tal =ms1 :i*1 al?\gh di/9ct f "o ano!r1 mu/ all ( !m be look$ ^u z physiological--t is to say1 true & rational4 ,b logical sequ5ce n[ leads me f physiology to pa?ology--to ^? =ms t are n =ms b de=mations1 n true b errone\s1 n rational b irrational4 ,! +5u\s belief *]i%$ by ! philologi/s t !y h hi/ory lock$ up 9 _! libr>ies1 museums1 & ar*ives 7some?+ 9 ! same mann] z ! g5ius ( ! ,arabian ,nights1 :o 0 %ut up 9 a small vase 9 ! =m ( compress$ smoke7 does n rema9 inactive1 & gives rise to ! idea ( a hi/ory con/ruct$ ) ?+s1 traditions1 & docum5ts 7empty traditions & dead docum5ts71 & ?is af=ds an in/ance ( :at may be call$ philological hi/ory4 ,i say ! idea & n ! reality1 because x is simply impossible to compose a hi/ory ) ext]nal ?+s1 :atev] ef=ts may be made & :atev] tr\ble be tak54 ,*ronicles t h be5 we$$1 *opp$ up into fragm5ts1 recomb9$1 re>rang$1 always rema9 nev]!less *ronicles--t is to say1 empty n>ratives2 & docum5ts t h be5 re/or$1 reproduc$1 describ$1 br\ght into l9e1 rema9 docum5ts--t is to say1 sil5t ?+s4 ,philological hi/ory consi/s ( ! p\r+ out ( "o or m books into a new book4 ,?is op]ation be>s an appropriate "n 9 curr5t language & is kn[n z 'compilation4' ,^! compilations are frequ5tly conv5i5t1 because !y save ! tr\ble ( hav+ rec\rse to sev]al books at ! same "t2 b !y d n conta9 any hi/orical ?\ght4 ,mod]n *ronological philologi/s reg>d m$ieval *ronicl]s & ! old ,italian hi/orians 7f ,ma*iavelli & ,guicci>d9i d[n to ,giannone7 ) a feel+ ( sup]iority4 ,^! writ]s 'transcrib$1' z !y call$ x1 _! 's\rces' 9 ! p>ts ( _! books t are devot$ to n>rative--t is to say1 *ronicle4 ,yet !y !mselves d n & _c behave o!rwise1 because :5 hi/ory is be+ compos$ f 's\rces' z ext]nal ?+s !re is nev] any?+ else to d b to transcribe ! s\rces4 ,transcription is v>i$ by sometimes summ>iz+ & sometimes alt]+ ! words1 & ?is is sometimes a "q ( good ta/e & sometimes a lit]>y pret5ce2 x is also a v]ify+ ( quotations1 :i* is sometimes a pro( ( loyalty & exactitude1 sometimes a make-believe & a mak+ oneself believe t ! feet are plant$ firmly on ! e>?1 on ! soil ( tru?1 believ$ to be n>rative & quotation f ! docum5t4 ,h[ v _m ( su* philological hi/orians !re are 9 our "t1 especially s9ce ! s-call$ 'philological me?od' has be5 exagg]at$--t is to say1 a "o-sid$ value has be5 attribut$ to x6 ,^! hi/ories h inde$ a dignifi$ & sci5tific appe>ance1 b un=tunately fehlt leid]6 das gei/ige ,b&1 ! spiritual tie is want+4 ,!y really consi/ at bottom ( no?+ b le>n$ or v le>n$ '*ronicles1' sometimes ( use = purposes ( consultation1 b lack+ words t n\ri% & keep w>m ! m9ds & s\ls ( m54 ,nev]!less1 s9ce we h demon/rat$ t philological hi/ory really pres5ts *ronicles & docum5ts & n hi/ories1 x might be ask$ ^u :at possible gr\nd d we accuse x ( irrationality & error1 see+ t we h reg>d$ ! =mation ( *ronicles1 ! collection ( docum5ts1 & all ! c>e t is exp5d$ ,^u !m z mo/ rational8 ,b error nev] lies 9 ! fact1 b only 9 ! 'claim' or 'idea' t accompanies ! fact4 ,& 9 ?is case ! idea or claim is t :i* has be5 def9$ above z prop]ly belong+ to philological hi/ory--namely1 t ( compos+ hi/ories ) docum5ts & n>ratives4 ,?is claim c be said to ex]cise a rational function also1 to ! ext5t t x lays d[n ! claim1 ?\gh )\t satisfy+ x1 t hi/ory %\ld g beyond ! m]e *ronicle or docum5t4 ,b 9 s f> z x makes ! claim1 )\t itself fulfill+ x1 ?is mode ( hi/ory mu/ be *>act]iz$ z contradictory & absurd4 ,& s9ce ! claim is absurd1 philological hi/ory rema9s )\t tru? z be+ t :i*1 l *ronicle1 has n got tru? )9 x1 b d]ives x f ! au?ority to :i* x appeals4 ,x w be claim$ = philology t x te/s au?orities & selects ^? mo/ wor?y ( fai?4 ,b )\t dwell+ ^u ! fact t *ronicle also1 & *ronicle ( ! crude/1 mo/ ignorant & cr$ul\s sort1 proce$$ 9 a l mann] by te/+ & select+ ^? au?orities :i* seem$ to x to be ! mo/ wor?y ( fai?1 x is always a "q ( fai? 7t is to say1 ( ! ?\ght ( o!rs & ( ?\ght belong+ to ! pa/7 & n ( criticism 7t is to say1 ( our own ?\ght 9 ! act71 ( v]isimilitude & n ( t c]ta9ty :i* is tru?4 ,h5ce philological hi/ory c c]ta9ly be correct1 b n true 7ri*tig & n wahr74 ,& z x is )\t tru?1 s is x )\t true hi/orical int]e/--t is to say1 x %$s no light ^u an ord] ( facts answ]+ to a practical & e?ical want2 x may embrace any matt] indiff]5tly1 h[ev] remote x be f ! practical & e?ical s\l ( ! compil]4 ,?us1 z a pure philologi/1 ,i enjoy ! free *oice ( indiff]5ce1 & ! hi/ory ( ,italy = ! la/ half-c5tury has ! same value = me z t ( ! ,*9ese dyna/y ( ! ,ts94 ,i %all turn f "o to ! o!r1 mov$1 no d\bt1 by a c]ta9 int]e/1 b by an extra-hi/orical int]e/1 ( ! sort =m$ 9 ! special circle ( philology4 ,?is proc$ure1 :i* is )\t tru? & )\t passion1 & is prop] to philological hi/ory1 expla9s ! m>k$ contra/ s con/antly r5ew$ betwe5 ! philological hi/orians & hi/orians prop]ly s call$4 ,^! latt]1 int5t z !y are ^u ! solution ( vital problems1 gr[ impati5t to f9d !mselves (f]$ 9 reply ! frigid products ( philology1 or become angry at ! p]si/5t ass]tion t su* is hi/ory1 & t x mu/ be treat$ 9 su* a _s & ) su* me?ods4 ,p]haps ! f9e/ explosion ( su* a feel+ ( ang] & annoyance is to be f\nd 9 ! ,lett]s on ! ,/udy ( ,hi/ory 7#agea7 ( ,bol+broke1 9 :i* erudition is treat$ z nei!r m nor less ?an sumptu\s ignorance1 & le>n$ disquisitions ^u anci5t or primitive hi/ory are admitt$ at ! mo/ z resembl+ ^? 'ecc5tric preludes' :i* prec$e conc]ts & aid 9 sett+ ! in/rum5ts 9 tune & t c only be mi/ak5 = h>mony by "s "o )\t e>1 j 9 ! same way z only he :o is )\t hi/oric s5se c confuse ^? exhibitions ( erudition ) true hi/ory4 ,z an anti!sis to !m he sugge/s z an ideal a k9d ( 'political maps1' = ! use ( ! intellect & n ( ! memory1 indicat+ ! ,/orie fior5t9e ( ,ma*iavelli & ! ,trattato dei b5efici ( ,fra ,paolo z writ+s t approa* t ideal4 ,f9ally he ma9ta9s t = true & liv+ hi/ory we %\ld n g beyond ! beg9n+ ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 beyond ,*>les ,v & ,h5ry ,,viii1 :5 ! political & social hi/ory ( ,europe fir/ appe>$--a sy/em :i* /ill p]si/$ at ! beg9n+ ( ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,he !n proce$s to pa9t a picture ( ^? two c5turies ( hi/ory1 = ! use1 n ( ! curi\s & ! erudite1 b ( politicians1 too "o1 ,i ?9k1 w\ld wi% to d5y ! j s5tim5t = hi/ory :i* animates ^! dem&s1 set =? 9 s vivaci\s a mann]4 ,bol+broke1 h[ev]1 did n rise1 nor 0 x possible = him to rise1 to ! conception ( ! dea? & rebir? ( e hi/ory 7:i* is ! rigor\sly speculative concept ( 'actual' & 'contempor>y' hi/ory71 ow+ to ! conditions ( culture ( 8 "t1 nor did he suspect t primitive b>b>ic hi/ory1 :i* he ?rew into a corn] z useless dead leaves1 w\ld reappe> q fre% half a c5tury lat]1 z ! result ( ! reaction aga9/ intellectualism & ,jacob9ism1 & t ?is reaction w\ld h z "o ( its pr9cipal promot]s a publici/ ( 8 own c\ntry1 ,burke1 nor inde$ t x _h already reappe>$ 9 8 own "t 9 a corn] ( ,italy1 9 ! m9d & s\l ( ,giambatti/a ,vico4 ,i %all n adduce fur!r in/ances ( ! conflict betwe5 effective & philological hi/orians1 aft] ?is conspicu\s "o ( ,bol+broke1 because x is exce$+ly well kn[n1 & ! /rife is resum$ "u our v eyes at e mom5t4 ,i %all only add t x is c]ta9ly deplorable 7?\gh altoge!r natural1 because bl[s are n measur$ 9 a /ruggle7 t ! polemic aga9/ ! 'philologi/s' %\ld h be5 transf]r$ s z to include also ! philologues pure & simple4 ,= ^! latt]1 ! poor le>n$ ones1 ar*ivi/s & ar*ologi/s1 are h>mless1 b5efic5t little s\ls4 ,if !y %\ld be de/roy$1 z is sometimes prophesi$ 9 ! heat ( controv]sy1 ! f]tility ( ! spiritual field w\ld be n only dim9i%$1 b ru9$ altoge!r1 & we %\ld be oblig$ to promote to ! utmo/ ( our p[] ! re9troduction ( ^? coeffici5ts ( our culture1 v mu* 9 ! same way z is said to h be5 ! case ) ,fr5* agriculture aft] ! improvid5t h>ry+ ( ! h>mless & b5efic5t wasps :i* w5t on = sev]al ye>s4 ,:atev] ( ju/ifi$ or ju/ifiable is to be f\nd 9 ! /atem5ts z to ! unc]ta9ty & uselessness ( hi/ory is also due to ! revolt ( ! pure hi/oric s5se aga9/ philological hi/ory4 ,?is is to be assum$ f obs]v+ t ev5 ! mo/ radical ( ^? oppon5ts 7,font5elle1 ,volney1 ,delfico1 etc47 end by admitt+ or dem&+ "s =m ( hi/ory z n useless or unc]ta91 or n altoge!r useless & unc]ta91 & f ! fact t all _! %afts are direct$ aga9/ philological hi/ory & t f\nd$ ^u au?ority1 ( :i* ! only appropriate def9ition is t ( ,r\sseau 79 ! mile71 z l'art de *oisir entre plusieurs m5songes1 celui qui ressemble mieux la vrit4 ,9 all o!r respects--t is to say1 z reg>ds ! "p due to s5sational & naturali/ic assumptions--hi/orical scepticism contradicts itself "h1 l e =m ( scepticism1 = ! natural sci5ces !mselves1 ?us rais$ to ! rank ( model1 are f\nd$ ^u p]ceptions1 obs]vations1 & exp]im5ts--t is to say1 ^u facts hi/orically asc]ta9$--& ! 's5sations1' ^u :i* ! :ole tru? ( k is bas$1 are n !mselves k1 save to ! ext5t t !y assume ! =m ( affirmations--t is to say1 9 s f> z !y are hi/ory4 ,b ! tru? is t philological hi/ory1 l e o!r sort ( error1 does n fall be=e ! enemy's attack1 b r solely f int]nal causes1 & x is its own pr(essors t de/roy x1 :5 !y conceive ( x z )\t connexion ) life1 z m]ely a le>n$ ex]cise 7note ! _m hi/ories t are treatm5ts ( s*ola/ic !mes1 und]tak5 ) a view to tra9+ 9 ! art ( rese>*1 int]pretation1 & exposition1 & ! _m o!rs t are cont9uations ( ?is direction outside ! s*ool & are due to t5d5cy !re imp>t$71 & :5 !y !mselves ev9ce unc]ta9ty1 surr\nd+ e /atem5t t !y make ) d\bts4 ,! di/9ction betwe5 criticism & hyp]criticism has be5 drawn ) a view to arre/+ ?is spontane\s dissolution ( hi/orical philology2 ?us we f9d ! =m] prais$ & all[$1 :ile ! latt] is blam$ & =bidd54 ,b ! di/9ction is "o ( ! cu/om>y sort1 by means ( :i* lack ( intellig5ce disguis$ z love ( mod]ation contrives to *ip (f ! edges f ! anti!ses t x fails to solve4 ,hyp]criticism is ! prosecution ( criticism2 x is criticism itself1 & to divide criticism into a m & a less1 & to admit ! less & d5y ! m1 is extravagant1 to say ! lea/ ( x4 ,no 'au?orities' are c]ta9 :ile o!rs are unc]ta91 b all are unc]ta91 v>y+ 9 unc]ta9ty 9 an extr9sic & conjectural mann]4 ,:o c gu>antee himself aga9/ ! false /atem5t made by ! usually dilig5t & tru/wor?y witness 9 a mom5t ( di/raction or ( passion8 ,a sixte5?-c5tury inscription1 /ill to be read 9 "o ( ! old byways ( ,naples1 wisely prays ,god 7& hi/orical philologi/s %\ld pray to ,him f]v5tly e morn+7 to deliv] u n[ & = ev] f ! lies ( hone/ m54 ,?us hi/orians :o pu% criticism to ! po9t ( s-call$ hyp]criticism p]=m a mo/ in/ructive philosophical duty :5 !y r5d] ! :ole ( su* "w va91 & !re=e fit to be call$ by ! title ( ,san*ez's "w ,quod nihil scitur4 ,i recollect ! rem>k made to me :5 ,i 0 occupi$ ) rese>* "w 9 my "y days by a fri5d ( b slight lit]>y k1 to :om ,i _h l5t a v critical1 inde$ hyp]critical1 hi/ory ( anci5t ,rome4 ,:5 he _h f9i%$ read+ x he return$ ! book to me1 rem>k+ t he _h acquir$ ! pr\d conviction ( be+ ! mo/ le>n$ ( philologi/s1 because ! latt] arrive at ! conclusion t !y "k no?+ z ! result ( exhau/+ toil1 :ile he knew no?+ )\t any ef=t at all1 simply z a g5]\s gift ( nature4#a ,,ii ,! consequ5ce ( ?is spontane\s dissolution ( philological hi/ory %\ld be ! negation ( hi/ory claim$ to h be5 writt5 ) ! aid ( n>ratives & docum5ts conceiv$ z ext]nal ?+s1 & ! consignm5t ( ^! to _! prop] l[] place z m]e aids to hi/orical k1 z x det]m9es & r$et]m9es itself 9 ! developm5t ( ! _s4 ,b if su* consequ5ces are di/a/eful & ! project is p]sev]$ 9 ( ?us writ+ hi/ory 9 spite ( repeat$ failures1 ! fur!r problem !n pres5ts itself z to h[ ! cold indiff]5ce ( philological hi/ory & its intr9sic unc]ta9ty c be heal$ )\t *ang+ ^? presumptions4 ,! problem1 itself fallaci\s1 c receive b a fallaci\s solution1 express$ by ! sub/itution ( ! int]e/ ( s5tim5t = ! lack ( int]e/ ( ?\ght & ( /hetic coh]5ce ( repres5tation = ! logical coh]5ce "h unobta9able4 ,! new errone\s =m ( hi/ory ?us obta9$ is poetical hi/ory4 ,num]\s examples ( ?is k9d ( hi/ory are af=d$ by ! affectionate biographies ( p]sons mu* belov$ & v5]at$ & by ! satirical biographies ( ! dete/$2 patriotic hi/ories :i* vaunt ! glory & lam5t ! misadv5tures ( ! p to :i* ! au?or belongs & ) :i* he sympa?izes1 & ^? t %$ a s9i/] light ^u ! enemy p1 adv]s>y ( 8 own2 univ]sal hi/ory1 illum9at$ ) ! ideals ( lib]alism or humanit>ianism1 t compos$ by a sociali/1 depict+ ! acts1 z ,m>x said1 ( ! cavali] ( ! sorry c\nt5ance1 9 o!r words ( ! capitali/1 t ( ! anti-,semite1 :o %[s ! ,jew to be ev]y:]e ! s\rce ( human mis=tune & ( human turpitude & ! p]secution ( ! ,jew to be ! acme ( human spl5d\r & happ9ess4 ,nor is poetical hi/ory exhau/$ ) ?is fundam5tal & g5]al description ( love & hate 7love t is hate & hate t is love71 = x passes ?r\gh all ! mo/ intricate =ms1 ! f9e gradations ( s5tim5t4 ,?us we h poetical hi/ories :i* are amor\s1 melan*oly1 no/algic1 pessimi/ic1 resign$1 confid5t1 *e]ful1 & z _m o!r sorts z "o c imag9e4 ,h]odotus celebrates ! romance ( ! jeal\sies ( ! gods1 ,livy ! epos ( ,roman virtue1 ,tacitus composes horrible trag$ies1 ,elizabe?an dramas 9 sculptural ,lat9 prose4 ,if we turn to ! mo/ mod]n among ! mod]ns1 we f9d ,droys5 giv+ expression to 8 lyrical aspiration t[>d ! /rong c5traliz$ /ate 9 8 hi/ory ( ,mac$onia1 t ,prussia ( ,hellas2 ,grote to 8 aspirations t[>d democratic in/itutions1 z symboliz$ 9 ,a!ns2 ,momms5 to ^? direct$ t[>d empire1 z symboliz$ 9 ,cs>2 ,balbo p\r+ =? all 8 ard\rs = ,lat9 indep5d5ce1 employ+ = t purpose all ! records ( ,lat9 battles & beg9n+ ) no?+ less ?an ^? betwe5 ! ,itali & ,etrusci aga9/ ! ,pelasgi2 ,?i]ry celebrat+ ! middle class 9 ! hi/ory ( ! ,?ird ,e/ate repres5t$ by ,jacques ,bonhomme2 ! ,gonc\rts writ+ voluptu\s fiction r\nd ! figures ( ,mme de ,pompad\r1 ( ,mme ,du ,b>ry1 ( ,m>ie ,anto9ette1 m c>eful ( ! mat]ial & cut ( g>m5ts ?an ( ?\ghts2 &1 f9ally1 ,de ,b>ante1 9 8 hi/ory ( ! ,dukes ( ,burgundy1 hav+ 8 eye ^u knights & ladies1 arms & love4 ,x may seem t ! indiff]5ce ( philological hi/ory is ?us truly conqu]$ & hi/orical mat]ial dom9at$ by a pr9ciple & crit]ion ( values4 ,?is is ! dem& p]si/5tly address$ to hi/ory f all sides 9 our day by me?odologi/s & philosoph]s4 ,b ,i h avoid$ ! ^w 'value' hi!rto1 ow+ to its equivocal mean+1 apt to deceive _m4 ,= s9ce hi/ory is hi/ory ( ! _s1 & s9ce _s is value1 & inde$ ! only value t is possible to conceive1 t hi/ory is cle>ly always hi/ory ( values2 & s9ce ! _s becomes transp>5t to itself z ?\ght 9 ! consci\sness ( ! hi/orian1 ! value t rules ! writ+ ( hi/ory is ! value ( ?\ght4 ,b precisely = ?is reason its pr9ciple ( det]m9ation _c be ! value kn[n z ! value ( 's5tim5t1' :i* is life & n ?\ght1 & :5 ?is life f9ds expression & repres5tation1 be=e x has be5 dom9at$ by ?\ght1 we h poetry1 n hi/ory4 ,9 ord] to turn poetical biography into truly hi/orical biography we mu/ repress our loves1 our te>s1 our scorn1 & seek :at function ! individual has fulfill$ 9 social activity or civilization2 & we mu/ d ! same = national hi/ory z = t ( humanity1 & = e gr\p ( facts1 small or great1 z = e ord] ( ev5ts4 ,we mu/ sup]s$e--t is to say1 trans=m--values ( s5tim5t ) values ( ?\ght4 ,if we d n f9d ourselves able to rise to ?is 'subjectivity' ( ?\ght1 we %all produce poetry & n hi/ory3 ! hi/orical problem w rema9 intact1 or1 r1 x w n yet h come into be+1 b w d s :5 ! requisite conditions are pres5t4 ,! int]e/ t /irs u 9 ! =m] case is n t ( life :i* becomes ?\ght1 b ( life :i* becomes intuition & imag9ation4 ,& s9ce we h ent]$ ! doma9 ( poetry1 :ile ! hi/orical problem rema9s beyond1 erudition ,or philology1 f :i* we seem to h />t$1 rema9s some?+ on ?is side--t is to say1 is altoge!r surpass$4 ,9 philological hi/ory1 not)/&+ ! claims made by x1 *ronicles & docum5ts p]si/ 9 _! crude natural & undige/$ /ate4 ,b ^! are pr(\ndly *ang$ 9 poetical hi/ory2 or1 to speak ) great] accuracy1 !y are simply dissolv$4 ,let u ignore ! case 7common en\gh7 ( ! hi/orian :o1 ) a view to obta9+ arti/ic effects1 int5tionally m+les 8 inv5tions ) ! data provid$ by ! *ronicles & docum5ts1 endeav\r+ to make !m pass = hi/ory--t is to say1 he r5d]s himself guilty ( a lie & is ! cause ( confusion4 ,b ! alt]ation t is cont9u\s & inh]5t to hi/oriography consi/s ( ! *oice & connexion ( ! details !mselves1 select$ f ! 's\rces1' r ow+ to motives ( s5tim5t ?an ( ?\ght4 ,?is1 closely consid]$1 is really an inv5tion or imag9+ ( ! facts2 ! new connexion becomes concrete 9 a newly imag9$ fact4 ,& s9ce ! data t are tak5 f ! 's\rces' d n always l5d !mselves ) docility to ! requir$ connexion1 x is consid]$ p]missible to sollicit] d\cem5t les textes 7z1 if ,i am n mi/ak51 ,r5an1 "o ( ! hi/orian-poets1 rem>k$7 & to add imag9>y p>ticul>s1 ?\gh 9 a conjectural =m1 to ! actual data4 ,vossius blam$ ^? ,grecian hi/orians1 & hi/orians ( o!r nations1 :o1 :5 !y inv5t fables1 ad effugi5dam vanitatis notam satis =e putant si addant solemne suum 'aiunt1' 'f]tur1' vel aliquid quod tantundem valeat4 ,b ev5 9 our own day x w\ld be div]t+ & in/ructive to catalogue ! =ms ( ins9uation employ$ by hi/orians :o pass = be+ mo/ weighty1 ) a view to introduc+ _! own p]sonal imag9+s3 'p]haps1' 'x w\ld seem1' '"o w\ld say1' 'x is pleasant to ?9k1' 'we may inf]1' 'x is probable1' 'x is evid5t1' & ! l2 & to note h[ !y sometimes come to omit ^! w>n+s & rec\nt ?+s t !y h !mselves imag9$ z ?\gh !y _h se5 !m1 9 ord] to complete _! picture1 reg>d+ :i* !y w\ld be mu* emb>rass$ if "s "o1 indiscreet z an enfant t]rible1 %\ld *ance to ask !m3 ,h[ d y "k x8 ,:o told y ?is8 ,rec\rse has be5 _h to ! me?odological !ory ( imag9ation necess>y = ! hi/orian :o does n wi% to become a m]e *ronicl]1 to an imag9ation1 t is to say1 :i* %all be recon/ructive & integrat+2 or1 z is also said1 to ! necessity ( integrat+ ! hi/orical datum ) our p]sonal psy*ology or psy*ological k4 ,?is !ory1 simil> to t ( value 9 hi/ory1 also conta9s an equivocation4 ,= d\btless imag9ation is indisp5sable to ! hi/orian3 empty criticism1 empty n>rative1 ! concept )\t intuition or imag9ation1 are altoge!r /]ile2 & ?is has be5 said & said aga9 9 ^! pages1 :5 we h dem&$ ! vivid exp]i5ce ( ! ev5ts ^: hi/ory we h und]tak5 to relate1 :i* also means _! re-elaboration z intuition & imag9ation4 ,)\t ?is imag9ative recon/ruction or integration x is n possible to write hi/ory1 or to read x1 or to und]/& x4 ,b ?is sort ( imag9ation1 :i* is really q indisp5sable to ! hi/orian1 is ! imag9ation t is insep>able f ! hi/orical syn!sis1 ! imag9ation 9 & = ?\ght1 ! concret5ess ( ?\ght1 :i* is nev] an ab/ract concept1 b always a relation & a judgm5t1 n indet]m9ation b det]m9ation4 ,x is nev]!less to be radically di/+ui%$ f ! free poetic imag9ation1 de> to ^? hi/orians :o see & he> ! face & ! voice ( ,jesus on ! ,lake ( ,tib]ias1 or foll[ ,h]aclitus on 8 daily walks among ! hills ( ,ephesus1 or repeat aga9 ! secret colloquies betwe5 ,francis ( ,assisi & ! sweet ,umbrian c\ntryside4 ,"h too we %all be ask$ ( :at error1 !n1 we c accuse poetical hi/ory1 if x be poetry 7a necess>y =m ( ! _s & "o ( ! de>e/ to ! he>t ( man7 & n hi/ory4 ,b "h also we mu/ reply--9 mann] analog\s to our reply 9 ! case ( philological hi/ory--t ! error does n lie 9 :at is done1 b 9 :at is claim$ to be done3 n 9 creat+ poetry1 b 9 call+ hi/ories t are poetry poetical hi/ories1 :i* is a contradiction 9 t]ms4 ,s f> am ,i f ent]ta9+ ! ?\ght ( object+ to poetry wov5 out ( hi/orical data t ,i wi% to affirm t a great "p ( pure poetry1 especially 9 mod]n times1 is to be f\nd 9 books t are call$ hi/ories4 ,! epic1 = in/ance1 did n1 z is believ$1 die 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury1 b x is n to be f\nd 9 ! 'epic poems' ( ,botta1 ( ,bagnoli1 ( ,bell9i1 or ( ,b&ett9i1 :]e x is s\ght by %ort-sight$ classifi]s ( lit]ature1 b 9 n>ratives ( ! hi/ory ( ! ,risorgim5to1 :]e are p\r$ =? epic1 drama1 satire1 idyll1 elegy1 & z _m o!r 'k9ds ( poetry' z may be desir$4 ,! hi/oriography ( ! ,risorgim5to is 9 great "p a poetical hi/oriography1 ri* 9 leg5ds :i* /ill await ! hi/orian1 or h met ) him only occasionally & by *ance1 exactly l anci5t or m$ieval epic1 :i*1 if x 7 really poetry1 0 yet believ$ by its he>]s1 & (t5 p]haps by its compos]s !mselves1 to be hi/ory4 ,& ,i claim = o!rs & = myself ! "r to imag9e hi/ory z dictat$ by my p]sonal feel+2 to imag9e1 = in/ance1 an ,italy z fair z a belov$ woman1 z de> z ! t5d]e/ ( mo!rs1 z au/]e z a v5]at$ ance/ress1 to seek out h] do+s ?r\gh ! c5turies & ev5 to prophesy h] future1 & to create = myself 9 hi/ory idols ( hatr$ & ( love1 to embelli% yet m ! *>m+1 if ,i w1 & to make ! unpleasant yet m unpleasant4 ,i claim to seek out e memory & e p>ticul>1 ! expressions ( c\nt5ance1 ! ge/ures1 ! g>m5ts1 ! dwell+s1 e k9d ( insignificant p>ticul> 7insignificant = o!rs or 9 o!r respects1 b n = me at t mom5t71 almo/ physically to approa* my fri5ds & my mi/resses1 ( bo? ( :i* ,i possess a f9e circle or h>em 9 hi/ory4 ,b x rema9s evid5t t :5 ,i or o!rs h ! int5tion ( writ+ hi/ory1 true hi/ory & n poetical hi/ory1 we %all cle> away my?s & idols1 fri5ds & mi/resses1 devot+ our att5tion solely to ! problem ( hi/ory1 :i* is _s or value 7or if less philosophical & m colloquial t]ms be pref]r$1 culture1 civilization1 progress71 & we %all look ^u !m ) ! two eyes & ! s+le sight ( ?\ght4 ,& :5 "s "o1 9 t sph]e or at t altitude1 beg9s to talk to u ( ! s5tim5ts t b a %ort :ile ago 7 tumultu\s 9 our brea/s1 we %all li/5 to him z to "o :o talks ( ?+s t are h5ce=? di/ant & dead1 9 :i* we no long] p>ticipate1 because ! only s5tim5t t n[ fills our s\l is ! s5tim5t ( tru?1 ! se>* = hi/orical tru?4 #a ,see ,app5dix ,i4 ,,iii ,) poetical hi/ory--t is to say1 ) ! fall+ back ( hi/ory into a =m ideally ant]ior1 t ( poetry--! cycle ( errone\s =ms ( hi/ory 7or ( errone\s !oretical =ms7 is complete4 ,b my disc\rse w\ld n p]haps be complete 7 ,i to rema9 sil5t z to a s-call$ =m ( hi/ory :i* _h great importance 9 antiquity :5 x develop$ its own !ory4 ,x cont9ues to h "s importance 9 our own day1 al?\gh n[ incl9$ to conceal its face1 to *ange its g>m5ts1 & to disguise itself4 ,?is is ! hi/ory kn[n 9 antiquity z oratory or rhetoric4 ,its object 0 to tea* philosophy by example1 to incite to virtu\s conduct1 to imp>t in/ruction z to ! be/ political & milit>y in/itutions1 or simply to delight1 accord+ to ! v>i\s int5tions ( ! rhetoricians4 ,& ev5 9 our own day ?is type ( hi/ory is dem&$ & suppli$ n only 9 ! elem5t>y s*ools 7:]e x seems to be und]/ood t ! bitt] ( wisdom %\ld be imbib$ by y\? m+l$ ) ! sweet ( fable71 b among gr[n m54 ,x is closely l9k$ up ) politics1 :]e x is a "q ( politics1 or ) religion1 philosophy1 morality1 & ! l1 :]e !y are conc]n$1 or ) div]sions1 z 9 ! case ( anecdotes1 ( /range ev5ts1 ( sc&al\s & t]rify+ hi/ories4 ,b c ?is1 ,i ask1 be consid]$1 ,i d n say hi/ory1 b an errone\s 7!oretical7 =m ( hi/ory8 ,! /ructure ( rhetorical hi/ory presupposes a hi/ory t already exi/s1 or at lea/ a poetical hi/ory1 n>rat$ ) a practical end4 ,! end w\ld be to induce an emotion lead+ to virtue1 to remorse1 to %ame1 or to en?usiasm2 or p]haps to provide repose = ! s\l1 su* z is suppli$ by games2 or to introduce into ! m9d a hi/orical1 philosophical1 or sci5tific tru? 7mov]e1 delect>e1 doc]e1 or 9 :atev] way x may be decid$ to classify ^! ends72 b x w always be an end--t is to say1 a practical act1 :i* avails itself ( ! tell+ ( ! hi/ory z a means or z "o ( its means4 ,h5ce rhetorical hi/ory 7:i* w\ld be m correctly t]m$ practici/ical hi/ory7 is compos$ ( two elem5ts1 hi/ory & ! practical end1 conv]g+ into "o1 :i* is ! practical act4 ,= ?is reason "o _c attack x1 b only its !ory1 :i* is ! already m5tion$ !ory1 s celebrat$ 9 antiquity1 ( hi/ory z opus oratorium1 z 1 z 1 z 7if w>like71 or 7if political71 or z evocative ( 1 & ! l4 ,?is doctr9e is altoge!r analog\s to ! h$oni/ic & p$agogic doctr9e relat+ to poetry :i* at t "t dom9at$4 ,x 0 believ$ possible to assign an end to poetry1 :]eas an extr9sic end 0 assign$ to x1 & poetry 0 ?us pass$ ov] )\t be+ t\*$4 ,practici/ical hi/ory 7:i*1 h[ev]1 is n hi/ory7 is exempt f c5sure z a practical act3 ea* "o ( u is n cont5t ) inquir+ into hi/ory1 b also acts1 & 9 act+ c q well avail himself ( ! re-evocation ( ?is or t image1 ) a view to /imulat+ 8 own "w1 or 7:i* comes to ! same ?+7 ! "w ( o!rs4 ,he c1 inde$1 read & re-read all ! books t h f "t to "t be5 ( assi/ance to him1 z ,cato ! y\ng] _h rec\rse to read+ ! ,phd 9 ord] to prep>e himself = suicide1 :ile o!rs h prep>$ !mselves = x by read+ ,w]!r1 ,ortis1 or ! poems ( ,leop>di4 ,f ! "t ( ! ,r5aissance to ! eighte5? c5tury1 _m o!rs prep>$ !mselves = conspiracies & tyrannicides by read+ ,plut>*1 & s mu* 0 ?is ! case t "o ( !m1 ! y\?ful ,boscoli1 :5 condemn$ to dea? = a conspiracy aga9/ ! ,m$ici1 rem>k$ 9 8 la/ h\r to ,della ,robbia 7:o rec\nts ! incid5t71 ,get ,brutus out ( my head6--,brutus1 n1 t is to say1 ! hi/ory ( ,brutus t he _h read & ?\ght ab\t1 b t by :i* he _h be5 fasc9at$ & urg$ on to commit ! crime4 ,= ! re/1 true & prop] hi/ory is n t ,brutus :i* procreat$ ! mod]n ,bruti ) _! dagg]s1 b ,brutus z ?\ght & situat$ 9 ! _w ( ?\ght4 ,"o might be induc$ to assign a special place to ! hi/ory n[ kn[n z bias$1 because1 on ! "o h&1 x seems t x is n a simple hi/ory ( s5tim5t & poetry1 s9ce x has an end to atta91 & on ! o!r because su* end is n impos$ ^u x f )\t1 b co9cides ) ! conception ( hi/ory itself4 ,h5ce x w\ld seem fitt+ to look ^u x z a =m ( hi/ory /&+ half-way betwe5 poetry & practicism1 a mixture ( ! two4 ,b mix$ =ms & hybrid products exi/ only 9 ! fictiti\s classifications ( empirici/s1 nev] 9 ! reality ( ! _s1 & bias$ hi/ory1 :5 closely exam9$1 is really ei!r poetical hi/ory or practici/ical hi/ory4 ,an exception mu/ always be made ( ! books 9 :i* ! two mom5ts are sometimes to be f\nd side by side1 z inde$ "o usually f9ds true hi/ory & *ronicle & ! docum5t & philological & poetical hi/ory side by side4 ,:at gives ! illusion ( a m+l+ or ( a special =m ( hi/ory is ! fact t _m take _! po9t ( dep>ture f poetical inspiration 7love ( c\ntry1 fai? 9 _! c\ntry1 en?usiasm = a great man1 & s on7 & end ) practical calculations3 !y beg9 ) poetry & end ) ! allegations ( ! special plead]1 & sometimes1 al?\gh m r>ely1 !y foll[ an opposite c\rse4 ,?is duplication is to be obs]v$ 9 ! num]\s hi/ories ( p>ties t h be5 compos$ s9ce ! _w 0 a _w1 & x is n difficult to discov] 9 :at p>ts ( !m we h manife/ations ( poetry & 9 :at p>ts ( calculation4 ,good ta/e & criticism are cont9ually effect+ ?is sep>ation = hi/ory1 z = art & poetry 9 g5]al4 ,x is true t good ta/e loves & accepts poetry & discrim9ates betwe5 ! practical int5tions ( ! poet & ^? ( ! hi/orian-poet2 b ^? int5tions are receiv$ & admitt$ by ! moral consci5ce1 provid$ always t !y are good int5tions & consequ5tly good actions2 & al?\gh p are dispos$ to speak ill ( advocates 9 g5]al1 x is c]ta9 t ! hone/ advocate & ! prud5t orator _c be disp5s$ ) 9 social life4 ,nor has s-call$ practici/ical hi/ory ev] be5 disp5s$ )1 ei!r accord+ to ! ,grco-,roman practice1 :i* 0 t ( propos+ portraits ( /atesm51 ( capta9s1 & ( h]oic wom5 z models = ! s\l1 or accord+ to t ( ! ,middle ,ages1 :i* 0 to repeat ! lives ( sa9ts & h]mits ( ! des]t1 or ( knights /rong ( arm & ( un%akable fai?1 or 9 our own mod]n _w1 :i* recomm5ds z edify+ & /imulat+ read+ ! lives & 'leg5ds' ( inv5tors1 ( bus9ess m51 ( explor]s1 & ( millionaires4 ,educative hi/ories1 compos$ ) ! view ( promot+ def9ite practical or moral dispositions1 really exi/1 & e ,italian kn[s h[ great 7 ! effects ( ,colletta's & ,balbo's hi/ories & ! l dur+ ! p]iod ( ! ,risorgim5to1 & ev]yone kn[s books t h 'inspir$' him or inculcat$ 9 him ! love ( 8 own c\ntry1 ( 8 t[n & /eeple4 ,?is moral efficacy1 :i* belongs to morality & n to hi/ory1 has _h s /rong a hold ^u ! m9d t ! prejudice /ill survives ( assign+ a moral function to hi/ory 7z also to poetry7 9 ! field ( tea*+4 ,?is prejudice is /ill to be f\nd inspir+ ev5 ,labriola's p$agogic essay on ,! ,tea*+ ( ,hi/ory4 ,b if we mean by ! ^w 'hi/ory' bo? hi/ory t is ?\ght z well z t :i*1 on ! contr>y1 is poetry1 philology1 or moral w1 x is cle> t 'hi/ory' w ent] ! educational process n "u "o =m alone1 b "u all ^! =ms4 ,b z hi/ory prop] x w only ent] x "u "o ( !m1 :i* is n t ( moral education1 exclusively or ab/ractly consid]$1 b ( ! education or developm5t ( ?\ght4 ,,iv ,mu* is said1 n[ ev5 m ?an =m]ly1 ( ! necessity ( a 're=m ( hi/ory1' b to me !re does n seem to be any?+ to re=m4 ,no?+ to re=m 9 ! s5se attribut$ to su* a dem&--namely1 t ( m\ld+ a new =m ( hi/ory or ( creat+ = ! fir/ "t true hi/ory4 ,hi/ory is1 has be51 & always w be ! same1 :at we h call$ liv+ hi/ory1 hi/ory t is 7ideally7 contempor>y2 & *ronicle1 philological hi/ory1 poetical hi/ory1 & 7let u call x hi/ory nev]!less7 practici/ical hi/ory are1 h be51 & always w be ! same4 ,^? :o und]take ! task ( creat+ a new hi/ory always succe$ 9 sett+ up philological hi/ory aga9/ poetical hi/ory1 or poetical hi/ory aga9/ philological hi/ory1 or contempor>y hi/ory aga9/ bo? ( !m1 & s on4 ,unless1 inde$1 z is ! case ) ,buckle & ! _m tiresome sociologi/s & positivi/s ( ! la/ t5 ye>s1 !y lam5t ) great pomposity & no less lack ( intellig5ce z to :at hi/ory is t x lacks ! capacity ( obs]vation & ( exp]im5t 7t is to say1 ! naturali/ic ab/raction ( obs]vation & exp]im5t71 boa/+ t !y 'r$uce hi/ory to natural sci5ce'--t is to say1 by ! employm5t ( a circle1 z vici\s z x is grotesque1 to a m5tal =m :i* is its pale d]ivative4 ,9 ano!r s5se1 ev]y?+ is c]ta9ly to be re=m$ 9 hi/ory1 & hi/ory is at e mom5t lab\r+ to r5d] h]self p]fect--t is to say1 is enri*+ h]self & prob+ m deeply into h]self4 ,!re is no hi/ory t completely satisfies u1 because any con/ruction ( ours g5]ates new facts & new problems & solicits new solutions4 ,?us ! hi/ory ( ,rome1 ( ,greece1 & ( ,*ri/ianity1 ( ! ,re=mation1 ( ! ,fr5* ,revolution1 ( philosophy1 ( lit]ature1 & ( any o!r subject is always be+ told afre% & always diff]5tly4 ,b hi/ory re=ms h]self1 rema9+ h]self always1 & ! /r5g? ( h] developm5t lies precisely 9 ?us endur+4 ,! dem& = radical or ab/ract re=m also _c be giv5 t o!r mean+ ( a re=m ( ! 'idea ( hi/ory1' ( ! discov]y t is to be made or is f9ally made ( ! true concept ( hi/ory4 ,at all p]iods ! di/9ction has to "s ext5t be5 made betwe5 hi/ories t are hi/ories & ^? o!rs t are works ( imag9ation or *ronicles4 ,?is c\ld be demon/rat$ f ! obs]vations met ) at all times among hi/orians & me?odologi/s1 & f ! confessions t ev5 ! mo/ confus$ ( !m involunt>ily let fall4 ,x is also to be inf]r$ ) c]ta9ty f ! nature itself ( ! human _s1 al?\gh ! words 9 :i* ^? di/9ctions are express$ h n be5 writt5 or are n pres]v$4 ,& su* a concept & di/9ction are r5ew$ at e mom5t by hi/ory itself1 :i* becomes ev] m copi\s1 m pr(\nd4 ,?is is to be look$ ^u z c]ta91 & is = t matt] made evid5t by ! hi/ory ( hi/oriography1 :i* has c]ta9ly accompli%$ "s progress s9ce ! days ( ,diog5es ( ,halic>nassus & ( ,cic]o to ^? ( ,hegel & ( ,humboldt4 ,o!r problems h be5 =m$ 9 our own day1 "s ( :i* ,i attempt to solve 9 ?is book4 ,i am well aw>e t x af=ds solutions only to "s among ! _m1 & especially t x does n solve 7simply because x _c7 ^? t are n yet =m$1 b :i* w inevitably be =m$ 9 ! future4 ,9 any case x w be ?\ght t ! cle>ness acquir$ by ! hi/orical consci\sness z to ! nature ( its own "w w at lea/ avail to de/roy ! errone\s =ms ( hi/ory1 t s9ce we h %[n t philological hi/ory or *ronicle is n hi/ory1 & t poetical hi/ory is poetry & n hi/ory1 ! 'facts' t correspond to ^? beliefs mu/ disappe>1 or become ev] m limit$ 9 ext5sion1 to ! po9t ( disappe>+ altoge!r 9 a ne> or di/ant future1 z catapults h disappe>$ be=e guns & z we see c>riages disappe>+ be=e1 automobiles4 ,& ?is w\ld be truly possible 7 ^! errone\s =ms to become concrete 9 'facts1' 7 !y n1 z ,i h said above1 m]e 'claims4' ,if error & evil 7 a fact1 humanity w\ld h long ago aboli%$ x--t is to say1 sup]s$$ x1 9 ! same way z x has sup]s$$ slav]y & s]fdom & ! me?od ( simple b>t] & s _m o!r ?+s t 7 facts1 t is to say1 its own transitory =ms4 ,b error 7& evil1 :i* is "o ) x7 is n a fact2 x does n possess empirical exi/5ce2 x is no?+ b ! negative or dialectical mom5t ( ! _s1 necess>y = ! concret5ess ( ! positive mom5t1 = ! reality ( ! _s4 ,= ?is reason x is et]nal & inde/ructible1 & to de/roy x by ab/raction 7s9ce x _c be done by ?\ght7 is equival5t to imag9+ ! dea? ( ! _s1 z confirm$ 9 ! say+ t ab/raction is dea?4 ,& )\t occupy+ fur!r space ) ! ex-position ( a doctr9e t w\ld entail too wide a digression1#a ,i %all obs]ve t a glance at ! hi/ory ( hi/ory proves ! salut>y nature ( error1 :i* is n a ,caliban1 b r an ,ariel1 :o brea!s ev]y:]e1 call+ =? & excit+1 b c nev] be grasp$ z a solid ?+4 ,& ) a view to seek+ examples only 9 ^? g5]al =ms t h be5 hi!rto exam9$1 polemical & t5d5ci\s hi/oriography is c]ta9ly to be t]m$ error4 ,?is prevail$ dur+ ! p]iod ( ! enlight5m5t1 & r$uc$ hi/ory to a plead+ aga9/ prie/s & tyrants4 ,b :o w\ld h wi%$ simply to return f ?is to ! le>n$ & apa!tic hi/ory ( ! ,b5$ict9es & ( ! o!r au?ors ( folios8 ,! polemic & its direction express$ ! ne$ = liv+ hi/ory1 ?\gh n 9 an altoge!r satisfactory =m1 & ?is ne$ 0 foll[$ by ! creation ( a new hi/oriography dur+ ! p]iod ( romanticism4 ,! type ( m]ely philological hi/ory1 promulgat$ 9 ,g]many aft] #ahbj1 & aft]w>d dissem9at$ ?r\gh\t ,europe1 0 also c]ta9ly error2 b x 0 likewise an in/rum5t ( lib]ation f ! m or less fanta/ic & arbitr>y hi/ories improvis$ by ! philosoph]s4 ,b :o w\ld wi% to turn back f !m to ! 'philosophies ( hi/ory'8 ,! type ( hi/ory1 sometimes t5d5ci\s1 b m (t5 poetical1 :i* foll[$ 9 ! wake ( ! national ,italian movem5t1 0 also error--t is to say1 x l$ to ! loss ( hi/orical calm4 ,b t poetical consci\sness :i* surpass$ itself :5 lay+ claim to hi/orical tru? 0 b\nd soon] or lat] to g5]ate 7z _h be5 ! case on a l>g] scale 9 ! eighte5? c5tury7 a hi/ory l9k$ ) ! int]e/s ( life )\t becom+ s]vile & all[+ itself to be l$ away by ! phantoms ( love & hate sugge/$ by !m4 ,fur!r examples c\ld be adduc$1 b ! example ( examples is t :i* happ5s )9 ea* ( u :5 we are deal+ ) hi/orical mat]ial4 ,we see our sympa?ies & antipa?ies arise 9 turn z we proce$ 7our poetical hi/ory71 our int5tions z practical m5 7our rhetorical hi/ory71 our *ronicli/ical memories 7our philological hi/ory72 we m5tally sup]s$e ^! =ms 9 turn1 & 9 do+ s f9d ourselves 9 possession ( a new & m pr(\nd hi/orical tru?4 ,?us does hi/ory affirm itself1 di/+ui%+ itself f non-hi/ories & conqu]+ ! dialectical mom5ts :i* arise f ^!4 ,x 0 = ?is reason t ,i said t !re is nev] any?+ ( any?+ to re=m 9 ! ab/ract1 b ev]y?+ ( ev]y?+ 9 ! concrete4 #a ,see ,logic z ,sci5ce ( ,pure ,concept4--,d4 ,a4 ,,iii ,,hi/ory ,,z ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,! ,,univ]sal ,,criticism ,,( ',,univ]sal ,,hi/ory ,i ,return+ f ?is dialectical r\nd to ! concept ( hi/ory z 'contempor>y hi/ory1' a new d\bt assails & torm5ts u4 ,= if ! pro( giv5 has fre$ t concept f "o ( ! mo/ insi/5t =ms ( hi/orical scepticism 7! scepticism t arises f ! lack ( reliability ( 'te/imony'71 x does n seem t x has be5 fre$ or ev] c be fre$ f t o!r =m ( scepticism1 m prop]ly t]m$ 'agno/icism1' :i* does n absolutely d5y ! tru? ( hi/ory1 b d5ies to x complete tru?4 ,b 9 ultimate analysis ?is is to d5y to x real k1 because uns\nd k1 half k1 also r$uces ! vig\r ( ! "p t x ass]ts to be kn[n4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 commonly ass]t$ t only a "p ( hi/ory1 a v small "p1 is kn[n to u3 a fa9t glimm] :i* r5d]s yet m s5sible ! va/ gloom t surr\nds our k on all sides4 ,9 tru?1 :at d we "k ( ! orig9s ( ,rome or ( ! ,greek /ates1 & ( ! p :o prec$$ ! ,greek & ,roman civilizations 9 ^? c\ntries1 not)/&+ all ! rese>*es ( ! le>n$8 ,& if a fragm5t ( ! life ( ^! p does rema9 to u1 h[ unc]ta9 is its int]pretation6 ,if "s tradition has be5 h&$ d[n to u1 h[ poor1 confus$1 & contradictory x is6 ,& we "k /ill less ( ! p :o prec$$ ^? p1 ( ! immigrations f ,asia & ,africa into ,europe or inv]sely1 & ( relations ) o!r c\ntries beyond ! ocean1 ev5 ) ! ,atlantis ( ! my?s4 ,& ! monog5esis or polyg5esis ( ! human race is a desp]ate head-splitt]1 op5 to all conjectures4 ,! appe>ance ^u ! e>? ( ! g5us homo is op5 to va9 conjectures1 z is 8 aff9ity or relation%ip to ! animals4 ,! hi/ory ( ! e>?1 ( ! sol> sy/em1 ( ! :ole cosmos1 is lo/ 9 ! obscurity ( its orig94 ,b obscurity does n dwell alone among ! 'orig9s'2 ! :ole ( hi/ory1 ev5 t ( mod]n ,europe :i* is ne>e/ to u1 is obscure4 ,:o c really say :at motives det]m9$ a ,danton or a ,robespi]re1 a ,napoleon or an ,alex&] ( ,russia8 ,& h[ num]\s are ! obscurities & ! lacun t relate to ! acts !mselves--t is to say1 to _! ext]nalization6 ,m\nta9s ( books h be5 writt5 ^u ! days ( ,septemb]1 ^u ! eighte5? ( ,brumaire1 ^u ! burn+ ( ,mosc[2 b :o c tell h[ ^! ?+s really happ5$8 ,ev5 ^? :o 7 direct witnesses are n able to say1 = !y h h&$ d[n to u div]se & conflict+ n>ratives4 ,b let u leave great hi/ory4 ,w x n at lea/ be possible = u to "k a little hi/ory completely1 we w n say t ( our c\ntry1 ( our t[n1 or ( our family1 b ! lea/ little hi/ory ( any "o ( ourselves3 :at he really want$ :5 7_m ye>s ago or ye/]day7 he ab&on$ himself to ?is or t motive ( passion1 & utt]$ ?is or t ^w2 h[ he rea*$ ?is or t p>ticul> conclusion or decid$ ^u "s p>ticul> c\rse ( action2 :e!r ! motives t urg$ him 9 a p>ticul> direction 7 l(ty or base1 moral or egoi/ic1 inspir$ by duty or by vanity1 pure or impure8 ,x is en\gh to make "o lose "o's head1 z ^? scrupul\s p are aw>e1 :o ! m !y attempt to p]fect _! exam9ation ( consci5ce ! m !y are confus$4 ,no o!r c\nsel c be (f]$ to !m ?an t ( exam9+ !mselves c]ta9ly1 b n ov]mu*1 ( look+ r ahead ?an beh9d1 or only look+ beh9d to ! ext5t t x is necess>y to look4 ,we c]ta9ly "k our own hi/ory & t ( ! _w t surr\nds u1 b h[ little & h[ meagrely 9 comp>ison ) our inf9ite desire = k6 ,! be/ way ( end+ ?is vexation ( _s is t :i* ,i h foll[$1 t ( pu%+ x to its extreme limit1 & !n ( imag9+ = a mom5t t all ! int]rogations m5tion$1 toge!r ) ! inf9ite o!rs t c\ld be m5tion$1 h be5 satisfi$2 satisfi$ z int]rogations t cont9u$ to ! inf9ite c be satisfi$--t is to say1 by af=d+ an imm$iate answ] to !m1 "o aft] ! o!r1 & by caus+ ! _s to ent] ! pa? ( a v]tig9\s process ( satisfactions1 always obta9$ to ! inf9ite4 ,n[1 7 all ^? int]rogations satisfactorily answ]$1 7 we 9 possession ( all ! answ]s to !m1 :at %\ld we d8 ,! road ( progress to ! inf9ite is z wide z t to hell1 & if x does n lead to hell x c]ta9ly leads to ! madh\se4 ,& t inf9ite1 :i* gr[s bigg] ! mom5t we fir/ t\* x1 does n avail u2 inde$ x fills u ) fe>4 ,only ! poor f9ite assi/s u1 ! det]m9$1 ! concrete1 :i* is grasp$ by ?\ght & :i* l5ds itself z base = our exi/5ce & z po9t ( dep>ture = our action4 ,?us ev5 7 all ! p>ticul> inf9ities ( inf9ite hi/ory (f]$ = ! gratification ( our desire1 !re w\ld be no?+ else left = u to d b to cle> our m9ds ( !m1 to =get !m1 & to conc5trate ^u t p>ticul> po9t alone :i* corresponds to a problem & con/itutes liv+1 active hi/ory1 contempor>y hi/ory4 ,& ?is is :at ! _s 9 its developm5t accompli%es1 because !re is no fact t is n kn[n at ! mom5t ( its be+ done1 by means ( ! consci\sness t g]m9ates p]petually ^u action2 & !re is no fact t is n =gott5 soon] or lat]1 b may be recall$1 z we rem>k$ :5 speak+ ( dead hi/ory reviv$ at ! t\* ( life1 ( ! pa/ t by means ( ! contemporane\s becomes aga9 contemporane\s4 ,tol/oi got ?is ?\ght fix$ 9 8 m9d3 n only is no "o1 n ev5 a ,napoleon1 able to pr$et]m9e ) exactitude ! happ5+s ( a battle1 b no "o c "k h[ x really did happ51 because on ! v ev5+ ( its end+ an artificial1 leg5d>y hi/ory appe>s1 :i* only a cr$ul\s _s c\ld mi/ake = real hi/ory2 yet x is ^u ?is t pr(essional hi/orians "w1 integrat+ or temp]+ imag9ation ) imag9ation4 ,b ! battle is kn[n z x gradually develops1 & !n z ! turmoil t x causes is dissipat$1 s too is dissipat$ ! turmoil ( t consci\sness1 & ! only ?+ ( importance is ! actuality ( ! new situation & ! 'new disposition ( s\l t has be5 produc$1 express$ 9 poetical leg5ds or avail+ itself ( artificial fictions4 ,& ea* "o ( u at e mom5t kn[s & =gets ! majority ( 8 ?\ghts & acts 7:at a mis=tune x w\ld be if he did n d s1 = 8 life w\ld be a tiresome computation ( 8 smalle/ movem5ts672 b he does n =get1 & pres]ves = a great] or less "t1 ^? ?\ghts & s5tim5ts :i* repres5t memorable crises & problems relat+ to 8 future4 ,sometimes we assi/ ) a/oni%m5t at ! awak5+ 9 u ( s5tim5ts & ?\ghts t we _h believ$ to be irrevocable4 ,?us x mu/ be said t we "k at e mom5t all ! hi/ory t we ne$ to "k2 & s9ce :at rema9s ov] does n matt] to u1 we d n possess ! means ( kn[+ x1 or we %all possess x :5 ! ne$ arises4 ,t 'rema9+' hi/ory is ! et]nal phantom ( ! '?+ 9 itself1' :i* is nei!r '?+' nor '9 itself1' b only ! imag9ative projection ( ! inf9ity ( our action & ( our k4 ,! imag9ative projection ( ! ?+ 9 itself1 ) ! agno/icism t is its result1 is caus$ 9 philosophy by ! natural sci5ces1 :i* posit a reality made extr9sic & mat]ial & !re=e un9telligible4 ,*roniclism also occasions hi/orical agno/icism 9 an analog\s mann] at ! naturali/ic mom5t ( hi/ory1 = x posits a dead & un9telligible hi/ory4 ,all[+ itself to be s$uc$ by ?is allurem5t x /rays f ! pa? ( concrete tru?1 :ile ! s\l feels itself sudd5ly fill$ ) inf9ite que/ions1 mo/ va9 & desp]ate4 ,9 l mann]1 he :o /rays f or has n yet ent]$ ! fruitful pa? ( a dilig5t life1 feels 8 s\l full to ov]fl[+ ( inf9ite desires1 ( actions t _c be realiz$1 ( pleasures out ( rea*1 & consequ5tly suff]s ! pa9s ( a ,tantalus4 ,b ! wisdom ( life w>ns u n to lose ourselves 9 absurd desires1 z ! wisdom ( ?\ght w>ns u n to lose ourselves 9 problems t are va94 ,,ii ,b if we _c "k any?+ b ! f9ite & ! p>ticul>1 always inde$ only ?is p>ticul> & ?is f9ite1 mu/ we !n r5\nce 7a dolor\s r5unciation #a7 k ( univ]sal hi/ory8 ,)\t d\bt1 b ) ! d\ble coroll>y t we are r5\nc+ :at we h nev] possess$1 because we c\ld n possess x1 & t 9 consequ5ce su* r5unciation is n at all pa9ful4 ',univ]sal hi/ory1' too1 is n a concrete act or tact1 b a 'claim1' & a claim due to *roniclism & to its '?+ 9 itself1' & to ! /range proposal ( clos+ ! inf9ite progression1 :i* _h be5 improp]ly op5$1 by means ( progress to ! inf9ite4 ,univ]sal hi/ory really tries to =m a picture ( all ! ?+s t h happ5$ to ! human race1 f its orig9s ^u ! e>? to ! pres5t mom5t4 ,inde$1 x claims to d ?is f ! orig9 ( ?+s1 or ! creation1 to ! end ( ! _w1 s9ce x w\ld n o!rwise be truly univ]sal4 ,h5ce its t5d5cy to fill ! abysses ( prehi/ory & ( ! orig9s ) !ological or naturali/ic fictions & to trace someh[ ! future1 ei!r ) revelations & prophecies1 z 9 ,*ri/ian univ]sal hi/ory 7:i* w5t z f> z ,anti*ri/ & ! ,la/ ,judgm5t71 or ) previsions1 z 9 ! univ]sal hi/ories ( positivism1 democratism1 & socialism4 ,su* 0 its claim1 b ! result turns out to be diff]5t f ! int5tion1 & x gets :at x c--t is to say1 a *ronicle t is always m or less ( a mixture1 or a poetical hi/ory express+ "s aspiration ( ! he>t ( man1 or a true & prop] hi/ory1 :i* is n univ]sal1 b p>ticul>1 al?\gh x embraces ! lives ( _m peoples & ( _m times4 ,mo/ frequ5tly ^! diff]5t elem5ts are to be disc]n$ side by side 9 ! same lit]>y composition4 ,omitt+ *ronicles m or less wide 9 scope 7?\gh always n>r[71 poetical hi/ories1 & ! v>i\s contam9ations ( sev]al diff]5t =ms1 we imm$iately p]ceive1 n z a result ( logical d$uction alone1 b ) a simple glance at any "o ( ! 'univ]sal hi/ories1' t 'univ]sal hi/ories1' 9 s f> z !y are hi/ories1 or 9 t "p ( !m 9 :i* !y are hi/ories1 resolve !mselves into no?+ else b p>ticul> hi/ories'--t is to say1 !y are due to a p>ticul> int]e/ c5tr$ 9 a p>ticul> problem1 & compreh5d only ^? facts t =m "p ( t int]e/ & af=d an answ] to t p>ticul> problem4 ,= antiquity ! example ( ! "w ( ,polybius %\ld suffice = all1 s9ce x 0 he :o mo/ vigor\sly insi/$ ^u ! ne$ = a 'univ]sal hi/ory' 7 1 74 ,= ! ,*ri/ian p]iod we may cite ! ,civitas ,dei ( ,augu/9e1 & = mod]n times ! ,philosophy ( ,hi/ory ( ,hegel 7he also call$ x univ]sal hi/ory1 or philosophis*e ,weltges*i*te74 ,b we obs]ve "h t ! univ]sal hi/ory :i* ,polybius desir$ & creat$ 0 t m va/1 m complex1 m political1 & grav] hi/ory :i* ,roman hegemony & ! =mation ( ! ,roman _w requir$1 & !re=e t x embrac$ only ^? peoples :i* came into relation & conflict ) ,rome1 & limit$ itself almo/ altoge!r to ! hi/ory ( political in/itutions & ( milit>y dispositions1 accord+ to ! spiritual t5d5cies ( ! au?or4 ,augu/9e1 9 8 turn1 attempt$ to r5d] intelligible ! p5etration ( ,paganism by ,*ri/ianity1 & ) ?is object 9 view he made use ( ! idea ( two enemy cities1 ! t]re/rial & ! cele/ial1 ( :i* ! fir/ 0 sometimes ! adv]s>y ( & sometimes prep>atory to ! second4 ,f9ally1 ,hegel treat$ ! same problem 9 8 univ]sal hi/ory z 9 8 p>ticul> hi/ory ( philosophy--t is to say1 ! mann] 9 :i* ! _s ( a philosophy ( s]vitude to nature1 or to ! transc5d5tal ,god1 has elevat$ itself to ! consci\sness ( lib]ty4 ,he cut out prehi/ory f ! philosophy ( hi/ory1 z he _h cut x out f ! hi/ory ( philosophy1 & consid]$ ,ori5tal hi/ory v summ>ily1 s9ce x did n (f] mu* ( int]e/ to ! prosecution ( 8 design4 ,naturali/ic or cosmological romances w always be compos$ by ^? :o feel inspir$ to write !m1 & !y w always f9d eag] & appreciative read]s1 especially among ! lazy1 :o are pleas$ to possess ! 'secret ( ! _w' 9 a few pages4 ,& m or less va/ compilations w always be made ( ! hi/ories ( ! ,ea/ & ! ,we/1 ( ! ,am]icas & ,africa & ,oceania4 ,! /r5g? ( a s+le individual does n suffice = ^!1 ev5 z reg>ds _! compilation1 s we n[ f9d gr\ps ( le>n$ m5 or compil]s associat$ 9 t object 7z ?\gh to give ocul> evid5ce ( ! abs5ce ( all intimate connexion74 ,we h ev5 se5 rec5tly c]ta9 attempts at univ]sal hi/ories arrang$ on geographical pr9ciples1 l s _m hi/ories set side by side--,european1 ,asiatic1 ,african1 & s on--:i* ins5sibly assume ! =m ( a hi/orical diction>y4 ,& ?is or t p>ticul> hi/ory c always usefully take ! "n ( a 'univ]sal hi/ory1' 9 ! old s5se ( ,polybius--t is to say1 z oppos$ to books t are less actual1 less s]i\s1 & less satisfactory1 ! books ( ^? 'writ]s ( p>ticul> ?+s' 7 7 :o are l$ to make little ?+s great 7 7 & to indulge 9 l5g?y anecdotes unwor?y ( be+ record$ 7 71 & t ow+ to ! lack ( a crit]ion 7' 74 ,9 ?is s5se1 ^? times & peoples ^: politico-social developm5t _h produc$1 z x 71 a n>r[+ ( ! hi/orical circle w\ld be well advis$ to break away f m9ute details & to envisage 'univ]sal hi/ory'--t is to say1 a va/] hi/ory1 :i* lies beyond p>ticul> hi/ories4 ,?is applies 9 p>ticul> to our ,italy1 :i*1 s9ce x _h a univ]sali/ic function at ! "t ( ! ,r5aissance1 _h univ]sal vision1 & told ! hi/ory ( all ! peoples 9 its own way1 & !n limit$ itself to local hi/ory1 !n aga9 elevat$ itself to national hi/ory1 & %\ld n[1 ev5 m ?an 9 ! pa/1 ext5d itself ov] ! va/ fields ( ! hi/ory ( all times pa/ & pres5t4 ,b ! ^w 'univ]sal1' :i* has value = ! ends above m5tion$1 w nev] designate ! possession ( a 'univ]sal hi/ory1' 9 ! s5se t we h refus$ to x4 ,su* a hi/ory disappe>s 9 ! _w ( illusions1 toge!r ) simil> ,utopias1 su*1 = in/ance1 z ! art t %\ld s]ve z model = all times1 or univ]sal ju/ice valid = all "t4 ,,iii ,b 9 ! same way t by ! dissipation ( ! illusion ( univ]sal art & ( univ]sal ju/ice ! intr9sically univ]sal "* ( p>ticul> art & ( p>ticul> ju/ice is n cancell$ 7( ! ,iliad or ( ! con/itution ( ! ,roman family71 to negate univ]sal hi/ory does n mean to negate ! univ]sal 9 hi/ory4 ,"h1 too1 mu/ be repeat$ :at 0 said ( ! va9 se>* = ,god ?r\gh\t ! inf9ite s]ies ( ! f9ite & f\nd at e po9t ( x3 ,und du bi/ ganz vor mir6 ,t p>ticul> & t f9ite is det]m9$1 9 its p>ticul>ity & f9itude1 by ?\ght1 & !re=e kn[n toge!r ) ! univ]sal1 ! univ]sal 9 t p>ticul> =m4 ,! m]ely f9ite & p>ticul> does n exi/ save z an ab/raction4 ,!re is no ab/ract f9ite 9 poetry & 9 art itself1 :i* is ! reign ( ! individual2 b !re is ! +5u\s f9ite1 :i* is ! undi/+ui%$ unity ( f9ite & inf9ite1 :i* w be di/+ui%$ 9 ! sph]e ( ?\ght & w 9 t way atta9 to a m l(ty =m ( unity4 ,& hi/ory is ?\ght1 &1 z su*1 ?\ght ( ! univ]sal1 ( ! univ]sal 9 its concret5ess1 & !re=e always det]m9$ 9 a p>ticul> mann]4 ,!re is no fact1 h[ev] small x be1 t c be o!rwise conceiv$ 7realiz$ & qualifi$7 ?an z univ]sal4 ,9 its mo/ simple =m--t is to say1 9 its ess5tial =m--hi/ory expresses itself ) judgm5ts1 insep>able syn!ses ( individual & univ]sal4 ,& ! individual is call$ ! subject ( ! judgm5t1 ! univ]sal ! pr$icate1 by old t]m9ological tradition1 :i* x w p]haps be conv5i5t to pres]ve4 ,b = him :o dom9ates words ) ?\ght1 ! true subject ( hi/ory is j ! pr$icate1 & ! true pr$icate ! subject--t is to say1 ! univ]sal is det]m9$ 9 ! judgm5t by individualiz+ x4 ,if ?is argum5t seems too ab/ruse & am\nts to a philosophical subtlety1 x may be r5d]$ obvi\s & altoge!r diff]5t f a private possession ( ^? kn[n z philosoph]s by means ( ! simple obs]vation t ev]yone :o reflects1 ^u be+ ask$ :at is ! subject ( ! hi/ory ( poetry1 w c]ta9ly n reply ,dante or ,%akespe>e1 or ,italian or ,engli% poetry1 or ! s]ies ( poems t are kn[n to u1 b poetry--t is to say1 a univ]sal2 & aga91 :5 ask$ :at is ! subject ( social & political hi/ory1 ! answ] w n be ,greece or ,rome1 ,france or ,g]many1 or ev5 all ^! & o!rs su* comb9$1 b culture1 civilization1 progress1 lib]ty1 or any o!r simil> ^w--t is to say1 a univ]sal4 ,& "h we c remove a great /umbl+-block to ! recognition ( ! id5tity ( philosophy ) hi/ory4 ,i h attempt$ to r5ovate1 modify1 & e/abli% ?is doctr9e ) _m analyses & ) _m argum5ts 9 ano!r volume ( my works4#a ,x is1 h[ev]1 frequ5tly v difficult1 be+ r an object ( irresi/ible argum5t ?an ( complete p]suasion & adhesion4 ,seek+ = ! v>i\s causes ( ?is difficulty1 ,i h come ^u "o :i* seems to me to be ! pr9cipal & fundam5tal4 ,?is is precisely ! conception ( hi/ory n z liv+ contempor>y hi/ory1 b z hi/ory t is dead & belongs to ! pa/1 z *ronicle 7or philological hi/ory1 :i*1 z we "k1 c be r$uc$ to *ronicle74 ,x is und5iable t :5 hi/ory is tak5 z *ronicle its id5tity ) philosophy _c be made cle> to ! m9d1 because x does n exi/4 ,b :5 *ronicle has be5 r$uc$ to its prop] practical & mnemonical function1 & hi/ory has be5 rais$ to ! k ( ! et]nal pres5t1 x reveals itself z all "o ) philosophy1 :i* = its "p is nev] any?+ b ! ?\ght ( ! et]nal pres5t4 ,?is1 be x well und]/ood1 provid$ always t ! dualism ( ideas & facts has be5 sup]s$$1 ( vrits de raison & vrits de fait1 ! concept ( philosophy z contemplation ( vrits de raison1 & t ( hi/ory z ! amass+ ( brute facts1 ( co>se vrits de fait4 ,we h rec5tly f\nd ?is t5aci\s dualism 9 ! act ( r5ew+ itself1 disguis$ b5ea? ! axiom t le propre de l'hi/oire e/ de savoir1 le propre de la philosophie e/ de compr5dre4 ,?is am\nts to ! absurd di/9ction ( kn[+ )\t und]/&+ & ( und]/&+ )\t kn[+1 :i* w\ld ?us be ! d\bly dis-he>t5+ !oretical fate ( man4 ,b su* a dualism & ! conception ( ! _w :i* accompanies x1 f> f be+ true philosophy1 are ! p]petual s\rce :5ce spr+s t imp]fect attempt at philosophiz+ :i* is call$ religion :5 "o is )9 its magic circle1 my?ology :5 "o has left x4 ,w x be useful to attack transc5d5cy1 & to claim ! "* ( imman5ce = reality & = philosophy8 ,x w c]ta9ly be ( use2 b ,i d n feel ! necessity ( do+ s1 at any rate "h & n[4 ,& s9ce hi/ory1 prop]ly und]/ood1 aboli%es ! idea ( a univ]sal hi/ory1 s philosophy1 imman5t & id5tical ) hi/ory1 aboli%es ! idea ( a univ]sal philosophy--t is to say1 ( ! clos$ sy/em4 ,! two negations correspond & are inde$ fundam5tally "o 7because clos$ sy/ems1 l univ]sal hi/ories1 are cosmological romances71 & bo? receive empirical confirmation f ! t5d5cy ( ! be/ spirits ( our day to refra9 f 'univ]sal hi/ories' & f 'def9itive sy/ems1' leav+ bo? to compil]s1 to believ]s1 & to ! cr$ul\s ( e sort4 ,?is t5d5cy 0 implicit 9 ! la/ great philosophy1 t ( ,hegel1 b x 0 oppos$ 9 its own self by old survivals & altoge!r betray$ 9 execution1 s t ?is philosophy also conv]ts itself into a cosmological romance4 ,?us x may be said t :at at ! beg9n+ ( ! n9ete5? c5tury 0 m]ely a simple pres5tim5t becomes *ang$ into firm consci\sness at ! beg9n+ ( ! tw5tie?4 ,?is defies ! fe>s ( ! timid le/ ! k ( ! univ]sal %\ld be ?us compromis$1 & inde$ ma9ta9s t only 9 ?is way c su* k be truly & p]petually acquir$1 because dynamically obta9$4 ,?us hi/ory becom+ actual hi/ory & philosophy becom+ hi/orical philosophy h fre$ !mselves1 ! "o f ! anxiety ( n be+ able to "k t :i* is n kn[n1 only because x 0 or w be kn[n1 & ! o!r f ! despair ( nev] be+ able to atta9 to def9ite tru?--t is to say1 bo? are fre$ f ! phantom ( ! '?