,transcrib]'s ,notes3 ,text enclos$ by und]scores is 9 italics 7italics71 & text enclos$ by equal signs is 9 bold 7bold74 ,additional ,transcrib]'s ,notes are at ! end4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! ,hi/ory ,tea*]'s ,magaz9e ,volume ,i4 ,numb] #b4 ,,philadelphia1 ,,octob]1 #aiji4 #a4jj a ye> #ae c5ts a copy ,,cont5ts4 ,,page ,,ga91 ,,loss ,,& ,,problem ,,9 ,,rec5t ,,hi/ory ,,tea*+1 by ,pr(4 ,william ,mac,donald #bc ,,tra9+ ,,! ,,hi/ory ,,tea*] ,,9 ,,! ,,organization ,,( ,,8 ,,field ,,( ,,/udy1 by ,pr(4 ,n4 ,m4 ,tr5holme #bd ,,in/ruction ,,9 ,,am]ican ,,gov]nm5t ,,9 ,,second>y ,,s*ools1 by ,pr(4 ,william ,a4 ,s*ap] #bf ,,lessons ,,drawn ,,f ,,! ,,pap]s ,,( ,,hi/ory ,,exam9ation ,,c&idates1 by ,elizabe? ,briggs #bg ,,! ,,/udy ,,( ,,we/]n ,,hi/ory ,,9 ,,our ,,s*ools1 by ,pr(4 ,cl>5ce ,w4 ,alvord #bh ,,! ,,newe/ ,,/ate ,,association ,,& ,,an ,,old] ,,"o1 by ,h4 ,w4 ,edw>ds & ,pr(4 ,eleanor ,l4 ,"l #cj ,,an ,,anci5t ,,hi/ory ,,"* ,,social1 by ,m>y ,nor? #ca ,,editorial #cb ,,european ,,hi/ory ,,9 ,,! ,,second>y ,,s*ool1 by ,daniel ,c4 ,kn[lton #cc ,,engli% ,,hi/ory ,,9 ,,! ,,second>y ,,s*ool1 by ,c4 ,b4 ,newton #cd ,,rob9son ,,& ,,be>d',s 8,,developm5t ,,( ,,mod]n ,,europe10 review$ by ,pr(4 ,s4 ,b4 ,fay #ce ,,am]ican ,,hi/ory ,,9 ,,! ,,second>y ,,s*ool1 by ,ar?ur ,m4 ,wolfson #cf ,,james ,,& ,,san=d',s ,,new ,,textbook ,,on ,,am]ican ,,hi/ory1 review$ by ,john ,%>pless ,fox #cg ,,anci5t ,,hi/ory ,,9 ,,! ,,second>y ,,s*ool1 by ,william ,fairley #ch ,,f[l]',s 8,,social ,,life ,,at ,,rome10 review$ by ,pr(4 ,ar?ur ,c4 ,h[l& #ci ,,hi/ory ,,9 ,,! ,,grades--,,! ,,columbus ,,lesson1 by ,arm& ,j4 ,g]son #dj ,,reports ,,f ,,! ,,hi/orical ,,field1 edit$ by ,walt] ,h4 ,cu%+3 ,! ,colorado ,movem5t2 ,rais+ ! ,/&>d 9 ,l\isiana2 ! ,nor? ,c5tral ,association2 ,syllabus 9 ,civil ,gov]nm5t2 ,report ( ! ,committee ( ,eight2 ! ,new ,engl& ,association2 ,bibliographies2 ,ex*ange ( ,pr(essors 9 ,summ] ,s*ools #da ,,correspond5ce #dd ,publi%$ mon?ly1 except ,july & ,augu/1 by ,mc,kinley ,publi%+ ,co41 ,philadelphia1 ,pa4 ,copyright1 #aiji1 ,mc,kinley ,publi%+ ,co4 99 99 99 99 99 ,good ,words f ,correspond5ts ,conc]n+ ! ,magaz9e 8,! fir/ numb] ( ! #8,magaz9e' is exce$+ly int]e/+1 & ! program = ! ,octob] numb] promises j z good a "o40 ,j4 ,c4 ,e4 8,i am delight$ ) x4 ,!re is a great field = j su* a magaz9e4444 ,if future numb]s are z good z ! fir/1 ,i %all h sp5t few doll>s to z good advantage40 ,r4 ,o4 ,h4 8,x is an opportune publication1 & m]its all enc\ragem5t40 ,j4 ,w4 ,b4 8,i am v mu* int]e/$ 9 y\r new magaz9e4 ,?9k x w be v helpful 9 my "w40 ,m4 ,s4 8,am delight$ ) ! copy ,i h se51 & tru/ x w fill a longfelt ne$40 ,m4 ,e4 ,e4 8,! copy ( #8,! ,hi/ory ,tea*]'s ,magaz9e' rea*$ me ?is morn+1 & ,i am v mu* int]e/$ 9 & pleas$ ) x4 ,i wi% y all success 9 ! und]tak+40 ,m4 ,m4 8,aft] look+ c>efully ov] sample copy ( #8,! ,hi/ory ,tea*]'s ,magaz9e1' ,i f9d t ,i c use x to a great advantage 9 _m in/ances4 ,x is ! only magaz9e ,i h ev] se5 t dealt ) ! subject ( ,hi/ory f ! tea*]'s /&po9t40 ,f4 ,f4 ,m4 8,i h receiv$ #8,! ,hi/ory ,tea*]'s ,magaz9e1' & l x v mu*40 ,l4 ,r4 ,h4 8#8,! ,hi/ory ,tea*]'s ,magaz9e' is to ! po9t4 ,x w meet a v real ne$4 8,i am glad t ! problems ( college hi/ory tea*+ w f9d space 9 ! magaz9e4 ,no tea*]s ne$ m to ex*ange ideas at ?is "t ?an d college hi/ory tea*]s40 ,r4 ,w4 ,k4 8#8,! ,hi/ory ,tea*]'s ,magaz9e' is excell5t1 & ,i h e reason to believe t ! foll[+ numb]s w be j z good4 ,?is sort ( magaz9e is j :at is ne$$ by e tea*] ( hi/ory40 ,h4 ,c4 ,s4 8,i am delight$ ) y\r fir/ copy ( #8,! ,hi/ory ,tea*]'s ,magaz9e4' ,x has long be5 ne$$4 ,e tea*] ( hi/ory w welcome x40 ,r4 ,r4 8,! magaz9e is exactly :at ,i want4 ,i am an ambiti\s hi/ory tea*]1 & ,i f9d 9 x ! ne$$ help40 ,n4 ,e4 ,s4 8,all[ me to congratulate y ^u ! idea ( ! magaz9e & ^u ! excell5t fir/ issue4 ,x ought to f9d a welcome ev]y:]e40 ,c4 ,l4 ,w4 8,! fir/ numb] ( #8,! ,hi/ory ,tea*]'s ,magaz9e' rea*$ me 9 due c\rse4 ,all[ me to congratulate y on its practical value4 ,i read e ^w 9 x1 & only wi%$ !re 0 m to be read4 ,x w d an untold good to tea*]s ( hi/ory1 "y & old alike4 ,= sev]al ye>s ,i h be5 seek+ j su* a magaz9e1 & am mu* gratifi$ n[ to f9d "o t w meet s univ]sal a ne$40 ,g4 ,b4 ,b4 99 99 99 99 99 ,( ,int]e/ to ,tea*]s ( ,hi/ory & ,geography 9 ,s*ools1 ,academies & ,colleges are ,,! ,mc,k,i,n,l,e,y ,,outl9e ,,maps ,! s]ies n[ comprises ,,outl9e ,,wall ,,maps ( ! ,cont95ts1 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & its subdivisions1 ( ,europe & its sev]al c\ntries1 ( ,pale/9e & ( o!r p>ts suitable = ! /udy ( geography & secul> or *ur* hi/ory4 ,! maps are pr9t$ ^u /rong pap]1 ab\t #cb by #dd in*es 9 size1 & co/ s+ly only tw5ty c5ts ea* 7c>riage #aj c5ts ea*72 9 quantities ! price is z l[ z fifte5 c5ts ea* 7c>riage #b c5ts ea*74 ,especially adapt$ = use 9 geography classes 9 elem5t>y s*ools1 & 9 hi/ory classes 9 high s*ools1 prep>atory s*ools1 & colleges4 ,,outl9e ,,desk ,,maps ,?ree sizes ( skeleton & outl9e maps = use by /ud5ts 9 geography or hi/ory classes4 ,sold 9 any desir$ quantity2 small size 7#e by #g in*es71 #ce c5ts a hundr$2 l>ge size 7#h by #aj in*es71 #ej c5ts a hundr$2 d\ble size 7#aj by #ae in*es71 #he c5ts a hundr$4 ,! li/ includes ! ,cont95ts1 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 sections ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ( ,europe1 & _m maps = ! /udy ( anci5t1 m$ieval1 & *ur* hi/ory4 ,,outl9e ,,atlases ,,& ,,notebooks ,compos$ ( outl9e maps b\nd toge!r to be fill$ 9 9 colors by /ud5ts2 arrang$ = n9e p]iods ( hi/ory4 ,samples *e]fully furni%$ ^u application by mail to ,mc,k,i,n,l,e,y ,,publi%+ ,,company1 ,,philadelphia1 ,,pa4 ,! ,hi/ory ,tea*]'s ,magaz9e ,volume ,i4 ,numb] #b4 ,,philadelphia1 ,,octob]1 #aiji4 #a4jj a ye> #ae c5ts a copy ,ga91 ,loss1 & ,problem 9 ,rec5t ,hi/ory ,tea*+ ,,by ,,pr(essor ,,william ,,macdonald1 ,,( ,,br[n ,,univ]sity4 ,! new] me?ods ( hi/ory tea*+ :i* 7 au?oritatively set =? = ! fir/ "t 9 ?is c\ntry 9 ! report ( ! ,committee ( ,sev5 ( ! ,am]ican ,hi/orical ,association1 & :i* dur+ ! pa/ t5 ye>s h increas+ly made _! way 9 ! bett] second>y s*ools1 h _h = _! aim ! emancipation ( hi/ory f ! bondage ( m]e me*anical r\t9e1 ! cle>] discrim9ation ( ess5tials & non-ess5tials1 ! use ( comp>ison & judgm5t z well z ( memory 9 ! ma/]y ( hi/orical k1 ! sy/ematic exploration ( books o!r ?an ! textbook1 & ! intellig5t correlation ( ! subject ) lit]ature1 art1 economics1 geography1 & o!r k9dr$ fields4 ,t !re %\ld h be5 criticism1 n seldom unfri5dly1 ( ! new me?ods & _! results is only natural4 ,! new proc$ure _h to be le>n$ by tea*]s z well z by pupils1 & its application to ! conditions ( p>ticul> s*ools det]m9$ by c>eful /udy ( local possibilities & ne$s4 ,:at 0 possible 9 a l>ge & g5]\sly support$ s*ool 0 n equally atta9able 9 a small & poor "o2 & x 0 inevitable t mi/akes %\ld be made ev5 by ^? mo/ int]e/$ 9 mak+ ! new "w a success4 ,no m 9 hi/ory ?an 9 language or ma!matics1 bo? ( :i* h und]gone p$agogical re=mation 9 our day1 0 p]fection to be won at ! outset4 ,all ?+s consid]$1 h[ev]1 x seems to me indisputable t1 :]ev] !re has be5 an hone/ & e>ne/ attempt to make ! new me?ods successful1 a gratify+ & v consid]able measure ( success has be5 atta9$4 ,broadly speak+1 ! =mal recitation1 bas$ ma9ly ^u ! /udy ( a textbook1 has be5 giv5 up4 ,! hi/ory ( ,engl& is no long] g5]ally /udi$ by ! reigns ( sov]eigns1 nor ! hi/ory ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates by presid5tial adm9i/rations4 ,!re is wide use ( s\rce books & docum5ts1 & mu* intellig5t read+ 9 n>rative hi/ories1 biographies1 j\rnals1 lett]s1 travels1 & o!r lit]ature4 ,map-draw+ is ext5sively requir$1 & illu/rat$ lectures or talks & hi/orical excursions h be5 made to contribute _! weal? ( in=mation & int]e/4 ,f e po9t ( view1 ! position ( hi/ory 9 ! s*ool curriculum is m dignifi$ & rational ?an x us$ to be1 its p$agogical me?od m intellig5t1 its fruition 9 k & p[] m valuable4 ,no me?od ( tea*+1 h[ev]1 is ev] s bad t its ab&onm5t is n att5d$ ) "s loss to ! pupil4 ,9 spite ( all ! success :i* has und5iably come ab\t 9 ^! t5 ye>s ( ?\ghtful & fri5dly ef=t1 !re /ill rema9 a numb] ( /eps imp]atively to be tak5 be=e ! tea*+ ( hi/ory 9 second>y s*ools c1 )\t s]i\s qualification1 be pron\nc$ satisfactory4 ,!re is /ill a woeful ne$ ( tra9$ hi/ory tea*]s4 ,:ile ! l>g] city high s*ools & _m private s*ools are praisewor?y exceptions1 x nev]!less rema9s true t ! majority ( s*ools d n yet ?9k x necess>y to *oose = ! hi/orical dep>tm5t a tea*] specially tra9$ = t "w4 ,! subject is /ill too (t5 assign$ to ?is tea*] or t :o happ5s to h ! necess>y free "t1 b ^: s]i\s equipm5t lies 9 "s o!r field4 ,no?+ %ort ( s\nd & ext5d$ college tra9+ 9 hi/ory %\ld be deem$ a suffici5t prep>ation = ! tea*+ ( hi/ory 9 a second>y s*ool1 j z no?+ %ort ( su* tra9+1 & ! frank recognition ( its importance by s*ool au?orities1 w ov]come ! un=tunate reluctance ( ! be/ college graduates to ent] second>y s*ool "w4 ,no graduate ( ,br[n ,univ]sity c receive f ! dep>tm5t ( hi/ory a c]tificate ( fitness to tea* hi/ory 9 a high s*ool or academy :o has n complet$ ) cr$it at lea/ f\r c\rses1 ea* ( ?ree h\rs a week = a ye>1 & "o ( !m a c\rse ( rese>*2 & ,i %\ld be glad did conditions 9 ! s*ools make x possible to raise1 z !y d make x increas+ly easy to en=ce ?is m9imum requirem5t4 ,a second cry+ ne$ is = bett] equipm5t ( ! hi/orical dep>tm5t4 ,! developm5t ( s*ool libr>ies has n yet made mu* progress1 & ! use ( public libr>ies by l>ge classes has obvi\s practical limitations4 ,s*ools :i* will+ly sp5d money = sci5tific app>atus decl9e to sp5d money = books1 pictures1 & o!r illu/rative mat]ial4 ,! equipm5t ( wall-maps is (t5 exce$+ly poor1 hi/orical maps be+ (t5 lack+ altoge!r except 9 ! field ( anci5t hi/ory4 ,until ?is lack is suppli$1 we mu/ expect t ! tea*] w f necessity rely ma9ly ^u ! textbook1 at ! co/ ( fail+ to meet ! mo/ fundam5tal condition ( ! new] me?ods ( hi/ory tea*+4 ,p]haps ! mo/ s]i\s *>ge t is lodg$ aga9/ ! new me?od is t x fails to give ! pupil exact k1 & ev5 discrim9ates aga9/ exactness & precision4 ,my obs]vation z an exam9] ( applicants = admission to college leads me to believe t !re is =ce 9 ?is *>ge4 ,und\bt$ly ! am\nt ( gr\nd :i* is expect$ to be cov]$ by ^? :o take any "o ( ! f\r fields recomm5d$ by ! ,committee ( ,sev5 is v great1 9 ! field ( m$ieval & mod]n ,european hi/ory q too great4 ,:]e ! "t allott$ to ! c\rse 9 ! curriculum is insuffici5t1 z x (t5 is1 or :]e ! tea*] is incompet5t1 or :]e ! facilities ( ! dep>tm5t are inadequate1 x is inevitable t ! "w %\ld be slight$ & ! results ^u exam9ation appe> unsatisfactory4 ,und\bt$ly1 also1 9 our zeal = ! broad view & ! vivify+ treatm5t1 we h t5d$ unconsci\sly to depreciate ! value ( exact k1 & h all[$ ourselves to ?9k t because ! function ( memoriz+ may easily be ov]work$1 ! memory has no place 9 ! /udy ( hi/ory at all4 ,! exam9]s 9 hi/ory = ! ,college ,entrance ,exam9ation ,bo>d h le>n$ t1 unless !y ask = dates1 no dates w be giv52 t ! treatm5t ( specific que/ions ( limit$ scope is prevail+ly slov5ly1 indicative ( loose ?9k+ & tol]at$ loos5ess ( expression2 & t ! simple/ que/ions w (t5 be c>elessly misread4 ,i am sure t we h n yet solv$ ! problem ( exam9+ 9 hi/ory ei!r 9 s*ool or 9 college1 b ,i am also compell$ to ?9k t ! greate/ weakness ( hi/ory tea*+ at pres5t1 9 ^? s*ools 9 :i* ! new program is be+ appli$1 is t x s (t5 fails to give ! pupil a def9ite k ( any?+4 ,i d n despair1 h[ev]4 ,!re are signs ( improvem5t1 gr[+ 9 numb] & significance e ye>2 & ) ! increas$ employm5t ( skill$ tea*]s1 ! provision ( bett] facilities = tea*+1 & ! m g5]\s recognition ( ! importance ( ! subject1 we may1 ,i ?9k1 confid5tly look = results comm5surate ) ^? admitt$ly atta9$ 9 o!r bran*es ( ! s*ool curriculum4 ,tra9+ ! ,hi/ory ,tea*] ,! ,organization ( ,8 ,field ( ,/udy ,,by ,,norman ,,macl>5 ,,tr5holme1 ,,pr(essor ,,( ,,! ,,tea*+ ,,( ,,hi/ory1 ,,s*ool ,,( ,,education1 ,,univ]sity ,,( ,,miss\ri4 ,provid$ t ! text-books h be5 select$ & ! c\rses to be giv5 arrang$ = by "s high] p[]1 ! fir/ problem t faces ! hi/ory tea*] 9 ! fall is t ( prop]ly organiz+ ! field or fields ( /udy4 ,n[ we all "k t _m tea*]s d n realize ?is problem or t if !y d !y %irk x & adopt a sort ( g-z-y-please plan ( s _m pages ea* day1 irrespective ( topical or any o!r sort ( unity1 t usually results 9 c>eless recitation "w & an incomplete c\rse4 ,9 "s cases ! tea*] seeks aid & guidance f a pr9t$ syllabus or outl9e ( ! c\rse to be cov]$1 & if ^! are available & prop]ly con/ruct$ 9 connection ) ! text-books us$1 !y c be ( great s]vice1 b !y _c :olly relieve ! tea*] ( responsibility z to ! l5g? & "* ( topics to be consid]$4#a ,ev5 ! be/ tea*]s are incl9$ to adopt a day-to-day plan ( organization & s "w bl9dly1 n kn[+ h[ mu* ( ! text-book w1 9 ! end be left un/udi$4 ,su* unsatisfactory conditions z are "h ref]r$ to are totally unnecess>y if hi/ory tea*]s w only le>n to organize _! c\rses 9 advance ( giv+ !m & ?us be able to r\nd out _! "w 9 a ?or\ghly satisfactory mann]4 ,! reason t ?is is n done is t mo/ ( our high s*ool tea*]s ( hi/ory h _h little or no tra9+ 9 ! tea*+ ( _! subject & h n le>n$ h[ to h&le & int]pret ! subject matt] to ! be/ advantage4 ,:at "s lack 9 tra9+ !y make up = 9 en?usiasm & int]e/ 9 _! "w1 b !re are1 un=tunately = ! pr(ession1 _m tea*]s ( hi/ory :o h nei!r tra9+ nor en?usiasm4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! numb] ( tra9$1 e>ne/ & en?usia/ic tea*]s ( hi/ory is con/antly increas+1 & !re are opportunities (f]$ = e tea*] to improve 8 or h] me?ods & ent] m und]/&+ly & m successfully into ! "w ( tea*+ ! subject4 ,! greate/ dang] 9 hi/ory "w 9 s*ools is ! preval5ce ( matt] ov] _s1 ( facts ov] ?\ghts & ideas1 ( me*anical memory "w ov] con/ructive ?9k+ & reason+4 ,if tea*]s ( hi/ory w le>n to ent] into _! "w ) m _s & und]/&+ ! subject w soon be reg>d$ ) respect on acc\nt ( ! vital int]e/ t ! developm5t ( ! pres5t out ( ! pa/ mu/ always h4 ,"o way ( emphasiz+ hi/orical unity or cont9uity is by a well-plann$ s]ies ( recitation or discussion topics bas$ on ! text-book us$ 9 ! c\rse1 & x is ! "q ( su* organization ( ! field ( /udy t ,i wi% to discuss 9 ?is article4 ,g5]al ,sugge/ions z to ! ,organization4 ,! hi/ory tea*] :o wi%es to make a success ( ! c\rses giv5 mu/ plan ! "w 9 advance accord+ to c]ta9 common s5se rules & conditions4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! ext5t ( ! subject matt] to be cov]$ mu/ be c>efully consid]$ 9 connection ) ! "t allott$ = its completion1 & ! relative emphasis to be plac$ on ! diff]5t portions ( ! p]iod to be cov]$4 ,in/ead ( a haphaz>d assignm5t ( s _m pages ea* day irrespective ( "t & subject matt]1 ! l5g? & "* ( ! lesson assignm5ts %\ld be plott$ out 9 advance4 ,if ! numb] ( pages ( text-book subject matt] be accurately asc]ta9$ 7_m text-books h pages ( outl9es1 review que/ions1 ref]5ces1 & s =?71 & comp>$ ) ! numb] ( recitation h\rs available1 f :i* x is well to d$uct "o-?ird or "o-f\r? = reviews1 a me*anical basis ( assignm5ts c be _h4 ,b a me*anical basis is n alone suffici5t1 a topical "o is necess>y also4 ,?is is ! mo/ difficult & at ! same "t ! mo/ vital "p ( organization & ! "p 9 :i* mo/ tea*]s fail on acc\nt ( poor p]spective z to important & unimportant topics & a failure to realize ! inn] mean+ & significance ( ! ext]nal ev5ts ) :i* !y are deal+4 ,=tunately mo/ hi/ory text-books h be5 con/ruct$ on a skeleton ( topics1 & ev5 a poorly-tra9$ tea*] c1 ) a little c>e1 discov] ! prop] lesson divisions4 ,"s ( ! new] text-books g s f>1 inde$1 z to give a s]ies ( lesson topics :i* ! tea*] c foll[4#b ,a compet5t hi/ory tea*]1 h[ev]1 %\ld n ne$ to dep5d entirely on ! text-book1 outl9e1 or syllabus1 b %\ld be able to select 8 or h] own topics ) judgm5t & success4 ,a tea*] prop]ly tra9$ to int]pret ! subject matt] ( ! diff]5t fields ( /udy :o w take into acc\nt ! l5g? ( "t available & ! ext5t ( ! text to be cov]$1 c successfully plan out any desir$ c\rse ( /udy f beg9n+ to end4 ,?is plan does n ne$ to be absolutely rigid1 b x w be a valuable guide = ! "w ( ! ye> or half ye> & w lead to a successful completion ( ! c\rse ( /udy4 ,in/ructors 9 normal s*ools & 9 college dep>tm5ts ( education c easily tra9 ! /ud5ts 9 c\rses on ! tea*+ ( hi/ory to make su* topical outl9es bas$ on /&>d text-books4 ,x w be "t well sp5t1 z ! /ud5t w aft]w>ds f9d 9 active tea*+1 z "o su* exp]i5ce 9 enlight5$ plann+ out ( a field ( /udy w lead to compet5t h&l+ ( o!r fields4 ,organization ( ! ,anci5t ,hi/ory ,field4 ,if we say t ?is field ( /udy %\ld deal ) ! political1 gov]nm5tal1 social1 & cultural developm5t ( ! we/]n portion ( ! ,anci5t ,_w "u ! ?ree ma9 divisions ( 7a7 ! ,ori5tal nations1 exclud+1 ( c\rse1 ,india1 ,*9a & ,japan2 7b7 ! ,greek _w1 & 7c7 ! ,roman _w--!n we h a fairly compreh5sive def9ition ( :at is to be cov]$4 ,if we add to ?is t ! *ief tea*+ problem ( ! c\rse is s to organize & int]pret ! subject matt] z to br+ out 9 a cle> & connect$ way ! really significant & ess5tial movem5ts & developm5ts dur+ anci5t times 9 connection ) ! lead+ hi/orical peoples1 we are giv+ great] def9it5ess to ! tea*+ "w ( ! c\rse4 ,b :at are ! really significant & ess5tial movem5ts 9 ! hi/ory ( ! anci5t _w f ! p$agogical viewpo9t8 ,c x n be said t !y are ^? t h mo/ cont9uity ) & ex]t$ mo/ influ5ce on lat] ,m$it]ranean & ,european hi/ory8 ,to ?is end emphasis %\ld be especially laid on ! ,greek _w1 c5t]+ 9 ,a!ns1 & on ,rome1 c5t]+ 9 h] great imp]ial sy/em4 ,z a g5]al rule1 tea*]s ( anci5t hi/ory are incl9$ to give too great a proportion ( ! "t at _! disposal to ! ,ori5tal empires & _! civilizations1 to e>ly ,greek hi/ory & ar*ology1 to ,roman leg5d>y hi/ory1 & ! petty politics & my?ical conflicts ( ! e>ly ,roman republic1 & ! gov]nm5tal organization ( ! decay+ republic1 :ile ,a!nian life & ?\ght1 ,mac$onian imp]ialism & its results1 ! rise & organization ( ! great ,roman empire1 ! causes ( its /r5g?1 & ( its weakness & decl9e are n giv5 suffici5t "t & att5tion4 ,9 ! g5]al organization ( ! ,anci5t ,hi/ory field ! topics %\ld be s plann$ t ! tea*] & class w "w f a broad /udy ( ! ,ori5tal peoples ( ! ea/]n ,m$it]ranean _w & ( ! e>ly hi/ory ( ! ,greek peoples & ,/ates to a m c>eful & int5sive exam9ation into ! ,a!nian _w z typical ( ! be/ ( classic ,greece1 ( ,alex&] & ,mac$onian imp]ialism1 z promot]s ( ,hell5ic culture4 ,! e>ly ,roman p]iod %\ld be rapidly cov]$ & f> less "t sp5t on ! republic & its gov]nm5t4 ,! object 9 organiz+ ! ,roman portion ( ! ,anci5t ,hi/ory field %\ld be to emphasize ! gr[? ( ! ,roman empire & ! creation ( an imp]ial sy/em4 ,to ?is end z mu* att5tion z possible %\ld be direct$ to ! prov9ces & to ! g5]al problems ( ! imp]ial gov]nm5t4 ,! influ5ce ( ! ,roman hi/orians1 ,livy1 ,suetonius1 & ev5 to "s ext5t ( ,tacitus 7,i ref] to ! annals & hi/ories71 & ( tea*]s ( ! classics is responsible = mu* wrong p]spective 9 ! tea*+ ( ,anci5t ,hi/ory4 ,nor h we "o really well-proportion$ textbook = ?is field1 ?