+ 9 itself4' #a ,9 ! ,logic1 especially 9 ,"p ,,ii1 ,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,iv ,,ideal ,,g5esis ,,& ,,dissolution ,,( ,,! ',,philosophy ,,( ,,hi/ory' ,i ,! conception ( ! s-call$ 'philosophy ( hi/ory' is p]petually oppos$ to & resi/$ by ! det]m9i/ic conception ( hi/ory4 ,n only is ?is cle>ly to be se5 f inspection1 b x is also q evid5t logically1 because ! 'philosophy ( hi/ory' repres5ts ! transc5d5tal conception ( ! real1 det]m9ism ! imman5t4 ,b on exam9+ ! facts x is n less c]ta9 t hi/orical det]m9ism p]petually g5]ates ! 'philosophy ( hi/ory'2 nor is ?is fact less evid5tly logical ?an ! prec$+1 because det]m9ism is naturalism1 & !re=e imman5t1 c]ta9ly1 b insuffici5tly & falsely imman5t4 ,h5ce x %\ld r be said t x wi%es to be1 b is n1 imman5t1 & :atev] its ef=ts may be 9 ! contr>y direction1 x becomes conv]t$ into transc5d5cy4 ,all ?is does n pres5t any difficulty to "o :o has cle>ly 9 m9d ! conceptions ( ! transc5d5t & ( ! imman5t1 ( ! philosophy ( hi/ory z transc5d5cy & ( ! det]m9i/ic or naturali/ic conception ( hi/ory z a false imman5ce4 ,b x w be ( use to see 9 m detail h[ ?is process ( agreem5ts & oppositions is develop$ & solv$ ) ref]5ce to ! problem ( hi/ory4 ,fir/ collect ! facts1 !n connect !m causally2 ?is is ! way t ! "w ( ! hi/orian is repres5t$ 9 ! det]m9i/ic conception4 ,aprs la collection des faits1 la re*]*e des causes1 to repeat ! v common =mula 9 ! v words ( "o ( ! mo/ eloqu5t & picturesque !ori/s ( t s*ool1 ,ta9e4 ,facts are brute1 d5se1 real inde$1 b n illum9$ ) ! light ( sci5ce1 n intellectualiz$4 ,?is intelligible "* mu/ be conf]r$ ^u !m by means ( ! se>* = causes4 ,b x is v well kn[n :at happ5s :5 "o fact is l9k$ to ano!r z its cause1 =m+ a *a9 ( causes & effects3 we ?us inaugurate an inf9ite regression1 & we nev] succe$ 9 f9d+ ! cause or causes to :i* we c f9ally atta* ! *a9 t we h be5 s indu/ri\sly putt+ toge!r4 ,"s1 maybe _m1 ( ! !ori/s ( hi/ory get out ( ! difficulty 9 a truly simple mann]3 !y break or let fall at a c]ta9 po9t _! *a91 :i* is already brok5 at ano!r po9t at ! o!r end 7! effect :i* !y h und]tak5 to consid]74 ,!y op]ate ) _! fragm5t ( *a9 z ?\gh x 7 some?+ p]fect & clos$ 9 itself1 z ?\gh a /raight l9e divid$ at two po9ts %\ld include space & be a figure4 ,h5ce1 too1 ! doctr9e t we f9d among ! me?odologi/s ( hi/ory3 t x is only necess>y = hi/ory to seek out 'proximate' causes4 ,?is doctr9e is int5d$ to supply a logical f\ndation to ! above process4 ,b :o c ev] say :at are ! 'proximate causes'8 ,?\ght1 s9ce x is admitt$ t x is un=tunately oblig$ to ?9k accord+ to ! *a9 ( causes1 w nev] wi% to "k any?+ b 'true' causes1 be !y ne> or di/ant 9 space & "t 7space1 l "t1 ne fait ri5 l'affaire74 ,9 reality1 ?is !ory is a fig-leaf1 plac$ !re to cov] a proce$+ ( :i* ! hi/orian1 :o is a ?9k] & a critic1 is a%am$1 an act ( w :i* is useful1 b :i* = t v reason is wilful4 ,! fig-leaf1 h[ev]1 is a sign ( mode/y1 & z su* has its value1 because1 if %ame be lo/1 !re is a risk t x w f9ally be decl>$ t ! 'causes' at :i* an arbitr>y halt has be5 made are ! 'ultimate' causes1 ! 'true' causes1 ?us rais+ ! caprice ( ! individual to ! rank ( an act creative ( ! _w1 treat+ x z ?\gh x 7 ,god1 ! ,god ( c]ta9 !ologians1 ^: caprice is tru?4 ,i %\ld n wi% aga9 to quote ,ta9e j aft] hav+ said ?is1 = he is a mo/ e/imable au?or1 n on acc\nt ( 8 m5tal con/itution1 b ( 8 en?usia/ic fai? 9 sci5ce2 yet x suits me to quote him nev]!less4 ,ta9e1 9 8 se>* = causes1 hav+ rea*$ a cause :i* he sometimes calls ! 'race' & sometimes ! 'age1' z = in/ance 9 8 hi/ory ( ,engli% lit]ature1 :5 he rea*es ! concept ( ! 'man ( ! ,nor?' or ',g]man1' ) ! "* & intellect t w\ld be suitable to su* a p]son--coldness ( ! s5ses1 love ( ab/ract ideas1 grossness ( ta/e1 & contempt = ord] & regul>ity--gravely affirms3 ,l s'arrte la re*]*e3 on e/ tomb sur quelque disposition primitive1 sur quelque trait propre t\tes les s5sations1 t\tes les conceptions d'un sicle ou d'une race1 sur quelque p>ticul>it insp>able de t\tes les dm>*es de son esprit et de son c\r4 ,ce sont l les gr&es causes1 les causes univ]selles et p]man5tes4 ,:at t primitive & insurm\ntable ?+ conta9$ 0 kn[n to ,ta9e's imag9ation1 b criticism is ignorant ( x2 = criticism dem&s t ! g5esis ( ! facts or gr\ps ( facts designat$ z 'age' & 'race' %\ld be giv51 & 9 dem&+ _! g5esis decl>es t !y are nei!r 'univ]sal' nor 'p]man5t1' because no univ]sal & p]man5t 'facts' are kn[n1 z f> z ,i am aw>e1 c]ta9ly n le ,g]ma9 & l'homme du ,nord2 nor are mummies facts1 ?\gh !y la/ "s ?\s&s ( ye>s1 b n = ev]--!y *ange gradually1 b !y d *ange4 ,?us :oev] adopts ! det]m9i/ic conception ( hi/ory1 provid$ t he decides to ab/a9 f cutt+ %ort ! inquiry t he has und]tak5 9 an arbitr>y & fanciful mann]1 is ( necessity oblig$ to recognize t ! me?od adopt$ does n atta9 ! desir$ end4 ,& s9ce he has begun to ?9k hi/ory1 al?\gh by means ( an insuffici5t me?od1 no c\rse rema9s to him save t ( beg9n+ all ov] aga9 & foll[+ a diff]5t pa?1 or t ( go+ =w>d b *ang+ 8 direction4 ,! naturali/ic presupposition1 :i* /ill holds its gr\nd 7fir/ collect ! facts1 !n seek ! causes3 :at is m evid5t & m unavoidable ?an t871 necess>ily leads to ! second alt]native4 ,b to adopt ! second alt]native is to sup]s$e det]m9ism1 x is to transc5d nature & its causes1 x is to propose a me?od opposite to t hi!rto foll[$--t is to say1 to r5\nce ! category ( cause = ano!r1 :i* _c be any?+ b t ( end1 an extr9sic & transc5d5tal end1 :i* is ! analog\s opposite1 correspond+ to ! cause4 ,n[ ! se>* = ! transc5d5tal end is ! 'philosophy ( hi/ory4' ,! consequ5t naturali/ 7,i mean by ?is he :o 'cont9ues to ?9k1' or1 z is g5]ally said1 to draw ! consequ5ces7 _c avoid ?is inquiry1 nor does he ev] avoid x1 9 :atev] mann] he conceive 8 new inquiry4 ,?is he _c ev5 d1 :5 he tries1 by decl>+ t ! end or 'ultimate cause' is unkn[able1 because 7z else:]e rem>k$7 an unkn[able affirm$ is an unkn[able 9 "s way kn[n4 ,naturalism is always cr[n$ ) a philosophy ( hi/ory1 :atev] its mode ( =mulation3 :e!r x expla9 ! univ]se z compos$ ( atoms t /rike "o ano!r & produce hi/ory by means ( _! v>i\s %ocks & gyrations1 to :i* !y c also put an end by return+ to _! primitive /ate ( disp]sion1 :e!r ! hidd5 ,god be t]m$ ,matt] or ! ,unconsci\s or some?+ else1 or :e!r1 f9ally1 ,he be conceiv$ z an ,intellig5ce :i* avails itself ( ! *a9 ( causes 9 ord] to actualize ,8 c\nsels4 ,& e philosoph] ( hi/ory is on ! o!r h& a naturali/1 because he is a duali/ & conceives a ,god & a _w1 an idea & a fact 9 addition to or b5ea? ! ,idea1 a k+dom ( ends & a k+dom or sub-k+dom ( causes1 a cele/ial city & "o t is m or less diabolical or t]r5e4 ,take any det]m9i/ic hi/orical "w & y w f9d or discov] 9 x1 explicit or und]/ood1 transc5d5cy 79 ,ta9e1 = example1 x goes by ! "n ( 'race' or ( 'sicle1' :i* are true & prop] deities72 take any "w ( 'philosophy ( hi/ory' & dualism & naturalism w be f\nd !re 79 ,hegel1 = example1 :5 he admits rebelli\s & impot5t facts :i* resi/ or are unwor?y ! dom9ion ( ! idea74 ,& we %all see m & m cle>ly h[ f ! entrails ( naturalism comes inevitably =? ! 'philosophy ( hi/ory4' ,,ii ,b ! 'philosophy ( hi/ory' is j z contradictory z ! det]m9i/ic conception f :i* x arises & to :i* x is oppos$4 ,hav+ bo? accept$ & sup]s$$ ! me?od ( l9k+ brute facts toge!r1 x no long] f9ds facts to l9k 7= ^! h already be5 l9k$ toge!r1 z well z might be1 by means ( ! category ( cause71 b brute facts1 on :i* x mu/ conf] r a 'mean+' ?an a l9k+1 repres5t+ !m z aspects ( a transc5d5tal process1 a !ophany4 ,n[ ^? facts1 9 s f> z !y are brute facts1 are mute1 & ! transc5d5cy ( ! process requires an organ1 n t ( ?\ght t ?9ks or produces facts1 b an extra-logical organ1 9 ord] to be conceiv$ & repres5t$ 7su*1 = example1 z ?\ght :i* proce$s ab/ractly a priori1 9 ! mann] ( ,fi*te71 & ?is is n to be f\nd 9 ! _s1 save z a negative mom5t1 z ! void ( effective logical ?\ght4 ,! void ( logical ?\ght is imm$iately fill$ ) praxis1 or :at is call$ s5tim5t1 :i* !n appe>s z poetry1 by !oretical refraction4 ,!re is an evid5t poetical "* runn+ ?r\gh all 'philosophies ( hi/ory4' ,^? ( antiquity repres5t$ hi/orical ev5ts z /rife betwe5 ! gods ( c]ta9 peoples or ( c]ta9 races or protectors ( c]ta9 individuals1 or betwe5 ! god ( light & tru? & ! p[]s ( d>kness & lies4 ,!y ?us express$ ! aspirations ( peoples1 gr\ps1 or individuals t[>d hegemony1 or ( man t[>d goodness & tru?4 ,! mo/ mod]n ( mod]n =ms is t inspir$ by v>i\s national & e?ical feel+s 7! ,italian1 ! ,g]manic1 ! ,slav1 etc471 or :i* repres5ts ! c\rse ( hi/ory z lead+ to ! k+dom ( lib]ty1 or z ! passage f ! ,ed5 ( primitive communism1 ?r\gh ! ,middle ,ages ( slav]y1 s]vitude1 & wages1 t[>d ! re/oration ( communism1 :i* %all no long] be unconsci\s b consci\s1 no long] ,ed5ic b human4 ,9 poetry1 facts are no long] facts b words1 n reality b images1 & s !re w\ld be no occasion to c5sure !m1 if x rema9$ pure poetry4 ,b x does n s rema91 because ^? images & words are plac$ !re z ideas & facts--t is to say1 z my?s3 progress1 lib]ty1 economy1 te*nique1 sci5ce are my?s1 9 s f> z !y are look$ ^u z ag5ts ext]nal to ! facts4 ,!y are my?s no less ?an ,god & ! ,devil1 ,m>s & ,v5us1 ,jove & ,baal1 or any o!r crud] =ms ( div9ity4 ,& ?is is ! reason :y ! det]m9i/ic conception1 aft] x has produc$ ! 'philosophy ( hi/ory1' :i* opposes x1 is oblig$ to oppose its own daught] 9 its turn1 & to appeal f ! realm ( ends to t ( causal connexions1 f imag9ation to obs]vation1 f my?s to facts4 ,! reciprocal confutation ( hi/orical det]m9ism & ! philosophy ( hi/ory1 :i* makes ( ea* a void or a no?+--t is to say1 a s+le void or no?+--seems to ! eclectics z usual to be ! reciprocal fulfilm5t ( two entities1 :i* effect or %\ld effect an alliance = mutual support4 ,& s9ce eclecticism fl\ri%es 9 contempor>y philosophy1 mutato nom9e1 x is n surpris+ t besides ! duty ( inve/igat+ ! causes to hi/ory also is assign$ t ( asc]ta9+ ! 'mean+' or ! 'g5]al plan' ( ! c\rse ( hi/ory 7see ! works on ! philosophy ( hi/ory ( ,labriola1 ,simmel1 & ,rick]t74 ,s9ce1 too1 writ]s on me?od are wont to be empirical & !re=e eclectic1 we f9d t ) !m also hi/ory is divid$ into ! hi/ory :i* unites & criticizes docum5ts & recon/ructs ev5ts1 & 'philosophy ( hi/ory' 7see ,b]nheim's manual1 typical ( all ( !m74 ,f9ally1 s9ce ord9>y ?\ght is eclectic1 no?+ is m easy ?an to f9d agreem5t z to ! !sis t simple hi/ory1 :i* pres5ts ! s]ies ( facts1 does n suffice1 b t x is necess>y t ?\ght %\ld return to ! already con/itut$ *a9 ( ev5ts1 9 ord] to discov] !re ! hidd5 design & to answ] ! que/ions z to :5ce we come & :i!r we g4 ,?is am\nts to say+ t a 'philosophy ( hi/ory' mu/ be posit$ side by side ) hi/ory4 ,?is eclecticism1 :i* gives sub/ance to two opposite voids & makes !m jo9 h&s1 sometimes attempts to surpass itself & to m+le ^? two fallaci\s sci5ces or p>ts ( sci5ce4 ,!n we he> 'philosophy ( hi/ory' def5d$1 b ) ! caution t x mu/ be conduct$ ) 'sci5tific' & 'positive' me?od1 by means ( ! se>* = ! cause1 ?us reveal+ ! action ( div9e reason or provid5ce4#a ,ord9>y ?\ght quickly cons5ts to ?is programme1 b aft]w>d fails to c>ry x out4#b ,!re is no?+ new "h ei!r = ^? :o "k3 'philosophy ( hi/ory' to be con/ruct$ by means ( 'positive me?ods1' transc5d5cy to be demon/rat$ by means ( ! me?ods ( false imman5ce1 is ! exact equival5t 9 ! field ( hi/orical /udies to t metaphysic to be con/ruct$ by means ( ! exp]im5tal me?od :i* 0 recomm5d$ by ! neocritics 7,zell] & o!rs71 = x claim$1 n inde$ to sup]s$e two voids t reciprocally confute "o ano!r1 b to make !m agree toge!r1 &1 aft] hav+ giv5 sub/ance to !m1 to comb9e !m 9 a s+le sub/ance4 ,i %\ld n l to describe ! impossibilities conta9$ 9 ! above z ! prodigies ( an al*emi/ 7! metaphor seems to be too l(ty71 b r z ! m$leys ( bad cooks4 #a ,see1 = example1 ! "w ( ,fl9t2 b s9ce1 less radical ?an ,fl9t1 ,hegel & ! ,hegelians !mselves also end$ 9 admitt+ ! conc\rse ( ! two oppos$ me?ods1 traces ( ?is p]v]sion are also to be f\nd 9 _! 'philosophies ( hi/ory4' ,"h1 too1 is to be not$ ! false analogy by :i* ,hegel 0 l$ to discov] ! same relation betwe5 a priori & hi/orical facts z betwe5 ma!matics & natural facts3 ,man muss mit dem ,kreise dess51 wor9 die ,pr9zipi5 fall51 w5n man es s n5n5 w1 a priori v]traut se91 s gut als ,kepl] mit d5 ,ellips51 mit ,kub5 und ,quadrat5 und mit d5 ,g$ank5 von ,v]hltniss5 d]selb5 a priori s*on vorh] bekannt se9 mus/e1 ehe er aus d5 empiris*5 ,dat5 se9e un/]bli*5 ,gesetze1 wel*e aus ,be/immung5 j5] ,kreise von ,vor/ellung5 be/eh51 erf9d5 konnte4 7,cf4 ,vorles4 b4 d4 ,philos1 d4 ,ges*41 ed4 ,brun/d1 pp4 #ajg-ajh47 #b ,n ev5 ! above-m5tion$ ,fl9t c>ri$ x out1 = he lo/ him-self 9 prelim9>ies ( hi/orical docum5tation & nev] proce$$ to ! promis$ con/ruction4 ,,iii ,! true rem$y = ! contradictions ( hi/orical det]m9ism & ( ! 'philosophy ( hi/ory' is q o!r ?an ?is4 ,to obta9 x1 we mu/ accept ! result ( ! prec$+ confutation1 :i* %[s t bo? are futile1 & reject1 z lack+ ?\ght1 bo? ! 'designs' ( ! philosophy ( hi/ory & ! causal *a9s ( det]m9ism4 ,:5 ^! two %ad[s h be5 disp]s$ we %all f9d ourselves at ! />t+-place3 we are aga9 face to face ) disconnect$ brute facts1 ) facts t are connect$1 b n und]/ood1 = :i* det]m9ism _h tri$ to employ ! cem5t ( causality1 ! 'philosophy ( hi/ory1' ! magic w& ( f9ality4 ,:at %all we d ) ^! facts8 ,h[ %all we make !m cle> r ?an d5se z !y 71 organic r ?an inorganic1 intelligible r ?an un9telligible8 ,truly1 x seems difficult to d any?+ ) !m1 especially to effect _! desir$ trans=mation4 ,! _s is helpless be=e t :i* is1 or is suppos$ to be1 ext]nal to x4 ,& :5 facts are und]/ood 9 t way we are apt to assume aga9 t attitude ( contempt ( ! philosoph]s = hi/ory :i* has be5 well-nigh con/ant s9ce antiquity almo/ to ! end ( ! eighte5? c5tury 7= ,ari/otle hi/ory 0 less philosophical & less s]i\s ?an poetry1 = ,sextus ,empiricus x 0 unme?odical mat]ial2 ,kant did n feel or und]/& hi/ory74 ,! attitude am\nts to ?is3 leave ideas to ! philosoph]s & brute facts to ! hi/orians--let u be satisfi$ ) s]i\s ?+s & leave _! toys to ! *ildr54 ,b be=e hav+ rec\rse to su* a temptation1 x w be prud5t to ask c\nsel ( me?odical d\bt 7:i* is always mo/ useful71 & to direct ! att5tion precisely ^u ^? brute & disconnect$ facts f :i* ! causal me?od claims to />t & be=e :i* we1 :o are n[ ab&on$ by x & by its complem5t1 ! philosophy ( hi/ory1 appe> to f9d ourselves aga94 ,me?odical d\bt w sugge/ above all ?+s ! ?\ght t ^? facts are a presupposition t has n be5 prov$1 & x w lead to ! inquiry z to :e!r ! pro( c be obta9$4 ,hav+ attempt$ ! pro(1 we %all f9ally arrive at ! conclusion t ^? facts really d n exi/4 ,= :o1 z a matt] ( fact1 affirms _! exi/5ce8 ,precisely ! _s1 at ! mom5t :5 x is ab\t to und]take ! se>* = causes4 ,b :5 accompli%+ t act ! _s does n already possess ! brute facts 7d'abord la collection des faits7 & !n seek ! causes 7aprs1 la re*]*e des causes72 b x makes ! facts brute by t v act--t is to say1 x posits !m itself 9 t way1 because x is ( use to x s to posit !m4 ,! se>* = causes1 und]tak5 by hi/ory1 is n 9 any way diff]5t f ! proc$ure ( naturalism1 already sev]al times illu/rat$1 :i* ab/ractly analyses & classifies reality4 ,& to illu/rate ab/ractly & to classify implies at ! same "t to judge 9 classify+--t is to say1 to treat facts1 n z acts ( ! _s1 consci\s 9 ! _s t ?9ks !m1 b z ext]nal brute facts4 ,! ,div9e ,com$y is t poem :i* we create aga9 9 our imag9ation 9 all its p>ticul>s z we read x & :i* we und]/& critically z a p>ticul> det]m9ation ( ! _s1 & to :i* we !re=e assign its place 9 hi/ory1 ) all its surr\nd+s & all its relations4 ,b :5 ?is actuality ( our ?\ght & imag9ation has come to an end--t is to say1 :5 t m5tal process is complet$--we are able1 by means ( a new act ( ! _s1 sep>ately to analyse its elem5ts4 ,?us1 = in/ance1 we %all classify ! concepts relat+ to ',flor5t9e civilization1' or to 'political poetry1' & say t ! ,div9e ,com$y 0 an effect ( ,flor5t9e civilization1 & ?is 9 its turn an effect ( ! /rife ( ! communes1 & ! l4 ,we %all also ?us h prep>$ ! way = ^? absurd problems :i* us$ to annoy de ,sanctis s mu* 9 relation to ! "w ( ,dante1 & :i* he admirably describ$ :5 he said t !y arise only :5 lively /hetic expression has gr[n cold & poetical "w has fall5 into ! h&s ( dull>ds addict$ to trifles4 ,b if we /op 9 "t & d n ent] ! pa? ( ^? absurdities1 if we re/rict ourselves purely & simply to ! naturali/ic mom5t1 to classification1 & to ! classificatory judgm5t 7:i* is also causal connexion71 9 an altoge!r practical mann]1 )\t draw+ any d$uctions f x1 we %all h done no?+ t is n p]fectly legitimate2 inde$1 we %all be ex]cis+ our "r & b[+ to a rational necessity1 :i* is t ( naturaliz+1 :5 naturalization is ( use1 b n beyond ^? limits4 ,?us ! mat]ialization ( ! facts & ! ext]nal or causal b9d+ ( !m toge!r are altoge!r ju/ifi$ z pure naturalism4 ,& ev5 ! maxim :i* bids u to /op at 'proximate' causes--t is to say1 n to =ce classification s f> t x loses all practical utility--w f9d its ju/ification4 ,to place ! concept ( ! ,div9e ,com$y 9 relation to t ( ',flor5t9e civilization' may be ( use1 b x w be ( no use :atev]1 or inf9itely less use1 to place x 9 relation to ! class ( ',indo-,european civilization' or to ! 'civilization ( ! :ite man4' ,,iv ,let u !n return ) great] confid5ce to ! po9t ( dep>ture1 ! true po9t ( dep>ture--t is to say1 n to t ( facts already disorganiz$ & naturaliz$1 b to t ( ! m9d t ?9ks & con/ructs ! fact4 ,let u raise up ! debas$ c\nt5ances ( ! calumniat$ 'brute facts1' & we %all see ! light ( ?\ght respl5d5t ^u _! =eheads4 ,& t true po9t ( dep>ture w reveal itself n m]ely z a po9t ( dep>ture1 b bo? z a po9t ( arrival & ( dep>ture1 n z ! fir/ /ep 9 hi/orical con/ruction1 b ! :ole ( hi/ory 9 its con/ruction1 :i* is also its self-con/ruction4 ,hi/orical det]m9ism1 & all ! m 'philosophy ( hi/ory1' leave ! reality ( hi/ory beh9d !m1 ?\gh !y direct$ _! j\rney ?i!r1 a j\rney :i* became s erratic & s full ( useless repetitions4 ,we %all make ! +5u\s ,ta9e confess t :at we are say+ is ! tru? :5 we ask him :at he means by ! collection des faits & le>n f him 9 reply t ! collection 9 "q consi/s ( two /ages or mom5ts1 9 ! fir/ ( :i* docum5ts are reviv$ 9 ord] to atta91 trav]s la di/ance des temps1 l'homme vivant1 agissant1 d\ de passions1 muni d'habitudes1 avec sa voix et sa physionomie1 avec ses ge/es et ses habits1 di/9ct et complet comme celui que t\t l'heure n\s avons quitt dans la rue2 & 9 ! second is s\ght & f\nd s\s l'homme extrieur l'homme intrieur1 l'homme invisible1 le c5tre1 le gr\pe des facults et des s5tim5ts qui produit le re/e1 le drame intrieur1 la psy*ologie4 ,some?+ v diff]5t1 !n1 f collections de faits ,i ,if ! ?+s m5tion$ by our au?or really d come to pass1 if we really d make live aga9 9 imag9ation individuals & ev5ts1 & if we ?9k :at is )9 !m--t is to say1 if we ?9k ! syn!sis ( intuition & concept1 :i* is ?\ght 9 its concret5ess--hi/ory is already a*iev$3 :at m is want$8 ,!re is no?+ m to seek4 ,ta9e replies3 ,we mu/ seek causes4 ,t is to say1 we mu/ slay ! liv+ 'fact' ?\ght by ?\ght1 sep>ate its ab/ract elem5ts--a useful ?+1 no d\bt1 b useful = memory & practice4 ,or1 z is ! cu/om ( ,ta9e1 we mu/ misund]/& & exagg]ate ! value ( ! function ( ?is ab/ract analysis1 to lose ourselves 9 ! my?ology ( races & ages1 or 9 o!r diff]5t b none ! less simil> ?+s4 ,let u bew>e h[ we slay poor facts1 if we wi% to ?9k z hi/orians1 & 9 s f> z we are su* & really ?9k 9 t way we %all n feel ! necessity = hav+ rec\rse ei!r to ! extr9sic bond ( causes1 hi/orical det]m9ism1 or to t :i* is equally extr9sic ( transc5d5tal ends1 philosophy ( hi/ory4 ,! fact hi/orically ?\ght has no cause & no end outside itself1 b only 9 itself1 co9cid5t ) its real qualities & ) its qualitative reality4 ,because 7x is well to note 9 pass+7 ! det]m9ation ( facts z real facts inde$1 b ( unkn[n nature1 ass]t$ b n und]/ood1 is itself also an illusion ( naturalism 7:i* ?us h]alds its o!r illusion1 t ( ! 'philosophy ( hi/ory'74 ,9 ?\ght1 reality & quality1 exi/5ce & ess5ce1 are all "o1 & x is n possible to affirm a fact z real )\t at ! same "t kn[+ :at fact x is--t is1 )\t qualify+ x4 ,return+ to & rema9+ 9 or mov+ 9 ! concrete fact1 or1 r1 mak+ ( oneself ?\ght t ?9ks ! fact concretely1 we exp]i5ce ! cont9ual =mation & ! cont9ual progress ( our hi/orical ?\ght & also make cle> to ourselves ! hi/ory ( hi/oriography1 :i* proce$s 9 ! same mann]4 ,& we see h[ 7,i limit myself to ?is1 9 ord] n to all[ ! eye to w&] too f>7 f ! days ( ! ,greeks to our own hi/orical und]/&+ has always be5 enri*+ & deep5+ itself1 n because ab/ract causes & transc5d5tal ends ( human ?+s h ev] be5 recov]$1 b only because an ev] increas+ consci\sness ( !m has be5 acquir$4 ,politics & morality1 religion & philosophy & art1 sci5ce & culture & economy1 h become m complex concepts & at ! same "t bett] det]m9$ & unifi$ bo? 9 !mselves & ) respect to ! :ole4 ,correlatively ) ?is1 ! hi/ories ( ^! =ms ( activity h become ev] m complex & m firmly unit$4 ,we "k '! causes' ( civilization z little z did ! ,greeks2 & we "k z little z !y ( ! god or gods :o control ! =tunes ( humanity4 ,b we "k ! !ory ( civilization bett] ?an did ! ,greeks1 &1 = in/ance1 we "k 7z !y did n "k1 or did n "k ) equal cle>ness & security7 t poetry is an et]nal =m ( ! !oretic _s1 t regression or decad5ce is a relative concept1 t ! _w is n divid$ into ideas & %ad[s ( ideas1 or into pot5cies & acts1 t slav]y is n a category ( ! real1 b a hi/orical =m ( economic1 & s =?4 ,?us x no long] occurs to anyone 7save to ! survivals or fossils1 /ill to be f\nd among u7 to write ! hi/ory ( poetry on ! pr9ciple ( ! p$agogic ends t ! poets are suppos$ to h _h 9 view3 on ! contr>y1 we /rive to det]m9e ! =ms expressive ( _! s5tim5ts4 ,we are n at all bewild]$ :5 we f9d ourselves be=e :at are call$ 'decad5ces1' b we seek out :at new & great] ?+ 0 be+ develop$ by means ( _! dialectic4 ,we d n consid] ! "w ( man to be mis]able & illusory1 & aspiration & admiration = ! skies & = ! ascesis jo9$ !reunto & av]se to e>? z alone wor?y ( admiration & imitation4 ,we recognize ! reality ( p[] 9 ! act1 & 9 ! %ad[s ! solidity ( ! ideas1 & on e>? heav54 ,f9ally1 we d n f9d t ! possibility ( social life is lo/ ow+ to ! disappe>ance ( ! sy/em ( slav]y4 ,su* a disappe>ance w\ld h be5 ! cata/rophe ( reality1 if slaves 7 natural to reality--& s =?4 ,?is conception ( hi/ory & ! consid]ation ( hi/oriographical "w 9 itself make x possible = u to be j t[>d hi/orical det]m9ism & to ! 'philosophy ( hi/ory1' :i*1 by _! cont9ual reappe>ance1 h cont9ually po9t$ to ! gaps 9 our k1 bo? hi/orical & philosophical1 & ) _! false provisional solutions h h]ald$ ! correct solutions ( ! new problems :i* we h be5 prop\nd+4 ,nor has x be5 said t !y w h5ce=? cease to ex]cise su* a function 7:i* is ! b5eficial function ( ,utopias ( e sort74 ,& al?\gh hi/orical det]m9ism & ! 'philosophy ( hi/ory' h no hi/ory1 because !y d n develop1 !y yet receive a cont5t f ! relation 9 :i* !y /& to hi/ory1 :i* does develop--t is to say1 hi/ory develops 9 !m1 not)/&+ _! cov]+1 extr9sic to _! cont5t1 :i* compels to ?9k ev5 him :o proposes to s*ematize & to imag9e )\t ?9k+4 ,= !re is a great diff]5ce betwe5 ! det]m9ism t c n[ appe>1 aft] ,desc>tes & ,vico & ,kant & ,hegel1 & t :i* appe>$ aft] ,ari/otle2 betwe5 ! philosophy ( hi/ory ( ,hegel & ,m>x & t ( gno/icism & ,*ri/ianity4 ,transc5d5cy & false imman5cy are at "w 9 bo? ^! conceptions respectively2 b ! ab/ract =ms & my?ologies t h appe>$ 9 m mature epo*s ( ?\ght conta9 ?is new maturity 9 !mselves4 ,9 pro( ( ?is1 let u pause b a mom5t 7pass+ by ! v>i\s =ms ( naturalism7 at ! case ( ! 'philosophy ( hi/ory4' ,we obs]ve already a great diff]5ce betwe5 ! philosophy ( hi/ory1 z x appe>s 9 ! ,hom]ic _w1 & t ( ,h]odotus1 ) :om ! conception ( ! ang] ( ! gods is a simulacrum ( ! moral law1 :i* sp>es ! humble & treads ! pr\d und]foot2 f ,h]odotus to ! ,fate ( ! ,/oics1 a law to :i* ! gods !mselves are subject$1 & f ?is to ! conception ( ,provid5ce1 :i* appe>s 9 late antiquity z wisdom t rules ! _w2 f ?is pagan provid5ce aga9 to ,*ri/ianity1 :i* is div9e ju/ice1 evangelical prep>ation1 & educative c>e ( ! human race1 & s on1 to ! ref9$ provid5ce ( ! !ologians1 :i* z a rule excludes div9e int]v5tion & op]ates by means ( second>y causes1 to t ( ,vico1 :i* op]ates z dialectic ( ! _s1 to ! ,idea ( ,hegel1 :i* is ! gradual conque/ ( ! consci\sness ( self1 :i* lib]ty a*ieves dur+ ! c\rse ( hi/ory1 till we f9ally rea* ! my?ology ( progress & ( civilization1 :i* /ill p]si/s & is suppos$ to t5d t[>d ! f9al abolition ( prejudices & sup]/itions1 to be c>ri$ out by means ( ! increas+ p[] & divulgation ( positive sci5ce4 ,9 ?is way ! 'philosophy ( hi/ory' & hi/orical det]m9ism sometimes atta9 to ! ?9ness & transp>5cy ( a veil1 :i* cov]s & at ! same "t reveals ! concret5ess ( ! real 9 ?\ght4 ,me*anical causes ?us appe> idealiz$1 transc5d5t deities humaniz$1 & facts are 9 great "p dive/$ ( _! brutal aspect4 ,b h[ev] ?9 ! veil may be1 x rema9s a veil1 & h[ev] cle> ! tru? may be1 x is n altoge!r cle>1 = at bottom ! false p]suasion /ill p]si/s t hi/ory is con/ruct$ ) ! 'mat]ial' ( brute facts1 ) ! 'cem5t' ( causes1 & ) ! 'magic' ( ends1 z ) ?ree successive or concurr5t me?ods4 ,! same ?+ occurs ) religion1 :i* 9 l(ty m9ds lib]ates itself almo/ altoge!r f vulg> beliefs1 z d its e?ics f ! het]onomy ( ! div9e comm& & f ! utilit>ianism ( rew>ds & puni%m5ts4 ,almo/ altoge!r1 b n altoge!r1 & = ?is reason religion w nev] be philosophy1 save by negat+ itself1 & ?us ! 'philosophy ( hi/ory' & hi/orical det]m9ism w become hi/ory only by negat+ !mselves4 ,! reason is t z long z !y proce$ 9 a positive mann] dualism w also p]si/1 & ) x ! torm5t ( scepticism & agno/icism z a consequ5ce4 ,! negation ( ! philosophy ( hi/ory1 9 hi/ory und]/ood concretely1 is its ideal dissolution1 & s9ce t s-call$ philosophy is no?+ b an ab/ract & negative mom5t1 our reason = affirm+ t ! philosophy ( hi/ory is dead is cle>4 ,x is dead 9 its positivity1 dead z a body ( doctr9e1 dead 9 ?is way1 ) all ! o!r conceptions & =ms ( ! transc5d5tal4 ,i d n wi% to atta* to my brief 7b 9 my op9ion suffici5t7 treatm5t ( ! argum5t ! addition ( an explanation :i* to "s w appe> to be 7z x appe>s to me7 b little philosophical & ev5 some:at trivial4 ,not)/&+1 s9ce ,i pref] ! accusation ( semi-triviality to t ( equivocation1 ,i %all add t s9ce ! criticism ( ! 'concepts' ( cause & transc5d5tal f9ality does n =bid ! use ( ^! 'words1' :5 !y are simple words 7to talk1 = example1 9 an imag9ative way ( lib]ty z ( a goddess1 or to say1 :5 ab\t to und]take a /udy ( ,dante1 t our int5tion is to 'seek ! cause' or 'causes' ( ?is or t "w or act ( 871 s no?+ =bids our cont9u+ to talk ( 'philosophy ( hi/ory' & ( philosophiz+ hi/ory1 mean+ ! necessity ( treat+ or ( a bett] treatm5t ( ?is or t hi/orical problem4 ,nei!r does any?+ =bid our call+ ! rese>*es ( hi/orical gnoseology 'philosophy ( hi/ory1' al?\gh 9 ?is case we are treat+ ! hi/ory1 n prop]ly ( hi/ory1 b ( hi/oriography1 two ?+s :i* are wont to be designat$ ) ! same ^w 9 ,italian z 9 o!r languages4 ,nei!r d we wi% to prev5t ! /atem5t 7z did a ,g]man pr(essor ye>s ago7 t ! 'philosophy ( hi/ory' mu/ be treat$ z 'sociology'--t is to say1 ! adornm5t ) t anci5t title ( s-call$ sociology1 ! empirical sci5ce ( ! /ate1 ( society & ( culture4 ,^! d5om9ations are all p]missible 9 virtue ( ! same "r z t invok$ by ! adv5tur] ,casanova :5 he w5t be=e ! magi/rates 9 ord] to ju/ify himself = hav+ *ang$ 8 "n--! "r ( e man to ! lett]s ( ! alphabet4 ,b ! "q treat$ above is n "o ( ! lett]s ( ! alphabet4 ,! 'philosophy ( hi/ory1' ( :i* we h briefly %[n ! g5esis & ! dissolution1 is n "o t is us$ 9 v>i\s s5ses1 b a mo/ def9ite mode ( conceiv+ hi/ory--! transc5d5tal mode4 ,v ,,! ,,positivity ,,( ,,hi/ory ,we !re=e meet ! well-kn[n say+ ( ,fu/el de ,c\langes t !re are c]ta9ly hi/ory & philosophy1 b n ! philosophy ( hi/ory1 ) ! foll[+3 !re is nei!r philosophy nor hi/ory1 nor philosophy ( hi/ory1 b hi/ory :i* is philosophy & philosophy :i* is hi/ory & is intr9sic to hi/ory4 ,= ?is reason1 all ! controv]sies--& =emo/ ( all ^? conc]n$ ) progress--:i* philosoph]s1 me?odologi/s ( hi/ory1 & sociologi/s believe to belong to _! especial prov9ce1 & flaunt at ! beg9n+ & ! end ( _! treatises1 are r$uc$ = u to simple problems ( philosophy1 ) hi/orical motivation1 all ( !m connect$ ) ! problems ( :i* philosophy treats4 ,9 controv]sies relat+ to progress x is ask$ :e!r ! "w ( man be f]tile or /]ile1 :e!r x be lo/ or pres]v$1 :e!r hi/ory h an end1 & if s ( :at sort1 :e!r ?is end be atta9able 9 "t or only 9 ! inf9ite1 :e!r hi/ory be progress or regress1 or an int]*ange betwe5 progress & regress1 greatness & decad5ce1 :e!r good or evil prevail 9 x1 & ! l4 ,:5 ^! que/ions h be5 consid]$ ) a little att5tion we %all see t !y resolve !mselves sub/antially into ?ree po9ts3 ! conception ( developm5t1 t ( end1 & t ( value4 ,t is to say1 !y are conc]n$ ) ! :ole ( reality1 & ) hi/ory only :5 x is precisely ! :ole ( reality4 ,= ?is reason !y d n belong to suppos$ p>ticul> sci5ces1 to ! philosophy ( hi/ory1 or to sociology1 b to philosophy & to hi/ory 9 s f> z x is philosophy4 ,:5 ! ord9>y curr5t t]m9ology has be5 translat$ into philosophical t]ms x calls =? imm$iately ! !sis1 anti!sis1 & syn!sis by means ( :i* ^? problems h be5 ?\ght & solv$ dur+ ! c\rse ( philosophy1 to :i* ! read] desir\s ( in/ruction mu/ be ref]r$4 ,we c only m5tion "h t ! conception ( reality z developm5t is no?+ b ! syn!sis ( ! two "o-sid$ opposites1 consi/+ ( p]man5cy )\t *ange & ( *ange )\t p]man5cy1 ( an id5tity )\t div]sity & ( a div]sity )\t id5tity1 = developm5t is a p]petual surpass+1 :i* is at ! same "t a p]petual cons]vation4 ,f ?is po9t ( view "o ( ! conceptions t has _h ! greate/ vogue 9 hi/orical books1 t ( hi/orical circles1 is reveal$ z an equivocal attempt to issue =? f a d\ble "o-sid$ness & a fall+ back into x1 ow+ to an equivocation4 ,because ei!r ! s]ies ( circles is conceiv$ z compos$ ( id5ticals & we h only p]man5cy1 or x is conceiv$ z ( ?+s div]se & we h only *ange4 ,b if1 on ! contr>y1 we conceive x z circul>ity t is p]petually id5tical & at ! same "t p]petually div]se1 9 ?is s5se x co9cides ) ! conception ( developm5t itself4 ,9 l mann]1 ! opposite !ses1 z to ! atta9m5t or ! impossibility ( atta9m5t ( ! end ( hi/ory1 reveal _! common defect ( posit+ ! end z extr9sic to hi/ory1 conceiv+ ( x ei!r z t :i* c be rea*$ 9 "t 7progressus ad f9itum71 or z t :i* c nev] be atta9$1 b only inf9itely approximat$ 7progressus ad inf9itum74 ,b :]e ! end has be5 correctly conceiv$ z int]nal--t is to say1 all "o ) developm5t itself--we mu/ conclude t x is atta9$ at e in/ant1 & at ! same "t n atta9$1 because e atta9m5t is ! =mation ( a new prospect1 :5ce we h at e mom5t ! satisfaction ( possession1 & aris+ f ?is ! dissatisfaction :i* drives u to seek a new possession4#a ,f9ally1 ! conceptions ( hi/ory z a passage f evil to good 7progress71 or f good to evil 7decad5ce1 regression71 take _! orig9 f ! same error ( entify+ & mak+ extr9sic good & evil1 joy & sorr[ 7:i* are ! dialectical con/ruction ( reality itself74 ,to unite !m 9 ! eclectic conception ( an alt]nation ( good & evil1 ( progress & regress1 is incorrect4 ,! true solution is t ( progress und]/ood n z a passage f evil to good1 z ?\gh f "o /ate to ano!r1 b z ! passage f ! good to ! bett]1 9 :i* ! evil is ! good itself se5 9 ! light ( ! bett]4 ,^! are all philosophical solutions :i* are at v>iance ) ! sup]ficial !ses ( controv]siali/s 7dictat$ to !m by s5tim5tal motives or imag9ative comb9ations1 really my?ological or result+ 9 my?ologies71 to ! same ext5t t !y are 9 accordance ) pr(\nd human convictions & ) ! tireless toil1 ! tru/1 ! c\rage1 :i* con/itute _! e?ical manife/ations4 ,by draw+ ! consequ5ces ( ! dialectical conception ( progress some?+ m imm$iately effective c be a*iev$ 9 respect to ! practice & hi/ory ( hi/oriography4 ,= we f9d 9 t conception ! orig9 ( a hi/orical maxim1 9 ! m\? ( e "o1 yet frequ5tly misund]/ood & frequ5tly violat$--t is to say1 t to hi/ory p]ta9s n to judge1 b to expla91 & t x %\ld be n subjective b objective4 ,misund]/ood1 because ! judg+ 9 "q is (t5 tak5 9 ! s5se ( logical judgm5t1 ( t judgm5t :i* is ?9k+ itself1 & ! subjectivity1 :i* w\ld ?us be exclud$1 w\ld be nei!r m nor less ?an ! subjectivity ( ?\ght4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ?is misund]/&+ we he> hi/orians be+ advis$ to purge !mselves ( !ories1 to refra9 f ! disputes aris+ f !m1 to re/rict !mselves to facts1 collect+1 arrang+1 & squeez+ out ! sap 7ev5 by ! /ati/ical me?od74 ,x is impossible to foll[ su* advice z ?is1 z may easily be se51 = su* 'ab/5tion f ?\ght' reveals itself z really ab/5tion f 's]i\sness ( ?\ght1' z a surreptiti\s atta*+ ( value to ! mo/ vulg> & contradictory ?\ghts1 transmitt$ by tradition1 w&]+ ab\t idly 9 ! m9d1 or fla%+ out z ! result ( mom5t>y caprice4 ,! maxim is altoge!r false1 und]/ood or misund]/ood 9 ?is way1 & x mu/ be tak5 by its opposite--namely1 t hi/ory mu/ always judge /rictly1 & t x mu/ always be en]getically subjective )\t all[+ itself to be confus$ by ! conflicts 9 :i* ?\ght engages or by ! risks t x runs4 ,= x is ?\ght itself1 & ?\ght alone1 :i* gets ov] its own difficulties & dang]s1 )\t fall+ ev5 "h into t frivol\s eclecticism :i* tries to f9d a middle t]m betwe5 our judgm5t & t ( o!rs1 & sugge/s v>i\s neutral & insipid =ms ( judgm5t4 ,b ! true & legitimate mean+1 ! orig9al motive = t 'judg+1' t 'subjectivity1' :i* x condemns1 is t hi/ory %\ld n apply to ! de$s & ! p]sonages t are its mat]ial ! qualifications ( good & evil1 z ?\gh !re really 7 good & evil facts 9 ! _w1 p :o are good & p :o are evil4 ,& x is c]ta9ly n to be d5i$ t innum]able hi/oriograph]s1 or ^? :o claim to be hi/oriograph]s1 h really /riv5 & /ill /rive along ^? l9es1 9 ! va9 & presumptu\s attempt to rew>d ! good & puni% ! evil1 to qualify hi/orical epo*s z repres5t+ progress or decad5ce--9 a ^w1 to settle :at is good & :at is evil1 z ?\gh x 7 a "q ( sep>at+ "o elem5t f ano!r 9 a comp\nd1 hydrog5 f1 oxyg54 ,:oev] desires to obs]ve intr9sically ! above maxim1 & by do+ s to set himself 9 accordance ) ! dialectic conception ( progress1 mu/ 9 tru? look ^u e trace or ve/ige ( propositions affirm+ evil1 regression1 or decad5ce z real facts1 z a sign ( imp]fection--9 a ^w1 he mu/ condemn e trace or ve/ige ( negative judgm5ts4 ,if ! c\rse ( hi/ory is n ! passage f evil to good1 or alt]native good & evil1 b ! passage f ! good to ! bett]1 if hi/ory %\ld expla9 & n condemn1 x w pron\nce only positive judgm5ts1 & w =ge *a9s ( good1 s solid & s closely l9k$ t x w n be possible to introduce into !m ev5 a little l9k ( evil or to int]pose empty spaces1 :i* 9 s f> z !y are empty w\ld n repres5t good b evil4 ,a fact t seems to be only evil1 an epo* t appe>s to be "o ( complete decad5ce1 c be no?+ b a non-hi/orical fact--t is to say1 "o :i* has n be5 hi/orically treat$1 n p5etrat$ by ?\ght1 & :i* has rema9$ ! prey ( s5tim5t & imag9ation4 ,:5ce comes ! ph5om5ology ( good & evil1 ( s9 & rep5tance1 ( decad5ce & resurrection1 save f ! consci\sness ( ! ag5t1 f ! act :i* is 9 lab\r to produce a new =m ( life8#b ,& 9 t act ! adv]s>y :o oppos$ u is 9 ! wrong2 ! /ate f :i* we wi% to escape1 & f :i* we are escap+1 is unhappy2 ! new "o t[>d :i* we are t5d+ becomes symboliz$ z a dream$-( felicity to be atta9$1 or z a pa/ condition to re/ore1 :i* is !re=e mo/ beautiful 9 recollection 7:i* "h is n recollection1 b imag9ation74 ,e "o kn[s h[ ^! ?+s pres5t !m-selves to u 9 ! c\rse ( hi/ory1 manife/+ !mselves 9 poetry1 9 ,utopias1 9 /ories ) a moral1 9 detractions1 9 apologies1 9 my?s ( love1 ( hate1 & ! l4 ,to ! h]etics ( ! ,middle ,ages & to ! ,prote/ant re=m]s ! condition ( ! primitive ,*ri/ians seem$ to be mo/ lovely & mo/ holy1 t ( papal ,*ri/ians mo/ evil & debas$4 ,! ,sp>ta ( ,lycurgus & ! ,rome ( ,c9c9natus seem$ to ! ,jacob9s to be z admirable z ,france "u ! ,c>lov+ians & ! ,capetians 0 dete/able4 ,! humani/s look$ ^u ! lives ( ! anci5t poets & sages z lum9\s & ! life ( ! ,middle ,ages z d5se d>kness4 ,ev5 9 times ne> our own has be5 witness$ ! glorification ( ! ,lomb>d communes & ! depreciation ( ! ,holy ,roman ,empire1 & ! v opposite ( ?is1 accord+ z ! facts relat+ to ^! hi/orical ev5ts 7 reflect$ 9 ! consci\sness ( an ,italian long+ = ! indep5d5ce ( ,italy or ( a ,g]man uphold+ ! holy ,g]man empire ( ,prussian hegemony4 ,& ?is w always happ51 because su* is ! ph5om5ology ( ! practical consci\sness1 & ^! practical valuations w always be pres5t to "s ext5t 9 ! works ( hi/orians4 ,z works1 ^! are n & _c ev] be pure hi/ory1 qu9tess5tial hi/ory2 if 9 no o!r way1 !n 9 _! phras+ & use ( metaphors !y w reflect ! rep]cussion ( practical ne$s & ef=ts direct$ t[>d ! future4 ,b ! hi/orical consci\sness1 z su*1 is logical & n practical consci\sness1 & inde$ makes ! o!r its object2 hi/ory once liv$ has become 9 x ?\ght1 & ! anti!ses ( w & feel+ t =m]ly (f]$ resi/ance h no long] a place 9 ?\ght4 ,= if !re are no good & evil facts1 b facts t are always good :5 und]/ood 9 _! intimate be+ & concret5ess1 !re are n opposite sides1 b t wid] side t embraces bo? ! adv]s>ies & :i* happ5s j to be hi/orical consid]ation4 ,hi/orical consid]ation1 !re=e1 recognizes z ( equal "r ! ,*ur* ( ! catacombs & t ( ,gregory ,,vii1 ! tribunes ( ! ,roman p & ! feudal b>ons1 ! ,lomb>d ,league & ! ,emp]or ,b>b>ossa4 ,hi/ory nev] metes out ju/ice1 b always ju/ifies2 %e c\ld n c>ry out ! =m] act )\t mak+ h]self unju/--t is to say1 conf\nd+ ?\ght ) life1 tak+ ! attractions & repulsions ( s5tim5t = ! judgm5ts ( ?\ght4 ,poetry is satisfi$ ) ! expression ( s5tim5t1 & x is wor?y ( note t a consid]able hi/orian1 ,s*loss]1 wi%+ to res]ve = himself ! "r & duty ( judg+ hi/orical facts ) ,kantian au/]ity & ab/raction1 kept 8 eyes fix$ on ! ,div9e ,com$y--t is to say1 a poetical "w--z 8 model ( treatm5t4 ,& s9ce !re are poetical elem5ts 9 all my?s1 we und]/& :y ! conception ( hi/ory kn[n z duali/ic--t is to say1 ( hi/ory z compos$ ( two curr5ts1 :i* mix b nev] resolve 9 "o ano!r _! wat]s ( good & evil1 tru? & error1 rationality & irrationality--%\ld h =m$ a conspicu\s "p1 n only ( ! ,*ri/ian religion1 b also ( ! my?ologies 7= !y really are su*7 ( humanism & ( illum9ism4 ,b ! detection ( ?is problem ( ! duality ( values & its solution 9 ! sup]ior unity ( ! conception ( developm5t is ! "w ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 :i* on ?is acc\nt & on acc\nt ( o!r solutions ( ! same k9d 7c]ta9ly n on acc\nt ( its philological & ar*ological ri*ness1 :i* 0 relatively common to ! f\r prec$+ c5turies7 has be5 well call$ '! c5tury ( hi/ory4' ,n only1 !re=e1 is hi/ory unable to discrim9ate betwe5 facts t are good & facts t are evil1 & betwe5 epo*s t are progressive & ^? t are regressive1 b x does n beg9 until ! psy*ological conditions :i* r5d]$ possible su* anti!ses h be5 sup]s$$ & sub/itut$ by an act ( ! _s1 :i* seeks to asc]ta9 :at function ! fact or ! epo* previ\sly condemn$ has fulfill$--t is to say1 :at x has produc$ ( its own 9 ! c\rse ( developm5t1 & !re=e :at x has produc$4 ,& s9ce all facts & epo*s are productive 9 _! own way1 n only is n "o ( !m to be condemn$ 9 ! light ( hi/ory1 b all are to be prais$ & v5]at$4 ,a condemn$ fact1 a fact t is repugnant1 is n yet a hi/orical proposition1 x is h>dly ev5 ! premiss ( a hi/orical problem to be =mulat$4 ,a negative hi/ory is a non-hi/ory s long z its negative process sub/itutes itself = ?\ght1 :i* is affirmative1 & does n ma9ta9 itself )9 its practical & moral b\nds & limit itself to poetical expressions & empirical modes ( repres5tation1 9 respect ( all ( :i* we c c]ta9ly speak 7speak & n ?9k71 z we d speak at e mom5t1 ( bad m5 & p]iods ( decad5ce & regression4 ,if ! vice ( negative hi/ory arises f ! sep>ation1 ! solidification1 & ! opposition ( ! dialectical anti!ses ( good & evil & ! trans=mation ( ! ideal mom5ts ( developm5t into entities1 t o!r deviation ( hi/ory :i* may be kn[n z elegiac hi/ory arises f ! misund]/&+ ( ano!r necessity ( t conception--t is to say1 ! p]petual con/ancy1 ! p]petual cons]vation ( :at has be5 acquir$4 ,b ?is is also false by def9ition4 ,:at is pres]v$ & enri*$ 9 ! c\rse ( hi/ory is hi/ory itself1 spirituality4 ,! pa/ does n live o!rwise ?an 9 ! pres5t1 z ! =ce ( ! pres5t1 resolv$ & trans=m$ 9 ! pres5t4 ,e p>ticul> =m1 individual1 action1 in/itution1 "w1 ?\ght1 is de/9$ to p]i%3 ev5 art1 :i* is call$ et]nal 7& is s 9 a c]ta9 s5se71 p]i%es1 = x does n live1 save to ! ext5t t x is reproduc$1 & !re=e transfigur$ & surr\nd$ ) new light1 9 ! _s ( po/]ity4 ,f9ally1 tru? itself p]i%es1 p>ticul> & det]m9$ tru?1 because x is n re?9kable1 save :5 includ$ 9 ! sy/em ( a va/] tru?1 & !re=e at ! same "t trans=m$4 ,b ^? :o d n rise to ! conception ( pure hi/orical consid]ation1 ^? :o atta* !mselves ) _! :ole s\l to an individual1 a "w1 a belief1 an in/itution1 & atta* !mselves s /rongly t !y _c sep>ate !mselves f x 9 ord] to objectify x be=e !mselves & ?9k x1 are prone to attribute ! immortality :i* belongs to ! _s 9 univ]sal to ! _s 9 "o ( its p>ticul> & det]m9$ =ms2 & s9ce t =m1 not)/&+ _! ef=ts1 dies1 & dies 9 _! arms1 ! univ]se d>k5s be=e _! gaze1 & ! only hi/ory t !y c relate is ! sad "o ( ! agony & dea? ( beautiful ?+s4 ,?is too is poetry1 & v l(ty poetry4 ,:o c d o!rwise ?an weep at ! loss ( a belov$ "o1 at sep>ation f some?+ de> to him1 _c see ! sun ext+ui%$ & ! e>? tremble & ! birds cease _! flight & fall to e>?1 l ,dante1 on ! loss ( 8 belov$ :o 0 s beautiful8 ,b hi/ory is nev] hi/ory ( dea?1 b hi/ory ( life1 & all "k t ! prop] commemoration ( ! dead is ! k ( :at !y did 9 life1 ( :at !y produc$ t is work+ 9 u1 ! hi/ory ( _! life & n ( _! dea?1 :i* x behoves a g5tle s\l to veil1 a s\l b>b>\s & p]v]se to exhibit 9 its mis]able nak$ness & to contemplate ) unheal?y p]si/5ce4 ,= ?is reason all hi/ories :i* n>rate ! dea? & n ! life ( peoples1 ( /ates1 ( in/itutions1 ( cu/oms1 ( lit]>y & arti/ic ideals1 ( religi\s conceptions1 are to be consid]$ false1 or1 we repeat1 simply poetry1 :]e !y atta9 to ! level ( poetry4 ,p gr[ sad & suff] & lam5t because t :i* 0 is no long]4 ,?is w\ld resolve itself into a m]e tautology 7because if x 01 x is evid5t t x is no long]71 7 x n conjo9$ to ! neglect ( recogniz+ :at ( t pa/ has n p]i%$--t is to say1 t pa/ 9 s f> z x is n pa/ b pres5t1 ! et]nal life ( ! pa/4 ,x is 9 ?is neglect1 9 ! incorrect view aris+ out ( x1 t ! falsity ( su* hi/ories resides4 ,x sometimes happ5s t hi/orians1 int5t ^u n>rat+ ^? sc5es ( angui% 9 a lugubri\s mann] & ^u celebrat+ ! fun]als :i* x pleases !m to call hi/ories1 rema9 p>tly a/\nd$ & p>tly sc&aliz$ :5 !y he> a peal ( laught]1 a cry ( joy1 a sigh ( satisfaction1 or f9d an en?usia/ic impulse spr++ up f ! docum5ts t !y are se>*+4 ,h[1 !y ask1 c\ld m5 live1 make love1 reproduce _! species1 s+1 pa9t1 discuss1 :5 ! trumps 7 s\nd+ ea/ & we/ to ann\nce ! end ( ! _w8 ,b !y d n see t su* an end ( ! _w exi/s only 9 _! own imag9ations1 ri* 9 elegiac motives1 b poor 9 und]/&+4 ,!y d n p]ceive t su* importunate trumpet-calls h nev] 9 reality exi/$4 ,^! are v useful1 on ! o!r h&1 = rem9d+ ^? :o may h =gott5 x t hi/ory always pursues h] indefatigable "w1 & t h] app>5t agonies are ! travail ( a new bir?1 & t :at are believ$ to be h] expir+ sighs are moans t ann\nce ! bir? ( a new _w4 ,hi/ory diff]s f ! individual :o dies because1 9 ! words ( ,alcmon ( ,crete1 he is n able 1 to jo9 8 beg9n+ to 8 end3 hi/ory nev] dies1 because %e always jo9s h] beg9n+ to h] end4 #a ,= ! complete developm5t ( ^! conceptions1 see my /udy ( ,! ,conception ( ,becom+1 9 ! ,saggio sullo ,hegel seguito da altri scritti di /oria della filos(ia1 pp4 #adi-age 7,b>i1 #aiac74 7,engli% translation ( ! "w on ,hegel by ,d\glas ,a9slie4 ,macmillan1 ,london47 #b ,= :at relates to ?is section1 see my treatm5t ( ,judgm5ts ( ,value1 9 ! "w be=e cit$4 ,,vi ,,! ,,humanity ,,( ,,hi/ory ,enfran*is+ itself f s]vitude to extra-mundane caprice & to bl9d natural necessity1 free+ itself f transc5d5cy & f false imman5ce 7:i* is 9 its turn transc5d5cy71 ?\ght conceives hi/ory z ! "w ( man1 z ! product ( human w & intellect1 & 9 ?is mann] ent]s t =m ( hi/ory :i* we %all call humani/ic4 ,?is humanism fir/ appe>s z 9 simple contra/ to nature or to extra-mundane p[]s1 & posits dualism4 ,on ! "o side is man1 ) 8 /r5g?1 8 intellig5ce1 8 reason1 8 prud5ce1 8 w = ! good2 on ! o!r !re is some?+ t resi/s him1 /rives aga9/ him1 upsets 8 wise/ plans1 breaks ! web t he has be5 weav+ & obliges him to weave x all ov] aga94 ,hi/ory1 envisag$ f ! view-po9t ( ?is conception1 is develop$ entirely f ! fir/ ( ^! two sides1 because ! o!r does n af=d a dialectical elem5t :i* c be cont9ually met & sup]s$$ by ! fir/1 giv+ rise to a sort ( int]ior collaboration1 b repres5ts ! absolutely extrane\s1 ! caprici\s1 ! accid5tal1 ! m$dl]1 ! gho/ at ! fea/4 ,only 9 ! =m] d we f9d rationality comb9$ ) human endeav\r1 & ?us ! possibility ( a rational explication ( hi/ory4 ,:at comes f ! o!r side is ann\nc$1 b n expla9$3 x is n mat]ial = hi/ory1 b at ! mo/ = *ronicle4 ,?is fir/ =m ( humani/ic hi/ory is kn[n "u ! v>i\s names ( rationali/ic1 intellectuali/ic1 ab/racti/ic1 individuali/ic1 psy*ological hi/ory1 & especially "u t ( pragmatic hi/ory4 ,x is a =m g5]ally condemn$ by ! consci\sness ( our times1 :i* has employ$ ^! designations1 especially rationalism & pragmatism1 to repres5t a p>ticul> sort ( hi/oriographical insuffici5cy & inf]iority1 & has made prov]bial ! mo/ *>act]i/ic pragmatic explanations ( in/itutions & ev5ts1 z types ( misrepres5tation into :i* "o mu/ bew>e ( fall+ if "o wi% to ?9k hi/ory s]i\sly4 ,b z happ5s 9 ! progress ( culture & sci5ce1 ev5 if ! condemnation be cordially accept$ & no hesitation ent]ta9$ z to draw+ practical consequ5ces f x 9 ! field ( actuality1 !re is n an equally cle> consci\sness ( ! reasons = ?is1 or ( ! ?\ght process by means ( :i* x has be5 atta9$4 ,?is process we may briefly describe z foll[s4 ,pragmatic f9ds ! reasons = hi/orical facts 9 man1 b 9 man 9 s f> z he is an individual made ab/ract1 & ?us oppos$ z su* n only to ! univ]se1 b to o!r m51 :o h also be5 made ab/ract4 ,hi/ory ?us appe>s to consi/ ( ! me*anical action & reaction ( be+s1 ea* "o ( :om is %ut up 9 himself4 ,n[ no hi/orical process is intelligible "u su* an arrangem5t1 = ! sum ( ! addition is always sup]ior to ! numb]s add$4 ,to su* an ext5t is ?is true t1 n kn[+ :i* way to turn 9 ord] to make ! sum come out "r1 x became necess>y to excogitate ! doctr9e ( 'little causes1' :i* 7 suppos$ to produce 'great effects4' ,?is doctr9e is absurd1 = x is cle> t great effects c only h real causes 7if ! illegitimate conceptions ( great & small1 ( cause & effect1 be applicable "h74 ,su* a =mula1 !n1 f> f express+ ! law ( hi/orical facts1 unconsci\sly expresses ! defects ( ! doctr9e1 :i* is inadequate = its purpose4 ,& s9ce ! rational explanation fails1 !re arise cr[ds ( fancies to take its place1 :i* are all conceiv$ ^u ! fundam5tal motive ( ! ab/ract individual4 ,! pragmatic explanation ( religions is *>act]i/ic ( ?is2 ^! are suppos$ to h be5 produc$ & ma9ta9$ 9 ! _w by ! economic cunn+ ( ! prie/s1 tak+ advantage ( ! ignorance & cr$ulity ( ! masses4 ,b hi/orical pragmatic does n always pres5t itself 9 ! guise ( ?is egoi/ic & pessimi/ic inspiration4 ,x is n fair to accuse x ( egoism & utilit>ianism1 :5 ! true accusation %\ld1 z we h already said1 be levell$ at its ab/ract individualism4 ,?is ab/ract individualism c\ld be & sometimes 0 conceiv$ ev5 z highly moral1 = we c]ta9ly f9d among ! pragmatics sage legislators1 good k+s1 & great m51 :o b5efit humanity by means ( sci5ce1 inv5tions1 & well-organiz$ in/itutions4 ,& if ! gre$y prie/ arrang$ ! deceit ( religions1 if ! cruel despot oppress$ weak & innoc5t p1 & if error 0 prolific & eng5d]$ ! /range/ & mo/ fooli% cu/oms1 yet ! goodness ( ! enlight5$ mon>* & legislator creat$ ! happy epo*s1 caus$ ! arts to fl\ri%1 enc\rag$ poets1 aid$ discov]ies1 enc\rag$ indu/ries4 ,f ^! pragmatic conceptions is d]iv$ ! v]bal usage :]eby we speak ( ! age ( ,p]icles1 ( t ( ,augu/us1 ( t ( ,leo ,x1 or ( t ( ,l\is ,,xiv4 ,& s9ce fanciful explanations d n limit !mselves m]ely to individuals physically exi/+1 b also employ facts & small details1 :i* are also made ab/ract & %ut up 9 !mselves1 be+ ?us also turn$ into :at ,vico describes z 'imag9ative univ]sals1' 9 l mann] all ^! modes ( explanation kn[n z 'cata/rophic' & mak+ h+e ! salvation or ! ru9 ( a :ole society ^u ! virtue ( "s s+le fact are also d]iv$ f pragmatic4 ,examples ( ?is1 :i* h also become prov]bial1 because !y ref] to concepts t h be5 p]si/5tly criticiz$ by ! hi/orians ( our "t1 are ! fall ( ! ,roman ,empire1 expla9$ z ! result ( b>b>ian invasions1 ,european civilization ( ! twelf? & ?irte5? c5turies1 z ! result ( ! ,crusades1 ! r5asc5ce ( classical lit]atures1 z ! result ( ! ,turki% conque/ ( ,con/ant9ople & ( ! immigration ( ! le>n$ ,byzant9es into ,italy--& ! l4 ,& 9 j ! same way z :5 ! conception ( ! s+le individual did n furni% a suffici5t explanation rec\rse 0 = t reason _h to a multiplicity ( individuals1 to _! co-op]ation & conflict+ action1 s "h1 :5 ! sole cause adduc$ soon prov$ itself too n>r[1 an attempt 0 made to make up = ! insuffici5cy ( ! me?od by ! se>* = & enum]ation ( multiple hi/orical causes4 ,?is enum]ation ?reat5$ to proce$ to ! inf9ite1 b1 f9ite or inf9ite z x might be1 x nev] expla9$ ! process to be expla9$1 = ! obvi\s reason t ! cont9u\s is nev] made out ( ! discont9u\s1 h[ev] mu* ! latt] may be multipli$ & solidifi$4 ,! s-call$ !ory ( ! causes or factors ( hi/ory1 :i* survives 9 mod]n consci\sness1 toge!r ) sev]al o!r m5tal habits ( pragmatic1 al?\gh g5]ally incl9$ to foll[ o!r pa?s1 is r a confession ( p[]lessness to dom9ate hi/ory by means ( individual causes1 or causes individually conceiv$1 ?an a !ory2 f> f be+ a solution1 x is b a reop5+ ( ! problem4 ,pragmatic !re=e fails to rema9 human--t is to say1 to develop itself z rationality2 ev5 9 ! human side to :i* x cl+s & 9 :i* x wi%es to ma9ta9 & oppose itself to ! natural or extra-natural2 & hav+ already made individuals irrational & unhuman by mak+ !m ab/ract1 x gradually has rec\rse to o!r hi/orical factors1 & arrives f9ally at natural causes1 :i* d n diff] at all 9 _! ab/ractness f o!r individual causes4 ,?is means t pragmatic1 :i* _h previ\sly ass]t$ itself z humanism1 falls back into naturalism1 f :i* x _h di/9ctly sep>at$ itself4 ,& x falls into x all ! m1 see+ t1 z has be5 not$1 human individuals h be5 made ab/ract1 n only among !mselves1 b t[>d ! re/ ( ! univ]se1 :i* rema9s fac+ !m1 z ?\gh x 7 an enemy4 ,:at is x t really rules hi/ory accord+ to ?is conception8 ,is x man1 or extra-human p[]s1 natural or div9e8 ,! claim t hi/ory exi/s only z an individual exp]i5ce is n ma9ta9able2 & 9 ! pragmatic conception ano!r ag5t 9 hi/ory is always presum$1 an extra-human be+ :i*1 at diff]5t times & to diff]5t ?9k]s1 is kn[n z fate1 *ance1 =tune1 nature1 ,god1 or by "s o!r "n4 ,dur+ ! p]iod at :i* pragmatic hi/ory fl\ri%$1 & !re 0 mu* talk ( reason & wisdom1 an expression ( a mon>*ical or c\rtly t+e is to be f\nd ^u ! lips ( a mon>* & ( a philosoph] :o 0 8 fri5d3 homage 0 paid to sa ,maje/ le ,has>d6 ,"h too !re is an attempt to pat* up ! difficulty & to seek eclectic solutions2 9 ord] to get out ( x1 we f9d pragmatic affirm+ t human affairs are conduct$ half by prud5ce & half by =tune1 t intellig5ce contributes "o "p1 =tune ano!r1 & s on4 ,b :o w assign ! j %>e to ! two competitors8 ,w n he :o does assign x be ! true & only mak] ( hi/ory8 ,& s9ce he :o does assign x _c be man1 we see once aga9 h[ pragmatic leads directly to transc5d5cy & irrationality ?r\gh its naturalism4 ,x leads to irrationality1 accompani$ by all its foll[+ ( inconv5i5ces & by all ! o!r dualisms t x br+s ) x & :i* are p>ticul> aspects ( itself1 su* z ! impossibility ( developm5t1 regressions1 ! triumph ( evil4 ,! individual1 engag$ ) ext]nal =ces h[ev] conceiv$1 sometimes w9s1 at o!r times loses2 8 victory itself is prec>i\s1 & ! enemy is always victori\s1 inflict+ losses ^u him & mak+ 8 victories prec>i\s4 ,individuals are ants cru%$ by a piece ( rock1 & if "s ant escapes f ! mass t falls ^u x & reproduces ! species1 :i* beg9s aga9 ! lab\r f ! beg9n+1 ! rock w fall1 or always may fall1 ^u ! new g5]ation & may cru% all ( its memb]s1 s t x is ! arbit] ( ! lives ( ! indu/ri\s ants1 to :i* x does mu* injury & no good4 ,?is is z pessimi/ic a view z c be conceiv$4 ,^! difficulties & va9-t5tatives ( pragmatic hi/oriography h caus$ x to be look$ ^u ) disfav\r & to be reject$ 9 fav\r ( a sup]ior conception1 :i* pres]ves ! initial humani/ic motive &1 remov+ f x ! ab/ractness ( ! atomiciz$ individual1 assures x aga9/ any fall+ back into agno/icism1 transc5d5cy1 or ! despair caus$ by pessimism4 ,! conception t has complet$ ! criticism ( pragmatic & ! r$emption ( humanism has be5 v>i\sly & m or less well =mulat$ 9 ! c\rse ( ! hi/ory ( ?\ght z m9d or reason t con/ructs hi/ory1 z ! 'provid5ce' ( m9d or ! 'a/ut5ess' ( reason4 ,! great value ( ?is conception is t x *anges humanism f ab/ract to concrete1 f monadi/ic or atomi/ic to ideali/ic1 f some?+ b>ely human into some?+ cosmic1 f unhuman humanism1 su* z t ( man %ut up 9 himself & oppos$ to man1 into humanism t is really human1 ! humanity common to m51 inde$ to ! :ole univ]se1 :i* is all humanity1 ev5 9 its mo/ hidd5 recesses--t is to say1 spirituality4 ,& hi/ory1 accord+ to ?is conception1 z x is no long] ! "w ( nature or ( an extra-mundane ,god1 s x is n ! impot5t "w ( ! empirical & unreal individual1 int]rupt$ at e mom5t1 b ! "w ( t individual :i* is truly real & is ! et]nal _s individualiz+ itself4 ,= ?is reason x has no adv]s>y at all oppos$ to x1 b e adv]s>y is at ! same "t its subject --t is to say1 is "o ( ! aspects ( t dialecticism :i* con/itutes its inn] be+4 ,aga91 x does n seek its pr9ciple ( explanation 9 a p>ticul> act ( ?\ght or w1 or 9 a s+le individual or 9 a multitude ( individuals1 or 9 an ev5t giv5 z ! cause ( o!r ev5ts1 or 9 a collection ( ev5ts t =m ! cause ( a s+le ev5t1 b seeks & places x 9 ! process itself1 :i* is born ( ?\ght & returns to ?\ght1 & is intelligible ?r\gh ! auto-intelligibility ( ?\ght1 :i* nev] has ne$ ( appeal+ to any?+ ext]nal to itself 9 ord] to und]/& itself4 ,! explanation ( hi/ory becomes s truly1 because x co9cides ) its explication2 :]eas explanation by means ( ab/ract causes is a break+ up ( ! process2 ! liv+ hav+ be5 sla91 !re is a =c$ attempt made to obta9 life by sett+ ! sev]$ head aga9 ^u ! %\ld]s4 ,:5 ! hi/orians ( our day1 & ! _m s5sible folk :o d n make a pr(ession ( philosophy1 repeat t ! hi/ory ( ! _w does n dep5d ^u ! w ( individuals1 ^u su* accid5ts z ! l5g? ( ,cleopatra's nose1 or ^u anecdotes2 t no hi/orical ev5t has ev] be5 ! result ( deception or misund]/&+1 b t all h be5 due to p]suasion & necessity2 t !re is "s "o :o has m intellig5ce ?an any individual :atev]--! _w2 t ! explanation ( a fact is always to be s\ght 9 ! entire organism & n 9 a s+le "p torn f ! o!r p>ts2 t hi/ory c\ld n h be5 develop$ o!rwise ?an x has develop$1 & t x obeys its own iron logic2 t e fact has its reason & t no individual is completely wrong2 & numb]less propositions ( ! same sort1 :i* ,i h assembl$ promiscu\sly--!y are p]haps n aw>e t ) su* h5ce=? obvi\s /atem5ts !y are repeat+ ! criticism ( pragmatic hi/ory 7& implicitly t ( !ological & naturali/ic hi/ory7 & affirm+ ! tru? ( ideali/ic hi/ory4 ,7 !y aw>e ( ?is1 !y w\ld n m+le ) ^! propositions o!rs :i* are _! direct contradiction1 relat+ to causes1 accid5ts1 decad5ces1 climates1 races1 & s on1 :i* repres5t ! detritus ( ! conception t has be5 sup]s$$4 ,= ! re/1 x is *>act]i/ic ( ! consci\sness call$ common or vulg> to drag along ) x an abundant detritus ( old1 dead concepts m+l$ ) ! new ones2 b ?is does n detract f ! importance ( its en=c$ recognition ( ! new concept1 :i* x sub/antially foll[s 9 its judgm5ts4 ,ow+ to ! already m5tion$ resolution ( all hi/oriographical que/ions into g5]al philosophy1 x w\ld n be possible to give copi\s illu/rations ( ! new concept ( hi/ory :i* ! n9ete5? c5tury has accept$ 9 place ( ! pragmatic conception )\t giv+ a l5g?y exposition ( g5]al philosophy1 :i*1 9 addition to ! p>ticul> inconv5i5ce its pres5ce w\ld h "h1 w\ld lead to ! repetition ( ?+s else:]e expla9$4 ,tak+ ! position t hi/ory is ! "w1 n ( ! ab/ract individual1 b ( reason or provid5ce1 z admitt$1 ,i int5d r to correct an errone\s mode ( express+ t doctr9e :i* ,i believe t ,i h detect$4 ,i mean ! =m giv5 to x by ,vico & by ,hegel1 accord+ to :i* ,provid5ce or ,reason makes use ( ! p>ticul> ends & passions ( m51 9 ord] to conduct !m unconsci\sly to m l(ty spiritual conditions1 mak+ use = ?is purpose ( b5evol5t cunn+4 ,7 ?is =m exact1 or 7 x necess>y to take x lit]ally 7& n simply z an imag9ative & provisional expression ( ! tru?71 ,i greatly fe> t a %ad[ ( dualism & transc5d5cy w\ld appe> 9 ! he>t ( ! ideali/ic conception4 ,= 9 ?is position ( !irs t[>d ! ,idea or ,provid5ce1 individuals w\ld h to be consid]$1 if n z delud$ 7satisfi$ inde$ beyond _! desires & hopes71 !n c]ta9ly z illud$1 ev5 ?\gh b5evol5tly illud$4 ,individuals & ,provid5ce1 or individuals & ,reason1 w\ld n make "o1 b two2 & ! individual w\ld be inf]ior & ! ,idea sup]ior--t is to say1 dualism & ! reciprocal transc5d5cy ( ,god & ! _w w\ld p]si/4 ,?is1 on ! o!r h&1 w\ld n be at v>iance f ! hi/orical po9t ( view ) :at has be5 sev]al times obs]v$ z to ! !ological residue at ! bottom ( ,hegel's1 & yet m ( ,vico's1 ?\ght4 ,n[ ! claim ( ! ideali/ic conception is t individual & ,idea make "o & n two--t is to say1 p]fectly co9cide & are id5tifi$4 ,= ?is reason1 !re mu/ be no talk+ 7save metaphorically7 ( ! wisdom ( ! ,idea & ( ! folly or illusion ( individuals4 ,nev]!less x seems indubitably c]ta9 t ! individual acts ?r\gh ! m$ium ( inf9ite illusions1 propos+ to himself ends t he fails to atta9 & atta9+ ends t he has n se54 ,s*op5hau] 7imitat+ ,hegel7 has made popul> ! illusions ( love1 by means ( :i* ! w leads ! individual to propagate ! species2 & we all "k t illusions are n limit$ to ^? t m5 & wom5 ex]cise t[>d "o ano!r 7les tromp]ies rciproques71 b t !y ent] into our e act1 :i* is always accompani$ by hopes & mirages t are n foll[$ by realization4 ,& ! illusion ( illusions seems to be ?is3 t ! individual believes himself to be toil+ to live & to int5sify 8 life m & m1 :]eas he is really toil+ to die4 ,he wi%es to see 8 "w complet$ z ! affirmation ( 8 life1 & its completion is ! pass+ away ( ! "w2 he toils to obta9 peace 9 life1 b peace is on ! contr>y dea?1 :i* alone is peace4 ,h[ !n are we to d5y ?is dualism betwe5 ! illusion ( ! individual & ! reality ( ! "w1 betwe5 ! individual & ! ,idea8 ,h[ are we to refute ! only explanation :i* seems to compose 9 "s measure ! discord--namely1 t ! ,idea turns ! illusions ( ! individual to its own ends1 ev5 ?\gh ?is doctr9e lead inevitably to a sort ( transc5d5cy ( ! ,idea8 ,b ! real tru? is t :at results f ! obs]vations & objections above expos$ is n ! illusion ( ! individual :o loves1 :o tries to complete 8 "w1 :o sighs = peace1 b r ! illusion ( him :o believes t ! individual is illud$3 ! illusory is ! illusion itself4 ,& ?is illusion appe>s 9 ! ph5om5ology ( ! _s z ! result ( ! well-kn[n ab/ractive process1 :i* breaks up unity 9 an arbitr>y mann] & 9 ?is case sep>ates ! result f ! process or actual act+1 9 :i* alone ! =m] is real2 ! accompanim5t f ! accompani$1 :i* is all "o ) ! accompanim5t1 because !re is n _s & its escort1 b only ! "o _s 9 its developm5t1 ! s+le mom5ts ( ! process1 ( ! cont9uity1 :i* is _! s\l2 & s on4 ,t illusion arises 9 ! individual :5 he beg9s to reflect ^u himself1 & at ! beg9n+ ( t reflection1 :i* is at ! same "t a dialectical process4 ,b 9 concrete reflection1 or r 9 concrete consci\sness1 he discov]s t !re is no end t has n be5 realiz$1 z well z x c\ld1 9 ! process1 9 :i* x 0 nev] an absolute end--t is to say1 an ab/ract end1 b bo? a means & an end4 ,to return to ! popul> !ory ( ,s*op5hau]1 only he :o looks ^u m5 z animals1 or worse ?an animals1 c believe t love is a process t leads only to ! biological propagation ( ! species1 :5 e man kn[s t he fecundates 8 own s\l above all prior to ! m>riage c\*1 & t images & ?\ghts & projects & actions are creat$ be=e *ildr5 & 9 addition to !m4 ,c]ta9ly1 we are consci\s ( ! mom5ts ( an action z x develops--t is to say1 ( its passage & n ( its totality se5 9 ! light ( a new spiritual situation1 su* z we /rive to obta9 :51 z we say1 we leave ! tumult beh9d u & set ourselves to write our own hi/ory4 ,b !re is no illusion1 ei!r n[ or !n2 nei!r n[ nor !n is !re ! ab/ract individual face to face ) a ,provid5ce :o succe$s 9 deceiv+ him = b5eficial ends1 act+ r z a doctor ?an z a s]i\s educator1 & treat+ ! race ( m5 z ?\gh !y 7 animals to tra9 & make use (1 in/ead ( m5 to educate--t is to say1 develop4 ,aft] hav+ conc5trat$ ! m9d ^u a ?\ght ( ,vico & ( ,hegel1 c x be possible to set ourselves d[n to exam9e ^? ( o!rs :i* af=d mat]ial to ! controv]sies ( hi/orians & me?odologi/s ( hi/ory ( our "t8 ,^! repres5t ! usual =m 9 :i* appe> ! problems conc]n+ ! relation betwe5 ! individual & ! ,idea1 betwe5 pragmatic & ideali/ic hi/ory4 ,p]haps ! pati5ce necess>y = ! desc5t into l[ haunts is m]itori\s & our duty2 p]haps !re may be "s useful conclusion to be drawn f ^! common disputes2 b ,i mu/ beg to be excus$ = n tak+ "p 9 !m & = limit+ myself to ! sole rem>k t ! "q :i* has be5 = "s "t discuss$1 :e!r hi/ory be ! hi/ory ( 'masses' or ( 'individuals1' w\ld be laughable 9 its v enunciation1 if we 7 to und]/& by 'mass' :at ! ^w implies1 a complex ( individuals4 ,& s9ce x is n a good me?od to attribute laughable ideas to adv]s>ies1 x may be suppos$ t on ?is occasion :at is meant by 'mass' is some?+ else1 :i* moves ! mass ( individuals4 ,9 ?is case1 anyone c see t ! problem is ! same z t :i* has j be5 exam9$4 ,! conflict betwe5 'collectivi/ic' & 'individuali/ic' hi/oriography w nev] be compos$ s long z ! =m] assigns to collectivity ! p[] t is creative ( ideas & in/itutions1 & ! latt] assigns x to ! individual ( g5ius1 = bo? affirmations are true 9 :at !y include & false 9 :at !y exclude--t is to say1 n only 9 _! exclusion ( ! oppos$ !sis1 b also 9 ! tacit exclusion1 :i* !y bo? make1 ( totality z idea4 ,a w>n+ z to a hi/oriographical me?od1 s simil> 9 appe>ance to t :i* ,i h be5 def5d+ z to be conf\nd$ ) x1 may p]haps be m opportune4 ,?is me?od1 :i* is v>i\sly call$ sociological1 in/itutional1 & ( values1 pres]ves among ! v>iety ( its cont5t & ! inequality ( m5tal level noticeable 9 its support]s ! g5]al & con/ant *>act]i/ic ( believ+ t true hi/ory consi/s ( ! hi/ory ( societies1 in/itutions1 & human values1 n ( individual values4 ,! hi/ory ( individuals1 accord+ to ?is view1 is exclud$1 z be+ a p>allel or inf]ior hi/ory1 & its inf]iority is held to be due ei!r to ! slight degree ( int]e/ t x is capable ( ar\s+ or to its lack ( intelligibility4 ,9 ! latt] case 7by an inv]sion on ?is occasion ( ! attitude ( contempt :i* 0 not$ 9 pragmatic hi/ory7 x is h&$ ov] to *ronicle or romance4 ,b 9 su* dualism z ?is1 & 9 ! disagreem5t :i* p]si/s ow+ to t dualism1 lies ! pr(\nd diff]5ce betwe5 ! empirical & naturali/ic conceptions ( value1 ( in/itutions1 & ( societies1 & ! ideali/ic conception4 ,?is conception does n contemplate ! e/abli%m5t ( an ab/ract hi/ory ( ! _s1 ( ! ab/ract univ]sal1 side by side ) or beyond ab/ract individuali/ic or pragmatic hi/ory1 b ! und]/&+ t individual & idea1 tak5 sep>ately1 are two equival5t ab/ractions1 ea* equally unfitt$ = supply+ its subject to hi/ory1 & t true hi/ory is ! hi/ory ( ! individual 9 s f> z he is univ]sal & ( ! univ]sal 9 s f> z individual4 ,x is n a "q ( aboli%+ ,p]icles to ! advantage ( politics1 or ,plato to ! advantage ( philosophy1 or ,sophocles to ! advantage ( trag$y2 b to ?9k & to repres5t politics1 philosophy1 & trag$y z ,p]icles1 ,plato1 & ,sophocles1 & ^! z ea* "o ( ! o!rs 9 "o ( _! p>ticul> mom5ts4 ,because if ea* "o ( ^! is ! %ad[ ( a dream outside its relation ) ! _s1 s likewise is ! _s outside its individualizations1 & to atta9 to univ]sality 9 ! conception ( hi/ory is to r5d] bo? equally secure ) t security :i* !y mutually conf] ^u "o ano!r4 ,7 ! exi/5ce ( ,p]icles1 ( ,sophocles1 & ( ,plato indiff]5t1 w\ld n ! exi/5ce ( ! idea h = t v reason be5 pron\nc$ indiff]5t8 ,let him :o cuts individuals out ( hi/ory b pay close att5tion & he w p]ceive t ei!r he has n cut !m out at all1 z he imag9$1 or he has cut out ) !m hi/ory itself4 ,,vii ,,*oice ,,& ,,p]iodization ,s9ce a fact is hi/orical 9 s f> z x is ?\ght1 & s9ce no?+ exi/s outside ?\ght1 !re c be no s5se :atev] 9 ! "q1 ,:at are hi/orical facts & :at are non-hi/orical facts8 ,a non-hi/orical fact w\ld be a fact t has n be5 ?\ght & w\ld !re=e be non-exi/5t1 & s f> no "o has yet met ) a non-exi/5t fact4 ,a hi/orical ?\ght l9ks itself to & foll[s ano!r hi/orical ?\ght1 & !n ano!r1 & yet ano!r2 & h[ev] f> we navigate ! great sea ( be+1 we nev] leave ! well-def9$ sea ( ?\ght4 ,b x rema9s to be expla9$ h[ ! illusion is =m$ t !re are two ord]s ( facts1 hi/orical & non-hi/orical4 ,! explanation is easy :5 we recollect :at has be5 said z to ! *ronicliz+ ( hi/ory :i* dies z hi/ory1 leav+ beh9d x ! mute traces ( its life1 & also z to ! function ( erudition or philology1 :i* pres]ves ^! traces = ! ends ( culture1 arrang+ scatt]$ items ( news1 docum5ts1 & monum5ts 9 an ord]ly mann]4 ,news1 docum5ts1 & monum5ts are innum]able1 & to collect !m all w\ld n only be impossible1 b contr>y to ! ends !mselves ( culture1 :i*1 ?\gh aid$ 9 its "w by ! mod]ate & ev5 copi\s supply ( su* ?+s1 w\ld be h9d]$ & suffocat$ by _! exub]ance1 n to say inf9ity4 ,we consequ5tly obs]ve t ! annotator ( news transcribes "s items & omits ! re/2 ! collector ( pap]s arranges & ties up 9 a bundle a c]ta9 numb] ( !m1 te>+ up or burn+ or s5d+ to ! deal] 9 su* ?+s a v l>ge quantity1 :i* =ms ! majority2 ! collector ( antiques places "s objects 9 glass cases1 o!rs 9 tempor>y safe cu/ody1 o!rs he resolutely de/roys or all[s to be de/roy$2 if he does o!rwise1 he is n an intellig5t collector1 b a maniacal amass]1 well fitt$ to provide 7z he has provid$7 ! comic type ( ! antiqu>ian = fiction & com$y4 ,= ?is reason1 n only are pap]s jeal\sly collect$ & pres]v$ 9 public ar*ives1 & li/s made ( !m1 b ef=ts are also made to disc>d ^? t are useless4 ,x is = ?is reason t 9 ! rec5sions ( philologi/s we always he> ! same song 9 praise ( ! le>n$ man :o has made a 'sob]' use ( docum5ts1 ( blame = him :o has foll[$ a diff]5t me?od & includ$ :at is va9 & sup]flu\s 9 8 volumes ( annals1 ( selections f ar*ives1 or ( collections ( docum5ts4 ,all le>n$ m5 & philologi/s1 9 fact1 select1 & all are advis$ to select4 ,& :at is ! logical crit]ion ( ?is selection8 ,!re is none3 no logical crit]ion c be nam$ t %all det]m9e :at news or :at docum5ts are or are n useful & important1 j because we are "h occupi$ ) a practical & n ) a sci5tific problem4 ,inde$1 ?is lack ( a logical crit]ion is ! f\ndation ( ! sophism t tyrannizes ov] maniacal collectors1 :o reasonably affirm t ev]y?+ c be ( use1 & w\ld !re=e unreasonably pres]ve ev]y?+--!y we> !mselves out 9 accumulat+ old clo!s & odds & ends ( all sorts1 ov] :i* !y m\nt gu>d ) jeal\s affection4 ,! crit]ion is ! *oice itself1 condition$1 l e economic act1 by k ( ! actual situation1 & 9 ?is case by ! practical & sci5tific ne$s ( a def9ite mom5t or epo*4 ,?is selection is c]ta9ly conduct$ ) intellig5ce1 b n ) ! application ( a philosophic crit]ion1 & is ju/ifi$ only 9 & by itself4 ,= ?is reason we speak ( ! f9e tact1 or sc5t1 or in/9ct ( ! collector or le>n$ man4 ,su* a process ( selection may q well make use ( app>5t logical di/9ctions1 z ^? betwe5 public & private facts1 capital & second>y docum5ts1 beautiful or ugly1 significant or insignificant monum5ts2 b 9 f9al analysis ! decision is always giv5 f practical motives1 & is summ$ up 9 ! act ( pres]v+ or neglect+4 ,n[ f ?is pres]v+ or neglect+1 9 :i* our action is realiz$1 is aft]w>d inv5t$ an objective quality1 attribut$ to facts1 :i* leads to _! be+ spok5 ( z 'facts t are wor?y' & 'facts t are n wor?y ( hi/ory1' ( 'hi/orical' & 'non-hi/orical' facts4 ,b all ?is is an affair ( imag9ation1 ( vocabul>y1 & ( rhetoric1 :i* 9 no way *anges ! sub/ance ( ?+s4 ,:5 hi/ory is conf\nd$ ) erudition & ! me?ods ( ! "o are unduly transf]r$ to ! o!r1 & :5 ! metaphorical di/9ction t has j be5 not$ is tak5 9 a lit]al s5se1 we are ask$ h[ x is possible to avoid go+ a/ray 9 ! inf9ity ( facts1 & ) :at crit]ion x is possible to effect ! sep>ation ( 'hi/orical' facts f '^? t are n wor?y ( hi/ory4' ,b !re is no fe> ( go+ a/ray 9 hi/ory1 because1 z we h se51 ! problem is 9 e case prep>$ by life1 & 9 e case ! problem is solv$ by ?\ght1 :i* passes f ! confusion ( life to ! di/9ctness ( consci\sness2 a giv5 problem ) a giv5 solution3 a problem t g5]ates o!r problems1 b is nev] a problem ( *oice betwe5 two or m facts1 b on ea* occasion a creation ( ! unique fact1 ! fact ?\ght4 ,*oice does n appe> 9 x1 any m ?an 9 art1 :i* passes f ! obscurity ( s5tim5t to ! cle>ness ( ! repres5tation1 & is nev] emb>rass$ betwe5 ! images to be *os51 because itself creates ! image1 ! unity ( ! image4 ,by ?us conf\nd+ two ?+s1 n only is an insoluble problem creat$1 b ! v di/9ction betwe5 facts t c & facts t _c be neglect$ is also d5aturaliz$ & r5d]$ void4 ,?is di/9ction is q valid z reg>ds erudition1 = facts t c be neglect$ are always facts--t is to say1 !y are traces ( facts1 9 ! =m ( news1 docum5ts1 & monum5ts1 & = ?is reason "o c und]/& h[ !y c be look$ ^u z a class to be plac$ side by side ) ! o!r class ( facts t _c be neglect$4 ,b non-hi/orical facts--t is to say1 facts t h n be5 ?\ght--w\ld be no?+1 & :5 plac$ beside hi/orical facts--t is to say1 ?\ght z a species ( ! same g5us--!y w\ld communicate _! nullity to ^? also1 & w\ld dissolve _! own di/9ctness1 toge!r ) ! concept ( hi/ory4 ,aft] ?is1 x does n seem necess>y to exam9e ! *>act]i/ics t h be5 propos$ z ! basis = ?is division ( facts into hi/orical & non-hi/orical4 ,! assumption be+ false1 ! mann] 9 :i* x is treat$ 9 its p>ticul>s rema9s indiff]5t & )\t importance 9 respect to ! fundam5tal criticism ( ! division itself4 ,x may happ5 7& ?is is usually ! case7 t ! *>act]i/ics & ! diff]5ces enunciat$ h "s tru? 9 !mselves1 or at lea/ (f] "s problem = solution3 = example1 :5 by hi/orical facts are meant g5]al facts & by non-hi/orical facts ^? t are individual4 ,"h we f9d ! problem ( ! relation ( ! individual & ! univ]sal4 ,or1 aga91 by hi/orical facts are sometimes meant ^? t treat ( hi/ory prop]1 & by non-hi/orical ! /ray ref]5ces ( *ronicles1 & "h we f9d ! problem z to ! relation betwe5 hi/ory & *ronicle4 ,b reg>d$ z an attempt to decide logically ( :at facts hi/ory %\ld treat & :at neglect1 & to assign to ea* its quality1 su* divisions are all equally errone\s4 ,! p]iodization ( hi/ory is subject to ! same criticism4 ,to ?9k hi/ory is c]ta9ly to divide x into p]iods1 because ?\ght is organism1 dialectic1 drama1 & z su* has its p]iods1 its beg9n+1 its middle1 & its end1 & all ! o!r ideal pauses t a drama implies & dem&s4 ,b ^? pauses are ideal & !re=e insep>able f ?\ght1 ) :i* !y are "o1 z ! %ad[ is "o ) ! body1 sil5ce ) s\nd3 !y are id5tical & *angeable ) x4 ,*ri/ian ?9k]s divid$ hi/ory into t :i* prec$$ & t :i* foll[$ ! r$emption1 & ?is p]iodization 0 n an addition to ,*ri/ian ?\ght1 b ,*ri/ian ?\ght itself4 ,we mod]n ,europeans divide x into antiquity1 ! ,middle ,ages1 & mod]n times4 ,?is p]iodization has be5 subject to a great deal ( ref9$ criticism on ! "p ( ^? :o hold t x came to be introduc$ anyh[1 almo/ di%one/ly1 )\t ! au?ority ( great names1 & )\t ! advice ( ! philosoph]s & ! me?odologi/s be+ ask$ on ! matt]4 ,b x has ma9ta9$ itself & w ma9ta9 itself s long z our consci\sness %all p]si/ 9 its pres5t phase4 ,! fact ( its hav+ be5 ins5sibly =m$ w\ld appe> to be r a m]it ?an a dem]it1 because ?is means t x 0 n due to ! caprice ( an individual1 b has foll[$ ! developm5t ( mod]n consci\sness itself4 ,:5 antiquity has no?+ m to tell u :o /ill feel ! ne$ ( /udy+ ,greek & ,lat91 ,greek philosophy & ,roman law2 :5 ! ,middle ,ages h be5 sup]s$$ 7& !y h n be5 sup]s$$ yet72 :5 a new social =m1 diff]5t f t :i* em]g$ f ! ru9s ( ! ,middle ,ages1 has supplant$ our own2 !n ! problem itself & ! hi/orical outlook :i* d]ives f x w also be *ang$1 & p]haps antiquity & ! ,middle ,ages & mod]n times w all be conta9$ )9 a s+le epo*1 & ! pauses be o!rwise di/ribut$4 ,& :at has be5 said ( ^! great p]iods is to be und]/ood ( all ! o!rs1 :i* v>y accord+ to ! v>iety ( hi/orical mat]ial & ! v>i\s modes ( view+ x4 ,x has sometimes be5 said t e p]iodization has a 'relative' value4 ,b we mu/ say 'bo? relative & absolute1' l all ?\ght1 x be+ und]/ood t ! p]iodization is intr9sic to ?\ght & det]m9$ by ! det]m9ation ( ?\ght4 ,h[ev]1 ! practical ne$s ( *roniclism & ( le>n+ make !mselves felt "h also4 ,j z 9 metrical treatises ! int]nal rhy?m ( a poem is resolv$ into ext]nal rhy?m & divid$ into syllables & feet1 into long & %ort v[els1 tonic & rhy?mic acc5ts1 into /rophes & s]ies ( /rophes1 & s on1 s ! int]nal "t ( hi/orical ?\ght 7t "t :i* is ?\ght itself7 is d]iv$ f *roniclism conv]t$ into ext]nal "t1 or temporal s]ies1 ( :i* ! elem5ts are spatially sep>at$ f "o ano!r4 ,s*eme & facts are no long] "o1 b two1 & ! facts are dispos$ accord+ to ! s*eme1 & divid$ accord+ to ! s*eme into major & m9or cycles 7= example1 accord+ to h\rs1 days1 mon?s1 ye>s1 c5turies1 & mill5niums1 :]e ! calculation is bas$ ^u ! rotations & revolutions ( ! e>? ^u itself & r\nd ! sun74 ,su* is *ronology1 by means ( :i* we "k t ! hi/ories ( ,sp>ta1 ,a!ns1 & ,rome fill$ ! ?\s& ye>s prec$+ ,*ri/1 t ( ! ,lomb>ds1 ! ,visigo?s1 & ! ,franks ! fir/ mill5nium aft] ,*ri/1 & t we are /ill 9 ! second mill5nium4 ,?is mode ( *ronology c be pursu$ by means ( p>ticul>iz+ incid5ts ?us3 t ! ,empire ( ! ,we/ end$ 9 ,a4,d4 #dgf 7al?\gh x did n really end !n or _h already end$ previ\sly72 t ,*>lemagne ! ,frank 0 cr[n$ ,emp]or at ,rome by ,pope ,leo ,,iii 9 ! ye> #hjj2 t ,am]ica 0 discov]$ 9 #adib1 & t ! ,?irty ,ye>s ,w> end$ 9 #afdh4 ,x is ( ! greate/ use to u to "k ^! ?+s1 or 7s9ce we really "k no?+ 9 ?is way7 to acquire ! capacity ( s *eck+ ref]5ces to facts t we are able to f9d !m easily & promptly :5 occasion arises4 ,c]ta9ly no "o ?9ks ( speak+ ill ( *ronologies & *ronographies & tables & synoptic views ( hi/ory1 al?\gh 9 us+ !m we run ! risk 7& 9 :at ?+ done by man does he n run a risk87 ( see+ wor?y folk impress$ ) ! belief t ! numb] produces ! ev5t1 z ! h& ( ! clock1 :5 x t\*es ! sign ( ! h\r1 makes ! clock /rike2 or 7z an old pr(essor ( m9e us$ to say7 t ! curta9 fell ^u ! act+ ( anci5t hi/ory 9 #dgf1 to rise aga9 imm$iately aft]w>d on ! beg9n+ ( ! ,middle ,ages4 ,b su* fancies are n limit$ to ! m9ds ( ! +5u\s & inatt5tive2 !y con/itute ! base ( t error ow+ to :i* a di/9ction ( p]iods1 :i* %all be :at is call$ objective & natural1 is desir$ & s\ght aft]4 ,*ri/ian *ronograph]s _h already introduc$ ?is ontological mean+ into *ronology1 mak+ ! mill5niums ( ! _w's hi/ory correspond ) ! days ( ! creation or ! ages ( man's life4 ,f9ally1 ,f]r>i 9 ,italy & ,lor5z 9 ,g]many 7! latt] ignorant ( 8 ,italian pr$ecessor7 conceiv$ a !ory ( hi/orical p]iods accord+ to g5]ations1 calculat$ 9 p]iods ( ?irty-"o ye>s & a fraction1 or ( ?irty-?ree ye>s & a fraction1 & gr\p$ z tetrads or triads1 9 p]iods ( a hundr$ & tw5ty-five ye>s or a c5tury4 ,b1 )\t dwell+ ^u num]ical & *ronographic s*emes1 all doctr9es t repres5t ! hi/ory ( nations z proce$+ accord+ to ! /ages ( developm5t ( ! individual1 ( 8 psy*ological developm5t1 ( ! categories ( ! _s1 or ( any?+ else1 are due to ! same error1 :i* is t ( r5d]+ p]iodization ext]nal & natural4 ,all are my?ological1 if tak5 9 ! naturali/ic s5se1 save :5 ^! designations are employ$ empirically--t is to say1 :5 *ronology is us$ 9 *roniclism & erudition 9 a legitimate mann]4 ,we mu/ also repeat a w>n+ z to ! c>e to be employ$ 9 recogniz+ important problems1 :i* sometimes h fir/ appe>$ ?r\gh ! m$ium ( ^? errone\s inquiries1 & z to ! tru?s t h be5 se5 or caught a glimpse ( by ^! means4 ,?is exempts u 7z we rem>k$ above 9 relation to ! crit]ia ( *oice7 f exam9+ ^? doctr9es 9 ! p>ticul>ity ( _! v>i\s det]m9ations1 because 9 ?is respect1 if _! assumption be obvi\sly fanta/ic1 _! value is consequ5tly nil4 ,nil1 z ! value ( all ^? /hetic con/ructions is nil :i* claim to pass f ! ab/ractions1 by means ( :i* !y r$uce ! organism ( ! "w ( art to fragm5ts = practical ends1 to ! explanation ( ! nature ( art & to ! judgm5t & hi/ory ( ! creations ( human imag9ation4 ,,viii ,,di/9ction 7,,special ,,hi/ories7 ,,& ,,division ,! conception ( hi/ory t we h rea*$--namely1 t :i* has n its docum5ts outside itself1 b 9 itself1 :i* has n its f9al & causal explanation outside itself1 b )9 itself1 :i* has n philosophy outside itself1 b co9cides ) philosophy1 :i* has n ! reason = its def9ite =m & rhy?m outside itself1 b )9 itself--id5tifies hi/ory ) ! act ( ?\ght itself1 :i* is always philosophy & hi/ory toge!r4 ,& ) ?is x deb>rasses x ( ! props & pla/]s appli$ to x z ?\gh to an invalid 9 ne$ ( ext]nal assi/ance4 ,= !y really did produce an infirmity ?r\gh _! v insi/5ce 9 fir/ imag9+ & !n treat+ a non-exi/5t infirmity4 ,d\btless ! autonomy ?us atta9$ is a great advantage2 b at fir/ sight x is n free f a grave objection4 ,:5 all ! fallaci\s di/9ctions =m]ly believ$ 9 h be5 cancell$1 x seems t no?+ rema9s = hi/ory z an act ( ?\ght b ! imm$iate consci\sness ( ! individual-univ]sal1 9 :i* all di/9ctions are subm]g$ & lo/4 ,& ?is is my/icism1 :i* is admirably adapt$ = feel+ oneself at unity ) ,god1 b is n adapt$ = ?9k+ ! _w nor = act+ 9 ! _w4 ,nor does x seem useful to add t unity ) ,god does n exclude consci\sness ( div]sity1 ( *ange1 ( becom+4 ,= x c be object$ t consci\sness ( div]sity ei!r d]ives f ! individual & intuitive elem5t1 & 9 ?is case x is incompreh5sible h[ su* an elem5t c subsi/ 9 its prop] =m ( intuition1 9 ?\ght1 :i* always univ]salizes2 or if x is said to be ! result ( ! act ( ?\ght itself1 !n ! di/9ction1 believ$ to h be5 aboli%$1 reappe>s 9 a /r5g!n$ =m1 & ! ass]t$ indi/9ct simplicity ( ?\ght rema9s %ak54 ,a my/icism :i* %\ld insi/ ^u p>ticul>ity & div]sity1 a hi/orical my/icism1 9 fact1 w\ld be a contradiction 9 t]ms1 = my/icism is unhi/orical & anti-hi/orical by its v nature4 ,b ^! objections reta9 _! validity precisely :5 ! act ( ?\ght is conceiv$ 9 ! my/ical mann]--t is to say1 n z an act ( ?\ght1 b z some?+ negative1 ! simple result ( ! negation by reason ( empirical di/9ctions1 :i* c]ta9ly leaves ?\ght free ( illusions1 b n yet truly full ( itself4 ,to sum up1 my/icism1 :i* is a viol5t reaction f naturalism & transc5d5cy1 yet reta9s traces ( :at x has d5i$1 because x is incapable ( sub/itut+ any?+ = x1 & ?us ma9ta9s its pres5ce1 9 h[ev] negative a mann]4 ,b ! really efficaci\s negation ( empiricism & transc5d5cy1 _! positive negation1 is br\ght ab\t n by means ( my/icism1 b ( idealism2 n 9 ! imm$iate1 b 9 ! m$iat$ consci\sness2 n 9 indi/9ct unity1 b 9 ! unity t is di/9ction1 & z su* truly ?\ght4 ,! act ( ?\ght is ! consci\sness ( ! _s t is consci\sness2 & !re=e t act is auto-consci\sness4 ,& auto-consci\sness implies di/9ction 9 unity1 di/9ction betwe5 subject & object1 !ory & practice1 ?\ght & w1 univ]sal & p>ticul>1 imag9ation & intellect1 utility & morality1 or h[ev] ^! di/9ctions ( & 9 unity are =mulat$1 & :atev] may be ! hi/orical =ms & d5om9ations :i* ! et]nal sy/em ( di/9ctions1 p]5nis philosophia1 may assume4 ,to ?9k is to judge1 & to judge is to di/+ui% :ile unify+1 9 :i* ! di/+ui%+ is n less real ?an ! unify+1 & ! unify+ ?an ! di/+ui%+--t is to say1 !y are real1 n z two div]se realities1 b z "o reality1 :i* is dialectical unity 7:e!r x be call$ unity or di/9ction74 ,! fir/ consequ5ce to be drawn f ?is conception ( ! _s & ( ?\ght is t :5 empirical di/9ctions h be5 ov]?r[n hi/ory does n fall into ! indi/9ct2 :5 ! w-o'-!-wisps h be5 ext+ui%$1 d>kness does n sup]v5e1 because ! light ( ! di/9ction is to be f\nd 9 hi/ory itself4 ,hi/ory is ?\ght by judg+ x1 ) t judgm5t :i* is n1 z we h %[n1 ! evaluation ( s5tim5ts1 b ! intr9sic k ( facts4 ,& "h its unity ) philosophy is all ! m evid5t1 because ! bett] philosophy p5etrates & ref9es its di/9ctions1 ! bett] x p5etrates ! p>ticul>2 & ! clos] its embrace ( ! p>ticul>1 ! clos] its possession ( its own prop] conceptions4 ,philosophy & hi/oriography progress toge!r1 indissolubly unit$4 ,ano!r consequ5ce to be d$uc$ f ! above1 & "o :i* w p]haps seem to be m cle>ly connect$ ) ! practice ( hi/oriography1 is ! refutation ( ! false idea ( a g5]al hi/ory1 sup]ior to special hi/ories4 ,?is has be5 call$ a hi/ory ( hi/ories1 & is suppos$ to be true & prop] hi/ory1 hav+ b5ea? x political1 economic1 & in/itutional hi/ories1 moral hi/ory or ! hi/ory ( ! s5tim5ts & e?ical ideals1 ! hi/ory ( poetry & art1 ! hi/ory ( ?\ght & ( philosophy4 ,b 7 ?is s1 a dualism w\ld arise1 ) ! usual result ( e dualism1 t ea* "o ( ! two t]ms1 hav+ be5 ill di/+ui%$1 reveals itself z empty4 ,9 ?is case1 ei!r g5]al hi/ory %[s itself to be empty1 hav+ no?+ to d :5 ! special hi/ories h accompli%$ _! "w1 or p>ticul> hi/ories d s1 :5 !y fail ev5 to pick up ! crumbs ( ! banquet1 all ( :i* has be5 voraci\sly dev\r$ by ! o!r4 ,sometimes rec\rse is _h to a feeble exp$i5t1 & to g5]al hi/ory is accord$ ! treatm5t ( "o ( ! subjects ( ! special hi/ories1 ! latt] be+ !n gr\p$ ap>t f t4 ,( ?is arrangem5t ! be/ t c be said is t x is purely v]bal & does n designate a logical di/9ction & opposition1 & ! wor/ t c happ5 is t a real value %\ld be attribut$ to x1 because 9 ?is case a fanta/ic hi]>*y is e/abli%$1 :i* makes x impossible to und]/& ! g5u9e developm5t ( ! facts4 ,& !re is practically no special hi/ory t has n be5 promot$ to be a g5]al hi/ory1 n[ z political or social hi/ory1 to :i* ^? ( lit]ature1 art1 philosophy1 religion1 & ! less] sides ( life %\ld supply an app5dix2 n[ z hi/ory ( ! ideas or progress ( ! m9d1 :]e social hi/ory & all ! o!rs are plac$ 9 ! second l9e2 n[ z economic hi/ory1 :]e all ! o!rs are look$ ^u z hi/ories or *ronicles ( 'sup]/ructures' d]iv$ f economic developm5t 9 an illusory mann]1 :ile ! =m] is held to h develop$ 9 "s my/]i\s way by means ( unkn[n p[]s1 )\t ?\ght & w1 or produc+ ?\ght & w1 9 fancies & velleities1 l s _m bubbles on ! surface ( its c\rse4 ,we mu/ be firm 9 ma9ta9+ aga9/ ! !ory ( g5]al hi/ory t !re does n exi/ any?+ real b special hi/ories1 because ?\ght ?9ks facts to ! ext5t t x disc]ns a special aspect ( !m1 & only & always con/ructs hi/ories ( ideas1 ( imag9ations1 ( political actions1 ( apo/olates1 & ! l4 ,b x is equally j & advantage\s to ma9ta9 ! opposite !sis3 t no?+ exi/s b g5]al hi/ory4 ,9 ?is way is refut$ ! false notion ( ! speciality ( hi/ories1 und]/ood z a juxtaposition ( specialities4 ,?is fallacy is correctly not$ by ! critics 9 all hi/ories :i* expose ! v>i\s ord]s ( facts "o aft] ! o!r z s _m /rata & 7to employ ! critics' ^w7 comp>tm5ts or little boxes1 conta9+ political hi/ory1 indu/rial & comm]cial hi/ory1 hi/ory ( cu/oms1 religi\s hi/ory1 hi/ory ( lit]ature & ( art1 & s on1 "u s _m sep>ate head+s4 ,^! divisions are m]ely lit]>y1 !y may possess "s utility z su*1 b 9 ! case "u consid]ation !y d n fulfil m]ely a lit]>y function1 b attempt t ( hi/orical und]/&+1 & !reby give evid5ce ( _! defect1 9 ?us pres5t+ ^! hi/ories z )\t relation betwe5 "o ano!r1 n dialecticiz$1 b aggregat$4 ,x is q cle> t hi/ory rema9s to be writt5 aft] ! writ+ ( ^? hi/ories 9 ?is disjo9t$ mann]4 ,ab/ract di/9ction & ab/ract unity are bo? equally misund]/&+s ( concrete di/9ction & concrete unity1 :i* is relation4 ,& :5 ! relation is n brok5 & hi/ory is ?\ght 9 ! concrete1 x is se5 t to ?9k "o aspect is to ?9k all ! o!rs at ! same "t4 ,?us x is impossible to und]/& completely ! doctr9e1 say1 ( a philosoph]1 )\t hav+ to "s ext5t rec\rse to ! p]sonality ( ! man himself1 &1 by di/+ui%+ ! philosoph] f ! man1 at ! same "t qualify+ n only ! philosoph] b ! man1 & unit+ ^! two di/9ct *>act]i/ics z a relation ( life & philosophy4 ,! same is to be said ( ! di/9ction betwe5 ! philosoph] z philosoph] & z orator or arti/1 z subject to 8 private passions or z ris+ to ! execution ( 8 duty1 & s on4 ,?is means t we _c ?9k ! hi/ory ( philosophy save z at ! same "t social1 political1 lit]>y1 religi\s1 & e?ical hi/ory1 & s on4 ,?is is ! s\rce ( ! illusion t "o 9 p>ticul> ( ^! hi/ories is ! :ole ( !m1 or t t "o f :i* a />t is made1 & :i* answ]s to ! pr$ilections & to ! compet5ce ( ! writ]1 is ! f\ndation ( all ! o!rs4 ,x also expla9s :y x is sometimes said t ! 'hi/ory ( philosophy' is also ! 'philosophy ( hi/ory1' or t 'social hi/ory' is ! true 'hi/ory ( philosophy1' & s on4 ,a hi/ory ( philosophy ?or\ghly ?\ght out is truly ! :ole ( hi/ory 7& 9 l mann] a hi/ory ( lit]ature or ( any o!r =m ( ! _s71 n because x annuls ! o!r 9 itself1 b because all ! o!rs are pres5t 9 x4 ,h5ce ! dem& t hi/orians %all acquire univ]sal m9ds & a doctr9e t %all also be 9 a way univ]sal1 & ! hatr$ ( speciali/ hi/orians1 pure philosoph]s1 pure m5 ( lett]s1 pure politicians1 or pure economi/s1 :o1 ow+ precisely to _! "o-sid$ness1 fail ev5 to und]/& ! speciality t !y claim to "k 9 its purity1 b possess only 9 skeleton =m t is to say1 9 its ab/ractness4 ,& "h a di/9ction becomes cle> to u1 ) :i* x is impossible to disp5se 9 ?9k+ hi/ory3 ! di/9ction betwe5 =m & matt]1 ow+ to :i*1 = example1 we und]/& art by ref]r+ x to matt] 7emotions1 s5tim5ts1 passions1 etc47 to :i* ! arti/ has giv5 =m2 or philosophy by ref]r+ x to ! facts :i* gave rise to ! problems t ! ?9k] =mulat$ & solv$1 or ! action ( ! politician by ref]r+ x to ! aspirations & ideas ) :i* he 0 fac$1 & :i* suppli$ ! mat]ial he has %ap$ ) g5ius1 z an arti/ ( practical life--t is to say1 we und]/& ^! ?+s by always di/+ui%+ an ext]nal f an int]nal hi/ory1 or an ext]nal hi/ory t is made into an int]nal hi/ory4 ,?is di/9ction ( matt] & =m1 ( ext]nal & int]nal1 w\ld give rise aga9 to ! wor/ sort ( dualism1 w\ld lead u to ?9k ( ! pragmatical imag9ation ( man :o /rives aga9/ 8 enemy nature1 if x did n assume an altoge!r int]nal & dialectical mean+ 9 its true conception4 ,because f :at has be5 said x is easy to see t ext]nal & int]nal are n two realities or two =ms ( reality1 b t ext]nal & int]nal1 matt] & =m1 bo? appe> 9 turn z =m 9 respect to "o ano!r1 & ?is mat]ialization ( ea* to idealize itself 9 ! o!r is ! p]petual movem5t ( ! _s z relation & circle3 a circle t is progress j because nei!r ( ^! =ms has ! privilege ( function+ solely z =m1 & nei!r has ! mis=tune ( function+ solely z matt]4 ,:at is ! matt] ( arti/ic & philosophical hi/ory8 ,:at is call$ social & moral hi/ory8 ,& :at is ! matt] ( ?is hi/ory8 ,arti/ic & philosophical hi/ory4 ,f ?is cle>+ up ( ! relation betwe5 matt] & =m1 t false mode ( hi/ory is refut$ :i* sets facts on "o side & ideas on ! o!r1 z two rival elem5ts1 & is !re=e nev] able to pay its debt & %[ h[ ideas are g5]at$ f facts & facts f ideas1 because t g5]ation mu/ be conceiv$ 9 its tru? z a p]petually r5d]+ va9 ( "o ( ! elem5ts 9 ! unity ( ! o!r4 ,if hi/ory is bas$ ^u di/9ction 7unity7 & co9cides ) philosophy1 ! high importance t rese>* into ! autonomy ( "o or ! o!r special hi/ory atta9s 9 hi/oriographical developm5t is p]fectly compreh5sible1 b ?is is m]ely ! reflection ( philosophical rese>*1 & is (t5 tr\bl$ & lack+ 9 precision4 ,all "k :at a p[]ful /imulus ! new conception ( imag9ation & art gave to ! conception ( hi/ory1 & !re=e also to my?ology & religion1 :i* 7 be+ develop$ ) sl[ness & difficulty dur+ ! eighte5? to triumph at ! beg9n+ ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,?is is set d[n to ! creation ( ! hi/ory ( poetry & my? 9 ! works ( ,vico 9 ! fir/ place & !n ( ,h]d] & o!rs1 & ( ! hi/ory ( ! figurative arts 9 ! works ( ,w9ckelmann & o!rs4 ,& to ! cle>] conception ( philosophy1 law1 cu/oms1 & language is due _! r5ewal 9 ! respective hi/oriographical fields1 at ! h&s ( ,hegel1 ,savigny1 & ,humboldt1 & o!r creators & improv]s ( hi/ory1 celebrat$ on ?is acc\nt4 ,?is also expla9s :y !re has be5 s mu* dispute z to :e!r hi/ory %\ld be describ$ z hi/ory ( ! /ate or z hi/ory ( culture1 & z to :e!r ! hi/ory ( culture repres5ts an orig9al aspect beyond t ( ! /ate or great] ?an x1 z to :e!r ! progress n>rat$ 9 hi/ory is only intellectual or also practical & moral1 & s on4 ,^! discussions mu/ be ref]r$ to ! fundam5tal philosophical inquiry into ! =ms ( ! _s1 _! di/9ction & relation1 & to ! precise mode ( relation ( ea* "o to ! o!r4#a ,b al?\gh hi/ory di/+ui%es & unifies1 x nev] divides--t is to say1 sep>ates2 & ! divisions ( hi/ory :i* h be5 & are made d n orig9ate o!rwise ?an z ! result ( ! same practical & ab/ractive process t we h se5 break up ! actuality ( liv+ hi/ory to collect & arrange ! in]t mat]ials 9 ! temporal s*eme1 r5d]$ extr9sic4 ,hi/ories already produc$1 & z su* pa/1 receive 9 ?is way titles 7e ?\ght is ')\t title' 9 its actuality--t is to say1 x has only itself = title71 & ea* "o is sep>at$ f ! o!r1 & all ( !m1 ?us sep>at$1 are classifi$ "u m or less g5]al empirical conceptions1 by means ( classifications t m or less cross "o ano!r4 ,we may admire copi\s li/s ( ?is sort 9 ! books ( me?odologi/s1 all ( !m proce$+1 z is inevitable1 accord+ to "o or ! o!r ( ^! g5]al crit]ia3 ! crit]ion ( ! quality ( ! objects 7hi/ories ( religions1 cu/oms1 ideas1 in/itutions1 etc41 etc471 & t ( temporal-spatial arrangem5t 7,european1 ,asiatic1 ,am]ican1 anci5t1 m$ieval1 ( mod]n times1 ( anci5t ,greece1 ( anci5t ,rome1 ( mod]n ,greece1 ( ! ,rome ( ! ,middle ,ages1 etc472 9 con=mity ) ! ab/ract proc$ure :i*1 :5 divid+ ! concept1 is l$ to posit on ! "o h& ab/ract =ms ( ! _s 7objects7 & on ! o!r ab/ract intuitions 7space & "t74 ,i %all n say t ^? titles & divisions are useless1 nor ev5 ^? tables1 b %all limit myself to !' rem>k t ! hi/ory ( philosophy1 ( art1 or ( any o!r ideally di/9ct hi/ory1 :5 und]/ood z a def9ite book or disc\rse1 becomes empirical = ! reason already giv51 t true di/9ction is ideal1 & a disc\rse or a book 9 its concret5ess conta9s n only di/9ction b unity & totality1 & to look ^u ei!r z incorporat+ only "o side ( ! real is arbitr>y4 ,& ,i %all also obs]ve t z !re are hi/ories ( philosophy & ( art 9 ! empirical s5se1 s also no?+ =bids our talk+ 9 ! same s5se ( a g5]al hi/ory1 sep>ate f special hi/ories1 inde$ ev5 ( a hi/ory ( progress & "o ( decad5ce1 ( good & evil1 ( tru? & error4 ,! confusion betwe5 division & di/9ction--t is to say1 betwe5 ! empirical consid]ation t breaks up hi/ory into special hi/ories & ! philosophical consid]ation :i* always unifies & di/+ui%es z x unifies--is ! cause ( errors analog\s to ^? t we h se5 to result f su* a process4 ,to ?is are due above all ! _m disquisitions on ! 'problem' & on ! 'limits' ( ?is or t hi/ory or gr\p ( special hi/ories empirically con/itut$4 ,! problem does n exi/1 & ! limits are impossible to assign because !y are conv5tional1 z is f9ally recogniz$ ) mu* tr\ble1 & z c\ld be recogniz$ ) mu* less tr\ble if a />t 7 made1 n f ! p]iph]y1 b f ! c5tre--t is to say1 f gnoseological analysis4 ,a grav] error is ! creation ( an inf9ity ( entia imag9ationis1 tak5 = metaphysical entities & =ms ( ! _s1 & ! pret5sion t arises f ?is ( develop+ ! hi/ory ( ab/ractions z ?\gh !y 7 s _m =ms ( ! _s ) indep5d5t lives ( _! own1 :]eas ! _s is "o4 ,h5ce ! innum]able otiose problems ) fanta/ic solutions met ) 9 hi/orical books1 :i* x is "h unnecess>y to record4 ,e "o is n[ able to draw ^! obvi\s consequ5ces = himself & to make appropriate reflections conc]n+ !m4 ,x is fur!r obvi\s t ! entia imag9ations1 9 ! same way z ! '*oice' ( facts1 & ! *ronological s*ematization or dat+ ( !m1 ent] z a subsidi>y elem5t into any concrete exposition ( hi/orical ?\ght1 because ! di/9ction ( ?9k+ & ab/raction is an ideal di/9ction1 :i* op]ates only 9 ! unity ( ! _s4 #a ,see ,app5dix ,,ii4 ,,ix ,,! ',,hi/ory ,,( ,,nature' ,,& ,,hi/ory ,we mu/ cease ! process ( classify+ ref]r$ to j n[1 & also t ( ! illusion ( naturalism connect$ ) x1 by means ( :i* imag9>y entities creat$ by ab/raction are *ang$ into hi/orical facts & classificatory s*emes into hi/ory1 if we wi% to und]/& ! diff]5ce betwe5 hi/ory t is hi/ory & t due to :at are call$ ! natural sci5ces4 ,?is is also call$ hi/ory--'hi/ory ( nature'--b is s only 9 "n4 ,"s few ye>s ago a lively prote/ 0 made#a aga9/ ! confusion ( ^! two =ms ( m5tal lab\r1 "o ( :i* (f]s u g5u9e hi/ory1 su* z might1 = in/ance1 be t ( ! ,peloponnesian ,w> or ( ,hannibal's w>s or ( anci5t ,egyptian civilization1 & ! o!r a spuri\s hi/ory1 su* z t kn[n z ! hi/ory ( animal organisms1 ( ! e>?'s /ructure or geology1 ( ! =mation ( ! sol> sy/em or cosmogony4 ,x 0 obs]v$ ) reason t 9 _m treatises ! "o has be5 wrongly connect$ ) ! o!r--t is to say1 hi/ory ( civilization ) hi/ory ( nature1 z ?\gh ! =m] foll[s ! latt] hi/orically4 ,! bottomless abyss betwe5 ! two 0 po9t$ out4 ,?is has be5 obs]v$1 h[ev]1 9 a confus$ way by all1 & bett] by hi/orians ( purely hi/orical temp]am5t1 :o h an in/9ctive repugnance = natural hi/ory & hold !mselves c>efully alo( f x4 ,x 0 rememb]$ ) reason t ! hi/ory ( hi/orians has always ! individually det]m9ate z its object1 & proce$s by int]nal recon/ruction1 :]eas t ( ! naturali/s dep5ds ^u types & ab/ractions & proce$s by analogies4 ,f9ally1 ?is s-call$ hi/ory or quasi-hi/ory 0 v accurately def9$ z an app>5tly *ronological arrangem5t ( ?+s spatially di/9ct1 & x 0 propos$ to describe x ) a new & prop] "n1 t ( ,meta/oria4 ,inde$1 con/ructions ( ?is sort are really no?+ b classificatory s*emes1 f ! m simple to ! m complex4 ,_! t]ms are obta9$ by ab/ract analyses & g5]alization1 & _! s]ies appe>s to ! imag9ation z a hi/ory ( ! successive developm5t ( ! m complex f ! m simple4 ,_! "r to exi/ z classificatory s*emes is inconte/able1 & _! utility is also inconte/able1 = !y avail !mselves ( imag9ation to assi/ le>n+ & to aid ! memory4 ,?is only becomes conte/able :5 !y are e/rang$ f !mselves1 lose _! real nature1 lay claim to illegitimate functions1 & take _! imag9>y hi/oricity too s]i\sly4 ,we f9d ?is 9 ! metaphysic ( naturalism1 especially 9 evolutionism1 :i* has be5 its mo/ rec5t =m4 ,?is is due1 n s mu* to ! m5 ( sci5ce 7:o are z a rule cauti\s & possess a m or less cle> consci\sness ( ! limits ( ^? s*emes & s]ies7 z to ! dilettante sci5ti/s & dilettante philosoph]s to :om we owe ! _m books t und]take to n>rate ! orig9 ( ! _w1 & :i*1 aid$ by ! acrisia ( _! au?ors1 run on )\t meet+ any ob/acle1 f ! cell1 inde$ f ! nebula1 to ! ,fr5* ,revolution1 & ev5 to ! sociali/ movem5ts ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ',univ]sal hi/ories1' & !re=e cosmological romances 7z we h already rem>k$ 9 relation to univ]sal hi/ories71 are compos$1 n ( pure ?\ght1 :i* is criticism1 b ( ?\ght m+l$ ) imag9ation1 :i* f9ds its outlet 9 my?s4 ,x is useless to prove 9 detail t ! evolutioni/s ( to-day are creators ( my?s1 & t !y we>y !mselves ) attempts to write ! fir/ *apt]s ( ,g5esis 9 mod]n /yle 7_! description is m elaborate1 b !y confuse su* description ) hi/ory 9 a mann] by no means inf]ior to t ( ,babylonian or ,israeliti% prie/s71 because ?is becomes evid5t z soon z su* works are plac$ 9 _! prop] position4 ,_! logical orig9 w at once make cle> _! true "*4 ,b sett+ aside ^! sci5tific mon/rosities1 already condemn$ by ! con/ant attitude ( re/ra9t & scepsis t[>d !m on ! "p ( all sci5tifically tra9$ m9ds--condemn$1 too1 by ! v fact t !y h _h to seek & h f\nd _! =tune at ! h&s ( ! cr[d or 'great public1' & h fall5 to ! rank ( popul> propag&a--we mu/ "h det]m9e m precisely h[ ^! classificatory s*emes ( hi/oriographical appe>ance are =m$ & h[ !y op]ate4 ,) ?is object1 x is well to obs]ve t classificatory s*emes & app>5t hi/ories d n appe> to be conf9$ to ! field ( :at are call$ ! natural sci5ces or sub-human _w1 b appe> also 9 t ( ! moral sci5ces or sci5ces ( ! human _w4 ,& to adduce simple & p]spicu\s examples1 x (t5 happ5s t 9 ! ab/ract analysis ( language & ! posit+ ( ! types ( ! p>ts ( spee*1 n\n1 v]b1 adjective1 pron\n1 & s on1 or 9 ! analysis ( ! ^w into syllables & s\nds1 or ( /yle into prop] or metaphorical words & into v>i\s classes ( metaphors1 we con/ruct classes t g f ! m simple to ! m complex4 ,?is gives rise to ! illusion ( hi/ory ( language1 expos$ z ! successive acquisition ( ! v>i\s p>ts ( spee* or z ! passage f ! s+le s\nd to ! syllable 7monosyllabic languages71 f ! syllable to ! aggregate ( syllables 7plurisyllabic languages71 f words to propositions1 metres1 rhymes1 & s on4 ,^! are imag9>y hi/ories t h nev] be5 develop$ else:]e ?an 9 ! /udies ( sci5ti/s4 ,9 l mann]1 lit]>y /yles t h be5 ab/ractly di/+ui%$ & arrang$ 9 s]ies ( increas+ complexity 7= example1 lyric1 epic1 drama7 h giv5 rise & cont9ue to give rise to ! ?\ght ( a s*ematic arrangem5t ( poetry1 :i*1 = example1 %\ld appe> dur+ a fir/ p]iod z lyric1 a second z epic1 a ?ird z drama4 ,! same has happ5$ ) reg>d to ! classifications ( ab/ract political1 economic1 philosophical =ms1 & s on1 all ( :i* h be5 foll[$ by _! %ad[s 9 ! %ape ( imag9ative hi/ory4 ,! repugnance t hi/orians exp]i5ce 9 atta*+ _! n>ratives to naturali/ic-my?ological prologues--t is to say1 9 l9k+ toge!r 9 matrimony a liv+ be+ & a corpse--is also prov$ by _! reluctance to admit scraps ( ab/ract hi/ory into concrete hi/ory1 = !y at once reveal _! het]og5eity 9 reg>d to "o ano!r by _! m]e appe>ance4 ,de ,sanctis has (t5 be5 reproa*$ = n hav+ begun 8 ,hi/ory ( ,italian ,lit]ature ) an acc\nt ( ! orig9s ( ! ,italian language & ( its relations ) ,lat91 & ev5 ) ! l+ui/ic family ( ,indo-,european languages1 & ( ! races t inhabit ! v>i\s p>ts ( ,italy4 ,an attempt has ev5 be5 made to correct ! design ( t classic "w by supply+1 ) a complete lack ( hi/orical s5se1 ! introductions & additions t are n ne$$4 ,b de ,sanctis1 :o took great pa9s to select ! be/ po9t ( dep>ture = ! n>rative ( ! hi/ory ( ,italian lit]ature1 & f9ally decid$ to beg9 ) a brief sket* ( ! /ate ( culture at ! ,suabian c\rt & ( ! ,sicilian poetical s*ool1 did n hesitate a mom5t 9 reject+ all ab/ractions ( languages & races :i* to 8 true hi/orical s5se did n appe> to be reconcilable ) ! t5zone ( ,ciullo1 ) ! rhy?ms ( ,fri> ,jacob1 or ) ! ballades ( ,guido ,cavalcanti1 :i* are q concrete ?+s4 ,we mu/ also rememb] t plans = classification & pseudo-hi/orical arrangem5ts ( _! analogies are creat$ n only ^u ! bodies ( hi/ories t are liv+ & really reproducible & re?9kable1 b also ^u ^? t are dead--t is to say1 ^u news items1 docum5ts1 & monum5ts4 ,?is obs]vation makes m complete ! id5tification ( imag9>y hi/ories aris+ f ! natural sci5ces ) ^? :i* h _! s\rce 9 ! moral sci5ces4 ,! f\ndation ( bo? is !re=e v (t5 n hi/orical intellig5ce1 b1 on ! contr>y1 ! lack ( x1 & _! end n only t ( aid+ liv+ hi/ory & keep+ x alive1 b also ! m$iate end ( assi/+ 9 ! prompt h&l+ ( ! rema9s & ! c9d]s ( ! vani%$ _w1 ! in]t residues ( hi/ory4 ,! efficacy ( ?is enl>gem5t ( ! concept ( ab/ract hi/ory1 :i* is analogical or naturaliz+ 9 respect to ! field kn[n z 'spiritual' 7& ?us sep>at$ f t empirically kn[n z 'natural'71 _c be d\bt$ by "o :o kn[s & rememb]s ! great consequ5ces t philosophy draws f ! resolution ( ! reali/ic concept ( 'nature' 9 ! ideali/ic conception ( 'con/ruction1' :i* ! human _s makes ( reality1 look+ ^u x z nature4 ,kant work$ ^u ! solution ( ?is problem indefatigably & ) subtlety2 he gave to x ! direction t x has foll[$ d[n to our own days4 ,& ! consequ5ce t we draw f x1 9 respect to ! problem t n[ occupies u1 is t an error 0 committ$ :51 mov$ by ! legitimate desire ( di/+ui%+ ab/ract f concrete hi/ory1 naturaliz+ hi/ory f ?9k+ hi/ory1 g5u9e f fictiti\s hi/ory1 a sort ( agno/icism 0 rea*$1 z a f9al result1 by means ( limit+ hi/ory to ! field ( humanity1 :i* 0 said to be cognoscible1 & decl>+ all ! re/ to be ! object ( meta/oria & ! limit ( human k4 ,?is conclusion w\ld lead aga9 to a sort ( dualism1 ?\gh 9 a l(ty sph]e4 ,b if meta/oria also appe>s1 z we h se51 9 ! human field1 x is cle> t ! di/9ction z =mulat$ /&s 9 ne$ ( correction2 & ! agno/icism f\nd$ ^u x vacillates & falls4 ,!re is n a d\ble object be=e ?\ght1 man & nature1 ! "o capable ( treatm5t 9 "o way1 ! o!r 9 ano!r way1 ! fir/ cognizable1 & ! second uncognizable & capable only ( be+ con/ruct$ ab/ractly2 b ?\ght always ?9ks hi/ory1 ! hi/ory ( reality t is "o1 & beyond ?\ght !re is no?+1 = ! natural object becomes a my? :5 x is affirm$ z object1 & %[s itself 9 its true reality z no?+ else b ! human _s itself1 :i* s*ematiz$ hi/ory t has be5 liv$ & ?\ght1 or ! mat]ials ( ! hi/ory t has already be5 liv$ & ?\ght4 ,! say+ t nature has no hi/ory is to be und]/ood 9 ! s5se t nature z a rational be+ capable ( ?\ght has n hi/ory1 because x is n--or1 let u say1 x is no?+ t is real4 ,! opposite say+1 t nature is also =mative & possesses hi/orical life1 is to be tak5 9 ! o!r s5se t reality1 ! sole reality 7compreh5d+ man & nature 9 itself1 :i* are only empirically & ab/ractly sep>ate71 is all developm5t & life4 ,:at sub/antial diff]5ce c ev] be discov]$ on ! "o h& betwe5 geological /ratifications & ! rema9s ( vegetables & animals1 ( :i* x is possible to con/ruct a prospective & inde$ a s]ial arrangem5t1 b :i* x is nev] possible to re?9k 9 ! liv+ dialectic ( _! g5esis1 & on ! o!r h& ! relics ( :at is call$ human hi/ory1 & n only t call$ prehi/orical1 b ev5 ! hi/orical docum5ts ( our hi/ory ( ye/]day1 :i* we h =gott5 & no long] und]/&1 & :i* we c c]ta9ly classify & arrange 9 a s]ies1 & build ca/les 9 ! air ab\t or all[ our fancies to w&] among1 b :i* x is no long] possible really to ?9k aga98 ,bo? cases1 :i* h be5 arbitr>ily di/+ui%$1 are r$ucible to "o s+le case4 ,ev5 9 :at is call$ 'human hi/ory' !re exi/s a 'natural hi/ory1' & :at is call$ 'natural hi/ory' also 0 once 'human' hi/ory--t is to say1 spiritual1 al?\gh to u :o h left x s f> beh9d x seems to be almo/ =eign1 s mummifi$ & me*aniciz$ has x become1 if we glance at x b summ>ily & f ! outside4 ,d y wi% to und]/& ! true hi/ory ( a ,ligurian or ,sicilian neoli?ic man8 ,fir/ ( all1 try if x be possible to make y\rself m5tally into a ,ligurian or ,sicilian neoli?ic man2 & if x be n possible1 or y d n c>e to d ?is1 cont5t y\rself ) describ+ & classify+ & arrang+ 9 a s]ies ! skulls1 ! ut5sils1 & ! inscriptions belong+ to ^? neoli?ic peoples4 ,d y wi% to und]/& ! hi/ory ( a blade ( grass8 ,fir/ & =emo/1 try to make y\rself into a blade ( grass1 & if y d n succe$1 cont5t y\rself ) analys+ ! p>ts & ev5 ) dispos+ !m 9 a k9d ( imag9ative hi/ory4 ,?is leads to ! idea f :i* ,i />t$ 9 mak+ ^! obs]vations ab\t hi/oriography1 z to hi/ory be+ contempor>y hi/ory & *ronicle be+ pa/ hi/ory4 ,we take advantage ( ! idea & at ! same "t confirm t tru? by solv+ ) its aid ! anti!sis betwe5 a hi/ory t is 'hi/ory' & a 'hi/ory ( nature1' :i*1 al?\gh x is hi/ory1 0 suppos$ to obey laws /rangely at v>iance ) ^? ( ! only hi/ory4 ,x solves ?is anti!sis by plac+ ! second 9 ! l[] rank ( pseudo-hi/ory4 #a ,by ! economi/ ,pr(essor ,gotti1 at ! sev5? congress ( ,g]man hi/orians1 held at ,heidelb]g4 ,! lecture c be read 9 pr9t "u ! any?+ b cle> or exact title ( ,die ,gr5z5 d] ,ges*i*te 7,leipzig1 ,dunck] u4 ,humblot1 #aijd74 ,,app5dix ,i ,,atte/$ ,,evid5ce ,if true hi/ory is t ( :i* an int]ior v]ification is possible1 & is !re=e hi/ory ideally contempor>y & pres5t1 & if hi/ory by witnesses is lack+ 9 tru? & is n ev5 false1 b j nei!r false nor true 7n a hoc e/ b a f]tur71 a legitimate "q arises z to ! orig9 & function ( ^? innum]able propositions resum$ f evid5ce critically ?ra%$ out & 'held to be true1' al?\gh n v]ifi$1 & p]haps nev] to be v]ifi$1 b nev]!less employ$ ev5 9 mo/ s]i\s hi/orical treatm5t4 ,:5 we are writ+ ! hi/ory ( ! doctr9e kn[n z ! co9cid5tia oppositorum1 or ( ! poem call$ ,i sepolcri1 ! ,lat9 ( ! ,c>d9al di ,cusa & ! v]se ( ,foscolo obvi\sly belong to u1 bo? z to ! ?\ghts & ! actual words1 pron\nc$ by ourselves to ourselves1 & ! c]ta9ty ( ^? hi/orical facts is at ! same "t logical tru?4 ,b t ! ,de docta ignorantia 0 writt5 betwe5 ! end ( #adci & ! e>ly "p ( #addj1 & ,foscolo's poem on ! return ( ! poet to ,italy aft] 8 long milit>y s]vice 9 ,france1 is evid5ce f\nd$ ^u pro(s1 z to :i* we c only say t !y are to be consid]$ valid1 because !y h be5 to "s ext5t atte/$1 b we _c claim !m to be true4 ,no am\nt ( acute m5tal lab\r ^u !m c prev5t ano!r docum5t or ! bett] read+ ( an old docum5t de/roy+ !m4 ,nev]!less1 no "o w treat ( ! works ( ! ,cusan or ( ,foscolo )\t avail+ himself ( ! biographical details z to _! au?ors :i* h be5 pres]v$4 ,an e/eem$ me?odologi/ ( our day has be5 tempt$ to f\nd ! fai? plac$ 9 ?is ord] ( evid5ce ^u a sort ( telepa?y ( ! pa/1 an almo/ spirituali/ic revival4 ,b !re is no?+ s my/]i\s 9 ! g5esis ( t belief z to ne$ a risky & fanta/ic explanation1 to :i* ev5 ,horace's ,jew w\ld n give cr$5ce4 ,on ! contr>y1 x is a "q ( some?