\gh sev]al ( ! exi/+ ones are fairly satisfactory4 ,! success & int]e/ ( ! anci5t hi/ory c\rse dep5ds l>gely on ! tea*]'s p[] ( selection1 organization1 & int]pretation4 ,organization ( ! ,field ( ,m$ieval & ,mod]n ,hi/ory4 ,9 organiz+ ?is field ( /udy1 :ile foll[+ ! g5]al rules ( organization1 ! tea*] %\ld rememb] t ! object ( ?is c\rse is above all else to make ! /ud5t famili> ) 8 pres5t hi/orical environm5t & its imm$iate backgr\nd4 ,to ?is end x is desirable t a l>ge proportion ( ! "t %\ld be devot$ to br++ out & emphasiz+ movem5ts & in/itutions t h di/9ctly mod]n significance1 & t rec5t ,european hi/ory %\ld be c>efully /udi$4 ,?is does n mean1 h[ev]1 t ! m$ieval portion ( ! field %\ld be neglect$ z an important contributory factor 9 mod]n civilization4 ,emphasis %\ld be laid on ! cont9uity ( ,roman influ5ce1 z se5 9 ! imp]ial ,*ur* & ! imp]ial ,/ate & 9 ,roman law1 on ! ,*ri/ian religion z a factor 9 advanc+ civilization1 & on ! contribution ( political1 social & economic importance made by ! ,g]mans4 ,! m$ieval _w is m =eign to ! s*oolboy m9d ?an ev5 t ( ,greece & ,rome1 & ! /ruggles ( popes & emp]ors1 ! intricacies ( feudalism1 & ! ascetic & adv5tur\s aspects ( ! ,crusades are h>d = him to und]/&4 ,b ! feel+s ( nationality aga9/ imp]ial control by ,*ur* or ,/ate1 ! gr[? ( ! t[ns & comm]ce1 ! gradual developm5t ( repres5tative gov]nm5t1 ! /ruggles aga9/ despotism--^! are ?+s he c und]/& & appreciate & 9 connection ) :i* he c see ! pres5t em]g+ f ! pa/4 ,nor %\ld ! great p]sonalities ( m$ieval & mod]n hi/ory be neglect$1 = !y h hi/orical int]e/ & importance & s]ve to give great] int]e/ & def9it5ess to movem5ts ( :i* !y are a "p4 ,a little ?\ght & c>e on ! "p ( ! tea*] 9 plann+ ! lesson assignm5ts & conduct+ ! recitation w keep ! c\rse f becom+ dull & mean+less4 ,! att5tion ( ! class %\ld always be drawn to ! be>+ ( :at !y are /udy+ on pres5t conditions & p>ticul> emphasis %\ld be direct$ to great int]national movem5ts z well z to ! gr[? & developm5t ( ! lead+ ,european c\ntries4 ,9 no field ( high s*ool /udy does c>eful previ\s organization lead to m satisfactory results ?an 9 ! m$ieval & mod]n field4 ,organization ( ! ,engli% ,hi/ory ,field4 ,! organization & treatm5t ( ?is field %\ld be bas$ on ! idea ( br++ out cle>ly ! orig91 gr[? & l>g] developm5ts ( ,engli% political1 social & economic in/itutions4 ,! field (f]s especial advantages = developm5tal /udy1 z ! hi/ory is well connect$ ?r\gh\t1 & c be easily organiz$ into topics & problems4 ,all t ! tea*] ne$s is a little insight into ! fundam5tal factors & influ5ces 9 ,engli% hi/ory1 & ?is %\ld be obta9$ f any well conduct$ g5]al c\rse 9 ,engli% hi/ory4 ,! hi/ory ( ,engl& %\ld always be organiz$ & treat$ z be+ ! /udy ( ! gr[? ( a great imp]ial nation out ( v>i\s elem5ts & ?r\gh diff]5t policies4 ,! idea ( ! gr[? ( free1 repres5tative gov]nm5t 7! p[] ( ! p1 or democracy1 9 gov]nm5t7 is ! pr$om9ant note1 b ! broad] viewpo9t ( ! gr[? ( national civilization z %[n 9 policies1 indu/ry1 art1 language & lett]s is also desirable & important4 ,among ! dang]s to be avoid$ 9 tea*+ ,engli% hi/ory1 & 9 tea*+ h[ to organize x1 is ! temptation to emphasize ! m9or political details relat+ to royalties1 w>s & s =?4 ,! hi/ory ( ,engl& is aft] all closely relat$ to ! hi/ory ( ,europe1 & ! two great que/ions ( int]e/ 9 h] /ory are ^? ( h] int]nal developm5t along national l9es & ( h] ext]nal policy & gr[? along imp]ial l9es4 ,m att5tion ?an is n[ giv5 c\ld well be be/[$ on ! ,briti% empire1 & x is a pleasure to f9d "o text-book at lea/ t attempts to d ju/ice to ?is important phase ( ,engli% hi/ory & gov]nm5t4#c ,organization ( ! ,field ( ,am]ican ,hi/ory & ,gov]nm5t4 ,probably all tea*]s ( ,am]ican hi/ory w admit t broadly /at$ ! c\rse 9 ,am]ican hi/ory & gov]nm5t %\ld be organiz$ ) special emphasis on ! national p]iod1 & %\ld repres5t an attempt to %[ h[ out ( ! div]sity ( ! colonial p]iod !re f9ally em]g$ ! _s ( f$]al union1 & h[ ,am]ican hi/ory l>gely c5t]s ar\nd ! erection ( a sov]eign f$]al /ate1 9 face ( ,engli% opposition1 & ! ma9t5ance ( ! union1 9 ! face ( int]nal diss5sions1 & f9ally1 ! gr[? & expansion ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates z a _w p[]4 ,! ,european backgr\nd1 ! native or ,am]ican backgr\nd1 exploration1 colonization & colonial developm5t mu/ all be t\*$ on lightly4 ,!n a c>eful /udy %\ld be made ( ! /eps lead+ up to union & to indep5d5ce1 ?\gh ! milit>y side ( ! revolution>y /ruggle is frequ5tly ov]-emphasiz$1 & ! beg9n+s ( national gov]nm5t z we "k x to-day c be /udi$ 9 connection ) ! =mation ( ! con/itution4 ,t]ritorial expansion1 =eign & civil w>s1 colonial expansion & problems ( int]nal developm5t c all be treat$ 9 relation ) ! c5tral problem ( successful f$]al gov]nm5t & 9 relation ) ! pres5t4 ,int]wov5 frequ5tly ) ,am]ican national hi/ory is ! hi/ory ( "o's own /ate1 & tea*]s c frequ5tly use local int]e/s to make ! /ory ( "s p>ticul> phase ( national developm5t m real & significant4 ,!re is q a m>k$ t5d5cy to sep>ate ,am]ican gov]nm5t f ,am]ican hi/ory 9 ! f\r? ye> ( ! high s*ool1 & to give a half ye>'s "w 9 ea* subject4 ,if ,am]ican gov]nm5t is taught z a sep>ate subject a text-book %\ld be select$ :i* all[s ! tea*] to organize ! c\rse s z to "w f ! famili> to ! unfamili> aspects ( gov]nm5t1 f ! local to ! national aspects ( ! field ( /udy4 ,sev]al good text-books ( ?is "* h be5 rec5tly publi%$4#d ,! attempt has be5 made 9 ?is article to %[ h[ ! hi/ory tea*] c be tra9$1 or c tra9 himself1 to organize ?or\ghly ! field ( /udy to be cov]$ s z to complete ! c\rse 9 ! "t allott$ & also br+ out ! mean+ & importance ( ! /udy und]tak54 ,prop] organization ( ! field ( /udy w und\bt$ly aid ! tea*] greatly1 b su* organization mu/ be foll[$ by successful recitation & class-room "w4 ,! next pap] 9 ?is dep>tm5t w !re=e1 be devot$ to a discussion ( ! tra9+ ( hi/ory tea*]s 9 ! organization ( ! recitation4 ,,footnotes3 #a ,"s useful outl9es = high s*ool "w are3 ,newton & ,treat1 8,outl9es = ,anci5t1 ,engli% & ,am]ican ,hi/ory10 #c vols4 7#be;c4 ea*71 ,am]ican ,book ,co42 ,new ,engl& ,hi/ory ,tea*]'s ,association1 8,outl9es = ,anci5t1 ,m$ieval & ,mod]n1 ,engli% & ,am]ican ,hi/ory10 #d p>ts 7#ae;c4 ea*74 ,hea? ,co42 ,leadbett]1 8,outl9es ( ,my]s' ,anci5t & ,m$ieval & ,mod]n ,hi/ories10 #b vols4 7#ce;c4 ea*71 ,g9n ,co42 ,tr5holme1 8,syllabus = ! ,hi/ory ( ,we/]n ,europe 7,m$ieval & ,mod]n710 bas$ on ,rob9son's text 7#fj;c471 ,g9n ,co4 #b ,z examples ( ! highly organiz$ text-book ) cle> cut lesson topics1 ! foll[+ might be cit$3 ,morey1 8,anci5t ,hi/ory10 ,am]ican ,book ,co42 ,we/1 8,! ,anci5t ,_w10 ,allyn & ,bacon2 & ,a%ley1 8,am]ican ,hi/ory10 ,macmillan ,co4 #c ,! ref]5ce is to ,*eyney's 8,%ort ,hi/ory ( ,engl&10 ,g9n & ,co41 9 :i* consid]able att5tion is giv5 to ! pres5t ,briti% ,empire4 #d ,among ^! might be especially m5tion$3 ,a%ley1 8,am]ican ,gov]nm5t10 ,macmillan ,co42 ,james & ,san=d1 8,gov]nm5t 9 ,/ate & ,nation10 ,scribn]s4 ,in/ruction 9 ,am]ican ,gov]nm5t 9 ,second>y ,s*ools ,a ,,comm5t ,,on ,,! ,,report ,,( ,,! ,,committee ,,( ,,five4 ,,by ,,william ,a4 ,,s*apes1 ,*airman ( ! ,committee ( ,five1 ,pr(essor ( ,political ,sci5ce1 ,univ]sity ( ,m9nesota1 ,m9neapolis4 ,! ,am]ican ,political ,sci5ce ,association has tak5 an int]e/1 n only 9 ! inve/igation & discussion ( ! sci5tific que/ions aris+ )9 ! field ( ,political ,sci5ce1 b has also paid att5tion to ! problem ( improv+ ! in/ruction 9 ,gov]nm5t 9 our s*ools & colleges4 ,to fur!r ?is "w a section on in/ruction 9 ,political ,sci5ce 0 organiz$ at its fir/ annual meet+4 ,9 #aijf ! committee ( five1 orig9ally ( ?ree memb]s1 0 appo9t$ to complete c]ta9 inve/igations :i* _h be5 />t$ 9 ! section on in/ruction1 ! p>tial results ( :i* _h be5 publi%$ 9 a pap] by ! writ] 9 ! proce$+s = #aije4 ,! committee 0 requir$ to asc]ta9 ! am\nt & k9d ( in/ruction 9 ,am]ican ,gov]nm5t be+ (f]$ 9 ! second>y s*ools ( ?is c\ntry & make recomm5dations = ! consid]ation ( ! association4 ,9 accordance ) ^! in/ructions ! committee und]took to collect its in=mation directly by correspond5ce ) ! tea*]s 9 ab\t #fjj high s*ools di/ribut$ ?r\gh\t ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! "w ext5d$ ov] m ?an two ye>s1 ! f9al report be+ read at ! ,ri*mond meet+ 9 ,decemb]1 #aijh1 & publi%$ 9 ! proce$+s = t ye>4 ,! po9t on :i* ! report lays greate/ /ress1 namely1 ! necessity ( tea*+ ,gov]nm5t z a di/9ct subject 9 ! second>y s*ools1 0 expressly approv$ by ! association )\t a diss5t+ vote4 ,x does n foll[1 ( c\rse1 t ! report expresses ! views ( e memb] ( t association1 9 e p>ticul>4 ,9 fact x does n4 ,! report does repres5t ! views ( ! entire committee aft] mak+ an exhau/ive /udy ( ! "q4 ,! report cov]s #ch pages ( ! proce$+s1 & is !re=e too elaborate to be prop]ly pres5t$ 9 a brief article4 ,only a few ( ! ess5tial features w be ref]r$ to4 ,at ! v outset ! committee 0 confront$ ) ! p$agogical "q z to :e!r ,gov]nm5t %\ld be taught z a di/9ct subject or :e!r x %\ld be taught 9 connection ) hi/ory4 ,! tea*]s are /ill some:at divid$ on ! subject1 & practice v>ies4 ,! in=mation collect$ indicates t ! tea*+ ( ,am]ican ,gov]nm5t1 ,civil ,gov]nm5t or ,civics z x is /ill b>b>\sly designat$1 is suff]+ f a lack ( prop] recognition 9 ! s*ool curriculum1 = want ( especially tra9$ tea*]s1 f lack ( a work+ s*ool libr>y on ,gov]nm5t & f inadequate text-books4 ,x seems a curi\s ?+ t our public s*ools1 :i* 7 in/itut$ & are op]at$ by gov]nm5tal ag5cy to ma9ta9 an enlight5$ citiz5%ip1 h taught e o!r subject except+ ,gov]nm5t4 ,!re c be little d\bt t ! r confus$ & contradictory recomm5dations ( ! ,committee ( ,sev5 t5 ye>s ago help$ mat]ially to spread ! impression among high s*ool tea*]s t ! subject ( ,gov]nm5t c\ld n be successfully /udi$ ap>t f ,hi/ory1 & t x is a sort ( poor relation to x on :i* little "t ne$ be sp5t4 ,! sugge/ion ( ! ,committee ( ,sev5 t ! subject might be taught 9 connection ) ,am]ican ,hi/ory 0 adopt$ by a l>ge numb] ( s*ools4 ,! results obta9$ are g5]ally consid]$ to be unsatisfactory4 ,9 ! ,we/ out ( #bdj s*ools he>d f1 #aec 7 (f]+ sep>ate in/ruction 9 ,gov]nm5t1 #dg taught ! subject 9 connection ) ,hi/ory1 & #dj fail$ to specify ! plan 9 use4 ,! tea*]s or pr9cipals 9 ^! s*ools p]sonally pref]r$ ! sep>ate c\rse by #aeh to #cj1 #ed fail+ to commit !mselves4 ,9 ! ,s\? #he s*ools report$ a sep>ate c\rse 9 ,gov]nm5t1 #ec a comb9ation c\rse ) ,hi/ory4 ,! tea*]s or pr9cipals report+ pref]r$ ! sep>ate c\rse by #aaa to #cc4 ,9 ! ,ea/ & ,mid-,we/ #ih s*ools report$ a sep>ate c\rse on ,gov]nm5t & #gd a comb9ation c\rse4 ,! tea*]s or pr9cipals express$ a p]sonal pref]5ce = ! sep>ate c\rse by #aaj to #db4 ,x %\ld be not$ t ! committee divid$ ! ,/ates into ?ree m or less arbitr>y sections2 ! ,we/1 embrac+ all ! ,/ates we/ ( ! ,mississippi1 except+ ,miss\ri & ! ,/ates to ! s\?2 ! ,s\? includ+ all ! ,/ates s\? ( ! ,ohio ,riv] & ,mason & ,dixon's l9e & ea/ ( ! ,mississippi1 b includ+ ,miss\ri & ! ,/ates to ! s\?2 ! ,ea/ & ,mid-,we/ includ+ ! ,/ates ea/ ( ! ,mississippi & nor? ( ! ,ohio ,riv] l9e4 ,! reports f all ! sections %[ t exp]i5ce is demon/rat+ t ! plan ( tea*+ ,am]ican ,gov]nm5t & ,am]ican ,hi/ory z "o subject is bad p$agogy & false economy4 ,! fact t ! tea*]s p]sonally pref] ! sep>ate c\rse 9 ,gov]nm5t by a l>ge majority 9 all ?ree sections is significant4 ,x means t exp]i5ce is a little ahead ( practice1 & t :5 practice has caught up ) ! be/ exp]i5ce1 ! comb9ation c\rse w be relegat$ to ! scrap-heap ( disc>d$ me?ods4 ,9 its recomm5dations ! committee urges ! ne$ ( m & bett] in/ruction 9 ,gov]nm5t1 ?r\gh\t ! entire s*ool sy/em f ! fif? grade up4 ,!re c be no "q t improvem5ts 9 ! adm9i/ration ( ! gov]nm5t h n kept pace ) ! advances1 = example1 9 indu/ry1 9 comm]ce1 9 transportation1 or ev5 9 pure sci5ce4 ,x is a well-kn[n fact t =eign]s f9d mu* to le>n f ?is c\ntry 9 ! organization ( indu/ry & 9 ! me?ods ( conduct+ bus9ess1 b !y d n f9d s mu* to comm5d 9 ! adm9i/ration ( our gov]nm5ts4 ,yet x is 9 ?is v field ( politics & gov]nm5t t ?is c\ntry 0 long suppos$ to h completely out/ripp$ all ! old] c\ntries4 ,9 ! fram+ ( con/itutions & 9 ! inauguration ( new sy/ems ( popul>iz+ political in/itutions ,am]ica has l$ & contribut$ mu*1 b 9 ! c>eful1 effici5t managem5t ( public affairs we h n be5 s successful4 ,9 ! managem5t ( our cities x is conc$$ t our mi/akes & failures are r m conspicu\s ?an our successes4 ,! "q naturally arises :e!r ! public s*ools h n contribut$ to ^! mi/akes & failures by neglect+ to provide adequate in/ruction 9 matt]s ( ,gov]nm5t4 ,x may be difficult to demon/rate t s*ool tra9+ 9 ! sci5ce ( ,gov]nm5t does result 9 pur] political me?ods & m effici5t adm9i/ration ( public bus9ess1 b surely a citiz5%ip ^: political in=mation has be5 glean$ f election po/]s1 /ump spee*es1 newspap] head l9es1 & highly color$ magaz9e articles w n furni% a model ( civic enlight5m5t & success4 ,! duty ( fitt+ ! y\? = ! s]vices & responsibilities ( citiz5%ip 9 ! ,republic "u ! complex conditions :i* n[ prevail1 belongs prim>ily to ! public s*ool4 ,x has n dis*>g$ its highe/ function until x provides = e *ild adequate in/ruction 9 ! gov]nm5t ( ?is c\ntry4 ,s f> ! public s*ool has fail$ to d ?is4 ,!re are l>ge cities 9 ?is c\ntry 9 :i* no sy/ematic in/ruction 9 ,gov]nm5t is giv5 9 ! o!rwise spl5didly equipp$ high s*ools1 nor is ! subject taught 9 ! grades4 ,"s ( ^! cities are 9 ! boss-ridd5 class4 ,! "q naturally pres5ts itself to our m9ds1 is "o circum/ance ! cause ( ! o!r8 ,c]ta9ly a high s*ool1 situat$ 9 a l>ge city1 t does n lead its boys to /udy ! complex organization & functions ( ! community 9 :i* !y live fails 9 p]=m+ its fir/ & highe/ duty4 ,! ,committee ( ,five !re=e recomm5ds t ! in/ruction 9 ,gov]nm5t beg9 ) ! fif? grade4 ,9 ! fif?1 six? & sev5? grades ! subject %\ld be pres5t$ 9 g5]al s*ool ex]cises1 9 ! subjects select$ = language lessons1 9 connection ) geography & o!r ex]cises4 ,9 ^! grades ! me?od ( in/ruction mu/ be l>gely oral )\t a text4 ,su* topics z ! fire dep>tm5t1 ! police1 ! wat] works1 ! p>ks1 g>bage collection1 ! heal? (fic]1 ! light h\sekeep]1 ! life sav+ /ation sugge/ subjects = discussion4 ,! aim be+ to lead ! *ild to ?9k ( ! community & realize t x has rights1 obligations1 prop]ty1 t x does c]ta9 k9ds ( "w & t e individual citiz5 has a "p to play 9 ! life & activities ( ?is community4 ,9 ! eigh? grade m =mal in/ruction on local1 ,/ate & national gov]nm5t may be giv54 ,a simple text %\ld be select$1 & ?is %\ld be supplem5t$4 ,! ma9 emphasis mu/ be plac$ on ! /udy ( local gov]nm5t to make ! subject concrete & br+ x home4 ,! committee recomm5ds t 9 ! high s*ool ,gov]nm5t be pres5t$ z a di/9ct subject ( in/ruction foll[+ "o seme/] ( ,am]ican ,hi/ory4 ,at lea/ "o-half ye> %\ld be devot$ to ! subject ) five recitations p] week or an entire ye> :]e ! ?ree-recitation plan is 9 use4 ,"s high s*ools are inde$ devot+ an entire ye> to ,am]ican ,gov]nm5t ) excell5t results4 ,9 fact1 if ! in/ruction 9 all ! high s*ools c\ld be br\ght up to ! level ( a few conspicu\sly advanc$ s*ools ! ma9 desires ( ! committee w\ld be fulfill$4 ,9 select+ a text ! tea*] %\ld avoid ! old /yle manual1 consi/+ ( ! clauses ( ! con/itution ) comm5ts4 ,su* books are entirely out ( date4 ,!y repres5t ! fir/ attempts at textbook mak+ 9 ?is field4 ,!y nev] 7 good texts4 ,x is r surpris+ t m ?an a score ( high s*ools report+ /ill use ^! useless books4 ,! tea*] %\ld equally avoid ! new hybrid text :i* attempts to comb9e 9 "o1 a treatm5t ( ,hi/ory & ,gov]nm5t4 ,9 ! v nature ( ?+s su* books mu/ be confus+ & di/ract+ to ! beg9n]4 ,x is equally important t sup]9t5d5ts & pr9cipals /op ! practice ( assign+ ! subject to any tea*] on ! =ce ^: "t is n fully tak5 up ) o!r duties4 ,no "o c hope to tea* ,gov]nm5t ) ! be/ success :o has n a g5u9e int]e/ & an appropriate tra9+ = ! "w4 ,lessons ,drawn f ! ,pap]s ( ,c&idates ( ! ,college ,entrance ,exam9ation ,bo>d ,,by ,,elizabe? ,,briggs1 ,,tea*] ,,( ,,hi/ory ,,& ,,civil ,,gov]nm5t ,,9 ,,sa*s' ,,s*ool ,,= ,,girls1 ,,new ,,york4 ,9 /udy+ ! reports ( ! secret>y ( ! ,college ,entrance ,exam9ation ,bo>d1 ! hi/ory tea*] le>ns ! di%e>t5+ fact t less ?an #fj p] c5t4 ( ! c&idates 9 hi/ory get #fj p] c5t4 or ov] 9 ! exam9ations4 ,! proportion ( ! :ole numb] ( c&idates 9 hi/ory :o h receiv$ ov] #fj p] c5t4 = ! pa/ eight ye>s is z foll[s3 #aijb #aijc #aijd #aije #aijf #aijg #aijh #aiji #ei4b #ec4b #ec4g #ed #dg4c #dc4b #ej4c #db4he ,x %\ld be not$ 9 pass+ t ! less5+ numb] ( successful c&idates *>act]izes n only hi/ory1 b ! :ole gr\p ( entrance exam9ation subjects4 ,b fur!r disquiet+ /ati/ics prove t hi/ory has g5]ally few] successful c&idates ?an mo/ ( ! o!r subjects2 9 #aijg x 0 surpass$ 9 ?is respect only by physics2 9 #aijh1 by ,g]man1 ma!matics & zology4 ,also 9 ! class ( high rat+s1 #ij-ajj1 hi/ory comes ne> ! foot ( ! class2 9 #aijg1 all ! o!r subjects rank$ high] except physics & *emi/ry2 9 #aijh1 all except ,spani%1 *emi/ry1 botany1 geography & music4 ,t is to say1 hi/ory makes a poor] %[+ ?an all ! o!r l>ge subjects1 ^? (f]+ a ?\s& c&idates or m4 ,grant+ t ! dem&s ( ! exam9]s are reasonable1 hi/ory tea*]s mu/ conclude t ! necess>y equipm5t is n be+ furni%$ to _! pupils4 ,al?\gh ! que/ions are design$ to te/ some?+ m ?an a sup]ficial k ( ev5ts1 su* a sup]ficial k1 provid$ x be complete z to ! :ole field1 w\ld enable a c&idate to obta9 a rat+ ( #fj4 ,! pap]s ( ! c&idates are evid5ce t in/ruction has be5 g5]ally omitt$ on "o po9t1 & has be5 slight$ on ?ree o!rs4 ,9 all conf]5ces ( hi/ory tea*]s1 mu* "t is sp5t 9 consid]+ h[ be/ to inculcate hi/orical m9d$ness1 accurate ?\ght1 cultivation ( ! imag9ation1 & cle> reason+2 prim>ily x is ackn[l$g$ t !re mu/ be acquir$ a /ock ( def9ite in=mation1 b ! discussions seem to assume t ! acquisition ( ! in=mation is an easy matt]1 & t ! ex]cise ( obs]vation1 analysis & judgm5t1 may occupy ! great] "p ( ! "t ( pupil & tea*]4 ,9 ! classroom1 h[ev]1 bo? tea*] & pupil :ile try+ to respond to ! multiplicity ( dem&s h be5 unable to divide ! "t into en\gh fractions to g r\nd1 & ! tea*]s seem to h rea*$ a cons5sus t ! topic to be cr[d$ out %all be geography4 ,9 spite ( ! fact t ! requirem5ts 9 hi/ory /ate t geographical k w be te/$ by requir+ ! location ( places & movem5ts on an outl9e map1 9 spite ( ! fact t almo/ e set ( que/ions = n9e ye>s has dem&$ map "w1 ! pap]s ( c&idates h %[n t in/ruction 9 geography1 includ+ ! use ( maps1 has be5 signally neglect$4 ,ye> aft] ye> answ]s 9 ?is subject h be5 m>k$ uni=mly l[1 seldom atta9+ a pass+ m>k1 be+ rat$ #a1 #b & #c1 on a scale ( #aj4 ,9 answ]s to que/ions :i* ask$ t ,philadelphia1 ,con/ant9ople1 ,alex&ria1 ,delos & ,delphi1 be m>k$ on ! map & _! hi/orical importance be expla9$ 9 ! answ] book1 ,philadelphia 0 plac$ 9 ,nor? ,dakota1 ,con/ant9ople 9 ,india1 ,alex&ria on ! ,adriatic1 ,delphi 9 ,italy1 & ,delos ne> ,g5oa2 & yet ! answ] books told correctly ! hi/orical importance ( ea*4 ,h[ completely geography may be divorc$ f map "w 0 illu/rat$ 9 a few answ]s to a "q t ask$ = ! m>k+ on ! map ( ! ,engli% fronti] on ! ,european cont95t 9 ! "t ( ,william ,i1 ,h5ry ,,ii1 & ,h5ry ,v2 sev]al c&idates wrote out _! answ]s 9 addition to indicat+ !m on ! map1 ) ! curi\s result ( a correct li/ & an incorrect map1 t is to say1 ! memoriz+ ( ,fr5* prov9ces _h be5 c>efully done1 b !re _h be5 no practice 9 map "w4 ,a m vici\s example ( un9tellig5t memoriz+ x w\ld be h>d to f9d4 ,c\ntries z well z cities h be5 misplac$2 ,irel& 9 ,norway1 ,wales 9 ,g]many1 ,*9a 9 ,egypt4 ,t ! ignorance "h is due to ! tea*]s & n to ! pupils is made app>5t by ! failure on ?is po9t 9 o!rwise excell5t pap]s4 ,!re c\ld h be5 no in/ruction1 or ! intellig5t pupil w\ld h met ! requirem5t4 ,ano!r pro( besides ! mass ( incorrect answ]s t map "w is neglect$ 9 ! s*ools is ! fact t :5 ! options p]mitt$ a *oice betwe5 map "w & an explanation ( geographic control1 ! *oice fell on geographic control4 ,?is *oice 0 made n because ! c&idate 0 qualifi$ to write ab\t ! effect ( geographical conditions on ! hi/ory ( ! e>ly settlem5ts 9 ,am]ica1 or on ! ,revolution>y /ruggle1 b because guess+ seem$ easy4 ,z = ! o!r 8eye ( hi/ory10 *ronology1 !re is a respectable %[+4 ,! exam9ation que/ions h n ask$ = li/s ( dates1 ?\gh a k ( dates has be5 frequ5tly dem&$ by ! nature ( ! que/ions1 & su* dem&s h n f\nd ! pupils want+4 ,an occasional ana*ronism has occurr$1 & has s]v$ to enliv5 ! read+1 z ! /atem5ts t ! b>ons ( ! "t ( ,william ! ,conqu]or sp5t mo/ ( _! "t smok+ & dr9k+1 & t ,milton 0 effective by means ( 8 ef=ts 9 ! daily pap]s4 ,occasionally a c&idate w\ld %[ :at he c\ld d by prefac+ or conclud+ 8 answ] book ) a *ronological table = ! :ole subject4 ,answ]s to :at may be call$ sweep+ que/ions su* z 8,trace ! rise & fall ( ! naval p[] ( ,a!ns10 %[ a lack ( practice 9 review+ by topics2 ?\gh meagre1 !y sugge/ m acqua9tance ) ! subject ?an is writt5 d[n1 giv+ evid5ce ( consid]able drill on isolat$ po9ts1 if n on ! cont9u\s /ory4 ,all ! hi/ory pap]s s9ce #aija h _h que/ions ( ?is sort1 & x w\ld seem likely t tea*]s w\ld take ! h9t & ex]cise _! pupils 9 foll[+ a tra9 ( ev5ts f reign to reign1 f adm9i/ration to adm9i/ration1 f c5tury to c5tury4 ,! g5]al failure ) ?is type ( "q & ! g5]al success 9 tim+ isolat$ ev5ts leads to ! fe> t ! hi/ory is /udi$ :olly by reigns or adm9i/rations )\t reg>d to ! 8ceaseless c\rse0 ( ,"t4 ,! hi/ory exam9]s h also made a po9t ( introduc+ que/ions *>act]iz$ by _! timel9ess1 ab\t ,alfr$ ! ,great 9 ! ye> :5 ! ?\s&? anniv]s>y ( 8 dea? 0 be+ celebrat$1 9 #aijd on ! ,l\isiana ,pur*ase1 9 #aiji on ,grov] ,clevel&1 que/ions :i* x 0 expect$ w\ld receive unusually full treatm5t4 ,! expectation 0 disappo9t$1 possibly because _! 8timel9ess0 did n exi/ = ! c&idate2 because curr5t ev5ts h _h no %>e ( 8 att5tion1 ?\gh !y might be tak+ ! =m ( celebration ( ! pa/4 ,z = curr5t ev5ts pure & simple1 ^? t belong to ! pres5t p] se1 any option on !m is avoid$4 ,! only subject ( curr5t int]e/ on :i* in=mation has seem$ to be widespread 0 ! melodramatic exp]i5ce ( ,miss ,ell5 ,/one4 ,alli$ to ?is ignorance ( curr5t ev5ts1 is ! ignorance ( ! n9ete5? c5tury 9 ,mod]n hi/ory & 9 ,engli% hi/ory4 ,a c&idate c\ld write a passable acc\nt ( ,*>lemagne & fail on ,bism>ck1 c\ld be accurate ab\t ,wolsey & yet /ate t ,glad/one wrote /&>d law books4 ,= ?is k ( ! remote pa/ & ignorance ( ! rec5t pres5t1 ,dr4 ,james ,sullivan says t ! text-books %\ld be held responsible1 z few tea*]s are any bett] ?an _! text-books4 ,9 biography1 :5ev] ! options made x possible to write on sev]al p]sons r ?an on "o1 ! great] majority ( ! c&idates f\nd x easi] to pres5t a few meagre facts ab\t sev]al individuals ?an an ext5d$ acc\nt ( "o individual4 ,evid5tly biography 9 s*ool is conf9$ to ! foot notes or ! descriptive introductory p>agraph on ! page t m5tions a new lead] = ! fir/ "t4 ,9 fact "o /ud5t apologiz$ = 8 limit$ k ( ,pitt & ,nelson on ! gr\nd t ,montgom]y gives no ext5d$ biographies4 ,l ,dr4 ,sullivan1 he blam$ ! text-book4 ,x %\ld n be impli$ t ! read] f9ds no evid5ce ( collat]al read+4 ,indications ( x d appe>1 b !y are r>] ?an oases 9 ,sah>a4 ,f> f h9t+ at collat]al read+1 _m answ]s %[$ inadequate att5tion to ! sl5d] mat]ial (f]$ 9 ! text-book4 ,x seems n unreasonable to expect t e /ud5t go+ up = exam9ation 9 ,engli% hi/ory %\ld be able to place ,milton & ,nelson correctly1 yet _! names h br\ght out su* /atem5ts z1 !re is no?+ record$ 9 hi/ory %[+ any p]sonal s]vice t ,milton did = ! ,r\ndheads & t p]sonally he 0 a ,tory1 t ,milton wrote books ( travel & wild improbable adv5tures ( sea & l&2 t ,nelson explor$ = ,engl& & w5t fur!/ nor?1 t he sunk ! ,spani% ,armada1 t he defeat$ ! comb9$ ,fr5* & ,spani% navies at ,wat]loo1 & t he signal$1 8,don't give up ! %ip40 ,! only satisfactory item to be cr$it$ to ^! /atem5ts is ! fix$ association ( ^! names respectively ) lit]ature & ! sea4 ,any h9t z to ! p]sonality ( ! subject is seldom f\nd1 yet ,william ! ,conqu]or1 ,h5ry ,,viii1 & ,cromwell1 seem to h _h "s hold on ! imag9ation4 ,to summ>ize exp]i5ces z a read] is n a happy task = ! second>y s*ool tea*]4 ,z reg>ds :at may be t]m$ ! ,new ,le>n+ 9 hi/ory--geographic control1 economics1 & ! ex]cise ( obs]vation1 analysis1 & judgm5t1 ! tea*] ne$ n blu% at 8 failure to r5d] 8 pupil able to obs]ve1 analyze1 & judge 9 cle> & correct ,engli% 9 fifte5-m9ute sections ( a two-h\r exam9ation1 or to deal successfully ev5 9 an elem5t>y way ) subjects t h ei!r only rec5tly become "p ( a college c\rse or are n g5]ally /udi$ by fre%m54 ,b :at hi/ory tea*]s d ne$ to conc]n !mselves ) is ! failure to supply _! pupils ) a reliable /ore ( facts4 ,if ! /ati/ics ( ! ,bo>d seem to imply t hi/ory tea*+ is inf]ior to tea*+ 9 mo/ o!r subjects1 x w\ld be consol+ to accept ! sugge/ion t ! poor returns are n ! result ( poor tea*+1 b ( no tea*+1 s9ce _m c&idates h tri$ ! exam9ation )\t in/ruction1 an exp]im5t !y w\ld make 9 no o!r subject4 ,,footnote3 #e ,^! figures are n f9al1 z ! ,secret>y's report is n out = #aiji4 ,! ,/udy ( ,we/]n ,hi/ory 9 ,our ,s*ools ,,by ,,pr(essor ,,cl>5ce ,w4 ,,alvord1 ,,( ,,! ,,univ]sity ,,( ,,ill9ois4 ,! ,we/ has always be5 self-ass]tive4 ,?is may s\nd some:at banal1 b no adjective describes s exactly t pr9cipal *>act]i/ic ( h] vigor\s y\?4 ,comm]cially1 politically1 socially %e has display$ h] egoism & has cont9ually dem&$ f h] eld] si/]1 ! ,ea/1 praise = h] a*ievem5ts4 ,y\? is1 h[ev]1 pass+ away2 ov] a c5tury ( political life has be5 left beh9d2 age has br\ght ) x a new pride 9 ! consci\sness ( accompli%m5t4 ,to-day ! ,we/ realizes t %e has _h a hi/ory t is no mean "p ( ! national /ory4 ,! cry f ! prairies is no long]3 8,see :at we are do+20 b1 8,see :at we h done40 ,self-ass]tion aga96 ,yes1 p]haps bumpti\sness1 b su* is ! fact4 ,on e side !re are signs ( ?is new phase ( we/]n self-consci\sness4 ,9 no "p ( ! ,union is !re su* an int]e/ 9 local hi/ory4 ,/ate-support$ dep>tm5ts ( hi/ory1 ,/ate hi/orical societies1 c\nty & city hi/orical societies1 ev5 wom5's clubs & public s*ools1 & l>g] unions su* z ! conf$]ation ( ! societies ( ! ,ohio ,valley & ! ,mississippi ,valley ,hi/orical ,association1 are all active 9 collect+ mat]ial = & exploit+ we/]n hi/ory4 ,"s ( ! ef=ts are misdirect$1 _m ( ! pap]s pres5t$ be=e ^! le>n$ societies are absurd2 b ev5 ! aimless grop+s ( ! hi/orical amb indicate ! inn]mo/ ye>n+s = a k ( ! pa/ & ! consci\sness ( de$s wor? record+4 ,9 develop+ ?is consci\sness ( h] pa/1 ! ,we/1 naturally en\gh1 has f\nd a grievance aga9/ ! hi/orians ( ,am]ica :o h some:at neglect$ ?is important phase ( ! national developm5t4 ,be=e ! eyes ( ! hi/orian educat$ "u ! %ad[ ( ! gild$ dome ( ! ,puritan ,capitol1 ! l&+ ( ! ,pilgrim ,fa!rs looms l>g] on ! hi/orical horizon ?an ! occupation ( ! ,old ,nor?we/ dur+ ! ,revolution>y ,w>1 s t he gives a m c>eful & ext5sive description to ! =m] ?an to ! latt] ev5t4 ,! we/]n] gazes ^u ano!r horizon1 :]e ! relative importance ( ev5ts are diff]5tly gr\p$4 ,to him _m ev5ts conf9$ to ,new ,engl&1 ! description ( :i* fills pages ( our national hi/ories1 appe> ( local int]e/2 & ev5ts belong+ to o!r p>ts ( ! c\ntry assume national importance4 ,?is grievance is n altoge!r fictiti\s1 z a glance at any ( our l>ge hi/ories & p>ticul>ly at ! text-books us$ 9 our s*ools w disclose4 ,! signs ( ! times1 h[ev]1 po9t to a heal?ful *ange2 = 9 ! la/ _m-volum$ ,am]ican hi/ory1 *apt] aft] *apt] is devot$ to ! hi/ory ( ! ,we/4 ,! correction ( ! error 9 proportion1 moreov]1 lies 9 ! h&s ( ! we/]n hi/orians1 :o c br+ to prom95ce ! ev5ts ( _! section only by produc+ s]i\s & sci5tific /udies on ! developm5t ( ! ,we/2 & consci\sly or unconsci\sly ! rec5t movem5t 9 ! /udy ( we/]n hi/ory is direct$ t[>d t end4 ,besides ! popul> int]e/ 9 ! subject1 already not$1 ! univ]sities are turn+ ! att5tion ( _! graduate /ud5ts to ! field2 ! sci5tifically-tra9$ in/ructors ( ^! in/itutions are conduct+ rese>*es into ! hi/ory ( ! valley2 9 o!r words1 we/]n hi/ory is already recogniz$ z a legitimate field = rese>* "w4 ,"t alone is ne$$ = ! results ( ?is activity to become a "p ( ! national consci\sness1 :5 ! relative importance ( we/]n ev5ts w be correctly giv5 9 our l>g] hi/ories & be f9ally dissem9at$ ?r\gh text-books & popul> works to ! public4 ,! ,tea*]'s ,duty4 ,! developm5t ( a popul> k ( ! hi/ory ( ! ,we/ w l>gely be ! "w ( ! tea*]s 9 our public s*ools4 ,?is is =tunate1 = ! subject is suit$ 9 a rem>kable degree = ! purposes ( in/ruction4 ,9 ! great c5tral valley ! romantic1 religi\s1 political1 & economic gr[?s h be5 luxuriant1 & e /ud5t1 :atev] 8 "*1 w f9d ev5ts to ar\se 8 hi/orical imag9ation4 ,! glam\r ar\nd ! wild life ( ! =e/ & prairie appe>s mo/ brilliant to *ildr54 ,! lurk+ ,indian1 ! sil5t ,jesuit1 ! song-lov+ voyageur1 ! h>dy trapp]--^! are figures t give a picturesque t\* to our e>ly hi/ory :i* nev] fails to reta9 ! att5tion ( ! class4 ,=tunately ! e>lie/ phase ( we/]n hi/ory inspir$ ! brilliant p5 ( ,francis ,p>kman1 & 8 acc\nts ( ! discov]y & occupation ( ! ,mississippi ,valley h become p>ts ( ! common k ( our p1 s t ! figures ( ,m>quette1 ,lasalle1 & ,front5ac /& out relatively cle> 9 ! memories ( ! s*ool days4 ,s9ce1 9 ,p>kman's works1 lit]ature1 romance1 & good hi/orical n>rative are s well comb9$1 ! tea*] %\ld make ! mo/ ( ^!1 = :]e he ends1 !re is no "w or set ( works1 comp>able to 81 to cont9ue ! n>rative4 ,_m h be5 ! attempts to tell ! /ory ( ! advance ( ! ,engli% pione]s across ! m\nta9s1 b we /ill await ! well-equipp$ & inspir$ hi/orian4 ,!re are1 ( c\rse1 books to :i* ! pupils c turn ) pr(it & int]e/4 ,p>ticul>ly has ! fronti]sman ) gun & axe be5 glorifi$1 & 8 picturesque figure is fully z attractive z ,jesuit prie/ or ,fr5* voyageur4 ,b ! fundam5tal motives ( ! we/w>d movem5t %\ld n be lo/ 9 ! romantic /ory ( a ,boone or ,sevi]4 ,! fir/ impulse we/w>d came f ! ,engli%man's desire to p>ticipate 9 ! fur trade :i* ! ,fr5* ?reat5$ to monopolize4 ,dur+ ! reign ( ,*>les ,,ii ! movem5t1 ext5d+ f ,hudson ,bay to ! ,c>ol9as1 0 />t$4 ,almo/ z e>ly z ,lasalle1 ,virg9ians 7 on ! wat]s ( ! ,upp] ,ohio1 & 7 trad+ among ! ,indians ( ! ,s\?we/4 ,! fight = ! fur trade _h begun4 ,l& speculation 0 a second impulse = ! we/w>d movem5t4 ,boom t[ns 7 n an inv5tion ( ye/]day4 ,! f>-fam$ ,am]ican pione] play$ 8 "p 9 ^! ent]prises1 b he 0 (t5 only a pawn 9 ! h&s ( ! g5tleman speculator ( ! ,ea/1 :o is to be f\nd 9 e p]iod ( we/]n developm5t4 ,! speculative en]gy ( su* m5 z ,george ,wa%+ton1 ! ,lees1 & ,george ,morgan adv]tis$ ! advantages ( ! valley l&s f> & wide4 ,!n foll[$ ! wild ru% ( homeseek]s :i* rapidly built ! ,we/]n ,/ates4 ,! /ory ( ! ,we/ 9 ! ,revolution>y ,w> is n well told 9 ! usual text-books ( ! s*ools1 = ! description ( ! ev5ts :i* decid$ :e!r ?is va/ t]ritory %\ld be ,briti% or ,spani% or belong to ! ,unit$ ,/ates are g5]ally relegat$ to a few l9es ( a p>agraph4 ,! settlem5t ( ,k5tucky & ,t5nessee1 ! occupation ( ! ,old ,nor?we/ by ! ,virg9ians1 ! successful campaigns ( ,gov]nor ,galvez :i* gave ! ,floridas to ,spa91 ! defeat ( ! v>i\s ,briti% campaigns to recov] _! hold on ! c5tral ,mississippi2 ^! are all ev5ts ( /up5d\s importance = ! future developm5t ( ! ,am]ican p4 ,we/]n ,t5d5cies4 ,! fir/ & mo/ m>k$ *>act]i/ic 9 ! hi/ory ( ! ,we/ is its unity4 ,?is sets x (f f ! ,ea/1 :]e p>ticul>i/ic developm5t 0 ! rule4 ,on ! seabo>d1 well m>k$ peculi>ities sep>ate ! inhabitants ( ! diff]5t sections4 ,9 ! ,mississippi ,valley1 ,/ate b\nd>ies h little mean+1 & divide 9 no way ! p liv+ on ei!r side4 ,ev5 :5 broad] areas ?an ^? ( ! ,/ates are consid]$1 div]se developm5t is n s well m>k$ z x is ea/ ( ! m\nta9s4 ,?r\gh\t ! e>ly pione] p]iod ! emigration we/w>d 0 ! same 9 "* nor? & s\? ( ,mason & ,dixon's l9e4 ,! ,ohio ,riv] 0 ! great *annel by :i* ! tide ( immigration fl[$ ov] ! prairies ( ! ,old ,nor?we/ & ! blue grass region ( ,k5tucky2 & accid5t frequ5tly l$ "o man to ! slave-hold+ ,/ates & 8 neighbor to ! ,nor?4 ,if ! ,ohio 0 ! gateway to ! ,we/1 ! ,mississippi 0 ! great c5tral av5ue ^u :i* ! we/]n p f all sections met 9 fri5dly trade1 s t ! orig9al feel+ ( solid>ity 0 /r5g!n$ by cont9u\s int]c\rse & ! realization ( mutual int]e/s4 ,! diff]5t environm5t at ! headwat]s & m\? ( ! riv] nev] succe$$ 9 sep>at+ completely ! we/]n p4 ,"h ! idea ( ! unity ( ! c\ntry took deep] root ?an 9 ! ,ea/1 :]e /atehood meant m & nation less4 ,x 0 9 ! ,middle ,we/ t1 z ! /ruggle betwe5 ,nor? & ,s\? drew ne>1 national lead]s 7 develop$ & :]e ! /ronge/ ef=ts 7 made to hold ! c\ntry 9 unity4 ,we/]n ,democracy4 ,! ,we/ has m\ld$ our national "* ev5 m ?an ,new ,engl& ) h] f>-fam$ & n>r[ ,puritanism2 = ! ,we/ has be5 ! cauldron into :i* ! nations ( ! _w h p\r$ _! /reams ( immigrants & f :i* has come ! national type4 ,?is amalgamation ( "* began 9 ! olde/ ,we/1 :5 ,iri%m51 ,engli%m51 ,scot*-,iri%1 & ,g]mans settl$ 9 ! region betwe5 ! falls ( ! seabo>d riv]s & ! m\nta9s1 /ret*+ f ,v]mont to ,georgia4 ,"h 0 m\ld$ ! new type ( man1 :o 0 to populate ! great] ,we/ across ! m\nta9 ridges4 ,9 an environm5t ( primeval conditions1 9 ! /ruggle ) ! ,indians & ! =e/s !re 0 develop$ a self-reliance ( "*1 diff]+ 9 _m ways f any s+le ,european type4 ,?is new man ( ! ,we/ admir$ ! do] ( de$s1 condemn$ all reliance on traditional or family position1 scorn$ ,/ate au?ority1 & lov$ indep5d5ce4 ,9 ! soil ( ! new ,we/1 creat$ by ^! m51 ! doctr9es ( ,r\sseau fl\ri%$ luxuriantly4 ,all unconsci\s1 ! fronti]sm5 7 putt+ into practice ! mo/ radical philosophy ( ! ,fr5* ,revolution4 ,x 0 on ! fronti] t ^? cons]vative traditions ( ,europe1 :i* l+]$ ye>s aft]w>ds 9 ! m settl$ ,ea/1 7 swept away1 & ,am]ican democracy 0 really br$4 ,x 0 on ! bord] ( ! old] fronti] t ! spokesman ( ?is democracy1 ,?omas ,jeff]son1 liv$2 & x 0 out ( ! new ,we/ t ! h]o ( democracy1 ,&rew ,jackson1 came4 ,! ,newe/ ,/ate ,association & an ,old] ,"o ,,! ,,cali=nia ,,association ,,( ,,hi/ory ,,tea*]s4 ,,by ,h4 ,w4 ,,edw>ds1 ,,( ,,b]keley4 ,! fir/ meet+ ( ! ,cali=nia ,association ( ,hi/ory ,tea*]s 0 held 9 ,b]keley1 ,july #ad1 9 connection ) ! summ] session ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,cali=nia4 ,! foll[+ pap]s 7 read3 8,hi/ory 9 ! ,gramm> ,s*ool0--,j4 ,b4 ,newell1 ,univ]sity ( ,cali=nia4 8,emphasis 9 ,anci5t ,hi/ory0--,r4 ,f4 ,s*olz1 ,univ]sity ( ,cali=nia4 8,emphasis 9 ,tea*+ ( ,hi/ory0--,rog] ,b4 ,m]riman1 ,h>v>d ,univ]sity4 ,pr(4 ,newell urg$ t 9 ! grades1 hi/ory be taught ) m att5tion to ! great fundam5tal facts & elim9ation ( details4 ,he consid]$ t great conte/s1 su* z ! ,am]ican ,revolution1 %\ld be us$ by ! tea*] to tra9 ! pupil 9 a broad tol]ance1 by call+ att5tion to ! m]its ( bo? sides ( ! "q4 ,he w\ld h ! tea*]s d m read+ = !mselves1 & call$ att5tion to ! ne$ ( m money = provid+ ! s*ools ) books4 ,! burd5 ( ,pr(4 ,s*olz's essay 0 ! neglect ( ! ,ori5t z a con/ant factor 9 ,anci5t ,hi/ory4 ,_m tea*]s & mo/ text-books assume t ! ,ea/ ceas$ to ex]t a great influ5ce aft] ! "t ( ,alex&]4 ,?is t5d5cy to divide ,anci5t ,hi/ory into 8comp>tm5ts0 ignores ! solid>ity ( ! anci5t _w1 & is ess5tially unsci5tific4 ,ori5tal influ5ce 0 a p[]ful elem5t ?r\gh\t ! :ole ( ! anci5t p]iod4 ,9 conclusion ,pr(4 ,s*olz call$ att5tion to c]ta9 p>allels betwe5 ! race que/ions ( antiquity & ^? ( ! pres5t day4 ,pr(4 ,m]riman made f\r pr9cipal po9ts3 #a4 ,make hi/ory int]e/+--8bett] be flippant ?an dull40 #b4 ,comp>e & correlate4 ,example--! date #adib becomes increas+ly significant :5 "o consid]s ,lor5zo de ,m$ici1 ,*>les ,,viii ( ,france1 ! conque/ ( ,granada1 ,pope ,alex&] ,,vi4 #c4 ,relate ! pa/ to mod]n ev5ts & conditions4 #d4 ,make ! developm5t ( m5tal p[] a con/ant purpose4 ,9 addition to ^! pap]s1 two %ort talks 7 giv54 ,pr(4 ,j4 ,n4 ,b[man n>rat$ ! orig9 ( ! ,pacific ,coa/ ,bran* ( ! ,am]ican ,hi/orical ,association1 & urg$ ! claims ( bo? p>5t ,association & ,bran*4 ,dr4 ,s4 ,h4 ,willey1 a memb] ( ! ,cali=nia ,con/itutional ,conv5tion ( #ahdi1 & ! fir/ ,presid5t ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,cali=nia1 0 pres5t1 & 0 call$ ^u by ! *airman4 ,to ! hi/ory tea*]s1 x 0 mo/ int]e/+ to li/5 to "o :o _h done mu* to make hi/ory1 & to he> ( ! bir? ( ! ,/ate f "o ( h] 8fa!rs40 ,dr4 ,willey gave an int]e/+ acc\nt ( ! conditions lead+ up to ! conv5tion1 & ( ! mak+ & adoption ( ! ,con/itution1 toge!r ) ref]5ces to ! great /ruggle 9 ,congress4 ,he urg$ t ! *ildr5 ( ! ,/ate be made famili> ) ! facts ( h] hi/ory1 & express$ a hope t ! tea*]s w\ld devote m att5tion to ! subject4 ,! (fic]s ( ! ,association are3 ,presid5t--,sup]9t5d5t ,e4 ,m4 ,,cox1 ( ,san ,rafael4 ,secret>y--,pr(4 ,j4 ,n4 ,b[man1 ,b]keley4 ,,! ,,hi/ory ,,tea*]s' ,,association ,,( ,,m>yl&4 ,,by ,,dr4 ,,eleanor ,l4 ,,"l1 ,pr(essor ( ,hi/ory 9 ,woman's ,college1 ,baltimore4 ,! organization ( ! ,m>yl& ,association c h>dly be describ$ z ! result ( spontane\s en?usiasm or ( volunt>y action on ! "p ( ! tea*]s !mselves2 r1 x 0 some:at 9 ! nature ( an exp]im5t 9 hi/oriculture und]tak5 by reque/4 ,!re are reasons1 p>tly geographical1 p>tly economic & p>tly political1 x may be1 :y _m ( ! hi/ory tea*]s1 especially 9 ! rural di/ricts ( ,m>yl&1 work+ a little ap>t f ! ma9 curr5ts ( educational progress1 ne$ an awak5+ or a lift or bo?4 ,! ,orig94 ,at ! annual meet+ ( ! ,association ( ,hi/ory ,tea*]s ( ! ,middle ,/ates & ,m>yl&1 9 #aije1 ! difficulty ev]y:]e exp]i5c$ 9 rea*+ tea*]s :o are prev5t$ by duties or by geographical remot5ess f att5d+ ! conv5tions 0 po9t$ out1 & x 0 vot$ to au?orize & enc\rage ! f\ndation ( local conf]5ces ( hi/ory tea*]s1 ) a view to m9imiz+ ! ob/acles to clos] contact ) ! m remote tea*]s & /imulat+ int]e/ 9 local hi/ory & 9 local problems4 ,! prim>y purpose ( ^! local organizations 0 decl>$ to be ! same z t ( ! ma9 association1 viz41 8to advance ! /udy & tea*+ ( hi/ory & gov]nm5t ?r\gh discussion10--a wid] discussion ?an is possible at ! annual meet+4 ,mr4 ,rob]t ,h4 ,wright1 ( ,baltimore1 :o 0 pres5t at ! meet+1 0 reque/$ to attempt ! =mation ( a local association = ,baltimore4 ,a few weeks lat]1 z ! result ( a conf]5ce ( five individuals int]e/$ 9 ! matt]1 an invitation 0 ext5d$ to a numb] ( local tea*]s & /ud5ts ( hi/ory to att5d a meet+ 9 ! ,donovan ,room1 ,johns ,hopk9s ,univ]sity1 ! v room1 z x happ5$1 9 :i* ! ,association ( ,hi/ory ,tea*]s ( ! ,middle ,/ates & ,m>yl& 0 organiz$4 ,?is meet+1 held ,may #ai1 #aijf1 0 well att5d$4 ,! objects ( ! propos$ association 7 /at$ & a tempor>y organization effect$4 ,x 0 vot$ to ext5d ! geographical scope ( ! association s z to include ! ,/ate ( ,m>yl& z well z ,baltimore ,city4 ,! con/itution subsequ5tly adopt$ /at$ ! purpose ( ! association to be1 9 addition to ! objects already m5tion$1 ! promotion ( p]sonal acqua9tance among tea*]s & /ud5ts ( hi/ory1 &1 z f> z practicable1 ! fur!rance ( ! int]e/s ( ! ma9 association4 ,progress ( ! ,association4 ,! ,m>yl& ,association has made fair progress 9 ! ?ree ye>s ( its exi/5ce4 ,! memb]%ip1 numb]+ at pres5t ab\t ?irty-five1 includes univ]sity1 college1 normal1 high & elem5t>y s*ool tea*]s ( hi/ory1 z well z s*ool sup]9t5d5ts & sup]visors4 ,! activities ( ! ,association may be summ>iz$ briefly4 ,s9ce ! date ( organization sev5 regul> meet+s h be5 held & ! foll[+ subjects h be5 discuss$3 8,hi/orical ,aspects ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,navy10 by ,hon4 ,*>les ,j4 ,bonap>te1 ,secret>y ( ! ,navy4 8,fundam5tal ,pr9ciples 9 ,tea*+ ,hi/ory10 by ,pr(4 ,*>les ,m4 ,&rews1 ,johns ,hopk9s ,univ]sity4 8,! ,be/ ,me?ods ( ,controll+ & ,te/+ ! ,/ud5ts' ,"w 9 ,hi/ory10 by ,pr9cipal ,r4 ,h4 ,wright1 ,ea/]n ,high ,s*ool = ,girls1 & ,pr(4 ,eleanor ,l4 ,"l1 ,woman's ,college ( ,baltimore4 8,! ,correlation ( ,hi/ory & ,geography10 by ,miss ,elizabe? ,montell1 ,tea*]s' ,tra9+ ,s*ool4 8,! ,correlation ( ,hi/ory & ,engli%10 by ,miss ,annette ,hopk9s1 ,tea*]s' ,tra9+ ,s*ool4 8,ess5tials 9 ,tea*+ ,hi/ory10 by ,sup]vis+ ,pr9cipal ,h4 ,m4 ,johnson1 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c4 8,s\rces ( ,am]ican ,hi/ory 9 ! ,briti% ,ar*ives10 by ,pr(4 ,c4 ,m4 ,&rews1 ,johns ,hopk9s ,univ]sity4 8,public ,libr>ies z an ,aid to ,/ud5ts & ,tea*]s ( ,hi/ory10 by ,dr4 ,b]n>d ,/e9]1 ,libr>ian ( ,eno* ,pratt ,free ,libr>y4 8,managem5t ( ,collat]al ,read+ 9 ,connection ) ! ,text-,book10 by ,miss ,annie ,graves1 ,arundell ,s*ool1 & ,miss ,flor5ce ,hoyt1 ,bryn ,mawr ,s*ool4 ,dur+ ! w9t] ( #aijg-jh a /udy section = ! /udy ( civics 0 successfully c>ri$ on by ,mr4 ,rob]t ,h4 ,wright4 ,! mo/ ambiti\s "w und]tak5 has be5 ! compilation ( an ,annotat$ ,bibliography = ! ,use ( ,hi/ory ,tea*]s4 ,! task 0 intru/$ to ,pr(4 ,c4 ,m4 ,&rews1 ,mr4 ,j4 ,montgom]y ,gambrill & ,miss ,lida ,lee ,tall4 ,! ,bibliography 0 publi%$ 9 in/alm5ts 9 ! 