+ t we c obs]ve 9 process ( =mation 9 our private life ( e day4 ,we are not+ d[n 9 our di>y1 = in/ance1 c]ta9 ( our acts1 or /rik+ ! balance ( our acc\nt4 ,aft] a c]ta9 int]val has elaps$ ^? facts fade f memory & ! only way ( affirm+ to ourselves t !y h happ5$ & mu/ be consid]$ true is ! evid5ce ( our notes3 ! docum5t be>s witness2 tru/ ! book4 ,we behave 9 a simil> way 9 respect to ! /atem5ts ( o!rs on ! au?ority ( _! di>ies or acc\nt-books4 ,we presume t if ! ?+ has be5 writt5 d[n x answ]s to ! tru?4 ,d\btless ?is assumption1 l e assumption1 may turn out to be false 9 fact1 ow+ to ! note hav+ be5 made 9 a mom5t ( di/raction or ( halluc9ation1 or too late1 :5 ! memory ( ! fact 0 already imprecise & lack+ 9 c]ta9ty1 or because x 0 caprici\sly made or made ) ! object ( deceiv+ o!rs4 ,b j = ?is reason1 writt5 evid5ce is n usually accept$ ) clos$ eyes2 its v]isimilitude is exam9$ & we confront x ) o!r writt5 evid5ce1 we inve/igate ! probity & accuracy ( ! writ] or witness4 ,x is j = ?is reason t ! p5al code ?reat5s ) pa9s & p5alties ^? :o alt] or falsify docum5ts4 ,& al?\gh ^! & o!r subtle & sev]e precautions d n 9 c]ta9 cases prev5t fraud1 deception1 & error 79 ! same way t ! tribunals e/abli%$ = ! purpose ( condemn+ ! guilty (t5 s5d away ! guilty unpuni%$ & sometimes condemn ! innoc5t71 yet ! use ( docum5ts & evid5ce works out on ! :ole 9 accordance ) ! tru?2 x is held to be useful & wor?y ( support & enc\ragem5t1 because ! injuries t x is liable to cause are greatly inf]ior to ^? t x prev5ts4 ,n[ :at m5 d ) reg>d to _! private affairs 9 daily life may be said to be done on a l>ge scale by ! human race :5 x deliv]s itself ( ! load ( innum]able facts & fixes !m ext]nally :]e !y are recov]able 9 a weak5$ =m z unv]ifiable docum5t>y evid5ce1 yet are nev]!less su* t z a :ole we are ju/ifi$ 9 look+ ^u !m end treat+ !m z true4 ,hi/orical fai? !n is n ! result ( telepa?y or spiritualism1 b ( a wise economic provision1 :i* ! _s cont9ues to realize4 ,9 ?is way we und]/& hi/orical "w direct$ t[>d ! prev5tion ( alt]ations & de=mations1 & its acceptation ( c]ta9 te/imony1 z ':at mu/ be held to be true 9 ! pres5t /ate ( sci5ce1' & its graduation ( ! re/ z unc]ta91 probable1 & mo/ probable to be sometimes accept$ 9 ! expectation ( ult]ior inquiries4 ,f9ally1 x expla9s ! dislike ( 'hyp]criticism' :51 n cont5t ) a con/ant ref9em5t ( criticism1 hyp]criticism conte/s ! value ( ! mo/ +5u\s & au?oritative te/imony4 ,! reason is t x ?us breaks ! rules ( ! game t is be+ play$ sub regula1 & only s]ves at ! mo/ to rem9d ^? apt to =get x t hi/ory by evid5ce is at bottom an altoge!r ext]nal hi/ory1 nev] fundam5tal1 true hi/ory1 :i* is contempor>y & pres5t4 ,?is g5esis or nature ( 'atte/$' evid5ce already conta9s ! answ] to ! o!r "q z to its function4 ,x is cle> t ?is _c be to posit true hi/ory or to take its place1 b to supply x ) ^? second>y p>ticul>s :i* x w\ld n be wor? :ile to make ! ef=t ( keep+ alive & complete 9 ! m9d1 = ?is ef=t w\ld result 9 damag+ :at is mo/ important to u4 ,f9ally1 :e!r ! ,de docta ignorantia 7 writt5 "s "t e>li] or lat] is some?+ t may q well be det]m9$ by a diff]5t int]pretation ( ?is or t ?\ght ( ,cusanus1 b x does n affect ! function t ! doctr9e ( ! co9cid5ce ( opposites ex]cises 9 ! =mation ( logical sci5ce4 ,aga91 :e!r ! ,sepolcri 0 compos$ or plann$ prior to ,foscolo's visit to ,france w\ld )\t d\bt *ange to "s ext5t our repres5tation ( ! gradual developm5t ( ! s\l & g5ius ( ! poet1 b x w\ld h>dly at all *ange our mode ( int]pret+ 8 great ode4 ,^? :o despair ( hi/orical tru?1 ow+ to ! lack ( a v]ifiable c]ta9ty ( "s p>ticul>s1 or to ! unc]ta9ty & dubiety t surr\nds x1 resemble him :o1 hav+ =gott5 ! *ronicle ( 8 life 9 ?is or t ye>1 %\ld ?9k t he did n "k himself 9 8 pres5t condition1 :i* is bo? ! recapitulation ( 8 pa/ & c>ries ) x 8 pa/ 9 all t x really conc]ns him to "k4 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 atte/$ evid5ce t has be5 field to be true is a /imulus to u to se>* ourselves m closely1 an enri*m5t ( :at we h f\nd by means ( analysis & m$itation & a confirmation or pro( ( our ?\ghts1 :i* are n to be neglect$1 especially :5 true evid5ce & atte/$ evid5ce agree ) "o ano!r4 ,to refuse ! assi/ance & ! facilities af=d$ by atte/$ evid5ce1 ow+ to ! fe> t "s ( x may prove false1 or because all ( x possesses an ext]nal & some:at g5]al & vague "*1 w\ld be to refuse ! au?ority ( ! human race1 & s to commit ! s9 ( ,desc>tes & ( ,malebran*e4 ,?is great refusal does n conc]n or assi/ ! und]/&+ ( hi/ory4 ,all t does matt] & does assi/ is t au?ority--includ+ ! au?ority ( ! human race--%\ld nev] be all[$ to take ! place ( ! ?\ght ( humanity1 to :i*1 9 any case1 belongs ! fir/ place4 ,,app5dix ,,ii ,,analogy ,,& ,,anomaly ,,( ,,special ,,hi/ories ,9 ! c\rse ( ! prec$+ !oretical explanations we h d5i$ bo? ! idea ( a univ]sal hi/ory 79 "t & space7#a & t ( a g5]al hi/ory 7( ! _s 9 its indiscrim9ate g5]ality or unity71#b & h insi/$ in/ead ^u ! opposite view ) its two clauses3 t hi/ory is always p>ticul> & always special1 & t ^! two det]m9ations con/itute precisely concrete & effective univ]sality & concrete & effective unity4 ,:at has be5 decl>$ impossible1 !n1 does n repres5t 9 any way a loss1 = x is on ! "o h& fictiti\s univ]sality or ! univ]sality ( fancy1 & on ! o!r ab/ract univ]sality1 or1 if x be pref]r$1 confus$ univ]sality4 ,s-call$ univ]sal hi/ories h !re=e %[n !mselves to be p>ticul> hi/ories1 :i* h assum$ t title = purposes ( lit]>y notoriety1 or z collections1 views1 & *ronicli/ical compilations ( p>ticul> hi/ories1 or1 f9ally1 z romances4 ,9 l mann]1 g5]al inclusive hi/ories are ei!r s only 9 "n1 or set diff]5t hi/ories side by side1 or !y are metaphysical & metaphorical play?+s4 ,z a result ( ?is d\ble b conv]g+ negation1 x is also advisable to refute a common & deeply root$ belief 7:i* we ourselves at "o "t %>$ to "s ext5t7#c t we %\ld arrive at ! re-e/abli%m5t ( ! univ]sality ( ! fancy3 or t !re are "s among ! special hi/ories1 con/itut$ accord+ to ! v>i\s =ms ( ! _s 7g5]al & individual only 9 s f> z e =m ( ! _s is ! :ole _s 9 t =m71 :i* require univ]sal treatm5t & o!rs only treatm5t z monographs4 ,! typical in/ance g5]ally adduc$ is t ( ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! hi/ory ( philosophy & ! hi/ory ( poetry or ( art4 ,! subject ( ! =m] is suppos$ to be ! "o great philosophical problem t int]e/s all m51 ( ! latt] ! s5tim5tal or imag9ative problems ( p>ticul> mom5ts1 or at ! mo/ ( p>ticul> arti/s4 ,?us ! =m] is suppos$ to be cont9u\s1 ! latt] discont9u\s1 ! =m] capable ( complete univ]sal vision1 ! second only ( a sequ5ce ( p>ticul> visions4 ,b a m 'reali/ic' conception ( philosophy deprives x ( ?is privilege z comp>$ ) ! hi/ory ( art & poetry or ( any o!r special hi/ory2 =1 appe>ances not)/&+1 x is n true t m5 h conc5trat$ ^u "o philosophical problem only1 ^: successive solutions1 less & less inadequate1 compose a s+le l9e ( progress1 ! univ]sal hi/ory ( ! human _s1 af=d+ support & unification to all o!r hi/ories4 ,! opposite is ! tru?3 ! philosophical problems t m5 h treat$ ( & w treat ( are inf9ite1 & ea* "o ( !m is always p>ticul>ly & individually det]m9$4 ,! illusion z to ! uniqu5ess ( ! problem is due to logical misappreh5sion1 increas$ by hi/orical cont+5cies1 :5ce a problem :i* ow+ to religi\s motives seem$ supreme has be5 look$ ^u z unique or fundam5tal1 & gr\p+s & g5]alizations made = practical ends h be5 held to be real id5tity & unity4#d ',univ]sal' hi/ories ( philosophy1 too1 l ! o!rs1 :5 we exam9e !m ) a good magnify+ glass1 are reveal$ z ei!r p>ticul> hi/ories ( ! problem t engages ! philosoph]-hi/orian1 or arbitr>y artificial con/ructions1 or tables & collections ( _m diff]5t hi/orical sequ5ces1 9 ! mann] ( a manual or encyclopdia ( philosophical hi/ory4 ,c]ta9ly no?+ =bids ! composition ( abridgm5ts ( philosophical hi/ories1 conta9+ classifications ( p>ticul> problems & repres5t+ ! pr9cipal ?9k]s ( all peoples & ( all times z occupi$ ) "o or ano!r class ( problem4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is always a *ronicli/ical & naturali/ic me?od ( treat+ ! hi/ory ( philosophy1 :i* only really lives :5 a new ?9k] connects ! problems already set 9 ! pa/ & its intr9sic antec$5ts ) ! def9ite problem t occupies 8 att5tion4 ,he provisionally sets aside o!rs ) a diff]5t connexion1 ?\gh )\t = t reason suppress+ !m1 int5d+ r to recall !m :5 ano!r problem makes _! pres5ce necess>y4 ,x is = ?is reason t ev5 9 ^? abridgm5ts t seem to be ! mo/ complete & 'objective' 7t is to say1 'mat]ial'7 a c]ta9 selection does appe>1 due to ! !oretical int]e/ ( ! writ]1 :o nev] altoge!r ceases to be a hi/oriograph]-philosoph]4 ,! proc$ure is 9 fact j t ( ! hi/ory ( art & poetry1 :]e :at is really hi/orical treatm5t1 liv+ & complete1 is ! ?\ght or criticism ( individual poetical p]sonalities1 & ! re/ a table ( criticisms1 an abridgm5t due to contiguity ( "t or place1 aff9ity ( matt] or simil>ity ( temp]am5t1 or to degrees ( arti/ic excell5ce4 ,nor mu/ we say t e philosophic problem is l9k$ to all ! o!rs & is always a problem ( ! :ole ( philosophy1 ?us diff]+ f ! cases ( poetry & art1 = !re is no div]sity "h ei!r1 & ! :ole ( hi/ory & ! entire univ]se are imman5t 9 e s+le "w ( art4 ,n[ t we h likewise r$uc$ philosophies ( hi/ory to ! rank ( p>ticul> hi/ories1 x is sc>cely necess>y to demon/rate t ! dem& be+ made 9 sev]al qu>t]s = a 'univ]sal' or 'g5]al' hi/ory ( sci5ce is )\t f\ndation4 ,= su* a hi/ory w\ld be impossible to write1 ev5 if we 7 able to id5tify or comp>e ! hi/ory ( sci5ce ) *at ( philosophy4 ,b x is d\bly impossible bo? because !re are compris$ "u ! "n ( 'sci5ce' su* div]se =ms z sci5ces ( obs]vation & ma!matical sci5ces1 & also because 9 ea* ( ^! classes !mselves ! sev]al discipl9es rema9 sep>ate1 ow+ to ! irr$ucible v>iety ( data & po/ulates f :i* !y spr+4 ,if1 z we h po9t$ out1 e p>ticul> philosophical problem l9ks & places itself 9 h>mony ) all o!r philosophical problems1 e sci5tific problem t5ds1 on ! contr>y1 to %ut itself up 9 itself1 & !re is no m de/ructive t5d5cy 9 sci5ce ?an t ( 'expla9+' all ! facts by means ( a 's+le pr9ciple1' sub/itut+1 t is to say1 an unfruitful metaphysic = fruitful sci5ce1 all[+ an empty ^w to act z a magic w&1 & by 'expla9+ ev]y?+' to 'expla9' no?+ at all4 ,! unity admitt$ by ! hi/ory ( ! sci5ces is n t :i* connects "o !ory ) ano!r & "o sci5ce ) ano!r 9 an imag9>y g5]al hi/ory ( sci5ce1 b t :i* connects ea* sci5ce & ea* !ory ) ! intellectual & social complex ( ! mom5t 9 :i* x appe>$4 ,b ev5 "h too we mu/ utt] ! w>n+ t 9 ?us expla9+ _! true nature we d n wi% to conte/ ! "r to exi/5ce ( tables & encyclopdias ( ! hi/ory ( sci5ce1 f> less to ?r[ discr$it ^u ! pres5t direction ( /udies1 by means ( :i*1 at ! call ( ! hi/ory ( ! sci5ces1 useful ,rese>* is /imulat$ 9 directions t h be5 long neglect$4 ,nor d we int5d to move any objection to hi/ories ( sci5ce 9 ! =m ( tables & encyclopdias on ! gr\nd t x is impossible = ! same /ud5t to be equally compet5t z to problems ( q diff]5t nature1 su* z are ^? ( ! v>i\s sci5ces2 = x is inconceivable t a philosoph] exi/s ) a capacity equal to ! und]/&+ ( ea* & e philosophical problem 7inde$1 ! m9d ( ! be/ solv] ( c]ta9 problems is usually ! m clos$ to o!rs72 or t a critic & hi/orian ( poetry & art exi/s :o ta/es & enjoys equally all =ms ( poetry & art1 h[ev] v]satile he be4 ,ea* "o has 8 sph]e m>k$ out m or less n>r[ly1 & ea* is univ]sal only by means ( 8 p>ticul>ity4 ,f9ally1 we %all n repeat ! same demon/ration = political hi/ory & e?ics1 :]e ! claim to repres5t ! :ole ( hi/ory 9 a s+le l9e ( developm5t has _h less occasion to manife/ itself4 ,x is usually m readily admitt$ !re t e hi/ory is p>ticul>--t is to say1 det]m9$ by ! political & e?ical problem or problems ) :i* hi/ory is conc]n$ 9 "t & place1 & :i* e hi/ory !re=e occasionally re?9ks f ! beg9n+4 ,! analogy1 !n1 betwe5 diff]5t k9ds ( special hi/ory is to be consid]$ p]fect1 & ! anomaly betwe5 !m exclud$1 = !y all obey ! pr9ciple ( p>ticul>ity1 t is1 p>ticul> univ]sality 7:atev] be ! appe>ance to ! contr>y74 ,b if1 z hi/ories1 !y all proce$ accord+ to ! nature ( :at we h expla9$ z hi/oriography1 9 s f> z !y are special ea* "o con=ms to ! concept ( its speciality4 ,x is 9 ?is s5se alone t ea* "o is anomal\s 9 respect to ! o!rs1 pres]v+1 t is to say1 its own peculi> nature4 ,we h expla9$ t ! claim to treat ! hi/ory ( poetry & ( art 9 ! same way z philosophy is errone\s1 n only because x misconceives ! true concept ( hi/ory1 b also because x misrepres5ts ! nature ( art1 conceiv+ x z philosophy & dissipat+ x 9 a dialectic ( concepts1 or because x leaves out1 9 ! hi/ory ( art1 j t by reason ( :i* art is art1 look+ ^u x z some?+ second>y1 or at be/ giv+ x a place beside ! social or conceptual activities4 ,?is error is precisely analog\s to t ( ^? :o f "t to "t sugge/ :at !y t]m ! 'psy*ological' re=m ( philosophy--t is to say1 !y w\ld l to treat x z dep5d5t ^u ! psy*ology ( philosoph]s & ( ! social environm5t1 ?us plac+ x on a level1 sometimes ) ! hi/ory ( ! s5tim5ts1 at o!rs ) t ( fancies & ,utopias1 or ) :at is n ! hi/ory ( philosophiz+4 ,su* p]sons lack ! k ( :at philosophy is1 z ! o!rs lack ! k ( poetry & art4 ,anyone desir\s ( arriv+ at a rapid k ( ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! hi/ory ( philosophy & ! hi/ory ( poetry %\ld obs]ve h[ ! "o1 ow+ to ! nature ( its object1 is l$ to exam9e !ories 9 s f> z !y are ! "w ( pure m9d1 & !re=e to develop a hi/ory 9 :i* ?\ghts repres5t ! dramatis p]son1 :ile ! o!r is l$ by ! nature ( its object to exam9e works ( art 9 s f> z !y are works ( imag9ation1 :i* gives expression to movem5ts ( feel+1 & !re=e to develop a hi/ory ( imag9ative & s5sitive po9ts ( view4 ,! =m]1 !re=e1 ?\gh x does n neglect actions1 ev5ts1 & imag9ation1 reg>ds !m z ! humus ( pure ?\ght & takes ! =m ( a hi/ory ( concepts )\t p]sons1 ei!r real or imag9>y1 :ile ! latt]1 :i* also does n neglect actions1 ev5ts1 & ?\ghts 9 its turn reg>ds !m z ! humus ( imag9>y creations & takes ! =m ( a hi/ory ( ideal or imag9>y p]sonalities1 :i* h dive/$ !mselves ( ! balla/ ( practical int]e/s & ( ! curb ( concepts4 ,! plans1 too1 :i* !y draw up & ) :i* !y _c disp5se1 any m ?an c any human dialectic1 answ] to ^! diff]5t t5d5cies--t is to say1 ) ! "o !y are s*emes or g5]al types ( modes ( ?9k+1 ) ! o!r s*emes conta9+ ideal p]sonalities4 ,if ! hi/ory ( philosophy has sev]al times tri$ to dev\r ! hi/ory ( poetry & art1 x may also be said to h sev]al times tri$ to dev\r ! hi/ory ( practice1 t ( politics & e?ics1 or 'social hi/ory1' z p pref] to call x 9 our day4 ,x has also be5 ass]t$ t su* hi/ory %\ld be set free f ! *roniclism 9 :i* x _h become involv$ & assume a sci5tific & rigor\s =m4 ,to d ?is1 x 0 he$ful to r$uce x to a hi/ory ( 'ideas1' :i* are ! true & ess5tial practical acts1 because !y g5]ate !m--t is to say1 ! error :i* we not$ above 9 respect to poetry & art has "h be5 repeat$4 ,:at is peculi> to practical acts has be5 neglect$1 & only ! 'ideas1' :i* are _! antec$5ts & consequ5ts1 h be5 reta9$4 ,b on o!r occasions ! 'ideas' to :i* x 0 claim$ to r$uce practical acts 7 n really ideas or intellectual =mations1 b truly practical acts1 s5tim5ts1 dispositions1 cu/oms1 in/itutions4 ,! orig9ality ( political & e?ical hi/ory 0 ?us unconsci\sly confirm$4 ,its object is j :at c be designat$ ) ! s+le ^w in/itutions1 tak+ ! ^w 9 its wide/ signification--t is to say1 und]/&+ by x all practical arrangem5ts ( human individuals & societies1 f ! mo/ recondite s5tim5ts to ! mo/ obvi\s modes ( life 7:i*1 too1 are always w 9 action74 ,all are equally hi/orical productions1 ! sole effective hi/orical productions p]ceivable accord+ to ! practical =m ( ! _s4 ,if ! patrimony ( judgm5ts1 z ! capital ) & ^u :i* our mod]n ?\ght works1 is ! result ( a long hi/ory1 ( :i* we become consci\s f "t to "t1 illu/rat+ n[ "o & n[ ano!r ( its p>ticul> aspects at ! solicitation ( new ne$s1 s also :at we c n[ practically d1 all our s5tim5ts z s-call$ civiliz$ m5--c\rage1 hon\r1 dignity1 love1 mode/y1 & ! l--all our in/itutions 9 ! /rict s5se ( ! t]m 7:i* are !mselves due to attitudes ( ! _s1 utilit>ian or moral7--! family1 ! /ate1 comm]ce1 indu/ry1 milit>y affairs1 & s on--h a long hi/ory2 & accord+ z "o or o!r ( ^? s5tim5ts or in/itutions ent]s ^u a crisis1 z ! result ( new wants1 we attempt to asc]ta9 its true 'nature'--t is to say1 its hi/orical g5esis4 ,anyone :o has foll[$ ! developm5ts ( mod]n social hi/oriography ) c>e & att5tion has be5 able to see cle>ly t its aim is precisely to arrange ! *ronicli/ic *aos ( disaggregat$ notes ( ev5ts 9 ord]$ s]ies ( hi/ories ( social values1 & t its field ( rese>* is ! hi/ory ( ! human s\l 9 its practical aspect2 ei!r :5 x produces g5]al hi/ories ( civilization 7always due to p>ticul> motives & limit$ by !m71 or :5 x pres5ts hi/ories ( classes1 peoples1 social curr5ts1 s5tim5ts1 in/itutions1 & s =?4 ,biography1 too 7only :5 n limit$ to a m]e *ronicli/ic collection ( ! exp]i5ces ( an individual or to a poetical portrait1 improp]ly reg>d$ z a hi/orical "w71 is ! hi/ory ( an 'in/itution' 9 ! philosophical acceptation ( ! ^w & =ms "p ( ! hi/ory ( practice3 because ! individual1 9 ! same way z a p or a social class1 is ! =mation ( a "*1 or complex ( specific attitudes & actions consequ5t ^u !m2 & x is ( ?is t hi/orical biography consi/s1 n ( ! individual look$ ^u z ext]nal or private or physical1 or :atev] x be call$4 ,we might be expect$ to indicate ! place or function ( ! hi/ory ( sci5ce & ( religion1 9 ord] to r5d] to a c]ta9 ext5t complete ?is rapid review ( special hi/ories1 9 :i* g5]al hi/ory realizes itself 9 turn--x nev] exi/s outside ( !m4 ,b if sci5ce diff]s f philosophy 9 be+ p>tly !oretical & p>tly practical1 & religion is an attempt to expla9 reality by means ( my? & to direct ! "w ( man accord+ to an ideal1 x is evid5t t ! hi/ory ( sci5ce ent]s to "s ext5t into ! hi/ory ( philosophical ?\ght & to "s ext5t =ms "p ( t ( ne$s & in/itutions2 inde$1 s9ce ! mom5t :i* sets sci5ce to "w & end[s x ) its peculi> "* is ! practical or suitable mom5t1 x really belongs to ! hi/ory ( in/itutions 9 ! v wide s5se describ$2 & ! hi/ory ( religion =ms to "s ext5t "p ( ! hi/ory ( in/itutions & to "s ext5t "p ( ! hi/ory ( philosophy2 inde$1 s9ce ! dom9at+ mom5t is "h my?ical conception or philosophical ef=t1 ! hi/ory ( religion is sub/antially t ( philosophy4 ,o!r m p>ticul> disquisitions 9 connexion ) ?is argum5t w\ld be out ( place 9 ! pres5t treatise1 :i* is n especially conc]n$ ) ! !ory & me?odology ( p>ticul> special hi/ories 7co9cid5t ) ! treatm5t ( ! v>i\s sph]es ( philosophy1 /hetics1 logic1 etc471 & aims only at indicat+ ! directions 9 :i* !y mu/ necess>ily develop4#e #a ,supra1 pp4 #ee-ei4 #b ,supra1 pp4 #aai-abb4 #c ,9 ! /hetic1 ,i1 *4 xvii4 #d ,see ,app5dix ,,iii4 #e ,x w be ( fur!r use to draw att5tion "h1 9 a note1 to ! already m5tion$ di/9ction betwe5 ! hi/ory ( practice 9 politics & 9 e?ics1 because ?us alone c be set at re/ ! v>iance :i* runs ?r\gh hi/oriography1 betwe5 political hi/ory or hi/ory ( /ates & hi/ory ( humanity or ( civilization1 especially f ! eighte5? c5tury onw>d4 ,9 ,g]many x is "o ( ! elem5ts 9 ! intricate debate betwe5 ,ges*i*te & ,kulturges*i*te1 & x has sometimes be5 describ$ z a conflict betwe5 ,fr5* hi/oriography 7,voltaire & 8 foll[]s71 or hi/oire de la civilisation1 & ! ,g]manic 7,ms] & 8 foll[]s71 or hi/ory ( ! /ate4 ,"o side w\ld absorb & subject ! hi/ory ( culture or social hi/ory to t ( ! /ate1 ! o!r w\ld d ! opposite2 & ! eclectics1 z usual1 )\t kn[+ mu* ab\t x1 place ! "o beside ! o!r1 in]t1 hi/ory ( politics & hi/ory ( civilization1 ?us de/roy+ ! unity ( hi/ory4 ,! tru? is t political hi/ory & hi/ory ( civilization h ! same relations betwe5 "o ano!r 9 ! practical field z ^? betwe5 ! hi/ory ( poetry or ( art & ! hi/ory ( philosophy or ?\ght 9 ! !oretical field4 ,!y correspond to two et]nal mom5ts ( ! _s--t ( ! pure w1 or economic mom5t1 & t ( ! e?ical w4 ,h5ce we also see :y "s w always be attract$ r by ! "o ?an ! o!r =m ( hi/ory3 accord+ z to :e!r !y are mov$ *iefly by political or *iefly by moral int]e/s4 ,,app5dix ,,iii ,,philosophy ,,& ,,me?odology ,hav+ e/abli%$ ! unity ( philosophy & hi/oriography1 & %[n t ! division betwe5 ! two has b a lit]>y & didactic value1 because x is f\nd$ ^u ! possibility ( plac+ 9 ! =egr\nd ( v]bal exposition n[ "o & n[ ! o!r ( ! two dialectical elem5ts ( t unity1 x is well to make q cle> :at is ! true object ( ! treatises be>+ ! traditional title ( philosophic '!ory' or 'sy/em'3 to :at 79 a ^w7 philosophy c be r$uc$4 ,philosophy1 9 consequ5ce ( ! new relation 9 :i* x has be5 plac$1 _c ( necessity be any?+ b ! me?odological mom5t ( hi/oriography3 a dilucidation ( ! categories con/itutive ( hi/orical judgm5ts1 or ( ! concepts t direct hi/orical int]pretation4 ,& s9ce hi/oriography has = cont5t ! concrete life ( ! _s1 & ?is life is life ( imag9ation & ( ?\ght1 ( action & ( morality 7or ( some?+ else1 if any?+ else c be ?\ght (71 & 9 ?is v>iety ( its =ms rema9s always "o1 ! dilucidation moves 9 di/+ui%+ betwe5 /hetic & logic1 betwe5 economic & e?ic1 unit+ & dissolv+ !m all 9 ! philosophy ( ! _s4 ,if a philosophical problem %[s itself to be altoge!r /]ile = ! hi/orical judgm5t1 we h !re ! pro( t su* problem is otiose1 badly /at$1 & 9 reality does n exi/4 ,if ! solution ( a problem--t is to say1 ( a philosophical proposition--in/ead ( mak+ hi/ory m intelligible1 leaves x obscure or conf\nds x ) o!rs1 or leaps ov] x & lightly condemns or negates x1 we h !re ! pro( t su* proposition & ! philosophy ) :i* x is connect$ are arbitr>y1 ?\gh x may pres]ve int]e/ 9 o!r respects1 z a manife/ation ( s5tim5t or ( imag9ation4 ,! def9ition ( philosophy z 'me?odology' is n at fir/ exempt f d\bts1 ev5 on ! "p ( "o ready to accept 9 g5]al ! t5d5cy t x repres5ts2 because philosophy & me?odology are t]ms (t5 contra/$1 & a philosophy t leads to a me?odology is apt to be ta9t$ ) empiricism4 ,b c]ta9ly ! me?odology ( :i* we are "h speak+ is n at all empirical2 inde$1 x appe>s j = ! purpose ( correct+ & tak+ ! place ( ! empirical me?odology ( pr(essional hi/orians & ( o!r su* speciali/s 9 all t great] "p ( x :]e x is a true & prop]1 ?\gh defective1 attempt t[>d ! philosophical solution ( ! !oretical problems rais$ by ! /udy ( hi/ory1 or t[>d philosophical me?odology & philosophy z me?odology4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! above-m5tion$ dispute is settl$ z soon z /at$1 ?is _c be said ( ano!r1 :]e our position f9ds itself oppos$ to a widely diffus$ & anci5t conception ( philosophy z ! solv] ( ! my/]y ( ! univ]se1 k ( ultimate reality1 revelation ( ! _w ( n\m5a1 :i* is held to be beyond ! _w ( ph5om5a1 9 :i* we move 9 ord9>y life & 9 :i* hi/ory also moves4 ,?is is n ! place to give ! hi/ory ( t idea2 b we mu/ at lea/ say ?is1 t its orig9 is religi\s or my?ological1 & t x p]si/$ ev5 among ^? philosoph]s :o 7 mo/ successful 9 direct+ ?\ght t[>d our e>? z ! sole reality1 & initiat$ ! new philosophy z me?odology ( ! judgm5t or ( hi/orical k4 ,x p]si/$ 9 ,kant1 :o admitt$ x z ! limit ( 8 criticism2 x p]si/$ 9 ,hegel1 :o fram$ 8 subtle rese>*es 9 logic & philosophy ( ! _s 9 a sort ( my?ology ( ! ,idea4 ,nev]!less1 ! div]sity ( ! two conceptions manife/$ itself 9 an ev]-increas+ ratio1 f9d+ expression 9 v>i\s =mulas ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 su* z psy*ology aga9/ metaphysic1 a philosophy ( exp]i5ce & imman5ce1 apriori/ic aga9/ transc5d5tal philosophy1 positivism aga9/ idealism2 & al?\gh ! polemic 0 z a rule ill conduct$1 go+ beyond ! m>k & end+ by unconsci\sly embrac+ t v metaphysic1 transc5d5cy1 & apriority1 t v ab/ract idealism1 :i* x _h set out to combat1 ! s5tim5t t inspir$ x 0 legitimate4 ,& ! philosophy ( me?odology has made x its own1 has combat$ ! same adv]s>y ) bett] arms1 has c]ta9ly insi/$ ^u a psy*ological view1 b a speculative psy*ological view1 imman5t 9 hi/ory1 b dialectically imman5t1 diff]+ 9 ?is f positivism1 t :ile ! latt] made necess>y ! cont+5t1 x made ! cont+5t necess>y1 ?us affirm+ ! "r ( ?\ght to ! hegemony4 ,su* a philosophy is j philosophy z hi/ory 7& s hi/ory z philosophy71 & ! det]m9ation ( ! philosophical mom5t 9 ! purely categorical & me?odological mom5t4 ,! great] vig\r ( ?is conception 9 respect to ! opposite1 ! sup]iority ( philosophy z me?odology ov] philosophy z metaphysic1 is %[n by ! capacity ( ! =m] to solve ! problems ( ! latt] by criticiz+ !m & po9t+ out _! orig94 ,metaphysic1 on ! o!r h&1 is incapable ( solv+ n only ! problems ( me?odology1 b ev5 its own problems1 )\t hav+ rec\rse to ! fanta/ic & arbitr>y4 ,?us que/ions z to ! reality ( ! ext]nal _w1 ( s\l-sub/ance1 ( ! unkn[able1 ( dualisms & ( anti!ses1 & s =?1 h disappe>$ 9 gnoseological doctr9es1 :i* h sub/itut$ bett] conceptions = ^? :i* we =m]ly possess$ conc]n+ ! logic ( ! sci5ces1 expla9+ ^? que/ions z et]nally r5asc5t aspects ( ! dialectic or ph5om5ology ( k4 ,! view ( philosophy z metaphysic is1 h[ev]1 s invet]ate & s t5aci\s t x is n surpris+ t x %\ld /ill give "s sign ( life 9 ! m9ds ( ^? :o h set !mselves free ( x 9 g5]al1 b h n appli$ !mselves to eradicat+ x 9 all its p>ticul>s1 nor clos$ all ! doors by :i* x may return 9 a m or less unexpect$ mann]4 ,& if we r>ely f9d x op5ly & directly display$ n[1 we may yet disc]n or suspect x 9 "o or o!r ( its aspects or attitudes1 p]si/+ l k9ks ( ! m9d1 or unconsci\s preconceptions1 :i* ?reat5 to drive philosophy z me?odology back into ! wrong pa?1 & to prep>e ! return1 ?\gh b = a brief p]iod1 ( ! metaphysic t has be5 sup]s$$4 ,x seems to me opportune to provide "h a cle> /atem5t ( "s ( ^! preconceptions1 t5d5cies1 & habits1 po9t+ out ! errors :i* !y conta9 & entail4 ,fir/ ( all ! survivals ( ! pa/ t are /ill common comes ! view ( philosophy z hav+ a fundam5tal problem to solve4 ,n[ ! conception ( a fundam5tal problem is intr9sically at v>iance ) t ( philosophy z hi/ory1 & ) ! treatm5t ( philosophy z me?odology ( hi/ory1 :i* posits1 & _c d o!rwise ?an posit1 ! inf9ity ( philosophical problems1 all c]ta9ly connect$ ) "o ano!r1 b n "o ( :i* c be consid]$ fundam5tal1 = j ! same reason t no s+le "p ( an organism is ! f\ndation ( all ! o!rs1 b ea* "o is 9 its turn f\ndation & f\nd$4 ,if1 inde$1 me?odology take ! sub/ance ( its problems f hi/ory1 hi/ory 9 its mo/ mode/ b concrete =m ( hi/ory ( ourselves1 ( ea* "o ( u z an individual1 ?is %[s u t we pass on f "o to ano!r p>ticul> philosophical problem at ! prompt+s ( our life z x is liv$1 & t "o or ! o!r gr\p or class ( problems holds ! field or has especial int]e/ = u1 accord+ to ! epo*s ( our life4 ,& we f9d ! same to be ! case if we look at ! wid] b less def9ite spectacle af=d$ by ! already m5tion$ g5]al hi/ory ( philosophy--t is to say1 t accord+ to times & peoples1 philosophical problems relat+ sometimes to morality1 sometimes to politics1 to religion1 or to ! natural sci5ces & ma!matics1 h 9 turn ! upp] h&4 ,e p>ticul> philosophical problem has be5 a problem ( ! :ole ( philosophy1 ei!r op5ly or by inf]5ce1 b we nev] meet ) a g5]al problem ( philosophy1 ow+ to ! contradiction !reby impli$4 ,& if !re does seem to be "o 7& x c]ta9ly does seem s71 x is really a "q ( appe>ances1 due to ! fact t mod]n philosophy1 :i* comes to u f ! ,middle ,ages & 0 elaborat$ dur+ ! religi\s /ruggles ( ! ,r5aissance1 has pres]v$ a /rong impr9t ( !ology 9 its didactic =m1 n less ?an 9 ! psy*ological disposition ( ! great] "p ( ^? addict$ to x4 ,h5ce arises ! fundam5tal & almo/ unique importance usurp$ by ! problem ( ?\ght & be+1 :i* aft] all 0 no?+ m ?an ! old problem ( ?is _w & ! next1 ( e>? & heav51 9 a critical & gnoseological =m4 ,b ^? :o de/roy$ or :o initiat$ ! de/ruction ( heav5 & ( ! o!r _w & ( transc5d5tal philosophy by imman5t philosophy began at ! same mom5t to corrode ! conception ( a fundam5tal problem1 al?\gh !y 7 n fully aw>e ( ?is 7= we h said above t !y rema9$ trammell$ 9 ! philosophy ( ! ,?+ 9 ,itself or 9 ! ,my?ology ( ! ,idea74 ,t problem 0 rightly fundam5tal = religi\s spirits1 :o held t ! :ole intellectual & practical dom9ion ( ! _w 0 no?+1 unless !y _h sav$ _! own s\ls or _! own ?\ght 9 ano!r _w1 9 ! k ( a _w ( n\m5a & reality4 ,b su* x 0 n de/9$ to rema9 = ! philosoph]s1 h5ce=? re/rict$ to ! _w alone or to nature1 :i* has no sk9 & no k]nel & is all ( a piece4 ,:at w\ld happ5 7 we to resume belief 9 a fundam5tal problem1 dom9at+ all o!rs8 ,! o!r problems w\ld ei!r h to be consid]$ z all dep5d5t ^u x & !re=e solv$ ) x1 or z problems no long] philosophical b empirical4 ,t is to say1 all ! problems appe>+ e day anew 9 sci5ce & life w\ld lose _! value1 ei!r becom+ a tautology ( ! fundam5tal solution or be+ committ$ to empirical treatm5t4 ,?us ! di/9ction betwe5 philosophy & me?odology1 betwe5 metaphysic & philosophy ( ! _s1 w\ld reappe>1 ! fir/ transc5d5tal z reg>ds ! second1 ! second aphilosophical z reg>ds ! fir/4 ,ano!r view1 aris+ f ! old metaphysical conception ( ! function ( philosophy1 leads to ! rejection ( di/9ction 9 fav\r ( unity1 ?us con=m+ to ! !ological conception t all di/9ctions are unifi$ by absorption 9 ,god1 & to ! religi\s po9t ( view1 :i* =gets ! _w & its necessities 9 ! vision ( ,god4 ,f ?is ensues a disposition :i* may be describ$ z some?+ betwe5 indiff]5t1 accommodat+1 or weak1 9 respect ( p>ticul> problems1 & ! p]nici\s doctr9e ( ! d\ble faculty is almo/ tacitly r5ew$1 t is1 ( intellectual intuition or o!r sup]ior cognoscitive faculty1 peculi> to ! philosoph] & lead+ to ! vision ( true reality1 & ( criticism or ?\ght prone to int]e/ itself 9 ! cont+5t & ?us greatly inf]ior 9 degree & free to proce$ ) a lack ( speculative rig\r n p]missible 9 ! o!r4 ,su* a disposition l$ to ! wor/ possible consequ5ces 9 ! philosophical treatises ( ! ,hegelian s*ool1 :]e ! disciples 7diff]+ f ! ma/]7 g5]ally gave evid5ce ( hav+ m$itat$ b little or n at all ^u ! problems ( ! v>i\s spiritual =ms1 freely accept+ vulg> op9ions conc]n+ !m1 or engag+ 9 !m ) ! indiff]5ce ( m5 sure ( ! ess5tial1 & !re=e cutt+ & mutilat+ !m )\t pity1 9 ord] to =ce !m into _! pre-e/abli%$ s*emes ) all ha/e1 ?us gett+ rid ( difficulties by means ( ?is illusory arrangem5t4 ,h5ce ! empt9ess & tiresom5ess ( _! philosophies1 f :i* ! hi/orian1 or ! man ^: att5tion is direct$ to ! und]/&+ ( ! p>ticul> & ! concrete1 fail$ to le>n any?+ t c\ld be ( use to him 9 ! direction ( 8 own /udies & 9 ! cle>] =mulation ( 8 own judgm5ts4 ,& s9ce ! my?ology ( ! idea reappe>$ 9 positivism z my?ology ( evolution1 "h too p>ticul> problems 7:i* are inde$ ! only philosophical problems7 receiv$ m]ely s*ematic & empty treatm5t & did n progress at all4 ,philosophy z hi/ory & me?odology ( hi/ory re/ores hon\r to ! virtue ( acut5ess or disc]nm5t1 :i* ! !ological unit>ianism ( metaphysic t5d$ to depreciate3 disc]nm5t1 :i* is prosaic b sev]e1 h>d & labori\s b prolific1 :i* sometimes assumes ! unsympa!tic aspect ( s*ola/icism & p$antry1 b is also ( use 9 ?is aspect1 l e discipl9e1 & holds t ! neglect ( di/9ction = unity is also intimately oppos$ to ! conception ( philosophy z hi/ory4 ,a ?ird t5d5cy 7,i beg to be all[$ to proce$ by enum]ation ( ! v>i\s sides ( ! same m5tal attitude = reasons ( conv5i5ce71 a ?ird t5d5cy also seeks ! def9itive philosophy1 untaught by ! hi/orical fact t no philosophy has ev] be5 def9itive or has set a limit to ?\ght1 or has ev] be5 ?or\ghly conv9c$ t ! p]petual *ang+ ( philosophy ) ! _w :i* p]petually *anges is n by any means a defect1 b is ! nature itself ( ?\ght & reality4 ,or1 r1 su* tea*+1 & ! proposition t foll[s x1 d n fail altoge!r ( acceptance1 & !y are l$ to believe t ! _s1 ev] gr[+ ^u itself1 produces ?\ghts & sy/ems t are ev] new4 ,b s9ce !y h reta9$ ! presupposition ( a fundam5tal problem :i* 7z we h said7 sub/antially consi/s ( ! anci5t problem ( religion alone1 & ea* problem well det]m9$ implies a s+le solution1 ! solution giv5 ( ! 'fundam5tal problem' naturally claims to be ! def9itive solution ( ! problem ( philosophy itself4 ,a new solution c\ld n appe> )\t a new problem 7ow+ to ! logical unity ( problem & solution72 b t problem1 :i* is sup]ior to all ! o!rs1 is on ! contr>y ! only "o4 ,?us a def9itive philosophy1 assum$ 9 ! conception ( ! fundam5tal problem1 is at v>iance ) hi/orical exp]i5ce1 & m irreconcilably1 because 9 a m evid5tly logical mann]1 ) philosophy z hi/ory1 :i*1 admitt+ inf9ite problems1 d5ies ! claim = & ! expectation ( a def9itive philosophy4 ,e philosophy is def9itive = ! problem :i* x solves1 b n = ! "o t appe>s imm$iately aft]w>d1 at ! foot ( ! fir/1 nor = ! o!r problems :i* w arise f ! solution ( ?is4 ,to close ! s]ies w\ld be to turn f philosophy to religion & to re/ 9 ,god4 ,inde$1 ! f\r? preconception1 :i* we n[ proce$ to /ate1 & :i* l9ks itself ) ! prec$+1 &1 toge!r ) all ! prec$+1 to ! !ological nature ( ! old metaphysic1 conc]ns ! figure ( ! philosoph]1 z ,buddha or ! ,awak5$ ,"o1 :o posits himself z sup]ior to o!rs 7& to himself 9 ! mom5ts :5 he is n a philosoph]71 because he holds himself to be free f human passions1 illusions1 & agitations by means ( philosophy4 ,?is is ! case ) ! believ]1 :o fixes 8 m9d ^u ,god & %akes (f e>?ly c>es1 l ! lov]1 :o feels himself bless$ 9 ! possession ( ! belov$ & defies ! :ole _w4 ,b ! _w soon takes its rev5ge bo? ^u ! believ] & ! lov]1 & does n fail to insi/ ^u its rights4 ,su* an illusion is impossible = ! philosophical hi/orian1 :o diff]s f ! o!r 9 feel+ himself irresi/ibly involv$ 9 ! c\rse ( hi/ory1 z at once bo? subject & object1 & :o is !re=e l$ to negate felicity or beatitude1 z he negates e o!r ab/raction 7because1 z has be5 well said1 le bonheur e/ le contraire de la s5sation de vivre71 & to accept life z x is1 z joy t ov]comes sorr[ & p]petually produces new sorr[s & new un/able joys4 ,& hi/ory1 :i* he ?9ks z ! only tru?1 is ! "w ( tireless ?\ght1 :i* conditions practical "w1 z practical "w conditions ! new "w ( ?\ght4 ,?us ! primacy =m]ly attribut$ to ! contemplative life is n[ transf]r$ n to active life1 b to life 9 its integrity1 :i* is at once ?\ght & action4 ,& e man is a philosoph] 79 8 circle1 h[ev] wide or n>r[ x may appe>71 & e philosoph] is a man1 indissolubly l9k$ to ! conditions ( human life1 :i* x is n giv5 to anyone to transc5d4 ,! my/ical or apocalyptic philosoph] ( ! ,grco-,roman decad5ce 0 well able to sep>ate himself f ! _w3 ! great ?9k]s1 l ,hegel1 :o inaugurat$ ! epo* ( mod]n philosophy1 al?\gh !y d5i$ ! primacy ( ! ab/ract contemplative life1 7 liable to fall back into ! error ( belief 9 ?is supremacy & to conceive a sph]e ( absolute _s1 a process ( lib]ation ?r\gh art1 religion1 & philosophy1 z a means ( rea*+ x2 b ! once sublime figure ( ! philosoph] bless$ 9 ! absolute1 :5 we try to revive x 9 ?is mod]n _w ( ours1 becomes t+$ ) ! comic4 ,x is true t satire has n[ b little mat]ial ^u :i* to ex]cise itself1 & is r$uc$ to aim+ its %afts at ! 'pr(essors ( philosophy' 7accord+ to ! type ( philosoph] t has be5 creat$ by mod]n univ]sities1 :i* is p>tly ! heir ( ! 'ma/] ( !ology' ( ! ,middle ,ages73 aga9/ ! pr(essors1 t is to say1 to ! ext5t t !y cont9ue to repeat me*anically ab/ract g5]al propositions1 & seem to be unmov$ by ! passions & ! problems t press ^u !m f all sides & va9ly ask = m concrete & actual treatm5t4 ,b ! function & ! social figure ( ! philosoph] h pr(\ndly *ang$1 & we h n said t ! mann] ( be+ ( ! 'pr(essors ( philosophy' w n also *ange 9 its turn--t is to say1 t ! way ( tea*+ philosophy 9 ! univ]sities & s*ools is n on ! v]ge ( exp]i5c+ a crisis1 :i* w elim9ate ! la/ rema9s ( ! m$ieval fa%ion ( =mali/ic philosophiz+4 ,a /rong advance 9 philosophical culture %\ld lead to ?is result3 t all /ud5ts ( human affairs1 juri/s1 economi/s1 morali/s1 m5 ( lett]s--9 o!r words1 all /ud5ts ( hi/orical matt]s--%\ld become consci\s & discipl9$ philosoph]s1 & t ?us ! philosoph] 9 g5]al1 ! purus philosophus1 %\ld f9d no place left = him among ! pr(essional specifications ( k4 ,) ! disappe>ance ( ! philosoph] '9 g5]al' w\ld also disappe> ! la/ social ve/ige ( ! teleologi/ or metaphysician1 & ( ! ,buddha or ,awak5$ ,"o4 ,!re is also a prejudice :i* to "s ext5t inqu9ates ! mann] ( culture ( /ud5ts ( philosophy4 ,!y are accu/om$ to h rec\rse almo/ exclusively to ! books ( philosoph]s1 inde$ ( philosoph]s '9 g5]al1' ( ! metaphysical sy/em-mak]s1 9 ! same way z ! /ud5t ( !ology =m$ himself ^u ! sacr$ texts4 ,?is me?od ( culture1 :i* is p]fectly consequ5t :5 a />t is made f ! presupposition ( a fundam5tal or s+le problem1 ( :i* x is necess>y to "k ! diff]5t div]g+ & progressive solutions :i* h be5 attempt$1 is altoge!r inconsequ5t & inadequate 9 ! case ( a hi/orical & imman5t philosophy1 :i* draws its mat]ial f all ! mo/ v>i$ impressions ( life & f all intuitions & reflections ^u life4 ,t =m ( culture is ! reason = ! aridity ( ! treatm5t ( c]ta9 p>ticul> problems1 = :i* is necess>y a cont9u$ contact ) daily exp]i5ce 7art & art criticism = /hetic1 politics1 economy1 judicial trials = ! philosophy ( rights1 positive & ma!matical sci5ces = ! gnoseology ( ! sci5ces1 & s on74 ,to x is also due ! aridity ( treatm5t ( ^? p>ts ( philosophy !mselves :i* are traditionally consid]$ to con/itute 'g5]al philosophy1' = !y too _h _! orig9 9 life1 & we mu/ ref] !m back to life if we are to give a satisfactory int]pretation ( _! propositions2 we mu/ plunge !m into life aga9 to develop !m & to f9d 9 !m new aspects4 ,! :ole ( hi/ory is ! f\ndation ( philosophy z hi/ory1 & to limit its f\ndation to ! hi/ory ( philosophy alone1 & ( 'g5]al' or 'metaphysical' philosophy1 is impossible1 save by unconsci\sly adh]+ to ! old idea ( philosophy1 n z me?odology b z metaphysic1 :i* is ! fif? ( ! prejudices t we are enum]at+4 ,?is enum]ation c be bo? l5g!n$ & end$ ) ! m5tion ( a six? preconception1 relat+ to philosophical exposition4 ,ow+ to ?is1 philosophy is expect$ to h ei!r an ar*itectural =m1 z ?\gh x 7 a temple consecrat$ to ! ,et]nal1 or a w>m poetical =m1 z ?\gh x 7 a hymn to ! ,et]nal4 ,b ^! =ms 7 "p ( ! old cont5t1 & t =m is n[ *ang$4 ,philosophy %[s itself to be a dilucidation ( ! categories ( hi/orical int]pretation r ?an ! gr&iose ar*itecture ( a temple or a sacr$ hymn runn+ on conv5tional l9es4 ,philosophy is discussion1 polemic1 rigor\s didactic exposition1 :i* is c]ta9ly col\r$ ) ! s5tim5ts ( ! writ]1 l e o!r lit]>y =m1 able also at times to raise its voice 7or on ! o!r h& to become slight & playful1 accord+ to circum/ances71 b n con/ra9$ to obs]ve rules :i* appe> to be prop] to a !ological or religi\s cont5t4 ,philosophy treat$ z me?odology has1 s to speak1 caus$ philosophical exposition to desc5d f poetry to prose4 ,all ! preconceptions1 habits1 & t5d5cies :i* ,i h briefly describ$ %\ld 9 my op9ion be c>efully s\ght out & elim9at$1 = x is !y t imp$e philosophy f tak+ ! =m & proce$+ 9 ! mode suitable & adequate to ! consci\sness ( ! unity ) hi/ory :i* x has rea*$4 ,if we look m]ely at ! enorm\s am\nt ( psy*ological obs]vations & moral d\bts accumulat$ 9 ! c\rse ( ! n9ete5? c5tury by poetry1 fiction1 & drama1 ^? voices ( our society1 & consid] t 9 great "p x rema9s )\t critical treatm5t1 "s idea c be =m$ ( ! imm5se am\nt ( "w t falls to philosophy to accompli%4 ,& if on ! o!r h& we obs]ve ! multitude ( anxi\s que/ions t ! great ,european ,w> has ev]y:]e rais$--z to ! /ate1 z to hi/ory1 z to rights1 z to ! functions ( ! diff]5t peoples1 z to civilization1 culture1 & b>b>ism1 z to sci5ce1 art1 religion1 z to ! end & ideal ( life1 & s on--we realize ! duty ( philosoph]s to issue =? f ! !ologico-metaphysical circle 9 :i* !y rema9 conf9$ ev5 :5 !y refuse to he> ( !ology & metaphysic4 ,= not)/&+ _! prote/s1 & not)/&+ ! new conception accept$ & pr(ess$ by !m1 !y really rema9 intellectually & spiritually atta*$ to ! old ideas4 ,ev5 ! hi/ory itself ( philosophy has hi!rto be5 r5ew$ only to a small ext5t1 9 con=mity ) ! new conception ( philosophy4 ,?is new conception invites u to direct our att5tion to ?\ghts & ?9k]s1 long neglect$ or plac$ 9 ! second rank & n consid]$ to be truly philosoph]s because !y did n treat directly ! 'fundam5tal problem' ( philosophy or ! great peut-tre1 b 7 occupi$ ) 'p>ticul> problems4' ,^! p>ticul> problems1 h[-ev]1 7 de/9$ to produce ev5tually a *ange ( view z reg>ds ! 'g5]al problem1' :i* em]g$ itself r$uc$ to ! rank ( a 'p>ticul>' problem4 ,x is simply ! result ( prejudice to look ^u a ,ma*iavelli1 :o posit$ ! conception ( ! mod]n /ate1 a ,baltas> ,gracian1 :o exam9$ ! "q ( acut5ess 9 practical matt]s1 a ,pascal1 :o criticiz$ ! _s ( ,jesuitry1 a ,vico1 :o r5ew$ all ! sci5ces ( ! _s1 or a ,hamann1 ) 8 ke5 s5se ( ! value ( tradition1 z m9or philosoph]s1 ,i d n say 9 comp>ison ) "s metaphysician ( little orig9ality1 b ev5 :5 comp>$ ) a ,desc>tes or a ,sp9oza1 :o dealt ) o!r b n sup]ior problems4 ,a s*ematic & bloodless hi/ory ( philosophy correspond$1 9 fact1 ) ! philosophy ( ! 'fundam5tal problem4' ,a f> ri*]1 m v>i$ & pliant philosophy %\ld correspond ) philosophy z me?odology1 :i* holds to be philosophy n only :at app]ta9s to ! problems ( imman5cy1 ( transc5d5cy1 ( ?is _w & ! next1 b ev]y?+ t has be5 ( avail 9 increas+ ! patrimony ( guid+ conceptions1 ! und]/&+ ( actual hi/ory1 & ! =mation ( ! reality ( ?\ght 9 :i* we live4 ,,"p ,,ii ,,conc]n+ ,,! ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,hi/oriography ,i ,,prelim9>y ,,que/ions ,we possess _m works relat+ to ! hi/ory ( hi/oriography1 bo? special1 deal+ ) individual au?ors1 & m or less g5]al1 deal+ ) gr\ps ( au?ors 7hi/ories ( hi/oriography conf9$ to "o p & to a def9ite p]iod1 or altoge!r 'univ]sal' hi/ories74 ,n only h we bibliographical works & works ( erudition1 b criticism1 "s ( x excell5t1 especially 9 ! case ( ,g]man sci5tific lit]ature1 ev] ! mo/ vigilant ( all 9 n leav+ unexplor$ any nook or cranny ( ! dom9ion ( k4 ,x _c1 !re=e1 =m "p ( my design to treat ! !me f its f\ndations3 b ,i propose to make a sort ( app5dix or critical annotation to ! collection ( books & essays t ,i h read ^u ! argum5t4 ,i w n say t ^! are all1 or ev5 t !y are all ^? ( any importance1 b !y ire c]ta9ly a consid]able numb]4 ,by means ( ?is annotation ,i %all try to e/abli%1 on ! "o h&1 9 an exact mann] & 9 con=mity ) ! pr9ciples expla9$1 ! me?od ( su* a hi/ory1 reg>d+ :i* ,i obs]ve t !re /ill exi/ confusion & p]plexity1 ev5 among ! be/1 :i* lead to errors ( judgm5t or at lea/ ( plan1 & on ! o!r h& ,i %all try to outl9e ! pr9cipal p]iods 9 a summ>y mann]1 bo? ) ! view ( exemplify+ ! me?od e/abli%$1 &1 z x 71 ( illu/rat+ hi/orically ! concepts expos$ 9 ! prec$+ !oretical pages1 :i* might o!rwise reta9 "h & !re some?+ ( an ab/ract appe>ance4 ,beg9n+ ) me?odical delimitations1 ,i %all note 9 ! fir/ place t 9 a hi/ory ( hi/oriography z su*1 hi/orical writ+s _c be look$ ^u f ! po9t ( view prop] to a hi/ory ( lit]ature--t is to say1 z expressions ( individual s5tim5ts1 z =ms ( art4 ,d\btless !y are ?is also1 & h a p]fect "r to =m "p ( hi/ories ( lit]ature1 z ! treatises & sy/ems ( ! philosoph]s1 ! writ+s ( ,plato & ,ari/otle1 ( ,bruno1 ( ,leibnitz1 & ( ,hegel2 b 9 ?is case bo? are reg>d$ n z works ( hi/ory & ( philosophy1 b ( lit]ature & poetry2 & ! empirical scale ( values :i* con/itute ! diff]5t modes ( hi/ory 9 ! cases ( ! same au?ors is diff]5t1 because 9 a hi/ory ( lit]ature ! place ( a ,plato w always be m consid]able ?an t ( an ,ari/otle1 t ( a ,bruno ?an t ( a ,leibnitz1 ow+ to ! great] am\nt ( passion & ! great] ri*ness ( arti/ic problems conta9$ 9 ! =m] ( ea* pair4 ,! fact t 9 _m volumes ( lit]>y hi/ory su* div]sity ( treatm5t is n obs]v$1 & hi/orians are talk$ ( hi/orically & n 9 a lit]>y mann] & philosoph]s philosophically r ?an 9 a lit]>y mann]1 is due to ! sub/itution 9 su* works ( incoh]5t compilation = "w t is prop]ly critical & sci5tific4 ,b ! di/9ction betwe5 ! two aspects is important = ?is reason also1 t errone\s judgm5ts1 praise1 & c5sure1 alike unju/ifi$1 are apt to appe>1 ow+ to ! c>eless transf]5ce ( ! scale ( values f "o hi/ory to ano!r4 ,! slight e/eem 9 :i* ,polybius 0 held 9 antiquity & = "s "t aft]1 because 'he did n write well' 9 comp>ison ) ! spl5d\r ( ,livy or ) ! emotional int5sity ( ,tacitus1 is an in/ance ( ?is1 z is likewise 9 ,italy ! excessive praise lavi%$ ^u c]ta9 hi/orians :o 7 little m ?an correct & elegant writ]s ( prose 9 comp>ison ) o!rs :o 7 neglig5t & crude 9 _! =m1 b s]i\s /ud5ts4 ,ulrici1#a 9 8 y\?ful book on anci5t hi/oriography1 :i* despite its heav9ess & v]bosity ( exposition has great m]its1 aft] hav+ discuss$ ! 'sci5tific value' ( t hi/oriography1 also speaks at great l5g? ( 'arti/ic value'2 b sett+ aside :at ( arbitr>y is to be f\nd 9 "s ( ! laws t he applies to hi/oriography z art1 9 con=mity ) ! /hetic ideas ( 8 "t1 x is evid5t t ! second subject ( :i* he treats does n coalesce ) ! fir/ & is only plac$ side by side ) x 9 ! same way z ^? sections ( works deal+ ) hi/orical me?od are n connect$ b simply juxtapos$1 & aft] hav+ /udi$ 9 _! own way ! =mation ( hi/orical ?\ght1 ! collection ( mat]ials or 'heuri/ic1' up to f9al 'compreh5sion1' beg9 to discuss ! =m ( ! 'exposition1' & 9 s do+ cont9ue )\t be+ aw>e ( x ! me?od ( rhetorical treatises on ! art ( hi/ory compos$ dur+ ! ,r5aissance4 ,^! h _! *ief expon5t 9 ,vossius 7#afbc74 ,we _c ab/a9 f sometimes m5tion+ ! lit]>y =m ( ! works ( hi/orians1 nor f accord+ _! laurels to works ( rem>kable lit]>y value1 :ile not+ _! unsatisfactory hi/oriographical me?ods2 b to t\* "h & !re ^u1 to discuss1 to *>act]ize1 to elim9ate1 is ( second>y importance & does n =m "p ( ! prop] function ( hi/oriography1 ^: object is ! developm5t ( hi/oriographical ?\ght4 ,! di/9ction betwe5 ?is hi/ory & t ( philology or erudition is less app>5t b n less indubitable1 always1 be x well und]/ood1 9 ! s5se expla9$1 ( a di/9ction t is n a sep>ation4 ,?is w>n+ %\ld be und]/ood 9 respect ( o!r exclusions t we are ab\t to effect1 )\t our be+ oblig$ to repeat x at e /ep2 = ! connexion betwe5 hi/ory & philology is und5iable1 n less ?an t betwe5 hi/ory & art1 or hi/ory & practical life4 ,b t does n prev5t philology 9 itself be+ ! collection1 ! re>rangem5t1 ! purification ( mat]ial1 & n hi/ory4 ,ow+ to ?is quality x =ms a "p r ( ! hi/ory ( culture ?an ( t ( ?\ght4 ,x w\ld be impossible to disassociate x f ! hi/ory ( libr>ies1 ar*ives1 museums1 univ]sities1 sem9>ies1 coles des *>tes1 academical & editorial ent]prises1 & f o!r in/itutions & proce$+s ( an entirely practical nature4 ,fuet] has !re=e be5 "r 9 exclud+ f 8 !me 9 8 rec5t "w on ! hi/ory ( mod]n hi/oriography#b ! hi/ory ( m]ely philological rese>* & criticism4 ,?is has n prev5t$ him f tak+ /ore :]e apposite ( ! s*ool ( ,biondo or ( t ( ,maur9i1 or ( ! p]fect+ ( ! me?od ( seek+ = ! s\rces atta9$ by ! ,g]man s*ool 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,! confusion & lack ( developm5t obs]vable 9 ! old & solid "w ( ,wa*l]#c is p]haps due to 8 hav+ fail$ to make ?is di/9ction1 to :i* rec\rse c also be _h ) advantage else:]e4 ,wa*l]'s "w1 entitl$ & conceiv$ z hi/ory ( rese>* & ( ! hi/orical art f ! ,r5aissance ( lett]s 9 ,europe onw>d1 end$ by assum+ ! appe>ance ( a rep]tory or bibliographical catalogue4 ,! ob/acles to be enc\nt]$ by ! di/9ction betwe5 ! hi/ory ( hi/oriography & t ( ! practical t5d5cies1 or t5d5cies ( ! social & political _s1 are m intricate4 ,^! inde$ become incorporat$ ) or at lea/ leave _! m>k ^u ! works ( hi/orians2 b x is j because we c only ) difficulty p]ceive ! l9e ( dem>cation t x is indisp5sable to make x q cle>4 ,su* t5d5cies1 su* social & political _s1 belong r to ! matt] ?an to ! !oretical =m ( hi/ory2 !y are n s mu* hi/oriography z hi/ory 9 ! act & 9 its fi]i4 ,ma*iavelli is a hi/orian 9 s f> z he tries to und]/& ! c\rse ( ev5ts2 he is a politician1 or at lea/ a publici/1 :5 he posits & desires a pr9ce1 f\nd] ( a /rong national /ate1 z 8 ideal1 reflect+ ?is 9 8 hi/ory4 ,?is hi/ory1 9 s f> z x portrays t ideal & ! inspiration & tea*+ t accompany x1 "h & !re becomes fable 7fabula docet74 ,?us ,ma*iavelli belongs p>tly to ! hi/ory ( ?\ght 9 ! ,r5aissance & p>tly to ! hi/ory ( ! practice ( ! ,r5aissance4 ,nor does ?is happ5 solely 9 political & social hi/oriography1 b also 9 lit]>y & arti/ic1 because !re is n p]haps a critic 9 ! _w1 h[ev] unprejudic$ & broad 9 8 ideas1 :o does n manife/ t5d5cies 9 ! direction ( a lit]>y r5ovation ( 8 epo* toge!r ) 8 actual judgm5ts & recon/ructions4 ,n[ to ! ext5t t he does ?is1 ev5 if x be 9 ! same book & on ! same page or 9 ! same p]iod1 he is no long] a critic1 b a practical re=m] ( art4 ,9 "o doma9 ( hi/ory alone is ?is pacific accompanim5t ( int]pretations & aspirations impossible--9 ! hi/ory ( philosophy1 because :51 z "h1 !re is a diff]5ce betwe5 hi/orical int]pretation & ! t5d5cy ( ! philosoph]1 ! diff]5ce reveals ! insuffici5cy ( ! int]pretation itself3 9 o!r words1 if ! !ory ( ! hi/orian ( philosophy is at w> ) ! !ories ( :i* he claims to exp\nd ! hi/ory1 8 !ory mu/ be false1 j because x does n avail to ju/ify ! hi/ory ( ! !ories4 ,b ?is exception does n annul ! di/9ction 9 o!r fields2 inde$1 x confirms x1 & is n an exception 9 ! empirical s5se1 z x appe>s to be3 ?\ght di/+ui%es & is di/+ui%$ f s5tim5t & w1 b x is n di/+ui%$ f itself1 precisely because x is ! pr9ciple ( di/9ction4 ,a me?odological coroll>y ( ?is di/9ction betwe5 hi/ory ( hi/oriography & hi/ory ( practical t5d5cies is t ! introduction into ! fir/ ( consid]ations belong+ to ! second is to be held errone\s4 ,"h ,i ?9k ,fuet] has s9n$ to "s ext5t 9 ! book to :i* ,i h already ref]r$1 :]e he divides 8 mat]ial into humani/ic1 political1 p>ty1 imp]ial1 p>ticul>i/1 ,prote/ant1 ,ca?olic1 ,jesuitic1 illum9i/ic1 romantici/1 erudite1 lirico-subjective1 national1 /atolatral1 hi/oriographical1 & ! l4 ,only "s ( ! above divisions belong to1 or c prop]ly be r$uc$ to1 hi/oriographical concepts1 :ile ! majority ref] to social & political life4 ,h5ce ! lack ( s\nd organization t we obs]ve 9 ?is book1 :i* is yet s lively & +5i\s3 its divisions foll[ "o ano!r )\t suffici5t logicality1 cont9uity1 & necessity1 & are n ! result ( a s+le ?\ght :i* posits !m & develops itself ?r\gh !m4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 ! g5u9ely hi/oriographical portions1 :i* h become m+l$ ) x1 %\ld be elim9at$1 :at rema9$ c\ld c]ta9ly be organiz$1 b z social & political hi/ory1 no long] z hi/oriography1 because ! works ( hi/orians w\ld be consult$ only z docum5ts %[+ ! t5d5cies ( ! times 9 :i* !y 7 writt54 ,ma*iavelli1 = in/ance1 7to use ! same example7 w\ld !re figure z an ,italian patriot & def5d] ( absolute p[]1 :ile ,vico 7a mu* great] hi/orian ?an ,ma*iavelli7 w\ld n be able to appe> at all1 or h>dly at all1 because 8 relation ) ! political life ( 8 "t 0 remote & g5]al4 ,:at ,i h be5 exp\nd+ may be resum$ by say+ t ! hi/ory ( hi/oriography is nei!r lit]>y hi/ory nor ! hi/ory ( cultural1 social1 political1 moral do+s1 :i* are ( a practical nature1 b t x is c]ta9ly all ^! ?+s1 by reason ( ! unbreakable unity ( hi/ory1 ?\gh ) x ! acc5t does n fall ^u practical facts1 b r ^u hi/oriographical ?\ght1 :i* is its prop] subject4 ,hav+ po9t$ out or recall$ ^! di/9ctions1 :i*1 z we h se51 are sometimes neglect$ ) evil results1 we mu/ n[ utt] a w>n+ aga9/ o!r di/9ctions1 employ$ )\t rational basis1 :i* r ov]cl\d & tr\ble ! hi/ory ( hi/oriography ?an %$ light ^u x4 ,fuet] 7,i cite him aga91 al?\gh ! error is n peculi> to him7 decl>es t he has dealt 9 8 book ) hi/oriographical !ories & ) hi/orical me?od only 9 s f> z !y seem to h _h influ5ce ^u actual hi/oriography4 ,! hi/ory ( hi/oricity 7"h is ! reason he gives = ! me?od he has foll[$7 is z little ! hi/ory ( hi/oriography z is ! hi/ory ( dramatic !ories ! hi/ory ( ! drama4 ,?is he consid]s to be prov$ by ! fact t !ory & practice (t5 foll[ diff]5t pa?s1 z1 = in/ance1 9 ,lope de ,vega1 ^: !ory ( ! drama & actual dramatic "w 7 two diff]5t ?+s1 to su* an ext5t t x 0 said ( ! ,spani% dramati/ t al?\gh he rev]5c$ ! poetical art1 :5 he sat d[n to compose he lock$ up ! correct rules "u sev5 keys4 ,?is argum5t is )\t d\bt speci\s1 & ,i 0 myself =m]ly s$uc$ by x2 b x is fallaci\s1 z ,i realiz$ :5 ,i ?\ght x ov] aga91 & ,i n[ affirm x to be an error ) all ! conviction & au?ority ( "o :o criticizes an error at "o "t 8 own4 ,! argum5t is f\nd$ ^u a false analogy betwe5 ! production ( art & t ( hi/ory4 ,art1 :i* is ! "w ( ! imag9ation1 c be well di/+ui%$ f ! !ory ( art1 :i* is ! "w ( reflection2 arti/ic g5ius produces ! =m]1 ! speculative intellect ! latt]1 & x (t5 happ5s ) arti/s t ! speculative intellect is inf]ior to _! g5ius1 s t !y d "o ?