8,atlantic ,educational ,j\rnal10 ?r\gh ! c\rtesy ( ! editors1 & x w %ortly appe> 9 p]man5t =m4 ,:5 ! ,association ( ,hi/ory ,tea*]s ( ! ,middle ,/ates & ,m>yl& met 9 ,baltimore1 9 ,m>*1 #aijh1 ! local association act$1 9 a s5se1 z ho/s4 ,on ?is occasion a ,guide to ,po9ts ( ,hi/orical ,int]e/ 9 ,baltimore 0 compil$ = ! local association by ,dr4 ,annie ,h4 ,abel & ,dr4 ,eleanor ,l4 ,"l1 & copies 7 di/ribut$ to ! memb]s ( ! visit+ association4 ,ideals ( ! ,f\nd]s4 ,9 plann+ ! "w ( ! ,association1 ! ,executive ,bo>d has always _h 9 view ! fact t n only ! g5]al meet+s ( ! ma9 association1 b ev5 ^? ( ! local conf]5ce1 are beyond ! rea* ( _m :o may feel ! ne$ ( in=mation ab\t matt]s t closely conc]n p]sons engag$ 9 ! tea*+ ( hi/ory2 ! /imulus ( contact ) o!rs tea*+ ! same subject2 ! enri*m5t ( _! own m9ds ?r\gh a fre% /udy ( ! subject 9 ! light ( rec5t s*ol>%ip4 ,repeat$ ef=ts h be5 made by means ( circul> lett]s to elicit sugge/ions ( means ( mak+ ! ,association useful to its m remote memb]s2 & all memb]s h be5 urg$ to jo91 individually1 ! ,association ( ! ,middle ,/ates & ,m>yl&1 9 ord] t !y may receive its publications & ^? ( ! ,new ,engl& & ,nor? ,c5tral ,associations4 ,?irte5 new memb]s 7 add$ to ! ma9 association dur+ ! ye> #aijh-ji4 ,an ef=t is n[ be+ made to improve ! libr>y facilities ( tea*]s 9 ! rural di/ricts2 & ! co-op]ation ( ! ,/ate ,libr>y ,commission ( ,m>yl& has be5 promis$ 9 an ef=t to circulate ?r\gh ! c\nty high s*ools travel+ book-boxes1 select$ accord+ to ! classification ( ! ,bibliography m5tion$ above4 ,! (fic]s = #aijh-ji 7 z foll[s3 ,presid5t--,eleanor ,l4 ,"l4 ,vice-,presid5t--,*>les ,m4 ,&rews4 ,secret>y-,treasur]--,rob]t ,h4 ,wright4 ,additional ,memb]s ( ! ,bo>d ( ,gov]nors--,lida ,lee ,tall1 ,j4 ,montgom]y ,gambrill4 ,an ,anci5t ,hi/ory ,"* ,social ,,by ,,m>y ,,nor?1 ,,montclair1 ,n4 ,j4 ,"o hundr$ & fifty boys & girls 9 ! fir/-ye> class ( a suburban high s*ool plann$ & c>ri$ ?r\gh a mo/ successful review 9 ,anci5t ,hi/ory la/ ,may4 ,! c\rse provides = five p]iods a week 7"o ( :i* is unprep>$71 & x cov]s ,ori5tal ,hi/ory z well z ,greek & ,roman4 ,! pupils _h exhibit$ mu* int]e/ dur+ ! ye>1 b 7 beg9n+ to %[ signs ( li/lessness & fatigue1 & some?+ _h to be done to ar\se _! en?usiasm4 ,a "* social 0 sugge/$ by ! tea*]1 & m 0 accompli%$ by x ?an c\ld h be5 ga9$ by weeks ( urg+ & toil4 ,ea* division appo9t$ a committee to assi/ 9 ! prep>ations1 & by ! "t t ! affair 0 ov] m ?an half ( ! pupils _h tak5 an active "p 9 ! arrangem5ts4 ,besides committees on program1 pr9t+1 refre%m5ts & decorat+1 !re 7 special gr\ps at "w4 ,sev]al boys busi$ !mselves mak+ siege ma*9]y su* z ! ,romans us$1 :ile "s ( ! girls dress$ small dolls to repres5t ,roman soldi]s4 ,all ( ^! models 7 exact & requir$ mu* /udy & skill on ! "p ( ! mak]s4 ,! mu*-talk$-( !ory ( co-ord9ation 0 put into practice1 = ! ,lat9 dep>tm5t provid$ acc\nts & pictures ( sieges1 :ile ! manual-tra9+ tea*]s all[$ ! boys ! use ( ! %op4 ,ano!r set ( pupils plann$ an exhibition ( /atu>y1 prep>+ g>m5ts & /udy+ poses ( fam\s classic /atues4 ,! fir/ numb] on ! program 0 ! exhibition ( ! siege ma*9]y4 ,on ! plat=m 7 a city wall & t[] built ( wood5 blocks1 & be=e !m1 arrang$ = ! attack1 7 _m pieces ( ma*9]y4 ,! boys :o made ! ma*9es _h *>ge ( ! siege1 & ea* exhibit$ 8 in/rum5t1 giv+ its "n & expla9+ its me*anism4 ,!re 7 catapults1 balli/1 batt]+-rams1 v9e1 plutei1 tre-buckets1 wall-hooks & besieg+ t[]s4 ,! *airman ( ! committee expla9$ ! gr\p+ ( ! ma*9es on ! field & ! relative importance ( ! v>i\s in/rum5ts1 & !n ! siege began4 ,ea* ma*9e actually work$1 & ! city wall collaps$4 ,on a table ne> by ! legates1 sl+]s & c5turions witness$ ! siege1 b took no active "p4 ,!y 7 v prop]ly clad1 b _! flax5 locks & g5tle eyes beli$ _! w>like app>el4 ,ano!r "p ( ! plat=m _h be5 arrang$ = ! exhibition ( /atu>y & 0 front$ by a l>ge picture-frame illum9at$ by electricity4 ,:5 ! curta9 0 fir/ drawn !re /ood 9 ! frame ! fam\s 8,m\rn+ ,a!na10 rec5tly f\nd 9 ! ru9s ( ! ,p>!non4 ,! ,grac*i next appe>$ & 7 foll[$ by a ve/al virg91 :o gave place to two lictors4 ,! la/ /atue 0 ,m9]va ,giu/9iani1 p]haps ! mo/ successful ( all4 ,x _h tak5 ! comb9$ ef=ts ( _m pupils to produce helmet1 s]p5t & spe>1 s t all 7 vitally int]e/$ 9 ?is /atue4 ,h] pose & expression 7 p]fect1 & ! sil5ce :i* greet$ h] 0 int5se until brok5 by deaf5+ applause4 ,! e>ly numb]s on ! program 7 mo/ int]e/+1 b did n comp>e ) ! "* social itself4 ,ea* p]son on arriv+ _h be5 tagg$ ) a numb] & _h communicat$ to a tru/y (ficial ! "n ( ! "* t he _h *os54 ,^! *>act]s c\ld be tak5 f ! ,ori5tal mon>*ies z well z f ,greece & ,rome4 ,!y mu/1 h[ev]1 h be5 m5tion$ 9 ! text-books 7,my]s & ,morey74 ,ea* play] 0 provid$ ) a p5cil & pr9t$ program conta9+ a li/ ( numb]s correspond+ to ^? ( ! *>act]s pres5t4 ,at a giv5 signal ! game began1 & ea* assum$ 8 "*4 ,no "o told 8 "n1 b ea* talk$ or act$ z if he 7 ,cs>1 or ,alex&]1 or ,rameses4 ,z soon z a boy discov]$ t he 0 talk+ to ,cs>1 he w\ld scribble d[n 8,cs>0 opposite ! prop] numb] & ru% (f to talk to same "o else4 ,"o boy wore a d\ble-fac$ mask & c>ri$ little gates2 ano!r _h a t9y pair ( boots p9n$ to 8 coat & c>ri$ 9 8 h& a beautiful toy horse4 ,a girl c>ri$ a lant]n & anxi\sly se>*$ ! faces ( all h] comrades2 h] que/ seem$ fruitless1 & %e w\ld sadly %ake h] head & move on4 ,e m9d 0 h>d at "w1 & at ! end ( ! h\r x 0 ) difficulty t ! room 0 br\ght to ord] to comp>e *>act]s ) ! orig9al li/4 ,! correct li/ ( *>act]s 0 read1 & all :o _h guess$ ov] sev5ty 7 invit$ to ! plat=m4 ,no "o respond$ to ! desc5d+ numb]s call$ until sixty 0 rea*$1 :5 "o girl came up4 ,!n o!rs foll[$ 9 increas+ numb]s until ! faculty began to respond 9 ! ?irties4 ,! quiet & susp5se dur+ ?is call+ (f ( numb]s 0 mo/ int5se4 ,( c\rse1 no "o _h conv]s$ ) ea* "* pres5t1 b _m play]s guess$ correctly all ! *>act]s !y _h met4 ,= days aft] ! social ?is "*-/udy cont9u$1 because ! boys & girls kept go+ ov] 9 _! m9ds ! *>act]s !y _h met & n guess$1 & kept comp>+ notes until ! li/ ( *>act]s !y knew 0 greatly increas$4 ,:5 ! real review came 9 class1 ! pupils discov]$ t sc>cely a p]iod c\ld be f\nd t _h n be5 t\*$ ^u1 :ile ! tea*] _h aga9 secur$ an en?usia/ic gr\p ( /ud5ts in/ead ( numb]less indiff]5t boys & girls4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! ,hi/ory ,tea*]'s ,magaz9e ,publi%$ mon?ly1 except ,july & ,augu/1 at #ehje ,g]mant[n ,av5ue1 ,philadelphia1 ,pa41 by ,mc,k,i,n,l,e,y ,,publi%+ ,,co4 ,a4 ,e4 ,mc,k,i,n,l,e,y1 ,proprietor4 ,,subscription ,,price4 ,"o doll> a ye>2 s+le copies1 #ae c5ts ea*4 ,,po/age ,,prepaid 9 ,unit$ ,/ates & ,mexico2 = ,canada1 #bj c5ts additional %\ld be add$ to ! subscription price1 & to o!r =eign c\ntries 9 ! ,po/al ,union1 #cj c5ts additional4 ,,*ange ,,( ,,address4 ,bo? ! old & ! new address mu/ be giv5 :5 a *ange ( address is ord]$4 ,,adv]tis+ ,,rates furni%$ ^u application4 ,,editors ,manag+ ,editor1 ,,alb]t ,e4 ,,mck9ley1 ,,ph4,d4 ,hi/ory 9 ! ,college & ! ,s*ool1 ,,ar?ur ,c4 ,,h[l&1 ,ph4,d41 ,assi/ant ,pr(essor ( ,european ,hi/ory1 ,univ]sity ( ,p5nsylvania4 ,! ,tra9+ ( ! ,hi/ory ,tea*]1 ,norman ,m4 ,tr5holme1 ,pr(essor ( ! ,tea*+ ( ,hi/ory1 ,s*ool ( ,education1 ,univ]sity ( ,miss\ri4 ,"s ,me?ods ( ,tea*+ ,hi/ory1 ,,fr$ ,,morr[ ,,fl+1 ,pr(essor ( ,european ,hi/ory1 ,univ]sity ( ,nebraska4 ,reports f ! ,hi/ory ,field1 ,,walt] ,h4 ,,cu%+1 ,secret>y1 ,new ,engl& ,hi/ory ,tea*]s' ,association4 ,am]ican ,hi/ory 9 ,second>y ,s*ools1 ,,ar?ur ,m4 ,,wolfson1 ,ph4,d41 ,de,witt ,cl9ton ,high ,s*ool1 ,new ,york4 ,! ,tea*+ ( ,civics 9 ! ,second>y ,s*ool1 ,,alb]t ,h4 ,,san=d1 ,/ate ,normal ,s*ool1 ,la ,crosse1 ,wis4 ,european ,hi/ory 9 ,second>y ,s*ools1 ,,daniel ,c4 ,,kn[lton1 ,ph4,d41 ,b>r+] ,high ,s*ool1 ,new>k1 ,n4 ,j4 ,engli% ,hi/ory 9 ,second>y ,s*ools1 ,c4 ,b4 ,,newton1 ,lawr5ceville ,s*ool1 ,lawr5ceville1 ,n4 ,j4 ,anci5t ,hi/ory 9 ,second>y ,s*ools1 ,,william ,,fairley1 ,ph4,d41 ,comm]cial ,high ,s*ool1 ,brooklyn1 ,n4 ,y4 ,hi/ory 9 ! ,grades1 ,,arm& ,j4 ,,g]son1 ,sup]vis+ ,pr9cipal1 ,rob]t ,morris ,public ,s*ool1 ,philadelphia1 ,pa4 ,,correspond5ts4 ,,mabel ,,hill1 ,l[ell1 ,mass4 ,,george ,h4 ,,ga/on1 ,*icago1 ,ill4 ,,james ,f4 ,,will>d1 ,b\ld]1 ,col4 ,h4 ,w4 ,,edw>ds1 ,b]keley1 ,cal4 ,,walt] ,f4 ,,flem+1 ,baton ,r\ge1 ,la4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,me?od ,,! ,,ne$4 ,pr9t$ on ano!r page ( ?is numb] is a pap] by ,miss ,briggs ^u h] exp]i5ces z an exam9] & read] 9 hi/ory = ! ,college ,entrance ,exam9ation ,bo>d1 9 :i* figures are giv5 to %[ t hi/ory pap]s are rat$ l[] ?an any o!r ( ! major subjects1 & t ! av]age grade 9 hi/ory1 in/ead ( ris+1 is actually gett+ l[] ye> by ye>4 ,miss ,briggs expresses ! hope t ! l[ grades are due to ! numb] ( applicants :o prep>e by rapid tutor+ or :olly by !mselves = ! hi/ory exam9ations2 a practice1 ( c\rse1 almo/ impossible 9 ! o!r major subjects4 ,b :ile su* cramm+ is p>tly responsible = ! failure ( hi/ory applicants1 x _c relieve ! hi/ory tea*] ( blame4 ,all :o h _h exp]i5ce 9 ! m>k+ ( hi/ory pap]s 9 entrance exam9ations "k t mu* ( ! tea*+ ( hi/ory is c>eless1 indef9ite1 & )\t evid5t purpose or und]/&+4 ,if our subject is n to lose ca/e altoge!r we mu/ f9d a me?od :i* w give ! /ud5t t :i* c be measur$ objectively1 z well z furni% subjective satisfaction or culture4 ,su* a me?od w n add to ! intricacy ( hi/ory = ! /ud5t1 b x w require m effici5t tea*]s ( ! subject1 & x w prev5t t s]i\s evil ( ! high s*ool tea*+ ( hi/ory1--! assignm5t ( hi/ory to any unatta*$ in/ructor1 :e!r he or %e kn[s any?+ ab\t hi/ory or no4 ,hi/ory tea*+ 9 ! college or ! graduate s*ool has1 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 f\nd itself1 & won ! respect ( its fell[s2 hi/ory tea*+ 9 ! high s*ool & prep>atory s*ool has n yet rea*$ t po9t ( self-developm5t4 ,!re has be5 mu* talk1 & rightfully1 ab\t ! cont5t ( second>y s*ool hi/ory c\rses4 ,! m>ket has be5 fill$ ) excell5t text-books & admirable s\rce books--inde$ !y are almo/ too good 9 t !y h made text-book recitations easi] & some:at m int]e/+4 ,!re h be5 pages & volumes ( read+ ref]5ces & map ref]5ces & s\rce ref]5ces4 ,yet ) all ^! aids to ! bett] tea*+ ( hi/ory !re has n gone a proportionate ability to use !m4 ,let u ask = a :ile1 n :at p]iod ( hi/ory %all we tea*8 b1 h[ %all we tea* any p]iod ( hi/ory8 ,9 ! ,lat9 or ,greek class !re are objective /&>ds :i* mu/ be rea*$2 9 ! ma!matics or ! ,engli% class !re is a c]ta9 am\nt & quality ( productive "w to be accompli%$2 9 ! physics or *emi/ry or botany class !re is laboratory exp]i5ce to be ga9$ & record$ 9 note-books4 ,has hi/ory a me?od :i* c be comp>$ ) any ( ^!8 ,c we measure objectively ! /ud5t's acquisition8 ,c we get him to use 9 "s way 8 exp]i5ces 9 ! field ( hi/ory1 or h him record !m 9 a valuable =m8 ,x may be object$ t ! e/abli%m5t ( a m intricate hi/orical me?od w add to ! duties & labor ( ! hi/ory tea*]4 ,?is may be true2 & inde$ ought to be true4 ,! day ought to h pass$ :5 a college graduate :o took 9 college b "o c\rse 9 hi/ory1 & t 9 ,ori5tal hi/ory1 %\ld be ?\ght qualifi$ to tea* hi/ory 9 a second>y s*ool4 ,su* cases are n r>e to-day2 !y w\ld be r>] if ! hi/orical me?od 7 m def9ite & requir$ bett] tra9+4 ,pr(essor ,fl+'s article 9 ! ,septemb] ,,magaz9e & ,pr(essor ,tr5holme's articles 9 ?is & subsequ5t numb]s w furni% "s details ( hi/orical me?od :i* %\ld be valuable to e hi/ory tea*]4 ,9 c>ry+ out ^! sugge/ions ! tea*] may tempor>ily add to 8 or h] own labors2 b ?is w n be = long4 ,add$ effici5cy w mean great] respect = ! tea*] & ! subject2 & increas$ respect w br+ m assi/ants 9 hi/ory1 m "t devot$ to ! subject1 & incid5tally a /rong] dem& = good hi/ory tea*]s4 ,economically z well z intellectually ! hi/ory tea*] w pr(it by rais+ ! /&>ds ( 8 pr(ession4 8,,z ,,hirel+ ,,& ,,n ,,z ,,consecrate40 ,a not$ j\rnali/1 :o is also a writ] on educational topics1 & a tru/ee ( a l>ge ea/]n univ]sity1 9 writ+ to ! editor respect+ ! e/abli%m5t ( ,,! ,,hi/ory ,,tea*]',s ,,magaz9e1 said3 8,y\r idea is an admirable "o4 ,x ought to d good4444 ,) ?is tea*+1 z ) all o!rs1 ,i fe> ! difficulty is ! _s 9 :i* x is done1 z hirel+ & n z consecrate40 ,is ?is *>ge true ( ! hi/ory tea*]s ( ! c\ntry8 ,we "k t hi/ory tea*]s 7 among ! la/ to organize = common purposes2 t to-day _! associations are n z /rong z ^? ( tea*]s ( ! classics & ( o!r subjects1 t _! class "w is n z well organiz$ z ! "w ( t f> m indef9ite subject1 second>y s*ool ,engli%4 ,are ^! facts ! result ( a hirel+ _s8 ,we ?9k n4 ,r !y are due to ! un=tunate place :i* until v rec5t ye>s1 hi/ory has occupi$ 9 ! elem5t>y & second>y s*ool ro/]4 ,& yet1 :ile we believe !re exi/$ & /ill exi/ valid imp$im5ts to ! greate/ success ( ! hi/ory tea*]1 x may be well = ea* ( u to ask himself or h]self ! "q4 ,am ,i do+ ! "w z hirel+ & n z consecrate8 ,at times we ne$ su* se>*+ que/ions4 ,& until ! "t :5 we h a great body ( hi/ory tea*]s :o are tea*+ ! subject because !y love x & love to tea* x to o!rs our hi/ory tea*+ w be he>tless & /]ile4 ,european ,hi/ory 9 ! ,second>y ,s*ool ,d4 ,c4 ,,kn[lton1 ,,ph4,d41 ,editor4 ,,! ,,/ruggle ,,betwe5 ,,! ,,*ur* ,,& ,,! ,,m$ieval ,,empire4 ,! ,importance ( ! ,*ur*4 ,! problem ( simplify+ & ( unify+ ! mat]ial = /udy s z to give ! /ud5t a cle> conception ( ! c\rse ( ,european developm5t is "o t confronts ! tea*] at e turn & calls con/antly = solution4 ,9 ?is connection ,pr(essor ,em]ton1 9 8 address on ! 8,tea*+ ( ,m$ieval ,hi/ory 9 ! ,s*ools10 po9ts out ! importance ( ! /udy ( ! ,*ur* z ! great unify+ elem5t 9 ,european progress1 especially ?r\gh\t ! ,middle ,ages4 8,all ! peoples ( ,europe1 divid$ z !y are by nationalities & by social classes1 are all unit$ 9 ?is "o common possession ( religion & a culture d]iv$ f ,rome & hold+ !m /ill aft] g5]ations ( sep>ation 9 an ideal atta*m5t to some?+ !y feel to be high] & bett] ?an any?+ 9 _! pres5t _w40 ,! aims ( ! papacy 9 p>ticul>1 says ,pr(essor ,em]ton1 make ?is task ( ! tea*] easi] ( solution1 because ! successors ( ,/4 ,pet]1 ev5 h>k+ back to ! times ( ,gregory ,i1 /rove "o & all = ! same end--8to en=ce anew ?is ideal ( a va/ ,*ri/ian ,/ate1 gov]n$ 9 ! la/ resort by an appeal to its own div9ely-con/itut$ tribunal40 ,! greate/ ef=ts put =? to ?is end fall )9 ! p]iod "u consid]ation1 namely f ! times ( ,hildebr& to ! dea? ( ,fr$]ick ,,ii1 or1 m exactly1 f ab\t #ajej1 :5 ,hildebr& 0 fa/ becom+ ! p[] beh9d ! papal ?rone1 to #abfh1 :5 ,conrad9's untimely dea? 9 ! m>ket place ( ,naples t]m9at$ ! rule ( ! ,hoh5/auf54 ,! pres5tation ( ! relations betwe5 ! popes & ! emp]ors ( ?is p]iod involves a f\rfold task1 namely an appreciation 7#a7 ( ! "t cov]$ & ! areas conc]n$1 7#b7 ! p]sonalities involv$1 7#c7 ! issues at /ake1 & 7#d7 ! effects ( ! /ruggle on ,europe4 ,! ,elem5ts ( ,"t & ,place4 ,x may be an elem5t>y consid]ation1 b x is )al fundam5tal1 t ! pupil grasp ! l5g? ( "t involv$1 ! ord] 9 :i* ! ev5ts occurr$1 & ! !at] on :i* !y transpir$4 ,x is n a cont9u\s /ruggle1 = x is op5$1 !n clos$1 !n reop5$ aga92 n[ by pope1 n[ by emp]or4 ,on ! o!r h& ^! successive meet+s ( popes & emp]ors 9 conflict are b phases ( "o & ! same great /ruggle = supremacy1 ^: issue ,pr(essor ,em]ton has s cle>ly /at$4 ,^! phases mu/ be cle>ly def9$ z to _! "t limits if ! /ud5t is to foll[ ! conte/ intellig5tly4 ,z to ! c\ntries or localities involv$ he mu/ und]/& :at 0 meant by ! ,holy ,roman ,empire ( ! ,g]man p & :at its limits 71 bo? actual & !oretical2 to :i* he mu/ add a m detail$ k ( ,italy1 p>ticul>ly ( ,lomb>dy & ! new ,norman k+dom 9 ! ,s\?1 :i* prov$ to be su* an important factor 9 ! situation4 ,! ,p]sonalities 9 ! ,/ruggle4 ,9 no p]iod ( ! ,middle ,ages c we f9d p]sonalities m /rik+ ?an ^? zeal\s uphold]s ( ! papal pr]ogative1 ,gregory ,,vii & ,innoc5t ,,iii--a /atem5t :i* applies equally well to ! great *ampions ( ! empire1 ,fr$]ick ,i & ,fr$]ick ,,ii4 ,fr$]ick ,b>b>ossa atta9$ 8 exalt$ position :5 sc>cely ?irty2 8 illu/ri\s namesake at an ev5 e>li] age4 ,bo? !re=e ent]$ ! conte/ ) all ! vigor & en?usiasm ( _! "y manhood4 ,al?\gh ,gregory ,,vii & ,innoc5t ,,iii 7 some:at f>!r advanc$ 9 life1 !y too _h lo/ none ( _! y\?ful ardor & en?usiasm z !y _h ris5 rapidly to high position1 ! "o becom+ papal c\nsellor be=e he 0 ?irty1 ! o!r elect$ pope at ?irty-eight4 ,^! m5 repres5t "s ( ! be/ products ( _! times1 9 "*1 physique1 s*ol>ly atta9m5ts & native ability4 ,fr$]ick ,,ii ev5 =e%ad[s 9 "* rul]s l ,h5ry ,,viii & ,l\is ,,xi1 :o liv$ m ?an two c5turies lat]4 ,alike 9 "s respects1 :at contra/s !y pres5t 9 o!rs4 ,s fai?fully h ! *ronicl]s p]=m$ _! tasks t x is comp>atively easy to call !m up & make !m pass 9 review be=e u4 ,hildebr&1 unimpos+ 9 appe>ance1 b passionate & indomitable2 ,h5ry ,,iv1 intellig5t1 b viol5t2 ! tall1 fair-hair$1 pr9cely ,b>b>ossa2 ! ?91 b well-proportion$1 ,fr$]ick ,,ii1 ( /udi\s mi52 & f9ally ! maje/ic ,innoc5t ,,iii1 n[ giv+ way to bur/s ( ang]1 & n[ plung$ into fits ( deep melan*oly4 ,! pr9ciples :i* ^! m5 repres5t$ c\ld n h _h bett] advocates4 ,! ,issues4 ,an exam9ation ( ! ?ree ma9 /ruggles %[s t ea* ( ^! *ampions ( ,*ur* & ,/ate hop$ to realize a def9ite aim :i* he usually s\ght to atta9 9 8 own way4 ,x is mo/ int]e/+ to foll[ ! ebb & fl[ ( ! tide ( battle4 ,! pope 0 ! fir/ to ?r[ d[n ! gage ( battle by attempt+ to remove ! ,*ur* f politics ?r\gh ! suppression ( simony & ! m>riage ( ! cl]gy4 ,! v boldness ( ,gregory 9 d>+ to alt] conditions :i* _h n be5 di/urb$ = g5]ations1 & t1 too1 9 ! face ( ! /ronge/ opposition1 calls =? n only surprise1 b admiration1 :i* increases z we exam9e ! =ces ^u :i* he reli$ to accompli% 8 results1 namely1 ! canon law1 ! *ur* organization & ! ban ( excommunication4 ,accord+ to "s au?orities1 ! v ye> :i* witness$ ! settlem5t ( ! fir/ great /ruggle 7#aabb71 m>k$ ! bir? ( ,fr$]ick ,i1 ! second great *ampion ( ! rights ( ! empire1 rightly nam$ ! imp]iali/ ,hildebr&4 ,select+ ,*>lemagne z 8 model1 he /rove n only to unify 8 ,g]man possessions1 b to re-e/abli% ! p[] & au?ority ( ! empire 9 ,europe by reass]t+ its "r to rule ,rome & ! ,lomb>d cities1 & by endeavor+ to unite ) x ! ,norman possessions 9 ! s\? ( ,italy4 ,^! attempts naturally br\ght him into conflict ) ! papacy1 :i* fe>$ s dang]\s a neighbor on its v bord]s4 ,8 ma9 reliance 0 9 ! rec5tly-reviv$ /udy ( ! ,roman law1 & 9 a 8 labors he gov]n$ himself by ! maxim t 8all t pleases a pr9ce has ! =ce ( law40 ,innoc5t ,,iii1 ) p]haps ! highe/ conception ( 8 position ( any individual :o _h ?us f> occupi$ ! *air ( ,/4 ,pet]1 d>$ to ass]t t ! ,"l gave t apo/le ! rule n only ( ! ,univ]sal ,*ur*1 b also ! rule ( ! :ole _w4 ,t ^! 7 n m]e phrases on 8 lips 0 %[n by 8 ef=ts to ext5d 8 au?ority to ! fur!/ b\nds ( ,*ri/5dom4 ,favor$ some:at by circum/ances1 he became = a "t ! arbit] ( ! de/9ies ( ! empire1 b at no "t did he h a foeman wor?y ( 8 /eel )9 its conf9es4 ,^! 7 r to be f\nd 9 ! limits ( ,*ri/5dom 9 ! ris+ k+doms ( ,france & ,engl&1 ^: sov]eigns nev]!less trembl$ be=e 8 ?reats & rep5t$ ( _! misde$s4 ,l ,gregory ,,vii1 he ask$ = no /rong] weapons ?an ! t]rors inspir$ by ! wra? ( ,"m ,*ur*4 ,f9ally !re appe>$ 9 ! ar5a ! brilliant w>d ( ?is ! greate/ ( popes1 ,fr$]ick ,,ii1 aptly *>act]iz$ z ! fir/ ( mod]n k+s1 /riv+ = absolute ma/]y 9 ,sicily & 9 ,g]many1 plac+ 8 tru/1 z did 8 illu/ri\s ance/or 9 ! ,roman law1 b utiliz+ at ! same "t 8 k ( m5 & ! ris+ p[] ( ! b\rgeoisie4 ,8 plans1 l ^? ( ,b>b>ossa1 met ) vigor\s opposition at ! h&s ( ! popes & = mu* ! same reasons4 ,effects ( ! ,/ruggle4 ,:5 we pass to our f9al consid]ation1 namely1 ! effects ( ^! /ruggles on _! p>ticipants & ^u ,europe1 we f9d ourselves face to face ) incid5ts ( a mo/ dramatic "*4 ,! sc5e at ,canossa is ! mo/ famili> ( ^!1 b !re 0 also ! no less humiliat+ spectacle lat] at ! portals ( ,/4 ,m>k's 9 ,v5ice1 :5 ,fr$]ick ,b>b>ossa s\ght a reconciliation ) ,alex&] ,,iii1 foll[$ almo/ a hundr$ ye>s lat] by ! tragic end ( ! la/ ( ! ,hoh5/auf54 ,^! ev5ts1 dramatic z !y appe>1 s]ve r to m>k ! progress ( ! long /ruggle ?an z epitomes ( its results4 ,^! mu/ be s\ght 9 ! relative position & influ5ce ( ! ,*ur* & empire 9 ,europe at ! end ( ! p]iod4 ,al?\gh bo? rea*$ ! apogee ( _! p[] & influ5ce dur+ ?is p]iod1 ! middle ( ! ?irte5? c5tury m>ks ! p]iod ( _! decl9e4 ,?is decay 0 m m>k$ at fir/ 9 ! case ( ! empire1 :i* practically ceas$ to exi/ 9 "n4 ,! "t1 h[ev]1 0 n f> di/ant :5 ! papacy1 too1 0 to ent] ! valley ( humiliation & dr9k to ! dregs ! bitt] cup :i* x _h put to ! lips ( its great adv]s>y4 8,"o g5]ation m & ! same nation :i* _h s5t an army to def5d its cause 9 ,italy 0 to /rike x 9 ! face ) ! iron glove ( "o ( its own subjects1 & 0 !n to capture x & hold x1 an ignom9i\s tool = political ends dur+ a c5tury m40#f ,^! facts1 ) a m detail$ /atem5t ( ! v>i\s symptoms ( decay1 %\ld be impress$ ^u ! /ud5t z ! tea*] br+s ! p]iod to a close4 ,lit]ature4 ,! acc\nt ( ! ?ree phases ( ! /ruggle z giv5 by ,grant 9 8 8,outl9es ( ,european ,hi/ory10 is especially to be recomm5d$ = its brevity1 cle>ness1 simplicity & compreh5siv5ess2 also ,*apt] ,x 9 ,adams's 8,civilization ,dur+ ! ,middle ,ages10 :i* summ>izes ! /ruggle f a slightly diff]5t /&po9t4 ,portraits ( ! ma9 actors are to be f\nd 9 ,bemont & ,monod's 8,m$ieval ,europe f #cie to #abgj02 ,t\t1 8,empire & ,papacy10 & ,em]ton1 8,m$ieval ,europe0 7#had-acjj74 ,^! books are also valuable = _! details ( ! /ruggle4 ,!re is abundant s\rce mat]ial 9 ,rob9son1 ,ogg1 & ,?at*] & ,mc,neal to make cle> ! attitude ( ! popes1 notably ( ,gregory ,,vii & ! v>i\s treaties & compromises :i* m>k ! diff]5t /ages ( ! /ruggle4 ,9 "s cases contempor>y acc\nts are giv5 ( ! /ruggle itself1 e4 g41 ( ! sc5e at ,canossa4 ,9 ?is connection m5tion might be made ( ! description ( ?is sc5e by ,dr4 ,jaeg] z an illu/ration ( ! n>rative me?od ( pres5tation z employ$ by ! ,g]man s*oolma/]4#g ,,footnotes3 #f ,em]ton1 ,m$ieval ,europe1 p4 #cee4 #g ,jaeg]1 ,! ,tea*+ ( ,hi/ory1 ,app5dix1 pp4 #bjj-bjh4 ,engli% ,hi/ory 9 ! ,second>y ,s*ool ,c4 ,b4 ,,newton1 ,editor4 ,,ii4 ,,! ,,developm5t ,,( ,,! ,,engli% ,,nation2 ,,to ,,edw>d ,i4 ,feudalism3 ,"o ,way to ,get at ,x4 ,x seems to me bett] n to grapple ) feudalism until ! rage ( ! ,conque/ is fairly pass$1 & we come to ! actual reign ( ,william ,i1 p>tly because we h our h&s full be=e ?is 9 try+ to in/il a reasonably cle> idea ( ! ,saxon =ms ( gov]nm5t1 & p>tly because x is n v cle> j h[ e>ly feudal =ms & cu/oms began to be dissem9at$ ?r\gh\t ,engl&4 ,s we may z well m]ely m5tion _! exi/5ce be=e ! ,norman rgime1 & n expla9 !m fully till we are call$ on to %[ :at modification 9 ! cont95tal sy/em 0 made by ! ,conqu]or4 ,! feudal sy/em is s difficult to def9e briefly t mo/ text-books evade ! attempt to d s4 ,i believe1 h[ev]1 9 introduc+ ev5 s l>ge a subject z ?is ) a t]se def9ition1 su*1 = example1 z3 8,feudalism 0 a me?od ( l& own]%ip & gov]nm5t common ?r\gh\t ,europe dur+ ! middle ages40 ,x does a boy or girl no h>m to le>n a %ort /atem5t l ?is1 ev5 ?\gh x means little to him or h] at fir/4 ,x s]ves z a rally+ po9t = explanation2 its t]ms are pegs on :i* to hang fur!r details 9 ord]ly fa%ion4 ,to expla9 m concretely j :at ,i mean1 suppose we take ! above def9ition 7any o!r w\ld d71 & see h[ we may proce$ ) x 9 ! class room s z to light x up ) real mean+4 ,a1 let u say1 has recit$ ! def9ition glibly1 hav+ tak5 x d[n 9 8 note-book ! day be=e1 ) in/ructions to le>n x by he>t4 8,n[1 ,a10 says ! a/ute tea*]1 8d y und]/& :at t means80 8,n exactly10 hesitates ,a1 if he is +5u\s 7if he isn't1 he may easily be conf\nd$74 8,good60 y reply1 9 "o /roke comm5d+ 8 hone/y & %[+ t y d n expect bricks )\t /raw4 8,let's see if we c't get at its mean+4 ,does y\r fa!r own any l&80 7,a surpris$ look & prick+ up ( e>s 9 ! class74 8,no8 ,well1 he r5ts y\r home1 !n8 ,yes8 ,b somebody owns x1 ( c\rse1 & h[ did he get x8 ,b\ght x8 ,probably4 ,d y "k ( any way ( gett+ l& except by buy+ or r5t+ x80 ,voice f an excit$ h& across ! room1 8,h[ ab\t wills80 8,yes1 l& may be inh]it$1 b x _h to be b\ght once1 didn't x80 8,well10 y cont9ue1 to ,a & ! class1 8?is buy+ or r5t+ = money is our #8me?od ( l& own]%ip1' d y see8 ,n[1 did y ev] he> ( a man's be+ 9 ,congress1 or ! legislature1 or be+ a judge simply because he own$ or r5t$ a c]ta9 am\nt ( l&8 ,c]ta9ly n4 ,m5 are elect$ or appo9t$ to places 9 our gov]nm5t4 ,l& own]%ip & gov]nm5t are sep>ate matt]s4 ,j ?9k h[ diff]5t x 0 9 old ,engl& 7& ?r\gh\t ,europe1 = t matt]7 9 feudal times4 ,m5 held high position 9 ! nation l>gely because ( _! great e/ates toge!r ) _! pr[ess 9 w>4 ,n[1 in/ead ( buy+ or r5t+ l&1 h[ w\ld y\r l&lord or y\r fa!r h got x1 say 9 ! reign ( ,william ,i1 ,a80 8,f ! k+ or f "s big noble40 8,"r y are--b h[1 = no?+80 8,no1 9 return = fight+ = him40 8,yes1 & on a few o!r conditions2 !y are giv5 9 y\r book4 ,:at 7 !y1 ,x8 ,:at6 asleep8 ,=gott58 ,c1 tell u40 ,s y proce$ to draw out ! details ( homage1 fealty1 & s]vice1 ! !ory ( royal own]%ip1 ! t]ms suz]a91 vassal1 fief1 etc41 drill+ 9 ! unfamili> words by frequ5t use1 comp>+ !m z f> z possible ) pres5t t]ms & usages1 & br++ out1 by contra/ & comp>ison1 ! ess5tials ( ! :ole sy/em4 ,f9ally y %[ t ! sy/em 0 univ]sal ?r\gh\t ,*ri/5dom1 expla9 :at ! middle ages 7 7if ,a1 ,c or ,x c't71 & po9t out ! adaptability ( feudalism to ! "t4 ,:5 y h f9i%$ ?is1 y\r p]iod w h fl[n 7lucky if ! bell does n r+ too soon671 & y\r m]e def9ition w mean some?+ to all b y\r dulle/ pupils4 ,on pp4 #aca-acf ( ,*eyney's 8,read+s10 are "s excell5t practical details ( feudal proc$ure :i* w be f\nd useful = examples4 ,a ,logical ,approa* to ! ,orig9s ( ! ,jury4 ,did y ev] /op to ?9k h[ little y\r intellig5t pupil und]/&s ab\t "s pres5t-day in/itutions ! orig9s ( :i* int]e/ u because we appreciate _! mod]n practice & significance8 ,take1 = example1 ! jury4 ,a little que/ion+ w br+ out :e!r or n y\r class kn[s ! diff]5ce betwe5 a trial jury & a gr& jury1 ei!r 9 make-up or 9 functions4 ,unless y are m =tunate ?an ,i h be51 y w f9d !y "k v little4 ,n[1 does x n seem an illogical absurdity to wade "r into ! beg9n+s ( ! jury sy/em 9 ! days ( ,h5ry ,,ii :5 our class has little or no notion ( :at ! sy/em is n[1 or :at x /&s =8 ,:5 we come to ?is po9t1 !re=e1 9 ! epo*-mak+ reign ( ,k+ ,h5ry ,,ii1 x is p]t95t & pr(itable to digress into a cle> discussion ( ! jury ( to-day1 br++ out :at k we c f9d 9 ! class1 & add+ to x by "s su* ,socratic me?od ( "q & answ] z we may h us$ 9 connection ) feudalism1 r ?an by giv+ a 8talk0 on ! subject4 ,aft] pav+ ! way 9 ?is fa%ion1 we may />t 9 ) ! ,assize ( ,cl>5don4 7,*eyney's 8,read+s0 pp4 #ada-adb7 & ! di/9ction betwe5 recognitors & pres5tm5t1 s we %all emphasize ! ess5tial facts1 & also br+ out bo? ! simil>ity & ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! g]m & ! pres5t fruit ( ?is anci5t me?od ( arriv+ at ju/ice4 ,"s ,great ,p]sonalities4 ,i ?9k x is helpful to ! memory1 & useful1 because ( ! great influ5ce ( ! cr[n ?r\gh\t ,engli% ,hi/ory1 to br+ out ! p]sonality ( e sov]eign1 s t ! names ( ea* dyna/y w n be a li/ ( names & no?+ m4 ,b 9 e c5tury we %all f9d c]ta9 great p]sonalities1 ei!r on ! ?rone or (f x1 :i* %\ld be made z vivid z may be4 ,to ?is rule ! elev5? & twelf? are no exception4 ,!re are five m5 9 ^! c5turies :i* seem to me p>ticul>ly wor? dwell+ on3 ,william ,i & ,h5ry ,,ii1--surely two ( ! really great k+s ( ,engl&2 ,becket & ,langton1 types ( great *ur*m5 & exempl>s ( ! enorm\s p[] ( ! ,*ur*2 & ,simon de ,mont=t1 highe/ type among ! e>ly nobility4 ,vivid ^w pictures ( ! ,conqu]or may be f\nd 9 ,freeman's 8,norman ,conque/10 ,vol4 ,,ii1 pp4 #ajf-aac1 & 7%ort]7 9 ,gre5's 8,%ort ,hi/ory10 pp4 #gd-gf4 ,h5ry ,,ii is portray$ by a contempor>y1 ,*eyney's 8,read+s10 pp4 #acg-aci1 & 9 ,gre51 pp4 #ajd-aje4 ,becket is describ$ by ,gre51 p4 #ajf1 & a good /ory ( 8 relation to ,h5ry ,,ii is told 9 ,*eyney1 p4 #add4 ,= ,langton see ,gre51 pp4 #abf-abg2 = ,simon de ,mont=t see ,gre51 #aeb-aec1 or ,*eyney1 pp4 #bba-bbd4 ,fur!r ,notes & ,ref]5ces4 ,!re is a good brief acc\nt ( g5]al conditions--,*ur* & ,/ate1 developm5t ( le>n+1 t[n & c\ntry life1 ar*itecture1 etc41 pp4 #afe-aga ( ,g>d9]'s 8,/ud5t's ,hi/ory40 ,if "o c get ! "t1 a read+1 or re-read+1 z ! case may be1 ( ,gre5's 8,%ort ,hi/ory0 on ! t[ns1 pp4 #ib-id2 lit]ature1 pp4 #aag-aba1 & ! univ]sities1 pp4 #acb-ada1 is exce$+ly refre%+4 ,*eyney's 8,read+s0 also conta9 int]e/+ quotations on ! univ]sities1 pp4 #ahh-aie4 ,9 br++ out ! causes ( ! controv]sy ov] ! ,con/itutions ( ,cl>5don1 x is appropriate to quote ,william ! ,conqu]or's ,edict 7,*eyney1 pp4 #aji-aaj7 9 support ( ,becket's cont5tion1 z well z to read f ! ,con/itutions !mselves 7,*eyney1 pp4 #adf-aej74 ,if "o has "t = a little t\* ( humor & human nature 9 ! class-room1 n /rictly important 9 itself1 ! acc\nt ( ! bi%op's spee*es be=e ! pope1 9 connection ) ! qu>rel ) ,becket1 is mo/ amus+ 7,*eyney1 pp4 #aea-aed74 ,= a v full & int]e/+ acc\nt ( feudalism1 see ,be>d's 8,introduction to ,engli% ,hi/orians10 pp4 #gc-if4 ,%ort] quotations giv+ "s int]e/+ detail h already be5 ref]r$ to 7,*eyney1 pp4 #aca-acf47 ,a cle> acc\nt ( ! ,gov]nm5t ( ,engl& z e/abli%$ "u ! ,normans is conta9$ 9 ,*apt] ,,xvii ( 8,! ,normans 9 ,europe10 9 ! ,epo*s ( ,hi/ory s]ies1 pp4 #bcd-bdh4 8,! ,e>ly ,plantag5ets0 9 ! same s]ies1 is concise & useful = 8side-lights0 on ,john's & ,h5ry ,,iii's reigns4 ,on ! ,magna ,*>ta1 & on ! ,orig9 ( ,p>liam5t1 ,be>d's 8,introduction10 pp4 #aaj-abc & #abd-ach1 respectively1 conta9s a m9e ( valuable comm5t4 ,9 connection ) ! fam\s p>liam5t ( #abfe ! fact t p>liam5t 0 n really a legislative body at ?is "t %\ld be /rongly emphasiz$4 ,= realism1 ,i "k no?+ bett] ?an ! graphic acc\nt 9 ! 8,anglo-,saxon ,*ronicle0 ( ! evils ( ,/eph5's reign 7,*eyney1 pp4 #abh-acj1 or1 m briefly1 ,gre51 p4 #ajc74 ,! only good novel :i* ,i "k ( 9 ?is p]iod 7,i %\ld be glad to he> ( o!rs7 is ,maurice ,hewlett's 8,ri*>d ,yea & ,nay10 a wond]fully vivid book1 b h>dly suitable to put 9 ! h&s ( "y folk 9 g5]al4 ,rob9son & ,be>d's ,developm5t ( 8,mod]n ,europe0 ,,review$ ,,by ,,pr(essor ,,sidney ,b4 ,,fay1 ,,( ,,d>tm\? ,,college4 ,if a tea*] f9ds t ! remot5ess ( ,p]icles & ,clovis makes x difficult to ar\se 9 ! hi/ory class ! mo/ active int]e/ ( ! /ud5t1 :o nev]!less w\ld be ke5 to "k some?+ ( ,bism>ck & ,li ,hung ,*ang2 or if a tea*] f9ds x unsatisfactory1 9 ! second ye> c\rse 9 m$ieval & mod]n ,european hi/ory to try to tea* ! spread ( con/itutional gov]nm5t & democratic ideas f ! ,fr5* to ! ,turki% ,revolution be=e ! /ud5t kn[s any?+ ( ! ,engli% p>liam5t>y sy/em & ( ! ,indu/rial ,revolution2 or if ! tea*] is assail$ by ! s*ool-bo>d or by ! tax-pay+ p>5ts ( ! pupils1 on ! gr\nd t anci5t & m$ieval hi/ory is relatively useless & ought to be replac$ by some?+ m practical1--su* a tea*] w f9d 9 ^! two volumes a v pres5t help 9 "t ( tr\ble4 ,! au?ors h ?r[n to ! w9ds ! recomm5dations ( ! ,committee ( ,sev51 & d n try to make _! book fit into any f\r ye>s' c\rse z n[ outl9$ = high s*ools4 ,! fir/ volume beg9s ) ! reign ( ,l\is ,,xiv2 & f t mom5t ! read]'s eye is con/antly direct$ =w>d to ! pres5t mom5t1 s t he c read intellig5tly ! dispat*es f ,europe 9 8 morn+ newspap]4 ,mu* ( ! traditional matt] is omitt$ 9 ord] to give full] treatm5t to ^? subjects :i* are mo/ important = an und]/&+ ( ! pres5t4 ,?is leads to an arrangem5t & a plac+ ( emphasis :i* (t5 seems arbitr>y & unhi/orical1--z1 = in/ance1 ! scant half doz5 pages giv5 to ! :ole reign ( ,napoleon ,,iii1 or ! ins]tion 9 ea* volume ( a score ( pages on natural sci5ce4 ,x is1 ( c\rse1 desirable to h ! pupil h "s k ( ! developm5t & influ5ce ( su* fundam5tal subjects z evolution1 bact]iology & ! atomic !ory2 b x is unwise to put ^! ?+s 9 a text-book ( hi/ory4 ,few tea*]s at pres5t c\ld tea* ^! pages prop]ly2 & effici5cy ( in/ruction is likely to be weak5$ 9 any in/itution :]e in/ructors trespass on ea* o!rs' fields4 ,?is criticism1 h[ev]1 does n apply to ! rem>kable *apt] on ! ,indu/rial ,revolution & to ! excell5t pages on socialism1 colonial expansion1 ,russo-,japanese relations & o!r timely topics ( pres5t-day int]e/2 all ( ^! may prop]ly be taught by ! tea*] ( hi/ory4 ,! au?ors h made a text-book :i* is accurate1 lucid1 pack$ ) in=mation1 &1 at ! same "t1 extremely readable4 ,x has already be5 us$ 9 "s college c\rses1 & evokes real en?usiasm f ! /ud5ts4 ,!y feel !y are le>n+ ?+s :i* are ( practical value & are up to date4 ,probably ?is text-book1 at pres5t at any rate1 is bett] adapt$ = college ?an = high s*ool use4 ,b s*ools ( bus9ess or comm]ce c\ld v pr(itably use x4 ,ord9>y high s*ools %\ld h x 9 ! s*ool libr>y = collat]al read+1 b c\ld n adopt x z a text-book until !y are ready to readju/ _! hi/ory curriculum s z to give mu* m "t ?an at pres5t to ,mod]n ,european ,hi/ory4 ,p]haps t "t is n f> di/ant4 8,! ,developm5t ( ,mod]n ,europe40 ,by ,james ,h>vey ,rob9son & ,*>les ,a4 ,be>d4 ,two volumes2 pp4 xi1 #cfb2 vii1 #ddh4 ,bo/on1 #aijh3 ,g9n ,co4 ,am]ican ,hi/ory 9 ! ,second>y ,s*ool ,,ar?ur ,m4 ,,wolfson1 ,,ph4,d41 ,editor4 ,,! ,,influ5ce ,,( ,,oliv] ,,cromwell ,,& ,,william ,,iii ,,on ,,am]ican ,,hi/ory4 ,9 tea*+ ! hi/ory ( ,europe f ! ,treaty ( ,we/phalia to ! beg9n+ ( ! ,fr5* ,revolution1 no mi/ake is common] ?an ! "o ( reg>d+ ! almo/ cont9u\s s]ies ( w>s betwe5 ! ,european ,/ates z a purposeless /ruggle = t]ritorial aggr&izem5t4 ,equally 9 ,am]ican hi/ory1 ! tea*] is prone to all[ 8 int]e/ 9 ! gr[? ( social & political in/itutions to obscure ! fact t ! ,nor? ,am]ican cont95t 01 = ne>ly a c5tury1 m]ely a di/ant battlegr\nd on :i* ,holl&1 ,engl& & ,france 7 /ruggl+ = comm]cial supremacy4 8,unity is giv5 to ! hi/ory ( ,engl& 9 ! eighte5? c5tury10 says ,seeley 78,expansion ( ,engl&10 p4 #gg71 8if y rem>k ! s+le fact t ,great] ,brita9 dur+ t p]iod 0 e/abli%+ itself 9 opposition to ,great] ,france4444 ,y w1 ,i ?9k1 f9d x v helpful 9 /udy+ ! hi/ory ( ^? two c\ntries always to be> 9 m9d t ?r\gh\t mo/ ( t p]iod ! five ,/ates ( ,we/]n ,europe all alike are n prop]ly ,european ,/ates b _w ,/ates1 & t !y debate cont9ually among !mselves a mighty "q1 :i* is n ,european at all & :i* ! /ud5t ) 8 eye fix$ on ,europe is too apt to disreg>d1 namely1 ! "q ( ! possession ( ! ,new ,_w40 ,9 ! same way1 ! /ud5t ( ,am]ican hi/ory mu/ be cont9ually rem9d$ t he is /udy+ n ! hi/ory ( half a doz5 or m isolat$ communities1 b a phase ( a great ,european /ruggle = _w p[]4 ,/ruggle ) ! ,dut*4 ,f #afhi to #agfc1 ?is /ruggle is m>k$ by an almo/ cont9u\s w> betwe5 ,france & ,engl&4 ,an e>li] g5]ation1 h[ev]1 witness$ a simil> /ruggle betwe5 ,holl& & ,engl&4 ,?is e>li] /ruggle is also vitally important 9 ! hi/ory ( ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,few /ud5ts ( ,am]ican hi/ory are aw>e ( ! unprec$5t$ gr[? ( ! ,dut* m>itime p[] dur+ ! fir/ half ( ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,to mo/ ( !m ! f\nd+ ( ,new ,ne!rl&s is an isolat$ fact1 comp>atively unimportant because ! ,dut* colony ultimately fell into ! h&s ( ! ,engli%4 ,! fact nev]!less rema9s t ?r\gh\t ! great] "p ( ! sev5te5? c5tury ! c>ry+ trade ( ! _w 0 9 ! h&s ( ! ,dut* & ,am/]dam 0 ! ex*ange ( ! _w4 ,:at ,v5ice _h be5 9 ! fifte5? c5tury1 ,am/]dam became 9 ! sev5te5?4 8,to break ?is monopoly 0 ,engl&'s object2 & to raise 8 c\ntry to a position ( lead]%ip 9 ! comm]cial _w 0 "o ( ! greate/ ambitions ( ,cromwell40 7,&rew's 8,colonial ,self ,gov]nm5t10 p4 #aa2 see also p4 #ae74 ,9 #afea1 at ! in/ance ( ,cromwell1 ,p>liam5t pass$ ! fir/ ,navigation ,act1 8= ! increase ( ! %ipp+ & ! enc\ragem5t ( ! navigation ( ?is ! ,engli% nation40 ,9 ! light ( lat] ev5ts1 we 9 ,am]ica are too apt to reg>d ?is act & its successors z design$ to limit ! trade ( ! colonies4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 a suffici5t /udy ( ^! acts1 especially ^? ( #afea & #affj1 w %[ t !y 7 aim$ directly at ! ,dut* :o 7 at ! "t ! m>itime c>ri]s bo? = ,engl& & = ! o!r nations ( ,europe4 ,! ,navigation ,acts4 ,z a result ( ! fir/ ,navigation ,act1 ,engl& ent]$ almo/ at once on ! s]ies ( ?ree w>s1 #afeb-afed1 #affe-affg1 #afgb-afgd1 :i* la/$ j long en\gh to break ! comm]cial supremacy ( ,holl&4 ,e s*ool boy kn[s t z a result ( ^! w>s ,engl& acquir$ ! colony ( ,new ,ne!rl&s1 b few1 ev5 ( 8 eld]s1 realize t1 8,! ,navigation ,act1 :i* rema9$ sub/antially 9 =ce = ne>ly two hundr$ ye>s is ! great legislative monum5t ( ! ,commonweal?1 x 0 ! fir/ manife/ation ( ! newly awak5$ consci\sness ( ! community1 ! act :i* laid ! f\ndation ( ! ,engli% comm]cial empire40 7,seeley's 8,gr[? ( ,briti% ,policy10 ,,ii1 p4 #be47 ,?r\gh\t ?is p]iod ( rivalry betwe5 ,holl& & ,engl&1 especially aft] #affj1 (t5 aga9/ ! w ( ! p1 ! ,engli% gov]nm5t ma9ta9$ a close alliance ) ! k+ ( ,france1 ! bitt]e/ enemy ( ! ,dut* p4 ,9 ! la/ ye>s ( ! reign ( ,james ,,ii1 h[ev]1 ! tide ( ,engli% feel+ turn$ irresi/ibly aga9/ ! ,fr5* alliance4 ,?