+ & say ano!r1 or say "o ?+ & d ano!r1 )\t its be+ possible to accuse !m ( logical incoh]5ce1 because ! incoh]5ce is betwe5 two discordant ?\ghts1 nev] betwe5 a ?\ght & an act ( ! imag9ation4 ,b hi/ory & !ory ( hi/ory are bo? ( !m works ( ?\ght1 b\nd to "o ano!r 9 ! same way z ?\ght is b\nd to itself1 s9ce x is "o4 ,?us no hi/orian b possesses 9 a m or less reflective way 8 !ory ( hi/ory1 because1 n to put too f9e a po9t ^u x1 e hi/orian implicitly or explicitly conducts a polemic aga9/ o!r hi/orians 7aga9/ o!r 'v]sions' & 'judgm5ts' ( a fact71 & h[ c\ld he ev] conduct a polemic or criticize o!rs if he did n himself possess a conception ( :at hi/ory is & ought to be1 to :i* to ref]1 a !ory ( hi/ory8 ,! arti/1 on ! o!r h&1 9 s f> z he is an arti/1 does n polemize or criticize1 b =ms4 ,x may q well happ5 t an errone\s !ory ( hi/oriography is exp\nd$1 :ile on ! contr>y ! hi/ory z n>rat$ may turn out to be well con/ruct$4 ,?is is1 ( c\rse1 to be incoh]5t1 b is s nei!r m nor less ?an :5 progress is effect$ 9 "o bran* ( hi/oriography1 :ile !re is backw>dness 9 ano!r4 ,!re may obta91 on ! contr>y1 an excell5t !ory ( hi/ory1 :]e hi/ory itself is bad2 b 9 ! same way t 9 "o field ( hi/oriography !re is ! s5se ( & /riv+ = a bett] me?od1 :ile !re is adh]5ce to old me?ods 9 all ! o!r fields4 ,! hi/ory ( hi/oriography is ! hi/ory ( hi/orical ?\ght2 & "h x is impossible to di/+ui% !ory ( hi/ory f hi/ory4 ,ano!r exclusion :i* ,fuet] decl>es t he has made is t ( ! philosophy ( hi/ory4 ,he does n give ! reason = ?is1 b all[s x to be und]/ood1 = he evid5tly holds t philosophies ( hi/ory d n possess a purely sci5tific "* & are lack+ 9 tru?4 ,b n only are :at are call$ 'philosophies ( hi/ory' errone\s conceptions ( hi/ory1 b s also are ! naturali/ic or det]m9i/ic conceptions oppos$ to !m1 & all ! v>i\s =ms ( pseudo-hi/ory :i* h be5 describ$ above1 philological hi/ory1 poetical hi/ory1 rhetorical hi/ory4 ,i d n f9d t he has exclud$ ^! f 8 hi/ory1 any m ?an he has really exclud$ ! !ological & transc5d5tal conception ( hi/ory 7philosophy ( hi/ory72 inde$1 he con/antly ref]s to x4 ,ju/ice & logic w\ld insi/ ^u all or none be+ exclud$--all really exclud$1 & n m]ely 9 words4 ,b to exclude all ( !m1 x may be said1 w\ld be any?+ b intellig5t1 because h[ c\ld ! hi/ory ( hi/ory ev] be told 9 su* a void8 ,:at is ?is hi/ory b ! /ruggle ( sci5tific hi/oriography aga9/ inadequate sci5tific =mulas8 ,c]ta9ly ! =m] is ! protagoni/1 b h[ c\ld a drama be pres5t$ ) a protagoni/ lack+ antagoni/s8 ,& ev5 if hi/orical philology be n consid]$ directly1 b ref]r$ back to philology1 if poetical hi/ory be ref]r$ back to lit]ature1 rhetorical or practical to social & political hi/ory1 x w\ld nev]!less be necess>y always to take acc\nt ( ! conv]sion t (t5 occurs ( ^? v>i\s m5tal con/ructions into ass]tions ( reality1 tak5 9 ex*ange = & giv5 ! value ( true & prop] hi/ories4 ,9 ?is s5se !y become 9 turn det]m9i/ic or transc5d5tal conceptions ( hi/ory1 & bo? ( !m logical or illogical repres5tations ( all ! o!rs1 & end by becom+ equival5t to "o ano!r dialectically1 & are always be=e ! eyes ( ! hi/orian1 because ! p]petual condition & ! p]petual sign ( ! progress ( hi/orical ?\ght reside 9 _! movem5t1 :i* passes f transc5d5cy or false imman5ce to pure imman5ce1 to return to !m & ent] into a m pr(\nd conception ( imman5cy4 ,to exclude philosophies ( hi/ory f ! hi/ory ( hi/oriography does n1 !re=e1 seem to me to be ju/ifiable1 = ! same reason z x seems to be unju/ifiable to exclude f x hi/oriographical !ories1 :i* are ! consci\sness t hi/oriography acquires ( itself3 ow+ to _! homog5eity1 ,i say1 ow+ inde$ to _! id5tity ) hi/ory1 ( :i* !y d n =m accid5tal +r$i5ts or mat]ial elem5ts1 b con/itute ! v ess5ce4 ,a pro( ( ?is is to be f\nd 9 ! ,hi/orical ,philosophy ( ,france ( ,fl9t4 ,he proce$s f a presumption t is p]haps ! opposite ( t ( ,fuet]--t is to say1 he treats ( ! philosophy ( hi/ory1 & n ( hi/ory1 b f9ds x impossible to ma9ta9 ! dykes betwe5 ! two4 ,8 treatise1 !re=e1 :5 artificial ob/acles h be5 ov]come1 runs l a s+le riv] & reveals to our view ! :ole hi/ory ( hi/orical ,fr5* ?\ght1 to :i* ,bossuet & ,roll91 ,condorcet & ,voltaire1 ,augu/e ,comte & ,mi*elet or ,tocqueville equally belong4 ,at ?is po9t x w probably be object$ 7al?\gh ,fuet] does n prop\nd ?is objection1 x is probable t x is at ! back ( 8 m9d7 t :at is desir$ 9 a hi/ory ( hi/oriography is n s mu* a hi/ory ( hi/orical ?\ght z a hi/ory ( hi/ory 9 ! concrete3 ( ! ,/orie fior5t9e ( ,ma*iavelli1 ( ! ,sicle de ,l\is ,,xiv ( ,voltaire1 or ( ! ,rmis*e ,ges*i*te ( ,niebuhr3 t w\ld be a g5]al hi/ory1 :ile :at is desir$ is a specific hi/ory4 ,b x is well to pay close att5tion to ! mean+ ( su* a reque/ & to ! possibility ( :at is ask$4 ,if ,i set out to write ! hi/ory ( ! ,/orie fior5t9e ( ,ma*iavelli1 9 respect to ! p>ticul> mat]ial ) :i* x deals1 ,i %all rewrite ! hi/ory ( ,flor5ce1 criticiz+ & complet+ ,ma*iavelli1 & %all ?us be1 = in/ance1 a ,vill>i1 a ,davidsohn1 or a ,salvem9i4 ,if ,i set out to write ! hi/ory ( ! mat]ial ( ,voltaire's "w1 ,i %all criticize ,voltaire & outl9e a new ,sicle de ,l\is ,,xiv1 z has be5 done1 = example1 by ,philippson4 ,& if ,i set to "w to exam9e & re?9k ! "w ( ,niebuhr 9 respect to its p>ticul> mat]ial1 ,i %all be a new hi/orian ( ,rome1 a ,momms5 or 7to quote ! mo/ rec5t writ]s7 a ,hector ,pais or a ,gaetano de ,sanctis4 ,b is ?is :at is desir$8 ,c]ta9ly n4 ,b if ?is be n desir$1 if ! p>ticul> mat]ials ( ^? hi/ories are n to be tak5 acc\nt (1 :at else rema9s save ! 'way' 9 :i* !y h be5 conceiv$1 ! 'm5tal =m' by means ( :i* !y con/ruct _! n>ratives1 & !re=e _! !ory & _! hi/orical '?\ght'8 ,n[1 if ?is tru? be admitt$ 7& ,i d n see h[ x c be conte/$7 x is n possible to reject an ult]ior consequ5ce :i*1 al?\gh x is wont to ar\se 9 "s ! s5sation ( a p>adox1 does n d s 9 u1 = we f9d x altoge!r 9 accordance ) ! conception ( ! id5tity ( hi/ory )1 philosophy t we h def5d$4 ,is a ?\ght t is n ?\ght conceivable8 ,is x p]missible to di/+ui% betwe5 ! ?\ght ( ! hi/orian & ! ?\ght ( ! philosoph]8 ,are !re p]haps two diff]5t ?\ghts 9 ! _w8 ,to p]si/ 9 ma9ta9+ t ! ?\ght ( ! hi/orian ?9ks ! fact & n ! !ory is prev5t$ by ! prec$+ admission1 if by no?+ else3 t ! hi/orian always ?9ks at lea/ bo? ! !ory ( hi/ory & ! hi/orical fact4 ,b ?is admission entails 8 ?9k+ ! !ory ( all ! ?+s t he n>rates1 toge!r ) ! !ory ( hi/ory4 ,& inde$ he c\ld n n>rate )\t und]/&+ !m4 ,fuet] extols ! m]it ( ,w9ckelmann1 :o 0 ! fir/ to conceive a hi/ory1 n ( arti/s1 b ( art1 ( a pure spiritual activity1 & t ( ,giannone1 :o 0 ! fir/ to attempt a hi/ory ( ! life ( jurisprud5ce4 ,b ^! writ]s made ! progress !y did because !y _h a new & m accurate conception ( art & ( rights1 & if !y w5t wrong z to c]ta9 po9ts1 t is because !y did n always ?9k ^? conceptions ) equal exactitude4 ,w9ckelmann1 = in/ance1 mat]ializ$ ! spiritual activity ( ! arti/ :5 he posit$ an ab/ract1 fix$ mat]ial ideal ( beauty1 & gave an ab/ract hi/ory ( arti/ic /yles )\t reg>d to ! temp]am5ts1 hi/orical circum/ances1 & individualities ( ! arti/s !mselves4 ,giannone fail$ to sup]s$e ! dualism ( ,*ur* & ,/ate4 ,)\t indulg+ 9 o!r too p>ticul> examples1 x is evid5t at ! fir/ glance t anci5t hi/oriography concords ) ! anci5t conception ( religion ( ! /ate1 ( e?ic1 & ( ! :ole ( reality2 ! m$ieval ) ,*ri/ian !ology & e?ic2 t ( ! fir/ half ( ! n9ete5? c5tury ) ! ideali/ic & romantic philosophy1 t ( ! second half ) naturali/ic & positivi/ic philosophy4 ,?us1 ex p>te hi/oricorum1 !re is no way ( di/+ui%+ hi/orical & philosophical ?\ght1 :i* are p]fectly comm+l$ 9 ! n>ratives4 ,b !re is also no possibility ( ma9ta9+ su* a di/9ction ex p>te philosophorum ei!r1 because1 z all "k1 or at lea/ say1 ea* p]iod has ! philosophy prop] to x1 :i* is ! consci\sness ( t p]iod1 & z su* is its hi/ory1 at lea/ 9 g]m2 or1 z we h put x1 philosophy & hi/ory co9cide4 ,& if !y co9cide1 ! hi/ory ( philosophy & ! hi/ory ( hi/oriography also co9cide3 ! "o is n only n di/+ui%able f ! o!r1 b is n ev5 subord9ate to ! o!r1 = x is all "o ) x4 ,! hi/oriography ( philosophy has already begun to op5 its arms1 invit+ & receiv+ ! works ( ! hi/orians4 ,e day x und]/&s bett] t a hi/ory ( ,greek ?\ght is n complete )\t tak+ c\nt ( ,h]odotus1 ,?ucydides1 & ,polybius1 nor ( ,roman ?\ght )\t ,livy & ,tacitus1 nor ( ! ?\ght ( ! ,r5aissance )\t ,ma*iavelli & ,guicci>d9i4 ,x mu/ op5 !m yet wid] & clasp to its bosom ev5 ! humble m$ieval hi/oriograph]s :o not$ ! ,ge/a episcoporum or ,hi/oriol translationum or ,vit sanctorum1 or :o be> witness to ! ,*ri/ian fai?1 accord+ to _! p[]s & 9 _! own way1 x is true1 b n less ?an ! great ,augu/9e accord+ to 8 p[]s4 ,x mu/ receive n only ! hagiographical writ]s1 b ev5 obtuse philologi/s or sociologi/s :o h amus$ u dur+ ! la/ decades & be> witness to ! cre$ ( positivism n o!r-wise ?an z ,sp5c] or ,haeckel 9 _! sy/ems4 ,by means ( ?is amplification ( concepts & enri*m5t ( mat]ial1 ! hi/oriography ( philosophy w place itself 9 ! position ( be+ able to %[ t philosophy is a =ce diffus$ ?r\gh\t life1 & n ! p>ticul> inv5tion & cult ( c]ta9 m5 :o are philosoph]s1 & w obta9 ! means t h hi!rto be5 lack+ to effect a close conjunction ) ! :ole hi/orical movem5t4 ,9 its turn ! hi/ory ( hi/oriography w ga9 by ! fusion1 because x w f9d its own directive pr9ciples 9 philosophy1 & by its means w be r5d]$ capable ( und]/&+ bo? ! problems ( hi/ory 9 g5]al & ^? ( its v>i\s aspects z hi/ory ( art & ( philosophy1 ( economic & moral life4 ,to seek else:]e ! crit]ion ( explanation is va94 ,fuet]1 :o takes a glance at ! mo/ rec5t hi/oriography1 t po/]ior to #ahgj1 at ! end ( 8 book1 disc]ns 9 x ! new consci\sness t gives ! highe/ place to political & milit>y p[] & m>ks ! end ( ! old lib]alism1 ! /r5g!n+ ( su* consci\sness by means ( ! ,d>w9ian !ories conc]n+ ! /ruggle = life1 ! influ5ce ( a m int5se economical & indu/rial life & a great] int5sity ( _w politics1 ! rep]cussion ( ,egyptian & ,ori5tali/ic discov]ies1 :i* h aid$ 9 disprov+ ! illusion ( ,europe z ! c5tre ( ! _w1 ! attraction ex]cis$ by ! !ory ( races1 & s on4 ,^! obs]vations are j1 b !y d n rea* ! he>t & bra9 ( ! mo/ rec5t hi/oriography2 !y m]ely revolve r\nd its body4 ,! he>t or bra9 is1 z ,i h obs]v$1 naturalism1 ! ideal ( hi/orical culture inspir$ & to be inspir$ by ! natural sci5ces4 ,s true is ?is t ,fuet] himself burns a few gra9s ( inc5se be=e ?is idol1 sigh+ = a =m ( hi/ory t %all be beautiful ) ! beauty ( a well-made ma*9e1 rivall+ a book on physics su* z ! ,!ory ( ,tones ( ,helmholtz4 ,! tru? is t ! ideal ( ! natural sci5ces1 in/ead ( be+ ! p]fection1 is "o ( ! _m crises t hi/orical ?\ght has pass$ ?r\gh & w pass ?r\gh4 ,hi/orical ?\ght is dialectic ( developm5t1 & n by any means a det]m9i/ic explanation by means ( causes :i* does n expla9 any?+ because x does n develop any?+4 ,b :atev] we may ?9k ( ?is1 x is c]ta9 t naturalism--t is1 ! criticism ( naturalism--c alone supply ! clue = unravell+ ! web ( ! hi/oriography ( ! la/ t5 ye>s2 ! same ev5ts & hi/orical movem5ts enum]at$ above h act$ 9 ! p>ticul> way 9 :i* !y h act$ ow+ to be+ con/antly fram$ 9 naturali/ic ?\ght4 ,= ! re/1 no?+ =bids1 & x may ev5 s]ve a useful purpose1 t ! hi/ory ( philosophy & ! hi/ory ( hi/oriography %\ld receive lit]>y treatm5t 9 diff]5t books1 = altoge!r practical reasons1 su*1 = in/ance1 z ! abundance ( mat]ial & ! diff]5t tra9+ & acquirem5ts ne$$ = ! treatm5t ( ! diff]5t classes ( mat]ial4 ,b :at is app>5tly disunit$ by practice ?\ght really unifies2 & ?is real unification is :at ,i h wi%$ to inculcate1 )\t ! p$antic idea ev] pass+ ?r\gh my m9d ( dictat+ rules = compos+ books1 z to :i* x is desirable to leave all lib]ty ( inclusion & exclusion to writ]s1 9 con=mity ) _! v>i\s int5tions4 #a ,*>akt]i/ik d] antik5 ,hi/oriographie 7,b]l91 #ahcc74 #b ,ges*i*te d] neu]5 ,hi/oriographie 7,mn*5 u4 ,b]l91 ,old5burg1 #aiaa74 #c ,ges*i*te d] hi/oris*5 ,=s*ung und ,kun/ seit d] ,wi$]h]/ellung d] lit]>is*5 ,cultur 9 ,europa 7,gtt+51 #ahab-bj74 ,,ii ,,gr,,co-,,roman ,,hi/oriography ,aft] :at we h said z to ! nature ( p]iodization1#a ! usual cu/om1 to :i* ,i too b[ "h1 ( beg9n+ ! hi/ory ( hi/oriography ) t ( ! ,greeks1 & ) ! ,greeks ( ! fif? or six? c5tury be=e ,*ri/1 w be tak5 = :at x is really wor?1 b x mu/ n be ?\ght t we ?us int5d to ann\nce ! beg9n+ ( hi/oriography1 its fir/ appe>ance 9 ! _w1 :51 on ! contr>y1 all we wi% to say is t our int]e/ 9 ! inve/igation ( its c\rse becomes m vivid at t po9t4 ,hi/ory1 l philosophy1 has no hi/orical beg9n+1 b only an ideal or metaphysical beg9n+1 9 s f> z x is an activity ( ?\ght1 :i* is outside "t4 ,hi/orically speak+1 x is q cle> t prior to ,h]odotus1 prior to ! logographs1 prior inde$ to ,hesiod & to ,hom]1 hi/ory 0 already1 because x is impossible to conceive ( m5 :o d n ?9k & d n n>rate _! de$s 9 "s way or o!r4 ,?is explanation might seem to be sup]flu\s if ! confusion betwe5 hi/orical beg9n+ & ideal beg9n+ _h n l$ to ! fancy ( a 'fir/ philosophical /ep1' made by ,?ales or ,z5o1 or by somebody else1 by means ( :i* ?9k+ ! fir/ /one is suppos$ to h be5 laid1 z x 0 believ$ t by ?9k+ ano!r la/ /ep ! p9nacle ( ! edifice ( philosophy 0 or w\ld be atta9$4 ,b ,?ales & ,h]odotus %\ld really be call$ r ! 'sons' ( our int]e/ 9 ! developm5t ( ^? discipl9es ?an ! 'fa!rs' ( philosophy & hi/ory1 & x is we :om ^? sons salute z _! 'fa!rs4' ,we h n usually mu* int]e/ 9 :at occurr$ prior to !m or among p m di/ant ?an !y f our po9t ( view1 n only because !re is a sc>city ( surviv+ docum5ts conc]n+ !m1 b above all because !y are =ms ( ?\ght :i* h b little connexion ) our own actual problems4 ,f its po9t ( view1 too1 ! di/9ction t we laid d[n betwe5 hi/ory & philology sugge/s refra9+ f ! se>* hi!rto made = ! beg9n+s ( ,grco-,roman hi/oriography by means ( compos+ li/s ( magi/rates & ( add+ to ^! brief m5tion ( w>s1 treatises1 embassies f colonies1 religi\s fe/ivities1 e>?quakes1 inundations1 & ! l1 9 ! & 9 ! annales pontificum1 9 ar*ives & museums made 9 temples1 or inde$ 9 ! *ronological nails fix$ to ! walls1 spok5 ( by ,p]izonius4 ,su* ?+s are extr9sic to hi/oriography & =m ! prec$5t1 n ( x1 b ( *ronicle & philology1 :i* 7 n born = ! fir/ "t 9 ! n9ete5? or sev5te5? c5tury1 or at any rate dur+ ! ,alex&r9e p]iod1 b belong to all times1 = 9 all times m5 take note ( :at !y rememb] & attempt to pres]ve su* memorials intact1 to re/ore & to increase !m4 ,! prec$5t ( hi/ory _c be some?+ diff]5t f hi/ory1 b is hi/ory itself1 z philosophy is ! prec$5t ( philosophy & ! liv+ ( ! liv+4 ,nev]!less ! ?\ght ( ,h]odotus & ( ! logographs really does unite itself ) religions1 my?s1 !ogonies1 cosmogonies1 g5ealogies1 & ) leg5d>y & epical tales1 :i* 7 n inde$ poetry1 or 7 n only poetry b also ?\ghts--t is to say1 metaphysics & hi/ories4 ,! :ole ( lat] hi/oriography develop$ f !m by a dialectical process1 = :i* !y suppli$ ! presuppositions--t is to say1 concepts1 propositions ( fact & fancy m+l$1 & ) t ! /imulus bett] to seek out ! tru? & to dissipate fancies4 ,?is dissipation took place m rapidly at ! "t :i* x is usual to fix by conv5tion z ! beg9n+ ( ,greek hi/oriography4 ,at t "t ?\ght des]ts my?ological hi/ory & its rud] =m1 prodigi\s or miracul\s hi/ory1 & ent]s e>?ly or human hi/ory--t is to say1 ! g5]al conception t is /ill ours1 s mu* s t x has be5 possible = an illu/ri\s liv+ hi/orian to propose ! works ( ,?ucydides z an example & model to ! hi/orians ( our times4 ,c]ta9ly t exit & t entrance did n repres5t = ! ,greeks a complete break+ ) ! pa/2 & s9ce e>?ly hi/ory c\ld n h be5 altoge!r want+ 9 ! pa/1 s x is n to be believ$ t ! ,greeks f ! six? & sev5? c5turies onw>d %\ld h ab&on$ all fai? 9 my?ology & prodigies4 ,^! ?+s p]si/$ n only ) ! p & among less] or vulg> hi/oriograph]s1 b also left _! traces among "s ( ! greate/4 ,nev]!less1 look+ at ! :ole f above1 z "o %\ld look at x1 x is evid5t t ! environm5t is altoge!r *ang$ f :at x 04 ,ev5 ! _m fables t we read 9 ,h]odotus1 & :i* 7 to be read 9 ! logographs1 are r>ely 7z has be5 ju/ly obs]v$7 put =w>d +5u\sly1 b are usually giv5 z by "o :o collects :at o!rs believe1 & does n = t reason accept ^? beliefs1 ev5 if he does n op5ly ev9ce 8 disbelief2 or he collects !m because he does n "k :at to sub/itute = !m1 & r z matt] = reflection & inquiry3 qu nec confirm>e argum5tis neque refell]e 9 animo e/1 z ,tacitus says1 :5 he rec\nts ! fables ( ! ,g]mans3 plura transcribo quam cr$o1 decl>$ ,qu9tus ,curtius4 ,h]odotus is c]ta9ly n ,voltaire1 nor is he inde$ ,?ucydides 7,?ucydides1 '! a!i/'72 b c]ta9ly he is no long] ,hom] or ,hesiod4 ,! foll[+ are a few examples ( lead+ problems :i* anci5t hi/orians _h be=e !m1 dictat$ by ! conditions & ev5ts ( ,greek & ,roman life2 !y 7 treat$ f a m5tal po9t ( view1 :i* no long] f\nd 9 ^? facts episodes ( ! rivalry ( ,aphrodite & ,h]a 7z =m]ly 9 ! ,trojan ,w>71 b v>y+ complex human /ruggles1 due to human int]e/s1 express+ !mselves 9 human actions4 ,h[ did ! w>s betwe5 ! ,greeks & ! ,p]sians orig9ate & develop8 ,:at 7 ! orig9s ( ! ,peloponnesian ,w>8 ( ! exp$ition ( ,cyrus aga9/ ,artax]xes8 ,h[ 0 ! ,roman p[] =m$ 9 ,latium1 & h[ did x aft]w>d ext5d 9 ,italy & 9 ! :ole _w8 ,h[ did ! ,romans succe$ 9 depriv+ ! ,c>?ag9ians ( ! hegemony ( ! ,m$it]ranean8 ,:at 7 ! political in/itutions develop$ 9 ,a!ns1 ,rome1 & ,sp>ta1 & :at =m did ! social /ruggle take 9 ^? cities8 ,:at did ! ,a!nian demos1 ! ,roman plebs1 ! eupatrides1 & ! patres desire8 ,:at 7 ! virtues1 ! dispositions1 ! po9ts ( view1 ( ! v>i\s peoples :i* ent]$ into conflict among !mselves1 ,a!nians1 ,lac$emonians1 ,p]sians1 ,mac$onians1 ,romans1 ,gauls1 & ,g]mans8 ,:at 7 ! *>act]s ( ! great m5 :o guid$ ! de/9ies ( ! peoples1 ,!mi/ocles1 ,p]icles1 ,alex&]1 ,hannibal1 & ,scipio8 ,^! problems 7 solv$ 9 a s]ies ( classical works by ,?ucydides1 ,x5ophon1 ,polybius1 ,livy1 ,tacitus1 etc41 & !y w c]ta9ly n be blam$ = fail+ to exhau/ _! !mes--t is1 = fail+ to s\nd ! bottom ( ! univ]se1 because !re is no s\nd+ ! bottom ( ! univ]se--nor because !y solve ^? problems only 9 ! t]ms 9 :i* !y _h propos$ !m1 nei!r m nor less ?an z we solve ! problems ( our day 9 our own t]ms4 ,nor mu/ we =get t s9ce mod]n hi/oriography is /ill mu* z x 0 left by ! ,greeks1 ! great] "p ( ^? ev5ts are /ill ?\ght z !y 7 by ! anci5ts1 & al?\gh some?+ has be5 add$ & a diff]5t light illum9es ! :ole1 ! "w ( ! anci5t hi/orians is pres]v$ 9 our own3 a true et]nal possession1 z ,?ucydides int5d$ t 8 hi/ory %\ld be4 ,& j z hi/orical ?\ght _h become invigorat$ 9 its passage f ! my?ological to ! human /age1 s did rese>* & philology gr[4 ,h]odotus 0 already travell+1 ask+ que/ions1 & li/5+ to answ]s1 di/+ui%+ betwe5 ! ?+s t he _h se5 ) 8 own eyes & ^? :i* dep5d$ ^u he>say1 op9ion1 & conjecture2 ,?ucydides 0 submitt+ to criticism diff]5t traditions relat+ to ! same fact1 & ev5 ins]t+ docum5ts 9 8 n>rative4 ,lat] appe>$ legions ( le>n$ m5 & critics1 :o compil$ 'antiquities' & 'libr>ies1' & busi$ !mselves also ) ! read+ ( texts1 ) *ronology & geography1 ?us af=d+ great assi/ance to hi/orical /udies4 ,su* a f]v\r ( philological /udies 0 ev5tually atta9$ t x 0 recogniz$ z necess>y to draw a cle> di/9ction betwe5 ! 'hi/ories ( antiqu>ies' 7( :i* a consid]able numb] survive ei!r entire or 9 fragm5ts7 & 'hi/ories ( hi/orians1' & ,polybius sev]al times said t x is easy to compose hi/ory f books1 because x suffices to take up "o's resid5ce 9 a city :]e !re exi/ ri* libr>ies1 b t true hi/ory requires acqua9tance ) political & milit>y affairs & direct k ( places & ( p2 & ,lucian repeat$ t x is indisp5sable = ! hi/orian to h political s5se1 1 a gift ( nature n to be le>n$ 7! maxims & practices prais$ z q novel by ,ms] & ,niebuhr are !re=e by no means new74 ,! fact is t a m pr(\nd !oretical consci\sness correspond$ ) a m vigor\s hi/oriography1 s insep>able is ! !ory ( hi/ory f hi/ory1 advanc+ ) x4 ,x 0 also kn[n t hi/ory %\ld n be made a simple in/rum5t ( practice1 ( political intrigue1 or ( amusem5t1 & t its function is above all to aim at tru?3 ne quid falsi dic]e audeat1 ne quid v]i non audeat4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ?is1 p>tisan%ip1 ev5 = "o's own c\ntry1 0 condemn$ 7al?\gh x 0 recogniz$ *at solicitude & sympa?y 7 p]missible72 & quidquid ,grcia m5dax audet 9 hi/oria 0 blam$4 ,x 0 kn[n t hi/ory is n *ronicle 7annales71 :i* is limit$ to ext]nal ?+s1 record+ 79 ! words ( ,asellio1 ! anci5t ,roman hi/orian7 quod factum1 quoque anno ge/um sit1 :]eas hi/ory tries to und]/& quo ,consilio1 quaque ratione ge/a s9t4 ,& x 0 also kn[n t hi/ory _c set h]self ! same task z poetry4 ,we f9d ,?ucydides ref]r+ ) disda9 to hi/ories writt5 ) ! object ( ga9+ ! prize 9 oratorical competitions1 & to ^? :i* indulge 9 fables to please ! vulg>4 ,polybius too inveigh$ aga9/ ^? :o seek to emphasize mov+ details1 & depict wom5 di%evell$ & 9 te>s1 & dreadful sc5es1 z ?\gh compos+ trag$ies & z ?\gh x 7 _! bus9ess to create ! m>vell\s & pleas+ & n imp>t tru? & in/ruction4 ,if x be a fact t rhetorical hi/oriography 7a wors5+ ( ! imag9ative & poetic7 ab\nd$ 9 antiquity & introduc$ its false gold ev5 into "s ma/]pieces1 ! g5]al t5d5cy ( ! bett] hi/orians 0 to set !mselves free ( ornate rhetoricians & ( *eap eloqu5ce4 ,b ! anci5t hi/orians w nev] fail ( l(ty poetical p[] & elevation = ?is reason 7n ev5 ! 'prosaic' ,polybius1 :o sometimes pa9ts mo/ effective pictures71 b w ev] reta9 :at is prop] to l(ty hi/orical n>rative4 ,cic]o & ,qu9tilian1 ,diog5es & ,lucian1 all recognize t hi/ory mu/ adopt v]ba f]me poet>um1 t x is proxima poetis et quodammodo c>m5 solutum1 t scribitur ad n>r&um1 non ad demon/r&um1 t 1 & ! l4 ,:at ! be/ hi/orians & !ori/s s\ght at t "t 0 n ! aridity & dryness ( ma!matical or physical treatm5t 7su* z we (t5 he> desir$ 9 our day71 b gravity1 ab/5tion f fabul\s & pleas+ tales1 or if n f fabul\s !n f frivol\s tales1 9 fact f competition ) ! rhetoricians & compos]s ( hi/ories t 7 romances or gross c>icatures ( su*4 ,above all !y desir$ t hi/ory %\ld rema9 fai?ful to real life1 s9ce x is ! in/rum5t ( life1 & a =m ( k useful to ! /atesman & to ! lov] ( 8 c\ntry1 & by no means docile to ! caprici\s requirem5ts ( ! unoccupi$ seek+ amusem5t4 ,?is !ory ( hi/oriography1 :i* may be f\nd "h & !re 9 a good _m special treatises & 9 g5]al treatises on ! art ( spee*1 f9ds n[h]e su* complete & consci\s expression z 9 ! frequ5t polemical int]ludes ( ,polybius 9 8 ,hi/ories1 :]e ! polemic itself end[s x ) precision1 concret5ess1 & sav\r4 ,polybius is ! ,ari/otle ( anci5t hi/oriography3 an ,ari/otle :o is bo? hi/orical & !oretical1 complet+ ! ,/agirite1 :o 9 ! va/ expanse ( 8 "w _h tak5 b little int]e/ 9 hi/ory prop]ly s call$4 ,& s9ce s great a "p ( ! anci5t n>ratives lives 9 our own1 s !re is n "o ( ! propositions record$ t has n be5 includ$ & has n be5 wor?y ( be+ includ$ 9 our treatises4 ,& if1 = example1 ! maxim t hi/ory %\ld be n>rat$ by m5 ( ! _w & n by ! simply erudite or by philologi/s1 t x is born ( practice & assi/s 9 practice1 has be5 (t5 neglect$1 ! blame falls on ^? :o neglect x4 ,a fur!r blund] committ$ by su* writ]s has be5 to =get completely ! & to pay c\rt to an ideal ( hi/ory some?+ l an anatomical map or a treatise ( me*anics4 ,b ! defect t anci5t hi/oriography exposes to our gaze is ( ano!r sort4 ,! anci5ts did n obs]ve x z a defect1 or only sometimes1 9 a vague & fugitive mann]1 )\t atta*+ weight to x1 = o!rwise !y w\ld h rem$i$ x :5 x occurr$4 ,! mod]n _s inquires h[ ! s5tim5ts & conceptions :i* are n[ our ideal patrimony1 & ! in/itutions 9 :i* !y are realiz$1 h be5 gradually =m$4 ,x wi%es to und]/& ! revolution>y passages f primitive & ,ori5tal to ,grco-,roman culture1 h[ mod]n e?ic 0 atta9$ ?r\gh anci5t e?ic1 ! mod]n ?r\gh ! anci5t /ate1 ! va/ indu/ry & int]national comm]ce ( ! mod]n _w ?r\gh ! anci5t mode ( economic production1 ! passage f ! my?s ( ! ,aryans to our philosophies1 f ,myc5ean to ,fr5* or ,sw$i% or ,italian art ( ! tw5tie? c5tury4 ,h5ce !re are special hi/ories ( culture1 ( philosophy1 ( poetry1 ( ! sci5ces1 ( te*nique1 ( economy1 ( morality1 ( religions1 & s on1 :i* are pref]r$ to hi/ories ( individuals or ( /ates !mselves1 9 s f> z !y are ab/ract individuals4 ,!y are illum9at$ & inspir$ ?r\gh\t ) ! ideas ( lib]ty1 ( civilization1 ( humanity1 & ( progress4 ,all ?is is n to be f\nd 9 anci5t hi/oriography1 al?\gh x _c be said to be altoge!r abs5t1 = ) :at c\ld ! m9d ( man h ev] be5 occupi$1 save by human ideals or 'values'8 ,nor %\ld ! error be made ( consid]+ 'epo*s' z some?+ compact & /atic1 :]eas !y are v>i\s & 9 motion1 or ( r5d]+ ^? divisions natural & ext]nal :i*1 z has be5 demon/rat$1 are no?+ b ! movem5t ( our ?\ght z we ?9k hi/ory1 a fallacy l9k$ ) ! o!r "o conc]n+ ! absolute beg9n+ ( hi/ory & ! r5d]+ temporal ( ! =ms ( ! _s4 ,:oev] is gift$ ) ! pati5ce ( ! collector w meet "h & !re ) sugge/ions & budd+s ( ^? hi/oriographical conceptions ( :i*1 g5]ally speak+1 we h d5i$ ! exi/5ce 9 ! writ+s ( ! anci5ts4 ,he :o f9ds div]sion 9 mod]niz+ ! old may trave/y ! ?\ghts ( ! anci5ts1 z !y h be5 trave/i$1 s z to r5d] !m almo/ altoge!r simil> to ^? ( ! mod]ns4 ,9 ! fir/ book ( ,ari/otle's ,metaphysics1 = in/ance1 is to be admir$ a sket* ( ! developm5t ( ,greek philosophy1 ( ! v>i\s naturali/ic int]pretations :i* h be5 9 turn propos$ = ! explanation ( ! cosmos1 & s on1 up to ! new ori5tation ( ! m9d1 :51 compell$ by tru? itself1 x turn$ t[>d a diff]5t ord] ( pr9ciples--t is to say1 till ! "t ( ,anaxagoras1 :o seems to be a sob] man among ! intoxicat$1 ?us cont9u+ up to ! "t ( ,socrates1 :o f\nd$ e?ic & discov]$ ! univ]sal & ! def9ition4 ,a sket* ( ! hi/ory ( civilization is to be f\nd at ! beg9n+ ( ! ,hi/ory ( ,?ucydides1 & ,polybius w be f\nd disc\rs+ ( ! progress t _h be5 made 9 all ! arts1 :ile ,cic]o1 ,qu9tilian1 & sev]al o!rs trace ! progress ( rights & ( lit]ature4 ,!re are also t\*es ( human value 9 conflict ) "o ano!r 9 ! n>ratives ( ! /ruggles betwe5 ,greeks & b>b>ians1 betwe5 ! truly civil & active life ( ! =m] & ! pr\d1 lazy habits ( ! latt]4 ,o!r simil> conceptions ( human values w be f\nd 9 _m comp>isons ( peoples1 & above all 9 ! way t ,tacitus describes ! ,g]mans z a new moral p[] ris+ up aga9/ t ( anci5t ,rome1 & p]haps also 9 ! repugnance :i* ! same hi/orian exp]i5ces at see+ be=e him ! ,jews1 :o foll[ rites contr>ius cet]is mortalibus4 ,f9ally1 ,rome1 mi/ress ( ! _w1 w sometimes assume 9 our eyes ! aspect ( a transp>5t symbol ( ! human ideal1 analog\s to ,roman law1 gradually idealiz$ 9 ! =m ( natural law4 ,b "h x is r a "q ( symbols ?an ( conceptions1 ( our own conclusions ?an ( ! ?\ghts prop] to ! anci5ts4 ,:51 = in/ance1 we exam9e ! hi/ory ( philosophy ( ,ari/otle z outl9$ by him1 we f9d t x consi/s above all 9 a rapid critical acc\nt to s]ve z propdeutic to 8 sy/em2 & lit]>y & arti/ic hi/ories & hi/ories ( civilization seem (t5 to be weak5$ by ! prejudice t ^! are n really necess>y m5tal =ms1 b luxuries & ref9em5ts4 ,at ! utmo/ we c speak ( exceptions1 incid5ts1 t5tatives2 :i* does n 9 any way alt] ! compreh5sive impression & g5]al conclusion to ! effect t ! anci5ts nev] possess$ explicit hi/ories ( civilization1 philosophy1 religions1 lit]ature1 art1 or rights3 none1 9 fact1 ( ! _m possess$ by ourselves4 ,nor did !y possess 'biography' 9 ! s5se t we d1 z ! hi/ory ( ! ideal function ( an individual 9 8 own "t & 9 ! life ( humanity1 nor ! s5se ( developm5t1 & :5 !y speak ( primitive times !y r>ely feel t !y are primitive1 b are r dispos$ to transfigure !m poetically1 9 ! same way t ,dante did by ! m\? ( ,cacciaguida t ,fior5za :i* /ood sob]ly & mode/ly at peace )9 ! circle ( ! anci5t days4 ,x 0 "o ( ! sev]e lab\rs ( our ,vico to recov] ! crude reality ( hi/ory b5ea? ^! poetic idylls4 ,9 ?is "w he 0 assi/$1 n by ! anci5t hi/oriograph]s1 b by docum5ts & mo/ly by languages4 ,! physiognomy ( ! hi/ories ( ! anci5ts z describ$ v accurately reflects ! "* ( _! philosophy1 :i* nev] atta9$ to ! conception ( ! _s1 & !re=e also fail$ to atta9 to t ( humanity1 lib]ty1 & progress1 :i* are aspects or synonyms ( ! =m]4 ,x c]ta9ly pass$ f physiology or cosmology to e?ic1 logic1 & rhetoric2 b x s*ematiz$ & mat]ializ$ ^! spiritual discipl9es because x treat$ !m empirically4 ,?us _! e?ic did n rise above ! cu/om ( ,greece & ,rome1 nor _! logic above ab/ract =ms ( reason+ & discuss+1 nor _! poetic above classes ( lit]ature4 ,= ?is reason all assume ! =m ( precepts4 ',anti-hi/orical philosophy' has be5 univ]sally recogniz$ & describ$1 b x is anti-hi/orical because anti-spiritual1 anti-hi/orical because naturali/ic4 ,! anci5ts also fail$ to notice ! defici5cy obs]v$ by u1 = !y 7 entirely occupi$ ) ! joy ( ! ef=t ( pass+ f my? to sci5ce & ?us to ! collection & classification ( ! facts ( reality4 ,t is to say1 !y 7 engross$ ^u ! sole problem :i* !y set !mselves to solve1 & solv$ s successfully t !y suppli$ naturalism ) ! in/rum5ts :i* x /ill employs3 =mal logic1 gramm>1 ! doctr9e ( ! virtues1 ! doctr9e ( lit]>y classes1 categories ( civil rights1 & s =?4 ,^! 7 all ,grco-,roman creations4 ,b t anci5t hi/orians & philosoph]s 7 n explicitly aw>e ( ! above defect 9 its prop] t]ms1 or r 9 our mod]n t]ms1 does n mean t !y 7 n to "s ext5t ex]cis$ by x4 ,9 e hi/orical p]iod exi/ problems !oretically =mulat$ & = t v reason solv$1 :ile o!rs h n yet arriv$ at complete !oretical maturity1 b are se51 intuit$1 ?\gh n yet adequately ?\ght4 ,if ! =m] are ! positive contribution ( t "t to ! *a9 ^: l9ks =m ! human _s1 ! latt] repres5t an unsatisfi$ dem&1 :i* b9ds t "t 9 ano!r way to ! com+ "t4 ,! great att5tion paid to ! negative aspect ( e epo* sometimes leads to ! =gett+ ( ! o!r aspect1 & to ! consequ5t imag9+ ( a humanity t passes n f satisfaction to satisfaction ?r\gh dissatisfaction1 b f dissatisfaction to dissatisfaction & f error to error4 ,b obscurities & discordances are possible 9 s f> z light & concord h be5 previ\sly atta9$4 ,?us !y repres5t 9 _! way progress1 z is to be se5 f ! hi/ory t we are rec\nt+1 :]e we f9d !m v num]\s = ! v reason t ! age ( my?ologies & ( prodigies has be5 left beh9d4 ,if ,greece & ,rome _h n be5 bo? m ?an ,greece & m ?an ,rome1 if !y _h n be5 ! human _s1 :i* is inf9itely great] ?an any ,greece & any ,rome--its transitory individuations--!y w\ld h be5 satisfi$ ) ! human portraits ( _! hi/orians & w\ld n h s\ght beyond4 ,b !y did seek beyond--t is to say1 ^? v hi/orians & philosoph]s s\ght2 & s9ce !y _h be=e !m s _m episodes & dramas ( human life1 recon/ruct$ by _! ?\ght1 !y ask$ !mselves :at 0 ! cause ( ^? ev5ts1 reasonably conclud+ t su* a cause might be "o fact or ano!r1 a p>ticul> fact2 & = ?is reason !y began to di/+ui% betwe5 facts & causes1 &1 9 ! ord] ( causes !mselves1 betwe5 cause & occasion1 z does ,?ucydides1 or betwe5 beg9n+1 cause1 & occasion 1 1 1 l ,polybius4 ,!y ?us became involv$ 9 disputes z to ! true cause ( ?is or t ev5t1 & ev] s9ce antiquity attempts h be5 made to solve ! enigma ( ! 'greatness' ( ,rome1 assum+ 9 mod]n times ! guise ( a solemn exp]im5tum ( hi/orical ?\ght & ?us =m+ ! div]sion ( ^? hi/orians :o l+] beh9d4 ,! "q 0 (t5 g5]aliz$ 9 ! o!r "q z to ! motive p[] beh9d all hi/ory2 & "h too appe> doctr9es1 aft]w>d drawn out to great l5g?1 su* z t ! =m ( ! political con/itution 0 ! cause ( all ! re/1 & t o!r doctr9e relat+ to climate & to ! temp]am5ts ( peoples4 ,! doctr9e pr9cipally propos$ & accept$ 0 t ( ! natural law ( ! circle 9 human affairs1 ! p]petual alt]nation ( good & evil1 or ! passage ?r\gh political =ms1 :i* always returns to ! =m f :i* x has tak5 its />t1 or z gr[? f infancy to manhood1 decl9+ into old age & decrepitude & end+ 9 dea?4 ,b a law ( ?is sort1 :i* satisfi$ & /ill satisfies ! ,ori5tal m9d1 did n satisfy ! classical m9d1 :i* _h a lively s5se ( human ef=t & ( ! /imulus receiv$ f ob/acles enc\nt]$ & conflicts endur$4 ,h5ce !re=e ! fur!r que/ions3 ,does fate or immutable necessity oppress man1 or is he n r ! play?+ ( caprici\s =tune1 or is he rul$ by a wise & sagaci\s provid5ce8 ,x 0 also ask$ :e!r ! gods are int]e/$ 9 human affairs or n4 ,^! que/ions met ) answ]s t are sometimes pi\s1 advocat+ submission to ! div9e w & wisdom1 sometimes1 aga91 inspir$ ) ! notion t ! gods are n conc]n$ ) human affairs !mselves1 b solely ) v5geance & puni%m5t4 ,all ^! conceptions lack firmness1 & are = ! mo/ "p confus$1 s9ce a g5]al unc]ta9ty & confession ( ignorance prevails 9 !m3 9 inc]to judicium e/1 said ,tacitus1 almo/ summ+ up ! anci5t argum5t on ! subject 9 ?is epigram1 or r f9d+ non-?\ght1 failure to und]/&1 to be ! result ( ! argum5t4 ,:at we d n und]/& we d n dom9ate2 on ! contr>y1 x dom9ates u1 or at lea/ m5aces u1 tak+ ! =m ( evil2 h5ce ! psy*ological attitude ( ! anci5ts t[>d hi/ory mu/ be describ$ z pessimi/ic4 ,!y saw mu* greatness fall1 b !y nev] discov]$ ! greatness t does n fall & t rises up great] aft] e fall4 ,= ?is reason a flood ( bitt]ness inundates _! hi/ories4 ,happ9ess1 beauty ( human life1 always seem$ to be some?+ t _h be5 & 0 no long]1 & 7 x pres5t w\ld h soon be5 lo/4 ,= ! ,romans & ^? pr(ess+ ! cult ( ,rome1 x 0 primitive1 au/]e1 victori\s ,rome2 & all ! ,roman hi/orians1 big & little1 ,livy1 ,sallu/1 & ,tacitus1 ,pat]culus & ,florus1 fix _! gaze ^u t image1 z !y lam5t ! corruption ( lat] days4 ,once x 0 ,rome t trampl$ ! _w und]foot2 b !y knew t ! triumphant que5 mu/ "s day become slave f que5 t once %e 04 ,?is ?\ght manife/s itself 9 ! mo/ v>i\s =ms1 f ! melan*oly m$itations ( ,scipio ^u ! ru9s ( ,c>?age to ! fe>ful expectation ( ! lord%ip :i*--z ,p]sia to ,babylonia & ,mac$onia to ,p]sia--mu/ succe$ to t ( ! ,romans 7! !ory ( ! 'f\r mon>*ies' has its orig9 9 ! ,grco-,roman _w1 :5ce x filt]$ into ,pale/9e & into ! ,book ( ,daniel74 ,sometimes repress$1 sometimes outspok51 we he> ! anxi\s "q3 ,:o w be ! successor & ! grav$igg]8 ,w x be ! m5ac+ ,p>?ian8 ,w x be ! ,g]mans1 s ri* 9 new & my/]i\s en]gy8--all ?is1 despite ! pr\d consci\sness ( anci5t times t _h utt]$ ! words ,rome1 ! et]nal city4 ,c]ta9ly1 t g5]al pessimism is n altoge!r coh]5t1 = no pessimism c be s altoge!r1 & "h & !re appe> fugitive h9ts ( a p]ception ( human progress 9 ?is or t "p ( life4 ,we f9d1 = in/ance1 ,tacitus1 bitt]e/ ( m51 rem>k+ t nec omnia apud priores meliora1 s$ no/ra quoque tas multa laudis et artium imit&a tulit1 & "o ( ! speak]s 9 ! ,de oratoribus obs]ves t lit]>y =ms *ange ) ! times & t x is ow+ to ! vitio malignitatis humana t we he> ! p]petual praise ( anci5t ?+s & ! p]petual abuse ( ?+s mod]n4 ,ano!r int]locutor 9 ! same dialogue draws att5tion to ! dialectic connexion betwe5 ! turbul5ce ( life & ! greatness ( art1 :5ce ,rome donec erravit1 donec se p>tibus et diss5sionibus confecit1 precisely at t "t tulit val5tiorem eloqu5tiam4 ,?is l9k+ toge!r ( good & evil is n altoge!r abs5t 9 anci5t philosophy1 & is also to be f\nd "h & !re 9 anci5t hi/oriography4 ,sallu/1 = example1 is ( op9ion t ,rome rema9$ 9 good heal? s long z %e _h ,c>?age oppos$ to h] & giv+ h] tr\ble4 ,read]s ( ,cic]o & ( ,s5eca w be aw>e t ! idea ( humanity also made consid]able progress dur+ ! la/ days ( ! ,republic & ! fir/ days ( ! ,empire1 ow+ to ! influ5ce ( ,/oicism4 ,div9e provid5ce too is c\rt$1 z 0 n =m]ly ! case1 & we also f9d ,diodorus ,siculus und]tak+ to treat ! affairs ( all nations z ^? ( a s+le city 7 74 ,b ^! promises rema9 /ill weak1 vague1 & in]t 7! promissor ,diodorus1 = example1 c>ri$ out none ( 8 gr&iose prologue71 & 9 any case !y =etell ! dissolution ( ! classical _w4 ,dur+ ?is epo* ! problem z to ! signification ( hi/ory rema9s unsolv$1 because ! contradictory conceptions above m5tion$ ( =tune or ( ! gods1 ! belief 9 a univ]sal wors5+ ( ?+s1 9 a fall or a regression1 :i* _h already be5 express$ 9 _m anci5t my?s1 7 n by any means solutions4 ,ow+ to _! failure to realize spiritual value z ! imman5t progressive =ce 9 hi/ory1 ev5 ! l(tie/ ( ! anci5t hi/orians 7 n able to ma9ta9 ! unity & autonomy ( hi/oriographical "w1 :i* 9 o!r respects !y _h discov]$ & ass]t$4 ,al?\gh !y _h p5etrat$ ! deception ex]cis$ by ^? hi/ories t are really poetry1 or lies & p>tisan%ip1 or collections ( mat]ial & un9tellig5t pil+ up ( erudition1 or in/rum5ts ( pleasure1 af=d+ m>vel = simple folk1 yet !y 7 on ! o!r h& incapable ( ev] sett+ !mselves free ( ! preconception ( hi/ory z direct$ to an end ( edification & *iefly ( in/ruction4 ,?is real het]onomy !n appe>$ to be autonomy4 ,!y are all agre$ z to ?is3 ,?ucydides propos$ to n>rate pa/ ev5ts 9 ord] to pr$ict f !m future ev5ts1 id5tical or simil>1 ! p]petual return ( human =tunes2 ,polybius s\ght out ! causes ( facts 9 ord] t he might apply !m to analog\s cases1 & held ^? unexpect$ ev5ts to be ( inf]ior importance ^: irregul>ities place !m outside rules2 ,tacitus1 9 con=mity ) 8 *ief int]e/1 :i* 0 r morali/ic ?an social or political1 held 8 *ief end to be ! collection ( facts notable = ! vice or virtue :i* !y conta9$1 ne virtutes sileantur utque pravis dictis factsque ex po/]itate et infamia metus sit4 ,beh9d !m came all ! m9or hi/orians1 all ! hypocrites1 :o repeat$ by imitation or involunt>y e*o or false unction & 9 a sup]ficial way :at 9 ! great] writ]s 0 ! result ( pr(\nd ?\ght1 z1 = in/ance1 ! ,sallu/s1 ! ,diog5es1 ! ,diodori1 ! ,plut>*s1 & ^? t resemble !m4 ,!n !re 7 all ! extractors ( hi/orical qu9tess5ces1 ( memorable de$s & words ( /atesm51 capta9s1 & philosoph]s1 & ev5 ( wom5 7! 74 ,anci5t hi/oriography has be5 call$ 'pragmatical1' & su* x is1 9 ! d\ble s5se ( ! ^w1 anci5t & mod]n3 9 s f> z x limits itself to ! e>?ly side ( ?+s & especially to ! political 7! 'pragmatic' ( ,polybius71 & 9 s f> z x adorns !m ) reflections & advice 7! 'apodictic' ( ! same hi/orian-!ori/74 ,?is het]onom\s !ory ( hi/ory does n always rema9 m]ely !ory1 prologue1 or frame1 b sometimes op]ates s z to lead to ! m+l+ ( elem5ts t are n hi/oriographical ) hi/ory1 su* z1 = in/ance1 is ! case ) ! 'spee*es' or 'orations' ( hi/orical p]sonages1 n deliv]$ or n 9 agreem5t ) :at 0 really said1 b inv5t$ or arrang$ by ! hi/orian & put into ! m\?s ( ! p]sonages4 ,?is1 9 my op9ion1 has be5 wrongly look$ ^u z a survival ( ! 'epic _s' 9 anci5t hi/oriography1 or z a simple pro( ( ! rhetorical ability ( ! n>rators1 because1 if ! fir/ explanation hold z to "s ( ! popul> writ]s & ! second z to c]ta9 rhetoricians1 ! orig9 ( ^? falsifications 0 ) ! great] hi/orians no?+ b ! fulfilm5t ( ! obligation ( tea*+ & c\nsell+ accept$ by !m4 ,b :5 su* ends _h be5 assign$ to hi/ory1 its intr9sic quality ( tru? & ! l9e ( dem>cation :i* x drew betwe5 real & imag9>y c\ld n b vacillate to "s ext5t1 s9ce ! imag9>y sometimes s]v$ excell5tly well & ev5 bett] ?an ! real = ^? ends4 ,& sett+ aside ,plato1 :o despis$ all k save t ( ! transc5d5tal ideas1 did n ,ari/otle himself ask :e!r ! great] tru? belong$ to hi/ory or to poetry8 ,_h he n inde$ said t hi/ory is 'less philosophical' ?an poetry8 ,& if s :y %\ld n hi/ory h avail$ itself ( ! aid ( poetry & ( imag9ation8 ,9 any case1 resi/ance c\ld be oppos$ to ?is ult]ior p]v]sion by seek+ ! tru? ) vigilant eye1 & also by r$uc+ ! %>e ( ! imag9>y spee*es & o!r p>]ga co ! smalle/ dim5sions4 ,b x 0 impossible to disp5se ) belief 9 ! end ( in/ruction1 because x 0 9 any case necess>y t hi/ory %\ld h "s end1 & a true end _h n be5 discov]$1 & ! end ( in/ruction p]=m$ almo/ ! function ( a metaphor ( ! tru?1 s9ce x 0 to "s ext5t ! ne>e/ to ! tru?4 ,9 ,polybius critical vigilance1 sci5tific au/]ity1 a ke5 desire = ample & sev]e hi/ory1 atta9 to s high a level t "o w\ld feel dispos$ to treat ! hi/orian ( ,megalopolis l "o ( ^? great pagans t m$ieval imag9ation admitt$ to ,p>adise1 or at lea/ to ,purgatory1 z wor?y ( hav+ kn[n ! true ,god by extraord9>y means & z a rew>d = _! int5se moral consci5ce4 ,b if we envisage ! matt] ) great] calmness we %all h to consign ,polybius also to ! ,limbo :]e ^? :o 7 be=e ,*ri/ianity & did n duly adore ,god are receiv$4 ,!y 7 m5 ( great value & rea*$ ! b\nd>y1 ev5 t\*+ x1 b !y nev] pass$ beyond4 #a ,see pp4 #aab-aaf4 ,,iii ,,m$ieval ,,hi/oriography ,= ! same reason t we mu/ n look ^u ! beg9n+ ( any hi/ory z an absolute beg9n+1 or conceive ( epo*s 9 a simplici/ic mann]1 z ?\gh !y 7 /rictly limit$ to ! det]m9ations repres5t$ by _! g5]al "*1 we mu/ be c>eful n to id5tify ! humani/ic conception ( hi/ory ) ! anci5t epo* ( hi/oriography :i* x *>act]izes or symbolizes--9 fact1 we mu/ n make hi/orical ! ideal categories1 :i* are et]nal4 ,grco-,roman hi/oriography 0 )\t d\bt humani/ic1 b x 0 a ,grco-,roman humanism--t is to say1 x n only _h all ! limitations t we h be5 po9t+ out1 b also ! special physiognomy :i* su* humanism assumes 9 ! anci5t hi/orians & ?9k]s1 v>y+ m or less 9 ea* "o ( !m4 ,n only 0 x ?us humani/ic1 b o!r =mations ( ! same sort probably prec$$1 z !y c]ta9ly foll[$1 x 9 ! c\rse ( ! c5turies4 ,x is p]haps attractive1 b x is also artificial 7& contr>y to ! true concept ( progress71 to conceive ( ! hi/ory ( philosophy & ( hi/oriography z ( a s]ies ( ideal phases1 :i* are trav]s$ once only1 & to trans=m philosoph]s into categories & categories into philosoph]s1 mak+ synonym\s ,democritus & ! atom1 ,plato & ! transc5d5tal idea1 ,desc>tes & dualism1 ,sp9oza & pan!ism1 ,leibnitz & monadism1 :ittl+ d[n hi/ory to ! dim5sions ( a ,dyna/5ges*i*te1 z a ,g]man critic has satirically describ$ x1 or treat+ x accord+ to a sort ( 'l9e ( buckets' !ory1 z an ,engli%man has humor\sly describ$ x4 ,h5ce1 too1 ! view t hi/ory has n yet appe>$ 9 ! _w1 or t x has appe>$ = ! fir/ "t & by fla%es1 9 response to ! invocations made by ! hi/orian & ! critic ( ! pres5t day4 ,b e ?9k+ ( hi/ory is always adequate to ! mom5t at :i* x appe>s & always inadequate to ! mom5t t foll[s4 ,! opportun5ess ( ?is w>n+ is confirm$ by ! a/oni%m5t ( ^? :o consid] ! passage f anci5t to ,*ri/ian or m$ieval hi/oriography2 = :at c be ! mean+ ( ?is passage1 9 :i* we f9d ourselves fac$ ) a miracul\s & my?ological _w all ov] aga91 id5tical z x seems1 9 its g5]al *>act]i/ics1 ) t ( ! anci5t hi/orians1 :i* has disappe>$8 ,x is c]ta9ly n progress1 b r fall+ into a dit*1 into :i* also fall all ! de>e/ illusions relat+ to ! p]petual advance ( humanity4 ,& ! ,middle ,ages did seem to be a dit* or a declivity1 sometimes dur+ ! p]iod itself & mo/ cle>ly at ! ,r5aissance1 & ?is image is /ill repres5t$ 9 common belief4 ,re/rict+ ourselves solely to ! doma9 ( hi/oriography1 & foll[+ up ! impression ( a/oni%m5t at fir/ caus$ by x1 we end by repres5t+ ev5ts at ! beg9n+ ( ! ,middle ,ages some:at 9 ! way !y appe>$ to our writ] ,adolfo ,b>toli1 9 8 introductory volume to ! ,hi/ory ( ,italian ,lit]ature1 :i* is all brok5 up ) cries ( horror & ) ! ge/ure ( cov]+ ! face le/ he %\ld see s mu* ugl9ess4 ,we are 9 a _w1 writes ,b>toli1 :5 speak+ ( ,gregory ( ,t\rs1 :]e ?\ght has desc5d$ s l[ z to cause pity1 9 a _w :]e a conception ( hi/ory no long] exi/s1 & hi/ory also becomes a humble h&maid to !ology--t is to say1 an ab]ration ( ! _s4 ,& aft] ,gregory ( ,t\rs 7cont9ues ,b>toli7 !re is a fur!r fall3 ,behold ,fr$ig>ius1 9 :om cr$ulity1 ignorance1 & confusion surpass e limit444 !re survives 9 him no?+ ( a previ\s civilization4 ,aft] ,fr$ig>ius1 ) ! mona/ic *ronicle1 we take ano!r /ep d[n-w>d t[>d no?+ness1 ?\gh ?is w\ld seem to be impossible4 ,"h we seem to see ! lean monk putt+ 8 trembl+ head out ( ! n>r[ w9d[ ( 8 cell e five or elev5 ye>s1 to make sure t m5 are n all dead1 & !n %utt+ himself up aga9 9 ! prison1 :]e he lives only 9 ! expectation ( dea?4 ,we mu/ prote/ aga9/ su* %r9k+ back 7:i* makes ! critic ( to-day look l ! lean monk ^: appe>ance he has s vividly portray$72 we mu/ ass]t t my?ology & miracle & transc5d5cy c]ta9ly return$ 9 ! ,middle ,ages--t is to say1 t ^! ideal categories aga9 act$ ) almo/ equal =ce & t !y almo/ reassum$ _! anci5t bulk1 b !y did n return hi/orically id5tical ) ^? ( ! pre-,hell5ic _w4 ,we mu/ seek 9 ! he>t ( _! new manife/ations = ! effective progress :i* is c]ta9ly accompli%$ by ,gregory ( ,t\rs & ,fr$ig>ius1 & ev5 by ! monki% *ronicl]s4 ,! div9ity desc5ds aga9 to m+le an?ropomorphically ) ! affairs ( m51 z a mo/ p[]ful or ultra-p[]ful p]sonage among ! less p[]ful2 ! gods are n[ ! sa9ts1 & ,pet] & ,paul int]v5e 9 fav\r ( ?is or t p2 ,/ ,m>k1 ,/ ,gregory1 ,/ ,&rew1 or ,/ ,janu>y lead ! array ( ! combatants1 ! "o vy+ ) ! o!r1 & sometimes aga9/ ! o!r1 play+ malici\s tricks ^u "o ano!r2 & 9 ! p]=mance or ! non-p]=mance ( an act ( wor%ip is aga9 plac$ ! loss or ga9 ( a battle3 m$ieval poems & *ronicles are full ( su* /ories4 ,^! conceptions are analog\s to ! antique1 & inde$ !y are _! hi/orical cont9uation4 ,?is is n only s 7z has s (t5 be5 po9t$ out7 ow+ to ! atta*m5t ( ?is or t p>ticul> ( anci5t fai? to popul> religion & to ! trans=mation ( gods into sa9ts & demons1 b also1 & above all1 to a m sub/antial reason4 ,anci5t ?\ght _h left =tune1 ! div9ity1 ! inscrutable1 at ! edge ( its humanism1 ) ! result t ! prodigi\s 0 nev] completely elim9at$ ev5 f ! mo/ sev]e hi/orians--! door at any rate 0 left op5 by :i* x c\ld return4 ,all are aw>e ) h[ _m 'sup]/itions' philosophy1 sci5ce1 hi/ory1 & cu/oms 7 impregnat$ dur+ late antiquity1 :i* 9 ?is respect 0 n intellectually sup]ior1 b inde$ inf]ior1 to ! new ,*ri/ian religion4 ,9 ! latt] ! fables gradually =m$ & miracles :i* 7 believ$ became spiritualiz$ & ceas$ to be 'sup]/itions'--t is to say1 some?+ extrane\s or discordant to ! g5]al humani/ic conception--& set !mselves 9 h>mony ) ! new sup]naturali/ic & transc5d5tal conception1 ( :i* !y 7 ! accompanim5t4 ,?us my? & miracle1 becom+ int5sifi$ 9 ,*ri/ianity1 became at ! same "t diff]5t f anci5t my?s & miracles4 ,!y 7 diff]5t & m l(ty1 because !y conta9$ a m l(ty ?\ght3 ! ?\ght ( spiritual wor?1 :i* 0 n peculi> to ?is or to t p1 b common to ! :ole ( humanity4 ,! anci5ts _h inde$ t\*$ ^u ?is ?\ght 9 speculation1 b !y _h nev] possess$ x1 & _! philosoph]s _h s\ght x 9 va9 or atta9$ to x only 9 ab/ract speculation n capable ( inve/+ ! :ole s\l1 z is ! case ) ?\ghts t are pr(\ndly ?\ght1 & z 0 ! case ) ,*ri/ianity4 ,paulus ,orosius expresses ?is 9 8 ,hi/or adv]sus paganos1 9 su* acc5ts z no ,grco-,roman hi/orian _h be5 able to utt]3 ,ubique patria1 ubique lex et religio mea e/4444 ,latitudo ori5tis1 sept5trionis copiositas1 m]idiana diffusio1 magn>um insul>um l>gissim tutissimque s$es mei juris et nom9is sunt1 quia ad ,*ri/ianos et ,romanos ,romanus et ,*ri/ianus acc$o4 ,to ! virtue ( ! citiz5 is add$ t ( man1 ( spiritual man1 :o puts himself on a level ) ! tru? by means ( 8 religi\s fai? & by 8 "w1 :i* is humanly good4 ,to ! illu/ri\s m5 among ! pagans are oppos$ illu/ri\s m5 among ! ,*ri/ians :o are bett] ?an illu/ri\s1 be+ sa9ts2 & ! new ,plut>* is f\nd 9 ! ,vit patrum or eremit>um1 9 ! lives ( ! confessors ( ,*ri/1 ( ! m>tyrs1 ( ! propagators ( ! true fai?2 ! new epics describe ! conflicts ( ! fai?ful aga9/ unbeliev]s1 ( ,*ri/ians aga9/ h]etics & ,islamites4 ,!re is "h a great] consci\sness ( conflict ?an ! ,greeks _h ( ! conflict betwe5 ,greeks & b>b>ians1 or fre$m5 & slaves1 :i* 7 usually look$ ^u r z repres5t+ diff]5ces ( nature ?an ( spiritual values4 ,ecclesia/ical hi/ory n[ appe>s1 no long] t ( ,a!ns or ( ,rome1 b ( religion & ( ! ,*ur* :i* repres5t$ x 9 its /rifes & 9 its triumphs--t is to say1 ! /rifes & triumphs ( ! tru?4 ,?is 0 a ?+ )\t prec$5t 9 ! anci5t _w1 ^: hi/ories ( culture1 ( art or philosophy1 did n g beyond ! empirical /age1 z we h se51 :]eas ecclesia/ical hi/ory has a spiritual value z its subject1 by means ( :i* x illum9ates & judges facts4 ,to c5sure ecclesia/ical hi/ory because x ov]rules & oppresses pr(ane hi/ory w p]haps be ju/ifi$1 z we %all see1 f c]ta9 po9ts ( view & 9 a c]ta9 s5se2 b x is n ju/ifiable z a g5]al criticism ( ! idea ( t hi/ory1 &1 inde$1 :5 we =mulate ! c5sure 9 ^! t]ms we are unconsci\sly pron\nc+ a w>m eulogy ( x4 ,! hi/oria spiritalis 7z we may also call x1 employ+ ! title ( ,avito's poem7 c\ld n & 9 tru? w\ld n cons5t to be a m]e "p1 or to suff] rivals at its side3 x mu/ dom9ate & affirm itself z ! :ole4 ,& s9ce hi/ory becomes hi/ory ( ! tru? ) ,*ri/ianity1 x ab&ons at ! same "t ! =tuit\s & *ance1 to :i* ! anci5ts _h (t5 ab&on$ x1 & recognizes its own prop] law1 :i* is no long] a natural law1 bl9d fate1 or ev5 ! influ5ce ( ! />s 7,/ ,augu/9e confutes ?is doctr9e ( ! pagans71 b rationality1 intellig5ce1 provid5ce4 ,?is conception 0 n unkn[n to anci5t philosophy1 b is n[ set free f ! fro/ ( intellectualism & ab/ractionism & becomes w>m & fruitful4 ,provid5ce guides & disposes ! c\rse ( ev5ts1 direct+ !m to an end1 p]mitt+ evils z puni%m5ts & z in/rum5ts ( education1 det]m9+ ! greatness & ! cata/rophes ( empires1 9 ord] to prep>e ! k+dom ( ,god4 ,?is means t = ! fir/ "t is really brok5 ! idea ( ! circle1 ( ! p]petual return ( human affairs to _! />t+-po9t1 ( ! va9 lab\r ( ! ,danads 7,/ ,augu/9e also combats ! circuitus72 hi/ory = ! fir/ "t is "h und]/ood z progress3 a progress t ! anci5t hi/orians did n succe$ 9 discov]+1 save 9 r>e glimpses1 ?us fall+ into unconsolable pessimism1 :]eas ,*ri/ian pessimism is irradiat$ ) hope4 ,h5ce ! importance to be attribut$ to ! succession ( empires & to ! function fulfill$ by ea* ( !m1 & especially ) reg>d to ! ,roman ,empire1 :i* politically unifi$ ! _w t ,*ri/ came to unify spiritually1 to ! position ( ,judaism z oppos$ to ,*ri/ianity1 & ! l4 ,^! que/ions h be5 answ]$ 9 v>i\s ways1 b on ! common assumption t div9e intellig5ce _h will$ ^? ev5ts1 t greatness & t decad5ce1 ^? joys & afflictions1 & !re=e t all _h be5 necess>y means ( ! div9e "w1 & t all _h compet$ 9 & 7 compet+ 9 ! f9al end ( hi/ory1 l9k$ "o ) ! o!r1 n z effects foll[+ f a bl9d cause1 b z /ages ( a process4 ,h5ce1 too1 hi/ory und]/ood z univ]sal hi/ory1 no long] 9 ! s5se ( ,polybius1 :o n>rates ! transactions ( ^? /ates :i* ent] into relations ) "o ano!r1 b 9 ! pr(\nd] s5se ( a hi/ory ( ! univ]sal1 ( ! univ]sal by excell5ce1 :i* is hi/ory 9 lab\r ) ,god & t[>d ,god4 ,by means ( ?is _s :i* inve/s !m1 ev5 ! mo/ neglect$ ( ! *ronicles become surr\nd$ ) a halo1 :i* is want+ to ! classical hi/ories ( ,greece & ,rome1 & :i*1 h[ev] di/ant !y be f our p>ticul> view-po9ts1 yet 9 _! g5]al aspect makes !m v ne> to our he>t & m9d4 ,su* are ! new problems & ! new solutions :i* ,*ri/ianity br\ght to hi/orical ?\ght1 & x may be said ( !m1 z ( ! political & humani/ic ?\ght ( ! anci5ts1 t !y con/itute a solid possession ( p]petual efficacy = ! human _s4 ,eusebius ( ,cs>ea is to be plac$ beside ,h]odotus z 'fa!r' ( mod]n hi/oriography1 h[ev] little dispos$ x may be to recognize its p>5ts 9 t b>b>ic au?or & 9 ! o!rs :o 7 call$ 'fa!rs ( ! ,*ur*1' to :om1 & p>ticul>ly to ,/ ,augu/9e1 x yet owes s great a "p ( itself4 ,:at are our hi/ories ( culture1 ( civilization1 ( progress1 ( humanity1 ( tru?1 save ! =m ( ecclesia/ical hi/ory 9 h>mony ) our times--t is to say1 ( ! triumph & propagation ( ! fai?1 ( ! /rife aga9/ ! p[]s ( d>kness1 ( ! successive treatm5ts ( ! new evangel1 or good news1 made afre% ) ea* succe$+ epo*8 ,d n ! mod]n hi/ories1 :i* n>rate ! function p]=m$ or ! pre-em95ce assum$ by ?is or t nation 9 ! "w ( civilization1 correspond to ! ,ge/a ,dei p] ,francos & to o!r l =mulas ( m$ieval hi/oriography8 ,& our univ]sal hi/ories are su* n only 9 ! s5se ( ,polybius1 b also ( ! univ]sal z ideal1 purifi$ & elevat$ 9 ! ,*ri/ian s5se2 h5ce ! religi\s s5tim5t :i* we exp]i5ce on approa*+ ! solemnity ( hi/ory4 ,x w be obs]v$ t 9 pres5t+ x 9 ?is way we to "s ext5t idealize ! ,*ri/ian conception2 & ?is is true1 b 9 ! same way & 9 ! same measure z we h idealiz$ anci5t humanism1 :i* 0 n only humanism1 b also transc5d5cy & my/]y4 ,*ri/ian hi/oriography1 l anci5t hi/oriography1 solv$ ! problems t 7 set to x1 b x did n solve o!r problems t 7 only =m$ aft]w>d1 because !y 7 n set to x4 ,a pro( ( ?is is to be f\nd 9 ! caprices & ! my?s t accompani$ its fundam5tal conception4 ,! prodigi\s & ! miracul\s1 :i*1 z already obs]v$1 surr\nd$ ,*ri/ian hi/oriography1 bore witness precisely to ! incomplete ideality ( ! new & l(ti] ,god1 ! ?\ght ( :om became conv]t$ into a my?1 8 action into fabul\s anecdotes4 ,yet :5 x 0 n a "q ( miracles1 or :5 ^! 7 r$uc$ to small compass1 att5uat$ & held back1 if n refut$1 !re nev]!less rema9$ ! miracle ( ! div9ity & ( ! tru?1 conceiv$ z transc5d5t1 sep>at$ f & oppos$ to human affairs4 ,?is too 0 an atte/ation ( ! ,*ri/ian _s1 9 s f> z x surpass$ ! anci5t _s1 n ) ! calmness & security ( ?\ght1 b ) ! viol5ce ( s5tim5t & ) ! en?usiasm ( ! imag9ation4 ,transc5d5cy l$ to a consid]ation ( worldly ?+s z ext]nal & rebelli\s to div9e ?