\gh ,james /ill look$ to 8 c\s91 ,l\is ,,xiv1 = aid & com=t1 ! p ( ,engl& w\ld h no m ( him1 & = ?is reason1 z well z = purely dome/ic reasons1 ,james 0 9 ! end =c$ to flee f ! c\ntry4 ,!nce=w>d1 !re 0 a complete *ange 9 ! ,engli% =eign policy4 ,! ,dut* & ,engli% ,aga9/ ,france4 ,:5 ,william ( ,orange1 ,/ad?old] ( ,holl&1 ! mo/ uncompromis+ enemy ( ,l\is ,,xiv1 accept$ ! cr[n ( ,engl& !re came n only a complete revolution 9 ! ,engli% con/itutional sy/em1 b also1 & f> m important = ! hi/ory ( ! ,am]ican colonies1 a complete revolution 9 ,engl&'s =eign policy4 ,w> betwe5 ,engl& & ,france1 9 spite ( ! traditional rivalry h&$ d[n f ,plantag5et times1 _h be5 extremely r>e2 ,engli%m5 & ,fr5*m5 _h liv$ peacefully side by side = half a c5tury or m 9 ! nor!a/]n "p ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 :ile ,engli%m5 & ,dut*m5 7 /ruggl+ = ! possession ( ! t]ritory betwe5 ,long ,isl& ,s\nd & ,delaw>e ,bay4 ,h5ce=?1 ! ,engli% & ! ,dut* 7 to fight side by side 9 ! ef=t to break ! p[] ( ,l\is ! ,magnific5t bo? 9 ,europe & 9 ,am]ica4 ,j z betwe5 #afea & #afhi x 0 ! fir/ int]e/ ( ! ,engli% t ! m>itime p[] ( ! ,dut* %\ld be brok51 s n[1 8x 0 a fir/ int]e/ ( ,engl& t ! encroa*m5ts ( ,france %\ld be arre/$1 & t ! ,dut* %\ld be sav$ f de/ruction4 ,! rivalry betwe5 ! ,engli% & ,dut* mu/ cease2 ! two sea p[]s mu/ comb9e 9 opposition to ,france0 7,seeley1 8,gr[? ( ,briti% ,policy10 ,,ii1 p4 #bjg74 ,h[ effici5tly ,william ,,iii set ?is policy 9 motion is atte/$ by ! hi/ory ( ,europe & ,am]ica 9 ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,?\gh he p]sonally nev] realiz$ ! magnitude ( ! issue1 ?\gh f fir/ to la/ he 0 prim>ily int]e/$ 9 ! pres]vation ( ,holl&1 ?\gh _h he realiz$ t 8 "w 0 to result 9 ! aggr&izem5t ( ,engl& at ! exp5se bo? ( ,holl& & ,france1 he w\ld probably nev] h accept$ ! ,engli% ?rone1 ! f>-rea*+ effects ( ?is policy are to be se5 n only 9 ,am]ica b 9 ,asia & 9 ,africa z well4 ,! accession ( ,william ,,iii is ?us ! turn+ po9t 9 ,am]ican colonial hi/ory4 ,almo/ at once1 he set 9 motion t s]ies ( w>s :i* end$ 9 ,am]ica only :5 ! la/ ve/ige ( ,fr5* colonial empire _h disappe>$ f ! cont95t4 ,:at he began1 ,m>lbor\gh & ,pitt1 9 lat] g5]ations1 complet$4 ,influ5ce ,^u ,am]ica4 ,if we keep ^! facts 9 m9d3 fir/1 t ! ,navigation ,act ( #afea inaugurat$ a trade policy t 0 to build up ! ,engli% c>ry+ trade at ! exp5se ( ! ,dut*2 & second1 t ! accession ( ,william ( ,orange z ,william ,,iii ( ,engl& m>k$ ! end ( ! rivalry betwe5 ! ,engli% & ! ,dut* & inaugurat$ ! /ruggle betwe5 ! ,engli% & ! ,fr5*1 ,oliv] ,cromwell & ,william ( ,orange become two ( ! mo/ important figures 9 ,am]ican hi/ory & !re=e des]ve f> m att5tion ?an is usually accord$ !m 9 tea*+ ,am]ican hi/ory4 ,= ! fur!r /udy ( ?is phase ( ,am]ican hi/ory1 ! /ud5t is recomm5d$ to ! works ( ,fiske & ,p>kman1 & to ! %ort] treatises conta9$ 9 ! volumes ( ,h>t's 8,am]ican ,nation40 ,especially important1 h[ev]1 are ! two works ( ,pr(essor ,j4 ,r4 ,seeley :i* h sev]al times be5 quot$ 9 ?is pap]3 8,! ,gr[? ( ,briti% ,policy0 & ! 8,expansion ( ,engl&40 ,a ,new ,text-,book on ,am]ican ,hi/ory ,by ,james & ,san=d ,,review$ ,,by ,,john ,,%>pless ,,fox1 ,,ph4,d41 ,,( ,,! ,,univ]sity ,,high ,,s*ool1 ,,*icago4 ,! new text-book by ,james & ,san=d is an advanc$ & comp5di\s manual = use 9 high s*ools4 ,9 x ! au?ors h escap$ 9 l>ge measure ! fault common to "s ( our old] texts ( writ+ an essay on ,am]ican hi/ory2 on ! o!r h& !y h avoid$ ! m griev\s error ( dump+ a mass ( undige/$ facts into _! book4 ,!y h borne 9 m9d ! important pr9ciple t g5]alizations1 to be useful1 mu/ be accompani$ by ! facts4 ,! h[ & ! :y are expla9$ 9 ?is text1 & ! au?ors d n assume an undue intimacy ) provid5ce4 ,x has be5 _! aim1 !y tell u1 8to give ! ma9 features 9 ! developm5t ( our nation1 to expla9 ! ,am]ica ( to-day1 its civilization & its traditions40 ,!y h s\ght to emphasize 8! a*ievem5ts ( m5 & wom50 9 ! m important fields ( human activity1--! 8political1 indu/rial1 educational & religi\s40 8,milit>y phases ( our hi/ory 444 h be5 subord9at$ to ! acc\nts ( ! victories ( peace40 ,!y h giv5 unusual att5tion to 8! advance ( ! fronti]0 & to 8! gr[? & influ5ce ( ! ,we/02 & 8p>ticul> c>e has be5 tak5 to /ate ! ess5tial facts 9 ,european hi/ory necess>y to ! explanation ( ev5ts 9 ,am]ica40 ,unlike "s ( our old] books1--& ! p>son :o ann\nces 8 text & bids x adieu--! au?ors h giv5 no sep>ate *apt] or section to physical geography1 b h call$ att5tion to ! influ5ce ( geographical conditions 9 connection ) ev5ts & conditions z !y arise4 ,9 ! op9ion ( ! review]1 ?is me?od has receiv$ a l>ge measure ( ju/ification 9 ! ev5t1 7e4 g41 pp4 #ib-ie47 ,9 ! matt] ( proportion1 ! au?ors h assign$ mu* m space ?an is usual to ! p]iod foll[+ ! ,civil ,w>1 & consid]ably less to ! p]iod f #aghi to #ahfj2 yet ! latt] does n suff] !reby4 ,! book is divid$ into *apt]s 7,,xxxi71 ) appropriate titles1 & m>g9al notes indicate ! cont5ts ( p>agraphs4 ,in=mation ( a m advanc$ & supplem5t>y "* has be5 plac$ 9 small] type1 :i* may be omitt$ by tea*]s lack+ "t1 or at discretion4 ,x is n cle>1 h[ev]1 :y ! ,ord9ance ( #aghg %\ld be relegat$ to ?is m9or position 7p4 #ahi74 ,colonial ,hi/ory4 ,! acc\nt ( ! ?irte5 colonies is ( suffici5t fulness to %[ cle>ly ! orig9s ( ! p & _! in/itutions4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 a matt] ( regret t ! au?ors h n made x cle>] t ! ?irte5 ma9l& colonies :o won _! indep5d5ce 7 n ! only ,engli% colonial e/abli%m5ts 9 ,am]ica4 ,! discov]y ( ,am]ica is made reasonable 7pp4 #a-aj72 ! v>y+ motives ( ,engli% & ,european colonization1 & ! pr9cipal difficulties 9 ! way ( p]man5t settlem5t by ,europeans 9 ,am]ica are cle>ly set =? 7pp4 #cj-dj1 #ia72 ! fact t ! ,puritans 7 political z well z religi\s refugees1 ( a practical "*1 & n m]ely religi\s ideali/s1 is made cle> 7pp4 #ec-ee74 ,! l& sy/ems prevail+ 9 ! diff]5t colonies are expla9$ 7pp4 #dc1 #dg1 #eb1 et passim71 & ! m g5]al /atem5t is made 7p4 #ia73 8,! great und]ly+ economic fact ( ?is eighte5? c5tury colonization 0 ! exi/5ce 9 ,am]ica ( b\ndless areas ( cultivable l& t might be _h on easy t]ms40 ,! ,indians are treat$ 9 _! contact ) ! :ites1 & _! deg5]acy is made ! occasion ( g5]al rem>ks on ! inevitable consequ5ces att5d+ ! contact betwe5 a sup]ior & an inf]ior race 7pp4 #ih-ajj74 ,"h1 too1 8! l& "q0 is %[n to be fundam5tal4 ,! influ5ce ( ! fur-trade 9 ?is & lat] times is dwelt ^u 7pp4 #ig-ih1 #ajh1 #aaa74 ,a notable /atem5t ( sev5te5? c5tury colonial conditions & ( eighte5? c5tury problems occurs on pages #aja-ajb4 ,social & economic life receives unusual att5tion ?r\gh\t ! book1 & :]ev] possible is %[n 9 its relation to physical conditions & environm5t4 ,! ,we/ receives ! be/ treatm5t we h not$ 9 any text-book4 ,excell5t acc\nts ( :y ! settl]s w5t to ! ,we/1 h[ !y travell$1 h[ !y obta9$ _! l&1 & ( h[ ,we/]n democracy arose & react$ on ! ,ea/1 are "h giv54 7,see 8,we/w>d ,migration & ,int]nal ,improvem5ts10 pp4 #bgc-bha74 ,! au?ors make no attempt to 8write d[n0 to _! read]s1 & we suspect t "s ( _! economic discussions ( int]national trade1 f9ancial crises1 & monet>y problems w ov]%oot ! m>k4 ,be x said1 h[ev]1 t ?+s are ev]y:]e r$uc$ to _! simple/ t]ms4 ,some?+ mu/ be left to ! tea*]1--& to provid5ce6 ,"s ( ! o!r m important topics treat$ are3 ,progress 9 inv5tion & labor-sav+ devices1 & _! att5dant effects on production2 ! gr[? ( comm]ce due to increas$ facilities = transportation2 ! gr[? ( capitali/ic comb9ations1 corporations1 & tru/s1 ) _! att5dant problems ( legislative regulation2 ! rise ( labor unions & _! raison d'etre 7,*apt]s ,,xxvii1 ,,xxix74 ,educational1 lit]>y1 philan?ropic1 & religi\s hi/ory are giv5 due att5tion4 ,topics & ,biographical ,notes4 ,an excell5t feature ( ! political & con/itutional hi/ory is ! pres5ce ( brief biographical sket*es ( important /atesm54 ,= tea*]s :o pref] to tea* ,am]ican gov]nm5t 9 connection ) ! hi/ory1 special provision is made by means ( m>g9al ref]5ces & supplem5t>y que/ions1 & an elaborate outl9e ( topics aris+ 9 ! text is add$ 7,app5dix ,i1 pp4 #ebg-ecd71 ) appropriate ref]5ces to ! ,con/itution & to ! au?ors' 8,gov]nm5t 9 ,/ate & ,nation40 ,?is is fur!r supplem5t$ by a li/ ( topics1 relat+ to o!r features ( our gov]nm5t n naturally aris+ 9 a hi/ory c\rse4 ,! book is provid$ ) abundant & well-select$ illu/rations1 f au!ntic s\rces2 ! maps are num]\s & helpful1 b n di/9ctive4 ,at ! end ( ea* *apt] are sugge/ive & /imulat+ topics & que/ions1 ) ref]5ces )9 ! compass ( high s*ool pupils4 ,^! ref]5ces are almo/ unique 9 t !y are specific & brief4 ,a few inaccuracies & mislead+ /atem5ts h be5 notic$3 ,! /atem5t1 8,!re 0 no gold 9 ?is region0 7p4 #bc71 ref]r+ to ,spani% t]ritory 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 %\ld be modifi$4 ,none 0 f\nd4 ,= 8,eyl]0 read ,tyl] 7p4 #fg72 = 8,*5ey0 7p4 #ia71 read ,*eyney4 ,! rem>k respect+ ! slave trade1 t 8dur+ colonial times no prote/ seems to h aris5 aga9/ ! wick$ness & inhumanity ( ?is traffic0 7p4 #aca7 loses sight ( ! ,m5nonite prote/ ( #afhh1 z well z ! "w & writ+s ( ,john ,woolman1 ,an?ony ,b5ezet1 & o!rs4 ,f9ally1 ,connecticut is correctly /at$ ,democratic 9 ! text1 b errone\sly ,republican 9 ! ,election ,map ( #ahgf 7p4 #ddg74 ,tak5 z a :ole1 ! book is well adapt$ to its purpose4 ,! /yle is usually simple & direct2 facts are well select$ & are cle>ly & imp>tially /at$2 ! s*ol>%ip is ( a high ord]4 ,! index might be made full] ) pr(it4 8,am]ican ,hi/ory40 ,by ,james ,alton ,james1 ,pr(essor ( ,hi/ory 9 ,nor?we/]n ,univ]sity1 & ,alb]t ,h>t ,san=d1 ,pr(essor ( ,hi/ory 9 ! ,/ev5s ,po9t1 ,wiscons9 ,/ate ,normal ,s*ool4 ,new ,york3 ,*>les ,scribn]'s ,sons4 #aiji4 ,pp4 xvii1 #efc4 ,anci5t ,hi/ory 9 ! ,second>y ,s*ool ,,william ,,fairley1 ,ph4,d41 ,editor4 ,,e>ly ,,greece ,scope ( ! ,mon?'s ,"w4 ,9 our l>g] city s*ools ! "w is s sy/ematiz$ t ! tea*] kn[s j h[ f> along he %\ld be at any season ( ! ye>4 ,= tea*]s :o are work+ by !mselves 9 small s*ools & are n speciali/s 9 hi/ory a v useful guide may be f\nd 9 ! 8,hi/ory ,syllabus = ,second>y ,s*ools10 issu$ by ! ,new ,engl& ,hi/ory ,tea*]s' ,association1 & publi%$ by ,d4 ,c4 ,hea? ,co41 ( ,bo/on4 ,! 8,outl9e ( ,anci5t ,hi/ory10 9 pamphlet =m may be _h by itself4 ,"o value ( ^! outl9es is t !y divide ! "w into "o hundr$ ex]cises1 & !n indicate ! proportion ( "t ?is gr\p ( tea*]s h f\nd x wise to devote to ea* section ( ! "w4 ,dur+ ,octob] ! tea*] ought to c>ry 8 class d[n ne>ly to ! ,p]sian invasions1 & at lea/ z f> z ! developm5t ( ,sp>ta4 ,importance ( ! ,greeks4 ,x is h>d = ! cultur$ tea*] to feel ! diff]5ce betwe5 8 own attitude t[>d ,greece & t ( ! *ild ( f\rte5 or fifte5 :o is approa*+ ! subject = ! fir/ "t4 ,to su* a *ild ,greece is simply a "n z yet4 ,& x w\ld seem to be a good practice = ! tea*] 9 a simple talk to try to enli/ ! int]e/ ( 8 class by "s /atem5t ( ! reasons :y we are go+ to devote ne>ly a half ye> to ! /udy ( a v little1 & to-day v obscure1 c\ntry4 ,! tea*] %\ld %[ c]ta9 *>act]i/ics :i* make ,greece ( va/ importance4 ,among ^! w be f\nd ! fact ( ! wond]ful intellectual =ce ( ! ,greeks1 :i* l$ !m into ! same l9es ( ?\ght & inve/igation :i* int]e/ ! mod]n _w2 _! love ( indep5d5ce1 9 su* m>k$ contra/ ) ! s]vility ( ! ,ori5tal races at ^: hi/ory we h be5 look+ 9 ! pa/ mon?1 & especially _! arti/ic supremacy1 :i* made !m ! great ma/]s 9 ! creation ( beauty = all "t2 & _! ma/]pieces 9 ar*itecture & sculpture %\ld be contra/$ ) ! "w ( ,egyptians & ,mesopotamians1 = ! mo/ "p s grotesque & unlovely4 ,?is article w n attempt to foll[ ! mon?'s lessons at all 9 detail1 b w emphasize ! ma9 ?+s :i* ! "y /ud5t %\ld c>ry =w>d ) him z ! e>ly /ory ( ?is p :o made !mselves 9 s _m ways ! =]unn]s ( our mod]n life4 ,map ,"w4 ,an e>ly task is to become famili> ) ! physical *>act]i/ics ( ! l&4 ,no?+ w help bett] ?an map-draw+4 ,relief maps are ( great s]vice z %[+ ! m\nta9\s nature & ! effect ( ?is on private & public life4 ,anci5t ,greece 0 ab\t two hundr$ & fifty miles 9 l5g? f nor? to s\? & "o hundr$ & sixty-five miles at ! mo/ f ea/ to we/4 ,x lies betwe5 ! ?irty-six? & =tie? p>allels ( latitude1 correspond+ v closely 9 di/ance & latitude to our coa/ z x ext5ds f ! p>tition l9e ( ! ,c>ol9as up z f> z ,new ,york ,city4 ,a comp>ison ( ! area ( ,greece ) t ( ! pupil's own ,/ate is desirable4 ,= in/ance1 :ile ! area ( ,new ,york ,/ate is ab\t #dh1jjj squ>e miles1 ,greece conta9$ b #ba1jjj4 ,& v e>ly 9 ! c\rse ! fact %\ld be br\ght out t ?is t9y t]ritory1 9 ! greate/ days ( its p1 0 nev] unit$ politically1 b divid$ into rival ,/ates1 really nations1 ea* only ab\t z l>ge z "o ( our c\nties4 ,a :olesome corrective to our ,am]ican boa/fulness ov] size may be f\nd 9 ! slightness ( area & population ( ?is m>vell\s l&1 :i* has contribut$ s _m m ?an its proportionate %>e ( mighty m54 ,races & ,migrations4 ,pelasgian1 ,myc5ean1 ,a*an1 ,dorian1--su* 0 ! ord] ( ! peoples :o made ,greece4 ,! ,greeks1 or ,hell5es1 9 :om our int]e/ is c5t]$1 belong to ! two la/ ( ^! gr\ps4 ,! ,pelasgians conc]n u 9 ! high s*ools only z mu* z ! m5 ( ! /one age 9 ,briti% hi/ory4 ,! ,myc5eans we "k only f ! ru9s ( _! t[ns4 ,t 9 "s respects !y 7 ahead ( ! e>li] ,a*ans might be po9t$ out4 ,! relation%ip ( ! hi/oric ,greeks to ! o!r races ( ,europe & _! k9dr$ ) ourselves are important4 ,we feel /range t[>d ,egyptian & ,babylonian1 b are c\s9s to ! ,greeks4 ,! tea*] :o happ5s to "k ,greek might %[ ! simil>ities ( ,greek & ,engli% spee* 9 ! common homely words ( ev]yday life4 ,epic1 ,my? & ,leg5d4 ,mo/ ( our pupils h he>d 9 ! l[] s*ools some?+ ( ,hom] & 8 8,iliad0 & 8,odyssey02 & ! /ories ( "s ( ! gods & h]oes are m or less famili>4 ,:5 ! tea*] comes to ! ,hom]ic poems he w n be able to int]e/ 8 "y *>ges v mu* 9 _! high] criticism2 b he w\ld d well1 if "t all[1 to use ! special topic & report me?od "h4 ,! /ory ( ! 8,iliad10 ! !me ( ! 8,odyssey10 & c]ta9 *>act]i/ic episodes f ea* might be read to ! class by pupils assign$ to su* duty4 ,a simil> c\rse may be tak5 ) reg>d to ! leg5ds ( ! h]oes & gods4 ,"o int]e/+ /ory read w be wor? a week ( m]e recital ( ! twelve labors ( ,h]acles1 or ! dry acc\nt ( ! fact t ,p]seus _h some?+ to d ) ,m$usa1 & ,bell]ophon ) ! ,*imra4 ,9 ^! times ( slight+ ( ! anci5t _w x is well to reflect h[ _m ( ! commone/ allusions ( lit]ature1 & ev5 ( political editorials1 dep5d = _! mean+ ^u "s k ( ! ,greek /ories4 ,we speak ( 8hundr$-h&$0 7,bri>eus7 or 8hundr$-head$0 7,hydra7 evils ( municipal mismanagem5t2 we talk ( 8cleans+ ! ,augean /ables02 ,cyclops1 ,sir51 ,gorgon1 ,*imra1 are h\sehold words4 ,we owe x to ! *ildr5 n to let !m escape into life )\t "s ability to grasp ! cont5t ( su* daily allusions4 ,e>ly ,politics4 ,m5tion has already be5 made ( ! petty size ( ! typical ,greek ,/ate4 ,! m>vel is t ! ,greeks did s mu* :ile s divid$4 ,we %all speak ( 8city /ates40 ,"s *ild w run away ) a notion ( some?+ l ,new ,york or ,bo/on ) its suburbs4 ,make !m feel t all ,greece nev] _h z _m p z ,new ,york ,city4 ,x 0 ! int5se ,greek individualism :i* kept ! ,/ates ap>t4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ,greek individualism & t ( ! ,engli%man or ,am]ican %\ld be indicat$4 ,! latt] is p]sonal4 ,! ,greek 0 swall[$ up 9 8 ,/ate1 t 0 8 unit & 8 love4 ,! progress ?r\gh mon>*y1 olig>*y & tyranny to democracy is rightly made mu* ( 9 ! books4 7,comp>e ! 8tyrant0 ) our 8boss407 ,:5 we come to ! developm5t & ! glories ( ! ,greek democracy a l>ge degree ( caution is ne$$4 ,9 ! writ]'s op9ion !re is a good deal ( glam\r ab\t ?is s-call$ democracy4 ,! be/ ,greek nev] dream$ ( manhood suffrage1 or ! rights ( man z man4 ,9 8 view nev] 7 8all m5 creat$ free & equal40 ,a!ns 9 h] be/ days _h b #cj1jjj vot]s1 & refus$ citiz5%ip to all outsid]s1 ev5 fell[-,greeks f across ! ne>e/ bord] l9e4 ,slav]y 0 "o ( ! corn]-/ones ( society4 ,s f> z x w5t1 ! democracy ( ,a!ns 0 ( ! pure type4 ,t %\ld be made pla9 :5 rea*$4 ,:ile our mod]n democracy1 save = m9or phases1 is repres5tative & n pure1 ! fact rema9s t ! n9ete5? c5tury has br\ght to bir? ! only real democracy4 ,& t is "o po9t ( our sup]iority ov] ! ,greeks & ( m importance ?an our me*anical & sci5tific advantages4 ,we/1 9 8 8,anci5t ,_w10 gives an excell5t summ>y ( ! bonds :i* made ! ,greek _w "o aga9/ all 8b>b>ians0 9 spite ( rivalries among _! petty ,/ates4 ,he cites 7pp4 #ie-ig7 ! common language & lit]ature2 ! belief 9 racial k9%ip2 ! ,olympian religion1 ) its games1 oracles & amphictyonies1 z su* =ceful bonds ( union4 ,! little l& we "k z ,greece 0 b a small "p ( ! ,hell5ic _w4 ,d\btless ! ea/]n %ore ( ! gean ,sea 0 z truly ,hell5ic z ,attica or ,sp>ta4 ,& ! colonies f t coa/ to ,massilia 9 ! we/1 & notably 9 ,sicily & ,magna ,grcia1 7 ( va/ importance 9 spread+ ,greek spee* & ideals ?r\gh ! lat] ,roman _w & d[n into mod]n times4 ,! political indep5d5ce ( ! ,greek colony is ( int]e/4 ,a good ex]cise = "s /ud5t w\ld be to po9t out h[ ,m>seilles1 or ,syracuse or ,*alcis or ,cum diff]$ 9 _! relations to ! p>5t ,/ates f ! relation%ip ( ! ,philipp9es to ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 or ( ,canada or ,india to ,great ,brita94 ,& ?is topic is ano!r illu/ration ( ! tru? t save = a few cases l ! successful resi/ance to ! ,p]sians1 ! s]vice ( ! ,greeks to ! _w has be5 ma9ly 9 ! intellectual r ?an 9 ! physical & political sph]e4 ,social ,life at ,rome 9 ! ,age ( ,cic]o ,,f[l]',s ,,rec5t ,,"w ,,review$ ,,by ,,pr(essor ,a4 ,c4 ,,h[l&4 ,?is book on ,roman social life 9 ! la/ g5]ation ( ! ,republic1 by ! well-kn[n au?or ( 8,! ,city ,/ate ( ! ,greeks & ,romans0 & o!r /udies 9 anci5t hi/ory1 w be welcom$ by tea*]s bo? ( ,roman hi/ory & ( ,lat94 ,no o!r /udy 9 ,engli% deals ) j ?is aspect ( ! p]iod1 & ! easy /yle & int]e/+ me?od ( pres5tation make ! "w especially valuable z collat]al read+ = classes4 ,its mat]ial has be5 drawn l>gely f ,cic]o's correspond5ce & ! results ( widely-scatt]$ inve/igations h "h be5 br\ght toge!r & dige/$4 ,! fir/ *apt] is devot$ to ! topography ( ,rome4 ,aft] a /atem5t ( ! pr9cipal geographical causes = ! gr[? ( ,roman dom9ion 7pp4 #d-h71 !re foll[s 7pp4 #ab-bc7 a description ( ! ma9 po9ts ( int]e/ )9 ! walls 9 ,cic]o's day1 ! acc\nt be+ notewor?y alike = its cle>ness & = its omission ( details4 ,a good map at ! end ( ! book enables ! read] to fix ea* feature ( ! city accurately4 ,! second *apt]1 on ! l[] population1 is p]haps ! mo/ int]e/+ 9 ! book1 z x deals ) a topic seldom discuss$ & on :i* our in=mation is v meag]4 ,! subject is discuss$ "u ?ree heads--h[ ?is population 0 h\s$1 h[ x 0 f$ & clo!d & h[ x 0 employ$4 ,not)/&+ ! contempt felt by ! writ]s ( ! p]iod = ! l[] classes1 ,mr4 ,f[l] makes x evid5t t an und]/&+ ( _! environm5t w expla9 _m an obscure po9t 9 ! hi/ory ( ! p]iod4 ,:y1 = in/ance1 _h ! old ,roman religion fall5 into su* decay at ! close ( ! ,republic8 ,we naturally look = scepticism among ! cultur$1 :]e ! old traditions _h be5 und]m9$ by ! sudd5 influx ( weal? & ,greek culture1 b n among ! poor & ignorant1 :o c\ld h be5 little t\*$ by su* influ5ces4 ,b :5 we consid] ! t5em5t h\ses 9 :i* ! poor liv$1 ) :ole families occupy+ b "o or two rooms 7pp4 #bh-cb71 x c be se5 t !re 0 no place "h = ! ,p5ates or ! family he>?1 t ! old dome/ic rites1 :i* con/itut$ ! ,roman religion s f> z x affect$ ! individual1 7 ( necessity driv5 out & t ! poor] classes 7 =c$ to satisfy _! religi\s crav+s by sub/itut+ ! greg>i\s1 non-family ori5tal cults1 ) _! common temples & s]vices4 ,"h ! wor%ipp]s c\ld ent] into p]sonal relations ) a deity z !y c\ld n 9 ! indig5\s ,roman temple1 :i* _h to d solely ) ! ,/ate's wor%ip4 ,! only o!r po9t ar\nd :i* ! p]sonal religi\s feel+ ( ! old ,roman clung--! family tomb--likewise no long] exi/$ = ! poor ,roman ( ! city1 :o c\ld n af=d ?is luxury1 b mu/ see ! memb]s ( 8 family ca/ into a common bury+ place ) _m o!rs 7p4 #cbj74 ,z to ! employm5t ( ! l[] classes1 x is po9t$ out t 9 spite ( ! contempt = retail trade & ! crafts--a feel+ simil> to t ( ! high] classes 9 ,engl& & due to ! same causes--!re 7 _m call+s at :i* free ,romans mu/ h work$ at ?is "t1 includ+ mill+ & bak+1 m>ket g>d5+1 %oemak+1 ! mak+ & wa%+ ( wool5 clo?+1 etc4 7pp4 #db-ee74 ,b ! inadequacy ( legal protection = ! poor & ! unc]ta9ty ( employm5t made a regul> income prec>i\s4 ,9 *apt] ,,iii !re is giv5 an excell5t description ( ! activities & bus9ess organizations ( ! ,equites 9 _! capacities bo? z public contractors 7pp4 #fe-hj7 & z private bus9ess m5 7pp4 #hj-id71 :i* ?r[s mu* light on ! s\rces ( weal? & ! f9ancial me?ods ( ?is class4 ,! foll[+ *apt]1 on ! gov]n+ ari/ocracy1 attempts to classify ! v>i\s types ( ! nobility & to illu/rate ea* by a brief sket* ( "s "o ( its memb]s4 ,! attitude ( ! old & new nobility t[>ds ea* o!r1 ! effects = good & = evil ( ! ,greek culture on ! v>i\s classes1 & ! frivolity & abs5ce ( ! s5se ( responsibility among ! y\ng] public m5 are well br\ght out4 ,! lively description ( ,clius1 ! tal5t$1 b scatt]-bra9$1 "y fri5d & pupil ( ,cic]o 7pp4 #abg-cc71 is "o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ passages ( ! book4 ,aft] ?us tak+ up ! diff]5t classes ( ! ,roman population1 ! au?or proce$s to discuss ! m g5]al aspects ( ! life ( ! day "u su* head+s z 8,m>riage & ! ,roman ,lady10 8,education ( ! ,upp] ,classes10 8,! ,slave ,population10 8,! ,h\se ( ! ,ri* ,man 9 ,t[n & ,c\ntry10 8,daily ,life ( ! ,well-to-d10 8,holidays & ,public ,amusem5ts & ,religion40 ,! treatm5t ?r\gh\t is fre% & vivid1 except 9 ! *apt] on public amusem5ts1 :i* is r un9t]e/+4 ,"u ! subject ( m>riage1 aft] a discussion ( ! decay ( t in/itution & ! increase ( divorce & immorality1 we are especially grateful = ! /ory ( ! long & beautiful w$d$ life1 z f\nd 9 ! s-call$ 8,laudatio ,turi10 & n[ told 9 full 9 ,engli% = ! fir/ "t 7pp4 #aeh-fg74 ,!re mu/ h be5 _m simil> cases ( dome/ic devotion & happ9ess1 b !y naturally pass unm5tion$ 9 ! writ+s ( ! "t1 z !y l>gely d 9 ! lit]ature ( our own day4 ,! discussion ( ,roman education is valuable because x expla9s ! weak po9ts ( ! sy/em & ! way 9 :i* ^! produc$ _m ( ! moral %ortcom+s 9 ! m5 ( ! day4 ,! "q ( slav]y is view$ f an unprejudic$ /&po9t4 ,its influ5ce on ! depopulation ( ! prov9ces is cle>ly br\ght out 7pp4 #bjf-aj71 b x is also %[n t its economic effects 9 ,italy 7 n altoge!r evil1 & t slave labor by no means drove free labor f ! m>ket 7pp4 #bac-bb74 ,! au?or holds ) ,wallon#h & ,seeck#i t ! unre/rict$ manumission ( slaves _h on ! :ole an injuri\s effect on ,roman life & "*4 ,! ,roman idea ( religion1 s puzzl+ to ! av]age /ud5t1 is n[h]e m cle>ly expla9$ ?an 9 ! la/ *apt]1 & "h z else:]e ! treatm5t is s simple & pla9 z well z s*ol>ly1 t no bett] book c be plac$ 9 ! h&s ( a class4 8,social ,life at ,rome 9 ! ,age ( ,cic]o40 ,w4 ,w>d ,f[l]4 ,! ,macmillan ,co4 #aiji4 ,pp4 xiii1 #cfb4 ,,footnotes3 #h ,hi/oire de l',esclavage4 #i ,ges*i*te des ,unt]gangs d] antik5 ,welt4 ,hi/ory 9 ! ,grades ,,arm& ,j4 ,,g]son1 ,editor4 ,,columbus1--,,spani% ,,explor]4 ,a ,,type-,,lesson4 ,if ! lesson on ,columbus is to be inde$ a type-lesson1 x behooves ! tea*] 9 prep>+ x to make a c>eful selection ( su* elem5ts ( ! /ory z may prop]ly =m ! basis = ! subsequ5t tea*+ ( o!r ,spani% explor]s4 ,z 0 po9t$ out 9 ?is dep>tm5t 9 la/ mon?'s issue1#aj ! true/ economy 9 hi/ory tea*+ consi/s 9 ! c>eful con/ruction ( a def9ite f\ndation ( correct hi/orical concepts ^u :i* ! detail$ sup]/ructure ( lat] lessons may be rapidly & yet sub/antially re>$4 ,c]ta9 elem5ts 9 ! life1 environm5t1 & explorations ( ,*ri/oph] ,columbus may well be us$ z ! f\ndation = ! tea*+ ( all ! ,spani% explorations ( ! ,new ,_w4 ,^! ess5tial elem5ts %\ld be pres5t$ ) great ?or\ghness1 & ! *ildr5's int]e/ 9 !m made active & en?usia/ic4 ,_! k ( !m mu/ be concrete1 _m-sid$1 liv+2 only !n w x con/itute :at ! psy*ologi/ likes to call ! 8app]ceptive basis0 = subsequ5t analysis1 comp>ison1 & g5]alization4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! tea*+ ( ,columbus w necess>ily involve _m facts :i* belong di/9ctively to 8 life & actions1 & to :i* lat] ,spani% explorations h little1 or at ! mo/ a v remote relation4 ,x is obvi\s t ! tea*+ ( su* portions ( our topic c h>dly be said to con/itute a 8type-lesson40 ,^! po9ts s]ve a def9ite purpose ( _! own1 & %\ld be pres5t$ 9 _! own way4 ,let u1 !re=e1 9 our practical consid]ation ( ! pres5tation ( our lesson on ,columbus1 consid] sep>ately ! 8type-elem5ts0 & :at = conv5i5ce we may call ! 8specific elem5ts40 ,previ\s ,prep>ation4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 9 ! prep>ation ( our lesson on ,columbus1 z1 9 fact1 9 ! prep>ation ( any lesson1 ! tea*] mu/ h def9itely 9 m9d j :at prelim9>y in/ruction has be5 giv54 ,let u assume1 !n1 t ! soil has be5 prep>$1--t ! class is already famili> ) ! ideas ( ! size & %ape ( ! e>? :i* 7 curr5t 9 ! #ae? c5tury2 ) ! p>ts ( ! _w t 7 kn[n2 ) ! g5]al geographical situation ( ! *ief nations ( ,europe2 ) ! nature ( ! trade ) ! ,f> ,ea/2 &1 /ill m important1 ) ! causes ( ! activity ( ! "t 9 ! direction ( f9d+ new trade r\tes to ! ,ori5t4 ,^! basic ideas %\ld h become firmly fix$ & _! int]relations cle>ly br\ght out be=e we introduce our ,columbus 8type-lesson40 ,:at are ! ess5tial features ( ! ,columbus lesson1 ! emphasis ( :i* w entitle x to be consid]$ a 8type-lesson08 ,or1 to re-phrase our qu]y1 :at are ! 8type-elem5ts0 ( ! /ory ( ,columbus8 ,spani% ,*>act]i/ics4 ,fir/ ( all1 if our lesson is to typify ! ,spani% explor]s z a gr\p1 x %\ld supply a basic concept ( ,spani% life & "* 9 ! #ae? & #af? c5turies4 ,x is n a matt] ( mu* difficulty to ar\se 9 our pupils a real int]e/ 9 ! ,spani>ds ( t "t4 ,!re is s mu* ( ! romantic & ! picturesque ab\t ?is phase ( ,am]ican hi/ory t = ! consci5ti\s tea*] x w always con/itute "o ( ! mo/ attractive portions ( 8 "w4 ,v>i$ selections f lit]ature suitable to ! age ( ! *ildr5 %\ld be read to !m4 ,bett] /ill1 !y %\ld be enc\rag$ to cont9ue ?is sort ( read+ on _! own acc\nts2 appropriate mat]ial = ?is purpose %\ld be on h& 9 ! s*ool libr>y4 ,! religi\s elem5t 9 ,spani% life %\ld receive p>ticul> emphasis1 "s ref]5ce be+ made to ! ,inquisition & ! popul> attitude t[>d h]esy4 ,z an important elem5t 9 ! ,european backgr\nd ( ,am]ican hi/ory1 ?is phase ( our subject d>e n be ov]look$1 b x goes )\t say+ t 9 our public s*ools x is a topic :i* mu/ be h&l$ ) extreme tact4 ,! sev]e etiquette ( ! ,spani% c\rt1 ! ,spani% dress1 ,spani% arms & armor1 %\ld all receive _! prop] am\nt ( att5tion4 ,pictures1 z well z /ories1 %\ld be br\ght into con/ant requisition to make ?is portion ( ! "w concrete4 ,"s notion ( ! political /&+ & relations ( ,spa91 prop]ly adapt$ to *ildr5 ( elem5t>y s*ool age1 mu/ also be consid]$ z ess5tially a 8type-elem5t0 9 our lesson4 ,= pupils 9 ! grades x w probably suffice to po9t out v briefly ! long /ruggle ) ! ,moors1 br\ght to a successful t]m9ation by ,f]d9& & ,isabella 9 #adib2 ! comb9ation 9 ! #af? c5tury ( v>i\s & widely sep>ate realms "u ! ,hapsburgs2 & ! natural jeal\sy ( ,france & ,engl& t[>d ?is ris+ _w-p[]4 ,! next 8type-elem5t0 necess>y to consid] w be ! topic ( ,spani% modes ( navigation4 ,at ?is po9t our lesson becomes typical ( ! p]iod ( exploration 9 g5]al r ?an ( ,spani% explorations 9 p>ticul>1 inasmu* z ,spani% vessels1 sailors1 etc41 7 n1 = our purposes 9 ! grades at lea/1 ess5tially diff]5t f ^? ( o!r contempor>y nations4 ,x is important1 h[ev]1 t our pupils %\ld h def9ite ideas on ?is po9t if _! k ( ! e>ly explorations is to be 9 any true s5se real4 ,pictures ( ,spani% vessels ( ! p]iod are easy to procure1 & %\ld be ref]r$ to 9 ?is connection4 ,att5tion %\ld be call$ to ! significant features ( ^! boats1--_! small size1 _! peculi> con/ruction1 _! usual rate ( spe$1 etc4 ,9 all purely descriptive "w ( ?is sort x is well = ! tea*] to keep 9 m9d t a happy comp>ison is frequ5tly ( m value ?an pages ( prosy details & measurem5ts4 ,take1 = example1 ,m>k ,twa9's delightful comp>ison 9 8 description ( "o ( ! pyramids3 ea* /one z big z a freight-c>6 ,f9ally1 ! prevail+ sup]/iti\s fe>s ( unkn[n seas1 wild notions reg>d+ ! mon/]s ( ! deep & inhabitants ( di/ant l&s1 ! consequ5t sc>city ( sailors = voyages ( exploration1 ! brav]y & /eadfa/ness ( purpose requir$ to lead su* an exp$ition1--^! po9ts may surely be said to con/itute a 8type-elem5t40 ,to be sure1 z "t w5t on & ignorance ( di/ant regions gradually disappe>$1 ! =ce ( ^! factors 9 hi/ory dim9i%$4 ,?r\gh\t ! exploration p]iod1 h[ev]1 !y rema9 an elem5t to be reckon$ ) & con/antly to be ref]r$ to4 ,selections f ,m&eville might v appropriately be read 9 ?is connection to l5d color & life to ! pres5tation4 ,life ( ,columbus4 ,we are n[ ready to consid] :at we h designat$ ! 8specific elem5ts0 ( ! ,columbus lesson2 t is1 ^? features ( ! /ory t ref] to ,columbus z an individual explor]1 b c h>dly be consid]$ typical ( ! ,spani% explorations 9 g5]al4 ,if ! 8type-elem5ts0 h be5 duly impress$1 ?is portion ( ! lesson w pres5t little difficulty & c be cov]$ 9 a comp>atively %ort "t1 l>gely1 9 fact1 9 ! =m ( read+s4 ,! nationality & e>ly life ( ,columbus %\ld fir/ occupy ! att5tion ( tea*] & class4 ,! fact t he 0 an ,italian is significant4 ,pass+ ref]5ce might well be made to ! political disorganization ( ,italy & ! decl9+ importance ( its comm]cial c5t]s4 ,! boyhood ( our h]o is picturesque & may easily be made to ar\se ! int]e/ ( boys & girls ( our own day4 ,let !m feel t he 0 a *ild l !mselves & give !m "s appreciation ( 8 *ildhood's environm5t1--! ,italian sky & sea-coa/4 ,! geographical ideas ( ,columbus & ! developm5t ( 8 pet project h a def9ite relation to ! prelim9>y lessons on ! geographical notions ( 8 "t4 ,8 errors %\ld be cle>ly po9t$ out4 ,9 ?is portion ( ! pres5tation1 z 9 mo/ o!rs1 a good wall map mu/ be on h& = con/ant ref]5ce4 ,! futile attempts ( ,columbus to get ! support necess>y = 8 v5ture ne$ n occupy u long4 ,8 exp]i5ce at ! c\rt ( ,spa91 h[ev]1 & 8 fir/ voyage w require m elaborate treatm5t4 ,"h con/ant ref]5ce mu/ be made to ! 8type-elem5ts10--p>ticul>ly 9 connection ) ,spani% c\rt life1 ,spani% motives1 ! furni%+ & mann+ ( ! ?ree boats :i* con/itut$ 8 fleet4 ,! subsequ5t voyages ( ,columbus may be pass$ ov] v rapidly1 pref]ably ) v little detail4 ,simil>ly 8 lat] life & 8 sad dea? w call = b pass+ notice4 ,?is entire n>rative portion ( our topic is l>gely h&l$ = u by any ( ! /&>d elem5t>y text-books1 :i*1 by ! way1 x is important t our pupils %\ld le>n to use4 ,! real tea*+1 t is to say1 ! hi/ory trac+ & idea-build+1 has be5 accompli%$ 9 connection ) ! 8type-elem5ts40 ,! re/ ( ! problem 9 l>ge measure solves itself4 ,! 8type-lesson0 on ,columbus j outl9$ w occupy a numb] ( hi/ory p]iods4 ,x is important t x %\ld n be hurri$4 ,! old p$agogic maxim t we %\ld make ha/e sl[ly applies ) peculi> =ce to ! 8type-lesson0 me?od4 ,we beg9 sl[ly t we may ga9 "t lat]4 ,m ?an t1 we are furni%+ our pupils ) a def9ite /ock ( fundam5tal hi/orical notions :i* w con/itute = !m a g5u9e intellectual capital4 ,z !y g on ) ! /udy ( hi/ory1 !y w f9d t _! 8type ideas0 help to int]pret ! detail$ facts !y meet1 :i* facts 9 turn w t5d to re-en=ce ! 8type-ideas40 ,,footnote3 #aj 8,! ,type-,lesson 9 ,hi/ory10 ,,hi/ory ,,tea*]',s ,,magaz9e1 ,septemb]1 #aiji4 ,reports f ! ,hi/orical ,field ,,walt] ,h4 ,,cu%+1 ,editor4 ,a ,new ,organization4 ,! hi/ory tea*]s ( ,colorado are ab\t to organize an association & h appo9t$ a committee1 ( :i* ,pr(essor ,james ,g4 ,will>d is *airman4 ,) s _m que/ions 9 hi/ory tea*+ /ill unsettl$1 we welcome a new organization :i* by discussion & int]*ange ( views w ha/5 ! solution ( ^! problems4 ,! hi/ory tea*]s 9 ab\t "o-half ! ,/ates ( ! ,union are n[ includ$ 9 organizations1 ) ! ,am]ican ,hi/orical ,association z a sort ( cle>+ h\se4 ,rais+ ! ,/&>d 9 ,l\isiana4 ,h]et(ore ! ,/ate c\rse ( /udy has n provid$ = a satisfactory hi/ory program 9 ! high s*ools1 b ) ?is ye> a new c\rse ( /udy goes into op]ation :i* gives ab\t ?ree ye>s to hi/ory4 ,at ! reque/ ( ! ,/ate ,dep>tm5t ( ,education ,pr(essor ,walt] ,l4 ,flem+1 ( ! ,/ate ,univ]sity1 has prep>$ a syllabus cov]+ ! "w1 ) sugge/ions = map "w1 read+1 note-books1 etc4 ,9 ! future two or ev5 ?ree ye>s' "w 9 hi/ory may be requir$ ( ! c&idates = ! fre%man class4 ,consid]able int]e/ has be5 develop$ 9 c]ta9 fields ( hi/ory by ! ,rally ,day competition at ! ,univ]sity4 ,! high s*ools ( ! ,/ate s5d repres5tatives to ! ,high ,s*ool ,rally ,day at ! ,univ]sity 9 ,april4 ,^! pupils are *os5 aft] local conte/s & s5t to ,baton ,r\ge4 ,! pupils' subjects = ! debate & essay conte/s are publi%$ by ! ,program ,committee4 ,to prep>e tea*]s adequately = _! "w two c\rses are (f]$ at ! ,/ate ,univ]sity1 "o 9 8,me?ods ( ,tea*+ ,hi/ory10 & ano!r 9 8,aids 9 ! ,/udy+ & ,tea*+ ( ,hi/ory40 ,in/ruction cov]s use ( texts1 s\rces1 ref]5ce works1 map "w1 pictures1 adv]tis+1 mat]ial useful 9 hi/ory tea*+1 etc4 ,great improvem5t is already noticeable & especially good "w is done 9 ,%reveport & ,new ,orleans4 ,proce$+s ( ! ,nor? ,c5tral ,hi/ory ,tea*]s' ,association4 ,! annual report ( ?is association1 conta9+ ! pap]s & discussions ( ! ,april meet+1 0 issu$ dur+ ! summ]4 ,z usual1 x conta9s mu* :i* w repay c>eful read+ & reflection ev5 by ^? :o 7 =tunate en\gh to be pres5t at ! meet+4 ,pr(essor ,samuel ,b4 ,h>d+1 ( ,indiana ,univ]sity1 9 treat+ ( 8,"s ,concrete ,problems 9 ! ,tea*+ ( ,m$ieval & ,mod]n ,hi/ory10 oppos$ ! plan ( tea*+ ?is field ( hi/ory on ! 8s+le nation0 plan4 ,) reg>d to ! proportion ( "t to be allott$ ! p>ts ( ?is c\rse1 he advocat$ giv+ r\ghly "o-?ird to ! p]iod #hjj ,a4,d4-#aejj ,a4,d42 ano!r "o-?ird to ! p]iod end+ ) #aghi1 & ! f9al "o-?ird to ! ,fr5* ,revolution & ! #ai? c5tury4 ,he sugge/$ sev]al devices = emphasiz+ ! 