+s3 h5ce ! dualism ( ,god & ! _w1 ( a civitas cole/is & ( ano!r t 0 t]r5a1 ( a civitas ,dei & ( a civitas diaboli :i* reviv$ mo/ anci5t ,ori5tal conceptions1 su* z ,p>seeism1 & 0 temp]$1 if n int]nally correct$1 by means ( ! provid5tial c\rse ( hi/ory1 int]nally compromis$ by t unconqu]$ dualism4 ,! city ( ,god de/roy$ ! e>?ly city & took its place1 b did n ju/ify x1 al?\gh x tri$ to d s "h & !re1 9 accordance ) ! logic ( its provid5tial & progressive pr9ciple4 ,/ ,augu/9e1 oblig$ to expla9 ! reasons ( ! =tune ( ,rome1 escap$ f ! difficulty ) ! sophism t ,god conc$$ t greatness to ! ,romans z a rew>d = _! virtues1 e>?ly ?\gh !y 7 & n su* z to lead to ! atta9m5t ( heav5ly glories1 b yet wor?y ! fleet+ rew>d ( e>?ly glory4 ,?us ! ,romans rema9$ always reprobate1 b less repreh5sible ?an o!r reprobates2 !re c\ld n h be5 true virtue :]e !re _h n be5 true religion4 ,! conte/s ( ideas did n appe> z conflict+ =ms ( ! true 9 its becom+1 b simply diabolical sugge/ions1 :i* di/urb$ ! tru?1 :i* 0 complete & possess$ by ! ,*ur*4 ,eusebius ( ,cs>ea treat$ h]esies z ! "w ( ! devil1 because x 0 ! devil :o prompt$ ,simon ,magus1 & !n ,m5&]1 & ! two curr5ts ( gnosis repres5t$ by ,saturn9us & ,basil4 ,otto ( ,frisia contemplat$ ! ,roman ,empire succe$+ to ! ,babylonian z son to fa!r1 & ! k+s ( ! ,p]sians & ! ,greeks almo/ z its tutors & p$agogues4 ,9 ! political unity ( ,rome he discov]s a prelude to ,*ri/ian unity1 9 ord] t ! m9ds ( m5 %\ld =m !mselves ad majora intellig5da promptiores et capaciores1 be discipl9$ to ! cult ( a s+le man1 ! emp]or1 & to ! fe> ( a s+le dom9ant city1 t !y %\ld le>n unam quoque fidem t55dam4 ,b ! same ,otto imag9es ! :ole _w a primo hom9e ad ,*ri/um 444 exceptis de ,israelitico populo paucis1 errore deceptus1 vanis sup]/itionibus d$itus1 dmonum ludicris captus1 mundi illecebris irretitus1 fight+ sub pr9cipe mundi diabolo1 until v5it pl5itudo temporis & ,god s5t ,8 son to e>?4 ,! doctr9e ( salvation z a grace due to ! good pleasure ( ,god1 indebita ,dei gratia1 is n at all an accid5tal excresc5ce ^u ?is conception1 b is its f\ndation or logical complem5t4 ,*ri/ian humanity 0 de/9$ to make itself unhuman1 & ,/ ,augu/9e1 h[ev] mu* rev]5ce he excites by ! en]gy ( 8 temp]am5t1 by 8 gaze ev] fix$ above1 (f5ds u to an equal degree by 8 lack ( human sympa?y1 8 h>%ness & cruelty2 & ! 'grace' ( :i* he speaks assumes 9 our eyes ! aspect ( odi\s fav\ritism & undue ex]cise ( p[]4 ,x is nev]!less well to rememb] t by means ( ^! oscillations & deviations ( s5tim5t & imag9ation ,*ri/ian hi/oriography prep>$ ! problem ( ! surpass+ ( dualism4 ,= if ! se>* = ! ,*ri/ianity ( ! non-,*ri/ians1 = grace due to all m5 f _! v "* ( m51 ! tru? ( h]esies1 ! goodness ( pagan virtue1 0 a hi/orical task t has matur$ sl[ly 9 mod]n times1 ! division & opposition ( ! two hi/ories & ! two cities1 introduc$ by ,*ri/ianity1 0 a fundam5tal necessity1 z _! unity ?\ght 9 ! provid5tial div9e ,unity 0 a good prep>ation = x4 ,ano!r well-kn[n aspect ( ?is dualism is dogmatism1 ! incapacity to und]/& ! concrete p>ticul>ization ( itself by ! _s 9 its v>i\s activities & =ms4 ,?is expla9s ! accusation levell$ aga9/ ecclesia/ical hi/ory ( ov]rid+ & tyrannically oppress+ ! :ole ( ! re/ ( hi/ory4 ,?is did 9 fact take place1 because ecclesia/ical hi/ory1 in/ead ( develop+ itself 9 ! concrete univ]sal ( ! _s1 rema9$ root$ 9 a p>ticul> det]m9ation ( x4 ,all human values 7 r$uc$ to a s+le value--t is to say1 to firmness ( ,*ri/ian fai? & to s]vice ( ! ,*ur*4 ,?is value1 ?us ab/ractly conceiv$1 became depriv$ ( its natural virtue & decl9$ to ! level ( a mat]ial & immobile fact1 & inde$ ! vivid1 fluid ,*ri/ian consci\sness aft] "s c5turies ( developm5t became solidifi$ 9 dogmas4 ,t mat]ializ$ & motionless dogma necess>ily prevail$ z a univ]sal measure1 & m5 ( all times 7 judg$ accord+ to :e!r !y _h or _h n be5 t\*$ ) ! div9e grace1 7 pi\s or impi\s1 & ! lives ( ! holy fa!rs & ( believ]s 7 a ,plut>*1 :o exclud$ e o!r pr(ane ,plut>*4 ,?is 0 ! dogmatism ( transc5d5cy1 :i* !re=e resolv$ itself into asceticism1 9 ! "n ( :i* ! :ole actual hi/ory ( mank9d is cov]$ ) contempt1 ) horror1 & ) lam5tation4 ,?is is p>ticul>ly noticeable 9 ,augu/9e1 9 ,orosius1 & 9 ,otto ( ,frisia1 b is to be p]ceiv$ at lea/ 9 g]m z a t5d5cy among all ! hi/orians or *ronicl]s ( ! e>ly ,middle ,ages4 ,:at ?\ghts are sugge/$ by ! battle ( ,!rmopyl to ,otto ( ,frisia8 ,tdet hic inextricabilem malorum tex]e cratem2 tam5 ad o/5d5dam mortalium mis]iam1 summatim ea att+]e volo4 ,& :at by ! de$s ( ,alex&]8 ,regni ,mac$onum mon>*ia1 qu al ipso cpit1 ipso mortuo cum ipso f9itur4444 ,civitas autem ,*ri/i firmata supra firmam petram4444 ,) asceticism is l9k$ ! (t5 not$ & (t5 ridicul$ cr$ulity ( ! m$ieval hi/orians 7n to be conf\nd$ ) ! belief 9 miracles1 orig9at+ f religion73 ?is cr$ulity is g5]ally attribut$ to ! preval5ce ( imag9ation1 or to social conditions1 :i* r5d]$ books r>e & critical capacity difficult to f9d--t is to say1 to ?+s :i* requir$ to be expla9$ 9 _! turn4 ,indiff]5ce is1 inde$1 "o ( ! pr9cipal s\rces ( cr$ulity1 because no "o is ev] cr$ul\s 9 ! ?+s t t\* him closely & ( :i* he treats1 :ile on ! o!r h& all 7z is prov$ 9 daily life7 are ready to l5d an e> to m or less indiff]5t talk4 ,asceticism1 dim9i%+ ! int]e/ = ?+s ( ! _w & = hi/ory1 assi/$ 9 ! neglect & disp]sion ( books & docum5ts1 promot$ cr$ulity t[>d ev]y?+ he>d or read1 unbridl+ ! imag9ation1 ev] desir\s ( ! wond]ful & curi\s1 to ! disadvantage ( disc]nm5t4 ,x did ?is n only 9 hi/ory prop]ly s call$1 b also 9 ! sci5ce ( nature or natural hi/ory1 :i* 0 also indiff]5t to "o1 :o possess$ ! ultimate tru? ( religion4 ,! weak capacity = individualization noticeable 9 m$ieval hi/oriography mu/ be attribut$ to ascetism1 :i* is usually satisfi$ ) ! g5]al "* ( goodness or badness 7! 'portrait' is v r>e 9 x1 z 9 ! figurative arts ( ! same age71 & x has ev5 less consci\sness ( ! hi/orical diff]5ces ( place & "t1 trave/y+ p]sons & ev5ts 9 contempor>y co/ume4 ,x ev5 goes s f> z to compose imag9>y hi/ories & false docum5ts1 :i* portray ! suppos$ type4 ,?is ext5ds f ,agnello ( ,rav5na1 :o decl>$ t he wrote also ! lives ( ^? bi%ops ( ,rav5na ab\t :om he possess$ no in=mation1 et cr$o 7he said7 non m5titum esse1 because1 if !y fill$ s high a pa/1 !y mu/ ( necessity h be5 good1 *>itable1 zeal\s1 & s =?1 d[n to ! false decretals ( ! pseudo-,isidore4 ,we also owe to asceticism ! =m ( *ronicle z its intimate cause1 because1 :5 ! mean+ ( p>ticul> facts 0 neglect$1 x only rema9$ to note !m z !y 7 obs]v$ or relat$1 )\t any ideological connexion & ) only ! *ronological connexion4 ,?us we frequ5tly f9d among ! hi/orians ( ! ,middle ,ages ! union 7at fir/ sight /range1 yet n )\t logical coh]5ce7 ( a gr&iose hi/ory1 beg9n+ ) ! creation ( ! _w & ! disp]sion ( ! races1 & an arid *ronicle1 foll[+ ! o!r pr9ciple & becom+ ev] m p>ticul> & m cont+5t z approa* is gradually made to ! times ( ! au?ors4 ,:5 on ! "o h& ! two cities1 ! heav5ly & ! e>?ly1 & on ! o!r ! transc5d5cy ( ! pr9ciple ( explanation _h be5 conceiv$1 ! composition ( dualism c\ld n be s\ght = 9 intellig5ce1 b 9 my?1 :i* put an end to ! /rife ) ! triumph ( "o ( ! two adv]s>ies3 ! my? ( ! fall1 ( ! r$emption1 ( ! expect$ reign ( ,*ri/1 ( ! ,la/ ,judgm5t1 & ( ! f9al sep>ation ( ! two cities1 "o asc5d+ to ,p>adise ) ! elect1 ! o!r driv5 back into hell ) ! wick$4 ,?is my?ology _h its prec$5t 9 ! ,judaic expectations ( a ,messiah1 & also1 f "s po9ts ( view1 9 ,orphism1 & cont9u$ to develop ?r\gh gnosis1 mill5>ism1 & o!r h]etical t5tatives & h]esies1 until x took a def9ite or almo/ a def9ite =m 9 ,/ ,augu/9e4 ,x has be5 rem>k$ t 9 ?is conception metaphysic became id5tifi$ ) hi/ory1 z an entirely new ?\ght1 altoge!r oppos$ to ,greek ?\ght1 & t x is a philosophical contribution altoge!r novel & prop] to ,*ri/ianity4 ,b we mu/ add "h t1 z my?ology1 x did n unite1 b inde$ conf\nd$1 metaphysic & hi/ory1 mak+ ! f9ite inf9ite1 avoid+ ! fallacy ( ! circle z p]petual return ( ?+s1 b fall+ into ! o!r fallacy ( a progress beg9n+ & end+ 9 "t4 ,hi/ory 0 !re=e arrang$ 9 spiritual epo*s or phases1 ?r\gh :i* humanity 0 born1 grew up1 & atta9$ completion3 !re 7 six1 sev51 or eight epo*s1 accord+ to ! v>i\s ways ( divid+ & calculat+1 :i* sometimes correspond$ to ! ages ( human life1 sometimes to ! days ( ! creation1 sometimes to bo? ^! s*emes comb9$2 or :]e ! h]m5eutic ( ,/ ,j]ome ^u ! ,book ( ,daniel 0 accept$1 ! succession ( ev5ts 0 di/ribut$ among ! f\r mon>*ies1 ( :i* ! la/ 0 ! ,roman1 n only 9 ord] ( "t1 b also 9 t ( ! idea1 because aft] ! ,roman ,empire 7! ,middle ,ages1 z we "k1 long n\ri%$ ! illusion t t empire p]si/$ 9 ! =m ( ! ,holy ,roman ,empire7 !re w\ld be no?+ else1 & ! reign ( ,*ri/ or ( ! ,*ur* & !n ( ,anti*ri/ & ! univ]sal judgm5t 7 expect$ to foll[ )\t any int]mission4 ,! end :i* hi/ory _h n yet rea*$ *ronologically1 be+ also intr9sic to ! sy/em1 0 ideally con/ructible1 z ! ,apocalypses _h already ideally con/ruct$ x1 p]vad+ !ological works & ev5 hi/ories1 :i* 9 _! la/ section 7see ! works ( ,otto ( ,frisia = all ( !m7 describ$ ! com+ ( ,anti*ri/ & ! end ( ! _w3 h5ce ! idea ( a hi/ory ( ?+s future1 cont9u$ by ! p>adoxical ,francesco ,patrizzi1 :o gave utt]ance to 8 !ory 9 ! sixte5? c5tury 9 8 dialogues ,^u ,hi/ory 7#aefj74 ,?is g5]al hi/orical picture might be "h & !re v>i$ 9 its p>ticul>s1 b nev] %att]$ & confut$2 x v>i$ 9 or?odoxy up to ! "t ( ,augu/9e1 & aft]w>d among ! diss5ti5ts & ! h]etics3 mo/ notewor?y ( ^! v>iations 0 ! ,et]nal ,evangel ( ! foll[]s ( ,gioac*9o di ,flora1 :o divid$ hi/ory into ?ree epo*s1 correspond+ to ! ?ree p]sons ( ! ,tr9ity3 ! fir/ t ( ! ,old ,te/am5t or ( ! ,fa!r1 ! second t ( ! ,new ,te/am5t or ( ! ,son1 ! ?ird & la/1 t ( ! ,_s4 ,^! are b artificial comb9ations & transactions1 by means ( :i* life always seeks to f9d a passage betwe5 ! preconceiv$ s*emes :i* compress & ?reat5 to suffocate x4 ,b su* transactions did n avail to get ! bett] ( ! discord betwe5 reality & plan :i* ev]y:]e reveal$ itself4 ,h5ce ! necessity ( ! allegorical int]pretation1 s de> to ! ,middle ,ages4 ,?is consi/$ sub/antially 9 plac+ an imag9>y figure betwe5 ! plan & ! hi/orical reality1 a mixture ( bo?1 l a bridge1 b a bridge :i* c\ld be cross$ only 9 imag9ation4 ,?us p]sonages & ev5ts ( sacr$ & pr(ane hi/ory 7 allegoriz$1 & subtle num]ical calculations made & cont9ually re9=c$ ) new imag9>y contributions1 9 ord] to discov] correspond5ces & p>allelisms2 & n only 7 ! ages ( life & ! days ( creation plac$ on a p>allel l9e ) hi/orical epo*s1 b s also 7 ! virtues & o!r conceptions4 ,su* notions are /ill to be f\nd 9 books ( devotion & 9 ! prea*+ ( ! less acute & less mod]niz$ ( sacr$ orators4 ,! 'reign ( nature' 0 also includ$ 9 allegorical int]pretation2 & s9ce hi/ory & metaphysic _h be5 set at v>iance ) "o ano!r1 s 9 l mann] 0 natural sci5ce set at v>iance ) bo? ( !m1 & all appe>$ toge!r 9 allegorical =ms 9 ! m$ieval encyclopdias1 ! ,pan!ons & ,mirrors ( ! ,_w4 ,not)/&+ ^! inevitable /ray+s1 ! new idea ( hi/ory z ! spiritual drama ( humanity1 al?\gh x incl9$ t[>d my?1 yet act$ ) su* en]gy z to weak5 ! anci5t het]onom\s conception ( hi/ory z direct$ t[>d ! adm9i/ration ( ab/ract in/ruction1 useful 9 actual practice4 ,hi/ory itself 0 n[ ! tea*+1 ! k ( ! life ( ! human race f its creation ^u ! e>?1 ?r\gh its /ruggles1 up to its f9al /ate1 :i* 0 indicat$ 9 ! ne> or remote horizon4 ,hi/ory ?us became ! "w ( ,god1 tea*+ by ,8 direct ^w & pres5ce1 :i* is to be se5 & he>d 9 e "p ( x4 ,decl>ations are c]ta9ly n want+1 inde$ !y ab\nd1 t ! read+ ( hi/ories is useful z c\nsell+1 & p>ticul>ly z inculcat+1 good behavi\r & ab/5tion f evil4 ,sometimes x is a "q ( traditional & conv5tional decl>ations1 at o!rs ( p>ticul> designs3 b m$ieval hi/oriography 0 n conceiv$1 because x c\ld n be conceiv$1 het]onom\sly4 ,if asceticism mortifi$ m9ds1 & if ! miracul\s cl\d$ !m1 x is n necess>y to believe1 on ! o!r h&1 t ei!r _h ! p[] to depress reality altoge!r & = a long p]iod4 ,inde$1 precisely because asceticism 0 arbitr>y1 & my?ology imag9>y1 !y rema9$ m or less ab/ract1 9 ! same way z allegorical int]pretation1 :i* 0 impot5t to suppress ! real det]m9ations ( fact4 ,x 0 all v well to despise & condemn ! e>?ly city 9 words1 b x =c$ itself ^u ! att5tion1 & if x did n speak to ! intellect x spoke to ! s\ls & to ! passions ( m54 ,9 its p]iod ( y\?ful vig\r1 also1 ,*ri/ianity 0 oblig$ to tol]ate pr(ane hi/ory1 dictat$ by economic1 political1 & milit>y int]e/s1 side by side ) sacr$ hi/ory4 ,& z 9 ! c\rse ( ! ,middle ,ages1 9 addition to ! religi\s poetry ( ! sacr$ hymns & poems1 !re also exi/$ an epic ( t]ritorial conque/s1 ( ! %ock ( peoples & ( feudal /rife1 s !re cont9u$ to exi/ a worldly hi/ory1 m or less m+l$ & temp]$ ) religi\s hi/ory4 ,we f9d ev5 f]v5t ,*ri/ians & ! mo/ pi\s ( prie/s yield+ to ! desire ( collect+ & h&+ d[n ! memory ( _! race3 ?us ,gregory ( ,t\rs told ( ! ,franks1 ,paulus ,diaconus ( ! ,lomb>ds1 ,b$e ( ! ,angles1 ,widek9d ( ! ,saxons4 ,_! g5tle he>ts ( political p>tisans d n cease to beat4 ,n only d !y lam5t ! mis]y & wick$ness ( humanity 9 g5]al1 b also give v5t to _! p>ticul> feel+s1 z we obs]ve1 = in/ance1 9 ! monk ,er*emp]tus1 :o1 ex intimo corde duc5s alta suspiria1 resumes ! ?read ( ,paul's hi/ory to n>rate ! de$s ( 8 glori\s ,lomb>ds 7n[ hunt$ back into ! s\!rn "p ( ,italy alone & assault$ & imbu%$ on e side71 non regnum s$ excidium1 non felicitatem s$ mis]iam1 non triumphum s$ p]niciem4 ,& ,liutpr& ( ,cremona1 al?\gh he makes ! deity int]v5e z rul] & puni%] on e occasion1 & ev5 ! sa9ts 9 p]son d battle1 does n fail1 = in/ance1 to note t :5 ,b]5g>ius proce$$ to take possession ( ! k+dom aft] ! dea? ( ,guido1 ! foll[]s ( ! latt] call$ = ,k+ ,lamb]t1 quia semp] ,itali gem9is uti dom9is volunt1 quat9us alt]um alt]ius t]rore coh]ceant3 :i* is also ! def9ition ( feudal society4 ,!y 7 mo/ cr$ul\s 9 _m ?+s1 f> f pr(\nd & ab&on$ to _! imag9ation1 b !y 7 n cr$ul\s1 inde$ !y 7 cle>-sight$1 %rewd & diffid5t 9 :at conc]n$ ! possessions & privileges ( ! *ur*es & mona/]ies1 ( families1 & ( ! feudal gr\p & ! ord] ( citiz5%ip to :i* ea* belong$4 ,x is to ^! int]e/s t we owe ! =mation ( ar*ives1 regi/]s1 *ronologies1 & ! ex]cise ( criticism z to ! au!nticity & g5u95ess ( docum5ts4 ,! conception ( ! new ,*ri/ian virtue oppress$1 b did n qu5*1 admiration 7?\gh held s9ful by ! mo/ sev]e7 = ! great "n ( anci5t ,rome1 & ! _m works ( pagan civilization1 its eloqu5ce1 its poetry1 its civil wisdom4 ,nor did x =bid admiration = ,arabic or ,judaic-,arabic wisdom1 ( :i* ! works 7 well receiv$1 not)/&+ religi\s /rife4 ,h5ce we may say t 9 ! same way z ,grco-,roman humanism did n altoge!r exclude ! sup]natural1 s ! ,*ri/ian sup]natural did n prev5t human consid]ation ( worldly passions & e>?ly transactions4 ,?is becomes m & m evid5t z we pass f ! e>ly to ! late ,middle ,ages1 :5 pr(ane hi/oriography progresses1 z ! result ( ! /ruggles betwe5 ,*ur* & ,/ate1 ( ! communal movem5t1 ( ! m frequ5t comm]cial communications betwe5 ,europe & ! ,ea/1 & ! l4 ,^! are !mselves ! result ( ! developm5t1 ! matur+1 & ! mod]nization ( ?\ght1 :i* gr[s ) life & makes life gr[4 ,nei!r life nor ?\ght rema9$ atta*$ to ! conceptions ( ! fa!rs ( ! ,*ur*1 ( ,augu/9e1 ( ,orosius1 to :om hi/ory (f]$ no?+ b ! pro( ( ! inf9ite evils t afflict humanity1 ( ! unceas+ puni%m5ts ( ,god1 & ( ! dea?s ( ! p]secutors4 ,9 ,otto ( ,frisia himself1 :o holds m firmly ?an ! o!rs to ! doctr9es ( ,augu/9e1 we f9d ! asp]ity ( doctr9e temp]$ by grace2 & :5 he aft]w>d proce$s to n>rate ! /ruggle betwe5 ! ,*ur* & ! ,empire1 if x _c be said t he takes ! side ( ! ,empire1 x also _c be said t he resolutely def5ds t ( ! ,*ur*1 = ! es*atological visions t =m s great a "p ( 8 "w d n bl9d 8 practical s5se & political judgm5t4 ,! p>ty ( ! fai? aga9/ ! fai?less rema9$1 h[ev]1 always ! 'great p>ty1' ! great '/ruggle ( classes' 7elect & reprobate7 & ( '/ates' 7cele/ial & e>?ly cities74 ,b )9 ?is l>ge framework we p]ceive o!r figures m closely p>ticul>iz$1 o!r p>ties & int]e/s1 :i* gradually come to occupy ! fir/1 second1 & ?ird planes1 s t ! /ruggle betwe5 ,god & ! devil is =c$ ev] m & m into ! backgr\nd & becomes some:at vague1 some?+ always assum$ to be pres5t1 b n felt to be active & urg5t 9 ! s\l1 z some?+ :i* is /ill talk$ (1 b is n deeply felt1 or at lea/ felt ) ! en]gy t ! words w\ld wi% u to believe1 ! words !mselves (t5 s\nd+ l a refra91 z pi\s z x is conv5tional4 ,! miracul\s gradually fills less & less space & appe>s m r>ely3 ,god acts m will+ly by means ( second>y causes1 & respects natural laws2 ,he r>ely int]v5es directly 9 a revolution>y mann]4 ,! =m ( ! *ronicles1 too1 becomes also less accid5tal & arid1 ! bett] among ! *ronicl]s "h & !re seek+ a diff]5t 'ord]'--t is to say1 really1 a bett] und]/&+--& we f9d 7p>ticul>ly f ! ?irte5? c5tury onw>d7 ! ordo artificialis or int]nal oppos$ to ! ordo naturalis or ext]nal *ronological ord]4 ,!re are also to be f\nd ^? :o di/+ui% betwe5 ! sub s+ulis annis describ]e & ! sub /ilo hi/orico conglut9>e--t is to say1 ! gr\p+ toge!r accord+ to ?+s describ$4 ,! g5]al aspect ( hi/oriography *anges n a little4 ,limit+ ourselves to ,italian hi/oriography alone1 !re are no long] little books ^u ! miracles & ! translations ( ! bodies ( sa9ts & bi%ops1 b *ronicles ( communes1 all ( !m full ( affection = ! feudal sup]iors or = ! ar*bi%op1 = ! imp]ial or ! anti-imp]ial side1 = ,milan or = ,b]gamo1 or = ,lodi4 ,! s5se ( trag$y1 :i* weigh$ s heavily ^u ,er*emp]tus1 returns ) new & /rong] acc5ts 9 ! n>rative ( ! de$s ( ,b>b>ossa at ,milan1 entitl$ ,libellus tri/ititi et doloris1 angu/i et tribulationis1 passionum et torm5torum4 ,love = "o's city usurps mu* ( ! space previ\sly devot$ to ?+s cele/ial1 & praises ( ,milan1 ( ,b]gamo1 ( ,v5ice1 ( ,amalfi1 ( ,naples1 res\nd 9 ! pages ( _! *ronicl]s4 ,?us ^? va/ *ronicles are rea*$ :i*1 al?\gh !y beg9 ) ! ,t[] ( ,babel1 yet lead to ! hi/ory ( t city or ( t ev5t :i* makes ! /ronge/ appeal to ! feel+s & be/ /imulates ! indu/ry ( ! writ]1 & become m+l$ ) ! p]sons & ?+s ( ! pres5t or future life4 ,giovanni ,villani1 a pilgrim to ,rome to celebrate ! papal jubilee1 is n inspir$ ) ! ascetic _s or rais$ to heav5 by t solemn spectacle2 b1 on ! contr>y1 s9ce he f9ds himself 9 ! holy city ( ,rome on t bless$ pilgrimage1 inspect+ its great & anci5t possessions1 & read+ ! hi/ories & ! great de$s ( ! ,romans1 he is inspir$ to compose ! hi/ory ( 8 native ,fior5za1 daught] & creation ( ,rome 7( anci5t ,rome prior to ,*ri/ianity74 ,8 ,fior5za resembl$ ,rome 9 its rise to greatness & its foll[+ aft] great ?+s1 & 0 l ,rome 9 its fall4 ,?us ! 'holy' & ! 'bless$' d n lead him to holy & bless$ ?\ghts1 b to ?\ghts ( worldly greatness4 ,to ! hi/oriography ( ! communes answ]s ! m s]i\sly worldly1 ! m =mally & hi/orically elaborat$ hi/oriography ( ! ,norman & ,suabian k+dom ( ,sicily4 ,9 ! proem to its ,con/itutiones sov]eigns are decl>$ to be in/itut$ ipsa r]um necessitate cog5te1 nec m9us div9 provisionis in/9ctu2 ) its ,romualdo ,gu>na1 its ,abbot ,teles9o1 its ,malat]ra1 its ,hugo ,falc&o & ,pietro da ,eboli1 its ,ricc>do da ,san ,g]mano1 ) ! pseudo-,jamsilla1 & ,saba ,malasp9a4 ,all ( ^! h _! h]oes1 ,rog] & ,william ! ,normans1 ,fr$]ick & ,manfr$ ! ,suabians1 & :at !y praise 9 !m is ! s\nd political basis :i* !y knew h[ to e/abli% & to ma9ta9 ) a firm h&4 ,eo tempore1 says ,falc&o ( ,rog]1 ,regnum ,sicilia1 /r5uis et prcl>is viris abundans1 cum t]ra m>ique plurimum posset1 vic9is circumquoque g5tibus t]rorem incuss]at1 summaque pace ac tranquillitate maxima fruebatur4 ,& ! s-call$ ,jamsilla1 ( ,fr$]ick ,,ii3 ,vir fuit magni cordis1 s$ magnanitatem suam multa1 qua 9 eo fuit1 sapi5tia sup]avit1 ut nequaquam impetus eum ad aliquid faci5dum impell]et1 s$ ad omnia cum rationis maturitate proc$]et2444 utpote qui philosophis /udiosus erat quam et ipse 9 se coluit1 et 9 regno suo propag>e ord9avit4 ,tunc quidem ipsius felici tempore 9 regno ,sicili erant litt]ati pauci vel nulli2 ipse v]o imp]ator lib]alium artium et omnis approbat sci5tia s*olas 9 regno ipso con/ituit 444 ut omnis conditionis et =tuna hom9es nullius occasione indig5ti a philosophi /udio retrah]5tur4 ,! /ate1 pr(ane culture1 'philosophy1' imp]sonat$ 9 ! h]esi>* ,fr$]ick1 are ?us set 9 cle> relief4 ,& :ile on ! "o h& m & m laical !ories ( ! /ate become jo9$ to ^! political & cultural curr5ts 7f ,dante1 inde$ f ,?omas ,aqu9as1 to ,m>silio ( ,padua71 & ! fir/ outl9es ( lit]>y hi/ory 7lives ( ! poets & ( m5 fam\s = _! k1 & ! rise ( v]nacul> lit]atures7 & hi/ories ( mann]s 7z 9 c]ta9 passages 9 ,ricobaldo ( ,f]r>a71 on ! o!r h& s*ola/icism f\nd its way to su* problems & conceptions by means ( ! works ( ,ari/otle1 :i* repres5t$ z x 7 a fir/ brief summ>y ( anci5t k4 ,x is unnecess>y to say t ,dante's poem is ! *ief monum5t ( ?is condition ( _s1 :]e ! ideas ( ! ,middle ,ages are ma9ta9$1 b ! political1 poetical1 & philosophical affections1 ! love ( fame & ( glory1 prove _! vig\r1 al?\gh subord9at$ to ^? ideas & re/ra9$1 z f> z possible1 by !m4 ,b ^? ideas are nev]!less ma9ta9$1 ev5 among ! imp]iali/s & adv]s>ies ( ! ,*ur*1 & x is only 9 r>e spirits t we f9d a p>tly sceptical & p>tly mock+ negation ( !m4 ,transc5d5cy1 ! presci5ce ( ,god1 ,:o orda9s1 directs1 & disposes ( ev]y?+ accord+ to ,8 w1 be/[s rew>ds & puni%m5ts1 & int]v5es my/]i\sly1 always ma9ta9s its place 9 ! di/ant backgr\nd1 9 ,dante z 9 ,giovanni ,villani1 z 9 all ! hi/orians & *ronicl]s4 ,t[>d ! close ( ! fifte5? c5tury ! !ological conception makes a curi\s appe>ance 9 ! ,fr5* hi/orian ,com9es1 arm 9 arm ) ! mo/ al]t & unprejudic$ policy ( success at all co/s4 ,worldl9ess1 s ri*1 s v>i\s1 & s complex1 0 yet )\t an ideal /&>d ( comp>ison1 & = ?is reason x 0 r liv$ ?an ?\ght1 %[+ itself r 9 ri*ness ( detail ?an sy/ematically4 ,! anci5t elem5ts ( culture1 :i* _h pass$ f ,ari/otelianism into s*ola/icism1 fail$ to act p[]fully1 because t "p ( ,ari/otelianism 0 p>ticul>ly select$ :i* 0 9 h>mony ) ,*ri/ian ?\ght already translat$ into ,platonic t]ms & dogmatiz$ 9 a transc5d5tal =m by ! fa!rs ( ! ,*ur*4 ,h5ce x has ev5 be5 possible to note a pause 9 hi/oriographical int]e/1 :]e s*ola/icism has prevail$1 a comp5dium ( ! type ( t ( ,m>t9 ,polonus be+ held suffici5t to s]ve ! end ( quotations = demon/ration or = legal purposes4 ,:at 0 requir$ ^u ent]+ a new p]iod ( progress 7!re is always progress1 b 'p]iods ( progress' are ^? 9 :i* ! motion ( ! _s seems to become accel]at$ & ! fruit t has be5 gr[+ ripe = c5turies is rapidly pluck$7 0 a direct consci\s negation ( transc5d5cy & ( ,*ri/ian miracle1 ( ascesis & ( es*atology1 bo? 9 life & 9 ?\ght a negation ^: t]ms 7heav5ly & e>?ly life7 _h c]ta9ly be5 not$ by m$ieval hi/oriography1 b _h be5 all[$ to endure & to progress1 ! "o beside ! o!r1 )\t true & prop] contact & conflict aris+ betwe5 !m4 ,,iv ,,! ,,hi/oriography ,,( ,,! ,,r5aissance ,! negation ( ,*ri/ian transc5d5cy 0 ! "w ( ! age ( ! ,r5aissance1 :51 to employ ! expression us$ by ,fuet]1 hi/oriography became 'secul>iz$4' ,9 ! hi/ories ( ,leon>do ,bruni & ( ,bracciol9i1 :o gave ! fir/ conspicu\s examples ( ! new attitude ( hi/oriographical ?\ght1 & 9 all o!rs ( ! same sort :i* foll[$ !m--among !m ^? ( ,ma*iavelli & ( ,guicci>d9i %9e =? conspicu\sly--we f9d h>dly any trace ( 'miracles4' ,^! are record$ solely ) ! int5tion ( mock+ at !m & ( expla9+ !m 9 an altoge!r human mann]4 ,an acute analysis ( individual *>act]s & int]e/s is sub/itut$ = ! int]v5tion ( div9e provid5ce & ! actions ( ! popes1 & religi\s /rifes !mselves are apt to be int]pret$ accord+ to utilit>ian passions & solely ) an eye to _! political be>+4 ,! s*eme ( ! f\r mon>*ies ) ! adv5t ( ,anti*ri/ connect$ ) x is all[$ to disappe>2 hi/ories are n[ n>rat$ ab incl9atione imp]ii1 & ev5 univ]sal hi/ories1 l ! ,enneads ( ,sabellicus1 d n adh]e to traditional ecclesia/ical tradition4 ,*ronicles ( ! _w1 univ]sal miracul\s hi/ories1 bo? !ological & apocalyptic1 become ! lit]ature ( ! p & ( ^? ) little culture1 or p]si/ 9 c\ntries ( backw>d culture1 su* z ,g]many at t "t1 or f9ally are limit$ to ! circle ( ,ca?olic or ,prote/ant confessional hi/oriography1 bo? ( :i* reta9 s mu* ( ! ,middle ,ages1 ! ,prote/ant p]haps m ?an ! ,ca?olic 7at lea/ at a fir/ glance71 = ! latt] contriv$ at lea/ "h & !re to temporize & to accommodate itself to ! times4 ,all ?is is %[n v cle>ly & m9utely by ,fuet]1 & ,i %all n[ proce$ to take c]ta9 obs]vations & "s in=mation f 8 book1 :i* ,i %all re>range & complete ) "s m ( my own4 ,9 ! political hi/oriography ( ! late ,middle ,ages1 ! !ological conception _h be51 z we h said1 ?r[n into ! backgr\nd2 b h5ce=w>d x is n to be f\nd ev5 !re1 & if at times we he> its =mulas1 !y are j l ^? ( ! ,crusade aga9/ ! ,turks1 prea*+ ! lib]ation ( ! tomb ( ,*ri/4 ,^! 7 /ill repeat$ by prea*]s1 writ]s ( v]se1 & rhetoricians 7& cont9u$ to be repeat$ = ?ree c5turies71 b !y f\nd no response 9 political reality & 9 ! consci5ce ( ! p1 because !y 7 b empty s\nd4 ,nor 0 ! negation ( !ologism & ! secul>ization ( hi/ory accompli%$ only 9 practice1 unaccompani$ ) complete consci\sness2 =1 al?\gh _m m9ds really did turn 9 ! direction indicat$ by fate1 or 9 o!r words by ! new m5tal necessity1 & al?\gh ! polemic 0 n always op51 b on ! contr>y (t5 surr\nd$ ) _m precautions1 evid5ce ab\nds ( ! agreem5t ( ! practice ) ! !ory ( hi/oriography4 ,! criticism ( s grave a !ori/ ( hi/ory z ,bod9 is oppos$ to ! s*eme ( ! f\r mon>*ies4 ,he makes x 8 object to combat ! invet]atum errorem de quattuor imp]iis1 prov+ t ! notion 0 caprici\sly tak5 f ! dream ( ,daniel1 & t x 9 no way correspond$ ) ! real c\rse ( ev5ts4 ,x w\ld be sup]flu\s to record "h ! celebrat$ epigrams ( ,ma*iavelli & ( ,guicci>d9i1 :o satiriz$ !ology & miracles4 ,guicci>d9i not$ t all religions h boa/$ ( miracles1 & !re=e !y are n pro(s ( any "o ( !m1 & are p]haps no?+ b secrets ( nature4 ,he advis$ 8 read]s nev] to say t ,god _h aid$ s-&-s because he 0 good & _h made s-&-s suff] because he 0 wick$1 = we (t5 see ! opposite1 & ! c\nsels ( div9e provid5ce are 9 fact an abyss4 ,paolo ,s>pi1 al?\gh he admits t x is a pi\s & religi\s ?\ght to attribute ! disposition ( e ev5t to div9e provid5ce1 yet holds x presumption to det]m9e to :at end ev5ts are direct$ by t highe/ wisdom2 = m51 be+ emotionally atta*$ to _! op9ions1 are p]suad$ t !y are z mu* lov$ & fav\r$ by ,god z by !mselves4 ,h5ce1 = example1 !y argu$ t ,god _h caus$ ,zw+li & ,hecolampadius to die almo/ at ! same "t1 9 ord] t he might puni% & remove ! m9i/]s ( discord1 :]eas x is c]ta9 t aft] ! dea? ( ^! two1 ! evangelical cantons h made great] progress 9 ! doctr9e t !y receiv$ f bo? ( !m4 ,su* a disposition ( religi\s & cauti\s spirits is yet m significant ?an t ( ! radical & impetu\s1 op5ly irrev]5t1 9 ! same way z ! new importance attribut$ to hi/ory is notable 9 ! increase ( hi/oriographical lab\r t is !n ev]y:]e noticeable1 & 9 ! =mation ( a true & prop] philological s*ool1 n only = antiquity1 b = ! ,middle ,ages 7,valla1 ,flavio ,biondo1 ,cal*i1 ,sigonio1 ,beato ,r5ano1 etc471 :i* publi%es & re/ores texts1 criticizes ! au!nticity & ! value ( s\rces1 is occupi$ ) ! e/abli%m5t ( a te*nical me?od ( exam9+ witnesses1 & composes le>n$ hi/ories4 ,no?+ is m natural ?an t ! new =m ( hi/oriography %\ld seem to be a return to ,grco-,roman antiquity1 z ,*ri/ianity _h seem$ to be a return to ! /ory ( ,ed5 7! int]lude ( paganism hav+ be5 br\ght to an end by ! r$emption71 or t ! ,middle ,ages %\ld /ill seem to "s to-day to be a fall+ back into b>b>\s pre-,hell5ic times4 ,! illusion ( ! return 0 express$ 9 ! cult ( classical antiquity1 & 9 all ^? manife/ations1 lit]>y1 arti/ic1 moral1 & cu/om>y1 famili> to ^? :o "k ! ,r5aissance4 ,9 ! special field ) :i* we are at pres5t occupi$1 we f9d a curi\s docum5t 9 support ( ! difficulty t philologi/s & critics exp]i5c$ 9 p]suad+ !mselves t ! ,greek & ,roman writ]s _h p]haps be5 able to deceive !mselves1 to lie1 to falsify1 to be l$ a/ray by passions & bl9d$ by ignorance1 9 ! same way z ^? ( ! ,middle ,ages4 ,?us ! latt] 7 sev]ely criticiz$ :ile ! =m] 7 rev]5c$ & accept$1 = x ne$$ mu* "t & lab\r to atta9 to an equal m5tal fre$om reg>d+ ! anci5ts1 & ! criticism ( texts & ( s\rces 0 develop$ 9 respect to m$ieval hi/ory long be=e x atta9$ to a l fre$om 9 respect to anci5t hi/ory4 ,b ! greate/ pro( & monum5t ( ! illusion ( ! return 0 ! =mation ( ! humani/ic type ( hi/oriography1 oppos$ to ! m$ieval4 ,?is _h be5 *iefly conf9$ to ! =m ( *ronicle & humani/ic hi/oriography1 al?\gh x accept$ ! arrangem5t by ye>s & seasons accord+ to ! examples set by ! ,greeks & ,romans1 cancell$ z f> z possible num]ical indications1 & ex]t$ itself to run on unbrok5ly1 )\t *ronological cuts & cross-cuts4 ,lat9 _h become b>b>\s 9 ! ,middle ,ages & _h accept$ ! vocabul>ies ( vulg> tongues1 or ^? :i* designat$ new ?+s 9 a new way1 :]eas ! humani/ic hi/oriograph]s translat$ & disguis$ e ?\ght & e n>rative 9 ,cic]onian ,lat91 or at lea/ ,lat9 ( ! ,gold5 ,age4 ,we frequ5tly f9d picturesque anecdotes 9 ! m$ieval *ronicles1 & humanism1 :ile x re/or$ its dignity to hi/ory1 depriv$ x ( t picturesque elem5t1 or att5uat$ & poli%$ x z x _h done ! ?+s & cu/oms ( ! b>b>ic c5turies4 ,?is humani/ic type ( hi/oriography1 l ! new philological erudition & criticism & ! :ole movem5t ( ! ,r5aissance1 0 ,italian "w1 & 9 ,italy hi/ories 9 ! vulg> tongue 7 soon modell$ ^u x1 :i* f\nd 9 ! lat9iz$ prose ( ,boccaccio an in/rum5t well suit$ to _! ends4 ,f ,italy x 0 diffus$ among o!r c\ntries1 & z always happ5s :5 an indu/ry is transplant$ into virg9 soil1 & workm5 & te*nical exp]ts are invit$ to come f ! c\ntry ( its orig91 s ! fir/ humani/ic hi/orians ( ! o!r p>ts ( ,europe 7 ,italians4 ,paolo ,emilio ! ,v]onese1 :o ,gallis condidit hi/orias1 gave ! ,fr5* ! humani/ic hi/ory ( ,france 9 8 ,de rebus ge/is ,francorum1 & ,polydore ,virgil did ! l = ,engl&1 ,lucio ,m>9eo = ,spa91 & _m o!rs = o!r c\ntries1 until indig5\s exp]ts appe>$ & ! aid ( ,italians became unnecess>y4 ,lat] on x became necess>y to ?r[ (f ?is cloak1 :i* 0 too loose or too tight--inde$1 0 n cut to ! model ( mod]n ?\ght4 ,:at !re 0 9 x ( artificial1 ( swoll51 ( false1 0 blam$--^! defects be+ inde$ cle>ly indicat$ 9 ! con/ructive pr9ciple ( ?is lit]>y =m1 :i* 0 t ( imitation4 ,b anyone ) a feel+ = ! pa/ w enjoy t hi/orical humani/ic prose z ! expression ( love = antiquity & ( ! desire to rise to its level4 ,?is love & ?is desire 7 s ke5 t !y _h no hesitation 9 reproduc+ ?+s ext]nal & indiff]5t 9 addition to :at 0 bett] & sometimes 9 default ( x4 ,giambatti/a ,vico1 sometimes s sublimely pu]ile1 is /ill f\nd lam5t+1 ?ree c5turies aft] ! creation ( humani/ic hi/oriography1 t no sov]eign has be5 f\nd into ^: m9d has ent]$ ! ?\ght ( pres]v+ = ev] 9 ! be/ ,lat9 /yle a record ( ! fam\s ,w> ( ! ,spani% ,succession1 ?an :i* a great] has nev] happ5$ 9 ! _w s9ce ! ,second ,c>?ag9ian ,w>1 t ( ,cs> ) ,pompey1 & ( ,alex&] ) ,d>ius4 ,b :at ( ?is8 ,q rec5tly1 dur+ ! w> 9 ,tripoli1 came ! proposal f ! dep?s ( "o ( ! m]idional prov9ces ( ,italy1 "o ( ^? little c\ntrysides :]e ! %ad[ ( a humani/ /ill exi/s1 t a ,lat9 comm5t>y %\ld be compos$ ^u t w> entitl$ ,de bello libico4 ,?is proposal 0 receiv$ ) mu* laught] & made ev5 me smile1 yet ! smile 0 accompani$ ) a sort ( t5d] emotion1 :5 ,i recall$ h[ long & devot$ly our fa!rs & =efa!rs _h pursu$ ! ideal ( a beautiful antiquity & ( a decor\s hi/oriography4 ,nev]!less1 ! belief 9 ! effectivity or possibility ( su* a return 01 z we h said1 an illusion2 no?+ ( :at has be5 returns1 no?+ ( :at has be5 c be aboli%$2 ev5 :5 we return to an old ?\ght ! new adv]s>y makes ! def5ce new & ! ?\ght itself new4 ,i read "s "t ago ! "w ( a le>n$ ,fr5* ,ca?olic4 ,:ile cle>+ ! ,middle ,ages ( c]ta9 absurd accusations & confut+ errors commonly circulat$ ab\t !m1 he ma9ta9$ t ! ,middle ,ages are ! truly mod]n "t1 mod]n ) ! et]nal mod]nity ( ! true1 & t !re=e !y %\ld n be call$ ! ,middle ,ages1 :i* t]m %\ld be appli$ to ! p]iod t has elaps$ betwe5 ! fifte5? c5tury & our own day1 betwe5 ! ,re=mation & positivism4 ,z ,i read1 ,i reflect$ t su* a !ory is ! wor?y p5dant to t o!r !ory1 :i* places ! ,middle ,ages b5ea? antiquity1 & t bo? _h "s "t ago %[n !mselves false to hi/orical ?\ght1 :i* kn[s no?+ ( returns1 b kn[s t ! ,middle ,ages pres]v$ antiquity deep 9 its he>t z ! ,r5aissance pres]v$ ! ,middle ,ages4 ,& :at is 'humanism' b a r5ew$ =mula ( t 'humanity' ( :i* ! anci5t _w knew little or no?+1 & :i* ,*ri/ianity & ! ,middle ,ages _h s pr(\ndly felt8 ,:at is ! ^w 'r5aissance' or 'r5ewal' b a metaphor tak5 f ! language ( religion8 ,& sett+ aside ! ^w1 is n ! conception ( humanism p]haps ! affirmation ( a spiritual & univ]sal value1 & 9 s f> z x is t1 altoge!r =eign1 z we "k1 to ! m9d ( antiquity1 & an intr9sic cont9uation ( ! 'ecclesia/ical' & 'spiritual' hi/ory :i* appe>$ ) ,*ri/ianity8 ,! conception ( spiritual value _h )\t d\bt become *ang$ or enri*$1 = x conta9$ )9 itself m ?an a ?\s& ye>s ( m5tal exp]i5ces1 ?\ghts1 & actions4 ,b :ile x ?us grew m ri*1 x pres]v$ its orig9al "*1 & con/itut$ ! religion ( ! new times1 ) its prie/s & m>tyrs1 its polemic & its apologetic1 its intol]ance 7x de/roy$ or all[$ to p]i% ! monum5ts ( ! ,middle ,ages & condemn$ its writ]s to oblivion71 & sometimes ev5 imitat$ ! =ms ( its wor%ip 7,navag>o us$ to burn a copy ( ,m>tial e ye> z a holocau/ to pure ,lat9ity74 ,& s9ce humanity1 philosophy1 sci5ce1 lit]ature1 & especially art1 politics1 activity 9 all its =ms1 n[ fill t conception ( value :i* ! ,middle ,ages _h plac$ 9 ,*ri/ian religi\s fai? alone1 hi/ories or outl9es ( hi/ories cont9ue to appe> z ! outcome ( ^! det]m9ations1 :i* 7 c]ta9ly new 9 respect to m$ieval lit]ature1 b 7 n less new 9 respect to ,grco-,roman lit]ature1 :]e !re 0 no?+ to comp>e to !m1 or only treatises compos$ 9 an empirical & extr9sic mann]4 ,! new hi/ories ( values pres5t$ !m selves timidly1 imitat+ 9 c]ta9 respects ! few ind5t examples1 b !y gave evid5ce ( a f]v\r1 an intellig5ce1 an afflatus1 :i* l$ to a hope = t increase & developm5t want+ to _! pr$ecessors1 :i*1 in/ead ( develop+1 _h gradually become m sup]ficial & f9ally disappe>$ aga9 into vagu5ess4 ,suffice x to m5tion z repres5tative ( !m all ,vas>i's ,lives ( ! ,pa9t]s1 :i* are connect$ ) ! m$itations & ! rese>*es ^u art conta9$ 9 s _m treatises1 dialogues1 & lett]s ( ,italians1 & are "h & !re %ot ?r\gh ) fla%es su* z nev] %one 9 antiquity4 ,! same may be said ( treatises on poetry & rhetoric1 & ( ! judgm5ts :i* !y conta9 z to poetry & ( ! new hi/ory ( poetry1 !n be+ attempt$ ) m or less successful results4 ,! '/ate' too1 :i* =ms ! object ( ! m$itations ( ,ma*iavelli1 is n ! simple /ate ( antiquity1 city or empire1 b is almo/ ! national /ate felt z some?+ div9e1 to :i* ev5 ! salvation ( ! s\l mu/ be sacrific$--t is to say1 z ! in/itution 9 :i* ! true salvation ( ! s\l is to be f\nd4 ,ev5 ! pagan virtue :i* he & o!rs oppos$ to ,*ri/ian virtue is v diff]5t f ! pure ,grco-,roman disposition ( m9d4 ,at t "t a />t 0 also made 9 ! direction ( inve/igat+ ! !ory ( rights1 ( political =ms1 ( my?s & beliefs1 ( philosophical sy/ems1 to-day 9 full fl[]4 ,& s9ce t same consci\sness :i* _h produc$ humanism _h also wid5$ ! b\nd>ies ( ! kn[n _w1 & _h s\ght = & f\nd p ( :om ! ,bible pres]v$ no record & ( :om ! ,grco-,roman writ]s knew no?+1 !re appe>$ at t "t a lit]ature relat+ to savages & to ! indig5\s civilizations ( ,am]ica 7& also ( di/ant ,asia1 :i* _h be5 bett] explor$71 f :i* arose ! fir/ notions z to ! primitive =ms ( human life4 ,?us 7 wid5$ ! spiritual b\nd>ies ( humanity at ! same "t z ! mat]ial4 ,we are n alone 9 p]ceiv+ ! illusion ( ! 'return to antiquity1' = ! m5 ( ! ,r5aissance 7 n sl[ 9 do+ ?is4 ,n e "o 0 cont5t to suit himself to ! humani/ic lit]>y type4 ,"s1 l ,ma*iavelli1 ?rew away t cloak1 too ample 9 its folds & 9 its tra91 pref]r+ to x ! %ort] mod]n dress4 ,prote/s aga9/ p$antry & imitation are inde$ frequ5tly to be he>d dur+ ! c\rse ( ! c5tury4 ,philosoph]s rebell$ aga9/ ,ari/otle 7fir/ aga9/ ! m$ieval & !n aga9/ ! anci5t ,ari/otle71 & appeals 7 made to tru?1 :i* is sup]ior bo? to ,plato & to ,ari/otle2 m5 ( lett]s advocat$ ! new 'classes1' & arti/s repeat$ t ! great ma/]s 7 'nature' & ! 'idea4' ,"o feels 9 ! air t ! "t is n f> di/ant :5 ! "q1 ,:o are ! true anci5ts8--t is to say1 ,:o are ! intellectually exp]t & mature8--w be answ]$ )1 ,we are2 ! symbol ( antiquity w be brok5 & !re w be f\nd )9 x ! reality :i* is human ?\ght1 ev] new 9 its manife/ations4 ,su* an answ] may possibly be sl[ 9 becom+ cle> & c]ta9 z an object ( common conviction1 ?\gh x w ev5tually become s1 & n[ suffices to expla9 ! true quality ( t return antiquity1 by prev5t+ ! tak+ ( ! symbol = ! ?+ symboliz$4 ,?is symbolical cov]+1 cause ( prejudices & misund]/&+s1 :i* enfold$ ! :ole ( humanism1 0 n ! sole vice f :i* ! hi/oriography ( ! ,r5aissance suff]$4 ,we d n1 ( c\rse1 speak "h ( ! bias ) :i* all hi/ories 7 v>i\sly affect$1 accord+ z !y 7 writt5 by m5 ( lett]s :o 7 also c\rti]s & support$ ! int]e/s ( _! ma/]s1 or (ficial hi/orians ( ari/ocratic & cons]vative /ates l ,v5ice1 or m5 tak+ "o or ! o!r side 9 ! conflicts )9 ! same /ate1 su* z ! ottimani 7or ari/ocratic7 & ! popul> p>ty ( ,flor5ce1 or uphold]s ( oppos$ religi\s beliefs1 su* z ! gr\p ( re=m$ div9es ( ,magdeburg & ,b>onio4 ,we d n speak "h ( ! hi/orians :o became /ory-writ]s 7!y sometimes take to hi/ory1 l ,b&ello71 or ( ^? :o collect$ in=mation ) a view to excit+ curiosity & creat+ sc&al4 ,^! are ?+s t belong to all p]iods1 & are n suffici5t to qualify a p>ticul> hi/oriographical age4 ,b if we exam9e only t :i* is or wi%$ to be hi/orical ?\ght1 ! hi/oriography ( ! ,r5aissance suff]$ f two o!r defects1 ea* ( :i* x _h inh]it$ f "o ( its prog5itors1 antiquity & ! ,middle ,ages4 ,& above all !re came to x f antiquity ! humani/ic-ab/ract or pragmatical conception1 z x is call$1 :i* incl9es to expla9 facts by ! individual 9 8 s+ul>ity & 9 8 atomism1 or by means ( ab/ract political =ms1 & ! l4 ,= ,ma*iavelli1 ! pr9ce is n only ! ideal b ! crit]ion t he adopts = ! explanation ( ev5ts4 ,he does n only appe> 9 8 treatises & political opuscules1 b 9 ! ,flor5t9e ,hi/ories1 :]e we meet ) him at ! v beg9n+--aft] ! t]rible imag9ative description ( ! condition ( ,italy 9 ! fif? c5tury--9 ! great figure ( ,!odoric1 by ^: 'virtue' & 'goodness' n only ,rome & ,italy1 b all ! o!r p>ts ( ! ,we/]n empire1 arose free f ! cont9ual sc\rg+s :i* !y _h support$ = s _m ye>s f s _m invasions1 & became aga9 happy & well-ord]$ communities4 ,! same figure reappe>s 9 _m diff]5t =ms 9 ! c\rse ( ! c5turies describ$ 9 ^? hi/ories4 ,f9ally1 at ! end ( ! description ( ! social /ruggles ( ,flor5ce1 we read t ?is city _h rea*$ su* a po9t t x c\ld be easily adapt$ to any =m ( gov]nm5t by a wise law-giv]4 ,9 l mann]1 ! ,hi/ory ( ,italy by ,guicci>d9i beg9s ) ! description ( ! happ9ess ( ,italy at ! end ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 acquir$ at v>i\s times & pres]v$ = _m reasons1 n ! lea/ ( :i* 0 ! indu/ry & g5ius ( ,lor5zo de' ,m$ici1 :o /rove 9 e way s to balance ,italian affairs t !y %\ld n incl9e m 9 "o direction ?an ano!r4 ,he _h allies 9 ,f]d9& ( ,aragon & ,ludovic ! ,moor1 p>tly = ! same & p>tly = o!r reasons1 & ! ,v5etians 7 held 9 *eck by all ?ree ( !m4 ,?is p]fect sy/em ( equilibrium 0 brok5 by ! dea?s ( ,lor5zo1 ( ,f]d9&1 & ( ! ,pope4 ,all hi/orians ( ?is p]iod express !mselves 9 ! same way1 & al?\gh a lively consci\sness ( ! spiritual values ( humanity 0 9 process ( =mation1 z has be5 se51 yet ^! 7 spok5 ( z ?\gh !y dep5d$ ^u ! w & ! intellig5ce ( individuals :o 7 _! ma/]s1 n ! contr>y4 ,9 ! hi/ory ( pa9t+1 = example1 ! 'pr9ce' = ,vas>i is ,giotto1 :o1 al?\gh born among inexp]t artisans1 alone reviv$ pa9t+ & r$uc$ x to su* a =m z might be describ$ z good4 ,biographies are also con/antly individuali/ic1 = !y nev] succe$ 9 p]fectly unit+ ! individual ) ! "w :i* he creates & :i* 9 turn creates him4 ,! idea ( *ance or =tune p]si/$ alongside ! pragmatic conception1 its anci5t companion4 ,ma*iavelli assigns ! c\rse ( ev5ts half to =tune & half to human prud5ce1 & al?\gh ! acc5t falls "h ^u prud5ce1 ! ackn[l$gm5t ( ! "o does n aboli% ! =ce ( ! o!r1 s my/]i\s & transc5d5t4 ,guicci>d9i attacks ^? :o1 :ile attribut+ ev]y?+ to prud5ce & virtue1 exclude ! p[] ( =tune1 because we see t human affairs receive at all times great impulsions f =tuit\s ev5ts1 :i* x is n )9 ! p[] ( man ei!r to =esee or to escape1 & al?\gh ! c>e & und]/&+ ( man may mod]ate _m ?+s1 nev]!less t alone does n suffice1 b good =tune is also necess>y4 ,x is true t "h & !re !re seems to appe> ano!r conception 9 ,ma*iavelli1 t ( ! /r5g? & logic ( ?+s1 b x is only a fleet+ %ad[4 ,x is also a %ad[ = ,guicci>d9i1 :5 he adds t ev5 if we wi% to attribute ev]y?+ to prud5ce & virtue1 mu/ at lea/ admit t x is necess>y to fall ^u or be born 9 times :5 ! virtues or qualities = :i* y value y\rself are e/eem$4 ,guicci>d9i rema9s p]plex$ z to "o po9t only1 z ?\gh he _h caught a glimpse ( some?+ t is nei!r caprice ( ! individual nor cont+5cy ( =tune3 ,:5 ,i consid] to :at accid5ts & dang]s ( illness1 ( *ance1 ( viol5ce1 ( inf9ite sorts1 is expos$ ! life ( man1 ! concurr5ce ( h[ _m ?+s is ne$ful t ! h>ve/ ( ! ye> %\ld be good1 no?+ surprises me m ?an to see an old man or a good h>ve/4 ,b ev5 "h we d n get beyond unc]ta9ty1 :i* 9 ?is case manife/s itself z a/oni%m5t4 ,) ! r5ewal ( ! idea ( =tune1 ev5 to a p>tial ext5t1 ) ! re/itution ( ! cult ( ?is pagan div9ity1 n only does ! ,god ( ,*ri/ianity disappe>1 b also ! idea ( rationality1 ( f9ality1 ( developm5t1 affirm$ dur+ ! m$ieval p]iod4 ,! anci5t ,ori5tal idea ( ! circle 9 human affairs returns2 x dom9at$ all ! hi/orians ( ! ,r5aissance1 & above all ,ma*iavelli4 ,hi/ory is an alt]nation ( lives & dea?s1 ( goods & ills1 ( happ9ess & mis]y1 ( spl5d\r & decad5ce4 ,vas>i und]/&s ! hi/ory ( pa9t+ 9 ! same way z t ( all ! arts1 :i*1 l human bodies1 h _! bir?1 _! gr[?1 _! old age1 & _! dea?4 ,he is solicit\s ( pres]v+ 9 8 book ! memory ( ! arti/ic capacity ( 8 "t1 le/ ! art ( pa9t+1 ei!r ow+ to ! neglect ( m5 or to ! malignity ( ! ages or to decree ( heav5 7:i* does n appe> to wi% to ma9ta9 ?+s "h bel[ = long 9 ! same /ate71 %\ld enc\nt] ! same disord] & ru9 z befell x 9 ! ,middle ,ages4 ,bod91 :ile criticiz+ & reject+ ! s*eme ( ! f\r mon>*ies1 & demon/rat+ ! fallaci\sness ( ! ass]tion t gold det]iorates into copp]1 or ev5 into clay1 & celebrat+ ! spl5d\r ( lett]s1 ( comm]ce1 ( ! geographical discov]ies ( 8 age1 does n1 h[ev]1 conclude 9 fav\r ( progress1 b ( ! circle1 blam+ ^? :o f9d ev]y?+ inf]ior 9 antiquity1 cum1 t]na quadam lege natur1 conv]siti omnium r]um velut 9 orbem r$ire videatur1 ut aqua vitia virtutibus1 ignoratio sci5ti1 turpe hone/o consequ5s sit1 ac t5ebr luci4 ,! sad1 bitt]1 pessimi/ic tone :i* we obs]ve among anci5t hi/orians1 :i* sometimes bur/s =? into ! tragic1 is also (t5 to be met ) among ! hi/orians ( ! ,r5aissance1 = !y saw p]i% _m ?+s t 7 v de> to !m1 & 7 con/ra9$ to tremble = ^? :i* !y /ill enjoy$1 or at lea/ to fe> = !m by anticipation1 c]ta9 t soon] or lat] !y w\ld yield _! place to _! contr>ies4 ,& s9ce hi/ory ?us conceiv$ does n repres5t progress b a circle1 & is n direct$ by ! hi/orical law ( developm5t1 b by ! natural law ( ! circle1 :i* gives x regul>ity & uni=mity1 x foll[s t ! hi/oriography ( ! ,r5aissance1 l ! ,grco-,roman1 has its end outside itself1 & af=ds no?+ b mat]ial suitable = exhortations t[>d ! useful & ! good1 = v>i\s =ms ( pleasure or z ornam5t = ab/ract tru?s4 ,hi/orians & !ori/s ( hi/ory are all 9 agreem5t z to ?is1 ) ! exception ( su* ecc5trics z ,patrizzi1 :o express$ d\bts z to ! utility ( kn[+ :at _h happ5$ & z to ! tru? itself ( n>ratives1 b end$ by contradict+ himself & also lay+ d[n an extr9sic end4 ,ea* "o ( u c f9d1 bo? on 8 own acc\nt & on t ( ! public weal1 _m useful docum5ts 9 ! k ( ^! s diff]5t & s important examples1 writes ,guicci>d9i 9 ! proem to 8 ,hi/ory ( ,italy4 ,h5ce w cle>ly appe>1 z ! result ( innum]able examples1 ! in/ability ( ?+s human1 h[ h>mful !y are (t5 wont to be to !mselves1 b ev] to ! p1 ! ill-conceiv$ c\nsels ( ^? :o rule1 :51 hav+ only be=e _! eyes ei!r va9 errors or pres5t cupidities1 !y are n m9dful ( ! frequ5t v>iations ( =tune1 & conv]t+ ! p[] t has be5 grant$ !m = ! common weal into an injury to o!rs1 !y become ! au?ors ( new p]turbations1 ei!r z ! result ( lack ( prud5ce or ( too mu* ambition4 ,& ,bod9 holds t non solum prs5tia commode explicantur1 s$ etiam futura colliguntur1 c]tissimaque r]um expet5d>um ac fugi5d>um prcepta con/antur1 f hi/orical n>ratives4 ,campanella ?9ks t hi/ory %\ld be compos$ ut sit sci5ti>um fundam5tum suffici5s2 ,vossius =mulates ! def9ition t 0 de/9$ to appe> = c5turies 9 treatises3 cognitio s+ul>ium1 quorum memoriam cons]v>i utile sit ad b5e beateque viv5dum4 ,hi/orical k !re=e seem$ at t "t to be ! l[e/ & easie/ =m ( k 7& ?is view has be5 held d[n to our own days72 to su* an ext5t t ,bod91 9 addition to ! utilitas & ! oblectatio1 also recogniz$ to hi/ory facilitas1 s great a facility ut1 s9e ullius artis adjum5to1 ipsa p] sese ab omnibus intelligatur4 ,:5 tru? _h be5 plac$ outside hi/orical n>rative1 all ! hi/orians ( ! ,r5aissance1 l _! ,greek & ,roman pr$ecessors1 practis$1 & all ! !ori/s 7f ,pontanus 9 ! ,actius to ,vossius 9 ! ,ars hi/orica7 def5d$1 ! use ( m or less imag9>y orations & exhortations1 n only z ! result ( b[+ to anci5t example1 b ?r\gh _! own convictions4 ,ev5tually ,m4 de la ,popel9ire1 9 8 ,hi/oire des hi/oires1 avec l'ide de l'hi/oire accomplie 7#aeii71 :]e he inculcates 9 turn hi/orical exactitude & s9c]ity ) su* w>m eloqu5ce1 sudd5ly turns r\nd to def5d imag9>y h>angues et concions1 = ?is f9e reason1 t :at is necess>y is 'tru?' & n '! words' 9 :i* x is express$6 ,! tru? ( hi/ory 0 ?us n hi/ory1 b oratory & political sci5ce2 & if ! hi/orians ( ! ,r5aissance 7 h>dly ev] able to ex]cise oratory 7= :i* ! political con/itution ( ! "t all[$ little scope71 all or ne>ly all 7 au?ors ( treatises ^u political sci5ce1 diff]5tly inspir$ z comp>$ ) ^? ( ! ,middle ,ages1 :i* _h e?ical & religi\s ?\ght beh9d !m1 resum+ & advanc+ ! speculations ( ,ari/otle & ( anci5t political writ]s4 ,9 l mann]1 treatises on hi/orical art1 unkn[n to ! ,middle ,ages1 b :i* rapidly multipli$ 9 ! ,r5aissance 7see a great numb] ( !m 9 ! ,p5us artis hi/oric ( #aegi71 resum$ & f]tiliz$ ! rese>*es ( ,grco-,roman !ori/s4 ,x is to be expect$ t ! hi/oriography ( ?is p]iod %\ld repres5t "s ( ! defects ( m$ieval hi/oriography 9 ano!r =m1 ow+ to its "* ( reaction already m5tion$ & to ! new div9ity t x _h rais$ up ^u ! alt>s 9 place ( ! anci5t div9ity1 humanity4 ,! ,r5aissance ev]y:]e reveals its ef=t to oppose ! "o t]m to ! o!r1 & s9ce s*ola/icism _h s\ght ! ?+s ( ,god & ( ! s\l1 x wi%$ to re/rict itself to ! ?+s ( nature4 ,we f9d ,guicci>d9i & a *orus ( o!rs describ+ ! inve/igations ( philosoph]s & !ologians & ( all ^? :o write ?+s above nature or su* z are n se5 z 'madnesses'2 & because s*ola/icism _h def9$ sci5ce 9 ! ,ari/otelian mann] z de univ]salibus1 ,campanella oppos$ to ?is def9ition 8 ,sci5tia e/ de s+ul>ibus4 ,9 l mann] its m5 ( lett]s1 prejudic$ 9 fav\r ( ,lat91 at fir/ refus$ to recognize ! new languages t _h be5 =m$ dur+ ! ,middle ,ages1 z well z m$ieval lit]ature & poetry2 its juri/s reject$ ! feudal 9 fav\r ( ! ,roman legal code1 its politicians repres5tative =ms 9 fav\r ( absolute lord%ip & mon>*y4 ,x 0 !n t fir/ appe>$ ! conception ( ! ,middle ,ages z a :ole1 oppos$ to ano!r :ole1 =m$ ( ! anci5t & ! anci5t-mod]n1 into :i* ! ,middle ,ages 7 ins]t$ l an irksome & pa9ful w$ge4 ,! ^w 'm$ieval' 0 c]ta9ly late 9 appe>+ z an (ficial designation1 employ$ 9 ! divisions & titles ( hi/ories 7t[>d ! end ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 z x w\ld seem1 9 ! manuals ( ,cell>io72 previ\sly x _h only j occurr$ "h & !re2 b ! ?\ght conta9$ 9 x _h be5 9 ! air = "s "t--t is to say1 9 ! s\l ( ev]ybody--ek$ out ) o!r words1 su* z 'b>b>\s' or ',go?ic' ages1 & ,vas>i expresses x by means ( ! di/9ction betwe5 anci5t & 'old1' call+ ^? ?+s anci5t :i* occurr$ be=e ! exi/5ce ( ,con/ant9e1 ( ,cor9?1 ( ,a!ns1 ( ,rome1 & ( o!r v fam\s cities built up to ! "t ( ,n]o1 ( ! ,vespasians1 ( ,trajan1 ,hadrian1 & ,anton9us1 & 'old' ^? :i* _h _! orig9 f ,/ ,silve/] onw>d4 ,9 any case1 ! di/9ction 0 cle>3 on ! "o h& mo/ brilliant light1 on ! o!r d5se d>kness4 ,aft] ,con/ant9e1 writes ! same ,vas>i1 e sort ( virtue 0 lo/1 beautiful s\ls & l(ty intellects became corrupt$ into mo/ ugly & base/1 & ! f]v5t zeal ( ! new religion did inf9ite damage to ! arts4 ,?is means nei!r m nor less ?an t dualism1 "o ( ! capital traits ( ! ,middle ,ages1 0 reta9$1 al?\gh diff]5tly det]m9$1 = n[ ! god 0 7al?\gh n op5ly ackn[l$g$7 antiquity1 art1 sci5ce1 ,greek & ,roman life1 & its adv]s>y1 ! reprobate & rebel1 0 ! ,middle ,age1 ',go?ic' temples1 !ology & philosophy bri/l+ ) difficulties1 ! clumsy & cruel cu/oms ( t age4 ,b j because ! respective functions ( ! two t]ms 7 m]ely inv]t$1 _! opposition rema9$1 & if ,*ri/ianity did n succe$ 9 und]/&+ ,paganism & 9 recogniz+ its fa!r1 s ! ,r5aissance fail$ to recognize itself z ! son ( ! ,middle ,ages1 & did n und]/& ! positive & durable value ( ! p]iod t 0 clos+4 ,= ?is reason1 bo? ages de/roy$ or all[$ to disappe> ! monum5ts ( ! previ\s age4 ,?is 0 c]ta9ly f> less ! case ) ! ,r5aissance1 :i* express$ itself less viol5tly & 0 deeply imbu$ ) ! ?\ght ( ! ,middle ,ages1 &1 ow+ to ! idea ( humanity1 _h an obscure feel+ ( ! importance ( its pr$ecessor4 ,s mu* 0 ?is ! case t ! s*ool ( le>n$ m5 & philologi/s already m5tion$ 0 =m$ at t "t1 ) ! new ( inve/igat+ m$ieval antiquities4 ,b ! le>n$ are ! le>n$--t is to say1 !y d n take an active "p 9 ! /ruggles ( _! "t1 ?\gh busi$ ) ! collection & arrangem5t ( its *ronicles & rema9s1 :i* !y (t5 judge 9 accordance ) ! vulg> op9ion ( _! own "t1 s t x is q cu/om>y to f9d !m despis+ ! subject ( _! lab\rs1 decl>+ t ! poet :om !y are /udy+ has no value1 or t ! p]iod to :i* !y are consecrat+ _! entire life is ugly & displeas+4 ,x ne$$ mu* to free ! flame ( intellig5ce f ! heaps ( m$ieval antiquities accumulat$ = c5turies by ! le>n$1 & ! ,middle ,ages 7 abhorr$ dur+ ! ,r5aissance1 ev5 :5 !y 7 inve/igat$4 ,! drama ( love & hatr$ 0 n dissimil> 9 its =ms1 nor less bitt]ly duali/ic1 al?\gh va/ly m int]e/+1 ?an t :i* 0 !n be+ play$ out betwe5 ,ca?olics & ,prote/ants4 ,! latt] call$ ! ,pope ,anti*ri/1 & ! primacy ( ! ,roman ,*ur* my/]ium iniquitatis1 & compil$ a catalogue te/ium v]itatis ( ^? :o _h oppos$ t iniquity ev5 :ile x prevail$4 ,! ,ca?olics return$ ! complim5t ) rem>ks ab\t ,lu!r & ! ,re=mation1 & compos$ catalogues ( h]etics1 ,satan's witnesses4 ,b ?is /rife 0 a relic ( ! pa/1 & w\ld h end$ by becom+ gradually att5uat$ & disp]s$2 :]eas ! o!r 0 an elem5t ( ! future1 & c\ld only be conqu]$ by long ef=t & a new conception ( ! l(tie/ "*4 ,v ,,! ,,hi/oriography ,,( ,,! ,,enlight5m5t ,mean:ile ! hi/oriography :i* imm$iately foll[$ pu%$ ! d\ble aporia ( antiquity & ( ! ,middle ,ages to ! extreme2 & x 0 ow+ to ?is radical unprejudic$ proc$ure t x acquir$ its def9ite physiognomy & ! "r ( be+ consid]$ a p>ticul> hi/oriographical p]iod4 ,! symbolical ve/ure1 wov5 ( memories ( ! ,grco-,roman _w1 ) :i* ! mod]n _s _h fir/ clo!d itself1 is n[ torn & ?r[n away4 ,! ?\ght t ! anci5ts _h n be5 ! olde/ & wise/ among ! peoples1 b ! y\nge/ & ! lea/ exp]t1 & t ! true anci5ts1 t is to say1 ! mo/ exp]t & mature 9 m9d1 are co be f\nd 9 ! m5 ( ! mod]n _w1 _h little by little made its way & become univ]sally accept$4 ,reason 9 its nudity1 h5ce=? salut$ by its prop] "n1 succe$s ! example & ! au?ority ( ! ,grco-,romans1 :i* repres5t$ reason oppos$ to b>b>ic culture & cu/oms4 ,humanit>ianism1 ! cult ( humanity1 also idoliz$ by ! "n ( 'nature1' t is to say1 +5u\s g5]al human nature1 succe$s to humanism1 ) its "o-sid$ admirations = c]ta9 peoples & = c]ta9 =ms ( life4 ,hi/ories writt5 9 ,lat9 become sc>ce or are conf9$ to ! le>n$1 & ^? writt5 9 national languages are multipli$2 criticism is ex]cis$ n only ^u m$ieval falsifications & fables1 ^u ! writ+s ( cr$ul\s & ignorant monks 9 mona/]ies1 b ^u ! pages ( anci5t hi/orians1 & ! fir/ d\bts appe> z to ! tru? ( ! hi/orical ,roman tradition4 ,a feel+ ( sympa?y1 h[ev]1 t[>d ! anci5ts /ill p]si/s1 :]eas repugnance & abhorr5ce = ! ,middle ,ages cont9ue to increase4 ,all feel & say t !y h em]g$1 n only f d>kness1 b f ! twilight be=e dawn1 t ! sun ( reason is high on ! horizon1 illum9at+ ! intellect & irradiat+ x ) mo/ vivid light4 ',light1' 'illum9ation1' & ! l are words pron\nc$ on e occasion & ) ev] increas+ conviction & en]gy2 h5ce ! title 'age ( light1' ( 'enlight5m5t' or ( 'illum9ation1' giv5 to ! p]iod ext5d+ f ,desc>tes to ,kant4 ,ano!r t]m began to circulate1 at fir/ us$ r>ely & 9 a re/rict$ s5se--'progress4' ,x gradually becomes m insi/5t & famili>1 & f9ally succe$s 9 supply+ a crit]ion = ! judgm5t ( facts1 = ! conduct ( life1 = ! con/ruction ( hi/ory1 becomes ! subject ( special inve/igations1 & ( a new k9d ( hi/ory1 ! hi/ory ( ! progresses ( ! human _s4 ,b "h we obs]ve ! p]si/5ce & ! pot5cy ( ,*ri/ian & !ological ?