8"t0 problem1 or *ronology1 urg$ ! use ( maps1 & especially call$ att5tion to ! greate/ problem1 h[ to make hi/ory concrete1 h[ to make x def9ite4 ,! speak] advocat$ ! regul> use ( note-books & urg$ a great] use ( pictures4 ,9 consid]+ 8,:at ,*anges ,%\ld be ,made 9 ! ,report ( ! ,committee ( ,sev580 ,pr(essor ,a4 ,c4 ,mc,laughlin ref]r$ to ! compla9t1 especially 9 ! ,ea/1 aga9/ ! great l5g? ( ! c\rse 9 anci5t hi/ory4 ,he gave reasons :y x _h seem$ desirable to ! ,committee ( ,sev5 to cont9ue ! /udy ( ,roman hi/ory to #hjj ,a4,d41 & pr$ict$ t ! ,committee ( ,five w cl+ to t ye>1 8b recomm5d1 m decid$ly & ) m assurance ?an did ! e>li] report1 ! some:at ha/y p]usal ( ! p]iod f #cjj to #hjj4 ,x may be desirable to /ate v di/9ctly & def9itely :at topics %\ld be tak5 up4444 8,! mo/ p]plex+ "q is h[ ! g5]al hi/ory ( ,we/]n ,europe %\ld be treat$ f #hjj or !reab\ts to ! pres5t "t40 ,! speak] w\ld n *ange ! g5]al arrangem5t ( ! f\r blocks recomm5d$ 9 ! old report1 b advis$ a v hurri$ treatm5t ( ! fir/ six or eight hundr$ ye>s4 7,comp>e ,pr(essor ,h>d+1 above47 ,!re are s]i\s objections to giv+ up a cont9u\s & unbrok5 treatm5t ( ,engli% hi/ory z is sometimes recomm5d$4 ,9 its recomm5dation on ,civil ,gov]nm5t ! ,committee ( ,sev5 seems to h be5 misund]/ood4 ,! old report did n advise t sep>ate c\rses 9 civil gov]nm5t %\ld n be giv54 ,x urg$ a /rong comb9$ c\rse 9 ,am]ican hi/ory & gov]nm5t 9 pref]5ce to two sep>ate weak c\rses4 ,9 any case !y %\ld be taught z int]relat$ & int]dep5d5t subjects4 ,at ! bus9ess meet+ ( ! association1 ,c>l ,e4 ,pray1 ( ! ,normal ,s*ool1 ,milwaukee1 0 elect$ presid5t1 & ,george ,h4 ,ga/on1 ( ! ,w5dell ,phillips ,high ,s*ool1 ,*icago1 0 re-elect$ secret>y4 ,a ,syllabus 9 ,civil ,gov]nm5t = ,second>y ,s*ools4 ,consid]able int]e/ has be5 ar\s$ 9 ! =?com+ syllabus 9 ,civil ,gov]nm5t prep>$ by a special committee ( ! ,new ,engl& ,hi/ory ,tea*]s' ,association1 = :om x w be publi%$ late 9 ! fall by ! ,macmillan ,company4 ,!re w be two p>ts to ! book3 ,an introduction ( ab\t tw5ty pages giv5 to a discussion ( ! g5]al subject & repres5t+ 9 a limit$ field ! relation t ! report ( ! ,committee ( ,sev5 bore to ! ,hi/ory ,syllabus2 & ! syllabus prop] consi/+ ( approximately "o hundr$ & tw5ty pages1 ) topics1 diagrams1 g5]al & specific ref]5ces & bibliographies4 ,specim5 pages ( ! syllabus h be5 tri$ 9 ! class-rooms ( s*ools 9 widely diff]5t p>ts ( ! c\ntry1 & ! subject 0 discuss$ at ! ,april meet+ ( ! association4 ,_m problems confront$ ! committee at ! outset1 & at lea/ a work+ agreem5t _h to be rea*$ ^u ! foll[+ que/ions3 #a4 ,:at %\ld be ! position ( ! /udy & :at "t allotm5t %\ld x reasonably expect8 #b4 ,:at %\ld be ! aims ( in/ruction 9 gov]nm5t 9 second>y s*ools8 #c4 ,:at %\ld be ! scope & :at %\ld be ! places ( emphasis8 #d4 ,:at %\ld be its relation to o!r subjects ( ! curriculum8 #e4 ,:at %\ld be ! po9t ( attack & ord] ( topics8 #f4 ,:at %\ld be ! me?od8 #g4 ,:at %\ld be ! =m ( ! syllabus8 ,! conclusions rea*$ by ! committee may be briefly summ>iz$4 ,two or two & "o-half =ty-five-m9ute p]iods a week %\ld be allott$1 & ! subject %\ld be correlat$ ) ,unit$ ,/ates hi/ory4 ,in/ruction 9 civics %\ld aim to tra9 ! m9d1 to develop political intellig5ce1 to awak5 civic consci\sness1 to int]e/ ! pupil 9 civic duty1 & to prep>e him1 ?r\gh in/ruction & practice1 = its ex]cise4 ,! scope ( ! subject %\ld include actual gov]nm5t z f\nd 9 ! local unit1 ! ,/ate1 & ! nation1 ) s mu* ( ! hi/ory ( gov]nm5t z is ne$$ to expla9 pres5t in/itutions & conditions4 ,en\gh ( ! !ory ( gov]nm5t %\ld be giv5 to e/abli% an ord]ly arrangem5t ( ! subject matt] 9 ! pupil's m9d4 ,! e?ical pr9ciples und]ly+ gov]nm5t %\ld be exam9$ 9 a concrete way2 & att5tion %\ld be giv5 to ! application ( ^! pr9ciples 9 ! social duties ( s*ool life4 ,civics %\ld n be conf\nd$ ) con/itutional hi/ory4 ,x is important en\gh to h its own field1 &1 :ile correlat$ ) hi/ory1 economics & e?ics1 %\ld n be trammel$ by ei!r ( ^!4 ,! mo/ s]i\s problem :i* ! committee _h to solve 0 t ( ! ord] ( topics4 ,%\ld local or national gov]nm5t come fir/8 ,! majority ( ! committee favor$ local1 ,/ate1 national z ! ord]4 ,!y also decid$ t n m ?an "o-f\r? ( ! "t %\ld be giv5 to a /udy ( ! f$]al gov]nm5t4 ,mu* /ress is laid on ! importance ( /udy+ local gov]nm5t1 s f> z possible1 at fir/ h&4 ,?is necessitates frequ5t1 sy/ematically-plann$ visits to local bodies & c>eful /udy ( local docum5ts1 su* z reports1 specim5 pap]s1 etc4 ,no h>d & fa/ =m = ! syllabus has be5 us$4 ,sometimes topics1 sometimes que/ions1 & aga9 /atem5ts are us$ :]ev] be/ adapt$ to ! purpose4 ,! committee consi/s ( ,dr4 ,hay ,gre5e ,hul+1 ,engli% ,high ,s*ool1 ,cambridge1 *airman2 ,wilson ,r4 ,butl]1 ,high ,s*ool1 ,new ,b$=d2 ,pr(essor ,l4 ,b4 ,evans1 ,tufts ,college2 ,dr4 ,john ,haynes1 ,dor*e/] ,high ,s*ool2 ,dr4 ,w4 ,b4 ,munro1 ,h>v>d ,univ]sity4 ,mr4 ,butl] is editor = ! committee4 ,report ( ! ,committee ( ,eight4 ,?is report on hi/ory 9 ! elem5t>y grades has be5 prep>$ by a committee ( ! ,am]ican ,hi/orical ,association1 ,pr(essor ,james ,a4 ,james1 ( ,nor?we/]n ,univ]sity1 *airman1 & w be publi%$ ?is fall by 8,scribn]'s40 ,! "w = ea* ( ! eight grades is treat$ 9 detail$ topics accompani$ by read+ li/s = tea*]s & = pupils4 ,! object ( ! c\rse = ! fir/ two grades is 8to give ! *ild an impression ( primitive life & an appreciation ( public holidays40 ,grade ?ree deals ) ,h]oes ( ,o!r ,times1 ,columbus1 & ! ,indians4 ,9 ! f\r? & fif? grades emphasis is plac$ on ,hi/orical ,sc5es & ,p]sons 9 ,am]ican ,hi/ory4 ,! object s\ght 9 grade six is to impress on ! *ild's m9d t 8! beg9n+s ( ,am]ican ways ( liv+ are to be s\ght f> back 9 ! /ory ( ! _w40 ,! topics1 !re=e1 seek to br+ out ! contributions made by ,greeks1 ,romans1 & ! p ( m$ieval ,europe1 especially ,engl&1 clos+ ) ! defeat ( ! ,spani% ,armada4 ,! sev5? grade topics deal ) ! exploration & settlem5t ( ,nor? ,am]ica & ! gr[? ( ! colonies to #agfc4 ,! eigh? grade topics br+ ,unit$ ,/ates hi/ory d[n to ! pres5t "t1 & sugge/ subjects = supplem5t>y talks on ,european hi/ory4 ,! report also conta9s a *apt] on ,me?ods1 an 8,outl9e = ,tea*+ ! ,developm5t ( a ,con/itutional ,gov]nm5t 9 ! ,eigh? ,grade 9 ,?ree ,lessons ( ,=ty ,m9utes ,ea*10 contribut$ by ,miss ,blan*e ,a4 ,*5ey1 ( ! ,l[ell1 ,mass41 ,/ate ,normal ,s*ool2 an 8,outl9e = ,tea*+ ! ,bir? ( ! ,g]man ,nation 9 ! ,eigh? ,grade10 by ,miss ,blan*e ,e4 ,haz>d1 ( ! ,brockton1 ,mass41 ,high ,s*ool2 an article on elem5t>y civics1 & app5dices on hi/ory tea*+ 9 ,g]man1 ,fr5* & ,engli% elem5t>y s*ools4 ,! subject ( hi/ory 9 ! elem5t>y grades has also be5 treat$ 9 a /imulat+ mann] 9 a c\rse prep>$ by ,sup]9t5d5t ,w4 ,f4 ,gordy = ! s*ools ( ,spr+field1 ,mass4 ,! "w is "h outl9$ = n9e grades1 ! la/ be+ devot$ to ,engli% hi/ory z relat$ to ! hi/ory ( our own c\ntry4 ,,new ,,engl& ,,association4 ,! next meet+ ( ! ,new ,engl& ,hi/ory ,tea*]s' ,association w be held on ,saturday1 ,octob] #af1 9 ,bo/on4 ,! ,c\ncil s]i\sly consid]$ = a "t ! exp$i5cy ( waiv+ ! con/itutional requirem5t & hold+ ! meet+ 9 ! we/]n "p ( ,massa*usetts1 probably 9 ,gre5field4 ,! pref]5ce ( a l>ge m9ority ( ! memb]s = ,bo/on1 h[ev]1 l$ ! ,c\ncil to foll[ ! regul> practice ( hold+ ! annual meet+ 9 ,bo/on4 ,! association has held meet+s 9 ,spr+field1 ,h>t=d & ,portl&1 & ! wisdom ( meet+ once a ye> outside ( ,bo/on seems prov$ by ! l>ge att5dance at ^? places4 ,_h ! meet+ be5 held 9 ,gre5field1 ! subject w\ld h be5 8,local ,aids 9 ! ,/udy ( ,hi/ory10 a mo/ appropriate topic = a meet+ 9 t ri*ly hi/orical region4 ,= ! ,bo/on meet+ ! ,c\ncil has select$ ! subject ( 8,economics10 :i* has be5 clamor+ = recognition ev] s9ce ! association 0 f\nd$4 ,topics 9 economics ent] to a consid]able ext5t into ,am]ican hi/ory1 b x is a "q h[ f> economic !ory %\ld be develop$ 9 a second>y s*ool c\rse4 ,! field is a tempt+ "o to a tea*] fill$ ) 8 subject3 ! fundam5tal pr9ciples ( money1 =eign trade1 r5t1 capital & labor1 corporate organization1 socialism1 ^! & _m o!rs ! "y man w inevitably come 9 contact ) daily4 ,:at guidance %all he h & :]e %all he obta9 x8 ,bibliographies4 ,( consid]able value to all progressive tea*]s ( hi/ory is ! 8,annual ,li/ ( ,books on ,hi/ory & ,civics10 select$ & critically review$ ) ref]5ce to _! value = high s*ool tea*]s & pupils prep>$ by a special committee ( ! ,nor? ,c5tral ,association "u ! editor%ip ( ,pr(essor ,w4 ,j4 ,*ase1 ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,wiscons94 ,! li/ comprises new books on tea*+ hi/ory1 anci5t1 m$ieval & mod]n1 ,engli% hi/ory & gov]nm5t1 ,unit$ ,/ates hi/ory & gov]nm5t4 ,ea* title is accompani$ by "n ( publi%] & price4 ,!re is a critical e/imate av]ag+ half a page4 ,text-books & special treatises on a small field are n includ$4 ,copies may be obta9$ ( ,mr4 ,g4 ,h4 ,ga/on1 ,w5dell ,phillips ,high ,s*ool1 ,*icago1 = tw5ty-five c5ts4 8,! ,atlantic ,educational ,j\rnal10 publi%$ by ! ,m>yl& ,educational ,publi%+ ,company1 ,baltimore1 ,md41 has a 8,bibliography ( ,hi/ory = ,s*ools10 prep>$ by a committee ( ! ,association ( ,hi/ory ,tea*]s ( ,m>yl& "u ! *airman%ip ( ,pr(essor ,c4 ,m4 ,&rews4 ,! ,macmillan ,company publi%$ 9 ,june ! valuable bibliography prep>$ by ,miss ,grace ,g>dn] ,griff91 entitl$ 8,writ+s on ,am]ican ,hi/ory1 #aijg40 ,?is is ! second ye> ( ! publication ( ! "w 9 ?is =m2 ! volume conta9s a bibliography ( books & articles ^u ,cont95tal ,unit$ ,/ates & ,canada1 & "s ref]5ces to o!r portions ( ,am]ica4 ,dr4 ,j4 ,frankl9 ,jameson1 ( ! ,c>negie ,in/itution ( ,wa%+ton1 has aga9 sup]vis$ ! mak+ ( ! ye>-book4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a new comm]cial geography is ann\nc$ by ,h5ry ,holt ,co4 z 9 c\rse ( prep>ation by ,dr4 ,john ,p4 ,goode1 assi/ant pr(essor ( geography 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,*icago4 ,,ex*ange ,,( ,,pr(essors ,,9 ,,! ,,summ] ,,s*ools4 ,an excell5t result ( ! e/abli%m5t ( summ] s*ools has be5 ! int]*ange ( ! tea*+ =ces ( colleges & univ]sities2 & on a m9or scale ! employm5t ( /rong second>y s*ool m5 9 summ] college c\rses4 ,mu* has be5 made ( ! int]national ex*ange ( pr(essors rec5tly br\ght ab\t2 b unconsci\sly )9 our own c\ntry !re has be5 e/abli%$ a cu/om :i* mu/ prove v valuable n alone to in/itutions invit+ outside in/ructors1 b also to ^? in/ructors !mselves1 & to _! own in/itutions4 ,?us1 tak+ ! hi/ory m5 alone la/ summ] ,h>v>d 0 repres5t$ at ! ,univ]sity ( ,cali=nia1 ,yale at ,wiscons91 ,lel& ,/an=d at ,kansas2 ,columbia at ,*icago1 ,wiscons9 at ,ill9ois1 ,univ]sity ( ! ,s\? at ,mi*igan1 ,indiana ,univ]sity at ,cornell2 ,mi*igan at ,*icago2 ,br[n at ,h>v>d1 & ,p5nsylvania at ,columbia4 ,su* an ex*ange ( in/ructors _c b br+ ab\t a mutual education2 & :5 x is rememb]$ t ! same policy ( ex*ange is go+ on 9 _m o!r subjects ?an hi/ory1 x w be se5 t we h "h a great p[] = good4 99 99 99 99 99 ,messrs4 ,g9n ,co4 are cont9u+ ! excell5t und]tak+ ( furni%+ s\rce-mat]ial = hi/ory tea*]s & s*ol>s1 :i* !y began s auspici\sly ) ,pr(4 ,rob9son's 8,read+s 9 ,european ,hi/ory10 & foll[$ ) ,rob9son & ,be>d's 8,read+s 9 ,mod]n ,european ,hi/ory40 ,pr(essor ,*eyney's 8,read+s 9 ,engli% ,hi/ory0 0 review$ 9 ! ,septemb] numb]4 ,! same publi%]s n[ ann\nce two new books3 8,selections f ! ,economic ,hi/ory ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 #agfj-ahfj10 by ,pr(essor ,guy ,s4 ,coll5d]1 ( ,yale ,univ]sity2 & 8,read+s on ,am]ican ,f$]al ,gov]nm5t10 by ,pr(essor ,paul ,s4 ,re9s*1 ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,wiscons94 ,an 8,am]ican ,hi/orical ,s]ies0 made up ( text-books t w be compreh5sive1 sy/ematic & au?oritative1 is ann\nc$ by ,messrs4 ,h5ry ,holt ,co41 ! publi%]s ( ! well-kn[n 8,am]ican ,sci5ce ,s]ies40 ,9 ! new s]ies ,pr(essor ,colby1 ( ,mc,gill ,univ]sity1 w prep>e a book on ,m$ival & ,mod]n ,europe1 & "o on ! ,r5aissance & ,re=mation4 ,pr(essor ,s4 ,b4 ,fay1 ( ,d>tm\? ,college1 is at "w ^u a volume entitl$1 8,europe 9 ! ,,xvii & ,,xviii ,c5turies20 ,pr(essor ,r4 ,c4 ,h4 ,catt]all1 ( ,cornell1 w treat ( ! 8,fr5* ,revolution & ,napoleon20 & ,pr(essor ,c4 ,d4 ,haz51 ( ,smi? ,college1 w write ! volume ^u 8,europe 9 ! ,n9ete5? ,c5tury40 ,!re w be also a hi/ory ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates by ,pr(essor ,fr$]ick ,j4 ,turn]2 a hi/ory ( ,greece1 by ,pr(essor ,paul ,%orey2 & a hi/ory ( ,rome1 by ,director ,jesse ,b4 ,c>t]4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a ,,libr>y ,,( ,hi/ory & ,exploration ,invaluable = ,e ,s*ool4 ,! ,trail ,mak]s ,pr(4 ,,john ,,ba* ,mc,m,a,s,t,e,r1 ,consult+ ,editor4 ,ea* ,volume ,small #abmo4 ,clo?4 ,illu/rat$4 ,) ,introductions1 ,illu/rations & ,maps4 #ag volumes4 ,ea* #a4jj net4 ,! ,j\rney ( ,alv> ,nunez ,cabeza de ,vaca1 & 8 companions f ,florida to ! ,pacific1 #aebh-aecf4 ,translat$ by ,fanny ,b&eli]4 ,edit$ ) an ,introduction by ,ad4 ,f4 ,b&eli]4 ,n>ratives ( ! ,c>e] ( ,h]n&o ,de ,soto 9 ! ,conque/ ( ,florida1 #aeci-aedb1 z told by a g5tleman ( ,elvas1 by ,luys ,h]n&ez ,de ,bi$ma & by ,rodrigo ,ranjel4 ,edit$ ) an ,introduction by ,pr(essor ,edw>d ,gaylord ,b\rne1 ( ,yale ,univ]sity4 ,9 two volumes4 ,! ,j\rney ( ,coronado1 #aedj-db4 ,f ! ,city ( ,mexico to ! ,buffalo ,pla9s ( ,kansas & ,nebraska4 ,translat$ & ,edit$ ) an ,introduction by ,george ,p>k] ,w9%ip4 ,voyages & ,explorations ( ,samuel de ,*ampla91 n>rat$ by himself4 ,translat$ by ,annie ,nettleton ,b\rne4 ,edit$ ) an ,introduction by ,edw>d ,gaylord ,b\rne1 ,pr(essor ( ,hi/ory 9 ,yale ,univ]sity4 ,9 two vols4 ,! ,j\rneys ( ,la ,salle & ,8 ,companions1 #afgh-afhg4 ,z relat$ by himself & 8 foll[]s4 ,edit$ ) an ,introduction by ,pr(4 ,i4 ,j4 ,cox1 ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,c9c9nati4 ,9 two volumes4 ,voyages f ,montreal ,?r\gh ! ,cont95t ( ,nor? ,am]ica to ! ,froz5 & ,pacific ,oceans 9 #aghi & #agic4 ,by ,alex&] ,mack5zie4 ,9 two volumes4 ,hi/ory ( ! ,exp$ition ,"u ! ,comm& ( ,capta9s ,lewis & ,cl>k4 ,) an acc\nt ( ! ,l\isiana ,pur*ase1 by ,pr(4 ,john ,ba* ,mc,master1 & an ,introduction ,id5tify+ ! ,r\te4 ,9 ?ree volumes4 ,hi/ory ( ,five ,indian ,nations ( ,canada :i* are ,dep5d5t ^u ! ,prov9ce ( ,new ,york4 ,by ,cadwallad] ,cold51 ,surveyor-,g5]al ( ! ,colony ( ,new ,york4 ,9 two volumes4 ,a ,j\rnal ( ,voyage & ,travels 9 ! ,int]ior ( ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,by ,daniel ,williams ,h>mon1 a p>tn] 9 ! ,nor?we/ ,company 7beg9n+ 9 #ahjj74 ,! ,wild ,nor?l&4 ,by ,g54 ,sir ,wm4 ,francis ,butl]1 ,k4 ,c4 ,b4 ,descriptive ,circul> on ,application to ! ,publi%]s ,a4 ,s4 ,,b>nes ,,co4 #aa-ae ,ea/ #bd? ,/reet1 ,new ,york 99 99 99 99 99 ,translations & ,repr9ts ,orig9al s\rce mat]ial = anci5t1 m$ieval & mod]n hi/ory 9 pamphlet or b\nd =m4 ,pamphlets co/ f #aj to #be c5ts4 ,,syllabuses ,h4 ,v4 ,,ames3 ,am]ican ,colonial ,hi/ory4 7,revis$ & enl>g$ edition1 #aijh7 #a4jj ,d4 ,c4 ,,munro & ,g4 ,,sell]y3 ,syllabus ( ,m$ieval ,hi/ory1 #cie to #aejj 7#aiji7 #a4jj ,9 two p>ts3 ,pt4 ,i1 by ,pr(4 ,munro1 ,syllabus ( ,m$ieval ,hi/ory1 #cie to #acjj4 ,pt4 ,,ii1 by ,pr(4 ,sell]y1 ,syllabus ( ,lat] ,m$ieval ,hi/ory1 #acjj to #aejj4 ,p>ts publi%$ sep>ately4 ,w4 ,e4 ,,l+elba*3 ,syllabus ( ! ,hi/ory ( ! ,n9ete5? ,c5tury #fj c5ts ,comb9$ ,s\rce ,book ( ! ,r5aissance4 ,m4 ,,:itcomb #a4ej ,/ate ,docum5ts on ,f$]al ,relations4 ,h4 ,v4 ,,ames #a4ge ,publi%$ by ,dep>tm5t ( ,hi/ory1 ,univ]sity ( ,p5nsylvania1 ,philadelphia1 & by ,longmans1 ,gre5 ,co4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a ,new ,book on ,am]ican ,hi/ory ,by ,,pr(4 ,h4 ,w4 ,,caldwell ,( ! ,univ]sity ( ,nebraska ,= a numb] ( ye>s we h publi%$ ,pr(essor ,caldwell's books1 8,survey ( ,am]ican ,hi/ory10 8,great ,am]ican ,legislators0 & 8,am]ican ,t]ritorial ,developm5t10 :i* 7 orig9ally issu$ 9 ! =m ( leaflets consi/+ practically ( lectures deliv]$ by ! au?or4 ,9 ! mak+ ( ! new book we propose to make x z ne>ly p]fect z possible1 typographically & me*anically4 ,x has be5 decid$ to ins]t maps1 ! book be+ int5d$ = advanc$ "w 9 high s*ools & = /ud5ts tak+ a special c\rse 9 ,am]ican ,hi/ory4 ,x is propos$ to divide ! book into f\r *apt]s z foll[s3 ,,*apt] ,i4--,! ,mak+ ( ,colonial ,am]ica1 #adib-agfc ,,*apt] ,,ii4--,! ,revolution & ,indep5d5ce1 #agfc-aghf ,,*apt] ,,iii4--,! ,mak+ ( a ,democratic ,nation1 #aghf-ahda ,,*apt] ,,iv4--,! ,slav]y & ,sectional ,/ruggle1 #ahda-ahgg ,! t5tative plan ( ! book z propos$ is giv5 above & includes ! mat]ial z n[ prep>$4 ,x is e/imat$ ! book w conta9 ab\t #fjj pages4 ,price1 #a4dj ,,a9swor? ,,company ,,publi%]s #cgh-chh ,waba% ,ave41 ,*icago 99 99 99 99 99 ,/&>d ,hi/orical ,works ,a ,,quak] ,,exp]im5t ,,9 ,,gov]nm5t4 ,by ,isaac ,%>pless1 ,,ll4,d4 ,! au?oritative exposition1 f ! ,quak] /&po9t1 ( ,p5n's unique 8exp]im5t0 9 gov]nm5t accord+ to ,*ri/ian pr9ciples4 ,cov]s ! :ole colonial hi/ory ( ,p5nsylvania4 ,popul> illu/rat$ edition1 two volumes 9 "o1 #ab mo1 clo?1 #edj pages4 #b4jj4 ,hav]=d ,edition1 two volumes1 pr(usely illu/rat$1 half morocco1 deckel edges1 gilt top1 #g4ej4 ,,sally ,,wi/]',s ,,j\rnal3 ,be+ a ,quak] ,maid5's ,acc\nt ( h] ,exp]i5ces ) ,(fic]s ( ! ,cont95tal ,army1 #aggg-aggh4 ,a real hi/oric manuscript ( great value & *>m4 ,n[ fir/ publi%$ 9 full4 ,illu/rat$ ) ov] sev5ty portraits1 views1 & facsimiles4 ,edit$ by ,alb]t ,cook ,my]s1 ,m4,l4 #abmo1 clo?1 #bbd pages4 #b4jj4 ,,hannah ,,logan',s ,,c\rt%ip4 ,a ,true ,n>rative4 ,! ,woo+ ( ! ,daught] ( ,james ,logan1 ,colonial ,gov]nor ( ,p5nsylvania1 & ,div]s o!r ,matt]s1 z ,relat$ 9 ! ,di>y ( ,h] ,lov]1 ,john ,smi?1 ,esq41 #agdf-agdh4 ,a di>y ( ,philadelphia's ,colonial times1 giv+ num]\s p]sonal & (t5 important glimpses ( ! m5 & life ( t day4 ,edit$ by ,alb]t ,cook ,my]s4 ,pr(usely illu/rat$4 #abmo1 clo?1 #cfj pages4 #b4ej4 ,,! ,,family ,,( ,,william ,,p5n3 ,ance/ors & ,desc5dants4 ,by ,h[>d ,m4 ,j5k9s4 ,a ?or\gh & def9itive pres5tation ( ! subject1 execut$ ) its au?or's well-kn[n accuracy & ?or\ghness1 ma9ly f orig9al s\rces1 especially ! 8,p5n ,pap]s40 #cjj pages1 #ai full page /eel plates1 photogravures & half-tones1 #c4ej4 ,,f]ris ,,lea* ,,publi%]s #bg & #bi ,s4 ,sev5? ,/4 ,,philadelphia 99 99 99 99 99 ,correspond5ce ,editor ,,hi/ory ,,tea*]',s ,,magaz9e4 8,all[ me to congratulate y on ! quality ( y\r fir/ numb] ( ,,! ,,hi/ory ,,tea*]',s ,,magaz9e4444 ,i am specially delight$ to see ! simplicity ( /yle 9 all ! articles4 ,x seems to me t a read] :olly untra9$ 9 hi/ory ought to be able to foll[ ea* article ) comp>ative ease4 ,mo/ ( ! articles might h be5 writt5 s t none b speciali/s w\ld appreciate !m40 ,s4 ,a4 ,d4 ,editor ,,hi/ory ,,tea*]',s ,,magaz9e4 8,i notice 9 y\r magaz9e an acc\nt ( ! translations & repr9ts f ! s]ies ( ,european hi/ory cov]+ ! p]iod f ! ,roman times to ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,d y "k ( any "w simil> to ?is cov]+ ! p]iod ( ,anci5t ,hi/ory80 ,m4 ,c4 ,s4 ,,ans4--,!re are two good s\rce books on ,anci5t ,hi/ory publi%$ by ,d4 ,c4 ,hea? ,co41 entitl$ ,munro's 8,s\rce ,book ( ,roman ,hi/ory0 & ,fl+'s 8,s\rce ,book ( ,greek ,hi/ory40 ,editor ,,hi/ory ,,tea*]',s ,,magaz9e4 8,w y k9dly give ! publi%] ( ,*eyney's #8,european ,backgr\nd ( ,am]ican ,hi/ory' & ,f>r&'s #8,basis ( ,am]ican ,hi/ory8'0 ,l4 ,b4 ,m4 ,,ans4--,*eyney's "w is ,vol4 ,i 9 ,h>t's 8,am]ican ,nation02 ,f>r&'s is ,vol4 ,,ii 9 ! same s]ies4 ,! "w is publi%$ by ,h>p]s1 & ! volumes c be b\ght sep>ately4 ,editor ,,hi/ory ,,tea*]',s ,,magaz9e4 8,c y ref] me to a %ort "w giv+ an acc\nt ( ! migrations ( ! b>b>ians80 ,,ans4--,! writ] kn[s ( no prim] or h&book ^u ! b>b>ian invasions4 ,"o ( ! be/ ( ! acc\nts is t 9 ,em]ton's 8,introduction to ! ,middle ,ages40 ,%ort]1 b v good1 is ! *apt] 9 ,rob9son's 8,introduction to ! ,hi/ory ( ,we/]n ,europe40 ,m detail$ acc\nts1 ) o!r matt] int]sp]s$1 w be f\nd 9 ,hodgk9's 8,dyna/y ( ,!odosius10 & 9 ,oman's 8,! ,d>k ,ages40 ,ext5d$ acc\nts w1 ( c\rse1 be f\nd 9 ,s>geant's 8,! ,franks10 ,hodgk9's 8,!odoric10 ,val>i's 8,b>b>ian ,invad]s ( ,italy10 ,hodgk9's 8,italy & ,h] ,invad]s10 & 9 ,bury's 8,lat] ,roman ,empire0 & 8 edition ( ,gibbon4 ,!re is a %ort "w by ,rev4 ,william ,h4 ,hutton entitl$ 8,! ,*ur* & ! ,b>b>ians40 ,an excell5t ^w picture ( ! invasions is to be f\nd 9 ,freytag's 8,bild] aus dem ,mittelalt]40 ,editor ,,hi/ory ,,tea*]',s ,,magaz9e4 8,i 0 int]e/$ 9 y\r ,,hi/ory ,,tea*]',s ,,magaz9e & w h& x to our hi/ory tea*]4 ,i write ask+ y to recomm5d "s p]iodicals = ,engli% tea*]s ( a simil> nature40 ,,ans4--,we "k ( no p]iodical = ,engli% tea*]s exactly simil> to our own4 ,! foll[+ magaz9es are l>gely devot$ to rese>* r ?an to practical me?ods ( tea*+ ,engli%3 8,mod]n ,language ,notes10 ,baltimore1 ,md41 eight mon?s a ye>1 #a4ej a ye>2 8,mod]n ,philology10 ,univ]sity ( ,*icago ,press1 qu>t]ly2 #c4jj a ye>2 8,mod]n ,language ,review10 ,cambridge1 ,engl&1 #ab %ill+s1 #f p5ce2 8,publications ( ! ,mod]n ,language ,association ( ,am]ica10 ,cambridge1 ,mass4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,quality ,,pr9t+ ,! ke5 competition :i* obta9s 9 almo/ e bus9ess is l>gely responsible = ! fact t ! pur*as] ( ,,pr9t+ too (t5 consid]s only ! l[e/ price (f]$ :5 plac+ 8 ord]4 ,un=tunate1 because !re is a va/ diff]5ce 9 ! ,,quality ( ! mat]ials us$ z well z 9 ! quality ( labor employ$4 ,) poor mat]ial & inf]ior workman%ip quality mu/ be sacrific$1 & ! result is a poor piece ( pr9t+ t is exp5sive at any price4 ,:5 9 ne$ ( any?+ 9 our l9e1 & y desire ! "r quality1 s5d to ,,dewey ,,& ,,eak9s #ajjd ,ar* ,/41 ,philadelphia 99 99 99 99 99 ,transcrib]'s ,notes3 ,footnotes h be5 mov$ to ! end ( ea* article & relabel$ consecutively ?r\gh ! docum5t4 ,adv]tisem5ts h be5 mov$ to ! end ( ! article :]e !y appe> 9 ! orig9al text4 ,punctuation has be5 made consi/5t4 ,v>iations 9 spell+ & hyph5ation 7 reta9$ z !y appe> 9 ! orig9al publication1 except t obvi\s typographical errors h be5 correct$4