\ght4 ,! progress s mu* discuss$ 01 s to speak1 a progress )\t developm5t1 manife/+ itself *iefly 9 a sigh ( satisfaction & security1 z ( "o1 fav\r$ by =tune1 :o has successfully enc\nt]$ _m ob/acles & n[ looks s]5ely ^u ! pres5t1 secure z to ! future1 ) m9d av]t$ f ! pa/1 or return+ to x n[ & !n = a brief mom5t only1 9 ord] to lam5t its ugl9ess1 to despise & to smile at x4 ,take z an example ( all ! mo/ intellig5t & at ! same "t ! be/ ( ! hi/orical repres5tatives ( enlight5m5t ,m4 de ,voltaire1 :o wrote 8 ,essai sur les murs 9 ord] to aid 8 fri5d ! ,m>quise du ,*telet to surmont] le dgt caus$ h] by l'hi/oire mod]ne depuis la dcad5ce de l',empire roma91 treat+ ! subject 9 a satirical ve94 ,or take ,condorcet's "w1 l',esquisse d'un tableau hi/orique des progrs de l'esprit huma91 :i* appe>s at its end l a la/ w & te/am5t 7& also z ! te/am5t ( ! man :o wrote x71 & :]e we f9d ! :ole c5tury 9 comp5dium4 ,x is z happy 9 ! pres5t1 ev5 9 ! mid/ ( ! slaught]s ( ! ,revolution1 z rosy 9 its views z to ! future1 z x is full ( contempt & s>casm = ! pa/1 :i* _h g5]at$ t pres5t4 ,! felicity ( ! p]iod ^u :i* !y 7 ent]+ 0 cle>ly /at$4 ,voltaire says t at ?is "t les hommes ont acquis plus de lumires d'un b\t de l',europe l'autre que dans t\s les ges prcd5ts4 ,man n[ br&i%es ! arm :i* none c resi/3 la seule arme contre le mon/re1 c'e/ la ,raison3 la seule manire d'emp*] les hommes d'tre absurdes et m*ants1 c'e/ de les clair]2 p\r r5dre le fanatisme excrable1 il ne faut que le pe9dre4 ,c]ta9ly x 0 n d5i$ t !re _h be5 some?+ ( good & beautiful 9 ! pa/4 ,!y mu/ h exi/$1 if !y suff]$ f sup]/ition & oppression4 ,on voit dans l'hi/oire les erreurs et les prjugs se succd] t\r t\r1 et *ass] la vrit et la raison3 on voit les habiles et les heureux en*an] les imbciles et cras] les in=tuns2 et encore ces habiles et ces heureux sont eux-mmes les j\ets de la =tune1 a9si quelles esclaves qu'ils g\v]n5t4 ,& n only _h ! good exi/$1 ?\gh oppress$1 b x _h also be5 effici5t 9 a c]ta9 measure3 au milieu de ces saccagem5ts et de ces de/ructions n\s voyons un am\r de l'ordre qui anime en secret le g5re huma9 et qui a prv5u sa ru9e totale3 c'e/ un des ressorts de la nature1 qui repr5d t\j\rs sa =ce4444 ,& !n ! 'great epo*s' mu/ n be =gott51 ! 'c5turies' 9 :i* ! arts n\ri%$ z ! result ( ! "w ( wise m5 & mon>*s1 les quatre ges heureux ( hi/ory4 ,b betwe5 ?is sporadic good1 weak or act+ cov]tly1 or appe>+ only = a "t & !n disappe>+1 & t ( ! new era1 ! quantitative & en]getic diff]5ce is su* t x is turn$ into a qualitative diff]5ce3 a mom5t comes :5 m5 le>n to ?9k1 to rectify _! ideas1 & pa/ hi/ory seems l a tempe/u\s sea to "o :o has l&$ ^u solid e>?4 ,c]ta9ly ev]y?+ is n to be prais$ 9 ! new times2 inde$1 !re is mu* to blame3 les abus s]v5t de lois dans presque t\te la t]re2 et si les plus sages des hommes s'assemblai5t p\r faire des lois1 o e/ l'tat dont la =me subsi/t entire8 ,! di/ance f ! ideal ( reason 0 /ill great & ! new c5tury _h /ill to consid] itself z a simple /ep t[>d complete rationality & felicity4 ,we f9d ! fancy ( a social =m limit ev5 9 ,kant1 :o dragg$ aft] him s mu* old intellectuali/ic & s*ola/ic philosophy4 ,sometimes inde$ its f9al =m 0 n discov]$1 & its place 0 tak5 by a v]tig9\s succession ( m & m radiant social =ms4 ,b ! s]ies ( ^! radiant =ms1 ! progress t[>d ! f9al =m & ! de/ruction ( abuses1 really began 9 ! age ( enlight5m5t1 aft] "s episodic attempts 9 t direction dur+ previ\s ages1 = ?is age alone _h ent]$ ^u ! j1 ! wide1 ! sure pa?1 ! pa? illum9$ ) ! light ( reason4 ,x sometimes ev5 happ5$ 9 ! c\rse ( t p]iod t a doctr9e lead+ to ,r\sseau's inv]t$ ! usual view & plac$ reason1 n 9 mod]n times or 9 ! ne> or di/ant future1 b 9 ! pa/1 & n 9 ! m$ieval1 ,grco-,roman1 or ,ori5tal pa/1 b 9 ! prehi/oric pa/1 9 ! '/ate ( nature1' f :i* hi/ory repres5t$ ! deviation4 ,b ?is !ory1 ?\gh diff]+ 9 its mode ( expression1 0 altoge!r id5tical 9 sub/ance ) t g5]ally accept$1 because a prehi/oric '/ate ( nature' nev] _h any exi/5ce 9 ! reality1 :i* is hi/ory1 b express$ an ideal to be atta9$ 9 a ne> or di/ant future1 :i* _h fir/ be5 p]ceiv$ 9 mod]n times & 0 !re=e really capable ( mov+ 9 t direction1 :e!r 9 ! s5se ( realization or return4 ,! religi\s "* ( all ?is new conception ( ! _w _c be obscure to anyone1 = x repeats ! ,*ri/ian conceptions ( ,god z tru? & ju/ice 7! lay ,god71 ( ! e>?ly p>adise1 ! r$emption1 ! mill5nium1 & s on1 9 laical t]ms1 & 9 l mann] )6 ,*ri/ianity sets ! :ole ( previ\s hi/ory 9 opposition to itself1 to condemn x1 :ile h>dly admir+ "h & !re "s consol+ ray ( itself4 ,:at does x matt] t religion1 & especially ,*ri/ianity1 0 !n ! t>get = fi]ce/ bl[s & %ame & mock]y1 t all retic5ce 0 ab&on$1 & p 7 no long] satisfi$ ) ! discreet smile t _h once blossom$ on ! lips ( ! ,italian humani/s1 b broke out into op5 & fanatical w>f>e8 ,ev5 lay fanaticism is ! result ( dogmatism4 ,:at does x matt] t pi\s folk 7 %ock$ & saw ! anci5t ,satan 9 ! lay ,god1 z ! enlight5$ discov]$ ! caprici\s1 dom9e]+1 cruel tribal deity 9 ! old ,god repres5t$ by ! prie/8 ,! possibility ( reciprocal accusations confirms ! dualism1 active 9 ! new z 9 ! old conception1 & r5d]+ x unsuitable = ! und]/&+ ( developm5t & ( hi/ory4 ,! hi/oriographical aporia ( antiquity 0 also be+ increas$ by ab/ract individualism or ! 'pragmatic' conception4 ,s true 0 ?is t x 0 precisely at t "t t ! =mula 0 resum$1 & pragmatism1 z hi/ory ( human ideas1 s5tim5ts1 calculations1 & actions1 z a n>rative embelli%$ ) reflections1 0 oppos$ to !ological or m$ieval hi/ory & to ! old +5u\s *ronicles or erudite collections ( in=mation & docum5ts4 ,voltaire1 :o combats & mocks at belief 9 div9e designs & puni%m5ts & 9 ! lead]%ip ( a small b>b>\s population call$ ^u to act z an elect p & to be ! axle ( univ]sal hi/ory 7s t he may sub/itute = x ! lay !ology :i* has be5 describ$71 is ! same ,voltaire :o praises 9 ,guicci>d9i & 9 ,ma*iavelli ! fir/ appe>ance ( an hi/oire bi5 faite4 ,! pragmatic mode ( treatm5t 0 ext5d$ ev5 to ! n>rative ( ev5ts relat+ to religion & ! ,*ur* & 0 appli$ by ,mo%eim & o!rs 9 ,g]many4 ,ow+ to ?is p5etration ( rationalism into ecclesia/ical hi/oriography & into ,prote/ant philosophy1 x aft]w>d seem$ t ! ,re=mation _h caus$ ?\ght to progress1 :]eas1 z reg>ds ?is matt]1 ! ,re=mation simply receiv$ humani/ic ?\ght 9 ! new =m1 to :i* x _h previ\sly be5 oppos$4 ,if1 9 o!r respects1 x aid$ ! advance ( ! hi/orical conception 9 an orig9al mann]1 ?is 0 br\ght ab\t1 z we %all see1 by means ( ano!r elem5t see?+ )9 x1 my/icism4 ,b mean:ile n ev5 ,ca?olicism rema9$ immune f ! pragmatic1 ( :i* we f9d traces 9 ! ,disc\rs ( ,bossuet1 :o repres5ts ! ,augu/9ian conception1 %orn ( its accessories1 r$uc$ & mod]niz$1 lack+ ! irreconcilable dualism ( ! two cities & ! ,roman ,empire z ! ultimate & ev]la/+ empire1 all[+ natural causes preorda9$ by ,god & regulat$ by ! laws to op]ate side by side ) div9e int]v5tion1 & conc$+ a l>ge %>e to ! social & political conditions ( ! v>i\s peoples4 ,we d n speak ( ! la/ /ep tak5 by ! same au?or 9 8 ,hi/oire des v>iations des glises1 :5 he conceiv$ ! hi/ory ( ! ,re=mation objectively & 9 its int]nal motives1 pres5t+ x z a rebelli\s movem5t direct$ aga9/ au?ority4 ,ev5 8 adv]s>y ,voltaire recogniz$ t ,bossuet _h n omitt$ d'autres causes 9 addition to ! div9e w fav\r+ ! elect p1 because he _h sev]al times tak5 c\nt de l'esprit des nations4 ,su* 0 ! /r5g? ( l'esprit du sicle4 ,! pragmatic conceptions ( t "t are /ill s well kn[n & s ne> to u1 s p]si/5t 9 s _m ( our n>ratives & hi/orical manuals1 t x w\ld be useless to describe !m4 ,:5 we direct our ?\ghts to ! hi/orical works ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 !re imm$iately rises to ! memory ! g5]al outl9e ( a hi/ory 9 :i* prie/s deceive1 c\rti]s intrigue1 wise mon>*s conceive & realize good in/itutions1 combat$ & r5d]$ almo/ va9 ?r\gh ! malignity ( o!rs & ! ignorance ( ! p1 ?\gh !y rema9 nev]!less a p]petual object ( admiration = enlight5$ spirits4 ,! image ( *ance or caprice appe>s ) ! evocation ( t image1 & m+l+ ) ! hi/ories ( ^! conflicts makes !m yet m complicat$1 _! results yet /rang] & m a/oni%+4 ,& :at 0 ! use1 t is to say1 ! end1 ( hi/orical n>rative 9 ! view ( ^? hi/orians8 ,"h also ! read+ ( a few l9es ( ,voltaire af=ds ! explanation3 ,cet avantage consi/e surt\t dans la comp>aison qu'un homme d'tat1 un citoy51 peut faire des lois et des m\rs trangres avec celles de son pays3 c'e/ ce qui excite l'mulation des nations mod]nes dans les arts1 dans l''agriculture1 dans le comm]ce4 ,les gr&es fautes passes s]v5t beauc\p t\t g5re4 ,on ne saurait trop remettre devant les yeux les crimes et les malheurs3 on peut1 quoi qu'on en dise1 prv5ir les uns et les autres4 ,?is ?\ght is repeat$ ) _m v]bal v>iations & is to be f\nd 9 ne>ly all ! books ( hi/oriographie !ory ( ! "t1 cont9u+ ! ,italian mode ( ! ,r5aissance 9 an easi] & m popul> /yle4 ,! words 'philosophy ( hi/ory1' :i* _h lat] s mu* success1 at fir/ s]v$ to describe ! assi/ance obta9able f hi/ory 9 ! %ape ( advice & useful precepts1 :5 inve/igat$ )\t prejudice--t is to say1 ) ! "o 'assumption' ( reason4 ,! ext]nal end assign$ to hi/ory l$ to ! same results z 9 antiquity1 :5 hi/ory became oratorical & ev5 hi/orico-p$agogic romances 7 compos$1 & z 9 ! ,r5aissance1 :5 'declamatory orations' 7 pres]v$1 & hi/ory 0 treat$ z mat]ial m or less well adapt$ to c]ta9 ends1 :5ce arose a c]ta9 am\nt ( indiff]5ce t[>d its tru?1 s t ,ma*iavelli1 = in/ance1 d$uc$ laws & precepts f ! decades ( ,livy1 n only assum+ !m to be true1 b accept+ !m 9 ^? p>ts :i* he mu/ h recogniz$ to be demon/rably fabul\s4 ,orations began to disappe>1 b _! disappe>ance 0 due to good lit]>y ta/e r ?an to any?+ else1 :i* recogniz$ h[ out ( h>mony 7 ^? exp$i5ts ) ! new popul>1 prosaic1 polemical tone t n>rative assum$ 9 ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,9 ex*ange !y got some?+ worse3 lack ( e/eem = hi/ory1 :i* 0 consid]$ to be an inf]ior reality1 unwor?y ( ! philosoph]1 :o seeks = laws1 = :at is con/ant1 = ! uni=m1 ! g5]al1 & c f9d x 9 himself & 9 ! direct obs]vation ( ext]nal & int]nal nature1 natural & human1 )\t mak+ t long1 useless1 & dang]\s t\r ( facts n>rat$ 9 ! hi/ories4 ,desc>tes1 ,malebran*e1 & ! long li/ ( _! successors d n ne$ especial m5tion "h1 = x is well kn[n h[ ma!matics & naturalism dom9at$ & depress$ hi/ory at ?is p]iod4 ,b 0 hi/orical tru? at lea/ an inf]ior tru?8 ,aft] full] reflection1 x did n seem possible to grant ev5 ?is4 ,9 hi/ory1 said ,voltaire1 ! ^w 'c]ta91' :i* is us$ to designate su* k z t two & two make f\r1 ,i ?9k1 ,i suff]1 ,i exi/1 %\ld be us$ v r>ely1 & 9 ! sole s5se ( v probable4 ,o!rs held t ev5 ?is 0 say+ too mu*1 = !y altoge!r d5i$ ! tru? ( hi/ory & decl>$ t x 0 a collection ( fables1 ( inv5tions & equivocations1 or ( undemon/rable affirmations4 ,h5ce ! scepticism or ,pyrrhonism ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 :i* %[$ itself on sev]al occasions & has left u a s]ies ( curi\s little books z a docum5t ( itself4 ,su* is1 inde$1 ! inevitable result :5 hi/orical k is look$ ^u z a mass ( individual te/imonies1 dictat$ or alt]$ by ! passions1 or misund]/ood ?r\gh ignorance1 good at ! be/ = supply+ edify+ & t]rible examples 9 confirmation ( ! et]nal tru?s ( reason1 :i*1 = ! re/1 %9e ) _! own light4 ,x w\ld nev]!less be altoge!r errone\s to f\nd ^u ! exagg]ation to :i* ! !ological & pragmatical views atta9$ 9 ! hi/oriography ( ! enlight5m5t1 & see 9 x a decad5ce or regression simil> to t ( ! ,r5aissance & ( o!r pr$ecessors4 ,n only 7 g]ms ( error evolv$ at t "t1 n only did ! difficulties t _h appe>$ 9 ! previ\s p]iod become m acute1 b !re 0 also develop$1 & elevat$ to a high degree ( effici5cy1 t hi/oriography ( spiritual values :i* ,*ri/ian hi/oriography _h int5sifi$ & almo/ creat$1 & :i* ! ,r5aissance _h begun to transf] to ! e>?4 ,voltaire z hi/oriograph] des]ves to be def5d$ 7& ?is has rec5tly be5 done by sev]al writ]s1 admirably by ,fuet]71 because he has a lively p]ception ( ! ne$ ( br++ hi/ory back f ! treatm5t ( ! ext]nal to t ( ! int]nal & /rives to satisfy ?is ne$4 ,= ?is reason1 books t gave acc\nts ( w>s1 treaties1 c]emonies1 & solemnities seem$ to him to be no?+ b 'ar*ives' or 'hi/orical diction>ies1' useful = consultation on c]ta9 occasions1 b hi/ory1 true hi/ory1 he held to be some?+ altoge!r diff]5t4 ,! duty ( true hi/ory c\ld n be to weight ! memory ) ext]nal or mat]ial facts1 or z he call$ !m ev5ts 7vnem5ts71 b to discov] :at 0 ! society ( m5 9 ! pa/1 la socit des hommes1 comm5t on vivait dans l'intrieur des familles1 quels arts tai5t cultivs1 & to pa9t 'mann]s' 7les m\rs72 n to lose itself 9 ! multitude ( insignificant p>ticul>s 7petits faits71 b to collect only ^? t 7 ( importance 7considrables7 & to expla9 ! _s 7l'esprit7 t _h produc$ !m4 ,ow+ to ?is pref]5ce t ,voltaire accords to mann]s ov] battles we f9d 9 him ! conception 7al?\gh x rema9s )\t adequate treatm5t & gets lo/ 9 ! ard\r ( polemic7 t x is n = hi/ory to trace ! portrait ( human spl5d\rs & mis]ies 7les dtails de la spl5deur et de la misre huma9e7 b only ( mann]s & ( ! arts1 t is1 ( ! positive "w2 9 8 ,sicle de ,l\is ,,xiv he says t he wi%es to illu/rate ! gov]nm5t ( t mon>*1 n 9 s f> z il a fait du bi5 aux franais1 b 9 s f> z il a fait du li5 aux hommes4 ,:at ,voltaire und]took1 & to no small ext5t a*iev$1 =ms ! pr9cipal object ( all hi/orians' lab\rs at ?is p]iod4 ,:oev] wi%es to d s c see 9 ,fuet]'s book h[ ! great pictures to be f\nd 9 ,voltaire's ,essai sur les m\rs & ,sicle 7 imitat$ 9 ! pages bo? ( ,fr5* writ]s & 9 ^? ( o!r ,european c\ntries--= in/ance1 9 ! celebrat$ introduction by ,rob]tson to 8 hi/ory ( ,*>les ,v4 ,x w also be notic$ h[ ! special hi/ories ( ?is or t aspect ( culture are multipli$ & p]fect$1 z ?\gh sev]al ( ! desid]ata m5tion$ by ,bacon 9 8 classification ( hi/ory _h be5 ?us suppli$4 ,! hi/ory ( philosophy ab&ons m & m ! type ( collections ( anecdotes & utt]ances ( philosoph]s1 to become ! hi/ory ( sy/ems1 f ,bruck] to ,buhle & to ,ti$emann4 ,! hi/ory ( art takes ! %ape ( a special problem 9 ,w9ckelmann's "w & 9 ! works ( 8 successors4 ,9 ,voltaire's own books & 9 ^? ( 8 s*ool x assumes t ( lit]ature2 9 ^? ( ,dubos & ( ,montesquieu t ( rights & ( in/itutions2 9 ,g]many x leads to ! production ( a "w z orig9al & reali/ic z ! hi/ory ( ,osnabrck by ,ms]4 ,9 ! speciali/ "w ( ,he]51 ! hi/ory ( indu/ry & comm]ce sep>ates itself f ! hi/orical divisions or digressions ( economic treatises & takes a =m ( its own4 ,! hi/ory ( social cu/oms inve/igates 7z 9 ,sa9te-,palaye's book on ,anci5ne *eval]ie7 ev5 ! m9ute/ aspects ( social & moral life4 ,_h n ,voltaire rem>k$ ab\t t\rnam5ts t il se fait des rvolutions dans les plaisirs comme dans t\t le re/e8 ,& to limit ourselves to ,italy1 :i* at t "t 0 also act+ on ! initiative1 ?\gh %e soon aft]w>d )drew & receiv$ h] impulse f ! o!r c\ntries ( ,europe1 x is well to rememb] t 9 ! eighte5? c5tury ,pietro ,giannone1 express+ ! desires & ! attempts at _! realization ( a multitude ( ,neapolitan compatriots & contempor>ies1 trac$ ! civil hi/ory ( ! ,k+dom ( ,naples1 giv+ mu* space to ! relations betwe5 ,*ur* & ,/ate & to ! incid5ts ( legislation4 ,_m foll[$ ?is example 9 ,italy & outside x 7among ! _m 7 ,montesquieu & ,gibbon74 ,9 ,italy1 too1 ,ludovico ,antonio ,muratori illu/rat$ m$ieval life 9 8 ,antiquitates ,itali1 & ,tirabos*i compos$ a great hi/ory ( ,italian lit]ature 7und]/ood z t ( ! :ole culture ( ,italy71 notable n less = its erudition ?an = its cle>ness ( design1 :ile o!r less] writ]s1 l ,napoli ,signorelli1 9 8 ,vic5de della cultura delle due ,sicilie1 p>ticul>iz$ 9 c]ta9 regions1 spr9kl+ _! hi/ory ) ! philosophy curr5t at ! "t4 ,! ,jesuit ,bett9elli1 too1 imitat$ ! hi/orical books ( ,voltaire = ! hi/ory ( lett]s1 arts1 & cu/oms 9 ,italy1 ,bonaf$e ! "w ( ,bruck] = ! hi/ory ( philosophy1 & ,lanzi1 9 a mann] f> sup]ior to ^? j m5tion$1 cont9u$ ! pa? foll[$ by ,w9ckelmann 9 8 ,hi/ory ( ,pa9t+4 ,n only did ! hi/oriography ( ! enlight5m5t r5d] hi/ory m 'int]ior' & develop x 9 its int]iority1 b x also broad5$ x 9 space & "t4 ,"h too ,voltaire repres5ts 9 an em95t degree ! ne$s ( 8 age1 ) 8 cont9ual accusations ( n>r[ness & meanness levell$ at ! traditional image ( univ]sal hi/ory1 z compos$ ( ,hebrew or sacr$ hi/ory & ,grco-,roman or pr(ane hi/ory1 or1 z he says1 hi/oires prt5dues univ]selles1 fabriques dans notre ,occid5t4 ,a beg9n+ 0 made ) ! use ( ! mat]ial discov]$1 transport$1 & accumulat$ by explor]s & travell]s f ! ,r5aissance onw>d1 ( :i* a consid]able "p _h be5 contribut$ by ! ,jesuits & by mission>ies4 ,india & ,*9a attract$ att5tion1 bo? on acc\nt ( _! antiquity & ( ! high grade ( civilization to :i* !y _h atta9$4 ,translations ( religi\s & lit]>y ,ori5tal texts 7 soon add$ to ?is1 & x became possible to discuss t civilization1 n m]ely at second-h& & accord+ to ! n>ratives ( travell]s4 ,?is increase ( k relat+ to ! ,ea/ is p>allel$ by increase ( k n only 9 relation to antiquity 7^! /udies 7 nev] dropp$1 b *ang$ _! c5tre1 fir/ f ,italy to ,france & ,holl&1 !n to ,engl&1 & !n to ,g]many71 b also 9 reg>d to ! ,middle ,ages1 9 ! works ( ! ,b5$ict9es1 ( ,leibnitz1 ,muratori1 & v _m o!rs1 :o "h also specializ$ bo? z reg>ds ! objects ( _! rese>*es & z to ! regions or cities 9 :i* !y conduct$ !m1 z = in/ance ,de ,meo 9 8 ,annali critici del ,regno di ,napoli4 ,) ! increase ( erudition1 ( ! v>iety ( docum5ts & in=mation available1 w5t h& 9 h& a m ref9$ criticism z to ! au!nticity ( ! "o & ( ! value z evid5ce ( ! o!r4 ,fuet] does well to note ! progress 9 me?od accompli%$ by ! ,b5$ict9es & by ,leibnitz 7:o did n surpass ^? excell5t & le>n$ monks 9 ?is respect1 al?\gh he 0 a philosoph]7 up to ,muratori1 :o did n re/rict himself to te/+ ! g5u95ess ( tradition1 b initiat$ criticism ( ! t5d5cies ( individual witnesses1 ( ! int]e/s & passions :i* col\r & give _! %ape to n>ratives4 ,! en-light5$1 ) ,voltaire at _! head1 initiat$ ano!r k9d ( criticism ( a m intr9sic sort1 direct$ to ?+s & to ! k ( ?+s 7to lit]>y1 moral1 political1 & milit>y exp]i5ce71 recogniz+ ! impossibility t ?+s %\ld h happ5$ 9 ! way t !y are said to h happ5$ by sup]ficial1 cr$ul\s1 or prejudic$ hi/orians1 & attempt+ to recon/ruct !m 9 ! only way t !y c\ld h happ5$4 ,we %all admire 9 ,voltaire 7especially 9 ! ,sicle7 8 lack ( confid5ce 9 ! reports ( c\rti]s & s]vants1 accu/om$ to =ge calumnies & to int]pret malici\sly & anecdotically ! ext]nal actions ( sov]eigns & /atesm54 ,?is happ5$ because ! hi/oriography ( ! enlight5m5t1 :ile x pres]v$ & ev5 exagg]at$ pragmatism1 yet on ! o!r h& ref9$ & spiritualiz$ x1 z w h be5 obs]v$ 9 ! expressions pref]r$ by ,voltaire & ev5 9 ! !ologiz+ ,bossuet3 l'esprit des nations1 l'esprit du temps4 ,:at t esprit 0 naturally rema9$ vague1 because ! support ( philosophy1 9 :i* at t "t ^? newly import$ concepts introduc$ an unexpect$ elem5t ( conflict1 0 lack+ to ref] x to ! ideal det]m9ations ( ! _s 9 its developm5t & to conceive ! v>i\s epo*s & ! v>i\s nations z ea* play+ its own "p 9 ! spiritual drama4 ,?us x (t5 happ5$ t esprit 0 p]v]t$ into a fix$ quality1 su* z race1 if x 7 a "q ( nations1 & into a curr5t or mode1 if p]iods 7 spok5 (1 & 0 ?us naturaliz$ & pragmatiz$4 ,trois *oses1 wrote ,voltaire1 influ5t sans cesse sur l'esprit des hommes1 le climat1 le g\v]nem5t1 et la religion3 c'e/ la seule manire d'expliqu] l'nigme du monde3 :]e ! '_s' is l[]$ to ! position ( a product ( natural1 & social circum/ances4 ,! sugge/ive ^w _h1 h[ev]1 be5 pron\nc$1 & a cle> consci\sness ( ! t]ms !mselves ( ! social1 political1 & cultural /ruggle t 0 be+ c>ri$ on w\ld h little by little em]g$4 ,= ! "t be+1 climate1 gov]nm5t1 religion1 g5ius ( ! peoples1 g5ius ( ! "t1 7 all m or less happy attempts to g beyond pragmatism & to place causality 9 a univ]sal ord]4 ,?is ef=t1 & at ! same "t its limit--t is to say1 ! fall+ back into ! ab/ract & pragmatic =m ( explanation--is also %[n 9 ! doctr9e ( ! 's+le ev5t1' :i* 0 believ$ to det]m9e at a /roke ! new epo* ( b>b>ism or ( civilization4 ,?us at ?is "t x 0 cu/om>y to assign enorm\s importance to ! ,crusades or to ! ,turki% occupation ( ,con/ant9ople1 z ,fuet] records1 ) special ref]5ce to ,ri*>dson's hi/ory4 ,ano!r consequ5ce ( ! same emb>rassm5t 0 ! slight degree ( fusion atta9$ 9 ! v>i\s hi/ories ( culture1 ( cu/oms1 & ( ! arts t 7 compos$ x ?is "t4 ,! v>i\s manife/ations ( life 7 set d[n "o aft] ! o!r )\t any success1 or ev5 any attempt at develop+ !m organically4 ,d\btless ! new & vigor\s hi/oriographical t5d5cies ( ! enlight5m5t 7 !n attack+ o!r b>ri]s oppos$ to !m by ! already m5tion$ lay-!ological dualism1 9 addition to ^? ( pragmatism & ( naturalism4 ,?is lay-!ology end$ by negat+ ! pr9ciple ( developm5t itself1 because ! judgm5t ( ! pa/ z consi/+ ( d>kness & errors preclud$ any s]i\s conception ( religion1 poetry1 philosophy1 or ( primitive & bygone in/itutions4 ,:at did an in/itution ( ! great importance ( 'div9ation' 9 primitive civilizations am\nt to = ,voltaire 9 ! =mative process ( obs]vation & sci5tific d$uction8 ,! inv5tion du premi] fripon qui r5contra un imbcile4 ,or oracles1 also ( su* importance 9 ! life ( antiquity8 ,des f\rb]ies4 ,to :at am\nt$ ! !ological /ruggles betwe5 ,ca?olics1 ,lu!rans1 & ,calv9i/s 9 connexion ) ! ,eu*>i/8 ,to ! ridicul\s spectacle ( ! ,papi/s :o mangeai5t ,dieu p\r pa91 les lu?ri5s du pa9 et ,dieu1 les calv9i/es mangr5t le pa9 et ne mangr5t po9t ,dieu4 ,:at 0 ! only end t c\ld be atta9$ by ! ,jans5i/s8 ,bor$om3 a sequ5ce ( tiresome qu]elles ?ologiques & ( petty qu]elles de plume1 s t no?+ rema9s ( ! writ]s ( t "t :o took "p 9 !m b geometry1 reason$ gramm>1 logic--t is to say1 only :at app>ti5t la raison2 ! qu]elles ?ologiques 7 une maladie de plus dans l'esprit huma94 ,nor does ! philosophy ( e>li] times receive bett] treatm5t4 ,t ( ,plato 0 no?+ b une mauvaise mtaphysique1 a tissue ( argum5ts s bad t x seems impossible !y c\ld h be5 admir$ & add$ to by o!rs yet m extravagant f c5tury to c5tury1 until ,locke 0 rea*$3 ,locke1 qui seul a dvelopp l'ent5dem5t huma9 dans un livre o il n'y a que des vrits1 et1 ce qui r5d l'ouvrage p>fait1 t\tes les vrits sont claires4 ,9 poetry1 mod]n "w 0 plac$ above anci5t1 ! ,g]usalemme above ! ,iliad1 ! ,orl&o above ! ,odyssey1 ,dante seems obscure & awkw>d1 ,%akespe>e a b>b>ian n )\t tal5t4 ,m$ieval lit]ature 0 b5ea? consid]ation3 ,on a recueilli quelques malheureuses compositions de ce temps3 c'e/ faire un amas de caill\x tirs dantiques masures qu& on e/ ent\r de palais4 ,fr$]ick ( ,prussia1 :o "h %[$ himself a consi/5t ,voltairean1 did n receive ! new edition ( ! ,nibelung5li$ & ! o!r epic monum5ts ( ,g]many graci\sly4 ,9 a ^w1 ! :ole ( ! pa/ lo/ its value1 or pres]v$ only ! negative value ( evil3 ,que les citoy5s d'une ville imm5se1 o les arts1 les plaisirs1 et la paix rgn5t auj\rd'hui1 o la raison mme comm5ce s'introduire1 comp>5t les temps1 et qu'ils se plaign5t1 s'ils os5t4 ,c'e/ une rflexion qu'il faut faire presque *aque page de cette hi/oire4 ,! lack ( ! conception ( developm5t r5d]$ /]ile ! v acquisition ( k ( di/ant ?+s & p2 & al?\gh !re 0 9 c]ta9 respects m]it 9 introduc+ ,india & ,*9a into univ]sal hi/ory1 & al?\gh ! criticism & satire ( ! 'f\r mon>*ies' & ( 'sacr$' hi/ory 0 to a c]ta9 ext5t ju/ifi$1 x is well to rememb] t 9 ! notion mock$ at 0 satisfi$ ! legitimate ne$ = und]/&+ hi/ory 9 its relations ) ,*ri/ian & ,european civiliz$ life2 & t if x _h n be5 f\nd possible 7& x nev] 0 at t "t7 to =m a m complete *a91 9 :i* 7 ,arabia1 ,india & ,*9a1 & ! ,am]ican civilizations1 & all ! o!r newly discov]$ ?+s1 ^! additional contributions to k w\ld h rema9$ a m]e object = curiosity or imag9ation4 ,india1 ,*9a1 & ! ,ea/ 9 g5]al 7 !re=e ( little m use 9 ! eighte5? c5tury ?an to manife/ an affection = tol]ance1 inde$ = religi\s indiff]5tism4 ,^? di/ant c\ntries1 9 :i* !re 0 no proselytiz+ fr5zy1 & :i* did n s5d mission>ies to we>y ,europe--?\gh ,europe did n sp>e !m su* visitations--7 n treat$ z hi/orical realities1 nor did !y obta9 _! place 9 ! reality ( spiritual developm5t1 b became long$-= ideals1 c\ntries ( dream4 ,^? :o 9 our day r5ew praises ( ,asiatic tol]ation1 contra/+ x ) ,european intol]ance1 & wax t5d] ov] su* wisdom & meekness1 are n aw>e t 9 s do+ !y are repeat+ uselessly & inopportunely :at ,voltaire has already done2 & if 9 ?is matt] he did n aid ! bett] und]/&+ ( hi/ory1 he at any rate fulfill$ a practical & moral function :i* 0 necess>y = ! conditions ( 8 own "t4 ,! defective conception ( developm5t1 & n accid5tal circum/ances1 su* z ! publici/ic1 j\rnali/ic1 & lit]>y t5d5cies ( ! orig9al among ^? hi/orians1 is also ! pr(\nd reason = ! failure ( contact & ( union betwe5 ! imm5se mass ( erudition accumulat$ by ! sixte5? c5tury philologi/s1 & ! hi/oriography ( ! enlight5m5t4 ,h[ 7 ^? docum5ts & collections to be employ$ 9 ! sl[ & labori\s developm5t ( ! _s1 if1 accord+ to ! new conception1 in/ead ( develop+1 ! _s 0 to leap1 & _h inde$ already made a great leap & left ! pa/ f> beh9d8 ,x 0 suffici5t to rummage f "t to "t among !m & extract "s curi\s detail1 :i* %\ld fit 9 ) ! polemic ( ! mom5t4 ,c'e/ un va/e magas91 o v\s pr5drez ce qui e/ votre usage1 said ,voltaire4 ,?us ! le>n$ & ! enlight5$1 bo? ( !m *ildr5 ( _! "t1 rema9$ divid$ among !mselves1 ! =m] incapable ( ris+ to ! level ( hi/ory ow+ to _! slight vivacity ( _s1 ! latt] ov]runn+ x ow+ to _! too great vivacity1 & r$uc+ x to a =m ( j\rnalism4 ,all ^! limits1 j because !y are limits1 assign its prop] sph]e to ! hi/oriography ( ! enlight5m5t1 b !y mu/ n be tak5 z mean+ t x _h n made any progress4 ,t hi/oriography1 plung$ 9 ! "w at ! mom5t mo/ urg5t1 surr\nd$ ) ! spl5d\r ( ! tru?s t x 0 9 ! act ( reveal+ ar\nd x1 fail$ to see ^? limits & its own defici5cies1 or saw !m r>ely & ) difficulty4 ,x 0 aw>e only t x progress$ & progress$ rapidly1 nor 0 x wrong 9 ?is belief4 ,nor are ^? critics 7among :om is ,fuet]7 wrong :o n[ def5d x f ! bad reputation t has befall5 x & celebrate its _m virtues1 :i* we also h set 9 a cle> light & h add$ to1 & ^: connexion & unity we h prov$4 ,yet we mu/ n leave t bad reputation unexpla9$1 = x s\nds f> m s]i\s ?an ! usual depreciation by e hi/orical p]iod ( ! "o t has prec$$ x1 ) ! view ( %[+ its inf]iority to ! pres5t4 ,"h1 on ! contr>y1 we f9d a p>ticul> judgm5t ( depreciation1 pron\nc$ ev5 by comp>ison ) ! p]iods t prec$$ ! enlight5m5t1 s t ?is p]iod1 & n1 = example1 ! ,r5aissance1 has especially receiv$ ! epi!t ( 'anti-hi/orical' 7! anti-hi/orical eighte5? c5tury74 ,we f9d ! explanation ( ?is :5 we ?9k ( ! dissipation !n tak+ place ( all symbolical veils1 receiv$ f v5]able antiquity1 & ( ! crude dualism & conflict :i* 7 be+ in/igat$ at t "t betwe5 hi/ory & religion4 ,! ,r5aissance 0 also itself an affirmation ( human reason1 b at ! mom5t ( its break+ ) m$ieval tradition x 0 felt to be all ! same ti$ to classical tradition1 :i* gave x an appe>ance ( hi/orical consci\sness 7an appe>ance & n ! reality74 ,! philosoph]s ( ! ,r5aissance (t5 invok$ & plac$ !mselves "u ! protection ( ! anci5t philosoph]s1 ,plato aga9/ ,ari/otle1 or ! ,greek ,ari/otle aga9/ ! ,ari/otle ( ! comm5tators4 ,! lett]$ m5 ( ! p]iod s\ght to ju/ify ! new works ( art & ! new judgm5ts ^u !m by appeal+ to ! precepts ( antiquity1 al?\gh !y sophi/icat$ & subtiliz$ :at !y f\nd !re4 ,philosoph]s1 arti/s1 & critics turn$ _! %\ld]s ^u antiquity only :5 & :]e no sort ( conciliation 0 possible1 & x 0 only ! bolde/ among !m :o v5tur$ to d ev5 ?is4 ,! anci5t republics 7 tak5 z an example by ! politicians1 ) ,livy z _! text1 z ! ,bible 0 by ! ,*ri/ians4 ,religion1 :i* 0 exhau/$ or _h be5 ext+ui%$ 9 ! s\ls ( ! cultur$1 0 ( necessity pres]v$ = ! p z an in/rum5t ( gov]nm5t1 a vulg> =m ( philosophy3 almo/ all are agre$ z to ?is1 f ,ma*iavelli to ,bruno4 ,! sage legislator or ! 'pr9ce' ( ,ma*iavelli & ! enlight5$ despot ( ,voltaire1 :o 7 bo? ( !m idealizations ( ! absolute mon>*ies t _h m\ld$ ,europe politically to _! w1 h sub/antial aff9ities2 b ! sixte5?-c5tury politician1 exp]t 9 human weaknesses & *>g$ ) all ! exp]i5ce ( ! ri* hi/ory ( ,greece & ( ,rome1 /udi$ f9esse & transactions1 :]e ! enlight5$ man ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 enc\rag$ by ! ev] r5ew$ victories ( ! ,reason1 rais$ ,reason's bann]1 & = h] took 8 sword f ! scabb>d1 )\t feel+ ! smalle/ necessity = cov]+ 8 face ) a mask4 ,k+ ,numa creat$ a religion 9 ord] to deceive ! p1 & 0 prais$ = x by ,ma*iavelli2 b ,voltaire w\ld h abus$ him = do+ s1 z he abus$ all inv5tors ( dogmas & promot]s ( fanaticism4 ,:at m is to be said8 ,! rationalism ( ! ,r5aissance 0 especially ! "w ( ! ,italian g5ius1 s well balanc$1 s c>eful to avoid excesses1 s accommodat+1 s arti/ic2 enlight5m5t1 :i* 0 especially ! "w ( ! ,fr5* g5ius1 0 radical1 consequ5t1 apt to run into extremes1 logi/ical4 ,:5 ! g5ius ( ! two c\ntries & ! two epo*s is comp>$1 ! enlight5m5t is b\nd to appe> anti-hi/orical ) respect to ! ,r5aissance1 :i*1 ow+ to ! comp>ison ?us drawn & in/itut$ ) su* an object1 becomes end[$ ) a hi/orical s5se & ) a s5se ( developm5t :i* x did n possess1 hav+ also be5 ess5tially rationali/ic & anti-hi/orical1 &1 9 a c]ta9 s5se1 m s ?an ! enlight5m5t4 ,i say m ?an ! enlight5m5t1 n only because ! latt]1 z ,i h %[n1 greatly1 increas$ hi/orical k & ideas1 b also precisely because x caus$ all ! contradictions lat5t 9 ! ,r5aissance to break out4 ,?is 0 an app>5t regression 9 hi/orical k1 b 9 reality x 0 an addition to life1 & !re=e to hi/orical consci\sness itself1 z we cle>ly see imm$iately aft]w>d4 ,! triumph & ! cata/rophe ( ! enlight5m5t 0 ! ,fr5* ,revolution2 & ?is 0 at ! same "t ! triumph & ! cata/rophe ( its hi/oriography4 ,,vi ,,! ,,hi/oriography ,,( ,,romanticism ,! reaction manife/$ itself ) ! s5tim5tal return to ! pa/1 & ) ! def5ce und]tak5 by ! politicians ( old in/itutions wor?y ( be+ pres]v$ or accord$ new life4 ,h5ce arose two =ms ( hi/orical repres5tation1 :i* c]ta9ly belong 9 a measure to all p]iods1 b :i* 7 v vigor\s at ! romantic p]iod3 no/algic hi/oriography & hi/oriography :i* re/or$4 ,& s9ce ! pa/ ( _! desires1 :i* suppli$ ! mat]ial = practical recomm5dations1 0 j t :i* ! enlight5m5t & ! ,revolution _h combat$ & ov]?r[n--! ,middle ,ages & ev]y?+ t resembl$ or seem$ to resemble ! ,middle ,ages--bo? k9ds ( hi/ory 71 s to say1 m$ievaliz$4 ,j z a wat]c\rse :i* has be5 =cibly div]t$ f its natural b$ noisily returns to x z soon z ob/ructions are remov$1 s a great sigh ( joy & satisfaction1 a w>m emotion ( t5d]ness1 well$ up 9 & reanimat$ all brea/s z1 aft] s long a rationali/ic ascesis1 !y aga9 took to !mselves ! old religion1 ! old national cu/oms1 regional & local1 aga9 ent]$ ! old h\ses & ca/les & ca!drals1 sang aga9 ! old songs1 dream$ aga9 ! old leg5ds4 ,9 ?is tumult ( s5tim5t we d n at fir/ obs]ve ! pr(\nd & irrem$iable *ange t has tak5 place 9 ! s\ls ( all1 borne witness to by ! anxiety1 ! emotion1 ! pa?os ( t app>5t return4 ,x w\ld be to belittle ! no/algic hi/oriography ( ! romantic movem5t to make x consi/ ( c]ta9 special lit]>y works1 = 9 reality x p5etrat$ all or almo/ all ! writ+s ( t "t1 l an irresi/ible curr5t1 to be f\nd n only 9 less] & poor] spirits1 su* z ,de ,b>ante1 nor only 9 ! m poetically dispos$1 su* z ,*ateaubri&1 b 9 hi/orians :o pres5t "s ( ! mo/ important or purely sci5tific ?\ghts1 = example ,niebuhr4 ,! life ( *ivalry1 ! life ( ! cloi/]1 ! ,crusades1 ! ,hoh5/auf51 ! ,lomb>d & ,flemi% communes1 ! ,*ri/ian k+s ( ,spa9 at /rife ) ! ,arabs1 ! ,arabs !mselves1 ,engl& divid$ betwe5 ,saxons & ,normans1 ! ,switz]l& ( ,william ,tell1 ! *ansons de ge/e1 ! songs ( ! tr\bad\rs1 ,go?ic ar*itecture 7*>act]i/ic vicissitude ( a "n1 appli$ 9 contempt & !n turn$ into a symbol ( affection71 became at ?is "t ! object ( univ]sal & national sympa?y1 z did ! r\gh1 +5u\s popul> lit]ature1 poetry1 & art3 translations or abbreviations ( ! m$ieval *ronicles 7 ev5 repr9t$ = ! enjoym5t ( a l>ge & eag] circle ( read]s2 ! fir/ m$ieval museums 7 =m$2 an attempt 0 made to re/ore & complete anci5t *ur*es1 ca/les1 & city palaces4 ,hi/oriography ent]$ into close relations & ex*ange ( ideas ) ! new lit]>y =m ( hi/orical romance1 :i* express$ ! same no/algia1 fir/ ) ,walt] ,scott & !n ) 8 innum]able foll[]s 9 all c\ntries4 7,?is lit]>y =m 0 !re=e q diff]5t f ! hi/orical fiction ( ,manzoni1 :i* is free f su* s5tim5t & ^: hi/orical elem5t has a moral f\ndation47 ,i h already rem>k$ t ?is no/algia 0 f> m mod]n ( cont5t ?an at fir/ suppos$2 s mu* s t e "o 0 attract$ to x by ! motive t mo/ appeal$ to himself1 :e!r religi\s or political1 ,old ,ca?olic1 my/ical1 mon>*ical1 con/itutional1 communal-republican1 national-indep5d5t1 lib]al-democratic1 or ari/ocratic4 ,nev]!less1 :5 ! pa/ 0 tak5 z a poetic !me1 !re 0 a risk t ! idealiz+ t5d5cy ( ! images w\ld be at /rife ) critical reflection3 h5ce ! cult ( ! ,middle ,ages1 :i* _h become a sup]/ition1 came to a ridicul\s end4 ,fuet] quotes an acute rem>k ( ,ranke1 relat+ to "o ( ! la/ wor?y repres5tatives ( ! romantic s*ool1 ,giesebre*t1 au?or ( ! ,hi/ory ( ! ,g]man ,empire1 admir] & extoll] ( ! ',*ri/ian-,g]manic virtues1' ( ! p[] & excell5ce ( ! m$ieval h]oes4 ,ranke describ$ all ?is z at once too virile & too pu]ile4 ,b ! pu]ility disc]nible at ! s\rces ( ?is ideal curr5t1 be=e x falls into ! comic1 is r ! sublime pu]ility ( ! poet's dream4 ,! actual mod]n motives1 :i* pres5t !mselves z s5tim5ts 9 no/algic hi/oriography1 acquir$ a reflex =m ) ! same or o!r writ]s1 z t5d5cies to ! s]vice ( :i* _! n>ratives 7 b5t4 ,"h1 too1 x w\ld be sup]flu\s to give an acc\nt ( all ! v>i\s =ms & specifications ( ^! t5d5cies 7:i* ,fuet] has already done admirably71 f ! p]si/5t ,r\sseauism ( ,giovanni ,mll] to ,sismondi1 or f ! ideal ( a free peasantry ( ,niebuhr1 ! ultramontane ideal ( ,leo1 ! imp]iali/ic-m$ieval ideal ( ! already m5tion$ ,giesebre*t & ,fick]1 ! old lib]al ( ,raum]1 ! neo-lib]al ( ,rotteck & ,g]v9us1 ! angliciz+ ( ,guizot & ,dahlmann1 or ! democratic ideal ( ,mi*elet1 to ! neo-,guelfi% ideal ( ,troya & ,balbo & ,fa!r ,to/i1 to ! ,prussian hegemony ( ,droys5 & ( ,treits*ke1 & s on4 ,b all ( ^!1 & o!r hi/orians ) a p>ticul> bias1 lean1 ) r>e exceptions1 on ! pa/1 & f9d ! ju/ification ( _! bias 9 ! dialectic ( tradition or 9 tradition itself4 ,nobody any long] c>$ to compose by ! light ( ab/ract reason alone4 ,! extreme typical in/ance is af=d$ by ! sociali/ic s*ool1 :i* took ! romantic =m 9 ! p]son ( its *ief repres5tative1 ,m>x1 :o end[$ x ) hi/oriographical & sci5tific value4 ,8 "w 0 9 complete opposition to ! sociali/ic ideals t _h appe>$ 9 ! eighte5? c5tury1 & he !re=e boa/$ t !y _h pass$ f ! /ate ( be+ a ,utopia to t ( a sci5ce4 ,8 sci5ce 0 no?+ less ?an hi/orical necessity attribut$ to ! new era t he prophesi$1 & mat]ialism itself no long] wi%$ to be ! naturali/ic mat]ialism ( a d',holba* or a ,helvtius1 b pres5t$ itself z 'hi/orical mat]ialism4' ,if no/algic hi/oriography is poetry & t ) a purpose is practical & political1 ! hi/oriography1 ! true hi/oriography1 ( romanticism is n to be plac$ 9 ei!r ( ! two1 9 s f> z x is consid]$ an epo* 9 ! hi/ory ( ?\ght4 ,c]ta9ly1 poetry & practice arose f a ?\ght & l$ to a ?\ght z its mat]ial or problem3 ! ,fr5* ,revolution 0 c]ta9ly n ! cause or ! effect ( a philosophy1 b bo? ! cause & ! effect1 a philosophy 9 ! act1 born f & g5]at+ ! life t 0 !n develop$4 ,b ?\ght 9 ! =m ( ?\ght1 & n 9 ! =m ( s5tim5tal love ( ! pa/ or ef=t to revive a false pa/1 is :at det]m9es ! sci5tific "* ( t hi/oriography1 :i* we desire to set 9 a cle> light4 ,& x react$ 9 ! =m ( ?\ght aga9/ ! ?\ght ( ! enlight5m5t1 s crudely duali/ic1 by oppos+ to x ! conception ( developm5t4 ,n inde$ t ?is concept 0 some?+ entirely new1 :i* _h !n bur/ =? 9 bud = ! fir/ "t3 no speculative conception t is really su* c be abs5t at "o "t & appe> at ano!r4 ,! diff]5ce lies 9 ?is1 t at a giv5 p]iod sci5tific problems seem to apply to "o r ?an to ano!r aspect ( ?\ght1 :i* is always pres5t 9 its totality4 ,s t :5 we say t ! conception ( developm5t 0 abs5t f antiquity & f ! eighte5? c5tury1 we utt] a hyp]bole4 ,!re are good reasons = ?is hyp]bole1 b x rema9s a hyp]bole & %\ld n be tak5 lit]ally & und]/ood mat]ially4 ,nor are we to believe t !re 0 no suspicion or anticipation ( ! important sci5tific conception ( developm5t prior to ! romantic p]iod4 ,traces ( x may be f\nd 9 ! pan!ism ( ! great philosoph]s ( ! ,r5aissance1 & especially 9 ,bruno1 & 9 my/icism itself1 9 s f> z x includ$ pan!ism1 & yet m di/9ctly 9 ! recon/ruction ( ! b>e bones ( ! !ological conception ) ! conception ( ! c\rse ( hi/orical ev5ts z a gradual education ( ! human race1 9 :i* ! successive revelations %\ld be ! communication ( books ( a gradually less & less elem5t>y nature1 f ! fir/ ,hebrew scriptures to ! ,gospels & to ! revisions ( ! ,gospels4 ,less+ (f]s an example ( ?is4 ,nor 7 ! !ori/s ( ! enlight5m5t always s t]ribly duali/ic z ^? t ,i h m5tion$1 b "h & !re "o ( !m1 su* z ,turgot1 al?\gh he did n altoge!r ab&on ! presupposition z to epo*s ( decad5ce1 yet recogniz$ ! progress ( ,*ri/ianity ov] antiquity & ( mod]n times ov] ,*ri/ianity1 & attempt$ ev5 to trace ! l9e ( developm5t pass+ ?r\gh ! ?ree ages1 ! my?ological1 ! metaphysical1 & ! sci5tific4 ,o!r ?9k]s1 l ,montesquieu1 notic$ ! relativity ( in/itutions to cu/oms & to p]iods2 o!rs1 l ,r\sseau1 atta*$ great importance to ! /r5g? ( s5tim5t4 ,enlight5m5t _h also its adv]s>ies dur+ its own p]iod1 n only z repres5t$ by political ab/raction & fatu\s optimism 7su* z t ( ,galiani1 = in/ance71 b also 9 m important respects1 de/9$ lat] to =m ! special subject ( criticism1 su* z contempt = tradition1 = religion1 & = poetry & arid naturalism4 ,h5ce ! smile ( ,hamann at ! bl9d fai? ( ,voltaire & ( ,hume 9 ! ,newtonian a/ronomical doctr9es & at _! lack ( s5se = moral doctr9es4 ,he held t a revival ( poetry & a l9k+ ( x ) hi/ory 7 necess>y1 & consid]$ hi/ory to be 7"h he 0 j ! opposite ( ,bod97 n ! easie/ b ! mo/ difficult ( all m5tal lab\rs4 ,b 9 ! ,sci5za nuova ( ,vico 7#agbe7 0 to be f\nd a v ri* & organic anticipation ( romantic ?\ght 7z %\ld n[ be univ]sally recogniz$ & kn[n74 ,vico criticiz$ ! enlight5m5t only 9 its beg9n+s 7:5 x 0 /ill only natural jurisprud5ce & ,c>tesianism71 yet he nev]!less p5etrat$ m deeply ?an o!rs :o came aft] him into its hidd5 motives & measur$ m accurately its logical & practical consequ5ces4 ,?us he oppos$ to ! sup]ficial contempt = ! pa/ 9 ! "n ( ab/ract reason ! unfold+ ( ! human m9d 9 hi/ory1 z s5se1 imag9ation1 & intellect1 z ! div9e or animal age1 ! h]oic age1 & ! human age4 ,he held fur!r t no human age 0 9 ! wrong1 = ea* _h its own /r5g? & beauty1 & ea* 0 ! effect ( its pr$ecessor & ! necess>y prep>ation = ! "o to foll[1 ari/ocracy = democracy1 democracy = mon>*y1 ea* "o appe>+ at ! "r mom5t1 or z ! ju/ice ( t mom5t4 ,! conception ( developm5t did n1 h[ev]1 9 ! romantic p]iod1 rema9 ! ?\ght ( a solit>y ?9k] )\t an audi5ce1 b broad5$ until x became a g5]al conviction2 x did n appe> timidly %ad[$ =?1 or contradictorily affirm$1 b took on body1 coh]5ce1 & vig\r1 & dom9at$ spirits4 ,x is ! =mative pr9ciple ( ! ideali/ philosophy1 :i* culm9at$ 9 ! sy/em ( ,hegel4 ,few !re 7 :o resi/$ its /r5g?1 & ^!1 l ,h]b>t1 7 /ill %ut up 9 pre-,kantian dogmatism1 or tri$ to resi/ x & are m or less t+$ ) x1 z is ! case ) ,s*op5hau] & yet m ) ,comte & lat] ) positivi/ic evolutionism4 ,x gives its intellectual backbone to ! :ole ( hi/oriography 7) ! exception "h too ( l+]]s & reaction>ies71 & t hi/oriography corrects = x1 9 great] or less measure1 ! same "o-sid$ t5d5cies :i* came to x f ! s5tim5tal & political causes already describ$1 f t5d]ness = ! ne> pa/ or = ! good old times1 & = ! ,middle ,ages4 ,! :ole ( hi/ory is n[ und]/ood z necess>y developm5t1 & is !re=e implicitly1 & m or less explicitly1 all r$eem$2 x is all le>n$ ) ! feel+ t x is sacr$1 a feel+ res]v$ 9 ! ,middle ,ages = ^? p>ts ( x only :i* repres5t$ ! opposition ( ,god to ! p[] ( ! devil4 ,?us ! conception ( developm5t 0 ext5d$ to classical antiquity1 & !n1 ) ! increase ( k & ( att5tion1 to ,ori5tal civilizations4 ,?us ! ,romans1 ! ,ionians1 ! ,dorians1 ! ,egyptians1 & ! ,indians got back _! life & 7 ju/ifi$ & lov$ 9 _! turn almo/ z mu* z ! _w ( *ivalry & ! ,*ri/ian _w _h be5 lov$4 ,b ! logical ext5sion ( ! conception did n f9d any ob/acle among ! philosoph]s & hi/orians1 ev5 9 ! repugnance t 0 felt = ! times to :i* mod]n times 7 oppos$1 su* z ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,! spectacle 0 witness$ ( ! consecration ( ,jacob9ism & ( ! ,fr5* ,revolution 9 ! v books ( _! adv]s>ies1 ,hegel1 = in/ance1 f9d+ 9 ^? ev5ts bo? ! triumph & ! dea?1 ! "o n less ?an ! o!r1 ! 'triumphant dea?' ( ! mod]n ab/ract subjectivity1 inaugurat$ by ,desc>tes4 ,n only did ! adv]s>ies1 b also ! execution]s & _! victims1 make peace1 & ,socrates1 ! m>tyr ( free ?\ght & ! victim ( intol]ance1 su* z he 0 und]/ood to be by ! intellectuali/s ( ! eighte5? c5tury & ^? :o sup]/iti\sly repeat !m 9 our own day1 0 condemn$ to ! dea? t he _h well des]v$1 9 ! "n ( ,hi/ory1 :i* does n admit ( spiritual revolutions )\t trag$ies4 ,! draft]1 too1 ( ! ,manife/o ( ! ,communi/s1 z he 0 ha/5+ on ! bus9ess ( putt+ an end to ! burgess class1 bo? ) 8 pray]s & ) 8 works1 gave v5t to a w>m & gr&iose eulogium ( ! "w a*iev$ by ! burgess class1 & 9 s do+ %[$ himself to be ! fai?ful *ild ( romantic ?\ght2 because1 = anyone :o held to ! ideology ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 capitalism & ! burgess class %\ld h appe>$ to be no?+ b di/ortions due to ignorance1 /upidity1 & egoism1 unwor?y ( any praise beyond a fun]al oration4 ,! passions ( ! great] "p ( ^? hi/orians 7 mo/ inflammable1 n less ?an ^? ( ! enlight5$1 yet satire1 s>casm1 invective1 at lea/ among ! sup]ior intellects1 vividly encircl$ ! hi/orical und]/&+ ( ! "t1 b did n oppress or negate x4 ,! g5]al impression exp]i5c$ f ^? n>ratives is t ( a s]i\s ef=t to r5d] ju/ice to all1 & we owe x to ! discipl9e ?us imp>t$ to ! m9ds & s\ls ( ! ?9k]s & hi/orians ( romanticism t x is only ! lea/ cultivat$ or mo/ fanatical among ! prie/s & ,ca?olics 9 g5]al :o cont9ue to curse ,voltaire & ! eighte5? c5tury z ! "w ( ! devil4 ,9 ! same way1 x is only vulg> democrats & anti-cl]icals1 ak9 to ! =m] 9 _! ana*ronism & ! re/1 :o treat ! reaction1 ! re/oration1 & ! ,middle ,ages ) equal grossness4 ,enlight5m5t & ! ,jacob9ism connect$ ) x 0 a religion1 z we h %[n1 & :5 x di$ x left beh9d x survivals or sup]/itions4 ,to conceive hi/ory z developm5t is to conceive x z hi/ory ( ideal values1 ! only ones t h value1 & x 0 = ?is reason t 9 ! romantic p]iod !re 0 an ev] increas+ multiplication ( ^? hi/ories :i* _h already increas$ to s consid]able an ext5t 9 ! prec$+ p]iod4 ,b _! novelty did n consi/ 9 _! ext]nal multiplication1 b 9 _! int]nal maturation1 :i* correct$ ^? previ\sly compos$1 consi/+ ei!r ( le>n$ collections ( disconnect$ items ( in=mation1 or judgm5ts inde$1 b judgm5ts bas$ ^u an ext]nal model1 :i* claim$ to be con/ruct$ by pure reason & 0 9 reality con/ruct$ by arbitr>y & caprici\s ab/raction & imag9ation4 ,& n[ ! hi/ory ( poetry & ( lit]ature is no long] measur$ accord+ to ! /&>d ( ! ,roman-humani/ic ideal1 or accord+ to ! classical ideal ( ! age ( ,l\is ,,xiv1 or ( ! ratioc9ative & prosaic ideal ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 b discov]s by degrees its own measure 9 itself1 & beg9n+ ) ! fir/ attempts ( ,h]d]1 ( ! ,s*legels1 & !n ( ,villema91 ( ,sa9te-,beuve1 & ( ,g]v9us1 & = antiquity ( ,wolf & ,mll]1 f9ally rea*es ! high /&>d repres5t$ by ! ,hi/ory ( ,italian ,lit]ature ( de ,sanctis4 ,sudd5ly ! hi/ory ( art feels itself emb>rass$ by ! too n>r[ ideal ( ,less+ & ( ,w9ckelmann1 & !re is a movem5t t[>d col\r1 t[>d l&scape1 t[>d pre-,hell5ic & po/-,hell5ic art1 t[>d ! romantic1 ! ,go?ic1 ! ,r5aissance1 & ! b>oque1 a movem5t t ext5ds f ,mey] & ,hir? to ,rumohr1 ,klug]1 ,s*naase1 till x rea*es ,burckh>dt & ,rusk94 ,x also tries "h & !re to break d[n ! b>ri]s ( ! s*ools & to atta9 ! really arti/ic p]sonality ( ! arti/s4 ,! hi/ory ( philosophy has its great crisis ) ,hegel1 :o leads x f ! ab/ract subjectivism ( ! foll[]s ( ,kant to objectivity1 & recognizes ! only true exi/5ce ( philosophy to consi/ ( ! hi/ory ( ?\ght1 consid]$ 9 its entirety1 )\t neglect+ any "o ( its =ms4 ,zell]1 ,fis*]1 & ,erdmann 9 ,g]many1 ,c\s9 & 8 s*ool 9 ,france1 ,spav5ta 9 ,italy1 foll[ ,hegel 9 su* objective rese>*4 ,! l takes place 9 ! hi/ory ( religion1 :i* tries to adopt intr9sic crit]ia ( judgm5t1 aft] ,spittl] & ,planck1 ! la/ repres5tatives ( ! rationali/ic s*ool1 ) ,m>he9ecke1 ,ne&]1 ,hase1 & f9ds a peculi>ly sci5tific =m ) ,/rauss1 ,baur1 & ! ,tb+5 s*ool2 & f ,ei*horn to ,savigny1 ,gans1 & ,lassalle 9 ! hi/ory ( rights4 ,! conception ( ! ,/ate always yields ! lead]%ip m & m to t ( ! nation 9 ! hi/ory call$ political1 & 'nationality' sub/itutes ! names ( 'humanity1' 'lib]ty1' & 'equality1' & all ! o!r ideas ( ! prec$+ age t once 7 full ( radiance1 b are n[ dimm$4 ,?is nationalism has wrongly be5 look$ ^u z a regression1 9 respect ( t univ]salism & cosmopolitanism1 because 7not)/&+ its well-kn[n s5tim5tal exagg]ations7 x notably assi/s ! concrete conception ( ! univ]sal liv+ only 9 its hi/orical creations1 su* z nations1 :i* are bo? products & factors ( its developm5t4 ,& ! value ( ,europeanism is reviv$ z ! result ( ?is acquisition ( consci\sness ( ! value ( nations4 ,x _h be5 too mu* trampl$ ^u dur+ ! p]iod ( ! enlight5m5t1 ow+ to ! naturali/ic _s :i* dom9at$ at t "t1 & to ! reaction tak+ place aga9/ ! hi/orical s*emes ( antiquity & ,*ri/ianity1 al?\gh x 0 surely evid5t t hi/ory writt5 by ,europeans c\ld n b be ',europoc5tric1' & t x is only 9 relation to ! c\rse ( ,grco-,roman civilization1 :i* 0 ,*ri/ian & ,occid5tal1 t ! civilizations develop$ along o!r l9es become actual & compreh5sible to u1 provid$ always t we d n wi% to *ange hi/ory into an exhibition ( ! diff]5t types ( civilization1 ) a prize = ! be/ ( !m ,! diff]5ce is also made cle> = ! same reason betwe5 hi/ory & pre-hi/ory1 betwe5 ! hi/ory ( man & ! hi/ory ( nature1 :i* _h be5 illegitimately l9k$ by ! mat]iali/s & ! naturali/s4 ,?is is to be f\nd ev5 9 ! works ( ,h]d]1 :o reta9s a good _m ( ! elem5ts ( ! c5tury ( 8 bir? m+l$ ) ^? ( ! new p]iod4 ,b x is above all 9 romantic hi/oriography t we obs]ve ! se>* = & v (t5 ! happy realization ( an organic l9k+ toge!r ( all p>ticul> hi/ories ( spiritual values1 by relat+ religi\s1 philosophical1 poetical1 arti/ic1 juridical1 & moral facts z a function ( a s+le motive ( developm5t4 ,x !n becomes a commonplace t a lit]ature _c be und]/ood )\t und]/&+ ideas & cu/oms1 or politics )\t philosophy1 or 7z 0 realiz$ r lat]7 rights & cu/oms & ideas )\t economy4 ,& x is wor? :ile record+ z we pass by t !re is h>dly "o ( ^! hi/ories ( values :i* has n be5 previ\sly pres5t$ or sket*$ by ,vico1 toge!r ) ! indication ( _! intr9sic unity4 ,hi/ories ( poetry1 hi/ories ( my?1 ( rights1 ( languages1 ( con/itutions1 ( explicative or philosophical reason1 all are 9 ,vico1 al?\gh sometimes wrapp$ up 9 ! hi/orical or sociological epo* ) :i* ea* "o ( !m 0 p>ticul>ly connect$4 ,ev5 mod]n biography 7:i* illu/rates :at ! individual does & suff]s 9 relation to ! mission :i* he fulfils & to ! aspect ( ! ,idea :i* becomes actual 9 him7 has its fir/ or "o ( its fir/ notable monum5ts 9 ! autobiography ( ,vico--t is to say1 9 ! hi/ory ( ! works :i* ,provid5ce comm&$ & guid$ him to accompli% 9 div]se ways t seem$ to be ob/acles1 b 7 opportunities4 ,?is trans=mation ( biography does n imply failure to recognize individuality1 b is1 on ! contr>y1 its elevation1 = x f9ds its true mean+ 9 its relation ) ! univ]sal1 z ! univ]sal its concret5ess 9 ! individual4 ,& inde$ individualiz+ p[]1 p]ception ( physiognomies1 ( /ates ( ! s\l1 ( ! v>i\s =ms ( ! ideas1 s5se ( ! diff]5ces ( times & places1 may be said to %[ !mselves = ! fir/ "t 9 romantic hi/oriography4 ,t is to say1 !y d n %[ !mselves r>ely or z by accid5t1 nor any long] 9 ! negative & summ>y =m ( opposition betwe5 new & old1 civil & b>b>\s1 patriotic & extrane\s4 ,x does n mean any?+ t "s ( ^? hi/orians lo/ !mselves 7?\gh ?is happ5$ r>ely7 9 an ab/ract dialectic ( ideas1 & t o!rs m frequ5tly all[$ ideas to be subm]g$ 9 ! ext]nal picturesqu5ess ( cu/oms & anecdotes1 because we f9d exagg]ations1 "o-sid$ness1 lack ( balance1 at all p]iods & 9 all progress ( ?\ght4 ,nor is ! accusation ( great importance t ! col\r+ ( times & places pref]r$ by ! romantics 0 false1 because ! important ?+ 0 precisely ?is attempt to col\r1 :e!r ! result 7 happy or ! rev]se 7if ! latt]1 ! picture _h to be col\r$ aga91 b always col\r$74 ,a fur!r reason = ?is is t1 z has be5 already admitt$1 !re 7 fancies & t5d5cies at "w 9 romanticism beyond true & prop] hi/oriography1 :i* be/[$ ^u ! times & places illu/rat$ t imag9>y & exagg]at$ col\r+ sugge/$ by ! v>i\s s5tim5ts & int]e/s4 ,hi/ory1 :i* is ?\ght1 0 sometimes idealiz$ at ?is p]iod z an imag9>y liv+ aga9 9 ! pa/1 & p ask$ ( hi/ory to be c>ri$ back into ! old ca/les & m>ket-places ( ! ,middle ,ages2 = _! enjoym5t !y ask$ to see ! p]sonages ( ! "t 9 _! own prop] clo!s & z !y mov$ ab\t1 to he> !m speak ! language1 ) ! acc5t ( ! "t1 to be made contempor>y ) ! facts & to acquire !m ) ! +5u\s _s ( a contempor>y4 ,b to d ?is is n only impossible = ?\ght1 b also = art1 because art too surpasses life1 & x w\ld be some?+ useless1 because x is n desir$1 = :at man really desires is to reproduce 9 imag9ation & to re?9k ! pa/ f ! pres5t1 n to te> himself away f ! pres5t & fall back into ! dead pa/4 ,c]ta9ly ?is la/ 0 an illusion1 prop] to sev]al romantics 7:o = t matt] h _! successors 9 our own day71 & 9 s f> z x 0 an illusion ei!r rema9$ a /]ile ef=t or diffus$ itself 9 a lyrical sigh2 b an illusion ( t k9d 0 "o ( _m aspects & did n =m an ess5tial "p ( romantic hi/oriography4 ,we also owe x to romanticism t a relation 0 e/abli%$ = ! fir/ "t & a fusion effect$ betwe5 ! le>n$ & ! hi/orians1 betwe5 ^? :o s\ght out mat]ial & ?9k]s4 ,?is1 z we h said1 _h n happ5$ 9 ! eighte5? c5tury1 nor1 to tell ! tru?1 be=e x1 9 ! great epo*s ( erudition ( ,italian or ,alex&rian humanism1 = !n antiqu>ies & politicians ea* foll[$ _! own pa?1 indiff]5t to "o ano!r1 & ! only political ideal t sometimes gleam$ f ! book%elves ( ! antiqu>y 7z ,fuet] acutely obs]ves ( ,flavius ,blondus7 0 t ( a gov]nm5t :i* by ensur+ calm %\ld p]mit ! le>n$ to foll[ _! peaceful avocations6 ,b ! wat*word ( romantic hi/oriography 0 anticipat$ 9 respect to ?is matt] also by ,vico1 9 8 =mula ( ! union ( philosophy ) philology1 & ( ! reciprocal conv]sion ( ! true ) ! c]ta91 ( ! idea ) ! fact4 ,?is =mula proves 7we give x pass+ m5tion7 t ! hi/orical say+ ( ,manzoni1 to ! effect t ,vico %\ld be unit$ ) ,muratori1 0 n altoge!r hi/orically exact--t is to say1 philosophy ) erudition1 = ,vico _h already unit$ ^! two ?+s1 & _! union con/itutes ! *ief value ( 8 "w4 ,nev]!less1 not)/&+ its inaccuracy1 ! say+ ( ,manzoni also proves h[ romantic hi/oriography _h not$ ! intimate connexion t prevails betwe5 erudition & ?\ght 9 hi/ory1 :i* is ! liv+ & ?9k+ aga9 ( ! docum5t t has be5 pres]v$ or re/or$ by erudition1 & inde$ dem&s erudition t x may be s\ght out & prep>$4 ,nei!r did romanticism limit itself to /at+ ?is claim 9 ! ab/ract1 b really creat$ ! type ( ! philologi/-?9k] 7:o 0 sometimes also a poet71 f ,niebuhr to ,momms51 f ,?i]ry to ,fu/el de ,c\langes1 f ,troya to ,balbo or ,to/i4 ,!n = ! fir/ "t 7 ! great collections & rep]tories ( ! erudition ( ! sev5te5? & eighte5? c5turies valu$ at _! true wor?2 !n 7 new collections promot$1 supplem5t>y to or correct+ !m accord+ to crit]ia t 7 ev] m rigor\s 9 relation to ! subject & to ! great] k & means at disposal4 ,?us arose ! "w kn[n z ! ,monum5ta ,g]mania hi/orica & ! ,g]man philological s*ool 7:i* 0 once ! la/ & became ! fir/71 ! "o a model ( und]tak+s ( ?is sort1 ! o!r ( ! discipl9es relat+ to !m1 = ! re/ ( ,europe4 ,! philological claim ( ! new hi/oriography1 aid$ by ! s5tim5t ( nationality1 also gave life 9 our ,italy to ^? hi/orical societies1 to ^? collections ( *ronicles1 ( laws1 ( *>t]s1 ( 'hi/orical ar*ives' or reviews1 in/itutions ) :i* hi/oriographical "w is conc]n$ 9 our day4 ,a notable example ( ! p[] to promote ! mo/ pati5t philology inspir$ ) purely hi/orical ne$s is to be f\nd1 among o!rs1 9 ! ,corpus inscriptionum lat9>um1 conceiv$ & c>ri$ out by a hi/orian end[$ ) ! passionate en]gy & ! syn!tic m9d ( a ,momms54 ,9 ! eighte5? c5tury 7) "o or two v r>e & p>tial exceptions7 hi/orians disda9$ p>*m5t & 9-folios1 or op5$ !m impati5tly1 bib5tes et fugi5tes b 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury no s]i\s _s d>$ to affirm any long] t x 0 possible to compose hi/ory )\t accurate1 scrupul\s1 meticul\s /udy ( ! docum5ts ^u :i* x is to be f\nd$4 ,! pragmatic hi/ories ( ! la/ c5turies1 !re=e1 melt$ away at ! simple t\* ( ^! new hi/oriographical convictions1 r ?an ow+ to direct & op5 criticism or polemic4 ,! ^w 'pragmatic1' :i* us$ to be a title ( hon\r1 began to be pron\nc$ ) a t+e ( contempt1 to designate an inadequate =m ( hi/orical ?\ght1 & ! hi/orians ( ! enlight5m5t fell into discr$it1 n only ,voltaire & ! ,fr5*1 b ! ,humes1 ! ,rob]tsons1 & o!r ,engli% hi/orians4 ,!y appe>$ n[ to be q )\t col\r1 lack+ 9 hi/orical s5se1 _! m9ds fix$ only on ! political aspect ( ?+s1 sup]ficial1 va9ly attempt+ to expla9 great ev5ts by ! int5tions ( individuals & by means ( little ?+s or s+le details4 ,! !ory1 too1 ( hi/ory z ! orator & tea*] ( virtue & prud5tial maxims also disappe>$4 ,?is !ory _h enjoy$ a long & vigor\s life dur+ ,grco-,roman antiquity & aga9 f ! ,r5aissance onw>d 7:5 ,i say t all ^! ?+s disappe>$1 ! exception ( ! fossils is always to be und]/ood1 = ^! p]si/$ at t "t & p]si/ 9 our own day1 ) ! air ( be+ alive74 ,! attitude ( ! ,*ri/ian _s t[>d hi/ory 0 resum$4 ,?is _s contemplates x z a s+le process1 :i* does n repeat itself1 z ! "w ( ,god1 :i* tea*es directly by means ( ,8 pres5ce1 n z matt] t exemplifies ab/ract tea*+1 extrane\s to itself4 ,! ^w 'pragmatic' 0 inde$ pron\nc$ ) a smile f t "t onw>d1 z 7 ! =mulas ( hi/oria magi/] vit or t direct$ ad b5e beateque viv5dum3 let him :o w believe ^! =mulas--t is to say1 he :o e*oes traditional ?\ghts )\t re?9k+ !m & is satisfi$ ) traditional & vulg> conceptions4 ,:at is ! use ( hi/ory8 ,hi/ory itself1 0 ! answ]1 & truly t is n a little ?+4 ,! new c5tury glorifi$ itself ) ! title ( '! c5tury ( hi/ory1' ow+ to its new dep>tures1 :i* 7 born or conv]g$ 9 "o4 ,x _h deifi$ & at ! same "t humaniz$ hi/ory1 z _h nev] be5 done be=e1 & _h made ( x a c5tre ( reality & ( ?\ght4 ,t title ( hon\r %\ld be confirm$1 if n to ! :ole ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 !n to its romantic or ideali/ic p]iod4 ,b ?is confirmation %\ld n prev5t our obs]v+1 ) equal cle>ness1 ! limit ( t hi/oricity1 )\t :i* x w\ld n be possible to und]/& its lat] & fur!r advance4 ,hi/ory 0 !n at once deifi$ & humaniz$2 b did ! div9ity & humanity truly fl[ toge!r 9 "o1 or 0 !re n at bottom "s sep>ation betwe5 ! two ( !m8 ,0 ! disagreem5t betwe5 anci5t worldly ?\ght & ultramundane ,*ri/ian ?\ght really heal$1 or did x n pres5t itself aga9 9 a new =m1 ?\gh ?is =m 0 att5uat$ & m critical intellectually8 ,& :i* ( ! two elem5ts prevail$ 9 ?is disagreem5t 9 its ab/ractness1 ! human or r ! div9e8 ,^! que/ions sugge/ ! answ]1 :i* is fur!r sugge/$ by a memory famili> to all1 namely1 t ! romantic p]iod 0 n only ! spl5did age ( ! great evolution>y hi/ories1 b also ! fatal age ( ! philosophies ( hi/ory1 ! transc5d5tal hi/ories4 ,& inde$1 al?\gh ! ?\ght ( imman5ce _h gr[n gradually m & m ri* & pr(\nd dur+ ! ,r5aissance & ! enlight5m5t1 & t ( transc5d5cy ev] m evanesc5t1 ! fir/ _h n = t reason absorb$ ! second 9 itself1 b _h m]ely purifi$ & rationaliz$ x1 z ,hell5ic philosophy & ,*ri/ian !ology _h tri$ to d 9 _! own ways 9 _! own times4 ,9 ! romantic p]iod1 purification & rationalization cont9ue1 & "h 0 ! mi/ake z well z ! m]it ( romanticism1 = x 0 no long] a "q ( sett+ "r t anci5t op9ion1 b ( radically inv]t+ & remak+ x4 ,! transc5d5tal conception ( hi/ory 0 no long] at t "t call$ revelation & apocalypse1 b philosophy ( hi/ory1 a title tak5 f ! enlight5m5t 7pr9cipally f ,voltaire71 al?\gh x no long] _h ! mean+ =m]ly attribut$ to x ( hi/ory exam9$ ) an unprejudic$ or philosophical _s adorn$ ) moral & political reflections1 b ! mean+1 altoge!r diff]5t1 ( a philosophical se>* ( ! sph]e above or bel[ t ( hi/ory--9 fact1 ( a !ological se>*1 :i* rema9$ !ological1 h[ev] lay or speculative x may h be54 ,& s9ce a se>* ( ?is sort always leads to a rationaliz$ my?ology1 !re is no reason :y ! "n ( 'my?ology' %\ld n be ext5d$ to ! philosophy ( hi/ory1 or ! "n ( 'philosophy ( hi/ory1' to my?ology1 z ,i h ext5d$ x1 call+ all transc5d5tal conceptions ( hi/ory 'philosophy ( hi/ory1' = !y all sep>ate ! fact & ! idea1 ! ev5t & its explication1 action & end1 ! _w & ,god4 ,& s9ce ! philosophy ( hi/ory is transc5d5tal 9 its int]nal /ructure1 x is n surpris+ t x %[$ itself to be su* 9 all ! v v>i$ =ms t x assum$ 9 ! romantic p]iod1 ev5 among philosoph]s z avid ( imman5ce z ,hegel1 a great de/roy] ( ,platonism1 :o yet rema9$ to a consid]able ext5t engag$ 9 x1 s t5aci\s is t enemy :i* e ?9k] c>ries 9 himself & :i* he %\ld te> f 8 he>t1 yet _c resi/4 ,b )\t ent]+ into a p>ticul> acc\nt ( ! assumptions made by ! romantics & ideali/s 9 ! con/ruction ( _! 'philosophies ( hi/ory1' x w be suffici5t to obs]ve ! consequ5ces1 9 ord] to po9t out ! transc5d5tal t5d5cy ( _! con/ructions4 ,^! 7 su* z to compromise romantic hi/ories 9 ! me?od & to damage !m 9 ! execution1 ?\gh !y 7 at fir/ s vigor\sly conceiv$ z a unity ( philosophy & philology4 ,"o ( ! consequ5ces 0 precisely ! fall+ aga9 into contempt ( erudition among ^? v p :o adopt$ & promot$ x1 & on o!r occasions a recomm5dation ( x 9 words & a contempt ( x 9 de$s4 ,?is contradictory attitude 0 tr\bl$ ) an evil consci5ce1 s mu* s t its recomm5dations s\nd b little s9c]e1 ! contempt timid1 :5 x %[s itself1 ?\gh x is m (t5 conceal$4 ,nev]!less "o discov]s fleet+ words ( revelation among ^! tortuosities & pret5ces1 su* z t ( an a priori hi/ory 7,fi*te1 ,s*ell+1 ,krause1 &1 to a c]ta9 ext5t at lea/1 ,hegel71 :i* %\ld be true hi/ory1 d$uc$ f ! pure concepts1 or r5d]$ div9e 9 "s vision ( ! se] ( ,patmos1 a hi/ory :i* %\ld be m or less diff]5t f ! confusion ( human ev5ts & facts1 z philosophical hi/ory1 leav+ outside x z refuse a m]ely n>rative hi/ory1 :i* %\ld s]ve z raw mat]ial or z text = ! s]mons & precepts ( ! morali/s & politicians4 ,& we see ris+ f ! bosom ( a philosophy1 :i* _h tri$ to make hi/ory ( itself1 by mak+ philosophy also hi/ory 7pro( t ! design _h n be5 really translat$ into act71 ! di/9ction betwe5 philosophy & hi/ory1 betwe5 ! hi/orical & ! philosophical way ( ?9k+1 & ! mutual antipa?y & mutual unfri5dl9ess ( ! two ord]s ( rese>*]s4 ,! 'pr(essional' hi/orians 7 oblig$ to def5d !mselves aga9/ _! prog5itors 7! philosoph]s71 & !y end$ by los+ all pity = !m1 by d5y+ t !y 7 philosoph]s & treat+ !m z intrud]s & *>latans4 ,unpleasantness & ill-w 7 all ! m inevitable 9 t ! 'philosoph]s ( hi/ory'--t is to say1 ! hi/orians obsess$ ) transc5d5cy--did n always rema9 cont5t 7nor c\ld !y d s1 speak+ /rictly7 ) ! di/9ction betwe5 philosophical & n>rative hi/ory1 &1 z 0 natural1 attempt$ to h>monize ! two hi/ories1 to make ! facts h>monize ) ! s*emes :i* !y _h imag9$ or d$uc$4 ,) ?is purpose 9 view1 !y f\nd !mselves l$ to use viol5ce t[>d facts1 9 fav\r ( _! sy/em1 & ?is result$ 9 c]ta9 mo/ important p>ts be+ cut out1 9 a ,procru/ean mann]1 & 9 o!rs t 7 accept$ be+ p]v]t$ to suit a mean+ t 0 n g5u9e b impos$ ^u !m4 ,ev5 ! *ronological divisions1 :i* =m$ a m]ely practical aid to n>ratives1 7 tortur$ 7z 0 ! cu/om 9 ! ,middle ,ages7 t !y might be elevat$ to ! rank ( ideal divisions4 ,& n only 0 ! light ( tru? ext+ui%$ 9 ! pursuit ( ^! caprices1 n only 7 individual sympa?ies & antipa?ies introduc$ 7take z an in/ance typical ( all ( !m ! idealization ( ,hellas & ( ?is or t "o ( ! ,hell5ic races71 b !re appe>$ a ?+ yet m p]sonally (f5sive to ! victims--t is to say1 !re p5etrat$ into hi/ory1 "u ! guise ( l(ty philosophy1 ! p]sonal loves & hates ( ! hi/orian1 9 s f> z he 0 a p>ty man1 a *ur*man1 or belong$ to ?is or t p1 /ate1 or race4 ,?is end$ 9 ! inv5tion ( ,g]manism1 ! cr[n & p]fection ( ! human race1 a ,g]manism :i*1 claim+ to be ! pure/ expression ( ,arianism1 w\ld h re/or$ ! idea ( ! elect p1 & h "o day und]tak5 ! j\rney to ! ,ea/4 ,?us 7 9 turn celebrat$ semi-absolute mon>*y z ! absolute =m ( /ates1 speculative ,lu!ranism z ! absolute =m ( religion1 & o!r su*like va+lori\s vaunts1 ) :i* ! pride ( ,g]many oppress$ ! ,european peoples & inde$ ! :ole _w1 & ?us exact$ paym5t 9 a c]ta9 way = ! new philosophy ) :i* ,g]many _h end[$ ! _w4 ,b x mu/ n be imag9$ t ! pride ( ,g]many 0 n combat$ ) its own arms1 = if ! ,engli% speculat$ b little & ! ,fr5* 7 too firm 9 _! belief 9 ! ,ge/a ,dei p] ,francos 7become ! ge/es ( reason & civilization71 yet ! peoples :o f\nd !mselves 9 less happy conditions1 & felt m ke5ly ! c5sure ( inf]iority or ( s5ility ?us inflict$ ^u !m1 react$3 ,giob]ti wrote a ,primato d',italia1 & ,ciezk[ski a ,pat]no/ro1 :i* =etold ! future primacy ( ! ,slavonic p & m especially ( ! ,poles4 ,yet ano!r consequ5ce ( ! 'philosophies ( hi/ory' 0 ! refl\ri%+ ( 'univ]sal hi/ories1' 9 ! fallaci\s signification ( complete hi/ories ( humanity1 inde$ ( ! cosmos1 :i* ! ,middle ,ages _h n>rat$ 9 ! *ronicles ab orig9e mundi & de duabus civitatibus & de quattuor imp]iis1 & ! ,r5aissance & enlight5m5t _h r$uc$ to m]e vulg> compilations1 f9d+ ! c5tre = its own int]e/ else:]e4 ,! imag9es mundi return$ ) ! philosophies ( hi/ory1 & su* !y 7 !mselves1 transc5d5tal univ]sal hi/ories1 ) ! 'philosophy ( nature' belong+ to !m4 ,! succession ( ! nations !re took ! place ( ! s]ies ( empires3 to ea* nation1 z =m]ly to ea* empire1 0 assign$ a special function1 :i* once fulfill$1 x disappe>$ or fell to pieces1 hav+ pass$ on ! lamp ( life1 :i* mu/ n pass ?r\gh ! h&s ( any nation m ?an once4 ,! ,g]man nation 0 to play !re ! "p ( ! ,roman ,empire1 :i* %\ld nev] die1 b exi/ p]petually1 or until ! consummation ( ! ages & ! ,k+dom ( ,god4 ,to develop ! v>i\s =ms ( ! philosophy ( hi/ory w\ld aid 9 mak+ cle> ! int]nal contradictions ( ! doctr9e & 9 ascrib+ ! reasons = ! introduction ( c]ta9 corrections = ! purpose ( do+ away ) ! contradictions 9 "q1 b :i* 9 s do+ introduc$ o!rs4 ,& 9 mak+ an exam9ation ( ?is k9d a special place %\ld be res]v$ = ,vico1 :o (f]s a 'philosophy ( hi/ory' ( a v complex sort1 :i* on ! "o side does n negate1 b passes by 9 sil5ce ! ,*ri/ian & m$ieval conception 7z x does n d5y ,/ ,augu/9e's conception ( ! two cities or ( ! elect & ,g5tile p1 b only s]i\sly exam9es ! hi/ory ( ! latt]71 :ile on ! o!r side x resumes ! anci5t ,ori5tal motive ( ! circles 7c\rses & rec\rses71 b und]/&s ! c\rse z gr[? & developm5t1 & ! rec\rse z a dialectical return1 :i* on ! o!r h& does n seem to give rise to progress1 al?\gh x does n seem to exclude x1 & also does n exclude ! autonomy ( ! free w or ! exception ( cont+5cy4 ,9 ?is conception ! ,middle ,ages & antiquity f]m5t1 produc+ romantic & mod]n ?\ght4#a ,b 9 ! romantic p]iod ! idea ( ! circle 7:i* yet conta9$ a great m5tal claim t dem&$ satisfaction7 gave place to ! idea ( a l9e> c\rse1 tak5 f ,*ri/ianity & f progress to an end1 :i* concludes ) a c]ta9 /ate z limit or ) entrance into a p>adise ( indef9ite progress1 ( incessant joy )\t sorr[4 ,9 a conception ( ?is k9d !re is at "o "t a mixture ( !ology & ( illum9ism1 z 9 ,h]d]1 at ano!r an attempt at a hi/ory accord+ to ! ages ( life & ! =ms ( ! _s1 z ) ,fi*te & 8 s*ool2 !n aga9 ! idea realizes its logical ideal 9 "t1 z 9 ,hegel1 or ! %ad[ ( a ,god reappe>s1 z 9 ! deism ( ,laur5t & ( sev]al o!rs1 or ! ,god is t ( ! old religion1 b mod]niz$1 noble1 judici\s1 lib]al1 z 9 mod]ate ,ca?olicism & ,prote/antism4 ,& s9ce ! c\rse has necess>ily an end 9 all ^! s*emes1 ann\nc$ & describ$ & !re=e already liv$ & pass$ by1 attempts to prolong1 to prorogue1 or to v>y t end h n be5 want+1 su* p]sonages z ! ,abbots ,gioac*9i aris+ & call+ !mselves ! ',slav apocalyptics' or by "s o!r "n1 & add+ new eras to ^? describ$4 ,b ?is did n *ange any?+ 9 ! g5]al conception4 ,& !re 0 no *ange effect$ 9 x by ! philosophies ( hi/ory ( ! second ,s*ell+1 = example1 :i* are usually call$ irrationali/ic1 or ( ! pessimi/s1 because x is cle> t ! decad5ce :i* !y describe is a progress 9 ! opposite s5se1 a progress 9 evil & 9 suff]+1 hav+ its end 9 ! acme ( evil & pa91 or lead+ inde$ to a r$emption & !n becom+ a progress t[>d ! good4 ,b if ! idea ( circles1 :i* repeat !mselves id5tically1 oppresses hi/orical consci\sness1 :i* is ! consci\sness ( p]5nial individuality & div]sity1 ?is idea ( progress to an end oppresses x 9 ano!r way1 because x decl>es t all ! creations ( hi/ory are imp]fect1 save ! la/1 9 :i* hi/ory comes to a /&/ill & :i* !re=e alone has absolute value1 & :i* ?us takes away f ! value ( reality 9 fav\r ( an ab/raction1 f exi/5ce 9 fav\r ( ! inexi/5t4 ,& bo? ( ^!--t is to say1 all ! philosophies ( hi/ory1 9 :atev] way det]m9$--lay 9 ambu% to ov]:elm ! conceptions ( developm5t & ! increase 9 hi/oriographical value obta9$ ?r\gh x by romanticism2 & :5 ?is injury did n occur 7z 9 sev]al notable hi/orians1 :o n>rat$ hi/ory admirably1 al?\gh !y pr(ess$ to obey ! rules ( ! ab/ract philosophy ( hi/ory1 :i* !y salut$ f ne> or f>1 b took c>e n to introduce into _! n>ratives71 x 0 a pro( t ! contradiction _h n be5 p]ceiv$1 or at lea/ p]ceiv$ z we n[ p]ceive x1 9 its pr(\nd dissonance4 ,x 0 a sign t romanticism too _h problems ^u :i* x lab\r$ long & prob$ deeply1 & o!rs ^u :i* x did n "w at all or only work$ a little & kept wait+1 satisfy+ !m m or less4 ,hi/ory too1 l ! individual :o works1 does '"o ?+ at a "t1' neglect+ or all[+ to run on ) ! help ( slight provisional improvem5ts ! problems to :i* x _c = ! "t be+ att5d1 b ready to direct full att5tion to !m :5 its h&s are free4 #a ,! exposition & criticism ( ,vico's ?\ght are copi\sly dealt ) 9 ! second volume ( my ,saggi filos(ici i ,la filos(ia di ,giambatti/a ,vico 7,b>i1 #aiaa74 ,,vii ,,! ,,hi/oriography ,,( ,,positivism ,! philosophies ( hi/ory (f5d$ ! hi/orical consci\sness 9 ?ree po9ts1 z to :i* x has e "r to be jeal\s3 ! integrity ( hi/orical ev5ts1 ! unity ( ! n>ration ) ! docum5t1 & ! imman5ce ( developm5t4 ,& ! opposition to ! 'philosophy ( hi/ory1' & to ! hi/oriography ( romanticism 9 g5]al1 broke out precisely at ^! ?ree po9ts1 & 0 (t5 viol5t4 ,?is opposition _h at bottom a common motive1 z has be5 %[n cle>ly by ! frequ5t sympa?y & frat]niz+ among ^? :o repres5t x1 ?\gh diss5sions z to details are common among !m4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 be/ to consid] x 9 its triplicity = reasons ( cle>ness1 & to describe x z t ( ! hi/orians1 ! philologi/s1 & ! philosoph]s4 ,to ! hi/orians1 by :om we mean ^? :o _h a special disposition = ! inve/igation ( p>ticul> facts r ?an !ories1 & a great] acqua9tance ) & practice ( hi/orical ?an speculative lit]ature1 is due ! say+ t hi/ory %\ld be hi/ory & n philosophy4 ,n t !y v5tur$ to d5y philosophy1 = on ! contr>y !y prote/$ _! rev]5ce = x & ev5 = religion & !ology1 & condesc5d$ to make an occasional rapid & cauti\s excursion into ^? wat]s2 b !y g5]ally desir$ to /e] _! way ?r\gh ! placid gulfs ( hi/orical tru?1 avoid+ ! tempe/u\s oceans ( ! o!r discipl9e3 philosophy 0 relegat$ to ! horizon ( _! works4 ,nor did !y ev5 conte/1 at lea/ 9 pr9ciple1 ! "r ( exi/5ce ( ^? gr&iose con/ructions ( 'univ]sal hi/ory1' b !y recomm5d$ & pref]r$ national or o!rwise monographical hi/ories1 :i* c be suffici5tly /udi$ 9 _! p>ticul>s1 sub/itut+ = univ]sal hi/ories collections ( hi/ories ( /ates & ( peoples4 ,& s9ce romanticism _h introduc$ into ^? univ]sal hi/ories & into ! national hi/ories !mselves its v>i\s practical t5d5cies 7:i* ! philosophy ( hi/ory _h !n turn$ into dogmas71 ! hi/orians plac$ ab/5tion f national & p>ty t5d5cies ^u _! programme1 al?\gh !y res]v$ ! "r ( mak+ felt _! patriotic & political aspirations1 b1 z !y said1 )\t = t reason alt]+ ! n>rative ( ! facts1 :i* 7 suppos$ to move along indep5d5tly ( _! op9ions1 or *ime 9 ) !m spontane\sly 9 ! c\rse ( _! natural developm5t4 ,& s9ce passion & ! philosophic judgm5t _h be5 confus$ & mutually contam9at$ 9 romanticism1 ! ab/5tion 0 ext5d$ also to ! judgm5t z to ! quality ( ! facts n>rat$2 ! reality & n ! value ( ! fact be+ held to be ! prov9ce ( ! hi/orian1 appeal be+ made to :at !ori/s & philosoph]s _h ?\ght ab\t x1 :]e a m pr(\nd consid]ation ( ! problem 0 dem&$4 ,hi/ory %\ld n be ei!r ,g]man or ,fr5*1 ,ca?olic or ,prote/ant1 b x %\ld also n pret5d to apply a m ample conception to ! solution ( ^! or simil> anti!ses1 z ! philosoph]s ( hi/ory _h tri$ to d1 b r %\ld neutralize !m all 9 a wise scepticism or agno/icism1 & att5uate !m 9 a =m ( exposition conduct$ 9 ! tone ( a presid5tial summ+-up1 :]e c>eful att5tion is paid to ! op9ions ( oppos$ p>ties & c\rtesy is obs]v$ t[>d all4 ,!re 0 diplomacy 9 ?is1 & x is n a/oni%+ t _m diplomati/s or disciples ( diplomacy %\ld collaborate 9 ?is =m ( hi/ory1 & t ! greate/ ( all ! hi/orians ( ?is s*ool1 ,leopold ,ranke1 9 :om are to be f\nd all ! traits t we h describ$1 %\ld h _h a special pr$ilection = diplomatic s\rces4 ,he always1 inde$1 combat$ philosophy1 especially ! ,hegelian philosophy1 & greatly contribut$ to discr$it x ) ! hi/orians1 b he did ?is decor\sly1 c>efully avoid+ ! use ( any ^w t might s\nd too r\gh or too /rong1 pr(ess+ ! firm conviction t ! h& ( ,god %[s itself 9 hi/ory1 a h& t we _c grasp ) ours1 b :i* t\*es our face & in=ms u ( its action4 ,he complet$ 8 long & v fruitful lab\rs 9 ! =m ( monographs1 avoid+ univ]sal con/ructions4 ,:51 at ! end ( 8 life1 he set to "w to compose a ,weltges*i*te1 he c>efully sep>at$ x f ! univ]se1 decl>+ t x w\ld h be5 lo/ 9 phantasms & philosophemes _h he ab&on$ ! safe gr\nd ( national hi/ories & s\ght = any o!r sort ( univ]sality ?an t ( nations1 :i* act+ ^u "o ano!r1 appe> "o aft] ! o!r & con/itute a liv+ :ole4 ,9 8 fir/ book he prote/$ ) f9e irony t he 0 n able to accept ! grave *>ge ( judg+ ! pa/ or ( in/ruct+ ! pres5t z to ! future1 :i* _h be5 assign$ to hi/ory1 b he felt himself capable only ( %[+ h[ ?+s really _h happ5$ 7wie es eig5tli* gewes57 ?is 0 8 object 9 all 8 "w1 & he held fa/ to x1 ?us cull+ laurels unobta9able by o!rs1 atta9+ ev5 to ! writ+ ( ! hi/ory ( ! popes ( ! p]iod ( ! ,c\nt]-,re=mation1 al?\gh he 0 a ,lu!ran & rema9$ s all 8 life4 ,?is hi/ory 0 receiv$ ) fav\r 9 all ,ca?olic c\ntries4 ,8 greate/ a*ievem5t 0 to write ( ,fr5* hi/ory 9 a mann] t did n displease ! ,fr5*4 ,a writ] ( ! greate/ elegance1 he 0 able to /e] betwe5 ! rocks1 )\t ev5 lett+ appe> 8 own religi\s or philosophical convictions1 & )\t ev] f9d+ himself "u ! obligation ( =m+ a def9ite resolution1 & 9 any case nev] press+ too h>d ^u ! conceptions !mselves to :i* he _h rec\rse1 su* z 'hi/orical ideas1' ! p]petual /ruggle betwe5 ,*ur* & ,/ate1 & ! conception ( ! ,/ate4 ,ranke 0 ! ideal & ! ma/] to _m hi/orians )91 & to "s )\t1 8 own c\ntry4 ,b ev5 )\t 8 direct influ5ce1 ! type ( hi/ory t he repres5t$ g]m9at$ ev]y:]e1 a little e>li] or lat] accord+ to position & to ! calm+ d[n ( ! great political passions & philosophical f]v\r 9 ! diff]5t c\ntries4 ,?is took place1 = in/ance1 9 ,france e>li] ?an 9 ,italy1 :]e ! ideali/ic philosophy & ! national movem5t made _! /r5g? felt 9 hi/oriography aft] #ahdh1 & ev5 up to #ahfj4 ,b ! type ( hi/ory :i* ,i %\ld almo/ be dispos$ to baptize ) ! "n ( 'diplomatic1' tak+ s]i\sly ! designation t ,i _h at fir/ employ$ jocosely1 /ill meets ) success among ! mod]ately dispos$1 :o are lov]s ( culture1 b d n wi% to become infect$ ) p>ty passions or to rack _! bra9s ) philosophical speculations3 b1 z may be imag9$1 x is n always treat$ ) ! intellig5ce1 ! balance1 & ! f9esse ( a ,leopold ,ranke4 ,! ambition ( altoge!r reject+ ! admission ( ?\ght into hi/ory1 :i* has be5 lack+ to ! diplomatic hi/orians 7because !y 7 )\t ! necess>y innoc5ce = su* an ambition71 01 on ! o!r h&1 possess$ by ! philologi/s1 a mo/ innoc5t gr\p4 ,!y 7 all ! m dispos$ to ab\nd 9 ?is s5se1 s9ce _! op9ion ( !mselves1 :i* _h =m]ly be5 mo/ mode/1 _h be5 s notably increas$1 ow+ to ! high degree ( p]fection atta9$ by rese>* into *ronicles & docum5ts & by ! rec5t f\ndation 7:i* inde$ _h n be5 a creation ex nihilo7 ( ! critical or hi/orical me?od1 :i* 0 employ$ 9 a f9e & close exam9ation into ! orig9 ( s\rces & ! r$uction ( ^!1 & 9 ! int]nal criticism ( texts4 ,?is pride ( ! philologi/s prevail$1 ! me?od rea*+ its highe/ developm5t 9 a c\ntry l ,g]many1 :]e haughty p$antry fl\ri%es bett] ?an else:]e1 & :]e1 z a result ( t mo/ admirable ?+1 sci5tific s]i\sness1 'sci5tificism' is mu* idoliz$4 ,?is ^w 0 also ambiti\sly adopt$ = ev]y?+ t conc]ns ! surr\nd+s & ! in/rum5ts ( true & prop] sci5ce1 su* z is ! case ) ! collection & criticism ( n>ratives & docum5ts4 ,! old s*ool ( le>n$ m51 ,fr5* & ,italian1 :o did n effect less progress 9 'me?od' ?an 0 atta9$ dur+ ! n9ete5? c5tury 9 ,g]many1 did n dream t !y 7 ?us produc+ 'sci5ce1' mu* less did !y dream ( vy+ ) philosophy & !ology1 or t !y c\ld drive !m f _! positions & take _! places ) ! docum5t>y me?od4 ,b 9 ,g]many e mean little copi] ( a text1 or collector ( v>iants1 or exam9] ( ! relations ( texts & conjectur] z to ! g5u9e text1 rais$ himself to ! level ( a sci5tific man & critic1 & n only d>$ to look ^u himself z ! equal ( su* m5 z ,s*ell+1 ,hegel1 ,h]d]1 or ,s*legel1 b did s ) disda9 & contempt1 call+ !m 'anti-me?odical4' ,?is pseudo-sci5tific haught9ess diffus$ itself f ,g]many ov] ! o!r ,european c\ntries1 & has n[ rea*$ ,am]ica1 ?\gh 9 o!r c\ntries ?an ,g]many x met m frequ5tly ) irrev]5t spirits1 :o laugh$ at x4 ,!n = ! fir/ "t !re manife/$ itself t mode ( hi/oriography :i* ,i h t]m$ 'philological' or 'erudite' hi/ory4 ,t is to say1 ! m or less judici\s compilations ( s\rces :i* us$ to be call$ ,antiquitates1 ,annales1 ,p5us1 ,!sauri1 pres5t$ !mselves disguis$ z hi/ories1 :i* alone 7 dignifi$ & sci5tific4 ,! fai? ( ^! hi/orians 0 repos$ 9 a n>rative ( :i* e ^w c\ld be support$ by a text1 & !re 0 no?+ else :atev] 9 _! "w1 save :at 0 conta9$ 9 ! texts1 torn f _! contexts & repeat$ )\t be+ ?\ght by ! philologi/ n>rator4 ,_! object 0 t _! hi/ories %\ld rea* ! rank ( compreh5sive compilations1 />t+ f ^? relat+ to p>ticul> times1 regions1 & ev5ts1 & f9ally atta9+ to ! arrangem5t ( ! :ole ( hi/orical k 9 great encyclopdias1 out ( :i* articles are to be suppli$1 sy/ematic or def9itional1 put toge!r by gr\ps ( speciali/s1 direct$ by a speciali/1 = classical1 romantic1 ,g]manic1 ,indo-,european1 & ,semitic philology4 ,) a view to alleviat+ ! aridity ( _! lab\rs1 ! philologi/s sometimes all[$ !mselves a little ornam5t 9 ! %ape ( emotional affections & ideal view-po9ts4 ,) ?is purpose1 !y _h rec\rse to memories ( _! /ud5t days1 to ! philosophical cat*words :i* _h be5 ! fa%ion at ! "t1 & to ! ord9>y s5tim5ts ( ! day t[>d politics1 art1 & morality4 ,b !y did all ?is ) great mod]ation1 t !y might n lose _! reputation = sci5tific gravity1 & t !y might n fail 9 respect t[>d sci5tific philological hi/ory1 :i* disda9s ! va9 ornam5ts 9 :i* philosoph]s1 dilettantes1 & *>latans delight4 ,!y end$ by tol]at+ hi/orians ( ! type above describ$1 b z a less] evil1 & z a g5]al rule incl9$ to p>don ! s9s aris+ out ( _! comm]ce ) 'ideas' 9 fav\r ( ! 'new docum5ts' :i* !y _h discov]$ or employ$1 & :i* !y c\ld always dig out ( _! books z a useful residue1 :ile purify+ !m f 'subjective' admixtures--t is to say1 f ! elaboration ( !m :i* _h be5 attempt$4 ,philosophy 0 kn[n to !m only z 'philosophy ( hi/ory1' b ev5 ?us r by reason ( its t]rible ill-fame ?an f direct acqua9tance4 ,!y rememb]$ & 7 ev] ready to repeat five or six anecdotes conc]n+ errors 9 names & dates into :i* celebrat$ philosoph]s _h actually fall51 easily =getful ( ! innum]able errors into :i* !y fell !mselves 7be+ m liable z m expos$ to dang]72 !y almo/ p]suad$ !mselves t philosophy _h be5 inv5t$ to alt] ! names & confuse ! dates :i*1 _h be5 confid$ to _! amor\s c>e1 t x 0 ! abyss op5$ by ! fi5d to lead to ! p]dition ( s]i\s 'docum5t>y hi/ory4' ,! ?ird b& ( ^? oppos$ to ! philosophy ( hi/ory 0 compos$ ( philosoph]s or ( hi/orian--philosoph]s1 b ( ^? :o reject$ ! "n & select$ ano!r less op5 to suspicion1 or temp]$ x ) "s adjective1 or accept$ x inde$1 b ) opportune explanations3 !y /yl$ !mselves positivi/s1 naturali/s1 sociologi/s1 empirici/s1 critici/s1 or some?+ ( t sort4 ,_! purpose 0 to d some?+ diff]5t f :at ! philosoph]s ( hi/ory _h done1 & s9ce ^! _h work$ ) ! conception ( ! end1 !y all ( !m swore t !y w\ld "w ) ! conception ( ! cause2 !y w\ld se>* out ! cause ( e fact1 ?us g5]aliz+ m & m widely ! causes or ! cause ( ! entire c\rse ( hi/ory3 ^? o!rs _h attempt$ a dynamic ( hi/ory2 !y w\ld "w at a me*anic ( hi/ory1 a social physics4 ,a special sci5ce arose1 oppos$ to ! philosophy ( hi/ory1 9 :i* t naturali/ic & positivi/ic t5d5cy became exalt$ 9 its own eyes3 sociology4 ,sociology classifi$ facts ( human orig9 & det]m9$ ! laws ( mutual dep5d5ce :i* regulat$ !m1 furni%+ ! n>ratives ( hi/orians ) ! pr9ciples ( explanation1 by means ( ^! laws4 ,hi/orians1 on ! o!r h&1 dilig5tly collect$ facts & (f]$ !m to sociology1 t x might press ! juice out ( !m--t is to say1 t x might classify & d$uce ! laws t gov]n$ !m4 ,hi/ory & sociology1 !n1 /ood to "o ano!r 9 ! same relation z physiology & zoology1 physics & m9]alogy1 or 9 ano!r relation ( ! same sort2 !y diff]$ f ! physical & natural sci5ces only by _! great] complexity4 ,! introduction ( ma!matical calculation seem$ to be ! condition ( progress = hi/ory z = all ! sci5ces1 physical & natural4 ,a new 'sci5ce' came =w>d to support ?is notion1 9 ! %ape ( t humble s]vant ( practical adm9i/ration & inspir$ creation ( bureaucracy kn[n z /ati/ics4 ,& s9ce ! :ole ( sci5ce 0 be+ modell$ ^u ! idea ( a factory ( cond5sation1 s 7 'syn!ses' invok$ & outl9$ = hi/ory--t is to say1 hi/orical frameworks1 9 :i* ! laws & facts *at dom9ate s+le hi/ories %\ld be resum$1 z ?\gh 9 a sort ( table or atlas1 :i* %\ld %[ at a glance causes & ! facts :i* arose f !m4 ,ne$ we recall ! names & support]s ( ?is s*ool--,comte1 ,buckle1 ,ta9e1 & s on1 until we come to ^? rec5t hi/orians :o foll[ !m1 su* z ,lampre*t & ,breysig8 ,ne$ we recall ! mo/ consequ5t & ! mo/ p>adoxical programmes or ! s*ool1 z1 = in/ance1 ,buckle's introduction to 8 hi/ory ( civilization or ,b\rdeau's book on ! ,hi/oire des hi/ori5s8 ,^! & simil> positivi/ic doctr9es are pres5t to ! memory1 ei!r because !y are ne>e/ to u *ronologically1 or because ! e*o ( ! noise !y made 9 ! _w has n yet ceas$1 & we see ev]y:]e traces ( _! influ5ce4 ,ev]y:]e we see x1 & above all 9 ! prejudice :i* !y h solidly e/abli%$ 7& :i* we mu/ pati5tly corrode & dissolve71 t hi/ory1 true hi/ory1 is to be con/ruct$ by means ( ! naturali/ic me?od1 & t causal induction %\ld be employ$4 ,!n !re are ! manifold naturali/ic conceptions ) :i* !y h imbu$ mod]n ?\ght3 race1 h]$ity1 deg5]ation1 imitation1 influ5ce1 climate1 hi/orical factors1 & s =?4 ,& "h1 too1 z 9 ! case ( ! philosophies ( hi/ory1 s9ce x suffices u to select only ! ess5tial 9 ea* fact1 we %all n dwell ^u ! v>i\s p>ticul> =ms ( x--t is to say1 ^u ! v>i\s modes 9 :i* hi/orical causes 7 enunciat$ & enum]at$1 & ^u ! v>i\s claims t "o or o!r ( !m 0 supreme3 n[ ! race1 n[ ! climate1 n[ economy1 n[ te*nique1 & s =?4 ,"h1 too1 ! /udy ( ! p>ticul> =ms w\ld be ( use to anyone :o wi%$ to develop 9 p>ticul> ! dialectic & to trace ! int]nal dissolution ( t s*ool1 to demon/rate 9 its p>ticul> modes its intr9sic t5d5cy to surpass itself1 ?\gh x fail$ to d s by t pa?4 ,we h already m5tion$ t ! ?ree classes ( oppon5ts ( ! 'philosophies ( hi/ory' & ! ?ree me?ods by :i* !y propos$ to supplant x--diplomatic1 philological1 & positivi/ic hi/ory--%[$ t !y disagre$ among !mselves4 ,confirmation ( ?is may n[ be f\nd 9 ! contempt ( ! diplomatic hi/orians = m]e erudition & 9 _! diffid5ce = ! con/ructions ( positivism1 ! erudite1 = _! "p1 be+ fe>ful ( p]v]sions ( names & dates & %ak+ _! heads at diplomatic hi/ories & ! c>eless /yle ( ! m5 ( ! _w :o compos$ !m4 ,f9ally1 ! positivi/s look$ ^u ! latt] z p :o did n g to ! bottom ( ?+s1 to _! g5]al or natural causes1 & reprov$ ! erudite ) _! incapacity = ris+ to ! level ( laws & to ! e/abli%m5t ( facts 9 accordance ) ^! laws1 sociological1 physiological1 or pa?ological4 ,b !re is fur!r confirmation ( :at has be5 not$ 9 respect to ! common conception t animat$ !m all & ( _! sub/antial aff9ity1 because :5 ! erudite wi%$ to cloak !mselves 9 a philosophy ( "s sort1 !y v readily /rutt$ ab\t drap$ 9 "s %r$s ( positivi/ic ?\ght or phraseology4 ,!y also p>ticipat$ 9 ! res]ve & 9 ! agno/icism ( ! positivi/s & ! diplomatic hi/orians t[>d speculative problems1 & 9 l mann] x 0 impossible n to recognize ! ju/ice ( _! claim t evid5ce %\ld be reliable & docum5ts au!ntic4 ,! diplomatic hi/orians agre$ ) !m 9 ! =mula t hi/ory %\ld n be philosophy & t rese>* %\ld disp5se ) f9ality & foll[ ! l9e ( causality4 ,9 fact1 all ?ree sorts ( oppon5ts1 at "o ) ! transc5d5cy ( ! philosophy ( hi/ory1 negat$ ! unity ( hi/ory ) philosophy1 b 9 v>i\s degrees & ) v>i\s p>ticul> mean+s1 ) v>i\s prelim9>y /udies & 9 v>i\s ways4 ,& al?\gh ^! s*ools 7 9 agreem5t z to :at !y negat$1 all ?ree ( !m become = u expos$ to a criticism :i* unites !m b5ea? a s+le negation4 ,= n ev5 d ! ability & ! intellig5ce ( a ,ranke avail to give vig\r to ! mod]atism & to ma9ta9 firmly ! eclecticism ( diplomatic hi/ory1 & ! transaction breaks d[n be=e ! failure on ! "p ( ^? :o attempt$ x1 ow+ to its be+ contr>y to _! own p[]s & intr9sically impossible4 ,! idea ( an agno/ic hi/ory turns out to be fallaci\s--t is to say1 ( a hi/ory t is n philosophical b does n d5y philosophy1 t is n !ological b is n anti-!ological1 limit+ itself to nations & to _! reciprocal influ5ce ^u "o ano!r1 because ,ranke himself 0 oblig$ to recognize p[]s or ideals t are sup]ior to nations & t z su* require to be speculatively ju/ifi$ 9 a philosophy or 9 a !ology4 ,9 ?is way he laid himself op5 to ! accusations ( ! positivi/s1 :o discr$it$ 8 ideas z 'my/ical4' ,= ! same reason o!rs 7 proce$+ to r$uce !m little by little f ! position ( ideals or movem5ts ( ! _s to natural & physiological products1 z 0 attempt$ by ,lor5z1 an ard5t foll[] ( ,ranke1 :o1 ) 8 doctr9e ( g5]ation & ( h]$ity1 fell into t physiologism & naturalism f :i* ! ma/] _h pres]v$ himself4 ,& :5 ?is passage f spirituality to nature 0 accompli%$1 ! divid+ l9e betwe5 hi/ory & pre-hi/ory1 betwe5 hi/ory ( civilization & hi/ory ( nature1 0 also n respect$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 a return 0 made to ! 'philosophies ( hi/ory1' :5 ideas 7 int]pret$ z transc5d5tal & z answ]+ to ! designs ( ! div9e w1 :i* gov]ns ! _w accord+ to a law & conducts x accord+ to a plan ( travel4 ,! boa/$ imp>tiality & objectivity1 :i* 0 bas$ ^u a lit]>y device ( half-words1 ( innu5does1 ( prud5t sil5ces1 0 also equally illusory1 & ! ,jesuit :o object$ to ,ranke & 8 hi/ory ( ! popes w always prevail f ! po9t ( view ( rigor\s criticism--ei!r ! ,papacy is always & ev]y:]e :at x affirms itself to be1 an in/itution ( ! ,son ( ,god made man1 or x is a lie4 ,respect & caution are out ( place "h4 ,t]tium non datur4 ,inde$1 x 0 n possible to escape f tak+ sides by adopt+ t po9t ( view2 at ! mo/ a ?ird p>ty 0 ?us =m$1 consi/+ ( ! tol]ant1 ! tepid1 & ! indiff]5t4 ,! slight coh]5ce ( ,ranke's pr9ciples c be obs]v$ 9 t "p ( 8 ,univ]sal ,hi/ory :]e1 :5 speak+ ( ,tacitus he t\*es ^u 8 own exp]i5ce z a tea*] ( hi/ory1 he decl>es t x is impossible to speak ( a tranquil & uni=m progressive developm5t ( hi/oriography ei!r among ! anci5ts or ! mod]ns1 because ! object itself is =m$ 9 ! c\rse ( "t & is always diff]5t1 & conceptions dep5d ^u ! circum/ances among :i* ! au?or lives & writes4 ,he ?us comes to p]=m an act ( resignation be=e bl9d cont+5tism1 & ! pres5t hi/orical sket* %[s h[ unju/ ?is is1 = x has trac$ ! organic & progressive developm5t ( hi/orical ?\ght f ! ,greeks to mod]n times4 ,& ! :ole ( ! ,univ]sal ,hi/ory is !re to prove1 on ! o!r h&1 t 8 slight coh]5ce ( ideas1 or web ( ideas t he left int5tionally vague1 made x difficult = him to give life to a va/ hi/orical n>rative1 s lack+ 9 connexion1 s heavy1 & sometimes ev5 issu+ 9 extrane\s reflections1 su*1 = example1 z ^? 9 ! fir/ pages ( ! fir/ volume1 :]e !re is a comp>ison ( ,saul & ,samuel ) ! emp]ors at /rife ) ! popes1 & ( ! policy ( ,rehoboam & ,j]oboam ) ! political /rife betwe5 ! c5traliz+ /ates & ! c5trifugal regions ( mod]n times4 ,we f9d 9 g5]al 9 ,ranke an inevitable t5d5cy to subside into ! pragmatic me?od4 ,& :at has be5 said ( ,ranke is to be repeat$ ( 8 disciples & ( ^? :o cultivat$ ! same conciliatory type ( hi/ory4 ,z = philological hi/ory1 ! description t has be5 giv5 ( ! programme makes cle> its nullity1 = x leads by a mo/ direct r\te to a d\ble absurdity4 ,:5 ! mo/ rigor\s me?ods ( exam9+ witnesses is really appli$1 !re is no witness t _c be suspect$ & que/ion$1 & philological hi/ory leads to ! negation ( ! tru? ( t hi/ory :i* x wi%es to con/ruct4 ,& if value be attribut$ to c]ta9 evid5ce arbitr>ily & = ext]nal reasons1 !re is no extravagance t may n be accept$1 because !re is no extravagance t may n h hone/1 c&id1 & intellig5t m5 on its side4 ,x is n possible to reject ev5 miracles by ! philological me?od1 s9ce ^! repose ^u ! same atte/ations :i* make c]ta9 a w> or a peace treaty1 z ,lor5z has %[n by exam9+ ! miracles ( ,/ ,b]n>d 9 ! light ( ! sev]e/ philological criticism4 ,9 ord] to save himself f ! admission ( ! inconceivable & ( ! nullification ( hi/ory1 :i* foll[s ! nullification ( witnesses1 !re rema9s no?+ b appeal to ?\ght1 :i* recon/itutes hi/ory f ! inside1 & is evid5ce to itself1 & d5ies :at is un?9kable = ! v reason t x is n to be ?\ght4 ,?is appeal is ! decl>ation ( bankruptcy = philological hi/ory4 ,we may c]ta9ly say t ?is =m ( hi/ory m or less su/a9s itself z hi/ory1 to ! ext5t t x has rec\rse to all ! aids furni%$ by hi/ory prop]1 & contradicts itself2 or x contradicts itself & yet does n su/a9 itself1 or only = a little :ile & 9 appe>ance1 by aga9 adopt+ ! me?ods ( pragmaticism1 ( transc5d5cy1 & ( positivism4 ,& ! la/ ( ^! 9 its turn enc\nt]s ! same exp]i5ces 9 a diff]5t ord]1 because its pr9ciple ( hi/ory t expla9s facts causally presupposes ! facts1 :i* z su* are ?\ght & !re=e are 9 a way already expla9$4 ,h5ce a vici\s circle1 evid5t 9 ! connexion betwe5 hi/ory & sociology1 ea* "o ( :i* is to be bas$ ^u & at ! same "t to af=d a base = ! o!r1 mu* 9 ! same way z a column :i* %\ld support a capital & at ! same "t spr+ f x4 ,b if1 ) a view to break+ ! circle1 hi/ory be tak5 z ! base & sociology z its fulfilm5t1 !n ! latt] w no long] be ! explanation ( ! =m]1 :i* w f9d its explanation else:]e4 ,& ?is w be1 accord+ to ta/e1 ei!r an unkn[n pr9ciple or "s =m ( ?\ght t acts 9 ! same way z ,god1 & 9 bo? cases a transc5d5tal pr9ciple4 ,h5ce we h ! fact ( positivism lead+ to philosophies ( hi/ory1 z exemplifi$ 9 ! ,apocalypses & ! ,gospels ( ,comte1 ( ,buckle1 & ( o!rs ( l sort3 !y are all mo/ rev]5t !ologians1 b *aotic1 fall+ back into ^? fallaci\s conceptions :i* _h be5 refut$ by romantic hi/oriography4 ,truly1 :5 fac$ ) su* hi/ories z ^!1 sup]ficial or un9tellig5t or rude & fanta/ic1 romanticism1 consci\s ( ! altitude to :i* x _h elevat$ ! /udy ( ! developm5t ( human affairs1 might h exclaim$ 7& inde$ x did exclaim by ! m\? ( its epigoni7 to its adv]s>ies & successors1 9 imitation ( ! tone ( ,bonap>te on ! #ah? ( ,brumaire3 ,:at h y done ) ! hi/ory :i* ,i left to y s brilliant8 ,7 ^! ! new me?ods1 by means ( :i* y promis$ to solve ! problems :i* ,i _h n be5 able to solve8 ,i see no?+ 9 !m b rev]s et misre6 ,b we :o h nev] met ) absolute regressions dur+ ! secul> developm5t ( hi/oriography %all n all[ ourselves to be c>ri$ away ^u ! polemical waves n[ beat+ aga9/ ! positivi/ic & naturali/ic s*ool :i* is our pres5t or rec5t adv]s>y1 to ! po9t ( los+ sight ( :at x possess$ t 0 sub/antially its own1 & ow+ to :i* x really did repres5t progress4 ,we %all also refra9 f draw+ comp>isons betwe5 romanticism & positivism1 by measur+ ! m]its ( bo?1 & conclud+ ) ! ass]tion ( ! sup]iority ( ! =m]2 because x is well kn[n t su* exam9ations ( degrees ( m]it1 ! field ( pr(essors1 are n p]missible 9 hi/ory1 :]e :at foll[s ideally aft] is virtually sup]ior to t f :i* x is d]iv$1 not)/&+ appe>ances to ! contr>y4 ,& 9 ! fir/ place1 x w\ld be errone\s1 /rictly speak+1 to believe t :at _h be5 won by romanticism _h be5 lo/ 9 positivism1 because :5 ! hi/ories ( ?is p]iod are look$ ^u f o!r po9ts ( view & ) great] att5tion1 we see h[ !y 7 all pres]v$4 ,romanticism _h aboli%$ hi/orical dualism1 = :i* !re exi/$ 9 reality positive & negative1 elect & outca/1 facts4 ,positivism repeat$ t all facts are facts & all h an equal "r to ent] hi/ory4 ,romanticism _h sub/itut$ ! conception ( developm5t = ! abysses & ! *asms t previ\s hi/oriography _h introduc$ into ! c\rse ( ev5ts1 & positivism repeat$ t conception1 call+ x evolution4 ,romanticism _h e/abli%$ p]iods 9 developm5t1 ei!r 9 ! =m ( a cycle ( phases1 l ,vico1 or z phases )\t a circle & 9 l9e> ord]1 l ! ,g]man romantics1 & _h exemplifi$ ! v>i\s phases z a s]ies ( ! =ms ( ! _s or ( psy*ological =ms1 & positivism r5ew$ ^! conceptions 7al?\gh ow+ to ! lack ( culture usual ) its adh]5ts x (t5 believ$ t x _h made discov]ies nev] made be=e71 z c be prov$ by a long s]ies ( examples4 ,^! range f ! ?ree ages ( m5tal developm5t ( ,comte to ! eight phases ( social developm5t or f\r political p]iods :i* are respectively ! 'novelties' ( ! contempor>ies ,lampre*t & ,breysig4 ,romanticism1 judg+ t ! explanation ( ev5ts by means ( ! caprices1 ! calculations1 & ! designs ( individuals tak5 atomi/ically 0 frivol\s1 took z ! subject ( hi/ory ! univ]sals1 ! ,idea1 ideas1 ! _s1 nations & lib]ty & positivism2 x also reject$ individuali/ic atomicism1 talk+ ( masses1 races1 societies1 te*nique1 economy1 sci5ce1 social t5d5cies2 ( ev]y?+1 9 fact1 ) ! exception t ! caprice ( ,tizius & ,caius 0 n[ no long] admitt$4 ,romanticism _h n[ n only re9=c$ ! hi/ories ( ideal values1 b _h conceiv$ !m z 9 organic connexion2 positivism 9 its turn insi/$ ^u ! int]dep5d5ce ( social factors & ^u ! unity ( ! real1 & attempt$ to fill up ! int]/ices ( ! v>i\s special hi/ories by means ( ! hi/ory ( civilization & ( culture1 & s-call$ social hi/ory1 conta9+ 9 itself politics1 lit]ature1 philosophy1 religion1 & e o!r class ( facts4 ,romanticism _h ov]?r[n het]onom\s1 in/ructive1 moraliz+1 s]viceable hi/ory1 & positivism 9 its turn boa/$ t its hi/ory 0 a sci5ce1 an end 9 itself1 l e o!r sci5ce1 al?\gh l e sci5ce x af=d$ ! basis = practice1 & 0 !re=e capable ( application4 ,romanticism _h enhanc$ ! e/eem = erudition1 & _h giv5 an impetus to int]c\rse betwe5 x & hi/ory4 ,b :5ce did ! erudition & philology ( ! positivi/ic p]iod d]ive t pride :i* made !m believe t !y 7 !mselves hi/ory1 save f ! consci\sness t !y _h inh]it$ f romanticism1 :i* !y _h pres]v$ & exagg]at$8 ,:5ce did !y inh]it ! sub/ance ( _! me?od save 7z ,fuet] well notes7 f ! romantic se>* = ! primitive1 ! g5u9e1 ! +5u\s1 :i* manife/$ itself 9 ,wolf1 :o inaugurat$ ! me?od8 ,x is well to rememb] t ,wolf 0 a pre-romantic1 an admir] ( ,ossian & ( popul> poetry4 ,&1 f9ally1 :at is ! mean+ ( ! ef=ts ( positivism to seek out ! causes ( hi/ory1 ! s]ies ( hi/orical facts1 ! unity ( ! factors & _! dep5d5ce ^u a supreme cause1 save ! speculations ( ! romantics !mselves ^u ! mann]1 ! end1 & ! value ( developm5t8 ,:oev] pays att5tion to all ^! & o!r resemblances :i* we c\ld enum]ate mu/ conclude t positivism is to romanticism z 0 ! enlight5m5t to ! ,r5aissance--t is to say1 x is n s mu* its anti!sis z x is ! logical prosecution & ! exagg]ation ( its presuppositions4 ,ev5 its f9al conv]sion into !ology corresponds to t ( romanticism4 ,?is is = ! re/ an obvi\s matt]1 = transc5d5cy is always transc5d5cy1 :e!r x be ?\ght ( z t ( a ,god or ( reason1 ( nature or ( matt]4 ,b ?9k+ ( x z ,matt] or ,nature1 ?is naturali/ic & mat]iali/ic trave/y1 :i* at fir/ seems odi\s or ridicul\s1 ( ! problems & conceptions ( romanticism1 ( ! idea into cause1 ( developm5t into evolution1 ( ! _s into mass & ! l1 to :i* "o w\ld at fir/ be incl9$ to attribute ! inf]iority ( positivi/ic hi/oriography1 is1 on ! contr>y1 = ! close obs]v] ! progress made by x ^u romanticism4 ,t trave/y conta9s ! en]getic negation ( hi/ory z mov$ by extramundane =ces1 by ext]nal f9alities1 by transc5d5tal laws1 j bo? 9 its motive & 9 its g5]al t5d5cy1 & ! correlative affirmation t its law mu/ be s\ght 9 reality1 :i* is "o & is call$ 'nature4' ,! positivism1 :i* on no acc\nt wi%$ to he> any?+ ( 'metaphysic1' _h 9 m9d ! dogmatic & transc5d5tal metaphysic1 :i* _h filt]$ into ! ?\ght ( ,kant & ( 8 successors2 & ! t>get ( its contempt 0 a good "o1 al?\gh x end$ by confus+ metaphysic ) philosophy 9 g5]al1 or dogmatic ) critical metaphysic1 ! metaphysic ( be+ ) t ( ! m9d1 & 0 n itself altoge!r free f t :i* x und]took to combat4 ,b ?is does n prev5t its repugnance to 'metaphysic' &1 re/rict+ ourselves to :at is our m imm$iate int]e/1 to ! 'philosophy ( hi/ory' f hav+ produc$ durable results4 ,?anks to positivism hi/orical works became less nave & ri*] 9 facts1 especially 9 t class ( facts :i* romanticism _h neglect$1 su* z ! dispositions t are call$ natural1 ! processes t are call$ deg5]ative or pa?ological1 ! spiritual complications t are call$ psy*ological illusions1 ! int]e/s t are call$ mat]ial1 ! production & ! di/ribution ( weal?1 or economic activity1 ! facts ( =ce & viol5ce1 or ( political & revolution>y p[]4 ,positivism1 int5t ^u ! negation ( transc5d5cy & ^u ! obs]vation ( :at app]ta9$ to x1 felt itself to be1 & 0 9 t respect1 9 ! "r4 ,& ea* "o ( u :o pays due att5tion to t ord] ( ?+s & r5ews t negation is ga!r+ ! fruit ( positivism1 & 9 t respect is a positivi/4 ,its v contradictions _h ! m]it ( mak+ m evid5t ! contradictions lat5t 9 romantic hi/oriography4 ,?is m]it mu/ be admitt$ to ! mo/ extravagant doctr9es ( ! positivi/s1 su* z t ( ,ta9e1 t k is a true halluc9ation & t human wisdom is an accid5t 7une r5contre71 :i* presum$ irrationality to be ! normal condition1 mu* z ,lombroso believ$ t g5ius is madness4 ,ano!r in/ance ( ?is is ! attempt to discov] 9 :at way het]og5eity & hi/orical div]sity come into exi/5ce1 if homog5eity is posit$2 & aga9 ! me?odical canon t ! explanation ( hi/ory is to be f\nd 9 causality1 b is to /op at g5ius & virtue1 :i* are )\t x1 because !y refuse to accept ( causal explanation1 or ! frightful ,unkn[able1 :i* 0 plac$ at ! head ( hi/ories ( ! real1 aft] s great a fuss be+ made ab\t t ,titan sci5ce :i* 0 ready to scale ! skies4 ,b s9ce romanticism _h left _s & nature )\t fusion1 ! "o fac+ ! o!r1 x 0 j t if 9 ! fir/ place _s swall[$ up nature )\t be+ able to dige/ x 7because1 z _h be5 laid d[n1 x 0 indige/ible71 n[ nature 0 engag$ 9 do+ ! same ?+ to _s1 & ) ! same result4 ,s j & logical 0 ?is t n a few ( ! old ideali/s w5t ov] to ! crasse/ mat]ialism & positivism1 & t confession ( n be+ able to see _! way 9 ! confusion 0 at once in/ructive & sugge/ive1 z 0 also ! p]plexity decorat$ ) ! "n ( 'agno/icism4' ,& z ! precise affirmation ( ! positivity ( hi/ory repres5t$ an advance 9 ?\ght1 s ! anti!sis ( mat]ialism1 pu%$ to an extreme1 0 an advance 9 ! prep>ation ( ! new problem & 9 ! new way ( solv+ ! relation betwe5 _s & nature4 ,oportet ut sc&ala1 ev5iant1 & ?is means t ev5 sc&al1 ! sc&al ( ! absurd1 & ( (f5sive false criticisms ( human consci5ce1 is an advance4 ,,viii ,,! ,,new ,,hi/oriography ,,conclusion ,! romantic curr5t n only ma9ta9$ itself 9 its excesses dur+ ! dom9ion ( positivism1 &1 z we h %[n1 ins9uat$ itself ev5 into its naturali/ic anti!sis1 b x also p]si/$ 9 its g5u9e =m4 ,& al?\gh we h n spok5 ( p$antic imitators & cons]vatives--^: significance is slight 9 ! hi/ory ( ?\ght1 t is to say1 conf9$ to ! n>r[ sph]e 9 :i* !y 7 compell$ to ?9k = !mselves--we h nev]!less record$ ! pres]vation ( romanticism 9 ! eclecticism ( ,ranke1 :o adh]$ to ! !ories ( ,humboldt 7ano!r 'diplomati/'74 ,ideali/ic & romantic motives cont9u$ to illum9ate ! intellect & s\l among ! philosoph]s1 f ,humboldt to ,lotze & f ,h>tmann to ,wundt & ^? :o correspond$ to !m 9 o!r c\ntries4 ,! l occurr$ 9 hi/oriography prop]ly s call$1 & c\ld n b happ51 because1 if ! =mulas ( agno/icism & ( positivism _h be5 foll[$ to ! lett]1 all light ( ?\ght w\ld h be5 ext+ui%$ 9 bl9d me*anicism--t is to say1 9 no?+--& no hi/orical repres5tation w\ld h be5 possible4 ,?us political1 social1 philosophical1 lit]>y1 & arti/ic hi/ory cont9u$ to make acquisitions1 if n equally important ) ^? ( ! romantic p]iod 7! surr\nd+s 7 f> m fav\rable to ! natural sci5ces & to ma!matics ?an to hi/ory71 yet notewor?y4 ,?is is set =? 9 a copi\s volume ^u hi/oriography 7,i ref] to ! "w ( ,fuet] already sev]al times m5tion$ 9 ?is connexion74 ,!re due hon\r w be f\nd accord$ to ! great "w accompli%$ by ,ranke1 :i* ! rapidity ( my c\rse ( exposition has induc$ me to illu/rate r 9 its negative aspects1 caus+ me1 = in/ance1 to allude solely to ! contradictions 9 ! ,hi/ory ( ! ,popes1 :i* is not)/&+ a ma/]piece4 ,! cog5t quality ( ! romantic _s at its be/ is reveal$ 9 ! typical in/ance ( ,ta9e1 :o is s +5u\sly naturali/ic 9 8 propositions & 9 ! directive pr9ciples ( 8 "w1 yet s unre/ra9$ly romantic 9 p>ticul> in/ances1 z1 = example1 9 8 *>act]ization ( ! ,fr5* poets or ( ! ,dut* & ,italian pa9t]s4 ,all ?is l$ to 8 end+ 9 ! exagg]at$ anti-,jacob9 romanticism ( 8 ,orig9es de la ,france contempora9e1 9 ! same way t ,zola & ! o!r v]i/s1 ^? v]bal enemies ( romanticism1 7 lyrical 9 all _! fiction1 & ! lead] ( ! s*ool 0 induc$ to conclude 8 works ) ! ab/ract lyricism ( ! ,quatre vangiles4 ,:at has be5 obs]v$ ( ,ta9e is to be appli$ to ,buckle & to ! o!r naturali/s & positivi/s1 oblig$ to be hi/orical aga9/ _! w1 & to ! positivi/s :o became foll[]s ( hi/orical mat]ialism1 & f\nd ! dialectic e/abli%$ 9 _! h\se )\t be+ able to expla9 :at x 0 or :5ce x came4 ,n all !ori/s ( hi/oriography %[$ !mselves to be s resolutely & madly naturali/ic z ,b\rdeau & "o or two o!rs2 inde$ ^! 7 few 9 numb] & ( inf]ior reputation4 ,eclecticism prevail$ among ! majority ( !m1 a comb9ation ( necessity & ( lib]ty1 ( masses & individuals1 ( cause & end1 ( nature & _s3 ev5 ! philosophy ( hi/ory 0 admitt$1 if 9 no o!r =m1 !n z a desid]atum or a problem to be discuss$ at a conv5i5t "t 7ev5 ?\gh t 7 ! ,greek ,kal5ds74 ,eclecticism1 too1 pres5t$ ! greate/ v>iety1 f ! l[ level ( a trivial arrang+ ( concepts 9 an artificial mann] to ! l(ty heights ( int]ior lab\r1 f :i* x seem$ at e mom5t t a new gospel1 no long] eclectic1 mu/ issue4 ,?is la/ =m ( eclecticism & ! op5 attempts to r5ew romantic idealism m or less completely1 z well z romantic me?ods ( hi/oriography1 h become m frequ5t s9ce mod]n consci\sness has )drawn itself f positivism & has decl>$ its bankruptcy4 ,b all ?is is ( importance r z a symptom ( a real advance 9 ?\ght4 ,& ! new mod]n philosophies ( intuition & philosophy ( values mu/ be look$ ^u r z symptoms ?an z repres5t+ progress 9 ?\ght 7,i mean 9 g5]al1 & n 9 ! p>ticul> ?\ghts & !ories :i* (t5 =m a real contribution74 ,! =m] ( ^!1 h[ev]1 :ile x correctly criticizes sci5ce z an economic con/ruction useless = true k1 !n proce$s to %ut itself up 9 imm$iate consci\sness1 a sort ( my/icism1 :]e hi/orical dialectic f9ds itself subm]g$ & suffocat$2 & ! latt]1 plac+ ! conception ( value z gu>dian ( ! _s 9 opposition to ! conceptions ( sci5ce l a philosophical cave canem 7z our imag9ative ,t>i w\ld h said71 leaves op5 a dualism1 :i* /&s 9 ! way ( ! unity ( hi/ory & ( ?\ght z hi/ory4 ,:5 we look ar\nd u1 !re=e1 we d n discov] t new philosophy :i* %all lay ! f\ndations & at ! same "t af=d ju/ification = ! new hi/oriography by solv+ ! anti!sis betwe5 imag9ative romanticism & mat]iali/ic positivism4 ,& x is cle> t we are n ev5 able to discuss su* a philosophy z a dem&1 because ! dem& = a p>ticul> philosophy is itself ! ?9k+ ( t p>ticul> philosophy1 & !re=e is n a dem& b an actuality4 ,h5ce ! dilemma ei!r ( say+ no?+ ab\t x1 & 9 ?is case ( n speak+ ev5 ( positivism z a p]iod t has be5 clos$ & sup]s$$1 or ( speak+ ( ! new philosophy z ( some?+ t lives & exi/s1 precisely because x does live & exi/4 ,& s9ce to r5\nce talk+ ( x has be5 r5d]$ impossible by ! v criticism *at we h devot$ to x1 no?+ rema9s save to recognize t philosophy z some?+ t exi/s1 n z some?+ to be invok$4 ,only we mu/ n look ar\nd u 9 ord] to see :]e x is1 b return to ourselves & h rec\rse to ! ?\ght t has animat$ ?is hi/orical sket* ( hi/oriography & to all ! hi/orical explanations t h prec$$ x4 ,9 ! philosophy t we h del9eat$1 reality is affirm$ to be _s1 n su* t x is above ! _w or w&]s ab\t ! _w1 b su* z co9cides ) ! _w2 & nature has be5 %[n z a mom5t & a product ( ?is _s itself1 & !re=e ! dualism 7at lea/ t :i* has tr\bl$ ?\ght f ,?ales to ,sp5c]7 is sup]s$$1 & transc5d5cy ( all sorts1 :e!r mat]iali/ic or !ological 9 its orig91 has also be5 sup]s$$ ) x4 ,_s1 :i* is ! _w1 is ! _s :i* develops1 & is !re=e bo? "o & div]se1 an et]nal solution & an et]nal problem1 & its self-consci\sness is philosophy1 :i* is its hi/ory1 or hi/ory1 :i* is its philosophy1 ea* sub/antially id5tical ) ! o!r2 & consci\sness is id5tical ) self-consci\sness--t is to say1 di/9ct & "o ) x at ! same "t1 z life & ?\ght4 ,?is philosophy1 :i* is 9 u & is ours1 enables u to recognize x--t is to say1 to recognize ourselves outside ( u--9 ! ?\ght ( o!r m5 :i* is also our ?\ght1 & to discov] x m or less cle>ly & p]fectly 9 ! o!r =ms ( contempor>y philosophy1 & m or less cle>ly 9 contempor>y hi/oriography4 ,we h frequ5t opportunities ( effect+ ?is recognition1 :i* is productive ( mu* spiritual com=t4 ,q lately1 = in/ance1 :ile ,i 0 writ+ ^! pages1 ! hi/orical "w ( a hi/orian1 a pure hi/orian1 came into my h&s 7,i select ?is in/ance among _m7 :]e ,i read words at ! v beg9n+ :i* seem$ to be my v own3 ,my book is bas$ ^u ! conviction t ,g]man hi/orical inquiry mu/ elevate itself to fre] movem5t & contact ) ! great =ces ( political life & culture1 )\t r5\nc+ ! preci\s tradition ( its me?od1 & t x mu/ plunge into philosophy & politics1 )\t exp]i5c+ injury 9 its end or ess5ce1 = ?us alone c x develop its intimate ess5ce & be bo? univ]sal & national4#a ,?is is ! philosophy ( our "t1 :i* is ! initiator ( a new philosophical & hi/oriographical p]iod4 ,b x is n possible to write ! hi/ory ( ?is philosophy & ( ?is hi/oriography1 :i* is subject & n object1 n = ! reason g5]ally adopt$1 :i* we h f\nd to be false1 s9ce x sep>ates ! fact ( consci\sness f ! fact1 b = ! o!r reason t ! hi/ory :i* we are con/ruct+ is a hi/ory ( 'epo*s' or ( 'great p]iods1' & ! new p]iod is new1 j because x is n a p]iod--t is to say1 some?+ clos$4 ,n only are we n able to describe its *ronological & geographical outl9e1 because we are ignorant z to :at measure ( "t x w fill 7w x develop rapidly 9 ?irty or =ty ye>s1 or w x enc\nt] ob/acles1 yet nev]!less cont9ue its c\rse = c5turies871 :at ext5t ( c\ntries x w include 7w x rema9 = long ,italian or ,g]man1 conf9$ to c]ta9 ,italian or ,g]man circles1 or w x diffuse itself rapidly 9 all c\ntries1 bo? 9 g5]al culture & 9 public in/ruction871 b we are unable to limit logically :at may be its value outside ^! consid]ations4 ,! reason = ?is is t 9 ord] to be able to describe its limitations1 x mu/ necess>ily h develop$ its anti!ses--t is to say1 ! new problems t w infallibly arise f its solutions1 & ?is has n happ5$3 we are ourselves on ! waves & we h n furl$ our sails 9 port prep>atory to a new voyage4 ,bis hi]h] i/ das ,bewus/se9 gekomm5 7,k has rea*$ ?is po9t 9 its developm5t71 said ,hegel1 at ! end ( 8 lectures ^u ! philosophy ( hi/ory2 & yet he _h n ! "r to say s1 because 8 developm5t1 :i* w5t f ! unconsci\sness ( lib]ty to ! full consci\sness ( x 9 ! ,g]man _w & 9 ! sy/em ( absolute idealism1 did n admit ( prosecution4 ,b we are well able to say s1 = we h ov]come ! ab/ractness ( ,hegelianism4 #a ,fri$ri* ,me9ecke1 ,weltbrg]?um und ,national/aat3 ,/udi5 zur ,g5esis des deuts*5 ,national/aates1 second edition1 preface1 p4 vii4 7,mn*5 u4 ,b]l91 ,old5burg1 #aiaa47